Jens Wilken Hornemann (6 March 1770 – 30 July 1841) was a Danish botanist.

Biography
He was a lecturer at the University of Copenhagen Botanical Garden from 1801. After the death of Martin Vahl in 1804, the task of publishing the Flora Danica was given to Hornemann, who subsequently issued fasc. 22-39 (1801–1840) with a total of 1080 plates.
J.W. Hornemann was professor of botany at the University of Copenhagen from 1808 and director of the Botanic Garden (from 1817). In 1815, he was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and in 1816, his status was changed to that of foreign member.

Honours
Several plant genera have been named in his honour, however for reasons of taxonomy and nomenclature all names are today synonyms. Hornemannia Willd. (1809), once placed in Scrophulariaceae, contained on two species, both of which are now referred to other genera (one to the genus Mazus Lour. (1790) and the other to Lindernia All. (1766)). This fact prohibits the use of the names Hornemannia Vahl (1810) for the Caribbean genus of Ericaceae (now to be called Symphysia C.B. Presl (1827)) and Hornemannia Benth. (1846) for the East Asiatic genus of Scrophulariaceae (now to be called Ellisiophyllum Maxim. (1871)).

He is also commemorated in the specific epithets for the bird Carduelis hornemanni (Arctic Redpoll), the flowering plant Epilobium hornemannii Rchb. (Hornemann's willowherb) and the agaric fungus Stropharia hornemannii (Fr.) S. Lundell & Nannf. (1934).

Private life
Hans Christian Andersen was a frequent visitor in Hornemann's home in Copenhagen. Andersen used him as model for "the Professor of Botany", who understands the gestures of the flowers, in the tale "Little Ida's Flowers".

References

1770 births
1841 deaths
18th-century Danish botanists
Academic staff of the University of Copenhagen
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
19th-century Danish botanists

Jens Wilken Hornemann


Gustava Charlotta Jacquette Aurora Gyldenstolpe (4 July 1797 – 7 January 1839, Constantinople) was a Swedish noble and lady-in-waiting. She is known as the mistress of Oscar I of Sweden in circa 1819-1827.

Biography
Jaquette was the daughter of Major General Nils Wexionius, Count Gyldenstolpe (1768-1844), and the salonist Charlotta Aurora De Geer.

Jaquette Gyldenstolpe served as maid of honor to the queen, Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp prior to her marriage.  On 18 September 1817, she married Lieutenant General Count Carl Gustaf Löwenhielm and moved with him to his estate in Värmland.    The marriage was childless.  Jaquette did not like the role of mistress at a country estate, and missed life at court.    They moved back to the city when her spouse was appointed chamberlain to the Crown Prince in 1818.  At the royal court, Jaquette became a center of the circle around the Crown Prince, alongside her mother, Gustaf Lagebjelke, Mariana Koskull and the wife of the Dutch ambassador, who amused themselves with masquerades and French language amateur theater at Rosersberg Palace.    Jaquette and Oscar were pointed out as lovers in many private letters of the time.   They behaved informal and intimately with each other and it was noted that Jaquette did not use his title when she spoke to him.  Her spouse tried to have her removed from court, but was prevented by her mother.

In 1822, Crown Prince Oscar was sent on his trip to Europe to find a bride.    Jaquettes spouse Carl Gustaf Löwenhielm was a part of the entourage, and while he worked for Josephine of Leuchtenberg to be selected among the candidates, Jaquettes mother worked for Princess Marie of Hesse-Kassel.   When Josephine was chosen, Carl Gustaf Löwenhielm was entrusted with the arrangements and made many trips to Bavaria in 1822-23.  Upon the arrival of Josephine and the queen Desiree Clary in 1823, Jaquette, similar to the king's mistress Mariana Koskull, was appointed lady-in-waiting to the queen.  In 1824, her husband was appointed Swedish envoy to Constantinople, where he remained for three years.

During his absence, Jacquette remained in Sweden.  Jacquette bore a daughter by the name of Anna Oscara, who has been pointed out as the daughter of Oscar.  The baby was given up to burgher-class foster-parents, and was given their last name.   In 1827, Jacquettes spouse Carl Gustaf Löwenhielm returned to Sweden and unsuccessfully interrogated her about the rumors of her affair with the crown prince and how the luxurious decoration of her apartment had been financed.

Jacquette divorced Löwenhielm on 1 September 1829 on the grounds of different characters. Her second marriage to the Finnish Baron Uno von Troil (1803-1839) took place on 21 August 1838. Both spouses died within a year of the marriage in Turkey, where Baron von Troil held a diplomatic post. This marriage too was childless.

References

Sources
 Lars Elgklou (1978). Bernadotte. Historien - eller historier - om en familj. Stockholm: Askild & Kärnekull Förlag (Swedish)
 Robert Braun (1950). Silvertronen. En bok om drottning Josefine av Sverige-Norge. Stockholm: Norlins förlag. sid. 72-79. (Swedish)
 http://www.adelsvapen.com/genealogi/Gyldenstolpe_nr_35

1797 births
1839 deaths
Mistresses of Swedish royalty
19th-century Swedish nobility
Swedish ladies-in-waiting

Jacquette Löwenhielm


Binic is a former commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France. Once a commune of its own, Binic is now part of the commune of Binic-Étables-sur-Mer, following a merger on 1 March 2016.

References

Former communes in Côtes-d'Armor

Binic


The Rochdale Pioneers Museum is housed in the building where the Rochdale Equitable Pioneers Society started trading on 21 December 1844. The museum is regarded as the birthplace of the modern co-operative movement. It is located in Rochdale, Greater Manchester, England.

The museum includes a recreation of the original shop, containing its rudimentary furniture, scales, items that were sold at the store, etc. Moreover, the museum transmits the influence of the co-operative movement on issues such as women's rights, poverty, education, fair trade and social reform. The museum is owned by the Co-operative Heritage Trust and managed by the Co-operative College.

History

The building
31 Toad Lane was originally an 18th-century warehouse, on a busy road which then extended to the centre of the town. In 1844 the Co-operative Society rented the ground floor, the upper floors being used by the Methodist society. A counter was made with a plank on barrels, and the shop began. From 1849 the Co-op rented the whole building and developed a library, meeting room, and boot and shoe department. In the 1860s other buildings were rented and in 1867 the society moved out to new purpose-built premises. The building became a pet shop.

The museum
The Rochdale Pioneers quickly became an inspiration for a wide part of the society, and the co-operative movement started to be known nationally and internationally. As a result, the Co-operative Union purchased the building at 31 Toad Lane in 1925, expressly to create a museum that enhanced the birthplace of co-operation. The museum opened for the first time in 1931.

In the 1970s, the museum was closed for some years because structural problems were found in the building; but it was successfully restored. Rochdale Council redeveloped the remaining section of Toad Lane outside of the building, which had been a cul-de-sac since the 1960s. The new characteristics of the area were cobbled streets, flanked by 19th-century gas lamps and a unique Victorian post-box. The official reopening was in 1981 and this commemorative ceremony was attended by Princess Alexandra.

In 2000, the management of the Rochdale Pioneers Museum was transferred to the Co-operative College, and it became recognised as a registered museum in 2001. In 2010 it received a £1.3M Heritage Lottery Fund award, and re-opened in 2012 after a £2.3M revamp, which included an extension with additional rooms as well as restoration of the third floor, and improvements to the displays.

The museum exhibition

The museum provides an insight into the co-operative movement from its roots in Rochdale, to the circumstances that brought about the Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers and to the subsequent social impact and growth of the domestic and international co-operative movement. The museum also wants to highlight importance of the personalities who have had a significant impact on the movement.

The main themes of the museum are:
the development of the early co-operative movement
the Rochdale Principles
inspirational co-operators
history of retail
the growth of the movement, and its 20th-century social history
international co-operation

See also

Listed buildings in Rochdale
The Rochdale Pioneers (2012 film)

References

External links
 Official website

Further reading

History museums in Greater Manchester
History of Rochdale
Food museums in the United Kingdom
Former shops in England
Tourist attractions in the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale
Buildings and structures in Rochdale
Cooperative movement
Co-operatives in England

Rochdale Pioneers Museum


Glenealy is one of the few roads or streets without a suffix in Hong Kong. Located in the Mid-Levels on the Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong, it starts from Ice House Street and goes uphill to Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens, across Robinson Road and ends at Hornsey Road and Conduit Road.

Name
Glenealy was the short form of a valley called Glenealy Ravine (). The valley separates the Government Hill in the east and Pedder's Hill in the west.

Alternatively, the valley was known as Elliot's Vale (), after Charles Elliot, at the beginning and a road from Robinson Road leading to the house named Glenealy on the site of present Roman Catholic Cathedral is known as Elliot Crescent.

Vale in Elliot's Vale means river valley and a river runs from Victoria Peak down to Central. The Elliot Vale name seems, however, to have been as short-lived as Elliot's administration. The name Glenealy was quickly restored after Elliott's administration ended, with a new suffix of "ravine", a fitting name in view of its steepness.

Features
Glenealy was also the name of a mansion in the Victorian era. It belonged to an American opium trader, Warren Delano Jr., grandfather of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States of America. The mansion later gave way to the Catholic Cathedral of Hong Kong, whose construction commenced in 1883. The present address of the cathedral is 16 Caine Road.

Another Glenealy landmark is the 100-year-old Anglican Sheng Kung Hui , whose gates actually open to Wyndham Street. St. Paul's College was founded here too, in 1851, as a school for boys. It was closed in 1941 due to the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong. After the war it was briefly amalgamated with St. Paul's Girls' School to become St. Paul's Co-educational College, and a new campus was built away from Glenealy on Bonham Road when it resumed as its own institution.

It is one of the steepest roads in Hong Kong with public transport. It has a gradient of 1:5 in the Robinson Road to Conduit Road section, with Route 2*, 3, 3A and 45A (minibus) passing this road, which is often congested. The other 1:5 roads used by public transport in Hong Kong are Aberdeen Reservoir Road, Breezy Path and Castle Road.

The present Glenealy "street" is very short, running from number 1 to 10 only. The nearest point to reach Glenealy 1 is to walk uphill from the Hong Kong Fringe Club, while the nearest point to reach Glenealy 10 is to walk downhill from Caine Road near the Caritas House, through the very short pedestrian subway.

A total of 3 Glenealy street signs can be found - one is tucked away at the far end at the bottom of the hill where it can hardly be seen, one is hoisted at Sheng Kung Hui St Paul's Church near the Hong Kong Fringe Club yet no street number is mentioned. The 3rd sign, hoisted at the top of the Caritas House, is the only street sign showing the street number.

External links

A section about Glenealy
Map: Glenealy, Hong Kong

Valleys of Hong Kong
Central, Hong Kong
Government Hill
Roads on Hong Kong Island

Glenealy, Hong Kong


Hard Head (stylized as HAP.D HEAD), originally known in Korea as Dr. Bulgehead (hangul = 짱구 박사|RR = Jjang-gu Bagsa|MR = Jjang-gu Baksa), in which both the original title and characters were loosely based on a comic book series of the same name, created by painter Woo-young Koh with his author and brother Woo-young Go.

This is an obscure 2D side-scrolling platform game that was developed and produced by SunA Electronics of an unknown team of game designers/programmers, and internationally released only for the arcades from South Korea to arcades worldwide during the 1988 Summer Olympics.

Gameplay
The gameplay and visuals are similar to Famicom games such as Super Mario Bros. (1985) but with a more bizarre and offbeat twist, as well as an unusual storyline. Player(s) take the roles of the two titular protagonists who are on a quest in a fictionalized village of Austria to please their female companion and fight off enemies.

Similar to Bubble Bobble (1986), the Head Twins are able to use bubble-guns to entrap inexplicable hazards such as Indians, chicks, scissors, bandits, toothbrush, insects, snails, larva, cat like creatures, little purple skulls, and monsters so they can jump on their heads to knock them off the stage, they can also find bombs and steel mallets to clobber anything in their paths, which is also a homage to the game  Wrecking Crew (1985).

The twins live up to their names by using their protruding and powerful heads to break blocks, some of which contain items and power-ups, other times, there is a heart-shaped collectible that must be obtained during each stages which would show an animation played of their lover having a deeply intimate moment with one of the heroes by kissing them after stripping down, the heart erases all enemies off the screen while raising the player's score. Levels go from start to finish by surpassing each time limits and finding soccer balls to kick through each goal for bonus points.

There are a total of 16 levels to traverse from. The game can be played in either single player mode or cooperative mode, allowing Player 2 to control the second twin brother whenever they choose to join the gameplay, both players must progress each level at the same time or encounter monstrous-looking bosses. If one stands still the other can only move a few steps before the screen will not scroll any farther.

Note: (There is a cultural error in the first boss battle where in the stage background features the Flag of Australia instead of the Flag of Austria.)

Characters
Head Twins (헤드 트윈)
The names of the three-haired Austrian heroic duo are Hard Head (하드 헤드) who dons red lederhosen, alongside his twin brother Dr. Bulgehead (짱구 박사) who dons cyan lederhosen. Armed with bubble guns, sledgehammers, bombs, and super strong big-heads; the duo embarks on a romantic and courageous adventure to collect goods, battle creatures and monsters, and to please their girlfriend.

Girlfriend (여자 친구)
The yellow-haired lover of Hard Head (and apparently Dr. Bulgehead), she is a female hippie who wears a red dirndlkleid and appears at the end of all 16 phases, followed by an additional big-headed spawn, with legs, and bugged-out glasses for each phase passed, until she has all 16. There is a color-pallette error in the "cutscenes" of the girlfriend having gray hair like an elderly woman.

Music
Classical music is extensively used as the soundtrack for this game. Edited extracts from Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake Op. 20 (1st movement), Mozart's 40th Symphony K. 550 (1st movement), and Chopin's Fantaisie-Impromptu Op. 66 can repeatedly be heard through the game.

Reception
Advanced Computer Entertainment compared the game to Super Mario Bros. and called it "unoriginal but addicting fun." Your Sinclair also compared the game to Super Mario Bros., calling it a tribute to Nintendo's game. They also made note of the game's offbeat humor, saying that the game was a "good laugh" and "exactly the same as one of the funniest computer games ever." They rated the game an 8 out of 10.

Legacy

Bootleg
A hacked version of this game titled "POPPER" was manufactured and released in 1989, but it is unknown of what region it was developed and produced from.

Sequel
In 1991, a second installment was released, titled Hard Head 2, originally titled Dr. Bulgehead 2 (hangul = 짱구 박사 2|RR = Jjang-gu Bagsa Du|MR = Jjang-gu Baksa Du). It was released in North America by Space Age Electronics. Unlike the original game, Hard Head 2 has similar gameplay to other arcade platform games such as Ghouls 'n Ghosts (1988) and Toki (1989). In the game's story, Hard Head is dancing with his girlfriend until all of a sudden, the devil of hell rises and holds her hostage in his mouth. In between levels, the devil chews on Hard Head's girlfriend, then he heroically says "I am going to rescue you, may you being safe!...".  Hard Head once again enlists the help of his twin brother Dr. Bulgehead to the rescue, they both can take two hits from any foe. After one hit, the hero(s) lose their overalls and runs around only in their foot-wear. New weapons have been added: a kanabō and a morning star. Also, now the heroes can pick up wings, which make them able to glide by holding the jump button down.

Other games
SunA Electronics throughout the years have released 20 other different arcade cabinets since 1985. Here are the other arcade machines made by SunA Electronics before and after the time period that Hard Head 1 & 2 was produced:

 블록 - Block (Arkanoid bootleg) (1986)
 고인돌 - GoinDol (1987)
 슈퍼 레인저 - Super Ranger (Rolling Thunder bootleg) (1988)
 러프 레인저 - Rough Ranger (Sharp Image licence) (1988)
 스파크맨 - Spark Man (1989)
 스타 파이터 - Star Fighter (1990)
 브릭 존 - Brick Zone (1992)
 격투 (Gyeoktu) - Best of Best (1994)
 퀴즈6000아카데미 - Quiz 6000 Academy (1994)
 프랙챔피온 - Flag Champion (1995)
 업다운챔피온 - Up Down Champion (1995)
 퀴즈 토피아 - Quiz Topia (1995)
 백스트리스사커 - Back Street Soccer (1996)
 울트라바룬 - Ultra Balloon (1996)
 탱고탱고 - Tango Tango (1998)
 위너라인 - Winner Line (1999)
 파이프라인 - Pipeline (1999)
 Redemption games (1997-2005)
 고 2000 - GO 2000 (2000)

References

1988 video games
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Platformers
Side-scrolling video games
Video game clones
Video games developed in South Korea

Hard Head


"Ultimatum" is a 2009 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics under its Ultimate Marvel imprint. It consists of a core five-issue eponymous miniseries written by Jeph Loeb and illustrated by David Finch that was published from January to September 2009, and a number of tie-in books. The storyline deals with Magneto's attempts to destroy the world following the apparent deaths of his children, Scarlet Witch and Quicksilver in The Ultimates 3.

The first issue of the core miniseries was the best-selling comic of January 2009, selling over 100,000 copies, though sales dropped with subsequent issues. Despite relatively strong sales, the miniseries received almost universally negative reviews upon its conclusion, as it holds a score of 4 out of 10 at the review aggregator website Comic Book Roundup. By contrast, the overall crossover storyline holds a score of 5.8 out of 10, whereas higher scores are held by the tie-in series, Ultimatum: Fantastic Four Requiem, Ultimatum: Spider-Man Requiem and Ultimatum: X-Men Requiem hold scores of 7, 7.7 and 6.3, respectively.

History
The foreshadowing of the "Ultimatum" storyline began in late 2007 when Ultimate Power #8 featured a banner on its cover reading, "March on Ultimatum". The following year, a teaser advertisement for "Ultimatum" ran in all Marvel titles. It depicted a broken tombstone reading 2000-2008, with the 2008 piece broken from its place, indicating that the Ultimate Universe would be ending that year. In an interview on YouTube, artist David Finch said that Loeb would be bringing much to all of the Ultimate Universe to a close.

Loeb said in an interview with Comic Book Resources that the storyline would "hopscotch back and forth between the two books [Ultimate Fantastic Four and Ultimate X-Men] and conclude what I would like to say is the first chapter of the Ultimate Universe."

During the Marvel Ultimate Universe panel at the 2008 San Diego Comic Con, Jeph Loeb said that Aron Coleite's run on Ultimate X-Men would tie-in to "Ultimatum", but did not indicate that the former series would end. While it was first reported in Wizard magazine that only one Ultimate Marvel title would be ending following the series, Ultimate X-Men, Ultimate Spider-Man, and Ultimate Fantastic Four were all canceled following the events of "Ultimatum".

The Ultimates continued under the title Ultimate Comics: New Ultimates after "Ultimatum", and is written by Jeph Loeb and drawn by artist Frank Cho. Mark Millar, writer and creator of The Ultimates, Ultimate Fantastic Four, and Ultimate X-Men, was the writer for a series that was introduced after "Ultimatum", Ultimate Comics: Avengers, which featured a rotating team of artists such as Carlos Pacheco, Leinil Francis Yu and Steve Dillon. Ultimate Spider-Man was relaunched after the end of "Ultimatum", written by Brian Michael Bendis and drawn by artist David Lafuente, who provided the art for the third Ultimate Spider-Man Annual. Loeb also wrote a second series entitled Ultimate Comics: X, which dealt with mutants struggling under the new laws passed in the Ultimate Universe after the events of "Ultimatum".

Storyline

Background
Elements of "Ultimatum"'s story were established in the Ultimates 3, Ultimate Power, and Ultimate Origins miniseries, all of which featured a banner reading "March on Ultimatum" on their covers. During "Ultimatum", the three Ultimate Marvel titles (Ultimate X-Men, Ultimate Spider-Man, and Ultimate Fantastic Four), featured tie-in stories about various characters and events that occur throughout "Ultimatum". The series mainly builds on the events of Ultimates 3, in which the villainous robot Ultron shoots and kills the Scarlet Witch. Ultron's rebellion and Wanda's death lead to a series of events which end with the apparent death of Wanda's brother, Quicksilver, who is shot by Hawkeye when Quicksilver uses his super-speed to intercept the bullet meant for his father. Magneto vows revenge on the Ultimates. Before escaping the Ultimates, Magneto is able to steal Thor's hammer which he uses, along with his magnetic abilities, to reverse the Earth's polarity. It is further revealed that Doctor Doom was manipulating these events.

Synopsis
A series of disasters befalls a few major cities: a lightning storm suddenly appears in New York City and a tsunami hits Manhattan. Mister Fantastic and the Invisible Woman attempt to make it back into the Baxter Building, while the Thing attempts to hold off a whale that has just crashed through a window. Yellowjacket breaks out of Tony Stark's mansion looking for the Wasp. In the flooded streets of New York City, Bruce Banner appears to have drowned only to turn into the Hulk. Spider-Man attempts to help in rescue efforts. As Beast and Nightcrawler are caught in the tsunami, Angel carries an unconscious Dazzler from underwater to the top of a building. Iron Man rescues Captain America, reporting that many people have died and that he does not know where the rest of the Ultimates are. The Invisible Woman uses a massive force field to push all the water back out of the city without affecting civilians or buildings, but this puts her in a coma. In Latveria, Doctor Doom leaves his castle and discovers that everyone except him has been frozen. Professor X states that millions have died and telepathically informs many of the world's superheroes that Magneto is responsible for the destruction, having made use of a doomsday attack that Xavier knew he had but never believed he would use. Magneto is then revealed to be in a floating citadel with Thor's hammer Mjolnir.

In the aftermath, the Human Torch is missing. Mister Fantastic searches for Namor, whom he believes to be responsible for the widespread destruction. Dazzler, Beast, and Nightcrawler are dead, and the rest of the X-Men begin searching for survivors. Hulk arrives and peacefully assists Spider-Man in rescue efforts. At the Triskelion, Iron Man arrives with an unconscious Captain America, who is put on life support. Hawkeye helps Yellowjacket search for the Wasp, but they discover the Blob eating her corpse. Enraged, the giant-sized Hank Pym bites off the Blob's head. Back at the Baxter Building, the Thing watches over a comatose Invisible Woman, whose powers lash out at him. Meanwhile, Doctor Doom and Zarda confront Reed Richards, and forge a plan to retrieve Nick Fury from the Supreme Power universe. Upon finding Valkyrie's lifeless body, Thor enters Valhalla to reclaim her soul. He is then confronted by Hela, who forces Thor to battle Hela's army of fallen warriors to reach Valkyrie. Captain America appears in Valhalla, implying that he has died. Meanwhile at Xavier's Institute for Gifted Children, Magneto confronts Professor X and tells him that the deaths of Quicksilver and Scarlet Witch have spurred him to exterminate the entire human race. When Professor X states that his motives have made him similar to Osama bin Laden, Pol Pot, and Adolf Hitler, Magneto kills Professor X and leaves.

As the X-Men mourn their dead, Jean Grey telepathically learns of Professor X's death and informs the others. At Magneto's citadel, a Jamie Madrox clone arrives with a bomb strapped to his chest accusing Magneto of turning on his own kind, but Magneto is not dissuaded from his genocidal path. In Valhalla, Thor sacrifices himself to save Valkyrie and Captain America from Hela. Captain America then wakes up, now healed, and announces that Thor is dead. A horde of Jamie Madrox's duplicates—one of many suicide-bomber hordes dispatched by Magneto to blow up targets all over the world—attack the Triskelion just as Yellowjacket arrives. He instructs Iron Man to take Wasp's body and find a file titled "The Jocasta Project". He then carries all the Madrox clones out to sea where he allows himself to be blown up with them. Captain America orders the Ultimates to gather all the remaining heroes and lead them in an assault on Magneto's citadel.

Kitty Pryde leaves to search for Spider-Man, who was caught in an explosion inside the Sanctum Sanctorum, the home of Doctor Strange. She and Spider-Woman find his mask, and assume he is dead.

Strange's home is destroyed by an explosion. When Dormammu appears, Strange confronts him. Dormammu, who is channeling the Human Torch's flame, kills Doctor Strange. Meanwhile in the Supreme Power universe, Richards, Doom, Zarda, and Arcanna approach the exiled Nick Fury. Fury reveals that he knew of Magneto's plan and forces Doctor Doom to reveal that he is responsible for the Scarlet Witch's death. Doom explains that he killed her in an attempt to overthrow humanity himself, but never expected Magneto to seek vengeance upon the world. Mister Fantastic and Zarda are outraged that Doom instigated Magneto's mass murder. Back in the Ultimate Universe, the Ultimates and Wolverine confront Magneto at his citadel. Angel also arrives and is immediately killed by Sabretooth. Hawkeye blinds Sabretooth by shooting him through the eye. Magneto's arm is cut off by Valkyrie who is trying to reclaim Thor's hammer. Magneto slashes Valkyrie's throat, but this does not kill her. Captain America attacks Magneto. In response, Magneto collapses the ceiling on them, trapping them in the rubble. He flees and cauterizes his arm with his magnetic abilities. He is confronted by Cyclops, Phoenix, Wolverine, Storm, Hawkeye, and Iron Man.

After controlling Cyclops' visor and Iron Man's lasers into hitting Wolverine, Magneto kills Wolverine by ripping the adamantium from his bones and affecting his cells in such a way that he cannot regenerate. Nick Fury arrives with Mister Fantastic, Doctor Doom, and Zarda, and implements his contingency plan. Using Jean's telepathy, Fury transmits his memories to Magneto, showing him that the existence of mutants was in fact the result of a misguided genetic super-soldier experiment (the decades-ago merging of Nick Fury's super-soldier blood and the DNA of Wolverine, thereafter alternately known as "Mutant Zero") and not the "divine calling" that Magneto had long thought it was. Disillusioned, Magneto immediately reverses the damage he had done to the Earth's magnetic poles. Despite insisting that Professor X would have forgiven him, Cyclops disintegrates Magneto's head with his optic blast at Magneto's request. The heroes destroy the citadel and leave. Eight days later, the world has begun to recover from the devastation. Cyclops gives a speech in Washington D.C. before a crowd of anti-mutant protesters. He acknowledges Magneto's crimes, but pleads for peace between humans and mutants. He also announces that Congress is currently voting on a bill that will require all mutants to turn themselves in to the U.S. government or be shot on sight. However, Cyclops is fatally shot in the head by an unknown assassin. Meanwhile, Thing travels to Latveria and kills Doctor Doom after being informed by Reed Richards that in every one of millions of alternate scenarios he can come up with, the world suffers greatly under Doom's rule unless he is killed. In Wundagore, Quicksilver is revealed to be alive and reveals that he was the one who assassinated Cyclops. He then takes Magneto's helmet and swears to carry on his father's dream, all while in the presence of an unknown mastermind – a woman whose identity is hidden in the shadows.

Aftermath

Following the "Ultimatum" storyline, each Ultimate title was given a Requiem follow-up series or one-shot, dealing with the status of each book's characters in the aftermath of Ultimatum.

Reception

Sales
The core Ultimatum miniseries enjoyed strong sales. The first issue was the #1 selling book for November 2008, with 114,230 books sold by Diamond. However, sales dropped with the second issue, which sold less than 75,000 copies. Over the course of its nine-month run, Ultimatum lost an estimated 27,482 readers.

Critical reception
The overall crossover holds a score of 5.8 out of 10 on the review aggregator Comic Book Roundup, based on 17 reviews. The core miniseries holds a score of 4 out of 10, based on five reviews. The tie-in series hold higher scores, with Ultimatum: Fantastic Four Requiem, Ultimatum: Spider-Man Requiem and Ultimatum: X-Men Requiem holding scores of 7, 7.7 and 6.3, respectively, based on 1, 2, and 1 reviews, respectively. The initial reviews of the core miniseries' earlier issues were mixed, with issue #1 holding a score of 6.3 out of 10 at Comic Book Roundup, based on 10 reviews, with the following four issues holding scores of 4.8, 3.7, 2.2 and 2.8, based on 8, 5, 6, and 6 reviews, respectively.

In reviews of the first issue, Zak Edwards of ComicBookBin took notice of Loeb's ability to relay characterization while plotting a catastrophic event, while Jesse Schedeen of IGN thought Loeb's characterization in the first issue was poor. Weekly Comic Book Review's Andrew C. Murphy gave the miniseries' first issue a B+, praising David Finch's art, while Ben Berger gave it a C, opining that there was too much exposition, but also praising Finch's art.

Criticism of Loeb's writing was more common in reviews of subsequent issues, and universal by the time of the series' conclusion. David Finch's art generally drew more praise, though even that element was not without its critics, with some reviewers taking issue with Finch's focus on characters' physical beauty over expressiveness, and more than one reviewer criticizing him for his depiction of Carol Danvers's breast size.

Schedeen gave the series' final issue a scathing review, saying, "Ultimatum is one of the worst comics I have ever read," and called it "the ultimate nightmare." Criticism of Loeb's writing centered on his dialogue, the number of characters he killed off, and inconsistent characterization and storytelling. Other points of criticism among these reviews also included the level of graphic violence, which included cannibalism, and the notion that the series was sold on the basis of its shock value.

Still others asserted the story lacked originality, and that the series would have been better suited to someone who had previously been more involved with the Ultimate Marvel line, such as Brian Michael Bendis or Mark Millar, particularly in light of Loeb's critically panned work on Ultimates 3.

Collected editions

References

2009 comics debuts
2009 comics endings
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"The Christmas Invasion" is a 60-minute special episode of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who,  first broadcast on BBC One on 25 December 2005. It was written by showrunner and executive producer Russell T Davies and was directed by James Hawes.

In the episode, principally set in London, the newly regenerated Tenth Doctor (David Tennant) is out of action, leaving Rose (Billie Piper), Mickey (Noel Clarke) and Jackie (Camille Coduri) to combat the invasion of an alien race known as the Sycorax, demanding that either humanity surrenders or one third of them will die.

This episode features the first full-episode appearance of Tennant as the Doctor and is also the first specially produced Christmas special in the programme's history which was commissioned following the success of the first series earlier in the year to see how well the show could do at Christmas.

"The Christmas Invasion" was watched by 9.8 million viewers, and an average of 9.4 — the second highest rated programme of the evening, behind EastEnders. This episode was the highest-rated episode of the Tenth Doctor, with final ratings at 9.84 million, up until the "Voyage of the Damned", which achieved an audience of 13.8 million viewers. The episode received positive reviews from critics, who welcomed Tennant to the show and is considered one of the best Christmas specials of the show. The success of the episode led to the Christmas special becoming an annual tradition.

Plot

The newly regenerated Tenth Doctor takes Rose back to her old estate, and collapses in front of Mickey and Jackie. They take the Doctor to Jackie's flat where they put him to bed. Mickey and Rose go Christmas shopping, but this is cut short when they are attacked by robot Father Christmases using trombones and flamethrowers. The couple get a taxi back to the Powell Estate where they discover a new, unfamiliar Christmas tree; Rose senses something is wrong with this new tree. The tree starts spinning with razor-sharp blades, Rose, Mickey and Jackie shelter in the room with the comatose Doctor. The Doctor wakes up and destroys the homicidal tree with his Sonic Screwdriver, before warding off further attack by the robot Father Christmases. However, the Doctor is soon unconscious again, but he warns Rose, Mickey and Jackie that something is coming before passing out again.

Early on Christmas morning, the Mars space probe Guinevere One is intercepted by a giant spaceship heading for Earth. When the probe's broadcast is shown on Earth, the face of a Sycorax appears. He demands Earth's surrender and uses blood control to cause a third of the world's population to go into a hypnotic state. The Sycorax threatens to make these people commit suicide unless half of the world's population is given to the Sycorax as slaves. Harriet Jones, the Prime Minister, attempts further negotiations with the Sycorax, and is teleported aboard the ship, along with Major Richard Blake, Daniel Llewellyn and Alex Klein.

Rose, Mickey and Jackie evacuate the Doctor to the TARDIS as the Sycorax ship approaches London. Before Jackie can return with additional supplies, the TARDIS is detected by the Sycorax and is teleported aboard their ship. Rose buys enough time for the Doctor to finally recover, after inhaling the fumes from a dropped flask of tea. The Doctor shuts down the Sycorax blood control and then challenges the Sycorax leader to a sword fight for the Earth. The leader severs the Doctor's hand, which he immediately re-grows, then forces the Sycorax leader to submit. The leader attempts to attack the Doctor from behind. The Doctor hits a sensor with a satsuma he found, triggering part of the wing to fold and dropping the leader to his death.

The Doctor orders the Sycorax to leave Earth and never return before taking Rose, Mickey, and Harriet back to Earth. As the Sycorax ship moves away, Harriet orders Torchwood to destroy the ship. The Doctor becomes furious with Harriet, who justifies her actions by reminding the Doctor that he is not always there to save them. The Doctor threatens to bring down her government with six words. He whispers to Harriet's aide Alex: "Don't you think she looks tired?"

After choosing a new outfit, the Doctor joins Rose, Jackie, and Mickey for Christmas dinner. They watch Harriet on television fending off rumours about her health, with a vote of confidence looming.

Production
This special was the first full episode starring David Tennant as the Tenth Doctor; he was only shown briefly at the end of "The Parting of the Ways" for the regeneration sequence. A 7-minute "mini-episode", set between "The Parting of the Ways" and "The Christmas Invasion", was shown as part of the Children in Need charity telethon on 18 November 2005. The Christmas special is a tradition in British television series. While this is the first story for Doctor Who clearly labelled as a Christmas special, the seventh episode of The Daleks' Master Plan, titled "The Feast of Steven", was written as a Christmas episode, even featuring a fourth wall-breaking Christmas wish to the viewers by William Hartnell. Christmas specials became an annual staple for Doctor Who, until 2018, where it was replaced by a New Years special. Although not shown at Christmas, "The Unquiet Dead" was set on Christmas Eve, 1869.

The Tenth Doctor speaks with an Estuary English accent, in contrast to the Ninth Doctor's Northern one. In a 23 December interview on BBC Radio 1, Tennant explained that a line had been scripted for the Christmas special explaining that the newly regenerated Doctor had imprinted on Rose's accent, "like a chick hatching from an egg," but the line was cut from the final programme.

The episode's opening shot is a repeat of the opening shot of "Rose". The cone-shaped building which has all its glass blown out from the ship's shockwave is 30 St Mary Axe, also known as the Swiss Re Building or "The Gherkin". The climactic scenes of the episode were shot on location at Wallis House, Brentford, one of the Golden Mile's few remaining Art Deco buildings. Parts of the episode were filmed at the Clearwell Caves in Gloucestershire.
The prototype of the Sycorax swords was auctioned on eBay to raise funds for the Great Ormond Street Hospital Children's Charity. It raised £920.51. During the live broadcast, the front page of the official BBC website stated: "THE CHRISTMAS INVASION is on BBC One NOW. HARRIET JONES SAYS: Switch this website off for Britain." The tie-in website "Who is Doctor Who?" was also updated with a message from Mickey referencing the Guinevere One website, and an appeal to the Doctor to bring back Rose.

Music
The song playing during the wardrobe sequence, "Song for Ten" (named in reference to the Tenth Doctor), was composed by Murray Gold for the episode and sung by Tim Phillips. The closing credits had a new theme arrangement restoring the traditional "middle eight" section of the theme which had been omitted in the 2005 series. This was performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, conducted by Gold. This arrangement was subsequently used for the closing titles of the 2006 series.

Various pieces of music featured in this episode were released in December 2006 as part of the Doctor Who Soundtrack (produced by Silva Screen). These included the "Song for Ten", the music played behind Harriet Jones' speech and the music played as the spaceship arrives over London.

Cast notes
Lachele Carl reappears as the reporter seen in "Aliens of London" / "World War Three". She is later seen in "The Sound of Drums", "The Poison Sky", "Turn Left", "The Stolen Earth" and The Sarah Jane Adventures story Revenge of the Slitheen.

Broadcast and home media
Overnight ratings for the episode gave a peak viewing audience of 9.8 million viewers, and an average of 9.4 — the second highest rated programme of the evening, behind EastEnders. This episode was the highest-rated episode of the Tenth Doctor era, with final ratings at 9.84 million, up until the "Voyage of the Damned", which achieved an audience of 13.8 million viewers. It is considered one of the best Christmas specials of the show. In 2014, over 7,000 readers of Radio Times voted "The Christmas Invasion" as the greatest Doctor Who  Christmas special with over a quarter of the votes going to it, 24.92%, a whole 10% more votes than the second favourite.

Immediately after "The Christmas Invasion", digital viewers were able to press their red button to view a special interactive episode, "Attack of the Graske" written by Gareth Roberts and starring Tennant as the Doctor.

The Canadian presentation on the CBC on 26 December 2005 was hosted by Piper, who was attired for the occasion in a red Roots "Canada" sweatshirt. The episode was scheduled in a 90-minute-long slot; as the episode and the presentations took less than the allotted time, the rest of the broadcast was filled with the start of two episodes of the animated programme Creature Comforts, which was set for the following 30-minute slot. The special premiered on BBC America in 2007. Unlike the Sci-Fi version, the episode was edited down to fit inside a one-hour timeslot with commercial breaks.

This episode was released together with "New Earth" as a basic DVD with no special features on 1 May 2006, and as part of a second series boxset on 20 November 2006. This release included an in-vision commentary with Russell T Davies, Julie Gardner (Head of Drama for BBC Wales) and Phil Collinson, recorded before the story aired. This commentary was also made available as an MP3 on the BBC Doctor Who website.

The ten Christmas specials between "The Christmas Invasion" and "Last Christmas" inclusive were released in a boxset titled Doctor Who – The 10 Christmas Specials on 19 October 2015.

Pre-release publicity
On 3 December 2005, the annual Christmas edition of the BBC's listings magazine Radio Times was released, featuring a Doctor Who cover to tie-in with "The Christmas Invasion". This was the first time Doctor Who had featured on the Christmas edition cover in the show's forty-two-year history, and the first Christmas cover for an individual BBC television drama since EastEnders in 1986. The Christmas Radio Times cover usually features artwork of a generic Christmas scene. As confirmed by Russell T Davies in the episode commentary, the Doctor Who section of that issue of the Radio Times contains a hidden message explaining what saves the Doctor: many of the paragraphs in the articles have an oversized first letter, which taken consecutively spell out "A cup of tea" (in the manner of an acrostic).

The Episode was included as part of the "Christopher Eccleston and David Tennant" box set in 2020, containing this episode and all other episodes of the era, plus hours of DVD extras like documentaries, commentaries and more.

Commercial releases

In print

A novelisation of this story written by Jenny T. Colgan including the storyline from the 2005 Children in Need special was released in paperback and digital formats 5 April 2018 as part of the Target Collection.

See also
List of fictional prime ministers of the United Kingdom

References

External links

Commentary track by Phil Collinson, Russell T Davies and Julie Gardner (MP3)

2005 British television episodes
2005 television specials
Doctor Who Christmas specials
Doctor Who serials novelised by Jenny Colgan
Doctor Who stories set on Earth
Tenth Doctor episodes
Television shows written by Russell T Davies
UNIT serials
Television episodes set in London

The Christmas Invasion


Tálknafjörður () is a fjord located in southern Westfjords between Patreksfjörður and Bildudalur in Iceland.

The term is also used for the immediate village and municipality. In January 2011, the municipality had 306 inhabitants, of whom 294 lived within the town proper.

On the land side the municipality is surrounded by the municipality of Vesturbyggð. There is considerable cooperation between the two municipalities but unification was voted down in the latest election. The town of Tálknafjörður was formerly named Sveinseyri  or Tunga . By road, the distance to Ísafjörður, the largest city in the West Fjords, is 137 km, and 403 km to Reykjavík. This distance can be significantly shortened by the ferry from Brjánslækur  to Stykkishólmur.

Since 2006, there has been a small group of summerhouses for sea angling tourists in Tálknafjörður. The houses are owned by Iceland Sea Angling.

References

Populated places in Westfjords
Municipalities of Iceland
Fjords of Iceland

Tálknafjörður


Xie Jieshi (also transliterated as Hsieh Kai-shek; ; Hepburn: Sha Kaiseki; 1878 – 1954) was a cabinet minister in the Japanese-dominated Empire of Manchukuo, who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Biography
Xie Jishi was born in Hsinchu, Qing Empire in 1878, and attended the Japanese-run Shinchiku Kokugo Denshujo, where he studied the Japanese language. He served as interpreter for Japanese Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi on his visit to Taiwan, by then under Japanese rule. Itō was so impressed with the young Xie that he recommended him for a scholarship to Meiji University in Tokyo, from which  he graduated from the law school.

Following the Xinhai Revolution, Xie travelled to China in 1913 and served as secretary-general to General Zhang Xun in Tianjin in 1913. He renounced his Japanese citizenship for citizenship in the Republic of China in 1915. He participated in Zhang Xun's brief restoration to power of the dethroned Emperor Puyi in 1917, and was Assistant Officer for Foreign Affairs during the brief imperial government. After Puyi was again deposed, Xie remained a strong supporter for the restoration of the Qing dynasty, and accompanied Puyi in exile from the Forbidden City in Beijing to the foreign concession in Tianjin in 1927.

Xie was later recruited by the warlord of Kirin Province, General Xi Qia, and assisted him in his negotiations with the Imperial Japanese Army after the Manchurian Incident, during which time Xi Qia declared Kirin Province independent from the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China.

After the state of Manchukuo was established, Xie became first Minister of Foreign Affairs. He assisted in the efforts to convince General Ma Zhanshan to support the new government. Through his efforts, many Taiwanese emigrated from Taiwan to Manchukuo in the 1930s. He was assigned as ambassador plenipotentiary to Japan on 19 June 1935. and helped organize the 1935 Taiwan Expo. He returned to Manchukuo in 1937 to assume the position of Minister of Industry. He shortly left government service for the private sector. After the fall of Manchukuo in 1945, Xie was arrested by the ROC government as a Japanese collaborator and traitor, and taken into custody until his release in 1948. He later died in Beijing in 1954.

References

1870s births
1954 deaths
Government ministers of Manchukuo
Taiwanese politicians
Diplomats of Manchukuo
Chinese collaborators with Imperial Japan
People from Hsinchu
Prisoners and detainees of China
Prisoners who died in Chinese detention
Meiji University alumni

Xie Jieshi


Pascweten (died 876) was the count of Vannes and a claimant to the rule of Brittany. He was a son of Ridoredh of Vannes, a prominent and wealthy aristocrat first associated with the court of Erispoe in the 850s. He owned vast landed estates and salt works (as at Guérande) in southeastern Brittany and was a patron of Redon Abbey.

Pascweten was a son-in-law of Salomon, Duke of Brittany, in August 867, when he negotiated a lasting peace at Compiègne with Charles the Bald on behalf of his father-in-law and prevented the king from marching on Brittany. Pascweten swore an oath of fidelity to Charles on Salomon's behalf.

In 874 Pascweten, Wrhwant, and Wigo, son of Riwallon, Count of Cornouaille, conspired against Salomon and assassinated him, but since each hailed from a different regional party, they soon found themselves at odds with Salomon gone. Pascweten and Wrhwant fought over the succession to Breton rule for the next two years. They divided the country between them, though Regino of Prüm records that the latter received a larger share. By mid 876 both were dead and Pascweten's brother, Alan the Great, had succeeded him in Vannes and carried on the fight against Judicael of Cornouaille.

See also
Kings and dukes of Brittany family tree

Sources
Smith, Julia M. H. Province and Empire: Brittany and the Carolingians. Cambridge University Press: 1992.

Notes

876 deaths
9th-century monarchs of Brittany
Dukes of Brittany
Year of birth unknown

Pascweten


Eugene Lukacs (Hungarian: Lukács Jenő, 14 August 1906 – 21 December 1987) was a Hungarian-American statistician notable for his work in characterization of distributions, stability theory, and being the author of Characteristic Functions, a classic textbook in the field.

Born to a Jewish family in born in Szombathely, from six weeks after birth Lukacs lived in Vienna, Austria. There he received primary and secondary education and studied mathematics at University of Vienna. His professors included Hans Hahn, Eduard Helly, Walther Mayer, Leopold Vietoris and Wilhelm Wirtinger. In 1930 he earned his doctorate in geometry under the supervision of Walther Mayer, and a degree in actuarial science in 1931. Eugene met his future wife Elizabeth Weisz (Lisl) in 1927 at the University of Vienna, and they married in 1935. He taught secondary mathematics for two years and later accepted a position with an insurance company, where Eduard Helly and Z. W. Birnbaum were colleagues. After Germany annexed Austria in 1938, he decided to emigrate to the United States, arriving in 1939.

In 1953 Eugene joined the Office of Naval Research (ONR) USA, and became the director of Statistics. While at ONR he also taught at American University in Washington, D.C.

Lukacs joined the Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. in 1955. There he organized the Statistical Laboratory in 1959 and became its first and only director. Researchers at the Statistical Laboratory included Edward Batschlet, Tatsuo Kawata, Radha Laha, M. Masuyama and Vijay Rohatgi, and many distinguished visitors.

On his retirement from Catholic University in 1972, he moved with his colleagues Laha and Rohatgi to Bowling Green State University in Bowling Green, Ohio, where he remained until 1976.

His primary interest was in the theory of characteristic functions. Prior to publication of his 1960 monograph, Characteristic Functions, the English language textbooks on the subject were translations of works by Cramer, Gnedenko and Kolmogorov, and Loève. Lukacs' monograph was the first to present a unified and detailed treatment of the subject, and has remained a classical reference on the subject. The revised and expanded second edition of Characteristic Functions appeared in 1970, followed by Developments in Characteristics Function Theory in 1983. Characteristic Functions has been translated into several languages and continues to be an essential resource on the subject.

Lukacs was an elected Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics since 1957, and a Fellow of the American Statistical Association since 1969. In 1973 he was elected to the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

Books

Journal articles

Notes

See also
 Lukacs's proportion-sum independence theorem
 Eugene Lukacs Distinguished Visiting Professor

References
J Gani and V K Rohatgi (eds.), Contributions to Probability  (New York, 1981).
J Gani (ed.), The Evolution of a Statistician  (Berlin, 1982).
V K Rohatgi, Obituary: Eugene Lukacs, J. Applied Probability  25 (1988), 641–646.

External links

20th-century Hungarian mathematicians
1906 births
1987 deaths
Hungarian statisticians
Probability theorists
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Fellows of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics
Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
University of Vienna alumni
Catholic University of America faculty
Bowling Green State University faculty
Mathematicians from Austria-Hungary
Mathematical statisticians

Eugene Lukacs


Icing on ships is a serious hazard where cold temperatures (below about ) combined with high wind speed (typically force 8 or above on the Beaufort scale) result in spray blown off the sea freezing immediately on contact with the ship. If not frequently knocked off, the ice can soon build up on the ship's superstructure to a sufficient weight to cause the ship to capsize.

It is typically a problem in Arctic and Antarctic seas, but can also occur in other seas such as the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the Sea of Japan, the Baltic Sea, and very rarely, the North Sea.

See also
Shipping Forecast

External links
US Army Engineer Research

Nautical terminology

Icing (nautical)


Nathan Morley (born 14 January 1974) is an investigative journalist, television news anchor, and newspaper columnist based in Finland and Cyprus.

He is best known to international audiences for his live radio broadcasts on Talksport, LBC and the BBC to the United Kingdom. He is also a familiar voice to worldwide listeners for his CBS and Voice of America reports.

Eurovision Song Contest

A high-profile TV and media campaign announced he had been appointed the English language Eurovision Song Contest 2009 radio commentator for the Cypriot state broadcaster, CyBC. The commentary in English marked a first for a non-English language EBU member. He also hosted national radio commentary the 2010, 2011 and 2012 Eurovision Song Contest..

Broadcasting
His recent notable interviews include former US President Jimmy Carter, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou, Tassos Papadopoulos, Glafkos Klerides, George Vassiliou, Terry Waite, Sir David Hannay, Rafik Hariri, Mehmet Ali Talat, Bülent Ecevit, Álvaro de Soto, Ingrid Betancourt and Rauf Denktaş. He took leave from daily radio in 2003 and was based in the Middle East where he collaborated with such notables as the late Tareq Ayyoub who was killed by US gunfire, during the Iraq War of 2003.

A vast library of his interviews are housed at the British Library Sound Archive in London.

Television and Radio
Morley is a national radio and television presenter with Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation (PIK/CyBC), where he presents the Weekend Evening News on television and a weekday radio programme on CyBC Radio 2 called 'Round and About' which includes news interviews, interspersed with music and comments from listeners.

His weekly nostalgia programme Nicosia Calling on Radio 2 features the greatest songs and performances from Hollywood, Broadway and Tin Pan Alley and includes live weekly interviews with notables including Andy Williams, Vera Lynn, Martha Reeves, Cleo Laine, Max Bygraves and other entertainers from the last century.

He is the only LBC radio personality to have maintained a weekly uninterrupted live feature, which has broadcast continuously over 10 years at 5.30 on Thursday mornings, making it the longest running live slot since the station's launch in 1973.

In addition to domestic television, he reports for the international German TV and radio network Deutsche Welle (DWTV).

He is one of the main presenters on Home and Travel TV on Sky Digital in the United Kingdom, where he hosts several travel related programmes and chat shows.

Morley is the Cyprus correspondent for the Voice of America, Vatican Radio and ORF Radio Austria (Radioprogramme des Österreichischen Rundfunks).

During the 2003 US invasion of Iraq he was a presenter with the USA Radio Network (reporting from the Iraqi border), co-hosting and reporting for all of the networks news programs. The USA Radio Network coverage won a prestigious Katie Award in 2004, and Morley anchored several US national news shows which were transmitted live across the USA.

He has also been heard reporting for the network radio division of CBS News from Jordan, Turkey, Lebanon and Israel.

Morley has been a regular voice on LBC radio in London since 2001, where he joins Steve Allen on Thursday mornings; he also reports for other LBC programmes. In late 2006 he joined Talksport as a reporter on the night time show with Ian Collins.

During the mid-1990s he was regular voice on Chris Tarrant's Capital FM breakfast news filing stories from Cyprus and the Middle East.

He broadcasts a weekly segment on BBC Radio Berkshire called Euro News, from the BBC studios in Cyprus, with Phil Kennedy.

Family
Morley is the son-in law of the former Finland national team star goal keeper Lars Nasman and grandson of Grimsby Town supporters' club chairman Bernard Morley.

Awards
Morley was awarded the New York Festival's Silver World Medal award for broadcasting in 2001 at a ceremony in Manhattan in New York. He was presented with the gong by broadcaster Cousin Brucie from WABC. He also won the IPAR award in Italy for his presentation of The World This Week in 2005.

Newspapers

Morley is a feature writer and journalist at the leading English language daily Cyprus Mail newspaper. He writes a weekly column for the Cyprus Observer newspaper. He is an occasional writer for the Daily Express in the United Kingdom. He also writes for the Brussels-based political newspaper New Europe.

Trivia

 He is the long – running American voiced daily compere on the Nick Ferrari breakfast show on LBC Radio in London.
He was a trainee with BFBS, the British Forces Broadcasting Service in Germany in 1989.
As a teenager he spent time as a presenter on the Voice of Peace radio station in Israel, where he presented Twilight Time and The Classical Music Programme.

External links

 Official twitter account
 Nathan Morley- New Europe
 Morley to do Eurovision – Cyprus Mail
 LBC 97.3
 Sky TV Home & Travel Channel Biography
 CyBC Eurovision clip from YouTube
 Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation
 VOA Report
 Radio Journal Deutschland 1999 feature
 Uri Geller stunt
 ABC Australia 2002 report
 BBC Newsround 2002 report
 USA Radio Network

1974 births
Living people
People from Grimsby
English radio presenters
English columnists
Offshore radio broadcasters
BBC people
CBS people
Voice of America people
Eurovision commentators

Nathan Morley


Cairo was the codename of an unreleased software project by Microsoft, intended to bring next-generation technologies to Windows NT. The project was originally announced at the 1991 PDC (Professional Developers Conference) and later demoed at the 1993 PDC.

SKUs
Three different retail SKUs were planned for Microsoft Cairo, all aimed at the enterprise market:

 Cairo Advanced Desktop would include the core OS, new user interface, and networked storage/printer sharing. It was designed as the client for Cairo Servers.
 Cairo Advanced Server would be a superset of Advanced Desktop that would additionally include all the server roles, as well as domain services, networked messaging, and management tools.
 Cairo Design Environment would be intended for developers to build Cairo-friendly applications, including a Smart Folders SDK, authoring tools, design tools, debugger, documentation, and Visual Basic for Applications.

Windows NT 3.1

 DCE RPC implementation (Remote Procedure Call, allows inter-machine or inter-process procedure calls, for example, to use with distributed computing)
 COM (Component Object Model, a standardized communication model meant to be used with RPC)
 OLE (Object Linking and Embedding, allowing files from one app to be embeddable and editable in other OLE-compliant apps)

Windows NT 3.5x / 4.0

 Cairo OFS (Object File System, a relational filesystem meant to replace NTFS)
 Cairo OFS Indexing (metadata system for OFS, later turned into Content Indexing and Windows Desktop Search)
 Cairo Domains (based on x.500 Directory Services, later turned into Active Directory for Windows 2000)

Windows 95 / NT 4.0 / other

 Cairo User Interface (later turned into the Windows 95/NT 4.0 Shell)
 Cairo Messaging (based on x.400 Messaging Services, later turned into Microsoft Exchange)
 Cairo Smart Folders (would later influence Windows 7 libraries)

List of known builds
Build list legend

# Available build

i Confirmed build

? Unconfirmed build

x  Fake build

References

 https://web.archive.org/web/20070513113123/http://www.windowsitpro.com:80/Articles/Index.cfm?ArticleID=48&DisplayTab=Article
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070301102726/https://sigchi.org/chi96/proceedings/desbrief/Sullivan/kds_txt.htm

Operating systems
Dead-end pages

Cairo (operating system)


Antonio del Pollaiuolo (17 January 1429 – 4 February 1498), also known as Antonio di Jacopo Pollaiuolo or Antonio Pollaiolo was an Italian 15th century painter. He painted The Martyrdom of St. Sebastian (1475, oil on poplar). The painting is at The National Gallery in Trafalgar Square, London.

Related pages
 List of Italian painters

1429 births
1498 deaths
15th-century Italian painters

Antonio del Pollaiuolo


The Sac or Sauk are a group of Native Americans of the Eastern Woodlands culture group. They lived mostly in the region of what is now Green Bay, Wisconsin. This was when they were first met by the French in 1667.

They have three federally recognized tribes, together with the Meskwaki (Fox), in Iowa, Oklahoma and Kansas.

Other websites
 Official Site of the Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa/Meskwaki Nation - the Meskwaki
 Official Site of the Sac and Fox Nation (of Oklahoma) - the Thakiwaki or Sa ki wa ki
 Official Site of the Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska - the Ne ma ha ha ki
General information to Sac and Fox
Sauk Language, Sac and Fox Nation

Native Americans

Sauk people


The , was one of four armored divisions of the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II.

History
The 1st Tank Brigade was created out of four separate armored regiments based in Manchukuo on June 24, 1942. With the addition of one infantry regiment, it was soon raised to the status of a full armored division. Stationed in Ning'an in northern Manchukuo, it was tasked primarily with border patrol of Manchukuo's eastern frontier with the Soviet Union under the overall command of the Japanese First Area Army.

As the situation in the Pacific War against the Allies deteriorated for Japan, in March 1944, the IJA 9th Armored Regiment of the 1st Tank Division was reassigned to the IJA 31st Army, and sent to Saipan, where it was annihilated at the subsequent Battle of Saipan and Battle of Guam. The remaining three regiments participated in Operation Ichi-Go in mainland China. The IJA 3rd Armored Regiment of the 1st Tank Division was reassigned to China and attached to the 11th Army until the end of the war.

In March 1945, the 1st Tank Division with its 5th Armored Regiment was reassigned to the Japanese home islands in preparation for the expected invasion by Allied forces. It gained the IJA 1st Armored Regiment from the 3rd Tank Division, and formed part of the IJA 36th Army under the Japanese Twelfth Area Army. The headquarters unit and IJA 1st Armored Regiment were based in Sano, Tochigi, with the IJA 5th Armored Regiment stationed at Ōtawara, Tochigi (and later relocated to Kazo, Saitama, and the IJA 1st Mechanized Infantry Regiment and the Division's mechanized artillery stationed at Tochigi. Anticipating that Allied forces would land at Kujūkuri Beach, the 1st Tank Division was to hold a defensive line stretching from Mount Tsukuba to the Tama River, with forward units deployed to Choshi, Chiba. The surrender of Japan came before the landing, and the 1st Armored Division did not see any combat on Japanese soil.

The 1st Tank Division was demobilized in September 1945 with the rest of the Imperial Japanese Army.

Commanding officer

Structure (1945)

The 1st Tank Division, after being relocated to Japan in 1945, consisted of a division headquarters, two tank regiments (roughly battalion-sized), one motorized infantry regiment, one motorized artillery regiment, one anti-tank battalion, one motor transport battalion, one maintenance battalion, and one engineer battalion.

Division Headquarters
1st Tank Regiment
5th Tank Regiment
1st Motorized Infantry Regiment
1st Motorized Artillery Regiment
Anti-Tank Battalion
Motor Transport Battalion
Maintenance Battalion
Engineer Battalion

See also
 List of Japanese armored divisions

Notes

References

External links
Taki's Imperial Japanese Army Page - Akira Takizawa

Military units and formations established in 1941
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
1941 establishments in Japan
1945 disestablishments in Japan
Tank Divisions of Japan

1st Tank Division (Imperial Japanese Army)


The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Knock, commonly referred to as Knock Shrine, is a Roman Catholic pilgrimage site and national shrine in the village of Knock, County Mayo, Ireland, where locals claimed to have seen an apparition in 1879 of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Saint Joseph, Saint John the Evangelist, angels, and Jesus Christ (the Lamb of God).

Apparition
The evening of Thursday, 21 August 1879, was a very wet night. At about 8 o'clock it was raining as Mary Byrne, who was from the village, was going home with the priest's housekeeper, Mary McLoughlin. Byrne stopped suddenly when she saw the gable of the church. She claimed she saw three life-size figures. She ran home to tell her parents and soon others from the village gathered. The witnesses said they saw an apparition of Our Lady, Saint Joseph and Saint John the Evangelist at the south gable end of the Church of Saint John the Baptist. Behind them and a little to the left of Saint John was a plain altar. On the altar was a cross and a lamb, with angels. A farmer, about half a mile away from the scene, later described what he saw as a large globe of golden light above and around the gable, circular in appearance. For nearly two hours a group that fluctuated between two and perhaps as many as twenty-five stood or kneeled, gazing at the figures. It was raining. Those identified as witnesses (and relatives) were Mary Byrne/Margaret Beirne, aged 29, and her mother Margaret Beirne, aged 68, her younger adult sister Margaret Beirne, her younger adult brother Dominick Beirne, her eight-year-old niece Catherine Murray, and Dominick Beirne, who was an elder cousin, Dominick's five-year-old nephew John Curry, and Patrick Beirne, who was possibly also a relative. It was 11-year-old Patrick Hill who is thought to have given the most detailed description of the vision.

The apparitions, for believing Catholics, held significant eschatological significance. Much work has been done to interpret the message received in the village by Catholic eschatological scholars such as Emmett O'Reagan.

Description

The vision of Mary was described as being beautiful, standing a few feet above the ground. She was described as wearing a white cloak, hanging in full folds and fastened at the neck. She was described as "deep in prayer", with her eyes raised to heaven, her hands raised to the shoulders or a little higher, the palms inclined slightly to the shoulders.

Saint Joseph was described as wearing white robes and standing at the Virgin's right hand. His head was described as bent forward from the shoulders towards the Blessed Virgin. Saint John the Evangelist stood to the left of the Blessed Virgin. He was dressed in a long robe and wore a mitre. He was partly turned away from the other figures.  Some witnesses reported that Saint John appeared to be preaching and that he held open a large book in his left hand. Others did not. To the left of Saint John some said there was an altar with a lamb on it with a cross standing on the altar behind the lamb.

Those who witnessed the apparition stood in the rain for up to two hours reciting the Rosary. When the apparition began there was good light, but although it then became dark, witnesses said they could still see the figures. They said the apparitions did not flicker or move in any way. The witnesses reported that the ground around the figures remained completely dry during the apparition although the wind was blowing from the south.

The entire apparition wall was soon torn apart by pilgrims chipping out the cement, mortar, and stones for souvenirs and to use for cures.

Church Commissions of inquiry

An ecclesiastical Commission of inquiry was established by the Archbishop of Tuam, Most Rev. Dr. John MacHale, on 8 October 1879. The Commission consisted of Irish scholar and historian, Canon Ulick Bourke, Canon James Waldron, as well as the parish priest of Ballyhaunis and Archdeacon Bartholomew Aloysius Cavanagh. Depositions of witnesses were taken in the ensuing months. The deliberations of the commission, referred only to the occurrence on 21 August 1879, which omitted "subsequent phenomena", and as a result, there exists no official record for events that occurred after that date.

The evidence which was the commission's duty to record, satisfied all the members and was deemed trustworthy. Among the considerations were whether the apparition emanated from natural causes, and whether there was any positive fraud. In the first cited particular, it was reported that no solution as from natural causes could be offered; and in the second consideration, that such a suggestion had never, even remotely, been entertained. The commission's final verdict was that the testimony of all the witnesses taken as a whole was trustworthy and satisfactory.

As most of the documents from the early years at Knock were assumed to have been lost, a second Commission of inquiry, in 1936, was forced to rely upon interviews with the last of the surviving witnesses (who confirmed the evidence they gave to the first Commission), their children, press reports and devotional works printed in the 1880s, which portrayed the original reports in a positive light. The surviving witnesses confirmed the evidence they gave to the first Commission.

The growth of railways and the appearance of local and national newspapers fuelled interest in the small Mayo village. Reports of "strange occurrences in a small Irish village" were featured almost immediately in the international media, notably The Times (of London). Newspapers from as far away as Chicago sent reporters to cover the Knock phenomenon. Canon Ulick Bourke joined Timothy Daniel Sullivan and Margaret Anna Cusack in developing Knock as a national Marian pilgrimage site. Knock pilgrimages combined traditional Irish practices like rounds of the church and all-night vigils with devotions like the stations of the cross, benediction, processions, and the recitation of litanies. Priests associated with the Fenian movement often led pilgrimages to Knock.

John White sees the silence of the apparition related to a cultural change occurring at that time. "It was necessary for Cavanagh to preach in English and Irish each Sunday as the schools saw to the replacement of Irish with English as the language of the young. This linguistic crisis may be connected with the silence of the Knock visions, as the oldest witness, Bridget Trench, had no English, while the youngest, six-year-old John Curry, was being educated with no Irish."

Sceptical analysis
According to Joe Nickell, in addition to "serious discrepancies" in the witnesses' accounts, it is possible for natural phenomena to account for the apparition. With the help of an astronomer who recreated the sky of the time via computer, it was determined that the evening sun was above the horizon for the duration of the event. There was also a school near the site with a wall angled toward the south gable of the church. The suggestion is that the sun served as the light source, which reflected off the school's windows (presumed to have been there) and produced a "natural version of a magic-lantern effect". Nickell explains that "odd shapes [from diffuse reflections] could produce the requisite pareidolia ... effects in susceptible individuals, especially those who were motivated to see something "miraculous" and were familiar with similar holy pictures." Investigator Melvin Harris suggested that a priest may have used a mirror to reflect a magic lantern projection onto the wall from the upper window of the chapel rather than from outside.

Modern era
People who claim to have been cured at Knock still leave crutches and sticks at the spot where the apparition is believed to have occurred. Each Irish diocese makes an annual pilgrimage to the Marian Shrine and the nine-day Knock novena attracts pilgrims every August. The miracle is also known as Our Lady of Knock by the church.

 On All Saints' Day, 1945, Pope Pius XII blessed the banner of Knock from St Peter's Basilica in Rome and decorated it with a special medal.
 On Candlemas Day in 1960, Pope John XXIII presented a special candle to Knock.
 On 6 June 1974, the foundation stone for the Basilica of Our Lady, Queen of Ireland, at Knock, was blessed by Pope Paul VI.
 On 30 September 1979, Pope John Paul II visited the shrine to commemorate the centenary of the apparition. During that historic visit, the Pope addressed the sick and nursing staff, celebrated Mass, established the shrine church as a basilica, presented a candle and the Golden Rose to the shrine and knelt in prayer at the apparition wall.
 On 26 August 2018 Pope Francis visited the shrine at Knock as part of a visit to Ireland for the 9th World Meeting of Families
 On 14 April 2023 US President Joe Biden visited the shrine which was closed to the public during his visit

The complex incorporates five churches including the Apparition Chapel, Parish Church and Basilica, a Religious Books' Centre, Caravan and Camping Park, Knock Museum, Café le Chéile and Knock House Hotel. Services at the Shrine include organised pilgrimages, daily Masses and Confessions, Anointing of the Sick, Counselling Service, Prayer Guidance and Youth Ministry. While the original church still stands, a new Apparition chapel with statues of Our Lady, St Joseph, the Lamb and St John the Evangelist, has been built next to it. Knock Basilica is a separate building showing a tapestry of the apparition.

Recent history
Mother Teresa of Calcutta visited the Shrine in June 1993.

Ireland's National Eucharistic Congress was held at the Marian Shrine in Knock over 25 and 26 June in 2011. An estimated 13,000 pilgrims attended.

Though it remained for almost 100 years a major Irish pilgrimage site, Knock established itself as a world religious site in large measure during the last quarter of the twentieth century, largely due to the work of its longtime parish priest Monsignor James Horan. Horan presided over a major rebuilding of the site, with the provision of a new large Knock Basilica (the second in Ireland) alongside the old church. Horan secured from the Taoiseach (prime minister), Charles Haughey, millions of pounds of state aid to build an airport 19 kilometres away, near Charlestown.

On 13 May 2017, Cardinal Archbishop Timothy M. Dolan celebrated a requiem mass when John Curry, the youngest witness to the Knock apparition, was reinterred in St. Patrick's Old Cathedral cemetery in Lower Manhattan after being disinterred from an unmarked grave on Long Island.

Parish priest
The parish priest at the time of the apparition was The Very Reverend Bartholomew Aloysius Cavanagh, who was also Archdeacon of the diocese. He was appointed parish priest of Knock-Aghamore in 1867, and was about 58 at the time of the apparition. He died in 1897 and is buried in the Old Church.

See also
 Hymn: "Lady of Knock"
 Marian apparitions
 Knock, County Mayo
 Moving statues
 Walsingham
 Shrines to the Virgin Mary
 Our Lady of Fátima
 Our Lady of Lourdes
 Templemore apparitions
 The Most Holy Virgin Mary, Queen of Poland

References

Further reading
 John MacPhilpin. The Apparitions and Miracles at Knock. PJ Kennedy. 1904. Also here
 Sister Mary Francis Clare. Three Visits to Knock. PJ Kennedy. 1904
 Neary, Tom. I Saw Our Lady

External links
 Official website of Knock Shrine
 The music for the song "Lady of Knock"

Angelic apparitions
Basilica churches in the Republic of Ireland
Catholic pilgrimage sites
History museums in the Republic of Ireland
Shrine
Knock
Museums in County Mayo
Religious museums in Ireland
Roman Catholic churches in County Mayo
Roman Catholic pilgrimage sites in Ireland
Roman Catholic shrines in the Republic of Ireland
Saint Joseph (husband of Mary)
Marian apparitions
John the Apostle
ga:Cnoc Mhuire

Knock Shrine


A collegium musicum (plural: collegia musica) is a group of music lovers and musicians. They come together to perform music. There were many collegia musica in 18th-century Germany. They were often not employed by churches or noblemen.

Georg Philipp Telemann created a collegium musicum in Leipzig. Johann Sebastian Bach would later become the leader of this collegium.

Musical groups

Collegium musicum


Achlys  ( "mist"), in the Hesiodic Shield of Heracles, is one of the figures depicted on Heracles' shield, perhaps representing the personification of sorrow. In Homer, achlys is the mist which fogs or blinds mortal eyes (often in death). Her Roman counterpart Caligo was said to have been the mother of Chaos. In Nonnus's Dionysiaca, she seems to be a witch.

Sources

Homer
In Homer, the word achlys (ἀχλύς, 'mist'), is frequently used to describe a mist that is "shed" upon a mortal's eyes, often while dying. For example in the Iliad, the hero Sarpedon while grieviously wounded:
his spirit failed him, and down over his eyes a mist [ἀχλύς] was shed. Howbeit he revived, and the breath of the North Wind as it blew upon him made him to live again after in grievous wise he had breathed forth his spirit.
While in the Odyssey, Eurymachus, one of the suitors of Penelope, hit in the chest by an arrow from Odysseus:
let the sword fall from his hand to the ground, and writhing over the table he bowed and fell, and spilt upon the floor the food and the two-handled cup. With his brow he beat the earth in agony of soul, and with both his feet he spurned and shook the chair, and a mist [ἀχλύς] was shed over his eyes.

Shield of Heracles
In the Shield of Heracles, an archaic Greek epic poem (early sixth century BC?), that was attributed to Hesiod, Achlys is one of the figures described as being depicted on Heracles' shield, where she is understood as being the personification of sorrow or grief:
Beside them [Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos (the Moirai), and the Keres] stood Death-Mist [Ἀχλὺς], gloomy and dread, pallid, parched, cowering in hunger, thick-kneed; long claws were under her hands. From her nostrils flowed mucus, from her cheeks blood was dripping down onto the ground. She stood there, grinning dreadfully, and much dust, wet with tears, lay upon her shoulders.

Fabulae
The Roman counterpart to Achlys seems to have been Caligo ('dark fog'). The first-century BC Roman mythographer Hyginus, in the Preface of his Fabulae, has Caligo being the mother of Chaos (for Hesiod the first being who existed), and, with Chaos, was the mother of Night (Nox), Day (Dies), Darkness (Erebus) and Ether (Aether), possibly drawing on an otherwise unknown Greek cosmological myth.

Dionysiaca
Nonnus, in his Dionysiaca (c. 5th century AD), seems to regard Achlys as a kind of witch. According to Nonnus, Hera—angry with the guardians of the infant Dionysus (the sons of the Naiad nurses of Dionysus)—"procured from Thessalian Achlys [Ἀχλύος] treacherous flowers of the field", which she used to sprinkle a sleeping charm over their heads, then "she distilled poisoned drugs over their hair and smeared a magical ointment over their faces", changing their human shape into that of horned Centaurs.

Notes

References
 Graf, Fritz, "Achlys" in Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World, Volume 1, A-ARI, editors: Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, Brill Publishers, 2002.
 Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Homer, The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Hyginus, Gaius Julius, Fabulae in Apollodorus' Library and Hyginus' Fabulae: Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology, Translated, with Introductions by R. Scott Smith and Stephen M. Trzaskoma, Hackett Publishing Company,  2007. .
 Liddell, Henry George, Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon, revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1940. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Most, G.W., Hesiod: The Shield, Catalogue of Women, Other Fragments, Loeb Classical Library, No. 503, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2007, 2018. . Online version at Harvard University Press.
 Nonnus, Dionysiaca, Volume I: Books 1–15, translated by W. H. D. Rouse, Loeb Classical Library No. 344, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1940 (revised 1984). Online version at Harvard University Press. . Internet Archive (1940).
 Orphic Argonautica in Orphica: Accedunt Procli Hymni, Hymni Magici, Hymnus in Isim alique eiusmodi carmina, edited by Eugenius Abel, Sumptibus Fecit G. Freytag, Leipzig, Prague, 1885. Wikimedia Commons.
 Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.

External links

Greek death goddesses
Personifications in Greek mythology
Greek primordial deities
Chthonic beings
Greek goddesses

Achlys


Luis Fenellosa Emilio (December 22, 1844 - September 16, 1918) was a Captain in the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, an American Civil War Union regiment.

Biography

Emilio was born on December 22, 1844 in Salem, Massachusetts, the son of a Spanish immigrant who made his living as a music instructor.  Although the minimum age for service in the Union army was 18, in 1861 — at age 16  — Emilio gave his age as 18 and enlisted in Company F of the 23rd Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. He was noticeably brave and steadfast, and by September, 1862 he had been promoted to the rank of Sergeant.

Emilio was among the group of original officers of the 54th selected by Massachusetts War Governor John Albion Andrew.  He mustered in as a 2nd Lieutenant on March 30, 1863.  Two weeks later, he was promoted to 1st Lieutenant, and on May 27, he was made Captain of Company E. Captain Emilio emerged from the ferocious assault on Fort Wagner on July 18, 1863 as the regiment's acting commander, since all of the other ranking officers had been killed or wounded.

In his report regarding the assault on Fort Wagner, Brig. General T. Seymour, commander of the United States forces wrote from Morris Island, South Carolina on November 7, 1863:

"Upon leaving the ditch for the parapet, they obstinately contested with the bayonet our advance. Notwithstanding these difficulties, the men succeeded in driving the enemy from most of their guns, many following the enemy into the fort. It was here upon the crest of the parapet that Colonel Shaw fell; here fell Captains Russell and Simpkins; here were also most of the officers wounded. The colors of the regiment reached the crest, and were fought for by the enemy; the State flag there torn form its staff, but the staff remains with us. Hand grenades were now added to the missiles directed against the men. The fight raged here for about an hour, when compelled to abandon the fort, the men formed a line about seven hundred yards from the fort, under the command of Capt. Luis F. Emilio, — the ninth captain in the line; other captains were either killed or wounded. The regiment then held the front until relieved by the Tenth Connecticut at about two o'clock A.M. of the 19th".

Captain Emilio fought with the 54th for over three years of dangerous combat, including the Battle of Olustee in Florida, mustering out of the Union army on March 29, 1865, still not yet 21 years old.

Following the war, he went into the real estate business, first in San Francisco, and later in New York.  After assisting two old comrades documenting the history of the 23rd Massachusetts regiment in the mid-1880s, he began work on his own documentation of the 54th, publishing the first edition of Brave Black Regiment in 1891, and the revised edition in 1894.  He died in New York on September 16, 1918 after a long illness, and was buried in the Harmony Grove Cemetery in Salem, Massachusetts.

See also

 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry
 Hispanics in the American Civil War
 First Sergeant Robert John Simmons

References

External links

Union Army officers
1844 births
1918 deaths
People from Salem, Massachusetts
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
American people of Spanish descent
Burials at Harmony Grove Cemetery

Luis F. Emilio


In crystalline materials, Umklapp scattering (also U-process or Umklapp process) is a scattering process that results in a wave vector (usually written k) which falls outside the first Brillouin zone. If a material is periodic, it has a Brillouin zone, and any point outside the first Brillouin zone can also be expressed as a point inside the zone. So, the wave vector is then mathematically transformed to a point inside the first Brillouin zone. This transformation allows for scattering processes which would otherwise violate the conservation of momentum: two wave vectors pointing to the right can combine to create a wave vector that points to the left. This non-conservation is why crystal momentum is not a true momentum.

Examples include electron-lattice potential scattering or an anharmonic phonon-phonon (or electron-phonon) scattering process, reflecting an electronic state or creating a phonon with a momentum k-vector outside the first Brillouin zone. Umklapp scattering is one process limiting the thermal conductivity in crystalline materials, the others being phonon scattering on crystal defects and at the surface of the sample.

The left panel of Figure 1 schematically shows the possible scattering processes of two incoming phonons with wave-vectors (k-vectors) k1 and k2 (red) creating one outgoing phonon with a wave vector k3 (blue). As long as the sum of k1 and k2 stay inside the first Brillouin zone (grey squares), k3 is the sum of the former two, thus conserving phonon momentum. This process is called normal scattering (N-process).

With increasing phonon momentum and thus larger wave vectors k1 and k2, their sum might point outside the first Brillouin zone (k'3). As shown in the right panel of Figure 1, k-vectors outside the first Brillouin zone are physically equivalent to vectors inside it and can be mathematically transformed into each other by the addition of a reciprocal lattice vector G.  These processes are called Umklapp scattering and change the total phonon momentum.

Umklapp scattering is the dominant process for electrical resistivity at low temperatures for low defect crystals (as opposed to phonon-electron scattering, which dominates at high temperatures, and high-defect lattices which lead to scattering at any temperature.)

Umklapp scattering is the dominant process for thermal resistivity at high temperatures for low defect crystals. The thermal conductivity for an insulating crystal where the U-processes are dominant has 1/T dependence.

History
The name derives from the German word umklappen (to turn over). Rudolf Peierls, in his autobiography Bird of Passage states he was the originator of this phrase and coined it during his 1929 crystal lattice studies under the tutelage of Wolfgang Pauli. Peierls wrote, "…I used the German term Umklapp (flip-over) and this rather ugly word has remained in use…".

The term Umklapp appears in the 1920 paper of Wilhelm Lenz's seed paper of the Ising model.

See also
 Sampling theorem

References

Scattering

Umklapp scattering