Halmaheramys bokimekot, the spiny Boki Mekot rat, is a rodent found on the island of Halmahera in the Molucca archipelago, whose discovery was announced in 2013. This is the only locality where this particular species has been found. H. bokimekot was confirmed as a new species through probabilistic methodologies applied to morphological and molecular data.

Named after its geographical provenance in the North Moluccas, Halmaheramys is the only known murine species endemic to Halmahera. The island is part of the biogeographical province of Wallacea. a transitional zone between the Asian and Australasian realms first identified by Alfred Russel Wallace. It is east of the Wallace and Weber lines, but west of Lydekker's Line. The ancestors of H. bokimekot are believed to have colonized Halmahera from the west, probably from Sulawesi; other native Moluccan rodents are believed or suspected to have arrived from islands to the east, consistent with Wallace's insight. Phylogenetically, Halmaheramys nests within a clade whose other members are the genera Sundamys (from Malaysia and western Indonesia, i.e. Sundaland), Bullimus (from the Philippines), Bunomys, Paruromys and Taeromys (from Sulawesi).

"Project leader Pierre-Henri Fabre from the Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate states:

'This new rodent highlights the large amount of unknown biodiversity in this Wallacean region and the importance of its conservation. It constitutes a valuable addition to our knowledge of the Wallacean biodiversity and much remains to be learned about mammalian biodiversity across this region. Zoologists must continue to explore this area in order to discover and describe new species in this highly diverse, but also threatened region.'" This region is threatened due to mining and deforestation occurring in the area.

While the original ancestral area of the Murinae is unclear, it appears that the Philippines played a key role in their early spread. Three key colonization periods have been noted: 1) their arrival in the Philippines during the late Miocene; 2) their dispersal to both Sahul and Sulawesi during the late Miocene; 3) at least six colonizations of the Rattini into the Indo-Pacific area. Changing sea levels during the Plio-Pleistocene likely affected the migration of the Murinae throughout the Indo-Pacific archipelagos because areas which are now submerged would at certain times have been exposed. The current distribution pattern of the Murinae may reflect the Rattini's role as the most recently successful clade within the Southeast Asian region; they diversified greatly since the late Miocene, possibly displacing older murine lineages from the Indo-Pacific.

The rat has a long face, spiky brownish grey fur on its back and a greyish white belly with scattered bristly and spiny hairs, and a tail shorter than the head-body length with a white tip. Other characteristics that when put together set H. bokimekot apart from other members of the family Muridae include: a medium sized body, moderately long muzzle with dark brown/greyish ears, white digits and dorsal surfaces of carpel and metacarpal regions, three pairs of teats (two inguinal and one post auxiliary), and at least three young per litter. It is believed to be omnivorous and terrestrial.

References

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/09/130920094631.htm
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/zoj.12061/full
http://newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2013/09/22/34-New-rat-species-discovered-in-birthplace-of-theory-of-evolution-.html
http://news.ku.dk/all_news/2013/2013.9/new_rat-genus_discovered_in_the_birthplace_of_the_theory_of_evolution/

Halmaheramys
Mammals described in 2013
Rodents of Indonesia

Halmaheramys bokimekot


Charter Pilot  is a 1940 drama film, directed by Eugene Forde and produced by Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation. The film stars  Lynn Bari, Lloyd Nolan, Arleen Whelan and George Montgomery. Charter Pilot depicts pilots flying cargo flights in the Honduras.

Plot
King Morgan (Lloyd Nolan), chief pilot for W. J. Brady Charter Pilots, Inc., and his mechanic, Charlie Crane (George Montgomery) proves he can handle any type of weather in hauling cargo. King is also a famous pilot because his girl friend, Marge Duncan (Lynn Bari) has made him the daring hero of the radio show, named after him. After a long flight from Galveston to Los Angeles delivering soft-shell crabs, King sees Marge to propose marriage. Flustered by her taking time to get ready, he drinks too much and passes out. When he revives, he heads for the Mirrado nightclub where he causes an uproar and is arrested. Marge bails him out next day but when King finally proposes, Marge makes him promise to give up flying. King surprises his boss (Andrew Tombes) by asking for a desk job, working for accountant Horace Sturgeon (Hobart Cavanaugh). Charlie ends up as King's replacement, taking over a charter contract flying ore from a Honduras gold mine.

A competitor named Faber (Henry Victor) wants to get the lucrative gold mine charter contract and conspires to make Charlie look bad. The company looks likely to lose the contract from the gold mine and when Sturgeon is about to fire Charlie, King announces that he will go to Rico, Honduras and take over the charter flights. He convinces his fiancé that their honeymoon will be down south, but as soon as he can, flies to Rico alone. King discovers that their charter business is being sabotaged but has a plan to fly a more direct route over the high mountains using oxygen tanks.

Marge decides to take the radio show to where King is working, even though he no longer wants to be in the broadcast, and is angry with her for following him. After seeing King make a successful test flight in his modified cargo aircraft, Faber finds out that using oxygen will give the Brady Company an advantage. When King is in jail, after becoming drunk in a local cantina, Charlie is given the job of flying the ore, but Faber has damaged the oxygen supply so Charlie will pass out at altitude. Marge wants to have the first flight over the mountains on her radio show and hires Faber to fly her, but King joins them, having discovered the sabotage. When Faber pulls a gun on King, Marge reacts by knocking him out with her microphone.

With King now at the controls, he contacts Charlie and has him turn around. Faber revives and attacks King but Marge stabs Faber with a pin, giving King a chance to knock him out for good. Signing off from the radio show, King and Marge get back together.

Cast

 Lynn Bari as Marge Duncan
 Lloyd Nolan as King Morgan
 Arleen Whelan as Raquel Andrews
 George Montgomery as Charlie Crane
 Hobart Cavanaugh as Horace Sturgeon
 Henry Victor as Faber

 Etta McDaniel as Ophie
 Andrew Tombes as [W. J.] Brady
 Charles Wilson as Owen
 Chick Chandler as Fred Adams
 Robert Spindola as Boy
 Sherry Hall as Steven

Production

Principal photography for Charter Pilot began in July 1940 at the Twentieth Century Fox studio and backlots, Los Angeles, California.
After appearing in three Twentieth Century Fox films as a freelance actor, Charter Pilot was the first film that Lloyd Nolan made with the company after signing a studio contract. Established star Lynn Bari has her name appear over Nolan's in the title cards.

Only two flying scenes appeared in the film. Paul Mantz handled the flying duties, using his Ford Trimotor (NC7121). A barley field alongside the Santa Anita race track served as the airfield in the fictional Rico, Honduras.

Reception
Charter Pilot, despite its length, was primarily a B film. Aviation Film Historian James H. Farmer characterized the film as "modest" with the only notable elements being the flying scenes. "The breathtaking aerobatic sequences were staged by Paul Mantz."

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Farmer, James H. Celluloid Wings: The Impact of Movies on Aviation. Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania: Tab Books Inc., 1984. .
 Pendo, Stephen. Aviation in the Cinema. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1985. .
 Wynne, H. Hugh. The Motion Picture Stunt Pilots and Hollywood's Classic Aviation Movies. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Co., 1987. .

External links

1940 films
20th Century Fox films
American aviation films
Films set on airplanes
Films directed by Eugene Forde
American drama films
1940 drama films
American black-and-white films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

Charter Pilot


Nelson Cavaquinho (October 29, 1911 – February 18, 1986, birth name Nelson Antônio da Silva) was one of the most important singer/composers of samba. He is usually seen as a representative of the tragic aspects of samba thematics, with many songs about death and hopelessness. He was a prominent figure of samba school Estação Primeira de Mangueira.

Biography
Nelson was born in Rio de Janeiro. Coming from a poor family, he quit school at a young age to seek employment in a factory.  He showed a musical talent at a young age playing a home-made guitar made of a cigar box and wires.  When he could, he would borrow a cavaquinho and try and copy the techniques of professional cavaquinho players. He demonstrated a great ability to play the instrument and composed a choro ("Caminhando") which gained him notoriety as a musician (due in part to an uncommon modulation which made it hard for other instrumentalists to harmonize it).  He was finally given a cavaquinho and having demonstrated a unique playing style on the instrument was given the nickname "Nelson Cavaquinho". He demonstrated a unique style of playing with only two fingers.

As a young man he became acquainted with famous samba players like Cartola, Carlos Cachaça, and Zé da Zilda. He went on to compose over 600 compositions. His main partner was Guilherme de Brito. Some of his better known works are:  "A Flor e o Espinho", "Folhas Secas", "O Bem e o Mal" and  "Juízo Final".

He died of emphysema on February 18, 1986, at the age of 74, in Rio de Janeiro.

References

External links
 Nelson Cavaquinho - Dicionário Cravo Albin da Música Popular Brasileira

1911 births
1986 deaths
Brazilian composers
20th-century Brazilian male singers
20th-century Brazilian singers
Samba musicians
20th-century composers

Nelson Cavaquinho


National Geographic Channel is a Nordic free-to-air television channel broadcasting documentaries and related programmes to the Nordic countries.

The National Geographic was launched in Scandinavia in September 1997 when BSkyB launched the Sky News & Documentaries channel, carrying National Geographic between 8 p.m. and 2 p.m. (CET) with The Computer Channel between 6 and 8 p.m. and Sky News the remaining time. The broadcasting hours has since then been extended and as of 2006 the channel is broadcasting from noon to 6 a.m., showing CNBC Nordic in the morning.

Programmes and continuity has English audio, with subtitles in Swedish, Finnish, Danish and Norwegian. Advertising has sound in different languages.

The channel is carried on most digital cable networks in the region, including TDC Kabel TV and Com Hem. Initially it was only available on satellite from Canal Digital, but it launched on the Viasat satellite platform on 15 August 2006.

In the digital terrestrial networks the channel has been available from the launch of the RiksTV platform in September 2007. In March 2008, the channel received a license to broadcast terrestrially in Sweden, but its launch has been postponed. It is also available terrestrially on the Faeroe Islands. The channel is not available in the Finnish terrestrial network.

The sister channel Adventure One had moderate carriage for some time in Scandinavia. Adventure One was replaced by Nat Geo Wild in some cable networks in 2007. On 24 February 2009, Nat Geo Wild was launched on the Viasat satellite platform. It had then already launched on the Swedish Com Hem network on 8 January 2009.

The National Geographic Channel HD was launched into the Nordic region on the Canal Digital platform on 1 April 2007. In January 2008, the HD channel was launched on the Viasat platform. It came to Com Hem in Sweden on 23 May 2008.

On 13 May 2009 special feeds of the channel for the Danish and Norwegian markets were launched.

References

Pan-Nordic television channels
Television stations in Denmark
Television channels in Norway
Television channels in Sweden
Television channels and stations established in 1997
Scandinavia

National Geographic (Scandinavian TV channel)


Michael Dennis Rhodes (born 1946) is an associate professor of ancient scripture emeritus, formerly at Brigham Young University (BYU).  Rhodes is an Egyptologist who has published a translation of some of the extant Joseph Smith papyri.

Rhodes has a B.A. in Classical Greek from BYU (1970).  He also received a B.S. in Electrical Engineering at the Air Force Institute of Technology in 1982 and a M.S.  in physics from the University of New Mexico in 1989.  He has also studied Egyptology at Johns Hopkins University, the Free University of Berlin and the University of Oxford as well as archaeology at the University of Utah.

Rhodes has published many articles related to the Book of Abraham through the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS), including some in books edited by John Gee.

Notes

Sources
Rhodes website
Neal A. Maxwell Institute author page

Bookfinder list of works by Rhodes

External links
Personal website

1946 births
Air Force Institute of Technology alumni
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Brigham Young University alumni
Brigham Young University faculty
American Egyptologists
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Living people
University of New Mexico alumni
University of Utah alumni
Book of Abraham

Michael D. Rhodes


Zhu Rongji (; IPA: ; born 23 October 1928) is a retired Chinese politician who served as the premier of China from 1998 to 2003 and member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1992 to 2002 along with CCP general secretary Jiang Zemin.

Born in Changsha, Hunan, Zhu became a member of the CCP in 1949, the same year the People's Republic of China was established. He worked in the State Planning Commission between 1952 and 1958, and criticized CCP leader Mao Zedong's economic policies during the Hundred Flowers Campaign in 1957, causing him to being labeled as a "rightist" in the subsequent Anti-Rightist Campaign, leading Zhu to be demoted and expelled from the CCP. He was sent to work at a remote cadre school afterwards. He was pardoned, though not politically rehabilitated in 1962, after the famine caused by the Great Leap Forward, being again assigned at the State Planning Commission. He was purged again during the Cultural Revolution, where he was sent for re-education to a May Seventh Cadre School.

After Mao's death in 1976 and the rise of Deng Xiaoping afterwards, Zhu was politically rehabilitated and allowed to join the CCP. He worked in the Ministry of Petroleum from 1976 to 1979, and joined the State Economic Commission, successor of the State Planning Commission, in 1979; he serves as the vice minister of the Commission from 1983 to 1987. In 1988, he became the mayor of Shanghai, where he pursued economic reforms. He worked with Shanghai CCP secretary Jiang Zemin, who he succeeded as Shanghai CCP secretary in 1989, when Jiang was promoted to CCP general secretary.

Zhu became the first vice premier in 1993, serving under premier Li Peng, where he pursued further economic reforms. He was further promoted to being premier in 1998. In his capacity as first vice premier and premier, Zhu was regarded as the leading figure behind China's economic policy. Zhu had a reputation as a tough but pragmatic administrator. During his office, China's economy saw double digit growth. Zhu was also much more popular than his predecessor Li Peng among the Chinese public. However, Zhu's opponents stipulate that his tough and pragmatic stance on policy was unrealistic and unnecessary, and many of his promises were left unfulfilled. Zhu retired in 2003 and has not been a public figure since.

Early life and career
Zhu Rongji was born in Changsha, Hunan, in 23 October 1928 to a family of intellectuals and wealthy landowners. According to family tradition, his family was descended from Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of the Ming dynasty. His father died before he was born, and his mother died when he was nine. Zhu was subsequently raised by his uncle, Zhu Xuefang, who continued to support Zhu's education.

Zhu was educated locally, and after graduation from high school he attended the prestigious Tsinghua University in Beijing. At Tsinghua he became a student leader and took part in activities organized by the Communist Party. He graduated with a degree in electrical engineering and joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1949, the same year that Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China.

People's Republic of China
Zhu then began his career as a civil servant in the Northeast China Ministry of Industries, where he was appointed the deputy head of its production planning office. In 1951 he became the chairman of the Tsinghua Student Union. From 1952 to 1958 he worked in the State Planning Commission, where he was group head, deputy director, and deputy section chief. In 1957, during the Hundred Flowers Campaign, he criticized Mao's economic policies, saying that they promoted "irrational high growth". His comments led to him being subsequently identified as a "rightist" in 1958 during the Anti-Rightist Campaign, for which he was persecuted, demoted, disgraced, and thrown out of the Communist Party in January 1958 In the late 1950s his family was also persecuted for their pre-revolutionary status as wealthy landowners, and their family mansion was destroyed.

After his persecution as a rightist, Zhu was sent to work at a remote cadre school. In 1962, following the famine and industrial collapse caused by the Great Leap Forward, Zhu was pardoned (but not politically rehabilitated), and assigned to work as an engineer at the National Economic Bureau of the State Planning Commission. During the Cultural Revolution, Zhu was purged again. From 1970 to 1975, he was sent for "re-education" to a May Seventh Cadre School, a special farm for disgraced government workers and former Party members. During his five-year exile in the countryside Zhu was a manual laborer, raising pigs and cattle, carrying human waste, and planting rice.

Shortly after Mao's death in 1976, Deng Xiaoping rose to power and subsequently initiated political reforms leading to the rehabilitation of victims of the Cultural Revolution. From 1976 to 1979. he worked as an engineer in the Ministry of Petroleum Industry, and served as the director of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences' Industrial Economic Bureau. In 1978, he was formally rehabilitated and allowed to rejoin the CCP. During the late 1970s, Zhu's positions were relatively low-profile, but after Deng consolidated his power in the 1980s and the government became more meritocratic, Zhu was promoted to work in increasingly demanding positions. He had few connections in the army, the Party, or the bureaucracy, and was able to rise through the ranks of the government mostly through his own skills. In 1979, he was reassigned to the State Economic Commission, the successor of the State Planning Commission, where he served as vice-minister from 1983 to 1987.

After being politically rehabilitated and reentering the civil service, Zhu resumed connections with his alma mater, Tsinghua University. In 1984, he was named the founding dean of the Tsinghua University School of Economics and Management. He held his position as dean at Tsinghua for 17 years, throughout most of his subsequent public career. As he became increasingly able to meet and make connections with foreign academics and world leaders, he was able to promote a close academic relationship between Tsinghua and M.I.T. Later in his career, he gained a reputation as a mentor to subordinates, a habit that observers interpreted as a product of his position as an educator at Tsinghua.

Political career in Shanghai
In 1988, Zhu was promoted to work as the mayor of Shanghai, which was then China's largest, most industrially developed, and wealthiest city. During Zhu's term as mayor of Shanghai he oversaw large, rapid improvements in telecommunications, urban construction, and transportation, especially in Pudong, a large and high-profile special economic zone.

Early in Zhu's mayoralty, he delivered the speech, "Let Enterprises Swim by Themselves in the Markets" in which he encouraged enterprises and people to "go through the markets," stating that "everyone can form links through the markets." The speech helped establish his reputation as a proponent of economic liberalization.

It was during his time as Mayor of Shanghai that he developed a public reputation as a strong opponent of corruption, and a talented economic reformer. His efforts to simplify the process by which the government approved business deals earned him the nickname "One-Chop Zhu". In order to improve relations with the foreign business community and solicit outside advice, he formed an advisory committee composed of foreign businessmen. While working in Shanghai he began his long working relationship with subsequent CCP General Secretary Jiang Zemin (then party secretary of Shanghai) which continued throughout Zhu's career.

He also became known while administering Shanghai for his strict adherence to law and Party discipline, and for his refusal to grant extrajudicial favours to those close to him. Once in 1988, when some family members asked him over dinner if he could bend China's residency (hukou) laws to allow them to move to Shanghai, he turned them down, responding: "What I can do, I have done already. What I cannot do, I will never do."

In 1989, when large-scale protests broke out in numerous cities around China, there were also large, well-organized protests in Shanghai. Unlike the government's violent crackdown of protesters in Beijing, Zhu was able to peacefully resolve the local situation. At one point a group of protesters derailed and burnt a train, for which several participants were arrested and executed, but there was otherwise little loss of life, and Zhu was able to retain significant public sympathy throughout the event. Following the violent resolution of the Tiananmen protests there was a brief struggle for control of the Chinese government within the Communist Party. Zhu was promoted to work as the Communist Party secretary of Shanghai in 1989. Zhu assisted Deng in regaining his prestige and authority by assisting Deng in organizing his 1992 Southern Inspection Tour.

In 1990, Zhu led a delegation of Chinese mayors to meet with local and national political and business leaders from the United States, attempting to maintain and improve political and business relationships which had been threatened following the suppression of the 1989 protests. Some of the officials Zhu met on the visit included Richard Nixon, Henry Kissinger, Bob Dole, and Nancy Pelosi. During the visit Zhu gave unscripted speeches in Chinese and English, and was praised by American journalists, politicians, and business leaders for his frankness, openness, energy, and technical background.

Although he demonstrated a desire and ability to enact large, thorough legal and economic reforms, and political reforms aimed at making the Chinese government more efficient and transparent, Zhu made it clear that he did not support dramatic political change. When asked by Western journalists in 1990 whether he was China's Gorbachev, he responded "No, I am China's Zhu Rongji".

Vice Premiership

Overview
In 1991, largely due to his success in managing the development of Shanghai, Zhu was promoted into the central government in Beijing, where he focused on planning and resolving economic projects and issues as the vice-premier of the State Council under Premier Li Peng and the director of the State Council Production Office. He also served an overlapping term as the governor of the People's Bank of China from 1993 to 1995. His first issues after arriving in Beijing were to restructure the debts owed by state owned enterprises, and to simplify and streamline the process by which farmers sold their grain to the government. Zhu was able to enact relatively far-reaching reforms largely via the broad support of Deng Xiaoping, who noted that Zhu "has his own views, dares to make decisions, and knows economics." In comparing Zhu to his peers when considering his appointment, Deng said, "The current leadership do not know economics... Zhu Rongji is the only one who understands economics."

When a global recession occurred in 1992, China was challenged with excessive investment in fixed assets, excessive monetary supply, and chaotic financial markets. Inflation rates reached over 20%. As the director of the central bank and the vice-premier and head of the State Council Economic and Trade Office, Zhu resolved these issues by limiting monetary supply, eliminating duplicate low-tech industrial projects, devaluing the Chinese currency, cutting interest rates, reforming the tax system, and investing state capital in the transportation, agricultural, and energy sectors. He attempted to reform the state banking sector by introducing greater oversight to discourage reckless lending, introducing "asset management companies" to manage the many large, non-performing loans that many of China's banks had accumulated, and privatizing large banks in order to expose them to free market competition. Following Zhu's management, the Chinese economy was able to maintain stable growth and avoid dramatic price fluctuations. Zhu's ability to stabilize the economy led to his being named to the CCP Politburo Standing Committee at the 14th Party Congress in 1992, after which he also retained his other posts.

In July 1993, at the first National Finance Work Conference, Zhu gave a speech in his capacity as governor of the People's Bank of China. Zhu explained his view of how China's financial system should be structured, stating that the state "must establish a system of financial institutions, under the supervision of the central bank, principally consisting of national policy banks and state-owned commercial banks, but that encompasses a variety of financial institutions[.]" His proposed institutions included an export-import bank, a national interbank lending system, a short-term paper market, and an renminbi exchange rate mechanism based on the market rate. As researcher Zongyuan Zoe Liu writes, "The Party's contemporary economic power and financial influence are based substantially upon the institutions that Zhu envisioned in 1993, Fifteen years later, in 2008, China's policy banks and sovereign funds emerged on the global financial scene as some of the world's largest institutional investors, wielding significant influence over financial markets and projecting the Party's power abroad."

The most active opponent of Zhu's plans to reform the Chinese economy was Premier Li Peng. Li and Zhu clashed in the first two years following Zhu's appointment as vice-chairman; but, by the time that he suffered a heart attack in 1993, Li had lost influence within the government and was no longer able to block many of Zhu's reforms. That Zhu's reforms had quickly gained wide support within the central government was made clear at Li's confirmation process during the Party's 1992 convention: although Li's appointment was already agreed upon by China's top leadership, Zhu received a relatively large and unusual protest vote by many of the Party delegates. Throughout Zhu's term as both vice-premier and premier, Li was successful in blocking Zhu from introducing regulation or government oversight over China's power companies, and they remained private monopolies essentially run by Li's family throughout Zhu's term of office.

Zhu once used the term "patriotic organizations" in a speech in the mid-1990s to describe the triads, citing their history as secret societies in resisting foreign invaders and playing a key role in Chinese history. This was interpreted by some observers as indicating a cultural connection between the triads and the Communist Party.

Contributions to socialist market economy
Zhu was an advocate for markets while also viewing the state's role in setting the strategic direction of markets as indispensable. Generally, he was skeptical of the efficacy of comprehensive state planning of the economy.

Zhu and Deng's vision of China's future was not simply one of rapid growth. It included a programme of continuous reforms, which they believed would be necessary to achieve this growth. There were two major goals Zhu believed were necessary to achieve this vision, which Zhu began while serving as China's vice-premier. His first goal was to rationalize and centralize the fiscal and financial system. The second goal was to streamline and strengthen the state sector.

Zhu's first task was to regain central control over the country's burgeoning yet dangerously decentralized tax revenues. Before reforming China's tax system he went in person to each province in China to sell a new "tax sharing" idea modeled on the U.S. federal tax system. Under this new policy, revenue from provinces would go first to Beijing, and then portions would be returned to the provinces. Following the introduction of this tax system, the central government's cut of total revenue increased by over 20% in a single year, balancing the central budget and putting Beijing's resources on track to reliably increase over time. In order to manage China's financial affairs he appointed himself governor of the People's Bank of China with jurisdiction over monetary policy and financial regulations, bringing the highly decentralized banking system more closely under Beijing's control.

Zhu's next task was to deal with China's four colossal state-owned banks, which had accumulated billions of dollars in nonperforming loans due to profligate local lending to unprofitable state-owned enterprises (SOEs). He quarantined these bad loans in newly created "asset-management companies", and recapitalized the banks through government bonds in a restructuring strategy. After his promotion to premier in 1998, Zhu saved the biggest SOEs and allowed thousands of other small and medium-sized firms and factories to go under, assuming that new growth in the private sector could alleviate any surge of unemployment. This strategy resulted in millions of workers losing their "iron rice bowl" guarantees of cradle-to-grave employment, health care benefits, and pensions. Zhu challenged managers to base salaries on performance and market competitiveness and made profitability and productivity determining factors in managerial and executive promotions within surviving SOEs.

All these economic reform efforts by Zhu did not dismantle the state sector, but streamlined it with the goal of accomplishing Deng's new form of marketized socialism. Although many in the West were skeptical when Deng announced that he would pursue "socialism with Chinese characteristics," Zhu's reforms helped increase China's wealth and power while leaving it under the firm grip of the Communist Party.

Premiership

In a joint news conference with US president Bill Clinton, Zhu Rongji elucidated the Chinese position on three questions relating to Cross-Strait relations: i) the influence of United States Armed Forces on cross-strait relations; ii) whether there is a timetable for Chinese unification; iii) is he willing to visit Taiwan? Zhu answered that, regarding China's policy toward Chinese unification, he would not comment further and pointed to previous statements by CCP general secretary Jiang Zemin. He claimed that China had upheld the one country, two systems principle and preserved a high degree of autonomy in Hong Kong and compared Taiwan to Hong Kong, noting that China allows Taiwan to retain its own army, and was prepared to let the leader of Taiwan become the deputy leader of China in the event of unification.

Zhu's position on Taiwan changed over the course of his time as premier. During the 2000 ROC presidential election in Taiwan, Zhu warned Taiwanese voters not to vote for the DPP, which favors distancing Taiwan from China, stating, "those who are pro-Taiwan independence will not have a good ending." His attitude towards Taiwan changed after the election. Three years later, in his farewell speech to the National People's Congress in 2003, Zhu encouraged Chinese politicians to use softer language in discussing the issue of Mainland China-Taiwan relations, saying that Mainland China and Taiwan should improve economic, transportation, and cultural ties in order to improve their relationship. During the speech Zhu accidentally referred to China and Taiwan as "two countries" before quickly correcting himself and referring to them as "two sides". The incident was reported in Taiwanese media as a "gaffe".

Economic liberalization
Zhu was chosen to become China's fifth premier in March 1998, largely due to his success in managing large macroeconomic projects. During his term Zhu continued to focus on issues related to economic development. He generally favoured stable, sustainable development supported by robust macroeconomic control measures and a tight monetary policy. He continued to promote investment in China's industrial and agricultural sectors.

Early in his term he began a programme of privatization that lasted throughout his period in office, during which China's private sector experienced rapid growth. He responded to the 1997 Asian financial crisis by dramatically reducing the size of the state bureaucracy, maintaining strict capital controls, and through funding massive infrastructure projects. During the crisis he refused to devalue the Chinese yuan, and angrily defended his decision when some international leaders suggest that he do so. Following the crisis, Zhu advocated improving international financial markets in order to prevent harmful market speculation.

Zhu started the China Development Forum in 2000. At its inception, the forum was a relatively intimate meeting between Chinese leaders and foreign experts. Zhu viewed the meeting as a stress test for leading officials, and encouraged policy debate and discussion with the foreign experts in attendance.

He was successful in reducing the size of the official bureaucracy by half by the end of his term in 2003, though the bureaucracies in districts far from the capital continued to expand, leading to increased tension between some local governments and the farmers whose income supports them. His reform of state-owned enterprises led to approximately 35% of their workforce, forty million workers, being laid off over five years.
Zhu introduced limited reforms in China's housing system, allowing residents to own their own apartments for the first time at subsidized rates.

By the end of Zhu's term as premier, the Chinese economy was stable and growing confidently. While foreign direct investment (FDI) worldwide halved in 2000, the flow of capital into mainland China rose by 10%. As global firms scrambled to avoid missing the China boom, FDI in China rose by 22.6% in 2002. While global trade stagnated, growing by one percent in 2002, mainland China's trade soared by 18% in the first nine months of 2002, with exports outstripping imports. he meets South Korea President Kim Dae-jung and Lee Hee-ho in 2001.

Anti-corruption initiatives
Zhu earned a reputation as a strong, strict administrator, intolerant of corruption, nepotism, or incompetence. In Beijing he was sometimes known by the nicknames "Madman Zhu" and "Boss Zhu" for his hard, transparent work ethic and his tendency to disregard the bureaucratic status quo. In addition to investigating individual examples of potential official corruption, Zhu attempted to make the Chinese government more regulated and transparent by increasing the number and powers of independent regulatory commissions, downsizing government bureaucracy, opening government positions to outside experts and reforming the government's system of hiring and promotion based on merit, and improving administrative predictability by strengthening the rule of law.

Before Zhu came to office, employment in China's bureaucracy was largely obtained via tenure and political connections. Zhu attempted to modernize the bureaucracy's seniority system and improve the government's ability to attract and retain talented workers by opening senior- and mid-level positions to public selection, and by reforming the civil service's examination system. He made a strong effort to attract and promote economists and technocrats from academia and the private sector to work under him as advisors in the central government, and was successful in attracting a small core of several dozen such officials to work under and advise him. By opening mid-level appointments to outside experts, he was able to ensure that the Chinese bureaucrats who were promoted during his term as premier were generally supportive of his ideas.

During his term as premier Zhu engaged in frequent large-scale efforts to fight official corruption. At one time he was reported to have read 16,000 letters a year, sent to him by aggrieved citizens, in order to get a better understanding of the circumstances of ordinary Chinese people. He made frequent official visits outside Beijing to inspect working conditions, especially in the south. Shortly after coming to office, in 1998, he required the People's Liberation Army to relinquish its involvement in business interests that had been making high-ranking officers and their children rich, and later barred civil servants from taking part in business enterprises. He attempted to introduce stricter, more formal oversight to keep provincial leaders from receiving kickbacks from businessmen and embezzling state funds.

Zhu's investigations into official corruption led to his discovery of numerous large-scale misdeeds by provincial officials. After discovering that 25.8 billion RMB allocated for the purchase of grain over six years had gone missing, he launched an investigation which concluding that at least 10 billion RMB had been instead used to construct hotels and luxury apartments, and on speculative business investments. In one inspection tour in 2001, Zhu uncovered the largest corruption ring in modern Chinese history, discovering that many of the highest-ranking officials in Fujian had conspired to operate a massive smuggling ring. In the resulting purge, numerous top-level Party leaders and governors were arrested and executed. On one inspection tour, after noticing that dikes had broken because funds allocated to their proper construction had been stolen by corrupt officials, he flew into a rage over such "son-of-a-bitch construction projects", which were not uncommon in China at the time. Referring to his efforts to fight corruption, he once said, "I will prepare 100 coffins for the corrupt, and one for me, for I will die of fatigue". Much of his efforts to increase the role of the private market in the economy, to improve legal protection for businesses, and to introduce a true commercial banking system were implicitly undertaken in the interest of reducing the kind of official corruption and waste that he uncovered through his personal investigations of government officials.

He took the lead in negotiating China's entry into the World Trade Organization, which the country achieved in 2001 to domestic and international acclaim. Joining the WTO opened China to increased foreign investment, but also required it to conform to international conventions of trade, intellectual property, and environmental management. Zhu expected that China's entry into the WTO would lead to economic expansion, but also hoped that entering the WTO would force economic and legal changes within China that Zhu himself had little power to implement.

Zhu, along with his successor Wen, attempted to set limits on the power of local officials to levy miscellaneous service charges and fees in order to protect farmers from indiscriminate taxation by corrupt officials.<ref>China.org.cn</ref>

 After retirement
Zhu retired from his position as member of CCP Politburo Standing Committee in November 2002 and premier in March 2003 respectively, when he was replaced by Wen Jiabao. Wen was the only Zhu ally to appear on the subsequent nine-person CCP Politburo Standing Committee. After his retirement, Zhu withdrew from any obvious involvement in Chinese politics, but he retained ties with Tsinghua University, where he continued to make numerous visits during ceremonies and special events. In 2014, he wrote a rare public letter for the 30th anniversary of Tsinghua School of Economics and Management, but was not able to attend due to poor health. In the letter, he encouraged the students at the prestigious business school to visit poor and rural areas of China, in order to better understand the conditions of most Chinese people.
He appeared at the funeral of Huang Ju on June 5, 2007.

Since he left office, Zhu has written and has been the subject of numerous books. Zhu's first book, Zhu Rongji Meets the Press, a collection of speeches and interviews with foreign and Chinese journalists and officials, was released in 2009 (an English translation of the book was released in 2011). A second book, Zhu Rongji's Answers to Journalists' Questions, a four-volume compilation of Zhu's speeches, articles, and letters, was also released in 2011. The second book was translated and published in English in 2013, under the title: Zhu Rongji on the Record: The Road to Reform. By the end of 2013 over six million copies of his books had been sold. Henry Kissinger wrote that the translation of his books into English represented a significant contribution to Sino-US relations and promoted international understanding of Chinese culture and politics. One Western biography of Zhu encouraged leaders in other developing countries to study and emulate his reforms, and compared his influence on practical economic theory to that of Keynes. Although he has published books compiled from his speeches and interviews, his daughter has reported that he has no interest in writing a memoir.

After retiring, Zhu invested much of his time and energy into public philanthropy. In 2013 and 2014 alone he donated 40 million RMB (c.$6.5 million US) to charity. The donated money reportedly came from the royalties from his books, and was given to a charitable foundation promoting education in poor rural areas. The amount of money given was considered unusual among retired Chinese politicians, leading to speculation about Chinese political culture. The donations prompted some commenters to compare his character to that of China's first premier, Zhou Enlai.

In March 2022, according to a report published by The Wall Street Journal, Zhu voiced his opposition to current CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping seeking an unprecedented third consecutive term, as it would break the established party system of leadership succession.

Personal life

Zhu Rongji has been recognized as a good public speaker and was notable during his career for his proficient command of English. He often made public speeches without the aid of a script, and when he did so his speeches were said to be entertaining and dramatic.

He enjoys literature, and has reportedly spent much of his retirement reading books he had no time to read while in office. He plays the erhu, an instrument similar to a two-stringed violin. He enjoys Peking Opera, and once appeared on stage as an actor in a performance.

His wife, Lao An, once served as the vice-chairman on the board of directors of China International Engineering and Consulting. She and Zhu attended two schools together, first at the Hunan First Provincial Middle School, then at Tsinghua University. They have two children, a son and a daughter. Their son, Zhu Yunlai, was born in 1957. He was once the president and chief executive officer of one of China's most successful investment banks, China International Capital Corp. Their daughter, Zhu Yanlai, was born in 1956. She is currently the assistant chief executive for the Bank of China (Hong Kong), and holds a seat in the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

Legacy

Zhu's premiership, especially related to free-market reforms, was controversial. Before his retirement Zhu publicly acknowledged that he had not been able to complete many of his desired reforms before his term ended. In 2003, he gave a 90-minute address to several thousand delegates in the Great Hall of the People, outlining the "outstanding difficulties and problems" which he expected his successor as premier, Wen Jiabao, would have to face. After Zhu retired, Wen attempted to continue many of the reforms that Zhu had conceived and designed, creating and increasing the powers of independent regulatory commissions and restructuring the bureaucracy on the basis of merit. Some of Zhu's reforms were reversed under the leadership of Hu Jintao, and other reforms he hoped would be addressed by the incoming administration were not implemented. Notably, state-owned enterprises were allowed to regrow and keep a critical place in the Chinese economy, and large areas of the banking sector remained unregulated. Hu may have reversed the Chinese government's previous position and promoted state-owned enterprises in an effort to promote social stability. During Wen's term of office many of the reforms Zhu proposed were opposed by conservative government ministers, notably including the former commerce minister, Bo Xilai. Zhu's position as head of the central bank was given to one of his close associates, Zhou Xiaochuan, and Zhu's views retained some influence in China's financial sector following his retirement.

Among the international leaders he met and negotiated with as premier, he gained a reputation for intelligence, energy, impatience for incompetence, shrewdness, and as a person who must be respected, even among those who disliked him. Journalists noted his proficient command of English and his "disarming" sense of humor. By the time he retired, Zhu had become noticeably more popular than his predecessor, Li Peng, both in China and abroad. Economists noted that during his time in office he had shown himself to be much better at economic management than Li Peng.

Zhu was well known for his efforts to fight official corruption, but was not able to contain official corruption in his term. Following the 18th CCP National Congress in 2012, one of Zhu's proteges, Wang Qishan, became the head of CCP's Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the Communist Party's main organ in charge of investigating internal corruption. Zhu publicly supported CCP general secretary Xi Jinping's anti-corruption campaign in which Wang played a major role. He did not appear in the 70th anniversary of the PRC on October 1. 2019 22 days before his 91st birthday. He also did not appear in the 100 anniversary of the CCP on July 1, 2021. he was absent with the former CCP general secretary Jiang Zemin and former CCP Politburo member Luo Gan. He celebrated his 92nd birthday on October 23, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

See also

 History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)
 Macroeconomic regulation and control
 Politics of the People's Republic of China

 References
 Citations

 Sources

 AP and Reuters. "China and Taiwan `Two Countries': Zhu".  Taipei Times. March 6, 2003. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
 Center on U.S.-China Relations. "Entering the World: Zhu Rongji" . Asia Society. 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
 Barron, Oliver Blade. "Political Heavyweights Clash as China's Central Bank Head Said to Step Down" . Forbes. September 25, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
 Chen Zhenzhen. "Wen's Reforms: Following In The Footsteps Of Zhu Rongji". The Jamestown Foundation. 2015. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
 "Tax Reform for Farmers Hailed" . China.org.cn. July 23, 2001. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
 "The Man Who Took on the Dissidents: Li Peng (1928–)"  CNN.com.  2001.  Retrieved 21 August 2008.
 Dumbaugh, Kerry & Michael F. Martin. Understanding China's Political System . Congressional Research Service. December 31, 2009. Retrieved on July 14, 2015.
 "What He Did, and Left Undone: The Mixed Legacy of Zhu Rongji, China's Outgoing Prime Minister" . The Economist. March 6, 2003. Retrieved on July 14, 2015.
 Foley, John. "Zhu Rongji Merits China's Admiration not Imitation". Reuters. August 14, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
 Kissinger, Henry & Schmidt, Helmudt. "Zhu Rongji on the Record The Road to Reform: 1991–1997" . Brookings. September 8, 2013. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
 Lai, Carol P. Media in Hong Kong: Press Freedom and Political Change, 1967–2005 . The USA and Canada: Routledge. 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
 Lam, Willy.  "China's Elite Economic Double Standard".  Asia Times Online.  17 August 2007.  Retrieved July 28, 2015.
 LaMoshi, Gary. "The Mystery Behind Zhu's Miracle". Asia Times Online. February 22, 2003. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
 Lee, Khoon Choy. Pioneers of Modern China: Understanding the Inscrutable Chinese. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. 2005. . Retrieved on July 14, 2015.
 Mackerras, Colin, Donald Hugh McMillen, and Donal Andrew Watson. Dictionary of the Politics of the People's Republic of China. Great Britain: Routelage. 1998. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
 Manthorpe, Jonathan. Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan . St. Martin's Press. 2008. . Retrieved August 8, 2015.
 McCarthy, Terry. "Zhu Rongji's Year of Living Dangerously" . TIME. April 12, 1999. Retrieved on June 14, 2014.
 "Zhu Rongji and the Chinese Mayors Delegation (1990)" . National Committee on United States-China Relations. 2015. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
 People's Daily. "Zhu Rongji--Premier of the State Council" . En.people.cn. Retrieved on July 14, 2015.
 Pesek, Willie. "China Needs Another Zhu Rongji" . The Japan Times. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
 Schell, Orville & John Delury. (2013). Wealth and Power: China's Long March to the Twenty-First Century. New York: Random House. 2013.
 Schmidt, Helmut. "Foreword". In Zhu Rongji. Zhu Rongji on the Record: 1991–1997. Beijing, China: Foreign Languages Press. 2013.
 Song, Yuwu. "Zhu Rongji (1928–)". Biographical Dictionary of the People's Republic of China. United States of America: McFarland & Company. 2013. . Retrieved on July 14, 2015.
 Thornton, John L. "Note from the Brooklings Institution" . In Zhu Rongji. Zhu Rongji on the Record: The Road to Reform 1989–2003. Beijing, China: Foreign Languages Press. 2015. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
 Wang, Yue. "Report:Zhu Yunlai, Son Of Former Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji, Leaves CICC" . Forbes. September 13, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
 Weatherley, Robert. Politics in China Since 1949: Legitimizing Authoritarian Rule. New York, NY: Routelage. 2006. . Retrieved on July 14, 2015.
 Wu Zhong. "Hu Hands China's Military Baton to Xi". Asia Times Online. November 16, 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
 Yu, Jess Macy. "Former Chinese Premier Draws Praise for His Philanthropy" . The New York Times. February 23, 2013. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
 Zhang Hong. "Former Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji Breaks Long Silence with Letter to University: Rare Gesture from Ex-Party Leader Offers Glimpse of His Health and State of Mind" . South China Morning Post''. April 29, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2015.

External links

Profile at China Vitae

Corpus of Political Speeches :Free access to political speeches by Zhu Rongji and other Chinese politicians, developed by Hong Kong Baptist University Library

Premiers of the People's Republic of China
Governors of the People's Bank of China
1928 births
Living people

Vice Premiers of the People's Republic of China
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Hunan
Mayors of Shanghai
Politicians from Changsha
Tsinghua University alumni
People's Republic of China politicians from Hunan
Members of the 15th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
20th-century Chinese heads of government
21st-century Chinese politicians
Members of the 14th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Victims of the Anti-Rightist Campaign
Secretaries of the Communist Party Shanghai Committee

Zhu Rongji


Government of the Kingdom of Eswatini is the union government created by the constitution of Eswatini where the monarch holds supreme executive, legislative, and judicial powers. The Ngwenyama (lion) is a hereditary leader, rules the country, with the assistance of a council of ministers and a national legislature.

Executive branch

In general practice, however, the monarch's power is delegated through a dualistic system: modern and statutory bodies, like the cabinet, and less formal traditional government structures. At present, parliament consists of an 82-seat House of Assembly (55 members are elected through popular vote; the Attorney General as an ex-officio member; 10 are appointed by the king and four women elected from each one of the administrative regions) and 30-seat Senate (10 members are appointed by the House of Assembly, and 20 are appointed by the king, whom at least the half must be women). The king must approve legislation passed by parliament before it becomes law. The prime minister, who is head of government is appointed by the king from among the members of the House on recommendations of the King's Advisory Council and the cabinet, which is recommended by the prime minister and approved by the king, exercises executive authority.

Head of government

The head of government is the prime minister, who is appointed by the king after the election of a new parliament. The prime minister is a member of parliament and serves a five-year term. The prime minister cannot serve more than two consecutive terms. As a head of government, he chairs the cabinet meetings. Themba N. Masuku served as acting prime minister since the death of Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini on 13 December 2020 until 19 July 2020. Mswati III announced that Cleopas Dlamini would be the new Prime Minister.

Cabinet government

The cabinet of the Eswatini government is appointed by the king on advice from the prime minister. The members of the cabinet must be members of either Houses of parliament. The members of the cabinet are known as ministers, and they head government departments called ministries. They head their respective portfolios until the end of the parliament's term, or unless there is a cabinet reshuffle, dismissal, or death.

Legislative branch
The Swazi bicameral Parliament or Libandla consists of the Senate (30 seats; 10 members appointed by the House of Assembly and 20 appointed by the monarch; to serve five-year terms) and the House of Assembly (65 seats; 10 members appointed by the monarch and 55 elected by popular vote; to serve five-year terms). The elections are held every five years after dissolution of parliament by the King. The last elections were held on 20 September 2013. The balloting is done on a non-party basis in all categories. All election procedures are overseen by the elections and boundaries commission.

Election procedure

Nominations take place at the chiefdoms. On the day of nomination, the name of the nominee is raised by a show of hands. Nominees are given an opportunity to indicate acceptance of the nomination. Nominees must be supported by at least ten members of that chiefdom. The nominations are for the position of Member of Parliament, Constituency Headman (Indvuna) and the Constituency Executive Committee (Bucopho). The minimum number of nominees is four and the maximum is ten. Primary elections also take place at the chiefdom level. They are by secret ballot. During the Primary Elections, the voters are given an opportunity to elect the member of the executive committee (Bucopho) for that particular chiefdom. Aspiring Members of Parliament and the constituency Headman are also elected from each chiefdom. The secondary and final elections take place at the various constituencies called Tinkhundla. Candidates who won primary elections in the chiefdoms are considered nominees for the secondary elections at inkhundla or constituency level. The nominees with majority votes become the winners and they become members of parliament or constituency headman.

Constitution of Eswatini

The 2005 constitution is currently in force. The constitution of 6 September 1968 was suspended 12 April 1973 by a State of Emergency decree imposed by King Sobhuza II, the father of the current King Mswati III. The decree gave absolute power to the monarchy and banned organised political opposition to royal rule.

A new constitution was promulgated 13 October 1978, but was not formally presented to the people.

In 2001 King Mswati III appointed a committee to draft a new constitution.

Administrative divisions
For local administration Eswatini is divided into four regions (Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, Shiselweni), each with an administrator appointed by the king. Parallel to the government structure is the traditional system consisting of the king and his advisers, traditional courts, and 59 tinkhundla (subregional districts in which traditional chiefs are grouped).

Foreign relations

Eswatini is a member of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) which the U.S. began negotiating a Free Trade Agreement with in May 2003. The other members of SACU are Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho and South Africa.

Eswatini is also a member of ACP, AfDB, C, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, PCA, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, and the WTrO.

References

External links

Government of Eswatini


Goat Rock Lake is a  reservoir on the Chattahoochee River, which lies directly south of Bartlett's Ferry Dam (Lake Harding) and north of Lake Oliver.  The lake is created by the Goat Rock Dam and Generating Plant.  The name of the dam and lake date to the construction of the dam in 1912.  Reportedly, construction workers saw goats jumping onto rocks in the river.

The reservoir is extremely riverine and little more than a holding lake for hydroelectric generation for Georgia Power.  Access to the lake is limited with one marina on the Georgia side and one on the Alabama side.  Goat Rock has almost no recreational activity, but it is well-known among locals for fishing.

External links

LGoat Rock
Protected areas of Harris County, Georgia
Bodies of water of Lee County, Alabama
Reservoirs in Alabama
Reservoirs in Georgia (U.S. state)
Dams in Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia Power dams
Bodies of water of Harris County, Georgia

Goat Rock Lake


E. Gabriele Taylor (born 11 October 1927) is a British philosopher and university teacher. She was fellow and tutor in philosophy at St Anne's College, Oxford, until her retirement in 1996. She notably taught the philosophers Roger Crisp and Constantine Sandis, and the politicians Edwina Currie and Danny Alexander. Since then she has continued work as a senior research fellow of the college, pursuing her own particular interests in ethics.

Early life and education
Taylor was born in 1927 and grew up in Berlin. Her early education was disturbed by the war and at the conclusion of hostilities she and her family found themselves in the British sector of the occupied city. She worked for a while with the Red Cross but ultimately was able to travel to England in 1947 to join a relative already in the country. She then worked part-time whilst also studying and then was successful in gaining a place at St Anne's in 1952 to read philosophy, politics and economics (PPE). She went on to study for the BPhil in philosophy, which she completed in 1957.

Academic career

On completing her BPhil, Taylor started her teaching career as a lecturer in philosophy at St Anne's, working alongside Iris Murdoch, who had been a fellow of the college since 1948. Following a spell in Australia teaching at Canberra University College, on her return to England she rejoined the college as a lecturer in 1962 and became a fellow of the college in 1964. During her career as fellow and tutor she taught undergraduates reading most of the Honour Schools involving philosophy as well as supervising graduate students. In the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford, Taylor also examined and lectured  on moral philosophy, Kant and the British Empiricists and gave revision classes on the history of philosophy.

Academic interests
In her role as tutor for the PPE school, Taylor taught the general and moral philosophy courses and special papers for PPE final examinations, and also taught elementary formal logic to first year undergraduates.

Her own research has focused on moral psychology, with a particular interest in the 'ordinary' vices traditionally seen as death to the soul. Her best-known works are probably Pride, Shame and Guilt (Oxford University Press 1985) and Deadly Vices (Clarendon Press 2006), which examine the beliefs involved in the experience of these emotions. Tom Hurka described Deadly Vices as 'deeply illuminating ... she takes the neo-Aristotelian view of virtue further than any other writer I know'.

References

British ethicists
Fellows of St Anne's College, Oxford
Possibly living people
1927 births
Alumni of St Anne's College, Oxford
20th-century English philosophers
English women philosophers
20th-century English women
20th-century English people

Gabriele Taylor


Ghaggar-Hakra River is a river in India and Pakistan that flows only during the monsoon season. The river is known as Ghaggar in India, before the Ottu barrage, and as the Hakra in Pakistan, downstream of the barrage, ending in the Thar Desert.In pre-Harappan times the Hakra was a tributary of the Sutlej. It is still connected to this paleochannel of the Sutlej, and possibly the Yamuna, which ended in the Nara River, presently a delta channel of the Indus River joining the sea via Sir Creek.

Rivers of India
Rivers of Pakistan

Ghaggar-Hakra River


Wolfgang Maier (born 13 January 1949) is a German psychiatrist and psychotherapist.

Academic and professional career
Wolfgang Maier first studied mathematics and economics at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, graduating with diplomas in 1973. That same year he started studying medicine, also at the University of Munich. In 1980 he received his doctorate in medicine. In 1981 he started working at the Psychiatric University Clinic Mainz, first as a clinical scientist and doctor, before being promoted to senior physician and later to chief senior physician. In 1990 he qualified as a professor for the medical field of psychiatry. Concurrently, he went to the USA for several scientific work stays (esp. Cornell Medical School in New York City and Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri). He is a student of the deceased American and Canadian psychiatrists Gerald Klerman and Theodore Reich.

In 1995 he was appointed to the chair of psychiatry and psychotherapy and as the director of the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the University of Bonn. In 2018 he was given emeritus status. Ever since he has been the medical director for Research and Education at the Gezeitenhaus Clinic in Bonn. In addition, he works as a visiting consultant at the German Neuroscience Center since 2020.

He used to be a spokesman for the competence networks "Dementia" (since 2005) and "Degenerative Dementia" (since 2007), both promoted by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research.

From 2012 to 2014 he was President of the  (DGPPN). In 2004, 2013 and 2014 he was President of the DGPPN Congresses. Also, in 2000 Maier founded the World Psychiatric Association (WPA)'s section "Genetics in Psychiatry" and the European Psychiatric Association (EPA)'s section "Prevention of Mental Disorders".

Since 2010 he has been a leading editor of the authoritative German medical journal "Der Nervenarzt" (The Neurologist). Moreover, Maier is a co-editor of the "European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience".

Wolfgang Maier is a member of the National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (neuroscience section). He is also a member of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (BBAW) (biomedical class) and a corresponding member of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

Focus of work
Since 1985 Wolfgang Maier has been one of the initiators of genetic research on mental disorders using modern biometric and molecular methods. On the one hand, his work focuses on the study of genetic causes, manifestations and conditions for responding to the therapy of affective and schizophrenic disorders. On the other hand, he researches the risk factors, early symptoms and development of dementia and develops treatment guidelines for dementia. Since 2010 he has been a spokesman for the steering committee developing the S3 treatment guidelines "Dementia" (posted at the AWMF). He was a member (2007/08) of the Application Committee in Bonn for the founding of the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE). His work now focuses on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of severe mental and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Other activities
In 2002 he founded the Fliedner Klinik, Berlin, together with Klaus Hildemann.

Awards
 Hans-Jörg-Weitbrecht Prize for Clinical Neurosciences (1991)
 Kurt-Schneider Science Award (1996)
 Forensic Psychiatry (DGPPNE) h. c. (2018)

Publications
 Prevention of mental Disorders (together with J. Klosterkötter), 2017. Schattauer / Thieme Medical Publishers
 Understanding Alzheimer's and Dementia. The Guidebook of the Competence Network Dementia: Diagnosis, Treatment, Everyday Life, Care (together with J. Schulz and S. Weggen), 2009, Trias Publishing House
 Author/Co-author of more than 1000 medical scientific publications in international journals.

References

German psychiatrists
Physicians from Munich
Physicians from Mainz
1949 births
German psychotherapists
Living people
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni

Wolfgang Maier


The Chinese Medical Doctor Association (CMDA) is a non-profit organization founded in 2002. This organization is recognized by the Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China as a primary level national association. CDMA is organized under the Medical Practitioners Act 1999. It has been being developed as the largest and most influential medical association in China for now since it started. Under this organization there are 26 local associations, 39 specialty sub-association, five special committees and 18 medical publications.

See also
Medicine in China

References

External links
 CMDA Official Website

Medical associations based in China
Organizations established in 2002
2002 establishments in China

Chinese Medical Doctor Association


Spallation is a process whereby material is released from a body because of impact or stress. In impact mechanics, it is the release of material from a target during impact by a projectile. In planetary physics, it is the impact of a meteoroid on the surface of a planet and the effects of solar winds and cosmic rays on the atmosphere and surface of planets. In anthropology, spallation is a process used to make stone tools by knapping. In nuclear physics, spallation is the process in which a heavy nucleus releases many nucleons because it has been hit by a high-energy particle, thereby reducing its atomic weight.

Nuclear physics

Spallation


Preference is a term used in scientific literature.

Preference may also refer to:
Preference (economics), as the term is used in economics
Preferans, the Russian version of the card game, Préférence
Préférence, a card game played in Austria, Hungary and the West Balkans
Preferences mag, French gay periodical usually styled PREF mag
Preferred stock, preference stock or preference shares, a form of corporate equity ownership
Unfair preference, a legal term
In computing, the computer configuration or preferences of the software

Preference (disambiguation)


American Gigolo is a 1980 American crime drama movie. It is about a male escort in Los Angeles whose job pays for expensive cars, cocaine and clothing. Richard Gere plays Julian. Lauren Hutton plays Michelle.

This movie was released on February 8, 1980.

1980 crime drama movies
1980s erotic movies
1980s American crime drama movies
American erotic movies
Movies about prostitution
Movies set in Los Angeles
Murder in movies
Narcissism in fiction
1980 mystery movies
American mystery movies
American romance movies
American thriller movies
Movies about sexuality
Paramount Pictures movies
Movies directed by Paul Schrader

American Gigolo


Zeeland (also called Zealand) is a province in Netherlands. It is on the south-western part of the country. About 385,000 people are living in Zeeland (2021).

Geography
Zeeland is a good example of land partly reclaimed from water or marshes. It is a large river delta at the mouth of several major rivers.

Most of the province lies below sea level and was reclaimed from the sea. What was a muddy landscape, flooding at high tide and reappearing at low tide, became a series of small man-made hills that stayed dry. The people of the province connected the hills by making dikes. This made a chain of dry land which grew bigger, and gave the province its present shape.

The North Sea flood of 1953 swamped vast amounts of land. Building the protective Delta Works also changed the face of the province. Dams, tunnels and bridges are a vital part of the province's road system. The final touch to this process came in 2003 when the Western Scheldt Tunnel was opened. It was the first solid connection between both banks of the Western Scheldt and ended the era of water separating the islands and peninsulas of Zeeland.

Municipalities
Location of the municipalities of Zeeland.

Other websites

 Zeeland Tourist Board

 GCatholic - Breda diocese

Zeeland


The Bergsrå  (Mountain Rå), Bergatrollet (Mountain Troll), or Bergakungen (Mountain King) was a mythical creature of the mountain in Norse mythology.

The bergrå could be either masculine or feminine. It lived in the mountain with a court of relatives and sometimes surrounded by trolls. It was a common phenomenon in the mythology about the bergsrå to trick people into their dwellings in the mountain and to become bergtagen (literary: "taken into the mountain").

A typical description of such a claimed occurrence was given by Sven Andersson in 1691 when he was on trial for having sexual intercourse with a female bergrå.

See also
Rå

References

Other sources
Ake Hultkrantz Editor (1961) The Supernatural Owners Of Nature Nordic Symposion on The Religious Conceptions of Ruling Spirits (Genii loci, genii speciei) and Allied Concepts  (Almquist & Wiksell)

Scandinavian legendary creatures
Scandinavian folklore
Norwegian folklore
Swedish folklore
Earth spirits

Bergsrå


Walter Louis MacNutt (2 June 1910 – 10 August 1996) was a Canadian organist, choir director, and composer. His compositional output includes numerous choral works, songs, pieces for solo organ, and works for orchestra, many of which have been published by companies like Broadcast Music Incorporated, Frederick Harris Music, the Waterloo Music Company, and the Western Music Company. In 1938 his Suite for Piano was awarded the first Vogt Society prize for Canadian composition. One of his more popular works, the secular song Take Me to a Green Isle, is taken from a poem by H.E. Foster. He also composed many songs to the poems of William Blake. In his later years, he composed music mainly for the Anglican church, include two Missae breves and the Mass of St James (1974).

Life and career
Born in Charlottetown, MacNutt began his music studies with W.E. Fletcher and Roberta Spencer Full on Prince Edward Island. In 1929 he entered the Toronto Conservatory of Music (TCM) where he studied through 1932 with Reginald Godden (piano) and Healey Willan (organ and composition). He notably won the TCM's Vogt Memorial and Marion Ferguson scholarships and won a national competition in 1931.

In 1931 MacNutt became organist-choirmaster at Trinity Church in Barrie, Ontario, a post he held through 1935. He then worked in the same capacity at the Church of the Holy Trinity in Toronto from 1935–1942. From 1942-1946 he served in the Canadian Army where he was stationed on Prince Edward Island. During that time he played saxophone in a regimental band and was the organist at St. Peter's Pro-Cathedral in his native city.

After World War II, MacNutt was the organist-choirmaster at All Saints' Anglican Church, Winnipeg, Manitoba from 1946 to 1949. He worked in the same capacity at All Saints' Church, Windsor, Ontario from 1949 to 1953 where he notably conducted several performances of the Windsor Singers for CBC Radio. He then became organist-choirmaster at St. Thomas's Anglican Church in Toronto in 1954, holding that post until his retirement in 1977. He lived the rest of his life in Toronto where he died in 1996 at the age of 86.

References

1910 births
1996 deaths
Canadian male composers
Male conductors (music)
Canadian organists
Male organists
Musicians from Charlottetown
The Royal Conservatory of Music alumni
Canadian military personnel of World War II
Canadian Army soldiers
20th-century Canadian conductors (music)
20th-century Canadian composers
20th-century organists
20th-century Canadian male musicians

Walter MacNutt


Dr. Hilla Sheriff (1903 – September 10, 1988) was a South Carolina physician whose positions included being a Health Officer in Spartanburg County and being the Director of the Board of Health's Division of Maternal and Child Health in Columbia, South Carolina. Gender barriers were present in the South at this time which she navigated through in her practice. She became one of the most respected medical officials in the twentieth century. She devoted much of her life to eradicating diseases, such as pellagra and diphtheria, which plagued the poor and marginalized communities of South Carolina. During her career, she also made improvements to contraception, maternity care, and family planning practices.

Early life
Sheriff was born into a well-to-do South Carolina family and was the fifth child of seven. Her father, John Washington Sheriff,  was a retail lumberman, and her mother a woman of "medical and educational philanthropy."

From a young age, she envisioned becoming a doctor, taking on this role when caring for her family's chickens, and playing with her dolls. She faced some doubt with the idea of studying medicine from her parents, as they thought it a "childish fantasy." However, this did not keep her from attending the College of Charleston for two years before transferring to the Medical College of the State of South Carolina where she received her M.D. in 1926. Then, she interned at the Hospital of the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania and completed her residencies at the Children's Hospital in Washington, DC, and the Willard Parker Contagious Disease Hospital in New York.

Career

Early career
She returned to Spartanburg, South Carolina in 1929 where she struggled to open a pediatrics practice for 2 years. Sheriff then received an invitation from the American Women's Hospitals Service to direct a unit in the Piedmont area of South Carolina, marking the beginning of her career in public health. As the Depression set in, Pellagra, a deficiency disease characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death, hit the poor Piedmont mill villages of South Carolina. During this time, Sheriff focused on her efforts on eliminating this disease and providing aid to working mothers through a "healthmobile," a mobile clinic where she demonstrated healthy cooking practices, instructed women how to properly can fruits and vegetables, and examined the sick. This endeavor was highly successful, as Spartanburg saw a 50% reduction in pellagra from 1931 to 1933. Next, Sheriff opened four health clinics with assistance from the American Women's Hospital units she was in charge of. They provided assistance to mothers and infants and trained "health aids," who took their skills out into the rural communities.

Late career
In 1933, Sheriff was selected as the assistant director of the Spartanburg County, South Carolina Health Department. She became the director four years later. Spartanburg County Health Department was the most active health department during the time she was in charge, so active that Sheriff and other personnel were often lent to other counties. She was on the forefront of establishing the first family planning clinic in the United States that was affiliated with a county health department. She was the first female health officer who focused greatly on the needs of women and children. Sheriff went on to study public health at Harvard University upon receiving a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship in 1936. She earned her Masters of Public Health the following year. In 1940, she took the position of assistant director of the Division of Maternal and Child Health in Columbia, South Carolina. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, she focused her efforts on programs to train and license midwives and later advocated for the prevention of child abuse. Sheriff retired from her positions as the deputy commissioner of the State Department of Health and Environmental Control and chief of the Bureau of Community Health Services in 1974.

Personal life
Sheriff married Dr. George Henry Zerbst at the age of 37, a former instructor. Her husband was an ophthalmologist, and they broke the conventional expectations of life revolved around family life. They spent a lot of time together, but they did not settle down and have kids. He died 33 years before she did. After she retired, she traveled the world, including South America, to help create programs in many different communities. She is an example of someone truly devoted to her work.

References

1903 births
1988 deaths
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health alumni
College of Charleston alumni
Medical University of South Carolina alumni

Hilla Sheriff


The Pacific Electric Railway Company was a private transportation system in Los Angeles, California. It started when Henry E. Huntington began building and buying streetcar railroads in and around Los Angeles to help people reach his properties.

Most of its lines carried people but there was also some freight. Pacific Electric also owned a mountain tourist attraction called the Mount Lowe Railway.

In the 1920s, with hundreds of miles of track, it was the largest system in the world. While Huntington lost money running Pacific Electric, he made money by selling the land it reached.

After Henry Huntington died and the land was all sold, the system started to break down and there was no money coming in to repair it. The city of Los Angeles decided it would be cheaper to move passengers with buses and close the whole system.

And so the last Pacific Electric train ran in 1961. The tracks were all ripped up and all of the old trains were either destroyed or sold to other countries.

Almost thirty years after the last train, with traffic becoming worse and buses becoming slower, the city remembered the old system. They decided to start rebuilding it because they realized trains do not slow down when there is a traffic jam.

Today, a small part of the old Pacific Electric rail network is now part of the new and growing Los Angeles Metro and people are riding trains again.

Network

The Pacific Electric ran lines from Los Angeles to the following cities:
Pasadena
Glendora
Pomona
Ontario
San Bernardino
Riverside
Whittier
Fullerton
Santa Ana
Huntington Beach
Newport Beach
Long Beach
San Pedro
Redondo Beach
Inglewood
Venice
Santa Monica
Canoga Park
San Fernando
Hollywood
Burbank
Glendale

Rail transport in the United States
Los Angeles
Transport in California

Pacific Electric Railway


A fade or Jersey is a hairstyle.  In a fade, a barber cuts the hairs at the back of the neck and sides of the head short and there is longer hair on the top of the head.  The barber cuts the hair so that it is gradually longer higher up on the head.

Black barbers started the word "fade" for this hairstyle in the 1980s.

A barber needs many different clippers and tools to make a good fade.  The fade takes time and skill to cut.

In a fade, the hair on top of the head can be short, long, or shaped.  Most men with fades and long hair on top use hair gel or other products to shape their hair.  The short hair on the sides of the head can be all the same length, or the barber can use trimmers to make a pattern.

One type of fade, the Hi-top fade, was popular with Hip hop musicians.

References

Hairstyles

Fade (hairstyle)


Operation Lam Son 719 was a South Vietnamese military operation where South Vietnam, with United States support, attempted to disrupt the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laotian territory. This operation was a failure, South Vietnam had to withdraw from Laos after failing to achieve its goals there, and the Ho Chi Minh trail remained intact and fully functional, allowing the North Vietnamese to continue to use it.

References

History of Laos
1971 in Asia
1970s conflicts

Operation Lam Son 719


Daddy is a 2017 Indian political crime drama film co-written and directed by Ashim Ahluwalia. The film stars Arjun Rampal, who also co-wrote and produced the film, portraying gangster-turned-politician Arun Gawli. It also stars Aishwarya Rajesh in the lead role.

The official teaser of the film was released on 1 December 2016. Daddy is presented by Kundalini Entertainment and Karta Entertainment. The  movie released worldwide on 8 September 2017, to a positive response from the critics and audiences alike, even if, grossing some worldwide 15 odd crores for a budget of 21 crores, it was declared a box-office flop.

Plot
In the 1960s and late 1970s, when Mumbai's textile mills were shutting down one after the other, many unemployed youths, including Arun Gawli (Arjun Rampal) resort to matka-gambling on the insistence of his friends, Rama Naik (Rajesh Shringarpure) and Babu Reshim (Anand Ingale), to earn some quick buck and form their own gang. However, soon, Gawli finds himself getting trapped in a vortex of crime when he is taken under the wings of Maqsood Bhai (Farhan Akhtar, loosely modelled on Dawood Ibrahim) after committing a murder. Further, their clashes of ideologies and power games turn them against each other. Meanwhile, Gawli marries his sweetheart Zubeida Mujawar (Aishwarya Rajesh), who coaxes him to leave behind his murky profession. He almost makes up his mind to turn clean. But, when Rama gets killed in a brutal police encounter, Gawli takes in charge of their gang based in Dagdi. He suspects that Rama's killing was engineered by Maqsood and thus begins a gruesome gang war between them. Hot on the heels is a cop, Vijaykar Nitin, who wants to nab Gawli at any cost and take him to the task. The rest of the plot revolves around how one of India's most feared gangsters landed up in politics and his transition to becoming 'Daddy'.

Cast
Arjun Rampal as Arun Gawli
Aishwarya Rajesh as Zubeida Mujawar / Asha Gawli
Nishikant Kamat as Inspector Vijaykar Nitin
Anand Ingale as Babu Reshim
Rajesh Shringarpure as Rama Naik
Purnanand Wandekar as Vijay
Anupriya Goenka as Hilda
Mir Sarwar as Samaad Khan
Shruti Bapna as Rani
Usha Naik as Arun's Mother
Shrikant Yadav as Sada
Deepak Damle as Phamplet Bandya
Girish Pal as Sachit
Raj Arjun as Rafique
Vijay Sanap as Salim Gurda
Abhimanyu Arun as Newman

Extended cameo
Farhan Akhtar as Maqsood, loosely based on Dawood Ibrahim

Special appearance
Nataša Stanković in the song "Dance-Dance"

Release
The official teaser of the film was released on 1 December 2016. The trailer of the film was released on 13 June 2017.

Soundtrack

Reception
The film was praised by the critics, but it was declared a box office flop because it only made 15 crore from a budget of 21 crore

References

External links

2017 biographical drama films
2010s Hindi-language films
Crime films based on actual events
Indian crime drama films
Political films based on actual events
2017 films
Indian biographical drama films
Films with screenplays by Ritesh Shah
2017 crime drama films
Political action films
Hindi-language films based on actual events
Indian gangster films
Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police
Biographical films about gangsters

Daddy (2017 film)


The Blood Stained Route Map () is a 2004 North Korean film directed by Phyo Kwang. Set during the Goryeo period, the film tells the story of a family who fight together to protect the Dokdo islets (Liancourt Rocks) against Japanese invaders.

Plot
The Blood Stained Route Map received its South Korean premiere in 2005, where it was one of three North Korean films shown at the Special Screening section of the Jeonju International Film Festival, held from 28 April–6 May. Hwang Kyun-min, coordinator of the section, regarded the screening as being "timely since the issue of [Dokdo] is very controversial now." It later became the first North Korean film to be screened at the outdoor plaza in front of Seoul City Hall, when it was shown on 1 July 2005 as part of the buildup to the Daejong Film Festival.

References

External links

2004 films
2000s historical films
2000s Korean-language films
North Korean drama films
Films set in the 14th century
Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea
Films set in the Goryeo Dynasty

The Blood Stained Route Map


Ashley Jovon Lelie (; born February 16, 1980) is a former American football wide receiver. He was drafted by the Denver Broncos 19th overall in the 2002 NFL Draft. He played college football at Hawaii.

Lelie has also played for the Atlanta Falcons, San Francisco 49ers, Oakland Raiders and was briefly signed by the Kansas City Chiefs, but was released before the 2009 season began.

Early years
Lelie attended Radford High School in Honolulu, Hawaii, and was a three-sport standout in football, track, and basketball. In football, he won All-District and All-State honors. In basketball, he won All-District honors and in track, he won an All-League honors.

In 2006, Lelie donated a scoreboard to his alma mater. Ashley is the son of retired United States Marine Rene Allday Lelie and  Annetta Lelie a nurse.

College career
Lelie was a standout wide receiver at Hawaii from 1999 to 2001. He places prominently on Hawaii's career receiving lists:
 8th in career receptions (194)
 5th in career receiving yards (3,341)
 4th in career receiving touchdowns (32)

NFL career
Lelie was selected by the Denver Broncos with their first pick (19th overall) in the 2002 NFL Draft.  He became a starter in 2004 when he recorded his best year with 54 receptions for 1,084 yards.

Lelie became unhappy in Denver at the start of the 2006 season when Denver traded for Javon Walker during the 2006 NFL Draft.  He skipped training camp and asked to be traded, which led to tension with head coach Mike Shanahan.

Lelie was traded to the Atlanta Falcons in a three-way deal with the Washington Redskins in August 2006, and went on to play as a backup for the San Francisco 49ers and the Oakland Raiders in subsequent seasons.

Coaching career
In 2014 Lelie was hired by the Alabama A&M Bulldogs football team to be their wide receivers coach.

During the 2013 football season Lelie served as the offensive quality control coach for the Nevada Wolf Pack football team under new head coach Brian Polian. Lelie joined former Hawaii teammate and offensive coordinator Nick Rolovich.

See also
 List of NCAA major college football yearly receiving leaders

References

External links
Official Website
Kansas City Chiefs bio
Oakland Raiders bio

1980 births
Living people
Players of American football from Honolulu
Players of American football from Bellflower, California
American football wide receivers
Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football players
Denver Broncos players
Atlanta Falcons players
San Francisco 49ers players
Oakland Raiders players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Admiral Arthur W. Radford High School alumni

Ashley Lelie


An angle grinder is a handheld power tool. It is also known as a disc grinder or side grinder. They are commonly used in machine shops and metal workshops. Most angle grinders today are powered by electricity. They can be corded or battery-powered. Angle grinders can be used for cutting, grinding, and polishing objects.

There are different kinds of discs that are used for various materials and tasks. Angle grinders can use grinding stones, sanding discs, wire brush wheels, cut-off discs, abrasive grinding discs, and polishing pads. Angle grinders come in different disc sizes and motor specifications. Other differences include a power source, rpm, and arbor size. Generally disc size and power increase together. Disc size is measured in imperial or metric units. Pneumatic grinders are generally used for lighter duty jobs where more precision is required. Electric grinders are more commonly used for larger, heavy-duty jobs.

Angle grinders generate sparks when cutting ferrous metals. The blades on the angle grinder may also break during operation. Proper personal protective equipment must always be worn when using an angle grinder. Angle grinders should never be used without their guard or handle attached. Inspect the discs for cracks, defects, and wear before using an angle grinder.

Cutting tools

Angle grinder


John Storm Roberts (February 24, 1936 – November 29, 2009) was a British-born, U.S.-based ethnomusicologist,  writer and record producer. He is best known as the co-founder of Original Music, a mail-order company that distributed world music books and records.

Life
John Anthony Storm Roberts was born in London, England. Roberts grew up listening to jazz, blues, calypso and flamenco records that his father brought back from business trips abroad. After graduating from Oxford University, Roberts wrote for the East African Standard in Kenya and developed an intimate knowledge of African music. In the late 1960s, he produced programs about African music for the BBC World Service. Roberts moved to the United States in 1970, where he was an editor for Africa Report.

In 1972, Roberts traveled to the Caribbean Islands to make field recordings of traditional music, which were released as Caribbean Island Music: Songs and Dances of Haiti, The Dominican Republic and Jamaica on Nonesuch Records as part of their Explorer Series.

In 1972, he published Black Music of Two Worlds, which explored the impact that both African and European cultures had on music of the Americas. In his next book, The Latin Tinge (1979), Roberts wrote "virtually all of the major popular forms — Tin Pan Alley, stage and film music, jazz, rhythm-and-blues, country music, rock — have been affected throughout their development by the idioms of Brazil, Cuba, or Mexico."

In 1982, Roberts and his wife, Anne Needham, founded Original Music, a mail order company that distributed world music books and records written and produced by Roberts.

Death
Roberts died in Kingston, New York, on November 29, 2009.

Books
A Land Full of People: Life in Kenya Today (1967)
Black Music of Two Worlds: African, Caribbean, Latin, and African-American Traditions (1972)
The Latin Tinge: The Impact of Latin American Music on the United States (1979)
Latin Jazz: The First of the Fusions, 1880s to Today (1999)

References

1936 births
2009 deaths
British ethnomusicologists
American ethnomusicologists
20th-century musicologists

John Storm Roberts


Alan Gerald Bernard Old (born 23 September 1945) is an English rugby union player who had 16 caps for England.

Old was an undergraduate at Queen Mary College and later studied for a year at Durham University, where he competed for Durham University RFC. In 1970 he was selected for North-Eastern Counties in their match against South Africa at Gosforth, part of the controversial 1969–70 South Africa rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland.

He made his debut for England against Wales in 1972 and made a further 15 appearances with his final one being against France in 1978. His 16 caps included four wins, although these were against New Zealand, South Africa, Australia and Wales. Old also played in the famous victory of the North of England over the touring All Blacks at Otley in 1979 with the English regional side running out 21-9 winners.

Old was selected for the 1974 British Lions tour to South Africa but could not displace Phil Bennett at fly-half. He played in only four matches on the tour, scoring a then-record 37 points in the match against South West Districts. His tour was ended by a serious leg injury in the match against the Proteas.

He was often more admired by England fans than by the selectors. On one occasion, a fan was so enraged when a player whom he considered to be inferior was selected in Old's place that he reputedly composed a letter of complaint pointing out the many ways in which Old would have been a better choice and then sent a copy to each member of the selection committee, written in Braille.

Old is the brother of former England fast bowler Chris Old, and the brothers achieved a notable feat when Alan represented his country against Scotland at Murrayfield, whilst Chris was playing for England against the West Indies in the Caribbean. Alan was also a cricketer, playing 40 Minor County matches for Durham between 1968 and 1978 and one 2nd X1 appearance for Middlesex against Kent in 1970.  He also played in one first-class match for Warwickshire against Cambridge University in 1969.

After the end of his playing career, Alan Old became a successful educationalist, serving as the Principal of Cleveland Technical College, having already been a master at Worksop College and a mathematics teacher at Myers Grove Comprehensive in Sheffield
Sir William Turner's Grammar School, Redcar during his playing career.

External links
Alan Old on sporting-heroes.net
Cricinfo: Alan Old

References

1945 births
Living people
Alumni of Durham University
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England
Durham cricketers
Durham University RFC players
England international rugby union players
English cricketers
English rugby union players
Leicester Tigers players
Minor Counties cricketers
Rugby union players from Middlesbrough
Warwickshire cricketers
Yorkshire County RFU players
Alumni of Queen Mary University of London
Middlesbrough RFC players
Rugby union fly-halves

Alan Old


Oshwe is a community in Mai-Ndombe province, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It is the headquarters of Oshwe territory. The town lies on the Lukenie River.
The estimated population as of 2012 was 22,576.
The town is served by Oshwe Airport  at an elevation of .

In September 2010 hundreds of people demonstrated against SODEFOR (Société de Développement Forestier), a subsidiary of  Nordsudtimber of Liechtenstein. They were demanding a halt to industrial logging in the region, which degrades the rainforest on which the community depends without bringing benefits to the impoverished community.

In 2012, the Oshwe radio station converted to more reliable solar power and increased its antenna height, allowing it to broadcast information to other villages within a  radius.

References

Populated places in Mai-Ndombe Province
Communes of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Oshwe