John Hobbs (22 February 1800 – 24 June 1883) was a New Zealand missionary, artisan and interpreter. Along with James Stack, he co-founded the Māngungu Mission.

Personal life
John Hobbs was born in Thanet, Kent, England, on 22 February 1800. He was the son of Richard Hobbs, a coachbuilder and Wesleyan preacher. In 1827 he married Jane Broggreff of Kent, and had five daughters and two sons. One of his sons was MP Richard Hobbs. He died in 1883 in Auckland and was buried in Grafton Cemetery.

Missionary work
In 1816, John Hobbs joined the Wesleyan Church. He became a lay preacher, like his father, three years later. At the end of 1822, Hobbs emigrated to Van Dieman's land in Tasmania, Australia to do missionary work among the convicts. Shortly after his arrival in 1823, however, he was persuaded to offer his services to the New Zealand Mission instead. He arrived in Paihia, New Zealand, on 3 August 1823, and proceeded to begin his mission at Wesleydale, the Wesleyan mission at Kaeo.

Hobbs' ability to communicate with the Māori people in their tongue made him popular amongst the Māori population and became "unofficial counsellor to several influential chiefs". Even with Hobbs' help, the Ngati Pou chief of Whangaroa, Te Ara (George), found it difficult to protect the mission in Wesleydale. After Te Ara's death in 1827, the missionaries in the area were forced to flee to the Bay of Islands after hostile natives attacked the station. Hobbs returned to Sydney, Australia, and was ordained.

Wesleyan authorities in Sydney were unwilling to abandon their missionary efforts in New Zealand, and established a new mission in the Hokianga district where thriving European businesses already existed. They placed Hobbs in charge of establishing the new station, and he arrived with an advance party in Hokianga on 31 October 1827. He helped establish Māngungu Mission, near Horeke. He spent five years in Tonga, from 1833 to 1838, then returned to Mangungu.

In 1848, Hobbs assisted his son-in-law in establishing a new mission station at Pipiriki in the Wanganui district. On the way, the ship Hobbs was travelling on was wrecked in a storm, and from the experience, Hobbs became deafened which later made him incapable of active duty. He spent the years 1855–1856 resting at the Three Kings institution, and then retired from the mission.

Legacy
John Hobbs was greatly admired for his versatility in mechanical matters. He was called upon to tend to the sick, and his relationship with the Maori population was relatively successful due to his ability to speak their language fluently. He assisted in translating the Book of Job into Māori and was one of the three members on the committee that revised Robert Maunsell's translation of the Old Testament into Māori.

References

1800 births
1883 deaths
Interpreters
New Zealand artists
People from Thanet (district)
English emigrants to New Zealand
19th-century translators
Methodist missionaries in New Zealand
English Methodist missionaries
19th-century Methodists
Missionary linguists

John Hobbs (missionary)


Wunderlist is a discontinued cloud-based task management application. It allowed users to create lists to manage their tasks from a smartphone, tablet, computer and smartwatch. Wunderlist was free; additional collaboration features were available in a paid version known as Wunderlist Pro, released April 2013.

Wunderlist was created in 2011 by Berlin-based startup 6Wunderkinder (Engl.: 6Prodigies). The company was acquired by Microsoft in June 2015, at which time the app had over 13 million users.

In April 2017, Microsoft announced that Wunderlist would eventually be discontinued in favor of Microsoft To Do, a new multi-platform app developed by the Wunderlist team that has direct integration with the company's Office 365 service.

On December 6, 2019, Microsoft announced that it would shut down Wunderlist on May 6, 2020. After this date, the application would no longer sync but users could still import their content into Microsoft To Do.

History
In 2009, Wunderlist's CEO Christian Reber called on the social network platform XING for business partners to create a new to-do app. Frank Thelen responded and together Reber and Thelen developed first concepts for Wunderlist. The necessary seed funding was granted by High-Tech Gründerfonds and e42 GmbH.

The first version of Wunderlist was launched on November 9, 2010. Initially, the program was created for desktop PCs and platforms such as Windows, Linux and Mac OS X. In December 2011, the app received approval for the iPhone. Subsequently, the developers released a version prepared for the iPad with the name Wunderlist HD.

In September 2012, the developers announced a shutdown of their service Wunderkit. Instead they wanted to focus on creating a new version of Wunderlist, which was later on released in December 2012 under the name Wunderlist 2. In September 2013, the company announced it had over 5 million users. In July 2014, a new major update was released under the name of Wunderlist 3, with a new real-time sync architecture. Wunderlist reached 10 million users in December 2014.

On June 1, 2015, it was announced that Microsoft had acquired 6Wunderkinder, makers of Wunderlist, for between US$100 million and US$200 million (~$ in ). Following its acquisition of the app, Microsoft announced in April 2017 a preview of To-Do, a multi-platform task management app developed by the Wunderlist team that was intended to eventually replace Wunderlist and incorporate most of its features. As of January 2019, To-Do had not yet reached feature parity with Wunderlist, with its team citing that the service had to be completely re-written to use Microsoft Azure instead of Amazon Web Services.

Frustrated by the perceived lack of roadmap, in September 2019, Reber began to publicly ask Microsoft-related accounts on Twitter whether he could buy Wunderlist back. Shortly afterward, however, Microsoft unveiled updates to To-Do that make it more closely resemble Wunderlist.

In December 2019, Microsoft announced that it would fully shut down Wunderlist as of May 6, 2020.

Finances
In its initial round of funding, 100,000 euro was invested in 6Wunderkinder by Frank Thelen and others. In December 2010, High-Tech Gründerfonds invested 500,000 euro (approximately US$660,000) in the company. T-Venture also invested an undisclosed amount in the startup. In its Series A round of funding in November 2011, Atomico invested $4.2 million (~$ in ) while High-Tech Gründerfonds invested an undisclosed additional amount.

In May 2012, High-Tech Gründerfonds sold off its stake in 6Wunderkinder to Earlybird Venture Capital. In November 2013, $19 million (~$ in ) was raised in a Series B round led by Sequoia Capital with participation from Earlybird and Atomico.

Awards
In 2013, Wunderlist for Mac was named App of the Year. Wunderlist was selected as a Google Play Top Developer in 2013.

In 2014, Wunderlist won the "Golden Mi" award from Xiaomi, and also named as one of its Best Apps of 2014 was given a "Google Play Editor's Choice" award, and was named in Google Play's Best Apps of 2014 as well as Apple's Best of 2014.

See also
 Microsoft To Do
 Microsoft mobile services
 Getting Things Done
 Sunrise Calendar

References

Administrative software
Android (operating system) software
Wear OS software
Google Chrome apps
IOS software
Microsoft acquisitions
Microsoft subsidiaries
Mobile software
MacOS software
Task management software
Web applications
Windows Phone software
Windows software
Universal Windows Platform apps
2015 mergers and acquisitions

Wunderlist


Darmstadt School refers to a group of composers who were associated with the Darmstadt International Summer Courses for New Music (Darmstädter Ferienkurse) from the early 1950s to the early 1960s in Darmstadt, Germany, and who shared some aesthetic attitudes. Initially, this included only Pierre Boulez, Bruno Maderna, Luigi Nono, and Karlheinz Stockhausen, but others came to be added, in various ways. The term does not refer to an educational institution.

Initiated in 1946 by Wolfgang Steinecke, the Darmstädter Ferienkurse, held annually until 1970 and subsequently every two years, encompass the teaching of both composition and interpretation and also include premières of new works. After Steinecke's death in 1961, the courses were run by  (1962–81), Friedrich Ferdinand Hommel (1981–94), Solf Schaefer (1995–2009), and Thomas Schäfer (2009– ). Thanks to these courses, Darmstadt is now a major centre of modern music, particularly for German composers, and has been referred to as "the world epicenter for exploratory musical work, which was driven by a younger generation mostly engaged with new sound technology".

History
Coined by Luigi Nono in his 1958 lecture "Die Entwicklung der Reihentechnik",), Darmstadt School describes the uncompromisingly serial music written by composers such as Pierre Boulez, Bruno Maderna, Karlheinz Stockhausen (the three composers Nono specifically names in his lecture, along with himself), Luciano Berio, Aldo Clementi, Franco Donatoni, Niccolò Castiglioni, Franco Evangelisti, Karel Goeyvaerts, Mauricio Kagel, Gottfried Michael Koenig, Giacomo Manzoni, and Henri Pousseur from 1951 to 1961, and even composers who never actually attended Darmstadt, such as Jean Barraqué and Iannis Xenakis. Two years later the Darmstadt School effectively dissolved due to musical differences, expressed once again by Nono in his 1960 Darmstadt lecture "Text—Musik—Gesang". Nevertheless, composers active at Darmstadt in the early 1960s under Steinecke's successor Ernst Thomas are sometimes included by extension—Helmut Lachenmann, for example—and although he was only at Darmstadt before 1950, Olivier Messiaen is also sometimes included because of the influence his music had on the later Darmstadt composers. However, according to one source, although Messiaen paid "a brief visit" to the courses in 1949, "he neither taught students nor lectured" there.

Background, influences
Composers such as Boulez, Stockhausen, and Nono were writing their music in the aftermath of World War II, during which many composers, such as Richard Strauss, had had their music politicised by the Third Reich. Boulez was taken to task by French critics for associating with Darmstadt, and especially for first publishing his book Penser la musique d'aujourd'hui in German, the language of the recent enemies of France, falsely associating Boulez's prose with the perverted language of the Nazis. All this despite the fact that Boulez never set German texts in his vocal music, choosing for Le marteau sans maître, for example, poems by René Char who, during the war, had been a member of the French Resistance and a Maquis leader in the Basses-Alpes.

Key influences on the Darmstadt School were the works of Webern and Varèse—who visited Darmstadt only once, in 1950, when Nono met him—and Olivier Messiaen's "Mode de valeurs et d'intensités" (from the Quatre études de rythme).

Criticism
Almost from the outset, the phrase Darmstadt School was used as a belittling term by commentators like Kurt Honolka (a 1962 article is quoted in ) to describe any music written in an uncompromising style, despite the presence of many composers and schools which forbid serialism and modernism.

During the late 1950s and early 1960s the courses were charged with a perceived lack of interest on the part of some of its zealot followers in any music not matching the uncompromisingly modern views of Pierre Boulez—the "party subservience" of the "clique orthodoxy" of a "sect", in the words of Dr. Kurt Honolka, written in 1962 in an effort to "make the public believe that the most advanced music of the day was no more than a fancy cooked up by a bunch of aberrant conspirators conniving at war against music proper". This led to the use of the phrase 'Darmstadt School' (coined originally in 1957 by Luigi to describe the serial music being written at that time by himself and composers such as Boulez, Maderna, Stockhausen, Berio, and Pousseur) as a pejorative term, implying a "mathematical," rule-based music.

Composer Hans Werner Henze, whose music was regularly performed at Darmstadt in the 1950s, reacted against the Darmstadt School ideologies, particularly the way in which (according to him) young composers were forced either to write in total dodecaphony or be ridiculed or ignored. In his collected writings, Henze recalls student composers rewriting their works on the train to Darmstadt in order to comply with Boulez's expectations.

One of the leading figures of the Darmstadt School itself, Franco Evangelisti, was also outspoken in his criticism of the dogmatic "orthodoxy" of certain zealot disciples, labelling them the "Dodecaphonic police".

A self-declared member of the school, Konrad Boehmer states:

References

Cited sources

Further reading

 Attinello, Paul, Christopher Fox, and Martin Iddon (eds.). 2007. Other Darmstadts. Contemporary Music Review 26, no. 1 [thematic issue].
 Borio, Gianmario, and Hermann Danuser (eds.). 1997. Im Zenit der Moderne. Die Internationalen Ferienkurse für Neue Musik Darmstadt 1946–1966. Geschichte und Dokumentation. 4 vols. Rombach Wissenschaft: Reihe Musicae 2. Freiburg im Breisgau: Rombach. .
 Donin, Nicolas, and Jonathan Goldman. 2005. Souvenirs de Darmstadt: Retour sur la musique contemporaine du dernier demi-siècle Circuit 15, no. 3 [thematic issue].
 Döring, Gerd. 2008. "Experimentelle Klangbastler: 44. Internationale Ferienkurse für Neue Musik in Darmstadt". Allgemeine Zeitung (25 July).
 Evangelisti, Franco. 1991. Dal silenzio a un nuovo mondo sonoro. Prefazione di Enzo Restagno. Rome: [Semar].
 Fox, Christopher. 2007. "Music after Zero Hour". Contemporary Music Review 26, no. 1 (February): 5–24.
 Fure, Ashley. 2016. "GRID: Gender Research in Darmstadt". Darmstadt.
 Heile, Björn, and Martin Iddon (eds.). 2009. Mauricio Kagel bei den Internationalen Ferienkursen für Neue Musik in Darmstadt: eine Dokumentation. Hofheim: Wolke Verlag.  (pbk).
 Henze, Hans Werner. 1998. Bohemian Fifths: An Autobiography. Translated by Stewart Spencer. London: Faber and Faber. . (German original: Reiselieder mit böhmischen Quinten: autobiographische Mitteilungen 1926–1995. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, 1996.)
 Iddon, Martin. 2011. "Darmstadt Schools: Darmstadt as a Plural Phenomenon". Tempo 65, no. 256:2–8.
 Kurtz, Michael. 1992. Stockhausen: A Biography. Translated by Richard Toop. London: Faber and Faber.
 Misch, Imke, and Markus Bandur. 2001. Karlheinz Stockhausen bei den Internationalen Ferienkursen für Neue Musik in Darmstadt 1951–1996: Dokumente und Briefe. Kürten: Stockhausen-Verlag.
 Thomas, Ernst, and Wilhelm Schlüter. 2001. "Darmstadt". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan.

External links
 Darmstädter Ferienkurse

20th century in music
Composition schools
Darmstadt
Modernism (music)

Darmstadt School


Henri Delavallée (1862, Reims – 1943, Pont-Aven) was a French Post-Impressionist painter who became a member of the artists colony in Pont-Aven.

Biography

A fantastic student at school, in 1879 Delavallée enrolled simultaneously at the Sorbonne and at the École des Beaux-Arts where he studied under the finest art teachers of the period: Carolus-Duran, Luc-Olivier Merson, Henri Lehmann and Ernest Hébert. He also met Gabrielle Moreau, his future wife, while he was there. In the early 1880s, one of his artist friends, Hersart du Buron, encouraged him to go to Brittany with him to find landscapes they could paint. They visited the island of Ushant, Le Faouët and Châteauneuf-du-Faou before reaching  Pont-Aven, where they stayed with his friend's cousins. In 1886, during one of his many stays in the village, he met Paul Gauguin and Émile Bernard.

In 1887, thanks to his friend Félix Bracquemond, he was introduced to Camille Pissarro and Georges Seurat. He worked with Pissarro, whose approach he particularly appreciated, in Marlotte, producing works in the Divisionist and Pointillist styles. In 1889, he also made etchings. From 1891 to 1896, he exhibited at Paul Durand-Ruel's gallery, at the Société des Amis des Arts in Nantes, and at the Paris Salons. In 1894, he met Paul Gauguin in Pont-Aven. In May 1895, he exhibited three works at Liège. In 1896, the family left Paris for Constantinople where he and his wife mixed with Turkish high society. In 1901, they returned to France and established their home in Pont-Aven where they associated with Théodore Botrel. In 1941, the Galerie Saluden in Quimper put on a retrospective of his work. He died in 1943 in Pont-Aven where he is buried.

Gallery

References

Bibliography
Henri Delavallée, Daniel Morane, Musée de Pont-Aven: Henri Delavallée, 1862-1943: catalogue de l'oeuvre gravé, Musée de Pont-Aven, 1996, 64 pp.

Post-impressionist painters
19th-century French painters
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
French male painters
1862 births
1943 deaths
Artists from Reims
Pont-Aven painters
University of Paris alumni
19th-century French male artists

Henri Delavallée


Memoirs of Emma Courtney is an epistolary novel by Mary Hays, first published in 1796.  The novel is partly autobiographical and based on the author's own unrequited love for William Frend . Mary Hay's relationship with William Godwin is reflected through her eponymous heroine's philosophical correspondence with Mr Francis. Contemporary moralists were scandalised at the novel's treatment of female passion, but Hays has more recently been called a "feminist pioneer" . Contemporary critics wrote of the apparently contrived ending that it was fantastical and unbelievable.

Plot summary
The novel consists of a series of philosophical letters from the heroine, Emma Courtney, to Augustus Harley, a young man she calls her son, who has recently been disappointed in love.  Emma tells her life story.  In her youth, Emma falls deeply in love with Augustus's father, also named Augustus Harley, but her pursuit of him fails - his income is only secure as long as he remains unmarried. Although she initially refuses to accept a life of security by marrying her admirer Mr. Montague, Emma eventually accepts when Augustus Harley is revealed to be already married, and Emma herself is facing financial hardship. Emma's marriage results in a series of tragedies, despite the appearance of a beloved daughter, and her passion for her first love never ceases. Near the end of the novel the two will meet again under unfortunate circumstances. Harley dies after an accident, and Montague commits suicide after a sexual encounter with a maid, whom he leaves pregnant. Emma adopts Harley's eldest son, and devotes herself to the lives of her children.

Impact
Reviews of the novel were mixed. The Memoirs of Emma Courtney was taken to be the true story of Hays' own life, and led various critics to mock and caricature her .

The novel addresses issues of female sexual passion, adultery, infanticide and suicide, as well as philosophical musings on the status of women in society. Emma reflects on "the inequalities of society, the source of every misery and vice, and on the peculiar disadvantages of my sex". Conservative readers would have been particularly shocked when Emma at one point offers herself to Augustus without demanding marriage.

1796 novels
English philosophical novels
Jacobin novels
Fiction about suicide
Adultery in novels

Memoirs of Emma Courtney


Pushmataha County is a county in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2020 census, the population was 10,812. Its county seat is Antlers.

The county was created at statehood from part of the former territory of the Choctaw Nation, which had its capital at the town of Tuskahoma. Planned by the Five Civilized Tribes as part of a state of Sequoyah, the new Oklahoma state also named the county for Pushmataha, an important Choctaw chief in the American Southeast. He had tried to ensure that his people would not have to cede their lands, but died in Washington, DC during a diplomatic trip in 1824. The Choctaw suffered Indian Removal to Indian Territory.

History

Administrative history
 Ca. 1000–1500: Caddoan Mississippian culture at Spiro Mounds
 1492–1718:  Spain
 1718–1763:  France
 1763–1800:  Spain
 1800–1803:  France
 1803–present:  United States (after Louisiana Purchase)
 1824–1825:  Miller County, Arkansas Territory (eastern portion of the county)
 1825–1907:  Choctaw Nation of Indian Territory
 1907–present:  State of Oklahoma

Prehistory and exploration
During prehistoric times, Pushmataha County was part of the territory during the Middle Woodland period of the Fourche Maline culture. Over time, and possibly through contact with the Middle Mississippian culture to their northeast, the Fourche Maline became the Caddoan Mississippian culture. Their center was at Spiro Mounds, near Spiro, Oklahoma. The elite organized the construction of complex earthwork mounds for burial and ritual ceremonial purposes, arranged around a large plaza that had been carefully graded. This center of political and religious leadership had a trade territory encompassing the full extent of the Kiamichi River and Little River valleys. This 80-acre site is preserved as Oklahoma's only Archeological State Park. The larger Mississippian culture traded from the Great Lakes to the Gulf Coast.

North America's history changed after the arrival of Europeans in 1492 under Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean. In the 16th century, European explorers began to enter the North American interior, seeking fame, treasures, and conquests on behalf of their empires.

France's Bernard de la Harpe explored the area of the modern Pushmataha County in 1719, in the era when France was establishing settlements on the Gulf Coast. They had founded New Orleans the year before. De la Harpe's exploration of the Mississippi River valley was part of an effort to seek trade with the native peoples and also a route to New Mexico. After this time France claimed this region of North America as La Louisiane. It explored Canada to the north from the Atlantic coast along the St. Lawrence River valley, where it founded New France.

The area that became Pushmataha County was bought by the United States from France as part of the large Louisiana Purchase in 1803.

The first American explorer to set foot in the modern county was Major Stephen H. Long in 1817. He was followed in 1819 by Thomas Nuttall, a scientist. Both explored the Kiamichi River valley, which Nuttall described in detail.

The Red River became an international boundary in 1819 when the United States concluded the Adams-Onis Treaty with the Spanish Empire. Fortifying the frontier from Spanish incursion, and securing it against potential uprisings by American Indians, was important to United States policy. The federal government established a chain of forts along its southern border.

Fort Towson, established at the mouth of Gates Creek on the Kiamichi River, just upstream from its confluence with the Red River, was charged with providing security for the region encompassing modern Pushmataha County. As the fort was built in what was considered frontier wilderness, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers constructed a military road connecting Fort Towson with Fort Smith, Arkansas for purposes of supply and provision. Passing through the Little River valley, this military road was Pushmataha County's first modern roadway. It lapsed into disuse after Fort Towson was abandoned after the American Civil War. Traces of the road may still be seen.

The Indian Territory
Pushmataha County's modern origins lie in the Choctaw Nation, during its time as a sovereign nation in the Indian Territory, prior to Oklahoma statehood.

Political Organization
The Choctaw territory comprising the modern county was, until statehood in 1907, divided among two of the three administrative districts, or regions, comprising the nation – Pushmataha and Apukshunnubbee. Each of these districts was subdivided into counties. The modern county fell within Cedar County, Nashoba County and Wade County of the Apukshunnubbee District—today the county's eastern area – and Jack's Fork County and Kiamitia County (Kiamichi County) of the Pushmataha District – today the county's western area.

The American Civil War
During the American Civil War federal troops withdrew from the Indian Territory and the Choctaw Nation allied itself with the Confederate States of America. The Choctaw government sent a representative to the Confederate Congress, meeting in the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia, and raised battalions of warriors to participate with Confederate troops.

Although no battles were recorded as occurring within the present-day confines of Pushmataha County, the Battle of Perryville occurred just outside modern-day McAlester and the Battle of Middle Boggy Depot took place outside present-day Atoka. Numerous Choctaws left their homes in the present-day county to join the battalions and participated in the Battle of Pea Ridge, in Arkansas, and at the Battle of Honey Springs in the Cherokee Nation, which pitted them against a Unionist faction of Cherokee Indians.

Contemporary accounts make mention of many refugees streaming through the Kiamichi River valley. The war itself finally ended with the surrender of the last Confederate army—Cherokee General Stand Watie's forces, who surrendered at Fort Towson in June 1865, over two months after General Robert E. Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia—and with it any chance of Confederate success.

Sometime before 1862 a Negro slave, Wallace Willis, composed the Negro spiritual "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot". He was then working at Spencer Academy, a Choctaw Nation boarding school located at Spencervile, Indian Territory.  The site of the academy and old Spencerville was located less than 1,000 yards from the current southern border of Pushmataha County. Known as Uncle Wallace, Willis may have resided in Pushmataha County. He died in present-day Atoka County and is buried in an unmarked grave.

Railroads arrive
The Choctaw people were sedentary. Their lives were tied to their farms and small acreages. The Choctaw Nation was not home to industry of any sort. As a result, the territory comprising modern-day Pushmataha County was still virgin wilderness decades after the Choctaws' arrival.

During the 1880s the St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad – popularly known as the Frisco—built a line from Fort Smith, Arkansas to Paris, Texas. The federal government granted the railroad rights-of-way in Indian Territory to stimulate development and attract European-American settlers. Station stops were established every few miles, both to aid in developing towns and also to serve the railroad.

The Frisco's route traveled along the Kiamichi River valley, entering the present-day county near Albion and leaving the river only at Antlers, to skirt the massive bluff where it is located.

The railroad stimulated development of businesses and other ties to mainstream United States society. The telegraph was developed and constructed along with the railroad, providing rapid news of events outside the Choctaw Nation.

Logging companies opened operations immediately. Rough-and-tumble sawmill communities began growing up around the railroad station stops.  Kosoma, a veritable boomtown, boasted several hotels, doctors' offices, and general stores during its heyday.

During the next few decades, loggers harvested the entire region, using the railroad stations as transshipment points. These transshipment points developed into the present-day communities of Albion, Moyers, and Antlers. Other communities along the railroad between these points later vanished or are today only place names, such as Kellond, Stanley and Kiamichi.

For decades the Frisco constituted the greatest feat of engineering and manmade structure in Pushmataha County. Workers moved and shaped huge amounts of earth to form its elevated roadbed, and constructed numerous wooden trestles over creeks and rivers. Once in place the railroad attracted commerce and industry, where white men in the Indian Territory hoped to stake a claim.

Bid for self-determination
Although the Five Civilized Tribes of the Indian Territory opposed being incorporated within a United States state, by the turn of the 20th century, statehood of some sort appeared inevitable. A group of leaders from the Five Civilized Nations – Choctaw, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole – met at Muskogee in an attempt to seize the initiative and fashion a state from the Indian Territory, a jurisdiction to be controlled by Native Americans. Their meeting, which came to be known as the Sequoyah Constitutional Convention, established the proposed State of Sequoyah.

The leaders meeting in Muskogee recognized that the counties of the Choctaw Nation, drawn to reflect easily recognizable natural landmarks such as mountain ranges and rivers, were not economically viable. Jack's Fork County, as example – in which Antlers was located – was a vast territory whose tiny county seat was Many Springs (modern-day Daisy, Oklahoma). But the only commercially successful town within its boundaries was Antlers, and it was situated in its far southeastern corner.

County boundaries for the new State of Sequoyah were crafted to take into account the existing towns and the range of their commercial interests. County seats were centered geographically within the populations of the areas they would govern.

The area comprising modern-day Pushmataha County proved a particular challenge. Huge areas of its eastern portion had few people. Its population was centered in towns along the railroad in the Kiamichi River valley. A county was eventually drawn with the crescent of the Kiamichi River valley forming its commercial heart, and it was to be called Pushmataha County, Sequoyah.

Records of the Sequoyah Constitutional Convention's committee on counties are lost, and no evidence remains to document the committee's deliberations. They wanted an area named after their Chief Pushmataha, and singled out the future Pushmataha County, Sequoyah for this honor.

Hugo's businesses served an area extending as far north as Kent, Speer, Hamden, and nearly to Rattan. As a result, the county boundary for the proposed Hitchcock County – with Hugo as county seat – was established along the line of the existing boundary between Choctaw and Pushmataha counties. Similar considerations governed the establishment of the county's northern, eastern and western borders.

The United States Congress failed to admit the proposed State of Sequoyah into the Union, preferring to await a possible federation of the Indian Territory and Territory of Oklahoma. This was soon proposed. In 1907 the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention met in Guthrie, Oklahoma Territory to create the new State of Oklahoma. During these deliberations it became clear that the work of the Sequoyah Constitutional Convention had been groundbreaking: the Guthrie meeting essentially adopted nearly the same boundaries for Pushmataha County, Oklahoma as were proposed earlier for it in the state of Sequoyah, again identifying Antlers as county seat.

Since statehood

Pushmataha County at statehood was considered an agricultural paradise. Local residents believed the soil to be fertile and the weather enviable and moderate; it seemed that almost any fruit or vegetable could be grown. Most residents at the time were farmers who lived off their land.

Cotton was king for the county's first few decades. It was grown throughout the Kiamichi River valley. Growers hauled it into Antlers, Clayton, Albion, and other railroad towns to be weighed and shipped to distant markets on the Frisco Railroad.

Many of the farmers or hired hands were African Americans, descendants of slaves of the Choctaw. After being emancipated following the American Civil War under an 1866 treaties that the United States made with each of the Five Civilized Tribes, African Americans who stayed with the Choctaw were called Choctaw Freedmen. They were granted membership in the nation with voting rights. Others came to the area as laborers in the late 19th century. The county had a significant African-American population in the early 20th century, although this has since dwindled to almost nothing, as people left to seek work. Many African Americans worked in cotton cultivation and, after cotton's decline, they moved elsewhere for other work.

The territory comprising Pushmataha County had been part of the Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory. It was almost completely unimproved in the European-American sense. The Choctaw government owned land in "severalty", or common, controlling the communal land. The Choctaw had their own culture and did not need bridges, roads, or public works.

Early business leaders at statehood immediately sought to fund public improvements by asking local voters to pass bonds. The state government did not invest in such infrastructure. Businessmen tried to pass bridge bonds, as example, to build bridges across the Kiamichi River and Jack Fork Creek. These uniformly failed to gain approval, slowing the county's business development. Choctaw County, by contrast, passed bonds almost immediately, causing bridges to be built throughout the county. This proved excellent for business and commerce, and after this point Hugo grew significantly faster than Antlers.

Pushmataha County began to develop as European Americans settled and founded communities throughout the county. Each community built its own school, and raised money with which to hire a teacher or teachers. Residents also founded churches, mostly of various Protestant denominations with which they were affiliated. Residents of some of the more significant towns, such as Jumbo, Moyers, Clayton and Albion, also established cultural leagues or institutions—poetry clubs, music groups, and literary societies – in a bid for cultural refinement.
The Choctaw continued playing a role in the region; its members were elected to local government and served as other government and society leaders in Pushmataha County.

During World War I, county resident Tobias W. Frazier (Choctaw) was a soldier in the U.S. Army and a member of the famous Choctaw Code Talkers. Other Code Talkers were from just over the border in McCurtain County. The fourteen soldiers were part of a pioneering use of American Indian languages as military code during war, to enable secret communications among the Allies. Their contributions helped gain victory and brought World War I to a quicker close.

Federal government programs developed by the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression of the 1930s brought substantial improvements and infrastructure to the county: the federal Works Progress Administration (or WPA) directed the construction with local workers of handsome, sturdy schools and school gymnasiums in numerous communities. The new buildings were built of native "red rock" gathered in nearby fields. They aged very well. Several are still in use, notably in Moyers, Rattan and Antlers. But the school at Jumbo was bulldozed by a local farmer in the 1990s to clear the field for cattle.

The Rural Electrification Administration provided guidance and funding to bring electricity to the rural county; electrical lines were strung, connecting homes to the electrical grid. These changes improved indoor conditions, and people began to acquire air conditioning and television from the 1950s on. People more often conducted their social lives inside rather than on town streets. Architectural design changed, as stores, churches and homes no longer had to allow for maximum ventilation via the free flow of air from open windows and doors.

Highways were paved and standardized in the 1950s, making travel easier and linking farms and countryside to the town markets, and the towns to one another. As people bought more automobiles, they stopped using the railroad. The Frisco ceased passenger operations in the late 1950s as unprofitable. Wholesale changes resulted from railroad restructuring in the later 20th century, and the Frisco ended freight operations in the early 1980s. At that time the trestle bridges were dismantled, rails removed and the roadbed was abandoned to nature.

The Indian Nation Turnpike, which opened in 1970, had only one interchange in all of Pushmataha County, at Antlers, connecting residents to freeway travel to Oklahoma City and Tulsa.

Geography
Pushmataha County's location in southeastern Oklahoma places it in a 10-county area designated for tourism purposes by the Oklahoma Department of Tourism and Recreation as Choctaw Country, previously Kiamichi Country. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (1.9%) is water.

Most of Pushmataha County is mountainous, with the exception of a relatively flat agricultural belt along the county's southern border. The Kiamichi River valley forms a crescent through the county from northeast to southwest. As was typical in prehistoric times, most human habitation has continued to be along this crescent.

The Kiamichi Mountains, a sub-range of the Ouachita Mountains, occupy most of the land in the county. This mountain chain has never been formally defined, nor have its neighboring mountain chains, such as the Winding Stair Mountains to the county's north or the Bok Tuklo Mountains to its east. The Kiamichi Mountains range to a height of approximately  in the county. Many of its summits are in the shape of long furrows. The mountains are difficult to penetrate with road construction and large areas of the county are virtually empty of population.

Two rivers, the Kiamichi and Little River, flow through the county with their numerous tributaries.  Sardis Lake, a flood-control facility in the northeastern part of the county, impounds the waters of Jack Fork Creek. Hugo Lake, in Choctaw County, provides a similar function on the main stem of the river. It backs up the Kiamichi River northward into the county. Smaller impoundments include Clayton Lake, Nanih Waiyah Lake, Ozzie Cobb Lake and Pine Creek Lake.

Major tributaries of the Kiamichi River include Jack Fork Creek, Buck Creek, and Ten Mile Creek. Black Fork Creek and Pine Creek are the most significant tributaries of Little River.

A very small portion of the southwest corner of Pushmataha County features Lamey Slash, an area of wetlands which drains into Muddy Boggy Creek. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word "slash" is a noun which refers to a swamp.  This is the only portion of the county not falling within the Kiamichi or Little River watersheds.

Interesting geographical features in the county include Rock Town, a small region of distinctive boulders in Johns Valley; Umbrella Rock near Clayton; McKinley Rocks near Tuskahoma; and the Potato Hills—unusually serrated landforms near Tuskahoma.

Adjacent counties
 Latimer County (north)
 Le Flore County (northeast)
 McCurtain County (east)
 Choctaw County (south)
 Atoka County (west)
 Pittsburg County (northwest)

Major highways
  Indian Nation Turnpike
  Oklahoma State Highway 2
  Oklahoma State Highway 3
  Oklahoma State Highway 43
  Oklahoma State Highway 93
  Oklahoma State Highway 144
  U.S. Highway 271

Wildlife management areas
Three areas designated for wildlife management by the State of Oklahoma may be found in the county: The  Pine Creek Wildlife Management Area, in the southeastern part of the county adjacent to Pine Creek Lake, the  Pushmataha Wildlife Management Area, near Clayton, and part of the  Honobia Creek Wildlife Management Area managed by the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. A multi-year research project regarding species management is underway in the Pushmataha Wildlife Management Area.

Climate
Pushmataha County, located at the heart of "Tornado Alley", has a sometimes turbulent and often capricious climate.

High temperatures range during summer as high as 100 °F., often for several or more days in a row. Low temperatures during the winter can range as far as the single digits, but these "cold snaps" are rare and short-lived.

Rainfall varies across the county. Its easternmost area, in the vicinity of Honobia and north of Cloudy, receives approximately 52 inches of rain per year. Its western portions receive approximately 46 inches per year.

Snow is a rare event, and is almost never deeper than one inch. What snow falls generally melts within a day. Ice is a more frequent occurrence, sometimes breaking tree branches and downing power lines.

Tornado season ranges from approximately April to September each year. Pushmataha County experiences powerful storms each year. A tornado striking Antlers in April 1945 devastated the town and killed 69 residents.  Meteorologists now believe it to have been the most powerful category of tornado possible, and the 32nd most devastating tornado in U.S. history. Modern-day residents are protected by a civil defense system consisting of "storm spotters" stationed throughout the populated areas during threatening weather, observing the skies for signs of rotations or funnels. In Antlers a system of three public-alert sirens sounds the alarm when a funnel is spotted, allowing residents to seek shelter.

During recent decades the county has experienced unstable weather patterns. It is currently in the midst of a multi-year drought, at least as measured by local standards. Rainfall has been much below average during this time.

Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 11,572 people, 4,809 households, and 3,247 families residing in the county. The population density was . There were 6,110 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 75% White, 0.7% Black or African American, 17.6% Native American, 0.2% Asian, less than 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.8% from other races, and 5.7% from two or more races. Nearly 3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 96.2% spoke English, 1.7% Spanish and 1.6% Choctaw as their first language.

There were 4,809 households, of which half (50.9%) were married couples living together and a third (32.5%) were non-families, while the remainder were either a female or male householder with no spouse present. A third of households (29.2%) included children under the age of 18. Individuals living alone accounted for a third of households (28.4%) and solitary accounted for 14% of households. The average household size was 2.92 and the average family size was 3.52.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 22.4% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 21% from 25 to 44, 28.9% from 45 to 64, and 20.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44.3 years. For every 100 females there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.3 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $29,053, and the median income for a family was $36,887. Males had a median income of $25,509 versus $17,473 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,583. Eighteen percent of families and 27.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including half (45.3%) of those under age 18 and 13.6% of those age 65 or over.

Politics

Economy
Pushmataha County has always been separated economically from the rest of Oklahoma by what the economists call the "Ouachita barrier". The Kiamichi Mountains and the mountains to the north of them, all subranges of the Ouachita Mountains, cause commerce with points to their north to be difficult.  McAlester, Oklahoma, instead of being a regional trading center for Pushmataha County, instead seems very remote from it.

Natural resources have always been the lifeblood of Pushmataha County.

The county is one of the few in Oklahoma in which the petroleum industry does not, and has never had, a major presence drilling for oil. During recent years extraction companies have drilled successfully for natural gas, and this is increasingly common.

During the later days of the Indian Territory and early statehood asphalt was mined at two locations:  Jumbo and Sardis. For a time these were economically successful, even at Jumbo, which experienced a catastrophic mine explosion in 1910 which killed numerous miners.

Timber is an economic mainstay. Lumber companies own large swaths of the county and operate vast tree plantations. Fast-growing pine trees are the timber of choice, and in many areas of the county a virtual monoculture of pine trees—at the expense of any other—has been established.

During the Twentieth Century a rapidly improving transportation network enabled Pushmataha County to advance economically. At this writing one federal highway and several state highways are in operation. In addition, the Indian Nation Turnpike, a four-lane turnpike constructed to national interstate highway standards, is in operation with interchanges at Antlers and Daisy.

Communities

City
 Antlers (county seat)

Towns
 Albion
 Clayton
 Rattan

Census-designated place
 Tuskahoma

Unincorporated communities

 Adel
 Belzoni
 Cloudy
 Corinne
 Darwin
 Dela
 Ethel
 Fewell
 Finley
 Jumbo
 Kellond
 Kiamichi
 Kosoma
 Miller
 Moyers
 Nashoba
 Ringold
 Oleta
 Sardis
 Snow
 Sobol
 Stanley

Ghost towns

 Abbott
 Cohn
 Crum Creek
 Dunbar
 Eubanks
 Gee
 Honobia
 Johns
 Kiamichi
 Lyceum
 Nolia
 Rodney
 Sardis
 Wilson
 Zoraya

NRHP sites

The following sites in Pushmataha County are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:
 Albion State Bank, Albion
 Antlers Frisco Depot and Antlers Spring, Antlers
 Choctaw Capitol Building, Tuskahoma
 Clayton High School Auditorium, Clayton
 Fewell School, Nashoba
 Mato Kosyk House, Albion
 Snow School, Snow

In 1984 a growing awareness of the county's rich history—encompassed by these and other historic sites—and the fact its legacy was becoming endangered—prompted a group of Antlers residents to found the Pushmataha County Historical Society. The society's first project was a successful initiative to obtain and preserve the Antlers Frisco Depot. It later completed a large-scale inventory of county cemeteries, and has undertaken numerous other projects since.

A significant historical site is also located atop Big Mountain, north of Moyers and east of Kosoma. During World War II two aircraft flown by British pilots from a Royal Air Force base in Texas crashed in poor weather into White Rock Mountain and Big Mountain, killing four crewmen. In 2000 the AT6 Monument was dedicated in their memory at the crash site on Big Mountain, to international acclaim.

Notable residents
 Nicole DeHuff – actress
 Tobias W. Frazier – Choctaw Code Talker
 Mato Kosyk – poet
 Anna Lewis (historian) – historian, writer and professor retired to home she built in Pushmataha County
 Charles C. Stephenson Jr. – energy company CEO
 Kings of Leon, rock band

References

External links

1907 establishments in Oklahoma
Populated places established in 1907

Pushmataha County, Oklahoma


Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah  (12 August 1845 – 22 June 1885) was a religious leader of the Sufi Samaniyya order in Sudan. On 29 June 1881, he proclaimed himself as the Mahdi or messianic redeemer of the Islamic faith.

His proclamation came during a period of widespread resentment among the Arabic part of the Sudanese population. They resented the oppressive policies of their Turco-Egyptian rulers (who were also muslims).

There were messianic beliefs among the various Sudanese religious sects of the time. There were earlier Mahdist movements in West Africa, and Wahhabism and other puritanical forms of Islamic revivalism. The root cause of this was the growing military and economic dominance of the European powers throughout the 19th century.

The British influenced the Sudan, and had claimed it as a "Joint Anglo-Egyptian Condominion". In general, the British were behind the rule of the Khedives of the Muhammad Ali Pasha dynasty in Egypt. At the time of the Mahdi, Egypt and the Sudan were ruled jointly by Tewfik Pasha as recognised by the Ottoman Empire, and by the British. Britain's claim to the Sudan led to British forces being sent there after the Mahdi had beaten the forces of the Khedive. The British government appointed General Charles George Gordon ("Gordon pasha") to be Governor General of the Sudan, and that led to his famous death in Khartoum at the hands of the Mahdi's forces.

From his announcement of the Mahdiyya in June 1881 until the fall of Khartoum in January 1885, Muhammad Ahmad led a successful military campaign against the Turco-Egyptian government of the Sudan. The fighting ended with the death of Gordon in Khartoum. After Muhammad Ahmad's unexpected death on 22 June 1885, only six months after the conquest of Khartoum, his chief deputy took over the administration of the Sudan. Churchill says they had by then killed all the people capable of running the country.

Aftermath
The rule of Sudan by the Mahdists turned out badly for its people. Sudan's economy was all but destroyed, and the population had declined by about one-half because of famine, disease, persecution, and warfare. Millions died in the Sudan from the start of the Mahdist state to its fall. None of the country's traditional institutions or loyalties remained intact. Tribes had been divided in their attitudes toward Mahdism, religious brotherhoods had been weakened, and orthodox religious leaders had vanished.

Reconquest of the Sudan
In 1895, the British Government authorized Herbert Kitchener to launch a campaign to reconquer the Sudan. Britain provided men and matériel, while Egypt financed the expedition. The Anglo-Egyptian Nile Expeditionary Force included 25,800 men, 8,600 of whom were British. The remainder were troops belonging to Egyptian units, including six battalions recruited in southern Sudan.

An armed river flotilla escorted the force, which also had artillery support. In preparation for the attack, the British established army headquarters at Wadi Halfa. In March 1896, the campaign started. In September, Kitchener captured Dunqulah. The British then constructed a rail line from Wadi Halfa to Abu Hamad and an extension parallel to the Nile to transport troops and supplies to Berber. Anglo-Egyptian units fought and won various smaller engagements. Eventually, Kitchener's soldiers marched and sailed toward Omdurman.

In Omdurman, on 2 September 1898, the Sudanese leader, now known as the Khalifa, committed his 52,000-man army to a frontal assault against the Anglo-Egyptian force, which was massed on the plain outside the town. The outcome never was in doubt, largely because of superior British firepower. During the five-hour battle, about 11,000 Mahdists died, whereas Anglo-Egyptian losses amounted to 48 dead and fewer than 400 wounded.

Mopping-up operations took several years, but organized resistance ended when the Khalifa, who had escaped to Kurdufan, died fighting in battle at Umm Diwaykarat, November 1899. Many areas welcomed the downfall of his regime.

Churchill, Winston 1889. The River War: an historical account of the reconquest of the Soudan. 2 vols, London: Longmans Green. Churchill was on Kitchener's expedition as a newspaper reporter. His book was abridged (shortened), and republished in 1902 as a single volume.

References

Islamic religious leaders
1845 births
1885 deaths
Sudanese people

Muhammed Ahmed


Urdu Times is a free Urdu newspaper from New York. It was first published in 1980.  Over the years, Urdu Times extended the area of publication and is now being published in New York, Washington, D.C., Atlanta, Miami, Detroit, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Mississauga (a suburb of Toronto), Montreal, London, Birmingham and Manchester.

Khalil-ur-Rehman is the chief editor of Urdu Times. In Canada the papers is headed by Mohammad Azam Gondal and Tahir Chaudhary in the United Kingdom.

In 1980, it was a 4-page newspaper. Since there was no internet or Pakistani channels and the telephone was very expensive, to get the news Khali-ur-Rahman used to pick up the latest copies of the Pakistani Urdu newspapers from the Pakistan International Airlines' staff that used to fly with the flight from Pakistan. Most of the pages were prepared by cutting and pasting the news from the old daily Pakistani papers while the latest few news were received by telephone the day before the publication. Also, since there were no computers, Mr. Rahman hired the lone Urdu 'Katib' (calligrapher) in New York city to write the headlines.

The process of publishing the paper went through several evolutionary steps and today 80% of the news editing and page making gets done in the Urdu Times office in Lahore Pakistan. The finalized pages are transmitted via Internet to various printing presses all over North America.

The Urdu Times has also organized international Urdu conferences in North America.

Notes

Further reading

External links

 Urdu News Channel

One Urdu times is also published in India from Mumbai since 1960 by Late Mohammad Nazeer and still it is very famous in Urdu speaking community.

Urdu-language newspapers published in the United States
Non-English-language newspapers published in New York (state)
Newspapers established in 1980
Newspapers published in New York City
1980 establishments in New York City

Urdu Times


Larry Ellsworth Lake (2 July 1943 – 17 September 2013) was an American–born Canadian composer, trumpeter, freelance writer on music, radio broadcaster, and record producer. As a composer he was primarily known for his electronic music. His musical compositions are characterized by their integration of acoustic instruments with electronic ones in live performance. From 1985 until his death he served as Artistic Director of the Canadian Electronic Ensemble, a group of which he was a founding member. For nearly 30 years he hosted and served as music consultant for the CBC Radio program Two New Hours. An associate of the Canadian Music Centre (CMC), he was the chair of the CMC's Ontario Region Council and was an executive member of the CMC's national board. He was a member of both the Canadian Electroacoustic Community and the Canadian League of Composers. His compositions received multiple awards from the CMC (1982, 1984, 1987) and from the Major Armstrong Foundation. He received three Juno Award nominations for his work as a record producer.

Life and career
Larry Lake was born to Mennonite parents in Greenville, Pennsylvania. He grew up in Florida and Georgia. In 1960 he entered Florida State University but transferred to the University of Miami (UM) early on in his college education. At the UM he studied trumpet with Harry Glantz, former principal trumpet of the Philadelphia Orchestra. He earned three degrees from the UM: a Bachelor of Music (1964), a Master of Education (1968), and a Master of Music in musicology (1970). In 1968 he studied electronic music at Southern Illinois University with Will Gay Bottje, Lejaren Hiller, Hubert S. Howe Jr, and Robert Moog.

In 1970 Lake moved to Canada to pursue further studies in electronic music with Gustav Ciamaga at the University of Toronto (UT). In 1972 he abandoned his studies at the UT to become a music producer for CBC Radio. He left that position in 1975 but began working as a music consultant and producer for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in 1977. The programs he worked on for the CBC included MusicScope, Themes and Variations, Music Alive, and Symphony Hall. In 1978 he became the music consultant for the CBC Radio program Two New Hours, a position he maintained until 2007 and was Two New Hours host from 1995 to 2007. In 2002 he and David Jaeger were honoured with the Friends of Canadian Music Award by the Canadian Music Centre for their work on that program.

In 1971 Lake co-founded the Canadian Electronic Ensemble (CEE) with Jaeger, David Grimes, and James Montgomery, and from 1985 he served as the Artistic Director of the group. The CEE is the oldest continuously active live-electronic performing group in the world. Lake remained artistic director of the CEE up until his death in 2013.

In addition to his work with the CEE, Lake maintained a career as a concert trumpeter. He performed as a soloist with a variety of musical ensembles, including Arraymusic, L'Association pour la création et la recherche électroacoustique du Québec, Espace Musique, Music Inter Alia, the Orchestre Métropolitain de Montréal, the Ottawa Symphony Orchestra, the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, Vancouver New Music, and the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra. He appeared more than 80 times on CBC Radio and Television as a chamber musician and soloist.

Larry Lake died in 2013 after developing leukemia. He was 70.

Partial list of works
Stage and Multi Media music
Choros 1971. Tape, colour organ, strobe lights
'Tis Pity, opera. 1980. Live-elec. Ms
Chamber music
No More Blues, 1976. Trb, 2 synthesizer, tape. Ms
Slowly I Turn, 1982. Va, percussion, 2 synthesizer, vibraphone, elec. Ms
Sticherarion, 1984. Acc, tape, digital delay lines. Ms
Psalm, 1985. Ob, tape. Ms. Centrediscs CMC-CD-3288
Three Bagatelles, 1986. Gamelan, synthesizer. Ms. Arjuna AR-001 (Evergreen Club)
Five Pieces for Eight Synthesizers, 1987
Israfel, 1987. Fl, 8 synths. Trappist CD-9003/4-ACM 37 (Cram fl)
Ulalume, 1987. Rec, synthesizer. Ms
Filar il Tuono, 1988. 14 instr. Ms
Helices, 1988. Bsn, synthesizer. Ms
Partita, 1989. Cl, synthesizer. Ms

Electroacoustic music
Eight Studies for Electronic Tape, 1971. Tape
Homage, 1979. Tape.
Sonata No. 2., 1981. Tape.
Vocal music
The Columbine (1980) text by Jones Very for soprano, columbine, tape
The Devil in the Desert (1980) a setting of five poems by Steven Crane for soprano, vocoder, 4 synthesizer, and delay line

References

1943 births
2013 deaths
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation people
Canadian male composers
Canadian electronic musicians
Canadian writers about music
Canadian record producers
Canadian trumpeters
Male trumpeters
CBC Radio hosts
People from Greenville, Pennsylvania
Southern Illinois University alumni
University of Miami Frost School of Music alumni
University of Toronto alumni
20th-century Canadian composers
20th-century trumpeters
20th-century Canadian male musicians
University of Miami School of Education alumni

Larry Lake (musician)


British Bluegrass News is a newsletter first published in the 1970s by Phillip Morley under the name The British Bluegrass & Old Time Music Newsletter. It later became a small A5 magazine under the title of The British Bluegrass & Old Time Music Journal. In the 1980s, Jan Jerrold joined the staff to give a helping hand and the name was changed to The British Bluegrass News, which is its working name today.

The subject of the publication is the Bluegrass music scene throughout the UK. When the British Bluegrass Music Association was formed on November 3, 1990, British Bluegrass News became is its quarterly magazine.

There is a consistent following of Bluegrass in the UK. Though seemingly unknown, UK Bluegrass bands, ranging from those started in the 1970s to the present day, perform at festivals and weekly/monthly sessions. The British Bluegrass News aims to bring these bands to light.

External links
British Bluegrass Music Association

Bluegrass music
Music magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1990
Quarterly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Music newsletters

British Bluegrass News


(Italian for 'serpentine figure') is a style in painting and sculpture, intended to make the figure seem more dynamic, that is typical of Mannerism. It is similar, but not identical, to contrapposto, and features figures often in a spiral pose.  Early examples can be seen in the work of Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael and Michelangelo.

Emil Maurer writes of the painter and theorist Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo (1538–1600): "The recommended ideal form unites, after Lomazzo, three qualities: the pyramid, the  movement and a certain numerical proportion, all three united to form one whole. At the same time, precedence is given to the "moto", that is, to the meandering movement, which should make the pyramid, in exact proportion, into the geometrical form of a cone."

Bousquet holds that the  style arose as a result of the discovery of the Laocoön group in 1506, and its deep impact on all artists, but on Michelangelo in particular.  John Shearman also argues that it was invented by Michelangelo, citing the "Victors" that he produced for Pope Julius II's tomb.  Maurer, on the other hand, can only detect this style rarely in Michelangelo's work and cites Beccafumi instead as its pioneer. Beccafumi's student Marco Pino connected Beccafumi's style with those of Salviati, Parmigianino and perhaps even Michelangelo, and his work as a whole is marked by  motifs. Paolo Pino himself says in his Dialogo della Pittura, that his figures' poses are many and varied, and that in all his works to find one single figure, that completely and utterly distorts, is ambivalent and difficult.

As Maurer writes, painters are freer than sculptors and less closely tied-down to nature. Thus, they can play around with their figures, reshaping, overstretching, geometricising, dissolving, caricaturing, colouring, or meandering according to the painting's goal and intended effect.  With the loosening of the norms of the Renaissance art and the development of the "Serpentita" style, that style's structures and rules began to be systematised.  A style of form began by which figures showed physical power, passion, tension and semantic perfection.  Movements were not without motivation, nor even simply done with a will, but with will shown in a pure form.  Also their actions arose not out of power, but powerlessness.

The style exerted an influence even into the 1620s, with Bernini's The Rape of Proserpina.

Bibliography
 Emil Maurer: Manierismus: Figura serpentinata und andere Figurenideale : Studien, Essays, Berichte, 2001,
John Shearman:  Mannerism. Art and Architecture series. London : Penguin Books, 1991,
Jacques Bousquet: Mannerism: The Painting and Style of the Late Renaissance, New York, 1964, translated by Simon Watson Taylor

References

History of sculpture
Painting
Mannerism
Art history
Composition in visual art

Figura serpentinata


Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan (, QDT; , DVK) is a political party in Kazakhstan. It was founded by Mukhtar Ablyazov, a businessman and a former minister and Galymzhan Zhakiyanov, who was the akim of Pavlodar Region. The QDT embraced a number of influential politicians and wealthy businessmen of the country who grew disillusioned with the inner circles of President Nazarbayev. The movement adopted a strong anti-Nazarbayev stance and criticized the corruption and nepotism of the president and his clique. The party seeks to peacefully topple the current Kazakh regime and to transform Kazakhstan into a parliamentary republic.

History

Origin (1998–2001)
From 1998 to 1999, Mukhtar Ablyazov served as Minister of Energy, Industry and Trade. Numerous reforms under him were proposed which was a program to diversify the country's economy, transferring part of the power to the regions, and introducing market principles for tariff formation. However, over time, President Nazarbayev began to oppose Ablyazov's work. As a result, in 1999, Ablyazov resigned from his position claiming that the policies of the Nazarbayev's regime make the systemic reforms impossible.

In early 2000, Ablyazov and Galymzhan Zhakiyanov decided to create a movement that would advocate for reforms and seek to take power by democratic and legal methods. Originally, the movement had no plans in overthrowing the government.

Foundation (2001–2002)
The Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan was founded as a result of a split within the ruling elite that erupted into a full-scale crisis in November 2001. What the roots of the crisis were is not clear, yet it appears that conflicts of interest between a group of reformist bureaucrats, including the akim of the Pavlodar region, Zhakiyanov; the deputy premier, Oraz Jandosov; a fugitive banker, Ablyazov; and President Nazarbayev's son-in-law, Rakhat Aliyev, prompted Ablyazov to declare the establishment of a pro-business, pro-reform movement called Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan. Founders of the movement included deputy defense minister Zhannat Yertlesova, deputy finance minister Kairat Kelimbetov, leading businessmen, Nurzhan Subkhanberdin as head of the Kazkommertz bank, and Bulat Abilov.

Response by authorities
The prime minister of Kazakhstan, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, harshly criticized the movement and asked the founders to resign from their government posts. The crisis was contained as a result of the intervention of Nazarbayev. Tokayev was reassigned as the foreign minister, while Rakhat Aliyev was transferred to Vienna as ambassador. Zhakiyanov, Zhandosov, Ablyazov, and others were fired from their government positions.

On 4 January 2002, a criminal case was opened against Zhakiyanov on charges of authorial abuse. A criminal case on the charges of financial fraud and political abuse was held against Ablyazov where on 27 March 2002, he was arrested. International observers from Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, the European Parliament and the US Department of State noted that the trial in the Ablyazov case took place with multiple procedural violations, insufficient evidence and inconsistent witness statements, which indicated the political nature of a criminal prosecution.

While serving in prison, Ablyazov was repeatedly beaten and subjected to psychological pressure. On 13 May 2003, President Nursultan Nazarbayev signed a decree to pardon Ablyazov and to release him from further serving his sentence in prison. The president's decision was facilitated by wide publicity that Ablyazov's case received among the international community and the resolution of the European Parliament in his support. Ablyazov, after his release, publicly stated that he ceased his cooperation with the movement and to be engaged in politics, but he secretly continued to support the movement.

Decline and disbandment (2002–2005)
QDT became split in the spring of 2002, as a group of moderate members, including Oraz Zhandosov, Bulat Abilov, and Alikhan Baimenov, established the center-right Ak Zhol Party. Later, Ak Zhol also gave birth to another party, Naghyz Ak Zhol, led by Bulat Abilov, Altynbek Sarsenbaev, and Oraz Zhandosov. QDT leaders have been trying to reregister the party with a new name: Alga! Kazakhstan. Despite repeated attempts, authorities did not register QDT as a political movement. A party, Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan, was founded out of the movement and participated in the 2004 parliamentary elections in a bloc with Serikbolsyn Abdildin's Communist Party. The bloc failed to win any seats in the parliament.

The QDT was disbanded in February 2005 before the presidential elections. But the party-led coalition of opposition forces, For a Just Kazakhstan, nominated former deputy chair of the Otan party, Zharmakhan Tuyakbay, as a presidential candidate in the elections held on 4 December 2005. Tuyakbay received 6% of the votes.

Reestablishment (2017–present)

On 20 April 2017, Ablyazov announced the recreation of the QDT movement. The party claimed to have gained over 80,000 members from social media. It periodically holds protests throughout Kazakhstan to which the authorities had tried to repress. Some of the 2019 Kazakh protests are attributed to inspiration by QDT. During the 2019 Kazakh presidential election, around 5,000 demonstrators, journalists and activists were detained by the police. The event was the first time that Kazakhstan faced protests during the elections. The movement also supports anti-China protests which had broken out in August 2019. On 5 January 2022, leader Mukhtar Ablyazov urged citizens to protest against the Nazarbaev regime, resulting mass protests across the country

References

External links

Banned political parties in Kazakhstan
Political parties in Kazakhstan
Political parties established in 2017
Pro-European political parties

Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan


The 339th Fighter Group  was a unit of the United States Air Forces during World War II. It comprised the 503rd, 504th, and 505th Fighter Squadrons.

The group was an Eighth Air Force fighter unit stationed in England assigned to RAF Fowlmere. It had the highest claims of air and ground enemy aircraft victories in one year, and was the only group to claim over a hundred ground strafing victories on two occasions – 105 on 4 April 1945 and 118 on 16 April 1945. It was inactivated on 18 October 1945.

Formation and training
The group was constituted as the 339th Bombardment Group (Dive) on 3 August at Hunter Field, Georgia as a Third Air Force Operational Training Unit and was equipped with A-24 Banshee and A-25 Shrike dive bombers.

The group moved to Drew Field, Florida, in February 1943 then to Walterboro Army Airfield, South Carolina, in July 1943
and finally to Rice Army Airfield, California, in September 1943. The latter was part of Desert Training Center in Mojave Desert. They converted to Bell P-39 Airacobra aircraft in 1943.

European theatre

The group was reassigned to the 66th Fighter Wing of VIII Fighter Command and stationed at RAF Fowlmere in England in April 1944 and was redesignated 339th Fighter Group in May 1944. They were equipped with P-51 Mustang aircraft and the first combat operation was on 30 April 1944.

The unit engaged primarily in B-17/B-24 escort duties during its first five weeks of operations, and afterwards flew many escort missions to cover the operations of medium and heavy bombers that struck strategic objectives, interdicted the enemy's communications, or supported operations on the ground.

The group strafed airfields and other targets of opportunity while on escort missions. The 339th received a Distinguished Unit Citation for operations on 10 and 11 September 1944. On the first of those days, when it escorted bombers to a target in Germany and then attacked an aerodrome near Erding, the group destroyed or damaged many enemy planes despite the intense fire it encountered from anti-aircraft guns and small arms. The following day the bomber formation being escorted to Munich was attacked by enemy fighters, but members of the 339th group destroyed a number of the interceptors and drove off the others and at the same time, other members of the 339th were attacking an airfield near Karlsruhe, where they encountered heavy fire but were able to destroy or damage many of the aircraft parked on the field.

The 339th provided fighter cover over the English Channel and the coast of Normandy during the invasion of France in June 1944. They strafed and dive-bombed vehicles, locomotives, marshalling yards, anti-aircraft batteries, and troops while Allied forces fought to break out of the beachhead in France.

The group attacked transportation targets as Allied armies drove across France after the breakthrough at Saint-Lô in July and flew area patrols during the airborne attack on Holland in September.

They escorted bombers and flew patrols during the Battle of the Bulge from December 1944 – January 1945. They provided area patrols during the assault across the Rhine in March 1945.

Aces of the 339th FG

Lt. Col. Dale E. Shafer, commanding officer of the 503rd Fighter Squadron, scored four aerial victories while flying Spitfires with the 31st Fighter Group in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations and three while serving with the 339th Fighter Group, bringing his total to seven aerial victories during the war.

Post war
The 339th Fighter Group returned to Camp Kilmer, New Jersey and was inactivated on 18 October 1945. The unit was redesignated 107th Fighter Group and allotted to the New York National Guard on 24 May 1946.

References

External links

Military units and formations established in 1942
Fighter groups of the United States Army Air Forces
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
1942 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
1945 disestablishments in New Jersey

339th Fighter Group


Cordel Leonard "Corey" Koskie (born June 28, 1973) is a Canadian former professional baseball third baseman, who played in Major League Baseball for the Minnesota Twins, Toronto Blue Jays, and Milwaukee Brewers. On February 4, 2015, Koskie was elected to the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame.

Early life
Koskie was born in Anola, Manitoba. He was the first Manitoba-born-and-raised player to ever reach the Major Leagues, and the first Manitoba-born player in MLB since Bud Sketchley in 1942. Koskie grew up on a farm in Anola and practiced baseball by hitting rocks with a wiffle ball bat. He took lessons in Ukrainian dance as a child.

Koskie's primary sports in his youth were ice hockey and volleyball. He played junior hockey for the Selkirk Steelers and was recruited to play college hockey at Minnesota-Duluth but chose instead to play volleyball for Garth Pischke at the University of Manitoba.

Koskie left the Manitoba Bisons as a sophomore to play college baseball at Des Moines Area Community College in Boone, Iowa. He subsequently began playing at the National Baseball Institute in British Columbia.

Baseball career
Koskie was drafted by the Minnesota Twins in the 26th round of the 1994 Major League Baseball draft, and subsequently made his MLB debut on September 9, 1998. He established himself in 1999 as the Twins' third baseman of the future by hitting .310 and knocking in 58 runs. In 2000, he batted .300 with a .400 on-base percentage and in 2001 he had his most productive offensive season when he hit 26 home runs, had 103 RBI, and scored 100 runs.

Koskie signed a three-year, $17-million contract with the Toronto Blue Jays on December 14, 2004. An injury-plagued  season cut his productivity and playing time, as he struggled with a .249 average, with 11 home runs, 36 RBI, and 4 stolen bases in 97 games. Despite his frequent injuries, Koskie was regarded as one of the more athletic third basemen in the game.

On January 6, 2006, he was traded by the Blue Jays to the Milwaukee Brewers for pitcher Brian Wolfe. The deal was widely viewed as a salary dump for the Blue Jays after the team traded for Troy Glaus. With several players on the roster capable of playing third base (Koskie, Glaus, Eric Hinske, Shea Hillenbrand, and Aaron Hill) and no assurances of regular playing time from Blue Jays general manager J.P. Ricciardi, Koskie was traded just a year after being the Blue Jays' 2004 offseason marquee free agent signing.

While the Brewers acquired a veteran infielder with a solid glove and bat to anchor their very young infield, Koskie's later seasons were marred by injuries, including missing most of the 2006 season with post-concussion syndrome from an injury he received on July 5, 2006.

"If I can't play, I at least want my life back", he said. "I'm hoping to do something to help the team this year. I want to play baseball again. If I can play baseball, I know I'm fine." The injury caused him to miss the entire 2007 season.

In , Koskie worked out at the Minnesota Twins spring training camp and played for Team Canada in the World Baseball Classic. Koskie signed a minor league deal with an invitation to spring training with the Chicago Cubs on February 28. On March 21, 2009, Koskie retired. While confident in his abilities, he did not want to risk his health. His fear of injury led to a diagnosis of post traumatic stress disorder.

Post-retirement
Koskie was a Planet Fitness franchisee in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area from 2010 to 2016. He recounted his experiences in a January 29, 2016 article for The Players' Tribune. As of 2016, Koskie lived in Plymouth, Minnesota with his wife and their four sons.

Koskie was inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame in 2013.

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
Baseball people from Manitoba
Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Canadian expatriate baseball players in the United States
Elizabethton Twins players
Fort Myers Miracle players
Fort Wayne Wizards players
Major League Baseball players from Canada
Major League Baseball third basemen
Milwaukee Brewers players
Minnesota Twins players
New Britain Rock Cats players
People from Eastman Region, Manitoba
Salt Lake Buzz players
Selkirk Steelers players
Syracuse SkyChiefs players
Toronto Blue Jays players
World Baseball Classic players of Canada
2006 World Baseball Classic players
2009 World Baseball Classic players

Corey Koskie


Szinvapark is one of the two largest shopping malls of Miskolc, Hungary. It is situated in the city centre, not far from its main rival, the Miskolc Plaza.

The three-storey shopping centre opened on September 1, 2000 and is visited by 20,000 customers daily. On its area of 31,000 m² it hosts 70 businesses including Media Markt, InterSpar and Raiffeisen Bank (Raiffeisen is also the owner of the mall complex). Hollywood Multiplex, the cinema of the mall was closed in 2007.

Szinvapark was designed by József Viszlai; the construction lasted 15 months. The mall was originally planned to be called Ady Bridge Center, since it stands right next to the Ady bridge. It got its current name after the stream Szinva which flows through the city. The Szinvapark complex consists of two buildings on the two banks of the stream Szinva, connected by a glass-walled bridge – the one on the left side houses most of the mall, including the supermarket and the cinema, while the other building is mainly a car park, with the Media Markt store occupying the uppermost storey.

External links

 Official site
 Pictures

Shopping malls in Hungary
Buildings and structures in Miskolc
Tourist attractions in Miskolc
Shopping malls established in 2000

Szinvapark


Mermaid Prism, is an visual novel video game for the PlayStation 2. The game was developed by Vingt-et-un Systems and published by D3 Publisher exclusively in Japan on October 26, 2006.

Gameplay
A visual novel is an interactive fiction game, featuring mostly static graphics, most often using anime-style art or occasionally live-action stills (and sometimes video footage). As the name might suggest, they resemble mixed-media novels. In Japanese terminology, a distinction is often made between visual novels proper (abbreviated NVL), which consist predominantly of narration and have very few interactive elements, and adventure games (abbreviated AVG or ADV), which may incorporate problem-solving and other types of gameplay. This distinction is normally lost outside Japan, where both NVLs and ADVs are commonly referred to as "visual novels" by international fans. Visual novels and ADVs are especially prevalent in Japan, where they made up nearly 70% of the PC game titles released in 2006. Visual novels are distinguished from other game types by their extremely minimal gameplay. Typically the majority of player interaction is limited to clicking to keep the text, graphics and sound moving (most recent games offer "play" or "fast-forward" toggles that make even this unnecessary). Most visual novels have multiple storylines and many endings; the gameplay mechanic in these cases typically consists of intermittent multiple-choice decision points, where the player selects a direction in which to take the game.

Development
Simple 2000 Series Vol.122 - The Ningyo Hime Monogatari - Mermaid Prism is a japanese dating sim, this female-targeted love simulation puts players in the role of a high school student that one day gets warped to a separate world, becoming a mermaid along the way! Good thing she was a member of her school's swimming club! The game allows players to move around on a map, viewing events and gaining experience. The Limited Edition features a Drama CD, 28 pages book and some illustrations.

Description
For women love training simulation with the motif of the "Little Mermaid". Allocates points to each status to level up, can nurture the hero of their own preference. Hero of high school grade, skipped in a different world Sea Bence Fall in conjunction with the best friend from, it becomes a princess mermaid in the world. Long summer vacation going back and forth a different world and reality begins now.
2006 video games
2007 video games
Visual novels
Adventure games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
Japan exclusive video games
Anime
Mermaids

Mermaid Prism


WKVA (920 AM) is a gold-based soft adult contemporary music formatted radio station in the Lewistown, Pennsylvania market.  The station is owned by WVNW, Inc.

History
WKVA signed on the air December 4, 1949 with 1000 watts of power, daytime only, and an omni-directional pattern from a single antenna tower at its transmitter site south of Juniata Terrace. In the early 1960s, WKVA applied for, and was granted, nighttime authority with a directional pattern at 500 watts and consequently constructed two additional towers to accommodate the change.

Under the leadership of Robert Wilson, WKVA was home to an MOR format for much of its history. Announcers such as Fran Fisher, and Kerby Confer, 'cut their teeth' in the radio business at the controls of WKVA.

In the early 1990s Wilson, whom by now was programming a country and western format on WKVA, eventually could no longer compete with the FM stations in the area, and eventually sold the station to the owners of a new competing FM country station, WVNW, Harry and Anna Hain. The Hain's had FM stations WVNW and WCHX in their portfolio of broadcast properties, and WKVA made a logical addition. WKVA then shifted to an Oldies format station, adding Motorla C Quam AM stereo in the mid 90s.

On October 15, 2018, WKVA changed their format from oldies to classic hits, branded as "Big 100.3" (now simulcast on FM translator W262DO 100.3 FM Lewistown).

On January 1, 2020, WKVA changed their format from classic hits to gold-based soft adult contemporary, branded as "Gold Hits WKVA 920 AM and 100.3 FM".

Personalities
Current air personalities include:

Bob Lacey and Sheri Lynch (Mornings 6a–10a)

Shane Nelson (Afternoons 3p–7p)

Delilah (Nights 7p–midnight)

Current Programming

Weekdays - The Bob & Sheri Show (6a–10a)

Weekdays - More Music Middays (10a–3p)

Weekdays - Afternoons with Shane Nelson (3p–7p)

Everyday - Delilah (7p–midnight)

Saturdays - Casey Kasem AT40 The '70s (10a–1p)

Saturdays - K Todd '70s (1p–3p)

Sundays - Breakfast with the Beatles (7a–9a)

Sundays - Casey Kasem AT40 The 80s (10a–2p)

Sundays - The Hitman's Retroblast (2p–4p)

References

External links

KVA
Soft adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1949
1949 establishments in Pennsylvania

WKVA


Ignacio María de Álava y Sáenz de Navarrete (24 October 1750 – 26 May 1817) was a Spanish naval officer, present at the Battle of Trafalgar.

Naval career
Álava joined the Spanish navy in 1766. In his early years, he was involved in fighting the pirates of the North African coast (whom the Spanish navy had been fighting for a long time). In 1781, he commanded the corvette San Luis, which took part in the Spanish blockade of Gibraltar during the American Revolutionary War. He took part in an attack on the floating batteries of Gibraltar, and was involved in the Battle of Cape Spartel on 20 October 1782. Shortly after, he was promoted to capitán de navío (naval captain), and was transferred to the frigate Sabina.

From 1787 to 1790, he was flag captain in the fleet of Admiral Don Juan de Lángara. In 1790, commanding the San Francisco de Paula, he brought relief to the city of Oran, which was besieged by Algerian pirates. In 1792 he was promoted to brigadier (Commodore), and given command of a squadron in Lángara's fleet. In 1793 and 1794, Álava took part in the campaigns in the Golfe du Lion, part of the French Revolutionary Wars. In 1795, Álava, who had been promoted to jefe de esquadra (rear admiral) the previous year, was given command of a naval squadron that sailed around the world in order to undertake several missions in the Spanish colonies, for example reorganizing the naval forces in the Philippines. While in the East Indies, he witnessed the British raid on Manila of 1798 and led the combined squadron at the inconclusive Macau Incident of 1799. He would not return to Cadiz until 1803. By then he was a teniente general (vice admiral).

On 15 February 1805, Álava was appointed second-in-command of the Spanish fleet in Cadiz, under Admiral Gravina. When Gravina joined the French Mediterranean fleet under Villeneuve for its voyage to the Caribbean, Álava remained as commander of the ships in Cadiz. On 20 August 1805 Gravina and Villeneuve returned, and Cadiz was blockaded by a British fleet under Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson. On 19 October, the combined French and Spanish fleet left Cadiz, with Álava on board of his flagship, the 112-gun Santa Ana. On 21 October, they met the British fleet and the Battle of Trafalgar ensued.

Alava was severely wounded in the battle, and the Santa Ana was captured by the British. However, two days later, a squadron jointly under the command of Commodore Cosmao-Kerjulien and Spanish Commodore Enrique MacDonell succeeded in recapturing her and getting her back to Cadiz. After Gravina died of the wounds he had received in the battle, Álava became the commander of the remaining ships in Cadiz. In May 1808, Álava defected to Sevilla, where a junta had formed to oppose the French. After Cadiz had been recaptured by the Spanish, Álava once again became commander of the naval squadron based there. In 1810, Álava became Commander-in-Chief in the Caribbean, based in Havana. He returned to Cadiz in 1813, as its governor. In 1814 he became a member of the Supreme Council of the Spanish Admiralty, and on 24 February 1817 he became Admiral of the Spanish Fleet. He died after only three months in this position.

References

External links

 Kurzbiographie Vizeadmiral Ignacio Maria de Alava (in German)

1750 births
1817 deaths
Captain generals of the Navy
Spanish admirals
Circumnavigators of the globe
People from Vitoria-Gasteiz
Spanish military personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Spanish commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
18th-century Spanish military personnel
19th-century Spanish military personnel

Ignacio María de Álava


Martha Madison (born Martha Anne Butterworth; July 27, 1977) is an American actress best known for her portrayal of Belle Black on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives.

Early life
Madison was born in Newport News, Virginia. She was raised in Houston, Texas, attended Cypress Creek High School, and graduated from Texas A&M University in 1999 with a degree in psychology. She was also the Captain of the Texas A&M Dance Team. In 1999, she moved to New York City to attend the American Musical and Dramatic Academy.  She danced with the Peyari Dance Project for two years.  However, after several injuries, she was forced to retire from dance.

Television career
Madison had a small role in the film Kate & Leopold in 2001. She moved to Los Angeles in 2003 to pursue a career in film/television, and briefly appeared on the NBC soap opera Passions in 2004. Madison next played the role of Belle Black on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives from 2004 to 2008. During this time in 2007, she appeared on The Tyra Banks Show to help model/host Tyra Banks  through "soap opera school."

In 2008, Madison appeared in the Without a Trace episode "Rewind", and in the Criminal Minds episode "The Big Wheel" in 2009. From 2010 to 2014, Madison appeared on the soap opera web series The Bay as Marly Nelson-Foster. In June 2011, Madison temporarily took over the role as Elizabeth Webber on General Hospital, appearing from June 8–20, 2011. She and General Hospital Lilly Melgar currently co-host TradioV.com's SoapBox with Lilly and Martha, which airs live every Thursday at 2pm Pacific time (PT) on tradiov.com. In 2015, Madison began starring as Miranda Winterthorne in the soap opera web series Winterthorne. Later in 2015, Madison returned to her role as Belle Black on Days of Our Lives.

Other pursuits
Starting in 2005, Madison was named an ambassador for the National Multiple Sclerosis Foundation and helped re-design their website. Her mother has been living with multiple sclerosis for nearly 25 years.

In July 2009, Madison and her husband A.J. Gilbert opened a gastro sports pub in Studio City called Henry's Hat (which they named after their Weimeraner, Henry). Together, Madison and Gilbert also own Luna Park in Hollywood and Luna Park in San Francisco. The couple sold Henry's Hat in August 2012, and sold Luna Park Los Angeles in March 2013.

In October 2012, Madison and Gilbert launched the first, free, web-based restaurant inventory management system called ChefSheet, available on iTunes.

Personal life
Madison announced on her official forum, that she had become engaged to her boyfriend, restaurateur A.J. Gilbert, the owner of Luna Park in San Francisco, Los Angeles and New York, on July 29, 2006, when he took her to the Hotel Del Coronado in San Diego for her birthday. Madison and Gilbert married on August 25, 2007.

In April 2013, Madison announced that she was pregnant with her first child. On November 3, 2013, she gave birth to her daughter Charley Elizabeth Gilbert.

Filmography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Texas A&M University alumni
American soap opera actresses
People from Newport News, Virginia
21st-century American women

Martha Madison


Pyotr Stepanovich Deynekin (14 December 1937 – 19 August 2017) was a Soviet-Russian general. He was born in Morozovsk, Russia. In 1997, he was awarded the Hero of the Russian Federation.

In 1969, he graduated from the USSR Air Force Academy. From 1991 to 1992, he was commander-in-chief of the air force and deputy defense minister of the USSR. In 1992, he served as commander-in-chief of the Air Force of the Commonwealth of Independent States. From 1992 until his death, he was the commanding officer of the Air Force of the Russian Federation. He retired in 2002.

Deynekin died on 19 August 2017 in Moscow at the age of 79.

References

1937 births
2017 deaths
Russian generals
Soviet generals

Pyotr Deynekin


Songzhou or Song Prefecture () was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China centering on modern Shangqiu, Henan, China. It existed (intermittently) from 596 to 1006.

The Song dynasty was named after this prefecture because its founder Emperor Taizu of Song had stationed in Songzhou for many years.

Geography
The administrative region of Songzhou in the Tang dynasty is in the border area of modern eastern Henan, northern Anhui and southwestern Shandong. It probably includes parts of modern:
 Under the administration of Shangqiu, Henan:
 Shangqiu: Liangyuan District and Suiyang District
 Minquan County
 Sui County
 Ningling County
 Zhecheng County
 Yucheng County
 Xiayi County
 Under the administration of Heze, Shandong:
 Shan County
 Cao County
 Under the administration of Suzhou, Anhui:
 Dangshan County

References

Prefectures of the Sui dynasty
Prefectures of the Tang dynasty
Prefectures of the Song dynasty
Prefectures of Later Liang (Five Dynasties)
Prefectures of Later Tang
Prefectures of Later Jin (Five Dynasties)
Prefectures of Later Han (Five Dynasties)
Prefectures of Later Zhou
Shangqiu
Former prefectures in Henan
Former prefectures in Anhui
Former prefectures in Shandong

Songzhou


Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge is a  National Wildlife Refuge in Utah, established in 1928. The refuge is part of a national system of fee ownership lands purchased from willing sellers, mostly private property owners.

The refuge encompasses the Bear River and its delta where it flows into the northern part of the Great Salt Lake in eastern Box Elder County. It includes a variety of habitats, such as open water, mudflats, wetlands, and uplands. The refuge hosts millions of migratory birds each year including species such as bald eagle and tundra swan. There are more than  of freshwater wetlands. The Refuge is approx. 80,000 acres of Federal and State lands that are managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The surrounding lands are occupied by multiple hunting clubs along the bird migration route.

The James V. Hansen Wildlife Education Center features interactive exhibits about the birds and wetlands of the Refuge and a 1/2-mile accessible walking trail a wetland habitat outside. Environmental education programs, symposiums and public events are offered.

There is a one-way 12 mile auto route through the Refuge, with an audio tour and map available for download through the official website.

Starting in 1983, rising floodwaters from the Great Salt Lake severely impacted the refuge.  The flooding of the refuge is at the center of Terry Tempest Williams's noted nonfiction book, Refuge: An Unnatural History of Family and Place. In 2006, a new wildlife education center off Interstate 15 opened to attract visitors once more.

See also
 National Wildlife Refuge
 List of National Wildlife Refuges

References

External links

 Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge
 Official Web site of the Blue Goose Alliance
 Christopher Chadbourne and Associates, Inc., Exhibit Design firm for the Education Center

National Wildlife Refuges in Utah
Protected areas of Box Elder County, Utah
Education in Box Elder County, Utah
Nature centers in Utah
1927 establishments in Utah
Wetlands of Utah
Landforms of Box Elder County, Utah
Bird migration

Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge