Musta'arabi Jews (  al-Mustaʿribīn "Mozarabs";  Mustaʿravim) were the  Arabic-speaking Jews, largely Mizrahi Jews and Maghrebi Jews, who lived in the Middle East and North Africa prior to the arrival and integration of Ladino-speaking Sephardi Jews of the Iberian Peninsula, following their expulsion from Spain in 1492. Following their expulsion, Sephardi Jewish exiles moved into the Middle East and North Africa (among other countries around the Mediterranean Basin), and settled among the Musta'arabi.

In many Arab countries, Sephardi immigrants and the established Musta'arabi communities maintained separate synagogues and separate religious rituals, but often had a common Chief Rabbinate. The general tendency, however, was for both the communities and their customs to amalgamate, adopting a mostly Sephardic liturgy. This pattern was found in most Musta'arabi communities in Arab countries. A typical example is in the history of the Jews in Syria.

In contrast, in Tunisia, there was a strong and enduring social distinction between Tuansa (the established Tunisian Jews) and L'grana (immigrant Livornese Jews from Italy to Tunisia).

Background
The word "Mustaʿrabi" itself, and its Hebrew equivalent mistaʿrevim, meaning "those who live among the Arabs", are derived from the Arabic  mustaʿrib, meaning "arabized". Compare with the term "Mozarab" (mozárabe in Spanish, borrowed from Arabic) to refer to Arabized (but not Islamized) Christian Spaniards in Arab ruled Islamic Spain. "Musta'arabi" was also used by medieval Jewish authors to refer to Jews in North Africa, in what would become the modern states of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya (which also underwent cultural and linguistic Arabization following the Muslim conquest there).

Following the Muslim conquest of the Levant, Syria and the surrounding region was brought under Arab rule in the first half of the seventh century, and the Jews of the land, like the Christian majority at that time, became culturally Arabized, adopting many of the ways of the new foreign elite minority rulers, including the language.

Musta'arabim, in the Arabized Hebrew of the day, was used to refer to Arabic-speaking Jews native to Greater Syria who were, "like Arabs" or "culturally Arabic-oriented". These Musta'arabim were also called Murishkes or Moriscos by the Sephardi immigrants. This may be either a corruption of "Mashriqis" (Easterners) or a Ladino word meaning "like Moors" or "Moorish" (compare with the Spanish word Morisco).

In Israel
The Musta'arabi Jews in the Land of Israel constituted one of the three main components of the Old Yishuv (Jewish community of Israel), together with the Sephardi Jews, and Ashkenazi Jews. The latter were a minority whose numbers shrank further due to intermarriage with Sephardim.

The Musta'arabi Jews in Palestine were descendants of the ancient Hebrews who never left the Land of Israel, instead remaining there through the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 AD to the First Aliyah in 1881, prior to the onset of Zionist immigration. Under the rule of the Ottoman Empire in the mid-16th century, there were no more than 10,000 Jews divided between numerous groups of congregations in all of Palestine. Within the Jewish community at this time, there was some conflict between the Musta'arabim and Jews who had immigrated to Israel from Spain and Sicily. Later on, there was also conflict between Jewish citizens of the Ottoman Empire and those who held foreign passports (the so-called Francos or Señores Francos). From 1839 onward, Jewish subjects of the Ottoman Empire, including the Musta'arabim, were represented by a locally nominated rabbi, whose appointment to serve as a hakham bashi or "chief rabbi" required approval from the Ottoman authorities. This hierarchical system paralleled one previously established for Christian bishops in the empire.

Due to the persecution of the rural Jewish population since the Islamic period into the Crusader, Mamluk and Ottoman periods, the Musta'arabim decreased from a majority of the Galilee's population to its smallest minority.. In many of them, there were indigenous Jewish villagers until the Ottoman period. Only in Peki'in there was a Musta'arabi population that has survived. Due to the Arab revolt in the 1930s they were forced to evacuate their ancestral historic village and to move to Hadera, where most of them are living today. The synagogues and cemeteries of Musta'arabi Jews, as in Peki'in, are considered the oldest in the Jewish world and can be dated largely to the Talmudic period but also to Mishnaic and Second Temple period.

Unlike the majority of the Jewish communities, Musta'arabi Jews of Israel remained mostly rural farmers as in the ancient periods of Israel.

Roman and Byzantine era

In late Roman Palestine, the vast majority of those indigenous Jews who would come to be known as Musta'arabim lived in small villages, especially in the north or Galilee, but also many around Jerusalem, and even toward Ramallah. They suffered extreme oppression and frequent massacres under the Byzantines. They continued to speak Aramaic, but many were illiterate.

Muslim conquest

After the Muslim conquest of the Levant conditions for the Jews greatly improved. The Jews still remained very pious and poor farmers. A slow decline of population happened, both because of intermarriage and conversion to Islam. But the number of Jews remained stagnant. The Jews also started to speak Arabic, or in some cases Judeo-Arabic, to converse more easily with their Arab neighbors.

Crusades

The Jews in Palestine defended against the Crusaders with Arabs, especially at Haifa in 1100. The Crusaders, occupying most of Palestine, from 1099 to 1291, murdered the native Jewish and Muslim populations. Many were forced to convert but instead opted to commit suicide.  At Ashkelon, 1191, the Jews were forced out by the crusaders, many of them moved to Jerusalem.

Mamluks

During the Mamluk period, the Jews generally saw a decline in status and demographics.  Jews started to move out of small villages and into larger ones such as:
Peki'in
Safed
Tiberias
Jerusalem
Hebron
Haifa
Akko

Safed, Tiberias, and the area that surrounds them saw an increase in population, in 1500 it is estimated that over 10,000 Jews were living in the Safed Region. Jews started to move towards etrog exportation and Rabbinic studies.

Galilee Revival

In 1492 the Alhambra Decree and in 1497 King Manuel I Decree converted or expelled all Jews from Iberia. Many of these settled in the 2 main cities of the Galilee, Safed and Tiberias, notable Jewish Scholars such as Yosef Caro settled in Eretz Yisrael. This had two major outcomes: the adoption of Sephardic practices, and the start of a golden age of Jewish life in Palestine. This golden age happened almost exclusively in the Four Holy Cities : Jerusalem, Safed, Tiberias, and Hebron. Along with the Musta'arabim adopting some Sephardic practices, they also intermarried extensively with the Sephardim. In some respects, the Musta'arabim in the four holy cities ceased being a distinct group; only in rural areas such as Peki'in did the Musta'arabi Jews remain dominant.

Ottoman Era

The main Jewish population center moves away from the Galilee and towards Jerusalem. Still, the Ladino-speaking Jews dominate Jewish life. New arrivals from the Balkans, North Africa, and Iraq also cemented Sephardic traditions over the Musta'arabim's.

Zionism

The arrival of mainly socialist and secular Zionists from Eastern Europe soured relations between the long-established Jewish communities and those of the Arabs. The relations between the Old Yishuv and the New Yishuv also suffered. Along with the continued impoverished state of many Musta'arabim. Musta'arabim either joined sides with the Zionists, fighting in Haganah or Irgun, or left the Ottoman Empire entirely, joining the waves of Syrian Jews immigrating to America.

Today

The Musta'arabim have assimilated into mainstream Sephardic Israeli life and it is unknown how many Israeli Jews of Musta'arabi descent there are. In America, they follow the general Syrian traditions, and have mainly settled in New York, California, and  Washington.

Syrian Musta'arabi rite

Old Aleppo rite
The Aleppo Musta'arabim in Syria originally had a distinct way of worship, set out in a distinct prayer book called Maḥzor Aram Soba.  This ritual is thought to reflect Eretz Yisrael rather than Babylonian traditions in certain respects, in particular in the prominence of piyyut (see below).  In a broad sense, it falls within the "Sephardi" rather than the "Ashkenazi" family of rituals, but has resemblances to non-standard Sephardi rites such as the Catalan rather than to the normative Castilian rite. It also contains some archaic features which it shares with the Siddur of Saadia Gaon and Maimonides' laws of prayer.

The following are some of the differences that stand out in the Aram Soba Maḥzor.
The order of the Psalms in the morning service is different.
The following prayers are worded differently (while still preserving the same message of the prayer): Baruch She'Amar, Kaddish, Kedushah, certain blessings of the Amidah, Tachanun, and the Birkat Hamazon (grace after meals).
The Kaddish has a long set of "messianic references in the second verse" (unlike the Sephardic rite where it is much shorter and the Ashkenazic rite where it is absent).
Psalm 8 was recited each night before the Evening Service, a practice no longer in place anywhere else.
There was a tradition to recite 72 different verses from the Bible immediately after the Amidah of the Morning Services.
There is a tradition, still followed by many Syrian Jews, called Alpha-Beta, which consists of reciting Psalm 119-134 before the Evening Services on Motzaei Shabbat: this also appears in the prayer book of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews.
There was also an important tradition pertaining to the month of Elul, the month of repentance before the Days of Judgment. At dawn of Mondays, Thursdays and Saturdays, special Seliḥot prayers were recited. There were different seliḥot prayers, piyyutim, and Biblical verses to be recited for each week of that month. Syrian Jews, like other Sephardim, still recite Seliḥot during the entire month of Elul. However, the seliḥot recited by the Syrian Jews are standardized and do not vary from day to day as do the seliḥot of the Aram Soba Maḥzor.
On Tisha B'ab, they only read Megillat Eicha at night and not in the morning: Syrian Jews still recite it before rather than after Arbit.
The Kiddush for the three pilgrim festivals is very long, and resembles that found in the Siddur of Saadia Gaon and the Baladi Yemenite tradition.

On March 9, 2009, the Sephardic Pizmonim Project posted a scanned PDF of the 1560 Venetian edition of the "Maḥzor Aram Soba" to the "Archives" section of its site. A mirror of the work is also available.  For further links to both the 1527 and 1560 editions, see below. In addition, a weekday version of Maḥzor Aram Soba 1560 can be found here.

A facsimile edition has recently been published by Yad HaRav Nissim, using pages from the best surviving copies of the 1527 edition.

Influence of the Sephardic rite
After the immigration of Jews from Spain following the expulsion, a compromise liturgy evolved containing elements from the customs of both communities, but with the Sephardic element taking an ever-larger share. One reason for this was the influence of the Shulchan Aruch, and of the Kabbalistic usages of Isaac Luria, both of which presupposed a Sephardic (and specifically Castilian) prayer text; for this reason a basically "Sephardic" type of text replaced many of the local Near and Middle Eastern rites over the course of the 16th to 19th centuries, subject to a few characteristic local customs retained in each country. (See Sephardic law and customs#Liturgy for more detail.)

In Syria, as in North African countries, there was no attempt to print a Siddur containing the actual usages of the community, as this would not generally be commercially viable. Major publishing centres, principally Livorno, and later Vienna, would produce standard "Sephardic" prayer books suitable for use in all communities, and particular communities such as the Syrians would order these in bulk, preserving any special usages by oral tradition. (For example, Ḥacham Abraham Hamaoui of Aleppo commissioned a series of prayer-books from Livorno, which were printed in 1878: these were "pan-Sephardic" in character, with some notes referring to "minhag Aram Soba".)

As details of the oral tradition faded from memory, the liturgy in use came still nearer to the "Livorno" standard.  Nevertheless, a distinction persisted between the "Sephardic" rite (based on the Livorno siddurim) and the "Musta'arabi" rite (basically similar, but retaining some features derived from the older tradition).

In the early years of the twentieth century, the "Sephardic" rite was almost universal in Syria. The only exception (in Aleppo) was a "Musta'arabi" minyan at the Central Synagogue of Aleppo, but even their liturgy differed from the "Sephardic" in only a few details such as the order of the hymns on Rosh Hashanah. Some differences between the two main prayer books published in Aleppo in the early twentieth century may reflect Sephardi/Musta'arabi differences, but this is not certain: current Syrian rite prayer books are based on both books.

Use of Piyyut

Approximately 30% of the Mahzor Aram Soba is composed of piyyutim.

The use of piyyutim, which was very prominent on the holidays and Shabbat, was not limited to the Syrian Musta'arabi community, but occurred in most Jewish communities. The earliest piyyutim however, were "overwhelmingly [from] [Eretz Israel] or its neighbor Syria, [because] only there was the Hebrew language sufficiently cultivated that it could be managed with stylistic correctness, and only there could it be made to speak so expressively."  The earliest Eretz Yisrael prayer manuscripts, found in the Cairo Genizah, often consist of piyyutim, as these were the parts of the liturgy that required to be written down: the wording of the basic prayers was generally known by heart.  The use of piyyut was always considered an Eretz Yisrael speciality: the Babylonian Geonim made every effort to discourage it and restore what they regarded as the statutory wording of the prayers, holding that "any [hazzan] who uses piyyut thereby gives evidence that he is no scholar". Accordingly, scholars classifying the liturgies of later periods usually hold that, the more a given liturgy makes use of piyyutim, the more likely it is to reflect Eretz Yisrael as opposed to Babylonian influence.  This, if correct, would put the Mahzor Aram Soba firmly in the Eretz Yisrael camp.  However, the piyyutim in the Mahzor Aram Soba resemble those of the Spanish school rather than the work of early Eretz Yisrael payyetanim such as Eleazar Kalir: for example, they are in strict Arabic metres and make little use of Midrash.  Also, they are generally placed in a block at the beginning of the service, like today's Baqashot, rather than expanding on and partially replacing core parts of the prayers. Accordingly, the prevalence of piyut does not of itself establish a link with the old Palestinian rite, though such a link may be argued for on other grounds.

Following the dominance in Syria of the Sephardic rite, which took the Geonic disapproval of piyyut seriously, most of these piyyutim were eliminated from the prayer book.  Some of them survive as pizmonim, used extra-liturgically.

Today
The Syrian Musta'arabim have completely assimilated with the Sephardic Jews and are no longer a distinct entity. Certain families identify as "Sephardim" in the narrower sense, and are distinguished by their practice of lighting an extra candle on Hanukkah.  (This is said to be in gratitude for their acceptance by the older community.  It is not shared with Sephardim in other countries.)

According to Joey Mosseri, a Sephardic historian living in the Syrian Jewish community in Brooklyn (USA), the last time the Musta'arabi liturgy was officially used was during the 1930s. Shelomo Salem Zafrani, of Aleppo, held daily services in the Musta'arabi Jewish rite, until his departure to the British Mandate of Palestine in the early 1930s. After his departure, there is no known public usage of this liturgy even in Aleppo itself. Today, Syrian Jews, with the exception of a few individuals living in Damascus, live outside of Syria, and do not distinguish between Musta'arabi and Sephardic Jews.

See also

References

Further reading

Ades, Abraham, Derech Ere"tz: Bene Berak, 1990.
Betesh, David, The Aram Soba Mahzor: New York, 2006.

Jewish Syrian history
Jews and Judaism in Ottoman Syria
Cultural assimilation
Land of Israel

Musta'arabi Jews


Aaron ben Meïr was a rabbi and a Nasi (head of the Sanhedrin) of the Palestinian Gaonate in the first half of the tenth century. His name was brought to light by several fragments discovered in various genizoth. The fragments contain an account of a controversy between Ben Meïr and the Talmudic Academies in Babylonia regarding the Hebrew calendar.

Debate concerning reign
Sacha Stern (following Shraga Abramson) argues that in fact the ben Meir of the Calendar Controversy was more likely Aaron ben Moses ben Meir, and not this Aaron. Gil believes that the Aaron ben Meir of this article ruled in a co-regency with his father Meir for 14 years.

Changing the date of Passover

Introducing a new rule in the fixation of the molad (lunar conjunction) of the month of Tishri, Ben Meïr in 921 CE decreed that, in the year 922, Passover and the other Jewish feasts should be celebrated two days before the date prescribed by the traditional calendar.  The sage and scholar Saadia Gaon, who was at that time staying at Baghdad, objected, along with the Babylonian academies.  Ben Meïr, however, refused to yield to their injunctions, denying them any authority in astronomical matters; and, owing to his own reputation and that of his family, won the confidence of Jews in many countries.

A letter from the exilarch David ben Zakkai and the Babylonian notables was sent to ben Meïr, imploring him not to cause a schism and showing him the fallacy of his calculations with regard to the calendar. Ben Meïr answered in an arrogant fashion, and was then excommunicated by David ben Zakkai and the academies. Circular letters were also sent to various parts of the world, warning the Jews against Ben Meïr's teachings. In this manner an end was made of this agitation.

Analysis

According to Isaac Broydé in his Jewish Encyclopedia article about Ben Meir, the aim pursued by Ben Meïr in this agitation is obvious. He conceived the project of transferring the dignity of the exilarch from Babylonia back to the Land of Israel, and he endeavored to deprive the exilarchate of one of its most important prerogatives, which was the calculation of the calendar. The moment chosen by ben Meïr was very propitious. The exilarch David ben Zakkai had no authority, being neither a learned man nor a very scrupulous one; and of the two academies at Sura and Pumbedita, the former had no head, and the latter was directed by the ambitious Cohen Zedek.

Ben Meïr's failure was chiefly due to the intervention of Saadia, whose opinion on the subject of discussion, expounded in his Sefer ha-Mo'adim written for that occasion at the request of the exilarch, became authority. The exilarch later rewarded Saadia for the services rendered to him by appointing the latter gaon at Sura, notwithstanding the disinterested advice to the contrary by Nissim Naharwani, who, knowing Saadia, foresaw the collisions.

Details

Ben Meïr asserted that the first day of Tishrei should be the day of the new moon unless the new moon occurred more than 642 parts ( minutes, where a "part" is  of an hour or  of a minute or  seconds) after noon, when it should be delayed by one or two days. He may have been asserting that the calendar should be run according to Jerusalem time, not Babylonian. Local time on the Babylonian meridian was indeed about 642 parts (35 minutes and 40 seconds) later than (ahead of) the meridian of Jerusalem, corresponding to a longitude difference of 8°55'.

An alternative explanation for the 642 parts is that ben Meir may have believed, along with many earlier Jewish scholars, in a Creation theology placing Creation in the spring season, and that the calendar rules had been adjusted by 642 parts to fit in with an autumn date.  If Creation occurred in the autumn, to coincide with the observance of Rosh Hashana, the calculated time of new moon during the six days of creation was on Friday at 14 hours exactly (counting from the day starting at 6pm the previous evening). However, if Creation actually occurred six months earlier, in the spring, the new moon would have occurred at 9 hours and 642 parts on Wednesday.

References
 Kaganoff, Y., in From Buffalo Burgers to Monetary Mysteries /Fascinating Expositions on Contemporary Halachic Issues, pp. 33–46

 Its bibliography:
 Harkavy, Zikaron b. Rishonim, v., part i., p. 212;
 Adolf Neubauer, in Jew. Quart. Rev. ix. 36;
 Poznanski, ib. x. 152
 Israel Levi, in Revue Etudes Juives, xl. 261;
 E. N. Adler, I. Broydé, and Israel Levi, ib. xli. 224;
 Epstein, ib. xlii. 173 et seq.

10th-century rabbis
Geonim

Aaron ben Meïr


A night game, also called a nighter, is a sports game that happens at night. Depending on the sport, this can be done either with floodlights or with the usual low-light conditions. The term "night game" is typically used only for sports usually held outdoors. Although indoor sports often happen at night, these events are have lights regardless of the time of day they happen.

Sports

Night game


The Eton crop is a type of very short, slicked-down crop hairstyle for women.

Popularity
It became popular during the 1920s because it was ideal to showcase the shape of cloche hats.  It was worn by Josephine Baker, among others. The name derives from its similarity to a hairstyle allegedly popular with schoolboys at Eton.

History
The Eton crop appears to have emerged in Britain in the mid-1920s: the first use of the phrase in The Times is in September 1926.

Description
It was a severe hairstyle, emphasising the shape of the head and focusing interest on the face.  By June 1927 Margot Asquith, Lady Oxford, was deriding it: "Women with neither backs nor tops to their heads, and faces as large as hams, appear at the King's Drawing Rooms with the nuque of their necks blue from shaving...".  By 1930 it seems to have become outmoded among the most fashionable.

In culture
A critic reviewing a collection of society portraits notes: "Hairdressing is in a state of transition. There is an Eton crop, there are many soft shingles, and there are a few heads where the hair is being let grow."

It was the haircut of choice for the more masculine lesbians in the lesbian subculture, particularly in England, during its time of popularity.

See also
 List of hairstyles

References

External links

Hairstyles
1920s fashion

Eton crop


Luco dei Marsi is a comune and town in the province of L'Aquila in the Abruzzo region of central-eastern Italy. It is part of the Marsica.

The town was probably founded by the Roman Emperor Claudius to house workers in the drying of the Lacus Fucinus (Lake Fucino). The name derives from a nearby wood, Lucus Angitiae, "Sacred Grove of Angitia," referring to a divine sorceress of the Marsi Italic tribe.

During the Middle Ages it was a fief of the d'Avalos and then of the Colonna family.

References

Marsica

Luco dei Marsi


(1571 – July 25, 1647) was a Japanese samurai of the late Sengoku period through early Edo period, who served the Tokugawa clan; he later became a daimyō. Narishige was born at Hamamatsu Castle, the son of Tokugawa retainer Honda Shigetsugu. His mother was a daughter of Torii Tadayoshi. His courtesy title was  Hida-no-kami, and his court rank was Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade.

Together with his father, he served in the armies of Tokugawa Ieyasu. During the 1575 Battle of Nagashino, he was famous for having written a brief letter to his wife, telling her to be careful to put of the fire and to feed his horses.  Following Ieyasu's submission to Toyotomi Hideyoshi in the wake of the Komaki Campaign in 1584, Narishige was sent to Kyoto as a hostage. After supporting Ieyasu during the Battle of Sekigahara, his holding of 2,000 koku in Omi Province was increased to 5,000 koku in 1602. He was made karō of Ieyasu's son Matsudaira Tadanao in 1613 min Echizen Province, and received the 40,000 koku fief of Maruoka. Narishige also served during the 1614 and 1615 Sieges of Osaka. Soon after, when Tadanao was exiled by bakufu order, Narishige became an independent daimyo in his own right. His income was increased to 46,300 koku in 1623, and he spent the ensuing years strengthening his domain's political and logistical infrastructure, rebuilding the jōkamachi of Maruoka along a grid pattern, and improving its waterworks..

Narishige retired in early 1646, and yielded family headship to his son Shigeyoshi. He died in 1647, at age 76.

References

 Maruoka Castle on "Za tojō" (22 February 2008)
 "Maruoka-han" on Edo 300 HTML (22 February 2008)
This article was compiled in part from material from the corresponding article on the Japanese Wikipedia.

Samurai
1571 births
1647 deaths
Honda clan
Daimyo
Karō
People from Hamamatsu

Honda Narishige


James John (J.J.) Haldane Burgess (28 May 1862 – 16 January 1927) was a Shetland historian, poet, novelist, violinist, linguist and socialist, a noted figure in Shetland's cultural history. His published works include Rasmie's Büddie, Some Shetland Folk, Tang, The Treasure of Don Andreas, Rasmie's Kit, Rasmie's Smaa Murr, and The Viking Path, the latter being translated into German. He was one of the Shetlanders who gave assistance to Jakob Jakobsen, in his researches into the Norn language in Shetland.

Early life
Burgess was born on 28 May 1862. He was a son of Lerwick, whose grandfather had left Dunrossness as a soldier during the Napoleonic period and lived in Edinburgh for a time before settling in 'da toon' as a shopkeeper.

Haldane Burgess won first place in the Glasgow Bursary Competition. He spent four years as a teacher in Bressay in order to pay for his university education. He studied divinity at the University of Edinburgh, but found himself in disagreement with certain doctrines. He lost his sight in his last year of study, took his final exams orally and returned to Lerwick. Later his promotion of socialist ideas made him a popular and radical figure. He was a major supporter of the development of the Shetland Festival Up Helly Aa. His 1894 book The Viking Path... was a major influence in creating the Viking theme of the Up Helly Aa festival.  Burgess also wrote the Up Helly Aa Song (initially sung to the tune of 'John Brown's body') which is sung during the burning of the Viking longship and in village halls and schools in Shetland.

Writings
He was a linguist and a champion of Esperanto.  He developed a lifelong interest in Norse culture and taught himself Norwegian, later contributing articles to journals in Norway. In his lifetime he was best known for a novel entitled The Viking Path – A Tale of The White Christ (1894), set in Shetland and Norway at the coming of Christianity. The best-known of his work now is probably his verse in dialect, as published in Rasmie's Büddie: poems in the Shetlandic (1891), which was republished in 1913, and later in 1979 with illustrations by Frank Walterson. The poem 'Scranna' is one of the acknowledged classics of Shetland literature.

Laurence I. Graham, in his essay "Shetland Literature and the idea of community" in Shetland's Northern Links: Language and History (1996), writes that his novel Tang "... was written in the closing years of the last century. It tells the story of a young girl, Inga, and her divided love for two men: one, her devoted admirer, a steady, hard working fisherman, and the other, a newly arrived minister, young, idealistic, unsure of himself and very susceptible to feminine charm and persuasion. It also presents a picture of a small community of crofter-fishermen, their women-folk, the merchant, the teacher, the minister and the laird. Burgess brings out the darker side of this community, the hypocrisy and occasional dishonesty, the servility of some crofters towards the gentry, the malicious gossip, the petty jealousies and spitefulness within the congregation and the damage done by itinerant hot-gospellers and their infernal, illegitimate-producing revival meetings' as Hakki, the agnostic schoolmaster, calls them. The novel certainly gives an unflattering picture of what passed for religious life at this period ... The arguments between Hakki, the outspoken agnostic, and the minister and laird are among the highlights of the book and it is obvious where the author's sympathies lie. It is certainly an unusual novel for its time when the Scottish Kailyard school of writing was still at its height ..."

Personal
A street in Lerwick, Haldane Burgess Crescent, is named after him. His younger brother William A. S. Burgess was also an author.

Sources

References

1862 births
1927 deaths
People from Lerwick
Shetland music
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Scottish historical novelists
Scottish linguists
Scottish poets
Scottish socialists
Cultural historians
19th-century Scottish historians
Scottish violinists
British male violinists
Scottish Esperantists
Scottish novelists

Haldane Burgess


The Fighting Season is an American docuseries about the war in Afghanistan produced by Ricky Schroder Productions.

The six episode series was picked up by DirectTV for a premiere on 19 May 2015. The series appeared on DirecTVs original channel, Audience. The series has multiple storylines following American units under the command of Lieutenant General Joe Anderson and the 18th Airborne Corps. Anderson is the last American Commander of combat operations in Afghanistan.

As the U.S. contribution to the war winds down and a pivotal election looms—the first free democratic election in Afghanistan's history—the Afghan Army and the remaining Coalition Forces battle to secure the nation.

The show presented unprecedented access to both senior leaders and frontline soldiers.

Storylines

The Fighting Season follows three main storylines:

Coalition forces assist the Kabul police force in securing the capital.

In the Afghan countryside, pockets of insurgents hide among the rural population. Task Force Spartans of the 10th Mountain Division must track down and eliminate Taliban who launch rocket attacks against their forward operating base, and assist the Afghan army as they attempt to clear out a long-standing Taliban stronghold: the Tangi Valley.

Task Force White Devil of the 82nd Airborne is tasked with capturing or killing a high-ranking Taliban Leader, code named Arctic Fox. Arctic Fox oversees the flow of weapons and fighters over the border from Pakistan present. The White Devils work from a high mountain pass near the Pakistan border to a Taliban-infested village, where the insurgents make a stand.

The Fighting Season is the first comprehensive look at what ending a war looks like.

References

External links

2015 American television series debuts
2010s American documentary television series
English-language television shows
2015 American television series endings

The Fighting Season


Wilhelm "Wilhelmi" Malmivaara (until 1900 Malmberg; 13 February 1854 – 12 January 1922) was one of the leaders of Finnish Awakening in the beginning of the 20th century. He was a member of the synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland in 1898, 1908, 1913 and 1918 and was also a representative of the clergy in the pre-independence Diet of Finland in 1897, 1899, 1900 and 1904–05 and a member of the Parliament of Finland, representing  the Finnish Party from 1907 to 1918 and the National Coalition Party from 1918 to 1920.

Malmivaara was born in Lapua, the son of Finnish Awakening movement leader Nils Gustav Malmberg and Helena Jaakontytär Huhtala. He worked together with Mauno Rosendal and Juho Malkamäki as a leader of the awakening movement and as a vicar (leading pastor) of Lapua parish in 1900-1922. Before that he was an assistant pastor in Kiuruvesi (1879–92) and vicar of Paavola (1892–1900). Malmivaara and Malkamäki's work resulted in awakenings in many places in southern Ostrobothnia and the movement entered a new revival period. In 1914 the first folk high school associated with the Awakening started at Karhunmäki in Lapua.

Malmivaara is a notable Finnish hymnwriter who renewed the hymnal of Finnish Awakening Siionin virret, which was translated in entirety into singable English verse in 2014 by Thomas McElwain. Seven of his texts are included in the hymnal and three of his texts are used in the hymnal of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. He also carried out the renewal of the hymnal originally composed by Finnish pastor and revivalist preacher Antti Achrenius. In 1888 Malmivaara founded the periodical of the Finnish Awakening, Hengellinen Kuukauslehti.

As a preacher, Malmivaara was equal to his father and had a particular capability to touch the hearts of his listeners. His sermons were published posthumously in a two-volume collection, Viestejä vaivatuille (1927–33), which remains one of the most remarkable achievements in Finland in the field of published sermon literature.

On the question of alcohol Malmivaara was an absolute prohibitionist and introduced that position into Finnish Awakening.

Malmivaara married Karin Rajander. The couple had many children, and several of their sons became pastors. Malmivaara died in Lapua, and his descendants are still represented in the Finnish clergy.

Main works
 Kaita tie Joonaan kirjan valossa (1900)
 Puolivuosisataa heränneiden keskuudessa (1914)
 Elämän ääni (1954)

Further reading
 A. Oravala: Wilhelmi Malmivaara, Elämä ja elämäntyö (1929, 2. ed. 1930)
 O. Tiililä: Suomalainen kristillisyys Wilhelmi Malmivaaran edustamana (1944)
 Articles by J. Sinnemäki and V. Kuoppala in Kytösavut I and II (1945 and 1946)

1854 births
1922 deaths
People from Lapua
People from Vaasa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
20th-century Finnish Lutheran clergy
Finnish Party politicians
National Coalition Party politicians
Members of the Diet of Finland
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1907–1908)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1908–1909)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1909–1910)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1910–1911)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1911–1913)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1913–1916)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1916–1917)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1917–1919)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1919–1922)
People of the Finnish Civil War (White side)
Finnish Lutheran hymnwriters
University of Helsinki alumni
Finnish Awakening
19th-century Finnish Lutheran clergy

Wilhelmi Malmivaara


In the Presence of Mine Enemies: 1965–1973 – A Prisoner of War is a memoir by American pilot Howard E. Rutledge, co-written with his wife and Mel and Lyla White, of his time in a Vietnamese POW camp during the Vietnam War. When it was published it was the first book-length firsthand treatment of the experiences of American prisoners of war in Vietnam. It was made into a documentary in the same year.

After the war, Rutledge was head of the University of Oklahoma's department of naval science and twice ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives from Oklahoma's 4th congressional district. He died of cancer in Norman, Oklahoma in 1984.

References

1973 non-fiction books
Vietnam War memoirs
Memoirs of imprisonment

In the Presence of Mine Enemies (memoir)


Rosa Pavanelli is the General Secretary of Public Services International, the global union federation for public sector trade unions.

Early life
Pavanelli was born in 1955 in Brescia, Italy. She holds a degree in biology from the State University of Milan.

Trade unions
Pavanelli started her trade union activity in 1978 while working with the Ministry of Labour in Brescia. In 1986 she became a member of the secretariat of the trade union Public Function, responsible for the municipal sector, and then for the healthcare sector.  She later worked full-time for Italian General Confederation of Labour, becoming regional General Secretary in 1999, and later President of the public sector branch of CGIL. She has also served as Vice President of the European Public Service Union Federation in 2009, and PSI Vice President for the European Region.

In March 2016, Pavanelli was appointed by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to the High-Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth, which was co-chaired by presidents François Hollande of France and Jacob Zuma of South Africa.

References

1955 births
Living people
People from Brescia
University of Milan alumni

Rosa Pavanelli


The 1921 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final was the 34th final of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, the top inter-county hurling competition in Ireland. The match was contested between Dublin and Limerick at Croke Park on 4 March 1923. Not only was it the first All-Ireland final to feature the two teams, but it was also their first championship meeting.

Dublin, composed entirely of players from the Faughs club, reached the final by defeating Meath, Laois and Kilkenny in the Leinster Championship before receiving a bye in the All-Ireland semi-final. By contrast, Limerick only had defeat Cork in the Munster Championship before defeating Galway in the All-Ireland semi-final.

The match was won by Limerick, their third All-Ireland title and their first since 1918. Limerick dominated the entire match with captain Bob McConkey scoring four goals and Willie Gleeson and Tom Grath bagging two each. Bob Mockler and Mick Neville scored a goal each for Dublin, while their third came as a result of a goalmouth melee.

The Liam MacCarthy Cup was presented for the first time in 1923, to the winning team from this match.

Pre-match
Dublin played in the All-Ireland final for the third successive year and for the tenth time overall since their first appearance in 1889. They had three wins from those appearances (1889, 1917 and 1920). Limerick were playing in their third All-Ireland final since their inaugural appearance in 1897. They had never lost a final, with their second victory coming in 1918.

Admission to the ground was 1/- (one shilling) and 2/- (two shillings) for adults and 6p (six pence) for schoolboys. The gate receipts were £1,680.

The crowd were entertained by the Transport Workers Band and the Artane Boys' Band.

Match details

References

1
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship finals
Dublin GAA matches
Limerick GAA matches
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final, 1921

1921 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship final


Tropiquaria Zoo is a small tropical house and zoo in West Somerset, England. It is located  from Taunton and  from Minehead.

It is based in a 1930s art deco BBC radio transmitter hall of Washford transmitting station, which is now a Grade II listed building.

A zoo has been run from this site since the early 1990s.  There is a mainly African theme to the tropical hall and aquarium as well as the large number of outside enclosures. The zoo is a member of BIAZA, the British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums, and has successfully bred a number of endangered species of mammals, reptiles, birds, and fish.

Tropiquaria includes a Tropical Hall with a variety of snakes and lizards, and birds. The zoo also features an aquarium with several species of endangered, critically endangered and even extinct in the wild species of fish.  Outside are macaws, helmeted curassow, cockatoos, parrots, agoutis, gibbons, serval, wildcats, wallabies, emus, rheas, tapir, cotton-top tamarins, red-handed tamarins, ring-tailed lemurs, ruffed lemurs, brown lemurs, coatis, yellow mongoose and meerkats amongst many others.

There is also a number of outdoor play areas, and an indoor play area and cafe.

References

External links

Tourist attractions in Somerset
Zoos in England
Buildings and structures in West Somerset

Tropiquaria


Matthew Mark Kinsinger (born March 16, 1977) is a former Arena Football League fullback/linebacker for the Chicago Rush, Las Vegas Gladiators and San Jose SaberCats. He appeared in ArenaBowl XXI.

High school years
While attending Meyersdale High School in Meyersdale, Pennsylvania, Kinsinger was a first team All-County and an All-Conference selection in football, basketball, and baseball.

College career
Kinsinger attended Slippery Rock University, where he played as a defensive lineman. He was a Football Gazette All-America selection.

External links
 Stats from arenafan.com

1977 births
Living people
People from Somerset County, Pennsylvania
American football fullbacks
American football linebackers
Houston ThunderBears players
San Jose SaberCats players
Las Vegas Gladiators players
Chicago Rush players
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Slippery Rock football players
Augusta Stallions players

Matt Kinsinger


Theodore Dehon (December 8, 1776 – August 6, 1817) was the second bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of South Carolina.

Biography
Theodore Dehon was born in Boston and graduated from Harvard University in 1795. He was ordained deacon by Bishop Edward Bass in Newburyport, Massachusetts, on December 24, 1797, and the next month began his call as rector of Trinity Church, Newport, Rhode Island. He was ordained priest on October 9, 1800.

After paying a visit to South Carolina he was offered positions in Charleston, but demurred until 1810, when he accepted a position as rector of St. Michael's Church, Charleston. He was elected diocesan bishop in February 1812 and was consecrated on October 15, 1812. After the General Convention in New York City in 1817, he returned to Charleston but contracted yellow fever, dying August 6. He was buried at St. Michael's Church. His writings met with some posthumous success.

His obituary in the Essex Register of Saturday 23 August 1817 reads: "To our bill of mortality we have to add the death of the Right Reverend Theodore Dehon, D.D aged 41, Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the English Communion, in S. Carolina, on the 6th instant. This amiable man and truly Christian Bishop was born in Boston, and graduated at Cambridge in 1795. He succeeded Bishop Robert Smith, who died in 1801, but not immediately, but in 1812. To a suavity of manners, correct elocution, and a soul of devotion, he added the purity and best accomplishments of life, a just taste, and an excellent judgement, with an extensive knowledge of the duties and the studies of his profession."

Consecrators
 William White, 1st bishop of Pennsylvania and 1st and 4th Presiding Bishop
 Abraham Jarvis, 2nd bishop of Connecticut
 John Henry Hobart, Coadjutor bishop of New York

Theodore Dehon was the 11th bishop consecrated for the Episcopal Church.

References and external links
 Virtual American Biographies, edited from Appleton Encyclopedia
 Material by and about Dehon from Project Canterbury
 The Episcopal Church Annual. Morehouse Publishing: New York, NY (2005).

See also
 Succession of Bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States

References

1776 births
1817 deaths
Deaths from yellow fever
Clergy from Boston
Clergy from Charleston, South Carolina
Harvard College alumni
Episcopal bishops of South Carolina
Infectious disease deaths in South Carolina
19th-century Anglican bishops in the United States

Theodore Dehon


Bob McMahon is a former head coach in the National Lacrosse League, and currently serves as an assistant coach with the Calgary Roughnecks.

Bob McMahon began his professional lacrosse coaching career as an assistant coach with the Detroit Turbos in 1992 and 1993. In 1999, McMahon was hired as an assistant coach to his friend Terry Sanderson in Albany, and was promoted to head coach following the 2001 season, when Sanderson left Albany to become head coach of the expansion Montreal Express. In the two years with Sanderson as head coach, the Attack finished with 6-6 and 5-9 records, but in McMahon's first year as head coach, Albany improved to a league-best 14-2 record. The Attack hosted the NLL Championship game, which they lost to the Toronto Rock, but McMahon was named 2002 NLL Coach of the Year (an award later renamed the Les Bartley Award). McMahon was also selected as coach of the South team in the 2002 NLL All-Star Game.

After a disappointing 8-8 2003 season, the Albany Attack franchise moved to San Jose, and McMahon found himself out of work again. He was hired by his former assistant coach in Albany, Bob Hamley, as an assistant coach of the new Arizona Sting franchise. After four years as an assistant coach in Arizona, McMahon was announced as the new head coach of the Colorado Mammoth in September 2007, after Gary Gait announced that he was stepping down.  He was relieved of his duties on January 19, 2010 following an 0-2 start to the 2010 season. Just two months later, Bob Hamley was hired as the new Mammoth head coach, and in an interesting twist, he requested that the Mammoth re-hide McMahon to be one of his assistant coaches, which they did.

In 2004, McMahon was chosen to be an assistant coach for Canada's Heritage Cup team, which defeated Team USA 17-8.

McMahon has also coached in the Major Series Lacrosse league, leading the Brampton Excelsiors to the OLA Major title and a Mann Cup in 1998, and another OLA Major title in 1999.

References

Awards

National Lacrosse League coaches
Living people
National Lacrosse League major award winners
Calgary Roughnecks coaches
Colorado Mammoth coaches
Year of birth missing (living people)

Bob McMahon


The Crouse Library for Publishing Arts contains a comprehensive collection of books, periodicals, reports, and other materials on the bookselling and publishing industries.  Scholars have called it "an important [collection] that aids our understanding of the book trade as a profession."

Prior to  1989, much of the collection was housed in the Graduate Library of the City University of New York.  Currently, the collection is housed at the New York Center for Independent Publishing, which is, itself, a part of the venerable General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen of the City of New York.

The Library's holdings include approximately 3,000 volumes on all aspects of the industry. Contained in the collection are published works (many out-of-print) on such topics as bookselling; book design and production; trade, scholarly and children's book publishing;
author/publisher relations; book collecting; censorship; and a wealth of biographies of luminaries of the book trade.

The Library was endowed by William H. Crouse, a successful technical writer for General Motors and McGraw-Hill.

References

External links
 New York Center for Independent Publishing

Libraries in Manhattan
Bookselling
Research libraries in the United States

Crouse Library for Publishing Arts


Keith Smith is the vocalist and rhythm guitarist for the band Anarchy Club.

Before creating Anarchy Club, Smith was in several bands, including Cobalt 60, known as C60. Smith was also an employee of Harmonix, the company that developed Guitar Hero. According to Rock Band, Smith got a guitar lesson from Kurt Cobain in the hallway of a motel in Rhode Island. Reputed to have punched Billy Idol in the face after Billy insulted American punk rock.
In 2005, Anarchy Club's hit "Behind the Mask" appeared in Guitar Hero. They have since appeared in Guitar Hero II with their song "Collide", Rock Band with their song "Blood Doll" and Rock Band 2 with their song "Get Clean". Both "Collide" and "Blood Doll" are from their EP A Single Drop of Red released in 2007 while "Behind the Mask" is from their debut album The Way and Its Power and "Get Clean" is from their second full-length album The Art of War.

References

Living people
African-American guitarists
American rock guitarists
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
American male guitarists
21st-century African-American people

Keith Smith (guitarist)


Nicholas Kraemer (born 7 March 1945, in Edinburgh, Scotland) is a British harpsichordist and conductor.

Career
Kraemer began his career as a harpsichordist. From playing continuo (on a harpsichord) at the back of an orchestra he proceeded to the front where he began directing from the harpsichord, notably the English Chamber Orchestra in the 1970s, where his repertoire widened, taking in the 19th and 20th centuries as well as Baroque music.

Kraemer has served as Artistic Director of the Irish Chamber Orchestra, the London Bach Orchestra, the music program of the Bath Festival and  English Touring Opera (then Opera 80). He founded and directed the Raglan Baroque Players. From 1971 to 1988 he was musical director of the W11 Opera children's opera, which he co-founded. He currently holds the positions of Principal Guest Conductor of the Manchester Camerata, Principal Guest Conductor of Music of the Baroque, Chicago and Permanent Guest Conductor of Orchester Musikkollegium Winterthur.

References

External links
Caroline Phillips Management: Nicholas Kraemer
Some Recollections of W11 Children's Opera

British harpsichordists
British male conductors (music)
British performers of early music
Founders of early music ensembles
Virgin Classics artists
People educated at Lancing College
Musicians from Edinburgh
1945 births
Living people
21st-century British conductors (music)
21st-century British male musicians

Nicholas Kraemer


Kenneth Alexander Howard, 1st Earl of Effingham,  (29 November 1767 – 13 February 1845) was a British Army officer and peer.

Background and early life
His father, Henry Howard (14 January 1736 – 10 September 1811), was the son of Lieutenant-General Thomas Howard and a male-line descendant of William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham. His mother, Maria Mackenzie (bef. 1751 – 29 January 1826), was parental granddaughter of William Mackenzie, 5th Earl of Seaforth and maternal one of Alexander Stewart, 6th Earl of Galloway. From 1781 to 1786, Howard was a Page of Honour to George III.

Military career
Howard was gazetted to an ensigncy in the Coldstream Guards, 21 April 1786, and served with his regiment in Flanders from February 1793 to May 1795, being wounded at St. Amand 8 May 1793. He was promoted lieutenant and captain 25 April 1793 (acting as adjutant of his regiment from December 1793 to December 1797), captain-lieutenant and lieutenant-colonel 30 December 1797, and brigade-major to the foot-guards 17 April 1798, in which capacity he served throughout the Irish rebellion of that year and the Duke of York's expedition to Holland in 1799. He was present in every action of the last-named campaign. He was gazetted captain and lieutenant-colonel 25 July 1799, and was connected with the foreign troops in the English service as deputy inspector-general, inspector-general, and commandant of the foreign depôt. This latter office he resigned on being appointed colonel and aide-de-camp to the king, 1 January 1805. He became second major of his regiment 4 August 1808, and major-general 25 July 1810.

In January 1811 Howard joined the army in the Peninsula, being placed in command of a brigade of the 1st Division in succession to Sir William Erskine (Wellington Supplementary Despatches, xiii. 544). In the following July, he was transferred to the 2nd Division, as second-in-command under Lord Hill till August 1812. In November of that year, he was selected to command the 1st brigade of guards in the 1st Division, and was in entire command of that division under Sir John Hope from June 1813 to the end of the war. He was present at the battles of Fuentes de Oñoro, Arroyo de Molinos, and Almaraz, and was on the two latter occasions specially commended for gallantry in Lord Hill's despatches (Wellington Despatches, viii. 381–3, 388, ix. 184–5), and was thanked by the home government (Sidney, Life of Lord Hill, pp. 199–200). He took continuous part in the operations on the frontier, 1813–14, and received the medal and one clasp for Vitoria and the passage of the Nive. On the conclusion of the war he became Lieutenant-Governor of Portsmouth and General Officer Commanding South-West District. The duties of this post prevented his joining the army in Belgium, but after Waterloo he was placed in command of the 1st Division of the British Army during the occupation of France, with the local rank of lieutenant-general.

Howard succeeded his third cousin Richard Howard, 4th Earl of Effingham as Baron Howard of Effingham in 1816. In 1837 he was created Earl of Effingham.

Family
Lord Effingham married Lady Charlotte Primrose (c. 1776 – 17 September 1864), daughter of Neil Primrose, 3rd Earl of Rosebery, on 27 May 1800, by whom he had five children:

 Lady Charlotte Howard (30 October 1803 – 8 March 1886).
 Henry Howard, 2nd Earl of Effingham.
 Charles Howard (6 December 1807 – 8 March 1882).
 Lady Arabella Georgina Howard (25 January 1809 – 10 December 1884), married Francis Baring, 1st Baron Northbrook (as his second wife).
 Reverend Hon. William Howard (23 April 1815 – 12 May 1881).

References

 www.thepeerage.com

External links

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|-

1767 births
1845 deaths
Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment) officers
Coldstream Guards officers
Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Kenneth Howard, 1st Earl of Effingham
British Army lieutenant generals
Howard
Howard
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Peers of the United Kingdom created by William IV
Earls of Effingham
Barons Howard of Effingham

Kenneth Howard, 1st Earl of Effingham


Harland Reesor Williams (born November 14, 1962) is a Canadian-American actor and stand-up comedian.

Personal life
Harland Reesor Williams was born on November 14, 1962, in Toronto, Ontario, to Lorraine Mary (née O'Donnell), a social worker, and John Reesor Williams, a lawyer who served as a member of the Ontario legislature from 1975 to 1985. He is the middle child of five with two older, his brother Steve, and two younger sisters.

Harland holds dual citizenship with Canada and the United States.

He is the author and illustrator of his own series of children's books involving a little brontosaurus named Lickety Split. Williams' love of art drove him to create the series, in which the curious, young dinosaur embarks on a series of amazing adventures and learns important life lessons in the process. The artistically inclined Williams had refined his passion for drawing and painting at Canada's Sheridan College in Oakville, Ontario.  Finding a creative outlet in poetry and painting while working as a forest ranger for five years after dropping out of Sheridan College, Williams set his goals to leave the forest as a stand-up comic and actor, soon moving to Los Angeles to pursue his newfound calling.

Williams is cousin to Barenaked Ladies keyboardist Kevin Hearn, and together they have a hobby band called The Cousins. Williams also played the security guard in the music video for the band's 2001 single "Falling for the First Time".

Career
Williams is known for his movie roles, which include Dumb and Dumber, Freddy Got Fingered, There's Something About Mary, Half Baked, RocketMan, Sorority Boys, Down Periscope, Superstar and Employee of The Month. Williams starred as the security guard in the music video for the 2001 Barenaked Ladies song "Falling for the First Time". He has performed his stand-up comedy routines on Late Night with David Letterman, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, HBO, Comedy Central and at comedy clubs throughout the country.

References

1962 births
Living people
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian voice actors
Canadian stand-up comedians
Comedians from Toronto
Actors from Toronto

Harland Williams


Philip Michael Hinchcliffe (born October 1944) is a retired English television producer, screenwriter and script editor. After graduating from Cambridge University, he began his career as a writer and script editor at Associated Television before joining the BBC to produce Doctor Who in one of its most popular eras from 1974 to 1977. In 2010, Hinchcliffe was chosen by Den of Geek as the best ever producer of the series.

Following Doctor Who, Hinchcliffe remained with the BBC as a producer for several years, working on series such as Private Schulz (1981), before launching a freelance career in the mid-1980s, which included making The Charmer (1987) for London Weekend Television. He finished his career as an executive producer for Scottish Television, with his final credit on Take Me (2001).

Background and early work
Hinchcliffe was born in Dewsbury, Yorkshire. He was educated at Slough Grammar School and the University of Cambridge, where he studied English literature. After a brief period working for a travel company and then as a teacher, he joined Associated Television in 1968, writing episodes for series including the soap opera Crossroads (1970). He then served as script editor of the sitcom Alexander the Greatest (1971–72), the children's adventure series The Jensen Code (1973) and the children's drama series The Kids from 47A (1973). He also became an associate producer on General Hospital.

Doctor Who
Hinchcliffe's agent and contacts from his time as a script editor won him the position as the new producer of the BBC's Doctor Who. In Spring 1974, at the age of 29, he was approached by the corporation's head of serials to take his first full production job, initially trailing and then succeeding long-serving producer Barry Letts. Although he trailed Letts on Tom Baker's first story, Robot, he was first credited on The Ark in Space. Throughout his first year he was mostly producing scripts that had been commissioned by the previous production team prior to their departure.

Hinchcliffe, together with script editor Robert Holmes, ushered in a change in tone for the series, which became darker and more adult than previously, with a gothic atmosphere influenced by the horror films produced by Hammer Film Productions. This horror influence is especially evident in serials like Planet of Evil, Pyramids of Mars, The Brain of Morbius, The Hand of Fear and The Talons of Weng-Chiang, all of which have content which directly recalls well known horror novels and movies.  Hinchcliffe also aspired to give the programme a more literary feel with a stronger science fiction basis. Working closely with Holmes, Hinchcliffe tried to "tighten the whole storytelling up a bit and pay more attention to the design", but he conceded that it was improved "in some stories more than others". As part of the effort to "tighten" the storytelling they were permitted to reduce the number of six-parters to just one a season (the previous team of Barry Letts and Terrance Dicks made three six-parters per season in their last three seasons).

Hinchcliffe was reluctant to use characters and monsters from the series' past: the Daleks, the Cybermen and the Sontarans only appeared once during his tenure, and these stories were commissioned by Barry Letts. The Master and the Time Lords returned for one adventure, The Deadly Assassin, at the suggestion of script editor Robert Holmes, but were portrayed very differently from their previous appearances. The character of Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart and the United Nations Intelligence Taskforce made their final regular appearances in Hinchcliffe's second season.

The early Tom Baker era of the series is cited by Screenonline as the peak of Doctor Who in its first run. However, the BBC received several complaints from Mary Whitehouse of the National Viewers' and Listeners' Association that the series was unduly frightening for children and could traumatise them. The NVALA had been critical of the series before but the complaints reached their height in the Hinchcliffe period. Her strongest criticism was for The Deadly Assassin, where an attempt is made to drown the Doctor at the end of an episode. While the BBC publicly defended the programme, after three seasons Hinchcliffe was moved onto the adult police thriller series Target in 1977, and his replacement Graham Williams, who had created Target, was specifically instructed to lighten the tone of the storylines and reduce violence. Screenonline states that this resulted in "the start of an erratic decline in both popularity and quality" for Doctor Who which led to its eventual cancellation.

Hinchcliffe also wrote three novelisations of Doctor Who serials for Target Books, adapting the William Hartnell era story The Keys of Marinus, as well as two stories from his own era, The Seeds of Doom and The Masque of Mandragora.

Subsequent career
After Doctor Who, Hinchcliffe worked on numerous series, single dramas and films, including Target, Private Schulz,  Nancy Astor, The Charmer, Take Me Home, Friday on My Mind and many others.  He stepped down from the producer role in 1995, after working on the feature films An Awfully Big Adventure starring Hugh Grant and Total Eclipse starring Leonardo DiCaprio, but was engaged as an executive producer by Scottish Television from 1998 to 2001, overseeing series including Taggart and the John Hannah episodes of Rebus, and one-off dramas including The Last Musketeer with Robson Green.

Hinchcliffe has made numerous appearances on DVD releases of Doctor Who serials made during his time as producer. The documentary Serial Thrillers, included on the Pyramids of Mars DVD release, focuses on his three-year reign as producer in depth, examining what made the show so successful during that period. In 2012, Life After Who: Philip Hinchcliffe  was included on The Android Invasion DVD release, in which his daughter Celina Hinchcliffe interviewed him about his career in British television and film after his work on Doctor Who.

In 2021, Hinchliffe came out of retirement, returning to Doctor Who to help Big Finish Productions produce audio dramas based on "lost" story ideas from his era on Doctor Who.

Personal life
Hinchcliffe married Deirdre Hanefey in 1970 and has two children. His daughter, Celina Hinchcliffe (born 1976), is a television presenter, primarily on sports programmes, and has worked extensively for the BBC, ITV & Sky News.

References

External links

Biography of Philip Hinchcliffe at On Target

1944 births
Living people
BBC television producers
English television producers
English television writers
People educated at Upton Court Grammar School
People from Dewsbury

Philip Hinchcliffe


"Just Stand Up!" is a song performed by an all-star female charity supergroup of pop, R&B, rock, and country artists during the telethon "Stand Up to Cancer". The group was purposely billed as Artists Stand Up to Cancer to the public. The song reached number 7 in Italy, number 10 in Canada, and number 11 in the US and Ireland.

Background
American songwriter and producer Antonio "L.A." Reid conceived of the collaboration after a meeting with the founder of Stand Up to Cancer, which benefited from the proceeds of the record. Reid co-produced the track with American singer Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, and the single was released on August 21, 2008.

The singers performed the song live on the "Stand Up to Cancer" special, which aired simultaneously on US TV networks ABC, CBS and NBC on September 5, 2008.

The single was re-released on September 30, 2008, with the original recording, as well as the audio of the live performance. The CD was enhanced so it had special features for a computer. A music video was not produced for the single.

Performers (in order of appearance)
Beyoncé
Carrie Underwood
Rihanna
Miley Cyrus
Sheryl Crow (only on studio version) or Nicole Scherzinger (only on live version)
Fergie
Leona Lewis
Keyshia Cole
Natasha Bedingfield
LeAnn Rimes (only on studio version)
Melissa Etheridge (only on studio version)
Mary J. Blige
Ciara
Mariah Carey
Ashanti

Chart performance
The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at 78 on the week of September 13, 2008. The next week it was the greatest sales gainer and jumped 67 places to land at number 11. The next week, however, the song fell to number 36. It also peaked on the Billboard Pop 100 chart at 18. As of October 2013, "Just Stand Up!" had sold 393,000 digital downloads in the US. On the UK Singles Chart, it debuted at number 39, before climbing the chart to number 26. On the Canadian Hot 100 chart it made a "Hot Shot Debut" at number 10 in the week of September 11, 2008, based on downloads.

Live performance
The live performance was held on the "Stand Up 2 Cancer" event on September 5, 2008, aired by multiple channels. All the original artists appeared for the performance, except LeAnn Rimes, Sheryl Crow and Melissa Etheridge, with the addition of Nicole Scherzinger from The Pussycat Dolls singing the parts of Sheryl Crow. The live performance is slightly different from the original song available for download. The live performance video is available for purchase on iTunes.

Track listing
CD single
 "Just Stand Up!" – 3:37
 "Just Stand Up!" (Live Video) – 4:28

Credits and personnel

Vocalists

With vocals – Mariah Carey, Carrie Underwood, Beyoncé, Mary J. Blige, Rihanna, Fergie, Sheryl Crow, Melissa Etheridge, Natasha Bedingfield, Miley Cyrus, Leona Lewis, Keyshia Cole, LeAnn Rimes, Ciara, Ashanti and Nicole Scherzinger (only on live version)
Mariah Carey and Melissa Etheridge appears courtesy of Island Records.
Beyoncé appears courtesy of Columbia.
Mary J. Blige appears courtesy of Geffen.
Rihanna appears courtesy of Def Jam Recordings.
Fergie and Sheryl Crow appears courtesy of A&M Records.
Natasha Bedingfield appears courtesy of Epic Records.
Miley Cyrus appears courtesy of Hollywood Records.
Leona Lewis appears courtesy of Sony BMG/Syco/J.
Carrie Underwood appears courtesy of Arista Nashville.
Keyshia Cole appears courtesy of Interscope-Geffen-A&M.
LeAnn Rimes appears courtesy of Asylum-Curb.
Ashanti appears courtesy of Universal Records
Ciara appears courtesy of Zomba, Sony BMG.
Nicole Scherzinger appears courtesy of Polydor, A&M and Interscope (only on live version)

Production

Credits adapted from Discogs.

 Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds: writer, producer, keyboards, acoustic guitar, bass, drum programming
 Ronnie "Preach" Walton: writer, co-producer, keyboards, drum programming
 Antonio "LA" Reid: executive producer, producer
 Kenya Ivey: additional background vocals
 Paul Boutin: recording and mixing
 Alejandro Venguer, Brian Garten, Marcos Tovar: additional recording
 Karen Kwak: project coordinator

Charts

Certification

References

External links

2008 singles
Mariah Carey songs
Beyoncé songs
Mary J. Blige songs
Rihanna songs
Fergie (singer) songs
Sheryl Crow songs
Melissa Etheridge songs
Natasha Bedingfield songs
Miley Cyrus songs
Leona Lewis songs
Carrie Underwood songs
Keyshia Cole songs
LeAnn Rimes songs
Ashanti (singer) songs
Ciara songs
Nicole Scherzinger songs
Songs written by Babyface (musician)
Song recordings produced by Babyface (musician)
2008 songs

Just Stand Up!


Alkalosis is the result of a process reducing hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood plasma (alkalemia). In contrast to acidemia (serum pH 7.35 or lower), alkalemia occurs when the serum pH is higher than normal (7.45 or higher). Alkalosis is usually divided into the categories of respiratory alkalosis and metabolic alkalosis or a combined  respiratory/metabolic alkalosis.

Signs and symptoms
Metabolic alkalosis is usually accompanied by low blood potassium concentration, causing, e.g., muscular weakness, muscle pain, and muscle cramps (from disturbed function of the skeletal muscles), and muscle spasms (from disturbed function of smooth muscles).

It may also cause low blood calcium concentration. As the blood pH increases, blood transport proteins, such as albumin, become more ionized into anions. This causes the free calcium present in blood to bind more strongly with albumin. If severe, it may cause tetany.

Causes
Respiratory alkalosis is caused by hyperventilation, resulting in a loss of carbon dioxide. Compensatory mechanisms for this include release of hydrogen ion from tissue buffers and excretion of bicarbonate in the kidneys, both of which lower blood pH. Hyperventilation-induced alkalosis can be seen in several deadly central nervous system diseases such as strokes or Rett syndrome.

Metabolic alkalosis can be caused by repeated vomiting, resulting in a loss of hydrochloric acid in the stomach contents. Severe dehydration, and the consumption of alkali, are other causes. It can also be caused by administration of diuretics and endocrine disorders such as Cushing's syndrome. Compensatory mechanism for metabolic alkalosis involve slowed breathing by the lungs to increase serum carbon dioxide, a condition leaning toward respiratory acidosis. As respiratory acidosis often accompanies the compensation for metabolic alkalosis, and vice versa, a delicate balance is created between these two conditions.

See also

References

External links

Acid–base disturbances

Alkalosis


Reconciliation, in Christian theology, is an element of salvation that refers to the results of atonement.  Reconciliation is the end of the estrangement, caused by original sin, between God and humanity.  John Calvin describes reconciliation as the peace between humanity and God that results from the expiation of religious sin and the propitiation of God's wrath.  Evangelical theologian Philip Ryken describes reconciliation in this way; "It is part of the message of Salvation that brings us back together with God. ... God is the author, Christ is the agent and we are the ambassadors of reconciliation (2 Corinthians 5)." Although it is only used five times in the Pauline corpus (Romans 5:10-11, 11:15, 2 Corinthians 5:18-20, Ephesians 2:14-17 and Colossians 1:19-22) it is an essential term, describing the "substance" of the gospel and salvation. Ralph Martin writing in the Dictionary of Paul and his Letters, suggests reconciliation is at the center of Pauline theology. Stanley Porter writing in the same volume suggests a conceptual link between the reconciliation Greek word group katallage (or katallasso) and the Hebrew word shalom (), generally translated as 'peace.'

See also
Atonement in Christianity
Atonement in Judaism

References

Christian soteriology
Christian terminology
Atonement in Christianity

Reconciliation (theology)


The South Carolina Petroglyph Site is a county-owned museum at Hagood Mill Historic Site in Pickens County, South Carolina, managed by the non-profit Hagood Mill Foundation. The museum exhibits and protects in situ at least 32 rock art carvings (including 17 human figures), most believed to be prehistoric.

The Hagood petroglyphs were discovered on a rainy day in January 2003 by Michael Bramlett, a volunteer with the South Carolina Petroglyph Survey headed by University of South Carolina archaeologist Tommy Charles. Subsequently Charles and his team examined the large, low-lying boulder at night with side-scanning lights and found other glyphs invisible in daylight. Because a large portion of the boulder lay beneath a dirt road constructed in the 1820s, Charles received permission from Pickens County to excavate the covered portion of the rock.  There he discovered additional human representations, all "sticklike figures" except for one with a head and legs but no arms and with a torso in the form of a rectangle, which the team dubbed "refrigerator man."  Charles believed these carvings were prehistoric because they had been created by pecking (presumably with stone tools) rather than by scratching or incising with metal. Nevertheless, the age and purpose of the rock art (at least beyond motifs "universal to human experience, such as representations of animals or humans") remains undetermined.

Almost immediately plans were made to exhibit the rock art to encourage tourism; but the museum did not open until 2015 because of political infighting, construction errors, the firing of a county administrator, stalled fundraising during the Great Recession, and the sudden death of the Hagood Mill site manager.

The South Carolina Petroglyph Site is "a two-room, barn-like structure" built directly over the petroglyphs to facilitate display and ensure long-term protection of the artifacts. One room contains exhibits, including photographs and "portable" petroglyphs, and the other displays the rock from an accessible viewing platform where, presented under suitable lighting, visitors can hear a description of the petroglyphs recorded by Tommy Charles.

References

Buildings and structures in Pickens County, South Carolina
Pickens, South Carolina
Museums in Pickens County, South Carolina
Petroglyphs in the United States
Rock art in North America

South Carolina Petroglyph Site


The United Nations Development Fund for Women commonly known as UNIFEM (from the French "Fonds de développement des Nations unies pour la femme is a fund of United Nations established in New York in 1976 aimed for equality as men and taking part in society of women.

It provides financial and technical aid for the better condition of women together with United Nations Development Programme. In 2006 Nicole Kidman was elected as goodwill ambassador. In 2011, it will be a part of the new institution "UN Women".

Related pages
UN Women
Woman
Discrimination
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

Other websites
Official website

United Nations
Women


Eliza, Lady Darling (1798–1868), born Elizabeth Dumaresq, was a British philanthropist and artist. She was the wife of Sir Ralph Darling, Governor of New South Wales from 1825 to 1831.

Early life
She was the daughter of Lieut.-Col. John Demaresq, son of John Demaresq (born c.1732) and his wife Rachel Bandinel, and his wife Ann Jones. Her birth name was Elizabeth, and she was born the fourth of six children, at West Bromwich. Her father died in 1804.

Eliza's widowed mother Ann was a devout philanthropist, and lived in Cheltenham. Eliza was influenced by Hannah More and Sarah Trimmer.

On 13 October 1817, Ralph Darling married the 19-year-old Elizabeth Dumaresq. The marriage was a happy one. Of ten children, four daughters and three sons survived to adulthood.

In Australia
Ralph Darling in 1825 brought three of Eliza's brothers with him to Australia: Henry and William John to New South Wales, and Edward who stopped off on Van Diemen's Land.

From Australia, Eliza consulted the penal reformer Elizabeth Fry, with reference in particular to female convicts. She was involved in the establishment of the Female School of Industry at Parramatta. She also was responsible for the first friendly society in New South Wales, "'The Female Friendly Society of the Town of Sydney" of 1826.

Ralph and Eliza Darling both set store by the moral and religious instruction of women. Eliza headed the committee, including also the wife Elizabeth née Barclay (1769–1847) and five of the daughters of Alexander Macleay, Fanny being Secretary and Christiana Treasurer, that in 1826 set up the Female School. Following Fry's ideas, she arranged there domestic training for women who were prisoners. The model for the School was the Cheltenham School of Industry, one of a number of such institutions that were promoted by More, Trimmer and Catherine Cappe. It lasted until 1926, with moves to Darlinghurst and then Petersham, operating as a primary school for girls destined for domestic service.

An artist, Eliza made topographical drawings and watercolours, and contributed designs for public buildings. The Darlings entertained James Stirling in Sydney. In return, Stirling named Mount Eliza for her, after he had climbed it with Charles Fraser and Frederick Garling Jr. on his 1827 expedition in Western Australia.

William John Dumaresq married in 1830 Christiana Susan Macleay, Alexander Macleay's second daughter, at Sydney. They had an estate named St Aubins (alluding to the Dumaresq family heritage from Jersey) of two land grants near Scone. Over time it expanded to around . Henry Dumaresq developed an estate on a similar scale, St Heliers, near Muswellbrook. He had married in England in 1827 Elizabeth Sophia Butler-Danvers, half-sister to the 5th Earl of Lanesborough.

The family in England
After Darling's position in New South Wales ended, the family returned to England. They lived at Cheltenham, then Brighton where Darling died in 1858. Eliza lived subsequently at Hurstpierpoint and then Pembury. She settled at The Ridge, Colemans Hatch in East Sussex, with her son Frederick and two of her daughters. This house near Hartfield had been built by Sarah Elizabeth Wedgwood, sister of Emma Darwin, who lived there to 1862. She had added a small school. The school continued as Lady Darling's School, under a Miss Deane.

Eliza, Lady Darling died at Hartfield in 1868.

Works
Related to the School of Industry was Eliza's 1834 booklet Simple Rules for the Guidance of Persons in Humble Life: More Particularly for Young Girls Going Out to Service. It was published first in Cheltenham, with an edition of 1837 in Sydney. It made a point that the relationship of the domestic servant to employers was as a status laid down by God. Its content was related to The Servant's Friend by Sarah Trimmer. Eliza also wrote Young Christian's Sunday Mornings (1834).

Cornelia Maria
The Darling's daughter Cornelia Maria married in 1846 Sir Francis John Ford, 3rd Baronet (1818–1850). Ford was a captain in the Bombay Regiment: the couple were married in England by Frederick Darling, and Cornelia returned from India after Ford's death on Malta, with a son of six months, their second son, who became the 4th Baronet. They had adopted Francina Sorabji when she was 12 years old.

Lady Ford died in 1896 at The Ridge, aged 77.

Frederick Darling
The eldest son, Frederick (born 1821 in Mauritius) was instructed in New South Wales by William Cowper, while his siblings were kept at home. He matriculated at Oriel College, Oxford in 1839, graduating B.A. in 1843, then M.A. in 1851.

When Frederick was young, pulmonary symptoms were enough for his mother to decide he should be allowed to go into the Church, rather than the army as his father would have preferred. His two brothers did serve as soldiers: Augustus in the Bengal Artillery, and Sydney in the 51st Regiment and 9th Regiment.

After leaving Oxford, Frederick Darling was ordained deacon in 1845 by James Henry Monk, and priest in 1846. He became in 1845 a curate at Trinity Church, Tewkesbury, a few miles north of Cheltenham, where Edward Walwyn Foley was the incumbent. Foley was an associate of Francis Close and the Cheltenham group of strongly Protestant evangelicals he led, in this year alarmed by the conversion to Catholicism of John Henry Newman. He was succeeded by Francis John Scott in 1849, when the Simeon Trust made him rector of All Saints', Derby. Around 1850 Darling published a sermon on "The Manifold Wisdom of God" given at Kemerton, a village near Tewkesbury on the Worcestershire-Gloucestershire boundary, where Thomas Thorp was the rector. A newspaper report from two decades later suggests that Darling was a curate at Kemerton. Charles Tebbott Heartley (1824–1894) was appointed assistant-curate at Kemerton in 1849, and left in 1856 to become head of St Michael's College, Tenbury; with his help, Kemerton gained a high reputation for its parish choir.

By 1852 Darling was curate to George Rundle Prynne, who had choristers in homely surplices (actually towelling pinafores) at St Peter's Church, Plymouth. He found himself in a Puseyite atmosphere, and conducting the defence of Prynne against allegations of misconduct in the role of confessor to a female religious order and orphanage run by Priscilla Lydia Sellon. Henry Phillpotts, bishop of Exeter, made an inquiry into Prynne's conduct, in 1852. In the words of Prynne's biographer Kelway, Darling turned up "a large body of evidence which was calculated to bring the matter out in a yet more distinct and vivid light, but that he was deterred from producing it on account of the discouraging manner of the Bishop." One of the witnesses to Prynne's conduct withdrew her testimony, before a magistrate; but Prynne was unable to satisfy all his critics.

Darling then travelled. He visited family in the Caribbean. The Hurst Johnian, school magazine of Hurstpierpoint College, has a report in 1859 related to a journey by Darling to Palestine including Bethlehem.

In later life Darling resided at Hartfield. He gave services in the Ridge Chapel, at the west end of the parish of Hartfield, and built by the Darling family.

Notes

1798 births
1868 deaths
English philanthropists
English evangelicals
19th-century British philanthropists
Spouses of New South Wales governors

Eliza, Lady Darling


Nitzana () is an educational youth village and community settlement in southern Israel. Located in the western Negev desert, adjacent to the Egyptian border, it falls under the jurisdiction of Ramat HaNegev Regional Council. In  it had a population of .

Ancient Nitzana (3rd c. BC-7th c. AD)

Ancient Nitzana was founded by the Nabataeans in the 3rd century BC. There are traces of a large first century BC building with a monumental staircase. The settlement was a trading post on the Eilat to Gaza route. In the early 2nd century AD the emperor Hadrian diverted this trade from Elat to Damascus. Despite this loss Nitzana grew under Byzantine rule. In the late 3rd century AD the fort was enlarged with stables for horses and camels. In the 4th century a church was built attached to the north end of the fort. It was dedicated to SS Sergius and Baccus. In the 7th century a second church, dedicated to the Virgin Mary was built 60m south east of the fort.

The tax register for 587-9 AD indicates that the town had 1,500 inhabitants, with 116 houses. This was a time of prosperity with the route from Gaza to Elat reopened and pilgrim traffic to Saint Catherine's Monastery. A find of late Byzantine papyri has given much detail of the life of the town.

Following the arrival of Islam the town went into a slow decline and by the 8th century it had ceased to exist.

Modern village
The modern village was founded in 1987 by Aryeh Eliav, a former member of the Knesset for several left-wing parties, and  was named after the Nabatean city. It also gives its name to the Nitzana Border Crossing, formerly Auja al-Hafir. It was the site of Operation Volcano in 1955, an Israeli raid against Egyptian positions. On 18 June 2012 an Israeli was killed in a terrorist attack near the village.

See also
Nitzanei Sinai, a nearby community settlement.

References

Community settlements
Youth villages in Israel
Populated places established in 1987
1987 establishments in Israel
Populated places in Southern District (Israel)

Nitzana, Israel


Josh Saltzman is a Canadian Comedy Award winning comedian, writer and director from Toronto, Ontario who currently resides in Los Angeles. He was the head writer of DHX Media's new Inspector Gadget series produced for Teletoon in Canada (seen on Netflix in the United States), and has written for many television shows including: HBO Canada's Call Me Fitz, Disney XD's Fangbone!, CBC's This Hour Has 22 Minutes and many others. Saltzman won the 2010 Canadian Comedy Award for best Web Clip for his video "That Thing That Happened" which he co-wrote, co-directed and starred in with Lindsay Ames. He is also the winner of the 2008 Tim Sims Encouragement Award   as 7 Minutes in Heaven. He was a member of the Canadian Comedy Award-winning sketch troupe  The Sketchersons from 2009 - 2010. He has appeared on the Comedy Network on the show Upload Yours  in which he had an entire episode devoted to his Online videos

References

Jewish Canadian comedians
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian television directors
Canadian television writers

Josh Saltzman


Gregor Innes Macmillan (born 7 August 1969) is an English former first-class cricketer, later a solicitor and schoolteacher.

Cricket
Macmillan played 53 first-class matches for Oxford University, Gloucestershire and Leicestershire between 1993 and 1998, scoring 2024 runs as a right-handed batsman. He made 3 centuries, with a best of 122. He also took 23 wickets with his occasional off spin. He also played 45 list A one day games. The 'mercurial' Macmillan joined Leicestershire in the middle of the 1995 season after captaining Oxford University and began his County career in fine form. He became only the third Leicestershire player to score a century on their Championship debut after recording 103 in the second innings in a victory against Sussex at Hove. A week later, Macmillan followed his excellent display with a performance of equal pomp in another victory, this time against Surrey at Grace Road, in which he scored 122 – his second century in as many matches for Leicestershire. These performances earned him the 'Player of the Month' award for July in his inaugural month at the club. Macmillan ended the 1995 season with an average of 43.22, bettered only by the great Hansie Cronje. Macmillan went on to win both the 1996 County Championship with Leicestershire and also the 1996 Bain Hogg Trophy in a remarkable season for the club.

After cricket
Macmillan holds a degree in Philosophy and Politics from the University of Southampton and an Advanced Diploma in Social Administration from the University of Oxford. He qualified and practised as a solicitor before taking up teaching. He was an assistant housemaster at St John's School, Leatherhead, then became housemaster of Turner House at Marlborough College in 2012.

References

External links
Cricinfo profile
CricketArchive profile

1969 births
Gloucestershire cricketers
Leicestershire cricketers
Oxford University cricketers
Living people
English cricketers
Alumni of the University of Southampton
Alumni of Keble College, Oxford
English solicitors
Schoolteachers from Surrey
British Universities cricketers
Cricketers from Guildford

Greg Macmillan


The Châteaux de Lastours (in Occitan Lastors) are four so-called Cathar castles in the French commune of Lastours in the département of l'Aude. The four castles are on a rocky spur above the village of Lastours, isolated by the deep valleys of the Orbeil and Grésilhou rivers.  They were built at an altitude of 300 m along a rock wall just  long by  wide. Cabaret, Surdespine and la Tour Régine stand in line, while Quertinheux is built on a separate pinnacle close by. The site has been classified monument historique (historic monument) by the French Ministry of Culture since 1905 and archaeological digs are still in progress.

These four castles constitute a single entity, even though they are not a single structure.  The natural layout of the site permitted the economy of a fortress of great height.  Plans were adapted to the rocks on which they were built. The construction of each is different reflecting the range of alterations made to the castles.

History

In the Middle Ages, the site belonged to the lords of Cabaret, mentioned for the first time in 1067. Their wealth came mainly from the exploitation of iron mines.  Probably only three castles were built in the 11th century and their sites evolved over the years following demolition and successive rebuilding.  During this period, there were at least 22 lords of Cabaret.

The castles existed through the Albigensian Crusade.  The lords of Cabaret were closely linked to the followers of Catharism and the villages surrounding the castles welcomed many Cathars.  The fortress at this time belonged to Pierre-Roger de Cabaret follower of  Raymond Roger Trencavel, who fought at his side during the defence of Carcassonne.  In 1209, the site resisted the attacks of Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester.  But the crusader Bouchard de Marly, then lord of the Château de Saissac, was taken prisoner by Pierre-Roger.  His freedom was negotiated against the surrender of Cabaret in 1211.

In 1223, the lords of Cabaret repossessed their lands and Cabaret became the seat of the Cathar bishop of Carcassès. Pierre-Roger resisted Simon de Montfort's attacks for many years, but in 1227, the castles were again besieged by Humbert de Beaujeu. In 1229, Cabaret capitulated.

The villages and the castles were plundered and then rebuilt to become royal fortresses.  The Tour Régine was built by order of the king to affirm his supremacy.  They became the administrative and military centre of six communities forming the châtellerie of Cabardès.  In the 16th century, the castles were occupied by Protestants.  They were dislodged by maréchal de Joyeuse in 1591.

Organisation in the 11th century
Before the Crusade against the Albigensians, there were only three castles and they were not arranged on the crest.  The surrounding villages were similar: houses, forges and cisterns around a high, narrow keep.  Traces of the villages can be found on the west flank of the hill arranged in a semicircle following the contours around the manor house.

In the 13th century, the king decided on the destruction of the three towers and their houses so as to eliminate all refuges for the Cathars.  The castles, however, were rebuilt on the crest so as to make them less accessible to enemy fire.

Catharism at Cabaret
The castles at Latours were a centre of Cathar religious activity during the 13th century.  The castle village sheltered numerous 'Perfects' homes and the Cathar bishops went to stay in Cabaret: Arnaud Hot, Pierre Isarn and Guiraud Abith.  In 1229, the fortress launched the Cathar resistance in the Languedoc.  This period was called the Guerre de Cabaret (War of Cabaret).

The Lastours castles held out as a centre of opposition to the conquests of Simon de Montfort, who determined to wipe them out.  In this, he was bound to fail, having to launch simultaneous attacks on three castles protected by sheer rockfaces and defended by a nobleman who, though not a Cathar, was aware of the importance of the campaign de Montfort was waging against his suzerain, the viscount of Carcassonne.  De Montfort decided against attacking the castles and instead resorted to a cruel ploy that typifies the barbarity of this war.  He brought prisoners from the village of Bram and had their eyes gouged out and their ears, noses and lips cut off.  One prisoner, left with a single good eye, led them to Lastours as a warning.  The ploy failed; the castles put up more resistance and held out until the supposedly impregnable fortress at Termes fell in November 1210.  The lord of Cabaret then surrendered.

Present description

The four castles are on the top of a crest on a north–south axis: Cabaret, Tour Régine, Surdespine and Querthineux. They controlled  the principal access routes into the Cabardès and the Montagne Noire regions.

Cabaret
Cabaret castle is the main citadel with a barbican defence system.  It consists of a north tower, a polygonal keep in the south and a group of residential buildings in the centre.  The whole is surrounded by ramparts with a round walk. The crenellated wall is built with irregular material, with large stones forming the corners and openings.

Tour Régine
The Tour Régine, closest to Cabaret,  (Régine Tower) is the most recent fortress and the smallest.  It consists of a round tower, surrounded by a small curtain wall which has collapsed.  Below ground, the tower contains the largest cistern of the four castles.  The tower has three storeys and is flanked by a spiral staircase.  The white limestone used is identical to that at Cabaret.  It is thought that this tower was built after the Albigensian Crusade: the name (Régine = Royal) suggests as much and there is no written evidence of its existence prior to 1260.

Surdespine
Also called Fleur-Espine (Thornflower), this castle is the least preserved of the four. On the highest part of the site, it consists of a square tower, a house and a cistern.  A rectangular curtain wall gives protection.  It is noted for the rarity of its murder holes and its four semicircular arched windows.

Quertinheux
The Quertinheux castle is furthest south along the crest on an isolated rocky outcrop. It consists of a circular tower and a polygonal curtain wall.  A chicane defends the entrance.  It overlooks the remains of a destroyed Romanesque church.

See also
 Cathar castles
 List of castles in France

References

External links

Castles in Aude
Ruined castles in Occitania (administrative region)
Monuments historiques of Aude
Catharism

Châteaux de Lastours