Mortal Kombat 11 is a 2019 fighting game developed by NetherRealm Studios and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. It is the eleventh main installment in the Mortal Kombat series and a sequel to Mortal Kombat X (2015). The game was announced at The Game Awards 2018 and was released in North America and Europe on April 23, 2019, for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One—with the exception of Europe's Switch version which was released on May 10, 2019. It was released on Stadia on November 19, 2019.

Upon release, the console versions of Mortal Kombat 11 received generally favorable reviews, which praised the gameplay, story, graphics, and improved netcode, but it received criticism for the presence of microtransactions and over-reliance on grinding. An expansion was released on May 26, 2020, entitled Aftermath. It includes an additional story mode, three new characters, new stages, and the return of stage fatalities and the friendship finishing move. An enhanced version of the game containing all downloadable content up to that point, titled Mortal Kombat 11: Ultimate, was released for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S on November 17, 2020. A sequel, Mortal Kombat 1, was released on September 19, 2023.

Gameplay

Like the previous three games in the series, including Mortal Kombat Mobile, Mortal Kombat 11 is a 2.5D fighting game. Alongside the returning Fatalities, Brutalities, Stage Fatalities, Friendships and Quitalities, new gameplay features are introduced, such as Fatal Blows and Krushing Blows. Fatal Blows are special moves similar to the X-ray moves in the 2011 reboot and Mortal Kombat X. Like X-ray moves, Fatal Blows deal a large amount of damage, but unlike them, they only become available when a player's health drops below 30%, and can only be performed once per match. Krushing Blows are a critical hit variation of a given special move or combination, triggered when certain requirements are met and cause deadly effect by showing graphic body injuries and draining at most times 30% health in a single hit. New to the series is a Flawless Block mechanic, which allows for a comeback window after blocking an attack with precise timing. Another returning finisher is Mercy, last seen in Mortal Kombat Trilogy, where the winning player can opt to revive their opponent after the "Finish Him/Her" prompt, causing the opponent to gain a small amount of life.

Mortal Kombat 11 introduces a Kustom Variation feature which offers a character customization system similar to the Gear system in NetherRealm Studios' previous DC Comics fighting game Injustice 2, improving over the Variation system featured in Mortal Kombat X. Each character has an initial set of skins, gears and moves, which can be further customized by the player. However, unlike Injustice 2, in Mortal Kombat 11 the characters' appearance does not determine their abilities, allowing players to create custom move lists independently of their character's appearance.

Plot
Following Shinnok's defeat, Dark Raiden plans to protect Earthrealm by destroying all of its enemies and making an example of Shinnok, decapitating him. This latter act inspires Kronika, the keeper of time, to rewrite history to undo Raiden's interference and erase him from existence. Two years later, a Special Forces strike team led by Sonya Blade, Cassie Cage, and Jacqui Briggs attack the Netherrealm, with Raiden providing assistance. The team succeeds in destroying the Netherrealm castle, at the cost of Sonya's life. Kronika forms an alliance with revenants and Netherrealm's rulers, Liu Kang and Kitana, immediately afterwards.

Meanwhile, Kotal Kahn, the current emperor of Outworld, attempts to execute Shao Kahn's loyalist Kollector, but is interrupted by a time storm that brings Shao Kahn, Skarlet, Baraka, and younger versions of Kano, Erron Black, Jade, Raiden, Kitana, Liu Kang, Johnny Cage, Sonya, Jax, Scorpion, Kabal, and Kung Lao from the past and erases Dark Raiden from existence. A battle erupts in Kotal's Koliseum until D'Vorah transports Baraka, Kollector, Skarlet, Shao Kahn, Black, and Kano to her hive, recruiting them into Kronika's fold.

Liu Kang, Kung Lao, and Raiden appear at the Earthrealm's Special Forces HQ after forging an alliance with Kotal while Jade and Kitana aid Kotal in protecting Outworld from Kronika's forces. Liu Kang and Kung Lao investigate the Wu Shi Academy and encounter Kronika's right-hand man, Geras. Their battle ends with Geras using his chronokinetic powers to escape with powerful energy capsules containing Earthrealm's life force.

The Special Forces learn that Sektor, backed by Noob Saibot and a cyberized Frost, has reinstated the Cyber Lin Kuei to build an army of cyborgs out of kidnapped Lin Kuei warriors for Kronika. Grandmasters Sub-Zero and Hanzo Hasashi shut down Sektor's factory with Cyrax's aid, forcing Geras, Black, and both versions of Kano to retreat to Kronika's Keep, where they revive Sektor and rebuild the cybernetic army themselves.

Meanwhile, Raiden consults with the Elder Gods. They cannot intervene as the time storm is draining their power, but Shinnok's twin sister Cetrion gives him a clue on how to defeat Kronika. During a later attempt, Raiden discovers Cetrion had betrayed and killed the Elder Gods to serve her mother: Kronika. Kotal and Jade go to a Tarkatan camp to ask for their help fighting against Shao Kahn, but Kotal's hatred towards the Tarkatans causes Jade to battle him before Shao Khan appears and captures him.

The Special Forces base is destroyed by the Black Dragon gang and Kronika's cybernetic army, with the younger Johnny and Sonya captured, the elder Johnny wounded, and Sektor self-destructing in the process. Due to this and the destruction of Sub-Zero's Lin Kuei Temple and the Wu Shi Academy's Sky Temple, Earthrealm's heroes reconvene at Hasashi's Fire Garden. Cassie leads a strike team to save her parents, where Sonya kills the younger Kano to erase his present self from existence. Meanwhile, Kitana, Liu Kang, and Kung Lao battle Baraka to secure an alliance between him and Sheeva. With their aid, Kitana successfully defeats and blinds Shao Kahn, uniting the Outworld factions and inheriting the throne from Kotal.

Raiden sends Jax and Jacqui to Shang Tsung's now-abandoned island to retrieve the Crown of Souls, but the pair are thwarted by Cetrion, who eventually escapes with the Crown, and present-day Jax, who had been deceived by Kronika into helping her in exchange for averting his time as a revenant. Hasashi is tasked with convincing Kharon, the ferryman of Netherrealm's souls, to join their side so they can travel to Kronika's fortress. Hasashi fights Scorpion and persuades him to join his side, but is fatally wounded by D'Vorah. Scorpion drives her away and returns to the Fire Garden to honor Hasashi's dying wish. Refusing to believe him, Raiden attacks him on sight using Shinnok's amulet. Liu Kang intervenes, causing Raiden to realize how they have fought before across multiple timelines and that Kronika had orchestrated them all because she fears their combined strength. Anticipating this, Kronika kidnaps Liu Kang. With Kharon recruited, a joint Earthrealm-Outworld army assaults Kronika's Keep. Geras is dropped in the bottomless Sea of Blood; Frost is shut down, disabling the cyber Lin Kuei; and the present Jax defects to the heroes' side.

Once revenant Liu Kang has absorbed his past self's soul, Kronika sends him to attack Raiden, who eventually merges with him to become Fire God Liu Kang. The heroes breach Kronika's Keep, but Kronika rewinds time. With his god-like status making him immune, Liu Kang defeats the remaining revenants and Cetrion. Kronika then absorbs Cetrion's essence to strengthen herself enough to reverse time back to the primordial state of the universe, erasing all the events in the franchise from existence. Fire God Liu Kang is left unaffected due to his godly status. Kronika and Fire God Liu Kang fight one final time to determine the fate of the New Era.

Depending on the outcome of the battle, the epilogue will show one of the following:

If Kronika wins, she decapitates Liu Kang and declares the beginning of the New Era. The player is then urged to replay the fight.
If Liu Kang defeats Kronika, but loses one round, he meets a now-mortal Raiden, who offers to become Liu Kang's advisor for as long as his lifespan lasts. This is the canon ending that sets the stage for the expansion Aftermath.
If Liu Kang defeats Kronika in two consecutive rounds, he meets a now-mortal Raiden, who allows Liu Kang to choose someone to accompany him by the Hourglass. Liu Kang chooses Kitana, and both vow to create a new and better timeline while undoing Kronika's mistakes.

Aftermath
Following Kronika's defeat, Fire God Liu Kang and Raiden attempt to utilize Kronika's Hourglass to restore history, but are interrupted by Shang Tsung, Fujin, and Nightwolf, who were all imprisoned in a timeless void by Kronika for refusing to join her. Shang Tsung elaborates that, due to the destruction of the Crown of Souls when Liu Kang defeated Kronika, the Hourglass cannot be used to change history without destroying it. He convinces Liu Kang to send him, Fujin, and Nightwolf back in time to retrieve the Crown of Souls before Cetrion does. Despite Raiden's suspicions of Shang Tsung, Liu Kang agrees and sends the trio back, staying behind to protect the Hourglass.

Shang Tsung, Fujin, and Nightwolf are transported to the Koliseum just as Kitana confronted Shao Kahn. They attempt to flee undetected, but news spreads of their arrival, prompting Kronika to retaliate. To face Cetrion on his island, Shang Tsung determines their best option is to resurrect Sindel, so they head to the Netherrealm and capture her revenant. Returning to Outworld, Shang Tsung uses Sheeva's blood debt to Sindel to gain access to the Soul Chamber and restore Sindel despite fierce resistance from Kitana, Jade, Kotal, Black, and Baraka.

Sindel accompanies Shang Tsung and the others to his island, where Fujin defeats Kronika's forces and convinces present-day Jax to defect early while Sindel defeats Cetrion and helps the group capture the Crown. Fujin and Shang Tsung travel to the Fire Garden to convince Raiden of Shang Tsung's alliance. When Kronika attempts to intervene, Raiden, Fujin, and Shang Tsung fend her off, though she reveals the sorcerer was the one who designed the Crown.

As the offensive on Kronika's Keep is about to commence, Shang Tsung signals Sindel to heal Shao Kahn. The pair then betray and defeat Sheeva, gaining control of her army before destroying Geras, imprisoning the Cage family, defeating Kitana, Liu Kang, and Jade, throwing Kung Lao into the Sea of Blood, and killing Kotal. It is revealed that Sindel was never brainwashed and had willingly married Shao Kahn after he conquered her realm by killing her former husband and Kitana's biological father. While Fujin spearheads the offensive on Kronika's Keep, Raiden discovers Shang Tsung's plot and Sindel's betrayal while fighting revenant Liu Kang when the latter receives injuries from his past self.

Raiden arrives too late to stop Shang Tsung from tricking Fujin into giving him the Crown. The sorcerer gains Kronika's full power, revealing he had planned everything after Kronika imprisoned him. He overpowers and drains Raiden and Fujin's souls before using Sindel and Shao Kahn to reach the Hourglass. Once Kronika's remaining revenants are killed, Shang Tsung betrays Sindel and Shao Kahn and takes their souls as well before defeating and erasing Kronika from existence, gaining the last of her power. As he starts approaching the Hourglass to mold his New Era, Fire God Liu Kang appears, revealing he was aware of Shang Tsung's intentions and, knowing he was the only one strong enough to defeat Kronika, allowed Shang Tsung to stay alive to protect the Crown.

From this point, the player can choose their "final destiny" and fight as Shang Tsung or Liu Kang. Depending on the outcome of the battle, the story ends in one of the following outcomes:

If Shang Tsung wins, he defeats and absorbs Liu Kang's soul, gaining his godly power in the process and leaving Liu Kang as a dried-up skeleton. He then uses the Hourglass to become a Titan and conquer all the realms under his influence, with Dark Raiden and Fujin becoming his servants.
If Liu Kang wins, he erases Shang Tsung from existence and recovers the Crown, with which he gains control over the Hourglass. Once he forges his own New Era, he visits the Shaolin temple to train Kung Lao's ancestor, the Great Kung Lao, to become his champion in Mortal Kombat.
 Even though the final battle ripped apart the fabric of time, which created multiple timelines in which every character in the Mortal Kombat universe defeated Kronika and took control of the Hourglass, Mortal Kombat 1, the sequel to 11, is primarily set within Liu Kang's timeline.

Characters

The game's roster consists of a total of 37 playable characters; 25 characters in the base game (2 of which are unlockable) and 12 characters available via DLC (5 of which are guest characters). The characters in bold are new to the series, while the italicized ones are guest characters.

Along with series veterans including Kano, Raiden, Scorpion, Sonya Blade and Sub-Zero, and others such as Skarlet, who returns from the 2011 reboot, four new fighters were introduced, three of whom are playable. Firstly, Kronika serves as the series's first-ever female boss character, who has powers over the flow of time, and had been supervising the events of the timelines since the very beginning of the events in the overall Mortal Kombat story. She is not among the game's playable characters. New playable fighters include Geras, a construct of Kronika who, like her, has powers that allow him to control the flow of time, and produce sand-based attacks; Cetrion, an Elder Goddess who is Shinnok's sister and Kronika's daughter and has control over elemental forces; and Kollector, a six-armed Naknadan who serves as a tribute collector to the Outworld empire.

Non-playable characters appearing in the game include Shinnok, who appears in the intro to the story mode and in one of the stages (albeit only his head); Sektor and Cyrax, who also appear in the story mode as NPC opponents; Ermac, Reptile and Smoke, who all appear in the gameplay as part of Shang Tsung's moveset, as well as one of Rain's fatalities; and Kintaro, who appears in one of Shang Tsung's fatalities.

Development
Mortal Kombat 11 was developed by NetherRealm Studios and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, the two parties also involved with the game's predecessor, Mortal Kombat X. The game was announced by series co-creator Ed Boon in December 2018, at The Game Awards 2018, with a trailer showcasing Dark Raiden and Scorpion fighting against each other. At the end of the announcement trailer it was announced that pre-order buyers would have Shao Kahn available as a playable character. The trailer featured "Immortal", an original song by artist 21 Savage. On January 17, 2019, a community reveal event was held simultaneously in Los Angeles and London. The reveal event featured, among many others, a filmed interview with Ronda Rousey, the voice actress for Sonya Blade. On March 22, 2019, about a month before the game's release, it was announced at C2E2 that actor Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa would reprise his role as Shang Tsung from the 1995 film and the second season of Mortal Kombat: Legacy, while coinciding the announcement of the character as downloadable content. A public stress test of the game's online mode took place between March 15 and 17. Also, a closed beta was available between March 27 and April 1, 2019, for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One pre-order buyers. During the 2019 Brasil Game Show, Ed Boon announced that the story mode of Mortal Kombat 11 served as a conclusion to the saga that started since the first Mortal Kombat title and the storyline that was established in the 2011 reboot. It used the Unreal Engine 3.

Marketing and release
The game was released on April 23, 2019, across Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One, with a Stadia port releasing later in the year on November 19, 2019. On March 22, 2022, almost three years after the game's release, a patch was released for the PC version, removing the Denuvo Anti-Tamper from it, among other minor changes. McFarlane Toys produced a line of action figures to promote the game.

Downloadable content
At C2E2 on March 22, 2019, Shang Tsung was announced as the first downloadable character, who was returning from the 2011 reboot. The character featured the voice and likeness of Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa, who portrayed him in the 1995 Mortal Kombat film and the second season of Mortal Kombat: Legacy. On May 31, 2019, five additional fighters were announced to be released under the first Kombat Pack with Shang Tsung. Three of the confirmed characters were Nightwolf and Sindel, both returning from the 2011 Mortal Kombat game, and Spawn from Image Comics by Todd McFarlane, as a guest character with Keith David reprising the title role from the HBO animated series Todd McFarlane's Spawn. In February 2015, McFarlane had granted NetherRealm a limited window of permission to use Spawn as a guest character for their titles. However, in April 2015, Ed Boon revealed that Spawn had been discussed as a potential guest character early in development, but that he did not know McFarlane had made the offer until after the release of Mortal Kombat X. Leading up to a Reddit AMA in December 2018 where McFarlane hinted that Spawn would be in Mortal Kombat 11. The gameplay trailer featuring Spawn was released on March 8, 2020, during the "Final Kombat" tournament, where David attended the event as a guest alongside the debut of the red band trailer for the animated film Mortal Kombat Legends: Scorpion's Revenge.

On August 21, the remaining two guest characters were revealed as the T-800 model from the Terminator franchise and the Joker from DC Comics, marking his return to the series since Mortal Kombat vs DC Universe after being a playable character in the Injustice series, with voice actor Richard Epcar reprising the role from both. As a tie-in release to Terminator: Dark Fate, the Terminator's facial likeness and capture were provided by Arnold Schwarzenegger, with the character voiced by Chris Cox, who was appointed by Schwarzenegger himself. In a December 2015 interview, Ed Boon revealed that like Spawn, the Terminator had been considered as a guest character for Mortal Kombat X. The reveal for the Joker's design was met with negative reception, generating a wave of online fans comparing it to a poor cosplay. A teaser trailer later debuted on December 12, 2019, revealed that the Joker had a redesign due to the initial backlash back in August. The redesign for the Joker was later well-received, citing improvement on his facial features as opposed to the initial reveal. Ed Boon initially described the presence of the Joker as "Vicious", in contrast to his previous appearances that were toned down in both Injustice games and Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe in order to secure the T rating. Another teaser was uploaded on New Year's Day 2020, featuring the character's trademark graffiti and smiling on the walls of Arkham Asylum during fireworks, followed by laughter. Two weeks later, Boon later posted a gameplay image of the Joker covered in blood through his Twitter account, promising a taste of things to come for the character's inclusion. The gameplay trailer was released two days later on January 16, 2020, showcasing the Joker's new moveset and gruesome Fatality.

Like Mortal Kombat X, Mortal Kombat 11 received skin packs included in the Kombat Pack, normally consisting of three character skins per pack, with a total of eighteen skins all together. A small number of single skins were released for free such as a Harley Quinn-inspired skin for Cassie Cage and a Dimitri Vegas skin for Sub-Zero, featuring Vegas himself providing the voice for the skin as Sub-Zero. During the Summer of 2019, two Klassic skin packs were released in a period of two months, consisting of a Klassic Ninja skin pack in June and a Klassic Arcade Fighter skin pack in August 2019. In October 2019, a Double Feature skin pack was released while a Halloween skin pack was released for free. In November 2019, a Gothic horror skin pack was released. In January 2020, an Elseworlds-themed skin pack was announced to be released with the Joker alongside a Darkseid skin for Geras. In March 2020, a Matinee skin pack was released with Spawn including a "Hellspawn" themed skin for Jacqui Briggs.

On May 5, 2020, a new story mode DLC was teased, to be announced the following day. This DLC was revealed to be titled Aftermath and together with new story mode content, it consists of Fujin, who was last playable in Armageddon; Sheeva, who previously appeared as a non playable character in the game's story mode; and an additional guest character, RoboCop, with actor Peter Weller reprising his role for the first time since RoboCop 2. Three additional skin packs were announced in July 2020 as part of the post Aftermath launch, which were released between August and September 2020.

On October 6, 2020, a teaser trailer for an additional DLC pack was uploaded, promising more information on October 8. This was revealed to be Kombat Pack 2, consisting of three playable characters: Mileena, who was last playable in Mortal Kombat X; Rain, who was last playable in the 2011 reboot via DLC; and an additional guest character, John Rambo from the Rambo franchise, with original actor Sylvester Stallone providing his voice and likeness. Kombat Pack 2, along with all previous downloadable content, is included as part of the game's enhanced Ultimate re-release. To work around the COVID-19 pandemic, Stallone recorded his dialogue at his home, through Zoom conference calls with the Netherrealm staff. Mileena's inclusion in Kombat Pack 2 was due to high demand from fans in the wake of her absence in the game previously. Ed Boon revealed that the motivation for her exclusion from the base game was that the team wanted to "create an appreciation" for the character, after getting constant replies from fans on social media demanding her return. An enhanced version of the game with all downloadable content included, titled Mortal Kombat 11: Ultimate, was released on November 17, 2020 for the PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S. A "Klassic MK Movie" skin pack was released on November 24, 2020, adding new skins for Johnny Cage, Sonya Blade and Raiden using the respective voices and likenesses of Linden Ashby, Bridgette Wilson, and Christopher Lambert, who portrayed them in the 1995 Mortal Kombat film.

On July 2, 2021, NetherRealm Studios announced that Mortal Kombat 11 would no longer receive DLC and update support, and that they would instead be focusing on their next projects, Mortal Kombat 1 and Mortal Kombat: Onslaught.

Related media

In February 2019, the mobile game that had originally been launched as Mortal Kombat X for iOS and Android, was renamed to Mortal Kombat Mobile as it received its 2.0 update, incorporating Mortal Kombat 11 content in the process. Among these changes, the graphics engine was transitioned from Unreal Engine 3 to Unreal Engine 4. The app is available on App Store and Google Play, with 50 million downloads in the latter.

Reception

Critical reception

Mortal Kombat 11 received generally favorable reviews according to the review aggregator website Metacritic. IGN praised the more slow-paced combat compared to the previous game in the series, as well as the expanded tutorial, story mode and improved netcode. However, it condemned the game's drawn-out progression and customization unlock system, which was described as "frustratingly gimmicky and grindy". GameSpot gave the game a 9, praising the fighting system calling it "accessible, deep and exciting" as well praising the story mode. However, they criticized the "always-online requirement for progression" as well as the randomization of rewards in the Krypt.

The Nintendo Switch version of the game was also well received. Pure Nintendo gave the game a 9, praising the game's story mode, customization mode, and the game's tutorials, though stated that the online features are where the Nintendo Switch version "falls short". Nintendo Life gave the game an 8 out of 10, praising the game on its features, though it was critical on the game's graphics, stating that "it's a performance-first experience that nails 60fps, and boasts every mode and mechanic from other versions, only with a noticeable downgrade in the aesthetics department".

Controversies

Due to its violence and gore, Mortal Kombat 11 is banned in Japan and China. It was also banned in Ukraine and Indonesia because of the laws banning Communist symbols. Some of these symbols are present on the "Kollection" images and on the bonus costume of character Skarlet, which was also part of the MK11 Premium Edition.

Mortal Kombat 11 also received heavy backlash from members of the Mortal Kombat fanbase for drastically cutting back on the sex appeal of its female characters. Creator Ed Boon, in an interview with Playboy, claimed it was "unrealistic" for female fighters to be scantily clad and thought that the 2011 Mortal Kombat had "gone too far in its sexualization".

In 2019, a Mortal Kombat 11 developer revealed to Kotaku that some of the developers had to go to a therapist and were diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) because of the realistic graphic violence they had to work on the game. They suffered trauma from incessant exposure to violent and gory animations and "real-life" research materials, such as videos and pictures of murder victims and slaughtered animals, to the point of having graphic, violent dreams in their sleep. The studio was also accused of instituting "crunch culture", with employees regularly working 80 to 100 hours a week to meet submission deadlines.

In January 2021, a Mortal Kombat 11 Pro Kompetition finalist, Titaniumtigerzz, was disqualified for naming his Sheeva variation 'WhyDidNRSdoThis'. The name "was supposed to be a very mild criticism of Sheeva's strengths" according to the player.

Sales
In North America, Mortal Kombat 11 was the best-selling video game software for the month of April. This, along with Fortnite, contributed to digital game sales reaching over $8.8 billion in April. In June 2019, Mortal Kombat 11 surpassed the sales of Kingdom Hearts III. Mortal Kombat 11 proceeded to be the best-selling video game software in North America for the following month of May, for both Xbox One and PlayStation 4, the sales of the game is nearly doubled comparably to previous entries of the series. In May 2019, the game reached number 1 in Australia, and number 2 in New Zealand. It reached number 2 in Switzerland. It was the 4th most downloaded game on the European PlayStation Store charts in April 2019.

Overall, Mortal Kombat 11 was the fifth best selling game of 2019 and the fourth best selling PS4 game of 2019. By 2022, the game had sold more than 15 million copies worldwide.

Awards

Sequel

In February 2023, Warner Bros. Discovery CEO David Zaslav announced during a 2022 fourth-quarter earnings call that a twelfth installment in the series is set to be released later in that year, later to be revealed to be Mortal Kombat 1. Mortal Kombat 1's Kollector and Premium editions released on September 14, 2023 and the Standard edition released on September 19 of the same year. The sequel received very positive reviews (with the exception of the Switch version, which was received negatively).

Notes

References

External links

2.5D fighting games
2019 video games
Crossover fighting games
Fighting games used at the Evolution Championship Series tournament
Martial arts video games
Mortal Kombat games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
NetherRealm Studios games
Video games about ninja
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation 5 games
Stadia games
Unreal Engine games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in the United States
Video games directed by Ed Boon
Video games about time travel
Video games scored by Wilbert Roget, II
Video games with AI-versus-AI modes
Video games with cross-platform play
Warner Bros. video games
Windows games
Xbox One games
Xbox One X enhanced games
Xbox Series X and Series S games

Mortal Kombat 11


The East African Plateau is a large plateau in the eastern part of central Africa in Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. Its elevation is mostly between 1000 and 1500 meters. It is subdivided into a number of zones running north and south and consisting in turn of mountain ranges, tablelands, and rift valleys. The most striking feature is the existence of two great lines of rift valleys, due largely to the subsidence of segments of the Earth's crust, the lowest parts of which are occupied by vast lakes. Towards the south the two lines converge and give place to one great valley (occupied by Lake Nyasa, or Lake Malawi), the southern part of which is less distinct due to rifting and subsidence than the rest of the system.

References

 Robert J. Last, Andrew A. Nyblade, Charles A. Langston, Thomas J. Owens: Crustal structure of the East African Plateau from receiver functions and Rayleigh wave phase velocities  JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 102, NO. Bll, PAGES 24,469-24,483, NOVEMBER 10, 1997

 African Great Lakes
 Plateaus of Africa
 Landforms of Kenya
 Landforms of Tanzania
 Landforms of Uganda

East African Plateau


Mujer (Spanish: "Woman") is the title of the first album by Spanish singer Marta Sánchez. Released in 1993, it was produced by Christian De Walden and Ralf Stemmann.

History and success
The album's first single "Desesperada" was an instant success in Mexico and Spain, reaching #1 in both countries and #9 on the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks. For this single, the artist won "Best Dance Song" at the 1994 Eres Awards in México. The second single "De Mujer a Mujer" was another hit. "Tal Vez" (co-written by Thomas Anders of Modern Talking fame) and "Nube de Verano" were released as third and fourth singles, respectively, in Latin America. However, in Europe, "Amén" and "Lejos de Aquella Noche" were successful singles also.

Mujer peaked at #49 on the Top Latin Albums chart. The album sold one million copies internationally and remains the biggest seller for the artist.The Mexican magazine Eres featured it in their Annual Review of the Best Albums of 1994.

Woman, the English version of the album, includes the same tracks but in a  different order, and it also has a bonus track: a new version of "Desesperada" entitled "Desperate Lovers" featuring Paulo Ricardo.

Track listing for Mujer

 "Desesperada" (Steve Singer/Austin Roberts/Carlos Toro) — 3:45
 "Amén" (Ralf Stemmann/Christian De Walden/Margaret Harris/Carlos Toro) — 3:47
 "De Mujer A Mujer" (Carlos Toro) — 4:48
 "Yo No Sé" (Ralf Stemmann/Andrew Klippel/Todd Cerney/Carlos Toro) — 4:08
 "Eso Es El Soul" (Sara Summers-Pickett/Carlos Toro) — 4:20
 "Nube De Verano" (Christian De Walden/Ralf Stemmann/Mark Anderson/Carlos Toro) — 3:43
 "Olvídate De Mí" (Max Di Carlo/Carlos Toro/Margaret Harris) — 3:46
 "Lejos de Aquella Noche" (Steve Singer/Warren Ham/Adap.: Fernando Allende) — 3:20
 "Tal Vez" (Christian De Walden/Ralf Stemmann/Mike Shepston/Chris Copperfield/Carlos Toro) — 3:47
 "El Último Rock" (Carlos Toro/Ralf Stemmann/Andrew Klippel/Todd Cerney) — 3:17
 "Cuidado" (Andrew Klippel/Todd Cerney/Carlos Toro) — 4:15
 "Desesperada (English Extended Version)" (Steve Singer/Austin Roberts) — 5:20

Track listing for Woman

 "Desesperada" (Steve Singer/Austin Roberts) — 3:42
 "Amen" (Ralf Stemmann/Christian De Walden/Margaret Harris/Carlos Toro) — 3:47
 "Where The Love Never Ends [De Mujer a Mujer]" (Carlos Toro/English lyrics: Margaret Harris) — 4:48
 "That's Alright With Me [Yo No Sé]" (Ralf Stemmann/Andrew Klippel/Todd Cerney) — 4:26
 "So Close To You [Tal Vez]" (Carlos Toro/Chris Copperfield/Christian de Walden/Ralf Stemmann/Mike Shepstone) — 3:53
 "Out Of The Night [Lejos de Aquella Noche]" (Steve Singer/Warren Ham) — 3:27
 "Lover In A Million [Nube de Verano]" (Christian De Walden/Ralf Stemmann/Mark Anderson/Carlos Toro; additional English lyrics: Margaret Harris) — 3:43
 "Once [Eso Es El Soul]" (Sara Summers/Pickett) — 3:20
 "Dignity [Olvídate de Mí]" (Max Di Carlo/Carlos Toro/Margaret Harris) — 3:50
 "Whatever It Takes [El Último Rock]" (Carlos Toro/Ralf Stemmann/Andrew Klippel/Todd Cerney) — 3:27
 "Be Careful Of Your Dreams [Cuidado]" (Andrew Klippel/Todd Cerney) — 4:17
 "Desesperada (Extended Mix)" (Steve Singer/Austin Roberts) — 5:22
 "Desperate Lovers" (duet with Paulo Ricardo) (Steve Singer/Austin Roberts) — 3:50

Personnel

 Produced and arranged by: Christian De Walden and Ralf Stemmann
 Co-Produced by and engineered by: Walter Clissen
 Recorded at Flamingo Café Recording Studio, Studio City, California
 Mixed at Enterprise Studios, North Hollywood, California
 Engineered and mixed by: Walter Clisson, John Schmidt and Fred Kelly
 Digitally mastered by: Brian Gardner and Chris Bellman at Bernie Grundman Mastering, Hollywood, California
 Photography: Juan Martin

Musicians

 Synclavier programming: Ralf Stemmann
 Keyboards: Ralf Stemmann and Randy Kerber
 Acoustic piano: Randy Kerber, Larry Steelman
 Guitars: James Harrah, Tim Pierce, Ramon Stagnaro
 Bass: Bob Parr
 Horns: "The Heart Attack" Bill Bergman, Nick Lane, Dennis Farias, Greg Smith and Les Lovett
 Saxophone and flute solos: Doug Norwine
 Percussion: Paulinho Da Costa
 Background vocals arrangements: Christian De Walden
 Background vocals: Kenny O'Brien, Bambi Jones, Brandy Jones, Michael Mishaw, Eric Paletti, Allen Savory, Warren Ham, Kirstina Nichols and Isela Sotelo

See also
Thomas Anders - Barcos De Cristal (1994)

Notes

1993 albums
Marta Sánchez albums
Mercury Records albums

Mujer (album)


Alwyn Walter "Walt" Peregoy (November 17, 1925 – January 16, 2015) was an American artist who was a color stylist and background artist for animated cartoons. Among the studios he worked for were Walt Disney Productions 1951–1964, 1974–1983, Format Films and Hanna-Barbera (1968–1971 & 1973).

He received little publicity over his career, but was acclaimed for his avant-garde style.  His dedication, creativity and contributions to animation while at Disney earned Peregoy the honor of being inducted into the Disney Legends roster in 2008.

Life

Early years

Peregoy was born in Los Angeles in 1925.  He spent his early childhood on a small island (Alameda, California) in San Francisco Bay.  He was nine years old when he began his formal art training by attending classes at the California College of Arts and Crafts in Berkeley, California. At the age 12 years old, Peregoy's family returned to Los Angeles, where he enrolled in Chouinard Art Institute's life drawing classes.  At the age 17 Peregoy dropped out of high school and went to work for Disney as an in-betweener.

In 1942, he joined the U.S. Coast Guard and served for three years in the Infirmary as a 1st Class Petty Officer.  After World War II he continued his art education, studying at the University de Belles Artes, San Miguel de Allende in Guanajuato, Mexico, and with Fernand Léger in Paris.

Animation work

In 1951, Peregoy returned to the United States and resumed his career with The Walt Disney Studios. Although skilled with these more conventional projects, Peregoy's personal style began to surface. Peregoy's unique style began to meshed well with that of his contemporary, stylist Eyvind Earle. Peregoy and Earle's work on Paul Bunyan (1958) was nominated for an Academy Award in the short category.  Their unique style of animation on Paul Bunyan was a departure for Disney. Peregoy continued to work at Disney for an additional 14 years, including select work on their TV commercial unit.

Peregoy was lead background painter on Sleeping Beauty (1959) before embarking on the most ambitious, intelligent, and personal effort, his work as color stylist and background artist on One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961), and The Sword in the Stone (1963). He later worked on Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! (1969), and other series produced by Hanna-Barbera.

He returned to Disney (WED Enterprises in 1977 through 1983), contributing his unique view to the design of Epcot Center in Florida, where his influence included architectural facades, sculptures, fountains, show rides, and murals for The Land and "Imagination!" (formerly The journey into  the Imagination) pavilions.

Along with Marc Davis, Eyvind Earle and Joshua Meador, Peregoy was one of the featured artists in Disney's Four Artists Paint One Tree documentary.  This documentary illustrated the unique interpretation that each artist can bring to a single subject matter.

Peregoy's work has been the subject of one Man Shows at: Stockton Museum, California; The University of Santa Clara, California; Galerie de Tour, San Francisco, California; Rutherford Gallery, San Francisco, California; Chouinard Art Institute, Los Angeles, California; Landau Gallery, Los Angeles, California; Dickie Hall Gallery, Laguna, California; Jack Carr Gallery, Pasadena, California.  He has also participated in group shows at: National Gallery of Art, the Library of Congress and the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.

Later years

He taught Background Styling at Brandes Art Institute from 1984–1985 as well as Principle of Drawing.  In the last years of his life, he continued to draw and paint in the Los Angeles area.

Peregoy died on January 16, 2015, at the age of 89.

External links

2005 Golden Award: Walt Peregoy
2008 Disney Legends Award: Walt Peregoy
Walt Peregoy, '101 Dalmatians' Color Stylist, RIP
Obituary - Los Angeles Times

1925 births
2015 deaths
American artists
Background artists
Walt Disney Animation Studios people
Hanna-Barbera people

Walter Peregoy


The Podium is a mixed-use development located along ADB Avenue in the Ortigas Center, a major business and commercial district in Mandaluyong, Philippines. It was developed in December 2001 and officially opened in August 2002 as a joint project of Singaporean company, Keppel Land, and BDO Unibank.

The mixed-use development has a floor area of  and consists of a shopping mall of the same name, which has a floor area of  and two office buildings built on top of it, having a total floor area of . The buildings are the BDO Corporate Center and The Podium West Tower which were built in 2015 and 2019.

A six-level expansion (Phase 2), located beside the main mall, was opened on October 27, 2017. The expansion will also include a podium within the towers, and was opened on 2019. The main building (Phase 1) entered renovation works following the opening, and was completed in December 2018.

History

The mall was opened in 2002, a few meters walk from SM Megamall and beside the Benguet Center building which is the headquarters of BDO Unibank until 2011. This gave the mall's expansion and was opened around 2017.

In September 2019, Halimah Yacob, the President of the Republic of Singapore, graced the grand opening of the new Podium in Manila. She was in Manila for a state visit to celebrate the 50th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Singapore and the Philippines.

On March 27, 2023, BDO Unibank announced that it would take full ownership of the Podium complex after its board approved the acquisition of shares of its partners in the SM Keppel Land Inc. (SMKL) joint venture.

Features
Designed with a modern mix of glass, curves and green. The Podium features intricate architectural accents and a living green wall facade.
It also features three Director's Club Cinemas that were opened on December 15, 2018.

Awards
The Podium was awarded the LEED Gold Mark (Core & Shell) pre-certification by the US Green Building Council and is also the first building in the Philippines to receive the provisional Green Mark Gold Award by the Building and Construction Authority of Singapore.

References

External links
The Podium Official Website

Shopping malls in Mandaluyong
Shopping malls established in 2002
Ortigas Center
2002 establishments in the Philippines

The Podium


The Lutheran Hymnal (TLH) is one of the official hymnals of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS). Published in 1941 by Concordia Publishing House in St. Louis, Missouri, it was the denomination's second official English-language hymnal, succeeding the 1912 Evangelical Lutheran Hymn-Book. A 1969 Worship Supplement contains additional hymns and service music.

History
Development of TLH began as a revision of the Evangelical Lutheran Hymn-Book that was authorized in 1929. The next year, the work continued through the collaborative effort of the Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America and in 1941, TLH became the common hymnal for conference's member churches. It contains 668 chorales, hymns, carols, and chants, plus the liturgy for the Common Service, Matins, Vespers, and propers, collects, prayers, suffrages, canticles, psalms, and miscellaneous tables. Its popularity meant that attempts to replaceit in more recent years have often met with strong resistance.

The first attempt to replace TLH began in 1965, when the LCMS began work on the Lutheran Book of Worship and invited other Lutheran denominations in North America to participate in its creation. As a result of disagreement and compromise with the other churches involved in LBWs production, the LCMS objected to some of its content, and Lutheran Book of Worship was published in 1978 without the endorsement of the very church body that had initiated its production. An LCMS revision of LBW was quickly published in 1982 under the title Lutheran Worship. Lutheran Worship (LW) was intended to replace TLH as the official hymnal of the LCMS; however, many congregations were still unsatisfied with the final product, leading them to continue using TLH. According to a 1999 survey by the LCMS' Commission on Worship, approximately 36% of the synod's congregations were still using TLH as their main hymnal, and even more were continuing to use it in combination with LW and/or other hymnals and hymnal supplements. An even newer hymnal, Lutheran Service Book (LSB), published in 2006, has restored many of the former hymnal's features in the hope that more widespread use can be achieved. In the Wisconsin Evngelical Lutheran Synod, TLH was effectively replaced by Christian Worship: A Lutheran Hymnal in 1993, and few congregations continue to use it on a regular basis.

The initial editions of TLH were bound in blue, and the hymnal has been simultaneously available in both red and blue cover versions for much of its history. The red cover version is now more common. The widespread use of Lutheran Service Book has begun the process of resolving the LCMS' hymnal controversy, as initial reviews have been generally quite favorable. Concordia Publishing House has announced that all TLH-related supplemental materials, including specialized accompaniment editions and the agenda, will go out of print when current supplies are depleted, but plans to continue to produce the pew edition for the foreseeable future. TLH remains an officially sanctioned hymnal of the synod.

See also
 List of English-language hymnals by denomination

References

External links
 Lutheran-Hymnal.com - The Lutheran Hymnal Online, archived September 4, 2019 (texts with midi files)
  LCMS: A Brief History of LCMS Hymnals
 Database of Lutheran Hymns, shows which hymn is in which hymnal

1941 books
1941 in Christianity
1941 in music
20th-century Christian texts
Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod
Lutheran hymnals
Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod

The Lutheran Hymnal


The Oconee County Cage is a former jail on wheels that is located at Browns Square Drive outside of the Oconee Heritage Center in Walhalla, South Carolina, USA in Oconee County. At the time of its listing, it was located on Church Street at the Oconee County Law Enforcement Center. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places on November 14, 1982 along with the Oconee County Jail. At the time of its listing, the cage was considered the most intact cage in South Carolina. Oconee County has preserved the cage as a reminder of the former harsh conditions faced by convicts in the early twentieth century.

Early 20th-century county penal system

In the early twentieth century, county jails in South Carolina were primarily for holding individuals who were awaiting trial that could not afford bail. Male convicted prisoners were either sentenced to hard labor on the county chain gang or sent to the state penitentiary. In 1916, about 94% were in county chain gangs and about 6% were at the state penitentiary. In this period of racial segregation, white prisoners were separated from African-American prisoners.

Instead of being housed in the county jail, chain gangs were housed in cages, cars, or tents near the work site. The cages and cars could be used to also transport the convicts.

History

This jail on wheels was one of several used in the early twentieth century for the housing and transport of prisoners on the chain gang. It was built around 1900.

In 1915, the State Board of Charities and Corrections reported that the chain gang was about  from Seneca where the convicts were repairing the Oconee Station Road. There were two cages. One held eight African-American men and the other held four white men. For breakfast, they ate bacon, biscuits, syrup, and coffee. For dinner, they ate cabbage, bacon, and cornbread. For supper, they had bacon, biscuits, and syrup. In 1917, they reported that the cages were screened. In 1918, they said that the chain gang only had African Americans. White convicts were held at the jail or sent to the state penitentiary.

The chain gang convicts typically had a sentence of two months or less. Their families could visit on weekends and bring food. One former convict recalled that the convicts, guards, and their families all ate together and talked.

In the 1930s, the county had gasoline-powered trucks and built a new jail. The cages were no longer used. Although the chain gang faced harsh conditions during this period, it was considered to be an improvement over that faced by many convicts prior to 1900.

There is a similar jail on wheels in the neighboring Pickens County.

Architecture

It is a metal cage on a chassis with wheels. Draft animals were hitched to a metal tongue attached to the front axle. The cage is approximately  long, , and  high. The front, top, and floor are solid sheet metal. The sides of the cage are metal bars with riveted strips to form a grid. The rear is sheet metal with a hinged metal door.

The cage had four metal bunk beds with three beds each along the sides. The bunks had metal strips to support the bedding. There was a metal barrel in the center for a fire. Canvas was used to cover the sides in cold weather.

Additional pictures of the cage are available.

See also
 Oconee Heritage Center

References

Jails on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Oconee County, South Carolina
Jails in South Carolina

Oconee County Cage


The Bush–Holley House is a National Historic Landmark and historic house museum at 39 Strickland Road in the Cos Cob section of Greenwich, Connecticut.  It was constructed circa 1730 and in the late nineteenth century was a boarding house and the center of the Cos Cob Art Colony, Connecticut's first art colony. From 1890 to 1920, the house was a gathering place for artists, writers and editors, and scores of art students came to study with leading American Impressionists John Henry Twachtman, J. Alden Weir, Theodore Robinson, and Childe Hassam.  It is currently operated as a historic site by the Historical Society of the Town of Greenwich, and is open for tours.

History of the Bush and Holley families

The Bushes
Bush–Holley House was built in stages beginning 1728–1730, with a one-room, two-story structure on a hilltop overlooking the harbor; the main "salt box" house was completed a few years later. In 1738, Justus Bush (originally Bosch), a Dutch Greenwich farmer, purchased the house but did not occupy it. His son David Bush (b. 1733) inherited the house and from 1755 to 1777, made significant changes to it, including joining the two buildings to create an entrance hall, adding wood panelling to the parlor and parlor chamber, and attaching an outbuilding to create the "back kitchen" wing.

In 1777 a widowed David Bush married his sister-in-law, Sarah Scudder Isaacs (b. 1742), adding five of her six children to his five, and fathering five more before his death in 1797. His household also included 10 enslaved adults and children, making him the largest slave-owner in town. David Bush's son, Justus Luke Bush, inherited the home and bought out his brother Ralph Isaac Bush's share of his father's estate.

The Holleys and MacRaes
The Bush–Holley House passed out of the Bush family in 1848 into the hands of Josephine and Edward Holley.  The Holleys added new windows and a second-story porch, and in 1882 began operating it as a place of lodging for visiting artists and writers.  In the summer of 1896, Elmer Livingston MacRae visited Cos Cob for a class in outdoor painting.  While there, he fell in love with Emma Constant Holley, daughter of Josephine and Edward.     MacRae moved into the house full-time in 1899, and married Emma on October 17, 1900.   She gave birth to twin girls, Constant and Clarissa, on October 31, 1904.

MacRae succeeded  John Henry Twachtman as head of the Cos Cob Art Colony, and for two decades Elmer and Emma continued to run the boardinghouse, which also served as a studio and showcase for MacRae's works.

Bush–Holley Historic Site
The Historical Society of the Town of Greenwich purchased the house in 1957 from the widowed Constant Holley MacRae and first opened it as a museum in 1958.  The main house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1991.

Guided tours of Bush–Holley House feature historic interiors related to the Bush and Holley families and an American Impressionist art collection. The William Hegarty Gallery presents historically and artistically significant exhibitions curated by foremost authorities on art and history. Exhibits focus on the art and artists of the Cos Cob art colony, museum collections and aspects of Greenwich history.

See also
List of the oldest buildings in Connecticut
List of National Historic Landmarks in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places listings in Greenwich, Connecticut

References

External links

Houses completed in 1732
National Historic Landmarks in Connecticut
Historic American Buildings Survey in Connecticut
Houses in Greenwich, Connecticut
Art museums and galleries in Connecticut
Historic house museums in Connecticut
Museums in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Historical society museums in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Historic district contributing properties in Connecticut

Bush–Holley House


Alan Ashcroft (21 August 1930 – 26 January 2021) was an English rugby union player who played in the Number 8 position. Ashcroft played club rugby with Waterloo FC, was capped 16 times for , and was a member of the British Lions team that toured in 1959.

Rugby career
Ashcroft played club rugby with Waterloo FC. He captained the first team from 1959 to 1961. He continued playing for Waterloo's various teams until in his 50s.

Ashcroft made his début for the England national team against Wales in the 1956 Five Nations Championship. He played all four of England's tests in that year's Championship, as well as all four of England's matches during the 1957 Championship, where they won all four games to secure the title with a Grand Slam, and the 1958 Championship where England again were crowned champions with three matches won and a draw. Ashcroft's final appearance for England came against Scotland in the 1959 Five Nations Championship.

Ashcroft's performances for England saw him earn selection for the British Lions' 1959 tour to Australia and New Zealand. He made a total of 18 appearances during the tour, 16 against local opposition, and two test matches; one against New Zealand and one against Australia.

Ashcroft featured for a combined England & Wales side against Scotland & Ireland in October 1959 to mark the 50th anniversary of Twickenham Stadium. He also made 9 appearances for the Barbarians invitational team, including in three matches during their 1958 tour to South Africa.

Personal life
Outside of rugby, Ashcroft was a schoolmaster at Liverpool College where he taught art.

In 2018, following a decision to award ceremonial caps to all former Lions players, Ashcroft was presented with his cap by Ray French at an event held at his former club Waterloo. At 88 years old, Ashcroft was amongst the oldest living former Lions players and the cap was presented 59 years after the tour took place.

He died in January 2021 at the age of 90.

References

1930 births
2021 deaths
Barbarian F.C. players
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England
England international rugby union players
Rugby union number eights
Rugby union players from St Helens, Merseyside
Waterloo R.F.C. players

Alan Ashcroft


The open burning of waste is a disposal method of waste or garbage. It is a disposal method used globally, but often used in low and middle-income countries that lack adequate waste disposal infrastructure. Numerous governments and institutions have identified the open burning of waste as a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. It also poses health risks with the cocktail of air pollutants often created when waste is burned in an open air environment.

At COP26 open waste burning was raised as a major contributor to climate change. It produces a wide range of atmospheric pollutants including short lived climate pollutants (SLCPs), such as black carbon (BC). BC emissions are a major source of fine particulate matter, with a climate change impact up to 5,000 greater than .

Background
The United Nations has raised concerns about the amount of black carbon and methane produced from open burning as a method of waste disposal. Many cities and regions suffer with air pollution and low air quality as a direct result of open burning of waste.

According to the Canadian government it is common for many toxic gases to be released into the atmosphere as a result of open burning of waste. They can include arsenic, mercury, lead, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. Studies by researchers from London's King's and Imperial colleges both showed that burning of polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate produce high amounts of soot. Both are common in plastic water bottles.

The climate change conference COP26 held an official side event focused on raising awareness of the open burning of waste. In September 2022, an agreement was reached on reducing open waste burning in Africa at the 18th session of the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (AMCEN). The conference hosted delegates from 54 African countries.

Sustainability & impact
The reduction of open burning can drastically change the air pollutants in the local area, therefore having a transformational impact on human health in that particular region. The Global Review on Safer End of Engineered Life suggested that the health of tens of millions of people worldwide was impacted by the disposal practice, with up to one billion tonnes burned globally each year.

At a United Nations summit in 2022, the delegation focused on job creation as one potential solution to eradicate the practice of open burning of waste, namely in Africa. Up to 80% of waste generated in African cities is recyclable, with an estimated value of $8 billion each year. Many institutions see this as an opportunity to create jobs, while improving the health and air quality on the continent.

References

COP26
Waste management

Open burning of waste


Rohan có thể là:

Places
 Rohan, Morbihan, xã của Brittany thuộc Pháp
 Château des Rohan (Mutzig), Pháp
 Żebbuġ, Malta, cũng có tên Città Rohan
 De Rohan Arch, a commemorative arch in Żebbuġ
 Palais Rohan, Bordeaux, France
 Palais Rohan, Strasbourg, France
 Rohan Castle in Saverne, France
 Fort Rohan, a fort in Malta
 Rohan, Ukraine, an urban-type settlement in Kharkiv Oblast

Người
 The House of Rohan, a family of French nobility from Morbihan
 Benjamin de Rohan, duc de Soubise (c. 1580–1642), Huguenot leader
 Charles de Rohan, prince de Soubise (1715–1787), peer and marshal of France
 Guy Auguste de Rohan-Chabot (1683–1760), also called Chevalier de Rohan, an opponent of Voltaire
 Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc (1725–1797), Grand Master of the Order of Saint John
 Henri, Duke of Rohan (1579–1638), French soldier, writer and leader of the Huguenots
 Hercule Mériadec, Duke of Rohan-Rohan (1669–1749)
 Louis René Édouard, cardinal de Rohan (1734–1803), prince de Rohan-Guemenée, archbishop of Strasbourg
 Denis Michael Rohan (1941–1995), Australian who attempted to burn down the al-Aqsa mosque in 1969
 Jiří Rohan (born 1964), Czechoslovak and Czech slalom canoer
 Michael Scott Rohan (born 1951), Scottish fantasy and science fiction author

Tên người
Rohan is also a male name in the Sanskrit and Hindi languages. Notable men named Rohan include:
 Rohan Amerasekera, first indigenous Commander of the Sri Lanka Air Force
 Rohan Bopanna (born 1980), professional Indian tennis player
 Rohan Davey (born 1978), Jamaican-born American football quarterback
 Rohan Dennis (born 1990), Australian racing cyclist
 Rohan Gavaskar (born 1976), Indian former cricketer
 Rohan Gunaratna (born 1961), terrorism expert
 Rohan Jayasekera (cricketer) (born 1957), former cricketer who represented Sri Lanka and Canada
 Rohan Jayasekera (writer) (born 1961), Associate Editor of Index on Censorship
 Rohan Kanhai, a West Indian cricketer
 Rohan Marley, businessman, Bob Marley's son
 Rohan Pethiyagoda (born 1955), Sri Lankan taxonomist
 Rohan Ricketts (born 1981), English footballer
 Rohan Sippy, Indian film director
 Rohan Smith (born 1973), Australian rules footballer
 Rohan Suppiah (born 1982), Malaysian cricketer

Công ty
 Rohan (clothing), a clothing company

Manuscripts
 Rohan Hours

Trò chơi trực tuyến
 Rohan: Blood Feud, an online computer game by YNK Interactive
 The Riders of Rohan expansion to the MMORPG The Lord of the Rings Online.

Trong văn học
 Rohan (Middle-earth), a realm in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth
 Prince Rohan, the hero of Melanie Rawn's Dragon Prince trilogy
 Rohan, a character in the television series The Mystic Knights of Tir Na Nog
 Rohan, a main hero in the science fiction novel The Invincible by Stanislaw Lem
 Rohan, a minor character in The Legend of Korra
 Rohan Kishibe, one of the main characters of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond is Unbreakable.

Xem thêm
 Roan
 Roanne

Rohan


Gino Sinimberghi (26 August 1913 – 29 December 1996) was a tenor opera singer from Rome, Italy.

Gino studied voice techniques at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia. At the age of 23, he won the Vienna International Vocal Competition of 1935. For the next six years, Gino became a member of the Berlin State Opera and signed a four-year contract with Deutsche Grammophon singing in Leipzig, Danzig, Hamburg, Vienna and Paris. At age 27 he was called to Rome by the conductor Tullio Serafin, who has accompanied his debut at the Opera House in The Barber of Seville by Gioachino Rossini.

During his long career, Gino has interpreted various works into Italian and German languages singing along Beniamino Gigli, Tito Gobbi, Italo Tajo, Jon Vickers, Maria Callas, Erna Berger, Rosanna Carteri, under great conductors such as Paul Hindemith, Herbert von Karajan and the already mentioned Tullio Serafin.

As a light lyric tenor, Gino recorded arias and duets from Don Pasquale, L'elisir d'amore, and La bohème over a period of 45 years. Gino also appeared in several Italian films depicting an opera singer, chosen also for his photogenic (see IMDB filmography in external links).

Selected filmography
 Before Him All Rome Trembled (1946)
 Il Trovatore (1949)
 The Force of Destiny (1950)
 La Favorita (1952)
 For You I Have Sinned (1953)
 The Angel of the Alps (1957)

External links

1913 births
1996 deaths
Italian operatic tenors
Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia alumni
20th-century Italian male opera singers
Singers from Rome

Gino Sinimberghi


The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training (ADST) is a United States 501(c)(3) non-profit organization established in 1986 by retired Foreign Service officers, headquartered at the George P. Shultz National Foreign Affairs Training Center in Arlington, Virginia. It produces and shares oral histories by American diplomats and facilitates the publication of books about diplomacy by diplomats and others. Its Foreign Affairs Oral History program has recorded over 2,600 oral histories and continues to grow; its book series includes over 100 books. ADST is located on the campus of the Foreign Service Institute in Arlington, Virginia. ADST is the sole American private organization principally committed to the collection of documents about recent U.S. diplomatic history.

Mission
ADST's stated mission is to promote the importance of U.S. diplomacy by capturing, preserving, and sharing the experiences of America's diplomats and other foreign affairs professionals to enrich diplomatic practitioners' professional knowledge and strengthen public appreciation of diplomacy's contribution to the national interest. ADST programs include:

 Recording the oral histories of diplomats, family members, and others;
 Facilitating the preparation and publication of books on diplomacy;
 Contributing to diplomatic case studies and educational materials;
 Supporting professional education at the Foreign Service Institute.

History
Retired U.S. Foreign Service officer Charles "Stu" Kennedy started the oral history project after listening to several eulogies given at ambassador Charles Burke Elbrick's 1983 funeral, as he became concerned that the historically valuable personal recollections of U.S. diplomats might be lost forever if not recorded. Along with Victor Wolf Jr., who also worked on the early stages of the project, Kennedy recognized the need for outside help to produce the oral histories, along with volunteers and interviewers. In February 1985, the pair began the project with $10,000 at George Washington University. After Victor Wolf's death in 1986, Kennedy interviewed the nephew of Douglas Macarthur, Douglas MacArthur II.

In 1986, Stephen Low and Richard Parker founded the ADS (Association for Diplomatic Studies) to aid education at the Foreign Service Institute. This was separate from Kennedy's efforts, though Kennedy soon met with Richard Parker. In 1988, ADS contracted Kennedy to complete 18 oral histories. Parker then aided Kennedy in moving the project within the auspices of Georgetown University's Lauinger Library. In 1993, the oral history project joined ADST at FSI's new campus at Arlington Hall.

Programs

Oral histories
ADST's major initiative is the Foreign Affairs Oral History Project. ADST interviews American diplomats after departure from government service about their career experiences and professional insights and assessments of leaders, successful and unsuccessful policies, and foreign conflicts.  The oral history collection is referenced by scholars, authors, and media, including The Washington Post, The Atlantic, C-SPAN, RealClearPolitics, and others.

Since 1986, ADST's Foreign Affairs Oral History Program has recorded more than 2,600 interviews with U.S. foreign affairs practitioners. These include ambassadors, attachés, consuls, USIA and USAID officers, Foreign Service Nationals, spouses, and workers at the Departments of Agriculture, Treasury, and Commerce. Interviews are often conducted by former foreign service officers. The founder of the program, retired foreign service officer Charles Kennedy, has conducted the majority of the interviews.

Collectively, these oral histories span over 80 years and provide first-person accounts of many dramatic incidents in U.S. diplomacy, such as the Iran hostage crisis, the Beirut and Nairobi bombings, accounts from World War II, the Vietnam War, and more recent narratives from 9/11, Afghanistan, and Iraq. Annually about 60 new interviews are added, and most are between 50 and 200 pages. The collection totals over 500,000 pages. The collection also contains significant oral histories dealing with U.S. diplomacy provided by universities and presidential libraries. While most oral histories concern the time period after 1945, some detail experiences as early as 1917. Oral histories cover family background, early education, careers, and the retirement of subjects. At the end, interviewees are asked to share overall reflections on their life and career. The interviews are then transcribed, edited, formatted, and dates and names are fact checked. Examples of notable interviewees include Julia Child, Prudence Bushnell, John D. Negroponte, Harriet Elam-Thomas, Thomas Reeve Pickering, Shirley Temple Black, and A. Elizabeth Jones. In order to reflect the diversity of the Foreign Service, ADST has compiled a collection of oral histories of African American and Latino diplomats. In 2022, ADST collected a set of oral history on the twenty years of U.S. involvement in Afghanistan.

The oral history collection has become one of the largest in the country on any subject and the most significant archive on foreign affairs. Oral histories have been used as source material for several books, such as John Pomfret's The Beautiful Country and the Middle Kingdom: America and China, 1776 to the Present, Derek Leebaert's Grand Improvisation: America Confronts the British Superpower, 1945-1957, Timothy Weiner's Legacy of Ashes, and Margaret MacMillan's Nixon and Mao: The Week That Changed the World. The Oral History Collection is a part of the Library of Congress American Memory collection. It is unclassified, available to the public, and can be found at the Library's Frontline Diplomacy website. It is also available on ADST's site under Oral History Interviews. As result of the oral history program, in 2022, ADST received a Special Award for Service to the History Profession from the Society for History in the Federal Government.

Publications
In 1995 ADST's publication program began in 1995. ADST worked with DACOR in publishing the illustrated booklet A Brief History of United States Diplomacy. Afterwards, ADST collaborated with DACOR to create the Diplomats and Diplomacy Book Series. The first book published as a part of that series, "Emperor Dead " and Other Historic American Diplomatic Dispatches, exhibits foreign dispatches to the State Department between the years 1776 and 1965.

ADST has facilitated the publication of over 100 books pertaining to diplomacy, international history, and the Foreign Service. Books published in its Diplomats and Diplomacy Series include Nicholas Platt's China Boys: How U.S. Relations with the PRC Began and Grew, Jane C. Loeffler's The Architecture of Diplomacy: Building America's Embassies, Herman J. Cohen's The Mind of the African Strongman: Conversations with Dictators, Statesmen, and Father Figures, Joyce E. Leader's From Hope to Horror: Diplomacy and the Making of the Rwanda Genocide, autobiographies of Brandon Grove, Robert H. Miller, and David Newson, and dozens of others. Among the life stories in ADST's Memoirs and Occasional Papers Series are those of Diego Asencio, John Gunther Dean, Ginny Carson Young, Deane R. Hinton, and Robert E. Gribbin.

Other
Other ADST resources include the video series "Tales of American Diplomacy", podcasts, and over 1,000 articles highlighting "Moments in U.S. Diplomatic History". Several resources have overlapping content in different formats to increase accessibility. ADST's podcasts include In Their Own Voices, the Cold War Series, Partners in Diplomacy, and Modern American Diplomacy. ADST's education landing page features six model high school lesson plans on diplomacy, based on oral history primary source material for educators. Examples include plans on the Cold War, WWII Female Codebreakers, Black Diplomats, and the Suez Canal. Country readers and subject readers comprising excerpts from oral histories compiled by country or topic facilitate research and enhance background knowledge.

ADST activities over the past three decades have also included organization of policy roundtables; a diplomatic history scholar in residence program; and a Cox Foundation awards program recognizing excellence in foreign language instruction. ADST has also created exhibits on the history of American diplomacy; these include A Brief History of American Diplomacy, displayed at NFATC, the National War College, and the State Department. In addition, ADST has worked on projects with USAID and USIP.

See also
 Diplomatic and Consular Officers Retired (DACOR)

References

Foreign relations of the United States
Non-profit organizations based in Arlington, Virginia
Oral history
Organizations established in 1986
History organizations based in the United States


Deutschlandlied (; "Song of Germany"), officially known as Das Lied der Deutschen (; "The Song of the Germans"), is a song written by Joseph Haydn and Hoffmann von Fallersleben. Part of this song is the national anthem of Germany (German National Anthem).

A line from this song, "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit" ("Unity and Justice and Freedom") is the considered to be the unofficial motto of Germany.

History
The music was written by Haydn in 1797 as the personal anthem of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor. It was called "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" ("God protect our Emperor Franz"). The words which are used today were written by the poet August Heinrich Hoffman von Fallersleben in 1841.

Today, the first line "Germany, Germany above all" sounds too strong for some people, and is often misunderstood. Fallersleben wanted a united Germany when he wrote it. At that time, Germany was not one country, but many small countries. So "Germany above all" meant that the most important thing to do was to have a unified Germany. Also, the poet was written in Heligoland, where people spoke German but were ruled by the British.

Fallersleben's music was very popular in Germany during the second part of the 19th century. This song was not a national anthem then, but a patriotic song supporting a united German state. On 11 August 1922, after 4 years of the end of the First World War and the abdication of Wilhelm II, German Emperor, it replaced the previous anthem "Heil Dir im Siegerkranz" ("Hail Thee in the Victor's Crown"). In 1921, a "fourth stanza", a new part or verse, was written by poet Albert Matthai with words about the difficult life in Germany at that time.  This verse was rarely used.

During the time of Adolf Hitler, only the first stanza of the song was used. This offended the international audience as the first stanza supports Germany holding colonial powers in non-consenting nations. This was often followed by Horst-Wessel Lied, the anthem of the Nazi Party.

After the Second World War, Germany was divided into two countries. In 1949, the new West Germany tried to get a new song for the national anthem. Another song was chosen, written by poet Rudolf Alexander Schröder. It was not very popular. Finally, on 2 May 1952, President Theodor Heuss approved the decision to make Das Lied der Deutschen the national anthem of Germany. However, only the third stanza was used.

In the other part of Germany, known as East Germany, the words of poet Johannes R. Becher ("Auferstanden aus Ruinen" - "Risen from Ruins") were used with a song written by Hanns Eisler. It was not very popular, and from the 1970s the words were not sung, because of the line "Germany, [our] unified fatherland".

After East and West Germany united in 1990, the song again became the national anthem of Germany but only the third stanza is used. Today, the first part of the song is popular with nationalist extremists.

Lyrics

Metrical English Translation

Translated by Kevin Kallande

Unity and Right and Freedom,
For the German Fatherland!
Let us all be strive towards them;
Brotherly with Heart and Hand!

𝄆 Unity and Right and Freedom,
Are the pledge of Happiness;
Flourish in this pledge of fortune,
Flourish, German Fatherland! 𝄇

Flourish in this pledge of fortune,
Flourish, German Fatherland!

Related pages
Auferstanden der Ruinen, the national anthem of East Germany when it existed

1840s songs
Mottos
National symbols of Germany

Deutschlandlied


Lieutenant-General James Montgomerie (26 February 1755 – 13 April 1829) was a Scottish soldier and politician who sat in Parliament for Ayrshire 1818–29.

Family
James Montgomerie was the fourth son of Alexander Montgomerie of Coilsfield (near Tarbolton) and Lillias Montgomerie, making him the youngest brother of Hugh Montgomerie, 12th Earl of Eglinton.

Military career
Appointed ensign in the 51st Foot in 1773, he joined the regiment at Minorca in 1774. The following year he transferred to the 19th Foot as adjutant, being promoted lieutenant in 1779. In 1780 he was promoted captain of a company in the 93rd Foot and sailed to the West Indies. His regiment returned to England soon after arrival, but Montgomerie remained in Jamaica as a staff officer until 1781.

In 1783 he was one of the officers put on half pay as a captain in the 10th Foot, returning to active service with this regiment in Jamaica in 1786. From 1790 to 1793 he was in England on recruitment, and in 1794 was appointed an officer of the Home Staff with the rank of major.

In May 1795 he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 6th West India Regiment, sailing to Martinique. From 1796 to 1798 he was civil and military commander of Saint Kitts, with the 31st Light Dragoons. In 1798 he transferred to the 45th Foot in Dominica, but returned to England due to ill health. He was promoted colonel by brevet in 1802 and lieutenant-colonel of the 64th Foot in 1804, the same year being appointed to hold civil and military command at Tobago. From much of the period from 1805 to 1808 he was acting governor of Demerara. In 1808 he returned to Dominica as governor, and in 1809 to England, where he received the rank of major-general.

In 1813 he was appointed colonel of the 74th Foot, promoted to lieutenant-general in 1814. In 1823 he was appointed colonel of the 30th Foot, retaining that command until his death.

Parliamentary career
Montgomerie was elected to parliament as M.P. for Ayrshire in the general election of 1818, and was re-elected in 1820 and 1826.

He spoke in Parliament on the issue of Sheriffs Depute in Scotland, on 29 March 1822.

He died at Bath, Somerset in May 1829.

References

 Obituary in The Gentleman's Magazine, July 1829, p. 82.
 Richard Cannon, Historical Record of the Seventy-fourth Regiment (Highlanders) (London, 1847), pp. 119–120.

External links

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1755 births
1829 deaths
British Army personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
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UK MPs 1818–1820
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James Montgomerie


Sir Edmund Kerchever Chambers,  (16 March 1866 – 21 January 1954), usually known as E. K. Chambers, was an English literary critic and Shakespearean scholar. His four-volume work on The Elizabethan Stage, published in 1923, remains a standard resource.

Life
Chambers was born in West Ilsley, Berkshire. His father was a curate there and his mother was the daughter of a Victorian theologian. He was educated at Marlborough College, before matriculating at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He won a number of prizes, including the chancellor's prize in English for an essay on literary forgery in 1891. He took a job with the national education department, and married Eleanor Bowman in 1893.

In the newly created Board of Education, Chambers worked principally to oversee adult and continuing education. There, he rose to the position of second secretary, but the work for which he is remembered took place outside the office, sometime before he retired from the Board in 1926. He was the first president of the Malone Society, serving from 1906 to 1939. He edited collections of verse for Oxford University Press. He produced a work on King Arthur and a privately printed collection of poems.

However, Chambers's great work, begun before he even left Oxford, was an extensive examination of the history and conditions of English theatre in the medieval and Renaissance periods. He and pursued the project for three decades, and it was published in three bursts. The Medieval Stage, issued in 1903, offered a comprehensive survey of medieval theatre, covering not only the fairly well-known interludes, but also the then-obscure folk drama, minstrelsy, and liturgical drama. The Elizabethan Stage followed after two decades. The Elizabethan Stage, though containing less original discovery than its predecessor, was often referenced to describe the material conditions of English Renaissance theatre. It is no longer considered reliable, since Chambers misrepresents the royal household as an organizational entity in general, and the duties of the Master of Revels, in particular. His two-volume work on Shakespeare came in 1930, which collected and analyzed the extant evidence of Shakespeare's work and life. Current scholarship does not consider the relationship between "liturgical drama" and stage performance to have been as strong as Chambers claims.

In his retirement, Chambers produced works on Coleridge (1938) and Matthew Arnold (1947). After moving to Eynsham, Oxfordshire, he returned to medieval history, producing a volume in the Oxford history and a local study of Eynsham. He died on 21 January 1954 at Beer, Devon, at the age of 87.

Chambers was invested as a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1912, KBE in 1925. In 1924, he was elected fellow of the British Academy and his biography Samuel Taylor Coleridge was awarded the 1938 James Tait Black Memorial Prize.

He was a member of the Athenæum.

Works
The History and Motives of Literary Forgeries (1891)
Poems of John Donne (1896, editor)
The Tragedy of Coriolanus (1898, editor)
The Mediaeval Stage (2 volumes, 1903); Vol. I Vol. II
Early English Lyrics (1907, editor)
Carmina Argentea (1918, poems)
The Elizabethan Stage (4 volumes, 1923); Vol. I Vol. II Vol. III Vol. IV
Shakespeare: A Survey (1925)
Arthur of Britain (1927)
William Shakespeare: A Study of Facts and Problems (2 volumes; 1930)
Vol. I
The Oxford Book of Sixteenth Century Verse (1932, editor)
The English Folk-play (1933)
Sir Henry Lee (1936)
Eynsham Under the Monks (1936)
Sir Thomas Wyatt and Some Collected Studies (1937)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge: a biographical study (1938)
Shakespearean Gleanings (1941)
English Literature at the Close of the Middle Ages (1945)
Matthew Arnold (1947).

References

Further reading
Wilson, John Dover. "Obituary of Sir Edmund Kerchever Chambers 1866–1954." Proceedings of the British Academy 42 (1956).

External links

1866 births
1954 deaths
People from West Berkshire District
People educated at Marlborough College
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Historians of theatre
Shakespearean scholars
Companions of the Order of the Bath
People from Eynsham
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients
Arthurian scholars
Fellows of the British Academy
Corresponding Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America
English literary critics

E. K. Chambers


Ghanaian cuisine has been influenced by many factors in the past, and the components of Ghanaian cuisine increased from vegetables during and after colonial times. Among those products: tomato paste, ready-made soup cubes and powdered milk.

Food in Ghana
Ghana is famous for its big dishes, which include filling ingredients such as rice, fufu, bulgur, potatoes, kinky, and cooking bananas, which are usually served with sauce. Fish is also frequently eaten near the coast or near the Volta Sea, as it is less expensive in those areas. As for beef, it is eaten less due to its high price, but poultry and chicken meat are eaten in particular.

Because of the heat of the weather and the speed of meat deterioration, almost every home carries out the slaughtering process itself, as well as the cooks doing the slaughtering themselves to ensure that the meat is fresh. Pork is rare in Ghanaian cuisine due to the large number of Muslims, and they do not eat pork.

Vegetables are not the main part of Ghanaian cuisine, and salads are sometimes served in restaurants. Among the common vegetables are tomatoes, onions, tomatoes, tomato paste, and eggplant, and fruits of all kinds abound, such as mangoes and pineapples.

Cooking
Preparing meals usually begins with browning onions in vegetable oil and adding tomato paste, then vegetables are added and poured into tomato sauce.

Milk, cream, or cheese is rarely included in cooked food in Ghana. In large cities, where there are supermarkets and refrigerators, you can buy yogurt and dairy products, but at high prices.

Eating habits

Food habits in Ghana differ between city dwellers and village dwellers. A Ghanaian usually doesn't care about breakfast. Potatoes and manioc roots are eaten in the south, while in the arid north, cereals, corn and rice are often eaten. While meat is eaten in the north, fish are eaten more around the Volta Sea and near the coast in the south.

In Ghana, people eat with their hands and use the right hand to eat while not using the left hand to eat. Forks and knives are not used except in some restaurants, where tourists and visitors eat, as well as in some upper-class homes.

Bread is not included in the basics of Ghanaian cuisine, but it is sometimes replaced by breakfast with types of bread that includes milk and is eaten with tea.

Food is usually eaten with chili, as is the case in hot countries, and there are about ten types of pepper and chili in Ghana. There are also some sauces made from peppers alone, such as the pepper soup called fufu.

Pineapple and papaya are eaten as a dessert after eating, mangoes and other fruits. People like to eat roasted peanuts from time to time, which is sometimes prepared in the form of peanut butter.

Some foods
jari which is manioc flour, is fried in oil, then sprinkled on some foods, or boiled in water, and a kind of puree is prepared from it, (such as potato puree).
Kilawili which are slices of ripe banana fried in oil and flavored with pepper and salt.
Radu rad banana slices of ripe bananas sautéed in walnut oil and served with bean sauce.
Jambayala is a fish soup with rice, tomatoes and onions.

References

Ghana
food

Ghanaian cuisine