"Fourth Industrial Revolution", "4IR", or "Industry 4.0" is a buzzword neologism describing rapid technological advancement in the 21st century. The term was popularised in 2016 by Klaus Schwab, the World Economic Forum founder and executive chairman, who says that the changes show a significant shift in industrial capitalism.

A part of this phase of industrial change is the joining of technologies like artificial intelligence, gene editing, to advanced robotics that blur the lines between the physical, digital, and biological worlds.

Throughout this, fundamental shifts are taking place in how the global production and supply network operates through ongoing automation of traditional manufacturing and industrial practices, using modern smart technology, large-scale machine-to-machine communication (M2M), and the Internet of things (IoT). This integration results in increasing automation, improving communication and self-monitoring, and the use of smart machines that can analyse and diagnose issues without the need for human intervention.

It also represents a social, political, and economic shift from the digital age of the late 1990s and early 2000s to an era of embedded connectivity distinguished by the omni-use and commonness of technological use throughout society (e.g. a metaverse) that changes the ways humans experience and know the world around them. It posits that we have created and are entering an augmented social reality compared to just the natural senses and industrial ability of humans alone.

History
The phrase Fourth Industrial Revolution was first introduced by a team of scientists developing a high-tech strategy for the German government. Klaus Schwab, executive chairman of the World Economic Forum (WEF), introduced the phrase to a wider audience in a 2015 article published by Foreign Affairs. "Mastering the Fourth Industrial Revolution" was the 2016 theme of the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting, in Davos-Klosters, Switzerland.

On 10 October 2016, the Forum announced the opening of its Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution in San Francisco. This was also subject and title of Schwab's 2016 book. Schwab includes in this fourth era technologies that combine hardware, software, and biology (cyber-physical systems), and emphasises advances in communication and connectivity. Schwab expects this era to be marked by breakthroughs in emerging technologies in fields such as robotics, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, quantum computing, biotechnology, the internet of things, the industrial internet of things, decentralised consensus, fifth-generation wireless technologies, 3D printing, and fully autonomous vehicles.

In The Great Reset proposal by the WEF, The Fourth Industrial Revolution is included as a strategic intelligence in the solution to rebuild the economy sustainably following the COVID-19 pandemic.

First Industrial Revolution

The First Industrial Revolution was marked by a transition from hand production methods to machines through the use of steam power and water power. The implementation of new technologies took a long time, so the period which this refers to was between 1760 and 1820, or 1840 in Europe and the United States. Its effects had consequences on textile manufacturing, which was first to adopt such changes, as well as iron industry, agriculture, and mining although it also had societal effects with an ever stronger middle class.

Second Industrial Revolution

The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, is the period between 1871 and 1914 that resulted from installations of extensive railroad and telegraph networks, which allowed for faster transfer of people and ideas, as well as electricity. Increasing electrification allowed for factories to develop the modern production line. It was a period of great economic growth, with an increase in productivity, which also caused a surge in unemployment since many factory workers were replaced by machines.

Third Industrial Revolution

The Third Industrial Revolution, also known as the Digital Revolution, occurred in the late 20th century, after the end of the two world wars, resulting from a slowdown of industrialisation and technological advancement compared to previous periods. The production of the Z1 computer, which used binary floating-point numbers and Boolean logic, a decade later, was the beginning of more advanced digital developments. The next significant development in communication technologies was the supercomputer, with extensive use of computer and communication technologies in the production process; machinery began to abrogate the need for human power.

Fourth Industrial Revolution
In essence, the Fourth Industrial Revolution is the trend towards automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies and processes which include cyber-physical systems (CPS), IoT, industrial internet of things, cloud computing, cognitive computing, and artificial intelligence.

The machines cannot replace the deep expertise but they tend to be more efficient than humans in performing repetitive functions, and the combination of machine learning and computational power allows machines to carry out highly complicated tasks.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution has been defined as technological developments in cyber-physical systems such as high capacity connectivity; new human-machine interaction modes such as touch interfaces and virtual reality systems; and improvements in transferring digital instructions to the physical world including robotics and 3D printing (additive manufacturing); the Internet of Things (IoT); "big data" and cloud computing; artificial intelligence-based systems; improvements to and uptake of Off-Grid / Stand-Alone Renewable Energy Systems: solar, wind, wave, hydroelectric and the electric batteries (lithium-ion renewable energy storage systems (ESS) and EV).

The Fourth Industrial Revolution marks the beginning of the imagination age.

Key themes
Industry 4.0 increases operational efficiency.
Four themes are presented that summarise an Industry 4.0:
 Interconnection – the ability of machines, devices, sensors, and people to connect and communicate with each other via the Internet of things, or the internet of people (IoP)
 Information transparency – the transparency afforded by Industry 4.0 technology provides operators with comprehensive information to make decisions. Inter-connectivity allows operators to collect immense amounts of data and information from all points in the manufacturing process, identify key areas that can benefit from improvement to increase functionality
 Technical assistance – the technological facility of systems to assist humans in decision-making and problem-solving, and the ability to help humans with difficult or unsafe tasks
 Decentralized decisions – the ability of cyber physical systems to make decisions on their own and to perform their tasks as autonomously as possible. Only in the case of exceptions, interference, or conflicting goals, are tasks delegated to a higher level

Distinctiveness
Proponents of the Fourth Industrial Revolution suggest it is a distinct revolution rather than simply a prolongation of the Third Industrial Revolution. This is due to the following characteristics:
 Velocity — exponential speed at which incumbent industries are affected and displaced
 Scope and systems impact – the large amount of sectors and firms that are affected
 Paradigm shift in technology policy – new policies designed for this new way of doing are present. An example is Singapore's formal recognition of Industry 4.0 in its innovation policies.

Critics of the concept dismiss Industry 4.0 as a marketing strategy. They suggest that although revolutionary changes are identifiable in distinct sectors, there is no systemic change so far. In addition, the pace of recognition of Industry 4.0 and policy transition varies across countries; the definition of Industry 4.0 is not harmonised. One of the most known figures is Jeremy Rifkin who "agree[s] that digitalization is the hallmark and defining technology in what has become known as the Third Industrial Revolution". However, he argues that "that the evolution of digitalization has barely begun to run its course and that its new configuration in the form of the Internet of Things represents the next stage of its development".

Components

The application of the Fourth Industrial Revolution operates through:
 Mobile devices
 Internet of things (IoT) platforms
 Location detection technologies (electronic identification)
 Advanced human-machine interfaces
 Authentication and fraud detection
 Smart sensors
 Big analytics and advanced processes
 Multilevel customer interaction and customer profiling
 Augmented reality/wearables
 On-demand availability of computer system resources
 Data visualisation and triggered "live" training

Mainly these technologies can be summarised into four major components, defining the term "Industry 4.0" or "smart factory":
 Cyber-physical systems
 Internet of things (IoT)
 On-demand availability of computer system resources (e.g. cloud computing)
 Cognitive computing

Industry 4.0 networks a wide range of new technologies to create value. Using cyber-physical systems that monitor physical processes, a virtual copy of the physical world can be designed. Characteristics of cyber-physical systems include the ability to make decentralised decisions independently, reaching a high degree of autonomy.

The value created in Industry 4.0, can be relied upon electronic identification, in which the smart manufacturing require set technologies to be incorporated in the manufacturing process to thus be classified as in the development path of Industry 4.0 and no longer digitisation.

Primary drivers

Digitization and integration of vertical and horizontal value chains
Industry 4.0 integrates processes vertically, across the entire organisation, including processes in product development, manufacturing, structuring, and service; horizontally, Industry 4.0 includes internal operations from suppliers to customers as well as all key value chain partners.

Digitization of product and services
Integrating new methods of data collection and analysis–such as through the expansion of existing products or creation of new digitised products–helps companies to generate data on product use to refine products

Digital business models and customer access
Customer satisfaction is a perpetual, multi-stage process that requires modification in real-time to adapt to the changing needs of consumers

Trends

Smart factory

Smart Factory is the vision of a production environment in which production facilities and logistics systems are organised without human intervention.

The Smart Factory is no longer a vision. While different model factories represent the feasible, many enterprises already clarify with examples practically, how the Smart Factory functions.

The technical foundations on which the Smart Factory – the intelligent factory – is based are cyber-physical systems that communicate with each other using the Internet of Things and Services. An important part of this process is the exchange of data between the product and the production line. This enables a much more efficient connection of the Supply Chain and better organisation within any production environment.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution fosters what has been called a "smart factory". Within modular structured smart factories, cyber-physical systems monitor physical processes, create a virtual copy of the physical world and make decentralised decisions. Over the internet of things, cyber-physical systems communicate and cooperate with each other and with humans in synchronic time both internally and across organizational services offered and used by participants of the value chain.

Predictive maintenance
Industry 4.0 can also provide predictive maintenance, due to the use of technology and the IoT sensors. Predictive maintenance – which can identify maintenance issues in real time – allows machine owners to perform cost-effective maintenance and determine it ahead of time before the machinery fails or gets damaged.  For example, a company in Los Angeles could understand if a piece of equipment in Singapore is running at an abnormal speed or temperature. They could then decide whether or not it needs to be repaired.

3D printing

The Fourth Industrial Revolution is said to have extensive dependency on 3D printing technology.  Some advantages of 3D printing for industry are that 3D printing can print many geometric structures, as well as simplify the product design process. It is also relatively environmentally friendly. In low-volume production, it can also decrease lead times and total production costs. Moreover, it can increase flexibility, reduce warehousing costs and help the company towards the adoption of a mass customisation business strategy. In addition, 3D printing can be very useful for printing spare parts and installing it locally, therefore reducing supplier dependence and reducing the supply lead time.

The determining factor is the pace of change. The correlation of the speed of technological development and, as a result, socio-economic and infrastructural transformations with human life allows one to state a qualitative leap in the speed of development, which marks a transition to a new time era.

Smart sensors

Sensors and instrumentation drive the central forces of innovation, not only for Industry 4.0 but also for other "smart" megatrends, such as smart production, smart mobility, smart homes, smart cities, and smart factories.

Smart sensors are devices, which generate the data and allow further functionality from self-monitoring and self-configuration to condition monitoring of complex processes.
With the capability of wireless communication, they reduce installation effort to a great extent and help realise a dense array of sensors.

The importance of sensors, measurement science, and smart evaluation for Industry 4.0 has been recognised and acknowledged by various experts and has already led to the statement "Industry 4.0: nothing goes without sensor systems."

However, there are a few issues, such as time synchronisation error, data loss, and dealing with large amounts of harvested data, which all limit the implementation of full-fledged systems. Moreover, additional limits on these functionalities represents the battery power. One example of the integration of smart sensors in the electronic devices, is the case of smart watches, where sensors receive the data from the movement of the user, process the data and as a result, provide the user with the information about how many steps they have walked in a day and also converts the  data into calories burned.

Agriculture and food industries

Smart sensors in these two fields are still in the testing stage. These innovative connected sensors collect, interpret and communicate the information available in the plots (leaf area, vegetation index, chlorophyll, hygrometry, temperature, water potential, radiation). Based on this scientific data, the objective is to enable real-time monitoring via a smartphone with a range of advice that optimises plot management in terms of results, time and costs. On the farm, these sensors can be used to detect crop stages and recommend inputs and treatments at the right time. As well as controlling the level of irrigation.

The food industry requires more and more security and transparency and full documentation is required. This new technology is used as a tracking system as well as the collection of human data and product data.

Accelerated transition to the knowledge economy

Knowledge economy is an economic system in which production and services are largely based on knowledge-intensive activities that contribute to an accelerated pace of technical and scientific advance, as well as rapid obsolescence. Industry 4.0 aids transitions into knowledge economy by increasing reliance on intellectual capabilities than on physical inputs or natural resources.

Challenges
Challenges in implementation of Industry 4.0:

Economic
 High economic cost
 Business model adaptation
 Unclear economic benefits/excessive investment

Social
 Privacy concerns
 Surveillance and distrust
 General reluctance to change by stakeholders
 Threat of redundancy of the corporate IT department
 Loss of many jobs to automatic processes and IT-controlled processes, especially for blue collar workers
Increased risk of gender inequalities in professions with job roles most susceptible to replacement with AI

Political
 Lack of regulation, standards and forms of certifications
 Unclear legal issues and data security

Organizational
 IT security issues, which are greatly aggravated by the inherent need to open up previously closed production shops
 Reliability and stability needed for critical machine-to-machine communication (M2M), including very short and stable latency times
 Need to maintain the integrity of production processes
 Need to avoid any IT snags, as those would cause expensive production outages
 Need to protect industrial know-how (contained also in the control files for the industrial automation gear)
 Lack of adequate skill-sets to expedite the transition towards a fourth industrial revolution
 Low top management commitment
 Insufficient qualification of employees

Country applications
Many countries have set up institutional mechanisms to foster the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies. For example,

Australia
Australia has a Digital Transformation Agency (est. 2015) and the Prime Minister's Industry 4.0 Taskforce (est. 2016), which promotes collaboration with industry groups in Germany and the USA.

Germany
The term "Industrie 4.0", shortened to I4.0 or simply I4, originated in 2011 from a project in the high-tech strategy of the German government and specifically relates to that project policy, rather than a wider notion of a Fourth Industrial Revolution of 4IR, which promotes the computerisation of manufacturing. The term "Industrie 4.0" was publicly introduced in the same year at the Hannover Fair. Renowned German professor Wolfgang Wahlster is sometimes called the inventor of the "Industry 4.0" term. In October 2012, the Working Group on Industry 4.0 presented a set of Industry 4.0 implementation recommendations to the German federal government. The workgroup members and partners are recognised as the founding fathers and driving force behind Industry 4.0. On 8 April 2013 at the Hannover Fair, the final report of the Working Group Industry 4.0 was presented. This working group was headed by Siegfried Dais, of Robert Bosch GmbH, and Henning Kagermann, of the German Academy of Science and Engineering.

As Industry 4.0 principles have been applied by companies, they have sometimes been rebranded. For example, the aerospace parts manufacturer Meggitt PLC has branded its own Industry 4.0 research project M4.

The discussion of how the shift to Industry 4.0, especially digitisation, will affect the labour market is being discussed in Germany under the topic of Work 4.0.

The federal government in Germany through its ministries of the BMBF and BMWi, is a leader in the development of the I4.0 policy. Through the publishing of set objectives and goals for enterprises to achieve, the German federal government attempts to set the direction of the digital transformation. However, there is a gap between German enterprise's collaboration and knowledge of these set policies. The biggest challenge which SMEs in Germany are currently facing regarding digital transformation of their manufacturing processes is ensuring that there is a concrete IT and application landscape to support further digital transformation efforts.

The characteristics of the German government's Industry 4.0 strategy involve the strong customisation of products under the conditions of highly flexible (mass-) production. The required automation technology is improved by the introduction of methods of self-optimization, self-configuration, self-diagnosis, cognition and intelligent support of workers in their increasingly complex work. The largest project in Industry 4.0 as of July 2013 is the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) leading-edge cluster "Intelligent Technical Systems Ostwestfalen-Lippe (its OWL)". Another major project is the BMBF project RES-COM, as well as the Cluster of Excellence "Integrative Production Technology for High-Wage Countries". In 2015, the European Commission started the international Horizon 2020 research project CREMA (Providing Cloud-based Rapid Elastic Manufacturing based on the XaaS and Cloud model) as a major initiative to foster the Industry 4.0 topic.

Estonia
In Estonia, the digital transformation dubbed as the 4th Industrial Revolution by Klaus Schwab and the World Economic Forum in 2015 started with the restoration of independence in 1991. Although a latecomer to the information revolution due to 50 years of Soviet occupation, Estonia leapfrogged to the digital era, while skipping the analogue connections almost completely. The early decisions made by Prime Minister Mart Laar on the course of the country's economic development led to the establishment of what is today known as e-Estonia, one of the worlds most digitally advanced nations.

According to the goals set in the Estonia's Digital Agenda 2030, next leaps in the country's digital transformation will be switching to event based and proactive services, both in private and business environment, as well as developing a green, AI-powered and human-centric digital government.

Indonesia
Another example is Making Indonesia 4.0, with a focus on improving industrial performance.

India
India, with its expanding economy and extensive manufacturing sector, has fully embraced the digital revolution, leading to a new era of manufacturing excellence. The Indian program for Industry 4.0 centers around leveraging technology to produce globally competitive products at cost-effective rates while adopting the latest technological advancements of Industry 4.0.

Japan
Society 5.0 envisions a society that prioritizes the well-being of its citizens, striking a harmonious balance between economic progress and the effective addressing of societal challenges through a closely interconnected system of both the digital realm and the physical world. This concept was introduced in 2019 in the 5th Science and Technology Basic Plan for Japanese Government as a blueprint for a forthcoming societal framework.

South Africa
South Africa appointed a Presidential Commission on the Fourth Industrial Revolution in 2019, consisting of about 30 stakeholders with a background in academia, industry and government. South Africa has also established an Inter ministerial Committee on Industry 4.0.

South Korea
The Republic of Korea has had a Presidential Committee on the Fourth Industrial Revolution since 2017.  The Republic of Korea's I-Korea strategy (2017) is focusing on new growth engines that include AI, drones and autonomous cars, in line with the government's innovation-driven economic policy.

Spain
See Science and technology in Spain

Uganda
Uganda adopted its own National 4IR Strategy in October 2020 with emphasis on e-governance, urban management (smart cities), health care, education, agriculture and the digital economy; to support local businesses, the government was contemplating introducing a local start-ups bill in 2020 which would require all accounting officers to exhaust the local market prior to procuring digital solutions from abroad.

United Kingdom
In a policy paper published in 2019, the UK's Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, titled "Regulation for the Fourth Industrial Revolution", outlined the need to evolve current regulatory models to remain competitive in evolving technological and social settings.

United States
The Department of Homeland Security in 2019 published a paper called 'The Industrial Internet of things (IIOT): Opportunities, Risks, Mitigation'. The base pieces of critical infrastructure are increasingly digitised for greater connectivity and optimisation. Hence, its implementation, growth and maintenance must be carefully planned and safeguarded. The paper discusses not only applications of IIOT but also the associated risks. It has suggested some key areas where risk mitigation is possible. To increase coordination between the public, private, law enforcement, academia and other stakeholders the DHS formed the National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center (NCCIC).

Industry applications
The aerospace industry has sometimes been characterised as "too low volume for extensive automation"; however, Industry 4.0 principles have been investigated by several aerospace companies, and technologies have been developed to improve productivity where the upfront cost of automation cannot be justified. One example of this is the aerospace parts manufacturer Meggitt PLC's M4 project.

The increasing use of the industrial internet of things is referred to as Industry 4.0 at Bosch, and generally in Germany. Applications include machines that can predict failures and trigger maintenance processes autonomously or self-organised coordination that react to unexpected changes in production. in 2017, Bosch launched the  Connectory, a Chicago, Illinois based innovation incubator that specializes in IoT, including Industry 4.0.

Industry 4.0 inspired Innovation 4.0, a move toward digitisation for academia and research and development. In 2017, the £81M Materials Innovation Factory (MIF) at the University of Liverpool opened as a center for computer aided materials science, where robotic formulation, data capture and modelling are being integrated into development practices.

Criticism
With the consistent development of automation of everyday tasks, some saw the benefit in the exact opposite of automation where self-made products are valued more than those that involved automation. This valuation is named the IKEA effect, a term coined by Michael I. Norton of Harvard Business School, Daniel Mochon of Yale, and Dan Ariely of Duke.
Another problem that is expected to accelerate with the growth of IR4 is the prevalence of mental disorders. The world has already experienced such problems in high-tech industries.

See also
 Advanced manufacturing
 Computer-integrated manufacturing
 Cyber manufacturing
 Digital modelling and fabrication
 Industrial control system
 Intelligent maintenance systems
 Lights-out manufacturing
 List of emerging technologies
 Machine to machine
 Nondestructive Evaluation 4.0
 Simulation software
 Technological singularity
 Technological unemployment
 The War on Normal People
 Work 4.0
 World Economic Forum 2016
 Digitization
 Transhumanism

References

Sources

2015 neologisms
21st century
Industrial automation
Industrial computing
Internet of things
Technology forecasting
Big data
Industrial Revolution
Fourth Industrial Revolution
Knowledge economy

Fourth Industrial Revolution


Sílvio Vasconcelos da Silveira Ramos Romero (April 21, 1851 – June 18, 1914) was a Brazilian "Condorist" poet, essayist, literary critic, professor, journalist, historian and politician.

He founded and occupied the 17th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters from 1897 until his death in 1914.

Life
Romero was born in the city of Lagarto, in the State of Sergipe, in 1851, to André Ramos Romero, a Portuguese salesman, and Maria Joaquina Vasconcelos da Silveira. He graduated in Law at the Faculdade de Direito do Recife in 1873, and would work for many newspapers of Pernambuco and Rio during the 1870s.

In 1875, he was elected a provincial deputy for the city of Estância. His first poetry book, Cantos do Fim do Século, was published in 1878. In 1879 he moved to Rio de Janeiro and served as Philosophy teacher for the Colégio Pedro II between 1881 and 1910.

He died in 1914.

Works
 Cantos do Fim do Século (1878)
 Cantos Populares do Brasil (1883)
 Últimos Harpejos (1883)
 Contos Populares do Brasil (1885)
 Uma Esperteza (1887)
 Parnaso Sergipano (1889)
 Folclore Brasileiro (1897)

References

Footnotes

Sources

External links

 Romero's biography at the official site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters

1851 births
1914 deaths
Brazilian male poets
Romantic poets
Brazilian journalists
Brazilian people of Portuguese descent
Members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
People from Lagarto, Sergipe
Collectors of fairy tales
19th-century Brazilian male writers
19th-century Brazilian poets
20th-century Brazilian male writers
20th-century Brazilian poets

Sílvio Romero


Grand Rapids is an American city in Michigan. Located in western Michigan, about 200,000 people were living here in 2018.

Former American president Gerald Ford grew up in Grand Rapids. Grand Rapids is also the birthplace of Amway and the Meijer store chain.

Grand Rapids is the county seat of Kent County. It is the second largest city in the state, after Detroit. The third largest is Warren.

The city has many attractions, including the Frederik Meijer Gardens and Sculpture Park and John Ball Park, which is a zoo. Grand Valley State University has a campus in downtown Grand Rapids.

Many Reformed Christians from Dutch ancestry live in Grand Rapids.

Other websites

County seats in Michigan

Grand Rapids, Michigan


Paris Saint-Germain Handball (PSG) is a French professional handball club founded in 1941, and based in the city of Paris in France. The club is the handball department of Paris Saint-Germain.

PSG play in the highest tier of French handball, the LNH Division 1. Their home ground for LNH matches is Stade Pierre de Coubertin, which has a seating capacity of 3,400 spectators. For EHF Champions League matches, the club play at Halle Georges Carpentier, which has a seating capacity of 4,500 spectators.

Initially called Patriotes d'Asnières (1941–1942), the club has gone through several name changes: Asnières Sports (1942–1987), Paris-Racing-Asnières (1987–1988), Paris-Asnières (1988–1992), PSG-Asnières (1992–2002), and Paris Handball (2002–2012). After being bought by Paris Saint-Germain owners Qatar Sports Investments (QSI) in 2012, the club became Paris Saint-Germain Handball.

Since its inception, the club has won 23 titles. Domestically, Paris SG have clinched 10 LNH Division 1 titles, six French Cups, three Coupes de la Ligue, a record four French Super Cups and two LNH Division 2 titles. They are the only club in French handball to have ever won all their matches in LNH Division 1 in a season, which they did in the 2021–22 season. In international club handball, the capital side finished runners-up in the 2016–17 edition of the Champions League. PSG also have a reserve team that currently play in the Championnat National 1, which serves as the third tier of French handball. They have played in Nationale 1 since 2017–18, after clinching the Championnat National 2 title and winning promotion during the 2016–17 season.

History

First titles (1941–2012)

The Parisian club was founded in 1941. Initially, it took the name of Patriotes d'Asnières before becoming Asnières Sports one year later. Asnières Sports was presided by Christian Picard, whose son Gérard Picard took over during the 1975–1976 season and remained president until 2003.

In 1987, the club's management succeeded in convincing the Paris City Council to partner Asnières Sports and create a major handball team in the capital. This resulted in the Hauts-de-Seine team moving to Paris and being renamed Paris-Racing-Asnières then Paris-Asnières. Relegated in 1989, Paris-Asnières immediately bounced back to the top flight in 1990 after winning the D2 title. At the time, the club's most notable players were future French internationals Jackson Richardson and Patrick Cazal.

In 1992, the club came under the management of Paris Saint-Germain Football Club, a partnership that lasted 10 years. This led to another name change, and Paris-Asnières became PSG-Asnières. PSG-Asnières finished second in the LNH Division 1 during the 1995–96 season and then reached the French Cup final in 2001, losing to Montpellier.

During that time, PSG-Asnières managed to attract several international players such as Stéphane Stoecklin, Denis Lathoud, Gaël Monthurel, Nenad Peruničić and Olivier Girault. The latter set up home in Paris in 1999, playing for the club until 2008 and then coaching the team until 2011.

Under yet another name, Paris Handball began 2002 with new club owner Louis Nicollin. During the next decade, the club played in the EHF Champions League during the 2005–06 season, and won its first major trophy in 2007 with star player Kévynn Nyokas. Paris Handball registered a 28-21 win in the French Cup final over Pays d'Aix.

But there were tough times too. At the end of the 2008–09 season, the club was relegated to Division 2. Paris Handball won the LNH Division 2 the very next season and rejoined the top clubs. In 2012, the team narrowly avoided relegation in the last round of play.

Domestic dominance (2012–)

After being bought by Paris Saint-Germain Football Club owners Qatar Sports Investments (QSI) in 2012, the club became Paris Saint-Germain Handball. Under the initiative of Nasser Al-Khelaifi, a new management and playing team was assembled. Jean-Claude Blanc was named general manager, Philippe Gardent signed as first-team manager, and a host of international stars arrived at the French capital, including Didier Dinart, Luc Abalo, Samuel Honrubia, Mikkel Hansen, Marko Kopljar, José Manuel Sierra and Antonio García.

In the 2012–13 season, PSG claimed their maiden league success, which also meant the club secured a spot in the EHF Champions League. However, PSG were denied the double by Montpellier in the French Cup final.

Big-name signings kept coming in the 2013–14 season with the arrivals of Daniel Narcisse, Igor Vori, Jakov Gojun, Fahrudin Melić and Gábor Császár. PSG reached the Champions League quarterfinals for the first time in its history, but failed to keep up the pace with Dunkerque in the league. Despite this, the season finished on a high note, thanks to a victory in the French Cup final against Chambéry, adding a second national cup trophy to the club's honours.

In the 2014–15 season, new manager Zvonimir Serdarušić and star signing Nikola Karabatić led the capital club to its second league title following a nail-biting battle for top spot against Montpellier. PSG claimed the trophy on the last day of the season, after a win over Tremblay. The league crown rounded off a domestic treble, going alongside the French Cup and the French Super Cup that they had won after beating Nantes and Dunkerque, respectively. On the European stage, PSG's hopes were dashed, for a second time, by Veszprém in the Champions League semifinals.

PSG continued its winning ways in the 2015–16 season by claiming a second French Super Cup and a third league title. However, the crowning moment was reaching the Champions League Final4 for the first time in its history. Along the way, the club downed THW Kiel at the Sparkassen-Arena, where the German side had been undefeated for four years; topped its group for the first time ever; and trumped Kiel in the third-place play-off. Additionally, Mikkel Hansen set a new record for goals in a Champions League season, with no fewer than 141 strikes to his name.

In the 2021–22 season they finished off LNH Division 1 with 60 points on 30 matches, being the only team ever in the french league to achieve that.

Crest, colours, supporters

Naming history

Kits

Identity

Parent club Paris Saint-Germain represent both the city of Paris and the nearby royal town of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. As a result, red, blue and white are the club's traditional colours. The red and blue are Parisian colours, a nod to revolutionary figures Lafayette and Jean Sylvain Bailly, and the white is a symbol of French royalty and Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

On the club's crest, the Eiffel Tower in red and the blue background represent Paris, while the fleur de lys in white is a hint to the coat of arms of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The fleur de lys is a royal symbol as well and recalls that French King Louis XIV was born in the town. Throughout its history, PSG have brandished several different crests, but all of them have featured the club's three historical colours. Likewise, PSG's most iconic shirts have been predominantly red, blue or white, with the remaining two colours included as well. The club's official mascot, Germain the Lynx, also sports PSG's traditional colours.

Grounds

Stadium

The Stade Pierre de Coubertin, with a seating capacity of 3,400 spectators, serves as PSG's home stadium for LNH Division 1 matches. For EHF Champions League games, on the other hand, the club use Halle Georges Carpentier as its home venue. It has a seating capacity of 4,500 spectators.

Training facilities

In 2023, the club's first team and academy will move to the Paris Saint-Germain Training Center. On the second plateau of the new training ground and sports complex handball players – professionals as well as academy attendees – will enjoy the use of two fields, a stand with a capacity of 250 spectators, fitness rooms, recovery areas, staff offices and meeting rooms.

Supporters

Between 2010 and 2016, with the impossibility for fan groups to support parent club Paris Saint-Germain (men's football team) at home or away, the PSG faithful turned to Paris Saint-Germain Féminine, and to a lesser extent to the Paris Saint-Germain Academy sides, being the very rare case of fan groups supporting their club's women's football team. Liberté Pour les Abonnés and Nautecia, which were among several groups that reunited Boulogne and Auteuil supporters, were behind this initiative. PSG ultras have also occasionally attended big matches of the club's handball team ever since it was bought by PSG owners Qatar Sports Investments (QSI) in 2012.

Ownership and finances

Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, ruler of Qatar, bought 70% of parent club Paris Saint-Germain through state-owned shareholding organization Qatar Sports Investments (QSI). Colony Capital (29%) and Butler (1%) remained minority shareholders. In March 2012, QSI purchased the remaining 30% stake to become PSG's sole shareholder, valuing the club at €100m. PSG thus became one of the wealthiest clubs in the world. Paris Saint-Germain Handball (previously called Paris Handball) were then bought by PSG owners QSI in 2012.

In late June 2019, Paris Saint-Germain announced a long-term contract extension with kit manufacturer Nike, which is now one of European football's most lucrative and the biggest sponsorship agreement in the club's history. PSG are tied to the American brand until 2032 and will more than triple their previous €25m deal with an annual figure in excess of €80 million. PSG said the new Nike deal will cover the men's and women's football teams, as well as their handball outfit.

Honours

.

Domestic

LNH Division 1
Winners (10): 2012–13, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23
Runners-up (3): 1995–96, 2004–05, 2013–14

LNH Division 2
Winners (2): 1989–90, 2009–10
Runners-up (1): 1985–86

Championnat National 2 (Academy)
Winners (1): 2016–17

Coupe de France
Winners (6): 2006–07, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2017–18, 2020–21, 2021–22
Runners-up (4): 2000–01, 2007–08, 2012–13, 2015–16

Coupe de la Ligue
Winners (3): 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19
Runners-up (3): 2004–05, 2005–06, 2015–16

Trophée des Champions
Winners (5; record): 2014, 2015, 2016, 2019, 2023
Runners-up (2): 2017, 2022

European

EHF Champions League
Runners-up: 2016–17
Third place: 2015–16, 2017–18, 2019–20, 2020–21
Four place: 2022–23

Worldwide

IHF Super Globe
Runners-up (1): 2016

Doubles and Trebles

 Double (D1 and CdF)
 Winners (4): 2014–15, 2017–18, 2020–21, 2021–22

League and League Cup Double (D1 and CdL)
Winners (2): 2016–17, 2018–19

Domestic Cup Double (CdF and CdL)
Winners (1): 2017–18

Domestic Treble (D1, CdF and CdL)
Winners (1): 2017–18

European record
Note All matches ending with a 10–0 or 5–5 results were assessed by the EHF.

First-team

Current squad
Squad for the 2023–24 season

Goalkeepers
 12  Andreas Palicka
 16  Jannick Green
Left Wingers
9  Adama Keïta
 20  Mathieu Grebille
 90  Léo Plantin
Right Wingers
 14  Ferran Solé
 19  David Balaguer
Line players
2  Rubén Marchán
 21  Kamil Syprzak
 22  Luka Karabatic (c)

Left Backs
 28  Yoann Gibelin
 32  Jacob Holm
 71  Elohim Prandi
Centre Backs
6  Luc Steins
7  Sadou N'Tanzi
 44  Nikola Karabatić
Right Backs
 15  Kent Robin Tønnesen
 23  Dominik Máthé

Transfers
Transfers for the 2023–24 season

Joining
  Dani Baijens (CB) (from  Handball Sport Verein Hamburg)
  Yahia Omar (RB) (from  Telekom Veszprém)

Leaving
  Nikola Karabatić (CB) (retires)

Notable former players

Academy

Current squad

.

Goalkeepers
 1  Stanis Soullier
 45  Léo Villain
Left Wingers
 90  Léo Plantin
Right Wingers
 3  Valentin Bzdynga
Line players
 98  Gautier Loredon

Left Backs
 8  Noa Narcisse
 17  Noah Lenclume
 47  Wallem Peleka
Centre Backs
 4  Baptiste Clay
 26  Louis Perreux
Right Backs
 27  Tony Mendy
 33  Victor Crenn

Personnel

.

Current staff

Presidents

Managers

References

External links

Handball clubs in France
Paris Saint-Germain F.C.
Handball clubs established in 1941
Sports clubs and teams in Paris
1941 establishments in France

Paris Saint-Germain Handball


Kazuo Otani (June 2, 1918 – July 15, 1944) was a United States Army was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Early life
Otani was born in California.  His parents were immigrants from Japan. He was a Nisei, which means that he was a second generation Japanese-American.

Otani's family was interned at the Gila River War Relocation Center in Arizona

Soldier
Otani joined the US Army in 1943.

He volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in July 1944, Otani was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).

Otani, aged 26 at his death, was buried in Veterans Liberty Cemetery, Fresno, California.

In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Otani's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

Medal of Honor citation
Otani's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in northern Italy in 1944.  He drew fire towards himself so that his platoon could reach cover.  He was killed while rescuing a wounded man.

The words of Otani's citation explain:
Staff Sergeant Kazuo Otani distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 15 July 1944, near Pieve Di S. Luce, Italy. Advancing to attack a hill objective, Staff Sergeant Otani's platoon became pinned down in a wheat field by concentrated fire from enemy machine gun and sniper positions. Realizing the danger confronting his platoon, Staff Sergeant Otani left his cover and shot and killed a sniper who was firing with deadly effect upon the platoon. Followed by a steady stream of machine gun bullets, Staff Sergeant Otani then dashed across the open wheat field toward the foot of a cliff, and directed his men to crawl to the cover of the cliff. When the movement of the platoon drew heavy enemy fire, he dashed along the cliff toward the left flank, exposing himself to enemy fire. By attracting the attention of the enemy, he enabled the men closest to the cliff to reach cover. Organizing these men to guard against possible enemy counterattack, Staff Sergeant Otani again made his way across the open field, shouting instructions to the stranded men while continuing to draw enemy fire. Reaching the rear of the platoon position, he took partial cover in a shallow ditch and directed covering fire for the men who had begun to move forward. At this point, one of his men became seriously wounded. Ordering his men to remain under cover, Staff Sergeant Otani crawled to the wounded soldier who was lying on open ground in full view of the enemy. Dragging the wounded soldier to a shallow ditch, Staff Sergeant Otani proceeded to render first aid treatment, but was mortally wounded by machine gun fire. Staff Sergeant Otani's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
 Posthumous recognition

References

Other websites
 "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov
  Awards ... (C0 153, Hq 5th Army, 23 Sept 44); Kazuo Otani (39089432), Staff Sergeant

1918 births
1944 deaths
Military people from California
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American people of World War II

Kazuo Otani


Luc Van den Brande (born 13 October 1945) is a Flemish politician, member of the CD&V and was Minister-president of Flanders from 21 January 1992 until 13 July 1999. He took the initiative to create the Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB). On 6 February 2008 he became President of the European Union's Committee of the Regions for a period of two years.

Studies
 Doctor in Law (KUL) (1969)
 Licence of Notary (KUL) (1969)
 Lawyer, Mechelen Bar (1970–1988)

Political career

Parliamentarian mandates
 Member of the Belgian House of Representatives for the district of Mechelen (1977–1991)
 Leader of the Christian Democratic group CVP (1985–1988)
 Member of the Council of Culture and the Flemish Council (12 May 1977 – 21 May 1995)
 Senator for the district of Mechelen-Turnhout (1991–1995)
 Member of the Flemish Parliament for Mechelen-Turnhout (13 June 1995 – 4 July 1995) (16 July 1999–)
 President of the Commission for Foreign and European Affairs (1999–2004)
 Member of the Flemish Parliament for the province of Antwerp since June 2004
 Community Senator (13 October 1999–)
 Member of the Federal advisory Committee on European Affairs

Governmental functions
 Federal Minister of Employment and Labour (9 May 1988 – 21 January 1992)
 President of the Government of Flanders and Minister for Economic Affairs, Small and Medium-Sized Business, Science Policy, Energy and Foreign Relations (21 January 1992 – 30 January 1992)
 Minister-President of the Government of Flanders and Minister for Economic Affairs, Small and Medium-Sized Business, Science Policy, Energy and Foreign Relations (30 January 1992 – 20 June 1995)
 Minister-President of the Government of Flanders, Minister for Foreign Policy, European Affairs, Science and Technology (20 June 1995 – 13 July 1999)

European mandates and responsibilities
 Member of the Bureau of the Assembly of European Regions (1992–1994)
 Vice-president (1994–1996) and president (1996–2000) of the Assembly of European Regions
 Member of the Committee of the Regions (since 1994)
 Vice-president of the Committee of the Regions (1994–1998) (2000–2002) – Head of the Belgian delegation (2002–2006)
 First Vice-president of the Committee of the Regions (2006–2008)
 President of the Committee of the Regions of the EU (2008–)
 Leader of the Christian Democratic Group in the Advisory Inter-parliamentary Council of the Benelux countries (2000–2008 )

Council of Europe
 Effective member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (2001–)
 Vice-president of the Parliamentary Assembly (2003–2004)
 President of the Group EPP/CD in the Parliamentary Assembly (2005–) and thus also member of the Presidential Committee, the Bureau and the Standing Committee
 Effective member of the Political Affaires Committee and the Committee on the Honouring of obligations and commitments by member states, known as the Monitoring Committee;
 Member of various subcommittees
 Several times rapporteur on various occasions, e.g. monitoring of Turkey and the Russian Federation
 Leader of the observatory delegation for the legislative elections and of ad hoc committees
 Representative of the Parliamentarian Assembly at the Committee of Ministers for the negotiations concerning the MOU between the Council and the UE
 President of the Council for Democratic Elections of the Venice Commission

Western European Union
 Effective member of the Assembly of the Western European Union (2001–2009)

Other representations
 Co-President of the Euro-Mediterranean Regional and Local Assembly (ARLEM)(2010–)
 Extraordinary Professor on Politic institutions – KU Leuven (2000–2005)
 President Flanders Technology International
 President Lemmens Institute
 President International Association Anton van Wilderode

Political and social interest
 General politics, economic, scientific and technological policies, State reforms, European and foreign policy

Honours
 2007 : Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Leopold II.
 1999 : Grand Officer in the Order of Leopold.

References

External links

 CV of Luc Van den Brande on Belgian Senate website

1945 births
Christian Democratic and Flemish politicians
Living people
Members of the Belgian Federal Parliament
Ministers-President of Flanders
Politicians from Mechelen
Belgian Roman Catholics
Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II
Presidents of the European Committee of the Regions

Luc Van den Brande


Panduwasnuwara Archaeological Museum is an archaeological Museum in Panduwasnuwara, Sri Lanka. It is located at Kotampitiya junction on Kurunegala-Chilaw road, near to the ancient shrine Panduwasnuwara Raja Maha Vihara. The museum serve as the regional museum for North Western Province of the country and is maintained by Archaeological department of Sri Lanka.

The museum is used to display a collection of archaeological antiquities, found in excavations, donations, artifacts received under court orders and from the Kurunegala Provincial Council Museum. Among the artifacts small statues, stones, metals, terracotta, timber findings, coins, pottery and Jewelleries can be seen.

History
The museum was established during the 1970s for first time and in 1977 it was arranged in the quarters of the Officer in Charge. Currently the museum has been established in an old building which was acquired by the department in 1983.

See also
 List of museums in Sri Lanka

References

Museums in Kurunegala District

Panduwasnuwara Museum


Renaud Lavillenie ( or ; born 18 September 1986) is a French pole vaulter.
Lavillenie won the gold medal at the 2012 Olympics in London and the silver medal at the 2016 Olympics in Rio. In addition to his Olympic success, he has won three World Indoor Championships gold medals (record), three European Championships gold medals and four European Indoor Championships gold medals. He has also won one silver medal and four bronze medals at the World Championships. As of 25 August 2016, he holds the French national records for the highest pole vault clearance both outdoors (6.05 m) and indoors (6.16 m). The 6.16 was the absolute world record for the pole vault for over six years, 2014–2020.  He was the pole vault overall winner of the IAAF Diamond League in seven consecutive years, from 2010 to 2016.

Outside pole vaulting, Lavillenie is a keen motorcyclist, and raced in the 2013 Le Mans 24 Hours for motorcycles, finishing 25th. Lavillenie subsequently entered the 2014 race, aiming for a top 20 finish. Lavillenie's younger brother Valentin Lavillenie is also a pole vaulter.

Early life
Renaud Lavillenie was born in Barbezieux-Saint-Hilaire, Charente, France. His father was a pole vaulter. Renaud made his pole vault competition debut in 2003, at the age of 17.

Pole vaulting career

2008
Lavillenie's 2008 outdoor personal best was 5.65 m, achieved on 27 June in Villeneuve-d'Ascq. His 2008 indoor personal best was 5.81 metres, achieved on 5 December in Aulnay-sous-Bois.

2009: broke Jean Galfione's 10-year-old French national outdoor pole vault record

Lavillenie's 2009 indoor personal best was also 5.80 m – he cleared that height in Moscow and to win the 2009 European Indoor Championships pole vault final in Turin.

Lavillenie improved his outdoor personal best to 5.81 m in May 2009, beating veteran French pole vaulter Romain Mesnil in Forbach. Two weeks later, he improved his outdoor personal best to 5.96 m at a meeting in Aubière, setting a world-leading outdoor mark. He achieved another world-leading outdoor mark with a winning jump of 6.01 m on 21 June 2009 at the 2009 European Team Championships in Leiria, Portugal. That 6.01-metre mark broke Jean Galfione's ten-year-old French national outdoor record of 5.98 m set in Amiens on 23 July 1999 and would remain as the French national outdoor record until Lavillenie beat it by 1 cm in July 2013. At the 2009 World Championships, Lavillenie vaulted 5.80 m in the pole vault final to win the bronze medal (his first medal in the Olympic Games, World Championships or World Indoor Championships) behind Steven Hooker and Romain Mesnil. He also took part in the 2009 IAAF World Athletics Final but failed to record a mark and finished last.

2010: first European Championships gold medal
At the 2010 World Indoor Championships, Lavillenie's only cleared 5.45 m in the qualification round and did not qualify for the final. He enjoyed better success at the inaugural 2010 IAAF Diamond League (all events were held outdoors), in which he won four of the seven pole vault events to become its pole vault overall winner. At the Adidas Grand Prix on 12 June 2010, he won the pole vault event with a jump of 5.85 m (which was a meeting record), beating Steven Hooker into second place. Seven weeks later, he captured his first European Championships pole vault title in Barcelona, with a jump of 5.85 m in the final.

2011: broke Jean Galfione's 12-year-old French national indoor pole vault record
On 5 March 2011, in the 2011 European Indoor Championships pole vault final in Paris, Lavillenie vaulted 6.03 m to win his second consecutive European Indoor Championships gold medal and break the French national indoor pole vault record that had been held by Jean Galfione (6.00 m) since 6 March 1999. That jump of 6.03 m was the third-highest personal best indoor clearance of all time. Only Sergey Bubka (6.15 m in 1993) and Steve Hooker (6.06 m in 2009) had registered higher personal best indoor clearances. Lavillenie only managed fifth place (5.50 m) in the pole vault event of the outdoor 2011 European Team Championships. He won four of the seven pole vault events in the 2011 IAAF Diamond League to become its pole vault overall winner for the second year running. At the 2011 World Championships he cleared 5.85 m to win the World Championships pole vault bronze medal for the second time running.

Lavillenie underwent surgery on his left hand after he broke it due to a snapped pole accident in December 2011.

2012: won the Olympic Games and World Indoor Championships gold medals for the first time
Lavillenie returned to competition in February 2012 and won the Pole Vault Stars meet with a clearance of 5.82 m.

At the 2012 World Indoor Championships, Renaud Lavillenie won his first World Indoor Championships or World Championships gold medal by clearing 5.95 m in the final, which was 15 cm better than the silver and bronze medallists.

At the 2012 European Championships, Lavillenie cleared 5.97 m in the final to win the European Championships gold medal for the second time in a row.

At the 2012 Olympic Games, Lavillenie won the gold medal by clearing 5.97 m (a new Olympic record) in the final. He was in the bronze medal position (5.85 m) behind two Germans at 5.91 m – Björn Otto and Raphael Holzdeppe – when he cleared the aforementioned height on his third and final attempt. He had earlier failed to clear 5.91 m on his first attempt and 5.97 m on his second. After securing the gold medal when Otto and Holzdeppe failed later to match or better his 5.97 m, Lavillenie had one failed attempt at 6.02 m and two unsuccessful attempts at 6.07 m. He thus won France its 14th track and field Olympic gold medal in history, became the first French track and field Olympic champion since 1996 and the third French men's Olympic pole vault champion.

Lavillenie won five of the seven pole vault events in the 2012 IAAF Diamond League to become its pole vault overall winner for the third year running.

2013 indoor season: third consecutive European Indoor Championships gold medal
At the 2013 European Indoor Championships, Lavillenie won the pole vault title for the third time in a row after clearing 6.01 m in the final. He did not miss any attempts at 6.01 m and below, with first time clearances at 5.61, 5.76, 5.86, 5.91, 5.96 and 6.01 m. After two unsuccessful attempts at 6.07 m, his third attempt at this height was judged by the competition officials as a foul. Although the bar did not fall during this third attempt, the competition officials later explained that in clearing the bar, Lavillenie had shifted it further than was admissible. The International Association of Athletics Federations regulation which operated in this case was Rule 182.2.a, which states that a vault shall be declared ineligible if "the bar does not remain on both pegs because of the action of the athlete".

2013 outdoor season: third consecutive World Championships medal

At 27 July 2013 London Grand Prix fixture of the 2013 IAAF Diamond League, Lavillenie cleared 6.02 m to secure victory, setting a meeting record for the pole vault and beating his own French national outdoor pole vault record by 1 cm. He then had the bar raised to a height of 6.16 m, but he failed to clear that height three consecutive times. If he had succeeded, he would have broken Sergey Bubka's world outdoor record of 6.14 m set in 1994. Lavillenie went on to become the pole vault overall winner of the 2013 IAAF Diamond League – he won five of its eight pole vault events – for the fourth consecutive year.

Lavillenie was the overwhelming favorite to win the 2013 World Championships pole vault title in Moscow. He had dominated the event since the start of 2013. Coming into these world championships, he had achieved the six world-best vaults of the year, was the only man to have gone beyond the 6-metre mark both indoors and outdoors and had cleared the year's highest outdoor height of 6.02 m just two weeks before at the London Grand Prix. In the final of the 2013 World Championships, only Lavillenie and the German pole vaulter Raphael Holzdeppe managed to clear 5.89 m. Both of them failed to clear the next greater height of 5.96 m three consecutive times. Holzdeppe beat Lavillenie to the gold medal by virtue of his clearing the previous height of 5.89 m on his first attempt, whereas Lavillenie needed three attempts to clear 5.89 m. Lavillenie thus won the silver medal with a height of 5.89 m, the same height as Holzdeppe.

Lavillenie attempted to break the 14-year-old world decathlon best in the pole vault event (5.76 m, set by Tim Lobinger on 16 September 1999) at the annual Décastar meeting in September 2013, but he managed only to clear a height of 5.47 m in his specialist event.

Despite not winning the World Championship title, the flying Frenchman lost only one other outdoor competition all season and he won the IAAF Diamond League race for his event for the fourth consecutive time in 2013.

2014 indoor season: broke absolute world record
Lavillenie was unbeaten in six indoor meetings during the 2014 winter season, and improved his national indoor record three times, including his world record performance in Donetsk, Ukraine on 15 February.

On 31 January 2014, Lavillenie cleared 6.08 m with some room to spare on his first attempt, at the Pedro's Cup indoors meeting in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Six days earlier, he had cleared 6.04 m in Rouen to set a new national indoor record. The 6.08 m clearance in Bydgoszcz was the world's second highest personal best indoor clearance in history, behind Sergey Bubka's 6.15 m indoor world record set in Donetsk in 1993. It also enabled Lavillenie to overtake Steve Hooker to become the world's second-best pole vaulter (personal best indoor and outdoor clearances taken into consideration) in history, behind Bubka's personal bests of 6.14 m (outdoor) and 6.15 m (indoor). In both the Bydgoszcz and Rouen meetings, Lavillenie had the bar raised to a height of 6.16 m, but in both meetings he failed in all his three attempts to clear that height.

Lavillenie claimed the men's world record with 6.16 m on 15 February 2014. Competing in the annual Pole Vault Stars meeting in Sergey Bubka's hometown of Donetsk, Ukraine, Lavillenie entered the competition at 5.76 m and cleared that height as well as 5.91 m on his first attempts before needing all three tries to get over 6.01 m. With the bar set at 6.16 m and Bubka looking on from the stands, Lavillenie flew over the bar on his first try. 6.16 m was the new absolute world record, exceeding both Bubka's 6.14 m outdoors and 6.15 m indoors that some had considered impossible to beat. It was Lavillenie's fourth consecutive win in the Pole Vault Stars meeting, and came one week short of 21 years since Bubka set the record of 6.15 m at that competition in 1993. "It is going to take me some time to come back to earth because it is incredible," Lavillenie said. "This is a world record that is so mythical, and to clear it on the first jump, without touching (the bar) – there is nothing to say. It is just a moment to savor." Holding his head in his hands in disbelief, Lavillenie looked wild-eyed and then pumped his arms in delight, before running with his arms outstretched to soak up the atmosphere. The vault occurred in Ukraine's fifth largest city just three days before the beginning of the 2014 Ukrainian revolution. After a lengthy delay due to the official measurement of the world record 6.16 m, Lavillenie had the bar raised 5 cm to 6.21 m. On his first attempt, he could not control the pole after planting it in the box – the pole pushed him backwards and as he fell off the elevated runway the spikes of his right shoe lacerated the inside of his left ankle that was on the edge of the runway. Fortunately, Lavillenie did not suffer any damage to his ankle ligament or bone. He was given 16 stitches in a Donetsk hospital to close his ankle wound. Although not a serious injury, the nearly 4-inch long gash put an immediate end to Lavillenie's indoor season, forcing him to withdraw from both the Championnats de France d'athlétisme en salle (the French national indoor athletics championships) to be held in Bordeaux on 22–23 February and the 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships to be held in Sopot, Poland on 7–9 March. Lavillenie was given a hero's welcome when he landed home on 16 February, showing up in the Charles de Gaulle Airport terminal building in crutches before a horde of journalists. The new world record holder arrived home to an outpouring of praise from all quarters in a country where pole-vaulting is held in the highest esteem. "The New Czar," headlined the L'Équipe sports daily, saying that his giant leap in Ukraine had been "a major landmark in the history of sport." Lavillenie's compatriot, Jean Galfione, who won the 1996 Olympic pole vault gold medal, said, "Doing better than Bubka, it is like going faster than Usain Bolt, having better statistics than Michael Jordan. He has just dethroned a legend." "It was great, a historical moment. It was really an incredible performance. I am very happy that I passed the baton to such a great athlete and such a great personality and role model. I always felt it could happen. I hoped it would be soon," Sergey Bubka, who was the first person to congratulate Lavillenie on his world record-breaking performance, told The Associated Press in a telephone interview shortly after Lavillenie had claimed the world record. On 9 March, the last day of the 2014 World Indoor Championships, the IAAF announced that it had ratified (certified) his world record jump.

2014 outdoor season
Lavillenie returned to competition in the Drake Relays track and field meeting held in Des Moines, Iowa at the end of April, where he won the pole vault event with a jump of 5.70 m. On 18 May, he won the pole vault event at the Shanghai leg of the 2014 Diamond League, clearing 5.92 m on the first attempt. This 5.92 m clearance was a meeting record and the world-leading performance of the year. In that Shanghai meeting, he attempted to break his outdoor personal best of 6.02 m, but he failed to clear 6.03 m in all his three attempts.

2016 Olympics in Rio
Lavillenie was the favorite to win the Olympic gold in pole vaulting, but a strong performance from the host country's Thiago Braz da Silva left him with the silver medal. Lavillenie cleared 5.93 m with his third effort at the finals. This meant that each of the five other competing athletes had to equal or beat their personal best to stay in the competition. Only da Silva managed to do so. Lavillenie managed to clear the next height, 5.98 m, easily with his first attempt, but da Silva decided to skip 5.98 m and went on to 6.03 m. With a successful second attempt at 6.03 m, da Silva set a new Olympic Record. Lavillenie, having failed his first two attempts at 6.03 m, attempted 6.08 with his final jump but failed, knocking the bar off with his knee. Lavillenie was booed by the crowd during the competition and the medal ceremony, causing him to break down in tears as da Silva attempted to calm the crowd and support Lavillenie. Lavillenie compared the incident to Jesse Owens being booed at the Olympics in 1936, although he later apologized for the comment, saying it was made in the heat of the moment and he deeply regretted it.

2020
As the COVID-19 pandemic shut down most public sports events, Lavillenie conceived an event whereupon athletes could compete against others from their respective backyards: the event, billed "The Ultimate Garden Clash", was picked up by World Athletics, and was streamed live online on 3 May 2020. The event rules were changed so that vaulters had to clear a fixed 5m bar as many times as possible in two 15-minute stretches; in the event, Lavillenie ended up in a tie with Mondo Duplantis, each clearing the bar 36 times, ahead of Sam Kendricks with 26. Two weeks later, the women's event was held, with Katerina Stefanidi, Katie Nageotte and Alysha Newman.

Personal life
Lavillenie married his wife Anaïs Poumarat in 2018, following 11 years of dating. Poumarat is also a pole vaulter. They have a daughter, Iris, who was born in July 2017.

Competition record

1Representing Europe
2No mark in the final

Awards
French Legion of Honour (April, 18th 2014)
IAAF Men's World Athlete of the Year: 2014
Men's Track & Field Athlete of the Year: 2014
Men's European Athlete of the Year: 2014
L'Équipe Champion of Champions (International): 2014
 L'Équipe Champion of Champions (France): 2014

See also
6 metres club
French records in athletics
French all-time top lists – Pole vault

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
People from Barbezieux-Saint-Hilaire
Sportspeople from Charente
French male pole vaulters
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for France
Olympic gold medalists for France
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
French motorcycle racers
World Athletics Championships athletes for France
European champions for France
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic silver medalists for France
Olympic male pole vaulters
European Athlete of the Year winners
Track & Field News Athlete of the Year winners
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners
Diamond League winners
IAAF Continental Cup winners
French Athletics Championships winners
Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics
World record setters in athletics (track and field)

Renaud Lavillenie


Jørgen Herman Vogt (23 September 1900 – 3 August 1972) was a Norwegian newspaper editor and politician representing the Communist Party. He edited the newspapers Ny Tid and Friheten, served four terms in Trondheim city council and one term in the Norwegian Parliament.

Personal life
Vogt was born in Kristiania as the son of professor of metallurgy Johan Herman Lie Vogt (1858–1932) and his wife Martha Johanne Abigael Kinck (1861–1908). He was the brother of geologist Thorolf Vogt, Norwegian Water Resources and Energy director Fredrik Vogt and economist Johan Herman Vogt. His uncle Ragnar Vogt was a professor of medicine; as was his second cousin, who was named Jørgen Herman Vogt as well. His great-grandfather David Vogt was a politician.

Career
Vogt enrolled as a student in 1919. He also worked as a journalist from 1920 to 1923; during this period he went on study trips to Germany. From 1923 to 1924 he was the editor-in-chief of Klassekampen, the party organ of the Young Communist League of Norway. Around the same time he was on the editorial board of the periodical Proletaren. Vogt subsequently wrote for the Norges Kommunistblad from 1924 to 1927 and Arbeideren og Gudbrandsdalens Arbeiderblad from 1927 until 1929, when he was hired as a journalist in the Trondheim newspaper Ny Tid.

While living and working in Trondheim, he was elected to serve in Trondheim city council in 1934. He was re-elected in 1937. By that time he had become editor-in-chief of Ny Tid. However, the newspaper went defunct in 1939. He found new work in the city provisioning committee. However, on 9 October 1941, during the German occupation of Norway, he was imprisoned. He was incarcerated in the camps Vollan, Falstad and Grini. He was not released until 1945, when Norway was liberated from German occupation.

In the first free elections in Norway after World War II, Vogt was elected to the Parliament of Norway, representing the Market towns of Sør-Trøndelag and Nord-Trøndelag counties. He served one term. In the same year he also re-established the newspaper Ny Tid, and in 1946 he was chosen as editor-in-chief of the new party organ, Friheten. As such he was a member of the central committee of the Communist Party. He also served in Trondheim city council from 1945 to 1951.

Vogt continued as editor-in-chief of Friheten until 1967, except for a period between 1962 and 1965, when he was political secretary of the Communist Party. Vogt had moved back to his hometown Oslo, where he served as a deputy member of the city council from 1959 to 1963. Vogt was also a member of the Schei committee, which worked from 1946 to 1961 to reduce the number of municipalities of Norway. He worked as a secretary in the Norwegian Parliament for the last years of his life, and died in 1972.

References

1900 births
1972 deaths
Marxist journalists
Norwegian newspaper editors
Politicians from Trondheim
Communist Party of Norway politicians
Members of the Storting
Vollan concentration camp survivors
Falstad concentration camp survivors
Grini concentration camp survivors
20th-century Norwegian writers
20th-century Norwegian politicians

Jørgen Vogt


In linguistics, transitivity is a property of verbs that relates to whether a verb can take objects and how many such objects a verb can take.  It is closely related to valency, which considers other verb arguments in addition to direct objects. The obligatory noun phrases and prepositional phrases determine how many arguments a predicate has. Obligatory elements are considered arguments while optional ones are never counted in the list of arguments.

Traditional grammar makes a binary distinction between intransitive verbs, which cannot take a direct object (such as fall or sit in English), and transitive verbs, which take a direct object (such as throw, injure, or kiss in English). In practice, many languages (including English) also have verbs that have two objects (ditransitive verbs) or even verbs that can be used as both a transitive verb and an intransitive verb (ambitransitive verbs, for example She walked the dog and She walked with a dog).

In functional grammar, transitivity is considered to be a continuum rather than a binary category as in traditional grammar. The "continuum" view takes a more semantic approach.  One way it does this is by taking into account the degree to which an action affects its object (so that the verb see is described as having "lower transitivity" than the verb kill).

History
The notion of transitivity, as well as other notions that today are the basics of linguistics, was first introduced by the Stoics and the Peripatetic school, but they probably referred to the whole sentence containing transitive or intransitive verbs, not just to the verb. The discovery of the Stoics was later used and developed by the philologists of the Alexandrian school and later grammarians.

Formal analysis
Many languages, such as Hungarian, mark transitivity through  morphology; transitive verbs and intransitive verbs behave in distinctive ways.  In languages with polypersonal agreement, an intransitive verb will agree with its subject only, while a transitive verb will agree with both subject and direct object.

In other languages the distinction is based on syntax.  It is possible to identify an intransitive verb in English, for example, by attempting to supply it with an appropriate direct object:

He kissed —transitive verb.
She injured —transitive verb.
 did you throw?—transitive verb.

By contrast, an intransitive verb coupled with a direct object will result in an ungrammatical utterance:
What did you fall?
I sat a chair.

Conversely (at least in a traditional analysis), using a transitive verb in English without a direct object will result in an incomplete sentence:
I kissed (...)
You injured (...)
Where is she now?  *She's injuring.

English is unusually lax by comparison with other Indo-European languages in its rules on transitivity; what may appear to be a transitive verb can be used as an intransitive verb, and vice versa.  Eat and read and many other verbs can be used either transitively or intransitively.  Often there is a semantic difference between the intransitive and transitive forms of a verb: the water is boiling versus I boiled the water; the grapes grew versus I grew the grapes.  In these examples, known as ergative verbs, the role of the subject differs between intransitive and transitive verbs.

Even though an intransitive verb may not take a direct object, it often may take an appropriate indirect object:

I laughed

What are considered to be intransitive verbs can also take cognate objects, where the object is considered integral to the action, for example She slept a troubled sleep.

Languages that express transitivity through morphology

The following languages of the below language families (or hypothetical language families) have this feature:

In the Sino-Tibetan languages language family:
 Lhasa Tibetan

In the Uralo-Altaic hypothetical language family:
 Mordvinic languages
 The three Ugric languages
 Northern Samoyedic languages
 Turkic languages
 Mongolic languages
 Korean
 Japanese

In Indo-European (Indo-Aryan) language familyː
 Hindi-Urdu (Hindustani)
 Punjabi
 Gujarati

In the Paleosiberian hypothetical language family:
 Languages of both branches of the Eskimo–Aleut family; for details from the Eskimo branch, see e.g. Sireniki, Kalaallisut
 Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages
 Yukaghir
 The Ket language has a very sophisticated verbal inclination system, referring to the object in many ways (see also polypersonal agreement).

All varieties of Melanesian Pidgin use -im or -em as a transitivity marker:
 Tok Pisin, for example has  meaning 'want', while  means 'like (him/her/it)'
 Bislama
 Solomon Islands Pidgin
 Torres Strait Creole

All varieties of Salish.

Form–function mappings

Formal transitivity is associated with a variety of semantic functions across languages.  Crosslinguistically, Hopper and Thompson (1980) have proposed to decompose the notion of transitivity into ten formal and semantic features (some binary, some scalar); the features argued to be associated with the degree of transitivity are summarized in the following well-known table:

Næss (2007) has argued at length for the following two points:
 Though formally a broad category of phenomena, transitivity boils down to a way to maximally distinguish the two participants involved (pp. 22–25);
 Major participants are describable in terms of the semantic features [±Volitional] [±Instigating] [±Affected] which makes them distinctive from each other. Different combinations of these binary values will yield different types of participants (pg. 89), which are then compatible or incompatible with different verbs. Individual languages may, of course, make more fine-grained distinctions (chapter 5).

Types of participants discussed include:

Volitional Undergoers (some Experiencer, Recipients, Beneficiaries): [+Vol], [-Inst], [+Aff]
ex. me in Spanish Me gusta. ['I like it.']
Force: [-Vol], [+Inst], [-Aff]
ex. the tornado in The tornado broke my windows.
Instrument: [-Vol], [+Inst], [+Aff]
ex. the hammer in The hammer broke the cup.

See also

 Differential object marking
 Ergative–absolutive language
 Impersonal verb
 Unaccusative verb

Notes

References
 Dryer, Matthew S. 2007. Clause types. In Timothy Shopen (ed.), Language typology and syntactic description, Vol. 1, 224–275. Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Translation of the title: At the cradle of languages.

External links
http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/features/morphosemantic/transitivity/ doi 10.15126/SMG.18/1.09
 What is transitivity?

Grammatical categories

Transitivity (grammar)


A racing suit or racing overalls, often referred to as a fire suit due to its fire retardant properties, is clothing such as overalls worn in various forms of auto racing by racing drivers, crew members who work on the vehicles during races, track safety workers or marshals, and in some series commentators at the event.

In the early days of racing, most racing series had no mandated uniforms. Beginning in the 1950s and 1960s, specialized racing suits were designed to optimize driver temperature via heat transfer, and later to protect drivers from fire. By 1967, the majority of competitors in Formula One, NASCAR, the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA), United States Auto Club (USAC), and Champ Car (the predecessor to modern IndyCar) began wearing specialized fire suits. Most modern suits use Nomex, a material developed in the 1960s around the time fire suits emerged. The suits are also known for prominently displaying driver sponsors.

Design and use

A racing suit is designed to cover the entire body of a driver, crew member, or marshall, including long sleeves and long pants legs. Typical driver suits are one-piece overalls, similar in appearance to a boilersuit. Other fire suits are two piece, consisting of a "jacket" and pants. The suits consist of a single or multiple layers of fire-retardant material. The suits also have special epaulettes or yokes on the shoulder area that act as "handles" in order to lift a driver strapped to a racing seat out of a vehicle. This is mandated under Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) safety standards.

Most suits use fabric made of Nomex, a synthetic material produced by DuPont that retains its fire-retardant properties with time and use. Other suits consist of cotton treated with Proban, a chemical manufactured by Rhodia, or other substances. These suits can lose their fire-resistant properties over time, particularly after washing. Other suits are made of Kevlar, polybenzimidazole fiber (PBI), or carbon fibers, but are less widely used due to lack of comfort and color variety. Newer suits, such as those produced by Sparco, have inner liners treated with menthol to create a cooling sensation and fight odor. Additional accessories, including fire-resistant long underwear, gloves, shoes, and balaclava-like face masks or "head socks" are also worn.

When Nomex material is exposed to flame, instead of burning or melting it develops a carbon char. The char thickens the section of fiber exposed to the flame, preventing the spread of the fire to the rest of the suit and inhibiting the transfer of heat to the wearer of the garment. CarbonX is a different fabric for fire suits made of oxidized polyacrylonitrile (a precursor to carbon fiber). It is created by heating material until it oxidizes and chars, with the finished product able to last for two minutes exposed to fire. It is frequently used for racing undergarments and gloves. Using multiple layers of the material, and quilting of the fabric, meanwhile, create pockets of air which further insulate the wearer from heat.

The suits are not entirely fireproof, but rather fire retardant for a period of time, allowing an individual to escape an incident or be rescued with minimal injury. Bill Simpson, an innovator in racing safety, estimated in 1993 that a person has "20 to 30 seconds" before a fire suit begins to burn. The mandated minimum level of protection for uniforms in different racing series varies, as does the minimum standard for drivers, crew members, and officials. In the NHRA drag racing series, for example, suits are designed to last 30 to 40 seconds before the wearer suffers second degree burns. This is a higher benchmark than that of most other series, due to the high risk of fire from nitromethane and alcohol-fueled cars. SFI Foundation, Inc., formerly part of SEMA, dictates the suit fire protection standards for numerous sanctioning bodies particularly in the United States, including NASCAR, IndyCar, the NHRA, the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA), and the United States Auto Club (USAC). The FIA determines the standards for most of its series such as Formula One and the FIA World Endurance Championship, excluding the standards of its drag racing competition which are determined by SFI. SFI and FIA standards are used by other organizations outside their jurisdiction, such as the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport (CAMS).

Both SFI and the FIA use the Thermal Protective Performance (TPP) test to measure the effectiveness of fire-retardant clothing. This test, created by DuPont in the 1970s, measures the amount of time in seconds before the wearer of a garment suffers second degree burns. For example, a garment that lasts three seconds before second degree burns occur receives a TPP value of 6. Under SFI standards, this would receive a rating of 3.2A/1, the lowest possible SFI rating.

Non-fire retardant suits

Suits in several other classes of racing are similar in appearance to fire suits, but are not designed to be fire resistant. Suits used for kart racing are not typically fire retardant, but rather are made to be abrasion resistant using leather, nylon or cordura. Suits used for motorcycle racing, called motorcycle leathers, are also designed to be abrasion resistant. They consist of leather or a similarly-strong material, with nylon and spandex fabrics prohibited. Fire-resistant undergarments are optional to provide fire protection. The Commission Internationale de Karting (CIK) and FIA regulate specifications for karting suits. The Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) regulates suits for numerous racing series such as MotoGP and the AMA Supercross Championship.

Branding
Since the 1980s, racing suits have been customized to prominently feature the sponsors of drivers and teams, leading to designs similar to those of the race cars. For fire suits, the material used to make the sponsor patches must also be fire proof, adding additional weight to the suit. Many modern suits, however, use printed logos in order to reduce weight.

History

Prior to the advent of fire-retardant racing suits, there were no mandated driving uniforms in most racing series. In NASCAR competition, for example, many drivers and crew members would wear jeans and other typical street clothes. American firm Hinchman had manufactured specialized racing suits since the mid-1920s, worn by drivers Babe Stapp and Pete DePaolo. In the 1950s, NASCAR Grand National (NASCAR Cup Series) driver Tim Flock began wearing a specialized racing suit, which became popular in the 1960s. At this time, the suits were designed with an inner liner meant to keep drivers cool. Soon afterwards, in several series racing suits or any driver clothing used in competition were soaked in chemical solutions to make them fire-retardant long enough for a driver to escape an incident. In NASCAR, a baking soda solution was typically used, while the SCCA mandated racing suits treated in boric acid or borax. Boraxo, a brand of powdered soap largely composed of borax, was often used as treatment.

The catalyst for developing racing suits that could effectively resist fire came in the late 1950s and 1960s, when several fiery crashes occurred in the motorsport world. In 1959, Jerry Unser died from burns suffered in a crash practicing for the Indianapolis 500. In 1963, NHRA Top Fuel driver and Division 7 Tech Director Chuck Branham died after suffering burns in a crash. During NASCAR's 1964 World 600 (today's Coca-Cola 600), Fireball Roberts was involved in a crash on lap seven while avoiding two other cars, passing away five weeks later. Roberts had asthmatic reactions to the clothing treatment used by NASCAR, and had received a waver against using it. One week later during the 1964 Indianapolis 500, drivers Dave MacDonald and Eddie Sachs were killed in a seven-car crash on the second lap of the race.

Following the incidents, Jim Deist and Bill Simpson, who developed some of the first drag parachutes, released the first racing suits designed to be fire-retardant. Both suits were "aluminized" in order to be flame resistant. Simpson's suit consisted of a modified cotton boilersuit. In 1959 after the death of Unser, all Indy 500 competitors were required to wear fire-retardant clothing. In 1963, the FIA assumed responsibility for driver safety in its series, and mandated fire-retardant suits for Formula One drivers. In 1964, the NHRA mandated fire suits for its competitors. By the fall of that year after Roberts' crash, nearly all NASCAR competitors began wearing fire suits, although no official rule was in place.

In 1966, Simpson met NASA astronaut Pete Conrad, who introduced Simpson to the Nomex material used in spacesuits for the Apollo program. Around the same time, DuPont also approached the Hinchman company about producing Nomex racing suits. In that year's Indianapolis 500, driver Mel Kenyon wore a Nomex fire suit produced by Hinchman. Later that year, several drivers began testing experimental Nomex suits for Simpson, including F1 drivers Walt Hansgen and Masten Gregory, NASCAR driver Marvin Panch, and SCCA Trans-Am Series driver Bob Tullius. Simpson's company Simpson Performance Products released the first commercial Nomex racing suit, called the "Heat Shield Firesuit", in 1967. The suits were worn by 30 of 33 competitors in the 1967 Indianapolis 500.

By 1970, the NHRA along with SEMA began developing specifications for fire suits, using the Thermal Protective Performance (TPP) standard developed by DuPont. These specifications are now used by SFI. During the 1970s, racewear manufacturer Stand 21 partnered with brake manufacturer Ferodo and a french producer of firemen's suits to create single-layer asbestos racing uniforms. These suits never became popular, as the dangers of asbestos exposure became more well-known. Actor Steve McQueen was believed to have worn asbestos suits when performing stunts for films, which may have contributed to his contraction of mesothelioma. In 1975, the FIA introduced its current standard for fire-retardant suits. At this time, DuPont created a new Nomex blend using Kevlar to prevent tearing and increase the longevity of suits. In 1979, several F1 drivers including Niki Lauda, Mario Andretti, and Carlos Reutemann began competing in bulky five-layer suits constructed to NASA specifications.

In the mid-1980s, companies began designing fire suits to prominently display team sponsors. In 1986, the FIA introduced new specifications for fire suits, known as "FIA 1986" certification. At the 1989 Motorcraft Quality Parts 500 NASCAR event, ESPN/ABC broadcaster Dr. Jerry Punch was reporting from the pit stall of Richard Petty when a fire broke out, injuring two crew members who Punch proceeded to treat on the spot. Following the incident, in which several items of Punch's clothing were singed or melted, ESPN mandated that its pit reporters wear fire-retardant suits. Other networks have since adopted the practice.

In 1994, the FIA mandated fire suits for F1 pit crew members, coinciding with refueling being allowed (until 2009) during pit stops. By this time, crews in IndyCar were also required to wear fire suits. In 2002, NASCAR officially mandated fire suits for both drivers and crew members servicing the car during pit stops. This was in response to non-fire-related incidents in the previous season, including the death of Dale Earnhardt at the beginning of 2001, and a pit road accident at the Pennzoil Freedom 400 near the end of the season. NASCAR was one of the last major sanctioning bodies to mandate fire suits for crew members.

In other media

The members of the Red Star crew in the 2000 film Charlie's Angels wore black Momo Corse Torino firesuits. The racing suits in Charlie's Angels were designed by Joseph G. Aulisi.

List of racing suit manufacturers

Adidas
Alpinestars
Impact! Racing
Dainese
Oakley, Inc.
OMP Racing
Puma SE
Sabelt
Simpson Performance Products
Sparco

See also
Safety in NASCAR
Racing helmet

References

External links

Suits (clothing)
Auto racing equipment
Safety clothing
Fire protective clothing
Safety in auto racing

Racing suit


Third-party billing is a form of billing where an intermediary handles the invoicing and payment between a purchaser and a vendor.

Telecommunications
In telecommunications, it can refer to an operator-assisted telephone call, usually in conjunction with the assistance of a live or automated telephone operator.

It can also refer to a service that allows consumers to make purchases through authorized merchants, service providers and telecommunications companies, and have charges placed directly on their local phone bill, as an alternate payment option.

Third party billing serves nearly 12 million households in the United States, and handles hundreds of millions of authorized transactions for consumers and businesses each year.  Several businesses, including Fortune 500 companies, choose to have their services included on their phone bills to reduce administrative needs and costs.

Transportation
In transportation, third party billing is the transference of transportation charges to a party other than the shipper or consignee.

Cramming
Cramming happens when third party billing occurs on phones without consent of the person being billed.

References

Payment systems

Third-party billing


Thangjam Saran Singh (born 1 March 1987) is an Indian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Mumbai City FC in the Indian Super League on loan from Salgaocar F.C. of the I-League.

Early career
Singh was born to Late Thangjam Sanatomba Singh and Thangjam Radhe Devi at Yumnam Khonou, Imphal. He is the youngest amongst four sisters and three brothers. Football came naturally to him as most of his family members along with his father were into football though no one played professionally.

As a kid, he used to watch local matches where his family members used to play and started falling in love with the beautiful game, himself. But Singh's father had other plans for his son. He wanted to see him as an Army man one day and Singh was enrolled into Sainik School, Imphal through which he had a chance to make the cut for the National Defense Academy.

Singh was little disappointed but he had to go according to his father's wishes but in Sanik School he got involved more into football as he was quickly selected in the school team. With the team, he played in many tournaments, prominent ones being the Inter Sainik Schools East Zone Tournaments and the Subroto Mukherjee Football tournament in 2000 at New Delhi. Along with football, Singh also pursued his love for athletics and won many best athlete awards during his years at the Sainik School.

Career
After passing out from School, Singh joined DM College, Imphal and played in many inter college tournaments. He was selected to represent Manipur University in the All India Inter University tournament which was held in West Bengal. Along with the College team he also played for many local clubs in the Manipur State League - YOSE FC, USA FC and YWC Thambal Khang being the prominent ones.

He also represented the Manipur Under-21 team in 2 National Tournaments and by then had become confident of himself to take that big step of turning professional and playing for one of the best clubs in India.

Churchill Brothers
He was confused about this but help came from his senior Itocha Singh who was playing at Churchill Brothers S.C. during that time and Singh's name was referred to the club by Itocha. So in 2007 Singh signed for Churchill Brothers. In 2009 Singh suffered a major knee injury and had to undergo a surgery.

It might be mentioned here Singh has just played for one other club in his career thus far. In 2009-10 I-League season he had donned the colours of JCT FC in the I-League but he quickly came back to Goa again.

Singh has quietly achieved so much success with Churchill Brothers, winning the I-league 2 times, IFA Shield on one occasion and 3 Durand Cups and to top it all up, he has also played an important role in the club's maiden Indian Federation Cup victory in January 2014.

Salgaocar
On 30 July 2014 it was confirmed that Thangjam has signed for Salgaocar F.C. He scored the winner for Salgaocar in 2014 Durand Cup final.

Honours

Club

Churchill Bros
. I-League (2): 2008–09, 2012-13
. Durand Cup (3): 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014
. Federation Cup (1): 2014
. IFA Shield (1): 2011 IFA Shield
. Goa Professional League (1): 2008

References

Living people
Indian men's footballers
Footballers from Manipur
I-League players
1987 births
Churchill Brothers FC Goa players
JCT FC players
Salgaocar FC players
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football fullbacks
Sainik School alumni

Thangjam Singh


Dena Minning Grayson (born Dena Minning, January 5, 1971) is an American medical doctor and researcher. In 2016, she ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the United States House of Representatives for Florida's 9th congressional district.

Early life and education
Dena Minning Grayson was born on January 5, 1971, in Melbourne, Florida. Grayson graduated from Melbourne High School in 1988 where she was a member of the varsity soccer team that captured the Florida High School State Championship in 1987.  She earned her Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Florida in 1992. After graduating from college, Grayson enrolled in the Medical Scientist Training Program at Washington University School of Medicine, where she earned an MD and a PhD in biochemistry and molecular cell biology.  In 1999, The New York Times, Science Daily and the Duke Chronicle covered research on Ascaris hemoglobin that Grayson had published in Nature, and stated, "The discovery may yield new therapies for diseases such as cancer, in which starving tumors of oxygen is a major therapeutic focus."  Grayson completed her internship in internal medicine at the University of California, San Francisco.

Career
Grayson has a medical degree. In the early 2000s, she shifted her focus to medical research as a way of treating multiple patients by finding cures.  She worked as a biotechnology consultant at MEDACorp from 2002-2003.  From 2003 to 2008, Grayson served as an Associate Director of Licensing and Director of Medical Sciences at Amgen, and worked on developing treatments for cancers, asthma, anemia, hypercholesterolemia, heart failure, and pain. While at Amgen, she was selected as a Henry Crown Fellow at the Aspen Institute in 2006.  Grayson then served as Vice President of Translational Sciences at 3-V Biosciences from 2008 to 2010, where she oversaw the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs active against deadly viruses. She served as the Vice President of Translational Sciences for AlloCure from 2011 to 2014, where she led research on a mesenchymal stem cell therapy for acute kidney injury. In 2010, Grayson founded MedExpert Consulting, a biotechnology consulting company, where she helped research and develop BCX4430, a broad-spectrum antiviral drug that is active against Ebola, Marburg, Yellow Fever, Zika, and other deadly viral diseases.  Grayson briefly lobbied for BioCryst Pharmaceuticals for 3 months in 2013 and for 1 month in 2014 to fund research of a treatment for Ebola and other deadly viruses.  In 2014, she was co-author of an article published in Nature on the efficacy of BCX4430 against Marburg virus and of a paper on the activity of BCX4430 against Yellow Fever.

Politics
In 2016, she ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the United States House of Representatives for Florida's 9th congressional district.
Since 2016, Grayson is a regular political commentator on Twitter, and asked onto media such as Fox News to speak on issues such as the Democrats proposal to reform elections. Grayson attended the Michael Cohen hearing in February 2019.

Personal
Since 2016, she has been married to former Congressman Alan Grayson.

References

External links

1971 births
American lobbyists
American women physicians
Businesspeople from Florida
Florida Democrats
Living people
Melbourne High School alumni
People from Melbourne, Florida
People from Melbourne Beach, Florida
Henry Crown Fellows
21st-century American women

Dena Grayson


Malalcahuello-Nalcas is a protected area comprising two adjoining national reserves: Malalcahuello and Nalcas. It is located in the Andes, in the Araucanía Region of Chile and bordering the Bío-Bío Region.

The landscape of the area is dominated by the volcanoes Lonquimay and Tolhuaca.

The combined Reserva Nacional Malalcahuello-Nalcas covers 313 km2, with the boundary between the Reserva Nacional Nalcas (to the north) and the Reserva Nacional Malalcahuello (to the south) crossing the summit of Lonquimay.

Sandy volcanic soil covers much of the area, with large forested areas dominated by araucaria trees. Widespread logging took place in the 1950s.

A number of trekking paths can be followed, including a route encircling Lonquimay. Many of these start from the administrative centre of the reserve, operated by CONAF, at the village of Malalcahuello.

References

Protected areas of Araucanía Region
National reserves of Chile

Malalcahuello-Nalcas