Hard rock or heavy rock is a loosely defined subgenre of rock music typified by aggressive vocals and distorted electric guitars. Hard rock began in the mid-1960s with the garage, psychedelic and blues rock movements. Some of the earliest hard rock music was produced by the Kinks, the Who, the Rolling Stones, Cream, Vanilla Fudge, and the Jimi Hendrix Experience. In the late 1960s, bands such as Blue Cheer, the Jeff Beck Group, Iron Butterfly, Led Zeppelin, Golden Earring, Steppenwolf, and Deep Purple also produced hard rock.

The genre developed into a major form of popular music in the 1970s, with the Who, Led Zeppelin and Deep Purple being joined by Black Sabbath, Aerosmith, Kiss, Queen, AC/DC, Thin Lizzy and Van Halen. During the 1980s, some hard rock bands moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards pop rock. Established bands made a comeback in the mid-1980s and hard rock reached a commercial peak in the 1980s, with glam metal bands such as Mötley Crüe, Bon Jovi and Def Leppard as well as the rawer sounds of Guns N' Roses which followed with great success in the later part of that decade.

Hard rock began losing popularity with the commercial success of R&B, hip-hop, urban pop, grunge and later Britpop in the 1990s. Despite this, many post-grunge bands adopted a hard rock sound and the 2000s saw a renewed interest in established bands, attempts at a revival, and new hard rock bands that emerged from the garage rock and post-punk revival scenes. Out of this movement came garage rock bands like the White Stripes, the Strokes, Interpol and later the Black Keys. In the 2000s, only a few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers.

Definitions

Hard rock is a form of loud, aggressive rock music. The electric guitar is often emphasised, used with distortion and other effects, both as a rhythm instrument using repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity, and as a solo lead instrument. Drumming characteristically focuses on driving rhythms, strong bass drum and a backbeat on snare, sometimes using cymbals for emphasis. The bass guitar works in conjunction with the drums, occasionally playing riffs, but usually providing a backing for the rhythm and lead guitars. Vocals are often growling, raspy, or involve screaming or wailing, sometimes in a high range, or even falsetto voice.

In the late-1960s, the term heavy metal was used interchangeably with hard rock, but gradually began to be used to describe music played with even more volume and intensity. While hard rock maintained a bluesy rock and roll identity, including some swing in the back beat and riffs that tended to outline chord progressions in their hooks, heavy metal's riffs often functioned as stand-alone melodies and had no swing in them. In the 1980s, heavy metal developed a number of subgenres, often termed extreme metal, some of which were influenced by hardcore punk, and which further differentiated the two styles. Despite this differentiation, hard rock and heavy metal have existed side by side, with bands frequently standing on the boundary of, or crossing between, the genres.

History
The roots of hard rock can be traced back to the mid- to late-1950s, particularly electric blues, which laid the foundations for key elements such as a rough declamatory vocal style, heavy guitar riffs, string-bending blues-scale guitar solos, strong beat, thick riff-laden texture, and posturing performances. Electric blues guitarists began experimenting with hard rock elements such as driving rhythms, distorted guitar solos and power chords in the 1950s, evident in the work of Memphis blues guitarists such as Joe Hill Louis, Willie Johnson, and particularly Pat Hare, who captured a "grittier, nastier, more ferocious electric guitar sound" on records such as James Cotton's "Cotton Crop Blues" (1954). Other antecedents include Link Wray's instrumental "Rumble" in 1958, and the surf rock instrumentals of Dick Dale, such as "Let's Go Trippin'" (1961) and "Misirlou" (1962).

Origins (1960s)

In the 1960s, American and British blues and rock bands began to modify rock and roll by adding harder sounds, heavier guitar riffs, bombastic drumming, and louder vocals, from electric blues. Early forms of hard rock can be heard in the work of Chicago blues musicians Elmore James, Muddy Waters, and Howlin' Wolf, the Kingsmen's version of "Louie Louie" (1963) which made it a garage rock standard, and the songs of rhythm and blues influenced British Invasion acts, including "You Really Got Me" by the Kinks (1964), "My Generation" by the Who (1965) and "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" (1965) by the Rolling Stones. Soft rock was often derived from folk rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody and harmonies. In contrast, hard rock was most often derived from blues rock and was played louder and with more intensity.

Blues rock acts that pioneered the sound included Cream, the Jimi Hendrix Experience, and the Jeff Beck Group. Cream, in songs like "I Feel Free" (1966), combined blues rock with pop and psychedelia, particularly in the riffs and guitar solos of Eric Clapton. Cream's best known-song, "Sunshine of Your Love" (1967), is sometimes considered to be the culmination of the British adaptation of blues into rock and a direct precursor of Led Zeppelin's style of hard rock and heavy metal.  Jimi Hendrix produced a form of blues-influenced psychedelic rock, which combined elements of jazz, blues and rock and roll. From 1967, Jeff Beck brought lead guitar to new heights of technical virtuosity and moved blues rock in the direction of heavy rock with his band, the Jeff Beck Group. Dave Davies of the Kinks, Keith Richards of the Rolling Stones, Pete Townshend of the Who, Hendrix, Clapton and Beck all pioneered the use of new guitar effects like phasing, feedback and distortion. The Doors' debut album, released in 1967, included songs like "Soul Kitchen", "Twentieth Century Fox", and a cover version of "Back Door Man", which were what music journalist Stephen Davis characterized as "enough hard rock tracks". The Beatles began producing songs in the new hard rock style beginning with their 1968 double album The Beatles (also known as the "White Album") and, with the track "Helter Skelter", attempted to create a greater level of noise than the Who. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic has referred to the "proto-metal roar" of "Helter Skelter", while Ian MacDonald called it "ridiculous, with McCartney shrieking weedily against a massively tape-echoed backdrop of out-of-tune thrashing".

Groups that emerged from the American psychedelic scene about the same time included Iron Butterfly, MC5, Blue Cheer and Vanilla Fudge. San Francisco band Blue Cheer released a crude and distorted cover of Eddie Cochran's classic "Summertime Blues", from their 1968 debut album Vincebus Eruptum, that outlined much of the later hard rock and heavy metal sound. The same month, Steppenwolf released its self-titled debut album, including "Born to Be Wild", which contained the first lyrical reference to heavy metal and helped popularise the style when it was used in the film Easy Rider (1969). Iron Butterfly's In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida (1968), with its 17-minute-long title track, using organs and with a lengthy drum solo, also prefigured later elements of the sound.

By the end of the decade a distinct genre of hard rock was emerging with bands like Led Zeppelin, who mixed the music of early rock bands with a more hard-edged form of blues rock and acid rock on their first two albums Led Zeppelin (1969) and Led Zeppelin II (1969), and Deep Purple, who began as a progressive rock group in 1968 but achieved their commercial breakthrough with their fourth and distinctively heavier album, Deep Purple in Rock (1970). Also significant was Black Sabbath's Paranoid (1970), which combined guitar riffs with dissonance and more explicit references to the occult and elements of Gothic horror. All three of these bands have been seen as pivotal in the development of heavy metal, but where metal further accentuated the intensity of the music, with bands like Judas Priest following Sabbath's lead into territory that was often "darker and more menacing", hard rock tended to continue to remain the more exuberant, good-time music.

Expansion (1970s)

In the early 1970s the Rolling Stones further developed their hard rock sound with Exile on Main St. (1972). Initially receiving mixed reviews, according to critic Steve Erlewine it is now "generally regarded as the Rolling Stones' finest album". They continued to pursue the riff-heavy sound on albums including It's Only Rock 'n' Roll (1974) and Black and Blue (1976). Led Zeppelin began to mix elements of world and folk music into their hard rock from Led Zeppelin III (1970) and Led Zeppelin IV (1971). The latter included the track "Stairway to Heaven", which would become the most played song in the history of album-oriented radio. Deep Purple continued to define their unique brand of hard rock, particularly with their album Machine Head (1972), which included the tracks "Highway Star" and "Smoke on the Water". In 1975 guitarist Ritchie Blackmore left, going on to form Rainbow and after the break-up of the band the next year, vocalist David Coverdale formed Whitesnake. 1970 saw the Who release Live at Leeds, often seen as the archetypal hard rock live album, and the following year they released their highly acclaimed album Who's Next, which mixed heavy rock with extensive use of synthesizers. Subsequent albums, including Quadrophenia (1973), built on this sound before Who Are You (1978), their last album before the death of pioneering rock drummer Keith Moon later that year.

Emerging British acts included Free, who released their signature song "All Right Now" (1970), which has received extensive radio airplay in both the UK and US. After the breakup of the band in 1973, vocalist Paul Rodgers joined supergroup Bad Company, whose eponymous first album (1974) was an international hit. UK band Foghat also found success throughout the decade with their boogie and blues style. The mixture of hard rock and progressive rock, evident in the works of Deep Purple, was pursued more directly by bands like Uriah Heep and Argent. Scottish band Nazareth released their self-titled début album in 1971, producing a blend of hard rock and pop that would culminate in their best selling, Hair of the Dog (1975), which contained the proto-power ballad "Love Hurts". Having enjoyed some national success in the early 1970s, Queen, after the release of Sheer Heart Attack (1974) and A Night at the Opera (1975), gained international recognition with a sound that used layered vocals and guitars and mixed hard rock with heavy metal, progressive rock, and even opera. The latter featured the hit single "Bohemian Rhapsody".

In the United States, shock-rock pioneer Alice Cooper achieved mainstream success with School's Out (1972), and followed up with Billion Dollar Babies, which reached the No. 1 position on the Billboard 200 albums chart in 1973. Also in 1973, blues rockers ZZ Top released their classic album Tres Hombres and Aerosmith produced their eponymous début, as did Southern rockers Lynyrd Skynyrd and proto-punk outfit New York Dolls, demonstrating the diverse directions being pursued in the genre. Montrose, including the instrumental talent of Ronnie Montrose and vocals of Sammy Hagar released their first album in 1973. Former bubblegum-pop family act the Osmonds recorded two hard rock albums in 1972 and had their breakthrough in the UK with the hard rock hit "Crazy Horses." Kiss built on the theatrics of Alice Cooper and the look of the New York Dolls to produce a unique band persona, achieving their commercial breakthrough with the double live album Alive! in 1975 and helping to take hard rock into the stadium rock era. In the mid-1970s Aerosmith achieved their commercial and artistic breakthrough with Toys in the Attic (1975) and Rocks (1976), Blue Öyster Cult, formed in the late 1960s, picked up on some of the elements introduced by Black Sabbath with their breakthrough live gold album On Your Feet or on Your Knees (1975), followed by their first platinum album, Agents of Fortune (1976), containing the hit single "(Don't Fear) The Reaper". Journey released their eponymous debut in 1975 and the next year Boston released their highly successful début album. In the same year, hard rock bands featuring women saw commercial success as Heart released Dreamboat Annie and the Runaways débuted with their self-titled album. While Heart had a more folk-oriented hard rock sound, the Runaways leaned more towards a mix of punk-influenced music and hard rock. The Amboy Dukes, having emerged from the Detroit garage rock scene and most famous for their psychedelic hit "Journey to the Center of the Mind" (1968), were dissolved by their guitarist Ted Nugent, who embarked on a solo career that resulted in four successive multi-platinum albums between Ted Nugent (1975) and his best selling Double Live Gonzo! (1978). "Goodbye to Love" by the Carpenters, a duo whose music was otherwise almost exclusively soft rock, drew hate mail for its incorporation of a hard rock fuzz guitar solo by Tony Peluso.

From outside the United Kingdom and the United States, the Canadian trio Rush released three distinctively hard rock albums in 1974–75 (Rush, Fly by Night and Caress of Steel) before moving toward a more progressive sound with the 1976 album 2112. Also from Canada, Triumph released their debut album in 1976 before their breakthrough came in the form of the Just a Game album in 1979. Later, the band's streak of popularity continued with the Allied Forces album in 1981. The Irish band Thin Lizzy, which had formed in the late 1960s, made their most substantial commercial breakthrough in 1976 with the hard rock album Jailbreak and their worldwide hit "The Boys Are Back in Town". Their style, consisting of two duelling guitarists often playing leads in harmony, proved itself to be a large influence on later bands. They reached their commercial, and arguably their artistic peak with Black Rose: A Rock Legend (1979). The arrival of the Scorpions from Germany marked the geographical expansion of the subgenre. Australian-formed AC/DC, with a stripped back, riff heavy and abrasive style that also appealed to the punk generation, began to gain international attention from 1976, culminating in the release of their multi-platinum albums Let There Be Rock (1977) and Highway to Hell (1979). Also influenced by a punk ethos were heavy metal bands like Motörhead, while Judas Priest abandoned the remaining elements of the blues in their music, further differentiating the hard rock and heavy metal styles and helping to create the new wave of British heavy metal which was pursued by bands like Iron Maiden, Saxon, and Venom.

With the rise of disco in the US and punk rock in the UK, hard rock's mainstream dominance was rivalled toward the later part of the decade. Disco appealed to a more diverse group of people and punk seemed to take over the rebellious role that hard rock once held. Early punk bands like the Ramones explicitly rebelled against the drum solos and extended guitar solos that characterised stadium rock, with almost all of their songs clocking in under three minutes with no guitar solos. However, new rock acts continued to emerge and record sales remained high into the 1980s. 1977 saw the début and rise to stardom of Foreigner, who went on to release several platinum albums through to the mid-1980s. Midwestern groups like Kansas, REO Speedwagon and Styx helped further cement heavy rock in the Midwest as a form of stadium rock. In 1978, Van Halen emerged from the Los Angeles music scene with a sound based around the skills of lead guitarist Eddie Van Halen. He popularised a guitar-playing technique of two-handed hammer-ons and pull-offs called tapping, showcased on the song "Eruption" from the album Van Halen, which was highly influential in re-establishing hard rock as a popular genre after the punk and disco explosion, while also redefining and elevating the role of electric guitar. In the 1970s and 80s, several European bands, including the German Michael Schenker Group, the Swedish band Europe, and Dutch bands Golden Earring, Vandenberg and Vengeance experienced success both in Europe and internationally.

Glam metal era (1980s)

The opening years of the 1980s saw a number of changes in personnel and direction of established hard rock acts, including the deaths of Bon Scott, the lead singer of AC/DC, and John Bonham, drummer with Led Zeppelin. Whereas Zeppelin broke up almost immediately afterwards, AC/DC pressed on, recording the album Back in Black (1980) with their new lead singer, Brian Johnson. It became the fifth-highest-selling album of all time in the US and the second-highest-selling album in the world. Black Sabbath had split with original singer Ozzy Osbourne in 1979 and replaced him with Ronnie James Dio, formerly of Rainbow, giving the band a new sound and a period of creativity and popularity beginning with Heaven and Hell (1980). Osbourne embarked on a solo career with Blizzard of Ozz (1980), featuring American guitarist Randy Rhoads. Some bands, such as Queen, moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards pop rock, while others, including Rush with Moving Pictures (1981), began to return to a hard rock sound. The creation of thrash metal, which mixed heavy metal with elements of hardcore punk from about 1982, particularly by Metallica, Anthrax, Megadeth and Slayer, helped to create extreme metal and further remove the style from hard rock, although a number of these bands or their members would continue to record some songs closer to a hard rock sound. Kiss moved away from their hard rock roots toward pop metal: firstly removing their makeup in 1983 for their Lick It Up album, and then adopting the visual and sound of glam metal for their 1984 release, Animalize, both of which marked a return to commercial success. Pat Benatar was one of the first women to achieve commercial success in hard rock, releasing four consecutive US Top Five albums between 1980 and 1983.

Often categorised with the new wave of British heavy metal, in 1981 Def Leppard released their second album High 'n' Dry, mixing glam-rock with heavy metal, and helping to define the sound of hard rock for the decade. The follow-up Pyromania (1983) was a big hit and the singles "Photograph", "Rock of Ages" and "Foolin'", helped by the emergence of MTV, were successful. It was widely emulated, particularly by the emerging Californian glam metal scene. This was followed by US acts like Mötley Crüe, with their albums Too Fast for Love (1981) and Shout at the Devil (1983) and, as the style grew, the arrival of bands such as Ratt, White Lion, Twisted Sister and Quiet Riot. Quiet Riot's album Metal Health (1983) was the first glam metal album, and arguably the first heavy metal album of any kind, to reach number one in the Billboard music charts and helped open the doors for mainstream success by subsequent bands.

Established bands made something of a comeback in the mid-1980s. After an 8-year separation, Deep Purple returned with the classic Machine Head line-up to produce Perfect Strangers (1984) which was a platinum-seller in the US and reached the top ten in nine other countries. After somewhat slower sales of its fourth album, Fair Warning, Van Halen rebounded with Diver Down in 1982, then reached their commercial pinnacle with 1984. Heart, after floundering during the first half of the decade, made a comeback with their eponymous ninth studio album which contained four hit singles. The new medium of video channels was used with considerable success by bands formed in previous decades. Among the first were ZZ Top, who mixed hard-edged blues rock with new wave music to produce a series of highly successful singles, beginning with "Gimme All Your Lovin'" (1983), which helped their albums Eliminator (1983) and Afterburner (1985) achieve diamond and multi-platinum status respectively. Others found renewed success in the singles charts with power ballads, including REO Speedwagon with "Keep on Loving You" (1980) and "Can't Fight This Feeling" (1984), Journey with "Don't Stop Believin'" (1981) and "Open Arms" (1982), Foreigner's "Waiting for a Girl Like You" (1981) and "I Want to Know What Love Is" (1984), Scorpions' "Still Loving You" (1984), Heart's "What About Love" (1985) and Boston's "Amanda" (1986).

Bon Jovi's third album, Slippery When Wet (1986), mixed hard rock with a pop sensitivity selling 12 million copies in the US while becoming the first hard rock album to spawn three hit singles. The album has been credited with widening the audiences for the genre, particularly by appealing to women as well as the traditional male dominated audience, and opening the door to MTV and commercial success for other bands at the end of the decade. The anthemic The Final Countdown (1986) by Swedish group Europe was an international hit. This era also saw more glam-infused American hard rock bands come to the forefront, with both Poison and Cinderella releasing their multi-platinum début albums in 1986. Van Halen released 5150 (1986), their first album with Sammy Hagar on lead vocals, which sold over 6 million copies. By the second half of the decade, hard rock had become the most reliable form of commercial popular music in the United States.

Established acts benefited from the new commercial climate, with Whitesnake's self-titled album (1987) selling over 17 million copies, outperforming anything in Coverdale's or Deep Purple's catalogue before or since. It featured the rock anthem "Here I Go Again '87" as one of 4 UK top 20 singles. The follow-up Slip of the Tongue (1989) went platinum, but according to critics Steve Erlwine and Greg Prato, "it was a considerable disappointment after the across-the-board success of Whitesnake". Aerosmith's comeback album Permanent Vacation (1987) would begin a decade long revival of their popularity. Crazy Nights (1987) by Kiss was the band's biggest hit album since 1979 and the highest of their career in the UK. Mötley Crüe with Girls, Girls, Girls (1987) continued their commercial success and Def Leppard with Hysteria (1987) hit their commercial peak, the latter producing six hit singles (a record for a hard rock act). Guns N' Roses released the best-selling début of all time, Appetite for Destruction (1987). With a "grittier" and "rawer" sound than most glam metal, it produced three hits, including "Sweet Child O' Mine". Some of the glam rock bands that formed in the mid-1980s, such as White Lion and Cinderella experienced their biggest success during this period with their respective albums Pride (1987) and Long Cold Winter (1988) both going multi-platinum and launching a series of hit singles. In the last years of the decade, the most notable successes were New Jersey (1988) by Bon Jovi, OU812 (1988) by Van Halen, Open Up and Say... Ahh! (1988) by Poison, Pump (1989) by Aerosmith, and Mötley Crüe's most commercially successful album Dr. Feelgood (1989). New Jersey spawned five hit singles. In 1988 from 25 June to 5 November, the number one spot on the Billboard 200 album chart was held by a hard rock album for 18 out of 20 consecutive weeks; the albums were OU812, Hysteria, Appetite for Destruction, and New Jersey. A final wave of glam rock bands arrived in the late 1980s, and experienced success with multi-platinum albums and hit singles from 1989 until the early 1990s, among them Extreme, Warrant Slaughter and FireHouse. Skid Row also released their eponymous début (1989), but they were to be one of the last major bands that emerged in the glam rock era.

Grunge and Britpop (1990s)

Hard rock entered the 1990s as one of the dominant forms of commercial music. The multi-platinum releases of AC/DC's The Razors Edge (1990), Guns N' Roses' Use Your Illusion I and Use Your Illusion II (both in 1991), Ozzy Osbourne's No More Tears (1991), and Van Halen's For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge (1991) showcased this popularity. Additionally, the Black Crowes released their debut album, Shake Your Money Maker (1990), which contained a bluesy classic rock sound and sold five million copies. In 1992, Def Leppard followed up 1987's Hysteria with Adrenalize, which went multi-platinum, spawned four Top 40 singles and held the number one spot on the US album chart for five weeks.

While these few hard rock bands managed to maintain success and popularity in the early part of the decade, alternative forms of hard rock achieved mainstream success in the form of grunge in the US and Britpop in the UK. This was particularly evident after the success of Nirvana's Nevermind (1991), which combined elements of hardcore punk and heavy metal into a "dirty" sound that made use of heavy guitar distortion, fuzz and feedback, along with darker lyrical themes than their "hair band" predecessors. Although most grunge bands had a sound that sharply contrasted mainstream hard rock, several, including Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Mother Love Bone and Soundgarden, were more strongly influenced by 1970s and 1980s rock and metal, while Stone Temple Pilots managed to turn alternative rock into a form of stadium rock. However, all grunge bands shunned the macho, anthemic and fashion-focused aesthetics particularly associated with glam metal. In the UK, Oasis were unusual among the Britpop bands of the mid-1990s in incorporating a hard rock sound. Welsh band Manic Street Preachers emerged in 1991 with a sound Stephen Thomas Erlewine proclaimed to be "crunching hard-rock". By 1996, the band enjoyed remarkable vogue throughout much of the world, but were commercially unsuccessful in the U.S.

In the new commercial climate glam metal bands like Europe, Ratt, White Lion and Cinderella broke up, Whitesnake went on hiatus in 1991, and while many of these bands would re-unite again in the late 1990s or early 2000s, they never reached the commercial success they saw in the 1980s or early 1990s. Other bands such as Mötley Crüe and Poison saw personnel changes which impacted those bands' commercial viability during the decade. In 1995 Van Halen released Balance, a multi-platinum seller that would be the band's last with Sammy Hagar on vocals. In 1996 David Lee Roth returned briefly and his replacement, former Extreme singer Gary Cherone, was fired soon after the release of the commercially unsuccessful 1998 album Van Halen III and Van Halen would not tour or record again until 2004. Guns N' Roses' original lineup was whittled away throughout the decade. Drummer Steven Adler was fired in 1990, guitarist Izzy Stradlin left in late 1991 after recording Use Your Illusion I and II with the band. Tensions between the other band members and lead singer Axl Rose continued after the release of the 1993 covers album The Spaghetti Incident? Guitarist Slash left in 1996, followed by bassist Duff McKagan in 1997. Axl Rose, the only original member, worked with a constantly changing lineup in recording an album that would take over fifteen years to complete. Slash and McKagan eventually rejoined the band in 2016 and went on the Not in this Lifetime... Tour with them.

Some established acts continued to enjoy commercial success, such as Aerosmith, with their number one multi-platinum albums: Get a Grip (1993), which produced four hit singles and became the band's best-selling album worldwide (going on to sell over 10 million copies), and Nine Lives (1997). In 1998, Aerosmith released the hit "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing". AC/DC produced the double platinum Ballbreaker (1995). Bon Jovi appealed to their hard rock audience with songs such as "Keep the Faith" (1992), but also achieved success in adult contemporary radio, with the hit ballads "Bed of Roses" (1993) and "Always" (1994). Bon Jovi's 1995 album These Days was a bigger hit in Europe than it was in the United States, spawning four hit singles in the UK. Metallica's Load (1996) and ReLoad (1997) each sold in excess of 4 million copies in the US and saw the band develop a more melodic and blues rock sound. As the initial impetus of grunge bands faltered in the middle years of the decade, post-grunge bands emerged. They emulated the attitudes and music of grunge, particularly thick, distorted guitars, but with a more radio-friendly commercially oriented sound that drew more directly on traditional hard rock. Among the most successful acts were the Foo Fighters, Candlebox, Live, Collective Soul, Australia's Silverchair and England's Bush, who all cemented post-grunge as one of the most commercially viable subgenres by the late 1990s. Similarly, some post-Britpop bands that followed in the wake of Oasis, including Feeder and Stereophonics, adopted a hard rock or "pop-metal" sound.

Survivals and revivals (2000s)

A few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Bon Jovi were still able to achieve a commercial hit with "It's My Life" from their double platinum-certified album Crush (2000). and AC/DC released the platinum-certified Stiff Upper Lip (2000) Aerosmith released a platinum album, Just Push Play (2001), which saw the band foray further into pop with the hit "Jaded", and a blues cover album, Honkin' on Bobo. Heart achieved their first hit album since the early 90s with Red Velvet Car in 2010, becoming the first female-led hard rock band to earn Top 10 albums spanning five decades.  There were reunions and subsequent tours from Van Halen (with Hagar in 2004 and then Roth in 2007), the Who (delayed in 2002 by the death of bassist John Entwistle until 2006) and Black Sabbath (with Osbourne 1997–2006 and Dio 2006–2010) and even a one-off performance by Led Zeppelin (2007), renewing the interest in previous eras. Additionally, hard rock supergroups, such as Audioslave (with former members of Rage Against the Machine and Soundgarden) and Velvet Revolver (with former members of Guns N' Roses, punk band Wasted Youth and Stone Temple Pilots singer Scott Weiland), emerged and experienced some success. However, these bands were short-lived, ending in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The long-awaited Guns N' Roses album Chinese Democracy was finally released in 2008, but only went platinum and failed to come close to the success of the band's late 1980s and early 1990s material. More successfully, AC/DC released the double platinum-certified Black Ice (2008). Bon Jovi continued to enjoy success, branching into country music with "Who Says You Can't Go Home", and the rock/country album Lost Highway (2007). In 2009, Bon Jovi released The Circle, which marked a return to their hard rock sound.

The term "retro-metal" has been applied to such bands as Texas based the Sword, California's High on Fire, Sweden's Witchcraft and Australia's Wolfmother. Wolfmother's self-titled 2005 debut album combined elements of the sounds of Deep Purple and Led Zeppelin. Fellow Australians Airbourne's début album Runnin' Wild (2007) followed in the hard riffing tradition of AC/DC. England's the Darkness' Permission to Land (2003), described as an "eerily realistic simulation of '80s metal and '70s glam", went quintuple platinum in the UK. The follow-up, One Way Ticket to Hell... and Back (2005) was also a hit, but the band broke up in 2006, becoming active again in 2011. Los Angeles band Steel Panther managed to gain a following by sending up 80s glam metal. A more serious attempt to revive glam metal was made by bands of the sleaze metal movement in Sweden, including Vains of Jenna, Hardcore Superstar and Crashdïet.

Although Foo Fighters continued to be one of the most successful rock acts, with albums like In Your Honor (2005), many of the first wave of post-grunge bands began to fade in popularity. Acts like Creed, Staind, Puddle of Mudd and Nickelback took the genre into the 2000s with considerable commercial success, abandoning most of the angst and anger of the original movement for more conventional anthems, narratives and romantic songs. They were followed in this vein by new acts including Shinedown and Seether. Acts with more conventional hard rock sounds included Andrew W.K., Beautiful Creatures and Buckcherry, whose breakthrough album 15 (2006) went platinum and spawned the single "Sorry" (2007). These were joined by bands with hard rock leanings that emerged in the mid-2000s from the garage rock, Southern Rock, or post punk revival, including Black Rebel Motorcycle Club and Kings of Leon, and Queens of the Stone Age from the US, Three Days Grace from Canada, Jet from Australia and The Datsuns from New Zealand. In 2009 Them Crooked Vultures, a supergroup that brought together Foo Fighters' Dave Grohl, Queens of the Stone Age's Josh Homme and Led Zeppelin bass player John Paul Jones attracted attention as a live act and released a self-titled debut album that was a hit the US and UK.

See also
 List of hard rock musicians (A–M)
 List of hard rock musicians (N–Z)

References

Further reading
 Nicolas Bénard, La culture Hard Rock, Paris, Dilecta, 2008.
 Nicolas Bénard, Métalorama, ethnologie d'une culture contemporaine, 1983–2010, Rosières-en-Haye, Camion Blanc, 2011.
 Fast, Susan (2001). In the Houses of the Holy: Led Zeppelin and the Power of Rock Music. Oxford University Press.
 Fast, Susan (2005). "Led Zeppelin and the Construction of Masculinity," in Music Cultures in the United States, ed. Ellen Koskoff. Routledge.
 Guibert, Gérôme, and Fabien Hein (ed.) (2007), "Les Scènes Metal. Sciences sociales et pratiques culturelles radicales", Volume! La revue des musiques populaires, n°5-2, Bordeaux: Éditions Mélanie Seteun.
 Kahn-Harris, Keith, Extreme Metal: Music and Culture on the Edge, Oxford: Berg, 2007,
 Kahn-Harris, Keith and Fabien Hein (2007), "Metal studies: a bibliography", Volume! La revue des musiques populaires, n°5-2, Bordeaux: Éditions Mélanie Seteun.  Downloadable here
 Weinstein, Deena (1991). Heavy Metal: A Cultural Sociology. Lexington. . Revised edition: (2000). Heavy Metal: The Music and its Culture. Da Capo. .

External links

British rock music genres
American rock music genres
1960s in music
Rock music genres

Hard rock


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Architectural styles

Queen Anne style architecture


Tove Kerstin Alsterdal, born on the 28th of December 1960 in Malmö, is a Swedish author, journalist and playwright.

In 2009 she made her debut with her first book in the thriller genre, 'The Forgotten Dead', and has since been published in many countries worldwide.

She has also written manuscripts for movies and theatre, and been an editor for author Liza Marklund's bestselling crime novels.

Biography
Alsterdal was born year 1960 in Malmö. Her father was the journalist and author Alvar Alsterdal (1926-1991) from Alster in Värmland, Sweden. Alsterdal's mother Elsa Bolin (1928-2009) was from Tornedalen, the northernmost part of Sweden bordering Finland.

Alsterdal grew up in Umeå in northern Sweden and in Jakobsberg, a suburb in Stockholm that she has depicted in her novel, 'Let me take your hand'. During her first years of her career after graduating from high school she worked as a psychiatric nurse at Beckomberga hospital, a mental institution that recurs in the novel 'Do not turn around'.

In the years 1984-1985 Alsterdal studied journalism at Kalix Folkhögskola in the north of Sweden. There she met Liza Marklund with whom she would come to work closely with, author to author.

Alsterdal lived in the town Luleå in Norrbotten for many years as an adult, where she among other things worked as a journalist for radio and TV, and started off her career as a playwright. Nowadays she lives in Stockholm. She has three daughters with her previous husband Nikolaj Alsterdal (née Andersen), the oldest born in 1999 and twins born in 2002.

Authorship
Tove Alsterdal worked as a freelance journalist when she started writing drama for the fringe theatre Teater Scratch in Luleå in the beginning of the 1990s. Later she wrote manuscripts for county theatres, opera, radio, TV and movies.

In the spring of 2000, Alsterdal bought Alfred Nobel's former laboratory in Vinterviken, Stockholm and ran her own cabaret theatre with her ex-husband.

With the actress and director Helena Bergström she wrote the manuscript to the movie 'Så Olika' (English translation: 'So Different') that premiered towards the end of 2009.

In September 2009

Alsterdal made her debut as a novelist with the thriller 'Women on the beach'. The idea of the novel was at first meant to be a movie manuscript but the possible producers found it would be too expensive as the story is set in seven countries. The story centres itself around people who drown when fleeing over the Mediterranean Sea and people who are taken advantage of as slave labour in Europe. The novel was praised by critics and has been published in nineteen languages.

The movie rights to 'Women on the beach/The Forgotten Dead' are sold to the British Filmwave AB who are developing a six part TV miniseries based on the story.

All of Alsterdal's thrillers are standalone novels. She has been compared to the likes of Dennis Lehane and Dan Brown, and has been called "the John Le Carré of Sweden".

In 2012 her second novel, 'Grave of silence', was published. It is set in Tornedalen, in the north of Sweden, and is about the Swedes who emigrated to the Soviet Union in the 1930s. Alsterdals relative Nils Bucht was one of the people who disappeared under Stalin's terror. The novel was nominated as the best crime novel of the year in Sweden, the Netherlands and France.

Alsterdals third novel, 'Let me take your hand', was awarded the prize for the best crime novel by the Swedish Crime Writer's Academy in 2014. The novel is set in the Stockholm suburb that the author grew up in, Jakobsberg, and in Argentina where a Swedish woman disappears during the military dictatorship in the 1970s. "An elaborate and linguistically nuanced weave of mystery and contemporary history" read the motivation for the award.

In 'Do not turn around', published in 2016, Alsterdal returns to the mental hospital where she worked when she was younger. The novel depicts the collision between the place's dark past and the new residence idyll that is growing in the area. The only witness to a murder is a Romani beggar.

"Not many authors would succeed in tying together a normal townhouse life with a society in free fall, combine big politics with murder mysteries with a gripping depiction of feeling alone within one's family. But Tove Alsterdal does just that", wrote best selling author and critic Malin Persson Giolito in the magazine 'Amelia'.

Tove Alsterdal has been author Liza Marklund's editor since 'Sprängaren' (The Bomber, 1998). She met Marklund at the school of journalism in 1984. Marklund has also been the first reader of all of Alsterdal's novels. Together, they have written the manuscript for the movie based on the New York Times No 1 bestselling novel 'Postcard Killers' by Liza Marklund and James Patterson. The movie is expected to go into production in 2017 (George Films), directed by Janusz Kaminski, a cinematographer and academy award winner for 'Schindler's List' and 'Saving private Ryan'.

Bibliography
Chosen dramaturgy and movies
 •1998 – På Spaning (with Boel Forssell), Teater Scratch, Luleå
 •1998 – Sagan om vintern, libretto, (composer: Fredrik Högberg) chamber musical for children, Norrbottensmusiken
 •1998 - Tilde och Tiden, radio series, Sveriges Radio
 •1999 – Nånstans under stjärnorna, Teater Scratch, Luleå
 2000 - Dotter, Länsteatern i Örebro
 2000 – Snälla Py, Sveriges Radios julkalender
 2002 – Broder okänd, Lovteatern, Sveriges radio
 2004-2006 – Ensamma hemma, miniseries for Fieteri (a children's program in Meänkieli and Swedish), Sveriges Television
 2004 –Vems är du?, Norrbottensteater]
 2005 – Om du var jag (TV-series, the short movie Elina)
 2006 - Dollar (i samarbete med Liza Marklund), Pan Vision
 2006 - Packa, packa!. Luleå: Norrbottensteatern. 2006. Libris 11941011, Teater Scratch
 2009 – So Different (original Swedish title: Så Olika), a full-length movie in collaboration with Helena Bergström, Sweetwater AB
 2012 – Woman of Cain, (Kains Kvinna) libretto (composer: Fredrik Högberg), iOpera
 2016 –Det ropar under golvet, concert with Norrbotten Big Band and composer Torbjörn Ömalm
 2017 - Postcard Killings, manuscript for the full-length movie based on the book Postcard Killers by Liza Marklund and James Patterson, with Liza Marklund and Andrew Stern, George Films.

Novels
 The Forgotten Dead (Kvinnorna på stranden/Women on the beach). Stockholm: Lind & Co. 2009. Libris 11566434.
 Grave of Silence. Stockholm: Lind & Co. 2012. Libris 12281715.
 Let me take your hand. Stockholm: Lind & Co. 2014. Libris 16260069.
 Do not turn around. Stockholm: Lind & Co. 2016

Awards
 2014 - Svenska deckarakademien - Best Swedish criminal novel
 2017 - Prix Balais D´or , best chriminal novel edited in France

1960 births
Living people
Swedish writers
Swedish journalists
People from Malmö

Tove Alsterdal


Chad Joseph Voytik (born March 3, 1994) is a former American football quarterback. He began his college football career at the University of Pittsburgh, where he spent four years playing for the Pittsburgh Panthers. He transferred to Arkansas State University after the 2015 season.

Early years
Voytik attended Cleveland High School in Cleveland, Tennessee. During his career, he passed for over 5,000 passing yards and had 6,098 total yards. Voytik was ranked by Rivals.com as a four-star recruit and the fourth best pro-style quarterback in his class. In July 2011, he committed to play college football at the University of Pittsburgh.

College career
Voytik was redshirted as a freshman in 2012. In 2013, he was the backup quarterback to Tom Savage. In the 2013 Little Caesars Pizza Bowl, Voytik replaced Savage at halftime after he suffered a rib injury and helped Pittsburgh win the game by a score of 30–27, passing for 108 yards and rushing for a touchdown. On August 21, 2014, Voytik was named the Panthers starter for the 2014 season.

Following his fourth year at Pittsburgh, Voytik received his degree, and decided to transfer to another school for his senior season of eligibility. In April 2016, Voytik announced that he was transferring to Eastern Kentucky University. A few weeks later, Voytik revealed he had changed his mind and would be transferring to Arkansas State University.

References

External links
Pittsburgh Panthers bio
Arkansas State Red Wolves bio

1994 births
Living people
People from Cleveland, Tennessee
Players of American football from Tennessee
American football quarterbacks
Pittsburgh Panthers football players
Arkansas State Red Wolves football players

Chad Voytik


Scott C. Donnelly (born 1961) is the CEO of Textron.  Before joining Textron, Donnelly was the CEO for General Electric Aviation, a producer of jet engines for commercial and military aircraft.  Donnelly also served as the Senior Vice President of General Electric Global Research, one of the world's largest industrial research organizations and held various management positions since joining General Electric in 1989.

Donnelly joined GE in 1989 as manager of Electronics Design Engineering for GE's Ocean Systems Division in Syracuse, New York. He went on to serve in a variety of leadership roles for the company, including engineering management positions with then-GE division of Martin Marietta in both Australia and the United States. In 1995, he moved to GE's Industrial Control Systems business, where he held various management positions. Donnelly was named a vice president of GE in 1997, responsible for Global Technology Operations at GE Healthcare.

Donnelly joined Textron in July 2008 as executive vice president and chief operating officer (COO) as part of a multi-year succession plan. On December 1, 2009, Lewis B. Campbell retired as CEO of Textron. He was succeeded as CEO by Donnelly. Donnelly was named chairman of the board on September 1, 2010.

Donnelly serves on several Engineering advisory committees including that of Cornell and Stanford Universities.

References

Living people
1961 births
American chief executives of manufacturing companies
Textron
American chief operating officers
Place of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
Martin Marietta people

Scott C. Donnelly


Sart is a name for a group of settled people in Central Asia The meaning of the word had changed often over the centuries. Sarts were sometimes called Ak-Sart in ancient times. They did not have any particular ethnic identification. Most, but not all. Sarts lived in town.

Origin
There are many theories about the origin of the word Sart. It may come from the Sanskrit sārthavāha "merchant, trader, caravan leader". The term was thought to have been used by nomads to describe town-dwellers, This origin of the name has been suggested by Vasily Bartold, Gerard Clauson, and most recently Richard Foltz.

References

Central Asia
Asian people

Sart


Jack Douglas Vest (September 16, 1926 – June 2, 1972) was an American athlete, sports coach, and official.  He was a 12-letter man at East Tennessee State University, winning honors in football, basketball, and baseball between 1946 and 1950. He is also to be found numerous times in the Buccaneer record book. He was an outstanding quarterback in football and averaged between 15-20 points per season in basketball. A gifted passer, Vest held the Buccaneer record for most passes completed in a single game for years. He was a member of the All-Decade 1940s team as a quarterback and figured prominently in some of the better teams fielded by coach Loyd T. Roberts.  Vest is a member of the East Tennessee State Athletic Hall of Fame.

After leaving East Tennessee State, Vest coached high school football and turned out a 9–0–1 record with a St. Paul, Virginia team which had only 17 players on the entire squad. He coached at Greeneville High School in Greeneville, Tennessee from 1951 to 1953.

After coaching football at Hanes High School in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, he became an executive in the insurance department of Wachovia and devoted much time to officiating.  Vest official games in the Southern Conference and the Atlantic Coast Conference and worked in the Gator Bowl as a football official in 1964. For six years in a row he was an official in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) national championships in Kansas City.

In 1965, he became an official in the American Football League (AFL). He was the referee for Super Bowl II between the Green Bay Packers and the Oakland Raiders.

He wore uniform number 3 as a referee in the National Football League (NFL) during the 1970 and 1971 seasons. During a Monday Night Football game between the New York Giants and Philadelphia Eagles in November 1970, Vest wore bright blue gloves which were easily visible to the television audience. The NFL soon passed a rule all officials' gloves had to be black. That game is more memorable, however, for the antics in the broadcast booth, where Howard Cosell threw up on Don Meredith's boots and had to leave Franklin Field at halftime.

Vest worked the 1970 AFC divisional playoff game between the Cincinnati Bengals and Baltimore Colts, and the 1971 AFC Championship Game between the Colts and Miami Dolphins.  His crew for the 1971 season included umpire Frank Sinkovitz, head linesman Leo Miles, line judge Bruce Alford, back judge John Steffen, and field judge Tony Skover. Steffen replaced Bob Frederic from Vest's 1970 crew when Frederic was promoted to referee for 1971 to replace the retired Bob Finley.

In June 1972 Vest was killed in a motorcycle accident at Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. Chuck Heberling was promoted from line judge to replace Vest as referee, and the remainder of Vest's crew worked with Heberling during the 1972 and 1973 seasons. Heberling's line judge position was filled by Red Cashion.

See also
 List of American Football League officials

References

External links

1926 births
1972 deaths
American Football League officials
American men's basketball players
Basketball referees
College football officials
East Tennessee State Buccaneers baseball players
East Tennessee State Buccaneers men's basketball players
East Tennessee State Buccaneers football players
National Football League officials
High school football coaches in North Carolina
High school football coaches in Tennessee
High school football coaches in Virginia
Road incident deaths in South Carolina

Jack Vest


Nowe Brzesko  is a town in Proszowice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Nowe Brzesko. It lies approximately  south-east of Proszowice and  east of the regional capital Kraków. According to 2011 official census Nowe Brzesko has population of 1662. It gained town rights in 1279, but lost that status in 1870 by decree of the Russian tsar. It became a town again on 1 January 2011.

Nowe Brzesko was first mentioned in the first half of the 13th century. The village belonged to the Bishops of Kraków, who handed it to the Norbertine abbey from nearby Hebdów. On October 6, 1279, it became a town, and its first known wójt was Gotfryd, the son of Arnold from Ślesin in Greater Poland. Due to several privileges, the town quickly developed, but in the first half of the 15th century it declined, due to a catastrophic flood of the Vistula (1442). Furthermore, in 1444-45 it was ransacked by the unpaid royal soldiers, returning to Poland after the defeat in the Battle of Varna. As a result, Nowe Brzesko, while still a town, did not differ from local villages. Artisans were few, and fairs were not organized. In 1522, King Zygmunt Stary ordered local authorities to mark boundaries of Nowe Brzesko, and create a street system, together with a market place. Town's residents were in constant conflict with abbots from Hebdów, who tried to get rid of their privileges.

In the late 16th century, the population of Nowe Brzesko was app. 1,000. The town slowly developed, but wars of the mid-17th century (see Swedish invasion of Poland) completely destroyed it and decimated the population. Polish, Swedish, Tatar and Transilvanian soldiers stayed here, robbing and stealing. Poverty and hunger were common, and the population declined by 50%. Furthermore, conflicts with the Hebdów abbots did not end, and residents of the town were forced to work for the abbey (see Serfdom). In 1761, a group of inhabitants rebelled against the authority of the abbot, and asked King Stanisław August Poniatowski to support them.

In the late 18th century (see Partitions of Poland), Nowe Brzesko was annexed by the Austrian Empire
(1795). In 1815, it became part of the Russian-controlled Congress Poland. In 1818, the abbey was dissolved, and the town, with its 151 houses and 900 residents, became state property. Located away from main roads, near the border with Austrian Galicia, the town lost its charter in 1869, becoming a village. In the Second Polish Republic, it belonged to Kielce Voivodeship. Nowe Brzesko once again became a town in 2011.

External links
 Jewish Community in Nowe Brzesko on Virtual Shtetl

References

Cities and towns in Lesser Poland Voivodeship
Proszowice County
Kraków Voivodeship (14th century – 1795)
Kielce Governorate
Kielce Voivodeship (1919–1939)

Nowe Brzesko


Microtransit is a form of bus demand responsive transport vehicle for hire. This transit service offers a highly flexible routing and/or highly flexible scheduling of minibus vehicles shared with other passengers. Microtransit providers build routes ad-hoc exclusively to match only each demand (trip) and supply (driven vehicle) and to extend the efficiency and accessibility of the transit service. Possible pick-up/drop-off stops are restricted (usually within a geofenced area), and transit can be provided as a stop-to-stop service or a curb-to-curb service.

Proponents argue that conceptually, microtransit fits somewhere between private individual transportation (cars or taxicabs or ridesharing companies) and public mass transit (bus).

Customers can request new routes based on demand. According to SAE International, "Microtransit is a privately or publicly operated, technology-enabled transit service that typically uses multi-passenger/pooled shuttles or vans to provide on-demand or fixed-schedule services with either dynamic or fixed routing". That mainly targets children and teens and customers to connect between residential areas to downtown.

History

Although the share-taxi kind of transit service has been running for a while in the Southern Hemisphere and in Asia, they have involved private provision of some degree of fixed routes or fixed schedules but not always booking ability, let alone mobile booking or route optimisation. The development of mobile booking technologies has led to a wave of pilot schemes being adopted in Europe and North America.

In the United States, microtransit has evolved from jitney transport, which was once common in many cities around the world but has disappeared due to tighter regulations. In 1914, during a streetcar strike in Los Angeles, a motorist began giving rides for a jitney. Its flexible service swept the nation very quickly. Another jitney success was "dollar vans" in 1980 during the eleven-day public transit strike.

Development
Technologies allow realntime exchange of booking information and programmed route optimization of the transit service. The term "microtransit" may have emerged into widespread industry discussion around 2015, when this wave of technology-enabled services was starting, and seems specific to the English language.

The current implementations result from public-private partnerships, subsidized by the government, or are brought by the private sector directly to the customer. Whether microtransit can be profitable, just like public transit, is unsure.

The success of microtransit systems depends on its configuration. Some experiences in the United States have resulted in failures.

Application
The flexibility and intelligence in microtransit can be useful in cases when the demand is either geographically spread or coming at various and/or unpredictable times, i.e. when it is hard to gather demand with a planned transit service. Examples include: low-density areas, night services, and other formats adapted to specific needs.

Autonomous electric vehicles
Autonomous electric vehicles are much more cost effective and efficient for microtransit service than other vehicle types. The cost effectiveness can be attributed to the elimination of a driver from the vehicle. A study conducted in Singapore mentioned that microtransit services using autonomous electric vehicles can reduce the total cost of ownership by 70% compared to other microtransit vehicles and by 80% compared to buses.

References

External links
 Stromberg, J. (2015). "These startups want to do for buses what Uber did for taxi rides." Vox.
'Shared Mobility Definitions' at Federal Transit Authority site of the US Department of Transportation
Bos, R. The rise of the Microtransit movement, smart-circle.org
Matus, J, Heck, S. Understanding The Future Of Mobility. August 8, 2015, TechCrunch
Jaffe, E. How the Microtransit Movement Is Changing Urban Mobility.  April 27, 2015. CityLab
UpRouted: Exploring Microtransit in the United States, Eno Center for Transportation, January 8, 2018
 TCRP Research Report 188

Demand responsive transport

Microtransit


Clann Cholmáin is the dynasty descended from Colmán Már mac Diarmato, son of Diarmait mac Cerbaill. Part of the Southern Uí Néill — they were the kings of Mide (Meath) — they traced their descent to Niall Noígiallach and his son Conall Cremthainne.

Related dynasties descended through Conall Cremthainne and Diarmait mac Cerbaill included the Síl nÁedo Sláine, the kings of Brega, descended from Colmán Már's youngest brother Áed Sláine, and the less important Clann Cholmáin Bicc (or the Caílle Follamain), descendants of the middle brother, Colmán Bec. The Kings of Uisnech, among others, belonged to Clann Cholmáin.

Important kings of Clann Cholmáin include:
 Domnall Midi (died 763),
 Donnchad Midi mac Domnaill (died 797),
 Máel Sechnaill mac Maíl Ruanaid (died 862),
 Flann Sinna (died 916),
 Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill (died 1022).

See also
O'Melaghlin

Bibliography
 Byrne, Francis John, Irish Kings and High-Kings. Batsford, London, 1973.
 Nebulae discutiuntur? The emergencer of Clann Cholmain, sixth-eighth centuries, Ailbhe Mac Shamhrain, in Seanchas: Studies in Early and Medieval Irish Archaeology, History and Literature in Honour of Francis John Byrne, ed. Alfred P. Smyth, pp. 83–97, Four Courts Press, Dublin, 2000.

Further reading

External links
O'Melaghlin family pedigree at Library Ireland

Uí Néill
Gaels

Clann Cholmáin


Owen Andrew O'Loughlin Farrell (born 24 September 1991) is an English professional rugby union player who plays as a fly-half for Premiership Rugby club Saracens and captains the England national team.

Since 2012, Farrell has represented England internationally. With scoring over 1,000 points throughout 100 tests, Farrell is one of the highest point scorers in test history. Although fly-half is his preferred position, he frequently plays inside centre at test level.

His father, Ireland's current head coach Andy Farrell, played both rugby union and rugby league for England, and was captain for England rugby league and his club Wigan Warriors.

Early life

Farrell began playing rugby league in his hometown at the age of eight for Wigan St Patricks. When his father Andy signed for Saracens in 2005, his family moved to Harpenden in Hertfordshire, where Owen at the age of 13 or 14 was introduced to rugby union for the first time.

In 2014, Farrell told the Guardian newspaper: "It was a huge change. I was turning 14 and at first I was adamant I didn't want to leave Wigan. All my friends were there and I loved league. It was everything I'd ever known and I was sure I wouldn't like it down south. But I was probably the first one in the family to settle."

He has two younger sisters, Elleshia and Gracie, and one younger brother, Gabriel.

His maternal uncle is former Wigan Warriors and England rugby league captain Sean O'Loughlin, while his paternal uncle Phil Farrell has played for Ireland. He is also second cousins (via his fathers's side) to current Wigan captain and England international Liam Farrell and his younger brother Connor.

Club career

2008–2009
Farrell held the record of youngest player ever to appear in English professional rugby union after playing for Saracens 11 days after his 17th birthday, in a 26–17 home defeat against Llanelli Scarlets in the EDF Energy Cup on 5 October 2008, until this record was broken in November 2009 by George Ford of Leicester Tigers.

2010–2012
In the 2010–11 season, Farrell signed for Bedford Blues on loan. However, he returned to Saracens and was pivotal in the 2010–11 Aviva Premiership Final, kicking five penalties and converting James Short's try, ending with a personal haul of 17 points in the 22–18 victory over reigning champions Leicester Tigers.

Farrell was "man of the match" in a 26–14 defeat of Harlequins which took Saracens to third in the Aviva Premiership.  Saracens' head coach, Mark McCall told the Press Association: "Owen controlled the game with maturity beyond his years. He can play centre or fly-half with equal authority and we are delighted both with the win and with his performance."

2013–2014
The 2013–14 season was a strong season for Farrell and Saracens, with the London Club reaching the Heineken Cup against Toulon, but they missed out on the title after losing the match 23–6, and there was more disappointment for Farrell and Saracens after being defeated 24–20 in the Aviva Premiership Final against Northampton at Twickenham. Farrell struggled with injury in the 2013–14 season after being knocked out unconscious in Saracens's 49–10 win over Leicester Tigers after colliding with opponent Niki Goneva, resulting in Farrell being carried off on a stretcher in a neck brace.

2014–2015
In the 2014–15 season, Farrell won the man of the match award in the Premiership Final, scoring a try and kicking a further 13 points. Saracens went on to win the final 28–16.

The following season, Farrell won the Fans' Player of the Season for Saracens, and kicked all 21 points against Racing 92 in the 2016 European Rugby Champions Cup Final, which Saracens won. He subsequently was awarded the Top Points Scorer award with 129 points scored in the tournament. That season Farrell kicked 13 points again as Saracens also retained the Premiership title with a 28–20 victory over Exeter.

2016–2017
In 2017, Farrell overtook Glen Jackson as the Saracens' all-time leading points scorer, having scored 1548 points in his career so far. In May 2017, Owen helped Saracens to a second successive European Champions Cup, scoring two conversions and three penalties in the final, and was named European Player of the Year.

2018–2019
In 2018 Farrell won his fourth Premiership title after a 27-10 victory over Exeter, in which he converted two tries.

In 2019, Farrell won the European Champions Cup for a third time, scoring 10 points in the final against Leinster at St James' Park in Newcastle. He also won the Premiership for a fifth time, scoring three conversions and two penalties as Saracens again overcame Exeter.

2020–2021
In April 2020, Farrell announced that he would defer £300,000 of his wages in order to keep Saracens solvent. The salary would be repaid over an 18 month period. Saracens asked all players earning more than £75,000 to defer wages until the start of next season.

On 5 September 2020, in a Saracens loss to Wasps, Farrell was sent off by referee Christophe Ridley for a high tackle on Charlie Atkinson, for which he was banned 5 games. The suspension ensured he would be available for England's entire autumn campaign, but the fly-half was ruled out Saracens' Champions Cup quarter-final match against Leinster.

Following the ban, Alex Goode replaced Farrell at fly half. Farrell became Goode's personal coach, helping to prepare him. In 2022, Goode told The Times: "In Paris we were a bit worried about their artificial pitch being quite hard, as it rises the [kicking] tee up a bit. Two hours before kick-off he (Farrell) was there with a scalpel cutting away at my tee for about 45 minutes, pre-game. He said: 'I'll do it to make it right for you'. He wants the best for you without question."

In April 2021, Farrell was named club captain of Saracens on a permanent basis. Saracen's Director of Rugby Mark McCall told the Welwyn Hatfield Times: "He is thoughtful, insightful and modest but at his core he is a competitor who will never stop trying to improve." Farrell told the press conference: "When I think of all the good captains that I've been lucky enough to be under is that they've been themselves. They've learnt a lot but they've been themselves throughout and it's important to be authentic."

2022–2023
Farrell suffered an ankle injury which kept him out for the majority of the 2021–22 Gallagher Premiership season, however he did feature in the  final against Leicester, which Saracens lost 15–12.

In April 2022, after four months on the sidelines following two ankle operations, Farrell showed a return to form as he helped Saracens defeat Exeter and acquire the bonus points required to qualify for the playoffs. England teammate Jamie George told the Guardian: "He turned into our head coach, he is that good. He is so, so important to this team and he offers so much on and off the field. With his voice, with his actions, in the week the way he prepares, he shows people how it is done. I can't speak highly enough of him. He is the best player I have worked with in every facet of the game."

Farrell helped Saracens win the Premiership title again in 2023, scoring two conversions and three penalties in the final as Saracens defeated Sale Sharks.

International career

England

2012
Stuart Lancaster picked Farrell to play for England in his first game as head coach, against Scotland in the 2012 Six Nations Championship on 4 February 2012. Farrell was the youngest player in the squad.

Farrell played at inside centre next to his Saracens teammates Brad Barritt and Charlie Hodgson. He kicked two penalties and a conversion, but also missed two tough penalties from around 50 metres. His next match, against Italy, saw him produce a faultless kicking display, kicking four penalties and a conversion. In the next match, against Wales, Farrell played at fly-half for the first time in an England shirt after Charlie Hodgson sustained a finger injury in the week leading up to the Wales game. Once again his goal-kicking was impressive, missing just one kick out of five, but he was replaced by Toby Flood later in the game after appearing to injure his leg after a clearance kick. He then played against France and Ireland. Farrell kicked well in the Ireland game, only missing one conversion. He finished the competition with 63 points from five games.

The 2012 summer tour of South Africa saw Farrell get selected again. He played all of the warm-up game against the Barbarians and scored a respectable 17 points in a game that England won comfortably. Farrell again played all through the first match against South Africa, where England lost 22–17 in a tight game. He kicked all four of his penalties but missed a conversion.

The 21-year old was dropped for the second test against South Africa at Ellis Park.

On 1 December 2012, Owen Farrell replaced injured Toby Flood as fly-half for the Autumn series against New Zealand. He lined up opposite Dan Carter, then believed to be the world's best fly-half.

Farrell scored a total of 17 points in helping England to a record-breaking victory; it was their greatest-ever margin of victory over the All Blacks.

He was nominated for IRB Player of the Year, but lost out to the New Zealand stand-off Dan Carter.

2013
Farrell started in the Calcutta Cup match against Scotland, only missing one kick in a near-faultless display. He set up one try and assisted England to a strong start in their Six Nations campaign. He was also nominated the RBS Six Nations man of the match for his performance.

After a break from English rugby due to the Lions tour, Farrell returned to England for the 2013 QBE autumn internationals. Ahead of the game against New Zealand, in which he was to line up against Dan Carter, Graham Rowntree, England's forwards coach said: "I love listening to him. He's like his dad [the England defence coach, Andy]. He's not afraid to speak his mind in what he demands from the team. He's humble, does his homework and knows his stuff. He's an exceptional pro and one all the other players look up to. We have absolute faith in Owen, that's why he starts."

Farrell played the full 80 minutes of the match against the Wallabies, kicking two penalties (but also missing three with one hitting the post), two conversions and scoring his debut England try, breaking through a gap in the Australian line of defence and touching down under the posts. His try proved to be the deciding score, as England went on to win 20–13.

2015–2016
Farrell was ruled out of the entire 2015 Six Nations competition with a serious knee injury.
However, after recovering from his injury Farrell was picked to train in the England camp ahead of the England 2015 World Cup. He went on to start in England's first World Cup warm-up match on 15 August, against France, scoring two out of three conversions and consequently helping England win the game 19–14. Farrell was picked by Lancaster as one of two fly-halves in the 31-man World Cup squad.

Farrell came on as a replacement for George Ford in the opening match of the world cup against Fiji, a 35–11 win where Farrell did not miss any kicks. Farrell played for the full 80 minutes in England's second 2015 World Cup match, a 25–28 loss to Wales, scoring 20 points after failing to miss any kicks for the second straight match. He subsequently kept his place to face Australia the following weekend, on 2 October 2015, which England went on to lose 13–33 after Farrell was sin-binned in the 70th minute. This was the first time that England failed to make the playoffs of a Rugby World Cup, having lost to both Wales and Australia now. Farrell started at inside centre in England's final pool match, a 60–3 win over Uruguay. Farrell was subbed off for Jonathan Joseph in the 59th minute after missing two of his six kicks.

In January 2016, after his fine displays for Saracens, Farrell was selected in the first squad of new England head coach Eddie Jones. With injuries to Henry Slade and Manu Tuilagi leaving few choices at inside centre, Farrell was selected at 12 in Jones' first two matches, away to Scotland and Italy respectively. George Ford became a regular starter at 10 in Farrell's place. He was selected as one of England's vice-captains for the Six Nations, along with Mike Brown and Billy Vunipola, under Dylan Hartley's captaincy. In the first two matches, Farrell contributed 22 points including a try against Italy, and assumed the captaincy when Hartley was substituted late on.

Farrell went on to start at inside centre in all five of England's games during the Six Nations tournament, winning his first major international trophy as part of England's Grand Slam-winning side. Farrell finished the tournament as the leading scorer with 69 points, bringing his personal tally for England to 412 and making him the second-highest points scorer in the history of the England national team, with only Jonny Wilkinson having scored more.

In the summer of 2016, England embarked on a three-match series in Australia. Farrell was initially picked to start at fly-half for the first test, however, he was soon reverted to inside centre with Ford assuming the No.10 shirt. England would go on to win the series 3–0, with Farrell playing a pivotal role, being named man of the match in the third test and scoring 66 points on tour. Farrell was nominated for the six-man shortlist for the 2016 World Player of the Year Award for the second time in his career, alongside his Saracens teammates Billy Vunipola and Maro Itoje.

2017–2018
Farrell played all 80 minutes every test in the 2017 Six Nations Championship and helped England retaining the Six Nations title despite missing out the Grand Slam after losing the final game to Ireland. The highlight of Farrell's 2017 Six Nations was on 11 March 2017 when he scored 26 points against Scotland in a 61–21 win for England.

Farrell had a huge workload in the 2018 Six Nations Championship and played in every minute of the competition. Farrell scored a try against Italy on 4 February 2018 and also set one up for first-five George Ford. Disappointingly however, Farrell only kicked 5/8 of his goals against Italy, which disallowed England from putting 50 points on Italy, leaving England to win 46–15. On 24 February, Farrell scored all of England's points against Scotland, including a try. This was not enough however, with Farrell's second try of the match disallowed. Scotland went on to upset England 25–13, with Farrell's game not doing enough to get England a win.

On 10 March 2018, Farrell captained England for the first time in his career when they faced France in Stade de France in Paris. Farrell did not miss any kicks against France in the match and defended well, but England lost 22–16 due to giving away penalties to French scrum-half Maxime Machenaud who managed to convert them into points. Farrell later admitted to media that England's lack of discipline cost them the test.

England went onto lose their final Six Nations match against Ireland, with Hartley back as captain. Farrell started the match at fly-half, with George Ford dropping to the bench, his first start in the ten jersey for England since June 2016.

2018

After England captain Dylan Hartley sustained another concussion in 2018 and was subsequently ruled out of England's three-test series against South Africa, Farrell was promoted to captain in Hartley's absence, leading England to a 2–1 series defeat. Although England rushed to a 24–3 lead early in the first test, with Farrell scoring a try, South Africa came back into the test eventually winning 42–39. England won the final test 25–10 for Farrell's first victory as England captain.

During the autumn, Dylan Hartley again returned from injury, but Farrell was selected as co-captain. The pair led England to victories over South Africa (12–11) and Australia (37–20), and a defeat to New Zealand (16–15), while Farrell came off the bench during a 35–15 victory over Japan (George Ford captained this game).

2019 Six Nations Championship
Farrell was retained at 10 and as the sole England Captain during the 2019 Six Nations Championship, with Hartley missing the whole tournament.

England started the tournament with a shock 32–20 victory against the Irish in Dublin. It was their first away win against the Irish since 2013, and Farrell's third penalty 10 minutes from the final whistle ensured victory.
The next match was against France at Twickenham. Farrel scored 17 points, including his side's sixth and final try. The match, which finished 44–8, represented England's largest win against the French in 90 years.

In England's third match ended in a 21–13 defeat to Wales, who launched a second-half comeback to achieve their 12th successive victory.

Following the defeat against Wales, Farrell led his lteam to a 57–14 victory over Italy.

England suffered a collapse in their final match against Scotland. Behind 31–0 after thirty minutes, Scotland staged a comeback, bringing the score to 31–7 by the end of the first half, dominating the second half of the match. Farrell was substituted with ten minutes left in the game, and it was his replacement, George Ford, who proved the saviour for England to score after the clock had gone red to rescue England and bring the score to 38-38.  the match for a draw. It was Scotland's first draw at Twickenham since 1989, and the first time they had retained the Calcutta Cup since 1984.

At the end of his first year as captain, following the second-half collapse against Scotland, a debate began over whether Farrell was overwhelmed by performing the three roles of captain, fly-half and goal kicker. Former England captain and Leadership coach Will Carling, was brought in by the RFU to work with Farrell.

2019 Rugby World Cup
Farrell was selected as England's captain for 2019 Rugby World Cup in Japan, where England would face France, Argentina, Tonga and the United States in Pool C. He also started and captained two of England's four warm-up matches, starting at 12 against Ireland in a record 57–15 victory, and at 10 against Italy in England's first ever match at St James' Park in Newcastle.

Farrell suffered a sickening blow to head during the match against USA. The high tackle from John Quill resulted in Farrell taking a shoulder charge to head which removed a chunk of skin from his nose.

England performed well at the 2019 World Cup, topping their pool with big wins over Argentina, Tonga and the USA (their match against France was cancelled due to a typhoon), and following this up with a record equalling win over Australia in the quarter-final. Farrell went on to lead England to victory over New Zealand in the semi-final, winning 19–7. Farrell captained England against South Africa in the Final, South Africa upset the favourites for the game and won 32–12.

The semi-final win against New Zealand made Farrell just the fourth England Captain (after John Pullin, Will Carling and Martin Johnson) to lead and beat all of the "Big Three" Southern Hemisphere sides: ,  and . As captain, he has 3 wins against Australia, 1 against New Zealand, and 2 against South Africa.

2020–2021
Following the World Cup, Farrell retained the England captaincy and led England to victory in the 2020 Six Nations and, following the Covid-19 outbreak, that year's Autumn Nations Cup. Farrell finished Autumn Nations Cup as the Tournament's top points scorer as he claimed his first two pieces of silverware as England Captain. Despite missing half of his kicks at goal in the Final, Farrell scored the match winning penalty deep into extra time. England finished the year with only a single defeat (their opening Six Nations match against France in Paris) from nine games.

Farrell and England made a poor start to their title defence in the 2021 Six Nations, with a first loss to Scotland at Twickenham in thirty-eight years in their opening game. Farrell and England had much improved performances against Italy and Wales, though the latter ended in defeat to end their title defence. Wales had two controversially awarded tries in the first half, but despite this England clawed their way back to make it 24–24, only to give away a succession of penalties, ultimately giving Wales a sixteen point victory.

England went on to beat France at Twickenham in round four; France were aiming for a Grand Slam at the time but England won a late victory with a clinical display, a repeat of the Autumn Nations Cup final the previous year. Farrell contributed eleven tackles, nearly twice as many more than any other back, and had a faultless day from the boot to give England victory.

England lost their final match away to Ireland in Dublin, with Farrell going off with concussion during the second half. England ended the Six Nations in 5th place, their worst ever placement.

A personal achievement for Farrell in the 2020–21 season was crossing the 1,000 international points in test rugby, becoming the second Englishman to reach the achievement, and at the time only the sixth overall.

Ahead of his 100th game for England, Farrell told The Times: "The best part of the games is how engaging they are, when you're lost in it, when you're not thinking. When the game's gone by like that, that's the best, that's where there's nothing else going on, where there's no worry, there's no anything. You're just in it."

2022
In January 2022, Farrell was ruled out of the Six Nations following a freak injury acquired in training. England coach Eddie Jones told the Guardian: "I've chatted to [Owen] a couple of times. Owen's one of the most resilient, one of the most driven players that I know. He's got to take his medicine now, which is have the operation, rehab, go through all that pain, but he wants to be the best player he can be. He wants to captain England again, he wants to play for England again. And so he'll apply himself really well to his rehab. And he could come back better than ever. And that's what we're anticipating."

On 19 November 2022, Farrell made his 100th Cap for England against The All Blacks in the 2022 Autumn Nations Series, the game ended in a 25–25 draw with England coming back in the last 10 minutes. Farrell gave a 3-point contribution to the match.

On reaching his 100th game for England, Farrell was presented with some gifts from his team, including a small, metal golden cap, which is reserved for the elite few who reach 100.

In December 2022, Farrell described the RFU's decision to sack Eddie Jones as "unbelievably disappointing." Farrell told The Times: "I don't think it [the momentum for Jones's early departure] has come from the players. There is obviously stuff we all want to get better at, but as players you look at yourself and see what you can do."

2023
On 16 January 2023, Farrell was named as England captain for the Six Nations, despite a three week suspension for a high tackle against Gloucester's Jack Clement which Rugby authorities judged to be "too high rather than malicious."

On 12 August 2023, in a Rugby World Cup warmup game against Wales, Farrell became the first England player to receive a red card under the new 'bunker review' system for a high tackle against Taine Basham, who was later taken off for an HIA.  However the red card was overturned after a disciplinary board deemed that Basham had a "sudden and significant change in direction". Had Farrell received the ban many critics expected him to receive, 6–10 weeks based on his previous history, then he would have missed all of Englands pool stage games and could also have missed the Quarter and Semi finals depending on the length of the ban. This decision was subsequently appealed by World Rugby. Farrell was banned for 4 games on 22 August 2023.

British & Irish Lions
Farrell was selected as part of the British & Irish Lions squad for the 2013 tour to Australia. Farrell started for the Lions in Hong Kong on 1 June against the Barbarians, kicking three penalties and three conversions in a convincing 59–8 win for the Lions.
In his second game against Western Force, Farrell started on the bench, came on in the 66th minute and scored a try with his first touch, helping the Lions towards a 69–17 win. He gained his first Lions test cap, coming off the bench to replace Johnny Sexton, in the 41–16 series decider.

In April 2017, Farrell was named again as part of the Lions squad for the tour to New Zealand. He played a pivotal role in the series, starting in all three tests against the All Blacks. The first test, which was a 30–15 loss to the Lions had Farrell start at 10, while England teammate Ben Te'o starting at 12. Farrell moved to 12 for the next two tests, with Te'o dropping to the bench to accommodate Irish fly-half Sexton. With three minutes left of the second test of the series, the Lions were awarded a penalty due to a dangerous tackle by All Black prop Charlie Faumuina. Farrell managed to convert the penalty kick, allowing the Lions to defeat the All Blacks in the second test 24–21, breaking a number of records.

Farrell did not miss a penalty kick in the final match of the series, a 15–15 draw, which allowed the Lions to draw the series with the All Blacks. Farrell also scored the most points of any player who went on tour with the Lions in 2017, scoring 45 points (31 from tests).

Personal life
He married his longtime girlfriend Georgie in July 2018. They have two sons born in March 2019 and March 2021.

Despite his success, Farrell feels uncomfortable being the centre of attention. Former England head coach Stuart Lancaster described Farrell as "more introverted than extroverted."

On being described as "the Wigan foghorn" by team mate Danny Care in 2014, Farrell told The Guardian: "Good. Communicating and being loud is a big part of my game. I've never been shy about doing that. But you need to make sure you back it up with knowledge and performance. When I was a bit younger I made too much of trying to stick up for myself. But I don't need to prove that I'm not soft or too young any more. It's now about trying to play as well as I can for my team."

Contrasting with his highly competitive, dominating presence on pitch, Farrell is highly protective of his private life, maintaining what has been described as "a dull public persona".

Farrell studied for a degree in management and leadership. The subject of his 12,000 word dissertation was reflective learning.

Farrell celebrates every point he scores by linking his index fingers together to make a 'JJ' sign, the Joining Jack salute, Joining Jack, a charity dedicated to the needs of sufferers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Farrell is also a patron of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy charity Duchenne UK.

Career statistics

List of international tries

International analysis by opposition

Honours
 British & Irish Lions
 2× Test Series: 2013, 2017
 1× Test Series runner-up: 2021

 England
 Rugby World Cup / Webb Ellis Cup
 Silver Medal: 2019
Bronze Medal: 2023
 3× Six Nations Championship: 2016, 2017, 2020
 1 x Grand Slam 2016
 3× Triple Crown: 2014, 2016, 2020
 6× Calcutta Cup: 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2020
 2× Summer Internationals: 2016, 2022
 1× Autumn Nations Cup: 2020

 Saracens
 6× Premiership Rugby: 2011, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2023
 1× RFU Championship: 2021
 3× European Rugby Champions Cup: 2016, 2017, 2019

 Individual
 2× European Player of the Year: 2017, 2018
 3× World Rugby Men's 15s Player of the Year Nominations: 2012, 2016, 2017

References

External links

 RFU profile
 Saracens profile
 Statbunker profile

1991 births
Living people
Bedford Blues players
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England
England international rugby union players
English people of Irish descent
English rugby union players
Farrell family
People educated at St George's School, Harpenden
Rugby union centres
Rugby union fly-halves
Rugby union players from Wigan
Saracens F.C. players
Wigan St Patricks players
2015 Rugby World Cup players
2019 Rugby World Cup players
2023 Rugby World Cup players

Owen Farrell


KRBX, branded as Radio Boise, is a listener-supported, independent community radio station headquartered in Boise, Idaho, United States, broadcasting at 89.9 FM and 93.5 FM (on translator K228EK), presenting a freeform radio format. The station is operated by the non-profit Boise Community Radio Project and was established in 2011. Its main terrestrial transmitter is located in the Owyhee Mountains of eastern Oregon, and its city of license is Caldwell, Idaho, with a translator in downtown Boise (licensed to Garden City). It can be heard worldwide on the internet via streaming formats at radioboise.org.

See also
List of community radio stations in the United States

External links

RBX
Freeform radio stations
Community radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 2011

KRBX


The Cape York rock-wallaby (Petrogale coenensis) is a species of rock-wallaby restricted to Cape York Peninsula in northeastern Queensland, Australia. It is a member of a group of seven very closely related rock-wallabies, all found in northeastern Queensland, also including the Mount Claro rock-wallaby (P. sharmani), the Mareeba rock-wallaby (P. mareeba) and Godman's rock-wallaby (P. godmani).

The Cape York rock-wallaby is found only in central Cape York, from the Musgrave to the Pascoe River. It is also the only member of the group of seven species to be completely separated geographically from its relatives; it is separated from Godman's rock-wallaby by the Hann River Catchment (around 70 km).

References

Macropods
Mammals of Queensland
Marsupials of Australia
Mammals described in 1992

Cape York rock-wallaby


Dixie Lee (born  Wilma Winifred Wyatt; November 4, 1909 – November 1, 1952) was an American actress, dancer, and singer. She was the first wife of singer Bing Crosby.

Biography
She was born Wilma Winifred Wyatt in Harriman, Tennessee, on November 4, 1909, to Evan Wyatt and the former Nora Scarborough. (When she entered show business, she gave her birth date as November 4, 1911.) After moving to Chicago, she graduated from Senn High School. While in Chicago she adopted the professional name "Dixie Carroll" to enter an amateur singing contest in May 1928. She won the contest and the prize was a job as a singer at a roadhouse called College Inn. While working there, she was spotted by a talent scout and given a part in the traveling company of Good News. A film contract was subsequently offered and Winfield Sheehan of the Fox film studio changed her name to Dixie Lee, to avoid confusion with actresses Nancy Carroll and Sue Carol.

Marriage

She met Bing Crosby at the age of 20 and they married on September 29, 1930, at the Church of the Blessed Sacrament in Hollywood. Dixie Lee was better known than Crosby at that time, as illustrated by the incorrect news release issued by the Associated Press, which reported she married "Murray Crosey".

There were early problems with the marriage, and on March 4, 1931, Dixie announced that they had separated and that she would soon be filing a divorce suit charging mental cruelty. She went on to say, "We have only been married about six months, but we have already found out that we are not suited for each other. Our separation is an amiable one, and the only reason for it is that we just cannot get along. 'Bing' is a fine boy as a friend, but married he and I just cannot be happy." Within a week, a reconciliation came about. Dixie had gone with a party of friends to Agua Caliente for the weekend. To one of the girls in the crowd, she confided she was not half as angry with Crosby as she was at the parting a week ago. The girl got Crosby on the long-distance telephone and presently he and Dixie were talking to each other. An hour and a half later, Crosby appeared at Agua Caliente, having flown down in an airplane, and all was well again.

They had four sons: Gary (1933); twins Phillip and Dennis (1934); and Lindsay (1938). Lindsay and Dennis died by suicide as adults, Lindsay in 1989 and Dennis in 1991.

After the birth of the twins, she made a brief return to show business. Dixie Lee made two appearances on the Shell Chateau radio program in 1935, and she made three more films. Her most notable film is probably Love in Bloom (1935). Her last film was Redheads on Parade, but the reviews were mediocre. She made a couple of records on March 11, 1935, "You've Got Me Doing Things," a song she introduced in the film Love in Bloom. This was her first record, and she backed it with "My Heart Is an Open Book." She was encouraged back in to the recording studio again on July 27, 1936, and she recorded "Until the Real Thing Comes Along" and "When a Lady Meets a Gentleman Down South" for Decca Records. Her final recordings were two duets with her husband recorded on August 19, 1936 - A Fine Romance and The Way You Look Tonight. She then retired from show business.

Personal life

Crosby's biographer, Gary Giddins, describes Dixie Lee as a shy, private person with a sensible approach to life. Giddins recounts that Dixie and Bing, as young marrieds, were often invited to parties where liquor was plentiful, and Dixie drank socially to keep up with Bing. She succeeded in curbing Bing's alcohol consumption, but her own alcoholism worsened. This led to problems with the marriage and divorce was briefly contemplated by Crosby in January 1941. In January 1945, Dixie Lee was rushed to St. Vincent's Hospital after collapsing with a "respiratory infection." Crosby accompanied his wife to the hospital in an ambulance and remained at her bedside during the night. A later article in Picturegoer magazine suggested that she had taken an accidental overdose of sleeping tablets and that her life was in the balance for over a week.

Bing Crosby went to Europe in 1950 for an extended visit and there were headlines stating that the Crosby marriage was strained, but this was subsequently denied.

Crosby persuaded her to take part in his radio show broadcast on December 20, 1950, her first appearance with him on radio. It was her first professional appearance since 1936. In January 1951, Press reports indicated that Crosby had recently moved back into his Holmby Hills home with Dixie Lee. He had been spending much of his time at his home at Pebble Beach.

Dixie Lee died from ovarian cancer on November 1, 1952, three days shy of her 43rd birthday. She was interred in the Crosby plot at Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California, after a Requiem High Mass at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills on November 3.

Filmography
1929: Knights Out (Short)
1929: Fox Movietone Follies of 1929 as Lead Dancer In Fashion Number
1929: Why Leave Home? as Billie
1929: Happy Days as Lead Dancer in 'Crazy Feet' number
1930: Harmony at Home as Rita Joyce
1930: Let's Go Places as Dixie
1930: The Big Party as Kitty Collins
1930: Cheer Up and Smile as Margie
1931: No Limit as Dotty 'Dodo' Potter
1931: Mr. Lemon of Orange as Hat Check Girl (uncredited)
1931: Quick Millions as Stone's Secretary (uncredited)
1931: Young Sinners as Girl (uncredited)
1931: Night Life in Reno as Dorothy Pierce
1931: Darn Tootin (Short) as Singer
1934: Manhattan Love Song as Geraldine Stewart
1935: Love in Bloom as Violet Downey
1935: Redheads on Parade as Ginger Blair (final film role)

In popular culture
The 1947 film Smash-Up, the Story of a Woman is loosely based on Dixie Lee's life.

Legacy

On November 8, 2019, the Tennessee Historical Commission and the City of Harriman, Tennessee, unveiled a Tennessee State Historical Marker (1F 46) near Dixie's birthplace in the Walnut Hill section of downtown Harriman.

References

External links

20th-century American actresses
Actresses from Tennessee
American female dancers
Dancers from Tennessee
Deaths from cancer in California
Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City
Deaths from ovarian cancer
People from Harriman, Tennessee
1909 births
1952 deaths
20th-century American singers
Bing Crosby
20th-century American women singers

Dixie Lee