Fiction is any creative work, chiefly any narrative work, portraying individuals, events, or places that are imaginary or in ways that are imaginary. Fictional portrayals are thus inconsistent with history, fact, or plausibility. In a traditional narrow sense, "fiction" refers to written narratives in prose  often referring specifically to novels, novellas, and short stories. More broadly, however, fiction encompasses imaginary narratives expressed in any medium, including not just writings but also live theatrical performances, films, television programs, radio dramas, comics, role-playing games, and video games.

Definition and theory
Typically, the fictionality of a work is publicly expressed and so the audience expects the work to deviate in some ways from the real world rather than presenting, for instance, only factually accurate portrayals or characters who are actual people. Because fiction is generally understood to not fully adhere to the real world, the themes and context of a work, such as if and how it relates to real-world issues or events, are open to interpretation. Since fiction is most long-established in the realm of literature (written narrative fiction), the broad study of the nature, function, and meaning of fiction is called literary theory, and the narrower interpretation of specific fictional texts is called literary criticism (with subsets like film criticism and theatre criticism also now long-established). Aside from real-world connections, some fictional works may depict characters and events within their own context, entirely separate from the known physical universe: an independent fictional universe. The creative art of constructing such an imaginary world is known as worldbuilding.

Literary critic James Wood argues that "fiction is both artifice and verisimilitude", meaning that it requires both creative inventions as well as some acceptable degree of believability to its audience, a notion often encapsulated in the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge's idea of the audience's willing suspension of disbelief. The effects of experiencing fiction, and the way the audience is changed by the new information they discover, has been studied for centuries. Also, infinite fictional possibilities themselves signal the impossibility of fully knowing reality, provocatively demonstrating important notions of philosophy, such as there potentially being no criterion to measure constructs of reality.

Fiction and reality

In contrast to fiction, creators of non-fiction assume responsibility for presenting information (and sometimes opinion) based only in historical and factual reality. Despite the traditional view that fiction and non-fiction are opposites, some works (particularly in the modern era) blur this boundary, particularly works that fall under certain experimental storytelling genresincluding some postmodern fiction, autofiction, or creative nonfiction like non-fiction novels and docudramasas well as the deliberate literary fraud of falsely marketing fiction as nonfiction. Furthermore, even most works of fiction usually have elements of, or grounding in, truth of some kind, or truth from a certain point of view. The distinction between the two may be best defined from the viewpoint of the audience, according to whom a work is non-fiction if its people, settings, and plot are perceived entirely as historically or factually real, while a work is regarded as fiction if it deviates from reality in any of those areas. The distinction is further obscured by a philosophical understanding, on the one hand, that the truth can be presented through imaginary channels and constructions, while, on the other hand, works of the imagination can just as well bring about significant new perspectives on, or conclusions about, truth and reality.

A greater degree of adherence to realism or plausibility characterizes the umbrella genre of realistic fiction, while a lesser degree characterizes the umbrella genre of speculative fiction. Realistic fiction involves a story whose basic setting (time and location in the world) is, in fact, real and whose events could believably happen in the context of the real world. Contrarily, speculative fiction involves a story where the opposite is the case. For instance, speculative fiction may depict an entirely imaginary universe or one in which the laws of nature do not strictly apply (often, the genre of fantasy). Or, it depicts true historical moments, except that they have concluded differently than in real life or have been followed by new imaginary events (the genre of alternative history). Or, it depicts some other non-existent location or time-period, sometimes even including impossible technology or technology that defies current scientific understandings or capabilities (the genre of science fiction). All types of fiction invite their audience to explore real ideas, issues, or possibilities using an otherwise imaginary setting or using something similar to reality, though still distinct from it.

History

Storytelling has existed in all human cultures, and each culture incorporates different elements of truth and fiction into storytelling. Early fiction was closely associated with history and myth. Greek poets such as Homer, Hesiod, and Aesop developed fictional stories that were told first through oral storytelling and then in writing. Prose fiction was developed in Ancient Greece, influenced by the storytelling traditions of Asia and Egypt. Distinctly fictional work was not recognized as separate from historical or mythological stories until the imperial period. Plasmatic narrative, following entirely invented characters and events, was developed through ancient drama and New Comedy. One common structure among early fiction is a series of strange and fantastic adventures as early writers test the limits of fiction writing. Milesian tales were an early example of fiction writing in Ancient Greece and Italy. As fiction writing developed in Ancient Greece, relatable characters and plausible scenarios were emphasized to better connect with the audience, including elements such as romance, piracy, and religious ceremonies. Heroic romance was developed in medieval Europe, incorporating elements associated with fantasy, including supernatural elements and chivalry.

The structure of the modern novel was developed by Miguel de Cervantes with Don Quixote in the early-17th century. The novel became a primary medium of fiction in the 18th and 19th centuries. They were often associated with Enlightenment ideas such as empiricism and agnosticism. Realism developed as a literary style at this time. New forms of mass media developed in the late-19th and early-20th centuries, including popular-fiction magazines and early film. Interactive fiction was developed in the late-20th century through video games.

Elements

Certain basic elements further help to define and break down all works of narrative, including all works of fictional narrative. Namely, all narratives include the elements of character, conflict, narrative mode, plot, setting, and theme. Characters are individuals inside a work of story, conflicts are the tension or problem that drives characters' thoughts and actions, narrative modes are the ways in which a story is communicated, plots are the sequence of events in a story, settings are the story's locations in time and space, and themes are deeper messages or interpretations about the story that its audience is left to discuss and reflect upon.

Formats

Traditionally, fiction includes novels, short stories, fables, legends, myths, fairy tales, epic and narrative poetry, plays (including operas, musicals, dramas, puppet plays, and various kinds of theatrical dances). However, fiction may also encompass comic books, and many animated cartoons, stop motions, anime, manga, films, video games, radio programs, television programs (comedies and dramas), etc.

The Internet has had a major impact on the creation and distribution of fiction, calling into question the feasibility of copyright as a means to ensure royalties are paid to copyright holders. Also, digital libraries such as Project Gutenberg make public domain texts more readily available. The combination of inexpensive home computers, the Internet, and the creativity of its users has also led to new forms of fiction, such as interactive computer games or computer-generated comics. Countless forums for fan fiction can be found online, where loyal followers of specific fictional realms create and distribute derivative stories. The Internet is also used for the development of blog fiction, where a story is delivered through a blog either as flash fiction or serial blog, and collaborative fiction, where a story is written sequentially by different authors, or the entire text can be revised by anyone using a wiki.

Fiction writing

Literary fiction

The definition of literary fiction is controversial. It may refer to any work of fiction in a written form. However, various other definitions exist, including a written work of fiction that:
 does not fit neatly into an established genre (as opposed to so-called genre fiction), when used as a marketing label in the book trade
 is character-driven rather than plot-driven
 examines the human condition
 uses language in an experimental or poetic fashion
 is considered serious as a work of art

Literary fiction is often used as a synonym for literature, in the narrow sense of writings specifically considered to be an art form. While literary fiction is sometimes regarded as superior to genre fiction, the two are not mutually exclusive, and major literary figures have employed the genres of science fiction, crime fiction, romance, etc., to create works of literature. Furthermore, the study of genre fiction has developed within academia in recent decades.

The term is sometimes used such as to equate literary fiction to literature. The accuracy of this is debated. Neal Stephenson has suggested that while any definition will be simplistic there is today a general cultural difference between literary and genre fiction. On the one hand literary authors nowadays are frequently supported by patronage, with employment at a university or a similar institution, and with the continuation of such positions determined not by book sales but by critical acclaim by other established literary authors and critics. On the other hand, he suggests, genre fiction writers tend to support themselves by book sales. However, in an interview, John Updike lamented that "the category of 'literary fiction' has sprung up recently to torment people like me who just set out to write books, and if anybody wanted to read them, terrific, the more the merrier. ... I'm a genre writer of a sort. I write literary fiction, which is like spy fiction or chick lit". Likewise, on The Charlie Rose Show, he argued that this term, when applied to his work, greatly limited him and his expectations of what might come of his writing, so he does not really like it. He suggested that all his works are literary, simply because "they are written in words".

Literary fiction often involves social commentary, political criticism, or reflection on the human condition. In general, it focuses on "introspective, in-depth character studies" of "interesting, complex and developed" characters. This contrasts with genre fiction where plot is the central concern. Usually in literary fiction the focus is on the "inner story" of the characters who drive the plot, with detailed motivations to elicit "emotional involvement" in the reader. The style of literary fiction is often described as "elegantly written, lyrical, and ... layered". The tone of literary fiction can be darker than genre fiction, while the pacing of literary fiction may be slower than popular fiction. As Terrence Rafferty notes, "literary fiction, by its nature, allows itself to dawdle, to linger on stray beauties even at the risk of losing its way".

Genre fiction

Based on how literary fiction is defined, genre fiction may be a subset (written fiction that aligns to a particular genre), or its opposite: an evaluative label for written fiction that comprises popular culture, as artistically or intellectually inferior to high culture. Regardless, fiction is commonly broken down into a variety of genres: categories of fiction, each differentiated by a particular unifying tone or style; set of narrative techniques, archetypes, or other tropes; media content; or other popularly defined criterion.

Science fiction predicts or supposes technologies that are not realities at the time of the work's creation: Jules Verne's novel From the Earth to the Moon was published in 1865, but only in 1969 did astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin become the first humans to land on the Moon.

Historical fiction places imaginary characters into real historical events. In the 1814 historical novel Waverley, Sir Walter Scott's fictional character Edward Waverley meets a figure from history, Bonnie Prince Charlie, and takes part in the Battle of Prestonpans. Some works of fiction are slightly or greatly re-imagined based on some originally true story, or a reconstructed biography. Often, even when the fictional story is based on fact, there may be additions and subtractions from the true story to make it more interesting. An example is Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried, a 1990 series of short stories about the Vietnam War.

Fictional works that explicitly involve supernatural, magical, or scientifically impossible elements are often classified under the genre of fantasy, including Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, and J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series. Creators of fantasy sometimes introduce imaginary creatures and beings such as dragons and fairies.

Types by word count
Types of written fiction in prose are distinguished by relative length and include:
 Short story: the boundary between a long short story and a novella is vague, although a short story commonly comprises fewer than 7,500 words
 Novella: typically, 17,500 to 40,000 words in length; examples include Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886) or Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness (1899)
 Novel: 40,000 words or more in length

Process of fiction writing

Fiction writing is the process by which an author or creator produces a fictional work. Some elements of the writing process may be planned in advance, while others may come about spontaneously. Fiction writers use different writing styles and have distinct writers' voices when writing fictional stories.

Fictionalization as a concept

The use of real events or real individuals as direct inspiration for imaginary works is known as fictionalization. The opposite circumstance, in which the physical world or a real turn of events seem influenced by past fiction, is commonly known as "life imitating art". The latter phrase is popularity associated with the Anglo-Irish fiction writer Oscar Wilde.

The alteration of actual happenings into a fictional format, with this involving a dramatic representation of real events or people, is known as both fictionalization, or, more narrowly for visual performance works like in theatre and film, dramatization. According to the academic publication Oxford Reference, a work set up this way will have a "narrative based partly or wholly on fact but written as if it were fiction" such that "[f]ilms and broadcast dramas of this kind often bear the label 'based on a true story'." In intellectual research, evaluating this process is a part of media studies.

Examples of prominent fictionalization in the creative arts include those in the general context of World War II in popular culture and specifically Nazi German leaders such as Adolf Hitler in popular culture and Reinhard Heydrich in popular culture. For instance, American actor and comedian Charlie Chaplin portrayed the eccentric despot Adenoid Hynkel in the 1940 satirical film The Great Dictator. The unhinged, unintelligent figure fictionalized real events from the then ongoing Second World War in a way that presented fascist individuals as humorously irrational and pathetic. Many other villains take direct inspiration from real people while having fictional accents, appearances, backgrounds, names, and so on.

See also
 Outline of fiction

Notes

Citations

References

Further reading

External links

 "Kate Colquhoun on the blurred boundaries between fiction and non-fiction", La Clé des Langues, 11 September 2012.
 Example of a Serial Blog/Short Story Magazine

Genres

Fiction


Puthiya Thalaimurai is a Tamil magazine published from Chennai, India by New Generation Media . The Group also has an English website, www.thefederal.com. The Federal is a digital platform disseminating news, analysis and commentary. It seeks to look at India from the perspective of the states.

History and profile
Puthiya Thalaimurai was first published in October 2018. The magazine is published on a weekly basis. It mostly publishes articles about education and Tamil Nadu politics. The magazine features articles covering authentic news with no indication of rumours.

The Magazine awards the best performers in the teaching profession in Tamil Nadu with annual Asiriyar Awards since 2015. The awards are given to teachers who have shown excellence in the categories such as scientific awareness, rural service, girls' education, tribal development, innovation, motivation, language skill development and creativity.

Controversies

Bomb attack on Puthiya Thalaimurai Office
On 8 March 2015, Several protesters attacked a video journalist and broke his equipment outside the Puthiya Thalaimurai office. The protests reportedly started after promos of a show about Mangalsutra was aired on 11 March 2015. The protesters claimed it hurt their religious sentiments. 10 members of the Hindu Munnani outfit were arrested in connection with the incident. Tamilisai Soundararajan the then BJP state President visited the protesters in jail and pledged them her support.

On 12 March 2015, at about 3:00 a.m., four men came in motorcycles and threw two crude bombs stuffed in tiffin boxes into the Puthiya Thalaimurai office. The event was captured on CCTV cameras. No one was said to be injured in the attack. Later the ex-youth president of the Right-wing outfit Hindu Makkal Katchi and the current president of Hindu Ilaignar Sena, Mr. Pandian surrendered at the court of Madurai. Pandian has been named in a few cases together with an attack of a sub-inspector in Madurai.

References

External links
 Puthiya Thalaimurai Magazine website

Monthly magazines published in India
Political magazines published in India
Local interest magazines
Magazines established in 2009
Mass media in Chennai
Tamil-language magazines
2009 establishments in Tamil Nadu

Puthiya Thalaimurai


Revenge is doing something to hurt another person because they believe that person hurt them. It is also called vengeance, vendetta, payback, retribution or retaliation. It can also be doing something to get even for an insult, real or perceived. Vengeance is as old as people are. it is a natural urge that has been examined by psychologists, philosophers, legal scholars, poets, playwrights and others. Anthropologists have discovered chimpanzees will try to get revenge on thieves who steal their food.

The psychology of revenge
In a 2004 issue of Science, Swiss researchers scanned the brains of several subjects who had been intentionally "wronged" in an experiment. They were then given a chance to get even with the person they thought wronged them. As they thought about how they could get revenge, their brain activity showed a rush of rush of activity in the caudate nucleus. This is the part of the brain that processes rewards. This gives some psychological confirmation to the saying Revenge is sweet.

Pitfalls of revenge
The ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius said: ""Before you embark on a journey of revenge, dig two graves." "Payback's a bitch!" is the more modern version. The person seeking revenge is often hurt as badly as his victim. Often, the one seeking revenge has to take on the very qualities he or she hated in the first place.

It becomes a case of "you hurt me, I'll hurt you back". Taking revenge on someone may cause them to retaliate and take revenge on you. This process keeps going back and forth until it becomes a blood feud involving families, tribes, even nations. On a world level, feuds have been going on for centuries. A desire for revenge comes from a shared human desire for justice. But revenge twists justice into what is needed at the moment.

Growing evidence shows abused children often inflict revenge on themselves and those around them. By not experiencing a healthy development they do not have a healthy sense of justice. By not having developed a healthy understanding of interpersonal relationships, it can lead to criminal behavior. Studies of Juvenile delinquents and inmates shows a strong connection between criminal behavior and a history of being abused as a child. As teens, many engage in revenge fantasies.

Related terms
Sometimes revenge or acts of revenge are actually other feelings disguised as revenge.
 Envy comes from a comparison where someone feels they have been slighted. Someone who feels envy wants to hurt or take over the person or thing they hate. They seek revenge because of envy.
 Self-defense is often for protecting someone or something against another. A claim of self-defense may sometimes be used to hide something that was actually done for revenge.
 A scapegoat is someone who is blamed for something someone else actually did. It can also be a person someone wants to make suffer as revenge for something.

References

Other page
Nemesis

Violence
Ethics

Revenge


A ruka or ruca is a traditional Mapuche house type. Rukas were originally round with a conical roof. Rucas are typically built communally. Rukas traditionally lack windows and are made up a single open space in the interior. The interior of the rukas are organized around a central fireplace.

Travellers in the first half of the 20th century compared the housing conditions of rukas favourably to the tenements of Santiago and the countryside cottages of non-Mapuche Chilean farmers.

References

 Arquitectura MAPUCHE: la Ruca

House types
Mapuche culture
Mapuche words and phrases

Ruka (house type)


Paella is a traditional rice dish in Valencia, Spain. Paella named after the traditional pan (frying pan) used to cook the dish on an open fire. This dish consists of grain rice, green beans, peas, chicken, rabbit, lima bean. Also paella (paella de marisco) consists of seafood instead of meat.

Spanish food
Rice dishes

Paella


Trick or Treat (also known as Ragman and Death at 33 RPM in foreign markets) is a 1986 American horror film by De Laurentiis Entertainment Group, starring Marc Price and Tony Fields, with special appearances by Gene Simmons and Ozzy Osbourne. The movie centers on a outcast metalhead teenager who is haunted by the ghost of his rock hero. It is the directorial debut of actor Charles Martin Smith, who has a cameo in the film.

Plot
Eddie "Ragman" Weinbauer is a teenage outcast at Lakeridge High School who, due to his eccentric lifestyle and appearance, suffers bullying by his jock schoolmates, led by Tim Hainey. A heavy metal music fan, Eddie worships Sammi Curr, an infamous rock superstar and Lakeridge High alumnus, whose vulgar antics earned him a ban from returning to perform at the school's Halloween ball. Upon learning of Curr's death in a mysterious hotel fire, a distraught Eddie seeks comfort from his friend Nuke, a radio DJ and former classmate of Curr's. Nuke hands Eddie the master of Curr's last and as-yet unreleased album Songs in the Key of Death on an acetate disc, which he has copied to reel-to-reel tape so he can play it in its entirety on-air at midnight on Halloween, as per Sammi's will.

Once back home, having previous experience with hidden messages in his records, Eddie plays Sammi's album backwards and hears Sammi's voice addressing him personally. Speaking to Eddie through the record, Sammi's ghost instructs Eddie to pose as bait for a revenge plot against Eddie's bullies, thus also avenging Sammi for the abuse he himself endured in his youth. At first the revenge is innocent enough and helps build Eddie's confidence, but before long, Sammi's ploy becomes sinister and life-threatening, prompting Eddie to rescind their pact. After Sammi designates Eddie's and Tim's shared love interest Leslie as his next target, Eddie attempts to stop Sammi by smashing the record and his own sound system. Before he can do so, Sammi, having acquired sufficient energy, materializes into the real world and berates Eddie, then he escapes by teleporting via sound systems and radio signals.

Eddie recruits his friend Roger to retrieve and destroy a cassette tape copy of the album he had left in Tim's car. Roger steals the tape but, skeptical of Eddie's motives, plays it on his own stereo system instead of destroying it. This summons Sammi, who orders Roger to play the tape of Songs in the Key of Death at the Halloween ball under threat of his life. That night, Roger does as told and plays the tape over the PA system. As a local live band prepares to play, Sammi appears and summarily replaces their singer, proceeding to play his music to a delighted crowd that mistakes him for an impersonator of Sammi. Sammi soon starts disintegrating audience members by firing electric bolts from the neck of his guitar, wreaking havoc as the attendees begin fleeing the venue in terror.

Having heard Sammi's music over a phone call from Leslie, Eddie drives to the school ballroom to find that Leslie is still inside. As Eddie rushes to save Leslie, he runs into an angered Tim, who is killed by Sammi before Eddie can save him. Roger buys Eddie and Leslie time by cutting the school power and temporarily stopping Sammi. As an automated playback of Nuke's recorded voice announces the midnight broadcast of Sammi's album, Eddie and Leslie rush to the radio station and evade Sammi's attacks, whereupon they realize Sammi's electrified body is vulnerable to water. While Leslie remains at the radio station, Eddie speeds away in a stolen police car, taunting Sammi through a radio and luring him into appearing behind the car's security grill. Right as Leslie destroys the last remaining reels of Sammi's album, cutting off his escape, Eddie speeds over the edge of an unfinished bridge, launching the car into a river and destroying the malevolent rocker for good.

Cast
 Marc Price as Eddie Weinbauer
 Tony Fields as Sammi Curr
 Lisa Orgolini as Leslie Graham
 Doug Savant as Tim Hainey
 Elaine Joyce as Angie Weinbauer, Eddie's Mother
 Glen Morgan as Roger Mockus
 Clare Torao as Maggie Wong-Hernandez (as Clare Nono)
 Gene Simmons as Nuke (cameo)
 Ozzy Osbourne as Rev. Aaron Gilstrom (cameo)
 Alice Nunn as Mrs. Sylvia Cavell (cameo)
 Charles Martin Smith as Mr. Wimbley (cameo)

Production
Blackie Lawless of W.A.S.P. originally was set to play Sammi Curr. Ozzy Osbourne plays a televangelist decrying the evils of heavy metal music. A film titled Lunch of the Dead is displayed on a marquee at a cinema. According to the Internet Movie Database, Lunch of the Dead does not exist as a movie, and therefore was an invention from the props department.

Special effects for the film were created by Kevin Yagher, who later provided the effects for Freddy Krueger and the Crypt Keeper from HBO's Tales from the Crypt. Yagher also has a cameo in the movie as the lead singer/guitarist for the band The Kickers, playing at the high school Halloween dance.

Scenes at Eddie's school (the fictional Lakeridge High School) were filmed at both Hoggard High School and New Hanover High School in Wilmington, North Carolina.

Gene Simmons originally was offered the role of Sammi Curr, but did not think much of the script and ultimately agreed only to a cameo as radio DJ Nuke. Simmons later said in an interview that he chose to play the role as Wolfman Jack, a childhood hero of his.

The title of Sammi Curr's unreleased album Songs in the Key of Death is a play on the title of Stevie Wonder's 1976 album Songs in the Key of Life.

Soundtrack

All Sammi Curr music was composed by the band Fastway and composer Christopher Young. In the stack of records where Eddie's mother looks, the last LP is a copy of Megadeth's Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!. Also in the stack are albums by Impaler, Exciter, Possessed and Savatage. On the walls in Eddie's room are posters of Judas Priest, Anthrax, Raven, Twisted Sister, Mötley Crüe, Ozzy Osbourne, Poison, and KISS. A picture of the band Lizzy Borden is on his locker at school. Co-composer Christopher Young later composed music for the movies Hellraiser, Hellbound: Hellraiser II, The Gift, Urban Legend, Ghost Rider, Spider-Man 3, Drag Me to Hell and The Uninvited.

Release
The film was released theatrically in the United States by De Laurentiis Entertainment Group in October 1986. It grossed $6,797,218 at the box office. It was released on VHS by Lorimar Home Video the following year.

The film was released on DVD in the United States by Platinum Disc Corporation in 2002.

In 2014, a three-disc collector's edition of Trick or Treat—containing an all-region Blu-ray disc, region 2 DVD, soundtrack CD, and booklet in digibook packaging—was released in Germany by NSM Records. This edition was limited to 1,500 copies—1,000 copies with cover art A and 500 copies with cover art B.

Reception

The film received mixed reviews. Trick or Treat holds a 75% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on eight reviews.

See also
List of ghost films

References

External links

 Trick or Treat (1986) at The Croc's Domain

1980s American films
1980s English-language films
1980s ghost films
1980s supernatural horror films
1986 films
1986 directorial debut films
1986 horror films
American ghost films
American supernatural horror films
American teen horror films
De Laurentiis Entertainment Group films
Films directed by Charles Martin Smith
Films produced by Joel Soisson
Films scored by Christopher Young
Films shot in North Carolina
Films with screenplays by Joel Soisson
Halloween horror films
Heavy metal films

Trick or Treat (1986 film)


Alec K Redfearn is a musician and composer based in Providence, Rhode Island. He has composed music for dance, theater, and film. His primary instrument is the accordion. Most notable is his body of compositional work for The Eyesores, a genre-bending ensemble of unorthodox instrumentation which spawned in the mid-1990s and whose music spans old-time Americana, Appalachian, folk and Eastern European music.

He composed the soundtrack for, and had a small acting role in, the 2004 film, Stay Until Tomorrow, by Providence-based director, Laura Colella.  In 2005 he was awarded the MacColl Johnson Fellowship from the Rhode Island Foundation.

He has also developed a unique style of playing the accordion, introducing elements commonly associated with the guitar such as distortion, drone, and noise. He has performed on accordion and recorded in several ensembles of which he also composes for, such as Amoebic Ensemble, Barnacled, and Beat Circus.

Discography

Albums
Alec K. Redfearn and the Seizures
Exterminating Angel (Corleone Records, 2009)

Alec K. Redfearn and the Eyesores
The Eyesores (Self-released, 1998)
May You Dine on Weeds Made Bitter By the Piss of Drunkards (Magic Eye Singles, 1999)
Bent at the Waist  (Handsome Records, 2002)
Every Man For Himself and God Against All (Corleone Records, 2003)
The Quiet Room (Cuneiform Records, 2005)
The Smother Party (North East Indie Records , 2006)
The Blind Spot (Cuneiform Records, 2007)
Sister Death (Cuneiform Records, 2012)
The Opposite (Cuneiform Records, 2018)

Beat Circus
Ringleaders Revolt (Innova Records, 2004)
Dreamland (Cuneiform Records, 2008)

Barnacled
6 (Corleone Records, 2003)
Table 12 (7 inch single, White Denim Records, 2004)
Charles (ESP-Disk, 2008)

Amoebic Ensemble
Space Heater EP (QORQ Productions, 1991)
Amoebic Ensemble EP (QORQ Productions, 1993)
Driving Music EP (Simply Indefensible, 1994)
Road to World Domination (Simply Indefensible, 1995)
Limbic Rage (1995)
Radio Free Amoebica (Simply Indefensible, 1996)
Amoebiasis (Stupeur Et Trompette, 1998)

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Cuneiform Records artists
American accordionists
Musicians from Providence, Rhode Island
21st-century accordionists
21st-century American male musicians

Alec K. Redfearn


The Confession of Brother Haluin is a medieval mystery novel set in the winter of 1142–1143 by Ellis Peters. It is the fifteenth novel in the Cadfael Chronicles, and was first published in 1988.

Brother Haluin makes a deathbed confession, then survives. He vows a pilgrimage to atone for his past error, uncovering an unexpected story, and a murdered woman, before he and Cadfael return to the Abbey.

Plot introduction

In Oxford Castle, Empress Maud has been besieged for months by King Stephen. Sheriff Hugh Beringar learns that the Empress took advantage of the heavy snow and frozen rivers for a miraculous escape. She and several allies crossed the frozen river through Stephen's lines, and walked to Abingdon, where they got horses to ride to Wallingford Castle. She is safe with her brother Robert of Gloucester and her major supporter Brian FitzCount. Oxford Castle surrendered, the men allowed to march home. Robert of Gloucester returned from Normandy with the eldest son of the Empress with her second husband Geoffrey of Anjou, a boy of nine years named Henry Plantagenet. For the moment, the long running battle between these two contenders has begun anew, each with a talent of "conjuring defeat out of victory". King Stephen joined his brother Henry, Bishop of Winchester, and calls his sheriffs to meet him there for the Christmas feast. On his return, Sheriff Hugh Beringar learns of Haluin's accident.

Plot summary
At Shrewsbury Abbey, the heavy snowfall in mid-December 1142 causes severe damage to the slate tile roof of the guest hall. Doing his share of the repair work, Brother Haluin falls down 40 feet. His prospects for survival are small, so he confesses his past with the de Clary family.

Hugh Beringar tells Cadfael that the wife of de Clary lives at Hales, while her son Audemar, sworn to King Stephen, resides in Staffordshire. In early March Haluin asks to make a pilgrimage for penance. His vow burns in him: a pilgrimage on foot to Bertrade's mother and to Bertrade's tomb at Hales, east of Shrewsbury. Haluin goes with Brother Cadfael. On 4 March, they begin. They meet with Adelais, who offers the forgiveness Haluin begs. Bertrade is not buried at Hales. They learn that the family tomb is at Elford in Staffordshire. Their trip to Elford takes nearly a week. They arrive to find Adelais in the church, kneeling before the tomb, as if she is their shadow. Adelais shelters them in her dower house. Haluin spends the cold night on his knees, alongside Cadfael at the de Clary tomb. At sunrise, a curious Roscelin arrives at the church timely to assist Cadfael in bringing Haluin to his feet. Roscelin says he was sent away by his father to serve Audemar, their friend and overlord. Lothair, bringing food, sends the young man away.

Starting home, a sudden snowstorm forces them to seek shelter at the manor of Vivers. Cenred, the lord of the manor, learns that Haluin is an ordained priest. He asks Haluin to officiate at the wedding of his much younger half-sister, Helisende, to a nobleman on the morrow. His own son, who was raised with Helisende, has fallen in love with her, a prohibited relationship. Haluin agrees. Cadfael meets Helisende, who says that she agrees to this marriage freely.

Edgytha's body is found, murdered. Cenred sends word ahead to Elford with this news. Cadfael sees snow beneath her body, not atop it, suggesting she was on her way home from Elford. The household gathers in the hall at Vivers, save one: Helisende. Jean de Perronet suspects the planned marriage is linked to this death. Roscelin Vivers arrives home, angry that his father is marrying off Helisende. Roscelin did not see Edgytha at Elford. Helisende is not there to speak for herself. Audemar arrives, taking charge. With no bride there is no marriage. Cadfael and Haluin leave on a new path bypassing Lichfield. As evening nears, they approach the new Benedictine convent at Farewell planned by Bishop Roger de Clinton. Next morning, Haluin recognises Bertrade and she recognises him. She is Sister Benedicta, sent from Polesworth to help this new place. Cadfael negotiates an hour's meeting between Brother Haluin and Sister Benedicta with Mother Patrice, who informs the family that Helisende is safe with them.

At Vivers manor, they learn that Helisende is not blood kin to Roscelin. Adelais admits to her foul deeds long ago. They realise Edgytha knew as well. Adelais tells them that Bertrade, Helisende and Helisende's father have met at Farewell. The father was a clerk in her household. Cadfael attests to the meeting, telling Haluin's tale in so doing. This stunning news is hard for the Vivers family to accept, a shock to Audemar, a challenge to de Perronet. Helisende is still loved by the Vivers, blood kin or not. Adelais has lands to leave her granddaughter. Roscelin is joyous. Audemar claims Helisende as his niece, and as overlord places his niece with Cenred when she leaves Farewell. He and Roscelin ride back with Adelais. Audemar banishes his mother to Hales. Cadfael returns to Farewell. Haluin is happy, and has no anger for Adelais. The two Benedictine brothers walk home to Shrewsbury in completion of the vow, the truth having changed so much.

Characters
Brother Cadfael:  Herbalist Benedictine monk at the Abbey of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in Shrewsbury, who joined the cloister later in life, about age 40. He is about 62 or 63 in this novel.
Abbot Radulfus: Head of the Abbey for the last four years, modelled on the historical abbot of that era.
Brother Winfrid: Latest assistant to Cadfael in the herbarium, now progressing to learn the medicines made from the plants grown in the gardens. Introduced in The Hermit of Eyton Forest.
Brother Conradin: Master builder for the Abbey, in his 50s and robustly strong.  One of the first child oblate monks, taught by the original monks from Seez in Normandy, he had been part of the group that built the structures in use.
Brother Rhun: Young monk who aided in the treatment of Haluin after his fall. Introduced in The Pilgrim of Hate.
Brother Haluin: Best illuminator of the manuscripts among the monks, who entered the Abbey at age 18, eighteen years ago.  From a landed family, well educated.  Always takes on the hardest tasks at hand.  Soon after Cadfael arrived, Haluin was one of his first assistants in the herbarium.  As a learned man, he was ordained a priest in the Abbey, but never performed any of the rites.
Hugh Beringar: Sheriff of Shropshire, in the name of King Stephen, and close friend of Cadfael.  Married to Aline, father of 3 year old Giles, who is godson to Cadfael.  Introduced in One Corpse Too Many. About 27 or 28 in this novel.
Bertrade de Clary: Young woman in the noble house where Haluin was sent as a teen for four years. She loved Haluin.
Adelais de Clary: Mother of Bertrade and Audemar, and widow to their Crusading father Bertrand; now living in the family manor at Hales at the far edge of Shropshire.  Once a woman of great beauty, now in her late fifties.  Her misdeeds years ago drive the story; a controlling noble woman.
Gerta: Lady's maid to Adelais at the manor at Hales since her daughter married, about 40 years old.
Audemar de Clary: Lord of the manors of this noble family, who keeps the main household at Elford in Staffordshire; not yet 40.  Married with a young son. He keeps a small dower house for his mother, who has her own staff.
Cenred Vivers:  Friend of and vassal to Audemar, residing in a manor nearby in Staffordshire.
Lady Emma Vivers:  Wife of Cenred, mother of Roscelin.
Edgytha: In service at the Vivers manor; raised both Roscelin and Helisende from babies; about 60 years old. Found murdered in the day or two that Cadfael and Haluin seek rest at the manor.
Roscelin Vivers: Son of Cenred, about 18 or 19 years old, handsome, energetic, cheerful, and in love with Helisende, a problem.  His father sent him to stay at the manor of Audemar for a while.
Helisende Vivers:  Girl of 17 or 18 years of age, much younger half-sister to Cenred, from his father's second marriage late in life.  Raised with Roscelin in the Vivers household. About to be married, as the story opens.
Sister Benedicta: Mother of Helisende; she joined the Benedictines at Polesworth when her husband died, eight years before the story opens. Skilled at the garden.
Jean de Perronet: Honorable and handsome young lord from Buckingham, suitor to Helisende for two years; Cenred hopes they will marry soon. About 25 years old.
Sister Ursula: Hospitaler at Farewell Abbey, one of two Benedictine nuns sent from Polesworth Abbey, to teach and assist the sisters there as the new structures are built.
Mother Patrice: Abbess of the new house at Farewell, selected by the Bishop Roger de Clinton.
Lothair and Luc:  Father and son in service to Adelais de Clary. Lothair served Bertrand de Clary in the Holy Land, and was likely descended of a Norman who came over with the Conqueror.

Themes and setting
The importance of the truth is a major theme in this novel.  The use of power over others for one's own ends and the damage it can do, and of course, the power of confession are at the heart of the plot.

The story begins at the moment when King Stephen loses his advantage over the competing claimant for the crown he wears when Empress Maud takes advantage of the cold and snowy weather to escape the siege. It was a dramatic event, amazing given the presence of the King and his army besieging the town for months, hardly any food left for them. The month before it looked a desperate situation for the Empress, then the tables turned in a spate of bad weather. Why the King did not move in on her when he had her trapped is for speculation. Was it his nature not to put a woman in chains? Was he ever optimistic that she would surrender?

As remarked by the characters in the novel, it is as if the years of warring factions, since Empress Maud came from Normandy and Anjou to Arundel and began the confrontation, begin anew when they might have ended with a clear-cut victory.

The move by her half-brother, Robert of Gloucester, to bring her son to England was in retrospect the wisest move for the Empress's long term power. Young Henry Plantagenet became King Henry II on the death of King Stephen. Though his mother, King Stephen and he were all descendants of William the Conqueror, the English dynasties are named for the father. Thus Henry was the first Angevin king in England, beginning 331 years of rule by the House of Plantagenet, though his father Geoffrey of Anjou never set foot in England.

That jolting escape in the snowstorm occurred about the same time as Brother Haluin makes the startling deathbed confession of his youthful sins, never before confessed. When he survives his injuries, he makes a pilgrimage seeking forgiveness from the one person he thinks is the only survivor offended by his sin. He learns that part of his confessed acts never happened; his actions never led to anyone's death.

His choice of penance, a pilgrimage to the place where he did what needed atoning, was very much of the times, of the 12th century in Christian England.

The places named in the novel are real, including Shrewsbury, Shrewsbury Abbey, Hales, Lichfield, Elford, the Priory at Farewell under construction by Bishop Roger de Clinton (temporary wooden structures being built in stone), and every stop along the way with a place name, including crossing the River Tame shortly before arriving in the village of Elford. Vivers family and their manor is fictional, set among these real places.

The story is set in the era of feudalism and the manorial system. The other significant aspect of life was the ongoing Crusades to the Holy Land. Bertrand de Clary felt the call to the Crusades once his two children were born, leaving his wife more power than she might otherwise have exerted on her seventeen-year-old daughter. Young men in their teens often travelled to another manor to learn military skills (squires), or in the case of Haluin, clerk duties. Adelais de Clary used her power to ruin her daughter's life, and tried to do the same to the handsome young man who had been living at her manor for four years.

As she admitted to Brother Cadfael in a shocking confession:
"Too comely!" she said. "I was not used to being denied, I did not even know how to sue. And he was too innocent to read me aright. How such children offend without offense! So if I could not have him," she said starkly, "she should not. No woman ever should, but not she of all women."
She wanted him for her young lover, he wanted to marry her daughter and her daughter wanted to marry him. The young people were blissfully unaware of the mother's strong desires and equally strong dislike of being refused or denied what she wanted. In the presence of the father, the young lovers might well have had their way and married. Instead, in this system where women in general had little power, she works an astounding amount of evil actions on the two young people in her home, also deceiving another family and her son who is working in place of his father. The full truth is known only to her until the chance event of Haluin surviving a disastrous fall, then seeking her out. He and her daughter made reasonably good lives despite her, but Haluin had internalised great sufferings for 18 years before he could release his memories of intense youthful love, see his daughter full grown (as Cadfael had first seen his son) and open his eyes to the suffering of others.

Critical reception

Kirkus Reviews says

A new adventure for canny, urbane Brother Cadfael, herbalist monk at Shrewsbury's Benedictine Abbey in 1142, that provides more romance than detection. Brother Haluin, the Abbey's gifted illustrator, has suffered a near-fatal accident and, in what seems to be a deathbed confession, tells of his love 20 years ago for Bertrade, daughter of Adelais de Clary of Hales. His plea for marriage denied, Haluin entered the monastery, then learned from Adelais that Bertrade was pregnant. He gave her herbs from Cadfael's store for an abortion and was later told. by Adelais that both Bertrade and the child were dead. Following this confession, however, Haluin does not die. Crippled and on crutches, with Cadfael at his side, he sets out on a pilgrimage to Bertrade's tomb to make a nightlong vigil of atonement. The two make their tortuous way to Hales—with Cadfael witnessing another seemingly doomed love affair; delving into old mysteries; solving a new one for his own satisfaction; righting old wrongs, and changing some lives forever. As always with Peters, an absorbing passage to another world, but this one lacks some of the swift pacing, tension, and excitement of her best work (The Rose Rent, etc.). Nevertheless, a must for fans—and refreshment for all.

Publishers Weekly says

It is up to Brother Cadfael to untangle the threads that bind the past to the present to avert another tragedy. Though the plot is somewhat obvious, Peters knows her period well and does not strike one false note in this thoroughly entertaining medieval mystery.

Library Journal says of the audio book

Eventually, he and Cadfael embark on a penitential journey to Hales, where they find answers to old and new mysteries alike in this wonderful novel of love and redemption. Stephen Thorne is one of the truly great readers; his ability to render perfectly the medieval world of Cadfael's Shrewsbury makes this an essential purchase for libraries. Fans of the series will enjoy this 15th entry of the "Chronicles."-Barbara A. Perkins, Irving P.L., TX Copyright 2003 Reed Business Information.

Also reviewing the 1998 audio book, AudioFile says

Altogether a good bet. Peters is the master of the medieval mystery, and any time spent with Stephen Thorne is time well spent. D.G. (c) AudioFile 2002, Portland, Maine [Published: Aug/Sep 2002]

Stephen Knapp makes a concise point about the 12th century world depicted in this novel, a major difference from the present day. The novel takes "a satisfying journey through mid 12th century England and warm feeling for the comfort and security the people of that time had for an all-knowing and benevolent God."

Publication history

This novel has been published in five hardback editions in English, from March 1988 to November 2001 in the US and the UK. The three most recent are large print editions. Seven paperback editions have been issued, the first in 1988,  /  Canada (English speaking) edition. Mysterious Press, Chivers, Sphere, and General Publishing Company issued the others. The most recent is a large print soft cover edition by Chivers in August 2002.

Five audiobooks were issued, beginning in December 1994 by Chivers  /  (UK edition). Readers include Sir Derek Jacobi and Patrick Tull. The most recent was on audio cassette in March 2002 by The Audio Partners, read by Stephen Thorne,  /  (USA edition). None of the audiobooks are on CD, unlike earlier books in the Cadfael Chronicles.

It has been published in French, Italian, German, Dutch and Polish editions, listed at Goodreads.com.
French:
La confession de Frère Haluin, Published 1992 by Editions 10/18, 283 pages
La confession de Frère Haluin (Frère Cadfael, #15), Published 2002 by 10/18, Mass Market Paperback
Italian:
La confessione di fratello Haluin (Hardcover), Published 1 January 1999 by Longanesi, 181 pages, Elsa Pelitti (Translator)
La confessione di fratello Haluin (Paperback), Published 2001 by Tea, 181 pages,
German: Bruder Cadfael und das fremde Mädchen [Brother Cadfael and the strange girl] (Bruder Cadfael, #15), Published 1 January 1993 by Heyne, Deutsche Erstausgabe, Paperback, 188 pages,
Dutch: De laatste eer [The Last Honor] (Paperback), Published 1996 by De Boekerij, 176 pages, Pieter Janssens (Translator)
Polish: Spowiedź Brata Haluina, Published 2007 by Zysk i S-ka, 236 pages

Worldcat shows holdings of editions in Spanish, Korean, and Russian in addition to English:
Spanish: La confesión de fray Aluíno, María Antonia Menini (translator), Publisher Barcelona Grijalbo D.L. 1992, ,
Korean: 할루인수사의고백 : 엘리스피터스장편소설 / Halluin Susa ŭi kobaek : Ellisŭ P'it'ŏsŭ changp'yŏn sosŏl, Publisher 북하우스, Sŏul-si Buk Hausŭ, 2000, ,
Russian: Исповедь монаха : Ученик еретика [Confessions of a monk: trainee heresy] /Ispovedʹ monakha : Uchenik eretika, Publisher Амфора, Sankt-Peterburg Amfora, 2006, ,

References

1988 British novels
British mystery novels
Novels by Edith Pargeter
Fiction set in the 1140s
Novels set in the 12th century
Novels set in Shropshire
Novels set in Staffordshire
Headline Publishing Group books

The Confession of Brother Haluin


David Dawson (born 1960) is a British artist, born near Pwllheli, North Wales.

Biography
He studied at Chelsea College of Art from 1984 to 1987, followed by the Royal College of Art from 1987 to 1989, where he was a contemporary of Tracey Emin and Jake and Dinos Chapman. Unlike them, however, even at this stage Dawson considered himself to be almost exclusively a painter.

In 1989, Dawson showed his works at Flowers Gallery. He was chosen for the 6th edition of Artist of the Day, a valuable platform for artists since 1983, by Joe Tilson. The exhibition showcased the work of ten artists, chosen not by the gallery, but by established professional practitioners who each nominated a talent of their choice.

After leaving the Royal College of Art he became an assistant to the artist Lucian Freud in 1991, whilst working for Freud's art dealer at the time James Kirkman, and he continued this role until Freud died, as well as being a frequent model for Freud's paintings.

Dawson exhibited his paintings at Marlborough Fine Art in London in a two-person show with Catherine Goodman in 2004, and in 2011 a private solo show at 61a Cadogan Square in London.

As well as being a painter, Dawson is also a photographer, with his most well known photographs being a series started in 2000 of Freud at work. These were shown at London's National Portrait Gallery in 2004, and 26 of them were acquired for the gallery's collection, including images of Freud painting David Hockney, visits to Freud's studio by Neil MacGregor and Frank Auerbach, and Freud painting Queen Elizabeth II. A number of Dawson's photographs of Freud also appeared in 2006 in the book Freud at Work.

Dawson is represented by Marlborough Fine Art in London.

Style and influences
Dawson's paintings are realist in style and predominantly urban. His work has affinities with the School of London painters, including the paintings of Frank Auerbach, who is an acknowledged influence on him. However, there is a much clearer use of linear elements, with drawn structural lines often remaining evident in the finished paintings.

The urban subject matter could more accurately be described as 'suburban' as Dawson tends to concentrate on scenes from the area in which he lives, Kensal Rise in north London. He is quoted as saying, 'Looking out of the window is my starting point.' This approach has led to a series of paintings based on the cul-de-sac in which Dawson lives.

Although Dawson has acknowledged influence from abstract painters, including Jackson Pollock, his only works that are near abstract are a series of 'cloud paintings' depicting clouds against the sky. These were described by Dawson as being made to allow him to 'play with paint'. In his own estimation, however, he prefers to work from a physical subject, pushing it towards abstraction and then bringing it back towards realism.

References

Further reading
 Marlborough Fine Art, Two London Painters: Catharine Goodman and David Dawson (London: Marlborough Fine Art,  2004)
 Lucian Freud, Freud at Work (London: Jonathan Cape, 2006)

External links
Marlborough Artists' Pages

1960 births
20th-century British painters
British male painters
21st-century British painters
Modern painters
Living people
People from Pwllheli
Alumni of Chelsea College of Arts
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
British artists' models
Welsh photographers
20th-century British male artists
21st-century British male artists

David Dawson (painter)


Peter James Meijer (, ; born January 10, 1988) is an American politician and business analyst who served as the U.S. representative for  from 2021 to 2023. He is a member of the Republican Party.

Meijer is a member of the Meijer family, the founders and owners of the Meijer superstore chain. He was one of 10 House Republicans who voted to impeach Donald Trump during Trump's second impeachment. On August 2, 2022, Meijer lost the Republican primary for his seat to John Gibbs who later lost the general election to Hillary Scholten.

Early life and education
Meijer was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He is the oldest son of Hank Meijer and the grandson of Frederik Meijer, whose father, Hendrik Meijer, founded supermarket chain Meijer after he emigrated to the United States from the Netherlands. Forbes has recognized his family as one of the wealthiest in Michigan, with a net worth above $6 billion. His financial disclosures list more than $50 million in assets, primarily from a Meijer family trust.

During Meijer's childhood, his parents legally changed the spelling of his surname to 'Meyer', in an effort to shield him from any favoritism or criticism in his school years for being a member of the prominent Meijer family.  He legally readopted the family name at age eighteen.

Meijer graduated from East Grand Rapids High School in 2006. He initially studied for one year at the United States Military Academy at West Point before transferring to Columbia University in 2008, graduating with a bachelor's degree in cultural anthropology in 2012. At Columbia, he was an advocate for reinstating the Reserve Officers' Training Corps on campus. He was also a volunteer emergency medical technician for Columbia University's emergency medical services. From 2008 to 2016, Meijer served in the United States Army Reserve and was deployed to Iraq from 2010 into 2011, serving as an intelligence advisor.

In 2017, Meijer graduated from the New York University Stern School of Business with a Master of Business Administration. He is married to Gabriella Zacarias.

Career
From 2013 to 2015, Meijer worked as a conflict analyst for an international NGO. He was later employed by Olympia Development of Michigan of Ilitch Holdings as an analyst from April 2018 to January 2019. During this time, Meijer also worked on veterans projects such as Project Rubicon, was on the advisory board of the With Honor super political action committee, and assisted with urban renewal projects throughout Michigan.

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections
2020

Following Justin Amash's departure from the Republican Party in July 2019, Meijer announced his candidacy for Michigan's 3rd congressional district, competing in the Republican primary. He voiced his support for President Donald Trump, saying he would work with Trump to "make sure that we advance policies and an agenda that is in the best interest of West Michigan." In his primary campaign, Meijer received funding from several wealthy Michigan-based business families and outraised the other Republican candidates.

The DeVos and Van Andel families, who co-founded Amway, contributed to Meijer's campaign, though United States Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos and her husband Dick DeVos abstained from fundraising efforts. Mark J. Bissell of Bissell home-care products and the late businessman Peter Secchia also donated to Meijer's campaign. Vice President Mike Pence, Representative Dan Crenshaw, House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy, House Minority Whip Steve Scalise, and Senator Tom Cotton endorsed Meijer. Meijer defeated Lynn Afendoulis in the August 4 primary election. Meijer faced Democratic nominee Hillary Scholten in the general election. He raised $2.7 million during the campaign, to Scholten's $3 million. The 3rd has historically tilted Republican; the district and its predecessors had been in GOP hands for all but 35 months since 1913 (it was numbered as the 5th before 1993). Nevertheless, the race was very close; Cook Political Report rated it a toss-up.

Ultimately, Meijer defeated Scholten, 53%–47%. It was the closest race in the district since Harold S. Sawyer was held to 53% in what was then the 5th district in 1982, and only the second time since 1982 that a Democrat had managed 40% of the vote (Amash's Democratic opponent had taken 43% two years earlier). He ran slightly ahead of Trump, who narrowly carried the district with 51% of the vote.

2022

Meijer ran for reelection in the district for the 2022 elections. His primary opponent was John Gibbs, a former Trump administration official. In the final days of the primary, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee bought TV ads designed to raise Gibbs' profile, believing that Meijer would be the more difficult opponent in the general election. Meijer lost the August 2 primary to Gibbs. Meijer said he would not support Gibbs in the November election. In November 2022, Gibbs lost the general election to Meijer's 2020 opponent, Hillary Scholten.

Tenure

Meijer accepted the 2020 presidential election results, announcing publicly that he accepted the outcome and recognized Joe Biden as president-elect. After experiencing the 2021 United States Capitol attack, he called on Republicans to take responsibility for their "lies" about election fraud. On January 13, 2021, he voted to impeach Donald Trump alongside nine other Republicans. The next day, Meijer stated in an interview with MSNBC that he had purchased body armor and made changes to his daily schedule due to threats against his life in reaction to his vote for impeachment. On January 20, 2021, the day of Biden's inauguration, Meijer was one of 17 newly elected House Republicans to sign a letter congratulating him and expressing hope of working across the partisan divide.

On May 23, 2021, Meijer condemned Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene's comparison between having to wear face masks in the House and the Holocaust. He was the first Republican to condemn Greene's remarks and said that "such comparisons demean the Holocaust and contaminate American political speech."

On August 24, 2021, Meijer and Representative Seth Moulton flew unannounced into Hamid Karzai International Airport during the 2021 Taliban offensive amid the evacuation of Americans and allies. The Defense Department and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi were not given advance notice.  The next day, Pelosi sent a letter to all House members saying that "the Departments of Defense and State have requested that Members not travel to Afghanistan and the region during this time of danger" because such travel "would unnecessarily divert needed resources" from the evacuation efforts.

Voting record
During the presidency of Joe Biden, Meijer had voted in line with the president's stated position 36% of the time.

On May 19, 2021, Meijer became one of 35 Republicans who joined all Democrats in voting to approve legislation to establish the January 6 commission meant to investigate the 2021 United States Capitol attack.

On October 21, 2021, Meijer was one of nine House Republicans to vote to hold Steve Bannon in contempt of Congress.

Foreign and defense policy
In June 2021, Meijer was one of 49 House Republicans to vote to repeal the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002.

In July 2021, Meijer voted for the bipartisan ALLIES Act, which would increase by 8,000 the number of special immigrant visas for Afghan allies of the U.S. military during its invasion of Afghanistan, while also reducing some application requirements that caused long application backlogs; the bill passed the House, 407–16.

In September 2021, Meijer was among 135 House Republicans to vote for the National Defense Authorization Act of 2022, which contains a provision that would require women to register for the draft.

Meijer voted for H.R. 7691, the Additional Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022, which would provide the Ukrainian government with $40 billion in emergency aid.

Energy and environment
Meijer has acknowledged the existence of anthropogenic climate change. He believes Republicans should take on the problem with conservative solutions. "Not only embracing conservatism and the Republican party's long history of conservation and environmental protection but extending that forward is frankly where the country is. I think that it is a political imperative and a moral imperative as well", he said.

On March 21, 2021, Meijer signed a letter pressing Biden to stop Enbridge Line 5, an oil pipeline, from being shut down in May. Congressional members' concerns about the pipeline's closure intensified after Biden revoked the Keystone XL Pipeline permit.

Meijer was one of eight House Republicans to vote for the Colorado Wilderness Act. The bill would designate 600,000 acres of public lands in the State of Colorado as components of the National Wilderness Preservation System.

in May 2022, Meijer was one of 16 House Republicans to vote for the Recovering America's Wildlife Act. The bill would provide states, territories, and tribes with $1.39 billion annually to catalyze efforts to restore habitats and implement conservation strategies, as described in each state's Wildlife Action Plan.

LGBT rights
In 2021, Meijer co-sponsored the Fairness for All Act, the Republican alternative to the Equality Act. The bill would prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity, and protect the free exercise of religion.

In 2021, Meijer was one of 29 Republicans to vote to reauthorize the Violence Against Women Act. This bill expanded legal protections for transgender people, and contained provisions allowing transgender women to use women's shelters and serve time in prisons matching their gender identity.

Meijer was one of 31 Republicans to vote for the LGBTQ Business Equal Credit Enforcement and Investment Act.

In 2022, Meijer was one of six Republicans to vote for the Global Respect Act, which imposes sanctions on foreign persons responsible for violations of the internationally recognized human rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex (LGBTQI) people, and for other purposes.

On July 19, 2022, Meijer and 46 other Republican representatives voted for the Respect for Marriage Act, which would codify the right to same-sex marriage in federal law.

Immigration
Meijer was a co-sponsor of the America's CHILDREN Act. The bill would prevent the children of long-term visa holders who came to the U.S. legally with their parents from having their visas expire the day they turn 21. If they had maintained legal status in the U.S. for ten years and graduated from an institution of higher education, they were eligible to apply for permanent residency.

Gun policy
In 2022, Meijer was one of 14 House Republicans to support a bipartisan agreement on gun control, which included a red flag provision, support for state crisis intervention orders, funding for school safety resources, stronger background checks for buyers under 21, and penalties for straw purchases. On July 29, 2022, Meijer joined a majority of his Republican colleagues and five Democrats in voting against H.R. 1808, a bill to ban assault weapons.

Antitrust legislation
In 2022, Meijer was one of 39 Republicans to vote for the Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act of 2022, an antitrust package that would crack down on corporations for anti-competitive behavior.

Abortion
Meijer opposes abortion. He has consistently voted against bills to expand abortion access and has an A+ rating from the Susan B. Anthony list.

Committee assignments
 Committee on Homeland Security
 Subcommittee on Intelligence and Counterterrorism
 Subcommittee on Oversight, Management, & Accountability (Ranking Member)
 Committee on Foreign Affairs
 Subcommittee on Europe, Energy, the Environment and Cyber
 Committee on Science, Space, and Technology
 Subcommittee on Energy
 Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics

Caucus memberships
 Republican Governance Group
 Problem Solvers Caucus
 Republican Main Street Partnership

References

External links

|-

1988 births
21st-century American politicians
Activists from Michigan
American people of Dutch descent
American LGBT rights activists
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Living people
Meijer family
Military personnel from Michigan
New York University Stern School of Business alumni
Politicians from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Michigan
United States Army non-commissioned officers
United States Army reservists
United States Army personnel of the Iraq War

Peter Meijer


The humanist scholar Gabriele Faerno, also known by his Latin name of Faernus Cremonensis, was born in Cremona about 1510 and died in Rome on 17 November 1561. He was a scrupulous textual editor and an elegant Latin poet who is best known now for his collection of Aesop's Fables in Latin verse.

Life
Gabriele Faerno was born in Cremona to Francis Faerno, a local lawyer and scholar. In 1528 he was enrolled at the Collegium Notariorum in his hometown and then entered the service of the Bishop of Cremona. Biographical details for this period are sparse, except that in 1538 he is recorded as following his master on a mission to Barcelona in Spain. At some time in the next decade he was recommended by his sponsors to Rome. The first evidence of his presence in the city is in a letter from Carlo Gualteruzzi to Giovanni Della Casa in October, 1548. At the start of 1549 he began working in the Vatican Library and was brought into contact with many of the scholars and philologists who gravitated around the activities there.

Faerno's literary accomplishments over the next decade gained him the esteem and friendship of the cardinal Giovanni Angelo de Medici, afterwards Pope Pius IV, and of his nephew the cardinal Charles Borromeo. Having acquired a critical knowledge of the Latin language, he was enabled to display much judgment in the correction of the Roman classics, and in the collation of ancient manuscripts on which he was frequently employed. Once Pius IV was elected to the papal throne, Faerno was urged to publish some of the results of his diligent work. He was also offered a bishopric, which he modestly refused. Illness intervened before he could see the works he was preparing through the press and he died at the home of Cardinal Giovanni Morone towards the end of 1561.

A rare bust of Faerno by Michelangelo is in the Philosophers Room of the Capitoline Museum.

Scholarship
Faerno died in the prime of life. His works are as follows:

1. Terentii Comoediae, Florence 1565, 2 vols. 8vo, a valuable and rare edition, completed after his death by his friend Piero Vettori. There is no ancient editor to whom Terence is more indebted than to Faerno; who, by a judicious collation of ancient manuscripts and editions, has restored the true reading of his author in many important passages. Faerno's edition became the basis of almost every subsequent one, and Dr. Richard Bentley had such an opinion of his notes that he reprinted them entire in his edition.
2. Ciceronis Orationes Philippicae, Rome 1563, 8vo, very highly praised by Graevius.
3. He also worked on the conflicting manuscripts of the historian Livy and Faerno's contemporary, Latino Latini, has left a note on the scrupulous care with which he approached the subject. 'As for Livy, I would not want you to believe that [Faerno] is so bold and presumptuous as to add or change anything without the evidence of the ancient codices, unless obviously corrupt. If he cannot avoid mistakes at times, he does everything scrupulously, giving exact reasons for any opinion or conjecture of his, so as to leave anyone free to judge for himself.'

Other Latin authors to whom Faerno dedicated his efforts include Ennius, Horace, Plautus, Suetonius, and Tacitus.

Poetry

Faerno is counted one of the foremost of the Renaissance Latin poets, largely on account of his "100 Fables" (Centum Fabulae ex antiquis autoribus delectae, et carminibus explicatae). Though not published until 1563, there is evidence that the work was completed as early as 1558. So excellent were his versions that one scholar went so far as to accuse him of concealing an undiscovered manuscript of Phaedrus for fear of lessening the value of his own versions. But Charles Perrault, who published a translation of Faerno's work into French verse (Paris 1699), defended the author from this imputation in his preface.

Pope Pius IV, convinced that reading the fables of Aesop was of great use in forming the morals of young children, commissioned Gabriel Faerno, whom he knew as an excellent poet as well as a man with a taste for elegant and beautiful Latinity, to versify these fables so that children might learn, at the same time and from the same book, both moral and linguistic purity....Faerno has been called a second Phaedrus, by reason of the excellent style of his Fables, though he never saw Phaedrus, who did not come to our knowledge till above thirty years after his death; for Pithoeus, having found that manuscript in the dust of an old library, published it in the beginning of this century. Thuanus, who makes very honourable mention of our author in his history, pretends that Phaedrus was not unknown to him; and even blames him for having suppressed that author, to conceal what he had stolen from him. But there is no ground for what he says; and it is only the effect of the strong persuasion of all those who are so great admirers of antiquity as to think that a modern author can do nothing that is excellent, unless he has an ancient author for his model. Out of the hundred fables which Faerno published in Latin verse, there are but five that had been treated by Phaedrus, and out of those five there are but one or two that have been managed nearly in the same manner: which happened only because it is impossible that two men, who treat on the same subject, should not agree sometimes in the same thoughts, or in the same expressions."

Besides fables collected 'from ancient authors', Mediaeval folk tales such as The miller, his son and the donkey and The Mice in Council were included in the work as well. It was to go through some forty European editions, including translations into Italian, English, German, Dutch and French. In England the 1741 edition, which included Perrault's French translations and an English translation, was to serve as a school textbook. But the work was successful and influential for other reasons than the fineness of the language. The illustrations by Pirro Ligorio which accompanied each fable were also esteemed. Published at the time of a taste for Emblem books, the morals with which Faerno furnished the fables by way of conclusion were seen as contributing to that fashion and widening the subject matter to include the Aesopic fable too.

Poems attributed to Faerno were also printed in some later editions. They include his attack on Protestantism as a 'Germanic sect', In Lutheranos, sectam Germanicam; verses accompanying illustrations of artistic works; complimentary addresses and other occasional verse. He was also the author of sonnets in Italian.

Titles
The title of Faerno's celebrated work translates as 'One hundred delightful fables, poetically interpreted from ancient authors'. The following is a list of the fables occurring there, with links to those that have a separate article devoted to them.

1. Ollae duae - The Two Pots
2. Iupiter et Minerva.
3. Leo, asinus et vulpes - The Lion's Share
4. asinus et lupus.
5. leo mente captus et caprea.
6. asini duo.
7. Formica et cicada - The Ant and the Grasshopper
8. turdi.
9. sus et canis.
10. Senex et mors - The Old Man and Death
11. mergus, rubus et vespertilio.
12. cornix et canis.
13. Corvus et mater - The Sick Kite
14. Musca - The Fly in the Soup
15. rusticus et eques.
16. Equus et asinus - The Horse and the Donkey
17. Vulpes et erinaceus - The Fox, the Flies and the Hedgehog
18. Leo et vulpes - The Lion and the Fox
19. Vulpes et uva - The Fox and the Grapes
20. Corvus et vulpes - The Fox and the Crow (Aesop)
21. dies festus et profestus.
22. pavo et monedula.
23. cervus et hinnulus.
24. Cervus et serpens - The Crow and the Snake
25. Cygnus et anser - The Swan and the Goose
26. puer et scorpius.
27. Anguilla et serpens - The Eel and the Snake
28. canis et lupus.
29. Canis, gallus et vulpes - The Cock, the Dog and the Fox
30. mulus.
31. iuvenes duo et coquus.
32. cochleae.
33. cornix et hirundo.
34. Mercurius et statuarius - The Statue of Hermes
35. Pater et filii - The Farmer and his Sons
36. simius et delphus.
37. ranae duae sitientes.
38. ranae duae vicinae.
39. Auceps et cassita - The Bird-catcher and the Blackbird
40. deceptor et Apollo.
41. Uxor submersa et vir - The drowned woman and her husband
42. Feles et gallus - noticed under The Wolf and the Lamb
43. asinus simius et talpa.
44. vulpes vota mutans.
45. Musca et quadrigae - The fly on the chariot wheel
46. pica et aves.
47. Mures - The Mice in Council
48. Avarus - The Miser and his Gold
49. vulpes et lupus.
50. Canna et oliva - The Oak and the Reed
51. asini et Iupiter.
52. herus et canis.
53. Canis et caro - The Dog and Its Reflection
54. asinus et aper.
55. pullus asini et lupus.
56. Lupus et grus - The Wolf and the Crane
57. Iupiter et cochlea - mentioned under Zeus and the Tortoise
58. Satyrus et homo - The Satyr and the Traveller
59. Mures et feles - The Cat and the Mice
60. Vulpes et aquila - The Eagle and the Fox
61. vulpes.
62. Lignator et Mercurius - The Honest Woodcutter
63. fullo et carbonarius.
64. iactator.
65. vulpes et rubus.
66. Vulpes et larva - The Fox and the Mask
67. canes duo.
68. Mulier et medicus - The Old Woman and the Doctor
69. Asinus dominos mutans - The Ass and his Masters
70. cerva et vitis.
71. latro et mater.
72. vates.
73. Astrologus - The Astrologer who Fell into a Well
74. Leo et vulpes - The Fox and the Sick Lion
75. armentarius.
76. lupus et mulier.
77. vespertilio et mustela.
78. aper et vulpes.
79. gallinus et hirundo.
80. canes duo et coquus.
81. Simius et vulpes - noticed under The Boy and the Filberts
82. Vulpes, asinus et leo
83. Formica - noticed under The Ant and the Grasshopper
84. asinus et equus.
85. monedula.
86. herus et canes.
87. agnus et lupus
88. Asinus et vulpes - The Ass in the Lion's Skin
89. asinus corvus et lupus.
90. Mercurius.
91. Bubulcus et Hercules - Hercules and the Wagoner
92. Momus
93. Arbores et rhamnus - noticed under The Trees and the Bramble
94. Spes - The Jar of Blessings
95. Asinus simulacrum gestans - The Ass Carrying an Image
96. cassita.
97. vulpes et simius.
98. rusticus et Iuppiter.
99. leo lupus et vulpes.
100. Pater, filius et asinus - The miller, his son and the donkey

Notes
The bulk of the biographical information is taken from the Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (Dictionary of Italian Biography) It has been supplemented with details from Alexander Chalmers' General Biographical Dictionary (1812–17), a text that is in the public domain on account of its age.

References

External links

 Fabellae Aesopicae (Aesop's Fables) by Gabriele Faerno on Google Books

Italian male writers
Aesop's Fables
16th-century writers in Latin
16th-century Italian writers
16th-century male writers
Italian Renaissance humanists

Gabriele Faerno


Grover Gibson (born 18 November 1978) is an American soccer player who last played for Rot-Weiss Ahlen in the 2. Bundesliga until retiring due to injury in August 2009.

In 2012, Gibson established the Grover Gibson Soccer Foundation, which is a non-profit corporation, where he founded Fredericksburg FC and is currently head coach.

Club career
Born in Fairfax, Virginia, after graduating from high school, Gibson signed with VfB Stuttgart U-18. He went on to play two years for VfB Stuttgart reserves. After that he played for third-tier sides FC Augsburg and SV Elversberg before signing with 1. FSV Mainz 05 in the 2. Bundesliga at the age of 21. Later he played again in the third tier for SSV Jahn Regensburg, SC Preußen Münster, Kickers Emden. His last club was Rot-Weiss Ahlen in the 2. Bundesliga where he played 30 matches and scored six goals.

His professional career ending after fracturing the eye socket which also damaged the retina and optic nerve.

Gibson previously played four matches in the 2. Bundesliga for 1. FSV Mainz 05.

Coaching career
Following the creation of the Grover Gibson Soccer Foundation, a non-profit corporation promoting soccer, Gibson founded RVA FC (now Fredericksburg FC), as a youth soccer organization in Richmond, Virginia, with the senior men's team to compete in the amateur National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), considered the fourth tier of the American soccer pyramid. Gibson would coach the club in its inaugural season, leading them to a first-place finish in the Mid-Atlantic Division and all the way to the NPSL Championship game against the Sonoma County Sol.

Personal life
Gibson resides currently in Fredericksburg, Virginia with his wife and three children.

References

External links
 Grover Gibson at kicker.de

1978 births
Living people
American men's soccer players
Men's association football midfielders
Rot Weiss Ahlen players
1. FSV Mainz 05 players
SC Preußen Münster players
VfB Stuttgart II players
Kickers Emden players
SV Elversberg players
SSV Jahn Regensburg players
FC Augsburg players
2. Bundesliga players
American expatriate soccer players in Germany
Soccer players from Virginia
United States men's youth international soccer players
United States men's under-20 international soccer players
American expatriate men's soccer players

Grover Gibson


Borogovia (meaning borogove, which is a fictional creature from Lewis Carroll's "Jabberwocky") is a Troodontid from late Cretaceous Mongolia. It lived from 70 to 65 million years ago. It was about 6.6 feet (2 meters) long and weighed about as much as a beaver.  It is known from hind-limb material, and thought by some to be a species of Saurornithoides. It had a similar appearance to that of the Dromaeosauridaes.

Theropods
Lewis Carroll

Borogovia


The Cimitero Monumentale  ("Monumental Cemetery") is one of the two largest cemeteries in Milan, Italy, the other one being the Cimitero Maggiore. It is noted for the abundance of artistic tombs and monuments.

Designed by the architect Carlo Maciachini (1818–1899), it was planned to consolidate a number of small cemeteries that used to be scattered around the city into a single location.

Officially opened in 1866, it has since then been filled with a wide range of contemporary and classical Italian sculptures as well as Greek temples, elaborate obelisks, and other original works such as a scaled-down version of the Trajan's Column. Many of the tombs belong to noted industrialist dynasties, and were designed by artists such as Adolfo Wildt, Giò Ponti, Arturo Martini, Agenore Fabbri, Lucio Fontana, Medardo Rosso, Giacomo Manzù, Floriano Bodini, and Giò Pomodoro.

The main entrance is through the large Famedio, a massive Hall of Fame-like Neo-Medieval style building made of marble and stone that contains the tombs of some of the city's and the country's most honored citizens, including that of novelist Alessandro Manzoni.

The Civico Mausoleo Palanti designed by the architect Mario Palanti is a tomb built for meritorious "Milanesi", or citizens of Milan. The memorial of about 800 Milanese killed in Nazi concentration camps is located in the center and is the work of the group BBPR, formed by leading exponents of Italian rationalist architecture that included Gianluigi Banfi.

The cemetery has a special section for those who do not belong to the Catholic religion and a Jewish section.

Near the entrance there is a permanent exhibition of prints, photographs, and maps outlining the cemetery's historical development. It includes two battery-operated electric hearses built in the 1920s.

The Jewish Section
The section, designed by Carlo Maciachini, opened in 1872 to replace the cemeteries of Porta Tenaglia, Porta Magenta, and Porta Vercellina. It lies east of the Catholic cemetery and has a separate entrance. The area is the result of a 1913 expansione to the southern and east. The central building was originally the entrance to the cemetery.

Tomb numbering is repeated because the cemetery is divided into six fields and an addition in the eastern side. There are also three common fields, including one for children, where burials date from 1873 to 1894, with small gravestones on the ground bearing the names and dates of death.

The monuments, built from 1866 onward, are located along the walkways. There are also family shrines, two of which were designed by Maciachini, columbaria, and ossuaries along the northern and western cemetery walls and burials in the central building.
There are 1778 burials, some in memory of people killed by in Nazi concentration camps or in the Lake Maggiore massacres, including at Meina.

There are many monuments of artistic value built by important architects and sculptors, described in the guide book by Giovanna Ginex and Ornella Selvafolta .<ref>Giovanna Ginex, Ornella Selvafolta, The monumental cemetery of Milan'', Silvana Editore, 1999</ref>

The following architects have worked in the Jewish section:  Carlo Maciachini (Davide Leonino and Pisa shrines), Giovanni Battista Bossi (Anselmo de Benedetti tomb), Ercole Balossi Merlo (Leon David Levi shrine), Luigi Conconi (Segre shrine), Giovanni Ceruti (Vitali shrine), Carlo Meroni (Taranto tomb), Cesare Mazzocchi (Giulio Foligno shrine), Manfredo d'Urbino (Jarach shrine, Mayer tomb, Besso tomb, Monument to the Jewish Martyrs of Nazism), Gigiotti Zanini (Zanini tomb), Adolfo Valabrega (Moisé Foligno shrine), Luigi Perrone (Goldfinger shrine). Sculptors whose work is found here include: Mario Quadrelli (Pisa shrine), Giuseppe Daniele Benzoni (Ottolenghi Finzi tomb), Luigi Vimercati (Estella Jung tomb), Agostino Caravati (Alessandro Forti tomb), Rizzardo Galli (Vittorio Finzi tomb), Enrico Cassi (De Daninos tomb), Attilio Prendoni (Errera and Conforti tomb), Eduardo Ximenes (Treves shrine), Giulio Branca (Giovanni Norsa tomb), fratelli Bonfanti (Davide and Beniamino Foà tomb), Enrico Astorri (Carolina Padova and Fanny Levi Cammeo tomb), Egidio Boninsegna (Giuseppe Levi tomb), Dario Viterbo (Levi Minzi columbarium), Giannino Castiglioni (Ettore Levis and Goldfinger tombs), Adolfo Wildt (Cesare Sarfatti tomb), Eugenio Pellini (Bettino Levi tomb), Arrigo Minerbi (Renato del Mar tomb), Roberto Terracini (Nino Colombo tomb).

The central building was enhanced in May 2015 with artistic windows that represent the Twelve Tribes of Israel by the artist Diego Pennacchio Ardemagni.

Crematorium
The cemetery contains the Crematorium Temple, which was the first crematorium to open in the Western world. The crematorium opened in 1876 and was operational until 1992. The building is also a columbarium. As with other early crematoria in Italy, it was built in Greek Revival architecture.

Famous graves

Signals located throughout the cemetery point visitors to several of the most remarkable tombs and monuments. Some of the persons interred in the cemetery include:
 Alberto Ascari (1918–1955), Formula One champion driver
 Antonio Ascari (1888–1925), Grand Prix champion driver
 Gae Aulenti (1927–2012), architect
 Lelio Basso (1903–1978), politician
 Ernesto Bazzaro (1859–1937), sculptor
 Luca Beltrami (1854–1933), architect
 Antonio Bernocchi  (1859–1939), industrialist
 Agostino Bertani (1812–1886), revolutionary, physician
 Arrigo Boito (1842–1918), composer, librettist
 Camillo Boito (1836–1914), architect
 Gino Bramieri (1928–1996), comedian and actor
 Gaspare Campari (1828–1882), drink maker
 Candido Cannavò (1930–2009), journalist
 Gianroberto Casaleggio (1954–2016), entrepreneur, political activist
 Carlo Cattaneo (1801–1869), philosopher, patriot
 Alfredo Catalani (1854–1893), composer
 Camilla Cederna (1911–1997), editor, writer
 Walter Chiari (1924–1991), actor
 Franco Corelli (1921–2003), opera tenor
 Valentina Cortese (1923–2019), actress
 Philippe Daverio (1949–2020), art historian
 Giangiacomo Feltrinelli (1926–1972), publisher, businessman
 Filippo Filippi (1830–1887), journalist, music critic
 Dario Fo (1926–2016), 1997 Nobel prize in Literature
 Carla Fracci (1936–2021), ballet dancer
 Giorgio Gaber (1939–2003), singer-songwriter, comedian
 Giorgio Gaslini (1929–2014), jazz pianist, composer, conductor
 Luigi Giussani (1922–2005), priest, founder of "Communion and Liberation"
 Paolo Grassi (1919–1981), theatrical impresario
 Francesco Hayez (1791–1882), painter
 Vladimir Horowitz (1903–1989), pianist
 Herbert Kilpin (1870–1916), founder of A.C. Milan football club
 Anna Kuliscioff (1857–1925), political activist
 Domenico Induno (1815–1878), painter
 Enzo Jannacci (1935–2013), singer-songwriter
 Alberto Lattuada (1914–2005), director
 Emilio Longoni (1859–1932), painter
 Carlo Maciachini (1818–1899), architect
 Cesare Maldini (1932–2016), football player
 Alessandro Manzoni (1785–1873), poet, novelist, considered the founder of modern Italian language; tomb located at the very center of the Famedio''
 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (1876–1944), poet and main founder of the futurist movement
 Giuseppe Meazza (1910–1979), football player and manager
 Alda Merini (1931–2009), poet
 Lina Merlin (1887–1979), politician
 Franco Moschino (1950–1994), fashion designer
 Bruno Munari (1907–1998), artist
 Bob Noorda (1927–2010), graphic designer
 Magda Olivero (1910–2014), opera soprano
 Wanda Osiris (1905–1994), soubrette, actress, singer
 Giuseppe Palanti (1881–1946), painter
 Mario Palanti (1885–1978), architect
 Giovanni Pesce (1918–2007), communist partisan
 Giulietta Pezzi (1810–1878), writer
 Francesco Maria Piave (1810–1876), librettist, poet
 Giò Pomodoro (1930–2002), artist
 Amilcare Ponchielli (1834–1886), composer
 Gio Ponti (1891–1979), architect, industrial designer, artist
 Salvatore Quasimodo (1901–1968), 1959 Nobel prize in Literature
 Franca Rame (1929–2013), political activist, actress
 Medardo Rosso (1858–1928), sculptor
 Piero Sacerdoti (1905–1966), insurer
 Rosa Chiarina Scolari (1882–1949) Mother Superior who helped the Italian resistance movement
 Temistocle Solera (1815–1878), poet, opera composer, librettist
 Mario Tiberini (1826–1880) and his wife Angiolina Ortolani-Tiberini (1834–1913), opera singers.
 Arturo Toscanini (1867–1957), conductor and cellist
 Giovanni Treccani (1877–1961), publisher
 Filippo Turati (1857–1932), politician
 Leo Valiani (1909–1999), writer, politician
 Adolfo Wildt (1868–1931), sculptor

Mayors of Milan
 Aldo Aniasi (1921–2005), Mayor (1967–76)
 Giulio Belinzaghi (1818–1892), Mayor (1867–84; 1889–92)
 Emilio Caldara (1868–1942), Mayor (1914–20)
 Gino Cassinis (1885–1964), Mayor (1961–64)
 Virgilio Ferrari (1888–1975), Mayor (1951–61)
 Angelo Filippetti (1866–1936), Mayor (1920–22)
 Marco Formentini (1930–2021), Mayor (1993–97)
 Emanuele Greppi (1853–1931), Mayor (1911–14)
 Carlo Tognoli (1938–2021), Mayor (1976–86)

Gallery

Other famous graves

See also

 Monumental Cemetery of Staglieno, in Genoa
 Certosa di Bologna, the site of the city's monumental cemetery
 Monumental Cemetery of Bonaria in Sardinia
 List of burial places of classical musicians

References

External links
 Video with photos from cemetery

Cemeteries in Milan
Tourist attractions in Milan
1866 establishments in Italy

Cimitero Monumentale di Milano


Uti vår hage (, named after a folk song) was a Norwegian sketch comedy television program which had two different runs on TV in 2003 and 2008 on the Norwegian state channel NRK. The show starred the three well-known comedians: Atle Antonsen, Harald Eia and Bård Tufte Johansen. The format of the show was one main storyline that would gradually branch off into several separate minor storylines. Two series of the show have been produced, and the second series carries the title Uti vår hage 2. The show has introduced popular characters like "Lena" from Døden på Oslo S and "Oslolosen". The first season consisted of six episodes and was first broadcast in September and October 2003, while the second season was aired in January – March 2008, with seven ordinary episodes and one special. The first season was the first occasion where the three comedians worked together.

References

External links
Uti vår hage on NRK

Television sketch shows
Norwegian comedy television series
NRK original programming

Uti vår hage (TV series)


The Golden Hill Bridge is a historic bridge on Golden Hill Road over the Housatonic River in Lee, Massachusetts.  It is a lenticular pony truss bridge built c. 1885 by the Berlin Iron Bridge Company, and is the state's oldest surviving bridge of this type.  It is one of only five Berlin Co. bridges in the Berkshires, and is the only known surviving bridge to implement modifications to the pony truss design patented by William O. Douglas in 1885.  The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.

Description and history
The Golden Hill Bridge is located in a rural setting in northern Lee, carrying Golden Hill Road, a local through street, across the Housatonic River in an east–west orientation.  It is a single-span iron lenticular pony truss structure,  long and  wide, resting on concrete abutments.  The truss depth at the center of the span is .  The bridge deck consists of modern steel I-beam stringers supporting a concrete road surface.

A bridge has been documented to stand at this location as early as the 1790s.  A bridge at the site underwent repairs in 1866, but was judged to be in need of repair or replacement in 1885.  The town contracted for the trusses with the Berlin Iron Bridge Company, then a major producer of bridge trusses, and the bridge was completed for $1,000.  In 1965, the state added a metal grid deck, and in 1970 it replaced the original deck supports with I-beams.  In 1992, after the bridge was closed to vehicular traffic, the state began proceedings to consider replacement of the aging structure.  It was further closed to pedestrians in 1996.  The bridge finally underwent major restorative work in 2005, and is again open to traffic.

See also

 National Register of Historic Places listings in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
 List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

References

Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Bridges in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
Lee, Massachusetts
Truss bridges in the United States
Iron bridges in the United States

Golden Hill Bridge


The Ford Bronco was a utility vehicle that was produced from 1966 to 1996. It had five distinct generations. All these vehicles are currently classified as sport utility vehicles (SUV). The Broncos can be divided into two categories: early Broncos (1966–77) and full-size Broncos (1978–96). In 2021, after 25 years away, Ford revived the Bronco name on a new small, retro-styled SUV.

The Bronco was introduced in 1966. It was a competitor to the small four-wheel drive compact SUVs that included the Jeep CJ-5 and International Harvester Scout. It was built on its own platform. Ford positioned the Bronco between the Jeep and Scout. But it was too small to capture the US market. A major redesign in 1978 moved the Bronco to a larger size. It used  a shortened Ford F-Series truck chassis to compete with both the similarly adapted Chevrolet K5 Blazer, as well as the Dodge Ramcharger.

The full-size Broncos and the successor Expedition were produced at Ford's Michigan Truck Plant in Wayne, Michigan.

References

Ford automobiles
Sport utility vehicles

Ford Bronco


Lightpainting is an art form developed by artist Stephen Knapp and introduced in 2002. Lightpainting uses white light projected in space through specially coated glass that breaks the light into bands of color, producing optically complex virtual 3D images that sit at the intersection of painting and sculpture.

Lightpaintings can take the form of moveable wall-mounted panels but the most spectacular effects are achieved in large-scale architectural installations. Layers of metallic coating are applied to glass pieces to refract and reflect colors, which becomes the palette to be used as pure chroma or mixed into a wide spectrum of colors. Glass is cut into various sizes and shapes that determine planes of color and other elements that can be used much as in traditional painting or sculpture.

Lightpainting (one word) is not to be confused with light painting (two words), the latter of which is a photographic process recording traces of light on film or digital media to create images that must be reproduced in printed or transparency form.

References

External links
 Lightpaintings website

Visual arts genres

Lightpainting


In mathematics, a Bernstein set is a subset of the real line that meets every uncountable closed subset of the real line but that contains none of them.

A Bernstein set partitions the real line into two pieces in a peculiar way: every measurable set of positive measure meets both the Bernstein set and its complement, as does every set with the property of Baire that is not a meagre set.

References

Descriptive set theory
Sets of real numbers

Bernstein set


Aparajita was an able Shilahara  ruler of north Konkan branch from 975 CE – 1010 CE.

Chhadvaideva was followed by his nephew Aparajita, the son of Vajjada. Aparajita was an ambitious king. He sought to extend his sphere of influence by alliance with the mighty kings of other countries. He probably represents the Vidyadhara king Shikhandaketu, mentioned in the Nava-sahasanka-charita of Padmagupta; this king sent his son Shashikhanda to render help to the Paramara king Sindhuraja (993 CE 1010 CE) in his invasion of South Kosala at the request of the Naga king of Bastar.

Aparajita's extensive conquests, his alliance with the Paramaras, his assumption of grandiloquent titles and his subsequent refusal to recognise the Later Chalukya suzerainty led to a Chalukya invasion of his kingdom. Gadayuddha, composed by the Chalukya court poet Ranna, by order of the Chalukya king Taila II, prince Satyashraya chased the Konkaneshvara (the ruler of Konkan i.e. Aparajita) to the sea. Satyashraya pressed as far as the Shilahara capital Puri. Aparajita ultimately acknowledged the Chalukya suzerainty, as attested by a 997 Bhadana inscription which gives his title as Mahamandaleshvara.

See also
 Shilahara

References
 Bhandarkar R.G. (1957): Early History of Deccan, Sushil Gupta (I) Pvt Ltd, Calcutta.
 Fleet J.F. (1896): "The Dynasties of the Kanarese District of The Bombay Presidency", written for The Bombay Gazetteer.
 Department of Gazetteer, Govt of Maharashtra (2002): Itihaas : Prachin Kal, Khand -1 (Marathi)
 Department of Gazetteer, Govt of Maharashtra (1960): Kolhapur District Gazetteer
 Department of Gazetteer, Govt of Maharashtra (1964): Kolaba District Gazetteer
 Department of Gazetteer, Govt of Maharashtra (1982): Thane District Gazetteer
 A.S. Altekar (1936): The Silaharas of Western India.

Specific

External links
 Silver Coin of Shilaharas of Southern Maharashtra (Coinex 2006 - Souvenir)(  2009-10-25)

Shilahara dynasty
10th-century Indian monarchs
11th-century Indian monarchs

Aparajita


Syllepte polydonta is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in Indonesia (Ambon Island), Papua New Guinea, where it has been recorded from the D'Entrecasteaux Islands (Fergusson Island) and Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.

The wingspan is about 32 mm. Adults are straw-yellow, the forewings with fuscous marks at the base. The antemedial line is strongly bent outwards on the median nervure, then angled inwards in the submedian interspace and outwards on vein 1. There is a prominent black discoidal lunule. The postmedial line is strongly dentate, slightly bent outwards between veins 5 and 3, then retracted to below the angle of the cell and bent outwards again. The hindwings have a prominent black discoidal lunule and a strongly dentate postmedial line, slightly bent outwards between veins 5 and 3, then retracted to below the angle of the cell.

References

Moths described in 1898
polydonta
Moths of Indonesia
Moths of Oceania

Syllepte polydonta