The diaphragm is a barrier method of birth control. It is moderately effective, with a one-year failure rate of around 12% with typical use. It is placed over the cervix with spermicide before sex and left in place for at least six hours after sex. Fitting by a healthcare provider is generally required.

Side effects are usually very few. Use may increase the risk of bacterial vaginosis and urinary tract infections. If left in the vagina for more than 24 hours toxic shock syndrome may occur. While use may decrease the risk of sexually transmitted infections, it is not very effective at doing so. There are a number of types of diaphragms with different rim and spring designs. They may be made from latex, silicone, or natural rubber. They work by blocking access to and holding spermicide near the cervix.

The diaphragm came into use around 1882. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Medical use
Before inserting or removing a diaphragm, one's hands should be washed to avoid introducing harmful bacteria into the vaginal canal.

The rim of a diaphragm is squeezed into an oval or arc shape for insertion. A water-based lubricant (usually spermicide) may be applied to the rim of the diaphragm to aid insertion.  One teaspoon (5 mL) of spermicide may be placed in the dome of the diaphragm before insertion, or with an applicator after insertion.

The diaphragm must be inserted sometime before sexual intercourse, and remain in the vagina for 6 to 8 hours after a man's last ejaculation. For multiple acts of intercourse, it is recommended that an additional 5 mL of spermicide be inserted into the vagina (not into the dome—the seal of the diaphragm should not be broken) before each act. Upon removal, a diaphragm should be cleansed with mild soap and warm water before storage. The diaphragm must be removed for cleaning at least once every 24 hours and can be re-inserted immediately.

Oil-based products should not be used with latex diaphragms. Lubricants or vaginal medications that contain oil will cause the latex to rapidly degrade and greatly increases the chances of the diaphragm breaking or tearing.

Natural latex rubber will degrade over time. Depending on usage and storage conditions, a latex diaphragm should be replaced every one to three years.  Silicone diaphragms may last much longer—up to ten years.

Effectiveness
The effectiveness of diaphragms, as of most forms of contraception, can be assessed two ways: method effectiveness and actual effectiveness.  The method effectiveness is the proportion of couples correctly and consistently using the method who do not become pregnant. Actual effectiveness is the proportion of couples who intended that method as their sole form of birth control and do not become pregnant; it includes couples who sometimes use the method incorrectly, or sometimes not at all. Rates are generally presented for the first year of use. Most commonly the Pearl Index is used to calculate effectiveness rates, but some studies use decrement tables.

For all forms of contraception, actual effectiveness is lower than method effectiveness, due to several factors:

 mistakes on the part of those providing instructions on how to use the method
 mistakes on the part of the method's users
 conscious user non-compliance with method

For instance, someone using a diaphragm might be fitted incorrectly by a health care provider, or by mistake remove the diaphragm too soon after intercourse, or simply choose to have intercourse without placing the diaphragm.

Contraceptive Technology reports that the method failure rate of the diaphragm with spermicide is 6% per year.

The actual pregnancy rates among diaphragm users vary depending on the population being studied, with yearly rates of 10% to 39% being reported.

Unlike some other cervical barriers, the effectiveness of the diaphragm is the same for women who have given birth as for those who have not.

Advantages
The diaphragm does not interfere with a woman's menstrual cycle, therefore, no reversal or waiting time is necessary if contraception is no longer wanted or needed.

The diaphragm only has to be used during intercourse. Many women, especially those who have sex less frequently, prefer barrier contraception such as the diaphragm over methods that require some action every day.

Like all cervical barriers, diaphragms may be inserted several hours before use, allowing uninterrupted foreplay and intercourse. Most couples find that neither partner can feel the diaphragm during intercourse.

The diaphragm is less expensive than many other methods of contraception.

Sexually transmitted infections
There is some evidence that the cells in the cervix are particularly susceptible to certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs).  Cervical barriers such as diaphragms may offer some protection against these infections. However, research conducted to test whether the diaphragm offers protection from HIV found that women provided with both male condoms and a diaphragm experienced the same rate of HIV infection as women provided with male condoms alone.

Because pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is caused by certain STIs, diaphragms may lower the risk of PID. Cervical barriers may also protect against human papillomavirus (HPV), the virus that causes cervical cancer, although the protection appears to be due to the spermicide used with diaphragms and not the barrier itself.

Diaphragms are also considered a good candidate as a delivery method for microbicides (preparations that, used vaginally, protect against STIs) that are currently in development.

Side effects
Women (or their partners) who are allergic to latex should not use a latex diaphragm.

Diaphragms are associated with an increased risk of urinary tract infection (UTI) Urinating before inserting the diaphragm, and also after intercourse, may reduce this risk.

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) occurs at a rate of 2.4 cases per 100,000 women using diaphragms, almost exclusively when the device is left in place longer than 24 hours.

The increase in risk of UTIs may be due to the diaphragm applying pressure to the urethra, especially if the diaphragm is too large, and causing irritation and preventing the bladder from emptying fully.  However, the spermicide nonoxynol-9 is itself associated with increased risk of UTI, yeast infection, and bacterial vaginosis. For this reason, some advocate use of lactic acid or lemon juice based spermicides, which might have fewer side effects.

It has also been suggested that, for women who experience side effects from nonoxynol-9, it may be acceptable to use the diaphragm without any spermicide. One study found an actual pregnancy rate of 24% per year in women using the diaphragm without spermicide; however, all women in this study were given a 60 mm diaphragm rather than being fitted by a clinician. Other studies have been small and given conflicting results. The current recommendation is still for all diaphragm users to use spermicide with the device.

In the early 1920s, Marie Stopes claimed that when wearing a diaphragm, the vagina is stretched such that certain movements made by the woman for the benefit of the man were restricted by the diaphragm spring. In later years there was some discussion of this, with two authors supporting this concept and one opposed. One of them argued in the later 1920s-1930s that while the muscle movement by women is restricted it does not make all that much difference since most "women (in the 1920s) are not able to operate their pelvic muscles voluntarily to the best advantage" (during sex). However, Stopes anticipated this rebuttal, and in so many words classified it as a lame excuse.

Types
Diaphragms are available in diameters of 50 mm to 105mm (about 2–4 inches). They are available in two different materials: latex and silicone. Diaphragms are also available with different types of springs in the rim.

An arcing spring folds into an arc shape when the sides are compressed. This is the strongest type of rim available in a diaphragm, and may be used by women with any level of vaginal tone. Unlike other spring types, arcing springs may be used by women with mild cystocele, rectocele, or retroversion. Arcing spring diaphragms may be easier to insert correctly than other spring types.

A coil spring flattens into an oval shape when the sides are compressed. This rim is not as strong as the arcing spring, and may only be used by women with average or firm vaginal tone. If an arcing spring diaphragm is uncomfortable for a woman or, during intercourse, her partner, a coil spring may prove more satisfactory. Unlike the arcing spring diaphragms, coil springs may be inserted with a device called an introducer.

A flat spring is much like a coil spring, but thinner. This type of rim may only be used by women with firm vaginal tone. Flat spring diaphragms may also be inserted with an introducer for women uncomfortable using their hands. Ortho used to manufacture a flat-spring diaphragm called the Ortho White. Reflexions also manufactured a flat-spring diaphragm up until 2014.

There are a number of variations. The SILCS diaphragm is made of silicone, has an arcing spring, and a finger cup is molded on one end for easy removal. The Duet disposable diaphragm is made of dipped polyurethane, pre-filled with BufferGel (BufferGel is currently in clinical trials as a spermicide and microbicide). Both the SILCS and Duet diaphragms come in only one size.

Fitting

Diaphragms usually come in different sizes and require a fitting appointment with a health care professional to determine which size a woman should wear.  Single size diaphragms that do not require fitting also exist.

A correctly fitting diaphragm will cover the cervix and rest snugly against the pubic bone. A diaphragm that is too small might fit inside the vagina without covering the cervix, or might become dislodged from the cervix during intercourse or bowel movements. It is also more likely that a woman's partner will feel the anterior rim of a diaphragm that is too small during intercourse. A diaphragm that is too large will place pressure on the urethra, preventing the bladder from emptying completely and increasing the risk of urinary tract infection. A diaphragm that is too large may also cause a sore to develop on the vaginal wall.

Diaphragms should be re-fitted after a weight change of 4.5 kg (10 lb) or more. The traditional clinical guideline is that a decrease in weight may cause a woman to need a larger size, although the strength of this relationship has been questioned.

Diaphragms should also be re-fitted after any pregnancy of 14 weeks or longer. Full-term vaginal delivery especially will tend to increase the size diaphragm a woman needs, although the changes to the pelvic floor during pregnancy mean even women who experience second-trimester miscarriage, or deliver by C-section, should be refitted.

Vaginal tenting, an increase in the length of the vagina, occurs during arousal. This means that during intercourse, the diaphragm will not fit snugly against the pubic bone because it is carried higher up the vaginal canal by the movement of the cervix. If the diaphragm is inserted after arousal has begun, extra care must be taken to ensure the device is covering the cervix.

A woman might be fitted with a different size diaphragm depending on where she is in her menstrual cycle. It is common for a woman to wear a larger diaphragm during menstruation. It has been speculated that a woman may be fitted with a larger size diaphragm when she is near ovulation. The correct size for a woman is the largest size that she can wear comfortably throughout her cycle.

In the United States, diaphragms are available by prescription only. Many other countries do not require prescriptions.

Mechanism of action
The spring in the rim of the diaphragm forms a seal against the vaginal walls. The diaphragm covers the cervix, and physically prevents sperm from entering the uterus through the os.

Traditionally, the diaphragm has been used with spermicide, and it is widely believed the spermicide significantly increases the effectiveness of the diaphragm.  Insufficient studies have been conducted to determine effectiveness without spermicide.

It is widely taught that additional spermicide must be placed in the vagina if intercourse occurs more than six hours after insertion.  However, there has been very little research on how long spermicide remains active within the diaphragm. One study found that spermicidal jelly and creme used in a diaphragm retained its full spermicidal activity for twelve hours after placement of the diaphragm.

It has long been recommended that the diaphragm be left in place for at least six or eight hours after intercourse. No studies have been done to determine the validity of this recommendation, however, and some medical professionals have suggested intervals of four hours or even two hours are sufficient to ensure efficacy. One manufacturer of contraceptive sponges recommends leaving the sponge in place for only two hours after intercourse. However, such use of the diaphragm (removal before 6 hours post-intercourse) has never been formally studied, and cannot be recommended.

It has been suggested that diaphragms be dispensed as a one-size-fits-all device, providing all women with the most common size (70 mm). However, only 33% of women fitted for a diaphragm are prescribed a 70 mm size, and correct sizing of the diaphragm is widely considered necessary.

History

The idea of blocking the cervix to prevent pregnancy is thousands of years old.  Various cultures have used cervix-shaped devices such as oiled paper cones or lemon halves, or have made sticky mixtures that include honey or cedar resin to be applied to the cervical opening. However, the diaphragm—which stays in place because of the spring in its rim, rather than hooking over the cervix or being sticky—is of more recent origin.

An important precursor to the invention of the diaphragm was the rubber vulcanization process, patented by Charles Goodyear in 1844. In the 1880s, a German gynecologist, Wilhelm P. J. Mensinga, published the first description of a rubber contraceptive device with a spring molded into the rim. Mensinga wrote first under the pseudonym C. Hasse, and the Mensinga diaphragm was the only brand available for many decades. In the United States, the physician Edward Bliss Foote designed and sold an early form of occlusive pessary under the name "womb veil" starting in the 1860s.

American birth control activist Margaret Sanger fled to Europe in 1914 to escape prosecution under the Comstock laws, which prohibited sending contraceptive devices, or information about contraception, through the mail. Sanger learned about the diaphragm in the Netherlands and introduced the product to the United States when she returned in 1916. Sanger and her second husband, Noah Slee, illegally imported large quantities of the devices from Germany and the Netherlands. In 1925, Slee provided funding to Sanger's friend Herbert Simonds, who used the funds to found the first diaphragm manufacturing company in the U.S., the Holland-Rantos Company.

Diaphragms played a role in overturning the federal Comstock Act. In 1932, Sanger arranged for a Japanese manufacturer to mail a package of diaphragms to a New York physician who supported Sanger's activism. U.S. customs confiscated the package, and Sanger helped file a lawsuit. In 1936, in the court case United States v. One Package of Japanese Pessaries, a federal appellate court ruled that the package could be delivered.

Although in Europe, the cervical cap was more popular than the diaphragm, the diaphragm became one of the most widely used contraceptives in the United States. In 1940, one-third of all U.S. married couples used a diaphragm for contraception. The number of women using diaphragms dropped dramatically after the 1960s introduction of the intrauterine device and the combined oral contraceptive pill. In 1965, only 10% of U.S. married couples used a diaphragm for contraception. That number has continued to fall, and in 2002 only 0.2% of American women were using a diaphragm as their primary method of contraception.

In 2014 Janssen Pharmaceuticals announced the discontinuation of the Ortho-All Flex Diaphragm, making it very difficult for women in the US to have that option as a birth-control method.

The single-sized, silicone diaphragm was developed by PATH during the late 2000s. It was licensed to Kessel Marketing & Vertriebs GmbH of Frankfurt, Germany, which began to market it as the Caya Diaphragm. The diaphragm was approved for contraception in Europe in 2013 and in the United States the following year.  Since then, Kessel has also developed a traditionally circular, multi-sized diaphragm made from the same materials that they released in Germany in 2020 under the name Singa.

Society and culture

Economics
In the United Kingdom they cost the National Health Service less than £10 each. In the United States they cost about US$15 to $75 and are the birth control method of 0.3% of women. These costs do not include that of spermicide.

References

Further reading
.

Barrier contraception
Vagina
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
World Health Organization essential medicines

Diaphragm (birth control)


Peder Nikolai Leier Jacobsen (13 May 1888 – 31 January 1967) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Troms in 1950, and was re-elected on two occasions. He had previously served in the position of deputy representative during the term 1945–1949. He served most of this term as a regular representative, replacing Søren Berg Sørensen Moen who died in May 1946.

Leier Jacobsen was born in Trondenes and a member of the executive committee of Trondenes municipality council in 1922–1925. He then held the same position in Sandtorg, except the periods 1934–1937, 1937–1941, 1945–1947 and 1947–1951 when he served as mayor. He was also a member of Troms county council from 1934 to 1951.

References

1888 births
1967 deaths
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
20th-century Norwegian politicians

Peder Nikolai Leier Jacobsen


Voice-tracking is a technique used by some radio stations in radio broadcasting to make an illusion of a live disc jockey or announcer sitting in the studios of the radio station when one is actually not in the station.

Background
Voice-tracking refers to the process of a disc jockey prerecording the parts when they speak on the radio. It is then mixed with songs, commercials and other elements to make it sound like a live air shift. Voice-tracking is mostly used in radio stations, especially during the night, overnight, weekend, and holiday time periods. Most radio stations also use it as a way to save money instead of having disc jockeys around the clock.

Variations
Sometimes, voice-tracking is done so that people can do other jobs. For example, a DJ may also have a job as a program director or general manager. Voice-tracking allows that person to record a three-hour shift in less than a half-hour, leaving him or her time to do office work. A popular live weekday morning radio host can record parts for a Saturday show, allowing him or her to be on the air six days a week without spending more time at the station. It is also helpful during holidays such as Christmas or Easter, when people are off spending time with their families.

Formatics
Different radio stations want their DJs to speak only at certain times. Here is an example:

 At example station ZZZZ, the DJs have to follow certain rules. These rules are called formatics.

 DJs have to backsell (or give the name and artist of a song that already played) three songs before playing commercials at 22 minutes past the hour.

 DJs have to read or play a pre-recorded weather forecast at 44 minutes past the hour.

 DJs are allowed to speak only over the instrumental part of the song at the beginning. (As shown below)

As an example, see the picture below:

As one song ends, the next song begins. At this point, the DJ doesn't start talking until the second song starts and he stops at the point where the song's vocals start.

Radio

Voice-tracking


A conserved quantity is a property or value that remains constant over time in a system even when changes occur in the system. In mathematics, a conserved quantity of a dynamical system is formally defined as a function of the dependent variables, the value of which remains constant along each trajectory of the system.

Not all systems have conserved quantities, and conserved quantities are not unique, since one can always produce another such quantity by applying a suitable function, such as adding a constant, to a conserved quantity.

Since many laws of physics express some kind of conservation, conserved quantities commonly exist in mathematical models of physical systems. For example, any classical mechanics model will have mechanical energy as a conserved quantity as long as the forces involved are conservative.

Differential equations

For a first order system of differential equations

where bold indicates vector quantities, a scalar-valued function H(r) is a conserved quantity of the system if, for all time and initial conditions in some specific domain,

Note that by using the multivariate chain rule,

so that the definition may be written as

which contains information specific to the system and can be helpful in finding conserved quantities, or establishing whether or not a conserved quantity exists.

Hamiltonian mechanics

For a system defined by the Hamiltonian , a function f of the generalized coordinates q and generalized momenta p has time evolution

and hence is conserved if and only if . Here  denotes the Poisson bracket.

Lagrangian mechanics

Suppose a system is defined by the Lagrangian L with generalized coordinates q. If L has no explicit time dependence (so ), then the energy E defined by

is conserved.

Furthermore, if , then q is said to be a cyclic coordinate and the generalized momentum p defined by

is conserved. This may be derived by using the Euler–Lagrange equations.

See also
 Conservative system
 Lyapunov function
 Hamiltonian system
 Conservation law
 Noether's theorem
 Charge (physics)
 Invariant (physics)

References

Differential equations
Dynamical systems

Conserved quantity


Wilhelm Kling (7 February 1902 – 17 November 1973) was a Communist Party of Germany (KPD) functionary, and later an associate in the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) in East Germany.

Kling was born in Bammental in the Grand Duchy of Baden.  He completed his training as a salesman in 1916-1921, and was an employee in Dortmund until 1924. He worked for various building companies until 1928, was unemployed until 1929, and was the editor of the newspaper Berlin am Morgen between 1929 and 1933.

From 1922 to 1924, Kling was a member of the Association for Defence against Anti-Semitism in Germany (Verein zur Abwehr des Antisemitismus in Deutschland). As of 1923, he was active in various capacities for the KPD in the subdistrict (Unterbezirk) of Dortmund, and later in the subdistrict of Berlin.

From March 1933, after Adolf Hitler and the Nazis had taken power, he was unlawfully engaged in the KPD's information service, which led to his arrest in July 1935. In October 1936, he was sentenced to six years in labour prison (Zuchthaus) in the Volksgerichtshof's last public proceedings. Until 1945, he was imprisoned in, among other places, Plötzensee Prison in Berlin, Brandenburg-Görden and Bayreuth, as well as in Aschendorfer Moor, Sachsenhausen and Mauthausen concentration camps.

In 1945-1946, he joined the KPD-SED in Berlin and was a colleague in the SED Central Committee. As leader of the subdivision known as "Functionaries in State and Commerce", he was instrumental in the expropriation of business and war crimes enterprises. Between 1953 and 1961, he was the acting director of the German Economic Institute (Deutsches Wirtschaftsinstitut), and after that, until 1969, an associate of the Agitation Commission at the SED Central Committee's Politburo.

Kling received the Patriotic Order of Merit in 1965, and the Order of Karl Marx in 1967, both East German honours.  He died in Berlin.

Works
"Kleine Geschichte der IG Farben, der Großfabrikanten des Todes", Berlin 1957

1902 births
1973 deaths
People from Rhein-Neckar-Kreis
People from the Grand Duchy of Baden
Communist Party of Germany politicians
Socialist Unity Party of Germany politicians
Communists in the German Resistance
Sachsenhausen concentration camp survivors
Mauthausen concentration camp survivors
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold

Wilhelm Kling


The Salle Gaveau, named after the French piano maker Gaveau, is a classical concert hall in Paris, located at 45-47 rue La Boétie, in the 8th arrondissement of Paris. It is particularly intended for chamber music.

Construction
The plans for the hall were drawn up by Jacques Hermant in 1905, the year the land was acquired. The construction of the Gaveau building took place from 1906 to 1907. The vocation of this hall was chamber music from the beginning, and its seating capacity was a thousand, just as it is today. The hall was home to a large organ built in 1900 by the Cavaillé-Coll|Mutin-Cavaillé-Coll firm. This instrument with 39 stops (8 on the positive, 12 on the recitative, 12 on the grand organ and 7 on the pedal) was subsequently installed in 1957 in the commune of Saint-Saëns in Normandy. The hall is a concert venue renowned for its exceptional acoustics.

Beginnings
The hall opened its doors on 3 October 1907 for the concert of the Lehrergesangverein (Teachers' Choir of the city of Bremen with one hundred and forty performers). It immediately became a prestigious hall. Camille Saint-Saëns' concert in the Salle Gaveau [audience and orchestra from the stage]; then other famous musicians gave concerts there from the first months after the opening. The concerts Lamoureux, conducted by Camille Chevillard, Vincent d'Indy and André Messager, moved to Gaveau. On 5, 8 and 12 November 1907, Alfred Cortot, Jacques Thibaud and Pablo Casals performed the complete trios by Beethoven. In the following years, the Salle Gaveau hosted Eugène Ysaÿe (21 January 1908), Lazare-Lévy (27 January 1909), Marguerite Long (11 December 1911), Georges Enesco (8 February 1912), Fritz Kreisler (21 and 28 April 1912), Wilhelm Backhaus (15 May 1912), Claude Debussy (5 May 1917).

World Wars
During the First World War, the Salle Gaveau was used to give shows to soldiers and victims. However, it continued its original activity. During the interwar period, the hall hosted Charles Munch (28 October 1933), Wanda Landowska (7 November 1933), Rudolf Serkin (2 December 1933), and Yves Nat in 1934. The Lamoureux concerts continued to be held there.

The same scenario occurred during the Second World War, when Gaveau was once again used as a gala venue, while hosting famous musicians such as Jacques Février, Pierre Fournier, Samson François, Paul Tortelier, and Raymond Trouard. The concert season continued after the war. In 1955, for example, the hall welcomed Reine Flachot, Pierre Bernac, Francis Poulenc, and Alexandre Lagoya.

Purchase by the Fournier couple
In 1963, Gaveau went bankrupt. This led to the sale of the Gaveau building to an insurance company, and it was destined to be destroyed for the construction of a car park. Chantal and Jean-Marie Fournier, a couple of passionate musicians, bought the hall in 1976.

In 1982, the house was listed in the inventory and then classified as a Historic Monument in 1992. Chantal and Jean-Marie Fournier then sought to have it restored, the condition of the venue gradually declining. Subsidies were obtained, and the work was carried out by Alain-Charles Perrot the chief architect of the Monuments Historiques. The hall reopened on 8 January 2001. It was restored in a more sober way than before, i.e. by seeking to recover the colours and ornaments of 1907.

Works premiered at Salle Gaveau

 Ravel: Valses Nobles et Sentimentales for piano, in 1911
 Vierne: Troisième Symphonie (with Marcel Dupré organ), in 1912
 Ravel: Piano Trio, in 1915
 Debussy: Sonate pour violon et piano, with Gaston Poulet, in 1917
 Ravel: Le Tombeau de Couperin, by Marguerite Long, 11 April 1919
 Albert Roussel: Le Marchand de Sable qui passe, stage music, in 1919
 Augustin Barié: Symphonie pour orgue, by André Marchal, in 1922
 Georges Enescu: String Quartet No. 1, French premiere 18 October 1921
 Schönberg: Pierrot lunaire, French premiere by Darius Milhaud with Marya Freund, (on text translated by Jacques Benoist-Méchin), 12 January 1922
 Arthur Honegger: Roi David, French premiere 15 March 1924
 Vierne: Pièces de Fantaisie by Marcel Dupré in 1926
 Guy Ropartz: Troisième Sonate pour violon et piano, French premiere by Georges Enescu violin and Marcel Ciampi piano, 21 April 1928
 Enescu: Troisième Sonate pour violon et piano dans le caractère populaire roumain, French premiere with Nicolae Caravia piano, 28 March 1927
 Stravinsky: Concerto pour deux pianos solos, with the composer and his son Sviatoslav Soulima, 1935
 Francis Poulenc: Telle Jour, telle Nuit song cycle based on poems by Paul Éluard, by Pierre Bernac, 3 February 1937
 Enescu: Troisième Sonate pour piano, by Marcel Ciampi, 6 December 1938
 Messiaen: Vingt Regards sur l'enfant-Jésus, by Yvonne Loriod piano, 26 March 1944
 Duruflé: Requiem, by the Orchestre National de France directed by Roger Désormière with Camille Maurane and Hélène Bouvier, in 1947
 Poulenc: Sonate pour violoncelle et piano, in 1949
 Pierre Schaeffer: Étude aux Objets, 30 June 1959
 Jacques Castérède: Sonate pour piano, by Françoise Thinat, in 1967
 Laurent Petitgirard: Quintette avec piano, in 1977
 Rodion Shchedrin: Bribes Russes  for cello (commissioned by the international Mstislav Rostropovitch competition, in 1990
 Bruno Mantovani: Appel d'Air for flute and piano (commissioned by the international Jean-Pierre Rampal competition, in 2001
 Philippe Hersant: Concerto pour harpe et orchestre (Le Tombeau de Virgile) by Isabelle Moretti, in 2006
 Thierry Pécou: Concerto pour piano et orchestre (L'Oiseau Innumérable), by Alexandre Tharaud, in 2006
  after the novel by Charles Dickens, in 2016

See also
 Salle Pleyel

References

External links

8th arrondissement of Paris
Concert halls in France
Buildings and structures in the 8th arrondissement of Paris
Event venues established in 1905
1905 establishments in France
Buildings and structures completed in 1905
Music venues in Paris

Salle Gaveau


Gypcrete or gypcrust is a hardened layer of soil, consisting of around 95% gypsum (calcium sulfate). Gypcrust is an arid zone duricrust. It can also occur in a semiarid climate in a basin with internal drainage, and is initially developed in a playa as an evaporate.  Gypcrete is the arid climate's equivalent to calcrete, which is a duricrust that is unable to generate in very arid climates.

Composition
Gypcrust horizons can be up to  thick with a 75-97% gypsum (CaSO4∙2H2O) content. The majority of gypsum-rich layers occur where the average annual rainfall is less than 250 mm because gypsum is moderately soluble (c. 2.6 g−1 at 25 °C) and is normally leached out under higher rainfall conditions. Gypsum cements are rarely, if ever, as strong as calcretes or silcretes.

Formation
Gypcrust forms in a manner similar to that of caliche, which is composed of calcium carbonate. The development of gypcrust has 3 main stages. The first stage is primary crystallization of the surface brines or groundwater; the second stage is transportation and redeposition by wind or water; and the third stage is post-depositional alteration above or below the capillary fringe. Most gypcrust is formed either as a result of soil-forming processes or through the precipitation of cementing agents from groundwater.

Influence of groundwater on the formation of duricrusts
There are two models that are used to illustrate the influence groundwater has on the formations of duricrusts like gypcrust: per ascensum and per descensum. The per ascensum model demonstrates a situation where the water table is relatively close to the surface, allowing solutions to be drawn upwards by evaporation and eventually cement near-surface sediments once they become concentrated enough to trigger precipitation. The per ascensum model is applicable to environments with high rates of surface evaporation like deserts. This type of system only produces thin duricrust layers since the process ultimately seals the surface horizons, which consequently decreases the potential for further evaporation. This model best depicts the formation of gypcrust.
The per descensum model describes a system different from that of the formation of gypcrust in which precipitation of minerals occurs at a depth from downward-percolating solutions.  This type of system explains the formation of thick duricrust horizons.

Conditions for formation
Gypcretes form in four distinct conditions: in well-drained soils, as buried evaporates, in hydromorphic soils, or by the exposure of subsurface horizons by erosion.

Profile
Gypcrete can be a loose and powdery deposit or a massive crystalline structure. The profile of a gypcrust outcrop can have three layers. The bottom layer is the sand rose horizon at the water table where gypsum develops as aggregates of crystals. The middle layer is composed of massive gypcrete cemented sand, which forms above the water table during evaporation from the capillary fringe; newly formed gypcrete will be hard, and will soften with age. The uppermost layer is usually rich in gypsified roots and has a banded or nodular structure.

Uses
Gypcrete has been used successfully for road construction in the Sahara. Well-cemented gypcrusts may also provide adequate bearing capacity for structures, however it must be ensured that the underlying uncemented material is not overloaded to avoid collapse.

See also

References

Soil
Sedimentary rocks

Gypcrust


Gerd Tellenbach (17 September 1903 – 12 June 1999) was a German historian and scholar of medieval social and religious history, particularly of the Papacy and German church during the Investiture Controversy and reform movements of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Tellenbach also made groundbreaking contributions to the study of the medieval nobility and helped establish a new field of research dedicated to mapping social networks and familial ties among medieval elites (Personenforschung). After studying history at the universities of Freiburg and Heidelberg, he taught in Gießen, Münster, and finally the Albert-Ludwigs-Universität in Freiburg, where he served as Rektor (chancellor) in 1949–1950 and again in 1957–1958. From 1962 to 1971, he was director of the German Historical Institute in Rome, a state-sponsored research center dedicated to German-Italian studies and the history of the Papacy in the Middle Ages.

Scholarly influence
Given his extraordinarily long and productive career, Tellenbach ranks as one of the most influential German historians of the twentieth century. At Freiburg, as well as during his tenure as director of the German Historical Institute in Rome, he trained and served as a mentor to a large number of students of medieval history who went on to receive important academic chairs throughout Germany. His most famous student was Karl Schmid (1923–1993), who further developed Tellenbach's research on medieval noble families and pioneered important new techniques in prosopography and source criticism using monastic necrologies and memorial books. Tellenbach's intellectual formation before World War I, and his scholarly maturation following the catastrophe of the Second World War, also lent his scholarship a unique perspective. Tellenbach's research in church history, as well as in political and social history, broke with long-standing nationalistic and highly confessional and politicized accounts and instead stressed long-term structural changes as well as intellectual and cultural forces in society. His conception of the Investiture Controversy as an epochal clash of opposing ideologies about "right order in the world," (hierocratic vs. monarchic) was certainly formed as a young scholar witnessing the vicious political conflicts that engulfed the universities in the 1930s and 1940s. Throughout his career, and particularly in his publicly visible role as university Rektor, he remained a thoughtful and forceful advocate of academic and intellectual freedom as critical components of liberal democracy. His brother, Reinhard Tellenbach, a very successful surgeon in Munich, has created a wonderful exhibition about his brothers' life and work. He lives in Munich with his wife and their three children Christina, Stefan and Anna.

Selected works
Libertas. Kirche und Weltordnung im Zeitalter des Investiturstreits (Stuttgart, 1936); English trans.: Church, State and Christian Society at the Time of the Investiture Controversy (Oxford, 1938)
"Vom karolingischen Reichsadel zum deutschen Reichsfürstenstand," in Adel und Bauer im deutschen Staat des Mittelalters, ed. Theodor Mayer (Leipzig, 1943)
"Zur Erforschung des hochmittelalterlichen Adels (IX-XII Jh.), in XIIme Congres internationale des sciences historiques. Rapports I (Vienna, 1965)
Die Westliche Kirche vom 10. bis frühen 12. Jahrhundert (Göttingen, 1988); English trans.: The church in western Europe from the tenth to the early twelfth century (Cambridge, 1993)

References

1903 births
1999 deaths
German medievalists
German historians of religion
University of Freiburg alumni
Academic staff of the University of Münster
Writers from Berlin
20th-century German historians
German male non-fiction writers
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy

Gerd Tellenbach


Radio magazine, a radio broadcasting trade publication, covers the technology side of radio broadcasting. The publication is targeted at radio broadcast engineers, technology  managers and owners of radio stations, networks, and recording studios. It is owned by Future US.

History
Radio magazine was first published in 1994 under the title BE Radio.  It is, essentially, a spin-off of Broadcast Engineering magazine, which began publication in 1959.

Prior to 1994, Broadcast Engineering (often known as "BE") covered radio, television, and cable broadcasting.  In 1993, the editors of Broadcast Engineering, recognizing a growing divergence in the technical issues faced by radio and television broadcasting, chose to split the scope of the original magazine. This resulted in the creation of BE Radio, to cover only the radio broadcasting industry, and narrowed the scope of Broadcast Engineering to television and cable broadcasting only. For the first year of publication, BE Radio was a supplement mailed with Broadcast Engineering to subscribers working at radio stations. In 1995, BE Radio was mailed as a stand-alone publication.

By 1997, the editorial oversight from Broadcast Engineering had ceased, and the tagline "From the editors of Broadcast Engineering" was no longer used. The two publications were completely stand-alone under one publisher.

In time, the common lineage of the two magazines was less important, and the connection was not understood by many readers. With that, the "BE" initialism ceased to have relevance for BE Radio, and in 2002 the decision was made to drop the initials from the title, leading to the title of Radio. The March through August 2002 issues of Radio magazine have a small "BE" in the upper corner. This is because the postal permit was registered for BE Radio and not Radio, and the small addition to the cover satisfied postal regulations.

In February 2011, Radio was transferred from Penton Media to media and communications publisher NewBay Media, separating ownership of Radio from its sister publication Broadcast Engineering for the first time. Penton had decided to release all its entertainment technology titles. Future acquired NewBay Media in 2018.

The final issue of Radio magazine was published in December 2017.

Earlier use of the name

Between November 1921 and February 1947 a Radio magazine was published on the west coast in either San Francisco or Los Angeles.  Before 1921 it was known as Pacific Radio News and in 1947 it became Audio Engineering.  The publication was highly regarded at the time, carrying articles from many of the top men in the craft.  Pacific Radio Publishing also printed a series of yearly handbooks. Around 1959, William I. Orr became editor of the handbook and it achieved national distribution.

References

External links

Business magazines published in the United States
Broadcast engineering
Engineering magazines
Magazines established in 1994
Professional and trade magazines
Radio organizations in the United States
Magazines published in Massachusetts

Radio (magazine)


Community capitalism is an approach to capitalism that places a priority on the well-being and sustainability of the community as a whole. The community could be a metropolitan area, region, or an entire country.

Overview
In 1997, The American Assembly published a report titled "Community Capitalism: Rediscovering the Markets of America's Urban Neighborhoods", which they distributed to business leaders, President Clinton, cabinet members, members of Congress and governors, and the general public.

In 2013, George R. Tyler published the book What Went Wrong: How the 1% Hijacked the American Middle Class ... and What Other Countries Got Right, which describes the community capitalism models (which Tyler calls family capitalism) used by countries that have helped their citizens to prosper, despite the forces of globalization. He contrasts the experience of the U.S. over the past 30 years to that of Australia and the major nations of northern Europe (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden).

In the United States, there is a growing opinion by some citizens across the political spectrum that the laissez-faire model of capitalism might be fundamentally flawed in some way. By re-framing the debate around how people can leverage the positive aspects of capitalism to strengthen communities, the hope is that the country can move beyond partisan politics and towards a collective plan of action.

In Kalamazoo, Michigan
Community capitalism is the long-term strategy for economic growth of Kalamazoo, Michigan. The system uses focused and organized philanthropy and business investment occurring simultaneously. It focuses community resources into five key areas: place, capital, infrastructure, talent and education.

After a long period of corporate downsizings and results of mergers and acquisitions (most notably by Upjohn/Pharmacia/Pfizer, General Motors, First of America/National City and the paper industry), the Kalamazoo region went about changing the face of its downtown. It set up one of the nation's only community-based venture funds; establishing the "Southwest Michigan First Life Science Fund"; refurbishing a  abandoned automotive stamping plant; building a  life science accelerator; embracing the concept of talent-driven organizations; and funding the Kalamazoo Promise scholarship program. The community has since seen resurgence in job creation and overall economic growth.

The term community capitalism was used by Fast Company magazine in naming Kalamazoo in its "Fast 50" list in 2007.

References

Further reading

Capitalist systems
Community
Economic advocacy groups in the United States
Economic growth
Kalamazoo, Michigan

Community capitalism


The Colden Mansion Ruins are located in the Town of Montgomery, New York, United States, along NY 17K, at the intersection of Stone Castle Road and Route 17K. The stone walls and foundations, still visible in the woods just off the road, are all that still stands from the house built in 1767 by Cadwallader Colden Jr., son of Cadwallader Colden. The entire area, once the 3,000-acre (12 km2) family farm, is still known as Coldenham and East Coldenham, and the Colden Family Cemetery is approximately a mile (1.6 km) to the southwest.

The Colden family owned the house until the mid-19th century when they sold it. In 1940, the Metropolitan Museum of Art acquired some of the original wooden paneling which is now displayed in the museum's Verplanck Room. In the 1930s, the house was abandoned after a probate lawsuit, and in the later years of the 20th century, it fell into its present state of disrepair.

The site was one of the first properties identified by the town when it enacted its first local historic preservation ordinance in 1997. In 2000, the town added it to its own listing of historic properties.

The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007, after the construction of Route 747 nearby and the completion of other Stewart Airport access improvements, including the re-routing of the southern end of Stone Castle Road a hundred feet (30 m) westward, away from the ruins, to form a four-way intersection with 747.

As part of that construction, the state acquired the mansion property and turned it over to the town, which wants to make the area a park. It is exploring grant opportunities to preserve the property.

Gallery

References

Ruins on the National Register of Historic Places
National Register of Historic Places in Orange County, New York
Houses completed in 1767
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Houses in Orange County, New York
1767 establishments in the Province of New York

Colden Mansion Ruins


Charles Warren Stoddard (August 7, 1843  April 23, 1909) was an American author and editor best known for his travel books about Polynesian life.

Biography
Charles Warren Stoddard was born in Rochester, New York on August 7, 1843. He was descended in a direct line from Anthony Stoddard of England, who settled at Boston, Massachusetts, in 1639.

While he was still a child, he moved with his parents to New York City. In 1855, the family migrated to San Francisco, California when his father found a job at a mercantile firm. Stoddard was 11 and was immediately smitten with the city and, as he recalled, its "natural tendency to overdress, to over-decorate, to overdo almost everything". In 1857, he joined his ill brother Ned on a restorative trip in the East Coast, where they stayed at their grandfather's farm in western New York. He rejoined his family in San Francisco by 1859.

Stoddard began writing verses at a young age amid the growing literary climate of California. His first published work saw print in The Golden Era for September 1862 under the pseudonym "Pip Pepperpod". He later recalled how he clandestinely slipped his contribution into the Era'''s mailbox without anyone knowing: "No member of my family suspected that I was so bold as to dream of entering the circle of the elect who wrote regularly every week for the chief literary organ west of the Rocky Mountains". His writings were well received and were later published as Poems by Charles Warren Stoddard. Poor health compelled him to give up his plans for a college education. He tried a career on the stage without success.

Polynesia
In 1864, he visited the South Sea Islands and there wrote South-Sea Idyls, a series of letters he sent to a friend. This friend had them published in book form in 1873. "They are," wrote William Dean Howells, "the lightest, sweetest, wildest, freshest things that were ever written about the life of that summer ocean." He made four other trips to the South Sea Islands, and wrote his impressions in Lazy Letters from Low Latitudes and The Island of Tranquil Delights.

Stoddard visited Molokai several times and became well acquainted with Father Damien–a Catholic saint since 2009–who ministered to the lepers there. Stoddard's The Lepers of Molokai, according to Robert Louis Stevenson, did much to establish Father Damien's position in public esteem. In 1867, soon after his first visit to the South Sea Islands, Stoddard was received into the Catholic Church. He told the story of his conversion in a small book, A Troubled Heart and How it was Comforted, of which he said: "Here you have my inner life all laid bare."

Friends
In 1867, Stoddard converted to Catholicism. In 1869, he became good friends with travel writer Theresa Yelverton.

In 1873, he started on a long tour as special correspondent of the San Francisco Chronicle. His roving commission carried no restrictions of any kind. For five years he traveled through Europe and went as far east as Palestine and Egypt. He sent considerable material to his newspaper, much of which it never printed, though some of it was among his best work. Around 1880, Stoddard served co-editor of the Overland Monthly with Bret Harte and Ina Coolbrith.

In 1891, Stoddard spent the summer aboard the yacht "Ramona" owned by Bohemian Club darling Harry Gillig and his wife, heiress Aimee Crocker sailing the Atlantic Coast. Other guests of the pleasure boat were painter Theodore Wores, playwrights Augustus Thomas and Clay Greene, editor Jerome Hart, and actor Henry Woodruff.

Notre Dame
In 1885, having decided to settle down, he accepted the position of chair of English literature department at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana. He resigned, officially citing malaria. According to literary historian Roger Austen has written that the real reason behind Stoddard's decision was the Catholic Church's position on homosexuality. John W. Crowley  maintans that Stoddard clashed with colleagues over his attentions to the students.

The same reasons, whether they be limited to ill health, or also dealt with behavioral matters, caused him to resign a corresponding position that he held at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. from 1889 to 1902. In a short time he moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, intending to devote himself exclusively to literary work. A serious and almost fatal illness interfered with his plans. He published his Exits and Entrances, a book of essays and sketches which he called his favorite work, probably because it told of his friendship with Stevenson and of other literary acquaintances.

In April 1903, he returned to San Francisco and was the guest of honor at a welcome-home party at the Bohemian Club with Henry James and Enrico Caruso in attendance. He then settled in Monterey, California, with a hope of recovering his health, although he traveled within California and was in San Francisco during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire.

He stayed on in Monterey, where he was diagnosed with heart disease, until his death from a heart attack on April 23, 1909.

Private life
Stoddard was homosexual. He praised South Sea societies' receptiveness to homosexual liaisons and lived in relationships with men.

From San Francisco, late in 1866, Stoddard sent his newly published Poems to Herman Melville, along with news that in Hawaii he had found no traces of Melville. Having written even more fervently to Walt Whitman, Stoddard had been excited by Typee, finding the Kory-Kory character so stimulating that he wrote a story celebrating the sort of male friendships to which Melville had more than once alluded. From the poems Stoddard sent, Melville may have sensed no homosexual undercurrent, and the extant draft of his reply in January 1867 is noncommittal.

Francis Millet, a well-regarded American Academic Classicist artist, had a studio in Rome in the early 1870s and Venice in the mid-1870s, where he lived with Stoddard. Author Jonathan Ned Katz presents letters from Millet to Stoddard that suggest they had a romantic and intimate affair while living a bohemian life together. Amy Sueyoshi additionally traces Stoddard's affair with Yone Noguchi through their passionate correspondence to one another.

In the film Leonie, Stoddard (portrayed by Patrick Weathers) is shown being flirtatious with the character Yone Noguchi.

Works

He said of his only novel, For the Pleasure of His Company, "Here you have my Confessions." So strictly biographical are most of his writings that Stoddard hoped by supplying a few missing links to enable the reader to trace out the whole story of his life.

Besides the books already mentioned, he wrote:

 Summer Cruising in the south Seas (1874)
 Marshallah, a Flight into Egypt (1885);
 A Trip to Hawaii (1885)
 In the Footprints of the Padres (1902)
 Cruising among the Caribbees (1893)
 Hawaiian Life (1894)
 Saint Anthony, The Wonder-Worker of Padua (1896)
 A Cruise under the Crescent (1898)
 Over the Rocky Mountains to Alaska (1899)
 Father Damien, a Sketch (1903)
 With Staff and Scrip (1904)
 Hither and Yon The Confessions of a Reformed Poet (1907)
 The Dream Lady'' (1907)

References

External links

 1905 Article with photos

 Peter Garland, "Charles Warren Stoddard", Bay Area Reporter (August 7, 2014)
 Guide to the Collection of Charles Warren Stoddard at The Bancroft Library

1843 births
1909 deaths
Writers from Rochester, New York
American Roman Catholics
American people of English descent
19th-century American poets
American travel writers
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
19th-century American memoirists
University of Notre Dame faculty
Catholic University of America faculty
American reporters and correspondents
Converts to Roman Catholicism
American gay writers
American LGBT poets
American LGBT novelists
LGBT Roman Catholics
LGBT people from New York (state)
20th-century American poets
American male poets
19th-century American novelists
19th-century American male writers
Journalists from New York (state)
Novelists from California
Journalists from California
Novelists from New York (state)
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from Indiana
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Gay poets
19th-century American LGBT people
20th-century American LGBT people

Charles Warren Stoddard


Escrava Anastacia (12 May 1740 – unknown) is a popular folk saint venerated in Brazil.  An enslaved woman of African descent, Anastácia is depicted as possessing incredible beauty, having piercing blue eyes and wearing a punitive iron facemask.  Although not officially recognized by the Catholic Church, Anastacia is still an important figure in popular Catholic devotion throughout Brazil.  She is also venerated by members of the Umbanda and Spiritist traditions.  She has also been portrayed in Brazil in books, radio programs and a highly successful television miniseries bearing her name.

History of the Saint
Without an official history, stories of Anastacia's life vary.  Some place her birth in Africa, where it is stipulated that Anastacia was the child of a black, female slave from the west coast of Africa. Her mother was raped by her owner, and Anastacia was the result — the first black child to be born with blue eyes. The plantation owner had the baby sent away, to hide the evidence of his 'infidelity' from his wife.

Others, on the other hand,  emphasize her Brazilian origins where she was born in Africa, a Royal Princess who was enslaved and shipped to Brazil. According to Carlos de Lima, a Brazilian historian, the enslaved Princess became a housekeeper on a sugar cane plantation. In all versions she is enslaved and cruelly treated by her enslavers.  Anastacia stoically bears these traumas and treats all people with love.  She is often purported to have possessed tremendous healing powers and to have performed other miracles.  Eventually, she is punished by her owners by being forced to wear a muzzle-like facemask, which prevents her from speaking, and a heavy iron collar.  The reasons given for this punishment vary: some stories report her aiding in the escape of other slaves, others claim she resisted rape by her master, and yet another places the blame on a mistress jealous of Anastacia's beauty.  After a prolonged period of suffering, all the while performing more miracles of healing and peace, Anastacia dies of tetanus from the collar.  It is often claimed that she healed the son of her master and mistress, and forgave their cruelty as she died.

History of veneration
While there are reports of black Brazilians venerating an image of a slave woman wearing a facemask throughout the late 19th and early 20th century, the first wide-scale veneration of the Saint began in 1968 when the curators of the Museum of the Negro, located in the annex of the Church of the Rosary of the Brotherhood of St. Benedict in Rio, erected an exhibition to honor the 80th anniversary of the abolition of slavery in Brazil.  Among the displays was an engraving of a female slave wearing a punishment facemask.  The image soon became the object of popular devotion and members of the Brotherhood began collecting Anastacia stories in the early 1970s.

In the 1980s, the cult of Anastacia expanded from her original, poor, black base to include many progressive, middle-class whites.  In 1984, an effort funded by the oil company Petrobras to officially canonize Anastacia brought her considerable attention.  Seen as a symbol of racial harmony, her popularity expanded rapidly, especially among nurses, black women and prisoners.  There were radio dramatizations of her life and on television a popular miniseries and investigative reports were produced.  She was also integrated into the Umbanda faith as one of the pretos velhos, "old black slaves".

Veneration today
Like other Saints, devotion to Anastacia is a deeply personal experience amongst those who venerate her.  The primary arena of this devotion is the use of small images—like prayer cards, medallions, statuettes, candles, etc.--through which the devotee prays for Anastacia to intercede on her behalf.  Many also say prayers to Anastacia in times of difficulty or crisis.  Often, devotees respond to intercessions by pilgrimage to one of several popular shrines.  Here small offerings like flowers, jewelry, prayer cards and medallions are given to the image of the Saint.

Mini-series
In 1990, a mini-series entitled "Escrava Anastacia" was produced for Brazilian television.  Directed by Henrique Martins, written by Paulo César Coutinho and starring Ângela Correa, it portrayed Anastacia as a Nigerian princess captured by slavers. Anastacia is sold to a cruel master who falls in love with her and eventually tries to rape her. For refusing her master, Anastacia is punished by being forced to wear a face mask. The image of Anastacia healing the son of her oppressors is an innovation developed for this program.

References

Sources

 BURDICK, John (1998): Blessed Anastacia: Women, Race, and Popular Christianity in Brazil, New York, Routledge.
 Escrava Anastacia (mini-series, 1990)  at the Internet Movie Database

Folk saints
Brazilian slaves
Brazilian saints

Escrava Anastacia


Chumphon () is one of the southern provinces of Thailand.

Geography
Chumphon is  located on the narrow landbridge between the Malay Peninsula and the mainland of Thailand. The north has mountains and the east has flat land on the coast of the Gulf of Thailand. It has a 222 kilometre-long coastline and 44 islands.

History
The southern part of the province was originally a separate province named Lang Suan. It was incorporated into Chumphon in 1932.

In November 1989, typhoon Gay hit the province hard. 529 people were killed, 160,000 became homeless,  of farm land was destroyed. Gay is the only tropical storm on record which reached Thailand with typhoon wind strength.

Today, Chumphon Province is a destination center for massive human trafficking from nearby Burma (Myanmar).

Etymology
It is believed that name comes from a local tree called the Maduea Chumphon (มะเดื่อชุมพร ). The tree is abundant in the province.

Economy
The coffee-growing valley of Ban Panwal in Tha Sae District includes 178,283 rai of robusta coffee plantations. It produces more than 24 million tonnes a year. Chumphon Province contributes 60 percent of Thailand's total coffee production. Local brands include Thamsing, ST Chumphon and Khao Tha-Lu Chumporn.

Tourism
In 2015, the region had 1.86 million tourists. These tourists spent 7.55 billion baht. Average hotel occupancy rose to 65 percent from 53 percent in 2014.

Transport
Air
Chumphon Airport is 30 km north of Chumphon city. It has direct daily flights to Bangkok's Don Mueang Airport (DMK). Flights from Bangkok are around 60 minutes.

Nok Air operates two daily flights between Bangkok (Don Mueang, DMK) and Chumphon Airport (CJM). i.

Sights
Tham Thip Prida (ถ้ำทิพย์ปรีดา)  A rocky mountain with about 40 caves, some which contain pools.

Khao Chao Mueang (เขาเจ้าเมือง) The district's highest observation point. Tourists can take  offering panoramic views of the coast and far out into the Chumphon Archipelago.

Khao Phang Forest Park (วนอุทยานเขาพาง)  Within the national park, there is a great variety of tropical vegetation.

Watershed forest mountain (สัมผัสยอดเขา) Hiking trail to the top of mountain with views of both the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand

Somdech Phra Srinagarindra Park (สวนสมเด็จพระศรีนครินทร์ฯ ) The park consists of a hill and rivers.

Namtok Thap Chang  (น้ำตกทับช้าง)  A waterfall in Khlong Phrao National Park.

Wat Chao Fa Sala Loi (วัดเจ้าฟ้าศาลาลอย) This old Buddhist temple is particularly important to the people of Chumphon, who revere a monk named Luang Pu Song. .

Wat Tha Kwan Mueang (วัดท่าควนเมือง) A temple on top of a limestone hill

Wat Phra Thart Sawi  (วัดพระธาตุสวี)  A temple next to Sawi River stands a shrine

Chumphon National Museum (พิพิธภัณฑสถานแห่งชาติชุมพร) the museum provides an summary of the province.

Namtok Heo Lom (น้ำตกเหวโหลม) Waterfalls.

Por Ta Chongdong Summit (ยอดเขาพ่อตาโชงโดง) about 1,000 meters high.

Por Ta Mangkre Summit (ยอดเขาพ่อตามังเคร)

Khao Thung-Klong Pi waterfall (เขาทุ่ง-น้ำตกคลองปิ) Khlong Pi waterfall.

Culture

Festivals
Phato Rafting (งานเทศกาลล่องแพพะโต๊ะ)Held during February to April. There is a mini-marathon.

Lang Suan's Fruit Fair (งานวันผลไม้เมืองหลังสวน) This fair is organized annually around August. The fruit market here exhibits a variety of fruits and there is a fruits contest.

Traditional Boats Procession and Boat Race (งานประเพณีแห่พระแข่งเรือ) - a race on boats since 1844.

References

Other websites

 Official homepage (Thai & English)

Provinces of Thailand

Chumphon province


Katastrofa is a 1965 Polish drama film directed by Sylwester Chęciński.

Cast
 Marta Lipińska as Hanka
 Stanisław Niwiński as Grzegorz Hulewicz
 Aleksander Fogiel as Straw boss Bien
 Wiktor Grotowicz as Director Rozner
 Witold Pyrkosz as Inspector Witold Roszak
 Edmund Fetting as Rowicki
 Zbigniew Dobrzyński as Tomasz
 Zdzisław Maklakiewicz as Kotarski
 Antonina Girycz as Ewa
 Janusz Klosinski as Nowak
 Eliasz Kuziemski as Bien's lawyer
 Zofia Merle as Draughtswoman Zosia
 Leon Niemczyk as Prosecutor

References

External links

1965 films
1965 drama films
Polish drama films
1960s Polish-language films

Katastrofa


Ignacio Burgoa Orihuela (March 13, 1918 – November 6, 2004) was a Mexican lawyer, professor, and writer.

He was a federal judge in Mexico City, and a respected lawyer in Mexico.

He studied law and obtained his PhD from the National Autonomous University of Mexico, where he taught for more than 58 years. He was author of the most renowned law books in his field in Mexico since 1943, when, at age 25, he published his first book El Juicio de Amparo ("The Amparo Trial") that was the first systematic treaty on the subject and has become the most read and referred book by specialists in the constitutional trial of amparo in Mexico. In 1944 he published his second book Las Garantías Individuales ("Constitutional Guarantees"), and in 1973 he published Derecho Constitucional Mexicano ("Mexican Constitutional Law"). These three books that have had tenths of editions, cover all of the constitutional topics in Mexico and are consulted and referred by all professors, attorneys and judges in Mexico, where he has been the most known attorney for decades.

From 1951 to 1954 he was a Federal Judge in Administrative Matters in Mexico City, a position in which he obtained a well earned reputation of just and wise. After he resigned from that charge, he dedicated his activity to litigating and teaching. In any case that was important or in the public eye, Ignacio Burgoa would be involved in one way or another, as an attorney, or simply assisting the persons involved with his very respected opinion. At any time that the media needed a legal opinion on public affairs they would consult him, as well as many authorities did. He had only the Constitution and the Law as his guiding lines and usually settled any differences as of which should be the interpretation of either one, even between authorities. He wrote articles in diverse Law Reviews and for several newspapers and magazines that dealt with public matters.

He spoke five languages: Latin, German, French, English and his native Spanish.

He is one of the most important Mexican attorneys, law professors and law writers of the twentieth century. A magistrate of the Supreme Court once referred to him as "The Conscience of Mexico".

In 1997, Burgoa spoke out against indigenous autonomy in Mexico, claiming that they "would return to human sacrifice".

Selected works
El Juicio de Amparo ("The Amparo Trial"), 1943
Las Garantias Individuales ("Constitutional Guarantees"), 1944
Derecho Constitucional Mexicano ("Mexican Constitutional Law"), 1973
Diccionario de Derecho Constitucional, Garantías y Amparo (Dictionary of Constitutional Law, Guarantees and Protection), 1984
Antología de su Pensamiento (Anthology of His Thinking), 1987.
Memorias. Epítome Autobiográfico 1918–1996, (Memoirs), 1996
El Jurista y el Simulador del Derecho (The Jurist and the Simulator of Law), 1988
El Proceso de Cristo, 2000

References

Academic staff of the National Autonomous University of Mexico
20th-century Mexican lawyers
Mexican legal writers
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
1918 births
2005 deaths
Mexican people of Basque descent

Ignacio Burgoa


Stegodyphus lineatus (desert spider) is the only European species of  the spider genus Stegodyphus. Male S. lineatus can grow up to 12 mm long while females can grow up to 15 mm. The colour can range from whitish to almost black. In most individuals the opisthosoma is whitish with two broad black longitudinal stripes. Males and females look similar, but the male is generally richer in contrast and has a bulbous forehead. The species name refers to the black lines on the back of these spiders (not present in all individuals). S. lineatus is found in the southern Mediterranean region of Europe (south of Barcelona, in Sicily, southern Greece including Crete) and as far east as Tajikistan.

Behavior
Stegodyphus lineatus can be found in desert habitats, especially in the Negev desert in Israel and dry Mediterranean climates. These spiders build a web between twigs, mostly residing in low thorny shrubs. They prefer to build their webs in prey concentrated areas; in the desert, this usually means being near plant growth, which would attract prey like pollinating insects. The web has a diameter of about 30 cm and is attached to a retreat made out of silk and covered with debris and food remains. The retreat is a cone-shaped structure about 5 cm long, which has an entrance at one end. The spiderlings hatch in this retreat, being released from their cocoon by their mother and then protected by her for another two weeks. Web-building behavior uses up time and energy, but provides an advantage in the ability to catch prey. Fixing and constructing webs occurs only at night, but prey capture can occur during the day or at night. Both males and females can make webs to capture prey, but males may leave their web in search of mates. Adult males can be found in spring. Males are known to exhibit infanticide, by killing the offspring of already-mated females. Females are able to lay more than one clutch, which means infanticide can provide the male an opportunity to mate with the female. Offspring are matriphagous, meaning they eat their own mother.

Mating behavior

Courtship behavior
A form of courtship behaviour shown by males of this species is creating vibrations on the female's webs before mating. The purpose of these vibrations is to make the female more willing to mate. It is suggested that females may create a web-borne pheromone that causes males to display this web vibrating behavior.

Polyandrous behavior

Females can mate with multiple males (with as many as five), but it is not necessarily advantageous, because unnecessary matings waste time and energy. Polyandry may contribute to outbreeding if females preferentially mate with unrelated males. Polyandry can occur if the benefits of mating more than once are greater than the costs. It can also occur if males force female spiders to mate again through infanticide because females can lay multiple clutches, even though mating multiple times is against the female's interests because it generally reduces the female's fitness.

Fitness consequences of polyandrous behavior
While females may gain some benefits from multiple matings, polyandry is costly, and mated females are often aggressive towards males (see below). An increase in the number of matings for an individual is disadvantageous for a female's health because it decreases the number of offspring they can have. Having a male in their web also causes females to catch less prey because they repair their web less often and forage less while the male is present; the male also eats some of the captured prey. Males often stay two to three days in a female's nest, but have been known to stay up to 18 days.

Infanticide from female perspective
Infanticide occurs when males attempt to increase their fitness by destroying eggs sacs of females fertilized by other males. Female fitness is greatly reduced by the loss of their young, with the female being less likely to survive until her next lot of offspring can hatch, as well as having fewer eggs the second time. Their offspring also hatch later in the season and are less likely to thrive themselves. This contributes to why females who have already mated are more likely to be aggressive toward a male entering their nest than females who have not mated yet. Males can sustain injuries in these battles with the larger females, and in some cases the female not only kills, but eats the male intruder. However, males still take this risk, resulting in sexual conflict that leads to the destruction of around 8% of egg sacs.

Fitness benefits of polyandrous behavior
One reason for why polyandry remains, despite its negative effect on female's health, is because it is very beneficial to males.  Males may chance upon only one or two mates in their entire lifetime. Polyandry in Stegodyphys lineatus avoids inbreeding and reduces the genetic incompatibilities with matings of related individual. The increased genetic diversity that results from polyandrous behaviour carry genetic benefits that outweigh the costs.

Infanticide from male perspective
Infanticide increases males' ability to force females who have already mated to mate again with them. Egg sacs are lost quite frequently due to predation by ants and for this reason females are able to lay another clutch if they lose their first. This represents an opportunity for males, however, who can secure themselves a mate by simply disposing of her offspring (this can occur because some males are still seeking mates when most females have already laid). Males go about this by detaching the egg sac with their chelicerae, moving it to the entrance, then simply tossing it to the ground. Females take longer to replace egg sacs lost by infanticide than egg sacs lost due to other reasons. Stegodyphus lineatus eggs are unusual compared to other spiders' because they have a small number of small eggs relative to the body size of the mother, whereas most other spiders either have a small number of large eggs or a large number of small eggs.

Mate search and reproductive success
The desert spider shows low rates of polygamy, and sexual selection and environmental cues play an important role during mate search and reproductive success.

Sexual selection
Some sexually selected traits help males find females faster, and these individuals are at an advantage in contrast to those males lacking these traits. Evolution has allowed traits to be selected during sexual selection. These traits provide males an advantage to find females faster in contrast to those males lacking these traits. Sexual selection allows males to receive receptivity signals from females, in the form of pheromones which are detected by the males. Mature females release a pheromone to reduce their attractiveness towards males due to the high costs of re-mating for the egg sac (infanticide mentioned above). Mature females are aggressive towards males due to infanticide caused by males, which is costly to the females. However, a high chance of multiple mates can increase the likelihood of genetic compatibility in embryo formation. It is important to note that although multiple mates can increase the likelihood of genetic compatibility, it cannot be considered a major fitness advantage. Research and experimenting has been able to show that the increased viability of embryos—due to increased genetic compatibility—did not significantly increase the number of individuals in the population over time, and therefore, did not play a significant role in the fitness of the overall population. More over, males receive 50% more success fertilizing eggs in mature females than in virgin females who may have yet have reached maturity. Since males mature on average 16 days earlier than females, they encounter immature virgin females frequently, but these females are not mature enough to allow the egg sac to develop.

Genetic variation due to mating and environmental cues
Environmental cues, for example when the mating season changes, decrease the rate at which a male encounters virgins. Encountering fewer virgins will lead to encountering already mated females. Since males mature earlier than the females, they migrate to other nests to look for females in order to fertilize eggs and increase paternity, this allows genetic variation to take place in populations, alongside inbreeding which also takes place amongst this species. The cost of inbreeding is low, and females show no avoidance to this behaviour. Since inbreeding does occur, but at low rates, random mating allows genetic diversity to occur. Migration promotes genetic variation due to decreasing the rates of inbreeding through the introduction of males from other nests. Migration thus promotes genetic differentiation. Instances of migration that influence genetic variation can be observed through: natal philopatry (the tendency for an organism to stay near or return to where it was born) and founder events (when a small subset of a population founds a new population in a different location) lead to the survival of some individuals and the extinction of others. This results in enhanced genetic variance among mating groups. More over, when siblings, males or females disperse to nearby nests, random mating occurs, which will enhance the differentiation among spiders in the following generation.

Multiple mating behaviour also plays a role in influencing genetic variation within populations. Examples of this behaviour include re-mating, offspring produced by multiple fathers and high rates of male infanticide. Nonrandom mating can occur in this species within sibling groups because juveniles do not travel very far from the vicinity of where they were born. The species also allows random mating due to single females colonizing new nesting sites and male migration from other nests. Female dispersal to new locations has shown to have a larger impact on enhancing genetic differences amongst offspring than can be overcome by males moving between the populations.  The environment of spiders should be taken into consideration when studying the structure of a population, especially with S. lineatus that can reside in both stable and unstable conditions. In some instances, populations of spiders interbreed due to movement of juveniles. Some juveniles settle and mate in their maternal nests, introducing clusters of siblings in a nest.

Maternal care
Similar to other Stegodyphus species such as Stegodyphus sarasinorum, S. lineatus also exhibits matriphagy. The act of reproduction, regarding the female, leads to an increase of digestive enzymes. This allows her to eat more prey and to stock more nutrients. The digestive enzymes then start to digest the inside of the organism itself, except for the heart, guts, and mostly the ovaries. Once the offspring are born, and until the mother dies, the mother regurgitates for two weeks the fluids stocked inside as highly nutritive food for the progeny. Ninety-five per cent of the mother's mass is digested by the offspring. They will grow to three times their original size between their birth and dispersion. During the period when female spiders are caring for their hatched offspring, the mothers do not eat, and their offspring only eat the food that the mother regurgitates along with the mother's body at the end of this time.

References

Eresidae
Spiders of Europe
Spiders of Asia
Fauna of Tajikistan
Spiders described in 1817

Stegodyphus lineatus


Matfen Hall is a 19th-century country mansion in Matfen, Northumberland, England, the seat of the Blackett baronets and now also a hotel and country golf club. It is a Grade II* listed building.

The manor of West Matfen was owned in the 13th century by Philip de Ulcote and passed through his sisters to Felton, by marriage to Hastings and later to Lawson. In 1625 the estate was bought by Lancelot Fenwick of a branch of the old-established local family. The manor and manor house, West Matfen High Hall, was sold in 1680 to John Douglas, Town Clerk of Newcastle. His granddaughter and Douglas heiress married Sir Edward Blackett, Bt., in 1757, thereby bringing the estate into the Blackett family.

The present house was built to replace the old manor, in 1832 for Sir William Blackett, 6th Baronet. The impressive Jacobean-style mansion has a three-storey seven-bay entrance front. An important internal feature is a full-height Gothic hall.

Between 1965 and 1994 the house was leased out, operating as the Northumberland Cheshire Home.

Sir Hugh Blackett, the 12th Baronet, and Lady Blackett have since converted the hall into a hotel and country club, which opened in 1999.  The Blacketts now live at Halton Castle, a few miles west of Matfen.

References

 History, Topography and Directory of Northumberland, William Whellan (1855), p. 813, Google Books

Further reading

External links
Matfen Hall Hotel

Grade II* listed buildings in Northumberland
Country houses in Northumberland
Hotels in Northumberland
Golf clubs and courses in Northumberland
Thomas Rickman buildings
Country house hotels
Hall

Matfen Hall


In mathematics, in particular in measure theory, a content  is a real-valued function defined on a collection of subsets  such that

That is, a content is a generalization of a measure: while the latter must be countably additive, the former must only be finitely additive.

In many important applications the  is chosen to be a ring of sets or to be at least a semiring of sets in which case some additional properties can be deduced which are described below. For this reason some authors prefer to define contents only for the case of semirings or even rings.

If a content is additionally σ-additive it is called a pre-measure and if furthermore  is a σ-algebra, the content is called a measure. Therefore every (real-valued) measure is a content, but not vice versa. Contents give a good notion of integrating bounded functions on a space but can behave badly when integrating unbounded functions, while measures give a good notion of integrating unbounded functions.

Examples

A classical example is to define a content on all half open intervals  by setting their content to the length of the intervals, that is,  One can further show that this content is actually σ-additive and thus defines a pre-measure on the semiring of all half-open intervals. This can be used to construct the Lebesgue measure for the real number line using Carathéodory's extension theorem. For further details on the general construction see article on Lebesgue measure.

An example of a content that is not a measure on a σ-algebra is the content on all subsets of the positive integers that has value  on any integer  and is infinite on any infinite subset.

An example of a content on the positive integers that is always finite but is not a measure can be given as follows. Take a positive linear functional on the bounded sequences that is 0 if the sequence has only a finite number of nonzero elements and takes value 1 on the sequence  so the functional in some sense gives an "average value" of any bounded sequence. (Such a functional cannot be constructed explicitly, but exists by the Hahn–Banach theorem.) Then the content of a set of positive integers is the average value of the sequence that is 1 on this set and 0 elsewhere. Informally, one can think  of the content of a subset of integers as the "chance" that a randomly chosen integer lies in this subset (though this is not compatible with the usual definitions of chance in probability theory, which assume countable additivity).

Properties

Frequently contents are defined on collections of sets that satisfy further constraints. In this case additional properties can be deduced that fail to hold in general for contents defined on any collections of sets.

On semirings

If  forms a Semiring of sets then the following statements can be deduced:
 Every content  is monotone that is,
 Every content  is subadditive that is,
 for  such that

On rings

If furthermore  is a Ring of sets one gets additionally:
 Subtractivity: for  satisfying  it follows

 Subadditivity:
 -Superadditivity: For any  pairwise disjoint satisfying  we have
 If  is a finite content, that is,  then the inclusion–exclusion principle applies:  where  for all

Integration of bounded functions

In general integration of functions with respect to a content does not behave well. However there is a well-behaved notion of integration provided that the function is bounded and the total content of the space is finite, given as follows.

Suppose that the total content of a space is finite.
If  is a bounded function on the space such that the inverse image of any open subset of the reals has a content, then we can define the integral of  with respect to the content as

where the  form a finite collections of disjoint half-open sets  whose union covers the range of  and  is any element of  and where the limit is taken as the diameters of the sets  tend to 0.

Duals of spaces of bounded functions

Suppose that  is a measure on some space  The bounded measurable functions on  form a Banach space with respect to the supremum norm. The positive elements of the dual of this space correspond to bounded contents   with the value of  on  given by the integral  Similarly one can form the space of essentially bounded functions, with the norm given by the essential supremum, and the positive elements of the dual of this space are given by bounded contents that vanish on sets of measure 0.

Construction of a measure from a content

There are several ways to construct a measure μ from a content  on a topological space. This section gives one such method for locally compact Hausdorff spaces such that the content is defined on all compact subsets. In general the measure is not an extension of the content, as the content may fail to be countably additive, and the measure may even be identically zero even if the content is not.

First restrict the content to compact sets. This gives a function  of compact sets  with the following properties:
  for all compact sets

  for all pairs of compact sets
  for all pairs of disjoint compact sets.

There are also examples of functions  as above not constructed from contents.
An example is given by the construction of Haar measure on a locally compact group. One method of constructing such a Haar measure is to produce a left-invariant function  as above on the compact subsets of the group, which can then be extended to a left-invariant measure.

Definition on open sets

Given λ as above, we define a function μ on all open sets by

This has the following properties:

  for any collection of open sets
  for any collection of disjoint open sets.

Definition on all sets

Given μ as above, we extend the  function μ to all subsets of the topological space by

This is an outer measure, in other words it has the following properties:

  for any countable collection of sets.

Construction of a measure

The function μ above is an outer measure on the family of all subsets. Therefore it becomes a measure when restricted to the measurable subsets for the outer measure, which are the subsets  such that  for all subsets  If the space is locally compact then every open set is measurable for this measure.

The measure  does not necessarily coincide with the content  on compact sets, However it does if  is regular in the sense that
for any compact   is the inf of  for compact sets  containing  in their interiors.

See also

References

Measure theory
Families of sets

Content (measure theory)


Christopher Martin Casper (born 28 April 1975) is an English football manager and former player who is now the director of football at League Two side Salford City.

As a player he was a defender who played in the Premier League for Manchester United and in the Football League for AFC Bournemouth, Swindon Town and Reading. An injury forced him to retire from playing in 2000 at the age of 24.

Casper proceeded into management and took charge of Team Bath in 2002 before moving to Football League Two club Bury for three years. At the time, he was the youngest manager in the top four tiers of the English football league system. However, a run of poor form in 2008 led to his departure from Bury. Casper then took backroom jobs at Bradford City and Grimsby Town, before joining the Premier League as a club support manager.

Early life
Casper was born in Burnley, Lancashire, and attended the town's St Theodore's RC High School. He is the son of former Burnley forward and manager Frank Casper.

Playing career

Manchester United
Casper joined Manchester United as a trainee in 1991 and played in their FA Youth Cup winning team a year later. When still only 17, he signed professional terms in January 1993, making his United debut in the League Cup game against Port Vale at Old Trafford on 5 October 1994. Casper was a product of the same United youth setup that sparked the highly successful careers of players such as David Beckham, Paul Scholes, Gary Neville, Phil Neville and Nicky Butt, who all spent a decade or more with the club, helping them win numerous trophies and also being regular members of the England national football team.

Casper served as captain of the England youth team, and was a member of the UEFA European Under-18 Championship winning side in 1993. He also appeared for the England under-21 side in the Toulon Tournament against Malaysia in June 1995. Casper later had several spells on loan at AFC Bournemouth and Swindon Town during the 1990s, but was unable to claim a regular place in the first team at Old Trafford and he was sold to Division Two side Reading in November 1998 for £300,000.

Reading
He was playing for Reading against Cardiff City in a Division Two fixture on Boxing Day 1999 when he suffered a double leg fracture. This was the last professional game that Casper, then aged 24, ever played, as he later announced his retirement the following year after failing to recover sufficiently from the injury. More than four years later, he secured undisclosed compensation in an out-of-court settlement with Richard Carpenter, the Cardiff City player whose tackle had caused his career-ending injury. By this stage, Casper was a youth team coach at Bury.

Managerial and coaching career

Team Bath
While undergoing rehabilitation at the University of Bath, he coached Team Bath along with Paul Tisdale, and it was that side that reached the first round of the FA Cup in 2002–03.

Bury
He left to join Bury as youth coach before taking charge of the reserves in the 2004–05 season. At the beginning of the 2005–06 season, with six defeats from the first nine games, he replaced Graham Barrow as manager. Casper offered to resign in 2006 when Bury were thrown out of the FA Cup in the 2006–07 season for fielding an ineligible player, but this was rejected by the club's board. After a run of poor results he was fired in January 2008.

Bradford City
Five months later, he was appointed youth team coach at fellow League Two side Bradford City, taking over from Jon Pepper.

Grimsby Town
On 1 December 2009, Casper was appointed assistant manager to Neil Woods at Grimsby Town, replacing Brian Stein. Town suffered relegation from the Football League and Casper stepped down as assistant manager at the end of the season.

FA Premier League
On 30 June 2010, Casper joined the Premier League as a club support manager working within the academy system. The role sees him working with the eight top-flight clubs in the north west to help them implement educational programmes and work with their academies.

Managerial statistics

Honours
Manchester United
FA Charity Shield: 1994

England U18
UEFA European Under-18 Championship: 1993

References

External links

England FA profile

1975 births
Footballers from Burnley
Living people
Men's association football defenders
English men's footballers
English football managers
Manchester United F.C. players
AFC Bournemouth players
Swindon Town F.C. players
Reading F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Bury F.C. managers
Bradford City A.F.C. non-playing staff
Grimsby Town F.C. non-playing staff
Salford City F.C. non-playing staff

Chris Casper


is a Japanese term describing something that is unaesthetic or unappealing. Yabo is the antonym of iki. Busui (無粋), literally "non-iki", is synonymous with yabo. A non-iki thing is not necessarily yabo but probably is. Something that is yabo is usually unrefined, gigantic, coarse, childish, colorful, self-conscious, permanent, loud, superficial, vulgar, snobbish, boorish, etc.

The word yabo was often used by city dwellers, or Chōnin (especially those of Edo). It often refers to samurai and farmers (nomin) from outside Edo, but could also be applied to another chonin. The city dwellers of Edo sometimes called themselves Edokko (similar to New Yorker or Parisian). Proud of having been born and raised in Edo, they had a tendency to despise outsiders. However, the origins of many chonin could be traced back to other areas and backgrounds.

The meaning of the term has expanded and generalized through the modernization of Japan. Today, the word yabo is used more frequently than iki.

References

Further reading
Cecilia Segawa Seigle. Yoshiwara: The Glittering World of the Japanese Courtesan. University of Hawaii Press, 1993 pg. 136

Concepts in aesthetics
Japanese words and phrases
Japanese aesthetics

Yabo


Hawler Medical University (Kurdish: Zankoy Hewlêrî Pizîşkî / زانكۆی هه‌ولێری پزیشكی) is a public university located in the heart of Erbil, the capital city of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. It was established in 2005 by the Kurdistan Regional Government's Council of Ministers. The university was founded to house the medical group colleges that were previously part of the Salahaddin University-Erbil. The overall goal of Hawler Medical University's formation was to strengthen medical education in the Kurdistan region, as well as to have better and more effective college management.

Hawler Medical University, Iraq's first medical group of a university, offers undergraduate and postgraduate education in a variety of medical and health fields. The university currently encompasses five colleges: College of Medicine, College of Dentistry, College of Pharmacy, College of Nursing, and College of Health Sciences, in addition to a number of research centers. It has two main campuses, both located in the heart of Erbil.

University administration

The University Council is the university's highest decision-making body. The university's council meets on a regular basis to debate the university's overall strategy and aims, make decisions on topics under its jurisdiction, and make recommendations to the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. The University Council sessions are led by the president of the university.

President: Prof. Dr. Nooraddin Ismail Alla Werdi

Vice President for Scientific Affairs: Asst. Prof. Dr. Zhian Dezayee

Vice President for Administrative and Financial Affairs: Asst. Prof. Dr.  Hawri M. Baker

Vice President for Students Affairs:  Asst. Prof. Dr. Karwan M-Amen

Colleges of Hawler Medical University

2.1 College of Medicine

Hawler Medical University's College of Medicine is the oldest medical school in Iraq's Kurdistan region. It began as a part of Sulaimaniyah University in 1977, and in 1981, it became one of Salahaddin University's colleges. In 2005, Hawler Medical University took over the administration of the College. The College of Medicine is composed of the following academic departments:

Department of Medical Education

this consists of themes related to Bioethics and Professionalism, Communication Skills, Personal Development, Clinical and Procedural Skills, and the Pedagogy and CME Courses.

Department of Medicine

This has themes of General and Specific Specialties in Internal Medicine.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

This has themes of General and Specific OBGYN Specialties.

Department of Psychiatry

This has themes of General and Specific Psychiatric Specialties.

Department of Pediatrics

This has themes of General and Specific Pediatric Specialties.

Department of Surgery

This has themes of General and Specific Surgical Specialties.

Department of Microbiology, Physiology, and Genetics

This has the following units:
 Microbiology and Immunology
 Medical Physiology
 Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology

Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Pharmacology

This has the following units:
 Biophysics
 Biochemistry
 Pharmacology

Department of Anatomy and Pathology

This has the following units:
 Anatomy
 Embryology
 Cytology
 Histology
 Histopathology
 Hematopathology

Department of Community Medicine

This consists of core concepts in all Community Medicine fields.

Locations
The academic departments listed above are all dispersed in various locations within the HMU-CoM campus. Most Basic (or Foundational) Science Departments are found within the Old (or Laboratory) buildings, whilst the Clinical and Hybrid Departments are found within the deanary building. The old building also features state-of-the-art laboratory and hospital simulation facilities, undergraduate lecture halls, and mixed-use seminar halls. The registration building offers further lecture halls and workgroup discussion hubs suited for the modernized medical curricula.

College of Dental Medicine (Dentistry)

College of Dentistry was established in 1995 at Salahaddin University-Erbil. After that, its management changed to Hawler Medical University in 2005. The college has seven departments:

Conservative Dentistry
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Periodontology
Pedodontics, Orthodontics and Preventive Dentistry (POP)
Prosthodontics
Basic Sciences
Oral Diagnosis and Oral Medicine

College of Pharmacy

The College of Pharmacy was the first pharmacy school founded in Iraq's Kurdistan region. The university of Salahaddin-Erbil established the college in 1997. After that, the management is changed to Hawler Medical University. The college has five departments:

Pharmacognosy
Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Pharmacology
Pharmaceutics
Clinical Analysis

College of Nursing

This college was established in 2002 and currently it has two departments:

Nursing
Midwifery

College of Health Sciences

The College of Health Sciences' mission is to educate and develop highly competent and trained medical laboratory technologists for use in the healthcare system. College of Health Sciences, which was formed in 2012. It has three departments and two additional department are planned to be opened for students in 2022-2023.

Medical Microbiology
Clinical Biochemistry
Physiotherapy
Clinical Nutrition

The centers of Hawler Medical University

Medical Research Center

Hawler Medical University's Medical Research Center was established in 2008. The Medical Research Center is a non-profit government organization. The center aspires to be a ground-breaking research facility in Erbil and the Kurdistan region.

Career Development Center

The HMU Career Development Center will work to develop talented and active students as well as engage them with the private sector in order to increase their prospects of finding work in future.

Women's Health Center

The Center for Research and Education in Women's Health (CREWH) was founded as a product of a US embassy-funded IREX initiative in partnership with the State University of New York at Albany.

Pedagogy Center

The goal of this center is to boost faculty research capabilities. Increasing the effectiveness of educational methods. Improving the faculty's information and communication technology (ICT).  Develop Current assessment instruments and strategies for their usage. And to create an environment that is conducive to e-learning and blended learning.

Admission

Local high school graduates can apply to Hawler Medical University's Bachelor degree through Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research's Online Central Student Board Application System (AKA Zankoline). Zankoline website accept application at the end of each academic year. International students are advised to contact admission office before their application at firstname.lastname@example.com.

Libraries

There are six libraries that serves books and post graduate thesis and dissertations across Hawler Medical University's two campuses:

Library of the College of Medicine
Library of the College of Dental Medicine/Dentistry
Library of the College of Pharmacy
Library of the College of Nursing
Library of the College of Health Sciences
Library of the Medical Research Center

Scientific journals

Hawler Medical University's journals are

Zanco Journal of Medical Sciences
Erbil Dental Journal
Erbil Journal of Nursing and Midwifery

See also
 List of universities in Iraq

References

Buildings and structures in Erbil
Medical schools in Iraq
Universities in Kurdistan Region (Iraq)
Universities and colleges established in 2005
2005 establishments in Iraqi Kurdistan

Hawler Medical University