Msgr. Geno Baroni (October 24, 1930 – August 26, 1984) was an American Roman Catholic priest and social activist who was instrumental in founding the National Italian American Foundation in 1975 and served as its first president.

Biography
Baroni was born on October 24, 1930, in Acosta, Pennsylvania, the son of Italian immigrants.

Baroni graduated from Mount St. Mary's College in 1952 and Mount St. Mary's Seminary in 1956 (both are part of what is now Mount St. Mary's University).  He was ordained a priest in 1956 and first served in Johnstown and Altoona, PA, later being assigned to Sts. Paul and Augustine parish in Washington, D.C. (1960–1965), where he ministered to the urban poor. He was appointed executive director of Office of Urban Affairs of the Washington Archdiocese (1965–1967), then director of the Urban Taskforce of the US Catholic Conference (1967–1970).

Baroni and his associates at the National Center for Urban Ethnic Affairs (NCUEA) developed an alternative approach to urban economic and cultural contradictions. This approach implied a critique of the civil rights movement and its advocate governmental agency, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. At bottom this difference involved ethnic and racial culturalism versus a White v. Black/Majority v. Minorities vision of America and the relative importance and emphasis on place and community v. individual rights and the universal claim of social justice. These advocates for urban neighborhoods and cultural pluralism argued for the creation of a National Neighborhood Commission which would promote the renewal of urban life and more adequately address the pluralistic character of American culture.

Baroni and the NCUEA forged substantial pieces of social legislation in the 1970s, and helped to launch the careers of future national leaders. U.S. Senator Barbara Mikulski, U.S. Representative Marcy Kaptur, and Arthur J. Naparstek, Dean of the Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences at Case Western Reserve University, worked with Baroni to write the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975 and the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977.

At the heart of Baroni's vision was catholic social teaching in action. This places him in succession with notables: Fr. Edward McGlynn of Henry George association, Msgr. John A. Ryan, Fr. Edwin Vincent O'Hara as well as Dorothy Day.

Baroni was a kind of godfather of the US Catholic Campaign for Human Development (CHD). In the words of Rep. Marcy Kaptur, D-OH, Baroni was a "visionary and crusader whose concern was always human development." He spearheaded today's CHD when he gathered a group of people in 1969 to form an institution to study the underlying causes of poverty. Understanding the strife still prevalent in urban areas, Baroni, in 1970, convoked the first national conference of urban ethnic neighborhoods and inaugurated the National Neighborhood Coalition. In 1971, Baroni was elected to the Common Cause National Governing Board.

On the occasion of the tenth anniversary of his death, Baroni disciple Sen. Barbara Mikulski, D-MD, noted: "If Geno were alive today, he would be asking us to develop not only economic capital, but social capital -- values and virtues such as trustworthiness, respect, responsibility."

"Geno was not a leader but an organizer," said Dr. John A Kromkowski, current president of the National Center for Urban Ethnic Affairs. "His real arena was to bring different ethnic and racial voices to Washington to give testimony and challenge federal programs."

Baroni was the Catholic Coordinator for the August 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, at which Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. gave his "I Have A Dream" speech; he also marched with King in Selma, Alabama, in March 1965.

In 1969 he gathered a group of people to form an institution to study the underlying causes of poverty. With strife still prevalent in urban areas, Baroni, in 1970, convoked the first national conference of urban ethnic neighborhoods and inaugurated the National Neighborhood Coalition.

In 1971, Fr. Baroni founded the National Center for Urban Ethnic Affairs which is now headquartered at The Catholic University of America.

Fr. Baroni was instrumental in founding the National Italian American Foundation in 1975 and served as its first president.

In 1977, he was offered position in the Carter administration as Housing and Urban Development Assistant Secretary for Neighborhood Development, Consumer Affairs, and Regulatory Functions. He helped push through the 1977 Community Reinvestment Act, which propped up revitalization processes in urban areas around the country. In a 1987 speech at Catholic University Arthur J. Naparstek, then president of the Geno C. Baroni society, noted that Baroni "attained the highest Government post a Catholic priest has ever achieved. He became a bureaucrat because he knew the only change in the bureaucracy comes through a change in the people."

Shortly before his death in 1984, Geno explored South Africa's apartheid townships and visited with Bishop Desmond Tutu. He died at age 54 on August 26, 1984, after a long struggle with cancer.

References

Further reading and primary source materials

1930 births
1984 deaths
American people of Italian descent
Mount St. Mary's University alumni
20th-century American Roman Catholic priests
Religious leaders from Pennsylvania

Geno Baroni


The scientific revolution was a time (15501700) after the Middle Ages and the Renaissance when many discoveries were made. During this time, new ideas and discoveries fundamentally changed the way people thought. They started what is called science today. Better printing presses after Gutenberg's time caused a great rise in publishing. This period roughly lasted from the 16th to the 18th century.

Galileo Galilei invented kinematics and disproved Aristotle's old theory of gravity. One of his students said he dropped two balls of iron (one weighing one pound, the other a hundred) off the leaning tower of Pisa. The objects fell at the same speed which brought about new methods of thinking. In 1542, Nicolaus Copernicus published his work On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, in which he said that not the Earth, but the Sun was at the center of the universe. This theory is known as Heliocentrism today. In the same year, Andreas Vesalius published his work  On the Structure of the Human Body. This book is about the anatomy of the human body.

The philosopher Alexandre Koyré (18921964) first used the term 'scientific revolution'  for this time period.

Related page
Industrial Revolution
Paradigm shift

History of science

Scientific revolution


Fiche is a town in central Ethiopia. It is the administrative centre of the Northern Shewa Zone in Oromia. It's located about three kilometers from the main Addis Ababa-Debre Marqos road, Fiche has a latitude and longitude of  and an elevation between 2,738 and 2,782 metres above sea level.

Notable landmarks in Fiche include the Fiche St. George Ethiopian Orthodox and Medhane Alem Bete Kristiyan churches. The town is also home to several notable Ethiopian painters of religious themes: Alaqa Gebre Selassie Adil (1881–1975), Emealaf Hiruy (1907–1971), and Alefelege Selam (1924– ).

History
Ras Kassa Haile Darge ruled the former province of Selale from Fiche in the early 20th century.

The deposed Lij Iyasu was imprisoned in Ras Kassa's house until he escaped in 1931. W.E.D. Allen passed through Fiche in 1941, and describes the town as having "the usual character of Abyssinian country towns: an agglomeration of huts standing in rather dreary eucalyptus groves and dominated by a fort and the European villa of the Ras." He also noted that "Fiche has a certain strategic importance in the feudal politics of Abyssinia since it lies across the main line of communication between the capital and Gojjam; and in the period of coup d'etats in the '20s the lord of Salale was always in the position to intervene suddenly in the capital only 70 miles away."

In 1936, after Ras Hailu Tekle Haymanot convinced them to surrender at the beginning of the Italian Occupation, Ras Kassa's two sons Aberra and Asfawossen were executed in Fiche.

By 1958, Fiche was one of 27 places in Ethiopia officially ranked as a First Class Township. The army base of the 1st brigade of the Ethiopian Territorial Army, located at Fiche, was used by the Derg to put conscripts of the People's Militia (reconstituted in the spring of 1977 as the "Red Army") through a twelve-week basic training with modern weapons.

The municipality announced in February 2009 that it had begun various development works totaling 5.6 million birr, which included construction of alleys, ditches, an abattoir, and expansion of water, health and electric power services.

Demographics

The 2007 national census reported a total population for Fiche of 27,493, of whom 12,933 were men and 14,560 were women. The majority of the inhabitants (94.42%) reported that they practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and 3.61% were Protestant.

Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, Fiche has an estimated total population of 37,861 of whom 18,446 are men and 19,415 women. The 1994 census reported this town had a total population of 21,187 of whom 10,004 were men and 11,183 were women.

Notes

Populated places in the Oromia Region
Cities and towns in Ethiopia

Fiche, Ethiopia


Perlite is an amorphous volcanic glass that has a relatively high water content, typically formed by the hydration of obsidian. It occurs naturally and has the unusual property of greatly expanding when heated sufficiently. It is an industrial mineral, suitable "as ceramic flux to lower the sintering temperature", and a commercial product useful for its low density after processing.

Properties

Perlite softens when it reaches temperatures of . Water trapped in the structure of the material vaporises and escapes, and this causes the expansion of the material to 7–16 times its original volume. The expanded material is a brilliant white, due to the reflectivity of the trapped bubbles. Unexpanded ("raw") perlite has a bulk density around 1100 kg/m3 (1.1 g/cm3), while typical expanded perlite has a bulk density of about 30–150 kg/m3 (0.03–0.150 g/cm3).

Typical analysis
70–75% silicon dioxide: SiO2
12–15% aluminium oxide: Al2O3
3–4% sodium oxide: Na2O
3–5% potassium oxide: K2O
0.5-2% iron oxide: Fe2O3
0.2–0.7% magnesium oxide: MgO
0.5–1.5% calcium oxide: CaO
3–5% loss on ignition (chemical / combined water)

Sources and production

Perlite is a non-renewable resource. The world reserves of perlite are estimated at 700 million tonnes.

The confirmed resources of perlite existing in Armenia amount to 150 million m3, whereas the total amount of projected resources reaches up to 3 billion m3. Considering specific density of 1.1 ton/m3 confirmed reserves in Armenia amount to 165 million tons.

Other reported reserves are: Greece - 120 million tonnes, Turkey, USA and Hungary - about 49-57 million tonnes.

Perlite world production, led by China, Turkey, Greece, USA, Armenia and Hungary, summed up to 4.6 million tonnes in 2018.

Uses
Because of its low density and relatively low price (about US$150 per tonne of unexpanded perlite), many commercial applications for perlite have been developed.

Construction and manufacturing
In the construction and manufacturing fields, it is used in lightweight plasters, concrete and mortar, insulation and ceiling tiles. It may also be used to build composite materials that are sandwich-structured or to create syntactic foam.

Perlite filters are fairly commonplace in filtering beer before it is bottled.

Small quantities of perlite are also used in foundries, cryogenic insulation, and ceramics (as a clay additive). It is also used by the explosives industry.

Aquatic filtration
Perlite is currently used in commercial pool filtration technology, as a replacement to diatomaceous earth filters. Perlite is an excellent filtration aid and is used extensively as an alternative to diatomaceous earth. The popularity of perlite usage as a filter medium is growing considerably worldwide. Several products exist in the market to provide perlite based filtration. Several perlite filters and perlite media have met NSF-50 approval (Aquify PMF Series and AquaPerl), which standardizes water quality and technology safety and performance. Perlite can be safely disposed of through existing sewage systems, although some pool operators choose to separate the perlite using settling tanks or screening systems to be disposed of separately.

Biotechnology
Due to thermal and mechanical stability, non-toxicity, and high resistance against microbial attacks and organic solvents, perlite is widely used in biotechnological applications.  Perlite was found to be an excellent support for immobilization of biocatalysts such as enzymes for bioremediation and sensing applications.

Agriculture
In horticulture, perlite can be used as a soil amendment or alone as a medium for hydroponics or for starting cuttings. When used as an amendment, it has high permeability and low water retention and helps prevent soil compaction.

Cosmetics
Perlite is used in cosmetics as an absorbent and mechanical exfoliant.

Substitutes
Perlite can be replaced for all of its uses. Substitutes include:
Diatomite, used for filter-aids
Expanded clay, an alternative lightweight filler for building materials
Shale
Pumice
Slag
Vermiculite - many expanders of perlite are also exfoliating vermiculite and belong to both trade associations

Occupational safety
As perlite contains silicon dioxide, goggles and silica filtering masks are recommended when handling large quantities.

United States
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (permissible exposure limit) for perlite exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m3 total exposure and 5 mg/m3 respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 10 mg/m3 total exposure and 5 mg/m3 respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday.

See also
Biochar, the large surface area of carbon molecules increases the soil structure, aeration, nutrient and water retention capacity. Biochar creates a healthy soil in which micro-organisms thrive
Vermiculite
Industrial minerals
Mortar (firestop)
Foam glass

References

External links

The Perlite Institute
Mineral Information Institute – perlite
"That Wonderful Volcanic Popcorn." Popular Mechanics, December 1954, p. 136.
CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

Felsic rocks
Vitreous rocks
Building stone
Soil improvers
Industrial minerals

Perlite


Gry Maritha is a freight ship based at Penzance in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, run by the Isles of Scilly Steamship Company.

History

Gry Maritha was built by Moen Slip in Norway, in 1981. The ship was named after the daughter of the first captain, Tor Sevaldsen.

Purchased in 1989 by the Isles of Scilly Steamship Company, she is a lifeline to the communities on the Isles of Scilly as she provides the only method of bulk freight transport from the United Kingdom mainland. She carries just six passengers and was acquired for all year cargo and winter passenger services, as Scillonian III is laid up through the winter. Between 12,000 and 14,000 tonnes of cargo a year are normally carried by Scillonian III and Gry Maritha.

Most notably, Gry Maritha carries all the fuel requirements of the Isles of Scilly, using transportable fuel tanks on her deck. These are loaded and unloaded by the deck crane. Towards the stern, the deck can accept standard freight containers.

References

External links

Isles of Scilly Travel

Ferries of the United Kingdom
Water transport in Cornwall
Transport in the Isles of Scilly
Ferries of South West England
1981 ships

Gry Maritha


In Greek mythology, Tereus (; Ancient Greek: Τηρεύς) was a Thracian king, the son of Ares and the naiad Bistonis. He was the brother of Dryas. Tereus was the husband of the Athenian princess Procne and the father of Itys.

Mythology
When Tereus desired his wife's sister, Philomela, he came to Athens to his father-in-law Pandion to ask for his other daughter in marriage, stating that Procne had died. Pandion granted him the favour, and sent Philomela and guards along with her. But Tereus threw the guards into the sea, and finding Philomela on a mountain, forced himself upon her. He then cut her tongue out and held her captive so she could never tell anyone. After he returned to Thrace, Tereus gave Philomela to King Lynceus and told his wife that her sister had died. Philomela wove letters in a tapestry depicting Tereus's crime and sent it secretly to Procne. Lynceus' wife Lathusa who was a friend of Procne, at once sent the concubine (Philomela) to her.

When Procne recognized her sister and knew the impious deed of Tereus, the two planned to return the favour to the king. Meanwhile, it was revealed to Tereus by prodigies that death by a relative's hand was coming to his son Itys. When he heard this, thinking that his brother Dryas was plotting his son's death, he killed the innocent man. Procne, however, killed her son Itys by Tereus, served his flesh in a meal at his father's table in revenge, and fled with her sister.

When Tereus learned of the crime she had done, he pursued the sisters and tried to kill them but all three were changed by the Olympian Gods into birds out of pity: Tereus became a hoopoe or a hawk; Procne became the swallow whose song is a song of mourning for the loss of her child; Philomela became the nightingale. Incidentally, the female nightingale has no song. (Hyginus, Fabulae, 45).

A very similar story was told about Polytechnus.

Other usage
Tereus was also a common given name among Thracians.

The Attic playwrights Sophocles and Philocles both wrote plays entitled Tereus on the subject of the story of Tereus.

Shakespeare refers to Tereus in Titus Andronicus, after Chiron and Demetrius have raped Lavinia and cut out her tongue and also both her hands. He also makes reference to Tereus in Cymbeline, when Iachimo spies upon the sleeping Imogen to gather false evidence so he can persuade Posthumus he has seduced her.

The transformed Tereus is a character in The Birds by Aristophanes.

Modern adaptations
The Love of the Nightingale, play by Timberlake Wertenbaker
The Love of the Nightingale, opera by Richard Mills to a libretto from the above play

References

External links
 The New Tereus by Robert Lalonde

Children of Ares
Mythological kings of Thrace
Kings in Greek mythology
Metamorphoses into birds in Greek mythology
Greek mythology of Thrace
Mythological cannibals
Mythological rapists

Tereus


Enhamed Enhamed Mohamed Yahdih (born September 11, 1987 in Las Palmas, Canary Islands) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability: he is blind and is an B1/S11 type swimmer. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  He finished third in the 400 meter Freestyle and 100 meter Butterfly races. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He finished number one in the 50 meter Freestyle, 100 meter Freestyle and 400 meter Freestyle races.  He was the number one swimmer in the 100 meter Butterfly race. He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.  He was the number two person to finish in the 400 meter Freestyle race. He was the number three person to finish in the 50 meter Freestyle and the 100 meter Butterfly races.

In 2010, he raced at the Tenerife International Open.  Before the 2010 Adapted Swimming World Championship in the Netherlands, he went to a swimming camp with the national team that was part of the Paralympic High Performance Program (HARP Program).

He raced at the 2011 IPC European Swimming Championships in Berlin, Germany.

References

Other websites
 Enhamed Enhamed Mohamed Yahdih's website

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1982 births
Spanish Paralympic gold medalists
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S11
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B1
People from the Canary Islands

Enhamed Enhamed Mohamed Yahdih


Rammstein is a German Neue Deutsche Härte band created in Berlin in 1994. The band's musicians—lead vocalist Till Lindemann, lead guitarist Richard Kruspe, rhythm guitarist Paul Landers, bassist Oliver Riedel, drummer Christoph Schneider and keyboardist Christian "Flake" Lorenz—has stayed the same throughout history. They were first to start using the Neue Deutsche Härte style, with their debut album leading the press to start the term, and their style of music  had a positive reaction from music critics. The band has been very successful earning many No. 1 albums as well as gold and platinum certifications around the world.

Lists of awards and nominations

List of awards and nominations received by Rammstein


The Mercedes-Benz 170 S is a luxury car which was produced by Mercedes-Benz from 1949 until 1955 in various gasoline and diesel powered forms.  It was initially offered with a 1.8 liter version of the 1.7 liter inline-four cylinder M136 engine used in the slightly smaller production type 170 V. It was the first Mercedes-Benz to carry in its name the suffix "S" (for Sonder modell (Special model) denoting a superior level of comfort and quality. As such, its intended market was successful business owners and company directors.

The 170 S was released in May 1949, initially sharing the chassis number of the W136 170 V, and closely resembled it. However, in several respects it was more directly a development from the six-cylinder Mercedes-Benz 230 which the company had produced, albeit in small numbers, between 1938 and 1943.

The first 170 S upgrade occurred in January 1952, being further distanced from the 170 V with its own chassis number W191. Mercedes' introduction a year earlier of the 2.2-liter, six-cylinder M180 engined Mercedes-Benz W187 luxury 220 model, positioned between the 170 S and the company's flagship, 3.0-liter Mercedes-Benz W186 Adenauer tourers undermined the four cylinder 170 S's luxury niche.

With the arrival of the all-new 1.8 liter Mercedes-Benz W120 180 "Ponton" in 1953 the 170 S was discontinued and a 170 S-V employing the 170 S' larger engine but the 170 V's slightly smaller body was introduced. Reverting to the W136 chassis code, the S-V ceased production in 1955.

Models

170 S (W136: 1949–1952)
The Mercedes-Benz 170 S which appeared in May 1949 was  longer,  wider, and better appointed than the 170 V. The 170 V's 1697 cc M136 four-cylinder gasoline/petrol engine was enlarged to 1767 cc, providing a maximum output of , whereas the smaller engine produced . Performance was correspondingly enhanced, with a stated top speed of . It shared the four speed all-synchromesh transmission of the 170 V.

The front wheels were attached using coil springs and double wishbones with a stabilizer bar, as opposed to the simple lateral leaf-spring arrangement on the 170 V.

Since the war the only version of the Mercedes-Benz 170 V available to the public had come with a four-door sedan/saloon body. With the 170 S the manufacturer now recalled some of the wider range of bodies offered on the 170 V before the war, adding a two-seat "Cabriolet A" and a four-seat "Cabriolet B".

Although the 170 S was promoted as a car for company directors, the soubriquet of "first S-Class Mercedes-Benz" which began to be applied to it more than twenty years later, following the launch of the manufacturer's W116 is not one that would have been used or recognized in the 1950s.

A year after the introduction of the 170 S, its M136 was also installed in the 170 V. However, both the compression ratio and the carburettor differed, so that the power advantage for the 170 S was reduced – from a difference of 14 PS to one of 7 PS – rather than eliminated.

170 Sb / 170 DS (W191: 1952–1953)
In January 1952 the Mercedes-Benz 170 Sb replaced the 170 S model. The car now received a works number of its own, becoming known internally as the "Mercedes-Benz W191". Both cabriolet versions had been withdrawn in November 1951, cabriolet buyers now being catered for by the cabriolet versions of the six-cylinder Mercedes-Benz W187 220 model. The 170 Sb was therefore available only with a four-door sedan/saloon body. Other changes included in the 1952 upgrade included the replacement of the floor-mounted gear lever with a then fashionable column mounted gear lever. There was now a starter button on the dashboard and the heater was improved. Under the bonnet/hood the camshaft was now driven via a chain rather than via gear cogs, a hypoid differential was fitted and the rear track was increased by .

January 1952 also saw the launch of a diesel powered version of the 170 S, sold as the Mercedes-Benz 170 DS and carrying, like its gasoline/petrol powered sibling, the works designation "W191". It shared the  OM636 diesel power unit of the diesel powered 170 V and came with the same official top speed of . In 1952 diesel powered passenger cars were still very much a novelty even in Germany. The relatively lumpy engine note and reduced performance of the diesel car were at variance with the up-market image of the 170 S, but no doubt both cost conscious company directors and upmarket taxi operators appreciated the >25 percent improvement in fuel consumption using a fuel which, on account of the tax rates applied, was already provided at a relatively low price in Germany.

170 S-V / 170 S-D (W136: 1953–1955)
With the appearance of the new 1.8 liter Mercedes-Benz 180 "Ponton" in 1953, the 170 S model suddenly appeared very old fashioned. The 170 V would be delisted in September 1953, and in July 1953 the manufacturer replaced the existing 170 S with the reduced specification 170 S-V. The car that resulted combined the slightly larger body from the 170 S with the less powerful  engine that had previously powered the 170 V. The vehicle provided reduced performance but at a reduced price, while salesmen steered more prosperous buyers to the new 180. The diesel powered 170 S continued to be sold, now branded as the 170 S-D. The internal "W191" designation which had distinguished the previous 170 S was removed, and the 170 S manufactured from 1953 returned to the "W136" designation that they had shared till the end of 1951.

In September 1955 the Mercedes-Benz 170 S-V was withdrawn from production. There was no direct replacement. By now economic recovery was setting in strongly, and Mercedes-Benz hoped to persuade company directors to buy a six-cylinder Mercedes-Benz. In its final version, more than 80 percent of the cars sold were diesel powered, versus just over a 60 percent ratio of diesels for the W191. suggesting that for the most part, cost conscious taxi operators had replaced status conscious executives as 170 S customers. 3,122 petrol/gasoline powered 170 S-V models were sold as against 14,887 diesel-powered 170 S-D models between 1953 and 1955.

Gallery

Notes

References

External links

 Mercedes Benz 170220 Club Forum (Archived)

W191
W191
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Sedans
Limousines
1950s cars

Mercedes-Benz 170S


The Bussex Rhine was a rhyne, or sizeable ditch, running outside the village of Westonzoyland in Somerset, England. A rhyne or rhine (rhymes with 'seen') is a southern English dialect word for a "large open ditch or drain". In the 17th century many rhines were used in Somerset to drain marshy ground.

During the 1685 Monmouth Rebellion the king's forces were camped at the rhyne.  The rebels under the Duke of Monmouth attempted a surprise night attack but were fatally delayed by the difficulty of crossing the rhyne.  With the element of surprise lost the better-trained royal forces, ably commanded by John Churchill and armed with cannon, cut the rebels to pieces at what became known as the Battle of Sedgemoor.

References

Sedgemoor
Somerset Levels
Drainage canals in England
Canals in Somerset
Monmouth Rebellion

Bussex Rhine


The Common Community Commission (, ) is responsible for Brussels community matters that are common to both the French Community and the Flemish Community and for institutions that fall within the competencies of the Communities but do not belong exclusively to either Community in the Brussels-Capital Region of Belgium. Examples of this include the bilingual hospitals in the Brussels Region.

The primary responsibilities of the Common Community Commission are health policy (curative and preventive medicine) and assistance to individuals (protection of youth, social welfare, aid to families, immigrant assistance services, etc...).

The Common Community Commission is composed of a council, the United Assembly, and an executive, the United College. The United Assembly consists of the members of both the Council of the Flemish Community Commission and the Assembly of the French Community Commission, and is equal to the membership of the Brussels Parliament (which is a regional, rather than a community parliament). The United College comprises all members of the Government of the Brussels-Capital Region, except the Secretaries of State. The United College is presided over by the Minister-President of the Brussels Region, who only has an advisory vote. As a result, there are two French-speaking and two Flemish members with the right to vote.

The United Assembly can legislate by ordinance. In order to adopt an ordinance, a majority of its members must be present and an absolute majority of the votes cast must be in favour. However, there also must be a majority in each of the two language groups.

See also
 Brussels Parliament
 Flemish Community Commission
 French Community Commission

External links

Community Commissions in Belgium
Politics of Brussels

Common Community Commission


A persuasive text is any text where the main purpose is to present a point of view and seeks to persuade a reader. A persuasive text can be an argument, exposition, discussion, review or even an advertisement.

Ethos

Ethos is the ethical appeal, and it means to convince an audience of the author's credibility or character by showing a good sense of ethics. An actor would use ethos to prove to his audience that he's credible and worth listening to by presenting their ethical opinions and making ethical decisions.

Logos

Logos is the appeal to logic, meaning to convince the audience by using logic or reason. When appealing to logos, an actor may cite facts or statistics to prove their points. An actor may appeal to logos by presenting logical or well-rounded arguments, may cite important information, or may refer to historical analogies for explanations and proof.

Pathos
Pathos is the emotional appeal, meaning to convince an audience through appealing on emotional levels. Actors may attempt to evoke sympathy so the audience feels how the director intended for them to feel. Actors appealing to pathos aim to generate a certain emotion or response. Pathos can be expressed by actors through language, emotional tones, or emotional events/scenes.

Logic
Rhetoric

Persuasive text


Austin Keith Pierce (October 2, 1918 – March 11, 2005) was an American solar astronomer. Pierce played a key role in the development of the McMath–Pierce solar telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona.

Biography
Austin Keith Pierce was born October 2, 1918, in Tacoma, Washington. His father, Tracy Pierce, was a mathematician at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and an amateur astronomer.

From 1936 to 1938, he studied at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, before transferring to the University of California, Berkeley where in 1940 he obtained a BSc in astronomy. In 1941 he married Mildred Buell, with whom he went on to have three children.

During the Second World War, Pierce worked on uranium isotope separation as part of the Manhattan Project, first at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory and then at Oak Ridge in Tennessee.

In 1945 he returned to Berkeley, obtaining his doctorate in 1948 under C. Donald Shane. He then worked at the University of Michigan for astronomer Robert McMath. McMath obtained federal funding for a large solar telescope and chose Pierce to lead the project. Pierce gained observing experience at the Mount Wilson and McMath–Hulbert solar observatories and toured European solar observatories to inform the design of the new telescope.

Kitt Peak Observatory was chosen for the site so in 1958 Pierce and his family relocated to Tucson, Arizona. Upon completion in 1962 the McMath solar telescope was the largest solar telescope in the world.

Pierce would direct the solar division of Kitt Peak for 16 years. In 1979 he married medical anthropologist Trudy Griffin. In 1992 the McMath telescope was rededicated as the McMath–Pierce Solar Telescope.

Pierce died of cancer on March 11, 2005, in Tucson, Arizona.

References

1918 births
2005 deaths
American astronomers
University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory people
Oak Ridge National Laboratory people
University of Michigan people
People from Tacoma, Washington
People from Lincoln, Nebraska
Manhattan Project people

Keith Pierce


Leïla Menchari (; 27 September 1927 – 4 April 2020) was a Tunisian designer and decorator.

Biography
Menchari was born in Tunis in 1927. Her father was a lawyer and her mother, Habiba Menchari, was known for her lectures on female empowerment. As a teenager, she met Jean and Violet Henson, who introduced Menchari to horticulture and helped her meet artists such as Man Ray, Jean Cocteau, Christian Bérard, and Serge Lifar. In 1943, she entered the Tunis Institute of Fine Arts, and the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in 1948.

In Paris, Menchari met Azzedine Alaïa. She also met Guy Laroche, who helped her become a star model. However, Menchari quit Laroche's business following the death of her mother and became the decorator for Hermès International headquarters on Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré. She worked for Hermès as a decorator for over fifty years. She also designed gloves, bags, and clothing, including a coat worn by actress María Félix. Her other responsibilities including supervising the factoring of glass manufacturer Saint-Louis.

Leïla Menchari died on 4 April 2020 in Paris, France, due to COVID-19.

Exposition
Hermès à tire-d'aile - les mondes de Leïla Menchari (2017, Grand Palais, Paris)

References

Tunisian designers
1927 births
Tunisian women artists
2020 deaths
Tunisian women
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in France

Leïla Menchari


Cap Skirring, also spelled Cap Skiring, is a town on the Atlantic Ocean coast of the Basse Casamance (Ziguinchor) region of Senegal.  It is a popular seaside resort with Europeans and has an airport and a golf course. The town was first occupied by fishermen. It was discovered by the French of Ziguinchor as a recreational beach zone in the 1960s. A landing strip for small planes was built at the end of 1960 by members of the Aero Club de Ziguinchor.

Populated places in Ziguinchor Region
Casamance

Cap Skirring


Action for Slander is a 1937 British drama film directed by Tim Whelan and starring Clive Brook, Ann Todd and Googie Withers. The plot is about an army officer who is falsely accused at cheating at cards by a man whose wife he had an affair with and struggles to clear his name. It was an adaptation of the 1937 novel Action for Slander by Mary Borden.

Plot
Major George Daviot is left by his wife Ann due to their growing estrangement and her knowledge that he has fallen in love with another woman, Josie Bradford, the wife of one of his fellow officers. Daviot goes off with friends for a weekend party at a country house attended by a number of prominent figures including businessmen and politicians as well as Captain Bradford and his wife. The tension between Bradford and Daviot is obvious during grouse shooting as Bradford is clearly aware of Daviot's affair with his wife.

That evening, during a game of cards played for high stakes, Daviot is accused of cheating by Grant, a drunken player who has lost large amounts of money, a charge that is dismissed out of hand by the other players until Bradford seconds it. None of the other players believe the accusation, even though they are unaware of the grudge that Bradford has against Daviot. Bradford sticks to his story, even in the face of legal action from Daviot.

The other guests frightened of their own reputations if the scandal becomes widely known, persuade all to hush the matter up. Daviot agrees to keep quiet for all their sakes, even though he still wants to clear his name. Daviot proposes to Josie that she leave her husband and live with him in spite of the scandal, but her lukewarm response leads him to realise that her interest in him is shallow. She subsequently reconciles with her husband and they go abroad to spend time together.

Daviot tries to continue, but rumours about the affair begin to spread. Over the following year, his life disintegrates. He no longer finds himself welcome in  his regiment or at his gentlemen's club and his friends begin to cut him socially, including those at the house party who know him to be innocent. Hounded out of his society, Daviot retreats to a cheap boarding house in Bayswater where he ceases to go out or even open letters. His one remaining hope, of receiving a transfer to the Indian Army serving on the Northwest Frontier is dashed and he begins to consider suicide.

Ann Daviot, meanwhile, has been touring around Continental Europe aimlessly, possibly never to return to Britain. As soon as she hears he is in trouble she returns to help him, but he is unresponsive and derides her as an "Angel of Mercy". Eventually she goads him into facing his accusers, and he initiates court proceedings on the understanding that if he loses he will be allowed to take gentlemen's way out with a pistol. With the help of his barrister Sir Quinton Jessops, Daviot attempts to clear his name by suing Bradford and Grant for slander.

Cast
 Clive Brook as Major George Daviot
 Ann Todd as Ann Daviot
 Margaretta Scott as Josie Bradford
 Arthur Margetson as Captain Hugh Bradford
 Ronald Squire as Charles Cinderford
 Athole Stewart as Lord Pontefract
 Percy Marmont as William Cowbit
 Frank Cellier as Sir Bernard Roper
 Anthony Holles as John Grant
 Morton Selten as Judge Trotter
 Kate Cutler as The Dowager
 Enid Stamp-Taylor as Jenny
 Francis L. Sullivan as Sir Quinton Jessops
 Felix Aylmer as Sir Eustace Cunninghame
 Laurence Hanray as Clerk of Court
 Gus McNaughton as Tandy
 Googie Withers as Mary
 Albert Whelan as Roper's butler
 Allan Jeayes as Colonel
 Pauline de Chalus as Polly
 Edward Lexy as Collins (Porter)

Production
The film was made independently at Denham Studios by Victor Saville with backing from Alexander Korda's London Film Productions. It was adapted from the novel Action for Slander by Mary Borden that was released the same year.

Reception
The film was popular at its release and it was re-released several times during the 1940s. However, it has later been criticised as "stilted". Rachael Low describes it as being "well-made and acted" although the "behaviour of the characters was too far-fetched to carry conviction".

Writing for Night and Day in 1937, Graham Greene gave the film a mildly good review, summarizing the film as "a picture of which we needn't feel ashamed if it reaches the United States, even though the story is novelettish in the extreme". Despite expressing the view that Selten had been "badly miscast" for the role of the Judge, Greene generally praised the cast's acting and the direction which allowed "people on the whole [to] behave naturally - and shabbily", and noted that the "love scene for once is not written in".

References

External links

Bibliography
 Low, Rachael. The History of British Film: Volume VII. Routledge, 1997.
 White, Terry. Justice Denoted: The Legal Thriller in American, British, and Continental Courtroom Literature. Praeger, 2003.

1937 drama films
1937 films
British drama films
Films directed by Tim Whelan
Films based on British novels
Films produced by Alexander Korda
Films with screenplays by Ian Dalrymple
Adultery in films
Films produced by Victor Saville
Films set in London
Films set in Paris
British courtroom films
British films about gambling
London Films films
United Artists films
Films shot at Denham Film Studios
British black-and-white films
1930s English-language films
1930s British films

Action for Slander


Untxillaitz, Untxillaitx, or Untzillatx, is a mountain of Biscay, Basque Country (Spain), 934 m. high. Its name may mean "Rabbit's peak" (in Basque language : untzi(a)=rabbit, and aitz=peak).

Part of the Urkiola range, although it does not belong to the same crest of the Anboto, it is also part of the same limestone range.

It forms the pass of Atxarte with the neighbouring Aitz Txiki and it is located in the valleys of Mendiola and Mañaria. Quarries have been created in both sides of the mountain, but now the Atxarte one is closed. Mañaria is the starting point of the Urkiola pass that separates Untxillatx from Mugarra.

An outstanding feature is the rock prominence in the north face, called Urresti. This prominence has many rock climbing ways and vulture nests.

Climbing routes

From Atxarte.(1h 30m)
From the neighbourhood of Zelaieta in Abadiano the road goes to the Atxarte pass there the river is crossed and a path turns to the right and there is a steep ascension beside the Urresti prominence. At the top of Urresti there is a difficult rock climb that leads to the Elosua col route. At the end of the prominence, the crest is followed until the summit.

From Mañaria by Elosua.(2h)
From the quarry at this side of the mountain, there is a path that leads to the col of Elosua, from where the summit is reached following the crest.

External links
 (es) Untzillatx at wikineos (includes maps and many photos)
 (es) Mendikat
 (es) Las montañas

Geography of Biscay
Basque Mountains
Mountains of the Basque Country (autonomous community)

Untxillaitz


Castor and Pollux were two elephants kept at the zoo Jardin des Plantes in Paris. They were killed and eaten, along with many other animals from the zoo, in late 1870 during the Siege of Paris. The two elephants may have been siblings, and were named after the twin brothers of Greek and Roman mythology. They had been popular before the siege for giving rides on their backs around the park, but the food shortages caused by the German blockade of the city eventually drove the citizens of Paris to kill them for their meat.

History
On 19 September 1870, Prussian forces encircled Paris. Rather than bombarding the city into surrender the German high command decided to blockade the city to force a quick surrender. The Parisians managed to hold out until 28 January 1871 (when they surrendered after three days of shelling ordered by Otto von Bismarck who had become tired of the ineffective tactics of the high command). During the siege food became scarce and the populace were forced to turn to unusual sources for their meat.

When vegetables, butter, milk, cheese and the regularly consumed meats began to run out, the Parisians turned first on the horses, donkeys and mules. Horse meat had been introduced by the butchers of Paris four years earlier as a cheap alternative source of meat for the poor, but under siege conditions it quickly became a luxury item. Though there were large numbers of horses in Paris (estimates suggested between 65,000 and 70,000 were butchered and eaten during the siege) the supplies were ultimately limited. Champion racehorses were not spared (even two horses presented to Napoleon III by Alexander II of Russia were slaughtered) but the meat soon became scarce. Cats, dogs, mice and rats were the next selection for the menu. There was no control over rationing until late in the siege, so while the poor struggled, the wealthy Parisians ate comparatively well; the Jockey Club offered a fine selection of gourmet dishes of the unusual meats including Salmis de rats à la Robert. There were considerably fewer cats and dogs in the city than there had been horses, and the unpalatable mice and rats were difficult to prepare, so, by the end of 1870, the butchers turned their attention to the animals of the zoos. The medium and large sized herbivores, such as the antelope, camels, deer, kangaroo, yaks and zebra were first to be killed. Some animals survived: the monkeys were thought to be too akin to humans to be killed, the lions and tigers were too dangerous, and the hippopotamus of the Jardin des Plantes also escaped because the price of 80,000 francs demanded for it was beyond the reach of any of the butchers. Menus began to offer exotic dishes such as Tête d'Ane Farcie (Stuffed Donkey's Head), Côtes d'Ours (Bear Ribs), Chat flanqué des Rats (Cat with Rats), Cuissot de Loup, Sauce Chevreuil (Haunch of Wolf with a Deer Sauce), Terrine d'Antilope aux truffes (Terrine of Antelope with truffles), Civet de Kangourou (Kangaroo Stew) and Chameau rôti à l'anglaise (Camel roasted à l'anglaise)

The demise of the elephants was recorded in the Lettre-Journal de Paris (commonly known as the Gazette des Absents), a twice-weekly periodical published during the siege by Damase Jouaust and delivered, along with the mail, by balloon to avoid the encircling Prussian forces. The Gazette des Absents reported that Castor had been killed on 29 December 1870 and Pollux the following day, both by explosive steel-tipped bullets fired from a range of 10 m by M. Devisme. However, a menu from 25 December was already offering Consommé d'Eléphant so it is likely that the dates are wrong. The elephants were bought by M. Deboos of the  Boucherie Anglaise in Boulevard Hausmann for 27,000 francs for the pair. M.Deboos did well out of the purchase: the trunks sold as a delicacy for 40 or 45 francs a pound, the other parts for about 10 to 14 francs a pound.

By all accounts, elephant was not tasty. Thomas Gibson Bowles, who was in Paris during the siege, wrote that he had eaten camel, antelope, dog, donkey, mule and elephant and of those he liked elephant the least. Henry Labouchère recorded:

See also
 List of individual elephants

Notes

Sources / Further reading

Cruelty to animals
Animal cruelty incidents
Animal rights movement
1870 animal deaths
Individual elephants
Franco-Prussian War
Individual animals in France
19th century in Paris
Animal duos

Castor and Pollux (elephants)


Phyllis Marie Gregory Ross,  (1903–April 18, 1988) was a Canadian economist, and civil servant who was the first female chancellor of the University of British Columbia and in the Commonwealth of Nations. She was also the mother of the 17th Prime Minister of Canada, John Turner.

Parentage
Though elsewhere listed as Phyllis Gregory, born in Rossland, British Columbia, in 1903, the 1911 census of the Dominion of Canada, shows her as Phillis [sic] Marie Gregory born in British Columbia in June 1894 [sic] aged 6 (meaning that 1894 is probably a census-taker's error for 1904). Her parents were mining company hoist operator, James William 'Jimmy' Gregory (February 22, 1867 – August 15, 1949, Vancouver), of Stellarton, Pictou County, Nova Scotia, of Irish extraction, and his wife Mary Margaret Macdonald (December 18, 1872 – May 10, 1958, Vancouver), of Mulgrave, Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, daughter of a wealthy shipowning sea captain, of Scottish Catholic origins. They arrived in British Columbia in 1896 from their native Nova Scotia, with their elder children, Marcella and Gladys (later Mrs Michael Gillespie). Phyllis's brother, Howard James Gregory's birth is recorded at Rossland in 1898, though her own does not appear in British Columbia's on-line birth indexes for the period.

Education, family, and career
She received a Bachelor's degree in economics and political science with first class honours from the University of British Columbia in 1925. During that year she won the Susan B. Anthony Fellowship and attended Bryn Mawr College, where she received her M.A. in 1927. She also studied at the London School of Economics and the University of Marburg. She married journalist Leonard Hugh Turner in London, England, in 1928. They had three children, one of whom, Michael, died in infancy. Her husband died of malaria complicated by goitre when she was 29.

Shortly after becoming a widow in Great Depression-era London, England in 1932, impoverished circumstances necessitated her return to Canada. She settled first with her parents in Rossland, and eventually she managed to obtain a position in Ottawa as an economist in the Public Service of Canada. Her education, gifts, and application caused her to rise to hitherto unreached heights for a woman of her generation among the overwhelmingly male mandarin establishment of Ottawa. Her rarely encountered combination of brains and elegance turned the head of bachelor Canadian prime minister, R.B. Bennett, later to become Viscount Bennett, who courted her during her widowhood. But she stayed single.

In Ottawa, she served at the Canadian Tariff Board, the Dominion Trade and Industry Commission, and the Wartime Prices and Trade Board. While still bringing up her two surviving children, John Turner and Brenda Turner (later Mrs Brenda  Norris, of Montreal), she eventually attained the most senior position a woman could hold at the time in the Canadian civil service. Even so, because of sexism, she still only received two-thirds of the salary a man in the same post would have received.

In 1945, she married Frank Mackenzie Ross, the Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia from 1955 to 1960.

Honours

Her contribution to helping the economy of Canada during World War II was recognized by the Government of Canada when she was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, a rare recommendation for an imperial honour during the prime ministership of William Lyon Mackenzie King, whose Liberal ministry believed in the sparing use of British honours for Canadians in an age before Canada adopted its own separate Canadian honours system.

Over her career, and especially when she returned to her native province, she remained involved with the University of British Columbia (UBC). She was a member of the UBC Senate from 1951 to 1954 and again from 1960 to 1966. In 1957, she was appointed to the Board of Governors. In 1961, she was honoured by her alma mater for her dual role as an accomplished Canadian economist and former provincial vicereine in being named the University's first female chancellor.

In 1967, she was awarded the Medal of Service of the Order of Canada, later converted to appointment as an Officer of the Order of Canada, for "her contributions as a public servant". She was also a Dame of St John of Jerusalem and, as a Roman Catholic laywoman, also a Dame of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.

Death

Ross was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. She died in her sleep on Saltspring Island in 1988.

References

Jack Cahill (1984) John Turner: The Long Run
1901 and 1911 Dominion of Canada censuses, Rossland, British Columbia (via automatedgenealogy.com and the National Archives of Canada)
British Columbia Vital Records Indexes (via British Columbia Provincial Archives website)

1903 births
1988 deaths
20th-century Canadian civil servants
Chancellors of the University of British Columbia
Canadian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Officers of the Order of Canada
People from Rossland, British Columbia
University of British Columbia alumni
Bryn Mawr College alumni
Canadian university and college chancellors
Canadian women academics
Women academic administrators
Canadian expatriates in England
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Canadian women economists
Alumni of the London School of Economics
20th-century Canadian economists
Canadian women civil servants
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Canadian people of Irish descent
Canadian academic administrators
Parents of prime ministers of Canada
Neurological disease deaths in British Columbia

Phyllis Ross


Grassy Island is a small, uninhabited  American island in the Detroit River.  It is located just north of Grosse Ile and west of Fighting Island, about  west of the Canada–United States border.  The island is part of the city of Wyandotte, in Wayne County.  The island is part of the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge.  Grassy Island should not be confused with Grass Island, which is an island of Ontario on the exact opposite side of the Detroit River.

Grassy Island was first charted by French explorers in 1796 as Ile Marecageuse (Marshy Island).  At the time, the island's size was only six acres (2.4 ha), and the whole length of the Detroit River was a prominent coastal marshland.  During the nineteenth century, the island was primarily used as a fishery and later was home to the Grassy Island Light.  From around 1960–1982, the island served as a disposal facility for millions of cubic meters of toxic soil dredged from the nearby River Rouge, and the island's size was increased dramatically.  Because of that, the island remains heavily contaminated today.

Expansion
When Detroit underwent rapid industrialization beginning at the turn at the twentieth century, much of the pollutants from the growing industries found their way into the Detroit River and had devastating consequences on the ecosystem.  When the Detroit River became so polluted as to warrant federal intervention, Congress declared Grassy Island and the surrounding area as part of the Wyandotte National Wildlife Refuge in 1961.  However, larger shipping lanes were needed in the Detroit River and its main tributary, the River Rouge, with the increase of commercial shipping and larger freighters during this time.  The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers took control of Grassy Island from 1960–1982 and used it as a disposal facility for millions of cubic meters of sediments dredged from the nearby River Rouge for better navigation of that river.  Dikes were constructed around Grassy Island to hold the sediments— much of which were heavily contaminated from nearby industries.

When the dredging project was completed, Grassy Island swelled from its original  to .  Because of the island's massive expansion, it can be considered an artificial island, as no real remnants of the original island are seen today.  The mouth of the River Rouge was effectively diverted to an easier route (creating the artificial Zug Island in the process) with all the sediments from this new River Rouge route being dumped at Grassy Island with no regard to the amount of pollutants in the soil.  The island now has an unnatural appearance and composition.  Its sides are steep earthen dikes used to hold up the island, and this can pose a variety of hazards to those who attempt to dock boats at the shore or walk on the island.

Pollution

Around the time that Grassy Island became a disposal facility for the dredging of the nearby River Rouge in 1960, at least nine major industries (including the Ford River Rouge Complex) freely dumped their waste products into that river.  This caused a huge buildup of toxic waste around the mouth of the river— the exact location where the sediments came from that were deposited on Grassy Island.  The soil that was deposited on Grassy Island was highly contaminated from Detroit's unregulated industrialism for many decades.  Grassy Island is now contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyl, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and lethal amounts of harmful heavy metals, such as mercury and lead.

While there is no imminent danger to human trespassers because of a thin layer of protective topsoil on Grassy Island, public access is prohibited but not often enforced.  The island has become largely void of wildlife and vegetation, as 97% of the original wetlands around the Detroit River were depleted by 1982.  The soil contains 28 different contaminants that exceed state and federal limits.  While the site has not been declared a Superfund site, similar procedures are being used by the Environmental Protection Agency and other organizations to clean up Grassy Island.  In 1994, the Department of the Interior began working on Grassy Island in order to find remedies for such hazardous sites.  Currently, the island is still being evaluated to see if the many contaminants within the soil are leaking into the surrounding Detroit River.

In 2001, the Wyandotte National Wildlife Refuge, including Grassy Island, was absorbed into the newly created Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge, which allowed for more federal funds necessary to clean up the river.  Large portions of land have been set aside for ecological restoration.  Because of this, much of the Detroit River has been cleaned up, and a number of native animal and plant species have returned.

See also
Detroit River
Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge
List of islands in the Detroit River
River Rouge

References

Islands of Wayne County, Michigan
Islands of the Detroit River
River islands of Michigan
Uninhabited islands of Michigan

Grassy Island


Cumberland station is a historic railway station in Cumberland, Allegany County, Maryland. It was built in 1913 as a stop for the Western Maryland Railway (WM). The building was operated as a passenger station until the WM ended service in 1959, and it continued to be used by the railway until 1976. It was subsequently restored and currently serves as a museum and offices, as well as the operating base for a heritage railway.

Description
The station was designed by Baltimore architect C. M. Anderson, and sited on a filled-in basin at the terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. The building is a large commercial-style building that expresses the architectural functionalism of the turn of the 20th century. The brick structure is nine bays long and three bays wide, with two monumental stories on the west facade and three stories on the east. A one-story platform shelter runs along the west facade and extends out toward the tracks.

History
The WM began daily through-train passenger service between Baltimore and Chicago, by way of Cumberland, on June 15, 1913. For several years the premier trains on the route, the Chicago Limited and Baltimore Limited, featured Pullman sleeping car service. Other WM trains ran between Cumberland and Elkins, West Virginia. The number and variety of passenger trains decreased through the years of the Great Depression and afterward. The WM ended its passenger train service between Cumberland and Baltimore in 1953, and the Cumberland-Elkins trains ended in 1959.

The WM used the upper floors of the station for its Western Division offices, and a control tower, even after the railroad's absorption into the Chessie System, until the dispatchers were reassigned in 1976. The building slowly fell into disrepair, and Chessie leased it, and later sold it to the Kelly Tire Company to store tires. The City of Cumberland subsequently bought the building for one dollar.

Restoration
With the advent of the initiative in Cumberland to create a scenic railroad using the former WM trackage north out of the city, the station was partially restored in 1990. Full restoration did not begin, however, until the creation of the Canal Place Preservation and Development Authority in 1996. This restoration created a museum area for the National Park Service on the first floor; a waiting area, gift shop, and cafe on the second floor; and office spaces on the third and fourth floors. Exterior work included the construction of an elevator tower; third, display track; a second platform; handicapped passenger accessibility ramp; and the restoration of the platform shelters, WM employee memorial, and the pedestrian railroad underpass.

Today the building is part of a preservation district called Canal Place, a facility operated by the Canal Place Preservation and Development Authority. The station houses offices of the Authority, the Western Maryland Scenic Railroad, a visitors center for the C&O Canal National Historic Park, and leased offices to local officials and businesses.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 as the Western Maryland Railway Station.

See also
Queen City Hotel (B&O Railroad station, Cumberland)

References

External links

, including photo from 1974, at Maryland Historical Trust

Buildings and structures in Cumberland, Maryland
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1913
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Former Western Maryland Railway stations
Historic American Buildings Survey in Maryland
1913 establishments in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Allegany County, Maryland
Transportation buildings and structures in Allegany County, Maryland
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park
Former railway stations in Maryland
Repurposed railway stations in the United States

Cumberland station (Western Maryland Railway)


WrestleMania 35 was the 35th annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event produced by WWE. It was held for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw, SmackDown, and 205 Live brand divisions. The event took place on April 7, 2019, at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey. It included the first-ever women's main event match in WrestleMania history. It was also the first WrestleMania since WrestleMania 2000 to not feature The Undertaker. It was also the final WrestleMania to be held as a one-night event; the following year, WrestleMania was expanded to two nights.

The card comprised sixteen matches, including four on the Kickoff pre-show. In the main event, Becky Lynch defeated Raw Women's Champion Ronda Rousey and SmackDown Women's Champion Charlotte Flair in a Winner Takes All triple threat match to win both championships. In a main match from SmackDown, Kofi Kingston defeated Daniel Bryan to win his first WWE Championship, and in the opening bout, which was a main match from Raw, Seth Rollins defeated Brock Lesnar to win his first Universal Championship. The event also saw the final matches of two veteran wrestlers: Kurt Angle lost his farewell match against Baron Corbin, and Batista lost a No Holds Barred match against Triple H and retired after the event. Additionally, this was the final WrestleMania to feature Triple H as an in-ring competitor as he retired in 2022 due to a cardiac event. This also marked the last time the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal was contested at a WrestleMania itself.

Production

Background

WrestleMania is WWE's flagship pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event, having first been held in 1985. It was the company's first pay-per-view produced and was also WWE's first major event available via livestreaming when the company launched the WWE Network in 2014. It is the longest-running professional wrestling event in history and is held annually between mid-March to mid-April. It was the first of WWE's original four pay-per-views, which includes Royal Rumble, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, referred to as the "Big Four". WrestleMania is ranked the sixth most valuable sports brand in the world by Forbes, and has been described as the Super Bowl of sports entertainment. Much like the Super Bowl, cities bid for the right to host the year's edition of WrestleMania.

Announced on March 15, 2018, WrestleMania 35 was scheduled to be held on April 7, 2019, at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey. It featured wrestlers from the Raw, SmackDown, and 205 Live brands. It was the fourth WrestleMania to be held in the state of New Jersey (after IV, V, and 29) and the sixth in the New York metropolitan area (after I, 2, X, XX, and 29).

There were two official theme songs for the event: "Love Runs Out" by OneRepublic, which served as the main theme, and "Work" by Chris Classic, which served as a secondary theme. There was also a theme song for the main event, "White Flag" by Bishop Briggs. On November 5, 2018, traveling packages for the event were sold while tickets went on sale on November 16, 2018. On the March 11 episode of Raw, current wrestler Alexa Bliss was revealed as the host of WrestleMania 35. On the following episode, Elias announced that he would have a musical performance at the event.

Multiple celebrities took part in the event. On the March 4 episode of Raw, Colin Jost and Michael Che of Saturday Night Live were introduced as special correspondents for the event, and were later entered into the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal. Joan Jett performed her song "Bad Reputation" live for Ronda Rousey's ring entrance. Gospel music star and syndicated radio host Yolanda Adams performed "America the Beautiful" to begin the main show.

Storylines
The event comprised sixteen matches, including four on the Kickoff pre-show, that resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw, SmackDown, and 205 Live brands, while storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television shows, Monday Night Raw, SmackDown Live, and the cruiserweight-exclusive 205 Live.

Main event match

At SummerSlam, Becky Lynch and Charlotte Flair were involved in a triple threat match for the SmackDown Women's Championship against defending champion Carmella, which Flair won. Afterwards, Lynch attacked Flair, ending their friendship. Lynch defeated Flair for the championship at Hell in a Cell and successfully defended her title against Flair in a Last Woman Standing Match at the inaugural all women's pay-per-view Evolution. At Survivor Series, Lynch was originally scheduled to face Raw's Ronda Rousey in a non-title match, but was replaced by Flair due to a legit injury; during the match, Flair brutally attacked Rousey with weapons. Rousey then interfered in a tables, ladders, and chairs championship match between Lynch, Flair, and Asuka at the namesake event, costing both Lynch and Flair the match. Lynch failed to regain the title at the Royal Rumble, but won the women's Royal Rumble match by last eliminating Flair, despite injuring her own knee, and chose to face Rousey for the Raw Women's Championship at WrestleMania.

Lynch was then suspended for refusing a medical examination on her knee. After getting medically cleared, however, Vince McMahon suspended her again and introduced Flair as Rousey's WrestleMania opponent. Over the following weeks, Lynch continued to violate her suspension and attacked both Rousey and Flair until the suspension was lifted. At Fastlane, Lynch defeated Flair by disqualification when Rousey attacked Lynch. Per the stipulation, Lynch was added back into the championship match at WrestleMania to make it a triple threat match. After Flair defeated Asuka for the SmackDown Women's Championship, the WrestleMania match was made Winner Takes All with both titles on the line. The match was also confirmed as the first-ever women's match to main event WrestleMania. On the April 1 episode of Raw, Rousey, Lynch, and Flair won a six-woman tag team match; the first person to betray the other would have be removed from the match. After the match, all three brawled, even while handcuffed, and were taken out by police. On SmackDown the next night, Lynch recapped her road to WrestleMania and promised to win the Raw and SmackDown women's championships.

Men's world championship matches

At the Royal Rumble, Raw's Seth Rollins won the men's Royal Rumble match, earning a world championship match of his choice at WrestleMania. The next night on Raw, Universal Champion Brock Lesnar's advocate Paul Heyman tried to discourage Rollins from challenging Lesnar, leading to a brawl between Rollins and Lesnar. Subsequently, Rollins chose to challenge Lesnar for the Universal Championship at WrestleMania.

On the February 12 episode of SmackDown, Kofi Kingston replaced an injured Mustafa Ali in a gauntlet match to determine who would enter last in the Elimination Chamber match for the WWE Championship at Elimination Chamber; during the match, Kingston pinned WWE Champion Daniel Bryan in the first match of the gauntlet. At the event, Bryan retained the title by last eliminating Kingston. On the following SmackDown, Kingston was granted a WWE Championship match at Fastlane after pinning Bryan in a six-man tag team match, however, Vince McMahon replaced Kingston with the returning Kevin Owens. On the SmackDown following Fastlane, The New Day (Big E, Kingston, and Xavier Woods) confronted Mr. McMahon for tricking Kingston into believing that he was added back into the title match at Fastlane. Mr. McMahon decided that if Kingston won a gauntlet match, he would receive a WWE Championship match against Bryan at WrestleMania. Kingston subsequently won the gauntlet match, however, Mr. McMahon added one more opponent, which was the WWE Champion himself, who defeated Kingston. On the March 26 episode, The New Day teased leaving WWE and once again confronted Mr. McMahon, who decided that Kingston would in fact receive the championship match if Big E and Woods won a tag team gauntlet match, which they subsequently did.

Undercard matches
On SmackDown 1000 on October 16, 2018, Batista, who had last wrestled in WWE in 2014, took part in an Evolution reunion. He praised fellow Evolution member Triple H for having done everything in the wrestling business except defeat him. Batista then attacked fellow Evolution member Ric Flair before the latter's 70th birthday celebration on the February 25, 2019 episode of Raw, seeking Triple H's attention. Batista demanded a final match against Triple H at WrestleMania; Triple H accepted and made the stipulation a No Holds Barred match. Batista accused Triple H of always having kept him down, and demanded that Triple H put his career on the line and Triple H agreed.

On the March 11 episode of Raw, WWE Hall of Famer Kurt Angle began his farewell tour, culminating with his farewell match at WrestleMania. The following week, Angle chose Baron Corbin as his final opponent as Corbin had caused Angle many problems during the latter's tenure as Raw General Manager (2017–2018) and eventually supplanted him, temporarily becoming Acting Raw General Manager.

At Crown Jewel, Shane McMahon won the WWE World Cup, replacing The Miz in the finals, who was unable to compete after a pre-match brawl. Following this, The Miz and Shane formed a tag team. They won the SmackDown Tag Team Championship at the Royal Rumble, however, they lost the titles at Elimination Chamber. After failing to recapture the titles at Fastlane, Shane attacked Miz and Miz's father, who was seated in the front row. On SmackDown, Shane accused Miz of using him and he wanted to beat him up again, and challenged Miz to a match at WrestleMania. Miz challenged Shane to make their match falls count anywhere and Shane agreed.

At Fastlane, Samoa Joe retained the United States Championship in a fatal four-way match by making Rey Mysterio pass out to the Coquina Clutch. On the following episode of SmackDown, Mysterio pinned Joe in a tag team match. The following week, Mysterio announced that he would be facing Joe for the title at WrestleMania 35.

After weeks of disparaging comments about one another, Randy Orton eliminated AJ Styles in the Elimination Chamber match for the WWE Championship. At Fastlane, Orton attacked Elias from behind only for Styles to attack him. On the following SmackDown, Orton took umbrage with Styles referring to SmackDown as "the house that AJ Styles built," as Orton began his WWE career on SmackDown in 2002, whereas Styles spent most of that time on the independent circuit until his WWE debut in 2016. Styles responded that Orton had everything handed to him while Styles had to actually work for it. He challenged Orton to a match at WrestleMania and Orton accepted.

Roman Reigns, who had been on hiatus due to leukemia since October 2018, returned on the February 25, 2019, episode of Raw and stated that his leukemia was in remission. After Fastlane, Drew McIntyre attacked Reigns, defeated fellow Shield member Dean Ambrose in a Falls Count Anywhere match, defeated fellow Shield member Seth Rollins, and then challenged Reigns to a match at WrestleMania. McIntyre claimed that he destroyed The Shield and brought up Reigns' leukemia and family, prompting Reigns to accept the challenge.

After becoming the inaugural WWE Women's Tag Team Champions at Elimination Chamber, The Boss 'n' Hug Connection (Bayley and Sasha Banks) stated that they would defend the titles across Raw, SmackDown, and NXT. They retained their championships against Raw's Nia Jax and Tamina at Fastlane, and were then called out by SmackDown's The IIconics (Billie Kay and Peyton Royce). On the March 18 episode of Raw, WWE Hall of Famer Beth Phoenix came out of retirement to reform her tag team with Natalya and challenge for the championship at WrestleMania. The next night on SmackDown, The IIconics defeated The Boss 'n' Hug Connection in a non-title match. The champions were then scheduled to defend the titles against Jax and Tamina, Phoenix and Natalya, and The IIconics in a fatal four-way tag team match at WrestleMania.

At Elimination Chamber, Finn Bálor defeated Bobby Lashley and Lio Rush in a handicap match to win Lashley's Intercontinental Championship. Lashley regained the title on the March 11 episode of Raw thanks to assistance from Rush. On the March 25 episode, Bálor earned another title match at WrestleMania by defeating Lashley and Jinder Mahal in another handicap match, and Bálor warned Lashley that he would be facing his alternate persona, "The Demon".

On the April 2 episode of SmackDown, WrestleMania host Alexa Bliss informed The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) that while forfeiting their gauntlet match against The New Day (Big E and Xavier Woods) the previous week was honorable, there would be repercussions. She then scheduled them to defend the SmackDown Tag Team Championship at WrestleMania in a fatal four-way tag team match against The Bar (Cesaro and Sheamus), Aleister Black and Ricochet, and Rusev and Shinsuke Nakamura.

Pre-show matches
On the February 19 episode of 205 Live, General Manager Drake Maverick scheduled an eight-man tournament with the winner facing Buddy Murphy for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship on the WrestleMania 35 Kickoff pre-show. Over the next few weeks, Tony Nese, Drew Gulak, Oney Lorcan, Cedric Alexander, Kalisto, The Brian Kendrick, Humberto Carrillo, and Akira Tozawa competed in the tournament, which was won by Nese.

On the March 4 episode of Raw, Braun Strowman was confronted backstage by Saturday Night Lives Colin Jost and Michael Che; Jost questioned the legitimacy of professional wrestling, resulting in Strowman choke lifting him. The following week, Che and Jost apologized and gifted a brand new car to Strowman only for Strowman to dismantle the car. On the March 25 episode, Strowman challenged Jost to join him in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal. Che agreed on Jost's behalf, who in turn agreed that Che would also participate.

Event

Pre-show
Four matches were contested on the two-hour WrestleMania 35 Kickoff pre-show. In the first match, Buddy Murphy defended the WWE Cruiserweight Championship against Tony Nese. In the end, Nese performed a "Running Kneese" on Murphy, who was seated in the corner, to win the title.

The WrestleMania Women's Battle Royal took place next. In the end, Sarah Logan seemingly last eliminated Asuka, but Carmella, who had not actually been eliminated, re-entered the ring and eliminated Logan with a superkick to win the match and the trophy then hugged her father in celebration.

After that, The Revival (Scott Dawson and Dash Wilder) defended the Raw Tag Team Championship against Curt Hawkins and Zack Ryder. In the end, Dawson performed a brainbuster on Hawkins outside the ring, then rolled him back into the ring. Hawkins feigned unconsciousness and then rolled up Dawson to win the titles and end his 269-match losing streak.

The last pre-show match was the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal. During the majority of the match, WrestleMania correspondents Colin Jost and Michael Che hid under the ring. In the end, as The Hardy Boyz (Jeff Hardy and Matt Hardy) were trying to eliminate Braun Strowman, Che and Jost entered the ring in an attempt to help The Hardy Boyz, however, Strowman overpowered the four and eliminated The Hardy Boyz. Jost attempted to work things out with Strowman by inviting his therapist in the ring, however, Strowman attacked the therapist and then eliminated Che. Strowman then picked Jost up and threw him outside of the ring on top of other wrestlers (participants who also competed in the match and were already eliminated) to win the match and the trophy.

Preliminary matches
The actual pay-per-view opened with WrestleMania host Alexa Bliss welcoming the crowd. She then brought out Hulk Hogan to hype the crowd for the event. Paul Heyman interrupted the two and marched to the ring. He declared that if Brock Lesnar was not fighting in the main event, he would not wait the entire show for his Universal Championship defense against Seth Rollins and then proceeded to introduce Lesnar. As Rollins approached the ring, he was immediately attacked by Lesnar. After the match officially started, Lesnar delivered several German suplexes to Rollins. Rollins countered an "F-5" attempt and shoved Lesnar into the referee. While the referee was incapacitated, Rollins attacked Lesnar with a low blow followed by a superkick and three "Curb Stomps" to win the title.

Next, AJ Styles faced Randy Orton. During the match, Orton attempted an "RKO", only for Styles to counter several times. Outside the ring, Orton hit Styles with a chair several times targeting his knee. Orton eventually performed an "RKO" for a near-fall. In the end, Styles performed a "Phenomenal Forearm" on Orton outside the ring and again in the ring to win the match.

After that, The Usos defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against The Bar (Cesaro and Sheamus), Rusev and Shinsuke Nakamura, and Aleister Black and Ricochet in a fatal four-way tag team match. During the match, Cesaro performed the "Cesaro Swing" on Ricochet for a full minute while Sheamus performed the "Beats of the Bodhrán" on four opponents. A superplex attempt by The Bar developed into a top-rope maneuver involving seven wrestlers. In the end, The Usos delivered a double "Superfly Splash" on Sheamus to retain the titles.

In the following match, The Miz faced Shane McMahon in a falls count anywhere match. During the match, Shane dominated Miz which prompted Miz's dad, who was sitting in the front row, to come into the ring and attempt to fight Shane, however, Shane attacked him. Miz and Shane then fought out into the crowd. In the end, Miz performed a Skull Crushing-Finale on Shane for a near-fall, then Miz performed a superplex on Shane off of a 15-foot camera stage to a lower platform just above the floor. As Shane landed on top of Miz, the referee counted a pinfall, giving the win to Shane.

Next, The Boss 'n' Hug Connection (Bayley and Sasha Banks) defended the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship against Nia Jax & Tamina, The IIconics (Billie Kay and Peyton Royce), and Beth Phoenix & Natalya in a fatal four-way tag team match. In the end, Phoenix performed a "Glam Slam" on Bayley off the top rope. Royce threw Phoenix out of the ring, while Kay, who had tagged Phoenix, pinned Bayley to win the titles.

After that, Daniel Bryan (accompanied by Rowan) defended the WWE Championship against The New Day's Kofi Kingston (accompanied by his teammates Big E and Xavier Woods). During the match, Rowan prevented Kingston from attacking Bryan outside the ring which prompted Big E and Woods to incapacitate Rowan. This allowed Kingston to get Bryan back in the ring. Bryan performed the running knee for a near-fall. Bryan applied the "LeBell Lock", however, Kingston escaped. In the climax, Kingston performed a "Trouble in Paradise" on Bryan to win his first WWE Championship, also becoming WWE's 30th Triple Crown Champion, 20th Grand Slam Champion, and the first African-born WWE Champion. Kingston celebrated with his sons while Big E and Woods discarded Bryan's custom eco-friendly championship belt and presented Kingston with the standard leather and gold-plated WWE Championship belt.

Next, Samoa Joe defended the United States Championship against Rey Mysterio. Mysterio started with a "619" on Joe. As Mysterio went to capitalize, he was caught by Joe in the "Coquina Clutch" and passed out. Joe retained the title in a one-minute match.

In the following match, Drew McIntyre faced Roman Reigns. McIntyre dominated Reigns most of the match. In the end, as McIntyre attacked Reigns with a "Glasgow Kiss", Reigns bounced off the ropes and performed a superman punch and a spear on McIntyre to win the match.

After that, Elias started his WrestleMania concert. He performed on the guitar while an edited video showing him performing on piano and drum set played simultaneously. He was then interrupted by a Babe Ruth video, followed by John Cena, who came out in his Doctor of Thuganomics gimmick (circa 2002–2004) and sporting a New York Yankees jersey. Cena insulted Elias and then attacked him with an "F-U" (the original name for Cena's "Attitude Adjustment" during his Thuganomics gimmick).

Next, Triple H put his career on the line in a No Holds Barred match against Batista. Early in the match, Triple H pulled out Batista's nose ring with pliers. Later, Batista attempted a "Batista Bomb" on Triple H on a broadcast table, only for Triple H to counter and execute a spear on Batista. Back in the ring, Batista performed a spear and a "Batista Bomb" on Triple H, both resulting in near-falls. Triple H executed a powerbomb on Batista on the ring stairs and a "Pedigree" for another near-fall. The end came when Ric Flair appeared and handed Triple H his signature sledgehammer. Triple H struck Batista with the sledgehammer and followed it up with a second "Pedigree" to win the match. Triple H kept his in-ring career intact while Batista announced his retirement from professional wrestling shortly after the event.

After that, Baron Corbin faced Kurt Angle in Angle's farewell match. In the end, Corbin performed the "End of Days" on Angle to win the match. Following the match, Angle delivered a short retirement speech, thanking the fans.

In the penultimate match, Bobby Lashley (accompanied by Lio Rush) defended the Intercontinental Championship against Finn Bálor in his "Demon" persona. Lashley performed a spear on Bálor through the ropes and then again in the ring for a near-fall. In the climax, Bálor performed a powerbomb and the "Coup de Grâce" on Lashley to regain the title for a second time.

Main event

The main event was the first women's main event match in WrestleMania history; Becky Lynch faced Raw Women's Champion Ronda Rousey and SmackDown Women's Champion Charlotte Flair in a Winner Takes All triple threat match for both titles. In the end, Flair locked in the "Figure-Eight Leglock" on Rousey. Lynch broke up the hold and, together with Rousey, put Flair through a table. Rousey performed the "Piper's Pit" on Lynch, who countered into a crucifix – Rousey's first pinfall loss – to win both the Raw and SmackDown Women's Championships — her first Raw Women's Championship and record-tying third SmackDown Women's Championship. The match began after midnight Eastern Time, thus Lynch won the match on April 8.

Reception
The event received fairly positive reviews from critics and viewers alike. Much criticism, however, was drawn towards the overall runtime of the event. Including the pre-show, the event clocked in at 7.5 hours, making it the longest pay-per-view the company has ever produced. The Becky Lynch–Ronda Rousey–Charlotte Flair and Kofi Kingston–Daniel Bryan storylines were also criticized in general for being too similar to Daniel Bryan's storyline for WrestleMania XXX against The Authority, although Lynch's and Kingston's rises were seen as a positive and largely supported by the fanbase.

Brian Campbell of CBS Sports directed praise towards the WWE Championship match between Daniel Bryan and Kofi Kingston, saying "After 11 long years, there is no trouble at all for Kingston, only paradise. The WWE veteran and one-third of The New Day pulled off an inspiring victory for the ages to cap off an amazing bit of storytelling following an unlikely and organic bid. Crowning Kingston as just the second male African-American WWE champion in the promotion's history certainly wasn't on the books as recently as two months ago but the combination of Kingston's in-ring performances and the undying support of the crowd made it the right thing to do". He also directed praise towards the Falls Count Anywhere match between Shane McMahon and The Miz, saying "As far as car wrecks go, this one was an artistic masterpiece. Not only did The Miz bring enough hatred and aggression to match the angle of protecting his father from McMahon, the creative use of the stadium for the match stipulation turned out to be brilliant".

Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer stated that the main event was "good", but the controversial way the match ended lead him to believe "that Rousey will be back for at least another show because Corey Graves was pointing out how this wasn't the way he'd want WrestleMania to end." He noted that the Styles-Orton match wasn't "as good as you'd expect from these two", calling it a "slow deliberate match" that "never reached a fever pitch." However, Meltzer loved the Kingston-Bryan match, calling it a great match stating, "this blew away everything" at that point. He also liked the Rollins-Lesnar match stating that, despite its short length, "this tore down the house with the quick all big moves match like a Lesnar-Goldberg style." Meltzer felt the SmackDown Tag Team Championship match "could have been a classic if given more time", praising the Cesaro Swing to Ricochet, the tower of doom superplex spot and the Double Superfly splash in the end. Meltzer also felt the Reigns-McIntyre match "wasn't much" and that it was McIntyre doing most of the heavy work. He also stated that "Reigns looked tons better at Fastlane".

Joshua Needelman of The Washington Post said the fans "got the result they wanted" for the main event match, but stated that the ending "felt anticlimactic. It was Rousey's first time being pinned in WWE, yes, but it was hardly a definitive pin". Needleman noted in the Kingston-Bryan match that the crowd "exploded, bouncing up and down in their seats, as Big E and Xavier Woods...stormed the ring to celebrate". He also felt that Ric Flair's interference in the Triple H-Batista match felt "poetic, given the beef started when Batista beat up Flair on the legend's 70th birthday". Needelman praised the superplex spot at the end of the Miz-McMahon match stating it "was a shocking moment, one made for highlight reels". He gave special praise to Ricochet in the SmackDown Tag Team Championship match stating that "Ricochet provided an array of jaw-dropping moves in the short match". He stated that the Styles-Orton match was "a true clash of wrestling personalities" and that both men "delivered an entertaining match that was slow early but picked up as the action wore on".

Wade Keller of Pro Wrestling Torch called the main event "a hell of a match" claiming it had "great pacing throughout" and was "non-stop drama". He stated the Universal Championship match was "not much of a match at all, which is always disappointing". He also stated that the crowd cheered, not really for the match, but rather for the "end of the Universal Title being around the waist of someone who they have been swayed to believe doesn't want to be there". Keller felt that the SmackDown Tag Team Championship match had "lots of action", but concluded that with that many wrestlers, "it's more about the spots than telling a usual story". Keller also loved the Kingston-Bryan match calling it "straight forward, with the heel getting a sustained beatdown and eventually the babyface scoring a clean win with a finishing move". Keller noted that there was a lot of indifference from the crowd during Reigns-McIntyre match and that it was "paced in a way that reenforced that indifference". He concluded that the match "did nothing to get fans who weren't really excited about Roman any more excited that this is some new chapter for him".

Aftermath

Raw
The following night on Raw, new Raw and SmackDown Women's Champion Becky Lynch thanked the fans for their support and warned Ronda Rousey that she would be waiting for a rematch when Rousey returned from her post-WrestleMania hiatus. Lynch was subsequently attacked by Lacey Evans, who was drafted to Raw during the Superstar Shake-up and defeated Natalya to become the number one contender for the Raw Women's Championship at Money in the Bank. Charlotte Flair also earned a rematch for the SmackDown Women's Championship at the same event by defeating new SmackDown draftee Bayley.

New Universal Champion Seth Rollins proclaimed that, unlike Brock Lesnar, he would be a fighting champion. He was then interrupted by The New Day; new WWE Champion Kofi Kingston challenged Rollins to a "Winner Takes All" match that Rollins accepted, but the match ended in disqualification when The Bar (Sheamus and Cesaro) attacked Kingston. This led to a tag team match where Rollins and Kingston defeated The Bar. New Raw draftee AJ Styles then earned a Universal Championship match against Rollins at Money in the Bank, while Kevin Owens began a feud with Kingston, leading to a WWE Championship match at the same event. Before Money in the Bank, former WWE Champion Daniel Bryan received a rematch for the title on the May 6 episode of Raw, but was unsuccessful in regaining the title–although the two were SmackDown wrestlers, Vince McMahon introduced a "wild card rule" allowing up to four wrestlers to appear on the opposing brand's show by invitation going forward.

Baron Corbin boasted about defeating Kurt Angle, who interrupted him. Angle feigned to wish Corbin luck and then performed the Angle Slam and an Ankle Lock on Corbin. NXT's Lars Sullivan then made his main roster debut and attacked Angle. Corbin was later entered into the Money in the Bank ladder match to represent Raw, along with Drew McIntyre, Braun Strowman, and new draftee Ricochet, though Sami Zayn replaced Strowman after defeating the latter. SmackDown's Ali (formerly Mustafa Ali), Andrade, Randy Orton, and new draftee Finn Bálor were also entered into the ladder match.

Elias tried to continue his concert on Raw. He insulted John Cena and warned that the next to interrupt him would be "a dead man". The Undertaker then appeared and delivered a Tombstone Piledriver to Elias. Notably, WrestleMania 35 was the first WrestleMania in 19 years without The Undertaker's involvement, and the first in 29 years The Undertaker (then with WCW) missed a WrestleMania without being injured. Elias was then transferred to SmackDown in the Superstar Shake-up, along with Roman Reigns, and the two began a feud leading to a match at Money in the Bank. Before Money in the Bank, Reigns appeared on the May 6 episode of Raw where he had a WrestleMania rematch with Drew McIntyre, who again lost to Reigns, this time by disqualification.

In the tag team division, The Revival lost their rematch for the Raw Tag Team Championship against Zack Ryder and Curt Hawkins. On SmackDown, The Usos lost their SmackDown Tag Team Championship against The Hardy Boyz. The Usos were then drafted to Raw in the Superstar Shake-up and began a feud with The Revival, but also tried to regain the SmackDown Tag Team Championship after The Hardys relinquished them due to Jeff's injury, but lost to Daniel Bryan and Rowan.

WrestleMania 35 host Alexa Bliss taunted The Boss 'n' Hug Connection for losing their WWE Women's Tag Team Championship and claimed she could defeat either of them and proceeded to defeat Bayley on Raw. The next night on SmackDown, new champions The IIconics vowed to be fighting champions and then retained in a match against local competitors, The Brooklyn Belles. Paige, who was watching backstage, revealed that she would be bringing a new tag team to SmackDown to manage and go after the titles; revealed to be Asuka and NXT call-up Kairi Sane, who would later be known as The Kabuki Warriors. On Raw during the Superstar Shake-up, as Sasha Banks was absent, Bayley teamed with new Raw draftee Naomi and defeated the champions in a non-title match. Bliss, Naomi, Natalya, Dana Brooke, Bayley, Mandy Rose, new SmackDown draftee Ember Moon, and Carmella were later confirmed for the women's Money in the Bank ladder match; due to medical reasons, Bliss was replaced by new draftee Nikki Cross.

SmackDown
On the following episode of SmackDown, Carmella celebrated her winning the WrestleMania Women's Battle Royal with R-Truth only for United States Champion Samoa Joe to interrupt and attack Truth. Joe then boasted that he could beat any challenger quicker than he defeated Rey Mysterio at WrestleMania and then got into a brawl with André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal winner Braun Strowman. Joe and Mysterio were then moved to Raw during the Superstar Shake-up and continued their feud, leading to a title rematch at Money in the Bank.

Following his drafting to the Raw brand in the Superstar Shake-up the following week, The Miz attacked Shane McMahon, seeking retribution. Shane then attacked Miz during a match with Bobby Lashley on the April 29 episode of Raw and Miz later challenged Shane to a Steel Cage match at Money in the Bank that Shane accepted.

On 205 Live, Tony Nese defeated Buddy Murphy in a rematch to retain the WWE Cruiserweight Championship. Murphy was then transferred to SmackDown during the Superstar Shake-up.

Transit delays
After the event, many fans who had taken NJ Transit to Meadowlands Rail Line and planned to return that way had to wait in the rain for hours. The transit agency had expected that WWE would end the event at 10:30 p.m., as it had told them they expected it to, and planned its staffing needs around that. When the event ran two hours longer, most of those staff had exceeded the limits of their daily work hours as permitted by Federal Railroad Administration regulations, and had gone home, leaving train crews shorthanded. At some points fans threatened to riot if trains did not come; their attempts to get alternative transportation through Uber were also mostly unsuccessful. NJ Transit had expected from 8,000 to 13,000 riders; instead 33,000 headed for the trains after the event.

NJ Transit officials blamed WWE for not telling them until the event had run later than scheduled that it would end after 10:30; some fans agreed with the railroad, recalling that WrestleMania 29 (the last WrestleMania held at MetLife Stadium) had ended around 10p.m. and there were no problems with the trains. WWE officials responded that they do not plan specific ending times. The failure drew comparisons to similar rail delays that accompanied Super Bowl XLVIII at MetLife Stadium in 2014, which had attracted almost the same number of fans to the Meadowlands.

New Jersey elected officials dismissed the transit agency's response. Upon hearing that NJ Transit had not adequately explained the reason for the delays to the waiting fans, Governor Phil Murphy, who has made a priority of reforming the agency, called that "completely, utterly, dog-ate-my-homework unacceptable." State senator Paul Sarlo of nearby Wood-Ridge, who chairs that body's Budget and Appropriations committee, said the delays hurt the state's reputation. "It sends a bad message that imperils our ability to attract and retain the sports and entertainment events that deliver economic benefits." He suggested that the state could alleviate these problems in the future by completing the loop intended to take event attendees from Secaucus Junction to the Meadowlands; currently trains that take the spur from the Pascack Valley Line to the Meadowlands station must back out of it since the line ends there, causing delays when passenger volume is high.

Results

WWE Cruiserweight Championship #1 Contender Tournament

References

External links

WrestleMania
2019 WWE pay-per-view events
2019 WWE Network events
Professional wrestling in East Rutherford, New Jersey
Professional wrestling in New Jersey
2019 in New Jersey
Events in New Jersey
Events in East Rutherford, New Jersey
April 2019 events in the United States
Women in WWE

WrestleMania 35


Eugene Woodworth (August 13, 1928 – December 21, 2013) was a professional ballet dancer who married his partner Eric Marcoux (born 1931) in 2013, after 60 years together.

Biography
Eugene Woodworth met Eric Marcoux through a mutual friend on June 13, 1953, in Chicago. Woodworth was a professional ballet dancer, and Marcoux had just left a Trappist monastery. Woodworth later became an in-house repairman for Tektronix, while Eric taught art and Tibetan Buddhism. Later in life, they participated in Friendly House's Gay and Grey program. They lived in northwest Portland, Oregon.

Woodworth hoped to pass his Social Security benefits to Marcoux. When Woodworth was diagnosed with congestive heart failure and given just weeks to live, he decided to marry Marcoux, even if gay marriage was not yet legal in Oregon. They married in Washington at Clark County Courthouse on December 13, 2013.

References

1928 births
2013 deaths
Artists from Portland, Oregon
American gay artists
Gay dancers

Eugene Woodworth


The M Queens Boulevard Local/Sixth Avenue Local is a rapid transit service in the B division of the New York City Subway. It's route or bullet has been colored Orange , Since it uses the IND Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan . The M operates on weekdays . But on weekends , it terminates at Essex St in Manhattan or Myrtle Av in Brooklyn. The M runs between Middle Village - Metropolitan Ave and Forest Hills - 71 Ave , it's equipment is the Alstom R160A-1.
 M Used To Run Via Nassau St To Bay Pkwy But In 2010, MTA Eliminated The M <M>

New York City Subway

M (New York City Subway service)