𐌰
𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍄𐌰𐌿, 𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌽, 𐌰𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍄, 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌴𐍄, 𐌰𐌻𐍄𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌿𐌽, 𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐍉𐌽, 𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌱𐍂𐌰, 𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌰𐌿𐍂, 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐍂𐍄𐍉𐌽, 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌰𐌺, 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌹𐌺, 𐌰𐌽𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌹, 𐌰𐌽𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌹 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌲𐌰, 𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌴𐌽𐌰𐌺, 𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌷𐌹𐌻, 𐌰𐍃𐌾𐍄𐍉𐌽

𐌱

'𐍃'

𐌳

E

F
Falmouth, Farms Common, Fenton Pits, Fentonadle, Feock, Fernsplatt, Fistral Beach, Fivelanes, Fletchersbridge, Flexbury, Flushing, Fonston, Forder, Forge, Forrabury, Foundry, Four Lanes, Fowey, Foxhole, Fraddam, Fraddon, Freathy, Frogmore, Frogpool, Frogwell

G
Gam, Gang, Garker, Garras, Georgia, Germoe, Gerrans, Gilbert's Coombe, Gillan, Gloweth, Gluvian, Godolphin Cross, Godrevy, Golant, Golberdon, Goldsithney, Gollawater, Gonamena, Goon Gumpas, Goon Piper, Goonabarn, Goonbell, Goonhavern, Goonhusband, Goonlaze, Goonown, Goonvrea, Gooseham, Gooseham Mill, Gorran Churchtown, Gorran Haven, Gorran High Lanes, Gothers, Gracca, Grade, Grampound, Grampound Road, Great Bosullow, Great Tree, Great Work, Green Bottom, Greensplat, Greenwith Common, Grillis, Grimscott, Grumbla, Gulval, Gummow's Shop, Gunnislake, Gunwalloe, Gwallon, Gwavas, Gwavas, Gwedna, Gweek, Gwennap, Gwenter, Gwills, Gwinear, Gwinear Downs, Gwithian

H
Halabezack, Halamanning, Hale Mills, Halgabron, Hallew, Hallworthy, Halsetown, Halton Barton, Halvosso, Halwin, Hannafore, Harcourt, Harlyn, Harlyn Bay, Harrowbarrow, Hatt, Hawker's Cove, Hay, Haye, Hayle, Heamoor, Helebridge, Helford, Helford Passage, Helland, Hellandbridge, Hellesveor, Helscott, Helston, Helston Water, Helstone, Hendra, Hendra Croft, Hendrabridge, Hendraburnick, Henwood, Herniss, Herodsfoot, Hersham, Hessenford, Hewas Water, Hick's Mill, High Cross, Constantine, High Cross, Truro, High Lanes, High Street, Higher Bal, Higher Boscaswell, Higher Condurrow, Higher Crackington, Higher Cransworth, Higher Downs, Higher Lank, Higher Menadew, Higher Penpol, Higher Porthpean, Higher Tolcarne, Higher Town, Higher Town (Scilly), Higher Tremarcoombe, Highercliff, Highertown, Highlanes, Highway, Hillhead, Holmbush, Holy Vale, Holywell, Hornick, Horningtops, Horsedowns, Hugh Town, Hugus

I
Idless, Illand, Illogan, Illogan Highway, Inchs, Indian Queens, Insworke

J
Jacobstow, Jolly's Bottom, Joppa

K
Kea, Kehelland, Kelly, Kelly Bray, Kelly Rounds, Kelynack, Kennards House, Kenneggy, Kenneggy Downs, Kents, Kenwyn, Kerley Downs, Kerris, Kersbrook Cross, Kerthen Wood, Kestle, Kestle Mill, Keybridge, Kilhallon, Kilkhampton, Killaworgey, Killivose, Kingbeare, Kingsand, Knave go by, Knightor, Knightsmill, Kuggar, Kynance Cove

L
Laddenvean, Ladock, Ladycross, Laity Moor, Lamanva, Lambourne, Lamellion, Lamledra, Lamorick, Lamorna, Lamorran, Landewednack, Landrake, Land's End, Landulph, Lane, Lane-end, Laneast, Lanescot, Langore, Lanhydrock, Lanivet, Lanjeth, Lanjew, Lank, Lanlivery, Lanner, Lanreath, Lansallos, Lanteglos-by-Camelford, Lanteglos-by-Fowey, Lanteglos Highway, Lantuel, Lantyan, Larrick, Latchbrook, Latchley, Launcells Cross, Launceston, Lavrean, Lawhitton, Leburnick, Leedstown, Lelant, Lelant Downs, Lellizzick, Lerryn, Lesnewth, Levalsa Meor, Lewannick, Lezant, Lezerea, Linkinhorne, Liskeard, Little Beside, Little Bosullow, Little Comfort, Little Petherick, Little Treviscoe, Lizard peninsula, Lizard, Lockengate, Lodge Hill, London Apprentice, Longdowns, Long Rock, Longships, Longstone (St Mabyn), Longstone (St Mary's), Looe, Looe Mills, Lostwithiel, Lower Amble, Lower Bodinnar, Lower Boscaswell, Lower Brynn, Lower Clicker, Lower Croan, Lower Lank, Lower Menadue, Lower Mill, Lower Penpol, Lower Porthpean, Lower Rose, Lower Town, Lower Trebullett, Lower Tregantle, Lower Woodley, Lower Woon, Lowertown (Luxulyan), Lowertown-by-Helston, Luckett, Ludgvan, Luxulyan, Lynstone

M
Mabe Burnthouse, Maders, Madron, Maenporth, Maer, Malpas, Manaccan, Manhay, Manor Parsley, Marazanvose, Marazion, Marhamchurch, Marshgate, Maryfield, Maudlin, Mawgan, Mawgan Porth, Mawla, Mawnan, Mawnan Smith, Maxworthy, Mayon, Maypole, Meaver, Medlyn, Melinsey, Mellangoose, Mellingey, Mena, Menabilly, Menacuddle, Menadarva, Menagissey, Menheniot, Menherion, Menna, Merry Meeting, Merrymeet, Merther, Merther Lane, Metherell, Mevagissey, Michaelstow, Middle Crackington, Middle Penpol, Middle Taphouse, Middle Town (St Agnes), Middle Town (St Martin's), Middlehill, Middlewood, Milcombe, Millbrook, Millendreath, Millook, Millpool, Milltown (Cardinham), Milltown (Lanlivery), Mineshope, Mingoose, Minions, Mitchell, Mithian, Mithian Downs, Mixtow, Molinnis, Mongleath, Monkscross, Moorswater, Mornick, Morvah, Morval, Morwenstow, Mount, Mount Ambrose, Mount Hawke, Mount Hermon, Mount Misery, Mount Pleasant, Mountjoy, Mousehole, Muchlarnick, Mulberry, Mulfra, Mullion, Mullion Cove, Mylor, Mylor Bridge, Mylor Churchtown

N
Nance, Nanceddan, Nancegollan, Nancemellin, Nancenoy, Nancledra, Nanpean, Nanquidno, Nansledan, Nanstallon, Nantithet, Narkurs, Navarino, Netherton, New Downs, New Grimsby, New Mill, New Mills, New Polzeath, Newbridge, Newlyn, Newport, Newquay, Newton, Newtown, Newtown-in-St Martin, Nine Maidens Downs, Ninnes, Ninnes Bridge, No Man's Land, Noonvares, Normandy, Norris Green, North Beer, North Corner, North Country, North Darley, North Hill, North Petherwin, North Tamerton, Northcott, Northward, Notter, Notter Bridge

Old Cardinham Castle, Old Grimsby, Old Kea, Old Mill, Old Park, Old Town, Otterham, Otterham Down, Otterham Mill, Otterham Station

Padstow, Palmersbridge, Pantersbridge, Par, Paramoor, Parc Erissey, Park Bottom, Parkengear, Parkfield, Paul, Paul's Green, Paynter's Cross, Paynter's Lane End, Pelistry, Pelynt, Pempwell, Penare, Penbeagle, Penberth, Penberth Cove, Pencarrow, Pencoys, Pencuke, Pendeen, Pendoggett, Pendrift, Penelewey, Pengegon, Pengelly, Pengersick, Pengold, Pengover Green, Penhale, Penhale Jakes, Penhallam, Penhallick, Penhallow, Penhallym, Penhalurick, Penhalvean, Penmarth, Penmayne, Pennance, Pennytinney, Penpethy, Penpillick, Penpol, Penpoll, Penponds, Penpont, Penrose, Penrose Hill, Penryn, Pensilva, Penstraze, Pentewan, Pentire, Penwartha, Penwartha Coombe, Penweathers, Penwithick, Penzance, Percuil, Perran Downs, Perran Wharf, Perranarworthal, Perrancoombe, Perranporth, Perranuthnoe, Perranwell, Perranwell Station, Perranzabuloe, Peterville, Petherwin Gate, Phillack, Philleigh, Piece, Pillaton, Pipers Pool, Pityme, Plaidy, Plain Street, Plain-an-Gwarry, Playing Place, Plusha, Plushabridge, Point, Polbathic, Polborder, Polbrock, Poldice, Polgear, Polgigga, Polgooth, Polkerris, Polladras, Polmarth, Polmassick, Polmear, Polmorla, Polpenwith, Polpeor, Polperro, Polruan, Poltesco, Polwheveral, Polyphant, Polzeath, Poniou, Ponjeravah, Ponsanooth, Ponsongath, Pont, Pool, Porkellis, Port Gaverne, Port Quin, Port Isaac, Porteath, Porth, Porth Kea, Porth Navas, Porthallow, Porthcothan, Porthcurno, Porthgwarra, Porthgwidden, Porthhallow, Porthilly, Porthleven, Porthloo, Porthmeor, Portholland, Porthoustock, Porthtowan, Portloe, Portlooe, Portmellon, Portreath, Portscatho, Portwrinkle, Poughill, Poundstock, Praa Sands, Praze-an-Beeble, Probus, Prospidnick, Prussia Cove, Puddle

Q
Quethiock, Quintrell Downs, Quoit

R
Radnor, Raginnis, Rame (in Maker-with-Rame), Rame (in Wendron), Readymoney Cove, Reawla, Red Post, Redmoor, Redruth, Redtye, Reen Manor, Rejerrah, Releath, Relubbus, Rescassa, Rescorla, Reskadinnick, Restronguet Passage, Resugga Green, Retallack, Retire, Rezare, Rilla Mill, Rillaton, Rinsey, Rinsey Croft, Rising Sun, Roche, Rock, Rockhead, Rocky Hill, Roscroggan, Rose, Rose-an-Grouse, Rosecare, Rosedinnick, Rosehill, Roseland, Rosemelling, Rosemergy, Rosenannon, Rosenithon, Rosevean, Rosevear, Rosevine, Rosewarne, Roseworthy, Roseworthy Barton, Roskear Croft, Roskorwell, Rosudgeon, Row, Ruan High Lanes, Ruan Lanihorne, Ruan Major, Ruan Minor, Rumford, Ruthernbridge, Ruthvoes

S
Salem, Saltash, Sancreed, Sandplace, Sandylake, Saveock, Scarcewater, Scorrier, Scredda, Sea Mills, Seaton, Seaureaugh Moor, Sellan, Sennen, Sennen Cove, Seworgan, Sharptor, Sheffield, Sheviock, Shop, Shortacross, Shortlanesend, Shutta, Silverwell, Sithney, Sithney Common, Sithney Green, Skewes, Skinner's Bottom, Sladesbridge, Slaughterbridge, South Carne, South Hill, South Petherwin, South Pill, South Tehidy, South Treveneague, South Wheatley, Southcott, Southdown, Sparnon Gate, Splatt, Stenalees, Stencoose, Stennack, Stepaside, Stibb, Sticker, Stithians, Stoke Climsland, Stoptide, Stratton, Stursdon, Summercourt, Sweets, Sweetshouse

St
St Agnes (Cornish mainland), St Agnes (Isles of Scilly), St Allen, St Ann's Chapel, St Anthony-in-Meneage, St Anthony in Roseland, St Austell, St Blazey, St Blazey Gate, St Breock, St Breward, St Buryan, St Cleer, St Clement, St Clether, St Columb Major, St Columb Minor, St Columb Road, St Day, St Dennis, St Dominick, St Endellion, St Enoder, St Erme, St Erney, St Erth, St Erth Praze, St Ervan, St Eval, St Ewe, St Gennys, St Germans, St Gluvias, St Hilary, St Issey, St Ive, St Ive Cross, St Ives, St Jidgey, St John, St Just in Penwith, St Just in Roseland, St Keverne, St Kew, St Kew Highway, St Keyne, St Lawrence, St Levan, St Mabyn, St Martin-by-Looe, St Martin-in-Meneage, St Mawes, St Mawgan, St Mellion, St Merryn, St Mewan, St Michael Caerhays, St Michael Penkevil, St Michael's Mount, St Minver, St Neot, St Newlyn East, St Pinnock, St Ruan, St Stephens by Saltash, St Stephens, St Teath, St Tudy, St Veep, St Wenn, St Winnow

T
Talland, Talskiddy, Telegraph, Temple, Tencreek, Terras, The Towans, The Town, Thorne, Three Hammers, Three Holes Cross, Threemilestone, Threewaters, Thurdon, Tideford, Tideford Cross, Tilland, Timbrelham, Tintagel, Titson, Todpool, Tolborough, Tolcarne, Tolcarne Wartha, Toldish, Tolgullow, Tolgus Mount, Tolskithy, Tolvaddon Downs, Tomperrow, Torfrey, Torpoint, Towan, Towan Cross, Towednack, Townshend, Traboe, Tramagenna, Treal, Treamble, Treath, Treator, Trebarber, Trebartha, Trebarwith, Trebarwith Strand, Trebeath, Trebell Green, Trebetherick, Trebilcock, Trebudannon, Trebullett, Treburgett, Treburgie, Treburley, Treburrick, Trebyan, Treclago, Tredannick, Tredaule, Tredavoe, Tredethy, Tredinnick, Tredrizzick, Treen (in St Levan parish), Treen (in Zennor parish), Treesmill, Trefanny Hill, Treforda, Trefrize, Trefusis, Tregada, Tregadgwith, Tregadillett, Tregajorran, Tregamere, Tregardock, Tregargus, Tregarland, Tregarlandbridge, Tregarne, Tregarrick Mill, Tregaswith, Tregatillian, Tregatta, Tregavarah, Tregear, Tregeare, Tregellist, Tregeseal, Tregew, Tregidden, Tregirls, Tregirls beach, Tregolls, Tregona, Tregonce, Tregonetha, Tregonna, Tregonning, Tregony, Tregoodwell, Tregoose, Tregorden, Tregorrick, Tregoss, Tregreenwell, Tregrehan Mills, Tregue, Tregullon, Tregunna, Tregurrian, Tregurtha Downs, Trehan, Trehemborne, Trehunist, Trekeivesteps, Trekenner, Trekenning, Treknow, Trelan, Trelash, Trelassick, Treleigh, Trelew, Treligga, Trelights, Trelill, Trelion, Treliske, Trelissick, Treliver, Treloquithack, Trelowia, Trelowth, Tremail, Tremaine, Tremar, Trematon, Trematon Castle, Tremayne, Trembraze, Tremedda, Tremethick Cross, Tremore, Tremorebridge, Tremough, Trenance, Trenant, Trenarren, Trenay, Trencreek, Trencrom, Trendeal, Trenear, Treneglos, Trenerth, Trenean, Trenethick Barton Trengale, Trengume, Trenhorne, Treningle, Treninnick, Trenithon, Trenoon, Trenoweth, Trenoweth, Isles of Scilly, Trenwheal, Trequite, Trerair, Trerise, Trerose, Trerulefoot, Tresamble, Tresarrett, Tresavean, Tresawle, Tresawson, Trescoll, Trescowe, Tresean, Tresevern Croft, Tresillian, Tresinney, Treskerby, Treskillard, Treskilling, Treskinnick Cross, Treslothan, Tresmeer, Tresowes Green, Tresoweshill, Tresparrett, Tresparrett Posts, Treswithian, Treswithian Downs, Trethellan Water, Trethevy, Trethewell, Trethewey, Trethillick, Trethosa, Trethowel, Trethurgy, Trevadlock, Trevalga, Trevalgan, Trevance, Trevanger, Trevanson, Trevarrack, Trevarren, Trevarrian, Trevarrick, Trevarth, Treveal, Trevegean, Treveighan, Trevellas, Trevelmond, Trevelver, Trevemper, Treven, Trevena, Trevenen, Trevenen Bal, Trevenning, Treveor, Treverbyn, Treverva, Trevescan, Trevia, Trevigro, Trevilder, Trevilla, Trevilson, Trevine, Treviscoe, Treviskey, Trevithal, Trevoll, Trevone, Trevorrick, Trevowah, Trevowhan, Trew, Trewalder, Trewarmett, Trewartha, Trewassa, Treween, Trewellard, Trewen, Trewennack, Trewennan, Trewetha, Trewethen, Trewethern, Trewey, Trewhiddle, Trewidland, Trewindle, Trewinnion, Trewint, Trewithian, Trewithick, Trewollock, Trewoodloe, Trewoon, Treworga, Treworlas, Treworld, Trewornan, Treworrick, Treworthal, Treyarnon, Trezaise, Trezelah, Trillacott, Trispen, Troan, Trolver, Troon, Troswell, Truas, Truro, Truscott, Trussall, Truthan, Truthwall, Trythogga, Tubbs Mill, Tuckingmill (near Camborne), Tuckingmill (near St Breward), Tuelmenna, Turfdown, Tutwell, Twelveheads, Twelvewoods, Two Bridges, Two Burrows, Tywardreath, Tywardreath Highway

U
United Downs, Uny Lelant, Upton, Upton Cross

V
Valley Truckle, Varfell, Vellanoweth, Venterdon, Ventongimps, Ventonleague, Veryan, Victoria, Viscar, Vogue

W
Wadebridge, Wainhouse Corner, Wall, Wanson, Warbstow, Warbstow Cross, Warleggan, Washaway, Watergate, Waterloo, Wearde, Week Green, Week St Mary, Welltown, Wendron, Wenfordbridge, Werrington, West Curry, West Downs, West Looe, West Pentire, West Taphouse, West Tolgus, West Watergate, West Youlstone, Westdowns, Wheal Alfred, Wheal Baddon, Wheal Busy, Wheal Coates, Wheal Frances, Wheal Kitty, Wheal Rose, Wherrytown, Whipsiderry, White Cross, Whitecross (Crowlas), Whitecross (Lanteglos), Whitecross (St Breock), Whitecross (Blisland), Whitemoor, Whitewell, Whitstone, Widegates, Widemouth Bay, Wilcove, Windmill, Windsor, Winnard's Perch, Withiel, Withielgoose, Woodford, Woolley, Woolston, Woon, Wringsdown

Y
Yeolmbridge

Z
𐌶𐌴𐌻𐌰𐌷, 𐌶𐌰𐌽𐌽𐍉𐍂, 𐌶𐍉𐌰𐍂

See also

 List of settlements in Cornwall by population
 Places of interest in Cornwall
 List of farms in Cornwall
 List of topics related to Cornwall
 List of windmills in Cornwall
 List of civil parishes in Cornwall
 List of places in England

References

External links

 Victorian Gazetteer of Cornwall
 An Index to the Historical Place Names of Cornwall

𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍅𐌰𐌿𐌻
𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃
Pages with unreviewed translations

𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍅𐌰𐌿𐌻 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌴𐌹𐍃


Hadrothemis defecta is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is found in Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zambia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, shrub-dominated wetlands, and intermittent freshwater marshes.

References

Libellulidae
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Insects described in 1891

Hadrothemis defecta


In India, Open Access (उन्मुक्त अभिगम) movement started in May 2004, when two workshops were organized by the M S Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai. In 2006, the National Knowledge Commission in its recommendations proposed that "access to knowledge is the most fundamental way of increasing the opportunities and reach of individuals and groups". In 2009, the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) began requiring that its grantees provide open access to funded research. In 2011, the Open Access India forum formulated a draft policy on Open Access for India. Shodhganga, a digital repository for theses, was established in 2011 with the aim of promoting and preserving academic research. The University Grants Commission (UGC) made it mandatory for scholars to deposit their theses in Shodhganga, as per the Minimum Standards and Procedure for Award of M. Phil./Ph.D. Degrees Regulations, 2016.Currently, the Directory of Open Access Journals lists 326 open access journals published in India, of which 233 have no fees.

Landmarks
 2006 - India's first institutional mandate of open access adopted by the National institute of Technology, Rourkela.
 2008 - First UNESCO book on OA released in India titled "Open Access to Knowledge and Information: Scholarly Literature and Digital Library Initiatives - the South Asian Scenario"
 2009 - UGC Mandates M. Phil & Ph.D. thesis deposition
 2009 - National Knowledge Commission recommends Open Educational Resources .
 2011 - Open Access India formed
2011 - Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) constitutes committee for implementation of Open Access policy in CSIR.
2011 - UGC and INFLIBNET Centre launched the Shodhganga : A Reservoir of Indian Theses, to disseminate theses and dissertations produced in Indian universities.
2013 - National Repository of Open Educational Resources
 2013 - Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) adopted Open Access policy for the establishment of Open Access institutional repositories in the ICAR institutes
 2014 - Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and Department of Science and Technology (DST) jointly made funders mandate for Open Access to the research outputs funded by the DBT/DST.
 2017 - Open Access India had developed and submitted a draft 'National Open Access Policy' to the Ministries of Human Resource Development and Science & Technology.
 2017 - AgriXiv, preprints repository launched by Open Access India with the support of the Centre for Open Science.
2018 - The "Delhi Declaration on Open Access" in South Asia was issued on 14 February 2018, signed by dozens of academics and supporters.
2018 - The University Grants Commission's thesis repository, Shodhganga which is in place due to the Ministry of HRD's directives, encourages the authors to tag the submissions with Creative Commons Licence Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).
2019 - IndiaRxiv, India's preprint repository launched by the Open Access India community.
2019 - Open Access India joins AmeliCA in taking forward the 'non-profit publishing model to preserve the scholarly communications' in India
2020 - AgriXiv is relaunched as agriRxiv by jointly by the Open Access India and CABI.
 2020 - Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 2020 (draft) propose to make preprints and post prints available through a central repository.
 2022 - IndiaRxiv relaunched using Open Preprint Systems of Public Knowledge Project.
 2022 - The Central University of Haryana adopted Open Access Policy

Forums
The Open Access India forum was started in 2011 as an online forum and as a community of practice. The members of the community of practice, Open Access India had adapted the PLOS's Open Access logo and modified it to represent it as the Open Access movement in India and had formulated a draft policy on Open Access for India.

Journals
As of April 2022, the Directory of Open Access Journals lists 326 open access journals which are being published from India of which, 233 are having no Article Processing Charges.. Titles include the Indian Journal of Community Medicine, Indian Journal of Medical Research, Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology and Journal of Horticultural Sciences.

Repositories

As of April 2018, there are at least 78 collections of scholarship in India housed in digital open access repositories. They contain journal articles, book chapters, data, and other research outputs that are free to read. The Open Access India with the help of Centre for Open Science had launched a preprint repository for India, IndiaRxiv on 5 August 2019 which had recently crossed 100 records mark. However, it is not accepting the records currently on its OSF but there is an update of resumption on new website. The Open Access India earlier had launched AgriXiv, preprints repository for agriculture and allied sciences which is now currently with CABI as agriRxiv.

See also
 National Digital Library of India
 Internet in India
 Education in India
 Media of India
 Science and technology in India
 Copyright law of India
 List of libraries in India
 Open access in other countries

References

Further reading
 Guttikonda, A., & Gutam, S. (2009). Prospects of open access to Indian agricultural research: A case study of ICAR. First Monday, 14(7). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v14i7.2488

  (About National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources)
  (Includes information about India, Brazil, China, Russia, South Africa)

External links

Academia in India
India
Publishing in India
Science and technology in India
Communications in India

Open access in India


The Halifax rating was a valuation of the Spanish dollar in the £sd accounting system. It set the Spanish dollar at a value of 5 shillings (60 pence) and was established c.1750 in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The rating was set 6 pence higher than the actual silver content of the coins, in an effort to keep the coins in circulation, as there was no advantage to melting the coins for their bullion content.

The Halifax rating was used officially in Upper and Lower Canada until 1841 when the gold standard was adopted for the dollar; however, United Empire Loyalists brought the York rating into Upper Canada, where it persisted well into the 19th century despite its outlawing (in favour of the Halifax rating) in 1796.

Currencies of Canada
Economic history of Ontario

Halifax rating


Frances Whitmore (1666–1695) was a British courtier.
Frances was one of the Hampton Court Beauties painted by Sir Godfrey Kneller for Queen Mary II.
She was styled Dame Frances Myddelton.

Family
Her father was Sir Thomas Whitmore, (son of Sir Thomas Whitmore, 1st Baronet), and her mother was Hon. Frances Brooke (1640–1690).

She married Sir Richard Myddelton, 3rd Baronet (1655–1716) in c.1686.
They had three children:
 Frances Myddelton (d.1693),
 Mary Myddelton (1688–1747),
 Sir William Myddelton, 4th Baronet (1694–1718).

Other
As one of the Hampton Court Beauties, Frances Myddelton (Nee Whitmore) was known as Lady Myddelton, coincidentally, her husband's aunt is the Mrs Myddelton of the Windsor Beauties and her own mother is Lady Whitmore of the Windsor Beauties.

References

External links

17th-century English people
1666 births
1695 deaths
Wives of baronets

Frances Whitmore


Tron: Uprising is an animated science-fiction television series from Disney XD. It lasted from 2012 to 2013. It is a prequel to Tron: Legacy and a sequel to Tron.

Premise
After an evil computer program named Clu takes over the computer world called The Grid so that he can kill all Isos to create wikt:perfection and become a dictator, Tron goes into exile wounded and beaten and decides to train an apprentice named Beck also known as The Renegade so that he can overthrow Clu with a revolution.

Cast
Elijah Wood as Beck/The Renegade
Bruce Boxleitner as Tron
Mandy Moore as Mara
Nate Cordry as Zed
Lance Henriksen as General Tesler
Emmanuelle Chriqui as Paige
Reginald VelJohnson as Able
Paul Reubens as Pavel
Tricia Helfer as the narrator

2010s animated television series
2012 television series debuts
2013 television series endings

Tron: Uprising


Timewind is the fifth album by Klaus Schulze. It was originally released in 1975, and in 2006 was the twenty-second Schulze album reissued by Revisited Records. It is Schulze's first solo album to use a sequencer.

For many years this was his only work available in the United States and was therefore rated higher by American listeners than 1977's Mirage or X of the following year. It was awarded the Grand Prix du Disque (Grand Prize for Records) of L'Académie Charles Cros.

Overview
Evolving slowly but deliberately over the course of each album side, Timewind has been deemed an electronic version of an Indian raga. It resembles in many ways a longer variation of the third track from Tangerine Dream's 1974 album Phaedra, "Movements of a Visionary," but it remains a transitional work somewhere between the Krautrock of Schulze's earlier output and the Berlin School character of his following efforts. The intention of Timewind was to invoke a timeless state in the listener.

Both track titles are references to the nineteenth-century composer Richard Wagner. Bayreuth is the Bavarian town where Wagner had an opera house built for the first performance of his massive Ring Cycle. Wahnfried is the name of Wagner's home in Bayreuth in the grounds of which he was buried in 1883. It is also a pen-name used by Schulze himself.

"Bayreuth Return" was recorded on two-track equipment in one take, and is essentially "live in the studio". Its rhythmic basis is a single analog sequencer pattern, transposed and manipulated in real time. (The manipulation primarily consists of changing the 'return' point of the sequence.) String synthesizer chords, improvised melodies, and complex sound effects are the remaining ingredients. "Wahnfried 1883", in contrast, is a slow piece that was composed and multitracked. Its main building blocks are layers of slow, shimmering pads and lines. The kaleidoscopic key changes without obvious 'home key' (the piece remains consonant throughout) may be seen as a musical nod to Wagner: also, a leitmotif appears. An excerpt of the graphic performance score appears on the inside sleeve of the original vinyl version. The reissue bonus track "Echoes of Time" is a longer alternate take of "Bayreuth Return".

Track listing
All tracks composed by Klaus Schulze.

Personnel
 Klaus Schulze – ARP 2600, ARP Odyssey, EMS Synthi-A, Elka String Synthesizer, Farfisa Professional Duo Organ and Piano, Synthanorma Sequencer.

References

External links
 Timewind at the official site of Klaus Schulze

Klaus Schulze albums
1975 albums

Timewind


The My Mood Monitor Screen (aka M3 Checklist) is a quick, validated, self-rated, multi-dimensional mental health symptom checklist that screens for and monitors changes in potential mood and anxiety symptoms.

The 27-item instrument assesses an individual's risk of having depression, anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and bipolar disorder, as well as items for drug and alcohol use and functional impairment.  It was developed by a group of doctors and is recognized by NCQA as a pre-validated mental health tool for its Patient Centered Medical Home Recognition Program.

The questionnaire can be filled in online or by smartphone using an app called WhatsMyM3 on iTunes or Android.  It calculates the user's M3 Score and, if desired, the results can then be sent to a health professional.
The consumer version of My Mood Monitor is called "WhatsMyM3," and the professional version is called "M3 Clinician".

Validation and psychometrics
Effectiveness of the M3 Checklist has been validated against the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), a standard diagnostic tool, by Gaynes et al. at the University of North Carolina.

References

External links
"What's My M3" website

Mental disorders screening and assessment tools
Depression screening and assessment tools
Anxiety screening and assessment tools
Mania screening and assessment tools

My Mood Monitor Screen


The Stasi was the official state security service of East Germany, the German Democratic Republic in short the GDR. The Stasi motto was "Schild und Schwert der Partei" (Shield and Sword of the Party). "The Party" was the ruling Socialist Unity Party of Germany. The main job of the Stasi was to prevent opposition to the Party.

It was one of the most effective and ruthless secret police agencies in the world. The Stasi headquarter was in East Berlin, with a group of buildings in Lichtenberg and several other buildings in Berlin.

One of its main tasks was spying on the people, through a vast network of citizens who were informants ("snitches"). Informants were paid, or given favours for this.

The Stasi also worked as an intelligence agency abroad, using espionage and covert operations in foreign countries. Under its long-time head Markus Wolf it got a reputation as one of the most effective intelligence agencies of the Cold War. After German reunification in 1990, many Stasi officials were prosecuted for their crimes. The files that the Stasi had kept on millions of East Germans were laid open. Now citizens can see their personal files on request; these files are kept by the Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Archives.

References

1950 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in Germany
1990 disestablishments in Germany
East Germany
German intelligence agencies

Stasi


Premature birth is when a baby is born before the normal end of pregnancy. In humans, a pregnancy normally lasts for about nine months. On average, a pregnancy lasts for 266 days.

Babies who are born before 37 complete weeks of pregnancy (calculated from the last menstrual period) are said to be premature. In the United States, about twelve percent of the babies are born prematurely (that is about one in every eight babies). In 2003, there were over 490,000 premature births.

Worldwide rates of prematurity are more difficult to get. In developing countries, there is often no professional medical care for these babies. This makes it difficult to tell how far along the pregnancy really was. For this reason, the World Health Organization tracks rates of low birth weight instead. In 2000, 16.5 percent of babies born in developing countries were of low birth weight. It is estimated that one-third of these low birth weight deliveries are due to premature delivery.

Complications
The risk of having a problem (called a complication) is higher in shorter pregnancies. Babies born prematurely die more often in their first year of life than others. Most such deaths occur in the first month of life, which is called neonatal mortality.

Worldwide, prematurity causes ten percent of neonatal mortality, or around 500,000 deaths per year. In the U.S., where many infections and other causes of neonatal death have been markedly reduced, prematurity is the leading cause of neonatal mortality at 25%. Prematurely born infants are also at greater risk of developing serious health problems, such as cerebral palsy, chronic lung disease, gastrointestinal problems, mental retardation, vision loss, or hearing loss.  They are also more likely to have depression as teenagers.

Nearly half of all premature births have no known cause. When conditions permit, doctors may attempt to stop premature labor, so that the pregnancy can have a chance to continue to full term. This will increase the baby's chances of health and survival.

In the United States, the rate of preterm births has increased 30% in the past two decades.

Special care for babies born early
In developed countries, many hospitals have special facilities for prematurely born infants. This type of hospital unit is usually called a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU, pronounced "NICK-you"). In the NICU, premature babies are kept warm in incubators or other warming machines. They are enclosed in plastic with climate control equipment which keeps them warm and keeps germs away from them.

Modern neonatal intensive care involves sophisticated measurement of temperature, respiration, heart function, oxygen supply, and brain activity. Treatments may include fluids and nutrition given through intravenous catheters; oxygen, breathing support; and medications.

In developing countries, where advanced equipment may not be available or reliable, simple measures such as kangaroo care (skin-to-skin warming), encouraging breastfeeding, and basic infection control measures help reduce death rate and illness.

Chances of survival
The earliest time in the pregnancy where the infant has at least a 50% chance of survival is called the limit of viability. In countries with good health care, viability has been reduced to about 24 weeks. Rare survivors have been documented as early as 21 weeks, but this date is controversial because the pregnancy was measured from the date of conception rather than the date of her mother's last menstrual period. This makes gestation appear 2 weeks less than if calculated by the more common method. Risk of brain damage and developmental delay is significant at that early time. Even if the infant lives, there are ethical controversies over the care given to such infants. The limit of viability has also become a factor in the abortion debate.

References

Pregnancy and childbirth
Babies

Premature birth


Vineta is a strategy board game based loosely on the fabled island of Vineta.  In the game, players take on the roles of Norse Gods trying to sink 8 of the 9 districts of Vineta with tidal waves while trying to save their followers.  It was published by Winning Moves Games USA in 2008 as the fifth game in its Immortal Eyes line. This game is no longer in production.

Gameplay
The goal of the game is to have the most points.  Points are earned by keeping followers alive on the last island district at the end of the game, collecting them from sinking districts, collecting others' followers, and from having your chosen district be the last one remaining.

Players start the game by getting two tiles, showing them their follower color and the island section they wish to protect.  The follower houses are randomly placed around the board by the players and they each shuffle and draw seven cards from their decks.  The game is played over 8 rounds with 3 turns in each round.  Each turn, players lay a card they wish to play that turn face-down.  The start player for the turn reveals and plays their card and the other players do the same, drawing back to seven cards after playing.  Once all have played their cards, the start player token passes and the next turn begins.

There are two types of cards the players can play: Flood cards and Action cards.  Flood cards are what players play on outer island districts into "storm rows" to try to sink that district that round.  Action cards allow flood cards to be moved and discarded, as well as allow players to move follower houses and make the round shorter or longer by a turn.  At the end of each round, the district with the highest total in its storm row sinks.  In order of cards played in the row, the gods who contributed to that district sinking claim one follower house from the sinking district.

Play continues until eight of the nine districts of the island have been sunk.  At that point, players reveal their tiles and final scoring occurs.  Players gain three points per follower they saved on the final district, two points for each claimed off a sinking district, one for each other god's follower they claimed from sinking districts, and two to seven points if the last district is the one they were trying to save.

Awards
2004 Concours International de Créateurs de Jeux de Société award winner (under the name of Waka-Waka Island).

Board games introduced in 2008
Fantasy board games

Vineta (board game)


The Battle of Lottorf was fought between Denmark, and the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, on November 24, 1850, at Lottorf in Schleswig and was the final battle of the First Schleswig War. The Danish forces under Christian Bauditz won the battle.

Background
The commander of Schleswig-Holstein's army, General Karl Wilhelm von Willisen, tried to draw Denmark into sending its troops to Holstein, as he hoped that this deployment into a German province would result in the German states re-entering the war against Denmark, and he hoped that a Danish invasion would allow him to defeat it in detail. Unhappy with the lack of success this strategy was producing, the leadership of Schleswig Holstein pressured Willisen to go onto the offensive, which began by August 1850. During the offensive, in the area north of Rendsburg and to the east around Eckernforde, skirmishes took place in many villages, including Lottorf. Four took place in that settlement between August and November. In November 1850, Schleswig Holstein planned to attack the Danish outpost located there.

Prelude
The attack would be made by two companies of the Schleswig-Holsteinian 11th Infantry Battalion.  One would be kept in reserve to the south of the village, whilst the other one would be split into two parts. One part would attack the village from the front, and the other would move against it from the west. By the evening of November 23, the two companies had taken up their positions. The Danish garrison was drawn from the 3rd Reserve Jager Corps, and it was made up of fewer men than the Schleswig-Holsteins against them.

Battle
The Schleswig-Holsteins began their advance at 03:30pm. The darkness did not prevent Danish sentries from quickly detecting the enemy movement, which allowed a defence to be organised. Not having the manpower to defend all of the village, the Danish troops withdrew to defend a farm on its northern outskirts. The farmhouse was then occupied by Danish troops, and the Schleswig-Holsteins attacked it, setting fire to the building by their shots. The Danes then fought from behind fences and other cover to the north, and were reinforced by two more soldiers. Another Danish-occupied village, Over Selk, was informed of the attack, and it dispatched 50 soldiers to assist the garrison. When they arrived, a counter-attack was started, and the Danes were able to fight into the now-burning village. The Schleswig-Holsteins withdrew from Lottorf by 04:30pm.

Aftermath
The Danes did not try to pursue the Schleswig-Holsteins. Due to the brief duration of the battle, and darkness followed by fires leading to limited visibility which resulted in a confused fight, the casualties sustained by both sides was light. No Danish deaths were reported, and Schleswig-Holstein recorded one dead and one wounded. The battle prolonged the war, which did not end until early 1851.

References

Conflicts in 1850
Battles of the First Schleswig War
November 1850 events
1850 in Europe
1850 in Germany

Battle of Lottorf


Isles of Scilly Skybus is a British airline which operates year-round scheduled services to the Isles of Scilly from Land's End Airport and Newquay Airport in Cornwall, and seasonal scheduled services from Exeter. Their head office is located in the Isles of Scilly Travel Centre in Penzance, Cornwall.

Isles of Scilly Skybus Limited holds a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Type B Operating Licence; it is permitted to carry passengers, cargo and mail on aircraft with fewer than 20 seats and/or weighing less than 10 tonnes.

The airline is owned by the Isles of Scilly Steamship Company. The parent company operates shipping services to the Isles of Scilly in its own name, and also owned the now defunct Westward Airways.

History
The airline was established in March 1984 and started operations in August 1984. Isles of Scilly Skybus originated as an air charter operator at Land's End aerodrome which operated high frequency services to the Isles of Scilly. Following the withdrawal of Brymon Airways routes to and from the islands the operator stepped in, initially operating services to Plymouth. This route was later dropped but with the addition of Twin Otter aircraft the route network expanded to its current make-up. It is wholly owned by the Isles of Scilly Steamship Company which also runs the passenger ferry, Scillonian III, and freight services from Penzance to the Islands. Skybus celebrated 25 years of service in June 2009, painting the aircraft tails with the 25 years mark. An extra Twin Otter aircraft was sourced for the beginning of the 2013 season following the cessation of helicopter services to and from the islands. Flights to Bristol Airport and Southampton Airport were dropped at the end of the 2012 season to concentrate on services from Exeter, Newquay and Land's End.

Destinations

Aircraft are based at Land's End Airport, Newquay Cornwall Airport and St. Mary's Airport.

Historically, Skybus have flown to Bristol Airport, Southampton Airport, Cardiff Airport in the UK, Saint-Brieuc - Armor Airport in France and the now defunct Plymouth Airport.

Fleet

The Isles of Scilly Skybus fleet includes the following aircraft:

References

External links

Official website

Airlines of the United Kingdom
Airlines established in 1984
Transport in Cornwall
Transport in the Isles of Scilly
Companies based in Cornwall
British companies established in 1984

Isles of Scilly Skybus


Forrester is a research and advisory company that offers a variety of services including research, consulting, and events.

Forrester has headquarters in Cambridge, MA and London. Its North American offices are located in McLean, VA; New York, NY; Norwalk, CT; and San Francisco, CA. It also has offices in the following EMEA and APAC locations: Amsterdam, Frankfurt, New Delhi, Paris, Renens, Singapore, Stockholm, Sydney, and Tel Aviv.

History
Forrester was founded in July 1983 by George Forrester Colony, now chairman of the board and chief executive officer, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The company's first report, "The Professional Automation Report," was published in November 1983. In November 1996, Forrester announced its initial public offering of 2,300,000 shares. In February 2000, the company announced its secondary public offering of 626,459 shares.

Forrester has made a number of acquisitions over the past 20 years, including Fletcher Research, a British Internet research firm, in November 1999; FORIT GmbH, a German market research and consulting firm, in October 2000; Giga Information Group, a Cambridge, Massachusetts-based information technology research and consulting company, in February 2003; New York City-based Jupiter Research, in July 2008;
Strategic Oxygen on December 1, 2009; Springboard Research on May 12, 2011; FeedbackNow and GlimpzIt in 2018; and SiriusDecisions, a business-to-business research and advisory firm, in 2019.

Forrester serves clients in North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific. Forrester's head office has always been in Cambridge, Massachusetts: first, near Harvard Square, then, in Technology Square, and now in Cambridge Discovery Park (Acorn Park).

Leadership
 George F. Colony, chairman of the board and CEO.

References

External links

1983 establishments in Massachusetts
Companies based in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Companies established in 1983
Market research companies of the United States
Research and analysis firms of the United States

Forrester Research


Shagit Hudayberdin (; 9 October 1896 – 21 December 1924) was a Bashkir revolutionary active in the Russian Revolution. From 23 November 1921 to March 1922 he was the Responsible Secretary of the Bashkir Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).

Biography

Shagit was born on October 9, 1896, in the village, formerly called Piancino, in 1924 renamed Hudaiberdino (Kugarchinsky District of Bashkortostan). The elementary Russian Bashkir School was opened there. After finishing it he entered the Orenburg madrasa "Khusainiya". In 1914, for agitation against the administration regime, the madrasa Sh. Hudaiberdin was excluded from the number of shakirds.

Since the beginning of the First World War, Shagita Hudayberdin was drafted into the Russian imperial army, which interrupted his training in a madrasa. Having completed short-term medical attendant courses, he will be sent to the front as a company medical assistant. Participates in many battles. After being seriously wounded on the Austrian front in 1916, he returned to Ufa. The February Revolution is greeted by the soldier of the 144th reserve rifle regiment in Ufa. In the Ufa garrison there were several thousand soldiers, among whom were many Muslims. He actively participates in the soldiers' democratic movement, becoming a member of the Ufa Muslim Military Council, is a member of the editorial board of Soldat Telyage (Desire of a Soldier), writes stories, poems, articles, leads a revolutionary campaign for ending the imperialist war, for transferring all power to the Soviets leading a revolutionary work among the Bashkirs and Tatars, defending internationalist positions.

In May 1917, the Ufa Muslim Military Council was organized. Shagit Hudayberdin became a member of the editorial board of the newspaper Желание солдата and became an active correspondent.

Hudaiberdin was actively involved in the strengthening of Soviet power. On October 29, 1917, at a general meeting of the Ufa Muslim Military Council, he read out a decision supporting the slogan "All power to the Soviets!" (!) and the Soviet government. On November 30, he was elected along with the Bolsheviks N. Bryukhanov, A. Svidersky, A. Cheverev, T. Krivov, A. Tsyurupa, E. Kadomtsev to the Ufa provincial executive committee of the Soviets, becoming a member of the revolutionary military tribunal of the Sterlitamak fortified district, a member of the board of the Muslim committee on Bashkir Affairs. In March 1918, he moved from the social-revolutionary to the RCP (B.), was engaged in agitation work among the Bashkir and Tatar people during the rebellion of the White Czechs, created a Muslim detachment. During the battles of Bugulma, S. Hudaiberdin is wounded, and he is sent to a hospital. Having healed the wound, he worked for some time in Moscow at the Central Muslim Commissariat, managing his Bashkir department. Returning to the political department of the 5th Army of the Eastern Front, he campaigns among Muslim soldiers, published in the newspaper «Кызыл яу», where he actively criticizes the counter-revolutionary activities of Zeki Velidi Togan was one of the leaders of the Bashkir national movement.

S. Hudaiberdin participates in the liberation of Ufa in 1919. Becomes a member of the Ufa Provincial Provisional Revolutionary Committee. Then he is appointed head of the Revolutionary Committee Committee for Muslim Affairs, approved by the chairman of the Muslim section of the Communists under the Ufa provincial committee of the RCP (B.).

As a political worker of the 5th Army, which pursued Kolchak to the East, leaves Ufa, with battles it reaches Petropavlovsk. In the post of division commander at the end of 1919 he returned to Bashkiria, transferred to state and party work. He heads the Burzyan-Tangaur Kantispolkom and Kantcom RCP (b). In 1920, he was elected a delegate to the 10th Congress of the RCP (b) and a candidate member of the Presidium of the Bashobkom RCP (b), a member of the BashTsIK. Participated in the suppression of the counter-revolutionary Kronstadt rebellion. Was injured. He lay in the hospital. In 1921–1924, he worked as chairman of the Bashkir CEC, political (first) secretary of the Bashobkom RCP (b), deputy people's commissar of agriculture, until the end of his life he headed the people's commissariat of internal affairs .

Hudaiberdin is actively involved in the political life of the Bashkir Republic. He is a delegate of many soldiers, farmhands, peasant congresses, state commissions. Under his leadership, work was carried out on the formation of the norms of the modern Bashkir literary language and its introduction into clerical work as the state language of the republic.

Member of the editorial board of the newspaper "Bashkortostan", was a delegate to the X and XI Congress of the RCP (b). Together with other delegates of the 10th Congress of the RCP (B), he participated in the suppression of the Kronstadt insurgency, where he was seriously wounded.

In November 1924, Sh. Hudaiberdin left for a meeting in Moscow, where the consequences of his injury sharply worsened. He was taken to the clinic of Moscow University, where he died on December 21, 1924.

Buried in Ufa in the park to them. V.I. Lenin.

Legacy
The Shagit Hudayberdin Governmental Prize has been awarded since 1989.
Shagit Hudayberdin Museum.  The museum was opened in 1976 in its native village, formerly called Piancino, in 1924 renamed Hudaiberdino. Here are the documents, letters, photographs, things that belonged to S. Hudaiberdin and his family; history of the village and the school. Shagita Hudayberdin.
Baymak - Machine Building Plant in the name of Shagit Khudayberdin.

References

1896 births
1924 deaths
Soviet people
Russian Marxists
Bashkir revolutionaries
People from Kugarchinsky District

Shagit Hudayberdin


Holger Schüring (24 March 1938 – 5 September 2017), known professionally as Holger Czukay (), was a German musician best known as a co-founder of the krautrock group Can. Described as "successfully bridg[ing] the gap between pop and the avant-garde", Czukay was also notable for having created early important examples of ambient music, for having explored "world music" well before the term was coined, and for having been a pioneer of sampling.

Biography
Czukay was born on 24 March 1938 in the Free City of Danzig (present-day Gdańsk, Poland), from which his family was expelled after World War II. Due to the turmoil of the war, Czukay's primary education was limited. One pivotal early experience, however, was working, when still a teenager, at a radio repair-shop, where he became fond of the aural qualities of radio broadcasts (anticipating his use of shortwave radio broadcasts as musical elements) and became familiar with the rudiments of electrical repair and engineering.

Czukay studied music under Karlheinz Stockhausen from 1963 to 1966 and then worked for a while as a music teacher. Initially Czukay had little interest in rock music, but this changed when a student played him the Beatles' 1967 song "I Am the Walrus", a psychedelic rock single with an unusual musical structure and blasts of AM radio noise. This opened his ears to music by rock experimentalists such as The Velvet Underground and Frank Zappa.

Czukay co-founded Can in 1968. He played bass guitar and undertook most of the recording and engineering for the group. Rosko Gee, former bassist of the British band Traffic, joined the band in 1977, with Czukay handling only tapes and sound effects on the album Saw Delight, his final LP with the group before departing for a solo career. Czukay had been sidelined due to creative disputes and his failure to progress as a bassist, admitting his shortcomings on the instrument which he had taken up "almost by default" in the early days of Can.

After his departure from Can, Czukay recorded several albums. One of his trademarks was the use of shortwave radio sounds and his early pioneering of sampling, in those days involving the painstaking cutting and splicing of magnetic tapes. He would tape-record various sounds and snippets from shortwave and incorporate them into his compositions. He also used shortwave as a live, interactive musical instrument (such as on 1991's Radio Wave Surfer), a method of composition he termed "radio painting". Czukay also stated "If you want to make something new, you shouldn't think too far beyond one certain idea".

Czukay collaborated with a considerable number of musicians, notably a series of albums with Jah Wobble and David Sylvian, two younger British musicians who shared his interest in blending pop music with experimental recording and sampling techniques. Other collaborators include U.N.K.L.E., Brian Eno, Eurythmics, and German Neue Deutsche Welle band Trio.

In 2009, after a problematic time with the record company that had been gradually re-releasing his albums on CD, Czukay began a new collaboration with the Claremont 56 record label, releasing vinyl-only remixes of tracks from earlier albums, as well as some new recordings. This approach changed Czukay's plans for his back catalogue, so that the original albums Der Osten ist Rot (1984), Rome Remains Rome (1987) and Moving Pictures (1993) are no longer being reissued (in the case of Moving Pictures, because the master tapes have degraded beyond repair). Instead, most of the tracks are being remade and newly organized as limited edition vinyl releases.

In 2018 it was announced that Czukay's work was collected a new retrospective box set, Cinema, which would include both classic and unreleased material from his solo career. The five-disc set, to be released in March, would  will also include many of his best-known collaborations, including those with Eno, Wobble, Sylvian and Stockhausen, as well as never-before-released material.

Personal life
Holger Czukay was married for over twenty years to the German painter and singer Ursula Kloss (known professionally as Ursa Major, and later, as U-She), with whom he collaborated on numerous multimedia pieces. Ursula Kloss-Schüring died on her 55th birthday (28 July 2017) after having been severely debilitated by illness for over a decade.

Death
On 5 September 2017, Czukay was found dead in his apartment, converted from Can's old studio in Weilerswist, near Cologne. The New York Times reported that he had died on the same day, but the cause of his death was the subject of a police investigation. His death was eventually assumed to have been from natural causes.

Discography

Solo
 Canaxis 5 (1969, remastered and expanded 2006)
 Movies (1979, remastered and expanded 2007)
 On the Way to the Peak of Normal (1981)
 Der Osten ist Rot (1984)
 Rome Remains Rome (1987)
 Radio Wave Surfer (1991, remastered and expanded 2006) Live recordings made in 1984, 1986 & 1987
 Moving Pictures (1993)
 Good Morning Story (1999, remastered and expanded 2006)
 La Luna (2000, remastered and expanded 2007)
 Linear City (2001, remastered and remixed 2006)
 11 Years Innerspace (2015, 500 limited edition vinyl LP worldwide; also released on CD in Japan

Collaboration
 Biomutanten / Menetekel (as Les Vampyrettes with Conny Plank) (1981)
 Full Circle (1982) collaboration with Jah Wobble and Jaki Liebezeit (re-issue of a UK-only EP, expanded with two additional tracks)
 Snake Charmer (1983) EP, collaboration with Jah Wobble, The Edge, and Ben Mandelson
 Brilliant Trees (1984), with David Sylvian
 Plight & Premonition (1988, remastered 2018) collaboration with David Sylvian; remixed by Sylvian in 2002 and subsequently released in 2018
 Flux + Mutability (1989, remastered 2018) collaboration with David Sylvian; reissued combined with Plight & Premonition in 2018
 Clash (1998, remastered and expanded 2007) collaboration with Dr. Walker
 The New Millennium (2003) with U-She
 Daemon In The Bar (2006) with Bob Humid
 Time and Tide (2001, remastered 2007) with U-She
 Freemix (2004)
 21st Century (2007) with Ursa Major - voice, Drew Kalapach - electronics
 Ode to Perfume / Fragrance (2009) 10 inch single, limited edition of 500
 Way to LA (2010) 10 inch single collaboration with Bison and Ursa Major
 Let's Get Hot / Let's Get Cool (2010) 12 inch single, limited edition of 500 red vinyl and 500 blue vinyl
 Persian Love (Remix) / My Persian Love (2010) 12 inch single,  gold vinyl, limited edition of 1001
 Dream Again (2010) 10 inch double EP of remixes from The East Is Red and Rome Remains Rome, clear vinyl, limited edition of 666
 Hit Hit Flop Flop (Remix) / Hey Baba Reebop (2011) 7 inch single, limited edition of 500

With Can

See also
  (experimental film, 1987)
 List of ambient music artists

References

Further reading

External links

 Holger Czukay interview at bluefat.com (2004)
 Interview with Czukay at furious.com (1997)
 Dignose Records

1938 births
2017 deaths
Protopunk musicians
Ambient musicians
German rock bass guitarists
Male bass guitarists
Progressive rock bass guitarists
Can (band) members
Musicians from Gdańsk
Mute Records artists
People from the Free City of Danzig
Pupils of Karlheinz Stockhausen
Grönland Records artists
Virgin Records artists
German male guitarists

Holger Czukay


එංගලන්ත ජාතික ගීය 👇👇

God save our gracious King!
Long live our noble King!
God save the King!
Send him victorious,
Happy and glorious,
Long to reign over us,
God save the King.

Thy choicest gifts in store
On him be pleased to pour,
Long may he reign.
May he defend our laws,
And ever give us cause,
To sing with heart and voice,
God save the King.

God Save the King


The Australian Anthropological Society (AAS) is the professional association representing anthropologists in Australia.

History

The Australian Anthropological Society is a recently formed organization, founded in 1973 "to promote the advancement of anthropology as a discipline"   There were, however, precursor anthropological associations in Australia including the Anthropological Society of New South Wales. In 1956 an Australian Branch of the Association of Social Anthropologists of the British Commonwealth was formed.  This was followed in 1969 by the Australian Association of Social Anthropologists.  The current Australian Anthropological Society was formed in 1973 and incorporated under NSW legislation in that year.

Goal and activities

The goals of the Society are to promote the advancement of anthropology as a professional discipline grounded in the systematic pursuit of knowledge, to promote its responsible use in the service of humankind, and to promote professional training and practice in anthropology. AAS supports the development of the discipline in university departments and schools at graduate and post-graduate level. Through an annual conference, an academic journal (The Australian Journal of Anthropology - originally published as Mankind, a regular newsletter, an active listserv and online publications, the Society provides forums where anthropologists can engage in debates central to anthropological theory and practice.

Membership

In 1987 the Society adopted a two-tiered level of membership, as part of a strategy to strengthen the professionalization of anthropology in Australia. An ordinary member of the Society is expected to hold an Honours degree in anthropology or the equivalent. A fellow is expected to hold a research higher degree in anthropology, that is, a research master's degree or PhD, or the equivalent.

Governance

The affairs of AAS are conducted by an Executive drawn from the membership of the Society.  The AAS also operates under a Constitution which may only amended through the vote of the membership.

Affiliations and subgroups

The Society is affiliated with the Council of Humanities and Social Sciences and with the World Conferences of Anthropological Associations. Within the Society there different sub-groups representing specialist areas of anthropological research.  There is also an association of student members of the Society, the Australian Network of Student Anthropologists.

References

External links
Australian Anthropological Society
World Conference of Anthropological Associations
Australian Network of Student Anthropologists

Professional associations based in Australia
Anthropology-related professional associations
Scientific organisations based in Australia

Australian Anthropological Society


Some Days Are Better Than Others is a 2009 film by Portland-based filmmaker Matt McCormick. It explores "isolation and the deadening effects of consumerist-conformist culture." It stars James Mercer and Carrie Brownstein.

The film premiered at the 2010 South by Southwest Film and Music Festival in Austin, Texas.

The original soundtrack was composed and performed by Portland-based ambient musician Matthew Robert Cooper.

References

External links

2010 films
American drama films
2010 drama films
2010s American films

Some Days Are Better Than Others (film)


O'Donnell's salamander (Bolitoglossa odonnelli) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae.
It is found in Guatemala and Honduras.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

References

Bolitoglossa
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Amphibians described in 1943

O'Donnell's salamander


San Salvador (Spanish for "Holy Savior") is the capital of El Salvador.

San Salvador may also refer to:

Places
 Metropolitan Area of San Salvador, El Salvador
 San Salvador Department, El Salvador
 San Salvador District, Peru
 San Salvador, Entre Ríos, Argentina
 San Salvador, Hidalgo, Mexico
 San Salvador Municipality, Hidalgo, Mexico
 San Salvador, Peru
 San Salvador, Valladolid, Spain
 San Salvador Atenco, Mexico
 San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
 San Salvador, Paraguay
 San Salvador, a former name of Tevego, Paraguay
 San Salvador, a former name of Keelung, Taiwan, when it served as the capital of Spanish Formosa (1626–1642)
 San Salvador, a former name of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
 San Salvador (volcano), in El Salvador
 San Salvador Island, in the Bahamas
 Isla San Salvador, a former name of Santiago Island in the Galápagos Islands
 San Salvador Island, Columbus's name for Guanahani, the first island he reached in the Americas
 A former settlement area in California consisting of La Placita, California and Agua Mansa, California
 San Salvador, Caguas, Puerto Rico, a barrio

Ships
 San Salvador (Cabrillo's ship), Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo's flagship
 San Salvador (replica ship), a replica of Cabrillo's flagship built by the Maritime Museum of San Diego
 San Salvador, the Spanish flagship at the Battle of the Downs
 San Salvador (Guipúzcoan squadron),  a ship of the Guipúzcoa Squadron in the Spanish Armada; there was another ship of the same name in the Spanish Armada in a different squadron
 Salvador del Mundo, a 122-gun ship

Other uses
 San Salvador, Venice, a church in Venice, Italy
 San Salvador F.C., a football (soccer) club of San Salvador
 San Salvador (band), an Australian reggae rock band featuring members of Sounds Like Chicken
 San Salvador ("Holy Savior"), a title of Jesus Christ in Spanish
 San Salvador, the Spanish name of St Salvador of Horta (1520–1567), a Spanish saint
 Towers of the churches of San Salvador and Santa Cruz (Madrid)

See also
 Sant Salvador (disambiguation)
 Salvador del Mundo (disambiguation)
 São Salvador (disambiguation), several places and a variant spelling of some of the above

San Salvador (disambiguation)


Scott Davie is a British football commentator for BBC Scotland and can frequently be heard on Sportsound, providing live radio commentary of Scottish Premier League football matches. In the past, he has also provided television commentaries of Scottish Cup matches for Sportscene.

He usually provides commentary on Aberdeen home matches and will often commentate on Dundee United or Inverness Caledonian Thistle home matches when Aberdeen are away from home or not in action.  He writes for the Daily Record under the name Iain Orr.

He has also written articles for newspapers such as The Sun, The Scotsman, Scotland on Sunday and The News of the World.

Davie is a Raith Rovers supporter.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Scottish association football commentators

Scott Davie (broadcaster)


Luc Jones (born 21 November 1991) is a Welsh track racing cyclist.

He began cycling with the New Tredegar Nomads club at the age of eight, riding with his father Ian, himself a former Welsh champion sprinter. He was one of the Team TrackCycling.co.uk members in 2005, who were part funded by the launch of a coffee brand by Magnus Bäckstedt.

In 2007, Jones was the Youth British National Champion in both the sprint and 500 m time trial events. He became the first ever winner of the prestigious White Hope Sprint at Herne Hill Velodrome's Good Friday meeting to hold an under 16 championship title at the same time. He also went on to win the Ron Beckett scratch race the same day. He was described as having "prodigious sprinting talent" by Gerry McManus, a Cycling News reporter. Jones stepped up a category to compete against the Juniors in 2008, and succeeded in adding the Junior sprint champion title to his list.

Many were surprised in Autumn 2007 when Jones was controversially left off the team roster for British Cycling's Olympic Development Programme.
 Currently number one in Wales for his age group, Jones has since been included in the development squad for the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Jones will be competed at the European Track Championships in Poland in September 2008, where he won a silver medal as part of the junior team sprint squad.

Palmarès

2007
1st  Sprint, British National Track Championships - Youth
1st  500 m time trial. British National Track Championships - Youth
1st White Hope Sprint, Herne Hill
1st on Beckett scratch race, Herne Hill

2008
1st  Sprint, British National Track Championships - Junior
2nd Team sprint, European Track Championships - Junior

References

1991 births
Living people
Welsh male cyclists
Place of birth missing (living people)

Luc Jones


Woodmount is a townland in the civil parish of Creagh in South County Roscommon, Ireland, situated approximately 3.5 miles due east of the town of Ballinasloe (County Galway), and approximately 800 metres north off the Old N6 Athlone to Ballinasloe road. In the Gaelic language it is called Tonalig, which translate as the "End or Bottom of the Wood". The clubhouse and playing fields of Padraig Pearses GAA Roscommon club have been situated in Woodmount since 1983.

References

Townlands of County Roscommon

Woodmount


Donkey Kong Country Returns is a platform video game for the Nintendo Wii game console. It was made by Retro Studios and published by Nintendo. It was released in North America on November 21, 2010, in Australia on December 2, 2010, in Europe on December 3, 2010, and in Japan on December 9, 2010. It follows Donkey Kong Country 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble!, which was released in 1996, making the time between these two games the longest timespan between releases of Donkey Kong Country games.

Story

The plot involves the Tiki Tak Tribe hypnotizing the animals of Donkey Kong Island. The hypnotized animals steal Donkey Kong's bananas. Donkey Kong and Diddy Kong go on an adventure to take back their bananas from the Tikis.

Gameplay

The gameplay of Donkey Kong Country Returns is very similar to that of the Donkey Kong Country Games. The game consists of 9 worlds on Donkey Kong Island: Jungle, Beach, Ruins, Cave, Forest, Cliff, Factory, Volcano, and Golden Temple (Cloud in 3DS version). In each world, players traverse a series of levels while collecting items such as bananas, banana coins, and KONG letters along the way. Banana coins act as currency and can be used to purchase items from Cranky's Shop. Puzzle Pieces appear for the first time in this game, and each level has 5, 7, or 9 of these items. Collecting all of the puzzle pieces in each level unlocks images in the image gallery. Defeating the boss at the end of each world gives players access to the next world. If players collect all of the KONG letters in all the levels in each world except for the boss level, they will unlock a secret temple stage. Completing the temple stage provides players with one of the 8 rare orbs needed to access the last world of the game. Collecting all 8 rare orbs unlocks the last world.

Time Attack

After players complete a level once, they can replay it in time attack mode, where the objective is to finish the level in the fastest time possible. Upon finishing the stage, players will earn a bronze, silver, or gold medal based on their time. The times for these medals are given. If the players finish the stage within a certain time within the gold medal time limit, sparkles appear on their the gold medal. Players often call these medals "Shiny Gold medals". Time attack mode does not affect the game clear percentage, nor does it unlock any artwork.

Mirror Mode
After players beat the game, collect all the KONG letters, and complete the last level of the game, they unlock mirror mode. In mirror mode, players cannot use Diddy Kong or inventory items and they only get one heart. Completing mirror mode is necessary for 200% completion and is required to unlock some images in the image gallery.

3DS Port

On February 14, 2013, Nintendo announced a Nintendo 3DS port of the game called Donkey Kong Country Returns 3D. It was released in North America and Europe on May 24, 2013, in Australia on May 25, 2013, and in Japan on June 13, 2013.

References

Wii games
Wii U games
Donkey Kong
Platform games
2010 video games
2015 video games

Donkey Kong Country Returns


"The Queen and I" is a song by American rap rock band Gym Class Heroes, released as the first single from their third studio album, As Cruel as School Children (2006).

The song is a more fast-paced song than many other of the group's songs. The song refers to lead singer, Travis McCoy, falling in love with an alcoholic (the "Queen").

"The Queen and I" was a non-chart qualifier in the UK as both physical formats contained a sticker, which is against UK chart rules. The single was re-released in the UK on 29 October 2007, following the top five success of "Cupid's Chokehold" and "Clothes Off!!" there.

This song has been featured in computer games such as Tony Hawk's Project 8 and as an instrumental version on Tiger Woods PGA Tour 08.

Formats and track listings
UK CD:
 "The Queen and I" (explicit album version)
 "Ovrigadu, P.A." (non-album track)

7" Vinyl:
 "The Queen and I" (explicit album version)
 "Boomerang Theory" (non-album track)

UK re-release CD 1:
 "The Queen and I" (album version)

UK re-release CD 2:
 "The Queen and I" (album version)
 "The Queen and I" (video)

UK re-release 7" Vinyl:
 "The Queen and I" (album version)
 "Boomerang Theory"

Australian CD:
 "The Queen and I" (Album Version)
 "The Machine and I" (feat. Keith Buckley of Every Time I Die)
 "Clothes Off!!" (Stress Remix) (feat. Ghostface Killah and Tyga)

Music video
The music video was directed by Shane Drake and starts with multiple men (such as a jester and a wizard) all trying to gain the love of a queen. Each one desperately tries to woo her, each one equally as unsuccessful. Travis McCoy then comes in and tries his luck by rapping for the queen, but he also seems to be unsuccessful. As he leaves, he trips and the queen smiles. She soon changes her mind about him and chases after him. However, when she reaches him, he disappears, leaving only his jacket and his trademark, a toothbrush (he is seen brushing his teeth at some point in almost every video). The video ends with the queen looking very angry and the words "she was to live unhappily ever after" are printed on the last page of a story book (the one opened at the beginning of the video).

Charts

References
Lyrics
Meaning of the song
[ All Music Review link]
Rebel Punk Review link

2006 singles
2007 singles
Gym Class Heroes songs
Songs written by Sam Hollander
Songs written by Dave Katz
2005 songs
Song recordings produced by S*A*M and Sluggo
Fueled by Ramen singles

pt:The Queen and I

The Queen and I (song)


The Sno-Freighter is a one-of-a-kind land vehicle designed by LeTourneau Technologies (now part of Cameron International) for Alaska Freight Lines in the 1950s. During that decade, Alaska Freight Lines won the contract to transport construction material to build the Distant Early Warning Line (DEW) in far northern Alaska and Canada. At the time, no roads crossed the Arctic Circle in North America, there were almost no runways for air transportation, and the polar ice cap prevented seaborne transport.

LeTourneau had built a series of prototype "land trains" for use in roadless environments, and Alaska Freight Lines contracted the company to build a special model for cold-climate transportation on January 5, 1955. The contract called for an off-road vehicle capable of transporting  of cargo in  temperatures, through  deep streams, and deep snowdrifts.

Using parts from its previous land trains, LeTourneau manufactured the Model VC-22 Sno-Freighter, completing it on February 17. It left the factory in Longview, Texas on March 16. The "locomotive" (serial # 5198)  of the Sno-Freighter contained two Cummins NHV-12BI V-12 diesel engines operating at 400 horsepower each. These engines drove 24 electric motors (one for each wheel on the locomotive and trailing cars). Each car (serials # 5199-5203) measured  in length and was  wide. They carried 30 tons each for a combined payload of 150 tons for the  long Sno-Freighter.

Its first trip under power was in the Fall of 1955, when Alaska Freight Lines began their 400-mile trek north from Fairbanks, Alaska to the Arctic Ocean. During its second trip north in the Fall of 1956, the Sno-Freighter jack-knifed and its engines burned just north of Eagle, Alaska. The cargo was off-loaded onto either "Cat" trains (Caterpillar bulldozers pulling cargo sleds) or one of the eleven 1956 Mack LRVSW semi trucks that Alaska Freight Lines had purchased to supplement the Sno-Freighter.

Today, the Sno-Freighter is abandoned and lies next to the Steese Highway in Fox, Alaska.

See also
Overland train

Notes

References
 *Orlemann, Eric C. LeTourneau Earthmovers. MBI Publishing Company, 2001.
 *Orlemann, Eric C. . Iconografix, 2009.
 *Bishop, Cliff . Publication Consultants, 2009.
 *Holderith, Peter. The Incredible Story of the US Army's Earth-Shaking, Off-Road Land Trains.  The Drive, 2020.

External links

Off-road vehicles
Transportation in Alaska

Sno-Freighter


Alemungula is a traditional mancala game played by the people living along the border of Ethiopia and Sudan. The name "Alemungula" is specifically used by the Wataweat people of the Asosa-Beni Sangul area, while essentially the same game is called Um el Bagara by the Baggara people of Sudan. Another name used in Sudan for the same game is Mangala. For the muslim people of the Sudan-Ethiopian border, Alemungula/Um el Bagara is a typical game to play in the day hours during Ramadan.

References
 Gabata and related Board Games of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. In «Ethiopia Observer», 1971; 14 (3): 205.
 R. Davies, Some Arab Games and Puzzles. In «Sudan Notes & Records», 1925; 8: 137–152.

Traditional mancala games
Ethiopian culture
Sudanese culture

Alemungula


Dan Hardy Yaalon (Hebrew: דן הארדי יעלון; May 11, 1924, Uherské Hradiště, Czechoslovakia – January 29, 2014, Mevasseret Zion, Israel) was an Israeli pedologist and soil scientist, who contributed to the fields of arid and Mediterranean pedology and paleopedology, as well as the history, sociology, and philosophy of soil science. Through a research career spanning over six decades (1950–2014), Yaalon was an active member of the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA) and the International Soil Science Society (ISSS; later the International Union of Soil Sciences; IUSS). He was awarded the Sarton Medal for his contribution to the history of science, and the Dokuchaev Award.

Early life and education
Dan Hardy Yaalon was born as Hardy Berger on May 11, 1924, in Uherske Hradiste, Czechoslovakia (modern day Czech Republic) to a middle-class Jewish family involved in the textile business. He was the youngest child of Hugo J. Berger and Elsa Jellinek, and had two older sisters, Dita and Stella. Yaalon was a curious child and a high-achieving pupil, who showed an early interest in exploring his environment. Typical for his family background, Yaalon was part of the Maccabi youth movement, an international Zionist movement aimed at motivating Jewish youth to immigrate to "Eretz Israel". Yaalon's comfortable childhood was disrupted at the age of 10 by the death of his father.

The Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia five years later in 1939 further fragmented the family. Yaalon's mother encouraged him to leave the country to escape the escalating Anti-Jewish measures. In March 1939, Yaalon left Uherske Hradiste for the Youth Aliyah School in Prague, a Jewish Youth Immigration School, where he was a student for three months. During that time, Yaalon was offered an internship at the Zionist agricultural training program in Denmark, as a preparatory step for emigrating to Israel. Yaalon left Czechoslovakia and travelled by train via Germany to Denmark, after which he never saw his mother again. In September 1943, after a long period of hiding and struggling to feed himself, he began academic studies at the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University in Copenhagen. Two months later, Denmark was also occupied by the Nazis, and Yaalon escaped to Sweden.

Upon arrival in Sweden, Yaalon immediately requested admission to the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences at Uppsala. There he met the prominent Swedish soil chemist Sante Emil Mattson (1886-1980), who appointed Yaalon as his assistant. At that time, Yaalon made his first soil-profile observation. In 1944 Yaalon returned to Czechoslovakia and volunteered in the Czech Army, unaware that his family had been killed in The Holocaust. After the war, Yaalon discovered that his mother had been sent to Theresienstadt concentration camp in Czechoslovakia, and then to Auschwitz-Birkenau in Poland, where she was killed. Yaalon left Czechoslovakia and returned to Denmark to resume his studies, completing a B.Sc. in Agricultural Sciences (Soil Chemistry) in July 1947.

Move to Israel
In July 1948, after a long and complex journey from Europe to the Levant, Yaalon reached the newly formed state of Israel. In 1949, he joined the recently established Israel Defense Forces (IDF), serving a year in the Scientific Service Corps ("Hemed"). Around that period, Yaalon changed his first name from Hardy to Dan, and was registered as "Lieutenant Dan Berger". During his IDF service, Yaalon participated in the first geological field surveys of the Negev desert, whose hyperarid climate and rugged terrain with reg and loessial soils was completely alien to Yaalon, and became a key area of interest throughout his later career. After demobilization from the IDF, Yaalon found employment as a schoolteacher of chemistry and agriculture in Beit Yerach school, on the southern shore of the Sea of Galilee.

In 1951 Yaalon changed his European-sounding surname "Berger" in favor of "Yaalon", a combination of two of his favorite words: "Yael" (meaning "little antelope", the Hebrew translation of his mother's Czech maiden name "Jellinek"), and "Aliyah" ('ascension' in Hebrew, referring to the immigration of Jews to Israel). Yaalon moved "Hardy" to a middle name position, and thus became known as "Dan H. Yaalon". Shortly after, at a meeting about geological surveying and mapping, Yaalon's colleagues proposed naming some mountains and wadis after themselves. The official naming committee of that time approved the idea, hence the names of "Mt. Ya'alon" and "Wadi Ya'alon" in the southern Arava region. Around fifteen years later a young Nahal group (a paramilitary Israel Defense Forces program that combines military service and the establishment of agricultural settlements) that settled in the eastern foothills of Mt. Ya'alon, adopted "Ya'alon" as their group name. One of the group members, Moshe Smilansky, himself looking for a Hebrew version of his surname, adopted the group name as his own and changed his name to Moshe Ya'alon. He went on to become the Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces (2002–2005) and subsequently the Israeli Minister of Defense (2013–2016).

Academic career
Yaalon's long research career spanned over six decades, from 1950-2014. In 1950, Yaalon asked Avraham Adolf Reifenberg (1899-1953), professor of soil science at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, to become a student in the newly formed Soil Science Department, and was accepted as a doctoral student. His dissertation was on the subject of accumulation of salts in the soils of the Jordan Valley. His first publication was a detailed laboratory textbook written in 1952 during his studies, with his fellow student, Meir Rigby. Yaalon's research guidance was disrupted by Reifenberg's health problems, and when he died in 1953, Yaalon's supervision was passed over to Shlomo Ravikovitch (1899-2000).

In 1954, Yaalon was awarded a Ph.D. degree from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and posted to a post-doctoral position at the Rothamsted Experimental Station in England. Upon his return to Israel in 1955, Yaalon worked temporarily at a fertilizer research plant in Haifa, while continuing to publish academic output, including his 1955 study on the clay mineralogy of the soils of Israel. In 1957, Yaalon was appointed as lecturer at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he would stay until his retirement and after. Due to his initial background in the field of soil colloids, his academic career focused on the finest fraction and texture of soils, one of his main motivations in working on aeolian dust throughout his research career.

In 1965, Yaalon urged INQUA to adopt the term "Paleopedology" (ancient Pedology), establishing the subject as a commission of INQUA, and later in the IUSS. In 1966, Yaalon presented his original concept of 'metapedogenesis', in which he defined humans as an important factor of soil formation. In August 1970, a joint ISSS and INQUA symposium was held in Amsterdam, on the 'Age of Parent Material and Soils', a result of correspondence between Yaalon, Robert Ruhe (1918-1993), and Ferdinand van Baren (1905-1975). The symposium was later summarized in the book Paleopedology: Origin, Nature and Dating of Paleosols, edited by Yaalon, which collated 29 selected multidisciplinary papers, including several contributions from Yaalon. In "Soil-forming processes in time and space", Yaalon suggested a dynamic model of the soil system, distinguishing between two major groups of soil equilibrium processes: 1) those approaching an equilibrium state at different rates, and; 2) irreversible or self-terminating processes. He then further developed each group and presented a classification of diagnostic pedofeatures according to their state of origin and relative nature of persistence.

In 1973 Yaalon and his former student, Eliezer Ganor (1935-2011), published a work concerning the important role of aeolian dust on the formation of soils in the eastern Mediterranean during the Quaternary. In that work, he discussed the global modes of dust and paths of distribution, and presented evidence that the red color of the Terra Rossa soils originated from the presence of iron oxides in airborne dust, while contradicting Reifenberg and others, who had attributed this color to carbon oxides from the underlying parent rock. Subsequently, Yaalon's arguments for the key role of Quaternary aeolian dust in the formation of soils gained international acceptance. When later asked what he considered to be the highlight of his career, Yaalon said that the dust-soil relations was his most significant contribution.

In 1975, Yaalon published "Conceptual models in pedogenesis: Can soil-forming functions be solved?", a high-profile article in which Yaalon demonstrated the complexity of the quantifying of pedogenetic processes. Consequently, in 1977 Yaalon was elected president of the INQUA Commission on Paleopedology. Another of Yaalon's editorial works was a special issue of Geoderma entitled "Climatic and Lithostratigraphic Significance of Paleosols", summarizing a symposium of the same name held in Ottawa, Canada. In 1994, at the age of 70 and two years past official retirement, Yaalon left his office at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and only seldom returned to it, continuing his writing, editing and reviewing from his home. In 1997, Yaalon published a paper on the uniqueness of Mediterranean Soils, asking "What makes them different?". In that paper, he characterized the global nature of Mediterranean climates, while focusing on the region which encompasses the Mediterranean Sea. Discussing the soil and landscape characteristics, this paper gives a broad and detailed overview of the typical Mediterranean environmental conditions, geomorphology, geochemistry, pedology, and anthropogenic impacts on Mediterranean ecosystems.

Alongside his main focus on soil forming processes, Yaalon also made contributions to the fields of the history, philosophy and sociology of soil science. He played a key role in the establishment of the ISSS Working Group on the History of soil science (today the IUSS Commission 4.5 - History, philosophy and sociology of soil science). In 1997 he co-edited the book History of Soil Science: International Perspectives. This book is a collection of treaties which show historical developments in the understanding and attitude of humans to the soil. As demonstrated in this book, Yaalon's approach to the history of soil sciences emphasized the acknowledgment of soil distinctions and the unfolding of sub-disciplines as utilized by early agriculturists.

Yaalon continued publishing new work until the last days of his life. In 2012, after years of draft writing, he published his autobiography, A Passion for Science and Zion: The Yaalon Story. In the last two years of his life, Yaalon was preoccupied with reading archaeological literature, and geoarcheology. In the summer of 2013 Yaalon's health deteriorated, and on 29 January 2014 he died at home in Mevaseret Zion, Israel, surrounded by his family.

Personal life
In 1952 Dan Yaalon married Rita Singer (1926-2010), and soon after their marriage they chose to live in Kiryat Moshe in western Jerusalem. The couple had two sons: David (1953) and Uri (1956). In 1975, the family moved to Givat HaMivtar, a neighborhood on the northern side of Jerusalem, and in 1997 they moved out of Jerusalem, to Mevaseret Zion. By the time of his death, Yaalon had seven grandchildren.

Awards, honors, and legacy

Yaalon received numerous awards over his career. In 2000, Yaalon received the Sarton Medal, the top award of the History of Science Society, from Ghent University in Belgium for outstanding contribution to the History of Soil Science. In 2010, Yaalon received the Dokuchaev Award from the IUSS, in recognition of his life contribution to pedology and soil sciences. Yaalon was also an Honorary Fellow of the British, German, and Russian Soil Science Societies, and received an Honorary Membership from the Israeli (2001) and American (2008) Geological Societies, an Honorary Membership from the IUSS (1998), was an Honorary Life Fellow of INQUA, and received an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Tbilisi in Georgia. In April 2015 a special IUSS symposium in honor of Yaalon was held at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) in Vienna and Uherske Hradiste. This event was followed by a special Memorial Issue in the journal of CATENA. In 2016, the IUSS commemorated Dan Yaalon with the Dan Yaalon Young Scientist Medal, to be awarded every four years on an interdivisional level in the framework of the World Congresses of Soil Science.

Selected publications
Dan Yaalon has contributed to more than 200 publications, including original articles, book chapters and reviews, conference papers, scientific notes, encyclopedia entries and highly cited abstracts. Furthermore, Yaalon has been the editor of numerous collections on pedology and soil science. He was a founding editor of CATENA, and an editorial board member of CATENA, Geoderma, and Soil Science. Some of Yaalon's key publications include:
 1971 - Soil-forming processes in time and space.
 1973 - The influence of dust on soils during the Quaternary.
1975 - Conceptual models in pedogenesis: Can soil-forming functions be solved?
 1983 - Climate, time and soil development.
 1997 - Soils in the Mediterranean region: What makes them different?
 1997 - History of soil science in context: International perspective.
 2000 - Down to earth. Why soil-and soil science-matters.
 The fullest bibliographical list of Dan H. Yaalon is given in the Editorial of the CATENA Dan H. Yaalon Memorial Issue (Vol. 146), on pages 3-9.

References

Further reading
 CATENA Dan H. Yaalon Memorial Issue
 Brevik et al., 2016. The influence of Dan H. Yaalon: His impact on people. CATENA, 146:147-154.
 Gabriels, D. 2000. Laudatio Dan H. Yaalon, in: Sartoniana, George Sarton Chair of the History of Sciences 1999–2000. University of Ghent, Ghent, 13, 143–144.
 Yaalon, D.H., 2000. Soil care attitudes and strategies of land use through human history, in: Sartoniana, George Sarton Chair of the History of Sciences 1999–2000. University of Ghent, Ghent, 13, 147–159.
 List of the Sarton Chair past medalists
 IUSS Bulletein 117, November 2010, IUSS Dokuchaev Award 2010: Dan Yaalon
 IUSS Dokuchaev Award 2010
 Dan H. Yaalon Young Scientist Medal

External links
 IUSS In Memoriam of Dan H. Yaalon

1924 births
2014 deaths
Czechoslovak emigrants to Israel
Czech Jews
Israeli pedologists
Israeli people of Czech-Jewish descent
People from Uherské Hradiště
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences alumni

Dan H. Yaalon