Haynes Bonner Johnson (July 9, 1931May 24, 2013) was an American journalist, author, and television analyst. He reported on most of the major news stories of the latter half of the 20th century and was widely regarded as one of the top American political commentators.

Biography
Johnson was born in New York City to journalist Malcolm Johnson and Emma Ludie (née Adams), a pianist. He is the eldest of four children. His parents moved to Long Island, where he grew up. He earned his bachelor's degree in journalism from the University of Missouri in 1952 and then served in the U.S. Army as a first lieutenant in artillery during the Korean War. He earned his master's in American history from the University of Wisconsin in 1956.

Johnson had begun his newspaper career earlier in Manhattan as a copy boy for The New York Sun, where his father worked. In 1956 he began reporting for the Wilmington (Delaware) News-Journal, and the following year, Johnson joined the Washington Evening Star where he worked for 12 years, variously as a reporter, copy editor, night city editor and national reporter.  He covered conflicts in the Dominican Republic and India, as well as the Vietnam War.  Johnson joined The Washington Post in 1969, serving first as a National correspondent, as a special assignment correspondent at home and abroad, then as the paper's Assistant Managing Editor and finally, as a national affairs columnist.

Johnson won a Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting in 1966, for his coverage of the civil rights crisis in Selma, Alabama.
The award marked the first time in Pulitzer Prize history that a father and son both received awards for reporting;  his father, Malcolm Johnson, won in 1949 for the New York Sun series, "Crime on the Waterfront," which was the basis for the Academy Award-winning film, On the Waterfront.

He was the author or editor of sixteen books, five of them best-sellers, including his most recent work, co-authored with Washington Post political reporter Dan Balz, The Battle for America: 2008. Johnson also was a regular commentator on the PBS television shows Washington Week in Review and The News Hour.

He held academic appointments at Duke University, Princeton University, University of California at Berkeley, the University of Pennsylvania and George Washington University and served as the Knight chair of public affairs journalism at the University of Maryland from 1998 until 2013.

Personal life
He married Julia Ann Erwin in 1954; they had five children, and later divorced.
In 2002, he married Kathryn Oberly.

Death
On May 24, 2013, he died of a heart attack in Bethesda, Maryland. Johnson's survivors include his wife, Kathryn A. Oberly, a former associate judge on the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, and three daughters and two sons from his previous marriage, to Julia Erwin.

Dan Balz, senior political reporter at the Washington Post, paid tribute to Johnson's reporting skills: "I don't say this lightly. He was a great journalist." Professor and noted former editor of The Philadelphia Inquirer and The New York Times Gene Roberts observed "He made his subjects come alive," adding that "His writing had a flow and a polish."

Former advisor to Presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama, former Chicago Tribune political writer and current NBC News senior political analyst David Axelrod stated: "When I was a young political reporter, Haynes Johnson was one of the great, iconic journalists we all aspired to be. May he rest in peace." University of Maryland President Wallace Loh said of Johnson: "He helped anchor a new generation of journalists."

Johnson was scheduled to be inducted into the Society of Professional Journalists Washington DC chapter's hall of fame in June, 2013.

Bibliography

Dusk at the Mountain (1963)
The Bay of Pigs: The Leaders' Story of Brigade 2506 (1964)
Fulbright: The Dissenter, with Bernard M. Gwertzman (1968)
Army in Anguish, with George C. Wilson (1972)
The Unions, with Nick Kotz (1972)
Lyndon, with Richard Harwood (1973)
The Fall of a President, editor (1974)
The Working White House (1975)
In the Absence of Power: Governing America (1980)
The Landing: A Novel of Washington and World War II, with Howard Simons  (1986)
Sleepwalking Through History: America in the Reagan Years (1991)
Divided We Fall (1994)
The System: The American Way of Politics at the Breaking Point, with David Broder (1996)
The Best of Times: America in the Clinton Years (2001)
The Age of Anxiety: McCarthyism to Terrorism (2005)
The Battle for America 2008: The Story of an Extraordinary Election with Dan Balz (2009)
Herblock: The Life and Work of the Great Political Cartoonist with Harry Katz (2009)

References

External links
Biography at PBS

reportingcivilrights.loa.org

1931 births
Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting winners
Missouri School of Journalism alumni
American male journalists
American political writers
The Washington Post people
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
 University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
2013 deaths
Journalists from New York City

Haynes Johnson


Ōyama-tsumi or Ohoyama-tsumi (Kojiki:  or Nihon Shoki: , , ), also Ōyama-tsumi-mi'oya-no-mikoto (), is a god of mountains, sea, and war in Japanese mythology. He is an elder brother of Amaterasu and Susanoo. His other names are Watashi-no-Ōkami () and Sakatoke ().

Genealogy
In the Kamiumi of the Kojiki, Ōyama-tsumi was born between Izanagi and Izanami. After which he gave birth with Kaya-no-hime (鹿屋野比売神), also known as No-zuchi (野椎神), female deity from their union, the following gods pairs of eight were born:

 Ame-no-sazuchi (天之狭土神), genderless deity and spirit
 Kuni-no-sazuchi (国之狭土神), genderless deity and spirit
 Ame-no-sagiri (天之狭霧神), genderless deity and spirit
 Kuni-no-sagiri (国之狭霧神), genderless deity and spirit
 Ame-no-kurado (天之闇戸神), genderless deity and spirit
 Kuni-no-kurado (国之闇戸神), genderless deity and spirit
 Ohoto-mato-hiko (大戸惑子神), male deity
 Ohoto-mato-hime (大戸惑女神), female deity

Other children of Ōyama-tsumi who are parentless without a mother:

 Kamu'ō-ichi-hime (神大市比売), her children:

 Ōtoshi (大歳神, Ōtoshi-no-kami) or Nigihayahi (饒速日尊 Nigihayahi-no-mikoto), commonly known: Toshigami (年神) or Ōtoshi (大年神, Ōtoshi-no-kami)
 Uka-no-mitama (宇迦之御魂神, Uka-no-mitama-no-kami), commonly known as Inari (稲荷神, Inari-no-kami)

 Ko-no-hana-chiru-hime (木花知流比売) - wife of Yashimajinumi (八島士奴美神), his nephew through Susanoo
 Iwanaga-hime (石長比売) or (磐長姫命 in the Kujiki (旧事紀), or Sendai Kuji Hongi (先代旧事本紀)) - sister of Ko-no-sakuya-hime and wife of Ninigi
 Ko-no-sakuya-hime (木花之佐久夜毘売) - sister of Iwanaga-hime and wife of Ninigi

including the twin deities:

 Ashinazuchi or Ashinadzuchi (Kojiki: 足名椎; Nihon Shoki: 脚摩乳命) - other names: (足摩乳命, 足名槌命 Ashinazuchi or Ashinadzuchi -no-mikoto; 足名鉄神, Ashinazuchi or Ashinadzuchi)
 Tenazuchi or Tenadzuchi (Kojiki: 手名椎; Nihon Shoki: 手摩乳命) - other name: (名槌命, Tenazuchi or Tenadzuchi)

However, in the Nihon Shoki, Ōyama-tsumi is supposed to be born when Izanagi slashed his child, Kagutsuchi (軻遇突智).

The child of Ōyama-tsumi from his first wife Kaya-no-hime, the deity Ame-no-sagiri has a daughter, Tohotsumachi-ne (遠津待根神), and the eighth descendant of the male deity Ōkuninushi (大国主神), the male deity Ame-no-hibara-ōshinadomi (天日腹大科度美神), from their union gave birth to the male deity, To'otsuyama-sakitarashi (遠津山岬多良斯神), who is the descendant of Ōyama-tsumi.

There is not much written about Ōyama-tsumi, and children associated with him appears at times. As for the myth of Yamata-no-orochi, Susanoo's wife, Kushinada-hime (櫛名田比売命 Kushinada-hime-no-mikoto), and her twin parents, the male deity Ashinazuchi (足名椎) and female deity Tenazuchi (手名椎), are known and claimed to be the children of Ōyama-tsumi.

Afterwards, the lineage falls together with his descendants of his half-brother Susanoo, with the union of Ōyama-tsumi first daughter, Kamu'ō-ichi-hime (神大市比売), between them gave birth to Ōtoshi (or Toshigami) and Uka-no-mitama. Then, Susanoo's union with Ōyama-tsumi granddaughter, Kushinada-hime, gave birth to the male deity Yashimajinumi (八島士奴美神). Then Yashimajinumi married Ōyama-tsumi's daughter Konohachiru-hime (木花知流比売), from their union gave birth to the male deity Fuwanomojikunusunu/ Fuwanomodjikunusunu (布波能母遅久奴須奴神, or Fuhanomojikunusunu/ Fuhanomodjikunusunu). Fuwanomojikunusu is the husband of Hikawa-hime (日河比売, or Hikaha-hime), the daughter of the male deity Okami (淤加美神), from their union gave birth to the male deity Fukafuchi-no-Mizuyarehana (深淵之水夜礼花神).

Then, Fukafuchi-no-Mizuyarehana married Ame-no-tsudohechine (天之都度閇知泥神, or 阿麻乃都刀閇乃知尼, Ama-no-tsutohenochine in the "Origin of the Great Shining Deity Awaga" (Awaga Daimyōjin Mototsufumi, 粟鹿大明神元記)) and from their union gave birth to Omizunu/ Omidzunu (淤美豆奴神, or 意弥都奴). Then, Omizunu/ Omidzunu married the female deity Futemimi (布帝耳神), who is the daughter of the deity Funozuno (布怒豆怒神) and from their union gave birth to the male deity  (天之冬衣神). Ame-no-Fuyukinu married the female deity  (刺国若比売), who is the daughter of the male deity  (刺国大神, Sashikuni Ōkami), from their union gave birth to the male deity Ōkuninushi, the sixth generation grandson of Ōyama-tsumi. These are recorded from a book called the "Origin of the Great Shining Deity Awaga" (Awaga Daimyōjin Mototsufumi, 粟鹿大明神元記) at Awaga Shrine (粟鹿神社, Awaga Jinja) in Awaga, town of Santō, Asago, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan.

In the myth of Tenson Kōrin (天孫降臨), the descent of Amaterasu's grandson Ninigi-no-Mikoto from Heaven (Takamagahara) to Ashihara no Nakatsukuni, Ninigi has encountered Ōyama-tsumi's daughter Ko-no-hanasakuya-hime (木花之佐久夜毘売), - the kami of Mount Fuji, Ōyama-tsumi has offered both Ko-no-hanasakuya-hime and her older sister Iwanaga-hime (石長比売). Then, when Ninigi sends back Iwanaga-hime only by her ugly appearance, which in return has angered Ōyama-tsumi and said, "The reason why I gave together with Iwanaga-hime aside from her sibling Ko-no-hanasakuya-hime was because I made a pledge that the heavenly grandson (Ninigi) would be eternal like a rock, but she was sent back and the life expectancy of the heavenly grandson (Ninigi) was shortened."

His most important shrine, Ōyamazumi Shrine, is located on Ōmishima.

Izumo generations

References

Japanese gods
Mountain gods
Sea and river gods
Shinto kami
War gods
Kunitsukami

Ōyamatsumi


The Arnold Cipher was a book cipher used by John André and Benedict Arnold during the negotiations that led to Arnold's failed attempt to surrender West Point to the British in 1780.

Background
In May 1779, Continental Army Major General Benedict Arnold initiated what became a series of communications with British Army Major John André, the adjutant and spy chief to Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton, the commander-in-chief of British forces in North America.  In these communications, which were at first mediated by Joseph Stansbury, a Philadelphia merchant, Arnold offered his services to the British.  André responded to this offer with a letter dated May 10, 1779, in which he described the types of services Arnold might provide, and described a code which they should use to obscure their communications.

The book used as a key to the cipher was either Commentaries on the Laws of England by William Blackstone or Nathan Bailey's Dictionary.  The cipher consisted of a series of three numbers separated by periods.  These numbers represented a page number of the agreed book, a line number on that page, and a word number in that line.  Arnold added missing letters or suffixes where he could not find a match in one of the books.  For example, 120.9.7 would refer to the 120th page, the 9th line on that page, and the seventh word in that line, which, in the following example is decoded as "general".

The actual communications were often disguised by embedding it in a letter written by Arnold's wife Peggy, where the cipher would be written in invisible ink, but might also have been disguised as what appeared to be routine business communications.

Coded example
This code was generated by Arnold for a message to André dated July 12, 1780:

Decoded example
Here is how Jonathan Odell, André's assistant, decoded the message:

References

Classical ciphers
Benedict Arnold

Arnold Cipher


Éric Loiselet (16 November 1959 – 22 October 2016) was a French politician and a member of The Greens-Europe Écologie.  He was born in  Rennes, France.

He was a member of the Socialist Party's ecologist-green wing and first federal secretary of the PS in Haute-Marne until he joined The Greens. In 2009, he was selected to be The Greens-Europe Écologie's candidate in Champagne-Ardenne for the 2010 regional elections.

Loiselet died on 22 October 2016, aged 56.

References

1959 births
2016 deaths
French politicians

Eric Loiselet


Heinrich Curschmann (28 June 1846 – 6 May 1910) was a German internist who was a native of Giessen.

From 1863 to 1868 he studied medicine at the University of Giessen, and afterwards worked as an assistant physician at the Rochusspital in Mainz. In 1875, he received his habilitation for internal medicine at the University of Berlin, and from 1879 to 1888 served as director at the state hospital in Hamburg. From 1888 to 1910 he was a professor of internal medicine at the University of Leipzig, serving as academic rector in 1906/07.

Curschmann is remembered for the 1894 publication of "Klinische Abbildungen" (Clinical Illustrations), a collection of photos involving changes to the outer human form caused by internal disease. "Klinische Abbildungen" is considered to be a major pioneer work in medical photography. His treatise "Der Unterleibstyphus and Das Fleckenfieber", was later translated into English and published as "Typhoid fever and typhus fever" (1901).

Curschmann's name is lent to a number of eponymous medical terms, including "Curschmann's disease", also known as hyaloserositis of the liver; "Curschmann's cannula", a medical instrument; and "Curschmann's spirals", described as coiled mucinous fibrils sometimes found in the sputum in bronchial asthma.

References

 Translation of "Klinische Abbildungen."

German internists
1846 births
1910 deaths
University of Giessen alumni
Academic staff of Leipzig University
Rectors of Leipzig University
People from Giessen

Heinrich Curschmann


Michael Chandler  is an American producer, director, writer and editor of feature and documentary films. He produced and directed, with Sheila Canavan, the feature documentary Compared to What? The Improbable Journey of Barney Frank,  a Showtime Networks Broadcast Premier and official selection of the Tribeca Film Festival; the PBS Independent Lens feature documentary Knee Deep
which one reviewer called, "one of the year's best 'believe it or not' documentaries, a rural Rashomon and a compelling cinematic experience;"  and produced & directed  Forgotten Fires , a PBS documentary which investigated the burning by Ku Klux Klansmen of Black churches. Bill Moyers said about it: "If we wanted a real dialog about race in America, we'd start with this film."  Chandler also produced & directed investigative documentaries for the PBS series Frontline, including Blackout, a collaboration with The New York Times,  The Future of War, and
Secrets of the SAT.

He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Film Editing for the film Amadeus. He also won the BAFTA Award for Best Editing for the same film, which he shared with Nena Danevic. He is a two-time winner of the American Cinema Editors (ACE) Eddie Award, for Best Edited Feature for Amadeus and for Best Edited Documentary for the ABC production Can't It Be Anyone Else?

He was film editor on Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters, Never Cry Wolf and Empire Records. He  was writer and editor of Freedom on My Mind (Academy Award Nomination, Sundance Grand Jury Prize), co-writer and consulting editor on  The Most Dangerous Man in America: Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers (Academy Award Nomination), editor of  Waldo Salt: A Screenwriter's Journey (Academy Award Nomination) and Squires of San Quentin (Academy Award Nomination), and co-writer and editor of Yosemite: The Fate of Heaven (Emmy Award). As writer and editor of the ABC television special Can't It Be Anyone Else? he was awarded the Christopher Award, presented for works that "affirm the highest values of the human spirit."

Chandler is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, the American Cinema Editors, and the Writer's Guild.

References

External links

American Cinema Editors
American documentary filmmakers
American film editors
Best Editing BAFTA Award winners
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Michael A. Chandler


Daniel Rudge (1840 – 26 June 1880) was a British engineer who built high-end bicycles and velocipedes.  Rudge invented the adjustable ball bearing bicycle hub (British Patent No 526) in 1878.

The French racing cyclist Charles Terront, renowned for winning the first Paris–Brest–Paris event in 1891, used Rudge's axles with much success thereby bringing world attention to Rudge.  In the years before John Dunlop invented the pneumatic tyre, Rudge addressed the rough ride by producing a four-bladed, spring-suspended fork in 1887.

After Rudge's death, his company was merged with The Tangent & Coventry Tricycle Company to form D. Rudge & Co. which in 1894 became Rudge Whitworth Cycles. By 1911, the Rudge Whitworth Cycle Company was also manufacturing motorcycles.

After the company fell on hard times in the Great Depression, the music company EMI bought the Rudge name.  EMI produced bicycles under the Rudge name from 1935 until 1943 when they sold the name to Raleigh.

External links
glossary entry on "Whitworth" by Sheldon Brown
Daniel Rudge by Derek Beddows
Rudge Whitworth Cycles
Rudge Bike

1840 births
1880 deaths
British inventors
Place of birth missing

Daniel Rudge


Sedmice ("Seven") is a card game of the Sedma family played in the states of the former Yugoslavia. Like other games of this family, tricks are won by matching the led card in rank. In addition, the Sevens are wild, hence the name. In Croatia, the game is called Šuster.

Overview
Two players can participate, but the optimal number is four players (in two pairs). The game is played clockwise. Each player is initially dealt 4 cards.

Cards

Sedmica is played with 32 cards. If German suited cards are used the pack comprises:
4 x Sevens (sedmica)
4 x Eights (osmica)
4 x Nines (devetica)
4 x Tens (desetica)
4 x Unters (dolnjak)
4 x Obers (gornjak)
4 x Kings (kralj)
4 x Aces (as)

Suits
The cards typically have the following suits:

Rules
The basic motto of the game is: "A card takes a card, the Seven takes everything." The following rules are based on McLeod:

Players are dealt four cards each and the rest are placed face down as a talon. Any card may be played. To win the trick, however, a card of equal rank to the led card must be played or, alternatively, any Seven. The trick winner is the last player to play an equal-ranking card or Seven.

If the winning card is played by an opponent of the player who led, the latter may continue the trick by playing another equal-ranker or Seven. The other players must now all play a card. This may continue for further rounds of the same trick. The number of trick rounds therefore depends on the player who led.

Example: An Eight is led to the trick. After four cards have been played, the player who played the last Eight or a Seven wins the trick unless the first player has another Eight or Seven when he may  play that and the others must now all play another card.

After each trick, players replenish their cards so that they always have four. Once the talon is exhausted, the game continues until the remaining cards have been played out. Then the game is over and the players count up their points.

Partners may communicate as follows:
 Ubij ("kill") - take the trick
 Pusti ("let it go") - let our opponents take the trick
 Napuni ("fill it") - smear the trick because I will win it.

Scoring
The only counters are the Aces and Tens which are worth 10 points each. The winner of the last trick also scores 10 points for a total of 90 in the deal.

Game is 120 points.

References

External links
 Sedmice. Rules and variations at www.pagat.com.

Hungarian card games
Point-trick games
Sedma group
German deck card games

Sedmice


Something Cloudy, Something Clear is an autobiographical play by Tennessee Williams that was originally written in 1941 as a short play titled The Parade, or Approaching the End of a Summer, which was produced posthumously in Provincetown in 2006. In 1962, Williams retitled and expanded The Parade into a full-length play that was first produced Off-Off-Broadway in 1981. Both versions of the play are set on the wharfs of Provincetown, Massachusetts, and tell the story of a young playwright named August dealing with his unrequited homosexual love for another man.

The situations and characters in both were "clearly drawn from a very autobiographical foundation," with August's dilemma reflecting a relationship Williams had in Provincetown with "his actual lover for [one] summer, Kip Kiernan." The Parade was written after a fight with Kiernan, and Williams reflected in 1962 that "[the version of Kip in that play] is very completely different from Kip as he was. When someone hurts us deeply, we no longer see them at all clearly. Not until time has put them back in focus."

Williams' revised version of the play, titled Something Cloudy, Something Clear, opened on August 24, 1981 at The Bouwerie Lane Theatre in New York City to unenthusiastic reviews.

It received its British professional premiere at the Finborough Theatre in London in 2003 with James Hillier in the lead role as August, where it sold out for the entire run.

References

1941 plays
1981 plays
Plays by Tennessee Williams
Plays set in Massachusetts
Provincetown, Massachusetts
New Directions Publishing books

Something Cloudy, Something Clear


Mary Rhodes (born 28 November 1969) is the main presenter of the BBC TV news programme Midlands Today.

She was previously a regular sports presenter on BBC World, BBC One and BBC News 24. She hosted the daily magazine programme 110%.

Early life
Rhodes was educated at Weobley High School before taking A-levels in Communication Studies, English, General Studies and Psychology at Hereford Sixth Form College. She graduated in 1990 from Birmingham Polytechnic (now Birmingham City University), where she studied for a degree in media and communications (specialising in television).

Broadcasting career
Before coming to News 24, Rhodes was a freelancer, working across the BBC's radio stations. Her favourite sport is tennis, and her break in sports reporting/presenting came when she was at Wimbledon, presenting on the local radio service Radio Wimbledon. She has been covering the tournament since 1995.

Rhodes also presented The Heaven and Earth Show on BBC1.

In 2011, she took over as presenter of BBC West Midlands show Inside Out after the programme went through several guest presenters following the sacking of previous presenter Ashley Blake. Rhodes also became a reporter on Midlands Today alongside her Inside Out duties and, in 2012, she became the main presenter of Midlands Today when Suzanne Virdee left the programme. She shares main presented duties with Nick Owen.

Mary is a fan of  West Bromwich Albion Football Club and a member of their Warwickshire Supporters Club Branch.

References

External links

Mary Rhodes Q and A's TV Newsroom
Mary Rhodes Conference Presenting Profile

Alumni of Birmingham City University
BBC newsreaders and journalists
BBC World News
1969 births
Living people

Mary Rhodes


A bucket (also called a scoop to qualify shallower designs of tools) is a specialized container attached to a machine, as compared to a bucket adapted for manual use by a human being. It is a bulk material handling component.

The bucket has an inner volume as compared to other types of machine attachments like blades or shovels.

The bucket could be attached to the lifting hook of a crane, at the end of the arm of an excavating machine, to the wires of a dragline excavator, to the arms of a power shovel or a tractor equipped with a backhoe loader or to a loader, or to a dredge.

The name "bucket" may have been coined from buckets used in water wheels, or used in water turbines or in similar-looking devices.

Purposes
Buckets in mechanical engineering can have a distinct quality from the traditional bucket (pail) whose purpose is to contain things. Larger versions of this type of bucket equip bucket trucks to contain human beings, buckets in water-hauling systems in mines or, for instance, in helicopter buckets to hold water to combat fires.

Two other types of mechanical buckets can be distinguished according to the final destination of the device they equip: energy-consumer systems like excavators or energy-capturer systems like water bucket wheels or turbines.

Size and shape
Buckets exist in a variety of sizes or shapes. They can be quite large like those equipping Hulett cranes, used to discharge ore out of cargo ships in harbours or very small such as those used by deep-sea exploration vehicles.

The shape of the bucket can vary from the truncated conical shape of an actual bucket to more scoop-like or spoon-like shapes akin to water turbines. The cross section can be round or square.

Designs

Simple design
This is the same shape of a domestic form, the one-piece-standing single element, but often with an augmented size.

Mining
In early developments of mining, a large simple bucket allowed easy insertion of both miners and construction materials such as pit props, and later extraction of miners and ore. Common terms used in various parts of the world include: Bowk; Kibble; Hoppit; Hoppet. Latterly they have been called sinking buckets, as they are now only used when sinking new mine shafts before insertion of the cage, or for emergency rescue.

Concrete bucket

A concrete bucket delivers concrete by means of a tower crane. It has a bottom opening to allow concrete to flow out when in-place. See also tremie.

Boom truck bucket
A boom truck (or "bucket truck" bucket is an aerial work platform placed at the end of an excavator-like arm which allows a man to be hoisted to do construction work, such as tree pruning and electrical line maintenance. When necessary the bucket is made out of a non-conductive material for safety. A construction site man lift is a similar apparatus. There may be a door on the side of the bucket in either.

Excavator bucket
Excavator buckets are made of solid steel and generally present teeth protruding from the cutting edge, to disrupt hard material and avoid wear-and-tear of the bucket. Subsets of the excavator bucket are: the ditching bucket, trenching bucket, A ditching bucket is a wider bucket with no teeth,  used for excavating larger excavations and grading stone. A trenching excavator bucket is normally  wide and with protruding teeth.

Bucket crusher
A bucket crusher or crusher bucket is a type of jaw crusher. It's an attached tool for excavators for built-in crushing construction waste and demolition materials.

Screening bucket
The screening bucket is an attachment for the excavators, loaders, skid steers and backhoe loaders that helps the selection of natural material for different purposes at the jobsite.

Clamshell bucket

The clamshell bucket is a more sophisticated articulated several-piece device, including two elementary buckets associated on a hinged structure forming a claws-like appendage with an internal volume.

Buckets-wheel

In mining
The design is used in bucket-wheel excavators. The buckets in the wheel have to be made of solid material to withstand the resistance of the material it cuts through.

In water hoisting

In energy production
The bucket wheel design is also used to capture the water energy in water-wheels or water turbines like Pelton wheels. The buckets also have to be made of solid material to withstand the force of the water flow. Their shape is optimized according to their purpose.
Other designs include vertical shaft wind turbines designs like on the Savonius wind turbine. In this case, the buckets have to be made of a light material.

Buckets-ladders (buckets-chains)
The buckets-ladders are used in bucket elevators or in the dredge design of some dredgers.

Images

References

Construction equipment
Hardware (mechanical)
Excavating equipment

Bucket (machine part)


Arthur Weed Marvin (May 26, 1859 – January 18, 1911), was an American cinematographer who worked for the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company in which his brother Harry Marvin was one of the four founders (the others being Herman Casler, William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, and Elias Koopman).

He shot 418 films between 1897 and 1911, including The Adventures of Dollie (1908), the directorial debut of D. W. Griffith, as well as other early Griffith shorts such as Pippa Passes in 1909.

He directed the short film Sherlock Holmes Baffled, which was the earliest known film to feature Arthur Conan Doyle's detective character Sherlock Holmes.

His nephew Daniel Warner Marvin II, Henry's son, perished in the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912.

He was born in Warners, New York, US to Daniel Warner Marvin and Ellen Jane Weed. He was married to Sarah E. Babcock. He died in Los Angeles, California.

Filmography

References

External links

1859 births
1911 deaths
American cinematographers

Arthur Marvin


Bernat II de Cabrera (Spanish: Bernardo II de Cabrera. 1298–1364) was an Aragonese nobleman, diplomat, and military commander.  Born in Calatayud, he participated in the conquest of Majorca (1343). He commanded the naval squadron that defeated the Genoese navy and took Alghero in 1353.

As the ambassador of Peter IV of Aragon, he negotiated the Peace of Deza between Castile and Aragon on May 18, 1361, during the War of the Two Peters.

The war, however, later continued, and when Cabrera refused to further support Peter's allies Henry of Trastámara and Charles the Bad of Navarre against Pedro of Castile, Cabrera fell into disfavor at court and was executed as a traitor at Zaragoza.

References

External links
 Bernardo de Cabrera

1298 births
1364 deaths
People from Comunidad de Calatayud
Crown of Aragon

Bernat II de Cabrera


Kähäri is a district of the city of Turku, in Finland. It is located to the northwest of the city centre.

The current () population of Kähäri is 934, which did not change during 2004. 17.77% of the district's population are under 15 years old, while 19.27% are over 65. The district's linguistic makeup is 93.47% Finnish, 4.93% Swedish, and 1.61% other.

See also
 Districts of Turku
 Districts of Turku by population

Districts of Turku

Kähäri


Caught in a Free State was a dramatised television series made by RTÉ in 1983. This four-part series was about German spies in neutral Ireland during World War II, known in Ireland as "The Emergency".

Production
The series was written by Brian Lynch, with music by Seóirse Bodley and directed by Peter Ormrod and Designed by Pat Molloy. The series was the winner of the best drama award at the Banff World Television Festival in Canada and also won a Jacob's Award in Ireland.

Parts of the dialogue were recorded in German with English subtitles, partly in the hope of a sale of the series to a German television station.

Principal actors
Goetz Burger as "Gunther Schultz" (based on Günther Schütz of Abwehr)
Peter Jankowsky as Hermann Görtz (chief spy of Abwehr in Ireland)
John Kavanagh as "Colonel Brian Dillon" (based on Colonel Dan Bryan of the G2 section of the Irish Army)
Barry McGovern as Éamon de Valera (Taoiseach)
Niall Tóibín as Stephen Hayes (Irish Republican Army)
O. Z. Whitehead as David Gray (US Ambassador to Ireland)

Episodes
The spies are frequently depicted as out of touch with the realities of Irish life. They are also often depicted as individuals highly unsuited for espionage. At times, the absurdities take on a comic dimension - such as in the arrest of Henry Obed, an Indian working for Abwehr. It is notable that the German plans for Operation Green (the intended invasion of Ireland) also included a considerable amount of outdated information.

Whilst dramatised (and some names have been changed, notably that of Schütz to "Schultz") the plots in Caught in a Free State are based on actual events and persons. The anachronistic reference to "Free State" is deliberate as the Irish Free State had been superseded by the new Constitution of Ireland of 1937, which is a recurring theme. Both Günther Schütz and Dan Bryan were still alive during the filming (in 1983), hence the change of names.

Episode 1: Hermann Görtz is parachuted into Ireland. He tries to return to Germany by boat but is intercepted by the Irish Navy and interned.
Episode 2: Ernst Weber-Drohl, a 60-year-old former circus strongman, is landed by submarine on the coast of County Wexford.
Episode 3: "Gunter Schultz" is arrested, interrogated and threatened with execution for spying.
Episode 4: The end of the War. Herman Görtz commits suicide rather than face deportation.

Transmission
It was also broadcast in the United Kingdom on Channel 4 in April 1984, and was repeated in July 1986.

See also
History of the Republic of Ireland
Irish neutrality
Irish neutrality during World War II
IRA/Abwehr collaboration in World War II
Plan Kathleen
Operation Green
Oskar Metzke

References

External links
Brian Lynch (writer)

RTÉ

1983 Irish television series debuts
1983 Irish television series endings
Independent Ireland in World War II
Irish drama television series
RTÉ original programming
World War II espionage
World War II television drama series
Cultural depictions of Éamon de Valera
Television series set in 1940

Caught in a Free State


William Soden Hastings (June 3, 1798 – June 17, 1842) was a United States representative from Massachusetts.

Life and career
Born in Mendon, Massachusetts, his father was Seth Hastings, also a U.S. Representative. On his father's side of the family, he was a descendant of Thomas Hastings (colonist) who came from the East Anglia region of England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1634. The younger Hastings completed preparatory studies and graduated from Harvard University in 1817; he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1820 and commenced practice in Mendon.

Hastings became a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1828, and served in the Massachusetts State Senate from 1829 to 1833.
He was elected as a Whig to the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth, and Twenty-seventh Congresses, serving from March 4, 1837, until his death in 1842. He died in Red Sulphur Springs, Virginia (now West Virginia) and was buried in Old Cemetery, Mendon.

See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)

References

Buckminster, Lydia N.H., The Hastings Memorial, A Genealogical Account of the Descendants of Thomas Hastings of Watertown, Mass. from 1634 to 1864, Boston: Samuel G. Drake Publisher (an undated NEHGS photoduplicate of the 1866 edition).

External links
 Descendants of Thomas Hastings website
 Descendants of Thomas Hastings on Facebook

1798 births
1842 deaths
People from Mendon, Massachusetts
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Massachusetts state senators
Harvard University alumni
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
19th-century American politicians

William Soden Hastings


The International Clown Hall of Fame and Research Center (ICHOF), located in Baraboo, Wisconsin, United States, is dedicated to the preservation and advancement of clown art and achievement. Represented by professional and amateur clown associations, it pays tribute to outstanding clown performers, operates a museum of clowning with resident clown performers, conducts special events, and maintains a national archive of clown artifacts and history.

History
The ICHOF was founded in Delavan, Wisconsin, the birthplace of the Barnum and Bailey Circus, in 1987. It was created as community development project by Gareth Thomas Betts of the University of Wisconsin–Extension and Jennie Schilz Thompson, director of the Delavan Chamber of Commerce to build on the city's circus history. The induction process began in 1988, and was headed by Richard Snowberg, the founder and director of Clown Camp during his tenure as a professor at University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. The first event followed the affiliation of the four major clown organizations with the museum. The affiliated clown organizations were given the role of selecting the first nominees. Balloting by the members of the ICHOF resulted in the election of Red Skelton, Lou Jacobs, Emmett Kelly, Mark Anthony, Felix Adler, and Otto Griebling. The first inductees were enshrined April 23, 1989.

Since then, 61 additional clowns have been inducted into the International Clown Hall of Fame. The ensemble has included living and historical American clowns and clowns from Europe, South America, and Africa. The ICHOF also annually bestows a "Lifetime of Laughter Achievement Award". This has gone to Willard Scott, who at one time played both Ronald McDonald and Bozo on TV before becoming known as The Today Show weather man, Max Patkin – the "Clown Prince of Baseball", Ben Barkin of the Great Circus Parade and Meadowlark Lemon – the "Clown Prince of Basketball."

In 2004, ABC News columnist Buck Wolf settled a long-running clown controversy by inducting Pinto Colvig as the original Bozo. A series of investigative pieces he wrote proved that show business promoter Larry Harmon had a pattern of taking credit for inventing TV's most famous clown.

See also
Clowns of America International
International Circus Hall of Fame

References

External links
International Clown Hall of Fame

Clowning
Clown
Circus museums in the United States
Biographical museums in Wisconsin
Museums in Sauk County, Wisconsin
1987 establishments in Wisconsin
Museums established in 1987
Baraboo, Wisconsin

International Clown Hall of Fame


Bite Me: A Love Story is a novel by American writer Christopher Moore.  It debuted at number 5 on The New York Times Best Seller list on April 11, 2010.

It is the third book in to the author's original vampire series Bloodsucking Fiends, from 1995. Bite Me was released on March 23, 2010 by William Morrow and Company.

Plot
Following immediately after You Suck, Bite Me starts with Abby Normal summarizing what happened in the previous books (Bloodsucking Fiends, You Suck). The Emperor is caught in a large fight involving Steven "Foo Dog" Wong, Abby Normal, the Samurai of Jackson Street, and Chet and his horde of vampire kitties. Abby is then kicked out of the "Love Lair" by her mother, Inspector Rivera, and Cavuto.

After that, Foo and Jared run tests on vampire rats to see if they can reverse the process of vampirism. While this is happening the Animals are attacked by hordes of vampire cats. Later Jody and Tommy are freed from their bronze casing, and Tommy, having lost his sanity due to the bronzing, flees to live with the vampire cats. Jody goes after him, while the Animals, along with Inspector Rivera and Cavuto, hunt the vampire cats with a remedy made by one of the Animal's grandmother.

Tommy regains his sanity and returns to the apartment to find Jody, instead finding that Abby has managed to turn herself into a vampire using blood from one of the rats, with an unusual side effect. Meanwhile, Jody is caught in the sun, then saved by The Samurai of Jackson Street (Katusumi Okata), who heals her. The three spawn of the head vampire (Elijah): Makeda, Rolf, and Bella, arrive aboard The Raven to clean up the mess that Elijah has made, including the vampire cats, any additional vampires, and all humans that know of their existence.

The combination of the Animals, Inspectors Rivera and Cavuto, and the three spawn of Elijah manage to kill all the cats except for Chet. Then Tommy and Jody kill Rolf, and the Animals take down Makeda, and finally Bella is killed by Okata, after a failed attack by Chet (who was killed in the process). Tommy and Abby then resume human form. Jody decides to remain a vampire and live with Okata, who is turned into a vampire by the unwilling and imprisoned Elijah. The final scene includes Abby and Tommy together watching the Raven sail away.

Cameos and continuity
Several characters from Bloodsucking Fiends and You Suck appear in this sequel, including the vampire who originally "turned" Jody, Tommy's grocery store co-workers "The Animals", police detectives Rivera and Cavuto, and "The Emperor of San Francisco".  Abby Normal, who appeared in You Suck and A Dirty Job is a primary character and her friend Lily, from A Dirty Job has a cameo. The faux Hawaiian Rastafarian Kona from Fluke is featured briefly.

Mrs. Korchev and Lily (aka Darquewillow Elventhing) from A Dirty Job are also briefly mentioned, when Abby and Lily are taunting Mrs. Korchev by chanting "like bear, like bear" until she goes away.

External links
Mark Graham. "Getting ready for Bite Me: Rereading Christopher Moore's You Suck and green beer." Tor.com, March 14, 2010.
Mehgan McGill. "Christopher Moore's 'Bite Me' -- Vampire Fiction We Can Get Behind." Lemondrop, April 15, 2010.

References

2010 American novels
Novels by Christopher Moore
Sequel novels
American vampire novels
2010 fantasy novels
William Morrow and Company books

Bite Me: A Love Story


Shawn Mendes (alternatively Shawn Mendes: The Album) is the third studio album by Canadian singer Shawn Mendes, released through Island Records on May 25, 2018. It is primarily a pop record, with ingrained influences of pop rock, blues, and R&B. Mendes worked with Ryan Tedder, Julia Michaels, John Mayer, Ed Sheeran, Johnny McDaid, Camila Cabello, and Khalid. Among the producers are Tedder, Teddy Geiger, Louis Bell, Ian Kirkpatrick, with Mendes serving as an executive producer. It is a follow-up to his 2016 album Illuminate (2016).
The album debuted at number one in Canada, making it Mendes' third number one album in his home country. It also debuted at the top of the US Billboard 200. It marked Mendes' third number one album in the US, making him the third youngest artist to top the chart at least three times. The album also topped the charts in Australia, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland. It received generally positive reviews from music critics.

The lead single, "In My Blood" peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and reached the top ten in several other countries. "In My Blood", "Lost in Japan", and "Youth" were certified gold or higher in Canada. The album was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album and "In My Blood" for Song of the Year at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards.

On July 26, 2019, a deluxe version of the album including Mendes' "If I Can't Have You" and the Billboard Hot 100 number-one collaboration with singer Camila Cabello, "Señorita", were released on digital platforms and physical format in certain countries.

Background
The album was recorded over three to four months, primarily at The Woodshed Studio in Malibu, California. Recording sessions also took place in Port Antonio, Jamaica. Mendes drew inspiration from music artists Justin Timberlake, Kings of Leon, Kanye West and Daniel Caesar while making the record. In an interview with The Recording Academy, he declared:

Promotion
To announce the release date, album artwork, and title, Mendes hosted a 9-hour live video stream on YouTube, culminating on April 26, 2018, at midnight. The livestream featured a crew setting up a floral arrangement to recreate the album's cover.

In promotion of the album, Mendes played a concert at the Ford Theatres in Hollywood on May 17, which was live-streamed by Apple Music and followed by a Q&A with radio presenter Zane Lowe. In a surprise PR stunt, Mendes and his team made a stop at Simon Baruch Middle School in NYC, performing three acoustic songs off the new album. The recording of the performance, titled Shawn Mendes: Live In Los Angeles, was released by Apple Music.

Mendes also spent the week of June 4, 2018, on The Late Late Show with James Corden where he performed one of his new songs each night. The full week event was hashtagged as LateLateShawn on social media. He also did a Carpool Karaoke episode where he sang some of his new songs alongside his old ones.

Spotify invited Mendes' fans for an intimate Spotify Fans First event held on July 19 at Beverly Hills, California.

To promote the album, Mendes embarked on his third solo world tour, called Shawn Mendes: The Tour.

Singles
"In My Blood" was released on March 22, 2018, as the album's lead single, and sent to contemporary hit radio on March 27. "Lost in Japan" was released as the second single on March 23, 2018. "Youth", which features American singer Khalid, was released as the third single. "Where Were You in the Morning?" was released as the fourth single on May 18. "Nervous" was released as the fifth single on May 23. "If I Can't Have You" and "Señorita" were originally released as standalone singles on May 3, 2019, and June 21, 2019, respectively. They were later added to the deluxe edition of the album.

Critical reception

Shawn Mendes received generally positive reviews from music critics, with particular praise towards Mendes' songwriting and artistic maturity compared to his previous work.

Ilana Kaplan from The Independent gave the album 4 of 5 stars, praising Mendes's maturity compared to his previous album: "With his latest effort, the 19-year-old singer moves beyond stereotypical relationship woes and goes for something more personal." In another positive review, Jem Aswad from Variety opined the album as a "remarkably well-crafted pop album that finds the singer trying on different styles, prominently showcasing his collaborators and making some flagrant references - yet his persona has become strong enough that he's never overpowered by any of it." Hannah Mylrea of NME complimented Mendes's growth, calling his rock- and funk-inspired sound "a bright and bold new direction." Mike Nied of Idolator called it his best album to date, in addition to one of the best of the year so far.

Jon Caramanica of The New York Times gave a mixed review, calling the album "appealing if not wholly engaging, full of pleasantly anonymous songs that systematically obscure Mr. Mendes's talents." Jamieson Cox of Pitchfork gave a rating of 5.1 out of 10, noting that Mendes's songs lack a unique sound, "and you can imagine them being recorded by anyone: Nick Jonas, Charlie Puth, a random choice from the One Direction diaspora." In a three-star review, The Guardian Laura Snapes opined that Mendes's "attempt to detoxify pop masculinity is admirable, but you're left yearning for a bit of rough and tumble."

Mark Kennedy of the Associated Press gave the album a positive review, praising the songwriting, hooks, as well as the duet with Khalid, but was unimpressed by "Like to Be You", the duet with singer Julia Michaels and "Fallin' All in You", co-written with Ed Sheeran and Johnny McDaid.  Maeve McDermott of USA Today highlighted "In My Blood" as one of the best songs, saying the album "nails the innocence, thrills and pain that's unique to being 19, alone and hopeful." In contrast, Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone called "In My Blood" one of the album's weakest songs, favouring instead the collaborations with Michaels.  Chris Gillet from South China Morning Post complimented Mendes' songwriting abilities as well, citing "Because I Had You", "Perfectly Wrong", and "When You're Ready" as the album's highlights, as well as acclaiming his vocal performance in "Perfectly Wrong," but was critical with "Queen" and "Fallin' All in You" labelling them "generic," he ended the review with awarding the album 4 out of 5 stars.

Accolades

Awards and nominations

Year-end lists

Commercial performance
Shawn Mendes debuted at number one on the Billboard Canadian Albums Chart with 32,000 album-equivalent units, becoming Mendes' third Canadian number-one album. On October 3, 2018, Shawn Mendes was certified Platinum by Music Canada for shipments of 80,000 copies in the country.

Shawn Mendes debuted atop the ARIA Albums Chart, giving Mendes his first number-one album in Australia. On the UK Albums Chart, the album opened at number three, with first-week sales of 23,419.

Shawn Mendes debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 182,000 album-equivalent units (including 142,000 pure album sales), becoming Mendes' third consecutive US number-one album. This feat made Mendes the third youngest artist to top the chart with at least 3 albums, along with Miley Cyrus and Justin Bieber. At the time, it became Mendes' best performing week ever, the fifth-best week of the year, and the second-biggest week for a pop album of the year, behind only Justin Timberlake's Man of the Woods. Additionally, it became the second most streamed pop album in 2018 for the first week, behind Timberlake, and the most streamed on the first week on Apple Music, surpassing Timberlake's record.

Track listing
Credits adapted from iTunes Store metadata.

Notes
 signifies an additional producer
 signifies a co-producer

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

Certifications

Release history

See also
 List of 2018 albums
 List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 2018
 List of number-one albums of 2018 (Australia)
 List of number-one albums of 2018 (Austria)
 List of number-one albums of 2018 (Belgium)
 List of number-one albums of 2018 (Canada)
 List of number-one albums of 2018 (Spain)
 List of UK top-ten albums in 2018

References

2018 albums
Island Records albums
Shawn Mendes albums
Albums produced by Andrew Watt (record producer)
Albums produced by Joel Little
Albums produced by Louis Bell
Albums produced by Ryan Tedder
Juno Award for Pop Album of the Year albums
Juno Award for Album of the Year albums

Shawn Mendes (album)


Churu (Aymara for a small waru waru / a lump, Hispanicized spelling  Choro) is a  mountain in the Cordillera Real in the Bolivian Andes. It is situated in the La Paz Department, Sud Yungas Province, Irupana Municipality, near the border with the Murillo Province, Palca Municipality. Churu lies south-west of the mountain Mururata, west of a small lake named Qillwa Quta ("gull lake", Khellhua Khota), east of the mountain Wila Quta and south-east of the mountain Qutapata.

References

Mountains of La Paz Department (Bolivia)

Churu (Bolivia)


John Eric "Johnny" Longden (February 14, 1907 – February 14, 2003) was an American Hall of Fame and National Champion jockey and a trainer of Thoroughbred racehorses who was born in Wakefield, Yorkshire, England. His father emigrated to Canada in 1909, settling in Taber, Alberta.

Career

By 1912, Longden Sr. had saved enough money to send for his wife and young son to join him in Canada. However, the Longdens' train was late getting to the port of Southampton, and they missed their scheduled voyage to New York City on the Titanic.

As a young man, Longden Jr. worked in the mining industry. His love of horses and horse-racing, as well as his small stature standing at 4' 11', led him to leave Canada in 1927 to seek opportunities as a jockey in California's burgeoning racing scene. Based at Santa Anita Park, by 1956 he had become thoroughbred racing's winningest rider, breaking the record of 4,870 wins by British jockey Sir Gordon Richards (1904–1988). Longden, who was called "The Pumper" by his fellow jockeys because of his riding style, rode many of the great thoroughbreds of the day. In 1943, he captured the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing winning the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes and the Belmont Stakes aboard Count Fleet. A sculptured bust of Longden, along with busts of fellow jockeys William Shoemaker and Laffit Pincay, has been placed in the paddock area at Santa Anita Racetrack in Arcadia, California.

A founding member of the Jockeys' Guild in 1940, Longden was the United States' leading jockey in races won in 1938, 1947, and  1948. He was also the leading jockey in purses won in 1943 and 1945. He was voted the prestigious George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award in 1952.

In 1958, Longden was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame. He retired the following year as the jockey with the most wins in racing history with 6,032 victories from his 32,413 mounts. His last ride was in the 1966 San Juan Capistrano Handicap at Santa Anita Park, which he won aboard George Royal in a stretch duel. The clubhouse at Santa Anita Park contains an oil painting of the finish of this race. The image was used for the cover of the Santa Anita official program during the 1967 racing season.

Horse ownership and training career
Longden operated a racing stable under the name Alberta Ranches Ltd. in partnership with Frank McMahon, Wilder H. Ripley and Max Bell, longtime friends from Alberta. On January 28, 1971, Longden's wife Hazel became the first woman to train a stakes winner at Santa Anita Park when her horse Diplomatic Agent won the San Vicente Stakes. Longden's sons Eric and Vance Longden both became horse trainers.

Following his retirement from riding, Longden turned to training and became the only person to ever win the Kentucky Derby as both a jockey and trainer when he captured the 1969 Derby with Frank McMahon's colt Majestic Prince. Longden was inducted into the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame on its formation in 1976. He went on to become the second ever recipient of the Avelino Gomez Memorial Award in 1985, given annually to jockeys who have made significant contributions to the sport. In 1994, he was recognized further by the North American racing industry with a Special Eclipse Award.

Harness racing
The June 12, 1954 issue of the Daily Racing Form reported that Johnny Longden was also an owner of a Standardbred racehorse which he personally drove to victory in a race at Sportsman's Park in Phoenix, Arizona.

Television appearance

In 1957, Johnny Longden and his wife Hazel Longden, both appeared briefly as themselves on the legendary sit-com, I Love Lucy. In the episode, "Lucy and the Loving Cup" (Season 6 Episode 12), Longden was set to receive a trophy for being the winningest jockey in history at an awards dinner at the Babalú nightclub run by Ricky Ricardo. Early in the episode, Ricky makes fun of Lucy's new hat, so she puts the trophy over her head as a joke, but it ends up stuck on her head; after many failed attempts to remove it, she is forced to comically make her way through the New York City subway system to get the trophy to the club in time for the ceremony. After a run-in with an elderly lady, a homeless man and a cop, Lucy finally makes it to the nightclub and the trophy (with Lucy's head still stuck inside) is presented to a very confused Johnny Longden. Longden thanks Ricky for the trophy but asks what he should do about Ricky's wife. Ricky replies that Lucy has been his problem for 15 years, so now Johnny can deal with her.

Last years/legacy
As of 2006, Longden still holds five track records at Santa Anita Park. Longden was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Longden died on his 96th birthday on St. Valentine's Day at his home in Banning, California.

References

Sources
 Beckwith, Brainerd Kellogg. The Longden Legend. (1973) A. S. Barnes Publishing Co.;
 Newsreel of his last race
 Drager, Marvin. The Most Glorious Crown: The Story Of America's Triple Crown Thoroughbreds From Sir Barton To Affirmed (2005) Triumph Books;

1907 births
2003 deaths
American horse trainers
American jockeys
American Champion jockeys
American harness racers
Latter Day Saints from California
Canadian Latter Day Saints
English Latter Day Saints
English emigrants to the United States
Eclipse Award winners
Sportspeople from Alberta
Avelino Gomez Memorial Award winners
Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame inductees
United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees
People from Wakefield
People from the Municipal District of Taber
People from Banning, California
People from Taber, Alberta

Johnny Longden


Thomas Garfield "Gar" Knutson,  (born May 4, 1956) is a lawyer and former member of the Parliament of Canada, as well as a former Cabinet Minister in the Government of Canada.

Gar Knutson holds a Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree from the Richard Ivey School of Business at the University of Western Ontario, as well as a B.A. in history.  Following University, Gar graduated with a Bachelor of Laws (LL.B) degree from the University of Windsor. He attended high school at the Jesuit Brebeuf College School in Toronto.

In the 1993 federal election, he was elected to the House of Commons of Canada as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Elgin—Norfolk riding as a candidate representing the Liberal Party. He was re-elected in the 1997 and 2000 elections to the re-organized riding of Elgin—Middlesex—London.

He served as Parliamentary Secretary to Prime Minister Jean Chrétien from 2000 to 2002. In 2002, he was named Secretary of State for Central and Eastern Europe and the Middle East, and served as Minister of State for International Trade from 2003 to 2004 under Prime Minister Paul Martin. Gar was defeated by the Elgin-Middlesex-London Conservative candidate Joe Preston in the 2004 election. Shortly afterwards, Knutson joined Borden Ladner Gervais LLP, Canada's largest law firm, practicing in the area of government relations and public policy. Knutson spent 13 years at Borden Ladner Gervais LLP, from 2005 to 2018, leaving to start his own boutique law firm, Knutson Law.

Knutson attempted to stage a political comeback in the 2007 Federal Liberal nomination in the riding of Ottawa—Orléans, but lost to former MP Marc Godbout.

External links

1956 births
Living people
Lawyers in Ontario
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Politicians from Toronto
University of Western Ontario alumni
University of Windsor alumni
Members of the 26th Canadian Ministry
Members of the 27th Canadian Ministry
University of Windsor Faculty of Law alumni

Gar Knutson


Psilocybe hoogshagenii is a species of psilocybin mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. The mushroom has a brownish conical or bell-shaped cap up to  wide that has an extended papilla up to 4 mm long. The stem is slender (up to 3 mm thick) and  long. The variety P. hoogshagenii var. convexa lacks the long papilla.

The species is found in Mexico, where it grows singly or in small groups in clayey soils in subtropical coffee plantations, and from Colombia and Brazil in South America. The mushroom contains the psychedelic compounds psilocybin and psilocin, and all parts will stain blue or bluish black when handled or injured. P. hoogshagenii is used for divinatory purposes by some indigenous groups in Mexico.

Taxonomy
The species was first described scientifically by French mycologist Roger Heim in 1958. It was one of several species described and illustrated in the popular American weekly magazine Life ("Seeking the Magic Mushroom"), in which R. Gordon Wasson recounted the psychedelic visions that he experienced during the divinatory rituals of the Mixtec people, thereby introducing psilocybin mushrooms to Western popular culture; it was however, mislabeled as Psilocybe zaptecorum. Similarly, Psilocybe specialist Gastón Guzmán suggests that P. zapotecorum, as described by Rolf Singer in 1958, is misidentified as it agrees well with the type of P. hoogshagenii. The species Psilocybe caerulipes var. gastonii, described by Singer in 1958, is a synonym of P. hoogshagenii.

The species is named in honor of American anthropologist Searle Hoogshagen, who helped Heim and Wasson in their search for entheogenic mushrooms in Mexico. The mushroom is known locally by several common names. In Spanish, it is called los niños or los Chamaquitos ("the little boys"), in Mazatec as pajaritos de monte ("little birds of the woods"), in Nahuatl as cihuatsinsintle or teotlaquilnanácatl ("divine mushroom that describes or paints"), and in Mixe as Atka:t ("judge") or na.shwi.ñ mush ("mushrooms of the earth").

The variety P. hoogshagenii var. convexa was described by Guzmán in 1983 to account for mushrooms without an acute papilla that were otherwise roughly the same as the type variety. Psilocybe semperviva, described by Heim and Roger Cailleux in 1958, was later determined by Guzmán to be synonymous with  P. hoogshagenii var. convexa. The varietal epithet convexa refers to the convex shape of the cap.

Description
The cap ranges in shape from conical to bell-shaped to convex, reaching diameters of , although a range of  is most usual. It has a long, sharp papilla that is up to . The cap surface is smooth, somewhat sticky when wet, and often has ridges extending halfway to the center of the cap. Its color is reddish brown to orangish brown to yellowish, and it is hygrophanous, fading when dry to a straw or fulvous color. The brownish gills have an adnate to adnexed attachment to the stem; mature gills become purplish black because of the spores. The hollow stem measures  long by 1–3 mm thick. It is roughly equal in width throughout its length or slightly thicker at the base, and sometimes twisted. A thin rudimentary cortina-like partial veil covers the gills of immature fruit bodies, but it is fragile and disappears soon after the cap expands. The flesh in the cap is whitish, but more yellow in the stem. Both the odor and taste of the mushroom are farinaceous (similar to freshly ground flour). As is characteristic of psilocybin mushrooms, all parts of the fruit body bruise blue when handled or injured. P. hoogshagenii var. convexa lacks an acute papilla, although it occasionally has a small, rounded papilla. Its cap ranges in width from , and it is convex to roughly bell-shaped. All other macroscopic and microscopic features are identical to the type variety.

The spore print is dark purplish brown. Spores are rhomboid or nearly so in face view, and more or less ellipsoid when viewed from the side. They are thick-walled, with dimensions of 6.5–4–5.6 μm, and feature a broad germ pore. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are usually four-spored, hyaline (translucent), roughly cylindrical or with a central constriction, and measure 12–22 by 5.5–9 μm. Pleurocystidia (cystidia on the gill face) are relatively abundant; they are ventricose (swollen), club-shaped or irregularly shaped, measuring 16–36 by 8–12 μm. The cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill edge) are also abundant. They are 19–35 by 4.4–6.6 μm, lageniform (flask-shaped), narrowing into a long neck with a width of 1–3 μm, and either acute or somewhat capitate (ending in a roughly globular tip). Clamp connections are present in the hyphae.

Habitat and distribution
Fruit bodies of Psilocybe hoogshagenii grow solitarily or in small groups in humus or in muddy clay soils in subtropical coffee plantations. According to the natives of the San Agustin Loxicha region of Mexico, the fungus tends to fruit simultaneously  in large flushes. In Mexico, fruiting occurs in June and July, whereas in Argentina, fruiting is in February. The mushroom has been reported from Mexico in the states of Puebla, Oaxaca, and Chiapas, where it grows at elevations of  . In South America, the species is known from Brazil and Colombia. P. hoogshagenii var. convexa has been found in grasslands in Hidalgo, and Oacaxa, but is most common in Puebla. It fruits from June to August.

Uses
Psilocybe hoogshagenii mushrooms are used for entheogenic, or spiritual, purposes by some Chinantec-speaking curanderos of the Ixtlán District in Oacaxa. The mushrooms are primarily used to diagnose and prognose illness, and, to a lesser extent, to divine the location of objects or animals that have been lost or stolen. Guzmán also indicates contemporary ceremonial usage by Mixe and Zapotec people. Paul Stamets, in his Psilocybe Mushrooms of the World, rates the psychoactive potency of the mushroom as "moderately active", and reports psilocybin levels of 0.6% (milligrams per gram of dried mushroom), and psilocin of 0.1%. In comparison, Stamets indicates that the commonly cultivated species P. cubensis contains 0.63% and 0.60% (psilocybin and psilocin), while the widespread P. semilanceata has 0.98% and 0.02%.  Chemical analysis of P. hoogshagenii specimens from Brazil yielded up to 0.3% psilocybin and 0.3% psilocin. This species is used by mushroom growers for the myceliated grain technique, because it produces viable amounts of psilocybin in the mycelium phase.

See also
List of psilocybin mushrooms

References

External links

hoogshagenii
Psychedelic tryptamine carriers
Psychoactive fungi
Entheogens
Fungi of Mexico
Fungi of Brazil
Fungi of Colombia
Fungi described in 1958
Fungi without expected TNC conservation status

Psilocybe hoogshagenii


René Shuman (born 5 December 1967) is a Dutch singer, guitarist, composer and producer.

Shuman gained national fame through his performance in Henny Huisman's Soundmixshow. He came in second with Elvis Presley's repertoire, a rendition of the songs "Are You Lonesome Tonight?" and "Don't Be Cruel".
He performed several times with the original band members of Elvis Presley, both in group form and individually. He was on stage with The Jordanaires (Elvis' original vocal group), the TCB Band, drummer DJ Fontana, Cherrill Nielsen, Charly Hodge and guitarist Scotty Moore. In 1999, Shuman presented Scotty Moore with a Lifetime Achievement Award in Amsterdam.

Shuman has been nicknamed the "Dutch Elvis". Despite the fact that the Dutch public often associates Shuman with the music of Elvis Presley, it took until 2003 before he released a cover of 'the King' together with singer Angel-Eye. His repertoire until then was mostly self-produced.

Shuman included "Rhythm of My Heart", a song written by Marc Jordan and John Capek, on his 1986 debut album, René Shuman. In 1991, British singer Rod Stewart recorded the song for his album Vagabond Heart.  Stewart's version reached  3 on the UK Singles Chart, No. 5 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and No. 1 on the Canadian and Irish charts.

He married his partner Angel-Eye in February 2009.

References

1957 births
Living people
Dutch country singers
Dutch producers
Dutch composers
People from Geleen
21st-century Dutch singers

René Shuman


Maternal death in fiction is a common theme encountered in literature, movies, and other media.

The death of a mother during pregnancy, childbirth or immediately afterwards is a tragic event. The chances of a child surviving such an extreme birth are compromised.  In literature, the death of a new mother is a powerful device: it removes one character and places the surviving child into an often hostile environment which has to be overcome.

Literature

11th century
 In Murasaki Shikibu's novel The Tale of Genji, Genji's first wife, Aoi no Ue was suffering form attacking of Lady Rokujō's spirit during her pregnancy. She died after giving birth to her son Yūgiri.

18th century
 In Cao Xueqin's novel Dream of the Red Chamber, Xiang Ling, the maid and concubine of Xue Pan, dies in childbirth, giving birth to her daughter Ning Xiner. However, this plot only appears in Gao E's continuation. The original author only demonstrates her fate is death, in a poem.

19th century
 In the Grimm Brothers' Snow White, Snow White's mother died in childbirth. Soon afterwards, her father took a new wife who was beautiful, but very vain, and who possessed supernatural powers.
 In Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace, Liza Bolkonskaya, wife of Prince Andrei dies giving birth to a son called Nikolai.
 In Charles Dickens' novel Oliver Twist the title character's mother, Agnes, dies giving birth to him.
 Another Dickens novel A Christmas Carol, Ebenezer Scrooge's younger sister Fan dies in childbirth giving birth to his nephew Fred. Scrooge's father blames him for his mother also dying in childbirth.
 In the 1891 play Spring Awakening by Frank Wedekind and the same-named contemporary musical Wendla dies from a botched abortion.
 In Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey, the author ridicules the convention of heroines having mothers who die in childbirth, by beginning the novel: "No one who had ever seen Catherine Morland in her infancy would have supposed her born to be a heroine. Her situation in life, the character of her father and mother... were all equally against her... Her mother was a woman of useful plain sense, with a good temper, and, what is more remarkable, with a good constitution. She had three sons before Catherine was born; and instead of dying in bringing the latter into the world, as anybody might expect, she still lived on."
 In Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights,  Catherine Earnshaw goes into early labor and dies after giving birth to her daughter, Catherine Linton.
 In Elizabeth Gaskell's Mary Barton, when the heroine is a young girl, her mother dies in childbirth along with the baby, deeply affected by the grief of her sister Esther's disappearance, leaving Mary to be brought up by her father.
 Fanny Robin in Thomas Hardy's Far From the Madding Crowd also dies in childbirth along with the child, who was fathered by Frank Troy, Bathsheba's husband.
 In Henry James' Washington Square, Catherine Sloper's mother dies shortly after her birth and the death of his beautiful and talented wife permanently alters Dr Sloper and causes him to be cold and unfeeling towards Catherine.
 Lucetta Farfrae (formerly Lucette Le Sueur) in Thomas Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge has a miscarriage and dies, following a seizure induced by the public revelation of her love affair with Michael Henchard.
 In The Brothers Karamazov, published in 1880 by Fyodor Dostoevsky, Stinking Lizaveta dies from childbirth complications.
 In the novella René by François-René de Chateaubriand, the eponymous protagonist's mother dies giving birth to René. This contributes to René's difficult relationship with his estranged father and intense friendship with his sister, and also begins his 'mal du siècle' melancholy which is considered to have defined French Romanticism.

20th century
 Catherine Barkley, the nurse and principal supporting character in Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms, dies in childbirth shortly after her son is stillborn.
 In Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay's 1932 Bengali novel Aparajito, Aparna dies giving birth to her son Kajal, after which the despairing father Apu abandons his child. It was later adapted into the film, The World of Apu.
 In Thornton Wilder's play Our Town, Emily Webb dies in childbirth.
 In Vladimir Nabokov's novel The Real Life of Sebastian Knight Knight's first love, Clare Bishop, later bleeds to death in childbirth "next to an empty cradle".
 The title character dies in childbirth in Nabokov's Lolita, as does Humbert Humbert's first wife.
 In Gabriel García Márquez's novel One Hundred Years of Solitude, Amaranta Ursula Buendía dies while giving birth to Aureliano, the child she has with her nephew Aureliano Babilonia.
 In Barry Hughart's novel The Bridge of Birds, Li Kao's mother dies immediately after giving birth to him. She lives only long enough to ask for Kaoliang wine, which is misinterpreted by those in attendance as naming the child Li Kao.
 In Patricia MacLachlan's Sarah, Plain and Tall, Anna's mother dies a day after Caleb's birth. Afterwards, the two children and their father place an ad in the newspaper for a mail-order bride.
 In Marion Zimmer Bradley's Lady of Avalon, Viviane's mother, Ana, dies while giving birth to her fifth child, Morgause, who is fed and raised by her older sister.
 In Ken Follett's novel The Pillars of the Earth, Tom Builder's wife Agnes dies in childbirth in the woods.
 In the Harry Potter saga, Merope Gaunt-Riddle, the mother of the series' chief antagonist, Lord Voldemort, dies after giving birth to him, living just long enough to name him Tom Marvolo Riddle.
 In Gregory Maguire's novel Wicked Melena dies giving birth to her third child, Shell.
 In P.D. James' mystery novels, her central detective, Adam Dalgliesh, loses his wife and child in childbirth.
 In Revolutionary Road, the female protagonist dies after inducing a miscarriage.
 In the Star Wars novel Darth Bane: Path of Destruction, Darth Bane's mother (whose name is never revealed) died giving birth to him. His father, Hurst blames and even abuses him because of it.
 In the Redwall book Outcast of Redwall, a ferret named Bluefen dies giving birth to her son Veil Sixclaw, while her husband Swartt Sixclaw left him for dead.
 In Lao She's novel Rickshaw Boy, Tiger girl, the wife of the main character Xiangzi, dies while giving birth, and her child died too.

21st century
 In the final book of Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events book series, the character Kit Snicket dies after giving birth to her daughter (the father of whom is never revealed).
 In the 2003 novel The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, the mother of the protagonist Amir dies during his birth.
 In the Nicholas Sparks novel At First Sight, the female protagonist Lexie Darnell dies giving birth to daughter, Claire.
 In R.A. Salvatore's novel The Highwayman, Sen Wi, realizing that her newborn son will die, uses a healing art to save him at the cost of her own life.
 In George R. R. Martin's series A Song of Ice and Fire, the mother of Tyrion Lannister dies giving birth to him. He is considered responsible for her death by his father and sister throughout his life. In this series, there is also Daenerys Targaryen, whose mother died during her birth. There is also Mance Rayder's wife, Dalla, who dies in childbirth as well.

Film

20th century
 In The Keeper of the Bees, Alice Louise Cameron, portrayed by actress & future spouse of the lieutenant governor of Nevada, Clara Bow, dies from childbirth complications.
 In Satyajit Ray's Bengali film, Apur Sansar (The World of Apu) (1959), Apu's wife Aparna dies during childbirth, after which Apu falls into despair and abandons their child Kajal. Years later, Apu eventually acknowledges Kajal as his son and takes responsibility for his upbringing. It is based on the 1932 Bengali novel Aparajito.
 In Purana Mandir, a family line of women dies from childbirth in 2 centuries
 In the motion picture The Mask of Zorro (1998), the antagonist Don Rafael Montero, enemy of Don Diego de la Vega, lied that Esperanza de la Vega died in childbirth, but Esperanza de la Vega was actually gunned down instead. Then Montero raised her daughter Elena.
 In the science fiction film Contact (1997), a woman died giving birth to the film's protagonist Eleanor Ann "Ellie" Arroway, portrayed by actress Jodie Foster. Arroway's father died when she was nine years old.
 In Mi Familia/My Familia (1995), the wife of the character played by Jimmy Smits dies while giving birth to their son.
 In the Canadian movie The Red Violin (1998), Anna Bussotti dies after a stillbirth in the opening act, leading to the creation of the Red Violin as a tribute.
 In the motion picture Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1994), Victor Frankenstein's mother dies giving birth to his little brother, William. She dies of illness in the original novel.
 In the horror film The Seventh Sign (1988), Demi Moore's character dies as a result of giving birth to her child. Actually, she offers her soul because "she finds out that the prophecies lead up to the birth of her child who may not survive because there will be no more souls left for the newborns unless someone offers their own."
 In the film adaptation of Interview with the Vampire, the wife of Louis de Pointe du Lac dies in childbirth.
 In the coming-of-age film My Girl (1991), Vada Sultenfuss' mother died a few days after giving birth to her.
 In  Fantaghirò, the queen dies after giving birth to the title character of the film series.
 In Disney's 1994 version of The Jungle Book, Mowgli's mother is said to have died giving birth to him (Mowgli's father Nathoo is later killed by Shere Khan).
 In the supernatural horror film The Craft (1996), Sarah Bailey's mother died while giving birth to her.
 In the Chinese movie To Live (1994), Fengxia, the daughter of the main character Fugui, died while giving birth to her son.
 In City Slickers (1994), a severely weak cow gave birth to a calf that Mitch would claim ownership of and name Norman, and Curly executed her afterwards to put her out of her misery.

21st century
 In the film Whale Rider (2002), the main character's mother and twin brother die while she lives.
 In the film  Saint Ange (2004), Anna Jurin (Virginie Ledoyen) dies from giving birth to a stillborn child.
 In the film Jersey Girl (2004), Gertrude Steiney, the character of actress Jennifer Lopez, dies during childbirth.
 In the film Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005), Padmé Amidala dies after the birth of her twins Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa on Polis Massa, not because of poor health, but because of the complete loss of will to live and a broken heart. Her husband and the father of her children Anakin Skywalker turned to the dark side of the Force and became Darth Vader.
 In the film Pan's Labyrinth (2006), Ofelia's mother, Carmen, dies during the birth of her and Captain Vidal's son.
 In the film Babylon A.D. (2008), Aurora died after giving birth to twins that Hugo Toorop ended up taking of care of. Aurora was "designed to breed", not to live, so her death after childbirth was preprogrammed.
 In a scene that is only present in the theatrical cut but was removed from the director's cut, the twins are shown to be one that looks like Aurora and the other like Toorop.
 In the film Sherlock Holmes (2009), Lord Henery Blackwood, the main antagonist's mother died giving birth to him.
 In the film Kick-Ass (2010), Mindy McCready's mother committed suicide by overdose while pregnant, but the doctors managed to keep her alive long enough for Mindy to be born; in the original comic, this is presented as a false backstory invented by Mindy's father to motivate her.
 In the film Space Between Us (2017), Gardner Eliot, the main protagonist's mother, died during childbirth shortly after landing on Mars.
 In the film Blood Quantum, Joseph's pregnant girlfriend Charlie is bitten by a zombie. After giving birth, she asks Joseph to kill her before she turns into a zombie.
 In the animated film Nahuel and the Magic Book (2020), Consuelo, the protagonist's mother, died by giving birth of the protagonist, Nahuel, in the fishing boat during the middle of the storm with her husband who was headed to the hospital.

Other media

Anime, comics, and video games
 In manga and anime series One Piece, Ace's mother Portgas D. Rouge died from exhaustion after giving birth to Ace, due to bearing him  for 20 months.
 In the 1980s manga and anime series Kimagure Orange Road, Kyosuke's mother Akemi died shortly after giving birth to his twin sisters Manami and Kurumi.
 In the 1989 manga Bersek, Guts was born from the corpse of his lynched mother underneath a hanging tree, where he was left to die alone in a mire of blood and afterbirth.
 Square Enix's Dragon Quest and Final Fantasy series of video games have mentioned maternal death in several games:
 In Dragon Quest V (1993), Martha, the mother of the game's protagonist, was rumored to have died in childbirth.
 In Final Fantasy VI (1994), Gau's mother dies from childbirth, which causes his father to lose his sanity and leave Gau in the Veldt.
 In the 2007 remake of Final Fantasy IV, Cecil's mother died giving birth to him.
 In Final Fantasy VIII (1999), Raine died giving birth to the protagonist Squall Leonhart.
 In SNK's King of Fighters video game series, the Yagami bloodline is cursed with maternal death. The mothers of the Yagami clan heirs are cursed to die giving birth to the clan heirs.
 In the 1997 manga series Mobile Suit Gundam Wing: Episode Zero, Quatre Raberba Winner's mother Quatrina died giving birth to him.
 In manga and anime series Naruto, Gaara's mother Karura dies giving birth to him.
 In the 1998 video game Metal Gear Solid, Psycho Mantis' mother died in childbirth, prompting his father to blame him for her death.
 In Key's 2004 visual novel Clannad, Nagisa dies of a constant fever while giving birth to Ushio, after which the father Tomoya falls into depression and gives his daughter away to Nagisa's parents. Five years later, Tomoya eventually takes responsibility for Ushio's upbringing, but the latter catches her mother's fever and dies as well. Then time is altered to where Nagisa survives giving birth and lives a happier life with her husband and daughter. It was later adapted into a film and anime series.
 In the film adaptation, Nagisa doesn't come back to life.
 In the video game Jade Empire, Sky's wife dies giving birth to their daughter, Pinmei, years before he meets the player.
 In the webcomic, Kevin and Kell, Wanda Woolstone dies giving birth to Corrie Dewclaw. Her death causes the otherwise very skilled Ralph Dewclaw, Corrie's father, to lose the will to hunt, and causes him to mistakenly believe that predator-prey relationships inevitably end tragically.
 In the game Fallout 3, the player's mother dies when giving birth to him/her.
 In this anime Kiddy Girl-and, Eclipse was Q-Feuille's mother, who died giving birth to her.
 In the 2017 video game What Remains of Edith Finch, the titular character Edith Finch dies from giving birth to Christopher.
 In Marvel Comics, N'Yami, T'Challa's mother, dies as a result of his birth.
 In Fire Emblem: Three Houses, Byleth's mother, Sitri, gave them her Crest Stone to save their life shortly after giving birth to them.
 In Fire Emblem Warriors: Three Hopes, Rodrigue mentions that Dimitri's mother died shortly after his brith.
 In High School DxD, Gasper Vladi's human mother died shortly after giving birth to Gasper, who was born as a mass of darkness which accidentally cursed his mother and several servants to death.

Live-action television
 In the MTV series Teen Wolf it is revealed that Jackson Whittemore's birth parents, Gordon and Margret Miller, died in a car crash on June 14, 1995, and the doctors kept Margret on life support long enough to deliver Jackson via emergency c-section
 In an episode of House, a woman 26 weeks pregnant dies after doctors perform an emergency c-section. Another one dies from eclampsia following delivery.
 In the television series Lost, the character Ben Linus' mother died while giving birth to him and his father blames him for it.
 In the series one ER episode "Loves Labours Lost", Mark Greene oversees a patient who dies in childbirth due to pre-eclampsia. Mark is subsequently sued for negligence by her partner.
 In the soap opera spin-off General Hospital: Night Shift, HIV-positive pregnant woman Stacey Sloan dies after complications of placental abruption.
 In Gossip Girl, the anti-hero Chuck Bass' mother allegedly died after giving birth to him.
 In Empresses in the Palace, there are two characters die after childbirth. Empress Chunyuan dies after giving birth to a stillborn son, but she only appeared in the dialogues of the Emperor's memories. Shen Meizhuang, also known as Consort Hui, dies after giving birth to her daughter Princess Jinghe as well.
 In Mad Men, the protagonist Don Draper's mother died while giving birth to him.
 In Downton Abbey,  Lady Sybil Branson dies from eclampsia after giving birth to her daughter Sybil.
 In the Filipino drama, Kadenang Ginto, Jessa Trinidad dies immediately after a vaginal birth.
 In the Australian Drama,  McLeod's Daughters, Prudence Lachlan dies after giving birth to Adam John McLeod who died with her.
 In the Netflix series  Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, Lady Constance Blackwood dies in Childbirth.
 In the sitcom television series The Golden Girls, and its spin-off The Golden Palace, Ingrid Kerklavoner died giving birth to Rose Nylund.
 In the Moon Lovers-Scarlet Heart : Ryeo, Hae Soo dies shortly after giving birth to a baby girl.

Cartoons and animated films
 In Rugrats, Melinda Finster is implied to have died of an unknown illness soon after giving birth to her son Chuckie, as it was mentioned in Mother's Day that she was hospitalized and kept a journal, the final entry of which she had written a poem.
 The film Khumba features Lungisa who died the next day from an illness after giving birth to Khumba.
 In the cartoon Steven Universe, Steven's mother Rose Quartz may have died giving birth to him, as her husband Greg Universe, Steven's father, said she "gave up her physical form to bring Steven into the world". However, it was later elaborated on that, due to being a crystal gem, she and, her son, Steven couldn't exist at the same time in the same world, leaving her exist as half of Steven.
 In Sofia the First, Princess Amber and Prince James' mother dies after giving birth to them.
 The Annecy-nominated film Nahuel and the Magic Book (2020), At the beginning of the film, Consuelo, the protagonist's mother, died by giving birth of Nahuel in the fishing boat during the middle of the storm with her husband who was headed to the hospital.

See also
 Maternal death

References

Fiction

Maternal mortality in fiction


David Mendell is an American journalist who wrote for the Chicago Tribune until the summer of 2008. Mendell was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and lives in Oak Park, Illinois. During his time with the Tribune, Mendell covered the Columbine High School shootings and riots in Seattle spurred by meetings of the World Trade Organization. Mendell began covering Barack Obama on a regular basis in 2003, during Obama's U.S. Senate campaign.

While covering the 2004 U.S. Senate race in Illinois, Democratic candidate and state comptroller Daniel Hynes accused Mendell of alluding in an article that Hynes' wife, Christina, was sexually attracted to Barack Obama; in the January 24, 2004 story, Mendell discussed Obama's personal charm and wrote, "Obama grabbed the hand of Christina Hynes...and then kissed her cheek prompting her to flush and smile broadly." The reference to Christina Hynes was changed in subsequent Chicago Tribune editions to "a supporter of an opponent."

Mendell wrote the biography Obama: From Promise to Power, which was published in 2007. In writing the book, Mendell utilized both the first-hand research from Mendell's original reporting, as well as a wide range of interviews with Obama's aides, mentors, political adversaries and family. The National Review called Obama: From Promise to Power "the single best source of background information on our new president." In February 2008, Mendell received an NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Literary Work in the Biography/Autobiography category for the book.

Mendell took a buyout from the Tribune in the summer of 2008.

References

Bibliography
Mendell, David. 2007. Obama: From Promise to Power. New York, NY: HarperCollins, .

American male journalists
Chicago Tribune people
Writers from Cincinnati
Living people
21st-century American biographers
Journalists from Ohio
Year of birth missing (living people)
American male biographers

David Mendell


The Anaimalai spiny lizard or Anaimalais salea  (Salea anamallayana) is a species of agamid lizard endemic to the southern Western Ghats, India. Specifically, it is found on the Anaimalai Hills (its type locality) and Meghamalai in the Kerala and Tamil Nadu states.

Description

The snout long and pointed is about twice as long as the diameter of the eye. The ear opening is 1.6 times the diameter of the eye. The scales on the top of the head are large with a curved series of large scales bordering the region above the eye. An enlarged tubercle is present behind the edge of the brow ridge and a few on the back of the head. A row of 3 or four large scales is present from the eye to above the ear opening. The scales of the chin are larger than the ventral and can be smooth or keeled. A curved fold on each side of the neck, in front of the shoulders is well marked and the crest on top of the back of the head is made up large lance like spines of unequal size. The scales on the underside are imbricate and keeled and end in a spine. The hind legs are long and when held along the body they reach until the nick. The tail is compressed with a crest on the anterior part. The scales on the underside of the tail are unequal, keeled and pale olive. There are usually four broad angular bands on the back which are dark brown. The head to lip is dark brown with light spots.

From snout to vent the adult is about 4.3 inches long.

Habitat
Salea anamallayana occurs in moist montane forests, and also on bushes, hedges and in gardens. On the Anaimalai Hills it is common in montane shola forests and tea plantations. It lives at relatively high altitudes,  asl.

References

External links

Salea
Reptiles of India
Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats
Reptiles described in 1878
Taxa named by Richard Henry Beddome

Salea anamallayana


Brest is a city in Belarus.  It is at the border with Poland opposite the city of Terespol, where the Bug River and Mukhavets rivers meet. It is the capital city of the Brest Region.

There are two universities in Brest: A.S.Pushkin State University and Brest State Technical University. There are some newspapers in Brest: Brestskaya Gazeta, Brestskiy Kurier, Brestskiy Vestnik, Vecherniy Brest, Zarya.

History

Ancient history
Brest is one of the oldest cities of the Galicia-Volyn principality. It was first mentioned in the Lawrence Chronicle in 1017 as a city of Derevlyany. The authoritative Novgorod first chronicle mentions this city in the year 1017 "Yaroslav goes to Brest". It is also mentioned in the Tale of Past Years around 1019: Sviatopolk, defeated by Yaroslav Volodymyrovych, fled to Poland via Brest. Polish scholar G. Lovmyansky, based on an analysis of information from sources, primarily Russian chronicles of the struggle between the sons of Vladimir Svyatoslavych for the throne of Kiev, believes that the city of Brest existed until 1016 and was part of the principality of Sviatopolk. During the conflict, the city was occupied by the Polish garrison and held it until 1022 or even until 1031.

As a border town, Brest was often attacked by Yatvyags, Poles, Lithuanians, and Teutonic Knights. The city was the center of the Brest land and one of the most important cities of Kievan Rus and the Galicia-Volyn principality. Brest was considered a "window to Europe" for Russia, a stronghold on the way to Kyiv.

In 1020 Brest was captured by the King of Poland Boleslaw the Brave, but in 1022 the city was recaptured by Jaroslav the Wise. In 1210 Brest was captured by Konrad Mazowiecki and Leszek Krakowski, but in 1213 the Russian army of Danylo Halytsky returned the city. In 1227-1228, Stegut Zibrovych's Yatvia detachment was defeated near Brest, and Stegut himself was killed by the Volyn voivode Shelv.

In 1241 Brest was completely devastated by the Tatars. Rebuilt by the Volyn princes. Princes Mstislav Danilovich and Yuri Lvovich competed for Brest. On March 1, 1280, a battle took place near Brest on the river Krosna between the Ruthenians, led by the Brest voivode Titus, and Polish troops. The Poles were defeated, having a numerical advantage.

In the 1320s, Brest was captured by the Lithuanian prince Gediminas. In the 1340s, Brest was ruled by the Lithuanian prince Keystut. In 1366, under the agreement of the Lithuanian prince Olgerd with the Poles, Brest with the parish passed to Keystut. In 1379 Brest was burned by Teutonic knights. In 1382 Brest was besieged by the Polish prince Janusz Mazowiecki. In 1390 the city received the Magdeburg right. In 1397, the Teutonic Knights again ravaged the city.

In the 1320s, Brest was captured by the Lithuanian prince Gediminas. In the 1340s, Brest was ruled by the Lithuanian prince Keystut. In 1366, under the agreement of the Lithuanian prince Olgerd with the Poles, Brest and the parish passed to Keystut. In 1379 Brest was burned by Teutonic knights. In 1382 Brest was besieged by the Polish prince Janusz Mazowiecki. In 1390 the city received the Magdeburg right. In 1397, the Teutonic Knights again ravaged the city.

In the XV-XVI centuries, Brest was an important trading point. From 1413 to 1510 the city, together with Brest County, was part of the Trotsky Voivodeship. In 1463 Brest was burned by the Crimean Tatar army led by Mengli-Girey. In 1491 a hospital for the crippled was opened in Brest at the expense of local magnates. In 1500, Mengli-Girey ravaged the city again. In 1511 an old age was founded in Brest. In 1525 a fire broke out in the city.

In 1553 the first printing house in the Ukrainian lands was founded in Brest, which published about 40 editions in Polish. In the middle of the 16th century, the printing house in Brest was for a short time the center of publishing of Polish-Lithuanian Protestants. In 1563, this printing house published the Bible in Polish.

In 1566, it became the center of the newly created Brest Voivodeship. In 1591 the royal universal was issued for the opening of a fraternal school in Brest. In the same year, the St. Nicholas Brotherhood began to operate at the Church of St. Nicholas in the city.

In 1596 the Brest Union was concluded at the church cathedral in Brest. On October 16-20 (6-10 according to the old calendar), a church council of the Kyivan metropolis was convened in Brest on October 16-20 (6-10) according to the instructions of Pope Clement VIII for the official proclamation of the union with the Roman Church. At this Council in the Cathedral Church of St. Nicholas on October 18 (8), 1596, most of the hierarchs of the Kyiv metropolis accepted the union.

In 1614 a Jesuit college was founded in Brest. In 1633, he received permission to operate the Christmas Orthodox Brotherhood in Brest.

In September 1648, after the appearance of a small Cossack detachment in the vicinity of Brest, an uprising took place in Brest, as a result of which the nobility was overthrown and declared to join the Hetmanate. The uprising in Brest was suppressed only in January 1649 by the Polish army led by Lithuanian Hetman Janusz Radziwill, the city was captured and severely devastated. In 1649 another uprising took place in Brest, during which 2,000 inhabitants died. After the Polish occupation of the city, Colonel Duminsky of the Zaporizhzhya Army organized an underground insurgent network in Brest on Khmelnytsky's instructions until he was arrested in the summer of 1651 and later executed.

On November 15, 1655, near Brest, the Moscow army led by Prince Urusov defeated the Polish army led by P. Sapiga, but Brest itself was not captured. In 1657, the city was ravaged by the troops of Rakoczi and Karl Gustav. In January 1660, Brest was taken over by the Moscow army led by Khovansky, but in 1661 the Polish army regained control of the city.

In the second half of the XVII century it declined. The city had a Basilian monastery and the Church of the Apostles Peter and Paul.

In 1705 the city was captured by the Saxon army led by Augustus II. In 1707, Swedish troops devastated a number of settlements in Polissya, including Brest. In 1792, the city became the center of the leaders of the Trade Confederation, which opposed the Polish constitution of 1791. In 1794, near Brest, the Russian army led by Alexander Suvorov defeated the Polish army led by Generals Serakowski, Krasinski, and Poniatowski.

In 1795, Brest, together with the western part of the Brest Voivodeship, became part of the Russian Empire. Originally part of the Lithuanian province. In 1801, it became a county town of the Grodno province and officially became known as Brest-Litovsk. In 1802, a fire broke out in Brest, destroying 160 houses. During the Franco-Russian War of 1812, a series of battles took place near Brest and Kobrin. In 1822 and 1828, two more fires broke out in the city, the first of which burned down the commercial part of Brest, and during the fire of 1828 - 220 houses, including the Greek Catholic Church, the Brigitte Monastery, 150 slaughterhouses and 5 Jewish schools.

In order to build a fortress, the Russian authorities completely destroyed the old town of Brest, located between the Western Bug and the Mukhavets branches sprinkling. To the east, in 1831, a new city with the old name was founded.

In the second half of the XIX century Brest became a railway junction, its trade value increased and the population grew (up to 20,000 people in 1880). In 1873 and 1882, workers' strikes took place in the city. In 1905-1907, during revolutionary demonstrations throughout the Russian Empire, workers' strikes took place in Brest as well.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the officer of the fortress Onopriy Vasylenko (Ohrim Varnak) founded a theatrical troupe in the city, organized meetings with readings of Ukrainian classics, rallies of 1905 and celebrations of Taras Shevchenko's anniversaries. In 1902-1914, the troupe staged works by Ivan Kotlyarevsky, Ivan Karpenko-Kary, Hryhoriy Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, and Mark Kropyvnytsky. In 1915-1918, first in Bila Pidlaska, and later in Brest, the Ukrainian weekly Ridne Slovo was published. In 1916, one of the first Enlightenment centers in Polissya was founded in Brest.

In December 1917, peace talks between the Central Powers and the Ukrainian People's Republic and Bolshevik Russia began in Brest. According to the Brest Peace Treaty, signed on February 9, 1918 in the White Palace of the Brest Fortress, Brest, Kholm and Podlasie became part of the UPR. In March 1918, the Kholm Provincial Eldership (province) was formed as part of the Ukrainian People's Republic, and Brest became its administrative center. Ukrainian periodicals were published in the city: "Ridne slovo", "Mir", "Visnyk Kholmskoho gubernialskoho starostva". In 1918, a local troupe (Vasyl Dmytriyuk, Bigunivna, G. Drozd, Prokop) staged Ivan Kotlyarevsky's Natalka Poltavka in Brest, and the funds raised went to Turkevych's orphanage. On December 1, 1918, the founding congress of the Enlightenment was held in Brest.

On February 2, 1919, Polish troops entered the Brest region, first capturing the Brest Fortress and later Brest itself.

In 1920, the Ukrainian division of General Bezruchko was established in Brest. In 1920, Brest was captured by Bolshevik troops, but in the same year they were driven out by the Polish army. On March 21, 1920, the 6th Reserve Brigade of the UPR Army under the command of General Ivan Fedenyak-Bilynsky was based in Brest. From 1920, a camp of interned regiments of the UGA operated in the city, and in 1930-1931 it was a prison for opposition deputies.

References

Cities in Belarus
Capital cities in Europe
Brest Region

Brest, Belarus


General Martín Francisco Javier Mina y Larrea (July 1, 1789 – November 11, 1817), nicknamed El Mozo or El Estudiante (Student), was a Spanish lawyer and army officer, who later became a Mexican independence figure.Francisco Javier Mina was born in Otao, Navarre, to Juan Mina, a wealthy farmer, and Maria Larrea. Mina studied Latin, mathematics, and humanities at the local seminary while living in Pamplona with his uncle and aunt, Clemente and Simona Espoz. At the age of 18, he left Otago to continue his education in Zaragoza, where he began studying law at the university.

1789 births
1817 deaths
People of the Mexican War of Independence

Martín Francisco Javier Mina y Larrea