Borys Dmytrovych Hrinchenko (, December 9, 1863 – May 6, 1910) was a classical Ukrainian prose writer, political activist, historian, publicist, and ethnographer. He was instrumental in the Ukrainian cultural revival of the late 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries.

Author of the first dictionary of the Ukrainian language together with his wife, Maria Hrinchenko, and editor of a number of Ukrainian periodicals, he advocated the spread of the Ukrainian language in schools and institutions.

Hrinchenko was an editor of various Ukrainian periodicals. He was one of the founders of the Ukrainian Democratic Party. Hrinchenko also was an author of seminal ethnographic, lexicographic, and pedagogical works, literary studies, historical reviews, the first textbooks in the Ukrainian language, particularly Native word, the school-book for reading. He was an editor of the four-volume Словарь української мови (Ukrainian Dictionary; "Kievskaia starina" publishing, Kyiv 1907–1909).

One of the organizers and the first director of the Prosvita Society in Kyiv.

Biography
Borys Hrinchenko was born on December 9, 1863, in the khutir of Vilkhovy Yar, in the Kharkiv Governorate of the Russian Empire (today, a village of Ruski Tyshky, Kharkiv Raion), but was baptized in the Archangel-Michael church in a village of Borshcheve. His father was a retired army officer of an impoverished noble heritage. His mother Poliksenia Litryova, a daughter of a colonel. His family possessed 19 desyatinas () of land, mostly forest and a water mill. His father knew Ukrainian well and used it only when talked with neighboring peasants, whereas at home everyone in the family spoke Russian.

Early learning to read, the boy found an uncontrollable attraction to books. He studied at a real school in Kharkiv. Here Hrinchenko became close to the populist circles, studied and distributed their publications, which led to his arrest and several months in prison. This was the end of his training: he had to go to earn his own bread. For some time, working in the casemate, Boris lived in a shoemaker's family. Having learned to sew boots, he bought books for his saved pennies from earnings and engaged in self-education.

Before enrolling in the Kharkiv city secondary school (so called realschule), young Hrinchenko was home schooled. In 1874 he entered the Kharkiv Real School. It was then, under the influence of "Kobzar", he began to collect and record heard songs, legends, fairy tales and other folklore materials. Borys Hrinchenko calls Walter Scott, George Byron, Victor Hugo, Alexander Pushkin, Nikolay Nekrasov and Aleksey Koltsov "the first literary teachers." They contributed to the formation of the strong-willed character of the writer.

From 1874 to 1879 he studied at the Kharkiv Real School, where he became close to populist circles.  At the fifth grade he was imprisoned  on 29 December 1879 "for possession and distribution" of Serhiy Podolynsky's banned book "Steam Machine" (, 1875). He was excluded from school and spent couple of months in prison where he became sick on tuberculosis.

Acquired self-education allowed Hrinchenko to pass exams for the title of public teacher at Kharkiv University.

After passing the exams for the title of people's teacher at Kharkiv University, Hrinchenko taught in Slobozhanshchina and Ekaterinoslavshchina from 1881 to 1893 (except in 1886–1887, when he was a statistician in the Kherson Provincial Zemstvo).

In 1887 he lived with his young wife, Maria, in the Donbas in the village of Oleksiyivka (Katerynoslav province, now Luhansk region) and worked at the folk school of Christa Alchevskaya.

In 1891, the Brotherhood of Tarasivtsi was founded, and Hrinchenko soon became an active member of it.

He taught in the villages of Kharkiv, Sumy, Ekaterinoslav. He writes a lot, his works are regularly published in magazines and almanacs. His poetry collections "Songs of Vasyl Chaichenko" (1884), "Under the Village Roof" (1886), "Under the Cloudy Sky" (1893), "Songs and Thoughts" (1895), and "Minutes" (1903) were published.

From 1884 to 1900 he worked in the Chernihiv Zemstvo and actively cooperated with the local community. At the expense of Ivan Cherevatenko, he organized the publishing of popular books in Ukrainian in Dnieper Ukraine (On Thunder and Lightning, The Great Sahara Desert, Jeanne d'Arc, biographies of Ivan Kotlyarevsky, Yevhen Hrebinka, Hryhoriy Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, and others. ). From 1902 he lived and worked in Kyiv. From 1904 he became one of the leaders of the newly formed Ukrainian Democratic Party.

While working in the zemstvo, Hrinchenko wrote a dilogy "In the middle of the dark night" (1901) and "Under the quiet willows" (1902), published plays "Forest Stars" (1897), "Cloud" (1897), "Steppe Guest" (1898), "Among the Storms" (1899), "On Public Work" (1901). B. Hrinchenko was an extremely hard-working man. Being a true patriot, he published "Ethnographic Materials Collected in Chernihiv and Neighboring Provinces" in three volumes (1895-1899), "From the Mouth" (1900), and "Literature of Ukrainian Folklore (1777-1900)" (1901).

In 1902 the writer moved to Kyiv. Here, together with his wife Maria Zahirna, he worked on compiling his top work, the four-volume Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language (1907-1909). This outstanding work was awarded an academic prize.

At the end of 1904 he headed the left wing of the UDP, which formed the Ukrainian Radical Party, and at the end of 1905 it merged with the UDP into the Ukrainian Democratic Radical Party. From 1906 he was an employee of the newspaper Hromadska Dumka and editor of the magazine Nova Hromada. In 1906-1909 he headed the Kyiv Prosvita. Hrinchenko belonged to the group of the most prominent representatives of Ukrainian populism. During the period of the greatest scale of the great-power chauvinist policy of the Russian government in Ukraine, he advocated the consistent conduct of national and cultural work among Ukrainian society. He expressed his political views in his program of the UDRP and in "Letters from Dnieper Ukraine" (Bukovina newspaper, 1892–1893).

In 1905, on the initiative of Hrinchenko and others, the All-Ukrainian Teachers' Union (VUUS) was formed, a professional Ukrainian organization of teachers and public educators.

After the return of Mykhailo Hrushevsky from Lviv to Kyiv, Hrinchenko sowed enmity and distrust of everything in Galicia (his personal motive was his disapproval of Mykhailo Hrushevsky).

On behalf of the Kyiv Community, he collected materials and edited the Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language for 2 years, which included 70,000 Ukrainian words from literary works and folklore sources. The dictionary was published in 4 volumes (vols. 1–4, 1907–1909). This work by Hrinchenko even received an award from the Russian Academy of Sciences. It was an outstanding work of the early twentieth century, which was republished for the second time in 49 years.

The writer's health, undermined by tuberculosis (the consequences of the Kharkiv imprisonment), could not withstand the tense, continuous rhythm. The last straw of his life was the death of his daughter Nastya and her young son. The sharp exacerbation of the disease forced the writer to go for treatment in the Kingdom of Italy.

He died on May 6, 1910, in the town of Ospedaletti in Liguria, Italy. Hrinchenko was buried in Kyiv, in the Baikove Cemetery.  He was survived by his wife, Maria Hrinchenko.

Bibliographic activity
Hrinchenko was one of the active contributors to the critical and bibliographic department of the Zorya magazine. He published his consolidated works on the current bibliography under the title "News of Ukrainian Literature" and "New Ukrainian Books" under the pseudonyms V. Chainenko and V. Vilkhivsky. These were information and bibliographic messages with cursory evaluations of publications or collections of reviews. The bibliographer submitted such a consolidated material in 1886 and 1889. In the 1890s he published separate reviews in Zora, and sometimes evaluated Lviv books. Hrinchenko demanded that the Zorya editorial office work systematically on current bibliographic information, pointed to insufficient review of Galician printing houses, omissions of certain works, and advocated the publication of reviews of monthly periodicals.

Hrinchenko paid special attention to literature for public reading. He dedicated a special article "Popular Books" to her, often responding to novelties in this literature.

Works
He began his literary career in the 1980s. Author of about 50 short stories ("Wonderful Girl", 1884; "Exam", 1884; "Without Bread", 1884; "Alone, All Alone", 1885; "Olesya", 1890; "Stolen", 1891; "Bell", 1897, etc.), novels "Sunbeam", 1890; "At the Crossroads", 1891; "In the Middle of the Dark Night", 1900; "Under the Silent Willows", 1901), collections of poetry, "Songs of Vasily Chaichenko", 1884; "Under the village roof", 1886; "Under the cloudy sky", 1893, etc.).

Dramas are devoted to the historical theme: "Among the Storms" (1897), "The Steppe Guest" (1897), and "Clear Stars" (1884-1900).

He translated works by Friedrich Schiller, Johann-Wolfgang Goethe, Heinrich Heine, Victor Hugo and others.

He organized and published in three books "Ethnographic materials collected in Chernihiv and neighboring provinces" (vols. 1–3, 1895–99). He owns valuable collections of folk art "Songs and Thoughts" (1895), "Dumas of the Kobzar" (1897), "Merry Storyteller" (1898), "From the mouth of the people. Little Russian stories, fairy tales, etc. " (1901) and others.

Working fruitfully in the field of public education, he set out his pedagogical views in the works: "What is now a public school in Ukraine" (1896), "People's teachers and the Ukrainian school" (1906), "On the path of ignorance. About the Ukrainian school "(1906) and others. He fought for the education of Ukrainian children in their native language, advocated the purity of the Ukrainian literary language. He created several school textbooks, including "Ukrainian Grammar", "Native Word".

One of the brightest works of Hrinchenko is the poem "To compatriots who once a year gather to sing the anthem on Shevchenko's anniversary" (1898), in which the poet expressed his vision of the attitude of the Ukrainian pseudo-intelligentsia to Ukraine.

Memory

 A monument to Borys Hrinchenko was unveiled in Kyiv on August 22, 2011 (sculptor Mykola Obeziuk and architect Mykola Bosenko).
 The Taras Shevchenko All-Ukrainian Enlightenment Society annually awards the Borys Hrinchenko Prize to scientists, educators, public and political figures who have made a significant contribution to the development of independent Ukraine, the establishment of the state Ukrainian language, development of national culture, revival of historical memory and formation of national consciousness. and raising the spirituality and well-being of the Ukrainian people, educational and ascetic activities in the name of Ukraine.
 On July 4, 2012, the Ukrainian Parliament adopted the Resolution "On the celebration of the 150th anniversary of the birth of Borys Hrinchenko".
 On November 22, 2013, the National Bank of Ukraine put into circulation a commemorative coin "Borys Hrinchenko" with a face value of ₴2.
 Hrinchenko Streets in Lviv and Kyiv.
 The village of Hrinchenkove (Chupakhiv village OTG) in the Sumy region

Borys Hrinchenko Kyiv University
Scientific and pedagogical staff, students of the Borys Hrinchenko Kyiv University take care of the grave of the Scientist in Kyiv at the Baykovo Cemetery.

To the 145th anniversary of B. Hrinchenko's birth, a badge "For personal contribution to the development of the University" was developed and a nominal scholarship for the best students was introduced.

The first badge "For personal contribution to the development of the University" with a bas-relief of Hrinchenko was given to the wife of the former rector of the Interregional Institute for Teacher Training Victor Hryhorovych Slyusarenko (now deceased).

In 2011, on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of Ukraine's independence, a monument to Borys Hrinchenko was unveiled in Kyiv, built at the expense of teachers and students of the Borys Hrinchenko Kyiv University with the support of the Kyiv City State Administration.

Biographical and literary portal "Hrinchenko online" contains the results of research on the life and work of Boris Dmitrievich, as well as the most complete library of his works on the Internet, the uniqueness of which lies in the chronological categorizer by periods of artistic activity. The resource was developed by computer science students Ivan Stepura and Milana Sablina, who took the first place with him at the All-Ukrainian student scientific-practical conference "Boris Hrinchenko through the eyes of students of the XXI century".

Museum in Luhansk region
The Hrinchenko Memorial Museum is located in the village of Oleksiyivka, Perevalsky District. "A short steppe path leads to the museum. In the yard of Oleksiyivska School there is an old building, in front of which stands a monument to a talented teacher, prominent writer and publicist, critic and linguist, publisher and public figure - Borys Dmytrovych Hrinchenko. "

The Resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of 2013 on the celebration of the 150th anniversary of the birth of Borys Hrinchenko noted that by the date of birth (December 9) the Luhansk Regional Council and Luhansk Regional State Administration will provide repair and restoration work at the Hrinchenko Memorial Museum in Mykhailivtsi, Perevalskyi district, Luhansk region.

English Translations
English translations of Borys Hrinchenko's works include:
 "Brother against Brother";
 "January 9th"

Bibliography
 Bibliography at Goodreads

References

Further reading
Plevako, M. Zhyttia ta pratsia Borysa Hrinchenka (Kharkiv 1911)
Smilians'kyi, L. Borys Hrinchenko. Krytychno-biohrafichnyi narys (Kharkiv 1930)
Pohribnyi, A. Borys Hrinchenko v literaturnomu rusi kintsia XIX–pochatku XX st.: Pytannia ideino-estetychnoï evoliutsiï (Kyiv 1990)
Statieieva, V. Ukraïns'ki pys'mennyky pro problemy literaturnoï movy ta movyznavstva kintsi XIX–pochatku XX st. (Uzhhorod 1997)
Zhyvotenko-Piankiv, A. Pedahohichno-prosvitnyts'ka pratsia Borysa Hrinchenka (Kyiv 1999)

External links
 Hlobenko, M. Borys Hrinchenko. Encyclopedia of Ukraine
  Roszkowski, W., Kofman, J. Borys Hrinchenko. Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. Routledge, 2016
 Hrinchenko's works
 Biography and his works
 Hrinchenko at chytanka.com

1863 births
1910 deaths
People from Kharkiv Oblast
People from Kharkov Governorate
National University of Kharkiv alumni
Ukrainian people in the Russian Empire
Ukrainian male writers
Ukrainian politicians
Ukrainian ethnographers
19th-century Ukrainian historians
Prosvita
Ukrainian victims of human rights abuses
Burials at Baikove Cemetery
Writers from the Russian Empire

Borys Hrinchenko


Pavel Andreievich Chekov () is a fictional character in the Star Trek universe.

Walter Koenig portrayed Chekov in the second and third seasons of the original Star Trek series and the first seven Star Trek films. Anton Yelchin portrayed the character in the 2009 Star Trek reboot film and two sequels, Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond.  Both Koenig and Yelchin were born to Russian parents, but grew up in the United States, and both affected Russian accents for their roles.

Origin
Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry wanted to include a younger cast member to appeal to teenage audiences. With a second season of Star Trek to be produced, Roddenberry interviewed Walter Koenig on the recommendation of director Joseph Pevney. After casting Koenig, Roddenberry wrote a letter to Mikhail Zimyanin, editor of Pravda, informing him of the introduction of a Russian character, and an NBC press release announcing the character at the time stated that it was in response to a Pravda article, condemning the show for having no Russian characters. The existence of such a Pravda article is disputed. Roddenberry also acknowledged that the character was in response to the popularity of The Monkees' Davy Jones. Koenig always denied the "Russian origin" story and affirmed that his character was added in response to the popularity of The Monkees, and the character's hairstyle and appearance are a direct reference to this. Roddenberry had previously mentioned, in a memo to his casting director, a desire to have someone reminiscent of one of The Beatles or Monkees on the show.

Koenig's modest height, eyes, thick eyebrows, boyish face, and smile were all strikingly evocative of the lone British "Monkee" who captivated millions of pre-teen girls. Early attempts were made to style Koenig's brown hair similar to that of Jones too. Wigs were used in a couple of early episodes but not in others, which reveals a stage of experimentation to attentive viewers. Eventually, a final look for Koenig's hair length and fullness was reached and used consistently thereafter.

After Paramount Television signed Koenig to a contract because of the number of fan letters he received as Chekov, Roddenberry wrote in another memo "Kirk and Spock and the others actually seem rather 'middle aged' to the large youthful segment of our audience. We badly need a young man aboard the Enterprisewe need youthful attitudes and perspectives. Chekov can be used potently here". In actuality, Koenig is only five years younger than co-stars Leonard Nimoy and William Shatner.

The episode "Amok Time", which was the first episode broadcast during the second season, was Chekov's first television appearance ("Catspaw", the first episode shot with the Chekov character, would be broadcast a month later to roughly coincide with Halloween). Because of budgetary constraints, the character did not appear in the animated Star Trek.

Character biography
Pavel Andreievich Chekov was born in 2245 and is a young and naïve ensign who first appears on-screen in the original series' second season as the Enterprise'''s navigator. According to Roddenberry, he is "an extraordinarily capable young man—almost Spock's equal in some areas. An honor graduate of the Space Academy." Chekov also substitutes for Mr. Spock at the science officer station when necessary.  His promotion to lieutenant for Star Trek: The Motion Picture brings with it his transfer as the ship's tactical officer and chief of security. During his tour of Duty on the Enterprise, Chekov lost his mind on three occasions: in "Day of the Dove" Chekov was implanted with false memories and driven to violence by a non-corporeal alien entity; in "And the Children Shall Lead", Chekov was exposed to mind control by a group of children who had been given powers by a non-corporeal being; and in "The Tholian Web" Chekov became violently insane following exposure to interspace. Furthermore, in the film Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, Chekov was subject to mind control after being implanted with a juvenile Ceti eel. A running gag on Star Trek is that whenever Chekov gets into personal combat with opponents stronger than him, he loses the fight: "The Trouble with Tribbles" with Klingons or "The Gamesters of Triskelion" with the gladiator-like slaves/thralls. In "Spectre of the Gun" he is shot and killed in the fantasy but survives only because he was thinking of a beautiful fantasy woman. He also likes the beautiful female androids in "I, Mudd".

By the events of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, Chekov is executive officer aboard the USS Reliant. In that film, Khan Noonien Singh uses a creature that wraps itself around Chekov's cerebral cortex to control him and his captain. Chekov overcomes the creature's mind control and serves as Enterprise tactical officer in the film's climactic battle.

A common myth about Star Trek is that Khan recognizing Chekov in the film is a continuity error because "Space Seed", with the villain, was broadcast before Koenig's casting. Adaptations: From Text to Screen, Screen to Text calls this "the apparent gaffe notorious throughout Star Trek fandom". Although Chekov does not appear in "Space Seed", "Catspaw"—with the character—has an earlier stardate. Koenig joked that Khan remembers Chekov from the episode after he takes too long in a restroom Khan wants to use.

Chekov is an accomplice in Kirk's theft of the Enterprise to rescue Spock in Star Trek III: The Search for Spock, but is exonerated in Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home. He serves as navigator aboard the Enterprise-A during the events of Star Trek V: The Final Frontier and Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country. The character's final film appearance is as a guest aboard the Enterprise-B on its maiden voyage in Star Trek Generations. Chekov is mentioned in the series finale of Star Trek: Picard as being deceased in a broadcast by his son, Anton, who is serving as the president of the Federation. Koenig insisted that the character be called Anton as a tribute to the late Anton Yelchin, who inherited his role as Chekov for the J. J. Abrams reboot films.

Spinoff novels show a continued career path, but these are not considered canon in the Star Trek universe. Novels written by William Shatner detail that Chekov reaches the rank of admiral, and even serves as Commander in Chief of Starfleet.

 Reboot films

The 2009 Star Trek film creates an alternate timeline in the franchise. In this timeline, Anton Yelchin's portrayal presents Chekov as a 17-year-old prodigy whose mathematical ability proves instrumental in a few events within the film, and whose accent provides some of the film's comic relief.

In the sequel, Star Trek Into Darkness, Chekov finds himself promoted to chief engineer after Scotty resigns. When Kirk orders him to put on a red shirt, a brief sting is heard as a closeup shows Chekov's nervous face, playing on the reputation of redshirts in the franchise as much as the character's shock regarding his sudden promotion.

The third film, Star Trek Beyond, was Yelchin's final appearance as Chekov, the film seeing Chekov accompanying Kirk after the entire crew are marooned on an uncharted planet following the destruction of the Enterprise, forcing them to destroy the last of the Enterprise to escape a trap and later work with the rest of the senior staff to restart a long-lost Starfleet ship to escape the planet and defeat a plan to attack the Federation.

Anton Yelchin's death
Yelchin was crushed to death by his 2016 Jeep Grand Cherokee on June 19, 2016, little more than a month before the scheduled release of Star Trek Beyond on July 22, 2016. All filming had been completed and post-production had started. A dedication to Yelchin's memory was inserted into the credits. J. J. Abrams, producer of the reboot trilogy and director of its first two films, has stated that the role will not be recast for future sequels, implying the character of Chekov will be written out in future films.

Fan productions
Walter Koenig reprised his role as Chekov 12 years after Star Trek Generations in the fan-created series New Voyages episode "To Serve All My Days". Andy Bray portrayed a younger Chekov in that episode. Koenig reprised the character again in Star Trek: Renegades as 143-year-old Admiral Chekov, the newly appointed head of Section 31.  He has stated that should there be a sequel, he would reprise Chekov and then retire from the role. He also returned as Chekov in the online miniseries Star Trek: Of Gods and Men.

In scientific illustrator Jenny Parks' 2017 book Star Trek Cats, Chekov is depicted as a Russian Blue.

 Reception
In 2018, The Wrap placed Chekov as 21st out 39 in a ranking of main cast characters of the Star Trek franchise prior to Star Trek: Discovery. In 2016, Chekov was ranked as the 30th most important character of Starfleet within the Star Trek science fiction universe by Wired'' magazine, out of 100 characters.

In 2018, Comic Book Resources ranked Chekov the 22nd best member of Starfleet.

References

External links

 "Pavel Chekov" at STARTREK.COM

Television characters introduced in 1967
Fictional Russian people
Fictional astronomers
Fictional navigators
Star Trek: The Original Series characters
Star Trek (film franchise) characters
Starfleet admirals
Starfleet captains
Starfleet commanders
Starfleet lieutenants
Starfleet ensigns
Star Trek: Phase II characters
Fictional characters from the 23rd century

Pavel Chekov


Dorothy Hope Smith (October 1, 1895 – December 16, 1955) was an American artist and painter, best known as the artist who drew the Gerber Baby.

Early life
Dorothy Hope Smith was born in Hyattsville, Maryland to Lincoln B. and Mary L. Smith. She had 2 sisters, Edith and Clare, of which Dorothy was in the middle. In the early 1910s, Dorothy's family relocated to Chicago, where she spent her adolescence.

Smith studied illustration at The School of the Art Institute of Chicago where she met Perry Barlow. They were married February 22, 1922 in Manhattan, New York City, and honeymooned in France.

They moved to New York City after they wed to pursue separate illustration careers. Eventually, the couple worked out of their Westport, Connecticut home.

Career
Smith was a commercial illustrator specializing in babies and children. She was one of the "Ivory Soap Baby" illustrations for Procter & Gamble, illustrating children's books for Putnam and several magazine covers.

 Woman's Home Companion (August 1925)
 Woman's Home Companion (September 1934)
 Parent-Teacher Magazine (April 1935)
 Parent's Magazine (June 1936)
 The Farmer's Wife Magazine (December 1936)

Gerber baby
Smith's famous Gerber Baby drawing came about through a contest. In 1928, Gerber invited artists to submit drawings of babies for a contest. Dorothy submitted a preliminary charcoal sketch. The sketch was created from a snapshot of Ann Turner, the child of a family friend. Dorothy's unfinished submission was intended more as an inquiry as to what the age of the baby should be and what the ad size would be.  Dorothy intended to finish the sketch if accepted. The Gerber Company judges, however, preferred the simplicity of the illustration when compared to other more elaborate entries. Smith won $300 in the contest, selling the rights of her drawing to Gerber. Due to its popularity, Gerber officially trademarked the drawing in 1931.

Smith worked regularly from the 1920s until her death in 1955, serving as a successful commercial illustrator for many products.

Personal life
Smith's husband, Perry Barlow, whom she married on February 22, 1922, was a cartoonist for The New Yorker magazine, drawing 135 covers over the years in addition to many cartoons. He also contributed work to Collier's, The Saturday Evening Post and others. Because Perry was partially colorblind, Smith helped with the color process of his work. Smith and Perry had two sons, Collins and Peter. Peter's child is Smith's only granddaughter. Dorrie carries her namesake, Dorothy "Dorrie" Barlow Thomas. After Dorothy's death in 1955, their son Peter continued the color treatments to Perry's work.

References

School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
American magazine illustrators
1895 births
1955 deaths
Artists from Maryland
People from Hyattsville, Maryland
20th-century American women artists

Dorothy Hope Smith


Guwahati is the largest city in northeast India.

The capital complex of the Legislative Assembly of Assam is in Guwahati. The first bridge across the Brahmaputra river is at the northwest border of the city. Guwahati is the gateway to the rest of the Seven States of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. The largest religion in Guwahati is Hindu at 84.74% followed by Muslim at 12.45% in 2023 year by Census 2023 official survey data. According to census 2021 Muslim population is 40% in Assam but only 12.45% in Guwahati.

Related pages

Tezpur

Cities in India
Settlements in Assam

Guwahati


V Film is a group of premium movie channels broadcasting in the Nordic countries owned by Viaplay Group.

History
Viasat Film was started by Kinnevik on 27 August 1989 as TV1000, using one of the sixteen transponders on Astra 1A, the very first Astra satellite.

In June 1991 TV1000 announced that they channel would merge with another pay movie channel called SF Succé. This gave the channel a content boost with several Swedish films. It also made TV1000 more able to compete with FilmNet which was the leading premium channel at the time.

The merger took place on 1 September 1991. The name of the merged channel was initially announced to be "TV1000 Succékanalen", although this was not used on air.

As TV1000 was much larger than SF Succé, Kinnevik would own 75 percent of the new channel, while SF Succé's owners only owned 25 percent. When Kinnevik spun off their media division into the Modern Times Group in 1997, TV1000 wasn't included. Kinnevik were eventually able to buy out the rest of the owners, and TV1000 became a part of MTG in 2000.

In February 1995 a sister channel called TV1000 Cinema, or just "Cinema", launched. Cable distributors were initially hesitant to offer the new channel, which led MTG to close down another channel called FilmMax in November 1995 and trying to replace it with Cinema.

On 15 April 2000, when Viasat launched its digital platform, TV1000 and Cinema got two time-shift channels, each broadcasting the content with one- and two-hour delays.

On 1 September 2004 TV1000 had a major overhaul. Cinema and three of the time-shift channels closed down and were replaced by four themed movie channels. The line-up would then be TV1000, TV1000 Plus One (one hour time-shift of TV1000), TV1000 Family, TV1000 Action, TV1000 Nordic and TV1000 Classic.

In early 2008 TV1000 launched its first high-definition channel. It was called TV1000 HD and is a simulcast of the main TV1000 channel for the Nordic countries.

On 16 February 2009 an eighth TV1000 channel, TV1000 Drama, is launched in Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland. At the same time, the other TV1000 channels had their logos replaced by a new design.

The one-hour timeshift of the main TV1000 channel TV1000 Plus One was closed down on 1 August 2010.

On 2 January 2012 it was announced that the TV1000 channels will be rebranded as Viasat Film starting from 3 March 2012 in the Nordic region. TV1000 is still available in Central Europe as TV1000 East.

On April 23, 2014, changed Viasat in their lineup of movie channels, Viasat Film Nordic closed and was replaced by Viasat Film Comedy. The Nordic film will in future be included in the program on the other channels and Viasat Film Action and Viasat Film Classic was reduced transmission time and put forward only in the evening hours while closed to Viasat Film Drama HD. and Viasat Film Action HD began to simulcast with Nat Geo Wild HD in daytime on the Viasat satellite platform.

10 November 2015 changed Viasat back in their lineup of movie channels, Viasat Film Classic and Viasat Film Drama was closed down and replaced by Viasat Film Hits (Which will send new and classic film favorites) and Viasat Series (a pure serial channel with both new and classic series), also was changed during the program on other channels, it returned to again show series and children's programs as they did in the 90s under the brand TV1000, Viasat Film Family withdrawn children's programs from Disney Jr. daytime and Viasat Film Comedy began broadcasting classic comedy series in the daytime, also changed Viasat Film name to Viasat Film Premiere.

In 2018 the TV department of MTG was split off into Nordic Entertainment Group.

The Viasat Film channels were renamed V Film on 1 June 2020 as part of a major corporate rebranding.

Transmission
TV1000 was previously transmitted using D2-MAC and encrypted with the EuroCrypt encryption system. It was available originally via the Astra 1A satellite, and later via the Intelsat 707 satellite (where TV1000 Cinema was also available via the co-located TV-Sat2 satellite).  Today, the Scandinavian version of Viasat Film is transmitted digitally and encrypted in the VideoGuard system (after previously using the Viaccess system that was widely hacked) within the Viasat package on the Astra 4A satellite.

TV1000 CEE

TV1000 East
In March 2003, TV1000 East began broadcasting in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. A channel broadcasting only Russian movies called TV1000 Russkoe Kino (ТВ1000 Русское Кино) was launched in October 2005.
In April 2008 was launched TV1000 Premium.

TV1000 Balkan
TV1000 Balkan was launched on 18 November 2005 in Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, North Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro. The channel aired Swedish erotic films at night until 2015.

TV1000 Poland
TV1000 Poland was launched on March 5, 2007.  The channel closed on January 15, 2013.

See also
V Series
TV1000 East

References

External links
Viasat Sweden
TV1000 on MTG's website

1989 establishments in Sweden
Television channels and stations established in 1989
Modern Times Group
Television channels in Sweden
Television stations in Denmark
Television channels in Norway
Television channels in Finland
Movie channels
Television channels in North Macedonia

V Film


Eolh is micel dēor gesibb be Heorotan. Hiera eard is in norþernum landum, in Scedelande, on Russum and on Estum and ēac in Norðamerican on Canadan þǣm lande and on Nīwenglalande.

Ðis dēor freteþ gærs and wyrt.  For wulfe, beran and manne is eolh hūð.

Dēor

Eolh


The Temperance (Scotland) Act 1913 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom under which voters in small local areas in Scotland were enabled to hold a poll to vote on whether their area remained "wet" or went "dry" (that is, whether alcoholic drinks should be permitted or prohibited).  The decision was made on a simple majority of votes cast.

Background

The Act was a result of the strong temperance movement in Scotland before the First World War. Brewers and publicans formed defence committees to fight temperance propaganda, and publicans became unwilling to spend money on improvements to their premises in case the district went "dry".  The Act was superseded by the Licensing (Scotland) Act 1959 which incorporated the same provisions as the 1913 Act and consolidated Scottish licensing law. These provisions and the local polls were abolished by the Licensing (Scotland) Act 1976.

There was resistance from the House of Lords to the passing of the Act, leading to threats to use the (relatively new) Parliament Act 1911 to pass it. In the end, these threats pressured the Lords to pass the act.

1920 referendums
The first opportunity to petition for a poll on local prohibition was in June 1920.  In order for a poll to be called, there had to be a petition signed by 10% of the registered voters in a burgh, parish or ward.  The first batch of polls were then held alongside municipal elections in November and December, the first being in Glasgow on 2 November.

The conditions required to prohibit the sale of alcohol in an area were strict.  Three options appeared on the poll: no change, a 25% reduction in licences to sell alcohol, and the abolition of all existing licences.  In order for prohibition to be implemented, that option required the support of at least 55% support of voters, and at least 35% of everyone registered to vote in the constituency.  However, if this option was not successful, all votes for "no licence" would be counted towards the 25% reduction tally.  The prohibition was also limited.  There was no proscription of the manufacture of alcoholic beverages, nor of their wholesale, or their consumption in private.  Local authorities were still permitted to license hotels and restaurants, providing that alcohol was only consumed with a meal.

Although temperance campaigners initially hoped to hold polls in at least 1,000 of the 1,200 licensing districts of Scotland, ultimately there were 584 successful petitions.  By the end of polling, in late December, 60% of votes had been cast for "no change", 38% for "no licence", and 2% for the reduction of licences.  About 40 districts voted in favour of prohibition, including Airdrie, Cambuslang, Kilsyth, Kirkintilloch, Parkinch, Stewarton and Whitehead.  Glasgow was a particular target for the prohibitionists.  At the 1920 poll, a majority of voters plumped for "no licence" in eleven wards, but due to the turnout and supermajority requirements, it was only successful in four.

Repeal attempts
In many newly dry districts, new polls were sponsored by licensees at the earliest possibility, three years later.  257 polls were held, in total, the majority being a second attempt at prohibition.  The next big wave came in 1927, when 113 were held, following which, prohibition remained in place in only seventeen wards.  Among these was Lerwick, where alcohol remained prohibited until 1947.

Between 1913 and 1965 1,131 polls were held under the Act and the same provisions in the 1959 Act, with the vast majority (1,079) held before 1930.  The holding of votes continued to tail off during the 1930s and 40s.  By 1970, there were still sixteen districts with prohibition, but just one or two new polls held annually.

References

Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Scotland
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1913
1913 in Scotland
Alcohol law in the United Kingdom
Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament
Alcohol in Scotland
Scotland
Health law in Scotland
Multiple-choice referendums

Temperance polls in Scotland


Vintage Cellars (U.S) is a wine storage design and retail company that specializes in custom wine cellars.  The company was founded in 1990 by Gene Walder.  Vintage Cellars, which is located in San Marcos, California, is also a retailer of wine storage cabinets, wine racks, and wine cooling systems.  The company has designed and constructed wine cellars throughout the nation and is one of the longest-standing wine storage specialty businesses in the country. Though it began as a traditional brick and mortar business, the company now also does much of its business through its website.

References

External links
 Vintage Cellars
 Wine Spectator - Bigger is Better, November 30, 2010

Wine packaging and storage
Companies based in San Marcos, California

Vintage Cellars (U.S.)


Magician's End is a 2013 fantasy novel by American writer Raymond E. Feist, the third book in his The Chaoswar Saga trilogy and the 30th, and final, book in his Riftwar Cycle series.

Synopsis
An uneasy quiet has settled upon Midkemia in the wake of a surprise invasion. But the land is far from peaceful. Leaderless, the Kingdom is on the brink of anarchy and civil war, unless Hal conDoin, Duke of Crydee, and his brothers can rally their allies to crown a new king. They must move quickly, for war has left the land vulnerable to an agency of horrific destruction not of this world. No one is safe, not even the Star Elves whose city deep in the Grey Tower Mountains has come under attack by an ancient darkness that seeks to extinguish every living thing in Midkemia. Yet the bravery of determined warriors—brothers in blood and arms—is not enough to ensure the Kingdom's preservation without the magic of the Master Sorcerer Pug. A powerful spell has trapped him, his son Magnus, and two unlikely allies in an unfamiliar realm, and they must find their separate ways home—a journey of memory and discovery that will illuminate the truth of the destiny that awaits them. But to save Midkemia—and everything he has fought for and all he cherishes—Pug will have to pay the ultimate price.

References

2013 American novels
2013 fantasy novels
Novels by Raymond E. Feist
HarperCollins books

Magician's End


Joseph Mulder (1658, Amsterdam – 1742, Amsterdam), was a Dutch Golden Age printmaker, known as a "renowned engraver".

An engraving by Mulder illustrates the title page of the 1700 edition, published in Leiden, of Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems by Galileo. This engraving shows Aristotle, Ptolemy and Copernicus. Mulder worked abroad as well, and produced an engraving of Vienna from a bird's-eye view, in nine prints each measuring one by two feet.

Along with Pieter Sluyter, he did many of the etchings for the classic book Insects of Surinam (Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium) based on field drawings done by Maria Sibylla Merian. This book, published in 1726, has been described as "magnificent" and included early scientific study of the metamorphosis of caterpillars into butterflies.

The book Figures de la Bible a La Haye, published in 1728 in The Hague, has an etching by Mulder portraying Adam and Eve as "happy, childlike lovers" with Genesis 2:25 inscribed in six languages: German, Dutch, Hebrew, Latin, English and French.  The English translation is "Adam and Eve were both naked and were not ashamed."

Mulder's etchings are actively collected today.

According to his contemporary, art historian Arnold Houbraken, he was a good etcher who had been the pupil of the Amsterdam painter Hendrick Bogaert in 1672. Houbraken reported that Mulder claimed to have played a similar prank on a baby as Adriaen Brouwer had done.  In this anecdote, he had been rocking a baby on his lap.  The baby soiled him because its diaper slipped off.  He laid the baby on the floor and defecated on it. At that moment, the baby's mother walked in and asked what he was doing.  He replied, "het kind heeft my bescheeten, en ik beschyt het weer, dus beschyten wy malkander" (the child shat on me, and now I shat on it, and so we're shitting on each other).

According to the Netherlands Institute for Art History, he was an engraver and printmaker who had been a pupil of Bogaert and also followed Romeyn de Hooghe.

He made the engravings for the book Veues de Gunterstein for the rich widow Madame de Gunterstein et de Thienhoven (Magdalena Poulle) ca. 1690.

References

External links
Joseph Mulder on Artnet

1658 births
1720s deaths
Dutch Golden Age printmakers
Artists from Amsterdam

Joseph Mulder


is a private eikaiwa English conversation school owned by the Mabuchi Education Group, a juku chain in Japan. Epion's students are largely pre-school aged-children through to teenagers. Many of them later go on to study at the Mabuchi jukus. It has 17 schools, 2,500 students and 35 foreign teaching staff.

General Union branch
Some teachers at Epion are represented by the Osaka-based General Union.

References

External links

English conversation schools in Japan

Epion


Philipp Engelhard Nathusius, since 1861: von Nathusius (November 5, 1815 in Althaldensleben – August 16, 1872 in Luzern) was a German publisher and founder of a charitable organization in Neinstedt.

Life
He was a son of the industrialist Johann Gottlob Nathusius. One of his brothers was Hermann von Nathusius. Nathusius grew up at the family estate in Althaldensleben. 1832 he started to work in the Nathusius-porcelain factory. Already as young man he was very interested in literature (his grandmother was the poet Philippine Engelhard). 1836 he met in Berlin Bettina von Arnim; with her he stayed several years in contact. She made him the main character in her novel Ilius Pamphilius und die Ambrosia.

He married 1841 Marie Scheele, later a well known novelist. The couple established 1847 a first charity home for orphans in Althaldensleben. Later he established a much bigger charitable organization in Neinstedt (today known as the "Neinstedter Anstalten"). 1849 Nathusius became editor in chief of the Volksblatt für Stadt und Land zur Belehrung und Unterhaltung. Since 1861 he acted as publisher of the weekly newspaper. Ten years later his son, Martin von Nathusius, became his successor. Another son was the politician Philipp von Nathusius, and a granddaughter the novelist Annemarie von Nathusius. 1861 Nathusius became ennobled, after several years illness he died 1872 during a convalescence in Switzerland.

Works
 Fünfzig Gedichte, 1839
 Ulrich von Hutten. Volksthümliche Betrachtungen des gegenwärtigen kirchlichen Streites in Deutschland, 1839
 Noch fünfzig Gedichte, 1841
 Lebensbild der heimgegangenen Marie Nathusius, geb. Scheele, 3 Bände, 1868/69
 Dokumente und Umstände einer nicht zustandegekommenen Claudius-Biographie

References

External links

 Biography (in German)

1815 births
1872 deaths
19th-century German newspaper publishers (people)
German male writers

Philipp von Nathusius


Dementia praecox is a term which Bénédict Augustin Morel first used in 1860, to describe the condition of a teenager who retreated from society, and started to show symptoms similar to those of dementia. Dementia is a mental illness which mostly occurs in old people.

Emil Kraepelin used the term to describe, and contrasted it with the mental illness called Bipolar disorder. People with bipolar disorder often have episodes in which they seem normal, which people with dementia praecox do not.

This theory could not be proved. In 1911, Eugen Bleuler said that dementia praecox was actually schizophrenia. The word Schizophrenia was not used widely before 1925.

Mental illnesses
Dementia

Dementia praecox


Felix Römer (born 1978) is a German historian who specialises in the history of World War II. He has conducted pioneering research into the implementation of the Commissar Order by combat formations of the Wehrmacht and the attitudes of German soldiers based on the surreptitiously recorded conversations of prisoners of war held in Fort Hunt, Virginia, United States.

Education and career
Römer was born in 1978 in Hamburg, West Germany. He studied history and literature at the University of Kiel and the University of Lyon. From 2004 to 2007, he worked on his doctoral thesis with funding from the . His research project focused on the Commissar Order and its implementation by formations of the Wehrmacht down to the divisional level during Operation Barbarossa, the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union. He earned his PhD from the University of Kiel in 2007.

From 2007 to 2012, Römer worked as a research associate in the project headed by Sönke Neitzel of the History Department at the University of Mainz focused on war perception and collective biography. This project led to the publication of Soldaten: On Fighting, Killing and Dying: The Secret WWII Transcripts of German POWs by Neitzel and Harald Welzer in 2011. For this project Römer compiled   100,000 pages of comprehensive documentary material from the interrogation camp at Fort Hunt, Virginia, where about 3,000 German POWs were both interviewed formally and surreptitiously recorded while held there from 1942 to 1945. Based on this research, Römer published Kameraden – Die Wehrmacht von innen. (Comrades: The Wehrmacht from Within) in 2012. From 2012 to 2019 Römer was a researcher at the German Historical Institute London. Since 2019 he is working at the Humboldt University in Berlin.

Research on the Commissar Order
Römer's book on the Commissar Order, published in 2008 in German as Der Kommissarbefehl. Wehrmacht und NS-Verbrechen an der Ostfront 1941/42 (The Commissar Order: The Wehrmacht and the Nazi Crimes on the Eastern Front, 1941–1942), was the first complete account of the implementation of the order by the combat formations of the Wehrmacht. Römer's research shows that 116 out of 137 German divisions on the Eastern Front filed reports detailing the killing of the Red Army's political commissars. As a result of the order, by May 1942, a total of at least 3,430 and possibly as many as 4,000 Commissars were murdered by regular Wehrmacht soldiers after surrendering.

Römer finds that the records "prove that Hitler's generals had executed his murderous orders without scruples or hesitations", contrary to the myth of a "clean" Wehrmacht. Historian Wolfram Wette, reviewing the book, notes that the sporadic objections to the order were merely pragmatic and that its cancellation in 1942 was "not a return to morality, but an opportunistic course correction". Wette concludes:

The Commissar Order, which has always had a particularly strong influence on the image of the Wehrmacht because of its obviously criminal character, has finally been clarified. Once again the observation has confirmed itself: the deeper the research penetrates into the military history, the gloomier the picture becomes.

Kameraden
Römer's 2012 book Kameraden was based on the surreptitiously recorded conversations of German prisoners of war held in Fort Hunt, United States. Like Soldaten by Neitzel and Welzer, Römer's book finds that soldiers were not simply "ideological warriors" in the National Socialist mold. "But this does not mean that the soldiers had no opinions", Römer states. The majority continued to support Hitler and the German war effort until the last year of the war. The book also finds that racism and anti-Semitism were widespread. The younger soldiers, those of the Hitler Youth generation who grew up during the Nazi regime, believed in a victory for longer than older soldiers who had grown up in the German Empire or the Weimar Republic. National Socialist socialization thus becomes apparent, according to Römer's research. A small group of POWs, who Römer identified as having a "fanatical worldview", even boasted of war crimes.

The murder of the Jews was an "open secret" among the soldiers. While there were some supporters of the killing of Jews, the majority rejected this approach. For most of the soldiers there were apparently limits. The book finds these included violence against women and children or against defenseless Soviet POWs. But in the reality of the war, Römer concludes, the group dynamics were often stronger than moral scruples.

Selected works

In English

 Römer, Felix (2019). Comrades. The Wehrmacht from within. Oxford University Press, .

In German
Der Kommissarbefehl. Wehrmacht und NS-Verbrechen an der Ostfront 1941/42. Schöningh, Paderborn 2008,
Kameraden. Die Wehrmacht von innen. Munich: Piper Verlag. 2012. .
 Alfred Andersch desertiert. Fahnenflucht und Literatur (1944–1952). Verbrecher Verlag, Berlin 2015. With  and Rolf Seubert

Notes

References

Further reading

External links
  (In German)

Living people
1978 births
German military historians
Historians of World War II
German male non-fiction writers
20th-century German historians
Writers from Hamburg

Felix Römer


Coherence is a state or situation in which all the parts or ideas fit together well so that they form a united whole
Coherence, coherency, or coherent may refer to the following:

Physics

 Coherence (physics), an ideal property of waves that enables stationary (i.e. temporally and spatially constant) interference
 Coherence (units of measurement), a derived unit that, for a given system of quantities and for a chosen set of base units, is a product of powers of base units with no other proportionality factor than one
 Coherence time, the time over which a propagating wave (especially a laser or maser beam) may be considered coherent; the time interval within which its phase is, on average, predictable

Mathematics

 Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy), a concept in Bayesian statistics
 Coherence (signal processing), a statistic that can be used to examine the relation between two signals or data sets
 Coherence (statistics), a property of self-consistency across a set of assessments, or  the strength of association between two series
 Coherence condition in category theory, a collection of conditions requiring that various compositions of elementary morphisms are equal
 Coherency (homotopy theory) in homotopy theory and (higher) category theory
 Coherent sampling, a relationship used in Fast Fourier transforms
 Coherent set of characters in representation theory, a property of sets of characters that allows one to extend an isometry from the degree-zero subspace of a space of characters to the whole space
 Coherent sheaf, a specific class of sheaves having particularly manageable properties closely linked to the geometrical properties of the underlying space
 Mutual coherence (linear algebra), sometimes referred to as coherence,  the maximum absolute value of the cross-correlations between the columns of a matrix
 Multi-spectral phase coherence, a generalized nonlinear cross-frequency phase coupling metric introduced by Yang et al., 2016
Coherence (fairness), a consistency requirement of fair division rules.

Philosophy

 Coherentism, philosophical theories in modern epistemology, the study of knowledge
 Coherence theory of truth, a theory which regards truth as coherence within some specified set of sentences, propositions or beliefs

Computer science
 Coherence (programming language), an experimental programming language based upon Subtext
 Cache coherence, a special case of memory coherence
 Memory coherence, a concept in computer architecture
 In scrum and agile methodologies, coherence is defined as a measure of the relationships between backlog items which make them worthy of consideration as a whole.

IT products
 Coherence (software), a component of Parallels Desktop for Mac, the Windows virtualization software
 Coherent (operating system), a UNIX-clone operating system
 Oracle Coherence, an in-memory data grid product from Oracle

Other uses

 Coherence (cognitive science), a property of mental/cognitive states
 Coherence (linguistics), what makes a text semantically meaningful
 Coherence (music theory), a synonym for strict Rothenberg propriety in diatonic set theory
 Coherent optical module, a hot-pluggable optical transceiver implementing a coherent modulation algorithm
 Coherence time (communications systems), duration when a communication channel can be assumed to be constant
 Coherent, Inc., a company specializing in equipment to make and measure coherent light (lasers)
 Coherent risk measure in  financial economics, a function that satisfies properties of monotonicity, sub-additivity, homogeneity, and translational invariance
 Coherence (film), a 2013 science fiction film by James Ward Byrkit
 Cohere, a Canadian natural language processing software developer
 Sense of coherence, a construct in the health theory salutogenesis

See also

 Cohesion (disambiguation)
 Mutual coherence (disambiguation)

Coherence


Photometry is a method of problem solving in astronomy. It aims to measure flux. When photometry is performed over broad wavelength bands of radiation, where not only the amount of radiation but also its spectral distribution is measured, the term spectrophotometry is used.

The word is combination of the Greek affixes "photo-" ("light") and "-metry" ("measure").

Astronomy

Photometry (astronomy)


Museu Afro Brasil is a history, artistic and ethnographic museum dedicated to the research, preservation, and exhibition of objects and works related to the cultural sphere of black people in Brazil. It is a public institution held by the Secretariat for Culture of the São Paulo State and managed by the Museu Afro Brasil Association. The museum is located in Ibirapuera Park, a major urban park in São Paulo. The Manoel da Nóbrega Pavilion, designed by Oscar Niemeyer in 1959, houses the Museum.
It holds around 6 thousands items and pieces including paintings, sculptures, photos, documents, and archives created between the 15th Century and the present day. The aggregation of pieces includes many works of the African and Afro-Brazilian cultural spheres, ranging from subjects and topics such as religion, labor, and art to the African Diaspora and slavery, whilst registering and affirming the historical trajectory and the African influences in the construction of the Brazilian society. The Museum also offers a diverse range of cultural and didactic activities, temporary expositions, and contains a theater and a specialized library.

History
Museu Afro Brasil was established in 2004 by Emanoel Araújo, former director and curator of the Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo, artist from Bahia. Araújo, since 2004 has been director of the museum.

Organization

The museum's collection is divided into several sections with different areas: Africa, labor, slavery, sacred and profane, Afro-Brazilian religions, history and memory, and the arts.

In the 20th century art section, there are important works made by Afro-Brazilian artists such as Benedito José Tobias, Rubem Valentim, Heitor dos Prazeres, Ronaldo Rego, Octavio Araujo, Manuel Messiah, Caetano Dias, José Hyginus, Tiberius, Jorge Luis dos Anjos as well works by Master Didi. Other parts of the collection include works by Madalena Schwartz, Sergio Valle Duarte, Alfred Weidinger, Joseph Pace, André Vilaron, Eustaquio Neves, and Walter Firmo.

Museu Afro Brasil has the largest Afro-descendant art collection in the Americas, with more than 5,000 objects, including paintings, sculpture, lithography, photographs, documents, and ethnological objects. The museum offers many different aspects of Afro-Brazilian culture such as religion, work, art, African diaspora and slavery in Brazil. The museum also exhibits the African influences on Brazilian society and culture.

Events
In 2014, for the tenth anniversary of the museum and concurrent with the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Museu Afro Brasil created an exhibit entitled O Negro no Futebol Brasileiro – A arte e os Artistas (The black man in Brazilian soccer - The art and its artists). This exhibit highlighted the presence of soccer players of African ancestry, such as Pelé, Garrincha, Didi, Djalma Santos, Barbosa, Zizinho, and Jairzinho and their importance in Brazilian history and in constructing of the Brazilian national identity. Besides the photos and caricatures of notorious Brazilian soccer players, a part of the exposition was the establishment of the Stadium, the Football Votive Masks by two artists from Benin: Aston and Kifouli and Mundial Brasileiro, the rotating costume jewelry sculpture portraying a large soccer ball by the Italian artist Joseph Pace, and the work Diamante Negro - Inventor da Bicicleta (2014), an acrylic spray on canvas, by Brazilian graffiti artist, Speto.

Gallery

See also
 Museo Afro-Brasileiro, another museum in Salvador, Bahia.

References

External links
Official site
 Afro Brasil Museum at Google Cultural Institute

2004 establishments in Brazil
African art museums
Afro-Brazilian culture
Ethnic museums in Brazil
Museums in São Paulo
Museums of the African diaspora

Museu Afro Brasil


Alexa Wilding (born Alice Wilding, c. 1847 – 25 April 1884) was one of the favourite models of the Pre-Raphaelite artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti, featuring in some of his finest paintings of the later 1860s and 1870s. She sat for more of his finished works than any other of his more well-known muses, including Elizabeth Siddall, Jane Morris and Fanny Cornforth.

Comparatively little is known about Wilding, while Rossetti's other models, Siddall, Morris and Cornforth, are frequently written about. This is perhaps partly due to the lack of any romantic or sexual connection between the pair, which differentiates Rossetti's relationship with Wilding from those with his other muses.

Biography

Early life
Alexa Wilding's working-class family originated from Shrewsbury, Shropshire, in England, while Alexa herself (then Alice) was born an only child in Surrey in or about 1847. Her father was a piano-maker, while her father's brothers were butchers. According to the 1861 census, when she was 14, Wilding was living at 23 Warwick Lane near Newgate Market in London with her 59-year-old grandmother, two uncles and a cousin. She was a working girl, but her standard of life is not thought to have been terrible for the time, and she could read and write. By the time of her association with Rossetti, she was living with an aunt and working as a dressmaker with ambitions of becoming an actress.

Period with Rossetti
Wilding was first seen by Rossetti in 1865, when she was walking one evening along the Strand. He was immediately impressed by her beauty. She agreed to sit for him the following day for a proposed painting of Aspecta Medusa, but failed to arrive as planned; it is possible that she was put off by the morally dubious reputation of models at that time. Weeks went by, and Rossetti had given up the idea of the painting he had in mind. So important did he consider the look of this specific model to it, when he spotted her again in the street, he jumped from the cab he was in and persuaded her to be led straight back to his studio. He paid her a weekly fee to sit for him exclusively, afraid that other artists might also employ her. The two shared a lasting bond; after Rossetti's death in 1882, Wilding, though not particularly financially well off, was said to have travelled to place a wreath on his grave in Birchington-on-Sea.

In the 1881 census, Alice Wilding, aged 34,  was living at 33 Redcliffe Road, Kensington, with her two young children, Charles and Nellie Wilding. Charles James Ernest Wilding was born in Hammersmith on 23 June 1876. Eleanor Wilding was born on 3 September 1877, also in Hammersmith. The identity of their father is not known. By this time Alexa held a position as a landlady and property-holder, a considerable achievement for a working-class woman. In his letters to Dunn from 1873, Rossetti complains about Wilding's housing situation, since he seems often to have been called upon to lend her money towards it; "Surely A.W. will now get rid of this mad house of hers."

Death
The death certificate issued for Alexa Wilding records her death on 25 April 1884, aged 37. The cause of death was peritonitis for six days and eventual exhaustion; sixteen months earlier she had been diagnosed with a splenic tumor. This may be the disease that had previously caused Rossetti to think her ill, and prevented her sometimes from keeping her sittings.

She is buried in Brompton Cemetery, along with her grandmother, Mary Ann, and niece, Marie. While her death certificate states the date of her death as 25 April, her tombstone lists it as 24 April 1884.

In Rossetti's art
In Rossetti's paintings, Wilding's elegant looks and ethereal beauty were in contrast to another of Rossetti's models, the voluptuous Fanny Cornforth. Wilding's more refined features were substituted for Cornforth's in Lady Lilith (1864–1868), in part when Rossetti's patron and owner of the painting Frederick Leyland considered the original too earthy. Similarly, the painting Venus Verticordia (1864–1868), originally modelled by a near six-foot-tall cook, was repainted with Wilding's face in January 1868. Rossetti seems to have considered her features versatile enough for the roles of both virtue, for example Sibylla Palmifera, and vice, as in the paintings mentioned here, in roles previously reserved for Cornforth.

Contemporaries seem to have disagreed over Wilding's capacity for expression: Rossetti's assistant, Henry Treffry Dunn said of her that she was "... without any variety of expression. She sat like a Sphinx, waiting to be questioned, and with always a vague reply in return... But she had a deep well of affection within her seemingly placid exterior." The artist's brother, William Michael Rossetti, meanwhile saw her as "capable of much varying expression." Dunn described Wilding as having "a lovely face, beautifully moulded in every feature, full of quiescent, soft, mystical repose that suited some of his conceptions admirably... He was struck with her beautiful face and golden, auburn hair. It was the very type of face he had been seeking so long."

Wilding's features are easy to spot in Rossetti's art; the red hair, long neck, perfect Cupid's bow lips, and somewhat softer eyes compared to Lizzie Siddall's famed heavy-lidded ones. However, in The Blessed Damozel, Wilding's features are less discernible thanks to Rossetti's portrayal of her with his late wife's eyes. Additionally two of Rossetti's paintings featuring Wilding are similar to those originally modelled for by his late wife Lizzie Siddall, Regina Cordium and Damsel of the Sanct Grael. According to his close friend, the art critic Frederic George Stephens, "nothing he drew of her, diverse as the delineations were, seemed less than an exact likeness."

Paintings of Alexa Wilding

Those by Rossetti include:

 Monna Vanna (1866)
 Regina Cordium (1866); a revisit to the subject of his 1860 Regina Cordium, which had been modelled by his wife Elizabeth Siddall.
 Sibylla Palmifera (1866–1870)
 Venus Verticordia (repainted 1867-1868; originally 1864–1866), repainted with Wilding's face when it failed to sell; modelled originally by a cook whom he noticed in the street, "a very large young woman, almost a giantess".
 Dante's Dream at the Time of the Death of Beatrice (1871), far left.
 The Bower Meadow (1871–1872)
 Veronica Veronese (1872)
 Lady Lilith (repainted 1872-1873; originally 1864–1868), modelled originally by Fanny Cornforth (cf. this watercolour copy), but repainted with Wilding's face.
 La Ghirlandata (1873)
The Beloved (retouched in 1873; originally 1863), modelled originally by Marie Ford, is also thought to be inspired by Wilding when retouched.
 Damsel of the Sanct Grael (1874)
 Roman Widow (1874)
 La Bella Mano (1875)
 A Sea-Spell (1875-1877)
 The Blessed Damozel (1875–1878); shows the influence of his next muse Jane Morris's hooded eyes.

Drawings by Rossetti include:

 Portrait of Alexa Wilding (1865)
 Sibylla Palmifera (Study) (c. 1866)
 Aspecta Medusa (c. 1867)
 Mary Magdalene (1867)
 Rosa Triplex (1867), centre.
 Venus Verticordia (Study) (1867-68)
 Study for ′La Pia de′ Tolomei′ (1868)
 Alexa Wilding, A Study for Dante's Dream (1870)
 Study for "Dante's Dream": Head of Alexa Wilding (1870)
 Lady Lilith - Study for the Head (1872-1872)
 Alexa Wilding (1874)
 Study for ′La Bella Mano′ (1875)
 Alexa Wilding (1879)

References

External links

 Rossetti Archive
 Venus Imaginaria: Reflections on Alexa Wilding, Her Life, and Her Role as Muse in the Works of Dante Gabriel Rossetti
 The Kissed Mouth: 'The Mysterious Alexa Wilding' – cf. for another photograph of Wilding.

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
English artists' models
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood artists' models
Women of the Victorian era
1840s births
1884 deaths
People from Surrey
Deaths from peritonitis
Burials at Brompton Cemetery
Muses

Alexa Wilding


Suzanne Chouinard Martel (October 8, 1924 – July 29, 2012) was a French Canadian journalist, novelist and children's writer.

Life

Suzanne Chouinard was the daughter of Francis Xavier Chouinard, clerk of Quebec City between 1927 and 1961 and Lady Couillard, who resided at rue de Bernières in Quebec City until 1963. Her younger sister Monique became well known in Quebec as Monique Corriveau, the author of more than twenty novels for teenagers.

Amazed by the universe of the novels of Rudyard Kipling (The Jungle Book), the Chouinard sisters invented an imaginary country, the Gotal, home to those they call "People in the wall". As children and teenagers, they wrote the adventures of these forty fictional characters they get to know as well as their own family. They were so attached to their writing that, when they reached twelve years old, their mother reportedly forbade them to write more than eight hours a day. Later, when they reached adulthood, they selected, in turn, a Montcorbier clan member and wrote of his adventures. This would become the most voluminous saga of the literary history of Quebec. Prior to the death of Monique Corriveau in 1976, the two sisters had written one for the other fifteen novels on their respective heroes. This saga remains largely unpublished to date.

Suzanne Martel studied at École des Ursulines, Quebec, then continued her studies in literature and languages at the University of Toronto.

She worked as a journalist for Le Soleil in 1945, then as a freelancer in 1946.

After World War II, Martel came to live in Outremont with Maurice Martel, her husband, who was a lawyer. In subsequent years, the writer gave birth to six boys (Paul, Bernard, Luc, Éric, Alain-Anadi and Yves) who quickly became her primary audience.

Martel's first book was published in 1963, Quatre Montréalais en l'an 3000, a young-adult science fiction novel (published in English as The City Under Ground, 1964). She received the prize of the Canadian Association of French-language publishers. This classic children's book – which is said to be the first science fiction novel in Quebec – is still being studied in some schools. (It is known best as Surréal 3000, the title introduced for a revised edition in 1966, published in English as The City Underground, 1982.)

In 1971, she founded the weekly children's publication Safari in the newspaper Montréal-Matin. She was an editor until 1974 when the newspaper was sold to La Presse.

Subsequently, Martel published many novels that made her one of the greatest novelists of adventure both in Quebec and Canada.

On July 29, 2012, Martel died surrounded by her family in Ste-Adèle.

Awards

Martel's book Jeanne, Fille du Roy (translated as The King's Daughter), is frequently read in highschool in Quebec and Ontario. She has won numerous awards, including:
 Governor-General's Literary Awards (1994, Une belle journée pour mourir)
 The Canada Council Children's Literature Prize (1982, Nos amis robots)
 Ruth Schwartz Children's Book Award (1981, The King's Daughter)
 Air Canada Prize (1979 for a news story)
 Canadian Authors' Association Awards Program Vicky Metcalf Body of Work Award (1974)
 Alvine-Bélisle ASTED Prize (1974, Jeanne, Fille du Roi)
 Province of Quebec Prize (1968, Lis-moi la baleine)
 First Château Prize (1967, Fille du Roi)
 Federal Centennial Prize (1967, Un trop bon diable)
 ACELF Prize (1962, Surréal 3000; 1963, Lis-moi la baleine; 1979, Nos amis robots)

Works

 Quatre Montréalais en l'an 3000 (Montreal: Éditions du jour, 1963);
 English, The City Under Ground, illustrated by Don Sibley (Viking Press, 1964, ), translated by Norah Smaridge
 Revised and issued as Surréal 3000 (Macmillan Canada, 1966) – "Edited with exercises and vocabulary by H. C. Steels; ill. by Lee Clifton. [...] French, with English preface and notes."
 English, The City Underground (1982), transl. David Homel
 Lis-moi la baleine, illustrated by her son Éric Martel (Éditions Jeunesse, 1966, )
 Marmitons, Suzanne and her son Alain Martel, ill. Cécile Gagnon (Éditions Jeunesse, 1972, ), cookbook
 Jeanne, Fille du Roy, ill. Michelle Poirier (Montreal: Éditions Fides, 1974, );
 English translation, The King's Daughter (Douglas & McIntyre, 1980, )
 Titralak, Cadet de l'espace (Montreal: Éditions Héritage, 1974, )
 Pi-Oui (Héritage, 1974, ), 2nd ed. revised (Héritage, 1979, ), 3rd ed. "simplifiée par Danièle Geoffrion et Éric Martel" (Héritage, 1979, );
 English, Peewee (Scholastic, 1982, )
 Tout sur Noël (1977), activity book
 Goûte à tout, ill. Cécile Gagnon (1977), cookbook
 Les coureurs des bois (1980 or earlier(?), ; 1993 omnibus(?), )
 Menfou Carcajou (Leméac, 1980)
 La baie du Nord (1980)
 Une belle journée pour mourir (1980 or 1993?)
 Les chemins d'eau (1993?, )
 Nos Amis Robots (Héritage, 1981, ); 2nd ed. "simplifiée par Danièle Geoffrion et Éric Martel", 1982,
 English, Robot Alert (Kids Can Press, 1985, )
 Marguerite Bourgeois, or Au temps de Marguerite Bourgeoys, quand Montréal était un village (1982)
 L'enfant de lumière (1983)
 Contes de Noël : contes d'autrefois pour les gens d'aujourd'hui (1984)
 Un orchestre dans l'espace (1985)

Martel is also the author of the Montcorbier series, developed during childhood with her younger sister Monique Corriveau (another children's writer, as an adult).
 A la découverte du Gotal (prelude) (Fides, 1979, )
 L'apprentisage d'Arahéé – 1910 (Fides, 1979, )
 Première armes – 1918 (Fides, 1979, )
 Arnaud de Moncorbier – 1914 (Boréal, 1997); perhaps a reprint or omnibus
 La musique de la lune – 1919 (Boréal, 1998, )
 Les aigles d'argent – 1919 (Boréal, 1999, )

Her books have been translated into several languages including Spanish and Japanese.

Another dozen or so were self-published for the family only.

Her memoirs, in five tomes, were also printed for the family and close friends.

References

External links

 Biography at University of Western Ontario (publish.uwo.ca)

 Monique Chouinard Corriveau (sister and co-author) at LC Authorities, with 13 records (no joint works)

1924 births
2012 deaths
Canadian children's writers in French
Canadian novelists in French
Canadian science fiction writers
Canadian women novelists
French Quebecers
Governor General's Award-winning children's writers
Canadian women children's writers
Writers from Quebec City
20th-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian women writers
21st-century Canadian women writers
Women science fiction and fantasy writers

Suzanne Martel


Pisana Cornaro (died 10 March 1769) was a Dogaressa of Venice by marriage to the Doge Alvise Giovanni Mocenigo (r. 1763–1779).

Pisana Cornaro was the daughter of Federico Cornaro and married 5 October 1739. Upon his election as doge, the spouse demanded to reintroduce the ceremony of the Solemn Entry of the dogaressa, as well as the other ceremonies surrounding her, rituals which had been abolished during the 17th century. The 22 April 1763, dogaressa Pisana therefore celebrated her entry followed by all the traditional rituals, such as to receive the representatives from the city guilds, with the exception of the coronation. These ceremonies attracted much attention and were seen as a sign that the former grandness of Venice should return.

Pisana was described as a simple and retiring person, more interested in her household than in her role as dogaressa, who abhorred pomp and became popular for her involvement in charity. In 1766, she presided at the marriage of her son to Francesca Grimani. She was deeply affected by the early death of her daughter-in-law, and lost interest in public life. She spent much of her time at the country villa in Cordignano, where she was popular as a good employer.

In the work "On the Character, Customs, and Female Mind", the French academician Thomas described her: "Let us mention a Venetian matron who was really wise, pious, and gifted with dignity as well as excellent qualities. She was not old when she died. People will at once perceive that I am alluding to Pisana Cornaro Mocenigo, whose nobleness of character, piety, and learning were unrivalled, and besides amusing herself with astronomical observations and natural history, took a singular pleasure in the study of anatomy, in which she made such great progress that she excited the admiration of the illustrious Frotomedico Santorini, and also of the immortal Giambattista Morgagni, prince of the anatomists of our time. We have scattered these few flowers on the tomb of the late renowned Dogaressa, although her happy spirit is sufficiently requited by the tribute of tears and constant regret offered to her memory by her loving husband, H. Serene H. Alvise Mocenigo."

After her death, her spouse remarried Polissena Contarini Da Mula in 1771, though she does not seem to have played to part of dogaressa in a ceremonial sense as much as did Pisana Cornaro, though she did become the center of the literary circle her consort gathered on his private villa.

References
 Staley, Edgcumbe:  The dogaressas of Venice : The wives of the doges, London : T. W. Laurie, 1910
 Louisa Lauw: The Dogaressa

1769 deaths
Dogaressas of Venice
Year of birth unknown
18th-century Venetian people
18th-century Venetian women

Pisana Conaro


William Tucci is an illustrator, writer, and filmmaker best known for his creator-owned title and character, Shi.

Career
Tucci founded Crusade Comics in Bayport, New York Its flagship title, Shi, debuted in March 1994. Publisher Top Cow's character Witchblade and David W. Mack's character Kabuki debuted in Shi before going on to their own titles. Tucci operated Crusade Comics until 2002, publishing a number of other titles besides Shi. Brian David-Marshall worked as an editor at Crusade in the 1990s.

In 2006 Tucci began penciling Marvel Comics' Heroes for Hire, and DC's VS cards, and later on the DC series Jonah Hex, Birds of Prey, Flash Vs. Superman and Harley Quinn.  He also released the 576-page Definitive Shi, the Illustrated Warrior.

In 2007, Shi also had a crossover with Brian Pulido's Lady Death/Shi through Avatar Press, and with Peter David's Fallen Angel through IDW Publishing. Dark Horse Comics produced a 200-page hardbound Art of Shi coffee table book showcasing several artists' take on the character. Other Shi projects include a full color Zombie-sama! TPB with John Broglia and Definitive Shi Vol. 2.

Tucci produced a six-part miniseries for DC, Sgt. Rock: The Lost Battalion, which premiered  November 2008. In researching the series, Tucci spent time with a World War II reenactment in Pennsylvania, portraying a war correspondent, and during his research in France, officials gave him the title of "Ambassador, de la region de Bruyeres". The Lost Battalion received the 2011 "Artistic/Graphical" Gold Medal in the Fiction-Thriller category from the Military Writers Society of America (MWSA).

In 2011, Tucci's "Batman: A Trick For The Scarecrow", which appeared in the DCU Halloween Special 2010, was nominated for the Eisner Award for Best Short Story.

As partner of Apostle Arts LLC, Tucci created Billy Tucci's A Child is Born, a 32-page graphic novella for Christmas 2011, adapted from the Gospels of Matthew and Luke. The book won a Christian Small Publisher Book of the Year Award in 2013.

Tucci wrote and illustrated Shi: Return of the Warrior (2021) and wrote Zombie-Sama!, a comedy graphic novel with illustrator John Broglia, both published by Crusade Fine Arts via funding from Indiegogo and KickStarter.

References

External links

Billy Tucci and Crusade Fine Arts official website
 *

American comics creators
American writers of Italian descent
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Billy Tucci


Lyric could mean:

 Lyric poetry is a form of poetry that expresses a subjective, personal point of view
 Lyric, from the Greek language, a song sung with a lyre
 Lyrics, the composition in verse which is sung to a melody to constitute a song
 Lyric is a classification of the human voice in European classical music.  The adjective describes a specific vocal weight and a range at the upper end of the given voice part, e.g. lyric soprano; see voice type
 Lyric Opera House in Baltimore, Maryland, locally referred to as just "the Lyric"
 Lyric FM, a Radio Telefís Éireann radio station
 Lyric (R&B), an R&B girl group briefly signed to J Records from 2002–2003; known for the song, "Young and Sexy".
 Lyric, a single released in June 2003 by the "indie supergroup" Zwan.
 Lyrics, an ESRB content rating advisor
 Lyric, a video vixen

Lyric


Cotton Patch Gospel is a musical by Tom Key and Russell Treyz with music and lyrics written by Harry Chapin and produced by Philip M. Getter just after Chapin's death in 1981. It ran off-Broadway at the Lamb's Theatre for 193 performances beginning on October 21, 1981. Based on the book The Cotton Patch Version of Matthew and John by Clarence Jordan, the story retells the life of Jesus as if in modern day, rural Georgia. Though the setting and the styling of the language greatly differs from the original telling of the Gospels the plot structure and the message of the story stays true to the historical recording in The Gospel of Matthew.

Using a southern reinterpretation of the gospel story, the musical is often performed in a one-man show format with an accompanying quartet of bluegrass musicians, although a larger cast can also be used.  A video recording of the play was released in 1988 with Tom Key as the leading actor.

Plot
The story begins with the story of a young couple. Mary is engaged to Joe Davidson ("David's Son" referring to the lineage of Christ coming through the line of David). Even though she is a virgin, she is found to be with child before they are married. This child is conceived of the Holy Spirit. Joe considers not going through with the marriage, but is visited by an angel who tells him that it is the will of God that is occurring and not foul play, so he marries his girl. Due to an income tax audit, they must then travel to Gainesville; on the way, Mary suddenly goes into labor.  There's no room for them at the Dixie Delight Motor Lodge, but the manager helps Joe break into an abandoned trailer out back, where the baby, Jesus, is born: "They wrapped him in a comforter and laid him in an apple crate".  Jesus grows up like no other child in Georgia with his neighbors befuddled and his parents often at a loss as to what to do. Jesus then is baptized by a wild preacher named John the Baptizer, and begins to teach the people and convince the disciples. He shares with them the love and peace he offers, and miraculously heals and feeds many. During this time Jesus gathers a band of constant followers (known as the Apostles in the Bible.) This group eventually heads off to Atlanta with a mixed air of excitement and foreboding.

Characters
The main characters are Jesus, Mary, Joseph, Pontius Pilate, John the Baptist, Caiaphas, Herod, Apostle Peter, Apostle Matthew

Musical score

"Something's Brewing in Gainesville"
"I Did It/Mama Is Here"
"It Isn't Easy"
"Sho Nuff"
"Turn It Around"
"When I Look Up"
"Busy Signals"
"Spitball"
"Going to Atlanta"
"Are We Ready?"
"You are Still My Boy"
"We Gotta Get Organized"
"We're Gonna Love It While It Lasts"
"Jubilation"
"The Last Supper"
"Jud"
"Thank God for Governor Pilate"
"One More Tomorrow"
"Well I Wonder"

Production
The musicians appear on stage and incorporated into the acting.

The rephrasing of well known scripture into the context and colloquial language of the south eastern region of the United States provides humor in the production lines delivered out of their familiar scriptural language.

Jesus: [after being tested by the devil] "I passed."; and Matthew: "And then angels appeared with a sack of chili cheese dogs for him."
Instead of: Matthew 4:11 Then the devil left him, and angels came and attended him.
Jesus: "Men don't live by grits alone."
Instead of: Matthew 4:4 Jesus answered, "It is written: 'Man shall not live on bread alone, but on every word that comes from the mouth of God.'"

References

External links
 Cotton Patch Gospel Fansite

Christian music media
1981 musicals
Musicals based on the Gospels
Caiaphas
Cultural depictions of Pontius Pilate
Stage portrayals of Jesus
Musicals set in Georgia (U.S. state)
Musicals set in the 1980s

Cotton Patch Gospel


The Dassault Étendard IV is a French fighter jet. It is a single-turbojet aircraft. Its first flight was in 1958. It was first used by the French Navy's squadrons in 1962. It was used in the French aircraft carriers Clemenceau and Foch. The last one was retired in 2000. The Super-Étendard is a modernized variant.

French military aircraft
Etendard

Dassault Étendard IV