The indeterminacy problem is posed as a kind of paradox in the study of the sociology and history of science.
It is often used as an argument against the rational value of scientific thought.

The argument is as follows:

There are an infinite number of possible theories,
There can only be a finite amount of experimental evidence,
Therefore, it is impossible to disambiguate between all viable theories.

While this is true in this abstract form, in practice, parsimony is used to limit the number of theories which are considered useful, and likewise, to limit the number of directions to take experimental research. Occam's Razor, seeking the simplest explanation, forms much of the basis of modern scientific thought; a theory which accounts best for all observed phenomena, does not predict disproven phenomena, and does not introduce unobserved phenomena is to be preferred.

Moreover, data obtained by one experiment can be applied to more than one hypothesis, and proven hypotheses can be applied to more than one theory. For example, the theory of gravity has implications for innumerable other theories. There is not an infinite number of possible theories, since the available theories are limited by the ideas which have actually been imagined by scientists.

See also
 Occam's razor
 Negative proof

References

External links
 Google Books

Sociological terminology

Indeterminacy problem


The Confederation of Protestant Churches in Lower Saxony is the union of the five regional Protestant churches located in the Lower Saxony. The confederation meets only tasks assigned to it by the national churches. It represents the interests of Protestant regional churches towards the state of Lower Saxony.

Member churches
The Confederation of Protestant Churches in Lower Saxony represents about four million church members (as of 2010) in more than 2,200 communities. It comprises the following regionally delineated national churches, which are all member churches of the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD):

 Evangelical Lutheran Church in Brunswick
 Evangelical Lutheran Church of Hanover
 Evangelical Lutheran Church in Oldenburg
 Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany
 Evangelical Lutheran Church of Schaumburg-Lippe

facilities
The confederation runs common facilities for all member churches, including:

 Rechtshof as a common constitutional and administrative courts
 Labor and employment law committees
 Arbitration and conciliation commissions
 examination Office
Bodies under the auspices of the House of church Offices:
 Protestant village assistants work Niedersachsen (Evangelisches Dorfhelferinnenwerk Niedersachsen
 Protestant adult education of Lower Saxony (EEB) (Evangelische Erwachsenenbildung Niedersachsen
 Church service in the police and customs

Administration
The confederation has a council of the Confederacy, in which the presiding Bishops and officials of the regional churches are represented.
The confederation has its own synod (church assembly). The Synod will decide on laws and finances of the Confederacy. The management of the Confederacy takes over an office that is housed in the regional church office in Hanover.

External links
http://www.evangelische-konfoederation.de/

Christianity in Lower Saxony
Evangelical Church in Germany


Van der Woude is a Dutch toponymic surname meaning "from the forest". The dative form of the particle indicates that the first people carrying the name came from a place called Het Woud of De Woud(e) ("the forest"). Less common variants are Van der Wouden and Van der Woud. People with this name include:

Adriaan van der Woude (1930–2017), Dutch physicist
Elizabeth van der Woude (1657–1694), Dutch traveller and writer
John Vander Woude, American politician
Marc van der Woude (born 1960), Dutch jurist
René van der Wouden (born 1972), Dutch electronic musician
Willem van der Woude (1876–1974), Dutch mathematician

See also
Van der Woude syndrome, congenital disorder first described in 1954 by American physician Anne Van der Woude (?–?)
5916 van der Woude, main-belt asteroid, named after Jet Propulsion Laboratory Image Coordinator Jurrie van der Woude (1935–2015)

References

Dutch-language surnames
Dutch toponymic surnames
Surnames of Dutch origin

Van der Woude


Ahmed Djoghlaf (born 25 November 1953 in Algiers), was the executive secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity under the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) until 2012.

As Executive Secretary of the Convention, he had a key role in the field of sustainable development and protection of global biodiversity.

He was formerly the Assistant Executive Director of UNEP and Director of the Division of the Global Environment Facility Coordination.  He studied at, among others, the Nancy-Université, France (PhD in political sciences), St. John's University, New York (Master of Arts, Government and Politics), Université Lille Nord de France (Master of Political Sciences and Information Sciences) and the University of Algiers (Law degree).

He is a Councillor of the World Future Council.

External links
Convention on Biological Diversity

1953 births
Living people
People from Algiers
Algerian officials of the United Nations
United Nations Environment Programme
Algerian diplomats
Nancy-Université alumni
21st-century Algerian people

Ahmed Djoghlaf


Exhibition Boxing Bouts is the possible title for a very early American television series. Aired 1931 to 1932 in New York City, it consisted of miniature boxing matches, and aired on what was then mechanical television station W2XAB, which later became WCBS-TV. Time-slots varied from 15 minutes to 30 minutes, and it aired without commercials, as United States television was still an experimental service. According to the section "Radio Dial Log" in the August 20, 1931 edition of The New York Sun, one of the episodes featured a description by Harry Von Zell and Bill Schudt Jr, with Jimmie deForrest as the referee. None of the episodes still exist, as it aired live, and practical methods to record live television did not exist until late 1947. A still photograph of the series appears in page 19 of the February 20, 1932 edition of The New York Sun, depicting two boxers in a small ring.

References

External links
 Exhibition Boxing Bouts on IMDb

1931 American television series debuts
1932 American television series endings
1930s American television series
American live television series
Lost television shows
Black-and-white American television shows
American sports television series
Boxing television series
CBS Sports

Exhibition Boxing Bouts


A secondary development, in music, is a section that appears in certain musical movements written in sonata form.  The secondary development resembles a development section in its musical texture, but is shorter and occurs as a kind of excursion within the recapitulation section.

Charles Rosen, who has written extensively on the concept, presents the idea as follows:

The Secondary Development section appears in the great majority of late eighteenth century works soon after the beginning of the recapitulation and often with the second phrase.  Sometimes it is only a few bars long, sometimes very extensive indeed.  The purpose of this section is to lower harmonic tension without sacrificing interest:  it introduces an allusion to the subdominant or to the related "flat" keys.

The significance of the use of subdominant or similar harmony is related to Rosen's general views on sonata form, in which the exposition section creates a sense of musical tension by moving to the dominant key (which lies upward from the home key by one on the circle of fifths).  This tension which is "resolved" in the recapitulation by the return to the tonic.  The use of the subdominant in secondary developments, a downward move from the tonic on the circle, provides a sort of balance.  As Rosen says, "it is the restoration of harmonic equilibrium as well as the need for variation that gives the Secondary Development its function."

Sometimes the secondary development serves a rather mechanical structural function.  In a recapitulation, the musical material that was laid out in the exposition is restated so as to occur entirely (or almost so) in the main key.  Thus some kind of alteration is needed to keep the music in the original key, at the spot that corresponds to the place in the exposition where the music changed key.  Many secondary developments are placed where they can serve this function.  Rosen emphasizes, however, that facilitating the arrangement of keys is not the only or even primary function of a secondary development.  As evidence he notes that "the Secondary Development as often as not returns to one of the themes of the first group, which necessitates a still further change later in the section in order to bring the second group into the tonic."  As an example Rosen cites Beethoven's "Waldstein" sonata, op. 53.

The secondary development sometimes forms a passage of great drama, even the dramatic climax of the movement.  For one such instance, see Rosen's discussion of the secondary development in the opening movement of Haydn's string quartet in B minor, Op. 33 no. 1, or the finale of Brahms's Symphony No. 1 in C minor.

See also
Secondary chords

Notes

References

Musical development
Sonatas

Secondary development


Wistow is a small town, just outside Mount Barker, on Wellington Road. It is a town formed around the intersection of Wellington Road (Mount Barker to Wellington) and Long Valley Road (Wistow to Strathalbyn)

It was home to a general store (closed) which is now a bakery/cafe with a Post Office agency, a hall and a church.

It has a cricket ground on the top of a hill. The Wistow Cricket Club, known as the Echidnas, has played on the hill since the early 1900s, and is one of the strongest clubs in the Alexandra and Eastern Hills Cricket Association. The Echidnas have won five A Grade premierships since the Association was established in 1982 (1993/1994, 1999/2000, 2002/2003, 2004/2005 and 2007/2008).

The Wistow Community Association is an active community group that once ran the Wistow Country Market every 3rd Saturday (now discontinued), has frequent social events and publishes a regular newsletter. The Wistow Community Hall, owned by the Association, is leased out to a variety of sporting, social and environmental groups.

References

Towns in South Australia

Wistow, South Australia


Maria Romberg (1697 – 14 April 1725) was a Swedish convicted murderer, the central person in a murder story well known in her time. She was convicted along with her three accomplices, among them her lover, for the death of her husband.

Background

In 1716, at the age of 19, Maria Romberg was arranged to marry merchant Anders Broberg, 27 years her senior, in Borås, against her will. Broberg was said to abuse Maria; he was called brutal and Maria's stepfather accused him of alcoholism.  In 1719, Maria started a relationship with her childhood friend, Haqvin Wijndruf, a member of one of the most wealthy and influential families in Borås. The relationship was well known in the city, and many people acted as messengers for their letters.

In 1722, her husband called upon two vicars to lecture her. After this, Maria and Haqvin made two attempts to poison Broberg, but failed. Maria then hired a cunning woman called Romans Ingeborg, who was reputed to be able to perform magic, and who assured her that she had performed many murders for hire in the past. The three accomplices then made up plans. On one occasion, they tried to strangle him, but failed. In 1724, they informed the maid Karin Andersdotter of their plans: Broberg had abused her, and she wanted revenge.

Murder

On 28 December 1724, Maria was again lectured by the vicars, and the same night, Maria, Haqvin, Ingeborg and Karin planned the murder. The three women went to Broberg's bedroom, where he was asleep, and Ingeborg hit him in the head until he died. They then placed his body to look as if he had tripped and hit his head.

When the corpse was examined, he was thought to have been murdered, and so Maria and her three accomplices were accused of murder. Karin was the first to confess. When Maria heard this, she also confessed, and told Haqvin to do the same. Haqvin denied everything, claimed that she had several lovers beside him, and tried to escape, but was arrested and forced to confess.

Execution

On 23 February, Maria, Haqvin, Ingeborg, and Karin were found guilty and sentenced to death. They were all decapitated, with some variations. Maria was decapitated and burned, Haqvin was decapitated and had his head nailed to a pole, Ingeborg had her hand cut off, and was then decapitated and burned. Karin was simply decapitated, and buried. The sentence was carried out on 14 April 1725.

The affair ended the influence of the Wijndruf family in the city. Haqvin's brother Andreas was ordained a priest just four days later and emigrated to North America in the summer of 1725.

References

 http://www.genealogi.se/avrattade/search.php

1697 births
1725 deaths
Executed Swedish people
People executed by Sweden by decapitation
Executed Swedish women
People executed for murder
Swedish female murderers
Swedish people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by Sweden
18th-century Swedish criminals
1725 crimes
18th-century executions by Sweden
Age of Liberty people
Mariticides

Maria Romberg


Florica Musicescu (21 May 1887, Iași–19 March 1969, Bucharest) was a renowned Romanian pianist and musical pedagogue, daughter of the renowned composer, conductor and musicologist Gavriil Musicescu.

She taught piano music for many decades at the Bucharest Conservatory (known as Royal Music Academy prior to World War II). For her masterful guidance and mentorship, she is considered to be one of the founders of the Romanian School of Piano Music. Many of the famous pianists of the 20th century emerged from this school: Mihai Brediceanu, Paul Dan, Dan Grigore, Mindru Katz, Dinu Lipatti, Myriam Marbe, Radu Lupu, Svetla Protich, Madeleine Cantacuzene, Sorin Enăchescu, Maria Fotino, Corneliu Gheorghiu, Marietta Orlov, Shulamith Shapira and Tamás Vesmás.

Notes

External links
 Dinu Lipatti (1917-1950)- a biography (the Lipatti-Haskil Foundation)
 Radu Lupu (born 1945)- Biography (by Decca)
Musical and Choreographic Calendar
Who's who in Romania: Dan Grigore

1887 births
1969 deaths
Musicians from Iași
Romanian classical musicians
Romanian classical pianists
Romanian women pianists
Academic staff of the National University of Music Bucharest
20th-century classical pianists
Romanian women music educators
Women classical pianists
20th-century women pianists

Florica Musicescu


Rose Marie "Rosemary" Kennedy (September 13, 1918 – January 7, 2005) was a member of the Kennedy family. She was the first sister of President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and longtime Senator Ted Kennedy.  She was said to have substandard intelligence, with a mental age of between age 8 and 13.

She had seizures and sudden changes in mood. At this time, doctors thought that a surgery called a lobotomy would fix these problems. In a lobotomy, one part of the brain is cut away from the rest. She got a lobotomy in 1941, when she was 23 years old, but it failed. She was left with the intelligence of a two-year-old child. After this, she could not speak correctly or walk. She lived the rest of her life in a care facility for people with disabilities.

Early life

Rosemary was born at her parents' home in Brookline, Massachusetts. She was the third child and first daughter of Joseph Patrick Kennedy, Sr. and Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald. Although named after her mother, she was commonly called "Rosemary" or "Rosie".

Rose Kennedy sent Rosemary to the Sacred Heart Convent in Elmhurst, Providence, Rhode Island, at age 15, where she was educated separately from the other students. Two nuns and a special teacher, Miss Newton, worked with her all day in a separate classroom. The Kennedys gave the school a new tennis court for their efforts. Her reading, writing, spelling, and counting skills were reported to be at a fourth-grade level. She studied hard but felt she disappointed her parents, whom she wanted to please. During this period, her mother arranged for her older brother Jack to accompany her to a tea-dance. Thanks to him, she appeared "not different at all" during the tea-dance.

Lobotomy
When Rosemary Kennedy was in her early 20s, she had mental health problems. She was sometimes violent and would hit people. Her father worried that she would get pregnant. He also worried that her behavior would cause controversy for other members of the family. She also had seizures.

Doctors thought that a lobotomy would make her more calm, and fix these problems. Her father decided she should get a lobotomy, without telling his wife. They did the surgery in November 1941. It failed, so Rosemary could not walk or talk correctly any more.

James Watts was one of the doctors who did the surgery. He said that before the surgery, Rosemary probably had depression.

Afterwards, Rosemary could not live alone. She lived at Craig House, a hospital for people with mental health problems. In 1949, they moved her to another facility, called Saint Coletta. This facility cared for people with mental disabilities. Her father never saw her again. Until 1961, the family kept her health problem a secret. They did not talk about it in public.

Death
Rosemary Kennedy died from natural causes on January 7, 2005, at the Fort Atkinson Memorial Hospital in Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, at the age of 86, with her sisters Jean, Eunice, and Patricia, and brother Ted, by her side. She was buried beside her parents in Holyhood Cemetery in Brookline, Massachusetts.

Related pages
Kennedy family

References

Other websites

"Rosemary Kennedy, JFK's sister, dies at 86 – Born Mentally Disabled, She Was Inspiration for Special Olympics" obituary by The Associated Press at MSNBC, January 8, 2005

People from Massachusetts
1918 births
2005 deaths
Kennedy family
People from Brookline, Massachusetts

Rosemary Kennedy


Johann George III (20 June 1647 – 12 September 1691) was Elector of Saxony from 1680 to 1691. He belonged to the Albertine line of the House of Wettin.

Early life
Johann Georg III was born in Dresden, the only son of Johann George II and Magdalene Sybille of Brandenburg-Bayreuth.

John George succeeded his father as Elector of Saxony when he died, in 1680; he was also appointed Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire. Because of his courage and his enthusiasm for the War he gained the nickname of the "Saxonian Mars".

From his childhood, he learned the typical duties and manners of an heir to the throne. That included not only a strictly Lutheran education but also language tuition and instruction in the art of fortress building and warfare.

In character he resembled his father. He shared his liking for Italian music and theatre. In 1685 John George III met the Venetian opera singer Margarita Salicola and began a relationship; he brought her to Dresden (not only to work, but also as his official mistress). She began a new era for the opera in Saxony, which had previously been dominated by the castrati. In 1686, the pietist Philipp Jakob Spener became the court chaplain in Dresden. But Spener was not generally accepted there and in 1691 he moved to Brandenburg.

Meanwhile, the duchy had recovered again from the consequences of the Thirty Years' War. By 1689, Dresden had a population of 21,300 and was becoming less provincial. Four years before, in 1685, the old city of Dresden was destroyed by a fire; later, Wolf Caspar von Klengel and Balthasar Permoser were entrusted by the Duke with the reconstruction of the city in the baroque style which was the new fashion at the time.

John George showed a strong interest in the military and even while he was still the heir led Saxonian Army forces in the Rhine Campaign.

Career as elector
After his accession as Elector, he reduced the size of the royal household and began with the establishment of a small standing army of 12,000 men, after the model of the Margraviate of Brandenburg and managed to extract from the states of the realm a commitment to contribute funds. The Privy War Chancellery (geheime Kriegskanzlei) was set up as the highest military authority. Extreme pressure was used to obtain recruits for the new army. He always neglected home affairs.

In foreign policy, he was less inconstant than his father. He broke off relations with the French crown and strove energetically to win Brandenburg and other German princes for the Imperial war against the French aggressor.

Valued as an ally by the Habsburg court, he was nevertheless viewed with extreme distrust and was not able to overall command of all the imperial troops in the face of a Turkish invasion and he did not obtain the means (food supply and winter accommodation) necessary for the maintenance of his auxiliary troops. There was also the matter of John George's wish for Emperor Leopold I to decide a law case concerning a wooded area in the Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge) in his favour. The Emperor did not grant material support until the siege of Vienna made his situation look increasingly desperate. Johann Georg even led his 10,400 strong army against the Turks. However, there was strong opposition from the estates of Saxony, not only because this expensive campaign was exhausting the finances of the Electorate of Saxony but also because they were not pleased with this support for the catholic Emperor, who had often proceeded harshly against Protestants in his own country. At  Tulln, on the Danube, he joined the Imperial army and they set off for the relief of Vienna. In the ensuing Battle of Vienna (12 September 1683) he commanded the left wing, where he demonstrated great personal courage. The battle call selected by the emperor "Maria Help" (which might carry Roman Catholic connotations) had been previously amended to "Jesus and Maria help" at the request of John George.

King John III of Poland, who also took part in the battle, said of John George: "the Elector of Saxony is an honest man with a straight heart".

John George also accompanied the Emperor after the victory when he entered Vienna. But on 15 September, without taking leave of the Emperor or the other commanders, he set off with his troops on the march back to Saxony, probably as a result of the brusque treatment he had been accorded as a Protestant.

In 1686 he again supported Leopold's Turkish War. For payment of 300,000 thalers, he sent a troop of 5,000 men to the Emperor. In 1685 he had already hired out 3,000 Saxon nationals for 120,000 thalers to the Republic of Venice for their war in Morea on the Greek Peloponnese Peninsula.

He did not join the League of Augsburg of 1686 against France, but he did travel personally to The Hague in March 1688, to discuss with Prince William III of Orange, Duke George William of Brunswick-Lüneburg, and Duke Frederick William of Brandenburg possible moves against Louis XIV. However, he did not directly support the forthcoming assumption of the English throne by William.

Following a renewed invasion by France in (1689), he again led his troops into battle to protect Franconia. He later joined the army of Duke Charles V of Lorraine and took part in the siege of Mainz.

He later had to leave the theatre because of an illness but, against the advice of his physicians and advisors, he returned in May 1690 and with a reinforced alliance with the Emperor, took overall command of the imperial army. Success was limited, however, partly owing to personal skirmishes between John George, the Field Marshal Hans Adam von Schöning and the Austrian commander Caprara; only the crossing of the Rhine at Sandhofen succeeded.

John George died shortly after in Tübingen, where he had been brought, of an epidemic illness, probably Cholera or the Plague. He was buried in the Cathedral of Freiberg.

Children
John George married Anne Sophie, daughter of King Frederick III of Denmark and Norway, in Copenhagen on 9 October 1666. They had two sons:
Johann George IV (b. Dresden, 18 October 1668 – died of smallpox, Dresden, 28 May 1694), successor of his father as elector
Frederick Augustus I (b. Dresden, 22 May 1670 – died in Warsaw, 1 February 1733), successor of his brother as elector and later king of Poland (as Augustus II).

He also had an illegitimate son by his mistress, the opera singer Margarita Salicola:
Johann Georg Maximilian von Fürstenhoff (b. 1686 – d. 1753), married first to Margareta Dorothea Kühler (d. 1738) and then to a Charlotte Emilie (who identity is unknown). From his first marriage he had two children: a son and a daughter, both unknown; the son apparently died young and the daughter married Philipp Christian von Kleinberg, but both spouses died in 1743.

Ancestors

References

Literature
 Heinrich Theodor Flathe: Johann Georg III., Kurfürst von Sachsen. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Band 14, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1881, S. 383 f.
 Karlheinz Blaschke: Johann Georg III.. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 10, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1974, , S. 527 (Digitalisat).
 Hans-Joachim Böttcher: Johann Georg IV. von Sachsen und Magdalena Sibylla von Neitschütz - Eine tödliche Liaison, Dresdner Buchverlag, Dresden 2014, .

1647 births
1691 deaths
Prince-electors of Saxony
House of Wettin
Nobility from Dresden
Electoral Princes of Saxony
Burials at Freiberg Cathedral
Generals of the Holy Roman Empire
Albertine branch

John George III, Elector of Saxony


Sidney M. Goldin, born Samuel Goldstein (March 25, 1878 – September 19, 1937) was an American silent film director as well as a prominent writer, actor and producer for Yiddish theater and Yiddish cinema during the early 20th century. During his career, he worked frequently with Molly Picon, Maurice Schwartz and Ludwig Satz in Europe and Palestine.

Career

Born in Odessa, his family emigrated to the United States in about 1880 or 1881. In New York, Goldin attended public school and was interested in theatre. In about 1895, he started as actor in small roles in theatres on the US eastcoast. In the early 1900s, he started acting in films in New York and for two years for Essanay in Chicago. 1912 he started directing films, plenty of them already treating Jewish topics. After World War I, in 1919, he moved to London and Prague, where he directed some movies. In 1921 he came to Vienna, where he directed at least four feature films, including Ost und West ("East and West") in 1923, starring the famous Yiddish actress Molly Picon. Also in Vienna, he married the young actress of the Freie Jüdische Volksbühne (Independent Jewish Theatre) Betty Gärtner in November 1924.

In 1925 he moved back to New York. Brought to Hollywood in 1926, Goldin produced Yiskor with Maurice Schwartz before becoming a director for independent producers the following year. However, while under contract for A-B Studios, his film On the Mountains was considered a commercial and artistic failure nearly resulting in the bankruptcy of the studio.

After filming East Side Sadie in 1929, starring his wife, he returned east to produce Yiddish "talkies" until the 1930s although he would take a three-year absence from filmmaking until directing his last film The Cantor's Son in 1937. Becoming ill while on location in Easton, Pennsylvania, Goldin died of a heart ailment while at French Hospital in New York City, New York on the night of September 19, 1937.

Filmography
The Cantor's Son (1937) (uncredited)
The Voice of Israel (1934)
Live and Laugh (1933)
Uncle Moses (1932)
His Wife's Lover (1931)
A Cantor on Trial (1931)
Feast of Passover (1931)
Shulamis (1931)
Shulamith (1931)
Eternal Fools (1930)
The Jewish Gypsy (1930)
Kol Nidre (1930)
My Jewish Mother (1930)
Oy, Doktor! (1930)
Sailor's Sweetheart (1930)
Shoemaker's Romance (1930)
The Eternal Prayer (1929)
East Side Sadie (1929)
Style and Class (1929)
 The Fightin' Comeback (1927)
Yizkor (1924)
 East and West (1923)
 Lead Us Not into Temptation (1922), print survives at the Library of Congress, as "The Polish Jew"
 Look After Your Daughters (1922)
The Bird Fancier (1920)
Tam na horách (1920)The Woman Hater (short film, 1920)The Gates of Doom (1919)The Mysterious Mr. Browning (1918), credited as Sidney M. GoldenIt Can't Be Done (1918), credited as Sidney M. GoldenOh! What a Whopper! (1916), credited as Sidney M. GoldenBilly's College Job (1915)When the Call Came (1915/I), credited as Sidney M. GoldenThe Hunchback's Romance (1915), credited as Sidney M. GoldenWhat Might Have Been (1915/I), credited as Sidney M. GoldenThe Last of the Mafia (1915)Hear Ye, Israel (1915)The Jewish Crown (1915), credited as Sidney M. Golden
The Period of the Jew (1915), credited as Sidney M. Golden
The Heart of a Jewess (1913)
The Adventures of Lieutenant Petrosino (1912) print survives in the Filmmuseum in Amsterdam
A Western Child's Heroism (1912), credited as Sidney Golden

References

Further reading
Antler, Joyce. Talking Back: Images of Jewish Women in American Popular Culture. Hanover, New Hampshire: University Press of New England, 1998.
Erens, Patricia. The Jew in American Cinema. Indiana University Press, 1984.
Gertner, Richard. International Motion Picture Almanac. Quigley Publishing Co. Inc, 1986.
Macpherson, Kenneth. Close Up (Vol. 8). Kraus Reprint, 1969.
Manchel, Frank. Film Study: an analytical bibliography. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1990.

External links

American film directors
Yiddish-language film directors
Writers from Cincinnati
Male actors from Cincinnati
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Ukrainian Jews
1878 births
1937 deaths
Film producers from Ohio
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States

Sidney M. Goldin


The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Freight House, known locally as The Freight House, is a historic building in Downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

History
This Freight House was built by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (The Milwaukee Road) in 1917 in response to the increased freight traffic in Davenport before the country entered World War I. It was built on the levee near the Mississippi River.  The railroad built the Crescent Rail Bridge with the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad to the west in 1901, and they joined in building Union Station across Ripley Street in 1924.  Railroad freight factored in the development of the city's wholesale and retail commercial economy from the 1890s onward. Because of Davenport's location, railroad freight could be charged favorable eastern rates while western rates could also be accessed.  This gave the city an advantage over in-state communities.

The freight house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places due to its association with the commercial development of Davenport, Iowa.  After being renovated in the 1990s, The Freight House has seen a variety of uses, such as a comedy club, sports bar, piano bar, and restaurant.  Currently, the freight house is home to several small businesses featuring locally grown items, such as a deli, a grocery hub, and a tap room for a local brewery.

Architecture
The building is rectangular in shape and built of brick with concrete floors and columns.  The eastern end is two stories and held the offices. The west end held the warehouse storage space in a single story.  The facility was located between the rail siding and thoroughfare where cargo could be easily transferred from one transportation system to another.

References

External links

 Freight House Farmers Market

Railway stations in the United States opened in 1917
Davenport
Railway freight houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Davenport, Iowa


The Ohio Planning Conference (OPC) is an association of citizens and planners that promotes city and regional planning in the state of Ohio. OPC is a chapter of the American Planning Association (APA) and is APA's second-oldest chapter.

In 2010, the group changed its name to APA Ohio.

OPC was founded in October 1919 in Cleveland, Ohio for the "interchange of ideas upon, and to promote the cause of, city, town and regional planning in the State of Ohio" as the Ohio State Conference on City Planning. Among OPC's founders and its second president was Alfred Bettman, a  Cincinnati, Ohio-based attorney who later wrote the amicus curiae brief in Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co., a 1926 United States Supreme Court decision that paved the way for the use of zoning throughout the U.S. OPC provided Bettman the seed money to file the brief.

A second notable early leader and president of the organization was Ernest J. Bohn, a pioneer in public housing in the Cleveland area. Both Mr. Bettman and Mr. Bohn, along with another founder, Charlotte Rumbold, have been recognized through APA's national planning pioneer program. In light of OPC's legacy as the first statewide association of citizens and planners, APA recognized the founding of OPC as one of 88 national planning landmarks

OPC publishes a bimonthly newsletter, The Ohio Planners News, and conducts an annual statewide conference as well as other educational and training activities. In addition to the state organization, OPC has six regional sections: Akron, Central Ohio, Cleveland, Greater Cincinnati, Miami Valley, and Northwest Ohio.

References

External links
Ohio Planning Conference

Professional planning institutes
Organizations based in Cleveland
1919 establishments in Ohio

Ohio Planning Conference


Christian Alexander Maria Graf Strachwitz von Groß-Zauche und Camminetz (; July 1, 1931 – May 5, 2023) was a German-born American record label executive and record producer. He was the founder and president of Arhoolie Records, which he established in 1960 and which became one of the leading labels recording and issuing blues, Cajun, norteño, and other forms of roots music from the United States and elsewhere in the world. Strachwitz despised most commercial music as mouse music.

Early life
Strachwitz was born in Berlin, Germany. In 1945, under the terms of the Potsdam Agreement after World War II, he and his family were among the millions of German-speaking people forcibly resettled to the west of the Oder-Neisse line which became the eastern boundary of Germany. The Strachwitz family settled temporarily with relatives in Braunschweig, in the British zone of Allied-occupied Germany, where he first heard swing music played on Armed Forces Radio.

In 1947, the family emigrated to the United States, moving first to Reno, Nevada, and then to Santa Barbara, California. Strachwitz attended Cate School in nearby Carpinteria. He became interested in jazz after seeing the movie New Orleans, starring Billie Holiday and Louis Armstrong, and began collecting jazz records. He stated in a 2010 interview:

The rhythms haunted me.... I'd hear all this stuff on the radio, and it just knocked me over. I thought this was absolutely the most wonderful thing I had ever heard.

After graduating from Cate in 1951, he attended Pomona College in Claremont, and started visiting jazz clubs in Los Angeles as well as rhythm and blues shows featuring Lightnin' Hopkins, Howlin' Wolf and others. He began taping the radio broadcasts and live shows of his friend, jazz musician Frank Demond, before enrolling in 1952 at UC Berkeley, where he booked jazz and R&B performers as entertainment at football games.

Strachwitz became a United States citizen and was drafted into the U.S. Army in 1954 during the Korean War, being stationed in Salzburg, Austria, from where he continued to see touring jazz shows. After finishing his service he returned to Berkeley, completing his studies in engineering, mathematics and physics, and then taking a degree in political science and an advanced degree in secondary education in 1960. At the same time, he continued to develop his technical skills, learning from established producer Bob Geddins and through recording San Francisco street musician Jesse Fuller, jazz saxophonist Sonny Simmons and others. He also worked as a high school teacher in Los Gatos for three years from 1959.

Arhoolie Records

In summer 1959, he made a trip to Houston, Texas, intending to visit his hero, Lightnin' Hopkins. Although unable to record Hopkins at the time due to lack of money and equipment, he resolved to return to the area the following year. With the proceeds from trading in 78 rpm records, he bought new recording equipment, set up the Arhoolie label, and in 1960 returned to Texas where, with the assistance of "Mack" McCormick, he recorded Mance Lipscomb for the first time. Lipscomb's album, Texas Sharecropper and Songster, became Arhoolie's first release in November 1960, in an edition of 250 copies. The name "Arhoolie" was suggested by McCormick, deriving from a word for a field holler. Strachwitz also recorded "Black Ace" Turner, "Li'l Son" Jackson and "Whistling" Alex Moore on the same trip, and later in the year recorded Big Joe Williams and Mercy Dee Walton in California.

Strachwitz also began reissuing archive material, both of R&B singers such as Big Joe Turner and Lowell Fulson who had recorded for the defunct Swingtime label, and old country and western recordings on his Old Timey label, started in 1962. He stopped teaching that year and moved back to Berkeley, to devote himself to developing the record business. He also continued travelling to make field recordings of blues musicians, notably Mississippi Fred McDowell (whom he first recorded in 1964), Juke Boy Bonner, K. C. Douglas, and Clifton Chenier. From 1965, he also hosted a Sunday afternoon music program on Pacifica Radio's KPFA-FM in Berkeley, California, which ran until 1995.

In 1966, his friend ED Denson introduced him to a local band, Country Joe and the Fish, who were active in anti-Vietnam war protests at Berkeley. Strachwitz recorded the band singing "I Feel Like I'm Fixin' To Die", and gained a share of the song's publishing rights. Eventually, royalties from the song—particularly its appearance in the Woodstock Festival movie and soundtrack album—helped subsidize the Arhoolie label, and enabled Strachwitz to buy a building on San Pablo Avenue in El Cerrito, California, as the label's headquarters. Strachwitz also won royalties for Fred McDowell from the Rolling Stones' performance of his song "You Gotta Move" on their Sticky Fingers album.

During the 1970s, Strachwitz continued to record blues musicians, including Big Joe Duskin, Charlie Musselwhite, Big Mama Thornton, Elizabeth Cotten, and Robben Ford, as well as Cajun and zydeco performers such as Clifton Chenier, Lawrence Ardoin and John Delafose. He also continued to secure the rights to release archive blues material such as that by Snooks Eaglin and Robert Pete Williams. In the 1980s and 1990s, he continued to develop Arhoolie as a distributor of smaller independent blues labels, and an importer of jazz and blues releases on European labels.

Strachwitz also increasingly focused attention on Mexican and, specifically, norteño music, which he had long admired, building up what is believed to be the largest private collection of Mexican-American and Mexican music. The first such album on Arhoolie was Conjuntos Norteños, by Los Pinguinos del Norte, released in 1970, but one of his biggest successes came with Flaco Jiménez, whose album Ay Te Dejo en San Antonio won a Grammy Award in 1986. With cinematographer Les Blank, he also made two documentaries about the music in the mid 1970s, Chulas Fronteras and Del Mero Corazon. He discovered and released the first two albums of seminal klezmer revival band The Klezmorim. Another of Strachwitz's discoveries, and one of his biggest commercial successes, was Cajun musician Michael Doucet and his group BeauSoleil. In 2013, Strachwitz saw HowellDevine performing live and signed them to Arhoolie for the two albums that followed.

Death
Strachwitz died on May 5, 2023, at age 91.

Awards and legacy
In 1993, Strachwitz received a lifetime achievement award from the Blues Symposium for his role in preserving the blues, and in 1999 was inducted as a non-performing member of the Blues Hall of Fame.

In 1995 he formed the Arhoolie Foundation "to document, preserve, present and disseminate authentic traditional and regional vernacular music." The Foundation owns the Chris Strachwitz Frontera Collection, comprising about 44,000 commercially issued phonograph records of Mexican-American and Mexican vernacular material, issued between around 1906 and the 1990s, which are now in the process of being digitized. In 2009, the collection was opened to the public at the Chicano Studies Research Center of the University of California, Los Angeles.

Strachwitz was a recipient of a 2000 National Heritage Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts, which is the United States' highest honor in the folk and traditional arts.

In February 2016, he was awarded the Grammy Trustees Award by The Recording Academy at the 2016 Grammys in recognition of his contributions in areas of recording other than performance.

References

External links

 Arhoolie Records
  Barbara Schultz, Arhoolie Records' Chris Strachwitz, MIX magazine, 1 August 2002
  Matthew Block, Chris Strachwitz, Arhoolie Records, and Traditional Blues Field Recordings, Rhythm & News
  Joel Selvin, Music man (Profile of Strachwitz), 13 January 2008

1931 births
2023 deaths
American music industry executives
American public radio personalities
Emigrants from Allied-occupied Germany to the United States
Grammy Award winners
Music of the San Francisco Bay Area
National Heritage Fellowship winners
Pacifica Foundation people
People from Jawor County
People from the Province of Lower Silesia
People from the San Francisco Bay Area
Pomona College alumni
United States Army personnel of the Korean War

Chris Strachwitz


A werecat (also written in a hyphenated form as were-cat) is an analog to "werewolf" for a feline therianthropic creature.

Etymology
Ailuranthropy comes from the Greek root words ailouros meaning "cat", and anthropos, meaning "human" and refers to human/feline transformations, or to other beings that combine feline and human characteristics. Its root word ailouros is also used in ailurophilia, the most common term for a deep love of cats.

Ailuranthrope is a lesser-known term that refers to a feline therianthrope.

Depending on the story in question, the species involved can be a domestic cat, a tiger, a lion, a leopard, a lynx, or any other type, including some that are purely mythical felines. Werecats are increasingly featured in popular culture, although not as often as werewolves.

Folklore

Europe
European folklore usually depicts werecats as people who transform into domestic cats. Some European werecats became giant domestic cats or panthers. They are generally labelled witches, even though they may have no magical ability other than self-transformation. During the witch trials, all shapeshifters, including werewolves, were considered witches whether they were male or female.

Africa
African legends describe werelions, werepanthers or wereleopards. In the case of leopards, this is often because the creature is really a leopard deity masquerading as a human. When these gods mate with humans, offspring can be produced, and these children sometimes grow up to be shapeshifters; those who do not transform may instead have other powers. In reference to werecats who turn into lions, the ability is often associated with royalty. Such a being may have been a king or queen in a former life.

In Africa, there are folk tales that speak of the "Nunda," or the "Mngwa," a big cat of immense size that stalks villages at night. Many of these tales say it is more ferocious than a Lion and more agile than a Leopard. The Nunda are believed by some to be a variation of therianthrope that, by day, is a human, but by night becomes the werecat. No actual evidence of such a creature existing has ever been documented, but in 1938 a British administrator named William Hitchens, working in Tanzania, was told by locals that a monstrous cat had been attacking people at night. Huge paw prints were found to be much larger than any known big-cat, but Hitchens dismissed the case, believing it more likely to be a lion with gigantism.

Asia

Mainland Asian werecats usually become tigers. In India, the weretiger is often a dangerous sorcerer, portrayed as a menace to livestock, who might at any time turn to man-eating. These tales travelled through the rest of India and into Persia through travellers who encountered the royal Bengal tigers of India and then further west. Chinese legends often describe weretigers as the victims of either a hereditary curse or a vindictive ghost. Alternatively, the ghosts of people who had been killed by tigers could become a malevolent supernatural being known as "Chang" (伥), devoting all their energy to making sure that tigers killed more humans. Some of these ghosts were responsible for transforming ordinary humans into man-eating weretigers. Also, in Japanese folklore there are creatures called bakeneko that are similar to kitsune (fox spirits) and bake-danuki (Japanese raccoon dog spirits). In Thailand a tiger that eats many humans may become a weretiger. There are also other types of weretigers, such as sorcerers with great powers who can change their form to become animals.

In both Indonesia and Malaysia there is another kind of weretiger, known as Harimau jadian. In Malaysia, Bajangs have been described as vampiric or demonic werecats. The Kerinchi Malays of Sumatra were reputed to have the ability to transform into weretigers.

In the central area of the Indonesian island of Java the power of transformation is regarded as due to inheritance, to the use of spells, to fasting and willpower, to the use of charms, etc. Save when it is hungry or has just cause for revenge it is not hostile to man; in fact, it is said to take its animal form only at night and to guard the plantations from wild pigs. Variants of this belief assert that the shapeshifter does not recognize his friends unless they call him by name, or that he goes out as a mendicant and transforms himself to take vengeance on those who refuse him alms. Somewhat similar is the belief of the Khonds; for them the tiger is friendly, and he reserves his wrath for their enemies. A man is said to take the form of a tiger in order to wreak a just vengeance.

The Americas
The foremost were-animal in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures was the were-jaguar. It was associated with the veneration of the jaguar, with priests and shamans among the various peoples who followed this tradition, wearing the skins of jaguars to "become" a were-jaguar. Among the Aztecs, an entire class of specialized warriors who dressed in the jaguar skins were called "jaguar warriors" or "jaguar knights". Depictions of the jaguar and the were-jaguar are among the most common motifs among the artifacts of the ancient Mesoamerican civilizations.

N. W. Thomas wrote in the 11th ed. of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911) that, according to Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1794–1868), the kanaima was a human being who employed poison to carry out his function of blood avenger, and that other authorities represent the kanaima as a jaguar, which was either an avenger of blood or the familiar of a cannibalistic sorcerer. He also mentioned that in 1911 some Europeans in Brazil believed that the seventh child of the same sex in unbroken succession becomes a were-man or woman, and takes the form of a horse, goat, jaguar or pig.

In the US, urban legends tell of encounters with feline bipeds; beings similar to the Bigfoot having cat heads, tails, and paws. Feline bipeds are sometimes classified as part of cryptozoology, but more often they are interpreted as werecats.

Occultism and theology
Assertions that werecats truly exist and have an origin in supernatural or religious realities have been common for centuries, with these beliefs often being hard to entirely separate from folklore. In the 19th century, occultist J. C. Street asserted that material cat and dog transformations could be produced by manipulating the "ethereal fluid" that human bodies are supposedly floating in. The Catholic witch-hunting manual, the Malleus Maleficarum, asserted that witches can turn into cats, but that their transformations are illusions created by demons. New Age author John Perkins asserted that every person has the ability to shapeshift into "jaguars, bushes, or any other form" by using mental power. Occultist Rosalyn Greene claims that werecats called "cat shifters" exist as part of a "shifter subculture" or underground New Age religion based on lycanthropy and related beliefs.

See also

Footnotes

References
 Borges, Jorge. (1969). The book of imaginary beings. New York: E. P. Dutton.
 Greene, Rosalyn. (2000). The magic of shapeshifting. York Beach: Weiser.
 Hall, Jamie. (2003). Half human, half animal: Tales of werewolves and related creatures. Bloomington: 1st Books.
 Hamel, Frank. (1969). Human animals: Werewolves & other transformations. New Hyde Park: University Books.
 Steiger, Brad. (2001). Out of the dark. New York: Kensington Books.
 Saunders, Nicholas J. (1991). The cult of the cat. London: Thames and Hudson.

Therianthropes
Mythological felines
Supernatural legends
Cat folklore
Werecreatures

Werecat


In mathematics Alexander's theorem states that every knot or link can be represented as a closed braid; that is, a braid in which the corresponding ends of the strings are connected in pairs. The theorem is named after James Waddell Alexander II, who published a proof in 1923.

Braids were first considered as a tool of knot theory by Alexander. His theorem gives a positive answer to the question Is it always possible to transform a given knot into a closed braid? A good construction example is found in Colin Adams's book.

However, the correspondence between knots and braids is clearly not one-to-one: a knot may have many braid representations. For example, conjugate braids yield equivalent knots. This leads to a second fundamental question: Which closed braids represent the same knot type?
This question is addressed in Markov's theorem, which gives 'moves' relating any two closed braids that represent the same knot.

References

Knot theory
Theorems in algebraic topology

Alexander's theorem


DeMarlo Hale (born July 16, 1961) is an American professional baseball coach who is currently serving as bench coach for the Cleveland Guardians of Major League Baseball (MLB). Hale played minor league baseball from 1983 to 1988 in the Boston Red Sox and Oakland Athletics organizations.

Biography
Following his playing career, Hale, a graduate of Chicago's CVS High School, worked at the Bucky Dent baseball school in Boca Raton, Florida from 1989 through 1992, when he became a coach for Double-A New Britain in the Eastern League. Hale started his managerial career in 1993 in the Boston farm system with High-A Fort Lauderdale Red Sox in the Florida State League. A year later, he guided Sarasota to the FLS playoffs, and in 1995 he also was a playoff qualifier with Michigan in the Midwest League, being rewarded as the league's Manager of the Year. He spent 1996 with Sarasota and was promoted to Double-A Trenton in 1997, managing the American League team in the Double-A All-Star Game.

Hale guided Trenton to a league-best 92–50 record in 1999. That season, he also coached United States team in the All-Star Futures Game at Fenway Park, and was honored as Minor League Manager of the Year by Baseball America, The Sporting News and USA Today Baseball Weekly, as well as winning Eastern League honor.

From 2000 to 2001, Hale managed for the Texas Rangers Triple-A affiliate Oklahoma RedHawks, as he guided his team to a pair of second-place finishes in the Pacific Coast League East Division, and worked with major league club at spring training. He was promoted as Rangers first base coach and outfield instructor, and continued in those duties through the 2005 season. In a nine-season managerial career, Hale posted a 634–614 record for a .508 winning percentage.

Before the 2006 season, Hale was named by the Boston Red Sox as their third base coach, replacing Dale Sveum. Hale had worked with Red Sox Manager Terry Francona before, when Francona was the Rangers bench coach in 2002. On November 23, 2009, Hale was named the new Red Sox bench coach.

During the 2010 off-season, Hale was rumored to be one of four finalists for the Toronto Blue Jays managerial job, along with Brian Butterfield, John Farrell, and Sandy Alomar Jr. Following the 2011 season, Hale left the Red Sox organization to become the third base coach for the Baltimore Orioles. Following the 2012 season, on November 24, 2012, Hale was named as the new bench coach for the Toronto Blue Jays, replacing Don Wakamatsu. On April 28, 2013, Hale was ejected for the first time in his MLB career by umpire Chris Conroy for arguing Yankees batter Eduardo Nunez's delayed entrance into the batter's box.

Hale joined the Atlanta Braves in 2019, as a minor league coach and special assistant. He was named to the major league coaching staff in July 2020, as Eric Young opted not to travel with the team during the 2020 season, shortened as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Hale was hired as bench coach for the Cleveland Indians on November 23, 2020. On July 29, 2021, Hale was named acting manager for the remainder of the 2021 season after manager Terry Francona went on a health-related leave of absence.

References

External links

1961 births
Living people
African-American baseball coaches
African-American baseball managers
African-American baseball players
Baltimore Orioles coaches
Baseball infielders
Baseball players from Chicago
Boston Red Sox coaches
Chicago Vocational High School alumni
Elmira Pioneers players
Huntsville Stars players
Madison Muskies players
Major League Baseball bench coaches
Major League Baseball first base coaches
Major League Baseball third base coaches
Minor league baseball coaches
Minor league baseball players
New Britain Red Sox players
Texas Rangers coaches
Toronto Blue Jays coaches
Trenton Thunder managers
Winston-Salem Spirits players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

DeMarlo Hale


Seewen is a village in the municipality of Schwyz, itself in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. It lies some  to the west of the town centre of Schwyz, and near the shore of Lake Lauerz. The outfall stream of the lake, the Seeweren, passes through the village on its way to join the Muota river.

Schwyz railway station, on the Gotthard railway, is located in Seewen. The A4 motorway passes just to the west of the village, and an adjacent motorway junction provides access to it.

References

External links

Geography of the canton of Schwyz
Villages in Switzerland
Schwyz

Seewen, Schwyz


The West End Whingers is a London-based theatre blog which publishes humorous and satirical reviews of mostly West End theatre productions.

The blog was founded in June 2006 by a pair of London bloggers identified only as "Phil" and "Andrew" - in fact Philip Argent and Andrew Rogers - who were inspired to begin the blog after seeing a production of Sam Shepard's Fool for Love starring Juliette Lewis.

Their reviews exhibit many of the characteristics of gonzo journalism, differing from conventional reviews in their heavy focus on subjective responses, openly held artistic prejudices and a willingness to discuss aspects of the theatregoing experience beyond the merits of the show being evaluated. Capable of both savage criticism and fulsome praise, their reviews are tempered by a self-deprecating humour. They often review shows which are still in preview and have not yet had their official press night.

A survey into preferred sources of critical opinion by the industry paper The Stage on 6 May 2010 found the West End Whingers to be "the most popular online choice by some distance".

The blog received global attention in March 2010 when its review of the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Love Never Dies re-dubbed the show "Paint Never Dries".

In December 2010 the West End Whingers were listed at number 50 of The Times newspaper's "luvvie power list 2010: theatre's 50 most influential people"  saying "We wouldn't normally list bloggers, but this duo brought the blogosphere into repute with their "Paint Never Dries" tag for Lloyd Webber's Love Never Dies."

Since 2012 the duo's output has diminished, and the blog now states that "Andrew is on sabbatical but Phil is soldiering on to help you decide between the Merlot and the Marlowe and generally putting London's West End theatre to rights".

References

External links
Official Website
The West End Whingers review of Love Never Dies

British review websites

The West End Whingers


A bandgap voltage reference is a temperature independent voltage reference circuit widely used in integrated circuits. It produces a fixed (constant) voltage regardless of power supply variations, temperature changes, or circuit loading from a device. It commonly has an output voltage around 1.25V, close to the corresponding theoretical band gap of silicon. This circuit concept was first published by David Hilbiber in 1964. Bob Widlar, Paul Brokaw and others followed up with other commercially successful versions.

Operation

The voltage difference between two p–n junctions (e.g. diodes), operated at different current densities, is used to generate a current that is proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) in a resistor. This current is used to generate a voltage in a second resistor. This voltage in turn is added to the voltage of one of the junctions (or a third one, in some implementations). The voltage across a diode operated at constant current is complementary to absolute temperature (CTAT), with a temperature coefficient of approximately −2mV/K. If the ratio between the first and second resistor is chosen properly, the first order effects of the temperature dependency of the diode and the PTAT current will cancel out. The resulting voltage is about 1.2–1.3V, depending on the particular technology and circuit design, and is close to the corresponding theoretical 1.22eV bandgap of silicon at 0K. The remaining voltage change over the operating temperature of typical integrated circuits is on the order of a few millivolts. This temperature dependency has a typical parabolic residual behavior since the linear (first order) effects are chosen to cancel.

Because the output voltage is by definition fixed around 1.25V for typical bandgap reference circuits, the minimum operating voltage is about 1.4V, as in a CMOS circuit at least one drain-source voltage of a field-effect transistor (FET) has to be added. Therefore, recent work concentrates on finding alternative solutions, in which for example currents are summed instead of voltages, resulting in a lower theoretical limit for the operating voltage.

The first letter of the acronym, CTAT, is sometimes misconstrued to represent constant rather than complementary. The term, constant with temperature (CWT), exists to address this confusion, but is not in widespread use.

When summing a PTAT and a CTAT current, only the linear terms of current are compensated, while the higher-order terms are limiting the temperature drift (TD) of the bandgap reference at around 20ppm/°C, over a temperature range of 100°C. For this reason, in 2001, Malcovati designed a circuit topology that can compensate high-order non-linearities, thus achieving an improved TD. This design used an improved version of Banba's  topology and an analysis of base-emitter temperature effects that was performed by Tsividis in 1980. In 2012, Andreou has further improved the high-order non-linear compensation by using a second operational amplifier along with an additional resistor leg at the point where the two currents are summed up. This method enhanced further the curvature correction and achieved superior TD performance over a wider temperature range. In addition it achieved improved line regulation and lower noise.

The other critical issue in design of bandgap references is power efficiency and size of circuit. As a bandgap reference is generally based on BJT devices and resistors, the total size of circuit could be large and therefore expensive for IC design. Moreover, this type of circuit might consume a lot of power to reach to the desired noise and precision specification.

Despite these limitations, the bandgap voltage reference is widely used in voltage regulators, covering the majority of 78xx, 79xx devices along with the TL431 and the complementary LM317 and LM337. Temperature coefficients as low as 1.5–2.0ppm/°C can be obtained with bandgap references. However, the parabolic characteristic of voltage versus temperature means that a single figure in ppm/°C does not adequately describe the behaviour of the circuit. Manufacturers' data sheets show that the temperature at which the peak (or trough) of the voltage curve occurs is subject to normal sample variations in production. Bandgaps are also suited for low-power applications.

Patents
 1966, US Patent 3271660, Reference voltage source, David Hilbiber.
 1971, US Patent 3617859, Electrical regulator apparatus including a zero temperature coefficient voltage reference circuit, Robert Dobkin and Robert Widlar.
 1981, US Patent 4249122, Temperature compensated bandgap IC voltage references, Robert Widlar.
 1984, US Patent 4447784, Temperature compensated bandgap voltage reference circuit, Robert Dobkin.

Notes

See also
 Brokaw bandgap reference
 LM317
 TL431
 Silicon bandgap temperature sensor

References

External links
 The Design of Band-Gap Reference Circuits: Trials and Tribulations p. 286 – Robert Pease, National Semiconductor
 Features and Limitations of CMOS Voltage References
 ECE 327: LM317 Bandgap Voltage Reference Example – Brief explanation of the temperature-independent bandgap reference circuit within the LM317.

Electronic circuits
Analog circuits

Bandgap voltage reference


The Mystic River Rugby Club, sometimes called Boston Mystic, is a New England Rugby Football Union (NERFU) club, founded in 1974, located in Malden, Massachusetts, and Melrose, Massachusetts, who field teams in Division 1 American Rugby Premiership and Division 2 Rugby Union in the United States and are the current 2018 USA Rugby D1 National Champions.

Their home field is located at Pine Banks Park. Their primary sponsor is Coors Light.

History

The early years (1970s)
The Mystic River Rugby Club was founded in 1974 by 32 members of the Boston Rugby Club, who in true revolutionary spirit, took a great step forward in exercising their independence. These men had long since functioned as a 'club within a club' and had developed a distinct style of play both on and off the field. These members were experienced rugby players and immediately the Mystics established a schedule within the first division of New England. They soon became a sought after fixture by teams from all over based on a reputation for hard, fast rugby and an aggressive "joie de vie".

The club evolved throughout the 1970s with the influx of younger players and Tours to Wales and the former Soviet Union highlighted these years. In 1978, the Mystics became the first American rugby team to be invited to play rugby in the Soviet Union. In the early 1980s the club saw a major turnover, a somewhat generational change, when several new players were attracted from local colleges. Old Boys rugby began to take shape and several of the original Mystics began playing a schedule of "over 30s" rugby. In 1986 the Mystics returned to Malden, Massachusetts, where they were originally incorporated in 1976.

The 1990s: The birth of a dynasty
With several of the club's players regularly representing New England and the East Coast in representative side play, the Mystics were committed to championship level rugby. Their reputation earned them respect overseas as well, with touring sides, such as the Glamorgan County RFC, seeking a challenge at top level rugby.

In 1989, Mystic River defeated their parent club Boston to win the first of seven straight New England championships.
They would go on to win the Northeast Championship that same year.  In 1992 the Mystic finished second in the US, losing to the Old Blues from California in the National Finals. The Mystics had established themselves as a force within the national rugby community.

The 2000s
In 2000 and 2001, Mystic River competed in the short lived Major League Rugby (a former amateur club competition not to be confused with the current professional Major League Rugby competition).  Set up in the manner of the European Rugby Champions Cup, the MLR was designed to provide an additional competition structure for top division teams outside of their usual geographical unions and complement their USA Rugby competition schedule, however, it was never sanctioned by USA Rugby and the Mystics returned to competing solely in USA Rugby competition in the fall of 2001.

The 2007 season saw the Mystics win their first New England title after twelve years, moving on to take the Northeast Championship in 2008 and a spot in the National Division 1 Sweet 16. In their 2009–2010 season, Mystic River again took both the New England and Northeast Championships, making it through to the quarter-final round of the USA Rugby DI National Championship Series as well as making their first ever appearance in the National Sweet 16 in 7s competition. 2010 also marked the expansion of the Mystic River Youth Rugby Program and the addition of the U-19 Mystic Eagles, who saw success in both 15s and 7s tournaments in their inaugural season.

2014 merger with Middlesex

In 2014, Mystic River merged with cross-town rivals, the Middlesex Barbarians, in an effort to develop the game of rugby in the area. While the details of the merger allowed the forty-year-old rugby club to retain their name, Middlesex coach Josh Smith took over head coaching duties for the combined club, with former Eagle prop Jake Sprague as forwards coach, and Glen Mannering directing the backs, with the club now competing in both Division 1 and Division 2.

As the 2014–2015 season came to a close, the newly formed Mystics went undefeated at the top of the Division 1 table going into the playoffs.  Post season wins against White Plains RFC and Kansas City earned them their first trip to the USA Rugby D1 Final Four tournament since 1992, while in D2 the Mystic Barbarians took the NERFU D2 Championship against division rival New Haven, eventually losing to New York Rugby Club in the USA Rugby D2 Round of 16 beginning a new era for Mystic Rugby.

The Mystics also saw success in 7s, qualifying for the 2015 USA Rugby Club 7s (USARC7) Championship Series for the second time in club history, losing in the Semifinal round to eventual tournament winners Seattle Saracens, but coming away with the bronze medal.

American Rugby Premiership (2015—present)
Beginning in the 2015–2016 season, Mystic River became a "de facto" member of the American Rugby Premiership (ARP), joining Life Running Eagles and fellow Atlantic North D1 clubs Boston RFC, NYAC, Old Blue and the Boston Irish Wolfhounds in the reformatted elite competition.

Though officially a member of the Atlantic North Division 1 Conference, the Mystics competed in the ARP and played all teams but Life.  They finished their regular season with a record of 6 wins and 2 losses in their inaugural year in the elite competition, automatically securing a berth in the USA Rugby Championships quarter-final round as the number two seed in the Atlantic North Conference. A win over the Midwest Conference's number one seeded team would put the Mystics in the Final Four for the second year in a row, against ARP rivals Old Blue.  In the final match of the Eastern Championship Series, a 10–5 win put Mystic River in the Division 1 National Championship for the first time since 1992. The Mystics would go to play the Western Conference Champions, the Austin Blacks in the USA Rugby Emirates Airline Club Men's Division I National Championship.  After a hard-fought match, Mystic River won their first ever National Title by a score of 45–33.

At the beginning of the 2016–2017 season Mystic River became a full member of the ARP, making it through to the Eastern Division finals.  However, they were knocked out by NYAC 14–24.  The following season the Mystics were able shock the favored Norfolk Blues 36–22 to set up a revenge match with their New York rivals, beating NYAC 26—25 and earning a trip to the 2018 national championship game.  In the final match, Mystic River were able to stay ahead of their Western conference counterparts, Belmont Shore RFC and win their second national title by a score of 25–24.

Boston Mystics and Major League Rugby
Mystic River, which was called Boston Mystic or Mystics in some press releases, were scheduled for several 2018 exhibition games in Major League Rugby (MLR). Though they were merely exhibition, these matches were the first taste of the MLR professional era in the New England market.  In late 2018, the New England Free Jacks were announced as a 2020 expansion team in MLR and Mystic River subsequently became a main source of talent for the initial Free Jacks roster including head coach Josh Smith. For the Free Jacks' first exhibition match against Ontario in October 2018, there were 15 former Mystic River players on their roster, including coaches Smith and Kareem Afifi.

2018 season

National / representative players

USA Eagles
This is a list of players who currently or have at one time played for the Mystics and have represented their country with the United States national rugby union team, also known as the Eagles, in rugby fifteens or sevens.  Not represented in this list are the many Mystics who have been named to the Eagles' player pools or Junior sides over the years. For Rugby sevens players, (*) denotes tournament appearances such as World Rugby Sevens Series.

All-Americans (USA U-20/U-23)
Below is a list of players who have received Rugby All-American honors.  The Collegiate All-Americans rugby team is considered the USA's U23 national team, while the Junior All-Americans are the USA's U20 national team.

Other Nations / Provinces
This is a list of Mystic River players who have represented other nations in rugby union fifteens or sevens, unless otherwise indicated. Players marked with a "♦" represented other nations in rugby league.

 David Barry (AUT)
 Declan Brady (IRL) ♦
 Steve Brain (ENG)
 Sean Burgess (BVI)
 Mikel Facey (JAM)
 Marcos Flegmann (MEX)
 Ethan Fryer (CAN U-20)
 Joseph Lusse (UGA U-19)
 Molibi Maphanyane (BOT)
 Guy Matisis (ISR)
 Herman Mostert (RSA)
 Jeron Pantor (TTO)
 Mikhael Shammas (LEB) ♦
 Edwin Shimenga (KEN)
 Alatasi Tupou (SAM)
 Alfred Uluinayau (FIJ)
 Kyle Winter (INA)

Provincial Representation

 Paulo Aukuso (WEL)
 Karl Darragh (LEIN Jrs)
 Rory Gleeson (LEIN Jrs)
 Anthony Hughes (CON U-21)
 David Joyce (MUN Jrs)
 Michael Kaivelata (AUK)
 Robbie Malneek (TAS)
 Etuini Pongi (PAC)
 Wayne Underhay (AUK)

Championships

Fifteens (Division 1)
New England Champions (1989–1995, 2009, 2015)
Northeast Champions (1989, 1991, 2007, 2009–2012, 2015)
Eastern Champions (1991, 2016, 2018)
National Champions (2016, 2018)
National Playoff Appearances:

Fifteens (Division 2)
New England Champions (2015, 2016, 2017)
National Playoff Appearances:

Sevens
USA Rugby Club 7s Championship Series

U19/Youth rugby
Mystic River founded their Youth Rugby program in 2005. It was originally aimed more at introducing local children in the surrounding community to the sport of rugby, via American Flag Rugby (AFL) and later USA Rugby's newly developed "Rookie Rugby", a non-contact flag variant of the sport for younger children.  In 2010, the Mystics expanded the program to include competitive U-17 and U-19 teams.  Both levels saw immediate success, quickly becoming perennial contenders and medalists in such competitions as the Bay State Games.

The Mystics also field a Collegiate Select Side which selects stand out local collegiate rugby talent and plays teams both in the United States and abroad.  In 2015, several former members of the Mystic Youth program would go on to receive collegiate All Conference honors.

After an undefeated season in 2017, the Mystic River U19 7s team accepted an invitation to the National High School Invitational 7s tournament held in Minneapolis, MN, marking the first time any Mystic youth program was invited to play in a national championship.  The Mystics continued their undefeated record throughout the tournament and claimed their first ever national championship title.

References

External links

1974 establishments in Massachusetts
Malden, Massachusetts
Rugby clubs established in 1974
Rugby union teams in Massachusetts
Sports clubs and teams in Middlesex County, Massachusetts

Mystic River Rugby Club