Czech cinema is the name for cinematography of Czech Republic, as well as the Czech cinematography while it was a part of other countries.

The Fabulous World of Jules Verne is considered the most internationally successful Czech film ever made; soon after its release it was distributed to 72 countries and received widespread attention. Domestically, the most viewed Czech film ever is The Proud Princess from 1952, which was seen by 8,222,695 people.

Marketa Lazarová was voted the all-time best Czech movie in a prestigious 1998 poll of Czech film critics and publicists.

History
The first Czech film director and cinematographer was Jan Kříženecký, who started filming short documentaries in Prague in the second half of 1898. The first permanent cinema house was founded by Viktor Ponrepo in 1907 in Prague.

Interwar period
Among the most prominent directors were Karel Lamač, Karl Anton, Svatopluk Innemann, Přemysl Pražský, Martin Frič and Gustav Machatý. The first Czechoslovak film fully made with synchronized sound is considered to be Když struny lkají, released in September 1930. Earlier film, Tonka of the Gallows, released in February 1930 was shot as a silent film and the sound was added in France. Barrandov Studios was launched by Miloš Havel in 1933, which started a Czech film industry film boom. It is the largest film studio in the country and one of the largest in Europe.

WW2
During WW2, many major pre-war film directors continued to make films, including Otakar Vávra, Martin Frič, Miroslav Cikán, Jan Sviták (who was murdered at the end of the war by an anti-fascist mob), Vladimír Slavínský, František Čáp, Zdeněk Gina Hašler (who emigrated to the USA after the war) and Václav Binovec.

Vladimír Čech started his career during the WW2, as well as Václav Krška. Scenario writer Karel Steklý turned to film directing at the end of the war and maintained both careers until his death.

Well-known actor Rudolf Hrušínský (born 1920) also tried himself as a director during this period.

After World War II
Many prominent people of Czech cinema left the country before World War II including directors Karel Lamač and Gustav Machatý, cinematographer Otto Heller, actors Hugo Haas and Jiří Voskovec and producer Josef Auerbach. Director Vladislav Vančura was murdered by Nazis as were a popular actor and signer Karel Hašler, actress Anna Letenská and writer Karel Poláček. Studio owner Miloš Havel and actresses Lída Baarová and Adina Mandlová went into exile in Germany or Austria after they were accused of collaborating with Nazis during the war. In 1943 Czech Film Archive (NFA) was established in Prague.

In 1945 the Czechoslovak film industry was nationalized. The most viewed Czech film ever, The Proud Princess, was released during this period, in 1952. It was seen by 8,222,695 people. The film also won a prize for a child film at Karlovy Vary International Film Festival.

Famous movies of the 50s include: Journey to the Beginning of Time, The Good Soldier Švejk, The Emperor and the Golem, The Princess with the Golden Star, The Fabulous World of Jules Verne, Proud Princess (the most viewed Czech film ever) and Once Upon a Time, There Was a King....

New Wave

The Czechoslovak New Wave is most frequently associated with the early works of directors such as Miloš Forman, Věra Chytilová, Jiří Menzel and others, although works by older, more established Czechoslovak directors such as Karel Kachyňa and Vojtěch Jasný are also placed in this category. Encompassing a broad range of works in the early to mid-1960s, the Czechoslovak New Wave cannot be pinned down to any one style or approach to filmmaking. Examples range from highly stylised, even avant-garde, literary adaptions using historical themes (e.g. Jan Němec's Diamonds of the Night (Démanty noci)) to semi-improvised comedies with contemporary subjects and amateur actors (e.g., Miloš Forman's The Firemen's Ball (Hoří, má panenko)). However, a frequent feature of films from this period were their absurd, black humour and an interest in the concerns of ordinary people, particularly when faced with larger historical or political changes. The acid western comedy film Lemonade Joe was a famous parody of old-time westerns. Cinematic influences included Italian neorealism and the French New Wave, although the Czechoslovak New Wave also builds organically on developments in Czechoslovak cinema in the late 1950s when the influence of Stalinism in the film industry declined.

1970s to 1989
Many of the directors active in the previous periods continued to work in this period, including Otakar Vávra and Jiří Menzel. During the period of normalization, only the movies that Czech authorities considered harmless were made. Therefore the most successful movies from this era are comedies, sci-fi and family movies, like in the previous periods. A fairy-tale film from 1973, Three Nuts for Cinderella has become a holiday classic in Czechoslovakia and several European countries, including Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Sweden and Norway.

1990s and beyond
Among the most successful Czech films made after the Velvet Revolution are: Kolya, Divided We Fall, Cosy Dens and Walking Too Fast.

Czech films
List of Czechoslovak films 1898–1990
List of Czech films (List of Czech Republic films) 1990–today
List of Czech animated films
List of Czech films considered the best
List of most expensive Czech films
List of highest-grossing Czech films

List of notable Czech directors

Karl Anton
Jiří Barta a stop-motion animation director
Hynek Bočan
František Čáp
Věra Chytilová
Miroslav Cikán
František Čáp
Vladimír Čech
Frank Daniel
Miloš Forman, twice won the Academy Award
Martin Frič
Saša Gedeon
Hugo Haas
Ladislav Helge
Juraj Herz
Jan Hřebejk
Svatopluk Innemann
Vojtěch Jasný
Jaromil Jireš
Pavel Juráček
Karel Kachyňa
Jan S. Kolár
Jiří Krejčík
Václav Krška
Karel Lamač
Oldřich Lipský
Gustav Machatý
Jiří Menzel, won the Academy Award
Jan Němec
Ivan Passer
Břetislav Pojar
Jindřich Polák
Přemysl Pražský
Alfred Radok
Karel Reisz, Czech-born British director
Josef Rovenský
Evald Schorm
Bohdan Sláma
Karel Steklý
Jan Sviták
Jan Švankmajer
Jan Svěrák, twice won the Academy Award
Jiří Trnka, puppet motion-picture animator
Hermína Týrlová
Otakar Vávra
František Vláčil, his Marketa Lazarová was voted the all-time best Czech movie
Václav Vorlíček
Jiří Weiss
Petr Zelenka
Karel Zeman

Nominations and Awards

Nominations for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language film
1965 - The Shop on Main Street by Ján Kadár and Elmar Klos - Won Academy Award for Best Foreign Language film
1966 - Loves of a Blonde by Miloš Forman
1967 - Closely Watched Trains by Jiří Menzel - Won Academy Award for Best Foreign Language film
1968 - The Firemen's Ball by Miloš Forman
1986 - My Sweet Little Village by Jiří Menzel
1991 - The Elementary School by Jan Svěrák
1996 - Kolya by Jan Svěrák - Won Academy Award for Best Foreign Language film
2000 - Divided We Fall
2003 - Želary by Ondřej Trojan

Contenders at Cannes Film Festival
1946 - Men Without Wings by František Čáp - Won Palm d'Or
1946 - Vánoční sen by Karel Zeman - Won Grand Prix International for best short fiction film
1946 - Springman and the SS by Jiří Trnka
1951 - The Trap by Martin Frič
1954 - A Drop Too Much by Břetislav Pojar - Won Best Puppet Film
1955 - Dog's Heads by Martin Frič
1955 - The Good Soldier Schweik by Jiří Trnka
1956 - Dalibor by Václav Krška
1956 - The Dolls of Jiří Trnka by Bruno Šefranka - Won Special Mention - Short Film
1957 - Lost Children by Miloš Makovec
1958 - Suburban Romance by Zbyněk Brynych
1958 - Než nám narostla křídla by Jiří Brdečka - Won Special Prize for Short Film
1959 - Desire by Vojtěch Jasný
1959 - Butterflies Don't Live Here by Miro Bernat - Won Palme d'Or for Best Short Film
1960 - When the Woman Butts In by Zdeněk Podskalský
1960 - Pozor  by Jiří Brdečka
1961 - Fantazie pro levou ruku a lidské svědomí by Pavel Hobl
1962 - Man in Outer Space by Oldřich Lipský
1962 - Člověk pod vodou by Jiří Brdečka
1963 - The Cassandra Cat by Vojtěch Jasný - Won Special Jury Prize
1963 - Železničáři by Evald Schorm
1964 - The Cry by Jaromil Jireš
1964 - Flora nese smrt by Jiří Papoušek
1965 - The Shop on Main Street by Ján Kadár and Elmar Klos - Won Special Mention for actors
1965 - Johann Sebastian Bach: Fantasy in G minor by Jan Švankmajer - Won Prix du Jury for Short Film
1966 - The Pipes by Vojtěch Jasný
1966 - Číslice by Pavel Procházka
1967 - Hotel for Strangers by Antonín Máša
1968 - A Report on the Party and the Guests by Jan Němec
1968 - The Firemen's Ball by Miloš Forman
1969 - End of a Priest by Evald Schorm
1969 - All My Compatriots by Vojtěch Jasný - Won Best Director
1969 - Moc osudu  by Jiří Brdečka
1970 - Fruit of Paradise by Věra Chytilová
1972 - Hvězda Betlémská by Hermína Týrlová
1974 - Leonarduv deník by Jan Švankmajer
1980 - Krychle by Zdeněk Smetana - Won Jury Prize for Short Film
1981 - Diskžokej by Jiří Barta
1981 - Král a skřítek by Lubomír Beneš
1989 - Manly Games by Jan Švankmajer
1990 - The Ear by Karel Kachyňa
1990 - Portrét by Pavel Koutský
1990 - Time of the Servants by Irena Pavlásková - Caméra d'Or - Special Mention

Contenders at Venice Film Festival
1934 - Ecstasy by Gustav Machatý - Won Best Director
1934 - The River by Josef Rovenský - Won Best Director
1934 - Bouře nad Tatrami by Tomáš Trnka - Won Best Director
1934 - Maryša by Josef Rovenský - Won Special Recommendation
1937 - Batalion by Miroslav Cikán - Won Special Recommendation
1939 - Humoreska by Otakar Vávra
1939 - Macoun the Tramp by Ladislav Brom
1939 - Sklenice i chléb by Jaroslav Tuzar
1940 - Muž z neznáma by Martin Frič
1941 - Nocturnal Butterfly by František Čáp - Won Targa di segnalazione
1947 - Capek's Tales by Martin Frič
1947 - The Czech Year by Jiří Trnka
1947 - The Strike by Karel Steklý - Won Golden Lion
1955 - From My Life by Václav Krška
1958 - The Wolf Trap by Jiří Weiss - Won New Cinema Award and FIPRESCI Prize
1963 - The Golden Fern by Jiří Weiss
1963 - Mud Covered City by Václav Táborský - Won Lion of San Marco for Best Documentary
1965 - Loves of a Blonde by Miloš Forman
1965 - Útěk do větru by Václav Táborský - Won Lion of San Marco
1966 - Ptáci koháci by Jiří Torman - Won Plate
1966 - Krtek a raketa by Zdeněk Miler - Won Recreative Children's Film
1969 - Čest a sláva by Hynek Bočan - Won Best Foreign Film
1981 - Cutting It Short by Jiří Menzel
1990 - Martha and I by Jiří Weiss
2019 - The Painted Bird by Václav Marhoul

Contenders at Moscow Film Festival
1935 - Workers, Let's Go by Martin Frič - Special jury prize for actors Jiří Voskovec and Jan Werich
1959 - Escape from the Shadows by Jiří Sequens - Golden Medal
1961 - Fetters by Karel Kachyňa
1963 - Death Is Called Engelchen by Ján Kadár and Elmar Klos - Golden Prize
1965 - Atentát by Jiří Sequens - Golden Prize
1967 - Romance for Bugle by Otakar Vávra - Special Silver Prize

See also

Czech Lion -  Annual awards of Czech Film and Television Academy
Barrandov Studios - Prague's film studios
Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
Finále Plzeň Film Festival - Film Festival of Czech and Slovak films
Film Festival Zlín - International Film Festival for Children and Youth
Ateliery Bonton Zlín - Animation Film Production Company
Czechoslovak New Wave
List of films Czech films considered the best
List of Czech Academy Award winners and nominees
Cinema of the world

Further reading

References

External links
GreenCine primer on Czech and Slovak Cinema
History of Czech cinematography
An article on places from Czech movies

Cinema of the Czech Republic


Paul Joseph Verhoeven (23 June 1901 – 22 March 1975) was a German actor as well as a film and theatre director.

Early life
Verhoeven was born in the town of Unna. He had 13 siblings. The family lived in modest circumstances.

Career
He directed and acted in over 50 films. He wrote over 20 film scripts, the first of which was Das kleine Hofkonzert in 1935, an operetta with music by Edmund Nick based on a comedy by Verhoeven and Toni Impekoven.

From 1945 to 1948 he was artistic director at the Residenz Theatre/Staatsschauspiel in Munich.

Personal life and demise
Verhoeven was married to the actress Doris Kiesow, with whom he had three children: Lis Verhoeven, who became an actress and was the first wife of Mario Adorf; Michael Verhoeven, who became a film director and married Senta Berger; and Monika Verhoeven.

From his relationship with the actress Edith Schultze-Westrum, he had a son, Thomas Schultze-Westrum, who became a zoologist and maker of animal documentaries.

Paul Verhoeven died on stage of a heart attack in 1975 while delivering the eulogy for the recently deceased actress Therese Giehse at the Munich Kammerspiele. He was buried in the Munich Waldfriedhof next to his wife.

Selected filmography

Actor
 1936: Der Kaiser von Kalifornien (dir. Luis Trenker), as Barmixer Billy
 1938: The Stars Shine (dir. Hans H. Zerlett), as Gebauer
 1940: The Three Codonas (dir. Arthur Maria Rabenalt), as Juwelen-Max
 1959: People in the Net (dir. Franz Peter Wirth), as Karel
 1961: Hamlet (dir. Franz Peter Wirth, TV film), as Gravedigger
 1965:  (dir. Peter Beauvais, TV film), as Bernhard Lichtenberg
 1967: The Dance of Death (dir. Michael Verhoeven), as Edgar
 1968:  (dir. Peter Beauvais, TV miniseries, based on Francis Durbridge), as Samuel Fielding
 1968:  (dir. Wolfgang Becker, TV miniseries), as Körner
 1969:  (dir. Peter Beauvais, TV film), as Harro Hassenreuter, former theatrical manager
 1973:  (dir. Franz Peter Wirth), as Monsignore Berghammer

Director
Film

 1937:
 1938: Der Tag nach der Scheidung
 1938: Unsere kleine Frau (German-language version)
 1938: Mia moglie si diverte (Italian-language version)
 1939: Salonwagen E 417
 1939: Renate in the Quartet
 1939: Gold in New Frisco
 1940: Aus erster Ehe
 1942: Die Nacht in Venedig
 1942: The Rainer Case
 1942: Der große Schatten
 1943: Ein glücklicher Mensch
 1944: Das Konzert
 1944: Philharmoniker
 1948: The Court Concert
 1949: Du bist nicht allein
 1950: This Man Belongs to Me
 1950: Heart of Stone
 1951: Eva im Frack
 1951: The Guilt of Doctor Homma
 1951: A Heidelberg Romance
 1952: A Very Big Child
 1952: That Can Happen to Anyone
 1953:
 1953: Don't Forget Love
 1953: Wedding in Transit
 1954: A Woman of Today
 1954: Hoheit lassen bitten
 1954: The Eternal Waltz
 1955: I Know What I'm Living For
 1955: Roman einer Siebzehnjährigen
 1956: The Golden Bridge
 1956: Like Once Lili Marleen
 1957: Jede Nacht in einem anderen Bett
 1957: Von allen geliebt
 1960: The Juvenile Judge
 1962: Her Most Beautiful Day

Television
 1957: Die Abenteuer des braven Soldaten Schwejk — (based on The Good Soldier Švejk by Jaroslav Hašek)
 1957: Der geheimnisvolle Dr. Mander — (based on a radio play by Michael Brett)
 1957: Die Fee — (based on The Good Fairy by Ferenc Molnár)
 1958: Die letzte Station — (based on a play by Erich Maria Remarque)
 1958: Die selige Edwina Black — (based on the play The Late Edwina Black by William Dinner and William Morum)
 1958: Dr. med. Hiob Praetorius — (based on a play by Curt Goetz)
 1959: Die Troerinnen des Euripides — (based on The Trojan Women)
 1959: Nachtasyl — (based on the play The Lower Depths by Maxim Gorky)
 1960: Der Fehltritt — (based on a play by Glen Bohannan and Andrew Solt)
 1960: Die große Wut des Philipp Hotz — (based on a play by Max Frisch)
 1960: Das Lied der Taube — (based on the play The Voice of the Turtle by John Van Druten)
 1961: Froher Herbst des Lebens — (based on the play Alice Sit-by-the-Fire by J. M. Barrie)
 1961: Die Sache mit dem Ring — (based on the play The Ring of Truth by Wynyard Browne)
 1962: Seit Adam und Eva — (based on the play Ever Since Paradise by J. B. Priestley)
 1962: Bedaure, falsch verbunden — (based on the radio play Sorry, Wrong Number by Lucille Fletcher)
 1962: Peter Pan — (based on Peter Pan by J. M. Barrie)
 1963: Mamselle Nitouche — (based on the operetta Mam'zelle Nitouche)
 1963: Kleider machen Leute — (based on a novella by Gottfried Keller)
 1963: Geliebt in Rom
 1964: Frau Warrens Gewerbe — (based on Mrs. Warren's Profession by George Bernard Shaw)
 1964: Zweierlei Maß — (based on Shakespeare's Measure for Measure)
 1965: Vor Nachbarn wird gewarnt — (based on the play Meet a Body by Frank Launder and Sidney Gilliat)
 1966: Der Fall Jeanne d'Arc
 1966: Der Fall Mata Hari
 1967: Liebe für Liebe (co-director: Hans Schweikart) — (based on Love for Love by William Congreve)
 1967: Der Panamaskandal
 1967: Gottes zweite Garnitur — (based on a novel by Willi Heinrich)
 1971: Der Hitler/Ludendorff-Prozeß – Szenen aus einem Hochverratsprozeß in einer Republik ohne Republikaner
 1972: Verdacht gegen Barry Croft — (based on a play by Scott Forbes)

Screenwriter
 1936: The Court Concert (dir. Douglas Sirk)

References

 Die Verhoevens, 2003 (documentary film by Felix Moeller, Germany; 75 minutes)

External links

1901 births
1975 deaths
20th-century German male actors
People from Unna
Mass media people from North Rhine-Westphalia
German male film actors
German male television actors

Paul Verhoeven (German director)


Chris Cheng (born December 14, 1979 in Mission Viejo, California) is an American sport shooter and The History Channel's  Top Shot Season 4 Champion. In 2012, along with the title of "Top Shot", Cheng won a $100,000 cash prize and a professional marksman contract with the show's sponsor, Bass Pro Shops.

Background

Cheng was born to Maggie and Benjamin Cheng. His mother is Japanese Cuban and his father is Chinese American. He has a younger sister, Allison.

He attended the University of California, Los Angeles from 1998 to 2003 where he majored in Political Science, with a focus on American government and political media. He holds a master's degree in International Policy Studies from the Monterey Institute of International Studies where he specialized in conflict resolution and international negotiations and was President of his class. He is fluent in Spanish. Cheng also holds an Advanced Project Management certification from Stanford University.

Cheng is a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity and was a re-founding father of his chapter at UCLA where he served in numerous leadership roles. He was the Grand Sweepstakes winner in UCLA's 2001 Spring Sing talent show competition. In 2003, Cheng served as co-chair of the 26-hour UCLA Dance Marathon where 2,000 students, faculty, and staff raised $54,000 for the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, which was noted as "one of the largest college fundraising events on the West Coast." Upon graduating in 2003, he was conferred with the "UCLA Chancellor's Service Award."

Career
Cheng worked for Google Inc. from 2007 to 2012 in many capacities, primarily in technical support for Google Apps, as well as a product lead in Google.org's Google for Nonprofits Program.  Chris served on the GoogleEDU leadership faculty where he trained teams and individuals on interpersonal communication and the fundamentals of leadership. He left Google in June 2012 to pursue his professional marksman contract full-time.

Cheng is an NRA News Commentator where he provides his opinions and commentary on a variety of issues.  He also tours Bass Pro Shops across the country interacting with customers; shooting in Multi-Gun, USPSA, IDPA, and IPSC competitions, and working with the National Rifle Association of America and National Shooting Sports Foundation on promoting the shooting sport. Cheng is a Lifetime member of the National Rifle Association and is an NRA Certified Pistol, Rifle, and Shotgun Instructor.

Cheng's book "Shoot to Win" reveals how he trained to win Top Shot, as well as how he empowers himself to succeed in life. Cheng is a Staff Writer for The Firearm Blog where he writes about firearms and gear in his post-Top Shot experiences.

Cheng was featured in the Second Amendment documentary Assaulted: Civil Rights Under Fire (2013) alongside Ted Nugent and Ice-T. He was on 13 episodes of Top Shot Season 4, and was a special guest on the premiere and season finale of Top Shot Season 5: All-Stars.

Cheng is an inspirational public speaker, represented by The Harry Walker Agency.

Cheng's website and blog is at TopShotChris.com. His future career plans include running for public office.

Cheng produces a web series called Top Shot Chris Cheng that airs on CarbonTV.

Cheng joined the Board of Directors of the LGBTQ gun rights organization, Pink Pistols in January 2020. In a statement released to the public Cheng said of the decision to join Pink Pistols, "I am excited to bring my technology and business background to Operation Blazing Sword. The next chapter of queer rights has begun with more of our community realizing that the Second Amendment is a way for marginalized communities to protect ourselves from harm..." "Operation Blazing Sword" (another LGBTQ gun rights organization), merged with Pink Pistols in 2018.

Other interests

Cheng is on the board of directors for the San Francisco Opera BRAVO! Club. He is also a volunteer baritone singer for the San Francisco Symphony Chorus. He played double bass from ages 13–22 in both orchestras and jazz bands.

He is a co-founder of Home for a Home, a nonprofit organization which collects donations from real estate brokers to build homes for those in need.

In December 2013 Cheng publicly came out as gay on his official blog. He did so in the hopes of breaking down stereotypes both about gay people and gun enthusiasts.

References

External links

 Chris Cheng on The History Channel
 Chris Cheng on CarbonTV
 Home for a Home

LGBT sport shooters
21st-century American LGBT people
American male sport shooters
Asian-American–Hispanic and Latino American relations
Sportspeople from Mission Viejo, California
1979 births
Living people
IPSC shooters
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Middlebury College alumni
Stanford University alumni
American people of Chinese descent
American sportspeople of Japanese descent
American people of Cuban descent
LGBT people from California
American LGBT sportspeople
Google employees
American motivational speakers
LGBT Hispanic and Latino American people
American LGBT people of Asian descent
Gay sportsmen

Chris Cheng


Sami Sirviö (born 28 May 1970 in Pyhäjärvi, Finland) is a Sweden Finnish musician and former lead guitarist of the now discontinued Swedish rock band Kent.

Biography
Sirviö formed Kent in 1990 along with vocalist Joakim Berg, bassist Martin Sköld, drummer Markus Mustonen and keyboardist Thomas Bergqvist. The band originally called themselves Jones & Giftet before changing their name first to Havsänglar and later Kent. By that time Bergqvist had been fired from the band and replaced by Martin Roos. After the release of the bands self-titled debut album Roos quit the band to focus on a career at BMG, the band soon recruited Harri Mänty as a replacement. The band continued to release several critically and commercially successful albums with that line-up intact until 2006 when rhythm guitarist Harri Mänty left the band. Instead of recruiting a permanent replacement Sirviö along with Jocke Berg recorded guitars for their 2007 release Tillbaka till samtiden. For live performances the band has since brought along Max Brandt as a non-official guitarist. Besides his role in Kent Sirviö has also appeared on Lisa Miskovsky's 2006 album Changes as well as produce a number of records for Swedish and Finnish artists.

In 2005 Sirviö married his girlfriend of six years Jennie Persson, at the Maria Magdalena Church in Stockholm.

Musical equipment
Sirviö long used a variety of Gibson Les Paul models with the original humbuckers replaced with P-94 single coil pickups during recording and live performances; however, for the recording of Tillbaka till samtiden Sirviö primarily used a 1967 Fender Custom Telecaster. Occasionally Sirviö uses an e-bow on his guitar, often combined with a delay pedal. Sirviö's main amplifier for the recording was a 1963 Vox AC30 but a 1954 Fender Concert and a 1964 Hiwatt Custom 100 were also used. For live performances, Sirviö uses a new Hiwatt amplifier with a 4x12 cabinet.

Discography
With Kent
 Kent (1995)
 Verkligen (1996)
 Isola (1997)
 Isola (English) (1998)
 Hagnesta Hill (1999)
 Hagnesta Hill (English) (2000)
 Vapen & ammunition (2002)
 Du & jag döden (2005)
 The hjärta & smärta EP (2005)
 Tillbaka till samtiden (2007)
 Box 1991–2008 (2008)
 Röd (2009)
 En plats i solen (2010)
 Jag är inte rädd för mörkret (2012)
 Tigerdrottningen (2014)
 Då som nu för alltid (2016)
As a producer
 Petrol – Record (1997)
 Mobile Homes – EP (2003)
 Jay Jay Johanson – Tell all the girls im back in town (Remix) (2004)
 Sapporo 72  – Business and Pleasure (2005)
 West End Girls – Goes Petshopping (2006)
 Disco – Vihaa, rakkautta vai jotain muuta (2006)
 Mobile Homes – Close (2008)

As a guest musician
 Lisa Miskovsky – Changes (2006)

References
Emil Östman Sami Sirviö interju fuzz.se
Ronnie Sandalh, Martin Söderström Stjärnan i Kent gifter sig i hemlighet aftonbladet.se
Martin Forssén De gjorde aldrig gjorde lumpen  men döper ändå... Originally published by Värnpliktsnytt
Intervju med Jocke Berg & Sami Sirviö The Voice
Jonas Hållen Arbetarsönerna som sliter på ackord dagensarbete.se

External links
Official website
English Kent site (news, reviews, complete discography, etc)

English translations of Kent lyrics

1970 births
Living people
People from Pyhäjärvi
Swedish people of Finnish descent
Lead guitarists
Swedish rock guitarists
21st-century guitarists
Kent (band) members

Sami Sirviö


George Smith (1789 – 21 August 1846) was a Scottish born publisher who co-founded, along with Alexander Elder, the British publishing company Smith, Elder & Co.

Biography

Early life
George Smith was born in Scotland in 1789. His father was a small landowner in the County of Moray. His father died while he was very young, and the property, badly managed by an uncle, was lost before George came of age. As a young man George was apprenticed to Isaac Forsyth, a bookseller and banker in the town of Elgin, Moray. While still young George moved to London with no resources beyond his own power to work. He was by nature hard working and conscientious, and made steady progress after coming to London. He first found employment in the publishing house of Rivington in St. Paul's Churchyard. His next employer was the famous publisher John Murray. While working for Murray, he was once sent to deliver proof sheets to Lord Byron.

Career

In 1816 George and another Scottish immigrant to London, Alexander Elder, a native of Banff, Aberdeenshire, set up as partners in a small business. They opened shop at 158 Fenchurch Street as booksellers and stationers. The new firm was called Smith & Elder. After 3 years, the partners added publishing to the other branches of their business. In March 1819 they were admitted to the Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers. Membership in the company was necessary to the pursuit of publishing in London. On 19 July 1819 Smith & Elder entered their first publication in the Stationer's Company register. This was a collection of sermons and expositions by John Morison.

George Smith was married on 12 October 1820 to Elizabeth Murray, the daughter of Alexander Murray, a successful glass-ware manufacturer in London. The young couple lived over the Smith & Elder shop in Fenchurch Street, and it was here that their second son (of 6 children) George Murray Smith was born on 19 March 1824.

Later in 1824 the firm of Smith & Elder was moved to No. 65 Cornhill, London. After this move the firm was joined by a third partner and acquired its permanent designation of Smith, Elder & Co. Their new partner had important connections in India, and he brought to the firm the new department of an Indian agency. The firm began their Indian operations with the export of books and stationary to officers of the East India Company, and eventually expanded into banking and the export of other commodities. The firm's Indian interests came to be the most important and lucrative branch of their business.

Later life
In the 1830s the publishing department of Smith, Elder & Co. won an assured reputation. The firm published a wide variety of items, including novels, translations, pamphlets, and collections of prints. In 1838 George Murray Smith joined the firm, where George Smith gave him a thorough training in the business. In 1841 George moved the family to a home in Denmark Hill. In 1843 George Murray Smith was allowed to assume control of the publishing interests of Smith, Elder & Co.

At the end of 1844 George Smith fell ill from cerebral softening. He moved from Denmark Hill to a small farm at Boxhill. He was unable to attend to the business of the firm, and his place was taken by George Murray Smith soon after he came of age in 1845. George Smith died at the age of 57 in August 1846.

References

External links
The House of Smith Elder
Memoir of George Smith by Sidney Lee

1789 births
1846 deaths
British book publishers (people)
19th-century Scottish newspaper publishers (people)
People from Elgin, Moray

George Smith (publisher, born 1789)


The Jimi Hendrix Experience was an American-English rock band that formed in London, England, in 1966. The band was made up of singer, songwriter, and guitarist Jimi Hendrix, drummer Mitch Mitchell, and bassist Noel Redding.

They were highly influential in popularizing hard and psychedelic rock. All of the band's albums, Are You Experienced (1967), Axis: Bold as Love (1967), and Electric Ladyland (1968), were featured in the top 100 of Rolling Stone's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.

American rock bands
British rock bands
1966 establishments

Jimi Hendrix Experience


Turbostar is the name given to a series of diesel multiple units (DMU) built by Bombardier Transportation (previously ADtranz) at their Litchurch Lane Works in Derby, England. The Turbostar was the first new train type to be introduced after the privatisation of British Rail, and is the most common type of diesel multiple unit (its electrical variant, the Electrostar, is the most common electric multiple unit). The first units were ordered by Chiltern Railways in 1996 and were designated Class 168 (also known as Clubman). Since then the family has grown with the addition of the Class 170, Class 171, and (in development) the Class 172.

References

Bombardier multiple units
Adtranz multiple units
British Rail diesel multiple units

Turbostar


Betta St. John (born Betty Jean Striegler, November 26, 1929 – June 23, 2023) was an American actress, singer, and dancer who worked on Broadway, the West End, and in Hollywood films. She started her career aged 10 as a child actress in uncredited movie parts in her native USA, as an adult actress her first starring role was in the MGM film Dream Wife opposite Cary Grant in 1953, later residing in England she appeared in starring roles in British films including High Tide at Noon, two Tarzan films, and the horror features Corridors of Blood with Boris Karloff and Horror Hotel with Christopher Lee.

She was an inductee into the Hawthorne Hall of Fame in 2019.

Biography
Betty Jean Striegler was born in Hawthorne, California, on November 26, 1929. St. John, alongside Shirley Temple, was part of the Meglin Kiddies troupe of actors, singers, and dancers.

St. John made her film debut at age ten in an uncredited part in Destry Rides Again (1939) starring James Stewart and Marlene Dietrich. She then played an orphan in Jane Eyre (1943), starring Orson Welles and Joan Fontaine, also uncredited.

St. John played a small role in the Rodgers and Hammerstein Broadway musical Carousel from 1945 until 1947. She was a member of the show's touring company until 1949. Later that year, she created the role of Liat in the musical South Pacific, first on Broadway and then London.

St. John appeared in the 1953 films The Robe, Dream Wife, and All the Brothers Were Valiant, as well as 1954's The Student Prince.

Betta St. John starred in two Tarzan films the first in 1957 Tarzan and the Lost Safari  which was the first Tarzan film to be filmed in colour, she returned to the franchise in Tarzan the Magnificent in 1960.

She continued to act in films and appear in TV series until 1965 before leaving the entertainment industry

St. John was married to English actor Peter Grant from 1952 until his death in 1992. They had three children.

Betta St. John died at an assisted living facility in Brighton, England, on June 23, 2023, at the age of 93.

Filmography

References

External links

 Photographs of Betta St. John

1929 births
2023 deaths
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American women
American child actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
Actresses from California
People from Hawthorne, California
American stage actresses

Betta St. John


The Rousse TV Tower is a 204-metre-high TV tower built of reinforced concrete at Rousse, Bulgaria. Originally, the structure was constructed as a 206-metre-high TV tower with a cafe/restaurant on top and was the tallest one on the Balkan peninsula until 2001. In the 1990s an additional antenna was added bringing the height to 210 metres. And, in March 2007, the antenna was reconstructed bringing its height to 204 metres.

The Rousse TV Tower was built on the Leventa Hill, in 1986 and was launched on 7 May 1987 (under communist rule). Authors of the project were Stilyan Titkov, Evlogi Tsvetkov, Ivan Yantahtov and V. Vasilev. The newly built tower started broadcasting both Bulgarian Television and Soviet Television, as well as the three stations of Bulgarian National Radio – Horizont, Hristo Botev, and Orpheus (). Higher frequencies were coming into use during the following years, and the process of shutting down old transmitters was completed on 15 Aug 2004.

The tower had an observation deck open for tourists at a height of 107 metres, which offered a panoramic view of Rousse, the Danube river, the neighbouring city of Giurgiu, Romania, and as far as the Carpathian Mountains.

See also
 List of towers
 List of tallest structures in Bulgaria

Notes

External links
 Pictures and description in Bulgarian
 Comparison of the Rousse and Endem TV towers
 Comparison of TV towers in Bulgaria

Gallery

Towers in Bulgaria
TV Tower
Towers completed in 1987
1987 establishments in Bulgaria

Rousse TV Tower


"(I'm Settin') Fancy Free" (sometimes known as "I'm Setting Fancy Free" or simply "Fancy Free") is the title song written by Roy August and Jimbeau Hinson, and recorded by American country music group The Oak Ridge Boys.  It was released in August 1981 as the second single from the album Fancy Free.  The song reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in November 1981, during The Oak Ridge Boys' peak of popularity, and it is considered one of their signature songs.

Charts

References

Works cited
 Whitburn, Joel, "Top Country Songs: 1944-2005," 2006.

1981 songs
The Oak Ridge Boys songs
Song recordings produced by Ron Chancey
MCA Records singles
Songs written by Jimbeau Hinson

(I'm Settin') Fancy Free


Singer (2005) is a young-adult fantasy novel by Jean Thesman, based loosely on the Irish legend of the Children of Lir, but having more in common with Thesman's earlier novel The Other Ones, about a young girl coming to terms with her magical powers.

Plot summary
Gwenore for years has been punished and imprisoned by her evil witch mother Rhiamon, but she finally escapes with the aid of her slave-servant Brennan, her friend Tom, and a mysterious and seemingly apostate priest Caddaric. She first takes sanctuary at an abbey, then at an alternative home of gifted women. Along the way, she learns about her natural and her magical gifts in the arts and in healing, as the women become her teachers; from Father Caddaric she finally learns of the spellbound destiny he created for her to combat her wicked mother. She escapes to the kingdom of Lir, where she is made slave-governess of the four children who are to be transformed to swans before Gwenore's ultimate showdown with her mother.

2005 American novels
Young adult fantasy novels
American young adult novels
American fantasy novels
Viking Press books

Singer (novel)


East Wilton is an unincorporated village in the town of Wilton, Franklin County, Maine, United States. The community is located along U.S. Route 2,  south-southwest of Farmington. East Wilton has a post office, with ZIP code 04234, which opened on February 29, 1828.

References

Villages in Franklin County, Maine
Villages in Maine

East Wilton, Maine


Basketball in the 1988 Summer Olympics took place at the Jamsil Gymnasium in Seoul, South Korea. The United States won the gold medal in the women's competition. This repeated their performance from the 1984 tournament. In the men's tournament, the Soviet Union took home their second gold medal in the team's history for this event. Yugoslavia won the silver medal. The USA won the bronze medal. This was the last Olympic basketball tournament where NBA players were not allowed to participate. Professionals from other leagues were allowed to compete. But players from other leagues were still considered amateurs.  These were also the last Olympic basketball tournaments where the Soviets fielded a team. This was because the Soviet Union broke up prior to the 1992 Games. The United States was a major favorite to win.

References

1988 Summer Olympics

Basketball at the 1988 Summer Olympics


Łęczyca Voivodeship () was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland from the 14th century until the partitions of Poland in 1772–1795. It was part of Province of Greater Poland, and its capital was in Łęczyca. The voivodeship had the area of 4,080 square kilometers, divided into three counties. Local sejmiks took place at Łęczyca. The city of Łódź, which until the 19th century was a small town, for centuries belonged to Łęczyca Voivodeship.

The voivodeship was created by King Wladyslaw Lokietek, out of the territory of Duchy of Łęczyca, which had been established after the 1138 Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty. It had five senators in the Senate of the Kingdom of Poland (since 1569 the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth). These were: Voivode of Łęczyca, Castellan of Łęczyca, Castellan of Brzeziny, Castellan of Inowlodz, and Castellan of Konary. At the sejmiks, local nobility elected four deputies to the Sejm of Poland, and two deputies to the Greater Poland Tribunal at Piotrków Trybunalski.

Zygmunt Gloger in his monumental book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland gives a detailed description of Łęczyca Voivodeship:

"Following the testament of Boleslaw Krzywousty, the Land of Łęczyca was a separate duchy, ruled by princes of the Piast dynasty (...) King Wladyslaw Lokietek reunited the duchy with Poland, making it a separate voivodeship. Local residents were used to their own legal system, so King Władysław II Jagiełło decided to keep a separate official there. In 1418, the szlachta of Łęczyca established its own rules, the 27 Articles of Constitutiones Terrae Lanciciensis generales (...)

The voivodeship had the area of 80 square miles, stretching from Klodawa in the north, to the Pilica river in the south, where it bordered Sandomierz Voivodeship. In the 16th century, it had 74 Roman-Catholic parishes, 25 towns and 875 villages. It was the second most densely populated voivodeship of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, behind Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship (...)

Łęczyca Voivodeship had five senators: the Voivode of Łęczyca, the Castellan of Łęczyca, and the Castellans of Brzeziny, Inowlodz, and Konary (...) Of the three counties, the largest one was Łęczyca County, which covered more than half of the area of the voivodeship. Local sejmiks took place at Łęczyca, where four deputies were elected to the Sejm, and additional two to the Greater Poland Tribunal at Piotrków Trybunalski. Main starostas resided at Łęczyca, Inowlodz, Zgierz and Klodawa".

Governor seat: Łęczyca

Voivodes:
 Spycigniew of Dąbrowa Zielona
 Jan "Scibor" Taczanowski (c. 1437)
 Stanisław Radziejowski (1627–1637)
 Maksymilian Przerębski (1637-I 1639)
 Stefan Gembicki (I 1639–1653)

Regional council seat (Sejmik): Łęczyca

Political division
 County of Łęczyca, area 2,447 km2.,
 County of Brzeziny, area 1,300 km2.,
 County of Orłów, area 629 km2.

Neighbouring Voivodeships:
 Sieradz Voivodeship
 Kalisz Voivodeship
 Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship
 Rawa Voivodeship
 Sandomierz Voivodeship

Sources
 Łęczyca Voivodeship, description by Zygmunt Gloger

Voivodeships of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
14th-century establishments in Poland
1793 disestablishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Łęczyca Voivodeship


An exit scam is a confidence trick where an established business stops shipping orders while receiving payment for new orders. If the entity had a good reputation, it could take some time before it is widely recognized that orders are not shipping, and the entity can then make off with the money paid for unshipped orders. Customers who trusted the business do not realize that orders are not being fulfilled until the business has already disappeared.

Conversely, purchasers can also perpetrate exit scams if, while secretly planning to close their business and/or abscond, they procure goods and services for which they do not intend to pay. However, these sorts of incidents are less common. Moreover, it is not uncommon for a procurer to go out of business due to insolvency they did not wish to occur. Such insolvencies are not typically considered to be criminal acts, let alone exit scams unless there is clear evidence of bad faith – e.g., if it can be proven the business avoided paying vendors even though it was solvent before closing down and/or it became insolvent as a result of embezzlement or other such behavior.

Individual vendors often reach a point of reputation maturity whereby they have sold sufficient product to have accumulated both significant reputation and escrowed funds, that many may choose to exit with those funds rather than compete at the higher-volume higher-priced matured product level. For individual vendors, exit scams are often a viable scheme when dealing with any physical product (for which buyers must reasonably expect to wait before receiving orders, thus often granting the perpetrator a considerable grace period before the scam can no longer be plausibly denied) compared to digital, virtual and other intangible goods which buyers will generally expect to be delivered within a very short time after remitting payment.

Exit scams could be a tempting alternative to a non-fraudulent shutdown of illegal operations if the operation was inevitably going to shut down anyway for other reasons. If an illegal entity thrives by selling and/or facilitating the sale of illicit drugs, for example, it is at constant risk of being shut down by the authorities, whereas if the operators perform an exit scam, there are much better prospects for the perpetrators to both keep their profits and avoid eventual prosecution.

In illegal darknet markets, exit scams are frequently perpetrated. While the most common such schemes are perpetrated by individual vendors who receive payment for the product they have no intention of shipping, such scams have also been perpetrated both by individual procurers who obtain the product which they have no intention of paying for and by operators and/or administrators of these markets who, by shutting down an entire market, can abscond with whatever currency the market was holding on behalf of buyers and/or sellers in escrow at the time of the shutdown. Regardless of who is perpetrating the scam, if the cheated parties are themselves knowingly participating in illegal activities, it is not usually a viable option to notify law enforcement.

The best-known examples are online sellers where the buyer does not know the real identity or physical location of the scammer and therefore has little recourse. Payments to darknet markets are usually made in cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin or monero, where payments are irreversible and cannot be recovered through a chargeback. This is sometimes known in cryptocurrency as a rug pull.

Examples
In 2016, the darknet market (online black market) Evolution was previously cited as the biggest exit scam yet, where the administrators apparently made off with $12 million in bitcoin, which was held in escrow on the marketplace.

Most exit scams and Ponzi schemes involving cryptocurrencies take place in the context of initial coin offerings. For example, a report by Satis Group estimates that 80% of all ICOs that took place in 2017 were scams of this type.

This would ultimately be surpassed by the Wall Street Market exit scam of 2019, which had $14.2 million worth of cryptocurrencies stolen just before the site was seized by the authorities. Prosecution is difficult due to the anonymity offered by the darknet. The damage caused by exit scams is estimated to exceed $4.3 billion in 2019.

References

Confidence tricks
Darknet markets
Cryptocurrency scams

Exit scam


Veterinary medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with the health of animals. It is the study and practice of preventing, diagnosing and treating disease and injuries in animals. Veterinary medicine covers all species of animals, including both domesticated animals and wild animals.

People who study and practice veterinary medicine professionally are called veterinarians (often known as "vets").

Veterinary science tries to help human health by monitoring and controlling zoonotic diseases (infectious diseases transmitted from animals to humans).

Related pages

 Zoology

Veterinary medicine


Venafrum was an ancient town of Molise, Italy, close to the boundaries of both Latium adiectum and Samnium. Its site is occupied by the modern Venafro, a village on the railway from Isernia to Vairano, 25 km  southwest of the former, 201 m  above sea-level.

Overview
Venafrum was established as a civitas sine suffragio in 201 BC. Ancient authors tell us but little about it, except that it was one of those towns governed by a prefect sent yearly from Rome, and that in the Social War it was taken by the allies by treachery. Augustus founded a colony there and provided for the construction of an aqueduct (cf. the long decree relating to it in Corp. Inscr. Lat. x. No. 4842).

It seems to have been a place of some importance. Its olive oil was the best in Italy, and Cato mentions its brickworks and iron manufactures. The original line of the Via Latina probably ran through Venafrum, making a detour, which the later road seems to have avoided. Rufrae was probably dependent on it. Roads also ran from Venafrum to Isernia and to Telesia by way of Allifae.

References

External links

Roman towns and cities in Italy
Former populated places in Italy
Archaeological sites in Molise

es:Venafrum

Venafrum


Max Ferdinand Perutz FRS OM CBE (19 May 1914 – 6 February 2002) was an Austrian-born British molecular biologist.

He shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with John Kendrew, for their studies of the structures of haemoglobin and globular proteins. The method used was mainly X-ray crystallography.

He went on to win the Royal Medal of the Royal Society in 1971 and the Copley Medal in 1979.  At Cambridge he founded and chaired (1962–79) The Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, fourteen of whose scientists have won Nobel Prizes. Perutz's contributions to molecular biology in Cambridge are documented in The History of the University of Cambridge: Volume 4 (1870 to 1990) published by the Cambridge University Press in 1992.

Perutz was born in Vienna, Austria. His family was Jewish. He had worked in Cambridge (Peterhouse College) since 1936, and moved to Britain permanently after the Anschluss, the Nazi takeover of Austria. He did his war work in Canada, and returned to Cambridge after the war. Max did some of his most important work after winning the Nobel award, and is still held in the highest esteem.

Books by Perutz
1989. Is science necessary? Essays on science and scientists. London. Barrie and Jenkins.
1997. Science is not a quiet life : unravelling the atomic mechanism of haemoglobin. Singapore. World Scientific.
2002. I wish I'd made you angry earlier: essays on science, scientists and humanity. Cold Spring Harbor, New York. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

References

1914 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from Merkel-cell carcinoma
Austrian Jews
Austrian scientists
British Nobel Prize winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
Jewish British academics
Jewish British scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
British molecular biologists
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Scientists from Vienna
Austrian Nobel Prize winners

Max Perutz


Jay Ferguson (born October 14, 1968) is a Canadian musician and a member of the rock band Sloan. He is the only member in Sloan who comes from Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Biography
When Ferguson was 12 years old, he was given a job at Ol'Dan's Records, a secondhand record store. Before joining Sloan, Ferguson was in a band with Chris Murphy from 1987 to 1990 called Kearney Lake Road. In 1991, Ferguson and Murphy started Sloan along with Patrick Pentland and Andrew Scott. Ferguson plays rhythm guitar and occasionally bass and drums. Some of his more famous songwriting contributions, each of which he sings lead vocals on, are  "I Hate My Generation" from the album Twice Removed, "The Lines You Amend" from One Chord to Another, "Who Taught You to Live Like That?" from the album Never Hear the End of It, "Witch's Wand" from the album Parallel Play, "You've Got A Lot On Your Mind" from the album Commonwealth and "Right To Roam" from the 2018 album 12.

In December 2005, Ferguson began hosting a show on CBC Radio 3 with Sloan bandmate Chris Murphy. Their show broadcasts Saturday and Sunday on Sirius Satellite Radio station (channel 94).

Ferguson also collaborates with other musicians and can be heard on Gentleman Reg's 2004 release Darby & Joan. He also occasionally DJs at Toronto area clubs.

Trivia
In 2005, Halifax musician Mary Cobham released an album about the Sloan member called Songs in the Key of Jay, which explores themes of Teenie-Bop magazines and her long-standing crush on Jay Ferguson.

External links
Sloan official website
Never Hear the End of It album launch website
Being There Magazine feature
Sloan message board

1968 births
Living people
Alternative rock guitarists
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Canadian rock guitarists
Canadian male guitarists
Canadian male songwriters
Canadian indie rock musicians
Canadian alternative rock musicians
Murderecords
Musicians from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Sloan (band) members
Writers from Halifax, Nova Scotia

Jay Ferguson (Canadian musician)


Lascivious behavior, better known as lewdness, indecency or lechery, is sexual behavior or conduct that is called crude and offensive. It is also against certain and other standards of appropriate behavior.

The legal usage
Under American law, the word lascivious is a semi-technical term which means immoral sexual actions, words or thoughts. The term is often used under the legal description of criminal acts wherein certain forms of sexual activity are prohibited.

In the 2000s and after, the word was used for one of several adjectives describing pornography, solicitation for prostitution and indecent acts.

In American law mailing lascivious matter is prohibited thus:
Every obscene, lewd, lascivious, indecent, filthy or vile article, matter, thing, device, or substance ... [i]s declared to be nonmailable matter and shall not be conveyed in the mails or delivered from any post office or by any letter carrier.

References

United States law
Sexual law

Lascivious behavior


ഗ്രീക്ക് പുരാണമനുസരിച്ച് കോൾകിസിലെ രാജാവായ ഈറ്റസ്സിന്റെ മകളാണ് മീഡിയ. സിർസെയുടെ (circe) അനന്തരിവളും സൂര്യദേവനായ ഹീലിയോയുടെ പൗത്രിയും ജാസന്റെ മുൻ ഭാര്യയുമണ് മീഡിയ(; , Mēdeia, , Medea).അതിൽ അവർക്ക് മെർമെരോസ് ഫെരെസ് എന്നിങ്ങനെ രണ്ട് കുട്ടികളുണ്ട്. യൂറിപിഡസ്സിന്റെ നാടകത്തിൽ ജാസൺ മീഡിയയെ ഉപേക്ഷിച്ച് പോകുമ്പോൾ കോരിന്തിലെ രാജാവായ ക്രെയോൻ ഗ്ലൗസെ വിവാഹം കഴിക്കാൻ ക്ഷണിച്ചു<ref>Glauce is known as Creusa in Seneca's Medea and in Propertius 2.16.30.</ref> .ഈ നാടകത്തിൽ മീഡിയ തന്റെ ഭർത്താവിനോടുള്ള പ്രതികാരം തന്റെ മക്കളെ കൊന്ന് തീർക്കുകയാണ്

അപ്പോല്ലോനിയുസ് ഓഫ് റോഡ്സ്ന്റെ മൂന്നാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടിലെ മികച്ച രചനയായ അർഗോനോട്ടിക്കയിൽ ജാസണും അർഗോനോട്ടുകളോടൊപ്പം മീഡിയയും അതിൽ പ്രാധാന്യം നല്കുന്നു.മിക്ക കഥകളിലും മീഡിയ ഒരു ആഭിചാരിണിയായി ചിത്രീകരിക്കുന്നു.ഹെകറ്റെ എന്ന ദുർമന്ത്രവാദിനിയെ പൂജിക്കുന്നവളായും മിക്കവയിലും ചിത്രീകരിക്കുന്നു.ജാസന്റേയും മീഡിയയുടെയും ഐതിഹ്യം വളരെ പഴയതാണ്.ഹെസോയിഡ് കാലത്തിൽ തിയോഗോണിയിലാൺ ഇതിന്റെ ശരിക്കുള്ള ആദ്യ രചന നടന്നത്.ഇതാണ് ലിറ്റിൽ ഇലിയാഡ് എന്നറിയപ്പെടുന്നത് എപ്പിക് സൈക്കിളിന്റെ ഒരു ഭാഗം
.

 സാഹിത്യം

പ്രാഥമിക സ്രോതസ്സുകൾ
Cicero - in the court case Pro Caelio, the name Medea is mentioned at least five times, as a way to make fun of Clodia, sister of P. Clodius Pulcher, the man who exiled Cicero.
Ovid
 Heroides XII Metamorphoses VII, 1-450 Tristia iii.9
Euripides, Medea  Neophron, Medea (fragments from the play)
Hyginus, Fabulae 21-26
 Pindar, Pythian Odes, IV
Seneca: Medea (tragedy)Bibliotheca I, 23-28
Apollonius Rhodius, ArgonauticaGaius Valerius Flaccus Argonautica (epic)
Herodotus, Histories VII.62i
Hesiod, Theogony 1000-2

 ദ്വിതിയ സ്രോതസ്സുകൾ
Jean Anouilh, MedeaJohn Gardner, Jason and MedeiaRobinson Jeffers, MedeaHans Henny Jahnn, MedeaPercival Everett, For Her Dark SkinMaxwell Anderson, The Wingless VictoryGeoffrey Chaucer The Legend of Good Women (1386)
Michael Wood, In Search of Myths & Heroes: Jason and the Golden FleeceChrysanthos Mentis Bostantzoglou (Bost), Medea (parody of Medea of Euripides)

 ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട സാഹിത്യങ്ങൾ
Robert Graves, Hercules, My Shipmate (novel by the English classicist, 1945)
Rachel Florence Roberts, The Medea Complex (Psychological Thriller, 2013. A fictional novel about insanity and inheritance, namely postnatal depression. The title is taken from the medical meaning of The Medea Complex, and describes the plot of the novel)
 Medea (Ovid's lost tragedy - two lines are extant)
Marina Carr, By the Bog of CatsA. R. Gurney, The Golden FleecePierre Corneille, Médée (tragedy, 1635)
Ernest Legouvé, Médée (1855)
William Morris Life and Death of Jason (epic poem, 1867)
Franz Grillparzer, Das goldene Vliess (The Golden Fleece) (play, 1822)
Dorothy M. Johnson, Witch Princess (novel, 1967)
Chico Buarque and Paulo Pontes, Gota d'Água (musical play set in 1970s Rio de Janeiro, based on Euripides, 1975)
Heiner Müller, Medeamaterial  and MedeaplayPercival Everett, For Her Dark Skin (novel, 1990)
H. M. Hoover, The Dawn Palace: The Story of Medea (novel, 1988)
Christa Wolf, Medea (a novel) (published in German 1993, translated to English 1998)
Cherríe Moraga, The Hungry Woman: A Mexican Medea (combines classical Greek myth Medea with Mexicana/o legend of La Llorona and Aztec myth of lunar deity Coyolxauhqui)
Cicero, Pro Caelio (political speech) Cicero refers to Clodia as hanc Palatinam Medeam, "this Medea of the Palatine"
Stuart Hill, Blade Of Fire (Character portrayed as based on Medea in this Young adult novel)
Rick Riordan, The Lost Hero;  Medea, having been resurrected by vengeful goddess Gaea (Mother Earth), runs a department store in Chicago.
Morgan St. Knight, Curse of Prometheus: a tale of Medea  Medea dwells in modern day Atlanta, and must fight one of the Olympian gods who has revived a deadly cult.
Kerry Greenwood, Medea: Book III in the Delphic Women Series (1997) a retelling of the Jason and the Argonauts epic, focusing on the Princess and Priestess, Medea of Colchis.
Dea Loher, Manhattan Medea (1999) in German; play set in modern-day Manhattan; Medea and Jason are living as illegal immigrants, until Jason marries the daughter of a rich businessman, abandoning Medea and their child; the play takes place on their wedding night.

സംഗീതം
Francesco Cavalli Giasone (opera, 1649)
Jean-Baptiste Lully Thésée (opera, 1674)
Louis-Nicholas Clerambault composed a cantata for soprano, violin and continuo, called Médée, and was first published in 1710.
Antonio Caldara "Medea in Corinto"  (cantata for alto, 2 violins and basso continuo, 1711)
Marc-Antoine Charpentier Médée (tragédie en musique,1693)
In George Frideric Handel's opera Teseo [Theseus], 1713, the central character is Medea.
Georg Anton Benda composed the melodrama Medea in 1775 on a text by Friedrich Wilhelm Gotter.
Luigi Cherubini composed the opera Médée in 1797 and it is Cherubini's best-known work, but better known by its Italian title, Medea. A lost aria, which Cherubini apparently smudged out in spite more than 200 years ago, was revealed by x-ray scans.
Simon Mayr composed his opera Medea in Corinto to a libretto of [iuseppe Felice Romano. It premiered in Naples in 1813.
Saverio Mercadante composed his opera Medea in 1851 to a libretto by Salvadore Cammarano.
Darius Milhaud composed the opera Médée in 1939 to a text by Madeleine Milhaud (his wife and cousin).
American composer Samuel Barber wrote his Medea ballet (later renamed The Cave of the Heart) in 1947 for Martha Graham and derived from that Medea's Meditation & Dance of Vengeance Op. 23a in 1955.  The musical Blast! uses an arrangement of Barber's Medea as their end to Act I.
Ray E. Luke's "Medea" won the 1979 Rockefeller Foundation/New England Conservatory Competition for Best New American Opera.
Jacob Druckman's 1980 orchestral work, Prism, is based on three different renderings of the Medea myth by Charpentier, Cavalli, and Cherubini. Each movement incorporates material and quotations from the music of Druckman's three predecessors. At the time of his death, Druckman was writing a large-scale grand opera on the Medea myth commissioned by the Metropolitan Opera.
Star of Indiana—the drum and bugle corps that Blast! formed out of—used Parados, Kantikos Agonias, and Dance of Vengeance in their 1993 production (with Bartók's Allegro from Music for Strings, Percussion and Celeste), between Kantikos and Vengeance.
 In 1993 Chamber Made produced an opera Medea composed by Gordon Kerry, with text by Justin Macdonnell after Seneca.
 Aribert Reimann Medea (opera after Franz Grillparzer, 2010)
Michael John LaChiusa scored "Marie Christine", a Broadway musical with heavy opera influence based on the story of Medea. The production premiered at the Vivian Beaumont Theater in December 1999 for a limited run under Lincoln Center Theater. LaChuisa's score and book were nominated for a Tony Award in 2000, as was a tour-de-force performance by six-time Tony winner Audra McDonald.
In 1991, the world premiere was held in the Teatro Arriaga, Bilbao of the opera Medea by Mikis Theodorakis.  This was the first in Theodorakis' trilogy of lyrical tragedies, the others being Electra and Antigone.
 Oscar Strasnoy's opera "Midea (2)", based on Irina Possamai's libretto, premiered in 2000 at Teatro Caio Melisso, Spoleto, Italy. Orpheus Opera Award.
 Rockettothesky medea 2008
 instrumental chamber music piece Medea by Dietmar Bonnen 2008
 Dutch progressive rock band Kayak, with the song Medea, on their 2008 release  Coming Up For Air Dutch one-man project Spinvis, with the song Medea, in his album Goochelaars & Geesten in 2007
 Vienna Teng, with the song My Medea on her 2004 album Warm Strangers.
 The Finnish melodic death metal band Insomnium has a song about her called Medeia on their album In the Halls of Awaiting, which was released in 2002.
 Greek Epic Metal band Battleroar has a song named "The Curse of Medea" in their 2014 album Blood of Legends.
 Mauro Lanza composed the music to Le Songe De Médée, a ballet choreographed by Angelin Prelijocaj for the Ballet de l'Opéra national de Paris and featured in the film La Danse.
 Alina Novikova (composer) and Daria Zholnerova, produced an opera Medea, based on Innokentiy Annenskiy, Evripid's translation. First performed in 2011, St. Petersburg, Russia
 Aribert Reimann's opera "Medea" premiered in 2011 at the Vienna State Opera directed by Marco Arturo Marelli with Marlis Petersen in the title role.
 The southern metal band The Showdown has a song called Medea - One Foot In Hell on their album Back Breaker, which was released in 2008.
 English National Opera produced a UK premier staging of Charpentier's opera Médée in 2013. Director, David McVicar, Médée, Sarah Connolly
 In 2014, Dutch symphonic/progressive metal band Ex Libris released their second album Medea. It is a concept album which tells the tragic story of Medea.
 Eleni Karaindrou's album Medea (2014, ECM), composition for lavta, ney, clarinets, violoncello, santouri, bendir, and choir

ചലച്ചിതവും ടെലിവിഷനും
In the 1963 film Jason and the Argonauts, Medea was portrayed by Nancy Kovack. Here she is a Temple Dancer who Jason saves after her ship sinks, causing her to help him.
In 1969, the Italian director Pier Paolo Pasolini directed a film adaptation of Medea featuring the opera singer Maria Callas in the title role.
In 1978, the film A Dream of Passion in which Melina Mercouri as an actress portraying Medea seeks out Ellen Burstyn, a mother who recently murdered her children.
In 1988, director Lars von Trier filmed his Medea for Danish television, using a pre-existing script by filmmaker Carl Theodor Dreyer. Cast included Udo Kier, Kirsten Olesen, Henning Jensen, and Mette Munk Plum.
In the 1992 film Highway to Hell, Medea was portrayed by Anne Meara.
In the 2000 Hallmark presentation Jason and the Argonauts, Medea was portrayed by Jolene Blalock.
In the 2002 biopic of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo, Frida, Diego Rivera's previous wife Lupe Marín (played by Valeria Golino) and Frida Kahlo (played by Salma Hayek) talk of Lupe's response to Diego's infidelity. In response, Frida points a knife in a non-threatening gesture at Lupe, and calls her "Medea".
In the 2005 film L'enfer (Hell) a student Anne (Marie Gillain) takes a formal oral exam on the subject of Medea. Her words are spoken over images of her sister Sophie (Emmanuelle Béart) playing with her two children implying an analogy.
In the 2004 visual novel as well as the anime adaptations of Fate/Stay Night, Medea appears as a relatively major character under the title of Caster.
In 2005, director Theo van Gogh created 6-part miniseries, moving Medea to Dutch politics.
In 2007, director Tonino De Bernardi filmed a modern version of the myth, set in Paris and starring Isabelle Huppert as Medea, called Médée Miracle. The character of Medea lives in Paris with Jason, who leaves her.
In 2009, Medea was shot by director Natalia Kuznetsova. Film was created by the tragedy of Seneca in a new-for-cinema genre of Rhythmodrama, in which the main basis of acting and atmosphere is music written before shooting.
In the 2013 television series Atlantis, Medea is portrayed by Scottish actress Amy Manson.
In the 2015 television series "Olympus", Medea is portrayed by actress Sonita Henry.

അവലംബം

Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921.
 Clauss, J. J. and S. I. Johnston (eds), Medea: Essays on Medea in Myth, Literature, Philosophy and Art. (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1997). ISBN 9780691043760.
 McDermott, Emily, Euripides' Medea: The Incarnation of Disorder. (University Park, PA, Penn State University Press, 1985). ISBN 9780271006475.
 Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. London (1873). "Medeia or Medea"
 Wygant, Amy, Medea, Magic, and Modernity in France: Stages and Histories, 1553-1797''. (Aldershot, Ashgate, 2007). ISBN 9780754659242.

പുറത്തേക്കുള്ള കണ്ണികൾ

ഗ്രീക്ക് പുരാണകഥാപാത്രങ്ങൾ

മീഡിയ


Dame blanche (French, "white lady") is the name used in Belgium and the Netherlands for a sweet dessert consisting of vanilla ice cream with whipped cream, and warm molten chocolate. In Germany and in Switzerland, the same type of dessert is known as a Coupe Dänemark. The dessert is similar to the American sundae. The original dish that was created by Auguste Escoffier actually consisted of almond milk ice cream, poached peach, lemon sorbet and white currants.

References

Belgian cuisine
Ice cream

Dame blanche (dessert)


Gary John Anderson  (born 18 September 1967) is a former track and road cyclist from New Zealand who won an Olympic bronze medal and three Commonwealth Games gold medals.

Cycling career
Anderson attended four Olympics.  He finished third in the 4000m pursuit at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona, Spain, and achieved the following placings at his other games:

1988 Seoul (4000m Ind. Pursuit): 7th
1996 Atlanta (4000m Ind. Pursuit): 13th
2000 Sydney (4000m Ind. Pursuit): 6th

Anderson won eight medals at the Commonwealth Games, including three golds at the 1990 Commonwealth Games in Auckland.

In the 1990 Queen's Birthday Honours, Anderson was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for services to cycling. He was also awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal.

Anderson raced with a heart defect which could make his heart race under stress.  He was in top form prior to the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur but was injured in a crash and instead commentated for Television New Zealand. After returning for his final Games in Sydney he turned to coaching and managing.

Personal life
In 1999 while at the New Zealand National track cycling championships, Anderson was involved in an altercation with a member of the Ulysses Motorcycle Club. This resulted in an inquiry by Cycling New Zealand into the matter.

References

External links

1967 births
Living people
English emigrants to New Zealand
New Zealand male cyclists
Olympic bronze medalists for New Zealand
Cyclists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists for New Zealand
Cyclists from Greater London
Cyclists from Auckland
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for New Zealand
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for New Zealand
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for New Zealand
Cyclists at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Cyclists at the 1990 Commonwealth Games
Olympic medalists in cycling
New Zealand Members of the Order of the British Empire
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games medallists in cycling
New Zealand track cyclists
Medallists at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1990 Commonwealth Games

Gary Anderson (cyclist)


Sarla Thukral (8 August 1914 – 15 March 2008) was among the first Indian women to fly aircraft.

Early life and marriage
Born in 1914, she earned an aviation pilot license in 1936 at the age of 21 and flew a Gypsy Moth solo. After obtaining the initial license, she persevered and completed one thousand hours of flying in the aircraft owned by the Lahore Flying Club. Her husband, P. D. Sharma, whom she married at 16 and who came from a family which had nine pilots, encouraged her.

Aviation career
While P.D Sharma had been the first Indian to get his airmail pilot's license, flying between Karachi and Lahore, his wife was among the first women in India (Mrs Imtiaz Ali received an A license in June 1936, but Urmila Parikh was the first woman of Indian nationality to get a license in 1932. Sylla and Rodabeh Tata, sisters of J.R.D. Tata got licenses earlier but the Tatas were of British nationality. Sylla Petit née Tata was technically the first woman in British India to obtain a license, Certificate No. 11, May 1929.) to attain her "A" license, when she accumulated more than 1,000 hours of flying.

Tragically, Sharma died in an airplane crash in 1939. After some time, Sarla tried to apply to train for her commercial pilot license, but World War II had begun and civil training was suspended. With a child to raise, and needing to earn her livelihood, Sarla abandoned her plans to become a commercial pilot, returning to Lahore and attending the Mayo School of Art where she trained in the Bengal school of painting, obtaining a diploma in fine arts.

Personal life and death
Thukral was a dedicated follower of the Arya Samaj, a spiritual community dedicated to following the teachings of the Vedas. Within this community, remarriage was a possibility for Thakral. After the Partition of India, she moved to Delhi with her two daughters, where she met R. P. Thakral and married him in 1948.

Thukral, also known as Mati, became a successful businesswoman, painter and began designing clothes and costume jewellery. She died in 2008.

In popular culture
On 8 August 2021, Google honoured Thukral with a Google Doodle on her birth anniversary.

References

1914 births
2008 deaths
People from New Delhi
Arya Samajis
Indian aviators
Aviation pioneers

Sarla Thukral


Arnold Koller (;  born 29 August 1933) is a Swiss professor and politician. He served as a member of the Federal Council (Switzerland) from 1987 to 1999 for the Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP). Koller previously served as a member of the National Council (Switzerland) from 1971 to 1986. He did also serve two terms of the as President of the Swiss Confederation in 1990 and 1997. He is primarily known for Lex Koller, a Swiss Federal Act on Acquisitions of Real Estate by Persons Abroad, which he initiated.

Early life and education
Koller was born 29 August 1933 in St. Gallen, Switzerland, the oldest of five children, to Alois Arnold Koller and Genoveva (née Brülisauer). His father was an organist and elementary school teacher while his mother was a homemaker. He attended schools in Appenzell. Until 1957, Koller studied Economics in St. Gallen and then until 1959 Jurisprudence at the University of Fribourg and the University of California, Berkeley. He received a Licentiate degree in both majors. He received his PhD from the University of Fribourg 1966 respectively 1971.

Career
In 1960, Koller was admitted to the Bar of Appenzell Innerrhoden. He initially worked as a counsel in the legal department of PTT and from 1964 to 1966 in the Secretary of the Swiss Cartel Commission. Since completing his doctorate he has worked as university professor and lecturer for Economics and Jurisprudence.

Politics
He was elected to the Federal Council of Switzerland on 10 December 1986 as a member of the Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland from the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden. He handed over office on 30 April 1999.

Arnold Koller was Chairman of the Board of the Second International Conference on Federalism held in St. Gallen in 2002, and of the Forum of Federations from 2006 to 2010. This is an international organisation designed to help develop best practices in countries around the world with federal and devolved systems of government. With Raoul Blindenbacher he is the editor of the book "Federalism in a Changing World" published at McGill-Queens University Press, Montreal 2003.

During his time in office he held the following departments:
Federal Military Department (1987–1988)
Federal Department of Justice and Police (1989)
Federal Military Department (1989)
Federal Department of Justice and Police (1990–1999)
He was President of the Confederation twice in 1990 and 1997.

Personal life
In 1972, he married Erica Brander, then a flight attendant for Swissair. They have two daughers.

Koller became an honorary citizen of Gossau in 2011.

Works
Blindenbacher, R. and Koller, A. (eds): Federalism in a Changing World – Learning from Each Other. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 2003

See also
 Lex Koller

References

External links

1933 births
Living people
People from Appenzell Innerrhoden
Swiss Roman Catholics
Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland politicians
Members of the Federal Council (Switzerland)
Members of the National Council (Switzerland)
Presidents of the National Council (Switzerland)
University of St. Gallen alumni
Academic staff of the University of St. Gallen

Arnold Koller


Oliver John Whitley (1912 – 2005), son of J. H. Whitley, was a broadcasting administrator who worked for most of his life for the BBC.

Early life and education
Born 12 February 1912 in Halifax, Yorkshire, the third child and second son of John Henry Whitley and his wife Margherita. Like his father, Oliver was a boarder in Wiseman's House, Clifton College where he was resident between 1925 and 1930. He read history and law at New College, Oxford and qualified as a barrister. He married Elspeth Catherine Forrester-Paton in May 1939; the couple had four sons and one daughter.

Career
Oliver joined the BBC in 1935 and, at the outbreak of World War II moved to the Monitoring Service at Wood Norton monitoring Nazi broadcasts. He resigned in 1941 following a dispute over the proposal to move the unit to Caversham Park.

He enlisted with the RVNR, serving in Europe including the Dieppe raid and the Normandy landings and the Far East in the Malaya landings and liberation of Singapore.

On demobilisation in 1946, he rejoined and remained with the BBC until his retirement. He had a long and influential career, much of which was with the External Services

Later life
He retired in 1972, with his wife, to Oban. He died on 22 March 2005 in Benderloch, Argyll, at the age of 93.

References

1912 births
People from Halifax, West Yorkshire
People educated at Clifton College
2005 deaths

Oliver John Whitley


Richard Samuel Jackson (born July 22, 1941), nicknamed "Tombstone", is an American former professional football player who was a defensive end and a linebacker in the American Football League (AFL) and National Football League (NFL). He played college football for Southern University. Jackson played for the AFL's Oakland Raiders in 1966 and Denver Broncos from 1967 through 1969, remaining with the Broncos in 1970 through 1971 after their post-merger transition to the NFL, and the Cleveland Browns in 1972. Jackson was named an  All-Pro in 1969 and 1970.

Early years and college career
Jackson was born in New Orleans, Louisiana on July 22, 1941. He grew up in a rough area in Algiers, New Orleans and attended L.B. Landry High School where he played football for legendary coach Felix James. He showed outstanding skills and determination as a 210-pound defensive end and also ended up running track when one of the school's sprinters beat him in a 100-yard foot race. He spent the entire school year working on his speed. When track season came around, Jackson bested that sprinter in a rematch and earned a spot on the track team. He threw the discus, javelin and shot, as well as anchoring relay teams and running the 220-yard dash.

Upon graduating from Landry, Jackson enrolled at Southern University in nearby Baton Rouge. In college, he was a standout end on both sides of the ball, lettered in track and also won the NAIA Shot-Put competition in 1962. His 58'1" heave in 1964 is still a Louisiana collegiate record.

Pro career

Oakland Raiders
After college, Jackson went undrafted and signed with the AFL Oakland Raiders as a free agent in 1965 and he played five games at Linebacker in 1966 for Oakland. The Broncos acquired him at the beginning of training camp in 1967 when Broncos head coach Lou Saban sent All-Pro wide receiver Lionel Taylor and another player to the Raiders in exchange for Jackson and two other players.

Denver Broncos
The Broncos switched him to defensive end and Jackson showed the quickness that was to become his trademark in professional football. He played for the AFL Denver Broncos from 1967 through 1969, with 10 sacks in '68 and a career high 11 in '69. Jackson racked up another 10 Sacks in 1970 as the AFL and NFL merged. Jackson was the first Bronco to be named to the All-NFL first team in 1970 and was a starter in the Pro Bowl that year. By all reckoning, he started 52 of 67 games in 5.5 years with the Broncos from 1967-72.

During his time in the NFL, Jackson's nickname was "Tombstone," and he became famous for moves such as the "head slap" and the "halo spinner" which he used to subdue opposing offensive linemen. In Lyle Alzado's book "Mile High" he recalled Jackson as the toughest man he'd ever met, and told the story of Jackson breaking the helmet of Green Bay Packers offensive tackle Bill Hayhoe with a head slap.

Jackson recorded 10 sacks in both 1968 and 1970 and posted a career-high total of 11 in 1969. He was named 1st Team All-AFL by the AP, Pro Football Weekly, and UPI at the conclusion of the 1968 season and by the AP, NEA, New York Daily News, Pro Football Weekly, The Sporting News, and UPI at the end of the 1969 season. He was also a unanimous 1st Team All-NFL choice in 1970.

Legacy
Jackson's career was cut short by a severe knee injury midway through the 1971 season. He finished with an unofficial total of 43 sacks, 31 of which came during the three-season period of 1968 to 1970. Despite the shortened career, Sports Illustrated's football expert, Paul Zimmerman, said that Tombstone Jackson was perhaps the finest overall defensive end and pass rusher he ever saw, a surefire Hall of Famer if he would have had a longer playing career, in a bigger media market.

Jackson wore number 87 with the Broncos and was part of the inaugural class of inductees into the Denver Broncos' "Ring of Fame". He was inducted in 1984 along with safety Goose Gonsoulin, running back Floyd Little, and wide receiver Lionel Taylor. He was voted to the Colorado Sports Hall of Fame in 1975.

In 2015, the Professional Football Researchers Association named Jackson to the PRFA Hall of Very Good Class of 2015.

See also
 List of American Football League players

References

1941 births
Living people
American football defensive ends
American football linebackers
Cleveland Browns players
Denver Broncos (AFL) players
Denver Broncos players
Oakland Raiders players
Southern Jaguars football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American Football League All-Star players
Players of American football from New Orleans
American Football League players

Rich Jackson


The Chiappa Rhino is a revolver. It fires bullets from the bottom of the cylinder. This is different from most other revolvers, which fire from the top of the cylinder. This allows the Rhino to shoot even powerful bullets, like the .357 Magnum, with little recoil. As a result, the Rhino also has high accuracy and high rate of fire.

The Rhino is named after the rhinoceros because it looks somewhat like a rhinoceros's head. Most models shoot the .357 Magnum (as well as the .38 Special), but there are also models that shoot the 9x19mm Parabellum or the S&W .40. Due to its futuristic look, it is often shown in science-fiction movies like the live-action Ghost in the Shell, Terminator: Dark Fate, and the remake of Total Recall.

References

Revolvers

Chiappa Rhino


Linux or GNU/Linux is a Unix-like operating system (or family of) for computers. The Linux kernel (the basis of the operating system) is free software, meaning people can use it, see how it works, change it, or share it.

There is a lot of software for Linux and—like Linux itself—a lot of the software for Linux is free software.

The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel that Linus Torvalds developed, at first alone. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short). Distributions also include supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project.

Popular Linux distributions include Debian, Fedora, and Ubuntu. Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SuSE Linux Enterprise Server. Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland, and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma. Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether, and include a solution stack such as LAMP. Anyone may create a distribution for any purpose.

Linux was originally developed for personal computers.   Linux is the leading operating system (OS) on servers  such as mainframe computers, and the only OS used on supercomputers (at least on the TOP500 list, since November 2017). It is used by around 2.3% of desktop computers. The Chromebook, which runs Chrome OS based on the Linux kernel, dominates the US K–12 education market and represents nearly 20% of sub-$300 notebook sales in the U.S.

Linux also runs on embedded systems, which are devices whose operating system is typically built into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system; this includes mobile phones (especially smartphones), tablet computers, network routers, facility automation controls, televisions, digital video recorders, video game consoles and smartwatches. In fact, the Android operating system, a mobile operating system built on top of the Linux kernel, has the largest installed base of all general-purpose operating systems. In March 2017, it was reported that there were more users on Android than on Microsoft Windows, which is not based on Linux.

Linux is an example of free and open-source software collaboration. The source code may be used, modified and distributed—commercially or non-commercially—by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the GNU General Public License.

How Linux was made
In the 1980s, many people liked to use an operating system called Unix. But because it restricted the user from sharing and improving the system, some people made a new operating system that would work like Unix but which anybody could share or improve. MINIX, similar to Unix, was used as a teaching tool for university students to learn how operating systems worked. MINIX also restricted its sharing and improvement by its users.

A group of people called the GNU Project wrote different parts of a new operating system called G.N.U., but it did not have all the parts an operating system needs to work. In 1991 Linus Torvalds began to work on a replacement for MINIX that would be free to use, and which would not cost anything. Linus started the project when he was attending the University of Helsinki. This eventually became the Linux kernel.

Linus Torvalds shared the Linux kernel on some internet groups for MINIX users. Linus first called the operating system "Freax". The name Freax came from joining up the English words "free" and "freak", and adding an X to the name because Unix has an X in its name. Ari Lemmke, who worked with Linus at the university, was responsible for the servers that Freax was stored on. Ari did not think Freax was a good name, so he called the project "Linux" without asking Linus. Later, Linus agreed that Linux was a better name for his project.

Linux relied on software code from MINIX at first. But, with code from the G.N.U. system available for free, he decided it would be good for Linux if it could use that code, instead of code from MINIX, because MINIX did not let people share or change it how they wanted. The G.N.U. General Public License is a software license that lets people change any part of the code they want to, as long as they share any changes they make with the people they give their software to and allow them to redistribute it for free or for a price . The software from G.N.U. was all licensed under the G.N.U. General Public License, so Linus and the other people who worked on Linux could use it.

To make the Linux kernel suitable for use with the code from the G.N.U. Project, Linus Torvalds started a switch from his original license (which did not allow people to sell it) to the G.N.U. GPL. Linux and G.N.U. developers worked together to integrate G.N.U. code with Linux to make a free operating system.

Since 1991, thousands of programmers and companies have worked on Linux, including Google.

Tux the penguin

The mascot of Linux is a cartoon penguin named "Tux". When a person sees the penguin on software and hardware, it means that it will work with Linux, and sometimes all systems that are like Unix.

The idea of the penguin came from the creator of Linux, Linus Torvalds. The image was made by a man named Larry Ewing in a competition to create a logo. The image, Tux, did not win, but it was picked as a mascot later.

Tux has now become a symbol for Linux, and sometimes even for open source. He can be seen in many different places and often, when people refer to Linux, they often think about Tux. Tux has even been included in many video games, such as Super Tux (parody of Super Mario Bros.), Tux Racer (where players race Tux down an icy hill) and Pingus (like Lemmings).

Uses

Desktop use
Although there are only a few Linux versions for some Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows programs in areas like desktop publishing and professional audio and video there are programs that are comparatively similar in quality compared to those available for Mac and Windows.

Many free software programs that are popular on Windows, such as Pidgin, Mozilla Firefox, LibreOffice, Chromium, VLC and GIMP, are available for Linux. A growing amount of proprietary desktop software can also be used under Linux, such as Steam, Spotify and Skype. CrossOver is a proprietary solution based on the open source Wine project that supports running Windows applications such as Microsoft Office and Adobe Photoshop under Linux.

Servers and supercomputers

Linux has mainly been used as a server operating system, and has risen to be known by a lot of people in that area; Netcraft reported in February 2008 that five of the ten best internet hosting companies run Linux on their web servers. This is because of its stability and uptime, and the fact that desktop software with a graphical user interface for servers is often unneeded.

Linux is commonly used as an operating system for supercomputers. As of November 2017, all of the top 500 fastest supercomputers run Linux.

Pronunciation
In 1992, Torvalds explained how he pronounces the word Linux:

Torvalds has made available an audio sample which indicates his own pronunciation, in English and Swedish.

Some English speakers pronounce the name as lee-narks or lee-nix or lie-nix. According to Torvalds, that is incorrect pronunciation.

Code size
A 2001 study of Red Hat Linux 7.1 found this distribution had 30 million lines of code. The study showed that Red Hat 7.1 required about 8,000 years of time to develop. The study also said that if all this software had been made by proprietary means, it would have cost about $1.08 billion to make in the United States. As of March 7, 2011, Linux kernel would cost about $3 billion.

Version 3.10 of the Linux kernel, released in June 2013, has 15 million lines of code, while the version 4.1, released in June 2015, has grown to over 19.5 million lines of code by almost 14,000 programmers.

Most of the code (around 71%) was written in the C programming language, and many other languages were used, including C++, assembly language, Perl, Python, Fortran, and various shell scripting languages. A little more than half of all lines of code were licensed under the GPL.

Different Linux versions

People can download Linux from a website on the internet or buy it from a store. Sometimes books and magazines about Linux have a CD. or DVD. with Linux on it. Any certain version of Linux is called a "distribution", or "distro". A Linux version has the Linux kernel, G.N.U. software, and some extra programs that might not be a part of G.N.U. Different versions include different extra programs. The versions used by the most people include:

 Linux Mint
 Ubuntu
 Arch Linux
 CentOS
 Debian
 Fedora
 Gentoo
 Slackware
 openSUSE
 Mageia

People might pay some money for a version, so they can have a CD-ROM or DVD and to help the company to make their versions better. Usually when someone pays, it is so the company will help the user after they install it, which is called "support".

Software for Linux includes:

 The Kernel and the Shell.
 Apache allows users to run their own website.
 KDE and GNOME are desktop environments.
 LibreOffice is for office work.
 Mozilla Firefox is a web browser.
 GIMP, Inkscape and Blender help people work with pictures.
 Games such as Tux Racer.
 The GCC compiler.

Licensing, trademark, and naming
The Linux kernel and most GNU software are licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL). The GPL requires that anyone who distributes the Linux kernel must make the source code (and any modifications) available to the recipient under the same terms. In 1997, Linus Torvalds said, "Making Linux GPL'd was definitely the best thing I ever did". Other key components of a Linux system may use other licenses; many libraries use the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), a type of the GPL that is less restricted, and the X Window System uses the MIT License. "Linux" is a trademark of Linus Torvalds.

Related pages
 List of Linux distributions

Notes

References

Linux
Free software

Linux


John Walter "Bill" Fitsell (July 25, 1923December 3, 2020) was a Canadian journalist, writer and historian. He was a columnist for The Kingston Whig-Standard from 1961 to 1993, and was the founding president of the Society for International Hockey Research in 1991. He was involved with the International Hockey Hall of Fame from 1969 to 2005, serving as its curator and historian. He published five books during his career including four on the history of ice hockey, and helped organize the Historic Hockey Series to commemorate early ice hockey games played in Kingston, Ontario. He was inducted into both the Kingston and District Sports Hall of Fame and the Lindsay District Sports Hall of Fame, and received the 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal.

Early life

John Walter Fitsell was born on July 25, 1923, in Barrie, Ontario, and moved with his family to Lindsay in 1927. He had three siblings, his father John Charles Fitsell was a baker, and his mother Beatrice Exell was a homemaker. The family home where he grew up included a large lot upon which an ice hockey rink was constructed each winter, where he and his friends played as youths.

Fitsell was a lifelong fan of the Toronto Maple Leafs and stated his favourite player was Charlie Conacher, since they both played as a right winger. The Maple Leafs played an exhibition game in Lindsay in 1935, and Fitsell introduced himself and his friends to the players as they exited the team's bus before the game. In the 1930s, Fitsell began a lifelong hobby of a scrapbook containing newspaper articles, photographs and other memorabilia related to the Maple Leafs. He attended his first National Hockey League game on January 18, 1936, watching the Maple Leafs play the Boston Bruins at Maple Leaf Gardens.

Fitsell attended high school at Lindsay Collegiate and Vocational Institute. At age 17, he joined the Navy Cadets and departed for Victoria, British Columbia. He later joined the Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve in 1942. He played hockey while stationed in Halifax with the navy during World War II. He initially served aboard HMCS St. Francis, then was transferred to HMCS Outremont. He was a ship's writer and assisted the captains with correspondence and paying the crews. During the Normandy landings in 1944, Outremont protected the western end of the English Channel from enemy submarines. He courted Barbara Robson on Cape Breton Island after the war, and they married in 1945. He was discharged from naval service in 1946 and they settled in Lindsay.

Journalist and historian

Fitsell began his journalism career with The Lindsay Post in 1946, and then worked for the Lindsay Watchman Warder, the Woodstock Sentinel-Review, the Port Perry Star, and the Ontario Churchman. He moved to writing for the Gananoque Reporter in 1952. He joined The Kingston Whig-Standard in 1961 as the Gananoque Bureau Chief, then became the district editor. He began writing the column "People" in 1978. He worked full-time until 1988, then as a part-time contributor until 1993.

From the early 1950s, Fitsell was involved in the community as a minor ice hockey coach and convenor in Gananoque and Kingston, Ontario. In March 1961, Fitsell attended a game in Gananoque where a 13-year-old Bobby Orr was discovered by scouts from the Boston Bruins while playing on a team from Parry Sound during the provincial playoffs.

Fitsell was involved with the International Hockey Hall of Fame from 1969 to 2005, as its secretary, curator, vice-president, president and then historian. He was a driving force behind the Historic Hockey Series, an annual re-enactment by teams from Queen's University at Kingston, the Royal Military College of Canada, and the Royal Canadian Horse Artillery, to commemorate early games played on natural ice in the Kingston harbour during the 1880s. He also helped organize the annual Carr-Harris Cup competition,  between the Royal Military College of Canada and the United States Military Academy.

Fitsell joined the Kingston Historical Society in 1977, was its vice-president in the early 1990s, and then became its president in January 1994. He was the founding president of the Society for International Hockey Research in 1991, was a regular contributor to the Hockey Research Journal and editor of the society's newsletter. The initial research group for the society began with 17 members in May 1991, and grew to include 500 members globally as of October 2020.

Publications

Fitsell wrote five books during his career, including a biography of Captain James T. Sutherland and the effort to establish the Hockey Hall of Fame in Kingston.

Personal life
Fitsell and his wife were married for 75 years and had five daughters. They resided in Kingston for more than fifty years. According to Fitsell's daughter, he did not have a car nor a driver's license until after aged 40, since he was scared of driving due to reporting on accidents for many years.

Fitsell was a member of the Royal Canadian Legion Branch 9, the Royal Canadian Horse Artillery Brigade Association, and the Kingston Jazz Society. His other interests included serving on the Kingston Buskers' Committee, the Kingston Heritage Tattoo Society, and the Queen's University Archives Committee.

Fitsell was hospitalized in October 2020, and died at the Kingston General Hospital on December 3, 2020.

Honours and legacy
Fitsell received an honour award from the Ontario Minor Hockey Association in 1967 for distinguished service, and the 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal in 1993. He was inducted into the Lindsay District Sports Hall of Fame in 1995. He was made a Paul Harris Fellow by the Rotary Club in 2005, and was given the Brian McFarlane Award in 2006 from the Society for International Hockey Research in recognition of his research and writing. Fitsell was inducted into the builder category of the Kingston and District Sports Hall of Fame in 2009. The archives of Queen's University at Kingston keeps fonds of Fitsell's historical collections, research and writing on ice hockey.

References

1923 births
2020 deaths
20th-century Canadian historians
20th-century Canadian journalists
20th-century Canadian male writers
20th-century Canadian non-fiction writers
21st-century Canadian historians
21st-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian non-fiction writers
Canadian male journalists
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Canadian military personnel from Ontario
Canadian sportswriters
Directors of museums in Canada
Journalists from Ontario
Royal Canadian Navy personnel of World War II
Sportspeople from Barrie
Sportspeople from Kawartha Lakes
Sportspeople from Kingston, Ontario
Writers from Kingston, Ontario
Writers from Simcoe County

Bill Fitsell


Linwood Wray Carlton (born June 18, 1937) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in both Canada and the United States. He played college football for the Duke Blue Devils.

Unable to come to terms with the Philadelphia Eagles, who had selected him in the 1959 NFL Draft, Carlton traveled to Toronto and the Canadian Football League (CFL) to play for the Argonauts.  His Canadian career lasted only four games before he declined a trade to Vancouver, British Columbia, and went home. But another league and another opportunity was in his future.

In his early years with the Buffalo Bills of the American Football League (AFL), Carlton formed a virtually unstoppable backfield tandem, first with Elbert "Golden Wheels" Dubenion, then with Carlton Chester "Cookie" Gilchrist.

On September 18, 1960, in Buffalo's home opener, a 27–21 loss to the Denver Broncos, Carlton made history in the second quarter when he scored the team's first touchdown on a one-yard run. Carlton gained 1,010 yards from scrimmage (533 rushing and 477 receiving) and 11 touchdowns in the Bills first season.

Carlton briefly retired following the 1963 season, but re-signed with the Bills in July 1964.

Later he helped the Bills win back-to-back league championships in 1964 and 1965.  Perennially among the AFL's top rushers, he led the league in rushing touchdowns in 1965 and was voted to the American Football League Eastern Division All-Star team in 1965 and 1966.   Carlton was the Bills' all-time leading rusher during their AFL years, with a 4.1 yards per carry average. He was cut from the team in the 1968 preseason; he, along with Dubenion (who finished the 1968 season then retired), were the last players from the Bills' inaugural season still on the roster.

Carlton was inducted into The Greater Wilmington Sports Hall of Fame in 2008 and the North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame in 2012.

See also
 List of American Football League players

References

1937 births
Living people
American football running backs
American players of Canadian football
Canadian football running backs
Buffalo Bills players
Duke Blue Devils football players
Toronto Argonauts players
American Football League All-Star players
People from Wallace, North Carolina
Players of American football from North Carolina

Wray Carlton