In computing, a discriminator is a field of characters designed to separate a certain element from others of the same identifier. As an example, suppose that a program must save two unique objects to memory, both of whose identifiers happen to be . To ensure the two objects are not conflated, the program may assign discriminators to the objects in the form of numbers; thus,  and  distinguish both objects named .

This has been adopted by programming languages as well as digital platforms for instant messaging and massively multiplayer online games.

In instant messaging
A discriminator is used to disambiguate a user from other users who wish to identify under the same username.

Discord
On Discord, a discriminator is a four-digit suffix added to the end of a username. This allowed for up to 10000 user accounts to take the same name.

Transition away from discriminators
In 2023, co-founder Stanislav Vishnevskiy wrote on a company blog post about the technical debt caused by the discriminator system, stating that the system resulted in nearly half of the company's friend requests failing to connect. The platform implemented discriminators in the early days of the service, he wrote. When the platform was initially introduced, the software developers' priority was to let its users take any username they want without receiving a "your desired username is taken" error. Discord had no friend system at first, thus letting people take names in different letter cases, making usernames case-sensitive.

Discord also introduced a global display name system, wherein a user may input a default nickname to be shown on top of the messages they sent in lieu of their platformwide username, Vishnevskiy touted on Reddit.

The platform created a transition process to a system of pseudonyms wherein all new usernames would be case-insensitive lowercase and limited to the ASCII characters of A–Z, 0–9, the full stop and the underscore. The transition would happen over the course of months, with the accounts that were registered the oldest, and paid subscribers, receiving the opportunity to reserve their name earlier.

This change was criticized online for being a step backward, as users could be a risk of being impersonated. A notable indie game studio noted that it could no longer claim its own name on the platform. Discord pointed to its processes for users with high visibility and longstanding business relationships with the company for reserving a username under the new system. The old discriminator-oriented system also mitigated the rush to get unique usernames for sale on the black market, leading to swatting and online harassment.

In digital distribution
Battle.net implements a suffix of four-digit numbers to its usernames.

In computer data storage

Common Object Request Broker Architecture
A discriminator is a typed tag field present in the Common Object Request Broker Architecture, the interface description language of the Object Management Group. It exists as type and value definitions of tagged unions that determine which union member is selected in the current union instance. This is done by introduction of the classic C switch construct as part of the classic C union. Unlike in some conventional programming languages offering support for unions, the discriminator in IDL is not identical to the selected field name. Here is an example of an IDL union type definition:

union Register switch (char)
{
    case 'a':
    case 'b': short AX;

    case 'c': long EAX;

    default:  octet AL;
};

The effective value of the Register type may contain AX as the selected field, but the discriminator value may be either 'a' or 'b' and is stored in memory separately. Therefore, IDL logically separates information about the currently selected field name and the union effective value from information about the current discriminator value. In the example above, the discriminator value may be any of the following: 'a', 'b', 'c', as well as all other characters belonging to the IDL char type, since the default branch specified in the example Register type allows the use of the remaining characters as well.

Other interface definition languages
The Microsoft Interface Definition Language also supports tagged unions, allowing to choose the discriminator via an attribute in an enclosing structure or function.

Alternatives
A friend code is a unique twelve-digit number that could be exchanged with friends and be used to maintain individual friend lists in each video game. Friend codes were generated from an identifier unique to a copy of a game and the universally unique identifier corresponding to that of a user's device.

References

Programming language topics

Discriminator


Pimba is a small settlement lying on the transcontinental railway line in the Australian state of South Australia. It lies at the junction of the Stuart Highway to Alice Springs and the road to Woomera, Roxby Downs and Andamooka. It is  from Adelaide. There is an iconic roadhouse, named "Spud's Roadhouse", which sells fuel and general shop items and meals and has accommodation.

Pimba was originally established as a construction camp for the transcontinental railway in the early 20th century and was retained as a railway siding.  It is reported as being surveyed as a township during the 1960s and was gazetted as a locality in August 2004 under the Geographical Names Act 1991 with creation of boundaries along with the retention of the "long established name".

Great Southern Rail's Indian Pacific (running between Sydney and Perth) and The Ghan (running between Adelaide, Alice Springs and Darwin, trains still pass Pimba Siding but do not stop; both trains pass the town twice a week in each direction.

Pimba is located within the federal division of Grey, the state electoral district of Giles and the Pastoral Unincorporated Area of South Australia. As of 2016, the community within Pimba received municipal services from a South Australian agency, the Outback Communities Authority.

References

Trans-Australian Railway
Far North (South Australia)
Places in the unincorporated areas of South Australia

Pimba, South Australia


Thomas R. Porter is an American cardiologist. He holds the Theodore F. Hubbard Distinguished Chair of Cardiology at the University of Nebraska Medical Center.

Porter obtained his Doctor of Medicine degree from the University of Nebraska Medical Center in 1984 and was a resident and fellow at the Medical College of Virginia. The Web of Science lists more than 100 publications in peer-reviewed medical journals, which have been cited over 4000 times, giving him an h-index of 34.

References

People from Nebraska
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Nebraska Medical Center alumni
Medical College of Virginia alumni
University of Nebraska Medical Center faculty

Thomas Porter (cardiologist)


Kevin Kelly (born 1952) is the founding executive editor of Wired magazine and a former editor and publisher of the Whole Earth Review. He has also been a writer, photographer, conservationist, and student of Asian and digital culture.

Life
Kelly was born in Pennsylvania in 1952, and graduated from Westfield High School, Westfield, New Jersey, in 1970. Through his father, an executive for Time who used systems analysis in his work, Kelly developed an early interest in cybernetics. He attended the University of Rhode Island for one year, studying geology.

Kelly has traveled extensively, backpacking in Asia. While travelling in the Middle East, he had a conversion experience and became a born-again Christian.  He was raised Catholic.

He lives in Pacifica, California, a small coastal town just south of San Francisco. He is married to the biochemist Gia-Miin Fuh and has three children: Kaileen, Ting, and Tywen.  He regrets not having a fourth child.

Among Kelly's personal involvements is a campaign to make a full inventory of all living species on earth, an effort also known as the Linnaean enterprise. He is also sequencing his genome and co-organizes the Bay Area Quantified Self Meetup Group.

Career
Kelly began contributing freelance articles to CoEvolution Quarterly in 1980, while living in Athens, Georgia. Around this time he was also editing his own start-up magazine called Walking Journal, and working in an epidemiology laboratory to support himself.

He was hired in 1983 by Whole Earth founder Stewart Brand to edit some of the later editions of the Whole Earth Catalog, the Whole Earth Review, and Signal. With Brand, Kelly helped found the WELL, an influential virtual community. As director of the Point Foundation, he co-sponsored the first Hackers Conference in 1984.

In 1992, Kelly was hired by Louis Rossetto to serve as executive editor of Wired, which was launched in March 1993. He brought to the magazine the cybernetic social vision of the Whole Earth publications and their networked style of editorial work, while also recruiting writers and editors from the WELL. He stepped down as executive editor in 1999; his current job title at Wired is Senior Maverick. Partially due to his reputation as Wired's editor, he is noted as a participant in and an observer of cyberculture.

Kelly's writing has appeared in many other national and international publications such as The New York Times, The Economist, Time, Harper's Magazine, Science, Veneer Magazine, GQ, and Esquire. His photographs have appeared in Life and other American national magazines.

As well as serving as editor on many publications, Kelly has written many novels surrounding his interest in cybernetics and all things tech. He is known for coining the term "The Technium," the accumulation of all technologies and inventions as a working, living system. Much of his work revolves around technology as a "living organism." He even refers to "The Technium" as the seventh kingdom of nature, that is self-organizing and autonomous. Kelly's book-length publication, Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World (1992), presents a view on the mechanisms of complex organization. The central theme of the book is that several fields of contemporary science and philosophy point in the same direction: intelligence is not organized in a centralized structure but much more like a bee-hive of small simple components. Kelly applies this view to bureaucratic organisations, intelligent computers, and to the human brain.

He helped found the All Species Foundation. He was a futurist adviser on the Steven Spielberg-directed movie Minority Report.

Kelly has a chapter giving advice in Tim Ferriss' book Tools of Titans.

Select works

Books
 Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems and the Economic World (Basic Books 1992, Fourth Estate, 1995)
 New Rules for the New Economy: 10 Radical Strategies for a Connected World (Penguin, 1999)
 "Photographers section: Kevin Kelly," pp. 106–111, in Lloyd Kahn, editor 2004 Home Work  (Shelter Publications, 2004)
 True Films (2006)
 "Forward: 1000 True Fans," pp. 3–8, in Be The Media, David Mathison, editor, (2009)
 What Technology Wants (2010)
 Cool Tools (2013) – Tool reviews collected from his weblog of the same name in large scale format similar to Whole Earth Catalog
 The Inevitable (2016)
 Vanishing Asia: Three Volume Set: West, Central and East  Photographs, text and design by Kevin Kelly (1084 pages) (2021)

Photography and art
 Asia Grace (2002)
 Bad Dreams (2003)
 Bicycle Haiku (1995)

Lectures
 Speculations on the Future of Science by Kevin Kelly. Lecture to Long Now Foundation, at Fort Mason in San Francisco. March 10, 2006.
 The Next Fifty Years of Science by Kevin Kelly. Google TechTalk, May 9, 2006. (47 minutes)
 How Technology Evolves by Kevin Kelly Talk at the TED Conference in Monterey, CA, February 2005. (21 minutes)
 The next 5000 days of the Web by Kevin Kelly  Talk at the EG 2007 Conference in Monterey, CA, December 2007.
 Technium Unbound by Kevin Kelly SALT Talk for The Long Now Foundation. November 12, 2014.
 Cool Tools at XOXO by Kevin Kelly Talk at XOXO Festival 2014, Portland, OR.

References

Works cited

External links

 Kelly's personal site
 Kevin Kelly's Blog, The Technium
 "How Computer Nerds Describe God". Kevin Kelly. Christianity Today. Dec. 2002.
 Kelly's Vision of the Future of Cinema
 Audio Kevin Kelly has a revelation.

 "How technology evolves" (TED2005)
 "The next 5,000 days of the web" (EG conference 2007)
 "Technology's epic story" (TEDxAmsterdam 2009)

1952 births
Living people
American male journalists
American non-fiction environmental writers
Businesspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area
People from Pacifica, California
People from Westfield, New Jersey
Whole Earth Catalog
Wired (magazine) people
Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area
Journalists from California
Activists from California
Futurologists
American futurologists
21st-century American non-fiction writers
Westfield High School (New Jersey) alumni
21st-century American male writers

Kevin Kelly (editor)


Gustavo Adolfo Dudamel Ramírez (born 26 January 1981) is a Venezuelan conductor and violinist.  He is currently music director of the Simón Bolívar Symphony Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, and the Paris Opera.  He is scheduled to become music director of the New York Philharmonic in 2026.

Early life
Dudamel was born in Barquisimeto, Venezuela, the son of a trombonist and a voice teacher.  He studied music from an early age. In 1986 he became involved with El Sistema, the famous Venezuelan social action music programme, initially learning the violin. He soon began to study composition. He attended the Jacinto Lara Conservatory, where José Luis Jiménez was among his violin teachers. He then went on to work with José Francisco del Castillo at the Latin-American Violin Academy.

Dudamel began to study conducting in 1995, first with Rodolfo Saglimbeni, then later with José Antonio Abreu. In 1999, he was appointed music director of the Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar, the national youth orchestra of Venezuela, and toured several countries. He attended Charles Dutoit's master class in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 2002, and worked as assistant conductor to Simon Rattle in Berlin, Germany and Salzburg, Austria in 2003.

Career

Conducting
Dudamel won a number of competitions, including the Gustav Mahler Conducting Competition in Germany in 2004.  His reputation began to spread, attracting the attention of conductors such as Simon Rattle and Claudio Abbado, who accepted invitations to conduct the Simón Bolívar Orchestra in Veneite. In April 2006 Dudamel was appointed as principal conductor of the Gothenburg Symphony for the 2007/2008 season.

Dudamel made his debut at La Scala, Milan, with Don Giovanni in November 2006. On 10 September 2007, he conducted the Vienna Philharmonic for the first time at the Lucerne Festival. On 16 April 2007 he conducted the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra at the Vatican's Paul VI Audience Hall in a concert in commemoration of the 80th birthday of Pope Benedict XVI, with Hilary Hahn as solo violinist, with the Pope and many other Church dignitaries among the audience.

In 2013, El Sistema arranged for Dudamel to conduct the Simon Bolivar Symphony Orchestra during the funeral of Hugo Chávez, which was attended by nearly two dozen heads of state.

In 2015, Dudamel conducted both the opening and end titles, at the request of John Williams, for the official motion picture soundtrack and film of Star Wars: The Force Awakens. At the 2016 Super Bowl, Dudamel and Youth Orchestra Los Angeles (YOLA) accompanied Coldplay and sang along with Chris Martin, Beyoncé, and Bruno Mars.

On 1 January 2017, Dudamel conducted the Vienna Philharmonic in the New Year's Day Concert, the youngest conductor to lead this event. In December 2018, he made his debut at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, conducting Verdi's Otello.

Dudamel served as the 2018–2019 artist-in-residence at Princeton University in New Jersey near New York, in celebration of Princeton University Concerts' 125th anniversary. This engagement included cross-disciplinary and cross-cultural panels & discussions, chamber concerts featuring musicians from his associated orchestras (the Met, in NYC; Los Angeles; and Berlin), and in April 2019, Dudamel conducted the Princeton University Orchestra and the Princeton University Glee Club as the culmination of his year-long residency.

Dudamel first guest-conducted at the Opéra national de Paris in 2017.  In April 2021, the Opéra National de Paris announced the appointment of Dudamel as its next music director, effective 1 August 2021, with an initial contract of six seasons.  In May 2023, Dudamel announced his resignation as music director of the Opéra National de Paris, effective August 2023.

Dudamel conducted the Simón Bolívar Symphony Orchestra during its appearance at the 2023 Edinburgh International Festival. It was the first time he had conducted the orchestra since 2017.

Los Angeles Philharmonic
Dudamel made his US conducting debut with the Los Angeles Philharmonic (LAP) at the Hollywood Bowl on 13 September 2005 in a program consisting of "La Noche de los Mayas" by Silvestre Revueltas and Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 5.  Dudamel was subsequently invited back to conduct the orchestra at Walt Disney Concert Hall in January 2007 in performances of "Dances of Galánta" by Zoltán Kodály, the third piano concerto of Sergei Rachmaninoff with Yefim Bronfman as soloist, and Béla Bartók's Concerto for Orchestra (the latter of which was recorded live and subsequently released by Deutsche Grammophon).

In April 2007, the LAP announced the appointment of Dudamel as its next music director, effective with the 2009–2010 season.  His initial contract in Los Angeles was for five years, beginning in September 2009.  In February 2011, the orchestra announced the extension of Dudamel's contract through the end of the 2018–2019 season.  In March 2015, the orchestra announced a further extension of his Los Angeles Philharmonic contract through the 2021–2022 season.  In January 2020, the LAP announced a further extension of his contract through the 2025–2026 season.  In February 2023, the LAP announced that Dudamel is to conclude his music directorship of the orchestra at the close of the 2025–2026 season.

New York Philharmonic
Dudamel first guest-conducted the New York Philharmonic in 2007.  Following 26 additional guest-conducting appearances with the orchestra, the New York Philharmonic announced the appointment of Dudamel as its next music director, the first Latin American named to the post, effective with the 2026–2027 season, with an initial contract of 5 years.

Awards and media
Dudamel is featured in the documentary film Tocar y Luchar, which covers El Sistema.  Dudamel and the Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar received the WQXR Gramophone Special Recognition Award in New York City in November 2007.  Another US television news feature on Dudamel was on 60 Minutes in February 2008, entitled "Gustavo the Great."

On 23 July 2009, Dudamel was selected by the Eighth Glenn Gould Prize laureate José Antonio Abreu as winner of the prestigious The City of Toronto Glenn Gould Protégé Prize.

Dudamel was named one of Time magazine's most influential 100 people in 2010.

Dudamel is featured in the 2011 documentary Let the Children Play, a film which focuses on his work advocating for music as a way to enrich children's lives.

Gramophone named Dudamel its 2011 Gramophone Artist of the Year. Also in 2011, he was inducted into the Royal Swedish Academy of Music. In February 2012, Dudamel won a Grammy Award for Best Orchestral Performance, for his recording of Brahms Symphony No. 4 for the label Deutsche Grammophon. In 2013, Dudamel was named Musical America's Musician of the Year and was inducted into the Gramophone Hall of Fame.  Dudamel received the Leonard Bernstein Lifetime Achievement Award for the Elevation of Music in Society from the Longy School in 2014 and the Americas Society Cultural Achievement Award in 2016.

The character of Rodrigo in Amazon's Mozart in the Jungle was based, in part, on Dudamel. In the first episode of the show's second season, in which Rodrigo appears as a guest conductor for the Los Angeles Philharmonic, Dudamel appears as a guest actor, playing the part of a stage manager.

In June 2018, Dudamel received Chile's Pablo Neruda Order of Artistic and Cultural Merit. Also in June, the Venezuelan American Endowment for the Arts (VAEA) awarded Dudamel the Paez Medal of Art 2018.

On 18 October 2018, Dudamel was announced as the 25th recipient of the Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize

Dudamel received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 22 January 2019.

At the 64th Annual Grammy Awards the Grammy Award for Best Choral Performance was given to the Dudamel-conducted 2019 recording of Mahler's Symphony No. 8.

In the summer of 2019, Dudamel conducted the orchestra during the recording sessions for Steven Spielberg's 2021 film adaptation of West Side Story.

Political views
Writing for an op-ed in the Los Angeles Times in 2015, he argued that taking sides in Venezuela's conflict could politicize El Sistema, which could be a threat to the institution, saying: "For those who think I've been silent too long, I say, don't mistake my lack of a political stance for a lack of compassion or ideals." After the killing of El Sistema violist Armando Cañizales during the 2017 Venezuelan protests, Dudamel condemned Nicolás Maduro's response to the demonstrations for the first time, writing in social media: "I raise my voice against violence and repression. Nothing can justify bloodshed. Enough of ignoring the just clamor of a people suffocated by an intolerable crisis."

In 2019, in a speech accepting his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, he said that it should belong to Venezuela, and that "tomorrow [23 Jan. 2019] is a crucial day [and] the voice of the masses must be heard and respected", referring to the planned national protest on that date and the Venezuelan presidential crisis. In 2022, he returned to Venezuela and reconnected with family and friends as well as students and teachers at El Sistema. Speaking about El Sistema, Dudamel said, "I have made it my personal mission not to rest until music is truly a fundamental human right for everyone. El Sistema has endured through seven different governments in Venezuela. It is not about politics. It is about the shared belief that art must be a part of the fabric of society". He considered that the political situation in the country had improved but that there were still problems that needed to be addressed, saying: "People have the desire to get out of this unrest — this political, ideological unrest — and really make things move forward" and that "There has been a change, but we need to keep working to make things better because they are still very difficult."

Personal life
Dudamel has been married twice. His first marriage, in 2006, was to Eloísa Maturén in Caracas. Maturén, also a Venezuelan native, is a classically trained ballet dancer  and a journalist. The two had a son, Martín Dudamel Maturén, on 1 April 2011.  In March 2015, Dudamel and Maturén filed papers for divorce. In February 2017, Dudamel secretly married Spanish actress María Valverde, whom he had first met in 2016, in Las Vegas, Nevada. He became a Spanish citizen in 2018.

Discography
2006
 Beethoven: Symphonies Nos. 5 & 7 [w/ the Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra of Venezuela] CD

2007
 Birthday Concert for Pope Benedict XVI [w/ Hilary Hahn & the Radio-Sinfonieorchester Stuttgart] DVD
 Mahler: Symphony No. 5 [w/ the Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra of Venezuela] CD
 Bartók: Concerto for Orchestra [w/ the Los Angeles Philharmonic] Digital Download only

2008
 The Promise of Music [w/ the Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra of Venezuela] DVD
 Fiesta [w/ the Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra of Venezuela] CD
 Berlioz: Symphonie Fantastique [w/ the Los Angeles Philharmonic] Digital Download only

2009
 Gustavo Dudamel and the Los Angeles Philharmonic: The Inaugural Concert  [w/ the Los Angeles Philharmonic] DVD; e-Video
 Mahler: Symphony No. 1 (From the Inaugural Concert) [w/ the Los Angeles Philharmonic] Digital Download only
 Discoveries [w/ the Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra of Venezuela] CD
 Live from Salzburg [w/ the Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra of Venezuela] DVD
 Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 5; Francesca da Rimini [w/ the Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra of Venezuela] CD
 Piotr Anderszewski: Voyageur intranquille; a film by Bruno Monsaingeon. Credited: with the artistic participation of Philharmonia Orchestra London – conducted by Gustavo Dudamel] Blu-ray

2010
 Celebración – Opening Night Concert & Gala [w/ Juan Diego Flórez and the Los Angeles Philharmonic] DVD; Digital Download
 John Adams: City Noir (From the Inaugural Concert)  [w/ the Los Angeles Philharmonic] Digital Download only
 Rite [w/ the Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra of Venezuela] CD

2011
 Sibelius: Symphony No. 2 – Nielsen: Symphonies Nos. 4 & 5 – Bruckner: Symphony No. 9 [w/ the Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra] CD
 Tchaikovsky & Shakespeare [w/ the Simón Bolívar Symphony Orchestra of Venezuela] CD
 New Year's Eve Concert 2010 [w/ Elīna Garanča and the Berliner Philharmoniker] DVD
 John Adams: Slonimsky's Earbox – Bernstein: Symphony No. 1 "Jeremiah" [w/ the Los Angeles Philharmonic] Digital Download only
 Brahms: Symphony No. 4 [w/ the Los Angeles Philharmonic] Digital Download only

2012
 An American in Paris [w/ the Los Angeles Philharmonic] e-Video only
 Dances and Waves [w/ the Vienna Philharmonic] CD; DVD; Digital Download
 Mendelssohn: Symphony No. 3 [w/ the Vienna Philharmonic] Vinyl only (LP)
 Beethoven: Symphony No. 3, "Eroica" [w/ the Simón Bolívar Symphony Orchestra of Venezuela] CD
 Discoveries [w/ Simón Bolívar Symphony Orchestra of Venezuela, Berliner Philharmoniker, Wiener Philharmoniker, Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra] CD+DVD; Digital Download
 Mahler: Symphony No. 8 [w/ Los Angeles Philharmonic and the Simón Bolívar Symphony Orchestra of Venezuela] DVD; Blu-ray; e-Video

2013
 Mahler: Symphony No. 9 [w/ Los Angeles Philharmonic] CD
 Verdi: Messa da Requiem [w/ Los Angeles Philharmonic and Los Angeles Master Chorale] Blu-ray
 Rachmaninov: Piano Concerto No. 3; Prokofiev: Piano Concerto No. 2 [w/ Yuja Wang, piano and Simon Bolivar Symphony Orchestra of Venezuela] CD
 Richard Strauss: Also Sprach Zarathustra; Till Eulenspiegels lustige Streiche; Don Juan [w/ Berliner Philarmoniker]

2014
 Mahler: Symphony No. 7. [w/ Símon Bolívar Symphony Orchestra of Venezuela] CD
 Gustavo Dudamel: The Liberator (Libertador); Original Soundtrack [w/ Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar de Venezuela] CD
 John Adams: The Gospel According to the Other Mary, a passion oratorio in two acts [w/ Los Angeles Philharmonic and Los Angeles Master Chrale] CD

2015
 Wagner [w/ Símon Bolívar Symphony Orchestra of Venezuela] Digital Download
 Philip Glass: Double Piano Concerto [w/ Katia and Marielle Labeque (Piano), Los Angeles Philharmonic] Only at iTunes
 John Williams: Star Wars: The Force Awakens. [Special guest conductor for four tacks] CD, DVD, Blu-ray, Digital Download

2017
 New Year Concert [w/ Vienna Philharmonic] CDs and Digital download.

2018
 The Nutcracker and the Four Realms original soundtrack CD and Digital Download

2022
  Dvořák: Symphonies Nos. 7–9 w/ Los Angeles Philharmonic Digital Download

References

Further reading

External links

1981 births
Living people
21st-century conductors (music)
Venezuelan conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Venezuelan classical musicians
People from Barquisimeto
Deutsche Grammophon artists
Grammy Award winners
Venezuelan expatriates in the United States
City of Toronto's Glenn Gould Protégé Prize winners
Naturalised citizens of Spain
21st-century male musicians

Gustavo Dudamel


The United States Senate curator is an employee of the United States Senate who is responsible for developing and implementing the museum and preservation programs for the Senate Commission on Art.  The Curator Office collects, preserves, and interprets the Senate's fine and decorative arts, historic objects, and architectural features. Through exhibits, publications, and other programs, the Office educates the public about the Senate and its collections.

The current curatrix is Melinda Smith.

List of Senate curators
 Joseph Dougherty 1968–1969
 Richard A. Baker (acting) 1969–1970
 James R. Ketchum 1970–1995
 Diane K. Skvarla 1995–2014
 Melinda Smith 2014–present

External links
 Office of Senate Curator Website
C-SPAN Q&A interview with Diane Skvarla, July 2, 2006

Employees of the United States Senate

Curator of the United States Senate


L'Incendie is the seventh album by experimental French singer Brigitte Fontaine and the fifth by Areski Belkacem, released in 1974 on the Byg Records label. It is their third collaborative album.

Le 6 septembre is a song about the Black September. Les Petites Madones is a song against capital punishment. Nous avons tant parlé is about an aspect of life as a couple.

L'Engourdie was written for Françoise Hardy, who never recorded it. L'Abeille is particular, as on this song, Areski wrote the lyrics and Fontaine the music, which is the contrary of their usual collaborative process.

Track listing

References

1974 albums
Brigitte Fontaine albums
Areski Belkacem albums

L'Incendie


In American literature of the 1830s, Blue Monday referred to the hungover state of the labor workforce after a weekend spent drinking, and the association of the color blue with a depressed state of mind.
In the 1860s, the term began to be applied to a weekly home "wash day."  White clothing was sometimes rinsed with bluing, however the relevance of this fact to the nickname for Mondays is contested, and the name may simply carry over from the earlier usage.

References

English language
English_words_and_phrases
Monday

Blue Monday (term)


Bodinbo Island is an islet in the estuarine waters of the River Clyde close to the old ferry slipway at Erskine. Before the dyke or training wall was built the rocky Bodinbo Island was a prominent feature in the river hereabouts and a hazard to shipping, especially sailing craft in the dark, during foggy weather, flood conditions and in high winds. On Ordnance Survey maps the name has been transliterated to Bottombow Island and Boden Boo is the spelling variant used for the nearby woodland plantation.

Islands in the River Clyde

Islands of the River Clyde, rather than sand or mud banks only exposed at low water, once included in order, working upstream towards Glasgow :- Inchgreen in Greenock, Bodinbo, Newshot, Ron, Sand Inch, King's Inch, Buck Inch, White Inch and Water Inch. Green Inch or Milton Island is located at the old Dumbuck Ford near Dumbarton. Colin's Isle once sat in the waters of the Cart near its confluence with the River Clyde.

The name 'Inch' is Scots deriving from the Gaelic 'Innis', an island. The name 'Ron' in Scots refers to  a thicket of hawthorns or rose briers, an area of stunted and crowded woodland. Shot or variants was an ancient unit for a division of land or alternatively a projecting area of land, a peninsula. A 'Shot' also has the meaning of a place from which fishing-nets were cast and in salmon fishing, a part of the river from which nets were cast. The island has a possible fishing weir remnant built across the inner lagoon.

Bodinbo Island

The name 'Bodinbo' is recorded on Timothy Pont's early 17th century map and also on Joan Blaeu's 1662 maps 'Præfectura Renfroana' and 'Levinia Vicecomitatus' that are derived from Pont's work. The island may have been included and named on these maps due to its significance as a hazard to shipping.

John Ainslie's map of 1800 shows the bow-shaped or elipsical island within the flow of the river prior to the construction of the training dike that was built circa 1857  to reduce the width of the river with a view to increasing the water current's scouring of the river bed, making it deeper and less prone to silting up. The Erskine Ferry was operational by this date however at this time it ran from Donald's Quay that lay slightly further downstream.
The old bank of the River Clyde in this area runs close to the Clyde Coastal Path and is lined with trees.

The name may be Scots as both 'Bod' and 'Bo' in place-names mean a sunken rock or as a term for small low-lying rocks on the shoreline. The island was originally bow shaped prior to the silting up of the area behind the training dike.

The OS Name Book gives the "Property Plan Robinson's Chart of R. [River] Clyde. Hugh Paton. Ferry House" as the authority for the name 'Bottombow'.

The surface area of the island is given as 0.768 of an acre or 0.31 of a hectare and the maximum height above high water mark is circa 3m or 9 ft.

An 'Erskine Harbour' is marked on some maps and this has led to a degree of confusion in that the training dike, island and old river course has on occasion been mistakenly identified as a harbour and jetty.

Wildlife
The area is important for its extensive reed beds and diversity of flora. The island's summit lies well above the high water mark and carries typical land based plants such as hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) shrubs. Brackish water plants dominate the open water saltings and the surrounding silt deposits.

Newshot Nature Reserve lies near by on the banks of the River Clyde facing the old Island of that name.

See also

 Donald's Quay
 King's Inch
 Milton Island
 Newshot Island
 Park Quay
 Rashielee Quay
 St Patrick's Rock
 Sand Inch
 White Inch

References
Notes

Sources

Moore, John (2017). The Clyde. Mapping the River. Edinburgh : Birlinn Ltd..

External links
 Video footage of Bodinbo Island

Renfrewshire
River islands of Scotland
Islands of the Clyde
Landforms of Renfrewshire
River Clyde
Clyde
Clyde
Clyde
Firth of Clyde
Erskine, Renfrewshire

Bodinbo Island


Hasratein (Desires) is an Indian television soap opera that was telecast on Zee TV in the mid 1990s. It is based on the Marathi novel "Adhantari" by Late Shri Jaywant Dalvi. Hasratein focuses around successes of extra marital relationships.  One of the main story is of Savi, a woman who leaves her husband and maintains an extra-marital relationship with another married man, with both their spouses being aware of the situation. Her actions were due to the fact that years ago, during her childhood, her mother left her father for a young man. The show emphasizes the societal strain placed on marriages in Indian culture, especially roles given to the female spouse resulting in boredom felt by the male spouse.  Hasratein was one of the most popular television shows of the mid and late 1990s. According to Shubhra Gupta, film and television critic, the popularity of the serial "had made it a catalyst for the discussion of issues of marital discord, in spite of the embarrassment the serial generated for many people."

Seema Kapoor played the character of Savi for the first 125 episodes. She was then replaced by Shefali Chhaya, whose work earned her the Zee Woman of the Year award in 1997.

Cast
 Sana Amin Sheikh as Savi (episodes 1—11)
 Sonal as Savi (episodes 11-44)
 Seema Kapoor as Savi (episodes 45—126)
 Shefali Shah as Savi (episodes 126—209)
 Ajit Vachhani as Govind Sahai, Savi's uncle
 Rita Bhaduri as Madhvi Sahai, Savi's aunt
 Sejal Shah as Sushma
 Harsh Chhaya as Krishnakant Trivedi (KT)
 Dharmesh Vyas as Professor Shyam Verma
 Mrinal Kulkarni as Asmita Krishnakant Trivedi
 Mukesh Rawal as Jaman Thakkar
 Cezanne Khan as Yogesh, son of KT and Asmita
 Aman Khanna / Jiten Lalwani as Satish, son of Savi and Shyam Verma
 Ketaki Dave as Manasi
 Chaitrali Chirmule as Uma (episodes 1—10)
 Sahiba as Uma (episodes 11—17)
 Bhuwan Das as Young Satish
 Yashwant Dutt as Masterji, Sulakshana's husband (episodes 1-10)
 Arup Pal as Vishal, Uma's /Shushma's husband
 Nagesh Bhosle as union leader Kishan Murari
 Sarita Joshi as Shanta Ben
 Bobby Khanna as Kedar, Masterji's Tabla player
 Himani Shivpuri as Sulakshana, mother of Savi
 Neha Pendse as Urja, daughter of Savi and KT
 Anju Mahendru as KT's mother
 Nupur Alankar/Bhairavi Raichura/Rani Agrawal as Rani
 Akash Bhardwaj as Bobby, husband of Rani
 Anand Goradia as Bittu Khanna
 Kalpita Rajopadhye (till 100 episodes)
 Bobby Khanna as Kedar
 Vipra Rawal as Priyanka
 Arup Pal as Vishal
 Mugdha Shah as Satish's Mother
 Kirti sharma as Yogita
 Smita Haya as Urja's Doctor
 Asha Singh as Pooja
 Piyush Acharya as Paddy
 Zubeda Khan as Miss Dalaal
 Harshada Khanvilankar as Chanda
 Divya as BB Publicity Employee
 Purnima Bhave as Namrata
 Deepak Dave as Namrata's father
 Madhumalti Kapoor as Namrata's mother
 Rasik Dave as Bobby Mehra
 Rashmi as Rashmi
 Anang Desai as Mr. Desai
 Rajiv Verma as KT's father
 Mohini as Mohini
 Nimisha Vakharia as BB Publicity Employee
 Amita Choksi as Mr.Pal's Employee
 Master Om Raut as Master Satish
 Rakesh Bidua as Satish's Father
 Suhas Bhalekar as Raghu Dada
 Shamim Mistry as Lata
 Sheetal Joshi as Geeta
 Anita as Anita
 Chilli as Rosy
 Ramesh Rai as Uma's Father
 Jaspal Sandhu as Sushma's Father
 Nayan Bhatt as Sushma's Mother
 Kavita Vaid as Mrs. Almeda
 Alifia Aftab Kapadia as Mrs. Almeda's Servant
 Baby Disha Khanna as Younger Rani
 Vijay Mishra as Shyam's Colleague
 Gopi Bhalla as Shyam's Colleague
 Urmila Amar as Mona
 Muni Jha as Kiran
 Dinyar Contractor as Mansi's Lawyer
 Meenal Padhiyar as Rinku
 Chandrakant Thakkar as Mr.Verma
 Samir Shah as Chetan
 Baby Nida as Younger Yogita
 Master Zenul as Younger Yogesh
 Meghna Roy as Mrs.Pandit
 Kalpana Dewan as Shanta's Mother-in-law
 Sanat Vyas as Mr.J.D
 Shekhar Shukla as Mr. Camerawala
 Kanhaiyalal as Mr. Lal
 Urvi Pal as Raveena
 Vaishali Kelkar as Ruby
 Ghamshyam Nayak as Mr. Tripathi
 Bhakti Bhatt as Jennifer
 Rajendra Butala as Sushma's Boss
 Bhairavi Vaidya as Clara Rodriques
 Bharat Bhooshan as Dealer
 Sanjay Goradia as Mr. Goradia
 Ravi Chauhan as Ravi
 Tara as Zarina
 Sanjay Agrawal as Pooja's Son
 Shernaz Patel as Dolly
 Jai Prakash Mishra as Shanta's Husband
 Raaz Tilak as K.T's Father-in-law

References

External links
An interview with the cast and crew
 Hasratein Streaming on ZEE5

Indian television soap operas
Zee TV original programming
Indian drama television series

Hasratein


Every Day is a young adult romance and fantasy novel written by American author David Levithan. It was published on August 28, 2012, by Knopf Books for Young Readers and is recommended for ages 14–18. Every Day is a New York Times bestseller.

A prequel novella only available digitally titled Six Earlier Days was released on November 26 of the same year. A companion novel titled  Another Day was released on August 25, 2015, and a sequel titled Someday was released in 2018. The story "Day 3196" was released as part of one of the exclusive international editions of Someday.

Plot summary

Every Day is about the story of A, a genderless person who wakes up occupying a different body each day of a sixteen-year-old living in the East Coast. As described by Frank Bruni of The New York Times, "A. doesn't have a real name, presumably because they don't have a real existence: they're not a person, at least not in any conventional sense, but they have a spirit, switching without choice from one host to the next and, for just 24 hours, replacing its consciousness with their own." A has their own memories, but they are also able to tap into the memories of the person whose body they are occupying. A calls this "accessing."

The story begins with A waking up in the body of a teenage boy named Justin. Upon arriving to school, A meets Justin's girlfriend, Rhiannon, and feels an instant connection to her. Based on Justin's memories, A can tell that Justin and Rhiannon are having a rough time in their relationship, so in order to learn more about her, A invites her to the beach. The pair open up to one another, though A's sharing is limited and very carefully worded. A had never felt such a connection with anyone before, and so attempts to discover a way by which to stay in Rhiannon's proximity in days to come. A then does their best to convince Rhiannon that the day shared at the beach was not between her and Justin, but rather between her and A.

A spends almost every day following this event trying to figure out the best way to approach Rhiannon, since they are luckily never more than just a car ride away. After going through some trouble, A is finally able to convince Rhiannon of who they are, and the phenomenon they experience every day. While she does believe A, and understands how hard it must be, she also realizes that a relationship with A would be impossible, even if she wished to be in one. As the story progresses, we follow A as they wake up in body after body, still chasing Rhiannon. Meanwhile, they are forced to contend with a boy whose body A inhabited early, and who tracks them down in order to gain answers as to who A is and how they were able to take over their body and mind, as well as a preacher working with that boy, who gathers a following of people who inhabit the bodies of others.

Characters
 A:  The narrator, who is a ghostly disembodied spirit. Every day, A wakes up in a different body, accessing that person's memories and essentially becoming them for 24 hours before inhabiting another body involuntarily. They have no gender, and they have known no life other than the one they lead. A chose their own name as a small child but has never shared the story. A never inhabits the same body more than once and, despite having no body, has grown up and aged as they started as a baby and always inhabits hosts their age as years go by.  Up until the story's beginning, A strives to respect the people they possess and sticks to their routines as closely as they can. A keeps a personal email where they write their thoughts. Other than this, they have no life of their own. A's fascination with Rhiannon means A begins to pursue their own goals more, causing them some moral conflict.
 Rhiannon: A teenage girl who is Justin's girlfriend and A's romantic interest. At first she is understandably doubtful of what A claims to be their everyday life but soon realizes that A is who they say they are. While she is happy to know someone like A, she also understands that being in a relationship with someone like A would be impossible. She follows A through many ups and downs in hopes of finding a way for A to stay with her permanently though the reality of that seems impossible.
 Nathan Daldry: The body A inhabits after Justin's. While in Nathan's body, A goes to a party in order to come in contact with Rhiannon the day after they meet her. A is unable to make it back to Nathan's home before the 24 hours are over and leaves Nathan to wake up in his own body, in a car on the shoulder of a road. Nathan, who is very reserved and religious, immediately knows that something (namely "Satan" as he puts it) must have taken him over because he would not only never go to a party, he would certainly never spend the night in a car by the side of the road. On his computer, he discovers that A forgot to log out of their personal email so Nathan begins to email A, essentially harassing them to come forth and claim responsibility for what they have done.
 Justin: Rhiannon's teenage boyfriend and the first body we see A possessing. Verbally abusive to Rhiannon and others.
 "Reverend Poole"''': A preacher who claims to want to help Nathan. In reality Poole is revealed to be a spirit like A but one who lacks respect for those they inhabit. The spirit inhabiting Poole can apparently stay in a body as long as he likes, and he offers to teach A but is rejected. No other data is given about this spirit's past or motivations.

Additional characters include Kelsea, Austin, Hugo, Vic, George, James, Nick, Jolene, and Jacob.

Critical receptionEvery Day has received many positive reviews like one from Kirkus Reviews which claimed, "Levithan's self-conscious, analytical style marries perfectly with the plot. His musings on love, longing and human nature knit seamlessly with A's journey. Readers will devour his trademark poetic wordplay and cadences that feel as fresh as they were when he wrote Boy Meets Boy (2003)." Susan Carpenter of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "It's the rare book that challenges gender presumptions in a way that's as entertaining as it is unexpected and, perhaps most important, that's relatable to teens who may not think they need sensitivity training when it comes to sexual orientation and the nature of true love. Every Day is precisely such a book ... A story that is always alluring, oftentimes humorous and much like love itself—splendorous." Frank Bruni of The New York Times had this to say of Every Day, "It demonstrates Levithan's talent for empathy, which is paired in the best parts of the book with a persuasive optimism about the odds for happiness and for true love. 'The only way to keep going,' he writes, 'is to see every person as a possibility.' For A., with their daily transformations, that's an absolute necessity. For the rest of us, it's still a fine idea." Chelsey Philpot of The Boston Globe remarked, "The ending is abrupt and leaves you wishing for more explanations...But maybe it only feels that way because we're not ready to let A go. Through A's eyes readers get to experience what it would be like to be someone different but the same. As A explains to Rhiannon, '…when who you are changes every day you get to touch the universal more.'"

Film adaptation

In June 2017, it was announced that Every Day would be adapted into a feature film, with Angourie Rice starring as Rhiannon. Jesse Andrews, author of Me and Earl and the Dying Girl'', wrote the script while Michael Sucsy directed. Filming took place in summer 2017, for a 2018 release. MGM distributed the movie under the Orion Pictures label.

References

2012 American novels
American young adult novels
American LGBT novels
Novels by David Levithan
American fantasy novels adapted into films

Every Day (novel)


Clarence Shelmon (born September 17, 1952 in Bossier City, Louisiana) is the former offensive coordinator for the National Football League San Diego Chargers.

Shelmon prepped at Airline High School and continued on to play college football at the University of Houston, where he lettered twice as a running back and graduated with a bachelor's degree in education. Shelmon also attended Long Island University where he worked toward a master's degree in guidance and counseling.

On the college level, Shelmon was an assistant coach for the University of Southern California.  He also coached at the University of Arizona, Indiana University, Army, and the University of Houston. He then moved on to be the running backs coach for the Chargers, Dallas Cowboys, Seattle Seahawks and Los Angeles Rams. He was officially named the Chargers' offensive coordinator on January 27, 2007, replacing former coordinator Cam Cameron who was hired as the head coach of the Miami Dolphins. On January 10, 2012, Shelmon announced his retirement from football.

1975-1976 University of Houston (GA)
1979-1980 Army (RB/TE)
1981-1983 University of Indiana (RB)
1984-1986 University of Arizona (RB)
1987-1990 University of Southern California (RB)
1991 Los Angeles Rams (RB)
1992-1997 Seattle Seahawks (RB)
1998-2001 Dallas Cowboys (RB)
2002-2006 San Diego Chargers (RB)
2007-2009 San Diego Chargers (OC)

External links

1952 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Bossier City, Louisiana
American football running backs
Houston Cougars football players
Arizona Wildcats football coaches
Indiana Hoosiers football coaches
USC Trojans football coaches
Seattle Seahawks coaches
San Diego Chargers coaches
National Football League offensive coordinators

Clarence Shelmon


Edward John Bassett (1 January 1889 – 25 November 1970) was an English association football winger.

Career

Born and raised in London, Bassett played for a variety of local clubs in his teenage years, including Deptford Invicta, Croydon Common, Metrogas and Charlton Albion. He played for Dartford in the Kent League in 1909, and eventually reached the Southern League with Millwall in 1911. After a brief return to Dartford, Bassett joined Notts County of the Football League Second Division. In his first season at Meadow Lane, County won the league, achieving promotion to the First Division, the highest league in English football. County achieved a sixteenth-placed finish the following season, before league football was suspended due to the First World War. During this time he played as a wartime guest player for London clubs Fulham and Tottenham Hotspur.

On the resumption of peacetime football, Bassett joined Watford, from Hertfordshire. He helped them to a 2nd-placed finish on goal average in 1919–20, and the following year played in their inaugural Football League campaign. He was sold to rivals Luton Town for £200 in 1921, and was reported to the league for demanding a percentage of the fee. After a third and final spell at Dartford in 1922, Bassett moved to the city of Cork, playing in the League of Ireland for Cork before finishing his career in London with Finchley.

References

1889 births
1970 deaths
English men's footballers
Footballers from Deptford
Men's association football wingers
Dartford F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
Notts County F.C. players
Watford F.C. players
Luton Town F.C. players
Cork F.C. players
Finchley F.C. players
English Football League players
Southern Football League players
League of Ireland players
Fulham F.C. wartime guest players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. wartime guest players
Metrogas F.C. players

Ted Bassett


Scott Conservation Park (formerly Scott National Park) is a protected area located in the Australian state of South Australia in the locality of Currency Creek about  south of the state capital of Adelaide and about  north-west of the town centre in Currency Creek.

The conservation park consists of land in sections 218 and 347 in the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Goolwa. On 20 March 1969, it was proclaimed under the National Parks Act 1966 as Scott National Park. On 27 April 1972, it was reconstituted as Scott Conservation Park upon the proclamation of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. As of 2018, it covered an area of .

In 1980, it was described as follows:
A small park featuring vegetation representative of the eastern slopes of the southern Mount Lofty ranges. As one of few blocks of scrub in this region it is significant for conservation purposes… A small park on gently sloping land. The principal vegetation is an open forest of Eucalyptus leucoxylon but large patches of E. baxteri occur in the southern portion of the Park. Elsewhere mixed stands of E. leucoxylon with E. fasciculosa are found. The understorey is diverse but usually dominated by E. cosmophylla and Banksia ornata … Scott Conservation Park is in a minimally disturbed condition having suffered only light grazing in the past. The park is largely surrounded by cleared grazing land…

The conservation park is classified as an IUCN Category III protected area. In 1980, it was included on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate.

See also
Protected areas of South Australia

References

External links
Scott Conservation Park webpage on the Protected Planet website
Scott Conservation Park webpage on the BirdsSA website

Conservation parks of South Australia
Protected areas established in 1969
1969 establishments in Australia
South Australian places listed on the defunct Register of the National Estate

Scott Conservation Park


Vaishali Mhade (born 21 August 1984) is an Indian singer and winner of Zee TV's reality series, Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009. She sings primarily in Marathi language.

Originally from Hinganghat in Vidarbha, Maharashtra, Mhade is married to Anant Mhade in hinganghat, and the mother of a girl, Aastha Mhade. She is a contestant in the reality show Bigg Boss Marathi in 2019.

Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009
Vaishali Mhade made it to the top 3 in Zee TV's Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 with Soumen Nandi and Yashita Yashpal Sharma and because of her huge fan following across India she won the Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009, along with a Rs 50-lakh music contract with Zee TV, a Hyundai i10 car and a LCD TV. Mhade was placed in Himesh Reshammiya's "Rock Gharana" and throughout her entire journey in Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009, she proved herself to be a versatile, conventional and consistent singer. In addition, she also won the Marathi version of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa in 2008.

Career
Vaishali sung a title track for the Marathi daily soap, 'Kulvadhu', a popular show aired on Zee Marathi.

Vaishali has also sung for Shridhar Phadke in his album Sangeet Manmohee Re.

At the 2009 Nagpur International Marathon she was a special invitee along with Olympics gold medalist Abhinav Bindra.

She made her Bollywood singing debut with the song Hum Tum in the movie Damadamm! (2011). It was a duet track between Mhade and Himesh Reshammiya.

She sang at Lord Buddha live T.V. show.

She has recently given playback for the duet song "Pinga" along with Shreya Ghoshal for the movie Bajirao Mastani. The song features Deepika Padukone and Priyanka Chopra. She has also lent her voice for 'Fitoori' in the same film. The movie is produced by Sanjay Leela Bhansali and was released on 19 December 2015.

Vaishali sung a title track for the Marathi daily soap, 'Honar Sun Me Ya Gharchi', a popular show aired on Zee Marathi.

Vaishali sung a title track for the Marathi daily soap, 'Mazya Navryachi Baayko', a popular show aired on Zee Marathi. Recently she lend her voice in movie Kalank along with Shreya Ghoshal in song 'Ghar More Pardesiya'

Sur Nava Dhyas Nava

Vaishali was one of the Celebrity participants of this Marathi singing Reality Show. She quit the show on 21 February 2018 telecast to pursue PHD and MPhil.

Television

Awards
Damani – Patel Award also known as The Karmayogi Award along with Madhu Mangesh Karnik and Chandu Borde.

Best Playback Female award for film Vaghi under 5th Godrej Expert Sahyadri Cine Awards 2014.

References

1984 births
Living people
Women musicians from Maharashtra
People from Amravati
Singers from Maharashtra
Singing talent show winners
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa participants
21st-century women musicians
Bigg Boss Marathi contestants
Screen Awards winners
Participants in Indian reality television series

Vaishali Mhade


Bertrand II, otherwise William VI (died 1093), was count of Provence following the death of his father Geoffrey I of Provence, though he is not mentioned until the next year (1063). He was either the eldest or second-eldest son of Geoffrey.

There is much confusion concerning the last counts of Provence of the first and native dynasty. Both Bertrand's father Geoffrey and Geoffrey's brother Fulk Bertrand had sons named either William or Bertrand. It seems that Bertrand's cousin, Bertrand I, ruled as marchio (margrave) until his death around 1094 and was succeeded in his titles by Raymond IV of Toulouse.

By his wife Matilda, he had one daughter Cecilia, who married Bernard Ato IV, Viscount of Carcassonne.

Notes

Sources

1093 deaths
Counts of Provence
Year of birth unknown

Bertrand II of Provence


Badbury Hundred was a hundred in the county of Dorset, England, which took its name from the earthwork of Badbury Rings. It contained the following parishes:

Chalbury
Gussage St Michael
Hinton Martell
Hinton Parva
Horton
Moor Crichel
Shapwick
Tarrant Crawford
Wimborne Minster

See also
List of hundreds in Dorset

Sources
Boswell, Edward, 1833: The Civil Division of the County of Dorset (published on CD by Archive CD Books Ltd, 1992)
Hutchins, John, History of Dorset, vols 1-4 (3rd ed 1861–70; reprinted by EP Publishing, Wakefield, 1973)
Mills, A. D., 1977, 1980, 1989: Place Names of Dorset, parts 1–3. English Place Name Society: Survey of English Place Names vols LII, LIII and 59/60

Hundreds of Dorset

Badbury Hundred


Week St Mary () is a village and civil parish in northeast Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is situated south of Bude close to the River Tamar and the border between Cornwall and Devon in the Hundred of Stratton. The parish population at the 2011 census is 657.

Week St Mary has a 14th–15th century parish church dedicated to St Mary the Virgin and the tower contains a ring of six bells. The parish is in the diocese of Truro.

History
The manor of Week was recorded in the Domesday Book (1086) as having one hide of land and land for eight ploughs. It was one of twenty-eight manors held by Richard from Robert, Count of Mortain. There were three ploughs, four serfs, six villeins and ten smallholders.  There were 2 acres of woodland and one square league of pasture. There were forty sheep and twenty-five other beasts. The value of the manor was £1-10 s.

Parts of the college founded here by Thomasine Bonaventure in 1506 have been converted into a farmhouse.  It is now owned by the Landmark Trust.  The building of the college was overseen by John Dinham of Wortham who remodelled his own house Wortham Manor at about the same time.  As well as being a school the college was also a chantry and the schoolmaster was required to pray for the souls of the foundress's husbands.  The chantry led to it being dissolved in 1548 though in 1546 it was said to be "a great comfort to all the country there".

The 14th–15th century church was hit by lightning in 1878 throwing one of the basement stones of the pinnacle  from the tower.  The stones at the base of the tower are now separated by gaps of  to .  The church tower had been hit by lightning on two previous occasions.

Geography
The parish covers an area of  or 9.6 square miles (24.8 km2), and had a population of 550, according to the 2001 census, 657 in 2011.

Protected areas
The parish contains two Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), both noted for their biological interest. Brendonmoor SSSI, in the east of the civil parish, was notified in 1990 and Greenamoor SSSI, also a nature reserve jointly owned by Plantlife and Cornwall Wildlife Trust, was designated in 1992.

References

External links

Villages in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Cornwall
Manors in Cornwall

Week St Mary


Hoodia flava is a succulent native to the Cape Province in South Africa and to Namibia. It has a unique pattern of distribution, growing inside bushes or on gravelly slopes and hills. It is commonly known as ghaap or yellow-flowered ghaap in the Afrikaans language.

Description
Leafless and branchless, H. flava grows as cylindrical green stems up to 6 inches in height and 2 inches in diameter, with 20-30 longitudinal ribs of mammillae, each one featuring a thin, brown spine on its crest. Yellow flowers appear in winter on the youngest parts of the plants near the top.

Cultivation
This plant should be watered during its growing season and then sparsely otherwise.

References

flava
Flora of Southern Africa
Taxa named by N. E. Brown

Hoodia flava


Telluride is an ion. Chemical compounds containing this ion are called tellurides. Examples are sodium telluride and hydrogen telluride. The chemical formula is Te2-. Tellurides are strong reducing agents. Some tellurides are impure, making them weaker reducing agents. Tellurides are the main source of tellurium in the ground. It only exists at very high pH. At lower pH's, hydrogen telluride, HTe-, is made. When it is acidic (very low pH), hydrogen telluride gas is made.

Related pages
Tellurite
Tellurate

Tellurium compounds
Ions

Telluride


Afterglow Vista (also known as the McMillin Memorial Mausoleum and Afterglow Mausoleum) is a mausoleum located in San Juan County, Washington, United States, near Friday Harbor and Roche Harbor. It is the final resting place of businessman John S. McMillin, his wife and children, and one of the family's employees. The design of the mausoleum incorporates numerous instances of symbolism, some of it Masonic in nature.

Background and construction
Afterglow Vista serves as the final resting place of John S. McMillin and several members of his family. During his life, McMillin was a lawyer, businessman and political figure. Born in Indiana in 1855, McMillin attended DePauw University, where he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity, and served as the fraternity's first Grand Consul, or international president. In 1884, McMillin moved with his wife and son from Indiana to Washington Territory, where he became the owner of Tacoma and Roche Harbor Lime Company. He was also an ardent Freemason.

Six years before he died, McMillin ordered for Afterglow Vista to be built. Construction was completed in 1936, the year of McMillin's death, and cost $30,000.

Design
The mausoleum is located in a wooded area, and can be accessed by following a trail through a set of gates topped with the words "Afterglow Vista".

The mausoleum itself consists of an open-air rotunda with a limestone table in its center. Around the table are several stone chairs for each member of the McMillin family, inside each of which are hollow niches containing the cremated ashes of the family members. Inscribed on the backs of the chairs are the corresponding names of each individual. There are numerous instances of Masonic symbolism incorporated into the mausoleum's design. Surrounding the stone table and chairs are six columns, along with one intentionally broken column. The broken column is meant to symbolize the concept that "death breaks the column of any man's life", or alternately, to represent the idea of unfinished work in one's life. The steps leading to the stone table and chairs represent "stages of life, orders in architecture, the human senses, and the liberal arts and sciences."

Afterglow Vista has been called a "Masonic landmark". The mausoleum's care is monitored by the Sigma Chi fraternity's Monuments and Memorials Commission.

Interments
Afterglow Vista serves as the final resting place of John S. McMillin, his wife Louella Hiett, their sons John Hiett McMillin (born and died 1878), Fred Hiett McMillin (1880 – 1922), and Paul Hiett McMillin (1886 – 1961), and their daughter Dorothy Hiett McMillin (1894 – 1980). Additionally, the cremated ashes of Adah Beeny (also spelled Ada Beane), who served as a caretaker of the McMillin children or as John S. McMillin's personal secretary, are interred in John Hiett McMillin's crypt.

See also
 Tacoma Mausoleum

References

Bibliography

Further reading

Mausoleums in the United States
Monuments and memorials in Washington (state)
1936 establishments in Washington (state)
Buildings and structures completed in 1936
Buildings and structures in San Juan County, Washington
Death in Washington (state)

Afterglow Vista


Brainticket is an experimental European band most active in the early 1970s, and known for its use of exotic instruments and jazz-inspired compositions.  The only constant member was Belgian musician Joel Vandroogenbroeck until his death in 2019.  The band continued to perform concerts and release albums in the 2000s.

History
Brainticket was founded by Joel Vandroogenbroeck (born Brussels, 25 August 1938; died 23 December 2019), a Belgian who grew up studying classical piano before switching to jazz.  He received the Art Tatum prize as "youngest jazz pianist" at the age of fifteen, and toured around Europe and Africa including performances with the Quincy Jones Orchestra at the World Exhibition in Brussels and the RAI symphony of Rome.  By the late 1960s, Vandroogenbroeck was still playing jazz but he found new inspiration in German krautrock artists Amon Düül II, Can and Tangerine Dream. Under the influence of these groups, Joel and English guitarist Ron Bryer (who had previously played with The Loose Ends, The Carl Douglas Set and The Big Wheel before meeting Vandroogenbroeck in Berry Window & The Movements) recruited drummer Wolfgang Paap and formed the trio that would become Brainticket.

The group's 1971 debut album Cottonwoodhill featured British vocalist Dawn Muir. Cottonwoodhill immediately ran into controversy for its association with psychedelic drugs. Much to Vandroogenbroeck's disgust, the album came with a warning label that insisted you should "only listen once a day to this record. Your brain might be destroyed," which is purported to have led to the album being banned in several countries.

Following the return to England (and subsequent death) of Bryer, Vandroogenbroeck moved to Italy and met an American woman named Carole Muriel.  Joined by a pair of Swiss musicians, guitarist Rolf Hug and bassist Martin Sacher, and percussionist Barni Palm, the group released 1972's Psychonaut, issued at the time in Italy and Germany.  The album has been described as more accessible and song-oriented than its predecessor while still maintaining a unique and progressive sound.

A rock opera collaboration, Orfeo9, with Academy Award winning film composer Bill Conti ("Rocky") followed before Vandroogenbroeck, Muriel and Palm began work on a new Brainticket album based on the Egyptian Book of the Dead.  The album, Celestial Ocean, told the after-life experience of Egyptian kings traveling through space and time, from the desert land to the pyramids.  Released in 1973, the album was hailed as the definitive Brainticket experience.  The band toured successfully with new band member, synthesiser player Wilhelm Seefeldt.

After returning from a trip to Bali in the mid-1970s, Vandroogenbroeck continued to collaborate with Muriel, Seefeldt and Palm.  Two more Brainticket albums followed—Adventure in 1980 and Voyage in 1982—before Vandroogenbroeck disbanded the group.   He then made a series of recordings for the German label Coloursound, who supplied ambient and mood music film and TV documentaries.  Such titles as Industrial Retrospect, Computer Blossoms, Mesopotamia Egypt and many more emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s.  One of these sets, 1980's science fiction themed Biomechanoid, included artwork by famed designer H.R. Giger.  Some of the albums were released anonymously, or under pseudonyms such as VDB Joel, JVDB, and Eric Vann.

1983 Brainticket reunited with Willy Seefeldt, Hans Deyssenroth and Bruno Spoerri on lyricon and synthesizers for a concert in Zurich at the symposium "Computer and Music", 1984 for concerts at Rote Fabrik Zurich and a Festival in Tübingen. In 1985, Brainticket released a cassette of a live concert in Zurich, New Age Concert, performed by Vandroogenbroeck, Seefeldt, Hans Deyssenroth, and singer Stephanie Wolff.

Vandroogenbroeck resurrected the Brainticket name for the 2000 album Alchemic Universe with Carole Muriel and Lance Bunda.  He teamed with Cleopatra Records to release the first ever Brainticket box set, The Vintage Anthology 1971-1980, a 4-disc compilation containing the complete first three albums along with several rare recordings.

In August 2011, a newly formed Brainticket lineup, led by Vandroogenbroeck, toured with progressive-rock band Nektar, which had Brainticket performing their very first American concert on August 17, 2011, at B.B. King's in New York City.  With more interest in Brainticket's music than ever, another tour was planned for 2013 with founding Hawkwind member Nik Turner.  Slated to accompany Vandroogenbroeck for this outing were Jürgen Engler of the German industrial band Die Krupps as well as Nicky Garratt and Jason Willer of the British punk band UK Subs.  The band was also scheduled to perform at the 2013 SXSW Festival.

Joel Vandroogenbroeck died at the age of 81 on December 23, 2019, in Guadalajara, Mexico.

Discography

Studio albums

Live albums

Compilation albums

References

External links
[ Brainticket] at Allmusic
Brainticket's official site
Brainticket's first U.S. appearance, on YouTube
Record Collector Mag The Vintage Anthology1971-1980
Red Bull Music Academy Interview Joel
Allmusic - Brainticket's Psychonaut
SXSW 2013 Music Festival Announcement

German rock music groups
Krautrock musical groups

Brainticket


Tarun Das is an Indian industrialist, corporate executive, writer and a former Chief Mentor of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). He served CII from 1967 to 2004 as its director general and from 2004 to 2009 as its chief mentor.

Das, who did his college education at the University of Calcutta and Manchester University, is a recipient of honoris causa degree of Doctor of Science (DSc) from the University of Warwick. He has chaired the U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue and the U.S.-India -Japan Strategic Dialogue and has served many corporate houses such as Haldia Petrochemicals, Associated Cement Companies, John Keells Holdings, Asian Hotels and Properties, Bajaj Auto Finance and New Delhi Television as their director. A former member of the International Advisory Board of Coca-Cola, he is a trustee of the Indian chapter of the Aspen Institute. The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan, in 2006, for his contributions to Indian trade and industry.

Das' name was mentioned in the media reports related to Radia tapes controversy which was later refuted by him. He has delivered several keynote addresses; his lecture on Adapting Indian industry to globalisation at the golden jubilee of the Forum for Free Entrepreneurs in Mumbai in 2006 is one such address. He has published a book, Crossing Frontiers: The Journey of Building CII, which is an account of his years at the Confederation of Indian Industry.

See also
 Confederation of Indian Industry

References

External links

Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry
Year of birth missing (living people)
Writers from West Bengal
Indian industrialists
Indian corporate directors
Indian economics writers
University of Calcutta alumni
Alumni of the University of Manchester
Businesspeople from West Bengal
Living people

Tarun Das


The Revolutions of 1917–1923 were a revolutionary wave that included political unrest and armed revolts around the world inspired by the success of the Russian Revolution and the disorder created by the aftermath of World War I. The uprisings were mainly socialist or anti-colonial in nature. Some socialist revolts failed to create lasting socialist states. The revolutions had lasting effects in shaping the future European political landscape, with for example the collapse of the German Empire and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary.

World War I mobilized millions of troops, reshaped political powers and drove social turmoil. From the turmoil outright revolutions broke out, massive strikes occurred, and many soldiers mutinied. In Russia, the Tsar Nicholas II abdicated during the February Revolution. The short-lived liberal Russian Provisional Government was formed, but it was overthrown by the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution, which triggered the bloody Russian Civil War. Many French soldiers mutinied in 1917 and refused to engage the enemy. In Bulgaria, many troops mutinied, and the Bulgarian Tsar stepped down. Mass strikes and mutinies occurred in Austria-Hungary, and the Habsburg monarchy collapsed. In Germany, the November Revolution led to the end of the German Empire. Italy faced various mass strikes. Turkey experienced a successful war of independence. Ireland was partitioned and the Irish Free State was created. Across the world, various other protests and revolts occurred.

Communist revolutions in Europe

Russia

In war-torn Imperial Russia, the liberal February Revolution toppled the monarchy. A period of instability followed, and the Bolsheviks seized power during the October Revolution. The ascendant Bolsheviks soon withdrew from the war with large territorial concessions by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and fought their political rivals during the Russian Civil War, including the invading forces from the Allied Powers. In response to Vladimir Lenin, the Bolsheviks and the emerging Soviet Union, anti-communist forces from a broad assortment of ideological factions fought against the Bolsheviks, particularly by the counter-revolutionary White movement and the peasant Green armies, the various nationalist movements in Ukraine and other would-be new states like those in Soviet Transcaucasia and Soviet Central Asia, the anarchist-inspired Third Russian Revolution and the Tambov Rebellion.<ref>Abraham Ascher, //The Russian Revolution: A Beginner's Guide (Oneworld Publications, 2014)</ref>

By 1921, exhaustion, the collapse of transportation and markets and threats of starvation made even dissident elements of the Red Army revolt against the communist state, such as during the Kronstadt rebellion. However, the anti-Bolshevik forces were uncoordinated and disorganised, and all operated on the periphery. The Red Army, operating at the centre, defeated them one at a time and regained control. The complete failure of Comintern-inspired revolutions was a sobering experience in Moscow, and the Bolsheviks moved from world revolution to socialism in one country, Russia. Lenin moved to open trade relations with Britain, Germany and other major countries. Most dramatically, in 1921, Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy (NEP) which allowed private individuals to own small and medium sized enterprises. In that process of revolution and counter-revolution, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was officially created in 1922.

Grand Duchy of Finland and the Finnish Civil War

Following the February Revolution, the Social Democratic Party of Finland organized the Red Guards, made up of a motley crew of labor union activists, anarchists and left-wing activists. The Social Democrats had won an absolute majority in the Finnish parliament with 103 of 200 representatives in the parliamentary elections in July 1916. The spring of 1917 was relatively peaceful, although there was a serious food shortage and severe inflation, that angered both businesses and the working class. The anti-socialist political and social groups, especially the nationalists in the Young Finnish Party had funded and secretly supported the Finnish Jäger Movement, where hundreds of young Finnish students covertly enlisted in the German Army to fight the Russian Army on the Eastern Front. The July Days in Petrograd aggravated the situation in Finland, and there were tens of thousands of Russian troops in Finland as coastal defence forces, who had organized their own workers', sailors' and soldiers' councils across Finnish coastal cities like Helsinki, Turku and Viipuri.

Contrary to the Finnish left, the political Finnish right and anti-socialist politics were split into several factions, with tenant farmers, rural folk and the agrarian base supporting the Agrarian Union, teachers and the liberal city middle class supporting the Young Finnish Party, more conservative and appeasement-minded Finns (regarding the Russification policies), some with many financial ties to Petrograd and Russia supporting the Finnish Party and Finnish Swedes and some nobles supporting the Swedish Folks' Party.

Following Alexander Kerensky's rise to the premiership in the summer of 1917, the end of the Romanov monarchy and chaos in Petrograd, the Finnish parliament tried to establish a law known as "valtalaki", "powers act", which would formally move the role of the now abolished Russian monarch and the Governor General as the Supreme Executive of the Finnish State to either a three-man parliamentary executive council or the Finnish Senate (essentially the Cabinet of the Parliament). The law was debated intensely and no consensus could be established. The more pro-revolution Social Democrats were split before October 1917. Some wanted the law to pass so that the Social Democratic majority in the Finnish Parliament could establish Finland as an independent socialist state, but the problems persisted, such as the Russian military presence, of which thousands were pro-Bolshevik.

In August 1917, the Kornilov Coup severely shuffled the pack in terms of the Helsinki-Petrograd relations. A consensus between the social democrats and the bourgeoisie blocks was established, and they decided to hold new elections in October 1917 as a sort of "first elections" following the abolishment of the Romanov monarchy. In the October elections, the bourgeoisie coalition united and won the majority in parliament. This splintered the internal divide within the SDP even more, as the October revolutions was within weeks of happening and several pro-revolution Finnish Social Democrats were in active conversations with the Bolsheviks in Petrograd, such as Otto Wille Kuusinen, Kullervo Manner and Karl Wiik. The Parliament declared confidence for the bourgeoisie Svinhufvud Senate, which would later ratify Finland's declaration of independence on December 6, 1917. The speech for the declaration was already given by Svinhufvud to the parliament on December 4.

Partly following anger and rising tensions after the October elections, the Social Democrats called a general strike; one of Finland's only three in history. Otto Ville Kuusinen and Kullervo Manner, as members of the SDP's internal executive council favored revolution now and the SDP's council voted against the decision for revolution in November by only one vote - later Kuusinen regretted this, as he had already named several pro-revolution figures to the council and had support for more. Additionally, tensions were increased when a massacre occurred in Mommila, in which an independent Bolshevik detachment of Russian soldiers stormed a Finnish mansion murdering Finnish businessman Alfred Kordelin. Future president Risto Ryti and his wife Gerda escaped the events at Mommila by mere minutes, fleeing to a nearby forest.

The White Guards started mobilizing following the attack and declared their support for Svinhufvud's Senate.

By mid-January, the country had plunged to chaos. General-Lieutenant Carl Mannerheim had arrived from discharge from Odessa to Petrograd to Vaasa to organize a Finnish army. In mid-January the Svinhufvud Senate declared the White guard to be the legal and official army of the Finnish state. Several members of parliament loyal to the republic and Svinhufvud senate departed to Vaasa, where the White Army's headquarters were to be located. Additionally, the money printing machines of the Bank of Finland were evacuated to Vaasa to continue the production of currency for the Finnish state.

By January 27, 1918, the Red Guards lit the flames atop the Helsinki Workers' House signifying the revolution had begun. The White Army organized in Vaasa managed to disarm thousands of Russian soldiers (with Bolshevik sympathies) in Seinäjoki and Vaasa on January 26 and 27. By February, the Finnish Jägers from Germany had returned back to Finland and arrived in Vaasa. By February–March 1918, Reds were in a tough state, as German negotiators (with active contacts by the White Finnish government) during the Brest-Litovsk peace treaty negotiations essentially forced the Bolsheviks to give up rights to Finland, stop supporting the Reds and completely disarm the rest of the Russian soldiers stationed in Finnish land still controlled by the Reds.

In March–April, German forces landed in Hanko, Åland and East Uusimaa region and with a three-pronged attack from the West, North and East, captured Helsinki with Finnish troops. The war essentially ended by May 15, 1918, and the Whites held a victory parade in Helsinki on May 16, 1918.

Western Europe

The Leninist victories also inspired a surge in revolutionary action to achieve world communism: the larger German Revolution and its offspring, like the Bavarian Soviet Republic, the neighbouring Hungarian Revolution and the Biennio Rosso in Italy in addition to various smaller uprisings, protests and strikes, all of which proved abortive.

The German Revolution however proved decisive in abdication of the German Kaiser, as well the end of the German Empire and as such came to shape the political future of Europe. It also helped convince lawmakers in the U.K. to start lifting the crippling embargo on the country.

The Bolsheviks sought to coordinate this new wave of revolution in the Soviet-led Comintern, and new communist parties separated from their former socialist organisations and the older moderate Second International. Lenin saw the success of the potential German revolution as being able to end the economic isolation of the newly formed Soviet Russia. Despite ambitions for world revolution, supporters of Socialism in one country led by Joseph Stalin came to power in the soviet state, instituted bolshevization of the Comintern, and abolished it in 1943.

After the Second World War, the Red Army occupied most of Eastern Europe, and communists came to power in the Baltic states, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria and East Germany.

Italy
The aftermath of the First World War in Italy resulted in great levels of unemployment and an economic crisis. For example, by the end of 1920, the Italian lira was worth only one-quarter of its 1914 value and in the first half of 1921, the cost of living for an average working-class family was 560% higher than it had been in 1914. These factors helped cause the Biennio Rosso (or the Two Red Years) which was a period of intense social conflict between Communist revolutionaries and the Italian Kingdom. The rise in working class support for Socialism in this period was rapid and very significant as the Italian Socialist Party increased its membership to 250,000, the major Socialist trade union "The General Confederation of Labour", reached two million members, while the anarchist Italian Syndicalist Union saw up to 500,000 affiliates join.

This period of revolutionary activity was characterised by the creation of factory councils under the control of Communist revolutionaries and Anarcho-Syndicalists.  Class conflict also emerged in the countryside, with strikes and clashes across the Northern Po Valley.

Despite the rising support for revolution in Italy, the revolutionaries were not able to capitalise on the growth of their movement, which resulted in a desire for social change slowly waning and paved the way for an eventual Fascist reaction.

Hungary
After the First World War, Austria-Hungary was dissolved. Its replacement in Hungary was the Hungarian Soviet Republic, a socialist state established in March 1919. It was dissolved in early August following defeat in the Hungarian–Romanian War.

Non-Communist revolutions

Ireland

In Ireland, then part of the United Kingdom, the nationalist Easter Rising of 1916 anticipated the Irish War of Independence (1919–1921) within the same historical period as this first wave of communist revolution. The Irish republican movement of the time was predominantly a nationalist and populist form of radical-republicanism, and although it had left-wing positions and included socialists and communists, it was not communist. The Irish and Soviet Russian Republics, nevertheless, found common ground in their opposition to the British Empire and established a trading relationship. However, the British historian E. H. Carr later commented that "the negotiations were not taken very seriously on either side". Both the Irish Republic and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic were pariah states that were excluded from the Paris Peace Conference. The resulting Irish Free State was founded in 1922.

Greece
The clash between radical republicanism and conservative monarchism was also at the heart of political conflict in Greece. In the years leading up to the war, Greece had participated in Balkan Wars against neighbouring states on nationalist and irredentist grounds. The Great War, by bringing Greece into the victorious side against its old rival, Ottoman Empire, had brought to a head existing tensions between two loose camps of Greek political elites that is known as the National Schism. On the left, the Venizelists, led by Eleftherios Venizelos, was liberal, republican, progressive and nationalist; favoured France and Britain in foreign policy and sought profound democratising reforms influenced by the Radicals in the French Third Republic and by British Prime Minister David Lloyd George. On the right, the monarchists were conservative, clerical and traditionalist; favoured Germany in foreign policy, and supported a powerful political role for the king. Between 1919 and 1922, Greece pursued war with Turkey to take advantage of the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and acquire territory inhabited by ethnic Greeks. Greece's disaster at the Battle of Dumlupınar prompted the discrediting of its conservative and monarchist establishment: the army mutinies and popular uprisings in 1922 led to initially a military coup by republican army officers, followed by the forced abdication of King Constantine I in 1923 and the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the Second Hellenic Republic in 1924. That period of instability carried on for the rest of the interwar period, with General Pangalos installed as dictator in the military coup of 1925, a return to democracy under Venizelos in 1928 and the restoration of the monarchy by a military coup in 1935.

Spain

Spain, despite its neutrality during the war, was also affected by turmoil between radical republicanism and traditionalist monarchism. The Restoration Monarchy of 1874 was a parliamentary regime but a conservative one that underrepresented popular classes and gave the monarch a major political role. A democratising revolution was attempted in 1917 by an alliance of radical republicans, socialists and disaffected Spanish Armed Forces officers, but it soon failed. After the war, however, critics of the constitutional monarchy grew as the international climate proved favourable to republican or democratising institutional change, and the Restoration state proved unable to resolve a series of challenges brought on by the war, notably a postwar economic slump and renewed anti-imperial action in the colonies. Strike movements proliferated between 1919 and 1923, leading notably to an escalating paramilitary conflict between worker and employer movements in cities such as Barcelona. Meanwhile, Spain went to war in 1920 to maintain control over the last remnants of its colonial empire, which culminated in the disastrous defeat of the Battle of Annual in 1921, which finally discredited the constitutional monarchy. Repeated elections failed to produce working majorities in parliament for either establishment party, the Fused Liberal Party or the Liberal-Conservative Party, to address the crises. In the face of widespread social unrest and institutional paralysis, General Miguel Primo de Rivera demanded power, and was appointed head of government with dictatorial powers by King Alfonso XIII. The revolutionary and democratising movements of 1916-22 were forestalled by the installation of a military dictatorship that would last until the Second Republic of 1931.

Mexico

The same was true of the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920), which had degenerated into factional fighting among the rebels by 1915, as the more radical forces of Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa lost ground to the more conservative "Sonoran oligarchy" and its Constitutional Army. The Felicistas, the last major group of counterrevolutionaries, abandoned their armed campaign in 1920, and the internecine power struggles abated for a time after revolutionary General Álvaro Obregón had bribed or slain his former allies and rivals alike, but the following decade witnessed the assassination of Obregon and several others, abortive military coup attempts and a massive traditionalist uprising, the Cristero War, against the government's persecution of Roman Catholics.

Malta
The Sette Giugno of 1919 was a revolt characterised by a series of riots and protests by the Maltese population, initially as a reaction to the rise in the cost of living in the aftermath of World War I and the sacking of hundreds of workers from the dockyard. That coincided with popular demands for self-government that resulted in a National Assembly being formed in Valletta at the same time of the riots. That dramatically boosted the uprising, as many people headed to Valletta to show their support for the Assembly. The British forces fired into the crowd, killing four local men. The cost of living increased dramatically after the war. Imports were limited, and as food became scarce prices rose, which made the fortune of farmers and merchants with surpluses to trade.

Egypt

A countrywide revolution against the British occupation of Egypt and Sudan was carried out by Egyptians and Sudanese from different walks of life in the wake of the British-ordered exile of the revolutionary leader Saad Zaghloul and other members of the Wafd Party in 1919. The revolution led to Britain's recognition of Egyptian independence in 1922 and the implementation of a new constitution in 1923. Britain, however, maintained great influence over the newly created Kingdom of Egypt. Britain retained control of the Canal Zone and Sudan. King Fuad died in 1936, and Farouk inherited the throne at only 16. Alarmed by the Second Italo-Ethiopian War during which Fascist Italy invaded Ethiopia, he signed the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, which required Britain to withdraw all troops from Egypt by 1949 except at the Suez Canal. During World War II, Allied troops used Egypt as a major base for its operations throughout the region. The British Armed Forces were withdrawn to the Suez Canal area in 1947, but nationalist anti-British sentiment continued to grow after the war.

Iraq

Although the British won militarily, the Iraqis had a political victory. Greater autonomy was given to Iraq, with Faisal I of Iraq installed as King of Iraq. Also, the British Mandate for Mesopotamia was cancelled.

Turkey

Following the surrender of the Ottoman Empire in the Armistice of Mudros and the subsequent Treaty of Sèvres, resistance to both the Ottoman Sultanate and foreign occupying forces ramped up through the formation of the Kuva-yi Milliye, irregular militias that fought against the French in what became the Southern Front of the war. Following the occupation of Izmir by Greek forces, the Grand National Assembly (GNA) was formed as a counter-government led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. The GNA continued to fight against occupying forces, especially the Greeks who marched further into Anatolia, but halted their advance at the Battle of the Sakarya. This was followed by the start of the Great Offensive which pushed the invading Greek forces out of Anatolia.

The aftermath of the war of independence saw the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate, ending 623 years of Ottoman rule and the sovereignty of the Grand National Assembly over Turkey. On October 29, 1923, a Republic was declared in Turkey with Ataturk as its president, who introduced Atatürk's reforms. These were a series of reforms and policies that completely overhauled Turkish society, economy, and government.

List of conflicts

Communist revolutions that started 1917–1924
 Russian Revolution (1917)
 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
 Ukrainian Soviet Republic (1918)
 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919)
 Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia
 Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1919)
 Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
 Commune of the Working People of Estonia
 Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
 In Spain:
 Revolution of 1917
 'Red Triennium' of 1918–1921
 Jungle Movement of Gilan (1915/17–1920)
 Persian Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–1921)
 Makhnovshchina (1918)
 Aster Revolution (1918)
 Red Week (Netherlands) (1918)
 Finnish Civil War (1918)
 Darwin rebellion (1918)
 Political violence in Germany (1918–1933)
 German Revolution (1918–1919)
 People's State of Bavaria (1918–1919)
 Soviet Republic of Saxony (1918–1919)
 Bremen Soviet Republic (1919)
 Bavarian Soviet Republic (1919)
 Ruhr uprising (1920)
 March Action (1921)
 Hamburg Uprising (1923)
 German October (1923)
 Brussels Soldiers' Council (1918)
 Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)
 Hungarian Soviet Republic
 Slovak Soviet Republic (1919)
 Fascist and anti-Fascist violence in Italy (1919–1926)
 Biennio Rosso (1919–20)
 Labin Republic (1921)
 Proština rebellion (1921)
 Tragic Week (1919)
 Limerick Soviet (1919)
 Canadian Labour Revolt (1919)
 Georgian coup attempt (1920)
 Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee (1920)
 Patagonia Rebelde (1920–1922)
 Mongolian Revolution of 1921
 Rand Rebellion (1921–22)
 September Uprising (Bulgaria) (1923)
 Tatarbunary Uprising (1924)
 Estonian coup d'état attempt ("Tallinn Uprising") (1924)
 Luxembourg rebellions (1918-1919)
 Luxembourg communist revolution (1918)
 Luxembourg Rebellion (1919)

Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks
 Left SR uprising (1918)
 Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks (1918–1922)
 Bolshevik–Makhnovist conflict (1920–1921)
 Tambov Rebellion (1920–1921)
 Kronstadt Rebellion (1921)
 August Uprising (Georgia) (1924)

Counter-revolutions against USSR that started 1917–1921
 White movement (1917–1923)
 Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–1921)
 Kuban People's Republic (1918–1920)
 Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (1917–1920)
 Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921)
 First Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)
 Mountain Republic of Armenia (1921)
 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920)
 Republic of Prekmurje (1919)
 Bulgarian coup d'état (1923)
 Military Coup of 1923 (Spain)

Soviet counter-counter-revolutions that started 1918–1919
 Russian Civil War (1917–1923)
 Red Terror (1918)
 Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921)

Other
 Champaran Satyagraha (1917)
 Brazilian strike movement (1917–1919)
 Rio de Janeiro anarchist insurrection (1918)
 Swiss general strike (1918)
 Rice riots of 1918 (1918)
 Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)
 Sejny Uprising (1919)
 Silesian Uprisings (1919–1921)
 Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923)
 Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923)
 Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)
 Irish War of Independence (1919–1921)
 Iraqi Revolt (1920)
 Kapp Putsch (1920)
 Uprising in West Hungary (1921)
 Bondelswarts Rebellion (1922)
 Irish Civil War (1922–1923)
 Beer Hall Putsch (1923)

See also

 Aftermath of World War I
 Diplomatic history of World War I
 International relations (1814–1919)
 International relations (1919–1939)
 Political history of the world

References

Further reading
 Gerwarth, Robert. "The central European counter-revolution: Paramilitary violence in Germany, Austria and Hungary after the great war." Past & Present'' 200.1 (2008): 175–209. online

External links
 Maps of Europe  showing the Revolutions of 1917–23 at omniatlas.com

Global politics
History of anarchism
History of socialism
1910s conflicts
1920s conflicts
20th-century revolutions
Anarchist revolutions
Anti-imperialism
Anti-fascism
Anti-capitalism
Communist revolutions
Anarchism
Communism
Socialism
Left-wing politics
History of liberalism
Labour movement
Marxism
Internationalism
Peasant revolts
Rebellions against empires
1917-23
Subsidiary conflicts of World War I

Revolutions of 1917–1923