Joseph Delach was an American soccer right half, coach, team executive and league president who spent his entire professional career with Pittsburgh Beadling.  He is a member of the National Soccer Hall of Fame.

Delach played for Pittsburgh Beadling from 1935 until his retirement as a player in 1946.  He also coached the team into the early 1960s.  He served as President of the Keystone League from 1962 to 1983 and was commissioner of the National Amateur Cup for ten years.

Delach is a member of the Beadling Hall of Fame and was inducted into the National Soccer Hall of Fame in 1973.

References

External links
 National Soccer Hall of Fame profile

1910 births
1975 deaths
American soccer coaches
American men's soccer players
American soccer chairmen and investors
National Soccer Hall of Fame members
Pittsburgh Beadling players
20th-century American businesspeople
Men's association football midfielders

Joseph Delach


Michael Joseph Hornung (June 12, 1857 – October 30, 1931) was an American baseball player and one of the greatest fielders of the 19th century. Michael Joseph Hornung was born in Carthage, New York in 1857.

Prior to starting his career in Major League Baseball in 1879 with the Buffalo Bisons, Hornung played for the 1877 and 1878 London Tecumsehs in London, Ontario, Canada, winning the International Association title in 1877.

Hornung ended his major league baseball career in 1890 with the New York Giants, but he spent most of his career (1881–1888) with the Boston Red Caps/Beaneaters. He also spent one season (1889) in the now-defunct American Association.  After umpiring for a few seasons in the minor leagues he took on the roll of player / manager for the Batavia Giants franchise on May 25, 1897, making his playing debut on June 14 at the age of 40, he went hitless.

He was remarkable for his nearly flawless play in left field and also known for his peculiar habit of shouting "ubbo ubbo" whenever he got a hit or made a good fielding play. Due to this peculiarity, "Ubbo Ubbo" became Hornung's nickname.

In addition to being an exceptional fielder, Hornung was also a fast baserunner, stealing 39 bases in his final season, and was a fair hitter, batting .302 in 1882. He led all National League outfielders in fielding percentage in 1881, 1882, 1883 and 1886, fielding as high as .948, a very high mark for a time in which most players (including Hornung), didn't wear gloves in the field.  Hornung died in 1931 in Howard Beach, New York.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders

References

 Joe Hornung Statistics at Baseball-Reference.com
Baseball: The Biographical Encyclopedia
 Article about Hornung: "Homegrown Baseball Hero", Watertown Daily Times, June 27, 2010

1857 births
1931 deaths
New York Giants (NL) players
19th-century baseball players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Baseball players from New York (state)
Buffalo Bisons (NL) players
Boston Red Caps players
Boston Beaneaters players
Baltimore Orioles (NL) players
London Tecumseh players
Buffalo (minor league baseball) players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Providence Grays (minor league) players
Providence Clamdiggers (baseball) players
Worcester (minor league baseball) players
Atlanta Crackers players
Batavia Giants players
Geneva Alhambras players
People from Carthage, New York
Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Brooklyn

Joe Hornung


Dr. DR Upadhyay (born 16th December 1962 AD) know professionally as Lyricist, Singer, Composer, Writer is a World Records Holder in 132 titles

Upadhyay's real name is Dharmaraj Upadhyay, and he was born in 1962 as the youngest son of Shiva Shankar Prasad Upadhyay and Umadevi Khanal Upadhyay in Birgunj, Parsa district. He grew up with his parents by his side and graduated from the Tri-Juddha Vocational High School in the village with an SLC diploma. After that, he began attending a higher education institution in Kathmandu. He eventually travelled to India and graduated with a doctorate. From an early age, he had a passion for writing songs and poems. He used to compose various poems and songs and show them to his grandparents and his friends.

World record songwriter and novelist Dr. DR Upadhyay has previously held 110 world records including the Guinness Book of World Records in various categories, has reached 132 world records.

Music And Acheivement
The highest global record for Nepali songs and music has been set by Upadhyay. He just set global records in 19 more musical genres, bringing his total of 52 world records to date. For his literary songs, he has been awarded certifications from the Guinness Book of World Records, Book of America, Australia, London, UK, and other world record organisations. Asian World Record, Champion Book of World Records, World Talent Book, Everest World Record, European Record Book, URF World Record, Asian World Record, The British World Record, and Wegd World Upadhyay are only a few of the records that have been recorded in the past. He simultaneously released 36 tracks from albums with seven songs.

A song with three octaves, based on the names of Mount Everest climbers, the title of the first novel to be published in Nepal, and the name of the highest peak in the world The music, a world record for the most plant and tree names used in a single song.

The tiniest songbook in the world (2 by 2 inches), a song that uses the word "heart" multiple times, and its success in remaining constant. Upadhyay recently set 19 records, including writing and releasing four songs in a single day, writing a song with only 18 letters, and writing songs with the names of 175 different countries' currencies. He also made songs with the names of more than 150 different tourist spots.

World record songwriter Dr. DR Upadhyay/Khanal has set a world record by releasing a song in fifty international languages

He established a document. In addition, he has recorded songs with the names of 164 different bird species from around the world, the names of 55 different flowers, the most common uses of the words "mother" and "father," and more. His songs are more well-known. The songs by Upadhyay have outstanding music videos as well. The well-known lyricist Upadhyay has popularised Nepali music and songs worldwide and increased Nepal's pride in all world records, including the Guinness Book of World Records and the American World Book of World Records.

Previously, he set world records in a variety of categories, including songs in 50 international languages, the most articles published in daily newspapers in one day, the smallest book of songs, the note-size book of songs, writing 370 articles in one year, writing songs about tourist attractions in 150 countries, and writing the shortest song. On Sunday, Dr. Upadhyaya Musician played melody in 25 singles, lyrics poem English alphabet A to Z, sitting on a stone on water album release, an album of 45 videos of his songs, rap songs 4/4, 2/4, 6/ Poetry songs in the 8th and 3/4 scales are named after people who have travelled to space.

Awards
Dr. Upadhyay has been awarded Everest World Record, Champion Book of World Record, Asian World Record, European Record Book, America Book of Record, The British World Record, Exclusive World Record, URF World Record, Supreme World Record, King's Book of Record, World Talent Book etc. 11 different organizations that provide the world record have provided the certificate of the world record. Dr. Upadhyay was also recently honored with Shri Dada Saheb Phalke Samman and Award in India.

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Dr DR Upadhyay


Marie Stillman (née Spartali) (Greek: Μαρία Σπαρτάλη; 10 March 1844 – 6 March 1927) was a British member of the second generation of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Of the Pre-Raphaelites, she had one of the longest-running careers, spanning sixty years and producing over one hundred and fifty works. Though her work with the Brotherhood began as a favourite model, she soon trained and became a respected painter, earning praise from Dante Gabriel Rossetti and others.

Early life
Marie Spartali was the eldest child of Michael Spartali, a wealthy merchant, principal of the firm Spartali & Co and Greek consul-general based in London from 1866 to 1879. He had moved to London around 1828, where he married Euphrosyne Varsini, the daughter of a Greek merchant from Genoa. The family split time between their home at Clapham Common in London and their country home on the Isle of Wight. In the city, Spartali's father was fond of lavish garden parties where he invited up and coming writers and artists. It was at one such event where Marie would first be introduced to the art world.

Marriage and death
In 1870, Spartali met American journalist and painter William J. Stillman. The couple had previously posed for Rossetti in his famous Dante pictures, though it is not certain if that is how they first met. Interestingly, although her husband was an artist himself, Marie never sat for him as a model. The pair married in 1871 against her father's wishes, causing a rift that would never fully heal.

As her husband was a foreign correspondent for The Times, the couple divided their time between London and Florence (1878-1883), and later Rome (1889-1896).

The couple had three children of their own who were raised alongside William's other three children from a previous marriage.  Marie Stillman died in March 1927 in Ashburn Place in South Kensington, four days shy of her 83rd birthday, and was cremated at Brookwood Cemetery, near Woking, Surrey. She is interred there with her husband.

Art and career

Introduction to the Art World
Known for their Greek heritage and beauty, Spartali along with her cousins, Maria Zambaco and Aglaia Coronio, were known collectively among friends as "the Three Graces," after the Charites of Greek mythology (Aglaia, Euphrosyne and Thalia). Beauty aside, Marie was very tall, and cut an imposing figure- in her later years dressing entirely in black- and purposefully attracting much attention throughout her life.

In the house of the Greek businessman A.C. Ionides at Tulse Hill, in south London, Marie first met the artist James McNeill Whistler and playwright Algernon Charles Swinburne. The meeting made quite the impression, for Swinburne was reported to have said that "She is so beautiful that I want to sit down and cry".

The Pre-Raphaelites
In 1864, Whistler introduced Spartali to the Pre-Raphaelite artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti. She began sitting for him and when Spartali expressed interest in learning to paint he referred her to Ford Madox Brown. Over the next five years the pair developed a close, almost familial, relationship. Of his models, Brown said that Spartali was "the most intellectual," and maintained a deep respect for her work, chronicled in their correspondence. By 1870, Spartali had decided to pursue art professionally and with the help of her mentor made her first sale for 40 guineas.

Example of modeling works: Brown; Burne-Jones (The Mill); Julia Margaret Cameron; Rossetti (A Vision of Fiammetta, Dante's Dream at the Time of the Death of Beatrice, The Bower Meadow); and Spencer Stanhope.

Style
Because of her close links to the Brotherhood Marie Stillman is often identified as part of the second generation of the movement.  According to Henry James, "She inherited the traditions and the temper of the original PRs...but she has come into her heritage by virtue or natural relationship. She is a spontaneous, sincere, naive Pre-Raphaelite."

There is, however, some academic debate as to whether this is entirely accurate. For example, Robert de la Sizeranne of Le Correspondant noted that this new generation of Pre-Raphaelites, Marie Stillman among them, had enough in common with the Symbolists to be considered one. Marie Spartali Stillman, could be considered a candidate for Symbolism because her figures "... have an immobility, a silence, a pose almost suspended, a slow hesitation in their rare movements, which make them resemble something like sleepwalkers."  Rossetti himself credited Spartali for her ability to infuse her figures with emotion, thereby elevating them to something more than mere images.

Other influences and career impacts

In 1873 both her young daughter, Euphrosyne, and her sister Christina fell ill. Stillman wrote to Ford Madox Brown that she was preoccupied with their health and felt "too weak to paint." She later clarified that whenever she did work she found herself depicting her sister in a grim state. Because of this, she took some time off painting, however Madox-Brown always speculated that she stopped because of her husband's jealousy over her successful career and continued relationship with himself.

Alongside her husband, Stillman lived in Florence, Italy for a number of years. She took great inspiration from the city around her which can be seen most prominently in her subject matter. Being in the city of Dante Alighieri, she depicted numerous scenes from the Divine Comedy, focusing in particular on the romance between Dante and Beatrice.

Though separated from her peers, Stillman maintained her correspondence with the PRB and Rossetti in particular who shared her love of Dante.

Exhibitions
The subjects of her paintings were typical of the Pre-Raphaelites: female figures; scenes from Shakespeare, Petrarch, Dante and Boccaccio; also Italian landscapes. She exhibited at the Dudley Gallery in 1875, then at the Grosvenor Gallery and its successor, the New Gallery; at the Royal Academy; and at various galleries in the eastern USA, including the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876. Stillman exhibited her work at the Palace of Fine Arts at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. A retrospective show of her work took place in the United States in 1982, and another one at the Delaware Art Museum in 2015. The latter show transferred to the UK, opening at the Watts Gallery at Compton, Surrey from March until 5 June 2016.

Commemoration
In January 2023, English Heritage announced that a blue plaque would be unveiled later that year on a house in Clapham, where she took her first steps in becoming an artist. The plaque was installed in April 2023 at The Shrubbery, 2 Lavender Gardens, Clapham, her family home when she was a young woman and where she later painted and prepared for exhibitions.

Works (Incomplete)
David Elliott lists more than 170 works in his book. The following are the better-known works, as determined by their mention in other books which discuss the artist.

 The Lady Prays – Desire (1867; Lord Lloyd-Webber Collection)
 Mariana (c.1867–1869; Private collection)
 Portrait of a young woman (1868)
 Forgetfulness (1869; Private collection)
 La Pensierosa (1870; Chazen Museum of Art, University of Wisconsin–Madison)
 Self-Portrait (1871; Delaware Art Museum)
 Self-Portrait in Medieval Dress (1874)
 Gathering Orange Blossoms (1879; St. Lawrence University)
 The Meeting of Dante and Beatrice on All Saints' Day (1881)
 Madonna Pietra degli Scrovigni (1884; Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool)
 Love's Messenger (1885; Delaware Art Museum)
 A Florentine Lily (c.1885–1890; Private collection)
 The May Feast at the House of Folco Portinari, 1274 (1887)
 Dante at Verona (1888; Private collection)
 Upon a Day Came Sorrow unto Me (1888)
 A Florentine Lily (c.1885–1890)
 A Florentine Wedding Feast (1890)
 Messer Ansaldo showing Madonna Dionara his Enchanted Garden (1889) This illustrates a tale from The Decameron, see Summary of Decameron tales
 Convent Lily (1891)
 Cloister Lilies (1891; Ashmolean Museum, Oxford)
 Dante and Beatrice, Scene from the Vita Nuova (1891)
 Saint George (1892; Delaware Art Museum)

 How the Virgin Mary came to Brother Conrad of Offida and laid her Son in his Arms (1892; Wightwick Manor, National Trust, UK)
 A Rose from Armida's Garden (1894)
 Love Sonnets (1894; Delaware Art Museum)
 Beatrice (1896; Delaware Art Museum)
 Portrait of Mrs W. St Clair Baddeley (1896)
 Beatrice (1898; Private collection)
 The Pilgrim Folk (1914; Delaware Art Museum)

Notes
 Dyson, Stephen L. (2014). The LAST AMATEUR The Life of William J. Stillman. New York: State University of New York.
 Marsh, Jan; Pamela Gerrish Nunn (1998). Pre-Raphaelite Women Artists. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 131–135. .
 Stillman, William James (1901). Autobiography of a Journalist. London: Grant Richards.

References

 Waterman, Amanda B. Neo-Pre-Raphaelitism: The Final Generations, University of Washington, 2016.
 ^ Dimitrios SPARTALI & Christina (Ioannes) Mavrogordato". www.christopherlong.co.uk. Retrieved 23 July 2017
 ^ Vasos Tsibidaros. Oi Ellines stin Anglia (The Greeks in England). Athens: Alkaios, 1974.
 ^ Robertson, W. Graham. Time Was. (1931) pp. 12–13
 Elliot, David B. (2005). A Pre-Raphaelite Marriage: The Lives and Works of Marie Spartali Stillman and William James Stillman. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Antique Collectors' Club
 Dyson, Stephen L. (2014). The LAST AMATEUR The Life of William J. Stillman. New York: State University of New York.
 Casteras, Susan (1995). The Pre-Raphaelite Legacy to Symbolism. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 39.
 ^ Rossetti, Dante Gabriel (23 July 2017). "The Correspondence of Dante Gabriel Rossetti: The Chelsea years, 1863-1872, prelude to crisis : 1863-1867". Boydell & Brewer. Retrieved 23 July 2017 – via Google Books.
 ^ Nichols, K. L. "Women's Art at the World's Columbian Fair & Exposition, Chicago 1893". Retrieved 30 July 2018.
 ^ POETRY IN BEAUTY: THE PRE-RAPHAELITE ART OF MARIE SPARTALI STILLMAN, website
 ^ Collins, Maxine (9 November 2015). "Marie Spartali Stillman: The female artist time forgot". BBC. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
 ^ "Marie Spartali Stillman: The Enchanted Garden of Messer Ansaldo". ArtMagick. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016.

External links

 Stillman genealogy
 Stillman genealogy
 The Androom Archives
 Art Renewal Center
 Delaware Art Museum
 Pre-Raphaelite Women: Art-Sisters Gallery
 Photograph of Marie Spartali as a heroine of the Greek War of Independence, by Julia Margaret Cameron

1844 births
1927 deaths
19th-century English painters
20th-century English painters
19th-century English women artists
20th-century English women artists
Burials at Brookwood Cemetery
English artists' models
English people of Greek descent
English women painters
Female Pre-Raphaelite painters
Painters from London
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood artists' models
Pre-Raphaelite painters
Women of the Victorian era
Women watercolorists

Marie Spartali Stillman


The Beauregard-Keyes House is a historic residence located at 1113 Chartres Street in the French Quarter, New Orleans, Louisiana. It is currently a museum, the BK Historic House and Gardens, that focuses on the past residents and associates of the house. These include its wealthy, pre-civil war French Creole inhabitants, the people they enslaved, the Italian immigrant families who moved in after the civil war, their tenants, and American author Frances Parkinson Keyes.

History
The property where the house would be built was originally owned by Ursuline nuns, who sold off parcels of their land in 1825. The home was designed by François Correjolles and built by James Lambert in 1826 for auctioneer Joseph LeCarpentier. In his design, Correjolles combined elements of a Creole cottage with Greek Revival features, including a Palladian façade. In particular, he used Creole forms in the interior and on the rear elevation, as well as a cabinet gallery and detached outbuildings, but maintaining the American tradition of a central hall. Consul of Switzerland John A. Merle became the owner in 1833 and his wife, Anais Philippon, added the adjoining garden.

Beauregard

By 1865, the home was purchased by a local grocer named Dominique Lanata, who rented it out until 1904. His first tenants were the Beauregards. Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard married his second wife, Caroline Deslonde, in 1860. Caroline was the daughter of André Deslonde, a sugar planter from St. James Parish. The newlyweds honeymooned briefly in the house. Mrs. Beauregard died in 1864.

After the American Civil War, Beauregard returned to 1113 Chartres Street and lived in the house from 1866 to 1868. He then moved with his son René and a widowed older sister to a home at 934 Royal Street, where he lived until 1875.

In 1925, a new owner of the house wanted to tear it down to erect factories. Local women formed the Beauregard Memorial Association to preserve the home, though the garden could not be saved.

Keyes

American author Frances Parkinson Keyes purchased the house at 1113 Chartres Street and made it her residence. While living at the house, Keyes wrote numerous books, one of which was set in the house and included Beauregard as a character: Madame Castel's Lodger. The 1962 novel explored Beauregard's emotional struggles as a twice-widowed Civil War veteran who refused to take the loyalty oath to the Union. She also wrote a novel called The Chess Players, based on chess champion Paul Morphy, who was also the grandson of the original owner of the house, LeCarpentier.

Modern history
Keyes began the restoration work on the house as early as 1945 when she hired architect Richard Koch to begin work. She also worked with a local group called the Garden Study Club to replant the garden to its 1830s–1860s look and rebuild the brick wall surrounding it. The Orleans Parish Landmarks Commission installed a bronze plaque identifying the home's history in 1958.

Today, the Beauregard-Keyes house is restored to its Victorian style and showcases items from Beauregard's family, as well as Keyes's studio and her collections of dolls and rare porcelain veilleuses (tea pots). Keyes wrote several articles about her doll collection for magazines and books. A film, "The Story of the Dixie Doll," produced by Laurie W. McGill (www.UFDC.org) discusses not only Keyes' life and books, but her dolls. The house is open for tours.

The house also hosts the Nous Foundation, a cultural institution promoting Louisiana's French and Creole-speaking cultures.

Images of the building

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Orleans Parish, Louisiana

References

External links

New Orleans' Beauregard-Keyes House & Gardens at PBS.org
NOLA History: The Beauregard-Keyes House, by Edward Branley, February 4, 2013

Victorian architecture in Louisiana
Historic house museums in Louisiana
House
Museums in New Orleans
Houses in New Orleans
Literary museums in the United States
French Quarter
Houses completed in 1826
1826 establishments in Louisiana

Beauregard-Keyes House


Victor J. Miller (December 6, 1888 in Joplin, Missouri – January 6, 1955 in Kansas City, Missouri) was the 33rd Mayor of Saint Louis, serving from 1925 to 1933.

Miller grew up in Joplin and attended the University of Missouri. He graduated from Washington University Law School, and began practicing law in St. Louis. In 1921, Governor Arthur M. Hyde appointed Miller President of the St. Louis Police Board. When he took office, the force included only six African-American officers—Negro specials—who were not allowed to wear uniforms. In his first year in office, hired fifteen African Americans and, like other officers, required them to wear uniforms. He served in that position until 1923. In 1924, Miller was a Republican candidate for Governor of Missouri. He was defeated by Sam Aaron Baker, but carried St. Louis in the race.

After his strong performance in St. Louis during the 1924 Governor's election, Miller ran for Mayor of the City in 1925, and was elected at the age of 36. He was re-elected in 1929. Several major public works projects approved by voters in a 1923 bond issue were completed during Miller's administration, including the construction of the Civil Courts Building. One of these public works projects, an $8,000,000 street lighting initiative led to charges of graft and corruption in city government. An investigation by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch found that the lighting contractor, A.M Ryckoff of Chicago, had overcharged the city by more than $150,000. Ryckoff and two city employees were indicted, but Ryckoff died before the matter came to trial, and charges were dropped against the city employees.

At the conclusion of his term as Mayor, Miller left St. Louis. He went to New York, then later to Kentucky, finally settling in Kansas City. He died in Kansas City on January 6, 1955 and was buried at Mount Hope Cemetery in Joplin, Missouri.

References

 Much of the original content for this article was based on the brief biographies of St. Louis Mayors found at the St. Louis Public Library's website, https://web.archive.org/web/20041013215851/http://exhibits.slpl.lib.mo.us/mayors/mayors3.asp. The information about black police officers comes from police commissioners' annual reports and the St. Louis Argus of August 26, 1921, page 1.

1888 births
1955 deaths
Politicians from Joplin, Missouri
Mayors of St. Louis
Washington University School of Law alumni
University of Missouri alumni
20th-century American politicians
Washington University in St. Louis alumni

Victor J. Miller


Cupha erymanthis, the rustic, is a species of brush-footed butterfly found in forested areas of tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia. The males and females are identical.

Description

Upperside
The upperside of the rustic is ochraceous light brown. Its forewing displays some loop-like, slender, dark cellular markings with a broad, somewhat curved, transverse yellow discal band from costa to vein 1. The band does not reach the termen but broadens posteriorly.

The margins of the forewing are irregularly sinuous, with the inner defined broadly with black, and produced outwards in interspaces 3 and 4. Below this, the margin is squarely indented inwards in interspace 2 and outwardly convex in interspace 1. There is a curved series of three black spots. The largest is in interspaces 1, 2 and 3. The apical area beyond the band is black, with a conspicuous yellow subapical spot in interspace 5, and a paler ill-defined similar spot above it in interspace 6. In the posterior, the black area is produced narrowly to the tornus and encircles a yellow spot near the apex of interspace 2.

The hindwing features a transverse sinuous and very slender black line. This line is followed by a slender and somewhat lunular line; a transverse discal series of five black spots in interspaces 2 to 6; a postdiscal medially disjointed series or broad black lunules; a subterminal series of similar but straighter lunges; and a narrow terminal black band. The outer subbasal transverse line broadens at the costa, and is outwardly margined by pale spots in the interspaces. These are anteriorly white and well defined, and posteriorly obscure or often absent.

Underside

The underside of the wing is much paler. The discal band on the forewing is pale, and the black lunules on the apical area are replaced by pale brownish ochre. There are some obscure markings in the cells of both the forewings and hindwings.

Markings on the forewing include a discal, transverse, slender, chestnut-brown lunular line, bent inwards above vein 5, and bordered outwardly by a series of dark spots. The large black spot in interspace 1 is the same as that on the upperside. There are inner and outer transverse subterminal series of small dentate spots.

On the hindwing are indistinct cellular markings. The outer subbasal dark transverse line is similar to that on the upperside, but is more clearly defined and very sinuous. There is a transverse discal series of uneven lunules, paler than the ground colour, followed by a series of dark spots. There is a postdiscal very obscure pale lunular band, and a subterminal series of dentate dark spots, often obscure or obsolescent.

The antennae, head, thorax and abdomen are ochraceous brown. Beneath, the palpi, thorax, and abdomen are a very pale ochraceous white.

The caterpillar is brown, with a dorsal and lateral series of darker brown markings. The head has two slender branched spines. Succeeding segments on either side feature a lateral series of semitransparent similar brown spines.

The pupa is green, studded with eight slender pink filaments and four small pink tubercles.

Subspecies
 Cupha erymanthis erymanthis - China, Hong Kong, Taiwan
 Cupha erymanthis placida Moore, [1881] - Sri Lanka
 Cupha erymanthis maja, Fruhstorfer (1898) – south India
 Cupha erymanthis lotis, Sulzer (1776) – northeast India, Thailand, Malaya, Singapore, Indochina
 Cupha erymanthis andamanica, Moore (1900) – Andamans
 Cupha erymanthis nicobarica, Felder (1862) – Nicobar Is.

Ecology
The rustic caterpillars feed mainly on Flacourtiaceae species, for example Flacourtia montana, F. ramontchii, F. rukam, Xylosma racemosa and Scolopia species. They also eat plants such as Glochidion eriocarpum and Lepisanthes rubiginosum.

Adult butterflies occasionally visit carrion to drink the fluids. They seem to favour carcasses lying in exposed, sunny areas over those which are in the shade.

Larval Host Plants

 Glochidion eriocarpum
 Flacourtia
 Flacourtia indica
 Flacourtia jangomas
 Flacourtia montana

Life history

References

Vagrantini
Butterflies of Asia
Butterflies of Indochina
Butterflies of Singapore
Taxa named by Dru Drury
Butterflies described in 1773

Cupha erymanthis


Australian English (AusE, AusEng, AuE, AuEng, en-AU) is the set of varieties of the English language native to Australia. It is the country's common language and de facto national language; while Australia has no official language, English is the first language of the majority of the population, and has been entrenched as the de facto national language since British settlement, being the only language spoken in the home for 72% of Australians. It is also the main language used in compulsory education, as well as federal, state and territorial legislatures and courts.

Australian English began to diverge from British and Irish English after the First Fleet established the Colony of New South Wales in 1788. Australian English arose from a dialectal melting pot created by the intermingling of early settlers who were from a variety of dialectal regions of Great Britain and Ireland, though its most significant influences were the dialects of Southeast England. By the 1820s, the native-born colonists' speech was recognisably distinct from speakers in Britain and Ireland.

Australian English differs from other varieties in its phonology, pronunciation, lexicon, idiom, grammar and spelling. Australian English is relatively consistent across the continent, although it encompasses numerous regional and sociocultural varieties. "General Australian" describes the de facto standard dialect, which is perceived to be free of pronounced regional or sociocultural markers and is often used in the media.

History
The earliest Australian English was spoken by the first generation of native-born colonists in the Colony of New South Wales from the end of the 18th century. These native-born children were exposed to a wide range of dialects from across the British Isles. Similar to early American English, the process of dialect levelling and koineisation which ensued produced a relatively homogeneous new variety of English which was easily understood by all. Peter Miller Cunningham's 1827 book Two Years in New South Wales described the distinctive accent and vocabulary that had developed among the native-born colonists.

The dialects of South East England, including most notably the traditional Cockney dialect of London, were particularly influential on the development of the new variety and constituted "the major input of the various sounds that went into constructing" Australian English. All the other regions of England were represented among the early colonists. A large proportion of early convicts and colonists were from Ireland, and spoke Irish as a sole or first language. They were joined by other non-native speakers of English from Scotland and Wales.

The first of the Australian gold rushes in the 1850s began a large wave of immigration, during which about two percent of the population of the United Kingdom emigrated to the colonies of New South Wales and Victoria. The Gold Rushes brought immigrants and linguistic influences from many parts of the world. An example was the introduction of vocabulary from American English, including some terms later considered to be typically Australian, such as bushwhacker and squatter. This American influence was continued with the popularity of American films from the early 20th century and the influx of American military personnel during World War II; seen in the enduring persistence of such universally-accepted terms as okay and guys.

The publication of Edward Ellis Morris's Austral English: A Dictionary Of Australasian Words, Phrases And Usages in 1898, which extensively catalogued Australian English vocabulary, started a wave of academic interest and codification during the 20th century which resulted in Australian English becoming established as an endonormative variety with its own internal norms and standards. This culminated in publications such as the 1981 first edition of the Macquarie Dictionary, a major English language dictionary based on Australian usage, and the 1988 first edition of The Australian National Dictionary, a historical dictionary documenting the history of Australian English vocabulary and idiom.

Phonology and pronunciation

The most obvious way in which Australian English is distinctive from other varieties of English is through its unique pronunciation. It shares most similarity with New Zealand English. Like most dialects of English, it is distinguished primarily by the phonetic quality of its vowels.

Vowels

The vowels of Australian English can be divided according to length. The long vowels, which include monophthongs and diphthongs, mostly correspond to the tense vowels used in analyses of Received Pronunciation (RP) as well as its centring diphthongs. The short vowels, consisting only of monophthongs, correspond to the RP lax vowels.

There exist pairs of long and short vowels with overlapping vowel quality giving Australian English phonemic length distinction, which is also present in some regional south-eastern dialects of the UK and eastern seaboard dialects in the US. An example of this feature is the distinction between ferry  and fairy .

As with New Zealand English and General American English, the weak-vowel merger is complete in Australian English: unstressed  is merged into  (schwa), unless it is followed by a velar consonant. Examples of this feature are the following pairings, which are pronounced identically in Australian English: Rosa's and roses, as well as Lennon and Lenin. Other examples are the following pairs, which rhyme in Australian English: abbott with rabbit, and dig it with bigot.

Most varieties of Australian English exhibit only a partial trap-bath split. The words bath, grass and can't are always pronounced with the "long"  of father. Throughout the majority of the country, the "flat"  of man is the dominant pronunciation for the a vowel in the following words: dance, advance, plant, example and answer. The exception is the state of South Australia, where a more advanced trap-bath split has taken place, and where the dominant pronunciation of all the preceding words incorporates the "long"  of father.

Consonants
There is little variation in the sets of consonants used in different English dialects but there are variations in how these consonants are used. Australian English is no exception.

Australian English is uniformly non-rhotic; that is, the  sound does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant. As with many non-rhotic dialects, linking  can occur when a word that has a final  in the spelling comes before another word that starts with a vowel. An intrusive  may similarly be inserted before a vowel in words that do not have  in the spelling in certain environments, namely after the long vowel  and after word final . This can be heard in "law-r-and order", where an intrusive R is voiced between the AW and the A.

As with North American English, Intervocalic alveolar flapping is a feature of Australian English: prevocalic  and  surface as the alveolar tap  after sonorants other than  as well as at the end of a word or morpheme before any vowel in the same breath group. Examples of this feature are that the following pairs are pronounced similarly or identically: latter and ladder, as well as rated and raided.

Yod-dropping generally occurs after , , ,  but not after ,  and . Accordingly, suit is pronounced as , lute as , Zeus as  and enthusiasm as . Other cases of  and , as well as  and , have coalesced to , ,  and  respectively for many speakers.  is generally retained in other consonant clusters.

In common with most varieties of Scottish English and American English, the phoneme  is pronounced by older Australians as a "dark" (velarised) l () in almost all positions, unlike other dialects such as Received Pronunciation, Hiberno (Irish) English and most Australians from the Millennial generation onwards, where a light l (i.e. a non-velarised l) is used in many positions.

The wine–whine merger is complete in Australian English.

Pronunciation
Differences in stress, weak forms and standard pronunciation of isolated words occur between Australian English and other forms of English, which while noticeable do not impair intelligibility.

The affixes -ary, -ery, -ory, -bury, -berry and -mony (seen in words such as necessary, mulberry and matrimony) can be pronounced either with a full vowel () or a schwa  (). Although some words like necessary are almost universally pronounced with the full vowel, older generations of Australians are relatively likely to pronounce these affixes with a schwa as is typical in British English. Meanwhile, younger generations are relatively likely to use a full vowel.

Words ending in unstressed -ile derived from Latin adjectives ending in -ilis are pronounced with a full vowel, so that fertile  sounds like fur tile rather than rhyming with turtle .

In addition, miscellaneous pronunciation differences exist when compared with other varieties of English in relation to various isolated words, with some of those pronunciations being unique to Australian English. For example:
 As with American English, the vowel in yoghurt  and the prefix homo-  (as in homosexual or homophobic) are pronounced with  rather than ;
 Vitamin, migraine and privacy are all pronounced with  in the stressed syllable () rather than ;
 Dynasty and patronise, by contrast, are usually subject to trisyllabic laxing () like in Britain, alongside US-derived ;
 The prefix paedo- (as in paedophile) is pronounced  rather than ;
 In loanwords, the vowel spelled with  is often nativized as the  vowel (), as in American English, rather than the  vowel (), as in British English. For example, pasta is pronounced , analogous to American English , rather than , as in British English.
 Urinal is stressed on the first syllable and with the schwa for I: ;
 Harass and harassment are pronounced with the stress on the second, rather than the first syllable;
 The suffix -sia (as in Malaysia, Indonesia and Polynesia, but not Tunisia) is pronounced  rather than ;
 The word foyer is pronounced , rather than ;
 Tomato, vase and data are pronounced with  instead of : , with  being uncommon but acceptable;
 Zebra and leisure are pronounced  and  rather than  and , both having disyllabic laxing;
 Status varies between British-derived  with the  vowel and American-derived  with the  vowel;
 Conversely, precedence, precedent and derivatives are mainly pronounced with the  vowel in the stressed syllable, rather than : ;
 Basil is pronounced , rather than ;
 Conversely, cache is usually pronounced , rather than the more conventional ;
 Buoy is pronounced as  (as in boy) rather than ;
 The E in congress and progress is not reduced: ;
 Conversely, the unstressed O in silicon, phenomenon and python stands for a schwa: ;
 In Amazon, Lebanon and marathon, however, the unstressed O stands for the  vowel, somewhat as with American English: ;
 The colour name maroon is pronounced with the  vowel: .

Variation

Relative to many other national dialect groupings, Australian English is relatively homogeneous across the country. Some relatively minor regional differences in pronunciation exist. A limited range of word choices is strongly regional in nature. Consequently, the geographical background of individuals may be inferred if they use words that are peculiar to particular Australian states or territories and, in some cases, even smaller regions. In addition, some Australians speak creole languages derived from Australian English, such as Australian Kriol, Torres Strait Creole and Norfuk.

Academic research has also identified notable sociocultural variation within Australian English, which is mostly evident in phonology.

Regional variation
Although Australian English is relatively homogeneous, there are some regional variations. The dialects of English spoken in the various states and territories of Australia differ slightly in vocabulary and phonology.

Most regional differences are in word usage. Swimming clothes are known as cossies  or swimmers in New South Wales, togs in Queensland, and bathers in Victoria, Tasmania, Western Australia and South Australia. What Queensland calls a stroller is usually called a pram in Victoria, Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales, and Tasmania.

Preference for some synonymous words also differ between states. Garbage (i.e., garbage bin, garbage truck) dominates over rubbish in New South Wales and Queensland, while rubbish is more popular in Victoria, Tasmania, Western Australia and South Australia.

Additionally, the word footy generally refers to the most popular football code in an area; that is, rugby league or rugby union depending on the local area, in most of New South Wales and Queensland, and Australian rules football elsewhere. In some pockets of Melbourne & Western Sydney 'football' and more rarely 'footy' will refer to Association football. Beer glasses are also named differently in different states. Distinctive grammatical patterns exist such as the use of the interrogative eh (also spelled ay or aye), which is particularly associated with Queensland. Secret Santa () and Kris Kringle are used in all states, with the former being more common in Queensland.

South Australia
The most pronounced variation in phonology is between South Australia and the other states and territories. The trap–bath split is more complete in South Australia, in contrast to the other states. Accordingly, words such as dance, advance, plant, example and answer are pronounced with  (as in father) far more frequently in South Australia while the older  (as in mad) is dominant elsewhere in Australia. L-vocalisation is also more common in South Australia than other states.

Centring diphthongs
In Western Australian and Queensland English, the vowels in near and square are typically realised as centring diphthongs (), whereas in the other states they may also be realised as monophthongs: .

Salary–celery merger
A feature common in Victorian English is salary–celery merger, whereby a Victorian pronunciation of Ellen may sound like Alan and Victoria's capital city Melbourne may sound like Malbourne to speakers from other states. There is also regional variation in  before  (as in school and pool).

Full-fool allophones
In some parts of Australia, notably Victoria, a fully backed allophone of , transcribed , is common before . As a result, the pairs full/fool and pull/pool differ phonetically only in vowel length for those speakers. The usual allophone for  is further forward in Queensland and New South Wales than Victoria.

Sociocultural variation
The General Australian accent serves as the standard variety of English across the country. According to linguists, it emerged during the 19th century. General Australian is the dominant variety across the continent, and is particularly so in urban areas. The increasing dominance of General Australian reflects its prominence on radio and television since the latter half of the 20th century.

Recent generations have seen a comparatively smaller proportion of the population speaking with the Broad sociocultural variant, which differs from General Australian in its phonology. The Broad variant is found across the continent and is relatively more prominent in rural and outer-suburban areas.

A largely historical Cultivated sociocultural variant, which adopted features of British Received Pronunciation and which was commonplace in official media during the early 20th century, had become largely extinct by the onset of the 21st century.

Australian Aboriginal English is made up of a range of forms which developed differently in different parts of Australia, and are said to vary along a continuum, from forms close to Standard Australian English to more non-standard forms. There are distinctive features of accent, grammar, words and meanings, as well as language use.

Academics have noted the emergence of numerous ethnocultural dialects of Australian English that are spoken by people from some minority non-English speaking backgrounds. These ethnocultural varieties contain features of General Australian English as adopted by the children of immigrants blended with some non-English language features, such as Afro-Asiatic languages and languages of Asia. Samoan English is also influencing Australian English. Other ethnolects include those of Lebanese and Vietnamese Australians.

A high rising terminal in Australian English was noted and studied earlier than in other varieties of English. The feature is sometimes called Australian questioning intonation. Research published in 1986, regarding vernacular speech in Sydney, suggested that high rising terminal was initially spread by young people in the 1960s. It found that the high rising terminal was used more than twice as often by young people than older people, and is more common among women than men. In the United Kingdom, it has occasionally been considered one of the variety's stereotypical features, and its spread there is attributed to the popularity of Australian soap operas.

Vocabulary

Intrinsic traits

Australian English has many words and idioms which are unique to the dialect and have been written on extensively.

Internationally well-known examples of Australian terminology include outback, meaning a remote, sparsely populated area, the bush, meaning either a native forest or a country area in general, and g'day, a greeting. Dinkum, or fair dinkum means "true" or "is that true?", among other things, depending on context and inflection. The derivative dinky-di means "true" or devoted: a "dinky-di Aussie" is a "true Australian".

Australian poetry, such as "The Man from Snowy River", as well as folk songs such as "Waltzing Matilda", contain many historical Australian words and phrases that are understood by Australians even though some are not in common usage today.

Australian English, in common with British English, uses the word mate to mean friend, as well as the word bloody as a mild expletive or intensifier. Bloody is taken to be milder in Australia than it is in the UK, where the word is considered profanity.

Several words used by Australians were at one time used in the United Kingdom but have since fallen out of usage or changed in meaning there. For example, creek in Australia, as in North America, means a stream or small river, whereas in the UK it is typically a watercourse in a marshy area; paddock in Australia means field, whereas in the UK it means a small enclosure for livestock; bush or scrub in Australia, as in North America, means a wooded area, whereas in England they are commonly used only in proper names (such as Shepherd's Bush and Wormwood Scrubs).

Some elements of Aboriginal languages have been adopted by Australian English—mainly as names for places, flora and fauna (for example dingo) and local culture. Many such are localised, and do not form part of general Australian use, while others, such as kangaroo, boomerang, budgerigar, wallaby and so on have become international. Other examples are cooee and hard yakka. The former is used as a high-pitched call, for attracting attention, (pronounced ) which travels long distances. Cooee is also a notional distance: "if he's within cooee, we'll spot him". Hard yakka means "hard work" and is derived from yakka, from the Jagera/Yagara language once spoken in the Brisbane region. Also of Aboriginal origin is the word bung, from the Sydney pidgin English (and ultimately from the Sydney Aboriginal language), meaning "dead", with some extension to "broken" or "useless". Many towns or suburbs of Australia have also been influenced or named after Aboriginal words. The best-known example is the capital, Canberra, named after a local Ngunnawal language word thought to mean "women's breasts" or "meeting place".

Litotes, such as "not bad", "not much" and "you're not wrong", are also used. Diminutives and hypocorisms are common and are often used to indicate familiarity. Some common examples are arvo (afternoon), barbie (barbecue), smoko (cigarette break), Aussie (Australian) and Straya (Australia). This may also be done with people's names to create nicknames (other English speaking countries create similar diminutives). For example, "Gazza" from Gary, or "Smitty" from John Smith. The use of the suffix -o originates in , which is both a postclitic and a suffix with much the same meaning as in Australian English.

In informal speech, incomplete comparisons are sometimes used, such as "sweet as" (as in "That car is sweet as."). "Full", "fully" or "heaps" may precede a word to act as an intensifier (as in "The waves at the beach were heaps good."). This was more common in regional Australia and South Australia but has been in common usage in urban Australia for decades. The suffix "-ly" is sometimes omitted in broader Australian English. For instance, "really good" can become "real good".

Australia's switch to the metric system in the 1970s changed most of the country's vocabulary of measurement from imperial to metric measures. Since the switch to metric, heights of individuals are listed in centimetres on official documents and distances by road on signs are listed in terms of kilometres and metres.

Comparison with other varieties

Where British and American English vocabulary differs, sometimes Australian English shares a usage with one of those varieties, as with petrol (AmE: gasoline) and mobile phone (AmE: cellular phone) which are shared with British English, or truck (BrE: lorry) and eggplant (BrE: aubergine) which are shared with American English.

In other circumstances, Australian English sometimes favours a usage which is different from both British and American English as with:

Differences exist between Australian English and other varieties of English, where different terms can be used for the same subject or the same term can be ascribed different meanings. Non-exhaustive examples of terminology associated with food, transport and clothing is used below to demonstrate the variations which exist between Australian English and other varieties:

Food – capsicum (BrE: (red/green) pepper; AmE: bell pepper); (potato) chips (refers both to BrE crisps and AmE French fries); chook (sanga) (BrE and AmE: chicken (sandwich)); coriander (shared with BrE. AmE: cilantro); entree (refers to AmE appetizer whereas AmE entree is referred to in AusE as main course); eggplant (shared with AmE. BrE: aubergine); fairy floss (BrE: candy floss; AmE: cotton candy); ice block or icy pole (BrE: ice lolly; AmE: popsicle); jelly (refers to AmE Jell-o whereas AmE jelly refers to AusE jam); lollies (BrE: sweets; AmE: candy); marinara (sauce) (refers to a tomato-based sauce in AmE and BrE but a seafood sauce in AusE); mince or minced meat (shared with BrE. AmE: ground meat); prawn (which in BrE refers to large crustaceans only, with small crustaceans referred to as shrimp. AmE universally: shrimp); snow pea (shared with AmE. BrE mangetout); pumpkin (AmE: squash, except for the large orange variety - AusE squash refers only to a small number of uncommon species; BrE: marrow); tomato sauce (also used in BrE. AmE: ketchup); zucchini (shared with AmE. BrE: courgette)

Transport – aeroplane (shared with BrE. AmE: airplane); bonnet (shared with BrE. AmE: hood); bumper (shared with BrE. AmE: fender); car park (shared with BrE. AmE: parking lot); convertible (shared with AmE. BrE: cabriolet); footpath (BrE: pavement; AmE: sidewalk); horse float (BrE: horsebox; AmE: horse trailer); indicator (shared with BrE. AmE: turn signal); peak hour (BrE and AmE: rush hour); petrol (shared with BrE. AmE: gasoline); railway (shared with BrE. AmE: railroad); sedan (car) (shared with AmE. BrE: saloon (car)); semitrailer (shared with AmE. BrE: artic or articulated lorry); station wagon (shared with AmE. BrE: estate car); truck (shared with AmE. BrE: lorry); ute (BrE and AmE: pickup truck); windscreen (shared with BrE. AmE: windshield)

Clothing – gumboots (BrE: Wellington boots or Wellies; AmE: rubber boots or galoshes); jumper (shared with BrE. AmE: sweater); nappy (shared with BrE. AmE: diaper); overalls (shared with AmE. BrE: dungarees); raincoat (shared with AmE. BrE: mackintosh or mac); runners or sneakers (footwear) (BrE: trainers. AmE: sneakers); sandshoe (BrE: pump or plimsoll. AmE: tennis shoe); singlet (BrE: vest. AmE: tank top or wifebeater); skivvy (BrE: polo neck; AmE: turtleneck); swimmers or togs or bathers (BrE: swimming costume. AmE: bathing suit or swimsuit); thongs (refers to BrE and AmE flip-flops (footwear). In BrE and AmE refers to g-string (underwear))

Terms with different meanings in Australian English
There also exist words which in Australian English are ascribed different meanings from those ascribed in other varieties of English, for instance:
 Asian in Australian (and American) English commonly refers to people of East Asian ancestry, while in British English it commonly refers to people of South Asian ancestry
 Biscuit in Australian (and British) English refers to AmE cookie and cracker, while in American English it refers to a leavened bread product
 (potato) Chips refers both to British English crisps (which is not commonly used in Australian English) and to American English French fries (which is used alongside hot chips)
 Football in Australian English most commonly refers to Australian rules football, rugby league or rugby union. In British English, football is most commonly used to refer to association football, while in North American English football is used to refer to gridiron
 Pants in Australian (and American) English most commonly refers to British English trousers, but in British English refers to Australian English underpants
 Nursery in Australian English generally refers to a plant nursery, whereas in British English and American English it also often refers to a child care or daycare for pre-school age children
 Paddock in Australian English refers to an open field or meadow whereas in American and British English it refers to a small agricultural enclosure
 Premier in Australian English refers specifically to the head of government of an Australian state, whereas in British English it is used interchangeably with Prime Minister
 Public school in Australian (and American) English refers to a state school. Australian and American English use private school to mean a non-government or independent school, in contrast with British English which uses public school to refer to the same thing
 Pudding in Australian (and American) English refers to a particular sweet dessert dish, while in British English it often refers to dessert (the food course) in general
 Thongs in Australian English refer to British and American English flip-flop (footwear), whereas in both American and British English it refers to Australian English G-string (underwear) (in Australian English the singular "thong" can refer to one half of a pair of the footwear or to a G-string, so care must be taken as to context)
 Vest in Australian (and American) English refers to a padded upper garment or British English waistcoat but in British English refers to Australian English singlet

Idioms taking different forms in Australian English
In addition to the large number of uniquely Australian idioms in common use, there are instances of idioms taking different forms in Australian English than in other varieties, for instance:
 A drop in the ocean (shared with BrE usage) as opposed to AmE a drop in the bucket
 A way to go (shared with BrE usage) as opposed to AmE a ways to go
 Home away from home (shared with AmE usage) as opposed to BrE home from home
 Take (something) with a grain of salt (shared with AmE usage) as opposed to UK take with a pinch of salt
 Touch wood (shared with BrE usage) as opposed to AmE knock on wood
 Wouldn't touch (something) with a ten-foot pole (shared with AmE usage) as opposed to BrE wouldn't touch with a barge pole

British and American English terms not commonly used in Australian English
There are extensive terms used in other varieties of English which are not widely used in Australian English. These terms usually do not result in Australian English speakers failing to comprehend speakers of other varieties of English, as Australian English speakers will often be familiar with such terms through exposure to media or may ascertain the meaning using context.

Non-exhaustive selections of British English and American English terms not commonly used in Australian English together with their definitions or Australian English equivalents are found in the collapsible table below:

British English terms not widely used in Australian English

 Allotment (gardening): A community garden not connected to a dwelling
 Artic or articulated lorry (vehicle): Australian English semi-trailer)
 Aubergine (vegetable): Australian English eggplant
 Bank holiday: Australian English public holiday
 Barmy: Crazy, mad or insane.
 Bedsit: Australian English studio (apartment)
 Belisha beacon: A flashing light atop a pole used to mark a pedestrian crossing
 Bin lorry: Australian English: garbage truck
 Bobby: A police officer, particularly one of lower rank
 Cagoule: A lightweight raincoat or windsheeter
 Candy floss (confectionery): Australian English fairy floss
 Cash machine: Australian English automatic teller machine
 Chav: Lower socio-economic person comparable to Australian English bogan
 Child-minder: Australian English babysitter
 Chivvy: To hurry (somebody) along. Australian English nag
 Chrimbo: Abbreviation for Christmas comparable to Australian English Chrissy
 Chuffed: To be proud (especially of oneself)
 Cleg (insect): Australian English horsefly
 Clingfilm: A plastic wrap used in food preparation. Australian English Glad wrap/cling wrap
 Community payback: Australian English community service
 Comprehensive school: Australian English state school or public school
 Cooker: A kitchen appliance. Australian English stove and/or oven
 Coppice: An area of cleared woodland
 Council housing: Australian English public housing
 Counterpane: A bed covering. Australian English bedspread
 Courgette: A vegetable. Australian English zucchini
 Creche: Australian English child care centre
 (potato) Crisps: Australian English (potato) chips
 Current account: Australian English transaction account
 Dell: A small secluded hollow or valley
 Do: Australian English party or social gathering
 Doddle: An easy task
 Doss (verb): To spend time idly
 Drawing pin: Australian English thumb tack
 Dungarees: Australian English overalls
 Dustbin: Australian English garbage bin/rubbish bin
 Dustcart: Australian English garbage truck/rubbish truck
 Duvet: Australian English doona
 Elastoplast or plaster: An adhesive used to cover small wounds. Australian English band-aid
 Electrical lead: Australian English electrical cord
 Estate car: Australian English station wagon
 Fairy cake: Australian English cupcake
 Father Christmas: Australian English Santa Claus
 Fen: A low and frequently flooded area of land, similar to Australian English swamp
 Free phone: Australian English toll-free
 Gammon: Meat from the hind leg of pork. Australian English makes no distinction between gammon and ham
 Git: A foolish person. Equivalent to idiot or moron
 Goose pimples: Australian English goose bumps
 Hacked off: To be irritated or upset, often with a person
 Hairgrip: Australian English hairpin or bobbypin
 Half-term: Australian English school holiday
 Haulier: Australian English hauler
 Heath: An area of dry grass or shrubs, similar to Australian English shrubland
 Hoover(verb): Australian English to vacuum
 Horsebox: Australian English horse float
 Ice lolly: Australian English ice block or icy pole
 Juicy bits: Small pieces of fruit residue found in fruit juice. Australian English pulp
 Kip: To sleep
 Kitchen roll: Australian English paper towel
 Landslip: Australian English landslide
 Lavatory: Australian English toilet (lavatory is used in Australian English for toilets on aeroplanes)
 Lido: A public swimming pool
 Lorry: Australian English truck
 Loudhailer: Australian English megaphone
 Mackintosh or mac: Australian English raincoat
 Mangetout: Australian English snow pea
 Marrow: Australian English squash
 Minidish: A satellite dish for domestic (especially television) use
 Moggie: A domestic short-haired cat
 Moor: A low area prone to flooding, similar to Australian English swampland
 Nettled: Irritated (especially with somebody)
 Nosh: A meal or spread of food
 Off-licence: Australian English bottle shop/Bottle-o
 Pak choi: Australian English bok choy
 Pavement: Australian English footpath
 Pelican crossing: Australian English pedestrian crossing or zebra crossing
 Peaky: Unwell or sickly
 (red or green) Pepper (vegetable): Australian English capsicum
 People carrier (vehicle): Australian English people mover
 Pikey: An itinerant person. Similar to Australian English tramp
 Pillar box: Australian English post box
 Pillock: A mildly offensive term for a foolish or obnoxious person, similar to idiot or moron. Also refers to male genetalia
 Plimsoll (footwear): Australian English sandshoe
 Pneumatic drill: Australian English jackhammer
 Polo neck (garment): Australian English skivvy
 Poorly: Unwell or sick
 Press-up (exercise): Australian English push-up
 Pushchair: A wheeled cart for pushing a baby. Australian English: stroller or pram
 Pusher: A wheeled cart for pushing a baby. Australian English: stroller or pram
 Rodgering: A mildly offensive term for sexual intercourse, similar to Australian English rooting
 Saloon (car): Australian English sedan
 Scratchings (food): Solid material left after rendering animal (especially pork) fat. Australian English crackling)
 Sellotape: Australian English sticky tape
 Shan't: Australian English will not
 Skive (verb): To play truant, particularly from an educational institution. Australian English to wag
 Sleeping policeman: Australian English speed hump or speed bump
 Snog (verb): To kiss passionately, equivalent to Australian English pash
 Sod: A mildly offensive term for an unpleasant person
 Spinney: A small area of trees and bushes
 Strimmer: Australian English whipper snipper or line trimmer
 Swan (verb): To move from one plact to another ostentatiously
 Sweets: Australian English lollies
 Tailback: A long queue of stationary or slow-moving traffic
 Tangerine: Australian English mandarin
 Tipp-Ex: Australian English white out or liquid paper
 Trainers: Athletic footwear. Australian English runners or ''sneakers.''
 Turning (noun): Where one road branches from another. Australian English turn
 Utility room: A room containing washing or other home appliances, similar to Australian English laundry
 Value-added tax (VAT): Australian English goods and services tax (GST)
 Wellington boots: Australian English gumboots
 White spirit: Australian English turpentine

American English terms not widely used in Australian English

 Acclimate: Australian English acclimatise
 Airplane: Australian English aeroplane
 Aluminum: Australian English aluminium
 Baby carriage: Australian English stroller or pram
 Bangs: A hair style. Australian English fringe
 Baseboard (architecture): Australian English skirting board
 Bayou: Australian English swamp/billabong
 Bell pepper: Australian English capsicum
 Bellhop: Australian English hotel porter
 Beltway: Australian English ring road
 Boondocks: An isolated, rural area. Australian English the sticks or Woop Woop or Beyond the black stump
 Broil (cooking technique): Australian English grill
 Bullhorn: Australian English megaphone
 Burglarize: Australian English burgle
 Busboy: A subclass of (restaurant) waiter
 Candy: Australian English lollies
 Cellular phone: Australian English mobile phone
 Cilantro: Australian English coriander
 Comforter: Australian English doona
 Condominium: Australian English apartment
 Counter-clockwise: Australian English anticlockwise
 Coveralls: Australian English overalls
 Crapshoot: A risky venture
 Diaper: Australian English nappy
 Downtown: Australian English central business district
 Drapes: Australian English curtains
 Drugstore: Australian English pharmacy or chemist
 Drywall: Australian English plasterboard
 Dumpster: Australian English skip bin
 Fall (season): Australian English autumn
 Fanny pack: Australian English bum bag
 Faucet: Australian English tap
 Flashlight: Australian English torch
 Freshman: A first year student at a highschool or university
 Frosting (cookery): Australian English icing
 Gasoline: Australian English petrol
 Gas pedal: Australian English accelerator
 Gas Station: Australian English service station or petrol station
 Glove compartment: Australian English glovebox
 Golden raisin: Australian English sultana
 Grifter: Australian English con artist
 Ground beef: Australian English minced beef or mince
 Hood (vehicle): Australian English bonnet
 Hot tub: Australian English spa or spa bath
 Jell-o: Australian English jelly
 Ladybug: Australian English ladybird
 Mail-man: Australian English postman or postie
 Mass transit: Australian English public transport
 Math: Australian English maths
 Mineral spirits: Australian English turpentine
 Nightstand: Australian English bedside table
 Out-of-state: Australian English interstate
 Pacifier: Australian English dummy
 Parking lot: Australian English car park
 Penitentiary: Australian English prison or jail
 Period(punctuation): Australian English full stop
 Play hooky (verb): To play truant from an educational institution. Equivalent to Australian English (to) wag
 Popsicle: Australian English ice block or icy pole
 Railroad: Australian English railway
 Railroad ties: Australian English Railway sleepers
 Rappel: Australian English abseil
 Realtor: Australian English real estate agent
 Root (sport): To enthusiastically support a sporting team. Equivalent to Australian English barrack
 Row house: Australian English terrace house
 Sales tax: Australian English goods and services tax (GST)
 Saran wrap: Australian English plastic wrap or cling wrap
 Scad: Australian English a large quantity
 Scallion: Australian English spring onion
 Sharpie (pen): Australian English permanent marker or texta or felt pen
 Shopping cart: Australian English shopping trolley
 Sidewalk: Australian English footpath
 Silverware or flatware: Australian English cutlery
 Soda pop: Australian English soft drink
 Streetcar: Australian English tram
 Sweater: Garment. Australian English jumper
 Sweatpants: Australian English tracksuit pants/trackies
 Tailpipe: Australian English exhaust pipe
 Takeout: Australian English takeaway
 Trash can: Australian English garbage bin or rubbish bin
 Trunk (vehicle): Australian English boot
 Turn signal: Australian English indicator
 Turtleneck: Australian English skivvy
 Upscale and downscale: Australian English upmarket and downmarket
 Vacation: Australian English holiday
 Windshield: Australian English windscreen

Grammar
The general rules of English Grammar which apply to Australian English are described at English grammar. Grammatical differences between varieties of English are minor relative to differences in phonology and vocabulary and do not generally affect intelligibility. Examples of grammatical differences between Australian English and other varieties include:
Collective nouns are generally singular in construction, e.g., the government was unable to decide as opposed to the government were unable to decide or the group was leaving as opposed to the group were leaving. This is in common with American English.
Australian English has an extreme distaste for the modal verbs shall (in non-legal contexts), shan't and ought (in place of will, won't and should respectively), which are encountered in British English. However, shall is found in the Australian Constitution, Acts of Parliament, and other formal or legal documents such as contracts.
Using should with the same meaning as would, e.g. I should like to see you, encountered in British English, is almost never encountered in Australian English.
River follows the name of the river in question, e.g., Brisbane River, rather than the British convention of coming before the name, e.g., River Thames. This is also the case in North American and New Zealand English. In South Australian English however, the reverse applies when referring to the following three rivers: Murray, Darling and Torrens. The Derwent in Tasmania also follows this convention.
While prepositions before days may be omitted in American English, i.e., She resigned Thursday, they are retained in Australian English: She resigned on Thursday. This is shared with British English.
The institutional nouns hospital and university do not take the definite article: She's in hospital, He's at university. This is in contrast to American English where the is required: In the hospital, At the university.
On the weekend is used in favour of the British at the weekend which is not encountered in Australian English.
Ranges of dates use to, i.e., Monday to Friday, rather than Monday through Friday. This is shared with British English and is in contrast to American English.
When speaking or writing out numbers, and is always inserted before the tens, i.e., one hundred and sixty-two rather than one hundred sixty-two. This is in contrast to American English, where the insertion of and is acceptable but nonetheless either casual or informal.
The preposition to in write to (e.g. "I'll write to you") is always retained, as opposed to American usage where it may be dropped.
Australian English does not share the British usage of read (v) to mean "study" (v). Therefore, it may be said that "He studies medicine" but not that "He reads medicine".
When referring to time, Australians will refer to 10:30 as half past ten and do not use the British half ten. Similarly, a quarter to ten is used for 9:45 rather than (a) quarter of ten, which is sometimes found in American English.
Australian English does not share the British English meaning of sat to include sitting or seated. Therefore, uses such as I've been sat here for an hour are not encountered in Australian English.
To have a shower or have a bath are the most common usages in Australian English, in contrast to American English which uses take a shower and take a bath.
The past participle of saw is sawn (e.g. sawn-off shotgun) in Australian English, in contrast to the American English sawed.
The verb visit is transitive in Australian English. Where the object is a person or people, American English also uses visit with, which is not found in Australian English.
An outdoor event which is cancelled due to inclement weather is rained out in Australian English. This is in contrast to British English where it is said to be rained off.
In informal speech, sentence-final but may be used, e.g. "I don't want to go but" in place of "But I don't want to go". This is also found in Scottish English.
In informal speech, the discourse markers yeah no (or yeah nah) and no yeah (or nah yeah) may be used to mean "no" and "yes" respectively.

Spelling and style
As in all English-speaking countries, there is no central authority that prescribes official usage with respect to matters of spelling, grammar, punctuation or style.

Spelling

There are several dictionaries of Australian English which adopt a descriptive approach. The Macquarie Dictionary is most commonly used by universities, governments and courts as the standard for Australian English spelling. The Australian Oxford Dictionary is another commonly-used dictionary of Australian English.

Australian spelling is significantly closer to British than American spelling, as it did not adopt the systematic reforms promulgated in Noah Webster's 1828 Dictionary. Notwithstanding, the Macquarie Dictionary often lists most American spellings as acceptable secondary variants.

The minor systematic differences which occur between Australian and American spelling are summarised below:
 French-derived words which in American English end with or, such as color, honor, behavior and labor, are spelt with our in Australian English: colour, honour, behaviour and labour. Exceptions are the Australian Labor Party and some (especially South Australian) placenames which use Harbor, notably Victor Harbor.
 Words which in American English end with ize, such as realize, recognize and apologize are spelt with ise in Australian English: realise, recognise and apologise. The British Oxford spelling, which uses the ize endings, remains a minority variant. The Macquarie Dictionary says that the -ise form as opposed to -ize sits at 3:1. The sole exception to this is capsize, which is used in all varieties.
 Words which in American English end with yze, such as analyze, paralyze and catalyze are spelt with yse in Australian English: analyse, paralyse and catalyse.
 French-derived words which in American English end with er, such as fiber, center and meter are spelt with re in Australian English: fibre, centre and metre (the unit of measurement only, not physical devices; so gasometer, voltmeter).
 Words which end in American English end with log, such as catalog, dialog and monolog are usually spelt with logue in Australian English: catalogue, dialogue and monologue; however, the Macquarie Dictionary lists the log spelling as the preferred variant for analog.
 A double-consonant l is retained in Australian English when adding suffixes to words ending in l where the consonant is unstressed, contrary to American English. Therefore, Australian English favours cancelled, counsellor, and travelling over American canceled, counselor and traveling.
 Where American English uses a double-consonant ll in the words skillful, willful, enroll, distill, enthrall, fulfill and installment, Australian English uses a single consonant: skilful, wilful, enrol, distil, enthral, fulfil and instalment. However, the Macquarie Dictionary has noted a growing tendency to use the double consonant.
 The American English defense and offense are spelt defence and offence in Australian English.
 In contrast with American English, which uses practice and license for both nouns and verbs, practice and licence are nouns while practise and license are verbs in Australian English.
 Words with ae and oe are often maintained in words such as oestrogen and paedophilia, in contrast to the American English practice of using e alone (as in estrogen and pedophilia). The Macquarie Dictionary has noted a shift within Australian English towards using e alone, and now lists some words such as encyclopedia, fetus, eon or hematite with the e spelling as the preferred variant and hence Australian English varies by word when it comes to these sets of words.

Minor systematic difference which occur between Australian and British spelling are as follows:
 Words often ending in eable in British English end in able in Australian English. Therefore, Australian English favours livable over liveable, sizable over sizeable, movable over moveable, etc., although both variants are acceptable.
 Words often ending in eing in British English end in ing in Australian English. Therefore, Australian English favours aging over ageing, or routing over routeing, etc., although both variants are acceptable.
 Words often ending in mme in British English end in m in Australian English. Therefore, Australian English favours program over programme (in all contexts) and aerogram over aerogramme, although both variants are acceptable. Similar to Canada, New Zealand and the United States, (kilo)gram is the only spelling.

Other examples of individual words where the preferred spelling is listed by the Macquarie Dictionary as being different from current British spellings include analog as opposed to analogue, guerilla as opposed to guerrilla, verandah as opposed to veranda, burqa as opposed to burka, pastie (noun) as opposed to pasty, neuron as opposed to neurone, hicup as opposed to hicough, annex as opposed to annexe, raccoon as opposed to racoon etc. Unspaced forms such as onto, anytime, alright and anymore are also listed as being equally as acceptable as their spaced counterparts.

There is variation between and within varieties of English in the treatment of -t and -ed endings for past tense verbs. The Macquarie Dictionary does not favour either, but it suggests that leaped, leaned or  learned (with -ed endings) are more common but spelt and burnt (with -t endings) are more common.

Different spellings have existed throughout Australia's history. What are today regarded as American spellings were popular in Australia throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the Victorian Department of Education endorsing them into the 1970s and The Age newspaper until the 1990s. This influence can be seen in the spelling of the Australian Labor Party and also in some place names such as Victor Harbor. The Concise Oxford English Dictionary has been attributed with re-establishing the dominance of the British spellings in the 1920s and 1930s. For a short time during the late 20th century, Harry Lindgren's 1969 spelling reform proposal (Spelling Reform 1 or SR1) gained some support in Australia and was adopted by the Australian Teachers' Federation.

Punctuation and style
Prominent general style guides for Australian English include the Cambridge Guide to Australian English Usage, the Australian Government Style Manual (formerly the Style Manual: For Authors, Editors and Printers), the Australian Handbook for Writers and Editors and the Complete Guide to English Usage for Australian Students.

Both single and double quotation marks are in use, with single quotation marks preferred for use in the first instance, with double quotation marks reserved for quotes of speech within speech. Logical (as opposed to typesetter's) punctuation is preferred for punctuation marks at the end of quotations. For instance, Sam said he 'wasn't happy when Jane told David to "go away"'. is used in preference to Sam said he "wasn't happy when Jane told David to 'go away.'"

The DD/MM/YYYY date format is followed and the 12-hour clock is generally used in everyday life (as opposed to service, police, and airline applications).

With the exception of screen sizes, metric units are used in everyday life, having supplanted imperial units upon the country's switch to the metric system in the 1970s, although imperial units persist in casual references to a person's height. Tyre and bolt sizes (for example) are defined in imperial units where appropriate for technical reasons.

In betting, decimal odds are used in preference to fractional odds, as used in the United Kingdom, or moneyline odds in the United States.

Keyboard layout
There are two major English language keyboard layouts, the United States layout and the United Kingdom layout. Keyboards and keyboard software for the Australian market universally uses the US keyboard layout, which lacks the pound (£), euro and negation symbols and uses a different layout for punctuation symbols from the UK keyboard layout.

See also

 The Australian National Dictionary
 Australian English vocabulary
 New Zealand English
 South African English
 Zimbabwean English
 Falkland Islands English
 Diminutives in Australian English
 International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects
 Strine

References

Citations

Works cited

Further reading

 Mitchell, Alexander G. (1995). The Story of Australian English. Sydney: Dictionary Research Centre.

External links

 Aussie English, The Illustrated Dictionary of Australian English
 Australian National Dictionary Centre
 free newsletter from the Australian National Dictionary Centre, which includes articles on Australian English
 Australian Word Map at the ABC—documents regionalisms
 R. Mannell, F. Cox and J. Harrington (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
 Aussie English for beginners—the origins, meanings and a quiz to test your knowledge at the National Museum of Australia.

Languages attested from the 18th century
Dialects of English
Sociolinguistics
Languages of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Oceanian dialects of English
Languages of Australia

Australian English


The Prince of Wales Challenge Cup is a rowing event for men's quadruple sculls at the annual Henley Royal Regatta on the River Thames at Henley-on-Thames in England.  It is open to male crews from all eligible rowing clubs and has similar qualifying rules to the Ladies' Challenge Plate. Two or more clubs may combine to make an entry.

The trophy was donated to the regatta in 2007 by Mr. V. G. Saunders and was the prize awarded to the winner of the 1931 King's Cup Aero Race - E. C. T. Edwards, the brother of H. R. A. (Jumbo) Edwards.

Past winners

References

Events at Henley Royal Regatta
Rowing trophies and awards

Prince of Wales Challenge Cup


Henry Fauntleroy (12 October 1784 – 30 November 1824) was an English banker and forger.

After seven years as a clerk in the London bank of Marsh, Sibbald & Co., of which his father was one of the founders, he was taken into partnership, and the whole business of the firm was left in his hands. In 1824, the bank suspended payment. Fauntleroy was arrested on the charge of appropriating trust funds by forging the trustees' signatures and was committed for trial. It was freely rumoured that he had appropriated £250,000, which he had squandered in debauchery. He was tried at the Old Bailey, and, the case against him having been proved, he admitted his guilt but pleaded that he had used the misappropriated funds to pay his firm's debts.

He was found guilty and sentenced to be hanged. Seventeen merchants and bankers gave evidence as to his general integrity at the trial. After his conviction, powerful influence was brought to bear on his behalf, and his case was twice argued before judges on points of law. An Italian named Angelini even offered to take Fauntleroy's place on the scaffold. The efforts of his many friends were, however, unavailing, and he was hanged in November 1824, with the execution witnessed by Samuel Warren, who later recalled it in "My First Circuit", a section of his Miscellanies. Henry Fauntleroy was buried at Bunhill Fields Burial Ground in a family vault, though a wholly unfounded rumour was widely credited for some time subsequently, to the effect that he had escaped strangulation by inserting a silver tube in his throat and went to live comfortably abroad.

This made Fauntleroy one of the last few to be executed for forgery before it ceased to be a capital crime via two parliamentary Acts in 1832 and 1837. This outcome was in contrast to that of the fraudster Lancelot Cooper, who was compared to Fauntleroy by The Times in 1827. He was also condemned to death but subsequently had his sentence commuted to transportation (probably due to the influence of John FitzGibbon, 2nd Earl of Clare). Nathaniel Hawthorne's 1852 novel The Blithedale Romance includes a minor background character called Fauntleroy, a banker, while Henry Fauntleroy himself is a major character in Susan Grossey's 2013 novel Fatal Forgery.

References

Further reading
 Griffiths Chronicles of Newgate, ii. 294-300
 Pierce Egan, Account of the Trial of Mr Fauntleroy, 1824
 * Marsh family history website jjhc.info
 https://archive.org/stream/historybunhillf00commgoog/historybunhillf00commgoog_djvu.txt

1784 births
1824 deaths
Businesspeople from London
English bankers
English criminals
Executed people from London
People executed for forgery
19th-century executions by England and Wales
1824 crimes in the United Kingdom
19th-century British businesspeople

Henry Fauntleroy


The Authors Guild is America's oldest and largest professional organization for writers. It works to protect free expression and copyright. It started in 1912 as the Authors League of America. Notable authors of fiction, nonfiction, and poetry have been board members. It has over 9,000 members. These members get legal advice and guidance on contracts with publishers as well as insurance and help with licensing and royalties.

Conflict with Google
On September 20, 2005, the Authors Guild, together with Herbert Mitgang, Betty Miles and Daniel Hoffman, sued Google for its Book Search project. The Authors Guild said Google was breaking the law by making digital copies of books that were still in copyright. (Google countered that their use was fair according to US copyright law.)

On October 28, 2008, the Authors Guild, the Association of American Publishers, and Google announced an agreement.  Google would pay $125 million, $45 million to rightsholders whose books were scanned without permission. The Google Book Search Settlement Agreement allowed for legal protection for Google's scanning project. But both sides still said the other was wrong about copyright law. The Settlement also would have started a new regulatory organization, the Book Rights Registry, which would decide how fees from Google went to rightsholders.

The settlement between the Authors guild and Google was rejected in 2011 by a judge at the district court level. The judge thought the settlement was not good for the authors.

In October 2015, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit sided with Google. The court said that scanning and posting parts of works online was Fair Use and did not harm the authors.

In late December 2015, the Authors Guild filed a writ of certiorari with the Supreme Court against Google over copyright laws. which in April 2016 did not review the case, leaving the lower court's decision as correct.

References

Other websites
 The Authors Guild website

  Authors sue Google over book plan

1910s establishments in New York (state)
1912 establishments in the United States
Organizations in New York City
American writers' organizations
Trade associations

Authors Guild


WUWG, FM 90.7, is the radio station that formerly broadcast at the University of West Georgia in Carrollton, Georgia, and is now a part of the Georgia Public Broadcasting radio state network.  This station is one of several in the GPB system that also produces its own programming; however, the vast majority of the broadcast day is a simulcast of the statewide feed.  That feed is also duplicated locally both by GPB's WJSP-FM in Warm Springs and WGPB-FM in Rome, with most NPR programming also carried by non-GPB station WABE from nearby Atlanta.  Several programs are also duplicated on Atlanta's WRAS, most of whose broadcast day was involuntarily taken from Georgia State University students in June 2014, resulting in programs like Morning Edition and All Things Considered being aired in the Carrollton area on no fewer than five different frequencies at once for seven total hours every weekday.  Originally licensed to the university and operated entirely by students, WUWG was transferred outright to GPB in 2004, though it is unclear under what circumstances. When GPB consolidated broadcasting operations in its Atlanta offices in 2008, Dr. Brad Yates, chair of the UWG Mass Communications department, made advances to start a new student-run radio station.

History
It has been on the air since 1973, originally with the call sign WWGC, when the school was named West Georgia College.  The station previously broadcast a very diverse college radio format, but now carries mostly the GPB radio feed from Atlanta.  With an omnidirectional antenna, it covers Carroll County and somewhat beyond with 500 watts ERP.

In August 1994, WWGC became an affiliate of Public Radio International. This allowed the school to terminate most of the student-created programs, and rely mainly on satellite feeds instead. The station ran a ratio of 70% satellite/network programming to 30% student programming, resulting in content probably more suited to WGC faculty, broadcasting that was not necessarily in the interest of the community at large or in accord with student preferences.  WUWG airs local news and features, as well as a few student-produced programs in the evenings, but they are only a fraction of those provided previously before WGC obtained access to the public radio system.

In 2001, the station changed call letters from WWGC to WUWG, which reflected the school's name change. The University of West Georgia assumed its present name in 1995.

Personalities

Some notable former DJs at the station include Dale Hurlebaus (a/k/a ROKNDJ), Ryan Cameron, Rhubarb Jones, Rob Parker, Randall Davidson, Jonathan Dorsey, Lisa Lang, Kevin Sanders, Robert Ray, Audra Schwarz, Trevor Head, Drew Fountain, Bubba Petty, Jim Rosser, Mike Bland, Sean Gilbert, Lacey Smith, Brooks Robinson, Errol Crane, John Crosby, Tommy Butler, Jerry Edwards, Bryan Hubbard, Sam Mills, Teri Lamprey, Singin' Steve Sedberry, Emily Alexander, Joe Harris, Joshua Head, Michael Booth, Mark Veljkov, Dave Callaway, Dave Reynolds, Alan Abernathy and Scott Evans.

References

External links
WUWG 90.7 FM Radio Page

UWG
NPR member stations
University of West Georgia
UWG
Radio stations established in 1973
1973 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)

WUWG


USS Satyr (ARL-23) was one of 39 Achelous-class landing craft repair ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. Named for the Satyr (a sylvan deity in Greek mythology), she was the only US Naval vessel to bear the name.

Originally laid down as LST-852 on 16 August 1944, by the Chicago Bridge and Iron Company of Seneca, Illinois; launched on 13 November 1944; and commissioned on 27 November 1944. Following her initial commissioning, LST-852 proceeded to Jacksonville, Florida, where she was decommissioned on 28 December 1944; was converted to a landing craft repair ship; and recommissioned as USS Satyr (ARL-23) on 28 April 1945.

Service history

World War II
During the next month, she underwent training exercises in Chesapeake Bay; and, on 3 June, she departed the east coast for the Panama Canal, California, and duty in the Pacific Fleet. By the end of July, the ARL had crossed the International Date Line; and, on 10 August, she joined the Pacific Fleet's Amphibious Force at Guam. Ten days later, she continued west in a convoy of LSTs and APDs, but a collision the next day sent her to Saipan for repairs to her bow doors. Repairs were completed on 28 August. Temporary duty with Service Division 103 (ServDiv 103) occupied the first week of September. On 10 September, she sailed for Okinawa, whence she continued on to Japan for occupation duty. Satyr anchored in Tokyo Bay off Yokosuka on 25 September. On 1 October, she cleared the bay, moved north to Hokkaidō, and operated out of Otaru, for two months. She then returned to Yokosuka where she joined ServDiv 102. In April 1946, she shifted to the China Coast. In July, she returned to Japan; and, at mid-month, sailed for the United States.

Steaming via Pearl Harbor, Satyr arrived in California, in September, and for the next ten months, operated out of San Pedro, in support of various amphibious commands. On 1 August 1947, she was decommissioned and berthed with the San Diego Group, Pacific Reserve Fleet.

Korean War
Three years later, in June 1950, the North Korean People's Army crossed the 38th parallel and invaded the Republic of Korea. In early August, Satyr was ordered activated. On 8 September, she was recommissioned; and, on 23 October, she assumed duties as landing craft tender at San Diego. For the next four months, she supported units training off southern California; then, on 2 March 1951, she headed west toward Japan and the Korean Peninsula. She arrived in Yokosuka on 7 April and departed on 24 April. On 28 April, she took up duties as a landing craft tender at Pusan and continued that service until mid-July. She then returned to Japan where she provided similar services at Sasebo and Yokosuka and participated in amphibious training exercises in northern Honshū and Hokkaidō. On 14 December, she headed back to California, and tender duties at San Diego. After the cessation of open hostilities in Korea, Satyr returned to the Far East. Arriving in Yokosuka, on 21 September 1953, she participated in amphibious assault exercises in northern Japan, during October; provided tender services in ServDiv 31 into January 1954; participated in further exercises in the Ryukyu, Benin, and Volcano Islands and supported SeaBee operations at Buckner Bay into March. She then sailed for Yokosuka to prepare for recrossing the Pacific to California.

Returning to San Diego, in early May, Satyr performed tender services there until 1 October, when she was transferred to Long Beach, and assigned to Amphibious Squadron 7 for operational control. On 11 October, she sailed for her new homeport, whence she operated until again ordered inactivated in January 1956. She returned to San Diego; and, on 17 April 1956, she was again decommissioned and berthed with the Pacific Reserve Fleet.

Vietnam War
In December 1966, the ARL was ordered reactivated a second time. She spent 1967 in New Orleans, for modernization. On 15 February 1968, she was recommissioned at the Naval Support Activity, Algiers, Louisiana; and, a month later, she headed for San Diego, her homeport. Refresher training was completed at the end of May. On 5 June, she sailed for the western Pacific. On 5 July, she arrived at Subic Bay; and, on 10 July, she anchored at Vũng Tàu, Republic of Vietnam. The next day, Satyr moved into the Mekong Delta; and, on 12 July, joined TF 117, the Mobile Riverine Force. Based primarily at Dong Tam Base Camp, she operated throughout the delta area. On 25 July, she proceeded to the junction of the Soirap and Vanco Rivers, near Nha Be, where she operated for nearly two months. On 16 September, she returned to Dong Tam. In early October, she supported operations in the Vinh Long area; and, toward the end of the month, she entered the Bassac River and proceeded to the Can Tho area. During November, she supported units at Long Xuyen, Dai Ngai, and Can Tho. In mid-December, she moved into the Gulf of Thailand to support units participating in Operation Sea Lords. On 23 December, she escorted boats to Rach Gia, whence she returned to Can Tho, arriving on 26 December, to resume support operations for TG 117.2.

Satyr remained in the delta area for another three months, then proceeded to Sasebo, Japan. On 15 June 1969, she returned to Dong Tam, and rejoined TP 117. A month later, that task force was dissolved and operational control of Satyr shifted to Commander, Naval Support Activity, Saigon. In October, Satyr again moved into the Gulf of Thailand; and, from then into January 1970, she operated in the vicinity of the Song Ong Doc. Ten days into the new year, she entered the Bassac River en route to An Long, where she arrived two days later and commenced support of Operation Barrier Reef. In May, she moved up the Mekong River to the vicinity of the Cambodian border and, into August, supported American and Vietnamese naval and marine units involved in "Tran Hung Dao" I, VII, XI, XVII, and XVIII. In September, she returned to Vung Tau, whence she again proceeded to Japan, for overhaul and repairs. By mid-December, she was back in the Mekong Delta area; and, on 19 December, she arrived at Tan Chau, to resume support operations along the Cambodian border. With one run to Long Xuyen, she remained in the Tan Chau area until 15 February 1971, then returned to Long Xuyen, whence she operated until decommissioned and transferred to the Republic of Vietnam Navy on 30 September.

She was recommissioned the same day as RVNS Vinh Long (HQ-802).Placed in the custody of the Philippines government in 1975, with the fall of the South Vietnamese Government, and she was brought to Subic Bay, Zambales, Philippines. Because there was need of a repair ship in the Philippine Navy the ship was transferred to the Philippine Government through the foreign military sales (FMS). Named BRP YAKAL (ARL-517) the vessel was commissioned on 21 June 1983, and placed under the Naval Forces on 1 August 1983. Later the bow number was changed from ARL-517 to ARL-617 and finally to AD-617. Her first commanding officer was CDR Victor Salazar, PN. She started her tour in the southern Philippines under the Commander Naval Forces Philippines on 2 November 1983. Aside from mobile repairs rendered to the units of NAVFORSOUTH she had performed other missions. Notably, the Barrier/Negation patrol along the Philippine-Malaysian border during the Maldanas incident in October 1985, the sealift of Filipino repatriates from Indonesia to the Philippines in February 1986, the support mission for President Corazon C. Aquino's visit to Jolo, and lately, the transport of 600 Boy Scouts from General Santos, during the BSP National Jamboree, 11–17 November 1988, in Zamboanga City. Other missions include transport of personnel, anti-smuggling negation patrols, and as a logistic ship for small craft. Decommissioned on 7 June 2001. Yakal was scrapped in 2004.

Satyr earned 2 campaign stars for her service during the Korean War and 3 for her service in the Vietnam War.

References

External links

The ARL-23 in Vietnam

Achelous-class repair ships
Achelous-class repair ships converted from LST-542-class ships
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Cold War auxiliary ships of the United States
Korean War auxiliary ships of the United States
Vietnam War auxiliary ships of the United States
Ships transferred from the United States Navy to the Republic of Vietnam Navy
Ships transferred from the United States Navy to the Philippine Navy
Ships built in Seneca, Illinois
1944 ships

USS Satyr