Francisco Antonio de Guerrero y Torres (Villa de Guadalupe, 1727 – Muy Noble y Leal Ciudad de México, 1792) was a Mexican Baroque architect who was prominent in Mexico City, the capital of New Spain. He built several palaces and buildings at the basilica devoted to Our Lady of Guadalupe.

He was the major developer of the Galante Style, by which he translated the Rococo into Mexican terms. An apprentice of Lorenzo Rodríguez, Guerrero y Torres participated, in 1753, in the construction of the Our Lady of Guadalupe Shrine. The main architect was Pedro de Arrieta.

Early life and education
Francisco Antonio de Guerrero y Torres was born in Villa de Guadalupe in 1727. He was schooled by tutors. Interested in buildings, he apprenticed to Lorenzo Rodríguez. At the age of 26, he took part in design and construction of Our Lady of Guadalupe Shrine, under the lead architect Pedro de Arrieta.

Works
Guerrero y Torres built a palace for the Count of San Mateo de Valparaíso, with construction lasting from December 5, 1769 to May 9, 1772. It was on the site of a former 16th-century mansion, part of redevelopment of the historic center of the city. This work gave Guerrero y Torres such fame that he was named Maestro Mayor del Real Palacio, de la Catedral y del Tribunal de la Santa Fe (Major Master of the Royal Palace, the Cathedral and the Inquisition Headquarters). As the count had wished, he designed the palace in a pure "Mexican" style, with materials from the region. It had grey Chiluca limestone structural elements (such as doorposts, gargoyles and cornices), while the external walls were covered with red tezontle (a porous volcanic stone) and blue details of talavera poblana (azulejos from Puebla).

Between 1779 and 1785, he built a new palace for the Marquise of Jaral de Berrio, the only daughter of the Countess of San Mateo de Valparaíso. Replacing a 16th-century mansion, this palace had two towers in its frontal corners (it used to be customary to have one tower; doubling the number indicated the owner's great wealth). The palace is today known as the Palace of Iturbide.

He also built the Pocito chapel (chapel of the little well), in the Our Lady of Guadalupe Shrine complex, as an ex-voto. Neither he nor the contractors charged a fee, and the materials were contributed through donations by the people and the bishop. This chapel was designed in the so-called "transition Baroque" style, because it contained elements of the Later Baroque, mixed with elements which belonged to the incipient Neoclassic style.

Doña María Ignacia de Azlor y Echeverz, daughter of the Aguayo marquis and mother superior of a girls' school, commissioned Guerrero y Torres to build La Enseñanza Church (1772–1778). The arch that marks the end of the bass-chorus (an arch that develops into three arches) is reminiscent of that beginning the great staircase in the Santiago Calimaya counts' palace. The floor plan of La Enseñanza resembles that of the ''Pocito'' chapel. None of Guerrero y Torres' architectural drawings survived. The church holds the drawings for later modifications by Ignacio Castera (who made renovations in the Neoclassical style). Castera may have built the Capuchin convent, but the Baroque temple is believed to have been done by another. These were not built until 1795, three years after Guerrero y Torres' death.

The work of Guerrero y Torres led to Mexico City becoming known as the "town of palaces". Though the phrase is commonly attributed to the baron Alexander von Humboldt, it has been documented as by the English traveler Charles La Trobe.

Notable works
All in Mexico City, these include:

 The San Mateo Valparaíso counts' palace (Venustiano Carranza Street and Isabel la Católica St.)
 Our Lady of the Pillar, better known as La Enseñanza (1772–1778) (102 Donceles St.)
 The Jaral de Berrio marquise's palace (1779 to 1785) (Madero St.)
 The Santiago Calimaya counts' palace (Pino Suárez St.)
 The two Houses of the Guerrero d'Ávila's Mayorazgo (Moneda St. and El Carmen St.)
 The Pulque Customs, in which was the gate of the City (Peralvillo St. and Reforma St.)
 The El Pocito Chapel (the Little Well chapel), in the complex of Our Lady of Guadalupe Villa (town)

References

1727 births
1792 deaths
Mexican architects

Francisco Antonio de Guerrero y Torres


The Rocar De Simon U412 was a city bus model manufactured jointly by Rocar and De Simon in Romania with an Italian constructed bus body (Inbus 210).

History
The model, introduced early 1994 (UL70 series also called U412-220 UL70) and produced until 2002, was mostly used in Bucharest's bus network operated by RATB even though some U 412-260s are also used in other Romanian cities such as Braşov, Cluj-Napoca, Galati, Craiova, and Oradea.

Rocar De Simon buses also were used by the army and the MAI. Used as a coach, it was also equipped with air conditioning, and it had 2 doors (front and mid). Also some Rocar De Simon buses were sold to some particulars, mainly versions with 2 doors, but also with 3 doors. 2-door versions are also available with a slightly shorter wheelbase. Rocar De Simon was built in 7 versions: U412-220 UL70, U412-220, U412-230, U412-260, U412E (trolleybus), U412 DAF (with DAF platform), and some 2-door versions based on U412-260, with slightly lower wheelbase.

STB has withdrawn all of them from service (including trolleybus 7454), because some of them were severely worn out, but also because RATB wanted to operate solely low floor busses with air conditioning. The only vehicle remaining at STB based on Rocar De Simon is trolleybus #7459. Some of them were scrapped (the most severely worn out), but some of them are still in some garages of STB in conservation, not in regular use for public transport, they are used for internal purposes or are proposed either for scrapping or sale.

A major problem RATB discovered at these buses after a few years of operation, was the broken chassis, either the rear console was bending, either some busses were bending at the mid, probably because frequently overloading them. It is one of the main reasons RATB removed them from regular service, apart from the fact that RATB wanted solely low floor buses. RATB removed Rocar De Simon buses from operation in mid to late 2011. All of them were replaced with low floor buses, Mercedes-Benz Citaro type.

Rocar De Simon was quite a modern vehicle at its time, actual design, having MAN Euro 2 engines, automatic transmission (although vehicles with manual transmission also existed), ABS, electronic controlled air suspension (ECAS), tubeless tires (although some were delivered with tube type wheel assembly), Fluorescent lighting of the saloon, plastic (sometimes with upholstery) seats, Blaupunkt sound system with public address with bus vox system announcing the stations, electrical ventilating rooftops, heated saloon, STOP button in the saloon (for announcing the driver to stop at some desired stations) and some safety features (like hammer for crashing the windows in case of fire), and many of them were equipped with electronic display (few of them were even equipped with luminescent display). Despite these advantages, it didn't prove very successful, mainly due to low number of manufactured vehicles, as only about 400 vehicles were manufactured between 1994 and 2002 (taking in consideration all its versions (220, 230, 260) and derivate vehicles – coach, trolleybus, shorter wheelbase version), and probably by concurrence (mainly second hand vehicles but also some new busses) and high price. However, it was bought in low numbers by other public transport companies around Romania and some particulars.

It had no successor because ROCAR went bankrupt, although its successors were meant to be either Rocar 812 series (built on BusOtto Autodromo platform) only one bus and one trolleybus were made in 1998, or ROCAR SOLARIS URBINO in 2002 (the last attempt before ROCAR went bankrupt, only one piece was spotted, but unknown if it was badged ROCAR or it was really built by ROCAR). Rocar De Simon was meant to be the successor of DAC/Rocar 112/212 and 117/217 series based on the older Roman 112 UD, but they continued the production of the later in parallel with De Simon until 2000. De Simon bus series, although originally had an articulated version, ROCAR never built articulated De Simon. It was the last bus ever made by ROCAR, its production ceased in 2002 some months before ROCAR officially declared Bankruptcy.
Unlike Rocar 112/117/212/217 series which were exported to some countries, Rocar De Simon was not officially exported (at least no model is known to be sold outside Romania). All built vehicles, were delivered and operated in Romania.
Rocar de Simon busses (so for Rocar 812 BusOtto Autodromo) were unaffected by the bankruptcy of its mother factory, ROCAR, compared to many other ROCAR products (apart from the fact they were outdated), as spare parts were (and sometimes are) widely available, because it was produced with components also used by many other manufacturers, some of them being interchangeable. Body parts like panels, glasses, tail lights and headlights could be brought from Italy or other countries which were operating De Simon Buses.

Subtypes
 Rocar De Simon U412-220 UL70: It was operated only by RATB, and there were 6 vehicles. It can be easily recognized by the window under the windshield, on the right side. It was equipped with MAN engine, 220 Hp, Automatic transmission, and rear axle was IABV. It had no electronic display, only with painted board. Stood at Militari Garage. First series of Rocar De Simon, built in 1994.
 Rocar De Simon U412-220 and U412-230: mainly the same with U412-220 UL70, or slightly more powerful engine, 230 hp at U412-230. Had electronic display, like UL70 had the front spoiler built from 2 sections, and some of them had the front spoiler painted orange (mostly U412-220). Stood at Militari garage, and operated solely by RATB. The window under the windshield which was present on UL70 was removed. Built between early 1995 and late 1996. Craiova also received 2 Rocar De Simon U412-230.
 Rocar De Simon U412-260: the most popular version of Rocar De Simon, and the most numerous, operated by several other transport companies in Romania, but RATB was its main operator. Rear axle is RABA type with no gear reducer, it is equipped with WABCO ABS. Front spoiler built in one piece. Like other Rocar De Simons, it had Electronic Controlled Air Suspension, leaning a little when doors ere open to facilitate getting in and out. This version was also sent to Brasov (1 vehicle), Galati (2 vehicles), Cluj (6 vehicles), Oradea (5 vehicles), built from late 1996 to 2002. Also sold to some particulars. To be mentioned that vehicles with manual transmission also existed.
 Rocar De Simon U412-DAF: only two versions built, operated solely by RATB; can be easily recognized by shorter wheelbase
 Rocar De Simon U412E: Trolleybus version, only 19 built, between mid 1997 and 2002. Rear axle is the same with De Simon U412-220/230, and has an engine of 125-150 kW. Operated by RATB (Bucharest) - 2 vehicles (one with chopper, one with AC Motor and Kiepe Electric Equipment), RATUC (Cluj Napoca) - 2 vehicles, RATC (Constanta, not equipped with CHOPPER!) - 15 vehicles, Piatra Neamt (5 vehicles - from Constanta).
 Rocar De Simon U412-260 2 doors, painted green. 2 vehicles were spotted, one belongs to MAI, ARMY, used as coach, equipped with A/C, the other was a particular bus. It had a slightly shorter wheelbase than 3-doors model and 2 doors (front and mid). Probably built as custom vehicle or designed for interurban lines, however no such vehicle is known to be operated by any public transport company in Romania.

References

Transport in Romania
Buses

Rocar De Simon U412


In Norse cosmology, svartálfar (O.N. "black elves", "swarthy elves", sing. svartálfr), also called myrkálfar ("dark elves", "dusky elves", "murky elves", sing. myrkálfr), are beings who dwell in Svartálfheim (Svartálf[a]heimr, "home of the black-elves"). Both the svartálfar and Svartálfaheimr are primarily attested in the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. Scholars have noted that the svartálfar appear to be synonymous with the dwarfs and potentially also the dökkálfar ("dark elves"). As dwarfs, the home of the svartálfar could possibly be another description for Niðavellir ("dark fields").

Attestations
The svartálfar are almost only attested in the Prose Edda (the word does appear in Ektors saga ok kappa hans, but is presumably borrowed from the Prose Edda). The svartálfar mentioned in Skáldskaparmál 35 are the Sons of Ivaldi, whom Loki engages to craft replacement hair for Sif, wife of the god Thor, after Loki mischievously sheared off her golden tresses. Ivaldi is often glossed as being a dwarf.

Svartálfaheimr ("world of black-elves") appears in the Prose Edda twice, in each case as the place where certain dwarfs can be found to be living: In Gylfaginning 33, the "world of black-elves" is where the dwarfs are sought by the gods to craft the fetter Gleipnir to bind the wolf Fenrir. And in Skáldskaparmál, 39, the "world of black-elves" is where Loki encounters the dwarf Andvari.

Theories and interpretations
Scholars have commented that, as both attestations mentioning the beings and location appear to refer to dwarfs, svartálfr and dwarf may simply be synonyms for the same concept. Scholar John Lindow comments that whether the dökkálfar and the svartálfar were considered the same at the time of the writing of the Prose Edda is also unclear.

See also
Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar
Drow
Elf

Notes

Legend of the Dark Elf (Fantasy Book Series / Author 2023 - Valtyr)

References

Locations in Norse mythology
Norse dwarves

Svartálfar


The Exclusion Bill Parliament was a Parliament of England during the reign of Charles II of England, named after the long saga of the Exclusion Bill. Summoned on 24 July 1679, but prorogued by the king so that it did not assemble until 21 October 1680, it was dissolved three months later on 18 January 1680/81.

Background
Succeeding the long Cavalier Parliament and the short-lived Habeas Corpus Parliament of March to July 1679, this was the third parliament of the King's reign. Its character was much influenced by the aftermath of the Popish Plot crisis.

On 15 May 1679, the supporters of Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, had introduced the Exclusion Bill into the Commons with the aim of excluding the king's brother, James, Duke of York, from the succession to the throne. A fringe group began to support the claim of Charles's illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth. As it seemed likely that the bill would pass, Charles exercised his Royal prerogative to dissolve Parliament.

History
A new parliament was summoned on 24 July 1679, and elections to the new House of Commons were held on various dates in the weeks which followed, but in general they went badly for the court party. With parliament expected to meet in October 1679, King Charles prorogued the parliament until 26 January 1680. Shaftesbury was anxious that the king might be intending not to meet this new parliament, so he launched a petitioning campaign to pressure the king to do so. He also wrote to the Duke of Monmouth, advising him to return from exile, and on 27 November 1679 Monmouth entered London amid scenes of widespread celebration. On 7 December 1679, a petition signed by Shaftesbury and fifteen other Whig peers called on Charles to meet parliament, and this was followed on 13 January 1679/80 by a similar petition of 20,000 signatures. However, instead of meeting parliament Charles further prorogued it and recalled his brother the Duke of York from Scotland. With this, Shaftesbury urged his friends on the Privy Council to resign, and four did so.

This agitation was opposed by George Jeffreys and Francis Wythens, who presented addresses expressing abhorrence of the petitioners, thus initiating the movement of the Abhorrers, who supported the actions of the king. Roger North noted that "The frolic went all over England", and the addresses of the Abhorrers from around the country formed a counterblast to those of the Petitioners.

Shaftesbury's party sought to establish a mass movement to keep alive the fears raised by the Popish Plot, organising huge processions in London in which the Pope was burnt in effigy. The King's supporters mustered their own propaganda in the form of memoirs of the Commonwealth government of Oliver Cromwell and its austerities. The King labelled the Whigs as subversives and nonconformists, and by early 1681 Shaftesbury's mass movement had died down.

Throughout the life of the parliament the supporters of Shaftesbury, becoming known as the Whigs, continued in their attempts to promote and pass the Exclusion Bill, and Charles had little doubt that it would pass the House of Commons, if not the Lords. The natural supporters of the king and his brother in the parliament were the High Anglicans, who as a political faction opposing the Exclusion Bill were known first as the Abhorrers, later as the Tories.

On 24 March 1680, Shaftesbury told the Privy Council he had received news that the Roman Catholics of Ireland were about to launch a rebellion, backed by the French. Several Privy Councillors, including Henry Coventry, thought Shaftesbury was making this story up to inflame public opinion, so an investigation was launched. This ultimately resulted in the execution of Oliver Plunkett, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh, on spurious charges.

On 26 June 1680, Shaftesbury led a group of fifteen peers and commoners who presented an indictment to the Middlesex grand jury in Westminster Hall, charging the Duke of York with being a popish recusant, in violation of the penal laws.  Before the grand jury could act, it was dismissed for interfering in matters of state. The next week, Shaftesbury again tried to indict the Duke of York, but again the grand jury was dismissed before it could take any action.

Parliament finally met on 21 October 1680, when the Commons elected for the first time William Williams as Speaker. He became the first Speaker of the House of Commons from Wales.

On 23 October, Shaftesbury in the House of Lords called for a committee to be set up to investigate the Popish Plot. The Exclusion Bill, which as widely foreseen had been passed by the Commons, came before the Lords on 15 November, when Shaftesbury gave an impassioned speech in favour of it, but the Lords rejected the Bill by 63 votes to 30. The Lords now wished to explore alternative ways of limiting the powers of a Roman Catholic successor to the throne, but Shaftesbury argued that the only viable alternative to exclusion was calling on the king to marry again and provide a new heir. On 23 December 1680, Shaftesbury gave another strong pro-Exclusion speech in the Lords, in the course of which he attacked the Duke of York, stated his mistrust of Charles II, and urged parliament not to approve any further taxes until "the King shall satisfie the People, that what we give is not to make us Slaves and Papists". With parliament pursuing the Irish investigation vigorously and threatening to impeach some of the king's judges, Charles prorogued parliament on 10 January 1680/81, and then dissolved it on 18 January, calling for fresh elections for a new Commons, intending the next parliament to meet at Oxford.  On 25 January, Shaftesbury, Essex, and Salisbury presented the king with a petition signed by sixteen peers asking that parliament should be held at Westminster Hall rather than Oxford, but the king remained committed to his intention.

The next parliament was the Oxford Parliament of 1681.

See also
 List of parliaments of England
 English general election, 1679 (October)

Notes

1680 in England
Political history of England
Anti-Catholicism in England
Parliaments of Charles II of England
1680 in politics
The Restoration

Exclusion Bill Parliament


Sky Bar is an American candy bar introduced by Necco in 1938, discontinued in 2018, and reintroduced in 2019 by the Sky Bar Confectionary Company. Each Sky Bar has four sections, each with a different filling—caramel, vanilla, peanut, and fudge—all covered in milk chocolate.

History

New England Confectionery Company

Sky Bar was first announced in March 1938, as the New England Confectionery Company (Necco) became the first manufacturer in the United States to introduce a molded candy bar with four different centers encased in a chocolate covering. The originator of the Sky Bar was a candy maker working for Necco named Joseph Cangemi. Necco introduced Sky Bar by means of a dramatic skywriting advertising campaign, and ran a "complete the sentence" contest in The Boston Globe with cash prizes to raise consumer awareness. The initial price for a Sky Bar was five cents.

Sky Bar's four different centers enrobed in chocolate were originally described in 1938 as English toffee, nougat, nut butter toffee, and fudge parfait. By 1955, they were English toffee, honey nougat, peanut whip, and fudge parfait. By 2001, the fillings were caramel, vanilla, peanut, and fudge. The peanut section was not peanut butter—it was a peanut-flavored caramel—while the vanilla section was not quite nougat or marshmallow, but similar to the consistency of a Valomilk cup.

In 1945, a Necco advertisement for Sky Bar was one of only six signs illuminated in New York City's Times Square following VE Day.

In late 2009, as an advertising tie-in with the DVD release of New Moon (from the Twilight vampire series), Necco released special chocolate bars inspired by the original Sky Bar candy. One bar, similar to the original, contained three filling flavors—caramel, creme and peanut butter. Another bar resembled a heart shape and only contained creme.

By 2014, Sky Bar had become difficult to find, but was still produced by Necco and could be found in some stores such as Cracker Barrel (especially in New England) or on the Internet through Amazon.com (in bulk) or some candy resellers.

Sky Bar Confectionery Company

Following the closure of Necco in mid-2018, the Sky Bar brand was sold at auction on September 27, 2018. The winning bidder was Louise Mawhinney, owner of a gourmet food store named Duck Soup based in Sudbury, Massachusetts. The new owner indicated plans to resume production in small batches in late 2019. In November 2019, operating as the Sky Bar Confectionery Company, ownership announced that Sky Bar was once again in production, available online and at the Duck Soup store in Sudbury. Beginning December 7th, 2019, the Sky Bar was sold at a separate Sky Bar store directly adjacent to Duck Soup, with the bar being produced in the rear of the store.

In popular culture
A Sky Bar candy bar is shown twice in the 2009 film The House of the Devil.  Early in the film the Samantha Hughes character  (Jocelin Donahue) opens and begins to consume a Sky Bar while in her college dorm room.  Later, during her babysitting job, she's shown eating an already opened Sky Bar (presumably the unfinished candy bar from earlier).

In Dimension 20: The Unsleeping City, Sky Bars are a key plot point. Sofia Lee, played by Emily Axford, buys two Sky Bars, afterwards smooshing one into the ground as a sacrifice to her dead husband and eating three segments of the other offering the last one to her mentor.

Photographs
Sky Bars made by Necco included the Necco logo on the wrapper and imprinted on each of the four segments. Sky Bars made by the Sky Bar Confectionary Company have no logo on the wrapper, and  "Sky" or "Bar" imprinted on each segment.

References

Further reading

External links
 Necco's Sky Bar page via Wayback Machine
 Sky Bar Candy Confectionary Company

Chocolate bars
Necco brands
American confectionery
1938 establishments in Massachusetts
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2018

Sky Bar


Bledlow Ridge is a village in the civil parish of Bledlow-cum-Saunderton in Buckinghamshire, England. In 2004, 940 people lived there. It is in the Chiltern Hills, about 4 miles SSW of Princes Risborough and on the road between the High Wycombe and Chinnor.

The hamlet was first in the ecclesiastical parish of Bledlow. It became separate in 1868 when the new chapel, dedicated to St Paul, was constructed.

As is common with other similar villages in the Chiltern Hills, properties have become increasingly in demand due to its location and the improvement in rail connections and road connections to London. It has a recently refurbished village shop, The Country Store (formerly the "Kedai"), and a local school, Bledlow Ridge School. Bledlow Ridge has a number of clubs, such as 'Bridge', a youth club and a cricket club. As well as the corner shop, there is also an Equestrian Centre, park, tennis courts and a cricket pitch the 'Bledlow Ridge Cricket Club' owns. Yoesden, south of Chinnor Road, is a nature reserve the Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust manages.

Notable residents
Sir Stuart Hampson – Former Chairman of the John Lewis Partnership.
Stewart Copeland - Founder and drummer of The Police.

References

Other websites

Villages in Buckinghamshire

Bledlow Ridge


John Lyons is an American horse trainer in the field of natural horsemanship.  Lyons has been presenting training clinics and horsemanship symposia since 1980, has written several books on horses and horse training, and is the founder of John Lyons' Perfect Horse magazine.  He lives and works out of Parachute, Colorado.

Philosophy
Lyons' approach of establishing a partnership between horse and handler is based in part on the principles of operant conditioning and he encourages owners to notice what is going on with their horses and to use consistent cues and reinforcement to encourage positive behavior and discourage negative behavior in the animal.  He places a strong emphasis on safety of handler and horse, using gentle techniques, and eschewing dramatic results in favor of setting specific goals, then teaching them by use of clear signals, responsible methods, and consistency.

Lyons is somewhat different from other natural horsemanship practitioners in that his Christian faith plays a very public role in his presentations and materials.  Beginning in 2010, Josh Lyons will move east and work out of Cross Plains, Tennessee, near Nashville.  Father and son both offer a trainer's certification program to develop new horse trainers.

Recognition
Awards given to Lyons for his work include Equitana USA's Modern Masters Award for Outstanding Horsemanship, and the University of Louisville's John W. Galbreath Award for outstanding contributions to the horse industry.  Lyons' son, Josh Lyons, and daughter, Brandi Lyons are also trainers.  John and Josh have competed in the invitation-only Road to the Horse competition, John Lyons doing so shortly after knee replacement surgery.  Prior to the creation of the annual Road to the Horse competition, Josh Lyons won the original "In a Whisper" competition in 2002, a head-to-head horse training challenge between himself, Pat Parelli and Craig Cameron, which was made into a film documentary.

Lyons gained both support and notoriety due to his critique of the film The Horse Whisperer, noting that while there were many positive messages, there was also the potential for people to get some dangerous messages about horse training from certain sequences.  He first noted that the multiple horses that played Pilgrim were all well-trained animals and that the movie did not represent a real-life time frame for training a single real-life animal. He pointed out that the film made the rehabilitation of the horse appear to be a one-session event, when in reality it would take considerable time for such a change to occur.  Lyons criticized a number of dangerous practices shown in the movie, and was particularly critical of the scene where the lead character hobbles, ropes, and lays the exhausted horse on the ground, then has the horse's owner, a girl with an amputated limb, get on the recumbent horse, which is then allowed to rise, and the horse and girl miraculously are both cured of their fears and once again a horse and rider team. He argued that the actual real-life practical risk of injury to horse and human in such a method is considerable, that a horse pushed to exhaustion is not "trained," and pushing a fearful rider in such a fashion is ill-advised. However, Lyons' critique also recognized the limitations of Hollywood filmmaking, stating, "In order to tell a story, things are often done that would be imprudent for horse owners to attempt."

Works by Lyons

Lyons, John and Jennifer J. Denison.(2002) Bringing Up Baby. Primedia Enthusiast Publications. .
Lyons, John with Sinclair Browning. (1991) Lyons On Horses: John Lyons' Proven Conditioned-Response Training Program. Doubleday, ,
Lyons, John. (2006) John Lyons' Troubleshooting  Primedia Equine Network, ,
Lyons, John with Maureen Gallatin.  (three part series, 1998, 1999) Communicating with Cues: The Rider's Guide to Training and Problem Solving Belvoir Publications, Inc. ,  (part 1)

References

Bibliography

Harris, Moira C. Mastering the Art of Horsemanship: John Lyon's Spiritual Journey Bowtie Press, 2003.
Miller, Robert and Richard Lamb.  Revolution in Horsemanship.  Lyons Press, 2005. . Reviews the various methods and schools of what today is known as "Natural horsemanship."

External links

Western horse trainers
Natural horsemanship
Living people
1947 births

John Lyons (horse trainer)


According to the 2012 census, Islam is the most followed religion in Niger and is practiced by 99% of the population. According to Pew, roughly 80% of Muslims are Sunni of Maliki school of jurisprudence, whilst 20% are non-denominational Muslims
Other religions practiced in Niger include Animism and Christianity.

Islam

Islam in Niger accounts for the vast majority of the nation's religious adherents. The faith is practiced by at least 95% of the population, although this figure varies by source and percentage of population who are classified as Animist. The official 2012 census found that 99.3% of the population self-identified as Muslim. The majority of the Muslim population identifies itself as Sunni Many of the communities who continue to practice elements of traditional religions do so within a framework of syncretic Islamic belief, making agreed statistics difficult. Islam in Niger, although dating back more than a millennium, gained dominance over traditional religions only in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and has been marked by influences from neighboring societies. Sufi brotherhoods have become the dominant Muslim organisation, like much of West Africa. Despite this, a variety of interpretations of Islam coexist—largely in peace—with one another as well as with minorities of other faiths. The government of Niger is secular in law while recognising the importance of Islam to the vast majority of its citizens.

African Traditional Religion
A small percentage of the population practices Animism or traditional indigenous religious beliefs. Studies estimate that such practitioners number about 4.11% of the total population in 2020, such numbers can be misleading as there is a high rate of syncretism within Muslim communities throughout the country. However, syncretism has become less common over the past decade. The official 2012 census found that only 0.2% of the population (34,786 respondents) self-identified as Animist.

African Traditional Religion beliefs include both festivals and traditions (such as the Bori cult) practiced by some syncretic Muslim communities (in some Hausa areas as well as among some Toubou and Wodaabe pastoralists), as opposed to several small communities who maintain their pre-Islamic religion. These include the Hausa speaking Maouri (or Arna, the Hausa word for "pagan") community in Dogondoutci in the south-southwest and the Kanuri speaking Manga near Zinder, both of whom practice variations of the pre-Islamic Hausa Maguzawa religion. There are also some tiny Boudouma and Songhay African Traditional Religion communities in the southwest.

Christianity

Christianity first contacted Niger with French colonial expansion, and its adherents include local believers from the educated, the elite, and colonial families, as well as immigrants from neighboring coastal countries, particularly Benin, Togo, and Ghana. Christians, both Roman Catholics and Protestants, account for less than 1% of the population. The official 2012 census found that 0.3% of the population (56,856 respondents) was Christian. A later estimate has Christians at 0.24%, evenly split between Catholics, Protestants and other denominations.

In 2007 Christians were mainly present in Maradi, Dogondoutchi, Niamey and other urban centers with expatriate populations.

The first Catholic mission was founded in 1931, while the first Protestant missionaries came to Zinder in 1924 and to Tibiri a few years later. In the late 1970s, there were some 12,000 Catholic and 3,000 Protestant converts in Niger, comprising the Christian population alongside foreigners.

Bahá'í Faith in Niger

The Bahá'í Faith in Niger began during a period of wide scale growth in the religion across Sub-Saharan Africa near the end of its colonial period. The first Bahá'ís arrive in Niger in 1966 and the growth of the religion reached a point of electing its National Spiritual Assembly in 1975. Following a period of oppression, making the institutions of the religion illegal in the late 1970s and 80s, the National Assembly was re-elected starting in 1992. The Bahá'í community in Niger has grown mostly in the south-west of the country where they number about 5,600 (0.04% total population.)

No religion
The 2012 census also found 0.1% of the population (23,048 respondents) declaring they had no religion.

Legal status
The Constitution of Niger provides for freedom of religion, and the government generally respects this right in practice, as long as persons respect public order, social peace, and national unity.

Interfaith relations
Niger has a history of good relations between the majority Muslim believers and the much smaller minority faiths. In  2008, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Niamey Mgr Michel Cartatéguy was quoted in the press as saying that  Niger is one of the "best examples" of cohabitation and cooperation between Christians and Muslims.

In January 2015 Muslim protestors burned churches and cars and attacked French-linked businesses across Niger on Saturday, in violent protests against the publication of a cartoon of Muhammad on the cover of Charlie Hebdo magazine.

Freedom of religion
In 2023 the country was scored 2 out of 4 for religious freedom.

See also
 Islam in Niger
 Christianity in Niger
 Roman Catholicism in Niger
 Bahá'í Faith in Niger
 Romani mythology

References

Religion in Niger


Apolinar Velez y Ramos (January 23, 1865 – October 21, 1939) was the Mayor of Cagayan de Misamis From 1928 to 1931 and also the Governor of the Misamis Province from 1906 to 1909. He led the Filipinos during the Battle of Makahambus that resulted in the victory of the Filipinos.

Early life and education

He was born on Jan 23, 1865, in Cagayan, Misamis. He was the son of Blas Velez and Saturnina Ramos.

He was educated at Fra. R. Zueco's private school of Attorney Leoncio Roa, and S. Jis de Ortega's college.
In 1884, he was a clerk in the office of the court of first instance of Misamis. From 1886 to 1891, he held the positions of oficial de mesa, interpreter, and defensor de presos pobres.

Previous to that time, he held the post of second lieutenant of infantry of the Spanish army, and was decorated with the Medalla de Mindanao.
In 1898, he was made chief of the division of justice of the provincial council of the Revolutionary Government two years later, he was promoted to the rank of major of the revolutionary army and chief of the battalion "El Mindanao."

Political life
From 1901 to 1906, Don Apolinar Velez held the post of provincial secretary after which he was elected governor of Misamis for two terms.

During the 1928 election, in response to the demands of his sympathizers, he ran for the post of municipal president of Cagayan, and was easily elected. He ran for the position of member of the provincial board last June and was elected to hold office for the next three years.

Personal life
Velez is known by his nickname Senor Cayong. Don Apolinar spends his leisure hours playing chess, billiard, or reading books. He plays piano, like everybody else in the family. He married Leona Chaves y Roa on May 10, 1887, thus joining two of the biggest families in Misamis.

References

Mayors of Cagayan de Oro
Year of birth uncertain
1939 deaths
Governors of Misamis (province)
1865 births
People from the Spanish East Indies

Apolinar Velez


Gaziantep is a city in the southeast of Turkey. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification) but is influenced by the continental climate due to its inland location. Gaziantep is well known for its dessert baklava. Gaziantep is the ninth biggest city in Turkey.

Gazantiep has had terrorist attacks in 2012, May 2016 and August 2016.

The city was badly damaged and many people died in the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake.

Cities in Turkey
Southeastern Anatolia Region

Gaziantep


Turntablism is the art of changing sounds to create music using phonograph turntables and a DJ mixer.

Techniques

Cutting
Originally it just meant to pause a track on a record; than developed as technology grew into being able to create a stopping sound effect that only plays when a person cuts a record on a turntable by placing their hand on the record and turning it counterclockwise.

Splicing
A technique used to put songs together originally only doable by placing multiple records on a turntable then either playing both at the same time in real time stopping, cutting, adding sound effects, or playing one track halfway threw then stopping it and playing the last half of the other track.

Modern Turntablism
They use cutting and splicing techniques, but with the modern technology they can do so much more then a traditional turntable can do, a modern turntable can splice as many songs as you want, you can rewind, fast forward, pause, slow, speed up and add a melody from one song but use the singer from another.

Hip hop

Turntablism


Dallan Muyres (born February 25, 1987) is a Canadian curler from Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. He currently skips his own team. He grew up in St. Gregor, Saskatchewan.

Career

Juniors
Muyres was a member of the Brennen Jones rink at the 2008 Canadian Junior Curling Championships, which lost in the tiebreaker match.

Men's
After juniors, briefly skipped his own team in 2010, making it to the 2010 SaskTel Tankard, the provincial men's championship in Saskatchewan. There, the led his team of Matt Ryback, Dan Marsh and Aaron Shutra to three wins, before losing a third game in the triple knockout tournament.

The next season, he joined the Pat Simmons team, throwing lead rocks. The rink won one World Curling Tour event, the Meyers Norris Penny Charity Classic and made the quarterfinals at the 2011 BDO Canadian Open of Curling. The team won the 2011 SaskTel Tankard, qualifying the rink for the 2011 Tim Hortons Brier, representing Saskatchewan. There, the team finished with a 4-7 record. After the season, Simmons left for Alberta, and third Steve Laycock took over the team as skip.

In the 2011-12 season, the team did not win any tour events, and did not make it to the playoffs in any Grand Slam events. Despite being one of the top ranked teams, the rink won just one game at the 2012 SaskTel Tankard. The next season, the team found some more success, making it to the semi-final of the 2012 Masters of Curling. The team made it to the playoffs of the 2013 SaskTel Tankard, but lost in the 3 vs. 4 game.

In the 2013–14, the team did not find any more luck on tour, making the playoffs in just one slam, losing in the semi-final of the 2014 Syncrude National. The team did however win the 2014 SaskTel Tankard, qualifying the team to represent Saskatchewan at the 2014 Tim Hortons Brier. There, the team narrowly missed the playoffs, finishing the event with a 6-5 record.

The next season the team found more success, winning the Weatherford Curling Classic, and making the playoffs in three Slams, including losing in the final of the 2014 Canadian Open of Curling. The team also won the 2015 SaskTel Tankard, qualifying them again to represent Saskatchewan at the Brier. At the 2015 Tim Hortons Brier, the team made the playoffs after posting a 7-4 round robin record. After losing to Team Canada in the 3 vs. 4 game (skipped by Pat Simmons), they went on to beat Newfoundland and Labrador (Brad Gushue) in the bronze medal game.

The 2015-16 season was another successful season for the rink. The team won the Canad Inns Men's Classic and won the 2016 SaskTel Tankard, earning another trip to the Brier.

Personal life
Muyres is the son of Lyle Muyres, who skipped Team Saskatchewan at the 1986 Labatt Brier. He is employed as a CAD/Design Technologist with the Saskatchewan Research Council and is married His brother is his former skip, Kirk Muyres.

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Canadian people of German descent
Curlers from Saskatoon
Sportspeople from Humboldt, Saskatchewan
Canadian male curlers
Canada Cup (curling) participants

Dallan Muyres


Parmalat S.p.A. is an italian dairy and food corporation which is a subsidiary of French multinational company Lactalis. It was founded by Calisto Tanzi in 1961.

Having become the leading global company in the production of long-life milk using ultra-high-temperature processing, the company collapsed in 2003 with a €14bn ($20bn; £13bn) hole in its accounts in what remains Europe's biggest bankruptcy. Since 2011, it has been a subsidiary of French group Lactalis (with fuller control since 2019). Today, Parmalat is a company with a global presence, having operations in Europe, North America, South America, Australia, China, and South Africa.

Still specializing in UHT milk and milk derivatives (varieties of yogurt, cheese, butter, ice cream, etc.), the group also sells fruit juices distributed under the brand names Lactis, Santal, Malù, and Kyr. Its worldwide operations include almost 140 production centres and some 16,000 employees, with 5,000 Italian dairy farms supplying it. Its shares were listed on the Borsa Italiana.

Early history (1961–2002)
In 1961, Calisto Tanzi, a 22-year-old college dropout, opened a small pasteurisation plant in Parma. Two decades later, the company had grown into a multinational corporation diversifying into milk, dairy, beverage, bakery, and other product lines in the 1980s, becoming listed on the Milan stock exchange in 1990, and expanding further in the 1990s. By 22 April 2002, Parmalat's share price had reached a record and the company was valued at €3.7bn, employing over 30,000 people in 30 countries. The company began to expand and had listed in its portfolio amongst other things: an expansion in the space of a decade from six countries into ownership of ParmaTour (a travel group) and Odeon TV, Parma F.C., Paulista Futebol Clube and S.E. Palmeiras.

In the early 1980s, Parmalat was the title sponsor of the Brabham Formula 1 team, and its logotype, prominently displayed on the vehicles, became strongly associated with the team. The company continued as a minor sponsor of other Formula 1 teams in the late 1990s.

Financial fraud (2002–2005)

In 1997, Parmalat expanded into financial markets, financing several international acquisitions, especially in the Western Hemisphere, with debt. But by 2001, many of the new divisions were producing losses, and the company financing shifted largely to the use of derivatives, apparently at least in part with the intention of hiding the extent of its losses and debt. In February 2003, chief financial officer Fausto Tonna unexpectedly announced a new €300 million bond issue. This came as a surprise both to the markets and to the CEO, Calisto Tanzi. Tanzi forced Tonna to resign and replaced him with Alberto Ferraris. According to an interview he later gave Time magazine, Ferraris was surprised to discover that, though now CFO, he still did not have access to some of the corporate books, which were being handled by chief accounting officer Luciano Del Soldato. He began making some inquiries and began to suspect that the company's total debt was more than double that on the balance sheet.

The plan for a €300 million fundraising effort was dropped in September 2003, and the company's shares depreciated significantly as a result of the publicised concerns raised over transactions with mutual fund Epicurum, a Cayman-based company linked to Parmalat by November. Ferraris resigned less than a week after the public fall-out and was replaced by Del Soldato. Del Soldato resigned the next month, unable to get cash from Epicurum fund, needed to pay debts and make bond payments totalling at least €150 million. Bonlat was a subsidiary of Parmalat set up in the Cayman Islands. Bonlat's bank, Bank of America, then released a document showing €3.95 billion in Parmalat's bank account as a forgery. Tanzi resigned as chairman and CEO. Hundreds of thousands of investors lost their money and would never recover it.

Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi changed bankruptcy laws by decree to allow a company to seek accelerated protection from creditors, by giving extraordinary powers to a government-appointment administrator (commissario). Enrico Bondi was named commissario.

Calisto Tanzi was detained hours after the firm was declared officially insolvent in late December and admitted that there was a hole of €8 billion in Parmalat's accounts, but denied any cover-up. The arrest of five other executives followed. The auditors of the administration eventually determined that the debts amounted to €14.3 billion, which was almost eight times the sum originally stated. Several of the company's subsidiaries subsequently went insolvent, including its Brazilian, Argentinian and American operations and its football club in Parma.

Tanzi was eventually charged with financial fraud and money laundering. Among the questionable accounting practices used by Parmalat were selling itself credit-linked notes, in effect placing a bet on its own creditworthiness to conjure up an asset out of thin air. After his arrest, Tanzi reportedly admitted during questioning at Milan's San Vittore prison that he diverted funds from Parmalat into Parmatour and elsewhere. The family football and tourism enterprises were financial disasters as well, as Tanzi attempted to rival Berlusconi by buying Odeon TV, only to sell it at a loss of about €45 million. Tanzi was sentenced to 10 years in prison for fraud relating to the collapse of the dairy group. The other seven defendants, including executives and bankers, were acquitted. Another eight defendants settled out of court in September 2008. New leadership at Parmalat began investigating and suing Bank of America, Deloitte and Grant Thornton International – the bank and auditing firms that were alleged to have helped in perpetuing the fraud of earlier management at Parmalat.

In 2007, Deloitte settled on paying $149M to Parmalat. Bank of America, Parmalat's bank in many Special-purpose entities, settled for  $100M payment to Parmalat in 2009. Grant Thornton International, Parmalat's auditing company, settled after repeated lawsuits for $4.4M with Parmalat. The new management at Parmalat recovered about $700M in payments from the banks and auditing firms it sued for negligence and aiding in the fraud of former Parmalat leadership.

Modern history

In 2005, Vicenzi bought from Parmalat the unprofitable bakery plant of Nusco, opened in 1984 for political reasons because it was the home town of Democrazia Cristiana chieftain Ciriaco De Mita.

By 2011, Parmalat had grown cash to €1.5 billion. In March 2011, the French multinational Lactalis, which already owns the Galbani, Invernizzi, Locatelli and Cademartori brands in Italy and is controlled by the Besnier family, began to acquire Parmalat shares. Lactalis quickly purchased nearly 30% of the company on the open market and in July 2011, succeeded in its €2.5 billion takeover offer, reaching a control of 80% shares at €2.6 per share.

In 2015, revenues reached €6.42 billion and EBITDA €444.5 million. On December 27, 2016, the French group, which controls 87.74% of Parmalat, activated the delisting procedure trying to withdraw it from the stock exchange listing. Lactalis prepared to delist Parmalat in 2016, with a buyout offer at €2.8 per share to acquire the remaining 12%, then raised to €3 but eventually failed due to opposition by hedge fund Amber and others. In December 2018, Lactalis was thought to have almost reached 95% shares at an open market price of around €2.85/share and to be about to launch a new takeover and delisting offer. Lactalis acquired 7% of the shares from Amber and other shareholders which had opposed the 2016 takeover, and confirmed the delisting for March 2019.

Lactalis moved all strategic activities to France and gradually wound down operations in Italy. In 2019, the future of the historical factory in Rome was also in doubt.

Countries of operation

Countries of direct presence

 Australia
 Bolivia
 Botswana
 Canada
 Colombia
 Cuba
 Ecuador
 Eswatini
 Hong Kong
 Italy
 Mexico
 Mozambique
 New Zealand
 Paraguay
 Peru
 Portugal
 Romania
 Russia
 South Africa
 Venezuela
 Zambia

Countries of presence through license

 Argentina
 Brazil
 Chile
 China
 Costa Rica
 Dominican Republic
 El Salvador
 Guatemala
 Haiti
 Honduras
 Hungary
 Mexico
 Nicaragua
 United States
 Uruguay

See also

 List of Italian companies
 Gianmario Roveraro

References

External links

 BBC "Parmalat in Bankruptcy Protection" 24 December 2003
 Parmalat dream goes sour; The Observer; 4 January 2004
  There is Something about Parmalat (On Directors and Gatekeepers); Simone di Castri and Francesco Benedetto on ssrn.com.

Lactalis
Dairy products companies of Italy
Multinational dairy companies
Multinational companies headquartered in Italy
Conglomerate companies of Italy
Companies based in Parma
Food and drink companies established in 1961
Conglomerate companies established in 1961
Italian companies established in 1961
2011 mergers and acquisitions

Parmalat


Clayton Anthony Fountain (September 12, 1955 – July 12, 2004) was an American federal prisoner, member of the Aryan Brotherhood, and murderer.

Biography
Clayton was born on September 12, 1955, at the U.S. Army Hospital in Fort Benning, Georgia. He was the oldest of six children, having one brother and four sisters, and was named after his father, Clayton Raleigh Fountain. The family moved every 1½ to 2 years. While his father served combat tours in Korea and Vietnam and his mother was working, Clayton, as the oldest child in family, became a surrogate for both parents when he was very young. He recalled maternal responsibilities for cooking, ironing, serving, cleaning, and caring for his young siblings.

While serving in the Marines, he was convicted of murdering his staff sergeant in 1974, while stationed in the Philippines. He stole and disassembled a pistol from the ship's armory, brought it ashore, and used it to rob a Filipino guard of his shotgun. He then used the shotgun to murder his staff sergeant. No words were exchanged as Fountain shot him once in the chest, and after a brief walk he took five hostages. Fountain had been written up recently by Staff Sergeant Wrin for wearing PT gear on the mess deck in the mess hall. Fountain later had two years added to his sentence for aggravated assault and attempted escape.

Fountain was sentenced to life imprisonment, and was ultimately sent to the United States Penitentiary, Marion, which was at the time the highest-security prison in the United States. Fountain murdered three prisoners and one correctional officer with a shiv while serving time at Marion, and was labeled the "Most Dangerous Prisoner" in the federal system. Fountain and another inmate, Hugh Colomb, who was serving a 25-year sentence for armed bank robbery, were convicted of voluntary manslaughter and conveying a weapon in prison and had 15 years added to their sentences. Colomb was released from prison in 2015. He died on June 21, 2016, at the age of 62.

On October 22, 1983, Fountain stabbed Correction Officer Robert L. Hoffmann to death, hours after Fountain's friend and fellow Aryan Brotherhood member Thomas Silverstein stabbed another correction officer, Merle Clutts, to death at the same facility. The incidents resulted in a 23-year lockdown at Marion, and contributed to the creation of the federal supermax prison, United States Penitentiary, Florence ADX.

Fountain was moved to the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri. He was housed in a specially constructed confinement unit, and was allowed contact only with authorized personnel. Fountain converted to Catholicism, and completed several educational courses on theology during the twenty years he spent in virtual isolation. He remotely earned an associate's degree in business and a bachelor's degree in philosophy and business from Ohio University, and earned a Catholic Catechetical Diploma and began a Master of Arts in Religious Studies from Catholic Distance University. He developed ties with an order of Trappist monks, and was accepted posthumously as a lay brother after his death from a heart attack in 2004. The book A Different Kind of Cell: The Story of a Murderer Who Became a Monk is based on his life and religious conversion. The foreword was written by Sister Helen Prejean.

See also
 List of serial killers in the United States
 Thomas Silverstein

References

1955 births
2004 deaths
American serial killers
American neo-Nazis convicted of murder
American people convicted of manslaughter
American people convicted of assault
American people convicted of kidnapping
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Catholics from Georgia (U.S. state)
Converts to Roman Catholicism
Gang members
Inmates of ADX Florence
Ohio University alumni
People convicted of illegal possession of weapons
People convicted of murder by the United States military
People convicted of murder by the United States federal government
People from Columbus, Georgia
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the United States military
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the United States federal government
Prisoners who died in United States military detention
Prisoners who died in United States federal government detention
Serial killers from Illinois
Serial killers who died in prison custody
Trappists
United States Marine Corps personnel who were court-martialed

Clayton Fountain


Alexandru Chiculiță (born 3 February 1961) is a retired Romanian sabre fencer. He competed at the 1984 and 1992 Olympics and won a team bronze medal in 1984. After retiring from competitions he worked as a fencing coach, and currently trains the sabre team of CS Dinamo București.

Career
Chiculiță started fencing at age ten at CS Progresul Bucharest. In 1981, he won a team bronze medal at the 1981 Summer Universiade held in his home town. The same year, he transferred to CSA Steaua. At the 1984 Summer Olympics, he competed only in the team event. Romania was defeated by France in the final and met West Germany in the match for the third place. Chiculiță entered the last leg with 7 all and defeated Freddy Scholz 5–1 to give Romania the bronze medal. Chiculiță was also part of the Romania team which competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics. They were again defeated in the semi-final, and were stopped by France in the match for the third place. Chiculiță also placed fourth with Romania in the 1993 World Fencing Championships, after a defeat against Germany in the match for the third place.

In 1996 Chiculiță retired as an athlete and became a coach at BNR Bucharest, where he trained future Olympic champion Mihai Covaliu. When BNR closed in 2002, he transferred with his star student to the newly reopened fencing section of CS Dinamo București, of which he is still a member as of 2014. He also coached the men's national sabre team, before leaving this responsibility on Covaliu and taking charge of the women's national sabre team. Under his coaching, Bianca Pascu qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1961 births
Living people
Romanian male fencers
Romanian sabre fencers
Olympic fencers for Romania
Fencers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Fencers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Romania
Olympic medalists in fencing
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Fencers from Bucharest
Romanian fencing coaches

Alexandru Chiculiță


Antiochus IV also known as Antiochus Epiphanes was a ruler of the Seleucid Empire. He was known for conquering most of  Egypt from the Ptolemaic dynasty, for conquering Judea and Samaria and for losing a war to the Maccabees.

Rise to Power
Antiochus's father Antiochus the Great ruled the Seleucid Empire and fought wars against the Roman Republic. After ending them with a treaty, the Romans took the younger Antiochus hostage to make sure that his father didn't disturb the peace, since that was one of the rules in the treaty. After Antiochus's father died, his older brother Seleucus IV Philopator became king so the Romans freed Antiochus and took Seleucus's son. Someone named Heliodorus worked for the government of the Seleucid Empire so Heliodorus (minister) killed Seleucus to take over the Empire. Then Antiochus teamed up with King Eumenes II to take over and become the new king and Antiochus (probably) killed his nephew so that he could stay king.

Egypt
Antiochus fought a war against Egypt and won but didn't want to scare the Roman Republic into thinking he was dangerous so he let Ptolemy VIII continue to rule Egypt.

Jewish revolt
Antiochus wanted to assimilate the Jews since he didn't want them to rebel so he banned circumcision, used the law to make the Jews work on the Sabbath, put Greek idols in the Second Temple of Jerusalem, made the Chief Kohen sacrifice animals to Zeus and put a gymnasium in the Temple's yard where the people would wrestle naked. Matityahu son of Yochanan was angry about this so he decided to lead a rebellion against Antiochus. Then Matityahu died so his son, Judah Maccabee led the revolt against Antiochus. Antiochus lost the war to the Maccabees.

Death
Shortly after the Maccabean Revolt, Antiochus got sick and died.

Legacy
Jewish tradition has Antiochus as the villain of the story of Hanukkah and most ancient books (including non-Jewish ones) also have him as a bad king even though there are some historians today who don't think that he was that bad there are also some who think he actually was that bad.

3rd-century BC births
2nd-century BC deaths

Seleucid kings

Antiochus IV Epiphanes


The  2G 7280 "lipstick" phone is a mobile telephone model supplied by Nokia. It supports GSM, SMS, MMS, HSCSD, GPRS, and SyncML. It has a VGA camera.  Its design features a slider end and a Navi-Spinner in the place of a keypad. As part of Nokia's "Fashion Phone" line, it has black, white and red styling, and a screen that fades to a mirror when inactive.  Fortune Magazine listed it as one of the best products of 2004  while its design was praised by the jury in the iF product design awards for 2005. The battery could only be replaced by an authorised service center.

Adverts for the Nokia Fashion Collection were directed by photographer David LaChapelle. There are a total of 3 versions of the commercial, each featuring one of the 3 phones including the Nokia 7280. The others are Nokia 7260 and 7270.

The phone is shown in the Pussycat Dolls' "Beep" music video. It was also featured in the music video for "Say I" by Christina Milian. and in the music video for "Get Right" by Jennifer Lopez.
It was succeeded by the Nokia 7380 which was released in 2006.

References

7280
Mobile phones introduced in 2004
Mobile phones with infrared transmitter
Slider phones
Mobile phones with user-replaceable battery

Nokia 7280


Efraim Margolin is an Israeli-American businessman and philanthropist, founder of Margolin Consultants Inc, an employment and Merger and Acquisitions Company in New York City.  He is a native of Ukraine, who   immigrated to Palestine  when he was a small child. Growing up with a father who was a local leader of the Haganah Jewish Underground Militia, he became one of the young engineers during World War II working for the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in Iran and later, as Manager in Bahrain Island constructing an airport for the British Air Force. Later he came to America for advanced engineering studies at Columbia University marrying his American sweetheart and ended up serving as a secret agent for the Mossad, the Israeli Undercover Agency, outfitting torpedo boats for the Israeli Navy.  After the 1948 War, he was in charge of building the New City of Beer Sheva in the Negev Desert.

Returning to New York, and starting from scratch,  he became active in many organizations promoting trade and cultural exchanges with Israel. He and Florence are founders of the City of Tel Aviv Foundation, City of Eilat, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, American Israeli Opera, The Boston Opera and founding benefactors of 40,000 trees in the Jewish National Fund "Margolin Peace Forest" in Kiryat Gat between Jerusalem and Beer Sheva.  They live in Manhattan but return to Israel frequently.

References

Living people
Anglo-Persian Oil Company
BP people
American energy industry businesspeople
Year of birth missing (living people)

Efraim Margolin


The Dead South is a folk-bluegrass musical ensemble based in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. The band was initially formed in 2012 as a quartet by Nate Hilts (vocals, guitar, mandolin), Scott Pringle (guitar, mandolin, vocals), Danny Kenyon (cello, vocals) and Colton Crawford (banjo). Crawford left the band in 2015 and was replaced by studio musician Eliza Mary Doyle before rejoining in 2018. Kenyon left the band in 2020 after sexual misconduct allegations, but rejoined in 2021.

The band played live venues before releasing their debut five-song 2013 EP, The Ocean Went Mad and We Were to Blame. Their 2014 album Good Company was released by German label Devil Duck Records, and led to significant overseas touring for the next two years. The album's single "In Hell, I'll Be in Good Company", and its accompanying video on YouTube, are credited with contributing to the breakthrough release for the band.

The Dead South have released three studio albums: Good Company (2014), Illusion and Doubt (2016), and Sugar & Joy (Six Shooter Records, 2019), three EPs – The Ocean Went Mad and We Were to Blame (2013), and Easy Listening for Jerks Pt. 1 and Pt. 2 (both Six Shooter Records, 2022), and a live album, Served Live (Six Shooter Records, 2020).

History

Formation
Nate Hilts and Danny Kenyon came up with the idea for a "rockin' stompin' bluegrass band" in 2012 while playing together in a short-lived alternative grunge band. After the grunge band's demise, Colton Crawford and Scott Pringle, who learned banjo and mandolin respectively, joined Hilts and Kenyon to form the Dead South

The Ocean Went Mad and We Were to Blame (2013)

While the band played various venues, they would sell what would eventually become their self-released EP The Ocean Went Mad and We Were to Blame.

In his review of the EP, Jamie Funk of Divide and Conquer Music was initially unsure if he could handle banjo picking in every song, but ended up enjoying it. The five songs offered in the EP reminded Funk of alternative bands attempting to play bluegrass music and succeeding beyond expectations. While most of the songs are classically "knee-slapping hoedown" bluegrass, other songs bear some similarities to alternative songs from the 90's.

Good Company, touring success, departure of Crawford (2014-2015)

The Dead South's debut studio album Good Company was released in 2014 through the German record label Devil Duck Records, and led to extensive touring in Canada and Europe. The album contains a total of 14 tracks, including a rendition of Banjo Odyssey, which previously appeared on The Ocean Went Mad and We Were to Blame.

Additionally, The Dead South received in 2015 the "Road Gold" certification from Canadian Independent Music Association (CIMA) for over 25,000 ticket sales in a 12 month period. In presenting the award, CIMA President Stuart Johnston noted that the certification was given to recognize the talent and hard-working nature of the touring band.

In October 2016, a music video for "In Hell, I'll Be in Good Company" was released onto YouTube, retroactively fueling interest in Good Company. Though the song and respective album were released in 2015, they appeared in the Top 50 on the Billboard music charts and on the Top 20 on U.S. iTunes overall chart during December 2017. It is The Dead South's most viewed video by a considerable margin, with over 300 million views.

Rachel Freitas of MusicExistence notes that the album's second track, Achilles, "has the signature banjo sound that The Dead South are known for, but the instrumentation is a bit lighter. What one will find quickly while listening to the LP is that The Dead South are master storytellers that really know how to bring a song to life".

The album Good Company achieved Gold Status in Canada, while "In Hell, I'll Be in Good Company" achieved Gold Status in the USA and Platinum Status in Canada.

The band toured extensively in Canada and Europe.  Crawford left the band in 2015, and Eliza Mary Doyle, a noted solo and studio musician, was hired to fill the vacancy.

"Banjo Odyssey" controversy

The lyrical content of Good Company song "Banjo Odyssey" was questioned from the time of its release, though would become more so following later allegations against Danny Kenyon. In an August 2014 Facebook post, the band said: "The song is a satirical, tongue-in-cheek reference to the bluegrass genre and tells a story about two cousins who engage in a relationship. We sincerely apologize to anyone who has been hurt or offended by these lyrics, as the last thing we would want to do is offend anyone. Obviously, we do not condone rape or violence, and "Banjo Odyssey" (like many of our songs) is written as a story, and not as something to be taken literally."

Illusion & Doubt, return of Crawford  (2016-2019)

Illusion and Doubt was the band's second album, and was noted for its eccentric lyricism, and unusual musical influences, including its use of a cello. Particular attention was brought to the African-American origins of its sound, with Mark Johnson of Americana UK summarised the album by writing "Bluegrass? How about blackgrass?"

Amanda Hathers, on CanadianBeats, opines that, while the album provides "the traditional folk / country experience, chock full of banjo plucking, twang, and impressive harmonies, the band's ability to make the music entertaining and engaging is impressive. "Boots", the album's first track, begins soft and quiet before picking up speed before its end. "Miss Mary" in particular, serves as an atypical and surprising example of folk music as interpreted by The Dead South and "Hard Day" showcases Hilts' grit and power as vocalist."

Apart from Illusion and Doubt peaking at number five on the U.S. Billboard Bluegrass chart, it also entered the Top 30 on the U.S. Country iTunes Chart.

The band received a Juno Award for Juno Award for Traditional Roots Album of the Year in 2018 for Illusion & Doubt.

By March 2019, Good Company and Illusion and Doubt had sold 90,000 physical copies, and The Dead South's songs had a total of 55 million streams on Spotify.

After almost two years of absence from the band, Crawford returned to the lineup starting with the 'Voices in Your Head' tour in mid-2018, replacing Doyle. On tour, Danny Kenyon was occasionally replaced on cello by Erik Mehlsen, owing to Kenyon's career in engineering.

Sugar & Joy (2019-2020)

Sugar & Joy is The Dead South's most recent album to date, which expanded upon the imagery and unconventional composition in Illusion and Doubt. The album was very well received critically, reaching #1 on the American bluegrass charts.
Peter Churchill of Americana U.K. gave the album a  writing "There is a feeling, when first listening to the album, of anticipation, of wondering in what direction these bunch of outrageously talented musicians might head with the next track. The only consistent here is the quality and the sheer infectiousness of the music."

Chris Conaton of PopMatters gave it an  praising the diversity of the themes and the manner in which it incorporated different styles of music: "Sugar and Joy shows there's a lot of life in the corner of roots music where playing loud and fast while also leaving room for slower, more nuanced songs is considered a great combination. It's nice to hear an album that embraces the core tenets of 21st century Americana (or Canadiana, in the Dead South's case) while still doing their own thing. Sugar and Joy is one of the most entertaining albums I've heard in 2019."

The Dead South won Group of the Year at the 2019 Canadian Independent Music Awards, or "Indies", on 11 May 2019. The Dead South again received a Juno Award for best Traditional Roots Album of the Year in 2020 for Sugar & Joy, and performed via livestream during the virtual award ceremony.

Kenyon sexual misconduct allegations, departure and rejoining (2020-2021)

In July 2020, allegations surfaced on the Victims Voices Regina Instagram accusing Danny Kenyon of sexual misconduct. On August 19, 2020, he left the band.

Following the allegations, Six Shooter Records, who represent The Dead South, released a statement on 19 August 2020 saying they are discussing the song "Banjo Odyssey" which had caused earlier controversy, and "our responsibility as a record label with respect to both artistic expression and social responsibility. We feel it is important to allow the time for a thoughtful and thorough process before taking action." The band also said on the same day that it "is opposed to, and does not condone, harmful behaviour of any kind" and undertook to support victims organizations, discuss the impact of "Banjo Odyssey", implement training for band and crew and create a code of conduct.

On June 18 2021, the band announced that Kenyon had rejoined.

Easy Listening for Jerks Pt. 1 and 2 (2022–present)
In October 2021, it was announced that The Dead South would be releasing a double EP Easy Listening for Jerks, Pt. 1 and Easy Listening for Jerks, Pt. 2 which has a scheduled release date of 4 March 2022. They are covers EPs which are described as "The Carter Family meets Addams Family".  Part 1 has their bluegrass takes on classics such as "You Are My Sunshine", "Keep on the Sunny Side", and The Country Gentlemen's "Matterhorn".  Part 2 is from their pre-show playlist which includes covers of The Doors, System of a Down, Cold War Kids, and The Misfits. This double EP release has all four members taking turns on vocals.

On 7 October 2021, they released the first single "You Are My Sunshine" along with the accompanying music video. On 11 November, they released their next single which is their cover of The Doors' People Are Strange along with the accompanying video.

On 8 June 2022, the Western Canadian Music Awards nominations were announced. The Dead South were nominated in the category of Recording of the Year.

Musical style and influence
The band have referred to themselves as "Mumford and Sons' evil twins", a nod to their dark and often violent interpretation of the "aesthetic of old western pioneers". Freitas of MusicExistence notes the "evil twin" comparison, but considers that, with Good Company, the band stands on its own merit in the folk world. Hilts and Kenyon had been listening to bluegrass bands Trampled by Turtles and Old Crow Medicine Show before forming their own band. They agreed that they wanted to perform their own version of traditional folk and bluegrass. Reviewer Timothy Monger on AllMusic considers that tradition to be "a gritty punk ethos with traditional bluegrass and old-time string band music"

A review of Good Company on Sputnik Music, notes that the band includes songs about the usual: Lovin', cheatin', killin', and drinkin'." Sputnik Music also points out that the band's clothing style of ordinary white shirts, black trousers, black suspenders, and the occasional flat-brimmed hat is often mimicked by their fans.

Sarah Murphy says on Exclaim.ca that the band's injection of folk and bluegrass sounds with a "punk rock ethos (not to mention a banjo player who's a self-proclaimed metalhead), the band bring a fresh perspective to classic genres."

Reviewer James Cooke suggests on MusicCrowns.org that the band's "gritty vocals, aggressive guitar strumming, mandolin chops, banjo licks, and a steady kick drum to fuse it all together" deliver a unique sound that doesn't exactly fit the traditional definition of bluegrass.

Cooke notes that the Dead South's release of "In Hell, I'll Be in Good Company" is labelled as bluegrass, but has caused fans to question whether the label is appropriate or not. He argues that since bluegrass has been influenced by Irish, Scottish, and African American music, the definition of bluegrass as a genre has become blurred.

Band members

Current members
 Nate Hilts (lead vocals, guitar, mandolin) (2012–present)
 Scott Pringle (guitar, mandolin, vocals) (2012–present)
 Colton Crawford (banjo) (2012–2015, 2018–present)
 Danny Kenyon (cello, vocals) (2012–2020, 2021-present)

Former members
 Eliza Mary Doyle (banjo) (2016–2018)
 Erik Mehlsen (cello) (2015–2018)

Discography

Albums

Studio albums

Live albums

Extended plays

Singles

Music videos
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Album
|-
|2013
|"Long Gone"
|rowspan=5|Good Company
|-
|2014
|"The Recap"
|-
|2015
|"Honey You"
|-
|rowspan=2|2016
|"Banjo Odyssey"
|-
|"In Hell I'll Be In Good Company"
|-
|2017
|"Delirium"
|rowspan=3|Illusion & Doubt
|-
|rowspan=2|2018
|"Miss Marry"
|-
|"Boots"
|-
|2019
|"Diamond Ring"
|rowspan=2|Sugar & Joy
|-
|2020
|"Fat Little Killer Boy"
|-
|rowspan=2|2021
|"You Are My Sunshine"
|Easy Listening for Jerks Pt. 1
|-
|"People Are Strange"
|rowspan=2|Easy Listening for Jerks Pt. 2'
|-
|2022
|"Chop Suey"
|-
|2023
|"Tiny Wooden Box"
|Chains & Stakes|}

 Awards and nominations

 Pop culture

 "In Hell, I'll Be in Good Company" was used in season 2, episode 6 end credits of The Umbrella Academy.
 "In Hell, I'll Be in Good Company" was used in season 3, episode 1 of American Gods.
 "In Hell, I'll Be in Good Company" is playable as a random song via the jukebox in Fort Hope, in Turtle Rock Studios game Back 4 Blood.
 The score for "In Hell, I'll Be in Good Company" was used in season 1, episode 2, and season 1, episode 6 of The Letter for the King "The Recap" is used during the chase scene at the end of season 1, episode 8, of Tin Star'' and continues into the credits.

References

External links

Canadian folk music groups
Canadian bluegrass music groups
Musical groups established in 2012
Musical groups from Regina, Saskatchewan
Juno Award for Traditional Roots Album of the Year winners
2012 establishments in Saskatchewan
Six Shooter Records artists

The Dead South


Road to Singapore is a 1940 American semi-musical comedy film directed by Victor Schertzinger and starring Bing Crosby, Dorothy Lamour and Bob Hope. Based on a story by Harry Hervey, the film is about two playboys trying to forget previous romances in British Singapore, where they meet a beautiful woman. Distributed by Paramount Pictures, the film marked the debut of the long-running and popular "Road to ..." series of pictures spotlighting the trio, seven in all. The supporting cast features Charles Coburn, Anthony Quinn, and Jerry Colonna.

Plot

Josh Mallon (Bing Crosby) and Ace Lannigan (Bob Hope) are best friends and work aboard the same ship. As their ship returns to the US after a long voyage, they see all the other sailors being mistreated by their wives and girlfriends, and the two friends pledge never to get involved with women again. Unfortunately, this vow is tested almost immediately. First, Ace is confronted by the family of a former lover, Cherry, who insist he marry her. Then Josh, who is the son of a rich shipping magnate (Charles Coburn), has to fend off his fiancée, Gloria (Judith Barrett), and his father's wishes that he settle down and take over the family business.
Things get worse when Josh and Ace get caught up fishing and turn up late for a party to celebrate Josh's engagement. Gloria's hostile drunken brother starts a fistfight and a news reporter takes photographs that cause a scandal. Josh and Ace flee to Hawaii and then head for Singapore.

However, the pair only get as far as the island of Kaigoon before their money runs out. They rescue Mima (Dorothy Lamour), a local (but not native) woman, from her abusive dance-partner, Caesar (Anthony Quinn), and she moves into their hut. Soon Mima is running the two men's lives, much to their chagrin. The trio try to make money in several different ways, including trying to sell a spot remover that is so bad it dissolves clothes.

When Josh's father finally locates his wayward son, he and Gloria fly out to bring Josh back to face his responsibilities. The resentful Caesar leads them to where Ace, Josh and Mima are enjoying a local feast. By this point, both Josh and Ace have fallen in love with Mima. She is heartbroken to learn that Gloria is Josh's fiancée.

Ace proposes to Mima, but before she can accept, Josh returns. The two friends almost come to blows over Mima, but then decide that she should choose between them. Mima picks Ace. Josh boards an ocean liner with Gloria and his father.

Meanwhile, Caesar informs the local police that Ace is on the island illegally. Ace is arrested when he cannot produce a passport, but manages to escape. He and Mima flee aboard a ship, but Ace comes to realize that Mima really loves Josh.

When Josh's ship docks at a tropical port, a passenger complains about a terrible spot remover that disintegrated his suit jacket. Josh realizes that Ace and Mima must be on the island. When he finds them, Ace tells his best friend that Mima really loves him.

Running gags
The "Road to …" series of films had several running gags that appeared in nearly every movie. Most of these originated in Road to Singapore. These include:

 Pat-a-cake – Ace and Josh play patty-cake as a distraction before starting a fistfight that allows them to escape
 References to Bing's waistline (in this movie, Crosby himself pokes fun at his 'spare tire')
 Confidence tricks – the two main characters are usually con-men, although in this movie it is not their starting profession

Cast

 Bing Crosby as Josh Mallon V
 Dorothy Lamour as Mima
 Bob Hope as Ace Lannigan
 Charles Coburn as Joshua Mallon IV
 Judith Barrett as Gloria Wycott
 Anthony Quinn as Caesar
 Jerry Colonna as Achilles Bombanassa
 Johnny Arthur as Timothy Willow
 Pierre Watkin as Morgan Wycott
 Gaylord Pendleton as Gordon Wycott
 Miles Mander as Sir Malcolm Drake
 Pedro Regas as Zato
 Greta Granstedt as Babe
 Edward Gargan as Bill
 John Kelly as Sailor
 Kitty Kelly as Sailor's wife
 Roger Gray as Father
 Monte Blue as High Priest
 Harry C. Bradley as Secretary
 Cyril Ring as Ship's Officer
 Richard Tucker as Ship's Officer
 Jack Pepper as Columnist
 Arthur Q. Bryan as Bartender
 Robert Emmett O'Connor as Native Immigration Officer
 Belle Mitchell as Native shopkeeper
 Fred Malatesta as Native policeman
 Elvia Allman as Homely Girl
 Bobby Barber as Man
 Devi Dja as Native girl (uncredited)

Production

According to Hope biographer Raymond Strait, the project which became Road to Singapore was first offered to Fred MacMurray and Jack Oakie (under the working title of Road to Mandalay), and after they declined, to George Burns and Gracie Allen (as Beach of Dreams), with a second male lead to be determined. They also declined.  (Burns is quoted as saying that Gracie "thought the whole thing was silly.")  At this point, Paramount decided to pair Crosby with Hope, taking advantage of their friendly feud on their radio shows, and to take advantage of the screen popularity of Lamour, who had already made several lucrative pictures with a "South Seas" theme.  Crosby and Hope had recently appeared live together at Del Mar (Crosby's racetrack) beforehand, amazing onlookers with how smoothly they worked together, but their audience didn't realize that they'd briefly performed together on the vaudeville stage years earlier, getting a few routines down pat.

Although the Road to Singapore script was written by established screenwriters Frank Butler and Don Hartman and directed by Victor Schertzinger, some of the material was ad libbed by Hope and Crosby or surreptitiously contributed by their own writing staffs (including Sid Kuller and Ray Golden).

Filming began in Hollywood on October 2, 1939 and continued until December. The jungle scenes were filmed at the Los Angeles County Arboretum.

This was the only installment of the series in which Hope was billed third, under Dorothy Lamour.  After this picture, the billing order remained Bing Crosby, Bob Hope, and Dorothy Lamour until The Road to Hong Kong more than two decades later, in which Lamour was replaced with Joan Collins and relegated to a smaller role when Crosby insisted on a younger leading lady.  Hope fought to get her into the picture, albeit in a reduced capacity.

Reception

Road to Singapore premiered March 13, 1940, at the Paramount Theatre in New York City. Tommy Dorsey's orchestra (with Frank Sinatra) highlighted the accompanying stage show.

The film was an immediate box office success, helped in large measure by good reviews and by Hope's promotion of it on his weekly radio show. The film was placed at No. 17 in the list of 1940s top-grossing movies in the United States.

A review in Variety wrote, "Much of the humor is whacky and nonsensical, but made palatable in the manner of presentation by the Crosby-Hope team and crackerjack direction of Victor Schertizinger."  Harrison's Reports wrote that the story made "little sense", but that this "does not matter much, for the entertaining qualities of the picture are the gags, the songs, and the clowning on the part of Bing Crosby and Bob Hope", who were called "excellent as a team." Film Daily agreed, reporting that "Bing and Bob make up a swell team, with a resulting heavy bundle of laughs." John Mosher of The New Yorker found the film trivial but wrote that it "saunters along as easily as any of the collection" of comedies playing that week. Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times wrote a dissenting negative review, saying the film squandered its possibilities. He metaphorically called the road "cobbled with good intentions", but "altogether too uneven for regular use."

Soundtrack

 "Captain Custard" (Johnny Burke and Victor Schertzinger) by Bob Hope and Bing Crosby
 "The Moon and the Willow Tree" (Burke and Schertzinger) by Dorothy Lamour
 "Sweet Potato Piper" (Burke and James V. Monaco) by Bing Crosby, Dorothy Lamour, and Bob Hope
 "Too Romantic" (Burke and Monaco) by Bing Crosby and Dorothy Lamour
 "Kaigoon" (Burke and Monaco) by the chorus (with Esperanto lyrics)

Bing Crosby recorded three of the songs for Decca Records. "Too Romantic" was a big hit reaching the No. 3 position in the charts during a 12-week stay. "Sweet Potato Piper" also reached the top 20. Crosby's songs were also included in the Bing's Hollywood series.

References

Further reading

 Strait, Raymond (2003). Bob Hope: A Tribute. New York: Pinnacle Books, .

External links

1940 films
1940 romantic comedy films
1940 musical comedy films
American adventure comedy films
American buddy comedy films
American musical comedy films
American comedy road movies
American romantic comedy films
American romantic musical films
American black-and-white films
Road to ... (film_series)
Films set in Singapore
Films set in Oceania
Films set on islands
Paramount Pictures films
Films directed by Victor Schertzinger
Films scored by Victor Young
1940s buddy comedy films
1940s comedy road movies
Esperanto-language films
Esperanto music
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

Road to Singapore


Trampling  is a sexual activity that involves being trampled underfoot by another person or persons. Trampling is common enough to support a  subgenre of trampling pornography.

Because trampling can be used to produce pain, the trampling fetish for some adherents is closely linked to sadomasochistic fetishism.

A similar fetish is to imagine themselves as being tiny under another's feet, or being normal size, but being trampled by a giant person.  This is known as "giant/giantess fetishism" or macrophilia.  It is not the same as trampling.

The most common form of trampling is done by a female (mistress) walking on a male submissive and is usually done barefooted, in socks, nylons, or shoes. The trampler will predominantly walk, jump and stomp on the person's back and chest.

See also

Crush fetish
Foot fetishism
Shoe fetishism
Erotic asphyxiation
Breast fetishism
Buttocks fetishism

References

BDSM terminology
Foot fetishism

Trampling (sexual practice)


Brian Tierney    (May 7, 1922 – November 30, 2019) was an English historian and medievalist. He was a member of the faculty of the Catholic University of America for eight years until becoming a professor of medieval history at Cornell University in 1959, where he was later appointed as the Goldwin Smith Professor of Medieval History in 1969 and the first Bowmar Professor of Humanistic Studies in 1977.

His speciality was medieval church history, focusing on the structure of the medieval church and the medieval state, and the influences of the interaction between these on the development of Western institutions. He was widely recognized as a leading authority on medieval church law and political thought. His work in these fields also proved relevant to some of the modern debates about Roman Catholic ecclesiology. Tierney's most recent book was Liberty and Law: The Idea of Permissive Natural Law, 1100-1800. (Catholic University Press, 2014). He continued to work on medieval history until the time of his death.

Early life and military service
Tierney was born in 1922 in Scunthorpe, an industrial town in Lincolnshire, England, and grew up there during the Depression years of the 1930s. He was the second of four boys born to John Patrick and Helena (McGuire) Tierney, both of Irish descent. He left school at 16 to begin working in Bristol in southwest England. In January 1941, his home there was destroyed by a German air raid but fortunately the house was unoccupied at the time and there were no casualties.

Tierney enlisted in the Royal Air Force in July 1941 and served in Bomber Command until 1946, attaining the rank of Flight Lieutenant. He trained as an air navigator, partly in the U.S. at an astronavigation school conducted by Pan American Airways in Miami. After returning to England, he completed a tour of thirty missions flying over Europe in Wellington bombers. He next served for a year as a navigation instructor and then returned to operational flying and completed a second tour of sixty missions on Mosquitoes with 105 Squadron of the elite Pathfinder Force. Tierney was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and Bar for his RAF service.

Academic career
In 1946, Tierney was accepted as a student at Pembroke College, Cambridge. He took a shortened course made available to war veterans and graduated in 1948 with First Class Honors. He then began graduate work under the guidance of Walter Ullmann a learned Austrian scholar who was primarily responsible for introducing the study of medieval canon law to English historians. Tierney completed a Ph.D. thesis in 1951. A revised version was published by Cambridge University Press in 1955 under the title Foundations of the Conciliar Theory.

In 1951, Tierney joined the faculty of The Catholic University of America in Washington D.C. and served as Instructor, Assistant Professor, and Associate Professor in the History Department there until 1959 when he was appointed Professor of Medieval History at Cornell University. In 1969 he was named Goldwin Smith Professor of Medieval History and in 1977 was selected as the first Bryce and Edith M. Bowmar Professor in Humanistic Studies. He retired as Bowmar Professor Emeritus in 1992.

Academic interests
Tierney's work focused mainly on medieval ecclesiology and political theory. It attempted to explain the origins of Western constitutional thought by considering both religious and secular ideas and the ways they influenced one another.

The author's first work, Foundations of the Conciliar Theory, dealt with a fifteenth-century dispute about the constitution of the church. In 1415 the Council of Constance, seeking to heal a long-lasting schism, declared that a general council was superior to a pope in matters of faith and the reform of the church. Tierney argued that this teaching was not just an unfortunate aberration, as modern Catholic theologians came to suppose, but was grounded on an established body of constitutional law that had been formulated in earlier canonistic writings. Although the book was primarily of interest to medievalists it also attracted the attention of some of the expert participants (periti) at Vatican Council II (1962–65) who found in the early sources support for their own vision of the church. When Foundations was reprinted in 1968 one of them described the work as "a book that has profoundly renewed the history of ecclesiological doctrines seen as constitutional theories."

The most controversial of Tierney's works was Origins of Papal Infallibility, 1150-1350, first published in 1972. The definition of papal infallibility promulgated at the Vatican Council of 1870 declared that the infallibility of the pope was a part of "the ancient and constant faith of the church." Tierney asserted that there was no historical evidence for the existence of the doctrine before about 1300 and that then it "was invented by a few dissident Franciscans."   Since the book called into question the validity of the decree of 1870 it attracted a substantial body of commentary, some favorable, some highly critical. In 1974 Tierney engaged in a published debate with Alfons Stickler, the Prefect of the Vatican Library (and a future cardinal). Although the subject was very sensitive and the two parties held diametrically opposed views, it was noted that the debate was conducted without rancor and with courtesy on both sides. A few years later, at the request of another cardinal, Tierney contributed an article to a festschrift for Cardinal Stickler.

Some thirty years after Tierney's book was published a summing up in the New Catholic Encyclopedia mentioned various criticisms of the work but added that "Most scholars recognize that Tierney correctly located in the late 13th and early 14th centuries the first discussions of papal infallibility" and that, as regards other disputed points in his work, "the discussion continues."

Tierney's major works on political thought are The Crisis of Church and State, 1050-1300 (1964) and Religion, Law and the Growth of Constitutional Thought, 1150-1650. (The latter work was originally published in 1982 and subsequently appeared in Japanese and Persian translations.) More recently Tierney wrote on natural law and natural rights in The Idea of Natural Rights. Studies on Natural Rights, Natural Law and Church Law (1997) and Liberty and Law. The Idea of Permissive Natural Law, 1100-1800 (2014). He also presented his views in many guest lectures including two noteworthy lecture series:
·Wiles Lectures, Queens University, Belfast, "Ecclesiology and Constitutional Thought, 1150-1650"(1979).  (http://www.qub.ac.uk/schools/SchoolofHistoryandAnthropology/News/WilesLectureSeries/PastLectures/WilesLectures1954-88/)
·Birkbeck Lectures, Trinity College, Cambridge, "Natural Law and Natural Rights. Languages of Discourse, 1150- 1350" (1985).  (http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/visiting/public-lectures/birkbeck)

Honors and awards
Tierney was a president of the American Catholic Historical Association. He was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Theology by Uppsala University, Sweden (1966) and Doctor of Humane Letters by Catholic University (1982). He also received the Award for Scholarly Distinction of the American Historical Association (1993). He was a Member of the American Philosophical Society, a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy, and a Fellow of the Medieval Academy of America and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was awarded the Haskins Medal of the Medieval Academy ("For a distinguished book in the field of medieval studies") (2001) and the Quasten Medal of Catholic University ("For excellence and leadership in religious studies") (2003).

He received research grants from the Guggenheim Foundation (1955, 1956), The Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton (1961) the American Council of Learned Societies (1961, 1966), and the National Endowment for the Humanities (1977, 1985).

Publications
Foundations of the Conciliar Theory (Cambridge, 1955)
Medieval Poor Law (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1959)
The Crisis of Church and State, 1050-1300 (New York, 1964)
Great Issues in Western Civilization, 2 vols. (New York, 1967) (with Donald Kagan and L. Pearce Williams)
Western Europe in the Middle Ages, 300-1475 (New York, 1970) (with Sidney Painter) (Chinese translation, 1997)
Origins of Papal Infallibility, 1150-1350 (Leiden, 1972)
Church law and Constitutional Thought in the Middle Ages (London, 1979)
Religion, Law and the Growth of Constitutional Thought, 1150-1650 (Cambridge, 1982) (Japanese translation, 1986, French translation, 1993, Persian translation, 2015)
Western Societies. A Documentary History, 2 vols. (New York, 1984 (with Joan Scott)
Rights, Laws and Infallibility in Medieval Thought (Aldershot, 1997)
The Idea of Natural Rights. Studies on Natural Rights, Natural Law and Church Law (Atlanta, 1997) (Italian translation (2002)
Liberty and Law. The Idea of Permissive Natural Law, 1100-1800 (Washington D.C., 2014)

References

1922 births
Catholic University of America School of Arts and Sciences faculty
Cornell University faculty
English historians
2019 deaths
Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Military personnel from Lincolnshire
Royal Air Force officers
Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II
English people of Irish descent
People from Scunthorpe
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
British expatriates in the United States
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Brian Tierney (medievalist)


Lethal Injection is the fourth studio album by rapper Ice Cube, released on December 7, 1993. Similar to his earlier albums, Lethal Injection was a chart success. It debuted at #5 on the Billboard 200, but was criticized for what some saw as toning down of political content. Several singles, including "You Know How We Do It", became popular.

Hip hop albums
1993 albums

Lethal Injection (album)


Thatcher is an unincorporated historic community in Washington County, Oregon, United States. It was located approximately three miles north of Forest Grove at the intersection of Hillside and Thatcher roads.  The area is part of the Forest Grove Rural Fire Protection District.

The community was named after pioneers Harmon and Jemima Thatcher, who came from Indiana soon after their marriage in 1847, first settling in Yamhill County, and later taking up a Donation Land Claim in the area that now bears their name.

A Thatcher post office was established in 1895 and closed in 1902, with the introduction of rural free delivery. According to author Ralph Friedman, as of 1990, nothing remained at the site to indicate a settlement was there

The Thatcher post office was located at 5901 Thatcher Road. The building that formerly housed the post office and the surrounding land was purchased by Carl and Wilma Mayer in 1941. It became their personal family residence until their deaths in 1996. The main post office building is set to be demolished in May 2014. Directly across the road from the old post office building is the Thatcher Grange Hall. The post office land is still owned by descendants of Carl and Wilma Mayer.

References

External links
Images of Thatcher from Flickr

Former populated places in Washington County, Oregon
Ghost towns in Oregon
1895 establishments in Oregon
Populated places established in 1895

Thatcher, Oregon


Two Loves (French: Deux amours) is a 1949 French comedy film directed by Richard Pottier and starring Tino Rossi, Simone Valère and Édouard Delmont.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Paul-Louis Boutié.

Cast
 Tino Rossi as Sylvain Vincent / Désiré Vincent
 Simone Valère as Antoinette
 Édouard Delmont as M. Vincent
 Sylvie as Mme Vincent
 André Gabriello as Caldebrousse
 Jeanne Fusier-Gir as Poucette Caldebrousse
 André Brunot as Nestor, directeur du cirque
 Louis Florencie as Le maire
 Henri Arius as Un client
 Christiane Barry as Carmen
 José Casa as Un client
 Edith Cora as Anaïs
 Camille Guérini as Le régisseur
 Mag-Avril as Une commère
 Marcel Maupi as Dominique
 Geneviève Morel as Clémentine

References

Bibliography
 Phil Powrie & Marie Cadalanu. The French Film Musical. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020.

External links

1949 films
French comedy films
1949 comedy films
1940s French-language films
Films directed by Richard Pottier
French black-and-white films
1940s French films

Two Loves (1949 film)