Nujoom Alghanem() (born 24 October 1962) is an Emirati poet, artist and film director. She has published eight poetry collections and has directed more than twenty films. Alghanem is active in her community and is considered a well established writer and filmmaker in the Arab world. Her achievements in the arts have been recognized both nationally and internationally. She is the cofounder of Nahar Productions, a film production company based in Dubai. Currently she works as a professional mentor in filmmaking and creative writing, as well as a cultural and media consultant.

She was one of the founding members of the Emirates Writers' Union in 1984 and used to be a board member of Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture and Heritage. In 2019, she was the solo artist of the UAE National Pavilion at the Venice Biennale. Additionally, along with four other artists, she took part in the UAE National Pavilion in 2017. She is the recipient of the Pride of the UAE Medal through the Mohammed bin Rashid Government Excellence Award in 2018.

Early life and education
Alghanem was born in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates and was raised there, being the fourth child out of eleven siblings. As a young adult, she enjoyed reading about mysticism, theology, philosophy, and poetry. Later on, she was able to get access to her reading through the Sharjah International Book Fair. Arabic poetry inspired her when she was a girl, later causing her to write her own poetry. She also enjoyed painting because her aunt was a painter, as well as a photographer. Before her professional writing career, her work was published in local newspapers and magazines. After her high school graduation, Alghanem decided that she wanted to attend a university in London. Although her father supported her pursuit of the arts, he did not want her to be alone in a different country.

After completing one semester at United Arab Emirates University in Al Ain, she became tired of the nature of university life in Al Ain, so she decided to go back to working full-time. She said of her schooling, "I felt like I couldn't breathe. I didn't like life in a dormitory. Every time I was in my dorm I thought of ways to escape." Later, she became the Head of Culture and Art Department For Dubai and Northern Emirates. In terms of work experience, Alghanem started her professional career early in 1980 when she worked as a journalist for more than ten years. After getting married, becoming a mother, and starting a career as a journalist, Alghanem decided to travel to Ohio to study with her husband. She received a bachelor's degree in Video Production from Ohio University in 1996 and later received a master's degree in Film Production from Griffith University in Australia in 1999. Alghanem said, "Opportunities are not free. You have always to work hard. You have to read, to teach yourself, to learn about the world and to be very sensible about what you publish".

Poetry
Alghanem has published the following eight poetry collections:
 Masaa Al-Janah (Evening of Heaven), 1989.
 Al-Jarair (The Consequences), 1991.
 Rawahel (Journeyings), 1996.
 Manazel Al-Jilnaar (Homes of Pomegranate Blossoms), 2000.
 La Wasf Lima Ana Feeh (No Description for What I Am In), 2005.
 Malaikat Al-Ashwaaq Al-Baeeda (Angels of Distant Longing), 2008.
 Laylon Thaqeelon 3la Alayel (A Heavy Night on the Night), 2010.
 Asqoto fi Nafsi (I Fall into Myself), 2012.

Masa'a Al Jannah (The Night of Heaven) was Alghanem's first book of poetry, which was published in 1989.  The Night of Heaven presented her to the Arab world as a professional writer.

Alghanem was inspired by other Arab poets such as the Syrian poet, Saniyah Saleh the Lebanese poet, Nadia Tueni, the Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish, the Syrian poet, Nizar Qabbani, the Iraqi poet Badr Shakir al-Sayyab. She said, "The majority of poets in our world are male, but quantity does not mean quality". There are recurring themes in her poetry including longing, solitude, death, human suffering, loss and the hardships that one goes through each day. She is on the board of the International Prize for Arabic Fiction and is a regular participant in the Emirates Airline Festival of Literature. In 2019 she was a contributor to A New Divan: A Lyrical Dialogue Between East and West (Gingko Library).

Films
 "Ice Cream", 1997, short fiction.
 "The Park", 1997, short fiction.
 "Between Two Banks", 1999, short documentary.
 "Al Mureed", 2008, feature documentary.
 "Hamama", 2010, feature documentary.
 "Amal", 2011, feature documentary.
 "Salma's Dinner", 2011, short fiction.
 "Red, Blue, Yellow", 2013, feature documentary.
 "The Young Fighter", 2013, short documentary.
 "Sounds of the Sea", 2015, feature documentary.
 "Nearby Sky", 2015, feature documentary.
 "Dancing with Shadows", 2016, short experimentational film.
 "Honey, Rain, & Dust", 2016–2017, feature documentary.
 "Sharp Tools", 2017, feature documentary.
 "Writer's Room", 2018, video art.
 "Rain on my Skin", 2018, video art.
 "Forest Under the Sea", 2018, video art.
 "Passage", 2019, video art.

Alghanem's 2015 film Nearby Sky is a documentary about Fatima Ali Alhameli, the first Emirati women to have her camels be a part of local auctions and beauty pageants. According to Alghanem, it was simple to convince Alhameli to join the film project. Both Nearby Sky and her earlier film Sounds Of The Sea have to do with an aging generation being nostalgic about their past. Nearby Sky won Best Non-Fiction Film at the Eleventh Dubai International Film Festival. The films Sounds of the Sea, The Young Fighter, and Amal and Hamama have also won awards. Her films have won local, regional, and international awards. Her films are based on people's lives and their emotions, but she is more focused on women as both characters and subjects. Alghanem said, "People greatly inspire me: their world, stories, frustrations, hesitation, confusion, sadness, happiness, pain, passion" and "I search for those characters, learn about them and from them; I live with them and always try to enter their unknown world, explore the unspoken and find out about their special moments." She believes that film-making is a passion that brings change to society.

She is a film consultant and film instructor for United Arab Emirates organizations and institutions, as well as a cultural consultant.

Film Awards
Sharp Tools:
 Award of Outstanding Excellence: Original Score, Docs Without Borders Film Festival, DE, US, 2018.
 Award of Outstanding Excellence: Editing, Docs Without Borders Film Festival, DE, US, 2018.
 Award of Outstanding Excellence: Viewer Impact: Motivational/Inspirational, Docs Without Borders Film Festival, DE, US, 2018.
 Best Feature Documentary of April, Los Angeles Film Awards, 2018.
 Best Experimental Feature Documentary, Portoviejo Film Festival, Ecuador, 2018.
 Special Mention, Oran International Arabic Film Festival, Oran, Algeria, 2018.
 Award of Merit, Impact Docs Awards, LA, US, 2018.
 Best Female Director, London Independent Film Awards, London, 2018.
 Best Feature Documentary, Ismailia International Film Festival, Egypt, 2018.
 Best Feature Documentary, Dubai International Film Festival, Emirati Muhr, Dubai, 2017.

Honey, Rain and Dust:
 First Prize, Al Owais Creative Award, The Cultural & Scientific Association, Dubai, 2017.

Sounds of the Sea:
 Special Jury Prize, Alexandria Mediterranean Countries Film Festival, Egypt, 2015. NEARBY SKY:
 Best Non-Fiction Film, Dubai International Film Festival, Dubai, 2014.
 Best Documentary, GCC Film Festival, Abu Dhabi, 2016.

The Young Fighter:
 Best Short Documentary, Al Owais Creative Award, The Cultural & Scientific Association, Dubai, 2014. AMAL:
 First Prize, GCC Film Festival, Kuwait, 2013.
 Special Jury Prize, from Beirut International Film Festival, 2012.
 Second Prize, Documentary Competition, Gulf Film Festival, 2012.
 First Prize, Dubai International Film Festival, 2011.

Hamama:
 Best Director, GCC Film Festival, Doha, Qatar, 2012.
 First Prize, Baghdad International Film Festival, Arab Women Directors' Competition, Baghdad, Iraq, 2011.
 First Prize, Malmo Film Festival, Sweden, 2011.
 First Prize, Gulf Film Festival, Dubai, 2011.
 Special Jury Prize, Dubai International Film Festival, 2010.

Almureed:
 Best Feature Documentary in the Gulf, Emirates Film Competition from Abu Dhabi International Film Festival, 2008.
 Most Promising UAE Film Maker, Dubai International Film Festival, 2008.
 Special Mention from Gulf Film Festival, Dubai, 2008.

Recognitions
 Received the Medal for the Pride of the UAE - Mohammed bin Rashid Government Excellence Award – UAE, 2019.
 Honored by Effat University for taking an active part in the Gulf Cinema – Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 2016.
 Won Sayidaty magazine's Award for Excellence and Innovation - 2016.
 Selected as the Personality of the Month by Emaratalyoum Newspaper – Dubai, 2015.
 Recognized with other 11 women from around the Middle East for being unstoppable - Femina Middle East magazine - 2015.
 Recognized for her distinguished role in film production in the UAE, Watani, Filmi Program - 2014.
 Recognized for her contribution in filmmaking in the Gulf Region by the GCC Film Festival – 2013, Kuwait.
 Honored by Filmi, part of Watani Al Emarat initiative, for her contribution in the film movement in the UAE - 2013.
 L'Officiel Woman of the Year Award in Literature - 2010.
 Received Rashid Award for Scientific Outstanding, 2002.
 Received Nantes Mayer's Medal on her contribution in filmmaking, the Three Continents' Film Festival – Nantes, France, 2001.

Dr. Omnia Amin, a professor at Zayed University in Dubai, says this about Alghanem's poetry and work,"Nujoom Alghanem is one of the strongest modern Emirati poets who rose in the early 1980s in the Persian Gulf region. Her language is such that it permeates the soul with a rich and flavoured life experience that goes beyond the five senses".

Co-founder of the United Arab Emirates branch of Women in Film and Television, Michelle Nickelson, said, "Nujoom could be considered a UAE national treasure. Her films have a lovely feature style to them." Alghanem won the Best Emirati Female Filmmaker Award at the Fifth Dubai International Film Festival for her film Al Mureed.

References

1962 births
Living people
Ohio University alumni
20th-century Emirati poets
Emirati film directors
Emirati women film directors
Emirati documentary filmmakers
People from Dubai
Arabic-language film directors
Griffith University alumni
21st-century Emirati writers
21st-century Emirati women writers
20th-century Emirati writers
20th-century Emirati women writers
Women documentary filmmakers
21st-century Emirati poets
Emirati women poets

Nujoom Al-Ghanem


The Judicate of Arborea (; ; ) or the Kingdom of Arborea (; ; ) was one of the four independent judicates into which the island of Sardinia was divided in the Middle Ages. It occupied the central-west portion of the island, wedged between Logudoro to the north and east, Cagliari to the south and east, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. To the northeast and beyond Logudoro was Gallura, with which Arborea had far less interaction. Arborea outlasted her neighbours, surviving well into the 15th century. At its greatest territorial extent it occupied the entire island except the cities of Alghero and Cagliari. The earliest known judicial seat was Tharros, though Oristano served as capital for most of its existence.

Origins
Sardinia was an imperial province of the Byzantine Empire until the early 9th century, when the aggressive expansion and relentless piracy of the Arabs and Berbers of North Africa left the central authorities of the Empire unable to effectively defend or consistently govern the island. The local Byzantine magistrates, entitled iudici, meaning "judges", were increasingly left to provide for their own administration and defense. Maintaining the traditional forms and patterns of the imperial bureaucracy, the island's iudicati, originally a type of administrative sub-division, gradually became autonomous states ruled by iudices. By the 10th century, the legal titles to these districts (like the provinces administered by dux ("Duke") and comes ("Count") in mainland Europe) had become hereditary or rotated amongst a few powerful clans.

The first important Giudice of Arborea was Marianus I (ruled 1060 – 1070) of the Thori family. In 1070, his successor, Orzocorre I, moved the capital from the ancient port of Tharros, which was exposed to Arab attacks, to Oristano.

Around the same time, Sardinia began to emerge from obscurity and come into the historian's view. Under the ambitious Pope Gregory VII, then leading a papal reform, Sardinia was integrated into the wider Christendom. By the infusion of Western monasticism and Pisan ecclesiastic rule, she became involved in the conflicts and commerce of Europe.

Lacon-Gunale dynasty
Under Constantine I of the Lacon dynasty, Arborea paid tribute to the papacy and sponsored Camaldolese monks in opposition to the monks of Marseille favoured by rival Cagliari. Constantine paid homage to Pisa for his petty kingdom and his successor was his brother Comita II. When Pope Innocent II divided Sardinia between the sees of Pisa and Genoa in 1133, Arborea fell to the former, but Comita, in the hope of furthering Arborean independence, allied with Genoa during the subsequent civil wars of that decade. In 1145, Comita was excommunicated by Baldwin, Archbishop of Pisa, and the Judicate of Arborea was nominally transferred to Logudoro.

Comita's son and successor, Barison II, put Arborea back on good terms with Pisa. He married into the Aragonese nobility, creating ties to Spain which culminated in Sardinia falling to the Crown of Aragon some centuries later. In 1164, Barison paid the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa to have him crowned King of Sardinia, but the emperor revoked that title the next year, though Barison continued to employ it. He finally left Pisa for Genoa, but his legacy was civil war. His son Peter I and grandson Hugh I finally divided the kingdom by the Treaty of Oristano (1192), but in the end Hugh's line, the House of Cervera (or Bas), succeeded in establishing themselves.

De Serra-Bas dynasty
While Peter II, son of Hugh, has been accused by historians of impoverishing his realm of glory, his son Marianus II expanded it substantially, even briefly ruling over a majority of the island. During the final decades of the 13th century, three other giudicati fell into the hands of either Pisa or Genoa or one of their great families, but Arborea remained independent.

Hugh II (ruled 1321 – 1336), great-grandson of Marianus II, headed up a faction which favoured James II of Aragon, who had been promised the island by the pope, as overlord. He supported the Infante Alfonso in his campaign (1323 – 1324) to conquer the island from Pisa. In 1336, Hugh II was succeeded by his son Peter III (died 1345). His brother Marianus IV (ruled 1353 – 1375) was the only Sardinian ruler to be known as "the Great". He was educated at the Crown of Aragon's royal court, but later turned against his cultural allies and led a victorious revolt against the aragonese invaders Sardinian–Aragonese war. With Marianus IV the great, a period of splendour commenced in the Kingdom of Arborea. Oral traditions were codified and new legislation enacted. Army and tactics were reformed. With the exception of Cagliari, Alghero, and Sassari (then under Brancaleone Doria), Marianus conquered the whole of the island, making Arborea the strongest any of the island's judicates had ever been.

Marianus was succeeded by his son Hugh III, who furthered his father's legislation and died without descendants in 1383. A republic was proclaimed, but the crown was claimed by Eleanor, elder sister of Hugh III, who was married to Brancaleone Doria. She succeeded to power in 1387. Eleanor was technically regent on behalf of her sons Frederick and, subsequently, Marianus V. She died in 1404 and Marianus in 1407; after the latter's death the succession passed to William III of Narbonne, grandson of Beatrice, Eleanor's sister. He defended the island against the troops of King Martin of Aragon, but Martin I of Sicily (son of Martin of Aragon) vanquished them in the Battle of Sanluri on 30 June 1409. Martin's sudden death made possible a recovery and occupation of Sassari and part of Logudoro as well as reclamation of the title of Judge of Arborea by William. However, all the Arborean castles fell after a renewed Aragonese offensive; Oristano fell in March 1410 without resistance.

Leonard Cubell laid claim to the title of Judge of Arborea, but was compelled in Oristano by Pedro de Torrelles to renounce his claim, after which he was given the Marquisate of Oristano and County of Goceano. In 1420, Alfonso V of Aragon purchased for 100,000 gold florins the rights of the viscounts of Narbonne. Later, the Aragonese governor, Leonardo Alagon, rebelled and was also able to beat the king's troops at Uras in 1470. However, his defeat at the Battle of Macomer in 1478 put a definitive end to the independence of Arborea and of Sardinia as a whole.

Curatoriae

Arborea was divided into 13 or, at times, 14  or partes (sing.  and ). These were the main administrative regions, governed by  (curators) under the judge. The subdivisions of the  were the , the inhabited centres (villages) that, altogether, probably comprised 100,000 inhabitants. The  were an inheritance from Byzantine tradition and are still recognised today as "historic regions".

The fourteen  of Arborea were:

Barbagia di Belvì
Barbagia d'Ollolai
Barigadu
Bonorzuli
Campidano di Cabras
Campidano di Milis
Campidano di Simaxis
Guilcier
Mandrolisai
Marmilla
Montis
Usellus
Valenza
Brabaxiana

See also
List of kings or judges of Arborea

Sources
Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Rome, 1963 – present.
Nowé, Laura Sannia. Dai "lumi" dalla patria Italiana: Cultura letteraria sarda. Mucchi Editore: Modena, 1996.
Day, John. La Sardegna sotto la dominazione pisano-genovese dal secolo XI al secolo XIV. UTET: Turin, 1987.

Notes

Arborea
History of Sardinia
Medieval Italy
Italian states
Christian states
2nd millennium in Italy
Former monarchies of Europe

Judicate of Arborea


A circlip (a portmanteau of "circle" and "clip"), also known as a C-clip, rotor clip, snap ring, or Jesus clip, is a type of fastener or retaining ring consisting of a semi-flexible metal ring with open ends that can be snapped into place into a machined groove on a dowel pin or other part to permit rotation but to prevent axial movement. There are two basic types of circlips: internal (fitted into a bore) and external (fitted over a shaft). Circlips are often used to secure pinned connections.

Details
When used to retain piston wrist pins or gudgeon pins, the clips are known as wrist pin clips, wrist pin retainers, or gudgeon pin clips. The most commonly used circlip for this application is a simple spring steel circlip, or plain wire ring.

The term "Jesus clip" is a comical reference given to it due to its tendency to come loose and launch itself at high speed while removing or installing it, often leading to the remark "Oh Jesus, where did it go?"

E-clip

Common examples include e-clips (e-rings) and the snap ring (both internal and external) or circlip. These general types of fasteners are sized to provide an interference fit onto (or into, in the case of an internal fastener) a groove or land when in use, such that they must be elastically deformed in order to install or remove them.

Installation and maintenance
The name snap ring generally refers to circlips that have the ends formed to aid installation and removal and are not formed from wire (i.e., do not have a round cross-section). These rings are designed to be installed and removed with special pliers. Some of these special pliers can be configured for internal or external clips, while in other cases, one plier is used for internal clips and another for external clips. For expediency in the field, a pair of needle-nose pliers (for internal clips) or leverage with a flat-headed screwdriver (internal or external) is sometimes used.

Since most snap rings are stamped from sheet steel, one side is slightly rounded and the other has sharp, rough edges. This is due to the stamping die behaving like a cookie cutter and causing a slight rounding of the upper edge of the cut clip. The snap ring must always be installed such that force is transmitted to the retaining groove from the rounded side of the ring, not the rough or square-edged side. If a snap ring is positioned such that its flat side is pressed into the rounded edge of the groove, then when load or force is applied, the flat edge of the snap ring will "bite" into the rounded edge of the retaining groove. The snap ring will distort and ride up the rounded edge, spreading an external snap ring and compressing an internal snap ring. This leaves the clip prone to being forced out of its groove and failing at its retaining function. The accompanying images illustrate the correct orientation of the snap ring in its groove. Wet or dry lubrication is recommended to reduce friction against the circlip and maintain function.

References

External links

Definition with picture
Historical background

Fasteners

Circlip


Major General Andrew Douglas Mackay, CBE is a former British Army officer who commanded British forces in Helmand, Afghanistan. This was the principal opium-growing region and Britain was responsible in the NATO International Security Assistance Force for the suppression of opium.

Military career
Mackay served in the Royal Hong Kong Police for three years before he was commissioned into the King's Own Scottish Borderers in 1982. He served in Northern Ireland as a company commander and worked on the strategic and operational planning in the Balkans during the Bosnian War and Kosovo War. He was made Commanding Officer of 1st King's Own Scottish Borderers in 1998.

On promotion to Brigadier he served for a year in Baghdad, Iraq. In that capacity he was tasked with setting up and commanding the Civilian Police Assistance Training Team. CPATT was responsible for mentoring, training, equipping and organising the Iraqi Police and the Ministry of Interior. During this period he served alongside General David Petraeus and they are said to be close friends. He became Commander of 52nd Infantry Brigade in 2004 and commanded Task Force Helmand in Afghanistan from October 2007 in which role he led the successful assault on Musa Qala in the north of Helmand in December 2007. This action was later described as the "best operation to come out of Afghanistan in years" by the Pentagon. The author Stephen Grey subsequently wrote a best selling book of the battle for Musa Qaleh called Operation Snakebite within which Andrew Mackay and his style of leadership featured. 52 Brigade's tour of Helmand was controversial and led to considerable debate within military circles on the emphasis that Mackay placed on the role of Influence and non-kinetic operations. Mackay's approach to COIN was also featured in Mark Urban's three part BBC series Afghanistan: War without End.
Dr Patrick Rose wrote that "52 Brigade was the first to utilise Influence centric approach; laying the foundations of structures used now".

He was appointed General Officer Commanding 2nd Division and Governor of Edinburgh Castle in May 2009 but resigned only a few months later in September 2009, citing "personal reasons". However, other sources attributed his resignation to frustration over the war in Afghanistan. He subsequently expressed the opinion, in a paper co-authored with Commander Steve Tatham and delivered to the Defence Academy, that the Ministry of Defence was "institutionally incapable of keeping pace with rapid change and the associated willingness to adapt". In 2011 he co-authored with Commander Tatham a book entitled Behavioural Conflict: Why Understanding People and Their Motivations Will Prove Decisive in Future Conflict.

The BBC have twice covered Mackay's recapturing of Musa Qala in specialist programming. In November 2014 he wrote and narrated a BBC Radio 4 documentary about his experiences of Afghanistan. Entitled 'The Lessons of War' he interviewed soldiers, senior US and British Generals including David Patraeus, politicians and civil servants to understand if there was ever a high level strategy for the campaign. Mackay told the BBC that "I think whoever you are when you go to an extreme environment such as Helmand, you are never the same person when you come back. I was interested in considering the role that I played as the commander of British forces in Helmand and the journey that it had taken me on."

In September 2015 BBC News ran a specialist feature, entitled 'The Art of Influence', featuring Mackay, on its News Journal website.

Mackay now runs a strategic advisory company – Complexas Ltd – which provides specialist services to the international extractive industries, specifically in Africa. Mackay and Tatham also collaborated with Professor Jim Derleth to write a new paper on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Africa.

References

British Army major generals
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Commendation for Valuable Service
King's Own Scottish Borderers officers
NATO personnel in the Bosnian War
Living people
British Army personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
People from Elgin, Moray
Foreign recipients of the Legion of Merit
Year of birth missing (living people)
Police officers from British Hong Kong
Scottish military personnel

Andrew Mackay (British Army officer)


Enigma is a 2001 espionage thriller film directed by Michael Apted from a screenplay by Tom Stoppard. The script was adapted from the 1995 novel Enigma by Robert Harris, about the Enigma codebreakers of Bletchley Park in the Second World War.

Although the story is highly fictionalised, the process of encrypting German messages during World War II and decrypting them with the Enigma is discussed in detail, and the historical event of the Katyn massacre is highlighted. It was the last film scored by John Barry.

Plot
The story, loosely based on actual events, takes place in March 1943, when the Second World War was at its height. The cryptanalysts at Bletchley Park, Buckinghamshire, have a problem: the Nazi U-boats have changed one of their code reference books used for Enigma machine ciphers, leading to a blackout in the flow of vital naval signals intelligence. The British cryptanalysts have cracked the "Shark" cipher once before, and they need to do it again in order to keep track of U-boat locations.

The film begins with Tom Jericho returning to Bletchley after a month recovering from a nervous breakdown brought on by his failed love affair with a coworker named Claire Romilly. Jericho immediately seeks to see her again and finds that she mysteriously disappeared a few days earlier. He enlists the help of Claire's housemate, Hester Wallace, to follow the trail of clues and learn what has happened to Claire.

Mr. Jericho and Miss Wallace, as they formally address each other, work to decipher intercepts stolen by Claire and determine why she took them. Jericho is closely watched by an MI5 agent, Wigram, who plays cat and mouse with him throughout the film. Meanwhile, U-boats are closing in on a convoy of thirty seven ships from America, giving the code-breakers less than four days to find a solution to reading the changed Shark cipher.

But someone else at Bletchley has a personal interest in the stolen intercepts, and may be responsible for Claire's disappearance.

Cast

 Dougray Scott as Tom Jericho
 Kate Winslet as Hester Wallace
 Saffron Burrows as Claire Romilly
 Jeremy Northam as Mr Wigram
 Nikolaj Coster-Waldau as Jozef 'Puck' Pukowski
 Tom Hollander as Guy Logie
 Donald Sumpter as Leveret
 Matthew Macfadyen as Cave
 Robert Pugh as Skynner
 Corin Redgrave as Admiral Trowbridge
 Nicholas Rowe as Villiers
 Edward Hardwicke as Heaviside

Production and premiere

The film was shot on location in England, Scotland and the Netherlands, with Bletchley Park mansion substituted by Chicheley Hall. Other locations include the Great Central Railway, Loughborough and Tigh Beg Croft, near Oban, Scotland. Interiors were filmed at Elstree Film Studios.

The film was produced by Mick Jagger of the Rolling Stones. Jagger makes a cameo appearance as an RAF officer at a dance. He also lent the film's design department a four-rotor Enigma encoding machine he owned to ensure the historical accuracy of one of the props. The festivities around the London premiere of the film are shown in the 2001 documentary Being Mick.

Reception

Critical reviews were largely positive, but there was criticism of the largely fictional storyline, which neither mentions the real codebreaker, Alan Turing, nor gives due credit to the Polish cryptanalysis foundation, the Biuro Szyfrów (Cipher Bureau). The film holds a 'fresh' 72% rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, with the consensus reading, "The well-crafted, twist-filled Enigma is a thinking person's spy thriller." Joe Leydon of Variety compared the film to works by Alfred Hitchcock, and remarked that, 'Overall, "Enigma" plays fair and square while generating suspense with its twisty plot. And while it requires a generous suspension of disbelief to accept a few action-hero gestures by the deeply troubled Jericho, Scott is persuasive and compelling enough as his complex character to drive the narrative.'

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three stars and said, 'What I like about the movie is its combination of suspense and intelligence. If it does not quite explain exactly how decryption works (how could it?), it at least gives us a good idea of how decrypters work, and we understand how crucial Bletchley was—so crucial its existence was kept a secret for 30 years.' On the other end, Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly was far less impressed, saying, 'The legend of how the British cracked the almighty Enigma must have sounded, on paper, like a nifty mathematical thriller—a historic WarGames set at the formative moment of the computer age. On screen, however, Enigma plays as if the scriptwriter, Tom Stoppard, and the director, Michael Apted, were themselves cryptographers; they seem to be making hunt-and-peck stabs at how to translate a tale of arcane numeric formulas into drama.'

The film grossed $6.6 million in the United Kingdom. It grossed $4.3 million in the United States and Canada and $4.8 million in other markets for a worldwide total of $15.7 million.

Historical accuracy
The film and, by association, the book have attracted criticism for their portrayal of the Polish role in Enigma decryption. The historian Norman Davies argues that in the film the fictitious traitor turns out to be Polish, but only slight mention is made of the contributions of prewar Polish Cipher Bureau cryptologists to Allied Enigma decryption efforts, but historically, the only known traitor active at Bletchley Park was British spy John Cairncross, who passed crucial secrets to the Soviet Union.

The film hints that Dougray Scott's character, the brilliant Cambridge mathematician Thomas Jericho is the main code-breaker at Bletchley, equating him with Alan Turing, the original creator of the British Bombe, with the words of Mr Wigram, played by Jeremy Northam:
"But what if someone tells them just how we do do it? Your thinking machine, clackity-clack, day and night, programmed with a menu, thanks to your big brain, that reduces the odds to just a few million-to-one until it locks on to the winning combination. There goes the war…"
Of course Jericho is a totally fictional character, given that Turing was homosexual; his brief engagement to Joan Clarke, who knew about his sexual orientation, was purely platonic. In reality it was unlikely that Turing was involved in code-breaking the Naval four-rotor Enigma Shark in 1943. Notes by Tony Sale do not mention Turing as the "someone in Bletchley Park [who] realised that Short Weather Signals were sent in the three wheel mode" and explained "the Central Met. Station had collated the U-Boat and other reports, [and] they broadcast a general synoptic in their own Met. Code", which used the standard International Met. Code further encoded using bigram tables, as discovered by Mr Archer from the Met. section of Bletchley Park. According to Hugh Alexander, from June 1943 Joan Clarke, Mahon, Pendered and Noskwith were responsible for the whole of the cryptographic work until the end of the war. Strangely, Joan Clarke is not present in the film as none of the team of cryptanalysts are female.

In the film, Cave, from Naval Intelligence, played by Matthew Macfadyen, mentioned Fasson and Grazier gave their lives to rescue the code books from a sinking submarine. There were actually three men who retrieved the books: First Lieutenant Anthony Fasson, Able Seaman Colin Grazier and 16-year-old Tommy Brown from the canteen. Fasson and Grazier did drown while attempting to retrieve electrical equipment from a U-boat U-559 (which Cave describes as its four-rotor enigma) on 30 October 1942, while Brown survived only to die in a house fire during shore-leave before the end of the war. Fasson and Grazier were awarded the George Cross posthumously and Brown was awarded the George Medal. Fictional character Cave states he was completing his last posting on a destroyer, in November '42, when the books were acquired.

There are historical records of the break in the ability of the British to decode the Naval enigma from 10 to 19 March 1943 when the third edition of the weather short signal codebook was deployed.

The Katyn massacre, revealed after the discovery of mass graves of 4,500 Polish officers as depicted in the film, is a historical atrocity committed by Stalinist Russia in 1940. There is no evidence that details of the mass graves were intercepted by British intelligence, although it is possible. The first announcement of the discovery was broadcast by Radio Berlin on 13 April 1943.

See also
 The Imitation Game - A 2014 biopic of Alan Turing and his involvement in cracking the Enigma.
 U-571 - A 2000 war film involving the capture of an Enigma machine.
 Cryptanalysis of the Enigma
 List of films about mathematicians
 Ultra
 German submarine U-505 - A captured submarine - now on display in Chicago - that yielded an Enigma machine.

References

External links

 Enigma at Rotten Tomatoes
 Enigma at Box Office Mojo
 Review by Andrew Hodges

2001 films
2000s spy thriller films
2000s war films
British spy thriller films
British war films
War romance films
World War II films based on actual events
World War II spy films
Films based on British novels
Films based on thriller novels
Enigma machine
Films shot at Elstree Film Studios
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Films directed by Michael Apted
Bletchley Park
Cryptography in fiction
Films set in 1943
Films with screenplays by Tom Stoppard
Films scored by John Barry (composer)
Films set in Buckinghamshire
Films produced by Mick Jagger
Films produced by Lorne Michaels
2000s English-language films
2000s British films

Enigma (2001 film)


The Myton Presbyterian Church, in Myton, Utah, was built in 1915 and served as a church until 2015.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.

According to Utah State preservation specialist Mardita Murphy, it is "the oldest surviving building in Duschesne County".

After the church was closed it was put up for sale, and journalist Reed Cowan purchased it intending to use it as a second home.  However he came to understand the local community importance of the church and chose to keep it open to the public instead.

It is open for use for weddings and other events.

References

National Register of Historic Places in Duchesne County, Utah
Presbyterian churches in Utah
Churches completed in 1915
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah

Myton Presbyterian Church


Aglaonice or Aganice of Thessaly (, Aglaoníkē, compound of αγλαὸς (aglaòs) "luminous" and νίκη (nikē) "victory") was a Greek astronomer and thaumaturge of the 2nd or 1st century BC. She is mentioned in the writings of Plutarch and in the scholia to Apollonius of Rhodes as a female astronomer and as the daughter of Hegetor (or Hegemon) of Thessaly. She was regarded as a sorceress for her (self-proclaimed) ability to 'make the moon disappear from the sky' (καθαιρεῖν τὴν σελήνην : kathaireĩn tìn selénen) which has been taken – first by Plutarch and subsequently by modern astronomers – to mean that she could predict the time and general area where a lunar eclipse would occur.

Plutarch wrote that she was "thoroughly acquainted with the periods of the full moon when it is subject to eclipse, and, knowing beforehand the time when the moon was due to be overtaken by the earth's shadow, imposed upon the women, and made them all believe that she was drawing down the moon." Peter Bicknell notes that in most lunar eclipses the moon does not disappear completely, but simply takes on a reddish hue.  The ancient sources which discuss Aglaonice do not describe such a change of colour and there is no suggestion that she failed to convince observers that she was able to draw down the moon. Bicknell speculates that in the first and second centuries BC there was a period in which the moon appeared significantly less bright during the lunar eclipse due to variations in solar activity, and this might explain this apparent inconsistency.

Cultural influence

One of the craters on Venus is named after Aglaonice. She is a character in the Jean Cocteau film Orpheus, where she is a friend of Eurydice and leader of the League of Women. Aglaonice is a featured figure on Judy Chicago's installation piece The Dinner Party, being represented as one of the 999 names on the Heritage Floor.

See also
Timeline of women in science

References

Women astronomers
Ancient Greek astronomers
Ancient Thessalian women
2nd-century BC Greek people
2nd-century BC Greek women
Hellenistic Thessalians
Ancient women scientists

Aglaonice


Town Square () is a major square in Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. Ljubljana Town Hall is located at the square. In front of Town Hall stands a copy of the Robba Fountain. Near the square, at Cyril and Methodius Square, stands Ljubljana Cathedral. Opposite Town Hall is the Krisper House, where Julija Primic, the inspiration of the Slovene Romantic poet France Prešeren, was born in 1816. The composer Gustav Mahler lived in the house from 1881 to 1882, when he worked as a conductor at the Carniolan Provincial Theatre at Congress Square.

References

External links

Squares in Ljubljana

Town Square (Ljubljana)


Lathika () is an Indian playback singer whose voice held sway over the music charts in the late 1980s-early 1990s in the Malayalam film industry. She has lent her voice mainly for Malayalam and Tamil film songs for over 300 films. Some of her hit songs of that time are 'Kathodu Kathoram…' and 'Devadoothar Padi…'(Kathodu Kathoram), 'Poo Venam Pooppada Venam...' (Oru Minnaminunginte Nurunguvettam), and 'Tharum Thalirum...' (Chilambu).

Career

Lathika debuted at the age of 16 with the scene "Pushpathalpathin.."  composed by Kannur Rajan for I. V. Sasi's 'Abhinandam' (1976). She sang the duet with K. J. Yesudas, who, she says, has always been her mentor.
Over the years Lathika also has had the "good fortune" to sing in the debut films of some of the most famous composers in Malayalam including Ravindran Master ('Choola'), Ouseppachan ('Kathodu Kathoram') and S.P. Venkatesh ('Rajavinte Makan').
Although Lathika, had earlier sung playback for a number of songs and was a star on the ganamela circuit in and around Kollam and Tamil Nadu, it wasn't until she was introduced to Bharathan that she began to be noticed in the music industry.

It was music director Raveendran, who introduced her to film director Bharathan. She sang the song 'Varnangal Gandhangal...' in his 'Chamaram' (1980), for which Raveendran Master composed this one song [the others were composed by M. G. Radhakrishnan. Then her turn came for the music production of 'Ithiri Poove Chuvanna Poove' (1984) when they needed a female artist to hum a pallavi. In those days S. Janaki was the reigning melody queen and such a senior artist couldn't be brought in only to hum a few lines. That's when Raveendran suggested her name. She was called for an audition and Bharathan liked her voice so much that he gave her the song 'Pon Pularoli…' to sing. From that time onwards, Bharathan ensured that Lathika got to sing in almost all his films, such as 'Dum Dum Dum Dhundhubinatham…' (Vaishali) and 'Hridayaraga…' (Amaram), to name a few. Her last song for him was 'Othiri Othiri Mohangal…' in Vengalam. Nilaavinte poomgavil... from the movie 'Sreekrishna Parunthu' is one of her most popular song. Her other notable songs include 'Poovulla Meda Kaanan....' from the film 'Pandu pandoru rajakumari' along with G. Venugopal, Aathma Sugandham from the movie 'Bhadrachitta' etc.

Throughout her career, Lathika has had several songs credited to other singers, especially K.S. Chitra, by popular media and persons. This has been attributed to slight similarities between her songs and Chithra's. The singer has always  been uncomplaining about the matter.

As of August 2016, her latest rendition for a movie is for a 2016 Malayalam movie Guppy in which she sang the song "Athiraliyum karakaviyum"  along with Vijay Yesudas.

In 2022, she received the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award in Light Music category.

Present life

Currently she is serving as lecturer in music at the Swathi Thirunal College of Music, Thiruvananthapuram. She has been promoted as Asst. Professor and serving the same college.

References

External links

Lathika at MSI

Living people
Singers from Kerala
Indian women playback singers
Tamil playback singers
Malayalam playback singers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Musicians from Kollam
Film musicians from Kerala
21st-century Indian singers
20th-century Indian singers
21st-century Indian women singers
Women musicians from Kerala
20th-century Indian women singers
Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award

Lathika


The World Ocean Atlas (WOA) is a data product of the Ocean Climate Laboratory of the National Oceanographic Data Center (U.S.).  The WOA consists of a climatology of fields of in situ ocean properties for the World Ocean.  It was first produced in 1994 (based on the earlier Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean, 1982), with later editions at roughly four year intervals in 1998, 2001, 2005, 2009, 2013, 2018, and 2023.

Dataset
The fields that make up the WOA dataset consist of objectively-analysed global grids at 1° spatial resolution.  The fields are three-dimensional, and data are typically interpolated onto 33 standardised vertical intervals from the surface (0 m) to the abyssal seafloor (5500 m).  In terms of temporal resolution, averaged fields are produced for annual, seasonal and monthly time-scales.  The WOA fields include ocean temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, apparent oxygen utilisation (AOU), percent oxygen saturation, phosphate, silicic acid, and nitrate.  Early editions of the WOA additionally included fields such as mixed layer depth and sea surface height.

In addition to the averaged fields of ocean properties, the WOA also contains fields of statistical information concerning the constituent data that the averages were produced from.  These include fields such as the number of data points the average is derived from, their standard deviation and standard error.  A lower horizontal resolution (5°) version of the WOA is also available.  The WOA dataset is primarily available as compressed ASCII, but since WOA 2005 a netCDF version has also been produced.

Gallery

See also

 CORA dataset
 European Atlas of the Seas
 Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (GEOSECS)
 Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP)
 World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE)

References

External links
 NODC Ocean Climate Laboratory datasets and products

Chemical oceanography

Oceanography
World Ocean

World Ocean Atlas


HITRUST is a privately held company located in Frisco, Texas, United States that, in collaboration with healthcare, technology and information security organizations, established the HITRUST CSF. The company claims CSF is a comprehensive, prescriptive, and certifiable framework, that can be used by all organizations that create, access, store or exchange sensitive and/or regulated data.

HITRUST originally served as an acronym for "Health Information Trust Alliance", but the company has since rebranded as simply HITRUST. HITRUST includes a for-profit division (HITRUST Services Corp) and a not-for-profit division (HITRUST Alliance).

The HITRUST CSF

The HITRUST CSF (created to stand for "Common Security Framework", since rebranded as simply the HITRUST CSF) is a prescriptive set of controls that meet the requirements of multiple regulations and standards. The framework provides a way to comply with standards such as ISO/IEC 27000-series and HIPAA. Since the HITRUST CSF incorporates various security, privacy, and other regulatory requirements from existing frameworks and standards, some organizations utilize this framework to demonstrate their security and compliance in a consistent and streamlined manner. Organizations can complete a self-assessment using the HITRUST framework, or they can engage with a HITRUST assessor for an external, third-party engagement.

HITRUST CSF has garnered criticism for being "cumbersome, expensive, arbitrary, unnecessarily complex", and using "outdated data".

Current version of CSF is v11, released in January 2023.

Executive Council
HITRUST is led by a management team and governed by an Executive Council made up of leaders from across a variety of industry. These leaders represent the governance of the organization, but other founders also comprise the leadership to ensure the framework meets the short- and long-term needs of the entire industry.

Executive Council members represent the following organizations:

 Elevance Health, Inc.
 Express Scripts, Inc.
 Health Care Service Corporation
 Highmark
 Humana Inc.
 IMS Health
 Kaiser Permanente
 McKesson Corporation
 UnitedHealth Group

References

 How To Get HITRUST Certified?
 Hitrust Assessment
 HITRUST Alliance Official website

Health information technology companies

HITRUST


Andrew Michael Kissel (August 23, 1959 – April 3, 2006) was an American real estate developer who was found murdered at his rented Greenwich, Connecticut estate. Kissel had been accused of defrauding a New York co-op board of millions of dollars.

His body was found by workers from a moving company. He had been stabbed to death in the basement of the home. The motive for his murder was a mystery, as there were many people who had problems with him, including those from the U.S. Justice Department, several multi-billion dollar corporations/conglomerates, and his own wife. Kissel's chauffeur and his cousin were later found guilty in association with the murder.

Kissel was a resident of Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey and later of Saddle River, New Jersey.

Coincidentally his brother, Robert Kissel, was murdered on November 2, 2003 in Hong Kong by his wife, Nancy Kissel.

Fraud charges
From 1995 to 2002, Kissel had been the treasurer of the co-op board at 200 East 74th Street in Manhattan. He had a great deal of autonomy and sole signing authority over the Board's bank account. He arranged a refinancing plan, to create a reserve fund and pay for renovations to the building, but also siphoned money into his own account, forged statements, and eventually embezzled $3.9 million. When the Board confronted him, he confessed and agreed to pay $4.7 million if they agreed to not go public. He entered into a civil settlement in October 2003, and was confident that the matter had been resolved and the board would not go public; however, a grand jury in Manhattan charged Mr. Kissel with grand larceny and other crimes in connection with the $4.7 million that he admitted owing the co-op because of money he took during the seven years he was treasurer.

Collections
Kissel was known for his interest in collectibles and expensive possessions. He owned an  Lazzara yacht that has been valued at $2.8 million. Among the vehicles in his classic-car collection was a 1957 Mercedes valued at $420,000.

Another item in his car collection was one of the original four 1984 Pontiac Trans Am automobiles used in the TV series "Knight Rider". In order to pay off some of the estimated $30 million debt owed to various creditors (including the Internal Revenue Service), many pieces of his collections were sold off. On December 20, 2007 the K.I.T.T. car was listed on eBay for sale with a starting bid of $20,000, which was met by an unspecified bidder. With its authenticity verified, the car was re-listed on eBay on June 12, 2008, again with a starting bid of $20,000. The auction ended without the previous enthusiasm of the first auction and it was purchased by a friend of George Barris, the car's creator.

Murder and arrests
Kissel and his wife, Hayley Wolff, were in the process of moving from the Greenwich house in March 2006. The Kissels were behind in their rent; their landlord had filed a lawsuit claiming the couple had neglected to pay the $14,300 rent for six months. The Kissels had agreed to vacate the premises by March 31.

Members of a moving crew arrived at the mansion to complete the move and found Kissel's body, hands and feet bound, in the basement. He had been stabbed to death.

Kissel's chauffeur, Carlos Trujillo, and Trujillo's cousins Leonard Trujillo and Jair Trujillo were arrested in March 2008 and charged in his death. Police had followed up on a credit card found during a search of Carlos Trujillo's residence. During a follow-up interview, they were told about a murder plot.

Trial and subsequent events
According to the prosecution, the motive for the murder was the Trujillos' fear that their involvement in laundering money for Kissel would be exposed. The jury had problems understanding or accepting this theory.

Carlos Trujillo was charged with murder and attempted murder. He was acquitted of the murder charge but entered a guilty plea to the attempted murder charge and received a six-year prison sentence followed by deportation to his home country, Colombia.

Leonard Trujillo pleaded guilty to manslaughter and conspiracy to commit murder. He testified against his cousin Carlos and received a sentence of 20 years.

References

External links
 WhoKilledAndrewKissel.com
 Newsday Story
 Court TV story
 Blood And Money: '48 Hours' Looks At The Killing Of Two Brothers Thousands Of Miles Apart
 NBC News

20th-century criminals
21st-century American criminals
American fraudsters
American murder victims
American real estate businesspeople
April 2006 crimes in the United States
Deaths by stabbing in the United States
2006 murders in the United States
Businesspeople from Greenwich, Connecticut
People from Saddle River, New Jersey
People from Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey
People murdered in Connecticut
Deaths by person in Connecticut
2006 in Connecticut

Murder of Andrew Kissel


Esther Judith Graubart (born October 5, 1943, in Fort Worth, Texas) is an American actress and comedian.  She is best known for being a regular cast member of The Electric Company, the pioneering children's show from the 1970s produced by the Children's Television Workshop.

Graubart married actor Bob Dishy in 1986, though they had known each other for 20 years, since they were both performing for the Second City in Chicago in the 1960s.

Career

Graubart was in the Second City comedy troupe, appearing in the Chicago mainstage cast in the mid- to late 1960s with comic actors such as Fred Willard, Peter Boyle, Richard Libertini,Bob Dishy and Robert Klein. She was also a regular on Comedy Tonight, which aired during the summer of 1970 on CBS, along with Peter Boyle, Barbara Cason, Madeline Kahn, Robert Klein, and Jerry Lacy.

Graubart first made an uncredited appearance in Arthur Hiller's 1967 kidnap comedy The Tiger Makes Out, as a pedestrian with an umbrella whom mailman Eli Wallach attempts to kidnap. He lassos a fire hydrant instead. Graubart's fellow Second City actor Bob Dishy co-stars as the husband of Wallach's ultimate kidnap victim, Anne Jackson.

Graubart played hundreds of characters on the show during The Electric Company'''s original six-year run, with Jennifer of the Jungle being one of the most notable.

After her run with The Electric Company, she appeared in several films during the early 1980s, including Marshall Brickman's Simon and Author! Author! which starred Al Pacino. She reunited with Madeline Kahn for the 1999 film Judy Berlin, which was completed shortly before Kahn's death.

Throughout her career, Graubart was also a familiar face in television commercials for products such as the Chevrolet Vega, Cheer, Crunch 'n Munch, Shake 'n Bake and Miracle Whip. Graubart appeared, as did many other of the original cast members of The Electric Company, in interviews and episode introductions on the second volume of The Best of the Electric Company DVD boxed set that was released by Shout! Factory and Sony BMG Music Entertainment on November 14, 2006.

Graubart has also appeared in theater, appearing in Steppenwolf Theater's Off-Broadway production of Orphans'' in 1986.

References

External links

 Judy Graubart profile, SecondCity.com

1943 births
Jewish American actresses
American television actresses
American film actresses
American sketch comedians
Living people
Actresses from Fort Worth, Texas
American women comedians
Comedians from Texas
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American women

Judy Graubart


Hellman is a neighborhood in the city of Long Beach, California.

Hellman Street/Craftsman Historic District
This area is located north of 7th Street, south of 10th Street, between Orange & Walnut Ave.

A high concentration of Craftsman bungalows, built for middle-class working families, remains intact today in this district. Secondary "contributing" structures are Spanish Colonial Revival and Victorian.

Isaias W. Hellman, businessman, financier and real estate developer prominent in Los Angeles and Long Beach, is credited with developing this neighborhood. Hellman Street bears his name.

Location
The greater Hellman neighborhood is bordered by Alamitos Avenue to the west, Anaheim Street to the north, Cherry Avenue to the east, and 7th Street to the south.

To the west of Hellman is the East Village and to the north is Cambodia Town, to the east is Rose Park and to the south is North Alamitos Beach (NABA).

See also
Neighborhoods of Long Beach, California

External links
 Hellman Street/Craftsman Historic District
 History of Hellman Street/Craftsman Historic District

Neighborhoods in Long Beach, California

Hellman, Long Beach, California


Burguillos (37°35'3.84" N -5°57'59.54" W) is a locality in the province of Sevilla, in the region of Andalusia, Spain. In 2005, it had 4,142 inhabitants, and extended over an area of 42 km², giving the town a population density of 98.6 people per km².  Burguillos lies at an elevation of 80 meters, and is located 23 kilometers from the provincial capital, Sevilla.

References

Municipalities of the Province of Seville

Burguillos