Maria Dinulescu (; born 2 May 1981 in Ploieşti) is a Romanian actress.

Acting career

Maria Dinulescu studied acting at the National University of Cinema and Drama in Bucharest, Romania. She came to international attention in 2003, when one of the first shorts she played in, "Traffic", won the Palme d'Or in Cannes. She came back to Cannes in 2007, as the lead female actress in the full-feature "California Dreamin' (endless)," the winner of the "Un Certain Regard" section. Her performance in this movie won her a few other awards including the Best Actress Prize at BIAF Georgia and Arte Mare from France.

Maria subsequently played the lead role in "Hooked", a film that had its world premiere at the 65th Venice film Festival. Her performance in "Hooked" was described as "bewitching" (Hollywood Reporter) and "bubbly (in a difficult role)" (Variety) and was rewarded with the Best Actress Prize at the Thessaloniki Film Festival and the Buenos Aires Film Festival.

Of the 12 full-length feature films that Maria has starred in, she has played the lead 7 times. She also has several television credits, including the HBO-produced Romanian version of the "In Treatment" HBO series. She has acted in more than 10 successful short films, commercials, and was the lead in the music video, "Peace" by Depeche Mode. In 2010, Dinulescu won the Esquire Magazine, Sexiest Woman Alive Atlas, 2010 for Romania.

She moved to Los Angeles where she studied at UCLA,  Groundlings Theatre & School and she participate in many laboratory and workshops with prestigious actors, directors and teachers. Maria played in different short movies for USC and  New York Film Academy students. "Stepping Out" brought her the award for best actress at Los Angeles  Indie Film Fest 2014.

Maria has a master in Japanese theater and culture, is member of European Film Academy and speaks Romanian, English and Italian.

What others have to say about Maria:

 Jay Weissberg (Variety), met Ms. Dinulescu at Cannes in 2007 and he writes:

". . .it is very rare that jaded critics stand up and take notice, but quite a number of us remarked at the time that Dinulescu was an actress to watch."

 "She has chosen roles wisely and has been fortunate in that several films she has starred in have been screened at the world's most important festivals, including Cannes, Venice and Toronto. This exposure has broadened her name recognition far beyond Romania's borders, and she is currently one of the most recognizable and watched actresses in the Romanian film industry – an industry, I should add, whose extraordinary renaissance in recent years has meant that every major International film festival actively seeks out Romanian films for their roster."

Yale University Professor, David Chambers, states:

"As an actress, Maria Dinulescu is uncommonly protean, absolutely distinct and different in each role she plays. Her range of abilities as an actress is simply astounding: here a beguiling gamine, there an androgynous mystery woman, next a rebellious fury, then a delightfully comic trickster with a twinkle in her eye."

Columbia University Professor, Andrei Serban, states:

"Maria Dinulescu is an extremely gifted actress with love for her craft and enthusiasm for her profession. I am impressed with her ardor and devotion to the classic roles as well as new characters she plays so charmingly on the big screen, which brought her impressive awards. Without hesitation I can declare that Maria Dinulescu is an outstanding actress with a skilled potential and upcoming career."

Guillermo Arriaga, Writer & Director, Cannes Palme d'Or Winner and Oscar Nominated, writes:

"She is an extraordinary actress with a bright future ahead of her due to her great talent.  She is sought after by several of the top directors for difficult roles. I am sure that Maria Dinulescu can bring many good things to the American cinema."

Filmography

 Far from here (2016)
 Smokers Die Slowly Together (2016)
 Selfie 69 (2016)
 Double (2016)
 Rollover (2014)
 Stepping Out (2013)
 The Ridicule (2013)
 Plongeur (2012)
 Doina  (2010)
 Beyond America (2008)
 L'enfance d'Icare (2008)
 The Dot Man (2008)
 Hooked  (2008)
 Blood and Chocolate  (2007)
 California Dreamin' endless (2007)
 Examen (2006)
 Impasse (2005)
 Le tramway d'Andréa (2005)
 Gadjé (2005)
 Milionari de weekend (2004)
 Camera ascunsă (2004)
 Trafic (2004)
 Forme aberrante (2003)
 Green Oaks (2003)
 Poveste la scara C (2003)
 17 minute întârziere (2002)
 București-Wien, 8–15 (2000)

Series

 În derivã (2010)
 Păcatele Evei (2005)

External links
 www.mariadinulescu.com

Romanian actresses
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Maria Dinulescu


"Dark Wings, Dark Words" is the second episode of the third season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. The 22nd episode of the series overall, it was directed by Daniel Minahan and written by Vanessa Taylor. It first aired on HBO on April 7, 2013.

In the episode, Robb Stark receives word that Winterfell has been razed by the Ironborn, and learns that Bran and Rickon have disappeared. Robb's army takes a detour to Riverrun to attend the funeral of Hoster Tully. Theon Greyjoy is taken captive and tortured at Winterfell. Brienne of Tarth continues to escort an imprisoned Jaime Lannister to King's Landing. In the North, Jon Snow struggles to gain the trust of Mance Rayder, as the Night's Watch march back to the Wall. The title of the episode refers to an in-universe proverb about messenger ravens, referring to the fact that urgently delivered messages are often bad news.

The episode marks the first appearance of Olenna Tyrell (Diana Rigg), Jojen Reed (Thomas Brodie Sangster), and Meera Reed (Ellie Kendrick).

Plot

In King's Landing
Margaery and her grandmother Lady Olenna persuade Sansa to tell them the truth of King Joffrey's cruelty.

After discussing his bride-to-be with Cersei, Joffrey invites Margaery to his chamber and questions her about her last husband, Renly Baratheon, and shows off his new crossbow.

Shae warns Tyrion that Lord Baelish has taken an interest in Sansa.

Beyond the Wall
Mance Rayder continues to be distrustful of Jon, and speaks with Orell, a 'warg' capable of seeing through the eyes of animals, who tells him that he has seen the aftermath of the battle at the Fist of the First Men.

Marching to the Wall, Sam falls from exhaustion, and Jeor Mormont orders Rast, who had been taunting Sam, to ensure he reaches the Wall alive and if he doesn't, Jeor will have him killed.

In the North
Heading north with Hodor, Osha, and Rickon, Bran has another strange dream. While Hodor and Rickon are away, Osha suspects someone is following them and leaves to investigate. Bran is confronted by Jojen Reed, the boy from his dream and a seer like Bran. Accompanied by his sister, Meera, Jojen says they have been searching for Bran. While travelling, Bran and Jojen discuss him being a warg and what the three eyed raven is.

Theon Greyjoy has been taken captive, and despite answering all questions truthfully, continues to be tortured. A young man, who claims to be sent by Yara, promises to aid Theon.

In the Riverlands
Robb receives news of the death of his grandfather, Lord Hoster Tully, and that Winterfell has been razed by the Iron Islanders but Bran and Rickon have not been found. He and Catelyn depart for Riverrun for her father's funeral; Lord Karstark voices his displeasure with the funeral distraction. Catelyn discusses her children with Talisa, and admits that she feels responsible for what is happening to them all.

Traveling north, Arya, Gendry, and Hot Pie are brought to an inn by a group led by Thoros of Myr, fighting for the Brotherhood without Banners. Another Brotherhood party arrive with a captive Sandor "The Hound" Clegane, who recognizes Arya and announces her true identity.

A farmer warns Brienne and Jaime of the danger in traveling the Kingsroad. Jaime warns Brienne that the farmer must be killed, but she refuses. While crossing a bridge, Jaime seizes one of Brienne's swords, but she gains the upper hand. They are taken captive by Locke, a bannerman of Lord Roose Bolton, aided by the farmer who had recognized Jaime.

Production

Writing
"Dark Wings, Dark Words" was written by co-writer Vanessa Taylor, who had previously written the episodes "Garden of Bones" and "The Old Gods and the New" for season two. This episode adapts the following chapters from George R. R. Martin's A Storm of Swords: "Bran I", "Sansa I", "Jon II", "Arya I", "Arya II", "Arya V", "Jaime II" and "Jaime III".

Casting
With this episode, Joe Dempsie (Gendry) is promoted to series regular, after guest starring in the first and second season. This episode also marks the first appearances of Diana Rigg (as Lady Olenna Tyrell), Mackenzie Crook (as Orell), Paul Kaye (as Thoros of Myr), Thomas Brodie-Sangster (as Jojen Reed), Ellie Kendrick (as Meera Reed), Philip McGinley (as Anguy), Noah Taylor (as Locke), and Iwan Rheon (as the cleaning boy attending Theon).

Reception

Ratings
"Dark Wings, Dark Words"'s first airing was seen by 4.27 million viewers. Taking into account the viewers of the later repeat, the figures rose to 5.54 million. In the United Kingdom, the episode was seen by 0.988 million viewers on Sky Atlantic, being the channel's second highest-rated broadcast that week.

Critical reception
"Dark Wings, Dark Words" received positive reviews from television critics.  IGN's Matt Fowler gave the episode an 8.5/10, writing "Not many big moments in this week's Game of Thrones, but a lot of new characters came into play." David Sims, reviewing for The A.V. Club, rated the episode with a B+ for newbies. Emily VanDerWerff, rating for experts, also gave the episode a B+.

References

External links

 "Dark Wings, Dark Words" at HBO.com

2013 American television episodes
Game of Thrones (season 3) episodes
Television episodes written by Vanessa Taylor

Dark Wings, Dark Words


The Lublin Castle () is a medieval castle in Lublin, Poland, adjacent to the Old Town district and close to the city center. It is one of the oldest preserved royal residencies in Poland, initially established by High Duke Casimir II the Just. Its contemporary Gothic Revival appearance is largely due to a reconstruction undertaken in the 19th century.

History
The hill it is on was first fortified with a wood-reinforced earthen wall in the 12th century. In the first half of the 13th century, the stone keep was built. It still survives and is the tallest building of the castle, as well as the oldest standing building in the city. In the 14th century, during the reign of Casimir III the Great, the castle was rebuilt with stone walls. Probably at the same time, the castle's Chapel of the Holy Trinity was built as a royal chapel.

In the first decades of the 15th century, King Władysław II Jagiełło commissioned a set of frescoes for the chapel. They were completed in 1418 and are preserved to this day. The artist was a Ruthenian, Master Andrej, who signed his work on one of the walls. Because of their unique style, mixing Western and Eastern Orthodox influences, they are acclaimed internationally as an important historical monument.

Under the rule of the Jagiellon dynasty the castle enjoyed royal favor and frequent stays by members of the royal family. In the 16th century, it was rebuilt on a grandiose scale, under the direction of Italian masters brought from Kraków. The most momentous event in the castle's history was the signing in 1569 of the Union of Lublin, the founding act of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

As a consequence of the wars in the 17th century (The Deluge), the castle fell into disrepair. Only the oldest sections, the keep and the chapel, remained intact. After Lublin fell under Russian rule following the territorial settlement of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the government of Congress Poland, on the initiative of Stanisław Staszic, carried out a complete reconstruction of the castle between 1826 and 1828. The new buildings were in the English neo-Gothic style, completely different from the structures they replaced, and their new purpose was to house a criminal prison. Only the keep and the chapel were preserved in their original state.

The castle was a prison for the next 128 years: as a Tsarist prison from 1831 to 1915, in independent Poland from 1918 to 1939, and most infamously during the Nazi German occupation of the city from 1939 to 1944, when between 40,000 and 80,000 inmates, many of them Polish resistance fighters and Jews, passed through. Just before withdrawing in 1944, the German prison officers and SS massacred its remaining 300 prisoners. After 1944, the castle continued as a prison of the Soviet secret police and later of the Soviet-installed communist regime of Poland and, until 1954, about 35,000 Poles fighting against the new communist government (especially cursed soldiers) passed through it, of whom 333 died.

In 1954, the castle prison was closed. Following reconstruction and refurbishment, since 1957 it has been the main site of the National Museum.

Gallery

See also
 Castles in Poland

References

External links

Lublin Castle and National Museum of Lublin webpage

Buildings and structures in Lublin
Castles in Lublin Voivodeship
Gothic Revival architecture in Poland
Historic house museums in Poland
History of Lublin
Museums in Lublin Voivodeship
Residences of Polish monarchs
Royal residences in Poland
12th-century establishments in Poland
Buildings and structures in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Massacres of Poles
Nazi war crimes in Poland

Lublin Castle


Today on the Farm was an American television program broadcast on NBC-TV from October 1, 1960–December 26, 1961. Hosted by country musician Eddy Arnold, the weekly series included a variety of features such as agricultural and farm news with Alex Dreier, Mal Hansen as a roving reporter, Carmelita Pope with women's features, and weather with Joe Slattery, who also served as announcer. Long-range weather forecasts were supplied by The Krick Organization.

Regular performers included Arnold (backed by the NBC house orchestra) and The Tall Timber Trio (composed of Slim Wilson, Speedy Haworth and Bob White). Guests, booked by Si Siman, included Betty Johnson, Tex Ritter, Minnie Pearl, Chet Atkins, Bobby Lord, Brenda Lee, Molly Bee, Skeeter Davis, June Carter, Johnny Horton, Robin Clark, Jim Reeves and The Collins Kids.

The show aired live from NBC's Chicago, Illinois studios from 6–6:30 a.m. Central Time on Saturday mornings for the Central and Eastern time zones, and was rebroadcast at 7 a.m. Mountain Time for the Mountain and Pacific time zones. Carried by 190 stations, it was believed to be the first sponsored coast-to-coast TV program aired at that hour on Saturdays (sponsored by Massey Ferguson).

Despite Today in its name, the series was produced not by NBC News but by Crossroads TV Productions based in Springfield, Missouri.

Notes

References

.
"NBC-TV to Star Arnold In New Series" (September 12, 1960), The Billboard, p. 4
"E. E. Siman Jr. Picks Guests for Arnold Show" (October 24, 1960), The Billboard, p. 14

NBC original programming
1960 American television series debuts
1961 American television series endings
1960s American television news shows
Black-and-white American television shows
Television shows about agriculture
Country music television series

Today on the Farm


The Constitutional Tribunal of the Union () is the constitutional court of Myanmar under the 2008 Constitution. There is one chairperson and eight members on the Tribunal, who serve five year terms. Members of the tribunal are constitutionally elected proportionally by the President, Pyithu Hluttaw, and Amyotha Hluttaw. However, under the current military government, members are appointed unilaterally by the junta, the State Administration Council. The members of the Constitutional Tribunal are all required to be legal experts. Its headquarters is located in Office No. 54, Ottarathiri Township, Nay Pyi Taw City, Myanmar.

Background
In the 1947 Constitution, the Supreme Court decided upon constitutional disputes and interpreted the constitution (subject to article 151). In the 1974 Constitution, only the Pyithu Hluttaw (House of Representatives) had the power of interpretation (according to article 200 and 201).
The National Convention was held on 16 September 1993. It agreed on 104 basic principles to be included in the formation of new constitution. All representatives in this Convention agreed to the following basic principles concerning with the establishment of a Constitutional Tribunal -
"A Constitutional Tribunal shall be set up to interpret the provisions of the Constitution, to scrutinize whether or not laws enacted by the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, the Regional Hluttaws, the State Hluttaws and functions of executive authorities of Pyidaungsu, Regions, States and Self-Administered Areas are in conformity with the Constitution. Its function is to decide on disputes relating to the Constitution between Pyidaungsu and Regions, between Pyidaungsu and States, among Regions, among States, and between Regions or States and Self-Administered Areas and among Self-Administered Areas themselves. Its role is to perform other duties prescribed in the Constitution," as well.
In formulation the 2008 Constitution, the Commission drafted the following provisions regarding  the Constitutional Tribunal -
 the establishment of a Constitutional Tribunal "Chapter(1), Basic Principles of the Union" (article 46);
 the formation of a Tribunal, tenure, duties and functions, effect of decisions, submitting submissions, impeachment, "Chapter (6), Judicial"  (from article 320 to 326);
Hence the 2008 Constitution was enforced in the first meeting of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (Union Parliament) which was held on 31 January 2011 and  the first Constitutional Tribunal was established on 30, March 2011.

In the aftermath of the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, on 8 February, the State Administration Council seized control of the tribunal by successfully pressuring all sitting judges to resign and appointing nine new members, including Than Kyaw as chair. The tribunal has since ruled that indefinite military rule complies with the constitution.

Chairperson and Members (Justices)
All members were appointed by the State Administration Council on 14-3-2022
 U Tha Htay (Chair)
 Nyan Tun
 Khin Maung Oo
 Saw Sanlin
 Myo Chit
 Kyaw San
 Kyaw Min
 Marlar Aung
 Daw Nan Sandar San

List of chairpersons
Thein Soe (30 March 2011 to 6 September 2012)
Mya Thein (26 February 2013 to 29 March 2016)
Myo Nyunt (30 March 2016 to 8 February 2021)
Than Kyaw (since 8 February 2021)

References

External links
 Official website

Judiciary of Myanmar
Constitutional courts
2011 establishments in Myanmar
Courts and tribunals established in 2011
Military dictatorship in Myanmar

Constitutional Tribunal of Myanmar


Horacio "Boy" Morales, Jr. (September 11, 1943 – February 29, 2012) was a Filipino economist and politician. A prominent figure in the underground left during the martial law rule of President Ferdinand Marcos, he later served as Secretary of Agrarian Reform during the presidency of Joseph Estrada. In 2018, Morales was recognized by the Human Rights Victims Claims Board as a Motu Proprio human rights violations victim of the Martial Law era.

Biography

Morales was born in Moncada, Tarlac. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts in Economics degree from the University of the Philippines in 1965, and a master's degree in economics from the University of Oklahoma in 1968.

Morales entered government service in 1965, joining the economic staff of President Ferdinand Marcos as a senior economist. He eventually became the executive vice-president of the Development Academy of the Philippines.

In 1977, Morales was named among the Ten Outstanding Young Men of the Philippines by the Philippine Jaycees. On the day he was supposed to have received the award, he announced his resignation from the Marcos government to join the underground armed resistance linked to the Communist Party of the Philippines. Morales was active in the underground movement until his arrest in 1982. He remained detained until 1986, when the newly installed presidency of Corazon Aquino ordered his release together with other political prisoners. In 1987, Morales unsuccessfully ran for a seat in the Philippine Senate under the banner of the Partido ng Bayan. Morales served as President of the Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement from 1986 to 1998.

In 1998, Morales was appointed to the Cabinet of President Joseph Estrada as Secretary of Agrarian Reform. He served in that capacity until the removal of Estrada from office following the Second EDSA Revolution. Morales also headed Estrada's political party, the Partido ng Masang Pilipino, and served as chairman of the board of the Development Academy of the Philippines during Estrada's term.

Morales has remained active with non-governmental organizations since leaving government service. In December 2011, he was stricken by a heart attack in Baguio that left him in critical condition and in a coma. Morales remained in a coma until his death on February 29, 2012.

References

1943 births
2012 deaths
People from Tarlac
Secretaries of Agrarian Reform of the Philippines
Filipino communists
University of the Philippines alumni
Arroyo administration cabinet members
Estrada administration cabinet members

Horacio Morales


The Thirty Years' War was fought from 1618 to 1648. It was fought primarily in Germany, but several other countries became involved in the conflict, including France, Spain, and Sweden. In fact, almost all of the powerful countries in Europe were involved in the war, which began as a fight about religion between Protestants and Catholics. As the war continued, the Catholic Habsburg dynasty and other countries used the war to try to get more power. For example, Catholic France fought for the Protestants, which made the French-Habsburg rivalry even worse.

The Thirty Years' War caused things like famine and disease in almost every country involved. The war lasted for 30 years, but the problems that had caused the war were not fixed for a long time after the war had been over. The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia.

Causes
There were several reasons that the Thirty Years' War started.

Firstly, the Peace of Augsburg (1555), which was signed quickly by Charles V, stopped the fighting between the Lutherans and the Catholics in Germany.

The Peace of Augsburg stated:
 The 225 German princes would choose the religion (whether they were Lutheran or Catholic) in their states (cuius regio eius religio).
 Lutherans who lived in a state under the control of a bishop, called an ecclesiastical state, could stay Lutherans.
 Lutherans could keep the land that they had taken from the Catholic Church after the Peace of Passau (1552).
 The bishops of the Catholic Church who switched to Lutheranism had to give their lands back (reservatum ecclesiasticum).
 People that lived in a state that had chosen Lutheranism or Catholicism were not allowed to change their religion.

The Peace made the violence end somewhat, but it did not fix the real reason for the fighting. Both groups thought that the Peace meant different things. The Lutherans said it was only an agreement that would last for a short time. Calvinism came quickly into German as a third Christian group in Germany, but it was not part of the Peace of Augsburg. That meant that Calvinists fought both Lutherans and Catholics.

Secondly, the powerful countries in Europe in the 17th century often disagreed about matters of politics or economics. Spain wanted land in some of the Holy Roman Empire states in what is now Germany because the empire owned some of the Spanish Netherlands. The Dutch fought the Spanish to get independence and got it after some wars, which ended in 1609.
 France was afraid having two Habsburg states on its borders (Spain and the Holy Roman Empire). France wanted to show its power to the weak German states.
 Sweden and Denmark wanted to control the German states in the north next to the Baltic Sea.

Thirdly, the Holy Roman Empire was a broken group of nations inside a large empire, which had nations like the Austrian House of Habsburg, Bavaria, the Electorate of Saxony, the Margravate of Brandenburg, the Electorate of the Palatinate, Hesse, the Archbishopric of Trier and Württemberg and other small nations and towns. Only Austria was capable of operating on its own. Countries often made alliances with other places ruled by relatives. Because there were so many nations inside the empire, they often disagreed with one another, and the empire could not control the whole territory very well. That meant that the empire could not fix the problems in the whole country.

Fourthly, religious groups did not agree during the second half of the 16th century. The Peace of Augsburg did not work because some bishops had not given up their bishoprics, and Catholic rulers in Spain and Eastern Europe wanted to make Catholicism strong in the region, which caused fighting between the groups. The Catholics made many Protestants leave their homelands. Some places gave Protestants permission to worship. Those disagreements caused violence.

Fifthly, Holy Roman Emperor Matthias, a Catholic, died without any children to take his place in 1619. His lands were given to his cousin Ferdinand of Styria, Matthias's closest male relative, who became Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor. Ferdinand had been educated by the Jesuits. A Catholic, he wanted to make Catholicism the only religion again. That made him unpopular in the German state of Bohemia since most people there were not Catholics but Hussites. The Bohemians rejected Ferdinand and launched the Thirty Years' War.

The war can be divided into four major phases: the Bohemian Revolt, the Danish intervention, the Swedish intervention, and the French intervention.

Bohemian Revolt
Time: 1618–1625

Emperor Mattias, who had no children, wanted to give the throne of the Holy Roman Empire to Ferdinand II when he died. To ensure that the transition would work, he wanted to make Ferdinand the Crown Prince of Bohemia, a country that was part of the Holy Roman Empire, in the meantime. Some of the Protestant leaders of Bohemia thought that Ferdinand would take away their religious rights. They liked the Protestant Frederick V, Elector of the Palatinate better. However, some of the other Protestants supported Ferdinand. Enough people preferred Ferdinand that in 1617, he was elected to become the Crown Prince of Bohemia.

Ferdinand sent two Catholic governors to Prague, the capital of Bohemia, in May 1618. Ferdinand wanted them to run the government while he was gone. Suddenly, many angry Protestants took them and threw them out of the high palace window. The Defenestration of Prague), that made the Catholics angry with the Protestants.

The Protestants who had thrown the Catholics out the window created a new Protestant government in Bohemia. Many Protestants in Bohemia and the nearby countries started hating the rest of the Holy Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Empire wanted to stop them from doing so, to fight Bohemia, and borrow Spain's money. However, they thought that if that happened, Bohemia's Protestant friends might come in and start fighting them. That made them try to make an agreement with Bohemia to stop the fighting. However, when Emperor Matthias died in 1619, Bohemia decided not to make the agreement because they thought the Holy Roman government was weak now.

Bohemia was so angry about the Catholics it they decided to not make Ferdinand II the king of Bohemia anymore and but made Frederick V the king instead. However, because Matthias was dead and so Ferdinand was the next person waiting to be the emperor, Ferdinand was in charge of the whole Holy Roman Empire now. Some people also thought Frederick should not be allowed to be king of Bohemia. All of that made the Holy Roman Emperor decide to fight Bohemia.

A large army got money from Maximilian I was led by Count Tilly invaded Bohemia. At the Battle of White Mountain, the Holy Roman Empire beat the Bohemian rebels. Frederick ran away. and the revolt collapsed.

Frederick was also in charge of a German nation called the Palatinate. Maximilian I, who was in charge of a nearby nation, Bavaria, wanted more power and decided to take over some of the Palatinate. Spain, a Catholic country,. joined the war to help Maximilian, who was disliked in the Netherlands. Other countries now became involved in this war. After some fighting, Maximilian and Spain won, and Emperor Ferdinand decided that all of the Palatinate should go to Maximilian. That made some of the other Protestant nations very scared because that meant that Protestant areas were being taken over by Catholics.

Related pages
Battle of White Mountain

17th century in Europe

Wars involving England
Wars involving France

Thirty Years' War


Ernst Leberecht Wagner (12 March 1829 – 10 February 1888) was a German pathologist who was a native of Dehlitz, a town in the Burgenlandkreis district of Saxony-Anhalt.

Education and Career
He studied medicine in Leipzig under Karl August Wunderlich (1815–1877), in Prague under Josef Skoda (1805–1881) and in Vienna under Karl von Rokitansky (1804–1878). In 1855 he received his habilitation at the University of Leipzig, where in 1862 he became an associate professor.

In 1869 Wagner became a "full professor" of general pathology and pathological anatomy at the University of Leipzig, and in 1871 founded the first institute of pathology at Leipzig. From 1877 until 1888 he was a professor of pathology and "special therapy" (internal medicine) at Leipzig. Wagner was considered an excellent teacher, and two of his better known assistants were Adolf von Strümpell (1853–1925) and Paul Flechsig (1847–1929).

His best written effort was a textbook on pathology called Handbuch der allgemeinen Pathologie, which was co-authored with Johann Paul Uhle (1827–1861), and published in seven editions and translated into several languages. Wagner made contributions in his research of uterine cancer and embolisms associated with blood vessels of the lung. With Heinrich Unverricht (1853–1912), the eponymous "Wagner-Unverricht syndrome" is named, which is a muscle disease related to polymyositis, characterized by chronic muscle inflammation that results in muscle weakness and skin rash.

References
 Ernst Leberecht Wagner @ Who Named It
 Hochschulmedizin Leipzig: Fakultät-Dokumentation (translated from German)

1829 births
1888 deaths
People from Lützen
People from the Province of Saxony
German pathologists
Academic staff of Leipzig University

Ernst Leberecht Wagner


Carlos Alberto Batres González (born April 2, 1968 in Guatemala City) is a Guatemalan football referee. He has refereed FIFA World Cup qualification and final tournament matches, and at Olympic tournaments.

Having refereed in FIFA since January 1, 1996, Batres conducted his first international match on October 27, 1996, a 1998 World Cup qualifier between Panama and Canada.

He officiated at the 2002 FIFA World Cup, presiding over the Group A match between Denmark and Senegal and the second round match between Germany and Paraguay. He was also preselected as a referee for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

On June 13, 2010, he refereed the match between Algeria and Slovenia, even though his mother had died barely four days before, on the night of June 9.

On June 20, 2010, he refereed the match between Italy and New Zealand, which ended in a 1–1 draw.

World Cup matches officiated

References

1968 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Guatemala City
Guatemalan football referees
2002 FIFA World Cup referees
2010 FIFA World Cup referees
CONCACAF Gold Cup referees
CONCACAF Champions Cup referees

Carlos Batres


Kieran Hansen (born 16 November 1971, in Sydney) is an Australian short track speed skater who competed in the 1992 Winter Olympics, in the 1994 Winter Olympics, and in the 1998 Winter Olympics.

In 1991, Hansen was part of the Australian quartet that won the 5,000 m relay at the World Championships in 1991 in Sydney. It was the first time that Australia had won a World Championship in a winter sport.

Australia's short track relay team went into the 1992 Olympics as world champions, but the team crashed in the semi-finals. The Australians were in third place when Richard Nizielski lost his footing; they finished fourth and failed to reach the final. Hansen and his teammates finished seventh overall.

In 1994, Hansen was part of the short track relay team won Australia's first Winter Olympic medal, a bronze. They scraped into the four-team final after edging out Japan and New Zealand to finish second in their semi-final. They adopted a plan of staying on their feet as first priority, and remaining undisqualified and beating at least one of the other three finalists. During the race, the Canadians fell and lost significant time, meaning that Australia would win their first medal if they raced conservatively and avoided a crash. Late in the race, Nizielski was fighting with his American counterpart for track position for the silver medal, but took the safe option and yielded, mindful of the lost opportunity following the crash in Albertville. Thus Hansen, Nizielski, Andrew Murtha and Steven Bradbury became Australia's first Winter Olympics medallists.

In the 1,000 m event he came second in his heat and then came third in his quarterfinal and was eliminated; he finished eleventh. In the 500-metre contest he came third in his heat and was eliminated and finished 23rd.

Bradbury, Nizielski and Hansen, three of the quartet that won Australia's maiden medal in 1994 returned with new teammate Richard Goerlitz, and there were hopes that they could repeat their Lillehammer performance. However, in their qualifying race, they placed third in a time of 7 m 11.691 s and missed the final by one place, even though they had been two seconds faster than their medal-winning performance in 1994. They completed the course four seconds slower in the B final and came last in the race, and thus last out of eight teams overall. Hansen was not selected in any of the individual events. At this Olympics, Hansen skated under Murtha, who acted as the manager of the team.

In his early years, Murtha and Hansen learned to skate at the Blacktown Ice Racing Club, in the outer western working-class suburb of Blacktown. Hansen's mother Helen said "These boys are pure western suburbs – kids with a one-track mind", attributing their success to their determination. During his career, Hansen trained at Canterbury Olympic Rink, in the western Sydney suburb of Canterbury, New South Wales. His training colleagues included Murtha and Winter Olympic figure skaters Steven and Danielle Carr.

Hansen later introduced Jeremy Rolleston to winter sports. Rolleston was a rugby sevens player and had trouble believing Hansen at first, but eventually agreed to submit himself to physical aptitude tests. Rolleston went on to compete at the 2006 Winter Olympics in the two-man bobsled.

Notes

References

External links

1971 births
Living people
Australian male short track speed skaters
Olympic short track speed skaters for Australia
Short track speed skaters at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Short track speed skaters at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Short track speed skaters at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
Olympic medalists in short track speed skating
Medalists at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Sydney
Sportsmen from New South Wales

Kieran Hansen


Jean-Pierre Andrevon (born 19 September 1937 in Bourgoin-Jallieu, Isère) is a French science fiction author, as well as a painter and singer.  He has used the pseudonym Alphonse Brutsche for novels published under the Fleuve Noir label. In addition to his regular authorship, he has written scenarios for several prominent comics artists, among others Georges Pichard and Caza, resulting in a body of comic book work. He has also edited a number of anthologies of French science fiction.

Works by Andrevon
 Les hommes-machines contre Gandahar (The Machine-Men versus Gandahar) (1969). Film: Gandahar (1988)
 Aujourd'hui, demain et après (1970) (collection of short fiction)
 Le temps des grandes chasses (1973)
 Le Temps cyclothymique (1974)
 Le Désert du monde (1977)
 Neutron (1980) (collection of short fiction)
 Cauchemars de sang (1986)
 Sous le regard des étoiles (1989)
 Visiteurs d'apocalypse (1990)
 C'est un peu la guerre, c'est un peu la paix (La Clef d'Argent, 2009)

Anthologies edited by Andrevon
 Retour à la Terre (1975)
 Retour à la Terre 2 (1976)

External links
Jean-Pierre Andrevon official site

1937 births
Living people
People from Bourgoin-Jallieu
French science fiction writers
French male novelists

Jean-Pierre Andrevon


Angela of Foligno (1248 – 4 January 1309) was an Italian Franciscan tertiary who became known as a mystic from her extensive writings about her mystical revelations. Due to the respect those writings engendered in the Catholic Church she became known as "Mistress of Theologians".

Angela was noted not only for her spiritual writings, but also for founding a religious community which refused to become an enclosed religious order so that it might continue her vision of caring for those in need. It is still active.

The Catholic Church declared Angela to be a saint in 2013. Her canonization was an "equivalent canonization" (without executing the ordinary judicial process of canonization).

Early life and conversion

Angela's birth date, which is not known with certainty, is often listed as 1248. She was born into a wealthy family at Foligno, in Umbria. Married, perhaps at an early age, she had several children. Angela reports that she loved the world and its pleasures. Around the age of 40, she reportedly had a vision of Francis of Assisi and recognized the emptiness of her life. From that time, she began to lead a life devoted to higher perfection.

Three years later, Angela's mother died, followed, a few months later, by her husband and children. With one serving woman, Masazuola, as her companion, she began to divest herself of her possessions and to live as a penitent. Angela joined the Third Order of St. Francis, probably in 1291. She placed herself under the direction of a Franciscan friar named Arnoldo, who would serve as her confessor.

Works and later life
Considered a "great medieval mystic," Angela is said to have received mystical revelations, which she dictated to a scribe in the late 13th century. These accounts are contained in a compilation of two works, usually published under the title Il Libro della Beata Angela da Foligno.

Angela recorded the history of her conversion in her Book of Visions and Instructions. She dictated, in her Umbrian dialect, an account of her spiritual progress, known as the Memoriale, which was transcribed in Latin by a man known as "Brother A." This work was probably begun in 1292. The Memorial is the first part of two sections of Angela of Foligno's Liber. The second text is known as Instructions and is composed of thirty-six instructional texts, a note about her death, and an epilogue. These texts appear in different orders in different manuscripts, and there is not known to be one correct order.

Brother A. remained with her until 1296 while she completed the higher and more difficult final ten stages, but since it proved impossible for him to understand these fully, he condensed them into seven 'supplementary stages' whose description takes up the larger portion of the Memorial. The text was finished by 1298, and submitted to Cardinal James of Colonna and eight Friars Minor, who gave it their approval. It seems that Brother A. revised it shortly after, in 1299–1300.

Between around 1296 and her death in early 1309, the fame of Angela's sanctity gathered around her a number of other tertiaries, both men and women, who strove under her direction to advance in holiness. Later she established at Foligno a community of other women tertiaries, who added to the Rule of the Third Order a commitment to a common life without, however, binding themselves to enclosure, so that they might devote their lives to works of charity.

The final version of the Book appends a series of 36 Instructions to the Memorial. These reflect Angela's teaching during this period. These teachings are rather more conventional in tone and have differences in vocabulary and emphasis from the Memorial – which may reflect redaction by several hands. Nevertheless, the Instructions seem to reflect Angela's teaching, albeit at some remove.
"No one can be saved without divine light. Divine light causes us to begin and to make progress, and it leads us to the summit of perfection. Therefore if you want to begin and to receive this divine light, pray. If you have begun to make progress, pray. And if you have reached the summit of perfection, and want to be super-illumined so as to remain in that state, pray. If you want faith, pray. If you want hope, pray. If you want charity, pray. If you want poverty, pray. If you want obedience, pray. If you want chastity, pray. If you want humility, pray. If you want meekness, pray. If you want fortitude, pray. If you want any virtue, pray."  (( from Voices of the Saints, Bert Ghezzi ))

"And pray in this fashion: always reading the Book of Life, that is, the life of the God-man, Jesus Christ, whose life consisted of poverty, pain, contempt and true obedience." (from Voices of the Saints, Bert Ghezzi)

At Christmas 1308, Angela told her companions she would die shortly. A few days later, she had a vision of Christ appearing to her and promising to come personally to take her to heaven. She died in her sleep on 3 January 1309.

Angela died surrounded by her community of disciples. Her remains repose in the Church of St. Francis at Foligno. Many people attributed miracles to her, which were accomplished at her tomb.

Angela's authority as a spiritual teacher may be gathered from the fact that Bollandus, among other testimonials, quotes Maximilian van der Sandt, of the Society of Jesus, as calling her the "'Mistress of Theologians', whose whole doctrine has been drawn out of the Book of Life, Jesus Christ, Our Lord".

Veneration
Pope Clement XI approved the veneration paid to her over the centuries in his beatification of her on 11 July 1701 and Pope Francis extended the veneration to all the Church on 9 October 2013, declaring her a saint by equipollent canonization, recognizing the validity of the long-standing veneration of her.

Her feast day is celebrated by the Third Order of Saint Francis, both Secular and Regular, on 4 January (7 January in the United States). Although the community she founded was not recognized as a religious institute until the 20th-century, she is honored as a religious.

References

Bibliography

 The Book of Blessed Angela consists of the Memoriale and the subsequent Instructiones:
 A critical edition is Ludger Thier and Abele Calufetti, eds, Il libro della Beata Angela da Foligno, (Rome: Editiones Collegii S. Bonaventurae, 1985)
 Angela of Foligno, Complete works, translated, with an introduction by Paul Lachance; preface by Romana Guarnieri, (New York: Paulist Press, 1993)
 Angela of Foligno, Memorial, translated by John Cirignano, (Woodbridge: D.S. Brewer, 1999)
 Angela da Foligno, Memoriale, ed. Enrico Menestò, Florence (SISMEL/Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2013). .
 Angela of Foligno, Libro de la experiencia, translated into the Spanish following the text of the Assisi codex by Pablo García Acosta, Madrid, Eds. Siruela, 2014. .
 Il Libro della beata Angela da Foligno, 1985 . - Le Livre des visions et instructions de la bienheureuse de Foligno / [written in Latin by Arnaud de Foligno], 1991 GDEL . - Brockhaus. 17. Aufl.

External links

 Pope Benedict XVI's General Audience remarks re Angela of Foligno
 Saint of the Day, January 4 at St. Patrick Catholic Church

1248 births
1309 deaths
13th-century Christian mystics
14th-century Christian mystics
People from Foligno
Members of the Third Order of Saint Francis
Founders of Catholic religious communities
Franciscan mystics
13th-century Italian women
Burials in Umbria
Italian Roman Catholic saints
Franciscan saints
Canonizations by Pope Francis
13th-century Christian saints
14th-century Christian saints
14th-century Italian women

Angela of Foligno


Goyescas, Op. 11, subtitled Los majos enamorados (The Gallants in Love), is a piano suite written in 1911 by Spanish composer Enrique Granados. It was inspired by the work of the Spanish artist Francisco Goya. The piano pieces have not been authoritatively associated with any particular paintings with two exceptions:
El amor y la muerte (Love and death) shares its title with one of Goya's prints from the series called Los caprichos
El pelele (The straw man) is one of Goya's tapestry cartoons

This piano suite is usually considered Granados's crowning creation. It forms part of the standard Romantic piano repertoire and is sometimes recorded by pianists who are not particularly associated with Spanish music.

Writing of the Goyescas

The piano writing of Goyescas is highly ornamented and extremely difficult to master, requiring both subtle dexterity and great power. Some of them have a strong improvisational feel, the clearest example of this being the fifth piece, called El amor y la muerte (Love and Death). The fourth piece in the series (Quejas, ó la maja y el ruiseñor—The Maiden and the Nightingale) is the best known piece from the suite. It resembles a nocturne, but is filled with intricate figuration, inner voices and, near the end, glittering bird-like trills and quicksilver arpeggios. Mexican songwriter Consuelo Velázquez based her 1940 song Bésame Mucho on this melody.

This piano suite was written in two books.  Work on Goyescas began in 1909, and by 31 August 1910, the composer was able to write that he had composed "great flights of imagination and difficulty."  Granados himself gave the première of Book I at the Palau de la Música Catalana in Barcelona on 11 March 1911.  He completed Book II in December 1911 and gave its first performance at the Salle Pleyel in Paris on 2 April 1914.

El pelele (The Straw Man), subtitled Escena goyesca, is usually programmed as part of the Goyescas suite; Granados gave the première in the Teatre Principal at Terrassa, on 29 March 1914.

The suite

Los requiebros (The Compliments)
Coloquio en la reja (Conversation at the Window)
El fandango de candil (Fandango by Candlelight)
Quejas, o La Maja y el ruiseñor (Complaint, or the Girl and the Nightingale)
El Amor y la muerte (Balada) (Ballad of Love and Death)
Epilogo: Serenata del espectro (Epilogue: Serenade to a Spectre)
El pelele: Escena Goyesca (The Puppet: Goya Scene)

Publication
Book One (the first four numbers of the suite) was published in Barcelona in 1912.

Recordings

20th century
Granados: the composer's playing of the work was captured on piano roll.
Goyescas, Part 1, Los Requiebros as recorded by Granados on piano roll, c. 1913, Paris
Alicia de Larrocha
Alicia de Larrocha was noted for her performances of Goyescas of which she made several recordings; a version on the RCA label was a winner at the 34th Annual Grammy Awards (Best classical instrumental solo recording 1991).
Douglas Riva
Thomas Rajna

21st century
Garrick Ohlsson
Kun-Woo Paik

Opera

In 1915 Granados wrote a one-act opera, also called Goyescas, to a Spanish libretto by Fernando Periquet y Zuaznaba, using melodies from the piano suite. This was first performed in 1916.

A film called Goyescas was based on the opera.

References

Kennedy, Michael (2006), The Oxford Dictionary of Music, 985 pages,

External links

Compositions by Enrique Granados
Spanish compositions for solo piano
Suites (music)
Music based on art
1911 compositions
1910s in Spanish music
Francisco Goya

Goyescas


General Sir James Hope Grant, GCB (22 July 1808 – 7 March 1875) was a British Army officer. He served in the First Opium War, First Anglo-Sikh War, Indian Rebellion of 1857, and Second Opium War.

Early life
Grant was the fifth and youngest son of Francis Grant of Kilgraston, Perthshire.

Military career
He entered the British Army in 1826 as cornet in the 9th Lancers, and became lieutenant in 1828 and captain in 1835. In 1842 he was brigade-major to Lord Saltoun in the First Opium War, and distinguished himself at the capture of Chinkiang, after which he received the rank of major and the CB. There is a popular, possibly apocryphal, story that he was selected by Saltoun (a keen violinist) because he wanted a cellist to accompany him and Hope Grant was the only officer he could find who played the cello. In the First Anglo-Sikh War of 1845–1846 he took part in the battle of Sobraon; and in the Punjab campaign of 1848–1849 he commanded the 9th Lancers, and won high reputation in the Battles of Chillianwalla and Gujarat.

He was promoted brevet lieutenant-colonel and shortly afterwards to the same substantive rank. In 1854 he became brevet-colonel, and in 1856 brigadier of cavalry. He took a leading part in the suppression of the Indian Mutiny of 1857, holding for some time the command of the cavalry division, and afterwards of a movable column of horse and foot.

After rendering valuable service in the operations before Delhi and in the final assault on the city, he directed the victorious march of the cavalry and horse artillery dispatched in the direction of Cawnpore to open up communication with the commander-in-chief Sir Colin Campbell, whom he met near the Alambagh, and who raised him to the rank of brigadier-general, and placed the whole force under his command during what remained of the perilous march to Lucknow for the relief of the residency. After the retirement towards Cawnpore he greatly aided in effecting there the total rout of the rebel troops, by making a detour which threatened their rear; and following in pursuit with a flying column, he defeated them with the loss of nearly all their guns at Serai Ghat.

He also took part in the operations connected with the recapture of Lucknow, shortly after which he was promoted to the rank of major-general, and appointed to the command of the force employed for the final pacification of India. Before the work of pacification was quite completed he was created KCB. In 1859 he was appointed, with the local rank of lieutenant-general, to be Commander of British Troops in China and Hong Kong and to lead the British land forces in the Anglo-French expedition against China. The object of the campaign was accomplished within three months of the landing of the forces at Pei-tang (1 August 1860). The Taku Forts had been carried by assault, the Chinese defeated three times in the open and Peking occupied.

Later life
For his conduct in this, which has been called the most successful and the best carried out of England's "little wars," he received the thanks of parliament and was gazetted GCB.

In 1861, he was made lieutenant-general and appointed commander-in-chief of the Madras Army; on this appointment he was automatically made a member of the Madras Legislative Council and held a seat from 1861 to 1864.

On his return to England in 1865 he was made Quartermaster-General to the Forces at headquarters; and in 1870 he was transferred to the command of Aldershot Division, where he took a leading part in the reform of the educational and training systems of the forces, which followed the Franco-German War. The introduction of annual army manoeuvres was largely due to Grant. In 1872 he was promoted to full general.

He died in London on 7 March 1875. He is buried in Grange Cemetery in Edinburgh.

References

Further reading
Knollys, Henry, ed. (1873). Incidents in the Sepoy War 1857-58. Compiled from the Private Journals of General Sir Hope Grant, K.C.B.. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons.
Knollys, Henry, ed. (1875). Incidents in the China War of 1860. Compiled from the Private Journals of General Sir Hope Grant G.C.B.. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons.

|-

|-

|-

1808 births
1875 deaths
9th Queen's Royal Lancers officers
British Army generals
British Army personnel of the Second Opium War
British military personnel of the First Anglo-Sikh War
British military personnel of the First Opium War
British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Sikh War
Commanders-in-chief of Madras
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath

Hope Grant


Luciano Lozano Raya, known professionally as Luciano Lozano, (born 1969) is a Spanish author, graphic artist, and illustrator based in Barcelona. His work has appeared in newspapers, magazines, and books including CondéNast Traveller (Emirates), Brightly Magazine (US), El Costurero Magazine (Spain), Libelle (Netherlands), Le Monde (France), Ling Magazine (Spain), Sunday Times Travel (UK), The Mail on Sunday (UK), The Guardian (UK), Bulletin Magazine (UK), Kireei Magazine (Spain), and Gentlemen's Journal (UK).

Personal life
Lozano was born in La Línea de la Concepción, Cádiz, Spain and lived many years in Benalmádena, Málaga. He currently lives between Sant Boi de LLobregat, Barcelona, and Benalmádena, Málaga.

Education
Lozano is a self-taught artist. He eventually completed a postgraduate course in creative illustration at EINA, Barcelona in 2007, launching him into his career.

Career
Lozano's work is found in newspapers, magazines, and books; various illustrations have appeared in La Marea, The Guardian, Público, House and Garden, and Le Monde. He's published many children's books with Thames and Hudson, Walkers books, Penguin Random House, Abrams Kids, and in Spain A buen Paso, Tres tigres tristes, Akiara books and Flamboyant among others.

Awards and honors
Moonbeam Children's Book Award, Silver Medal
El Dragón Lector Award for Best Illustrated Children's Book, 2015
BuzzFeed Best Picture Books of 2015 listee
Catalonian Association of Illustrators (APIC)'s Junceda Award for Best 2011/2012 Foreign Book

Bibliography

As author and illustrator
"La casa de la noche", Tres tigres tristes, (2022)
"Bea y el ballet", Tres tigres tristes, (2021)
"Tancho", Akiara Books, (2021) Shortlisted for Andersen prize, Italy 2023
Mayhem at the Museum: A Book in Pictures, Penguin Workshop/Penguin Random House, (2020)
Diana Dances, Annick Press, 2019
Sirena de piedra, Tres tigres tristes, (2019)
Bea baila, Tres tigres tristes, (2017)

As illustrator
"Santiago saw things differently" by Christine Iverson,Candlewick Press, (2021)
"The worst sleepover in the world" by Sophie Dahl,Walker Books, (2021)
"Jean-Michel Basquiat" by María Isabel Sánchez Vergara,Alba Editorial, Quarto, (2021)
Ciao Sandro by Steven Barni, Abrams books, (2021)
American Ballet Boys dance by John Robert Allman, Penguin Random House, (2020)
 Max and Friends series by Kyle Lukoff, Reycraft Books, (2019)
Brilliant Ideas From Wonderful Women: 15 Incredible Inventions from Inspiring Women! by Aitziber Lopez, Wide Eyed Editions, (2019)
The Sun Shines Everywhere by Mary Ann Hoberman, Little Brown Books for Young Readers, (2019)
When Neil Armstrong Built a Wind Tunnel by Mark Weakland, Capstone Press/Picture Window Books (2018)
Flower Land by Mia Cassany, Mosquito Books, (2017)
Miles of Smiles by Karen Kaufman Orloff, Sterling Children's Books, (2016)
I (Don't) Like Snakes by Nicola Davies, Candlewick Press, (2015)
Mr. H by Daniel Nesquens, Eerdmans Books for Young Readers, (2015)
Operation Alphabet by Al MacCuish , Thames & Hudson, (2011)

References

Spanish illustrators
Spanish children's book illustrators
1969 births
Living people

Luciano Lozano


Cormar Carpet Company is a British manufacturer of tufted carpet based in Greater Manchester. It produces and distributes over 15 million sq metres of primarily residential carpet per annum, from its three sites - Holme Mill and Brookhouse Mill in the Bury area and a regional distribution centre in Hemel Hempstead. Turnover in 2018 was £129m, ranking Cormar as one of the largest tufted carpet manufacturers in the UK by volume and value.

Cormar is privately owned and employs over 280 people. It owns its transport fleet of over 70 vehicles and supplies to flooring retailers, wholesalers and contractors throughout Great Britain and Ireland.

Formerly known as Greenwood & Coope (originally a textiles accessory supply business started in 1924), Cormar Carpets was set up by the late Neville Cormack O.B.E, - one of the first companies to start producing tufted carpet in  Britain in 1956 at Nunn Hill Mills in the Rossendale Valley, Lancashire. It moved to Brookhouse Mill in Greenmount in 1959 and a second mill, Holme Mill in Ramsbottom, was purchased via the acquisition of Holmebury Carpets in 1973. Cormar continues to produce all its easy-clean, soft deep-pile, wool twist and wool loop carpets at these two mills. In 2018, Cormar opened a new, purpose-built 130,000 sq ft regional distribution centre in Hemel Hempstead to service the south and central areas of England and Wales.

External links

British rugs and carpets
Companies based in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury
Carpet manufacturing companies
Textile manufacturers of England

Cormar Carpets


William Gifford Palgrave (; 24 January 1826 – 30 September 1888) was an English priest, soldier, traveller, and Arabist.

Early life and education
Palgrave was born in Westminster. He was the son of Sir Francis Palgrave (born Jewish, converted to Anglican) and Elizabeth Turner, daughter of the banker Dawson Turner. His brothers were Francis Turner Palgrave, Inglis Palgrave and Reginald Palgrave. He was educated at Charterhouse School, then occupying its original site near Smithfield, and under the head-mastership of Dr. Saunders, afterwards Dean of Peterborough. Among other honours he won the school gold medal for classical verse, and proceeded to Trinity College, Oxford, where he obtained a scholarship, graduating First Class Lit. Hum., Second Class Math., 1846.

Early overseas travel and conversion to Catholicism
Palgrave went straight from college to India, and served for a time in the 8th Bombay Native Infantry, H.I.C. Shortly after this he became a Roman Catholic, was ordained a priest, joined the order of the Jesuits and served as a member of the order in India, Rome, and in Syria, where he acquired a colloquial command of Arabic.

Palgrave convinced his superiors to support a mission to the interior of Arabia, which at that time was terra incognita to the rest of the world. He also gained the support of the French emperor, Napoleon III, representing to him that better knowledge of Arabia would benefit French imperialistic schemes in Africa and the Middle East.

Syria and Middle Eastern travels
Palgrave then returned to Syria, where he assumed the identity of a travelling Syrian physician. Stocking his bags with medicines and small trade goods, and accompanied by one servant, he set off for Najd, in north-central Arabia. He traveled as a Muslim. The service he would do for the Society of Jesus and the French empire would be as a spy, not a missionary.

Palgrave became friendly with Najdi ruler Faisal bin Turki while in Najd. Faisal's son and heir apparent, Abdullah, asked Palgrave to get him strychnine. Palgrave believed that Abdullah wanted it to poison his father. Palgrave was accused of espionage and was almost executed for his Christian beliefs.

Later life and death
After travelling for a year from Syria, through Najd, and on to Bahrain and Oman, Palgrave returned to Europe, where he wrote a narrative of his travels. This narrative became a bestseller and has been reprinted many times. It makes no mention of the covert motives for his journey.

After writing this book, Palgrave made yet another volte-face and renounced his vocation as a Jesuit priest in 1865. He then entered the British Foreign Office and was appointed consul at Sukhum-Kale (Sukhumi) in 1866, and moved to Trebizond (Trabzon) in 1867. In 1868 he married Katherine, the daughter of George Edward Simpson of Norwich, by whom he had three sons. He was appointed consul at St. Thomas and St. Croix in 1873, Manila in 1876, and in 1878 in Bulgaria, where he was appointed Consul-General. In 1879 he was moved to Bangkok. In 1884 he was appointed Minister Resident and Consul-General to Uruguay, where he served until his death in 1888.

Besides his work on Central Arabia, Gifford Palgrave published a volume of Essays on Eastern Questions, a narrative called Hermann Agha, a sketch of Dutch Guiana, and a volume of essays titled  Ulysses.

References

Footnotes

Sources
 Freeth, Zahra, & H.V.F. Winstone -- Explorers of Arabia from the Renaissance to the End of the Victorian Era, Allen & Unwin, London, 1978
 Palgrave, W. G.:
Personal Narrative of a Year's Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia (1862-1863), vol. I, Macmillan & Co., London, 1865 (full text available online, also reprinted many times)
Personal Narrative of a Year's Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia (1862-1863), vol. II, Macmillan & Co., London, 1866 (full text available online, also reprinted many times)
 The Athenaeum, (No. 3181, October 13, 1888, pp. 483–84).

External links

Travels in Arabia from 1892, featuring William Gifford Palgrave
The Penetration of Arabia: A Record of the Development of Western Knowledge Concerning the Arabian Peninsula from 1904 also features Palgrave

1826 births
1888 deaths
People from Westminster
People educated at Charterhouse School
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
19th-century English Jesuits
English orientalists
Explorers of Asia
Explorers of Arabia
English explorers
English people of Jewish descent
English travel writers
British diplomats

Gifford Palgrave


Thomas Carr (London, 1780 – Philadelphia, April 15, 1849) was an American music publisher, composer, and organist. He was the son of Joseph Carr and the brother of Benjamin.

Biography
Born in London and, like his father, descended from a long line of publisher-merchants, he immigrated with his parents to Baltimore in February 1794, where he joined his father's business.  He also became the organist at Christ Church, where he worked from 1798 to 1811.

He ran his father's business after he inherited it in 1819, but relocated it to Philadelphia, where he sold the catalog to publisher George Willig.  He opened his own shop on Fourth Street early in 1824, and later that year opened a Musical Academy on Second Street.

Publications
In the fall of 1814, at the request of Francis Scott Key, he adapted the words of The Star-Spangled Banner and harmonized it to the tune "To Anacreon in Heav'n" by John Stafford Smith, creating the first edition of the work.

In 1840 he composed two songs for the political campaign of William Henry Harrison, "Turn Out! To the Rescue!" and the popular "Old Tippecanoe's Raisin", whose tune partially quotes Yankee Doodle.

He composed a few instrumental compositions, including a brief, charming piano piece for "Juvenile Performers" titled "The Old Russian March" (1841).

Footnotes

References

American music publishers (people)
1780 births
1849 deaths
Sheet music publishers (people)
English emigrants to the United States
The Star-Spangled Banner

Thomas Carr (publisher)


Bartholomew MacCarthy (12 December 1843, in Conna, Ballynoe, County Cork – 6 March 1904, in Inniscarra, Co. Cork) was a scholar and chronologist who wrote extensively on Early Irish literature.

He was educated at Mount Melleray Abbey, Seminary, County Waterford, and at St Colman's College, Fermoy, Co. Cork, afterwards studying at Rome, where he was ordained in 1869. On his return to Ireland he was appointed professor of Classics at St. Colman's, where he remained about three years. He then went as curate to Mitchelstown (where he was at the time of a massacre in 1887), and afterwards to Macroom and Youghal. In 1895 he was appointed parish priest of Inniscarra, near Cork, where he died.  A few months before his death, he had been chosen by the Government on the recommendation of the Council of the Royal Irish Academy to edit the Annals of Tighearnach. He often spoke critically of his predecessors, for instance of John Colgan, the O'Clerys, Eugene O'Curry, etc., and of contemporary scholars. A letter of his criticising a favourable review of John Salmon's Ancient Irish Church as a Witness to Catholic Doctrine in the Irish Ecclesiastical Record (August, 1897, 166-170) led to a controversy between these two Catholic scholars, which was carried on in that periodical the following year.

Published works
Essays on various Early Irish Ecclesiastical Fragments, written while he was in Rome and published mostly anonymously in the Irish Ecclesiastical Record (1864 sqq.)
The Stowe Missal, perhaps his best-known work, published in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, XXVII (1886), 135-268, in which he establishes the date of Moelchaich's recension as about 750 or at least the eighth century, and proves that the so-called Middle Irish corruptions can be paralleled from old Irish manuscripts, none of which are later than the ninth century; he also separates the earlier portion of the text into (a) the original Mass, dating from at least A.D. 500, called "Missa Patricii" in the Book of Armagh (A.D. 807), and (b) later augments and Roman contents.
Four Dissertations on the Codex Palatino-Vaticanus, No. 830 (Chronica Mariani Scotti), published in the Todd Lecture Series of the Royal Irish Academy, III (1892), illustrated by studies on Old Irish Metric, the Synchronisms from the Book of Ballymote, Paschal computations, and various Irish historical documents.
New Textual Studies on the Tripartite Life of St. Patrick, published in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, XXIX, 183 sqq., in which he proves that portion of the material of the Vita Tripartita must date back to the middle of the sixth century.
The Annals of Ulster.  On the death of William M. Hennessey, Dr. MacCarthy was asked by the Government to continue the editing of this collection of Irish Annals in the Rolls Series. He published vols. II (1893), III (1895), and IV (1901). In the introduction to the fourth and final volume of these annals he deals in detail of various questions connected with the history of chronology among the nations of western Europe. These include discussions of the ancient Paschal cycle of 84 years and other Paschal computations in vogue in Ireland, the origin of A.D. dating in Irish annals, the methods of rectifying errors in the same, and the history of the various British or Irish falsifications which appeared during the disputes regarding Easter in the insular churches of the West, such as the Acts of Caesarea, the Athanasian Tractate, the Book of Anatolius, and the "Epistle" of Cyril of Alexandria. MacCarthy was recognized as an authority on the Paschal question.

Notes

References
Irish Catholic Directory (1870–1905)

1843 births
1904 deaths
19th-century Irish historians
Writers from County Cork

Bartholomew MacCarthy


Julian Edward Wruck (born 6 July 1991) is an Australian discus thrower and Olympic athlete. His personal best to date is 68.16m which places him as the Number 2 athlete on the All Time List of Australian discus throwers.

Biography

Wruck was born in Brisbane, Queensland, on 6 July 1991, to Paul Anthony Wruck, a former high school teacher, and Mary Lou Watkins, a current high school teachers. He attended Our Lady of the Rosary Primary school  from preschool to Year 3, followed by Nudgee Junior College  until Year 7. In 2004, Wruck began his five years of high school at St Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace.
Always passionate about sport, Wruck represented his school in rugby, basketball, rowing, and athletics. He attended the Kenmore Little Athletics Club  from the age of seven and broke numerous junior shot put records. A shattered tibia during a school basketball game at 15 years of age steered Wruck permanently away from team sports and into the individual athletic throwing events of discus and shot put. He attended Texas Tech University in Lubbock Texas for two years (mid 2009 – mid 2011). He graduated from UCLA on a sporting scholarship and completed a degree in Philosophy while training and throwing in the Pac-12 Conference (Pac-12) and NCAA Championships.

Achievements

Wruck first realized his potential as a discus thrower at the age of 15 when he won the 2007 Australian National All Schools Track and Field Championships with a throw of 58.40m. The following year he was selected to compete in the Commonwealth Youth Games in Pune India where he beat second place-getter England by more than five metres and set a new Australian and Commonwealth Youth record (1.75 kg) with a throw of 60.88m. He concluded 2008 by winning the Pacific Schools Games 17 Years Discus  by throwing the 1.5 kg discus 60.43m. This was his launching pad for a U.S. Collegiate scholarship to Texas Tech where the Chancellor, Sen. Robert Duncan, of the University remarked upon his small stature.

In 2010, Wruck won bronze at the IAAF World Junior Championships in Moncton, Canada. He was then selected to compete in the Commonwealth Games in Delhi and made the finals despite being Australia's youngest male Athletics competitor at 19 years and 89 days. He also claimed the Australian U20 Discus record.

In his 2011 sophomore year, Wruck won the prestigious NCAA Division 1 Men's Discus title with a throw of 61.81m. At a meet in Geelong in December 2011, Wruck threw a personal best of 65.78m, 2.3 metres further than his previous PB, which was also a new Queensland record and an Olympic A qualifier. It was at that time the furthest distance thrown by an Australian male discus thrower on Australian soil.

Returning to Melbourne for the Olympic selection trials in March 2012, Wruck threw 61.54m in difficult conditions to win the competition, defeating reigning champion Benn Harradine (60.51m), and securing his place on the Australian Olympic team to compete in London that year.

Of the 41 competitors in the Men's Discus at the Olympics, Wruck was third youngest at just 21 years of age. His preparation for the games was greatly hampered by a serious bout of Glandular Fever (Infectious Mononucleosis) which stripped 30 kg from his frame and left him severely weakened. He finished 28th overall.

Wruck's most successful year came in 2013, where in the US College Division 1 system he claimed John Godina's UCLA and Pac-12 Records, and Hannes Hopley's all time NCAA record. A big highlight was "...his performance at the exhibition Claremont Throws meet the week prior, where he uncorked the best throw ever by a collegian with a 223-7 (68.16m) mark, and won his second NCAA discus title. He finished the season not only undefeated but nearly untouchable in eight collegiate events in 2013, registering the top 27 throws by any collegian in 2013." Finally, after being nominated for the Bowerman Award for the best male Track and Field Athlete of the Year in the US Collegiate system, Wruck was selected as a finalist (final 3) and was voted number one in the Bowerman Fan Vote.

In Australia, he claimed his first Open Australian Discus Title with a World Championship A Qualifying distance over 66m, gaining an automatic qualification to the World Athletics Championships in Moscow. At the 2013 IAAF World Athletics Championships Wruck finished in 11th position. In 2013, Julian Wruck ranked 4th on the IAAF world list of Men's Discus Throwers.  He competed at the 2014 Commonwealth Games.

Julian Edward Wruck's personal best is 68.16m (223′ 7″) which places him as the Number 2 athlete on the All Time List of Australian discus throwers (as of 2015).

References

1991 births
Australian male discus throwers
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Living people
World Athletics Championships athletes for Australia
Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games competitors for Australia
Athletes from Brisbane
Olympic athletes for Australia

Julian Wruck


Ariguaní () is a municipality of the Colombian Department of Magdalena. The municipality seat is the town of El Difícil. It is bordered by the municipalities of Nueva Granada, Sabanas de San Ángel, Pijiño and the Municipality of Bosconia (Department of Cesar). According to the last national census (2005), the population is 31,047 Ariguaní inhabitants, of whom 18,313 live in the urban center (El Difícil), and the remaining 12,734 live in rural areas (districts and villages).

References

External links
 Ariguani official website

Municipalities of Magdalena Department

Ariguaní


The Brazen bull, bronze bull or Sicillian bull, or occasionally Bull of Phalaris was an apparatus, shaped like a bull used to cook people alive. The bull is said to have been invented by Perilaus of Athens to please the tyrant of Sicily, Phalaris, although the inventor was the first it was used on.  The bull is said to have had a door to one side, through which the condemned would be shoved and then locked in. A fire would be lit under the bull and the victim was roasted alive as the metal was heated. A special system of pipes in the head of the bull acoustically converted the screams of victims into the sounds of an actual bull. Some scholars and historians question whether the Brazen bull even existed or was simply made up as a form of propaganda.

Capital punishment

Brazen bull


A proxy war, or proxy warfare, is a war in which opposite sides use third parties as substitutes for fighting each other directly. States sometimes use less powerful states as proxies but more often use violent non-state actors, mercenaries, and other third parties, such as during a civil war. They may give their proxies money, weapons, training, or other help. The hope is  to strike an opponent without a full-scale war, especially one that could involve the nuclear bomb.

The United States and the Soviet Union used many proxies to fight each other during the Cold War. Both sides tried to increase their influence and to decrease the other's influence.

War

Proxy war


António Emílio Leite Couto, better known as Mia Couto (born 5 July 1955), is a Mozambican writer. He won the Camões Prize in 2013, the most important literary award in the Portuguese language, and the Neustadt International Prize for Literature in 2014.

Life

Early years
Mia Couto was born in the city of Beira, Mozambique, the country's third largest city, where he was also raised and schooled. He is the son of Portuguese emigrants who moved to the Portuguese colony in the 1950s. When he was 14 years old, some of his poetry was published in a local newspaper, Notícias da Beira. Three years later, in 1971, he moved to the capital Lourenço Marques (now Maputo) and began to study medicine at the University of Lourenço Marques. During this time, the anti-colonial guerrilla and political movement FRELIMO was struggling to overthrow the Portuguese colonial rule in Mozambique.

After independence of Mozambique
In April 1974, after the Carnation Revolution in Lisbon and the overthrow of the Estado Novo regime, Mozambique was about to become an independent republic. In 1974, FRELIMO asked Couto to suspend his studies for a year to work as a journalist for Tribuna until September 1975 and then as the director of the newly created Mozambique Information Agency (AIM). Later, he ran Tempo magazine until 1981. His first book of poems, Raiz de Orvalho, was published in 1983; it included texts aimed against the dominance of Marxist militant propaganda. Couto continued working for the newspaper Notícias until 1985 when he resigned to finish his course of study in biology.

Literary works and recognition
Couto is considered one of the most important writers in Mozambique; his works have been published in more than 20 countries and in various languages. In many of his texts, he undertakes to recreate the Portuguese language by infusing it with regional vocabulary and structures from Mozambique, thus producing a new model for the African narrative. Stylistically, his writing is influenced by magical realism, a movement popular in modern Latin American literatures, and his use of language is reminiscent of the Brazilian writer João Guimarães Rosa, but also deeply influenced by the baiano writer Jorge Amado. He has been noted for creating proverbs, sometimes known as "improverbs", in his fiction, as well as riddles, legends, metaphors, giving his work a poetic dimension.

An international jury at the Zimbabwe International Book Fair named his first novel, Sleepwalking Land, one of the best 12 African books of the 20th century. In 2007, he became the first African author to win the prestigious Latin Union literary prize, which has been awarded annually in Italy since 1990. Mia Couto became only the fourth writer in the Portuguese language to take home this prestigious award. Currently, he is a biologist employed by the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park while continuing his work on other writing projects.

In 1998, Couto was elected into the Brazilian Academy of Letters, the first African writer to receive such an honor.

Awards and honours
2014 Neustadt International Prize for Literature
2013 Camões Prize
2007 Latin Union Prize

Books
Raiz do Orvalho (poetry, 1983)
Vozes Anoitecidas (short stories, 1986). [Voices Made Night. Translated by David Brookshaw (1990) ]
Cada Homem É uma Raça (short stories, 1990)
Cronicando (crônicas, 1991)
Terra Sonâmbula (novel, 1992)  [Sleepwalking Land. Translated by David Brookshaw (2006) ]
Estórias Abensonhadas (short stories, 1994)
Every man is a race [Translation of selected works from: Cada homem é uma raça, and Cronicando; translated by David Brookshaw] (1994)
A Varanda do Frangipani (novel, 1996)  [Under the Frangipani. Translated by David Brookshaw. (2001) ]
Contos do Nascer da Terra (short stories, 1997)
Mar Me Quer (novella, 1998)
Vinte e Zinco (novella, 1999)
Raiz de orvalho e outros poemas (1999)
O Último Voo do Flamingo (novel, 2000)  [The Last Flight of the Flamingo. Translated by David Brookshaw. (2004) ]
Mar me quer (2000)
O Gato e o Escuro (children's book, 2001)
Na Berma de Nenhuma Estrada e Outros Contos (short stories, 2001)
Um Rio Chamado Tempo, uma Casa Chamada Terra (novel, 2002)
Contos do Nascer da Terra (short stories, 2002)
O País do Queixa Andar (crônicas, 2003)
O Fio das Missangas (short stories, 2003)
A chuva pasmada (2004)
Pensatempos: textos de opinião (2005)
O Outro Pé da Sereia (novel, 2006)
Venenos de Deus, Remédios do Diabo (novel, 2008)
Jesusalém (novel, 2009)
A Confissão da Leoa (novel, 2012) [Confession of the Lioness. Translated by David Brookshaw (2015). ]
Pensativities: Selected Essays. Translated by David Brookshaw (2015).
As Areias do Imperador (Sands of the Emperor) trilogy:
Mulheres de cinzas (2015). Woman of the Ashes, trans. David Brookshaw (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2018).
 A Espada e a Azagaia (2016). The Sword and the Spear, trans. David Brookshaw (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020)
 O Bebedor de Horizontes (2018). The Drinker of Horizons, trans. David Brookshaw (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2023)

References

Relevant literature
 de Araújo Teixeira, Eduardo. "O provérbio nas estórias de Guimarães Rosa e Mia Couto." Navegações 8, no. 1 (2015): 57-63.
 Van Haesendonck, Kristian. "Mia Couto's Postcolonial Epistemology: Animality in Confession of the Lioness (A Confissão da leoa)." ZOOPHILOLOGICA. Polish Journal of Animal Studies 5 (2019): 297-308.

External links

Criticism:
 "O outro pé da sereia: the dialogue between history and fiction in the representation of contemporary Africa"
 "Exílio e identidade: uma leitura de Antes de nascer o mundo, de Mia Couto"
 Website: Limpopo Transfrontier Park
 Maya Jaggi, "Mia Couto: 'I am white and African. I like to unite contradictory worlds'", The Guardian, 15 August 2015.
 Jacob Judah (March 11, 2023). How Mia Couto's Words Help Weave the Story of Mozambique. The New York Times.

Living people
People from Beira, Mozambique
Mozambican poets
Mozambican people of Portuguese descent
Mozambican novelists
Mozambican short story writers
Mozambican children's writers
20th-century poets
20th-century novelists
21st-century novelists
Eduardo Mondlane University alumni
Mozambican biologists
20th-century short story writers
21st-century short story writers
1955 births
Camões Prize winners
20th-century pseudonymous writers
21st-century pseudonymous writers

Mia Couto


Praise were an English new-age music group formed in London in 1991, comprising Geoff MacCormack, Simon Goldenberg and Miriam Stockley. The group was considered to be foundational in the genre of ethnic electronica.

Praise released one self titled album in 1991, which was produced, engineered and mixed by Richard James Burgess. Praise combined European dance beats with a variety of traditional world samples and styles along with Miriam Stockley's vocals, in a manner that was continued by artists such as Enigma, Deep Forest and Adiemus (which also featured Stockley's vocals).

The tracks segue using soundscape elements, and the album was one of the few ever to be mixed using Qsound which provided virtual surround sound out of a pair of stereo speakers. MacCormack and Goldenberg arranged and performed many of the instrumental parts, the latter providing the necessary computer programming. Stockley arranged and performed the lead and many backing vocals.

All three have writing credits for Praise, and were supplemented by other specialised world performers. "Only You", the second track from Praise, was used for an advert for the Fiat Tempra. It was subsequently remixed by producers Andreas Georgiou (cousin of George Michael) and Peter Lorrimer, and went on to become a hit single, peaking at number four on the UK Singles Chart.

Stockley's vocals for this track were sampled extensively in the dance track of 2000, "Fiji" by Atlantis, which peaked at number 52 in the United Kingdom. In the same year, they released the single "Dream On". Praise disbanded some time after Praise was released; Stockley went on to perform lead vocals on Karl Jenkins's Adiemus albums.

References

Musical groups from London
New-age music groups

Praise (band)


Resurreccion Borra (October 20, 1935 – August 1, 2020) was a Filipino public servant. He worked as a Career Executive Service Officer (CESO). He also was a commissioner and was the Acting Chairman of the Philippine Commission on Elections. During his term, he became known for forcing strict rules on impeachment.  He also tried to fight against bribery in mayoral races in Manila. He was also critical of the use of modern election machines in the Philippines.

Career
He was nominated to the job by then President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo to be COMELEC Commissioner in 2001. He was also nominated by her in 2007 to be Chairman of the Commission on Elections. His nomination was seen as a surprising move after the sudden resignation of former Benjamin Abalos.

He was the most senior Commissioner of COMELEC. He retired in 2008.

In 2003, an investigation and call for him to be criminally charged happened after it was found that he favored some election machine companies over others due to bribes.

Personal life
Borra was born in Janiuay, Iloilo, Philippine Islands. He died on August 1, 2020 in Manila at the age of 84.

References

1935 births
2020 deaths
Filipino politicians

Resurreccion Borra


Yaniv d'Or (born 11 March 1975) is an Israeli British countertenor. His main field is opera.

Biography
Yaniv d'Or was born as Yaniv Nehaisi in Holon, Israel. His parents are from Maghrebi Jewish origin, with his grandparents coming from Libya. He studied at the Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance and Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London. He performed in operas around the world, including Rome, Vilnius, Antwerp, St. Gallen, Ghent, Gothenburg, Wiesbaden and at the Queen Elizabeth Hall. D'Or performed for Queen Elisabeth II in Westminster Hall. He mostly sings baroque repertoire including oratorios, liturgicals, lieder and contemporary classical music. In recent years he has lived alternately in London and Tel Aviv and appears mainly in Europe and Israel. He is younger brother of Israeli singer David D'Or.

Ensemble NAYA
Yaniv D'Or founded Ensemble NAYA in 2008.

Repertoire

Opera

Discography

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
21st-century Israeli male opera singers
Operatic countertenors

Yaniv d'Or


Follow Me is a 1989 East-West drama film directed by the Austrian filmmaker Maria Knilli. It was her second feature film, following her feature film debut with Lieber Karl released in 1984. Follow Me was entered as the official German contribution into the competition of the 16th Moscow International Film Festival in 1989 and had its world premiere there. It was released theatrically in German cinemas on 2 November 1989, one week before the fall of the Berlin Wall. 1990, following the Velvet Revolution, the film was shown at the 27th International Film Festival in Karlovy Vary.

The script was written by Maria Knilli together with the DEFA-filmmaker Ulrich Weiß using the pseudonym Vera Has.
is a 1989 West German drama film directed by Maria Knilli. It was entered into the 16th Moscow International Film Festival.

Plot
After the Prague Spring the Czech professor, Pavel Navrátil, who had been teaching philosophy at the university in Prague, has to leave his chair. Henceforth he is restricted to working as a gravedigger in a cemetery and lecturing his students secretly. After three years he is tired of this double life and risks starting a new one. He does not do this secretly, instead he makes a theatrical departure from the Czechoslovakian police-state. He invites his students to the funeral of a dead man whom he does not know himself and who gets a huge grave-stone with the inscription 'Hrdlicka'. He holds a final secret seminar in his flat which, naturally, is observed. He gives away his philosophy books. He says goodbye to his mother, who still thinks he has not grown up, and to his wife and son who he has already left long ago, And he wishes his ex-colleague and arch-enemy well, knowing that he will not forget him.

Navrátil leaves Prague without any difficulty and starts a new life at an airport somewhere in the West. This new life also consists of a double identity. During the day, he is a baggage-man at the airport and on the evenings and days-off he flies back home in this fantasy. There, he encounters all kinds of different and extravagant people, who all seem just as stranded as he himself: an Austrian violin fanatic, a German-Jewish lady and the melancholic and wise Russian Ljubja, who owns a brothel and employs girls from all over the world. With all of these companions in misfortune he celebrates the festivities of home, picnics full of longing and enchantment. And again and again Navrátil plays flying-to-Prague with the airport barber. He has himself lathered and shaven to the rhythm of the flight calls.

But after five years abroad he flies back to Prague once again to say farewell finally to his home country. With a load of airport falcons and an ingeniously implemented birdmask he manages to jump behind the Iron Curtain. He visits the same places again. The house he lived in, Hrdlicka's grave, which he does not find. Instead he meets a young Russian Red Army Soldier with whom he spends the whole night drinking Vodka and discussing – since neither of them speaks the language of the opposite, they communicate with hands and feet.

At dawn he is picked up by the state police and deported to the West by plane. The authorities' final message before his departure is: "Listen carefully. You were not in Prague. No one saw you. You will forget and we will forget that you exist". The jet leaves Prague. Navrátil returns to the West, with a crying and a laughing eye.

Cast
 Pavel Landovský as Professor Pavel Navrátil
 Marina Vlady as Ljuba
 Rudolf Wessely as Hairdresser
 Ulrich Reinthaller as Milos
 Katharina Thalbach as Judith
 Mark Zak as Soldier
 Hans Jakob as Violinist
 Martin Umbach as Kafka
 Jan-Paul Biczycki as Emigrant
 Jürgen Heinrich as Emigrant
 Tzvetan Marangosoff as Emigrant
 Dominique Horwitz as Western baggage porter
  as Uniformed man

Production

Development
Maria Knilli had been concerned with emigrants since 1983. The impetus to this project had been her encounter with the Czech actor Pavel Landovský who, having been one of the initiators of the petition Charter 77, had been expelled from his home country. He told Knilli about how he once travelled to a shooting from Vienna to Helsinki and was the only passenger who had to stay seated in the plane during its stopover in Prague. There he met a Czech cleaning lady to whom he told his story before the flight continued and he saw "his" city a last time from far above.

Knilli began writing the screenplay in the summer of 1985 and worked on it for over two years, together with the DEFA-filmmaker Ulrich Weiß, whose co-authorship had long been concealed for political reasons by the alias Vera Has. A typical trademark of Weiß' is the abstinence of any ideology and the universally human point of view. Throughout his career, Weiß had been closely studying the developments in Czechoslovakian cinema, particularly the work of Jan Nemec and his film A Report on the Party and Guests.

Filming
Follow Me was shot in 1988 and completed in 1989. The lead actor Pavel Landovský had been a member of the Wiener Burgtheater and starred in many cinema and television films following his emigration to Austria. Knilli had met him in 1983 when she was working as an assistant director for the Czech filmmaker Vojtěch Jasný during the shooting of the television play See you later, I must shoot myself.

While shooting this film in Helsinki, Knilli also got to know the French actress of Russian descent Marina Vlady who starred together with Landovský and the Polish actor Daniel Olbrychski. Vlady later wrote in her memoirs about Follow Me: "The script is one of the best I had read in years. It's full of poetry, a poetry of images, a poetry of human relationships."

Style
Follow Me distinguishes itself through its vast abstinence of linear narration. Instead, the various states of consciousness are visualised through a diversity of formal stylistic devices. Follow Me is like a stream of consciousness, which has to suck the audience into its confidence. The vivid story is forced open. Externally unusual perspectives, views, tours d'horizon, rise up, reality is suspended in favour of the supernatural. There is no interest in simply focusing-in for minutes on end on the finished image, but additional demands are made of the fantasy. What she has to say is at least as poetical as it is political."

Thus begins a game of signs and images. Knilli explained her approach in an interview at the time of the film's release: 'Follow Me' is reduced to internals. I have looked for variations at a visual level for the interior condition. (...) I am inclined to consider things from a certain distance. I observe for a long time, and I only work on something which I have observed when I am not embroiled in feelings. I hate mawkishness."

References

External links

1989 films
1989 drama films
1980s German-language films
German drama films
1980s German films

Follow Me (film)


Aldwych tramway station was a tram stop that was underneath Kingsway. The tramway station should not to be confused with Aldwych tube station. The stop is part of the Kingsway tramway subway.

Services running from Angel Islington to Aldwych started on 24 February 1906. Services from Highbury & Islington station to Tower Bridge and Kennington Gate started on 10 April 1908.

The station closed on 6 April 1952.

The Strand Underpass, which opened in 1964, comes to surface level part way through the former location of the Aldwych tramway station. No sign of the former station is visible on the surface or from the road tunnel however.

References

Other websites
Includes an illustrated account of a visit to the site in November 2003
LCC Tramways 1914 Map showing routes south of Aldwych station

Transport architecture in London
Trams in London

Aldwych tramway station


Marilyn is a 1963 documentary film based on the life of the 1950s to early 1960's actress and sex symbol Marilyn Monroe. The film, directed by Harold Medford, was released by 20th Century Fox, and was narrated by Rock Hudson.

Background
Marilyn Monroe rose to fame with the 1953 film noir Niagara, released by 20th Century Fox. Monroe had signed with Fox originally in 1947, and played bit parts in a few films, starring actors like Betty Grable, June Haver, Cary Grant, Peggy Cummins, and Jeanne Crain. When released from Fox, Monroe found work as yet again a bit player in films like Love Happy (1949), starring The Marx Brothers. She re-signed with Fox in 1950 and began playing small but meaningful roles in big-budgeted films like All About Eve, starring Bette Davis. After several films, Fox gave Marilyn her biggest break with Niagara. The film starred Monroe, Joseph Cotten, and Jean Peters. Monroe went on to make millions for Fox, starring in movies like Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953), How to Marry a Millionaire (1953), and River of No Return (1954).

Monroe's first movie that did not meet expectations was There's No Business Like Show Business, a musical, co-starring Ethel Merman, Dan Dailey, Donald O'Connor, Mitzi Gaynor, and Johnnie Ray. This film's lavish production didn't overshadow the dragged plot line. However, Monroe re-gained her success with The Seven Year Itch in 1955, co-starring Tom Ewell and Evelyn Keyes. Seven Year Itch showcased the famous scene of Monroe's white dress being skyrocketed in the air by a subway grating. This film was a major success, as was Marilyn's next feature, Bus Stop (1956), which was her last film with Fox until 1960. However, Monroe's biggest success in a film was in 1959's Some Like It Hot, a comedy co-starring Tony Curtis and Jack Lemmon.

However, Marilyn only focuses on the films that Monroe made with 20th Century Fox, which excludes Some Like It Hot, as it was released by United Artists. Monroe's last film with Fox was the 1960 romantic-musical comedy Let's Make Love, also starring Yves Montand. In 1962, she signed on with Fox to remake a 1940 film called My Favorite Wife. The film was re-titled Something's Got to Give and cast Monroe in the lead alongside Dean Martin, Cyd Charisse, Wally Cox, and Phil Silvers. Monroe died before the film's completion. In 1963, Fox recast Something's Got to Give, with Doris Day, James Garner, and Polly Bergen, and re-titled the film to Move Over, Darling.

Releases
To date, Marilyn has not been released on either DVD or VHS.

References

External links

1963 films
Documentary films about actors
Films about Marilyn Monroe
American documentary films
1963 documentary films
Documentary films about women in film
20th Century Fox films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films
English-language documentary films

Marilyn (1963 film)