The McDonnell F-101 Voodoo is a supersonic jet fighter designed and produced by the American McDonnell Aircraft Corporation.

Development of the F-101 commenced during the late 1940s as a long-range bomber escort (then known as a penetration fighter) for the United States Air Force's (USAF) Strategic Air Command (SAC). It was also adapted as a nuclear-armed fighter-bomber for the USAF's Tactical Air Command (TAC), and as a photo reconnaissance aircraft based on the same airframe. On 29 September 1954, it performed its maiden flight. The F-101A set a number of world speed records for jet-powered aircraft, including fastest airspeed, attaining  per hour on 12 December 1957.

Delays in the 1954 interceptor project led to demands for an interim interceptor aircraft design, a role that was eventually won by the F-101B Voodoo. This role required extensive modifications to add a large radar to the nose of the aircraft, a second crew member to operate it, and a new weapons bay using a rotating door that held its four AIM-4 Falcon missiles or two AIR-2 Genie rockets hidden within the airframe until it was time to be fired. The F-101B entered service with USAF Air Defense Command in 1959 and the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) in 1961. While the Voodoo was a moderate success, it may have been more important as an evolutionary step towards its replacement in most roles, the F-4 Phantom II, one of the most successful Western fighter designs of the 1950s; the Phantom would retain the twin engines, twin crew for interception duties, and a tail mounted well above and behind the jet exhaust, although it was an evolution of the F3H Demon while the Voodoo was developed from the earlier XF-88 Voodoo.

The Voodoo's career as a fighter-bomber was relatively brief, but the reconnaissance versions served for some time. Along with the US Air Force's Lockheed U-2 and US Navy's Vought RF-8 Crusaders, the RF-101 reconnaissance variant of the Voodoo was instrumental during the Cuban Missile Crisis and saw extensive service during the Vietnam War. Interceptor versions served with the Air National Guard until 1982, and in Canadian service, they were a front line part of NORAD until their replacement with the CF-18 Hornet in the 1980s. The type was operated in the reconnaissance role until 1979. US examples were handed off to the USAF Air National Guard where they were operated until 1982. The RCAF Voodoos were in service until 1984.

Design and development

Background and XF-88

Initial design on what would eventually become the Voodoo began in June 1946 in response to a USAAF Penetration Fighter Competition launched just after World War II. This competition called for a long-range, high-performance fighter to escort a new generation of bombers, similar to the wartime role of the North American P-51 Mustang in escorting the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses and Consolidated B-24 Liberators across contested airspace. McDonnell was amongst several companies to respond to the competition; their design benefitted from recently captured German research into high speed jet aircraft.

On 14 February 1947, McDonnell was awarded a contract (AC-14582) to produce a pair of prototypes, designated XF-88 Voodoo. The first prototype (serial number 46-6525), which was powered by two 3,000 lbf (13.3 kN) Westinghouse XJ34-WE-13 turbojets, flew from Muroc on 20 October 1948. Preliminary testing revealed that while handling and range was adequate, the top speed was a disappointing 641 mph (1,032 km/h) at sea level. After fitting McDonnell-designed afterburners to the second prototype, thrust was increased to 3,600 lbf (16.1 kN) with corresponding performance increases in top speed, initial rate of climb and reduced takeoff distance. Fuel consumption was greatly increased by use of the afterburners, however, reducing the range.

Although the XF-88 won the "fly-off" competition against the competing Lockheed XF-90 and North American YF-93, the detonation of the first nuclear weapon by the Soviet Union resulted in the United States Air Force (USAF) (created in 1947) re-evaluating its fighter needs, with interceptors being more important and bomber escorts being of reduced priority, and it terminated the Penetration Fighter program in 1950. Another factor in the termination was budgetary limitations. Analysis of Korean War missions, however, revealed that contemporary USAF strategic bombers were vulnerable to fighter interception. In early 1951, the USAF issued a new requirement for a bomber escort, to which all major US manufacturers submitted designs. The McDonnell design was a larger and higher-powered version of the XF-88 and won the bid during May 1951. To reflect the level of changes involved, the redesigned F-88 was designated F-101 Voodoo in November 1951.

Enlarged design
The new design was considerably larger, carrying three times the initial fuel load and designed around larger, more powerful Pratt & Whitney J57 turbojets. The greater dimensions of the J57 engines required modifications to the engine bays, and modification to the intakes to allow a larger amount of airflow to the engine. The new intakes were also designed to be more efficient at higher Mach numbers. In order to increase aerodynamic efficiency, reduce structural weight and alleviate pitch-up phenomena recently identified in-flight testing of the Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket, an aircraft with a control surface configuration similar to the XF-88, the horizontal tail was relocated to the top of the vertical stabilizer, giving the F-101 its signature "T-tail". In late 1952, the mission of the F-101 was changed from "penetration fighter" to "strategic fighter", which entailed equal emphasis on both the bomber escort mission and on nuclear weapons delivery. The new Voodoo mock-up with the reconfigured inlets, tail surfaces, landing gear, and dummy nuclear weapon was inspected by Air Force officials in March 1953. The design was approved, leading to an initial production order for 29 F-101As being placed on 28 May 1953. No prototypes were required as the F-101 was considered to be a straightforward development of the XF-88, with the Cook-Cragie production policy, in which initial low-rate production would be used for testing without the use of separate prototypes, chosen instead.

Changing roles and into production

Despite securing an order for the type, McDonnell received a stop order for production on 16 April 1954; this was due to a substantial cutback in funding for the USAF in general. Meaningful production activity was not resumed until a favourable instruction was received by the company on 2 November 1954. At this point, the USAF gave McDonnell an operational deadline of early 1957.

The first production aircraft, F-101A serial number 53-2418, performed its maiden flight on 29 September 1954 from Edwards AFB; during this fight, it attained a maximum speed of  at an altitude of . This aircraft, which is privately owned, has been moved to the Evergreen Maintenance Center in Marana, Arizona, restored, and now on display at the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon. It was previously on display at the Pueblo Weisbrod Aircraft Museum.

The end of the conflict in Korea and the development of the jet-powered Boeing B-52 Stratofortress negated the need for fighter escort and the Strategic Air Command opted to withdraw from the program. Despite SAC's loss of interest, the F-101A had attracted the attention of Tactical Air Command (TAC), leading to the F-101 being reconfigured as a fighter bomber. In this capacity, it was intended to carry a single nuclear weapon for use against tactical targets such as airfields. TAC requested numerous alterations to the F-101 to suit the new role, including additional apparatus to permit air-to-ground communication, provisions to carry external pods, and structural strengthening.

Through the support of TAC, testing of the F-101 was resumed, with Category II flight tests beginning in early 1955. A number of problems were identified and were mostly resolved during this phase of development. Issues were found with the autopilot, hydraulics, viewfinder, and control system; McDonnell typically replaced unsatisfactory parts with redesigned counterparts. One particular issue was the aircraft's dangerous tendency towards severe pitch-up when flown at a high angle of attack; this would never be entirely rectified. However, the USAF was satisfied with the installation of an active inhibitor system to deter such instances. Around 2,300 improvements were made to the F-101 between 1955 and 1956 ahead of full-rate production commencing in November 1956.

Operational history

F-101A / RF-101G

On 2 May 1957, the first F-101A was delivered to the 27th Strategic Fighter Wing, which transferred to TAC in July that year, replacing their F-84F Thunderstreak. The F-101A was powered by two Pratt & Whitney J57-P-13 turbojets, allowing good acceleration, a high rate of climb, ease in penetrating the sound barrier in level flight, and a maximum performance of Mach 1.52. The F-101's large internal fuel capacity allowed a range of approximately  nonstop. The aircraft was fitted with an MA-7 fire-control radar for both air-to-air and air-to-ground use, augmented by a Low Altitude Bombing System (LABS) for delivering nuclear weapons, and was designed to carry a Mk 28 nuclear bomb. The original intended payload for the F-101A was the McDonnell Model 96 store, a large fuel/weapons pod similar in concept to that of the Convair B-58 Hustler, but was cancelled in March 1956 before the F-101 entered service. Other operational nuclear payloads included the Mk 7, Mk 43, and Mk 57 weapons. While theoretically capable of carrying conventional bombs, rockets, or Falcon air-to-air missiles, the Voodoo never used such weapons operationally. It was fitted with four 20mm M39 cannon, with one cannon often removed in service to make room for a TACAN beacon-receiver.

The F-101 set a number of speed records, including: a JF-101A (the ninth F-101A modified as a testbed for the more powerful J-57-P-53 engines of the F-101B) setting a world speed record of 1,207.6 mph (1,943.4 km/h) on 12 December 1957 during "Operation Firewall", beating the previous record of 1,132 mph (1,811 km/h) set by the Fairey Delta 2 in March the previous year. The record was then subsequently taken in May 1958 by a Lockheed F-104 Starfighter. On 27 November 1957, during "Operation Sun Run," an RF-101C set the Los Angeles-New York City-Los Angeles record in six hours and 46 minutes, the New York to Los Angeles record in three hours and 36 minutes, and the Los Angeles to New York record in three hours and seven minutes.

A total of 77 F-101As were built, only 50 of which were ever used operationally while the remainder were used exclusively for experimental work. They were gradually withdrawn from USAF service starting in 1966. Twenty-nine survivors were converted to RF-101G specifications with a modified nose, housing reconnaissance cameras in place of cannons and radar. These served with the Air National Guard through 1972.

RF-101A

In October 1953, the USAF requested that two F-101As be built as prototype YRF-101A tactical reconnaissance aircraft. These were followed by 35 RF-101A production aircraft. The RF-101A shared the airframe of the F-101A, including its 6.33 g (62 m/s²) limit, but replaced the radar and cannons with up to six cameras in the reshaped nose. Various electronics were incorporated at the request of TAC. Like all other models of the F-101, it had provision for both flying boom and probe-and-drogue in-flight refueling capability, as well as for a buddy tank that allowed it to refuel other aircraft. It entered service in May 1957, replacing the RB-57 Canberra.

On 6 May 1957, the RF-101A entered service, the first unit to operate the type being 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, stationed at Shaw AFB, South Carolina. During October 1962, RF-101As from the 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing performed reconnaissance sorties over Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Allegedly, the aircraft's performance over Cuba highlighted its shortcomings as a reconnaissance aircraft, motivating a series of modifications to improve its performance. All USAF RF-101As were phased out of service during 1971.

During October 1959, eight RF-101As were transferred to Taiwan, which used them for overflights of the Chinese mainland. These ROCAF RF-101A were modified with the RF-101C vertical fins and air intake; this intake was used to cool the drag chute compartment and eliminated the five minute limit on using the afterburners on the RF-101A. Two were reportedly shot down.

F-101B / CF-101B / EF-101B

In the late 1940s, the USAF had started a research project into future interceptor aircraft that eventually settled on an advanced specification known as the 1954 interceptor. Contracts for this specification eventually resulted in the selection of the Convair F-102 Delta Dagger, but by 1952 it was becoming clear that few parts of the specification other than the airframe would be ready by 1954; the engines, weapons, and fire control systems were all going to take too long to get into service. Thus, an effort was started to quickly produce an interim supersonic design to replace the various subsonic interceptors then in service, and the F-101 airframe was selected as a starting point.

Although McDonnell proposed the designation F-109 for the new aircraft (which was to be a substantial departure from the basic Voodoo), the USAF assigned the designation F-101B. It was first deployed into service on 5 January 1959, with the 60th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron. Production of this model ended in March 1961. The Voodoo featured a modified cockpit to carry a crew of two, with a larger and more rounded forward fuselage to hold the Hughes MG-13 fire control radar of the F-102. It had a data link to the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) system, allowing ground controllers to steer the aircraft towards its targets by making adjustments through the plane's autopilot. The F-101B had more powerful Pratt & Whitney J57-P-55 engines, making it the only Voodoo not using the −13 engines. The new engines featured a substantially longer afterburner than J57-P-13s. To avoid a major redesign, the extended afterburners were simply allowed to extend out of the fuselage by almost 8  ft (2.4 m). The more powerful engines and aerodynamic refinements allowed an increased speed of Mach 1.85.

The F-101B was stripped of the four M39 cannons and carried four AIM-4 Falcon air-to-air missiles instead, arranged two apiece on a rotating pallet in the fuselage weapons bay. The initial load was two GAR-1 (AIM-4A) semi-active radar homing and two GAR-2 (AIM-4B) infrared-guided weapons with one of each carried on each side of the rotating pallet. After the first two missiles were fired, the door turned over to expose the second pair. Standard practice was to fire the weapons in SARH/IR pairs to increase the likelihood of a hit. Late-production models had provision for two 1.7-kiloton MB-1/AIR-2 Genie nuclear rockets on one side of the pallet with IR-guided GAR-2A (AIM-4C) on the other side. "Project Kitty Car" upgraded most earlier F-101Bs to this standard beginning in 1961.

Between 1963 and 1966, F-101Bs were upgraded under the Interceptor Improvement Program (IIP; also known as "Project Bold Journey"), being outfitted with a fire control system enhancement against hostile ECM and an infrared sighting and tracking (IRST) system in the nose in place of the in-flight refueling probe.

The F-101B was produced in greater numbers than the F-101A and F-101C, with a total of 479 being delivered by the end of production in 1961. Most of these were delivered to the Air Defense Command (ADC) beginning in January 1959. The only foreign customer for the F-101B was Canada, where it was locally referred to as the CF-101 Voodoo.

The F-101B was withdrawn from ADC service between 1968 and 1971, with many surviving USAF aircraft transferred to the Air National Guard (replacing F-102s), serving until 1982. The last Voodoo in US service (F-101B-105-MC, AF Ser. No. 58-300) was finally retired by the 2nd Fighter Weapons Squadron at Tyndall AFB, Florida on 21 September 1982.

F-101C / RF-101H
The F-101A fighter-bomber had been accepted into Tactical Air Command (TAC) service despite a number of problems. Among others, its airframe had proven to be capable of withstanding only 6.33 g (62 m/s²) maneuvers, rather than the intended 7.33 g (72 m/s²). An improved model, the F-101C, was introduced in 1957. It had a 500 lb (227 kg) heavier structure to allow 7.33-g maneuvers as well as a revised fuel system to increase the maximum flight time in afterburner. Like the F-101A, it was also fitted with an underfuselage pylon for carrying nuclear weapons, as well as two hardpoints for  drop tanks. A total of 47 F101Cs were produced.

Originally serving with the 27th Tactical Fighter Wing at Bergstrom AFB, Texas, the aircraft was transferred in 1958 from TAC to the 81st Tactical Fighter Wing, part of United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) which operated three squadrons from the twin RAF air stations Bentwaters & Woodbridge. The 78th Tactical Fighter Squadron was stationed at Woodbridge, while the 91st and 92nd were stationed at Bentwaters. The 81st TFW served as a strategic nuclear deterrent force, the Voodoo's long-range putting almost all of the Warsaw Pact countries, and targets up to  deep into the Soviet Union within reach.

Both the A and C model aircraft were assigned to the 81st TFW and were used interchangeably within the three squadrons. Operational F-101A/C were upgraded in service with Low Angle Drogued Delivery (LADD) and Low Altitude Bombing System (LABS) equipment for its primary mission of delivering nuclear weapons at extremely low altitudes. Pilots were trained for high speed, low-level missions into Soviet or Eastern Bloc territory, with primary targets being airfields. These missions were expected to be one-way, with the pilots having to eject behind Soviet lines.

The F-101C never saw combat and was replaced in 1966 with the F-4C Phantom II. Thirty-two aircraft were later converted for unarmed reconnaissance use with the RF-101H designation. They served with Air National Guard units until 1972.

RF-101C

Using the reinforced airframe of the F-101C, the RF-101C first flew on 12 July 1957, entering service in 1958. Like the RF-101A, the RF-101C had up to six cameras in place of radar and cannons in the reshaped nose and retained the bombing ability of the fighter-bomber versions. As it was intended to be flown unarmed, various passive defensive systems were incorporated, including the AN/APS-54 radar warning receiver. It lacked a true all-weather capability due to the USAF choosing to eliminate the AN/APN-82 electronic navigation system planned for it. 166 RF-101Cs were built, including 96 originally scheduled to be F-101C fighter-bombers.

On 27 November 1957, during Operation Sun Run, an RF-101C piloted by then-Captain Robert Sweet set the Los Angeles-New York City-Los Angeles record in six hours and 46 minutes, and New York to Los Angeles record in three hours and 36 minutes. Another RF-101C, piloted by then-Lieutenant Gustav Klatt, set a Los Angeles to New York record of three hours and seven minutes.

The RF-101C saw service during the Cuban Missile Crisis and soon followed the North American F-100 Super Sabres in October 1961, into combat when RF-101s from the 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing deployed to south east Asia, performing reconnaissance flights over Laos and Vietnam. Operations in this theatre quickly exposed the need for nighttime reconnaissance, for which the aircraft was not originally equipped to perform. The 1964 Project "Toy Tiger" fitted some RF-101C with a new camera package and a centerline pod for photo-flash cartridges. Some were further upgraded under the Mod 1181 program with automatic control for the cameras. Some officials remained dissatisfied with the RF-101C's nighttime photographic capability.

The RF-101C acted as pathfinders for F-100 bombers during early strikes in the theatre. The RF-101C sustained losses during the conflict, the first loss to enemy ground fire was recorded in November 1964, although close calls occurred as early as 14 August 1962; North Vietnamese air defenses became increasingly effective over time. From 1965 through November 1970, its role was gradually taken over by the RF-4C Phantom II. In some 35,000 sorties, 39 aircraft were lost, 33 in combat, including five to SAMs, one to an airfield attack, and one in air combat to a MiG-21 in September 1967. The RF-101C's speed made it largely immune to MiG interception. 27 of the combat losses occurred on reconnaissance missions over North Vietnam. In April 1967, ALQ-71 ECM pods were fitted to provide some protection against SAMs. Although the Voodoo could again operate at medium altitudes, the added drag and weight decreased the RF-101's speed enough to be vulnerable to the maneuverable (and cannon-equipped) MiGs and thus require fighter escort.

After its withdrawal from Vietnam, the RF-101C continued to serve with USAF units through 1979. In service, the RF-101C was nicknamed the "Long Bird"; it was the only version of the Voodoo to see combat.

TF-101B / F-101F / CF-101F
Some of the F-101Bs were completed as dual-control operational trainer aircraft initially dubbed TF-101B, but later redesignated F-101F. Seventy-nine new-build F-101Fs were manufactured, and 152 more existing aircraft were later modified with dual controls. Ten of these were supplied to Canada under the designation CF-101F. These were later replaced with 10 updated aircraft in 1971.

RF-101B

In the early 1970s, a batch of 22 former RCAF CF-101Bs was delivered to the USAF and converted into RF-101B reconnaissance aircraft, each aircraft had its radar and weapons bay replaced with a set of three KS-87B cameras and two AXQ-2 TV cameras. An in-flight refueling boom receptacle was also installed. These aircraft served with the 192d Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron of the Nevada Air National Guard through 1975. They proved to be relatively expensive to operate and maintain and had a short service life.

Variants

F-101A initial production fighter bomber, 77 produced
NF-101A one F-101A used by General Electric for testing of the General Electric J79 engine
YRF-101A two F-101As built as prototype reconnaissance models
RF-101A first reconnaissance version, 35 built
F-101B two-seat interceptor, the most numerous version with 479 built (including CF-101B)
CF-101B 112 F-101Bs transferred to Royal Canadian Air Force
RF-101B 22 former RCAF CF-101Bs modified for reconnaissance use
TF-101B dual-control trainer version of F-101B, redesignated F-101F, 79 built
EF-101B single F-101B converted for use as a radar target and leased to Canada
NF-101B F-101B prototype based on the F-101A airframe; the second prototype was built with a different nose
F-101C improved fighter-bomber, 47 built
RF-101C reconnaissance version of F-101C airframe, 166 built
F-101D proposed version with General Electric J79 engines, not built
F-101E another J79 proposal, not built
F-101F dual-control trainer version of F-101B; 79 re-designated TF-101Bs plus 152 converted F-101Bs
CF-101F Canadian designation for 20 TF-101B/F-101F dual-control aircraft
TF-101F 24 dual-control versions of F-101B, re-designated F-101F (these are included in the -F total)
RF-101G 29 F-101As converted for ANG reconnaissance
RF-101H 32 F-101Cs converted for reconnaissance use

Operators

 Royal Canadian Air Force (1961–1968)
 Canadian Armed Forces
 Air Defence Command (1968–1975)
 Air Command (1975–1984; historical)

 Republic of China Air Force

 United States Air Force
 Colorado State University

Aircraft on display

Following the type's retirement, a large number of F-101s are preserved in museums or on display as gate guards.

Specifications (F-101B)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Characteristics Summary, F-101B, dated 16 August 1960.

  United States Air Force Museum Guidebook. Wright-Patterson AFC, Ohio: Air Force Association, 1975 edition.

External links

 McDonnell F-101 Voodoo articles and publications
 Baugher's F-101 Voodoo Aircraft
 USAF National Museum site: XF-88 page
 F-101A/C fact sheet
 F-101B & F-101B fact sheet
 RF-101A/C fact sheet
 McDonnell F-101 "Voodoo" history & information
 F-101 Voodoo Survivors List of static displays, location, serial numbers, and links.

F-101
1950s United States fighter aircraft
Twinjets
T-tail aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
 Aircraft first flown in 1954
Second-generation jet fighters

McDonnell F-101 Voodoo


Catholicos Karapet II Oolnetzi (also Catholicos Garabed II Oolnetzi) () was the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church between 1726 and 1729.

Because of grave political and military situation in Armenia, it was not possible to elect a new Catholicos of All Armenians in Etchmiadzin following death of Catholicos Asdvadzadur I of Armenia (in Armenian Աստվածատուր Ա Համադանցի). For that reason the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople Hovhannes IX (in Armenian Հովհաննես Կոլոտ Բաղիշեցի) organized an election in Constantinople and Garabed Oolnetzi was elected as Garabed II, Catholicos of All Armenians and he was consecrated on 27 February 1726 in the Mother of God church in Constantinople. He was seen by the Ottoman leaders as a trusted bridge to establish favorable relations with the new Ottoman administration of Eastern Armenia. The ordained catholicos, military situation permitting, left Constantinople (present day Istanbul) in June 1727 on his way to Etchmiadzin on the way visiting many Armenian churches in the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire. He arrived in Etchmiadzin, the official seat of the Catholicos of all Armenians beginning of the year 1728. He died after actually serving a year and few months. He was buried in 1729 at St. Hripsime Church, Echmiadzin.

Catholicos Abraham II of Armenia (in Armenian Աբրահամ Բ Խոշաբեցի) was elected Catholicos of All Armenians in 1730 serving until 1734.

Sources
Քրիստոնյա Հայաստան հանրագիտարան (Christian Armenia Encyclopedia), Yerevan, 2002.

Catholicoi of Armenia
Garabed II Oolnetzi
Armenian Apostolic Christians
Burials at Saint Hripsime Church
Armenians from the Ottoman Empire
Year of birth unknown

Karapet II of Armenia


Populated place in Ukraine () is a structural element of human settling system, a stationary settlement, territorially integral compact area of population concentration basic and important feature of which is permanent human habitation. Populated places in Ukraine are systematized into two major categories: urban and rural. Urban populated places can be either cities or urban settlements, while rural populated places can be either villages or rural settlements. According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census there are 1,344 urban populated places and 28,621 rural populated places in Ukraine.

All populated places are governed by their municipality (hromada), may it be a village, a city or any settlement hromada. A municipality may consist of one or several populated places and is (except Kyiv and Sevastopol) a constituent part of a raion (district) which in turn is constituents of an oblast (province).

Beside regular populated places in Ukraine that are part of administrative division and population census, there are several additional categories for populated places that are used for other purposes. Among such categories are mountainous populated places, historic populated places, and others.

The 2015 law on decommunization required populated places and toponymy related to Ukraine's past in the Soviet Union to be renamed. Leading to a string of new Ukrainian toponyms. On 21 March 2023, about a year following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine an subsequent occupation of parts of Ukraine by Russia, the Ukrainian parliament did forbid to have toponymy with names associated with Russia. In the law's explanatory note was stated this was "a ban on assigning geographic objects names that glorify, perpetuate, promote, or symbolize the occupying state."

Urban populated places

Cities

City with special status is treated as a city-region. Most cities in Ukraine are the centres of the corresponding municipality (hromada). Only 8 cities (Stebnyk, Sosnivka, Uhniv, Ukrainsk, Bilytske, Rodynske and Hirnyk, Donetsk Oblast) are included into another municipality. Two cities (Chernobyl and Pripyat) are abandoned and are governed by the State Agency of Ukraine on the Exclusion Zone Management.

City status a settlement receives on a decision of the Supreme Council of Ukraine - Verkhovna Rada.

Cities that have population of less than 50,000 are considered to be small cities and fall under a special state program in development of small cities. According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census there are 454 cities in Ukraine, among which two with special status (Kyiv and Sevastopol).

Urban-type settlements

Urban-type settlement is a Soviet invented term for a populated place with some degree of urbanization or in proximity to an urbanized area. In the Constitution of Ukraine urban settlement is mentioned simply as selysche (a settlement), which also adds another ambiguity to the administrative territorial system of Ukraine. The term selysche is also used to some smaller populated places, while can be found within other administrative territorial subdivisions. Those settlements implicitly known as rural settlements, while often presented simply as settlements.

According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census there are 890 urban settlements in Ukraine.

The designation was abolished in 2023 as part of the decommunization of Ukraine's settlement classification system.

Rural populated places
Rural populated places () or rural localities can refer to two different types of inhabited places: villages and rural settlements. Rural populated places in Ukraine are very underdeveloped and often lack basic types of infrastructure: transportation, utilities and others.

Villages
Village as a term became systematic for a conventional rural populated place and most numerous out of all terms used for populated places in a country. It is administrated by silrada (a rural council) and is the lowest level and most common form of territorial administration at that level. A rural council may be composed of a single village or group of villages. According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census there are 27,190 villages in Ukraine that organized into 10,278 rural (village) councils.

Rural settlements
The term selysche (settlement) has a double meaning in the administrative-territorial system of Ukraine. It may be used either for urban-type settlements or for some smaller populated places which often part of silrada (a rural council), while can be found within other administrative territorial subdivisions. Those settlements are implicitly known as rural settlements while often presented simply as settlements which might give the impression of an urban settlement.

Most often rural settlements are constituent parts of adjacent village, urban settlement or city, while on some occasions may be administrated by their own rural council. Unlike villages, a rural settlement may be part of a city or another settlement council. According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census there are 1,266 rural settlements in Ukraine.

Other populated places
In 1995 there was created a special category for mountainous populated places in Ukraine. Mountainous status is received by populated places located in mountainous area, have inadequately developed sphere of employment and social services as well as a limited transportation access (low development density of infrastructure or infrastructure is weak).

Historic types of populated places
Among historic types of populated places in Ukraine are places like khutir, prysilok, zymivnyk, mistechko, sloboda, horod. Collective and/or soviet farms used to be based either on an individual settlement (village) or include several neighboring rural settlements (villages, khutirs, slobodas).

Ukrainian khutirs were destroyed in 1930s-1940s during the Soviet occupation as part of the fight with individual farming (dekulakization campaign).

See also

 Geography of Ukraine
 ISO 3166-2:UA
 List of places named after people (Ukraine)
 The History of Cities and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR, a comprehensive encyclopedic compilation of all populated places

References

External links

 About order for solution of issues on the administrative-territorial system of the Ukrainian SSR. Ukase of Presidium of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukrainian SSR. N 1654-X. 1981-03-12. (current)
 About the status of mountainous populated places in Ukraine. Law of Ukraine. N 56/95-VR. 1995-02-15. (current)
 Androshchuk, O. Urban settlements in a system of territorial setting in the Ukrainian SSR in 40s-60s of the 20th century. "Krayeznavstvo". 2006.

Administrative divisions of Ukraine
Ukraine 3

Populated places in Ukraine


The Calling is a 2009 British drama film directed by Jan Dunn. Dunn's third feature film, it tells the story of Joanna, played by Emily Beecham, who after graduating from university, goes against her family and friends when she decides to join the closed order of Benedictine nuns. For her debut leading performance in the film, Beecham was awarded a New Talent Trailblazer Award presented by Sean Connery during the film's debut, where it was also selected as 'Best of the Fest' at the 2009 Edinburgh International Film Festival.

Cast
 Brenda Blethyn — Sister Ignatious
 Emily Beecham — Joanna
 Joanna Scanlan — Sister Kevin
 Pauline McLynn — Sister Hilda
 Rita Tushingham — Sister Gertrude
 Susannah Harker — Sister Ambrose
 Susannah York — The Prioress
Annette Kneath — Clive's Mum

Filming locations
The Calling was fully shot in Kent at several locations across the county. Salmestone Grange in Margate was used as the location for the Benedictine Convent, the University of Kent at Canterbury and the Gulbenkian Cafe provided great locations for establishing Jo at her university, and St Lawrence College in Ramsgate was used for the nuns' rooms and hospice scenes. Villa Cap Martin in Broadstairs was used as Jo's family home. Other Kent filming locations include Barnsole Vineyard, Joss Bay in Broadstairs, Ramsgate High Street and Wingham Wildlife Park which doubled as Africa at the end of the film.

Reception
Empire magazine wrote that "despite the rather awkward shift from gentle humour into full-on soap opera, this is played with admirable ensemble nous and directed with a sincere grasp of the impact human foible can have on even the most fervent religious belief. Brenda Blethyn particularly stands out, with her common sense attitude to temporal and spiritual matters confirming the validity and relevance of vocations to modern living."

The Guardian writer Catherine Shoard rated the film two stars out of five and wrote: "Half Doubt, half Hollyoaks, Jan Dunn's latest attempt to put Thanet on the cinematic map unfolds at the world's busiest, bitchiest convent: St Bertha's of Ramsgate. Barely a scene goes by without someone self-flagellating, getting pregnant, topping themselves or having a whopping skeleton pop out of the cupboard [...] Only she [Blethyn], really, manages to ride the rollercoaster jumps in plot and tone that sadly mean The Calling may fail to speak to many."

References

External links

2009 drama films
2009 films
British drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s British films

The Calling (2009 film)


Piano pedagogy is the study of the teaching of piano playing. Whereas the professional field of music education pertains to the teaching of music in school classrooms or group settings, piano pedagogy focuses on the teaching of musical skills to individual piano students. This is often done via private or semiprivate instructions, commonly referred to as piano lessons. The practitioners of piano pedagogy are called piano pedagogues, or simply, piano teachers.

Professional training

The range of professionalism among teachers of piano is undoubtedly wide. "Competent instruction is not always assured by the number of years one has taken lessons", warned piano pedagogue and writer of numerous pedagogical books, James Bastien. The factors which affect the professional quality of a piano teacher include one's competence in musical performance, knowledge of musical genres, music history and theory, piano repertoire, experience in teaching, ability to adapt one's teaching method to students of different personalities and learning styles, education level, and so on.

Musicians without degrees in piano pedagogy

In the United States, piano lessons may be offered by teachers without higher education specifically focused in piano performance or piano pedagogy. Some teachers may hold degrees in another discipline in music, such as music education or another performance area (voice, orchestral instrument, etc.). Other teachers, without higher education in music, may have studied piano playing independently or have been self-taught.

Undergraduate and graduate studies in piano pedagogy

The field of piano pedagogy may be studied through academic programs culminating in the attainment of a bachelor, master, or doctoral degree at music colleges or conservatories. The undergraduate level may require many years of prior piano studies and previous teaching experience as prerequisites for application. At the graduate level, many schools require applicants to have some teaching experience and at least a bachelor of music or equivalent experience in piano performance and/or pedagogy.

Although virtually all piano pedagogy programs include a significant portion of performance requirement, the pedagogy major may be distinct from the performance major at some schools. Some members of the latter group may have the option to take courses in the teaching of piano, but not all do.

Professional organizations in the United States

Many piano teachers hold memberships in professional organizations, to maintain their commitment to pedagogy and to network with peers and others in music. These organizations often offer teachers' workshops, conferences, mentorship programs, publications on piano pedagogy, and opportunities for scholarships, competitions, and performances for the students of members. Some prominent organizations in the United States include:

 American Council of Piano Performers – ACPP
 Music Teachers National Association – MTNA
 National Federation of Music Clubs
 National Guild of Piano Teachers
 Piano Teachers Congress of New York

Professional Organizations in Canada

The main organization that offers certificates and testing curriculum in Canada is Royal Conservatory of Music. There are three levels in their certificate program; elementary, intermediate and advanced. Elementary pedagogy certificate enables teachers to teach beginners up to grade two piano, while intermediate certificate allows teachers to teach up to grade 6 piano. Advanced piano pedagogy is known as "ARCT" (Associate of Royal Conservatory of Toronto), which enables teachers to teach up to grade 10. There are also a number of theory and history examinations that accompany each certificate program which must be completed. There is also a Piano Teachers Federation based in Vancouver, British Columbia.

Notable piano pedagogues in history
 Johann Nepomuk Hummel (Austria, 1778–1837)
 Carl Czerny (Austria, 1791–1857)
 Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (Germany, 1714–1788)
 Maria Szymanowska (Poland, 1789–1831)
 Frédéric Chopin (Poland, 1810–1849)
 Theodor Leschetizky (Poland, 1830–1915)
 Franz Liszt (Hungary, 1811–1886)
 Tobias Matthay (England, 1858–1945)
Nadia Boulanger (France, 1887–1979
 Heinrich Neuhaus (Russia, 1888–1964)
 Dimitri Bashkirov (Russia, 1931–)
 Neil A. Kjos (US, 1931–2009) Illinois, known for the James Bastien books
 Abby Whiteside (US, 1881–1956)
 Dorothy Taubman (US, 1917–2013)
 Isidor Philipp (France, 1863–1958)
 Harold Bradley (Canada 1906–1984)
 Frances Clark (US, 1905–1998)
 Stefan Ammer (Germany, 1942–)
 Ilana Vered (Israel, 1943–)
 Peter Arnold (United Kingdom)
 Graham Fitch (United Kingdom)

Topics of study

Piano pedagogy involves the study and teaching of motor, intellectual, problem-solving, and artistic skills involved in playing the piano effectively. Citing the influence of Zoltán Kodály, Carl Orff, Émile Jaques-Dalcroze, Russian-American piano pedagogue at Longy School of Music, Dr. Faina Bryanskaya, advocates a holistic approach which integrates as many aspects of music-making as possible at once would result in the most effective piano teaching.

Ear training

Dr. Bryanskaya argues that the foremost task for piano teachers at the beginning of a student's study is the introduction of a habit of listening to quality performances of "descriptive and strikingly expressive music", as a means for "sensitizing [the student] to the meaning of music".

Rhythm

Teaching rhythm is important for the student to be able to learn a piece accurately, and also to confidently perform a practiced piece. Developing an internal metronome plays a significant role when teaching rhythm. Teachers may encourage students to count out loud when practicing, or practice with a metronome to develop a steady internal beat.

Notation

Learning to read music is a critical skill for most pianists. There are generally three approaches to teaching students to read music, although combined approaches are increasingly common. The "Middle C Method", a "single note identification" method, was the most commonly taught method through the 20th century. It was introduced by W.S.B. Mathews in 1892 but popularized by Thompson's Modern Course for Piano (1936). "Middle C" teaches positions relative to the middle C; in other "single note identification" methods, other notes might be used.

The "intervocalic method", developed by Frances Clark with her Time to Begin (1955) curriculum, teaches recognition of patterns, and adds "landmark notes".

The "multi-key method", developed by Robert Pace and published in 1954, teaches students all major and minor keys fairly quickly.

Technique

Good piano playing technique involves the simultaneous understanding in both the mind and the body of the relationships between the elements of music theory, recognition of musical patterns in notation and at the fingertips, the physical landscape of the entire range of the keyboard, finger dexterity and independence, and a wide range of touch and tone production for a variety of emotional expressions. Skills in all of these areas are typically nurtured and developed for the sake of expressing oneself more effectively and naturally through the sound of the piano, so that the elements of technique will sound alive with musicality.

Improvisation

Modern piano lessons tend to emphasize learning notation, and may neglect developing the creative spirit and sensitive ears which lead to expressive music-making. Studies point to the need for using multiple approaches in learning musical skills which engage both sides of the brain—the analytical and the intuitive—for students to master all aspects of playing. Therefore, teaching improvisation skills may help students take ownership of the expressive quality of the music they make, and to keep music learning and practicing alive and interesting. One way to do so is to make up stories full of different emotions through improvising, in order to reinforce music theory concepts already introduced and to develop a wide range of touch and tone production.

Sight reading

Sight reading heavily depends on the students' ability to understand rhythm, and recognize musical patterns. Teaching sight reading can include teaching students to recognize intervals, scale passage patterns, note reading and the ability to internalize rhythm. The ability to have strong knowledge of different major and minor key signatures can also help students anticipate the accidentals they should expect when sight reading.

Memorization

Memorization is useful to perform a piece confidently. It gives the student ability and freedom to experience the music for all of its intricacies as opposed to focusing on the technicalities of notes and rhythm. Memorization can come easily to some students, and harder for others. The most common memorization technique is muscle memory. However reliance on muscle memory alone can hinder students if they have not made the cognitive connection between every note they play, and leaves room for many memory slips. To have a strong foundation of memorization, students should be able to visualize everything that they play, and be able to start from any passage.

Effective memorization results from the "combination of visual, kinaesthetic, aural and analytical skills".

Repertoire

Well-known keyboard works written with special attention for pedagogical purposes in mind include:

 Notebook for Anna Magdalena Bach (1725) by family and friends of J.S. Bach
 Klavierbüchlein für Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, Little Preludes and Fugues, Inventions and Sinfonias, & the Well-Tempered Clavier by J.S. Bach
 Sonatinas by Muzio Clementi
 Album For the Young, Op. 68 (1848) by Robert Schumann
 Album For the Young, Op. 39 (1878) by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
 Music for Children, Op. 65 (1935) by Sergei Prokofiev
 Pieces by Igor Stravinsky, Dmitri Kabalevsky and Aram Khatchaturian
 Mikrokosmos, Sz. 107, BB 105 (1926–39) by Béla Bartók

Venues offering instruction in piano playing

The teaching of piano playing most often take place in the form of weekly private lessons, in which a student and a teacher have one-on-one meetings.  Instructions may sometimes be offered semi-privately (one teacher meeting with a small group of two or more students) or in classes of larger groups, in other intervals of time.  Piano lessons are offered in a variety of different settings, including the following:

 Studios of independent piano teachers
 Piano and music stores
 Community music schools
 Continuing education programs
 Preparatory division of music colleges or conservatories
 Music colleges or conservatories
 Online Distance-learning Courses
In-home/mobile music schools that travel to student's homes

See also

 Five finger exercise
 Pedagogy
 Pianists
Group piano

References

Further reading

Bryanskaya, Faina (1988).  The Key to Music Making:  Piano Method for Beginners, Parts I, II, & III.  Providence, RI:  White Lilac Press.  , ,

Gerig, Reginald (2nd Ed. 2007).  Famous Pianists and their Technique. Indiana University Press.

Magrath, Jane (1995).  Pianist's Guide to Standard Teaching and Performance Literature.  Alfred Publishing Co.

Business skills for piano teachers and artists

Riley, Peter Jason (2002).  The New Tax Guide for Artists of Every Persuasion. Limelight Editions: New York.

Colombo, Sebastián (2013). Vicente Scaramuzza. La vigencia de una escuela pianística. Editorial Círculo Rojo.

External links

Music Teachers National Association – MTNA (USA)
The Frances Clark Center for Keyboard Pedagogy
National Guild of Piano Teachers
Piano Teachers Congress of New York
Robert Schumann's Rules for Young Musicians

Pedagogy
Music education

Piano pedagogy


Robert Feder (born May 17, 1956) is an American media blogger who was the television and radio columnist for the Chicago Sun-Times from 1980 until 2008, a blogger for Vocalo.org from 2009 until 2010, and a blogger for Time Out Chicago from 2011 until 2013. He now writes a daily media blog on his official website.

Early life and education

Born on Chicago's South Side and raised in Skokie, Illinois, Feder earned a bachelor's degree in journalism from Northwestern University's Medill School of Journalism in 1978.

Growing up, Feder considered his idol to be CBS legend Walter Cronkite, and he created the first and only fan club of Cronkite at age 14.

Professional career

Feder got his start in journalism at Lerner Newspapers' Skokie Life newspaper.  He then joined the Chicago Sun-Times in 1980, starting out as a legman for TV/radio columnist Gary Deeb.  Feder eventually became the paper's TV and radio columnist after Deeb left to join a Chicago TV station, and Feder remained at the Sun-Times as its TV/radio columnist until the fall of 2008.

In 2008, Feder took a buyout from the Sun-Times. After a one-year hiatus, he joined Chicago's Vocalo.org as a blogger, where he worked until December 2010.

Feder joined Time Out Chicago as media critic on January 3, 2011.

On April 8, 2013, Feder announced in an email and on his Facebook page that with the closure of Time Out as a printed magazine and its shift to a digital-only platform, he would accept a buyout of his contract and leave Time Out Chicago.

On August 15, 2013, Feder launched "RobertFeder.com", under a licensing and marketing agreement with Chicago Tribune Media Group.  That agreement included some of his blog posts appearing as articles in the Chicago Tribune newspaper.  While he continues to blog at his website, his licensing and marketing agreement ended at the end of August 2016 and was not renewed. Since April 26, 2017, he operates his blog under an agreement with the Daily Herald, a newspaper serving the northern, northwestern and western suburbs of Chicago.

References

External links
RobertFeder.com blog
Robert Feder's Time Out Chicago blog

1956 births
Living people
People from Skokie, Illinois
Medill School of Journalism alumni
Chicago Sun-Times people
American male bloggers
American bloggers

Robert Feder


Hajj Ali Zniber (1844–1914), full name Ali bin Ahmed bin Abd al-Qadir Zniber Lettam, is a Moroccan writer and nationalist. He is known, with Abdellah Bensaid, for having introduced the first constitution for the improvement of the political situation in Morocco in 1904 : Safeguarding the independence and rejection of colonial manipulation.

Biography
After traveling to the Middle East to perform the pilgrimage to Mecca Hajj Ali moved to Egypt where he lived in the import-export where he had the opportunity to know the parallel Egyptian scholars of his time. His 23 years in Egypt allowed him to inspire constitutional ideas of the Middle East to theorize some political reforms he opposes the settlement and advocates for the preservation of independence. "It was early in aware of the danger of French colonialism and lavished a series of tips to Sultan Moulay Abdelaziz. He also submitted to the Supreme Moulay Youssef a draft constitution. The Sbihi Library in Salé contains several manuscripts written by the person himself."  His life overall still very unknown to historians. After his return to Morocco, while remaining in contact with Saletins scientists, he moved to Tangier where he met the Minister of Foreign Affairs and to Fez where he is responsible for the printing and distribution of Moroccan press and published several books there. After its proposed constitution before the Sultan, Ali Zniber emphasizes the protection of the national identity and protect the Arabic language.

References

The Slaoui nationalist Boubker El Kadiri wrote his biography:

 Boubker El Kadiri, Hajj Ali Zniber: A scholar of modern Morocco died in 1914 and its constitution: Saving the independence and control of colonization ["الحاج علي زنيبر: رائد من أعلام المغرب الحديث المتوفى عام 1914 م ودستوره : حفظ الإستقلال ولفظ سيطرة الإحتلال "] Printing Najah Casablanca, 2004, 86 p (.  )
Informations on the original book in Arabic, published in 2004.

Notes and references

Moroccan writers
Moroccan nationalists
1844 births
1914 deaths
People from Salé

Hajj Ali Zniber


The Bay County Building is a government building located at 515 Center Avenue in Bay City, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

History
Bay County was founded in 1858. The first courthouse was a small clapboard structure at the foot of Fourth Street in Bay City. In 1867, this had grown too small, and a new courthouse was erected at this location, opening in 1868. By the late 1920s, however, Judge Samuel G. Houghton was campaigning for a new courthouse. In 1931, voters approved, and in 1932 the county Board of Supervisors selected local architect Joseph C. Goddeyne to design the building and Bay City Stone Company to construct it. The project began in 1932 with the clearing of the site and the demolition of the old courthouse. The cornerstone for the new courthouse was laid on April 13, 1933. The building was completed in 1934. The building is still used by the county.

Description
The Bay County Building is an eight-story steel-framed Art Deco structure sheathed in limestone and granite. The main facade has an entry portico on the slightly projecting main bay with three deeply set doorways with classic Art Deco surrounds. Piers rise above from the weighted lower section, and the upper levels are stepped back. The center bay has three trabeated windows in simple metal frames on each floor. Three-story side bays with stacks of windows flank the center. The side facades are similar, with a weighed base and three stories above with trabeated windows. The higher floors are stepped back. One side has an entryway.

On the interior, the front foyer and first floor corridor have molded edge marble panels lining the walls and a decoratively colored, tile-edged terrazzo
floor. Above, a wide plaster painted fascia runs along the top. The probate and circuit courtrooms have plaster walls with paneled oak wainscoting and a speaker's dais constructed of the same deep-stained oak.

References

National Register of Historic Places in Bay County, Michigan
Art Deco architecture in Michigan
Buildings and structures completed in 1934
1934 establishments in Michigan

Bay County Building


Viborggade (lit. "Viborg Street") is a street in the Østerbro district of Copenhagen, Denmark, linking Østerbrogade in the west with Strandboulevarden in the east. The street is closed to through traffic at Bopa Plads, a small square located at the intersection with Randersgade.

History

The area south of Jagtvej and east of Østerbrogade was up until the middle of the 19th century a rural area known as Slaftervangen ("The Butchers' Pasture"). It was owned by the City but leased by the Butchers' Guild and used for livestock fattening. In 1852, the so-called demarcation line was moved from Jagtvej to The Lakes, paving the way for redevelopment of the area. The older, eastern section of the street was initially called Batterivej ("Battery Road". The name referred to Kalkbrønbderihavns Batteri ("Limery Dock Battery", a coastel fortress constructed at the site in the 1850s as part of Copenhagen's new defensive ring.

J. Kornbecks Asfaltfabrik opened in the street in 1865. In 1867, it was joined by August Neubart's Textile Factory. A small working-class neighbourhood of two-storey buildings developed around the factories.

In 1886, the street was extended to Østerbrogade and renamed Viborggade. The new name was in line with a naming scheme introduced by Thorvald Krak according to which streets in the area were named after Danish market towns.

The industrial activities continued for more than a hundred years. J. Kornbecks Asfaltfabrik had by 1897 been taken over by Trækompagniet, a wood factory, and by 1920 by Københavns Smergelfabrik. The factory in Voborggade was decommissioned when a new one in Maribo on Lolland was occupied in 1975. August Neubert's Textile Factory was later taken over by Pia Lys, a manufacturer of candles. The factory was destroyed in a fire in 1982.

Notable buildings
A few of Københavns Smergelfabrik's former buildings have survived. The building at No. 70 is from 1907 and was designed by Anton Rosen.

Transport
The western end of the street is located approximately halfway between the metro stations at Poul Henningsens Plads (510 m) and Trianglen (590 m). The eastern end of the street is located approximately 500 metres from the Nordhavn S-train station.

References

External links

Streets in Østerbro

Viborggade


The Hugo Award for Best Novel is one of the Hugo Awards given each year for science fiction or fantasy stories published in, or translated to, English during the previous calendar year. The novel award is available for works of fiction of 40,000 words or more; awards are also given out in the short story, novelette, and novella categories. The Hugo Awards have been described as "a fine showcase for speculative fiction", and "the best known literary award for science fiction writing".

The Hugo Award for Best Novel has been awarded annually by the World Science Fiction Society since 1953, except in 1954 and 1957. In addition, beginning in 1996, Retrospective Hugo Awards or "Retro-Hugos" have been available for works published 50, 75, or 100 years prior. Retro-Hugos may only be awarded for years after 1939 in which no awards were originally given. To date, Retro-Hugo awards have been given for novels for 1939, 1941, 1943–1946, 1951, and 1954.

Hugo Award nominees and winners are chosen by supporting or attending members of the annual World Science Fiction Convention, or Worldcon, and the presentation evening constitutes its central event. The final selection process is defined in the World Science Fiction Society Constitution as instant-runoff voting with six nominees, except in the case of a tie. The novels on the ballot are the six most-nominated by members that year, with no limit on the number of stories that can be nominated. The 1953, 1955, and 1958 awards did not include a recognition of runner-up novels, but since 1959 all final candidates have been recorded. Initial nominations are made by members from January through March, while voting on the ballot of six nominations is performed roughly from April through July, subject to change depending on when that year's Worldcon is held. Prior to 2017, the final ballot was five works; it was changed that year to six, with each initial nominator limited to five nominations. Worldcons are generally held in August or early September, and are held in a different city around the world each year.

During the 77 nomination years, 166 authors have had works nominated and 53 have won (including co-authors, ties, and Retro-Hugos). Two translators have been noted along with the author of a novel written in a language other than English: Ken Liu, in 2015 and 2017, for his Chinese translations; and Rita Barisse, in 2019, who was retroactively noted as the translator of a 1963 French novel. Robert A. Heinlein has won the most Hugos for Best Novel, and also received the most nominations; he has six wins (four Hugos and two Retro-Hugos) on twelve nominations. Lois McMaster Bujold has received four Hugos on ten nominations. Five authors have won three times: Isaac Asimov and Fritz Leiber (with two Hugos and one Retro-Hugo each), N. K. Jemisin, Connie Willis, and Vernor Vinge. Nine other authors have won the award twice. The next-most nominations by a winning author are held by Robert J. Sawyer and Larry Niven, who have been nominated nine and eight times, respectively, and have each only won once. With nine nominations, Robert Silverberg has the greatest number of nominations without winning any. Three authors have won the award in consecutive years: Orson Scott Card (1986 and 1987), Lois McMaster Bujold (1991 and 1992), and N. K. Jemisin (2016, 2017, and 2018).

Winners and nominees
In the following table, the years correspond to the date of the ceremony, rather than when the novel was first published. Each year links to the corresponding "year in literature". Entries with a blue background have won the award; those with a white background are the nominees on the short-list.

  *   Winners and joint winners

Retro-Hugos
Beginning with the 1996 Worldcon, the World Science Fiction Society created the concept of "Retro-Hugos", in which the Hugo award could be retroactively awarded for 50, 75, or 100 years prior. Retro-Hugos may only be awarded for years after 1939 (the year of the first Worldcon) in which no Hugos were originally awarded. Retro-Hugos have been awarded eight times, for 1939, 1941, 1943–46, 1951, and 1954.

See also
Nebula Award for Best Novel
List of joint winners of the Hugo and Nebula awards
Locus Award for Best Novel

Notes

References

External links
 Hugo Award official site
 Original proposal for the award in Philcon II program book

1953 establishments in the United States
American fiction awards
Awards established in 1953
Novel

Hugo Award for Best Novel


Icy Tower is a freeware computer game. It involves a small avatar (or character) with a winter hat, jumping across platforms in an icy tower. The goal of the game is to climb as high as you can up the tower.

The game was released in 2001. It was pretty successful and is known for its fast game pace and funny sounds.

Freeware games
2001 video games
Platform games

Icy Tower


Alfred Emanuel Smith IV (May 24, 1951 – November 20, 2019) was a Wall Street executive who was a senior advisor for the Marwood Group, and sat on many volunteer and charitable boards, including the Tony Blair Faith Foundation, and Mutual of America. He also served as chairman of the board of Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Center.

Personal life
Smith was born on May 24, 1951, in Brooklyn, in New York City. He was the great-grandson of Al Smith (1873–1944), Governor of New York. He attended Iona Preparatory School and Villanova University. Smith was married to Nan Moore Smith. They had two children, Alfred Emanuel Smith V and Catherine Smith Totero, and six grandchildren. Smith grew up in Rye, New York. He died at his home in New Canaan, Connecticut.

Career
Smith began his Wall Street career as an independent floor broker of the New York Stock Exchange. In 1975, he relocated to Chicago to join Mitchell Hutchins, where he served as vice president until 1979 when he returned to New York and was named partner of CMJ Partners. In 1997, he joined Bear Wagner as managing director.

Smith served as the director, secretary, and dinner chairman for the Alfred E. Smith Memorial Foundation, as well as master of ceremonies at the annual Alfred E. Smith Memorial Foundation Dinner.

In December 2006, after 35 years on Wall Street, he retired from his position as managing director of Bear Wagner Specialists LLC, a specialist and member firm of the New York Stock Exchange.

Nonprofit work
Smith's work on behalf of charities in New York and Connecticut was extensive. In addition to his work with the Alfred E. Smith Memorial Foundation, he was a founding member and serves as chairman of the Ireland Chamber of Commerce of the USA, director of the Center for Hope, former trustee of Calvary Hospital and served on the board of Saint Vincent's Hospital in Manhattan from 1986 until its closure in April 2010. Smith and other members of the Saint Vincent's board were criticized by community leaders in 2010 in connection with the closure and bankruptcy of Saint Vincent's. A lawsuit is pending in connection with the alleged mismanagement of the hospital. Smith was the chairman of Hackers for Hope, an organization he co-founded in 1988 to raise money for cancer research and treatment. Since its first "tournament" in 1988, Hackers for Hope had donated a total of more than $8,000,000 to Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Centers Comprehensive Cancer Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and other organizations committed to finding a cure for and treating cancer. Smith's work with Saint Vincent's Medical Centers was rooted in his family history with Saint Vincent's, which extended back 70 years to when his great-grandfather was involved in St. Vincent's. In his role as chairman, Smith's focus was on building a new state of the art hospital that would continue to tackle the healthcare needs of the New York community. However, the hospital filed for bankruptcy and closed in the spring of 2010.

Smith served as president of the Society of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick in New York, from 2005 until 2007, and as the president of Kappa Beta Phil.

Honors and awards

Over the years, Smith received numerous honors and awards. Accolades awarded to Smith include:
 Knight of Malta
 Ellis Island Medal of Honor (1994)
 American Cancer Society "Gold Sword of Hope Award" (1993)
 Our Lady of Mercy Medical Center "Terence Cardinal Cooke Humanitarian Award" (1993)
 National Conference of Christians and Jews "National Brotherhood Award" (1994)
 Catholic Youth Organization "Club of Champions Gold Medal Award" (1994)
 Pregnancy Care Center "Humanitarian Award" (1995)
 Iona Preparatory School "Man of the Year" (1996)
 Boy Scouts of America "Good Scout of the Year" (1998)
 Terence Cardinal Cooke Health Care Center "Partnership Award" (1999)
 Ireland Chamber of Commerce of the USA's "Man of the Year" (2000)
 St. James School's "Man of the Year" (2003)
United Hospital Fund honoree (2004)
Saint Vincent's Hospital Angelus Award (2005)

References

External links

1951 births
2019 deaths
Businesspeople from Brooklyn
Villanova University alumni
American brokers
American Roman Catholics
American stockbrokers
20th-century American philanthropists

Alfred E. Smith IV


Wallace Harper Burnette (June 20, 1929 – February 12, 2003) was an American professional baseball player who pitched for the Kansas City Athletics from -. He was born in Blairs, Virginia.

In three seasons, he compiled a win–loss record of 14–21, appeared in 68 games, started 27 games, completing 5 games and once pitching a shutout, pitched 262.7 innings, walked 122, struck out 122, gave up 259 hits, and had a career ERA of 3.65. His key pitch was his knuckleball.

Burnette was signed as an amateur free agent by the New York Yankees, but was traded to Kansas City for future Hall of Fame manager Tommy Lasorda on July 11, 1956.

Burnette's daughter said of him:
He thought the salaries [current major leaguers] were drawing were ridiculous. What he made then wasn't even 1 percent of what they're making now. He played for the love of the game.

See also

List of knuckleball pitchers

References

External links

Wally Burnette Obituary at Baseball Almanac

1929 births
2003 deaths
Baseball players from Virginia
Major League Baseball pitchers
Kansas City Athletics players
Denver Bears players
Portland Beavers players
Shreveport Sports players
Binghamton Triplets players
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
Norfolk Tars players
Knuckleball pitchers
People from Pittsylvania County, Virginia
Easton Yankees players
Blackstone Barristers players

Wally Burnette


Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov (; 7 July 1854, Borok – 30 July 1946) was a Russian revolutionary who spent about 25 years in prison for revolutionary activities against the Tsarist government. He was also an academic, publishing works in various fields of science and history, and a pioneer of aviation in Russia. At age 88, he briefly served in the Red Army as a sniper during World War II, becoming the oldest known combatant of the war.

Early life and revolutionary activities

The son of a wealthy landowner and a serf woman who was bonded to his estate, Morozov was born in the village of Borok in the Governorate of Yaroslavl. He was initially educated at home before he started studying at the Second Moscow Gymnasium in 1869. He disliked the curriculum, especially Latin and divine law. He founded an informal self-education circle in natural science. He also attended lectures at Moscow University disguised in a student's uniform. He was expelled from school for distributing a science journal that had not been approved by the censorship division. Showing an early interest in politics, he was on a police watchlist as a student. He joined the Circle of Tchaikovsky and was active in distributing propaganda among peasants in the Moscow, Voronezh, and Kursk governorates before police persecution forced him to return to Moscow. He moved to Saint Petersburg before departing for Geneva in 1874.

In 1875, he returned to Russia and was arrested at the border but released after his father paid his bail. He again devoted himself to revolutionary activities, distributing propaganda among the peasants of Saratov governorate.

In 1878, having returned to Saint Petersburg, Morozov was a member of Land and Liberty group where he co-edited their mouthpiece, Land and Liberty, (with Sergey Stepnyak-Kravchinsky). When the group faced an internal crisis over tactics, it split into two groups in August 1879. Morozov rejected the continued use of propaganda to bring about social change and, instead, advocated for use of direct action. He joined the more radical of the two factions, Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), eventually becoming one of its leaders.

In 1880, Olga Lyubatovich and Morozov left Narodnaya Volya and went to live in Geneva and London, where he was introduced to Karl Marx. While in exile, Morozov wrote The Terrorist Struggle, a pamphlet that explained his views on how to achieve a democratic society in Russia. He advocated for large numbers of small, independent terrorist groups and argued that this approach would make it difficult for the Tsarist secret police to apprehend the terrorists. This would also help to prevent a small group of leaders gaining power, forming oligarchical dictatorships after the overthrow of the Tsar.

Morozov returned to Russia in order to distribute The Terrorist Struggle on January 28, 1881, but was arrested at the border. He was imprisoned in Suwałki. Lyubatovich, having only just gone through childbirth, decided to attempt to rescue Morozov. However, her plan did not go well, and she was arrested and sent to Siberia in November 1882.

Later life and ideas

Between 1882 and 1905, Morozov was imprisoned in Peter and Paul Fortress and in Shlisselburg Fortress for his political activities. During this period, he wrote political verse and began intense studies in the fields of physics, chemistry, astronomy, and history. After receiving permission to use theological literature, he learned Hebrew and began an in-depth study of Biblical history. After his release in 1905, he taught chemistry and astronomy at the University of St. Petersburg. In 1907, he was elected into the Duma, but as a former prisoner he was not allowed to take office. He became a member of many scientific associations, including the Russian Aero-club. For the publication of his book Songs of the Stars in 1910, he was imprisoned for another year.

Many of his ideas were considered unorthodox and daring. He conjectured that atoms have a complicated level structure and may be transformed. In his treatise on the periodic table, Morozov predicted the discovery of inert elements.

In 1907, Morozov published The Revelation in Storm and Thunder in which he produced evidence for his hypotheses:
 The Revelation to John can be dated astronomically to 30 September 395.
 The author of the Revelation is identical with John Chrysostom.

Morozov became a pioneer of aeronautics in Russia in the 1910s. He flew airplanes and balloons, including over the Shlisselburg Fortress where he had been imprisoned, and lectured at an aviation school. He proposed a parachute system which would automatically open and special suits for high-altitude flights. During World War I, Morozov went to the front in 1915 as a delegate of the All-Russian Zemstvo Union to aid the sick and wounded.

After the October Revolution, Morozov took little interest in politics and never joined the Communist Party. However, he was still appointed by Anatoly Lunacharsky to run the P. S. Lesgaft Institute of Natural Sciences in Petrograd (Leningrad), a position which he kept until his death at the age of 92. Based on the astronomical records such as the Almagest, he speculated that much of human history has been falsified. His theories about the chronology of the Middle East and Israel before the first century BCE later attracted the attention of Anatoly Fomenko, who based his own New Chronology upon them.

In his declining years, Morozov established a laboratory in his native Borok, north of Uglich, to monitor and study "inland waters". In 1932 he was named an Honorary Member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.

In 1942, Morozov, then aged 88, enlisted in the Red Army to fight in World War II. He had taken a sniper course in 1939 and claimed to be working on a new telescopic sight which needed to be field tested, threatening that if he was not allowed to enlist he would ask Joseph Stalin himself to intervene. The military leadership gave in and enlisted him. In December 1942, he was assigned to a battalion in the Volkhov area during the Siege of Leningrad as a sniper. He shot accurately despite needing glasses and, in one instance, spent half a day lying in ambush in the snow before killing a German officer. He used his academic training to enhance his effectiveness as a sniper, studying the trajectory of his bullets and making adjustments for humidity and wind. After a month he was pulled from the front line despite his protests. He unsuccessfully demanded to be returned to the front several months later. He was awarded the Medal "For the Defence of Leningrad" and the Order of Lenin in 1944.

Morozov died on 30 July, 1946 at the age of 92.

His memorial house in Borok is open to the public with his gravesite being close by. The asteroid 1210 Morosovia is named in his honor.

Notes

References
Morozow, Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Ed., vol. 16, Moscow, 1974, cols. 1727–1728.
Nikolai A. Morosow: "The Revelation in Storm and Thunder. History of the Apocalypses origin." (Откровение в грозе и буре. История возникновения Апокалипсиса. СПб.: Былое, 1907.)
Biography of Morozov at Spartacus Educational
Michael S. Kissell, "The Revelation in Storm and Thunder", Popular Astronomy, 48 (1940), 537-549 & 49 (1941), 13-24 - gives a summary of Morozov's 1905 astronomical dating of the Book of Revelation.
N.T. Bobrovnikoff, "Pseudo-Science and Revelation", Popular Astronomy, 49 (1941), 251-257 - gives a critique of Morozov's dating of the Book of Revelation.

1854 births
1946 deaths
20th-century Russian scientists
People from Yaroslavl Oblast
Honorary Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Narodnaya Volya
Narodniks
Russian Constitutional Democratic Party members
Prisoners of Shlisselburg fortress
Prisoners of the Peter and Paul Fortress
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Revolutionaries from the Russian Empire
Soviet people

Nikolai Morozov (revolutionary)


Stanislao Lista (Salerno, December 8, 1824 – 1908) was an Italian sculptor active in Naples.

Biography
Stanislao Lista carved one of the four lions in marble in Piazza dei Martiri, Napoli. The lion, hit by a sword, is dedicated to the Carbonari soldiers, who died in the wars of 1820. He is author of the angels in the facade of Naples Cathedral who carry the symbols of Saint Januarius, on the tower at the right side, and a large statue of Giovanni Paisiello located in the vestibule of the San Carlo Theater in Naples.

Lista studied design under Giovanni Tamburini of Bologna, and architecture and perspective with his father. After two years of study in Salerno, he traveled to Naples to study under Gaetano Forte, then in the Institute of Fine Arts of Naples. He first exhibited a painting La Phità (1845), which gained him a stipend. In 1852, he exhibited in Naples: David defeats Goliath, which was awarded a first class silver medal. In 1856 he won another prize for a bas-relief: Priam implores from Achilles the cadaver of Hector, which gained him a stipend to work in Rome.

In Rome he was liberated as an artist, focusing on sculpture. He next completed a bas relief of the Last Supper and also a large group: La guarigione del cieco nato; he was awarded a gold medal in Rome for these. He exhibited at the Naples Promotrice. He became Inspector in Naples for City Hall. In 1860 in 10 days he modeled a stucco sculpture of General La Marmora, raised to celebrated the entry of Vittorio Emanuele to Naples. He also completed Il Paisiello, for the theater of San Carlo. In 1869 he completed a wooden Putto for the Prince of Naples. He made a bust of his father, in an impressionist style, exhibited at the Promotrice of Naples, and at the Exhibition of Parma del 1871, then the Mostra internazionale of Paris and of Rome. In 1877 at the national Exposition of Naples he exhibited an Immaculate Conception in wood and designed a Monument to Lord Byron. In 1878, he was nominated Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy. For the Cathedral of San Gennaro in Naples and for the tower of San Gennaro, he completed reliefs with angels.  He completed busts of Raffaele Conforti and Stanislao Mancini for the Tribunal of Naples.

He was teacher at the academy of fine arts in Naples; among his pupils were Enrico Salvatori, Vincenzo Gemito, Francesco Jerace, Ettore Ximenes, Costantino Barbella, Raffaele Armando Califano Mundo, and Antonio Mancini.

His most famous pupil was the Neapolitan sculptor Giovanni de Martino.

References

19th-century Italian sculptors
Italian male sculptors
People from Salerno
Artists from Campania
1908 deaths
1824 births
19th-century Italian male artists

Stanislao Lista


Sampson Hale Butler (January 3, 1803 – March 16, 1848) was a U.S. Representative from South Carolina.

Born near Ninety Six, Edgefield District, South Carolina, Butler attended the country schools and South Carolina College (now the University of South Carolina) at Columbia.  He studied law.  He was admitted to the bar in 1825 and commenced practice in Edgefield, South Carolina.

He moved to Barnwell, South Carolina, and continued the practice of law.  Sheriff of Barnwell County 1832–1839, he then served as member of the State house of representatives from 1832–1835.

Butler was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh Congresses and served from March 4, 1839, until September 27, 1842, when he resigned.

He resumed the practice of law.  He moved to Florida and died in Tallahassee, Florida, March 16, 1848.  He was interred in a cemetery in that city.

Sources

1803 births
1848 deaths
People from Barnwell, South Carolina
Democratic Party members of the South Carolina House of Representatives
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina
19th-century American politicians
People from Edgefield County, South Carolina

Sampson H. Butler


Ampaw, ampao or arroz inflado, usually anglicized as pop rice or puffed rice, is a Filipino sweet puffed rice cake. It is traditionally made with sun-dried leftover cooked white rice that is fried and coated with syrup.

Etymology
Ampáw means "puffed grain" in Philippine languages. Though it applies predominantly to the rice version, popcorn can also be referred to as ampáw (more accurately as ampáw na mais, "puffed corn"). In Cebuano slang, ampáw is also a euphemism roughly equivalent to the English idiom "[a person] full of hot air". Blust (2010-2020) posits it to be from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ampaw ("empty husk (of rice, etc.)"). Another Filipino word, ampaw (also spelled as angpao or ampao), referring to Chinese red envelopes should not be confused with this term, as they are close homonyms from Philippine Hokkien .

Description
Ampaw is made with cooked white rice (usually leftovers). It is dried in the sun for around four hours. They are then fried in hot oil to make them puff up. The oil is drained thoroughly after frying. The sugar glazing is cooked separately using muscovado sugar or molasses (or corn syrup),  salt, butter, and vinegar or calamansi juice. The glazing is poured unto the puffed rice and mixed until the grains are evenly coated. It is then allowed to cool and shaped into the desired form before it fully hardens. They are usually cut into square or rectangular blocks or molded into balls.

Traditional ampaw is white in color, but many modern variants are dyed in various colors to appeal more to children.

Variations
Ampaw can be easily modified with added ingredients. Examples include roasted peanuts, pinipig (toasted young rice), and chocolate. Ampaw can also be made with other types of rice, like brown rice or black rice.

References

See also
Pinipig
Binatog

Philippine desserts
Philippine rice dishes
Philippine snack food
Rice cakes

Ampaw


Smoky Cell is a thriller play by the British writer Edgar Wallace first staged in 1930. In America a group of detectives hunt down a notorious racketeer.

It ran for 103 performances at Wyndham's Theatre in the West End from 16 December 1930 to 14 March 1931. The original cast included Finlay Currie, Percy Parsons, Charles Farrell, Harold Huth, Roy Emerton and James Carew, and was directed by Carol Reed. It marked Canadian actor Alexander Knox's London stage debut.

It was an inspired by a visit Wallace had recently made to the United States, which also led him to write his even more successful play On the Spot the same year. In 1935, following Wallace's death, his former assistant Robert Curtis wrote a novel of the same title based on the play.

References

Bibliography
 Kabatchnik, Amnon. Blood on the Stage, 1975-2000: Milestone Plays of Crime, Mystery, and Detection : an Annotated Repertoire. Rowman & Littlefield, 2012.
 Wearing, J. P. The London Stage 1930–1939: A Calendar of Productions, Performers, and Personnel.  Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.

1930 plays
Plays by Edgar Wallace
Plays set in the United States
West End plays

Smoky Cell


Bengeo Rural is a civil parish in the East Hertfordshire district of Hertfordshire, England.  According to the 2001 census it had a population of 601, increasing at the 2011 Census to 644.    The parish includes the villages of Tonwell and Chapmore End.

It originated as a split of the Bengeo parish in 1894 under the provisions of the Local Government Act, the remainder of which was amalgamated with Hertford Town Council.

References

External links

 B.R.P.C. Website

Civil parishes in Hertfordshire
East Hertfordshire District

Bengeo Rural


Coraid, Inc. is a computer data storage vendor that provides storage area network (SAN) products that use Ethernet, headquartered in Athens, Georgia.

History

The company was founded by Brantley Coile, who previously worked on the Cisco PIX firewall and Cisco LocalDirector products.
Coile began the research and development phase of the company in 2000 after leaving Cisco Systems, and developed the ATA over Ethernet (AoE) protocol, which enables storage networking using raw Ethernet frames for transport.

The company began selling its EtherDrive family of storage arrays in 2004.  The open AoE protocol was released to the Linux community, and included in the Linux kernel since 2005, starting with version 2.6.11.

Coraid was backed with a total of $114.3 million in funding.  The company received a first, $10 million round of institutional financing from two venture capital funds in January 2010, at the same time introducing new management and an advisory board.  The company also moved its headquarters to Redwood City, CA early in 2010.  Coraid secured an additional $25 million in Series B funding in November 2010, followed by a third round of $50M in November 2011. In December 2013 the company received its final round of $29.3M.

The company website said they had more than 1,700 customers in sectors including media, hosting service providers, telecommunications, healthcare, aerospace, manufacturing, and government.

In January 2015, CEO Dave Kresse acknowledged a funding shortfall.

On January 14, 2015, all employees were terminated abruptly, given their final paychecks with no severance.

In May 2015, The Brantley Coile Company bought all the EtherDrive SRX and VSX assets.

In August 2016, SouthSuite acquired the Coraid trademark.

Coraid hardware and software products, VSX and SRX started shipping again in 2017.

References

External links

American companies established in 2000
Companies based in Athens, Georgia
2000 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Privately held companies based in Georgia (U.S. state)

Coraid, Inc.


Capparis lasiantha is an endemic Australian plant with a range that extends from the Kimberley region through the Northern Territory and Queensland to northern New South Wales, primarily in drier inland areas although the species extends to the coast in Central Queensland.  Common names are numerous and include wyjeelah, nepine, split jack, nipang creeper, nipan, native orange and bush caper.

Description
The seedlings and young plants begin life as climbing vines that cling to the host plants by means sharp spines on the stems. Some plants may retain this climbing form into maturity, while others go on to develop into a scrambling shrub up to  in height.

Mature plants produce large, white perfumed flowers which are followed by hard, ellipsoidal fruit up to 4 cm long. Upon ripening the fruit becomes soft and fragrant, eventually splitting to reveal a sweet, edible pulp surrounding the seed.

Taxonomy
Swiss botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle described Capparis lasiantha in his 1824 work Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, and it still bears its original name. It was originally published by Robert Brown who did not give enough detail in his description to distinguish it from other species. This was later done by de Candolle, and hence the correct name is Capparis lasiantha R.Br. ex DC. with both botanists treated as authors.

Ecology and uses
Caterpillars of the caper white (Belenois java) feed on its leaves. Capparis lasiantha  has been recorded as a host for the mistletoe species Lysiana subfalcata.

The fruit was used as food by Aboriginal people throughout its range. A concoction from the bark was used as a treatment for animal bites and stings in the Broome region. Farmers could use the leaves as fodder for livestock in periods of drought.

Cultivation
A drought tolerant plant, Capparis lasiantha can be grown in arid or subtropical gardens, its heavy flowering and edible fruit give it horticultural potential. It can be propagated by seed.

Gallery

References

lasiantha
Endemic flora of Australia
Flora of Queensland
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Western Australia
Bushfood
Australian Aboriginal bushcraft
Rosids of Australia
Desert fruits
Drought-tolerant plants
Taxa named by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle

Capparis lasiantha


Andouille is a type of pork sausage. It is spicy (hot in taste) and smoked. There are different kinds, all with different combinations of pork meat, fat, intestines (tubes going to the stomach), and tripe (the wall of the stomach).

Other sorts are "French andouille" and "German andouille"; they are less spicy than Cajun. Cajun has extra salt, black pepper, and garlic. Andouille makers smoke the sausages over pecan wood and sugar cane for a maximum of seven or eight hours, at about 175 degrees Fahrenheit (80 degrees Celsius).

Sausage

Andouille


Thomas Michael "Tim" Scanlon (; born 1940), usually cited as T. M. Scanlon, is an American philosopher.  At the time of his retirement in 2016, he was the Alford Professor of Natural Religion, Moral Philosophy, and Civil Polity in Harvard University's Department of Philosophy, where he had taught since 1984. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2018.

Life and career
Scanlon was born on June 28, 1940, and grew up in Indianapolis, Indiana. He obtained his undergraduate degree from Princeton University in 1962;  earned his PhD in philosophy from Harvard under Burton Dreben in 1968; studied for a year at Oxford University on a Fulbright Scholarship; and returned to Princeton University, where he taught from 1966 until 1984. He was made a MacArthur Fellow in 1993.

His teaching in the department has included courses on theories of justice, equality, and recent ethical theory. His book, What We Owe to Each Other, was published by Harvard University Press in 1998; a collection of papers on political theory, The Difficulty of Tolerance, was published by Cambridge University Press in 2003.

Scanlon is the father-in-law of philosopher and African-American studies scholar Tommie Shelby.

Philosophical work

Scanlon's dissertation and some of his first papers were in mathematical logic, where his main concern was in proof theory, but he turned to ethics and political philosophy, where he developed a version of contractualism in the line of John Rawls, Immanuel Kant, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.  Scanlon has also published important work on freedom of speech, equality, tolerance, foundations of contract law, human rights, conceptions of welfare, and theories of justice, as well as on foundational questions in moral theory.

Contractualism

Contractualism is a constructivist attempt at providing a unified account of the subject matter of a central part of morality which Scanlon calls "what we owe to each other." The normative domain of what we owe to each other is meant to encompass those duties to other people which we bear in virtue of their standing as rational creatures. A broader conception of morality includes whatever else we may owe to specific people, such as the special obligations we bear in relations with friends and family, or whatever else morality may require of us, such as the way in which we treat ourselves or nature. Scanlon believes that what we owe to each other, or what we could loosely call "the morality of right and wrong", is distinct from this broader conception of morality in that contractualism provides a unified account of its content.

In this form of contractualism, judgements about right and wrong, unlike empirical judgements, are not theoretical claims about the nature of the spatiotemporal world but rather practical claims about what we have reason to do. Further, they are a particularly important class of practical claims in that the judgement that an action is wrong is taken to provide reasons to not do that action which are most often considered to be decisive against competing reasons. Following this point, Scanlon takes questions about the reason-giving force of moral judgements to be prior to questions about the subject matter of the morality of right and wrong. More explicitly, he thinks that if we provide an account of the extraordinary reason-giving force of moral judgements then this account could largely form the basis for a characterisation of the subject matter of what we owe to each other.

Scanlon grounds the reason-giving force of judgements about right and wrong in "the positive value of a way of living with others". A way of living with others which is typified by an ideal of mutual recognition between rational agents, where mutual recognition demands that moral agents acknowledge the value of human life and respond to this value in the right ways.

On the question of how ought we to value human, or rational, life, Scanlon argues that different valuable things require different ways of valuing. In contrast to teleological accounts of value, often to take something to be of value is not only to see reason to bring about a maximal amount of that thing. This is especially true when considering the value of human life. When we value human life, he writes, we do not see this as a reason to create as much human life as we can. Rather, we tend to see reason to respect other human beings, to protect them from death and other forms of harm and, in general, to want their lives to go well. More important for Scanlon, to value rational life is to recognize the features which distinguish rational life from other valuable things, specifically, the ability of rational creatures to assess reasons and judgements, and to govern their lives in accordance with these assessments. Scanlon asserts that the proper response to the recognition of these distinctive features is to treat rational creatures in terms of principles which they could not reasonably reject.

From this point, Scanlon's account of the value of rational life provides a focus around which his account of the reason-giving force of moral judgements dovetails quite neatly with a characterization of the method of reasoning which we use to arrive at judgements of right and wrong, a method, moreover, which seems to be phenomenologically plausible. The reason-giving force of moral judgements is grounded in an ideal of mutual recognition which requires treating others in accordance with principles that they could not reasonably reject. Because mutual recognition requires that these other people are also appropriately motivated, this entails Scanlon's formulation of wrongness: "An act is wrong if and only if any principle that permitted it would be one that could reasonably be rejected by people moved to find principles for the general regulation of behaviour that others, similarly motivated, could not reasonably reject". An act is right, quite simply, if a principle permitting it could not reasonably be rejected in terms of this contractualist formulation.

Regarding how moral principles are derived from the contractualist formulation, when considering whether a principle can be rejected we must take into account the consequences, in general, of its being accepted, not only the consequences of the particular actions that it allows. Because we cannot be sure about who will be affected by a principle, and how they will be affected, we must draw on our experience of life and consider the "generic reasons" which individuals are likely to have, as a result of their general circumstances, to reject a principle. In order to determine whether a principle is reasonably rejectable, we must impartially weigh these generic reasons against each other, and exercising our judgement, draw a conclusion about what the weight of reasons support. Given the motivation of finding principles for the general regulation of society that no-one could reasonably reject, if the weight of reasons support a certain conclusion then it would be unreasonable to reject that conclusion. Importantly, principles can only be rejected by individuals; aggregation of reasons across individuals is not allowed. So if the generic reasons of an individual carry more weight than any other individual's generic reasons, then his generic reasons are (for the most part) decisive in determining principles.

The generic reasons which are open to consideration under the contractualist formulation are any reasons which we judge as relevant to reasonable rejectability. This requires that we exercise our judgement in determining whether such reasons would be suitable grounds for mutual recognition. Therefore, that a principle would negatively affect a person's well-being is not the only kind of reason which may be brought against a principle. Other considerations, such as how a burden would be imposed by a principle, can serve as reasonable grounds for rejection.

While contractualism only provides an account of that central part of morality which deals with what we owe to each other, Scanlon writes that this part of morality is related to the broader realm of morality in complex ways. There is pressure for the morality of what we owe to each other to acknowledge the values included in the broader realm of morality insofar as principles which don't make room for these values could be reasonably rejected. In turn, these values must accommodate the dictates of what we owe to each other to the extent that they involve relations with others, who have separate moral standing.

Reasons Fundamentalism
In his 2009 John Locke Lectures at Oxford, Scanlon argued in favor of what he calls "Reasons Fundamentalism." This is "the thesis that there are irreducibly normative truths about reasons for action." Scanlon refined and published this material in his book Being Realistic about Reasons.

In popular culture
Scanlon's What We Owe to Each Other is referenced several times in the American television series The Good Place, serving as the initial text used to instruct the protagonist Eleanor, who has apparently ended up in Heaven by mistake. The phrase "What We Owe to Each Other" is used as the title of the sixth episode of the first season, and that episode features a summary of Scanlon's ideas, as does the season two finale. Scanlon's ideas play a prominent role in the series finale, in which Eleanor finally finishes reading Scanlon's book and uses the principles of contractualism to explain a crucial decision that she makes.

Selected works

Books

Chapters in books
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Articles

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References

Sources
Interviews with Scanlon
 'The Kingdom of Ends on the Cheap' in Alex Voorhoeve Conversations on Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2009.
 "Ethics of Blame"
 An Interview with T. M. Scanlon by Yascha Mounk, 2012-07-07.
 Interview with Fifteen Minutes Magazine, The Harvard Crimson. Asking Philosopher T. M. Scanlon 'What We Owe to Each Other'

External links
 The Department of Philosophy at Harvard
 Contractualism at Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Ashford E, Mulgan T

1940 births
Living people
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
Analytic philosophers
American philosophy academics
American political philosophers
Harvard University alumni
Princeton University alumni
Princeton University faculty
Harvard University faculty
Harvard University Department of Philosophy faculty
Proof theorists
Philosophers from Indiana
Writers from Indianapolis
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Presidents of the American Philosophical Association
MacArthur Fellows

T. M. Scanlon