On February 14, 2018, 19-year-old Nikolas Cruz opened fire on students and staff at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in the Miami suburban town of Parkland, Florida, United States, killing 17 people and injuring 17 others. Cruz, a former student at the school, fled the scene on foot by blending in with other students and was arrested without incident approximately one hour and twenty minutes later in nearby Coral Springs. Police and prosecutors investigated "a pattern of disciplinary issues and unnerving behavior".

The incident is the deadliest mass shooting at a high school in United States history. The shooting came at a period of heightened public support for gun control that followed mass shootings in Paradise, Nevada, and in Sutherland Springs, Texas, in October and November 2017.

Students at Parkland founded Never Again MSD, an advocacy group that lobbies for gun control. On , Governor Rick Scott signed a bill that implemented new restrictions to Florida's gun laws and also allowed for the arming of teachers who were properly trained and the hiring of more school resource officers.

The Broward County Sheriff's Office received widespread criticism for its handling of the police response, both for not following up on multiple warnings about Cruz despite a lengthy record of threatening behavior and for staying outside the school instead of immediately confronting him. This led to the resignations of several police officers who responded to the scene, and the removal of Sheriff Scott Israel. A commission appointed by then-Governor Scott to investigate the shooting condemned the police inaction and urged school districts across the state to adopt greater measures of security.

On October 20, 2021, Cruz pleaded guilty to all charges and apologized for his crimes. The prosecution sought the death penalty, and a four-month death penalty trial was expected to commence in January 2022. After suffering numerous delays, in part due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the trial commenced on July 18, 2022. On October 13, 2022, a jury unanimously agreed that Cruz was eligible for the death penalty, but deadlocked on whether it should be imposed, resulting in a recommendation to sentence him to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. On November 2, 2022, Cruz was sentenced to life without parole, in accordance with a Florida law requiring the court not to depart from the jury's recommendation. The unanimity required to impose the death penalty has since been overturned by a bill signed by Governor Ron DeSantis, partly as a result of Cruz's sentencing.

Shooting

The shooting took place during the afternoon of , 2018, at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, an affluent suburb about  northwest of Fort Lauderdale and  northwest of Miami. The shooter, Nikolas Cruz, was dropped off at the school by an Uber driver at 2:19 p.m., 20 minutes before dismissal time. According to a police report, Cruz was carrying a rifle case and a backpack. He was spotted and recognized by a campus monitor who radioed a colleague that he was walking "purposefully" toward Building 12. The campus monitor did not declare a Code Red lockdown and sent a radio message to a colleague inside Building 12, which Cruz had entered. The school's policies did not specify clearly who could order a lockdown, and staff had been trained not to order a lockdown unless they saw a gun or heard shots being fired. The campus monitor who received the radio warning hid inside a janitor's closet after hearing shots being fired, and survived the attack.

Cruz entered Building 12, a three-story structure containing 30 classrooms typically occupied by about 900 students and 30 teachers. Armed with an AR-15-style semi-automatic rifle and multiple magazines, Cruz entered a hallway and began firing indiscriminately at students and teachers. A fire alarm went off, causing confusion because there had been a fire drill earlier in the day. Cruz first killed three students in the hallway, then fired through the windows of four closed classroom doors, killing six more students and wounding thirteen others. Students were unable to seek shelter at "hard corners"—areas of a classroom that people could safely hide at if a gunman peered through the window of a door—because many of the classrooms in Building 12 lacked one, and furniture otherwise obstructed potential safe spaces. Out of the seventeen killed, fourteen were students while three were faculty members. Two of those killed were students in Ivy Schamis' Holocaust History class; Schamis was teaching a class lesson on combating hate when Cruz fired shots into her classroom. Around five students from Schamis' class were injured. According to Schamis, Cruz was unaware he was shooting into a class on the Holocaust, even though he had scrawled swastikas onto the ammunition magazines that he left at the school.

As the shooting unfolded, a "Code Red" was still not called due to confusion among school employees over who had the authority to do so. At about 2:21 p.m., a staff member eventually activated a lockdown, but only after discovering the body of a victim and hearing gunfire. An armed school resource officer of the Broward County Sheriff's Office was on campus when the shooting broke out, and he remained outside between Building 12 and the adjacent Building 7.

After killing two staff members near a stairwell, Cruz went to the second floor, where he fired into two more classrooms but did not hit anyone. On the third floor, he shot and killed five students and another staff member, who all had been stranded in the hallway; four other students were injured. Next, he went into a teachers' lounge where he attempted to shoot out the hurricane-resistant windows facing the yard in order to target students and staff fleeing below, but failed.

After he stopped shooting (possibly due to a weapon malfunction), Cruz dropped his rifle on the third floor of the building and left the scene by blending in with fleeing students. He then walked to a fast-food restaurant, stopping at a mall to get a soda on the way, and lingered before leaving on foot at 3:01 p.m.
At about 3:40 p.m., police stopped Cruz  from the school in the Wyndham Lakes neighborhood of Coral Springs and arrested him as the suspected shooter. He was then taken to a hospital emergency room with "labored breathing." After 40 minutes, Cruz was released back into police custody and booked into the Broward County Jail.

The shooting lasted for about six minutes in total, and all of the victims were shot within just under four minutes. School surveillance camera video showed Cruz as the shooter, and he was also recognized by eyewitnesses. While SWAT paramedics were inside the building, additional paramedics from the local Fire-Rescue department repeatedly requested to enter the building. These requests were denied by the Broward Sheriff's Office, even after the suspect was arrested.

Victims

Seventeen people were killed, and seventeen more were wounded but survived. Three remained in critical condition the day after the shooting, and one remained by the second day.

Fatalities
Twelve victims died inside the building, three died just outside the building on school premises, and two died in the hospital.

The fourteen students and three staff members killed were:

 Alyssa Alhadeff, 14
 Scott Beigel, 35
 Martin Duque, 14
 Nicholas Dworet, 17
 Aaron Feis, 37
 Jaime Guttenberg, 14
 Chris Hixon, 49
 Luke Hoyer, 15
 Cara Loughran, 14
 Gina Montalto, 14
 Joaquin Oliver, 17
 Alaina Petty, 14
 Meadow Pollack, 18
 Helena Ramsay, 17
 Alex Schachter, 14
 Carmen Schentrup, 16
 Peter Wang, 15

Geography teacher Scott Beigel was killed after he unlocked a classroom for students to enter and hide from Cruz. Aaron Feis, an assistant football coach and security guard, was killed as he shielded two students. Chris Hixon, the school's athletic director, was killed as he ran toward the sound of the gunfire and tried to help fleeing students.

Student Peter Wang was last seen in his Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC) uniform, holding doors open so others could get out more quickly; Wang was unable to flee with the students when Cruz appeared and fatally shot him. Commentators commended his actions and described him as a hero. A White House petition was circulated, calling for him to be buried with full military honors. At their respective funerals, Wang, Alaina Petty, and Martin Duque were all posthumously honored by the U.S. Army with the ROTC Medal for Heroism, and Wang was buried in his JROTC Blues uniform. On , he was given a rare posthumous admission to the United States Military Academy.

Alyssa Alhadeff was the captain of the Parkland Soccer Club. On , 2018—nearly three weeks after the shooting—she was honored by the United States women's national soccer team prior to a game in Orlando. Her teammates and family were invited to the game and presented with official jerseys that featured her name.

Meadow Pollack was a senior who was shot four times. As Cruz fired into other classrooms, Pollack crawled to a classroom door but was unable to get inside. Cara Loughran, a freshman, was alongside Pollack, and Pollack covered Loughran in an attempt to shield her from the bullets. The shooter returned to the classroom and located Pollack and Loughran, discharging his weapon five more times and killing both girls.

Injuries and survivors

The last victim to remain hospitalized,  Anthony Borges, was discharged on . Dubbed "the real Iron Man", Borges was shot five times after he used his body to barricade the door of a classroom where twenty students were inside. Upon his release, Borges issued a statement that criticized the actions of Broward Sheriff's deputies, Sheriff Scott Israel, and School Superintendent Robert Runcie. His family has filed notice of its intent to sue the school district for personal injury to cover costs related to his recovery. Borges was honored with a humanitarian award at the 2018 BET Awards.

Survivors of the shooting, teachers and students alike, have struggled with survivor's guilt and other symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). On March 17, 2019, thirteen months after the shooting, 19-year-old Sydney Aiello, who survived and whose friend Meadow Pollack had been killed during the shooting, died by suicide after struggling to attend college. She was terrified of being in a classroom and also had been treated for survivor's guilt and PTSD.  Less than a week later, a 16-year-old boy who had survived the shooting died by suicide.

Teacher Ivy Schamis was presented with USC Shoah Foundation's inaugural Stronger Than Hate Educator Award in 2019.  During her acceptance speech at the award ceremony, Schamis honored victims Nicholas Dworet and Helena Ramsay, who died in her class during the shooting.

Perpetrator

Nikolas Jacob Cruz was born on September 24, 1998, to a Jewish mother in Margate, Florida, and was adopted at birth by Lynda and Roger Cruz. Both his adoptive parents died; Roger at age 67 on August 11, 2004; Lynda at age 68 on November 1, 2017, leaving Cruz orphaned three months before the shooting. Since his mother's death, he had been living with relatives and friends. At the time of the shooting, he was enrolled in a GED program and employed at a local Dollar Tree.

Cruz had behavioral issues since preschool, and according to The Washington Post he was "entrenched in the process for getting students help rather than referring them to law enforcement". He was transferred between schools six times in three years in an effort to deal with these problems. Cruz returned to Stoneman Douglas High School two years later but was expelled in 2017 for disciplinary reasons. As he could not be expelled from the Broward County School system completely, he was transferred to alternative placement. A former classmate said Cruz had anger management issues and often joked about guns and gun violence, which included threats of shooting up establishments.

The Florida Department of Children and Families investigated him in September 2016 for Snapchat posts in which he cut both his arms and said he planned to buy a gun. At this time, a school resource officer suggested he undergo an involuntary psychiatric examination under the provisions of the Baker Act. Two guidance counselors agreed, but a mental institution did not. State investigators reported he had depression, autism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However Psychologist Frederick M. Kravitz later testified that Cruz was never diagnosed with autism. In their assessment, they concluded he was "at low risk of harming himself or others". He had previously received mental health treatment, but had not received treatment in the year leading up to the shooting.

Broward County Sheriff Scott Israel described Cruz's online profiles and accounts as "very, very disturbing". They contained pictures and posts of him with a variety of weapons, including long knives, a shotgun, a pistol, and a BB gun. Police said that he held "extremist" views; social media accounts that were thought to be linked to him contained anti-black and anti-Muslim slurs. Items recovered by police at the scene included gun magazines with swastikas carved in them.

In February 2017, Cruz legally purchased an AR-15-style semi-automatic rifle from a Coral Springs gun store, after having passed the required background check. Prior to the purchase he had similarly obtained several other firearms, including at least one shotgun and several other rifles. At the time of the shooting, in Florida, it was legal for people as young as 18 to purchase guns from federally licensed dealers, including the rifle allegedly used in the shooting. The minimum age requirement has since been raised to 21.

Earlier warnings to law enforcement
Sheriff Scott Israel said that his office received 23 calls about Cruz during the previous decade, but this figure is in dispute. CNN used a public records request to obtain a sheriff's office log, which showed that from 2008 to 2017, at least 45 calls were made in reference to Cruz, his brother, or the family home. On , 2016, the calls included an anonymous tip that Cruz had threatened to shoot up the school, and a tip on , 2017, that he might be a "school shooter in the making" and that he collected knives and guns. On , 2016, a peer counselor notified the school resource officer of his suicide attempt and intent to buy a gun, and the school indicated it would do a "threat assessment".

On , 2017, a person with the username "nikolas cruz" posted a comment to a YouTube video that read, "Im  going to be a professional school shooter." The person who uploaded the video to YouTube reported the comment to the FBI. According to agent Robert Lasky, the agency conducted database reviews but was unable to track down the individual who made the threatening comment.

On , 2018, less than two months before the shooting, the FBI received a tip on its Public Access Line from a person who was close to Cruz. On , two days after the shooting, the agency released a statement that detailed this information. According to the statement, "The caller provided information about Cruz's gun ownership, desire to kill people, erratic behavior, and disturbing social media posts, as well as the potential of him conducting a school shooting." After conducting an investigation, the FBI said the tip line did not follow protocol when the information was not forwarded to the Miami Field Office, where investigative steps would have been taken. The FBI opened a probe into the tip line's operations.

The lack of response by Israel and other members of the Broward County Sheriff's Office to the numerous red flags and warnings about Cruz has been the subject of scrutiny. In the days following the shooting, calls for Israel's resignation intensified as more information that alluded to the department's inaction was revealed. Israel refused to resign in the immediate aftermath of the shooting, saying during an interview with CNN, "I've given amazing leadership to this agency" while denying responsibility for the actions of his deputies. This culminated in Governor Ron DeSantis removing Israel from his role as Sheriff and replacing him with Gregory Tony.

Legal proceedings

Criminal case

On October 20, 2021, Cruz pleaded guilty to all charges and apologized for his crimes. The prosecution sought the death penalty, and a four-month death penalty trial was expected to commence in January 2022. After suffering numerous delays, in part due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the trial commenced on July 18, 2022. On October 13, 2022, a jury unanimously agreed that Cruz was eligible for the death penalty, but deadlocked on whether it should be imposed, resulting in a recommendation to sentence him to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. On November 2, 2022, Cruz was sentenced to life without parole, in accordance with a Florida law requiring the court not to depart from the jury's recommendation. The unanimity required to impose the death penalty has since been overturned by a bill signed by Governor DeSantis, partly as a result of Cruz's sentencing.

Civil lawsuits
On May 23, 2018, the parents of victims Jaime Guttenberg and Alex Schachter sued firearm manufacturer American Outdoor Brands Corporation, formerly known as Smith & Wesson, the manufacturer of the rifle used by Cruz, and distributor Sunrise Tactical Supply, the retailer who sold Cruz the rifle, claiming damages due to "the defendant's complicity in the entirely foreseeable, deadly use of the assault-style weapons that they place on the market".

Fifteen survivors sued the county, sheriff and school officials for failing to protect them, contending that the government's inadequate response to the shooting violated their Fourteenth Amendment right to due process. This lawsuit was dismissed in December 2018, with the judge citing prior case law in ruling that the government did not have a duty to protect the defendants from the actions of the shooter.

In 2021, the families of the victims of the shooting were awarded a $25 million settlement from Broward County School District, after a civil lawsuit was filed by the families of the 52 victims alleging the school district's negligence was to blame. The money will be paid in three installments and settles 52 of the 53 lawsuits filed against the school district for negligence, although the specified amounts for each family were not released. Later in the year, it was announced that the families of the victims had reached a $125 to $130 million settlement with the federal government, due to the FBI's inactivity about tips on Cruz's stated desire to commit a school attack and the weapons cache that he had. The tip had been through the FBI tip line a month prior to the shooting and detailed Cruz's gun ownership, desire to kill others, erratic behavior, and social media posts, and was not followed up on by investigators.

Aftermath
On May 30, 2018, prosecutors released three videos that they claimed Cruz had recorded on his cellphone before the shooting. In the videos, Cruz appears to describe his personal feelings, his enthusiasm and plan for the shooting, his hatred of people, and how it would make him notorious.

School response
The school district provided grief counseling to students and their families. Florida Attorney General Pam Bondi said that funeral and counseling fees would be paid for by the state.

On , police presence was increased at schools in at least two counties in Florida in response to the shooting.

On , Broward Schools Superintendent Robert Runcie announced that the building where the shooting took place would be demolished. On October 9, 2020, a replacement building was opened. The building where the shooting took place was ordered not to be demolished until the trial of Cruz ended, as it was declared a crime scene. The building is currently scheduled to be demolished in summer 2024.

On , two weeks after the shooting, Stoneman Douglas reopened to students amid a heavy police presence. School principal Ty Thompson emphasized that the first week back would be focused on healing, with classes ending at 11:40 a.m. through . He tweeted "Remember our focus is on emotional readiness and comfort not curriculum: so there is no need for backpacks. Come ready to start the healing process and #RECLAIMTHENEST." Extra counseling and emotional support dogs were provided to students upon their return.

In early April, the school implemented several new safety rules and regulations. The changes included fewer entrances, law enforcement officers at each entrance, identification badges for students and staff, and the requirement that all book bags must be clear plastic. The use of metal detectors was under consideration. Several students criticized the new safety measures as ineffective and intrusive.

On November 30, 2018, the Sun Sentinel reported that Broward County Public Schools, which runs Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, had spent about $185,000 attempting to obscure its role in not preventing the massacre. The district also spent an undisclosed sum on legal opposition to the releasing of records related to the school's treatment of Nikolas Cruz while he was a student, and the school security procedures. A company named CEN received a $60,000 payment to review Cruz's school records and to investigate if the Broward County Public Schools followed the law in its handling of Cruz as a troubled student. The final report omitted various details about the instability of Cruz.

Graduation ceremony
The school held its graduation ceremony on June 3, 2018, and diplomas were presented to the families of Nicholas Dworet, Joaquin Oliver, Meadow Pollack, and Carmen Schentrup, four seniors who were killed in the attack. Stoneman Douglas principal Ty Thompson began by dedicating the ceremony to "those not with us". Many graduates wore sashes that were emblazoned with #MSDStrong, or decorated their caps with references to the Never Again movement, while some dedicated their caps to their late classmates. Families of the victims also made statements; the mother of Joaquin Oliver accepted his diploma wearing a shirt saying "This should be my son". Talk show host Jimmy Fallon made a surprise appearance and gave a commencement speech to the graduating class, thanking them for their courage and bravery.

First anniversary
On the first anniversary of the incident, the school opted to establish a voluntary attendance day, organizing a day of community service with early dismissal so that the school was closed at the time of the attack. A police line was created to shelter those students who chose to attend. The large, planned project for the day was to replace the memorial with a permanent memorial garden. A planned moment of silence at 10:17 am ET was held, with support provided from grief counselors and therapy dogs. An interfaith memorial service was planned in a separate location.

Officer inactivity

SRO Scot Peterson, who was armed, on-site and in uniform as a Broward Sheriff's Office deputy, was accused of remaining outside Building 12 during the shooting. Eight days after the attack, he was suspended without pay by Sheriff Israel, and he immediately retired. Sheriff Israel said "Scot Peterson was absolutely on campus for this entire event", and that he should have "gone in, addressed the killer, [and] killed the killer".

In June 2019, following an investigation that included interviews with 184 witnesses, Peterson was arrested and then bonded out for the crime of failing to protect the students during the shooting. He faced 11 charges of neglect of a child, as well as culpable negligence and perjury. Peterson pleaded not guilty and filed a motion to have all charges dropped. However, the motion was denied and jury selection started on May 31, 2023. On June 29, 2023, Peterson was found not guilty on all charges.

A statement released by Peterson's lawyer before he was charged said that Peterson believed the shooting was happening outside the building. According to the lawyer, Peterson claimed he told this to the first Coral Springs police officer who arrived on scene. The statement also pointed to radio transmissions that indicated a gunshot victim near the football field.

The Miami Herald transcribed radio dispatches that Peterson said at 2:23 during the shooting, "Be advised we have possible, could be firecrackers. I think we have shots fired, possible shots fired—1200 building." Seconds later, Peterson radioed: "We're talking about the 1200 building it's going to be the building off Holmberg Road Get the school locked down, gentlemen!" At 2:25, he radioed that "We also heard it's by, inside the 1200." At an unspecified time, Peterson called for police to ensure that "no one comes inside the school." At 2:27, at Building 12, he radioed, "Stay at least 500 feet away at this point." At an unspecified time, Peterson ordered: "Do not approach the 12 or 1300 building, stay at least 500 feet away."

On , the sheriff's office released video footage in compliance with a court order. The video was captured by school surveillance cameras and showed some of Peterson's movements during the shooting.

Unnamed sources told CNN that Coral Springs police arrived at the scene and saw three Broward deputies behind their vehicles with pistols drawn. Broward Sheriff's Office captain Jan Jordan ordered deputies to form a perimeter instead of immediately confronting the shooter; this tactic was contrary to their training regarding active shooters. Based on time stamps of the police logs, the order was given some time after the shooting had stopped. Jordan was widely criticized for her actions, and she resigned, citing personal reasons, nine months after the shooting.

Sheriff Israel said that Coral Springs officers were the first to enter the building, about four minutes after Cruz had surreptitiously left the school. Due to a tape delay in viewing surveillance footage, officers believed that Cruz was still in the building. , there were three investigations into the timeline of police response.

President Trump criticized the officers who failed to enter the building during the shooting. On , he said that he would have entered "even if I didn't have a weapon, and I think most of the people in this room would have done that, too".

Reactions

Political reaction

President Trump offered his prayers and condolences to the victims' families, writing, "no child, teacher or anyone else should ever feel unsafe in an American school." In a televised address, he mentioned school safety and mental health issues. Florida Governor Rick Scott ordered that flags at state buildings be flown at half-staff. Two days after the shooting, Trump and the first lady Melania visited Broward Health North, a hospital where eight of the shooting victims were admitted. They met with two victims and Trump praised doctors and law enforcement officials for their responses to the attack.

On , Trump met with students and others for a "listening session" at the White House. He suggested arming up to 20% of the teachers to stop "maniacs" from attacking students. The following day, he called a "gun free" school a "magnet" for criminals and tweeted, "Highly trained, gun adept, teachers/coaches would solve the problem instantly, before police arrive."

BBC News characterized Republican politicians' reactions as focusing on mental health issues while dodging debate on gun control, with the reasoning that it was either "too political or too soon." Republican House Speaker Paul Ryan said that this was the time to "step back and count our blessings" instead of "taking sides and fighting each other politically." Republican Florida Senator Marco Rubio said that "most" proposals on stricter gun laws "would not have prevented" this shooting nor "any of those in recent history" and that lawmakers should take action with "focus on the violence part" alongside guns. Republican Kentucky Governor Matt Bevin declared that the country should re-evaluate "the things being put in the hands of our young people," specifically "quote-unquote video games" that "have desensitized people to the value of human life." Republican Senator Pat Roberts of Kansas said he supported age restrictions on the ownership of AR-15-style rifles, saying "Certainly nobody under 21 should have an AR-15." Republican Senator from Oklahoma James Lankford said on NBC News' Meet the Press he was open to requiring more comprehensive background checks for firearm purchases, saying "The problem is not owning an AR-15, it's the person who owns it." Republican governor of Ohio John Kasich called for restrictions on the sales of AR-15-style rifles, saying on CNN "if all of a sudden, you couldn't buy an AR-15, what would you lose? Would you feel as though your Second Amendment rights would be eroded because you couldn't buy a God-darn AR-15?" Republican Representative Brian Mast from Florida, a former resident of Parkland and an Army veteran, wrote in an op-ed in The New York Times that he supported a ban on the sale of civilian versions of military rifles, writing:

Most nights in Afghanistan, I wielded an M4 carbine. My rifle was very similar to the AR-15-style semiautomatic weapon used to kill students, teachers and a coach I knew at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Fla., where I once lived...I cannot support the primary weapon I used to defend our people being used to kill children I swore to defend. The AR-15 is an excellent platform for recreational shooters to learn to be outstanding marksmen. Unfortunately, it is also an excellent platform for those who wish to kill the innocent.

Democratic Senator from Florida Bill Nelson said "I have hunted all my life. But an AR-15 is not for hunting. It's for killing."

Al Hoffman Jr., a Republican donor in Florida, pledged that he would no longer fund legislative groups or candidates who were not actively working to ban sales of military-style weapons to civilians. He said, "For how many years now have we been doing this—having these experiences of terrorism, mass killings—and how many years has it been that nothing's been done?"

Sheriff Israel called on lawmakers to amend the Baker Act to allow police to detain and hospitalize people who make disturbing posts—not just clear threats—on social media. "I'm talking about being around bombs, possibly talking about 'I want to be a serial killer,' talking about taking people's lives," he said. "Just taking a picture with a gun or a knife or a weapon—that in and of itself is clearly not even remotely something that we're concerned about."

Gun control debate

Many student survivors criticized the response from politicians and asked them not to offer condolences but to take action to prevent more students from being killed in school shootings. These students have demanded stricter gun control measures. Survivor X González was noted for their speech that rebuked thoughts and prayers from politicians. They later helped lead a protest movement against gun violence in the United States. Broward County Schools Superintendent Robert Runcie said, "now is the time to have a real conversation about gun control legislation." Lori Alhadeff, whose daughter was killed in the shooting, implored Trump to do something to improve school safety.

In the aftermath of the shooting, some of the student survivors organized Never Again MSD. The group was created on social media with the hashtag #NeverAgain, activism inspired in part by the ground broken by the #MeToo movement and the 2018 Women's March. The group demanded legislative action to prevent similar shootings, and has condemned lawmakers who received political contributions from the National Rifle Association. The group held a rally on  in Fort Lauderdale that was attended by hundreds of supporters.

Since the shooting, several more rallies have been planned to take place with the focus on legislative action. The Women's March Network organized a  school walkout that took place on . A series of demonstrations called "March for Our Lives" on  included a march in Washington, D.C. On , the anniversary of the Columbine High School massacre, all-day walkouts were planned for teacher groups by educators Diane Ravitch and David Berliner, as well as student groups.

On , dozens of Stoneman Douglas High School students went to the state Capitol in Tallahassee and watched as the Florida House of Representatives rejected a bill that would have banned some guns characterized as assault weapons. Students strongly criticized the vote. The bill's sponsor, Carlos Guillermo Smith, highlighted the legislature's failure to respond to the use of an assault weapon in the mass shooting at Stoneman Douglas High School, while passing a bill to declare that pornography is a public health risk.

In mid-March, Lori Alhadeff announced her own nonprofit organization, Make Schools Safe, which will be mostly focusing on school campus security.

In May 2018, Cameron Kasky's father registered a super PAC, Families vs Assault Rifles PAC (FAMSVARPAC), with intentions of going "up against NRA candidates in every meaningful race in the country."

State law

In March 2018, the Florida Legislature passed a bill titled the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School Public Safety Act. It raised the minimum age for buying rifles to 21, established waiting periods and background checks, provided a program for the arming of some school employees and hiring of school police, banned bump stocks, and barred some potentially violent or mentally unhealthy people arrested under certain laws from possessing guns. In all, it allocated around . Rick Scott signed the bill into law on .

On the day the Parkland bill was signed into law, the NRA sued, challenging the ban on gun sales to people ages 18 to 21. The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Florida upheld the constitutionality of the law and dismissed the NRA's suit in June 2021.

The NRA then filed its appeal to the Eleventh Circuit, where a three-judge panel initially upheld the law's constitutionality on March 9, 2023. However, on the same day, an appellate judge withheld the mandate of the opinion, and on July 14, 2023, the Eleventh Circuit granted the NRA's petition to rehear it en banc.

Federal law

On February 20, 2018, Trump directed the Department of Justice to issue regulations to ban bump stocks.

On , the STOP School Violence Act was signed into law as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018, which increases funding for metal detectors, security training, and similar safety measures. Lawmakers made it clear it was in response to the shooting and the public outcry. Some students from the Stoneman Douglas High School, who were active in calling for stricter gun control (not just safety measures), said the measure was passed because lawmakers "pass something very easy and simple that everyone can get behind. But that's because it doesn't do anything."

Boycott of NRA and responses from businesses

Following the shooting, people boycotted gun rights advocacy groups including the National Rifle Association of America (NRA) and its business affiliates. Many companies responded to the shooting by changing some of their business dealings and practices.

Calls for companies to sever their ties to the NRA were heeded when several companies terminated their business relationships with the NRA.

Major gun sellers such as Dick's, Walmart, and Fred Meyer voluntarily raised the age requirement on gun purchases from 18 to 21. The NRA challenged the new age requirement in court.  Other businesses like Bank of America and Citibank also ended some of their dealings with gun manufacturers and vendors.

Victims' funds
In the aftermath of the shooting, more than  was raised for the victims . Two other funds, Florida's Crime Victims Compensation Fund, which pays for medical and funeral expenses, and the National Compassion Fund, which pays for pain and suffering, are also available to help the victims of the Parkland shooting.

In addition, victim Scott Beigel's family started a memorial fund in his name with the goal of funding summer camp tuition for students traumatized by school shootings, a passion of Beigel. The memorial fund is majorly involved with events, including a 5K run, and partnered with Oneida-based Camp Fiver, which also gave the fund an honorary award.

Conspiracy theories, disinformation, and harassment

Anti-gun control conspiracy theories circulated in the wake of the shooting. The speculation included false claims that the shooting did not happen or was staged by "crisis actors". One such claim was made by Benjamin A. Kelly, a district secretary for Republican State Representative Shawn Harrison, who sent an email to the Tampa Bay Times falsely stating that the children in the picture were not students at the school. As a result of the backlash, Kelly was fired hours later. Former Republican congressman and CNN contributor Jack Kingston suggested student demonstrators were paid by billionaire George Soros or were supported by "members of Antifa". A video with a description espousing a conspiracy theory that student David Hogg was a "crisis actor" reached the top of YouTube's trending page before it was removed by the company. As the shooting took place, a teacher directed Hogg and several other students to hide in a closet. Hogg, who worked on the school's TV station, then filmed student reactions to the shooting in an effort to document the event.

The Alliance for Securing Democracy alleged that Russia-linked accounts on Twitter and other platforms used the shooting's aftermath to inflame tensions and divide Americans by posting loaded comments that oppose gun control. Other Russia-linked accounts labeled the shooting a false flag operation that the U.S. government would exploit to seize guns from citizens. Hundreds of Russian bots were also suspected of coming to the defense of Laura Ingraham on Twitter following the boycott of her show, The Ingraham Angle, that resulted from her public ridicule of Hogg. The conspiracy theories about survivors like Hogg and González were named PolitiFact's 2018 Lie of the Year.

Some of the survivors of the shooting and their relatives were targeted by online harassment that included death threats. Cameron Kasky wrote on Twitter that he was quitting Facebook for the time being, because the death threats from "NRA cultists" were slightly more graphic on a service without a character limit.

In March 2019, future Republican U.S. Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene for Georgia was filmed heckling and harassing survivor David Hogg as he was walking toward the United States Capitol.

See also

 Assault weapons legislation in the United States
 Extreme Risk Protection Order
 Federal Assault Weapons Ban
 Gun politics in the United States
 List of attacks related to secondary schools
 List of disasters in the United States by death toll
 List of rampage killers (school massacres)
 List of school shootings in the United States
 2018 Santa Fe High School shooting  similar school shooting in Texas in May 2018
 Northern Illinois University shooting  school shooting that occurred on Valentine's Day, exactly 10 years earlier

Notes

References

External links

  (2:11)
  (26:46)
  (27:45)
 Draft report of the incident from the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School Public Safety Commission

2018 crimes in Florida
2018 mass shootings in the United States
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Articles containing video clips
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Attacks on buildings and structures in Florida
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Filmed killings
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High school shootings in the United States
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Mass murder in 2018
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Parkland high school shooting


Eliot Pattison (Joseph Eliot Pattison, b. 20 October 1951) is an American international lawyer, non-fiction author on the subject of international trade, and is best known as an award-winning mystery fiction novelist.

His professional career consists of advising and representing U.S. and foreign companies on international investment and trade issues. He has published five books and more than 30 articles on international topics.

Pattison is best known for his two series of mystery novels set in different time periods and geographic areas.

His Inspector Shan series is set in modern-day Tibet, and features former Beijing Justice Department Investigator Shan Tao Yun. His first novel The Skull Mantra won the Edgar Allan Poe Award in 2000. The Inspector Shan series has been translated into over 20 languages and are sold around the world. The tenth and final book of the series, Bones of the Earth, was  released in 2019.

Each novel involves one or more murders which set up a "who-done-it" mystery that protagonist Inspector Shan must resolve. The stories are set against a background of Tibetan history, culture, and religion, reflecting Pattison's extensive research and concern about the impact of Chinese control of modern-day Tibet.

Pattison's Bone Rattler historical mystery series features protagonist Duncan McCallum, a Scottish immigrant to North America in its colonial years. The series begins in territory near modern-day Albany, New York during the French and Indian War. The ongoing series currently consists of six novels.

Pattison's 2011 postapocalyptic crime novel Ashes of the Earth, a departure from his usual subject matter and settings, was critically acclaimed and  received starred reviews from both Publishers Weekly and Booklist.

Pattison is married and has three children. He resides with his family on an 18th-century farm in Oley Valley, Pennsylvania.

Novels
Inspector Shan Series
 The Skull Mantra (1999)
 Water Touching Stone (2001)
 Bone Mountain (2002)
 Beautiful Ghosts (2004)
 Prayer of the Dragon (2007)
 The Lord of Death (2009)
 Mandarin Gate (2012)
 Soul of the Fire (2014)
 Skeleton God (2017)
 Bones of the Earth (2019)

Bone Rattler Series
 The Bone Rattler (2007)
 Eye of The Raven (2010)
 Original Death (2013)
 Blood of the Oak (2016)
Savage Liberty (2018)
The King's Beast (2020)

Hadrian Boone
 Ashes of the Earth (2011)

Non-fiction
Registration of Foreign Agents in the United States: A Practical and Legal Guide  (1981) (Edited by Joseph E. Pattison with John L. Taylor)
 Establishing a Transnational Franchise (1988)
 Acquiring the Future: America's Survival and Success in the Global Economy (1990)
Breaking Boundaries: Public Policy vs. American Business in the World Economy (1996) (Selected by The New York Times as one of the five best management books of the year)
 Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Laws (2003)

Awards
The Skull Mantra won the Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best First Novel in 2000.

References

External links
 http://www.eliotpattison.com

American mystery writers
American lawyers
1951 births
Living people
American male novelists
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American male writers

Eliot Pattison


Anna Magdalena Stecksén (May 27, 1870 – October 15, 1904) was a Swedish scientist, physician and pathologist. She was the first female Doctor of Medicine in Sweden.

Born in Stockholm, Anna Stecksén was the daughter of general major Johan Olof Billdau Stecksén, who encouraged her to pursue advanced education.  She was awarded a Bachelor of Arts at Uppsala University in 1890, and became a student at Karolinska institutet the same year.  She pursued her studies  at Tübingen and Paris 1898–99. At a time when most women who studied medicine specialized in gynecology, she specialized in pathology

She became the first Swedish woman to defend a thesis in medicine.  She was awarded the Doctor of Medicine in 1900.  Her thesis, Studie öfver Curtis blastomyocel - från svulst - etiologisk synpunk investigated whether there was any truth in the then-popular theory that cancer was caused by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Her research was not conclusive, but interesting enough for her to raise the funds to continue her research. She was only the second women to publish in the Swedish medical journal Hygiea. However, she contracted an infection caused by her work in her laboratory in 1902  which eventually led to her death in 1904, in Södertälje. She was buried at Norra cemetery in Solna.

References

1870 births
1904 deaths
Swedish women physicians
Swedish pathologists
Women pathologists
Swedish women scientists
Uppsala University alumni
19th-century Swedish physicians
20th-century Swedish physicians
19th-century Swedish women scientists
20th-century women scientists
Swedish women academics
19th-century Swedish scientists
20th-century women physicians
19th-century women physicians
20th-century Swedish women
Karolinska Institute alumni

Anna Stecksén


The Battle of Munychia was fought between Athenians exiled by the oligarchic government of the Thirty Tyrants and the forces of that government, supported by a Spartan garrison.  In the battle, a substantially superior force composed of the Spartan garrison of Athens and the army of the oligarchic government attacked a hill in Piraeus (the Munychia) which had been seized by 1,000 exiles under Thrasybulus, but was defeated.  After this defeat, the Thirty Tyrants were forced to flee to Eleusis.

Prelude
In late 404 BC, Thrasybulus, with other Athenian exiles, had seized Phyle, a strong point on the Athenian border.  He and his men resisted an abortive attempt to dislodge them and then, as their numbers were swelled by new recruits, ambushed the Spartan garrison of Athens, which had been dispatched to watch them.  Shortly after this victory, the men from Phyle, now 1,000 strong, marched by night to Piraeus, the port of Athens.  There, being too few to defend the entire port, they seized one of its prominent hills, the Munychia.  The next morning, the forces of the Thirty marched out to meet them.

The battle
The Athenian exiles drew up for battle in a formation ten ranks deep at the top of the Munychia, with light troops and spear throwers behind them.  Below, in one of the markets of Piraeus, the joint Spartan-oligarchic force drew up in a formation of equal width, but fifty ranks deep.  The Spartan garrison held the right, the forces of the Thirty the left.  Xenophon's account of the battle states that Thrasybulus, to inspire his men, reminded them that the enemy right was composed of men whom they had routed a few days before, while the left was made up of men who had wrongly driven them from their country.

The oligarchic forces advanced up the road towards the top of the hill, but before they reached the top the men from Phyle charged down the hill at them.  This charge broke the oligarchic line, and the exiles pursued their enemies down the hill onto the level ground.  In this rout, seventy men of the Thirty's force were killed.  Among the dead was Critias, the leader of the Thirty; several other prominent oligarchic leaders were also killed, including Charmides.

Aftermath
After this battle, the prestige of the Thirty, already weakened by the earlier defeat near Phyle, was irreparably damaged.  The next day the Thirty were deposed by a vote of the larger oligarchic governing body, the council of three thousand.  The Thirty fled to Eleusis, and a governing board of ten was elected in their place.  This new government, however, was not ready to compromise with the men in Piraeus, so envoys were sent to Sparta to request aid.  A Spartan force under Pausanias was dispatched to deal with the situation; after a face saving  victory at the Battle of Piraeus, Pausanias arranged a settlement between the oligarchs and exiles and restored democracy in Athens.

Notes

References
Buck, Robert J.,  Thrasybulus and the Athenian Democracy:  the life of an Athenian statesman.  (Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998)
Fine, John V.A. The Ancient Greeks: A critical history (Harvard University Press, 1983)
Hornblower, Simon, and Anthony Spawforth ed., The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford University Press, 2003)

Munychia
Munychia
404 BC
403 BC
400s BC conflicts
Munychia
History of Piraeus

Battle of Munychia


Arturo "Arte" Moreno (born August 14, 1946) is an American businessman. On May 15, 2003, he became the first Mexican-American to own a major sports team in the United States when he purchased the Anaheim Angels baseball team from the Walt Disney Company. In August 2022, he announced that he would explore a possible sale of the franchise, but in January 2023, he decided not to sell the team.

Early life and education
Moreno was born to a Mexican American family in Tucson, Arizona, the oldest of 11 children of Maria and Arturo Moreno, who immigrated from Mexico. His father ran a small print shop; his grandfather owned Tucson's first Spanish-language newspaper. In 1965, Moreno graduated from high school and in 1966, he was drafted into the United States Army and fought in the Vietnam War. After returning to civilian life in 1968, he enrolled at the University of Arizona where he graduated in 1973 with a degree in marketing.

Career

Advertising background

After school, he was hired to work at Eller Outdoor, an advertising company. He traveled across the country for the next seven years, relocating several times and in 1984, he moved back to Arizona, settling in Phoenix, where he was hired by billboard company Outdoor Systems. In 1984, Moreno and his friend Wally Kelly attempted unsuccessfully to buy the firm from owner William S. Levine. Moreno and Kelly entered into a partnership with Levine, and Moreno later became its president and chief executive officer.

In 1996, Moreno took Outdoor Systems public. The company's stock soared, and in 1998 Outdoor Systems was purchased by Infinity Broadcasting for $8 billion.

Baseball ownership
With baseball being Moreno's favorite pastime, he purchased the Salt Lake Trappers minor league team alongside 17 other investors in 1986. The group owned the team until 1992, and the venture proved to be a resounding financial success.

By 2001, Moreno wished to own a Major League Baseball (MLB) team. He attempted to buy controlling interest in his home state's Arizona Diamondbacks, but no deal could be reached. He nonetheless remained determined to own a Major League team, and soon set his sights on the 2002 World Series champion Anaheim Angels.

It was announced in April 2003 that Moreno had agreed with The Walt Disney Company to purchase the team for $180 million. On May 15, 2003, MLB commissioner Bud Selig announced that the sale of the Angels to Moreno had been approved. One of the first people to congratulate Moreno after the news was Diamondbacks' owner Jerry Colangelo, a personal friend who declared it a good opportunity for Moreno.

Angels owner
Moreno soon demonstrated a willingness to spend the money necessary to sign premium players, including star outfielder Vladimir Guerrero. He also took a hands-on approach, becoming a regular attendee of the team's home games and periodically leaving his owner's box during games to mingle with fans in the regular stadium seating areas and concourses. All of these moves proved very popular with fans. In the first year of his ownership, the Angels drew more than three million fans, 750,000 more than their championship season.

However, Moreno encountered a substantial backlash from fans of the team, and in particular, from the city leadership of Anaheim, California, over his decision in 2005 to change the name of the team from the Anaheim Angels to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. Moreno saw the change as part of an overall strategy to increase the team's revenue by actively marketing it to, and associating it with, the entire Los Angeles metropolitan area, rather than restricting the team's identity to the city of Anaheim and to Orange County. In recent years, the San Diego Zoo and Los Angeles Times have been notable club sponsors, while all baseball TV rightsholders also use some variation of the team's new name, indicating the effect of Moreno's plan. But the move outraged Anaheim city officials, who responded by suing the team. It also angered a substantial segment of the Angels' fan base in Orange County, who took pride in the team's identity being distinct from Los Angeles. The awkwardness of the of Anaheim suffix, appended to satisfy a contractual requirement for Anaheim to be included in the team's name, also caused the new name to become the subject of national ridicule. Eventually, the team won the lawsuit filed by the city. Whatever displeasure fans felt over the name change has not translated into diminished support for the team, as attendance levels have remained well above 2002 numbers.

Aside from the name controversy, Moreno's first few seasons as owner of the Angels were largely successful. The team posted three consecutive winning seasons for the first time in club history (2007–2009), including winning the American League Western Division championship in 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2014 when they finished with a league leading 98 regular season wins. However, the Angels, even with Albert Pujols and Mike Trout at the helm for the team, could not lead them back to the postseason or win a postseason game. From 2010 to 2022, the Angels failed to win a postseason game (the longest gap since their drought from 1987 to 2001) despite a massive deal for Trout for over $400 million and high priced signings of players such as Pujols, Anthony Rendon, Josh Hamilton, and Shohei Ohtani that totaled over $500 million. A losing season in 2022 tied a franchise record of seventh straight losing seasons, matching the mark set from 1971-1977.

Just prior to the start of the 2006 Major League season, Moreno scored another success in signing a lucrative contract with Fox Sports Net for the television broadcast rights for the Angels' regular season games. The ten-year deal significantly increased the team's television revenue. In April 2006, Forbes magazine estimated the team to be worth $368 million—twice the amount Moreno paid for the club only three years earlier; in January 2018 Forbes estimated the franchise value at $1.75 billion.

[Moreno] has really done an amazing job with the franchise. To double the value in three years without getting a new stadium is an incredible feat.
— Forbes magazine associate editor Kurt Badenhausen

In October 2020, Moreno, through his company SRB Management, agreed to purchase Angel Stadium and the surrounding parking lots from the City of Anaheim for $320 million. In May 2022, it was reported that an FBI had conducted a corruption investigation into the dealings of the city and the stadium sale, which led to the resignation of Anaheim mayor Harry Sidhu on May 24. In light of the scandal, the Anaheim City Council voted to cancel the sale later that day.

On August 23, 2022, Moreno officially announced that he would explore a possible sale of the Angels franchise. In a public statement, Moreno said that he and his family decided "now is the time" after a "a great deal of thoughtful consideration". The franchise was estimated to be worth $2.2 billion by Forbes in an analysis from March 2022. However, he retracted that statement and committed himself to owning the team, citing "unfinished business".

In his tenure, the Angels had a run of sustained consistency in the mid 2000s that included five American League West championships from 2004 to 2009. After failing to reach the World Series each time, they missed the postseason until 2014, two years after having signed Albert Pujols to a record 10-year deal for $254 million that outbid the St. Louis Cardinals. The Pujols deal is now considered one of the worst deals in free agent history as the career .300 hitter of the time proceeded to hit under .300 in each season before being released in 2021. The Angels won 98 games in 2014 but were swept in the first round by the Kansas City Royals. The next year saw them win 85 games but it also started a spiral for the team. From 2017 to 2023, the Angels have had a losing season and failed to reach the postseason each time, despite the fact that in three of those eight seasons they had an MVP on the roster (Trout won in 2016 and 2019 and Shohei Ohtani, acquired in 2018, won it in 2021). The eight losing seasons, all under Moreno's leadership as owner, is the worst stretch in Angels history, eclipsing the 1971-1977 era.

Other business interests
On February 26, 2006, Moreno led a partnership of buyers to purchase Radio 830 KMXE, the nation's largest Spanish-language AM radio station. For the 2006 and 2007 seasons Radio 830 KMXE served as the Spanish-language radio broadcast outlet for the Angels. On July 17, 2007, the station began broadcasting from new studios located in Angel Stadium. Just before the 2008 season the station became AM830 KLAA (AM) and went all English language, including the Angels game broadcasts. The station has since added morning and afternoon sports talk shows to its lineup.

While it seems a new trend for sports teams to buy their own radio stations (see the St. Louis Cardinals and the Washington Commanders), for the Angels it is a tradition started by team founder Gene Autry, who owned 710 KMPC and broadcast the games for years.

Personal life
Moreno has been married twice. He has three children.

In 1997, Moreno and his wife established the Moreno Family Foundation, which supports non-profit organizations focusing on youth and education. It also has provided support to the athletic programs at the University of Arizona.

Aside from this, Moreno is vigilant about maintaining his privacy. He refuses most interview requests, and does not discuss his personal life publicly. His family and friends also avoid commenting on his personal life publicly, though off the record, those who know him describe him as "unabashed in his support of Republican politics" and as particularly dedicated to his family.

In September 2020 he endorsed Donald Trump for president, saying "it's very necessary to vote for President Trump".

References

1946 births
Living people
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
American billionaires
American sportspeople of Mexican descent
Anaheim Angels owners
Businesspeople from Tucson, Arizona
American advertising executives
Los Angeles Angels owners
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim owners
University of Arizona alumni
United States Army soldiers

Arte Moreno


Catherine Pelachaud is a French computer scientist specializing in human–computer interaction and known for her work virtual assistants and on recognizing and generating facial expressions. She is a director of research for the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), affiliated with the Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique (ISIR), a shared research center of CNRS and Sorbonne University.

Education and career
Pelachaud completed a Ph.D. in computer graphics at the University of Pennsylvania in 1991, jointly supervised by Norman Badler and Mark Steedman. After postdoctoral research at the University of Pennsylvania and Sapienza University of Rome, she became a professor at the University Institute of Technology of the University of Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis in 2002. She became a director of research for CNRS in 2008, affiliated with the Information Processing and Communication Laboratory (LTCI) of Télécom Paris, and moved to ISIR in 2016.

Recognition
Pelachaud was the 2015 winner of the ACM/SIGAI Autonomous Agents Research Award, "for her sustained and substantial contributions to the area of intelligent virtual agents".

In 2016, the University of Geneva gave Pelachaud an honorary doctorate.

References

External links
Home page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
French computer scientists
French women computer scientists
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Research directors of the French National Centre for Scientific Research

Catherine Pelachaud


Aaron-Carl Ragland (August 19, 1973 – September 30, 2010), better known simply as Aaron-Carl, was an American electronic dance musician.

In 1999, he was the founder of the Detroit-based Wallshaker Music, an independent record label and music production company specializing in soulful house music, and of Cherry Juice Recordings, its European, Amsterdam-based, more Pop, record label. He was founder and CEO of W.A.R.M.T.H. International Inc. In addition to his own label, he also released materials on such respected labels as Ovum and the Underground Resistance, a sub-label Soul City as well as Rebirth, Metroplex, Subject Detroit and Universal France.

He remixed many Detroit techno artists, like Underground Resistance, Scan 7, DJ Bone, Aux 88 & Kelli Hand. In addition, he has remixed various house, R&B and other mainstream artists, including Dajae, GusGus, Manu Dibango, N'Dambi (with Keite Young) and Kindred the Family Soul, CeCe Peniston ("Above Horizons") and Michelle Weeks.

His single "My House" was licensed by Josh Wink's label, Ovum Recordings, and became Aaron's first Billboard Top 40 Dance/Club hit. His music has been showcased in various feature films, most notably Maestro, a house music documentary by Josell Ramos, which featured original tracks "Sky" and "Oasis".

His first Cherry Juice Recordings release, "Motion" (recorded and produced together with Laurent & Lewis) was elected "Best track" by Kevin Saunderson and Dave Clarke at the 2007 Amsterdam Dance Event.

Ragland appears in The Godfather Chronicles -- The Ghetto Tech Sound of Detroit. His remix of rapper Johnny Dangerous' "Topsy Turvy", in which Aaron-Carl makes a cameo appearance is featured in Pick Up the Mic, a documentary by Alex Hinton.

Death
Ragland died from lymphoma, aged 37, in Detroit, Michigan, on September 30, 2010.

Discography

Albums
 Uncloseted (2002)
 Detrevolution (2005)
 Bittersoulfulsweet: The Aaron-Carl Experience (2008)
 Laurent & Lewis feat. Aaron-Carl - Motion (2008)

Selected singles/EPs
 "Wash It/Down" (1996)
 "Crucified" (1996)
 "Wallshaker" (1997)
 "Make Me Happy" (1997)
 "My House" (1998)
 "Down" (1998)
 "Closer" (1998)
 "Dance Naked" (1999)
 "Soldier" (1999)
 "The Boot" (2001)
 "The Answer/Down" (2002)
 "Sky" (2003)
 "Switch" (2003)
 "Homoerotic" (2003)
 "Hateful" (2004)
 "Tears" (2006)
 Aaron-Carl & Benjamin Hayes - The Devolver EP (2007)
 If There Is A Heaven Remixes Vol. 1 (2008)
 Aaron-Carl Presents Erica LaFay (2009)

References

External links
Aaron-Carl MySpace site
Aaron-Carl at Discogs
Wallshaker Records official website
Wall shaker MyMusic site

1973 births
2010 deaths
Electronic dance music DJs
Deaths from lymphoma
Deaths from cancer in Michigan
Musicians from Detroit

Aaron-Carl Ragland


"The Three Clever Kings" is a children's fairy tale from the anthology The Necklace of Princess Fiorimonde that was written by Mary De Morgan. The story was illustrated by Walter Crane, first published by MacMillan & CO. in 1886, and later published in a collection called The Necklace of Princess Fiorimonde – The Complete Fairy Stories of Mary De Morgan by Victor Gollancz Limited in 1963. This collection of fairy tales was digitized in July 2006 and the first E-book was released February 25, 2012. The E-book was produced by David Edwards, Josephine Paolucci, the Online Distributed Proofreading Team, and edited by The Project Gutenberg E-book.

Author
Mary De Morgan was born in 1850 in London, UK.  De Morgan was a successful Victorian Era children's short story writer. In her writing career, De Morgan developed three individual collections which started with On a Pincushion (1877), then The Necklace of Princess Fiorimonde (1880), and finally, The Windfairies (1900). The first two collections were successfully published by 1800 and her career as a Victorian Era writer continued to flourish. De Morgan aimed to create stories that recreated her brother's illustrations. Her focus was reading to young children her written works of short stories in the Victorian fairy-tale genres. Tragically, De Morgan died in Egypt in 1907.

Characters
King Roland: An old King who is upon his death-bed and ready to pass on his royalty and all the hard work that comes with the title. He has no sons of his own. Fortunately, King Roland has three nephews that he believes will help take over his duties of being the King. He plans to have the oldest nephew take on the tasks of being a King first and if that shall not work out the next, younger nephew will be of charge and so on.

Aldovrand: One of the main round characters who is the oldest of the three nephews to King Roland. His character traits are lazy, self-centered, and ignorant.

Aldebert: One of the main characters who is the middle aged nephew to King Roland. As a static character he holds compliant, relaxed, and positive characteristics throughout the short story.

Alderete: One of the main characters; the youngest of the three nephews to King Roland. His characteristic traits that carried through the short story are optimistic, happy, and peaceful.

The Political Council: These one-dimensional, stock characters consist of Prime Minister, Chancellor, Commander-in-Chief, and Lord High Admiral.

The Tinker: An old man who travels from house to house mending wares. The tinker's flat character consists of confidence and politeness.

The Sweeper: A man who cleans the chimneys around town as a hobby and job. The Sweeper's crude characteristics include enthusiastic, comfortable, and obedient.

The Farmer: A man who works on a farm looking after animals and maintaining the crops. The Farmer is a very kind, patient, and flat character.

Summary
The story tells the cycle of three young men, the king's nephews, who attempt to rule the kingdom after the death of their uncle, King Ronald. The eldest nephew, Aldovrand, is first in line to test his abilities as king. Aldovrand proves to be selfish in nature and demands extreme independence from all. The Prime Minister and Chancellor turns to Aldovrand, asking questions regarding the kingdom. Aldovrand does not like being disturbed by them and decides to run away. While leaving the kingdom Aldovrand runs into a farmer who offers him a job watching his geese. Next in line to test his abilities as king is the second nephew, Aldebert. Aldebert is confronted with conflicts such as increasing the army's wages, repairing the kingdom's city, and also saving money for the kingdom. He grants everyone's wishes but it resulted in great disagreement. Aldebert can not deal with the conflicting decisions and runs away. While leaving the kingdom, Aldebert runs into a tinker, who offers him a job. Alderete, the last nephew is next to test his abilities as king. Excited to reign, Alderete explores the kingdom and commands that drastic lifestyle changes need to be made. The people in the city starts an uproar and protest against Alderete's demands. The pressure is too much, and Alderete runs away in fear. While he is leaving the kingdom, he runs into a chimney sweeper and becomes his apprentice. In panic, The Prime Minister and Chancellor return  to the three nephews pleading for them to become King. All three nephews decline and proceed happily with their new jobs leaving behind any luxuries and power that could have been theirs as King.

Moral
Wealth, power, and luxuries are not key to one's happiness. Instead, pursue a career that fits one's interests, and happiness will follow.

References

External links
 The Necklace of Princess Fiorimonde and Other Stories

1886 short stories
British fairy tales
Fictional kings
Fictional trios
Male characters in fairy tales

The Three Clever Kings


Silvio Poma (Trescore Balneario, 1840 - Turate, 21 October 1932) was an Italian painter.

Biography
He participates as a volunteer in the  II War of Independence and, later, he embarks on military life, but in 1866 he takes leave of the army after contracting malaria. On his return to Milan he attended the studios of Giovan Battista Lelli and Gerolamo Induno, both painter-soldiers with whom he had come into contact during the military campaign of 1859 . He made his debut at the Fine Arts Exhibition of  Brera in 1869, but the first official awards came only in the middle of the following decade: in 1876 he won the Mylius prize of the Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera with a canvas of historical subject set in a large natural context of romantic taste entitled Macbeth meets in the Dunscinane wood the massacres that predict his throne; in 1877 one of his landscapes was purchased at the National Exhibition of Naples by Vittorio Emanuele II. He was buried in the Cimitero Maggiore di Milano, where his remains were later collected in a cell.

The public purchase by King Vittorio Emanuele II for his private collection will give him international fame among the royal families of the era.

Museums
 Galleries of Piazza Scala, Milan
 Royal Museum of the House of Savoy

Exhibition
 Fine Arts Exhibition of Brera Academy, 1881
 National Exhibition of Milan of 1883
 Rome Exhibition of 1883
 Turin Exhibition of 1884
 National Exhibition of Milan of 1886
 Venice Exhibition of 1887
 Bologna exhibition of 1888
 Bologna Exhibition of 1888, with  Lierna's View of Bellagio  (named as La Punta di Bellagio)
 Fine Arts Exhibition of Accademia di Brera, 1869
 National Exhibition of Naples, 1877

References
 Elena Lissoni, Silvio Poma , online catalogue Artgate by Fondazione Cariplo, 2010, CC BY-SA (source for the first revision of this article).

Other projects

19th-century Italian painters
1840 births
1932 deaths
20th-century Italian painters

Silvio Poma


Geothermal activity is a group of natural heat transfer processes, occurring on Earth's surface, caused by the presence of excess heat in the subsurface of the affected area. Geothermal activity can manifest itself in a variety of different phenomena, including, among others, elevated surface temperatures, various forms of hydrothermal activity, and the presence of fumaroles that emit hot volcanic gases.

Background physics

Geothermal activity mostly appears in volcanic provinces, in some cases it can be caused by underground fires or by large deposits of radioactive elements. Other sources of internal heating can be gravitational differentiation of substances, tidal friction, metamorphism, or phase transitions. The release of heat to the surface occurs either in the form of a conductive heat flow, or in the form of convective heat transfer by groundwater or gases.

Types of geothermal activity

Fumaroles and vents
Fumaroles, or volcanic vents, are holes in the ground from which volcanic vapors and gases escape to the atmosphere. Geothermally active areas are often located over an active magma chamber, which constantly releases hot gases that travel to the surface through cavities in the rock. Where these cavities reach the surface they form fumaroles. Areas where these vents are concentrated are known as Fumarole fields. Fumaroles tend to form concentrated deposits of sulfuric minerals, which fall out of suspension when the volcanic gases cool to the air.

Ice cauldrons
Ice cauldrons are a feature that occurs when an ice cap is affected by geothermal heating, either from active volcanism or the continuous heat production from an active geothermal area.  Ice cauldrons can have many different appearances. These range from a smooth dent in the ice cap to deep holes with very steep walls formed by concentric rings of crevasses. The width of ice cauldrons can range from 50 meters up to around 10 kilometers, while depth can range from several meters to hundreds of meters. The shape of the cauldron can be stable or highly variable, and is not related to the nature of the underlaying heat source.

Hydrothermal activity
Geothermal heat and groundwater can interact in several ways.

Geysers
Geysers are the most well known hydrothermal feature. they occur when groundwater in underground cavities becomes superheated under a lid of colder surface water. When the superheated water breaches the surface, it flashes to steam, causing the pressure below it to suddenly drop, which causes a chain reaction where most of the water in the geyser's feed system flashes to steam all at once.

There are two main types of geyser. Fountain geysers, which erupt in violent bursts from a pool, and cone geysers, which erupt in steady jets for minutes at a time from a sinter cone of siliceous material that has been deposited surrounding the main vent.

Hot springs and mud pots

In other areas, the heated groundwater gathers in pools, forming hot springs. Where very little groundwater is available, rising hot groundwater in combination with microbial activity leads to the formation of mud pots. The behaviour of these mud pots can vary on a seasonal cycle based on variations in the amount of rainfall and the level of the water table.

Hydrothermal explosions
Hydrothermal explosions occur when a mass of superheated water is unable to reach the surface, causing pressure underground to rise until a critical point is reached and an explosion occurs, ejecting the superheated water along with the rock.

See also

References

Volcanism
Geothermal energy

Geothermal activity


A surrounding net is a fishing net which surrounds fish and other aquatic animals on the sides and underneath.  It is typically used by commercial fishers, and pulled along the surface of the water.  There is typically a purse line at the bottom, which is closed when the net is hauled in.

A surrounding net is deployed by a fishing boat that starts sailing in a circle.  This allows for the net to come all the way around 360 degrees to completely surround the fish.  This makes it so that there is no escape for the fish.  There are floating buoys on the top of the net and weights on the bottom of the net to make sure that it forms a wall.  This is one of the easiest ways to trap a school of fish.  As stated above, a seine net is one of the most common types of surrounding nets used in the commercial fishing industry.  One negative of surrounding nets is the fact that they might catch an animal that they are not intentionally trying to catch, but this does not happen all that often.

See also
 Lampara net

References
 Surrounding nets  Fishing Gear Types. FAO, Rome. Retrieved 13 March 2012.

External links
Surrounding Nets

Fishing nets

Surrounding net


On July 10, 1971, at the founding of the National Women's Political Caucus (NWPC) in Washington, D.C., NWPC co-founder Gloria Steinem delivered an Address to the Women of America. The speech furthered the ideas of the American Women's Movement, and is considered by some to be one of the greatest speeches of the 20th century.
Steinem refers to the idea of sex and race as being easy ways to organize people into inferior and superior beings due to the prominent characteristics and traits that are easy to point out. She also claims that the only roles in society seem to be for those who are chosen or for those who earned them.
Not only did the speech address the issues of sexism and misogyny, but also those of racism and social class.  The speech is mostly remembered for the following quotation:

This is no simple reform. It really is a revolution. Sex and race, because they are easy, visible differences, have been the primary ways of organizing human beings into superior and inferior groups, and into the cheap labor on which this system still depends.  We are talking about a society in which there will be no roles other than those chosen, or those earned.  We are really talking about humanism.

In Jennifer Lopez's 2016 music video for her song "Ain't Your Mama", Steinem can be heard saying part of this speech, specifically, "This is no simple reform. It really is a revolution."

References

History of women in the United States
Women's rights in the United States
1971 speeches
Second-wave feminism in the United States
July 1971 events in the United States

Address to the Women of America


The Last of the Clan McDuck is a comic about Scrooge McDuck. It is the first chapter of The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck. The story is set from 1877 to 1880 when Scrooge is a child. At his 10th birthday, Scrooge goes with his father, Fergus, to visit the McDuck family castle. Fergus tells him the history of Clan McDuck.

Other websites
The Last of the Clan McDuck on Duckman
The Life and Times of $crooge McDuck - Episode 1

DuckTales

The Last of the Clan McDuck


Spencer Halpin's Moral Kombat is a 2009 documentary film, directed by Spencer Halpin, an American independent filmmaker. The title of the film is in part a reference to the Mortal Kombat series of video games. The title was changed from Moral Kombat to Spencer Halpin's Moral Kombat to avoid the risk of a lawsuit.

Overview
Shot entirely in high-definition video, the full-length feature documentary studies the controversial, polarizing subject of the video game controversy through a series of interviews with experts on both sides of the matter – some believing that violent games should be banned, others supporting their protection.

The film makes extensive use of green screen technology to blend the subject matter being discussed (games, characters, archival news footage) in the background, while keeping the interviewee actively in the shot.

The trailer was uploaded to YouTube on December 27, 2006 and was met with overwhelming concern and dismay from gamers around the globe who felt it sensationalized the topic and serves as a rhetoric piece for anti-games and anti-gamer activists and political figures. The trailer was viewed over 100,000 times in the coming weekend and spurred debate on scores of websites.

Interviewed in the film are leading politicians, journalists, academics, consumer advocates and special interest group executives, game developers, retailers, trade associations and publishers. The interviewees among others, include: Dr. David Walsh, Jack Thompson, Dr. Michael Rich, Lorne Lanning, Greg Fischbach, Dean Takahashi, Jeff Griffiths, John Marmaduke, Pamela Eakes, Andy McNamara, Greg Ballard, Bob McKenzie, American McGee, Hal Halpin (Spencer Halpin's brother), Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, Phil O'Neil, Marie Sylla, Ed Williams, Richard Ow, Dr. Henry Jenkins, and Jason Della Rocca.

Trailer feedback
The film's objectivity has been debated and challenged heavily since the release of the trailer, with many video responses to it being posted on YouTube. Notable among the responses are a series of videos that point out statements made by Jack Thompson, each with a web location leading back to the statement itself. Many respondents believe that Thompson's participation in the movie may rob it of its credibility.

According to Spencer Halpin, the trailer was not targeted at gamers, but rather the "42-year-old women" who were concerned about video game violence issues, but didn't fully understand them. Professor Henry Jenkins recently released an online review of the complete film, applauding it as a balanced representation of both sides of the debate.

Awards
Spencer Halpin's Moral Kombat won a Director's Choice Award from the Dallas Film and Video Festival in the Meta Media category. Festival director and founder, Bart Weiss, in summarizing the documentary for attendees said, "This is not an easy 'Nasty video games are bad and are the cause of the destruction of man' type of video.  It is thoughtful, very thorough, and it definitely presents both sides of the argument. The film is incredibly well-produced and directed, melding the interview into hi-res images from the games.  Indeed, by the end of the film you are exhausted by the barrage of these graphics, many of them violent.  The effect is, well, the effect of these images.  For someone like me who is not a gamer (well I play basketball, that's real ball, not a Wii game), the effect is disconnecting and without playing gives you an idea of what it's about.  The film makes you feel what video games really are while you're hearing about their effects; it's very powerful and a must-see. Many documentaries have footage that shows you what the subject is about very few make you feel it like this one does. As a festival that is very much interested in the effects of media on our psyche, this is a must see."

References

External links

 Moral Kombat Movie Trailer Released - Film Explores Game Violence Controversy

2009 films
American documentary films
Documentary films about video games
2009 documentary films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Spencer Halpin's Moral Kombat


Gandha (English: Fragrance) is a 2009 Marathi Indian film. The film is directed by Sachin Kundalkar and produced by Sandeep Kankariya under the banner Flashbulbs Ventures. The film blends three independent stories where the main characters of all stories go through experiences involving their sense of smell. The stories are written by Kundalkar and his mother Archana Kundalkar. Sachin Kuldalkar won Best Screenplay Award for the film at Pune International Film Festival.

The film also won two national awards.

The film stars Girish Kulkarni and Amruta Subhash in the first story, Milind Soman and Sonali Kulkarni in the second story and Neena Kulkarni in the third story as lead actors.

Plot
Lagnaachya Vayachi Mulgi (English: A Bride To Be)

Veena is a young girl who works in a college and is now a bride to be. Her parents are looking for a suitable groom for her. But due to her dark complexion, she is not able to get any groom. Mangesh, an arts student from the college accidentally meets her and she starts loving the fragrance that he brings with himself. She hears a rumour from her colleague that Mangesh is alcoholic and hence is drowsy in his classes and comes with red-eyes. One day she follows him to his home and then learns that Mangesh works in an incense stick factory at night. This explains the fragrance he brings and his drowsy look. They both talk and fall in love and decide to get married.

Aushadh Ghenara Manus (English: A Man On Medicines)

Sarang is a HIV+ patient and lives on his medicines. His wife, Raavi, has abandoned him from one and half years just like his parents. One day Raavi comes to meet him to talk about their divorce. She is irritated by some disgusting smell that comes from the whole house. They both reminisce over the past and she has a thought of giving their marriage another chance. But the weird unknown smell keeps irritating her. Her irritation for the smell and Sarang's silence on how he turned out HIV+ turns her mad and she ransacks the whole house for the source of smell. She finally find a dead rat under the bed. Sarang then realizes that he has lost his sense of smell.

Baajoola Basleli Baai (English: A Woman Sitting Aside)

The story is based in a small village of Konkan when it is raining heavily. Janaki has her menstrual cycle and as per the practice in various societies in India, she is refrained from domestic activities in home for four days. Her sister-in-law goes into labour. Due to heavy rains, the baby needs to be delivered in their home. Janaki's mother-in-law is left alone to do all the work at home without Janaki's help. Janaki is continuously taunted by her mother-in-law for not having her own child till now. Janaki is worried about her husband who is stuck in another town due to rains. All she can do is worry and smell things from her room upstairs as she is not allowed to be involved in the home nor see the new born baby.

Cast
 Girish Kulkarni as Mangesh Nadkarni
 Amruta Subhash as Veena
 Jyoti Subhash as Veena's mother
 Milind Soman as Sarang
 Sonali Kulkarni as Raavi
 Neena Kulkarni as Janaki
 Yatin Karyekar as Janaki's husband
 Vidula Jawalgikar as Laxmi
 Seema Deshmukh as Janki's sister-in-law
 Leena Bhagwat as Chanda Tai

The film marks debut of model-turned-actor Soman in Marathi cinema. Also, Jyoti Subhash, who is the real life mother of Amruta Subhash is seen playing this same role in film.

Awards
Gandha won two National Film Awards at the 56th National Film Awards in the Best Screenplay and Best Audiography category. The award for Screenplay was given "for its remarkable integration of three different plots using the sense of smell at as a liet motif to focus sensitively on human relationships" and for Audiography "for its use of dramatically scripted sounds to heighten the mood of the film".

 National Film Award for Best Screenplay - Sachin Kundalkar
 National Film Award for Best Audiography - Pramod J. Thomas and Anmol Bhave
 Best Screenplay Award at Pune International Film Festival - Sachin Kundalkar

References

External links

2009 films
Films that won the Best Audiography National Film Award
Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay National Film Award
2000s Marathi-language films
Films directed by Sachin Kundalkar

Gandha (film)


Ameyal (from the Nahuatl word āmēyalli, meaning natural well or spring) is a brand of Mexican soft drink. It is also a brand of fruit sodas available only in Toluca, Cuernavaca, and Mexico D.F. Ameyal was formerly owned by Coordinación Industrial Mexicana (CIMSA), a Coca-Cola bottling company stationed in Toluca, Cuernavaca, and Mexico D.F. In 2008, Ameyal was acquired by The Coca-Cola Company. There was also a Club Soda version of Ameyal, but was acquired by Coca-Cola and renamed to Ciel Mineralizada.

Flavors
 Strawberry-Kiwifruit
 Pineapple
 Lemonade
 Sangria
 Tutti-fruti
 Mandarin

References

Coca-Cola brands
Mexican drinks

Ameyal


"Drive" is a 1984 song performed by The Cars. It was from their Heartbeat City album. The song came out in March 1984. It is a sad song.

This song was the highest charting single by The Cars. It hit #3 on the Billboard Hot 100. It hit #1 on the Adult Contemporary chart. It hit #5 in the United Kingdom.

1984 songs
1980s ballads
Pop songs
The Cars songs

Drive (song)


The Elephant Man is a play by Bernard Pomerance. It premiered at the Hampstead Theatre in London on 7 November 1977. It later played in repertory at the National Theatre in London. It ran Off-Broadway from 14 January to 18 March 1979, at The Theatre at St. Peter's. The production's Broadway debut in 1979 at the Booth Theatre was produced by Richmond Crinkley and Nelle Nugent, and directed by Jack Hofsiss. The play closed in 1981 after eight previews and 916 regular performances, with revivals in 2002 and 2014.

The story is based on the life of Joseph Merrick, referred to in the script as John Merrick, who lived in the Victorian era and is known for the extreme deformity of his body. The lead role of Merrick was originated by David Schofield in a definitive performance. Subsequent productions starred actors including Philip Anglim, David Bowie, Mark Hamill, Bruce Davison, and Bradley Cooper.

Plot
The Elephant Man opens with Frederick Treves, an up-and-coming surgeon, meeting his new employer Francis Carr-Gomm, the administrator of the London Hospital.

Ross, the manager of a freak show, invites a crowd on Whitechapel Road to come view John Merrick, the Elephant Man.  Treves happens upon the freak show and is intrigued by Merrick's disorder.  He insists that he must study Merrick further; Ross agrees, for a fee. Ross then gives a lecture on Merrick's anatomy, making Merrick stand on display while Treves describes his condition to the audience.

The freak show travels to Brussels after being driven out of London by the police.  Merrick tries to converse with three freak show "pinheads", or people suffering from microcephaly and mental retardation.  The "pinheads" go onstage to sing "We Are the Queens of the Congo", but the police will not allow Merrick to perform, because they consider his condition "indecent".  Ross decides that Merrick is more trouble than he is worth, steals his savings, and sends him back to London.

When Merrick arrives in London, his appearance incites a crowd to riot. The train's conductor and a policeman are able to fetch Treves to calm the situation. Treves takes Merrick to the London Hospital and interviews a woman, Nurse Sandwich, for the position of Merrick's caretaker.  Sandwich assures Treves that she has cared for lepers in Africa and is quite prepared for anything.  However, when she sees Merrick taking a bath, she bolts from the room and refuses to take the job.

Bishop How visits Merrick and declares him a "true Christian in the rough". He tells Treves he would like to educate Merrick in religion. Carr-Gomm argues with Bishop How about the importance of science versus the importance of religion. Carr-Gomm announces that, due to a letter he had printed in The Times, the people of London have donated enough money to allow Merrick to live at the hospital for life. Treves tells Gomm that he is glad Merrick now has a place where he can stay without being stared at, and is determined that Merrick should lead a normal life.

When two attendants, Will and Snork, are caught peeking into Merrick's room, Will is fired and Snork is given a severe warning. Treves believes that it is important to enforce these rules, but Merrick worries what will happen to Will and his family. Merrick grew up in the workhouses, and wishes that no one had to suffer that fate. Treves says that it is just the way things are.

John Merrick has a visitor by the name of Madge Kendal, an actress who came across Carr-Gomm's section in the newspaper. When Mrs. Kendal meets Merrick, she requires all of her self-control in order to disguise her horror at Merrick's appearance. After several minutes of strained conversation, Merrick mentions he is reading Romeo and Juliet, and Mrs. Kendal shares her experience in the role of Juliet. Merrick amazes Mrs. Kendal with his thoughtful and sensitive views on Romeo and the nature of love. Mrs. Kendal says that she will bring some of her friends to meet Merrick, then shakes his hand and tells him how truly pleased she is to meet him.  Merrick dissolves into tears as Treves tells Mrs. Kendal that it is the first time a woman has ever shaken his hand.

Mrs. Kendal's high society friends visit Merrick and bring him gifts while he builds a model of St. Phillip's church with his one good hand. He tells Mrs. Kendal that St. Phillip's Church is an imitation of grace, and his model is therefore an imitation of an imitation. When Treves comments that all of humanity is a mere illusion of heaven, Merrick says that God should have used both hands.  Merrick's new friends—Bishop How, Gomm, the Duchess, Princess Alexandra, Treves, and Mrs. Kendal—all comment upon how, in different ways, they see themselves reflected in him.  However, Treves notes that even though Merrick has become popular, his condition is worsening with time.

Merrick tells Mrs. Kendal that he needs a mistress and suggests that he would like her to do that for him.  Mrs. Kendal listens compassionately, but she tells Merrick that it is unlikely that he will ever have a mistress. Merrick admits that he has never even seen a naked woman. Mrs. Kendal is flattered by his show of trust in her, and she realizes that she has come to trust him. She undresses and allows him to see her naked body. Treves enters and is shocked, sending Mrs. Kendal away.

Ross comes to the hospital to ask Merrick to rejoin the freak show.  Ross's health has drastically worsened, and he tells Merrick that without help he is doomed to a painful death.  He tries to convince Merrick to charge the society members who visit him. Merrick refuses to help Ross, finally standing up to him after suffering years of abuse at his hands. Ross makes one final pathetic plea to Merrick, who refuses him, saying that's just the way things are.

Merrick asks Treves what he believes about God and heaven.  Then he confronts Treves, criticizing what he did to Mrs. Kendal and the rigid standards by which he judges everybody.  Treves realizes that he has been too harsh with Merrick and tells him that although he will write to Mrs. Kendal, he does not believe she will return. After Merrick leaves the room, Treves says that it is because he does not want her to see Merrick die.

Treves has a nightmare that he has been put on display while Merrick delivers a lecture about his terrifying normality, his rigidity, and the acts of cruelty he can commit upon others "for their own good".

Carr-Gomm and Treves discuss Merrick's impending death. Treves displays frustration at the fact that the more normal Merrick pretends to be, the worse his condition becomes. He confronts Bishop How, telling him that he believes Merrick's faith is merely another attempt to emulate others. It comes out that the real source of his frustrations is the chaos of the world around him, with his patients seemingly doing everything they can to shorten their own lives. No matter how hard he tries he cannot help them, just as he cannot help Merrick. He finally begs for the bishop to help him.

Merrick finishes his model of the church. As usual, he goes to sleep while sitting, a posture which he must adopt due to the weight of his head. As he sleeps he sees visions of the pinheads, now singing that they are the Queens of the Cosmos. They lay him down to sleep normally, and he dies. Snork discovers his body and runs out screaming that the Elephant Man is dead.

In the final scene, Carr-Gomm reads a letter he has written to The Times, outlining Merrick's stay at the hospital, his death and his plans for the remaining funds donated for Merrick's care. When he asks Treves if he has anything else to add, a distressed Treves says he does not and leaves. As Carr-Gomm finishes the letter Treves rushes back in, saying that he's thought of something. Carr-Gomm tells the doctor that it is too late: it is done.

Broadway production, 1979:
 Philip Anglim as John Merrick
 JoAnne Belanger as Orderly (understudy), Princess Alexandra (understudy), Pinhead (understudy), Countess (understudy), Miss Sandwich (understudy)
 Richard Clarke as Francis Carr-Gomm, Conductor
 Kevin Conway as Frederick Treves, Belgian Policeman
 Dennis Creaghan as Orderly, London Policeman (understudy), Lord John (understudy), Will (understudy), Earl (understudy), Pinhead Manager (understudy)
 Michael Goldschlager as Cellist (standby)
 Cordis Heard as Miss Sandwich, Princess Alexandra, Pinhead, Countess, Mrs. Kendal (understudy)
 David Heiss as Cellist
 I. M. Hobson as Bishop Walsham How, Ross, Snork
 John Neville-Andrews as Pinhead Manager, London Policeman, Lord John, Will, Earl, Frederick Treves (understudy), Belgian Policeman (understudy)
 Carole Shelley as Pinhead, Mrs. Kendal
 Jack Wetherall as John Merrick (standby)

2002 revival
A revival of the production was staged at the Royale Theatre on Broadway in April 2002, running for 57 performances, and closed on 2 June 2002. It was directed by Sean Mathias and starred Billy Crudup, Rupert Graves and Kate Burton in the leading roles and James Riordan and Jack Gilpin portraying several supporting roles each. The production received Tony Nominations for Crudup and Burton.

201415 revival
A 2014 revival, starring Bradley Cooper, Patricia Clarkson, and Alessandro Nivola, opened at the Booth Theatre on 7 December for a 13-week engagement (through 15 February 2015). Cooper, who appeared as Merrick in a revival at the 2012 Williamstown Theatre Festival, reprised his role. Scott Ellis, who directed the Williamstown production, also staged the Broadway return. In May 2015, the production, again starring Cooper, Clarkson, and Nivola, opened at the Theatre Royal Haymarket London for a limited 12-week run from 19 May until 8 August.

Adaptations
The play was adapted for television by Steve Lawson and broadcast in 1982 on ABC. Philip Anglim reprised his Broadway performance and Hofsiss returned to direct. Actress Penny Fuller received an Emmy Award for her performance as Mrs. Kendal.

A radio drama adaptation by the BBC World Service was broadcast in 1988. It was directed by David Hitchenson and starred Gerard Murphy as John Merrick the elephant man; Jeremy Clyde as Frederick Treves the doctor; Anna Massey as actress Mrs. Kendal.

Awards and nominations

Original Broadway Production (1979)

Honor
 1979 Selection, The Burns Mantle Theater Yearbook, The Best Plays of 1978-1979

2002 Broadway Revival

2014 Broadway Revival

References

Further reading

External links

Broadway plays
Plays and musicals about disability
Cultural depictions of Joseph Merrick
British plays adapted into films
Plays based on real people
Plays set in England
Plays set in the 19th century
Drama Desk Award-winning plays
Tony Award-winning plays
1977 plays

The Elephant Man (play)


The Alpine orogeny (sometimes Alpide orogeny) is the building of mountain ranges in central and southern Europe and west Asia.
This mountain-building phase started in the later Mesozoic era. It happened as the two large continents Africa and India (plus a smaller plates) moved north and collided with Eurasia. This happened at the end of the Mesozoic era, and is slowly continuing today.

So this slow collision sqeezed the Eurasian plates, and caused mountains to build from the western edge far into Asia. These are the mountain ranges of the Alpide belt. They include (from west to east) the Atlas, the Rif, the Baetic Cordillera, the Cantabrian Mountains, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Apennine Mountains, the Dinaric Alps, the Hellenides, the Carpathian Mountains, the Balkan Mountains, the Taurus, the Armenian Highlands, the Caucasus, the Alborz, the Zagros, the Hindu Kush, the Pamir, the Karakoram, and the Himalayas.

The Alpine orogeny also led to more distant and smaller geological features such as the chalk hills in southern England and northern France (the 'Weald–Artois Anticline'). The remains of this can be seen in the chalk ridges of the North and South Downs in southern England. Its effects are visible on the Isle of Wight, where the chalk and overlying Eocene strata are folded to near-vertical, as seen at Alum Bay and Whitecliff Bay, and on the Dorset coast near Lulworth Cove.

The Alpine orogeny was the last of the three major phases of orogeny in Europe that made its geology. The Caledonian orogeny which formed the Old Red Sandstone continent was the first. The second was the Variscan orogeny. That was when Pangaea formed as Gondwana and the Old Red Sandstone continent collided in the middle to late Palaeozoic.

References

Geography of Europe
Orogenies

Alpine orogeny