V Corps (), formerly known as the Fifth Corps, is a regular corps of the United States Army based at Fort Knox and at Camp Kosciuszko in Poznań, Poland. It was previously active during World War I, World War II, the Cold War, the Kosovo War, and the War on Terrorism.

Shoulder sleeve insignia
The corps's shoulder patch, a pentagon whose points lie on an imaginary circle  in diameter whose edges are white lines  in width and whose radial lines are white  in width, was approved on 3 December 1918. The triangles thus outlined in white are flag blue. The pentagon represents the number of the Corps, while blue and white are the colors associated with Corps flags.

History

World War I
V Corps was organized 7–12 July 1918 in the Regular Army in France, as part of the American Expeditionary Forces. By the end of World War I, the Corps had fought in three named campaigns.

Headquarters Company, V Corps was withdrawn from the Organized Reserve on 1 October 1933 and allotted to the Regular Army. At the same time, the Corps HQ was partially activated at Fort Hayes, OH, with Regular personnel from HQ, Fifth Corps Area, and Reserve personnel from the corps area at large. Though an Regular Army, Inactive, unit from 1927 to 1940, the Corps HQ was organized provisionally for short periods using its assigned Reserve officers and staff officers from HQ, Fifth Corps Area. These periods of provisional Active Duty were generally for command post exercises and major maneuvers. HQ, V Corps was fully activated on 20 October 1940, less Reserve personnel, at Camp Beauregard, LA.

World War II
After Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December 1941, the corps deployed (January 1942) the first American soldiers to the European Theater of Operations, United States Army. That initial deployment was known as the U.S. Army Northern Ireland Force or MAGNET. On 6 June 1944, V Corps assaulted Omaha Beach, Normandy. Corps soldiers then broke out from the beachhead, liberated Paris and Sedan, Ardennes, and raced to the German border. After liberating Luxembourg, V Corps fought in the Battle of the Bulge, captured Leipzig, made first contact with the Red Army at Torgau, and, south in Czechoslovakia, liberated Plzeň by May 1945.

Cold War

In March 1947, United States European Command directed that its combat forces were to convert to "Occupation duties." On 1 December 1950, due to concern of a Soviet threat to Western Europe during the Korean War, Seventh Army was activated as a field army in Europe. Seventh Army absorbed the two main Occupation Duty forces then in Germany, namely the 1st Infantry Division and the United States Constabulary.

By middle 1948 limited combat training had been restored within the European Command.

In December, 1950 President Truman declared a National Emergency due to the Korean War, and four divisions were dispatched to reinforce U.S. forces in Europe, including the National Guard's 28th and 43rd Infantry Divisions. In May 1951 the 4th Infantry Division arrived in United States Army Europe (USAREUR) in Germany, and on 3 August 1951, V Corps was reactivated and assigned to the Seventh Army in USAREUR. In July the 2d Armored Division arrived in Germany, and on 25 August 1951 the 4th Infantry Division (HQ: Frankfurt) and 2d Armored Division (HQ: Bad Kreuznach) were assigned as V Corps divisions.

The Constabulary was inactivated upon the arrival of the four U.S. division augmentation forces to Germany. V Corps was assigned to the northern area of the U.S. Occupation Zone of Germany (which included the Fulda Gap), and the VII Corps was assigned to the southern area of the U.S. Zone (one of the National Guard divisions (the 43rd) was stationed in the Munich area, and the other (the 28th) was between Munich and Stuttgart). Several years later the newly forming West German Army displaced the GDP positions of some of the U.S. units stationed in the far southern area of West Germany. As a consequence, the U.S. units' GDP positions were moved further north, as was the U.S. VII Corps' wartime southern boundary line (even though the U.S. units remained in their original kasernes). This shifting action likely coincided with the same time frame as the Summer and Fall conversion of all Seventh Army units to the ROAD organization.

Although, as referenced above, in 1951 the 1st Infantry Division was assigned to the newly activated VII Corps, the significance of the V Corps assigned Fulda Gap and Meiningen Gap (AKA Grabfeld Gap) defense influenced not only the reassignment of the Wuerzburg-headquartered 1st Infantry Division to V Corps on 2 February 1952, but also the 1 October 1953 assignment of the newly formed 19th Armor Group, headquartered at Frankfurt, to V Corps.

As of June 1954, the main unit assignments to V Corps were 1st Infantry Division, 4th Infantry Division, 2d Armored Division, and 19th Armor Group (19th AG was the size of a large brigade, with 3 tank battalions and one mech. infantry battalion stationed from Mannheim to Wildflecken). The first U.S. armored division to be stationed east of the Rhine River in the Cold War, namely V Corps' 3d Armored Division, arrived in May/June 1956. (The 3d Armored Div. replaced the 4th Infantry Div.; later, the 2d Armored Div. was replaced by the Bad Kreuznach arriving 8th Infantry Div.)  The 19th Armor Group (HQ Frankfurt) was replaced by the 4th Armor Group on 1 July 1955 (the 4th AG was approximately the size of the replaced 19th AG); the 4th Armor Group was deactivated in the 1963 ROAD conversion. In 1955 the 1st Infantry Division gyroscoped to CONUS, and was replaced in V Corps by the 10th Infantry Division from CONUS. In 1958 the 3rd Infantry Division gyroscoped from CONUS and the 10th Infantry Division gyroscoped to CONUS.

Due to the 1963 ROAD reorganization in USAREUR, V Corps ultimately lost two assigned units:
(1) the 4th Armor Group was inactivated;
(2) the 3rd Infantry Division, with its headquarters at Wuerzburg, was reassigned to VII Corps.

After the Cold War collapse of the Warsaw Pact, V Corps soldiers deployed both units and individuals to Saudi Arabia for the Gulf War; and to other operations in Kuwait, northern Iraq, Croatia, Somalia, Republic of Macedonia, Rwanda, and Zaire.

Organization 1989

At the end of the Cold War in 1989 V Corps consisted of the following units:

  V Corps, Frankfurt, West Germany
  3rd Armored Division, Frankfurt
  4th Infantry Division (Mechanized), Fort Carson, Colorado (Operation Reforger unit)
  8th Infantry Division (Mechanized), Bad Kreuznach
  V Corps Artillery, Frankfurt
  41st Field Artillery Brigade, Babenhausen
  42nd Field Artillery Brigade, Giessen
  11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Fulda
  194th Armored Brigade, Fort Knox, Kentucky (Operation Reforger unit)
  197th Infantry Brigade (Mechanized), Fort Benning, Georgia (Operation Reforger unit)
  12th Aviation Brigade, Wiesbaden
  130th Engineer Brigade, Hanau
  18th Military Police Brigade, Frankfurt
  22nd Signal Brigade (Corps), Frankfurt
  205th Military Intelligence Brigade, Frankfurt
  3rd Corps Support Command, Wiesbaden

1990s

In December 1994, as part of the realignment of United States Armed Forces, V Corps moved from the IG Farben Building to Campbell Barracks in Heidelberg, severing a forty-three-year tie with Frankfurt. The corps reached out to the armed forces of eastern Europe with numerous initiatives to foster closer ties and better understanding. Maintaining the NATO commitment, V Corps in 1994 created two bi-national corps with Germany. For Command Component Land Heidelberg missions, the corps commanded the 13th (German) Armored Infantry Division, while II (German) Corps commanded the 1st Armored Division.

In December 1995, V Corps deployed 1st Armored Division and elements of six separate brigades for the Implementation Force (IFOR). The corps headquarters and Headquarters Company, the 3d Support Command, and the separate brigades helped form the National Support Element headquartered in Hungary for United States Armed Forces in Bosnia. Brigades of the two divisions rotated in the peace enforcement mission for a number of years in Bosnia. Headquarters and Headquarters Company, V Corps, was decorated with the Army Superior Unit Award in 1998 in recognition of the unit's performance in Implementation Force (IFOR). In April 1999, V Corps deployed the headquarters and subordinate units to Albania as Task Force Hawk, a force involved in the ongoing crisis in Kosovo. The 1st Infantry Division served in Kosovo twice and the 1st Armored Division served once, in addition to V Corps separate brigades.

War on Terrorism

At the end of 2002, V Corps deployed to Kuwait under United States Central Command for the Iraq War. The United States-led coalition brought about a regime change in Iraq and satisfied international concerns about Iraq and weapons of mass destruction. The corps and its maneuver brigades crossed into Iraq on 21 March 2003 as the main effort. In sixteen days of fighting, V Corps advanced more than 540 miles straight-line distance from Kuwait to Baghdad, decisively defeated the Iraqi Armed Forces, and toppled the regime of Saddam Hussein.

On 15 June 2003, the corps formed Combined Joint Task Force 7, based in Baghdad, and continued military operations to pacify the remainder of Iraq, rebuild the country, and create democratic institutions. As part of Combined Joint Task Force 7 mission, V Corps soldiers sought out and arrested or killed the major figures in the previous Iraqi regime, culminating in the arrest of Saddam Hussein himself. On 1 February 2004, V Corps was succeeded in Combined Joint Task Force 7 by III Corps and redeployed to its home station in Heidelberg, Germany. In recognition of its combat achievements in Iraq, the Department of the Army, in 2004, awarded the Headquarters and Headquarters Company the Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army).

In January 2006, the corps, deployed to Iraq and replaced XVIII Airborne Corps as the command and control element for Multi-National Corps–Iraq. During its second year-long deployment, which ended on 14 December 2006, V Corps continued to lead coalition forces and made great strides battling a widespread insurgency, and conducting a massive rebuilding effort.

From 2012 to 2013, V Corps served in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, providing command and control of all U.S. ground forces stationed there. On 16 February 2012, it was announced that Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion, V Corps would inactivate upon redeployment from Afghanistan per guidance issued by the Department of the Army earlier that same year. On 12 June 2013, V Corps was awarded an Army Superior Unit Award, a Meritorious Unit Commendation, then ceremonially inactivated at Biebrich Palace, Wiesbaden, Germany.

Reactivation
On 11 February 2020, the United States Department of the Army announced the activation of corps headquarters (V Corps). V Corps Headquarters will have approximately 635 soldiers, with approximately 200 who will support an operational command post in Europe. The Corps Headquarters is projected to be operational by autumn 2020.

On 12 February 2020, the Army announced that V Corps' new headquarters would be located at Fort Knox, Kentucky.

United States Army Chief of Staff, General James McConville stated:"The activation of an additional Corps headquarters provides the needed level of command and control focused on synchronizing U.S. Army, allied, and partner nation tactical formations operating in Europe. It will enhance U.S. Army Europe and U.S. European Command as they work alongside allies and partners to promote regional stability and security."The establishment of V Corps supports United States European Command's request for increased command and control capability.

In May 2020, MG John Kolasheski, commanding general of the 1st Infantry Division was nominated to command the newly reactivated V Corps. Once confirmed by the Senate he would receive a third star. Kolasheski was confirmed to the rank of lieutenant general on 21 May 2020. He was promoted by Army Chief of Staff James C. McConville on 4 August 2020 in Kraków, Poland. McConville announced that V Corps forward headquarters would be established in Poland after the next fiscal year starts on 1 October 2020. 200 of the expected 630 headquarters staff members would be stationed in Poznan on a rotational basis.

The forward headquarters will "conduct operational planning, mission command and oversight of the rotational forces in Europe", and work alongside allies and partners to build readiness and enhance interoperability.

On 21 July 2021 MG Jeffery Broadwater was announced as DCG, V Corps. (In May 2021, MG Matthew Van Wagenen was appointed as DCG-Manoeuvre to be based in Poznan, Poland, but who presently serves as a DCG for the Army component of SHAPE.)

On 7 March 2022 a V Corps headquarters element deployed to Germany, joining the forward element already in Europe, to "provide additional command and control of U.S. Army forces in Europe." The headquarters is also tasked to "provide a more robust presence in Europe and enable the Corps to synchronize current contingency operations, support the ongoing mission to reinforce NATO's eastern flank and coordinate multinational exercises across the continent." This deployment is in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

At the 29 June 2022 NATO summit in Madrid US President Joe Biden announced that a permanent military base would be established in Poland that would serve as the new headquarters of V Corps and  "strengthen the US-NATO interoperability across the entire eastern flank," in further response to the Russian campaign in Ukraine. On 30 July 2022 the headquarters of V Corps (Forward) in Poznan was renamed Camp Kosciuszko.

Organization 2023

As of May 2023 V Corps consists of the following units:

  V Corps, in Poznań (Poland)
 Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion, in Poznań (Poland)
 2nd Cavalry Regiment, in Vilseck (Germany)
 41st Field Artillery Brigade, in Grafenwöhr (Germany)
 12th Combat Aviation Brigade, in Ansbach (Germany)
 Atlantic Resolve rotational units:
 Rotational Light Division at Mihail Kogălniceanu Air Base (Romania)
 1x Rotational Infantry Brigade Combat Team
 1x Rotational Sustainment Brigade
 Rotational Armor Division in Bolesławiec (Poland)
 2x Rotational Armor Brigade Combat Teams
 1x Rotational Combat Aviation Brigade
 1x Rotational Sustainment Brigade
 NATO Enhanced Forward Presence (EFP) Poland

See also

Ardennes-Alsace Order of Battle
Liberation of Iraq Order of Battle
List of commanders
Meuse-Argonne Order of Battle

References

Bibliography

 Burger, Eric H. Staff Sgt. "V Corps Song–March "Victory!"." Print.

 Condon, Edward J., Jr., and Raymond A. Mathews Historical Report of the V Corps-1949. n.p., 1950.
 Hill, John G. V Corps Operations in ETO, 6 Jan 1942 – 9 May 1945. Paris: Paul Viviers, 1945.
 History V Corps June 6, '44. 668th Engineer Topographic Company, 1945.
 Huebner, C.R. "V Corps From Belgium to Czechoslovakia". Army and Navy Journal 83 (4 December 1945):55ff.
 Tucker, Spencer, ed. A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Volume V: 1861–1918. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2010.
 United States. Dept. of Army. Center of Military History. Armies, Corps, Divisions, and Separate Brigades. Wilson, John B., Comp. Washington: GPO, 1999.
 United States. Dept. of Army. Center of Military History. "Ruck it up!" The post-Cold War transformation of V Corps, 1990–2001. By Charles E. Kirkpatrick. Washington: GPO, 2006.
 United States. Dept. of Army. Combined Arms Center. V Corps in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1995–1996: an oral history. Harold E. Raugh, Jr., Ed. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2010.
 United States. Dept. of Army. Headquarters, V Corps. "It Will Be Done!" U.S. Army V Corps, 1918–2009: a pictorial history. Harold E. Raugh, Jr., Ed. Grafenwoehr, Germany: Druckerei Hutzler, 2009.
 United States. Dept. of Army. Headquarters, V Corps. The History of V Corps. By Charles E. Kirkpatrick. n.p., 2001.

External links

 Government
 Lineage and Honors Information at the U.S. Army Center of Military History

1918 establishments in France
1919 disestablishments in Kansas
1922 establishments in Kentucky
1924 disestablishments in Kentucky
1940 establishments in Louisiana
2013 disestablishments in Germany
2020 establishments in Kentucky
Army units and formations of the United States in World War I
Corps of the United States Army
Corps of the United States in World War II
Military units and formations established in 1918
Military units and formations disestablished in 1919
Military units and formations established in 1922
Military units and formations disestablished in 1924
Military units and formations established in 1940
Military units and formations disestablished in 2013
Military units and formations established in 2020
Military units and formations of the United States in the Cold War
Military units and formations of the United States in the War on Terror
Organizations based in Kentucky

V Corps (United States)


Ruth Kadiri (dem bon am for 24 March 1988) na Naija aktres, screenwriter an fim produsa.

How shi tek stat life
Ruth Kadiri wey dem bon for Benin City, Edo State,Edo State, Naija. Shi stodi mass communication for University of Lagos and Business Administration for Yaba College of Technology.

Pasona life
Di aktress keep ha relationship mata secret until December 2017, wen Ruth announce sey shi don engage on top ha social media pej. On August 26, 2020. Kadiri celebrate ha daughter one year birthday.

Karia
Ruth Kadiri enta Nollywood for di fim wey di nem na Boys Cot and sins den shi don du
over fifty fim. Shi don write and co-write plenti
movies Matter Arising, Heart of a Fighter, Ladies Men, Sincerity, First Class and Over the Edge.Shi produce some fim wey talk abaut lie and pipu wey dey deceive like Somebody lied and Memory lane.

Fim wey im dey
 In Your Arms (2017)
 Black Bride (2017)
 We Cheats More (2017)
 WET by Ruth Kadiri (2018)
 Tripod by Ruth Kadiri (2018)
 Black Men Rock (2018)
 Love is Beautiful (2019)
 The Dumb Wife (2020)
 Too Old for Love (2020)
 Tears of Rejected Seed (2020)

Ruth Kadiri


Ekkehard Ehlers (born 1974) is an artist working in the field of electronic music. In addition to his solo career, he has recorded under the monikers Auch, Betrieb and Ferdinand Fehlers and as a member of the duo Autopoesies and his band  März. A BBC reviewer wrote of Ehlers music: Ehlers' music toys with your perceptions a little, opening up a space to think

Biography
Ehlers was born in Frankfurt. He became interested in aesthetic theory, particularly the work of Theodor Adorno, as a university student in Frankfurt. He began working with Sebastian Meissner as Autopoieses in the late 1990s. Autopoieses was in part about the recontextualization of samples, and the duo released their well-received debut record exploring these ideas in 1999 on Mille Plateaux. Ehlers' tested the solo waters with minimal house released as Auch and Betrieb from 2000 to 2005 on Force Inc. and Klang. In 2000 Ehlers released his first solo album under his own name, the dark and abstract Betrieb. Constructed primarily of manipulated samples of Arnold Schönberg and Charles Ives, Betrieb is steeped in theory, as evidenced by the Ehlers-penned liner notes.

In 2001, Ehlers began recording a series of singles to serve as tributes to some of his aesthetic heroes. These singles, which included "Ekkehard Ehlers Plays Cornelius Cardew" and "Ekkehard Ehlers Plays John Cassavetes" were ultimately gathered together on the 2002 album Plays. This release brought Ehlers fame outside of experimental electronic music circles. He followed it with the far more abstract Politik Braucht Keinen Feind in 2003, and then with A Life Without Fear, which incorporated blues in a typically oblique way, in 2006.

Since 2000 he started working on ballet scores for the choreographers William Forsythe and later Christoph Winkler and for Ulrich Rasche.
Ehlers has curated Music festivals such as "under construction", "Audio Poverty" and "Lux Aeterna" and the Donaueschinger Musiktage 2020.

He remixed the Red Hot Chili Peppers' single "Californication" and collaborated with the band on a couple of their live sets. Two live recordings have been made called Tuesday Night in Berlin and Thursday Night in Berlin. The remixed Californication and the 14 minute improvisation jam Tuesday Night in Berlin can be found on the second version of the Red Hot Chili Peppers' Fortune Faded single. The nearly 30 minute Thursday Night In Berlin has not been released officially although a bootleg has recently leaked onto the Internet.

Selected discography
Betrieb — CD, Mille Plateaux, 2000
März — CD, 2001 (Ehlers,  Kunze) 2002-2004
Plays — CD, Staubgold, 2002
Music For William Forsythe — CD, Whatness, 2003 (Ehlers, Sebastian Meissner, Thom Willems)
Politik Braucht Keinen Feind — CD, Staubgold, 2003
Childish Music — CD, Staubgold, 2005 (compilation)
A Life Without Fear — CD, Staubgold, 2006
Ballads — CD, Staubgold, 2009 (with Paul Wirkus)
Adikia — CD, Staubgold, 2012

References

External links

Living people
1974 births
German electronic musicians

Ekkehard Ehlers


Ludwig Clamor Marquart (29 March 1804 – 10 May 1881) was a German pharmacist and entrepreneur born in Osnabrück.

As a teenager, he was a pharmacist's apprentice in the town of Dissen, and afterwards an assistant pharmacist in Lingen and Werden. Later he was an overseer of pharmacies in the district of Cologne, and in 1835 received a doctorate in pharmaceutical chemistry from the University of Heidelberg. In 1837 he started a private pharmaceutical institute in Bonn, where he taught classes until 1845. One of his students at the institute was renowned chemist Remigius Fresenius (1818-1897).

In 1845 he founded in Bonn, Marquart's Lager chemischer Utensilien, a factory that produced fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Today the operation in Bonn is part of Evonik; thus making it one of the oldest producers of chemicals in Germany.

In 1835 Marquart is credited for coining the chemical term "anthocyanin" to denote the blue pigment of the cornflower. In 1842, Justus Carl Hasskarl named the genus Marquartia (family Pandanaceae) in his honor.

References
 Degussa Historical Personalities at DeGussa

1804 births
1881 deaths
Scientists from Osnabrück
German pharmacists
19th-century German chemists

Ludwig Clamor Marquart


Hedwig Jagiellon (, ; 8 April 1408, Kraków – 8 December 1431, Kraków) was a Polish and Lithuanian princess, and a member of the Jagiellon dynasty. For most of her life she, as the only child of Władysław Jagiełło, was considered to be heiress of the Polish and Lithuanian thrones. After the birth of Jagiello's sons in 1424 and 1427, Hedwig had some support for her claims to the throne. She died in 1431 amidst rumors that she was poisoned by her stepmother Sophia of Halshany.

Family relations
She was the only daughter of King of Poland and Supreme Duke of Lithuania Władysław Jagiełło by his second wife, Anna of Celje, daughter of William, Count of Celje, and Anna of Poland. Anna of Celje was a granddaughter of King Casimir III of Poland and therefore a Piast heiress. Thanks to his marriage to her in 1402, Jagiello re-legitimized his rule as King of Poland after the death of his first wife, Hedwig (Jadwiga), who reigned as King (not Queen consort) of Poland. Jagiello's and Anna's only daughter, born in 1408, was named after Queen Hedwig.

After it became apparent that Anna of Celje would not be able to bear any further children, Hedwig was officially proclaimed heir presumptive to the throne during a congress in Jedlnia in early 1413. Queen Anna died in 1416, leaving Hedwig as Jagiello's sole surviving child. In 1417, Jagiello married Elisabeth of Pilica, and in 1422, Sophia of Halshany. Hedwig was raised by both stepmothers.

Proposed marriages
Until the birth of Jagiello's son Władysław III in 1424, Hedwig's marriage was of paramount importance in Polish politics as her husband would presumably become King of Poland after Jagiello's death. The first known negotiations for her marriage occurred in 1419 between Jagiello and Eric, King of Sweden, Norway, and Dermark. The rulers met in Czerwińsk nad Wisłą to discuss an alliance against the Teutonic Knights. Eric proposed to marry Hedwig to his cousin and presumptive heir Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania, who at the time was eight or nine years old. However, the Polish–Scandinavian–Pomeranian alliance did not materialize.

On 12 April 1421, Hedwig was betrothed to Frederick II, Margrave of Brandenburg, second son of Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg, who sought Polish alliance in the long-standing Brandenburg–Pomeranian conflict. According to the terms of the agreement, the marriage would take place when Frederick II reached age 14 in 1427. Five years after the marriage, Frederick II would be eligible to become King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. The young Brandenburg prince had to live in Poland as soon as was possible, in order to get acquainted with the language and customs of his future country. The agreement would be void if Jagiello had surviving sons.

Ten months later, Jagiello married Sophia of Halshany, who was just a few years older than Hedwig. Frederick I was not satisfied with the marriage and sent his son to Kraków to be with his fiancé. Tensions continued to rise as Brandenburg did not provide troops in the Gollub War against the Teutonic Knights. Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, lobbied against the marriage while Scandinavian King Eric renewed his proposal for the Polish–Scandinavian–Pomeranian alliance against Brandenburg. Despite political pressure, Jagiello did not annul the agreement. Fearing an assassination attempt, Grand Duke Vytautas took Frederick II from Kraków to Lithuania in 1424.

In October 1424, Sophia gave birth to Jagiello's son, but Frederick continued to pursue the marriage. A party of Polish nobles wanted Hedwig and her future husband to succeed her father, instead of her father's sons by Sophia of Halshany, who were not descended from the Piast dynasty of Poland. The death of her maternal grandmother, Anna of Poland, in 1425 left Hedwig without any close relatives in the power struggle with Sophia. Due to uncertainties of inheritance, Hedwig's marriage was postponed. For about a year, Hedwig battled an unknown illness. She died in December 1431 and was buried in the Wawel Cathedral. Queen Sophia had to defend herself against rumors that she poisoned the princess. There is evidence to suggest that Frederick II was genuinely in love with Hedwig and suffered bouts of depression as a result of her death.

References
Notes

References

Bibliography
 Łowmiański, Henryk, Polityka Jagiellonów, Poznań 2006.
 Tęgowski, Jan, Pierwsze pokolenia Giedyminowiczów, Poznań - Wrocław 1999.
 Wdowiszewski, Zygmunt, Genealogia Jagiellonów i Domu Wazów w Polsce, Kraków 2005.

1408 births
1431 deaths
Hedwig
Nobility from Kraków
Polish princesses
Burials at Wawel Cathedral
15th-century Polish nobility
15th-century Polish women
Daughters of kings

Hedwig Jagiellon (1408–1431)


Do I Sound Gay? is a 2014 American documentary film by David Thorpe that explores the existence and accuracy of stereotypes about the speech patterns of gay men, and the ways in which one's degree of conformity to the stereotype can contribute to internalized homophobia. Other figures participating in the film include Dan Savage, George Takei, David Sedaris, Tim Gunn, and Margaret Cho, as well as University of Toronto linguist Ron Smyth.

The film was funded in part by a Kickstarter campaign in the spring of 2014.

Synopsis
David Thorpe becomes concerned that his gay-sounding voice is limiting his opportunities in life.  He visits two speech therapists to evaluate his condition and help him gain control of his speaking voice.  Eventually he realizes that he intentionally changed his voice at about age 17 when he came out and wanted others to know he was gay.

Participants
 David Thorpe
 Dan Savage
 George Takei
 David Sedaris
 Margaret Cho
 Tim Gunn
 Don Lemon
 Jeff Hiller
 Michael Airington
 Ron Smyth
 Robert Corff
 Miguel Gutierrez
 Richard Barrios

Production
Director David Thorpe had always been self-conscious about his voice. When Thorpe did not have a lot of confidence, he described his voice as "I felt bad about being effeminate and how my voice was the leading edge of my effeminacy". Production of Do I Sound Gay? was crowdfunded through a Kickstarter campaign launched by Thorpe on April 30, 2014. The campaign would go on to raise $120,573 out of  $115,000 goal with 1,968 backers.

Release

Box office
Do I Sound Gay? opened theatrically in one venue on July 10, 2015, and earned $10,461 in its first weekend. At the end of its run, six weeks later on August 20, the film had expanded to 18 theaters and grossed $108,620 domestically.

Critical reception
On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 81% based on 47 reviews, with an average rating of 6.54/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Do I Sound Gay? proves to be a light, affable, entertaining look at a largely unexplored issue". Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 65 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "Generally favorable reviews".

Leslie Felperin writing for The Guardian said that, "the point is inclusiveness, not conclusiveness, and that makes this open, honest and endearingly slapdash work especially interesting". Writing for Variety, Andrew Barker wrote that, "The film does lose its way at times, especially during its long look at the evolution of cinematic gay stereotypes — still a worthwhile subject of study, though one that's been explored more thoroughly elsewhere — and the ending is a little pat". Sara Stewart of New York Post wrote, "Thorpe does elicit entertaining, thoughtful and sometimes deeply sad insights".

Gary Goldstein of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Thorpe's topic might have been better served in a broader-based documentary about LGBT stereotypes than as the basis for an entire film". Danielle Davenport of the One Room With A View said that, "On the whole, Do I Sound Gay? is didactic and empowering, but not overly rigorous; its encouraging premise is not entirely satisfied". Clayton Dillard of Slant Magazine called Do I Sound Gay? "a film that only superficially engages its topic, preferring communal confirmation over more rigorous, troubled grapplings".

Accolades
The film was first runner-up for the People's Choice Award for Best Documentary at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival. Do I Sound Gay? won Best Documentary Feature at the 2015 KASHISH Mumbai International Queer Film Festival.

See also
Gay male speech

References

External links

2014 documentary films
2014 LGBT-related films
2014 films
Documentary films about gay men
Kickstarter-funded documentaries
LGBT linguistics
Documentary films about words and language
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
American LGBT-related documentary films

Do I Sound Gay?


Dr. David Livesey () is a fictional character from the 1883 novel Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson. As well as doctor, he is a magistrate, an important man in the rural society of southwest England, where the story opens; his social position is marked by his always wearing a white wig—even in the harsh conditions of the island on which the adventure takes place.

Some years previously, he had fought in the Battle of Fontenoy (1745), and was wounded in action during the battle.

The doctor first appears in the book when he comes to the "Admiral Benbow" to care for Jim Hawkins' ailing father, demonstrating courage and strength of character as he resists the attempts of pirate Billy Bones to bully him. On Bones' subsequent death and the discovery of the treasure map, Dr. Livesey throws in his lot with Squire Trelawney's plans to recover Captain J. Flint's famous hoard. The cooler headed of the two, Dr. Livesey suggests discretion in recruiting a crew for the expedition, urging Trelawney to keep the purpose of the Hispaniola'''s voyage secret.

When Hawkins (now serving as cabin boy) discovers the pirates' plot, it is the doctor he seeks out to make his report. Livesey keeps his head in the crisis and lets none of the crew see that he has just been given dreadful news. Thanks to his cool temperament, he, Captain Alexander Smollett, and the squire are able to plan their escape with the few men they can trust. The doctor himself narrates their subsequent flight from the ship and the establishing of their campStevenson, Chapter 18: Narrative Continued by the Doctor: End of the First Day's Fighting in the old stockade on the island.

Later, when ship's cook Long John Silver and the crew attack, the doctor—a battle-hardened veteran—fights well and, with Captain Smollett wounded, takes responsibility for the safety of the expedition. Acting on Jim's account of his earlier adventures, he sets out to find Ben Gunn and succeeds in winning the castaway's loyalty with the offer of a small Parmesan cheese, a foodstuff for which Gunn has been pining through three years of living on goat meat. He negotiates a truce with Silver by agreeing to surrender the treasure map, which he (but not Silver) now knows to be useless. During the subsequent battle at the site of the plundered cache, he arrives opportunely to orchestrate the rescue of Jim and, as it turns out, Silver.

Dr. Livesey, though at one point earning a merited rebuke from Captain Smollett for inattention to his post, likely has the largest share of the credit for the expedition's success. He can very well be considered the hero of the story. Without him, the whole expedition would have been a disaster.

Devoted to his Hippocratic Oath, Dr. Livesey feels duty-bound to treat wounded and ill pirates, even though they are enemies who tried to kill him and might try again.

Stevenson does not describe Dr. Livesey; he lets the doctor describe himself by his actions. He is intelligent, brave, and has cool-headed qualities that win the day against the cunning and ruthlessness of his formidable adversary Silver.

 Portrayals
Charles Hill Mailes in the 1920 version.
Otto Kruger in the 1934 version.
Denis O'Dea in the 1950 Disney live-action version.
Laimonas Noreika in the 1971 live-action version.
Ángel del Pozo in the 1972 version.
Anthony Bate in the 1977 version.
Iemasa Kayumi in the 1978 anime.
Victor Kostetskiy in the 1982 version.
David Warbeck in the 1987 Treasure Island in Outer Space.
Evgeniy Papernyy in the 1988 Soviet version. This depiction of Dr. Livesey later became an internet meme in 2022.
Julian Glover in the 1990 version.
In Disney's 1996 Muppet Treasure Island, he is portrayed by Dr. Bunsen Honeydew, who in turn is performed by Dave Goelz.
David Robb in the 1999 version.
In the 2002 Disney animated film Treasure Planet, he is replaced with Dr. Delbert Doppler, a dog-alike alien voiced by David Hyde Pierce. He is a composite character borrowing elements from Dr. Livesey and Squire Trelawney.
Jeff Denton in the 2006 film Pirates of Treasure Island''.
Daniel Mays in the 2012 version.

References

External links
 Treasure Island
 Treasure Island Book Review

Treasure Island characters
Literary characters introduced in 1883
Fictional characters from the 18th century
Fictional British medical doctors
Fictional English people
Fictional war veterans

Dr. Livesey


County of Hawke was a 19th-century parliamentary electorate in what is now the Hawke's Bay Region of New Zealand in the 2nd New Zealand Parliament in 1860.

History

In 1858 the General Assembly made some significant changes to electoral boundaries and increased parliamentary representation from 37 members to 41. One of the changes meant the  electorate was split into its two separate components (with both  and County of Hawke expanding inland into previously unincorporated areas). County of Hawke was represented by two Members of Parliament, James Ferguson, incumbent in the seat as member for the previous Wairarapa and Hawke's Bay electorate and Thomas FitzGerald from 26 April to 5 November in 1860 after winning the .

The second Parliament was dissolved on 5 November, and FitzGerald did not seek election to the new Parliament. He had been elected Superintendent of the new Hawke's Bay Province in 1859. He moved to Queensland, Australia in 1862.

In 1861, the new Napier seat was formed in Hawke's Bay.

Members

References

Historical electorates of New Zealand
Politics of the Hawke's Bay Region
1858 establishments in New Zealand
1860 disestablishments in New Zealand

County of Hawke (New Zealand electorate)


Chalkidiki (;  , alternatively Halkidiki), also known as Chalcidice, is a peninsula and regional unit of Greece, part of the region of Central Macedonia, in the geographic region of Macedonia in Northern Greece. The autonomous Mount Athos region constitutes the easternmost part of the peninsula, but not of the regional unit.

The capital of Chalkidiki is the town of Polygyros, located in the centre of the peninsula, while the largest town is Nea Moudania. Chalkidiki is a popular summer tourist destination.

Name
Chalkidiki also spelled Halkidiki () or Chalcidice () is named after the ancient Greek city-state of Chalcis in Euboea, which colonised the area in the 8th century BC.

Geography

The Cholomontas mountains lie in the north-central part of Chalkidiki, with the highest peak reaching 1,165 metres above sea level.

Chalkidiki consists of a large peninsula in the northwestern Aegean Sea, resembling a hand with three 'fingers' (though in Greek these peninsulas are often referred to as 'legs'). From west to east, these are Kassandra (highest peak 345 m), Sithonia (highest peak Mt Itamos 817 m), and Mount Athos, a special polity within Greece known for its monasteries and its highest peak reaching 2,033 metres above sea level. These 'fingers' are separated by two gulfs, the Toronean Gulf and the Singitic Gulf. Chalkidiki borders on the regional unit of Thessaloniki to the north, and is bounded by the Thermaic Gulf on the west, and the Strymonian Gulf and Ierissos Gulf on the east (which are separated by the Brostomnitsa peninsula). Chalkidiki also has a few islands including the inhabited Ammouliani and Diaporos both in the Singitic Gulf.

Its largest towns are Nea Moudania (), Nea Kallikrateia () and the capital town of Polygyros ().

There are several summer resorts on the beaches of all three fingers where other minor towns and villages are located, such as at Yerakini (Gerakina Beach) and Psakoudia in central Chalkidiki, Kallithea, Chanioti and Pefkochori in the Kassandra peninsula, Nikiti and Neos Marmaras (Porto Carras) in the Sithonia peninsula, and Ouranoupolis at Mount Athos. A popular village in winter is Arnaia for its architecture and mountain scenery.

Climate

The climate of Chalkidiki is mainly Mediterranean (Koppen: Csa) with cool, wet winters and hot, relatively dry summers. Snowfalls are possible but not long-lasting during the winter months, while occasional thunderstorms may occur during the summer.

History

The first Greek settlers in this area came from Chalcis and Eretria, ancient ionian cities in Euboea, around the 8th century BC who founded cities such as Mende, Toroni and Scione a second wave came from Andros in the 6th century BC who founded cities such as Akanthos. The ancient city of Stageira was the birthplace of the great philosopher Aristotle. Chalkidiki was an important theatre of war during the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta. Later, the Greek colonies of the peninsula were conquered by Philip II of Macedon and Chalkidiki became part of Macedonia (ancient kingdom). After the end of the wars between the Macedonians and the Romans, the region became part of the Roman Empire, along with the rest of Greece. At the end of the Roman Republic (in 43 BC) a Roman colony was settled in Cassandreia, which was later (in 30 BC) resettled by Augustus.

During the following centuries, Chalkidiki was part of the Byzantine Empire (East Roman Empire). On a chrysobull of Emperor Basil I, dated 885, the Holy Mountain (Mount Athos) was proclaimed a place of monks, and no laymen or farmers or cattle-breeders were allowed to be settled there. With the support of Nikephoros II Phokas, the Great Lavra monastery was founded soon afterwards. Today, over 2,000 monks from Greece and many other Eastern Orthodox countries, such as Romania, Moldova, Georgia, Bulgaria, Serbia, and Russia, live an ascetic life in Athos, isolated from the rest of the world. Athos with its monasteries has been self-governing ever since.

After a short period of domination by the Latin Kingdom of Thessalonica, the area became again Byzantine until its conquest by the Ottomans in 1430. During the Ottoman period, the peninsula was important for its gold mining. In 1821, the Greek War of Independence started and the Greeks of Chalkidiki revolted under the command of Emmanouel Pappas, a member of Filiki Eteria, and other local fighters. The revolt was progressing slowly and unsystematically. The insurrection was confined to the peninsulas of Mount Athos and Kassandra. One of the main goals was to restrain and detain the coming of the Ottoman army from Istanbul, until the revolution in the south (mainly Peloponnese) became stable. Finally, the revolt resulted in a decisive Ottoman victory at Kassandra. The survivors, among them Papas, were rescued by the Psarian fleet, which took them mainly to Skiathos, Skopelos and Skyros. The Ottomans proceeded in retaliation and many villages were burnt.

Finally, the peninsula was incorporated into the Greek Kingdom in 1912 after the Balkan Wars. Many Greek refugees from East Thrace and Anatolia (modern Turkey) were settled in parts of Chalkidiki after the 1922 Greco-Turkish war, adding to the indigenous Greek population.

In the 1980s, a tourism boom came to Chalkidiki and took over agriculture as the primary industry. In June 2003, at the holiday resort of Porto Carras located in Neos Marmaras, Sithonia, leaders of the European Union presented the first draft of the European Constitution (see History of the European Constitution for developments after this point).

Ancient sites

Acanthus (near Ierissos)
Acrothoi
Aege
Alapta
Aphytis (Afytos)
Apollonia (near Polygyros)
Cleonae (Chalcidice)
Galepsus
Mekyberna
Mende
Neapolis, Chalcidice
Olophyxus
Olynthus
Palaiochori "Neposi" castle
Polichrono
Potidaea
Scione
Scolus
Sermylia (Ormylia)
Stageira
Spartolus
Thyssus
Torone
Treasury of the Acanthians
Xerxes Canal

Archaeology
In June 2022, archaeologists announced the discovery of a poorly preserved single-edged sabre among the ruins of a monastery on the coast of Chalcidice. Alongside the curved sword, excavators revealed evidence of a fire, a large cache of 14th-century glazed pottery vessels, as well as other weapons, including axes and arrowheads.

Economy

Agriculture
The peninsula is notable for its olive oil and its green olives production. Also various types of honey and wine are produced.

Tourism
Chalkidiki has been a popular summer tourist destination since the late 1950s when people from Thessaloniki started spending their summer holidays in the coastal villages. In the beginning tourists rented rooms in the houses of locals. By the 1960s, tourists from Austria and Germany started to visit Chalkidiki more frequently. Since the start of the big tourist boom in the 1970s, the whole region has been captured by tourism. In the region there is a golf course, with plans for four others in the future.

Mining
Gold was mined in the region during antiquity by Philip II of Macedon and the next rulers. Since 2013, a revival of mining for gold and other minerals has occurred, and a number of concessions have been granted to Eldorado Gold of Canada. Critics claim that mining adversely affects tourism and the environment.

Administration
The Chalkidiki regional unit is subdivided into five municipalities (numbered as in the infobox map):
Aristotelis (2)
Kassandra (4)
Nea Propontida (3)
Polygyros (1)
Sithonia (5)

Prefecture

As a part of Greece's 2011 local government reform, the Chalkidiki regional unit (, ) was created out of the former Chalkidiki prefecture (, ); the regional unit has the same territory as the former prefecture. As par of the reforms, Chalkidiki's five municipalities (, ) were created by combining former municipalities, which were in turn demoted to municipal units (, ), according to the table below.

Provinces

Before the abolishment of the provinces of Greece in 2006, the Chalkidiki prefecture was subdivided into the following provinces:

Population

As of the 2011 census, the regional unit had a population of 105,908 inhabitants, up from 96,849 inhabitants in the 2001 census. The autonomous monastic state of Mount Athos which is often considered to be geographically part of Chalkidiki recorded an additional 1,811 people in the 2011 census. The population is mostly Eastern Orthodox monks.

Television
TV Halkidiki – Nea Moudania
Super TV – Nea Moudania

Transport
Motorways:
A25 (Thessaloniki, "Macedonia" Airport, Nea Moudania)
Chalkidiki has no railroads or airports.
A bus system, KTEL, serves major municipalities.

In September 2018 it was announced that Line 2 of the Thessaloniki Metro could be extended in the future in order to serve commuters to and from some areas of Chalkidiki.

Notable inhabitants

Paeonius of Mende (late 5th century BC), sculptor
Philippus of Mende, Plato's student, astronomer
Nicomachus, Aristotle's father
Aristobulus of Cassandreia (375–301 BC), historian, architect
Aristotle (384 BC in Stageira–322 BC), philosopher
Andronicus of Olynthus (c. 370 BC), Phrourarchus of Tyre, appointed by Antigonus
Callisthenes (360–328 BC), historian
Crates of Olynthus, Alexander's hydraulic engineer
Bubalus of Cassandreia (304 BC), keles (horse) competing in the flat race of the Lykaia
Poseidippus of Cassandreia (c. 310–240 BC), comic poet
Erginus (son of Simylus) from Cassandreia, citharede winner in Soteria c. 260 BC
Stamatios Kapsas, revolutionary of the Greek War of Independence (1821–1830)
Xenophon Paionidis (1863–1933), architect
Manolis Mitsias, singer
Sokratis Malamas (1957 in Sykia), singer
Paola Foka (1982 Sykia), singer

See also
 Chalkidian League
 List of settlements in Chalkidiki
 Mount Athos
 Petralona cave
 Vavdos Folklore Collection

Notes

References

External links

Peninsulas of Greece
Prefectures of Greece
Regional units of Central Macedonia
Geography of ancient Macedonia
Wine regions of Greece

Chalkidiki


Clifford Gladwin (3 April 1916 – 10 April 1988) was an English first-class cricketer who played for Derbyshire from 1939 to 1958 and in eight Tests for England from 1947 to 1949. He took over 1,600 first-class wickets.

A tall right-arm medium-fast seam bowler of great accuracy and consistency, Gladwin formed, with Les Jackson, the most feared new ball attack in the English first-class game for a dozen years after World War II. Gladwin was both penetrative and mean, with around a third of his overs being maidens, and in thirteen full seasons he took 100 or more wickets twelve times, usually at an average of under 20 runs per wicket.

Cricket writer, Colin Bateman noted that "Gladwin was so proud of his miserly bowling, that he would correct the scorers at the close of play if there was an error in their figures".

Life and career
Gladwin was born 3 April 1916 at Doe Lea, Derbyshire, the son of Joseph Gladwin who also played for Derbyshire. He made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1939 season and played a handful of games that year.

After World War II, Gladwin returned to the county in the 1946 season, taking over 100 wickets and leading an attack weakened by the absence of Bill Copson. With the return of Copson and George Pope the following year, Gladwin formed the only pace attack of even reasonable quality in an era when most counties relied largely on spin. All three played Test cricket against South Africa the following year. Gladwin at Old Trafford conceded only 58 runs in a marathon stint of 50 overs.

Although Gladwin headed the first-class averages in the 1948, he did not play against the 1948 Australians, the team dubbed "The Invincibles". He did, however, play five Tests on the tour to South Africa in 1948–49 under George Mann. There he became a national hero, by running the leg bye that won the Durban Test for England, to achieve the only last-ball victory in the history of Test matches.

By the 1949 season, Gladwin had developed so much as a batsman that he made 124 against Nottinghamshire and scored over 900 runs. However, he did not maintain this standard and only made one score over fifty in his last six seasons. However, as a bowler, Gladwin was always near the top of the averages until he retired in 1958 – though the return of England's pace bowling to more reasonable strength meant that he was out of the running for a Test berth during the 1950s. At times, owing to Derbyshire's shortage of spin, Gladwin actually bowled off-breaks when conditions were favourable.

Gladwin's career total of 1,653 wickets puts him 60th on the all-time list of wicket-takers, and his 1952 match performance of 16 for 84 against Worcestershire is the second best in post-World War II county cricket, being bettered by only one run by Tony Lock four years later. His bowling average was 18.30, and his best innings performance 9 for 41.

Gladwin was a right hand batsman and played 510 innings in 374 first-class matches at an average of 17.35, and a top score of 124 not out. His batting performance stands out in comparison with fellow Derbyshire pace bowlers Bestwick, Copson, Jackson, Rhodes, Ward and Hendrick – who did not make a single fifty between them in 2,195 first-class innings.

Gladwin retired in 1958 and returned to league cricket in Staffordshire and Yorkshire, remaining a popular and respected professional.

Gladwin died 10 April 1988 in Chesterfield, seven days after his 72nd birthday.

References

1916 births
1988 deaths
English cricketers
Derbyshire cricketers
England Test cricketers
Players cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
English cricketers of 1919 to 1945
People from Bolsover District
Cricketers from Derbyshire
H. D. G. Leveson Gower's XI cricketers
North v South cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club South African Touring Team cricketers

Cliff Gladwin


Maurice "Maus" Gatsonides (February 14, 1911 in Gombong, Kebumen Regency – November 29, 1998 in  Heemstede) was a Dutch rally driver and inventor. Gatsonides was born in Central Java in the former Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). He founded the company "Gatsometer BV" in the Netherlands in 1958.

Today, Gatsonides' fame largely results from inventing the Gatso speed camera, a speed measuring device used today by many police forces to catch speeding drivers. He originally invented the Gatso speed camera to measure his cornering speed in an attempt to improve his driving.

Motor racing
Gatsonides is primarily known for inventing the speed camera, but his primary interest was in motor racing. Maurice was passionate about racing and raced in many events.

In 1949, he built his own car. It was nicknamed the "Platje" (English: "Flatty")  because of its aerodynamic shape. The car caused a sensation at the Dutch Zandvoort Racetrack, passing all of the opponents including MG's. Maurice was forced to sell the Flatty to pay creditors after trying to put his own V8 sportscar into production. The Flatty however, survived. It was found abandoned in the 1970s and has now been restored by Joop Bruggeman. It is the last-known surviving Gatso car.

Gatsonides won the Monte Carlo Rally in 1953 driving a Ford Zephyr.

References

External links
Company history at RitzSite
Gatso sportscars

1911 births
1998 deaths
Dutch rally drivers
Dutch racing drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
20th-century Dutch inventors
20th-century Dutch businesspeople
People from Kebumen Regency
World Sportscar Championship drivers

Maus Gatsonides


Atriplex leucophylla is a species of saltbush known by the common names beach saltbush and white orache. It is native to the coastline of California and Baja California, and the Channel Islands, where it is a resident of beach dunes and other sandy areas.

Description
This is a short, sprawling perennial herb reaching a maximum height near 30 centimeters. The branching stems grow along the ground or slightly upright and may be up to a meter- 3 feet long. The plentiful leaves are oval in shape and are 1 to 4 centimeters long. The foliage and sometimes the stems are rough with whitish scaly surfaces.

The plants are monoecious, with individuals producing male and female flowers. The staminate (male) flowers grow in rounded clusters and lack bracts. The pistillate (female) flowers are oval or round ovaries surrounded by spongy bracts. They develop into fruits containing small seeds.

The bloom period of this species is one of the longest of the Atriplex genus. It blooms from April to October.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile
Flora of North America
Photo gallery

leucophylla
Flora of Baja California
Flora of California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the Channel Islands of California
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Atriplex leucophylla


William Almon Wheeler (June 30, 1819June 4, 1887) was an American politician and attorney.  He served as a United States representative from New York from 1861 to 1863 and 1869 to 1877, and the 19th vice president of the United States from 1877 to 1881.

Born in Malone, New York, Wheeler pursued a legal career after attending the University of Vermont. After serving in various local positions, he won election to the New York State Legislature. He served in Congress from 1861 to 1863 and from 1869 to 1877. He was widely respected for his integrity and refused a salary increase after Congress passed an 1873 pay raise that he opposed.

After the 1876 Republican National Convention settled on Rutherford B. Hayes as the party's presidential nominee after seven ballots, the delegates nominated Wheeler for vice president. Nominated by Congressman Luke P. Poland, Wheeler surged into an early lead over Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, Marshall Jewell, and Stewart L. Woodford to clinch the nomination on the first ballot. Wheeler was nominated because he was popular among his colleagues and had worked to avoid making enemies in Congress. In addition, as a resident of the populous Eastern state of New York, he provided geographical balance to the ticket, since Hayes was from the populous Midwest state of Ohio. The Republican ticket prevailed in the contentious 1876 presidential election, though they lost the popular vote. Though they had not known each other before the convention, Wheeler and Hayes got along amicably while in office. They chose not to seek second terms, and Wheeler returned to Malone, New York, after the end of his term. He died in 1887 and was buried at Morningside Cemetery in Malone.

During Wheeler's vice presidency, the Hayes administration abandoned post-Civil War Reconstruction and pursued an alliance between Northern Republicans and Old Southern Whigs. Hayes hoped former Whigs who made up the South's business and merchant classes would supplant the Democratic plantation owners who dominated politics and government. This scenario did not materialize, and the end of Republican efforts to ensure civil rights and social equality for former slaves doomed Southern blacks to oppression by white supremacists, who enacted Jim Crow laws that lasted for decades.

Early life and career
William Almon Wheeler was born in Malone, New York, and attended Franklin Academy and the University of Vermont, although monetary concerns forced him to drop out without graduating. Wheeler received the honorary degrees of Master of Arts from Dartmouth College in 1865 and LL.D. from the University of Vermont (1867) and Union College (1877). In 1876, he received his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Vermont "as in course", making him a graduate of the class of 1842. In 1845, he married Mary King (1828–1876).

He studied law with Asa Hascall, a Malone attorney and politician who served as town supervisor, justice of the peace, district attorney, and member of the New York State Assembly.  Wheeler was admitted to the bar in 1845, and practiced in Malone.  He was District Attorney of Franklin County from 1846 to 1849. He was a member of the Assembly (Franklin County) in 1850 and 1851; and of the New York State Senate (17th D.) in 1858 and 1859.

He was elected as a Republican to the 37th United States Congress, holding office from March 4, 1861, to March 3, 1863. He was elected to the 41st, 42nd, 43rd and 44th United States Congresses, holding office from March 4, 1869, to March 3, 1877.

During his House tenure, Wheeler served as chairman of the Committee on Pacific Railroads (42nd Congress) and the Committee on Commerce (43rd Congress).

Wheeler's reputation for honesty was celebrated by Allan Nevins in his introduction to John F. Kennedy's Profiles in Courage. Roscoe Conkling, a Senator and New York State political boss, once offered, "Wheeler, if you will act with us, there is nothing in the gift of the State of New York to which you may not reasonably aspire." Wheeler declined with "Mr. Conkling, there is nothing in the gift of the State of New York which will compensate me for the forfeiture of my self-respect."

Wheeler served as president of New York's Northern Railroad.  He was also president of the New York State Constitutional Convention which met from June 1867 to February 1868. In his speech accepting the position, he made a strong case for racial equality:

When Congress voted for a pay raise in 1873 and made it retroactive for five years (the Salary Grab Act), Wheeler not only voted against the raise but also returned his salary increase to the Treasury Department.

Wheeler was responsible for the so-called Wheeler Compromise of 1875, which settled a volatile political situation in Louisiana but eventually led to the withdrawal of federal troops and the end of Reconstruction.

Election of 1876
Wheeler was a delegate to the 1876 Republican National Convention, which had nominated Rutherford B. Hayes for president on the seventh ballot.

Wheeler was considered a "safe" choice for the vice presidential nomination, as he had not made many enemies over the course of his political career, though Roscoe Conkling himself supported the former congressman from New York, Stewart L. Woodford.  When the time came for the convention to nominate a vice presidential candidate, congressman Luke P. Poland of Vermont nominated Wheeler, who immediately surged to the lead over Woodford and several other candidates.  By the time the roll call reached New York, the result was apparent, and Woodford withdrew, enabling New York to cast all its votes for Wheeler.  Wheeler won the nomination with 366 votes to the 89 for his nearest rival Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, who later served on the Electoral Commission which decided the 1876 election in favor of Hayes and Wheeler.

Governor Hayes, when he heard of Wheeler's nomination, wrote to his wife Lucy: "I am ashamed to say: Who is Wheeler?" Hayes and Wheeler had not served in the House of Representatives at the same time, so Hayes was unfamiliar with his running mate.

At the Republican National Convention, Frederick Douglass asked if the GOP would adhere to its pro-civil rights roots. The advocacy of Hayes and Wheeler, among a faction of Northern Republicans, was to abandon Reconstruction efforts and instead make conciliatory appeals to Southern Whiggery.

Vice presidency (1877–1881)
Wheeler was inaugurated on March 4, 1877, and served until March 4, 1881. During Wheeler's term, the Hayes administration pursued an alliance between Northern Republicans and Old Southern Whigs, effectively abandoning post-Civil War Reconstruction. Hayes intended for the former Whigs who largely made up the South's business and merchant classes to replace the Democratic planter class as the dominant force in Southern government and politics. Events did not play out as Hayes envisioned, which meant that the end of Reconstruction enabled Democrats, largely former supporters of the Confederacy, to reassert control over black residents, including passage of Jim Crow laws that lasted well into the twentieth century.

Since Wheeler was a recent widower, his wife having died one year before he took office, he was a frequent guest at the White House's alcohol-free luncheons. As vice president, Wheeler presided over the Senate. According to Hayes, Wheeler "was one of the few Vice Presidents who were on cordial terms, intimate and friendly, with the President. Our family were heartily fond of him."

Hayes had announced at the start of his administration that he would not run for a second term.  Wheeler did not run for the 1880 Republican presidential nomination, and retired at the end of his term.

Lucy Hayes' Fishing Trip (1878)
When First Lady Lucy Webb Hayes found out about Wheeler's status as a widower without children, she and her husband felt it was their duty to take the lonely Wheeler into their social circle. Wheeler was grateful for their kindness, and during the spring of 1878, he asked Lucy to accompany him on a fishing trip in the Adirondacks. Lucy accepted and joined Wheeler on May 31. On their first day, they caught a large trout that weighed about 13 pounds. Wheeler sent it to the president; Hayes telegraphed jokingly that he thought it was more like 13 ounces. Hayes was actually surprised at the size of the fish, and had it served at an informal dinner with cabinet members and senators. The next day, Wheeler and Lucy were traveling back to Malone when a group of children began waving red flags. Touched by the act, Wheeler stopped their carriage so he could introduce the first lady to the children. The trip lasted eleven days, and when Lucy and her daughter Fanny returned to Washington, she wrote to Wheeler to thank him for "a wild and joyous time".

Post-vice presidency (1881–1887)
In January 1881, Wheeler received 10 votes in the New York State Legislature's Republican caucus to determine a nominee for the U.S. Senate seat held by Democrat Francis Kernan. The Republican nomination went to Thomas C. Platt, who received 54 caucus votes. The Republicans controlled the legislature, and Platt defeated Kernan 104 votes to 50.

Wheeler retired to Malone following the end of his vice presidential term on March 4, 1881. In May 1881, Platt and Roscoe Conkling resigned their U.S. Senate seats in a dispute with President James A. Garfield over control of patronage in New York, triggering two special elections. In the legislative election for Platt's seat, it took six weeks of balloting to elect a candidate. Wheeler's name was in consideration, and he received as many as 23 votes before Warner Miller was elected with 76 votes on the 46th ballot.

Wheeler was also a candidate for Conkling's seat. The voting went on for several weeks and Wheeler received as many as 50 votes on some ballots before Elbridge G. Lapham won with 92 votes on the 56th ballot.

Wheeler suffered from several illnesses throughout his life and was in increasingly poor health during his later years. He died at his home at 10:10 a.m. on Saturday, June 4, 1887. The funeral was held at the Congregational church in Malone. He was interred next to his wife in Malone's Morningside Cemetery on June 7, 1887.

References

Further reading
 Vice Presidents of the United States William A. Wheeler (1877–1881)
 Quigley, David. Second Founding: New York City, Reconstruction, and the Making of American Democracy (New York: Farrar. Straus, and Giroux – Hill and Wang, 2004), .

External links

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1819 births
1887 deaths
19th-century vice presidents of the United States
1876 United States vice-presidential candidates
Members of the New York State Assembly
New York (state) Whigs
New York (state) state senators
People from Malone, New York
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes
Republican Party (United States) vice presidential nominees
Republican Party vice presidents of the United States
Union (American Civil War) political leaders
Vice presidents of the United States
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
University of Vermont alumni
New York (state) lawyers
County district attorneys in New York (state)
Burials in New York (state)
Civil service reform in the United States
Half-Breeds (Republican Party)

William A. Wheeler


The Testament of Isaac is a work now regarded as part of the Old Testament apocrypha. It is often treated as one of a trio of very similar works, the other two of which are the Testament of Abraham and Testament of Jacob, though there is no reason to assume that they were originally a single work. All three works are based on the Blessing of Jacob, found in the Bible, in their style.

Content
The Testament of Isaac has heavy Christian themes, though the Christian elements are usually regarded as later additions to what was originally a purely Jewish work. The Testament begins with Isaac being told of his impending death by an angel, and his message to his son in response. Isaac here is portrayed as foretelling both the Twelve Tribes of Israel and Jesus, the latter being a later Christian addition to the text. When a crowd assembles, Isaac gives a sermon about harmonious behaviour, as well as instruction on how to confess.

At this point, the angel returns and takes Isaac to heaven, first seeing the torture of sinners (occurring in heaven and not in some underworld hell according to the author), and then meeting the deceased Abraham. At this point Isaac is not quite dead, and so returns to earth, and on the instruction of Abraham, writes down his Testament, and then dies and returns to heaven in a flying chariot, much like Abraham in his Testament.

See also

 Testaments of the Three Patriarchs

References

Isaac
Apocrypha
1st-century books
2nd-century books
Old Testament pseudepigrapha
Jewish apocrypha
Apocalyptic literature
Texts in Koine Greek
Roman Egypt

Testament of Isaac


HiJaak is an image manager, graphics converter and screen capture computer program from IMSI/Design.  It can also be used for batch editing.

History

HiJaak began as a DOS-based screen capture and graphics file format converter program for the IBM Personal Computer from Inset Systems, Inc. of Brookfield, Connecticut. At the time of the release of version 2.0 in December 1990, the program was capable of converting between more than 36 different graphics file formats. HiJaak was converted from 16-bit DOS to run on 32-bit Microsoft Windows 95 in 1995.  The current successor, HiJaak Pro version 5, can handle more than 115 raster and vector graphics file formats.  Graphics screen capture is not a native capability of DOS-based systems, hence there was a need for third-party programs such as HiJaak.  With current graphical user interfaces such as Microsoft Windows, screen capture is a built-in feature, but this is usually limited to capturing the entire screen, or at least the contents of one window on the screen.  HiJaak allows the user to capture small selections on the screen.

Inset Systems was acquired by Quarterdeck Corporation in exchange for 993,000 shares of Quarterdeck common stock in September 1995.  In 1998, after the market for DOS utilities collapsed, Quarterdeck was acquired by Symantec.  At some time between 1998 and 2000, Symantec sold HiJaak to International Microcomputer Software, Inc. (IMSI), of Novato, California, who then incorporated it into their business products line.

IMSI/Design, LLC, the current owner of HiJaak, also produces TurboCAD.

References

External links
 www.imsidesign.com — IMSI/Design, LLC site

Graphics software

HiJaak


Quicksand is a mixture of water and sand or silt. It has the characteristic of thixotropy: it looks solid, but when pressure is applied it liquifies (acts like a liquid). If animals or people stand on it, they sink into it. However, a person does not drown in quicksand. A human or animal does not sink entirely into quicksand due to the higher density of the fluid. It can be difficult to get out: that is the real problem. Quicksand may be escaped by slow movement of the legs in order to reduce viscosity of the fluid, and rotating the body so as to float on one's back (supine).

Water circulation underground can focus in an area with just the right mixture of fine sands and other materials such as clay.  The water moves up and then down slowly in a convection-like manner throughout a column of sand, and the sand remains a generally solid mass.  This lubricates the sand particles and makes them unable to support any significant weight, since they move around with very little friction. They behave more like a liquid when exposed to stress.  Since the water does not usually go all the way up through the sand, the sand above does not appear to move at all, and can support leaves and other small debris. This makes it difficult to distinguish quicksand from the surrounding environment.

Properties
Quicksand is a non-Newtonian fluid: when undisturbed it often seems to be solid ("gel" form), but a small (less than 1%) change in the stress on the quicksand causes it to turn liquid ("sol" form). There is a sudden decrease in its viscosity. Under his weight, the person then sinks into the sol (liquidised sand).

Someone stepping in it starts to sink. Around the person dense regions of sand and sediment form and grip the person. The viscosity of the quicksand seems to increase suddenly. It is now a gel. In order to move within the quicksand, a person or object must apply sufficient pressure on the compacted sand to re-introduce enough water to liquify it.  The forces required to do this are quite large: to remove a foot from quicksand at a speed of one centimeter per second would require the same amount of force as "that needed to lift a medium-sized car".

It was commonly believed that the behavior of quicksand was due solely to saturated or supersaturated suspensions of granules in water.  Pressure from underground sources of water would separate and suspend the granular particles, reducing the friction between them. In 2005 it was been shown that the presence of salt is important. The stability of the colloidal quicksand is changed by the presence of salt. It increases the high viscosity regions of sediment responsible for quicksand's "trapping" power. Another finding was that a human cannot be drawn into a saltwater quicksand entirely.

Prevalence

Quicksand may be found inland (on riverbanks, near lakes, or in marshes), or near the coast.

One region notorious for its quicksands is Morecambe Bay, Yorkshire. As the bay is very broad and shallow, a person trapped by the quicksand would be exposed to the danger of the returning tide, which can come in rapidly.

References

Other websites
Howstuffworks.com - How quicksand works

Quicksand in Fiction
Brainiac on Quicksand (Youtube)

Geology

Quicksand


Bleach bypass, also known as skip bleach or silver retention, is a chemical effect which entails either the partial or complete skipping of the bleaching function during the processing of a color film. By doing this, the silver is retained in the emulsion along with the color dyes. The result is a black-and-white image over a color image. The images usually have reduced saturation and exposure latitude, along with increased contrast and graininess. It usually is used to maximum effect in conjunction with a one-stop underexposure.

Technique
Bleach bypass can be done to any photochemical step in the process, be it original camera negative, interpositive, internegative, or release print. For motion pictures, it is usually applied at the internegative stage, as insurance companies usually are reluctant to have the camera negative bleach bypassed, or the interpositive (a "protection"/"preservation" element), in the event that the look is agreed to be too extreme, and the cost of the process for each individual release print is most often cost-prohibitive. The effect, however, will render slightly differently at each stage, especially between the camera negative and interpositive stages.

Bleach bypass generally refers to a complete circumvention of the bleach stage of development, and is the most commonly offered service among labs. Technicolor's ENR and OZ and Deluxe Labs' ACE and CCE processes are proprietary variants which allow the film to be only partially bleached, giving the cinematographer a more finely tuned control over the effect rendered by the process.

While originally a laboratory technique, a similar effect can now be achieved digitally through digital intermediate color grading.

Use in film and television

"Bleach bypass", as used in this context, was first used in Japanese filmmaker Kon Ichikawa's film Her Brother (1960). Kazuo Miyagawa, as Daiei Film's cameraman, invented bleach bypass for Ichikawa's film, inspired by the color rendition in the original release of Moby-Dick (1956), printed using dye-transfer Technicolor, and was achieved through the use of an additional black and white overlay. Actually, this is a throwback to pre-1944 Technicolor, which incorporated a silver-containing "blank receiver" with the silver image printed from the green separation negative, but at 50-percent density, upon which the color dyes were imprinted by utilizing "imbibition"; this concept may have been employed here, but at a different density.

Despite this early foray into the technique, it remained overlooked for the most part until its use by Roger Deakins for the movie Nineteen Eighty-Four.

The effect has subsequently become a regular development tool in labwork, and has remained in widespread use. Practitioners include cinematographers Rodrigo Prieto, Remi Adefarasin, Darius Khondji, Dariusz Wolski, Walter Carvalho,  Oliver Stapleton, Newton Thomas Sigel, Park Gok-ji, Shane Hurlbut, Steven Soderbergh (as "Peter Andrews"), Tom Stern, Vittorio Storaro, and Janusz Kamiński (notably on Steven Spielberg's Saving Private Ryan and Minority Report).

References

External links

 "Soup du Jour: Bleach Bypass", American Cinematographer, November 1998.

Cinematic techniques

Bleach bypass


Baron George Hoyningen-Huene (September 4, 1900 – September 12, 1968) was a fashion photographer of the 1920s and 1930s. He was born in the Russian Empire to Baltic German and American parents and spent his working life in France, England and the United States.

Europe

Born in Saint Petersburg, Russia on September 4, 1900,  Hoyningen-Huene was the only son of Baron Barthold Theodor Hermann (Theodorevitch) von Hoyningen-Huene (1859-1942), a Baltic nobleman, military officer and lord of Navesti manor (near Võhma), and his wife, Emily Anne "Nan" Lothrop (1860-1927), a daughter of George Van Ness Lothrop, an American minister to Russia. (The couple was married in Detroit, Michigan, in 1888.) He had two sisters. Helen (died 1976) became a fashion designer in France and the United States, using the name Helen de Huene. Elizabeth (1891-1973), also known as Betty, also became a fashion designer (using the name Mme. Yteb in the 1920s and 1930s).

During the Russian Revolution, the Hoyningen-Huenes fled first to London, and later to Paris. By 1925 George had already worked his way up to chief of photography of the French Vogue where he was mentor to up-and-coming photographers including François Tuefferd. In 1931 he met Horst, the future photographer, who became his lover and frequent model and traveled to England with him that winter. While there, they visited photographer Cecil Beaton, who was working for the British edition of Vogue. In 1931, Horst began his association with Vogue, publishing his first photograph in the French edition in November of that year.

United States

In 1935 Hoyningen-Huene moved to New York City where he did most of his work for Harper's Bazaar.  He published two art books on Greece and Egypt before relocating to Hollywood, where he earned a living by shooting glamorous portraits for the film industry.

Hoyningen-Huene worked in huge studios and with whatever lighting worked best. Beyond fashion, he was a portraitist of Hollywood stars and other celebrities.

He also worked in Hollywood in various capacities in the film industry, working closely with George Cukor, notably as special visual and color consultant for the 1954 Judy Garland movie A Star Is Born. He served a similar role for the 1957 film Les Girls, which starred Kay Kendall and Mitzi Gaynor, the Sophia Loren film Heller in Pink Tights, and The Chapman Report.

He died at 68 years of age in Los Angeles.

Photography

 Fashion: As a Chief Photographer of both Vogue and Harper's Bazaar, he photographed brands such as Chanel, Balenciaga, and Lanvin.
 Portraits: Hoyningen-Huene photographed celebrities, artists, actors, and actresses.
 Nudes: He photographed nudes using the sculpture and architecture of Greece as inspiration.
 Travel: A frequent traveler as part of his fashion photography work, he documented his travels to Greece and North Africa.

Publications
 Egypt by [Baron] George Hoyningen-Huene with text by George Steindorff.  J. J. Augustin Publisher, 1943
Hellas: A Tribute to Classical Greece 64 Photographs by Hoyningen-Huene, with text by Hugh Chisholm. J. J. Augustin Publishers, 1943
Eye for Elegance - George Hoyningen-Huene (exhibition catalogue) International Center of Photography and Congreve Publishing Company, 1980
The Photographic Art of Hoyningen-Huene by William Ewing, George Hoyningen-Huene.  Thames & Hudson, 1998
" Mexican Heritage " by George Hoyningen-Huene, with text by Alfonso Reyes, J.J. Augustin Publishers Corporation, 1946

Filmography (1950s-60s)

Miscellaneous crew
 The Adventures of Hajji Baba (1954) color consultant
 A Star Is Born (1954) special color design advisor
 Bhowani Junction (1956) color consultant
 Les Girls (1957) color coordinator
 It Started in Naples (1960) title designer
 Heller in Pink Tights (1960) color coordinator and technical advisor
 Let's Make Love (1960) color coordinator
... also known as The Billionaire
... also known as The Millionaire
 A Breath of Scandal (1960) color advisor
... also known as Olympia (Italy)
 The Chapman Report (1962) color consultant - designer, title designer
 A New Kind of Love (1963) color coordinator - designer

Costume designer
 A Breath of Scandal (1960)
... also known as Olympia (Italy)

References

External links
 George Hoyningen-Huene : Fotografo (Spanish language)
 Exhibition Shadow and Light at Staley-Wise Gallery
 George Hoyningen-Huene at aenigma
 Location of the Navesti manor in Governorate of Livonia
 Barthold von Hoyningen-Huene in Baltic Nobility Handbook
 Collection Guide, George Hoyningen-Huene Photographs, Houghton Library, Harvard University
 George Hoyningen-Huene Estate Archives

1900 births
1968 deaths
Photographers from Saint Petersburg
Portrait photographers
Fashion photographers
Gay photographers
Russian gay artists
Russian LGBT photographers
Baltic German people from the Russian Empire
Baltic-German people
Baltic German nobility
Russian people of Estonian descent
Russian people of American descent
People from Livonia
20th-century Russian LGBT people
White Russian emigrants to France

George Hoyningen-Huene


Erling Stoud Platou (August 30, 1896 – June 17, 1958) was an American standout college basketball player at the University of Minnesota and, later, a pediatrician at the University of Minnesota Medical Center.

As a guard on the basketball team, Platou led the 1918–19 Golden Gophers to an undefeated season (13–0 overall, 10–0 conference) by averaging a then-remarkable 11.6 points per game. In the early days of basketball, such a scoring average was unheard of, and it was his prowess that earned him the Helms Foundation National Player of the Year honor that season as a junior. The Helms Foundation also awarded Minnesota a retroactive national championship years later for the 1918–19 season.

Platou's basketball career was disrupted due to World War I. He played on the team in 1914–15 and 1915–16, but then the war temporarily ceased all intercollegiate sports at Minnesota. They resumed play in 1918–19, and Platou finished his career in 1919–20 before graduating that spring.

References

1896 births
1958 deaths
All-American college men's basketball players
American pediatricians
Basketball players from North Dakota
College men's track and field athletes in the United States
Guards (basketball)
Minnesota Golden Gophers football players
Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball players
People from Barnes County, North Dakota
University of Minnesota faculty
American men's basketball players
Valley City High School alumni

Erling Platou


MasterChef is a reality television cooking competition which began in the United Kingdom. The show is very popular and has different versions in over 40 countries. The original show aired from 1990 to 2001. It came back in 2005. MasterChef airs on BBC.

Format
Each series is broadcast on five nights a week for eight weeks. During the first six weeks, the first four episodes of each week are heats and the fifth episode is a quarter-final. Six contestants enter each heat and the winner becomes a quarter-finalist. At the end of each week, the four quarter-finalists compete and a semi-finalist is chosen. After six weeks, the six semi-finalists compete in the final two weeks.

The judges decide who leaves and who stays in the show. The current UK judges are Gregg Wallace and John Torode. They are sometimes joined by a guest judge.

Other versions

 Celebrity MasterChef is a version of the show where the contestants are famous people. Sometimes, the celebrities are competing to win money for charity. Celebrity MasterChef seasons tend to last for a shorter period of time.
 MasterChef: The Professionals is the same as the main show but has professional chefs as contestants instead.
 Junior MasterChef features contestants who are children who enjoy cooking.
 MasterChef All-Stars is a version of the show which aired in Australia. Contestants and winners from previous seasons (of the Australian show) returned to compete again.
 MasterChef Teens is similar to the Junior version. This one had teenage contestants. It was created for the Ukrainian version.

Versions in other countries
The show was very popular and has been adapted into other versions such as an Australian one and American one (which had Gordon Ramsay as a judge).

British reality television series
American reality television series
Australian television series

MasterChef


The Institute of English Studies (abbreviated as IES) is a centre of excellence in the research, promotion and facilitation in the field English Literature and Language.  With a specialisation in book history, palaeography and textual scholarship, the IES facilitates the advanced study and research of English Studies in the national and international academic community.  The institute, located in Senate House, London, is one of the nine institutes that together comprise the School of Advanced Study, University of London.

History
The institute was founded as the Centre for English studies in 1991. Institute status was conferred by the University Council on 2 December 1998, and it officially became known as the Institute of English Studies on New Year's Day, 1999. The institute faced closure in 2014, but a successful campaign in 2014 resulted in the reversal of this decision.

Networks
The institute is partner in a number of important research networks and collaborations.  In 2001 it helped establish the Centre for Manuscript and Print Studies, a collaboration between The British Library, St Bride Library, University of London Research Library Services (ULRLS), The English Department, University of Birmingham, School of English, University of Reading, Literature Department, Open University, The Shakespeare Institute, and The Centre for Textual Studies, De Montfort University. It hosts and administers two prestigious and distinguished societies: The Bibliographical Society and The Malone Society and provides administrative support to the London Palaeography Teachers' Group. The institute has an established academic partnership with the Blackburn Museum and Art Gallery.

Research
The Institute is a leading organisation in the research of English literary studies. Current projects include:
 The Matrix Reloaded: Establishing Cataloguing & Research Guidelines for Artefacts of Printing Images
 Early Modern Frisket Sheets
 Yellow Text Blocks

Previous and ongoing projects include:
 Make do and mend: A publishing and communications history of the Ministry of Information,
 A History of Oxford University Press,
 the T. S. Eliot Editorial Project,
 the Virtual Museum of Writing,
 Revising the Canon of Elizabethan Drama,
 A Catalogue of English Literary Manuscripts, 1450–1700,
 The Collected Works of John Ford,
 The Oxford Francis Bacon Project,
 Reading Experience Database,
 DigCim: a Digital Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts (in collaboration with the British Library),
 "Between Two Worlds": Authors and Publishers 1870–1939 and
 The Irish Book in the Twentieth Century.

Teaching
The institute's MA in book history, which started in 1995, is credited as the United Kingdom's first postgraduate course in the subject. The institute currently offers MRes, MPhil, and PhD programmes.

The institute hosts four intensive research training courses, including the London Rare Books School, the London International Palaeography Summer School, the T.S. Eliot Summer School, and the Nineteenth Century Study Week.

Publications
The Institute of English is home to the Yeats Annual, edited by Professor Warwick Gould, and published in association with Palgrave Macmillan.

Staff and fellows
The intellectual and scholarly community of the institute thrives due to the collaboration between IES Staff, distinguished and senior research fellows, associate fellows, visiting fellows and students.

The current academic staff of the institute include:

Clare A Lees (Director)
Sarah Churchwell
Cynthia Johnston
Andrew Nash
Christopher Ohge
Elizabeth Savage

Senior research fellows of the institute include:

Isobel Armstrong
Rosemary Ashton
Nicolas Barker
John Barnard
Peter Beal
Michelle P. Brown
Warren Chernaik
Sandra Clark
Elizabeth Danbury
Mirjam Foot
R.F. Foster
Hans Walter Gabler
Warwick Gould, founding director from 1999 to 2013
John Haffenden
Coral Ann Howells
Aamer Hussein
Elizabeth Maslen
W. J. McCormack
James Mosley
Jerome McGann
Ken Parker
Richard Proudfoot
Christopher Ricks
Jane Roberts
Pamela Robinson
Sir Christopher Ricks
Ronald Schuchard
Graham Shaw
Michael Slater
Colin Smyth
John Spiers
Jeremy Treglown
William St. Clair
Sir Brian Vickers
Anthony J. West
Ian Willison
Henry Woudhuysen

References

External links

School of Advanced Study
University of London
Educational institutions established in 1991
1991 establishments in England
Textual criticism

Institute of English Studies


A jumpsuit is a one-piece garment with sleeves and legs. It has no coverings for feet, hands or head. The original jump suit is the functional one-piece garment used by parachuters.

Jumpsuits are garments of convenience, as they're quicker to put on and remove than outfits with two or more pieces.

Variants of jumpsuits include flight suits,  made of thicker fabric to retain heat, rompers, short-sleeved suits with often shorts instead of trousers, short-sleeved orange or striped suits used in North America as prison uniforms

Protective clothing

Jumpsuits


William Mitchinson Hicks, FRS (23 September 1850, in Launceston, Cornwall – 17 August 1934, in Crowhurst, Sussex) was a British mathematician and physicist. He studied at St John's College, Cambridge, graduating in 1873, and became a fellow at the college.

Hicks spent most of his career at Sheffield, contributing to the development of the university there. He was principal of Firth College from 1892 to 1897. In 1897, Firth College merged with two other colleges to form the University College of Sheffield, and Hicks was its first principal until 1905, when the college received its own royal charter and became the University of Sheffield. Hicks was the first vice chancellor of the university, serving from 1905.

From 1883 to 1892, he was Professor of Physics and Mathematics at Sheffield, and was Professor of Physics there from 1892 to 1917. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1885. He was awarded the Royal Society's Royal Medal in 1912: "On the ground of his researches in mathematical physics." In 1921, Hicks won the Adams Prize.

The Hicks Building at the University of Sheffield, which houses the departments of Physics and Astronomy, the Chemistry and Physics Workshop (formally known as the Central Mechanical Workshops) and the School of Mathematics and Statistics, is named in his honour. Hicks equation is named after him.

References

Further reading
Entry for Hicks in the Royal Society's Library and Archive catalogue's details of Fellows (accessed 27 April 2008)

External links

1850 births
1934 deaths
British physicists
19th-century British mathematicians
20th-century British mathematicians
People from Launceston, Cornwall
Fellows of the Royal Society
Academics of the University of Sheffield
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
Royal Medal winners
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Sheffield

William Mitchinson Hicks