Military operations of the 2006 Lebanon War refer to armed engagements initiated by Israel and Lebanese Hezbollah during the 2006 conflict.

Lebanon
Lebanon's population is 3,874,050. Their annual military expenditures are $540.6 million, which is 3.1% (2004) of GDP. Manpower fit for military service: males age 18-49 (821,762) and females age 18-49 (865,770) (2005 est.)  United Nations Resolution 1559 calls for Hezbollah to be disarmed and the Lebanese Army to be deployed to southern Lebanon, which has not been implemented.  The Lebanese armed forces as of August 2004 consisted of 72,100, including 70,000 in the army, 1,000 in the air force, and 1,100 in the navy.

As of 2005 the Lebanese Navy had two French EDIC class LST transport ships of 670 ton displacement, five 38 ton Attacker class coastal patrol craft, two Tracker Mk 2 patrol boats of 31 tons, and twenty-five 6 ton inshore patrol craft. Lebanon has no operational fixed wing military aircraft.

See Lebanese Armed Forces for Lebanese armed forces equipment and organization.

According to various media, between 1,000 and 1,200 Lebanese civilians and combatants are reported dead. Additionally, there were between 1500 and 2500 people wounded, and over 1,000,000 were temporarily made refugees, with an unknown number of missing civilians in the south of Lebanon.

Hezbollah

Hezbollah had an estimated 500,000 personnel as of April 2004. Hezbollah has reportedly obtained large numbers of Russian-made RPG-29 antitank weapons via Syria which are capable of penetrating the armor on Israeli tanks. Their rockets, believed to count 11,000 to 13,000 rounds prior to shelling of Northern Israel, have been described.

Hezbollah rocket campaign

As part of the Hezbollah rocket campaign that began in July, they have fired rockets into all major cities of northern Israel including Haifa, Hadera, Nazareth, Nazareth Illit, Tiberias, Nahariya, Safed, Afula, Kiryat Shmona, Beit She'an, Karmiel, and Maalot, and dozens of kibbutzim, moshavim, and Druze and Arab villages, as well as the northern West Bank. It also hit a hospital in Safed in northern Galilee on 18 July, wounding 8.

By August 13, 2006, Hezbollah had fired about 3,900 rockets into Israel during the 34 days of the 2006 Lebanon War, killing 44 Israeli civilians and 106 soldiers including 12 reserve soldiers, and wounding some 1400 civilians. According to another report a total of 4,228 Hezbollah rockets hit Israel. Of those 972 (23%) landed within built-up areas. The number of longer range rockets (over 50 km) was approximately 250 (or 6% of the total). Israel suffered 53 fatalities, 250 severely wounded and 2,000 lightly wounded, and hundreds of buildings were damaged.

Beginning of campaign

On 12 July 2006, Hezbollah members crossed from Lebanon into Israel and ambushed two Israeli Army vehicles, killing three soldiers and capturing two other soldiers. Another five soldiers were killed inside Lebanese territory in a failed rescue attempt. On 14 July, following Israeli bombing raids on Lebanon that killed 60 civilians Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah said, addressing Israel: "You wanted an open war, and we are heading for an open war. We are ready for it."

On 15 July Israeli Defence Minister Amir Peretz declared martial law throughout northern Israel. Peretz told commanders to prepare civil defense plans and many of the nearly 1,000,000 civilians living in Northern Israel have been sent to bomb shelters or fled their homes to other parts of the country.

Events in July 2006
Hezbollah continued to fire more than 1,900 Katyusha rockets and other rockets into northern Israel's towns and cities, including Nahariya, Safed, Hatzor HaGlilit, Rosh Pina, Kiryat Shmona, and Karmiel, and numerous small agricultural villages.

Hezbollah attacks have penetrated as far south as Hadera in central Israel, as well as Israel's third largest city Haifa, and Atlit and the Jezreel Valley cities of Nazareth and Afula. Al-Manar has reported that the Hezbollah attack included a Fajr-3 and a Ra'ad 1 liquid-fuel missiles, developed by Iran. One of the attacks hit a railroad repair depot, killing eight workers; Hezbollah claimed that this attack was aimed at a large Israeli fuel storage plant adjacent to the railway facility. The plant has not been hit to date. Haifa is home to many strategically valuable facilities such as shipyards and oil refineries, and their targeting by Hezbollah is seen as an escalation.

CNN reported that many of the rockets that missed hitting cities or populated areas often caused forest fires inside Northern Israel.

By July 23, Israeli Magen David Adom emergency teams have been called to 505 rocket landing sites in which they have treated and evacuated 976 casualties (36 fatalities, 19 severely, 39 moderately and 278 lightly injured, and 604 anxiety attacks).

On 25 July Nasrallah announced the beginning of the "second phase of our struggle" in which Hezbollah long-range rockets would "go beyond Haifa," Israel's third-largest city. Israeli officials have been bracing for possible rocket attacks on Tel Aviv, which would mark a major escalation in the conflict. The threat has not been carried out to date, but on 26 July 2006, 60 Iranian volunteers and Basijis set off to join in what they termed a holy war against Israel in Lebanon.  The 60 men prayed near Ayatollah Khomeini's mausoleum next to Hezbollah flags prior to departing. The Iranian government has said that it won't deploy regular military personnel.

On 27 July Hezbollah launched 12 Khaibar-1 rockets (Hezbollah designation) at the Israeli town of Afula, which was already hit before. The Khaibar-1 rocket is estimated as having 4 times the power and range of the Katyusha rockets Hezbollah had, up to that point, used. The IDF claim that the Khaibar-1 is a modified Iranian Fajr-5.

30 July reportedly saw over 140 rockets fired from Hezbollah positions into Israel- the most fired on a single day since IDF Operation Change of Direction began. Other sources put the figure of rocket attacks as 146. Commentators in Israeli newspaper Haaretz gave their analysis of what Hezbollah's rocket campaign strategy might be:"Hezbollah's goals are simple, perhaps even attainable. Continuing the rocket fire, preventing Lebanon from becoming a step in the American vision for a new Middle East, and preventing its own disarmament. The group has no intention of renouncing its weapons in any cease-fire."

Events in August 2006
In the beginning of August 2006, Israeli officials believed that its operation has destroyed the vast majority of Hezbollah's longer-range rockets and about a third of the shorter range Katyushas, but the group still has many Katyushas which are smaller and easy to hide or store underground, and can be set up and fired in a few minutes.

Nonetheless, Hezbollah rocket campaign intensified in the beginning of August. On 1 August five unidentified rockets and a number of mortar shells were fired at the western Galilee between Rosh Hanikra and  on Tuesday wounding five IDF.

On 2 August 2006 Hezbollah launched its fiercest barrage, firing more than 200 rockets into Israel. On the same day, Mahmoud Qomati, the deputy head of Hezbollah's political bureau, said that "Our missile capacity is still untouched. It is sufficient at two levels, in quantity for the missiles they know of, and in quality for those they still don't know about – the type or the range." He added: "We have enough missiles for months." A Khaibar-1 hit the town of Beit Shean, , south of the Lebanese border and the deepest hit of the rocket campaign to date. This was despite attempts by IDF to move Hezbollah forces north of the Litani.  Israeli police released the figure of 160 rocket attacks by 7am killing one Israeli on a bicycle near the border town of Nahariya.  Rockets hit the cities of Tiberias, Maalot, Kiryat Shemona, Carmiel, Rosh Pina and Safed. By 1800hrs Lebanese time 190 rockets were reportedly fired. By 2030 hrs Lebanon time this figure had reportedly risen to 220 rockets.  Iranian News Agency FARS reported a total of 300 rocket attacks striking fifteen areas inside Israel.

On 3 August Hassan Nasrallah vowed to strike Tel Aviv in retaliation for Israel's bombardment of Lebanon's capital, Beirut. "If you hit Beirut, the Islamic resistance will hit Tel Aviv and is able to do that with God's help," Nasrallah said in a televised address. His forces were inflicting "maximum casualties" on Israeli ground troops."

On 4 August it was estimated that the total number of rocket launchers that had been destroyed by IDF forces in Lebanon was "ten" and an estimate of Hezbollah killed given by IDF was "380". On the same day, Hezbollah managed to fire rockets who reached Hadera and Pardes Hana - passing the barrier of the Carmel Mountains, and threatening Tel Aviv more than ever before.

On 5 August number of rockets fired into Israel was given as 170. Mohammed Fneish, a Hezbollah Cabinet minister, said the guerrillas will continue fighting as long as Israeli troops remain in Lebanon. "We abide by it on condition that no Israeli soldier remains inside Lebanese land. If they stay, we will not abide by it."

On 6 August, a rocket, filled with ball bearings, killed 12 Israeli reservist soldiers in Kfar Giladi, near the Lebanese border.
Later on the same day Hezbollah launched 5 rockets against Haifa. 3 people were killed and over 100 people were injured in the attack. The rockets hit residential areas in the city, at least one building collapsed.

On 7 August the Israeli Air Force shot down over the Mediterranean Sea an Iranian-made unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) launched from Lebanon, apparently by Hezbollah.

On 13 August Hezbollah fired two hundred and fifty rockets into Israel.

Hezbollah's rocket force

Israel

Lebanon's civilian infrastructure has also been targeted by the IDF. The international highway between Beirut and Damascus, and bridges, roads, airports, and factories have been bombed several times by the Israeli Air Force. This has led to the disruption of normal life in the country and difficulties in distributing civilian goods. The Rafik Hariri International Airport was among the first of many targets of Israel's campaign in Lebanon. Civilian areas also bore a huge brunt and have been the subject of constant Israeli bombardment. Beirut's southern suburbs, traditionally a Hezbollah stronghold, have been hit numerous times by the IDF and many of its residents have fled. Israel warned Lebanese civilians of Hezbollah strongholds to evacuate their cities ahead of time through leaflets, though there is some debate over the legality and effectiveness of the warnings.

For Israel, the figures were Population: 7,052,117; Military expenditures: $9.45 billion (2005 est.) Israel receives about $3 billion in US military and economic aid per annum. Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 7.7% (2005 est.); Manpower fit for military service: males age 17-49: :1,255,902, females age 17-49: 1,212,394 (2005 est.). The IDF as of August, 2004 had an estimated 168,000 personnel, including 107,500 conscripts. The army had 125,000; the navy had 8,000; the air force had 35,000. Full mobilization to 576,000 could be quickly achieved with the reserves of 408,000.

The Israeli navy had three Dolphin class submarine, three corvettes of 1075 ton displacement with  guns, eight fast attack craft of 488 ton displacement with  guns, fifteen coastal patrol craft of 39 ton displacement, two Saar 4 fast attack craft-missile of 415 ton displacement, capable of carrying Harpoon surface to surface missiles with a  range and 227 kg warhead, thirteen 54 ton fast attack craft with surface to surface Hellfire missiles, one 72 ton PTFM, 2 smaller fast attack craft, and three Stingray interceptors of 10.5 ton displacement.

The U.S. is Israel's main foreign arms supplier. According to the Congressional Research Service, $8.4 billion of arms deliveries went to Israel in the 1997-2004 period, with $7.1 billion coming from the United States. U.S. Foreign Military Financing, U.S. grants to Israel, totals about 2.3 billion dollars a year. Israel has purchased from the US a total of over 378 F-16s, and 117 F-15s, 94 A-4 Skyhawk, 110 F-4 Phantoms. On July 21, 2006, it was reported that the U.S. was rushing a delivery of 5,000 pound GBU-28 bunker busting bombs to Israel.

Israel ceased offensive military action since 14 August 2006, one day after Israel accepted the terms of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701.

Initial action

According to the Israeli newspaper Haaretz, Israel responded within 2 hours.
"[A] force of tanks and armored personnel carriers was immediately sent into Lebanon in hot pursuit. It was during this pursuit, at about 11:00 A.M... . [a] Merkava tank drove over a powerful bomb, containing an estimated 200 to 300 kilograms (440–660 Lb) of explosives, about  north of the border fence. The tank was almost completely destroyed, and all four crew members were killed instantly. Over the next several hours, IDF soldiers waged a fierce fight against Hezbollah gunmen... During the course of this battle, at about 3:00 P.M., another soldier was killed and two were lightly wounded."

Hezbollah released a statement saying "Implementing our promise to free Arab prisoners in Israeli jails, our strugglers have captured two Israeli soldiers in southern Lebanon". Later on, Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah declared that "No military operation will return them... The prisoners will not be returned except through one way: indirect negotiations and a trade of prisoners."

According to CNN:
The Israeli Cabinet authorized "severe and harsh" retaliation on Lebanon ... Israel's chief of staff, Lt. Gen. Dan Halutz, told Israel's Channel 10, "If the soldiers are not returned, we will turn Lebanon's clock back 20 years."
According to the Washington Post:
But retired Israeli army Col. Gal Luft, a former commander in the town of Ramallah, said, "Israel is attempting to create a rift between the Lebanese population and Hezbollah supporters by exacting a heavy price from the elite in Beirut. The message is: If you want your air conditioning to work and if you want to be able to fly to Paris for shopping, you must pull your head out of the sand and take action toward shutting down Hezbollah-land."
Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert declared the attack by Hezbollah's military wing an "act of war", and promised Lebanon a "very painful and far-reaching response." Israeli Defense Minister Amir Peretz also said that "the State of Israel sees itself free to use all measures that it finds it needs, and the Israeli Forces have been given orders in that direction."

Israel said it held the Beirut government responsible for the attack, but Prime Minister Fuad Siniora denied any knowledge of the raid and stated that he did not condone it. An emergency meeting of the Lebanese government reaffirmed this position.

The Israeli government also began a public relations initiative in the press and the internet to promote and explain its actions in Lebanon, a practice known as hasbara. The Israeli Foreign Ministry coordinated the efforts of "trainee diplomats" and international Jewish and evangelical Christian groups to track and influence websites, chatrooms, and polls pertaining to the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict as well as the 2006 Israel-Gaza conflict using the so-called "megaphone software". Ron Schleifer described how Israel engaged in psychological warfare, which was an "inseparable part of its military operations."

Subsequent military actions

Early on 13 July 2006 Israel sent IDF jets to bomb Lebanon's international airport near Beirut, forcing its closure and diverting its arriving flights to Cyprus. Hezbollah then bombarded the Israeli towns of Nahariya and Safed, as well as villages nearby with rocket fire. The attacks killed two civilians and wounded 29 more. Nahariya residents began leaving the city en masse in fear of further Katyusha attacks. Israel imposed an air and sea blockade on Lebanon, and has bombed the main Beirut–Damascus highway.

On 14 July, following Israeli bombing raids on Lebanon which result in killing 60 civilians  Nasrallah said, addressing Israel: "You wanted an open war, and we are heading for an open war. We are ready for it."

On Sunday evening Hezbollah militants attempted to infiltrate an Israel Defense Forces post on the Lebanese Border.

Israel Defense Forces Chief of Staff Dan Halutz said that the ground operations would be limited.

On 23 July 2006, Israeli land forces crossed into Lebanon in the Maroun al-Ras area, which overlooks several other sites said to have been used as launch pads for Hezbollah rockets.

It was reported on 24 July that the United States was in the process of providing Israel with "bunker buster" bombs, which would allegedly be used to target the leader of Lebanon's Hezbollah guerrilla group and destroy its trenches.

On 25 July Hassan Nasrallah, Hezbollah's secretary general, said the Israeli onslaught was an attempt by the US and Israel to "impose a new Middle East" in which Lebanon would be under US hegemony.

On 25 July IDF forces attacked Bint Jbeil, the most important shiite city near the border. Some sources claimed they entered the city, but the battle continued for several days. On 27 July a deadly clash happened in city and 8 Israeli soldiers and some of the Hezbollah militias were killed. Finally IDF withdrew from this area on 29 July.

The EU has warned Israel about disproportionate attacks against Lebanon. In addition spokespersons from the United Nations, the European Union, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and an assortment of human rights organizations have condemned Israel for its "disproportionate" response to Hezbollah's attacks. However, speaking on Israeli army radio, Justice Minister Haim Ramon - a close confidant of Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert - said "everyone understands that a victory for Hezbollah is a victory for world terror." He said that in order to prevent casualties amongst Israeli soldiers battling Hezbollah militants in southern Lebanon, Hezbollah positions should be targeted by the Israeli air force before ground troops move in. "All those now in south Lebanon are terrorists who are related in some way to Hezbollah," Mr Ramon said. Mr Ramon's call for the use of greater firepower came as the Israeli cabinet was set to decide whether to broaden its military offensive.

According to Human Rights Watch, many Lebanese people can not flee from the south because roads are under Israeli attack which Israel defends claiming that such attacks will obstruct Hezbollah from transporting arms. HRW says that according to their observations and reports from independent new source, none of the attacks on vehicles resulted in Hezbollah killings or the hindrance in the transportation of weapons. Instead, those who were killed and wounded in Israeli artillery and aerial attacks were civilians attempting to evacuate after receiving the leaflets; many of the civilian vehicles attacked were flying white flags. Furthermore, many Lebanese are not able to leave due to illness, wounds sustained in Israeli attacks, or providing services to civilians. HRW asserted that warnings in advance do not justify Israel's targeting of and attacks on civilians. In a report released on August 3, 2006, HRW researchers analyzed more than 20 Israeli attacks on civilians and concluded that "in many cases, Israeli forces struck an area with no apparent military target. In some instances, Israeli forces appear to have deliberately targeted civilians" and that such attacks are war crimes.

The Lebanese environment minister has said that a strike on a power station in Lebanon, and the resultant oil leak have had bad effects and "It's without doubt the biggest environmental catastrophe that the Mediterranean has known."

Israeli soldiers have also landed in Baalbeck.

Preparations

In the August 2006 edition of The New Yorker, Pulitzer Prize winning investigative journalist Seymour Hersh claimed that Israeli government officials travelled to the US in May to share plans for attacking Hizbullah. Quoting a US government consultant, Hersh said: "Earlier this summer ... several Israeli officials visited Washington, separately, 'to get a green light for the bombing operation and to find out how much the United States would bear'." Both US and Israeli officials denied the claims. Haaretz reported in March 2007 that Prime Minister Ehud Olmert testified to the Winograd Commission that several meetings regarding Hezbollah were held upon his taking office, and that in response to the likely scenario of soldiers again being abducted, he chose one of several plans of action instead of having to make a snap-judgement if and when such a scenario occurred.

See also
 2006 Israel-Gaza conflict
 International reactions to the 2006 Lebanon War
 Israel-Lebanon conflict
 Lebanese Civil War
 Operation Accountability
 Operation Grapes of Wrath
 Timeline of the 2006 Lebanon War
 UNIFIL United Nations Interim Forces in Lebanon

References

Battles involving Israel
Battles involving Hezbollah
2006 Lebanon War


Joni Hendrawan, also known as Idris, is an Indonesian, who after escaping conviction for his role in the 2002 Bali bombings, was convicted for the 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing.

Early life
Hendrawan grew up in the town of Pekanbaru Indonesia, and then went on to complete his Islamic studies at Pondok Ngruki The religious school founded in 1972 by the 'spiritual head' of Jemaah Islamiah, Abu Bakar Bashir, and Abdullah Sungkar.

2002 Bali bombings
Idris played a key role in the 2002 Bali bombings in both the planning and execution stages. He attended most of the key planning meetings for the blast, and helped secure the safe houses and the vehicle used. He scouted the targets, taught the Sari Club suicide mujahid how to drive and he even detonated himself the smaller of the bombs outside the US consulate.

A report released in August 2020 by the United States-Indonesia Society (USINDO) described the events as follows:
The investigators were thus able to recreate the bombers activities. Amrozi, Idris and Ali Imron had simply walked into a dealership and purchased a new Yamaha motorbike, after asking how much they could re-sell it for if they returned it in a few days. Imron used the motorbike to plant the small bomb outside the U.S. Consulate. Idris then rode the motorbike as Imron drove two suicide bombers in the Mitsubishi to the nightclub district in Kuta. He stopped near the Sari Club, instructed one suicide bomber to put on his explosives vest and the other to arm the vehicle bomb. The first bomber headed to Paddy's Pub. Idris then left the second bomber, who had only learned to drive in a straight line, to drive the minivan the short distance to the Sari Club. Idris picked up Imron on the Yamaha and the duo headed back into Pontianak. Idris dialed the number of the Nokia to detonate the bomb at the Consulate. The two suicide bombers exploded their devices. Imron and Idris dropped the motorbike at a place where it eventually attracted the attention of the caretaker.

Idris confessed his part in the attack, however he successfully appealed conviction over the attack arguing that to Indonesia's constitutional court that the terrorism charges were applied retrospectively.

Arrest
Idris was arrested in 2003 after attempting a bank robbery to fund a new terrorist attack.  He was arrested in Medan in Sumatra after he and 10 other suspected members of Jemaah Islamiah killed three bank employees in the robbery which netted $20,000.

Release
He was released quietly in 2009 after 5 years of his 10-year sentence. In his first interview with Australian media after his release, Hendrawan stated he; "would willingly wage jihad on Indonesian soil again,"

See also
 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing
 2002 Bali Bombing

Further reading
Indonesia's War on Islam - (United States - Indonesia Socoety)

References

Jemaah Islamiyah
Living people
Prisoners and detainees of Indonesia
Year of birth missing (living people)

Joni Hendrawan


Otis Tufts (February 14, 1804 - November 5, 1869) was a machinist and inventor who built printing machines, steam engines, firefighting equipment and invented the steam pile driver.

Biography
Otis Tufts was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1804 to Stephen Tufts and Lucy Frost Tufts. He had a twin brother, Joseph Tufts who died on July 24, 1807. On April 1, 1824, he married Sarah Caroline Oliver (1803-1868), in Malden, Massachusetts. Sarah was the daughter of William Oliver and Sarah Caroline Cheever. Together they had four children: Sarah, Eliza, Caroline and Otis.

In 1837, he built a steam-operated printing press. In addition, he built the first double-hulled iron steamship and the first vessel constructed of all iron in the United States based on the designs of John Ericsson. Tufts also invented the steam pile driver. He died in Massachusetts in 1869, at the age of 65.

References

1804 births
1869 deaths
People from Cambridge, Massachusetts
19th-century American inventors

Otis Tufts


Sivabalan (Popularly called Appukutty) is an actor and comedian in Tamil cinema. He became a well known actor since his role in the movie Vennila Kabaddi Kuzhu. His role in Azhagarsamiyin Kudhirai won him National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor.

Career
He was born in a village named Nathan Kinaru in Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu. He worked as a cleaner in hotels in Chennai. He was given small roles by movie personalities. He wanted to become a comedian. He was recognised by the Tamil cinema in the movie Vennila Kabaddi Kuzhu of director Suseenthiran. The director gave a role for Appukutty in the movie Azhagarsamiyin Kudhirai. The movie won him the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor. in 2011. The movie also won National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment.  His roles in the movies Sundarapandian and Veeram are also notable ones.

References

Tamil actors
Tamil comedians

Appukutty


Grigoris Athanasiou (; born 9 March 1984) is a professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper. He is left-handed.

Career
Born in Eleftherio-Kordelio, Athanasiou began playing football with Akratitos in Superleague Greece. He then moved to Crete and Gamma Ethniki side Atsalenios before signing with Superleague club Ergotelis in 2007. He stayed with the club for seven seasons, gradually earning his place in the club's starting XI and playing as the starting goalkeeper in his final two seasons with the club. After the club informed Athanasiou of their intent to sign a top-class goalkeeper into their roster at the midst of the 2013−14 season (and signed a contract with Serbian goalkeeper Vladimir Stojković a few days later), Athanasiou decided not to renew his contract with the club and move to Cypriot club Ayia Napa. After one season in Cyprus, he returned to his former club Ergotelis, who had been relegated to the Football League the season before. After a very difficult season in which the club failed to pay players' wages for months and as a result withdrew from professional competitions on 19 January 2016, Athanasiou, who played his final match the day before, was released from his contract. He eventually signed with fellow Cretan Football League competitor Chania in the summer of 2016.

References

External links
Profile at Onsports.gr
Guardian Football

1984 births
Living people
Greek men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
A.P.O. Akratitos Ano Liosia players
Ergotelis F.C. players
Ayia Napa FC players
Super League Greece players
Cypriot First Division players
Footballers from Thessaloniki

Grigoris Athanasiou


Ollie Charles Vanek (August 23, 1908 — June 29, 2000) was an American professional baseball player, manager and scout. He is best known as the talent-spotter who discovered future Baseball Hall of Famer Stan Musial for the St. Louis Cardinals and encouraged the team to switch Musial from his initial position, a left-handed pitcher, to the outfield — paving the way for Musial's brilliant career as a batsman.

Vanek was an outfielder and third baseman during his minor league playing career from 1930–32 and 1937–46, batting .312 in 1,195 games. In 1937, Vanek was the player-manager of the Monessen Cardinals of the Class D Pennsylvania State Association, one of the many teams in the Cardinals' extensive farm system. Musial, a 16-year-old high-schooler from nearby Donora, Pennsylvania, tried out for Vanek before a game and Vanek recommended that the parent club sign him. The following season, Musial began his professional career in the Cardinal system as a southpaw pitcher and part-time outfielder.

When a sore shoulder (suffered making a catch in the field) derailed Musial's mound career, Vanek, in 1941, made him a full-time outfielder for his Class C Springfield Cardinals of the Western Association, and Musial responded by hitting .379 with 26 home runs in little more than half a season. By the end of 1941, he had begun his legendary Major League Baseball career with the big-league Cardinals. "Ollie was an excellent hitter and a good player," Musial said upon Vanek's death in St. Louis at age 91 in 2000. " ... He was a good man and responsible for my start in St. Louis."

Vanek managed Cardinal farm teams for 12 seasons, 1937–48, then became a scout for St. Louis, and, later, the New York Mets, where he won the Gil Hodges Award for Meritorious Service.

References

External links
 Career statistics, from Baseball Reference

1908 births
2000 deaths
Allentown Cardinals players
Asheville Tourists players
Baseball players from Illinois
Burlington Bees players
Decatur Commodores players
Greensburg Green Sox players
Johnson City Cardinals players
Lynchburg Cardinals players
Minor league baseball managers
New York Mets scouts
St. Louis Cardinals scouts
Springfield Cardinals players
Williamson Red Birds players
Place of birth missing
Baseball players from St. Louis

Ollie Vanek


David H. Sanford (born 1937-2022) was a professor of philosophy at Duke University. He specializes in perception and metaphysics.

Sanford studied at Cass Technical High School, Oberlin College and at Wayne State University. He received his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1966, taught at Dartmouth College from 1963 to 1970, and joined the Duke Faculty in 1970. He has been a visiting professor at the University of Michigan and the University of Oregon.

Much of Sanford's work is about conditionals. His book If P, Then Q: Conditionals and the Foundations of Reasoning was published in 1989, second edition 2003,

Sanford's influence in analytic philosophy extends well beyond his published work in metaphysics. From 2006 to 2007, he was president of the Society for Philosophy and Psychology.

See also
American philosophy
List of American philosophers

External links
 Official Website at Duke

Duke University faculty
Cornell University alumni
Cass Technical High School alumni
Oberlin College alumni
Wayne State University alumni
University of Michigan faculty
University of Oregon faculty
1937 births
Living people
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers

David H. Sanford


Jon Tomlinson (born 9 January 1973) is a British Formula One aerodynamicist, currently working in the position of Head of Aerodynamics at the Renault Sport Formula One Team, having previously worked for the Jordan, Lotus and Williams Formula One teams.

Career
After completing a BSc Industrial Design degree at Brunel University in 1995, he was appointed a Design Engineer role for Handford Racing Services Ltd, working on aerodynamic development of Newman-Haas Racing's Lola Indycars. In 1996, he became an Aerodynamicist for Swift Engineering Ltd. in California, developing the 1997 and 1998 race winning Swift Indycars. In 1998 he became Chief Aerodynamicist for Precision Preparation Inc./Cal Wells Racing, also in California, until 2000. He then returned to the UK, entered Formula One with the Jordan Grand Prix team as Senior Aerodynamicist, until 2002 when Renault F1 hired him as a Senior Aerodynamicist, before his promotion to Deputy Head of Aerodynamics in 2003.  It is in this position that he was heavily involved in the back-to-back 2005/2006 World Championship wins.

In November 2006, Williams F1 hired him as Head of Aerodynamics.
After 5 years in this position, he resigned at the beginning of May 2011, after Williams' troubled start to the 2011 Formula One season.

References

1973 births
Living people
Formula One engineers
British motorsport people

Jon Tomlinson


Kent Moran is an American actor/filmmaker best known for his roles in Listen to Your Heart and The Challenger.

Personal life
Moran was born on June 12, 1982, in New York City and raised in Greenwich, Connecticut, with his younger brother Luke and older brothers, Clay and Fred. Kent is an alumnus of Rye Country Day School and Lehigh University, and currently resides in Los Angeles. His younger brother, Luke Moran, is also an actor.

Career
After college, Moran moved to New York City to pursue acting and music. For the year that Moran was in New York, he was one of the lead singers of an R&B group as well as a singer/songwriter. Moran's first principal role in a movie came as a football player in Julie Taymor's Across the Universe. He then was cast as James Dean in Guy Guido's documentary Icons. After doing several commercials, short films, and a small role on As the World Turns, Moran moved to Los Angeles.

In Los Angeles, Moran studied under numerous acting coaches, including Suzanne Kent, founder of the Groundlings. Moran was cast as James Dean twice more: once in an Armstrong Flooring advertising campaign, which is featured on The Ads of the World website, and again in a European Mercedes GLK commercial cast by Vickie Thomas. Moran also landed another small role on The Bold and the Beautiful.
In 2008, after the writer's strike, Moran started Wishing Well Pictures, an independent film production company. Soon after, he wrote Listen to Your Heart, which became Wishing Well Pictures' debut film. It was also Moran's debut starring role in a movie and his first time as a producer and second unit director. Moran also wrote the original music and score for the movie which can be found on the soundtrack. Listen to Your Heart became one of the first movies ever to screen outside in the middle of Times Square as part of the New York City International Film Festival, where Moran was nominated for Best Actor. Listen to Your Heart went on to win 15 awards at film festivals across the country and was distributed through Warner Brothers, Gravitas Ventures, and Vision Films.

Moran wrote and directed several short films in between his features. In 2011, Moran was cast in one of the lead roles in Regret, a psychological thriller shot in Portugal. In 2012, Kent wrote and starred in his directorial debut, The Challenger, where he stars opposite Michael Clarke Duncan, S. Epatha Merkerson, and Justin Hartley. The Challenger was Duncan's final on-screen role. It won several awards at top film festivals across the country and secured a direct deal with Regal Cinemas for a US Theatrical Release. The Challenger comes in out in US theaters on September 11, 2015. As an actor, Kent also had a cameo roles in the movie Contest in 2013 and the popular web series Keith Broke His Leg in 2015. He co-produced the festival favorite My Name Is David and released an EP of original songs entitled Better Left Said in 2014. Kent continues to act while developing projects under the Wishing Well Pictures label.

Filmography

Awards

References

External links

 Kent Moran – Official Site
 Armstrong Flooring Advertising Campaign
Kent Moran Official Twitter
 European GLK Mercedes Commercial
 Gravitas Ventures
 Osiris Entertainment – Listen to Your Heart

Living people
Male actors from Connecticut
American male film actors
Lehigh University alumni
1982 births

Kent Moran


A quadratic equation is an equation where its highest exponent is 2 (which is why it is called 'quadratic' from the Latin word quadratus 'square'). These equations can be rearranged to the standard form which isː

where a is not equal to 0, otherwise the equation is linear.

It makes a parabola (a "U" shape) when graphed on a coordinate plane. When people work with quadratic equations, one of the most common things they do is to solve it. This means to find the points on a coordinate grid where the graphed equation crosses the x-axis, or the horizontal axis. These points are called the "zeroes", or "roots", of a function. In other words, to solve the equation means to find the value of x so that , where the coefficients, a, b, and c, are all real numbers. There are different ways to find out the value of x. Plotting the function on a graph is one way. In the picture on the right, the function crosses the x-axis at the points  and .

Graphing a quadratic equation makes it is very easy to find the roots, but it is not always convenient. So there are different ways to do this using math.

Solving quadratic equations
A quadratic equation with real or complex coefficients has two solutions, called roots. These two solutions may or may not be equal, and they may or may not be a real number.

Factoring
Some quadratic equations, like , can be factorized. This equation can be written as , which produces two separate equations,  and . This is because when any of the two equations is equal to zero, the original equation is equal to zero because the two equations are multiplied together to form the quadratic equation. From this equation, it is easy to use algebra to find out what the value of x is. In the first of the two equations,  and in the second, . This means that these two values of x will make the whole quadratic equation equal to zero. The y-coordinate is equal to zero at these values of x, and so the coordinates  and  are the places where the graph of the function crosses the x-axis.

Completing the square
Not all quadratic equations can be factorized, such as . One of the ways to solve these kinds of equations is called completing the square. This means to find some value for "k" below so that: for some y. Since  and  this means

There are five steps to solve a quadratic equation by completing the square:

 Divide the equation by the value of a (here, a is equal to 5):
 Move the number term (the one without any coefficients, here ) to the other side:
 Complete the square by adding  to both sides on the equation, as was described above. This value here is . This gives , and the left side can be factored to give
 Find the square root of both sides. The  is there since the square root is for both positive and negative values:
 Finally, move the number term to the other side to get a value for x:

This last value for x has two values:  and . These are the x-coordinates at the points where the y-coordinates are equal to zero and so the function crosses the x-axis.

It is also interesting to note that the vertex of the function, , can be found from the equation in step 3 above.

The quadratic formula

Although completing the square can be used to solve many quadratic equations, it does not work with every equation. There is a way to find the value of x that makes the equation true by replacing the values in a formula with the coefficients from the quadratic equation. This is called the "quadratic formula", which is:

The numbers represented by a, b, and c are the same as those in the original equation, . For this formula to work properly, a cannot be equal to 0 for the formula (but really, when a = 0 in the original equation, it is not quadratic since there is no x-squared term).

The factored form of this equation is , where s and t are the zeros, a is a constant, and y and the two values of x are ordered pairs which satisfy the equation.

Proof of the formula
The quadratic formula can be found out, or proved, using the same completing the square method from above, only by using a, b, and c instead of actual values and using algebra to find the value of x. Here is how:

 Divide the equation by a:
 Move  to the other side:
 Complete the square by adding  to both sides on the equation, which gives:  The left side is now a perfect square; it is the square of The right side can be a single fraction, with a common denominator :
 Find the square root of both sides:
 Finally, move  to the other side:

Using the quadratic formula
Now that the value of x has been found out, the values of a, b, and c are replaced with the corresponding coefficients from the original equation. For example, going back to the second example,  , it can be seen that the values are , , and . By putting these values into the quadratic formula and solving, the result is:

. Solving the two square roots, the value of x can be either 1.148 or -0.348, which is the same as above.

Unlike the other methods described above, the quadratic equation will work with every possible value for a, b, and c, even if there are no "real roots", that is, places where the graph of the function touches the x-axis.

The value inside the square root, that is, , is known as the discriminant. It can tell whether the roots are real or Imaginary. There are three cases:

 If the discriminant is positive, there will be two values for x and therefore two separate roots, one at each place where the graph crosses the x-axis.
 If the discriminant is equal to zero, there is only one value for x, but there are in fact two roots which are equal. The graph touches the x-axis at its vertex, but does not cross it.
 If the discriminant is negative, there is no real value of x. On a graph, the function does not even touch the x-axis, but the roots are still there. The value of the roots here is a complex number, which uses the value i to represent .

History
Babylonian mathematicians, as early as 2000 BC (displayed on Old Babylonian clay tablets) could solve problems relating the areas and sides of rectangles. There is evidence dating this algorithm as far back as the Third Dynasty of Ur. In modern notation, the problems typically involved solving a pair of simultaneous equations of the form:

which is equivalent to the statement that  and  are the roots of the equation:

The steps given by Babylonian scribes for solving the above rectangle problem, in terms of  and , were as follows:

 Compute half of p.
 Square the result.
 Subtract q.
 Find the (positive) square root using a table of squares.
 Add together the results of steps (1) and (4) to give .

In modern notation this means calculating , which is equivalent to the modern day quadratic formula for the larger real root (if any)  with , , and .

References

Other websites
 Online calculators - Quadratic equation

Equations
Algebra

Quadratic equation


Leon Sigismundovich Lichtblau (, also known as Adolf Ivanovich Kristin, ; August 23, 1901 – April 25, 1938) was a Romanian socialist and communist militant, and Soviet statistician of Jewish origin who was executed during the Great Purge.

He was born in Bucharest, Romania, in the family of a Jewish architect. While studying at Gheorghe Lazăr High School, he attended the scientific conferences organised by the local folk university. Here he met and befriended several young workers, who introduced him to socialists ideas. In 1918, when socialist militants Gheorghe Cristescu, Alecu Constantinescu, and Ecaterina Arbore were arrested by the German authorities occupying southern Romania, Leon was one of the organisers of a public demonstration demanding their release. He was also a participant in the manifestations which accompanied the departure of the German Army, being noted for his pro-revolutionary and anti-monarchical chants.

On December 13, 1918 Leon Lichtblau was arrested along with other militants during a large workers' demonstration in Bucharest. Sent to trial for "rebellion and unrest", he was reproached by the presiding judge for his political opinions. To the judge's allegation that students, and people of intellectual background in general, shouldn't be taking part in the socialist movement, he replied by reading a list of socialist leaders, whom he identified as his role models. In 1920, after completing high school, he enrolled in the University of Bucharest's Faculty of Mathematics. In the same year he accommodated anarchist Max Goldstein while the latter was preparing for the bombing of the Romanian Senate.

In 1921 he went to Iași to support the local workers' movement, but soon returned to Bucharest, narrowly escaping arrest during the crackdown on the Socialist Conference taking place in the former city. Back in Bucharest he participated in the May 1921 Congress of the Socialist Party of Romania, where he supported the party's affiliation with the Comintern. In the summer of that year he was part of the Romanian delegation to the Second Congress of the Young Communist International in Moscow. On his return to Romania he found out that the authorities were offering a 200,000 lei reward for his and others communists' capture, and went into hiding. On October 15, the 2nd Army Corps issued an arrest warrant on his name. Pressure was put on his family to reveal his location, his home was repeatedly searched, his brother interrogated, while his sister was forced to sign a declaration condemning Leon's activities to be allowed to finish her studies at the Bucharest Conservatory. Leon Lichtblau eventually fled the country, staying in Vienna, and, after being expelled from  Austria, in Berlin. In 1922, as part of the Dealul Spirii Trial, he was sentenced in absentia to lifetime forced labour, and another arrest warrant was issued for him.

Not able to return to Romania, Leon settled in Moscow, adopting the pseudonym Adolf Cristin. Here he graduated in economics from the Institute of Red Professors in 1926, later becoming the head of the Industry Department of the Central Office of Economic Accounting of the USSR. At the request of the communists in Romania, he translated a part of Vladimir Lenin's works in Romanian, under the coordination of David Fabian. For a short time in 1928 he was a member in Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Romania, along with fellow exiles Fabian and Elek Köblös.

He was arrested on April 5, 1937, during the Stalinist purges. On April 25, 1938 he was indicted with "spying and provocative activities and membership in a right-wing counter-revolutionary organisation", and was executed on the same day. Leon Lichtblau was posthumously rehabilitated by a decision of the Soviet Supreme Court on October 3, 1956, as well as by a commission of the Romanian Communist Party in 1968.

References
 Homenco, Suzana (1972). "Leon Lichtblau" in Anale de Istorie, Vol. XVIII, Nr. 3. Institutul de Studii Istorice și Social-Politice de pe lîngă C.C. al P.C.R, Bucharest. pp. 154–156.
 *** (2007). Кристин Адольф Иванович in Жертвы политического террора в СССР. Memorial and the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Russian Federation. Accessed on January 21, 2011.
 Munteanu, Miruna (October 6, 2007). "Confesiunea unui terorist comunist" in Ziua. Nr. 4053. Accessed on January 19, 2011.

1901 births
1938 deaths
Politicians from Bucharest
Dealul Spirii Trial
Jewish socialists
20th-century translators
20th-century Romanian  economists
Romanian communists
Romanian Jews
Romanian translators
Romanian emigrants to the Soviet Union
Soviet economists
Members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union executed by the Soviet Union
Great Purge victims from Romania
Jews executed by the Soviet Union
Soviet rehabilitations
Socialist Republic of Romania rehabilitations
Gheorghe Lazăr National College (Bucharest) alumni

Leon Lichtblau


Ewen John Chatfield  (born 3 July 1950) is a former New Zealand cricketer. A medium-pace bowler, though Chatfield played 43 Tests and 114 One Day Internationals for his country, he is also remembered for having been hit in the head by a ball while batting, causing him to collapse and need resuscitation.

With the ball, his chief weapon was his accuracy, giving him economic bowling figures, although he occasionally would come in for punishment in the late stages of limited overs matches due to a lack of variation in his line and length.

Domestic career
In a three-day match for Wellington in February 1980, Chatfield played a key role in defeating the West Indies, who were at the time the best cricket team in the world, taking six wickets in the first innings and seven in the second.

Chatfield also played for Hutt Valley in the Hawke Cup. In 1984 he was awarded the Hutt City Sportsperson of the Year award (the first person to receive this award).

International career
With the ball, Chatfield distinguished himself with efforts against the West Indies, the leading cricketing side of the day, on tour in 1984/85 and in the home series which New Zealand drew in 1986/87. He was also a member of the New Zealand sides which achieved the country's first Test series wins against England and Australia at home and away. Chatfield spent much of his career as the bowling partner to Sir Richard Hadlee. Coincidentally, the pair share the same birthday, though Chatfield is one year Hadlee's senior.

Head injury
Chatfield is also noted for being seriously injured on the cricket field, in the First Test against England in the 1974–75 season at Eden Park, Auckland. England was at the end of a long and difficult tour in which they had been defeated in the Ashes by Australia, chiefly by the Australian fast bowler's Jeff Thomson and Dennis Lillee. Chatfield, a number 11 batsman, was holding up England with a last wicket partnership with his future captain, Geoff Howarth. English fast bowler Peter Lever decided to test Chatfield with a bouncer. At the time helmets and other now common protective gear were not in use. The ball deflected from Chatfield's bat and struck him on the temple, rendering him unconscious and not breathing. The English team's physiotherapist Bernard Thomas was the first to realise what had happened: Chatfield had swallowed his tongue. Thomas flicked it back into place and managed to revive Chatfield with heart massage and mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Lever was distraught; Chatfield later joked that when he was visited by Lever in the hospital, "he looked worse than I did". A couple of years later helmets were introduced into cricket and Chatfield wore one thereafter.

Late career
A classic no.11 batsman, In one of the most memorable tests in New Zealand cricket history, he accompanied Wellington teammate Jeremy Coney in a partnership to defeat Pakistan at Carisbrook, Dunedin, in the 1984/85 Test series. It was technically not a last wicket win, as Lance Cairns was still available to bat, but Cairns was severely concussed at the time and essentially incapable of batting, making Chatfield his side's last hope for a series win. Chatfield managed his highest Test score, an unbeaten 21. Such was Coney's faith in his partner that Chatfield ended up facing 84 deliveries during their stand as opposed to Coney's 48.

In the 1990 New Year Honours, Chatfield was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for services to cricket.

After cricket
Since retiring from first-class cricket, Chatfield has had a variety of jobs. He coached the Hutt Valley association until they merged with Wellington, worked in a chip shop, was a courier and drove a van for a dairy. He also mowed lawns, and in 2009 was working as a taxi driver in Wellington.

In 2020, the 95-year old Basin Reserve Museum Stand was reopened and the Old Pavilion Stand therein was renamed Chatfield.

References

External links

 I never bowled a bouncer – interview at ESPNcricinfo

1950 births
Living people
Cricketers at the 1979 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1983 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1987 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers from Dannevirke
New Zealand cricketers
New Zealand Members of the Order of the British Empire
New Zealand One Day International cricketers
New Zealand taxi drivers
New Zealand Test cricketers
North Island cricketers
Wellington cricketers

Ewen Chatfield


A concrete mixer is a machine used to mix concrete. It has a rotating drum driven by an electric or combustion engine. The components of the concrete (cement, sand, aggregate and water) are placed in an opening of the drum.

There are portable, in-situ and truck-mounted concrete mixers.

Gallery

Trucks
Machines

Concrete mixer


Fernside is a heritage-listed villa at 4–6 Fernside Street, East Toowoomba, Toowoomba, Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from  to . It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

History
Fernside, a low symmetrical brick building, was built  for John Alexander Boyce who arrived in Toowoomba from Brisbane in August 1870.

From the mid-1870s, JA Boyce accumulated land around what are now Fernside, Arthur and Curzon Streets, including the transferral of two acres on 1 July 1876 and a further two acres on 20 August 1877.

JA Boyce was Clerk of Petty Sessions in Toowoomba from 1870 until at least 1893. In 1895, Boyce was appointed relieving Police Magistrate in Winton and in 1896 was stationed at Thargomindah and Muttaburra. Boyce travelled further afield in later years, holding positions at Barcaldine, Roma and Cunnamulla from 1897 and was appointed Police Magistrate at Townsville in 1903. In 1909, Boyce retired to Sandgate and died in 1927. His obituary was placed in the Brisbane Courier on 8 December 1927.

The house remained in the Boyce family for over 100 years, six generations of the family living there over the period of time, from William Boyce, father of JA Boyce to Lesley Anne, Colin, Rodney and Michael, the children of Peter Boyce, JA Boyce's great grandson.

JA Boyce sold Fernside to his daughter-in-law, Margaret Annie Griffiths, in February 1902. Annie owned it until she died in 1969, aged 100 years. Annie Griffiths was the daughter of George Washington Griffiths who established the Toowoomba Foundry in 1871. The Brisbane Courier reports on 8 June 1886 that "three or four years after starting, Mr [George W] Griffiths took in his brother and brother-in- law to the business." At this time the Foundry was known as Griffith Bros and Company, later, , the name was changed to the Toowoomba Foundry Company Limited.

Annie married Gerard Boyce, JA Boyce's son in Toowoomba on 21 May 1896. News of the couple's marriage was printed in the Toowoomba Chronicle on 4 June 1896. Annie Boyce took out a mortgage on the property in 1915, it is likely that renovations to the eastern elevation were undertaken at this time. By 1955, the street was known as Fernside Street, having been formerly known as Curzon Street.

After Annie's death, Fernside passed to her grandson, Peter Boyce, who owned the property until 1978. In 1978, Fernside was sold to people outside the Boyce family. The current owners have resided at Fernside since 1993.

The grandeur and position of the house were recognised as desirable from very early on. Sir Arthur Kennedy, Governor of Queensland from 1877 to 1883, used the house as his summer residence. The use of the residence as a summer retreat for the governor continued the trend of using several Toowoomba residences in this manner. Harlaxton House was rented by Lord Lamington, the eighth governor of Queensland (1896-1901). From 1906 to 1909, Gabbinbar was used as a place of summer residence by Lord Chelmsford, Governor of Queensland from 1905 to 1909. Vernon Redwood, Mayor of Toowoomba, MLA, rented Fernside in the early part of this century, as did other Toowoomba notables.

Description
Fernside is built on a levelled area rising from Fernside Street to the west, the levelled area falls away to an escarpment to the east. The siting of Fernside provides views from the Great Dividing Range to the east. Fernside's well established garden setting incorporates a carriage drive located at the front, or western side of the house and native and exotic conifers.

The house is a low, symmetrical, rendered brick building, with a hipped roof clad with colourbond sheeting and gutters. The house has verandahs, under a separate roof, located on the western and eastern sides. Two moulded, rendered brick chimneys are located at the northern and southern elevations of the house. The original section of Fernside was constructed  with several additions at later stages, including an enclosed verandah along northern elevation, a bay window and dormer window added to the eastern elevation, possibly  and an extension to the southern elevation during the 1990s.

The western elevation, the facade to Fernside Street, faces the carriageway, and is accessed via a set of wide concrete steps. The centred porticoed entrance, topped by a timber fretwork gable, supported by paired timber posts with timber brackets, leads to the front entrance, a timber panelled door, with sidelight and fanlight assemblies. Bay windows with simple timber architraves and a verandah rail with wrought iron balustrading, not originally from Fernside, are also located along the western elevation. A second panelled timber door, with sidelight and fanlight assemblies is located at the southern end of the western elevation.

The eastern elevation faces magnificent views from the Great Dividing Range. The verandah is supported by timber posts and brackets and the brick is marked out to resemble ashlar. The centred bay window with gabled roof has a French door and three sets of elongated windows with small square paned glass and breezeways. Two other timber, panelled French doors are located in the eastern facade. The dormer window is located to the north of the gabled bay window.

The northern elevation is timber framed and enclosed with glass windows and French doors, and houses service facilities. The southern elevation, extended during the 1990s, is timber framed with large windows with breezeway, French doors and a corrugated iron roof.

Internally, Fernside's core remains reasonably intact. Some original detail remains, including moulded pressed metal ceilings in the living and dining rooms. Fireplaces, one with moulded timber surrounds and another with marble surrounds and consoles, are situated in the living and dining rooms.

A number of doorways retain original cedar joinery including a door from the living room to the dining room which also has a breezeway with diamond shaped timber panels surrounded by decorative glass.

Fernside has a concrete fence with moulded concrete pillars with a non-original cast iron gate at the front.

Heritage listing
Fernside was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

Fernside follows the pattern of the construction of substantial houses on the Darling Downs which came to be used as summer resorts by various Governors, demonstrating the development of the Darling Downs from a sparsely populated pastoral region to one of prosperity.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.

Fernside is significant as an example of well-to-do domestic building from the 1870s, reflecting the wealth and status of a public servant in Toowoomba, a major regional centre in colonial Queensland.

The siting of the house and subsequent landscape works are highly significant. Its location and verandahed design provide spectacular views from the Great Dividing Range, demonstrating the importance of topography for early settlers when choosing a suitable site on which to build.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

Fernside has special association with the community of Toowoomba and surrounding area as a well-known early residence and summer resort of Sir Arthur Kennedy, Governor of Queensland from 1877 to 1883.

The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.

Fernside has special association with the community of Toowoomba and surrounding area as a well-known early residence and summer resort of Sir Arthur Kennedy, Governor of Queensland from 1877 to 1883.

References

Attribution

External links

Queensland Heritage Register
East Toowoomba, Queensland
Houses in Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Houses completed in 1915

Fernside, Toowoomba


Nicholas G.J. Ballanta (1893–1962) was a Sierra Leonean music scholar, composer and educator who conducted field research of the music of West Africa in the early 20th century. His education in European music influenced his musical compositions. The years he spent collecting indigenous African music prompted him to compose musical plays or operas set in African villages; his work combines elements from both African and European music.

Early life
Nicholas George Julius Taylor was born to Krio parents on 14 March 1893 in Kissy, near the city of Freetown in Sierra Leone. His mother was a Christian woman, Sarian Ade Wray, and his early memories included singing in the choir at St. Patrick's Anglican Church. His father, Gustavus Taylor, played the violin and organ. A ship's engineer, Gustavus Taylor travelled between Sierra Leone and the Gambia. Nicholas remembered his father performing concerts in the Gambia. Gustavus died in a shipping accident when Nicholas was ten years old.

In 1905 Nicholas was sent to the CMS Grammar School in Freetown. There he played clarinet and became sergeant of the school band. By 1906 he completed Clark's Catechism in Music, and also won first prize in music at the government school exhibition.  At that time he began lessons in organ. Completing the high school course in less than the normal three years, he went to work as a clerk in the Sierra Leone attorney general's office. He received several promotions for government positions in Sierra Leone and the Gambia.

Beginning in 1911, Nicholas served as organist at St. Patrick's church, and between 1913 and 1917 he studied books on harmony, form, counterpoint and fugue. In 1917 he passed the first examination for the degree of Bachelor of Music at Durham University, but a trip to England would have been required to complete the degree.

As musical director of the choral society in Freetown, Nicholas worked with Adelaide Caseley Hayford, who used her influence to promote Ballanta's further education. He composed a choral work, "Belshazzar's Feast", set to a text by Felicia Hemans, that was performed in Freetown in 1919. When Mrs. Caseley Hayford travelled to America, she took that work with her to continue promoting his career. She urged him to join her and sent funds for his journey to the United States.

Career

American period (1921–1924)
After working with Mrs. Caseley Hayford to produce African pageants in Boston and Philadelphia, Nicholas went to New York, where he wrote two articles for the Musical Courier: "Jazz Music and Its Relation to African Music"  (1 June 1922), and "An African Scale" (29 June 1922).

At this time Nicholas began to change his name from "Taylor", a name given to his grandfather by missionaries to "Ballanta". The first article published in Musical Courier uses "Nicholas G. Taylor". The second article uses "Nic. G. J. Ballanta-Taylor"; the hyphenated name continued to be used in the US. In 1925 the title page of Saint Helena Island Spirituals states it is "By Nicholas George Julius Ballanta-(Taylor)", while the foreword is signed "N. G. J. Ballanta." At least from 1937 forward, the articles in the Sierra Leone Daily Mail newspaper consistently used the surname "Ballanta".

Meeting both Walter Damrosch and Dr. Frank Damrosch in New York, Ballanta was given a scholarship to the Institute of Musical Art (later the Juilliard School of Music), receiving his diploma in 1924. His thesis was a symphonic work on African themes titled The Music of Africa.

George Foster Peabody persuaded Ballanta to visit Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina to better understand the music of African Americans. While visiting the Penn School in South Carolina, Ballanta "showed a peculiar facility in quickly and accurately transcribing the Spirituals as he heard them sung by the pupils…." Ballanta's collection of 103 spirituals was published by G. Schirmer in 1925 as Saint Helena Island Spirituals.

Field research in Africa
Peabody funded Ballanta's field research from 1924 to 1926 in the Gambia, Sierra Leone, Gold Coast (Ghana), and Nigeria. In 1926 he returned to the US, reporting "I traveled about 7000 miles of country in West Africa on research work, during which time I collected over 2000 examples of African songs."

Because he was a composer, he took an interest in technical aspects of 	the music, such as scales, melody, rhythm, harmony, and form, the relationship between speech tones and melodic contours, and prosody and musical instruments. He observed the effect of social change on the music of West Africa, and tried to classify the region based on the presence or absence of "Western or Eastern influence".

In 1925 he received a Guggenheim Fellowship "to continue scientific studies of the musical conceptions of the African peoples and compare these ideas with the musical conceptions of ... European music". A second grant was awarded Ballanta Taylor in 1927, to continue his research into musical conceptions of the African people."

For information on his work in Germany with Erich von Hornbostel at the University of Berlin, see Tobias Robert Kline's Moderne Traditionene: Studien zur postkolonialen Musikgeschichte Ghanas.

Educator (1940s–1960)
From the 1940s to 1960, Ballanta taught at the CMS Grammar School in Freetown. It is said that he died in Kissy in 1962. The exact date of his death has yet to be verified.

Operas
Scores for three folk operas or musical plays survive. In them Ballanta used elements of both European and African music, "which whilst being in the tradition of Western classical music was recognizably African."

The music to Afiwa survives in three forms: a complete orchestral score dated 1937, another orchestral score of the overture plus two pieces, and a piano vocal score lacking the overture. The text of the play is complete.

The text of Efua survives. The score includes the overture and only nine of nineteen pieces.

Boima survives only as individual instrumental parts. There is no text of the play, no vocal score, and no conductor's score.

For the early Freetown performances, casts were drawn from "members of the Old Girls Association of the Annie Walsh Memorial School."

Ballanta Academy
In 1995 the Ballanta Academy of Music was established in Freetown, Sierra Leone, as a memorial to Ballanta's life and work.

Significance
J.H. Kwabena Nketia described Ballanta's place in the history of African music:
Though Ballanta's observations were not always accurate, his approach to African music was more theoretical and systematic than that of most writers of his time, for he believed his mission was to undertake "scientific studies of the musical conceptions" of African peoples and "to compare them with those of the West." His significance in the history of musical scholarship in Africa therefore lies in (1) his emphasis on extensive fieldwork; (2) his theoretical and descriptive approach to African music; and (3) his regional and comparative approach to African music (now favored by many African musicians).

Compositions

Published works
"Andante", Op. 1. New York: G. Schirmer, 1915. Organ work. Print.
Saint Helena Island Spirituals. Recorded and transcribed at Penn Normal, Industrial and Agricultural School, Saint Helena Island, Beaufort County, South Carolina. New York: G. Schirmer, 1925.

Manuscripts
The manuscripts are the property of the Logie Wright family in Freetown, Sierra Leone and have been in the custody of the Cottey College Archives in Nevada, Missouri, US since 2002.

Afiwa. Musical play. 1936. Unpublished.
Produced November 1936 in Keta, Gold Coast [now Ghana]. Not verified.
Produced with the same cast in December 1936 in Lome, Togo. Not verified.
First performed in Freetown, Sierra Leone in November–December 1937.
Performed 24–25 November 1941 in Freetown.
Performed in Freetown in the 1950s. Not verified.
Performed in 1996 in Freetown. Not verified.
Performed in 1997 in Freetown. Not verified.
Scheduled performances at Cottey College on 16–17 April 2010.
Boima. Musical play. Performed in 1938. Unpublished.
Efua. Musical play. Performed in 1938. Unpublished.
The Fanti Spirituals. Manuscript of 3 songs by Rev. Gaddiel R. Acquaah and Isaac D. Riverson. Unpublished.
Sing Aloud to God Our Strength. Anthem for chorus and organ. Unpublished.

Unpublished
Africa and the Africans. Overture. 1924.
Among the Palm Trees. Overture. 1922.
The Answer. Music for the Pageant. Performed in Boston, Massachusetts in about 1922.(Cromwell, 132)
Asheeko. Music for the Pageant. Performed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in about 1922. (Cromwell, 132)
Bangura King of Sandalla. Musical play. 1933. Said to have been produced in Onitsha, Nigeria. Not verified.
Belshazzar's Feast. Cantata. 1919.
Fatmata. Musical play. 1944.
Feri Chine. Musical play. 1932. Said to have been produced in Lagos, Nigeria. Not verified.
The Music of Africa. Symphony. 1924.
Prelude for Organ. 1917.
Tewo. Musical play set in the Mende region. 1940.

Writing
The Aesthetics of African Music. 1934. Unpublished treatise. Property of Ballanta Academy of Music; in custody of Cottey College.
"Music of the African Races". N. G. J. Ballanta. West Africa: A Weekly Newspaper and Review. 14 June 1930. 752–3. Print.
The Philosophy of African Music. Lost treatise; probably written after 1934.

References

Additional books and articles
Carter, Madison H. An Annotated Catalog of Composers of African Ancestry. New York: Vantage Press, 1986. 5–6.
"Folk Music in Africa." Negro Year Book: An Annual Encyclopedia of the Negro, 1931–	1932. Ed. Monroe N. Work. Tuskegee, Alabama: Negro Year Book, 1932. 441–444. Print.
Horne, Aaron. Brass Music of Black Composers: A Bibliography. Westport, Conn., 1996. 	2–3. Print.
Horne, Aaron. String Music of Black Composers: A Bibliography. Westport, Conn., 1991. 4–5. Print.
"Mephisto's Musings". Musical America 1926:6. Print.
Smith, Edwin W. The Christian Mission in Africa: A Study Based on the Work of the International Conference at Le Zoute, Belgium, 14 to 21 September 1926. New York: International Missionary Council, 1926. 26, 73. Print.

Newspaper articles

New York Times
"American Jazz Is Not African". New York Times. 19 September 1926. Section XX:8. Print.
"Origin of Negro Spiritual Undergoes a Unique Study: A Native African as a Guggenheim Fellow :Traces Influences Here and in Africa." New York Times. 2 December 1928. Section XI:8. Print.

Sierra Leone Daily Mail
"Professor N. G. J. Ballanta". 26 April 1937. Print. NGJB arrived in Freetown on 22 Apr..
"African Comedies and the Everton Club". 4 November 1937. 5. Print. Afiwa performed 3 November 1937 at Wilberforce Memorial Hall.
"Afiwa. Local Talent at the Hall, African Play Successfully Staged by Africans". 6 November 1937. 1. Print.
"Afiwa Matinee". 22 November 1937. 1 Print. Matinee for school children.
"Starting To-night at 8. 'Afiwa'". 24 November 1937.
"Everton Club". 24 February 1938. 4. Print. NGJB lecture 28 Feb..
"Health and Baby Week". 4 March 1938. 3. Print. Child care publication includes NGJB article, "Music – An Aid to Recreation".
"Rural School Singing Competition, Waterloo Centre". 5 May 1938. 1. Print. NGJB on panel of competition judges.
"Everton Club". 24 August 1938. 2. Print. Announcing performance of Boima on 5–6 Oct. and Efua sometime in December.
"Holy Trinity Church Festival". 8 October 1938. 1. Print. NGJB organ recital.
"Everton Club". 19 November 1938. 6. Print. Announcing performance of Efua on 7–8 Dec.
"Efua". 13 December 1938. 3. Print. Review of Efua performances on 7–8 Dec..
"Freetown Lecture Society". 15 September 1940. 3. Print. NGJB lecture.
"The Girls' Literary and Industrial School Stage a First-Class Exhibition of Work".  9 December 1940. 2. Print. Review of performance of Tewo.
"Plan Never To Miss 'Afiwa'". 10 November 1941. 2. Print. Performance of Afiwa on 24–25 Nov..
"Annie Walsh Ex-Pupils Friendly Society". 10 February 10, 1944. 2. Print. Performance of Fatmata on 15 Feb..

External links
 Ballanta Academy of Music, Freetown, Sierra  Leone.
 Cottey College, Nevada, Missouri, US.

Sierra Leonean composers
Sierra Leonean educators
Sierra Leonean musicians
1893 births
1962 deaths
People from Freetown
Male musical theatre composers
West African music
People educated in Freetown, Sierra Leone
People educated at the Sierra Leone Grammar School
Sierra Leone Creole people
20th-century composers

Nicholas G. J. Ballanta


G1, stylized as g1, is a Brazilian news portal maintained by Grupo Globo and under the guidance of Central Globo de Jornalismo. It was released on 18 September 2006, the same date as Rede Globo's anniversary. The portal provides journalistic content from various companies of Grupo Globo – TV Globo, Globo News, Radios CBN and Globo, the newspapers O Globo, Extra, Expresso and Valor Econômico, Época and Globo Rural magazines, among others – besides its own reports in the form of text, photographs, audio and video.

In addition to five editorial offices in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Brasilia, Belo Horizonte and Recife, affiliates of Rede Globo, newspapers, magazines, radio stations and news agencies Agência Estado, Agence France Presse, Associated Press, EFE, The New York Times, Lusa and Reuters feed the news portal, which is updated 24 hours a day.

The portal stands out for its multimedia content, taking advantage of the internet's advantages over traditional means of communication.

Versions in English and Spanish were released on 11 June 2010, and had videos subtitled in both languages., but both versions no longer exist.

The portal also has the mobile version and applications for Android and iOS.

In September 2021, to celebrate its 15th anniversary, the portal changed its logo to a new style, also changing the stylizing of the name, changing the G to be lowercase.

References

External links

TV Globo
Grupo Globo subsidiaries
Internet properties established in 2006
2006 establishments in Brazil
Brazilian news websites

G1 (website)


St. John's Seminary is a Private Catholic graduate seminary in Camarillo, California.

History

St. John's Seminary began teaching seminarians on September 12, 1939. Juan Camarillo, Jr. donated  of land from his Rancho Calleguas on March 3, 1927 with the specific desire to have the land used for a seminary named for St. John the Evangelist.  On January 14, 1938, John J. Cantwell announced the planned construction of the seminary.  The Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada first accredited St. John's in 1976; it had previously been accredited by the American Association of Theological Schools and the Western Association of Schools and Colleges.

Beginning in 1961, St. John's granted bachelor's degrees through its subsidiary St. John's Seminary College. Following a 2002 report from a task force appointed by Roger Mahony, the Archdiocese of Los Angeles closed the undergraduate portion of the seminary. Only 12 seminarians graduated in 2002, and the Archdiocese chose to focus solely on graduate training. The task force also scheduled a 2005 review to see if St. John's should be entirely closed with Loyola Marymount University taking over the school's functions; this shutdown has not come to pass. The diocese agreed to sell most of the seminary's land, including the area used for undergraduate study, in 2004, for a price which was dependent on the sort of zoning approval the land would receive. The seminary now seeks to become self-sufficient rather than relying on the archdiocese's funding. Toward that end, they are seeking to have an area formerly used as an undergraduate campus developed into between 270 and 290 houses for people 55 and older.

Library
The campus of St. John's has two libraries: the Edward Laurence Doheny Memorial Library and the Carrie Estelle Doheny Memorial Library, named for an oil tycoon and his wife who were noted Roman Catholic philanthropists. The Edward L. Doheny Library, inspired by the Cathedral of Mexico City, houses the seminary's collection of theological books, periodicals, and audiovisual materials, as well as the Seminary Board Room and other meeting spaces. The Carrie E. Doheny Library was the library of the undergraduate program until it was discontinued in 2002; since then it has been used to house the seminary's philosophy books as well as offices and classroom space.

For nearly half a century, the Edward L. Doheny Library also housed the collection of rare books and other treasures donated to the seminary by Carrie Estelle Doheny in 1940. The collection was sold at auction in 1987 in order to fund the Doheny Endowment to support seminary functions.

Academics
St. John's offers the Master of Divinity degree as a first professional degree for seminarians.  If interested in theological studies and research, eligible seminarians can also concurrently earn a Master of Arts.  The seminary offers a Master of Arts in Pastoral Ministry for non-seminarians who are interested in lay ministry.

Controversy

Sexual abuse
Alumni of St. John were accused in the sexual abuse scandal, which broke into public in the late 20th century, of molesting the underaged. Of the approximately 625 St. John's graduates to be ordained by the Los Angeles Archdiocese between 1950 and 2005, by 2005 65 had been accused in the sexual abuse scandal, reflecting a rate higher than what studies have found for U.S. priests in general. A seminary spokesman noted in November 2005 that California had extended its statute of limitations on molestation lawsuits, making more cases possible for prosecution. He suggested that a wave of publicity on molestation by priests had made St. John's graduates targets of such accusations.  Four days later, the Los Angeles Times ran a letter to the editor from St. John's rector, Helmut A. Hefner. He said that substantial reforms had been implemented in the seminary in terms of recruitment and assessment of students. He noted that changes had been made; as a result, from 1985 to 2005, only two of the 155 priests ordained at St. John's Seminary for the Los Angeles archdiocese had been accused of sexual misconduct.

Notable alumni

William Levada, Prefect of the Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith
Justin Rigali, Archbishop of Philadelphia
Roger Mahony, Archbishop of Los Angeles
George Niederauer, Archbishop of San Francisco
Tod Brown, Bishop of Orange
Geoff Farrow, priest relieved of his congregation after denouncing California Proposition 8 from the pulpit
 Msgr. Francis J. Weber, archivist of the Los Angeles Archdiocese, and biographer of Archbishop John Joseph Cantwell, Cardinal James Francis McIntyre, and Cardinal Timothy Manning
 Bishop Jaime Soto of the Diocese of Sacramento
Gustavo García-Siller, archbishop of San Antonio.
William DuBay, ordained in 1960, but left the priesthood after challenging Cardinal McIntyre on race relations and other matters.
Cirilo Flores, Bishop of San Diego.
Cyprian Consiglio, O.S.B. Cam., Prior of New Camaldoli Hermitage
William Robert Johnson, Bishop of Orange

See also
 List of Roman Catholic seminaries
 Sexual abuse scandal in the Catholic archdiocese of Los Angeles

References

External links
Official website

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles
Catholic seminaries in the United States
Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges
Education in Ventura County, California
Educational institutions established in 1939
1939 establishments in California

St. John's Seminary (California)


"I Always Get Lucky With You" is a song written by Merle Haggard, Freddy Powers, Gary Church, and Tex Whitson.  It was first recorded by Haggard on his 1981 album Big City and then covered by American country music artist George Jones in April 1983 as the second single from the album Shine On.  The song was Jones' ninth and final number one on the country chart as a solo artist .  The single stayed at  number one for one week and spent  thirteen weeks on the country chart.

Background
Co-writer Merle Haggard recorded the song first on his 1981 hit LP Big City but did not release it as a single.  According to the Stephen L. Betts Rolling Stone article "George Jones Gets 'Lucky' with Merle Haggard Song" published online on February 13, 2015, Haggard's manager, Tex Whitson, first pitched it to Jones' producer Billy Sherrill because Jones and Haggard were on the outs at the time.  "I'd get mad at him over the years because of his self-damage, but everything I said to him was out of love," Haggard wrote in an article for Rolling Stone after his friend died. "Imagine you're George Jones, and every night you're expected to sing as good as you did on a song like 'She Thinks I Still Care.' He was a shy country boy from East Texas walking around with that on his shoulders. He knew people expected him to be the greatest country singer that ever lived. He was the Babe Ruth of country music, and people expected a home run every time." Sherrill, who had produced Jones and Haggard on their first duet album together A Taste of Yesterday's Wine the year before, still possessed his instincts for a great song and persuaded Jones to cut it.  In the 1994 video retrospective Golden Hits, Jones recalled that he "sung it around Nashville at some of the clubs to try and get used to it before I went into the studio and it came off great.  It's a great song.  Merle Haggard wrote a good one there."  Jones, who was about to hit rock bottom after spending most of the previous decade in a booze and drug-crazed wasteland, delivered a sterling performance, which became the last chart topper of his career, ironically bumping off "Pancho and Lefty," Haggard's hit duet with Willie Nelson.  Haggard would record the song again in 2006 as part of the second Jones/Haggard release Kickin' Out the Footlights...Again.  A duet version featuring Jones and Shelby Lynne was made available on the 2009 Jones LP Burn Your Playhouse Down – The Unreleased Duets.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

1981 songs
1983 singles
Merle Haggard songs
George Jones songs
Songs written by Merle Haggard
Songs written by Freddy Powers
Song recordings produced by Billy Sherrill
Epic Records singles

I Always Get Lucky with You


Odds & Ends is a collection of unfinished tracks and demo recordings by British pop singer, Dido. The collection was put together by her management team, Nettwerk, and released promotionally in late 1995, in order to gain interest from record companies so that Dido could be signed to a major record label. All of the material was recorded between 1993 and 1995. Dido was brought to the attention of Arista Records, who were impressed with her collaborations and songwriting for the UK dance group Faithless, her work with a UK dance act spearheaded by her brother, Rollo Armstrong, and more importantly, the album. Arista Records signed Dido in the United States, eventually forming a deal with her brother Rollo Armstrong's record label, Cheeky Records, allowing her music to be released internationally. The track "Worthless" later appeared on The Highbury Fields EP, a five track sampler released to promote her debut album, No Angel. "Take My Hand" was included on the album itself, and "Sweet Eyed Baby" was remixed to create another album track, "Don't Think of Me". "Worthless" and "Me" also appeared on the Japanese version of No Angel.

Track listing
 "Give Me Strength" – 4:17
 "Reverb Song" – 0:45
 "Take My Hand" – 6:42
 "Me" – 2:38
 "Sweet Eyed Baby"  – 4:43
 "Keep Your Faith in Me" – 4:03
 "Too Bad" – 2:06
 "Believe" (Flu Season Mix) – 6:32
 "Worthless"  – 7:52
 "Hurry Home" – 3:15
 "River, Run Me Dry" – 4:39

References

Dido (singer) albums
1995 albums
Albums produced by Rollo Armstrong
Nettwerk Records albums
Cheeky Records albums
Demo albums

Odds & Ends (album)


The British Rail Class 57 diesel locomotives is a diesel locomotive that was built by Brush Traction between 1997 and 2004. They are rebuilds, with new engines, of older Class 47 locomotives, originally introduced in 1964–1965. They are known as "bodysnatchers", or "Zombies" to enthusiasts, because the shell (body) of the class 47 has been stripped, rewired and re-engined. The first ever class 57 named was "Freightliner Envy" after the first one entering Freightliner.

References

57

British Rail Class 57


The West Granville Historic District is a historic district encompassing the center of West Granville, Massachusetts.  The village is composed mainly of buildings form the late 18th and early 19th centuries, including an 18th-century church and 1830s academy building.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.

Description and history
Granville was settled in 1734, with most of its early activity taking place at Granville Center.  West Granville developed in an upland valley isolated from the rest of the town as an agricultural area, and the village began to take shape at a crossroads with the construction of the Second Congregational Church in 1778.  The village continued to prosper through the first half of the 19th century, but declined thereafter, as economic prospects improved in the eastern part of the town (particularly the growing industry at Granville Village), and Tolland, located just to the west, was separated from the town.  As a consequence, the village has a distinct 19th-century aura to it.

The district is basically linear in character, extending along Main Road (Massachusetts Route 57) between its junction with Crest Lane to the east, and the four-way junction with Beech Hill Road and Hartland Hollow Road to the west.  It extends a short way north on Beech Hill Road.  In addition to the civic buildings at the center of the village, it includes primarily residential buildings stretching along  Main Road from west of Beach Hill Road to South Lane No. 2.  The civic buildings consist of the 1778 Congregational Church, a district schoolhouse, and a larger academy building, built in 1830.  Houses in the district were built from the mid-18th century into the late 19th century, and feature Greek Revival, Georgian, and Federal architecture.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hampden County, Massachusetts

References

Historic districts in Hampden County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Hampden County, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

West Granville Historic District


Gahnite, ZnAl2O4, is a rare mineral belonging to the spinel group. It forms octahedral crystals which may be green, blue, yellow, brown or grey. It often forms as an alteration product of sphalerite in altered massive sulphide deposits such as at Broken Hill, Australia. Other occurrences include Falun, Sweden where it is found in pegmatites and skarns; and, in the United States, Charlemont, Massachusetts; Spruce Pine, North Carolina; White Picacho district, Arizona; Topsham, Maine; and Franklin, New Jersey.

It was first described in 1807 for an occurrence in the Falu mine, Falun, Dalarna, Sweden, and named after the Swedish chemist, Johan Gottlieb Gahn (1745–1818), the discoverer of the element manganese. It is sometimes called zinc spinel.

See also
 List of minerals named after people

References

Zinc minerals
Aluminium minerals
Spinel group
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 227
Minerals described in 1807

Gahnite


The Aoi Festival or Aoi Matsuri (葵祭)  is one of Kyoto's most three famous festivals.  The other two are  the Gion Festival and Jidai Matsuri. The Aoi Festival takes place on May 15 each year. The main attraction of the festival is a large parade in Kyoto. Over 500 people dress in the aristocratic style of the Heian Period (794-1185) for the parade. They walk from the Imperial Palace to the Kamo Shrines. Aoi is Japanese for "Hollyhock" The festival is named after the Hollyhock leaves that are worn by the people in the parade.

History

The Aoi Matsuri began in the 7th century. This was before Kyoto was made the national capital in 794.  Its exact origins are not known. It is likely that natural disasters were happening, These were believed to be caused by the deities of the Kamo Shrines. After the Emperor made offerings to the gods, the disasters ended and a tradition was begun. The festival's official name is Kamo Matsuri because of the shrines.

The festival grew in popularity. During the Heian Period, when people used the word festival, they meant the Aoi Matsuri. In modern times, the parade shows the high regard that the festival has. There are people riding horses, large bouquets of flowers, decorated carts pulled by oxen, and many women in kimono with the year's Saiō.

Saiō
The Saiō was a young female member of the imperial family. She was the high priestess of the Kamo Shrines. During festivals, the Saio performed rituals at the shrines. In modern times, an unmarried woman from Kyoto is chosen each year to be Saio. She must go through purification ceremonies before the festival. She is taken through the procession on a palanquin.

Festivals in Japan
Kyoto
May events
7th-century establishments in Japan

Aoi festival


The Nevada County Arts Council is the official Nevada County, California, USA arts council. By resolution of Nevada County Board of supervisors, it is State-Local Partner with California Arts Council. A 501c3 not-for-profit organization, its mission is to facilitate collaborative efforts that promote and sustain the visual, literary and performing arts of Nevada County to advance the cultural, social and economic life of its rural community.

In 2017 California Arts Council selected 14 districts to serve as California's inaugural state-designated Cultural Districts. Nevada County is home to two: Grass Valley-Nevada City and Truckee.

External links
Nevada County Arts Council website

Arts councils of California
Nevada County, California

Nevada County Arts Council


The Friedrichshafen G.I (factory designation FF.36 or FF.30) was a prototype heavy bomber aircraft that was built in Germany by Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen in 1915. It was Karl Gehlen's first design for the company, and although it was not produced in quantity, it provided the foundation for the later, highly successful bombers culminating in the G.III.

Design and development
The Friedrichshafen G.I first flew in 1915 and was originally conceived as a battle-plane but the design emphasis was shifted to the bomber role when the battle-plane concept proved unworkable. The G.I was a biplane with a crew of three and armament of a single machine gun mounted on a gun ring in the nose of the aircraft. The front part of the fuselage was covered with plywood while the rear half of the fuselage was fabric covered as were the wings and the tail surfaces. The biplane wings were braced by three pairs of interplane struts on each side of the fuselage while the tail unit was a box-shaped biplane unit with two rudders mounted between the tips of the horizontal stabilizers. The fuselage was attached to the lower wing and the two engine nacelles were suspended between the wings by a system of struts. Each nacelle housed a six-cylinder 110 kW (150 hp) Benz Bz.III engine in a pusher configuration.

Operators

 Luftstreitkrafte

Specifications (G.I)

See also

References

Bibliography

Further reading

1910s German bomber aircraft
G.I
Twin-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1915
Biplanes

Friedrichshafen G.I


The Edinburgh and District Churches' Council for Local Broadcasting was founded in 1974 and exists to encourage, develop and support religious broadcasting in Edinburgh and surrounding districts. The council is resourced by local churches and promotes Christian involvement in all aspects of local broadcasting in the area.

The council has forged particularly strong links with Radio Forth, Edinburgh's main commercial radio station.

External links
 The Edinburgh and District Churches' Council for Local Broadcasting

Organisations based in Edinburgh
Organizations established in 1974

EDCCLB


A transition radiation detector (TRD) is a particle detector using the -dependent threshold of transition radiation in a stratified material. It contains many layers of materials with different indices of refraction.  At each interface between materials, the probability of transition radiation increases with the relativistic gamma factor.  Thus particles with large  give off many photons, and small  give off few.  For a given energy, this allows a discrimination between a lighter particle (which has a high  and therefore radiates) and a heavier particle (which has a low  and radiates much less).

The passage of the particle is observed through many thin layers of material put in air or gas. The radiated photon gives energy deposition by photoelectric effect, and the signal is detected as ionization. Usually materials with low  are preferred (, ) for the radiator, while for photons materials with high  are used to get a high cross section for photoelectric effect (ex. ).

TRD detectors are used in ALICE and ATLAS experiment at Large Hadron Collider. The ALICE TRD operates together with a big TPC (Time Projection Chamber) and TOF (Time of Flight counter) to do particle identification in ion collisions. The ATLAS TRD is called TRT (Transition Radiation Tracker) which serves also as a tracker measuring particles' trajectory simultaneously.

Particle detectors

Transition radiation detector


The Green Initiative is an international climate certification and advisory services company, responsible for the certification of Machu Picchu as the first carbon neutral tourism destination world-wide , as well as the certification of big  players such as adidas and AJE Group . Green Initiative designs climate positive mitigation solutions to address climate change risks, market challenges, and innovation opportunities linked to the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals. They are one of 24 companies accredited by the United Nations to provide climate change advisory services. The Green Initiative's main objectives include the offsetting of greenhouse gases emitted by human activities, as well as with reforestation projects in riparian areas that need to be recovered. The trees planted from these projects will absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere , as well as environmental benefits, such as water and air quality preservation, and biodiversity protection.

References

Climate change policy
Environment of Peru
Sustainability in Brazil

The Green Initiative


The Anbernic RG351 is a Linux-based handheld game console created in China by Anbernic. The console uses a microSD card for storage and is a digital ROM-only console. It is the successor to the RG350, and has emerged as a prominent handheld console for retrogaming alongside the Retroid Pocket 2, with the screen aspect ratio of some models particularly optimized for Game Boy Advance titles. It is sold in several models with different shells and screen resolutions, but similar internal specifications. Critics have praised its quality and functionality, but criticized certain aspects of its design.

Specifications
The RG351 has several models. The RG351P and more expensive RG351M maintain the same horizontal rectangular form factor, but have a plastic and aluminum shell, respectively. The RG351P lacks internal Wi-Fi, requiring an external dongle. The RG351V has a vertical rectangular form factor more similar to that of the Game Boy, and a higher-resolution 4:3 aspect ratio screen. The RG351MP ("Metal Pro") model also has the same higher-res screen, but in a horizontal form factor.

The screen of the "P" and "M" models is exactly double the resolution of the Game Boy Advance, at 480x320, with a 3:2 aspect ratio, causing games of that system to scale perfectly, but games with a 4:3 aspect ratio to be pillarboxed. The screen of the "V" and "MP" models is a higher resolution 4:3 aspect ratio 640x480 screen. The system uses a RK3326 quad-core, 1.5GHz CPU, with 1GB of RAM and no onboard storage, requiring an SD card to store games. It can emulate game systems up to the fifth generation of video game consoles, including NES, Game Boy, Game Boy Advance, Neo Geo, Neo Geo Pocket Color, Super NES, Sega Genesis, Nintendo 64, PlayStation, TurboGrafx-16, and PlayStation Portable. However, it has been noted to suffer problems with emulation of the Dreamcast, Nintendo 64 and PlayStation Portable.

The system comes preconfigured with the EmuElec Linux frontend. However, it has been criticized as "sluggish", and there are alternative frontends that improve performance. This includes 351ELEC, an EmuElec fork, and ArkOS, an operating system built on Ubuntu.

Reception
PCMag rated the RG351P 3.5/5 stars, calling it a "fun" handheld with good build quality and excellent performance. Their criticisms included a lack of Wi-Fi or HDMI out, and the fact that the screen was the same aspect ratio as the GBA, resulting in other games being stretched or pillarboxed.

NintendoLife conducted a hands-on comparison between the RG351M and the Retroid Pocket 2, and criticized the design of the RG351M as too "functional". However, they called its metal case "gorgeous" and praised the built-in Wi-Fi compared to the "P" model, calling its use of an external dongle for Wi-Fi "irksome". They criticized the fact that, unlike the "P" model, it is difficult to hit diagonal inputs in the "M" model's D-pad.

Gizmodo called the RG351V a "super-powered Game Boy", saying that it provides an "excellent retro gaming experience".

Business Insider criticized Amazon third-party sellers who bundled the RG351 with pre-loaded pirated Nintendo ROMs on SD card, causing Amazon to remove some listings for copyright infringement. However, the console itself was praised as not feeling like a "cheap knockoff, despite literally being exactly that".

References

Retro-oriented video game consoles
Eighth-generation video game consoles
Computer-related introductions in 2020
ARM-based video game consoles
Linux-based handheld game consoles

Anbernic RG351