A hopper barge is a type of barge commonly designed to transport commodities like coal, steel, rocks, sand, soil and waste. 'Hopper barge' can also refer to a barge that dumps cargo at sea. These are now commonly called 'split hopper barge', because they split along the length of the hull. Split hopper barges can be non-propelled or self-propelled .

History

The term 'hopper barge' surfaces in the second half of 19th century England, especially in relation to dredging. The word 'hopper' has multiple meanings. The hopper car is a well known use, but hopper can also mean: "any of various other receptacles for the temporary storage of material". By the 1890s, iron hopper barges used in dredging had doors in the hull for quickly dumping their load on the sea floor.

The 1950s American hopper barge descended from the welded steel barge, which replaced wooden cargo carriers. The steel barge offered better protection for the cargo, and required little maintenance.

In the 1950s hopper barges ranged from 800 to 3,500 tons.

Characteristics

A hopper barge differs from other barges by having a hopper. This is the area of the open cargo hold.

Hopper barges are usually of double-hull construction. This means that the sides and bottom of the cargo hold are separated from the hull by void spaces. This is done because the hopper barge has to resist heavy external impacts, as well as the heavy blows of unloading buckets into it. Internal bracing in the internal space transmmits the impact of loading to a larger area, and so ensures that the side shell of the hopper barge is not deformed.

Non self-propelled hopper barges are seen in two distinctive types; raked hopper and boxed hopper barges. Single raked barges are raked (tapered in depth) at the bow only. Double raked barges are tapered at both bow and stern.

Hopper Barge variants

Open hopper barge
The open hopper barge is generally used to carry ores and steel on inland waterways.

Covered hopper barge
In the United States, covered hopper barges generally have steel hatch coverings operating on roller bearings. These quickly open and close over a wide section of the hold and are watertight. As the covers can generally expose about half of the hold, these enable vertical loading. Another type of cover is the lift-off (stacking) type cover.

Covered hopper barges transport grains and other agricultural products, salt, steel products, paper products, minerals, and sometimes packaged products.

Split hopper barge
Split hopper barges are used to dump cargo at sea. This comes mostly from dredging. The split hopper barge is the successor to the hopper barge with doors in the hull, which dumped its cargo by opening these doors.

The hull of the split hopper barge splits longitudinally between the end bulkheads. The vessel consists of two major moving parts (port and starboard halves), both are mostly symmetrical in design. Both parts of the vessel are hinged at the deck and operated by hydraulic cylinders. When the vessel splits the load is dumped rapidly, which means the barge has to be very stable in order not to capsize or otherwise get damaged.

See also
 Grain bin

References

Sources

Barges
Ship types

Hopper barge


A driving instructor is a person who is hired by a new driver who is learning how to improve their skills - often for an upcoming practical test. Different countries have different rules regarding permits and other regulations. Driving instructors have several tasks such as teaching new drivers the theory and techniques needed to carefully operate various types of vehicles such as cars, motorcycles, trucks and buses. A driving instructor has several names and can be recognized as: auto driving instructor, educator, instructor, teacher, driver trainer or truck driving instructor.

Duties and responsibilities

The duties and responsibilities of a driving instructor are to manage the theory class timings, teach the driving students about the right traffic rules and inform student drivers with safety driving procedures. In addition to that, driving instructors supply their students with information about emergency situations.

After the classes about theory knowledge, driving instructors help their driving students in practically learning how to drive a car individually. At the beginning, the driving instructor teaches the student how to use a steering wheel, how to reverse and how to park. In addition, the driving instructor advises the student about their level of improvement in practical driving and then the student is informed about the date of practical test on the road.

Characteristics of a driving instructor

A driving instructor must possess several characteristics in order to help the new driving student understand the theory of driving and also in order for the student to practically operate the vehicle.
Some of the characteristics required in a driving instructor include confidence, patience and good communications skills. On top of that, a driving instructor must be able to acquire good teaching skills.

Working hours

The working hours of a driving instructor must be adjustable enough to suit the needs of the student. In general, driving instructors might need to work during the evening and sometimes even during the weekend. Additionally, instructors may require working longer hours during the summer months according to the availability of the driving student.

Salaries

Salaries of a driving instructor vary from country to country. For example, in the United Kingdom, a beginner driving instructor makes about £15,000 a year while an experienced driving instructor makes about £30,000 a year.

In the United States, a driving instructor with medium experience gains around $36,000 a year while an experienced driving instructor makes around $53,000 a year.

Requirements to be a driving instructor

Eligibility to be a driving instructor varies from country to country. The general requirements are having a full and clean driver licence for specific minimum period of time for the relevant classes of vehicle, passing a fit and proper person test or police background check, having eyesight that meets the minimum requirements for driving, passing a driving instructor training course, and paying any government or local fees applicable. A formal education such as a college or university degree is not usually required.
The job openings of a driving instructor differ according to the growth of the population.

Coursework to be a certified driving instructor

There are a few course topics that much be covered to be a certified driving instructor. Some topics are: regulations of driving, knowledge of the components of different types of vehicles and skills on teaching theory in the classroom.

For example, to become an Approved Driving Instructor in the UK, you must first pass 3 different exams. Theory, driving and teaching.

In countries like Singapore, teachings by all private driving instructor have been regulated by the Government of Singapore such that only schools like Comfort Delgro Driving Center, Singapore Safety Driving Center and Bukit Batok Driving Center still actively recruit and train driving instructors. Private driving instructors are slowly being phased out in Singapore.

References

Driving
Driver's education

Driving instructor


The West End Church of Christ Silver Point is a folk vernacular brick church in the unincorporated community of Silver Point, Tennessee, United States.  A primarily African-American Church of Christ congregation has met at the church continuously since its construction in 1915.  In 2007, the church was added to the National Register of Historic Places for its role in the history of the Upper Cumberland region.

The church is rooted in the Silver Point Christian Institute, a mission school established largely through the efforts of Churches of Christ evangelists George Phillip Bowser (1874–1950) and Marshall Keeble.  Along with providing badly needed education facilities to the Upper Cumberland's small African-American population, the school published the Christian Echo, a Church of Christ newsletter circulated nationwide.  In spite of early financial struggles, the school, with the help of Nashville minister David Lipscomb and philanthropist A. M. Burton, managed to survive until 1959.  The church, built for the mission school community in 1915, has remained in operation to the present, however.

Location

The West End Church of Christ Silver Point is located along Center Hill Dam Road (State Highway 141) in the western half of Silver Point, a rural community scattered around the intersection of State Highway 141, State Highway 56, and Interstate 40, about halfway between Cookeville and Smithville.  Along with the church, the property includes a modern cemetery and a small monument commemorating the church's establishment.  Like most of the Highland Rim, the area is rugged and hilly.

History

In the late-19th and early-20th centuries, education opportunities for the small African-American population of the Upper Cumberland were scarce.  In his book The Souls of Black Folk, author W. E. B. Du Bois wrote of the primitive conditions of a black schoolhouse at nearby Alexandria, where he taught class while a student at Fisk University in the 1880s.  In 1909, after delivering a sermon at the Laurel Hill Church of Christ in Nashville, evangelist George Phillip Bowser was approached by fellow Church of Christ ministers Sam Womack and Alexander Campbell with a request to establish a church at Silver Point.  Bowser agreed on the condition that he also be allowed to establish a mission school for the area's African-American children, which was granted.

In late 1909, Bowser opened what was initially known as the Putnam County Normal and Industrial Orphanage at Silver Point.  Womack, Campbell, and another Church of Christ official named Henry Clay served as the school's first board of directors.  Students paid between fifty cents and one dollar per month for tuition, and six dollars per month for room and board.  Operating costs were augmented by the sale of produce grown in the school's  garden, and by the sale of wagons built by Clay and several students.  The school also published the Christian Echo, a Church of Christ newsletter founded by Bowser in 1903, and shipped the newsletter to subscribers across the country.

In spite of efforts to reduce operating costs, the school struggled financially. One of the school's teachers, Annie Tuggle, asked Nashville educator and minister David Lipscomb for help, and Lipscomb turned to Nashville insurance magnate A. M. Burton, who agreed to provide financial assistance.  In 1913, the school became the Silver Point Christian Institute, which taught grades 1 through 8.  With better financing, a new frame building was constructed in 1915 by P. H. Black, an African-American architect from Nashville.  The building was used by both the school and the West End Church of Christ congregation, the latter founded in 1915.

Bowser resigned as the school's principal in 1918 due to frustrations over lack of steady financial support for the school.  He later founded schools in Michigan and Texas, and continued publishing the Christian Echo (the newsletter is still in publication today).  Classes continued at the West End Church until 1959, when the school's students were bused to Putnam County's public schools.  The church's congregation, however, still meets regularly.

Design

The West End Church of Christ Silver Point is an example of a simple, rural church with an African-American folk vernacular design.  The structure is a rectangular brick structure with a concrete foundation and a gabled, asphalt-shingled roof.  The church's south wall contains a covered porch and the double-door main entrance.  The north wall once contained two rear doors, but these have been sealed.  The east and west walls both contain four windows topped by brick arches.  The top of the south wall contains a block of concrete which may have at one time held a stone inscribed with the name of the church or school.

The church's interior follows a basic floor plan, with two sets of pews divided by a central aisle leading to the pulpit.  In accordance with the unbiblical Campbellite teaching that musical instruments are prohibited from use in worship, there is no piano or organ to be found.  The pews are not original, but were retrieved from another church building.  The pulpit is flanked by two rooms that serve as a Sunday school classrooms.  In the 1970s, the walls were covered with wooden paneling, and acoustical tiles were added to the ceiling.

A granite monument commemorating the founding of the church and its predecessor, the Silver Point Christian Institute, stands near the entrance to the church's driveway.  A modern cemetery is located behind the church.

References

External links

G. P. Bowser – brief biography

Buildings and structures in Putnam County, Tennessee
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
Churches in Tennessee
Vernacular architecture in Tennessee
African-American churches in Tennessee
Churches completed in 1915
20th-century churches in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Putnam County, Tennessee
1915 establishments in Tennessee

West End Church of Christ Silver Point


WWE Fastlane is a professional wrestling event produced by WWE, a professional wrestling promotion based in Connecticut. It is broadcast live and has been available through pay-per-view (PPV) and via livestreaming on the WWE Network since 2015 and Peacock since 2021. The event was established in 2015 and replaced Elimination Chamber in the February slot of WWE's pay-per-view calendar; Elimination Chamber was pushed back to May that year. Beginning in 2017, the event moved to March, which made it WWE's first non-WrestleMania PPV to be held in March. In 2023, the event took place in October.

With the reintroduction of the brand extension in mid-2016, Fastlane was Raw-exclusive in 2017 and SmackDown-exclusive in 2018 before brand-exclusive PPVs were discontinued following WrestleMania 34 that year. The event was produced annually until 2020 when Fastlane was removed from the schedule to allow WWE to hold that year's Super ShowDown PPV; however, Fastlane was reinstated in 2021, but it was again discontinued. The 2021 event was also WWE's first PPV available to livestream on Peacock in the United States before the American version of the WWE Network merged under Peacock and shut down on April 4, which also made it the final PPV available to stream on the American WWE Network before its closure. After a two-year hiatus, Fastlane was again reinstated for 2023.

The name of the event was originally a reference to its position on the "Road to WrestleMania", as the event was held in the two-month period between the Royal Rumble and WWE's flagship event. With the event's revival in 2023, however, this theme was dropped due to Fastlane taking place six months after WrestleMania 39.

History
The American professional wrestling promotion WWE first held Fastlane on February 22, 2015, in  Memphis, Tennessee, and it was broadcast live on pay-per-view (PPV) and was livestreamed on the WWE Network. For the 2015 calendar year, it replaced Elimination Chamber, which had been held in February from 2010 to 2014; the 2015 Elimination Chamber was in turn held in May. The name "Fastlane" was chosen as a reference to its position on the "Road to WrestleMania", being held in the two-month period between the Royal Rumble and WWE's flagship event.

The event returned in 2016, also in February, thus establishing Fastlane as an annual PPV for the promotion. In 2017, Fastlane was pushed back to March, with Elimination Chamber returning to its original February slot, which made Fastlane the first non-WrestleMania PPV to be held in March. The 2017 event was also held as a Raw-exclusive show, following the reintroduction of the WWE brand extension in mid-2016 where the promotion again split its roster into brands where wrestlers were exclusively assigned to perform. The 2018 event was then made a SmackDown-exclusive PPV, but this would be the final SmackDown-exclusive PPV, as well as WWE's final brand-exclusive PPV, as following WrestleMania 34 that year, brand-exclusive PPVs were discontinued. In 2020, Fastlane was removed from the schedule to allow WWE to hold that year's Super ShowDown PPV; however, Fastlane was reinstated in 2021. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2021 event was held in WWE's bio-secure bubble called the WWE ThunderDome, hosted at Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg, Florida.

The 2021 event was WWE's first PPV event to livestream on Peacock's WWE Network channel in the United States, following the merger of the American WWE Network under Peacock on March 18 that year. Fastlane was held during the transitional period (March 18 – April 4) and was simulcast on Peacock and the American WWE Network, which in turn made it the final PPV to air on the American WWE Network as following this transitional period, the American WWE Network shut down on April 4; this did not affect other countries, which maintained the separate WWE Network service (although a few other countries have since branched off onto other livestreaming platforms).

In October 2021, WWE revealed their PPV calendar for 2022 and Fastlane was not included. While there had been a to be announced event for February, on January 17, 2022, this event was revealed as Elimination Chamber. Fastlane was in turn discontinued without a formal announcement. However, on June 20, 2023, after a two-year hiatus, WWE announced that Fastlane had been reinstated for October 7 of that year, dropping its "Road to WrestleMania" theme due to it taking place six months after WrestleMania 39. As WWE resumed live touring in July 2021, the 2023 Fastlane was scheduled for the Gainbridge Fieldhouse in Indianapolis, Indiana, replacing the Extreme Rules in the October slot.

Events

See also
 List of WWE pay-per-view and livestreaming supercards

References

External links

Recurring events established in 2015

WWE Fastlane


Java man is one of the first known specimens of Homo erectus. The name was given to fossils discovered in 1891 at Trinil on the banks of the Bengawan Solo River in East Java, Indonesia.  Its discoverer, Eugène Dubois, gave it the scientific name Pithecanthropus erectus. The name derives from Greek and Latin roots meaning "upright ape-man".

Estimated to be between 700,000 and 1,000,000 years old, it was, at the time of its discovery, the oldest hominid fossils ever found. It still is the type specimen for Homo erectus.

Led by Eugène Dubois, the excavation team uncovered a tooth, a skullcap, and a thighbone at Trinil.

Hominins

Java Man


Tectonic family member 3 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the TCTN3 gene.

This gene encodes a member of the tectonic gene family which functions in Hedgehog signal transduction and development of the neural tube. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Oral-facial-digital syndrome IV and Joubert syndrome 18. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2012].

References

Further reading

Genes on human chromosome 10

TCTN3


Paso Robles ( ), officially El Paso de Robles (Spanish for The Pass of Oaks), is a city in San Luis Obispo County, California, United States. Located on the Salinas River about  north of San Luis Obispo, the city is known for its hot springs, abundance of wineries, production of olive oil, almond orchards, and playing host to the California Mid-State Fair.

Etymology and pronunciation
The city's full name is El Paso de Robles, which in Spanish means The Pass of the Oaks.

People differ on the pronunciation of the city's shortened name of Paso Robles. While its Spanish pronunciation is , residents anglicize the pronunciation as . This anglicized version has been used in the city phone message.

History
This area of the Central Coast, known as the City of El Paso De Robles, Paso Robles, or simply Paso, is known for its thermal springs. Native Americans known as the Salinan lived in the area thousands of years before the mission era. They knew this area as the Springs or the Hot Springs. A tribal site on present-day Paso Robles was named elewexe, Obispeño for "Swordfish".

Paso Robles is located on the Rancho Paso de Robles Mexican land grant that was purchased by James and Daniel Blackburn in 1857. Their partner was Drury James of Kentucky, a veteran of the Mexican War and uncle of the outlaw Jesse James. The land was a rest stop for travelers of el Camino Real trail, and was known for its mineral hot springs. Franciscan priests from neighboring Mission San Miguel constructed the first mineral baths in the area. During this period, Paso Robles began to attract the settlers who established cattle ranches, apple and almond orchards, dairy farms, and vineyards.

In 1864, the first El Paso de Robles Hotel was constructed and featured a hot mineral springs bath house. Three locations (Paso Robles Inn, River Oaks Hot Springs, and Franklin Hot Springs) have offered the mineral bath hot spring experience which brought people like Ignacy Jan Paderewski to Paso Robles.

James and Daniel Blackburn donated two blocks to the city for a public park to be used for the pleasure of its citizens and visitors. Two exceptions were made to requirement that it be used for a public park - allowing the building of the Carnegie Library, and the conversion of the library to a museum. The grounds were laid out by a Mr. Redington and a planting day was held when each citizen set out his own donation. Originally, the whole park was hedged in by a fence of cactus, and in 1890, a bandstand was built with money raised by private theatricals.

In 1886, after the coming of the Southern Pacific Railroad (SPR), work began on laying out a town site, with the resort as the nucleus. Two weeks after the first train arrived on October 31, 1886, a three-day celebration was held, including a special train from San Francisco bringing prospective buyers, who toured the area and enjoyed the daily barbecues. On November 17, the Grand Auction was held, resulting in the sale of 228 lots.

The local agent for the SPR when it arrived in Paso Robles was R. M. "Dick" Shackelford, a Kentucky native who had come to California in 1853 to dig for gold. Shackelford had a varied career, going from gold mining to hauling freight by ox team, to lumbering, which took him to Nevada, where he served one term as a delegate in the state's first legislature for Washoe County. By 1886, Shackelford had returned to California and was living in Paso Robles, where he began buying up extensive property, building warehouses, and starting lumber yards along the railroad's route. Shackelford also established the Southern Pacific Milling Company, which had a virtual monopoly on local milling until local farmers, in an effort to break Shackelford's stranglehold, themselves organized their own milling cooperative, the Farmers' Alliance Flour Mill.In 1889, the same year that Paso Robles incorporated as a city, construction began on a new hotel. The hotel required over one million bricks and cost $160,000. The El Paso de Robles Hotel opened for business in 1891. The hotel was three stories tall and built of solid masonry, set off by sandstone arches. This ensured the hotel was completely fireproof. The hotel also featured a seven-acre (28,000 m2) garden and nine-hole golf course. Inside, it had a library, a beauty salon, a barber shop, and various billiard and lounging rooms. The new hotel also offered an improved hot-spring plunge bath and 32 individual bath rooms. The 20 by  plunge bath was considered one of the finest and most complete of its time in the United States.

A year after the hotel's construction began, in 1890 the five-story Granary Building (still standing into the 2020s, albeit renovated) was built in order to store grain.

On January 17, 1914, one of the world's more well-known concert pianists and composers came to the hotel: Ignace Paderewski. After three weeks of treatments at the hotel's mineral hot springs for his arthritis, he resumed his concert tour. He later returned to live at the hotel and bought two ranches west of Paso Robles.

During the next 30 years, the hotel was visited by other notables: Boxing champion Jack Dempsey, President Theodore Roosevelt, Adela Rogers St. Johns, Phoebe Apperson Hearst (the mother of William Randolph Hearst), and actors Douglas Fairbanks, Boris Karloff, Bob Hope, and Clark Gable all stayed at the El Paso de Robles Hotel. When Major League baseball teams used Paso Robles as a spring-training home, the Pittsburgh Pirates and Chicago White Sox stayed at the hotel and soaked in the mineral hot springs to soothe tired muscles.

For a time, Paso Robles was known as the Almond City because the local almond growers created the largest concentration of almond orchards in the world. The ranchers in the outlying areas were very important to the Paso Robles area. On these ranches were cattle and horses, grain crops (primarily wheat and barley), garden produce, and fruit and nut orchards. Many of these ranchlands and orchards have become vineyards for the many wineries that currently draw tourists to the area.

To show their appreciation to the ranchers, in October 1931, the businesspeople established Pioneer Day, which is still an annual event, celebrated on the second Saturday in October.In December 1940, a fire completely destroyed the El Paso de Robles Hotel. Guests staying the night escaped unharmed. The night clerk who discovered the fire suffered a fatal heart attack immediately after sounding the alarm. Within months after the blaze, plans for a new hotel to be built on the site were drawn up. The design was an entirely new concept: A garden inn-hotel, designed to accommodate motor vehicle travelers. By February 1942, construction was complete and the Paso Robles Inn opened for business.

In 1955, scores of national media came to Paso Robles after pop-culture icon and actor James Dean was pronounced dead in town following his tragic car accident just east of the city. A roadside memorial in his honor stands in nearby Cholame, for fans to pay tribute to the star.

Through the 1960s and 1970s, the City of Paso Robles experienced significant growth. The area's wine industry flourished, the California Mid-State Fair expanded into a regional attraction, and local lakes, such as Lake Nacimiento, became family vacation destinations.

In 1995, a new library building, combined with city hall, was completed; acclaimed novelist Ray Bradbury spoke at the dedication to a crowd of about 600 in attendance.

The waters

As far back as 1795, Paso Robles has been spoken of and written about as "California's oldest watering place"—the place to go for springs and mud baths. In 1864, a correspondent to the San Francisco Bulletin wrote every prospect existed of the Paso Robles hot springs becoming the watering place of the state. By 1868, people were coming from as far away as Oregon, Nevada, Idaho, and even Alabama. Besides the well-known mud baths, the Iron Spring and the Sand Spring bubbled through the sand and were said to produce delightful sensations.

In 1882, Drury James and the Blackburn brothers issued a pamphlet advertising "El Paso de Robles Hot and Cold Sulphur Springs and the Only Natural Mud Baths in the World". By then, the inn had first-class accommodations - a reading room, barber shop, and telegraph office; a general store, a top-of-the-line livery stable, and comfortably furnished cottages for families who preferred privacy to quarters in the hotel. Visitors could stay in touch with the rest of the world, as two daily mail deliveries were available, as was a Western Union telegraph office and a Wells Fargo agency with special rates for guests. As the springs became more a destination of the well-to-do as a place to go to socialize, the original purpose of the springs—to heal—became peripheral.

The bathhouse was erected over the sulfur spring in 1888, with a plunge and 37 bath rooms. In the following year, work began on the large Hot Springs Hotel (today the Paso Robles Inn), which was completed in 1900 and burned down 40 years later. Since the privilege of using the baths was restricted to guests of the hotel, and many sufferers of the ailments the baths cured could not pay the rates of the fashionable hotel, a few businessmen in Paso Robles made arrangements with Felix Liss for the right to bore for sulphur water on a lot that Liss owned. A sulfur well was reached, a bath house was built, and baths were offered at an affordable rate of 25 cents. The establishment was later offered to the city and is currently the site of the Municipal Pool.

Wine
Paso Robles' growth industry—wine—has a long history with the area. Wine grapes were introduced to the Paso Robles soil in 1797 by the Spanish conquistadors and Franciscan missionaries. Spanish explorer Francisco Cortez envisioned an abundant wine-producing operation and encouraged settlers from Mexico and other parts of California to cultivate the land. The first vineyardists in the area were the priests (padres) of the Mission San Miguel, and their old fermentation vats and grapevine artwork can still be seen at the mission, north of the city of Paso Robles.

Commercial winemaking was introduced to the Paso Robles region in 1882, when Andrew York, a settler from Indiana, began planting vineyards and established the Ascension Winery at what became York Mountain Winery and is now Epoch Winery. When York purchased the land, it was primarily apple orchards, with a small plot of wine grape vines. York found that the climate and soil were more suitable for vineyards and he expanded the vineyards. Within a few years, he found that the vines were yielding more than he could market, prompting him to build a small, stone winery.

Following Andrew York's early success in the wine business, Gerd and Ilsabe Klintworth planted a vineyard in the Geneseo/Linne area around 1886. They were licensed to sell jugs of Zinfandel, port, and muscatel, as well as some of the area's first white wine made from Burger grapes. The Casteel Vineyards in the Willow Creek area were planted just prior to 1908. Casteel wines were stored and aged in a cave cellar. Cuttings from the old vines provided the start for other vineyards, still producing in the area today.

As the popularity of wines began to grow, so did the Paso Robles wine region. Lorenzo and Rena Nerelli purchased their vineyard at the foot of York Mountain in 1917. Their Templeton Winery was the area's first to be bonded following the repeal of Prohibition.

The early 1920s saw a flurry of winemaking activity when several families immigrated to the area to establish family vineyards and wineries. Sylvester and Caterina Dusi purchased a vineyard in 1924. The old head-pruned Zinfandel vines are now owned and cultivated by their son, Benito. The Martinelli, Busi, Vosti, Steinbeck and Bianchi Winery vineyards were also established around this time.

The Paso Robles wine region gained more notoriety when Ignace Paderewski, the famous Polish statesman and concert pianist, visited Paso Robles, became enchanted with the area, and purchased . In the early 1920s, he planted Petite Sirah and Zinfandel on his Rancho San Ignacio vineyard in the Adelaide area. Following Prohibition, Paderewski's wine was made at York Mountain Winery. The wines produced from grapes grown on Rancho San Ignacio went on to become award winners. Paso Robles' reputation as a premier wine region became firmly established as a result of this and later successes, and through to the late 1960s and early 1970s, a new generation of vineyard pioneers came forth and flourished in the Paso Robles area.

San Simeon earthquake
At 11:15 am PST on December 22, 2003, the San Simeon earthquake struck about  northwest of Paso Robles. The earthquake registered 6.6 on the moment magnitude scale and had a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (severe). Two deaths occurred when the roof slid off the clock tower building, a popular landmark in downtown Paso Robles.

The dormant underground springs that had once been used for the spa were brought back to life, causing flooding and a large sinkhole in the parking lot of the city hall and library.

Due to lengthy environmental and engineering considerations, the sinkhole was not filled and the parking lot resurfaced until December 2010. Paso Robles has dedicated a new clock tower in memory of the two women who died.

Geography
Paso Robles is roughly halfway between Los Angeles and San Francisco.

The topography of the area consists of gentle rolling hills on the eastern half of the city, and foothill peaks, which rise in elevation to the Santa Lucia Coastal Range on the west, which are all blanketed in the Californian chaparral environment, which is mainly dry grassland and oak woodland. Paso Robles sits on the eastern foothills of the Santa Lucia Coastal Mountain Range, which lies directly to the west of the city, and runs in a north–south direction, starting at Monterey, then runs south to its terminus in the San Luis Obispo area. The city is located at the southern end of the fertile Salinas River Valley, which is centered in between the Temblor Range (including the San Andreas Fault), which lie about  to the east, and the Santa Lucia Coastal Range, which lies directly west, rising up from the city's western border. Paso Robles sits at the border where northern San Luis Obispo County and southern Monterey County meet, and is situated roughly  inland from the Pacific Ocean.

Climate
The Paso Robles area has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) typical of coastal Southern California. The climate is defined by long, hot, dry summers and brief, cool, rainy winters. Paso Robles enjoys long-lasting, mild autumns and occasional early springs, giving the region a unique climate suitable for growing a variety of crops (ranging from primarily grapes, to olives, almonds, and other tree nuts). The city receives an average annual rainfall of  per year, and most of this precipitation falls during winter and early spring. Paso Robles often receives less than  of rain per year and typically, no rain falls from May through September. Summers in Paso Robles tend to be very hot, with daily temperatures frequently exceeding  from late June to as late as mid-September, and occasionally exceeding . Paso Robles' summers feature an unusually large day-night temperature swing, where a profound temperature difference, as much as , is seen between the daytime highs and the overnight lows. This large diurnal swing permits the planting of certain grape varieties that would otherwise not be suited to the region. Winters are often very cool and moist, with daytime temperatures reaching into the low 50s°F (10 °C). Mornings and nights differ from the daytime average, as they tend to be quite cold (especially in December and January), where lows reach as low as . Due to the somewhat close proximity to the Pacific Ocean, the marine layer occasionally makes it over the coast range and into Paso Robles, creating fog. Unlike typical California coastal marine fog, this fog is not long lasting, and typically burns off before 10 a.m.

The all-time record high temperature at the National Weather Service cooperative city office was  on August 13, 1933. It also reached the same temperature a few more times, most recently on September 6, 2020.  The record low temperature was  on January 6, 1913, making Paso Robles the lowest elevation in California to reach that low temperature. An average of 81.0 days have high temperatures of  or higher and an average of 64.0 days have low temperatures of  or lower. The 30-year average (1971–2000) annual precipitation is , falling on an average of 47 days. The wettest year was 1941 with  of precipitation and the driest year was 1947 with . The most precipitation in one month was  in January 1916. The most precipitation in 24 hours was  on December 6, 1966. Although snow is rare in Paso Robles, 4.0 in fell on April 5, 1929, and on December 15, 1988. As well as February 24, 2023

At the Paso Robles Municipal Airport, the record high temperature was 115°F on June 15, 1961, and July 20, 1960. The record low temperature was 8°F on December 22, 1990. An average of 86.7 days have highs of  or higher and an average of 53.6 days have lows of  or lower. The 30-year average (1971–2000) annual precipitation was , falling on an average of 42 days. The wettest year was 1995 with  and the driest year was 2007 with . The most precipitation in one month was  in January 1969. The most precipitation in 24 hours was  on March 10, 1995. The record snowfall was  on December 15, 1988.

Demographics

2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Paso Robles had a population of 29,793. The population density was . The racial makeup of Paso Robles was 77.7% White, 2.1% African American, 1.0% Native American, 2.0% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 13.1% from other races, and 3.9% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 34.5% of the population. The census reported that 99.4% of the population lived in households, 0.6% lived in noninstitutionalized group quarters, and 0.06% were institutionalized.

Of the 10,833 households, 37.9% had children under 18 living in them, 52.8% were opposite-sex married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 5.6% had a male householder with no wife present. The population had 7.1% unmarried opposite-sex partnerships and 0.6% same-sex married couples or partnerships. About22.9% of the households were made up of individuals, and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.73. Of 7,669 families (70.8% of all households), the average family size was 3.19.

In the city, the age distribution was 26.3% under 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 or older. The median age was 35.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.9 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 92.4 males.

The 11,426 housing units had an average density of , of which 59.2% were owner-occupied and 40.8% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.9%; the rental vacancy rate was 3.8%. About 55.9% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 43.5% lived in rental housing units.

2000
As of the census of 2000,  24,297 people, 8,556 households, and 6,040 families resided in the city. The population density was . The 8,791 housing units had an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 75.70% White, 3.32% African American, 1.30% Native American, 1.89% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 13.68% from other races, and 3.97% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 27.72% of the population.

Of the 8,556 households,  37.4% had children under 18 living with them, 53.4% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.4% were not families. About 23.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.73, and the average family size was 3.23.
In the city, the age distribution was 29.8% under 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.8 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 97.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $39,217, and for a family was $44,322. Males had a median income of $35,514 versus $24,058 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,974. About 10.7% of families and 13.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.7% of those under 18 and 9.7% of those 65 or over.

2007 ACS census update
As of the 2007 American Community Survey (ACS) update, the city limits population was estimated at 27,868 people, 7,880 families within the city, and an average citizen age of 33.2 years old. The city limits population density was , there were 11,218 total available housing units with 10,876 of them occupied (total households). The racial makeup of the city was 82.0% White, 2.8% Black or African American, 1.1% Native American, 2.0% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 12.1% from other races, and 3.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 32.9% of the population.

There were 10,876 households, out of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.6% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.5% were non-families. 20.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 2.96.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.7% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.2 years.
The median income for a household in the city was $51,172, and the median income for a family was $57,114. Males had a median income of $42,357 versus $29,311 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,544. About 11.4% of families and 13.5% of the population as a whole were below the poverty line, including 18.2% of those under age 18 and 12.2% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

Wine and vineyards

The Paso Robles Wine Country has a number of wineries and vineyards in the area. It is the location of the Paso Robles American Viticultural Area. More than 25 different varieties of grapes are grown in the Paso Robles Wine Country, with over 250 bonded wineries.In 1993, Paso Robles grape growers, wineries, and wine tasting rooms united to form the Paso Robles Wine Country Alliance. This nonprofit trade organization is dedicated to the promotion and education of the Paso Robles premium wine country. The Paso Robles Wine Country Alliance is a cooperative marketing alliance made up of Paso Robles Wine Country wineries, vineyards, and related businesses. They host many of the festivals in the Paso Robles Area, and strengthen brand awareness locally, regionally, and nationally. The wine alliance focuses on trade and consumer outreach, media relations, buyer tours, educational and research programs, and giving back to education and health organizations in the Paso Robles community.

Sustainable building
Several companies in the area specialize in straw-bale construction, insulating concrete forms, rammed earth, superinsulated buildings, and Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) construction. Within a  radius of downtown Paso Robles, the area has 12 straw-bale homes, six insulated concrete homes, and several straw-bale wineries/tasting rooms.

Arts and culture
Every year in March, the Paso Robles Wine Country Alliance hosts the Zinfandel Festival, during which Central Coast Zinfandel producers and the public visit the area to enjoy the wine of the area. This event is held by the Paso Robles Wine Country Alliance, a nonprofit cooperative marketing alliance looking to not only educate the community and surrounding communities about Paso Robles wine, but to also give back to the community. The Paso Robles Wine Festival takes place in May and an olive festival takes place yearly also. In October is the Harvest Wine Weekend, celebrating the wine harvest in the region. The Paso Robles Wine Country Alliance also host a Grand Tasting Tour, which takes the wines of the Paso Robles area to other areas in California, and other states such as Washington, D.C.

On Memorial Day Weekend, Paso Robles hosts the Festival of the Arts in the downtown park. With over 100 artists over three art-filled days, the festival is intended to honor and preserve the natural environment and character of the region through the arts.

In August of each year, the Paso Robles Main Street Association presents the Olive Festival in the downtown park featuring free olive oil and olive product sampling from producers from all over California.

Government

Local government
Paso Robles is a general law city; it does not have a city charter. It uses a council-manager form of government, directed by a five-member city council. The council consists of a mayor (elected at-large for a four-year term during nonpresidential even-numbered years) and four council members (elected at-large for staggered four-year terms in even-numbered years (2+2)). The mayor has no veto power, but has a vote on the council. Prior to the mid-1990s, the mayor was rotated through the city council members on a yearly basis. Then it became a two-year general election post. In 2012, the voters voted to make the mayor a four-year post. The council appoints the city manager and city attorney, but the city clerk and city treasurer are elected officials.

State and federal representation
In the California State Legislature, Paso Robles is in , and .

In the United States House of Representatives, Paso Robles is in . Prior to 2022, the city was in .

Infrastructure

Transportation

Highways
Paso Robles is at the major crossroads of U.S. Highway 101 and State Highway 46, about halfway between Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area. Paso Robles is currently served by one freeway and two highways:
  U.S. Route 101 (US 101) is the most heavily traveled road-transportation arterial for the city of Paso Robles. US 101 runs in a north–south direction and bisects the city (along with the Salinas River), into its western and eastern portions. Traveling northward from the city, US 101 heads to San Jose and San Francisco, and continues on along the coast up through Northern California and Oregon, and ends near Olympia in Washington state. Traveling southward from the city, US 101 heads to San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura, and on to its southern terminus in Los Angeles.
  State Route 46 (SR 46) is the main east–west artery and connects the city with the San Joaquin Valley. SR 46 runs in an east–west direction except for a portion where it overlaps with US 101 in the city for . Traveling westward, SR 46 leaves the city and gradually climbs the Santa Lucia Coastal Range, where it then quickly descends and meets the Pacific Ocean, just south of the coastal village of Cambria at its westernmost terminus at State Route 1, also known as the Pacific Coast Highway. Traveling eastward, SR 46 leaves the city and after traveling through rolling countryside for about , it climbs up the Temblor Range and San Andreas Fault, then  later, crosses Interstate 5 and continues on, later terminating at State Route 99, about  north of Bakersfield. In the future, SR 46 may be considered for a possible westward extension of Interstate 40.
  State Route 229 is mainly an intracounty route that is used for traveling between the small rural towns in the eastern part of the county. SR 229 begins in Paso Robles as Creston Road, then  east, as it leaves the city heading south-eastward, becomes simply SR 229 as it heads to the small rural town of Creston about  southeast of Paso Robles. It then continues southward for , where it ends at State Route 58, about  east of the small town of Santa Margarita.

Rail transportation

Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, serves Paso Robles, operating its Coast Starlight daily in each direction between Seattle, Washington, and Los Angeles. Amtrak's Pacific Surfliner, which operates between San Diego and Paso Robles, connects by bus transfer from San Luis Obispo Railroad Station.

Airport
Paso Robles Municipal Airport, a regional general aviation airport, is about  northeast of downtown Paso Robles. Paso Robles Municipal does not offer scheduled passenger service. Scheduled passenger market is available at the nearby San Luis Obispo County Regional Airport,  to the south in San Luis Obispo. The Paso Robles airport has daily business aviation operations, in addition to serving as a large general aviation base. The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) has an air attack base at the airport. There, aircraft are reloaded with fire fighting chemicals, which are dropped on brush and forest fires. The local Civil Air Patrol squadron also operates and trains on the airbase as part of the localized squadron 103, performing training craft operations known as O-Flights in a trainer craft that is brought to a desired altitude then dropped, essentially being towed by the aircraft, cadets of the Civil Air Patrol are the most of this demographic, but the cadets also help out congestion in the airport when it is busy during the operations. Also, the California Highway Patrol (CHP) houses a fixed-wing aircraft, used for speed enforcement, and a helicopter, used for search and rescue. The area immediately surrounding the Paso Robles Airport, known as Airport Road Industrial Park, is also home to many aviation maintenance providers and facilities, as well as home to many aviation parts manufacturers and other related businesses. LaGuardia's Italian Deli, operating since November 2012, is the only restaurant on the field, and is located in the terminal building.

The Paso Robles Airport hosts the Northern California Regional Aerobatic Contest, which is held annually in mid-June.

Water
The city has a water purification treatment at its wastewater plant. In 2023, the city council approved a  to distribute the purified recycled water to vineyards and parks on the east side of the city so that they will pump less groundwater.

Education
The Paso Robles Public Schools District contains six elementary schools, two middle schools, three high schools, and four other school sites and programs.

Elementary and middle schools
Almond Acres Charter Academy (K–8)
Bauer–Speck Elementary (K–5)
Georgia Brown Elementary (Dual language immersion campus) (K–5)
Kermit King Elementary (K–5)
Pat Butler Elementary (K–5)
Virginia Peterson Elementary (K–5)
Winifred Pifer Elementary (K–5)
George Flamson Middle School (6–8)
Daniel Lewis Middle School (6–8)
Saint Rose of Lima School (Pres.–8)
Trinity Lutheran School (Pres.–8)

High schools
 Paso Robles High School
 Liberty High School
 Independence High School

Colleges and adult education
 Cuesta College
 Paso Robles Adult School
 PR Culinary Arts Academy
 University of Phoenix Satellite Office

Media

Local newspapers include the Paso Robles Daily News and Paso Robles Press. The San Luis Obispo Tribune, New Times, KSBY TV, and KEYT TV also frequently cover matters in Paso Robles.

Radio stations serving the area include KPRL-AM/1230.

Sports and recreation
Paso Robles offers its residents and visitors cycling, golfing, tennis and swimming. In 2009 and 2011, Paso Robles was the finish line for Stage 5 of the AMGEN Tour of California. Since 2008, Paso Robles hosts the annual Wine Vine Run, a half marathon  and 5k foot race to benefit Paso Robles High School youth sports programs.

Lake Nacimiento is an -long lake located about  north-west of the city up in the Santa Lucia Range. Although Lake Nacimiento is not actually located within the city of Paso Robles itself, it is however in what is considered the Greater Paso Robles Area. "The Lake", as it is known to locals, shares the 93446 zip code with Paso Robles, due to its proximity to the city. The lake provides ample room for waterskiing, wakeboarding, jet-skiing, and other water-related activities, in addition to fishing and swimming.

Parks and recreation
Located just off of Highway 46 at Union Road is the  Barney Schwartz Park. The park has baseball, softball and soccer facilities, as well as lake access, picnicking, event pavilions, picnicking and playgrounds. Centennial Park is located in the eastern section of Paso Robles. Besides being the home of all indoor community sports (basketball, volleyball and gymnastics) and many different classes and activities, the  Centennial Park contains a 200,000-gallon swimming pool and wading pool with waterslides, group barbecue areas, grassy picnic and pavilion areas, an amphitheater, walking paths, two outdoor half-court basketball courts, five pickleball courts, four tennis courts, a  paved trail, four lighted tennis courts and two playgrounds.

The land upon which City Park sits was donated by the town's founders, James and Blackburn, for the specific use of a public park. Located in the heart of downtown, the  park provides easy access to the downtown area's amenities. Holiday and festival events are often held at this park, including holidays such as the 4th of July. City Park hosts "Concerts in the Park", Trading Day, bi-weekly farmers markets, the Wine Festival, the Olive Festival, the Festival of the Arts, and several car shows.

Sherwood Park is located on the upper south-east side of town and is used mostly for youth sports. The Little League field was completely redone in April 2002. In addition to the renovated Little League Field, Sherwood Park has one basketball court, horseshoe pits, a sand volleyball court, barbecue areas, three soccer fields, a softball field, and tennis courts. The park also features a playground area with a medieval theme called Sherwood Forest.

Venues
 Paso Robles Event Center, home to the California Mid-State Fair
 Vina Robles Amphitheatre, a 3,000-seat outdoor theatre, opened in 2013.
 River Oaks Hot Springs Spa, outdoor venue
 Paso Robles Inn Ballroom, indoor venue

Notable people
 Frank Armitage (1924-2016), muralist, painter, former Walt Disney imagineer
 Dylan Beavers, 33rd overall pick in 2022 MLB Draft (Baltimore Orioles)
 Casey Biggs, actor, best known for his work on Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
 Jason Botts, born in 1980 in Paso Robles, was designated hitter and outfielder for Texas Rangers
 Christine Clayburg, correspondent for Fox News Channel
 Bailey Gaither, professional wide receiver for the Pittsburgh Maulers
Larry Grant, former head football coach at Paso Robles High School
 Dennis Harrah, former NFL offensive lineman, played 13 seasons for the Los Angeles Rams.
 Terry Hoage, former NFL player, currently operates Terry Hoage Vineyards in Paso Robles
 Derrick Jasper, former basketball player for Kentucky Wildcats and UNLV Rebels
 Rusty Kuntz, baseball player for 1984 World Series champion Detroit Tigers and coach for 2015 World Series champion Kansas City Royals.
 Frank Minini, NFL player, born in Paso Robles
 Colleen Moore, actress, died in Paso Robles
 Josh Oliver, professional tight end for the Jacksonville Jaguars/Baltimore Ravens
 Ignacy Jan Paderewski, world-famous Polish pianist; was elected Polish Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs
 Don Parish (American football), 1948–2018; Pop Warner Trophy recipient/Stanford Hall of Fame inductee
 Hampton John "Hamp" Pool, football player, coach and scout who was part of two NFL championship teams
 Hal Rhyne, baseball player
 Hunter Tylo, actress, lives in Paso Robles
 Mitchell Van Dyk, NFL offensive tackle
 Elena Verdugo, starred in films and on television series Marcus Welby, M.D. and has a star on Hollywood Walk of Fame
 King Vidor (1894–1992), pioneering film director
 Jake Zemke, professional motorcycle racer

Gallery

References

External links

1889 establishments in California
Cities in San Luis Obispo County, California
Incorporated cities and towns in California
Populated places established in 1889

Paso Robles, California


Until 1996, Indigenous  children in Canada were forced to go to boarding schools in order to make them assimilate into white Canadian society. The Indian  residential school system refers to the group of these schools for First Nations children. These schools were run by Christian churches and got money from the Canadian government. These schools existed for over 100 years and more than 150,000 children were in them. Of these children, at least 3,200 died.

Many residential schools were started when the Indian Act was passed in 1876. In 1896, a change was made to the Act so that all First Nations children had to go to school. A lot of their communities were located far away from schools, so they had to go to residential schools and live there for the school year. These schools were usually very far away from their families in order to encourage them to assimilate. There were residential schools in every province and territory except for New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island.

At these schools, these children were forced to give up their cultures. They were given new names and were not allowed to speak their mother tongues or visit their families. They were abused at these schools and were not treated well. When these children graduated from these schools, they did not fit into their Indigenous communities or into mainstream Canadian society. They did not learn the skills needed to survive off the land. At the same time, these schools did not teach them how to skills on how to live in cities or stop the students from becoming victims of racism. Studies have shown that these students and their children and grandchildren are more likely to have problems such as PTSD, alcoholism, drug use, and suicide than kids who did not go to residential schools.

In 2008, Prime Minister Stephen Harper apologized to the survivors of the residential schools on behalf of the Canadian government. The government also set up the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in order to learn the truth about what happened at these schools. Many survivors came and talked about their experiences. In 2015, the TRC published a report that said the residential school system was cultural genocide.

History
Ever since Europeans arrived in North America, they have been trying to teach the native peoples there about European ways. The discovery doctrine that Europeans believed said that it was OK to colonize the land because the people they found were not Christian and were "uncivilized." They thought it was their duty to teach others about Christianity and civilization.

French missionaries started schools for Indigenous people in the 17th century. However, they stopped because making Indigenous people unhappy was not good for the fur trade.

In the 1820s, English missionaries started schools in what is now Manitoba and Ontario. Unlike the French schools, they taught Protestantism.

The Canadian government became interested in starting schools for Indigenous people because they were no longer allies in war. Instead, they were seen as nuisances because many of them moved around as nomads and didn't practice agriculture. The Department of Indian Affairs (DIA) partnered up with the churches to start putting more Indigenous children into the residential schools and "kill the Indian in the child" by converting them to Christianity and bringing them into European-Canadian society. The government provided the buildings and money while the church provided the teachers and staff.

Of the schools run by churches, most of them were run by the Catholic Church. Other schools were run by the Anglican Church, the United Church of Canada, and the Presbyterian Church.

Life in Residential Schools
The students at the schools were treated bad by the teachers and staff. They were beaten up and sexually abused. The teachers believed that beating up the students helped to save their souls and stop them from running away. It was bad for a school if students ran away because they were responsible if a student died while running away. Students were malnourished. The schools were crowded, dirty, cold, and didn't have good medical care. That meant that a lot of students ended up getting tuberculosis.

Teaching style
In the residential schools, students learned the same way that European kids were taught. This was very different from how First Nations people taught their kids. The Indigenous people used a "look, listen, learn" method of education that did not involve classrooms or books. Instead, they taught their kids through games, stories, and ceremonies. The kids struggled with book-learning because that was not how their parents taught them. They were also forced to speak English and French. Sometimes, they were beaten up if they spoke in their native languages.

Resistance
The residential schools didn't meet their goal in extinguishing Indigenous cultures. In some cases, students burned down the schools.

Deaths
A lot of students died at the schools from disease.

School closings
Many Indigenous communities began to take over the schools. They thought that the schools were not doing a good job in teaching their kids.

Some schools became normal day schools, and some schools were burned down or torn down by former students. And still others are now abandoned.

Effects
The residential school survivors lost a lot of their culture. They felt powerless. To cope with their feelings, they hurt themselves and others around them.

Many of the survivors now have mental health problems because of their experiences at the schools.

Apologies

In 1986, the United Church of Canada said sorry for its part in colonization. In 1996, it apologized for running residential schools.

In 1993, the Anglican Church apologized. The next year, the Presbyterian Church apologized too.

In 2004, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) apologized for forcing children into the schools.

Federal government
In 2009, Prime Minister Stephen Harper apologized to the survivors of the residential schools. His apology was broadcast nationwide.

Provincial governments

Universities

Vatican expression of sorrow and Pope Francis's apology
In 2009, the Vatican made a statement that expressed sorrow at how the Church was involved in oppressing Indigenous Canadians.

In 2017, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau asked Pope Francis for an apology to the survivors instead of just an expression of sorrow.

During a visit to Canada in July 2022, Pope Francis apologized for the Church's role in the Canadian Indian residential school system.

Notes

References

History of Canada
History of Native Americans
Schools in Canada


Lumbinī ( , "the lovely") is a Buddhist pilgrimage site in the Rupandehi District of Lumbini Province in Nepal. It is the place where, according to Buddhist tradition, queen Maya gave birth to Siddhartha Gautama at around 566 BCE. Gautama, who, according to Buddhist tradition, achieved Enlightenment some time around 528 BCE, became Shakyamuni Buddha and founded Buddhism. Lumbini is one of many magnets for pilgrimage that sprang up in places pivotal to the life of the Buddha.

Lumbini has a number of old temples, including the Mayadevi Temple, and several new temples, funded by Buddhist organisations from various countries. Most of the temples have already been completed and some are still under construction. Many monuments, monasteries and a museum, and the Lumbini International Research Institute are also within the holy site. Also, there is the Puskarini, or Holy Pond, where Mayadevi, the Buddha's mother, is believed to have taken the ritual dip prior to his birth and where he also had his first bath. At other sites near Lumbini, earlier Buddhas were, according to tradition, born, then achieved ultimate Enlightenment and finally relinquished their earthly forms. The Government of Bangladesh is currently constructing a major Buddhist Monastery in Lumbini.

Lumbini was made a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1997.

In Buddha's time
In the time of the Buddha, Lumbini was situated east of Kapilavastu and south-west of Devadaha of Shakya, an oligarchic republic. According to the Buddhist tradition, it was there that the Buddha was born. Ashoka Pillar of Lumbini, a monolithic column with an inscription in the ancient Brahmi script discovered at Rupandehi in 1896, is believed to mark the spot of Ashoka's visit to Lumbini. The site was not known as Lumbini before the pillar was discovered. The translation of inscription (by Paranavitana) reads: "When King Devanampriya Priyadarsin had been anointed twenty years, he came himself and worshipped (this spot) because the Buddha Shakyamuni was born here. (He) both caused to be made a stone bearing a horse and caused a stone pillar to be set up, (in order to show) that the Blessed One was born here. (He) made the village of Lumbini free of taxes, and paying (only) an eighth share (of the produce)."Paranavitana, S. (Apr. - Jun., 1962). Rupandehi Pillar Inscription of Asoka, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 82 (2), 163-167  The park was previously known as Rupandehi, 2 mi () north of Bhagavanpura. The Sutta Nipáta (vs. 683) states that the Buddha was born in a village of the Sákyans in the Lumbineyya Janapada. The Buddha stayed in Lumbinívana during his visit to Devadaha and there preached the Devadaha Sutta.

Pillar of Ashoka

In 1896, former Commander-In-Chief of the Nepalese Army General Khadga Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana and Alois Anton Führer discovered a great stone pillar at Rupandehi, according to the crucial historical records made by the ancient Chinese monk-pilgrim Xuanzang in the 7th century CE and by another ancient Chinese monk-pilgrim Faxian in the early 5th century CE. The Brahmi inscription on the pillar gives evidence that Ashoka, emperor of the Maurya Empire, visited the place in 3rd-century BCE and identified it as the birth-place of the Buddha.

At the top of the pillar, there is a second inscription by king Ripumalla (13-14th century CE), who is also known from an inscription at the Nigali Sagar pillar:

A second pillar of Ashoka is located about 22 kilometers to the northwest of Lumbini, the Nigali Sagar pillar (with inscription), and a third one 24 kilometers to the west, the Gotihawa pillar (without inscription).

Lumbini complex

Lumbini is  in length and  in width. The holy site of Lumbini is bordered by a large monastic zone in which only monasteries can be built, no shops, hotels or restaurants. It is separated into an eastern and western monastic zone, the eastern having the Theravadin monasteries, the western having Mahayana and Vajrayana monasteries. There is a long water filled canal separating the western and eastern zones, with a series of brick arch bridges joining the two sides along the length. The canal is serviced by simple outboard motor boats at the north end which provides tours.The holy site of Lumbini has ruins of ancient monasteries, a sacred Bodhi tree, an ancient bathing pond, the Ashokan pillar and the Mayadevi Temple, a site traditionally considered to be the birthplace of the Buddha. From early morning to early evening, pilgrims from various countries perform chanting and meditation at the site.

Lumbini complex is divided into three areas: the Sacred Garden, the Monastic Zone and the Cultural Center and New Lumbini Village. The Sacred Garden remains the epicenter of the Lumbini area and consists of the birthplace of Buddha and other monuments of archaeological and spiritual importance such as the Mayadevi Temple, the Ashoka Pillar, the Marker Stone, the Nativity Sculpture, Puskarini Sacred Pond and other structural ruins of Buddhist stupas and viharas. The Monastic Zone, spanning an area of 1 square mile is divided into two zones: the East Monastic Zone which represents Theravada school of Buddhism and the West Monastic Zone which represents Mahayana and Vajrayana school of Buddhism, with their respective monasteries on the either side of a long pedestrian walkway and canal. Marking the monastic spot as a sacred pilgrimage site, many countries have established Buddhist stupas and monasteries in the monastic zone with their unique historical, cultural and spiritual designs. The Cultural Center and New Lumbini Village comprises Lumbini Museum, Lumbini International Research Institute, World Peace Pagoda of Japan, Lumbini Crane Sanctuary and other administrative offices.

Excavation at the Mayadevi Temple in 2013
New excavations in the Mayadevi temple in Lumbini in 2013 revealed a series of the most ancient Buddhist shrines in South Asia extending the history of the site to a much earlier date. According to Robin Coningham, excavations beneath existing brick structures at the Mayadevi Temple at Lumbini provide evidence for an older timber structure beneath the walls of a brick Buddhist shrine built during the Ashokan era (3rd-century BCE). The layout of the Ashokan shrine closely follows that of the earlier timber structure, which suggests a continuity of worship at the site. The pre-Mauryan timber structure appears to be an ancient tree shrine. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal from the wooden postholes and optically stimulated luminescence dating of elements in the soil suggests human activity began at Lumbini around 1000 BCE. The site, states Coningham, may be a Buddhist monument from 6th-century BCE. Other scholars state that the excavations revealed nothing that is Buddhist, and they only confirm that the site predates the Buddha.

Other developments
Nepal's central bank has introduced a 100-rupee Nepali note featuring Lumbini, the birthplace of Buddha. The Nepal Rastra Bank said the new note would be accessible only during the Dashain, Nepal's major festival in the time of September/October. It displays the portrait of Mayadevi, Gautam Buddha's mother in silver metallic on the front. The note also has a black dot which would help the blind recognise the note. The name of the central bank in Latin script would be printed on the note along with the date of printing in both the Christian Era and the Bikram Era. The new note is being issued following a cabinet decision 27 August.

Nipponzan Myohoji decided to build a Peace Pagoda in the park in 2001, which is visited by many different cultures and religions every day. Because some Hindus regard the Buddha as an incarnation of Vishnu, thousands of Hindus have begun to come here on pilgrimage during the full moon of the Nepali month of Baisakh (April–May) to worship Queen Mayadevi as Rupa Devi, the mother goddess of Lumbini. Lumbini was granted World Heritage status by UNESCO in 1997.

A non-governmental organisation named Samriddhi Foundation started working in 2013 in the fields of education and health, particularly in government schools in the area where underprivileged children study. A non-governmental organisation called "Asia Pacific Exchange and Co-operation Foundation" (APECF) backed by chairman of the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) and then Prime Minister Prachanda, the Chinese government and a UN group called "United Nations Industrial Development Organization" (UNIDO) signed a deal to develop Lumbini into a "special development zone" with funds worth $3 billion. The venture was a China-UN joint project. A broader 'Lumbini Development National Director Committee' under the leadership of Pushpa Kamal Dahal was formed on 17 October 2011. The six-member committee included Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) leader Mangal Siddhi Manandhar, Nepali Congress leader Minendra Rijal, Forest Minister Mohammad Wakil Musalman, among other leaders. The committee was given the authority to "draft a master plan to develop Lumbini as a peaceful and tourism area and table the proposal" and the responsibility to gather international support for the same.

Tourism
In 2019, Lumbini received 1.5 million visitors across the world.

Transport
Lumbini is a 10-hour drive from Kathmandu and a 30-minute drive from Bhairahawa. The closest airport is Gautam Buddha Airport at Bhairahawa, with flights to and from Kathmandu. The India border town of Sonauli in Maharajganj district is 1 hour drive from Lumbini and Nautanwa railway station in India is just a few kilometres away. The nearest big city is Gorakhpur, which is about 100 km and is 4 hours drive from Lumbini.

Places to visit
 Maya Devi Temple
 World Peace Pagoda, Lumbini
 Ashoka Pillar of Lumbini
 Lumbini Crane Sanctuary

New hotel construction
The nearest airport to Lumbini, Gautam Buddha Airport in Bhairahawa, is currently undergoing expansion. This small domestic airport is soon expected to become an international airport, with latest deadline set for 2019. The airport expansion attracted investors and hoteliers, and a series of new hotels are being constructed in and around Lumbini, hoping to cash in on the expected international tourist boom once the airport expansion work is completed.

Sister cities
Lumbini has four official sister cities:
 Kushinagar, India (2022)
 Bodh Gaya, India
 Cáceres, Spain
 Kōya, Japan

See also
 Bodh Gaya
 Sarnath
 Kushinagar
 Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini
 Lumbini Buddhist University
 Lumbini Development Trust
 Lumbini pillar inscription
 Pillars of Ashoka
 Ramagrama stupa
 Kindo Baha
 Pranidhipurna Mahavihar
 Rajgir
 World Peace Pagoda
 List of stupas in Nepal
 List of Buddshist monasteries in Nepal

Notes

References

Further reading

Bibliography

External links

 Lumbini On Trial: The Untold Story

 Lumbini at the Open Directory Project
 Lumbini at WorldHeritageSite.org Listing

Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Nepal
Populated places in Rupandehi District
World Heritage Sites in Nepal
Rupandehi District
Buddhist archaeological sites
Archaeological sites in Nepal
Cultural heritage of Nepal

Lumbini


Scirpus diffusus is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family known by the common name umbrella bulrush. It is endemic to California, where it can be found in several of the high mountain ranges from the Klamath Mountains to the Sierra Nevada. It grows in wetland habitat and other moist areas, such as mountain meadows. It is similar to Scirpus congdonii and was described from herbarium specimens once mislabeled as such. It is a perennial herb forming a clump of erect stems growing up to a meter tall, solitary stems sometimes occurring as well. The stems are three-angled and narrow at the middle. Sheathing leaves occur at the stem bases as well as higher up the stems. The inflorescence occurs at the end of the stem, with small additional ones growing from the uppermost leaf axial. The inflorescence consists of several clusters of many spikelets wrapped at the bases in a leaflike bract.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile
Flora of North America
Photo gallery

diffusus
Endemic flora of California
Plants described in 1966
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Scirpus diffusus


The peanut butter and banana sandwich (PB&B), or peanut butter, banana and bacon sandwich (PB,B&B), sometimes referred to as an Elvis sandwich or simply the Elvis, is a sandwich with toasted bread, peanut butter, sliced or mashed banana, and occasionally bacon. Honey or jelly is seen in some variations of the sandwich. The sandwich is frequently cooked in a pan or on a griddle.

The sandwich was made famous as a favorite of the American singer Elvis Presley. The recipe for the sandwich has been published in numerous cookbooks and newspaper stories. It has been sold commercially in restaurants.

Elvis Presley
The peanut butter and banana sandwich has been referred to as a favorite of Elvis Presley, who was renowned for his food cravings such as the Fool's Gold Loaf, a loaf of French white bread filled with a pound each of bacon, peanut butter, and grape jelly. Books on Presley's favorite foods and culinary tastes, as well as other published reports on his taste for peanut butter and banana sandwiches with or without bacon, have made the sandwich widely associated with Presley. It is often referred to using his name.

Presley's fondness for peanut butter and banana sandwiches is well established; however, bacon is not mentioned in all accounts. A book about Presley and his mother, Gladys Presley, though, says he had "sandwich after sandwich of his favorite—peanut butter, sliced bananas, and crisp bacon". Another passage describes him talking "feverishly until dawn" while "wolfing" down the sandwiches (described in this instance as being made with mashed banana).

A news report suggests that, based on renditions of sandwiches named after him, Presley ate his with caramelized bananas and crispy bacon on grilled Hawaiian bread, and grilled by his mother or his cook in bacon fat. The Good, the Bad, and the Yummy describes it as consisting of half a banana and a piece of bacon per sandwich, browning the sandwiches in a frying pan with butter, cutting the sandwiches into wedges, and piling them high.

Variants
The PB&B sandwich has had numerous variations, many of which were billed as "Elvis Presley's" or owing to "Elvis" himself. Hamburgers done Elvis style have become increasingly popular in the United States as well. Nigella Lawson of the cooking show Nigella Bites featured "Elvis Presley's Fried Peanut Butter and Banana Sandwich" in a 2007 episode that was made of white bread, butter, a banana, and peanut butter.

Another cooking show, Sara's Secrets, featured the "Elvis" with the Peanut Butter & Co.'s recipe, which includes 8 slices of bread, butter, a banana, peanut butter, 12 slices of bacon and honey.

A variant on the sandwich is the peanut butter banana club sandwich, which combines the sandwich with a club sandwich by adding lettuce, brown sugar and lemon juice. Another version of the sandwich, which added honey and substituted bacon bits for bacon strips, was sold under the name The Memphis at the now-shuttered "all peanut butter sandwich" restaurant P.B. Loco.

The sandwich has also been featured in a cookbook for canines in The Everything Cooking for Dogs Book. The book suggests alternative fillings including sweet potato, carrots, pumpkin, and apples.

See also

 List of sandwiches
 List of peanut dishes

References

External links
Recipe from Food Network

Elvis Presley
American sandwiches
Bacon sandwiches
Banana dishes
Peanut butter sandwiches

Peanut butter, banana and bacon sandwich


Sik Kok Kwong, GBM GBS (16 May 1919 – 16 November 2014) was a Tiantai Buddhist monk from Hong Kong. He was the first president of the Hong Kong Buddhist Association. He was also the Honorary Vice-President of the World Buddhist Sangha Council, a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee, and a Hong Kong Affairs Advisor.

Kwong died in Happy Valley, Hong Kong, aged 95.

References

1919 births
2014 deaths
Buddhist clergy
Hong Kong people
Buddhist monks

Sik Kok Kwong


The Spa Road Junction rail crash was an accident on the British railway system which occurred during the peak evening rush hour of 8 January 1999 at Spa Road Junction in Bermondsey, in South East London.

The incident

On a dark and wet evening, a Connex South Eastern train from Dover Priory to Charing Cross collided with a Thameslink train from Brighton to Bedford causing derailment to both trains. The accident resulted in no fatalities and four injuries. The British Transport Police reported that eight passengers had been taken to hospital with minor bumps, bruises and whiplash but none were detained. One of the uninjured passengers complained that the Train Operating Companies had failed to provide support after the crash. He was awarded compensation in a court case but commented "And there I believe the matter will rest until the next rail crash when we the long-suffering passengers should be aware that unless we are carted off to hospital we will have to fend for ourselves wherever we are dumped".

Connex Rail admitted that its driver passed the signal at danger although the existing Automatic Warning System was working. Following this and other similar accidents Railtrack was given six months to develop a plan to roll out the new Train Protection & Warning System which would automatically apply the brakes if a train passed a red signal.

The Thameslink train had been held at a danger (red) signal until the route was set for it to cross from the Brighton Main Line onto the London Bridge Up Loop Line, and the signal then cleared. The Connex train, which was approaching from behind, passed a preliminary caution (double yellow) signal then a caution (yellow) signal and then a danger (red) signal. It continued for 283 metres (309 yards) past the red signal until the point where the two lines converged. It was travelling at an estimated speed of  when it collided with the Thameslink train which was estimated to be travelling at around . Both trains were derailed and damage was caused to most of the carriages.

Disruption was caused to other rail services, although trains continued to run past the accident site on the Cannon Street lines. The emergency services struggled to access the accident scene but eventually 282 people were evacuated from these two trains.  Some 200 people from another train a short distance behind (Connex South Central service from London Bridge to Guildford train) were initially left unsupervised, and had to find their own way to evacuate themselves in the inclement weather. Some were evacuated via the disused Spa Road railway station buildings, the former terminus of the South East & Chatham Railway. Trains were still running on the south eastern side, some  away from passengers evacuating the Guildford bound train.

The driver of the Connex train had already passed a signal at danger without authority on a previous occasion, and was still under special supervision because of this. Following the accident, he was permanently removed from driving duties.

There was no history of previous Category A SPADs at this signal.

Junction layout

Spa Road Junction is a busy ladder-crossover, located a short distance south east of  station. It controls the crossing movements to and from London Bridge (High Level) station, and at the time of the collision in 1999 the line configuration was:

Line 1 Down (from Cannon Street via London Bridge)
Line 2 Reversible (to/from Cannon Street via London Bridge)
Line 3 Up (to Cannon Street via London Bridge)
Line 4 Down (from Charing Cross via London Bridge)
Line 5 Down (from Charing Cross via London Bridge)
Line 6 Up (To Charing Cross via London Bridge)
Line 7 Up Passenger Loop (To Charing Cross via London Bridge or Platform Avoiding loop)

Infrastructure
All signals in the vicinity of Spa Road junction are 4 aspect colour light signals. The signalling method is Track circuit Block, controlled by London Bridge signalling centre which is located nearby, adjacent to platform 16 at London Bridge station.

The collision point
The Thameslink train was approaching London Bridge from New Cross Gate on the Up Fast line of the Brighton Main Line, and had been signalled to cross on to the Up Passenger Loop of the South Eastern Main Line at Spa Road junction. The Connex South Eastern train was approaching Spa Road from New Cross and had received the correct signalling sequence of a Preliminary Caution (two yellow aspect signal) and Caution (single yellow aspect signal) prior to L154 (the signal protecting the junction) being at Danger. However the driver did not respond to the signals and failed stop his train at the Danger signal, continuing until his train collided with the Thameslink train at the trailing points.

Rolling stock
The Thameslink train was an eight-coach train consisting of two Class 319 four-coach electric multiple units (EMUs).

The Connex South Eastern was also an eight-coach train consisting of a four-coach Class 411 (411602) EMU and a four-coach Class 423 EMU. The class 411 unit was repaired at Eastleigh Works and became the only class 411 EMU in Connex livery as a result.

Investigation

The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) concluded that the accident was caused by the Connex train passing a signal at danger (red). The HSE concluded that this was probably due to human error as no evidence of malfunction was found in any equipment tested.

The investigation of the accident found "deficiencies" in the training and experience of staff in dealing with emergency situations. The cause of the accident was concluded to be driver error due to poor staff training.

One anomaly was that the "Sunflower" display in the cab of the Connex train was showing the all-black "clear" indication (meaning that the last signal which had been passed was displaying a green aspect). However the HSE report concluded that the Automatic Warning System (AWS) on both trains was probably working correctly, and that the shock of the collision had caused the electro-mechanical indicator to change. In any case, even if the AWS had given a wrong indication this would not have absolved the driver of the Connex train of his duty to observe and obey the signals.

The conclusion was that the Train Protection & Warning System might have stopped or at least slowed the Connex train down if it had been installed. The Railway Safety Regulations 1999 were introduced in the August, which stipulated that train protection must be implemented throughout the network by the end of 2003. The regulations stopped short of requiring Automatic Train Protection (ATP) to be installed.

References

External links
 Railways Archive – Accident at Spa Road (Summary)
 Railways Archive – Report by the Health and Safety Executive's Railway Inspectorate into the train accident at Spa Road (PDF)

Transport in the London Borough of Southwark
Transport in the London Borough of Lewisham
Railway accidents and incidents in London
Railway accidents in 1999
1999 in London
Bermondsey
Railway accidents involving a signal passed at danger
Derailments in England
Accidents and incidents involving Connex South Eastern
Accidents and incidents involving Thameslink
January 1999 events in the United Kingdom
Train collisions in England
Rail accidents caused by a driver's error

Spa Road Junction rail crash


De Lutte (Low Saxon: De Lut) is a village in the municipality of Losser, the Netherlands.

It lies in Twente, a region in the Province of Overijssel.

The village borders Germany.

As of 2021, about 3,900 people were living in De Lutte.

Settlements in Overijssel
Losser

De Lutte


Andrias Christian Evensen (December 6, 1874 – October 21, 1917) was a Faroese priest, editor, writer, and politician for the Home Rule Party (). Together with Jákup Dahl, he was one of the first to propagate the use of Faroese, including as a church language in preference to Danish.

Evensen was born in Viðareiði. He received his examen artium certification in 1894 and the degree of cand.theol. in 1901. Evensen became the parish priest in Sandur in 1902, and then served as the dean for the Faroe Islands from April 1917 until his death in October that year. He became the editor of the newspaper Føringatíðindi in 1906. Evensen was active in the Løgting as a parliamentary representative from Sandoy from 1908 to 1917. He eventually broke away from the Home Rule Party () and was an independent representative during his last year in the Løgting.

Together with the writer Rasmus Rasmussen and the archivist and politician Anton Degn, he established the publisher Hitt føroyska Bókamentafelagið (The Faroese Book Cultivation Association) in 1907. Evensen died in Copenhagen.

Bibliography
1899: Smásangir og sálmar (Short Songs and Psalms; editor)
1900: Skálkaleikur. Mortansmessuteiti (Roguish Games. Saint Martin's Evening Cabaret)
1902: Búreisingur (The Settler; journal, only six issues)
1906: Føroysk orðabók, 1.–10.hft. (Faroese Dictionary, vols. 1–10; 1905–1906)
1906: Føroysk lesibók fyri eldri børn (Faroese Reader for Older Children)
1907: Stavingarbók (Spelling Book)
1907: Stavingarbók og lesibók fyri yngri børn (Spelling Book and Reader for Younger Children)
1908: Lesibók fyri yngri børn (Reader for Younger Children)
1910: Kvæðabók I (Folk Ballads Volume I)
1911: Lesibók (Reader)
1912: Lesibók til læraraskúlan (Reader for Teacher Training School)
1914: Savn til Føroya søgu í 16. øld (Anthology of Sixteenth-Century Faroese Sagas; 1908–1914)
1963: Harubókin (a reader for younger children)

References

Members of the Løgting
Faroese Lutheran clergy
Faroese writers
Faroese editors
1874 births
1917 deaths

Andrias Christian Evensen


Brigadier-General Edward Alfred Charles Amy, DSO, OBE, MC, CD (March 28, 1918 – February 2, 2011) was a Canadian soldier who fought in World War II. He is one of Canada's most decorated soldiers.

He died on February 2, 2011, in the Camp Hill hospital, Halifax, aged 92.

Education
Edward Amy graduated from the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario in 1939, student # 2510.

Military service
Amy served as a tank commander. He commanded A Squadron, 14th Armoured Regiment (Calgary Regiment),  in Italy, where he won the Military Cross for his "determined and gallant leadership in taking and holding a vital bridgehead over the Moro River" with his Sherman tanks in December 1943. He was also recipient of the Distinguished Service Order, an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, and recipient of the Canadian Forces Decoration and the American Bronze Star.

Amy arrived in Normandy, France on July 26, 1944, seven weeks after D-Day as a major. He commanded a troop of the 22nd Armoured Regiment (The Canadian Grenadier Guards) in the fight for Grentheville three days later. During the next five weeks, he participated in all the battles that led to the liberation of Normandy. His regiment was awarded four distinctions for its action in the Battle of Falaise. He led an attack against Kurt Meyer's 12th SS Panzer Division that resulted in the liberation of Cintheaux and Bretteville. From August 14 to 17, 1944, his unit was committed to the battle of Rouves, where his tank was destroyed. He took part in the fights of Falaise against elements of the 3rd SS Panzer Division and the 2nd SS Panzer Grenadier Regiment. After the Battle of Normandy, his unit went into action on the Seine and Somme Rivers, liberating many towns and villages and taking many German prisoners. In the closing months of the war, he fought in Belgium and Germany, where he was wounded. After the war, he remained in the Canadian Forces and retired as a brigadier-general in 1972.

Recognition
On July 18, 2007, he was awarded the Légion d'honneur, France's highest distinction. The citation, stated that he "demonstrated outstanding bravery in France during the fiercest battles of World War II." He lived at Indian Point, Lunenburg County then in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He was an advocate for the reactivation of the Halifax Rifles (RCAC) as a reconnaissance unit, a project which was successfully completed in 2009.

On November 14, 2007, Wilfred Moore, a Canadian senator, congratulated him, thanked him and those who served under his command for their service to Canada.

The Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, Mayann Francis, presented the Royal United Services Institute of Nova Scotia SAC Award to BGen Ned Amy on 7 November 2007.

On February 10, 2011, Wilfred P. Moore, a Canadian senator gave a tribute in the Senate to the late Brigadier-General Edward "Ned" Amy, DSO, CD.

References

4237 Dr. Adrian Preston & Peter Dennis (Edited) "Swords and Covenants" Rowman And Littlefield, London. Croom Helm. 1976.
H16511 Dr. Richard Arthur Preston "To Serve Canada: A History of the Royal Military College of Canada" 1997 Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1969.
H16511 Dr. Richard Arthur Preston "Canada's RMC - A History of Royal Military College" Second Edition 1982
H1877 R. Guy C. Smith (editor) "As You Were! Ex-Cadets Remember". In 2 Volumes. Volume I: 1876-1918. Volume II: 1919-1984. Royal Military College. [Kingston]. The R.M.C. Club of Canada. 1984

1918 births
2011 deaths
Canadian military personnel from New Brunswick
Canadian Anglicans
Canadian generals
Canadian Army personnel of World War II
Canadian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Military personnel from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Royal Military College of Canada alumni
Canadian recipients of the Military Cross

Edward Amy


Dianne Poole (born June 28, 1949) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. She served as a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1987 to 1995.

Background
Poole has a Bachelor of Arts degree in Sociology from Trent University, and was a law clerk and social worker before entering political life.  She also served as chair of the Women's Perspective Advisory Committee, and was a member of the French Immersion Task Force of the Toronto Board of Education.

Politics
Poole ran for the Ontario legislature in the 1985 general election, losing to Progressive Conservative David McFadden by 914 votes in the Toronto constituency of Eglinton.  She ran again in the 1987 provincial election, and defeated McFadden by 695 votes amid a landslide victory for the Liberals. In 1989, she was appointed as a parliamentary assistant.

The Liberals were defeated by the New Democratic Party in the 1990 provincial election, and Poole was re-elected by only 173 votes over Progressive Conservative candidate Ann Vanstone.  She served as the Liberal critic for Housing from 1990 to 1993, and for the JobsOntario program from 1993 to 1995.

In 1994, Poole was one of only three Liberal Member of Provincial Parliament (MPPs), along with Jean Poirier and Tim Murphy, who supported Bill 167, a bill brought forward by the government of Bob Rae to extend spousal benefits to same-sex couples.  Poole also called for the Ontario Film Review Board to impose greater restrictions on sexually explicit and violent materials entering the country.  She was generally regarded as being on the left wing of the party.

The narrow margin of Poole's victory in 1990 made her constituency a prime PC target in 1995. She lost to Progressive Conservative fundraiser Bill Saunderson by about 4,500 votes, as the Progressive Conservatives won a majority government provincially.

After leaving politics, Poole became the president of Politrain, Inc.  She supported Gerard Kennedy for the Liberal Party leadership in 1996.

References

External links

1949 births
Living people
Ontario Liberal Party MPPs
Trent University alumni
Women MPPs in Ontario

Dianne Poole


M.U.G.E.N. (or simply known as MUGEN) is a modifiable 2D fighting game engine that was created by Elecbyte and initially released in 1999. It was programmed in C, which was originally used in Allegro library, and it compared to 5 versions: DOS MUGEN, Winmugen, Linux Mugen, Mugen 1.0  and Mugen 1.1 as the latest release.

The Japanese term mugen means dream, fantasy or infinite.

History

In 1999, Elecbyte had a plan to create a customizable original fighting game engine, DOS-MUGEN. Then later, they created the first original MUGEN character called Kung Fu Man, among with 2 non-playable characters according to the intro and ending storyboards. Aside from it, the engine was released on July 17, 2001. It works platforms such as DOS Mugen, Winmugen and Linux Mugen which is allowed the users to customize before they distribute their website. DOS Mugen was ceased when Elecbyte switched into Linux platform in November 2001. Elecbyte had a request for donations in their site to legally obtain a Windows compiler to create a Windows version of M.U.G.E.N. However, the developers discontinued the project in 2003 and their website was shut off afterwards. Later, they speculated leaks to make public of a private Windows-based beta that was provided to donators. The public beta of Winmugen was released with "no limit" hack after their development.

In January 2011, they decided to create the latest release of previous versions, Mugen 1.0. It has more game features like victory screen to show the win quote of a character.

Gameplay

It is a 7-button (A,B, C, X, Y, Z and Start) game which includes Joystick, arrow keys, letters, number keys, number lock keys and function keys (for debugging). The main mode in menu screen is Arcade Mode, where you can choose only 1 character if you want to play it and fight random characters like other fighting games, especially Team Arcade and Team Co-op modes. VS mode is a 2-player challenge where you can play against your friend. In Team Arcade and Team VS modes, you can play with 1 non-playable character to beat opponents, excluding Team Co-op and Survival Co-op modes. In Survival mode, it is the endless stream of opponents where you can fight them. In Watch mode, you can see the characters with AI during the fight but you can't play as the character unless you press function that turn into playable character if the option of debugging keys is on.

Other websites
 Official Elecbyte Website
 Mugen Files

1999 video games
Fighting games
DOS games

M.U.G.E.N.


Caladenia behrii, commonly known as pink-lipped spider orchid is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to South Australia. It has a single narrow, hairy leaf and one or two creamy-white flowers with pink tips in early spring.

Description
Caladenia behrii is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single hairy, narrow lance-shaped leaf,  long that develops during winter. There are one or two flowers on a thin, hairy raceme up to  high, each flower up to  in diameter. The lateral sepals and petals are  long, creamy-white in colour with red glandular tips that produce an aroma described as "strong musky" or "subtle spicy". The petals and sepals spread widely at their bases but have drooping, thread-like ends. The labellum is egg-shaped to lance-shaped, about  long, whitish-green with a pink or red curled tip. The labellum has a fringed edge and there are between four and six rows of red calli along its mid-line. Flowering occurs in August and September and is followed by an oblong-shaped capsule which releases hundreds of seeds in late October or November.

Taxonomy and naming
Caladenia behrii was first formally described by Diederich Schlechtendal in 1847 and the description was published in Linnaea: ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange, oder Beiträge zur Pflanzenkunde. The specific epithet honours the German-American botanist, Hans Hermann Behr.

Distribution and habitat
This caladenia occurs in two small disjunct populations, one near Kersbrook and Williamstown and the other near Belair and Clarendon. It grows on loamy soils in woodland.

Ecology
As with many other caladenias. the pink-lipped spider orchid is pollinated by male thynnid wasps when they attempt to copulate with the labellum. Since the orchid is an endangered species, hand pollination may be used to propagate the species artificially. Research has shown that cross pollination and pollination with a single pollinium increase the number and viability of seeds produced. Unlike for some other species, fire does not induce or increase the flowering of C. behrii.

Conservation
Caladenia behrii is classified as "Endangered" under the Government of South Australia National Parks and Wildlife Act of 1972 and the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act).

References

behrii
Plants described in 1847
Endemic orchids of Australia
Orchids of South Australia

Caladenia behrii