Brighton was a  steamship which was  built in 1903 for the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway and London and South Western Railway. She passed to the Southern Railway on 1 January 1923. In 1930, she was sold to W E Guinness and converted to a private yacht, Roussalka (named after Slavonic mythologic creature). She was wrecked at Killary Bay on 25 August 1933.

Description
The ship was built by W Denny & Bros, Dumbarton. She was yard number 683 and was launched on 13 June 1903 with completion in August 1903. The ship was  long, with a beam of  and a depth of . She was powered by three steam turbines, which were made by Parsons Steam Turbine Co Ltd, Newcastle upon Tyne. The turbines were rated at  and drove three screws. These could propel her at a speed of . In 1931, Roussalka was fitted with two 8-cylinder Atlas diesel engines of  driving a single screw, giving her a speed of .

History
Brighton was built for the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway. She was used on their Newhaven - Dieppe route. She was to have been the first turbine powered steamship built for the LB&SCR but a fire at the shipbuilders delayed her completion, pushing her into second place. Her port of registry was Newhaven.

On 5 November 1910 Brighton was involved in a collision with the windjammer Preußen  south of Newhaven. Brighton returned to Newhaven to summon aid, and the tug Alert was sent to assist Preußen, which was towed towards Dover. It was intended to anchor her off Dover but both anchor chains broke and Preußen was driven onto rocks where she sank as a result of the damage inflicted to her. The master of Brighton was found to be responsible for the accident and lost his licence as a result. He later committed suicide by shooting himself in a London pub.

In 1914, Brighton was requisitioned by the Royal Navy for use as a troopship. She was later used as a hospital ship. On 19 December 1914, she rescued the survivors of the naval trawler , which had been sunk by a mine in the North Sea off Scarborough, Yorkshire. Brighton brought the American President Woodrow Wilson back to Dover after the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. Brighton was returned to her owners in 1920. Brighton passed to the Southern Railway at Grouping. In 1930, Brighton was sold to W E Guinness, who converted her to a private yacht named Roussalka. Her steam turbines were replaced by a diesel engine and one of her two funnels was removed. She was renamed Roussalka. On 25 August 1933, in thick fog, Roussalka was wrecked on Blood Slate Rock, Freaklin Island, Killary Bay. All passengers and crew were rescued.

Official Number and code letters
Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers. Brighton had the United Kingdom Official Number 105654 and used the Code Letters VDWN.

See also
 Rusalka

References

1903 ships
Ships built on the River Clyde
Ships of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Maritime incidents in 1910
Troop ships of the Royal Navy
Hospital ships of the Royal Navy
Ships of the Southern Railway (UK)
Maritime incidents in 1933
Hospital ships in World War I

SS Brighton (1903)


"Flower Power" is the sixth Japanese single released by South Korean girl group Girls' Generation. The single was released on November 14, 2012, via digital download on iTunes Japan, with a limited physical release on November 21, 2012. It serves as the third single from their second Japanese studio album, Girls & Peace (2012). Despite limited release, "Flower Power" sold 29,000 copies in its first week, peaking at number five on the Oricon Singles Chart; the single also reached number six on the Billboard Japan Hot 100.

Background
After the success of the preceding singles, "Paparazzi" and "Oh!", both of which took the number one spot on the Oricon daily singles chart and sold a collective total of more than 190,000 copies, the group's follow-up single "Flower Power" was announced on October 2, 2012. "Flower Power" was released in Japan on November 14, 2012, two weeks before the release of their second Japanese studio album. A concept photo released by the group's Japanese label shows the group trying to escape searchlights.

Release
The single was not released physically until November 21 because of problems with production. The single's B-side, "Beep Beep," is not included on Girls & Peace (2012), but it is included as the sixth track on their third Japanese studio album, Love & Peace (2013),  released on December 11, 2013. The single also contains a medley of the accompanying album which features Jamaican rapper Sean Paul.

Composition
"Flower Power" is written by Johan Gustafson, Fredrik Häggstam, Sebastian Lundberg (who composed labelmate TVXQ's "Blink"). It is an up-tempo electropop and dance-pop number, taking influences from trance and electro house, with a "flowing" bassline and a chorus line demonstrating the "sexy side" of Girls' Generation, contrary to the single's title. Lyrically, the song describes "the strategic moves between a man and a woman on the dancefloor," sung by the group with "the sound and light of a glitzy atmosphere."

Music video
On October 31, 2012, the music was released in two versions: the regular and dance version.  Within the song's perspective of the world, the nine girls sing and dance in a near future cosplay image of "bondage"-like cabin attendants under a fictional airline company, Air GG.

On April 5, 2013, a shortened version of the music video for "Beep Beep" was released. A full version of the music video was released on the group's third Japanese album, Love & Peace (2013).

Chart performance
The single didn't match the success of its predecessors in its first week, the single peaked at number twenty-five when it debuted on the Japan Hot 100 for the week ending on November 26, 2012. The single managed to sell 13,000 copies on its first day, charting at number two on Oricon's Daily Single Chart. It eventually sold 29,000 copies during its first week of physical release. The single raced to number six on the Japan Hot 100 in its second week, jumping nineteen spots. The single also charted on the Hot Single Sales chart at number four, as well as Billboard Japan's airplay charts: twelve on Contemporary Airplay and thirty-two on Top Airplay.

Live performance
The group performed the song for the first time on TBS Kayou Kyoku on November 13, 2012. The same day, the group held their "Playing with Girls' Generation" fan meeting with 10,000 people at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium. The group performed the song along with "Gee" and "Oh!".

Track listing

Charts

Sales

Release history

References

2012 singles
Girls' Generation songs
Japanese-language songs
SM Entertainment singles
Songs written by Junji Ishiwatari
2012 songs
Songs written by Johan Gustafson (record producer)
Songs written by Sebastian Lundberg
Songs written by Fredrik Häggstam

Flower Power (song)


Eliza Jumel (née Bowen; April 2, 1775 – July 16, 1865), also known as Eliza Burr, was a wealthy American socialite. She was married to Aaron Burr and their divorce was finalized on the day of his death. Although she was born into poverty, an advantageous marriage to a wealthy merchant made her one of the richest women in New York at the time of her death.

Early life
Eliza Jumel was born Elizabeth Bowen in Providence, Rhode Island, on April 2, 1775 (she would later joke "that she had come near being an April fool"). She had two older siblings, John (born 1769) and Mary, called Polly (born 1772). Jumel's mother, Phebe Kelley Bowen, worked from a young age as an indentured servant. Her father, John Bowen, was a sailor.

By the time Jumel was seven years old, she and her mother were living in a brothel along with five other women. By age 9, Jumel and her sister Polly were living in a workhouse, in 1784, because their parents were unable to support them. A year later, the sisters were again living with their mother in the house of Patience Ingraham, a widow who had previously been cited for "keeping a house of bad fame". Both Phebe Bowen and the widow Ingraham were arrested in 1785 "for keeping a disorderly house", and Jumel and her sister were again thrown in the workhouse. From there she was indentured to a sea captain and his family.

Jumel's father died in 1786, when she was eleven. Her mother remarried in 1790 to an itinerant cobbler named Jonathan Clark, and they moved from town to town in New England, and then finally to Williamston, North Carolina. There they both succumbed to yellow fever in 1798, victims of an epidemic that may have also taken the life of Jumel's older brother.

After her mother's and step-father's deaths, the 23 or 24 year old Jumel moved to New York, and changed her name to Eliza Brown. There she became an extra at a local theater, and during her early years in the city, she may have also found work as a domestic servant. Jumel's sister later joined her in New York, changing her name to Maria Bowne, and marrying a William Jones in 1805. In 1808, Maria (Polly) gave birth to a daughter who she named Eliza Jumel Jones in honor of her sister.

Marriage to Stephen Jumel
Jumel met and, on April 9, 1804, married the wealthy French-Haitian merchant Stephen Jumel, 10 years her senior. Born Êtienne Jumel in France in 1765, her first husband grew up in a merchant family, emigrating to the American Colonies on the eve of the French Revolution and, like Jumel, changed his name to better fit his new life.

In 1807, Jumel became an Episcopalian and was baptized at Trinity Church in Manhattan, even though Stephen was a lifelong Catholic. Though she and her husband had no children of their own, they took in Mary Jones, the eldest and illegitimate daughter of her sister Polly (also called Maria), who was thus rechristened "Miss Jumel" and lived with the couple as their daughter.

In 1810, Stephen and Jumel moved to what became known as the Morris-Jumel Mansion in northern Manhattan, turning the home into their summer villa. Built in 1765 by Colonel Roger Morris for himself and his wife Mary Philipse, the daughter of Frederick Philipse II, the house became George Washington's headquarters for several months in 1776 after the Morrises, who were Tory sympathizers, had fled back to England. Though it was from these headquarters that General Washington won his first victory of the war, the Battle of Harlem Heights, he and his troops soon retreated, and the mansion was taken over by Hessian soldiers, then confiscated after the war came to an end.

Time in Paris
In 1815, Jumel and Stephen traveled to Paris, where they were linked to Bonapartist sympathizers.  Jumel owned several relics from Josephine Bonaparte's extended family and claimed a close relationship with Bonaparte. It is now believed, however, that the Jumels had only a distant acquaintance with the Bonapartes, and that they bought most of the Napoleonic items at auction in Paris.

Jumel had taken lessons with a French tutor during her courtship with Stephen, and she and Stephen easily conversed in both French and English (though Jumel never became totally fluent). Despite later accounts of an acrimonious marriage, their personal letters show them to have been an affectionate couple throughout their union, although letters on both sides were occasionally marked by fears of abandonment.

Either illness or controversial political opinions led to Jumel leaving France in 1816. She returned to her home in New York, while Stephen Jumel remained in France. Stephen saw his fortunes decline during a series of economic depressions, leading to the collapse of his merchant trade in Paris. Jumel, however, managed their American estate and holdings with a good business acumen, and proved an astute investor. She made herself unpopular as a businesswoman in New York, however. Several of Stephen's business acquaintances had been dishonest with his finances during the couple's absence, and it became Jumel's task to both make accusations and recoup money lost so that through her initiative, the couples' finances were saved from ruin. The couple continued to travel between New York, Paris, and Stephen's family home in Bordeaux. During these travels, Jumel amassed a large and respected art collection, considered the first substantial collection of European art in North America.

Marriage to Aaron Burr

Stephen Jumel died in 1832 of pneumonia at the age of 67. Fourteen months after his death, the 58-year-old Eliza Jumel married the 76-year-old former United States Vice President Aaron Burr. She may have married Burr to increase her stature, while Burr may have wanted access to her fortune. Burr mismanaged the liquid assets remaining in the Jumel fortune, and the two separated only four months after their marriage. Jumel's prudence in real estate management, however, allowed her to remain financially solvent. Their divorce was finalized on September 14, 1836, the day of Burr's death. The apocryphal story is that she was represented by Alexander Hamilton, Jr., the son of Alexander Hamilton, whom Burr shot and killed in a duel years earlier. What actually happened was that Hamilton Jr. held her assets in a paper only trade during the divorce, returning the assets to her later. He was not her attorney.

Later life
Jumel continued to travel throughout Europe and to the summer retreats of New York for twenty years.

Anne Northup, a noted chef and wife of the kidnapped, enslaved black musician, Solomon Northup, lived and worked at Jumel's mansion for two years with her daughter Elizabeth and son Alonzo. Her husband was kidnapped in 1841. In her last significant travels, Jumel accompanied her two adopted grandchildren on a Grand Tour of Europe in 1856, during which time a large, life-size oil portrait of the three was executed by Alcide Ercole.

As symptoms of dementia took their toll on Jumel's memory and behavior, stories about her eccentricity spread through New York and Saratoga Springs. Apocryphal stories from the 1880s suggests that Eliza may have become a regular target of mockery in Saratoga Springs. Jumel remained at her Manhattan mansion for the last six years of her life, dying there at age 90 in 1865. She was buried in Manhattan at the Trinity Church Cemetery and Mausoleum.

References

External links
mmejumel.com
Morris-Jumel Mansion. Site of the historical mansion Eliza Jumel lived in from 1810 until her death, with information on visiting the house and special events.

Additional Sources
Numerous books have been written about Eliza Jumel, some as far back as the turn of the century, including the following:
The Remarkable Rise of Eliza Jumel: A Story of Marriage and Money in the Early Republic by Margaret A. Oppenheimer
Pickles and Honey: Ruby's Song by John D. Lowe
Eliza Jumel Burr: Vice Queen of the United States by Diana Rubino
Painted Lady, Eliza Jumel: Her Life and Times by Leonard Falkner
Notorious Eliza by Basil Beyea
The Amazing Madame Jumel by William Cary Duncan
Madame Jumel by Pauline Panzer
The Jumel Mansion by William Henry Shelton

1775 births
1865 deaths
People from Providence, Rhode Island
People from New York (state)
American socialites
Burr family
American expatriates in France
People of the Province of New York
Burials at Trinity Church Cemetery
19th-century American businesswomen
19th-century American businesspeople

Eliza Jumel


A hard candy (American English), or boiled sweet (British English), is a sugar candy prepared from one or more sugar-based syrups that is heated to a temperature of 160 °C (320 °F) to make candy.  Among the many hard candy varieties are stick candy such as the candy cane, lollipops, rock, aniseed twists, and bêtises de Cambrai. "Boiled" is a misnomer, as sucrose (a disaccharide) melts fully at approximately 186 °C.  Further heating breaks it into glucose and fructose molecules before it can vaporize.

Most hard candy is nearly 100% sugar by weight, with a tiny amount of other ingredients for color or flavor, and negligible water content in the final product. Recipes for hard candy may use syrups of sucrose, glucose, fructose or other sugars.  Sugar-free versions have also been created.

Creation

Recipes for hard candy use a sugar syrup, such as sucrose, glucose or fructose. This is heated to a particular temperature, at which point the candy maker removes it from the heat source and may add citric acid, food dye, and some flavouring, such as a plant extract, essential oil, or flavourant. The syrup concoction, which is now very thick, can be poured into a mold or tray to cool, or a cooling table in case of industrial mass production. When the syrup is cool enough to handle, it can be folded, rolled, or molded into the shapes desired. After the boiled syrup cools, it is called hard candy, since it becomes stiff and brittle as it approaches room temperature.

Chemistry
Chemically, sugar candies are broadly divided into two groups: crystalline candies and amorphous candies. Crystalline candies are not as hard as crystals of the mineral variety, but derive their name and their texture from their microscopically organized sugar structure, formed through a process of crystallization, which makes them easy to bite or cut into. Amorphous candies have a disorganized crystalline structure.  Hard candies are non-crystalline, amorphous candies containing about 98% (or more) solid sugar.

Medicinal use

Hard candies are historically associated with cough drops. The extended flavor release of lozenge-type candy, which mirrors the properties of modern cough drops, had long been appreciated. Many apothecaries used sugar candy to make their prescriptions more palatable to their customers.
They are also carried by people with hypoglycemia to quickly raise their low blood sugar level which, when untreated, can sometimes lead to fainting and other physical complications, and are used as part of diabetic management.

Sugar-free
Hard candies and throat lozenges prepared without sugar employ isomalt as a sugar substitute, and are sweetened further by the addition of an artificial sweetener, such as aspartame, sucralose, saccharin, or a sugar alcohol, such as xylitol.

See also

 Candy making
 Confectionery
 Humbug (sweet)
 Pear drop
 Mint (candy)
 Gumdrop
 Pastille

Confectioners of boiled sweets
John Millar & Sons
Jolly Rancher (now a division of The Hershey Company)
Maxons Ltd, manufacturer of Black Bullets

Notes

References

Candy

Hard candy


The Middlesex Militia was a regiment of the provincial militia of Upper Canada that was raised in Middlesex County, Ontario, in the early 1800s. The Middlesex Militia is currently perpetuated by the 4th Battalion, Royal Canadian Regiment.

Early days
Middlesex County was originally organized as Suffolk County in 1792 by Governor Simcoe. In 1793, he renamed the county Middlesex and created the settlement of London, intending for the new capital of Upper Canada to be located there. It became part of the London District in 1798.

Around 1800, the first militia units were raised in Middlesex County, but by 1808 it was still unorganized as a coherent county unit.

War of 1812
During the War of 1812, the 1st Middlesex Militia was commanded by Col. Talbot and served along the Western and Niagara frontiers from 1812 to 1814.

The 1st Middlesex Militia was composed of the following companies and officers (with dates of commission):

Headquarters
Col. Hon. Thomas Talbot - 12 Feb., 1812
Lt.-Col. Mahlon Burwell - 13 Feb., 1812
Maj. John Eakins
Adj. John Potts
Adj. James Nevill - 25 March, 1814
Qrtmstr. Sylvanus Reynolds - 29 Dec., 1812

1st Flank Company
Capt. David Secord - 12 Feb., 1812
Lt. William Saxton - 13 Feb., 1812
Ens. Benjamin Wilson

2nd Flank Company
Capt. Daniel Springer - 13 Feb., 1812
L.t William Bird - 12 Feb., 1812
Ens. Joseph Defields - 14 Feb., 1812

1st Battalion Company
Capt. Gilman Wilson - 14 Feb., 1812
Lt. Moses Rice
Ens. Daniel Mclntyre - 12 Feb., 1812

2nd Battalion Company
Capt. Leslie Patterson - 15 Feb., 1812
Lt. Gideon Tiffany - 14 Feb., 1812
Ens. David Davis, 13 Feb., 1812

3rd Battalion Company
Capt. Samuel Edison - 16 Feb., 1812 (grandfather of Thomas Edison)
Lt. Samuel Axford
Ens. Samuel Harris - 17 Feb., 1812

Elements of the 1st Flank Company were attached to the 1st Norfolk Militia and served at the Siege of Detroit including Ensign Benjamin Wilson who was awarded the Military General Service Medal. Detachments from the 1st Flank Company and the 1st Battalion Company fought at the Skirmish at McCrae's House in December 1813 under the command of Lt. Moses Rice and Ens. Benjamin Wilson.

Detachments from all companies of the 1st Middlesex fought at the Battle of Lundy's Lane on July 25, 1814. The regiment formed part of the 2nd Militia Brigade under Lt-Col. Christopher Hamilton, which served in Col. Hercules Scott's force. The force advanced from Twelve Mile Creek and halted early on the
morning of July 25 at Shipman's Corners. Around 1:00 p.m., the force received orders to rendezvous with Col. Brown at Lundy's Lane, and they advanced to the battlefield, joining the engagement that afternoon. Two privates from the 1st Middlesex were wounded in the battle.

The majority of the whole regiment fought at the Battle of Malcolm's Mills on November 6, 1814, under the command of Maj. John Eakins. The 1st Middlesex suffered one private killed during the battle. It was the last land battle fought in Upper Canada during the war.

On November 24, 1813, the Loyal London Volunteers was formed as an independent militia company operating in the London area.  They would serve against the American raids in 1814.

Reorganization of the Militia
On June 18, 1822, a Militia General Order was issued from York reorganizing the Upper Canada militia regiments. This order divided the 1st Middlesex Regiment of Militia into four regiments or battalions. The four regiments were:
1st Middlesex Regiment - commanded by Col. Thomas Talbot
2nd Middlesex Regiment - commanded by Lieut. Colonel Mahlon Burwell
3rd Middlesex Regiment - commanded by Lieut. Col. John Bostwick, from the 1st Norfolk Militia
4th Middlesex Regiment - commanded by Lieut. Col. James Hamilton

In 1830 the regiments of Middlesex militia were composed of the following officers:

1st Middlesex
Colonel - Thomas Talbot
Captains - Gilman Wilson, Leslie Patterson, John Matthews, James McQueen, John Warren, Archibald Gillis, Hugh McCowan, James McKinley
Lieutenants - Wm. Bird, Gideon Tiffany, Thos. McCall, Samuel McCall, John G. Gillies, Duncan Mackenzie, J. M. Farland (Adjutant)
Ensigns - Daniel McIntyre, David Davis, Samuel Harris
Quartermaster - Sylvanus Reynolds

2nd Middlesex
Colonel - Mahlon Burwell
Lieutenant-Colonel - John Backhouse
Major - John Rolph
Captains - Samuel Edison, Wm. Saxton, Joseph Defield, Abe. Backhouse, Titus Williams, Isaac Draper, Andrew Dobie, Henry Backhouse, William Summers
Lieutenants - Gilbert Wrong, John Summers, James Hutchinson, James Bell, Henry House, James Summers, Alex. Saxton
Ensigns - George Dobie, Alexander Summers, John Benner, John E. Kennedy, Win. McIntosh, Peter Defield, Thomas Edison jr.
Quartermaster - Reuben Kennedy

3rd Middlesex
Colonel - John Bostwick
Captains - Benjamin Wilson, James Nevilles, John Conrad and Joseph Smith, Joseph L. O'Dell, Josiah C. Goodhue, Joseph House, Michael McLoughlin
Lieutenants - Wm. Orr and Jesse Gantz, John Merlatt, Joshua Putnam, James Weishuln, Joshua S. O'Dell, William P. Leard, Gardner Merrick
Ensigns - Jonas Barnes, John T. Doan, Silas E. Curtis, Nathaniel Griffiths, Lawrence Dingman, Samuel Summer

4th Middlesex
Colonel - James Hamilton
Major - Ira Schofield
Captains - Joseph Harrison, Simon Bullen, Roswell Mount, Duncan Mackenzie, Richard Talbot, Daniel Hine, Edward E Warren, Thomas Lawrason, Daniel Doty, Edward E. Talbot, Wm. Putnam, John Ewart
Lieutenants - James Fisher, John Siddall, John T. Jones, Wm. Gray, Alex. Sinclair, John Brain, Arch. McFarlane, Robert Webster, Nathaniel Jacobs
Ensigns - Henry B Warren, Lawrence Lawrason, Daniel Campbell, Thomas H. Sumner, George Robson, Wm. Burgess, Philip Harding, James Parkinson, John Talbot, jr.
Quartermaster - William Putnam

By 1837, the militia had again been reorganized, with the battalions correlating to the county townships:
1st Middlesex (Dunwich, Southwold and Aldborough) Regiment - Col. T. Talbot
2nd Middlesex (Malahide and Bayham) Regiment - Col. M. Burwell
3rd Middlesex (Yarmouth,  Westminster, Dorchester and Delaware) Regiment - Col. J. Bostwick
4th Middlesex (Lobo, London and North Dorchester) Regiment - Lt-Col. T.H. Ball
5th Middlesex (Caradoc, Ekfrid and Mosa) Regiment - Col. S. Craig
2nd Middlesex (Adelaide) Light Infantry - Col. T Radcliff

Rebellion of 1837-38
In 1837, London was selected as a military station, with the 32nd Regiment of Foot being the first to garrison the city, while the 85th Regiment of Foot  occupied St Thomas and Sandwich.

With the outbreak of the Rebellions of 1837-1838, the Middlesex Militia was placed on active duty in the county and was tasked with apprehending rebels from the area who were gathering under the command of Charles Duncombe. Men from Norfolk, Oxford, and Middlesex flocked to join the rebel militia that was gathering near Middlesex. With the advance of the Oxford and Middlesex militias, the rebels quickly dispersed before an engagement could occur.

A battalion of four companies was formed in London in 1837 to serve as a Home Guard. The men were enlisted for 18 months service but due to the end of the rebellion in 1838 they were discharged early. Col. T.H. Ball from the 4th Middlesex Regiment was placed in command of the London Home Guard Battalion with the following officers:
Capts. John Wilson and William McMillan
Lts. H.R.C. Becher and John Jennings
Ens. Sterne Ball and Thomas Ball
Adj. Ross Robertson
Surg. Dr. McKenzie
Qrtrmstr. Freeman Talbot

Elements of the Middlesex Militia served at Fort Malden during the rebellion and on January 9, 1838, a force of 60 rebels sailed from the United States and landed on Bois Blanc Island. The schooner Anne, supporting the rebel attack, sailed alongside the mainland firing on positions at Fort Malden. The 2nd Middlesex Light Infantry, under Col. Thomas Radcliff, and other local regiments returned fire, disabling the helmsman and damaging the rigging. The Anne grounded on Elliott's Point and the rebels were captured by Radcliff's men.

Fenian Raids
A Militia General Order issued from Quebec on July 12, 1855, placed Middlesex County into Militia District No. 8, along with Elgin, Oxford, Norfolk, Brant and London.  The headquarters for the militia district were in London.

The volunteer militia companies raised in the City of London during this time were:
 London Volunteer Troop of Cavalry - raised in 1854
 London Field Battery of Artillery - raised in 1856
 2nd Volunteer Militia Rifle Company of London (*) - raised on 20 March 1856
 The London Highland Volunteer Rifle Company (*) - raised on 7 August 1856
 Volunteer Militia Foot Artillery Company of London (*) - raised on 22 January 1862
 The Merchants Volunteer Rifle Company of London (*) - raised on 26 December 1862
 2nd London Infantry Company (*) - raised on 23 January 1863
 London Volunteer Rifle Company  (*)- raised on 24 March 1865
Companies marked with an (*) would amalgamate to form the 7th London Fusiliers on 27 April 1866.

The volunteer militia companies raised in the surrounding Middlesex County during this time were:
 Komoka Rifle Company - raised 17 July 1861
 Thamesford Infantry Company - raised 11 September 1862
 Lucan Infantry Company - raised 19 December 1862
 Wardsville Infantry Company - raised 2 January 1863
 Delaware Infantry Company - raised 30 Jan. 1863
 Harriettsville Infantry Company - raised 6 February 1863
 Strathroy Infantry Company - raised 8 June 1866
They would amalgamate to form the 26th Middlesex Light Infantry on 14 September 1866.

In 1865, the sedentary Middlesex Militia was composed of eight battalions, corresponding to the townships within the county, while London had two battalions of militia. The following were the officers of the Middlesex and London Militia:
1st Middlesex Battalion - Lt-Col. William McMillan
2nd Middlesex Battalion - Lt-Col. William E. Niles
3rd Middlesex Battalion - Lt-Col. William Orr
4th Middlesex Battalion - Lt-Col. Benjamin Springer
5th Middlesex Battalion - Lt-Col. William M. Johnson
6th Middlesex Battalion - Lt-Col. John Arthurs
7th Middlesex Battalion - Lt-Col. Richard Irwin
8th Middlesex Battalion - Lt-Col. John Scatcherd
1st London Militia - Lt-Col. Lawrence Lawrason
2nd London Militia - Lt-Col. John Wilson

The establishment of the two Middlesex area regiments in 1866 led to the essential disbanding of the sedentary county militia. Both regiments would serve on active duty during the Fenian Raids and many veterans would receive the Canada General Service Medal.

Perpetuation
Through the lineage of the 7th London Fusiliers, the Middlesex Militia is currently perpetuated by the 4th Battalion, Royal Canadian Regiment, and the regiment bears the War of 1812 battle honours won by the Middlesex Militia:

References

Middlesex County, Ontario
Canadian Militia

Middlesex Militia (Upper Canada)


My Four Children is a 2002 documentary about an Israeli mother who takes in four foster children with Down syndrome after two of her own children were killed.

Summary
Both gentle and assertive, Nelly is an ideal mother. While most people would be overwhelmed by the responsibility of four children that are developmentally impaired and have special needs, Nelly isn't fazed. She treats them as if they were normal children. The documentary show how under her supervision, the children learn to play musical instruments,  use appropriate table manners, and feel loved.

Nelly's foster children came from cruel circumstances. Tom and Suzie, the first two children Nelly took in, were previously placed in a foster home where they were force fed so roughly that they would end up eating blood with their food. It them a long time to trust and feel comfortable in Nelly's gentle home.

The documentary explores what it means to be a mother, whether it's a matter of biology or behavior. Suzie's biological mother explains, quite honestly, that she loved her daughter when she was a baby, but as soon as Suzie started to grow older, and her disorder became evident, she felt incapable of caring for her. She still visits Suzie, now and then, but says that she considers Nelly Suzie's real mother.

What's initially surprising about Nelly's situation is the lack of support she receives from her immediate family. Her husband divorced her because he couldn't handle having four young children in the house again, and her eldest daughter doesn't support Nelly's decision to adopt one of the foster children. While their behavior seems harsh at first, as the documentary progresses, they become more sympathetic. Their lives were just as devastated by the family tragedies as Nelly's; and, perhaps, in some ways, Nelly abandoned her original family when she decided to take in new children.

Film Festivals
 Assim Vivemos Festival 2007, Brazil
 Sprout Film Festival 2004, New York
 Seattle Jewish Film Festival 2004
 DocAviv Film Festival 2002, Israel
 San Francisco Film Festival 2003
 Israeli Film Festival 2003, Hong Kong

See also
Other documentaries about unique Jewish families:
My Yiddish Momme McCoy
Balancing Acts
Divine Food

References

External links
The distributor's website
Aired and reviewed on The Jewish Channel

2002 films
Israeli documentary films
Documentary films about children with disability
Documentary films about adoption
2002 documentary films
Down syndrome in film

My Four Children


A homeland (rel. country of origin and native land) is the concept of the territory (cultural geography) to which an ethnic group holds a long history and a deep cultural association with. It's the country in which a particular national identity began.

Cultural geography
Nationalism
Ethnicity

Homeland


Eric Mival (born 18 July 1939, in Rhyl, Denbighshire, northeast Wales) is a film editor, director, and music editor.

Mival started his career in films and television working in editing roles on several TV programmes and feature films before becoming a BBC film editor. He is now a film and television writer/director/producer, who has worked on a wide range of both drama and documentary, broadcast and non-broadcast TV programmes.

Early work
He was the music editor on 13 episodes of the TV series The Prisoner recorded in 1966/67, having been an assistant film editor on the first four episodes. He has also been a film editor on a number of TV shows including: Strange Report, Top of the Pops, Doctor Who, Comedy Playhouse, The Wednesday Play, and the Oscar nominated short film Oisin.

While working on The Prisoner he was asked, along with a number of other cast and crew, to work up a storyline or script for the series. He then wrote two synopsis entitled "Ticket to Eternity" and "Friend or Foe" that were never actually filmed but are included in Volume One of the two-volume collection of series scripts edited by Robert Fairclough and published by Reynolds and Hearn in 2005 and 2006.

Educational TV work
Much of his recent work has been on educational television. He wrote, produced and directed the television series We Can Work It Out, an educational series for parents about managing child behaviour. He has also written and directed, educational, training and promotional programmes for a number of large companies  (such as Sainsburys and BT) and a number of UK government departments and organisations.

He wrote, directed and produced The Learning Bug, a 6-part series of documentaries to help parents of  5- to 7-year-old children.
He was the writer and director of Jolly Phonics, an eight-part puppet TV series teaching children to read using the phonics approach.  Jolly Phonics won the "Teachers Choice" award at the US Education Media Awards in 1997. He was also both writer and director of a number of BBC schools TV programmes, including Words and Pictures, You & Me, and Watch.

Other TV work
He directed documentary  TV programmes for what was then Central Television in the UK including: Directing Parents and Teenagers an eight-part series dealing with teenage/parental relationships which used filmed  documentary and studio drama, and directing/writing England Their England, a series of three 25-minute documentaries on film about an NSPCC nursery, a feminist poet and a Birmingham black pop/dance group, who recorded in France.

He also directed a series of dramatised community service adverts on the themes of drugs and alcohol for the UK's Anglia Television TV station.

In 1978 he directed a report for the BBC TV series Film 78 on the Australian film industry. The report featured the works of directors Bruce Beresford, Fred Schepisi and Peter Weir.

Autobiography
In 2015 Mival's memoirs Cutting Edge: My Life in Films and Television was published in hardback and paperback editions by Quoit Media Limited.  (hardback) and  (paperback).

External links

A report of Eric Mival's appearance at a Prisoner convention

1939 births
Welsh film directors
Living people

Eric Mival


Spinal mobilization is a type of passive movement of a spinal segment or region. It is usually performed with the aim of achieving a therapeutic effect.

Spinal mobilization has been described as "a gentle, often oscillatory, passive movement applied to a spinal region or segment so as gently to increase the passive range of motion of that segment or region."

Types of techniques

Spinal mobilization employ a range of techniques or schools of approaches in delivering the passive movement. Some examples include

 Maitland Technique
 Mulligan Technique

See also

 Joint mobilization
 Joint manipulation
 Spinal manipulation
 Orthopedic medicine
 Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine
 Chiropractic
 Physical therapy
 Occupational Therapy

References

Manual therapy
Chiropractic treatment techniques
Osteopathy
Physical therapy
Osteopathic manipulative medicine

Spinal mobilization


Elizabeth Bowen CBE (; 7 June 1899 – 22 February 1973) was a British novelist and short story writer.

She was born in an Anglo-Irish family in Dublin, Ireland and wrote many books and stories that are set in Ireland. However, after 1927, she lived mostly in London, England. She began to write at a very young age.

Bowen's works include Encounters (1923), The Hotel (1927), The House in Paris (1935), The Last September (1929) , Seven Winters (1942), Bowen's Court (1942), The Heat of the Day (1949) and many others.

1899 births
1975 deaths
British novelists
Irish writers
People from Dublin

Elizabeth Bowen


Linear search or sequential search is a method to find an item in a list. It is a search algorithm.

Algorithm
Start out with a list, L which may have the item that we want to look for.
 If the list L is empty, then the list has nothing. The list does not have the item that we are looking for, so we stop here.
 If the list L is not empty, we look at all the elements in the list.
 For each element:
 If the element equals the item that we are looking for, the list has the item in question, so we will stop here and return the position in the list that has the element that we are looking for.
 If not, we will go on to the next element.
 When we reached the end of the list and still have not found the element that we are looking for, then the list does not have the item that we want.

Implementation
In the Java programming language, linear search looks like this. This method has two parameters: an array of integers and the item we are looking for (also an integer). It says the location in the array if it finds the item. If it does not find it, it says -1.

public int linearSearch(int[] list, int item) {
    for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
        if (list[i] == item) {
            return i;
        }
    }

    return -1;
}

Related pages
 Binary search
 Breadth-first search
 Depth-first search

Searching and sorting algorithms

Linear search


The Flag of the City and County of San Francisco is the municipal flag of San Francisco, California. The flag's central symbol, a rising phoenix, often is assumed to refer to the city's recovery from the 1906 earthquake and subsequent fires. However, the phoenix had been a civic symbol of San Francisco at least since 1852, when it featured on the first official seal of the city. The Board of Supervisors of the City and County of San Francisco codified the design of the current flag on December 16, 1940.

History

In 1900, banker and art patron Mayor James Duval Phelan, mayor from 1897 to 1902, recommended to the Board of Supervisors of the City and County of San Francisco that San Francisco adopt a flag and motto. A contest was held, and more than one hundred proposals were submitted. Artist John M. Gamble's proposal was selected.

Gamble's concept depicted a black phoenix rising from gold flames on a white field. The mythological phoenix appears in many ancient cultures and is a symbol of immortality. When the long-lived phoenix feels death is near, it builds a nest of aromatic wood and sets it afire. A new phoenix then arises from the ashes, just as San Francisco arose from the great fires of the 1850s.

Below the phoenix and flames, the Spanish motto "Oro en paz y fierro en guerra" ("Gold in Peace and Iron in War") was on a black ribbon. The motto refers to the city's then-recent experience during the Spanish–American War as the embarkation point for troops to the Philippines in 1898.

Based on the motto, San Francisco's official city colors now are gold and black; these two colors decorate the dome of San Francisco City Hall.

Design
The original design of the San Francisco flag was executed in 1900 by Robert Ingersoll Aitken.  Now best known as a sculptor, Aitken would go on to create both the Victory figure atop the Dewey Monument, in San Francisco's Union Square, and the figures, above the inscription "Equal Justice Under Law," that preside over the famous entrance to the U.S. Supreme Court Building.

The San Francisco Police Department used the Aitken flag for ceremonial occasions from 1900 until sometime in the early 1920s. But, by 1923, the S.F.P.D. had adopted a different design that the San Francisco Fire Department had been using at least since 1915. This design featured the same symbolic elements — a phoenix above a motto ribbon — but used different artwork and introduced different colors, such as brown tones for the phoenix and red and orange for the flames. The fire department and police department each added to their shared symbolic elements information — "S.F.F.D." and "San Francisco Police Department," respectively — that marked these as departmental flags, not city flags.

In the early 1930s, the San Francisco Mayor's office began using a version of the police and fire department flags that featured only the symbolic elements.

In December 1940, the Board of Supervisors added to this "new" flag the name "San Francisco" in bold, blue letters and codified all of these elements as the official San Francisco flag.

The yellow border, now reproduced as a part of the flag, was originally intended to be a gold fringe, but mistakenly became incorporated into the design. When used indoors, as is the custom, a gold fringe is added to what was originally intended to be the fringe.

See also

Seal of San Francisco

References

External links
 Flag of San Francisco at Flags of the World
 Roman Mars: Why city flags may be the worst-designed thing you've never noticed

Flag
Flags of cities in California
Flag
Flags introduced in 1906
1906 establishments in California
San Francisco
Flags displaying animals

Flag of San Francisco


Toronto is a neighborhood of Springfield, Illinois and a former unincorporated rural community located in Woodside Township.  Originally named for a station on the Illinois Central Railroad, it is located adjacent to what is now the "Toronto Road" exit at Mile 90 of the Illinois section of Interstate 55. Today, the Toronto neighborhood of Springfield is roughly defined as the region bordering Lake Springfield south of Interstate 72 and east of Interstate 55.

History
Toronto was originally built in the 1800s as a rural station stop on the Illinois Central line six miles south of Springfield, Illinois, the state capital.  Farmers would bring fresh vegetables and milk to the now-vanished railroad station for transportation into nearby cities.  The whistle stop may have been named after the Canadian city of Toronto.

In the late 1960s, Illinois planners built a new greenfield state university adjacent to the former Toronto.  The university campus, located 1.5 miles northeast of Toronto, is now the University of Illinois at Springfield (UIS).  Almost all of the land area of the former Toronto has since been annexed into Springfield, and the former rural hamlet has become an urban campustown neighborhood.  The name of Toronto Road continues to commemorate the former rural hamlet and current community.

Economy
Despite its formal incorporation into the boundaries of Springfield, the Toronto area maintains a distinct local economy influenced by the UIS campus, including the Capital Area Career Center and Lincoln Land Community College and parks along the lakefront.

References

Populated places in Sangamon County, Illinois
Springfield metropolitan area, Illinois
Unincorporated communities in Illinois

Toronto, Illinois


Anatol Fejgin (25 September 1909 – 28 July 2002) was a Polish communist activist before World War II, and after 1949, commander of the Stalinist political police at the Ministry of Public Security of Poland, in charge of its notorious Special Bureau (the 10th Department). During the Polish October revolution of 1956, his name – along with a number of others including his colleague Col. Józef Różański, and Minister Jakub Berman – came to symbolize communist terror in postwar Poland.

Fejgin was born into a middle-class Jewish family, and in 1927 began medical studies in Warsaw, which he never finished. In 1928, he joined the Communist Party of Poland and in 1929 was arrested and sentenced to two years in prison for communist agitation. Released, Fejgin was arrested again in 1932 and incarcerated for four years. After the outbreak of World War II in 1939, Fejgin escaped to Lwów in the Soviet occupation zone, got in touch with the NKVD and began working for the Soviet authorities. In May 1943 he joined the Soviet sponsored Polish 1st Tadeusz Kosciuszko Infantry Division, where he became a propaganda officer, a paramilitary rank commonly feared. In January 1945, Fejgin took the post of the director of personal department of the political bureau of the pro-Soviet Ludowe Wojsko Polskie.

The interrogator
In October 1949, Fejgin was moved to the Ministry of Public Security of Poland (MBP and UB), where he was appointed director of the Special Bureau (renamed in 1951 as the 10th Department), which was formed for protecting the Party from provocateurs (in reality, the murderous persecution of political opponents and army officers from Polish Underground State). Suspended after the 1953 defection of deputy director Józef Światło (Izaak Fleischfarb) who incriminated him and other Stalinists, Fejgin was fired from UB during the Polish political thaw and arrested on 23 April 1956, along with his own boss, vice-minister Roman Romkowski.) He was brought to trial at the end of the Stalinist period, and on 11 November 1957 sentenced to 12 years in prison for violations of human rights law and abuse of power. Charged along with co-defendants, Romkowski and Józef Różański, Fejgin was found guilty of torturing 28 named victims during interrogations, including innocent women and Polish United Workers' Party members. His sentence was upheld by the Supreme Court in 1958. Fejgin was kept in Racibórz. He was released from prison after the 1964 amnesty, serving 8 years.

In 1985 Fejgin became a member of the state-controlled veterans association, the Society of Fighters for Freedom and Democracy (ZBoWiD), and acquired privileges of a war veteran. In 1990, however, following the collapse of the Soviet empire, he was stripped of the privileges due to his Stalinist past. Fejgin appealed this decision to the Supreme Administrative Court of the Republic of Poland, but his claim was rejected. The court emphasized that Fejgin's post-World-War-Two activities were harmful to the Polish nation and the Polish legal system, and as such ought to be condemned. At the time of his death in 2002, Fejgin was still the subject of investigation by the Institute of National Remembrance for the crimes he committed as an interrogator.

References

1909 births
2002 deaths
Polish intelligence officers (1943–1990)
Ministry of Public Security (Poland) officials
20th-century Polish Jews
Jewish socialists
Recipients of the Virtuti Militari (1943–1989)
Recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1944–1989)
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Grunwald
Polish People's Army personnel
People convicted of torture
Polish police officers convicted of crimes
Polish prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Poland
Political repression in Poland

Anatol Fejgin


Traumatology (from Greek trauma, meaning injury or wound) is the study of wounds and injuries caused by accidents or violence to a person, and the surgical therapy and repair of the damage.  It is often linked to  orthopedic surgery. Psychological traumatology deals with the mental problems caused by accidents or violence. These problems may happen to a person who is close to someone who has been damaged, even if they have not themselves been injured. Post-traumatic stress disorder is not an uncommon reaction.

Head and neck injuries require the most care after surgery and are most likely to cause  death and disabilities.

References

Emergency medicine

Traumatology


The Carrier was an American melodic hardcore band from Boston, Massachusetts, United States, which formed in 2006.

In 2006, the band self-released their debut demo whom they recorded with Jay Maas at the Getaway Group Studios. After a year of playing shows, in the summer of 2007 the band teamed up with Words of War Records to release a self-titled 7". In the winter of 2007, the band released its first full-length record entitled "One Year Later" on Rock Vegas Records. In 2008, the band released its second 7" entitled "No Love Can Save Me" on Deathwish Inc. In 2010, Deathwish Inc. re-released the album "One Year Later" in vinyl for the first time licensed from Rock Vegas Records.   In 2011, the band released their second full-length record entitled "Blind To What Is Right" on Deathwish Inc.

The Carrier has completed tours alongside Agnostic Front, Shai Hulud, Killing the Dream, Dead Swans, Reign Supreme, plus several other DIY tours. They have played shows all across the United States, Europe, and Canada.

In early 2012, The Carrier and all members released a letter announcing their break up and consequent last European Tour and Boston show.

Discography

References

External links
 The Carrier on Myspace

American melodic hardcore musical groups
Musical groups established in 2006
Deathwish Inc. artists

The Carrier (band)


The Third Amendment (Amendment III) to the United States Constitution places restrictions on the quartering of soldiers in private homes without the owner's consent. It forbids the practice completely during peacetime. The amendment is a response to the Quartering Acts passed by the British parliament between the French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary War. They allowed the British Army to house soldiers in private homes in the American colonies.

The Third Amendment was introduced in Congress in 1789 by James Madison. It was a part of the United States Bill of Rights in response to Anti-Federalist objections to the new Constitution. Congress proposed the amendment to the states on September 28, 1789. By December 15, 1791, the necessary three-quarters of the states had ratified it. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson announced the adoption of the amendment on March 1, 1792.

The amendment is one of the least controversial of the Constitution and is rarely litigated. The American Bar Association called it the "runt piglet" of the U.S. Constitution. There were times when the US government probably violated this amendment. These include the War of 1812, the American Civil War, and during World War II in the Aleutian Islands. But as of 2015 it has never been the primary basis of a Supreme Court decision.

References

Other websites
 National Constitution Center: Amendment III
 CRS Annotated Constitution: Third Amendment
03
United States Bill of Rights

Third Amendment to the United States Constitution


In game theory, a stochastically stable equilibrium is a refinement of the evolutionarily stable state in evolutionary game theory, proposed by Dean Foster and Peyton Young. An evolutionary stable state S is also stochastically stable if under vanishing noise, the probability that the population is in the vicinity of state S does not go to zero.

The concept is extensively used in models of learning in populations, where "noise" is used to model experimentation or replacement of unsuccessful players with new players (random mutation). Over time, as the need for experimentation dies down or the population becomes stable, the population will converge towards a subset of evolutionarily stable states. Foster and Young have shown that this subset is the set of states with the highest potential.

References

 Dean P. Foster and H. Peyton Young: "Stochastic Evolutionary Game Dynamics", Theoretical Population Biology 38(2), pp. 219–232(1990) Abstract

Game theory equilibrium concepts
Evolutionary game theory

Stochastically stable equilibrium


The William Volker Fund was a charitable foundation established in 1932 by Kansas City, Missouri, businessman and home-furnishings mogul William Volker.  Volker founded the fund with the purposes of aiding the needy, reforming Kansas City's health care and educational systems, and combating the influence of machine politics in municipal governance.  Following Volker's death in 1947, Volker's nephew Harold W. Luhnow continued the fund's previous mission, but also used the fund to promote and disseminate ideas on free-market economics.  During Luhnow's tenure as the fund's primary manager, the William Volker Fund was one of the few libertarian organizations with significant amounts of money at its disposal, making it a key leader in developing the modern libertarian and conservative movements in the United States.

William Volker and the establishment of the fund
William Volker was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1859, and his family immigrated to the United States in 1871 and settled in Chicago in October after the Great Fire destroyed portions of the city.  According to his official biography, Volker "saw the operations of a vast spontaneous system of relief supported by charitable persons from every section of the world" (23).  According to family tradition, the event convinced Volker of the power of private charity. Volker growing up as a German immigrant in Chicago was further motivated towards charity by the pietist Christianity passed on to him by his mother who stressed a passage from the Gospel of Matthew about anonymous giving.

As a young man, Volker moved to Kansas City, Missouri, where he started a home furnishings business, the William Volker & Co., which sold picture frames, blinds, and other home furnishings. In Kansas City he practiced daily giving – especially towards those whose needs were not met by organized charities. As his fortune increased in the early 1900s, he continued to increase the amount he gave to charity usually without taking any credit for the donations. Because of his secret charity, locals nicknamed Volker "Mr. Anonymous" and he became an important figure in Kansas City public life.

The Evangelical values Volker had been raised with favored hard work and frugality, assisting the needy but rejecting the concept of handouts. Welfare networks in Volker's native Germany, developing from guild traditions, provided a collective means for alleviating poverty where relief was traded for short work projects or was issued as short-term loans rather than a direct payment of unearned money. As a member of St. Peter's German Evangelical Church, Volker influenced by his religious upbringing lobbied city government for municipally operated relief agencies similar to ones operating in Germany.

Volker soon applied his organizational knowledge to his cause and created an efficient charitable operation. His civic agenda broadened to working towards progressive reform in Kansas City's government by using cooperative public/private social welfare agencies. At the time he described himself as a "Progressive and Christian Socialist".

Starting in 1908 he joined with those creating a Board of Pardons and Paroles that formed to try and counter the mayor's domination of those legal processes which could be abused for political ends. By successfully lobbying the city's government Volker's group gained official standing and funding by ordinance. The Board held that it was less likely that criminals would re-offend if they were employed, so made having a job a requirement of receiving parole – with the Board devoting many resources to finding jobs for prisoners.

In 1909 Volker and his associates expanded their mandate and became the Board of Public Welfare in an effort to fight squalor and poverty. They would seek to end poverty by researching its causes and educating the populace against them. They would train social workers, provide free legal services, loan money to the poor, and even inspect business for safety and "moral decency". If the city's funding of the board fell short, Volker would quietly cover the cost of the Board's programs.

Despite years of success when focusing on criminality in Kansas City, when the board expanded its scope to take on corrupt machine politics it soon ran into difficulty – specifically from the Pendergast brothers. By providing the poor (consisting mostly of immigrants, Catholics, and unskilled laborers) in the West Bottoms area of Kansas City, with coal fuel and other financial assistance the Pendergast brothers were able to rely on their grateful support for political issues. This arrangement allowed the Pendergasts to enrich themselves by managing the West Bottoms (an industrial and entertainment district infamous for the availability of gambling and other vices). Due to the machinations of the Pendergast machine, West Bottoms largely disregarded Prohibition. Seeing Volker's Board as a threat, "Boss Tom" Pendergast used his political connections to have the city drop its funding. This shifted the groups financial needs onto Volker. Pendergast also used his influence to get his supporters appointed to the Board, until by 1918 it had become little more than an extension of his political machine. In 1925 Volker would support reforms to the city charter, but Pendergast was again able to turn this to his advantage and take full control over the city government. Volker became disgusted with the turn of events and his biographer claimed he recalled the period bitterly "I've learned something about government...Government must be restricted to those activities which can be entrusted to the worst citizens, not the best." Rather than take on the Pendergast machine, Volker withdrew back to private charity.

In 1932, Volker set aside half of his fortune into the William Volker Charities Fund.  The fund's articles of incorporation claimed it would "care for the sick, aged and helpless"; "provide means and facilities for the physical, mental, moral and spiritual betterment of persons"; "improve living and working conditions"; and provide "education and educational facilities" (209–210).

Harold Luhnow and post-Volker management
Volker's health began deteriorating in the mid-1930s and being childless he turned over most of the duties in running his company to  Harold W. Luhnow, a nephew born to his sister Emma. Luhnow, born in Chicago, was a second-generation German-American with a vastly different temperament and political ambition from his uncle. He neither possessed his uncle's intimate association with the German immigrant community nor shared its community values. Before coming to Kansas City to work with his uncle in 1919, Luhnow had served in the U.S. Army and graduated from Kansas State University with degrees in agriculture and animal husbandry. He would say "he learned about people from cattle." He abandoned his uncle's St. Peter's Church to join First Baptist Church favored by the city's elites.

Luhnow was open and unwavering in his opposition to the Pendergast machine. With his uncle's blessing Luhnow spent large amounts of Volker's funds to call for the city to adapt the policies advocated by the Civic Research Institute (CRI) which Volker had long been a backer of. The CRI called for replacing patronage and corrupt boss rule with an administration of "college-educated, career-professional manager". Luhnow and other businessmen joined CRI in a major get-out-the-vote effort in March 1934 that was met by violence by pro-Pendergast supporters bent on voter suppression culminating in "Bloody Tuesday".

Accounts of the Kansas City municipal election of March 27, 1934 recall that "Cars were demolished, women beaten, trucks burned, ballot boxes stuffed" where "numerous sluggings and reported kidnappings were recorded before noon as voters went to the polls in unprecedented numbers." The choice was between the Pendergast endorsed Democratic candidates against the reformist Citizens-Fusion candidates (drawn from Republicans and those Democrats that opposed Pendergast). The Citizens-Fusion party was headed by Dr. Ross Hill, former president of the University of Missouri who accused Pendergast's Democratic Mayor Bryce E. Smith of wholesale graft, fraud, and allowing collusion of the police department with gangsters. Also backing the idea of reform was the National Youth Movement (a Kansas City founded group whose national goal was to bring pressure against Pendergast). By the end of the day four people were slain and eleven wounded.

Pendergast's men regularly worked elections by "Smoking up the Precincts" where gangs would ride in high-powered black cars through the wards and precincts looking to beat supporters of opposing factions with brass knuckles, baseball bats, gun butts, and clenched fists. Already by early that morning these roving gangs had demolished and burned several cars being used by the Citizens-Fusion campaigns. They had also beat a man into critical condition with a wrench. As the day went on things continued to escalate. At one polling place a carload of hoodlums burst in and grabbed the black Democratic election judge and began beating him while the Republican judge fled out the backdoor. William Findley, a black Democratic precinct captain rushed to intervene. When met with pistols he drew his own — in the exchange of gunfire he was slain. At another site hoodlums kidnapped an election judge early in the day then returned in the afternoon and beat several election workers and a police officer. A.S. Williams, a candidate for the Citizens-Fusion ticket was kidnapped, threatened, and then returned to the polls. When reporting the event to the police his assailants leisurely drove by which he pointed out. The police got into their car and drove after them at about 10 miles an hour. Other than in the Black ward and the Southwest and Southeast areas the reformers were not viewed as a serious threat to Pendergast. Still, there was a split in the Shannon wing of his Democratic machine. Deputy Sheriff Lee Flacy supported the L.C. "Doc" Johnson faction of the Shannon wing and was electioneering at a polling place when he went to a nearby café for coffee. Three cars pulled up to the polling place containing twelve men who asked for Flacy. They were pointed to the café. Entering the café, John Gadwood (a supporter of the Pete Kelly faction of the Shannon wing) was told Flacy was in the backroom, which he entered. A pistol shot rang out as Gadwood fired into Flacy's stomach. The twelve then fled the café before being pursued by a wounded Flacy with his own gun drawn. A fire-fight occurred with Flacy shooting ex-boxer Larry Cappo in the head. Flacy was then slain by a blast from a shotgun one of the men had under his coat.  P.W. Oldham, a 78-year-old hardware store owner, while locking up his shop was struck by a stray bullet in the fire-fight between Flacy and his murderers. One of the assailants the three cars flipped over while racing to escape the murder scene. The occupants when pulled from the car would tell police they had no idea how Cappo got into their backseat. Nine hours later Oldham and Cappo would die in side-by-side hospital beds. Gadwood was later convicted of murdering Flacy and served three years in prison. Findley and Oldham's killers were never charged. One fusion candidate, Arthur H. Wells was beaten by thugs. Justin Bowersock, a Kansas City Star reporter had his car struck by another vehicle and then shot at by the thugs inside it – they then chased him back to the newspaper's building before he managed to escape. The chauffeur for the editor of the Star was also beaten by hoodlums. The Associated Press reported the outcome of the vote saying "Big Tom Pendergast's Democratic machine rode to overwhelming victory today after a blood-stained election marked by four killings, scores of sluggings and machine gun terrorism." The machine lost two council seats to the reformers but otherwise dominated, thereby enhancing Pendergast's image state-wide.

Despite the electoral set-back, Luhnow continued to press for political reform using Volker's financing to fight Pendergast's political machine. Luhnow would not have to wait very long. In June 1936 Pendergast suffered a coronary thrombosis, or blood clot, while attending the National Democratic convention in Philadelphia. By August he was suffering from an intestinal blockage that required a colostomy when he returned in September to Kansas City. In an effort to prove themselves during the uncertainty caused by the bosses illness, machine ward and precinct leaders delivered electoral majorities to machine endorsed candidates at ridiculously high levels – triggering Federal suspicions. For example, one Pendergast's candidate outpolled his primary opponent for a state office by 19,201 votes to 13. Pendergast's son would later recall that the machine workers "got carried away and voted the sick, the dying and the dead." Within weeks a Federal Grand jury was convened to examine the 1936 election, headed by U.S. Distrtrict Court Judge Albert Reeves who had previously been denied a political career due to the machinations of the machine. The FBI brought forward 95 examples of ballot tampering. Indictments followed and throughout 1937 into 1938 juries found 259 of 278 individuals guilty. Election officials struck 60,000 bogus names from the Kansas City voter registration files. With Pendergast's power slipping, Luhnow and CRI were able to achieve some success in backing political reformers for the Kansas City Council in the 1938 elections. By May 1939, Pendergast reported to Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary to begin serving a 15-month sentence for income tax evasion. (He was released on probation a year later with three months off for good behavior and would die in 1945).

Luhnow's partnership with the CRI in the cause against the Pendergast machine introduced him to a nationwide network of similar civic organizations opposing machine politics and also calling for government efficiency and transparency. Many of these groups also opposed the welfare programs and federal intervention in local politics that resulted from the New Deal. During this period Luhnow met Loren "Red" Miller from Detroit's Bureau of Government Research foundation. The philosophy advocated by Miller is the source of much of modern American libertarianism. Miller's ideology arose from witnessing abuses of local government power, leading him to conclude that good government equated to minimal government – where charities and business replaced state social welfare. In 1941 Luhnow hired Miller to run the CRI. During his three-year tenure at the CRI, Miller introduced Luhnow to other intellectuals deeply committed to opposition of government bureaucracy and economic intervention.

When William Volker died in 1947, Luhnow took control of William Volker & Co. and also became the head of the William Volker Charities Fund's board of directors.

Under Luhnow's administration the fund shifted its focus away from charities in the Kansas City area and began pursuing a number of strategies for increasing the acceptance of Old Right and Austrian economics thought in the United States. During this period, Luhnow read books like F.A. Hayek's The Road to Serfdom and became a proponent of classical liberalism.

Luhnow was interested in theories of political economy that are generally called "libertarian" or "classical liberal," but at various times have been called "Conservative," "neoliberal," "right-wing radical," "eighteenth- and nineteenth-century liberal," or Straussian. As Luhnow's commitment to these ideas grew, he used the Volker Fund to give sizable contributions to libertarian and conservative causes.  The Fund was instrumental in bringing Friedrich Hayek to the University of Chicago.  It also helped support many other classical liberal scholars who at the time could not obtain positions in American universities, such as Ludwig von Mises and Aaron Director.  Through its subsidiary the National Book Foundation, the Volker Fund gave away books authored by libertarian and conservative academics to college libraries throughout the U.S.  The National Book Foundation distributed books by wide range of influential authors, including Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Gordon H. Clark, Hayek, Mises, Roscoe Pound, Leo Strauss, Eric Voegelin, and many others.

Under Luhnow's management, the fund helped the then small minority of Old Right scholars to meet, discuss, and exchange ideas. Milton Friedman's Capitalism and Freedom, Bruno Leoni's Freedom and the Law, and Hayek's Constitution of Liberty were all influenced by the ideas discussed at such meetings.  Among its most significant contributions to such academic conferences, the fund supported North American participation at the first Mont Pèlerin Society meeting in 1947.

Under the directorship of "master recruiter" F. A. Harper, the fund systematically recruited a number of young libertarian and conservative scholars. These researchers and staffers eventually became important figures in American right-wing.  Notable staffers included a young Murray Rothbard who began working for the Volker Fund in 1951 and wrote book reviews for the Fund until 1962.  Rose Wilder Lane also contributed book reviews.  Prominent Christian Right pioneers Rousas John Rushdoony and Gary North also gained early notoriety because of their association with the fund.

In addition to its own activities, the Volker Fund also helped support the formation of various complementary institutions, including the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists (ISI), which was later renamed Intercollegiate Studies Institute, and the Foundation for Economic Education (FEE).  It also worked closely with similar charitable endeavors, such as the Earhart Foundation and the Relm Foundation.

In the 1960s the Volker company and the Fund moved to Burlingame, California. The Fund was dissolved after Luhnow's death in 1978, and its assets distributed to local Kansas City charities and to the Hoover Institution of Stanford University.

Controversy and collapse
In the early 1960s, Luhnow's management of the fund became increasingly inconsistent, and in early 1963 he suddenly fired most of his staff, including Harper and Rothbard. Harper continued the basic nature and spirit of his Volker Fund work by creating the Institute for Humane Studies.  Luhnow hired Ivan R. Bierly, an ex-Foundation for Economic Education senior staffer.  Luhnow reorganized the Volker Fund as the Center for American Studies and ended the fund's charitable commitments to Kansas City institutions.   Bierly recruited William T. Couch, R. J. Rushdoony, and David Leslie Hoggan to run the new center.  Rushdoony hired his future son-in-law, Gary North, as a summer intern in 1963.

Immediately, Rushdoony and Hoggan became lightning rods for controversy.  Rushdoony, a conservative Presbyterian minister, alienated many of the fund's secular and non-Protestant supporters and was fired by Bierly.   Hoggan was even more controversial for his explicitly pro-Hitler and pro-Nazi sympathies.   He was fired shortly after Rushdoony.

The Rushdoony/Hoggan controversy left Bierly and Couch scrambling to find support for the center even as Luhnow grew old and sick and was no longer able to support the organization.  They courted Stanford University and the Hoover Institution with several million dollars in remaining Volker money only to be rebuffed.  The center proved short lived and closed late in 1964 when Couch and Birely failed to secure the support of Stanford and Hoover.   A decade later, the remainder of the Volker Fund money, amounting to about seven million dollars, went to the Hoover Institution. The Fund's files have disappeared.

References

External links
 A history of the William Volker Fund at LewRockwell.com
 Kansas City's Great Anonymous Philanthropist, William Volker

Foundations based in the United States
Old Right (United States)
Libertarian organizations based in the United States
Organizations established in 1932
1932 establishments in Missouri

William Volker Fund


Cay Van Ash (born in Sussex, England in 1918; died in Paris, France in April 1994) was a Professor of English Literature at Waseda University in Japan and a writer.

In 1935, the 17-year-old pedalled his bicycle to interview his literary hero Sax Rohmer.  The two struck up a friendship.  Van Ash lived with the Rohmers for 15 months, while Rohmer taught him the mechanics of writing.  He was employed as Rohmer's secretary for a number of years before moving to Japan in the 1950s. They continued to correspond until Rohmer's death in 1959.

In 1971, Rohmer's widow Elizabeth contacted Van Ash to help her complete a biography of her husband, Master of Villainy, which was published the following year.

Whilst teaching in Japan, Van Ash was licensed by the Rohmer estate to write a continuation Fu Manchu novel, Ten Years Beyond Baker Street (1984).  Set in April 1914 in Sussex, it featured Dr. Petrie calling Sherlock Holmes out of retirement after Nayland Smith is abducted.  A second novel, The Fires of Fu Manchu, set during the First World War, followed in 1987.  A third novel, The Seal of Fu Manchu, was announced in 1988.  At the time of his death in 1994, Van Ash and his wife were living in Paris where he was researching the novel's setting.  The manuscript was unfinished at the time of his death and is now believed lost.

Van Ash taught at Waseda University from 1961 until his death.

Notes

External links
 A Footnote on the Yellow Peril

1918 births
1994 deaths
British thriller writers
20th-century British novelists
British male novelists
British expatriates in Japan

Cay Van Ash


Johnny Wiggs (born John Wigginton Hyman, July 25, 1899 - October 10, 1977) was a jazz musician and band leader.

Born in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, Wiggs started his music career on the violin. He soon adopted the cornet and moved to New York City before returning to New Orleans. His main stylistic influences were Bix Beiderbecke and King Oliver, who Wiggs insisted did his best work in New Orleans in the years before he moved up North and was recorded.

In the late 1920s he took a job as a teacher in Louisiana and at night played in New Orleans jazz clubs. He made his first recordings as "John Hyman's Bayou Stompers" in the late 1920s.

In the 1940s he again became a full-time musician, leading several bands and recording many songs. He used the pseudonym "Johnny Wiggs", as jazz was still looked down on in some circles. He became an important figure in the local traditional jazz revival. In the 1960s he performed part-time, though he remained active until the 1970s. He was a mentor to George Finola. Pete Fountain was one of his more famous pupils. He helped found the New Orleans Jazz Club and was a force behind the jazz revival in the 1940s.

References

External links
 Photo

1899 births
1977 deaths
Jazz musicians from New Orleans
American jazz bandleaders
American jazz cornetists
20th-century American conductors (music)
Good Time Jazz Records artists
Southland Records artists

Johnny Wiggs


David Caro (ca. 1782, Fordon, Grand Duchy of Posen—25 December 1839, Posen) was a Prussian pedagogue. He belonged to the school of the Me'assefim, and devoted his great literary talents to the enlightenment of his brethren, to the reform of Judaism, and to the cultivation of the Hebrew language. Under the pseudonym "Amittai ben Abida Achitzedeq", he defended the Hamburg Reform Temple in Berit Emit (Covenant of Truth, Dessau, 1820), the first part of which, Berit Elohim (Covenant of God), was published by the author himself, and the second part, Berit ha-Kehunnah (Covenant of the Priesthood), or Tekunnat ha-Rabbanim (Character of the Rabbis), by Judah Löb Mieses of Lemberg. A new edition of the second part, with additions by Mieses, was published at Lemberg in 1879.

Many of Caro's articles, essays, and poems appeared in Ha-Meassef and in the Bikkure ha-'Ittim. He was a prolific writer, and left a number of manuscripts on literary, lexicographical, bibliographical, and pedagogical subjects. Among his unedited works are a Hebrew translation of Zunz's Gottesdienstliche Vorträge der Juden, with notes and additions; a Hebrew translation of the same author's biography of Rashi, with notes; and biographies of celebrated rabbis.

Notes

References
 N. Lippmann, Leben und Wirken des David Caro, Glogau, 1840

1780s births
1839 deaths
Hebrew-language writers
People from the Kingdom of Prussia
18th-century German Jews
19th-century German educators
19th-century German writers
19th-century German male writers
People of the Haskalah

David Caro


Old Norman, also called Old Northern French or Old Norman French (), was one of many varieties of the langues d'oïl native to northern France. From the region of what is now called Normandy, the language spread into England, Southern Italy, Sicily and the Levant. It is the ancestor of modern Norman, including the insular dialects (such as Jèrriais), as well as Anglo-Norman.
Old Norman was an important language of the Principality of Antioch during Crusader rule in the Levant.

History

When Norse Vikings from modern day Scandinavia arrived in Neustria, in the western part of the then Kingdom of the Franks, and settled the land that became known as Normandy, these North-Germanic–speaking people came to live among a local Gallo-Romance–speaking population. In time, the communities converged, so that Normandy continued to form the name of the region while the original Norsemen were largely assimilated by the Gallo-Romance people, adopting their speech but still contributing some elements from Old Norse language and Norse culture.

Old Norman contained Old Norse loanwords unknown in other Old French dialects at that time.

Old Norman would be brought to England by William the Conqueror and his followers in what became known as the Norman Conquest, forming the ruling class of Anglo-Normans. Over time, their language evolved from the continental Old Norman to a dialect of Old Norman called Anglo-Norman.

Writings of the Jersey-born poet Wace are among the few records of Old Norman that remain.

References

Norman, Old
Norman, Old
Languages of Sicily

Old Norman