Virgin Australia Regional Airlines is an Australian regional airline based in Perth, servicing key towns in the state of Western Australia. The airline also flies interstate to destinations such as Adelaide, Darwin, Melbourne and Alice Springs. Formerly known as Skywest, in April 2013 the airline was purchased by Virgin Australia Holdings as its new regional offshoot. On 21 April 2020, Virgin Australia Regional Airlines' parent company, Virgin Australia Holdings went into voluntary administration due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

History

Early years
Virgin Australia Regional was formed in 1963 as Carnarvon Air Taxis flying charter flights with small general aviation aircraft out of Carnarvon, Western Australia. In 1979 it changed its name to Skywest Aviation and moved to Perth's Jandakot Airport. In 1980 Skywest Airlines was formed (ICAO code OZW), based at Perth Airport, and acquired Stillwell Airlines and its routes; the combined fleet included 39 aircraft, making it the second largest commuter airline in Australia at the time. The Skywest Airlines fleet included a mix of general aviation types and small airliners including GAF N-24 Nomads, Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirantes, Beechcraft King Air 200s and Fairchild SA-227 Metro IIIs, as well as smaller types such as Cessna 182 Skylanes and Piper Aztecs.

In 1982, the controlling companies merged Skywest Airlines with Transwest Airlines. At the time Skywest operated 16 aircraft and TransWest 25.

Then in 1983, it was proposed to merge Skywest with East-West Airlines, both were owned by the Devereaux group.  The merger did not eventuate, but east–west operated flights in Western Australia on Skywest's behalf. In 1987 Skywest lost the Government Coastwatch contract, which severely weakened the business.  The company was bought out by the Perron group and then on-sold shortly thereafter to TNT/News Limited and began operating under the Ansett banner.  The east–west aircraft were divested for operations in Queensland and were later absorbed into Ansett. At this time, Skywest was operating most of its services with five BAe Jetstream 31s.

In 1998, Ansett introduced Fokker 50s into Skywest service.

Development since the 2000s
The airline continued to be owned by Ansett Australia, and operated flights on behalf of Ansett until the parent's demise in 2002. Skywest was then successfully purchased by private investors. In 2004 it was the subject of a hostile, but ultimately successful, takeover attempt by Singapore-based investment company CaptiveVision Capital.  This takeover succeeded in gaining a majority stake.  On 8 February 2007, news broke that the airline may be the target of a tie-up with Singapore-based Tiger Airways, although no business arrangements were ever concluded. Between 2004 and 2012 Skywest Airlines was entirely owned by CaptiveVision Capital which in turn was a subsidiary of ASX and London Stock Exchange AIM market-quoted Skywest Airlines.

Since 2004 under Skywest Airlines ownership, the fleet expanded from seven aircraft to 18 aircraft. Skywest's first Airbus A320 was registered in April 2010. It was delivered Perth on 23 October 2010 and operated charter services between Perth and Cloudbreak for Fortescue Metals Group. Skywest announced that it had optioned a second A320 on 12 May 2011.

On 10 January 2011, it was announced that Virgin Australia had established a 10-year alliance under which Skywest would operate up to 18 turboprops in the bigger carrier's colours. The alliance with the Perth-based airline was part of new push by Virgin Australia into regional Australia. The agreement saw the airlines codeshare on some of each other's flights. Virgin Australia and Skywest customers also could earn and redeem frequent flyer points on each other's networks. The aircraft were leased from  plc () with the first four arriving in 2011.

In April 2012, Virgin Australia Holdings purchased 10% of Skywest Airlines, followed by a full takeover bid on 30 October 2012. It had received in principle support from the Board but the takeover would require shareholder and regulatory approval. On 11 April 2013, Virgin Australia Holdings completed its 100% acquisition of Skywest Airlines. From 7 May 2013, the use of the Skywest brand was discontinued and the airline became part of the Virgin Australia brand, however it continues to operate under its current Air Operator's Certificate and its own management team.

2022 Fleet changes and transition to Parent
In April 2022, Virgin Australia announced its plans to phase out the Fokker 100 aircraft, and replace it with 10 year old Boeing 737-700s leased from KLM Royal Dutch Airlines. These will be operated by Virgin Australia's AOC for Virgin Australia Regional Airlines, leaving the Airbus A320 fleet solely operated by Virgin Australia Regional Airlines. The Group currently operates 10 x F100 aircraft across its operations in Western Australia, with the F100 fleet to be gradually transitioned out and replaced by 737-700s from first quarter 2023.

Virgin Australia Regional Airlines is expected to merge into the Parent company, Virgin Australia, from 2024.

Destinations

Scheduled flights
As of July 2018, Virgin Australia Regional Airlines operated scheduled flights to the following destinations:

 South Australia
 Adelaide – Adelaide Airport
 Northern Territory
 Darwin – Darwin International Airport
 Alice Springs – Alice Springs Airport
 Victoria
 Melbourne – Melbourne Airport
 Western Australia
 Broome – Broome International Airport
 Kalgoorlie – Kalgoorlie Airport
 Karratha – Karratha Airport
 Kununurra – Kununurra Airport
 Newman – Newman Airport
 Onslow – Onslow Airport
 Perth – Perth Airport Main Hub – T2 & T1
 Port Hedland – Port Hedland International Airport
 Indian Ocean Territories
 Christmas Island – Christmas Island Airport
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands – Cocos (Keeling) Islands Airport

Terminated destinations
 Indonesia
 Denpasar, Bali – I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport
 Western Australia
 Albany – Albany Airport
 Busselton – Busselton Airport
 Carnarvon – Carnarvon Airport
 Derby – RAAF Curtin
 Esperance – Esperance Airport
 Exmouth – Learmonth Airport
 Geraldton – Geraldton Airport
 Kalbarri – Kalbarri Airport
 Monkey Mia – Shark Bay Airport
 Ravensthorpe – Ravensthorpe Airport
 Paraburdoo – Paraburdoo Airport
 Queensland
 Cairns – Cairns Airport
 Townsville – Townsville Airport

Since Virgin Australia's take over, two original WA Coastal Network (Skywest) destinations have been cancelled (Exmouth & Busselton) with Albany, Esperance and Ravensthorpe also ending on 27 February 2016.

Contract flights
In addition to scheduled flights, Virgin Australia Regional has contracts with various mining companies to service the burgeoning Western Australian mining industry; via regular fly-in fly-out air charter flights to remote minesites. These contracts include flights between:
 Perth and West Angelas mine for Rio Tinto
 Perth and Barimunya, also known as Yandi for BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto
 Perth and Coondewanna, also known as Area C, the sister site to Barimunya for BHP Billiton
 Perth and Boolgeeda, also known as Brockman for Rio Tinto
 Busselton and West Angelas for Rio Tinto
 Busselton and Barimunya for Rio Tinto
 Albany and Barimunya for Rio Tinto
 Geraldton and Paraburdoo via Boolgeeda
 Perth and Argyle
 Perth and Windarling on behalf of Portman Iron Ore
 Perth and The Granites minesite in the Tanami Desert on behalf of Newmont Tanami
 Perth and Ravensthorpe Nickel Mine with First Quantum Minerals.
 Various ports in the East Coast of Australia under contract to Virgin Australia commencing 2011.

Skywest previously held a contract to fly staff to Telfer, however in December 2010 this contract was terminated in favour of a contract with Alliance Airlines.
On 27 April 2012, Skywest finished flying to Fortescue Dave Forrest Airport (Cloudbreak Airport) for Fortescue Metals group, after losing the contract to Qantas' fly-in-fly-out-charter subsidiary Network Aviation.

International charters
Commencing in 2004, Island Bound Holidays chartered a Skywest Fokker 100 to undertake flights to Bali from Port Hedland. In 2010 Skywest commenced operation of scheduled services to Bali from Port Hedland. Skywest also offered flights from Geraldton to Bali in 2011.

Fleet

As of March 2023, the Virgin Australia Regional fleet consists of the following aircraft:

The fleet is used significantly in the Australian state of Western Australia, including a number of charter services which support the growing regional centres. Flights to other destinations such as Adelaide, Darwin and Alice Springs also take place. All aircraft are fitted in an all-economy seat layout. Virgin Australia Regional's Airbus A320-200 fleet can often be seen operating flights to and from Melbourne, although the majority of their flights are supporting the growing Fokker 100 network in Western Australia and neighbouring states. Since March 2022, all of the A320s that are currently in the fleet were from the now defunct Tigerair Australia, which was a fully owned subsidiary of Virgin Australia Holdings.

Loyalty Program
In November 2007, Skywest joined Virgin Blue's loyalty program Velocity Rewards (now called Velocity). Velocity Points can be earned on all Virgin Australia Regional flights, excluding charter flights. Points awarded vary from 0.5 per mile to one per mile, depending on fare class.

Accidents & incidents
On 13 May 1980, a Skywest Swearingen Metro II experienced a failure of its right engine at low altitude whilst approaching Esperance Airport during a scheduled passenger flight, forcing the pilot to execute an emergency landing in a nearby field. The single crewmember and all eleven passengers on board evacuated the aircraft before it was destroyed in a fire.

References

External links

Airlines established in 1963
Companies that have filed for Chapter 15 bankruptcy
Airlines of Western Australia
Ansett Australia
Companies based in Perth, Western Australia
Regional Aviation Association of Australia
A
Former Star Alliance affiliate members
Australian companies established in 1963

Virgin Australia Regional Airlines


Rational expectations is an economic theory used to explain how individuals make predictions about the future based on all available information. It states that individuals will also learn from past trends and experiences in order to make the best possible prediction about what will happen. They could be wrong sometimes, but that, on average, they will be correct.

History
The concept of rational expectations was first introduced by John F. Muth in his paper "Rational Expectations and the Theory of Price Movements" published in 1961. Robert Lucas and Thomas Sargent further developed the theory in the 1970s and 1980s which became seminal works on the topic and were widely used in microeconomics.

Significant Findings

Muth's work introduces the concept of rational expectations and discusses its implications for economic theory. He argues that individuals are rational and use all available information to make unbiased, informed predictions about the future. This means that individuals do not make systematic errors in their predictions and that their predictions are not biased by past errors. Muth's paper also discusses the implication of rational expectations for economic theory. One key implication is that government policies, such as changes in monetary or fiscal policy may not be as effective if individuals' expectations are not considered. For example, if individuals expect inflation to increase, they may anticipate that the central bank will raise interest rates to combat inflation, which could lead to higher borrowing costs and slower economic growth. Similarly, if individuals expect a recession, they may reduce their spending and investment, which could lead to a self-fulling prophecy.

Lucas' paper "Expectations and the Neutrality of Money" expands on Muth's work and sheds light on the relationship between rational expectations and the monetary policy. The paper argues that when individuals hold rational expectations, changes in the money supply do not have real effects on the economy and the neutrality of money holds. Lucas presents a theoretical model that incorporates rational expectations into an analysis of the effects of changes in the money supply. The model suggests that individuals adjust their expectations in response to changes in the money supply, which eliminates the effect on real variables such as output and employment. He argues that a stable monetary policy that is consistent with individuals' rational expectations will be more effective in promoting economic stability than attempts to manipulate the money supply.

In 1973, Thomas J Sargent published the article "Rational Expectations, the Real Rate of Interest, and the Natural Rate of Unemployment" which was an important contribution to the development and application of the concept of rational expectations in economic theory and policy. By assuming individuals are forward-looking and rational, Sargent argues that rational expectations can help explain fluctuations in key economic variables such as, the real interest rate and the natural rate of employment. He also suggests that the concept of the natural rate of unemployment can be used to help policymakers set macroeconomic policy. This concept suggests that there is a trade-off between unemployment and inflation in the short run, but in the long run, the economy will return to the natural rate of unemployment, which is determined by structural factors such as the skills of the labour force and the efficiency of the labour market. Sargent argues that policymakers should take this concept into account when setting macroeconomic policy, as policies that try to push unemployment below the natural rate will only lead to higher inflation in the long run.

Theory
The key idea of rational expectations is that individuals make decisions based on all available information, including their own expectations about future events. This implies that individuals are rational and use all available information to make decisions. Another important idea is that individuals adjust their expectations in response to new information. In this way, individuals are assumed to be forward-looking and able to adapt to changing circumstances. They will learn from past trends and experiences to make their best guess of the future.

It is assumed that an individual's predicted outcome do not differ systematically from the market equilibrium given that they do not make systematic errors when predicting the future.

In an economic model, this is typically modelled by assuming that the expected value of a variable is equal to the expected value predicted by the model. For example, suppose that P is the equilibrium price in a simple market, determined by supply and demand. The theory of rational expectations implies that the actual price will only deviate from the expectation if there is an 'information shock' caused by information unforeseeable at the time expectations were formed. In other words, ex ante the price is anticipated to equal its rational expectation:

where  is the rational expectation and  is the random error term, which has an expected value of zero, and is independent of .

Mathematical derivation
If rational expectations are applied to the Phillips curve analysis, the distinction between long and short term will be completely negated, that is, there is no Phillips curve, and there is no substitute relationship between inflation rate and unemployment rate that can be utilized.

The mathematical derivation is as follows:

Rational expectation is consistent with objective mathematical expectation:

Mathematical derivation (1)

Assuming that the actual process is known, the rate of inflation depends on previous monetary changes and changes in short-term variables such as X (for example, oil prices):

(1)

(2)

(3)  ,

(4)

(5)

Thus, even in the short run, there is no substitute relationship between inflation and unemployment. Random shocks, which are completely unpredictable, are the only reason why the unemployment rate deviates from the natural rate.

Mathematical derivation (2)

Even if the actual rate of inflation is dependent on current monetary changes, the public can make rational expectations as long as they know how monetary policy is being decided:

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

The conclusion is essentially the same: random shocks that are completely unpredictable are the only thing that can cause the unemployment rate to deviate from the natural rate.

Implications

Rational expectations theories were developed in response to perceived flaws in theories based on adaptive expectations.  Under adaptive expectations, expectations of the future value of an economic variable are based on past values.  For example, it assumes that individuals predict inflation by looking at historical inflation data.  Under adaptive expectations, if the economy suffers from a prolonged period of rising inflation, people are assumed to always underestimate inflation. Many economists suggested that it was an unrealistic and irrational assumption, as they believe that rational individuals will learn from past experiences and trends and adjust their predictions accordingly.

The rational expectations hypothesis has been used to support conclusions about economic policymaking. An example is the policy ineffectiveness proposition developed by Thomas Sargent and Neil Wallace. If the Federal Reserve attempts to lower unemployment through expansionary monetary policy, economic agents will anticipate the effects of the change of policy and raise their expectations of future inflation accordingly. This will counteract the expansionary effect of the increased money supply, suggesting that the government can only increase the inflation rate but not employment.

If agents do not form rational expectations or if prices are not completely flexible, discretional and completely anticipated, economic policy actions can trigger real changes.

Criticism
While the rational expectations theory has been widely influential in macroeconomic analysis, it has also been subject to criticism:

Unrealistic assumptions: The theory assumes that individuals have perfect information and can process it without error. This is unlikely to be the case, due to limited information available and human error.

Limited empirical support: While there is some evidence that individuals do incorporate expectations into their decision-making, it is unclear whether they do so in the way predicted by the rational expectations theory.

Misspecification of models: The rational expectations theory assumes that individuals have a common understanding of the model used to make predictions. However, if the model is misspecified, this can lead to incorrect predictions.

Inability to explain certain phenomena: The theory is also criticised for its inability to explain certain phenomena, such as bubbles and crashes in financial markets.

Lack of attention to distributional effects: Critics argue that the rational expectations theory focuses too much on aggregate outcomes and does not pay enough attention to the distributional effects of economic policies.

See also

 Adaptive expectations
 Behavioral economics
 Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium
 Factors of production
 Game theory
 Market price
 Lucas aggregate supply function
 Lucas critique
 Lucas island model
 Rationality

Notes

References
 Hanish C. Lodhia (2005) "The Irrationality of Rational Expectations – An Exploration into Economic Fallacy". 1st Edition, Warwick University Press, UK.
 Maarten C. W. Janssen (1993) "Microfoundations: A Critical Inquiry". Routledge.
 John F. Muth  (1961) "Rational Expectations and the Theory of Price Movements" reprinted in The new classical macroeconomics. Volume 1. (1992): 3–23 (International Library of Critical Writings in Economics, vol. 19. Aldershot, UK: Elgar.)
 Thomas J. Sargent (1987). "Rational expectations," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 4, pp. 76–79.
 N.E. Savin (1987). "Rational expectations: econometric implications," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 4, pp. 79–85.

External links

New classical macroeconomics

Rational expectations


Major Leon-Legrant Wingate (November 10, 1983 – October 2, 2021) was an American basketball player. Wingate began playing high school basketball at Wilson High School where he averaged 15 points, 14 rebounds, 7 assists, and 4 blocks as a junior. For his senior year, he moved to North Gwinnett where he was ranked among the top 50 players in the class of 2003 and 10th-best center prospect in the nation.

After a successful high school run, he played college basketball for the Tennessee Volunteers. In 2006, Wingate was kicked off the team after violating the team's substance abuse policy; he subsequently went pro, playing in Greece still intending to enter the NBA draft. While never drafted, he did unsuccessfully try out for the Sacramento Kings.  Instead, he played in Turkey, China, France, and Romania. In 2009, he was drafted by the newly formed NBA Development League team the Springfield Armor in the 2nd round.

Early life
Major Wingate was born to Terri Eaddy-Wingate in Florence, SC on November 10, 1983.  Wingate attended Wilson High School in Florence before transferring to North Gwinnett in Suwanee, Ga., for his senior season. He led North Gwinnett, averaging 17 points, nine rebounds, and three blocks per game, and was a 2003 McDonald's All-America finalist and a second team All-Class AAAAA selection. He was named to the All-Gwinnett first team, the GACA Region 8-AAAAA Team of the Year, and the Atlanta Tipoff Club's Team of the Year. He played in the Georgia Athletics Coaches Association North/South All-Star Game. He led North Gwinnett to a 26-4 and an appearance in the "Elite Eight" of the state tournament, after a No. 1 ranking in the state late in the season and a No. 6 final ranking. He received an invitation to attend the prestigious ABCD Camp following his eighth grade year. Named the MVP and MIP of the Adidas All-Star camp, he helped lead the Global Select team to a silver medal at the 2003 Global Games in Dallas. He was coached by Ralph Nunn at North Gwinnett and Tommy Johnson at Wilson.

College

Freshman Year
Wingate was recipient of the Lowell Blanchard Award as the most improved Vol. Solid and reliable defense earned him a spot in the starting lineup in 15 of Tennessee's last 16 games. In 15 games as a starter, he tied or broke his career-high scoring mark four times. He blocked at least one shot in 10 of the last 15 games and ranked second on the team with 18 blocked shots. Had eight points and three assists against South Carolina. Scored nine points in UT's win over Auburn. Later had nine points against Alabama in the first round of the SEC Tournament. Against Kentucky, he had eight points and six rebounds in 26 minutes. Blocked a pair of shots and added five points against Texas A&M. Scored his first career points with a four-point, four rebound outing that featured three steals against Tennessee State. Saw 16 minutes of action in the season opener against Wofford, registering four rebounds and a blocked shot.

Sophomore Year
Started eight games and played in 30 contests on the season. Seven of his starts came in conference action. Averaged 5.0 points on the season and 5.6 points per game in SEC games. First player off the bench nine times. In eight games as a starter, averaged 8.6 points and 4.0 rebounds in 26.3 minutes per game. Had a career game against Louisville when he recorded career-highs for points (13), rebounds (8), field goals made (5), field goals attempted (10) and minutes played (35). Improved his scoring mark the next game with a 14-point effort against seventh-ranked Kentucky. Earned his first starting assignment of the season at Florida.

Junior Year
Earned a share of the Lowell Blanchard Award as the most improved player on the team. As a team captain, he started 29 of Tennessee's 30 games. Ranked third on the team with 10.6 points while shooting a team-best 55.6 percent (125-of-225) from the field. In SEC games shot 58.4 percent (59-of-101) from the field. 70 career blocked shots are 13th all-time at Tennessee. 32 blocked shots on the season were second on the team. Averaged 15.0 points and 6.5 rebounds in two NCAA Tournament games. Set a school NCAA Tournament record with five blocked shots against Wichita State. Five offensive rebounds against the Shockers tied the school NCAA Tournament record ... Shot 57.9 percent (11-of-19) from the field in the NCAA Tournament. Reached double-figure scoring in 20 games after reaching double-figures just three times his first two years at UT. Scored 16 points (his most ever in an SEC game) while grabbing three rebounds and passing out three assists versus Vanderbilt. Led the Vols with a career-high 18 points on 6-of-8 shooting and a perfect 6-of-6 from the free-throw line versus Eastern Kentucky. Scored 12 points at Texas while helping limit LaMarcus Aldridge to just four field goals. Overcame a foot injury to score 12 points and block three shots in 28 minutes of action against Louisiana-Lafayette.

Professional career

Greece/Turkey

After leaving Tennessee Wingate tried out for the Greek Basket League team Makedonikos where he played only 4 games averaging 26 minutes 10.6 points 4 rebounds 1 assist shooting 56.4% from the field 62.3% from the free throw line and 20% from behind the arc. After a brief time spent here he joined Tofas Bursa in the Turkish Basketball League where he played 23 games averaging 26 minutes, 6.6 points, 6 rebounds, making 49.6% from the field and 50% from the free throw line. His best game was a game against Pınar Karşıyaka where he scored 18 points, 7 rebounds, 7-10 shooting from the field. He finished the season in Turkey with a total of 170 points, 146 rebounds, and 16 assists.

China

After his rookie year in Turkey he left Europe for China where he played for the Chinese Basketball Association team Shanxi Zhongyu. Playing 29 games, 27 minutes Wingate averaged 13.7 points, 6.5 rebounds 1.8 assists shooting career-highs from the field 64.8, and free throw line 64.2.

France/Romania

Wingate joined UJAP Quimper 29, a team playing in the French Basketball 2nd League. He only played 5 games here and averaged a career-low 17 minutes, 6.6 points, 2.6 rebounds. While visiting his wife who was playing volley-ball in Târgu Mureş, Romania, Wingate caught the attention of the local team's coach and soon from the crowd Wingate joined the action on the floor for BC Mureş a team in the Romanian Basketball Division A. Wingate played 19 games for Mures, with a career high average of 14.5 points, 9.5 rebounds, 1.3 assists, shooting 57.9% from the field and 60% from the free throw line.

Wingate fitted in well in the defensive-oriented team and rapidly became the home crowd's favorite because of his high-flying style of play which kept the crowd on the edge of their feet. He broke his career-highs in scoring 2 and rebounding 17. At the end of the season, he was one of the top centers in the league-leading in rebounds, block shots, and double-doubles. He also pulled off one of the most spectacular plays in the Romanian Basketball Division A ever with a 360 dunk in front of the home crowd.

Springfield

Wingate was drafted by the newly formed NBA affiliate team Springfield Armor in the 2nd round. After missing the preseason and the first game in the team's history because of personal reasons Wingate joined the team on November 27. Already in the 2nd game for his new team he became the player of the game although the Armor lost, Wingate finished with 17 points, 9 rebounds 5-7 shooting from the field 7-8 from the free throw line.

Wingate was a fan favorite in Springfield, constantly praised for his hustle and passion. Wingate unexpectedly left the team in late January. When asked by fans Josh Parsons, Eric O'Brien, and Garret Cagna of Wingate's whereabouts, Armor head coach Dee Brown responded, "If you find him, let me know." Wingate was officially released on January 26, 2010.

Personal life
A member of the National Honor Society, he received the Who's Who Scholarship Achievement Award. Wingate coached the San Diego Bulldogs AAU basketball team in Carmel Valley, San Diego, CA.

Wingate died on October 2, 2021, at the age of 37.

References

1983 births
2021 deaths
American expatriate basketball people in China
American expatriate basketball people in France
American expatriate basketball people in Greece
American expatriate basketball people in Romania
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from South Carolina
BC Mureș players
Caciques de Humacao players
Centers (basketball)
Makedonikos B.C. players
People from Suwanee, Georgia
Basketball players from Gwinnett County, Georgia
Shanxi Loongs players
Sportspeople from Florence, South Carolina
Springfield Armor players
Tennessee Volunteers basketball players
Tofaş S.K. players
UJAP Quimper 29 players

Major Wingate


Hostrups Have (lit. "Hostrup's Garden")  is a famous functionalist housing estate and associated green space located at the corner of Falkoner Allé and Rolighedsvej in the Frederiksberg district of Copenhagen, Denmark. Designed by Danish architect Hans Dahlerup Berthelsen in 1935–36. Hostrups Have is named after the playwright Jens Christian Hostrup. It has its own post code (1954 Frederiksberg C).

History
The housing development is located at the site of the old Rubens Klædefabrik, a textile factory which opened at the site in 1857. It closed and was demolished in 1927.

Hostrups Have was built by the developer Harald Simonsen. The development was designed by the architect Hans Dahlerup Berthelsen. The foundation stone was set by prime minister Thorvald Stauning on 20 June 1935. The housing estate was inaugurated in 1936. It was named after the author Jens Christian Hostrup who used to live at nearby villa "Rolighed".

In 2007, Hostrups Have was converted into an andelsforening. In 2017 sold to Heimstaden.

Architecture
Hostrups Have is a typical example of the Danish Functionalist style which became popular in the 1930s. The three winged complex is built over five storeys in brick with granite and travertine detailing at the entrances. All apartments have balconies. A neon sign from 1937 with the name of the complex is located above the main gate on Rolighedsvej. A glass clock located at the top of the north wing is illuminated at night. The complex originally integrated the 45-metre tall chimney from the former factory but it was removed in July 2014.

Hostrups Have consists of 680 apartments and have a total area of 60,000 square metres. It originally also comprised 30 commercial tenancies.

The garden
The garden space in the centre of Hostrups Have consists of lawns, old solitaire trees and perennial flower beds. Artworks include the sculpture "Hvilende Kvinde" (Resting Woman) from 1937 by Danish artist Gunnar Hammerich. Another sculpture depicts the Danish actor Poul Reumert as "lieutenant von Buddinge" in Hostrup's play Genboerne. The sculpture was created by Henning Koppel and is from the late 1970s.

Notable residents
 Børge Mogensen^, architect and designer, lived and worked at Hostrups Have 24.
 Jens Otto Krag, politician and later prime minister, lived at Hostrups Have 60 in the 1950s
 Klaus Rifbjerg, author, lived at Hostrups Have 31 and later Skt. Nikolaj Vej 13 in the late 1950s.
 Marguerite Viby, actress, lived at Hostrups Have 28 with her daughter Susse Wold
 Preben Neergaard and Birgitte Reimer, actor and actress, lived at Hostrups Have 56 in the late 1950s and early 1960s
 Emil Hass Christensen, actor, lived at Hostrups Have 20.
 Ellen Jansø, actress, lived at Hostrups Have 3.
 Beatrice Bonnesen, actress, lived at Hostrups Have 29.
 Erika Voigt, actress, lived at Hostrups Have 24.
 Lilly Lamprecht, royal chamber singer, lived at Hostrups Have 4.
 Leo Mathisen, jazz musician, lived at Hostrups Have 20 in 1937–38.
 Frederik Zeuthen, economist and professor, lived at Hostrups Have.
 Poul Schlüter, politician and later prime minister, lived at Hostrups Have (Sankt Nikolaj Vej).

Cultural references
A psychologist lives in Hostrup's Have in Hans Scherfig's Idealister

References

External links

 Official website
 Source

Buildings and structures in Frederiksberg Municipality
Apartment buildings in Copenhagen
Modernist architecture in Copenhagen
Residential buildings completed in 1936

Hostrups Have


The University of New Hampshire (UNH) is a public land-grant research university with its main campus in Durham, New Hampshire.  It was founded and incorporated in 1866 as a land grant college in Hanover and moved to Durham in 1893, and adopted its current name in 1923.

The university's Durham campus comprises six colleges. A seventh college, the University of New Hampshire at Manchester, occupies the university's campus in Manchester. The University of New Hampshire School of Law is in Concord, the state's capital. The university is part of the University System of New Hampshire and is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".

, its combined campuses made UNH the largest state university system in the state of New Hampshire, with over 15,000 students. It was also the most expensive state-sponsored school in the United States for in-state students.

History

The Morrill Act of 1862 granted federal lands to New Hampshire for the establishment of an agricultural-mechanical college. In 1866, the university was first incorporated as the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts in Hanover, New Hampshire, in association with Dartmouth College. The institution was officially associated with Dartmouth College and was directed by Dartmouth's president. Durham resident Benjamin Thompson left his farm and assets to the state for the establishment of an agricultural college. On January 30, 1890, Benjamin Thompson died and his will became public. On March 5, 1891, Governor Hiram A. Tuttle signed an act accepting the conditions of Thompson's will. On April 10, 1891, Governor Tuttle signed a bill authorizing the college's move to Durham, New Hampshire.

In 1892, the Board of Trustees hired Charles Eliot to draw a site plan for the first five campus buildings: Thompson, Conant, Nesmith, and Hewitt Shops (now called Halls) and the Dairy Barn. Eliot visited Durham and worked for three months to create a plan prior to the move to Durham. The Class of 1892, excited about the pending move to Durham, held commencement exercises in an unfinished barn on the Durham campus. On April 18, 1892, the Board of Trustees voted to "authorize the faculty to make all the arrangements for the packing and removal of college property at Hanover to Durham." The Class of 1893, followed the previous class and held commencement exercises in unfinished Thompson Hall, the Romanesque Revival campus centerpiece designed by the prominent Concord architectural firm of Dow & Randlett.

In fall 1893, classes officially began in Durham with 51 freshmen and 13 upperclassmen, which was three times the projected enrollment. Graduate study was also established in fall 1893 for the first time. The number of students and the lack of state funds for dormitories caused a housing crunch and forced students to find housing in town. The lack of housing caused difficulty for attracting women to the university. In 1908, construction on Smith Hall, the first women's dorm, was completed using private and state funds. Prior to the construction of Fairchild Hall in 1915 for male students, 50 freshmen lived in the basement of DeMerritt Hall. With the continuing housing shortage for men, the administration encouraged the growth of the UNH Greek system. From the late 1910s through the 1930s, the fraternity system expanded and provided room and board for male students.

In 1919 supervising architect Eric T. Huddleston prepared a master plan for the campus which guided development of the school for the next thirty years. As supervising architect Huddleston is credited with the design of over a dozen campus buildings. In 1923, Governor Fred H. Brown signed a bill changing the name of the college to University of New Hampshire. The university was incorporated on July 1, 1923.

In the spring of 2015, the university was given $4 million from the estate of Robert Morin, who had been a librarian at the university for almost 50 years. Having lived a frugal and secluded life, he allowed for his life's savings to be given to the university without restraint. In 2016, the news that the university was spending $1 million on a new video screen for the football stadium provoked criticism, both on and off campus. Critics thought that the difference between that amount and the $100,000 the university transferred to the library was inappropriate.

Academics

The University of New Hampshire is the flagship of the University System of New Hampshire. UNH is composed of eleven colleges and graduate schools, offering 2,000 courses in over 100 majors. The eleven colleges of UNH are:

 College of Engineering and Physical Sciences (CEPS)
 College of Liberal Arts (COLA)
 College of Life Sciences and Agriculture (COLSA)
 Thompson School of Applied Science (TSAS)
 College of Health and Human Services (CHHS)
 University of New Hampshire at Manchester (UNHM)
 UNH Graduate School
 Peter T. Paul College of Business and Economics (PCBE), formerly the Whittemore School of Business and Economics (WSBE)
 University of New Hampshire School of Law
 Carsey School of Public Policy
 School of Marine Science and Ocean Engineering

The university is a member of the New England Board of Higher Education's New England Regional Student Program (NERSP) where New England public universities and colleges offer a number of undergraduate curricula with special considerations to students from other New England states. If an out-of-state student's home state school does not offer a certain degree program offered by UNH, that student can receive the in-state tuition rate, plus 75 percent if enrolled in the program.

The Thompson School of Applied Science (TSAS), first established in 1895 and now a division of COLSA, confers an associate degree in applied science in seven different programs: Applied Animal Science, Forest Technology, and Veterinary technology. Four other degree programs were discontinued in spring of 2018.

The coastal proximity of the university affords excellent programs in marine biology and oceanography. Facilities include the Jackson Estuarine Laboratory at Adams Point in Durham, and the Shoals Marine Laboratory jointly operated with Cornell University on Appledore Island in the Isles of Shoals.

The University of New Hampshire Observatory is operated by the Department of Physics for educational purposes.

There are three main university-wide undergraduate research programs: Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP), Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF), and International Research Opportunities Program (IROP).

The university offers many opportunities for students to study abroad through managed programs, exchange programs and approved programs. The university runs/manages 22 study abroad programs in locations which include Cambridge, England; London, England; Edinburgh, Scotland; Brest, France; Dijon, France; Grenoble, France; Budapest, Hungary; Osaka, Japan; Utrecht, Netherlands; Maastricht, Netherlands; Ascoli Piceno, Italy; New Zealand; India; South Africa; Kenya; and Granada, Spain. The university also accepts credit from over 300 approved programs that are run through other institutions.  The university organizes an annual summer abroad program at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge University.  There are also over 100 National Exchange Program opportunities.

In 2010, the Franklin Pierce Law Center in Concord was incorporated into the University of New Hampshire System and renamed the University of New Hampshire School of Law. It is the only law school in the state of New Hampshire. The School of Law offers Juris Doctor degrees in addition to graduate studies in Intellectual Property and Commerce & Technology. The University of New Hampshire Law School is renowned for its intellectual property law programs, consistently ranking in the top ten of U.S. News & World Report rankings. In 2012, it was ranked 4th behind the University of California at Berkeley, Stanford University and George Washington University.

The Peter T. Paul College of Business and Economics building was opened for occupancy in January 2013. Formerly the Whittemore School of Business and Economics (WSBE), the Paul School offers degrees in Business Administration (featuring focuses in Accounting, Entrepreneurial Venture Creation, Finance, Information Systems Management, International Business and Economics, Management, and Marketing), Hospitality, and Economics (either in B.A. or B.S).

As of the 2015 fall semester, the university had 12,840 undergraduate students and 2,500 graduate students enrolled in more than 200 majors. The student body comprises 47% in-state students, 49% out-of-state students, and 4% international students; and is 54% female and 46% male.

Admissions

Admission to UNH is rated as "selective" by U.S. News & World Report.

UNH received 18,040 applications for admission to the Fall 2019 incoming freshman class; 15,159 were admitted (an acceptance rate of 84.0%), and 2,731 enrolled.  The middle 50% range of enrolled freshmen SAT scores was 1080-1260 for the composite, 540-640 for evidence-based reading and writing, and 530-630 for math, while the ACT composite middle 50% range was 22–28.

Rankings

U.S. News & World Report ranks New Hampshire tied for 143rd among 389 "national universities" and tied for 65th out of 209 "top public schools" in 2021. The University of New Hampshire is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.

In 2012, the Department of Education ranked the University of New Hampshire as having the sixth most expensive in-state tuition for a public four-year college. The University of New Hampshire ranks lowest in the country for the amount of subsidy it receives from the state.

Money magazine ranked the University of New Hampshire 117th out of 744 in its "Best Colleges For Your Money 2019" report.

Research
The university is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". According to the National Science Foundation, UNH spent $146 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 137th in the nation.

University library
The University Library consists of the main Dimond Library and three science libraries specializing in chemistry, physics, and computer science, mathematics, and engineering.  One enters The Dimond Library on the third floor. It has three quiet study reading rooms, seating for 1,200, Zeke's Café, and the Dimond Academic Commons (DAC), in which is offered computer workstations, IT help, the Connors Writing Center, Geospatial Information Services Center, and research help. Other areas of the library provide access to media equipment, collaborative work spaces, and laptop ports.

The Parker Media Lab (PML) is an interdisciplinary audio and visual self-service recording space located in the Dimond Library. The PML was designed to support the creation of professional, academically focused content and is available for use by any University of New Hampshire (UNH) student, staff, or faculty member. The space includes:
A One Button Studio for video recording, complete with a camera, audio equipment, and lights;
A Lightboard (transparent whiteboard), to support presentations and content delivery;
A Mac computer with advanced editing capabilities;
A Whisper Room (sound isolation studio) with two professional quality microphones and headsets.
The Parker Media Lab (PML) is located on the second floor of the Dimond Library, room 237. It is available for self-service use during all Dimond Library operating hours.

University of New Hampshire InterOperability Laboratory (UNH-IOL)
Students and staff, mainly belonging to majors of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering, and Computer Science students work at the UNH InterOperability Laboratory, which tests networking and data communication devices and products.  The UNH-IOL interviews and accepts applications from students of all majors and varying backgrounds of job experience and expertise.

More than 100 graduate and undergraduate student employees work with full-time UNH-IOL staff, gaining hands-on experience with developing technologies and products. The companies and organizations that work with the UNH-IOL benefit from cost-effective testing services, as well as the opportunity to recruit future engineers from the UNH-IOL workforce.

Carsey School of Public Policy
The Carsey School of Public Policy at the University of New Hampshire conducts policy research on vulnerable children, youth, and families and on sustainable community development. They give policy makers and practitioners the timely, independent resources they need to effect change in their communities.

Student demographics

Geographic origin (domestic)

Student life
The university has about 250 student organizations grouped by academics and careers, community service, political and world affairs, arts and entertainment, culture and language, fraternities and sororities, hall councils, honor societies, leisure and recreation, media and publications, religious, special interest, and student activism.

The use and control of the Student Activity Fee are given by the University System of New Hampshire Board of Trustees to the Student Senate, and one of its subcommittees, the Student Activity Fee Committee (SAFC).

Student government
The Student Senate of the University of New Hampshire is the on-campus, undergraduate student government. The Student Senate controls the use of its own student activity fee, and directly governs student organizations that receive a regular, annual budget from it. The Student Senate also formulates student stances on university policy, and attempts to lobby its position to administrators and the local and state government. According to its Constitution, the Student Senate "[serves] as an advocate for all undergraduate students, deriving its power from the consent of the governed and developed on the principle that all undergraduate students of the University of New Hampshire have the right to participate in its governance. Such participation encourages the development of student expertise in University affairs and places significant responsibility on students for their involvement with the policies, rules, and regulations which affect the quality of education and the experience of students at the University of New Hampshire." The Student Senate at UNH is noted for being one of the few remaining student governments in the United States that are free of a faculty or staff advisor.

The Graduate Student Senate (GSS) represents all graduate students at UNH, with senators elected from all colleges (College of Engineering & Physical Sciences, College of Liberal Arts, College of Life Sciences & Agriculture, College of Health & Human Sciences, Paul College of Business & Economics) as well as from the Graduate School and graduate housing. The executive committee, composed of 6-7 members, includes a President, Vice President, Communications Officer, Financial Affairs Officer, External Affairs Officer, and Community Coordinator, with the most recent Past President serving at the discretion of the current President.

Fraternity and sorority life

Approximately 15% of undergraduate students are affiliated with fraternities and sororities recognized by the university. The Office of Student Involvement and Leadership, the Inter-fraternity Council (IFC) and Panhellenic Council (Panhel) oversee the 13 recognized social fraternities and eight recognized social sororities. Many of the fraternities and sororities have houses on Madbury Road and Strafford Avenue in Durham. These houses are not owned by or on university property. In addition, several unrecognized fraternities continue their operations despite derecognition from the university.

The school's first fraternity was Zeta Epsilon Zeta, which was established in 1894. In March 1917, it became a chapter of Sigma Alpha Epsilon.

Underrepresented students

Elizabeth Virgil
The first African-American graduate of the University of New Hampshire was Elizabeth Virgil, who graduated in 1926 with a bachelor's degree in Home Economics. She was from the nearby town of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and attended college at the urging of her mother, Alberta Curry Virgil, a housekeeper. Virgil later founded a scholarship in her mother's memory.

Current Demographics
According to College Factual's 2021 Diversity Report 9,849 undergraduates were white, 419 Hispanic, 339 Asian, 255 multi-ethnic, 125 Black or African-American, and 1 pacific Islander. The race of an additional 542 was unknown and 417 international students were not counted in the survey. Among graduate students, 1,031 were white, 35 Hispanic, 26 Black or African American, 24 Asian, 15 multi-ethnic, and 1 pacific islander. The races of 41 graduate students were unknown and an additional 277 were international and not counted in the survey.

Student organizations

The student-led Diversity Support Coalition (DSC) aims to offer resources to groups "affected by institutionalized oppression based on race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, sex, gender identity and expression, age, ability, native language, national origin, and/or religion at UNH."

Multiple organizations on campus are focused on providing women in professional fields access to relational and ideational resources promoting success. Women-focused groups on campus include Her Campus, UNH Data Driven Women, Women in Business, the Society of Woman Engineers, and Women in Science.

International students
During fall 2015, UNH enrolled 298 students from 34 countries. The most common countries of origin at that time were the People's Republic of China, Canada, and Vietnam.

The school offers intensive English language education for students through the ESL Institute. As well as advancing students' knowledge of English as a second language, one of the goals of the ESL Institute is "to provide students with the cultural knowledge and awareness needed to function satisfactorily, both academically and socially, in the United States."

First-generation college students
Begun in 1994, UNH Connect is a program where first-generation college students and multicultural students are given a jump-start to the experiences of college life with a summer pre-orientation program. Each student is assigned a peer mentor. The program, with 100 students in 2014, aims to make students more comfortable with college life and introduce first-generation and multicultural students to people with similar backgrounds.

The Center for Academic Resources (CFAR) offers a program called TRIO that is partially funded by the US Department of Education. TRIO is intended for students who are first-generation, have a disability, or are in extreme financial need. Through the TRIO program students can receive services to help understand options for future careers as well as advice with financial aspects of college that they would most likely not have home support with. These include academic tutoring, assistance with student loans, scholarship advice, individual counseling, and career planning. In the 2017–18 school year the UNH TRIO program was funded for 200 students.

Music
The Department of Music offers several performing ensembles, some by audition and others with open enrollment. All UNH students are eligible for membership in all of the ensembles. There is one Symphony Orchestra, three concert bands (Wind Symphony, Symphonic Band, and Concert Band), a large Concert Choir, an auditioned choir (Chamber Singers), two jazz bands, Vocal Arts Project, Wildcat Marching Band, Beast of the East Pep Band, and numerous chamber ensembles and jazz combos. Between the various ensembles, Faculty Concert Series, Traditional Jazz Series, student recitals, and guest artists, the Department of Music puts on a great many performances every year that are open to the public. Additionally, many outreach programs and events are offered, including the Summer Youth Music School (SYMS), UNH Youth Symphony Orchestra, New Hampshire Youth Band, Piano Extension Program, Clark Terry UNH Jazz Festival, UNH Choral Gala, Double Reed Day, UNH Band Extravaganza, and more.

Athletics

The school's athletic teams are the Wildcats, and they compete in the NCAA Division I. New Hampshire is a member of the America East Conference for basketball, cross country, track and field, soccer, swimming & diving and tennis; and women's lacrosse, crew, field hockey, and volleyball. The women's gymnastics program competes in the Eastern Atlantic Gymnastics League at the Division I level. They also compete in Hockey East in men's and women's ice hockey, Eastern Collegiate Ski Association for skiing, as well as the Colonial Athletic Association for football at the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS, formerly known as Division I-AA) level.

The university's colors are white and blue, and its mascots are two wildcats known popularly around campus as Wild E. Cat and Gnarlz. The introduction of a wildcat as a mascot came in 1926; it has had a plethora of different names and even forms throughout the campus' history. In 2000 Wild E. Cat was introduced, followed by Gnarlz in 2008.

In addition to varsity athletics, the university offers many club sports through the Department of Campus Recreation, including aikido, archery, baseball, crew, cycling, dance, fencing, figure skating, golf, men's lacrosse, Nordic skiing, rugby, sailing, softball, tennis, taekwondo, men and women's ultimate Frisbee, wrestling, and the Woodsmen Club.

The recognized fight song of UNH is "On to Victory", the most current version of which was arranged by Tom Keck, Director of Athletic Bands from 1998 to 2003. In 2003, "UNH Cheer" (originally titled "Cheer Boys") was resurrected from the university archives by Erika Svanoe, Director of Athletic Bands from 2003 to 2006.

Durham campus
The University of New Hampshire is located in the town of Durham, a rural small town on the Amtrak line to Boston. The Durham campus is , with  in the "campus core" and  of open land on the west edge of campus. The campus core is considered to be the university property within a 10-minute walk from Thompson Hall, the symbolic and near-geographic center of campus. The campus core contains many of the academic and residential buildings, while the outer campus contains much of the agriculture land and buildings. The university owns a total of  of land. For the 2020–2021 school year, in order to go on campus students were required to self-test twice weekly to enter campus buildings and use the university's buses.

Housing

As of 2006, the university housed 55% of all undergraduate students. Beginning with the Fall 2023 semester, first year and transfer students under the age of 21 are required to spend at least 4 semesters in on-campus housing. Exemptions must be approved by UNH Housing. Previously in the fall 2020 semester about 96% of incoming freshmen chose to live on campus, and over 70% of returning sophomores did as well.

Several of the university's dormitories have specific themes, including a substance-free dormitory, an international dormitory, and several first year-only dormitories. In addition, many buildings have designated quiet floors for study.

Stoke Hall is the largest residence building on campus. It houses over 700 undergraduate students.

In 2015, UNH installed life-saving automated external defibrillators in two fraternity houses.

Manchester campus

As of March 2015, University of New Hampshire at Manchester is located in the  Pandora Mill at 88 Commercial Street, on the banks of the Merrimack River in Manchester's historic Amoskeag Millyard. The move to 88 Commercial Street increased the physical plant of the college by almost 50%, as from 2001 to 2014 the school was located in the  University Center building at 400 Commercial Street.

Concord Campus
The University of New Hampshire Franklin Pierce School of Law is a located in Concord, New Hampshire. It was founded in 1973 by Robert H. Rines as the Franklin Pierce Law Center, and operated independently until 2010, when it was formally incorporated to be a part of the University of New Hampshire.

National Historic Chemical Landmark
Conant Hall was dedicated as a National Historical Chemical Landmark—the first in New Hampshire. Conant Hall was the first chemistry building on the Durham campus, and it was the headquarters of the American Chemical Society from 1907 to 1911, when Charles Parsons was the society's secretary. In addition, from 1906 to 1928, the hall housed the laboratories of Charles James, who was an innovative developer of separation and analytical methods for compounds of rare earth elements.

Notable alumni

Notable alumni of the University of New Hampshire include world-renowned author John Irving (B.A. 1965), National Book Award-winning author Alice McDermott (M.A. 1978), filmmaker Jennifer Lee (B.A. 1992) and several former governors of the state of New Hampshire, including John Lynch, the 80th governor of the state from 2005-2013. Joan Ferrini-Mundy is the current president of the University of Maine.

Notable faculty
 John Aber, professor of natural resources and the environment, notable ecologist, author
 Grant Drumheller, painter, professor of art
 Meredith Hall (b. 1949), author of The New York Times bestseller Without a Map, lecturer of English
 Jochen Heisenberg (b. 1939), professor emeritus of physics, son of famed German physicist and Nobel laureate Werner Heisenberg
 Charles James (chemist) (1880–1928), among the discoverers of the element lutetium
 Rochelle Lieber, linguist, professor of linguistics
 John D. Mayer, professor of psychology, co-developer of Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) and notable author and expert on personality psychology
 Joshua Meyrowitz (b. 1949), author of No Sense of Place, professor emeritus of communication
 Robert Morin (1938–2015), Dimond Library cataloger who donated his $4 million estate to the university
 Donald Murray (1924–2006), Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, professor emeritus of English
 Chanda Prescod-Weinstein, cosmologist and activist, professor of physics and women's studies
 Lori Robinson (c. 1959), general in the USAF, first female commander of North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD)
 Lucy E. Salyer, historian of American immigration law
 Edwin Scheier (1910–2008), sculptor, fine art professor emeritus
 Mary Scheier (1908–2007),  sculptor, artist-in-residence emeritus
 Charles Simic (b. 1938), Pulitzer Prize-winning poet, professor of English, U.S. Poet Laureate (2007–08)
 Murray A. Straus (1926–2016), sociologist and professor, creator of the Conflict tactics scale
 Clark Terry (1920–2015), jazz trumpeter, affiliate faculty, Department of Music (1988-2015)
Laurel Thatcher Ulrich (b. 1938), professor of history at the University of New Hampshire 1980-1995
 Stacy D. VanDeveer (b. 1967), political scientist, professor of political science and chair of the Department of Political Science
 Yitang Zhang (b. 1955), number theorist, professor of mathematics, MacArthur Fellow

Campus sites of interest
 Durham–UNH station, historic train depot, home of UNH Dairy Bar
 Jesse Hepler Lilac Arboretum
 UNH Museum of Art
 Whittemore Center, home to UNH Wildcat men's and women's hockey. Capacity is 6,501 for sporting events, 7,500 for concerts and other events.
 Lundholm Gym, home to UNH Wildcat men's and women's basketball and women's gymnastics
 Wildcat Stadium, home to UNH Wildcat football
 Thompson Hall, first structural home of the University of New Hampshire
 Memorial Union Building (MUB)
 University of New Hampshire Observatory

See also

 UNH Alma Mater

Notes

References

External links

  of the University of New Hampshire Athletics

Universities and colleges established in 1866
Land-grant universities and colleges
University System of New Hampshire
Forestry education
Educational buildings in Manchester, New Hampshire
Universities and colleges in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire
Universities and colleges in Strafford County, New Hampshire
Flagship universities in the United States
1866 establishments in New Hampshire
University of New Hampshire

University of New Hampshire


Michael Rolf Kunze (born 9 November 1943, in Prague) is a foremost German musical theater lyricist and librettist.

He is best known for the hit musicals Elisabeth (1992), Tanz der Vampire (1996), Mozart! (1999), Marie Antoinette (2006), and Rebecca (2006).

He has also written the lyrics for a number of hit songs (under the pseudonym Stephan Prager), including the number one Billboard hit "Fly, Robin, Fly" (1976), and was one of the top 1970s record producers, producing songs for musical acts Silver Convention, Penny McLean, and Sister Sledge. Kunze has won a Grammy Award, ECHO Lifetime Award and holds 79 Gold and Platinum records.

Early life
Born in Prague, Kunze is the son of actress Dita Roesler and Walter Kunze, a writer, cartoonist and journalist, who worked for the German language newspaper Prager Tagblatt. He grew up in Southern Germany and attended Klenze Oberrealschule in Munich. He studied law, philosophy and history at the Ludwig-Maximilian University in Munich.

Early career
Kunze started writing music and lyrics during his high school years in the early
sixties. The Hamburg folklore group, City Preachers, recorded an LP with some
of those early songs. The record was anything but a commercial success, but it
made the music business aware of Michael Kunze. The first song Kunze
produced with Peter Maffay, a 20-year-old newcomer, was called "Du" (English Translation: "You"). It topped the German charts in the summer of 1970 and went gold.

His recordings dominated the 1970s music charts in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. When
he produced his first international act, he hit both the top of the Billboard and Cashbox charts in the U.S. with the song, "Fly, Robin, Fly".

His group, Silver Convention, represented by composer Sylvester Levay and Michael Kunze
himself, influenced disco music and was the first German aggregation ever to
win the coveted Grammy Award. Based on his success in the U.S. – after "Fly,
Robin, Fly" came such hits as "Lady Bump" and "Get up and Boogie" – Michael
produced albums with a vast and varied array of internationally known
performers, including Julio Iglesias, Nana Mouskouri, Herbie Mann, Lulu,
Gilbert Bécaud, Sister Sledge and Caterina Valente.

In 1981, Kunze stopped working as a producer but continued to write lyrics for top artists. Taking a temporary hiatus from show business, he wrote the book Highroad to the Stake: A Tale of Witchcraft (German Title: Strasse ins Feuer). It was translated into several languages; The New York Times called it "a vivid story of a witch." He wrote a second book, Give Way To Freedom (German Title: Der Freiheit eine Gasse) on the 1848 democratic revolution in Southern Germany.

Later career
In the 1980s, the musical began making its way into the center of Kunze's activities. First, he adapted Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Evita, which was the beginning of his collaboration and friendship with the legendary Broadway director, Harold Prince. The success of his adaptation opened the doors of the German-speaking market for the modern Anglo-American musical and made him the preferred translator for international hit shows. His German version of Cats ran for seven years in Vienna, making it one of the greatest hits of all times in that city. The numerous other musicals Kunze has translated into German include The Phantom of the Opera, A Chorus Line, Song and Dance, Into the Woods, Follies, Assassins, Side by Side by Sondheim, Dorian Gray, Little Shop of Horrors, Aspects of Love, Sunset Boulevard, Kiss of the Spider Woman, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, The Lion King, Mamma Mia! and Elton John's Aida.

Kunze also started working for television. He conceived and wrote several, 90-minute shows for the major German and Austrian networks (Liebe ist .../ZDF, Sport Gala/ARD, Weil wir leben wollen /ZDF) and developed the ARD Series Showgeschichten. In 1991, he conceived the international Peter Ustinov Gala in Paris, celebrating Sir Peter Ustinov's 70th birthday, starring Sir Yehudin Menuhin, Klaus Maria Brandauer, Petula Clark, Tony Curtis and Montserrat Caballé.

With the annual Bambi Award Gala, he created the German counterpart to the American Academy Award presentation. His once-a-year special, Die Peter-Alexander-Show, starring Germany's top musical entertainer, Peter Alexander, and, among others, Richard Chamberlain, Joan Collins and Liza Minnelli (ORF) reached cult status in the 1990s. He also conceived Der Goldene Löwe, the German counterpart to the American Emmy Awards show. Over the years, he has also written a number of articles for German magazines and newspapers (Stern, Frankfurter Allgemeine, ZEITMagazin, Playboy, Süddeutsche Zeitung), exploring his views on the function of entertainment in society and current media issues.

Current career
Since the 1990s, Kunze is creating original musicals in his own style. In September 1992, his musical Elisabeth, about the life of the Empress Elisabeth of Austria, opened at Vienna's Theater an der Wien (music by Sylvester Levay). The show ran in Vienna for more than six years and was immediately regarded as the rebirth of the contemporary continental musical theater in Europe. It was soon exported to other countries, such as Japan, Hungary, Sweden, Holland and Germany.

Collaborating with Roman Polanski (director) and Jim Steinman (composer),
Kunze wrote his first English libretto and lyrics for the musical, Dance of the Vampires. In October 1997, a German version opened at the Viennese Raimund Theater. On 3 March 2000, the show was transferred to Stuttgart, Germany. In December 2003, it opened in Hamburg, where it ran for another three years before opening in Berlin. The show also reached Broadway, where, despite Kunze's protests, an unauthorized version ran, for three months. It is currently running in Warsaw, Stuttgart, Vienna, Budapest and Tokyo.

Kunze's Mozart! (music: Sylvester Levay; director: Harry Kupfer), dramatizing the famous composer's life, premiered in October 1999 in Vienna (Theater an der Wien). It continues to play and run in Hamburg, Germany; Karlstad, Sweden; Tokyo, Japan; and Budapest, Hungary.

In 2006, two new Michael Kunze musicals opened. While Rebecca, based on Daphne du Maurier's famous novel, premiering on 28 September at Vienna's Raimund Theater, became another hit, Marie Antoinette disappointed. The latter show, dramatizing the events of the French Revolution, opened first in Tokyo and then in 2008, in Bremen, Germany. Both productions, though praised by critics, were financial failures.

In September 2009, Kunze gave the keynote speech at Second European Conference of the Musical Theater Educators Alliance International, "A Tale of Two Cities", in Hamburg, Germany.

His musicals are considered the foundation of a new genre in contemporary musical theater, called the Drama Musical. Its dramatic structure integrates elements of the film structure into the classic two-act drama form.

Awards
56 gold records
23 platinum records
Grammy Award for Fly, Robin, Fly, music by Sylvester Levay (1975)
Paul-Lincke-Ring (1989)
Goldene Feder des Deutschen Textdichter-Verbandes (1991)
Heinz-Bolten-Baeckers-Preis of the GEMA-Stiftung (1993)
Musical of the Year Award for Mozart! (musical) (2000)
Musical of the Year Award for Elisabeth (2001)
ECHO Lifetime Award (2005)
Musical of the Year Award for Rebecca (musical) (2007)
German Music Authors' Awards (2010)

Major works

Adaptations
1980 – "I Love My Wife" German version (Theater Oberhausen)
1981 – "Evita" German version (Theater an der Wien)
1983 – "Cats" German version (Theater an der Wien)
1985 – "Le Cochon" (Le Cochon qui voulait maigrir) German version (Burgtheater Vienna)
1985 – "Song and Dance" German version (Deutsches Theater, Munich)
1986 – "A Chorus Line" German version (Raimundtheater)
1986 – "Little Shop of Horrors" German version (Szene Wien)
1987 – "Wodka-Cola" (Leave it to Me) German version (Staatstheater Stuttgart)
1988 – "The Phantom of the Opera" German version (Theater an der Wien)
1988 – "Avos!" German version (Stadttheater, Grosses Haus, Freiburg)
1989 – "Czechow" German version (Theaterfestival Konstanz)
1990 – "Into the Woods" German version (Stadttheater, Heilbronn)
1991 – "Follies" German version (Theater des Westens, Berlin)
1992 – "Dorian Gray" German version (Stadttheater, Heilbronn)
1993 – "Assassins" German version (Stadttheater, Heilbronn)
1993 – "Kiss of the Spider Woman" German version (Raimundtheater)
1995 – "City of Angels" German version (Stadttheater, Heilbronn)
1995 – "Sunset Boulevard" German version (Rhein-Main-Theater, Niedernhausen)
1996 – "Aspects of Love" German version (Staatsoperette, Dresden)
1999 – "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" German version (Musicaltheater Berlin)
2001 – "The Lion King" German version (Hafentheater Hamburg)
2002 – "Mamma Mia!" German version (Operettenhaus Hamburg)
2003 – "Wicked" German version (Palladiumtheater Stuttgart)

Original musicals
1991 – "Hexen Hexen" (Sylvester Levay) Deutschhof, Heilbronn, 15 June
1992 – Elisabeth (Levay) Theater an der Wien, 3 September
1997 – Tanz der Vampire (Jim Steinman) Raimund Theater, 4 October
1999 – Mozart! Das Musical (Levay) Theater an der Wien, 2 October
2006 – Marie Antoinette (Levay) Imperial Theatre, Tokyo, 7 January
2006 – Rebecca (Levay) Raimund Theater, Vienna, 3 September
2014 – Lady Bess (Levay) Imperial Theater, Tokyo, 13 April

References

External links
michaelkunze.info Official Site
 storyarchitekt.com Official Site
Michael Kunze's blog
Michael Kunze's Drama Musicals

Broadway World West End Interview: Writer And Interpreter Michael Kunze
Broadway World West End: "German Music Authors' Awards to Honor Lyricist Michael Kunze"
Broadway World West End:"REBECCA: Author, Lyricist And Translator Michael Kunze Opens Website To Questions"
Playbill.com Celebrity Buzz: Michael Kunze
The Playwrights Database, Michael Kunze
Official website
Official fan portal
Offizieller Rebecca Fanclub

1943 births
Musicians from Munich
Living people
German musical theatre librettists
Studienstiftung alumni
German male bloggers
German record producers
German lyricists
German male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century German dramatists and playwrights
21st-century German dramatists and playwrights

Michael Kunze


Donald L. D. Caspar (January 8, 1927 - November 27, 2021) was an American structural biologist (the very term he coined) known for his works on the structures of biological molecules, particularly of the tobacco mosaic virus. He was an emeritus professor of biological science at the Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, and an emeritus professor of biology at the Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University. He has made significant scientific contributions in virus biology, X-ray, neutron and electron diffraction, and protein plasticity.

Caspar completed his BA in physics from Cornell University in 1950. He joined Yale University from where he earned his PhD in biophysics in 1955. He was supervised by Ernest C. Pollard. His thesis was on the structure of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) titled The Radial Structure of Tobacco Mosaic Virus. While waiting for his degree he worked under Max Delbrück at the California Institute of Technology as post doctoral student. He worked with James D. Watson, with whom he had close professional association throughout his career. After receiving his PhD, he went to England having been awarded a fellowship at King's College London under Rosalind Franklin and during 1955–1956 worked with her at Birkbeck College in London. Their meeting was fruitful both personally and professionally. He remained one of Franklin's closest friends during her brief lifetime. In 1956 he and Franklin published individual but complementary papers in the March 10 issue of Nature, together showing that TMV was a hollow rod, rather than a solid structure as generally believed. They also demonstrated that RNA in TMV was wound along the inner surface of the hollow virus. He was not a particularly enthusiastic writer; as a result, Franklin had to write every word of his paper.

At Birkbeck one of his colleagues was Aaron Klug with whom he developed research collaborations throughout his career. In 1962, they introduced the concept of quasi-equivalence to account for the arrangement of proteins on the surface of icosahedral virus particles. Caspar-Klug theory has played an important part in shaping the subsequent study of viruses and other macromolecular assemblies. The original concept was based mainly on electron microscope studies, and has now been refined to take account of the atomic resolution structure of viruses, and other details of protein–protein interactions that crystallography has elucidated. Quasi-equivalence continues to be an important component of the philosophical basis for how we think about macromolecular assemblies.

In 1994 Caspar received the Guggenheim Fellowships. He was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He was  elected a member of the Biophysics and Computational Biology section of the National Academy of Sciences in 1994. He received the first Fellow of the Biophysical Society Award in 2000.

References

External links
 Florida State University faculty profile

1927 births
2021 deaths
Florida State University faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
American biophysicists
American virologists
Brandeis University faculty
Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Cornell University alumni
Presidents of the Biophysical Society

Donald Caspar


Thunderbird Park is a park in Victoria, British Columbia next to the Royal British Columbia Museum. The park is home to many totem poles (mostly Gitxsan, Haida, and Kwakwaka'wakw) and other First Nation monuments. The park takes its name from the mythological Thunderbird of Indigenous North American cultures which is depicted on many totem poles.

Also in the park are St. Anne's Schoolhouse (built 1844), Helmcken House (built in 1852 by Dr. John Helmcken), and Mungo Martin House (Wawadit'la), a traditional Kwakwaka'wakw "big house" built in 1953 by Kwakwaka'wakw Chief Mungo Martin. The park is part of the Royal BC Museum Cultural Precinct, an area around the museum that contains a number of historical sites and monuments.

History
Totem poles were first erected on the site in 1940 as part of a conservation effort to preserve some of the region's rapidly deteriorating Aboriginal art. The site was opened as Thunderbird Park in 1941. By 1951, many of the poles had greatly decayed, and in 1952 the Royal BC Museum began a restoration program with Chief Martin as its head carver. Martin died in 1962 and was succeeded by renowned carver Henry Hunt. Other artists who have worked as part of the program include Henry Hunt's sons Richard Hunt and Tony Hunt, Tim Paul, Lawrence Bell, David Gladstone, David Martin, and Bill Reid. All of the original poles were replaced with new versions by 1992, and some of the originals are now preserved within the museum.

References

Thunderbird Park – Place of Cultural Sharing (Official website) URL accessed 2017-11-11
To The Totem Forests (Note that the totem pole layout shown here is out of date) URL accessed 2006-06-24

First Nations culture
Northwest Coast art
Parks in Victoria, British Columbia

Thunderbird Park (Victoria, British Columbia)


Napierville-Laprairie was a former provincial electoral district in Quebec, Canada which elected members to the National Assembly of Quebec (known as the Legislative Assembly before 1968).

It was created for the 1923 election from parts of the Napierville and Laprairie electoral districts.  It disappeared in the 1939 election and its successor electoral districts were Châteauguay-Laprairie and Saint-Jean–Napierville.  However, both of those disappeared in the 1944 election and Napierville-Laprairie reappeared.  Its last election was in 1970.  It disappeared for good in the 1973 election and its successor electoral district was the re-created Laprairie (today written "La Prairie").

Members of the Legislative Assembly
 Joseph-Euclide Charbonneau, Liberal (1923–1936)
 Philippe Monette, Union Nationale (1936–1939)
 did not exist (1939–1944), see Saint-Jean–Napierville
 Hercule Riendeau, Union Nationale (1944–1962)
 Laurier Baillargeon, Liberal (1962–1966)

Members of the National Assembly
 Laurier Baillargeon, Liberal (1966–1970)
 Paul Berthiaume, Liberal (1970–1973)

External links
 Election results (National Assembly)
 Election results (QuebecPolitique.com)

Former provincial electoral districts of Quebec

Napierville-Laprairie


Hesperornis  is an extinct genus of flightless aquatic birds that lived during the Upper Cretaceous (89–65 million years ago).

Hesperornis was an important early find in the history of avian paleontology. It was discovered by the paleontologist O.C. Marsh in the late 19th century Bone Wars.

Famous locations for Hesperornis are the Upper Cretaceous marine limestones from Kansas and the marine shales from Canada. The genus probably had a Holarctic distribution.

Anatomy and life style

Hesperornis was a large bird, reaching up to 1.5 meters (5 feet) in length. It had virtually no wings, and swam with its powerful hind legs.

Like many other Mesozoic birds such as Ichthyornis, Hesperornis had teeth in its beak which were used to hold prey (most likely fish).

Hesperornis hunted in the waters of such contemporary shelf seas as the North American Inland Sea, the Turgai Strait and the prehistoric North Sea, which then were subtropical to tropical waters, much warmer than today. They probably fed mainly on fish, maybe also crustaceans, cephalopods and mollusks, as do the diving seabirds of today. Their teeth were helpful in dealing with slippery or hard-shelled prey.

On land, Hesperornis species may or may not have been able to walk. They certainly could not stand upright like penguins as in the early reconstructions. Their legs attached far at the back and sideways, with even the lower leg being tightly attached to the body (see photo of skeleton). Thus, they were limited to a clumsy hobble at best on land and would have been more nimble if they moved by sliding on their belly or galumphing. The leg skeleton of Hesperornis was so thoroughly adapted to diving that their mode on land, and their egg-laying and parental care, is a matter of speculation.

Young Hesperornis grew fairly quickly and continuously to adulthood, as is the case in modern birds. More young birds are known from the fossil record of the more northerly sites than from those further south. This suggests that at least some species were migratory like today's penguins, which swim polewards in the summer.

Hesperornis was preyed upon by large marine carnivores such as mosasaurs. A Tylosaurus specimen contains the bones of a Hesperornis in its gut area.

References

Cretaceous birds
Flightless birds

Hesperornis


In enzymology, a trimethylsulfonium-tetrahydrofolate N-methyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

trimethylsulfonium + tetrahydrofolate  dimethylsulfide + 5-methyltetrahydrofolate

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are trimethylsulfonium and tetrahydrofolate, whereas its two products are dimethyl sulfide and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is trimethylsulfonium:tetrahydrofolate N-methyltransferase. This enzyme is also called trimethylsulfonium-tetrahydrofolate methyltransferase.  This enzyme participates in one carbon pool by folate.

References

EC 2.1.1
Enzymes of unknown structure

Trimethylsulfonium—tetrahydrofolate N-methyltransferase


The Tellurium Ion Resistance (TerC) Family (TC# 2.A.109) is part of the Lysine Exporter (LysE) Superfamily. A representative list of proteins belonging to the TerC family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.

TerC
The TerC family (Pfam 03741) includes the E. coli TerC protein (TC# 2.A.109.1.1) which has been implicated in tellurium resistance. It is hypothesized to catalyze efflux of tellurium ions. TerC is encoded by plasmid pTE53 from a clinical isolate of E. coli. It has 346 amino acyl residues (aas) and 9 putative transmembrane segments (TMSs) with a large hydrophilic loop between TMSs 5 and 6.

A homologue in Arabidopsis thaliana (TC# 9.A.30.2.1) may function in prothylakoid membrane biogenises during early chloroplast development. It has 384 aas and 7-8 putative TMSs. In E. coli, TerC forms a membrane complex with TerB as well as DctA, PspA, HslU, and RplK. The TerB/TerC complex may link different functional modules with biochemical activities of C4-dicarboxylate transport, inner membrane stress response (phage shock protein regulatory complex), ATPase/chaperone activity, and proteosynthesis. It may be part of a metal sensing stress response system. The co-presence of TerC and TerE but not TerF correlates with tellurite resistance when several hundred bacterial strains were assayed.

Function

The reaction proposed to be catalyzed by TerC is:

tellurium ions (in) → tellurium ions (out).

See also
 Tellurium
 Isotopes of tellurium
 Efflux (microbiology)

Further reading

References

Protein families
Membrane proteins
Transmembrane proteins
Transmembrane transporters
Transport proteins
Integral membrane proteins

Tellurium ion resistance


Brookline is a former village in Greene County, Missouri, United States. The population was 326 at the 2000 census.

History
Brookline was laid out in 1871 when the railroad was extended to that point. A post office called Brookline Station was established in 1871. The community took its name from Brookline, Massachusetts.

Consolidation
In 2005, Brookline consolidated with the city of Republic after a vote of the residents of both communities approved the consolidation. The individual names of Brookline and Republic were to be used for each area, but the town would be governed under the city of Republic. Since this time, the city limit signs of Brookline have been removed and replaced with Republic's. Small markers on the main road through Brookline label the main part of the town, though these are ones used by Missouri for unincorporated communities. Brookline continues to retain its post office and ZIP code and is the official address name for the former community, which is as the intergovernmental agreement between the City of Republic and the Village of Brookline stated:

"Name of Consolidated Municipality –  The name of the consolidated municipality shall be "City of Republic."  To help preserve the identity of the Village, the City will place signs with text "Village of Brookline" at the current corporate limits of the Village.  Placement of signage is subject to State sign regulations when placed in State right-of-way. The City of Republic will work with the United States Postal Service to help preserve the history and operation of the Brookline Station Post Office."

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 326 people, 139 households, and 97 families residing in the village. The population density was 31.4/km2 (81.3/mi2). There were 155 housing units at an average density of 14.9/km2 (38.7/mi2). The racial makeup of the village was 99.08% White, 0.31% Native American, and 0.61% from two or more races.

There were 139 households, out of which 25.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.1% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.5% were non-families. 25.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.76.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 21.5% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 28.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.0 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $29,750, and the median income for a family was $41,750. Males had a median income of $34,063 versus $25,313 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,130. About 9.5% of families and 13.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.8% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over.

See also
 Young Brothers Massacre
 Springfield, Missouri Metropolitan Area

References

Former populated places in Greene County, Missouri
Former villages in Missouri
Populated places disestablished in 2005
Former populated places in Missouri

Brookline, Missouri


The 1898 Georgia hurricane was a major hurricane that hit the U.S. state of Georgia, as well as the strongest on record in the state. It was first observed on September 29, although modern researchers estimated that it developed four days earlier to the east of the Lesser Antilles. The hurricane maintained a general northwest track throughout its duration, and it reached peak winds of  on October 2. That day, it made landfall on Cumberland Island in Camden County, Georgia, causing record storm surge flooding. The hurricane caused heavy damage throughout the region, and killed at least 179 people. Impact was most severe in Brunswick, where a  storm surge was recorded. Overall damage was estimated at $1.5 million (1898 USD), most of which occurred in Georgia. In extreme northeastern Florida, strong winds nearly destroyed the city of Fernandina, while light crop damage was reported in southern South Carolina. After moving ashore, the hurricane quickly weakened and traversed much of North America; it continued northwestward until reaching the Ohio Valley and turning northeastward, and it was last observed on October 6 near Newfoundland.

Meteorological history

On September 28, 1898, island stations in the Lesser Antilles indicated the presence of a tropical cyclone, which was confirmed by the next day. Modern researchers determined that the system developed on September 25 about  east of Guadeloupe. For most of its duration, the system maintained a northwest track, reaching hurricane status on September 27. Later that day, a barometric pressure of 977 mbar, suggesting winds of . Its intensification rate slowed on September 28, before strengthening continued on October 1. The winds reached , which is the equivalent of a major hurricane, or Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson scale. Around that time, the hurricane turned toward more to the west-northwest, due to a large ridge across the western Atlantic.

On October 2, the hurricane continued toward the west-northwest, approaching the southeastern United States. That day, it made landfall on Cumberland Island in Camden County, Georgia, and initially was thought to have done so as a Category 2 on the Saffir-Simpson scale. A storm surge of  was observed in Brunswick, Georgia, suggesting a central pressure of 938 mbar based on the SLOSH model. Such intensity ranked the hurricane tied for the 16th strongest United States landfall, as well as the strongest in the state of Georgia. It is also the most recent major hurricane to hit the state. Additionally, its radius of maximum wind was estimated at . Almost a century after the hurricane, researchers estimated the hurricane made landfall with winds of , a Category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson scale. After making landfall, the hurricane quickly weakened, deteriorating to tropical storm status within 12 hours. After moving across Georgia, the storm weakened further to tropical depression status over northeastern Alabama on October 3. It continued northwestward through the Ohio Valley before recurving northeastward, accelerating through southeastern Canada and later dissipating over Newfoundland on October 6.

Impact

On October 1, a day before the hurricane moved ashore, the U.S. Weather Bureau issued northeast storm signals from Key West, Florida, to Norfolk, Virginia. Similar warnings were issued in the hours preceding the hurricane moving ashore. The advisories were credited with saving dozens of lives and millions of dollars in shipping cargo, due to advance warning for boats to remain ashore.

Before the hurricane made landfall in Georgia, it produced strong winds in northeastern Florida, reaching Category 2 strength on the Saffir-Simpson scale. The worst effects from the storm were confined to a very small portion of extreme northeastern Florida. At Fernandina Beach, the storm surge was estimated at , causing extensive flooding in the city. The October 1898 Monthly Weather Review described Fernandina as "nearly destroyed", and most anchored boats were sunk or washed inland into the marshes. Damage along the coastline reached as far south as Mayport. The hurricane was small, and despite passing  northeast of Jacksonville, produced only  winds in the city. However, for the first time in the history of the city, all communications were cut between Jacksonville and cities further north, such as New York. Damage throughout the state was estimated at $500,000 (1898 USD).

The hurricane made landfall on Cumberland Island with winds estimated at . It produced record storm surges across the coastline, including a  report in Brunswick. There, damage was heaviest, and most buildings were flooded. Similar impact was reported in Darien, where 32 people were killed. One coastal location reported the hurricane as causing the worst flooding since 1812. Flooding and extensive damage occurred on Sapelo Island, including the destruction of First African Baptist Church and Behavior Cemetery. Further north, all of Hutchinson Island in the Savannah River was covered with up to  of water. The storm surge flooding entered warehouses and storage areas all along the coast, leaving many small ships wrecked or sunk. Heavy damage also occurred to coastal wharves and houses. According to the Savannah Weather Bureau office, about 5,000 barrels of rosin were dispersed, and 60,000 bushels of rice were wrecked. Winds in the city reached , and the flooding severely damaged the railway to nearby Tybee Island. Along the Blackbeard Island National Wildlife Refuge, the hurricane destroyed a hospital that helped people afflicted with yellow fever. A total of 179 people were killed along the Georgia coast, and damage totaled around $1 million (1898 USD).  In South Carolina, the hurricane produced gusty winds and storm surge flooding. Some slight damage occurred at Port Royal, and in the southern portion of the state, the high tides left damage to rice and cotton crops. The Charleston Weather Bureau reported that "a number of persons were drowned along the South Carolina coast".  Heavy rainfall was reported across northeast Florida, Georgia, and the western Carolinas. The highest amount recorded was  at Highlands, North Carolina.

See also

 List of Florida hurricanes (pre-1900)

References

1890s Atlantic hurricane seasons
Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
Hurricanes in Georgia (U.S. state)
Hurricanes in Florida
Hurricanes in South Carolina
1898 natural disasters in the United States
1898 meteorology

1898 Georgia hurricane


Harmil is an uninhabited island in Eritrea that forms part of the Dahlak Archipelago. The inhabitants are serving members of the Eritrean Navy who have a small outpost on the island. The outpost consists of a series of traditional African circular huts and other buildings constructed from timber and other materials found on the island's beaches.

The Eritrea Navy operates the outpost to observe the nearby waters for unwanted foreign visitors or vessels. They carry out patrols in the waters surrounding the island using dhows and skiffs. The forces personnel on the island spend 4–6 months on the island with the only contact with the outside world being via medium frequency radio to their headquarters just south of Massawa over  away.

The island itself is a desert-like environment with very little vegetation; however, the forces there do maintain herds of cows and goats. Due to the very low lay of the land, the winds blowing across the islands can be severe.

See also
List of islands of Africa

Dahlak Archipelago
Islands of Eritrea
Islands of the Red Sea
Uninhabited islands

Harmil


TS Duchess of Hamilton was a Clyde passenger excursion steamer, built in 1932 for the Caledonian Steam Packet Company. She was a popular boat, providing day cruises from Ayr and remaining in service until 1970.

History
TS Duchess of Hamilton was built by Harland and Wolff at Govan for the Caledonian Steam Packet Company following the success of her sister . Built to replace  at Ayr, she was a one-class vessel, carrying saloon class passengers only and had a service speed of around 18 knots. She came under the control of British Railways in 1948, and in 1965 received new livery of a blue hull with red rampant lions on her funnels.

Superseded by diesel vessels, she gave her last voyage, to Campbeltown on 28 September 1970. Sold to the Reo-Stakis organisation as a night club/restaurant, she was moved to Ardrossan for modification, but the project failed and she was broken up, at Troon in 1974.

Layout
Duchess of Hamilton was almost identical to her sister, . Their single class made them spacious, as facilities were not duplicated. She had an "Old English" bar, a tearoom and two lounges – an observation lounge on the promenade deck and below that, a luxurious forward saloon. Aft on the main deck, there was a dining saloon.

Crosstrees were added to her mainmast in 1939. The wheel house was originally open but was enclosed in 1948. A cafeteria was installed in 1955 and the following year she was converted from coal to oil burning and was fitted with radar in 1960.

Service
Duchess of Hamilton operated as an excursion steamer from Ayr, Troon and Ardrossan until 1939. During the Second World War she served as a troop carrier between Stranraer and Larne and she also tendered in the Clyde. After the war, she ran long distance excursions from Gourock to Campbeltown and later to Ayr, Arran and Inveraray as well.

Footnotes

1932 ships
Clyde steamers
Ships built in Govan
Ships built by Harland and Wolff

TS Duchess of Hamilton