The Jerusalem Light Rail (, HaRakevet HaKala Birushalayim, , Qiṭār Al-Quds Al-Khafīf) is a light rail system in Jerusalem. Currently, the Red Line is the only one in operation, the first of several light rail lines planned in Jerusalem.

Construction on the Red line began in 2002 and ended in 2010, when the testing phase began. It was built by the CityPass consortium, which has a 30-year concession to operate it. The project required construction of the Jerusalem Chords Bridge as well as other renovation projects around Jerusalem.

After repeated delays due to archaeological discoveries and technical issues, service began, initially free of charge, on August 19, 2011. It became fully operational on December 1, 2011. The line is  long with 23 stops. Extensions to the red line are currently under construction to the Israeli settlement of Neve Yaakov and to Hadassah Ein Kerem Hospital to the southwest. When completed in 2021, these will extend the line's length to .

With a total estimated cost for the Red Line's initial section of ₪3.8 billion (approx. US $1.1 billion), the project was criticized for budget overruns, for its route serving Jewish settlements in East Jerusalem and for contributing to air and noise pollution during construction.

The Green line's plans have been approved by the city of Jerusalem, with right-of-way clearing works underway. Construction tenders, including those for the red line extension, were awarded in August 2019 to TransJerusalem J-Net Ltd., owned by CAF and Shapir Engineering. The approval process on the Blue line has started.

History
In ancient times, Jerusalem was a point on the Ridge Route, also known as the Way of the Patriarchs, centrally located between the Via Maris (along the coast to the west) and the King's Highway (east of the River Jordan). The primary roads led to the gates of the Old City, such as the Jaffa Gate and the Damascus Gate. It was along these roads that the city grew when it expanded beyond the walls of the Old City in the 19th century, the major thoroughfares of the city thus becoming the Jaffa Road, leading to the west in the direction of the coastal plain, the watershed routes (Ridge Route) leading north to Ramallah, Nablus, and Damascus, and south to Bethlehem and Hebron, and one to the east to Jericho.

Early plans for an electric tramway were drawn up by a Greek Lebanese engineer, George Franjieh, in 1892, who had been involved in planning the Jaffa–Jerusalem railway. The tram would connect the city with Ein Karem and Bethlehem. In 1910, a tender for a tramway was published by the Ottoman authorities.

In 1918, the British Army built a rail system linking the Jerusalem Railway Station, now referred to as "First Station", with Al-Bireh, on the outskirts of Ramallah, traversing Jerusalem along a winding route. It was built by Rail Builders Company 272 of the British Royal Engineers, commanded by Colonel Jordan Bell, with some 850 Egyptian and local Arab laborers, about half of them women. The railway was used by the British army, and for a few months it supplied Allenby's troops. It was dismantled shortly after the front moved northward in late 1918. Some of the city's streets may have been paved along its route.

In the 1970s, when traffic congestion mounted in the city center, proposals were discussed for widening the main roads. In 1996, the government approved new plans for an integrated network relying on rapid transit, including a light rail system and bus rapid transit.

Construction
In the 1990s, a light rail system was proposed as a means of providing faster and less polluting public transit through the heart of the city, and reversing the decline of certain central areas. CityPass, a specially formed consortium, won a 30-year concession to build and operate Line 1 (the "Red Line"). CityPass consists of financiers Harel (20%), Polar Investments (17.5%) and the Israel Infrastructure Fund (10%), constructors Ashtrom (27.5%) and engineers Alstom (20%), plus service operators – Connex (5%).

However, the principal agreement with the Dan Bus Company did not materialize. Veolia entered another principal agreement with Egged. Veolia sold its stake in CityPass and its shares in the contract for the maintenance of the light rail to Egged. The contract stipulates that Veolia would provide consultancy services to Egged until the company acquired the necessary expertise. Dan Bus Company has taken Veolia to court for exiting the principal agreement.

Construction of Line 1 began in 2002 by DTC (Dutch tramway company). Dubbed the "Red Line", it initially has 23 stations on a new  (standard gauge) twin-track  alignment. It runs from the settlement of Pisgat Ze'ev in north-east Jerusalem, south along Road 1 (intercity) to Jaffa Road (Rehov Yafo). From there, it runs along Jaffa Road westward to the Jerusalem Central Bus Station, and continues to the southwest, crossing the Chords Bridge along Herzl Boulevard to the Beit HaKerem neighborhood, finishing just beyond Mount Herzl at the northern edge of Bayit VeGan. The first test run for this route was on February 24, 2010. The laying of light rail tracks was completed on June 15, 2010.

Delays
Inauguration of the light rail service was postponed four times. The initial date was January 2009, deferred to August 2010 due to funding problems and lack of staff. When it was announced that signals for the trains were not compatible with Israeli stop light systems, CityPass was given until April 2011, but after the problem persisted and other safety issues were not resolved, an August 2011 date was settled on, and service was to begin without giving priority to trains at traffic lights. As a result, travel time for the full route began at 80 minutes instead of the planned 42, until final synchronization of the lights is completed. When the light rail started operating on Friday, August 19, 2011, there were also air conditioning issues and electrical and communications problems, one of them making trains suddenly "disappear" and then "reappear" on the screens of the control center near the settlement of French Hill. In addition to these mishaps, the computerized ticketing system collapsed a few days before the inauguration. After arbitration between CityPass and government officials, it was decided that the trains would begin limited operation as scheduled. During the trial period, only 14 of the 21 trains were put into operation, departing every 21 minutes, and travel was free of charge. Full revenue service began on December 1, 2011.

Development along the route

As part of the light rail project, CityPass plans to install blind-friendly traffic lights along the route, and has developed a number of sites along the route, such as Davidka Square. In late 2009, trees were planted along the line. The species selected were deemed suitable to the Jerusalem climate, hardy enough to withstand the city's cold winters while providing shade in summer. Over 3,500 trees were planted along the route in 2009–11. The genera include platanus, ash and types of oak. In March 2011, however, the Ministry of Transportation objected to having trees adjacent to the route, due to visibility problems.

Chords Bridge

The Chords Bridge is a cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge designed by the Spanish architect and engineer Santiago Calatrava, built for the light rail, close to the most frequently used entrance to Jerusalem, in the neighborhood of Kiryat Moshe. The bridge carries the trams in a grade separated manner over a busy road intersection. Incorporated in the bridge is a glass-sided pedestrian crossing, enabling pedestrians to cross unimpeded from the Kiryat Moshe area to the Central Bus Station grounds. The bridge, which cost about $70 million (NIS 246 million), was inaugurated on June 25, 2008.

Integrated transportation plans

Bus and train connection
The Jerusalem Central Bus Station is slated to become a major passenger transportation hub. The Jerusalem–Yitzhak Navon railway station has begun operation for the new high-speed railway to Jerusalem from Tel Aviv and Ben Gurion Airport. Passengers will also be able to board the existing intercity bus services at the station.

A park and ride facility was built near Mount Herzl, consisting of a multi-storey car park with the first line terminal on its roof, which is actually at the street level of Herzl Boulevard. An additional parking lot was erected adjacent to the Ammunition Hill stop.

Extension plans
The Jerusalem Municipality has plans to build eight bus rapid transit (BRT) and light rail lines across the city.
Extensions of the red line are under construction in both directions: to the settlement of Neve Yaakov in the North and to Kiryat Menachem in the South. A further extension to the Ein Kerem campus of Hadassah Medical Center is planned. This extension will include an underground section without stops west of Ora junction.

Red line

Initial extensions to the Red Line were planned to the settlement of Neve Yaakov in Northeastern Jerusalem and the neighborhood of Ein Karem (near Hadassah Hospital) in the Southwest. Former mayor Uri Lupolianski stated that they would be completed at the same time as the rest of the line. In 2008, French company Egis Rail won an 11.9 million Euro contract to carry out some of the design work. However, in March 2009, CityPass turned down implementing the project. In May 2010 the Jerusalem Municipality announced that the extensions would be built by the state authorities rather than a private company. The extension to Hadassah Hospital from Mount Herzl is particularly challenging and will involve a complex path with complicated bridging works. As of summer 2012, while works on the extension have not begun, the line's final terminal station, next to Hadassah's new inpatient building is nevertheless being built during the construction of the inpatient building – in order not to disrupt hospital operations later after the new building will be completed. Also planned are branches to the Red Line that would create a "campus line" connecting the Mount Scopus and Givat Ram campuses of the Hebrew University.

Blue line

The Blue Line from the settlement of Ramot to the settlement of Gilo is currently served by buses moving on a dedicated bus lane, and is planned to be converted to light rail. It will include an underground section in the city center with three underground stops: Avodat Israel, Tzfania, and Bar Ilan. The  Blue Line will run from the Ramot district in the northwest, through the city centre up to Talpiot and Gilo, with branches to Malkha and Mount Scopus. It will have 42 stops and ridership is predicted at 250,000 passengers/day. The Blue Line, scheduled to open in 2023, was approved on December 3, 2017 by the district committee for planning and construction.

Green line

The  Green Line will link the two campuses of the Hebrew University and continue south via Pat junction to the settlement of Gilo. It will pass the Binyanei-Hauma terminus of the A1 fast line railway, then cross the existing Red Line tram route and run to Mount Scopus. There would be 36 stops, and ridership is predicted at 200,000 passengers/day. The line was approved by the Jerusalem city council in June 2016. Infrastructure and construction tenders have been issued and awarded.

North–south BRT line

The first bus rapid transit (BRT) line, a feeder line to the Light Rail, is a dedicated bus line running along Hebron Road in south Jerusalem, northwards to Keren HaYesod Street, and from there to King George V Street, where it crosses the path of the light rail and continues along Straus Street towards Kikar HaShabbat to Yehezkel Street and Shmuel HaNavi Street, towards Golda Meir Boulevard in the direction of Ramot. Buses on this route are operated mainly by Superbus, but also by Egged. Tour buses, Arab buses and mini-buses that run from the Damascus Gate also use the line.

The bus stops on this route have been designed to match the light rail stops on the Red Line.

Rolling stock
Initial rolling stock consists of 46 Citadis 302 100% low-floor five-module units manufactured at Alstom's Aytré factory. All axles are driven to handle gradients up to 9%. The first car was delivered via the Port of Ashdod in September 2007.

The maintenance and storage depot is on a  site near French Hill in northern East Jerusalem. The route and vehicles are monitored from the control center, and trams are driven under line-of-sight principles with built-in priority at many road intersections. The fare collection and ticketing system is supplied by Affiliated Computer Services.

Operation

The French-based company Veolia Transport, which held 5% of CityPass's shares, was originally meant to operate the light rail. However, due to pressure from groups united in the Derail Veolia campaign, operating within the context of the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions campaign, in September 2009 Veolia agreed to sell part of its share in the project to the Dan Bus Company for $15–20 million. The sale was however unsuccessful, and Veolia agreed in October 2010 to sell its stake to Egged instead. As of December 2011, the sale to Egged was reported to have been held up by the Israeli state.

Travel over the complete Red line is due to take 42 minutes from Pisgat Ze'ev at one end to Mount Herzl at the other (as of August 2012, the travel time is 46 minutes). The line operates Sunday through Thursday, from 5:30 am to 11:30 pm, on Friday up to an hour before sundown and not during the Shabbat or Jewish holidays, resuming half an hour after Shabbat or the Holiday ends. Commencing August 2, 2015, frequency will be every 3 minutes during rush hours and every 6 minutes in the daytime and at night. It is expected to carry up to 23,000 passengers an hour during peak morning rush hours. The light rail operates at a maximum speed of . New regulations were passed by the government in regard to vehicle behavior vis-a-vis the light rail.

Operations were affected by a labor dispute in 2011. In May 2012, security personnel complained of poor working condition and lack of transparency from their employers—allegations which were denied by the security company.

Fares

Standard fares in Shekels are:

Reduced fares are available for senior citizens (men 65+, women 60+), youth (under 18 or who are studying in class XII to the end of the school year), students owned "Student pass" (of other regions in Israel), the blind and those with approval by the Ministry of Welfare. One child under 5 with an adult rides for free. Israeli soldiers travel for free, under a special agreement between the Defense Ministry and the railway's operator, as do uniformed police officers. Fare required for un-collapsible baby carriages between 7–10 am and 3–7 pm and all day Fridays and holiday eves. Collapsible bicycles are permitted at all hours. Muzzled small dogs capable of sitting in a rider's lap or being held are permitted.

Ridership

Controversy

Budgetary problems and criticism of operator

The financial management of the project was criticized in May 2008 by State Comptroller Micha Lindenstrauss, who reported a 128% deviation in funds, from an estimated NIS 500 million to NIS 1.14 billion. It was also noted that the government had spent NIS 1.2 billion on the project up to 2007, which pointed to a further deviation. The total cost of the initial line (not including the planned extensions) is estimated at 3.8 billion NIS (approx. US $1.1 billion).

In 2002, the government of Israel signed an agreement with the operator, CityPass, regarding the future operation of the light rail. The agreement was made public in 2012, and generated controversy over a clause where the government pledged to remove competition to the light rail from other public transportation. For instance, there would not be two consecutive bus stops on the same line adjacent to the light rail's route. CityPass stated that before the light rail there had not been competition either, with all public transportation being operated by Egged.

Upon buying a ticket, each traveler is required to validate it inside the rail car, and the fine for not doing so (or not buying a ticket) is NIS 186. This has created considerable controversy, and CityPass has been accused of handing out fines indiscriminately in order to raise its income—the company made NIS 2.4 million in the first half year on fines. Litigative and legislative efforts have been made to curb CityPass's power in this regard. An appeal committee will be created to deal with requests to cancel fines.

In 2012 Haviv Rettig Gur criticized CityPass for automatically expiring single ride tickets at the end of the day they were purchased even if they were never used. CityPass does not provide refunds. Rettig Gur wrote "Though I have no proof, I am convinced the expiration policy is intentional."  this policy still remains in place. Pinchas M. Orbach identified a technical issue where a customer would not be able to use a legitimate transfer. He wrote "The CityPass Rav Kav system is unable to properly read a '90 minute transfer from Egged' if a new virtual punch card was purchased on the Rav Kav in between the original Egged ride and the Light Rail ride." Therefore, even if a passenger was traveling within the 90 minutes allowed for free transfers an inspector using CityPass equipment to read the Rav Kav would erroneously believe the fare was not paid and issue a fine. CityPass did not respond to the report nor fix the problem.

Air pollution and effects on traffic
The project was also criticized for increasing air pollution in Jerusalem during construction. However, it was credited with reducing air pollution on Jaffa Road by 80% when the latter was converted to an LRT-only way. In October 2010, residents of Jerusalem filed a NIS 1.2 billion class-action lawsuit against CityPass for the effects of the traffic congestion that the project's construction created, but the Jerusalem District Court ruled that the company could only be sued for air and noise pollution. Nir Barkat, mayor of Jerusalem, was also critical of the congestion. In March 2009, he proposed canceling the project after the first two lines were completed and replacing the rest of the planned rail network with buses. The closure of Jaffa Street has diverted the bus traffic to a nearby street causing a rise in traffic accidents there.

Controversy outside Israel
The project was criticized because the Red Line route passes through territories Israel has held under occupation since the Six-Day War to service Israeli settlements such as French Hill and Pisgat Ze'ev. In consequence, Dutch bank ASN divested from Veolia Environnement. Both Veolia and Alstom were sued by the Palestine Liberation Organisation and French advocacy group Association France-Palestine Solidarité in the French courts. In 2013, the Versailles Court of Appeals ruled in favor of the French companies, and ordered the Palestinian groups to pay $117,000 in legal costs to the French companies. In the 32-page verdict, the judges ruled that the light rail did not violate international law. A large proportion of the train's passengers are Arabs.

In May 2009 it was reported that the Palestinian Authority had been urging Saudi Arabia through back channels to pressure Alstom and Veolia to abandon the project in return for the multi-billion dollar Haramain High Speed Rail Project and the $25 billion Gulf Railway project. The contract for the Haramain project was eventually awarded to a rival bidder. In November 2009, under the banner of Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS), Palestinian organizations launched a campaign on the six Gulf Cooperation Council states to withhold lucrative contracts for the Gulf railway project from the two companies unless they comply with demands to withdraw from the Jerusalem project. Veolia decided to sell its interests in the light railway, first to Dan Bus Company in 2009, and later to Egged, as part of a strategy to exit the transportation market. Veolia's interest in the Jerusalem Light Rail, together with its other transport business, was injected in 2011 in new subsidiary Veolia Transdev, jointly owned by Veolia and French financial institution Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations. After poor financial results, Veolia announced in December 2011 that it intended to exit the transport sector altogether and sell its stake in Veolia Transdev.

In a 2009 report, the United Nations Human Rights Council described the Jerusalem Light Rail as infrastructure servicing Israeli settlements. The following year, the Human Rights Council condemned the decision to operate a tramway between west Jerusalem and Pisgat Ze'ev "in violation of international law" and relevant United Nations resolutions. The Council resolution was adopted with 46 votes in favor and 1 against (USA).

In the United Kingdom, an Early Day Motion was tabled in parliament in 2012 against the financing of illegal activity in the West Bank. After referring to the Jerusalem Light Rail, the motion called on the UK government to support EU legislation to ensure "that economic operators aiding and abetting the building, maintenance or servicing of illegal Israeli settlements be excluded from public contracts in the EU".

July 2014 riots

In July 2014, Arab rioters caused substantial damage to three stations in Arab neighborhoods as well as other system infrastructure, and left graffiti with "Death to the Jews" and other slogans. Rioting and incessant "rock attacks" inflicted on trains in the Beit Hanina and Shuafat areas have made the train route subject to closures restricting passengers to stations south of Givat HaMivtar. Damage to trains caused two-thirds of CityPass's fleet to be taken offline in an ongoing basis through October 2014.

Archaeological findings
While tracks for the light rail were being laid in Shuafat, the remains of an ancient Roman–Jewish settlement were discovered. The settlement was described as a "sophisticated community impeccably planned by the Roman authorities, with orderly rows of houses and two fine public bathhouses to the north". The findings are said be the first indication of active Jewish settlement in the Jerusalem area after the city fell in 70 CE.

See also
Carmelit
Tel Aviv Light Rail
List of tram and light rail transit systems

References

External links

Cfir Operator's website
Jerusalem Light Rail on Urbanrail.net
From Mule Tracks to Light Rail Transit Tracks: Integrating Modern Infrastructure into an Ancient City — Jerusalem, Israel
 Trains at both ends of the route on Google Street View: Google Maps Google Maps

Rapid transit in Israel
Light Rail
Light rail in Israel
Public transport in Israel
Articles containing video clips
750 V DC railway electrification

Jerusalem Light Rail


A trainee is commonly known as an individual taking part in a trainee program within an organization after having graduated from higher and technical courses.

A trainee is an official employee of the firm that is being trained to the job they were originally hired for. Literally, a trainee is an employee in training. Trainee programs are arranged by private companies and public sector employers where the trainee position has a varied duration depending on the company's program. During the duration of these programs, the trainee is expected to receive a salary as well as is expected to have full-time employment awaiting in the company when the program is over. Often used as an insurance measure by companies, firms typically will have a trainee period where the person is still being evaluated after which an official decision to hire on a permanent basis is made.

The trainee programs most often consist of a combination of theory and practice and is aimed at having the trainee to learn the company from the ground up. Many trainees are able to take advantage of their contact network from the trainee program and climb the corporate ladder and become key individuals in many companies.

Many companies around the world organize trainee programs.

See also
 Apprenticeship
 Internship
 School-to-work transition

External links

Training
Beginners and newcomers
Employment classifications

Trainee


William H. Emery Jr. House is a Prairie School residence in Elmhurst, Illinois. It was one of the first independent commissions for Walter Burley Griffin.

History
William Emery Sr. moved to Chicago, Illinois, and purchased the Seth Wadhams farm in Elmhurst in 1887. Aside from profits made from developing the farm, Emery served as president of the Elmhurst school board, the Elmhurst Golf Club, and the New England Society of Chicago. Emery also had an important role in bringing electricity and water supply to the town. Emery had six children, including William H. Emery Jr. The younger Emery was a personal friend to architect Walter Burley Griffin, whom he met in school. Griffin had designed the Elmhurst Golf Club (now demolished), but the Emery house was his first residential commission. Emery had ideas about what he wanted his house to look like, and believed that Griffin's mentor Frank Lloyd Wright would not be tolerant of his opinions. The house was a wedding gift from the senior Emery to the junior Emery and was completed in 1903. The 1909 William B. Sloane House at 248 Arlington Avenue is the only other Griffin-designed residence in Elmhurst.
The house was purchased and restored by Dr. Thomas W. Zusag, and placed on the National Register of Historic Places in May 2004.

Architecture
The property on which the house was built was part of the original Emery land claim, now at the northeast corner of Arlington Avenue and Adelia Street. The lot is rectangular at approximately . The house is  with the longer axis parallel to Arlington Avenue. It is rectangular with two exceptions: the porte cochere extending to the west and two-story wing on the east. A semicircular drive from Arlington provides access to the porte cochere. The foundation is concrete and is built mostly with red brick, concrete, stone-colored stucco, and wood trim. The cedar-shingled gable roof is high pitched, unusual for a Prairie School design, and was probably influenced by Japanese architecture.

References

Elmhurst, Illinois
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
National Register of Historic Places in DuPage County, Illinois
Houses completed in 1903
Houses in DuPage County, Illinois
Walter Burley Griffin buildings

William H. Emery Jr. House


Roger Dale Phegley (born October 16, 1956) is an American retired professional basketball player. A 6'6" (198 cm) 205 lb (93 kg) shooting guard, he played college basketball at Bradley University and had a career in the NBA from 1978 to 1984. He ended his career playing in France.

High school and college career
Phegley was both a basketball and baseball standout at East Peoria High School. As a pitcher, he played a significant role in East Peoria's making the state baseball tournament for the first time. He even played briefly as a pitcher at Bradley University. During his college basketball career Phegley was named an All-American by Converse in 1978 and a third-team choice by the Associated Press and United Press International. He was Missouri Valley Conference Player of the Year in 1977, and was an all-Missouri Valley Conference selection in 1977 and 1978.

NBA career and beyond
He was selected by the Washington Bullets with the 14th overall pick in the 1978 NBA draft. He averaged 8.7 points per game over his NBA career with the Washington Bullets, New Jersey Nets, Cleveland Cavaliers, San Antonio Spurs and Dallas Mavericks.

He is now living in Morton, Illinois, where he works as an insurance agent with offices in Peoria.

Notes

External links
NBA stats @ basketballreference.com

1956 births
Living people
All-American college men's basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in France
American men's basketball players
Baseball players from Illinois
Basketball players from Illinois
Bradley Braves baseball players
Bradley Braves men's basketball players
Businesspeople from Illinois
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Dallas Mavericks players
New Jersey Nets players
Olympique Antibes basketball players
People from East Peoria, Illinois
People from Morton, Illinois
San Antonio Spurs players
Shooting guards
Washington Bullets draft picks
Washington Bullets players

Roger Phegley


Jenn McGinn (born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island) is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, representing the electoral district of Vancouver-Fairview, in a by-election on October 29, 2008. She is the first openly lesbian MLA to serve in the British Columbian Legislature. A member of the British Columbia New Democratic Party, her candidacy was endorsed in a Georgia Straight editorial.

McGinn is an account manager with the community business banking team of Vancity Savings Credit Union. She is a former vice-president of Little Mountain Neighbourhood House and past executive director of the South Granville Seniors Centre. She was also the director of development for the Surrey Women's Centre. McGinn first became involved in politics as a high school student in Charlottetown in the late 1980s. She was 17 when she joined the party, and soon became president of the P.E.I. Young New Democrats.

After the 2008 by-election the provincial constituency of Vancouver-Fairview was redistributed by Elections BC as part of a larger provincewide redistribution. She was defeated by BC Liberal candidate Margaret MacDiarmid in the 2009 provincial election.

Electoral record

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References

External links
 Jenn McGinn

British Columbia New Democratic Party MLAs
Canadian LGBT people in provincial and territorial legislatures
Lesbian politicians
Living people
Politicians from Charlottetown
Politicians from Vancouver
Women MLAs in British Columbia
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Canadian politicians
21st-century Canadian women politicians
21st-century Canadian LGBT people

Jenn McGinn


A service rifle or standard-issue rifle is a rifle a military issues to its personnel, typically to its regular infantry. In modern militaries, this is generally a versatile and rugged assault rifle or battle rifle, suitable for use in nearly all environments and effective in most combat situations. Almost all modern militaries are issued service pistols as sidearms to accompany their service rifles. The term can also be used to describe weapons issued by non-military forces, such as law enforcement or paramilitaries.

If the issued weapon is not a rifle, but instead a different type of firearm intended to serve in a specialized role such as a combat shotgun, submachine gun, or light machine gun, it is called a service firearm or service weapon.

History

Firearms with rifled barrels existed long before the 19th century but did not become widely used before the end of the American Civil War. Thus, rifles in the early 19th century were for specialist marksmen only, whilst ordinary infantry were issued less accurate smoothbore muskets which had a higher rate of fire, with bore diameters as high as 19 mm (0.75 inch). Early "service rifles" of the 1840s and 1850s, such as the Swiss Infanteriegewehr Modell 1842, the British Pattern 1853 Enfield, and the American Springfield Model 1840 and Springfield Model 1855 were all muzzleloading muskets.

Ordnance rifles were introduced in the 1860s and 1870s, with the French Chassepot (1866), the Swiss Peabody Gewehr Modell 1867, and the Prussian Mauser Model 1871. In the United States, the Springfield Model 1873 was the first breech-loading rifle adopted by the United States War Department for manufacture and widespread issue to U.S. troops.

The development of Poudre B smokeless powder in 1884, introduced with the French Lebel Model 1886 rifle, spelt the end of gunpowder warfare and led to a jump in small arms development. By the beginning of World War I, all of the world's major powers had adopted repeating bolt-action rifles such as the British Lee–Enfield, the German Gewehr 98, and the Russian Mosin–Nagant.

During the Second World War, the United States adopted the M1 Garand, first brought into service in 1936. Despite advancements in rifle technology, the United States was the only country to adopt a semi-automatic rifle as their primary service rifle. While other countries did develop semi-automatic rifles later on and used in limited numbers during the war. For comparison, Germany produced 402,000 Gewehr 43 rifles, compared to 14,000,000 of the Karabiner 98k (a shortened variant of the Gewehr 98). However, it was during the war that Germany also produced the StG 44, which is capable of controllable fully automatic fire from a 30-round magazine with the newly developed 7.92x33mm Kurz intermediate rifle cartridge. After the war, the StG 44 was of particular interest to the Soviet Union, whose AK-47 was derived heavily from the German design. In the 1960s and 1970s, the United States developed and produced the M16 rifle, cementing the applicability of the assault rifle as an effective combat weapon.

See also
 List of rifles
 List of assault rifles
 Service firearm competitions

References

Personal weapons
Rifles
Rifles by country

Service rifle


Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market or shortly Noryangjin Fish Market (Hangul: 노량진 수산시장) is an extensive farmers fish market in the neighborhood of Noryangjin-dong in Dongjak-gu, Seoul, South Korea. It is located east of 63 Building, and just south of the Han River. Metro line One passes through at Noryangin station near-by. Exit the station at exit 1 and walk under the bridge.

Noryangjin Fish Market was established in 1927 as Gyeongseong Susan (Hangul: 경성수산) on Uijuro(Hangul: 의주로) in Jung-gu near Seoul Station and moved to its current location in central Seoul in 1971.

In a poll of nearly 2,000 foreign visitors, conducted by the Seoul Metropolitan Government in November 2011, stated that visiting the Market is one of their favorite activities in Seoul.

Gallery

See also
List of markets in South Korea
List of South Korean tourist attractions

References

External links
Official site
 Noryangjin Marine Products Market

Dongjak District
Retail markets in Seoul
Fish markets
Wholesale markets

Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market


The Liberty Belle is the name of three superheroines. Two are from DC Comics: Libby Lawrence and Jesse Chambers, and the other is from Charlton Comics: Caroline Dean.

DC Comics

Libby Lawrence
The first Liberty Belle was Libby Lawrence. Her powers of enhanced speed, strength, and stamina were linked to the ringing of the Liberty Bell in Philadelphia. Early in her mystery-woman career, she had an arrangement with Tom Revere, a guard at the Liberty Bell. When she signaled him, he would ring the bell for her and trigger her powers. In her later years, after decades of super-strength many began to theorize about the nature of her powers. Some believed the sonic vibrations of the bell triggered a metahuman gene, some believed that it was mystical because Libby is connected to the power of the Spirit of America, like the heroes Uncle Sam and General Glory. Most of the Liberty Belle's heroic exploits took place during the Second World War, and she was one of the founding members (and later chairwoman) of the All-Star Squadron. In her public identity, she was the famous radio columnist Libby Lawrence, and therefore well-known both in and out of costume. During the war, she married speedster Johnny Quick. After the war, they had a daughter, Jesse, who shared both their powers and took the codename Jesse Quick. Libby Lawrence is a descendant of Bess Lynn, alias Miss Liberty.

Publication history
This character appeared in several publications.
The Liberty Belle debuted in Boy Commandos #1 (winter 1942/1943). After her second appearance in Boy Commandos #2 (Spring 1943), the character thereafter appeared in Star Spangled Comics #20 (May 1943) through to Star Spangled Comics #68 (May 1947).

In 1981, DC published issue #1 of All-Star Squadron, a book whose first story appeared as an insert in Justice League of America #193. The self-described "conceptualizer" of the book was its writer Roy Thomas. He chose to include the Liberty Belle in this World War II comic to, in his own words, "play down the Earth-Two heroes who have counterparts on Earth-One in favor of other, quite promising characters who have been ignored or underplayed". Thomas also said that the Liberty Belle was chosen to stand in for Wonder Woman. All-Star Squadron lasted 67 issues, with the last being published in 1987.

As he did with several other characters, Roy Thomas took some liberties with the Liberty Belle's Golden Age continuity by having her retroactively marry Johnny Quick in 1942, while all her Golden Age appearances throughout the 1940s depict her as a single woman with a semi-romantic relationship with Captain Rick Cannon of G2 Army Intelligence. Thomas also wrote a story depicting the death of Tom Revere in 1942, despite the fact that he was a supporting character from the Golden Age Liberty Belle stories, most of which take place in 1943 and later. Finally, Thomas had the Liberty Belle retroactively wear a mask from her first appearance, rather than her original unmasked look, in which she disguised herself only by allowing her loosed hair to partly drape over her face in a look inspired by Veronica Lake.

Young All-Stars #1 came out in 1987 as a replacement book for All-Star Squadron in the wake of the Crisis on Infinite Earths and the loss of Earth-Two as a fictional setting. The Liberty Belle was used as a supporting character in this book which came to an end in 1989 with issue #31.

In 1992 DC began publishing Justice Society of America with writer Len Strazewski. The Liberty Belle appeared in flashbacks and only in her public persona of Libby Lawrence. She was used to flesh out the characters of Johnny Chambers (her ex-husband) and Jesse Chambers (their daughter).

The Liberty Belle was ranked 63rd in Comics Buyer's Guide's "100 Sexiest Women in Comics" list.

Fictional character history

Early history
All-Star Squadron #61 (September 1986) is the first true Post-Crisis issue of that comic which chronicled the origin of the Liberty Belle.

Libby Lawrence wins the American Intercollegiate Girls Athletic Tournament and receives a bell-shaped medal made from a piece of the original Liberty Bell. Years later, she becomes a member of the American team at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, where she wins gold medals for competitive swimming.

World War II
When the Second World War begins in 1939, the young Libby Lawrence is in Poland acting as personal secretary to her father, Major James Lawrence. Her father is killed in a Nazi air raid and with the help of Rick Cannon, Libby begins a journey across Nazi occupied Europe gathering important intelligence along the way. At Dunkirk, she swims the English Channel to bring the information to the Allies. Libby is received with a ticker-tape parade on New York's Fifth Avenue and is shortly thereafter given work at a daily news syndicate, and then as a radio reporter, and she even has a television program (suspended only after the events at Pearl Harbor).

In the autumn of 1941, Libby is living in her hometown of Philadelphia. She rescues Rick Cannon, whom she thought to be a spy himself, from Nazi saboteurs.

Now a mystery-woman, the Liberty Belle becomes involved in the founding of the All-Star Squadron. On December 8, 1941 she is present, with a handful of other mystery-men, in the White House when President Roosevelt announces his order that the Justice Society of America mobilize all American costumed heroes into a single unit, an All-Star Squadron, responsible directly to the President. Their first mission is to fly to the West Coast, search out any saboteurs and prevent a Japanese attack on the U.S. mainland. They find the JSA have been captured by the time travelling villain Per Degaton, who is planning to change the events in an attempt at world domination. They stopped this, though when Per Degaton went back to 1947, they forgot his involvement. Soon after, the core members of the All-Star Squadron, including Libby, begin the process of electing other mystery-men for membership. During the meeting, the matter of electing a permanent chairman is decided by secret ballot, and the Liberty Belle receives the majority vote.

Days later, Libby returns to Philadelphia to visit with her friend Tom Revere. Independence Hall is attacked by Baron Blitzkrieg, Zyklon and Major Zwerg. In the battle, Tom Revere is killed while Major Zwerg is badly injured, the two other Nazi agents escape with the Liberty Bell. After learning that Blitzkrieg wanted the Liberty Bell to restore his sight, Libby gets to her base in a church with the help of Hawkgirl. Lightning strikes the Bell, the Baron regains his sight and escapes and Libby gains the ability to manipulate sound waves.

On April 1, 1942, Libby marries Johnny Chambers in Boston.

Libby continues to lead the All-Star Squadron in DC's series published in the 1980s but set during World War II: All-Star Squadron and Young All-Stars.

Later history
At some point after the war, Libby retires as a mystery-woman. Later still, she and Johnny have a child whom they name Jesse and begin raising a family.

Libby finally breaks up with Johnny as he founds his company called Quick-Start; the divorce soon follows. It is during this painful divorce that daughter Jesse uses her father's speed formula for the first time.

Libby later becomes extremely bitter about the costumed-adventurer business.

Libby puts on her costume again during the Infinite Crisis. Libby is fighting against Baron Blitzkrieg and other members of the Society when her powers fail. She goes to Philadelphia and attempts to increase her power levels by repeatedly ringing the Liberty Bell; however, this does not work and the Liberty Belle is trapped on the Bell, which is producing damage via sonic waves. The JSA try to help her and in the end she is saved by Stargirl.

A short time after the events of the Brightest Day crossover, Libby returns to superheroics after being recruited by the Manhunter to help the JSA battle a villain named Scythe. Writer Marc Guggenheim explained that having Libby return to the Liberty Belle identity was suggested to him by James Robinson after Libby's daughter returned to the Jesse Quick identity and joined the Justice League.

In the pages of "Dark Nights: Death Metal", Libby is revealed to be entombed in the Valhalla Cemetery. Batman later revived her with a Black Lantern power ring.

Jesse Chambers

Jesse Chambers is the second woman in the DC Universe to assume the identity of the Liberty Belle. As discussed earlier, she is the daughter of the Liberty Belle and Johnny Quick, having inherited her mother's powers. She combines those powers of enhanced strength, agility, reflexes and stamina with her father's speed, which is invoked by reciting a mathematical formula. Realizing her powers, she joins the JSA in its third incarnation. Although originally known as the speedster Jesse Quick, in December 2006 she debuted as the second Liberty Belle. Jesse marries the second Hourman, Rick Tyler, and they work as a duo within the Justice Society, until the team splits into a smaller Justice Society and a new incarnation of the All-Stars. In 2010, she joins the Justice League of America.

Charlton Comics
A backup feature in Charlton's E-Man #5 (November 1974), Caroline Dean, the second Liberty Belle, was a red-white-and-blue heroine who helps out on an American rocket launch. Joe Gill scripted, with industry legend Steve Ditko supplying the art.

Other versions

Earth-51
Libby Lawrence-Chambers is President of the United States on this Earth, and is referred to as the former Liberty Belle.

Amalgam Comics
In the Amalgam Comics universe, the American Belle is an amalgamation of DC's Liberty Belle and Marvel's Miss America. The American Belle is a member of the World War II era All-Star Winners Squadron (an amalgamation of DC's All-Star Squadron and Marvel's All-Winners Squad). She appears in Super-Soldier: Man of War #1 (June 1997).

References

External links
Liberty Belle (1942) at Don Markstein's Toonopedia.  (1942) at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on October 25, 2015.
Liberty Belle at The Unofficial Guide to the DC Universe.

Articles about multiple fictional characters
Golden Age superheroes
Charlton Comics superheroes
DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics female superheroes
DC Comics American superheroes
Comics characters introduced in 1942
Earth-Two
Female soldier and warrior characters in comics
Fictional bodyguards
Fictional characters from Philadelphia
Fictional reporters
Fictional secretaries
Fictional presidents of the United States
Fictional competitive swimmers
United States-themed superheroes
Fictional Olympic competitors

Liberty Belle (comics)


CRY 104.0FM is an Irish radio station based in Youghal, County Cork.

Areas served by the station include Youghal, Ballymacoda, Ballycotton, Killeagh, Inch, Ardmore, Clashmore, Aglish and Knockanore.

History
Having operated as a "pirate" station from 1979 to 1988, CRY was granted a community broadcasting licence in 1995 to cover Youghal's surrounding areas in East Cork and West Waterford. It was one of a very limited number nationwide of what were initially trial community licences, and followed political lobbying in the early 1990s for the station to return with a licence. The appointment of Youghal native Christy Cooney to the then Independent Radio and Television Commission (IRTC), was a significant move in the process to get C.R.Y. back on the air with a community radio licence.

CRY reappeared on the airwaves in September 1995 on 105.1FM, originally with weekday broadcasting hours of 14:00 to 18:00.

The scheduled included the "Youghal in Focus" show, a 90-minute news and current affairs show, which on Mondays and Fridays signed off at 17:00 for the sports programme "Sportsline". Hourly local news bulletins also ran on weekdays for the station's first three years on air, compiled by locally based journalists.

A weekend service originally ran from 09:00 to 14:00, but within six months, weekend hours had been extended to 21:00 to take in live sport, and a relay of Saturday evening Mass.

The station broadcast for many years on its original frequency, but was moved to 107.2FM in 2002 to facilitate the launch of county-wide pop station Red FM, and then switched to 104.0 MHz in late 2006 after suffering interference in outlying areas from a new national station, Newstalk.

The changeover was completed in January 2007, after a short period of simulcasting on both the new and old frequencies, but the station went off air in October 2007 due to maintenance work on the landmark building that CRY occupies, and returned just after Christmas.

CRY broadcasts 24 hours a day on the 104fm wavelength and on its website

Former presenters
Former broadcasters on CRY who have moved onto national broadcasting include Derek Kiely, Will Downing and Oisin Langan while Thomas Breathnach moved to South Africa to work with Cape Town station Heart 104.9 and now is a travel correspondent, writing for The Boston Globe, Men's Health and Irish Independent.

References

External links
Cry104fm.com
"Tour de France in Youghal" schedule, 1998

Radio stations in the Republic of Ireland
Mass media in County Cork
Former pirate radio stations
Community radio stations in Ireland

Radio stations established in 1979
Radio stations established in 1995
Radio stations disestablished in 1988

CRY 104.0FM


Gould's Book of Fish: A Novel in Twelve Fish is a 2001 novel by Tasmanian author Richard Flanagan. Gould's Book of Fish was Flanagan's third novel.

Plot summary
Gould's Book of Fish is a fictionalised account of the convict William Buelow Gould's life both at Macquarie Harbour and elsewhere during his life in Van Diemen's Land.

Chapter titles (the twelve fish)
The Pot-bellied Seahorse
The Kelpy
The Porcupine Fish
The Stargazer
The Leatherjacket
The Serpent Eel
The Sawtooth Shark
The Striped Cowfish
The Crested Weedfish
The Freshwater Crayfish
The Silver Dory
The Weedy Seadragon

Artwork
The novel is unusual in that it makes use of paintings by the real Van Diemonian convict artist William Buelow Gould reproduced with permission from William Gould's Sketchbook of Fishes, held by the Allport Library and Museum of Fine Arts, in the State Library of Tasmania. These images of fish are used both as chapter headings and inspiration for characters. Different editions around the world have used different images of Gould's for their cover.

Notes
Dedication: "For Rosie, Jean and Eliza, swimming in ever widening rings of wonder."
Epigraph: "My mother is a fish." – William Faulkner.

Awards
Commonwealth Writers Prize, South-East Asia and South Pacific Region, Best Book, 2002: winner
Commonwealth Writers Prize, Overall Best Book Award, 2002: winner
Miles Franklin Literary Award, 2002: shortlisted
Victorian Premier's Literary Award, The Vance Palmer Prize for Fiction, 2002: winner
Booksellers Choice Award, 2001: shortlisted
Australian Literary Society Gold Medal, 2002

Reviews

The Christian Science Monitor: "Lowly fish battle Tasmanian devil", Ron Charles, 28 March 2002

The Guardian "In the hands of madmen", Alex Clark 1 June 2002

The Daily Telegraph  Will Cohu, Deep Down Under

New York Times  Michiko Kakutani, 'A Reborn Criminal Distils Beauty From a Prison's Abominable Depths'
The Observer "Con fishing", Robert MacFarlane, 26 May 2002
Australian Book Review   Brian Matthews, 'The Ministry of Fish'

References

2001 Australian novels
Western Tasmania
Novels by Richard Flanagan
Novels set in Tasmania
ALS Gold Medal winning works
Postmodern novels
Pan Books books

Gould's Book of Fish


St Augustines Anglican Church is a heritage-listed church at Dove Street, Leyburn, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Richard George Suter and built from 1871 to 1918. It is also known as St Augustine's Church of England. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 August 1992.

History

The settlement on Canal Creek (a tributary of the Condamine River) had grown from the 1840s to service the colonising settlers following the stock route blazed by the Leslie brothers in 1840 to the southern Darling Downs. Known from 1853 as Leyburn, the first sale of allotments was held in 1857 following the survey of the town earlier that year.

By 1872 a state school, an Anglican church, Police Station and Court House, two smithies, three stores, a sawmill and the inevitable three hotels made up the straggling wooden town centre along the road to Warwick. The town was described as "always a sleepy little town ... whose calm was broken by the brief Canal Creek gold-rush in 1871-2 ... clothed in dust raised by the slow passage of teams and flocks through the town". Most men were either employed as carriers on the Toowoomba-Goondiwindi road or else worked on nearby stations, rejoining their families at their Leyburn cottages on Saturday night.

As one of the Darling Downs droving, drinking, and administrative centres located on the old stock and work-routes, significant government infrastructure was located in the town: from 1852 Leyburn became a postal distribution point for the district with mail services branching out from the town; in 1872 the town was connected to the electric telegraph system becoming an important repeating station between Sydney and Brisbane; in 1861 Leyburn was appointed as a place for the holding of Courts of Petty Sessions, a Police Magistrate was appointed, and a lock-up erected followed in 1867 by a court house; the Leyburn National School opened in 1862.

The bypassing of Leyburn by the western railways signalled its (and other similarly bypassed towns') decline: in 1868 the Toowoomba to Dalby link was completed and in 1871 the Toowoomba to Warwick link, leaving only (yet significantly) the Goondiwindi traffic to pass through Leyburn. In the 1900s that too was destroyed with the building of the South Western railway line known as the Border Fence from Warwick to Goondiwindi (later extended to Dirranbandi).

Anglican church services had been held in Leyburn since the 1840s when the Bishop of the newly formed Diocese of Newcastle (of which Queensland, then part of New South Wales was part) sent to the district the man who would become known as the Apostle of the Downs, the Reverend Benjamin Glennie. Early services were held at various locations including public houses and later the Court House. In 1861 the Anglican parish of Leyburn was formed and a parsonage erected on land donated by the Gore family of nearby Yandilla. A church, however, was not erected until 1871.

According to contemporary newspaper reports, the building of the church was mainly due to the Bishop of Brisbane (Edward Wyndham Tufnell) who chose Leyburn to be the beneficiary of moneys sent by a number of students of the College of St Augustine in England which were to be expended in the erection of a church in Queensland. The site chosen on the main Warwick Road near the Court House was purchased in 1870 for £4. Tenders for fencing in the English Church ground were accepted soon after; tenders for the erection of the new church were called by architect RG Suter in September. Built of 12" pit-sawn timber with shingled roof, the contractor was John Baillie, the church of St Augustine of Canterbury was dedicated in September 1871 by Bishop Tufnell.

Architect Richard George Suter (1827-1894) was responsible for the design of at least ten of some thirty-four churches built during the episcopate of Bishop Tufnell (1859–74) including St Mark's Warwick (1867–70) and St James' Toowoomba (1868-69) as well as a number of timber churches including St Andrew's Lutwyche (1866) and (the first) St David's Allora (1868). Suter also undertook a considerable amount of work for the Queensland Board of Education. Like his churches, Suter's early schools used timber with outside studding as a construction technique, an ingenious modification of traditional half-timbered construction developed and popularised by Suter in Queensland. He designed relatively few houses, but residences such as East Talgai (1868) and Jimbour (1873-4) homesteads are some of the most substantial and distinguished ever erected in Queensland.

Following the decline in importance of Leyburn with the building of the railways, the parish name and centre was changed in 1889 from Leyburn to Pittsworth. To enable the priest (who now travelled from Pittsworth) to stay overnight in Leyburn, a vestry was added to the church in 1918; the timber being supplied by Mr McDonald. The shingles were replaced between 1889 and 1924 and donated by Mr McWilliam. In 1924 the parish of Millmerran was formed of which Leyburn became a part. In 1931, the roof was again reshingled (by Mr T Hutton) with shingles cut by Mr W Lambley of Pratten; reshingling was again carried out in 1993 using ironbark cut from the property of local parishioners Clarrie and Nola Kirby.

In 1986 stained glass windows were erected behind the altar. More recently a memorial erected by the local historical society in the grounds of the church to gold miner Dan Bray (died 1901) as a tribute to all the goldminers of Leyburn's' early history who lie in unmarked graves in unknown places.

On 14 November 2021, St Augustine's Anglican Church celebrated its 150th anniversary.

Description

Leyburn is a rural village on the southern reaches of the Darling Downs, some  northwest of Warwick, on the banks of Canal Creek. St. Augustine's Church is located on the north-eastern approach to the village from Toowoomba, Dove Street. The church is timber of outside stud framing on low timber stumps with a steeply pitched gabled roof clad in hardwood shingles. It is reputedly styled on English village churches of the period, expressing many Gothic elements in a vernacular form of construction.The church is positioned centrally within the site, which slopes gently to the east. The nave is orientated east-west, with the chancel at the eastern end and Dove Street to the west. Entrance to the site is through a timber arched gateway with a small pine tree and a short bay of picket fencing to either side. The remainder of the fencing is of timber rails. There are several saplings to the perimeter fence, and a clump of eucalypts to the northern side. To the east of the site is a small weatherboard store, and a memorial to the gold miner Dan Bray under an open shelter also roofed in shingles.

The church is a simple rectilinear form, with the chancel to eastern end and the porch to the south of the western end. The addition housing the vestry is to the south-east corner. The wall framing of studs, noggings and bracing is exposed to the exterior of the building, and purposefully arranged as a decorative element which is further emphasised by its contrasting colour. The wall cladding to the interior of the framing is pit-sawn planks of cypress pine, some  wide, laid horizontally. The roof is steeply pitched with gable ends, and a timber bell-cote with spire at the western end. The roof is clad in hand-split hardwood shingles. The entry door from the south porch is a boarded and ledged door with a lancet head, and still furnishing its original bolt and rimlock. Inside, the nave has a special quality of light created by a continuous opening between the top of the walls and the roof framing, to the sides and the gable ends. The tall, narrow windows hand painted with a stipple pattern also contribute to this light. These windows have trefoil heads applied to the outside, giving them a Gothic-like shadow internally. They open by sliding along tracks to the inside of the wall. The floor is of wide raw cypress pine boards, which are hand-scrubbed clean to retain their bleached appearance. The exposed roof framing and trusses have been stained. All the major members are stop chamfered. The trusses feature twisted vertical tie rods. The chancel arch, also of lancet form, is lined with beaded board.

The furniture reputedly dates from the church's establishment. The altar, lectern, pulpit and pews are of stained pine. To the west end of the aisle is the movable stone baptism font. The altar has been moved away from the apse to face the congregation. The original timber screen from the altar is presently stored in the vestry. To the rear of the altar there are now stained glass windows. To the side walls of the chancel are gas lamps on swivelling brackets.

The later addition of the vestry is lined with narrow boards. It houses a dresser, washstand, bed, wardrobe, and the bellows organ. Also stored here are the original gas lamps from the roof, and the dedication chalice and plate.

Heritage listing
St Augustines Anglican Church, Leyburn was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 August 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

St Augustine's Leyburn was erected in 1871 to the design of one of Queensland's most notable architects, RG Suter. Responsible for some of the state's most significant residences he also undertook considerable work for the Board of Education as well as the Church of England. His timber buildings in particular for both organisations established a local tradition, albeit without the architectural pretensions of Suter's original designs, of timber buildings with outside studding which combined economy, internal finish, and picturesque appearance. Architect also to several churches constructed in stone, it was Suter's timber churches such as St Augustine's (believed to be his only remaining timber church) which presented a challenge to the theological thinking of the time which viewed timber as an unsuitable material to be used in the construction of the houses of God.

Together with other buildings of the nineteenth century particularly of the 1860s and 1870s, St Augustine's is a symbol of the more prosperous times of Leyburn and an integral part of its townscape which presents a remarkably intact example of an early Queensland township as well as an important representation of the settlement of the Darling Downs.

The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.

St Augustine's is a rare example of a surviving timber shingled roofed building; made more remarkable by the survival of its shingled relative, the playshed at Leyburn State School.

The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.

Although reputedly patterned on the form of English village churches, the expression of the timber work and the simplified Gothic motifs give St Augustine's a delicate lightweight vernacular charm; there is a special quality of the internal light through the eaves and translucent windows.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

Together with other buildings of the nineteenth century particularly of the 1860s and 1870s, St Augustine's is a symbol of the more prosperous times of Leyburn and an integral part of its townscape which presents a remarkably intact example of an early Queensland township as well as an important representation of the settlement of the Darling Downs

The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.

St Augustine's Leyburn was erected in 1871 to the design of one of Queensland's most notable architects, RG Suter.

References

Attribution

Further reading

External links

Queensland Heritage Register
Southern Downs Region
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Richard George Suter church buildings
Anglican churches in Queensland

St Augustine's Anglican Church, Leyburn


The Manchester Evening News (MEN) is a regional daily newspaper covering  Greater Manchester in North West England, founded in 1868. It is published Monday–Saturday; a Sunday edition, the MEN on Sunday, was launched in February 2019. The newspaper is owned by Reach plc (formerly Trinity Mirror),[2] one of Britain's largest newspaper publishing groups.

Since adopting a 'digital-first' strategy in 2014, the MEN has experienced significant online growth, despite its average print daily circulation for the first half of 2021 falling to 22,107. In the 2018 British Regional Press Awards, it was named Newspaper of the Year and Website of the Year.

History

Formation and The Guardian ownership
The Manchester Evening News was first published on 10 October 1868 by Mitchell Henry as part of his parliamentary election campaign, its first issue four pages long and costing a halfpenny. The newspaper was run from a small office on Brown Street, with approximately a dozen staff. Upon the newspaper's launch, Henry said: "In putting ourselves into print, we have no apology to offer, but the assurance of an honest aim to serve the public interest." Henry's quote is displayed on the entrance wall to the newspaper's modern offices.

With his Parliamentary bid unsuccessful, Henry lost interest in the business, selling the publication to John Edward Taylor Jr., the son of newspaper proprietor John Edward Taylor, founder of the Manchester Guardian (now The Guardian). The newspaper became the evening counterpart and sister title to The Manchester Guardian and the two titles began sharing an office, located on Cross Street, from 1879. Taylor brought his brother-in-law Peter Allen in as a partner in the Manchester Evening News and, after Taylor's death in 1907, the Guardian was sold to its editor C. P. Scott while the Evening News passed into the hands of the Allen family. In 1924, C. P. Scott's son John Russell Scott reunited the papers, buying out the Manchester Evening News and forming The Manchester Guardian and Evening News Ltd, which in turn later became the Guardian Media Group (GMG).

In 1936, John Russell Scott formed the Scott Trust in order to protect the company from death duties, following the deaths of his father and younger brother Ted in close succession. The contents of the original deeds were not disclosed by the company, but a copy obtained by The Independent revealed the terms compelled trustees to "use their best endeavours to procure that the [...] Manchester Guardian and Manchester Evening News [...] shall be carried on as nearly as may be upon the same principles as they have heretofore."

During the editorship of William Haley (who later became the Director-General of the BBC and subsequently the editor of The Times) in the 1930s, the newspaper's circulation grew to over 200,000. By 1939 the publication was the largest provincial evening newspaper in the country. The newspaper was a cash cow for its parent company and kept its stablemate The Manchester Guardian afloat. The financial success of the Manchester Evening News was reflected in Haley's salary, which was even greater than John Scott's, with Scott himself acknowledging, "after all, you make the money we spend."

In 1961, The Manchester Guardian and Evening News Ltd bought out the Manchester Evening Newss ailing rival, the Manchester Evening Chronicle, and two years later, merged the papers. Following this, the Manchester Evening Newss circulation increased to over 480,000.

From 2004 until July 2009, the newspaper collaborated with Channel M to produce that Manchester-area TV station's flagship programme, the 5pm weeknight edition of Channel M News. The programme later expanded to include bulletins at breakfast, lunchtime and late evening, a weekly review programme, and also occasional live specials.

Trinity Mirror acquisition
In December 2009, GMG confirmed it had held "exploratory talks" about selling the Manchester Evening News, following a report by The Daily Telegraph which named Trinity Mirror as a potential buyer and claimed the "disposal would amount to a fire sale" due to the current value of the business. The title estimated the Manchester Evening News alone to be worth about £200m prior to the collapse in newspaper advertising.

In February 2010, the Manchester Evening News was sold along with GMG's 31 other regional titles to Trinity Mirror, severing the historic link between The Guardian and the Manchester Evening News. The sale was valued at £44.8m – £7.4m in cash and the remainder from GMG extricating itself from a £37.4m decade-long contract with Trinity Mirror to print its regional titles. The sale of GMG's regional arm was negotiated to offset company losses, with The Guardian and its Sunday title Observer accruing losses of £100,000 a day. The sale was described by stockbrokers Numis as "the deal of the decade" for Sly Bailey, Trinity Mirror's chief executive, while The Guardians Steve Busfield said the sale was indicative of the declining business value of regional media, comparing the sale to that of Johnston Press's acquisition of 53 regional titles including The Yorkshire Post eight years earlier, for £560m.

In the year prior to the newspaper's sale, GMG had reduced the number of journalists at the newspaper to 50. Judy Gordon, the National Union of Journalists mother of the chapel, said: "The Guardian has not got any money of its own. It has only got what other people give it. We've made all those changes to stem the fact that our profits are dropping. Then they ask: 'How much can you give us now? Nothing? OK, Bye.'"

The Manchester Evening News headquarters were relocated from Scott Place in the Spinningfields area of Manchester city centre to an existing Trinity Mirror plant in Chadderton, where other Trinity Mirror titles in North West England are printed. In 2013, the title surpassed 10 million monthly online readers for the first time, recording 10,613,119 visitors.

Editions

Despite its "evening" title, the newspaper began publication of a morning edition in November 2004, a controversial move which brought union members to the brink of strike action over new work rotas.

"Football Green" and "Football Pink"
For years the paper was famous for its "Football Green" edition. After the MEN merged with the rival Manchester Evening Chronicle in the 1960s, its more popular "Sporting Pink" was adopted as the "Football Pink". The "Football Pink" was first issued in 1904 as part of the Manchester Evening Chronicle, which was owned by Manchester City chairman Sir Edward Hulton, 1st Baronet.

The "Green" and "Pink" names came from being printed in paper of those colours. In the 1970s the Saturday sports paper began using white newsprint, which had become by then the industry standard. The football results were added to a pre-printed newspaper using small presses in newspaper vans usually parked near the stadiums. The "Pink"'s final edition was dated 12 August., 2000.

MEN Lite
In March 2005 the paper launched a cut-down afternoon version of the paper titled MEN Lite, which was distributed free to commuters within Manchester's city centre.

Part-free
On 2 May 2006 the Evening News dropped the "Lite" edition in favour of a "part-free, part-paid" distribution model for the main paper. Copies were free in Manchester city centre, while readers outside that area continued to pay for the paper.

In December 2006, the paper also began free distribution at Manchester Airport and hospitals throughout Greater Manchester.

In December 2009, the newspaper announced that as of January 2010 the paper would no longer be handed out free Monday to Wednesday in the city centre and other selected locations. Instead they would be handed out free as previously on Thursdays and Fridays, but would regain their paid-for status in these locations at all other times.

Manchester Weekly News
A free weekly version of the Manchester Evening News, the Manchester Weekly News, was launched 2 April 2015. The paper is delivered to over 265,000 homes in Greater Manchester.

City Life affiliation
City Life -- originally an independent political and cultural magazine for the Manchester area -- was a acquired by GMG in 1989. In December 2007, City Life ceased independent publication, subsequently becoming a 20-page supplement to the Friday issue of the Manchester Evening News.

See also
 Manchester Metro News – weekly sister paper
 Murder of Lisa Hession – local case that has received considerable coverage by the paper as it was the current chief reporter's first murder case

References
Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

Newspapers published in Manchester
Newspapers established in 1868
History of Manchester
Daily newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Newspapers published by Reach plc

Manchester Evening News


Maniac (from Greek μανιακός, maniakos) is a pejorative for an individual who experiences the mood known as mania.  In common usage, it is also an insult for someone involved in reckless behavior.

Maniac may also refer to:

Film
Maniac (1934 film), an exploitation film directed by Dwain Esper
Maniac (1963 film), directed by Michael Carreras
The Ransom (aka Maniac!), 1977 film with Oliver Reed
Maniac (1980 film), directed by William Lustig
Maniac (2011 film), directed by Shia LaBeouf
Maniac (2012 film), a remake of the 1980 film

Literature

 Maniac, a 1995 novel by John Peel

Television
Maniac (Norwegian TV series), a Norwegian television series
Maniac (miniseries), an American TV series based on the Norwegian series

Medicine
Melanocytic nevus with intraepidermal ascent of cells

Games
Ideal Maniac, a handheld electronic LED game created by the Ideal Toy Company

Music
Maniac (producer), grime producer from London
Stage name of Norwegian musician Sven Erik Kristiansen
Maniac (band), a band from Los Angeles, California, US

Songs
"Maniac" (Michael Sembello song), used in the 1983 film Flashdance
"Maniac" (Girlicious song), a 2010 song
"Maniac" (Conan Gray song), a 2019 song
"Maniac" (Stray Kids song), a 2022 song
"Maniac", by Clap Your Hands Say Yeah from their album Hysterical
"Maniac", by Jhené Aiko
"Maniac", by Kid Cudi from his album Man on the Moon II: The Legend of Mr. Rager
"Maniac", by Macklemore from his album Ben
"Maniac", by Merrill Nisker from her album Fancypants Hoodlum
"Maniac", by Caravan Palace from their album Panic
"Maniac", by Carpenter Brut featuring Yann Ligner

Sports
 Maryland Maniacs, a United States indoor football team
 "Maniac" Mike Davis (1956–2001), American professional wrestler
 "Maniac" Jimmy Deo, a professional wrestler; one half of the tag-team Assault and Battery
 The Maniacs, Ultras group of FK Željezničar Sarajevo
 Shaquille Leonard (born 1995), American football player

Other
MANIAC I, an early computer

See also
Mania (disambiguation)
Maniacal (disambiguation)
Manniac, a 2005 film directed by Ingo Trendelbernd

Maniac


Charles Michael "Charlie" Mooney (born January 27, 1951) is a retired boxer from the United States, who won the silver medal in the bantamweight (– 54 kg) division at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. There he lost by decision in the final by North Korea's Gu Yong-Ju.

Mooney is married to Dara Mooney and has two daughters, Lanette and Charkeena, and one son, Charles Jr. seven grand children, four boys and three girls. He was a three-time All Army champion, three-time inter-service champion, won a silver medal in Pan Am trials and took bronze and silver medals at the AAU nationals. In the US Army at the time, he did not turn professional. Mooney made the Army his career, and retired with 22 years active service, ending August 29, 1992, with the rank of Sergeant First Class.

Mooney was born in Washington, D.C. started his new career at Eastern Senior High school as a US Army JROTC instructor from 1992 to 2006 and he also ran the Olympic torch in Washington DC in 1996.  In 1977–1978 he was an All Army assistant coach.  In 1977–1984 he was an athlete rep for the ABF, Olympic committee and a trainer for the 1984 Olympic boxing team. In 1992–2008, Mooney, founded and the Charles M. Mooney Academy of Boxing, a non-profit 501c3 in Rockville and Laurel, Maryland. Mooney also had the opportunity to go to China to train the Chinese Olympics' Boxing Team in Beijing, China. Mooney trained the World Series Boxing Team in Memphis, Tennessee, known as the Memphis Force and was the trainer of USBA cruiserweight champion Darnell Wilson, as well as Wayne Hampton, Adele Olakanye, Keith Kemp, Brian Cook, Marlyn Haynes, two-time WBC champion Keith Holmes WBC champion Sharmba Mitchell, ranked heavyweight Tony Thompson, Teddy Reid, Fabian Garcia, Theon Holland, Simon Brown, Darell Holawell, William Joppy, Corey Sanders, and world champion Chris Byrd, Matt Korobov soon to be middle weight champion, Alexey Sergeevich Zubov and world Heavyweight title challenger Jameel McCline.

Olympic results
Below are the results of Charles Mooney, an American boxer who competed in the bantamweight division at the 1976 Montreal Olympics:

 Round of 64: Defeated Mohamed Rais (Morocco) by decision, 5-0
 Round of 32: Defeated Juan Francisco Rodríguez (Spain) by decision, 4-1
 Round of 16: Defeated Bernardo Onori (Italy) by decision, 5-0
 Quarterfinal: Defeated Hwang Chul-soon (South Korea) by decision, 3-2
 Semifinal: Defeated Viktor Rybakov (Soviet Union) by decision, 4-1
 Final: Lost to Gu Yong-Ju (North Korea) by decision, 0-5 (was awarded the silver medal)

References

 databaseOlympics.com
 Article at thesweetscience.com

1951 births
Living people
Boxers from Washington, D.C.
Bantamweight boxers
Boxers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers for the United States
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in boxing
American male boxers
United States Army soldiers
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics

Charles Mooney


The Regional State Archives in Trondheim () is a regional division of the National Archival Services of Norway and is the regional archive for state institutions in Møre og Romsdal, Sør-Trøndelag, Nord-Trøndelag and Nordland. The State Archives in Trondheim was established in 1850 and is the oldest national archive in Scandinavia. Since autumn 2006, it is located together with two other archives, a library and a museum in the Archive Centre at Dora 1, a World War II U-boat facility. The institutions collaborate in many respects, and among other things share a reading room.

The state archives is tasked with maintaining and making available archival materials from the local and regional administrations. In addition, the archive accepts and stores private archives. It supervises the archivists in public agencies within its district, and in that connection assists public administrative entities with advice and guidance. It also works to foster interest in and spread awareness of the archives.

The State Archives in Trondheim maintains approximately 25,000 metres of shelved materials, which may be used in the reading room at the archive centre. The most used material in the state archives is also accessible through the National Archival Services' Digital Archive.

References

External links
State Archives in Trondheim official site
Archive Centre site
Digitalarkivet (digitized sources)

National Archival Services of Norway
1850 establishments in Norway
Government agencies established in 1850
Organisations based in Trondheim

Regional State Archives in Trondheim


Muhammad Javed Afridi (Urdu, ; born 14 August 1985) is a Pakistani business executive and entrepreneur.

Business Interests
He is best known as the CEO of Haier Pakistan and owner of MG Motors Pakistan. Afridi is also owner of the cricket franchise Peshawar Zalmi in Pakistan Super League (PSL) and also Co-Founder/CEO of JoChaho.

MG JW Automobile Pakistan
MG JW Automobile Pakistan is owned by JW Auto Park, which in turn owned by Javed Afridi. MG Motors Pakistan has signed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Morris Garages (MG) Motor UK Limited, owned by SAIC Motor to bring electric vehicles in Pakistan. It will establish Electric car manufacturing plant. MG Motors has launched two models namely MG HS and MG ZS EV in Pakistan in 2020. Morris Garage (MG) Motors Pakistan launched MG ZS priced at Rs 4.1 million.

Investment in cricket
Javed Afridi has sponsored many cricket tournaments under his supervision including Haier Super 8 T20 Cup and Pakistan Super League. Afridi has also owned a cricket franchise Peshawar Zalmi for a ten-year period. In an interview he said: "Peshawar and KP are close to my heart, and I want to develop the infrastructure around the game in my homeland."

See also
MG Motors Pakistan
Haier Pakistan
Super 8 T20 Cup
Pakistan Super League
Peshawar Zalmi

References

External links

Pakistani chief executives
Pashtun people
Pakistan Super League franchise owners
1985 births
Edwardes College alumni
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Alumni of Regent's University London
Alumni of Saïd Business School
People from Khyber District
Living people
Peshawar Zalmi
Javed
Pakistanis named in the Pandora Papers

Javed Afridi


MAtv (formerly Vox) is a Canadian community channels operated by the cable provider Vidéotron within the province of Quebec.

History
In the 1970s, the first community radio stations started to appear in Quebec. These were non-commercial radio stations operated by social groups, in which the population can participate and whose operation is based on a cooperative basis. These types of stations broadcast programs that dealt with social issues that were typically neglected by other radio stations.

The 1970s also saw the emergence of cable television, which allowed the broadcasting of more television programs in certain regions.

Community television operates on the same principle as community radio and is hosted by the cable distribution companies, which are governed by a regulation of the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC).

The CRTC wanted the cable companies to reinvest in the sharing of the airwaves by offering a service to subscribers via a community channel. In Quebec, in 1973, the provincial government, through the Ministry of Culture and Communications, promoted the establishment of community television stations by financially supporting their basic operation. For example, citizen groups chose to develop such a community media because they believed in freedom of expression, public speaking and the opportunity to participate in social change. Autonomous Community Television Corporations (ACT) are therefore born of the will of these communities of citizens to equip themselves with a television communication tool. Some considered this means of communication as a place of creation, others chose to make it a place of debate and local public expression.

In 1978, in the Greater Montreal area, Cablevision Nationale (formerly National Cablevision) and CF Cable TV (today CFCF-DT, identified on-air by CTV Montreal) the East and West territories of the Island of Montreal, while Télécâble Vidéotron serves the South Shore and the North Shore of the city. Each cable operator manages its own community channel and broadcasts programs produced by ACT in its schedule.
Cablevision Nationale's community television has a large recording studio, located at 90 Beaubien Street West, in Montreal. She also has a reporter's post that covers various events. Several programs are recorded, both by volunteers and professionals. In addition to the more traditional community programs, others such as a series that gives voice to the gay community, another that follows amateur hockey games and even a striptease show at midnight in the evening, is off the beaten path and interest people to subscribe to the cable.
For its part Télécable Vidéotron owns several small community studios in several municipalities (Longueuil, Beloeil, Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, Saint-Hubert, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Saint-Jérôme, Laval, Joliette and north of Montreal).

In 1980, Télécâble Vidéotron acquired Cablevision Nationale. With this acquisition, the four small studios serving different areas of Montreal and Laval, (90 Beaubien Street West, one on Beaubien Street East, one on Louvain Street and one on Saint-Elzéar Boulevard in Laval) will replace unique Montreal studio. Each of the studios will be managed by a community animator who will produce the programs while supervising the groups of volunteers who come to propose their projects. All of these programs produced by these small studios, as well as some produced by other community TVs served by Télécâble Vidéotron, are now broadcast on Cable 9.

In 1985, Télé communautaire was modernized and a large studio was established at 3555 Berri Street in Montreal. Located just above the Sherbrooke metro station, this studio offers better accessibility to the community. The team is growing and now consists of six versatile director-coordinators, who also work alternately as assistant directors, cameramen, lighting technicians, depending on the programs recorded.

Cable 9 broadcasts not only programs produced in the Montreal studio, but also other local programs from ACT in Greater Montreal, the South Shore or other regions of Quebec.

In 1987, Vidéotron moved its head office to 300 Viger Avenue (right next to the Champ-de-Mars metro station and Télé communautaire also installs, prominently, on the ground floor. Télé communautaire then has a very large studio, modern equipment and a larger production team. In November 1996, there are 21 employees: directors, cameramen, a secretary, a receptionist and a video library.

In 1996, Télé communautaire was renamed TCV. TCV Vidéotron's network in Greater Montreal covers the entire island of Montreal, its North Shore (including Saint-Jérôme, Joliette, Sainte-Thérèse, Repentigny), its South Shore (including Boucherville, Beloeil, Longueuil, Saint- Jean-sur-Richelieu and Châteauguay), Laval and the Vaudreuil region.

In 1999, Télé communautaire was renamed Canal Vox, then renamed Vox in 2007. Ten of its flagship programs, including  The Confident  and  ICI et là , saw their audience triple.

On November 19, 2012, Vox was renamed MAtv with a planned focus on more viewer-produced programming.

Addition of English programming, ICTV complaint
On September 5, 2013, Vidéotron announced that they filed an application to the CRTC for permission to launch an English-language version of the channel, MYtv, to focus on Greater Montreal's anglophone communities. Vidéotron intended on only having one MYtv channel, but was open to carrying it on the lineups of service areas with a sizable anglophone population.

In 2014, the group Independent Community TV (ICTV) filed a complaint with the CRTC, alleging that Vidéotron was failing in its responsibility to provide public access and community programming, and demanded that the provider be ordered to relinquish control of the service to ICTV so that it could operate a replacement. ICTV cited the heavy involvement of Vidéotron staff in its programming, as well as the networking of programming across all MATV channels (thus failing the requirement for programming to reflect the local community).

In February 2015, the CRTC issued a decision on the matter; it agreed with ICTV's position on MAtv's regulatory non-compliance, but declined to transfer the license to ICTV. According to the commission, MAtv's schedule comprised just 30 per cent public access programming compared to its license requirement of 45 per cent, and instead was counting shows hosted and produced by professional broadcasters as public access. In addition, the majority of the channel's schedule comprised general interest programming shared by all of Vidéotron's community channels across Quebec, rather than being specifically oriented toward Montreal. The CRTC authorized the creation of the English-language channel, while setting out a number of new regulatory compliance conditions for MAtv.

Rather than establishing a second channel, Vidéotron instead began to carry some English-language programming on MATV in Montreal in September 2015, beginning with the premiere of five new series. The channel has committed to having 20% of its programming be English-language productions, corresponding roughly with the size of Montreal's anglophone population.

In August 2023, Vidéotron announced that MAtv in Montreal would be shut down in 2024, in order to prioritize investments into the local news operations of CFTM.

Markets
 Montreal-Laval-Longueuil
 Quebec City-Lévis
 Saguenay
 Sherbrooke
 Cap-de-la-Madeleine
 Sorel-Tracy
 Granby
 Rivière-du-Loup
 Gatineau-Outaouais

References

External links

 Canal Vox (from the Internet Archive Wayback Machine)
 Vox (from the Internet Archive Wayback Machine)

Canadian community channels
French-language television networks in Canada
Quebecor
Television channels and stations established in 1970

MAtv


The Walker River Indian Reservation is an Indian reservation located in central Nevada in the United States. It belongs to the Walker River Paiute Tribe, a federally recognized tribe of Northern Paiute people.

The tribe represents two Northern Paiute bands, the larger Aga'idökadö (Agai Ticutta) ("Cutthroat trout Eaters") and the smaller Pakwidökadö (Pugwi Ticutta) ("Chub carp Eaters").

The reservation is located along the Walker River between Yerington and Walker Lake (in Northern Paiute: Hagi). At the current lake level, the reservation has only a small frontage on Walker Lake.  The bulk of the reservation (72.68%) is in Mineral County; with portions in Lyon County (14.37%) and Churchill County (12.95%).

The reservation's land area is 529.970 square miles (1,372.616 km2). In the 2000 census, it had a resident population of 853 persons, and 746 persons in 2010. Schurz is the only town on the reservation. Wovoka, creator of the Ghost Dance important in the 19th century, is buried in Schurz.

Weber Reservoir, an impoundment of the Walker River, is located upstream of Schurz and provides irrigation water for farms on the reservation. Given the environmental conditions, most of the reservation is used for cattle range.

The Walker River Paiute joined with the Pyramid Lake Paiute tribe (two Northern Paiute bands: Kuyuidökadö (Cui Yui Ticutta): "Cui-ui-Fish-Eaters", and Tasiget tuviwarai: "Those who live amidst the mountains") in a 2016 civil rights suit in federal court against the state to secure polling places on their reservations. Otherwise members had to travel excessive miles to reach a polling place. Early voting for the 2016 elections at Walker River reservation started October 22, and during the first two days, turnout nearly equaled the total of all voters in the 2012 presidential election.

Political activism

Native Americans in Nevada have become more politically active in presidential and other elections, as have those in other states. As part of that, they have been seeking more equitable access to polling places and treatment by county and state officials.

Led by chairman Vinton Hawley of the Pyramid Lake Paiute, the Walker River Paiute joined in a successful civil rights suit in federal court against the state government to gain polling places on their homelands in 2016. They have had a discriminatory burden in the past by having to travel excessive distances to vote in elections. Walker River voters were enthusiastic after the victory, with early voting in the first two days on the reservation equal to the total votes cast by members of the tribe in the 2012 presidential election.

Hawley is chairman of the Inter-Tribal Council of Nevada. Many of their members have similar difficulties with access to polling places. On behalf of the council, Hawley has "urged Secretary of State Barbara Cegavske to direct counties to open [homeland] polling places for nine more tribes, including some where ballot boxes are 200-plus miles away, round trip." He also urged the Secretary of State for Nevada to improve conditions at local county polling places for urban Indians, who testified in the suit to being made uncomfortable at most offices.

Notes
Walker River Reservation, Nevada United States Census Bureau

References

External links
 Official Website of the Walker River Paiute Tribe

Northern Paiute
American Indian reservations in Nevada
Federally recognized tribes in the United States
Native American tribes in Nevada
Populated places in Churchill County, Nevada
Populated places in Lyon County, Nevada
Populated places in Mineral County, Nevada

Walker River Indian Reservation


Broussard v. School Board of Norfolk, 801 F. Supp. 1526 (E.D. Va. 1992) was a court case that took place in Norfolk, Virginia, United States in 1992.  Kimberly Broussard, a middle school student was disciplined by the Norfolk Public Schools for wearing a t-shirt that read "Drugs Suck". When her parents sued on her behalf, her lawyer claimed that her shirt was a form of free speech protected by the First Amendment of the United States Constitution and the Tinker Standard. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia ruled in favor of the school board, saying that although the shirt displayed an anti-drug message, the word "suck" was a vulgar word with a sexual connotation and therefore not allowed in school.

See also
School speech
Guiles v. Marineau: a similar case with student T-shirts
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 393 U.S. 503 (1969)
Bethel School District v. Fraser, 478 U.S. 675 (1986)
Morse v. Frederick, 551 U.S. 393 (2007)
Obscenity
Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15 (1971)
Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15 (1973)

External links

The case mentioned as precedent in another case

United States Free Speech Clause case law
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia cases
Student rights case law in the United States
United States children's rights case law
1992 in United States case law
1992 in education
Education in Norfolk, Virginia
History of Norfolk, Virginia
T-shirts

Broussard v. School Board of Norfolk


Anne Isabella Robertson ( – 21 April 1910) was a writer and leading suffragist in Ireland.

Life
Born Anne Isabella Robertson in about 1830 to Major Archibald Robertson. Her father was president of the African Institute, established in Paris for the suppression of slavery. She was one of the women who presented a petition on Women's suffrage in 1868 along with her sister. Robertson led the Irish campaign for the next few years. She spoke at Manchester and Birmingham meetings. She was the President of the Irish National Society for Women's Suffrage in 1871 as well as secretary of the Dublin Branch of the Women's suffrage society. Before that she had written novels on politics and religious life in Ireland as well as discussing women's employment. Robertson was active in Lydia Becker's Married Women's Property campaign. She spoke eloquently on women's suffrage and she travelled to Edinburgh in 1873 to meet Eliza Wigham and the Edinburgh National Society for Women's Suffrage. She was well regarded in this field and the John Stuart Mill's London Suffrage Society ordered 1,000 copies of her essay "Women's Needs to be Represented" to be distributed. Robertson is considered one of Ireland's first suffragists. She lived with her sister and mother in Sandymount, Dublin. Both predeceased her.

Writings
 Myself and My Relatives: A Story Of Home Life (1863)
 A Tipperary Shot in Once A Week, vol 11, October 15 (1864)
 Yaxley and Its Neighborhood: A Novel In Three Volumes (1865)
 The Story of Nelly Dillon, 2vols. (1866)

References

1830 births
1910 deaths
Irish women writers
19th-century women writers
Irish suffragists
National Society for Women's Suffrage

Anne Isabella Robertson


The Road to Agra () is a children's novel written by Aimée Sommerfelt and published in Norwegian in 1959. It is her most famous work and has been translated into 17 other languages.

Set in India, the book tells the story of 13-year-old Lalu and his 7-year-old sister Maya, who are on their way from Allahabad to Agra to seek help from doctors for Maya's grave eye disease, which is causing her to become blind. The journey to Agra is dusty, hot and exhausting, and at night the children are threatened by snakes and jackals. But the children keep their spirits up, because they have heard that the disease can be cured at the hospital in Agra. Along the way, they meet both good and bad people, and get an elephant ride. Ultimately, they reach their destination, and Maya is cured by European doctors.

The book was followed by a 1962 sequel, The White Bungalow, published in English in 1963.

Bibliography
Aimée Sommerfelt. The Road to Agra. New York, Criterion Books, 1961. Translated from Norwegian to English by Evelyn Ramsden.

Footnotes

1959 children's books
Children's novels
20th-century Norwegian novels
Novels set in India
Norwegian children's literature
1959 novels
Children's books set in India

The Road to Agra


Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer (May 21, 1960 – November 28, 1994) was an American serial killer. He was born in Wisconsin and moved to Ohio in 1966. He murdered young males in Wisconsin and Ohio from 1978-1991. In 1992, he was convicted of 15 murders. Dahmer later confessed to 17 murders in all, dating back to his first victim in 1978. The jury rejected Dahmer's insanity defense, and he was sentenced to 15 life terms (life imprisonment is the maximum penalty that Wisconsin has, but not Ohio, which has the death penalty). He was beaten to death with workout equipment by another inmate, Christopher Scarver, who had been jailed for murder, on the morning of November 28, 1994.  Scarver also killed another inmate, Jesse Anderson, at the same time with the workout equipment. Anderson had been jailed for murder as well. They had all been working out together.

Dahmer was diagnosed with three personality disorders: antisocial, borderline, and schizotypal.

References

1960 births
1994 deaths
Deaths by beating
American murder victims
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
American rapists
American serial killers
Criminals from Ohio
Gay men
LGBT people from Ohio
LGBT people from Wisconsin
Murdered criminals
People murdered in the United States
People who died in prison custody in the United States
People with antisocial personality disorder
People with borderline personality disorder

Jeffrey Dahmer


Leo Segun Ajiborisha  served as the first Administrator of Osun State, Nigeria after it was created from part of Oyo State in August 1991 during the military regime of General Ibrahim Babangida.

One of Ajiborisha's first actions as Osun Governor was to establish the Osun State Broadcasting Corporation. The radio channel based in Ile-Ife came on air on 25 November 1991
He inaugurated the Osun State Civil Service Commission on 30 September 1991.
He handed over to the elected civilian governor Isiaka Adetunji Adeleke in January 1992 at the start of the Nigerian Third Republic.

Later he became Director of Operations, Defence Headquarters, and then Principal Staff Officer to General Abdulsalami Abubakar (1998–1999).
As a former military administrator, he was required to retire from the army in June 1999 at the start of the Nigerian Fourth Republic,

In April 2008 the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission cleared Leo Ajiborisa of allegations of corrupt practices related to acquisition of an oil block by two Lagos-based companies.
In 2010 he was President and Chairman-in-Council of the Institute of Strategic Management, Nigeria.

References

Nigerian generals
Living people
Yoruba military personnel
Governors of Osun State
Yoruba politicians
Year of birth missing (living people)

Leo Segun Ajiborisha