St Giles' Church is a Church of England parish church in the town of Reading in the English county of Berkshire.

History
St Giles' was one of the three original parish churches, along with St Mary's and St Laurence's, serving the medieval borough of Reading. The church is on Southampton Street, just outside the town centre and in the portion of the original borough to the south of the River Kennet.

The original church was built in the 12th century to serve the population to the south of the River Kennet, who found it difficult to reach St Mary's during winter floods of the river. Besides the southern section of the medieval borough, its parish also included the hamlet of Whitley, which then lay outside the borough boundary. In 1191 Pope Clement III gave the church to Reading Abbey and throughout the Middle Ages it enjoyed the right of sanctuary. In 1539, John Eynon, the then priest of St Giles', was found guilty of high treason and along with Hugh Cook Faringdon, the abbot of Reading Abbey, was hanged in front of the abbey gateway.

During the Civil War, when the Parliamentarian forces besieged Reading, the church tower was garrisoned by the King's forces and used as a gun platform. As a consequence it was in turn attacked by the besieging artillery and the upper part of the tower, including its spire, was destroyed in 1643. The fabric was restored at the end of hostilities.

Soldiers who died in the Battle of Reading (1688) during the Dutch invasion of England in the early part of the Glorious Revolution are buried here.

In 1798 there was a disagreement between members of the congregation of St Giles' Church. Many of them left and founded a new chapel in Castle Street, on the site of Reading's old gaol. This chapel eventually became the Church of St Mary, Castle Street.

In 1872, the original small mediaeval church was rebuilt by James Piers St Aubyn in Early English style retaining only the 13th century aisle walls and Perpendicular style west tower. A new ashlar steeple was added in 1873. The exterior of the church is faced in flint and the roof is tiled. The church is a Grade II listed building.

Present day
The current Rector of St. Giles in Reading is David Harris, a Canadian.

The parish sits within the Anglo-Catholic tradition of the Church of England. As they reject the ordination of women to the priesthood, St Giles is a member of Forward in Faith and receives alternative episcopal oversight from the Bishop of Oswestry.

References

External links

Saint Giles
Saint Giles
Church of England church buildings in Berkshire
Grade II listed churches in Berkshire
Anglo-Catholic church buildings in Berkshire
Reading

St Giles' Church, Reading


The Financial Post is a financial news website, and business section of the National Post, both publications of the Postmedia Network. It started as an English Canadian business newspaper, which published from 1907 to 1998. In 1998, the publication was folded into the new National Post. The name Financial Post also lives on in the Posts monthly business magazine, Financial Post Business.

The Financial Post started publication in 1907 by John Bayne Maclean. It was a weekly publication, and one of the core assets of Maclean's media business, which eventually became Maclean-Hunter.

The paper was purchased by Sun Media in 1987, and expanded into a daily tabloid on February 1, 1988, and added newspaper home delivery in 1990, with a reformatted Financial Post Magazine following shortly after. In 1998, Sun Media sold the Financial Post to Hollinger, whose CEO Conrad Black had been seeking a way to establish a national newspaper. Sun Media acquired the Kitchener-Waterloo Record, the Guelph Mercury, the Hamilton Spectator and the Cambridge Reporter from Hollinger in exchange, but has since sold all four papers.

The Hollinger transaction was finalized in July 1998. Originally slated to launch on October 5, 1998, the National Posts launch was delayed until October 27 by the financial complications of the Financial Post purchase.

The Financial Post retains a loyal audience of English business readers in Canada, offering coverage similar to the Report on Business by The Globe and Mail. Though there has been frequent speculation that the Financial Post would be merged into the business sections of the regional newspapers owned by the National Posts parent, Postmedia News, much of the Posts editorial content is now syndicated to other Postmedia newspapers through the Postmedia News Service. The Financial Post publishes several popular editorial features throughout the year, including the annual competition Financial Post's Ten Best Companies to Work For.

Editors of the paper included Floyd Chalmers, John Godfrey and Diane Francis, who was the paper's last editor prior to the launch of the National Post.

References

External links

1907 establishments in Ontario
1998 disestablishments in Ontario
Business newspapers published in Canada
National newspapers published in Canada
National Post
Newspapers published in Toronto
Publications disestablished in 1998
Newspapers established in 1907
Weekly newspapers published in Ontario

Financial Post


Q is the seventeenth letter of the English alphabet.

Q may also refer to:

People
 Q, pseudonym of Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, the Cornish writer
 Q, pseudonym used by the originator of QAnon, an American far-right conspiracy theory
 Q, pseudonym of Quentin Elias in his appearances in gay porn site Randy Blue
 Q, stage name for Qurram Hussain of JoSH
 Q, stage name for Q Marsden
 Q, nickname for NBA assistant coach Bruce Fraser
 Q, or Q Martel, nicknames of Giffard Le Quesne Martel
 Q, nickname for Joel Quenneville
 Q, nickname of Qaushiq Mukherjee, an Indian film director
 Q, nickname of Quincy Jones
 Q, nickname of American basketball player Quintin Dailey (1961–2010)
 Q, nickname of former American football player Anquan Boldin
 Q, main dancer and vocalist of South Korean boy band The Boyz
 Maggie Q (born 1979), American actress
 Schoolboy Q, rapper
 Stacey Q, disco singer
 Brian "Q" Quinn, member of the American comedy troupe The Tenderloins

Arts, entertainment, and media

Fictional entities
 Q (James Bond), a character in the James Bond novels and films
 Q (Star Trek), a character and the name of the character's species
 Q (Street Fighter), a character from the video game series Street Fighter
 Q, an amnesiac child from the video-game Zero Time Dilemma
 Quinton "Q" Brooks, a character from the TV series Moesha
 Ah Q, the main character in the novella The True Story of Ah Q
 The Q, a character from the TV series The Lost Islands

Literature
 Q (magazine), British music magazine
 Q Awards, yearly music awards given by Q magazine
 Q (novel), historical novel by Luther Blissett first published in Italian in 1999
 Q source, also known as Q document, a hypothetical early Gospel writing (Bible)
 "Q" Is for Quarry, the seventeenth novel in Sue Grafton's "Alphabet mystery" series, published in 2002

Music
 Q (1970s band), an American disco group
 SSQ (band), formerly Q, an American synth-pop band
 Q (album), Japanese language album by Mr. Children, 2000
 Q, jazz album by Tom Hasslan's Krokofant
 "Q" (song), by Mental Cube (The Future Sound of London), 1990
 "Q", a song by AAA, 2006

Networks, stations, and channels
 Q (TV network), Philippine network previously known as Quality TeleVision (QTV)
 ARY Qtv, a Pakistani television channel
 Q Radio, a UK radio station run by Q magazine
 Q Television Network, an American cable television network
 Q TV, a UK music channel based on Q magazine
 Q Channel, former names of BTV, an Indonesian television network

Other titled works
 Q (1982 film), horror film written and directed by Larry Cohen (Also known as Q – The Winged Serpent)
 Q (2011 film), French film
 q (radio show), CBC Radio One show, formerly called Q
 Q (TV series), Spike Milligan's BBC2 comedy series that ran between 1969 and 1983
Q, the production code for the 1965 Doctor Who serial The Space Museum

Business and government
 Q (dairy), Norwegian dairy brand
 Q clearance, United States Department of Energy security clearance
 Q Score, in marketing, way to measure the familiarity of an item
 Q Theatre, a theatre in London, England
 Q-telecom, Greek operator
 Motorola Q, smartphone released in 2006
 Pentax Q, mirrorless interchangeable lens camera released in 2011
 Tobin's q, a financial ratio developed by James Tobin

Computing and computer games
 Q (cipher), encryption algorithm
 Q (emulator), open-source x86 emulator for Mac OS X
 Q (equational programming language), functional programming language based on term rewriting
 Q (game engine), 3D middleware from Qube Software
 Q (number format), fixed-point number format built into certain computer processors
 Q (programming language from Kx Systems), array processing language
 Q (software), a computer software package for molecular dynamics simulation
 Q Sharp (Q#), domain-specific programming language
 Q, a channel service in QuakeNet's IRC services
 Panasonic Q, a hybrid video game console between a GameCube and a DVD player, manufactured by Nintendo and Panasonic
 Q Entertainment, developer of Rez HD and the Lumines and Meteos games
 Q-Games, developer of the Pixel Junk series of PlayStation 3 games

Engineering
 Q, the standard abbreviation for an electronic transistor, used e.g. in circuit diagrams
 Q the first moment of area, used in calculating shear stress distributions
 Q, the reactive power component of apparent power
 Q Factor (bicycles), the width between where the pedals attach to the cranks
 Q factor or Q in resonant systems, a measurement of the effect of resistance to oscillation

Linguistics
 Voiceless uvular stop in the International Phonetic Alphabet
 Abbreviation for Question

Mathematics
  or Q, set of all rational numbers
 Q, the Quaternion group
 Q, Robinson arithmetic, a finitely axiomatized fragment of Peano Arithmetic
 Q value in statistics, the minimum false discovery rate at which the test may be called significant

Science

Biology and chemistry
 Q, the symbol for discharge (hydrology)
 q, an abbreviation for "every" in medicine
 Q, abbreviation for the amino acid, glutamine
 Q, abbreviation for quinone
 q, designation for the long arm of a chromosome
 Q, reaction quotient
 Cardiac output (Q), the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute
 Coenzyme Q, a carrier in electron transport
 Haplogroup Q (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup
 Haplogroup Q-M242 (Y-DNA), a Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroup
 Q value (nuclear science), the differences of energies of the parent nuclides to the daughter nuclides

Physics and astronomy
 Q or q, dynamic pressure
 Max q
 Q, electric charge
 q, elementary charge
 Q, Fusion energy gain factor
 Q, heat
 q, momentum transfer
 Q, quasar
 q, quecto-, a metric prefix of 10−30
 Q, quetta-, a metric prefix of 1030
 Q, Toomre's Stability Criterion
 Q, volumetric flow rate
 q, quark

Sports
 Great Southern Bank Arena, formerly JQH Arena, a nickname for the arena on the campus of Missouri State University
 Q (San Jose Earthquakes mascot), furry blue mascot of the Major League Soccer team San Jose Earthquakes
 San Diego Stadium, later Qualcomm Stadium, a nickname for a stadium in San Diego, California
 Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, often referred to as "The Q"
 Q, a nickname for Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse, Cleveland, Ohio; from the arena's previous name, Quicken Loans Arena

Transportation
 Q (New York City Subway service)
 Q-ship, converted merchant vessels with concealed armament intended to lure and destroy submarines
 , the official West Japan Railway Company service symbol for the Kansai Line and Yamatoji Line.

Other uses
Q Society of Australia, right-wing, anti-Islamic political society
 Q, a nickname for Chuluaqui-Quodoushka, a series of New Age sexual meditation exercises developed by Harley Reagan
Quintals, an archaic method of measuring crop yield, was often abbreviated as q
 Quarter, as in "Q1", "Q2", "Q3" and "Q4", a three-month period in a calendar year
Q. texture, a Taiwanese term describing the ideal texture of many foods
Initiative Q, a new payment network and digital currency devised by Saar Wilf
Quebec, the military time zone code for UTC−04:00
Sky Q, a subscription-based television and entertainment service
The Q (nightclub), an LGBT nightclub in New York City

See also
 Cue (disambiguation)
 Kyū, rank, in Japanese martial arts and other Japanese grading systems
 QQ (disambiguation)
 QQQ (disambiguation)
 QQQQ (disambiguation)
 Queue (disambiguation)
 Suzie Q (disambiguation)

Q (disambiguation)


Islamic views on evolution are diverse, ranging from theistic evolution to Old Earth creationism. Some Muslims around the world believe "humans and other living things have evolved over time", yet some others believe they have "always existed in present form". Some Muslims believe that the processes of life on Earth started from one single point of species with a mixture of water and a viscous clay-like substance. Muslim thinkers have proposed and accepted elements of the theory of evolution, some holding the belief of the supremacy of God in the process. Some scholars suggested that both narratives of creation and of evolution, as understood by modern science, may be believed by modern Muslims as addressing two different kinds of truth, the revealed and the empirical. Others argue that faith and science can be integrated and complement each other.

History

Early views
In  ('Book of the Animals'), the 9th-century Muslim scholar al-Jāḥiẓ references several facets of natural selection, such as animal embryology, adaptation, and animal psychology. One notable observation al-Jāḥiẓ makes is that stronger rats were able to compete better for resources than small birds, a reference to the modern day theory of the "struggle for existence". Al-Jāḥiẓ also wrote descriptions of food chains.

In 10th century Basra, an Islamic Encyclopedia titled Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity introduced the earliest attested evolutionary framework. The Encyclopedia expanded on the Platonic and Aristotelian concept of the great chain of being by proposing a causal relationship advancing up the chain as the mechanism of creation, beginning with the creation of matter and its investment with energy, thereby forming water vapour, which in turn became minerals and "mineral life". Coral, with its branch-like structure, was the highest mineral life which gave rise to lower plants. The date palm was considered the highest plant, giving rise to lower animals, and then through apes came barbarian man, followed by superior man, including the saints and the prophets. Thereafter the chain continues in the traditional form using less causal clarity, with the angels being above man, and above the angels being God as both the originator and the pinnacle. Muhammad Hamidullah summarises this concept found in the work: "Everything begins from Him and everything returns to Him." However, some scholars also criticized and dismissed the Brethren text reading as a proof on pre-Darwinian evolution theory.

According to Sami S. Hawi, the 11th-century Persian scholar Ibn Miskawayh wrote about the evolution of man in his Fawz al-aṣghar.

The 14th-century influential historiographer and historian Ibn Khaldun wrote in the Muqaddimah or Prolegomena ("Introduction") on what he referred to as the "gradual process of creation". Some of Ibn Khaldun's thoughts, according to some commentators, anticipate the biological theory of evolution. Ibn Khaldun asserted that humans developed from "the world of the monkeys", in a process by which "species become more numerous". He believed that humans are the most evolved form of animals, in that they have the ability to reason. He also stated that the Earth began with abiotic components such as "minerals". Slowly, primitive stages of plants such as "herbs and seedless plants" developed and eventually "palms and vines".

Shoaib Ahmed Malik has pointed out that Ibn Khaldun's theory, while remarkable for its acceptance of the kinship between monkeys and humans, should be understood in the context of the late antique and medieval concept of the great chain of being. This theory postulates a linked hierarchy between all entities in creation but is not properly a theory of evolution. The system of the great chain of being implies a graded similarity between the various stages in the hierarchy from minerals to plants, animals, humans, angels, and God, but not a temporal process in which one species originates from the other. While according to some mystical interpretations individual souls may move up the 'ladder' in order to reunite with the divine, the species (or 'substantial forms', in the language of Aristotelian and Neoplatonic ontology) themselves are eternal and fixed. Malik also notes that the  is often quoted without proper regard for context. One widely cited quote is taken from a section called The Real Meaning of Prophecy, which argues that prophets occupy a place in the great chain of being just beneath angels. In Ibn Khaldun's view, this explains why individual prophets may temporarily ascend to the rank of angels and share with them in the knowledge of the divine, which they may then bring back to humanity in the form of revelation. According to Malik, interpretations that see in this an early form of scientific evolution theory ought to explain how angels, prophets and the upwards ascent of the soul fit into that theory.

Modern views

19th and 20th centuries
Evolution was an accepted fact among some Islamic scholarly circles. In his 1874 book titled History of the Conflict between Religion and Science, John William Draper, a scientist and contemporary of Charles Darwin, criticized the Catholic Church for its disapproval of "the Mohammedan theory of the evolution of man from lower forms, or his gradual development to his present condition in the long lapse of time". However, Draper's book has been criticized by more recent scholars as lacking historical accuracy.

In the 19th century, a scholar of Islamic revival, Jamal-al-Din al-Afghānī agreed with Darwin that life will compete with other life in order to succeed. He also believed that there was competition in the realm of ideas similar to that of nature. However, he believed explicitly that life itself was created by God; Darwin did not discuss the origin of life, saying only "Probably all the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some primordial form, into which life was first breathed."

A contemporary of Al-Afghani, Ottoman-Lebanese Sunni scholar Hussein al-Jisr, declared that there is no contradiction between evolution and the Islamic scriptures. He stated that "there is no evidence in the Quran to suggest whether all species, each of which exists by the grace of God, were created all at once or gradually", and referred to the aforementioned story of creation in Sūrat al-Anbiyā.

The late Ottoman intellectual Ismail Fennî, while personally rejecting Darwinism, insisted that it should be taught in schools as even false theories contributed to the improvement of science. He held that interpretations of the Quran might require amendment should Darwinism eventually be shown to be true.

In Kemalist Turkey, important scholars strove to accommodate the theory of evolution in Islamic scripture during the first decades of the Turkish Republic; their approach to the theory defended Islamic belief in the face of scientific theories of their times. The Saudi Arabian government, on the other hand, began funding and promoting denial of evolution in the 1970s in accordance to its Salafi-Wahhabi interpretation of Islam. This stance garnered criticism from the governments and academics of mainline Muslim countries such as Turkey, Pakistan, Lebanon, and Iran, where evolution was initially taught and promoted.

21st century
In the contemporary era, a significant minority of Muslims who support evolution exist, but evolution is not accepted by mainstream scholars of the post-colonial Muslim world. However, some scholars argue that evolution is compatible even with a literal reading of the Qur'an.

Although evolutionary concepts, including natural selection, are presented in the curricula in many Muslim countries, explicit discussion of human evolution is often missing. With the exception of Pakistan, though, religious references are not common in evolutionary science curricula.

Khalid Anees, of the Islamic Society of Britain, discussed the relationship between Islam and evolution in 2004:Islam also has its own school of Evolutionary creationism/Theistic evolutionism, which holds that mainstream scientific analysis of the origin of the universe is supported by the Quran. Many Muslims believe in evolutionary creationism, especially among Sunni and Shia Muslims and the Liberal movements within Islam. Among scholars of Islam İbrahim Hakkı of Erzurum who lived in Erzurum then Ottoman Empire now Republic of Turkey in the 18th century is famous for stating that 'between plants and animals there is sponge, and, between animals and humans there is monkey'.

Contemporary Islamic scholars Ghulam Ahmed Pervez, Edip Yüksel, and T. O. Shanavas in his book, Islamic Theory of Evolution: the Missing Link between Darwin and the Origin of Species, say that there is no contradiction between the scientific theory of evolution and Quran's numerous references to the emergence of life in the universe.

While Muslim scholars reject Young Earth creationism, and claim the story of creation in the Book of Genesis was corrupted, a movement has begun to emerge recently in some Muslim countries promoting themes that have been characteristic of Christian creationists. This stance has received criticism, due to claims that the Quran and Bible are incompatible.

According to the Guardian newspaper, some British Muslim students have distributed leaflets on campus, advocating against Darwin's theory of evolution. At a conference in the UK in January 2004, entitled Creationism: Science and Faith in Schools, "Dr Khalid Anees, of the Islamic Society of Britain stated that 'Muslims interpret the world through both the Quran and what is tangible and seen. There is no contradiction between what is revealed in the Quran and natural selection and survival of the fittest'."

Adnan Oktar, also known by his pen-name Harun Yahya, is a Muslim advocate against the theory of evolution. He has been referred to as a "charlatan" by a joint declaration of Muslim scholars, and his representative at a conference on Islam and evolution in January 2013 was ridiculed during and after the conference. Most of Yahya's information is taken from the Institute for Creation Research and the Intelligent Design movement in the United States. Oktar largely uses the Internet to promote his ideas.

Maurice Bucaille, famous in the Muslim world for his commentary on the Quran and science, attempted to reconcile evolution with the Quran by accepting animal evolution up to early hominid species, and then positing a separate hominid evolution leading to modern humans. However, these ideas differ from the theory of evolution as accepted by biologists.

Zakir Naik, a contemporary preacher of Islam and advocate of creationism rejects evolution on the basis that it is only a theory and not a proven fact. Seyyed Hossein Nasr, a prominent Iranian religious scholar, is also a supporter of creationism and refuses evolution for the "chance-like mechanism embedded in the process", the inconsistencies present within, and for the emendations that the theory had undergone since its inception; this view is similarly held by a former pupil of Nasr's, Osman Bakar.

Nuh Ha Mem Keller, a scholar of Islam, is a proponent of the human exceptionalism view of evolution; he believes that evolution is possible only for non-human species, and that humans cannot be viewed through the lens of evolution due to man having been created by Allah with such creation being afforded a special consideration and thus separates man from the evolutional path other living beings go through.

Contemporary scholar Yasir Qadhi believes that the idea that humans evolved is against the Quran, but says that God may have placed humanity perfectly into an evolutionary pattern to give the appearance of human evolution.

Modern scholar Usaama al-Azami later argued that scriptural narratives of creation, and evolution as understood by modern science, may be believed by modern Muslims as addressing two different kinds of truth, the revealed and the empirical.

Another scholar, Muneer Al-Ali, argues that faith and science can be integrated and complement each other in explaining the complexity and mysteries of existence.

David Solomon Jalajel, an Islamic author, proclaims an Adamic exceptionalism view of evolution which encourages the theological use of tawaqquf; a tawaqquf is to make no argument for or against a matter to which scripture possesses no declarations for. With tawaqquf, Jalajel believes that Adam's creation does not necessarily signal the beginning of humanity as the Quran makes no declaration as to whether or not human beings were on Earth before Adam had descended. As a result, Jalajel invokes tawaqquf which insinuates that it is possible for humans to exist or not exist before the appearance of Adam on earth with either belief being possible due to the Quran, and that it is possible that an intermingling of Adam's descendants and other humans may or may not have occurred. Thus, the existence of Adam is a miracle since the Quran directly states it to be, but it does not assert there being no humans who could have existed at the time of Adam's appearance on earth and who could have came about as a result of evolution. This viewpoint stands in contrast to creationism and human exceptionalism, ultimately declaring that evolution could be viewed without conflict with Islam and that Muslims could either accept or reject "human evolution on its scientific merits without reference to the story of Adam".

A research paper published in 2016 by the Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research wrote that there is not a consensus among scholars on how to respond to the theory of evolution, and it is not clear whether the scholars are even qualified scientifically to give a response.

In 2017, Turkey announced plans to end the teaching evolution before the university level, with the government claiming it is too complicated and "controversial" a topic to be understood by young minds.

Rana Dajani, a university professor who teaches evolution in Jordan, wrote that almost all of her students are hostile to the idea of evolution, at the beginning of the class, but by the end of the class, the majority accept the idea of evolution, except when it comes to humans.

Theology
Unlike the Bible, the story of creation in the Qur'an is not told in one chapter, but rather can be pieced together from verses all over the book.

Creation of the universe
Some modern-day Muslim scholars advocate for interpreting the term al-sama, traditionally believed to be a reference to both the sky and the seven heavens, as also referring to the universe as a whole. Therefore, they argue that the Quran confirms the Big Bang in Sūrat al-Anbiyā', where the Quran states that "the heavens and the earth were a single body" before being parted:

This view that the Qu'ran references the initial singularity of the Big Bang is also accepted by Muslim scholars such as Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri and Muhammad Asad. Many Muslims interpret the Quran's story of the creation of the world in the context of science, and some scholars such as Faheem Ashraf of the Islamic Research Foundation International, Inc. and Sheikh Omar Suleiman of the Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research argue that the scientific theory of an expanding universe is described in Sūrat adh-Dhāriyāt:

Some modern scholars understand that the "smoke" mentioned in Surah Fussilat could be referring to the state few minutes after the Big Bang when the universe was primarily hot Hydrogen and Helium:

The time period described is 6 periods for this whole creation, most Muslims hold the view that, these 6 days are not solar days rather a different relative time, which starts from the beginning of universe.

The Fatimid Muslim thinker al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi rebukes the idea of the creation of the world in 6 solar days of either 24 hours, 1000 or 50,000 years. He questions both how creation can be measured in units of time when time was yet to be created, as well as how an infinitely powerful Creator can be limited by the constraints of time, as time itself is part of his own creation.

The word  is understood, within the Qur'an, to be a long period of time—an era or eon. Therefore, Muslims interpret the description of a "six days" creation as six distinct periods or eons. The length of these periods is not precisely defined, nor are the specific developments that took place during each period.

The concept of a "day of rest" does not appear in the Quran, and in fact the concept that God needed rest after the creation from tiredness is explicitly denied in a verse:

Creation of life
The emergence of life is mostly mentioned in Quran during discussion of creation of man. According to Quran the life has its origins from a single being, with some modern adherents considering it as the LUCA. The Quran states that every human's existence starts from extract of organic soil. The only explicit reference to the creation of non-human life in the Quran appears in Sūrat al-Anbiyā', in which the Quran proclaims "We made out of water every living thing". According to Muhammad Asad, "only water has the peculiar properties necessary for the emergence and development of life."

Creation of humanity
The first beings, Âdam and his wife (in Islamic tradition called Ḥawwāh: the Arabic for Eve), appear in the Quran as the first man and woman. The Quran states that they were created from water and extract of altered clay. This mixture is said to have been given time for it to develop and was brought to life by the blowing of soul into their bodies followed by the event of mass prostration to Adam and castration of prominent Jinns like Iblis. Some Islamic scholars proposed that the verses could have multiple interpretations metaphorically, as the Quran supports the idea that some verses have multiple meanings.

The majority of Islamic scholars, including Yasir Qadhi, believe that Adam and Eve were naturally created through a miracle by God. Caner Taslaman, Mohamed Ghlian, Yaşar Nuri Öztürk, Adnan Ibrahim, Ghulam Ahmed Pervez, Edip Yüksel, and other modern and classical Islamic scholars have at times instead argued that the pair evolved naturally from a common ancestor. Some scholars stated that they believe in evolution, but they also argued that Adam and Eve were the only two exceptions that were created without an evolutionary process.

In modern times, there has been increased support for the idea that humans evolved. Many Muslims base their belief of this idea on a chapter in the Quran, which says:

While the evolutionist scholars argue this may refer to proto-human ancestors humans evolved from, the creationist scholars argue that the "predecessors" refer to those civilizations who have lived before.

Statistics
A 2000 study conducted by a researcher of the University of Oklahoma found that 19% of participants believed that Islam's tenets were not at odds with Darwin's theory of evolution while 81% believed there to be some form of conflict between Islam and Darwinism. One of the participants, an Islamic teacher, stood in opposition to the theory of evolution although was willing to accept certain aspects that were proposed by it. The participants who believed there to be no conflict between Islam and Darwin's theory of evolution were split as it pertained to the possible relationship between primates and humans with only 6% of participants seeing no issue with the assertion.

As per a 2008 report, evolutionary biology was included in the high-school curricula of most Muslim countries. Science foundations of 14 Muslim countries, including Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Indonesia, and Egypt, recently signed a statement by the Interacademy Panel (IAP, a global network of science academies), in support of the teaching of evolution, including human evolution.

A 2009 survey conducted by the McGill researchers and their international collaborators found that 85% of Indonesian high school students and 86% of Pakistani high school students agreed with the statement, "Millions of fossils show that life has existed for billions of years and changed over time." However, in Indonesia, creationism is common among older residents, even among biology teachers and biology education professors.

According to a 2013 Pew study, the numbers of Muslims who support evolution appear to be increasing slowly but steadily. For instance, a large majority of people accept human evolution in Kazakhstan (79%) and Lebanon (78%), but relatively few in Afghanistan (26%) and Iraq (27%), with most of the other Islamic countries somewhere in between.

Ahmadiyya views of evolution

The Ahmadiyya community's view of evolution is that of universal acceptance, albeit divinely designed. The movement actively promotes god-directed "evolution".  Over the course of several decades the movement issued various publications in support of the scientific concepts behind evolution.

Teaching of evolution
According to Rana Dajani  adopting new ways of thinking to pursue  the knowledge is a core tenet of Islam. Dajani  says interpretation of Quran being a fluid and ongoing process of human exercise can, always, be revisited to clear contradictions, if any arise during pursuits of scientific knowledge.  According to Dajani interaction with modernization and globalization has imported some problematical hostile attitudes towards science like rejection of the theory of evolution into Muslim societies. Dajani says the negative attitudes among Muslims towards evolution came post twentieth century associating Darwin with western colonialism materialism and racism, but actually rudimentary theories of evolution were proposed by Muslim scholars right from ninth century even up to 1880s. Dajani  says while some Muslim students think accepting theory of evolution means denying existence of God, but that need not be so rather after initiation of God, universe can evolve according to principles of science and logic. Dajani  says usually a detailed explanation of natural evolution of plants, artificial breeding, antibiotic resistance, development of modern medicines and vaccines,  helps Muslim students accept evolution  still some reservations remain in accepting human evolution; here Dajani  says Muslims are warned against arrogance and need to understand humans are part of rest of the creation. Dajani  says, as a scientist, Charles Darwin contributed to human understanding  of the emergence and diversification of life on the Earth and that evolution is right mechanism to explain diversity and the development of species. Dajani  says discussion of controversial topic of evolution helps Muslim students avoid blind acceptance of status quo and question even other aspects of their lives.

See also
 Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory#Islam – Islamic interpretations of the Big Bang theory
 History of evolutionary thought#Islamic philosophy and the struggle for existence – Early evolutionary thoughts in Islam

References

Sources

External links

Science in the Quran, by Ashraf Salmawi
The Muslim Responses to Evolution by Abdul Majid
Quran Evolution and Intelligent Design, by S. Nemmers
In the Muslim world, creationism is on the rise Boston.com

Contemporary Islamic philosophy
Islam and science

Islamic views on evolution


Helen Clark (born 26 Februar 1950 in Hamilton, New Zealand) is a New Zealand politeecian, an Prime meenister frae 1999 until 2008 o the kintra's pairlament in Wellington, representin the Labour Pairty. In 2008, John Key wis electit Prime meenister. She wis a consteetuency member unner the proportional representation seestem, representin Mount Albert. Frae 2009 until 2017, she wis Administrator o the Unitit Naitions Development Programme. Clark wis a candidate for Secretar-General o the Unitit Naitions in 2016, but lost oot tae Antonio Guterres

1950 births
20t-century New Zealand politeecians
20t-century weemen politeecians
21st-century New Zealand politeecians
21st-century weemen politeecians
Admeenistrators o the Unitit Naitions Development Programme
BBC 100 Women
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The Armistice of Cassibile was an armistice that was signed on 3 September 1943 between the Kingdom of Italy and the US and UK  during World War II. It was made public five days later.

It was signed by Major General Walter Bedell Smith for the Allies and Brigade General Giuseppe Castellano for Italy at a conference of generals from both sides in an Allied military camp at Cassibile, in Sicily, which had recently been occupied by the Allies. The armistice was approved by both Italian King Victor Emmanuel III and Marshal Badoglio, who was the Prime Minister of Italy at the time.

Germany responded by attacking Italian forces in Italy (8–19 September), southern France and the Balkans, and freeing Benito Mussolini (12 September). The Italian forces were defeated in the north and centre of the country, with most of Italy being occupied by German troops, who established a puppet state, the Italian Social Republic. The king, the Italian government, and most of the Navy fled to southern Italy under the protection of the Allies. An Italian resistance movement emerged in German-occupied Italy.

Background

After the surrender of the Axis powers in North Africa on 13 May 1943, the Allies bombed Rome on 16 May, invaded Sicily on 10 July and prepared to land on the Italian mainland.

In the spring of 1943, preoccupied with the disastrous situation of the Italian military during the war, the Italian dictator, Benito Mussolini, removed several figures from the government whom he considered to be more loyal to King Victor Emmanuel III than to the Fascist regime.

To help the execution of his plan, the King asked for the assistance of Dino Grandi (1st Count of Mordano), one of the leading members of the Fascist hierarchy who, in his younger years, had been considered the sole credible alternative to Mussolini as leader of the National Fascist Party. The King was also motivated by the suspicion that the Count of Mordano's ideas about Fascism might be changed abruptly. Various ambassadors, including Pietro Badoglio himself, proposed the vague possibility of succeeding Mussolini as dictator.

The secret rebels later involved Giuseppe Bottai, another high member of the Fascist Directorate and Minister of Culture, and Galeazzo Ciano (the 2nd Count of Cortellazzo and Buccari), the second most powerful man in the Fascist Party and Mussolini's son-in-law. The conspirators devised an "Order of the Day" for the next meeting of the Grand Council of Fascism (Gran Consiglio del Fascismo), which contained a proposal to restore direct control of politics to the King. After the Council, held on 25 July 1943, a majority vote adopted the "order of the day", and Mussolini was then summoned to meet the King and dismissed as prime minister. Upon leaving the meeting, Mussolini was arrested by carabinieri and spirited off to the island of Ponza. Badoglio became President of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister). However, Grandi had been told that another general of more significant personal and professional qualities (Marshal Enrico Caviglia) would have taken the position.

The appointment of Badoglio did not change the position of Italy as Germany's ally in the war. However, many channels sought a peace treaty with the Allies. Meanwhile, Adolf Hitler sent several divisions south of the Alps, officially to help defend Italy from Allied landings but really to control the country.

Three Italian generals (including Brigade General Giuseppe Castellano) were separately sent to Lisbon to contact Allied diplomats. However, to open the proceedings, the Allies had to determine who was the most authoritative envoy, and the three generals had started to quarrel about who had the highest authority. In the end, Castellano was admitted to speak with the Allies to set the conditions for the surrender of Italy. Among the representatives of the Allies were the British Ambassador to Portugal, Sir Ronald Hugh Campbell, and two generals sent by Dwight Eisenhower: the American Walter Bedell Smith (Eisenhower's chief of staff) and the British Kenneth Strong (assistant chief of staff for intelligence).

On 27 August, General Castellano returned to Italy and, three days later, briefed Badoglio about the Allied request for a meeting to be held in Sicily, which had been suggested by the British Ambassador to the Vatican.

To ease communication between the Allies and the Italian government, a captured British Special Operations Executive (SOE) agent, Dick Mallaby, was released from Verona Prison and secretly moved to the Quirinale. It was vital for the Germans to remain ignorant of any suggestion of Italian surrender, and the SOE was the most secure method under the circumstances.

Terms
Badoglio still considered it possible to gain favourable conditions in exchange for the surrender. He ordered Castellano to insist that any surrender of Italy be conditioned on a landing of Allied troops on the Italian mainland. The Allies held only Sicily and some minor islands.

On 31 August, Brigade General Castellano reached Termini Imerese, in Sicily, by plane and was transferred to Cassibile, a town near Syracuse. It soon became evident that the two sides in the negotiations had adopted somewhat distant positions. Castellano pressed the request for the Italian territory to be defended from the inevitable reaction of the German Wehrmacht against Italy after the signing. In return, he received only vague promises, including launching a parachute division over Rome. Moreover, the actions were to be conducted contemporaneously with the signing, not to precede it, as the Italians had wanted.

The following day, Castellano was received by Badoglio and his entourage. Italy's Foreign Minister, Raffaele Guariglia, declared that the Allied conditions were to be accepted. Other generals, such as Giacomo Carboni, maintained that the Army Corps deployed around Rome was insufficient to protect the city because of the lack of fuel and ammunition and that the armistice had to be postponed. Badoglio did not pronounce himself in the meeting. In the afternoon, he appeared before the King, who decided to accept the armistice conditions.

Signing

A confirmation telegram was sent to the Allies. The message, however, was intercepted by the Wehrmacht, the German armed forces, which had long since begun to suspect that Italy was seeking a separate armistice. The Germans contacted Badoglio, who repeatedly confirmed the unwavering loyalty of Italy to its German ally. The Germans doubted his reassurances, and the Wehrmacht started to devise an effective plan, Operation Achse, to take control of Italy as soon as the Italian government had switched allegiance to the Allies.

On 2 September, Castellano set off again to Cassibile with an order to confirm the acceptance of the Allied conditions. He had no written authorization from Badoglio, the head of the Italian government, who wanted to dissociate himself as much as possible from the forthcoming defeat of his country.

The signing ceremony began at 14:00 on 3 September. Castellano and Bedell Smith signed the accepted text on behalf of Badoglio and General Eisenhower, respectively. A bombing mission on Rome by 500 airplanes was stopped at the last moment and had been Eisenhower's inducement to accelerate the procedure of the armistice. Harold Macmillan, the British government's representative minister at the Allied Staff, informed Winston Churchill that the armistice had been signed "without amendments of any kind".

Aftermath
Only after the signing had taken place was Castellano informed of the additional clauses, which General Campbell had presented to another Italian general, Zanussi, who had also been in Cassibile since 31 August. Zanussi, for unclear reasons, had not informed Castellano about them. Nevertheless, Bedell Smith explained to Castellano that the other conditions would have taken effect only if Italy had not taken on a fighting role in the war alongside the Allies.

On the afternoon of the same day, Badoglio had a briefing with the senior commanders of the  (Italy's Royal Navy) and the Regia Aeronautica (Italy's Royal Air Force), with the War Ministers and with the King's representatives. However, he omitted any mention of the signing of the armistice and referred only to ongoing negotiations.

The day of entry into force of the armistice was linked to a planned landing in central Italy and was left to the Allies' discretion. Castellano still understood that the date was intended to be 12 September, and Badoglio started to move troops to Rome.

On 7 September, a small Allied delegation reached Rome to inform Badoglio that the next day would have been the day of the armistice. He was also informed about the pending arrival of the American 82nd Airborne Division into airports around the city. Badoglio told the delegation that his army was not ready to support the landing and that most airports in the area were under German control. He asked for a deferral of the armistice of a few days. When General Eisenhower learned that, the landing in Rome of American troops was cancelled, but the day of the armistice was confirmed since other troops were already en route by sea to land in southern Italy.

When the armistice was announced by Allied radio on the afternoon of 8 September, German forces immediately attacked Italian forces by executing Operation Achse. Most of the Regio Esercito (Italian Royal Army) had not been informed about the armistice, and no clear orders had been issued about the line of conduct to be taken in the face of the German armed forces. Some Italian divisions that should have defended Rome were still in transit from southern France. The king, along with the royal family and Badoglio, fled Rome on the early morning of the 9th and took shelter in Brindisi, in southern Italy. Their initial intention was to move army headquarters out of Rome with the King and the Prime Minister, but few staff officers reached Brindisi. Meanwhile, the Italian troops, without instructions, collapsed and were soon overwhelmed. Some small units decided to stay loyal to the German ally. From 8 to 12 September, the German forces occupied all of the Italian territory that was still not under Allied control, except Sardinia and part of Apulia, without meeting organized resistance. In Rome, an Italian governor, with the support of an Italian infantry division, nominally ruled the city until 23 September, but in practice, the city was under German control from 11 September.

On 3 September, British and Canadian troops crossed the Strait of Messina and began landing in the southernmost tip of Calabria during Operation Baytown. The day after the armistice had been made public, 9 September, the Allies made landings at Salerno and at Taranto.

The Allies failed to take full advantage of the Italian armistice and were quickly checked by German troops. In terrain that favoured defence, the Allied forces took 20 months to reach the northern borders of Italy.

Some of the Italian troops based outside Italy, in the occupied Balkans and Greek islands, held out some weeks after the armistice. Still, without any determined support from the Allies, all had been overwhelmed by the Germans by the end of September 1943. On the island of Cephalonia, the Italian Acqui Division was massacred after it had resisted German forces. A similar fate awaited 103 Italian officers of the 50th Infantry Division Regina on the island of Kos, who were shot in early October 1943 after the Germans captured the island. Only on the islands of Leros and Samos, with British reinforcements, would the resistance last until November 1943, and in Corsica, Italian troops forced the German troops to leave the island.

In other cases, individual Italian units, mostly more minor, remained loyal to the Axis powers. Many of the units formed the nucleus of the armed forces of the puppet Italian Social Republic.

Following the September 1943 Armistice, Romania became the second Axis Power in Europe.

Regia Marina
Both the Regio Esercito (Italian Royal Army) and the Regia Aeronautica (Italian Royal Air Force) virtually disintegrated with the announcement of the armistice on 8 September. The Allies coveted the  (Italian Royal Navy), with its 206 ships in total, including the battleships , , and Italia (known as  until July 1943). There was a danger that some of the Navy might fight on, be scuttled, or (most concerningly for the Allies) end up in German hands. As such, the truce called for Italian warships on Italy's west coast, mostly at La Spezia and Genoa, to sail for North Africa and to pass Corsica and Sardinia and for those at Taranto, in the heel of Italy, to sail for Malta.

At 02:30, on 9 September, the three battleships Roma, Vittorio Veneto, and Italia "shoved off from La Spezia escorted by three light cruisers and eight destroyers". When German troops, who had stormed into the town to prevent the defection, became enraged by the ships' escape, "they rounded up and summarily shot several Italian captains who, unable to get their vessels underway, had scuttled them". That afternoon, German bombers attacked the ships sailing without air cover off Sardinia and launching guided bombs. Several ships suffered damage, and Roma sank with the loss of nearly 1,400 men. Most of the remaining ships made it safely to North Africa "while three destroyers and a cruiser which had stopped to rescue survivors, docked in Menorca".

The Navy's turnover proceeded more smoothly in other areas of Italy. When an Allied naval force headed for the large naval base of Taranto, it watched a flotilla of Italian ships sailing out of Taranto Harbour towards their surrender at Malta.

An agreement between the Allies and the Italians in late September provided for some of the Navy to be kept in commission; however, the battleships were to be reduced to care and maintenance and effectively disarmed. Italian mercantile marine vessels were to operate under the same general conditions as the Allies. In all cases, the Italian vessels would retain their Italian crews and fly Italian flags.

See also
 Military history of Italy during World War II
 Allied invasion of Italy
 European Theatre of World War II
 Italian Co-belligerent Army
 Operation Margarethe
 Operation Panzerfaust
 1944 Romanian coup d'état
 1944 Bulgarian coup d'état
 Moscow Armistice
 Italian Army in Russia
 Badoglio Proclamation
 Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947

References

Sources

External links
  Il diario del generale Giuseppe Castellano, La Sicilia, 8 settembre 2003
  8 Settembre 1943, l'armistizio Centro Studi della Resistenza dell'Anpi di Roma
 The Avalon Project at Yale Law School: Terms of the Armistice with Italy; September 3, 1943

20th century in Italy
Politics of World War II
Cassibile
Italian campaign (World War II)
1943 in Italy
World War II treaties
Peace treaties of Italy
Peace treaties of the United States
Peace treaties of France
Peace treaties of the United Kingdom
History of Syracuse, Sicily

Treaties concluded in 1943
Treaties entered into force in 1943
Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
Italy–United States relations
Peace treaties of the Soviet Union
September 1943 events
Victor Emmanuel III of Italy

Armistice of Cassibile


Blancanieves (known as Blancaneu in Catalan) is a 2012 Spanish black-and-white silent drama film written and directed by Pablo Berger. Based on the 1812 fairy tale Snow White by the Brothers Grimm, the story is set in a romantic vision of 1920s Andalusia. However, the film approaches storytelling through the integration of Spanish culture from characters' names to traditions they follow. Additionally, the film alludes to other fairy tales including Cinderella and Little Red Riding Hood. While it retells stories originally told through tales based in fantasy, it derails from the traditional storytelling method that ends with a happily ever after. Instead, the film is rather dark and ends in tragedy. Berger calls it a "love letter to European silent cinema."

Blancanieves was Spain's 85th Academy Awards official submission to Best Foreign Language category, but it did not make the shortlist. The film won the Special Jury Prize and an ex-aequo Best Actress "Silver Shell" Award for Macarena García at the 2012 San Sebastián International Film Festival. It was also nominated in every category for which it was eligible at the 27th Goya Awards (except for Best Sound), winning ten Goya Awards, including the Best Film.

Cast
 Macarena García as Carmen Villalta / Blancanieves
 Maribel Verdú as Encarna, the evil stepmother
 Daniel Giménez Cacho as Antonio Villalta, the father
 Ángela Molina as Doña Concha, the grandmother
 Inma Cuesta as Carmen de Triana, the mother
 Sofía Oria as Carmencita, little Carmen
 Josep Maria Pou as Don Carlos, the impresario
 Ramón Barea as Don Martín, Antonio's manager
 Pere Ponce as Genaro Bilbao, Encarna's chauffeur
 Emilio Gavira as Jesusín ("Grumpy")

Plot
As a Spanish adaptation of the Brother Grimm fairytale, Snow White, the film Blancanieves follows the life of Carmen. Her mother died during childbirth, and her father was left paralyzed after a traumatic bull fighting incident shortly before her birth. Her grandmother cares for her, but after her death, she is left in the care of her step-mother who married her father for his fame and riches he accumulated as a bull fighter. She mistreats Carmen's father, as he is often left helpless in a room, however Carmen spends time communicating as best as she can with her father.

After consistent abuse and mistreatment, Carmen is fearful for her safety and wellbeing. One day, she is sent out into the woods to gather flowers. The huntsman is sent out after her, where he assaults her, attempts to drown her, and leaves her for dead. She is unconscious, floating downstream, when a group of bull fighters find her and carry her to their home. When she comes to consciousness, she is unable to remember her history, including her name. They begin referring to her as Blancanieves, which translates to Snow White, because of her fair appearance. She grows close to the group of men, who are a traveling spectacle of bull fighters with dwarfism. Eventually she begins bullfighting herself, unaware that her natural skill comes from the time she spent practicing with her father as a child.

Carmen's step-mother learns of Carmen's work as a bull fighter and is left in disbelief, as she thought Carmen was killed many years ago. She attends a fight, masked in a veil. After a successful fight in the bullfighting ring, the audience is throwing flowers to Carmen. The step-mother reaches out and offers her a poisoned apple. Carmen unsuspectingly takes it, and takes a bite. She instantly falls to the ground, and the audience begins to panic. She is transferred into a glass coffin, as they are all under the impression she has died. Rather than laying her to rest, they create a spectacle out of her. They begin charging the public for an opportunity to kiss the famous bull fighter, Blancanieves. In the end, the focus shifts to Carmen lying in the casket, where a single tear runs down her cheek.

Production
The inspiration for the film began when writer-director Pablo Berger saw a photograph of bullfighting dwarves in España Oculta (1989, ), by Cristina García Rodero. By 2003, Berger had written Blancanieves and was working to raise funds for it soon after his film Torremolinos 73 was appearing at festivals. In May 2011, he was working on the storyboards for Blancanieves, a film he had in the works for eight years, and he was about to begin principal photography when news reached him that The Artist had been shown at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival:
"Nobody knew about The Artist until it appeared in Cannes.  It was completely out of the blue. I was in my office in Madrid, doing the storyboards for my film, when a producer friend sent me a text message from the festival saying, 'I've just seen The Artist, it's black and white and silent and it's going to be huge.' I almost threw my phone against the wall. The high concept was gone."

According to Berger, Blancanieves is a "love letter to European silent cinema, ... especially French. Abel Gance for me is God. Movies like Napoleon, J'Accuse!, La Roue are extraordinary."

Pablo Berger emphasized the idea that his silent film adaptation of the fairytale, Snow White, takes a much darker approach than traditional tellings of the tale. Even on the cover of the Blancanieves DVD, there is text that reads, "They never told you the story like this before ..." emphasizing the idea that this interpretation is different from the others.

While the silent, black and white aesthetic was applied to the film as an homage to films from the 20th century, it additionally used modern techniques to give the film a unique look. The cinematic techniques and style included depth throughout many shots. The styling of each shot provides a dynamic effect on the visuals in the film. Techniques like this were not possible during the time in which silent films were popular. The film works to address and include various technologies throughout the past century. While the camera work and aspects of the picture are modern, there are also techniques and styles used that reflect film from the 20th century.

2012 saw the screening of two other loose adaptations of Snow White: Mirror, Mirror and Snow White and the Huntsman.

Reception

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Blancanieves holds an approval rating of 95%, based on 112 reviews, and an average rating of 7.8/10. Its consensus reads: "Smartly written and beautiful to behold, Blancanieves uses its classic source material to offer a dark tale, delightfully told." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 82 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "Universal acclaim".The Guardian's Peter Bradshaw called it "extraordinarily enjoyable", awarding it five stars out of five and saying Pablo Berger "finds new life and heart in the old myth – certainly more than the recent Hollywood retreads – and daringly locates possibilities for both evil and romance in the ranks of the dwarves themselves"; the director "takes inspiration from Hitchcock, with hints of Rebecca and Psycho, Buñuel, Browning and Almodóvar, and conjures a fascinatingly ambiguous ending: melancholy, eerie and erotic. A film to treasure."Chicago Sun-Times film critic Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars, writing that the film "Is a full-bodied silent film of the sort that might have been made by the greatest directors of the 1920s, if such details as the kinky sadomasochism of this film's evil stepmother could have been slipped past the censors." Later, he chose it to be shown at the 2013 Roger Ebert's Overlooked Film Festival.

The film, while resembling styles of the 20th century, focused on the story of a female lead. The main character's name, Carmen, emphasizes the importance of the characters divinity, as it means "song" or "garden". However, she fits into the mold of traditional beauty standards set up for women, that have been present since much earlier than just films in the 20th century. This form of representation is often critiqued, as are minimal forms of diversity represented, yet still adhere to most traditional beauty norms.

Accolades

|-
| align = "center" rowspan = "2" | 2012 || rowspan = "2" | 60th San Sebastián International Film Festival || colspan = "2" | Special Jury Prize ||  || rowspan = "2" |
|-
| Silver Shell for Best Actress || Macarena García ||
|-
| align = "center" rowspan = "47" | 2013 || rowspan = "3" | 18th Forqué Awards || colspan = "2" | Best Film ||  || rowspan = "3" |
|-
| rowspan = "2" | Best Actress || Maribel Verdú ||
|-
| Macarena García ||
|-
| rowspan = 12| 5th Gaudí Awards
| colspan = 2| Best Film
|
|-
| Best Director
| Pablo Berger
|
|-
| Best Screenplay
| Pablo Berger
|
|-
| rowspan = 2 | Best Female Lead
| Ángela Molina
|
|-
| Maribel Verdú
|
|-
| Best Cinematography
| Kiko de la Rica
|
|-
| Best Art Direction
| Alain Bainée
|
|-
| Best Costume Design
| Paco Delgado
|
|-
| Best Film Editing
| Fernando Franco
|
|-
| Best Make-Up and Hairstyles
| Fermín Galán, Sylvie Imbert
|
|-
| Best Original Score
| Alfonso de Villalonga
|
|-
| Best Special/Visual Effects
| Reyes Abades, Ferrán Piquer
|
|-
|rowspan=3|Latin ACE Awards
|colspan=2|Best Film
|
| rowspan = "3" |
|-
| Best Actress
| Maribel Verdú
|
|-
| Best Supporting Actor
| Daniel Giménez Cacho
|
|-
| rowspan=18 | 27th Goya Awards
| colspan=2 | Best Film
|
| rowspan = "18" |
|-
| Best Director
| Pablo Berger
|
|-
| Best Actor
| Daniel Giménez Cacho
|
|-
| Best Actress
| Maribel Verdú
|
|-
| Best Supporting Actor
| Josep Maria Pou
|
|-
| Best Supporting Actress
| Ángela Molina
|
|-
| Best New Actor
| Emilio Gavira
|
|-
| Best New Actress
| Macarena García
|
|-
| Best Original Screenplay
| Pablo Berger
|
|-
| Best Cinematography
| Kiko de la Rica
|
|-
| Best Editing
| Fernando Franco
|
|-
| Best Art Direction
| Alain Bainée
|
|-
| Best Production Supervision
| Josep Amorós
|
|-
| Best Special Effects
| Reyes Abades, Ferrán Piquer
|
|-
| Best Costume Design
| Paco Delgado
|
|-
| Best Makeup and Hairstyles
| Sylvie Imbert, Fermín Galán
|
|-
| Best Original Score
| Alfonso de Villalonga
|
|-
| Best Original Song
| "No te puedo encontrar" by Pablo Berger and Juan Gómez "Chicuelo"
|
|-
| 55th Ariel Awards
| Best Ibero-American Film
| Pablo Berger
|
|
|-
| rowspan = "6" | 22nd Actors and Actresses Union Awards
| Best Film Actress in a Leading Role || Maribel Verdú ||  || rowspan = "6" |
|-
| Best Film Actor in a Leading Role || Daniel Giménez Cacho ||
|-
| Best Film Actress in a Secondary Role || Ángela Molina ||
|-
| Best Film Actress in a Minor Role || Inma Cuesta ||
|-
| rowspan = "2" | Best Film Actor in a Minor Role || Ramón Barea ||
|-
| Pere Ponce ||
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 26th European Film Awards || colspan=2 | Best Film
|
| rowspaN = "3" |
|-
| Best Director
| Pablo Berger
|
|-
| Best Costume Designer
| Paco Delgado
|
|-
| 26th Chicago Film Critics Association Awards
| Best Original Score
| Alfonso de Villalonga
|
|-
| rowspan = "3" align = "center" | 2014 || 14th Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards
| colspan=2|Best Foreign Language Film
|
|-
| 39th César Awards
| colspan = "2" | Best Foreign Film
|
|-
| 40th Saturn Awards
| colspan="2" | Best International Film
|
|-
| align = "center" | 2015 || Argentinean Film Critics Association Awards
| Best Ibero-American Film
| Pablo Berger
|
|}

 See also
 List of Spanish films of 2012
 List of black-and-white films produced since 1970
 Cinema Europe: The Other Hollywood'', a 1995 documentary on the origin of European cinema
 List of submissions to the 85th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
 List of Spanish submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

References

External links

2012 films
2012 drama films
Spanish drama films
Spanish silent films
2010s Spanish-language films
Spanish black-and-white films
Films set in the 1920s
Films based on Snow White
Bullfighting films
Best Film Goya Award winners
Silent drama films
French drama films
2010s Spanish films
2010s French films

Blancanieves


The Indoor Football League (IFL) is a professional indoor American football league created in 2008 out of the merger between the Intense Football League and United Indoor Football. It has one of the largest number of currently active teams among indoor football leagues. As of the 2023 season, the league consists of 14 teams in two conferences with each team playing 16 games over 19 weeks.

The league has operated continuously under the same name and corporate structure longer than any other current indoor football league. With the closure of the Arena Football League in 2019, the IFL is the oldest active professional indoor football league in North America, and can trace its history to 2003 (as the Intense Football League).

IFL players earn US$250–500 (before taxes) per game played, with a $25 bonus given to players on the winning team each week. Additionally some teams provide housing for its players during the season.

The IFL has a player personnel partnership with the XFL, to function as their de facto minor league.

History

Formation

The league was formed as a merger between the Intense Football League and United Indoor Football, announced the day before the 2008 National Indoor Bowl Championship, a game which pitted the champions of the two leagues against each other. The Sioux Falls Storm (United) defeated the Louisiana Swashbucklers (Intense) 54–42.

2009 season

Of the 17 teams involved in the two previous leagues, 14 moved over to the new organization's 2009 season. An additional three teams came over from the CIFL and two expansion teams began their life in the new IFL. In the United Bowl, the Billings Outlaws (Intense Conference) took the league championship by defeating the RiverCity Rage (United Conference) by a score of 71–62.

2010s

2010 season

After losing two teams to attrition after the end of the 2009 season, and a third in January 2010, the IFL then added another nine franchises to boost its membership to 25 for the 2010 season. Three of the new teams were expansion franchises. Two moved over from the Southern Indoor Football League and Continental Indoor Football League. After playing nine games of the 2010 season the Alaska Wild suspended operations, leaving only 24 teams to finish the year. In the United Bowl, the Billings Outlaws (Intense Conference) took the league championship by defeating the Sioux Falls Storm (United Conference) by a score of 43–34.

2011 season

Seven new teams were added to the IFL for the 2011 season. Some of these were new expansion teams, and others moved to the IFL from the AIFA.  The IFL also lost nine teams during the offseason, bringing the total number to 22 for 2011. In the United Bowl, the Sioux Falls Storm (United Conference) took the league championship by defeating the Tri-Cities Fever (Intense Conference) by a score of 37–10.

2012 season

The league had 16 teams that played the 2012 season. For the 2012 season, the IFL switched to a two-conference format with no divisions, due in large part to the loss of all the Texas-based teams (except the Allen Wranglers) to the newly formed Lone Star Football League. The Wranglers brought attention to the league for offering a $500,000 contract to unemployed wide receiver Terrell Owens to become the team's part-owner and wide receiver. Owens accepted the contract. ESPN3 carried Owens's debut game against the Wichita Wild, but his association with the team and the league proved to be short-lived. The front office of the league saw changes as well, as Commissioner Tommy Benizio resigned. The league appointed assistant commissioner Robert Loving as the interim Commissioner.

2013 season

On October 12, 2012, the Bloomington Edge announced that the team had been sold to the owners of the Bloomington Blaze hockey franchise and would relocate to the new Champions Professional Indoor Football League for the 2013 season. On January 21, 2013, the league announced that the owner of the Cheyenne Warriors had died and that the team would not be entering the league this season as planned.

2014 season

The league added the Minnesota-based Bemidji Axemen to expand to 10 teams but the Chicago Slaughter were sold and changed leagues, returning the IFL to nine teams for the 2014 season. In February 2014, the league announced that it would return to Montana in 2015 with the new Billings Wolves franchise.

2015 season

On July 27, 2014, Iowa Barnstormers president Jeff Lamberti hinted at joining the league by telling a local TV station that the franchise will explore "all options" in the off-season of their continuance to play, including leaving the Arena Football League and going to the IFL for 2015. They joined the IFL in August 2014, becoming the fourth active AFL/af2 franchise to leave for the IFL since the Texas Revolution (formerly the Arkansas Twisters), the Tri-Cities Fever and the Green Bay Blizzard. (The Revolution left the IFL for Champions Indoor Football before ceasing operations in May 2019.)

2016 season

This was the first season the IFL utilized roster restrictions which call for all teams to carry no more than seven players with three or more years' experience in Indoor/Arena football. For the second consecutive season, an AFL team was strongly rumored to join the IFL, as Spokane Shock owner Nader Naini said on August 10, 2015, that he was considering all options for the team. On September 1, the Shock officially joined the IFL, becoming the fifth active AFL/af2 franchise to leave for the IFL since the aforementioned Barnstormers, Fever, Blizzard and Revolution. The Shock, however, would have to enter the IFL under a new identity as the Arena League announced on October 12 that they would retain the rights to the Shock logos and name, possibly for future use by another franchise in the state of Washington. The team subsequently held a name-the-team contest, which resulted in their new identity as the Spokane Empire.

On September 9, the Minnesota Havok (based in Mankato) were announced as an IFL team. However, on January 29, just four weeks before the 2016 season was to kick off, the Havok were terminated by the league for failing to meet operational standards.

On November 25, the Minnesota Axemen folded due to the team "Not fulfilling their commitments to the league." Commissioner Mike Allshouse called the move a proactive one to prevent the team having to fold mid-season.

2017 season

On June 30, 2016, the IFL announced that the Tri-Cities Fever franchise would be dormant, but in good standing with the IFL, for the 2017 season.

Project FANchise, a group aiming to create a professional sports team where fans help run the day-to-day operations, announced they would operate a new team, the Salt Lake Screaming Eagles in Salt Lake City. A fan vote determined the team's name and logo, and select fans will have access to player personnel decisions and in-game play calling. Project FANchise also bought the Colorado Crush in October and began operating the team in the same manner.

During the 2016 season, the Billings Wolves' website was hacked, was never completely fixed, and was non-operational for months. Several former staff members claimed that the team had folded after the completion of the season. On October 24, 2016, the Wolves announced they had left the IFL because of state regulations and failing to find new ownership for the team.

On October 17, 2016, the IFL announced it had added the Arizona Rattlers, previously of the Arena Football League, for the 2017 season. The Rattlers were the third team in three consecutive seasons to leave the AFL for the IFL. The league rejected the bid of another former AFL franchise, the Jacksonville Sharks, who are located outside the IFL's regional territory.  They subsequently announced their charter membership in an entirely new league, originally to have been called the Arena Development League but actually beginning play under the name National Arena League.

2018 season

After the 2017 season came to a close, the website for the Colorado Crush was shut down with no formal announcement on the franchise's future. Project FANchise, which also ran the Salt Lake Screaming Eagles, had announced they would start their own league and left the IFL, with both teams going up for sale. No buyers for either team were subsequently found and the teams folded. On July 12, 2017, the Spokane Empire announced that they would be suspending operations effective immediately.

On July 25, 2017, the IFL announced that only the Arizona Rattlers, Cedar Rapids Titans, Green Bay Blizzard, Iowa Barnstormers, and Nebraska Danger had committed to play for 2018. However, expansion clubs and current member clubs had until September 1 to commit to the 2018 season.  On August 30, the Sioux Falls Storm announced that they had joined Champions Indoor Football for 2018 after winning six consecutive championships from 2011 to 2016. The Storm was shortly followed by the Wichita Falls Nighthawks.

The IFL then added the Bloomington Edge and West Michigan Ironmen from the CIF on September 12. The CIF apparently then attempted to sue the IFL, Edge, and Ironmen for leaving the CIF after the two teams had already signed league affiliation agreements with the CIF for 2018. The IFL then threatened to sue the CIF, Storm, and Nighthawks in return despite neither former IFL team signing an affiliation agreement with the IFL for 2018. The CIF then retracted their lawsuit with the IFL but also removed the Storm and Nighthawks from their 2018 schedule. After the IFL meetings in October 2017, the Storm returned to the IFL but the Nighthawks had to suspend operations. While the CIF did drop the lawsuit against the IFL, it filed for an injunction against the Edge and Ironmen teams from participating in the IFL for breaking the terms of their signed affiliation agreements. A temporary injunction from participation in the league was granted on January 31, 2018, with the court ruling determining that both teams had been offered bribes from the owner of the Arizona Rattlers to break their contract with the CIF. The schedule was revised in February for the six participating teams stating the Edge and Ironmen were to return in 2019.

During the season, the Cedar Rapids Titans' ownership announced the team was for sale with hopes of selling to new local ownership. In June 2018, it was announced that the Titans had been sold to Roy Choi, a California-based businessman, with the intentions of keeping the team Cedar Rapids but would rebrand the team.

2019 season

In August 2018, the IFL announced that the expansion Tucson Sugar Skulls, owned by Rattlers' coach Kevin Guy, were joining the league after being rumored to have joined the CIF. On September 7, the IFL announced that the Quad City Steamwheelers would join the league from the CIF. The Cedar Rapids team announced their rebrand as the Cedar Rapids River Kings on September 22. On October 5, the Bismarck Bucks of the CIF announced their move to the IFL. On November 19, the IFL announced another expansion team, the San Diego Strike Force, owned by the new Cedar Rapids owner Roy Choi to bring the league back up to ten teams. The addition of the Sugar Skulls and Strike Force gave the Rattlers geographic rivals, reducing that team's travel expenses in a league otherwise centered in the upper Midwest.

2020s

2020 season

On August 20, 2019, the Duke City Gladiators joined the IFL after winning back-to-back CIF championships.  On September 10, the Oakland Panthers, co-owned by former NFL running back Marshawn Lynch, joined the IFL for the 2020 season. On November 1, the league added the Spokane Shock after it was resurrected by former NFL player Sam Adams, with the Spokane team reacquiring the Shock brand following the Empire's folding in 2017. The Bosselman family were looking to sell the Nebraska Danger, but no owner was found before the deadline for participating in the 2020 season. On November 24, 2019, the IFL added a thirteenth team in Frisco, Texas, owned by the Germain family called the Frisco Fighters. The Germain family also purchased the sponsorship rights for the IFL, the management rights of the league's communications and marketing department, as well as a second expansion for the 2021 season in Columbus, Ohio, known as the Columbus Wild Dogs.

Two games into the 2020 season, the league postponed the rest of the season due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On April 13, 2020, the season was fully cancelled.

2021 season

On June 26, 2020, the Columbus Wild Dogs announced it would not begin play until 2022. On August 19, 2020, the Massachusetts Pirates, formerly of the National Arena League, were added to the IFL for the 2021 season as the league's first East Coast-based team. On August 25, the league added the Northern Arizona Wranglers in Prescott Valley, Arizona, for the 2021 season, joining the Arizona Rattlers and Tucson Sugar Skulls as the third IFL team to be based in Arizona for 2021. On November 6, the Louisville Xtreme of Louisville, Kentucky, was added. The 2020 expansion Oakland Panthers, as well as the Cedar Rapids River Kings, Quad City Steamwheelers, and the San Diego Strike Force withdrew from the season due to the effects of the pandemic. On May 11, 2021, the IFL announced as broadcast partnership with Stadium to air the IFL Game of the Week beginning May 15, 2021. On June 14, the IFL terminated the Xtreme's membership after five games played due to failing to maintain the league's minimum obligations and did not finish the season.

2022 season

On May 11, 2021, the IFL announced that Bill Foley and the Vegas Golden Knights had purchased a 2022 expansion franchise to be based in the Las Vegas Valley called the Vegas Knight Hawks. In October 2021, the league updated its website, removing the Cedar Rapids River Kings and postponing the launch of the Columbus Wild Dogs to 2023. On February 24, 2022, the Spokane Shock were removed from the league after the team lost its lease for their home arena.

2023 season

On July 26, 2022, the IFL announced that Andy Scurto and the Tulsa Oilers had purchased a 2023 expansion franchise to be based in Tulsa, which would also be called the Tulsa Oilers. The Bay Area Panthers won the 2023 Championship defeating the Sioux Falls Storm 51-41 after going 1-15 in the previous year. On October 7, the Bismarck Bucks announced they will suspend operations for the 2023 season.

For the 2023 season, the league signed a player personnel partnership with the XFL, to function as their de facto minor league.

2024 season
For the 2024 season, the league expanded to 16 teams with the addition of the Jacksonville Sharks and San Antonio Gunslingers from the National Arena League. The Sharks were added to the Eastern Conference and the Gunslingers were added to the Western Conference.

On October 24, 2023, the IFL announced that its first expansion team for 2025 would be based in Indianapolis and would play at the new Fishers Event Center in nearby Fishers.

Teams

Current
For the 2024 season, the league is split into two conferences.

Inactive teams

Map of teams

Former
 Abilene Ruff Riders – Left IFL after 2010 season for the Southern Indoor Football League and later folded in 2013.
 Alaska Wild – Team suspended operations nine games into the 2010 season. The coach and multiple players left to play elsewhere and the team no longer had money to continue the season.
 Amarillo Venom – Left IFL after 2011 season for the Lone Star Football League.
 Arctic Predators – Originally announced as 2010 IFL member, but stalemate between ownership group and head coach led to lease difficulties; IFL franchise moved and became the Kent Predators. (A different team with the same name [Arctic Predators] then became a member of the American Indoor Football Association.)
 Arizona Adrenaline – Ceased operations before the end of the 2011 season.  Some games were played with a replacement team.
 Austin Turfcats – Folded following the 2010 season.
 Bismarck Bucks – Suspended operations in 2022.  Team no longer listed on IFL website as of October 2023.
 Billings Outlaws – Owner suspended the 2011 season and never returned.
 Billings Wolves – Owner could not find a buyer for the team after the 2016 season and did not return.
 Binghamton – Owner suspended the 2012 season and never returned.
 Bloomington Edge – Left IFL after 2012 season; rejoined the IFL for the 2018 season but was subsequently barred from playing in the IFL that season due to ligation over its departure from the CIF. Played an independent schedule in 2018 with the intent of rejoining the IFL in 2019, but were not included in the league schedule. In 2020 planned on joining the American Arena League, but lost out on the lease to the arena to another tenant and subsequently folded.
 Bricktown Brawlers – Ceased operations before the end of the 2011 season.  Final games were played with a replacement team.
 Cedar Rapids Titans/River Kings – Played as the Titans from 2012 to 2018. Were sold and rebranded as the River Kings for the 2019 season and folded after the cancelled 2020 season.
 CenTex Barracudas – Originally announced as a 2009 IFL member but then was not included in 2009 alignment.
 Charlotte Speed – Originally intended to play during the 2013 IFL season but left for the PIFL instead.
 Cheyenne Warriors – Owner died shortly before 2013 season began and team suspended IFL operations prior to first season. They played a few games in the DIFL, and shutdown entirely in May 2013.
 Chicago Slaughter – Left IFL after 2013 season to join Continental Indoor Football League, but never played in it.
 Colorado Crush – Website shut down at the conclusion of the 2017 season after their owners, Project FANchise, left the league to start their own league.
 Columbus Wild Dogs – Originally set to begin play in 2021, inaugural season was later pushed back to 2022, 2023 and 2024.  Team no longer listed on IFL website as of October 2023.
 Corpus Christi Hammerheads – Left IFL after 2010 season for the Southern Indoor Football League.
 El Paso Generals – Owners attempted to sell the team and after 2009 season and never returned.
 Everett Raptors – Team folded after 2012 season.
 Everett Destroyers  – Originally announced as a 2009 IFL member but then was not included in 2009 alignment.
 Fairbanks Grizzlies – Owner suspended the 2012 season and never returned.
 Frisco Thunder – Originally announced as 2009 IFL member but then announced they would take season off while Dr Pepper Arena was being renovated and never returned.
 La Crosse Spartans – Owners suspended the team and started the Cedar Rapids Titans. The team failed to find new ownership in 2011 and never returned.
 Lehigh Valley Steelhawks – Left IFL after 2012 season for the Professional Indoor Football League.
 Louisiana Swashbucklers – A member of the Intense Football League in 2008; left Indoor Football League prior to its inaugural season for the Southern Indoor Football League.
 Louisville Xtreme – Added for the 2021 season but membership was terminated by the league after five games played.
 Maryland Maniacs – Owner suspended the 2011 season and never returned.
 Minnesota Axemen – Membership terminated in 2015 by the league due to franchise's failure to meet league obligations.
 Minnesota Havok – Announced for 2016 season but were terminated by the league one month prior to the season for failure to reach minimum operational standards.
 New Mexico Stars – Left IFL after 2012 season for the Lone Star Football League.
 Nebraska Danger – Joined in 2011; owner put the team up for sale at the end of the 2019 season and did not find a buyer before the 2020 season.
 Omaha Beef – Left IFL after 2012 season for the Champions Professional Indoor Football League.
 Reading Express – Took 2013 season off and never returned.
 Richmond Revolution – Owner suspended the 2012 season and never returned.
 RiverCity Rage – Owner suspended the team to focus on the Omaha Beef.
 Rochester Raiders – Owner suspended the 2011 season and never returned.
 Saginaw Sting – Left for the Ultimate Indoor Football League after sitting out the 2010 season.
 Salt Lake Screaming Eagles – After Project FANchise left the IFL to start a new league, the Screaming Eagles were never able to secure new ownership.
 San Angelo Stampede Express – Owner suspended the 2011 season and never returned.
 Sioux City Bandits – Left IFL after 2010 season for the American Professional Football League.
 Spokane Empire – Owner suspended operations after the 2017 season and eventually reacquired the Spokane Shock brand. The Shock returned to the league in 2020.
 Spokane Shock – Returned for the cancelled 2020 season and played the 2021 season. Removed from league after the team lost its lease in prior to the 2022 season.
 Texas Revolution – Left IFL after 2014 season, now defunct.
 Tri-Cities Fever – Team went dormant after the 2016 season with the franchise remaining in good standing with the IFL, but the current ownership has no plans for a return.
 Tucson Thunder Kats – Team joined the AIFA West before being officially accepted into the IFL but ended up suspending operations in November 2010 due to financial losses instead.
 West Michigan Ironmen – Attempted to join the IFL for the 2018 season from the CIF but was barred from joining. The team was sold in 2018 and the new ownership was announced as rejoining the CIF for 2019, but were not included for 2019 and instead joined Midwest Professional Indoor Football.
 West Michigan ThunderHawks – Owner suspended the 2011 season and never returned.
 Wenatchee Valley Venom – Owner suspended the 2012 season and never returned.
 West Texas Roughnecks – Left IFL after 2011 season for the Lone Star Football League.
 Wichita Falls Nighthawks – Left for Champions Indoor Football after the 2017 season but folded due to league disputes.
 Wichita Wild – Left IFL after the 2012 season, for the Champions Indoor Football League. Folded in 2014.
 Wyoming Cavalry – Owner ceased operations in September 2014.

Timeline

IFL Championship Game

The IFL Championship Game (formerly the United Bowl) has been played every season since 2009. The current IFL champions are the Bay Area Panthers, who won the championship game in 2023 defeating the Sioux Falls Storm. The Sioux Falls Storm won six straight United Bowls from 2011 to 2016.

The IFL continued to use the "United Bowl" name originally used by United Indoor Football.  The UIF used this name before they merged with Intense Football League to form the Indoor Football League. The UIF held United Bowl I, II, III, and IV in 2005 through 2008, with all four being won by the Sioux Falls Storm. Although the name "National Indoor Bowl Championship" was used for the 2008 contest between the UIF and the Intense Football League, the "United Bowl" name was used for the combined league's championship instead up through 2021. Starting in the 2022 season the league started a three-year deal to play the now named IFL National Championship Game in the Dollar Loan Center in Henderson, Nevada.

Results

Media
On May 11, 2021, the IFL announced a national television partnership with Stadium, in which Stadium will air the IFL Game of The Week nationally each week for the rest of the season. The deal was negotiated by The Team Management, LLC, and each game will be produced exclusively by BEK Communications.

All other games will still be streamed through YouTube. Some teams also have individual contracts with local or regional TV and radio channels.

Hall of Fame
The Indoor Football League Hall of Fame is the official Hall of Fame of the IFL. The creation and inaugural class for this Hall was formed in 2014 and consisted of three inductees. All classes between 2014 and 2019 have consisted of three inductees which have contributed to the league in a significant way. There were no inductees for 2020; however, the 2021 class included four inductees. The Hall of Fame is the highest honor for players, coaches, and contributors involved in the IFL. The league was formed out of the merger of two indoor football leagues United Indoor Football and Intense Football League, which qualifies players who have also contributed at a high level to these former leagues prior to the merger. This Hall of Fame only incorporates contributors to the IFL, and its former leagues, so no other indoor or arena football leagues factor into the inductions. The Arena Football League has its own corresponding Hall of Fame. There is currently no physical location for the Indoor Football League Hall of Fame. Unlike the Pro Football Hall of Fame and Canadian Football Hall of Fame, there is no museum to view the inductees. Instead, it is more similar to the Arena Football Hall of Fame in that the inductees are enshrined online and without a physical location.

Qualifications
In order to be nominated for the Indoor Football League Hall of Fame, a candidate must have contributed in some significant fashion to be enshrined in the Hall. There is no official criteria that must be met other than the self-explained significant contributions to the league. Unlike other football Hall of Fames, the IFL Hall of Fame is far more new and laxed. To qualify, a member would need to significantly contribute to a franchise that played in the IFL, United Indoor Football, or Intense Football League during their tenure.

Ceremony and Hall of Fame Game
Starting with the 2021 season, the league added a new tradition of a Hall of Fame game. Similar to the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, the first game of the season will now commemorate and recognize the hall of fame class for that year. Before this, the inductees were celebrated during the United Bowl championship game.

Inductees
The list is complete up to date 2022 Hall of Fame class.

References

External links

Indoor American football leagues in the United States
Sports leagues established in 2008
Articles which contain graphical timelines
Professional sports leagues in the United States

Indoor Football League


An inflatable boat is a kind of boat which is made from rubber. It is filled with air. In some boats is possible to install outboard motor. Inflatable boats are usually made to fit into small places so they can be moved easily. Some inflatable boats are rigid. They have a hard floor, and the tubes of the walls are strong so they can be inflated to high pressure and become stiff.

Vulcanization of rubber became commonplace in the 1840s and was used for inflatable objects including boats. British explorers in the Arctic used Peter Halkett's boats. Since then, they have been used for many purposes.

Notes

Boats

Inflatable boat


A processional hymn, opening hymn, or gathering hymn is a chant, hymn or other music sung during the Procession, usually at the start of a Christian service, although occasionally during the service itself. The procession usually contains members of the clergy and the choir walking behind the processional cross. Occasionally, a service will also contain a recessional hymn, although in the Protestant tradition this is usually an organ voluntary.

The genre first appears in the early Middle Ages, and is a distinct genre from breviary hymns, often containing a refrain. With its longer cathedrals and churches, England was particularly rich in these and several are to be found in the Sarum Processional.

In The English Hymnal nos. 613 to 640 are described as "Processional" and nos. 641 to 646 are "Suitable for use in procession". The processional hymns include "Of the Father's Heart Begotten" (Corde natus ex parentis, by Prudentius), "Ride On, Ride On in Majesty!"(by H. H. Milman), "Hail thee, Festival Day!" (Salve, festa dies, by Venantius Fortunatus) and "Jerusalem, my happy home" (by F.B.P. c. 1580).

Recessional hymn
A recessional hymn or closing hymn is a hymn placed at the end of a church service to close it. It is used commonly in the Catholic Church and Anglican Church, an equivalent to the concluding voluntary, which is called a Recessional Voluntary, for example a Wedding Recessional.

References

External links

Hymnology
Order of Mass

Processional hymn


Rodolfo Llopis Ferrándiz (27 February 1895, Callosa d'En Sarrià, Alicante, Spain – 22 July 1983, Albi, France) was a Spanish socialist politician.  He was the General Secretary of the  Spanish Socialist Workers' Party in exile from  1944 to 1972.

In 1947 he succeeded José Giral as prime minister of the Spanish Republican government in exile.  Álvaro de Albornoz y Liminiana succeeded him the same year.

During the period of the Spanish Second Republic, Llopis was heavily involved with primary education reforms. His achievements in this role were great and this, combined with his dapper appearance and youth, earned him the title of "the Rudolph Valentino of pedagogy."

References

1895 births
1983 deaths
People from Marina Baixa
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politicians
Members of the Congress of Deputies of the Second Spanish Republic
Politicians from the Valencian Community
Unión General de Trabajadores members
Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)
Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in France

Rodolfo Llopis


Mumbai 125 KM is a 2014 Indian  horror film directed by Hemant Madhukar and produced by Nishant Pitti from EaseMyTrip  and starring Karanvir Bohra, Vedita Pratap Singh whilst Veena Malik played the main antagonist.

Plot summary
Aashika wakes up frightened in a hospital and goes into a flashback. A group of friends Jacks, Prem, Diya and Vivek decides to travel to Mumbai to celebrate New Year's Day. While travelling, a patrolling cop halts the car and interrogates them on the account of driving under the influence of alcohol, to which Prem bribes him into letting them go. That night, they encounter weird situations and a baby cradle, which they avoid. Prem accidentally hits a car; while figuring out who they hit, they come across a man who warns them to back off or else they will all be killed. The friends try to take the man to the same cop they met before but find the cop brutally murdered. The man suddenly disappears.

The friends sense danger and find a way to get back off the road but the road seems to be endless. They encounter a girl and offer her a lift. The friends assume that she's a mental patient and try to take her to a hospital. Leaving to find the asylum in the jungle, they leave Jacks in the car with the girl. Jacks is murdered as well. Prem and Vivek later come out of their car and have an argument. Splitting ways, Vivek discovers an abandoned house where he gets brutally killed by the mysterious girl. Prem, Aashika and Diya are now the only survivors. Prem orders the girls to stick together but a scared Diya runs away and gets killed too. Scared, Prem and Aashika run and Prem ends up in a graveyard. He witnesses his deceased friends' souls and gets killed by the girl.

In the present, Aashika in the hospital finds out about the girl by a nurse. The girl's name is Poonam. She visits Poonam's house and witnesses Poonam's husband's and mother-in-law's souls. The mother in law explains that Poonam was eccentric and wanted a child. She argued with her now-dead husband for a child and her mental condition worsened after her delivery. The doctor advises Poonam's husband that she needs counselling. It is also revealed that the accident by Prem and his friends actually crashed Poonam's car and killed her, her husband and child. Poonam returns as a ghost and swears vengeance upon the friends for murdering her child. Aashika was only saved because she was pregnant with Prem's child so Poonam didn't hurt her. Aashika's parents calls her and reveal that her child is aborted. This angers Poonam and Poonam kills Aashika.

Cast
 Karanvir Bohra as Prem
 Veena Malik as Poonam
 Bhatia  as Vivek
 Vedita Pratap Singh as Aashika
 Aparnaa Bajpai as Diya
 Rajiv Anand as Poonam's husband

Production
The film was shot in 82 nights. It is shot entirely on stereoscopic 3D cameras and released in 2D and 3D formats.

Box office
The film grossed ₹14.65 crores in India.

Critical reception
Rahul Desai from Mumbai Mirror gave 0.5 out of 5 claiming that film has been made with incompetent direction.
Bryan Durham from Daily News and Analysis gave 1 star rating out of 5 and stated "Mumbai 125 KM is a fine example why Indian filmmakers should keep away from thrashing the holy house of horror which is adorned by classics like The Excorcist, The Omen, The Conjuring and many more."
Shubha Shetty-Saha from Mid-Day gave 0.5 stars out of 5 stating film has unnecessary content and themes.
Radio Jockey Jeeturaj from Radio Mirchi gave 3 stars out of 5. In a review written for The Times of India, Renuka Vyavahare deemed Veena Malik's "show-stealer" character the biggest detriment to a film that "as a slasher, gets too monotonous and repetitive... old wine in an old bottle."

Soundtrack

The album's songs were Mani Sharma  performed by multiple singers including Zubeen Garg, Chitra Sivaraman, Shalmali Kholgade and others and lyrics were penned by Kumaar and Sravana Bhargavi.

References

External links

See also
List of Bollywood films of 2014

2010s Hindi-language films
Indian remakes of French films
Indian supernatural horror films
Indian 3D films
2014 3D films
2014 films
Indian films about revenge
Films set in Mumbai
Films shot in Mumbai
Indian slasher films
2014 horror films
2010s slasher films
Hindi-language horror films
Films directed by Hemant Madhukar

Mumbai 125 KM