Steve Houben (born 19 March 1950 in Liège, Belgium) is a Belgian jazz saxophonist and flutist.

Biography
In the mid-1970s, Houben attended the Berklee College of Music in Boston. When he returned to Belgium, he established the jazz seminar at the Liège conservatory, in association with Henri Pousseur. In his long career he played with Joe Newman, Bill Frisell, Toots Thielemans, Chet Baker, Mike Stern, George Coleman, and Gerry Mulligan.

He won the Belgian Golden Django in 2000 for best Belgian artist (first winner of the new category). Houben was one of the first musicians to see the potential of singer Melanie De Biasio, inviting her to perform at several concerts and a tour of Russia. He also appeared on her first album, "A Stomach is Burning". He currently teaches jazz saxophone at the Brussels conservatory.

Discography
1980: Chet Baker & Steve Houben (52e Rue Est)
1994: Blue Circumstances
1995: Songs by Gershwin & Porter
2000: Le Saxophone et le Jazz
2007: Un Ange Passe
2011: Darker Scales with Boyan Vodenitcharov
2017: Comptines (re-release of a 1982 album with pianist Charles Loos)

References

External links
 Steve Houben Quartet at Jazz Bez 2014 at YouTube

Musicians from Liège
1950 births
Living people
Belgian jazz musicians
Berklee College of Music alumni
Belgian jazz saxophonists
Academic staff of the Royal Conservatory of Liège
Academic staff of the Royal Conservatory of Brussels
Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium
Walloon people
21st-century saxophonists
Igloo Records artists

Steve Houben


Hollis Clark Bay Seaplane Base  is a state owned, public use seaplane base located one nautical mile (2 km) northeast of the central business district of Hollis, a community in the Prince of Wales-Hyder Census Area in the U.S. state of Alaska. It was formerly known as Hollis Seaplane Base.

As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 1,661 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 1,820 enplanements in 2009, and 1,965 in 2010. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility (the commercial service category requires at least 2,500 enplanements per year).

Facilities and aircraft
Hollis Clark Bay Seaplane Base has one seaplane landing area designated E/W with a water surface measuring 10,000 by 500 feet (3,048 x 152 m). It formerly had two landing areas, a NW/SE waterway measuring 6,000 by 500 feet (1,829 x 152 m) and an E/W waterway that was 4,500 by 500 feet (1,372 x 152 m).

For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2006, the airport had 450 aircraft operations, an average of 37 per month: 89% air taxi and 11% general aviation.

Airlines and non-stop destinations
The following airlines offer scheduled passenger service:

References

External links
 Topographic map from USGS The National Map

Airports in the Prince of Wales–Hyder Census Area, Alaska
Seaplane bases in Alaska

Hollis Seaplane Base


Full Clip: A Decade of Gang Starr is a compilation album, featuring 35 songs released by hip hop duo Gang Starr between 1989 and 1999, plus a brief 'intro' track. It was released by Virgin Records. The album includes 21 tracks taken from the five albums it had released up to that point, eight of which were previously available only on soundtracks or vinyl singles, and three newly recorded tracks ("Full Clip", "Discipline", and "All 4 tha Ca$h"). The compilation was certified Gold by the RIAA on August 19, 1999.

Critical reception
In a contemporary review for The Village Voice, music critic Robert Christgau called Full Clip an ideal compilation album that makes the duo's music seem less formalistic and more diverse: "It's a credit to the duo's constancy that the result plays like a single release."

Track listing

Disc one

Disc two

Album singles

Charts

References

1999 greatest hits albums
Gang Starr albums
Albums produced by DJ Premier
Albums produced by Guru
Virgin Records compilation albums
Hip hop compilation albums

Full Clip: A Decade of Gang Starr


Birger Ljungström (4 June 1872 – 17 November 1948) was a Swedish engineer, technical designer, industrialist, and inventor.

Biography
Birger Ljungström was born  at Uddevalla   in Stockholm, Sweden  to cartographer Jonas Patrik Ljungström  and Amalia (née Falck). His second great uncle was Johan Börjesson, and his third great uncle Bishop Johan Wingård. Among his siblings were Georg Ljungström, Oscar Ljungström, Fredrik Ljungström, among his brothers-in-law George Spaak and his nephew Olof Ljungström. He attended classes at KTH Royal Institute of Technology.

Ljungström registered his first patent  in 1892.  He moved to England where they stayed until 1903, in order to study the field of mechanics. During the years 1906-1907,  Ljungström was  employed by AB Separator. Together with his brother Fredrik Ljungström, he patented the Ljungström turbine around  1908. The same year, they founded the development company AB Ljungströms Ångturbin and in 1913 the separate company Svenska Turbinfabriks AB Ljungström (STAL), which would be responsible for the production of Ljungström turbines.

Distinctions
  Honorary doctorate of the Dresden University of Technology (1928)
  Gold medal of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences (1945)
  Adelsköld medal of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (1914)
  Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences (1937) (Fellowship since 1922)

Eponyms
  Ljungström Prize of the Swedish National Mechanics' Association (1971)
  Birger and Fredrik Ljungström Commemorative Medal of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences (1976)
  Rotor Medal of Svenska Rotor Maskiner (1957)
  Birger and Fredrik Ljungström room at the Finspång Castle

References

20th-century Swedish inventors
1872 births
1948 deaths
Steam turbines
Swedish yacht designers
Swedish industrialists
19th-century Swedish businesspeople
Swedish company founders
Steam turbine locomotives
Swedish industrial designers
Swedish mechanical engineers
KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni
Birger
20th-century Swedish engineers
19th-century Swedish engineers
19th-century Swedish inventors

Birger Ljungström


Garmul was a Berber king of the Mauro-Roman Kingdom. Garmul, who destroyed a Byzantine army in 571, launched raids into Byzantine territory, and three successive generals (the praetorian prefect Theodore and the magister militum Theoctistus in 570, and Theoctistus' successor Amabilis in 571) are recorded by John of Biclaro to have been killed in a battle by Garmul's forces. His activities, especially when regarded together with the simultaneous Visigoth attacks in Spania, presented a clear threat to the province's authorities. Thus the new emperor, Tiberius II Constantine, re-appointed Thomas as praetorian prefect, and the able general Gennadius was posted as magister militum with the clear aim of ending Garmul's campaigns. Preparations were lengthy and careful, but the campaign itself, launched in 577–78, was brief and effective, with Gennadius utilizing terror tactics against Garmul's subjects. Garmul was defeated and killed by 579, and the coastal corridor between Tingitana and Caesariensis secured.

References

578 deaths
Monarchs killed in action
Monarchs of the Mauro-Roman Kingdom

Garmul


The Firth of Thames () is a large bay located in the north of the North Island of New Zealand. It is the firth of the rivers Waihou and Piako, the former of which was formerly named the Thames River, and the town of Thames lies on its southeastern coast.

Its Maori name is Tikapa. In traditional legend, the firth and the greater Hauraki Gulf are protected by a taniwha named Ureia, who takes the form of a whale.

The firth lies at the southern end of the Hauraki Gulf, southeast of the city of Auckland. It occupies a rift valley or graben between the Coromandel Peninsula and Hunua Ranges, which continues into the Hauraki Plains to the south.

Conservation
The Firth of Thames is an important site for waders or shorebirds, and is listed as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention. The Miranda Shorebird Centre, operated by the Miranda Naturalists' Trust, is located on the Seabird Coast, on the western shore of the bay at Miranda.

However, the firth overall is severely damaged by man-made influences, especially dairy-farm run-off, and has not recovered from large-scale mussel dredging over 40 years after the practice ceased (more information in the Hauraki Gulf article).

Whales such as southern right whales (one of two of the first confirmed birth records in main islands waters since the end of commercial and illegal whaling was observed in Browns Bay region in 2012) and Bryde's whales can be seen in the bay to calve and rest.

References

Bays of Waikato
Wetlands of Waikato
Thames-Coromandel District
Ramsar sites in New Zealand
Rifts and grabens

Firth of Thames


The terms Allied Chinese Ships and Allied China Fleet refer to 32 vessels of the Hong Kong-based China Navigation Company requisitioned by the Royal Navy and the Royal Australian Navy during World War II. Following the Battle of Singapore in early 1942, many of the requisitioned ships joined the Allied retreat to Australia. Six were acquired by the Royal Australian Navy; four of these were commissioned as auxiliary warships, while two served as Victualing Supply Issuing Ships.

Ships

Royal Navy
HMS Anking – Requisitioned 1941 as depot ship, sunk 4 March 1942 by gunfire from Japanese cruisers while evacuating to Australia.
HMS Changteh – Requisitioned 1941 as a minesweeper, sunk 14 February 1942 by heavy Japanese air attack while evacuating RAF personnel to Indragiri River, Sumatra, with the loss of over 100 lives.
Tug Chuting – Requisitioned 1941 as a minesweeper, sunk 15 February 1942 in Singapore.
RFA Shengking – Requisitioned December 1941 by the Ministry of War Transport for service with the Royal Fleet Auxiliary as a supply ship in the Indian Ocean.
HMS Wuchang – Requisitioned by Ministry of War Transport in Shanghai 1940, and moved to Singapore for use by the RAF as a floating munitions depot. On 11 February 1942, and with Japanese forces nearing the harbour, Wuchang raised steam to evacuate her load of munitions and making for the Dutch East Indies capital of Batavia (Jakarta). At Batavia they took on fuel, supplies and 435 Army and RAF personnel and set out for Colombo, Ceylon. Refurbished as a RN submarine depot ship and commissioned on 12 May 1942, Wuchang served at Trincomalee until returned China Navigation Company in 1946.
MV Wusueh – Requisitioned April 1941 by the Ministry of War Transport for service transporting troops around the Malayan coast. In Autumn 1941 Wusueh was converted to a hospital ship in Singapore, and with its fall moved to Calcutta and was employed transporting wounded in Indian and Burmese waters, supporting the Allied effort during the Burma campaign. Returned to CNC in 1946 and employed as a ferry in Hong Kong, it was purchased by the RN in 1950. Wusueh was renamed HMS Ladybird and refitted with extensive communications facilities at the RN Dockyard in order to undertake the role of RN HQ Ship at Sasebo, Japan during the Korean War. With the armistice in 1953 it was once again handed back to CNC.

Ministry of War Transport

SS Hoihow (II) – Requisitioned 1943 as stores transport servicing Indian Ocean islands. On 2 July 1943, she was sunk  north west of Mauritius by the German U-Boat U-181, killing 145 of the 149 people on board.
SS Kiungchow – Requisitioned 1941. A fire broke out while unloading fuel at Tobruk on 28 November 1942 and the ship had to be scuttled in shallow water to extinguish the flames, before being raised and towed to Alexandria for repairs. Acquired by the Ministry of War Transport, the China Navigation Company continued to act as the ship's managers.
SS Liangchow – Requisitioned 1941, the Liangchow was blown ashore during a storm on 8 January 1943 and wrecked at Benghazi.
SS Shuntien – Requisitioned 1941 by the Ministry of War Transport for use as a Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships. On 23 December 1941, Shuntien arrived at Tobruk with supplies, before leaving for Alexandria as a part of Convoy TA5 with four escorts. As well as her 70 crew and 18 Royal Artillery gunners manning her weapons, Shuntien carried 850–1100 German and Italian POWs. At 1910 hours,  west of Alexandria, Shuntien was hit by a single torpedo fired by U-559 which blew off the stern section. The ship sank within five minutes and with her bow high in the air, preventing any boats from being launched or a distress call being sent. Over 100 survivors were picked up by HMS Salvia, and another 19 were picked up by HMS Heythrop. Just over six hours later, at 0135 hours, HMS Salvia was hit by a torpedo fired by U-568 and broke in two, sinking a few minutes later and taking all 58 crew members and all the survivors she had picked up.
MV Siushan – Requisitioned May 1941 in Shanghai and towed to Singapore in October. The Siushan was lost to enemy action 15 February 1942 during the evacuation of Singapore.

Royal Australian Navy
Commissioned

Victualing Supply Issuing Ships
VSIS Changte
VSIS Taipang

State Shipping Service of Western Australia
Chartered
SS Chungking (I) – Escaped to Australia 1941, and chartered to the SSSWA 1942.

See also
Second Sino-Japanese War

Citations

References

World War II auxiliary ships of Australia
World War II auxiliary ships of the United Kingdom

Allied Chinese Ships


Planet Rock is a British digital radio station owned and operated by Bauer as part of the Kiss Network. The station broadcasts classic rock music.

As of September 2023, the station has a weekly audience of 1.3 million listeners according to RAJAR.

Overview
The station was established in 1999, initially run by the GWR Group as part of the launch lineup of Digital One stations. Ahead of GWR's purchase by Global, the station was sold to Malcolm Bluemel's 'Rock Show' consortium in 2008, and from there was sold on to become part of Bauer Radio's portfolio of brands in 2013.

Planet Rock is a digital-only service, transmitting on the DAB network (and through digital TV and online platforms). It is available nationally on Sky, Virgin Media, Freesat and Online, and to some locations via DAB.

On 1 March 2016, Planet Rock ceased on national DAB, transferring to the part-national Sound Digital multiplex, losing transmission in Devon, Cornwall, parts of Scotland, Wales, East Anglia and other areas of the UK. Some of these areas regained access to the station with the introduction of additional transmitters to the SDL network in autumn 2018.

History
Planet Rock was founded in 1999 as the only classic rock radio station in the UK at that time.

On 11 February 2008, the previous owner GCap Media (now Global Radio), announced that the station would close by 31 March 2008, along with sister station theJazz, unless a buyer was found. According to a statement by former presenter Fish, this was not due to the profitability of Planet Rock itself, which had been reported to be good, but rather to GCap's overall financial state. The station's relative popularity on digital radio brought controversy to the closure threat. Although theJazz ceased broadcasting on schedule, a campaign by listeners meant that a number of buyers expressed interest in Planet Rock, including a consortium publicly headed by Queen guitarist Brian May.

On 4 June 2008, the station was sold to a consortium led by Malcolm Bluemel and supported by Tony Iommi, Ian Anderson, Gary Moore, and Fish. There was no break in transmission and the programming remained unchanged.

On 25 September 2012, it was reported that Malcolm Bluemel was looking for a buyer for the station.

On 6 February 2013, the station was sold to Bauer Media for a deal worth between £1 million and £2 million.

On 23 May 2013, Bauer Media announced that the output of Planet Rock would become available on FM in the West Midlands on the frequency used by Kerrang! Radio in Birmingham from 14 June 2013. All programming now comes from London with the Birmingham studios closed and Kerrang! continuing in a different form on digital platforms.

From 8am on 7 September 2015, the 105.2 FM frequency was taken over by Absolute Radio.

From 1 March 2016, Planet Rock moved from the Digital One DAB multiplex to the Sound Digital DAB multiplex. Devon, Cornwall, parts of Scotland and Wales and some other areas could not receive Planet Rock on the new multiplex. In late 2017/early 2018, new transmitters started at Pontop Pike and Ely, which widened the listening area of stations broadcasting via the Sound Digital ensemble. On 16 October 2023, Planet Rock converted to the DAB+ format, along with several other Bauer stations on SDL; this allowed Planet Rock to broadcast in stereo on digital radio again after a decade in mono, and freed up capacity which allowed sibling stations including Absolute Classic Rock and Kerrang! Radio to join the national lineup. A mono broadcast of Planet Rock was added to local DAB in certain areas at the same time, for the benefit of users of older receivers not compatible with DAB+.

It promotes and runs its own events, notably 'Rockstock', an indoor rock festival. In 2017, Planet Rock launched its own magazine, also called Planet Rock, as a replacement for Kerrang! in Bauer's portfolio of music magazines. The magazine was edited by Paul Brannigan and was published once every two months until 2020, when it was decided that a number of titles (such as Q) would be sold on to other publishers, with Planet Rock magazine closing so the brand could be kept by Bauer for the radio station.

Notable presenters
Since 2006 Planet Rock has featured a number of rock star presenters, who have either fronted limited-run series or hosted long running weekly or monthly shows.

The syndicated Alice Cooper radio show was edited in the UK for a breakfast audience as the Breakfast With Alice Cooper show, which ran in the 69am slot until 17 January 2011 when his show became Nights With Alice Cooper. With the cessation of the syndicated Alice Cooper programme in September 2023, Planet Rock replaced it with UK-produced shows hosted by Ian Danter and Jen Thomas.

Presenters include Def Leppard singer Joe Elliott, who has presented a weekly Saturday evening show at 6pm since June 2010; Thunder singer Danny Bowes presents a weekly show every Sunday from 10am - 12pm and former Little Angels and current Wayward Sons frontman Toby Jepson on Sunday afternoons from 5 - 7pm.

Other presenters who have hosted shows on Planet Rock include: Rick Wakeman hosted a Saturday morning show for five years until December 2010; Gary Moore hosted the Blues Power series in 2008; Black Sabbath's Tony Iommi presented two series of Black Sunday for the station; Jethro Tull singer Ian Anderson presented a series called Under The Influence; Roxy Music guitarist Phil Manzanera presented two series for the station in 2007 and 2009 which looked at influential guitar players and guitar playing styles; Former Marillion frontman Fish hosted two series of Fish On Fridays; Thin Lizzy guitarist Scott Gorham hosted one series which aired in 2010; Europe singer Joey Tempest hosted a series on Sunday evenings until early 2011 and Francis Rossi of Status Quo hosted a thirteen-part series until June 2011; Al Murray on Sunday mornings until 2015; and the Hairy Bikers Hairy Rock Show also on Sundays from 2015 - 2020.

References

External links

Bauer Radio
Classic rock radio stations in the United Kingdom
Rock radio stations in the United Kingdom
Radio stations in Birmingham, West Midlands
Radio stations established in 1999
1999 establishments in England
Digital-only radio stations

Planet Rock (radio station)


Down the Road Again is a 2011 Canadian drama film written and directed by Donald Shebib. The film is the sequel to Shebib's 1970 film Goin' Down the Road.

Plot
Forty years after the events of Goin' Down the Road, Joey has died in Vancouver and Pete—who left Toronto with Joey after a violent incident—must return to the city to honour Joey's request that his ashes be taken back to Cape Breton Island. Betty-Jo, Joey and Betty's daughter, joins him in the journey, driving cross-Canada in the same 1960 Chevy Impala convertible that Joey and Pete used when they left home in 1970.  Adding to the emotion of the trip, the Cape Breton homecoming turns out to be a surprising final gift to Pete from Joey. Pete reconnects with Betty, Selina, a special woman named Annie, and learns about Annie's son, Matt.

Cast
 Doug McGrath as Pete McGraw
 Kathleen Robertson as Betty-Jo Mayle
 Anthony Lemke as Matt Burns
 Jayne Eastwood as Betty Mayle
 Cayle Chernin as Selina
 Tedde Moore as Annie Burns
 Kristin Adams as Secretary
 John Cleland as Sammy
 Elva Mai Hoover as Housekeeper

Production
According to Donald Shebib, until 2007, he had been reluctant to do a sequel to Goin' Down the Road, despite people asking him about it for years. "Finally a producer, a different producer than I actually ended up with, offered to try and help put it together. So I thought that if somebody professional was going to try and do it, then let me sit down and try and find a story that makes some sense. And it came together surprisingly easily."

According to Jayne Eastwood, Cayle Chernin was a strong advocate convincing director Shebib to make this sequel to his 1970 film.  When Chernin was diagnosed with ovarian cancer in June 2010, she chose to forgo standard cancer treatments to stay active enough to reprise her Selina character.  Chernin did not tell anyone among the cast or crew that she knew she had terminal cancer when they were filming, though McGrath had his suspicions: "She was so thin. There was a frailty I hadn't seen before." Chernin died on 18 February 2011, three months after the project wrapped up in October 2010.

Writing
Shebib considered the script better than the original's. Doug McGrath said that when he first read Shebib's script, "it was like reading my own history. I figured Pete had gone through a lot."

Filming
Down the Road Again was shot with a "thirty or forty man crew". The film was shot in 18 days for "just $2 million", largely in Toronto, with Cherry Beach serving as the Atlantic Ocean as Joey's ashes are scattered. It was shot in 35mm (unlike the 16mm of the original) with a full crew and a more composed style than the original, which is seen in flashbacks. It was completed in October 2010.

Critical response
Greg Klymkiw called Down the Road Again "a deeply moving and funny sequel that works as a continuation to a movie beloved by so many Canadians, but also works if one has never seen the original." Writing for the National Post, Chris Knight gave the film 3 stars: "Down the Road Again isn't all that good, but it is a charming little story provided you don't hold it up against its predecessor," and, as a point of comparison, it "isn't on the same level as such where-are-they-nows as Before Sunrise/Before Sunset, but it is an effective story about loves lost, possibilities squandered, and the ability to look the past square in the face and live with it." Stephen Cole gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4: "If Shebib's original seemed a draining neighbourhood experience, the 2011 follow-up comes off as canny entertainment. ... Robertson and McGrath enjoy a feisty comic rapport. And the film showcases Shebib's greatest storytelling talent – a tender honesty that brings characters alive." He finds some scenes not convincing, "including the feel-good ending." Brian Johnson said that the "sequel does not recapture the magic" of the original, adding "How could it?", but, speaking of lead McGrath, admired how "the wry, wistful resignation of his performance—intercut with glimpses of the young Pete, dumb and wild with the wind in his hair—speaks volumes." Norman Wilner, giving the film the equivalent of 1 star out of 5, branded the film "a wheezy, flat and unnecessary follow-up that tries in the clumsiest way imaginable to slap a happy ending on the first film's downbeat story." He thought Kathleen Robertson brought "some energy", but that "Shebib's script is only interested in her symbolic function", concluding: "it's all such a waste."

In a 2018 review, Shaun Lang disagrees that the sequel does not do justice to the original film: "Don Shebib and company are more than up to the task," and the film "superbly meshes an older generation with a new one." Assigning the film a 7.5/10, he says McGrath is in fine form, and "Kathleen Robertson commands her screen time well as McGrath's new onscreen partner", conceding "it may veer dangerously close to cookie cutter TV-movie territory at times".

References

External links
 Official trailer

2011 films
2011 drama films
Canadian drama films
Canadian sequel films
English-language Canadian films
Films directed by Donald Shebib
2010s English-language films
2010s Canadian films

Down the Road Again


Lebor Gabála Érenn (literally "The Book of the Taking of Ireland"), Modern Irish spelling: Leabhar Gabhála Éireann) known in English as The Book of Invasions, is a collection of poems and prose narratives in the Irish language intended to be a history of Ireland and the Irish from the creation of the world to the Middle Ages. There are a number of versions, the earliest of which was compiled by an anonymous writer in the 11th century. It synthesised narratives that had been developing over the foregoing centuries. The Lebor Gabála tells of Ireland being settled (or "taken") six times by six groups of people: the people of Cessair, the people of Partholón, the people of Nemed, the Fir Bolg, the Tuatha Dé Danann, and the Milesians. The first four groups are wiped out or forced to abandon the island; the fifth group represents Ireland's pagan gods, while the final group represents the Irish people (the Gaels).

The Lebor Gabála was highly influential and was largely "accepted as conventional history by poets and scholars down until the 19th century". Today, scholars regard the Lebor Gabála as primarily myth rather than history. It appears to be mostly based on medieval Christian pseudo-histories, but it also incorporates some of Ireland's native pagan mythology. Scholars believe that the goal of its writers was to provide a history for Ireland that could compare to that of Rome or Israel, and which was compatible with Christian teaching. The Lebor Gabála became one of the most popular and influential works of early Irish literature. Mark Williams says it was "written in order to bridge the chasm between Christian world-chronology and the prehistory of Ireland".

The Lebor Gabála is usually known in English as The Book of Invasions or The Book of Conquests. In Modern Irish it is Leabhar Gabhála Éireann or Leabhar Gabhála na hÉireann.

Origin and purpose

The writers of Lebor Gabála Érenn sought to create an epic written history of the Irish comparable to that of the Israelites in the Old Testament of the Bible. This history was intended to fit the Irish into Christian world-chronology,  to "find a place for Ireland in the Biblical history of the world". In doing so, it links them to events from the Old Testament and likens them to the Israelites. Ancestors of the Irish were described as enslaved in a foreign land, fleeing into exile, wandering in the wilderness, or sighting the "Promised Land" from afar. The writers also sought to incorporate native pre-Christian stories about the origins of the Irish, and to reconcile them with medieval Christian lore.

The LGE seems to have been influenced by four major Christian works in particular:
 St Augustine's De Civitate Dei, (The City of God), (413–426 AD)
 Orosius's Historiae adversum paganos, "Histories", (417)
 Eusebius's Chronicon, translated into Latin by St Jerome as the Temporum liber (379)
 Isidore of Seville's Etymologiae ("Etymologies"), or Origines ("Origins") (early 7th century)

The pre-Christian elements, however, were never entirely effaced. One of the poems in LGE, for instance, recounts how goddesses from among the Tuatha Dé Danann took husbands from the Gaeil when they 'invaded' and 'colonised' Ireland. The pattern of successive invasions recounted in the LGE is reminiscent of Timagenes of Alexandria's account of the origins of the Gauls of continental Europe. Cited by the 4th-century historian Ammianus Marcellinus, Timagenes (1st century BC) describes how the ancestors of the Gauls were driven from their native lands in eastern Europe by a succession of wars and floods.

Numerous fragments of Ireland's mythological history are scattered throughout the 7th and 8th centuries. In his Lectures on the Manuscript Materials of Ancient Irish History (1861), Eugene O'Curry, Professor of Irish History and Archaeology at the Catholic University of Ireland, discussed various genres of historical tales mentioned in the manuscripts:

The Tochomladh was an Immigration or arrival of a Colony; and under this name the coming of the several colonies of Parthalon of Nemedh, of the Firbolgs, the Tuatha Dé Danann, the Milesians, etc., into Erinn, are all described in separate tales. It is probably from the original records of these ancient stories that the early part of the various Books of Invasions has been compiled.

R. A. Stewart Macalister believes that the LGE was a conflation of two independent works: a History of the Gaedil (modelled after the history of the Israelites in the Old Testament), and an account of several pre-Gaelic settlements of Ireland (to the historicity of which Macalister gave very little credence). The latter was then inserted into the middle of the other work. Macalister theorised that the quasi-Biblical text had been a scholarly Latin work named Liber Occupationis Hiberniae ("The Book of the Taking of Ireland").

The earliest surviving account of Irish origins is found in the Historia Brittonum ("History of the Britons"), written in Wales in the 9th century. The story likely came from a now-lost Irish source. It says that Ireland was settled by three groups of people from the Iberian Peninsula. The first are the people of Partholón, who all die of plague. The second are the people of Nemed, who eventually return to Iberia. The last group are led by three sons of a warrior or soldier from Hispania (mīles Hispaniae), who sail to Ireland in thirty ships. They see a glass tower in the middle of the sea and set out to capture it, but when they reach it, all but one of their ships are sunk. Only one ship is saved, and its passengers are the ancestors of all the Irish.

When the Lebor Gabála was first compiled in the 11th century, the three waves of settlers had grown to six. Joseph Lennon says "These waves may, in fact, represent the redactors' attempts to account for numerous oral accounts in Irish of origin legends". It is also suggested that there are six waves to match the "Six Ages of the World".

These stories continued to be enriched and elaborated upon by Irish historian-poets throughout the 9th century. In the 10th and 11th centuries, several long historical poems were written that were later incorporated into the scheme of LGE. Most of the poems on which the 11th-12th century version of LGE was based were written by the following four poets:
 Eochaidh Ua Floinn (936–1004) from Armagh – Poems 30, 41, 53, 65, 98, 109, 111
 Flann Mainistrech mac Echthigrin (died 1056), lector and historian of Monasterboice Abbey – Poems ?42, 56, 67, ?82
 Tanaide (died c. 1075) – Poems 47, 54, 86
 Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde (fl. 1072) – Poems 13, 96, 115

It was late in the 11th century that a single anonymous scholar appears to have brought together these and numerous other poems and fitted them into an elaborate prose framework – partly of his own composition and partly drawn from older, no longer extant sources (i.e. the tochomlaidh referred to above by O'Curry), paraphrasing and enlarging the verse. The result was the earliest version of LGE. It was written in Middle Irish, a form of Irish Gaelic used between 900 and 1200.

Versions
Within a century of its compilation there existed a plethora of copies and revisions of Lebor Gabála, with as many as 136 poems between them. It is "somewhat misleading" to refer to the Lebor Gabála as one narrative. No two versions are identical, although many elements remain the same. There are five recensions, surviving in more than a dozen medieval manuscripts:
 First Redaction (R¹): preserved in The Book of Leinster (c. 1150) and The Book of Fermoy (1373).
 Míniugud (Min): this recension is closely related to the Second Redaction. It is probably older than the surviving MSS of that redaction, though not older than the now-lost exemplar on which those MSS were based. The surviving sources are suffixed to copies of the Second Redaction.
 Second Redaction (R²): survives in no less than seven separate texts, the best known of which is The Great Book of Lecan (1418).
 Third Redaction (R³): preserved in both The Book of Ballymote (1391) and The Great Book of Lecan.
 O'Clery's Redaction (K): written in 1631 by Mícheál Ó Cléirigh, a Franciscan scribe and one of the Four Masters. Unlike the earlier versions of LGE, this redaction is in Early Modern Irish but was admitted as an independent redaction by Macalister because there are indications that the author had access to sources which are no longer extant and which were not used by the compilers of the other four redactions. The work was compiled in the convent of Lisgool, near Enniskillen. O'Clery was assisted by Gillapatrick O'Luinin and Peregrine O'Clery (Michael O Clery's third cousin once removed, and one of the Four Masters).

The following table summarises the extant manuscripts that contain versions of LGE. Most of the abbreviations used are taken from R. A. S. Macalister's critical edition of the work (see references for details):

The LGE was translated into French in 1884. The first complete English translation was made by R. A. Stewart Macalister between 1937 and 1942. It was accompanied by an apparatus criticus, Macalister's own notes and an introduction. Macalister's translation "synthesizes the versions of this already synthesized text".

Contents
There now follows a brief outline of the text of the Lebor Gabála, which can be divided into ten chapters.

Genesis
A retelling of the familiar Christian story of the creation, the fall of Man and the early history of the world. In addition to Genesis, the author draws upon several recondite works for many of his details (e.g. the Syriac Cave of Treasures), as well as the four Christian works mentioned earlier (i.e. The City of God, etc.).

This part also contains a genealogy derived via the Historia Brittonum from the 6th-century Frankish Table of Nations, itself relying partly on the 1st-century Germania of Tacitus. It gives the descent of the major peoples of Europe from three brothers.

Early history of the Gaels

This chapter begins by explaining that all mankind is descended from Adam through the sons of Noah. It tells us how Noah's son Japheth is the forebear of all Europeans (see Japhetites), how Japheth's son Magog is the forebear of the Gaels and Scythians, and how Fénius Farsaid is the forebear of the Gaels. Fénius, a prince of Scythia, is described as one of 72 chieftains who built the Tower of Babel. His son Nel weds Scota, daughter of an Egyptian pharaoh, and they have a son named Goídel Glas. Goídel crafts the Goidelic (Gaelic) language from the original 72 languages that arose after the confusion of tongues. Goídel's offspring, the Goidels (Gaels), leave Egypt at the same time as the Israelites (the Exodus) and settle in Scythia. After some time they leave Scythia and spend 440 years travelling the Earth, undergoing trials and tribulations akin to those of the Israelites. The druid Caicher foretells that their descendants will reach Ireland. After seven years at sea, they settle in the Maeotian marshes. They then sail via Crete and Sicily and eventually conquer Iberia. There, Goídel's descendant Breogán founds a city called Brigantia, and builds a tower from the top of which his son Íth glimpses Ireland. Brigantia was the Roman name of Corunna in Galicia and Breogán's tower is possibly based on the Tower of Hercules, which was rebuilt at Corunna by the Romans.

Cessair

According to the Lebor Gabála, the first people to arrive in Ireland are led by Cessair, daughter of Bith, son of Noah. They are told to go to the western edge of the world to escape the oncoming Flood. They set out in three ships, but two are lost at sea. They land in Ireland, at Dún na mBárc on Bantry Bay, forty days before the Flood. The only survivors are Cessair, forty-nine other women, and three men: Fintan mac Bóchra, Bith and Ladra. The women are split evenly among the men. Each also takes one as his wife: Fintán takes Cessair, Bith takes Barrfhind and Ladra takes Alba. However, Bith and Ladra soon die and Ladra is the first man buried in Ireland. When the Flood comes, Fintán is the only one to survive. He becomes a salmon and later an eagle and a hawk, living for 5,500 years after the Flood, whence he becomes a man again and recounts Ireland's history.

In an earlier version of the tale, the first woman in Ireland is Banba. Banba, Fódla and Ériu were a trio of land goddesses and their husbands were Mac Cuill (son of hazel), Mac Cecht (son of the plough) and Mac Gréine (son of the Sun). It is likely that Cessair, the three men and their three wives are a Christianised replacement for them. Fintán/Mac Cuill may also be linked to the Salmon of Knowledge, which gains all the world's knowledge after eating nine hazelnuts that fall into a well. The women who accompany Cessair appear by their names to represent the world's ancestral mothers; they included Alba (ancestor of the Britons), Espa (Spanish), German (Germans), Gothiam (Goths), Traige (Thracians), and so forth. Thus "their arrival can be read as creating a microcosm of the whole world's population in Ireland". Several other companions echo the names of ancient Irish goddesses.

Partholón

Ireland is then uninhabited for 300 years, until a second group of people arrive. They are led by Partholón, who is descended from Noah through Magog. They sail to Ireland via Gothia, Anatolia, Greece, Sicily and Iberia. They include Partholón's wife Delgnat, their four chieftain sons, and others. When they arrive, there is only one open plain, three lakes and nine rivers. They clear four more plains and a further seven lakes burst from the ground. Named figures are credited with introducing cattle husbandry, ploughing, cooking, brewing, and dividing the island in four. They battle and defeat the mysterious Fomorians, who are led by Cichol Gricenchos. Eventually, Partholón and his people (now 5,000 men and 4,000 women) die of plague in a single week. Only one man, Tuan mac Cairill, survives. Like Fintán, he lives for centuries in a number of forms, so that he can recount Irish history. This chapter also includes the tale of Delgnat committing adultery with a servant.

Partholón comes from Bartholomaeus (Bartholomew) and he is likely an invention of the Christian writers, possibly being borrowed from a character of that name in the Christian histories of Saint Jerome and Isidore. The Fomorians have been interpreted as a group of deities who represent the harmful or destructive powers of nature; personifications of chaos, darkness, death, blight and drought.

Nemed
Ireland is then uninhabited for 30 years, until a third group of people arrive. They are led by Nemed, who is also descended from Noah through Magog.

They set out from the Caspian Sea in 44 ships but, after a year and a half of sailing, the only ship to reach Ireland is Nemed's. On board are his wife, his four chieftain sons, and others. During their time in Ireland, the Nemedians clear twelve plains and build two royal forts, and four lakes burst from the ground. They win four battles against the Fomorians.

After Nemed and many others die of plague, the Nemedians are oppressed by the Fomorians Conand and Morc. Each Samhain, they must give two-thirds of their children, their wheat and their milk to the Fomorians. This tribute that the Nemedians are forced to pay may be "a dim memory of sacrifice offered at the beginning of winter, when the powers of darkness and blight are in the ascendant". Eventually, they rise up against the Fomorians and attack the Tower of Conand with 60,000 warriors (30,000 on sea and 30,000 on land), defeating Conand. Morc then attacks, and almost all of the Nemedians are either killed in the fighting or swept away by the sea. Only one ship of thirty men escapes. Some of them go "into the north of the world", some go to Britain and become the ancestors of all Britons, and some go south to Greece.

Fir Bolg

Those who went to Greece were enslaved by the Greeks and made to carry bags of soil and clay. After 230 years, they sail back to Ireland. They are known as the Fir Bolg (men of bags), and contain two sub-groups known as the Fir Domnann and Fir Gálioin. Led by their five chieftains, they divide Ireland into five provinces: Gann takes North Munster, Sengann takes South Munster, Genann takes Connacht, Rudraige takes Ulster and Slanga takes Leinster. A succession of nine High Kings rule over Ireland for the next 37 years.

Tuatha Dé Danann
Those who went into the north of the world are the supernaturally-gifted Tuatha Dé Danann (or Tuath Dé), who represent the main pagan gods of Ireland. They come to Ireland in dark clouds and land on Sliabh an Iarainn in the west, bringing with them Four Treasures. They fight the Fir Bolg for the ownership of Ireland in the First Battle of Mag Tuired (Moytura). The Tuath Dé are victorious. In some versions, the Fir Bolg flee Ireland and settle on remote offshore islands, while in others they are granted the province of Connacht. Nuada, king of the Tuath Dé, loses his hand or arm in the battle and is thus no longer fit to be their king. He is replaced by Bres (a half-Fomorian), who becomes High King of Ireland. However, Bres mistreats the Tuath Dé and neglects his kingly duties. This may reflect the occasional supremacy of the powers of blight (the Fomorians) over the powers of growth (the Tuath Dé). After seven years, Dian Cecht the physician and Credne the metalsmith replace Nuada's hand/arm with a working silver one, and he re-takes the kingship. Though in some versions Nuada's arm is replaced with a silver one by Dian Cecht immediately, but he is still considered fit to be king and Dian Cecht's son Cian replaces it with an arm made of flesh. The Tuath Dé then fight the Fomorians in the Second Battle of Moytura. Balor the Fomorian kills Nuada, but Balor's grandson Lugh kills him and becomes king. The Tuath Dé enjoy 150 years of unbroken rule.

Milesians

The tale of the Gaels is now resumed. Íth, who has spied Ireland from the top of Breogán's Tower, sails to the island with a group of men. He travels to Aileach Néit where he meets Ireland's three kings: Mac Cuill, Mac Cecht and Mac Gréine of the Tuath Dé. However, he is killed by unnamed attackers and his men return to Iberia. The Gaels set sail with a great force to avenge his death and take Ireland. They are referred to here as the Sons of Míl Espáine (or Milesians). The name Míl Espáine comes from the Latin Miles Hispaniae ("soldier of Hispania"). After they land, they fight against the combined forces of the Tuath Dé and Fomorians. On their way to Tara, they are met on three mountains by the aforementioned Banba, Fódla and Ériu – the wives of Ireland's three kings. Each goddess asks that the Gaels name the land after her. One of the Gaels, Amergin, promises that it shall be so. At Tara, they meet the three kings, who defend their claim to the joint kingship of the land. They ask that there be a three-day truce, during which the Gaels must stay a distance of nine waves from land. The Gaels agree, but once their ships are nine waves from Ireland, the Tuath Dé conjure up a great wind that prevents them from sailing back to land. However, Amergin calms the wind by reciting a verse. The surviving ships return to land and the two groups agree to divide Ireland between them. The Gaels take the world above, while the Tuath Dé take the world below (i.e. the Otherworld) and enter the sídhe mounds.

Roll of the pagan kings of Ireland

Modelled on the Biblical Books of Kings, this chapter recounts the deeds of various kings of Ireland, most of them legendary or semi-legendary, from the time of Éber and Érimón to the early 5th century of the Christian era.

Roll of the Christian kings of Ireland
A continuation of the previous chapter, it is the most accurate part of Lebor Gabála, being concerned with historical kings of Ireland whose deeds and dates are preserved in contemporary written records.

Modern analysis
For many centuries, the Lebor Gabála was accepted as an accurate and reliable account of the history of Ireland. As late as the 17th century, Geoffrey Keating drew on it while writing his history of Ireland, Foras Feasa ar Éirinn, and it was also used extensively by the authors of the Annals of the Four Masters. Recently, however, the work has been subjected to greater critical scrutiny. One contemporary scholar has placed it in "the tradition of historical fabrication or pseudohistory"; another has written of its "generally spurious character" and has drawn attention to its many "fictions", while acknowledging that it "embodies some popular traditions. The Irish archaeologist R. A. Stewart Macalister, who translated the work into English, wrote: "There is not a single element of genuine historical detail, in the strict sense of the word, anywhere in the whole compilation".

The tale of the Gaels coming to Ireland is believed to be an invention of the Christian writers and an attempt to liken the Gaels to the Israelites. The claim of Scythian origins seems to be based on the superficial similarity of the names Scoti and Scythae. Other medieval pseudo-histories did likewise with other nations. For example, in his earlier History of the Goths, described by James Carey as "a model of barbarian pseudohistory", Isidore concludes that the Goths and Gets are related due to their similar names, and says that they (along with the Scythians) descend from Magog. The claim of Iberian origins may be based on three things: the coincidental similarity of the names Iberia and Hibernia, Isidore describing Iberia as the "mother[land] of the races", and Orosius describing Ireland as lying "between Iberia and Britain". The claim that the Gaels settled in the Maeotian marshes seems to have been taken from the Book of the History of the Franks, and their travels to Crete and Sicily may have been based on the tale of Aeneas. Other parts of the Lebor Gabála derive from pagan Gaelic mythology, most notably the divine Tuath Dé and the demonic Fomorians, who have been likened to the Æsir and Vanir of Norse mythology. It is suggested that the Nemedians' struggle against the Fomorians is "an echo of the primordial clash" between these two groups of supernatural beings, and that the Fir Bolg are the human equivalent of the Fomorians.

While most scholars view the work as primarily myth rather than history, some have argued that it is loosely based on real events. In the 1940s, T. F. O'Rahilly created a model of Irish prehistory based on his analysis of the Lebor Gabála and the early Irish language. He suggested that there were four waves of Celtic migrations or invasions: the Cruthin (c. 700–500 BC), the Érainn or Builg (c. 500 BC), the Laigin, Domnainn and Gálioin (c. 300 BC), and the Gaels (c. 100 BC). He argued that the first three groups spoke Brittonic languages. O'Rahilly believed some of the 'invasions' in Lebor Gabála are based on these, but that others were invented by the writers. He also argued that many of Ireland's 'pre-Gaelic' peoples continued to flourish for centuries after 100 BC. O'Rahilly's theory has been challenged by historians and archaeologists, and is no longer accepted.

In The White Goddess (1948), British poet and mythologist Robert Graves argued that myths brought to Ireland centuries before the introduction of writing were preserved and transmitted accurately by word of mouth before being written down in the Christian Era. Taking issue with Macalister, with whom he corresponded on this and other matters, he declared some of the Lebor Gabála'''s traditions "archaeologically plausible". The White Goddess itself has been the subject of much criticism by archaeologists and historians.

Text
Translations

See also
 Foras Feasa ar Éirinn, The History of Ireland, ca. 1634 by Geoffrey Keating
 Historia Brittonum, The History of the Britons, 9th century
 Historia Regum Britanniae, The History of the Kings of Britain, 12th century
 Historia de regibus Gothorum, Vandalorum et Suevorum, History of the Kings of the Goths, Vandals and Suevi, 7th century
 John O'Hart, author of Irish pedigrees (1892) - the book plots out most of the genealogy in Lebor Gabála Érenn
 Leabhar na nGenealach Frankish Table of Nations

References
Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links
 Online Index to the Lebor Gabála Érenn (Book of Invasions) based on R.A.S. Macalister's translations and notes, CELT.
 Lebor Gabála Érenn from Book of Ballymote
 Lebor Gabála Érenn, Books 1–8, Mary Jones' Celtic Literature Collective.
 Book of Invasions, Timeless Myths''.
 A brief overview and large genealogical chart of Mythological Cycle narratives in the LGE are hosted at Mary Jones' Celtic Encyclopedia

11th century in Ireland
11th-century literature
Early Irish literature
Flood myths
Invasions of Ireland
Irish chronicles
Texts in Irish
Irish-language literature
Regnal lists
Mythological cycle
Poetry anthologies
Prehistory of Europe
Works of unknown authorship

Lebor Gabála Érenn


Jonathan Singletary Dunham House, located in Woodbridge Township in Middlesex County, New Jersey, the state's first township, chartered on June 1, 1669, by King Charles II, is a house that was built around 1709 by Jonathan Singletary Dunham (January 17, 1640 – September 6, 1724), an early American settler and freeholder who built the first gristmill in New Jersey nearby the house.

Jonathan Dunham was born in Newbury, Massachusetts and married Mary Bloomfield with whom he later moved to present day New Jersey. Bloomfield is a relative of Joseph Bloomfield, Governor of New Jersey, for whom the township of Bloomfield, New Jersey is named. After building the first gristmill in New Jersey, he went on to serve the community in a variety of ways and was elected to the New Jersey Provincial Congress in 1673. Jonathan Singletary Dunham was an ancestor of President Barack Obama.

History

The  of land upon which the house and gristmill were built was granted to Jonathan Dunham by the newly appointed Governor of New Jersey. The Dunham house is the oldest building in Woodbridge Township, and among the oldest buildings in Middlesex County. Originally a two-story, four room home, the house was built with brick from Holland which had been used as ballast in ships. The Flemish bond brickwork, also known as Dutch bond, makes a distinctive checkerboard pattern that is visible on the first and second floors of the façade. The house was used as a garrison by American soldiers during the American Revolution. The mill, a tidal mill, was located just south of the home, along the Woodbridge River, which was then known as Papiack Creek, at the intersection of the Port Reading Avenue.

Today
Since 1873, the home has been part of the grounds of Trinity Episcopal Church, listed on the New Jersey and national registers of historic places. Jonathan's youngest son, Benjamin Dunham, is recognized as a founder of the church, and the house his father built now serves as the Rectory. One of the original circular millstones used by Dunham in his grist mill operations still exists and is displayed on the property.

See also
First Presbyterian Church and Cemetery

References

External links
 Trinity Woodbridge
 Dunham-Singletary Family Connections Assn (Genealogy)

Woodbridge Township, New Jersey
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Gothic Revival architecture in New Jersey
Colonial Revival architecture in New Jersey
Houses in Middlesex County, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, New Jersey

Jonathan Singletary Dunham House


Gondwana, also called Gondwanaland, was a southern supercontinent. It formed when Pangaea broke up, starting 170 million years ago (mya), in the early middle Jurassic.

The global supercontinent Pangaea was complete 250 million years ago. Then it split into two smaller supercontinents, which were about the same size. The northern part of Pangaea became Laurasia, and the southern part became Gondwana.  Over time, Gondwana drifted south, while Laurasia moved north.

Gondwana included most of the landmasses in today's southern hemisphere, including Antarctica, South America, Africa, Madagascar, Australia–New Guinea, and New Zealand. It originally included China, Siberia, Arabia and the Indian subcontinent, which have now moved entirely into the Northern Hemisphere.

Gondwana itself began to break up in the mid-Jurassic period, about 170 million years ago.

History of the name

Gondwana was named by an Austrian scientist, Eduard Suess. He named the supercontinent "Gondwana" because rock formations of this ancient continent were found in modern Odisha (eastern India).

The adjective Gondwanan is often used in biogeography to describe where different organisms live.  It is most commonly used when the organisms only live in two or more of the regions which were part of Gondwana, including the Antarctic flora. For example, the Proteaceae, a family of plants, lives only in southern South America, South Africa, and Australia.  This is called a "Gondwanan distribution" (meaning that the Proteaceae live only in the areas that used to be part of Gondwana). This pattern shows that the Proteaceae have existed for a long time  since the time that Gondwana existed.

Evidence of plant and animal distribution supported the ideas of two scientists: Alfred Russel Wallace and Alfred Wegener. Wallace explained geographical distribution as the result of evolution. Wegener used geographical distribution as evidence for continental drift.

Breakup of Gondwana
Between 160 and 23 million years ago, Gondwana broke up. Africa separated from Antarctica around 160 million years ago. Next, it separated from the Indian subcontinent, in the early Cretaceous period (about 125 million years ago).

About 65 million years ago, Antarctica (then connected to Australia) still had a tropical to subtropical climate, with marsupial fauna. About 40 million years ago, Australia-New Guinea separated from Antarctica.  This allowed latitudinal currents to separate Antarctica from Australia, and the first ice began to appear in Antarctica.

During the Eocene-Oligocene extinction event about 34 million years ago, levels of carbon dioxide were about 760 parts per million.  They had been decreasing from earlier levels, which were in the thousands of parts per million.

Around 23 million years ago, the Drake Passage opened between Antarctica and South America, resulting in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that completely isolated Antarctica. Models of the changes suggest that decreasing levels of carbon dioxide became more important. The ice began to spread through Antarctica, replacing the forests that had covered the continent. Since about 15 million years ago, Antarctica has been mostly covered with ice.  Around six million years ago, the Antarctic ice cap reached the size it is today.

Submerged former lands
There are several submerged (underwater) lands in the Indian Ocean, off the west of Australia. They are under more than  of water. Their rocks show that they used to be part of Gondwana. They are not the type of rocks that are usually found in the ocean, like basalt.  Instead, they are typical land rocks, like granite, sandstone, and gneiss. They also have the type of fossils that are now found on continental areas. Recently, two of these sunken islands were found to the west of Perth, Western Australia. These islands are almost the size of Tasmania, and have flat tops. This shows they were once at sea level before being submerged underwater. It also shows that when India began to break away from Australasia in the early Cretaceous period, the islands formed part of the last link between the two present-day continents.

Naturaliste Plateau
The Naturaliste Plateau is a submerged land off of Western Australia. It has an area of 90,000 square kilometres (34,749 square miles).

The Naturaliste Plateau may have deposits of oil. When it was above land during the Mesozoic era, it had a tropical climate which might have been perfect for creating coal, oil and natural gas.

Kerguelen microcontinent

The Kerguelen Plateau is a submerged microcontinent in the southern Indian Ocean. It is about  to the southwest of Australia, and extends for more than  in a northwest-southeast direction. It is under deep water, but a small part of the plateau is above sea level, forming the Australian Heard Island and McDonald Islands, and the French Kerguelen Islands.  The islands are part of a large igneous province (LIP) which started when Gondwana started to break up, 130 million years ago in the Lower Cretaceous period.

Volcanic activity occurs sometimes on the Heard and McDonald islands.

References

Gondwana


706 is a 2019 Hindi paranormal thriller film directed by Shravan Tiwari and produced by Sandip Patel. The film was released on 11 January 2019.

Plot
The film opens with the disappearance of a noted Mumbai physician Dr Anil Asthana. Deputy Commissioner of Police, Mr. Shekhawat ( Atul Kulkarni) assures his wife, Suman, that they are doing all they can but she is dismissive, this assurance, like the others before it, is empty. Suman, also a psychiatrist doctor, returns to her hospital. There is a new patient, a 10-year-old boy, who suffers from convulsions but whose reports are perfectly normal. Suman is about to discharge the boy but his parents beseech her to examine him; the boy had specifically asked for her after his last bout of convulsions.

Suman interviews the boy. He looks at her balefully and says he knows everything. He says that the missing Dr Asthana is dead and the body is in the woods outside Lonavla. Shekhawat is called and the body is found exactly where the boy had said. Upon questioning by Shekhawat, the boy alludes to a 'woman whose anklets sounded so sweet' and Shekhawat recoils in horror. It is revealed that Shekhawat had a lover (with sweet sounding anklets) in Benares. She became pregnant, there was an argument and Shekhawat, who could not risk his own marriage, strangled her and buried her body in Benares. She returned as a ghost and began chasing Shekhawat. Shekhawat sought the advice of a spiritual master, Dinkar, who prepared a charmed talisman; as long as Shekhawat wore the talisman the ghost could not harm him. Shekhawat sends a video of the convulsing boy to Dinkar. Dinkar says the boy is possessed and Shekhawat, though protected by the talisman, should stay away from the boy.

Shekhawat begins his investigations. The boy and his parents were in room 706 of a hotel on a night when another youth leaped to his death from the roof of the same hotel. The hotel security cameras show Suman visiting the hotel. Suman denies this. Shekhawat asks why she hurried to meet him when he mentioned the hotel. She admits she was indeed there. The youth was her patient. His lover had left him to marry an NRI overseas. The youth became suicidal. Suman had prescribed sedatives. On the night of his death Suman had gone to check on him but she had been too late; he had jumped to his death. Shekhawat tells Suman that the ghost of the youth has possessed the boy. Suman dismisses the idea. Shekhawat sighs. He is not an impressionable ignoramus. He was an engineer before he joined the police, he is a fierce rationalist, but his own experiences with his lover ghost have made him aware of the other world. Suman is not convinced.

Shekhawat visits his spiritual master Dinkar in Benares. Dinkar confirms that it is indeed the ghost of the youth inside the boy, it wants revenge against Suman. The youth ghost is working with the lover's ghost, they want to destroy Shekhawat and Suman. What can be done, asks Shekhawat. Dinkar says there are two options: get the youth's ghost to leave the boy or kill the boy. Dinkar says the youth is set upon revenge and will not leave the boy so the latter is the only option.

Shekhawat returns to Mumbai and discusses the options with Suman. The boy must be killed. Suman reveals that she had taken the youth as her lover but had tired of him and broken it off. He continued pursuing her so she gave him an overdose of an anti depressive which caused an emotional rush that led him to kill himself. She killed her own husband with similar overmedication to escape her dreary marriage. Suman defiantly refuses to kill the boy. Shekhawat gives her the evening to think it over. In the morning, having worked out there is no other way, she agrees. She asks for protection; Shekhawat gives her the talisman. She calls in the parents of the boy and explains that she needs their consent to perform a deep psychological experiment on the boy in the room (706) where the trauma had begun. They agree. She brings the boy, sedated, to the room in the hotel. She now speaks to the ghost of the youth. She will go to him, he will leave the boy. She kills herself and the ghost leaves the boy and Shekhawat comes, now vulnerable without his talisman, returns home where the ghost of his lover is waiting for him as the film ends.

Cast
 Mohan Agashe as Dr Anil Asthana
 Divya Dutta as Dr Suman Asthana
 Atul Kulkarni as D.C.P. Shekhawat
 Anupam Shyam as Baba in Banaras
 Raayo S. Bakhirta as Rahul Bora
 Yashvit as Neeraj Jaimal

References

External links

2019 films
2010s Hindi-language films
2019 horror thriller films
Indian horror thriller films
Hindi-language thriller films

706 (film)


Hadley Brewery was a now-defunct brewery located in the Monken Hadley neighborhood of London. It stood for many years just north of High Barnet on Hadley Green.

History
Though there is a belief that Hadley Brewery started around 1700, the operation probably started in the later part of the 18th century. Robert and William Thorp were listed as brewers in Hadley in Pigot's Directory (1825). The Brewery was run by a Mr Salisbury in the 1850s, who sold it to W. T. Healey early in 1861, who in turn had the whole reconstructed "at great expence." James Harris Brown purchased the brewery in 1887, and was successful enough to rebuild the whole in 1911, creating the structure that existed into living memory. Shortly before James Harris died the works became a private limited company (Harris Browne Ltd). During the 1930s the brewery owned the Star Tavern (High Barnet), the Victoria (Highgate), and the Bridge House (Potters Bar). Brookman's Park Hotel was planned in 1936 but was not built until after the takeover of the brewery by Fremlin's.  The brewery was supplied by its own artesian well, and by 1937 they were brewing approximately 1500 barrels of beer at a cost £12/6s, importing hops from Czechoslovakia. At this time there were approximately fifty employees.

Brewing continued at the location until 1938 when the company was sold to Fremlins. Afterwards, the brewery was only used for storage and distribution. There was a serious fire in 1969 and although much of the brewery was rebuilt, the 18th century buildings did not survive. In 1967 Fremlins was bought out by Whitbread, who closed Hadley Brewery completely, offering the 28 employees work at their new works in Luton. The buildings remained empty until 1978 when the last of the buildings were demolished.

Products
Beers brewed included Hadley Stout, Hadley Special Pale Ale, Dinner Ale, ginger beer, and Nourishing Stout. Twenty to thirty barrels of barley wine (Old English Ale) were made every year and bottled by hand.

Notes

External links
Personal reminiscence by former employee of Hadley Brewery
Photograph of hotel built by Hadley Brewery

Defunct breweries of the United Kingdom
Privately held companies of the United Kingdom
Breweries in England

Hadley Brewery


The World of Stainboy is a series of flash animation shorts created in 2000 by director Tim Burton and animated by Flinch Studio. The character Stainboy first appeared in two short poems in the book The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories, also created and illustrated by Tim Burton. The series is Burton's first foray into the superhero genre since Batman Returns.

In the shorts, Stainboy works for the Burbank police, and at the start of each episode he is ordered to investigate and bring in social outcasts. Many of the outcasts are characters from the Oyster Boy book. Each of the six episodes is under five minutes in length. The final episode had Stainboy living through a flashback to his early childhood at an orphanage, implying the beginning of a larger storyline, although no further episodes were produced.

In November 2010, Burton began a new story about Stainboy, on the Twitter account "BurtonStory." Fans could contribute to the story via Twitter, and the best continuation Tweets of the day would be re-Tweeted by BurtonStory. The project ended on December 6.

List of episodes
 "Stare Girl"
 "Toxic Boy"
 "Bowling Ball Head"
 "Robot Boy"
 "Matchstick Girl"
 "The Origin of Stainboy"

References

External links
 Multimedia, The Tim Burton Collective.  6 Stainboy episodes.

American animated short films
Film superheroes
American horror short films
Animated films directed by Tim Burton
Short films directed by Tim Burton
American superhero films

Stainboy


Proprietary colleges are for-profit colleges and universities generally operated by their owners, investors, or shareholders in a manner prioritizing shareholder primacy as opposed to education provided by non-profit institution (such as non-sectarian, religious, or governmental organization) that prioritize students as project stakeholders.

Because they are not funded by tax money, their long-term sustainability is dependent on the value they provide relative to the perceived value of a degree from a higher educational institution overall. The increased reliance on federal student aid funds by these "for-profit" schools is of growing concern. Since federal student loans are typically guaranteed by the government, for-profit colleges can reap a profit from taxpayers even if students drop out after enrolling, do not complete a degree, or the degree turns out to be nearly worthless for future employment. Students can be stuck with large and unmanageable debt loads, defaulting at a significantly higher rate than students at traditional non-profit institutions. Non-profit institutions generally depend in part on academic excellence and creating graduates that succeed in their fields, while for-profit schools are often based on attracting large numbers of students with few requirements in terms of academic qualifications for entry because federal loans are provided for good and bad students alike. Some institutions in this category are regionally accredited, while many others are not accredited by a government-recognized accreditation organization and resemble diploma mills. Sometimes a proprietary college may also overlap with the sector of non-degree granting business colleges.

Traditionally, a common argument against for-profit universities has been that the science and theory behind the learning technique is more important than the profit or specific skills gained, thus profit or financial success should not be a motivational factor in education. The argument in favor of for-profit universities has been that a student learning from a professor who has never needed to produce their product or service for profit is ill-prepared for a free-enterprise system. However, as non-profit colleges and universities increasingly utilize professionals and former professionals in their teaching faculties, this distinction has become less significant.

History in the United States

While to some extent proprietary colleges have always existed, their numbers and ubiquitous nature exploded after 1992 when then-committee chairman John Boehner (R-Ohio) of the House of Representatives' Committee on Education and the Workforce killed a federal regulation known as the "90-10 rule", and by simplifying the definition of "institution of higher education" to place for-profit schools on par with nonprofit colleges regarding federal-aid eligibility. The idea behind the 90-10 rule was that if a proprietary school's offerings were truly valuable—for example, if they filled some niche that traditional state and private non-profit educational institutions did not—then surely 10% of their students would be willing to pay completely out-of-pocket, i.e., those who fell above federal guidelines for receiving taxpayer subsidies to attend college. Traditional educational institutions routinely met this bar without even paying attention.

Classification
Proprietary colleges are sometimes called career colleges, business colleges, proprietary schools, institutes, or for-profit colleges. The term preferred by the New York State-based Association for Proprietary Colleges is Proprietary colleges.

Kevin Kinser, assistant professor of educational administration and policy at the University at Albany, has proposed a "Multidimensional classification" scheme of for-profit higher education. Kinser's classes of proprietary colleges are organized by these criteria:

1. Geographic scope:
 "Neighborhood" – close geographic proximity, in a single state
 "Regional" – two or more campuses in neighboring states
 "National" – including in states across the United States and virtual colleges
2. Ownership dimension:
 "Publicly traded" corporations
 Family-owned "enterprise institution(s)"
 "Venture institutions" held by private investors
3. Highest degree granted:
 Schools that give non-degree certificates
 Institutes that grant associate's degree—such as L.P.N., A.O.S., or A.A.S.
 Colleges that grant a bachelor's degree—usually a B.S. or BBA
 Universities that grant graduate degrees – a master's or doctorate.

See also
 For-profit education
 List of for-profit universities and colleges

References

Further reading

External links
 "College, Inc.", PBS FRONTLINE documentary, May 4, 2010

Proprietary college


The Buffalo and Rochester Railroad was a railroad company formed on December 7, 1850 by the merger of the Tonawanda Railroad and the Attica and Buffalo Railroad. The company remained in business for three years before it was merged with other companies into the New York Central Railroad.

History
Initially, the idea for this line came from the perceived need for a rail line to serve Steuben and Livingston Counties in New York. Farmers and merchants in the area proposed a route along the Cohocton and Genesee river valleys up to Avon. The route would thence go west to the Tonawanda Railroad at Batavia. This would have been an alternative to the Erie Railroad's plan to end its line at Dunkirk. The Erie declined, and the projected line became the Buffalo and Cohocton Valley Railroad. The side line from Avon to Batavia, however, became part of the Buffalo and Rochester Railroad.

The primary accomplishment of the railroad was the construction of a new route between Buffalo and Batavia.  The original route went from Rochester to Batavia to Attica and then to Buffalo.  In April 1852, the railroad opened a new line from Buffalo to Batavia.  This shortened the distance between the two cities and became part of the New York Central Railroad's famed "Water Level Route".  The Buffalo and Rochester sold its line between Attica and Depew (east of Buffalo) to the Buffalo and New York City Railroad, part of the New York and Erie Railroad system.  The new owners converted the line to their six-foot gauge.

The railroad was one of ten that merged on May 17, 1853 to form the New York Central Railroad.

References

External links
Western New York Railroad Archive - Buffalo and Rochester Railroad
All Railroads of New York as of 1850

Defunct New York (state) railroads
Transportation in Buffalo, New York
Predecessors of the New York Central Railroad
Railway companies established in 1850
Railway companies disestablished in 1853

Buffalo and Rochester Railroad


Stigmergy ( ) is a mechanism of indirect coordination, through the environment, between agents or actions. The principle is that the trace left in the environment by an individual action stimulates the performance of a succeeding action by the same or different agent. Agents that respond to traces in the environment receive positive fitness benefits, reinforcing the likelihood of these behaviors becoming fixed within a population over time.

Stigmergy is a form of self-organization. It produces complex, seemingly intelligent structures, without need for any planning, control, or even direct communication between the agents. As such it supports efficient collaboration between extremely simple agents, who may lack memory or individual awareness of each other.

History
The term "stigmergy" was introduced by French biologist Pierre-Paul Grassé in 1959 to refer to termite behavior. He defined it as: "Stimulation of workers by the performance they have achieved." It is derived from the Greek words στίγμα stigma "mark, sign" and ἔργον ergon "work, action", and captures the notion that an agent's actions leave signs in the environment, signs that it and other agents sense and that determine and incite their subsequent actions.

Later on, a distinction was made between the stigmergic phenomenon, which is specific to the guidance of additional work, and the more general, non-work specific incitation, for which the term sematectonic communication was coined by E. O. Wilson, from the Greek words σῆμα sema "sign, token", and τέκτων tecton "craftsman, builder": "There is a need for a more general, somewhat less clumsy expression to denote the evocation of any form of behavior or physiological change by the evidences of work performed by other animals, including the special case of the guidance of additional work."

Stigmergy is now one of the key concepts in the field of swarm intelligence.

Stigmergic behavior in non-human organisms
Stigmergy was first observed in social insects. For example, ants exchange information by laying down pheromones (the trace) on their way back to the nest when they have found food. In that way, they collectively develop a complex network of trails, connecting the nest in an efficient way to various food sources. When ants come out of the nest searching for food, they are stimulated by the pheromone to follow the trail towards the food source. The network of trails functions as a shared external memory for the ant colony.

In computer science, this general method has been applied in a variety of techniques called ant colony optimization, which search for solutions to complex problems by depositing "virtual pheromones" along paths that appear promising. In the field of artificial neural networks, stigmergy can be used as a computational memory. Federico Galatolo showed that a stigmergic memory can achieve the same performances of more complex and well established neural networks architectures like LSTM.

Other eusocial creatures, such as termites, use pheromones to build their complex nests by following a simple decentralized rule set. Each insect scoops up a 'mudball' or similar material from its environment, infuses the ball with pheromones, and deposits it on the ground, initially in a random spot. However, termites are attracted to their nestmates' pheromones and are therefore more likely to drop their own mudballs on top of their neighbors'. The larger the heap of mud becomes, the more attractive it is, and therefore the more mud will be added to it (positive feedback). Over time this leads to the construction of pillars, arches, tunnels and chambers.

Stigmergy has been observed in bacteria, various species of which differentiate into distinct cell types and which participate in group behaviors that are guided by sophisticated temporal and spatial control systems. Spectacular examples of multicellular behavior can be found among the myxobacteria. Myxobacteria travel in swarms containing many cells kept together by intercellular molecular signals. Most myxobacteria are predatory: individuals benefit from aggregation as it allows accumulation of extracellular enzymes which are used to digest prey microorganisms. When nutrients are scarce, myxobacterial cells aggregate into fruiting bodies, within which the swarming cells transform themselves into dormant myxospores with thick cell walls.  The fruiting process is thought to benefit myxobacteria by ensuring that cell growth is resumed with a group (swarm) of myxobacteria, rather than isolated cells.  Similar life cycles have developed among the cellular slime molds. The best known of the myxobacteria, Myxococcus xanthus and Stigmatella aurantiaca, are studied in various laboratories as prokaryotic models of development.

Analysis of human behavior
Stigmergy studied in eusocial creatures and physical systems, has been proposed as a model of analyzing some robotics systems, multi-agent systems, communication in computer networks, and online communities.

On the Internet there are many collective projects where users interact only by modifying local parts of their shared virtual environment. Wikipedia is an example of this. The massive structure of information available in a wiki, or an open source software project such as the FreeBSD kernel could be compared to a termite nest; one initial user leaves a seed of an idea (a mudball) which attracts other users who then build upon and modify this initial concept, eventually constructing an elaborate structure of connected thoughts.

In addition the concept of stigmergy has also been used to describe how cooperative work such as building design may be integrated. Designing a large contemporary building involves a large and diverse network of actors (e.g. architects, building engineers, static engineers, building services engineers). Their distributed activities may be partly integrated through practices of stigmergy.

Analysis of human social movements
The rise of open source software in the 21st century has disrupted the business models of some proprietary software providers, and open content projects like Wikipedia have threatened the business models of companies like Britannica. Researchers have studied collaborative open source projects, arguing they provide insights into the emergence of large-scale peer production and the growth of gift economy.

Stigmergic society
Heather Marsh, associated with the Occupy Movement, Wikileaks, and Anonymous, has proposed a new social system where competition as a driving force would be replaced with a more collaborative society. This proposed society would not use representative democracy but new forms of idea and action based governance and collaborative methods including stigmergy. "With stigmergy, an initial idea is freely given, and the project is driven by the idea, not by a personality or group of personalities. No individual needs permission (competitive) or consensus (cooperative) to propose an idea or initiate a project."

Some at the Hong Kong Umbrella Movement in 2014 were quoted recommending stigmergy as a way forward.

See also
 Ant mill
 Biosemiotics
Extended mind thesis
 Path dependence
 Spontaneous order
 Swarm intelligence
 Watchmaker analogy
 r/place

References

Further reading

Systems theory
Self-organization

Stigmergy


Events
Sicilian Mafia Commission (Cupola) is reinstated. The Cupola disbanded in 1963 after the Ciaculli Massacre. The new Cupola is headed by a triumvirate consisting of Cinisi Mafia boss Gaetano Badalamenti, Stefano Bontade of the Santa Maria di Gesu Family and Luciano Leggio of the Corleonesi, often substituted by Totò Riina.
January 28 - New Jersey mobster Angelo "The Gyp" DeCarlo is convicted of loansharking and extortion, and imprisoned.
March 26 - John "Sonny" Franzese, Colombo Crime Family Capo and father of Michael Franzese, is imprisoned until 1979. He had previously been involved in receiving kickback payments from the recording industry.
June 11 – Former Bonanno Family Capo Gaspar DiGregorio dies of natural causes.
August 27 - Sicilian mafioso, Tommaso Buscetta, is arrested in New York on a pending double murder conviction in Italy but because of no request for extradition he is released.
September 16 – Italian journalist Mauro De Mauro disappears while preparing the film "Il Caso Mattei" about the mysterious death of Enrico Mattei, the president of Italy's national oil company Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (ENI), in 1962. Director Francesco Rosi had asked De Mauro to investigate Mattei's last days in Sicily. De Mauro soon obtained an audio tape of Mattei's last speech and spent days studying it. De Mauro disappeared 8 days after his retrieval of the tape without leaving a trace. His body was never found.

Arts and literature

Births

Deaths
June 11 - Gaspar DiGregorio, former Bonanno Family Capo

Notes

Organized crime
Years in organized crime

1970 in organized crime


Michael O'Sullivan (born 5 April 1962) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Melbourne and Essendon in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

O'Sullivan, a left-footer, was originally from Seymour and went to Assumption College. He was a member of Melbourne's Under 19s premiership winning team in 1981.

He had a strong first season with Melbourne, in 1982, when he played in all 22 rounds and amassed 314 kicks, the second most at the club behind Adrian Battiston, the only other player not to miss a game that year.

In the opening round of the 1983 season, against Collingwood, O'Sullivan badly injured his shoulder. A staple that had been inserted into his shoulder during his Under 19s career had broken and as a result he missed the rest of the season.

O'Sullivan was unlucky again in 1984, missing the second half of the season after breaking his jaw in Melbourne's round 10 win over Richmond.

He played 18 games in 1985, but only five in 1986 and didn't play senior football in 1987.

His only appearance for Essendon came in round 19, 1988, against Geelong.

O'Sullivan coached Seymour in the 1992 Goulburn Valley Football League season.

References

1962 births
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Melbourne Football Club players
Essendon Football Club players
Seymour Football Club players
Living people

Michael O'Sullivan (footballer)


Sabu Dastagir (possibly born Selar Sabu; 27 January 1924 – 2 December 1963) was an Indian actor who later gained United States citizenship. Throughout his career he was credited under the name Sabu and is primarily known for his work in films during the 1930s–1940s in Britain and the United States.  He was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960.

Early life
Born in 1924 in Karapur, Mysore, Kingdom of Mysore, then a Princely State of British India, Sabu was the son of an Indian mahout (elephant rider). While most reference books list his full name as "Sabu Dastagir" (which was the name he used legally), research by journalist Philip Leibfried suggests that his full name was in fact Selar Sabu.

Career

When he was 13, Sabu was discovered by documentary filmmaker Robert Flaherty, who cast him in the role of an elephant driver in the 1937 British film Elephant Boy. This was adapted from "Toomai of the Elephants", a story by Rudyard Kipling.  In 1938 producer Alexander Korda commissioned A. E. W. Mason to write The Drum as a starring vehicle for the young actor. Sabu is perhaps best known for his role as Abu in the 1940 fantasy adventure film The Thief of Bagdad. Director Michael Powell said that Sabu had a "wonderful grace" about him. In 1942, Sabu played another role based on a Kipling story, namely Mowgli in Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book directed by Zoltan Korda, which was shot entirely in California. He starred alongside Maria Montez and Jon Hall in three films for Universal Pictures: Arabian Nights (1942), White Savage (1943) and Cobra Woman (1944).

After becoming an American citizen in 1944, Sabu joined the United States Army Air Forces and served as a tail gunner and ball-turret gunner on B-24 Liberators. He flew several dozen missions with the 370th Bombardment Squadron of the 307th Bomb Group in the Pacific, and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his valor and bravery. His career declined after World War II as he was unable to secure equivalent roles in Hollywood that British films had offered. He occasionally did gain significant parts, such as his supporting role in the British film Black Narcissus (1947). Through most of the 1950s he starred in largely unsuccessful European films. In 1952, he starred in the Harringay Circus with an elephant act.

He was considered for the role of Birju in Mehboob Khan's 1957 film Mother India which would have marked his debut in Hindi films but he was denied a work permit and the role ended up going to Sunil Dutt. Sabu never got to appear in a film made in his native country. In 1963, he made a comeback to Hollywood with a supporting role in Rampage opposite Robert Mitchum. He played another supporting role alongside Brian Keith in the Disney film A Tiger Walks. This would turn out to be his final role as he died three months before the film was released.

Personal life
On 19 October 1948, Sabu married little-known actress Marilyn Cooper (whose only film part, as Princess Tara in Song of India in 1949, was not credited), with whom he had two children. Their marriage lasted until his death. Their son Paul Sabu established the rock band Sabu in the 1980s. Their daughter Jasmine Sabu was an animal trainer for the motion picture industry. She died in 2001.

Sabu was the subject of a paternity suit. A dancer with whom he had appeared in Black Narcissus, Brenda Marian Julier, alleged that he was the father of her daughter Michaela, born in 1948. At the time of the trial, in October 1950, Julier had married Frank Ernst. The jury found in favor of Sabu by a vote of 9 to 3. However, in March 1952, an appeals court reversed the verdict and ordered a new trial. It found that the trial judge's jury instructions were erroneous and prejudicial, and that Sabu's attorney had effectively put Julier on trial. The day the 2nd trial was scheduled to begin, in July 1953, Sabu settled the case without admitting paternity. He agreed to defray Julier's costs, set up a trust fund, and pay monthly support until the child reached 21. At that time, Ernst stated his intent to adopt the girl.

In November 1950, a fire destroyed the 2nd storey of his Los Angeles home. Arthur E. Wall and Andre Perez were arrested for arson shortly afterward; Perez pleaded guilty in July 1951. He revealed that he was asked to set the fire by Wall, Sabu's friend, who told him the actor needed the insurance money. Sabu's insurer, Northwestern Mutual, had originally paid out his claim, but sued him in November 1952 after learning about the arson.

Sabu's brother, Shaik Dastagir (whose name Leibfried suggests was the source of confusion surrounding Sabu's full name), managed his career.  In 1960, his brother Shaik was shot dead at his home during a botched robbery. The perpetrator, 18-year-old Jimmy E. Shields, was a former employee at the brothers' furniture store. He was convicted of involuntary manslaughter and sentenced to 1 to 10 years in prison.

Death
On 2 December 1963, Sabu died suddenly in Chatsworth, California, of a heart attack, a month before his 40th birthday. He is interred at the Forest Lawn – Hollywood Hills Cemetery. His wife said in a television interview that two days before his death, during a routine medical check, his doctor told him: "If all my patients were as healthy as you, I would be out of a job".

Filmography

References

Bibliography
 Leibfried, Philip. Star of India: The Life and Films of Sabu. Oklahoma; BearManor Media, 2010.
 Holmstrom, John. The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995, Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, p. 125-126.
 Dye, David. Child and Youth Actors: Filmography of Their Entire Careers, 1914-1985. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1988, p. 207-208.

External links

 Sabu at the British Film Institute

 Sabu at Virtual History
 Powell and Pressburger Pages article
 Criterion Collection Essay

1924 births
1963 deaths
Indian emigrants to the United States
Indian male film actors
American male film actors
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
American male actors of Indian descent
People with acquired American citizenship
British male film actors
British Muslims
American Muslims
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
Male actors from Mysore
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Indian male child actors
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
20th-century British male actors
20th-century American male actors

Sabu (actor)


Morrocoy National Park is located in the easternmost coast of Falcón state and northwestern of Golfo Triste, in the west central Venezuelan coast, near the towns of Boca de Aroa, Tucacas, Sanare, Chichiriviche, Flamenco and Tocuyo de la Costa, and consists of . It was declared a national park on May 26, 1974 by Executive Order No. 113, Official Gazette No. 30408 on May 27, 1974.

Overview

The park extends across both terrestrial and aquatic areas of Golfo Triste. It contains an area of mangroves and numerous islets or cays among which are Borracho, Muerto, Sombrero, Sal, Las Animas and Peraza, among others. There are spectacular white sand beaches on these cays; Mero, Paiclas, los Juanes, Playuela, Tucupido, Azul, Boca Seca and many more. The park's internal bays and mangroves, cays and islands sit in the relief of Chichiriviche hills, with elevations of 250 m.

The Declaration as a National Park or Protected Area means the following:

Do not allow the alteration of each of the ecosystems that make up the Morrocoy National Park, such as: coral reefs and seagrass beds, keys, bass, halophytic, mangroves and coastal lagoons, savannas and deciduous forests. Thus conserving biodiversity and ecological balance of the park.
Ensure natural migrations of animal species.
Recovery of areas and ecosystems that have been impacted by man and ensure that these and all others remain in excellent conditions.
Encourage and provide the best conditions to promote scientific research and environmental education.
Create and promote activities that promote tourism and recreation, as long as it keep the conservation of the entire ecosystem of Morrocoy National Park.
Preserve all historic sites, and archeological spelunking in the park.

Access

From Caracas, take the Central Regional Highway to past the dealer Guacara (approximately 140 km). Variant is taken by highway via Yagua to Puerto Cabello. Arriving at El Palito take the highway to Puerto Cabello in Morón address. In the Morón dealer takes the highway Morón-Tucacas and after traveling 40 km it reach the entrance to the Morrocoy National Park.

Fauna

The park is inhabited by numerous species of birds, about 266, as report by Cuare Wildlife Refuge. Because Morrocoy National Park and Wildlife Refuge Cuare are located in the same geographic area, it is inferred that the park should have a similar number. Some notable species are: the osprey; vulnerable species such as flamingo, palette heron, pelican; species of birds whose preferred habitat is the mangrove nesting and resting such as, Neotropic, Chusmita or white Garcita, the helmeted cockaded, the  amazona real parrot, the red scarlet ibis, pechiblanca heron (tricolored heron); and species with restricted distribution such as the frigatebird or earwig. Tues mangroves of Morrocoy Bay are excellent bird sanctuaries, especially on the island of Pájaros located in the central area of the park, which is covered with mangrove cay.

There are also many other types of animals living in the park. Marine reptiles include the various turtle species such as the green sea turtle, the hawksbill turtle, cardon turtle, horned turtle as well as the coastal alligator, all considered by the red book as endangered. Among mammals are both marine mammals (dolphins, whales) that use the park as a refuge and the different species of land mammals which are located mainly in the Chichiriviche Hill, among which are the brocket deer and caramerudo deer, the anteater, the crab-eating fox, howler monkey, sloth, opossum, paca, agouti and peccary cinched. Fish breeding in the park are grouper, snapper, corvina, tarpon, snook, toadfish, school shark, sardines, mackerel, grunt, the barracuda, black pacu and various fish that inhabit the coral reefs . Shellfish species are the mangrove oyster, sea hares, quigua, 2 types of lobsters (Panulirus argus, Panulirus grettatus), blue and red crabs, and other species. There is also a diverse range of insects, although there is still information being gathered for the area.

The park's wildlife has suffered a major negative impact due to indiscriminate activities done by man, there has been a significant decline in coral species, which have been declining in recent years.

Flora
The flora corresponds to the area of tropical dry forest. The vegetation is quite varied and is closely associated with geomorphological positions, the most important subsets being: coast, coastal lagoons, marshes, saline shoals, keys, and shallow seabed. It ranges from evergreen plants, such as olives, to deciduous plants like naked Indian. Plants are adapted to high salinity soils as in the case of glass grass. Continuing toward the east slope of the Chichiriviche hill towards Mayorquina, xerophytic vegetation of the cactus family can be seen. Red mangrove, black mangrove, white mangrove, buttonwood mangrove, mangrove vegetation are the dominant vegetation and landscape of the National Park, and form a unit that preserves ecologically fragile balance of the coastline, in an area of approximately 4,500 ha. Among the underwater marine growth, a wide variety of algae, including seagrass, which is one of the favorite foods of the green turtle.

Climate
The warm tropical climate is influenced by the northeast trade winds, with low rates of precipitation. Temperature is relatively uniform throughout the year between 27 and 35 °C. In cold weather it can reach temperatures between 23-26 °C. The rainiest period extends from August to December, particularly in November and December.

Tourist activities

Morrocoy National Park has a wide range of potential environmental and landscapes, coupled with extraordinary landscape scenarios that characterize each of the places that make up the park, rich in biodiversity and beauty.

Morrocoy beaches are spectacular and numerous: Sombrero cay, Playuela, Playuelita, Alemán cay, Mayorquina, Pescadores cay, Mero beach, Punta Brava, Boca Paiclás, Boca Seca, los Juanes, Bajo Caimán, Tucupido, Sal cay, borracho cay etc. Beneath the beaches corals and fish offer their best to divers. Nearby there are also three islets outside the area of the park (about  from Tucacas) maintaining a status of Special Protection Area: Norte, Medio cay and Sur cay.

At 285m high, Chichiriviche Hill is the highest point in the park. It stands in high relief amid the surrounding coastal environment, of Tertiary-period coral origin, belonging to the geological formation called Capadare - Agua Linda. The Chichiriviche Hill, is the landscape less associated with coastal and marine nature that characterizes the Morrocoy National Park.

Within the Morrocoy National Park bulk flow of tourists from all over the national territory, who will enjoy the variety of beaches, some come to camp and others come with their boats. As a national park, is under the supervision of INPARQUES (National Parks Institute) who maintains order and control.

Within the park are various communities, towns, businesses, and inns. Towns are Caño Leon, Morrocoy, Lizardo and Aguasalobre. Some inns for tourists are Posada La Esmeralda, Paraíso Azul, Las Trinitarias, El Solar de la Luna, etc...

There are also small marinas that make up the Association of Marine Sports of Golfo Triste, which is made up: Marina El Ancla, Marina Las Canoas, Marina Puerto del Medio, Marina Indunave, Marina Costa Azul, Marina Embarcadero Morrocoy, Marina Caribe, Marina La Cazanga and Marina La Cuevita.

The piers house associations of boatmen who are dedicated to the transport of tourists to the various beaches of Morrocoy. Las Luisas, Morrocoy and Aguasalobre are the piers in the area.

Also small stalls of cocadas, empanadas, coconut water and local crafts can be found.

Los Juanes
Los Juanes belongs to Morrocoy National Park. It is also known as "La Piscina" (The Pool) because it is not sand beach, so the only access is the sea, a natural low where vacationers are able to enjoy its warm blue waters, always in time to the music bearing get the yachts moored in the shelter. It has a lot of vendors selling among other things, sea delicacies and cuisine accompanied by deep blue waters, lobster, ceviches, seafood, barbecue, drinks and even desserts. These are part of the services that can be found in Los Juanes and in some cases have outlets. There are some ice cream vendors to enjoy a nice dessert after a delicious seafood meal.

Visiting Los Juanes may be done via a private boat or a small fishing boat, which will come to an area surrounded by mangroves where boats are anchored to enjoy of the sea. These boats can be taken from the same Morrocoy park or piers of Tucacas town.

Los Juanes has two islands ideal for snorkeling due to their underwater fauna living among corals of various colors, mangroves and  shallow waters. They have become probably the most original and popular sites of all Morrocoy National Park.

References

External links

National parks of Venezuela
Tourist attractions in Falcón
Protected areas established in 1974
1974 establishments in Venezuela
Geography of Falcón
Reefs of Venezuela

Morrocoy National Park