Dave Llorens is a three-time entrepreneur and was the founder and CEO of the solar financing aggregator 1BOG (One Block Off the Grid) from 2008 to 2012. This startup was featured in the Peter Byck documentary Carbon Nation. In 2009 the company accounted for a quarter of all solar installations in the San Francisco Bay area.

Llorens also started SolarPowerRocks.com, a website that consolidates information on solar grants and incentives by state. He is a co-founder of 60-day MBA. As well, Llorens contributes to the Huffington Post and to Fast Company.

1BOG
The company has put the cost of residential solar technology within the reach of many more families than before and thereby increased the adoption of solar technology first in San Francisco, then in California, then in many cities nationwide. Every location has its own protocol for metering, permits and rebates, says Llorens once told The Wall Street Journal. Solving this confusion is the mission of 1BOG.

"We serve as a conduit between the consumer companies, and finance companies in 40 states and growing," Llorens said in an interview. "With no pressure, we can do a complete consultation over the phone, including remote design services to suit their needs. From there, we can match them with a local company." As another 1BOG executive said to Venture Beat, "It's that difference between paying about $10,000 and just a thousand up front."

1BOG is an important example of social entrepreneurship, in which a company discovers a way to make a good profit while promoting social activism and community development, or otherwise making the world a better place. It is also one of the more successful, making its money on economies of scale and payments from installers.

See also

 American Solar Energy Society
 List of photovoltaics companies
 National Renewable Energy Laboratory
 Renewable energy in the United States
 Solar Energy Industries Association

References

External links
SolarPowerRocks.com
Women Didn't Buy Smokes in the '20s for the Same Reason People Don't Buy Solar Power Today
Solyndra Was Lame and Failed, But That's Not the End of Solar
 60-Day MBA
 Plus-One This: Proof That Google Plus Will Prevail
 The Future Of Google Plus, And Its Path To Social-Media Domination

Solar energy in the United States
American technology company founders
Economy of the San Francisco Bay Area
Businesspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Dave Llorens


The Lepidoptera are the butterflies and moths. However, though the butterflies are a natural monophyletic group, moths are not. Butterflies are often put in the suborder  Rhopalocera, which includes Papilionoidea (true butterflies), the Hesperiidae (skippers), and the Hedylidae (butterfly moths).

In Linnaean taxonomy, moths are usually put in the suborder Heterocera. This tends to cover up the fact that they are not a true natural monophyletic group. However, moths do look and behave rather different from butterflies, which explains why people came to call them by a different name.

Other taxonomic schemes have been proposed, but none of them is perfect. Both taxonomists and amateurs make use of the obvious differences between butterflies and moths.

Morphological differences

Shape and structure of antennae
The most obvious difference is in the feelers, or antennae. Most butterflies have thin slender filamentous antennae which are club shaped at the end. Moths, on the other hand, often have comb-like or feathery antennae, or filamentous and unclubbed. This distinction is the basis for the earliest taxonomic divisions in the Lepidoptera  the Rhopalocera ("clubbed horn", the butterflies) and the Heterocera ("varied horn", the moths).

There are, however, exceptions to this rule and a few moths (the family Castniidae) have clubbed antennae. Some butterflies, like Pseudopontia paradoxa from the forests of central Africa, lack the clubbed ends. The Hesperiids often have an angle to the tip of the antenna.

Wing coupling mechanisms
Many moths have a frenulum or wing coupling physically attaching upper and lower parts of their wings together. The frenulum can be seen only when a specimen is in hand. There are various types. It may be a filament from the hindwing coupling with barbs on the forewing. Butterflies usually lack these structures. Their wing coupling is usually done by simple overlap of wing edges.

Pupae
Most moth caterpillars spin a cocoon made of silk when they go into the pupal stage. Most butterflies on the other hand form an exposed pupa called a chrysalis.

There are many exceptions to this rule. Hawk moths form an exposed chrysalis which is underground. Spongy moths sometimes form butterfly-style pupae, hanging on twigs or tree bark, although usually they create flimsy cocoons out of silk strands and a few leaves, partially exposing the chrysalis. A few Skipper butterfly larvae also make crude cocoons in which they pupate, exposing the pupa a bit. The Parnassius butterfly larvae make a flimsy cocoon for pupation and they pupate near the ground surface between debris.

Colour of the wings
Most butterflies have bright colours on their wings. Nocturnal moths on the other hand are usually plain brown, grey, white or black and often with obscuring patterns of zigzags or swirls which help camouflage them as they rest during the day. However many day-flying moths are brightly coloured, particularly if they are toxic. A few butterflies are quite plain, like the cabbage white butterfly.

Structure of the body
Moths tend to have stout and hairy or furry-looking bodies. Butterflies on the other hand have slender and smoother abdomens. Moths have larger scales on their wings. These make them look more dense and fluffy. Butterflies on the other hand have fine scales.  This difference is possibly due to the need for moths to conserve heat during the cooler nights whereas butterflies are able to absorb sunlight.

Behavioural differences

Time of activity
Most moths are nocturnal or crepuscular (active at night) while most butterflies are diurnal (active at daytime). There are however exceptions, including the diurnal spongy moth and the spectacular "Uraniidae" or Sunset moths.

Resting posture
Moths usually rest with their wings spread out to their sides. Butterflies frequently fold their wings above their backs when they are perched although they will occasionally "bask" with their wings spread for short periods. However some butterflies, like the skippers, may hold their wings either flat or folded or even in-between (the so-called "jet plane" position) when perched. Most moths also occasionally fold their wings above their backs when they are in a certain spot (like when there is no room to fully spread their wings).  A sometimes confusing family can be the "Geometridae" (such as the winter moth) because the adults often rest with their wings folded vertically.  These moths have thin bodies and large wings like many butterflies but may be distinguished easily by structural differences in their antennae (e.g. bipectinate).

Lepidoptera

Differences between butterflies and moths


A teddy, also called a camiknicker, is a garment which covers the torso and crotch in the one garment. It is a similar style of garment to a one-piece swimsuit or bodysuit, but is typically looser and sheerer. The garment is put on by stepping into the leg holes and pulling the garment up to cover the torso. It may cover the whole of the torso or partially and may also cover the arms. They may open at the crotch so that the wearer may use the bathroom without taking it completely off. As an undergarment, it combines the functions of a camisole and panties, and may be preferred to avoid a visible panty line. It is also found as lingerie.

History

The modern-day teddy has its origins as an adult's undergarment in the 19th century apparently named after German-American clothing manufacturer Theodore Bear (-1902).

Originally known as combinations, an 1862 patent introduced men's one-piece vest and drawers made up of knitted woollen cloth, which were popularly worn from the 1880s.

As a women's undergarment, combinations comprised chemise and drawers, and could be fashioned from various different fabrics including silk, linen, cotton, or wool. This style had an opening to either the front or back, and could also have buttons to the hips onto which petticoats could be attached. First introduced in 1877, women's combinations were initially developed to reduce bulk under new styles and silhouettes of outer clothing, with darts and seams providing a closer fitting undergarment. While many styles were sleeveless and had a low-neckline, options also featured long sleeves and/or high necklines, and into the 1890s, were also decorated with ribbons and lace.

A one-piece undergarment which combined a camisole and knickers appeared in the 1910s under the name envelope chemise or chemi-knickers, soon referred to as camiknickers. The style remained fashionable into the 1920s, with examples being referred to as step-ins, combinations, camiknickers, cami-combinations, or cami-bockers at this time.

The camiknicker style retained popularity during World War II when women who served in military-related duties wore trousers instead of skirts. By the late 1940s, the garment lost its popularity.

A version reappeared in the late 1960s, called a braslip, which featured a bra top and attached slip, to wear under short, shift dresses, and replace half slips. Often the bra top was an underwire style, and the entire garment was sized by the bra.

From the 1970s the term teddy or teddie was adopted to refer to a similar style of undergarment. Made from silk or similar weighted synthetic fabric, a teddy had developed into a lightweight bodice with attached underwear, often with button or press-stud fastenings to the gusset.

Another revival began in the 1980s and 1990s, under the name "teddy" or "bodysuit", when the garment was made of spandex, featuring brief construction combining features of a bra and panties, or leotard, and brighter colors.

Modern teddy styles

Most modern teddies are either designed for visual or sex appeal, or as practical clothing. Common teddy styles today include:

Bareback teddy
A bareback teddy is one with an open back, often designed with built-in bust support.

Body briefer teddy
A body briefer is a form-fitting garment which smooths and shapes the wearer's figure. They typically come in a variety of control levels, achieved by using different materials or thicknesses things of materials in the body areas they are designed to control. Like sleep teddies, body briefers tend to use simpler materials and styles than teddies designed for visual appeal. Body briefers are also commonly referred to as "body shapers" or "women's shapers".

Fashion top teddy
A fashion top teddy combines a thong or T-front thong panty, bra and fashion top. Fashion top teddies come in a wide variety of styles, from simple styles with plain materials to very fancy styles with beads, crystals or sequins. Fashion top teddies can be worn as fancy undergarments or as an outer garment without a top over them.

Sleep teddy
A sleep teddy is a loose-fitting teddy designed as sleepwear. A sleep teddy is a practical garment which tends to use simpler materials and styles.

Teddiette
A teddiette is a teddy with detachable garters.

Traditional teddy
A traditional teddy is a loose-fitting teddy designed for visual or sex appeal and to show off the wearer's figure. Traditional teddies often use sheer or partially sheer material.

References

Lingerie
Women's clothing

Teddy (garment)


Esther Morales Fernández (born August 9, 1985 in Barcelona) is a swimmer from Spain.  She has a physical disability: she is an S10 type swimmer.  In 2012, she lived in Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands. She raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. She raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  She finished third in the 50 meter freestyle and the 100 meter backstroke.  She raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. She finished third in the 100 meter backstroke. She raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. She, Sarai Gascón Moreno, Teresa Perales and Isabel Yingüa Hernández finished fourth in the 4x100 meter freestyle relay event.

At the 2009 IPC  European Swimming Championship in Reykjavik, Iceland, Sarai Gascón Moreno, Ana Rubio, Esther Morales and  Julia Castelló won a bronze medal in the 4x100 meter medley relay. In 2010, she competed at the Tenerife International Open.  Before the 2010 Adapted Swimming World Championship in the Netherlands, she went to a swimming camp with the national team that was part of the Paralympic High Performance Program (HARP Program).

References

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1985 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
Sportspeople from Barcelona
2012 Summer Paralympics
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S10

Esther Morales Fernández


Syd Morgan is a Welsh nationalist politician.

Morgan studied at the University College Swansea and became active in Plaid Cymru.  He was a founder member of the National Left group within the party in 1980.

By 1984, Morgan was a Plaid Cymru member of the Rhymney Valley District Council, and was also the party's Senior Vice-Chairman, while working as a housing officer in Cardiff.   At the 1984 European election, Morgan stood in South Wales East, taking fourth place with 8.7% of the votes cast.  Later in the year, he was elected as party chairman, serving until 1990 when he became its treasurer.  Morgan stood for the UK Parliament at the 1989 Pontypridd by-election, in which he took second place with more than a quarter of the vote.

In 1992, Morgan married Jill Evans, a prominent Plaid politician.  Following the redistricting of local government in Wales, he became a councillor in Rhondda Cynon Taf for many years, losing his seat in 2004 and last standing in 2008.  He works as a lecturer at Swansea University, was until 2011 a member of the bureau of the Centre Maurits Coppieters, and was a founder of the Welsh Nationalism Foundation.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Academics of Swansea University
Alumni of Swansea University
Plaid Cymru parliamentary candidates
Members of Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council
Plaid Cymru councillors

Syd Morgan


The history of Lego began in 1932, when Ole Kirk Christiansen who owned a Danish carpentry workshop that at first only produced furniture started making wooden toys and later named the new toy company Lego in 1934. Later when injection molding was introduced to Denmark after World War II Ole Kirk bought an injection molding machine for the company to make toys in 1947. That same year Kirk and his son obtained samples of plastic, interlocking bricks which inspired the later lego bricks created in 1949. The brick and lego system continued to be modified with new molds and colors being added and removed over the decades. Lego still continues into the 21st century as a popular and very profitable line of construction kits and related products and services (including Lego board games, retail stores, video games, films, theme parks, and consultation services), with a significant impact on various areas in popular culture. Despite its expansion, the company remains privately held.

Beginnings (1932–1959)

The Lego Group was created in the carpentry workshop of Ole Kirk Christiansen in Billund, Denmark. In 1916, Christiansen purchased a woodworking shop in Billund, which had been in business since 1895. The shop mostly helped construct houses and furniture and had a small staff of apprentices. The workshop burned down in 1924 when a fire ignited some wood shavings. Christiansen constructed a larger workshop and worked towards expanding his business even further. When the Great Depression hit, he had fewer customers and had to focus on smaller projects. He began producing miniature versions of his products as design aids. It was these miniature models of stepladders and ironing boards that inspired him to begin producing toys.

On August 10, 1932 Christiansen's shop started making wooden toys such as piggy banks, pull toys, cars and trucks, and houses, but because of the state of the economy, the business was not profitable. Farmers in the area sometimes traded food in exchange for his toys; Christiansen continued producing practical furniture in addition to toys to stay in business. In the mid-1930s, the yo-yo toy fad gave him a brief period of increased activity until it suddenly collapsed. To reduce waste, he used the leftover yo-yo parts as wheels for toy trucks. His son Godtfred began working for him, taking an active role in the company.

In 1934 Christiansen held a contest among his staff to name the company, offering a bottle of homemade wine as a prize. Christiansen was considering two names himself, "Legio" (with the implication of a "Legion of toys") and "Lego," a self-made contraction from the Danish phrase leg godt, meaning "play well." Later the Lego Group discovered that "Lego" could be loosely interpreted as "I put together" or "I assemble" in Latin. Christiansen selected Lego, and the company began using it on its products.

Following the Second World War, plastics became available in Denmark, and Lego purchased a plastic injection molding machine in 1947. One of the first modular toys to be produced was a truck that could be taken apart and re-assembled. In 1947, Ole Kirk and Godtfred obtained samples of interlocking plastic bricks produced by the company Kiddicraft. Hilary Fisher Page designed these "Kiddicraft Self-Locking Building Bricks." In 1939, Page had applied for a patent on hollow plastic cubes with four studs on top (British Patent Nº.529,580) that allowed their positioning atop one another without lateral movement. In 1944, Page applied an "Improvement to Toy Building Blocks" as an addition to the previous patent, in which he describes a building system based on rectangular hollow blocks with 2X4 studs on top enabling the construction of walls with staggered rows and window openings. The addition was granted in 1947 as British Patent Nº 587,206. In 1949, the Lego Group began producing similar bricks, calling them "Automatic Binding Bricks." Lego bricks, then manufactured from cellulose acetate, were developed in the spirit of traditional wooden blocks that could be stacked upon one another but could be "locked" together. They had several round "studs" on top, and a hollow rectangular bottom. They would stick together, but not so tightly that they could not be pulled apart. In 1953, the bricks were given a new name: Lego Mursten, or "Lego Bricks."

Plastic products initially were not well received by customers, who preferred wooden or metal toys. Many of Lego's shipments were returned, following poor sales. In 1954, Godtfred Christiansen had become the junior managing director of the Lego Group. His conversation with an overseas buyer struck the idea of a toy "system", with many toys in a line of related products. He evaluated their available products, and saw the plastic bricks as the best candidate for such a system. In 1955, Lego released the "Town Plan" using the plastic lego building bricks as the system.

The building bricks were moderately received but had some problems from a technical standpoint: their "locking" ability was limited, and they were not versatile. In 1958 the bricks were improved with hollow tubes in the underside of the brick. This change added support in the base, enabling much better locking ability and enhanced versatility. The company patented the new design, as well as several similar designs to avoid competition. Ole Kirk Christiansen died that same year, and Godtfred inherited the leadership of the company.

Change to plastic bricks (1960–1969)

Another warehouse fire struck the Lego Group in 1960, consuming most of the company's inventory of wooden toys. Godtfred decided that the plastic line was strong enough to abandon the production of wooden toys. As a result, Godtfred's brothers Gerhardt (then head of wooden toys) and Karl Georg left the Lego company and began a separate company called "Bilofix." By the end of the year, the Lego Group was employing more than 450 people.

In 1961 Lego wished to expand sales to North America but did not have the logistical capabilities to do so. Lego made an arrangement allowing Samsonite to begin producing and selling Lego products in the United States and Canada.

1961 and 1962 saw the introduction of the first Lego wheels, an addition that expanded the potential for building cars, trucks, buses, and other vehicles from Lego bricks. Also, during this time, the Lego Group introduced toys targeted explicitly towards the pre-school market.

In 1964 cellulose acetate, the material used to create Lego bricks, was replaced by the more stable acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS plastic), which is still in use today. ABS is non-toxic, less prone to discoloration and warping, and is more resistant to heat, acids, salt, and other chemicals. Samsonite manufacturing in North America did not switch at the same time, and still used some degree of cellulose acetate in its Lego products. 1964 was the first year that saw the inclusion of instruction manuals in Lego sets.

A notable Lego Group series, the Lego train system, was released in 1966. The original train sets included a 4.5-volt (which was changed to a 12-volt version two years later) motor, battery box, and rails.

On 7 June 1968 the first Legoland Park was opened in Billund. This theme park featured elaborate models of miniature towns built entirely from Lego bricks. The three-acre (12,000 m2) park attracted 625,000 visitors in its first year alone. During the next 20 years, the theme park grew to more than eight times its original size and eventually averaged close to a million paying visitors per year. Sales of Lego sets reached more than eighteen million units in 1968.

In 1969 the Duplo system was introduced. Duplo bricks are much larger than Lego bricks, making them safer for young children, but the two systems are compatible: Lego bricks can be fitted neatly onto Duplo bricks, allowing a seamless transition to the Lego system as children outgrow their Duplo bricks. The name Duplo comes from the Latin word duplus, which translates literally as double, meaning that a Duplo brick is exactly twice the dimension of a Lego building brick (2× height by 2× width by 2× depth = 8× the volume of a brick).

Expansion (1970–1991)

During the last three decades of the 20th century, Lego expanded into new areas of toy making and marketing. In 1971 Lego began to target girls by introducing furniture pieces and dollhouses. In 1972 Lego added boat and ship sets, with floating hull pieces and Godtfred Kirk Christiansen's son, Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen, joined the managerial staff, after earning business degrees in Switzerland and Denmark. One of Kjeld's first achievements with the company was the foundation of manufacturing facilities, as well as a research and development department that would be responsible for keeping the company's manufacturing methods up to date. Human figures with posable arms made an appearance in 1974 in "Lego family" sets, which went on to become the biggest sellers at the time; the next year, a precursor of the "minifigure", a miniature Lego person, was introduced, but it was not posable and had no face printing on its head. The company opened its first North American Lego production facility in Enfield, Connecticut, in the United States that same year.

In 1975 "Expert Series" sets were introduced, geared towards older, more experienced Lego builders followed by the "Expert Builder" sets in 1977. The technical sets featured moving parts such as gears, differentials, cogs, levers, axles, and universal joints and permitted the construction of realistic models such as automobiles, with functional rack and pinion steering and lifelike engine movements. In 1978 the Lego "minifigure" was added. The small Lego people had posable arms and legs, and initially a single head with a smiling face. The figure was used in many varieties of Lego sets, allowing construction of towns populated with the smiling minifigure Lego citizens. Lego also expanded into space with the creation of Lego Space sets with astronaut minifigures, rockets, lunar rovers, and spaceships, and into the medieval territory with the Castle theme.

In 1979 Lego introduced the Scala series, featuring jewelry elements marketed towards young girls. Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen also became the president of Lego that year.

Since the 1960s educators had seen Lego bricks' productive potential as being an invaluable asset in helping children to develop creativity and problem-solving abilities. Teachers had been using Lego bricks in the classroom for a variety of reasons. In 1980, the Lego Group established the Educational Products Department (eventually renamed Lego Dacta, in 1989), to expand the educational possibilities of their toys. A packing and assembly factory opened in Switzerland, followed by another in Jutland, Denmark, that manufactured Lego tyres.

Between the 1960s and 90s,Lego worked with Royal Dutch Shell in allowing Shell branding on certain items.

In 1981 the second generation of Lego trains appeared. As before, these were available in either 4.5 V (battery-powered) or 12 V (mains powered), but with a much wider variety of accessories, including working lights, remote-controlled points and signals, and decouplers.

The "Expert Builder" series matured in 1982, becoming the "Technic" series. 13 August of that year marked the Lego Group's 50th anniversary; the book 50 Years of Play was published to commemorate the occasion. In the following year, the Duplo system was expanded to include sets for even younger audiences, particularly infants; new sets included baby rattles and figures with movable limbs. The year after, Lego minifigure citizens gained a realm of knights and horses, with a redesign of the Castle theme. Light & Sound sets made their appearance in 1985; these sets included a battery pack with electrical lights, buzzers, and other accessories to add another dimension of realism to Lego creations. Also, that year, the Lego Group's educational division produced the Technic Computer Control, which was an educational system whereby Technic robots, trucks, and other motorized models could be controlled with a computer. Manaus, Brazil gained a Lego factory in this year, as well.

In 1984 the Technic line was expanded with the addition of pneumatic components.

In August 1988, 38 children from 17 countries took part in the first Lego World Cup building contest, held in Billund. That same year, Lego Canada was established. The Lego line grew again in 1989 with the release of the Lego Pirates theme, which featured a variety of pirate ships, deserted islands, and treasure. The Lego Group's Educational Products Department was renamed Lego Dacta in this year; the name comes from the Greek word "didactic," which roughly means "the study of the learning process." MIT's Dr. Seymour Papert, from the Laboratory of Computer Learning, was named "Lego Professor of Learning Research," after his ongoing work in linking the Logo programming language with Lego products.

Until 1989 Lego minifigures only came in yellow skin color with a standard smiling face, though early prototypes had a variety of skin colours and facial expressions. That year the Lego Group expanded the array of facial expressions (adding them around the standard face of two eyes and smile), with beards and eye patches, sunglasses, lipstick, and eyelashes, mostly for the minifigures in the newly launched Lego Pirates theme, and occasionally Lego Castle, Lego City, and Lego Space. Some older collectors resented the new facial expressions, saying they looked too "cartoon-ish" or "kiddy," and preferred the simplistic nature of the two eyes and smile. Particularly for Lego Pirates, these more complicated faces, in combination with the torso, headgear (either a helmet or hair), and accessories, allowed for the creation of specific characters and an accompanying backstory.

In 1990 Lego released a new series designed for advanced builders. Three Model Team sets, including a race car and an off-road vehicle, featured a level of detail and realism not previously seen in any Lego series. Where Technic was mechanically accurate, Model Team was visually and stylistically accurate. The Lego Group became one of the top 10 toy companies that year; it was the only toy company in Europe to be among the top 10. Also, that year, Legoland Billund reached more than one million visitors for the first time in its history. The first-ever "Lego Professor of Business Dynamics," Xavier Gilbert, was appointed to an endowed chair at the International Institute for Management Development in Lausanne, Switzerland. Lego Malaysia was also established in 1990. In 1991, the Lego Group standardized its electrical components and systems; the Trains and Technic motors were made 9V to bring the systems into line with the rest of the Lego range.

In 1992 two Guinness records were set using Lego products: A castle made from 400,000 Lego bricks, and measuring 4.45 meters by 5.22 meters, was built on Swedish television, and a 545 meters long Lego railway line with three locomotives was constructed. Duplo was augmented with the addition of the Toolo line featuring a screwdriver, wrench, nuts, and bolts; the Paradisa line, targeted towards girls, brought a variety of new pastel colours into the Lego system and focused on leisure resorts, horses and beach life. In 1993 a Duplo train and a parrot-shaped "brickvac" that could scoop Lego pieces up off the floor were released.

In the late 1990s the Lego Group brought out a series of new and specialized ranges aimed at particular demographics. The Slizers/Throwbots line preceded the Bionicle range and uses Technic pieces and specialist moldings to create a set of action figures for boys, while Belville is a more conventional line aimed at girls and featuring large posable figures like those in the Technic range. A "Lego 4 Juniors" group features  tall medium-sized figures ("medi-figure") without jointed arms, and longer legs than the classic Lego minifigure. In 2003, the Lego Group introduced a completely new system, Clikits, aimed at girls and consisting of customizable plastic jewellery and accessories. In 2004, Lego added the QUATRO brick, for ages 1–3. Much like Duplo, a Quatro brick is four times the dimension of a regular Lego brick and is compatible with the Duplo brick. Also, that year, they created the second line of Knights Kingdom themed product.

Decline (1992–2004)
Lego's profits had declined since 1992. Around 1995 or 1996, according to designer Mark Stafford, the Lego Group retired many LEGO Designers who had created the sets from the late 1970s to the mid-1990s, replacing them with 30 'innovators' who graduated from design colleges around Europe who knew "little specifically about toy design and less about LEGO building". At the time, sets could take over a year to progress from the design stage to store shelves. By 1997, there was a resultant change in the design direction of products, as set details were sacrificed for decreased building times (with fewer pieces) and increased playability features, but this shift drew mixed reception from hardcore Lego fans used to the meticulous construction required of "classic era" sets of the 1980s to mid-1990s. Lego Pirates, which had a strong run since its launch in 1989, was promptly killed off, with 1997 being its last year of production.

This change in design teams only served to accelerate the company's decline. In 1998, Lego posted its first-ever loss, at £23 million. In the same year, the company laid off 1,000 employees.

In 1999 the first Lego products featuring licensed intellectual property, i.e., not designed in-house, were Lego Star Wars and Winnie the Pooh Duplo, followed in 2000 by Lego Harry Potter characters to figures from Steven Spielberg movies. Soren Holm, the head of Lego Concept Lab, said toy weapons had always been heavily debated, but since the release of Lego Star Wars, they had grown "more comfortable with conflict". Mr. Laursen, executive North American operations suggested to make "violence not explicit, but humoristic." Licensed properties did provide a short-term boost to profits during the release of blockbuster movies; however, sales would taper off after public excitement died down. Furthermore, the added cost of the license resulted in such sets being more expensive which alienated long-time fans, who also disliked the declining quality and reduced availability of comparable sets not based on licensing.

After 1999 many in-house characters were strongly characterised with media use and non-Lego System merchandising, most notably Bionicle from 2001 to 2010 and then again in 2016. In 2002, Duplo was merged with Lego Baby into the new label Lego Explore.

In 2003 following the inclusion of Lando Calrissian in a Star Wars set, as well as the Basketball theme featuring the likenesses of actual players, it was decided that minifigures based on real persons and live-action franchises would have natural skin-tones.

In 2004 Lego posted a loss of £174 million, with the executive vice-president of marketing Mads Nipper later describing the company as having been "almost bankrupt" at this point.
He analysed in retrospect that "we continued to invest as if the company were growing strongly. We failed to realise that we were on a slippery path… Children were getting less and less time to play. Some of the western markets had fewer and fewer children. So play trends changed, and we failed to change. We were not making toys that were sufficiently interesting to children. We failed to innovate enough. And we had nowhere cut deep enough to right-size the company".

In 2004 Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen resigned as CEO and appointed Jørgen Vig Knudstorp, the first non-family CEO. The company sold the four Legoland parks to theme-park operators Merlin Entertainments, and manufacturing, 80% of which had been outsourced, was returned to Lego's control.

Recovery (2005–present)

The company focused on its core products and reintroduced the Duplo label in late 2004. Since 2004, manufacturing had been moved to Mexico and distribution relocated from Billund to the Czech Republic. By 2007 a global workforce of 9,100 in 1998 was reduced to 4,200 due to outsourcing. In the US alone, Lego sales increased 32 percent because of Star Wars and Indiana Jones-themed games, while globally 2008 sales increased 18%. Mr. Laursen, Lego executive of North American operations, said in 2009 that licenses played a more prominent role in the American market than overseas. About 60 percent of Lego's American sales were estimated to be linked to licenses, twice that of 2004. Laursen stated in 2009 that Lego was "definitely more commercially oriented". In 2009, both Lego Games (board games) and Lego Power Miners were introduced, along with the concept for Lego Ninjago. Despite the Great Recession, profits for 2009 were £99.5 million, with Mads Nipper, Lego executive vice-president of marketing, stating to be "delivering twice the return on sales of any competitor."

In 2011 Lego launched a new theme called Lego Ninjago, which became a popular theme worldwide, and resumed a long-term contract with Royal Dutch Shell, after using its logo on products from the 1960s through to the 1990s. Greenpeace criticized this co-branding in 2014. After the Greenpeace campaign, Lego decided not to renew the contract, with the Shell logo only appearing in co-licensed sets with Ferrari or BMW.

In 2012 an animated short film titled The Lego Story made by Danish studio Lani Pixels for the 80th anniversary of Lego, depicted the struggles of Ole Kirk Christiansen and his son Godtfred Kirk Christiansen from 1932 to 1968, as they worked to make the company successful.

In 2014 Warner Bros and The Lego Group released The Lego Movie, a computer-animated adventure comedy film telling the story of an ordinary Lego Minifigure construction worker named Emmet Brickowski prophesied to save the world. It received one of the highest recorded openings for an original animated movie, and the Los Angeles Times noted "nearly unanimous positive reviews" for the film.

In 2015 the Lego firm sparked controversy when it refused a bulk order to Chinese artist Ai Weiwei, who is openly critical of the Chinese communist government. Ai had previously used Lego bricks to build portraits of the world's political activists. Lego said it would not sell directly to users with "political intentions". An opinion piece in the Communist Party mouthpiece Global Times praised Lego for its "good business sense" while the decision drew condemnation online. Lego fans offered to donate Lego bricks to Ai Weiwei instead.

In 2017 Warner Bros, DC Entertainment, and The Lego Group released The Lego Batman Movie as a spinoff based on one of the lead characters of Lego's first animated movie. Lego has since released another animated film based on one of its toy lines, Ninjago, entitled The Lego Ninjago Movie in 2017.

In the first half of 2017 Lego saw its first revenue decline in 13 years, announcing plans in September 2017 to cut 1,400 jobs.

In February 2019 a sequel to The Lego Movie was produced by Warner Animation Group and released by Warner Bros, titled The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part. Many of the voice actors from the first film reprised their characters for the sequel, but it underperformed in ticket sales compared to its predecessors.

On 25 November 2019 the Lego Group announced the acquisition of Bricklink, the world's largest Lego fan community, from Nexon for an unknown price, which was expected to be finished before the end of 2019.

In November 2020 Lego announced its largest set to date: a replica of the Colosseum in Rome containing 9,036 pieces. The set overtakes the previous record holder, the Millennium Falcon from the Star Wars franchise. In 2021 this record was topped by the Titanic model at 9,090 pieces. In 2022 the second set to reach 10,000 bricks was released, a replica of the Eiffel Tower. The first was the Lego World map.

References

Works cited

External links

 Lego City

Lego
Lego

History of Lego


is a Japanese BL visual novel developed and published by Nitro+chiral. It was originally released on March 23, 2012 for Windows PCs as a first press edition, with a regular edition released on April 27, 2012. A sequel titled Dramatical Murder re:connect, also for Windows PCs, was released on April 26, 2013, adding additional scenes, images and songs to the existing routes, as well as four new character routes to play through. On October 30, 2014, a version of the visual novel aimed at ages 15 and above titled Dramatical Murder re:code was released for the PlayStation Vita which removed the sex scenes, toned down the violence, and included an additional route for the character Mizuki.

An anime adaption by studio NAZ premiered on July 6, 2014. It is directed by Kazuya Miura, with Touko Machida and Kabura Fuchii handling series composition, Yukiko Ban designing the characters and Yuki Hayashi composing the music.

On July 4, 2018, it was announced at the Anime Expo that JAST USA's new JAST BLUE branch, which focuses on boys-love games, would release Nitro+CHiRAL's DRAMAtical Murder games and its other visual novel titles in English.

Gameplay
Dramatical Murder is a science fiction and romance visual novel in which players assume the role of Aoba Seragaki. Much of its gameplay is spent reading the story's narrative and dialogue. Dramatical Murder follows a branching storyline with multiple endings. Depending on the decisions the player makes during the game, the plot will progress in different directions.

The game initially features four main plot lines, one for each of Aoba's potential suitors. Following the completion of all four, a fifth one is unlocked for Ren. Throughout gameplay, the player is given multiple options to choose from, and text progression pauses at these points until a choice is made. Each decision awards one point to Koujaku, Noiz, Clear or Mink respectively. The suitor who has amassed the largest number of points is the one whose plot line, "route", will be played.

Once a specific route has been entered, four more options are presented to the player at specific points in the story; depending on which options are picked, the story will end with either a good or bad ending.

Plot

Setting
Dramatical Murder is set in the near future on the fictional island of , Japan. At some point in the game's recent history, the island was privatized by the powerful  and turned into a resort called , with the island's original residents being forced to live in the . Protagonist Aoba Seragaki lives on the island and works at a store named Junk Shop , hoping to live a simple life. However, after being forcefully dragged into the popular cyber game  with its virtual world and its use of , mobile devices that usually appear as if they are the owner's pets, and hearing rumors about disappearances involving , turf wars between groups, all semblance of a peaceful life for Aoba ends.

Characters

Main characters
  is the primary protagonist of the game. He is 23 years old, and works part-time at a junk shop called Mediocrity, and lives with his grandmother, Tae. Aoba has a special ability called Scrap, which allows him to mix his consciousness with other people's through his voice and use it to control them, though he can also destroy them and leave the victims in a comatose-like state. Aoba has a caring, honest, and open-minded personality, but is noted by Ren to have a short temper. Inside of Aoba lies another persona that represents Scrap, who usually comes out whenever Aoba is emotionally distressed. The "other Aoba" desires chaos and destruction, and has shown to be sadistic and masochistic. This is also an indication to his past self in which he calls himself 'Sly Blue'. That's why he is Aoba's desire.
  is Aoba's Allmate, who resembles a dark blue Japanese Spitz. He takes a human form in Rhyme. Ren has a mature, patient, and pragmatic demeanor. Despite being an older Allmate model, Aoba considers Ren to be his important partner and cherishes him like family. Originally, Ren was a part of Aoba's consciousness that was created to keep the balance between Aoba and his other personality that wishes for destruction. That's why he is Aoba's restraint. He is voiced by Ryōta Takeuchi.
  is Aoba's childhood friend, and the leader of a Ribstiez group named Benishigure. He is 27 years old, has many tattoos and scars on his body, and works as a hairdresser. Koujaku is compassionate and strong-willed, and he cares deeply for his loved ones. He was the illegitimate son of a yakuza leader and was the only heir, causing him and his mother to leave Midorijima when he was young. After undergoing a painful tattooing process, Koujaku was taken over by his tattoos' special effects and mindlessly killed his family. Despite his dark past, he retains a positive and gentle personality. Koujaku is a bit of a womanizer, and is incredibly popular with girls.
 , real name Wilhelm (ウィルヘルム, Uiruherumu), is an information broker for Rhyme, a skilled hacker, and the founder of his Rhyme group, Ruff Rabbit. He is the youngest main character at 19 years old. Since he was a child, Noiz suffers from CIPA, causing him to accidentally hurt others. His wealthy parents regarded him as a disgrace and imprisoned him in his room for years until he ran away from his home in Germany. Due to this, Noiz is apathetic to the world around him and bases everything on cold logic, though he can be immature. His inability to feel pain also causes him to be reckless, and he eventually turns to playing Rhyme aggressively in order to feel the illusion of pain. His body is covered with many piercings.
  is the leader of Scratch, a Ribstiez group of former prison inmates. Mink hails from a Native American tribe that grew special herbs that affect a human's body odor to give them a sense of peace. Toue, who mistook the purpose of the plant's effect as mind manipulation, slaughtered Mink's tribe, his family and friends, along with burning down his village in his attempts to obtain them, and Mink was captured along with several survivors and brought to Midorijima to be experimented on. Mink broke out and began plotting his revenge on Toue for his people's massacre. As a result, Mink hardened and distanced himself from personal attachments. He has a stoic, ruthless, controlling personality, constantly using violence as a means to reach his goal. Despite his rough exterior, he does have integrity and a gentle side he rarely shows.
  is an android that previously served under Toue as a prototype for Scrap before being discarded. Clear was saved by a man who was in charge of the disposal, who treated Clear like a son until he died. Clear addresses this man as his grandfather and speaks about him fondly to Aoba. He refers to Aoba as his "Master", whom he is always eager to please. Although cheerful, polite, and kind, Clear is childish and his eccentric antics cause others not to take him seriously and be annoyed by him. He is almost always seen holding his vinyl umbrella and owns two masks to hide his face, one is a black gas mask and the other is a mask depicting a traditional Japanese woman, though he wears it as a joke. Clear enjoys singing, and can often be heard singing a song called the "Jellyfish Song". He is voiced by Masatomo Nakazawa.

Supporting characters
  is the leader of the Ribstiez team Dry Juice, owner of a tattoo shop called Black Needle and he is 26 years old. Mizuki and Aoba met and became friends when Aoba was a teenager in high school. Mizuki has a cool and friendly personality, and he treats his team members as family. Despite being the leaders of different Ribstiez teams, he is also good friends with Koujaku; he also has an unknown Allmate who takes the form of a white stoat. He is voiced by . In the English dub of the anime, he is voiced by Adam Gibbs.
  is the grandmother of Aoba, whom she often scolds but deeply cares for. Years prior to the series, she worked as researcher for Toue, but quit upon learning that her research was being used for illegal experimentation. As a pharmacist, she prescribes medicine for Aoba to ease his headaches. She is voiced by . In the English dub of the anime, she is voiced by Marcy Bannor.
  is Aoba's adopted father and Haruka's husband. Mysterious and quite whimsical, he was once Toue's experiment subject and apparently hears "voices" of things. He travels frequently as a result and came across Aoba during one of his journeys, and could sense Aoba was special. Nine and Haruka left Aoba with Tae to go on another journey when he was a child, and they have not been heard of since then. He is voiced by Eiji Takemoto.
  is Aoba's adopted mother and Nine's wife. She and Tae are distant relatives; the latter took her in after she ran away from her abusive parents. Despite her terrible childhood, Haruka's love for Nine and her family makes her a cheerful and kind person. Nine and Haruka ba with Tae to go on journey when he was a child, and they have not been heard of since then. She is voiced by Emi Motoi.
  is the owner of Platinum Jail, and the main antagonist of the game. Toue is loved by the citizens of Platinum Jail, but is despised by the citizens in the Old Residential District. Ostensibly, he is known as a calm and idealistic man who desires peace and happiness for mankind. However, he is truly a manipulative and self-righteous individual, justifying his horrendous crimes to achieve his goals by claiming it was for the greater good. He is also a fatalist, and merely sees life, including his own, as a game. He is voiced by Tadahisa Saizen. In the English dub of the anime, he is voiced by John Gremillion.
  and  are acquaintances of Aoba who work for the yakuza and leaders of the group, Morphine. They are often mistaken for twins due to their similar appearances. They became Aoba's "fans" after witnessing him play Rhyme in the past and will occasionally act as allies to him. In actuality, they are two-faced, and are simply looking out for their own self-interests. They are voiced by Junji Majima and , respectively. In the English dub of the anime, they are both voiced by Doug Hammond and Blake Shepard.
  is Aoba's older twin brother that is held captive by Toue. He also has the ability of Scrap, but the power lays in his eyes. Sei wishes for Aoba to kill him in order to be released from his suffering after years of being subjected to Toue's experiments, which resulted in Sei becoming sick and on the verge of death by the beginning of the series. Initially appearing as emotionless, Sei is soft-spoken and kind, and he cares deeply for his brother Aoba and Ren, wishing for their happiness. In spite of Toue's horrifying experiments to his being, Sei states that he does not resent Toue for all that he is done, but feels responsible to stop him from causing more harm. He is voiced by Yūichi Iguchi. In the English dub of the anime, he is voiced by Clint Bickham.
  is an assistant of Toue. He is voiced by Kishio Daisuke. In the English dub of the anime, he is voiced by Scotty Fults.
  is the owner of Delivery Works, a local courier shop. She takes rumors very seriously, such as all the exaggerated talk about Scratch and the Northern District. When Aoba could not remember what TV drama Yoshie was ranting to him about, she got incredibly upset and began to fawn over one of the actors in it, much to Aoba's discomfort. Despite this, she is shown to be very kind but also unaware that she makes Aoba uncomfortable most of the time with her bantering. She also seems to be interested in younger men, as a poster is hung in her workplace, reading that only young men should apply, and she is overly-affectionate towards Aoba. She is voiced by Satosaki Ume. In the English dub version, she is voiced by Allison Sumrall.
  is the owner of the Junk Shop Mediocrity where Aoba works. He is a kind and considerate man, only losing his temper when being called "baldy" by Kio, Nao, and Mio. His Allmate is Bonjin-kun. He is voiced by Eiichirou Tokumoto. In the English dub of the anime, he is voiced by Rutherford Cravens.
    are three elementary school age kids that often seen hanging around at the junk shop that Aoba works at. Kio is voiced by Saki Umesato in the Japanese dub and Kalin Coates in the English dub. Mio is voiced by Emi Motoi in the Japanese dub and Jane Cash in the English dub. Nao is voiced by Megumi Matsumoto in the Japanese dub and Cayla Coats in the English dub.
  is the head of the corrupted Midorijima police (primarily in the Old Resident District), and is usually seen giving orders to other officers. He has a very loud exterior, almost never lowering his voice and always yelling to get his point across. In addition, he has a habit of elongating his words for no apparent reason, much like Trip. He takes great pleasure in arresting people who participate in Rhyme or those he sees as terrorists in his eyes (i.e. Aoba and his friends). He enforces taking violent and drastic measures to capture criminals, usually not caring whether they are dead or alive. Trip and Virus seem to be familiar with Akushima and his police force due to being in the yakuza, hinting they may have had past encounters. He is voiced by Yasunori Masutani. In the English dub he is voiced by Mark Laskowski.
 Alphas are androids created by Toue to control people by playing the "Dye Music". They are usually seen wearing solid white masks. Two of them (that where shown in the series), share exactly the same appearance as their "brother" Clear. The two androids are voiced by Hiroshi Okamoto and Kaito Ishikawa respectively. In the English dub, the two androids are both voiced by Greg Ayres.
 Ryuuhou is a sadistic tattoo artist, who has a connection to Koujaku's past. It is implied that he has been working as one for many years. His work is the admiration of many aspiring tattooists, often being highly detailed and containing smooth, intricate patterns. Underneath his warm smile, Ryuuhou is shown to be very manipulative and sadistic, drugging Aoba and nearly forcing him into getting tattooed. He enjoys seeing others writhe in pain under him, lovingly going on about how much more beautiful a person becomes after being touched by his needle. His love and obsession towards body art takes a disturbing turn when Koujaku's own tattoos begin to flourish and take control of his mind and anger. The sight of his art turning Koujaku into a monster puts Ryuuhou into such a state of ecstasy that he welcomes his death with open arms, barely choking out how good it feels to be killed by his own creation. He is voiced by Akira Sasanuma. In the English dub he is voiced by Chris Patton.
 , commonly known as  for short, is Noiz's younger brother who appears exclusively in DRAMAtical Murder Drama CD Vol. 4 – Noiz, though he was mentioned by Noiz in the first DRAMAtical Murder game and its sequel DRAMAtical Murder: re:connect. Born two years after Noiz, Theo loves him deeply and was the only one in their family to tried to reach out to Noiz during their childhood. However, as Noiz was imprisoned his room to prevent him from accidentally harming those around him, their parents forbid Theo from having contact with his older brother, much to both of their dismay. As such, Noiz does not resent his brother and treats him with kindness. After Noiz ran away to Japan, his family spent years searching for him while their father trained Theo to become the successor to their family company, and Theo was delighted to take his brother on as his assistant after Noiz's return. Theo bears a striking resemblance to Noiz to the point that Aoba mistakes him for the latter twice. As he was pampered by their parents as a child, Theo is bright, honest, polite, and hard-working, though he tends to get nervous easily. He is voiced by Sōma Saitō.

AllMates
  is Koujaku's Allmate. Beni takes the form of a red sparrow. He wears a beaded necklace and a pair of getas on his feet. While initially the tiniest out of all the Allmates, has a large temper to make up for it. He has a no-nonsense policy and is shown to be quick to react to tough situations, similar to Koujaku. Despite that, Beni can be very relaxed and shows to care about other's well-beings. Girls particularly find him cute and will call him as such when they're around Koujaku (unlike his owner he'll simply takes the compliments instead of gloating about it). He is voiced by Keisuke Goto. In the English dub of the anime, he is voice by Kyle Jones.
  is Mink's Allmate. Tori takes the form of a light pink Major Mitchell's Cockatoo. Tori wears an eyepatch that covers his left eye, Native-American jewelry, and is often shown to hold a cigar in his beak. Just like his owner Mink, Tori is usually very quiet and only speaks when he needs to inform someone of something or during an emergency. Tori often talks in a calm, formal, and collected manner, almost never raising his voice even in times of discord. Beni and Tori have been shown to not get along from the moment they both met since Tori often insults Beni and mocks his attitude and manner of speaking, causing Beni to fly into a rage and further prove Tori right by calling him rude names. Although Beni is hot-headed whenever Tori is around, the latter tends to be calm and collected. They are usually shown together in official group shots where Koujaku and Mink are present, both usually glaring or squacking at one another. He is voiced by Hitoshi Bifu. In the English dub of the anime, he is voiced by Stephen E. Moellering.
 is Noiz's Allmate, taking the form of multiple, small pixelized rabbit cubes that Noiz connects to his waistband like chains and hangs over the sides of his hips. When in Rhyme, Midori has two forms, one being the head rabbit that wears an outfit that is very similar to his owner's and gives out orders, and the other being numerous rabbits with red boxing gloves and matching tennis shoes that does combat. Similar to Huracan, Midori did not have a real name, as Noiz view his Allmate as a machine made to carry out his orders and was simply known as Pseudo Rabbit (ウサギモドキ Usagimodoki). However, in DRAMAtical Murder Drama CD Vol. 4 – Noiz, Aoba suggests that Noiz gives his Allmate a proper name and pitches the name "Midori" due to its green coloring and it sounds similar to Midorijima. Although Noiz was more indifferent to the name, his Allmate happily accepts it. Midori has an excitable personality, and displays great confidence during Rhyme battles. Usagimodoki's gender is unknown. Usagimoki is voiced by Hiroko Miyamoto. In the English dub of the anime series, Usagimodoki is voiced by Tiffany Grant.
  is Toue's Allmate and the judge for Rhyme. She is one of the Allmates that comes in a humanoid form. She has ten arms and a small body frame. She has long, light blue-green hair that is kept up by two pigtails in the back with fringes in the front. When hosting Rhyme, Usui wears a simple blue dress with white gloves and shoes. She also wears a blue transparent visor that covers her face and often carries a microphone. In her true form, her hair is much longer and is becomes heavily covered in extravagant jewelry on her arms, torso and lower body. Despite her feminine appearance, Usui's most noticeable asset is her surprisingly deep, masculine voice, which is also noted by Aoba. Usui doesn't show much emotion or personality throughout the game. While hosting Rhyme, she's straightforward and enjoys getting the crowd riled up for the matches. Her voice is usually calm yet powerful and her expression is soft. However, during her fight with Ren and Aoba, she is shown to be very malicious and powerful. Usui wears a smirk and her eyes are wide open, having a crazed-like spark to them as she takes little damage and attacks without mercy. She is voiced by Tsuguo Mogami. In the English dub of the anime series, Usui is voiced by Clint Bickham.
  is Virus's Allmate. Hersha takes the form of a black anaconda.
  is Trip's Allmate. Welter takes the form of a giant black lion.
  is Yoshie's Allmate. She takes the form of a Maltese breed of a dog. She has thick eyelashes, light brown fur, a white pearled necklace, and a frilly light purple hair bow on top of her head. She will often stop Aoba in his tracks just for a chance to see Ren and ask how he is doing. Yoshie finds her and Ren's "friendship" to be adorable while Aoba and Ren are often exhausted by the advances and turned off completely by them. She is voiced by Aya Kuyama.
  is Haga's Allmate. It takes the form of a futuristic robot. Bonjin is voiced by Inchiki Echigoya. In the English dub, Bonjin is voiced by Christopher Ayres.

Development

Release history
Dramatical Murder was originally released as an adult game on March 23, 2012, playable on Windows PCs as either a digital download or DVD. On April 26, 2013 a fan disc called Dramatical Murder re:connect was released; it included extra scenes, expanded upon the endings with scenes that take place before and after them, new CG images, songs and a minigame.

Related media

Drama CDs
Numerous drama CDs have been released; each on focuses on Aoba's relationship with one of his potential boyfriends and takes place after the events of the visual novel.

Manga
A manga adaption illustrated by Torao Asada began serialization in the August 2012 issue of Enterbrain's B's-Log Comic magazine. The first tankōbon volume was released on April 1, 2013. An official anthology volume for the series was released on June 30, 2012.

Anime

The anime was announced to air in summer 2014. The anime aired on July 6, 2014 and ended on September 21, 2014 and was streamed on Crunchyroll.

A DVD/Blu-ray was released on December 24, 2014 with all twelve episodes. Along with an original soundtrack and a drama CD titled , a special OVA called Data_xx_Transitory, which features the bad endings of the game, was included. On September 21, 2014, following the airing of the final episode, the official anime website announced that there will be a live reading event on February 1, 2015 titled Data_12.5_Recitation. Atsushi Kisaichi, Ryōta Takeuchi, Hiroki Takahashi, Satoshi Hino, Kenichiro Matsuda, Masatomo Nakazawa, and Yūichi Iguchi have been confirmed to be attending.

On June 21, 2015, Madman Entertainment announced at the Supanova Pop Culture Expo that it has licensed the series for Australian and New Zealand release. On July 16, 2015, Sentai Filmworks announced the license to the series for North American release in English on DVD and Blu-ray on November 24, 2015.

Stage
A theatrical adaptation of the game was announced in September 2019. Sei'ichirō Nagata was cast as Aoba, Allen Kohatsu as Koujaku, Rikiya Tomizono as Noiz, Yūki Yamagata as Clear, Takanori Yamaki as Mink, Shōgō Yamazaki as Ren and Sei, Yūya Tominaga as Virus, Yū Yoshioka as Trip, Naoya Iwaki as Mizuki, and Hayato Moriya as Akushima.

Reception
Dramatical Murder ranked third in Rice Digital's list of "Top 10 English Yaoi Games" and the second highest Nitro+chiral visual novel, following Togainu no Chi. The review states: "everything about DRAMAtical Murder is bizarre, but it makes for a very interesting game".

The game was banned from streaming on the website Twitch.

Notes

References

External links
Nitro+chiral DRAMAtical Murder visual novel website
Nitro+chiral DRAMAtical Murder re:connect website
Nitro+chiral DRAMAtical Murder re:code website
B's-Log Comic manga official site
Anime official site

Naz (studio)
2012 video games
2013 video games
2014 video games
2014 anime television series debuts
Enterbrain manga
Eroge
Japanese LGBT-related animated television series
LGBT-related video games
Manga based on video games
PlayStation Vita games
Romance video games
Science fiction video games
Sentai Filmworks
Shōjo manga
Video games developed in Japan
Windows games
Yaoi anime and manga
Yaoi video games
Visual novels

Dramatical Murder


Zuni, or Ashiwi, is a language isolate spoken by over 4500 people in New Mexico and much smaller numbers in parts of Arizona. It is now generally considered a language isolate. The Encyclopedia Britannica categorizes it as a Penutian language, and Bertha Dutton   once posed the hypothetical that according to the Swadesh list, "If the Zuni language is a member of the Penutian language family, then it is a distant relative of the Tanoan languages (Tewi)."  The Penutian Hypothesis  was advanced by Alfred Kroeber and Roland B. Dixon   and later refined by Edward Sapir, and was an attempt to reduce the number of unrelated language families in a culturally diverse area that was centered in California central coast.  While this theory was plausible for some of
the languages, the problem of verification of this theory was that to find any evidence of any cognates between the California languages and Zuni, one would possibly have to trace the languages' lineage by as much as 3000–5000 years or more.

A bibliography of books and articles concerning the Zuni language lists items dealing with syntax and semantics, as does Zuni
Curtis D. Cook's article and the work of Stanley Newman. Others, such as Ruth Bunzel's Pueblo Pottery and Jane M. Young's  book on Rock Art, are important in the study of pragmatics and the Zuni World View  as it is reflected in the Zuni language. The Zuni worldview may properly be considered as a study in orthology.
The form and function of design images and pictographic rock art images and their interpretation according to Zuni mythology
or cosmology sufficed as a form of communication prior to the appearance of a written language.

The Zuni Enigma, by Nancy Yaw Davis  offers a comparative of cognates between the Zuni language and
another language isolate; the Japanese language.  While speculative, it demonstrates a likeness between the Zuni and Japanese languages that is more compelling than that of the Penutian Hypothesis.  Dell Hymes offers information on California languages where one can form a comparative of certain Zuni words to the languages of California, e.g.Wintu, Maidu, Miwok, and may have relevance to studies of the Pueblo Peoples, the Pecos Classification, and the Hohokam.  Also important are the books on and by Frank Hamilton Cushing. He was the first anthropologist to undertake studies by means of the method of Participant observation, and became a member of the Zuni's Priesthood of the Bow during his tenure at the Pueblo from 1879-1884. Of special interest in regard to the Zuni language is his correspondences edited by Jesse Green, and their relevance to the Zuni language as it reflects their world view.

Bibliography for the Zuni Language
Bunzel, Ruth L. The Pueblo Potter: A Study of Creative Imagination in Primitive Art. New York: Dover, 1929.
Bunzel, Ruth L.  Introduction to Zuni Ceremonialism. Introduction by Nancy Pareto.  University of New Mexico Press, 1992.
Bunzel, Ruth L. Zuni Texts. Publications of the American Ethnological Society, 15. New York: G.E. Steckert & Co., 1933.
Cook, Curtis D. "Nucleus and Margin of Zuni Clause Types." Linguistics. 13: 5-37, 1975.
Davis, Nancy Yaw. The Zuni Enigma. Norton, 2000.
Dutton, Bertha P.  American Indians of the Southwest.  Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1983.
Green, Jesse, ed.  Zuni: Selected Writings of Frank Hamilton Cushing.  Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1979.
Green, Jesse. Cushing at Zuni: The Correspondence and Journals of Frank Hamilton Cushing, 1879-1884.  Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1990.
Hickerson, Nancy P.  "Two Studies of Color: Implications for Cross-Cultural Comparability of Semantic Categories".  In Linguistics and Anthropology: In honor of C.F. Voegelin. pp. 317–330. Ed. By M. Dale Kinkade, Kenneth Hale, and Oswald Werner.  The Peter De Ridder Press, 1975.
Hieb, Louis A. "Meaning and Mismeaning: Toward an Understanding of the Ritual Clowns".  New Perspectives on the Pueblos.  Ed. by Alfonso Ortiz.  pp. 163–195.  Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1972.
Hymes, Dell H. "Some Penutian Elements and the Penutian Hypothesis".  Southwestern Journal of Anthropology.  13:69-87, 1957.
Miner, Kenneth L. "Noun Stripping and Loose Incorporation in Zuni".  International Journal of American Linguistics. 52: 242-254, 1986.
Newman, Stanley. "Vocabulary Levels: Zuni Sacred and Slang Usage." Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 11: 345-354, 1955.
Newman, Stanley. Zuni Dictionary. Indiana University Research Center Publication Six. Bloomington: Indiana University, 1958.
Newman, Stanley. "The Zuni Verb 'To Be'".  Foundations of Language, Supplemental Series. Vol.1. Ed. by John W. Verhaar, The Humanities Press, 1967.
Stout, Carol.  "Problems of a Chomskyan Analysis of Zuni Transitivity". International Journal of American Linguistics. 39: 207-223, 1973.
Walker, Willard.  "Inflection and Taxonomic Structure in Zuni".  International Journal of American Linguistics. 32(3): 217-227, 1966.
Walker Willard. "Toward a Sound Pattern of the Zuni".  International Journal of American Linguistics. 38(4):240-259, 1968.
Young, M. Jane. Signs from the Ancestors:Zuni Cultural Symbolism and Perceptions in Rock Art.  Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988.

Other websites
Zuni World View "Linguistic and Ontological Implications of the Conceptual Presuppositions of the Zuni Worldview"

Languages of the United States

Zuni language


The Casino Gardens and Terraces are public gardens that surround the Monte Carlo Casino in the Monte Carlo district of Monaco. The gardens contain lawns and fountains and a "Little Africa" garden. At the bottom of the terraces is Victor Vasarely's artwork Hexa Grace, made of multi coloured tiles. The gardens were founded in the late 19th century and formed the largest public space in Monaco in the 1950s. The gardens are frequently used to display large public artworks. The gardens were designed by the architect Edouard André. The original designs for the garden incorporated waterfalls stretching down a slope to terminate in a pond amidst sunken gardens. The trees washingtonia robusta and brachychiton populneus are prominent in the gardens.

A 1959 report on the gardens noted a long avenue of palm trees, in addition to flower beds, bottle trees, and cacti thriving in the frost free subtropic environment.

References

Monte Carlo
Gardens in Monaco

Casino Gardens and Terraces


Carlos Schwabe (born Émile Martin Charles Schwabe; 21 July 1866 – 22 January 1926) was a Swiss Symbolist painter and printmaker.

Life

Schwabe was born in Altona, Holstein into a merchant family. In 1870 his family moved to Switzerland, receiving Swiss citizenship in 1888. Between the years of 1882 to 1884, he studied at the École des arts industriels.

After studying art in Geneva,  he relocated to Paris as a young man, where he worked as a wallpaper designer, and he became acquainted with Symbolist artists, musicians (Guillaume Lekeu, Vincent d'Indy) and writers.  In 1892, he was one of the painters of the famous  Salon de la Rose + Croix organized by Joséphin Péladan at the Galerie Durand-Ruel. His poster for the first Salon is an important symbolic work of idealist new art. He exhibited at the Société nationale des Beaux-Arts, at the Salon d'automne and was present at the Exposition Universelle of 1900, receiving the Gold medal. In the years that followed his work was also shown in Munich, Zürich, Vienna, and Brussels. Schwabe received  the French Légion of Honor in 1902.

Schwabe's paintings typically featured mythological and allegorical themes, with a very personal and idealist vision and social interest. References to the artists Albrecht Dürer and Andrea Mantegna can be seen in Schwabe's work.

Schwabe is known for being one of the most important symbolist book illustrators.  He illustrated the novel Le rêve (1892) by Émile Zola, Charles Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal (1900), Maurice Maeterlinck's Pelléas et Mélisande (1892), and Albert Samain's Jardin de l'infante (1908), but also texts by Haraucourt, Mallarmé, Blondel, Mendès, Lamennais, etc.  His important work La Vague (The Wave), and its preparatory drawings are a testimony of the engagement of the artist during the "Affaire dreyfus".

The most important works by Schwabe belong to the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, the Musée d'Art et d'Histoire in Geneva, the Museu Nacional de Belas Artes in Rio de Janeiro, the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam, the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium in Brussels and in private collections.

Schwabe lived in France for the rest of his life and died in Avon, Seine-et-Marne in 1926.

Work
Two distinct styles are recognized in Schwabe's art. Before 1900, Schwabe's paintings were more individual and experimental, indicating the idealism of the Symbolists; conventional, allegorical scenes from nature became more prominent in his later work. Images of women were important, sometimes representing death and suffering, other times creativity and guidance. His first wife was his model for angels and virgins, and "Death" in Death and the Grave Digger (1895) resembles her. The death of a close friend in 1894, the musician Guillaume Lekeu, when Schwabe was 28 years old, engendered his interest in representing death and the world of ideal creation.

Schwabe created an important watercolor that was the model of a lithographic poster for the 1892 Salon de la Rose + Croix, the first of six exhibitions organized by Joséphin Péladan that demonstrated the Rosicrucian tendencies of French Symbolism. Schwabe's poster depicted in shades of blue an initiation rite—three women ascending toward spiritual salvation—and is an exemplar of Rosicrucian art.

Gallery

References

 Jumeau-Lafond, Jean-David, (1986), Une autre lumière. Carlos Schwabe, l'idéalisme et la mort in L'Écrit-voir,n° 8.
 Jumeau-Lafond, Jean-David, (1986), Carlos Schwabe, illustrateur symboliste, Bulletin du bibliophile, n° 2.
 Jumeau-Lafond, Jean-David, (1987), Carlos Schwabe et le nouveau mysticisme, in Un symboliste genevois : Carlos Schwabe, exh. cat., Genève, musée d'Art et d'Histoire.
 Jumeau-Lafond, Jean-David, (1987), Carlos Schwabe, illustrateur symboliste du Rêve de Zola, Revue du Louvre et des musées de France, n° 5-6.
 Jumeau-Lafond, Jean-David (1988), Guillaume Lekeu et Carlos Schwabe : "Une haute confraternité artistique", Revue de musicologie, t. 74, n°1, 1988, p. 53-68.
 Jumeau-Lafond, Jean-David (1993) Révolte et folie visionnaire chez Carlos Schwabe : La Vague 1906-1907, in  "L'Âme au corps", exh. cat., Paris.
 Jumeau-Lafond, Jean-David, (1994), Carlos Schwabe, symboliste et visionnaire, Paris, ACR editions.
 Jumeau-Lafond, Jean-David, (1996), Peinture, hystérie et opéra : les révoltées tragiques de Carlos Schwabe, Genava, revue du musée d'Art et d'Histoire de Genève.
 Jumeau-Lafond, Jean-David, (1999), Les Peintres de l'âme. Le symbolisme idéaliste en France, exh. cat. Bruxelles, Paris (and 2000-2004 : Salzburg, Chemnitz, Madrid, Japan : German, Spanish and Japanese translations).
 Clement, Russell T. et al. (2004). A Sourcebook of Gauguin's Symbolist Followers. Greenwood Publishing Group, 865–867. .
 Jumeau-Lafond, Jean-David (2007), Painters of the soul, Tampere, Museum of Art.
 Greenspan, Taube G. "Schwabe, Carlos." In Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online (accessed 26 May 2008).
 Jumeau-Lafond, Jean-David (2011) Séailles mécène : Schwabe, la conscience et l'exemple, introduction to : Gabriel Séailles, "Carlos Schwab" (1914, in Le Génie dans l'art, anthologie des écrits esthétiques et critiques de Gabriel Séailles,  Sarah Lindford and Michela Passini, Paris, Kimé 2011.
 Jumeau-Lafond, Jean-David (2017) "Carlos Schwabe" in "Mystical Symbolism. The Salons de la Rose+Croix 1892-1897", exh. cat. ,New York, Solomon Guggenheim Museum.

External links

German Symbolist painters
19th-century German painters
German male painters
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
19th-century Swiss painters
Swiss male painters
20th-century Swiss painters
1866 births
1926 deaths
People from Altona, Hamburg
19th-century German male artists
19th-century Swiss male artists
20th-century Swiss male artists
Emigrants from the Kingdom of Prussia
Immigrants to Switzerland

Carlos Schwabe


Robert Louis Wade, Jr. (born February 26, 1981) is a former American football wide receiver. He was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the fifth round of the 2003 NFL Draft. He played college football at Arizona.

Wade also played for the Tennessee Titans, Minnesota Vikings, Kansas City Chiefs and Washington Redskins.

Early years
Wade attended Desert Vista High School in Phoenix, Arizona and was an all star Athlete student letterwinner in football, track & field, soccer and basketball. As a senior, he was the USA Today High School Football Player of the Year for Offense and Defense and he helped lead his team to the Class 5A State Championship. In track & field, he won the Class 5A triple jump title as a senior.

He received a 25th Anniversary award for an Friday Night Fever Offensive MVP (Terrell Suggs Defensive MVP) award from AZ local Channel 12

College career
Wade played three seasons for the University of Arizona Wildcats as a wide receiver.  In 33 games, he caught 230 passes for 3,351 yards and 22 touchdowns He was inducted into the Wildcat Ring of Honor in 2015. He currently holds the record for the most single season receptions with 93. He also the All time leader in Career Yards with 3,351 yards. Wade is still the most accomplished receiver Arizona has had.

Professional career

Chicago Bears
The Chicago Bears selected Wade in the fifth round of the 2003 NFL Draft. His best season with the team came in 2004 when he caught forty-two passes for 481 yards. In 2005, Wade saw more playing time as a punt returner and scored the first special teams touchdown of his career during the second week of the 2005 season.  He was released by the Bears late in the 2005 season.

Tennessee Titans
While leading the NFC in punt return average and yards Wade was released in week 13. After his release, Wade was signed by the Tennessee Titans and appeared in two games in 2005.  He remained with Titans in 2006 where he became a major offensive and special teams weapon in his 18 game Titan career. Wade was a very productive slot receiver with 50 receptions for 701 yards and 5 touchdowns.

Minnesota Vikings
On March 6, 2007, Wade signed a free agent contract worth 16 million dollars with the Minnesota Vikings and had the best season of his career.  Wade put up career high numbers in receptions (64), yards (747) and touchdowns (5).

In 2008. Wade finished with 58 catches for 645 yards and 5 touchdowns. Also, Wade's team made the playoffs for the first time in his career with Wade as a Captain. Wades first two years he led his team in receptions and punt return yards.

Wade was released by the Vikings three days before the Vikings first game of the 2009 season very unexpectedly. This happened just one week after agreeing to rework his contract and take a pay cut from $3 million to $1.5 million for this season. Wade also would have then become a free agent at the end of this season. Allowing him to test the free agent market after his best 3 years.

Kansas City Chiefs
Wade signed with the Kansas City Chiefs on September 14, 2009. Wade made himself at home quickly in Kansas City after missing the first 2 games Wade played week 3 in Kansas City and led his team in Receptions. Wade finished second on the team in receptions that year next to Dwayne Bowe.

Washington Redskins
Wade signed with the Washington Redskins on April 29, 2010.

References

External links
 Official Site
 Yahoo! Sports Profile

1981 births
Living people
Players of American football from Orange County, California
Players of American football from Phoenix, Arizona
American football return specialists
American football wide receivers
Arizona Wildcats football players
Chicago Bears players
Tennessee Titans players
Minnesota Vikings players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Washington Redskins players
Desert Vista High School alumni

Bobby Wade


Munthamar is a small Aboriginal community, located proximate to Kununurra in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, within the Shire of Wyndham-East Kimberley.

History
Permanent dwellings were established in Munthamar in the early 1990s. Prior to that community members lived in self-made shacks in the vicinity, on what is now the Mud Springs reserve. The initial dwellings were self-made shelters and not connected to reticulated power and water. While living conditions were modest, the newly established camp offered space away from town life. Ruins from the initial camp site remain.

Native title
The Miriuwung Gajerrong people are signatories to the Ord Final Agreement, a broad package of measures which implements a platform for future partnerships between the Miriuwung Gajerrong people, WA State Government, industry and developers for the benefit of the wider community and the East Kimberley region.

Governance
At a broader governance level, Yawoorroong Miriuwung Gajerrong Yirrgeb Noong Dawang Aboriginal Corporation (MG Corp) acts in trust on behalf of all MG native title holders to ensure compliance with its obligations under the Ord Final Agreement including those relating to community living areas.

MG Corp was incorporated under the Corporations (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) Act 2006 in 2006 and its constitution was subsequently amended in 2008.

Although membership to MG Corp is limited to native title holders, MG Corp is not a native title prescribed body corporate. However MG Corp has the authority to assist MG peoples in relation to planning, management and use of traditional lands.

Town planning
Munthamar Layout Plan No.1 has been prepared in accordance with State Planning Policy 3.2 Aboriginal Settlements. Layout Plan No.1 was endorsed by the community on 16 November 2010 and the Western Australian Planning Commission on 29 September 2010. The Layout Plan map-set and background report can be viewed at Planning Western Australia's website.

References

Towns in Western Australia
Aboriginal communities in Kimberley (Western Australia)

Munthamar Community


A quota is a number that says how much or how many of something or someone is allowed or required. It comes from a Latin language word meaning "How many?" Examples include:
 Immigration quota
 Import quota
 Production quota
 Marketing quota

Latin words used in English

Quota


Edgar Ansel Mowrer (March 8, 1892 – March 2, 1977) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning American journalist and writer best known for his writings on international events.

Life and career
Born in Bloomington, Illinois to Rufus and Nellie née Scott, Mowrer graduated from the University of Michigan in 1913. From his elder brother, Paul Scott Mowrer, the editor of Chicago Daily News, Mowrer received a job and in 1914 went to France as a foreign correspondent. From there he reported on events throughout the First World War, including the Italians' defeat at the Battle of Caporetto. In 1916, he married Lilian Thomson; the two had a daughter, Diana, and would remain together until Mowrer's death 61 years later. In May 1915 he was assigned to the Rome office of the Chicago Daily News, and there he interviewed Benito Mussolini, then a Socialist, who was urging Italy to enter the war on the side of the Allies. After his marriage in London in February 1916, Mowrer returned with his wife to Italy, where he covered the battlefronts and witnessed the Italian defeat at Caporetto in 1917.

Mowrer remained a correspondent in Europe throughout the 1920s and 1930s, living in Rome for eight years until 1923, before moving to Berlin. In 1933, Mowrer won the Pulitzer Prize for Correspondence for his reporting on the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany, and was named president of the Berlin Foreign Press Association. In his dispatches from Germany he had managed to cut below the patina of normalcy to capture events that challenged the belief that Germany's transformation was democratic and natural; he was therefore a target of Nazi ire. In addition to reporting for the Chicago Daily News, Mowrer wrote a best-selling book, Germany Puts the Clock Back, published in 1933, which had angered Nazi officials to the point where Mowrer's friends believed he faced mortal danger.

The German government openly pressured him to leave the country, with Germany's ambassador to the United States notifying the State Department that because of the "people's righteous indignation" the government could no longer hope to keep Mowrer free from harm. When the Chicago Daily News learned about the threats, Frank Knox, the owner of the newspaper, offered Mowrer a position in the paper's bureau in Tokyo. Mowrer, who did not want to leave Germany, agreed to leave before covering the annual Nazi Party spectacle in Nuremberg set to begin 1 September 1933. After American diplomatic missions to Germany refused to guarantee his and his family's safety, and after a futile personal appeal to newly appointed US ambassador to Germany William Dodd, Mowrer agreed to depart immediately, in return for the release of Paul Goldmann, an elderly Jewish correspondent for the Austrian newspaper Neue Freie Presse, who was being held by the Gestapo for high treason.

A Nazi official, assigned to make sure Mowrer actually left Berlin, approached him as he was boarding the train and asked when he was coming back to Germany; Mowrer answered: "Why, when I can come back with about two million of my countrymen." Although he'd initially been given a post in Tokyo, upon leaving Berlin he went to Paris and took over as the Paris bureau chief for the Chicago Daily News, continuing to report on European affairs until France's defeat by German forces in 1940.
Upon his return to the United States Mowrer lectured for a time to American audiences, warning them of the burgeoning power of Fascism. Although he had expected to be sent to Tokyo, Mowrer was assigned in January 1934 to replace his brother as chief of the Paris bureau of the Chicago Daily News.
From this vantage the point he covered the events that led to the outbreak of World War II, and he acquired a growing distrust of plebiscites and treaties. In 1936 he covered the beginning of the civil war in Spain and visited the Soviet Union to report on the adoption of the new Soviet constitution.
Upon his return to France he witnessed the fall of the Popular Front government headed by his friend Leon Blum. He visited China for a few months in 1938 to gather material for his book The Dragon Wakes. A Report from China (Morrow, 1939) and then returned to Paris, where he remained until the fall of France in June 1940.
Assigned in August 1940 to Washington, D.C. as a correspondent for the Chicago Daily News, Mowrer collaborated with William J. Donovan on a series of articles on fifth-column activities in Europe. Several trips to the Far East in the next two years resulted in the book Global War: An Atlas of World Strategy (McClelland, 1942), which he wrote in co-operation with Marthe Rajchman.
From 1941 to 1943 he served as deputy director of the Office of Facts and Figures in the Office of War Information and broadcast news analyses from his post in Washington. In his postwar book The Nightmare of American Foreign Policy (Knopf, 1948) Mowrer criticized the foreign policy of the United States since 1918.
He expressed pessimism about the American love of the status quo and warned that the United States must choose between "world leadership and rapid decline." He advocated a voluntary federation, strong enough to keep world order by the enforcement of world law. He maintained that the United Nations, which he described as "an unfinished bridge leading nowhere," was inadequate to undertake this task.

W. Fox, writing in the New York Times (October 31, 1948), called the book "incomparably the best study of American foreign policy for this period that has yet been written." Pursuing his ideas on international organization further in Challenge and Decision:

A Program for the Times of Crisis Ahead (McGraw, 1950), Mowrer urged the United States to take the lead in forming a "peace coalition" and the ultimate federation of non-Communist countries, with the aim of weakening the "expansionist bloc." M. S. Watson noted in the Saturday Review of Literature (December 9, 1950) that Mowrer's program resembled that of the United World Federalists.
In his A Good Time to be Alive (Duell, 1959), a collection of articles he wrote for the Saturday Review, Zionist Quarterly, Western World, and the New Leader, Mowrer surveyed the impact of world affairs upon the United States.
He suggested that Soviet successes were compelling Western peoples to "pull themselves together in a real effort to survive as free men," and concluded that America's pioneer spirit was "still warm beneath the ashes of self-indulgence." Mowrer's most recent book, An End to Make-Believe (Duell, 1961), analyzes the history of the cold war and its meaning to Americans.
In it he contrasts what he calls the "fanatical ambition of international Communism with the unshakeable complacency of most Americans," and maintains that in "the sinister game of international poker forced on us by Moscow and Peiping" the West still "holds the aces" but needs "bolder, better players."

Returning to the United States, Mowrer served as the Deputy Director, first of the Office of Facts and Figures, then, after the OFF's consolidation, of the Office of War Information, from 1942 until 1943. Upon his departure, he started his column "Edgar Mowrer on World Affairs," which he later supplemented with a column entitled "What's Your Question on World Affairs?" After the Second World War, Mowrer wrote a number of books and helped organize the Americans for Democratic Action. In 1956, he took over as editor of Western World magazine, a position he held for four years. In 1969, he moved to Wonalancet, New Hampshire and wrote a column for The Union Leader until 1976.

Works

References

Further reading
Grant Duff, Shiela, The Parting of Ways: A Personal Account of the Thirties. Memoir by a British reporter who mentored under Mowrer
Kolnai, Aurel, The War Against the West, Chapter 5 - Faith And Thought

1892 births
1977 deaths
American male journalists
American expatriates in Germany
American expatriates in France
20th-century American journalists
Pulitzer Prize for Correspondence winners
University of Michigan alumni
Chicago Daily News people
Viennese interwar correspondents
People of the United States Office of War Information
American expatriates in Italy

Edgar Ansel Mowrer


Jeju National University is one of ten Flagship Korean National Universities. founded in 1952 in Jeju City, the provincial capital of Jeju, South Korea. In 2008 Cheju National University and the Jeju National University of Education merged into Jeju National University. The Naewat-dang shamanic paintings are preserved there.

History
In 1952, Cheju Provincial Junior College was founded, and became a four-year college in 1955. It became Cheju National College in 1962, with faculties of law and science. The graduate school was established in 1979, and the college received university status in 1982.

Academics
The university's diverse undergraduate offerings are divided among 12 colleges: the College of Art & Design, the College of Humanities, College of Law & Political Science, College of Economics & Commerce, College of Education, College of Applied Life Sciences, College of Ocean Science, College of Natural Sciences, College of Engineering, College of Medicine, Teachers College, and College of Veterinary Medicine. There are 6 graduate schools: Graduate School, Graduate School of Education, Graduate School of Business Administration, Graduate School of Public Administration, Graduate School of Industry, and Graduate School of Social Education. There are 3 professional graduate schools: Graduate School of Interpretation, School of Medicine, and Law School.

Sister schools
The university has academic exchange relationships with 83 universities in 16 countries. The largest number of these are Chinese and Japanese. In addition,
relationships have been established with 12 American Universities, 4 Russian Universities, France's Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University and University of Rouen, Germany's Bonn University and University of Tübingen, Canada's George Brown College England's University of Manchester, Norway's University of Oslo, Australia's University of Tasmania and School of Horticulture University of Western Sydney, Chile's Austral University of Chile, India's University of Delhi, 5 Taiwanese Universities, Vietnam's Can Tho University, Thailand's Chulalongkorn University and Burapha University, and Mongolia's National University of Mongolia and Ulaanbaatar University.

Notable people
Go Doo-shim, actress

See also
Flagship Korean National Universities
List of national universities in South Korea
List of universities and colleges in South Korea
Education in Korea

External links
Official website (Korean)
Official website (English)

Notes and references

Universities and colleges in Jeju Province
National universities and colleges in South Korea

Jeju National University