Chimaeras are cartilaginous fish in the order Chimaeriformes , known informally as ghost sharks, rat fish, spookfish, or rabbit fish; the last three names are not to be confused with rattails, Opisthoproctidae, or Siganidae, respectively.

At one time a "diverse and abundant" group (based on the fossil record), their closest living relatives are sharks and rays, though their last common ancestor with them lived nearly 400 million years ago. Living species are largely confined to deep water.

Anatomy

Chimaeras are soft-bodied, shark-like fish with bulky heads and long, tapered tails; measured from the tail, they can grow up to  in length. Like other members of the class Chondrichthyes, chimaera skeletons are entirely cartilaginous, or composed of cartilage. Their skin is smooth and relatively free of scales or unique features, lacking the keeled, tooth-like placoid scales (denticles) present on sharks and rays. However, there are still exceptions, as hatchlings retain a few rows of denticles on the back, and adult males bear denticulated sexual organs. The gill arches are condensed into a pouch-like bundle covered by a sheet of skin (an operculum), with a single gill-opening in front of the pectoral fins.

The pectoral fins are large enough to generate lift and a relaxed forward momentum, giving the chimaera the appearance of "flying" through the water. Further back on the body are also a pair of smaller pelvic fins, and some genera bear an anal fin in front of the tail. In chimaerids and rhinochimaerids, the tail is leptocercal, meaning that it is thin and whip-like, edged from above and below by fins of similar size. In callorhinchids, the tail is instead heterocercal, with a larger upper lobe inclined upwards, similar to many sharks. There are two dorsal fins: a large triangular first dorsal fin and a low rectangular or depressed second dorsal fin. For defense, some chimaeras have a venomous spine on the front edge of the dorsal fin.

In many species, the bulbous snout is modified into an elongated sensory organ, capable of electroreception to find prey. The cartilaginous skull is holostylic, meaning that the palatoquadrate (upper jaw cartilage) is completely fused to the neurocranium (cranial cartilage). This contrasts with modern sharks, where the palatoquadrate is movable and detachable, a trait known as hyostyly. The back of the head is supported by a complex of fused vertebrae called the synarcual, which also connects to the dorsal fin spine.

Instead of sharks' many sharp, consistently-replaced teeth, chimaeras have just six large, permanent tooth-plates, which grow continuously throughout their entire life. These tooth-plates are arranged in three pairs, with one pair at the tip of the lower jaws and two pairs along the upper jaws. They together form a protruding, beak-like crushing and grinding mechanism, comparable to the incisor teeth of rodents and lagomorphs (hence the name "rabbit fish"). Chimaera teeth are unique among vertebrates, due to their mode of mineralization. Most of each plate is formed by relatively soft osteodentin, but the active edges are supplemented by a unique hypermineralized tissue called pleromin. Pleromin is an extremely hard enamel-like tissue, arranged into sheets or beaded rods, but it is deposited by mesenchyme-derived cells similar to those that form bone. In addition, pleuromin's hardness is due to the mineral whitlockite, which crystalizes within the teeth as the animal matures. Other vertebrates with hypermineralized teeth rely on enamel, which is derived from ameloblasts and encases round crystals of the mineral apatite.

Chimaeras also differ from sharks in that they have separate anal and urogenital openings.

Behavior
Chimaeras live in temperate ocean floors down to  deep, with few occurring at depths shallower than . Exceptions include the members of the genus Callorhinchus, the rabbit fish and the spotted ratfish, which locally or periodically can be found at shallower depths. Consequently, these are also among the few species from the chimaera order kept in public aquaria. They live in all the oceans except for the Arctic and Antarctic oceans.

Diet
The usual diet of chimaeras consist of crustaceans, and more specifically, they include ophiurans and molluscs. Modern species are demersal durophages, but they used to be more diverse. The Carboniferous period had forms that lived as specialized suction feeders in the water column.

Reproduction
Chimaera reproduction resembles that of sharks in some ways: males employ claspers for internal fertilization of females and females lay eggs within spindle-shaped, leathery egg cases.

Unlike sharks, male chimaeras have retractable sexual appendages (known as tentacula) to assist mating. The frontal tentaculum, a bulbous rod which extends out of the forehead, is used to clutch the females' pectoral fins during mating. The prepelvic tentacula are serrated hooked plates normally hidden in pouches in front of the pelvic fins, and they anchor the male to the female. Lastly, the pelvic claspers (sexual organs shared by sharks) are fused together by a cartilaginous sheathe before splitting into a pair of flattened lobes at their tip.

Parasites
As other fish, chimaeras have a number of parasites. Chimaericola leptogaster (Chimaericolidae) is a monogenean parasite of the gills of Chimaera monstrosa; the species can attain  in length.

Conservation and threats
Despite their secluded habits, some chimaera species may be threatened by overfishing through bycatch or commercial exploitation. No species are listed as Endangered according to the IUCN, but four are listed as Vulnerable, four more as Near Threatened, and many more as Data Deficient (too rare to evaluate). Many species have restricted ranges and practically none have had their movement patterns studied. In addition, bycatch reports are usually insufficiently precise to the species or even genus level, so it is difficult to keep track of bycatch on a species-by-species basis. This lack of data renders chimaera species especially susceptible to overlooked population declines.

Several near-shore species are purposefully caught for their meat, especially callorhinchids, Hydrolagus bemisi (pale ghost shark), and Hydrolagus novaezealandiae (dark ghost shark). Modern quotas have helped to moderate collection of these species to a sustainable level, though Callorhinchus milii (the Australian ghostshark) experienced severe overfishing in the 20th century before protections were enacted. Neoharriotta pinnata (sicklefin chimaera) is targeted along the coast of India for its liver oil, and a recent decline of catch rates may indicate a population crash. Even species without commercial exploitation can fall victim to bycatch: Callorhinchus callorynchus (American elephantfish), Neoharriotta carri (dwarf sicklefin chimaera), Chimaera monstrosa (rabbit fish), Chimaera ogilbyi (Ogilby's ghostshark), Hydrolagus colliei (spotted ratfish), and Hydrolagus melanophasma (eastern Pacific black ghostshark) all have bycatch rates exceeding 10% in certain parts of their range, and some are experiencing steep declines. Chimaeras have mostly avoided harvesting for the fin trade, which threatens many true sharks.

Another threat is habitat destruction of coastal nurseries (by urban development) or deepwater reefs (by deep sea mining and trawling). Near-shore species such as Callorhinchus milii are vulnerable to the effects of climate change: stronger storms and warmer seawater are predicted to increase egg mortality by disrupting the stable environments necessary to complete incubation.

Classification

In some classifications, the chimaeras are included (as subclass Holocephali) in the class Chondrichthyes of cartilaginous fishes; in other systems, this distinction may be raised to the level of class. Chimaeras also have some characteristics of bony fishes.

A renewed effort to explore deep water and to undertake taxonomic analysis of specimens in museum collections led to a boom during the first decade of the 21st century in the number of new species identified. A preliminary study found 8% of species to be threatened. There are over 50 extant species in six genera and three families, with other genera known from fossils. The extant species fall into three families—the Callorhinchidae, Rhinochimaeridae and Chimaeridae with the callorhinchids being the most basal clade.

Suborder Chimaeroidei Patterson 1965
Family Callorhinchidae Garman, 1901
 Genus Callorhinchus Lacépède, 1798 (3 extant species) Mid-Cretaceous–recent
 Family Chimaeridae Bonaparte, 1831
 Genus Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758 (16 species) Eocene–recent
 Genus Hydrolagus Gill, 1863 (26 species) Miocene–recent
 Family Rhinochimaeridae Garman, 1901
 Genus Harriotta Goode & Bean, 1895 (2 species)
 Genus Neoharriotta Bigelow & Schroeder, 1950 (3 species)
 Genus Rhinochimaera Garman, 1901 (3 species)

Evolution
Tracing the evolution of these species has been problematic given the paucity of good fossils. DNA sequencing has become the preferred approach to understanding speciation.

The group containing chimaeras and their close relatives (Holocephali) is thought to have originated about 420 million years ago during the Silurian. The oldest known Chimaeriform is Protochimaera from the Early Carboniferous (338-332 million years ago) of Russia, which is more closely related to modern chimeras (Chimaeroidei) than any other known extinct groups of Chimaeriformes. The earliest known remains attributable to modern chimaeras are known from the Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian) of Europe, but egg cases from the Late Triassic of Yakutia, Russia and New Zealand that resemble those of rhinochimaerids and callorhinchids respectively indicates that they had a global distribution prior to the end of the Triassic. Unlike modern chimaeras, Mesozoic representatives are often found in shallow water settings.

Extinct chimaeriforms include:

†Genus Echinochimaera Lund, 1977 United States, Lower Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)
†Genus Protochimaera Lebedev & Popov in Lebedev et al., 2021 Moscow Region, Russia, Lower Carboniferous (Viséan–Serpukhovian)
†Genus Squaloraja Europe, Early Jurassic (Hettangian–Sinemurian)
 †Suborder Myriacanthoidei Patterson 1965 (Late Triassic–Late Jurassic)
 †Family Chimaeropsidae
 †Chimaeropsis Zittel 1887 Belgium, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian)
 †Family Myriacanthidae Woodward 1889
 †Acanthorhina Fraas 1910 Posidonia Shale Formation, Germany, Early Jurassic (Toarcian)
 †Agkistracanthus Duffin and Furrer 1981 Austria, England and Switzerland, Late Triassic–Early Jurassic (Rhaetian–Sinemurian)
 †Alethodontus Duffin 1983 Germany, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian)
 †Halonodon Duffin 1984 Belgium and Luxembourg, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian)
 †Metopacanthus Zittel 1887 Posidonia Shale Formation, Germany, Early Jurassic (Toarcian)
 †Oblidens Duffin and Milàn 2017 Hasle Formation, Denmark, Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian)
 †Myriacanthus Agassiz 1837 United Kingdom, Late Triassic-Early Jurassic (Rhaetian–Sinemurian)
 †Recurvacanthus Duffin 1981 United Kingdom, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian)
 Suborder Chimaeroidei Patterson 1965
†Eomanodon Ward and Duffin 1989 United Kingdom, Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian)
Family Callorhinchidae Garman, 1901
 †Brachymylus A. S. Woodward 1894 Germany, Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian)
†Bathytheristes Duffin 1995 Posidonia Shale Formation, Germany, Early Jurassic (Toarcian)
†Ottangodus Popov, Delsate & Felten, 2019 France, Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)
†Moskovirhynchus Russia, Upper Jurassic
†Pachymylus United Kingdom, France, Middle Jurassic
Family †"Edaphodontidae"
†Ischyodus (40 species) Worldwide, Middle Jurassic–Miocene (also placed in Callorhinchidae)
†Elasmodectes Europe, Jurassic–Cretaceous
†Elasmodus Worldwide, Cretaceous–Paleogene
†Edaphodon Worldwide, Cretaceous–Neogene
†Ptyktoptychion Australia, Early Cretaceous
†Lebediodon Europe, Cretaceous
 Family Chimaeridae Bonaparte, 1831
 †Canadodus Popov, Johns & Suntok, 2020 Sooke Formation, Canada, Oligocene
 Family Rhinochimaeridae Garman, 1901
 †Amylodon Europe, Late Cretaceous–Oligocene

See also

 List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish
 List of chimaeras
 Acanthothoraci
 Ptyctodontida

References

Extant Early Devonian first appearances

Chimaera


Patheon is a service brand within Thermo Fisher Scientific's brand portfolio. Contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO) services offered under the Patheon brand include small molecule API, biologics, viral vectors, cGMP plasmids, formulation, clinical trials solutions, logistics and commercial manufacturing and packaging. In 2017, Patheon was acquired by Thermo Fisher Scientific to form its Pharma Services business.

History
Patheon was founded in Fort Erie, Ontario in 1974 as Custom Pharmaceuticals Ltd. In 1990, it began to expand to US markets. Custom Pharmaceuticals changed its name to Patheon in 1993 and was first publicly traded that year on the Toronto Stock Exchange.

In 2004, Patheon acquired MOVA, a drug manufacturer based in Puerto Rico, US. The deal proved unprofitable, and in 2007, the New York equity firm JLL Partners provided Patheon $150 million to restructure. Two years later, after a failed takeover bid by Lonza Group, JLL Partners bought a controlling interest in the company.

In December 2012, Patheon acquired Banner Pharmacaps, a drug manufacturer specializing in softgels, for $255 million. (Patheon changed the company's name the following year to "Banner Life Sciences"). In a $2.6 billion deal, Patheon merged with the pharmaceutical division of Royal DSM NV in 2014 to become a joint venture after JLL Partners bought a controlling stake in the latter as well, adding significantly to Patheon's European production capacity.

In 2015, Patheon acquired Agere Pharmaceuticals, an Oregon company specializing in drug solubility, and IRIX, a maker of specialist Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in South Carolina, the latter for $162.78 million.

On August 29, 2017, Thermo Fisher Scientific completed its acquisition of Patheon for $7.2 billion.

Dosage Forms, Products
Patheon does not own any of the licenses of the products it manufactures and is often listed as the manufacturer on packaging, with the product license holder's brand name, product name and corporate identity being used. Clients include such pharmaceutical brands as Merck & Co, Novartis, Takeda and Sanofi Aventis, with biotechnology customers including Amgen and Avanir Pharmaceuticals. As of 2016, Patheon had manufactured or developed more than 800 products.

In 2016, Patheon's manufacturing sites included sites in Canada, the continental US, Puerto Rico, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, Japan, and Australia.

Patheon manufactures products in various dosage forms including oral solids (tablets, capsules) and injectable sterile products (vials, ampoules, pre-filled syringes containing liquids, powders and lyophilisates).

References

External links
Patheon home page

Pharmaceutical companies established in 1974
Pharmaceutical companies of the Netherlands
Companies based in Amsterdam
Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange
2016 initial public offerings
1974 establishments in Ontario
2017 mergers and acquisitions

Patheon


Elland Road is a football stadium in Leeds, Beeston, West Yorkshire, England. It has been home to Premier League club Leeds United since the club's inception in 1919. The stadium is the 14th largest football stadium in England.

Sports history
The venue has served as a neutral venue for the FA Cup semi-finals and England international fixtures. It has been selected as one of eight venues for the UEFA Euro 96 European Cups. It was used by Rugby Union club Hunslet in the mid-1980s. It hosted two matches of the 2015 Rugby World Cup.

Capacity
It has four stands - Don Revie (North), Jack Charlton (East), Norman Hunter (South) and John Charles (West) - with a capacity of 37,792.

The FA Cup fifth-round replay against Sunderland on 15 March 1967 set a record attendance of 57,892. This was before the stadium became an all-seater venue under the Taylor Report. This is the modern record for a Premier League game against Newcastle United on 22 December 2001 was 40,287.

There are plans to increase its capacity to 50,000 by demolishing the West Stand and rebuilding the area.

Concerts
The stadium has hosted concerts by Queen, U2, Happy Mondays and the Kaiser Chiefs.

Football stadiums in England
Buildings and structures in Leeds

Elland Road


The Mediterranean Region is a geographical region of Turkey. The largest city in the region is Antalya. Other big cities are Adana, Mersin and Kahramanmaraş.

It is next to the Aegean Region to the west, the Central Anatolia Region to the north, the Eastern Anatolia Region to the northeast, the Southeastern Anatolia Region to the east, Syria to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south.

Mediterranean Region, Turkey


The Second Battle of Taku Forts () was a failed Anglo-French attempt to seize the Taku Forts along the Hai River in Tianjin, China, in June 1859 during the Second Opium War. A chartered American steamship arrived on scene and assisted the French and British in their attempted suppression of the forts.

Background
After the First Battle of Taku Forts in 1858, the Xianfeng Emperor appointed the Mongol general Sengge Rinchen to take charge of coastal defense. Sengge Rinchen hailed from a rich lineage - the 26th generation descendant of Qasar, a brother of Genghis Khan. He took to this task with ardor, repairing and improving the coastal defenses in preparation for the British arrival.

A second, stronger boom was constructed across the river to further restrict the movement of British ships. This second boom was made of full-sized tree trunks, connected with heavy chains. Two rows of ditches were dug in front of the forts' walls, filled with water and mud, and an abatis of iron spikes placed immediately behind it.  Finally, Sengge Rinchen ensured the Chinese defenders and their cannon were trained and equipped to resist the coming British ships and their landing parties.

Battle

On the morning of June 25, 1859, the British could see that the Chinese fort's defenses were somewhat improved from the previous year. However, there did not appear to be many defenders, they did not see the flags and gongs that might indicating an impending battle, and the portholes for the guns were covered in matting. Local informants indicated to them that the fort was manned only by a skeleton crew. Even when, as an experiment, they cut through the first boom, they encountered no resistance.

The British then attempted to ram the second boom with their admiral's ship, Plover,  as they had successfully done the year before. This time, though, the heavy boom stopped the British gunship cold. As the advance of the British fleet stalled, the matting was removed from the portholes, revealing the fort's defenders, and the fort's guns opened fire.
"On the Admiral's reaching the first barrier the forts suddenly swarmed with men, and a terrible
fire from very heavy guns was opened... from all the forts." - American Commodore Josiah Tattnall

The first salvo decapitated the Plover'''s bow gunner. Under heavy fire from the fort, her hull eventually burst, sinking the ship into the mud and killing all of the crew but one. The rest of the British fleet was similarly devastated—two ships were forced to run aground, and two others were sunk in the river by the fort's cannon. Others attempted to retreat as the fort's smaller guns picked off their officers and men from the shore.

That evening, when the rate of fire from the Chinese guns finally slackened, the British determined to bring up their reserve forces and launch landing parties for a direct assault. The strength of the Hai River's flow required a ship to tow the infantry boats, as otherwise the soldiers would exhaust themselves with rowing before reaching land. Commodore Josiah Tattnall III, commanding the chartered steamship Toey-Wan which was also attempting to navigate past the forts, decided to assist and towed several loaded boats upstream into the battle. This act of military assistance was arguably a violation of the official neutrality between the United States and China.

The landing had been delayed for so long that British landing parties were forced to come ashore at low tide, hundreds of meters from the Chinese fort's walls. There, the British marines slipped and stuck in the muddy riverbanks, where they were shot to pieces by Chinese gunners. Those British who were able to make it to the trenches found them filled with a mixture of mud and water too thin to walk on and too thick to swim through,  soaking their ammunition and further exposing them to fire. As night fell, those who were finally able to reach the fort's walls found themselves trapped under the fort's walls, as the defenders dangled sizzling fireworks on long poles over the edge of the wall to illuminate them to the archers above.

One boat managed to gather a handful of the wounded, but it was struck by a well-aimed cannon shot. It broke in half and sank, drowning all on board.

By sunrise the next morning, over four hundred British were dead or wounded, including twenty-nine officers. Chinese casualties were reported to be minimal.

Aftermath
An American interpreter and missionary named Samuel Wells Williams wrote that this was possibly the worst defeat the British had suffered since the 1842 retreat from Kabul. One of the battle's survivors declared he would rather relive the 1854 Battle of Balaclava, with its disastrous charge of the Light Brigade, three times rather than experience what they'd just suffered at the hands of Sengge Rinchen at the Taku forts.

Sengge Rinchen rejoiced in his well-earned victory, writing to the Emperor that while the British and their allies might return with more ships, with one or two more victories "the pride and vainglory of the barbarians, already under severe trial, will immediately disappear."

The Emperor was cautious, stating that the foreigners "may harbor secret designs and hide themselves around nearby islands, waiting for the arrival of more soldiers and ships for a surprise attack in the night or in a storm."

The battle not only was a loss for the British, it caused them to have to assemble another massive fleet of 18,000 troops which fought in the Third Battle of Taku Forts. The battle also delayed the next British attack for 13 months, which extended the war for another year.

References
Bartlett, Beatrice S. Monarchs and Ministers: The Grand Council in Mid-Ch'ing China, 1723–1820. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991.
Ebrey, Patricia. Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993.
Elliott, Mark C. "The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies." Journal of Asian Studies 59 (2000): 603-46.
Faure, David. Emperor and Ancestor: State and Lineage in South China.'' 2007.

Notes

Taku Forts (1859)
Taku Forts (1859)
Taku Forts (1859)
Taku Forts 2
Taku Forts
Conflicts in 1859
1859 in China
June 1859 events

Battle of Taku Forts (1859)


CanalDigitaal is a provider of digital television via satellite for the Dutch market, using the Astra satellites at 23.5° east.

Initially customers were mainly Dutch citizens in the countryside who did not have cable access. But in the meantime the company also managed to expand into the cities. This is sometimes complicated in the Netherlands due to local building codes restricting the placement of satellite dishes. The company now also actively markets its products to countries outside the Netherlands and it is no longer necessary to have a Dutch address or bank account to take out a subscription.

CanalDigitaal is owned by the Luxembourg M7 Group (Canal+ Luxembourg s.a.r.l.), also owner of the Belgian TV Vlaanderen Digitaal and TéléSAT Numérique, the Austrian HD Austria, the Czech/Slovak Skylink. Since September 2019, M7 Group is owned by Vivendi's Groupe Canal+.

Smartcard
Unlike many German and British broadcasters, the Dutch public and commercial broadcasts are not freely available via satellite. To receive the Dutch broadcasts a smartcard is required to decrypt the Mediaguard signal. CanalDigitaal has recently switched from Mediaguard 2 to Mediaguard 3.

A standard DVB-S or DVB-S2 receiver is used, which can also receive other free-to-air broadcasts.

In 2017, Canal Digitaal went hybrid with a combined satellite and IPTV offer. The company is now working with several IPTV partners, including M7's online.nl service.

Fastscan channel list
The CanalDigitaal Fastscan lists all channels carried on the CanalDigitaal platform and almost all free-to-air channels on the 19.2° east, 23.5° east and 28.2° east satellites. Many channels are free, others are available only with a subscription.

See also
 Television in the Netherlands
 Digital television in the Netherlands

References

External links
CanalDigitaal
List of channels on CanalDigitaal
official SES website
SES fleet information and map
Update CanalDigitaal Free to Air channels

Direct broadcast satellite services
Private equity portfolio companies
Providence Equity Partners companies
M7 Group

Canal Digitaal


Mary (White) Rowlandson, later Mary Talcott (c. 1637January 5, 1711) was a colonial American woman. She was captured by Indians during King Philip's War. She was held in captivity for three months before being ransomed. Six years after her ordeal, she wrote The Sovereignty and Goodness of God: Being a Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson. It was published in 1682. This text is considered an American leader in the literary genre of captivity narratives. It went through four printings in 1682. It was widely read in colonial New England and in England. It is considered the first American "bestseller."

Early years
Mary White was born about 1637 in Somersetshire, England. The family left England sometime before 1650. They settled at Salem in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1653, they moved to Lancaster, Massachusetts. Lancaster was on the Massachusetts frontier. She married Reverend Joseph Rowlandson there in 1656. They had four children between 1658 and 1669. Their first daughter died young.

Indian attack

At sunrise in February 1676 during King Philip's War, Lancaster was attacked by Narragansett, Wampanoag and Nipmuc Indians. They killed 13 people. At least 24 were taken captive. Many of the captives were injured. Rowlandson and her three children, Joseph, Mary, and Sarah, were among those taken in the raid. Rowlandson's 6-year-old daughter, Sarah, died from her wounds after a week of captivity. For nearly three months, Rowlandson and her children were forced to stay with the Indians. The Indians travelled through the wilderness to carry out other raids. They also wanted to hide from the English militia. Rowlandson suffered very much. She described her sufferings in great detail in her book.

Ransom and later life
On May 2, 1676, Rowlandson was ransomed for £20. The money was raised by the women of Boston. In 1677, Reverend Rowlandson moved his family to Wethersfield, Connecticut. He became pastor in April of that year. He died in Wethersfield in November 1678. Church officials gave his widow a pension of £30 per year. Rowlandson and her children moved to Boston. On August 6, 1679, Rowlandson married Captain Samuel Talcott and took his last name. She died on January 5, 1711. Rowlandson is thought to have written the story of her captivity in Boston. The original manuscript has not survived. It was published both in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and in London in 1682.

References

Other websites
 Mary Rowlandson - Captive in 1675/76
 "Soveraignty and Goodness of God"

American frontiersmen and women
1630s births
1711 deaths

Mary Rowlandson


Cooliris (for Desktop), formerly known as PicLens, was a web browser extension developed by Cooliris, Inc, and later acquired by Yahoo. The plugin provides an interactive 3D-like experience for viewing digital images and videos from the web and from desktop applications. The software places a small icon atop image thumbnails that appear on a webpage. Clicking on the icon loads the Cooliris 3D Wall, a browsing environment that gives the user the effect of flying through a three-dimensional space.

Released to the public in January 2008, The New York Times described Cooliris as the "new immersive approach to Web navigation". Cooliris went out to win the 2008 Crunchies Award for Best Design. The plugin has received over 50 million downloads.

As of May 2014 browser plugins are unavailable from the official website. There are only links to tablet apps - for iOS and Android.

References

External links

Graphics software
Web development software
Discontinued Mozilla plug-ins

Cooliris (plugin)


Deltuva is a small town in Ukmergė district, Vilnius County, Lithuania. It is located 6 km north-west of Ukmergė, near the road to Kėdainiai. It has about 500 inhabitants.

Its alternate names include Deltuvos, Dziewałtów (Polish), Konstantinovo, and Develtov (Yiddish).

In the 12–13th centuries Deltuva was a center of a tribal duchy, which embraced the modern lands of Deltuva, Ukmergė, Kavarskas, Anykščiai, Kurkliai, Utena, Molėtai, Dubingiai, Giedraičiai, Videniškės, Balninkai and Šešuoliai. The Duchy of Deltuva was first mentioned in 1219 in Lithuania's treaty with Halych-Volhynia. Teutonic Knights mention Land of Deltuva (Dewilto[w]) in description of roads of Lithuania in 1385. In 1444 a Catholic church was built in Deltuva.

In the 15th century Deltuva belonged to Valimantaičiai family, later – to their successors Kęsgailos and from 16th century – to Radziwiłł. Marcjan Aleksander Ogiński acquired the town in 1681. In 1752 the Holy Trinity Church was built.

In the 19th century the Tyszkiewicz family were the owners of Deltuva. In 1867 Deltuva was renamed to "Konstantinovo" after Konstantin Petrovich Von Kaufman, tsarist official and Governor of Vilna. The old name "Deltuva" was returned to the city in 1914.

References
 A. Semaška (2004). Pasižvalgymai po Lietuvą. 586-587 p.

Footnotes

External links
Maps of Deltuva

Towns in Lithuania
Towns in Vilnius County
Vilkomirsky Uyezd
Ukmergė District Municipality

Deltuva


PCLinuxOS is a Linux operating system. It is a free operating system for personal computers. It was made to be easy to use.

History

The start of PCLinuxOS was a set of RPM packages created to improve successive versions of Mandrake Linux (now Mandriva Linux). These packages were created by Bill Reynolds, a packager better known as Texstar.  From the year 2000 to 2003, Texstar maintained his repository of RPM packages in parallel with the PCLinuxOnline  Web site. In an interview, Reynolds said he started PCLinuxOS "to provide an outlet for [his] crazy desire to package source code without having to deal with egos, arrogance and politics."

In 2003 Texstar created a fork of Mandrake Linux 9.2 (which was released in October 2003). Working closely with The Live CD Project, Texstar has since developed that fork independently into a full-fledged distribution. The initial releases were successively numbered as "previews" i.e. p5, p7, p8 up to p81a, then p9, p91, p92.

In August 2006 three new CDs/ISOs, numbered 0.93a, were released: MiniMe, Junior and Big Daddy. At the same time, the original packages that make up the KDE desktop environment have been split into smaller ones, while some less essential portions of KDE have been omitted from the CD. As a result, Texstar was able to fit the OpenOffice.org package into the BigDaddy release. MiniMe remains a minimal "Live & Install" CD for experienced users wishing to add their own selection of packages, while Junior adds a few essential desktop-oriented packages, meeting the user somewhere between the two other releases.  PCLinuxOS 2008 "MiniMe" edition, was released on 2008-01-07.

With the advent of PCLinuxOS 2007, also known as .94, PCLinuxOS became rebased on Mandriva Linux 2007. This implied a shift to a more modern code which will require a complete reinstall to this version. The new version features a new look, and built-in 3D effects. Both Beryl and Compiz come pre-installed, and can be configured with the PCLOS Control Center. A new logo has also been designed for the new version, and is incorporated in the boot screen. A new login screen has been designed, entitled "Dark". PCLinuxOS 2007 final version was released on 2007-05-21.

GNOME edition
PCLinuxOS Gnome 2008, a remastered, community edition of PCLinuxOS featuring the GNOME 2.21.2 desktop (and sporting a look similar to Microsoft's Windows Vista), was released on March 21, 2008, and is currently hosted at  linuxgator.org .

Features
PCLinuxOS is distributed as a Live CD, which can also be installed to a local hard disk drive. When used as a Live CD, it can work with a USB flash drive, where the user's configuration and personal data are saved.  The entire CD can be copied to and run from memory (if the system has sufficient RAM) increasing speed. PCLinuxOS uses the Advanced Packaging Tool (or APT), a package management system (originally from the Debian distribution), together with Synaptic Package Manager, a GUI front end to APT, in order to add, remove or update packages. If there is enough memory on the machine and a network connection, the Live CD can update packages.
PCLinuxOS is also designed to be easy to remaster after installation, creating one's own personalized CD, using the mklivecd tool.

Relationship with Mandriva Linux

Although it retains a similar "look and feel" to Mandriva Linux, PCLinuxOS has diverged significantly. The code was officially forked into an independent project in 2003, but after three years of contiguous development, the devs took advantage of further development in (the renamed) Mandriva, and forked the code again for PCLinuxOS 2007.

PCLinuxOS maintains its own software repository, available via the Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) and its Synaptic front-end, completely replacing Mandriva's urpmi. PCLinuxOS endeavors to maintain a fully valid upgrade path for version 1.0. This means that an installation could be continuously updated to the latest versions of packages, hence foregoing the need to re-install the entire distribution upon each successive release.  In the test releases before 1.0, it has sometimes been necessary to perform a reinstallation.

Other differences include its own menu arrangement and custom graphics and icon sets.

PCLinuxOS places specific emphasis on desktop computing, concentrating its efforts for home or small business environments, hence paying less attention to other more "traditional" uses, like servers (although packages for most server tasks are available).

Projects
There are several community projects associated with PCLinuxOS. Since PCLOS includes the mklivecd script, there are several third-party distributions based on PCLOS. Some include:
 Small Business Edition
 VideoLinux
 SAM Linux
 CAE Linux
 PCLinuxOS Digital Photography Edition

The PCLinuxOS Magazine project is a community driven free publication focused on the users of PCLinuxOS by MyPCLinuxOS.com. This online publication was started in September 2006 by a group of PCLOS users with some publication experience. All content for the publication is solicited from the PCLOS user base.

The PCLinuxOS beautification project  encourages and hosts user submitted media for visual aspects of PCLinuxos.

All the above projects are tracked and have forums on the larger MyPCLinuxOS , whose stated purpose is to be "the home site of all community projects related to PCLinuxOS", and offers help and support "whether you're looking to start a project,[or] join a project"

Related pages
List of Linux distributions

References

Other websites
 PCLinuxOS website

Linux distributions
Live CD

PCLinuxOS


Concepcion ( ) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Duval County, Texas, United States. The population was 62 at the 2010 census.

Geography
Concepcion is located in southeastern Duval County at  (27.394906, -98.356171). It is  southwest of San Diego, the county seat.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all of it land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 61 people, 26 households, and 17 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 35 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 78.69% White, 21.31% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 100.00% of the population.

There were 26 households, out of which 3.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.6% were non-families. 34.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 26.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 8.2% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 18.0% from 25 to 44, 31.1% from 45 to 64, and 32.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 58 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $40,208, and the median income for a family was $41,042. Males had a median income of $18,750 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $10,286. None of the population or families were below the poverty line.

Concepcion TX is home to the oldest Catholic church in South Texas, a small chapel built in 1866 and renovated in 1947.  The town is known by the Spanish nickname "La Chona," which means "the village."  Several other places in Mexico and California also share this nickname.

Education
Concepcion is served by the Benavides Independent School District.

References

Census-designated places in Duval County, Texas
Census-designated places in Texas
Unincorporated communities in Duval County, Texas
Unincorporated communities in Texas

Concepcion, Texas


Men in Black is a 1997 American supernatural action comedy movie. It is set in New York City and stars Will Smith and Tommy Lee Jones.

In the story, a New York police officer, James Edwards, is persuaded to join a very secret organisation known as Men In Black. The name comes from the black clothes they wear. He is given the new name Agent J and works with Agent K. The organisation is intended to monitor the many alien beings that live on Earth - mainly in New York - disguised as normal humans.

One day, a flying saucer crashes into Earth. The 'Bug' that it contains is a powerful alien that takes the body of a human. It is searching for an energy source called "The Galaxy".  Agents J and K must stop the bug before it can escape. This they manage to do. At the end of the film, Agent K decides that he doesn't want to do this work anymore, and is treated by Agent J so that he won't remember the work he used to do.

The movie made over $500 million worldwide in total.

It was followed by sequels Men in Black II and Men in Black 3.

Cast
 Tommy Lee Jones as Kevin Brown / Agent "K"
 Will Smith as James Edwards / Agent "J"
 Linda Fiorentino as Dr. Laurel Weaver / Agent "L"
 Vincent D'Onofrio as Edgar the Bug
 Rip Torn as Chief Zed
 Tony Shalhoub as Jack Jeebs
 Tim Blaney as Frank the Pug
 Mark Setrakian as a Rosenberg alien
Brad Abrell as a worm guy
Thom Fountain as a worm guy
Carl J. Johnson as a worm guy
Drew Massey as a worm guy
Fred Newman as various other aliens
Additional voice artists are:Tress MacNeille,Tom Kenny, Greg Baldwin, Mithcell Whitfield, Kevin Michael Richardson, Fred Tatasciore, Jim Cummings, Phil LaMarr, Billy West, Tara Strong, Jennifer Hale, Grey Griffin, Jeff Bennett, Jess Harnell, Dee Bradley Baker, Kim Mai Guest, Chris Edgerly and Paul Michael Robinson.

Other websites

1997 action movies
1997 comedy movies
1997 science fiction movies
American action movies
American comedy movies
American science fiction movies
Columbia Pictures movies
Comedy science fiction movies
English-language movies
Men in Black
Movies composed by Danny Elfman
Movies directed by Barry Sonnenfeld
Movies set in New York City
Movies that won the Best Makeup Academy Award

Men in Black (movie)


KBCO (97.3 FM) is a radio station in Boulder, Colorado. It serves Boulder, the Denver metropolitan area, and Northern Colorado. Owned by iHeartMedia, it broadcasts an adult album alternative (AAA) format.

Its studios are located alongside its sister stations in southeast Denver, while its transmitter is located southwest of Eldorado Springs.

History
In 1955, the station first signed on as KRNW.  It was owned by Robert Wilkenson and broadcast with an effective radiated power of 2,000 watts, a fraction of its current output. The studios were located at 1305 Spruce Street in downtown Boulder.

The current format on the station was derived in part from another Boulder station, KADE 1190 AM (now KVCU).  KADE was a solar-powered daytimer station, which signed on and off the air in conjunction with the rising and setting of the sun. KADE was purchased in 1975 by Bob Greenlee. Two years later, Greenlee also purchased KRNW, which then became KBCO-FM. The original studio was located in an office complex at 1900 Folsom Street in Boulder. The station's original transmitter was located on a tower atop Lee Hill.  Bob Greenlee worked with consulting engineers and petitioned the Federal Communications Commission to boost KBCO's power.

The original format was co-designed by Dennis Constantine and Randy Morrison (formerly of KBPI Denver and WLS-FM/WDAI Chicago; he had also designed the format for KADE). At launch, the airstaff included Dennis Constantine, the station's original program director, in the mornings; Bob Lynch overnight, Music Director Judy McNutt and production director Richard Ray. Jon Steele hosted 6-10 in the evenings.

The freedom allowed to the DJs in the early days sparked a high level of creativity. The station produced an award-winning series of yearly broadcasts, collectively known as "Intervention Day: Planet Earth's Premier Holiday." Intervention Day broadcasts were set in the future and celebrated the day the Inter-Galactic Community intervened to prevent Earth's leaders from destroying the planet. Celebrations were marked by music from the time prior intervention day. The broadcasts won the 1987 International Radio Festival of New York "Grand Award for Best Entertainment Program of the Year". Worldwide competition included ABC, National Public Radio, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and the BBC.

In 1982, KBCO was the first station in Colorado to play music from CDs.  In a partnership with local audio retailer Listen Up, CDs and playback equipment were shipped in from Japan.

Greenlee moved KADE and KBCO to a state-of-the-art studio complex at 4801 Riverbend Road in East Boulder and then sold the stations to Noble Broadcasting in 1987. During this time of KBCO's history, deejays selected the songs to play on their own shows from a broad music library.

In 1988, KBCO Studio C was created by Production Director Tom Koetting with a performance by Melissa Etheridge in a small cramped production studio. The studio was later upgraded, and many artists in Colorado for a concert tour or promotion tour would stop by to play live on the radio. The station releases a CD every year in late November with the best or most memorable Studio C performances. The CDs, titled KBCO Studio C followed by the volume number, sell out quickly and all proceeds from the album are donated to the Boulder County AIDS Project and Food Bank of the Rockies. Two retrospective CDs have been released combining the best of the previous CDs and several unreleased songs.

KBCO has occasionally been rated #1 in the Denver-Boulder Arbitron ratings with overall listeners 12+, the first time in 1988.  KBCO is often rated #1 with its target audience 25 to 54-year-olds.  In 1996, the station was sold to Jacor Communications (a forerunner of current owner iHeartMedia).  The sale resulted in a tightening of the format.  KBCO DJs no longer have control over what they play except during special features.  The playlist is chosen by the station's programming staff.

In 2010, KBCO moved from its home at Pearl and Folsom in Boulder to the Clear Channel studios - now iHeartRadio - on S. Monaco in the Denver Tech Center shared with stations KOA, KBPI, KRFX, KPTT and KTCL.

KBCO carries the noncommercial show Etown every Sunday. The show, hosted by Nick and Helen Forster, originates from Boulder and features live performances and an emphasis on environmental issues.

Current DJs include Bret Saunders, Keefer and Robbyn Hart. Mid-day host and music director Ginger, a 34-year KBCO veteran retired at the end of 2022, but may occasionally make a guest appearance.

HD radio
In 2005, KBCO received an experimental permit from the FCC and became the first FM radio station in the state of Colorado to implement "Multicasting."  It airs two subchannels using the Ibquity Digital HD system.  The station debuted an HD2 sub-channel playing only songs recorded in KBCO's "Studio C." The Studio C Channel is also available on KBCO's web site, along with the New Music Channel, an Internet channel playing all new releases.

KBCO's HD3 subchannel carried the news/talk programming of co-owned AM 850 KOA, with two translator stations fed by it:  94.1 K231AA in Boulder and 94.1 K231BQ in Golden.

On June 26, 2019, KBCO-HD3 flipped to iHeart's "Pride Radio" format of Top 40/Dance music targeting the LGBTQ community. This marks the second such format to air in Denver, the other being Entercom's "Channel Q" network airing on KALC-HD2.

References

External links

FCC history cards for KBCO
Daily Camera Article About 2008 CD Sales
Daily Camera Jan. 2010 article: KBCO to leave Boulder for new studio in Denver Tech Center

Adult album alternative radio stations in the United States
BCO
Radio stations established in 1955
1955 establishments in Colorado
IHeartMedia radio stations

KBCO


The Mermaids (also known as Drowned Maidens, Russian: Русалки ) is an 1871 oil on canvas by the Russian artist Ivan Kramskoi. It depicts nineteen rusalki, who,  according to Slavic mythology, were river or lake spirits who appeared at night in the form of young women. Some versions of the myths describe them as spirits who had died unbaptised or unmarried, or had drowned themselves following an unrequited love. They would emerge from the water at night, to sing and dance. They fulfilled a similar folkloric role to sirens; often enchanting young men before luring them to their deaths at the bottom of the water.

The painting is based around works by Alexander Pushkin and Nikolai Gogol's 1831 fantastic story "A May Night, or The Drowned Maidens", and shows that despite the realist principles of the newly formed Peredvizhniki movement in which Kramskoi was a leading light, the artist continued to be interested in more Romantic fantasy and fairy-tale subject matter.

The painting is set at night and is almost entirely without colour. The women occupy the centre mid-ground of the painting and are lit from high above the left hand of the canvas, presumably by the moon. The source of light throws shadow inconsistently.

Most of the women are huddled together in a row, while some are at the edge of the bank or alone to the right seemingly lost in their own thoughts. In the left foreground the last of Kramskoi's rusalki is emerging from among the reeds, while in the background one of the women wrings out the water from her hair. The water bank is at the foot of a steep hill and surrounded by deep forest to the right. At the top of the small hill and to the right background is a small, seemingly unoccupied cabin. The subject matter and composition is likely to have been influenced by the work of the Hungarian painter and designer Hans Makart.

The Mermaids  is held in the Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow.

References

1871 paintings
Paintings by Ivan Kramskoi
Collections of the Tretyakov Gallery
Mythological paintings
Mermaids in art
Paintings based on literature
Bathing in art

The Mermaids (Kramskoi)


Bowerstown is an unincorporated community in Washington Township, Warren County, New Jersey near the Morris Canal and the Pohatcong Creek. It was founded in 1829 by Jesse Vanetta and Michael B. Bowers with the building of an iron foundry. The Bowerstown Historic District, encompassing the village, was listed on the state and national registers of historic places in 1996.

History
The iron foundry, built in 1829 by Jesse Vanetta and Michael B. Bowers, denotes the start of the community. It then developed around the Morris Canal, in particular, Inclined Plane 7 West and the boat basin by the Pohatcong Creek. In 1838, Peter Van Doren constructed a gristmill by the creek and the canal. Michael Bowers purchased the foundry in 1843 and concentrated on producing iron plows. The canal company built a house for the plane tender in the .

In 1933, Consumers' Research, at the recommendation of co-founder Frederick J. Schlink, moved from New York City to the Florey Piano Factory in nearby Washington, New Jersey. The company then built an office building, 1934–1935, and later a research laboratory, 1939–1940, on the Bowers Foundry property. The contributions of consumer advocate Mary Catherine Phillips, author of Skin Deep: The Truth About Beauty Aids – Safe and Harmful and member of the Board of Directors of Consumers' Research, is recognized here on the New Jersey Women's Heritage Trail. In 1986, the office building was bought by the Warren Hills Regional School District for use as district offices by the Board of Education.

Historic district

The Bowerstown Historic District is a historic district encompassing the village and bounded by Bowerstown, Plane Hill, Lannings Trail, and Mine Hill roads. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 10, 1996, for its significance in science, social history, communications, industry, architecture, and transportation from 1829 to 1945. It includes 42 contributing resources.

The Bowers Foundry, rubble stone, and the Consumers' Research office and laboratory buildings, both of Colonial Revival style, are at the center of the district. The two-story brick house on Old Bowerstown Road shows Federal influences with Victorian embellishment. The two-story brick house on Mine Hill Road has Greek Revival style, with Italianate influences.

After the Morris Canal was decommissioned in 1924, Washington Township purchased Inclined Plane 7 West and the aqueduct over the Pohatcong Creek to build Plane Hill Road. The plane tender's house also remains, but with modern additions on both sides. The retaining wall by the house on Old Bowerstown Road uses sleeper stones from the inclined plane as the base layer.

Gallery

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Warren County, New Jersey
 List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
 Port Colden Historic District

References

External links

Washington Township, Warren County, New Jersey
Unincorporated communities in Warren County, New Jersey
Unincorporated communities in New Jersey
1829 establishments in New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Warren County, New Jersey
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places

Bowerstown, New Jersey


Ferenc Doór (14 June 1918 – 10 July 2015) was a Hungarian painter and graphic artist, "The lover of the Danube and Szentendre".

Life
He was born in Petrilla, Transylvania on 14 June 1918. Between 1938–1941 he studied on the Hungarian University of Fine Arts in Budapest under the István Szőnyi's hands. After the World War II he suffered a captivity of war in Siberia for three years. After his release terminated his study in 1949, as instructor (assistant professor) of Szőnyi involved in the circulation of Hungarian artistic life. In 1957 he became a member of the Art Fund of Fine Arts Association.

By the Nagybánya's painting lessons continued painting with natural themes and human figures appear rich color scheme, has joined forces shaping a balanced composition. Oil paintings and water-like substance, were the main elements his expression of color and light.

As from his works himself wrote: "I tried my work faithfully follow art my ideas - to capture the potential of everyday life images of beauty - small joys and sorrows, our time and the change of a landscape typical timeless atmosphere of human destinies".

He was died in his Szentendre's home at age of 97 years in 10 July 2015.

Exhibitions
He had numerous exhibitions in Hungary and abroad, worked for decades in Szentendre and the creative community of artists houses in Szigliget, Kecskemét, Hódmezővásárhely and Mártély.
In the 1950s onward featured in the Hall of Art, Budapest a common ones and in other exhibition spaces in the country.

Individual
 1959 • Fényes Adolf Terem, Budapest
 1965, 1971, 1983 • Derkovits Terem, Budapest
 1974 • Zalaegerszeg
 1979 • Nyíregyháza
 1975, 1976 • Galleria Antelami, Bologna
 1972 • Galerie Glaub, Cologne
 1975, 1978 • Parma
 1990 • Csók Gallery, Budapest
 1993 • Művelődési Ház, Dunaföldvár

In group
 Műcsarnok országos tárlatai
 Hall of Art, Budapest
 Vásárhelyi Őszi Tárlatok, Hódmezővásárhely
 Szegedi Nyári Tárlatok
 Hatvani Biennálék
 Humor and Cartoon, Gabrovo

Works in galleries
 Hungarian National Gallery, Budapest
 Déri Museum, Debrecen
 Sárospataki Múzeum, Sárospatak
 Gabrovo
 Plovdiv
 Sozopol

Prizes
In 2011, he became the Hungarian Gold Cross of Merit honors.

Literature
 Doór, Ferenc: Autobiography, 1998
 Artportal.hu

Notes

Hungarian painters
1918 births
2015 deaths

Ferenc Doór


Chaohua Wang is a freelance essayist and researcher, with a Ph.D. in modern Chinese literature from the University of California, Los Angeles.

Wang is the daughter of a former professor of Chinese literature at Beijing University. In 1989 she was an M.A. student in modern Chinese literature at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. She was a member of the standing committee of the Beijing Autonomous Association of College Students in the spring of 1989 during the demonstrations in Tiananmen Square and was put on the Chinese government's "21 Most Wanted Beijing Student Leaders" list. She spent more than six months in hiding before going to the U.S. in early 1990.

See also
 Women's Roles during the Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989

References

Notes

Sources
 Wang, Chaohua (Editor and Translator) One China, Many Paths Verso, London, 2005.

 Wang Ban Review of One China, Many Paths (2006) at MCLC Resource Center, Ohio State University

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of California, Los Angeles alumni

Chaohua Wang


MojoPac was an application virtualization product from RingCube Technologies. MojoPac turns any USB 2.0 storage device into a portable computing environment. The term "MojoPac" is used by the company to refer to the software application, the virtualized environment running inside this software, and the USB storage device that contains the software and relevant applications. MojoPac supports popular applications such as Firefox and Microsoft Office, and it is also high performance enough to run popular PC Games such as World of Warcraft, Minecraft and Half-Life 2.

The RingCube website is currently forwarded to Citrix, which has apparently purchased the company and discontinued MojoPac.

Usage
To initially set up the MojoPac device, the user runs the installer and selects a USB device attached to the system. Once MojoPac is installed, it creates an executable in the root of that device along with an autorun file that gives the user the option of starting the MojoPac environment automatically when the device is plugged in (subject to how the host PC is configured). Once this application is started, a new Windows Desktop (with its own wallpaper, icons, shell, etc.) is started up in the virtualized MojoPac environment. Any application that runs inside this environment runs off the USB device without affecting the filesystem of the host. A user installs most applications (including Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop, Firefox) on the portable storage device by simply running the installer inside this environment. The user can switch between the host environment and the MojoPac environment by using the MojoBar at the top of the screen. Once the user is done with the applications, they exit MojoPac and eject the USB device.

To run the applications on a different computer, the user does not need to reinstall the application. The user can plug the portable storage device into any Windows XP computer. All the user's settings, applications, and documents function the same irrespective of which computer the portable storage device is connected to. The computer does not need any special applications or drivers installed to use MojoPac, although administrator rights are required if "MojoPac Usher" has not been installed on the host PC.

When the portable storage device is disconnected from the computer, there is no personal information left behind on the computer.

Requirements
Requires Windows XP Home or Pro; Windows 2000 is not supported, though Vista was planned to be supported in the near future (it never was).
Requires Administrator access.  A special version, MojoPac Usher, can be run in Universities or other locked down environments if the administrator is present to log in once. A Limited User version was under development.

Security
MojoPac does not include features to encrypt the data on the USB drive, but does have a password protection system that prevents a person from starting up the MojoPac environment. All the files on the USB drive do not have any additional encryption, which is problematic if the MojoPac device is lost. However, this is no different from a default Windows XP installation and MojoPac can be used together with OTFE software such as FreeOTFE or TrueCrypt to provide any desired strong encryption and plausible deniability (just as Windows XP can). A MojoPac device secured using this type of software is reasonably safe in the case of theft.

Because of the virtualization performed by MojoPac, applications running inside the MojoPac environment cannot (generally) modify the host. For example, all the browsing history for Internet Explorer and other browsers is stored on the USB device rather than the host. Similarly, if a malicious program tries to delete the C:\Windows directory inside MojoPac, the files on the USB device are deleted, but the files on the host machine will remain. However, it is possible for a user to modify MojoPac's system files, which are then reflected to the same system files of the host PC, so the current level of isolation between the virtual environment and the host PC is not as strong as provided by full machine virtualization technologies like VMware. RingCube has stated this is a known bug which will be addressed in a future version of MojoPac.

See also
Comparison of application launchers
vDesk - a similar product produced by RingCube
Portable application creators
Windows To Go

References

External links

Virtualization software
Portable software suites

MojoPac


Microsoft Word or MS Word (often called Word) is a graphical word processing program that users can type with. It is made by the computer company Microsoft. Its purpose is to allow users to type and save documents.

Similar to other word processors, it has helpful tools to make documents.
 Spelling & grammar checker, word count (this also counts letters and lines)
 Speech recognition
 Inserts pictures in documents
 Choice of typefaces
 Special codes
 Web pages, graphs, etc.
 Tables
 Displays synonyms of words and can read out the text
 Prints in different ways

Microsoft Word is a part of Microsoft Office, but can also be bought separately.

History
The program was first released in 1981.
Many of the ideas and features in Microsoft Word came from Bravo, the first graphical writing program.
Microsoft bought the Bravo program, and changed its name to Microsoft Word.
When it first came out, it was not very popular, and did not sell as well as other writing programs like WordPerfect.
Although it was not very popular when it came out, it had a feature called WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get), which meant that people can change the visual style of writing (e.g. bold, italics), by selecting and formatting text, when in other programs like WordPerfect, people had to add special 'codes' to change the style of writing. WYSIWYG is now a common feature of all computer writing programs.

Versions
There are versions for Microsoft Word for other operating systems as well as Microsoft Windows. New versions support fewer operating systems, although they always support Windows.

For Microsoft Windows
 Word for Windows 1.1, for Windows 3.0 came out in March, 1990.
 Word for Windows 1.1a, for Windows 3.1 came out in June, 1990.
 Word for Windows 2.0, came out in 1991.
 Word for Windows 6.0, came out in 1993.
 Word for Windows 95 (sometimes called Word 7), came out in 1995.
 Word 97 (sometimes called Word 8), came out in 1997.
 Word 2000 (sometimes called Word 9), came out in 1999.
 Word 2002 (sometimes called Word 10 or Word XP), came out in 2001.
 Word 2007 which required Windows XP Service Pack 2.
 Word 2019 which is latest version of Microsoft Word to support Windows XP Professional 64-bit edition.

For macOS

 Word 1.0 for Mac came out on January 18, 1985.
 Word 3.0 for Mac came out on January 31, 1987. (There was no "2.0" version.)
 Word 4.0 for Mac came out on November 6, 1990.
 Word 5.1 for Mac came out in 1992.
 Word 2001 was released in 2000.
 Word 2004 was released in May 2004.
 Word 2008 was released on January 15, 2008.
 Word 2011 was released in October 2010.

Popularity

The program is very popular.

Without configuration the program saved the document in a proprietary file format, so other programs could not open it. When the user sent his document to a friend, the friend needed a copy of Microsoft Word to read the document. Then that friend would probably also save documents in the same secret format of Word. This gave Microsoft Word a dominant position.

Other websites
 Official website
 www.office.com

Microsoft Office
Word processors

Microsoft Word


The blue-winged pitta (Pitta moluccensis) is a passerine bird in the family Pittidae. It forms a superspecies with three other pittas, the Indian pitta (P. brachyura), the fairy pitta (P. nympha) and the mangrove pitta (P. megarhyncha).  A colourful bird, it has a black head with a buff stripe above the eye, a white collar, greenish upper parts, blue wings, buff underparts and a reddish vent area. Its range extends from India to Malaysia, Indonesia, southern China and the Philippines. Its habitat is moist woodland, parks and gardens and it avoids dense forest. It feeds mainly on insects and worms. It breeds in the spring, building an untidy spherical nest on the ground, often near water and between tree roots. A clutch of about five eggs is laid and incubated by both parents, hatching after about sixteen days.

Taxonomy
The blue-winged pitta was described by the German naturalist Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller in 1776 and given the binomial name Turdus moluccensis. Statius Müller's description was based on a plate showing the "Merle des Moluques" published by Comte de Buffon in his Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. The French name and the specific epithet moluccensis refer to the Moluccas (the Maluku Islands). This was an error as the range of the species does not extend as far east. The type locality was amended in 1963 to Malacca on the Malay Peninsula. The species is now placed in the genus Pitta that was introduced by the French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot in 1816. The species is monotypic.

The blue-winged pitta forms a superspecies with the Indian pitta (P. brachyura), fairy pitta (P. nympha) and mangrove pitta (P. megarhyncha). Alternate common names include: lesser blue-winged pitta, the little blue-winged pitta, the Moluccan pitta, the brève à ailes bleues (French), the Kleine Blauflügelpitta (German) and the pita aliazul (Spanish).

Description

Measuring  in length, the blue-winged pitta has a black head with a buff-coloured supercilium, white chin and buff underparts. The shoulders and mantle are greenish, the wings are bright blue, and the vent is reddish. The bill is black, eyes are brown and the legs pale pink. It has a very short tail. Juveniles have similar patterned plumage but are duller. It resembles the mangrove pitta but can be distinguished by its shorter bill. The loud call has been transcribed as taew-laew taew-laew.

Distribution and habitat
The blue-winged pitta is regularly found in Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, and has been found to be vagrant in Australia, Christmas Island, Taiwan and Hong Kong. Habitat is lowland subtropical and tropical forests.

P. moluccensis is found in a variety of habitats, up to an altitude of 800 m (2500 ft), including broadleaved forests, parks and gardens, and mangroves, though avoids dense rainforest.

The range is much of southeast Asia and Indochina, from central Myanmar east through Thailand and into peninsular Malaysia. P. moluccensis is a winter visitor to Borneo and Sumatra, and a vagrant to the Philippines and Java. It is a rare vagrant to the northwestern coast of Australia.

Diet
The blue-winged pitta mostly feeds on worms and insects, hunting them on the ground or from a low branch or perch. They also eat hard-shelled snails.

Breeding
At breeding time, the blue-winged pitta builds a large nest, usually on the ground, made of twigs, roots, grasses, leaves and mosses. The spherical and untidy nest has a side entrance and is often found between tree roots near water. In its breeding range in peninsular Malaysia, the blue-winged pitta lays eggs between early May and late July each year.  The female lays 4-6 white or cream-coloured eggs with purple markings, and both parents take turns incubating the eggs for 15–17 days.

References

External links

Pitta (genus)
Birds of Southeast Asia
Birds described in 1776
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Blue-winged pitta


Khaleel ur Rehman (born 1948) from the Indian state of Karnataka, is better known by his pen name Khaleel Mamoon is a noted Urdu poet whose poetry collection Aafaaq ki Taraf won the 2011 Sahitya Akademi Award for works in Urdu.

Life and career
Mamoon was born in Bangalore. After working as a staff artist for All India Radio, Mamoon joined the Indian Police Service in 1977. He served in senior positions in Karnataka including as Inspector General.

Works
Mamoon has published a number of works. Lissan Falsafe Ke Aine Me on the philosophy of language was published in 1986. Unnees Lillahi Nazmen (1989) is a translation of poems written in praise of Prophet Mohammed by Scherzade Rikhye. Nishaat-e-Gham is a collections of Ghazals. Kannada Adab is a collection of translations of Kannada language poetry and fiction. Mamoon's poetry collection Aafaaq ki Taraf won the 2011 Sahitya Akademi Award for works in Urdu.

In 2004, Mamoon became the first Urdu writer to win the Karnataka Rajyotsava Prashasti.

Karnataka Urdu Academy chairmanship and removal controversy
Mamoon served as the Chairman of the Karnataka Urdu Academy between 2008 and 2010. He was removed in controversial circumstances in 2010 for functioning in an 'arrogant manner'. H.S. Shivaprakash, Dean, School of Arts and Aesthetics, Jawaharlal Nehru University resigned from the Karnataka Sahitya Academy in protest of government interference in an autonomous body.

References

Urdu-language poets from India
Writers from Bangalore
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Urdu
Living people
1948 births
Indian male poets
Indian Muslims
Indian police officers
20th-century Indian poets
Poets from Karnataka
20th-century Indian male writers
Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2004

Khaleel Mamoon


Olga Shchukina (; born April 6, 1977, in Tashkent) is a retired Uzbek shot putter. Shchukina was selected to the Uzbek Olympic squad in the shot put at the 2004 Summer Olympics, but her feat had been outweighed with a doping failure for testing positive on clenbuterol during the pre-competition screening, which resulted to her immediate expulsion from the Games. During her athletic career, Shchukina launched her personal best shot of 17.26 at the 2004 Asian Cup League Meeting in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.

Shchukina qualified for the Uzbek squad in the women's shot put at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, by posting an Olympic B-standard throw of 17.26 metres from the Asian Cup League Meeting in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. She unleashed a ball with her best throw of 14.44 metres on the third attempt of the prelims to obtain the last spot in a vast field of thirty-eight shot putters. On August 20, 2004, two days after her shot put feat at the Ancient Olympia Stadium, Shchukina tested positive for the banned anabolic agent clenbuterol during the pre-competition screening process, and was formally expelled from the Games by the International Olympic Committee. Admittedly, she ingested the substance inadvertently with a cough syrup that spurred her failure to the doping test.

In 2004 she completed her sports career.

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Uzbekistani female shot putters
Olympic athletes for Uzbekistan
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes from Tashkent
Doping cases in athletics
21st-century Uzbekistani women

Olga Shchukina


James Charles Fahey (1903–1974) was an American writer best remembered as the original compiler and publisher of the popular American reference The Ships and Aircraft of the United States Fleet.

The Ships and Aircraft of the United States Fleet
James Fahey lived in the Bronx working as a cab driver and merchant marine sailor while he wrote for various publications on the subject of military ships and aircraft. His disappointment at editors "butchering" his manuscripts caused him to self-publish the first edition of Ships and Aircraft of the United States Fleet in 1939. He carefully compiled data from unclassified sources and had a unique talent for presenting a great deal of information in compact, tabular format. His softbound 48-page booklet sold for fifty cents, and gained public interest as World War II unfolded. An updated second edition (the Two Ocean Fleet Edition) was published in the same 48-page format in 1941, and sold for seventy-five cents. His third edition (the first War Edition) in 1942. The updated third edition had grown to 64 pages in the same softbound format, and sold for one dollar. Significant quantities were ordered by the United States Navy to train the officers and sailors mobilized to man the new ships. An updated Second War Edition was published in 1944, and the 96-page updated 1945 Victory Edition enjoyed enormous popular interest from returning veterans. Fahey documented the Korean War fleet in the 1950 6th edition, the Cold War fleet in the 1958 7th edition, and the Vietnam War fleet in the 1965 8th edition. The 9th and 10th editions were compiled by John Rowe and Samuel Morison. Norman Polmar has authored subsequent editions.

Other publications
Fahey published a companion 64-page reference booklet for one dollar in 1946 entitled U. S. Army Aircraft (Heavier than Air) 1908-1946 and subsequently documented early Cold War developments in USAF and United States Army Aircraft: 1947-1956.

References

1903 births
1974 deaths
Writers from New York City
American military writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers

James Charles Fahey


A utility knife is any type of knife used for general manual work purposes.  Such knives were originally fixed-blade knives with durable cutting edges suitable for rough work such as cutting cordage, cutting/scraping hides, butchering animals, cleaning fish scales, reshaping timber, and other tasks. Craft knives are small utility knives used as precision-oriented tools for finer, more delicate tasks such as carving and papercutting.

Today, the term "utility knife" also includes small folding-, retractable- and/or replaceable-razor blade knives suited for use in the general workplace or in the construction industry. The latter type is sometimes generically called a Stanley knife, after a prominent brand.

There is also a utility knife for kitchen use, which is sized between a chef's knife and paring knife.

History
The fixed-blade utility knife was developed some 500,000 years ago, when human ancestors began to make stone knives.  These knives were general-purpose tools, designed for cutting and shaping wooden implements, scraping hides, preparing food, and for other utilitarian purposes.

By the 19th century the fixed-blade utility knife had evolved into a steel-bladed outdoors field knife capable of butchering game, cutting wood, and preparing campfires and meals. With the invention of the backspring, pocket-size utility knives were introduced with folding blades and other folding tools designed to increase the utility of the overall design. The folding pocketknife and utility tool is typified by the Camper or Boy Scout pocketknife, the Swiss Army Knife, and by multi-tools fitted with knife blades.  The development of stronger locking blade mechanisms for folding knives—as with the Spanish navaja, the Opinel, and the Buck 110 Folding Hunter—significantly increased the utility of such knives when employed for heavy-duty tasks such as preparing game or cutting through dense or tough materials.

Contemporary utility knives

The fixed or folding blade utility knife is popular for both indoor and outdoor use.  One of the most popular types of workplace utility knife is the retractable or folding utility knife (also known as a Stanley knife, box cutter, or by various other names).  These types of utility knives are designed as multi-purpose cutting tools for use in a variety of trades and crafts. Designed to be lightweight and easy to carry and use, utility knives are commonly used in factories, warehouses, construction projects, and other situations where a tool is routinely needed to mark cut lines, trim plastic or wood materials, or to cut tape, cord, strapping, cardboard, or other packaging material.

Names
In British, Australian and New Zealand English, along with Dutch, Danish and Austrian German, a utility knife frequently used in the construction industry is known as a Stanley knife. This name is a generic trademark named after Stanley Works, a manufacturer of such knives.   In Israel and Switzerland, these knives are known as Japanese knives. In Brazil they are known as estiletes or cortadores Olfa (the latter, being another genericised trademark). In Portugal, Panama and Canada they are also known as X-Acto (yet another genericised trademark ). In India, Russia, the Philippines, France, Iraq, Italy, Egypt, and Germany, they are simply called cutter. In the Flemish region of Belgium it is called cuttermes(je) (cutter knife).  In general Spanish, they are known as cortaplumas (penknife, when it comes to folding blades); in Spain, Mexico, and Costa Rica, they are colloquially known as cutters; in Argentina and Uruguay the segmented fixed-blade knives are known as "Trinchetas". In Turkey, they are known as maket bıçağı (which literally translates as model knife).

Other names for the tool are box cutter or boxcutter, razor blade knife, razor knife, carpet knife, pen knife, stationery knife, sheetrock knife, or drywall knife.

Design
Utility knives may use fixed, folding, or retractable or replaceable blades, and come in a wide variety of lengths and styles suited to the particular set of tasks they are designed to perform.  Thus, an outdoors utility knife suited for camping or hunting might use a broad  fixed blade, while a utility knife designed for the construction industry might feature a replaceable utility or razor blade for cutting packaging, cutting shingles, marking cut lines, or scraping paint.

Fixed blade utility knife

Large fixed-blade utility knives are most often employed in an outdoors context, such as fishing, camping, or hunting.  Outdoor utility knives typically feature sturdy blades from  in length, with edge geometry designed to resist chipping and breakage.

The term "utility knife" may also refer to small fixed-blade knives used for crafts, model-making and other artisanal projects.  These small knives feature light-duty blades best suited for cutting thin, lightweight materials.  The small, thin blade and specialized handle permit cuts requiring a high degree of precision and control.

Workplace utility knives

The largest construction or workplace utility knives typically feature retractable and replaceable blades, and are made of either die-cast metal or molded plastic. Some use standard razor blades, others specialized double-ended utility blades.  The user can adjust how far the blade extends from the handle, so that, for example, the knife can be used to cut the tape sealing a package without damaging the contents of the package. When the blade becomes dull, it can be quickly reversed or switched for a new one. Spare or used blades are stored in the hollow handle of some models, and can be accessed by removing a screw and opening the handle.  Other models feature a quick-change mechanism that allows replacing the blade without tools, as well as a flip-out blade storage tray.  The blades for this type of utility knife come in both double- and single-ended versions, and are interchangeable with many, but not all, of the later copies. Specialized blades also exist for cutting string, linoleum, and other materials.

Another style is a snap-off utility knife that contains a long, segmented blade that slides out from it. As the endmost edge becomes dull, it can be broken off the remaining blade, exposing the next section, which is sharp and ready for use. The snapping is best accomplished with a blade snapper that is often built-in, or a pair of pliers, and the break occurs at the score lines, where the metal is thinnest. When all of the individual segments are used, the knife may be thrown away, or, more often, refilled with a replacement blade. This design was introduced by Japanese manufacturer Olfa Corporation in 1956 as the world's first snap-off blade and was inspired from analyzing the sharp cutting edge produced when glass is broken and how pieces of a chocolate bar break into segments.  The sharp cutting edge on these knives is not on the edge where the blade is snapped off; rather one long edge of the whole blade is sharpened, and there are scored diagonal breakoff lines at intervals down the blade. Thus each snapped-off piece is roughly a parallelogram, with each long edge being a breaking edge, and one or both of the short ends being a sharpened edge.

Another utility knife often used for cutting open boxes consists of a simple sleeve around a rectangular handle into which single-edge utility blades can be inserted.  The sleeve slides up and down on the handle, holding the blade in place during use and covering the blade when not in use.  The blade holder may either retract or fold into the handle, much like a folding-blade pocketknife.  The blade holder is designed to expose just enough edge to cut through one layer of corrugated fibreboard, to minimize chances of damaging contents of cardboard boxes.

Use as weapon

Most utility knives are not well suited to use as offensive weapons, with the exception of some outdoor-type utility knives employing longer blades.  However, even small razor-blade type utility knives may sometimes find use as slashing weapons. The 9-11 commission report stated passengers in cell phone calls reported knives or "box-cutters" were used as weapons (also Mace or a bomb) in hijacking airplanes in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks against the United States, though the exact design of the knives used is unknown.
Two of the hijackers were known to have purchased Leatherman knives, which feature a ( slip-joint blade which were not prohibited on U.S. flights at the time. Those knives were not found in the possessions the two hijackers left behind.
Similar cutters, including paper cutters, have also been known to be used as a lethal weapon.

Small work-type utility knives have also been used to commit robbery and other crimes. In June 2004, a Japanese student was slashed to death with a segmented-type utility knife.

In the United Kingdom, the law was changed (effective 1 October 2007)
to raise the age limit for purchasing knives, including utility knives, from 16 to 18, and to make it illegal to carry a utility knife in public without a good reason.

See also
Automatic box-opening technology
Everyday carry

References

Knives
Woodworking hand tools
Office equipment

Utility knife


HealthPartners is an integrated, nonprofit health care provider and health insurance company located in Bloomington, Minnesota offering care, coverage, research and education to its members, patients and the community.

History
HealthPartners was founded in 1957 as Group Health, a consumer-governed nonprofit health plan with a board of directors made up of its own members and patients. In 1992, Group Health merged with MedCenters Health Plan, and together they formed HealthPartners. On January 1, 2013, HealthPartners merged with Park Nicollet Health Services of St. Louis Park to become the new HealthPartners.

Leadership
Mary Brainerd started with HealthPartners in 1992 and was appointed president & chief executive officer beginning in 2002.

On March 6, 2017, Brainerd announced her retirement effective June 1.  Andrea Walsh, former HealthPartners Executive Vice President & Chief Marketing Officer, took over the role of President and CEO on June 1, 2017.

Jim Malecha is chairman of the board of directors. He was first elected in 2008.

Organization
The group operates as a nonprofit health care provider, serving 1.8 million medical and dental health plan members nationwide.

HealthPartners says that the cost of medical care for its members is 13% lower than the state average and as much as 4.4% lower than the regional costs.

Clinics and hospitals
HealthPartners family of care includes the HealthPartners Park Nicollet Care Group, a multispecialty group practice of more than 1,700 physicians representing primary care and 55 medical and surgical specialties, serving patients at more than 90 clinic locations and seven hospitals throughout the Twin Cities and Western Wisconsin.

These locations include more than 55 primary care clinics, 23 urgent care clinics, 27 in-clinic pharmacies, 15 eye care centers and 22 dental clinics.

Workplace Clinics
HealthPartners operates on-site health clinics for employees of nine different organizations including: Anoka County, Minneapolis Public Schools, TURCK, Wilson Tool International, and Grede/Bernick's in St. Cloud, Minn. At Wilson Tool, a company with about 500 workers in White Bear Lake, Minnesota, health insurance costs have remained virtually flat for three years, versus double-digit increases before the clinic.

Virtuwell.com
HealthPartners offers virtuwell.com an online clinic with certified medical professionals who can diagnose and treat over 60 health problems, eliminating the need for face-to-face visits for 40% of patients who use the system.

Awards and recognition
U.S. News & World Report/NCQA rated HealthPartners among the top 50 best commercial health plans in the nation for four years in a row (2005–2008).

In 2006, HealthPartners received the American Medical Group Association's national Acclaim Award for excellence in patient care.

Modern Healthcare named HealthPartners one of the best places to work in health care.

HealthPartners is the national benchmark in seven areas in a 2008 report sponsored by the National Business Coalition on Health.

HealthPartners ranks "Highest in Member Satisfaction among Commercial Health Plans in the Minnesota-Wisconsin Region" according to J.D. Power and Associates' 2008 National Health Insurance Plan Study.

Cultural competence
In 2011, HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research implemented the EBAN Experience™ program to reduce health disparities among minority populations, most notably East African immigrants.

References

External links

 Virtuwell.com

Companies based in Bloomington, Minnesota
Health maintenance organizations
Health care companies based in Minnesota
1957 establishments in Minnesota

HealthPartners


Barry Wagner (born November 24, 1967) is a former American football player in the Arena Football League (AFL) for the Orlando Predators, with whom he won his first ArenaBowl Championship, and the San Jose SaberCats, with whom he won two championships. He also played in the World Indoor Football League (WIFL) as a wide receiver/defensive back with the Daytona Beach Thunder. Wagner is the all-time AFL all-purpose yardage leader. He is considered the best Arena Football player of all time. During the 2012 Arena Football League season, Wagner was named the league's greatest player of all time.

Early life
Wagner attended Greensboro Public School in Greensboro, Alabama where he was a member of the football team. Wagner served as a wide receiver and the backup quarterback.

College career
While attending Alabama A&M University, Wagner starred in football and broke many school records held by former Pittsburgh Steeler John Stallworth. As a senior, he caught 112 passes for 1,817 yards (16.22 yards per rec. avg.), won Associated Press and Football News Division II All-America honors, was the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Player of the Year, and played in the 1989 Senior Bowl. In one game against Clark Atlanta University, he caught 23 passes, setting two school single game records with 370 receiving yards and 5 receiving touchdowns.

Professional career

Arena Football
During his initial tenure with the Orlando Predators, Wagner was a key component in the famous "Miracle Minute", in which he scored two touchdowns, two two-point conversions, recovered an onside kick, and made a key defensive stop, all in the final minute of a 1992 game against the Detroit Drive. He was a 7-time AFL Ironman of the Year award winner, 7 years in a row (1992–1997) He was traded to the New Jersey Red Dogs for Alvin Ashley on September 23, 1999 after requesting a trade. However, soon after the trade, the league and its players agreed to a new collective bargaining agreement that resulted in several veteran players — including Wagner — gaining free agency. Wagner then signed with the San Jose SaberCats.

Wagner played for the Sabercats from 2000 to 2006, and won the ArenaBowl with San Jose in 2002 and 2004.

During the AFL's 20th season in 2006, the league named Wagner the league's second greatest player of all time behind Eddie Brown.

On Wednesday, March 28, 2007 after being cut from the Tampa Bay Storm's practice squad, he joined the Daytona Beach Thunder of the WIFL. However, after the Thunder ended their season at 4-10, he rejoined the Predators for the 2007 AFL playoffs. On June, Friday 13th, 2008 during halftime at the Week 16 game vs. New Orleans VooDoo, Barry Wagner officially retired from the AFL.

Wagner finished his career with 991 receptions for 13,363 yards and 265 touchdowns. From 1993 to 1999, Wagner posted seven consecutive 1,000 yard receiving seasons. He had 855 rushing yards for 127 touchdowns. On special teams, Wagner posted 6,279 return yards and nine touchdowns, with four of them coming in 1999. Defensively, Wagner finished his career with 677 tackles, 28 forced fumbles, recovering 14, with 47 interceptions and five defensive scores.

He is the AFL's all-time leader in rushing touchdowns with 127, until it was broken by Derrick Ross on June 6, 2014.

As of the 2011 AFL season, he ranks third in league history in receptions, second in receiving yards behind Damian Harrell, fourth in receiving touchdowns. Wagner is tied for second in all-time tackles and fourth in interceptions.

NFL career
Wagner was originally signed by the New England Blitz of the Professional Spring Football League in 1992. He was signed as a free agent by the Chicago Bears in 1992 and spent the entire season on the active roster playing on special teams. He earned a contract from the Indianapolis Colts and was on the practice squad for the entire 1994 season.

Notes

External links
 Profile at ArenaFan Online

1967 births
Living people
People from Greensboro, Alabama
American football wide receivers
Alabama A&M Bulldogs football players
Orlando Predators players
Chicago Bears players
San Jose SaberCats players
Tampa Bay Storm players
Indianapolis Colts players
New Jersey Red Dogs players
World Indoor Football League (2007)

Barry Wagner


The Laura Ingalls Wilder Historic Highway is a named road connecting historic areas that relate to the life of author Laura Ingalls Wilder, best known for writing Little House on the Prairie. The highway was first designated in 1995 as U.S. Route 14 from Lake Benton in southwest Minnesota to Mankato in the south-central part of the state. Since then, it has been extended into South Dakota, Iowa, and Wisconsin.

Within Minnesota, the highway is primarily made up of US 14 from the South Dakota border eastward to Rochester at U.S. Route 63. A branch extends north on 63 to Lake City, Minnesota where it briefly runs along U.S. Route 61 before following Minnesota State Highway 60 to the Wisconsin border. From Rochester, the highway also runs south along US 63 until the intersection with Minnesota State Highway 16 near Spring Valley. From there, it turns east until meeting U.S. Route 52 near Preston, following that road to the Iowa border.

External links
Minnesota Statutes §161.14 – Subd. 29 defines the route of the highway in Minnesota

Historic Highway, Laura Ingalls Wilder
Roads in Minnesota
Laura Ingalls Wilder
U.S. Route 14
U.S. Route 63
U.S. Route 61
U.S. Route 52

Laura Ingalls Wilder Historic Highway


William Gun Chong BEM (鄭根) (1911–2006) was a Canadian who served in the British Military Intelligence unit MI9 during World War II. He is the only Chinese Canadian to be awarded the British Empire Medal, the highest honor that Britain awards to non-British citizens.

Life
Chong was born in Vancouver on July 15, 1911. He had little formal education and was employed as a cook and houseboy.

Chong was visiting Hong Kong when Japan invaded in 1941. He escaped to free China where he joined the British Army Aid Group, a paramilitary unit of MI9. Chong then was a British spy, known as Agent 50, who operated behind Japanese lines in occupied China. After the war Chong returned to Canada and operated a cafe on Vancouver Island.

Wartime Experiences
Chong travelled back and forth between free and Japanese-occupied areas of China. Chong's main tasks were to smuggle medical supplies into the occupied area, and smuggle people and intelligence out. He dressed as a beggar and always travelled on foot, often walking 30 miles per day. His walking cane hid medicines and documents.

The people Chong smuggled were British and Commonwealth subjects and stranded Allied aviators. Chong did not recognize two of his charges as the chief justice and prosecutor of Hong Kong, until after the war when he was called as a witness in a trial of a collaborator.

Chong was captured by the Japanese and escaped twice. One time he escaped from the hold of a fishing boat. The other time he escaped immediately before execution when his compatriot spoke in Japanese and displayed the business card of a Japanese officer.

References

Canadian soldiers
Canadian people of Chinese descent
1911 births
2006 deaths
Canadian recipients of the British Empire Medal

Bill Chong