Service-oriented architecture library (SOALIB) is used to distribute reusable service-oriented architecture (SOA) software in a manner similar to other computing libraries. SOA consists of loosely coupled interoperable services which use messaging based on both Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) and Representational State Transfer (REST). A library in computing is a set of compiled modules which are tested and ready for reuse. A similar concept is used for SOA, in that whatever technology is used to develop the service can also be distributed in library form. A Java-based SOA library may be distributed in Web ARchive (WAR) or Enterprise Archive (EAR) file formats. C, C++, and .NET applications may be distributed as a shared object (in Unix and Linux), a Dynamic Link Library (in Windows), or as an executable file.

History
Service-oriented architecture is usually tied to the redesign of an entire software system and determines how to decompose the single software unit into loosely coupled components, in which each loosely coupled component acts as an interoperable service. Such a task is enormous and may take a significant amount of time, while on the atomic level (where atom is defined as a single loosely coupled service that is self-contained), most services are reusable regardless of the application. As an example, all matter is built with atoms, yet all material things are different. At the atomic level, however, they appear uniform. Similarly, all software can be built on loosely coupled services which serve as the "atoms" of the redesign process. Because loose coupling is difficult to determine, the opposite is not true. That means it is easier to build a complete software system by using available loosely coupled services.

By building service-oriented architecture libraries, each of which is a loosely coupled service, complex applications can be developed by making use of these services. Because new applications depend on all loosely coupled services, as long as one sticks to loose coupling, the final application is also loosely coupled. While it is true that the final application depends on many hierarchical loosely coupled systems, it remains loosely coupled because all the hierarchy is based on atomic services.

Objectives
Building SOA requires the loose coupling of services as a starting point. They are termed as atomic services. The first step is to determine the atomic services. Then build these atomic services for reuse. A large number of such atomic services could be created, upon which composite services will be built. Composite service are services that are built only upon atomic services.

Steps

 Identify, build, and test loosely coupled atomic services.
 Identify, build, and test loosely coupled composite services, where each composite services is made up of atomic services only.
 Build integrated services, where each of the integrated services are made up of composite and atomic services.
 Build complex software system via the reuse of atomic, composite, and integrated services. This complex system remains loosely coupled.

Platform independence
Consideration for cross platform is important. Presently, there are many ways to make the services host platform to be platform independent. Examples are building services in Java, where JVM is available for the host in which the server will run as a service. Alternatives are building applications with full compliance to ANSI C/C++ so that none of the components of the code is reliant upon third party libraries. Typically, this means building the C/C++ applications using GNU tools and GNU C compilers because GNU compilers are ported to most operating systems and platforms. Another alternative is to use C# .NET as the language of the web service where the Common Language Runtime is ported to the target operating system and platform. Many other options are available, but the most common approaches to the platform independence has already been mentioned.

Steps
 Full platform independence to the extent possible.
 Automatic tests on each platforms.

Multi-vendor database
The scope of the library is limited if it does not have support for databases. Composite and integration services should be built to take advantage of loosely coupled atomic services which operate on databases. Once the support for database access is added, a metadata layer should be added to map the various kinds of data format in the database into a uniform set of data types which will have equal meaning to all databases. This is the difficult part, but at this time, JDBC, ODBC, ADO and other standards database drivers already do part of the task. Each database may store data in different formats. Some data may be encrypted, some may be stored in little endian Endianness, or others in big endian, and so on. Therefore, data must be transformed at some point by the services and they have to be done at runtime due to the changing nature of data. All databases are different, therefore, no single API can take advantage of all the features of all databases. Therefore, services should use database specific features as well.

Steps
 Full support for all major databases - mobile, PC, and server-based.
 Creation of a metadata layer for uniform data access.
 All database access through the service libraries.
 Automatic runtime data transformation.
 Support internal database specific features.

Data synchronization
Once multi-vendor databases are supported, services can be added so that each database may synchronize with any other database. This will now become possible as all data is now passed through a data layer and data is represented in some intermediate form. The intermediate form may be any native form and does not have to be standards-based. Usually, the native form should be portable, that means, representing it in XML may be the best approach. Because data sizes tend to be large, incremental change detection should also be added.

Steps
 Any-to-any synchronization.
 Change capture engine.
 Uni- and bi-directional data synchronization.
 Custom mapping with referential integrity.
 Heterogeneous synchronization.

Security
All libraries must be secure. If the libraries have SOA implementation as web services, then it should have WS-Security, WS-Policy and other WS-type standards compliance. If based on REST or other protocols, then it should follow the respective standards. All libraries must at least support SSL.

Steps
 Support all major standards-based security architectures.
 Secure Socket Layer support.
 Option for encrypted storage on the server.

Interoperability
Interoperability is one of the most important reasons why SOA has been so important. A SOA library must also include the required API that could be used for rapid platform specific development.

Steps
 Support all major programming languages: Java, Java ME, C, C++, C#.NET, VB.NET., PHP
 Supplied with all needed client APIs.
 All APIs must be tested against the binding SOA services.

Building applications atom by atom
An atomic service is a loosely coupled service which is independent of any assumptions, absolutely predictable and have no other dependencies on services or other atomic services. As an example, a disk file operation may be considered as an atomic service in which the only operations performed by the service are read, write, delete, or append file operations. Because the only information the disk file would need is the full path to the file and possibly some access parameters (like username and password), there would be no other dependencies. If a composite service is designed based on atomic services, it is still loosely coupled, but not an atomic service. Each integrated service can then be built together to make a larger SOA application. By building layer by layer, a large SOA application may be created which will remain loosely coupled.

General guidelines
To keep the integrated services loosely coupled would require all the services to be built on atomic and composite services. As soon as the integrated service uses another service that is somewhat tightly coupled, the entire service application becomes tightly coupled. This is analogous to atomic structures becoming "charged" if there is just one electron missing. For this reason, when using third party services, the designer must ensure that the service remains loosely coupled.

 If the service is reliant on third party services, those services must also be loosely coupled.
 If third part offers atomic services, then composite services may be built by mixing service-oriented architecture libraries as well as third party atomic services.
 If any of the services is deemed to be tightly coupled, which may become necessary when there is an industrial appliance involved (e.g., Robotic Arms, Consumer Appliances, etc.), this should be the final service and no service should be derived from them. If other services are built on tightly coupled services, the derived services are tightly coupled as well. These derived services may be used in specialized applications where tight coupling is required (e.g., in precision machines).

The following is the hierarchy in which all service-oriented applications should be designed.

Hierarchy
Ideally, the following should be the SOA application design approach:

 Integrated Services - based upon composite and atomic services
 Composite Services - based only upon atomic services
 Atomic Services - no dependency, this service is the atom

Structures to avoid
In some cases, loose coupling may not be possible due to reliance on hardware, mechanical systems, or specialized instruments. For example, if there is a service built to move a robotic arm, monitor industrial generators, or emergency hospital equipment. Then, tightly coupled services are required. Tightly coupled services should be the top in the hierarchy such that no other service may reuse tightly coupled services, if possible. If there are derived services based on tightly coupled services, then all derived services also become tightly coupled. Such a system, if designed, should be limited to the scope of the purpose of the application.

See also
Loose coupling
Web service
Atomic operation

References

External links
 Web Services Specification Up-to-date information about Web Services Specifications
 Representational State Transfer Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures, PhD Dissertation, Dr. Roy Thomas Fielding

Web services
Enterprise application integration
Service-oriented (business computing)

SOALIB


In Judaism, the Ten Days of Repentance (, ʿǍseret yəmēy təšūvā) are the first ten days of the Hebrew month of Tishrei, beginning with the Jewish New Year Rosh Hashanah and ending with the conclusion of Yom Kippur. These days usually fall in September and/or early October.

Due to the proximity to Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur, in this period Jews focus on repenting for their sins and seeking out closeness with God.

Name
The term "Ten Days of Repentance" appears in such early sources as the Jerusalem Talmud, the Pesikta Rabbati, and the writings of the Geonim, and has been the predominant title since the period of the Rishonim. The Babylonian Talmud uses a different expression - "the ten days between Rosh HaShanah and Yom HaKippurim" - while among Geonim we also find "the ten days from the beginning of Tishrei to Yom HaKippurim," "the first ten days of the month of Tishrei," and "(the time) between Rosh HaShanah and Yom HaKippurim."

Significance

During this time it is considered appropriate for Jews to practice repentance (Hebrew: teshuvah, literally: "returning"), meaning examining one's ways, engaging in repentance and improving one's ways in anticipation of Yom Kippur. This repentance may be expressed as early morning penitentiary prayers (known as selichot), giving of charity, acts of kindness, self-reflection, or extra zehirut (spiritual vigilance).

The period is described as a special one in the Talmud:
"Seek Hashem when He is to be found" () - these are the days between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.

Maimonides provides a fuller description:
Despite the fact that "Teshuvah" and crying out to HaShem are always timely, during the Ten Days between Rosh HaShanah and Yom HaKippurim they are exceedingly appropriate, and are accepted immediately, as it says, "Seek Hashem when He is to be found".

Every person should view himself all year as if he were half innocent and half guilty. And that is the way he should look at the world as well, as if it were half innocent and half guilty. If he sinned one sin, he placed himself and the whole world on the side of guilt... if he performed one mitzvah, he placed himself and the wold world on the side of merit... Therefore, the whole House of Israel are accustomed to give more tzedakah, and to do more good deeds, and to engage in mitzvot, from Rosh HaShanah through Yom Kippur more than the rest of the year. And they have all adopted the custom of rising at night during this ten-day period and praying in the synagogues prayers of supplication and entreaties until daylight.

According to Nahmanides, "on Rosh Hashana He [God] sits on the throne as a true judge, and afterwards in the Ten Days of Repentance He pardons the crime of His servants".

The days
The first two days of the Ten Days of Repentance are Rosh Hashanah.

The third day is Fast of Gedalia (except when Rosh Hashanah occurs on Thursday and Friday, in which case the Fast of Gedalia is postponed until Sunday).

Of the seven days between Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur, one is always Shabbat. This Shabbat is known as Shabbat Shuvah ("Sabbath [of] Return"), based on the Haftarah read after the weekly Torah portion, which starts with the word "Shuva" literally meaning "Return!", thus playing into the theme of the Ten Days. Alternatively it is known as Shabbat Teshuvah, due to the same theme.

The tenth and last day is Yom Kippur. Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur together constitute the High Holy Days.

Observances
The Unetanneh Tokef prayer, recited on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, declares that "Repentance, Prayer and Charity remove the evil decree." In many editions of the Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur machzor (holiday prayer book), these words are crowned in smaller type with the words [respectively] fast, voice, money to suggest that repentance includes fasting, prayer recited in a loud voice, and donations to charity. As fasting cannot be done on Rosh Hashanah, and money cannot be handled on either of the holidays, these practices are often performed during the Ten Days of Repentance, between the holidays.

Prayers
A number of changes are made to the daily prayers in this period (besides the additional changes made on Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur):
 The conclusions of two blessings in the Amidah prayer are modified to emphasize the theme of Divine kingship. In the third blessing, "the Holy God" is replaced with "the Holy King". In the eighth blessing, "King who loves righteousness and judgment" is replaced with "the King of Judgment" (lit. "the King, the Judgment").
 Additional insertions are customarily made in the first two and last two blessings of the Amidah. In the first (after "for the sake of His Name in love"): "Remember us for life, King who delights in life; and inscribe us in the book of life, for Your sake, living God"; in the second (after "make salvation to grow"): "Who is like You, merciful Father, remembering His creatures in mercy for life"; in the second-to-last, near the end: "And inscribe for life all the sons of Your covenant"; in the last: "May we be remembered and inscribed before You in the book of life, of blessing, of peace, and of good sustenance." In the final service of Yom Kippur (Neilah), "seal" is said instead of "inscribe". In the Ashkenazi Jews' ritual, at the close of the last benediction, the words "who blesseth his people Israel with peace" are shortened into "the Maker of Peace."
 The prayer entitled "Avinu Malkeinu" (Our Father, our King) is said in the morning and afternoon services. In the Ashkenazic rite, it is omitted on Shabbat, Friday afternoon, and the 9th of Tishrei (which is a sort of semi-holy day, and on which tachanun is also omitted), while some non-Ashkenazic communities recite it even on Shabbat.
 On weekdays Selichot are recited, either at night after midnight, or before the morning prayer. The poetical pieces, at least in the Ashkenazi ritual, differ for each of the days. In the Eastern Ashkenazic rite, those for Erev Yom Kippur are the fewest and shortest, whereas in the Western Ashkenazic rite they are the longest. Indeed, the recitation of Selichot begins before the Ten Days of Repentance; in the Ashkenazic tradition, they begin after the Sabbath immediately proceeding Rosh Hashanah (or on the Sabbath before that if Rosh Hashanah falls on a Monday or Tuesday), and in the Sephardic tradition they begin immediately after Rosh Chodesh Elul.

Fasting
There is an old custom to fast all weekdays of the Ten Days of Repentance (except for the eve of Yom Kippur when fasting is forbidden) and there were those who had the custom to fast during the day on Rosh Hashanah. Nevertheless, the common custom today is to fast only on Fast of Gedalia (from dawn to dusk) and for the full day of Yom Kippur.

Additional customs

During these days some are stricter and eat only baked goods produced with a Jew involved in the baking process (a practice known as Pat Yisrael), even though during the year they eat any baked goods made from kosher ingredients (known as pat paltar). If while traveling it is not possible to obtain Pat Yisrael, then being stricter is not a requirement.

There are conflicting customs whether weddings should be held during the weekdays of the Ten Days: some Orthodox Jews avoid holding weddings during this more serious period, while other Orthodox Jews as well as non-Orthodox Jews may do so.

Some Jews and communities perform the Kapparot custom, typically on the day before Yom Kippur.

References

Ten Days of Repentance


St. Olaf College is a private liberal arts college in Northfield, Minnesota. It was founded in 1874 by a group of Norwegian-American pastors and farmers led by Pastor Bernt Julius Muus. The college is named after the King and the Patron Saint Olaf II of Norway and is affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. It was visited by King Olav in 1987 and King Harald V and Queen Sonja of Norway in 2011. Queen Sonja of Norway visited the college's campus a second time in 2022 as part of a tour to celebrate the connections between Norway and Minnesota's Norwegian-American community. She participated in a ribbon-cutting ceremony for the Special Collections vault at Rølvaag Memorial Library.

As of 2017, the college enrolled 3,035 undergraduate students and 256 faculty. The campus, including its 325-acre natural lands, lies 2 miles west of the city of Northfield, Minnesota; Northfield is also the home of its neighbor and friendly rival Carleton College. Between 1995 and 2020, 154 St. Olaf graduates were named Fulbright Scholars and 35 received Goldwater Scholarships.

History

Seal and motto
The seal of the St. Olaf College displays the Coat of arms of Norway, which includes the axe of St. Olaf.

The motto Fram! Fram! Kristmenn, Krossmenn, written in New Norwegian, is adapted from the Old Norse battle cry of King Olaf. It means "Forward! Forward! Men of Christ, Men of the Cross".

Founding

Many Norwegian immigrants arrived in Rice County, Minnesota, and the surrounding area in the late 19th century. Nearly all were Lutheran Christians, and desired a non-secular post-secondary institution in the Lutheran tradition that offered classes in all subjects in both Norwegian and English. The catalyst for St. Olaf's founding was the Reverend Bernt Julius Muus; he sought out the help of the Revs. N. A. Quammen and H. Thorson. Together they petitioned their parishes and others to raise money to buy a plot of land on which to build the new institution. The three received around $10,000 in pledges, formed a corporation and bought land and four buildings (old Northfield schoolhouses) for the school. Muus came under scrutiny after a divorce case revealed extensive acts of domestic abuse. He fell out of favor with many of his predecessors, but the school did not officially denounce his abuses.

St. Olaf's School opened on January 8, 1875, at its first site under the leadership of its first president, Thorbjorn N. Mohn, a graduate of Luther College. Herman Amberg Preus, president of the Norwegian Synod, laid the foundation stone of the St. Olaf School on July 4, 1877. In 1887 the Manitou Messenger was founded as a campus magazine and has since evolved into the college's student newspaper, now called the Olaf Messenger. 1887 was also the year that the first female St. Olaf graduate, Agnes Mellby, joined the college. Mellby graduated in 1893. She was the first woman to graduate from a Norwegian Lutheran college in the United States.

In 1932, Red Wing Lutheran Seminary was merged into St. Olaf and its Red Wing campus was closed. The Seminary was an independent academic institution from 1879 to 1932.

Financial crisis
In 1893, St. Olaf faced severe economic difficulties. A national economic depression caused enrollment to drop from a high of 147 in 1892 to 129 in 1893. Also in 1893 the Norwegian Synod voted to cut ties with the college, greatly reducing its income. By the August 1893 board meeting, the college was $10,000 in debt. On August 2 the Board of Trustees appointed professor H. T. Ytterboe to travel around the Midwest and collect funds for the college. During this time President Mohn took over Ytterboe's responsibilities managing the college's finances. Over the next six years faculty and staff saw their salaries reduced, and the number of teaching faculty was reduced from eleven to seven. Ytterboe spent six years traveling the Midwest and was highly effective at fundraising, averaging $6,500 per year, mostly in small donations of a dollar or more from farmers and private individuals. By 1897, when the synod reinstated the college, the debt was reduced to less than $4,000. Historians of the college widely regard Ytterboe's and Mohn's efforts as having saved the college from extinction.

Scarlet fever epidemic
Following students' return from Christmas vacation in 1903, an epidemic of scarlet fever broke out on the campus and quickly spread. Twenty-eight out of St. Olaf's approximately three hundred students came down with the highly infectious disease. With no local hospital, the north wing on the third floor of Ytterboe Hall, the boys dormitory, was used as a makeshift hospital and staffed with two nurses who worked tirelessly to contain the spread of the disease.

1918 Spanish flu pandemic
At the beginning of the spread of the Spanish flu to the United States, St. Olaf went into voluntary quarantine in hopes of avoiding the epidemic, allowing students to leave campus only for emergencies once they had obtained a pass. The first cases on St. Olaf's campus occurred on November 11, 1918, and shortly thereafter the college hospital was filled to capacity. Ytterboe Hall was converted into a hospital for the sick once the temporary beds in Hoyme Chapel had filled. St. Olaf officially closed for the year on December 7, due to a rapid rise of influenza cases. Four students died from flu complications.

St. Olaf during the Second World War
At the beginning of World War II, St. Olaf was not directly involved with the conflict, with the extent of wartime activities including Red Cross drives and a "Bundles for Britain" project. But by the fall of 1942, over 400 undergraduates and alumni were serving overseas. The campus was also ordered to house 600 U.S. Naval recruits for flight training, leading to the conversion of Mohn and Ytterboe Halls from women's dormitories to housing for naval servicemen. Students living in Ytterboe and Mohn Halls were required to move to Agnes Mellby Hall to accommodate the naval personnel.

Presidents
St. Olaf has had 12 presidents since its founding:
 Thorbjorn N. Mohn, 1874–99
 John N. Kildahl, 1899–1914
 Lauritz A. Vigness, 1914–18
 Lars W. Boe, 1918–42
 Clemens M. Granskou, 1943–63
 Sidney A. Rand, 1963–80
 Harlan F. Foss, Ph.D., 1980–85
 Melvin D. George, Ph.D., 1985–94
 Mark U. Edwards Jr., Ph.D., 1994–2000
 Christopher M. Thomforde, D.Min., 2001–06
 David R. Anderson, Ph.D., 2006-23
 Susan Rundell Singer, Ph.D., since 2023

Church affiliations

 1874–87 Norwegian Synod
 1887–90 Anti-Missourian Brotherhood
 1890–1917 United Norwegian Lutheran Church of America
 1917–60 Evangelical Lutheran Church
 1960–87 The American Lutheran Church
 1988–present Evangelical Lutheran Church in America

Campus

Known as "The Hill", St. Olaf College's picturesque  campus is home to 17 academic and administrative buildings, 29 student residences and 10 athletic facilities. St. Olaf is a residential college; 96% of St. Olaf students reside in one of the 11 residence halls and 18 academic and special interest group houses. Adjacent to campus are  of restored wetlands, woodlands, and native tall grass prairie owned and maintained by St. Olaf, and a utility-grade wind turbine that supplies up to one-third of the college's electrical needs.

Two buildings on the campus are listed on the National Register of Historic Places: Old Main, designed by Long and Haglin; and Steensland Library, designed by Omeyer and Thori. In 2011, Travel+Leisure named St. Olaf one of the most beautiful college campuses in the United States.

Edward Sövik, a liturgical architect and St. Olaf professor of art until his death in 2014, designed or assisted in the design of 20 campus buildings.

Notable buildings

Center for Art and Dance
The Center for Art and Dance is a collaborative project with offerings from the art, art history, and dance departments. It houses the Flaten Art Museum and studio spaces dedicated to painting, drawing, printmaking, ceramics, wood sculpture, digital media, photography, and a metal foundry, all named after alumni and educators who contributed to the development of each discipline. The Flaten Art Museum was founded as the Steensland Art Gallery in 1976. In 2002, it was moved to the Center for Art and Dance and renamed to honor Arnold Flaten, a past professor of art, and his family. The museum has a collection of regional, national, and international works and exhibits these as well as faculty and student work.

The building underwent significant remodeling in the early 2000s and was initially dedicated as the Dittmann Complex, honoring Reidar Dittmann. Dittmann was born in Norway in 1922, and spent the better part of his youth working with the Norwegian resistance against the rising Nazi regime until his imprisonment in the Buchenwald concentration camp. After his immigration to the United States, Dittmann joined St. Olaf's faculty as a professor of art and Norwegian in 1947. In 1952 He and Ansgar Sovik co-founded the International Studies program, now known as the Office of International and Off-Campus Studies. After his death in 2010, serious sexual assault allegations from St. Olaf alumni surfaced under the revisions of Title IX Policy concerning Dittmann and other faculty members. The decision to rename the building was made in 2017, following the pattern of campuses around the country questioning the names of buildings dedicated to notable alumni with contentious histories.

Agnes Mellby Hall
Mellby Hall was constructed in 1938 to meet the needs of the growing female student population overflowing from Ladies' Hall, the first female dormitory competed in 1879, and Mohn Hall, completed in 1912. The building is dedicated to 1893 alumna Agnes Theodora Mellby, the first woman to graduate from St. Olaf. Born in Christiania, Norway in 1870, Mellby immigrated with her family to the U.S. in 1871 and settled in New Richland, Minnesota. After finishing her Academy (1891) and College (1893) studies at St. Olaf, she returned as the Dean of Women and an educator that fall, affectionately known as the Preceptress by those she worked with. Mellby taught English, German, geography, U. S. History, civics, and math, firm in her resolve to see to the well-being of St. Olaf's female population regarding education and housing. She held her position from 1893 until 1909, and continued to work with the college after retiring until her death in 1918.

Agnes Kittelsby Hall
In 1956, Agnes Kittelsby Hall was constructed with rooms for 164 women as an adjacent wing to the Gertrude Hilleboe Hall. It was an all-women's dormitory until St. Olaf residence halls became co-ed. The building is named after Agnes Kittelsby, St. Olaf class of 1900. Like many St. Olaf alumnae, Kittelsby taught various subjects at the college after her graduation. In 1914, she moved to China and established American School Kikungshan, a school for the children of American missionaries.

Thorson Hall
Thorson Hall was constructed as a men's dormitory in 1948. It was one of four dormitories constructed in the 1940s and 1950s to address an increase in enrollment after World War II. The building is named after Harald Thorson (1841-1920), an early benefactor of the college. A businessman, Thorson owned farms, sold horses and mules, and established banks. He was instrumental in establishing St. Olaf's School (as it was first named), choosing the initial 30-acre plot of land and authorizing the first payment for it. He later served as a member of the original Board of Trustees. Thorson's will bequeathed most of his estate to St. Olaf under the stipulation that the money be used for the construction of a new building, Thorson Hall.

Academics

Curriculum
Before graduating, St. Olaf students complete 15-18 required courses in general education credits, including courses in writing, a foreign language, society, religion, ethics, mathematical reasoning, race, social science, and natural science. Many of the courses are interdisciplinary. St. Olaf offers 41 different majors for the bachelor of arts degree, five for the bachelor of music degree, and 20 areas of concentration, which are pursued independently of majors. Its most popular majors, based on 2021 graduates, were:
Biology/Biological Sciences (83)
Economics (64)
Research and Experimental Psychology (57)
Mathematics (34)
English Language and Literature (33)
Political Science and Government (33)

As of the 2020–21 academic year, the student-to-faculty ratio is 12.2 to 1.

The Paracollege lasted for 31 years, from 1969 to 2000, and was an individualized, interdisciplinary option for obtaining the Bachelor of Arts degree. The Paracollege program emphasized student-centered education through workshops, colloquia, tutorials, seminars, and senior concentrations. It was replaced by the Center for Integrative Studies, which allows students to design individual majors.

Admissions
According to the St. Olaf College Common Dataset for the class of 2024, St. Olaf received 5,229 applications, accepted 2,656 (50.8%), and enrolled 727. The middle 50% range of SAT Composite scores for the class of 2024 was 1160–1370, while the ACT Composite range was 25–32. Of the 37% of enrolled first-year students who submitted high school class rank, 39% were in the top tenth of their high school classes and 69% ranked in the top quarter. The average high school GPA was 3.68.

Rankings

The 2022 annual ranking by U.S. News & World Report rates St. Olaf tied for 62nd among 223 "National Liberal Arts Colleges", 29th among 100 "Best Value Schools", and tied at 27th for "Best Undergraduate Teaching" among 75 ranked liberal arts colleges.

Forbes in 2019 rated St. Olaf 116th overall in its America's Top Colleges ranking of 650 military academies, national universities, and liberal arts colleges, and 50th among liberal arts colleges.

Washington Monthly ranked St. Olaf 28th in 2022 among 203 liberal arts colleges in the U.S. based on its contribution to the public good, as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service.

St. Olaf was ranked 47th for liberal arts colleges on Payscale.com's 2016-17 list of highest-paid graduates.

Student life

Student organizations
More than 250 student organizations are registered at St. Olaf, including academic, athletic, awareness, multicultural, political, religious, service (Alpha Phi Omega) and other special interest groups. Club sports include rowing, men's and women's Ultimate Frisbee, men's and women's rugby, men's and women's lacrosse, badminton, cycling, judo, and fencing. KSTO 93.1 FM is the student-operated radio station and the Olaf Messenger (formerly known as the Manitou Messenger) is the student newspaper. The paper changed its name in 2020 in response to concerns of the appropriation of the word "Manitou" from the language of the original inhabitants of the land the college is built on. Other groups include an on-campus organic farm (STOGROW), an improv comedy troupe (Scared Scriptless), and an EMT (emergency medical technician) organization that is the first responder for campus emergencies. St. Olaf students edit and publish several journals each year, including The Reed, the world's only international undergraduate journal for existential philosophy.

Student government
St. Olaf's Student Government Association (SGA) finances many student activities and organizations on campus. It operates through 10 branches, each managed by an elected executive: Diversity Celebrations Committee, Volunteer Network, Music Entertainment Committee, Student Activities Committee, Student Organizations Committee, Board of Regents Student Committee, The Pause, After Dark Committee, and Political Awareness Committee. Besides these committees, students can serve in the Student Senate to vote on issues such as constitutional bylaws changes and dorm capital improvement funds and communicate with college administrators about campus issues. SGA also maintains Oleville.com, a website containing information about student activities.

Student protests

Ytterboe the Dog
Ytterboe, named after former professor H. T. Ytterboe, was a black dog who became a facet of campus life at St. Olaf in 1942. Fed and cared for by students, the dog became an unofficial mascot. In 1957, Ytterboe the Dog "allegedly" bit the son of a local police officer Peter Morris. In response, Morris sent two officers to St. Olaf's campus to capture the dog. After he evaded capture, police shot Ytterboe on the library hill, in front of students who were studying for finals. In response, St. Olaf and Carleton students protested, gaining local and national coverage. At the protests, an effigy of the officer who shot Ytterboe was hung from a streetlight and burned. The Minnesota highway patrol was called in to control the protest as students continued demonstrating in Northfield. In response to the protests, the chief of police said, "Nobody loves a dog more than I do. We didn't mean to kill him". St. Olaf President Clemens M. Granskou commented, "As far as I could see, this is one of these tempests in a teacup that usually take place once in a while in the springtime on a college campus".

Initially, the Northfield Police sent Ytterboe's body to a local landfill, but students retrieved it. Afterward, Ytterboe's head was sent to Minneapolis to be tested for rabies; it tested negative. His body was buried on a slope of Manitou Heights the day after he was shot as a crowd of 2,000 students and members of the community gathered to pay their respects.

ROTC
Between 50 and 75 students from St. Olaf, accompanied by some Carleton students, occupied the St. Olaf administration building on April 16, 1970, demanding that the school cut ties with the ROTC. Students occupied the building until Friday afternoon, ending their occupation when President Sidney Rand came to an agreement with the leaders of the protest. The school moved forward on votes within the administration and the board of regents in return for the cessation of "obstructive demonstration". The St. Olaf protests coincided with a similar occupation at Macalester College.

Sexual misconduct
In 2016, students protested the school's policies on sexual harassment through a T-shirt campaign. Students donned grey shirts reading "Ask me how my college is protecting my rapist" to draw attention to the school's sexual misconduct policies. Information about the campaign circulated through social media and was soon picked up by local news sources. In response, the Office of Civil Rights of the U.S. Education Department launched an investigation into the college's policies. Soon after, the school officially announced an overhaul of its Title IX policies.

Racism
In 2017, a series of notes containing threats and racial slurs appeared. In response, students protested for systemic changes within the school on issues like diversity and inclusion, cultural sensitivity, and hate crimes. As of May 1, 2017, there had been 9 reported acts of hate speech during the school year. By occupying campus buildings, blocking entrances to the cafeteria, and boycotting classes, demonstrators pushed the administration to act on a number of demands. While the protests prompted the administration to reevaluate its policies, an investigation revealed that one of the notes was forged. While the forgery undermined the movement for some, others saw it as a rogue action that did not detract from the progress made.

Climate
In 2019, St. Olaf students joined over four million people worldwide who participated in the September 2019 climate strikes, a continuation of the school strike for climate movement inspired by Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg. On September 20, hundreds of St. Olaf students walked out of class and marched into downtown Northfield, where they joined other Northfield citizens to raise awareness of the growing threat of global climate change. The St. Olaf strike was organized by the college's Climate Justice Collective (CJC), a group dedicated to increasing campus awareness of climate issues and pushing St. Olaf to divest its endowment from fossil fuel companies.

Music program

St. Olaf's music program was founded by F. Melius Christiansen in 1903. Its band, choir and orchestra tour the continental United States annually and have made many international tours, typically occurring triennially. The St. Olaf Band was the first American college musical organization to conduct a concert tour abroad when it traveled to Norway in 1906. It was awarded The American Prize in Band/Wind Ensemble Performance, 2021, in the college/university (smaller program) division.

The St. Olaf Choir was founded in 1907 as the St. John's Lutheran Church Choir in Northfield, a collegiate ensemble. It has toured Europe several times, as well as China, Korea, and Australia, performing before heads of state and producing more than a dozen recordings. The choir performs in the nationally broadcast annual St. Olaf Christmas Festival, along with the St. Olaf Orchestra and four of the college's other choirs.

Other student musical ensembles include The St. Olaf Handbell Choir, Chapel Choir, Cantorei, Manitou Singers, Viking Chorus, Collegiate Chorale, Philharmonia, Norseman Band, and many smaller vocal and instrumental ensembles. There are also student-run music ensembles at St. Olaf: Valhalla Band, Naknefeler Orchestra, and the men's and women's a cappella groups: The Limestones, Agnes, and Krossmen. In addition, the Gospel Choir of St. Olaf is one of few Midwest college gospel choirs. These groups are not a part of the college's music program and operate independently.

Ensembles founded at St. Olaf include the Minnesota Symphonic Winds, the Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra, the Copper Street Brass and the a cappella choral groups Cantus, Inpulse, and Magnum Chorum. St. Olaf is also the location of the sacred choral music radio show Sing for Joy.

Athletics
St. Olaf's athletic teams are called the Oles. Their colors are black and gold. The college is a member of the NCAA Division III level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (MIAC) in most sports since the 1974–75 academic year (of which it was also a member from 1920–21 to 1949–50), while its Alpine and Nordic skiing teams compete as Independents. The Oles competed in the Midwest Collegiate Athletic Conference (MCAC, known as the Midwest Conference since 1994–95) from 1952–53 to 1973–74.

St. Olaf competes in 26 intercollegiate varsity sports (13 for men and 13 for women). Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, hockey, skiing (Nordic and Alpine), soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, and track & field (indoor and outdoor); women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, ice hockey, skiing (Nordic and Alpine), soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field (indoor and outdoor), and volleyball. Former sports included men's wrestling.

St. Olaf also has many student-coached club and intramural teams that compete within the student body and also inter-college. Notable are the St. Olaf Ultimate teams, The Berzerkers and Durga (team name changed to Vortex in 2015), which make an annual trip to a national collegiate tournament (Spring Ultimax) in North Carolina. The women's Ultimate teams have been successful at the national level for many years. In 2011, Durga played at the Division III Nationals tournament in Buffalo, New York, finishing in seventh place. The team also played in the DIII Nationals tournament in 2014. In 2017, Vortex again qualified for the national tournament in Kentucky and placed seventh. In 2018, Vortex won the DIII national championship in Rockford, Illinois. After that success, Vortex placed third at the DIII National tournament in College Station, Texas. The St. Olaf Dance Team supports St. Olaf athletic teams (football, men's/women's soccer and basketball) with halftime performances and competes in intercollegiate events every year. It has performed in the Minnesota Swarm lacrosse team's halftime show and placed third in its division at the 2011 St. Thomas Invitational.

Rivalry with Carleton College

Football

St. Olaf is a traditional athletic rival of its crosstown neighbor Carleton College. The annual American football game between the Knights and the Oles was recently dubbed the "Cereal Bowl" in honor of the Malt-O-Meal production facility in Northfield. The annual winner receives the "Goat Trophy", which was created by Minneapolis dentist Ranthus B. Fouch in 1931.

The rivalry between St. Olaf and Carleton began with a Carleton victory over St. Olaf in 1919. A statue of an eagle in Northfield's Civil War Veterans' Memorial (in Bridge Square) is turned to face the college that wins the annual match between the schools.

These football teams are also significant for having played the only NCAA-sanctioned "Liter Bowl" metric football game in history, which St. Olaf won in 1977.

Cross country
The Great Karhu Shoe Race is an annual rivalry between the cross country teams of Carleton and St. Olaf College.  The race was founded in 1972 when Carleton Coach Bill Huyck was in search of a new championship course for the Midwest Conference Meet. St. Olaf coach Bill Thornton agreed to a competition between the runners on each team who were not on the varsity top 7. The varsity athletes were still racing later in the season. The trophy for the 1972 race was a pair of Karhu Shoes worth $10. These shoes have remained the trophy to this day.

Several traditions exist between the St. Olaf and Carleton runners at the race. As the race typically falls near Halloween, many of the runners will often don costumes. The runners for the St. Olaf men use safety pins to attach gummy bears to their shorts, which the Carleton runners attempt to rip off.

Kierkegaard Library
The Howard V. and Edna H. Hong Kierkegaard Library is a research collection dedicated to the work of the 19th-century Danish philosopher and theologian Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855), housed at St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota. Along with the Søren Kierkegaard Research Center at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, it is one of two internationally significant research facilities devoted to the study of Kierkegaard. The collection began as the private library of Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong, assembled during their complete translation of Kierkegaard's writings into English, the first volume of which received the National Book Award. Subsequent curators of the library were philosophers C. Stephen Evans and, from 1995 to 2022, Gordon D. Marino.

The Hongs donated the collection to St. Olaf College in 1976 with the understanding that it be made available as a center for research and publication. The library's current holdings include over 11,000 volumes, 3,500 periodical articles and a partial replication of Kierkegaard's personal library as well as titles Kierkegaard might have had access to during his lifetime. It hosts visiting researchers throughout the year (including an active summer fellows program) and periodic conferences and research seminars. Activities in the summer include Danish courses and an International Conference every fourth year. Yearlong Kierkegaard Fellowships see scholars living in St. Olaf's Kierkegaard House. The library's director is St. Olaf College philosophy faculty member Anna Louise Strelis Söderquist.

St. Olaf students edit and publish The Reed, an undergraduate journal of existential philosophy, from the library. The Reed began in 1998, and since then has published articles from undergraduates across the globe every year.

Flaten Art Museum
St. Olaf is home to the Flaten Art Museum, in the Center for Art and Dance. The museum holds over 4,000 works on rotating display to the public. The vast majority of the works were received through donations, but a few were purchased. The museum also displays senior studio majors' work at the end of the year to give them experience in having artwork displayed in a professional setting.

Poster collection
In 2015 St. Olaf accepted a collection of 147 rare World War II-era propaganda posters as part of a donation from the estate of Richard N. Tetlie. The posters were created by the Nazi regime and the Vichy French government for display across occupied Europe and were collected by Major Duncan Emrich, historian for General Dwight D. Eisenhower, during the liberation of Europe. The collection provides insight into how the Nazis and their allies attempted to foster racial ideology, encourage distrust of the Allies, and rally support for their cause by manipulating the fear, anxiety, traditions, and political circumstances of the people in the occupied territories. The museum contacted the Midwest Art Conservation Center for a full assessment of the collection in hopes that the posters can be restored. They could then be used in exhibits and as resources to teach about the dangers of propaganda and extremism.

Notable alumni

Notable St. Olaf alumni include civil rights activist James Reeb '50, AIA Gold Award-winning architect Edward Sövik '39, Minnesota Governor Al Quie '50, Oscar-winning screenwriter Barry Morrow '70, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Gretchen Morgenson '76, and writers Ole Rolvaag 1905, Siri Hustvedt '77 (winner of the Princess of Asturias Award in Letters), ornithologist Margaret Sordahl, and Traci Lambrecht '89 (of P.J. Tracy). Game designer Jonathan Tweet studied at the college, as did the first female major league baseball coach, Justine Siegal. Raffi Freedman-Gurspan graduated in 2009 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science and Norwegian. Andrew Volstead 1881 introduced the National Prohibition Act to Congress in 1919. Cheryl Willman is an American cancer researcher and the executive director of Mayo Clinic Cancer Programs.

Ernest Lawrence, recipient of the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics, studied for a year at St. Olaf.

In popular culture
St. Olaf is mentioned in the works of Minnesota author F. Scott Fitzgerald, whose character Jay Gatsby of The Great Gatsby attended the college briefly and worked as a janitor. The college is also frequently mentioned in Garrison Keillor's radio program A Prairie Home Companion, which broadcast its show from St. Olaf on November 17, 2001, and November 19, 2011.

The fictional Minnesota city of St. Olaf was the hometown of Rose Nylund in the TV show The Golden Girls. In the TV show the fictional city's sister city was St. Gustav, Minnesota, a nod to Gustavus Adolphus College, in nearby St. Peter, Minnesota. Betty White, the actress who played Rose, visited St. Olaf and was given an honorary membership in St. Olaf's chapter of the theater honorary society.

The St. Olaf Choir can be heard performing Mozart's Requiem with the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra in Nike's "Jordan XXII-Takeover" commercial. The choir is also on the soundtrack of the 1972 film The Great Northfield Minnesota Raid.

In October 2008 the Coen Brothers shot scenes at St. Olaf for their film A Serious Man. After a long search of many campuses, they chose St. Olaf's old Science Center because it had the late 1960s look of the movie. St. Olaf has since built a new science center and remodeled the old facility into Tomson Hall.

See also
 List of St. Olaf College people
 List of colleges and universities in Minnesota
 Higher education in Minnesota

Notes

References

External links

 Official athletics website

Liberal arts colleges in Minnesota
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
Education in Rice County, Minnesota
Universities and colleges established in 1874
University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Buildings and structures in Rice County, Minnesota
Tourist attractions in Rice County, Minnesota
Northfield, Minnesota
Private universities and colleges in Minnesota
1874 establishments in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Rice County, Minnesota

St. Olaf College


Ashburn Alley is the open concourse behind center field at Citizens Bank Park, home of the Philadelphia Phillies. It is named after Hall of Famer Richie Ashburn, Phillies center fielder from 1948 to 1959, and was also a long time broadcaster for the Phillies from 1963 until his death in September 1997. Ashburn Alley spans from the left field gate to "The Yard" kids area, and features a "street-fair" like atmosphere before and during a game.

Ashburn Alley's name sake began while Ashburn was still playing. During the Phillies playing days at old Shibe Park, Ashburn was known for dropping bunts down the third baseline, which had slightly overgrown grass that helped the ball stay fair. A bronze statue of Ashburn lies in the center of the alley.

Features

Ashburn Alley serves as a history lesson of baseball in Philadelphia. Granite markers on the walk-way feature every Phillies all-star since the first game in 1933. Another feature of Ashburn Alley is Memory Lane. Memory Lane is located directly behind the batter's eye, and gives an extensive look at the history of Philadelphia baseball. It features the history of the Phillies, the history of Philadelphia Athletics, and history of Negro league teams in the city. At the end of the Memory Lane section offers a great view of the stadiums' two tiered bullpen. The upper bullpen, in particular, pulls snug against the concourse.

On the western end of the Alley is Bull's BBQ, named after former Phillies slugger Greg "The Bull" Luzinski, who also operates it. Bull's BBQ is an outdoor picnic section and serves barbecue pork sandwiches, chicken, and most notably ribs. Luzinski is at most of the games and often socializes with fans.

On top of the concession buildings in the center of the Alley is the Rooftop Bleachers. This area of the stadium was influenced by the old rooftop seats at the Phillies and Athletics old home Shibe Park. It was common during the 1920s for residents who lived in the rowhouses across from the ballpark to watch the games for free on their rooftops.

There are many concession stands featuring Philadelphia cuisine staples such as the cheesesteak, at both Tony Luke's and Campo's. Another Philadelphia cuisine staple is Chickie's & Pete's crabfries. The Alley also features the '47 Brand store, which sells classic Phillies apparel, classic pennants and banners, and other items.

References

Philadelphia Phillies
Sports in Philadelphia

Ashburn Alley


Before the Devil Knows You're Dead is a 2007 American crime thriller film directed by Sidney Lumet. The film was written by Kelly Masterson, and stars Philip Seymour Hoffman, Ethan Hawke, Marisa Tomei, and Albert Finney. The title comes from the Irish saying: "May you be in heaven a full half-hour before the devil knows you're dead". The film unfolds in a nonlinear narrative, repeatedly going back and forth in time, with some scenes shown repeatedly from differing points of view. It was the last film directed by Lumet before his death in 2011.

The film appeared on 21 critics' end-of-the-year top ten lists indexed by Metacritic and was selected as one of 2007's ten most influential American films by the American Film Institute, at the 2007 AFI Awards.

Plot
Note: The story is explained here in its chronological order, rather than as it is presented in the film.

Facing an upcoming audit that will reveal his embezzlement, finance executive Andy Hanson decides to escape to Brazil. To raise the necessary funds, he enlists the aid of his brother, Hank, a divorced father who needs money to pay child support and tuition. Hank has been having an affair with Andy's wife, Gina.

Hank is well-meaning but easily dominated by Andy, a ruthless schemer. Andy, in turn, resents his younger and more attractive brother, whom their parents favored. Andy plans to rob their parents' jewelry store, to which Hank reluctantly agrees. Andy argues that he cannot go himself because he has been seen in the neighborhood recently. They assume that only Doris, an elderly employee, will be there, necessitating only a toy gun, and ensuring that insurance will make it a victimless crime. Andy plans to fence the jewelry via a New York City dealer his father knows, and expects to net about $120,000 from the robbery.

Without consulting Andy, Hank hires Bobby Lasorda, an acquaintance who is an experienced thief, to help him. Bobby reveals a real gun and commits the robbery himself while Hank waits in the car. The brothers' mother Nanette happens to be filling in for Doris, and while Bobby is distracted, Nanette grabs a hidden pistol and shoots him; he shoots her back, mortally wounding her, before she kills him with a second shot. She dies a week later in the hospital. Unsatisfied with the police investigation, her husband Charles becomes obsessed with finding information about the crime. Shortly after the botched robbery, Bobby's brother-in-law Dex confronts Hank and demands financial compensation for Bobby's widow, Chris, threatening to either turn him over to the police or kill him if he does not come up with the money.

While Andy is away from his office, his superiors repeatedly try to contact him regarding irregularities revealed by the audit. At Nanette's wake, Andy and Charles have a complex and emotional exchange. Charles states he loves Andy despite their long-standing differences. Andy, who feels like an outsider, questions his biological heritage, and Charles slaps him. Andy and Gina immediately leave. On their drive home, Andy has an emotional breakdown over his relationship with his father. At home, Gina tells Andy his boss has been trying to contact him. She expresses her frustration with their marriage and Andy's growing coldness. Andy, preoccupied with his problems, hardly reacts when Gina announces she is leaving him or even when she reveals her affair with Hank, and instead he gives her money for her departure when she asks for some.

Charles, searching for information about the robbery, visits the same fence Andy contacted. After an acrimonious exchange indicating a longstanding, mutual dislike, the jeweler reveals that Andy recently came looking to fence some jewels. Charles immediately goes looking for Andy. Andy decides to resolve Hank's blackmail situation by robbing a heroin dealer whom he frequents and then escaping abroad.

At the dealer's apartment, Andy and Hank overpower and rob the dealer. Hank is shocked when Andy kills the dealer and a client who happened to be present. The brothers meet Dex to pay him off, but Andy impulsively kills him to prevent continued blackmail. Andy appears ready to kill Chris, but Hank objects after hearing Chris' baby crying in another room. Andy turns the gun on Hank, revealing that he knows about Hank and Gina's relationship. Hank begs Andy to kill him. As Andy pauses, Chris shoots Andy in the back with Dex's gun. Horrified, she orders Hank to leave, and he guiltily leaves some of the money behind for her before fleeing.

After leaving the fence, Charles tails Andy. He follows Andy from his apartment tower, watches as he goes to Hank's apartment, then follows his sons to their meeting with Chris; Charles sees Hank fleeing the apartment and calls out to him, but Hank continues running, and escapes. He finally follows Andy to the hospital, where he is taken by paramedics. Andy breaks down and apologizes to his estranged father. Charles appears to accept his apology. Charles attaches Andy's heart monitor to himself and suffocates his son to death with a pillow. As medical staff rush to help Andy, Charles walks away.

Cast

Production
After experimenting with the format of high definition video on the television series 100 Centre Street, Lumet made the decision to shoot Before the Devil Knows You're Dead on the Panavision Genesis digital camera system. At a press conference at the 2007 New York Film Festival, Lumet called shooting on film "a pain in the ass," and predicted that as soon as distributors and exhibitors could agree on a digital projection format, photographic film would be rendered obsolete.

The primary robbery scene was filmed at the Bay Terrace Shopping Center in Bayside, Queens, New York.

Sidney Lumet knew Philip Seymour Hoffman was going to have more difficulty with the opening sex scene than Marisa Tomei. "I don't think Philip has ever conceived of himself in the nude fucking onscreen. It's just not something that comes his way. So when we started blocking, Marisa hopped up on the bed, got on her hands and knees, slapped her ass and said, 'Come on Philly, let's go!' I could kiss her. Because if Philip had any inhibitions, they were gone," Lumet said.

Release
The film premiered on September 6, 2007, at the Festival of American Cinema in Deauville, France. It was also shown at the Toronto International Film Festival in Canada on September 13, 2007. It opened in France on September 26, 2007. The film made its American debut on October 12, 2007, at the New York Film Festival. It opened in limited release in the United States on October 26, 2007, in two theaters, grossing US$73,837 in its opening weekend. In total, the film grossed over US$25 million worldwide.

Reception
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 88% of 180 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 7.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "A tense and effective thriller, Before the Devil Knows You're Dead marks a triumphant return to form for director Sidney Lumet." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 86 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".

Time magazine's Richard Schickel named the movie one of the top 10 films of 2007, ranking it at #3, saying, "At one level the movie is a wonderfully intricate exploration of family dysfunction. At another, it's a coolly controlled examination of increasingly insane criminal ineptitude. Either way you look at it, this is a hypnotizing film from one of our great masters." Roger Ebert gave the film four stars out of four, calling it "superb" and its director, Sidney Lumet, a "living treasure."

Top 10 lists
The film appeared on many critics' top 10 lists of the best films of 2007.

1st - Stephen Farber, The Hollywood Reporter
1st - Steven Rea, The Philadelphia Inquirer
2nd - Marc Mohan, The Oregonian
2nd - Owen Gleiberman, Entertainment Weekly
3rd - Manohla Dargis, The New York Times
3rd - Richard Schickel, Time
3rd - Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun-Times
4th - Rene Rodriguez, The Miami Herald
5th - Marc Savlov, The Austin Chronicle
6th - Carina Chocano, Los Angeles Times
6th - Frank Scheck, The Hollywood Reporter
6th - Keith Phipps, The A.V. Club
7th - Scott Foundas, LA Weekly (tied with Eastern Promises)
8th - Jack Mathews, New York Daily News
8th - Lou Lumenick, New York Post
8th - Peter Travers, Rolling Stone
8th - Ty Burr, The Boston Globe
9th - Mick LaSalle, San Francisco Chronicle
9th - Peter Vonder Haar, Film Threat
10th - Philip Martin, Arkansas Democrat-Gazette
10th - Stephen Hunter, The Washington Post

Awards and honors
American Film Institute Awards 2007
Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cast
Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Ensemble Cast
Satellite Award for Best Cast – Motion Picture

Home media
The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on April 15, 2008.

References

External links

 Interview with director Sidney Lumet, actors Philip Seymour Hoffman & Ethan Hawke on The Charlie Rose Show

2000s American films
2000s English-language films
2000s heist films
2007 crime drama films
2007 crime thriller films
American crime drama films
American crime thriller films
American heist films
American neo-noir films
American nonlinear narrative films
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
Filicide in fiction
Films about adultery in the United States
Films about drugs
Films about heroin addiction
Films about the illegal drug trade
Films about murder
Films directed by Sidney Lumet
Films scored by Carter Burwell
Films set in the 2000s
Films set in Queens, New York

Before the Devil Knows You're Dead


The Mai-Kai is a Polynesian-themed restaurant and tiki bar in Oakland Park, Florida. It opened to the public on December 28, 1956, and is one of the few "Grand Polynesian Palaces of Tiki" still in operation today. In 2015 it was named the "best tiki bar in the world" by Critiki, an organization of fans of Polynesian pop culture. It is the last restaurant in existence carrying on the traditions of service and serving the original drink recipes of Don the Beachcomber, and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

History
The Mai-Kai was created by brothers Bob and Jack Thornton. They visited Don the Beachcomber in Chicago as children and even at that young age said they wanted to open a similar place. While attending college at Stanford University they often visited Trader Vic's restaurant in San Francisco. In 1955 after completing service in the armed forces, the brothers settled in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Still less than 30 years old, they decided to open a Polynesian restaurant in an undeveloped area of Oakland Park, a suburb of Fort Lauderdale. Although the area seemed remote at first – "the middle of nowhere on U.S. 1" – a tourist industry was growing in Florida in the 1950s, and both cities were undergoing rapid residential expansion, so that the restaurant immediately developed a clientele of both locals and tourists.

The original restaurant was designed by architect Charles F. McKirahan Sr. and decorated by Wayne Davidson. It cost $350,000 to complete, making it the most expensive restaurant built in the US that year. It earned more than a million dollars in its first year. It quickly became one of the top-grossing restaurants in the United States, and for many years it sold more rum than any other location in Florida. When the brothers opened the Mai-Kai they hired away number 2 chef Lin Ark Lee, known as Kenny Lee, number 2 bartender Mariano Licudine, maitre d' Andy Tanato and seating captain and purchasing agent Robert Van Dorpe from the Chicago Don the Beachcomber, along with many staff members. Van Dorpe became the first general manager of the Mai-Kai.

The original restaurant contained five dining rooms and a 19-seat "Surfboard Bar" made of surfboards. Originally the roof of the Garden seating area was open. The constant nuisance of moving guests out of the rain caused them to enclose the roof with glass. That glass roof was opened and closed until maintenance issues kept it closed.

In 1970, Jack Thornton sold his interest in the Mai-Kai to his brother Bob after he was struck ill by an aneurysm. Bob then expanded the restaurant, more than doubling its capacity. Bob died in 1989. Today the restaurant is run by Bob's stepson David Levy as CEO and his stepdaughter Kulani Thornton Gelardi as CFO.

In 2020, the Mai-Kai building closed following flooding caused by a burst pipe. The restaurant continued to host some outdoor gatherings. As of January 2021, the Mai-Kai is reportedly for sale.

The restaurant
The main building is one story with a large A-frame thatched roof.  A wooden slat bridge is crossed to reach the porte cochere and entrance. The Mai-Kai has been expanded several times, largely achieving its present layout and appearance by 1971. It now includes eight dining rooms, a bar, a stage in the center of the restaurants to showcase the Polynesian Islander Revue floor show, a gift shop, and tropical gardens. The interior is decorated with nautical and South Sea artifacts.

The largest renovation started in 1970 and took two years to complete. Even during construction projects, the Mai-Kai never closed, and the owners stipulated that the work must be done in such a way that customers could not see or hear it. This often meant the work was done in the wee hours of the morning. In 2009 the restaurant completed a several-years-long renovation to repair damage from Hurricanes Katrina and Wilma.

The current Mai-Kai is much like it was in the 1970s. The waitresses at the Mai-Kai's Molokai Bar are attired in bikini tops and wraparound sarongs. The menu maintains a Polynesian-Asian theme, and the cocktail menu (designed by Mariano Licudine) is largely unchanged since 1956.

The Polynesian show
The Mai-Kai Islanders Revue opened in 1962, with two performances a night. Mireille Thornton was an early dancer in the show, later marrying Bob Thornton. By 1970 she was the choreographer, talent recruiter, and costume designer for the show. As she was born and raised in Tahiti, she was able to create authentic South Pacific dances and costumes. The Mai-Kai Islanders Revue is the longest running Polynesian show in the United States.

The Mai-Kai Gardens
The Mai-Kai has taken advantage of the year-round growing season and tropical climate to its fullest advantage. The surrounding gardens feature walking paths through tropical vegetation, simulated rock formations, waterfalls, ponds, and Tiki statues. Some of the palms and orchids are over fifty years old. On June 8, 2009, a massive carving by Barney West that stood in the gardens for decades collapsed. It was replaced by a piece that had stood in the original Surfboard Bar in 1956.

Polynesian artifacts
The Mai-Kai contains many genuine Polynesian artifacts, some that are over 100 years old. Much of the original collection of Polynesian artifacts was donated to the Thortons' alma mater, Stanford University, in the 1970s. Another part of the collection was donated to the Fort Lauderdale art museum. An insurance appraisal put such a high value on the artifacts that it made the Mai-Kai virtually uninsurable.

See also

Tiki bar
National Register of Historic Places listings in Broward County, Florida

Further reading
Tim "Swanky" Glazner: Mai-Kai: History & Mystery of the Iconic Tiki Restaurant .
James Teitelbaum: Tiki Road Trip. Santa Monica Press (May 1, 2003), ; 2nd edition released June 1, 2007.

References

External links

Tiki culture
Tiki bars
Theme restaurants
Restaurants established in 1956
National Register of Historic Places in Broward County, Florida
1956 establishments in Florida

de:Tiki-Kultur
es:Hei tiki

Mai-Kai Restaurant


Steve Tsang (born Tsang Yui-sang in 1959) is a Hong Kong-born political scientist and historian whose expertise includes politics and governance in China, Taiwan and Hong Kong, the foreign and security policies of China and Taiwan, and peace and security in East Asia. He is the current Director of the SOAS China Institute at the SOAS University of London.

Early life and education
Born in Hong Kong, Tsang received a B.A. at the University of Hong Kong in 1981 and D.Phil. at St Antony's College, Oxford in 1986.

Career
In September 2016, Tsang was announced as the new Director of the SOAS China Institute, part of the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, a role he began in December 2016. Tsang was previously a professor of contemporary Chinese studies at the University of Nottingham, where he also served as Head of the School of Contemporary Chinese Studies (2014–2016) and Director of the China Policy Institute (2011–2014).  Before joining the University of Nottingham, he spent his career at the University of Oxford, where among other positions, he served as Director of the Pluscarden Programme for the Study of Global Terrorism and Intelligence (2005–2011), Dean of St Antony's College (2002, 1996–98), Director of the Taiwan Studies Programme (2001–2011), Director of the Asian Studies Centre (1997–2003), and Director of the Oxford University Hong Kong Project (1987–1994).

Tsang's most recent books are "Taiwan's Impact on China" (2017) and "China in the Xi Jinping Era" (2016). Tsang is also the author of A Modern History of Hong Kong (2004), which the last British Hong Kong governor Chris Patten described as "authoritative and well-researched". He is also the author of Governing Hong Kong: Administrative Officers from the 19th Century to the Hand-over of China, 1862–1997 (London: I.B. Tauris, 2007); The Cold War's Odd Couple: The Unintended Partnership between the Republic of China and the United Kingdom, 1950–1958 (London: I.B. Tauris, 2006); Hong Kong: An Appointment with China (London: I.B. Tauris, 1997); Democracy Shelved: Great Britain, China and Attempts at Constitutional Reform in Hong Kong (Oxford University Press, 1998). He is the author of numerous articles in refereed journals, including most recently "Chiang Kai-shek's 'secret deal' at Xian and the start of the Sino-Japanese War"; "The U.S. Military and American Commitment to Taiwan's Security"; "Ma Ying-jeou's re-election: implications for Taiwan and East Asia", and "Consultative Leninism: China's new political framework".

Tsang is an associate fellow at Chatham House, Associate Editor of Palgrave Communication (2014–), serves on the Editorial Advisory Board for several academic journals and was Editor of the Nottingham China Policy Institute Series for Palgrave Macmillan (2011–2017). He regularly contributes to public debates on issues related to the politics, history, and development of East Asia, particularly China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. He is a frequent commentator in print media and on television and radio, particularly the BBC, where he has appeared on Newsnight, BBC News at Ten, World News, BBC News, News 24, The Talk Show, Today, PM, Newshour, What If, and various World Service programmes in English, Mandarin, and Cantonese. His op-ed contributions have appeared in The New York Times, Foreign Policy magazine, Jane's Intelligence Review, Time, Wall Street Journal, Forbes, South China Morning Post, China Daily, Taipei Times, The Straits Times, The Globe and Mail, Chicago Tribune, and the New Statesman amongst others. He has provided expert opinions to parliamentary committees in the British House of Commons, the European Parliament, and the United States Congress.

Selected works
Governing Hong Kong: Administrative Officers from the 19th Century to the Hand-over to China, 1862–1997 (London: I.B. Tauris, 2007) (Chinese edition published by Hong Kong University Press).
The Cold War's Odd Couple: The Unintended Partnership between the Republic of China and the United Kingdom, 1950–1958 (London: I.B. Tauris, 2006).
A Modern History of Hong Kong (London: I.B. Tauris, 2004).
Hong Kong: An Appointment with China (London: I B Tauris, 1997) (Choice's Outstanding Academic Book for 1998).
Democracy Shelved: Great Britain, China and Attempts at Constitutional Reform in Hong Kong 1945‑1952 (Oxford University Press, 1988).

Personal life
Tsang is married to British writer Rhiannon Jenkins. They studied at Oxford University but did not meet until years later in a seminar on the 1997 Hong Kong Handover.

References

External links
Biography—SOAS, University of London
Curriculum Vitae—European Parliament

Living people
1959 births
Academics of SOAS University of London
Fellows of St Antony's College, Oxford
Hong Kong academics
Historians of Hong Kong
Date of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Hong Kong historians
21st-century Hong Kong historians

Steve Tsang


Play with Me Sesame is a half-hour children's television series created for the Noggin TV channel. It is based on the television series Sesame Street, and it is about the Muppet characters Ernie, Bert, Grover, and Prairie Dawn. The show started on April 1, 2002 on Noggin in the United States.

List of Segments
Ernie Says
Prairie Dawn's Art Class
Prairie Dawn's Music Class
Kit and Domby's Art Class (UK version)
Bert's Computer
Move and Groove with Grover
End Segment

Muppet Performers

Fran Brill as Prairie Dawn and Zoe (Season 2)
Eric Jacobson as Bert and Grover
David Rudman as Cookie Monster (Season 2)
John Tartaglia as Ernie (Season 2)
Steve Whitmire as Ernie (Seasons 1 and 3)
Richard Coombs as Domby (UK version)
Andy Heath as Kit (UK version)

Song Lyrics
Grover: Hello, every-bodeee!
Ernie: Somebody come and play.
Prairie: Okay!
Ernie: Somebody come and play today.
Grover: Somebody come and play some games.
Prairie: And sing the songs.
Bert: And play along.
Ernie: Somebody come and play today. (Bert, Ernie and Prairie laugh)
Grover: It's going to be so much fun!
Ernie: Somebody come and play with me, oh, I can hardly wait!
Prairie: Ah-yi-yi-yi-yi-yi!
Ernie: There's so much to do together on our playdate! (Laughs)
Grover: Everybody now!

All:  Somebody come and play.
Somebody come and play today.
Somebody come and join the fun.
There's lots of room for everyone.
Somebody come and play today.
Play with me Sesame!! (Cheering)

Children's television series
2002 television series debuts
2007 television series endings
Sesame Street

Play with Me Sesame


Veronica A. Czitrom (also Anne Veronica Czitrom or Verónica Czitróm de Gerez) is a Mexican-American statistician known for her applications of statistics to the quality control of semiconductor manufacturing.

Education and career
Czitrom is originally from Mexico City. She graduated from the University of California, Berkeley with a bachelor's degree in physics, continued at Berkeley for a master's degree in engineering, and became a professor of systems engineering and applications at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Subsequently, she returned to graduate study in mathematics and statistics at the University of Texas at Austin. Her 1984 doctoral dissertation, D-Optimal Experimental Designs and Alternative Models for Quadratic Blending with Process Variables, was supervised by Peter William Meredith John.

After completing her doctorate, she became an assistant professor of statistics at the University of Texas at San Antonio. She moved to Bell Labs in 1990, and was seconded from them for two years at SEMATECH. After moving to Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing in Singapore, in 2003 she founded a statistical consulting firm in Singapore, Statistical Training & Consulting.

She has also served the American Statistical Association as chair of its Quality and Productivity Section, in 2000. Her accomplishments as chair included the establishment of a scholarship in honor of Mary Gibbons Natrella, funding students to travel to the section's annual conference.

Books
With Patrick D. Spagon, Czitrom is the author of the book Statistical Case Studies for Industrial Process Improvement (Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 1997).

She is also the author of four Spanish-language textbooks on engineering: Circuitos y sistemas electro-mecánicos (in two volumes, with Víctor Gerez Greiser, 1974 and 1975), Introducción al análisis de sistemas e investigación de operaciones (with Victor Gerez Greiser, 1978), and Métodos para la solución de problemas con computadora digital : problemas y ejemplos (with José Armando Torres Fentanes, 1980).

Recognition
In 1996, Czitrom was the winner of a Hispanic Engineer National Achievement Award for technical contributions in industry. In 2000, the American Statistical Association honored her as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American women statisticians
Mexican statisticians
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
University of Texas at Austin alumni
Academic staff of the National Autonomous University of Mexico
University of Texas at San Antonio faculty
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
21st-century American women

Veronica Czitrom


The 7th Song, Enchanting Guitar Melodies (Archives Vol. 1)  is a 2000 album by guitarist Steve Vai.  It is his first compilation album, but unlike a standard "greatest hits" or "best of" album, all of the songs on it (save for the three new tracks and the hidden track) can be found on one of Vai's previous albums as the 7th track. The 7th track on each of his albums is meant to be the most emotional and well articulated piece on the album. "Christmas Time is Here", while not previously released on a Vai album, can nonetheless be found as the 7th track on the 1996 Christmas compilation, Merry Axemas.

The new songs on this album are "Melissa's Garden" (which does occupy the 7th track), "The Wall of Light", and "Boston Rain Melody".  The track for "Boston Rain Melody" continues on to contain the unlisted song "Warm Regards", the instrumental finale to Vai's 1996 album, Fire Garden. It is believed that Vai originally planned for the song to be the seventh track of the second disc, but when he discovered 80 minute CDs, he restructured the album to fit on one disc.

Track listing
All songs written by Steve Vai except "Christmas Time is Here" by Vince Guaraldi and Lee Mendelson
"For the Love of God" – 6:09 (from "Passion and Warfare")
"Touching Tongues" – 5:32 (from "Sex and Religion")
"Windows to the Soul" – 6:25 (from "The Ultra Zone")
"Burnin' Down the Mountain" – 4:19 (from "Flex-Able Leftovers")
"Tender Surrender" – 5:10 (from "Alien Love Secrets")
"Hand on Heart" – 5:26 (from "Fire Garden")
"Melissa's Garden" – 7:54 (previously unreleased)
"Call it Sleep" – 5:04 (from "Flex-Able")
"Christmas Time Is Here" – 4:13 (from the compilation : "Merry Axemas: A Guitar Christmas")
"The Wall of Light" – 2:38 (previously unreleased)
"Boston Rain Melody" – 4:39 (previously unreleased)

References

Steve Vai albums
2000 compilation albums
Epic Records compilation albums
Instrumental rock compilation albums

The Seventh Song


Tribute of the Year: A Tribute to Faith No More is a compilation tribute of Faith No More covers, released in 2002. Thirty independent North American and European bands perform a song from all of Faith No More's studio albums in this 2-CD compilation only released in the North American market.

Track listing

Disc 1
 "Stripsearch" covered by VooDou
 "Midlife Crisis" covered by Bile
 "We Care a Lot" covered by Parallax 1
 "Mouth To Mouth" covered by Tub Ring
 "The Gentle Art of Making Enemies" covered by Imbue
 "The World Is Yours" covered by The Donkey Punch
 "Everything's Ruined" covered by Daiquiri
 "Kindergarten" covered by Drowning Season
 "Malpractice" covered by The Rib
 "Absolute Zero" covered by Ichabod
 "Be Aggressive" covered by Sump Pumps
 "As The Worm Turns" covered by Yellow No. 5
 "Stripsearch" covered by Victims In Ecstasy
 "King For A Day" covered by Medulla Nocte
 "We Care a Lot" covered by Esper's Obession

Disc 2
 "Jizzlobber" covered by Grim Faeries
 "Edge of the World" covered by Hate Dept.
 "A Small Victory" covered by Germ Theory
 "We Care a Lot" covered by Die:schon
 "Blood" covered by New Low
 "Naked In Front of the Computer" covered by Fountainhead (Detroit based band. Curry, Miller, Kaye, Connelly)
 "Stripsearch" covered by Basement Love Underground
 "Midlife Crisis" covered by Sickend
 "Another Body Murdered" covered by Sounds of Mass Production
 "Why Do You Bother" covered by New Grenada
 "Surprise! You're Dead!" covered by Humans Being
 "Spirit" covered by Window Pane
 "Digging the Grave" covered by Son Of Indra
 "The Real Thing" covered by Mukrak
 "Edge of the World" covered by Combine Heathen

External links
Cduniverse.com, page on this album

Faith No More albums
2002 albums


was a member of a collateral line of the Japanese imperial family who played a key role in the Meiji Restoration. Prince Asahiko was an adopted son of Emperor Ninkō and later a close advisor to Emperor Kōmei and Emperor Meiji. He was the great-great-grandfather of the present Emperor of Japan, Naruhito.

Early life
Prince Asahiko was born in Kyoto, the fourth son of Prince Fushimi Kuniye, the twentieth head of the Fushimi-no-miya, the oldest of the four branches of the imperial dynasty allowed to provide a successor to the Chrysanthemum throne should the main imperial house fail to produce an heir.

The future Prince Asahiko had several childhood appellations and acquired several more titles and names over the years. He was often known as Prince Asahiko (Asahiko Shinnō) and Prince Nakagawa (Nakagawa-no-miya).

He was a half-brother of Prince Yamashina Akira, Prince Higashifushimi Yorihito, Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa, Prince Fushimi Sadanaru, and Prince Kan'in Kotohito.

Buddhist priest
From an early age, Prince Asahiko was groomed to pursue a career as a Buddhist priest, the traditional career path for non-heir sons in the sesshu shinnōke during the Edo period. He was sent as an acolyte to Honnō-ji in 1831, but was transferred to Ichijō-in, an abbacy of Kōfuku-ji in Nara in 1836. In 1838, he was adopted by Emperor Ninkō. That same year, he succeeded an uncle as the abbot of Kōfuku-ji and formally entered the priesthood under the title Sonya Hoshinnō. In 1852, Emperor Kōmei transferred him to Shōren-in, a major monzeki temple of the Tendai sect in Kyoto and he assumed the title Shōren no miya Son'yu.

Asahiko was also known as Awata no miya or Awataguchi no miya after the location of that temple. During this period, the prince became an outspoken advocate of jōi , the expulsion of all foreigners from Japan. His popularity among the Ishin Shishi (the pro-imperial court nationalist patriots) attracted the attention of Ii Naosuke, daimyō of Hikone and the Tairō during the final illness of Shōgun Tokugawa Iesada. When Ii launched the Ansei Purge, the prince was condemned to perpetual confinement at Shōkoku-ji and spent more than two years living in a tiny, dilapidated hut. This disrespectful treatment of the prince enraged the shishi, who made his release one of their principal objectives.

Meiji Restoration and afterwards
In 1862, the prince was allowed to return to secular status and received the title Nakagawa no miya. This was part of the amnesty declared in honor of the marriage of Shōgun Tokugawa Iemochi, to Kazu-no-miya, the Emperor Kōmei's half-sister. He returned to Kyoto, became a close advisor of the emperor, and became known by yet another title, Kaya-no-miya at this time. In September 1863, Kōmei bestowed on him the name "Asahiko" and the status of a prince of the blood (shinnōimperial prince of shinnōke), and named him Danjō no in, a high ranking court position open only to princes of the blood. Prince Asahiko continued in this post following the death of Kōmei and the ascension of the Meiji emperor.

After the Meiji Restoration, Prince Asahiko's political enemies did not relent. In 1868, he was deprived of his status as a prince of the blood and exiled to Hiroshima on trumped-up charges of plotting to overthrow the new government. Emperor Meiji pardoned him in February 1872, restoring his princely status and allowing him to start a new collateral branch of the imperial dynasty, the Kuni-no-miya. He spent the last two decades of his life as the lord custodian priest (saishu) of the Shinto Grand Shrine of Ise. Prince Kuni Asahiko died in Tokyo in 1891.

Three of Prince Asahiko's sons, Prince Kaya Kuninori, Prince Kuni Taka, and Prince Nashimoto Morimasa, successively served as lord custodian priests of the Ise Shrine between 1891 and 1947. Prince Asahiko's son Prince Kuni Kuniyoshi was the father of Princess Nagako of Kuni, who married the future Emperor Shōwa.

Family
Prince Kuni Asahiko was the father of at least eighteen children (nine sons and nine daughters) by at least five different court ladies: (1) Izumitei Shizue, second daughter of Izumitei Shun'eki, a priest at Kamo Shrine, Kyoto, (2) Izumi Makiko, (3) Harada Mitsue, (4) Tarao Utako, and (5) Tsunoda Sugako.

Emperor Meiji directed Prince Asahiko's second, eighth, and ninth sons to found new collateral branches of the imperial family with the hereditary rank of a minor prince of the blood (ōke): Kaya-no-miya, Asaka-no-miya, and Higashikuni-no-miya. Prince Asakiko's seventh son succeeded to the head of the existing Nashimoto-no-miya house. His fourth born son succeeded him as the second head of the Kuni-no-miya.

Consort and issue(s):
Wife (Nyōbō): Izumitei Shizue (泉亭静枝), second daughter of Izumitei Shun'eki (泉亭俊益)
First Daughter: Princess Chita (智當宮,  10 April 1864 – 14 September 1866)
First Son: Prince Muchimaro (武智宮, 25 March 1865 – 10 January 1866)
Second Son: Prince Kaya Kuninori (賀陽宮邦憲王, 1 September 1867 – 8 December 1909)
Fifth Son: Prince Kuni Taka (久邇宮多嘉王, 17 August 1875 – 1 October 1937)
Sixth Son: Prince Nobu (暢王, 28 December 1876 – 7 August 1877)
Wife (Nyōbō): Izumi Makiko (泉萬喜子), younger sister of Izumitei Shizue
Second Daughter: Princess Sakako (栄子女王), (18 February 1868 – 9 January 1949), Wife of Viscount Higashizono Motonaru
Third Daughter: Princess Akiko (安喜子女王, 6 July 1870 – 19 January 1920), Wife of Marquis Ikeda Norimasa
Fourth Daughter: Princess Hiroko (飛子女王, 1871 – 1889)
Fifth Daughter: Princess Ayako (絢子女王, 31 May 1872 – 26 July 1946), Wife of Viscount Takenuchi Koritada
Third Son: Prince Kuni Kuniyoshi (久邇宮邦彦王, 23 July 1873 – 29 January 1929)
Sixth Daughter: Princess Motoko (素子女王, 27 March 1876 – 21 January 1918), Wife of Viscount Sengoku Masayuki
Seventh Daughter: Princess Natsuo (懐子女王, 1879 – 1880)
Eighth Daughter: Princess Suzuko (篶子女王, 16 October 1879 – 3 January 1947), Wife of Count Mibu Moto
Seventh Son: Unnamed prince (1882)
Wife (Nyōbō): Mitsue Harada (原田光枝子)
Fourth Son: Prince Nashimoto Morimasa (梨本宮守正王, 9 March 1874 – 2 January 1951)
Wife (Nyōbō):  Utako Tarao (寺尾宇多子)
Ninth Daughter: Princess Atsuko (純子, 8 March 1884 – 13 June 1911), Wife of Viscount Oda Hidezane
Ninth Son: Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko(東久邇宮稔彦王, 3 December 1887 – 20 January 1990)
Wife (Nyōbō): Tsunoda Sugako (角田須賀子)
Eighth Son: Prince Asaka Yasuhiko (朝香宮鳩彦王, 2 October 1887 – 13 April 1981)

References and further reading
 Keene, Donald. Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002)
 Lebra, Takie Sugiyama. Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese Nobility (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993)
 Papinot, Edmond. Historical and geographical dictionary of Japan (New York: F. Ungar Pub. Co., 1948)

References

1824 births
1891 deaths
Kuni-no-miya
Japanese princes
Nobility from Kyoto
People of Meiji-period Japan
Kannushi
Parents of prime ministers of Japan

Prince Kuni Asahiko


The Birmingham pub bombings were carried out by the Provisional Irish Republican Army on 21 November 1974. Two bombs exploded in pubs in Birmingham, West Midlands, England, killing 21 people.

The first bomb exploded in the Mulberry Bush, killing ten people.

The second bomb exploded in the Tavern in the Town, killing eleven people.

A third bomb was planted in the doorway of a branch of Barclays bank. It was found by a policeman and did not explode.

The Birmingham bombings were 20th century England's most deadly terrorist attack.

References

1974 in the United Kingdom
1970s crimes in Europe
1970s disasters in Europe
1970s explosions
Attacks on bars
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1970s
Pub bombings
Building bombings in England
Mass murder in England
Mass murder in the 1970s
November events
Provisional Irish Republican Army
Terrorist incidents in the 1970s

Birmingham pub bombings


Feminist Philosophy Quarterly (FPQ) is an online, open access, peer-reviewed journal dedicated to promoting feminist philosophical scholarship. Founded on 22 July 2015, the journal is published quarterly and strives to include and incorporate the entirety of feminist philosophy across the world and including different traditions. The editors-in-chief are Samantha Brennan, Carla Fehr, Alice MacLachlan, and Kathryn Norlock; Brennan also served as a co-founder of the journal.

The journal aims to enhance feminist philosophers' and women's position in the philosophical sphere and the world at large, as well as being a platform for philosophical research that engages the issues faced by wider society. FPQ prioritises aligning itself with people who work towards fighting oppression and achieving equality and fairness.

Taking issues of bias in publication seriously, FPQ has a triple-anonymous review policy. This means that authors, editors, and reviewers are all anonymous to one another. In addition to publishing peer reviewed scholarly articles, the journal also publishes a variety of invited and submitted symposia.

FPQ's online platform is hosted by Digital Commons (powered by bepress) at Scholarship at Western, in turn by Western University.

References

External links

Feminist philosophy
Ethics journals
Feminist journals
2015 establishments in Canada
Open access journals
Academic journals published in Canada
English-language journals
Quarterly journals
Academic journals established in 2015

Feminist Philosophy Quarterly


Botrychium lunaria is a species of fern in the family Ophioglossaceae known by the common name moonwort or common moonwort. It is the most widely distributed moonwort, growing throughout the Northern Hemisphere across Eurasia and from Alaska to Greenland, as well as temperate parts of the Southern Hemisphere.

Description
This is a small plant growing up to 30 cm in height from an underground caudex. The leaf is pinnate and is divided into a sterile frond and a fertile frond. The sterile frond of the leaf has 4 to 9 pairs of fan-shaped leaflets or pinnae. The fertile part of the leaf is very different in shape, with grapelike clusters of round sporangia producing spores by which it reproduces. As in other members of the family Ophioglossaceae, this species is eusporangiate, the sporangia derived from more than one initial cell and having sporangial walls more than one cell thick. Their spores develop into underground, mycotrophic gametophytes.  Moonworts die down at the end of summer, frequently lying dormant for several seasons before re-appearing.

Distribution
Moonwort has a circumpolar distribution, being recorded in Eurasia, North America and Greenland. It also occurs in north Africa, the Himalayas, and temperate zones of Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand and South America. Although its distribution is patchy, and it may be locally rare, it is rated as of least concern in The IUCN Red List of threatened species. There is evidence of some decline in the British Isles, and in Ukraine, 189 loci were recorded, 118 before 1980, 58 after 1980  and 13 after 1980. In Britain it is found mainly in the north and west, while in the lowlands of England it has been largely lost and the decline continues. For example, in Worcestershire it had been recorded at seven sites in the past but now appears to be restricted to a single site.

Habitat and ecology
Botrychium lunaria is a species which grows on relatively dry to moist short grassland, meadows, small woods, heaths and moors frequently on higher ground and rarely in forests, either deciduous or pine, or open woodland. It has also been recorded on dune slacks. Within Europe the common moonwort is a characteristic species of four habitats, namely acid Alpine and sub-Alpine grassland, southern Balkan montane grasslands, closed sand steppes in central Europe and grasslands in Finland and Scandinavia.
It will also colonise brownfield sites such as spoil heaps and shale brings, this is especially notable in central Scotland. It has a preference for neutral to alkaline soils, often over limestone or chalk, or in other lime-rich habitats. It occurs up to . In the younger and adult states it is reliant on mycorrhizal relationships and this means that it can be vulnerable to disturbance of the soil. The presence of rotting plant material may be required for this fern to grow successfully.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile
Flora of North America
Photo gallery

lunaria
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Ferns of the Americas
Flora of Northern America
Flora of Asia
Flora of Europe
Flora of Southern America
Ferns of Australia
Ferns of Europe
Flora of Greenland
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN

Botrychium lunaria


Early Recordings Vol. 2 is an album by blues musician Lightnin' Hopkins featuring tracks recorded at Gold Star Recording Studios between 1946 and 1950, thirteen of which were originally released as 10-inch 78rpm records on the Gold Star and Dart labels, along with three others that were previously unissued. Arhoolie reissued The Gold Star Sessions on two CDs through Smithsonian Folkways in 1990.

Reception

AllMusic reviewer Eugene Chadbourne stated: "The Arhoolie collection of recordings done for the Texas Gold Star label continued with a particularly well-assembled collection in which a few interesting variations in recording and backup musicians contribute to a sense of variety often missing from albums by this artist. There are also some vocal performances here that are among Hopkins' best committed to vinyl ... These recordings are all very typical of the Hopkins approach in that many songs were probably improvised on the spot, or at least whipped up around a framework or some kind of skeletal idea. Hopkins has quite a strange attention span, sometimes approaching a song with strong concentration until he is halfway through, then becoming casual and letting things drift off completely. Aspects like this, and his way of improvising instrumental breaks in which the chord structure or tempo can be transformed at whim, make this a kind of blues that is challenging not only for the listener but for the performer as well.".

Track listing
All compositions by Sam "Lightnin'" Hopkins
 "Short Haired Woman" – 2:22
 "Old Woman Blues" – 3:04
 "Untrue Blues" – 3:03
 "T-Model Blues" – 2:39
 "Jailhouse Blues" – 3:03
 "Trying to Find a Friend" – 3:07
 "Can't Be Successful" aka "Unsuccessful Blues" – 2:23
 "Tom Moore Blues" – 2:41
 "Fast Life Woman" – 2:25
 "Grosebeck Blues" [Take 2] – 2:25 previously unreleased
 "Grosebeck Blues" [Take 3] – 2:37 previously unreleased
 "Rollin' Woman Blues" – 2:49
 "Ain't It a Shame" – 2:56
 "Somebody's Got to Go" – 2:48
 "Automobile Blues" – 2:50
 "All I Got Is Gone" – 3:06 previously unreleased

Personnel
Lightnin' Hopkins – guitar, vocals, organ
Joel Hopkins – guitar (track 1)
Frankie Lee Sims – slide guitar (tracks 5 & 6)

References

1971 albums
Lightnin' Hopkins albums
Arhoolie Records albums

Early Recordings Vol. 2


Susana Santos Silva (born 3 January 1979 in Porto, Portugal) is a Portuguese jazz and free improvisation musician (trumpet, flugelhorn, and flute).

Biography
Santos studied jazz trumpet at the Music College in Porto until 2008 and then the Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe with Reinhold Friedrich, Edward Tarr, Klaus Schuwerk and Klaus Braker, subsequently  Jazz Performance at the  Rotterdam Conservatory (Diplom 2010), where she played with Eric Vloeimans, Jarmo Hoogendijk and Wim Both. She played in the Orquestra Jazz de Matosinhos (inter alia with Lee Konitz, Chris Cheek, Kurt Rosenwinkel and Maria João as guest musicians in CD productions), in European Movement Jazz Orchestra (EMJO Live at Coimbra, Clean Feed Records 2011) and in the Dutch trio LAMA (with Gonçalo Almeida and Greg Smith). In 2011 Santos released her debut album Devil's Dress (Toap). She is currently working with the bassist Torbjörn Zetterberg (Almost Tomorrow, 2013, Clean Feed) and with the ensemble SSS-Q (Songs from My Backyard, 2014). All About Jazz refers to Santos as one of the most original and articulate voices of European avantgarde jazz and non-idiomatic music.

Discography (in selection)

Solo albums
 Susana Santos Silva Quintet (Demian Cabaud, Marcos Cavaleiro, André Fernandes, Zé Pedro Coelho)
 2011: Devil's Dress (Tone Of A Pitch)

 With Torbjörn Zetterberg
 2013: Almost Tomorrow (Clean Feed)

 With João Pedro Brandão, Hugo Raro, Torbjörn Zetterberg, and Marcos Cavaleiro
 2015: Impermanence (Carimbo Porta-Jazz)

 With Torbjörn Zetterberg and Hampus Lindwall
 2015: If Nothing Else (Clean Feed)

 With Santos Silva/Wodrascka/Meaas Svendsen/Berre
 2016: Rasengan! (Barefoot Records)

 With Santos Silva/Stadhouders/Almeida/Costa
 2016: Buku (Cylinder Recordings)

 With Lotte Anker, Sten Sandell, Torbjörn Zetterberg and Jon Fält
 2016: Life And Other Transient Storms (Clean Feed)

Collaborations
 With The European Movement Jazz Orchestra
 2011: EMJO Live In Coimbra  (Clean Feed)

 With LAMA
 2011: Oneiros (Clean Feed)
 2013: Lamaçal (Clean Feed), featuring Chris Speed
 2015: The Elephant's Journey (Clean Feed), featuring Joachim Badenhorst
 2017: Metamorphosis (Clean Feed), featuring Joachim Badenhorst

 With SSS-Q (Jorge Queijo)
 2014: Songs From My Backyard (Wasser Bassin)
 2017: S/T (Wasser Bassin), featuring Carlos Guedes

 With De Beren Gieren
 2014: The Detour Fish (Clean Feed)

 With Fire! Orchestra
 2016: Ritual (Rune Grammofon)
 2019: Arrival (Rune Grammofon)

 With Fred Frith
 2023: Laying Demons to Rest (RogueArt)

 With Kaja Draksler
 2016: This Love (Clean Feed)

 With Fred Frith Trio
 2021: Road (Intakt)

References

External links

 Official website
 Portrait a t All About Jazz
 Portrait at OJM

Flugelhorn players
1979 births
Portuguese jazz trumpeters
Living people
21st-century trumpeters
RogueArt artists

Susana Santos Silva