The canzona is an Italian musical form derived from the Franco-Flemish and Parisian chansons, and during Giovanni Gabrieli's lifetime was frequently spelled canzona, though both earlier and later the singular was spelled either canzon or canzone with the plural canzoni. The use of canzone as the plural is sometimes found in Italian, but is not common. English (and often German) uses the form canzona, with canzonas as the plural.

Background
The canzona is an instrumental musical form that differs from the similar forms of ricercare and fantasia in its livelier, markedly rhythmic material and separation into distinct sections. At first based on the Franco-Flemish polyphonic songs (chansons) that gave it its name, the instrumental canzona was soon independently composed, not least by Gabrieli in his brass canzonas and by Girolamo Frescobaldi in his keyboard canzonas. As a form, the canzona would influence the fugue, and the ensemble canzonas were the direct ancestors of the 17th-century sonata da chiesa.

References

Bibliography

16th-century music genres
17th-century music genres
Song forms

Canzona


Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson  OM PC FRS (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937) was a New Zealand-born British scientist. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 for his work on nuclear physics, and for his theory of the structure of the atom.

Career
Rutherford was one of the first researchers in nuclear physics, after the discovery of radiation by the French physicist Henri Becquerel in 1896. Rutherford discovered the radioactive half-life, and the three parts of radiation which he named Alpha, Beta, and Gamma. He also discovered that alpha particles were the nuclei of Helium. Rutherford's Geiger–Marsden experiment led to what we know today about the atomic structure, where the atom is a nucleus and electrons orbit around it.

In 1919, Rutherford made the world's first artificial nuclear reaction, where he put alpha particles with nitrogen gas and created particles of oxygen isotopes and protons. This was nuclear transmutation, changing nitrogen gas into oxygen gas.

Rutherford was the leader of the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. He proved the existence of the nucleus and that is was composed of protons and neutrons. In 1932 James Chadwick made an experiment at the Cavendish Lab that showed Rutherford was right.

Rutherford College, a school in Auckland, New Zealand, was named after him.

Related pages
List of scientists from Oceania

Other websites

 The Rutherford Museum
 Rutherford Scientist Supreme
 Ernest Rutherford  @ nobel.se
 "Ernest Rutherford 1871–1937". A Science Odyssey, pbs.org.

1871 births
1937 deaths
New Zealand chemists
British chemists
British nuclear physicists
People buried in Westminster Abbey
Order of Merit
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom Barons
Fellows of the Royal Society
Presidents of the Royal Society
New Zealand Nobel Prize winners
New Zealand physicists

Ernest Rutherford


The Transformers: Hearts of Steel is a comic book miniseries published by IDW Publishing. It was intended to be part of a comic book line titled The Transformers: Evolutions, following the same idea of DC Comics' Elseworlds series. Each series was to create an alternative reality: a continuity in a different time era during which the Transformers would exist. In other words, the Transformers can exist at places and at points in time that would not be possible in the current 'IDW-verse'. As of 2007, only the Hearts of Steel series was produced, which is set in the United States during the Industrial Revolution. The rest of the series was cancelled, likely due to poor sales and IDW had announced that there would be no more Evolutions series until after the 2007 movie, as Hasbro did not want to make things confusing with more alternate universe tales.

Story

Hearts of Steel timeline
The story begins with the Autobots and Decepticons waging war on Earth around the time of a previous ice age. No explanation is given how they arrived on Earth, but their alternate modes are metallic fantasy beasts. The freezing temperatures and lack of energy forces both sides to take shelter and lie dormant for eons.  The Autobots retreat to a cave while the Decepticons are later seen underwater.

At some point during the Industrial Revolution, noise outside their cave awakens the Autobot Bumblebee.  He ventures outside the cave to discover the planet's new dominant species — man, and that they have developed steam powered technology and the capacity to build railroads.  He observes some men, featuring the famous John Henry enjoying the labor of driving spikes into the ground for a new railroad.  Bumblebee changes his alternate form to be a steam-powered spike driver and helps the humans who are unaware of his true robotic nature.

Meanwhile, the Decepticons awaken and start plans to take over Earth. Starscream is acting commander while Megatron is still powered down, predictably planning to destroy him while he is inactive and defenceless. When Shockwave approaches failed inventor Tobias Muldoon to assist them with the technology of the age, the Decepticons begin their plans in earnest.  The Insecticons, who transform into a combined battle train, rob a bank train to help fund the building of their base.  John Henry finds out about the Decepticon train robbery and informs Bumblebee, who then tells his fellow Autobots.

Muldoon, meanwhile has realized Starscream's true intentions. Gathering support from the author Mark Twain after Ravage tries and fails to kill him, Muldoon and his friends aim to stop the Decepticons from reaching New York City and capturing an experimental electrical generator, which Starscream plans to use to destroy Megatron. Linking up with Henry and the Autobots, the heroes survive an attack from Scourge (reconfigured as a Zeppelin) and manage to divert the Decepticon train convoy into a chasm. The Autobots return to hibernation as the humans speculate on their fate.

Infestation 2
The Hearts of Steel universe was later be play part of Infestation 2, where they fought against the Great Old Ones, who broke free from their interdimensional prison as a result of the stories of H. P. Lovecraft.

The X-Files: Conspiracy
The Hearts of Steel characters later played a role in present day during the crossover event series The X-Files: Conspiracy.

Hasbro Comic Book Universe
The Hearts of Steel would somehow appear in the Hasbro Comic Book Universe, being held prisoners by the cabal of Baron Ironblood. At this point it is revealed that the characters from the Hearts of Steel series are not from Cybertron but actually from Eurakis, one of Cybertron's lost colonies. They crash landed on Earth due to the effects of the Talisman wherein Shockwave found them and altered their memories to make them think they were the Cybertronian characters they portrayed. This allowed Shockwave to see how the Great War would play out using "copies" of the primary participants. By the time of the Second World War, only "Shockwave" and "Bumblebee" remained. After being taken in by Baron Ironblood and Garrison Krieger, "Bumblebee" would eventually shake off his mental conditioning and return to his original identity of the Eurakian known as Centurion.

Setting

Characters
The time period allows for appearances by human characters such as Mark Twain, Jules Verne and John Henry.

In the series, John Henry is a large bald man who drives spikes into the ground while laying track for the railroad.  His hammering wakes up the Autobot Bumblebee who along with the rest of his squad lay deactivated deep within tunnels below the earth. Bumblebee is almost caught by John Henry until Bumblebee changes into an automated spike-driving machine.  Here he is portrayed as being fearful of being replaced by modern machinery.  Others featured include famous authors Mark Twain and Jules Verne, who view Muldoon's submarine.  Twain later becomes a staunch ally of Muldoon after the Decepticons betray him.

Only four Autobots were mentioned by name in the series: Bumblebee, Ironhide (in the TPB when he gives his name it was changed to Sideswipe) and Optimus Prime although he did not appear, though others are recognizable as G1 Generation 1 characters, introduced as toys in 1984.  The opposite is true for the Decepticons, with many being named. Others are left unnamed but are recognizable such as Ravage.

Alternate modes
In addition to their original alternate modes as fantasy beasts, the Transformers later adopt alternate modes appropriate to the era in which they awaken.  As mentioned, Bumblebee becomes an automated spike-driver and the other awakened Autobots become locomotives or train cars.  The Decepticons are a bit more varied, although many of them also transform into train cars.  Shockwave becomes an ironclad warship.  Starscream and his Seekers transform into Wright brothers-esque propeller driven aircraft.  The Insecticons combine into a ramming battle train.  Scourge has a huge inflatable attachment that allows him to become a zeppelin.  Ravage's alternate mode appears to be an engine.  One of the covers also show Squawkbox with the robot mode combining a mechanical eagle and gorilla, though they likely don't become cassettes.

Trade paperback
The trade paperback (TPB) of the story was released in December 2006. The TPB includes all the different covers used throughout the series and some additional art by series artist Guido Guidi. Of particular note is that the gallery includes unused designs for both Optimus Prime and Megatron, although neither appeared in the story. Prime was shown to transform into a train, while Megatron had two different sketches, showing that he would transform into either a cannon or a revolver.

Continuity
Writer Chuck Dixon has said that he deliberately wrote the story in such a way that it can be considered part of the Generation 1 continuity. . As only a few Transformers are awakened from hibernation during the story and all of them return to sleep at the end, it can be considered a "lost tale" that has simply not been mentioned in any other story. However "Hearts of Steel" does contradict the G1 cartoon and comic universe, at least, because Scourge appears, despite not existing in the animated continuity until after 2005 and being formed from the remains of Thundercracker, as well as the Insecticons, who according to the animated series were kept separate to the other Decepticons in Megatron's ship. This does not mean that it is out of place in the Generation 1 continuity overall, however; IDW's G1 continuity is separate from the G1 cartoon and Marvel comic universe, and does not feature Scourge as a reformatted Thundercracker (and almost certainly would not, given Galvatron being a separate entity from Megatron and the absence of Unicron in the IDWverse-until the end of First Strike).

Other inconsistencies include the fact that the comic implies that the ancient war between the Autobots and Decepticons was not waged on Cybertron, but rather on Earth. Also, the Ark, the Autobot's ship with which they fled from Cybertron and crash-landed on Earth in the G1 continuity, is entirely absent from the comic and does not appear to exist.

References

External links
 IDW Publishing official site

Hearts Of Steel
IDW Publishing titles
Comic book limited series
Steampunk comics
Science fiction Westerns
Western (genre) comics
2006 comics debuts
2006 comics endings

The Transformers: Hearts of Steel


Prehistoric Britain was a period of history when people lived in Britain, but did not keep written records. It started when people first arrived in Britain around 900,000 years ago.  It ended with the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43.

Preface
People have lived in what is now Great Britain for hundreds of thousands of years. However, until the Roman Empire took over in the 1st century, none of Britain's peoples had any written language. For this reason, archaeological sites are the only way to learn about their history, culture, and way of life.

The Greek navigator Pytheas was the first person to write about Britain and its people. He explored the coastal region of Britain around 325 BC.

Starting in the Neolithic period, ancient Britons were involved in extensive trade (especially in exporting tin), and they had strong cultural links with the rest of Europe.

The Paleolithic
Palaeolithic Britain lasted from almost 750,000 years ago until around 10,000 years ago. During this long period of time, there were many changes in the environment. These included several glacial and interglacial periods, which greatly affected human settlement in the region.

Environmental changes

Around 478,000 years ago, the Anglian glaciation began. This period lasted until about 424,000 years ago. During this time, temperatures were very cold. This very cold weather probably drove humans out of Britain altogether.

A warmer time period lasted from around 300,000 until 200,000 years ago. During this time, people in Britain developed more advanced flint technology, which allowed them to hunt more efficiently.

There is little evidence that people lived in Britain during the later Ipswichian interglacial period. This period lasted from around 130,000 years ago to 110,000 years ago.

A final ice age covered Britain between about 70,000 and 10,000 years ago. There was an extreme cold snap between 22,000 and 13,000 years ago, which may have driven humans south out of Britain again. The environment during this ice age period would have been a largely treeless tundra. It was eventually replaced by a warmer climate, perhaps reaching 17 degrees Celsius (62.6 Fahrenheit) in summer, which encouraged the expansion of birch trees as well as shrub and grasses.

Upper Paleolithic
Neanderthal occupation of Britain was limited. The first signs of activity in Britain by modern humans (Homo sapiens) date back to about 30,000 BC. The most famous archaeological evidence from this period is the skeleton of the Red Lady of Paviland in modern-day Wales. Archaeologists think this person died about 33,000 years ago.

The dominant food species were the Wild Horse (Equuleus fetus) and Red Deer (Corvus elapses). People also hunted other mammals, ranging from hares to mammoth. By 10,500 years ago, the climate was becoming cooler and dryer, and woodland coverage expanded. Still, populations of food animals seem to have declined around this time.

During the Final Upper Paleolithic, tool makers generally used smaller flints. Bone and antler work became less common. However, there are many more known archaeological sites, spread over a wider area than in the earlier Paleolithic. Archaeologists have found many more open air sites, like the one at Hengistbury Head.

Lower Paleolithic
Archaeologists have found bones and flint tools in coastal deposits near Happisburgh in Norfolk, and near Bakersfield in Suffolk. This is evidence that Homo erectus lived in modern-day Britain around 700,000 years ago. At this time, southern and eastern Britain was linked to continental Europe by a wide land bridge, which allowed humans to move freely. Where the English Channel is today, there was a large river flowing westwards. It was fed by tributaries that would later become the Thames and Seine.

Mesolithic
Around 10,000 years ago, the last ice age finally ended. Temperatures rose, probably to levels similar to today's. As the weather got warmer, forests expanded farther.  Pine, birch, and alder forest replaced the Arctic environment.

As glaciers melted, sea levels rose. By 8,500 years ago, the rising sea levels cut Britain off from continental Europe for the last time.

The Mesolithic-Neolithic transition
Around 4,500 BC, people in Britain began farming and started caring for animals, like cows, sheep and pigs. They did this, at least in part, because they needed reliable sources of food. Historians have called this the Neolithic revolution.

The Neolithic
In the past, historians thought that people migrating from continental Europe brought ideas about farming with them to Britain. However, modern archaeologists think that native Britons began farming, making pottery, and settling on their own. These changes (called the Neolithic Revolution) eventually led to the growth of societies divided into differing groups of farmers, artisans and leaders.

Past historians also thought that people migrating to Britain came in waves, with each new wave annihilating the last. However, DNA analysis suggests that this theory is not correct.  Scientists have analyzed the mitochondrial DNA of modern Europeans to find out who their ancestors were. They found that over 80% of modern Europeans are descended in the female line from European hunter-gatherers. Less than 20% are descended in the female line from Neolithic farmers from the Middle East. In 1997, scientists did DNA analysis on a tooth from a Mesolithic man whose remains were found in Sough's Cave at Cheddar Gorge. They found that 11% of modern European populations share this man's mitochondrial DNA.

Advances

People built Britain's first earthworks during the early Neolithic (c. 4400 BC- 3300 BC). These were long barrows used for communal burial.

Later, during the Middle Neolithic (c. 3300 BC-c. 2900 BC), people built cursuses near these long barrows. A cursus was a monument that looked like a trench or a ditch. During the same period, people also built the earliest stone circles and began to bury their dead individually.

Neolithic people also built stone rows and new enclosures called henges. The famous sites of Stonehenge and Silbury Hill reached their peak during the Neolithic. People began industrial flint mining in places like Cissbury and Grimes Graves.

In Britain, archaeologists have found axes made from exotic stones. These are stones which are not naturally found in Britain, like jadeite. This shows that native Britons communicated and traded with people in continental Europe.

The Bronze Age

The Bronze Age lasted from about 3300 BC to 1200 BC.

A new culture arrived in Britain around 2700 BC, at the beginning of the Mount Pleasant Phase (2,700 BC - 2,000 BC). This new culture is often called the Beaker culture. Archaeologists have found Beaker pottery, flat axes, and ornaments made from gold. Archaeologists found some of these ornaments in graves of people from the wealthy Wessex culture of southern Britain. They have also found evidence that the Beaker people buried their dead. The megalithic phases of Stonehenge date to this period.

Britain had large reserves of tin in the areas of Cornwall and Devon, in what is now southwest England. During the Bronze Age, people began tin mining. By the end of the Bronze Age, British tin was being exported across Europe. This was so successful that around 1,600 BC, southwest Britain experienced a trade boom.

The Iron Age
Iron Age Britons lived in organised tribal groups, ruled by a chieftain. As the number of people in Britain increased, opposing tribes started to fight each other for territory and power. This led people to start building hill forts, starting around 1,500 BC.

Around 900 BC, British society changed. Celtic peoples came to Britain in mass migrations, and brought their culture with them. The Celts were highly skilled craftsmen. They produced nicely patterned gold jewellery, and made weapons in bronze and iron. By 500 BC, Celtic culture covered most of the British Isles.

Around 750 BC, iron working techniques reached Britain from southern Europe. Iron was stronger and more plentiful than bronze. Iron working revolutionised many aspects of life, especially agriculture. Iron-tipped ploughs could churn up land far quicker and deeper than older wooden or bronze ploughs. Iron axes could clear forest land far more efficiently for agriculture.

During the Iron Age, Britain exported hunting dogs, animal skins and slaves.

Late pre-Roman Iron Age (LPRIA)
During the final centuries before the Roman invasion, refugees from Gaul (modern day France and Belgium) came to Britain. These refugees were called the Belgae. They were displaced (pushed out of their home lands) as the Roman Empire expanded.

From around 175 BC these refugees settled in the areas of Kent, Hertfordshire and Essex. With them, they brought pottery-making skills that were far more advanced than any others. The Belgae became partially Romanised. They created the first settlements large enough to be called towns.

About 100 BC, people developed coinage and also began to use iron bars as currency.

As the Roman Empire expanded northwards, Rome began to take interest in Britain. See Roman Britain for the history of this period.

References

Bibliography
 British History Encyclopedia Paragon 1999
 Illustrated History Of Great Britain Octopus Books Limited 1982
 The Seven Daughters of Eve, Sykes, B, 2001.

Other websites
 Ancient Human Occupation of Britain Project
 Britain's human history revealed
 700,000 year old remains in Norfolk
 The Boxgrove project
 Ancient Britons come mainly from Spain

History of the British Isles

Prehistoric Britain


Philip Leder (November 19, 1934 – February 2, 2020) was an American geneticist. He was born in Washington, D.C.. He was known for his works towards genetic code and the Nirenberg and Leder experiment. His many prizes include the Lasker Award (1987), the National Medal of Science (1991), the Harvey Prize, and the Heineken Prize awarded by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Institute of Medicine.

Leder died on February 2, 2020 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania of Parkinson's disease-related problems at the age of 85.

References

Other websites
 Biographical information Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center
 Links to digital facsimiles Leder's 'Codon notebooks' documenting the Nirenberg and Leder experiment can be found in HOLLIS, the Harvard University's library catalog
 Philip Leder's listing in Research Matters, Harvard University
 Esquire Magazine

1934 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
American geneticists
Scientists from Washington, D.C.

Philip Leder


A calculator watch is a digital watch with a built-in calculator, usually including buttons on the watch face. Calculator watches were first introduced in the 1970s and continue to be produced, despite falling from their peak popularity during the 1980s. The most dominant brands were the Casio Databank series and Timex.

Most calculator watches perform only basic arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division). However, there are several models with additional functions: scientific, including transcendent and trigonometry, in models Casio CFX-20, CFX-200, CFX-400 and Citizen 49–9421, financial functions (Casio CBA-10) and also TV remote control functions (CMD-40B and CMD-30B).

Usually, calculator watches operate with eight-digit numbers; however, calculator watches can work with six digits (for example, Casio C-801) or ten-digit (Casio CBA-10).

History

Calculator watches first appeared in the mid-1970s introduced by Pulsar (1975, then a brand of the Hamilton Watch Company) and Hewlett-Packard.

Another popular calculator watch was the Time Computer Calculator 901, which could perform basic arithmetic functions. The 902 models had additional functions such as percentage calculations. The Time watches carried a high price tag (US$4,000) because they were made of solid gold and operated by a stylus pen owing to the small size of their buttons.

Popular watches include those from Seiko and Citizen, some of which had innovative functions.

Japanese electronics company Casio produced the widest variety of watches. In the mid-1980s, Casio created the Databank calculator watch, which performed calculator functions and stored appointments, names, addresses, and phone numbers. The calculator watches made by Casio earned much fame due to their appearance in movies and also due to being celebrities' choice during public events.

Mass-produced calculator watches appeared in the early 1980s, with the most being produced in the middle of the decade. Their popularity began to fade in the mid-1990s with the introduction of cheaper mobile phones and PDAs, which could perform the same functions. The calculator watch is now a collector's item, and notable watches such as the Timex watches and some special variants of Casio calculator watches such as the CFX-400 command a high premium in the used market.

See also
 Nelsonic game watch
 Smartwatch

References

 ^ Collectors Guide to Pocket Calculators. by Guy Ball and Bruce Flamm, 1997,  – includes an extensive history of early pocket calculators and highlights over 1,500 different models from the early 1970s, including several of the early calculator watches. The book is still in print.

External links

 Programmable calculators - Specifications and descriptions
 WATCH. History of the modern wrist watch. - Section on calculator watches

Computer-related introductions in 1975
1980s fashion
Watches
Calculators
Consumer electronics

Calculator watch


Duketon is an abandoned town in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia, located north of Leonora. The town boomed during the early 1900s as a result of gold being discovered in the area. One of the larger mines in the area, The Golden Spinifex, built a five head stamp mill in 1902-1903. A petition for the government to construct a state battery was presented to the minister for mines by the local MLA signed by 58 leaseholders, prospectors and miners from Duketon.
The battery was built in 1904 and operated near the town. By 1905 the town had a hotel, bakery, a bank branch along with a variety of other stores.

References

Ghost towns in Western Australia
Shire of Laverton

Duketon, Western Australia


Pyrokinesis is the purported psychic ability allowing a person to create and control fire with the mind. As with other parapsychological phenomena, there is no conclusive evidence in support of the actual existence of pyrokinesis. Many alleged cases are hoaxes, the result of trickery.

Etymology
The word pyrokinesis (Greek language: pyr=fire, kinesis=movement) was popularized by horror novelist Stephen King in his 1980 novel Firestarter to describe the ability to create and control fire with the mind, though its use predates the novel. The word is intended to be parallel to telekinesis, with S. T. Joshi describing it as a "singularly unfortunate coinage" and noting that the correct analogy to telekinesis would "not be 'pyrokinesis' but 'telepyrosis' (fire from a distance)".

History
A. W. Underwood, a 19th-century African-American, achieved minor celebrity status with the purported ability to set items ablaze. Magicians and scientists have suggested concealed pieces of phosphorus may have instead been responsible. The phosphorus could be readily ignited by breath or rubbing. Skeptical investigator Joe Nickell has written that Underwood may have used a "chemical-combustion technique, and still other means. Whatever the exact method — and the phosphorus trick might be the most likely — the possibilities of deception far outweigh any occult powers hinted at by Charles Fort or others."

The medium Daniel Dunglas Home was known for performing fire feats and handling a heated lump of coal taken from a fire. The magician Henry R. Evans wrote that the coal handling was a juggling trick, performed by Home using a hidden piece of platinum. Hereward Carrington described Evans hypothesis as "certainly ingenious" but pointed out William Crookes, an experienced chemist, was present at a séance whilst Home performed the feat and would have known how to distinguish the difference between coal and platinum. Frank Podmore wrote that most of the fire feats could have easily been performed by conjuring tricks and sleight of hand but hallucination and sense-deception may have explained Crookes' claim about observing flames from Home's fingers.

Joseph McCabe has written that Home's alleged feats of pyrokinesis were weak and unsatisfactory, he noted that they were performed in dark conditions amongst unreliable witnesses. McCabe suggested the coal handling was probably a "piece of asbestos from Home's pocket".

Sometimes claims of pyrokinesis are published in the context of fire ghosts, such as Canneto di Caronia fires and the 1982 Italian case of a young Scottish nanny, Carole Compton.

In March 2011, a three-year-old girl in Antique, a Philippines province with important mysticism and folklore, gained local media attention for the supposed supernatural power to predict or create fires. The town mayor said he witnessed a pillow ignite after the girl said "fire... pillow." Others claimed to have witnessed the girl either predicting or causing fire without any physical contact with the objects. A pastor claimed to have exorcised the girl and police failed to find anything abnormal although a paranormal proponent claimed that she must have inherited those powers from a previous life. The story of the alleged "fire starter" was featured on the June 22, 2020 Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho show. Since several objects around the house were ignited, local residents flocked to the girl's house to learn of the circumstances and emergency services visited the house to investigate.

There is no scientifically known method for the brain to trigger explosions or fires.

See also
Fire (classical element)
Firewalking
Fire breathing
Spontaneous human combustion

References

Further reading
Gordon Stein. (1993). Encyclopedia of Hoaxes. Gale Research.
John G. Taylor. (1980). Science and the Supernatural: An Investigation of Paranormal Phenomena Including Psychic Healing, Clairvoyance, Telepathy, and Precognition by a Distinguished Physicist and Mathematician. Temple Smith.

Fire
Paranormal hoaxes
Paranormal terminology
Psychic powers
1980s neologisms

Pyrokinesis


Adrianus Tegularius (1605–1654) was a theologian from the Northern Netherlands best known today for his portrait by Frans Hals.

He was the brother of Hermannus Tegularius, who became a Remonstrant minister in Delft. Both brothers were writers and ministers and spent their youth as minister in various North Holland communities. Adrianus was called to Grootebroek from Hem in 1633 and from there to Haarlem in 1641, where he stayed. Hermannus was minister in Hippolytushoef in 1626 and in De Rijp in 1629, before being called to Delft in 1638. Adrianus married and had at least two children. A daughter is recorded marrying Alberto van Berckhout 8 January 1642 in Purmerend, and his son Albertus became minister in Wieringen in 1677 and in Grootebroek in 1680.
During his time in Haarlem Tegularius took part in the North Holland Synod as representative from Haarlem. In 1644 the Synod was in Alkmaar and he was the scribe, and in 1653 in Hoorn he was the assistant to the praeses.

Works
 "Het eygen gevoelen van een arminiaens of remonstrants predikant. Ende daer by het eygen gevoelen van een gereformeert predikant", published by Paschier de Fijne, Adrianus Tegularius, Thomas Fonteyn, Haarlem by the printer T. Fonteyn, 1644

Hals portrait
The Hals portrait was probably to be used for Tegularius' book, though he died soon afterwards and the engraved portrait by Jonas Suyderhoef was published posthumously. His brother, who was the same age but who survived him by 12 years, had his portrait made by Cornelis Dame and engraved by Frederik Bouttats the Elder.

In 1910 Hofstede de Groot documented his portrait by Hals and wrote
"229. ADRIANUS TEGULARIUS (born 1605), Preacher at Haarlem. M. 76. Half-length. He faces three-quarters right and looks at the spectator. His right hand is on his breast ; his left hand is held to the front, at the lower edge of the picture. He has a moustache and imperial. He is in black with a small ruff and a black cap. A spirited sketch for Suyderhoef's print. Panel, 11 inches by 9 inches. See Moes, Iconographia Batava, No. 7869. Engraved by J. Suyderhoef. Exhibited at Dusseldorf, 1886, No. 135; and in the Portrait Exhibition at The Hague, 1903, No. 37. Sales. Jer. de Bosch, Amsterdam, April 6, 1812, No. 27. Amsterdam, April 9, 1848, No. 20 (14 florins 50, De Vries). Von Friesen, Cologne, March 26, 1885. In the collection of Werner Dahl, Dusseldorf ; he sold it in 1901 to A. Schloss.
In the collection of Adolphe Schloss, Paris."

In 1943 the portrait of Adrianus Tegularius was taken by the Vichy government as part of the collection of Adolphe Schloss. It was never recovered, but a descendant of the Schloss family was able to spot it at an art sale in 1990 and the responsible dealer was charged with a prison sentence.

References

Nominatien en beroepingen van gereformeerde predikanten in de gemeente te Amsteldam, beginnende met de Reformatie reference work on Dutch ministers of North Holland on Google Books

1605 births
1654 deaths
Clergy from Haarlem
17th-century Dutch Calvinist and Reformed ministers
Frans Hals

Adrianus Tegularius


Early One Morning is a 2015 novel by Virginia Baily.

Synopsis
In 1944 in Rome, Italy, a woman named Chiara Ravello rescues Daniele Levi, a Jewish child, before he is deported by the Nazis with his mother. In a flash-forward, Chiara lives alone in Rome in the 1970s and reflects on her life.

Critical reception
Reviewing it for The Guardian, Samantha Harvey described the novel as "incredibly sure-footed, a big, generous and absorbing piece of storytelling, fearless, witty and full of flair." She added that it was "a surprisingly humorous novel, in which the characters are tenderly mocked or mock themselves". In The Scotsman, Allan Massie suggested some passages "might with advantage have been shortened", but he concluded that the novel was "engrossing".

However, in another review for The Guardian, Lucy Scholes suggested the conclusion was "a little flat". In The Independent, Julie McDowall agreed with Scholes, writing that the "ending is tied up far too fast to be satisfying" Reviewing it for The National, Clare Dight also criticized the end, arguing: "The reader's most serious criticism will come on the last page, however, when the ink runs out before a final reckoning." Meanwhile, in The Jewish Chronicle, Hephzibah Anderson regretted that Bailey did not write more about the Holocaust, and she concluded: "Baily's decision to look away from the horrors that she nonetheless exploits is a cop-out."

References

2015 British novels
English-language novels
Novels set in Rome
Novels about the aftermath of the Holocaust
Little, Brown and Company books

Early One Morning (novel)


Charlotte Perkins Gilman (; née Perkins; July 3, 1860 – August 17, 1935), also known by her first married name Charlotte Perkins Stetson, was an American humanist, novelist, writer, lecturer, advocate for social reform, and eugenicist. She was a utopian feminist and served as a role model for future generations of feminists because of her unorthodox concepts and lifestyle. She has been inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. Her best remembered work today is her semi-autobiographical short story "The Yellow Wallpaper", which she wrote after a severe bout of postpartum psychosis.

Early life
Gilman was born on July 3, 1860, in Hartford, Connecticut, to Mary Perkins (formerly Mary Fitch Westcott) and Frederic Beecher Perkins. She had only one brother, Thomas Adie, who was fourteen months older, because a physician advised Mary Perkins that she might die if she bore other children. During Charlotte's infancy, her father moved out and abandoned his wife and children, and the remainder of her childhood was spent in poverty.

Since their mother was unable to support the family on her own, the Perkinses were often in the presence of her father's aunts, namely Isabella Beecher Hooker, a suffragist; Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin; and Catharine Beecher, educationalist.

Her schooling was erratic: she attended seven different schools, for a cumulative total of just four years, ending when she was fifteen. Her mother was not affectionate with her children. To keep them from getting hurt as she had been, she forbade her children from making strong friendships or reading fiction. In her autobiography, The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Gilman wrote that her mother showed affection only when she thought her young daughter was asleep. Although she lived a childhood of isolated, impoverished loneliness, she unknowingly prepared herself for the life that lay ahead by frequently visiting the public library and studying ancient civilizations on her own. Additionally, her father's love for literature influenced her, and years later he contacted her with a list of books he felt would be worthwhile for her to read.

Much of Gilman's youth was spent in Providence, Rhode Island. What friends she had were mainly male, and she was unashamed, for her time, to call herself a "tomboy".

Her natural intelligence and breadth of knowledge always impressed her teachers, who were nonetheless disappointed in her because she was a poor student. Her favorite subject was "natural philosophy", especially what later would become known as physics. In 1878, the eighteen-year-old enrolled in classes at the Rhode Island School of Design with the monetary help of her absent father, and subsequently supported herself as an artist of trade cards. She was a tutor, and encouraged others to expand their artistic creativity. She was also a painter.

During her time at the Rhode Island School of Design, Gilman met Martha Luther in about 1879 and was believed to be in a romantic relationship with Luther. Gilman described the close relationship she had with Luther in her autobiography:

Letters between the two women chronicles their lives from 1883 to 1889 and contains over 50 letters, including correspondence, illustrations and manuscripts. They pursued their relationship until Luther called it off in order to marry a man in 1881. Gilman was devastated and detested romance and love until she met her first husband.

Adulthood
In 1884, she married the artist Charles Walter Stetson, after initially declining his proposal because a gut feeling told her it was not the right thing for her. Their only child, Katharine Beecher Stetson (1885–1979), was born the following year on March 23, 1885. Charlotte Perkins Gilman suffered a very serious bout of post-partum depression. This was an age in which women were seen as "hysterical" and "nervous" beings; thus, when a woman claimed to be seriously ill after giving birth, her claims were sometimes dismissed.

Gilman moved to Southern California with her daughter Katherine and lived with friend Grace Ellery Channing. In 1888, Charlotte separated from her husband – a rare occurrence in the late nineteenth century. They officially divorced in 1894. After their divorce, Stetson married Channing. During the year she left her husband, Charlotte met Adeline Knapp, called "Delle". Cynthia J. Davis describes how the two women had a serious relationship. She writes that Gilman "believed that in Delle she had found a way to combine loving and living, and that with a woman as life mate she might more easily uphold that combination than she would in a conventional heterosexual marriage." The relationship ultimately came to an end. Following the separation from her husband, Charlotte moved with her daughter to Pasadena, California, where she became active in several feminist and reformist organizations such as the Pacific Coast Women's Press Association, the Woman's Alliance, the Economic Club, the Ebell Society (named after Adrian John Ebell), the Parents Association, and the State Council of Women, in addition to writing and editing the Bulletin, a journal put out by one of the earlier-mentioned organizations.

In 1894, Gilman sent her daughter east to live with her former husband and his second wife, her friend Grace Ellery Channing. Gilman reported in her memoir that she was happy for the couple, since Katharine's "second mother was fully as good as the first, [and perhaps] better in some ways." Gilman also held progressive views about paternal rights and acknowledged that her ex-husband "had a right to some of [Katharine's] society" and that Katharine "had a right to know and love her father."

After her mother died in 1893, Gilman decided to move back east for the first time in eight years. She contacted Houghton Gilman, her first cousin, whom she had not seen in roughly fifteen years, who was a Wall Street attorney. They began spending a significant amount of time together almost immediately and became romantically involved. While she would go on lecture tours, Houghton and Charlotte would exchange letters and spend as much time as they could together before she left. In her diaries, she describes him as being "pleasurable" and it is clear that she was deeply interested in him. From their wedding in 1900 until 1922, they lived in New York City. Their marriage was nothing like her first one. In 1922, Gilman moved from New York to Houghton's old homestead in Norwich, Connecticut. Following Houghton's sudden death from a cerebral hemorrhage in 1934, Gilman moved back to Pasadena, California, where her daughter lived.

In January 1932, Gilman was diagnosed with incurable breast cancer. An advocate of euthanasia for the terminally ill, Gilman died by suicide on August 17, 1935, by taking an overdose of chloroform. In both her autobiography and suicide note, she wrote that she "chose chloroform over cancer" and she died quickly and quietly.

Career
At one point, Gilman supported herself by selling soap door to door. After moving to Pasadena, Gilman became active in organizing social reform movements. As a delegate, she represented California in 1896 at both the National American Woman Suffrage Association convention in Washington, D.C., and the International Socialist and Labor Congress in London. In 1890, she was introduced to Nationalist Clubs movement which worked to "end capitalism's greed and distinctions between classes while promoting a peaceful, ethical, and truly progressive human race." Published in the Nationalist magazine, her poem "Similar Cases" was a satirical review of people who resisted social change, and she received positive feedback from critics for it. Throughout that same year, 1890, she became inspired enough to write fifteen essays, poems, a novella, and the short story The Yellow Wallpaper. Her career was launched when she began lecturing on Nationalism and gained the public's eye with her first volume of poetry, In This Our World, published in 1893. As a successful lecturer who relied on giving speeches as a source of income, her fame grew along with her social circle of similar-minded activists and writers of the feminist movement.

"The Yellow Wallpaper"

In 1890, Gilman wrote her short story "The Yellow Wallpaper", which is now the all-time best selling book of the Feminist Press. She wrote it on June 6 and 7, 1890, in her home of Pasadena, and it was printed a year and a half later in the January 1892 issue of The New England Magazine. Since its original printing, it has been anthologized in numerous collections of women's literature, American literature, and textbooks, though not always in its original form. For instance, many textbooks omit the phrase "in marriage" from a very important line in the beginning of story: "John laughs at me, of course, but one expects that in marriage." The reason for this omission is a mystery, as Gilman's views on marriage are made clear throughout the story.

The story is about a woman who suffers from mental illness after three months of being closeted in a room by her husband for the sake of her health. She becomes obsessed with the room's revolting yellow wallpaper. Gilman wrote this story to change people's minds about the role of women in society, illustrating how women's lack of autonomy is detrimental to their mental, emotional, and even physical wellbeing. This story was inspired by her treatment from her first husband. The narrator in the story must do as her husband (who is also her doctor) demands, although the treatment he prescribes contrasts directly with what she truly needs—mental stimulation and the freedom to escape the monotony of the room to which she is confined. "The Yellow Wallpaper" was essentially a response to the doctor (Dr. Silas Weir Mitchell) who had tried to cure her of her depression through a "rest cure". She sent him a copy of the story.

Other notable works

Gilman's first book was Art Gems for the Home and Fireside (1888); however, it was her first volume of poetry, In This Our World (1893), a collection of satirical poems, that first brought her recognition. During the next two decades she gained much of her fame with lectures on women's issues, ethics, labor, human rights, and social reform. Her lecture tours took her across the United States. She often referred to these themes in her fiction.

In 1894–95 Gilman served as editor of the magazine The Impress, a literary weekly that was published by the Pacific Coast Women's Press Association (formerly the Bulletin). For the twenty weeks the magazine was printed, she was consumed in the satisfying accomplishment of contributing its poems, editorials, and other articles. The short-lived paper's printing came to an end as a result of a social bias against her lifestyle which included being an unconventional mother and a woman who had divorced a man. After a four-month-long lecture tour that ended in April 1897, Gilman began to think more deeply about sexual relationships and economics in American life, eventually completing the first draft of Women and Economics (1898). This book discussed the role of women in the home, arguing for changes in the practices of child-raising and housekeeping to alleviate pressures from women and potentially allow them to expand their work to the public sphere. The book was published in the following year and propelled Gilman into the international spotlight. In 1903, she addressed the International Congress of Women in Berlin. The next year, she toured in England, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, and Hungary.

In 1903 she wrote one of her most critically acclaimed books, The Home: Its Work and Influence, which expanded upon Women and Economics, proposing that women are oppressed in their home and that the environment in which they live needs to be modified in order to be healthy for their mental states. In between traveling and writing, her career as a literary figure was secured. From 1909 to 1916 Gilman single-handedly wrote and edited her own magazine, The Forerunner, in which much of her fiction appeared. By presenting material in her magazine that would "stimulate thought", "arouse hope, courage and impatience", and "express ideas which need a special medium", she aimed to go against the mainstream media which was overly sensational. Over seven years and two months the magazine produced eighty-six issues, each twenty eight pages long. The magazine had nearly 1,500 subscribers and featured such serialized works as "What Diantha Did" (1910), The Crux (1911), Moving the Mountain (1911), and Herland. The Forerunner has been cited as being "perhaps the greatest literary accomplishment of her long career". After its seven years, she wrote hundreds of articles that were submitted to the Louisville Herald, The Baltimore Sun, and the Buffalo Evening News. Her autobiography, The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, which she began to write in 1925, appeared posthumously in 1935.

Rest cure treatment
Perkins-Gilman married Charles Stetson in 1884, and less than a year later gave birth to their daughter Katharine. Already susceptible to depression, her symptoms were exacerbated by marriage and motherhood. A good proportion of her diary entries from the time she gave birth to her daughter until several years later describe the oncoming depression that she was to face.

On April 18, 1887, Gilman wrote in her diary that she was very sick with "some brain disease" which brought suffering that cannot be felt by anybody else, to the point that her "mind has given way". To begin, the patient could not even leave her bed, read, write, sew, talk, or feed herself.

After nine weeks, Gilman was sent home with Mitchell's instructions, "Live as domestic a life as possible. Have your child with you all the time... Lie down an hour after each meal. Have but two hours' intellectual life a day. And never touch pen, brush or pencil as long as you live." She tried for a few months to follow Mitchell's advice, but her depression deepened, and Gilman came perilously close to a full emotional collapse. Her remaining sanity was on the line and she began to display suicidal behavior that involved talk of pistols and chloroform, as recorded in her husband's diaries. By early summer the couple had decided that a divorce was necessary for her to regain sanity without affecting the lives of her husband and daughter.

During the summer of 1888, Charlotte and Katharine spent time in Bristol, Rhode Island, away from Walter, and it was there where her depression began to lift. She writes of herself noticing positive changes in her attitude. She returned to Providence in September. She sold property that had been left to her in Connecticut, and went with a friend, Grace Channing, to Pasadena where the recovery of her depression can be seen through the transformation of her intellectual life.

Social views and theories

Reform Darwinism and the role of women in society
Gilman called herself a humanist and believed the domestic environment oppressed women through the patriarchal beliefs upheld by society. Gilman embraced the theory of reform Darwinism and argued that Darwin's theories of evolution presented only the male as the given in the process of human evolution, thus overlooking the origins of the female brain in society that rationally chose the best suited mate that they could find.

Gilman argued that male aggressiveness and maternal roles for women were artificial and no longer necessary for survival in post-prehistoric times. She wrote, "There is no female mind. The brain is not an organ of sex. Might as well speak of a female liver."

Her main argument was that sex and domestic economics went hand in hand; for a woman to survive, she was reliant on her sexual assets to please her husband so that he would financially support his family. From childhood, young girls are forced into a social constraint that prepares them for motherhood by the toys that are marketed to them and the clothes designed for them. She argued that there should be no difference in the clothes that little girls and boys wear, the toys they play with, or the activities they do, and described tomboys as perfect humans who ran around and used their bodies freely and healthily.

Gilman argued that women's contributions to civilization, throughout history, have been halted because of an androcentric culture. She believed that womankind was the underdeveloped half of humanity, and improvement was necessary to prevent the deterioration of the human race. Gilman believed economic independence is the only thing that could really bring freedom for women and make them equal to men. In 1898 she published Women and Economics, a theoretical treatise which argued, among other things, that women are subjugated by men, that motherhood should not preclude a woman from working outside the home, and that housekeeping, cooking, and child care, would be professionalized. "The ideal woman," Gilman wrote, "was not only assigned a social role that locked her into her home, but she was also expected to like it, to be cheerful and gay, smiling and good-humored." When the sexual-economic relationship ceases to exist, life on the domestic front would certainly improve, as frustration in relationships often stems from the lack of social contact that the domestic wife has with the outside world.

Gilman became a spokesperson on topics such as women's perspectives on work, dress reform, and family. Housework, she argued, should be equally shared by men and women, and that at an early age women should be encouraged to be independent. In many of her major works, including "The Home" (1903), Human Work (1904), and The Man-Made World (1911), Gilman also advocated women working outside of the home.

Gilman argued that the home should be socially redefined. The home should shift from being an "economic entity" where a married couple live together because of the economic benefit or necessity, to a place where groups of men and groups of women can share in a "peaceful and permanent expression of personal life."

Gilman believed having a comfortable and healthy lifestyle should not be restricted to married couples; all humans need a home that provides these amenities. She suggested that a communal type of housing open to both males and females, consisting of rooms, rooms of suites and houses, should be constructed. This would allow individuals to live singly and still have companionship and the comforts of a home. Both males and females would be totally economically independent in these living arrangements allowing for marriage to occur without either the male or the female's economic status having to change.

The structural arrangement of the home is also redefined by Gilman. She removes the kitchen from the home, leaving rooms to be arranged and extended in any form and freeing women from the provision of meals in the home. The home would become a true personal expression of the individual living in it.

Ultimately the restructuring of the home and manner of living will allow individuals, especially women, to become an "integral part of the social structure, in close, direct, permanent connection with the needs and uses of society." That would be a dramatic change for women, who generally considered themselves restricted by family life built upon their economic dependence on men.

Feminism in stories and novellas

Gilman created a world in many of her stories with a feminist point of view. Two of her narratives, "What Diantha Did", and Herland, are good examples of Gilman focusing her work on how women are not just stay-at-home mothers they are expected to be; they are also people who have dreams, who are able to travel and work just as men do, and whose goals include a society where women are just as important as men. The world-building that is executed by Gilman, as well as the characters in these two stories and others, embody the change that was needed in the early 1900s in a way that is now commonly seen as feminism.

Gilman uses world-building in Herland to demonstrate the equality that she longed to see. The women of Herland are the providers. This makes them appear to be the dominant sex, taking over the gender roles that are typically given to men. Elizabeth Keyser notes, "In Herland the supposedly superior sex becomes the inferior or disadvantaged ..." In this society, Gilman makes it to where women are focused on having leadership within the community, fulfilling roles that are stereotypically seen as being male roles, and running an entire community without the same attitudes that men have concerning their work and the community. However, the attitude men carried concerning women were degrading, especially by progressive women, like Gilman. Using Herland, Gilman challenged this stereotype, and made the society of Herland a type of paradise. Gilman uses this story to confirm the stereotypically devalued qualities of women are valuable, show strength, and shatters traditional utopian structure for future works. Essentially, Gilman creates Herland's society to have women hold all the power, showing more equality in this world, alluding to changes she wanted to see in her lifetime.

Gilman's feministic approach differs from Herland in "What Diantha Did". One character in this story, Diantha, breaks through the traditional expectation of women, showing Gilman's desires for what a woman would be able to do in real-life society. Throughout the story, Gilman portrays Diantha as a character who strikes through the image of businesses in the U.S., who challenges gender norms and roles, and who believed that women could provide the solution to the corruption in big business in society. Gilman chooses to have Diantha choose a career that is stereotypically not one a woman would have because in doing so, she is showing that the salaries and wages of traditional women's jobs are unfair. Diantha's choice to run a business allows her to come out of the shadows and join society. Gilman's works, especially her work with "What Diantha Did", are a call for change, a battle cry that would cause panic in men and power in women. Gilman used her work as a platform for a call to change, as a way to reach women and have them begin the movement toward freedom.

Race
In 1908, Gilman wrote an article in the American Journal of Sociology in which she set out her views on what she perceived to be a "sociological problem" concerning the presence of a large Black American minority in America. Calling Black Americans "a large body of aliens" whose skin color made them "widely dissimilar and in many respects inferior," Gilman claimed that the economic and social situation of Black Americans was "to us a social injury" and noted that slavery meant that it was the responsibility of White Americans to alleviate this situation, observing that if White Americans "cannot so behave as to elevate and improve [Black Americans]", then it would be the case that White Americans would "need some scheme of race betterment" rather than vice versa. Gilman was unequivocal about the ills of slavery and the wrongs which many White Americans had done to Black Americans, stating that irrespective of any crimes committed by Black Americans, "[Whites] were the original offender, and have a list of injuries to [Black Americans], greatly outnumbering the counter list." She proposed that those Black Americans who were not "self-supporting" or who were "actual criminals" (which she clearly distinguished from "the decent, self-supporting, progressive negroes") could be "enlisted" into a quasi-military state labour force, which she viewed as akin to conscription in certain countries. Such force would be deployed in "modern agriculture" and infrastructure, and those who had eventually acquired adequate skills and training "would be graduated with honor" – Gilman believed that any such conscription should be "compulsory at the bottom, perfectly free at the top."

Gilman's racism lead her to espouse eugenicist beliefs, claiming that Old Stock Americans were surrendering their country to immigrants who were diluting the nation's racial purity. When asked about her stance on the matter during a trip to London she declared "I am an Anglo-Saxon before everything." In an effort to gain the vote for all women, she spoke out against literacy voting tests at the 1903 National American Woman Suffrage Association convention in New Orleans.

Literary critic Susan S. Lanser says "The Yellow Wallpaper" should be interpreted by focusing on Gilman's racism. Other literary critics have built on Lanser's work to understand Gilman's ideas in relation to turn-of-the-century culture more broadly.

Animals
Gilman's feminist works often included stances and arguments for reforming the use of domesticated animals. In Herland, Gilman's utopian society excludes all domesticated animals, including livestock. Additionally, in Moving the Mountain Gilman addresses the ills of animal domestication related to inbreeding. In "When I Was a Witch", the narrator witnesses and intervenes in instances of animal use as she travels through New York, liberating work horses, cats, and lapdogs by rendering them "comfortably dead". One literary scholar connected the regression of the female narrator in "The Yellow Wallpaper" to the parallel status of domesticated felines. She wrote in a letter to the Saturday Evening Post that the automobile would eliminate the cruelty to horses used to pull carriages and cars.

Critical reception
"The Yellow Wallpaper" was initially met with a mixed reception. One anonymous letter submitted to the Boston Transcript read, "The story could hardly, it would seem, give pleasure to any reader, and to many whose lives have been touched through the dearest ties by this dread disease, it must bring the keenest pain. To others, whose lives have become a struggle against heredity of mental derangement, such literature contains deadly peril. Should such stories be allowed to pass without severest censure?"

Positive reviewers describe it as impressive because it is the most suggestive and graphic account of why women who live monotonous lives are susceptible to mental illness.

Although Gilman had gained international fame with the publication of Women and Economics in 1898, by the end of World War I, she seemed out of tune with her times. In her autobiography she admitted that "unfortunately my views on the sex question do not appeal to the Freudian complex of today, nor are people satisfied with a presentation of religion as a help in our tremendous work of improving this world."

Ann J. Lane writes in Herland and Beyond that "Gilman offered perspectives on major issues of gender with which we still grapple; the origins of women's subjugation, the struggle to achieve both autonomy and intimacy in human relationships; the central role of work as a definition of self; new strategies for rearing and educating future generations to create a humane and nurturing environment."

Bibliography

Gilman's works include:

Poetry collections
In This Our World,1st ed. Oakland: McCombs & Vaughn, 1893. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1895. 2nd ed.; San Francisco: Press of James H. Barry, 1895.
Suffrage Songs and Verses. New York: Charlton Co., 1911. Microfilm. New Haven: Research Publications, 1977, History of Women #6558.
The Later Poetry of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 1996.

Short stories
Gilman published 186 short stories in magazines, newspapers, and many were published in her self-published monthly, The Forerunner. Many literary critics have ignored these short stories.

"Circumstances Alter Cases." Kate Field's Washington, July 23, 1890: 55–56. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. 32–38.
"That Rare Jewel." Women's Journal, May 17, 1890: 158. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 20–24.
"The Unexpected." Kate Field's Washington, May 21, 1890: 335–6. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 25–31.
"An Extinct Angel." Kate Field's Washington, September 23, 1891:199–200. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 48–50.
"The Giant Wistaria." New England Magazine 4 (1891): 480–85. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 39–47.
"The Yellow Wall-paper." New England Magazine 5 (1892): 647–56; Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1899; NY: Feminist Press, 1973 Afterword Elaine Hedges; Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. Introduction Robert Shulman.
"The Rocking-Chair." Worthington's Illustrated 1 (1893): 453–59. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 51–61.
"An Elopement." San Francisco Call, July 10, 1893: 1. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 66–68.
"Deserted." San Francisco Call July 17, 1893: 1–2. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 62–65.
"Through This." Kate Field's Washington, September 13, 1893: 166. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 69–72.
"A Day's Berryin.'" Impress, October 13, 1894: 4–5. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 78–82.
"Five Girls." Impress, December 1, 1894: 5. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 83–86.
"One Way Out." Impress, December 29, 1894: 4–5. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 87–91.
"The Misleading of Pendleton Oaks." Impress, October 6, 1894: 4–5. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 73–77.
"An Unnatural Mother." Impress, February 16, 1895: 4–5. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 98–106.
"An Unpatented Process." Impress, January 12, 1895: 4–5. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 92–97.
"According to Solomon." Forerunner 1:2 (1909):1–5. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 122–129.
"Three Thanksgivings." Forerunner 1 (1909): 5–12. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 107–121.
"What Diantha Did. A NOVEL". Forerunner 1 (1909–11); NY: Charlton Co., 1910; London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1912.
"The Cottagette." Forerunner 1:10 (1910): 1–5. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 130–138.
"When I Was a Witch." Forerunner 1 (1910): 1–6. The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader. Ed. Ann J. Lane. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 21–31.
"In Two Houses." Forerunner 2:7 (1911): 171–77. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 159–171.
"Making a Change." Forerunner 2:12 (1911): 311–315. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 182–190.
"Moving the Mountain." Forerunner 2 (1911); NY: Charlton Co., 1911; The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader. Ed. Ann J. Lane. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 178–188.
"The Crux.A NOVEL." Forerunner 2 (1910); NY: Charlton Co., 1911; The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader. Ed. Ann J. Lane. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 116–122.
"The Jumping-off Place." Forerunner 2:4 (1911): 87–93. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 148–158.
"The Widow's Might." Forerunner 2:1 (1911): 3–7. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 139–147.
"Turned." Forerunner 2:9 (1911): 227–32. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 182–191.
"Mrs. Elder's Idea." Forerunner 3:2 (1912): 29–32. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 191–199.
"Their House." Forerunner 3:12 (1912): 309–14. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories''''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 200–209.
"A Council of War." Forerunner 4:8 (1913): 197–201. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 235–243.
"Bee Wise." Forerunner 4:7 (1913): 169–173. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 226–234.
"Her Beauty." Forerunner 4:2 (1913): 29–33. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 210–217.
"Mrs. Hines's Money." Forerunner 4:4 (1913): 85–89. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 218–226.
"A Partnership." Forerunner 5:6 (1914): 141–45. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 253–261.
"Begnina Machiavelli. A NOVEL." Forerunner 5 (1914); NY: Such and Such Publishing, 1998.
"Fulfilment." Forerunner 5:3 (1914): 57–61. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.
"If I Were a Man." Physical Culture 32 (1914): 31–34. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 262–268.
"Mr. Peebles's Heart." Forerunner 5:9 (1914): 225–29. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 269–276.
"Dr. Clair's Place." Forerunner 6:6 (1915): 141–45. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 295–303.
"Girls and Land." Forerunner 6:5 (1915): 113–117. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 286–294.
"Herland. A NOVEL. " Forerunner 6 (1915); NY: Pantheon Books, 1979.
"Mrs. Merrill's Duties." Forerunner 6:3 (1915): 57–61. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 277–285.
"A Surplus Woman." Forerunner 7:5 (1916): 113–18. "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 304–313.
"Joan's Defender." Forerunner 7:6 (1916): 141–45. '"The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 314–322.
"The Girl in the Pink Hat." Forerunner 7 (1916): 39–46. The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader. Ed. Ann J. Lane. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 39–45.
"With Her in Ourland: Sequel to Herland. A NOVEL." Forerunner 7 (1916); Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997.

Novels and novellasWhat Diantha Did. Forerunner. 1909–10.
The Crux. Forerunner. 1911.Moving the Mountain. Forerunner. 1911.Mag-Marjorie. Forerunner. 1912.Won Over Forerunner. 1913.Benigna Machiavelli Forerunner. 1914.Herland. Forerunner. 1915.With Her in Ourland. Forerunner. 1916.Unpunished. Ed. Catherine J. Golden and Denise D. Knight. New York: Feminist Press, 1997.

Drama/dialogues

The majority of Gilman's dramas are inaccessible as they are only available from the originals. Some were printed/reprinted in Forerunner, however.

"Dame Nature Interviewed on the Woman Question as It Looks to Her" Kate Field's Washington (1890): 138–40.
"The Twilight." Impress (November 10, 1894): 4–5.
"Story Studies", Impress, November 17, 1894: 5.
"The Story Guessers", Impress, November 24, 1894: 5.
"Three Women." Forerunner 2 (1911): 134.
"Something to Vote For", Forerunner 2 (1911) 143–53.
"The Ceaseless Struggle of Sex: A Dramatic View." Kate Field's Washington. April 9, 1890, 239–40.

Non-fictionWomen and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1898.

Book-lengthHis Religion and Hers: A Study of the Faith of Our Fathers and the Work of Our Mothers. NY and London: Century Co., 1923; London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1924; Westport: Hyperion Press, 1976.Gems of Art for the Home and Fireside. Providence: J. A. and R. A. Reid, 1888.Concerning Children. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1900.The Home: Its Work and Influence. New York: McClure, Phillips, & Co., 1903.Human Work. New York: McClure, Phillips, & Co., 1904.The Man-Made World; or, Our Androcentric Culture. New York: Charton Co., 1911.Our Brains and What Ails Them. Serialized in Forerunner. 1912.Social Ethics. Serialized in Forerunner. 1914.Our Changing Morality. Ed. Freda Kirchway. NY: Boni, 1930. 53–66.

Short and serial non-fiction

"On Advertising for Marriage." The Alpha 11, September 1, 1885: 7
"Why Women Do Not Reform Their Dress." Woman's Journal, October 9, 1886: 338.
"A Protest Against Petticoats." Woman's Journal, January 8, 1887: 60.
"The Providence Ladies Gymnasium." Providence Journal 8 (1888): 2.
"How Much Must We Read?" Pacific Monthly 1 (1889): 43–44.
"Altering Human Nature." California Nationalist, May 10, 1890: 10.
"Are Women Better Than Men?" Pacific Monthly 3 (1891): 9–11.
"A Lady on the Cap and Apron Question." Wasp, June 6, 1891: 3.
"The Reactive Lies of Gallantry." Belford's ns 2 (1892): 205–8.
"The Vegetable Chinaman." Housekeeper's Weekly, June 24, 1893: 3.
"The Saloon and Its Annex." Stockton Mail 4 (1893): 4.
"The Business League for Women." Impress 1 (1894): 2.
"Official Report of Woman's Congress." Impress 1 (1894): 3.
"John Smith and Armenia." Impress, January 12, 1895: 2–3.
"The American Government." Woman's Column, June 6, 1896: 3.
"When Socialism Began." American Fabian 3 (1897): 1–2.
"Causes and Uses of the Subjection of Women." Woman's Journal, December 24, 1898: 410.
"The Automobile as a Reformer." Saturday Evening Post, June 3, 1899: 778.
"Superfluous Women." Women's Journal, April 7, 1900: 105.
"Esthetic Dyspepsia." Saturday Evening Post, August 4, 1900: 12.
"Ideals of Child Culture." Child Stude For Mothers and Teachers. Ed Margaret Sangster. Philadelphia: Booklovers Library, 1901. 93–101.
"Should Wives Work?" Success 5 (1902): 139.
"Fortschritte der Frauen in Amerika." Neues Frauenleben 1:1 (1903): 2–5.
"The Passing of the Home in Great American Cities." Cosmopolitan 38 (1904): 137–47.
"The Beauty of a Block." Independent, July 14, 1904: 67–72.
"The Home and the Hospital." Good Housekeeping 40 (1905): 9.
"Some Light on the [Single Woman's] 'Problem.'" American Magazine 62 (1906): 4270428.
"Why Cooperative Housekeeping Fails." Harper's Bazaar 41 (July 1907): 625–629.
"Social Darwinism." American Journal of Sociology 12 (1907): 713–14.
"A Suggestion on the Negro Problem." American Journal of Sociology 14 (1908): 78–85.
"How Home Conditions React Upon the Family." American Journal of Sociology 14 (1909): 592–605.
"Children's Clothing." Harper's Bazaar 44 (1910): 24.
"On Dogs." Forerunner 2 (1911): 206–9.
"Should Women Use Violence?" Pictorial Review 14 (1912): 11, 78–79.
"How to Lighten the Labor of Women." McCall's 40 (1912): 14–15, 77.
"What 'Love' Really Is." Pictorial Review 14 (1913): 11, 57.
"Gum Chewing in Public." New York Times, May 20, 1914:12:5.
"A Rational Position on Suffrage/At the Request of the New York Times, Mrs. Gilman Presents the Best Arguments Possible in Behalf of Votes for Women." New York Times Magazine, March 7, 1915: 14–15.
"What is Feminism?" Boston Sunday Herald Magazine, September 3, 1916: 7.
"The Housekeeper and the Food Problem." Annals of the American Academy 74 (1917): 123–40.
"Concerning Clothes." Independent, June 22, 1918: 478, 483.
"The Socializing of Education." Public, April 5, 1919: 348–49.
"A Woman's Party." Suffragist 8 (1920): 8–9.
"Making Towns Fit to Live In." Century 102 (1921): 361–366.
"Cross-Examining Santa Claus." Century 105 (1922): 169–174.
"Is America Too Hospitable?" Forum 70 (1923): 1983–89.
"Toward Monogamy." Nation, June 11, 1924: 671–73.
"The Nobler Male." Forum 74 (1925): 19–21.
"American Radicals." New York Jewish Daily Forward 1 (1926): 1.
"Progress through Birth Control." North American Review 224 (1927): 622–29.
"Divorce and Birth Control." Outlook, January 25, 1928: 130–31.
"Feminism and Social Progress." Problems of Civilization. Ed. Baker Brownell. NY: D. Van Nostrand, 1929. 115–42.
"Sex and Race Progress." Sex in Civilization. Eds V. F. Calverton and S. D. Schmalhausen. NY: Macaulay, 1929. 109–23.
"Parasitism and Civilized Vice." Woman's Coming of Age. Ed. S. D. Schmalhausen. NY: Liveright, 1931. 110–26.
"Birth Control, Religion and the Unfit." Nation, January 27, 1932: 108–109.
"The Right to Die." Forum 94 (1935): 297–300.

Self-publicationsThe Forerunner. Seven volumes, 1909–16. Microfiche. NY: Greenwood, 1968.

Selected lectures

There are 90 reports of the lectures that Gilman gave in The United States and Europe.

"Club News." Weekly Nationalist, June 21, 1890: 6. [Re. "On Human Nature."]
"Our Place Today", Los Angeles Woman's Club, January 21, 1891.
"With Women Who Write." San Francisco Examiner, March 1891, 3:3. [Re. "The Coming Woman."]
"Safeguards Suggested for Social Evils." San Francisco Call, April 24, 1892: 12:4.
"The Labor Movement." Alameda County Federation of Trades, 1893. Alameda County, CA Labor Union Meetings. September 2, 1892.
"Announcement." Impress 1 (1894): 2. [Re. Series of "Talks on Social Questions."]
"All the Comforts of a Home." San Francisco Examiner, May 22, 1895: 9. [Re. "Simplicity and Decoration."]
"The Washington Convention." Woman's Journal, February 15, 1896: 49–50. [Re. California.]
"Woman Suffrage League." Boston Advertiser, November 10, 1897: 8:1. [Re. "The Economic Basis of the Woman Question."]
"Bellamy Memorial Meeting." American Fabian 4: (1898): 3.
"An Evening With Kipling." Daily Argus, March 14, 1899: 4:2.
"Scientific Training of Domestic Servants." Women and Industrial Life, Vol. 6 of International Congress of Women of 1899. Ed Countess of Aberdeen. London: T. Unwin Fisher, 1900. 109.
"Society and the Child." Brooklyn Eagle, December 11, 1902: 8:4.
"Woman and Work/ Popular Fallacy that They are a Leisure Class, Says Mrs. Gilman." New York Tribune, February 26, 1903: 7:1.
"A New Light on the Woman Question." Woman's Journal, April 25, 1904: 76–77.
"Straight Talk by Mrs. Gilman is Looked For." San Francisco Call, July 16, 1905: 33:2.
"Women and Social Service." Warren: National American Woman Suffrage Association, 1907.
"Higher Marriage Mrs. Gilman's Plea." New York Times, December 29, 1908: 2:3.
"Three Women Leaders in Hub." Boston Post, December 7, 1909: 1:1–2 and 14:5–6.
"Warless World When Women's Slavery Ends." San Francisco Examiner, November 14, 1910: 4:1.
"Lecture Given by Mrs. Gilman." San Francisco Call, November 15, 1911: 7:3. [Re. "The Society-- Body and Soul."]
"Mrs. Gilman Assorts Sins." New York Times, June 3, 1913: 3:8
"Adam the Real Rib, Mrs. Gilman Insists." New York Times, February 19, 1914: 9:3.
"Advocates a 'World City.'" New York Times, January 6, 1915: 15:5. [Re. Arbitration of diplomatic disputes by an international agency.]
"The Listener." Boston Transcript, April 14, 1917: 14:1. [Re. Announcement of lecture series.]
"Great Duty for Women After War." Boston Post, February 26, 1918: 2:7.
"Mrs. Gilman Urges Hired Mother Idea." New York Times, September 23, 1919: 36:1–2.
"Eulogize Susan B. Anthony." New York Times, February 16, 1920: 15:6. [Re. Gilman and others eulogize Anthony on the centenary of her birth.]
"Walt Whitman Dinner." New York Times, June 1, 1921: 16:7. [Gilman speaks at annual meeting of Whitman Society in New York.]
"Fiction of America Being Melting Pot Unmasked by CPG." Dallas Morning News, February 15, 1926: 9:7–8 and 15:8.

Diaries, journals, biographies, and lettersCharlotte Perkins Gilman: The Making of a Radical Feminist. Mary A. Hill. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980.A Journey from Within: The Love Letters of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, 1897–1900. Ed. Mary A. Hill. Lewisburg: Bucknill UP, 1995.The Diaries of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, 2 Vols. Ed. Denise D. Knight. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994.

AutobiographyThe Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: An Autobiography. New York and London: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1935; NY: Arno Press, 1972; and Harper & Row, 1975.

Academic studies
Allen, Judith (2009). The Feminism of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Sexualities, Histories, Progressivism, University of Chicago Press,
Allen, Polly Wynn (1988). Building Domestic Liberty: Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Architectural Feminism, University of Massachusetts Press,
Berman, Jeffrey. "The Unrestful Cure: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" In The Captive Imagination: A Casebook on The Yellow Wallpaper, edited by Catherine Golden. New York: Feminist Press, 1992, pp. 211–41.
Carter-Sanborn, Kristin. "Restraining Order: The Imperialist Anti-Violence of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." Arizona Quarterly 56.2 (Summer 2000): 1–36.
Ceplair, Larry, ed. Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Nonfiction Reader. New York: Columbia UP, 1991.
Davis, Cynthia J. Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Biography (Stanford University Press; 2010) 568 pages; major scholarly biography
Davis, Cynthia J. and Denise D. Knight. Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Her Contemporaries: Literary and Intellectual Contexts. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004.
Deegan, Mary Jo. "Introduction." With Her in Ourland: Sequel to Herland. Eds. Mary Jo Deegan and Michael R. Hill. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997. 1–57.
Eldredge, Charles C. Charles Walter Stetson, Color, and Fantasy. Lawrence: Spencer Museum of Art, The U of Kansas, 1982.
Ganobcsik-Williams, Lisa. "The Intellectualism of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Evolutionary Perspectives on Race, Ethnicity, and Gender." Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Optimist Reformer. Eds. Jill Rudd and Val Gough. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1999.
Golden, Catherine. The Captive Imagination: A Casebook on The Yellow Wallpaper. New York: Feminist Press, 1992.
---. "`Written to Drive Nails With': Recalling the Early Poetry of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." in Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Optimist Reformer. Eds. Jill Rudd and Val Gough. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1999. 243-66.
Gough, Val. "`In the Twinkling of an Eye': Gilman's Utopian Imagination." in A Very Different Story: Studies on the Fiction of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Eds. Val Gough and Jill Rudd. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 1998. 129–43.
Gubar, Susan. "She in Herland: Feminism as Fantasy." in Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Woman and Her Work. Ed. Sheryl L. Meyering. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1989. 191–201.
Hill, Mary Armfield. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Journey From Within." in A Very Different Story: Studies on the Fiction of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Eds. Val Gough and Jill Rudd. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 1998. 8–23.
Hill, Mary A. Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Making of a Radical Feminist. (Temple University Press, 1980).
Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz, Wild Unrest: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Making of "The Yellow Wall-Paper" (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).
Huber, Hannah, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman." Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 381: Writers on Women's Rights and United States Suffrage, edited by George P. Anderson. Gale, pp. 140–52.
Huber, Hannah, "'The One End to Which Her Whole Organism Tended': Social Evolution in Edith Wharton and Charlotte Perkins Gilman." Critical Insights: Edith Wharton, edited by Myrto Drizou, Salem Press, pp. 48–62.
Karpinski, Joanne B., "The Economic Conundrum in the Lifewriting of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. in The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Ed. Catherine J. Golden and Joanne S. Zangrando. U of Delaware P, 2000. 35–46.
Kessler, Carol Farley. "Dreaming Always of Lovely Things Beyond': Living Toward Herland, Experiential foregrounding." in The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Eds. Catherine J. Golden and Joanna Schneider Zangrando. Newark: U of Delaware P, 2000. 89–103.
Knight, Denise D. Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Study of the Short Fiction, Twayne Studies in Short Fiction (Twayne Publishers, 1997).
---. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Shadow of Racism." American Literary Realism, vol. 32, no. 2, 2000, pp. 159–169. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/27746975.
---. "Introduction." Herland, `The Yellow Wall-Paper' and Selected Writings. New York: Penguin, 1999.
Lane, Ann J. "Gilman, Charlotte Perkins"; American National Biography Online, 2000.
---. "The Fictional World of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." in The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader. Ed. Ann J. Lane. New York: Pantheon, 1980.
---. "Introduction." Herland: A Lost Feminist Utopian Novel by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. 1915. Rpt. New York: Pantheon Books, 1979
---. To Herland and Beyond: The Life of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. New York: Pantheon, 1990.
Lanser, Susan S. "Feminist Criticism, 'The Yellow Wallpaper,' and the Politics of Color in America." Feminist Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3, Feminist Reinterpretations/Reinterpretations of Feminism (Autumn, 1989), pp. 415–441. JSTOR, Reprinted in "The Yellow Wallpaper": Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Eds. Thomas L. Erskine and Connie L. Richards. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1993. 225–256.
Long, Lisa A. "Herland and the Gender of Science." in MLA Approaches to Teaching Gilman's The Yellow Wall-Paper and Herland. Eds. Denise D. Knight and Cynthia J. David. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2003. 125–132.
Mitchell, S. Weir, M.D. "Camp Cure." Nurse and Patient, and Camp Cure. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1877
---. Wear and Tear, or Hints for the Overworked. 1887. New York: Arno Press, 1973.
Oliver, Lawrence J. "W. E. B. Du Bois, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and 'A Suggestion on the Negro Problem.'" American Literary Realism, vol. 48, no. 1, 2015, pp. 25–39. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/amerlitereal.48.1.0025.
Oliver, Lawrence J. and Gary Scharnhorst. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman v. Ambrose Bierce: The Literary Politics of Gender in Fin-de-Siècle California." Journal of the West (July 1993): 52–60.
Palmeri, Ann. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Forerunner of a Feminist Social Science." in Discovering Reality: Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology and Philosophy of Science. Eds. Sandra Harding and Merrill B. Hintikka. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1983. 97–120.
Scharnhorst, Gary. Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Boston: Twayne, 1985. Studies Gilman as writer
Scharnhorst, Gary, and Denise D. Knight. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Library: A Reconstruction." Resources for American Literary Studies 23:2 (1997): 181–219.
Stetson, Charles Walter. Endure: The Diaries of Charles Walter Stetson. Ed. Mary A. Hill. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1985.
Tuttle, Jennifer S. "Rewriting the West Cure: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Owen Wister, and the Sexual Politics of Neurasthenia." The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Eds. Catherine J. Golden and Joanna Schneider Zangrando. Newark: U of Delaware P, 2000. 103–121.
Von Rosk, Nancy. "Women, Work and Cross-Class Alliances in the Fiction of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." Working Women in American Literature, 1865–1950. Miriam Gogol ed.  New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2018. 69–91.
Wegener, Frederick. "What a Comfort a Woman Doctor Is!' Medical Women in the Life and Writing of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Optimist Reformer. Eds. Jill Rudd & Val Gough. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1999. 45–73.
Weinbaum, Alys Eve. "Writing Feminist Genealogy: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Racial Nationalism, and the Reproduction of Maternalist Feminism." Feminist Studies'' 27 (Summer 2001): 271–30.

Footnotes

External links

 Charlotte Perkins Gilman Society

 The Feminist Press
 Essays by Charlotte Perkins Gilman at Quotidiana.org
 "A Guide for Research Materials"
 "Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Domestic Goddess"

 Suffrage Songs and Verses
Charlotte Perkins Gilman Papers. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
Charlotte Perkins Gilman Digital Collection. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
 Charlotte Perkins Gilman Papers, Rare Books, Special Collections, and Preservation, River Campus Libraries, University of Rochester

Audio files
 The Yellow Wallpaper, Suspense, CBS radio, 1948
 2 short radio episodes of Gilman's writing, "California Colors" and "Matriatism" from California Legacy Project.

1860 births
1935 deaths
1935 suicides
20th-century American novelists
American women novelists
American women poets
American feminist writers
American socialists
LGBT feminists
American LGBT writers
Writers from Hartford, Connecticut
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
American science fiction writers
Beecher family
Drug-related suicides in California
American women sociologists
American sociologists
Philosophers from Connecticut
19th-century American philosophers
20th-century American philosophers
Utopian socialists
American suffragists
American women short story writers
20th-century American women writers
19th-century American women writers
20th-century American poets
19th-century American short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
Novelists from Connecticut
American women non-fiction writers
Writers of Gothic fiction
American socialist feminists
Pacific Coast Women's Press Association
American eugenicists
National American Woman Suffrage Association activists

Charlotte Perkins Gilman


Cloverleaf or clover leaf may refer to:

Plant

The leaf of the clover plant, or its shape

Companies
Clover Leaf Seafoods, Markham, Ontario-based marketer of seafood products

Places
Cloverleaf, Louisville, Kentucky, a neighborhood
Cloverleaf, Texas, a suburb of Houston
Cloverleaf Local School District in southern Medina County, Ohio

Science and technology
A representation of the chemical structure of a transfer RNA molecule
The IEC 60320 C5, and C6 electrical power connectors, sometimes colloquially called cloverleaf connections
Cloverleaf quasar, a rare example of a quadruply-lensed quasar
Command key in apple computer, '⌘', colloquially known as the "cloverleaf" key
 The 4-round capacity model of the Colt House Revolver, a 19th-century handgun.
 Cloverleaf antenna, a type of antenna designed by Phillip Hagar Smith

Transport
A symbol for Alfa Romeo (vehicles)- see Alfa Romeo#The Quadrifoglio logo
Cloverleaf interchange, a highway interchange
Toledo, St. Louis and Western Railroad, commonly called the Clover Leaf

Other uses
71st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), nicknamed the Cloverleaf Division
Clover Leaf (Fabergé egg)
Cloverleaf, a submission hold in pro wrestling

See also
Four-leaf clover, a mutation

Cloverleaf


George Sylvester "Red" Callender (March 6, 1916 – March 8, 1992) was an American string bass and tuba player. He is perhaps best known as a jazz musician, but worked with an array of pop, rock and vocal acts as a member of The Wrecking Crew, a group of first-call session musicians in Los Angeles.

Biography
Callender was born in Haynesville, Virginia, United States.  In the early 1940s, he played in the Lester and Lee Young band, and then formed his own trio. In the 1940s, Callender recorded with Nat King Cole, Erroll Garner, Charlie Parker, Wardell Gray, Dexter Gordon, Uffe Baadh and many others.  After a period spent leading a trio in Hawaii, Callender returned to Los Angeles, becoming one of the first black musicians to work regularly in the commercial studios, including backing singer Linda Hayes on two singles. He made his recording debut at 19 with Louis Armstrong's band. However, he later turned down offers to work with Duke Ellington's Orchestra and the Louis Armstrong All-Stars.

On his 1957 Crown LP Speaks Low, Callender was one of the earliest modern jazz tuba soloists. Keeping busy up until his death, some of the highlights of the bassist's later career include recording with Art Tatum and Jo Jones (1955–1956) for the Tatum Group, playing with Charles Mingus at the 1964 Monterey Jazz Festival, working with James Newton's avant-garde woodwind quintet (on tuba), and performing as a regular member of the Cheatham's Sweet Baby Blues Band.  He also reached the top of the British pop charts as a member of B. Bumble and the Stingers. In November 1964, he was introduced and highlighted in performance with entertainer Danny Kaye, in a duet on the Fred Astaire introduced George and Ira Gershwin song, "Slap That Bass", for Kaye's CBS-TV variety show.

Callender died of thyroid cancer at his home in Saugus, California.

Discography

As leader
 1956: Swingin' Suite (Modern)
 1957: Red Callender Speaks Low (Crown)
 1958: The Lowest (MetroJazz)
 1973: Basin Street Brass (Legend)
 1984: Night Mist Blues (Hemisphere)
 ¿?  :  Red Callender Sextet & Fourtette

As sideman
With Gregg Allman Band
 Playin' Up a Storm (Capricorn Records, 1977)
With Patti Austin
 The Real Me (Qwest Records, 1988)
With The Beach Boys
 The Beach Boys' Christmas Album (Capitol, 1964)
With Harry Belafonte
 Belafonte Sings the Blues (RCA Victor, 1959)
With Louis Bellson
 Big Band Jazz from the Summit (Roulette, 1962)
With Judy Carmichael
 Two Handed Stride (Progressive, 1982)
 Pearls (Jazzology, 1985)
With Benny Carter
 Cosmopolite (Norgran, 1954)
With John Carter
 Dauwhe (Black Saint, 1982)
With Buddy Collette
 Man of Many Parts (Contemporary, 1956)
 Porgy & Bess (Interlude, 1957 [1959])
 Jazz Loves Paris (Speciality, 1958)
With Ry Cooder
 Paradise and Lunch (Reprise Records, 1974)
 Chicken Skin Music (Reprise Records, 1976)
 Jazz (Warner Bros. Records, 1978)
With Sam Cooke
 Twistin' the Night Away (RCA Victor, 1962)
 Mr. Soul (RCA Victor, 1963)
With Willie Dixon
 Hidden Charms (Capitol, 1988)
With Donovan
 7-Tease (Epic Records, 1974)
With Maynard Ferguson
 Maynard Ferguson Octet (EmArcy, 1955)
With Dizzy Gillespie
 The New Continent (Limelight, 1962)
With Johnny Hodges
 In a Tender Mood (Norgran, 1952 [1955])
 The Blues (Norgran, 1952–54, [1955])
With Paul Horn
 Plenty of Horn (Dot, 1958)
 Jazz Suite on the Mass Texts (RCA Victor, 1965) with Lalo Schifrin
With Plas Johnson
 This Must Be the Plas (Capitol Records, 1959)
With B.B. King
 Blues in My Heart (Crown Records, 1962)
 L.A. Midnight (ABC Records, 1972)
With Peggy Lee
 Jump for Joy (Capitol Records, 1959)
With Rickie Lee Jones
 Rickie Lee Jones (Warner Bros. Records, 1979)
With Kate & Anna McGarrigle
 Kate & Anna McGarrigle (Warner Bros. Records, 1976)
With Maria Muldaur
 Waitress in a Donut Shop (Reprise Records, 1974)
With Randy Newman
 Good Old Boys (Reprise Records, 1974)
With Gene Parsons
 Kindling (Warner Bros. Records, 1973)
With Pete Rugolo
 Rugolo Plays Kenton (EmArcy, 1958)
 The Original Music of Thriller (Time, 1961)
With Mavis Rivers and Shorty Rogers
 Mavis Meets Shorty (Riverside, 1963)
With Art Tatum and Ben Webster
 The Art Tatum - Ben Webster Quartet (Verve, 1956 [1958])
With James Taylor
 In the Pocket (Rhino Records, 1976)
 JT (Columbia Records, 1977)
With Gerald Wilson
 Calafia (Trend, 1985)
With Betty Wright
 Wright Back At You (Epic Records, 1983)

Bibliography

References

External links

American jazz double-bassists
Male double-bassists
American jazz tubists
American male jazz musicians
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from thyroid cancer
Cool jazz double-bassists
Cool jazz tubists
RCA Victor artists
Recorded In Hollywood artists
1916 births
1992 deaths
People from Richmond County, Virginia
People from Saugus, Santa Clarita, California
20th-century American musicians
American session musicians
Jazz musicians from Virginia
20th-century double-bassists
20th-century American male musicians
Earle Spencer Orchestra members
Southland Records artists
Jazz musicians from California

Red Callender


Capt. John S. Pope Farm is a historic tobacco farm complex located near Cedar Grove, Orange County, North Carolina.  The farmhouse was built between 1870 and 1874, and is a two-story, frame I-house with a one-story ell.   It sits on a stone pier foundation, has a triple gable roof, and features stone gable end chimneys.  Also on the property are the contributing well house (c. 1920), washhouse (c. 1875, 1930s), garage / smokehouse (c. 1900, c. 1920), flower house (c. 1900), two corn cribs (c. 1900, c. 1930), feed barn (c. 1900), tobacco ordering/stripping house (c. 1935), two curing barns (c. 1955), stick shed (c. 1950), five tobacco barns (c. 1875-1955), a spring-fed well (c. 1909), workshop (c. 1960), a small log building (c. 1880), two wood sheds (c. 1920, c. 1950), and the surrounding agricultural landscape.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.

References

External links
Capt. John S. Pope Farm website

Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Houses completed in 1874
Buildings and structures in Orange County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Orange County, North Carolina

Capt. John S. Pope Farm