Giovanni Battista Caviglia (1770 in Genoa – September 7, 1845, in Paris) was an Italian explorer, navigator and Egyptologist. He was one of the pioneers of Egyptian archeology of his time. He was influential in the excavation of the Sphinx of Giza near Cairo.

Early life
He was born in Genoa in 1770 at a time when the city was the capital of the Republic of Genoa. He spent most of his life sailing in the Mediterranean in which he became a merchant captain.

Career in Egypt
When he decided to start his career as an explorer, he left his ship moored in Alexandria and offered his services to various collectors. Most of his excavations were carried out on behalf of the British Consul General Henry Salt.

Between 1816 and 1817, he explored the Great Pyramid of Giza where he made important discoveries, including the descending corridor, the bottom of the well service and unfinished underground room.

In 1817, Salt hired him to excavate the Great Sphinx at Giza, which over the centuries had been almost totally covered by the desert sand.

The last dig around the Sphinx had been carried out in 160 AD by order of the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius. As the excavations continued under Caviglia, he came upon an array of ancient Egyptian artifacts and inscriptions in Greek and Latin.

In 1819, he had to suspend his research.

During excavations carried out in 1820 on behalf of the British in the ancient capital of Memphis, about 20 km south of Cairo, he made another "sensational" discovery: the Colossus of Ramses II. This huge statue of limestone was found near the south gate of the Temple of Ptah, near the village of Mit Rahina. Despite missing its feet, the statue measured over 10 meters tall. The statue was offered, through the Egyptologist Ippolito Rosellini, to Grand Duke Leopold II of Tuscany who refused the offer due to the difficulties and cost involved in transportation.

Following this, the pasha of Egypt Mehmet Ali gave it to the British Museum in London, which in turn declined the offer for the same reasons. A museum was then built over the statue where you can still find it today.

In 1835, when he was already 65 years old, the British Egyptologists Richard William Howard Vyse and John Shae Perring hired him as an assistant for their excavations at Giza. The research was carried out using large quantities of gunpowder and took place in the pyramids of Khufu and Menkaure. The collaboration lasted a couple of years after which Vyse fired him.

Later life and death
Caviglia spent the last years of his life in Paris, where he died on 7 September 1845.

Notes

1770 births
1845 deaths
19th-century archaeologists
Italian Egyptologists
Archaeologists from Genoa
Great Pyramid of Giza

Giovanni Battista Caviglia


Lachlan Mackinnon (born 1956) is a contemporary British poet, critic and literary journalist. Born in Aberdeen, he was raised in England and the United States. He was educated at Charterhouse and Christ Church, Oxford. He took early retirement from teaching English at Winchester College in 2011 and moved to Ely with his wife, the poet Wendy Cope.

Poetry

Mackinnon's first two collections were Monterey Cypress(1998) and The Coast of Bohemia (1991).His third , The Jupiter Collisions (2003), contains among others two sequence-poems, one reflecting on the "restoration of all things" promised in the Bible. The author's childhood and adolescence, both in personal details and in the context of the 'Sixties (rock music, space travel, Minimalist art), prime numbers and a self-translating Anglo-French sonnet also appear.

His fourth collection, Small Hours, (2010) opens with the dramatic "Pigeons" and the comic "Canute". Elegy, wedding celebrations for friends and a rendering of Sappho confirm his increasing range, while the second half of the book is a long poem, "The Book of Emma", largely written in prose, commemorating a friend from university days but covering both memory and much that has happened since. Small Hours was short-listed for the 2010 Forward Prize. He received a Gregory Award in 1986 and in 2011 a Cholmondeley Award.

He also contributed to the Bush Theatre's 2011 project Sixty Six Books, for which he wrote a short play based on the Acts of the Apostles in the King James Bible

Doves (2017) contains poems about poets, popular music, maths,television, Shakespeare's brothers, drugs and language, among other subjects; the title-poem is an elegy for Seamus Heaney. The Missing Months (2022) has at its centre "Lockdown", a sequence about Covid experience which moves in its references between Homer, Osip Mandelstam and the American singer Miranda Lambert. Other poems explore a fear of cultural decline and a celebration of friendship and much else from the poet's consistently extending material. The development of his poetry to date is both formal and linguistic, as his diction becomes tougher, his forms more bare.

Prose

Mackinnon's Eliot, Auden, Lowell (1983) explores how Charles Baudelaire's model of the poet as dandy became a performative model for later poets. The book is unstatedly structuralist in approach. In Shakespeare the Aesthete(1988) Shakespeare's work is read in relation to wider literary concerns, including ideas of symbolism and allegory. It includes a tacitly deconstructionist account of The Winter's Tale.

The Lives of Elsa Triolet (992) recounts the life and worlds of the Russian-born novelist, the first woman to win the Prix Goncourt, the sister of Vladimir Mayakovsky's mistress Lili Brik and the wife of the French poet Louis Aragon. Mackinnon has also written academic conference papers in English and in French, on two occasions for the Société Française Shakespeare (in "Cahiers Elizabéthains", 1994 and 2017). He contributed an essay on Susanna Hall to The Shakespeare Circle, eds. Paul Edmondson and Stanley Wells, and to Shakespeare's Creative Legacies (2016), eds Paul Edmondson and Peter Holbrook as well as to other volumes.

He has reviewed poetry, fiction,literary criticism and biography, dramatic productions, art history and American political history for many newspapers and magazines, most regularly for The Independent and  The Times Literary Supplement.

Bibliography
 (1983) Eliot, Auden, Lowell: Aspects of the Baudelairean Inheritance (Macmillan)
 (1988) Monterey Cypress (Chatto & Windus)
 (1988) Shakespeare the Aesthete: An Exploration of Literary Theory (Palgrave)
 (1991) The Coast of Bohemia (Chatto & Windus)
 (1992) The Lives of Elsa Triolet (Chatto & Windus)
 (1998) New Writing 7: An Anthology (Vintage) [in association with the British Council]
 (2003) The Jupiter Collisions (Faber and Faber)
 (2010) Small Hours (Faber and Faber)
 (2011) Sixty Six (short piece) for the Bush Theatre
 (2017) Doves  (Faber and Faber)
 (2022) The Missing Months  (Faber and Faber)

References

External links

1956 births
Living people
People educated at Charterhouse School
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
British journalists
British poets
Writers from Aberdeen

Lachlan Mackinnon


Fan y Big () is a subsidiary summit of Waun Rydd in the Brecon Beacons National Park, in southern Powys, Wales. It is  high and is often hiked as part of the Horseshoe Walk, a traverse of the four main peaks in the Brecon Beacons.

The hill
At , Fan y Big lies at the western tip of the Gwaun Cerrig Llwydion plateau. Its name translates as 'point of the peak' - perhaps in allusion to its striking pointed shape, as seen from some directions. The summit is smooth and grassy, but marked by a cairn, which stands on the edge of its precipitous western face. The view of this face from Cribyn is regarded as very striking. Fan y Big has since lost its status as a Hewitt.

Access
The peak is prominent on the north facing escarpment of the central part of the Brecon Beacons and three footpaths meet at the summit. All the surrounding land is open access and so walkers can go where they wish. In poor weather however, the paths are the safest route for access. The peak is often crossed by hikers aiming for Cribyn, Pen y Fan and Corn Du, and also forms part of the Fan dance, or Horseshoe Walk, a circular route that traverses four peaks.

Geology
In common with other peaks of the Brecon Beacons, the upper slopes of Fan y Big  are formed from sandstones of the Brownstones Formation of the Old Red Sandstone laid down during the Devonian period.  The lower slopes of the hill are formed from sandstones and mudstones of the underlying Senni Formation.  The rock strata tilt gently southwards. The valleys to the northwest and east nurtured small glaciers during the last ice age.  This glacial erosion resulted in the very steep northern face which the mountain possesses.

References

Brecon Beacons
Mountains and hills of Powys
Nuttalls

Fan y Big


MaX: Madrid_Linux is an operating system of the Ministry of Education and Employment of the Community of Madrid, specially adapted for using it in primary and secondary schools, due to its simplicity, robustness and included data collection software.

Even the second version was based on Knoppix, a distribution based on Debian GNU/Linux. The current version of MaX (MaX 9.5, is based on Ubuntu 16.04.4 LTS) is specially designed for using it in the educational environment as a system for teacher or student. However, it can also be used by the users of personal computers. In addition, it comes ready to be installed and used, and is equipped with multimedia and variety of programs on three desktops: GNOME, KDE and Xfce. In any case, it can be fully used in "live" mode, that is to say, directly from the DVD without having it installed on the hard disk.

Its explicit objectives are:
Promote the use of open technological sources in educational environment.
Provide schools, and generally members of the educational community, with software that contributes to their integration into the knowledge-based society.
Provide high-quality applications with educational interest and no additional costs for students and teachers.
Have an open source environment where training and investigation processes are used.

Installation and users
The installation disc is a DVD that can be used en vivo (live) before installing MaX on the hard disk, that is to say, from the DVD drive. Besides, even if the opposite is claimed, these programs can be installed if the computer has the access to the Internet, so that you can test the applications that do not come installed on the live system. There is yet another way to use live MaX version installed accessibility. In the guide mentioned before installation you can find a lot of useful information about the facilities.

On the other hand, the installation for desktop MaX is even easier than Ubuntu, because a username is needed. All versions of MaX always have two users incorporated: student and Madrid. The first is intended, of course, for students, and has fewer privileges on the system that the user Madrid has, but this is not the root user or system administrator. In short, when entering the Madrid system,the user has to type his or her username and cmadrid (the letter ce + madrid) and password. This has always been so in MaX, but you can change passwords once inside the system, and can also create new users, for those who have to choose the privileges they have. What I have done from the beginning was to stay as the user madrid, and whenever you need to get access as an administrator, click cmadrid password, which is also the root.

The desktop

MaX desktop is highlighted with a bright blue background and a rounded image resembling the terrestrial sphere. This is the GNOME desktop, which MaX used as principal, but you can login with the other two desktops: KDE and XFace. This requires logout (not restart) and re-enter after choosing another desk in the Session menu, which is done in seconds. But the three desks maintain the same background and the panel bar at the bottom of the screen. In addition, programs are the same in all three desks, with some changes that depend on the chosen desktop. Actually, it could be using a desk with other programs.

Programs
The programs that MaX Linux contains are distributed as follows:

References
Educamadrid Homepage
MaX 3.0,el Linux de Madrid

Other websites
Images of MaX Linux desktop

Operating systems
Community of Madrid

MAX Linux


An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing, building, testing, selling, and maintaining aircraft, aircraft parts, missiles, rockets, or spacecraft. Aerospace is a high technology industry.

The aircraft industry is the industry supporting aviation by building aircraft and manufacturing aircraft parts for their maintenance.  This includes aircraft and parts used for civil aviation and military aviation. Most production is done pursuant to type certificates and Defense Standards issued by a government body. This term has been largely subsumed by the more encompassing term: "aerospace industry".

Market

In 2015 the aircraft production was worth US$180.3 Billion: 61% airliners, 14% business and general aviation, 12% military aircraft, 10% military rotary wing and 3% civil rotary wing; while their MRO was worth $135.1 Bn or $ Bn combined.

The global aerospace industry was worth $838 billion in 2017: aircraft & engine OEMs represented 28% ($ Bn), civil & military MRO & upgrades 27% ($ Bn), aircraft systems & component manufacturing 26% ($ Bn), satellites & space 7% ($ Bn), missiles & UAVs 5% ($ Bn) and other activity, including flight simulators, defense electronics, public research accounted for 7% ($ Bn).
The countries with the largest industry were led by the United States with $408.4 Bn (%), followed by France with $69 Bn (%), then China with $61.2 Bn (%), the United Kingdom with $48.8 Bn (%), Germany with $46.2 Bn (%), Russia with $27.1 Bn (%), Canada with $24 Bn (%), Japan with $21 Bn (%), Spain with $14 Bn (%) and India with $11Bn (%). The top 10 countries represent $731 Bn or % of the whole industry.

In 2018, the new commercial aircraft value is projected for $270.4 billion while business aircraft will amount for $18 billion and civil helicopters for $4 billion.

Largest aerospace companies

Geography

In September 2018, PwC ranked aerospace manufacturing attractiveness: the most attractive country was the United States, with $240 billion in sales in 2017, due to the sheer size of the industry (#1) and educated workforce (#1), low geopolitical risk (#4, #1 is Japan), strong transportation infrastructure (#5, #1 is Hong Kong), a healthy economy (#10, #1 is China), but high costs (#7, #1 is Denmark) and average tax policy (#36, #1 is Qatar).
Following were Canada, Singapore, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

Within the US, the most attractive was Washington state, due to the best Industry (#1), leading Infrastructure (#4, New Jersey is #1) and Economy (#4, Texas is #1), good labor (#9, Massachusetts is #1), average tax policy (#17, Alaska is #1) but is costly (#33, Montana is #1).
Washington is tied to Boeing Commercial Airplanes, earning $10.3 billion, is home to 1,400 aerospace-related businesses, and has the highest aerospace jobs concentration.
Following are Texas, Georgia, Arizona and Colorado.

In the US, the Department of Defense and NASA are the two biggest consumers of aerospace technology and products. The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States reported that the aerospace industry employed 444,000 wage and salary jobs in 2004, many of which were in Washington and California, this marked a steep decline from the peak years during the Reagan Administration when total employment exceeded 1,000,000 aerospace industry workers.

During that period of recovery a special program to restore U.S. competitiveness across all U.S. industries, Project Socrates, contributed to employment growth as the U.S. aerospace industry captured 72 percent of world aerospace market.  By 1999 U.S. share of the world market fell to 52 percent.

In the European Union, aerospace companies such as Airbus, Safran, BAE Systems, Thales, Dassault, Saab AB, Terma A/S, Patria Plc and Leonardo are participants in the global aerospace industry and research effort.

In Russia, large aerospace companies like Oboronprom and the United Aircraft Corporation (encompassing Mikoyan, Sukhoi, Ilyushin, Tupolev, Yakovlev, and Irkut, which includes Beriev) are among the major global players in this industry.

Cities

Important locations of the civil aerospace industry worldwide include Seattle, Wichita, Kansas, Dayton, Ohio and St. Louis in the United States (Boeing), Montreal and Toronto in Canada (Bombardier, Pratt & Whitney Canada), Toulouse and Bordeaux in France (Airbus, Dassault, ATR), Seville in Spain and Hamburg in Germany (Airbus, EADS), the North-West of England and Bristol in Britain (BAE Systems, Airbus and AgustaWestland), Komsomolsk-on-Amur and Irkutsk in Russia (Sukhoi, Beriev), Kyiv and Kharkiv in Ukraine (Antonov), Nagoya in Japan (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Aerospace and Kawasaki Heavy Industries Aerospace), as well as São José dos Campos in Brazil where Embraer is based.

Consolidation

Several consolidations took place in the aerospace and defense industries over the last few decades.

BAE Systems is the successor company to numerous British aircraft manufacturers which merged throughout the second half of the 20th century. Many of these mergers followed the 1957 Defence White Paper.

Airbus prominently illustrated the European airliner manufacturing consolidation in the late 1960s.

Between 1988 and 2010, more than 5,452 mergers and acquisitions with a total known-value of US$579 billion were announced worldwide.

In 1993, then United States Secretary of Defense Les Aspin and his deputy William J. Perry held the "Last Supper" at the Pentagon with contractors executives who were told that there were twice as many military suppliers as he wanted to see: $55 billion in military–industry mergers took place from 1992 to 1997, leaving mainly Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman and Raytheon.
Boeing bought McDonnell Douglas for US$13.3 billion in 1996.
Raytheon acquired Hughes Aircraft Company for $9.5 billion in 1997.

Marconi Electronic Systems, a subsidiary of the General Electric Company plc, was acquired by British Aerospace for US$12.3 billion in 1999 merger, to form BAE Systems.

In 2002, when Fairchild Dornier was bankrupt, Airbus, Boeing or Bombardier declined to take the 728JET/928JET large regional jet program as mainline and regional aircraft manufacturers were split and Airbus was digesting its ill-fated Fokker acquisition a decade earlier.

On September 4, 2017, United Technologies acquired Rockwell Collins in cash and stock for $23 billion, $30 billion including Rockwell Collins' net debt, for $500+ million of synergies expected by year four.

The Oct. 16, 2017 announcement of the CSeries partnership between Airbus and Bombardier Aerospace could trigger a daisy chain of reactions towards a new order.
Airbus gets a new, efficient model at the lower end of the narrowbody market which provides the bulk of airliner profits and can abandon the slow selling A319 while Bombardier benefits from the growth in this expanded market even if it holds a smaller residual stake.
Boeing could forge a similar alliance with either Embraer with its E-jet E2 or Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and its MRJ.

On 21 December, Boeing and Embraer confirmed to be discussing a potential combination with a transaction subject to Brazilian government regulators, the companies' boards and shareholders approvals.
The weight of Airbus and Boeing could help E2 and CSeries sales but the 100-150 seats market seems slow.
As the CSeries, renamed A220, and E-jet E2 are more capable than their predecessors, they moved closer to the lower end of the narrowbodies.
In 2018, the four Western airframers combined into two within nine months as Boeing acquired 80% of Embraer's airliners for $3.8 billion on July 5.

On April 3, 2020, Raytheon and United Technologies Corporation (except Otis Worldwide, leaving Rockwell Collins and engine maker Pratt and Whitney)  merged to form Raytheon Technologies Corporation, with combined sales of $79 billion in 2019.

The most prominent unions between 1995 and 2020 include those of Boeing and McDonnell Douglas; the French, German and Spanish parts of EADS; and United Technologies with Rockwell Collins then Raytheon, but many mergers projects did not went through: Textron-Bombardier, EADS-BAE Systems, Hawker Beechcraft-Superior Aviation, GE-Honeywell, BAE Systems-Boeing (or Lockheed Martin), Dassault-Aerospatiale, Safran-Thales, BAE Systems-Rolls-Royce or Lockheed Martin–Northrop Grumman.

Suppliers

The largest aerospace suppliers are United Technologies with $28.2 Billion of revenue, followed by GE Aviation with $24.7 Billion, Safran with $22.5 Billion, Rolls-Royce Holdings with $16.9 Billion, Honeywell Aerospace with $15.2 Billion and Rockwell Collins including B/E Aerospace with $8.1 Billion.
The electric aircraft development could generate large changes for the aerospace suppliers.

On 26 November 2018, United Technologies announced the completion of its Rockwell Collins acquisition, renaming systems supplier UTC Aerospace Systems as Collins Aerospace, for $23 billion of sales in 2017 and 70,000 employees, and $39.0 billion of sales in 2017 combined with engine manufacturer Pratt & Whitney.

Supply chain

Before the 1980s/1990s, aircraft and aeroengine manufacturers were vertically integrated.
Then Douglas aircraft outsourced large aerostructures and the Bombardier Global Express pioneered the "Tier 1" supply chain model inspired by automotive industry, with 10-12 risk-sharing limited partners funding around half of the development costs.
The Embraer E-Jet followed in the late 1990s with fewer than 40 primary suppliers.
Tier 1 suppliers were led by Honeywell, Safran, Goodrich Corporation and Hamilton Sundstrand.

In the 2000s, Rolls-Royce reduced its supplier count after bringing in automotive supply chain executives.
On the Airbus A380, less than 100 major suppliers outsource 60% of its value, even 80% on the A350.
Boeing embraced an aggressive Tier 1 model for the 787 but with its difficulties began to question why it was earning lower margins than its suppliers while it seemed to take all the risk, ensuing its 2011 Partnering for Success initiative, as Airbus initiated its own Scope+ initiative for the A320.
Tier 1 consolidation also affects engine manufacturers : GE Aerospace acquired Avio in 2013 and Rolls-Royce took control of ITP Aero.

See also

 Aerospace
 Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom
 Military–industrial complex
 Aircraft industry
 Aircraft industry of Russia
 Aircraft parts industry
 List of aircraft manufacturers
 Space industry
 Space industry of India
 Space industry of Russia
 Commercial Spaceflight Federation (US)
 List of spacecraft manufacturers
 Supplier-furnished equipment

References

Further reading

 Hartley, Keith.  The Political Economy Of Aerospace Industries: A Key Driver of Growth and International Competitiveness? (Edward Elgar, 2014); 288 pages; the industry in Britain, continental Europe, and the US with a case study of BAE Systems.
 Newhouse, John. The Sporty Game: The High-Risk Competitive Business of Making and Selling Commercial Airliners. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982. .

 Wills, Jocelyn. Tug of War: Surveillance Capitalism, Military Contracting, and the Rise of the Security State'' (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2017), scholarly history of MDA in Canada. online book review

External links

 Aerospace Craft & Structural Components

Manufacturer
Manufacturer
Aircraft industry
Aerospace

Aerospace manufacturer


Trúc Bạch Lake (Vietnamese: ) is one of the many lakes in the city of Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam. It is known outside Vietnam as the site where future United States politician John McCain landed during the Vietnam War after being shot down.

Trúc Bạch Lake is located northwest of Hanoi's Old Quarter, immediately adjacent to the eastern shore of the city's largest lake, the West Lake (Hồ Tây), a former branch of the Red River whose west bank is nearby. Trúc Bạch Lake was separated from the West Lake by the construction of a narrow dike (Cổ Ngư, "reinforcement") in the 17th century to allow raising fish. The inhabitants of the Truc Yen Village, located on the south shore of the newly formed lake, were in the business of making bamboo blinds and hence cultivated a small variety of bamboo. In 1957 and 1958, major Thanh Niên Road was built between the lakes. In 1730s, the Trịnh Lord Trịnh Giang had Trúc Lâm Palace constructed on the lake shore. The building first served as a pleasure palace but was later converted into a prison for royal concubines found guilty of crime. The silk they produced, known as "Bamboo Village Silk" became famous for its beauty.

The lake front is open only along Thanh Niên Road, the other sides are occupied by houses and residential streets. The lake is among the most seriously polluted in Hanoi. Nearby historical sites include: Quán Thánh Temple to the southwest of the lake,  Châu Long Pagoda to the east, An Trì Temple (dedicated to the worship of a hero from the war against the Chinese Yuan dynasty) on Phó Đức Chính Street, and Cẩu Nhi temple on a small hill near the northern corner of the lake.

Trúc Bạch war monument
On October 26, 1967, during the Vietnam War, US Navy aviator John McCain was shot down by an anti-aircraft missile on a mission against a Hanoi power plant and parachuted wounded into Trúc Bạch Lake. He was dragged out of the water, confronted by angry North Vietnamese and turned over to the military as a prisoner of war. A monument commemorating the capture (not, as sometimes claimed, McCain's detention) was erected in 1985 on the western shore on Thanh Niên Road. Its inscription reads:

Although the monument was not built to honor McCain, foreign visitors to Hanoi have chosen to pay respects to him there. In 2015 the monument was cleaned at McCain's request and the inscription was revised to  correct his name, remove the derogatory epithet "", and identify his service branch as Navy rather than Air Force.

References

External links
 Article on the lake's history at Hanoi municipal website
The role of aquaculture in pollution-remediation in Tay Lake and Truc Bach Lake of Ha Noi, University of Vietnam (Microsoft Word document)

Lakes of Hanoi
Lakes of Vietnam
Oxbow lakes

Trúc Bạch Lake


Sir Harry Gilbert Barling, 1st Baronet  (30 April 1855 – 27 April 1940) was an English surgeon.

Life
Barling was born at Newnham on Severn, Gloucestershire and educated at a boarding school at Weston, near Bath. He went to Birmingham in 1875 at the age of 20, to take his matriculation exam at Queen's College, Birmingham (a predecessor college of Birmingham University), before going on to study at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London and culminating in his admittance to the Royal College of Surgeons in 1879, becoming a Fellow in 1881. It was at this time he was appointed resident pathologist at the General Hospital which would start an association lasting for 60 years. He became President of the hospital in 1925. He was awarded his M.B. degree in 1879 at St Bartholomew's, and his B.S. degree in 1883 at St Bartholomew's and Birmingham.

In 1904, Barling was appointed Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Birmingham, succeeding Sir Bertram Windle, who was appointed president of Queen's College, Cork. From 1913 to 1933 he held the office of Vice Chancellor (renamed Pro-Chancellor in 1927) of the University of Birmingham, during which time and under his guidance the research departments in mental diseases and cancer were founded. He was Vice President and Chairman of the Council of The Birmingham Civic Society for 22 years from its creation in 1918 until his death in 1940.  He was also for many years the Chairman of the Birmingham Hospital Saturday Fund.  His association with the university had begun in 1885 when he was appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy at Queen's College and he was for many years on the teaching staff of the Medical School, becoming Professor of Pathology in 1885. In 1893 he was appointed co-professor of Surgery at Mason College (into which the medical faculty of Queen's College had merged and which later became Birmingham University) and Dean of the Faculty of Medicine.

At the outbreak of the First World War he was 59 and placed his services at the disposal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, acting as consulting surgeon in the Southern Command, subsequently being posted at the rank of colonel to the Western Front from October 1916 to August 1917.  His service to King and Countrymen earned him the Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) (military) in 1917 and in 1919 he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE).  On 10 September 1919 King George V conferred upon him a Baronetcy and the College of Arms granted his Coat of Arms some three months later.

In 1923 he had been involved in the setting up of the Birmingham Branch of the British Empire Cancer Campaign (now Cancer Research UK) and became its first Chairman. He was a hard worker and talented administrator and in 1936, in recognition of his hospital, university and other public service, he was presented with The Birmingham Civic Society's Gold Medal (a rare accolade given to those who have made a high contribution to life in Birmingham).

Death
Sir Gilbert Barling chaired his last meeting of the Civic Society's Executive Council on 19 March 1940. He died from heart failure at his home (whilst in his garden) at 6 Manor Road, Edgbaston on Saturday 27 April 1940, just three days before his 85th birthday.  At the next meeting of the Society's Executive Council, Mr Oliver Moreland temporarily assumed the Chair and it was agreed to send a letter of sympathy to Miss Edith Barling, one of his two daughters, who also sat on the Executive Council.

The funeral took place at St Augustine's Church, Edgbaston on Wednesday 1 May 1940. The Birmingham Mail reported that the eloquent testimony to the esteem in which Sir Gilbert was held was manifested at the funeral, which the Lord Mayor also attended.  He had sat on the Church Council of this church for some years and often took sermons at the invitation of the vicar, indeed between 1868 and 1978 the vicarage of St Augustine's Church, Edgbaston was next door, at 4 Manor Road and is where his neighbour Dr Rosslyn Bruce lived between 1912 and 1923.

Legacy
On 16 February 2018, The Birmingham Civic Society erected a Blue Plaque in Barling's honour, on his former home at 6, Manor Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.

The papers of Gilbert Barling and also a collection of material relating to Barling, compiled by his daughter, Edith are housed at the University of Birmingham Special Collections.

References

Sources

 L. G. Parsons (2004) 'Barling, Sir (Harry) Gilbert, baronet (1855–1940)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press
 The Birmingham Civic Society Annual Reports 1919–1940
 Minute Book of The Birmingham Civic Society 1940
 50th Anniversary booklet of St Augustine's Church, Edgbaston published by The Reverend Dr Rosslyn Bruce 1918
 University of Birmingham archives
 St Augustine's Church Parish Magazine 1923.

1855 births
1940 deaths
People from Newnham on Severn
Alumni of University of London Worldwide
Alumni of the University of London
Academics of the University of Birmingham
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
20th-century English medical doctors
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Royal Army Medical Corps officers
Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital
British Army personnel of World War I

Gilbert Barling


Barr Creek Falls, is a waterfall located in the Rogue River Canyon within the Prospect State Scenic Viewpoint in Jackson County, in the U.S. state of Oregon. The waterfall is located at the south end of Barr Creek as it plunges into the Rogue River over a carved cliff surrounded by walls of petrified volcanic ash as a consequence of the Mount Mazama eruption. The waterfall has also been called Bear Creek Falls. The waterfall gets its name from the creek which was called "Barr" for the presence of a fence that prevented cattle from straying out of the local Red Blanket Ranch and that ran adjacent to the creek.

Description
Barr Creek Falls shares the same rock cliff with Mill Creek Falls. Both waterfalls can be seen next to each other from their respective viewpoints.

The fall drops in three major steps. First plummets 60-feet, which is not a visible section of the cascade from the trail viewpoint. The second tier drops down another 30 feet, which is half visible from the viewpoint during high water flow. Finally it plummets 150 feet to the canyon floor before meeting with the Rogue River. With a height of 240 feet, Barr Creek Falls is among the tallest waterfalls in Oregon.

Location
Barr Creek Falls is located at the southernmost tip of the Prospect State Scenic Viewpoint. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) places the falls at coordinates  at an elevation of  above sea level. Barr Creek runs from the Western skirt of Crater Lake, bisects the southern end of the Prospect Airfield and plummets down the Rogue River Canyon a few yards before intersecting the Rogue River.

Access
Access to the waterfall is from a trail that starts on the park's parking lot on the town of Prospect's Mill Creek Drive, the southernmost of two parking lots on the road. The trail-head has an illustrative map of the area including the trail to the Avenue of Boulders and Barr Creek Falls. The trail is approximately half a mile from the parking lot to Barr Creek Falls viewpoint.

See also
 List of waterfalls in Oregon

References

Waterfalls of Oregon
Jackson County, Oregon

Barr Creek Falls


The Car Over the Lake Album is the third album by American country rock band The Ozark Mountain Daredevils. Recorded in Nashville, Tennessee, it was named after its cheerfully surreal cover illustration, which was borrowed from a poster advertising one of the band's college gigs. This package originally included a 33⅓ rpm red flexi disc record nicknamed The Little Red Record that was only available in the very first pressings of the album. These tracks were included on later CD releases of the album.

Track listing
"Keep On Churnin'" (John Dillon)-2:53
"If I Only Knew" (Larry Lee, Steve Cash)-3:24
"Leatherwood" (Randle Chowning)-3:56
"Cobblestone Mountain" (Steve Cash)-2:25
"Mr. Powell" (Larry Lee)-2:50
"Gypsy Forest" (Randle Chowning, Steve Cash)-2:51
"Thin Ice" (Randle Chowning, Steve Cash)-2:55
"From Time to Time" (Larry Lee, John Dillon)-3:56
"Southern Cross" (Steve Cash, John Dillon)-3:27
"Out on the Sea" (John Dillon, Elizabeth Anderson)-2:39
"Whippoorwill" (Randle Chowning)-5:09
"Establish Yourself" (Bonus)-0:17
"Time Warp" (Bonus)-3:10
"Journey to the Center of Your Heart" (Bonus)-2:52

Charts

Personnel
The Ozark Mountain Daredevils
Steve Cash - vocals, harmonica
Randle Chowning - vocals, guitars, mandolin, harmonica
John Dillon - vocals, guitars, mandolin, harmonica
Buddy Brayfield - vocals, piano, electric piano, organ; oboe on "Gypsy Forest"
Mike Granda - vocals, bass
Larry Lee - vocals, drums, guitars, synthesizer

Additional musicians
Bill Jones - woodwinds, keyboards, arrangements, backing vocals
Weldon Myrick - pedal steel guitar
Farrell Morris - orchestra bells
Nancy Blake - cello

Production
Producer: David Anderle
Recording and re-mixing engineer: Marty Lewis
Assisted by: Kent Nebergall
Recorded at Quadrafonic Sound Studios. Nashville, Tennessee
Re-mixed at Sunset Sound Recorders. Los Angeles
Mastered by: Doug Sax at the Mastering Lab
Art Direction: Roland Young
Album Design: Chuck Beeson
Front Cover Illustration Murv Jacob
Lettering: Stan Evenson
Back Photos: Jim Mayfield, Billy Higgins. Kansas Film Works
Photography: Bill Higgins, Jeremy Parkin
Artist Management: Good Karma Productions

References

The Ozark Mountain Daredevils albums
1975 albums
Albums produced by David Anderle
A&M Records albums

The Car Over the Lake Album


The Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department (SEERAD) was a civil service department of the Scottish Executive. SEERAD was responsible for the following areas in Scotland: agriculture, rural development, food, the environment and fisheries. Following the change of administration in May 2007, a restructuring exercise led to most SEERAD functions being continued under the new Scottish Executive Environment Directorate.

SEERAD was directly responsible for various agencies of the Scottish Executive and other public bodies relating to these areas of responsibility. From early 2005 the Department was headed by Richard Wakeford. The Minister for Environment and Rural Development was Ross Finnie and he was assisted by the Deputy Minister for Environment and Rural Development, Sarah Boyack.

A concordat set out agreed frameworks for co-operation between it and the United Kingdom government Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

Many of the functions of SEERAD were subsumed into the Environment Directorate in 2007.

Structure
The department had three executive agencies:
 Scottish Agricultural Science Agency, which is responsible for scientific research into agriculture
 Fisheries Research Services, which carries out scientific research into the fisheries and aquaculture areas
 Scottish Fisheries Protection Agency, responsible for enforcing fisheries regulations in Scottish waters, and monitoring compliance

The department sponsored several non-departmental public bodies (NDPBs) including:
 Crofters Commission
 Deer Commission for Scotland
 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
 Scottish Environment Protection Agency
 Scottish Natural Heritage
 The Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park Authority
 The Macaulay Institute

The department also worked with Scottish Water.

References

External links
 Scottish Government website

Defunct departments of the Scottish Government
1999 establishments in Scotland
1999 in British politics
2007 disestablishments in Scotland
Economy of Scotland
Climate change in Scotland
Scottish coast and countryside
Science and technology in Scotland
Environment of Scotland
Environmental organisations based in Scotland
Rural Scotland
Ministries established in 1999
Ministries disestablished in 2007


Ulster Wildlife is a wildlife trust and a registered charity covering Northern Ireland. It was formed in 1978. Ulster Wildlife is one of 46 trusts working primarily by county or region to make the UK a better place for people and wildlife. The Wildlife Trusts collectively have over 800,000 members, and are the largest UK voluntary organisation dedicated to conserving the full range of the UK's habitats and species, whether they be in the countryside, in cities or at sea. In total they manage over 2,300 nature reserves that cover more than 91,000 hectares across the whole of the UK, the Isle of Man and Alderney. .

Ulster Wildlife (formerly called Ulster Wildlife Trust) manages their network of reserves across Northern Ireland. Their work also includes environmental education, working with land owners, companies and local communities to conserve the area in which they operate. Ulster Wildlife conservation activities are delivered under the twin strategic strands of Living Seas and Living Landscapes.

References

External links
Ulster Wildlife website
Northern Ireland Executive Discusses Mussels Report with Ulster Wildlife Trust

Wildlife Trusts of the United Kingdom
1978 establishments in Northern Ireland
Organisations based in Northern Ireland

Ulster Wildlife


321 kinematic structure is a design method for robotic arms (serial manipulators), invented by Donald L. Pieper and used in most commercially produced robotic arms. The inverse kinematics of serial manipulators with six revolute joints, and with three consecutive joints intersecting, can be solved in closed form, i.e. a set of equations can be written that give the joint positions required to place the end of the arm in a particular position and orientation. An arm design that does not follow these design rules typically requires an iterative algorithm to solve the inverse kinematics problem.

The 321 design is an example of a 6R wrist-partitioned manipulator: the three wrist joints intersect, the two shoulder and elbow joints are parallel, the first joint intersects the first shoulder joint orthogonally (at a right angle). Many other industrial robots, such as the PUMA, have a kinematic structure that deviates a little bit from the 321 structure. The offsets move the singular positions of the robot away from places in the workspace where they are likely to cause problems.

References

External links
321 Kinematic Structure

Robot kinematics

321 kinematic structure


Heino F. L. Meyer-Bahlburg (born 1940) is a German-born psychologist best known for his work on biology of sexual orientation, gender identity, intersexuality, and HIV.

Education and career

Meyer-Bahlburg earned his Diplom from University of Hamburg in 1966 and his Dr. rer. nat. in Psychology from University of Düsseldorf in 1970. He took a position at State University of New York, Buffalo and at Children's Hospital in Buffalo, New York in 1970. Since 1977 he has held appointments at New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University where he has been Professor of Clinical Psychology since 1990. In 1978, he took a position at New York Presbyterian Hospital and has been a Full Professional Psychologist there since 1990. Since 1987, he has been affiliated with the HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies.

Meyer-Bahlburg believes homosexuality may be an issue of brain chemistry. He has observed that women who took the synthetic estrogen Diethylstilbestrol when pregnant were more likely to have daughters with bisexual or homosexual tendencies. His research interests include the effect of biological factors, medical treatments, gender assignment, and rearing conditions in the development of gender-related behavior, temperament, sexual orientation, and gender identity in various forms of intersexuality. He has published on the effect of genital ambiguity and genital surgery on later sexual functioning in 46,XX congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Meyer-Bahlburg published with John Money and others on the topic of psychoneuroendocrinology and its effects on sexual orientation and gender identity. In collaboration with Maria New, Meyer-Bahlburg published a long term analysis of the psychological effects of the use of prenatal dexamethasone to treat Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia.

Meyer-Bahlburg served on the American Psychiatric Association DSM-III Gender Identity Disorder Committee, and the DSM-IV Subcommittee on Gender Identity Disorders. He was also Adviser to the Sexual Disorder Text Revision Work Group for DSM-IV-TR. He treats gender identity disorder in children, taking about ten cases a year in the 1990s. He has written that gender identity depends largely on postnatal environmental influences, while sex-dimorphic behavior and temperamental sex differences appear to be modified by prenatal sex hormones. Meyer-Bahlburg notes that when parents bring in children for treatment, the "basic fear in this homophobic country is usually homosexuality."

His research interests in the field of HIV include psychosexual assessment, development and determinants of sexual risk behavior, and the effects of HIV on sexual functioning.

Meyer-Bahlburg was President of the International Academy of Sex Research from 1990 to 1991 and since 2002 has served on the Committee on Intersexuality for the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association.

Selected publications

Meyer-Bahlburg HFL (1990–1991). Will prenatal hormone treatment prevent homosexuality? Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. v.1 n. 4, 279-283.
Meyer-Bahlburg HFL (1984). Psychoendocrine research on sexual orientation. Current status and future options.  Prog Brain Res. 1984;61:375-98.
Ehrhardt AA, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Rosen LR, Feldman JF, Veridiano NP, Zimmerman I, McEwen BS (1985). Sexual orientation after prenatal exposure to exogenous estrogen. Archives of Sexual Behavior  Volume 14, Number 1 / February, 1985.
Sandberg DE, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Yager TJ (1991). The Child Behavior Checklist Nonclinical Standardization Samples: Should They Be Utilized as Norms? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 30(1):124-134, January 1991.
Cournos F, Guido JR, Coomaraswamy S, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Sugden R, Horwath E (1994). Sexual activity and risk of HIV infection among patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1994 Feb;151(2):228-32.
Trautman PD, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Postelnek J, and New MI (1995). Effects of early prenatal dexamethasone on the cognitive and behavioral development of young children: Results of a pilot study. Psychoneuroendocrinology Volume 20, Issue 4, 1995, Pages 439-449.
Susser E, Valencia E, Miller M, Tsai WY, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Conover S (1995). Sexual behavior of homeless mentally ill men at risk for HIV. Am J Psychiatry. 1995 Apr;152(4):583-7.
Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Ehrhardt AA, Rosen LR, Gruen RS, Veridiano NP, Vann FH, Neuwalder HF (1995). Prenatal estrogens and the development of homosexual orientation. Developmental Psychology vol. 31, no 1 (140 p.)  (1 p. 1/2), pp. 12–21.
Rosario M, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Hunter J, Exner TM et al. (1996). The psychosexual development of urban lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths. Journal of Sex Research. Vol. 33(2) 113-126.
Wisniewski AB, Migeon CJ, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Gearhart JP, Berkovitz GD, Brown TR, Money J (2000). Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome: Long-Term Medical, Surgical, and Psychosexual Outcome1  (2000). The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 85, No. 8 2664-2669.
Meyer-Bahlburg HF (2001). Gender and sexuality in classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2001 Mar;30(1):155-71, viii.
O'Sullivan LF, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Watkins BX (2001). Mother-Daughter Communication about Sex among Urban African American and Latino Families.  Journal of Adolescent Research, Vol. 16, No. 3, 269-292.
Migeon CJ, Wisniewski AB, Gearhart JP, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Rock JA, Brown TR, Casella SJ, Maret A, MD*, Ngai KM, Money J, Berkovitz GD (2002). Ambiguous Genitalia With Perineoscrotal Hypospadias in 46,XY Individuals: Long-Term Medical, Surgical, and Psychosexual Outcome. Pediatrics Vol. 110 No. 3 September 2002, pp. e31.

References

External links
Heino F. L. Meyer-Bahlburg profile via Columbia University
Heino F. L. Meyer-Bahlburg profile via New York State Psychiatric Institute
Heino F. L. Meyer-Bahlburg profile via KS&A

1940 births
Living people
German sexologists
Transgender studies academics
Psychology writers on LGBT topics
HIV/AIDS researchers
Intersex and medicine
University of Hamburg alumni
Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf alumni
State University of New York faculty
Emigrants from West Germany to the United States

Heino Meyer-Bahlburg


Circle K Stores, Inc. is a chain of convenience stores that is headquartered in Tempe, Arizona, and owned by Alimentation Couche-Tard, Inc., based in Laval, Quebec, Canada. Founded in 1951 in El Paso, Texas, the company filed for bankruptcy protection in 1990 and went through several owners, before being acquired by Alimentation Couche-Tard in 2003. As of February 2020, Circle K has 9,799 stores in North America, 2,697 stores in Europe, and an additional 2,380 stores operating under franchise agreements worldwide.

In 2015, Circle K unveiled a new logo and brand identity, and Couche-Tard announced that it would deploy the brand globally, including English-speaking Canada (rebranding from the Mac's brand), Europe (rebranding from the Statoil brand), and the United States (rebranding from the Kangaroo Express brand and updating the existing Circle K brand).

Overview
Since the 1980s, Circle K has been the largest chain of company-owned and operated (non-franchised) convenience stores in the United States. With 7,230 stores overall in the United States, Circle K is second to 7-ELEVEN's 9,348 stores (as of July 2019). As of February 2020, there are more than 14,800 stores with the Circle K brand worldwide.

Within the United States, Circle K owns and operates stores in 48 states (the two states without being Nebraska and Utah), with the largest concentration of stores found in Louisiana. Fuel is sold under various brands, with the Circle K and Shell brands as the most common. Other brands of fuel sold at Circle K stores include Valero, BP, Exxon, Marathon, Irving, Mobil, Esso and Phillips 66. Approximately 13% of stores worldwide do not sell fuel.

Circle K operates stores in the United States, Canada, Europe (the Nordics, Baltics, Poland, Russia, Ireland and the United Kingdom), and Hong Kong, and has franchises in Mexico (it partners with the Mexican stores "Tiendas Extra" created by Modelo Group), Cambodia, China, Egypt, Guam, Honduras, Indonesia, Jamaica, Macau, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Vietnam. In Hong Kong and Macau, the stores are called OK in reference to the circle around the K. Circle K Hong Kong was founded in 1985 by Li & Fung Retailing (later Fung Retailing) as licensee of the name, but sold back to Couche-Tard in 2020. Circle K had 387 franchised locations throughout Hong Kong as of May 2020.

The Circle K brand entered the Canadian market in 2008, in connection with Couche-Tard's acquisition of Irving Oil's convenience store network. By 2019, more than 800 Mac's branded stores had been rebranded to Circle K throughout central and western Canada.

In September 2015, Couche-Tard announced that Circle K would become the worldwide brand of all of its convenience stores, replacing Mac's, Kangaroo Express, Statoil, and Holiday Stationstores brands (except the Couche-Tard brand in Quebec and the INGO brand in Europe). This global rebrand included the introduction of a new logo incorporating elements of its existing brands, improvements to its product offerings and technology, and investing in store-level improvements aimed at improving the customer experience. The rebranding occurred over the following five years and as of March 2020, all of Europe and 85% of North America had been updated with the Circle K brand and logo.

History

Entrepreneur Fred Hervey purchased three Kay's Food Stores in El Paso, Texas, in 1951. Hervey renamed the stores as "Circle K Food Stores, Inc." rather than "Kay." He grew the Circle K chain into neighboring New Mexico and Arizona, which has been the company's home base since 1957. (Hervey would go on to serve two terms as mayor of El Paso.)

By 1975, there were 1,000 Circle K stores across the U.S. In 1979, Circle K first expanded its reach into foreign markets via a licensing agreement which established the first Circle K stores in Japan by UNY. Until 2018, Circle K stores in Japan were run by the FamilyMart Company, that was named Circle K Sunkus Company until 2016 and was named Circle K Japan Company until 2004, which licensed the Circle K brand from Alimentation Couche-Tard. In 2018, all Circle K stores in Japan were converted to FamilyMart stores. In 1983, the number of stores increased to 2,180 with the purchase of the 960-store UtoteM chain in the western and southern United States.

Karl Eller, a prominent Phoenix, Arizona businessman, served as the company's CEO from 1983 to 1990. During that time, Eller built Circle K into the second largest convenience store operation and the largest publicly owned convenience store chain in the U.S. with 4,631 stores in 32 states and an additional 1,300 or so licensed or joint venture stores in 13 foreign countries. Under Eller's leadership, the company grew from annual sales of $747 million ($ in  dollars) to over $3 billion ($ in  dollars).

In 1988, the company sent a letter to its over 8,000 employees announcing that it will cut off the medical coverage of those who become sick or injured as a result of AIDS, alcohol, drug abuse or self-inflicted wounds. The company stated that "There are certain lifestyle decisions that we are just not going to assure the results of."

Fortunes declined in the late 1980s as the U.S. economy began to slow down, and Circle K filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in May 1990; Eller resigned as CEO. Some underperforming locations were sold or closed. In 1993 the company was purchased by Investcorp, an international investment group, and emerged from bankruptcy.

In 1996, Circle K was acquired by Tosco Corporation, an independent petroleum refiner and marketer, but kept its headquarters in Phoenix. Tosco was purchased in 2001 by Phillips Petroleum, which, in 2002, merged with Conoco to form ConocoPhillips. In 2003, Circle K was purchased by Alimentation Couche-Tard, a large, multinational convenience store operator based in the Montreal area, for US$830 million ($ in  dollars).

In 2005, Taiwan's OK Convenience Store chain terminated its franchise agreement with Circle .

In 2006, the company acquired the 90-store Spectrum chain serving Georgia and Alabama, the CFM chain in Missouri, 35 Sterling Dairy locations in Northwest Ohio, and 26 stores under various brands from Chico Enterprises of Morgantown, West Virginia. This came after the 2005 rebranding of the various Couche-Tard stores (Mac's, Bigfoot, Dairy Mart, and Handy Andy) under the more nationally known Circle K brand.

In mid-2006, Alimentation Couche-Tard entered into a franchising agreement with ConocoPhillips to brand some of its company-owned stores as Circle K, in the western portion of the U.S. ConocoPhillips remodeled the stores into the Circle K scheme but continued to operate them. The stores continued to have the new ConocoPhillips unified canopy design and ProClean fuels. These stores were spun off as Phillips 66 in May 2012.

Another oil company, Canada-based Irving Oil, leased out its convenience stores operating under the Bluecanoe and Mainway banners in the United States and Atlantic Canada to Couche-Tard, which rebranded the locations to Circle K in July 2008, while still selling Irving-branded fuel. However, the Mainways in Newfoundland and Labrador did not change until summer 2010. The parties had earlier formed a similar partnership in Quebec, with the stores there operated as Couche-Tard.

In April 2009, ExxonMobil sold 43 Phoenix stores to parent company Couche-Tard as part of a sale of the larger On the Run franchise. These 43 stores were to be rebranded under the Circle K name.

In July 2010, Circle K had dropped down to fourth rank in number of stores (3,455), behind 7-ELEVEn (6,523 stores), BP (4,730 stores), and Shell (4,630 convenience stores) in 2010.

In April 2012, Circle K purchased Norway-based Statoil Fuel and Retail ASA and its 2300 fuel stations located in Scandinavia, the Baltics, Poland, and western Russia for $2.8 billion.

On February 10, 2014, Modelo Group sold the Tiendas Extra brand of stores to the Mexican franchise of Circle K, Circulo K.

On December 18, 2014, Couche-Tard announced its acquisition of The Pantry for $860 million all-cash tender ($ in  dollars). The acquisition closed in March 2015. Following the closing, all stores that were owned and operated by The Pantry, many of them under the "Kangaroo Express" name, were expected to be rebranded under the Circle K banner.

On August 12, 2015, Circle K opened its first five convenience stores in Costa Rica, Central America, after having bought and rebranded the local convenience store chain Delimart.

On September 23, 2015, Couche-Tard unveiled a refreshed brand identity for Circle K, and announced that the Statoil (Northern, Central and Eastern Europe) and Mac's (English Canada) brands would be converted to Circle K.

In 2016, Couche-Tard acquired the Irish service station chain Topaz. In April 2018, Couche-Tard announced that they too would be rebranded to Circle K. Couche-Tard similarly acquired Imperial Oil's Esso retail locations in Ontario (228) and Quebec (50) the same year, and rebranded the convenience stores in Ontario (many of which previously operating under the On the Run brand) to Circle K.

In 2017, Couche-Tard completed its acquisition of CST Brands, adding stores formerly owned by Valero Energy, and a portion of the Ultramar chain in Canada to Circle K (with the latter also switching fuel suppliers to Irving).

Also in 2017, Couche-Tard bought Holiday Stationstores, a Minnesota-based chain of fuel stations in the Midwestern United States. The company subsequently extended business practices from Holiday to its North American stores, including piloting a food service model adapted from that of Holiday.

In November 2018, Circle K opened its first store in New Zealand through master franchisee Pamma Retail Group.

In September 2021, Circle K announced the purchase of 10 convenience and food stores from the Griffin Group in Ireland. All the stores being bought are in Dublin and located in busy areas such as O'Connell Street, College Green, Grafton Street and Sandyford.

In February 2022, Couche-Tard announced that it would rebrand 12 Holiday Stationstores locations in Sioux Falls, South Dakota to Circle K.

A May 2022 report in The Wall Street Journal reported that Circle K parent Alimentation Couche-Tard is in talks to buy EG Group. Should a deal go through, it would significantly boost Circle K's presence in several U.S. markets (especially Florida, New England and Ohio) as well as giving it a location in every state except Utah. Internationally, it would give Circle K access to Australia, Western Europe, and EG Group's home market of the United Kingdom. Some have speculated that the deal may be in response to Alimentation Couche-Tard having been outbid by its primary rival 7-ELEVEn for the American Speedway chain.

Wage violations

A 2021 report on wage theft by the Center for Public Integrity named Circle K as one of the "worst offenders" in the United States. A class-action lawsuit was brought against the company in 2014, for which the company agreed in 2019 to pay a settlement of US$8.3 million. Circle K settled a similar class-action lawsuit in 2015 as well.

Frosters and Polar Pops
Fountain drinks at Circle K are sold in Polar Pop cups, previously called Thirst Busters, are available in expanded polystyrene cups. In areas where polystyrene containers are illegal, plastic or paper cups are offered. The 52-ounce cups are plastic. Most American locations offer any size, 32 ounce or under for under $1 while 52oz or above cups are priced at over a dollar. The price point of its 44-ounce size (marketed as "Epic XL" in some regions) may vary, as it may be under or over $1, depending on region.

The Polar Pop was first introduced in Bigfoot convenience stores by Johnson Oil Company in Columbus, Indiana, prior to its acquisition by Alimentation Couche-Tard. After the acquisition, the company began rebranding fountain drinks in other stores owned by Couche-Tard. As of 2018, Circle K sells 17 Polar Pops every second in the United States.

The Froster, which was introduced to Mac's stores in 1998, became very popular throughout Western Canada and Ontario. The American version of the Froster was introduced in 1999.

Sponsorship
Circle K was a part-time primary sponsor of the No. 28 IndyCar Series racecar driven by Ryan Hunter-Reay of Andretti Autosport between 2011 and 2013. In 2014, it switched to KVSH Racing driver Sébastien Bourdais. Circle K, along with Oberto Sausage Company, currently sponsors Marco Andretti.

In 2017, Circle K went to NASCAR, sponsoring Matt Kenseth and Joe Gibbs Racing with full livery for six races. It was on the car when Kenseth won his final NASCAR Cup Race at that year's  fall race at Phoenix Raceway.

Also in 2017, Circle K became the official shirt sponsor of United Soccer League side North Carolina FC and signed a two-year sponsorship agreement with the Lithuanian Basketball League.

Due to its sizable presence in Greater Cleveland, from the former Lawson/Dairy Mart stores, Circle K sponsors the Cleveland Guardians strikeout sign. It is located in center field at Progressive Field in Cleveland, Ohio. The "K" logo represents the "K" used for strikeouts in traditional baseball scorekeeping and is replicated with each strikeout. The same sponsorship is in place with the Arizona Diamondbacks at Chase Field in Phoenix, Arizona. If the Diamondbacks strikeout ten batters or more, the game's attendees receive a voucher for a free cup of Polar Pop, while Guardians fans receive the same voucher after select home games.

In May 2017, a sponsored Circle K Power Cube was introduced into the online game Ingress.

Explanatory notes

See also

 Circle K Sunkus
 List of automotive fuel retailers
 List of convenience stores

References

External links

 USA and Canada site

 Ireland site

1951 establishments in Texas
American subsidiaries of foreign companies
Alimentation Couche-Tard
Companies based in Tempe, Arizona
Convenience stores of Canada
Convenience stores of the United States
Franchises
Li & Fung
Gas stations in the United States
Retail companies established in 1951
Fast-food chains of the United States
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1990
2003 mergers and acquisitions

Circle K


The Buchan River ( ) is a perennial river of the Snowy River catchment, located in the Alpine region of the Australian state of Victoria.

Course and features
The Buchan River rises below Blue Hill in a remote alpine wilderness area within the Alpine National Park, and flows generally south through the town of . The river is joined by the Murrindal River and eight minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Snowy River near Lucas Point in the Shire of East Gippsland. The river descends  over its  course.

At Buchan, the river is traversed by Gelantipy Road, and a little further to the east, the Buchan Orbost Road.

Etymology
The name Buchan is thought to be taken from the Aboriginal phrase bukkan bukkan or bukkan mungie, referring to bags made from grass.

History

Aboriginal history
The traditional custodians of the land surrounding the upper reaches of the Buchan River are the Australian Aboriginal Bidawal and Nindi-Ngudjam Ngarigu Monero peoples; while in its lower reaches, the Gunaikurnai people identify the land surrounding Buchan as their traditional country.

At Cloggs Cave near Buchan, evidence has been found of Aboriginal occupation in prehistoric times.

European history
Pastoralists first entered the area surrounding the town of Buchan in the late 1830s. Buchan Station, taken up in the 1840s, had a succession of owners. To the north were the Gelantipy and Black Mountain runs. There were small groups of Aboriginals in the area but their numbers declined rapidly after European settlement. In 1861, Rev. John Bulmer inspected land south of Buchan as a possible site for a mission station. When he moved to Lake Tyers, the remaining Aboriginals accompanied him there. Land settlement began in 1870, with the best land along the river quickly taken up. A township was proclaimed in 1873, taking its name from the station. The Victorian Municipal Directory described the district in 1888.

See also

 Buchan Caves
 List of rivers of Australia

References

External links

East Gippsland catchment
Rivers of Gippsland (region)

Buchan River


The Amherst Stadium is a 2,500-seat multi-purpose arena in Amherst, Nova Scotia, Canada.  It is home to the Amherst Ramblers Ice hockey team of the Maritime Junior Hockey League. The arena hosted the 1993 Centennial Cup.  It also hosts various minor hockey contests and trade shows every year.  The facility's  nickname is "The Jungle", and is known to many as one of the toughest buildings to win at when the Ramblers are playing. This rink is also known to have some of the most crazy fans because during the Ramblers games a few riots have ensued after or during the games usually ending in suspensions for the coaches and players and the fans getting kicked out of the arena for the rest of the game. The rink also holds host to the CCMHA minor hockey teams.

The rink in the arena measures 182 feet by 85 feet with the nets 11 feet from the end boards.

The arena also includes a heated room above ice surface that is accessible for wheel chairs and senior citizens to view of the hockey game.

References

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20080517164534/http://www.freewebs.com/mjahl/amherst.htm

Indoor arenas in Nova Scotia
Indoor ice hockey venues in Canada
Sports venues in Nova Scotia
Buildings and structures in Cumberland County, Nova Scotia
Tourist attractions in Cumberland County, Nova Scotia
Amherst, Nova Scotia

Amherst Stadium