Hurricane Gordon was a strong Category 3 hurricane that crossed the Azores as a Category 1 hurricane, making it the first hurricane to directly impact the Azores since 1991. Gordon's remnants also affected Western Europe. It was the eighth tropical storm, third hurricane and first major hurricane of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season.

Storm history

The original development of this system can be linked to Hurricane Florence. It began as a tropical wave just right behind Florence in the first week of September, which at first was absorbed into the large circulation of then-Tropical Storm Florence. As Florence began to organize and move northwest, the wave managed to break from the circulation again and slowly organize in spite of hostile conditions at first. On September 10, it had organized enough to be declared Tropical Depression Seven northeast of the Lesser Antilles. With Florence far away from the system, conditions became more favorable for development, and it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Gordon on September 11 while moving slowly westward.

The conditions remained favorable as Gordon steered through a hole in the ridge near the Azores, allowing it to avoid land. It continued to strengthen, becoming a hurricane on September 12 and rapidly organizing into a strong Category 2 hurricane less than 24 hours later. The quick development continued on September 13, and by that evening, it had strengthened into a major hurricane - the first of 2006 - while maintaining a very small size. Gordon would remain a major hurricane for over 24 hours before cooler water began to set in and Gordon gradually weakened, beginning early on September 15.

The steering currents would also weaken greatly and Gordon became nearly stationary for about 24 hours as well before a trough would come in and push Gordon northeastward. By the morning of September 16, Gordon was barely a hurricane and was forecast to weaken over cooler waters. However, that did not happen, and Gordon actually strengthened a little bit while moving northeastward and became better organized. That trend continued for over 48 hours, and Gordon increased in strength slowly, becoming a Category 2 hurricane. While the forecast constantly showed a weakening trend, the resiliency suddenly meant that the Azores were threatened by Gordon. Gordon reached its secondary peak of 105 mph (165 km/h) on the morning of September 19, before weakening again.

Nonetheless, it remained a hurricane as it crossed the Azores. Shortly after that it weakened and became extratropical. The remnants of Gordon then began to interact with a large Atlantic low pressure area to the west of Ireland and an associated weather front extending south. It tracked towards the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula and then on September 21 turned northwards towards south-west Britain and Ireland. By the morning of September 22 it had become completely absorbed into the Atlantic low.

Preparations

Azores
With the onset of Gordon expected, all nine Azores Islands were placed on red alert by the Portuguese government, and residents were asked to take emergency precautions. The Meteorological Service of the Azores gave out hurricane warnings for all of the islands. The civil protection agency head Antonio Cunha closed all schools as a precautionary measure. Fishermen were also ordered to stay on land. Residents were warned to stay indoors, close doors and windows, clear storm sewers and move livestock to safe areas. Forecasters warned of winds as high as 105 mph (170 km/h), along with heavy rain and waves of up to 12 metres (40 ft) high lashing coastal areas.

Spain
In Spain, the region of Galicia was placed on red alert - the highest level - by authorities who were expecting the extratropical remnants of Gordon. Classes on September 21 were also stopped by the regional education ministry. 11 other regions of Spain, including as far east as Madrid and as far south as Andalusia, received lower levels of warning.

British Isles
Stormy conditions caused by the remnants of Gordon were expected to affect the 2006 Ryder Cup in Straffan, County Kildare, Ireland, starting fears that the event may be greatly interrupted and delayed. Strong gusts and heavy rain associated with another system had already caused some damages, resulting both teams to delay their second practice rounds. This led to concerns about the possible state of the course by the time the tournament proper was expected to start on September 22, leading to the possibility of further interruptions and possible changing of the normal rules. As a result, September 25 was set aside as an additional "reserve day" by organizers at the K Club.

On September 19 it was reported that the remnants of Gordon would cause high winds and rainfall in parts of the United Kingdom. The UK Met Office stated that a "period of very windy weather" with "exceptionally severe gales" was expected for much of Northern Ireland and Scotland. Northern Ireland was expected to receive the worst of the storm, with severe gales as high as 80 mph expected.  There were also warnings of localised flooding, with up to two inches (50 mm) of rain expected to fall. In addition, Wales and western England were warned of gusts of up to 50 mph.

Impact

Azores

The Azores escaped a lot of severe damage. There were only reports of toppled trees and power lines, knocking out power to some communities, particularly on Santa Maria Island.

Spain
Gordon hit the northwestern province of Galicia while as a strengthening extratropical storm early on September 21. Gusts as strong as 101 mph (165 km/h) were seen at Fisterra. Even near Madrid, reported winds of 65 mph (107 km/h) raked Punto Navacerrada. Heavy rainfall, up to 2.58" (65.5 mm) at Canfranc, fell across Spain. The pressure plummeted to 989.7 hPa at A Coruña. Waves as high as 7 metres were also reported.  Trees, traffic lights, containers and placards were all blown over by the strong winds. One man was injured from a tree falling on his car. Overall damage was light, but some roads were blocked.

Republic of Ireland
On September 20, practice rounds for the Ryder Cup were temporarily delayed due to high winds, but Meteorological Office charts showed these to be associated with a different Atlantic low pressure area rather than effects of Gordon itself.

The remnants of Gordon caused stormy conditions late on September 21, with 1,500 homes losing power. The worst affected areas were on the east coast between Drogheda and Wexford and in the south around Cork and Limerick.

Earlier on the 21st, a woman attending the Ryder Cup in County Kildare was injured after a tree branch fell near a golf buggy in which she was travelling. Additionally, the event's media centre was evacuated because of high winds. However, the gates opened at 06:00 on September 22 as originally planned and the tournament's first day went ahead without major disruption.

United Kingdom
The remnants of Gordon hit south-west Britain late on September 21. A gust of 81 mph (130 km/h) was recorded and power lines were hit, leaving more than 1,000 homes without power in Truro, Cornwall. In Devon, the rail line between Exeter and Plymouth was damaged by high surf at Dawlish, causing disruption to services. A section of seawall 10 m (33 ft) long was also eroded near the track. A tree fell onto a campervan in Yeoford, but no injuries were reported.

Gusts of up to 75 mph affected Northern Ireland during the night of the 21st & 22nd. Up to 100,000 houses lost power as tree branches fell on power lines. Fallen trees caused widespread disruption: in County Down, several people had to be rescued from their vehicles after trees had fallen on them; flooding was also reported at Rostrevor. Several roads across the province were blocked by fallen trees, including the M1 motorway and the main roads from Derry to Belfast and Coleraine. The Foyle Bridge in Derry was also closed for two hours early on the 22nd due to high winds.

In Scotland, high winds led to the cancelling of ferry services from Stranraer and Cairnryan. Lorries on the A715 road were forced to park on the roadside overnight due to dangerous driving conditions.

One positive effect from the extratropical remnants of Gordon was observed in Newquay, Cornwall, where large waves and swells up to 2.5 m (8 ft) high made for excellent surf conditions.

Related pages
 2006 Atlantic hurricane season

References

Other websites
 NHC's archive on Hurricane Gordon

Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
2006 in Europe

Hurricane Gordon (2006)


The Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, also called the Senate Rules Committee, is in charge of the rules of the United States Senate, administration of congressional buildings, monitoring elections and deciding whether or not the members should be there.

What it does
Rule XXV of the United States Senate says that all legislation, messages, petitions, memorials, and other matters relating to the following subjects is to be given to the Senate Rules Committee:
 Administration of the Senate Office Buildings and the Senate wing of the Capitol, including deciding where members' offices will be;
 Congressional organization relative to rules and procedures, and Senate rules and regulations, including floor and gallery rules;
 Corrupt practices;
 Credentials and qualifications of Members of the Senate, contested elections, and acceptance of incompatible offices;
 Federal elections generally, including the election of the President, Vice President, and Members of the Congress;
 Government Printing Office, and the printing and correction of the Congressional Record, as well as those matters provided for under rule XI;
 Meetings of the Congress and attendance of Members;
 Payment of money out of the contingent fund of the Senate or creating a charge upon the same (except that any resolution relating to substantive matter within the jurisdiction of any other standing committee of the Senate shall be first referred to such committee);
 Presidential succession;
 Buying books and manuscripts and creating monuments to the memory of individuals;
 Senate Library and statuary, art, and pictures in the Capitol and Senate Office Buildings;
 Services to the Senate, including the Senate restaurant; and,
 United States Capitol and congressional office buildings, the Library of Congress, the Smithsonian Institution (and the incorporation of similar institutions), and the Botanic Gardens.

Members, 116th Congress

Related pages
 Committees of the United States Senate

Notes

References

Other websites
 Official site (Archive)
 Senate Rules and Administration Committee. Legislation activity and reports, Congress.gov.

Rules and Administration
1867 establishments in the United States

United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration


The earliest anatomically modern human skeleton in Peninsular Malaysia, Perak Man, dates back 11,000 years and Perak Woman dating back 8,000 years, were both discovered in Lenggong. The site has an undisturbed stone tool production area, created using equipment such as anvils and hammer stones. The Tambun rock art is also situated in Perak. From East Malaysia, Sarawak's Niah Caves, there is evidence of the oldest human remains in Malaysia, dating back 40,000 years.

Chronology

35,000 years ago – Paleolithic (Early Stone Age)
Niah Caves in Sarawak is an important prehistoric site where human remains dating to ca. 40,000 years ago have been found. Archaeologists have claimed a much earlier date for stone tools found in the Mansuli Valley, near Lahad Datu in Sabah, but precise dating analysis has not yet been published.

10,000–5,000 years ago – Neolithic (New Stone Age)
Archaeological finds from the Lenggong Valley in Perak show that people were making stone tools and using jewellery. The archaeological data from this period came from cave and rock shelter sites and are associated with Hoabinhian hunter-gatherers. It is believed that Neolithic farmers made their entrance in this region between 3–4000 years ago.

2,500 years ago – Bronze Age
More people arrived, including new tribes and seafaring Austronesian. The Malay Peninsula became the crossroads in maritime trades of the ancient age. Seafarers who came to Malaysia's shores included Malayo-Polynesian people, Indians and possibly Chinese traders among others. Ptolemy named the Malay Peninsula the Golden Chersonese.

Out of Sundaland Migration theory

A study from Leeds University published in Molecular Biology and Evolution, examining mitochondrial DNA lineages, suggested that humans had been occupying the islands of Southeast Asia for a longer period than previously believed. Population dispersals seem to have occurred at the same time as sea levels rose, which may have resulted in migrations from the Philippine Islands to as far north as Taiwan within the last 10,000 years. The population migrations were most likely to have been driven by climate change – the effects of the drowning of an ancient continent. Rising sea levels in three massive pulses may have caused flooding and the submerging of the Sunda continent, creating the Java and South China Seas and the thousands of islands that make up Indonesia and the Philippines today.

A 2009 genetic study published by the 2009 Human Genome Organization Pan-Asian SNP Consortium found that Asia was originally settled by humans via a single southern route.  The migration came from Africa via India, into Southeast Asia and what are now islands in the Pacific, and then later up to the eastern and northern Asian mainland.

Genetic similarities were found between populations throughout Asia and an increase in genetic diversity from northern to southern latitudes. Although the Chinese population is very large, it has less variation than the smaller number of individuals living in Southeast Asia, because the Chinese expansion occurred very recently, following the development of rice agriculture – within only the last 10,000 years.

Oppenheimer locates the origin of the Austronesians in Sundaland and its upper regions. Genetic research reported in 2008 indicates that the islands which are the remnants of Sundaland were likely populated as early as 50,000 years ago, contrary to a previous hypothesis that they were populated as late as 10,000 years ago from Taiwan.

Yunnan migration theory
The theory of the Proto-Malay people originating from Yunnan is supported by R.H Geldern, J.H.C Kern, J.R Foster, J.R Logen, Slametmuljana, and Asmah Haji Omar. The Proto Malay (Melayu Asli) who first arrived had agricultural skills while the second wave Deutero Malay (mixed blood) [vague] who arrived around 1500 BC to dwell along the coastlines had advanced fishery skills. During the migration, both groups intermarried with peoples of the southern islands, such as those from Java (Indonesian), and also with aboriginal peoples of Australoid, Negrito and Melanesoid origin.

Other evidence that supports this theory includes:
 Stone tools found in the Malay Archipelago are analogous to Central Asian tools.
 Similarities between Malay customs and Assamese customs.

Deutero Malays
Combination of the colonial Kambujas of Hindu-Buddhism faith, the Indo-Persian royalties and traders as well as traders from southern China and elsewhere along the ancient trade routes, these peoples together with the aborigine Negrito Orang Asli and native seafarers and Proto Malays intermarried each other's and thus a new group of peoples was formed and became known as the Deutero Malays, today they are commonly known as the Malays.

Mekong Delta
According to the earliest written records (in Chinese), the first recorded civilisation in the Mekong Delta was the 1st-century Indianised-Khmer culture of Funan. The Khmer Empire of Angkor followed. Neolithic inhabitants of coastal parts of the modern Cambodian region were cultivating rice. It is believed that they were the ancestors of the people living in insular Southeast Asia and islands of the Pacific Ocean. They were also knowledgeable in iron and bronzeworks as well as possessing good navigational skills. (Source: John F. Cady, Southeast Asia: Its Historical Development, New York, 1964.)

Oldest Malay text

The Đông Yên Châu inscription around the 4th century AD is the oldest Malay text found. It was written in Old Malay-Cham language, found near Indrapura, Vietnam. However, most scholars consider it established that this inscription was written in Old Cham instead. The shared basic grammar and vocabulary comes as no surprise, since Chamic and Malayic languages are closely related; both are the two subgroups of a Malayic–Chamic group within the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian family.

The Kedukan Bukit Inscription of 682 CE was found at Palembang, Indonesia.

Cham-Malay relation

The similarity of the Cambodian Cham language and the Malay language can be found in names of places such as Kampong Cham, Kambujadesa, Kampong Chhnang, etc. and Sejarah Melayu clearly mentioned a Cham community in Parameswara's Malacca around the 15th century. Cham is related to the Malayo-Polynesian languages of Malaysia, Indonesia, Madagascar and the Philippines. In the mid 15th century, when Cham was heavily defeated by the Vietnamese, some 120,000 were killed and in the 17th century the Champa king converted to Islam. In the 18th century the last Champa Muslim king Pô Chien gathered his people and migrated south to Cambodia while those along the coastline migrated to the nearest peninsula state Terengganu, approximately 500 km or less by boat, and Kelantan. Malaysian constitution recognises the Cham rights to Malaysian citizenship and their Bumiputera status. Now that the history is interlinked, there is a possibility that Parameswara's family were Cham refugees who fled to Palembang before he fled to Tumasik and finally to Malacca. One of the last Kings of Angkor of the Khmer Empire had the name Paramesvarapada.

See also
 Early history of Burma
 Early history of Cambodia
 History of Southeast Asia
 Prehistoric Asia
 Prehistoric Indonesia
 Prehistoric Thailand

References

Sources

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20060503185834/http://www.malaysia.or.kr/history.htm
 https://web.archive.org/web/20060714191117/http://sejarahmalaysia.pnm.my/portalBI/detail.php?section=sm01&spesifik_id=2&ttl_id=1

History of Malaysia
Malaysia
Malaysia
Malaysia

Prehistoric Malaysia


The Parallel Peripheral Interface (PPI) is a peripheral found on the Blackfin embedded processor.  The PPI is a half-duplex, bi-directional port that is designed to connect directly to LCDs, CMOS sensors, CCDs, video encoders (video DACs), video decoders (video ADCs) or any generic high speed, parallel device.

The width of the PPI is programmable and can be set between 8 and 16 bits in 1-bit increments.  The latest Blackfin family (BF54x) also features an 18/24-bit PPI for direct connection to RGB LCD panels.

The PPI can run from 0 MHz up to 66 MHz.

The PPI has a dedicated clock pin, three multiplexed frame sync pins, and between 16 and 24 data pins.

References

http://blackfin.uclinux.org/doku.php?id=ppi

Computer peripherals

Parallel Peripheral Interface


Sunn (stylized in all lowercase as sunn) is a brand of musical instrument amplifiers based in Tualatin, Oregon, United States.

History
In early 1963, the Kingsmen, a band based in Portland, Oregon, became known for their hit version of the song "Louie, Louie". After its hit single, the band soon embarked on a 50-state national tour. Because the band was used to playing small hops and school dances, many of the members found themselves ill-equipped with the amplifiers that they were currently using. Bassist Norm Sundholm discovered that his bass amp was not nearly powerful enough to play larger concert halls. Sundholm enlisted the help of his brother Conrad to help solve his problem. By 1964, the Sundholm brothers had designed a high-powered concert bass amplifier. The early Sunn amplifiers relied heavily on tube amplifiers designed by David Hafler and preamps sold by the Dynaco Hi-fi company, with many of the first units actually containing power amplifier chassis sold by Dynaco (models MKII, MKIII, MKIV) as well as modified Dyna PAS1 preamplifiers.  By 1965, the demand for Sundholm's amplifiers had increased to the point where the family garage could no longer be used as the manufacturing facility. At this point the Sunn amplifiers still relied on the Dyna power amp circuitry, reworked to fit Sunn's own chassis but still employing Dyna produced and branded transformers and the same electronic design. Thus, the Sunn Musical Equipment Company was founded. Throughout the original Sunn Amplifier line they employed Dynaco designed and built transformers (up to the 120 watt MK VI transformer set) and Hafler based power amp designs until Sunn stopped producing the original line of tube amplifiers in favor of the solid-state Concert and Coliseum models. Later Sunn produced the electronically unrelated Model T tube amps.

Fender acquired Sunn in 1985, relocating operations from Tualatin to Lake Oswego. The stated intent was to both revitalize the Sunn amplifier lines and to produce some Fender-branded models as well, which included the Standard Series (Princeton Chorus and Ultra/Ultimate Chorus, both solid-state) and M-80 Series, and are identified as USA-made amplifiers with an "LO"-prefix serial number.

Fender shut down the sunn operation in 2002.

In 2023 a group of experienced music and electronics industry executives licensed the rights to build Sunn branded products and recreated Sunn Musical Equipment Corp. The team includes executives from Mission Engineering, Bose, Fender, Charvel, Yamaha, Intel and HP, as well as an advisory team made up of former Sunn engineers, designers and management.

In popular culture

The band Sunn O))) was named after the company. The band's name includes a typographic representation of the Sun logo, with one too few or one too many parentheses depending if viewed as including the two concentric rings around the Sun.

References

External links
 Sunn Support – official website
Conrad Sundholm Interview at NAMM Oral History Library (2016)
Norm Sundholm Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2019)

Guitar amplifier manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Oregon
Companies based in Tualatin, Oregon
Defunct companies based in Oregon
Manufacturing companies established in 1965
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2002
1965 establishments in Oregon
2002 disestablishments in Oregon
Audio equipment manufacturers of the United States

Sunn


Tops in Science Fiction was an American pulp science fiction magazine launched in 1953.  The publisher, Love Romances Publishing, created it as a vehicle to reprint stories from Planet Stories.  It was unsuccessful and only lasted for two issues.  Although it contained no original stories, it did print some original artwork, including some of Kelly Freas's early work.  A British reprint edition appeared in the mid-1950s.

Publication history
The early 1950s saw dramatic changes in the history of U.S. science fiction publishing. At the start of 1949, all but one of the major magazines in the field were in pulp format; by the end of 1955, almost all had either ceased publication or switched to digest format.  Despite the rapid decline of the pulp market, several new science fiction magazines were launched in pulp format during these years; Tops in Science Fiction was one of the last of these.  The publisher, Love Romances Inc., also published Planet Stories, and Malcolm Reiss, Planet's editorial director, decided to try to take advantage of the backfile of stories and artwork from Planet's 14 years of publication.  He may have been inspired by the example of Fantastic Story Magazine, which was published by Standard Magazines as a vehicle to reprint their extensive backfile of science fiction.  If so, he was evidently not aware that by 1953 Fantastic Story was not doing well financially.

The first issue was dated Spring 1953, and was edited by Jack O'Sullivan.  The cover, by Alexander Leydenfrost, was reprinted from a 1942 issue of Planet Stories.  The fiction included "Black Friar of the Flame" by Isaac Asimov, and "The Million Year Picnic", by Ray Bradbury—the first of his "Martian Chronicles" stories.  Interior art included some of Kelly Freas' earliest work.  The issue was only modestly successful, and on the advice of his distributor, who told Reiss that they were having trouble getting the magazine distributed, Reiss decided to switch to the digest format for the second issue: digests were starting to become more popular than the pulps, which would be almost completely gone from the market within only a couple more years.  The second issue was dated Fall 1953; the cover, by Freas, illustrated "Lorelei of the Red Mist", by Bradbury and Leigh Brackett.  Freas also did the interior illustrations for the story, and later commented that he was delighted by the results but felt he was "never quite able to repeat it.  A hex, of course."  Interior artists for the second issue also included Emsh; the fiction included stories by Fredric Brown and Horace Gold.  However, this issue received only limited distribution, and Reiss decided against continuing with the magazine.

Bibliographic details
Tops in Science Fiction's two issues were dated Spring and Fall 1953; the first in pulp format, and the second a digest.  There was a single volume of two numbers.  The publisher was Love Romances Publishing, based in Stamford, Connecticut.  The magazine was priced at 25 cents for the pulp issue, and 35 cents for the digest issue.  Both issues were 128 pages long.  The first issue was edited by Jack O'Sullivan; the second by Malcolm Reiss.

A British reprint edition appeared, with three 128-page digest editions published by Top Fiction Ltd.  These were released in Autumn 1954, Winter 1955 and Summer 1956, though none of them were dated.  The first two reprinted stories from the first U.S. issue; the third reprinted material from the second U.S. issue. They were each priced at 1/6.

References

Sources

External links

Defunct science fiction magazines published in the United States
Fantasy fiction magazines
Pulp magazines
Magazines established in 1953
Magazines disestablished in 1953
Science fiction magazines established in the 1950s

Tops in Science Fiction


The Rudolphine Tables () consist of a star catalogue and planetary tables published by Johannes Kepler in 1627, using observational data collected by Tycho Brahe (1546–1601). The tables are named in memory of Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, in whose employ Brahe and Kepler had begun work on the tables. The main purpose of the Rudolphine tables was to allow the computation of the positions of the then known planets of the Solar System, and they were considerably more precise than earlier such tables.

Previous tables

Star tables had been produced for many centuries and were used to establish the position of the planets relative to the fixed stars (particularly the twelve constellations used in astrology) on a specific date in order to construct horoscopes. Until the end of the 16th century, the most widely used had been the Alphonsine tables, first produced in the 13th century and regularly updated thereafter. These were based on a Ptolemaic, geocentric model of the Solar System. Although the Alphonsine tables were not very accurate, nothing else was available and so they continued to be used.

In 1551, following the publication of De revolutionibus orbium coelestium by Nicholas Copernicus, Erasmus Reinhold produced the Prutenic Tables based on a heliocentric model of the Solar System, but these were no more accurate than the earlier tables.

Observations and prelude
The observations underlying the Rudolphine tables were performed by Tycho Brahe and his team.  Brahe's measurements were much more accurate than the ones available previously. He worked with elaborate instruments to determine the precise positions of planets and stars in the sky but did not have a telescope.

Brahe had been supported by the Danish king Frederick II and had built an observatory on the island of Hven during 1576–1596. When the king died, Brahe moved to Prague and became the official imperial astronomer of Emperor Rudolf II. There he was joined by Kepler in 1600, and Rudolf instructed them to publish the tables. While Tycho Brahe favored a geo-heliocentric model of the solar system in which the Sun and Moon revolve around the Earth and the planets revolve around the Sun, Kepler argued for a Copernican heliocentric model.

When Tycho Brahe died in 1601, Kepler became the official imperial mathematician. By studying Brahe's data, he found his three laws of planetary motion, which he published in 1609 and 1619. Emperor Rudolf died in 1612 and Kepler left Prague.

Composition and publication
The tables were anticipated for many years, with pleas for its publication reaching as far as India and Jesuit missionaries in China. Apart from external hindrances, Kepler himself refrained from such a monumental enterprise involving endless tedious calculations. He wrote in a letter to a Venetian correspondent, impatiently inquiring after the tables: "I beseech thee, my friends, do not sentence me entirely to the treadmill of mathematical computations, and leave me time for philosophical speculations which are my only delight". They were finally completed near the end of 1623.

In his attempts to finance the printing of the tables, Kepler began by claiming the arrears due to him by Rudolph. From the Imperial Court in Vienna he was sent to three other towns to which the debt was transferred. After a year of roaming the country, he was eventually able to raise 2000 florins (out of 6299 owed to him), which sufficed to pay for the paper. He paid for the printing out of his own pocket. It was initially supposed to be printed in Linz, where he resided at the time, but the chaos of the Thirty Years' War (first the garrisoning of soldiers in the town, after which a siege of the revolting peasantry, which almost resulted in the burning of the manuscript) prompted him to leave. He began the enterprise anew in Ulm. There, after many quarrels with the printer Jonas Saur, the first edition of a thousand copies was completed in September 1627, in time for the annual book mart in the Frankfurt Fair.

While publishing the Rudolphine Tables, Kepler was hard-pressed to fight off Tycho's numerous relatives. During the publication process, these relatives repeatedly tried to obtain control of the observations and the profit from the publication of the tables.

Tycho had intended to dedicate the tables to Emperor Rudolf II, but by 1627, when the tables were published, Rudolf II had been dead for 15 years, so instead the tables were dedicated to Emperor Ferdinand II but are named after Rudolph II.

Contents
The book, written in Latin, contains tables for the positions of the 1,005 stars measured by Tycho Brahe, and more than 400 stars from Ptolemy and Johann Bayer, with directions and tables for locating the moon and the planets of the Solar System. Included are function tables of logarithms (a useful computational tool that had been described in 1614 by John Napier) and antilogarithms, and instructive examples for computing planetary positions.

For most stars these tables were accurate to within one arc minute, and included corrective factors for atmospheric refraction.

A map of the world was also included. A scroll in the lower left panel of the map is inscribed with instructions on how to use the map and a lunar distance measurement to calculate longitude: it states that by observing the edge of the Moon's disc in relation to a known star, or a lunar eclipse, it is possible to calculate longitude at the point of observation by calculating local time and comparing it to the time stated in the tables. For this purpose, Kepler needed his map to be as up-to-date as possible, and it is remarkable for being one of the first to show the Dutch discoveries of the west coast of Australia,  Eendracht Land and Dedels Land; this information was apparently taken from the Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis Geographica ac Hydrographica Tabula by Jodocus Hondius II, published in Amsterdam in 1625. Hondius derived his geographical knowledge of Australia from the unpublished 1622 map of the Indian Ocean by Hessel Gerritz. A time scale along the Equator on Kepler's map indicates the hours to be added or subtracted for determining longitude (one hour equals 15 degrees longitude).

Use of the tables
The tables were sufficiently accurate to predict a transit of Mercury observed by Pierre Gassendi in 1631 and a transit of Venus observed by Jeremiah Horrox in 1639.

Adam Schall von Bell, a Jesuit in China, used the tables to complete a reform of the Chinese calendar in 1635.

See also
 Ferdinand Verbiest - Astronomy contests
 Star cartography
 Urania Propitia

References

Bibliography

 Robert J. King, "Johannes Kepler and Australia", The Globe, no.90, 2021, pp.15-24.

External links

Universitätsbibliothek Kiel – Digiport: Tabulæ Rudolphinæ - Bartsch version from 1627, with appendices on Schiller's Christian constellations and Bartsch'es own constellation innovations.
Tabulæ Rudolphinæ from the NOAA Central Library, in PDF and TIFF formats.
Johannes Kepler, Tabulæ Rudolphinæ archive.org, frontispiece, world map, first half is explanation, second half is tables
Tabvlæ Rudolphinæ qvibvs astronomicæ scientiæ ... Typis J. Saurii, 1627. From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress

17th-century Latin books
1627 books
Star atlases
Astronomical catalogues
Astrological texts
Tycho Brahe
1627 in science
Works by Johannes Kepler
Astronomical tables
Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor

Rudolphine Tables


British North America was the British-owned part of the continent of North America. This term was mostly used before the American Revolution.

In 1759, after winning the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, Britain took control of the colony of New France. After this, British North America also included New France.

The term "British North America" was used after the 1783 Treaty of Paris. This ended the American Revolutionary War, and said Great Britain's Thirteen Colonies were independent.

That formed the United States of America. The terms British America and British North America continued to be used for Britain's remaining territories in North America. The term "British North America" came to be used more consistently for the provinces that would eventually form the Dominion of Canada.

After the American Revolution, some people still used the term to refer to what is now the country of Canada. In fact, the Canadian Constitution was first called the "British North America Act 1867".

Also note that the areas beyond the first American states were not at first part of the United States. For example, areas near the Mississippi were not part of the original United States. They kept their old allegiances to England or France. And, of course, what are now the western states were largely Spanish-speaking until the later United States took them by force. Lastly, the division of North America into a lower part called the United States, and a northern part, called Canada, lay in the future.

Sources
Cooke, Jacob E. 1993. Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies. (3 vols)
Foster, Stephen, ed. 2014. British North America in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Oxford History of the British Empire Companion).
Garner, John. 1969. The franchise and politics in British North America, 1755–1867 (U of Toronto Press)
Gipson, Lawrence Henry. 1936–70. The British Empire before the American Revolution (15 vols)
Morton W.L. 1969. The Kingdom of Canada: a general history from earliest times.

British North America


The .345 Winchester Self-Loading (colloquially .345 WSL or eventually .345 Winchester Machine Rifle) is a rimless, rifle fire cartridge in a "cylindrical" shape, created in 1917 by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company.

It was designed for aircraft use, but there was also an alternate barrel with bayonet attachment for ground use. The rifle was the Winchester-Burton Machine Rifle, also known as the Winchester Model 1917 and was developed by Frank F. Burton. Little documentation on the rifle survives, but it was believed to have been intended for use as an anti-balloon weapon.

History

During the outbreak of the First World War, observation balloons were essential for both sides of the front. These static balloons inflated with hydrogen, became targets for airmen on both sides, and were defended by anti-aircraft batteries and patrol fighters.

To face these balloons, conventional ammunition proved to be inefficient, and other alternatives were sought. In 1916, French officer Yves le Prieur created a rocket system powered by electricity, but its range was limited. In 1917, tracer and incendiary ammunition was being developed to target these balloons.

To meet this need, Frank F. Burton of Winchester, developed the "Burton Light Machine Rifle", a selective fire blowback rifle, with selection of rate of fire to be used in observation and surveillance planes, the first practical version of which was ready in 1917.   For this rifle, he adapted the .351 WSL cartridge into a rimless cartridge, firing an incendiary Spitzer bullet, resulting in the .345 Winchester Self-Loading.

Dimensions

See also
 9 mm caliber
 .35 Remington
 List of rifle cartridges
 Table of handgun and rifle cartridges

References

External links

Forgotten Weapons: America's First Assault Rifle: Burton 1917 LMR. By Ian McCollum, July 4, 2016

Pistol and rifle cartridges
Winchester Repeating Arms Company cartridges

.345 Winchester Self-Loading


United Arab Emirates Standard Time or UAE Standard Time is the time zone for the UAE. It is given by Gulf Standard Time, being 4 hours ahead of GMT/UTC (UTC+04:00) and is co-linear with neighbouring Oman. The UAE does not change clocks for daylight saving time.

IANA time zone database
The IANA time zone database contains one zone for the UAE in the file zone.tab, named "Asia/Dubai".

References

Time in the United Arab Emirates


The Hoxne treasure  is the largest find of late Roman silver and gold in Britain, and the largest collection of gold and silver coins of the fourth and fifth century found anywhere in the Roman Empire.

The treasure was found by metal detector in the village of Hoxne in Suffolk, England, on  1992. The hoard consists of 14,865 Roman gold, silver and bronze coins from the late fourth and early fifth centuries, and about 200 items of silver tableware and gold jewellery.

The objects are now in the British Museum in London, where the most important pieces and a selection of the rest are on permanent display. In 1993, the Treasure Valuation Committee valued the hoard at £1.75 million (today £).

The hoard was buried as an oak box or small chest filled with items in precious metal, with some in smaller wooden boxes and others in bags or wrapped in fabric. Remnants of the chest, and of fittings such as hinges and locks, were recovered in the dig. The coins date the hoard to after AD 407, about the end of Britain as a Roman province.

The owners and reasons for burial of the hoard are unknown, but it was carefully packed and the contents seem what a very rich family might have owned. The lack of large silver serving vessels and of some of the most common types of jewellery, suggest that the hoard is only part of the wealth of its owner.

The Hoxne treasure contains several rare and important objects, including a gold body-chain and silver-gilt pepper-pots. The hoard was excavated by archaeologists with the items largely undisturbed and intact. The find has helped to improve the relationship between people using metal detectors and archaeologists. It has influenced a change in English law on finds of treasure.p173

Related pages
Thetford Hoard

References

Roman coins
Archaeological sites in Suffolk
Treasure troves

Hoxne treasure


A tubing hanger is a component used in the completion of oil and gas production wells.  It is set in the tree or the wellhead and suspends the production tubing and/or casing.  Sometimes it provides porting to allow the communication of hydraulic, electric and other downhole functions, as well as chemical injection. It also serves to seal-in the annulus and production areas.

External links
[Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary https://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Terms/t/tubing_hanger.aspx]

Petroleum production
Oil wells
Tubing (material)

Tubing hanger


Islam in Central Sulawesi, a province of Indonesia, is the majority religion embraced by around 75% of the population, out of a total of 2,683,722 inhabitants (2011 projection figure, based on the 2010 census). The propagators of Islam were thought to enter the Central Sulawesi through neighboring regions, namely Bone, Wajo, and Mandar from the south and west routes, and through Gorontalo and Ternate from the north and east routes via Tomini Bay and Tolo Bay.

History
The Islamic teachings were thought to have first spread to the region of Central Sulawesi in Buol dan Banggai, where both regions accepted Islam in the mid-16th century due to influences from Ternate. A king of Buol was noted to have an Islamic name, namely Eato Muhammad Tahir who ruled between 1540-1595.

At the beginning of the 17th century, Islam began to spread in the land of the Kailis propagated by Dato Karama (his real name Abdullah Raqie), who was believed to have come from Minangkabau. Dato Karama preached in the Palu area and its surroundings, and because of him the Kaili king named Pue Njidi converted to Islam. In the Parigi and surrounding areas, another Minangkabau preacher named Dato Mangaji (also called by the local title Tori Agama) was able to invite the Parigi king named Tori Kota and his son Magau Janggo to convert to Islam.

Education
There is an Islamic higher education established in Central Sulawesi, the STAIN Datokarama Palu.

References

Central Sulawesi

Islam in Central Sulawesi


Metal Gear Solid: Philanthropy is a 2009 Italian non-profit fan made film series created by Hive Division, a team of Italian students and filmmakers. It is a film based on the highly successful Metal Gear video game series. It is written, directed and edited by Giacomo Talamini, a 27-year-old Italian student filmmaker who also stars in the movie as Solid Snake.

History
Metal Gear Solid: Philanthropy was conceived in 2002 when Talamini and school friend Gianluca were playing Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty. The game had a significant impact on the two and they decided to create a film based on the series. Using equipment they had lying around, they started work on what is now known as the Old Project. After two years, production came to a halt. They had released a trailer but interest in the project was dying.

In 2005, the group (who was then known as Shamrock Creations) met in Venice to discuss the direction of the project. They refocused their aim and renamed themselves Hive Division after Gianluca left the group. The new project was called the New Project. Recruiting almost 40 people, Hive Division continued work on the film and started shooting at different locations around Italy, until July 2008 when the building used in the final scene was demolished. In winter 2008, they found an alternate location and filming continued. In March 2009, filming was complete and post-processing began. Aoife Ní Fhearraigh, whose song "The Best is Yet to Come" was used for the Metal Gear Solid Soundtrack, came into the studio towards the end of production to offer her vocal talent for use in "Will There Be an End", the ending theme to the movie.

The movie features a number of Italian actors, and the script was dubbed by voice actors to recreate the game's iconic style of voice work (in particular, an imitation of David Hayter's Solid Snake).

Plot
The movie is divided into three parts, the first part entitled "The Overnight Nation" is sixty-nine minutes long and follows Snake as he joins Philanthropy, an organization created in order to stop Metal Gears around the world. Snake (Giacomo Talamini) teams up with Elizabeth Laeken (Patrizia Liccardi) and Pierre Leclerc (Nicola Cecconi) as they attempt to find out what's really going on in "The Overnight Nation". The movie is set in 2007, taking place before or right after the first part of Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty.

A quote from Hive Division states:

Philanthropy explores ideas such as genetics, which is a recurring theme in the Metal Gear series; memetics, the study of how culture, habits, and information evolve, expand, how it is used and abused.

Parts two and three were planned for a release in 2014, but due to licensing issues with Konami it was announced to be cancelled. The first twelve minutes of Part 2 are viewable on the network.

Cast

Starring
 Giacomo Talamini as Solid Snake and Armstech PMC Trooper
 Patrizia Liccaridi as Elizabeth Laeken
 Nicola Cecconi as Pierre Leclerc
 Marco Saran as Harrison Bishop
 Giovanni Contessotto as Abraham Bishop
 Andrea Furlan as Vitalij
 Enrico Pasotti as Aran

Voice Acting
 Philipp Sacramento as Solid Snake
 Lucien Dodge as Pierre Leclerc and Harrison Bishop
 Laura Post as Elizabeth Laeken
 Adam Behr as Abraham Bishop
 Glenn X Govan as Vitalij
 William Martin as Otacon
 Alessandro Schiassi as Russian Pilot
 Alberto Vazzola as Russian Pilot
 Jonathan Ealam as Newscaster

Post Production

 Visual Effects Supervisor: Alessandro Schiassi
 3D Lead Artist: Alberto Vazzola
 Concept Artist: Lamberto Azzariti

Budget
Metal Gear Solid: Philanthropy was funded entirely by Hive Division who invested almost €10,000 (£9,000 GBP/$13,000 USD) in the production. Most of this went towards obtaining equipment and props.

Reception
PlayStation Official Magazine UK praised the CGI work and remarked at the locations of scenes within the movie while Destructoid.com claims the movie will be better than its Hollywood counterpart.
Game series' creator Hideo Kojima has stated that he has watched the movie and was moved by the love of the film makers towards Metal Gear Solid, commenting that it was very well made and he's anxious to watch the next part.
This stands in contrast to Konami's decision to decline the authorization of the sequel on licensing grounds.

Availability
Released 27 September 2009 the movie is available as a free download from the website and is also available for online stream through Vimeo, an online video sharing website.

References

External links

Recent project: In Memoria

Metal Gear
Live-action films based on video games
Fan films based on video games
2009 science fiction films
2009 films
Italian science fiction films
Films set in 2007
Works based on Konami video games
2000s English-language films

Metal Gear Solid: Philanthropy


The 20th Armoured Division "Macedonia" ( Ikosti Tethorakimeni Merarhia  «MAKEDONIA», abbrev. XX ΤΘΜ) of the Hellenic Army is headquartered in Kavala, Macedonia. It is the Army's only armoured division.

History
The Hellenic Army's first attempt to form an armoured/mechanized division was the 19th Mechanized Division in early 1941, which was destroyed during the German invasion of Greece. These efforts were resumed after Liberation, with mechanized units being established in 1945 and fighting in the Greek Civil War of 1946–49. The same period saw also the arrival of the first true tanks in Greece, the British Centaur tanks, which only began to be employed in 1947. From 1950 on, the Hellenic Army began receiving M24 Chaffee tanks and M18 Hellcat tank destroyers.

In 1954, 9th Infantry Division was converted into an armoured division, comprising two Battle Commands (Διοικήσεις Μάχης, ΔΜΑ). Due to the severe lack of tanks and other armoured vehicles, the division was armoured in name only. In 1956 the 9th Armoured Division was converted into the 20th Armoured Division, which was gradually formed over the next four years. With the arrival of the first M47 Patton tanks in 1957, the first Medium Tank Battalions (Επιλαρχίες Μέσων Αρμάτων, ΕΜΑ) of 55 tanks each, were formed.

From 1964, the division began receiving the first M48 Patton tanks and M113 armoured personnel carriers, which began replacing older material. By 1971, sufficient numbers of M48 tanks had arrived so that three new Medium Tank Battalions, 24th, 25th, and 26th, could be established so that each Battle Command comprised two Medium Tank Battalions. In 1977–79, the Battle Commands were formed into independent Armoured Brigades, with 3rd Battle Command forming the 23rd Armoured Brigade, 1st Battle Command forming the 24th Armoured Brigade, and 2nd Battle Command forming the 25th Armoured Brigade. 20th Division remained as an operational headquarters coordinating the latter two brigades. In 1985, 25th Armoured Brigade passed directly under IV Army Corps, and was replaced by 22nd Armoured Brigade.

Structure (2016)

 Division HQ Company (ΙΣ/ΧΧ ΤΘΜ)
 20th Signal Company (20ο ΛΔΒ)
 955th Military Police Company (ΛΣΤ)
 Division Artillery Command (ΔΠΒ/ΧΧ ΤΘΜ)
  21st Armoured Brigade, based at Komotini, Thrace
 HQ Company (ΙΣ/ΧΧΙ ΤΘΤ)
 211 Medium Tank Battalion (211η ΕΜΑ)
 212 Medium Tank Battalion (212η ΕΜΑ)
 646th Mechanized Infantry Battalion (646ο M/K ΤΠ)
 140th Self Propelled Artillery Battalion (140η Μ Α/K ΠΒ)
 21st Engineer Company (21 ΛΜΧ)
 21st Signal Company (21 ΛΔΒ)
 21st Support Battalion (21 ΤΥΠ)
  23rd Armoured Brigade, based at Alexandroupoli, Thrace
 HQ Company (ΙΣ/ΧΧΙΙΙ ΤΘΤ)
 21st Medium Tank Battalion (21η ΕΜΑ)
 24th Medium Tank Battalion (24η ΕΜΑ)
 644th Mechanized Infantry Battalion (644ο M/K ΤΠ)
 138th Self Propelled Artillery Battalion (138η Μ Α/K ΠΒ)
 23rd Engineer Company (23ος ΛΜΧ)
 23rd Signal Company (23ος ΛΔΒ)
 23rd Support Battalion (23ο ΤΥΠ)
  25th Armoured Brigade, based at Xanthi, Thrace
 HQ Company (ΙΣ/XXV ΤΘΤ)
 22nd Medium Tank Battalion (22η ΕΜΑ)
 25th Medium Tank Battalion (25η ΕΜΑ)
 645th Mechanized Infantry Battalion (645ο M/K ΤΠ)
 139th Self Propelled Artillery Battalion (139η Μ Α/K ΠΒ)
 25th Engineer Company (25ος ΛΜΧ)
 25th Signal Company (25ος ΛΔΒ)
 25th Support Battalion (25ο ΤΥΠ)

Emblem and motto
The emblem depicts a Centaur ready to fire an arrow. The body of the horse symbolizes strength and aggressiveness of armor/cavalry, and the human body symbolizes the soldier who controls the vehicle and directs the weapon.

The motto of the 20th Armored Division is "In The Shade" (, Ypo Skii). The phrase is attributed to the Spartan soldier Dienekes, who on the eve of the Battle of Thermopylae, was told by a native of Trachis that the Persian archers were so numerous that their arrows would block out the sun. Dienekes replied with a laugh, "Good. Then we will fight in the shade."

References

Sources

Divisions of Greece
Armored divisions
Kavala
1956 establishments in Greece
Military units and formations established in 1956
Armoured units and formations of Greece

20th Armoured Division (Greece)


Fletcher Norton, 1st Baron Grantley, PC (23 June 1716 – 1 January 1789) was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1756 to 1782 when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Grantley.

Life and career

Norton was the eldest son of Thomas Norton of Grantley, Yorkshire. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge and the Middle Temple, being called to the bar in 1739. After a period of inactivity, he built up a profitable practice, becoming a King's Counsel in 1754, and later attorney-general for the county palatine of Lancaster.

With his father he ordered the building in the mid-1700s of Grantley Hall, near Ripon in North Yorkshire.

In 1756, Norton was elected Member of Parliament for Appleby; he represented Wigan from 1761 to 1768, and was appointed solicitor-general for England and knighted in 1762. He took part in the proceedings against John Wilkes, and, having become Attorney General for England and Wales in 1763, prosecuted William Byron, 5th Baron Byron, for the murder of William Chaworth.  However, he lost his office when the Marquess of Rockingham came to power in July 1765.

In 1769, as MP for Guildford, Norton became a privy councillor and chief Justice in Eyre of the forests south of the Trent, and in 1770 was elected Speaker of the House of Commons. In 1777, when presenting the bill for the increase of the civil list to the king, he told George III that "parliament has not only granted to your majesty a large present supply, but also a very great additional revenue; great beyond example; great beyond your majesty's highest expense." This speech aroused general attention and caused some irritation; but the Speaker was supported by Charles James Fox and by the city of London, and received the thanks of the House of Commons.

The king did not forget these plain words, and after the general election of 1780, the prime minister, Lord North, and his followers declined to support the re-election of the retiring Speaker, alleging that his health was not equal to the duties of the office, and he was defeated when the voting took place. In 1782 he was made a peer as Baron Grantley of Markenfield in the County of York.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1776.

Death
He died in 1789 at his London home in Lincoln's Inn Fields and was buried at Wonersh, Surrey. In 1741 he had married Grace, the daughter and heiress of Sir William Chapple, Justice of the King's Bench, 1737–1745. They had 5 sons and 2 daughters. He was succeeded as Baron Grantley by his eldest son William (1742–1822).

Nathaniel William Wraxall described Norton as a bold, able and eloquent, but not a popular pleader, and as Speaker he was aggressive and indiscreet. Derided by satirists as "Sir Bullface Doublefee," and described by Horace Walpole as one who rose from obscure infamy to that infamous fame which will long stick to him, his character was also assailed by "Junius".

Family
Grantley married Grace Chapple, daughter and heir of Sir William Chapple, Justice of the King's bench, on 21 May 1741. They had four sons and a daughter:
William Norton, 2nd Baron Grantley (1742–1822)
Hon. Fletcher Norton MP FRSE (1744–1820); father of Hon. Charles Francis Norton and Hon. George Chapple Norton
Hon. Chapple Norton (1746–1818)
Hon. Edward Norton (1750–1786)
Hon. Grace Norton (1752–1813), married John Wallop, 3rd Earl of Portsmouth

Arms

See also

 Baron Grantley

References

Horace Walpole, Memoirs of the Reign of George III., edited by G. F. R. Barker (1894);
Sir N. W. Wraxall, Historical and Posthumous Memoirs, edited by H. B. Wheatley (1884);
J. A. Manning, Lives of the Speakers (1850);
Hammond Innes, The Last Voyage:  Captain Cook's Lost Diary, (N.Y.:  Knopf, 1978).

Attribution:

1716 births
1789 deaths
People from the Borough of Harrogate
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Members of the Middle Temple
Attorneys General for England and Wales
Peers of Great Britain created by George III
Knights Bachelor
Solicitors General for England and Wales
Norton, Fletcher
Norton, Fletcher
Norton, Fletcher
Norton, Fletcher
Norton, Fletcher
Norton, Fletcher
Norton, Fletcher
Politics of the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fletcher 1

Fletcher Norton, 1st Baron Grantley


Rifles for Watie is a children's novel by American writer Harold Keith. It was first published in 1957, and received the Newbery Medal the following year.

Set during the American Civil War, the plot revolves around the fictional sixteen-year-old Jefferson Davis Bussey, who is caught up in the events of history. Actual historical personages (e.g. Generals Stand Watie and James G. Blunt) and battles (e.g. Wilson's Creek and Prairie Grove) are seen from the viewpoint of an ordinary soldier, enabled by the choice of protagonist. Harold Keith spent many years interviewing Civil War veterans and visiting the sites depicted in the book, resulting in an authenticity that is rare for historical fiction that targets a young adult audience.

The setting, west of the Mississippi, is also not typical of Civil War novels, so the reader gets a perspective on the war not generally available in other books, let alone one found in children's books.

Plot summary
Amidst an ongoing guerilla war pro-slavery bushwackers raid the Bussey farm in Linn County, Kansas in spring 1861, leading 16-year-old Jefferson Davis Bussey and several friends of his to leave for Fort Leavenworth and enlist as a volunteer for the Union. Jeff takes a mutual dislike to a career officer, Captain Asa Clardy, whose abrasive personality make him both feared and hated by his men. Despite Clardy's vindictiveness, Jeff takes to military life.

Jeff's regiment marches off from Leavenworth to fight. Despite his eagerness, Jeff is repeatedly pulled away for various details and misses several battles. On one such occasion, Jeff resentfully confronts Clardy and taunts him, prompting a warning from fellow volunteer Noah Babbitt, an itinerant printer whom Jeff looks up to for his wisdom and years of experience. Jeff finally sees combat for the first time in the Battle of Prairie Grove; in the chaos following a charge against Confederate infantry, Noah and Jeff aid an undermanned Union artillery battery, firing a cannon as Confederate troops attempt to overrun the battery's position. Days later, Jeff and Noah receive the Medal of Honor for their valor during the battle.

During the campaigning in the contested Indian Territory, Jeff meets headstrong Cherokee girl Lucy Washbourne, whose well-to-do family is loyal to the Confederate cause. Despite their stark differences, Jeff and Lucy gradually grow fond of one another. Lucy's brother Lee is captured while spying on Jeff's regiment and Clardy orders that the boy be executed. Jeff refuses to join the firing squad and arranges for Lee's body to be returned to the Washbournes.

Impressed by Jeff's courage and ability, General James G. Blunt summons him to be assigned as a plainclothes scout. Going behind enemy lines in pairs, Blunt's scouts are assigned to gather intelligence regarding Confederate troop movements and report back. As they cross into Rebel territory in the dark, Jeff and fellow scout Bostwick blunder into a Confederate position and claim they are on their way to join the cavalry raider Stand Watie, only to find his force is camped right there. Left with no other choice, the two follow up on the lie and enlist as Confederate cavalry.

Jeff's name and straightforward manner lead him to develop mutual respect and trust with Watie's men. Jeff is called to join a guard for one of Watie's staff, who has been buying Spencer repeating rifles for Watie from a corrupt Union officer. As the latest shipment of rifles is sold, Jeff recognizes the officer as Clardy and realizes he must escape before Watie can buy enough Spencers to rearm his regiment, but abruptly falls ill and instead sends word ahead via Lemon Jones, an enslaved boy who agrees to escape and take Jeff's report on to General Blunt, hoping to join the U.S. Colored Troops when he gets there.

On leave in a nearby town one night, Jeff happens to meet Lucy and reluctantly tells her he is a spy for the Union. Despite her own loyalties, Lucy agrees to keep his secret. Returning to camp, Jeff stumbles into Clardy and is recognized. Clardy raises the alarm and Jeff goes on the run. Despite steadily growing weaker from lack of rest and food, Jeff keeps heading back toward Union lines as Watie's men chase him with the aid of Sully, a Texas bloodhound. Sully catches Jeff, but quickly takes a liking to him. Seizing on this opportunity, Jeff coaxes Sully into joining him, and the two leave Watie's men behind. Exhausted, Jeff reports in to a Union cavalry patrol and is overjoyed to find one of the troopers is Noah.

Noah reveals that Lemon Jones reached General Blunt, who stopped the supply of Spencer rifles to the enemy. Clardy's real identity is discovered by Watie's men, who take revenge for the execution of Lee Washbourne and rob him of his illicit gold. With the war over, Jeff's regiment disbands and he and his friends from Linn County return home. Lucy sends him a letter, prompting Jeff to decide he will soon propose to her. Returning to his family's farm, Jeff is offered a room but feels restless, instead finding peace outside, under the stars.

Characters

 Jefferson (Jeff) Davis Bussey – the protagonist. Jeff takes a straightforward, no-nonsense view of life and has a deep regard for integrity and courage, but finds the war to be more complicated than he had expected. First enlisted as infantry, Jeff later becomes a cavalryman, artilleryman, and spy. He spends most of the war as a private, but is promoted to sergeant by order of General Blunt before being discharged. Despite taking arms against the Confederacy, Jeff is proud of his name and tolerates no insults against it.
 Lucy Washbourne – Jeff's love interest, a young Cherokee woman living in Tahlequah, Indian Territory. Lucy hails from an upper-class family and conducts herself accordingly, but is fiercely loyal to her family and community and has no patience for insults to either.
 Lee Washbourne – Lucy's brother, a Confederate soldier and scout. Killed by a firing squad organized by Captain Clardy. Lee refused any attempts beforehand to get him to talk, simply laughing at Clardy and his men. Jeff refuses to participate in Lee's execution and arranges for Lee's body to be returned to the Washbournes.
 Noah Babbitt – an itinerant printer, older than Jeff, and a Union soldier and a lover of nature. Noah does not take immediately to soldiering and struggles at times to learn new tasks, but displays great courage and resilience through the war, leading Jeff to look up to him as a mentor.
 Stand Watie – historical character, the last Confederate general to surrender at the war's end. A Cherokee chief, his forces are described as "using old British one shot Enfield's and double barrel shotguns." The use of Spencer repeaters could mean a victory against Union soldiers. Greatly feared on the Union side, Watie is beloved by his men and revered by Confederate civilians for the wild and daring way he and his men fight.
 James G. Blunt – historical character, Union general who battled to control Indian Territory. Blunt overlooks Asa Clardy's vindictive complaints about Jeff, particularly after personally seeing Jeff in combat at the Battle of Prairie Grove, and entrusts him with a mission that changes the course of the war in the West.
 David Gardner – Jeff's hometown friend who joins the Union Army with him. Gardner soon regrets his enlistment and deserts, but voluntarily returns after his mother insists. After a lengthy period of punishment details, Gardner joins the Cavalry forces and serves honorably for the remainder of the war.
 John Chadwick – Another of Jeff's hometown friends who joins the Union Army with him.
 Captain Asa Clardy – Jeff's company commander in the Union Army, and a major antagonist against Jeff. He is the one smuggling the Spencer Rifles to the Rebels. Vindictive, cruel, and utterly corrupt, Clardy has no friends on either side and many enemies, all of which eventually catches up to him.
 Heifer Hobbs – company cook and mentor for Jeff in the rebel army of Stand Watie. He stands up for Jeff when Sergeant Fields accuses Jeff of being a Union spy. Heifer's hideous appearance stands in stark contrast to his superb cooking and friendly, compassionate personality, and he is universally liked by Watie's men.
 Bill Earle – A singer who served with Jeff made in the war, on the Union side.
 Stuart Mitchell - A Union P.O.W who was able to escape from Watie's men and enlist in Jeff's unit.
 Pete Millholland – An older gentleman who is elected as Jeff's squad leader. He's killed by Rebels while cooking supper in Choctaw country.
 Jimmy - The 14-year-old drummer boy for the Union army. Accidentally run over by a Union supply wagon, Jimmy eventually dies on Christmas Day, leaving Jeff his prized drum.
 Edith Bussey - Jeff's mother. Edith is caretaker of the Bussey homestead, steadfast and loyal to her husband and family, even as Emory's well-known abolitionist views make enemies in the Kansas-Missouri region.
 Emory Bussey - Jeff's father, a U.S. Army veteran of the Mexican-American War who served in then-Colonel Jefferson Davis' regiment, continuing to hold Davis in high regard years later, naming his son after Davis. Emory's outspoken honesty and strong abolitionist and Unionist views influence Jeff to volunteer to fight.
 Ring - Jeff's dog in Kansas. Ring is playful and loyal and does not understand when Jeff leaves, but gladly welcomes him home almost four years later.
 Dixie - A dog owned by a rebel who is killed at the Battle of Wilson's Creek. Jeff befriends her and keeps her, later leaving her with Lucy Washbourne.
 Keegan - A commander for the Confederates.
 Lieutenant Orff - Commander of the scout platoon that Jeff and Noah join after becoming cavalrymen. Carries a Spencer 7 shot rifle.
 Sully - A Texas bloodhound brought in to pursue Jeff while the latter is on the run, Sully is considered impossible to escape from once he is on the hunt. Sully is quickly won over after catching Jeff and accompanies him back to the Union side.
 Sergeant Sam Fields - NCO for the company of Confederate cavalry Jeff joins. Fields was a close friend to Lee Washbourne and became embittered toward anyone with Union loyalties after Lee's death.
 Jim Bostwick - a scout that Jeff works with. Killed in a battle while posing as a Confederate.
 Sparrow - An Army cook attached to Jeff's regiment. Sparrow knew Clardy before the war, and reveals to Jeff that Clardy murdered and robbed a widow during a storm. Clardy murders Sparrow after Jeff taunts him with this information, but Noah says Sparrow was not the type who could have kept such a secret.
 Mike Dempsey- Older Irishman who befriends Jeff.
 Ford Ivey- One of Jeff's best friends who was severely wounded during the Battle of Wilson's Creek. He eventually has his leg amputated.
 Zed Tinney- God-fearing boy who owns a bible that is bound in black leather. Killed during the Battle of Wilson's Creek.
 Jake Lonegan- A squad leader in Jeff's company. Jake was one of the sharpest recruits at Leavenworth during their early training and carried himself with a "tough guy" image, but throws down his musket and flees the first time he sees combat.
 Jim Veatch- Cardplayer in Jeff's company.
 Neely North- A breezy recruit from Shawnee Mission.
 Walter Van Ostrand- A frightened youngster in Jeff's company who purposely shot off one of his own fingers with his rifle-musket to avoid having to go into battle. Clardy accused Van Ostrand of cowardice while Van Ostrand insisted it was an accident.

Reception
Kirkus Reviews said of the book: "Stirring, original and always credible, this is distinctly superior." In a retrospective essay about the Newbery Medal-winning books from 1956 to 1965, librarian Carolyn Horovitz wrote of Rifles for Watie, Carry On, Mr. Bowditch, The Witch of Blackbird Pond and The Bronze Bow: "All have value, all are told skilfully. If they lack the qualities of greatness, it is largely because their style has a commercial sameness."

Controversial history
After receiving the 1958 Newbery award, the book was scheduled to be reprinted due to an expected increase in sales. This award brought the attention of librarian Charlemae Hill Rollins of the Chicago Public Library, who saw the opportunity to change certain descriptions of African American characters in the book; the period in which these changes were proposed was during the fall of legal segregation and Rollins believed the language should reflect this. After communicating with Rollins, Keith accepted one proposed change but rejected the others, claiming that he used similar language to define other white characters and for that reason it was not race-specific. The changes made in the third printing of the book did not touch on the characters' use of language because it was deemed that the author was not pushing his own thoughts into the book but instead attempting to keep them as genuine as possible to the time period.

Awards and nominations
 Winner, 1958 Newbery Medal
 Notable Children's Books of 1957 (ALA)
 1964 James Carroll Shelf Award

Sources

References

1957 American novels
Novels set during the American Civil War
Children's historical novels
Newbery Medal–winning works
American children's novels
1957 children's books
Novels set in Kansas
Novels set in Missouri
Novels set in Oklahoma
Children's books set in Kansas
Children's books set in Missouri
Children's books set in Oklahoma
Children's books set during the American Civil War

Rifles for Watie


A computer security model is a scheme for specifying and enforcing security policies. A security model may be founded upon a formal model of access rights, a model of computation, a model of distributed computing, or no particular theoretical grounding at all. A computer security model is implemented through a computer security policy.

For a more complete list of available articles on specific security models, see :Category:Computer security models.

Selected topics
 Access control list (ACL)
 Attribute-based access control (ABAC)
 Bell–LaPadula model
 Biba model
 Brewer and Nash model
 Capability-based security
 Clark-Wilson model
 Context-based access control (CBAC)
 Graham-Denning model
 Harrison-Ruzzo-Ullman (HRU)
 High-water mark (computer security)
 Lattice-based access control (LBAC)
 Mandatory access control (MAC)
 Multi-level security (MLS)
 Non-interference (security)
 Object-capability model
 Protection ring
 Role-based access control (RBAC)
 Take-grant protection model
 Discretionary access control (DAC)

References
 Krutz, Ronald L. and Vines, Russell Dean, The CISSP Prep Guide; Gold Edition, Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana, 2003.
 CISSP Boot Camp Student Guide, Book 1 (v.082807), Vigilar, Inc.

Computer security models

Computer security model


The United States Customhouse is a historic and active custom house at 2nd and William Streets in New Bedford, Massachusetts.  Architect Robert Mills designed the custom house in 1834 in a Greek Revival style. It has been used by the U.S. Customs Service ever since, and today serves as a port of entry.

The building was designated a National Historic Landmark and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 for its architectural significance as one of the finest modest Greek Revival government buildings in New England.

Building history
In 1789, New Bedford was chosen to be the administrative center of the Tenth U.S. Customs District. Colonel Edward Pope was chosen to be the district's first collector. By 1825, New Bedford had surpassed Nantucket as the world capital of the whaling industry, a distinction it would hold for much of the nineteenth century. In response to the importance of New Bedford as a port city, the U.S. Congress authorized the construction of a Custom House in 1832. The initial appropriation was $15,000, but the funds were insufficient to meet new U.S. Treasury Department requirements for fireproof construction. With the allocation of additional appropriations, construction began in 1834. The final cost was approximately $31,000.

The design of the U.S. Custom House is attributed to Robert Mills (1781–1855), architect of the U.S. Treasury Building and the U.S. Patent Office in Washington, DC. Mills also designed three other U.S. Custom Houses in New England at about the same time: those in New London and Middletown, Connecticut, and Newburyport, Massachusetts. Although the four Greek Revival U.S. Custom Houses are similar in scale, plan, materials, and detailing, the New Bedford building is the largest and most architecturally elaborate. Collectively, the buildings represent an early example of standardized construction and supervision that formed a pattern of design for the federal building program in later years.

Considered functionally outdated in 1958, the U.S. Custom House was extensively restored in 1962. It was listed as a contributing building in the New Bedford National Historic Landmark District in 1966. In 1970 it was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The U.S. Custom House became part of the New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park in 1996.

Architecture

The U.S. Custom House in New Bedford, erected between 1834–1836, is an exceptional illustration of a modest public building designed in the Greek Revival style. Located a few blocks from the waterfront, the oblong, symmetrical building occupies most of its site with the principal entrance and first story located approximately four feet above grade. Set 50-feet above the tide level with an uninterrupted view of the harbor, the U.S. Custom House has been a city landmark since its completion.

The design of federal buildings changed significantly following a fire in 1833 that destroyed the Executive Office Building in Washington, DC. Seeking to end the onslaught of fires, the Treasury Department instituted new requirements for fireproofing federal buildings. The initial appropriation for the U.S. Custom House had been for a brick building with wood framing, but Mills designed a solid masonry building. His design demonstrated skill with fireproof construction methods, which remained evident in all of his later federal commissions.

The monumental U.S. Custom House is five bays wide and three bays deep, rising two stories above a full basement. The structure has granite-faced, masonry-bearing walls with floors supported by brick groin-vaults and a hipped roof carried by zinc-coated wood trusses. Four chimneys rise from the center of the building enclosing the original rooftop observatory.

The dramatic portico dominates the main (east) elevation on North Second Street. This significant feature was excluded from the original contract due to its expense and decorative purpose. The high-style portico, which is characteristic of the Greek Revival style, was part of a second set of construction specifications produced in 1836. It is composed of four slightly tapered Doric order columns, twenty-five feet in height and two feet three inches in diameter. Each column consists of four pieces of stone and supports an enclosed pediment, accentuating the building's wide entablature.

The building's modest interior finishes reflect not only the frugality of the federal building program during this period, but also the sparseness of the Greek Revival style. Interior spaces are organized along a central corridor on the first floor. The stair hall runs perpendicular to the south side of the main axis. The main hall is located on the second floor, with offices and storage occupying the remaining portions of the building. Extant interior features original to the building include the groin vaults of the ceiling in the first-floor office spaces, plastered wall surfaces, molded wood service counters, and a built-in measuring device from 1859. Late 19th century wainscoting composed of beaded vertical boards and wide baseboards survive in the first-floor corridor but the original pine flooring is covered with black-and-white marble tiles. The main stair is modestly detailed with stone treads, wood handrail, and square iron balusters. The workmanship that created these stairs was described in 1837 by John L. Sibley in The American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge, as "not surpassed by any which we have ever seen."

In the 1960s the building was extensively restored. The exterior was cleaned, the 2/2 double-hung sash wood windows installed in the 1870s were replaced with 6/6 double-hung wood sashes replicating the original windows, and the mid-nineteenth-century cupola was removed. The exterior of the building was cleaned again in 1981. Following an assessment of preservation needs, a major historic rehabilitation project is planned for the U.S. Custom House that includes improvements necessary for continued use of this significant national resource.

Significant events

1832: Construction of the U.S. Custom House is authorized by Congress.
1833: Robert Mills designs the U.S. Custom House at New Bedford along with three other U.S. Custom Houses in New England.
1834-1836: The U.S. Custom House is constructed.
1958: A Building Evaluation Report concludes that the 120-year-old building is "functionally outdated."
1961-1962: The building is documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) and is restored.
1966: The U.S. Custom House is listed as a contributing building in the New Bedford National Historic Landmark District.
1970: The building is designated a National Historic Landmark and listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
1996: The building becomes part of the New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park.

Building facts

Architect: Robert Mills
Construction Dates: 1834-1836
Landmark Status: National Historic Landmark
Listed in the National Register of Historic Places
Contributing building in the New Bedford National Historic Landmark District
Location: 37 North Second Street
Architectural Style: Greek Revival
Primary Materials: Hallowell granite
Prominent Feature: Portico

Gallery

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in New Bedford, Massachusetts

References

Sources

National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts
Greek Revival architecture in Massachusetts
Government buildings completed in 1834
Buildings and structures in New Bedford, Massachusetts
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Custom houses in the United States
Robert Mills buildings
National Register of Historic Places in New Bedford, Massachusetts
Historic district contributing properties in Massachusetts
Custom houses on the National Register of Historic Places
1834 establishments in Massachusetts
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Massachusetts
National Historic Landmark District contributing properties

United States Customhouse (New Bedford, Massachusetts)


The  (Spanish for "hill group") was a military anti-communist right wing death squad created in Peru that was active from 1990 until 1994, during the administration of president Alberto Fujimori. The group committed several human rights abuses, including an eight-month period of 1991–1992 that saw a total of 34 people killed in the Barrios Altos massacre, the Santa massacre, the , and the La Cantuta massacre.

Background
In 1980, Peruvian Maoist Abimael Guzman launched a guerrilla war with his group Shining Path.  This war, as well as a war launched by the leftist group known as the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement continued into the 1990s, when Alberto Fujimori was elected president. It was then that suspected guerrillas and civilians began dying at the hands of Grupo Colina.

The Grupo Colina, under the mandate of Fujimori, victimized trade unions and activists that spoke out against the Peruvian government, by intimidation or sometimes murder.

Investigations
When the Democratic Constitutional Congress investigated the La Cantuta massacre, Nicolás Hermoza Ríos, Commander General of the Armed Forces, put tanks on the streets and declared that he would not tolerate the Congress insulting the armed forces. The Congress largely backed down.

Later, some members of Grupo Colina were put on trial. Fujimori signed a controversial law that granted amnesty to anyone accused of, tried for, convicted of, or sentenced for human rights violations that were committed by the armed forces or police. When a court found this law unconstitutional, Fujimori signed a new law removing the right of judicial review over amnesty laws. This second law was known as the "Barrios Altos Law" because it ensured that those members of Grupo Colina who committed the Barrios Altos massacre would be freed. Eventually, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights struck down both amnesty laws.

Since the collapse of the Fujimori government, several people have been tried for Grupo Colina's crimes, including Fujimori himself, who was tried and convicted for the La Cantuta massacre and the Barrios Altos massacre. Testimony in defense of Fujimori has been offered by group leaders, Jesús Sosa Saavedra and Santiago Martin Rivas, who claim that Fujimori was an unwitting participant in Grupo Colina's actions. Other trials have established that Grupo Colina was not an informal group of renegade officers but an organic part of the Peruvian state. Julio Salazar, former de jure chief of the National Intelligence Service (SIN), was sentenced to thirty-five years of prison for his role in the La Cantuta massacre. During Salazar's tenure at the SIN, Vladimiro Montesinos was the de facto SIN chief and national security advisor. Montesinos is currently imprisoned in the Callao Military Prison outside of Lima and faces over seventy trials for various human rights abuses, as well as charges of arms trafficking, drug trafficking, and political corruption. The operational chief of Grupo Colina, Santiago Martín Rivas, is also imprisoned.

Members
 Fernando Rodríguez Zabalbeascoa (Chief) (25 year sentence)
 Santiago Martín Rivas (Operational Chief) (35 year sentence)
 Carlos Pichinlingüe Guevara (Deputy Chief) (25 year sentence)
 Jesús Mateo Sosa Saavedra (agent) (55 year sentence)
 Rogelio Carbajal García (agent) (25 year sentence)
 Arturo Pino Díaz (agent) (35 year sentence)
 Wilmer Yarlequé Ordinola (agent) (25 year sentence)
 Orlando Vera Naverrete (agent) (25 year sentence)
 Fernando Lecca Esquén (agent) (25 year sentence)
 Héctor Alvarado (agent) (25 year sentence)
 Hiver Arteaga (agent) (25 year sentence)
 José Concepción (agent) (25 year sentence)
 José Alarcón Gonzales (agent) (25 year sentence)
 Rolando Meneses Montes de Oca (agent) (15 year sentence)
 Jorge Ortiz Mantas (agent) (15 year sentence)
 Ángel Sauñi Pomaya (agent) (15 year sentence)
 Hércules Gómez Casanova (agent) (15 year sentence)
 José Tena Jacinto (agent) (15 year sentence)
 Pablo Atúncar Cama (agent) (15 year sentence)
 Marco Flores Albán (agent) (15 year sentence)
 Isaac Paquiyauri Huaytalla (agent) (15 year sentence)
 Julio Chuqui Aguirre (agent) (15 year sentence)

See also
Rodrigo Franco Command

Notes

External links
Amnesty International report on Peru.
APRODEH. The La Cantuta Case.
APRODEH. The Barrios Altos Case.
APRODEH. Basements of the SIE.
APRODEH. The Santa Case.
APRODEH. The Yauri Case.
APDODEH. The Ventocilla Case.
Truth and Reconciliation Commission.El Destacamento Colina.

Human rights abuses
Internal conflict in Peru
Political repression in Peru
Anti-communist terrorism

Grupo Colina


KBIQ, known as "Q102.7", is a Christian adult contemporary radio station broadcasting at 102.7 FM. The station serves the Colorado Springs, Colorado, area of the United States, and can be heard as far north as Denver and Arvada. The station is owned by the Salem Media Group.

102.7 history

The current 102.7 license began life at 104.9 MHz in July 1953 as KCMS, "Colorado's Classical Music Station". It was owned by Bud Edmonds, doing business as the Garden of the Gods Broadcasting Company; Edmonds built the facility, the first stereo FM radio station west of the Mississippi River. Edmonds operated KCMS out of a studio he built in his garage at 68 Minnehaha Avenue. At times, Edmonds and his wife would take turns operating the Seeburg record changer, announcing the music that was being played and changing the albums. In 1956, KCMS moved to 102.7 MHz and gained an AM simulcast partner, KCMS 1490 (now KXRE); the FM tower was moved to the top of Cheyenne Mountain.

In early 1970, Edmonds sold KCMS-AM-FM to a group of retired Air Force officers doing business as the Black Forest Development Company. to take the AM station into an "information and education" format, taking the call letters KEDI. The FM became a music station, playing classical during the day, and free-form album rock at night.

By 1973 the station was a full-time contemporary music station using the moniker "KEDI-KCMS, Colorado's Music Mother", programmed by Colorado Springs Top 40 radio pioneer Steve Scott. It was the first Top 40 station on FM in Colorado, and led the move to the band by music stations, finally defeating former Top 40 legend KYSN. Never a financial success, KEDI-KCMS was sold in 1974 to Mountain States Broadcasting, who moved the studios to a location on Manitou Avenue, changing the call letters to KIIQ, still playing a top-40 format, but one that was less aggressive. In 1979, Wikes/Abaris Commutations acquired KIIQ.

In the early 1980s, KIIQ broadcast a modern rock format. In 1984, it returned to its roots as a CHR as KIKX (Kicks 102.7), becoming one of the top-rated stations in the market.  In 1989, Wikes/Abaris sold KIKX to First Sierra Communications, but after First Sierra went bankrupt in 1990, Wikes/Abaris would reacquire KIKX.

In 1988, KIKX got competition from not one but two CHR move-ins from Pueblo. First in the spring KATM (The Kat) moved in with a similarly programmed station, while later in the fall, KKMG moved in with a Rhythmic Crossover leaning CHR. KIKX responded with KKMG moving into the market by leaning in a Rhythmic direction but would move back to a Mainstream playlist.

However, KKMG became the dominant CHR in the market and KIKX bowed out of the format, and flipped back to a Modern Rock station in 1993, but kept the KIKX calls and used "The Max" moniker. It switched to a satellite-fed country music station a year later, and in 1995, it flipped to an all '70s format using the "Kicks" moniker.

In the fall of 1996, Salem Communications brought KIKX and moved its Christian AC outlet KBIQ from 96.1 to 102.7 and has remained Christian AC ever since.

KBIQ history
KBIQ signed on in 1993 on 96.1 FM. The station was originally owned by The Word in Music Inc. (known today as Bethesda Christian Broadcasting). The owners were a Not-For-Profit company but the station sold commercial air time since it did not broadcast between 88.1 & 91.9. The station did several fundraisers asking for money from listeners. The station was linked by four other stations that were also owned by TWIM by a satellite network called TWIM. In 1996 TWIM sold KBIQ to Salem Communications which was a for-profit corporation. The station continued to broadcast on 96.1 until Salem bought KIKX 102.7 in the fall of the same year.  TWIM continued to operate the satellite service until the fall of 1996 when Salem Communications brought "The Word in Music" network which they would continue to operate until 1999. After the network dissolved KBIQ became a locally programmed Christian AC.

Before the KBIQ callsign existed in Colorado Springs, it was the callsign for the Contemporary Christian Music station in Seattle now known as Spirit 105.3/KCMS. In Seattle, KBIQ was operated by King's Garden Ministries from the 1960s to about 1984. In 1984, King's Garden changed its name to Crista Ministries and KBIQ changed its callsign to KCMS at the same time.  The KCMS callsign had originated in Colorado Springs earlier, on what is now KBIQ.

References

External links
Q102.7 official website

FCC History Cards for KBIQ

BIQ
BIQ
Manitou Springs, Colorado
Radio stations established in 1964
1964 establishments in Colorado
Salem Media Group properties

KBIQ


R301 is a coastal highway in Western Morocco connecting the cities of Essaouira and El Jadida.  This paved highway varies between two and four lanes of travel. In many locations views of the Atlantic Ocean coastline are available.  There are a number of coastal bridges spanned by the B301 including one over the Wadi Oum er-Rbia estuary  at Azemmour. At the southern part of the R301 lies some of the earliest recorded settlement history in Morocco: the archaeological ruins of Mogador, which were originally Phoenician from at least as early as the first millennium BC.

References

Roads in Morocco

R301 (Morocco)


Mount Ebenezer is a pastoral station and roadhouse in the south of the Northern Territory, Australia. It is located on the Lasseter Highway,  from the Stuart Highway to the east and  to Uluṟu in the west. Mount Ebenezer is owned by the community of Imaṉpa, which is surrounded by the property. It is one of the few Aboriginal-owned stations in the Territory. It is managed by Lisanote Pty Ltd, a company also owned by the Imaṉpa Community. This company also operates the Angas Downs Indigenous Protected Area, which borders the property to the west. The lease for the property is held by the Fogarty family.

History
The area falls within the traditional homeland of the southern Luritja people (Matuntara). Mount Ebenezer, the mountain that the station was named after, is in the Basedow Ranges and can be seen to the north of the roadhouse. The mountain itself is named for Ebenezer Flint, who worked in the area in 1871 on the Overland Telegraph Line. In the early 1920s, a pioneer named William Liddle established the Angas Downs sheep station to the west of the Basedow Ranges. He had previously worked at the telegraph station in Alice Springs. He settled at Angas Downs with his wife Mary (an Aranda woman) and had several children. From the late 1920s, the family began to use the Mount Ebenezer area as an extension of Angas Downs.

Mount Ebenezer was established as its own station in 1947 by William's second son, Harold Liddle. He was one of the first people of Aboriginal descent to get a perpetual lease for a pastoral property. Liddle sold the new station to Ted Kunoth in 1952. Kunoth built a roadhouse to service tourist traffic between the Stuart Highway and Uluṟu. In 1978, Kunoth agreed to allow the Aboriginal people of the area to set up a community on a part of the station's lands. The area at Imaṉpa, beneath the Basedow Ranges, was removed from the property for this. Kunoth sold the property's lease to Alan Rogers, who then resold to the Fogarty family in 1993.

References

Other websites
Mount Ebenezer on Exploring Australia

Buildings and structures in Australia
Northern Territory
Farms
Agriculture in Australia

Mount Ebenezer