KPXQ (1360 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station, airing a Christian talk and teaching radio format.    It is licensed to Glendale, Arizona, and serves the Phoenix metropolitan area.  It is owned by Salem Media Group with studios on East Camelback Road in Phoenix.

By day, KPXQ is powered at 50,000 watts non-directional, the highest output for commercial AM stations.  But to protect other stations on 1360 AM from interference, at night it reduces power to 500 watts and uses a directional antenna.  The transmitter is on also on Camelback Road, but at a different location near North 73rd Avenue.

Programming
KPXQ is a brokered programming station.  Hosts buy time on the station and may use their shows to seek donations to their ministries.

National programs include Focus on the Family with Jim Daly, Turning Point with David Jeremiah, Through the Bible with J. Vernon McGee, Truth for Life with Alistair Begg, Grace to You with John MacArthur, Insight for Living with Chuck Swindoll, In Touch Ministries with Charles Stanley and Love Worth Finding with Adrian Rogers.

Two secular talk shows are heard, hosted by Jay Sekulow and Eric Metaxas.  Updates are supplied by SRN News.

History

Early years
KPXQ signed on in .  The original call sign was KRUX and it was owned by Gene Burke Brophy.  The studios were in the historic Hotel Westward Ho.

At first, the station broadcast on 1340 kHz.  KRUX moved to 1360 in 1957 after being denied a frequency change to 910 kHz ten years prior.

Top 40 era
From the late 1950s until the 1970s, KRUX was a major Top 40 station in Phoenix.  During its heyday, it competed head to head with KRIZ 1230 AM for Top 40 radio dominance in Phoenix. KRUX and KRIZ went back and forth in the ratings game before both stations succumbed to the more popular FM stations by the late 1970s.

On January 20, 1967, Monkees Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz and Mike Nesmith "took over" the KRUX studios (Peter Tork was ill that day), in order to promote their concert at the Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum the next day. Portions of this broadcast were used in the first season finale episode, "Monkees On Tour".

Program Directors during the station's heyday included Larry "Lucky Lawrence" Wright and Al McCoy, who went on to become the long-time play-by-play voice of the NBA Phoenix Suns.

Some of the station's all time ratings getters were the personalities of the 1960s, known as the "KRUX Good Guys": Lucky Lawrence, "Bobby-Poo" Bob Shannon (later heard on WCBS-FM, "Your Boy" Al McCoy, Charles L. "Kit" Carson, Norm Seeley, Dick Gray, Dennis Wilkerson, "Mighty" Ed Mitchell and Don Daro overnights. The jocks of the 1970s were John Driscoll aka the 2nd Bob Shannon, John Sebastian, Dave Trout, Chuck Browning, Harry Scarborough, Rhett Walker and Rich "Mother" Robbins.

Format changes after Top 40
For a brief period in the mid-1970s, KRUX experimented with an all-news format featuring NBC's short-lived "News and Information Service" (NIS Network).  When that experiment failed, the station went back to an Adult Top 40 format, with Richard Ruiz of Downey, California, as program director.  Ruiz pre-dated the switch to all-news in 1975.

With the insurgence of FM competition, it was difficult for an AM music station to compete for listeners.  KRUX's owner, the Lotus Corporation, brought in several radio vets from other stations to try to help KRUX.  Those radio personalities included "KC in the Morning" Kennedy from 5 AM to 10AM, Daniel (Oshe) from 10AM to 3 PM, Program Director Bobby Rivers 3PM to 7PM.  They were heard on KRUX from the late seventies till January 1981. Other DJ's included Greg Mills from 7PM - midnight and Morgan Evans from midnight to 6am. Evans later moved to morning drive at Anchorage, Alaska AOR rocker KRKN. CW MCMUffin on Weekends doubled also as the engineer for over five years.

In 1981, KRUX became KLFF with the "Music of Your Life" format of adult standards.  Then in 1992, KRUX tried another attempt at all-news radio, featuring the CNN Headline News audio feed.  The call letters switched to KNNS.  After two years, the station switched to sports radio as KGME, now at 910 AM. The Howard Stern Show was heard on KGME and KHOT-FM early in 1995. In 1998, KGME upgraded its power from 5000 to 50,000 watts daytime, while remaining at 1,000 watts at night.

In April 1999, AM/FM Broadcasting purchased the call letters, studio, and programming of KGME, moving them to 550 kHz. In turn, co-owned KOY, which was the first radio station in Arizona and had been on 550 since 1941, moved to 1230 where it remains to this day. KGME and news/talk sister-station KFYI swapped frequencies in 2000, with sports on 910 and news/talk on 550.

Sale to Salem Media
New Planet Radio kept the 1360 transmitter, changing the call letters to KFDJ, and began simulcasting co-owned KEDJ 106.3 until the AM station was sold to Salem.

Salem purchased the station in 1999, with intentions of creating a new conservative talk station in Phoenix to pair with its Christian Talk and Teaching format at 960 AM (which was then called "Q96"). Instead, Salem moved the religious programming to 1360 AM.  That allowed AM 960 to become the home for secular conservative talk.

References

External links

FCC History Cards for KPXQ

PXQ
Salem Media Group properties
Radio stations established in 1947
1947 establishments in Arizona

KPXQ


The Last Bounty Hunter is a live-action laserdisc video game released by American Laser Games in 1994. Like almost all of the games produced by the now-defunct company, it is a rail shooter and, like the two installments in the Mad Dog McCree series before it, is set in the Old West. However, it takes a more comedic approach than the Mad Dog McCree games in both its story sequences and the characters' comically exaggerated reactions to being shot. Filmed at Old Tucson Studios in Tucson, Arizona, it was one of the company's last releases before it was forced to close down. It was re-released by Digital Leisure in 2002 and was eventually packaged with Fast Draw Showdown by Global VR as an arcade cabinet under the name Six Gun Select.

Originally, home versions of the game were released to the MS-DOS, 3DO and CD-i. It has since been bundled with both Mad Dog McCree and Mad Dog II: The Lost Gold as part of 2009's Mad Dog McCree Gunslinger Pack, a compilation for the Wii.

Plot
The player steps into the shoes of an anonymous bounty hunter who rides into a busy town in order to track down and bring to justice four outlaws whose control over the territory is widespread: Handsome Harry, Nasty Dan, El Loco, and The Cactus Kid.

The bounty hunter first fights against a group of bandits attacking a fort commanded by a United States Army general, Clinton Briggs. With each scenario, the bounty hunter fights his way to the final enemy, one of the four outlaws, each of whom can either be wounded and apprehended or shot dead. The ending sequence depends on the way in which the criminals were brought to justice.

Gameplay
The player receives an amount of money for each neutralized outlaw; this money translates into points. Throughout the game, three different weapons can be used: the standard six-shooter, the seemingly more powerful shotgun, and a gun that holds more bullets than the normal six-shooter, which can be found as a bonus at times by shooting oxen skulls, hanging lanterns, and wooden wheels. Showdowns take place at random, though more frequently and with greater diversity than in Mad Dog McCree; one of the gunfighters is Wes Flowers, the star of another American Laser Games release, Fast Draw Showdown.

As in related games, the 3DO and CD-i versions are compatible with both mouse and light gun as well as the console's standard control pad. Getting hit or firing upon a civilian results in the loss of one of three lives and an appropriate sequence involving a gravedigger. There is one load/save slot and a second player can be introduced at the start of the game.

The point, or "cash", bonus for completing a stage is higher if the boss is taken alive, by means of shooting the gun out of his hand before he can fire. Depending on who was captured alive, spared bosses may come back and try to either bribe or shoot the player character. Once in a while, the action will take a break to a setting which involves a duel with one enemy or a group of men standing in which only one actually takes part in the duel. The player must shoot only after the shooter goes for his gun and not shoot any of the other men.

Reception
RePlay reported The Last Bounty Hunter to be the eight most-popular deluxe arcade game at the time. Play Meter also listed the title to be the thirty-fourth most-popular arcade game at the time.

Reviewing the DOS version, a Next Generation critic criticized that the gameplay is boringly simplistic. He concluded, "As full-motion video shooting games go, this is the best of the bunch, but that's not saying much.", and scored it two out of five stars. The magazine's review of the 3DO version focused on how the game was overly similar to previous American Laser Games releases, particularly in that it is impossible to respond in time to certain enemies without the foresight of having been shot by them before, and that the cursor moves too slowly for the game to be playable without a light gun. The reviewer scored it two out of five stars.

Entertainment Weekly gave the game a C- and wrote that people might take offense at the African-American grave digger character.

References

External links

1994 video games
3DO Interactive Multiplayer games
American Laser Games games
Arcade video games
CD-i games
Digital Leisure games
DOS games
Full motion video based games
Interactive movie video games
LaserDisc video games
Light gun games
Majesco Entertainment games
Menacer
PlayStation Network games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
Western (genre) video games
Wii games
Wii Zapper games
Global VR games

The Last Bounty Hunter


Donovan Ricketts  (born 7 June 1977) is a Jamaican former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper and is currently an assistant coach for FC Tulsa in the USL Championship. Ricketts played more than 100 games for Bradford City in England, and has more than 100 appearances in Major League Soccer and has twice been named MLS Goalkeeper of the Year. He was also the captain of the Jamaica national team, earning 100 caps for his country, until his retirement from international football in 2013.

Club career

Early career
Ricketts attended Cornwall College where he played on the Dacosta Cup team. After high school, he played for teams such as Wadadah, Seba United, Galaxy F.C. and Village United in his native Jamaica. Ricketts attracted the attention of English clubs after an impressive performance for Jamaica against Brazil in a match played in Leicester in 2003. He failed to join fellow Reggae Boys Onandi Lowe and Paul Hall at Rushden & Diamonds FC after an unsuccessful trial, and signed instead for English Premier League side Bolton Wanderers in 2004.

Bradford City
Ricketts never played a game at Bolton and instead moved to Bradford City initially on a year-long loan in July 2004. He spent most of his first season in English football as understudy to Australian Paul Henderson before he finally made his debut in April 2005 and played in the final four games. During the season break he signed permanently on a two-year deal keeping him at City until 2007. He missed nine games because of a broken foot early in the 2005–06 season and was replaced by Russell Howarth. He regained his place against Port Vale, before he again missed a game in December 2005 after he was sent off for celebrating a City goal in a game at Southend United. He was immediately recalled to the side following his suspension, and played the following 80 league games, including as ever-present in the 2006–07 season.

His run of games came to an end when he was dropped in October 2007 after a poor run of form. He was recalled for the game against Brentford on 3 November 2007 after Rhys Evans' loan was cut short by injury, playing the next 13 games. He was expected to make a move to Queens Park Rangers during the January transfer window and was replaced by loan keeper Scott Loach for Bradford's 4–2 victory over Shrewsbury Town, but his move collapsed when he was refused a work permit. Despite Ricketts' return, Loach kept his place in the City side for their 1–0 win at Macclesfield Town, saving a second-half penalty, but manager Stuart McCall told Ricketts he could still have a future at the club. Loach continued to keep Ricketts out of the team since his arrival on loan from Watford. And after Ricketts had played for Jamaica in March 2008, he was stopped by immigration officials at Heathrow Airport and sent back to New York because he did not have the correct paperwork. Bradford were also told a new work permit application would be turned down. Instead, Ricketts returned to Jamaica to train with the country's under 21 side, before being one of 13 players to be released by Bradford manager Stuart McCall at the end of the season.

Return to Jamaica
Having spent the summer, training and playing with the Jamaican international side, he returned to his former side Village United in August 2008, under the management of Dean Weatherly. He lasted only 45 minutes in his return to the Village United side, after he complained of double vision at half-time after he was hit with the ball during the first half of a game with Portmore United. The game ended 1–1, with Portmore's goal coming from a mistake from Ricketts.

LA Galaxy
On 23 December 2008, LA Galaxy announced they had signed Ricketts for the 2009 Major League Soccer season. Ricketts also attracted interest from Canadian side Toronto FC but he opted to join LA Galaxy on the advice of his international colleague Tyrone Marshall, who had played for both sides.

Ricketts enjoyed a successful first season in Major League Soccer under Bruce Arena, leading the Galaxy to the Western Division title. His squad successfully reached the 2009 MLS Cup Final. In that championship final, he sustained a mid-game injury and was replaced backup goalkeeper Josh Saunders. Saunders filled in well, considering Ricketts started most of the games in the '09 season, but it was not enough to fend off Real Salt Lake, who won via penalties. In 2010, Ricketts was named MLS Goalkeeper of the Year. Ricketts did not play most of the 2011 season due to injury, and was replaced by Saunders again while his team won the 2011 MLS Cup.

Montreal Impact
On 28 November 2011 the Montreal Impact acquired Ricketts from the LA Galaxy in exchange for allocation money. Ricketts was protected in MLS Expansion Draft, necessitating a trade to acquire his services.

Portland Timbers
On 7 August 2012, Ricketts was traded to the Portland Timbers for goalkeeper Troy Perkins. He made his debut on 15 August 2012 in a 2–2 draw versus Toronto FC.

Later career
On 10 December 2014, Ricketts was chosen first by Orlando City SC in the 2014 MLS Expansion Draft.

Ricketts was traded by Orlando City back to LA Galaxy on 30 July 2015 in exchange for a second-round pick in the 2016 MLS SuperDraft. He was released from the club on 7 December 2015.

International career
On 3 June 2006 he captained Jamaica in an international friendly against England at Old Trafford. Jamaica went on to lose the game 6–0.

Ricketts has been a big part of the Reggae Boyz programme, dating back to the days of former Technical Director Renê Simões.
Ricketts has not only kept goal for Jamaica at the senior level, but has also done it at various junior levels for his country. He came through the national ranks under the guidance of goalkeeping coach, Paul Campbell.

Ricketts is a World Cup veteran, being named to the Jamaican squad that played in the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France. However, with Warren Barrett and Aaron Lawrence ahead of him in the pecking order, the opportunity never presented itself for him to see any game time.
Ricketts represented Jamaica in all eight of their 2010 World Cup qualifying matches, where they were eliminated in the third round stage.

Managerial career
After retiring from his playing career, Ricketts joined the full-time coaching staff of FC Tulsa in 2019. On June 17, 2022, Ricketts was named interim coach of Tulsa after the club parted ways with Michael Nsien.

Personal life
Ricketts received his U.S. green card in 2011 which qualifies him as a domestic player for MLS roster purposes.

Honors
LA Galaxy
 MLS Cup: 2011
 Major League Soccer Supporters' Shield: 2010, 2011
 Major League Soccer Western Conference Championship: 2009, 2011

Jamaica
 Caribbean Cup: 2005, 2008

Individual
 MLS Goalkeeper of the Year: 2010, 2013
 MLS Best XI: 2010, 2013

See also
 List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Montego Bay
Major League Soccer players
Jamaica men's international footballers
Jamaican expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada
Jamaican men's footballers
Village United F.C. players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Portmore United F.C. players
LA Galaxy players
CF Montréal players
Portland Timbers players
Orlando City SC players
English Football League players
University of the West Indies alumni
Men's association football goalkeepers
Wadadah F.C. players
Major League Soccer All-Stars
FIFA Men's Century Club
Jamaican expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Cornwall College, Jamaica alumni
Association football goalkeeping coaches
FC Tulsa coaches
USL Championship coaches
Emory Eagles coaches
College men's soccer coaches in the United States

Donovan Ricketts


Armen Levoni Hovhannisyan (; June 30, 1994 – January 20, 2014) was a junior sergeant in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Defense Army. He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Courage for noticing the intrusion of Azerbaijani subversive groups into the territory of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and organizing appropriate measures to move the enemy back to their starting positions.

Biography

Armen Hovhannisyan was born on June 30, 1994. He was named after his uncle, who died at age 18. Armen was one of four children in the family, and was the only son.
He graduated from Yerevan Basic School #141 named after Grigor Baghyan in Yerevan. Before being recruited, he studied at the State College of Culture and intended to continue his education as an operator. Armen was a sculptor and worked in a furniture workshop.

Death
According to Armenian accounts, on January 19 and January 20, 2014, between 23:50 and 00:15, Azerbaijani subversive groups made simultaneous attempts at intrusion on the north-eastern (Jraberd) and south-eastern (Qorqan) portions of the  NKR-Azerbaijani border line.

Azerbaijani saboteurs attacked in a large group of about 30 soldiers. However, Armen Hovhannisyan noticed them, warned his companions, and mounted a defense. Though badly wounded, he did not retreat but continued his defense. His actions allowed Armenian subunits of about nine soldiers to push the enemy back and inflict serious casualties.
Vanguard subunits of NKR forces, identifying the activities of the Azerbaijani subversive group, mounted an organized defense, inflicted serious human and material damage, and pushed the enemy back to their original positions. Armen Hovhannisyan, wounded during the skirmish by an Azerbaijani bullet at a northeastern post, died during the military mission.
He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Courage by order of NKR president Bako Sahakyan. He is the youngest soldier ever granted this medal.
After his death, roughly thirty Azerbaijani web sites were attacked by the Armenian Cyber Army which placed a photo of the heroic Armenian soldier, accompanied by Armenian patriotic songs and the following message: "Armenian Cyber Army; in memoriam of Armen Hovhannisyan".

The Azerbaijani Ministry of Defence denied any involvement in Hovhannisyan's death and claimed he died as a result of internal conflicts within the Armenian army. The Ministry also claimed that on the night of the 19th and 20 January, there were no incidents on the front lines, and specifically denied that the Azerbaijani armed forces had suffered any losses.

Funeral ceremony

On January 22 Armen Hovhannisyan was buried in the Yerablur Military Pantheon following military practice. Funeral ceremonies were held in front of St. Vardanants Church. The Medal of Courage was presented to Armen's father, Levon Hovhannisyan. Minister of Defense Seyran Ohanyan, MD officials, freedom fighters, politicians, and representatives of intelligence agencies were present at the ceremony.

Candle-lighting and funeral ceremonies were organized in Yerevan, Gyumri, and the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic in his memory. A number of citizens honoured him by lighting candles in front of his house. Young people and passersby honoured his memory with a moment of silence on Northern Avenue. Later, a picture of Armen Hovhannisyan was brought into the square and candles were lit around it. A similar ceremony was also held in the Park of Cross-stones in Gyumri. At the same time as Armen Hovhannisyan was being buried in Yerablur Military Pantheon, a funeral ceremony was held in St. Jacob Church of Stepanakert with  NKR president Bako Sahakyan, high-ranking officials, soldiers, and ordinary citizens in attendance.

See also
 Azerbaijani diversion threatens peaceful conflict resolution: Vice Parliament Speaker

References

1994 births
2014 deaths
Military personnel from Yerevan
Armenian military personnel killed in action
Burials at Yerablur
Artsakh military personnel

Armen Hovhannisyan


Matty Mattel was the boy mascot for Mattel Inc. Toymakers. As the "King of Toys," Matty was the host and sponsor of TV's Matty's Funday Funnies in the 1960s. Matty was part of Mattel's advertising from 1955 to 1970 and then renewed in the 1980s, printed in Mattel warranty information.

History
The serrated seal logo for Mattel was designed in 1955 and based on a concept by Mattel co-founder Elliot Handler. The character of "Matty" derived his name from Mattel, which was named after founders, Harold Mattson and Elliot Handler - thus, the hybrid name of Matt + El (short for Elliot) yielded Mattel. This serrated seal, sometimes referred to as 'The Mattel', had a giant letter M in the center with a small boy shown waving, and wearing a crown on his head; this was Matty.

Matty was featured on all Mattel products and TV commercials from 1959 through 1970 as the company's logo. He was the familiar mascot that jumped atop the giant "M" in Mattel TV commercials and shouted, "You can tell it's Mattel. IT'S SWELL!" The serrated seal with Matty seated and waving from the giant "M" was replaced with a new serrated seal design with Mattel's name printed across it in 1970, which was the company's 25th anniversary. The new serrated seal is still used today.

TV
Matty Mattel and his Sister Belle hosted a Sunday morning cartoon show called Matty's Funday Funnies from 1961 to 1963. Cartoon shorts of Casper the Friendly Ghost, Beany and Cecil and Harvey Cartoons were a big part of the show, in-between Mattel toy commercials that were duly shown. Matty, Sister Belle, and Casper the ghost were the first talking dolls produced by Mattel after introducing Chatty Cathy, who came on the market in 1960. Matty and Sister Belle were on the market from 1961 to 1963. Casper was produced from 1961 to 1963 in crisp white terry cloth, while in 1964-65, he was made of white plush but was essentially the same doll.

In 1962 and 1963, the show's name was changed to Matty's Funnies With Beany and Cecil and aired exclusively the new Beany and Cecil cartoons produced by Bob Clampett. The Matty and Sister Belle characters would appear between cartoon segments, announce the upcoming Mattel Toy commercial, and again at the end of the program to preview next week's show.
The Matty and Sister Belle characters were later omitted as Mattel Inc. later re-edited the shows for Saturday mornings beginning 1964. However, Mattel remained the sponsor.
Starting in 1979, Matty appeared again as the character associated with Mattel's consumer "hotline," where he was featured on packages along with the company's 800 number.

In 2008, a grown-up version of Matty was introduced as Mattel's "Master Toy Collector" and the mascot of MattyCollector.com, a website that sells
action figures from the various lines which Mattel licenses or owns.

References

Chatty Cathy and her Talking Friends by Schiffer Publishing  schifferbooks.com
 "Who's Matty?" page at MattyCollector.com

Mattel
American mascots
Toy mascots
Fictional characters introduced in 1955
Male characters in advertising
Child characters in advertising

Matty Mattel


The American Sportsman's Library is a series of 16 uniformly-bound volumes on sporting subjects, from an American perspective, published by the Macmillan Company (see Macmillan Publishers) in the period 1902-1905.  Caspar Whitney, the owner/editor of Outing magazine and a well-known outdoorsman and sporting journalist, edited the series.  Authors, including Theodore Roosevelt (writing while President of the United States), were noted experts in their fields.

M.L. Biscotti, in American Sporting Book Series (1994), states that "[t]he authors of these titles were a "Who's Who of American sportsmen of the era....Macmillan designed a premium series....The sixteen titles produced in this series represent that era's best sporting literature."

The trade edition of each volume was  with green cloth covers with gilt titles and decorations.   The books cost $2 or $3 each, relatively high prices for the time (about $54 and $81 inflation-adjusted to 2016).  They included extensive black-and-white illustrations from paintings or photographs.  Macmillan also issued a "large paper" edition limited to one hundred numbered copies of each work.  These were  and bound in three-quarter olive green (typically now faded to brown) leather. They cost $7.50 in 1902 (about $202 inflation-adjusted to 2016).  A 1924 reprinting of the trade edition introduced dust jackets and a slightly reduced size of .

Macmillan advertised advance notice of, but ultimately did not publish, four additional volumes.  These include Skating, Hockey, and Kite Sailing; Baseball and Football; The Bear Family; and Cougar, Wildcat, Wolf, and Fox.

Two useful series for comparison purposes are the slightly earlier British Badminton Library of Sports and Pastimes and the later British Lonsdale Library of Sports, Games and Pastimes (Seeley, Service & Co.). The Derrydale Press published a series of high-quality American sporting books in the late 1920s and 1930s that, to some extent, supplanted the American Sportsman's Library.

Whitney testified in a lawsuit against him that he earned a salary of $1,500 (about $39,000 inflation-adjusted to 2016) for editing the American Sportsman's Library.

Volumes of the American Sportsman's Library
 Anderson, E.L. and P. Collier, Riding and Driving (1905)
 Brownell, L.W., Photography for the Sportsman Naturalist (1904)
 Busby, Hamilton, The Trotting and Pacing Horse in America (1904)
 Crowther, Samuel and A. Ruhl, Rowing and Track Athletics (1904)
 Graham, Joseph A., The Sporting Dog (1904)
 Henshall, James A., Bass, Pike, Perch and other Game Fishes of America (1903)
 Holder, Charles F., The Big Game Fishes of the United States (1903)
 Money, A.W. et al., Guns, Ammunition and Tackle (1904)
 Paret, J.P. and W. H. Maddren, Lawn Tennis: Its Past, Present and Future, by J. Parmly Paret; to which is Added a Chapter on Lacrosse by William Harvey Maddren (1904)
 Roosevelt, Theodore et al., The Deer Family (1902)
 Sage, Dean et al., Salmon and Trout (1902)
 Sandys, Edwyn and T.S. Van Dyke, Upland Game Birds (1902)
 Sanford, L. C. et al., The Waterfowl Family (1903)
 Stephens, William P., American Yachting (1904)
 Trevathan, Charles E., The American Thoroughbred (1905)
 Whitney, Caspar et al., Musk Ox, Bison, Sheep, and Goat (1904)

References

1900s books
Books about sports

American Sportsman's Library


Garston's Down is an area of downland on the Isle of Wight, rising to an altitude of . It is located in the centre of the island, south of Carisbrooke and west of Gatcombe, and is one of the best remaining inland examples of unimproved chalk downland. An area of  was notified as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in 1971 for its biological features. The down is situated in a remote area and provides extensive views over the surrounding countryside and distant coast.

The SSSI
The SSSI comprises a deep dry valley with steep chalk escarpments to east and west, and a ridge to the east. The upper slopes are characterised by a layer of flinty gravel and the whole site is grazed by sheep. The chalk grassland is dominated by sheep's fescue and includes a wide range of herbs, with an average of 33 species being recorded in every square metre (11 sq ft). Some specialities are large populations of pyramidal orchid and bee orchid, and a vigorous colony of burnt-tip orchid, the only known location for this species on the island. There are also numerous plants of the calcium-loving early gentian.

The gravelly area on the upper slopes and at the head of the valley has a different flora. The soil here is acidic and the dominant grass is common-bent grass, often accompanied by foxgloves, heath bedstraw and sheep's sorrel, the grassland being interspersed with patches of gorse. Trees and scrub have developed on the eastern ridge, the main constituents being bramble, hawthorn and wayfaring tree, and in places there is taller woodland, mostly composed of ash and hazel, which are often draped with old man's beard.

References

Sites of Special Scientific Interest on the Isle of Wight
Hills of the Isle of Wight

Garstons Down


The Amtrak Cascades is a passenger train in the United States and Canada. It goes up and down the Pacific Northwest, from Vancouver to Seattle to Portland to Eugene, Oregon. It takes its name from the Cascade Mountains.

The train is run by Amtrak and gets money from Washington and Oregon. It stops in 18 cities. The Cascades name started being used in 1998; trains were already running under different names.

Amtrak
Rail transport in the United States

Amtrak Cascades


The 1980 Honduras earthquake struck just offshore Honduras on August 9 at 05:45 UTC. Two people were killed and many injured.

Geology
The earthquake's epicenter lay in the Gulf of Honduras, just offshore.

Honduras lies just off the triple-junction of the North American, Cocos, and Caribbean tectonic plates to the north. On the other sides it is surrounded by transform faults and trenches created by the movement of these plates. The most seismic activity occurs along the plate boundary between Caribbean and Cocos in a N–E trending Benioff zone, split into two sections, one with a shallow dip, the other with a far more steep decline. The plates are converging by subduction, Cocos under the Caribbean, at a rate of  to  annually. Within Honduras, there are at least three other major faults–La Ceiba, Guyape, and Aguan–apparently unrelated to plate movement.

Damage and casualties
The earthquake hit at 05:45 UTC, around 11:47 PM local time. It caused the most damage at Puerto Barrios in Izabal Department, Guatemala, and Puerto Cortes, Honduras, and it killed two people and measured between 6.4 and 6.7 surface wave magnitude. The quake was felt throughout Honduras, Belize, and parts of Guatemala. Damage was recorded at the port town of Livingston and extended to northwestern Puerto Rico; this damage is poorly recorded.

The earthquake severed communications with rural hill and coastal villages in Honduras, and it frightened thousands of people into leaving their homes. Early reports listed only one fatality; a man from San Pedro Sula suffered a heart attack from the tremor's initial rupture. In Puerto Cortes, 75 homes, a hotel, a Texaco refinery, and a then-United Brands rail line all at least partially collapsed, the homes all fully. As a result, three people were injured by downed walls and ceilings. In Puerto Barrios, two homes collapsed. Belize City,  to the north, experienced the shaking but reported no damage. The earthquake did not extend to Tegucigalpa, Honduras' capital, or Guatemala's capital, Guatemala City.

See also
List of earthquakes in 1980

References

Sources

External links

1980 earthquakes
1980 in science
1980 in Honduras
Earthquakes in Central America
Natural disasters in Honduras

1980 Honduras earthquake


The Census of Coral Reefs (CReefs) is a field project of the Census of Marine Life that surveys the biodiversity of coral reef ecosystems internationally.  The project works to study what species live in coral reef ecosystems, to develop standardized protocols for studying coral reef ecosystems, and to increase access to and exchange of information about coral reefs scattered throughout the globe.

The CReefs project uses the implementation of autonomous reef-monitoring structures (ARMS) to study the species that inhabit coral reefs.  These structures are placed on the sea floor in areas where coral reefs exist, where they are left for one year. At the end of the year, the ARMvS is pulled to the surface, along with the species which have inhabited it, for analysis.

Coral reefs are thought to be the most organically different of all marine ecosystems.  Major declines in key reef ecosystems suggest a decline in reef population throughout the world due to environmental stresses. The vulnerability of coral reef ecosystems is expected to increase significantly in response to climate change. The reefs are also being threatened by induced coral bleaching, ocean acidification, sea level rise, and changing storm tracks. Reef biodiversity could be in danger of being lost before it is even documented, and researchers will be left with a limited and poor understanding of these complex ecosystems.

In an attempt to enhance global understanding of reef biodiversity, the goals of the CReefs Census of Coral Reef Ecosystems were to conduct a diverse global census of coral reef ecosystems. And increase access to and exchange of coral reef data throughout the world. Because coral reefs are the most diverse and among the most threatened of all marine ecosystems, there is great justification to learn more about them.

References

External links

Biological censuses
Marine biology

Census of Coral Reefs


The following is a list of notable deaths in April 2016. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Months".  Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are reported here also if notable.

 Each listing of a death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, nationality, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known) and most importantly a source.

April

1
Pratyusha Banerjee, 24, Indian actress (Balika Vadhu, Bigg Boss 7, Hum Hain Na), suicide by hanging.
Artur Górski, 46, Polish politician, member of Sejm (since 2005), leukemia.
Emil Keres, 90, Hungarian actor (Twenty Hours) and theatre director.

2
Gato Barbieri, 83, Argentine jazz saxophonist, pneumonia.
Gallieno Ferri, 87, Italian comic book artist (Zagor, Mister No).
Boris Hybner, 74, Czech actor (I'm All Good, Toys in the Attic, Marguerite) and mime artist.
László Sárosi, 84, Hungarian football player (national team) and coach.

3
Erik Bauersfeld, 93, American radio dramatist (KPFA) and voice actor (Star Wars, A.I. Artificial Intelligence, Crimson Peak).
Don Francks, 84, Canadian jazz vocalist and actor (La Femme Nikita, Inspector Gadget, I'm Not There), lung cancer.
Lars Gustafsson, 79, Swedish writer and scholar.
Rowley Habib, 83, New Zealand writer.
Martin Lampkin, 65, English motorcycle trials rider, cancer.
Cesare Maldini, 84, Italian football player (national team) and manager (Foggia, Milan, national team).
Joe Medicine Crow, 102, American Crow historian.
Lola Novaković, 80, Serbian singer.
Amber Rayne, 31, American pornographic actress.
Jules Schelvis, 95, Dutch historian and Holocaust survivor.
Clarence Clifton Young, 93, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1953–1957), Nevada Senate (1966–1980) and Nevada Supreme Court (1985–2002).

4
Getatchew Mekurya, 81, Ethiopian jazz saxophonist, complications from diabetes.
Royston Nash, 82, English conductor (D'Oyly Carte Opera Company).
George Radosevich, 88, American football player (Baltimore Colts), congestive heart failure.
Mike Sandlock, 100, American baseball player (Brooklyn Dodgers).
Abe Segal, 85, South African tennis player, cancer.

5
Zyta Gilowska, 66, Polish politician, Minister of Finance (2006, 2007), Deputy Prime Minister (2006, 2007).
Roman Gribbs, 90, American politician, Mayor of Detroit (1970–1974), cancer.
Zena Latto, 90, American jazz saxophonist.
E. M. Nathanson, 88, American author (The Dirty Dozen), heart failure.

6
Merle Haggard, 79, American country music singer-songwriter ("Okie from Muskogee", "The Fightin' Side of Me", "Carolyn"), complications from pneumonia.
Darrell Hogan, 89, American football player (Pittsburgh Steelers), heart failure.

7
László Bárczay, 80, Hungarian chess Grandmaster.
Frank E. Denholm, 92, American politician, member of the House of Representatives  from South Dakota (1971–1975).
Carlo Monti, 96, Italian athlete, Olympic bronze medalist (1948).

8
Dick Alban, 87, American football player (Washington Redskins, Pittsburgh Steelers).
Mircea Albulescu, 81, Romanian actor (Michael the Brave, Capcana mercenarilor, Semne în pustiu) and writer, member of the Writers' Union of Romania, heart failure.
Wei Chueh, 88, Taiwanese Buddhist monk, founder of the Chung Tai Shan.

9
Arthur Anderson, 93, American voice actor (Courage the Cowardly Dog), congestive heart failure.
Duane Clarridge, 83, American spy (CIA, Eclipse Group), complications from esophageal cancer.
Tony Conrad, 76, American avant-garde musician, composer, video artist and professor (University at Buffalo), prostate cancer.
 Juris Ekmanis, 74, Latvian academic, President of Latvian Academy of Sciences (2004–2012), complications from a stroke.
Will Smith, 34, American football player (New Orleans Saints), Super Bowl champion (2010), shot.

10
Louis Gladstone, 88, American politician.
Howard Marks, 70, Welsh cannabis smuggler, writer and legalisation campaigner, colorectal cancer.
Henryk Średnicki, 61, Polish boxer, amateur World Champion (1978).

11
Emile Ford, 78, Saint Lucian singer ("What Do You Want to Make Those Eyes at Me For?") and sound engineer.
Anne Gould Hauberg, 98, American arts patroness, founder of the Pilchuck Glass School.
Ed Snider, 83, American sports executive (Comcast Spectacor, Philadelphia Flyers, Philadelphia 76ers), bladder cancer.

12
Hector A. Cafferata, Jr., 86, American soldier, Medal of Honor recipient.
Paul Carey, 88, American radio broadcaster (Detroit Tigers), complications from COPD.
Gianroberto Casaleggio, 61, Italian entrepreneur, co-founder of Five Star Movement.
Pedro de Felipe, 71, Spanish footballer (Real Madrid, Espanyol).
David Gest, 62, American producer and reality TV contestant (I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!).
Anne Jackson, 90, American actress (Middle of the Night, The Shining, Blinded by the Light).
Balls Mahoney, 44, American professional wrestler (ECW), cardiac arrest.
Arnold Wesker, 83, British playwright, complications from Parkinson's disease.

13
Mariano Mores, 98, Argentine tango composer and pianist.
Manouchehr Sotodeh, 102, Iranian geographer, respiratory failure.
Gareth Thomas, 71, Welsh actor (Blake's 7), heart failure.
Ray Thornton, 87, American attorney and politician, member of the United States House of Representatives  from Arkansas (1973–1979, 1991–1997).
Nera White, 80, American Hall of Fame basketball player, complications from pneumonia.

14
Nguyen Anh 9, 76, Vietnamese songwriter and pianist, pneumonia and heart failure.
Ahmed Brahim, 69, Tunisian politician.
Ilija Ivezić, 89, Croatian movie actor (Last of the Renegades, The Golden Years, Marshal Tito's Spirit).
Malick Sidibé, 80, Malian photographer, complications of diabetes.
Liang Sili, 91, Chinese missile control scientist and academician (Chinese Academy of Sciences), vice-president of the International Astronautical Federation.
Sir David MacKay, 48, British author, physicist and professor (University of Cambridge), stomach cancer.

15
Anne Grommerch, 45, French politician, member of the National Assembly (since 2008), Mayor of Thionville (since 2014), breast cancer.

16
Rubén Mendoza Ayala, 55, Mexican politician, cardiac arrest.
Jeanette Bonnier, 82, Swedish media proprietor (Bonnier Group), journalist (Expressen) and author, heart failure.
Rod Daniel, 73, American movie director (Teen Wolf), Parkinson's disease.
William M. Gray, 86, American meteorologist.
Charlie Hodge, 82, Canadian ice hockey player (Montreal Canadiens, Oakland Seals, Vancouver Canucks) and scout, NHL champion (1956, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1965, 1966), complications from a stroke.
Louis Pilot, 75, Luxembourgian football player (Fola Esch, Standard Liège, Royal Antwerp) and manager (national team).
Helmut Rohde, 90, German politician, Federal Minister of Education and Science (1974–1978).
Peter Rock, 70, Chilean rock musician and actor (Blood Sugar Baby), complications from ALS.
Kit West, 79, British special effects artist (Raiders of the Lost Ark, Dragonheart, Enemy at the Gates), Oscar winner (1982).

17
Cyril Leonoff, 91, Canadian civil engineer and historian.
Doris Roberts, 90, American actress (Everybody Loves Raymond, Remington Steele, Christmas Vacation).

18
Yuri Bychkov, 84, Russian art historian.
Cox Habbema, 72, Dutch actress (To Grab A Ring, The Incorrigible Barbara, A Question of Silence), cancer.
Eva Henning, 95, Swedish actress (Elvira Madigan, Flickan från tredje raden, The Firebird).
Sir John Leslie, 4th Baronet, 99, Irish aristocrat and media personality.
Johan van Minnen, 83, Dutch journalist and politician, member of the European Parliament (1979–1984).

19
Patricio Aylwin, 97, Chilean politician, President (1990–1994), respiratory failure complicated from a fall.
Estelle Balet, 21, Swiss snowboarder, world champion (2015, 2016), avalanche.
Ronit Elkabetz, 51, Israeli actress and movie director (Gett: The Trial of Viviane Amsalem), cancer.
Walter Kohn, 93, American theoretical physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics laureate (1998), jaw cancer.
Mehrdad Oladi, 30, Iranian footballer (Malavan), heart attack.
Milt Pappas, 76, American baseball player (Baltimore Orioles, Cincinnati Reds, Atlanta Braves, Chicago Cubs).
Billy Redmayne, 25, Manx motorcycle racer, race collision.

20
Chyna, 45, American professional wrestler (WWF, NJPW, TNA) and actress (1 Night in China, 3rd Rock from the Sun, Illegal Aliens).
Guy Hamilton, 93, British movie director (James Bond, Battle of Britain, Evil Under the Sun).
Avril Henry, 81, British academic, suicide by euthanasia.
Dame Leonie Kramer, 91, Australian academic, author and university administrator, complications from Alzheimer's disease.
Harry Perkowski, 93, American baseball player (Chicago Cubs, Cincinnati Reds).
Victoria Wood, 62, British comedienne and actress (New Faces, Victoria Wood As Seen on TV, Dinnerladies), cancer.

21
Hans Koschnick, 87, German politician and diplomat, Bremen Senate president and mayor (1967–1985), President of the Bundesrat (1970–1971, 1981–1982), MP (1987–1998), complications from pneumonia.
Marco Leto, 85, Italian movie and television director (Black Holiday, Al piacere di rivederla) and screenwriter.
Lonnie Mack, 74, American singer-guitarist (The Wham of that Memphis Man).
Michelle McNamara, 46, American writer.
Prince, 57, American musician ("Purple Rain", "Little Red Corvette", "When Doves Cry") and actor (Purple Rain, Under the Cherry Moon, Sign o' the Times), Oscar (1984) and Grammy winner (1984, 1986, 2004, 2007).
Dene Smuts, 66, South African politician, MP (1989–2014).

22
Jory Prum, 41, American audio engineer and video game developer (The Walking Dead, The Wolf Among Us, Brütal Legend), traffic collision.
Peter Sellers, 94, New Zealand sports broadcaster.

23
Ron Brace, 29, American football player (Boston College, New England Patriots), heart attack.
Miguel Picazo, 89, Spanish movie director (La Tía Tula), screenwriter and actor (The Spirit of the Beehive, Tesis).
Madeleine Sherwood, 93, Canadian actress (Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, The Flying Nun).
Banharn Silpa-archa, 83, Thai politician, Prime Minister (1995–1996), asthma attack.

24
Nina Arkhipova, 94, Russian actress (Bountiful Summer, Prosnis i poy, Burnt by the Summer), complications from pneumonia.
Robert Dolan, 87, American marine geologist.
Manuel de la Torre, 94, American golf instructor, complications from a stroke.
Walter Jackson Freeman III, 89, American biologist, neuroscientist and philosopher, pulmonary fibrosis.
Perry O. Hooper, Sr., 91, American jurist, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama (1995–2001).
Inge King, 100, Australian sculptor.
Tommy Kono, 85, American weightlifter, Olympic champion (1952, 1956), complications from liver disease.
Thinle Lhondup, 72, Nepalese actor (Himalaya), stomach cancer.
Benjamin Manglona, 78, Northern Mariana Islands politician, Lieutenant Governor (1990–1994), stroke.
Billy Paul, 81, American R&B singer ("Me and Mrs. Jones"), pancreatic cancer.
Klaus Siebert, 60, German biathlon athlete and coach, world champion (1978, 1979), Olympic silver medalist (1980), lymphoma.
Papa Wemba, 66, Congolese singer and musician, seizure.

25
Martin Gray, 93, Polish Holocaust survivor and writer, heart attack.
Michal Hornstein, 95, Canadian businessman and philanthropist.
Tom Lewis, 94, Australian politician, Premier of New South Wales (1975–1976).
Mei Baojiu, 82, Chinese Peking opera artist, bronchospasm.

26
Vincent Darius, 60, Grenadian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Saint George's in Grenada (since 2002), cancer.
Amanullah Khan, 82, Pakistani Kashmir separatism activist (JKLF) and writer, COPD.
Lucy Kibaki, 75, Kenyan teacher and socialite, First Lady (2002–2013), heart attack.
Martin Szipál, 91, Hungarian photographer, prostate cancer.
Harry Wu, 79, American human rights activist, founded the Laogai Research Foundation, heart attack.

27
Toms, 87, Indian cartoonist (Boban and Molly).

28
Óscar Marcelino Álvarez, 67, Argentine footballer (Panathinaikos).
Sir Edward Ashmore, 96, British officer in the Royal Navy, First Sea Lord (1974–1977).
Conrad Burns, 81, American politician, Senator from Montana (1989–2007), complications from a stroke.
Jenny Diski, 68, English writer (Nothing Natural, Rainforest), lung cancer.
Igor Fesunenko, 83, Russian journalist, foreign affairs writer and teacher (MGIMO).
René Hausman, 80, Belgian author and artist, heart failure.
Barry Howard, 78, English actor (Hi-de-Hi!), blood cancer.
Ingram Olkin, 91, American professor of statistics (Stanford University), complications from colon cancer.

29
Alyson Bailes, 67, British diplomat, Ambassador to Finland (2000–2002), pancreatic cancer.
Renato Corona, 67, Filipino jurist, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (2010–2012), complications from a heart attack.
Jok Church, 66, American cartoonist (You Can with Beakman and Jax), heart attack.
Dmytro Hnatyuk, 91, Ukrainian baritone opera singer.
Chen Zhongshi, 73, Chinese writer (White Deer Plain), oral cancer.

30
Daniel Aaron, 103, American writer and academic (Harvard University), co-founder of the Library of America, complications from pneumonia.
Daniel Berrigan, 94, American Roman Catholic priest, poet, peace activist, and ex-convict (Catonsville Nine).
Marisol Escobar, 85, American sculptor, pneumonia.
Uwe Friedrichsen, 81, German actor (Faust, Schwarz Rot Gold, Sesamstraße), complications from pneumonia.
Sir Harry Kroto, 76, British chemist, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1996), complications from ALS.
Peter Thomas, 91, American narrator (Nova, Forensic Files).
Vasily Zvyagintsev, 71, Russian science fiction author, heart attack.

Months
 January
 February
 March
 April
 May
 June
 July
 August
 September
 October
 November
 December

Related pages
 Deaths in 2014
 Deaths in 2015

References

Other websites
 The Guardian, UK obituaries
 Obituaries, Los Angeles Times
 Obituaries, Chicago Tribune
 The New York Times, US obituaries
 The Sydney Morning Herald, Australian obituaries
 The Telegraph obituaries

04
April 2016 events

Deaths in April 2016


The  was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. Its tsūshōgō code name was the . The 10th Division was one of six new infantry divisions raised by the Imperial Japanese Army in the aftermath of the First Sino-Japanese War, 1 October 1898. Its troops were recruited primarily from communities in the three prefectures of Hyōgo, Okayama and Tottori, plus a portion of Shimane. It was originally headquartered in the city of Himeji, and its first commander was Lieutenant General Prince Fushimi Sadanaru.

Action

Russo-Japanese War
During the Russo-Japanese War, under the command of Lieutenant General Kawamura Kageaki, this division was assigned to the 4th Army, and saw combat (and casualties) at the Battle of the Yalu River (April 1904), Battle of Hsimucheng (July 1904), Battle of Liaoyang (August 1904), Battle of Shaho (October 1904) as part of the 4th army. From 15 January 1905, it came under the command of Lieutenant General Andō Teibi and participated at the Battle of Sandepu and Battle of Mukden.

Second Sino-Japanese War to Pacific War
The 10th Division was deployed back to the Asian continent during the Mukden Incident of September 1931 and remained stationed in Manchuria afterwards, participating in the Chinchow Operation of 1932, and returned to Japan in March 1934.

From July 1937, with the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the 10th Division returned to China under the command of Lieutenant General Rensuke Isogai. It was in combat during the Beiping–Hankou Railway Operation, Tianjin–Pukou Railway Operation and Battle of Xuzhou, where it suffered a serious reverse in the Battle of Taierzhuang. It was also in the northern pincer of the Japanese offensive in the Battle of Wuhan. It was withdrawn back to Japan in October 1939 and reorganized at that time into a triangular division, with its IJA 40th Infantry Regiment (Tottori) transferred to the newly formed IJA 25th Division. In August 1940, the reorganized division was sent to Jiamusi, northern Manchukuo under the command of Lieutenant General Tōichi Sasaki, and placed under the control of the Kwantung Army.  For the next few years, it served as a border garrison force and supporting anti-partisan police actions.
However, in 1944, as the situation in the Pacific War grew increasing desperate for Japan, the 10th Division was transferred to the operations against the United States. Initially earmarked for a transfer to Taiwan, the 10th Division was sent instead to Luzon in the Philippines, coming under the command of the Japanese Fourteenth Area Army. It was mostly annihilated in the subsequent Battle of Luzon, with 39th infantry regiment thought with particular distinction, and continued a guerrilla war until the Surrender of Japan 15 August 1945, despite heavy casualties due tropical diseases and malnutrition.

See also
 List of Japanese Infantry divisions

References

 Madej, W. Victor. Japanese Armed Forces Order of Battle, 1937–1945 [2 vols] Allentown, PA: 1981
 This page incorporates material from the Japanese Wikipedia page 第10師団 (日本軍), accessed 29 January 2016

Notes

Japanese World War II divisions
Infantry divisions of Japan
Military units and formations established in 1898
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
1898 establishments in Japan
1945 disestablishments in Japan

10th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)


Behind Enemy Lines II: Axis of Evil is a 2006 American action war film and the sequel to 2001's Behind Enemy Lines. The film was written and directed by James Dodson, starring Nicholas Gonzalez, Matt Bushell, Keith David, Denis Arndt, Ben Cross, Bruce McGill and Peter Coyote. The film was released direct-to-video on October 17, 2006.

Plot
The story is not linked to the first part of the series. Instead, it focuses on a fictional explanation for the Ryanggang explosion in 2004, in which an unexplained mushroom cloud occurred in North Korea.

After reconnaissance satellites detect a large, three-stage Topol intercontinental ballistic missile carrying a nuclear weapon in North Korea, which can strike anywhere in the continental United States, United States President Adair T. Manning (Peter Coyote) orders a team of U.S. Navy SEALs, led by Lieutenant Robert James (Nicholas Gonzalez), to destroy the missile and the launch site.

The Pentagon aborts the mission after receiving new information, but by the time the abort order is sent, two SEALs have already parachuted into North Korean territory. James stops the third SEAL from deploying, accidentally knocking the man's helmet against the status indicator mounted near the door. He steps onto the makeshift ramp to peer outside, returning to the doorway to inform the other men of the abort. The high-speed winds from outside rip the indicator loose and send it flying into his face. Stumbling backwards, James loses his balance and is blown out of the plane. Master Chief Neil T. "Spaz" Callaghan (Matt Bushell) disobeys orders to stand fast, strikes his commanding officer, and follows the first three, taking a radio with him. When North Korean forces led by Commander Hwang (Joseph Steven Yang) find the SEALs, they kill two in a gun battle, and Hwang and his men capture and torture James and Callaghan.

After South Korean special forces rescue the pair, President Manning and the South Korean government send the SEALs and South Korean special forces to destroy the missile site. But after losing radio contact with the SEALs, the President and his top advisers believe that they have been captured again. Under pressure from his Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, US Air Force General Norman T. Vance (Bruce McGill), the President decides to send B-2 stealth bombers to destroy the site, which would start a full-scale war against North Korea. Hwang almost recaptures the SEALs and the South Korean special forces, but a defecting officer shoots him. James and the South Koreans destroy the missile silo with a bomb before the bombers reach the missile site, which averts the bombing and prevents a full-scale war.

A tribunal convicts Callaghan of striking an officer (1 year) and disobeying an officer (10 years). Due to the mission's "black op" nature, the transcript of the hearing is deemed classified and the charges are expunged from his record, freeing him to return to his family.

Meanwhile, James meets the president in a classified meeting, bringing his mentor Master Chief Scott Boytano (Keith David) to witness James receive an award. The film closes with Boytano telling James he was not red flagged because Boytano had never seen anyone who desired so badly as James did to be a SEAL. During the credits there is a news report on the Ryanggang explosion.

Cast
 Nicholas Gonzalez as Lieutenant Robert James, USN
 Matt Bushell as Master Chief Neil T. "Spaz" Callaghan, USN
 Bruce McGill as General Norman T. Vance, USAF, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
 Denis Arndt as CIA Director Weylon Armitage
 Peter Coyote as President Adair T. Manning
 April Grace as Secretary of State Ellie Brilliard
 Glenn Morshower as Admiral Henry D. Wheeler, USN
 Joseph Steven Yang as Commander Hwang
 Kenneth Choi as Ambassador Li Sung Park
 Keith David as Master Chief Scott Boytano, USN
 Ben Cross as Commander Tim Mackey, USN
 Mykel Shannon Jenkins as Chief Warrant Officer Lawrence Meideros, USN
 Laura Giosh as Annabelle

Precursor
The film followed on the footsteps of a previously released title: Behind Enemy Lines, starring Owen Wilson. Although the basic theme is credited to the first film, the plot and setting are not interlinked between either films.

Sequels
It was followed by two direct-to-video sequels, Behind Enemy Lines: Colombia, which stars the professional wrestler Ken Anderson, and SEAL Team 8: Behind Enemy Lines, which stars Tom Sizemore.

See also
 List of films featuring the United States Navy SEALs

References

External links

Behind Enemy Lines (film series)
2006 films
2000s action war films
2006 action films
Films about United States Navy SEALs
Films scored by Pinar Toprak
Films shot in Bulgaria
Films set in 2004
20th Century Fox direct-to-video films
Direct-to-video sequel films
American action films
American action war films
American direct-to-video films
Films about nuclear war and weapons
Films about fictional presidents of the United States
Films about the Republic of Korea Armed Forces
Films set in North Korea
Films about the Korean People's Army
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Behind Enemy Lines II: Axis of Evil


Rev. Jonathan Leavitt (1731–1802) was an early New England Congregational minister, born in Connecticut, and subsequently the pastor of churches in New Hampshire and Massachusetts, both of which dismissed him from his posts. Several of Rev. Leavitt's descendants became among the most noted abolitionists of their day, even though he himself was dismissed from one pastorate for allegedly abusing his runaway slave, and from another for his Loyalist sentiments.

Early life and career beginnings

Jonathan Leavitt was born on January 11, 1731, in Suffield, Massachusetts, the son of Lieutenant Joshua Leavitt  and his wife Mary Thomas (Winchell) Leavitt. Jonathan Leavitt was one of three children of Lieut. Leavitt and his second wife. The family was among the earliest settlers of Suffield, and were prosperous, his father Lieut. Leavitt a well-to-do farmer and officeholder. But before Rev. Leavitt was two years old, his father, a brother and a sister all perished of disease within three days of each other. Nevertheless, Rev. Leavitt and two of his brothers attended Yale College. His sister Jemima Leavitt married Capt. David Ellsworth, and became mother of Chief Justice of the United States and Founding Father Oliver Ellsworth.

Jonathan Leavitt graduated from Yale College in 1758  and afterwards was ordained minister  of Walpole, New Hampshire, on May 27, 1761. On the occasion of his ordination, Rev. Leavitt's brother Rev. Freegrace Leavitt, a fellow Congregationalist minister, preached the installation sermon – at a local home as Walpole's meeting house had yet to be built.

The formal rigor of Congregationalism was in full bloom in Walpole, as elsewhere across the New England states. Rev. Leavitt wore a large, full-powdered wig, "and when he entered the meeting-house, the whole congregation rose to do obeisance to the man in black, who, in his turn, always responded with a full bow." Trailing the prime minister was his wife, Sarah (Hooker) Leavitt, great-granddaughter of Rev. Thomas Hooker, Puritan divine and founder of the state of Connecticut. Mrs. Leavitt was gotten up in "full suit of brocade lutestring, without any bonnet, holding a fan to shade the sun from her face, as was the fashion 'down country.'"

Leavitt's initial pay at Walpole was set at £75 sterling, and, as was the custom of the day, the financial terms of his contract were carefully delineated – with annual raises in pay stipulated in the document, as well as free use of a minister's house lot. But Leavitt's tenure was apparently tenuous from the start. Within three years, he was dismissed by the new congregation. Although the exact reason is unclear, the new Reverend was said to have been spotted being cruel to a slave.

"It is handed down that, having dragged home a negro slave, a woman, who had run away, by a rope attached to his saddle", according to a history of Walpole, "[prominent local citizen] Colonel Bellows declared that such cruelty should not be submitted to; that he had settled Parson Leavitt, and now he would unsettle him.  Ministers, however, were not got rid of so easily in those days. Being settled for life, they had rights which they well understood; and it is plain that some considerable diplomacy was required to shake Mr. Leavitt off."

Departure from Walpole and arrival in Massachusetts

On May 17, 1764, on the eve of a town meeting called to discuss Leavitt's tenure – and his act of cruelty towards his slave  – the minister suddenly accepted a payment from the townsmen for services rendered and agreed to depart. Two years later, in 1767, Rev. Leavitt secured an appointment as the minister of Charlemont, Massachusetts, in the mountainous northwestern corner of the state. The congregation in the Berkshires was looking for a minister to pastor the town's first church, and Leavitt was selected.

But the imperious Leavitt once again got into trouble with his congregation. After arriving with his family to an auspicious beginning, Leavitt's Loyalist sentiments began to rub his congregants the wrong way. The matter of wardrobe might have complicated things. "Mr. Leavitt dressed in the costume of his day", noted a fellow minister. "He wore a great white wig and a cocked up hat, and made a dignified appearance. He would do more execution with one nod of his wig, than you or I could in talking half an hour."

Another ministerial colleague noted that Rev. Leavitt's sermons "are not fresh and beautiful by the imagination, not ardent and overflowing with love, but didactic, dry, and clean, and very long. His services were delivered in a dull monotony, and his prayers were incredibly long, in public and in family devotions."

Aside from matters of dress, comportment and diction, Leavitt possessed another trait which apparently sealed his fate: he was enamored with English colonial rule – a delicate subject anywhere in the American colonies, but especially among the hardscrabble rural settlers attempting to scratch a living from the Berkshire hill country. Whether because his congregants were hard-pressed, or because they objected to Leavitt's sympathies with mother England, they held back his pay. One rumor, never proved, was that the Reverend personally confiscated the only cows belonging to two of his poorer parishioners to pay his back salary.

Departure from another church, later life and legacy

By 1777 matters came to a head. Leavitt refused to accept his salary in rapidly depreciating colonial currency. So the town voted to simply shut the church. A constable was dispatched to bar the offending reverend. But Leavitt would not be deterred. He moved his services to the town schoolhouse, where he continued to preach his long sermons for almost another decade. On April 15, 1785, he was finally turned out by the town, and his schoolhouse sermons came to an end. He then sued his parishioners for his back wages, as well as his loss on the depreciated colonial currency. Ultimately the litigious reverend was awarded some £700, and retired to his home in nearby Heath, Massachusetts.

Rev. Jonathan Leavitt spent the rest of his life at his home in Heath, and retired from the ministry. His wife, the former Sarah Hooker, died at Heath on October 11, 1791, when a daughter gave her the wrong medicine. Her husband Rev. Leavitt died on September 9, 1802, aged 71. In the year before his death, in 1801, Rev. Jonathan Leavitt published a book entitled The New Covenant and the Church's Duty.

The couple had 12 children – 11 sons and an only daughter. The daughter was Clarissa, who died unmarried; his sons were Jonathan, Hart, Joshua, David, Roger, Erastus, Roswell, Thomas, Samuel, Horatio, and Hooker. Jonathan Leavitt, the eldest son of Rev. Jonathan, became a prominent Greenfield, Massachusetts, attorney, judge, state senator and businessman. Two grandchildren became ministers – one of them was the noted abolitionist publisher and editor Rev. Joshua Leavitt, whose brothers Roger Hooker Leavitt and Hart Leavitt operated Underground Railroad stations to shelter escaped slaves on their journeys north to Canada.

A great-grandson of Rev. Jonathan Leavitt, John Hooker Leavitt, became an Iowa banker, and later published a book in 1904, two years before his death, about his controversial ancestor. Written by the banker's brother William Hooker Leavitt, a Minneapolis businessman, the slim volume was titled A Sketch of the Life and Character of Rev. Jonathan Leavitt, the first Minister of Charlemont, Mass. In it the two sibling descendants attempted to portray their ancestor as a misunderstood and complicated man.

See also

Joshua Leavitt
Roger Hooker Leavitt
Hart Leavitt
John Hooker Leavitt
Jonathan Leavitt
Oliver Ellsworth

References

Further reading
 A Sketch of the Life and Character of Rev. Jonathan Leavitt, the first Minister of Charlemont, Mass., by William H. Leavitt, published by John H. Leavitt, Waterloo, Iowa, 1904

External links
 Gravestone of Lieut. Joshua Leavitt, father of Rev. Jonathan Leavitt, died October 22, 1732, Old Burying Ground, Suffield, Connecticut, smugmug.com
 Photographs (Jonathan Leavitt), Colonial Clergyman. Ambrotype photograph of an illustration of Rev. Jonathan Leavitt. Artfact.com

1731 births
1802 deaths
People from Suffield, Connecticut
American Congregationalist ministers
American Loyalists from Massachusetts
Massachusetts colonial-era clergy
Leavitt family
People from Walpole, New Hampshire
People from Charlemont, Massachusetts
Yale College alumni
18th-century Congregationalist ministers
People from Heath, Massachusetts

Jonathan Leavitt (minister)


Kingsmill Resort is a vacation, conference, and golf resort in the eastern United States, located in James City County, Virginia, southeast of Williamsburg. It is located on a portion of the Kingsmill Plantation; the original plantation structures and their successors have long been in ruins. It was founded in the 1970s by Anheuser-Busch as part of related developments near Colonial Williamsburg. In 2010, Kingsmill Resort, which sits within a large residential planned community of the same name, was slated to become a vital piece of the entertainment and hospitality system operated by Xanterra Parks and Resorts, one of many enterprises owned by Denver-based billionaire Philip Anschutz. Anschutz bought Xanterra in 2008 after it was a Fred Harvey hospitality company dating to 1876.

With facilities overlooking the James River a few miles east of Jamestown, the Kingsmill Resort has 425 rooms, five restaurants,  of conference space, a spa and fitness center, marina, and 15-court tennis center. Three championship golf courses (two at the resort, one private) surround the resort and are nestled within a large planned community (management of which is not part of the Kingsmill Resort). The resort has hosted a total of 29 professional golf tournaments from 1981 until 2009, among them LPGA and PGA Tour events. The resort has also been a perennial favorite for political conferences, such as national governors conferences and congressional caucuses.

The area features the three main sites of the Historic Triangle of Colonial Virginia which are linked by the Colonial Parkway (Jamestown, Colonial Williamsburg, and Yorktown), as well as the Busch Gardens Williamsburg and Water Country USA theme parks, joined by smaller attractions, hotels, time-sharing developments, restaurants, retirement complexes, and other venues.

Development history
Beginning in the early 1970s, largely on a  tract of property which was formerly part of the Kingsmill Plantation, the Kingsmill Resort was developed by Anheuser-Busch (A-B) as a portion of the brewing company's development of diversified activities in the Williamsburg area, which grew to include not only the brewery, but the Busch Gardens Williamsburg theme park, and large upscale developments of residential and office park properties such as that at McLaws Circle.

The St. Louis-based brewer invested in the area following negotiations held between August Busch, II and Winthrop Rockefeller, a son of Colonial Williamsburg's initial chief mentor, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Winthrop Rockefeller had been serving as both governor of Arkansas and chairman of Colonial Williamsburg in the 1960s and 1970s. (Water Country USA, a local water park, was acquired by A-B in the 1990s, and added to the company's theme park activities, which include a number of SeaWorld properties in other states as well).

Divestiture by A-B, InBev
In the last part of the 20th and early into the 21st century, as a brewer, A-B found itself increasingly in tough competition in an increasingly global market.

In 2008, after initially resisting an unsolicited stock bid, A-B announced it had reached an agreement to be acquired by the even larger Belgium-based InBev, the world's largest brewing company. The newer owners announced plans to sell-off the portions of A-B activities which were not part of the core beverage business as it worked to reduce debt incurred to fund the acquisition.

As A-B had been a major employer and strong community supporter for many years, there was widespread speculation and more than a little apprehension about who might ultimately acquire and control the theme parks, the resort, and other Busch developments in the region.

New owners, future
Since then, the Blackstone Group acquired the company's 10 theme parks, including two near Williamsburg.

In July 2010, it was announced that Xanterra had entered into an agreement, to purchase and operate the Kingsmill Resort. In 1968, Xanterra became the successor to the Fred Harvey Company established by entrepreneur Fred Harvey in 1875. One of Xanterra's locations is at the Grand Canyon in Arizona. Xanterra (owned by Anschutz since 2008) has operated in national and state parks across the United States, especially in the Western regions. Other operations include Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming and Crater Lake National Park in Oregon. Owned by Denver-based billionaire Philip Anschutz since, 2008, prior to the Kingsmill announcement, Xanterra was operating about three dozen hotels and lodges with more than 5,000 guest rooms combined, with over 8,000 employees.

References

External links

1975 establishments in Virginia
Buildings and structures in James City County, Virginia
Golf clubs and courses in Virginia
Landmarks in Virginia
Tourist attractions in James City County, Virginia
Williamsburg, Virginia
Hotels in Virginia
Sports venues in Hampton Roads
William & Mary Tribe golf
William & Mary Tribe sports venues

Kingsmill Resort


Qumran is an archaeological site in the West Bank by the nation of Israel. It is best known as the settlement nearest to the Qumran Caves where the Dead Sea Scrolls were kept. The excavations were carried out by Roland de Vaux in the 1950s, though several later works at the site have since been carried out. The Biblical documents found at Qumran have been very useful to scholars of the Bible, Judaism and Christianity, as it allows them to understand the history of the Jewish community that lived there as well as the history of the Bible (such as which books were part of the canon or when certain books were written).

Archaeological sites in Israel
2nd-century BC buildings and structures

Qumran


Hotel París, also Casa de la Bola, is a hotel in Huelva, Spain. It is located in the heart of the capital and in the rear of the Palace of the Duke of Medina-Sidonia. It  was commissioned by Antonio García Ramos and architect Francisco Monís y Morales in 1907. Monís designed a building divided into two independent sectors. The number 1 building was designed as for homes and businesses while the number 2 as the hotel itself. The facade contains elements of both classical and modernist styles. In 2009 the Number 1 building was completely rebuilt, retaining only the original facade and adding two floors as an annex building. Today the building serves as an exhibition centre in the Provincial Council of Huelva while the second is aimed at commercial premises.

References

See also
List of hotels in Spain

Hotels in Andalusia
Hotel Paris
Hotel buildings completed in 1907
Hotels established in 1907
1907 establishments in Spain

Hotel París (Huelva)


Atandwa Kani (born 6 June 1984) is a South African actor. He is the son of actor John Kani.

Early life
Kani was born on 6 June 1984 in Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape. He was exposed to the entertainment industry at a young age by observing and learning from his father, who studied scripts for his own acting roles and took his son to theatre performances. These experiences influenced him to follow in his father's footsteps. He was educated at the University of Witwatersrand (Wits), where he studied theatre performance and participated in school productions. He graduated in 2008, with an Honours degree in theatrical performance. In 2019, Kani was completing a MFA in Acting at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts.

Career
Kani made his international stage debut in The Tempest, a collaboration between the Baxter Theatre Centre and the Royal Shakespeare Company, where he played Ariel alongside his father (Caliban) and Sir Antony Sher (Prospero). One reviewer described him as "the star of this production...he was a true pleasure to watch, embodying the character and interacting beautifully with the rest of the cast". Sean Hewitt of the Nottingham news site, Nottingham Post, wrote "....scene-stealing Atandwa Kani, the best Ariel I've ever seen".

In 2009, Kani made his United States television debut in the CW Television Network program Life Is Wild, an American adaptation of the hugely popular ITV family drama Wild at Heart that aired in the United Kingdom from 2006 until 2012. The American adaptation was commissioned for only one season, but from 2010 to 2012, Kani played the role of Thabo in series 5 and 6, plus a brief appearance in series 7, of the original British Wild at Heart, starring Stephen Tompkinson and Dawn Steele.

In 2009, Kani performed in two new plays, Hayani and ID Pending, which explore ideas of home and identity for young South Africans in different ways. Together with fellow actor and Wits graduate Nat Ramabulana, and directed by Warren Nebe, they premiered the productions at the Grahamstown National Arts Festival.

Kani has been featured in the TrueLove magazine in the first of its In Bed With... features. In 2010, he was a regular in the SABC TV series Soul Buddyz. In 2011, he became a regular on the SABC 2 political series, 90 Plein Street in its third season, directed by Khalo Matabane. He also served as Master of Ceremonies for the 46664 "Legacy" Bangle, alongside Tokyo Sexwale and Hlubi Mboya.

He then went on to play the young Nelson Mandela in the movie Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom, directed by Justin Chadwick, acting alongside Idris Elba, Naomie Harris and Terry Pheto.

Kani went on to appear as the lead on Kowethu, a SABC 1 drama directed by Rolie Nikiwe. After which he was seen in the international BET series The Book of Negroes alongside Cuba Gooding Jr.

In 2014, Kani joined the acclaimed group Fortune Cookie Theatre Company and, alongside Sylvaine Strike, went on to perform Black & Blue at the Market Theatre. He also performed Sizwe Banzi Is Dead in New York City, directed by Dr. John Kani. They are currently preparing for a South African tour of this production.

Kani has recently been seen in the hit Mzansi Magic TV series, It's Complicated.

On Tuesday, 12 July 2016, Kani attended the African premiere of The Suit, a short film in which he plays the role of Philemon, at the Old Fort of Zanzibar as part of the 19th Zanzibar International Film Festival. The film was written and directed by South African filmmaker Jarryd Coetsee and based on the short story by Can Themba. Though the film was not a part of the official competition, it was given a Special Mention by the jury.

In 2018, Kani portrayed the younger King T'Chaka, a dual part shared with his father, John Kani, in the film Black Panther.

Personal life
He was married to presenter Thembisa Mdoda from 2012 – 2015 and is married to Fikile Mthwalo as of 2015.

Filmography

Television

Film

References

External links

Living people
Actors from Port Elizabeth
Xhosa people
South African male stage actors
South African male television actors
1984 births
Tisch School of the Arts alumni

Atandwa Kani


Boyne Castle (also known as the Palace of Boyne) is a 16th-century quadrangular castle about  east of Portsoy, Aberdeenshire, Scotland,  south of Boyne Bay.

History
Around 1320 the land was owned by Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray, but passed first to the Edmonstone family and then, by marriage, to the Ogilvies. Sir George Ogilvy of Dunlugas built the castle in the late 16th century. Occupation continued until after 1723.

Charles McKean suggested that building was slightly earlier, constructed by Alexander Ogilvy of Boyne before 1575 for his bride, Mary Beaton, a companion of Mary, Queen of Scots, brought up at the French royal court.

James VI of Scotland stayed at the castle in July 1589. His ambassadors Andrew Keith, Lord Dingwall, George Young, and John Skene brought him news from Denmark of the progress of his marriage negotiations and preparations of ships, jewels, and a silver coach for Anne of Denmark.

Structure
The site of Boyne castle is naturally fortified, above the steep gorge of the Burn of Boyne, or Boyne Water, which protects it on three sides, while on the south there is a dry moat, nearly  wide.

It has been said that Boyne Castle "was once a splendid place with fine rooms, above vaulted basements, and had large windows". The remains are overgrown and ruinous,
 although the walls to the west, and the towers, still stand to about .

The four corner towers are round, and about  in diameter.  There is a twin-turreted gatehouse to the south.  Entrance is by a causeway, which is raised and walled. There are remains of two walled gardens.

The castle ruin is a Scheduled Ancient Monument.

References

Castles in Aberdeenshire
Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Aberdeenshire
Buildings and structures in Portsoy

Boyne Castle


Édouard Debat-Ponsan (25 April 1847 – 29 January 1913) was a French academic painter noted for his allegorical works, scenes of peasant life and Orientalist works.

Biography

Debat-Ponsan was born in Toulouse. His younger brother was organist and composer Georges Debat-Ponsan, best known for his organ work Scherzo Symphonique. A pupil of Cabanel, he was famous for his portraits of wealthy citizens and politicians in Paris, paintings of ancient history and scenes of peasant life. As a Republican and veteran of the War of 1870, Debat-Ponsan engaged in the struggle for rehabilitation of Captain Alfred Dreyfus, he exhibited his allegorical painting Vérité sortant du puits (Truth coming out of the well) at the 1898 Salon, later offered to Émile Zola.

In 1877 he travelled to Italy thanks to a sum of 4,000 francs which was granted to him by the academy. There he saw different painting works, after which he began to paint portraits. In 1882–1883 he made a trip to Istanbul accompanied by his two brothers-in-law, Jules-Arsène Garnier and Henri-Eugène Delacroix (not to be confused with Eugène Delacroix). This trip inspired one of his most celebrated works, Le Massage, Scène de Hammam (The Massage at the Hamman; 1883) now in the Museum of Augustins in Toulouse.

He was father of the architect and Grand Prix de Rome winner in 1912, Jacques Debat-Ponsan, and grandfather of Michel Debré, who became Prime Minister under General Charles de Gaulle and was one of the drafters of the Fifth Republic. Other descendants include the politician Jean-Louis Debré.  His daughter Jeanne Debat-Ponsan married Robert Debré founder of modern pediatrics in France (see Debré family). His grandson was Michel Debré, who was Prime Minister of France.

Debat-Ponsan died in Paris on 29 January 1913.

Work
His scenes of rural life, a very fashionable genre around 1830–1840, hesitate between the idealism of the peasant world and the militant realism of a Gustave Courbet. The painting One morning at the gates of the Louvre may have political overtones. It depicts Catherine de' Medici (in black) calmly viewing the bodies of victims of the 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. Debat-Ponsan may have actually intended to refer to more recent events in French history, such as the bloody suppression of the Commune of Paris, nine years before this painting was made.

Select list of paintings
 Le récit de Philetas  (now lost)
 La Captivité des Juifs à Babylone  (now lost)
 Daniel Dans la fosse aux lions (Cathedral of Mirande)
 Au sortir de la carrière,  (Toulouse, collection)
 Panorama de la bataille de Montretout, 1881 (in collaboration with Jules-Arsène Garnier and Henry-Eugène Delacroix)
 Panorama de Constantinople, 1883 (in collaboration with Jules-Arsène Garnier and Henry-Eugène Delacroix)
 Massage: Scène de Hammam , 1883 (Toulouse, Musée des Augustins)
 Coin de vigne, 1886 (Nantes, Musée des Beaux-Arts)
 La Gitane à la toilette, 1896
 La Vérité sortant du puits, 1898 (Amboise, Musée Hôtel Morin).

See also
 List of Orientalist artists
 Orientalism

References

External links

1847 births
1913 deaths
19th-century French painters
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
Artists from Toulouse
French male painters
Orientalist painters
19th-century French male artists

Édouard Debat-Ponsan


The Walking Dead: Saints & Sinners – Chapter 2: Retribution is a virtual reality first-person shooter survival horror game for PlayStation VR, PlayStation VR2 and Meta Quest 2. Developed by Skydance Interactive in partnership with Skybound Entertainment, it is a sequel to The Walking Dead: Saints & Sinners and based on the comic book series The Walking Dead by Robert Kirkman. The game was released in December 2022 for the Meta Quest 2 and PICO 4, while planned for PlayStation VR2 and Steam in March 2023.

Gameplay

Like the first game, the player can kill walkers by "braining" them: stabbing them through the skull, puncturing the brain. The player is able to scale buildings to ambush enemies and attack from a distance with throwing weapons, bows, and long-range firearms. Physics-based combat control how melee weapons are used. Players can explore during night time, though walkers will be attracted to the player's flashlight. Additionally, the game introduces new weapons and items such as a chainsaw and a sawed-off shotgun for players to defeat enemies. Laser sights can be attached to any firearm to increase shooting accuracy.

Plot
Three months after the events of the first game, The Tourist aids a group of survivors in obtaining the blueprints to the Hotel E'Claire. The Tourist is knocked unconscious during the mission, and wakes up in a room with Father Carter, whom the Tourist gives the blueprints.

The Tourist returns home, after reminiscing about the events that transpire in between games. During that time, a disaster occurred in Old Town, the Reclaimed were killed off, and a killer known as The Axeman has killed Tower residents across the French Quarter.

The Tourist meets with The Pawn King, a man named Sonny, who tells him that he will facilitate a trade network with the Tourist, if he can retrieve a battery from an old recording studio. Upon retrieving the battery, the Tourist is ambushed by the Axeman, who reveals himself to be May Benoit's husband, Garik. The Tourist escapes Garik's trap, and returns to Sonny, who says that Garik forced him to set up the meeting with  the Tourist.

The Tourist is contacted by a group called The Dissidents, who seek to dismantle the Tower, and overthrow Mama, the Tower's leader. After helping the Dissidents get the supplies they need, and aiding other allies, the Tourist and the Dissidents travel to the Tower, where they learn that Mama plans to make the bells ring all across New Orleans, in an attempt to destroy the Exiles once and for all. Shortly after, the Tourist and the Dissidents are ambushed outside of the Tower, during which the Dissidents are killed.

The Tourist travels through the sewers of New Orleans to find Garik's hideout, where both the Tourist and Garik are attacked by the Tower. Pursuing Garik further, the Tourist subdues him, at which point he can either kill him or spare him. Leaving Garik's hideout, the Tourist prepares for a final assault on the Tower.

Upon hearing the bells ring throughout the city, the Tourist and his allies attack the Tower. The Tourist confronts Mama, who says that she only ever wanted what was best for the city, believing that killing the Exiles will provide a fresh start. She offers the Tourist a choice, which results in one of two endings. The Tourist can either switch off the bells, and stop the chaos, or leave them on, and allow Mama to continue her destruction. If the Tourist turns the bells off, Mama laments this decision. If the bells are left on, the Tourist is berated by the voice of Henri. Either way, Mama ends the confrontation by throwing herself from the top of Tower, ending her reign.

Development
The game was announced in January 2022 by Skydance Interactive. It was  released on Meta Quest 2 by December 1, 2022. During the UploadVR Showcase in 2022, new weapons were showcased along with an announcement that the game will be released on PICO and Windows.

Reception

According to review aggregator Metacritic, the PlayStation 5 version of the game received "mixed or average" reviews upon release.

IGN praised the visual experience, but criticized the buggy state of the game, writing, "About five hours into my PS VR2 playthrough, a quest completely stopped updating with new progress, forcing me to scrap my save altogether and start anew". Christian Kobza from Push Square enjoyed the new gameplay additions and the game's tense atmosphere, though he felt that the game was more similar to a video game expansion than a sequel. While he liked Axeman as the game's antagonist, he was disappointed by the game's mission design and described the story as "trivial" and "sparse".

References

External links

2022 video games
First-person shooters
Meta Quest games
Oculus Rift games
PlayStation VR games
PlayStation VR2 games
Single-player video games
Skydance Media games
Skydance Interactive games
Survival horror video games
Unreal Engine games
Video game sequels
Video games about zombies
Video games developed in the United States
Video games with gender-selectable protagonists
Video games set in New Orleans
Virtual reality games
The Walking Dead video games
Windows games


Stigma (ϛ) is a ligature of the Greek letters sigma (Σ) and tau (Τ), which was used in writing Greek between the Middle Ages and the 19th century. It is also used as a numeral symbol for the number 6. In this unrelated function, it is a continuation of the old letter digamma (originally Ϝ, cursive form ), which had served as a numeral since antiquity and was conflated with the σ-τ ligature in the minuscule handwriting of the Middle Ages.

History and use

The στ ligature (, ) was one of many ligature forms that came into widespread use as part of the minuscule writing style of Greek from the 9th and 10th centuries onwards. It is based on the lunate form (Ϲ) of the letter sigma.

With many other ligatures, it was used to print Greek during the early-modern era. Between the 18th and 19th centuries, the use of ligatures in print gradually diminished. The στ ligature was among the last to go, around the middle of the 19th century.

The name, stigma (), is originally a common Greek noun meaning "a mark, dot, puncture", or generally "a sign", from the verb  ("[I] puncture"); the related but distinct word stigme () is the classical and post-classical word for "geometric point; punctuation mark".  Stigma was  co-opted as a name specifically for the στ sign, evidently because of the acrophonic value of its initial st- as well as the analogy with the name of sigma.

The numeral symbol, originally quite unrelated to the στ ligature, developed from the letter Ϝ, which stood for the sound  in early pre-classical forms of the Greek alphabet. This symbol became obsolete as a letter during the classical era but remained part of the Greek alphabet-based system of numerals, where its value of 6 corresponded to its original place in the alphabet. In its handwritten forms, its shape changed from  through  to  or  during the Hellenistic period and late antiquity. Originally called wau, it was called digamma in classical Greek and episemon during the Byzantine era. It was conflated with the στ ligature owing to the accidental similarities of their shapes. The association between the numeral 6 and the letter sequence στ became so strong that today, in Greece, the letter sequence ΣΤʹ or στʹ is often used in lieu of ϛʹ itself to write the number 6.

In modern practice, the term stigma is often applied to the symbol ϛ both in its function as a ligature and as a numeral, whereas the term digamma is normally used for the ancient letter representing , which appears in modern print as  or  (the form has a large number of close variants).

In modern typefaces, lowercase stigma is similar in appearance to final sigma (ς), but the top loop tends to be larger, and extends farther to the right. It can normally be distinguished from final sigma in the context, because the combination στ never occurs at the end of a word, and conversely the final sigma form ς never occurs inside a word and is never used as a numeral either. Uppercase forms of stigma as a numeral (Ϛ) are rare in practice; when they occur, they can often be confused with uppercase forms of another numeral symbol, koppa (Ϟϟ), which stands for 90.

Stigma is encoded in Unicode as "Greek letter stigma" U+03DA (Ϛ) and "Greek small letter stigma" U+03DB (ϛ).

References

Stigma

Stigma (ligature)