The publication of the London Encyclopaedia, or Universal Dictionary of Science, Art, Literature and Practical Mechanics: comprising a Popular View of the Present State of Knowledge was begun by London-based bookseller and publisher Thomas Tegg in 1825. It may be found in two original editions of 22 volumes, published 1829 and 1839, as well as more recent reprints.

Thomas Tegg describes the project as follows in The Publisher's Address placed into another of his publications in 1828:
On the appearance of the Seventh Edition of Part the First of the LONDON ENCYCLOPÆDIA, the Proprietor feels it incumbent upon him to offer his grateful acknowledgments to the Public, for the unexampled success which his arduous undertaking has hitherto experienced... This most welcome and efficient testimony of public favour he chiefly attributes to the Plan of the Work;—its adaptation in form, in substance, and in price, to the largest portion of the reading community... Thus, instead of appropriating the present profits of the undertaking, he has invariably thrown them back upon the work itself; and he trusts, improvement in the variety, the originality, and the accuracy of the articles in each department is visible to every reader. The contributors possess the highest qualifications for the respective tasks assigned to them; their number has been augmented, and their remuneration increased. ...in all the essential requisites of science, literature, and good writing, the LONDON ENCYCLOPÆDIA is not inferior to any of its predecessors or contemporaries, while it combines in every branch all the improvements which are to be derived from its being the last in order of time.

Now that the work is thus far advanced, and its publication has been punctual and regular, the Proprietor trusts that those who hesitated to become purchasers, lest the speculation should fail, will no longer apprehend a result, to avert which, were it necessary, he would readily sacrifice all the property he possesses in the world. He has embarked in the undertaking, and the arrangements for its completion are as perfect and as stable as any thing which man can devise or accomplish.
There are still very large classes of the community to whom the LONDON ENCYCLOPÆDIA is unknown; they are not aware probably of its nature and object—that with a cheapness, which, but for the extensiveness of its sale, would injure the Publisher, it combines all that is essential and really important in works of three times its magnitude and price; and that it may be universally acceptable,—in all the great debatable points, which belong not properly to knowledge, because the opinions of the wisest and the best of men are at variance upon them, the Editor has taken the utmost care to avoid exciting either political or religious animosities. The object of the work is to give information on all subjects, but not to play the advocate or special pleader with regard to any. Churchmen and Dissenters of all sects and classes may here learn what each other think; but they will not find the LONDON ENCYCLOPÆDIA an arsenal, furnishing them with weapons to carry on either an offensive or a defensive war.
...Society is now so far advanced, that the people must be supplied with mental resources: let them have science without scepticism, literature without irreligion, and intellectual enjoyment without the sacrifice of moral principle.

References

External links

 v.2 America to Arsenal, v.3 Arsenic to Belswagger, v.4 Benedict to Cadiz, v.5 Caffraria to Clepsydra, v.6 Clergy to Customs, v.7 Cutlery to Elasticity, v.8 Elasticity to Ezra, v.9 F to Garter, v.10 Gas to Halley, v.11 Halo to Indulgence, v.12 Ink to Lindsey, v.13 Line to Medici, v.14 Medicine to Mithridates, v.15 Mithridates to Nox, v.16 Nubia to Perambulator, v.17 Perception to Post, v.18 Potash to Rome v.19 Rome to Seduction, v.20 Seduction to Sphere
 The London Encyclopaedia... @Google Books
 1829) Vol.2 America to Arsenal, Vol.3 Arsenic to Bell, Vol.4 Benedict to Cadiz, Vol.5 Caffraria to Clepsydra, Vol.7 Cutlery to Elasticity, Vol.8 Elasticity to Ezra, Vol.9 F to Garter, Vol.11 Halo to Indulgence, Vol.12 Infanticide to Lindus, Vol.14 Medicine to Mithradates, Vol.15 Mithradates to Nox, Vol.16 Nubia to Perambulator, Vol.17 Perception to Post, Vol.18 Potash to Rome, Vol.19 Rome to Seduction, Vol.20 Seduction to Sphere, Vol.21 Spheroid to Tewkesbury, Vol.22 Thales to Zypaeus
 1839) Vol.2 America to Arsenal, Vol.3 Arsenic to Bell, Vol.4 Benedict to Cadiz, Vol.5 Caffraria to Clepsydra, Vol.6 Clergy to Customs, Vol.7 Cutlery to Elasticity, Vol.8 Elasticity to Ezra, Vol.9 F to Garter, Vol.10 Gas to Halley, Vol.12 Ink to Lindsey, Vol.14 Medicine to Mithradates, Vol.15 Mithradates to Nox, Vol.17 Perception to Post, Vol.18 Potash to Rome

Reference works in the public domain
1829 non-fiction books
English-language encyclopedias
British encyclopedias
19th-century encyclopedias

London Encyclopaedia (1829)


The Visible Human Project is an effort to create a detailed data set of cross-sectional photographs of the human body, in order to facilitate anatomy visualization applications. It is used as a tool for the progression of medical findings, in which these findings link anatomy to its audiences. A male and a female cadaver were cut into thin slices, which were then photographed and digitized. The project is run by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) under the direction of Michael J. Ackerman. Planning began in 1986; the data set of the male was completed in November 1994 and the one of the female in November 1995. The project can be viewed today at the NLM in Bethesda, Maryland.  There are currently efforts to repeat this project with higher resolution images but only with parts of the body instead of a cadaver.

Data

The male cadaver was encased and frozen in a gelatin and water mixture in order to stabilize the specimen for cutting.  The specimen was then "cut" in the axial plane at 1-millimeter intervals.  Each of the resulting 1,871 "slices" was photographed in both analog and digital, yielding 15 gigabytes of data. In 2000, the photos were rescanned at a higher resolution, yielding more than 65 gigabytes.  The female cadaver was cut into slices at 0.33-millimeter intervals, resulting in some 40 gigabytes of data.

The term "cut" is a bit of a misnomer, yet it is used to describe the process of grinding away the top surface of a specimen at regular intervals.  The term "slice", also a misnomer, refers to the revealed surface of the specimen to be photographed; the process of grinding the surface away is entirely destructive to the specimen and leaves no usable or preservable "slice" of the cadaver.

The data are supplemented by axial sections of the whole body obtained by computed tomography, axial sections of the head and neck obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and coronal sections of the rest of the body also obtained by MRI.

The scanning, slicing, and photographing took place at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, where additional cutting of anatomical specimens continues to take place.

Donors
The male cadaver is from Joseph Paul Jernigan, a 39-year-old Texas murderer who was executed by lethal injection on August 5, 1993. At the prompting of a prison chaplain he had agreed to donate his body for scientific research or medical use, without knowing about the Visible Human Project. Some people have voiced ethical concerns over this. One of the most notable statements came from the University of Vienna, which demanded that the images be withdrawn with reference to the point that the medical profession should have no association with executions, and that the donor's informed consent could be scrutinized.

The 59-year-old female donor remains anonymous. In the press she has been described as a Maryland housewife who died from a heart attack and whose husband requested that she be part of the project.

In 2000, Susan Potter—a cancer patient and a disability rights activist—became the third body donor to the project, spending the 15 following years until her death by pneumonia in 2015 as an outspoken advocate for medical education and a mentor of medical students at the University of Colorado. For nearly two decades, National Geographic documented the story of Susan Potter and Dr. Victor M. Spitzer, the director of the Center for Human Simulation at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus who led the NIH-funded project, releasing a video documentary in 2018.  By the time Potter met Spitzer in 2000, she had gone through 26 surgeries and had been diagnosed with melanoma, breast cancer and diabetes: her participation in the Visible Human Project marked a significant departure from the original goals of the project, which up until then had only focused on the dissection and imaging of healthy bodies.

Problems with the data sets
Freezing caused the brain of the man to be slightly swollen, and his middle ear ossicles were lost during preparation of the slices. Nerves are hard to make out since they have almost the same color as fat, but many have nevertheless been identified. Small blood vessels were collapsed by the freezing process.  Tendons are difficult to cut cleanly, and they occasionally smear across the slice surfaces.

The male has only one testicle, is missing his appendix, and has tissue deterioration at the site of lethal injection.  Also visible are tissue damage to the dorsum of each forearm by formalin injection and damage to the right sartorius from opening the right femoral vein for drainage. The male was also not "cut" while in standard anatomical position, so the cuts through his arms are oblique. The female was missing 14 body parts, including nose cartilage.

The reproductive organs of the woman are not representative of those of a young woman.  The specimen contains several pathologies, including cardiovascular disease and diverticulitis.

Discoveries
By studying the data set, researchers at Columbia University found several errors in anatomy textbooks related to males, regarding the shape of a muscle in the pelvic region and the location of the urinary bladder and prostate.

License
The data may be bought on tape or downloaded free of charge; Currently no license agreement is required to access or download the dataset, however general terms and conditions  apply requiring acknowledgement of the National Library of Medicine with any use. Prior to 2019, one had to specify the intended use and sign a license agreement that allows NLM to use and modify the resulting application. NLM can cancel the agreement at any time, at which point the user has to erase the data files.

Applications using the data
Various projects to make the raw data more useful for educational purposes are under way. It is necessary to build a three-dimensional virtual model of the body where the organs are labeled, may be removed selectively and viewed from all sides, and ideally are even animated. Two commercial software products accomplish the majority of these goals, the VH Dissector from Touch of Life Technologies and "Voxel-Man 3D-Navigator" from the University of Hamburg  NLM itself has started an open source project, the Insight Toolkit, whose aim is to automatically deduce organ boundaries from the data.

The data were used for Alexander Tsiaras's book and CD-ROM Body Voyage, which features a three-dimensional tour through the body.

A "Virtual Radiography" application creates Digitally Reconstructed Radiographs and "virtual surgery", where endoscopic procedures or balloon angioplasty are simulated: the surgeon can view the progress of the instrument on a screen and receives realistic tactile feedback according to what kind of tissue the instrument would currently be touching.

Several other educational applications utilized form the visible human project include: multiple interactive anatomy computer software programs (Primal Pictures/Anatomy.tv, Anatomage), multimodality image restoration for hospital patients, body system relationships, and volumetric data.

The male data set was used in "Project 12:31", a series of photographic light paintings by Croix Gagnon and Frank Schott, and is the male Caucasian cadaver on the Anatomage Table 6.0 application.

See also
 3D Indiana
 Anatomography
 Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit
 Primal Pictures
 ZygoteBody
Susan Potter

References

External links

 Home page of the project, including links to the various other projects that use the data
 The Visible Human Male: A Technical Report, Detailed history of methods used to prepare the male cadaver and gather image data as published in the free article in the Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 1996
 Visible Human Server by the EPFL (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne). Extensive Java applets to view, extract and animate slices. Also applets for 3D feature extraction.
 Touch of Life Technologies A commercial website which produces the VH Dissector, a virtual dissection program that uses the Visible Human datasets.
 University of Michigan Visible Human Project page

Human anatomy
Anatomical simulation
Anatomy websites

Visible Human Project


Energy World was a demonstration project of 51 low-energy houses constructed in the Shenley Lodge area of Milton Keynes, United Kingdom. The project was promoted by the Milton Keynes Development Corporation and culminated in a public exhibition in August and October 1986 that attracted international interest. It was a significant landmark in the design and construction of low-energy housing, and in the development of energy efficiency evaluation tools. It has had a long-term impact on Government policy and within the national house-building industry, insofar as the progressive 'tightening up' of the energy section of the Building Regulations has largely been founded on this pioneering work.

The houses were designed to be at least 30% more efficient than the Building Regulations then in force. The architecture and technologies used was very varied, and included designs from Canada (the first R-2000 house in the UK), Denmark, Finland, Germany, and Sweden. Although it was later removed, the exhibition also featured a wind turbine, then an uncommon sight.

As of 2004 the houses were continuing to sell for 3% above the price of other housing in the area .

Energy World was one of several low-energy projects built in the Milton Keynes area. These included trials on a number of individual houses and the construction of 177 houses in the 1970s Pennyland project. Following the success of Energy World, 1,200 dwellings were built to the same (or better) energy standard in the rest of Shenley Lodge (known as 'the Energy Park'), and the same standard was subsequently applied Citywide. The concept of the Energy Park was extended into non-residential buildings built across Watling Street in Knowlhill where a number of low energy office buildings have been constructed including the two phases of the headquarters buildings of the National Energy Foundation.

Home energy efficiency rating schemes
Another area where Energy World continues to have an impact derives from the Milton Keynes Energy Cost Index (MKECI) , which was used to calculate the energy efficiency of the Energy World houses. Based on the results and feedback from Energy World, this was to evolve into the UK's first national energy efficiency rating scheme for buildings, with the launch in 1990 of the National Home Energy Rating scheme (NHER) . This, in turn, gave rise to the introduction in 1995 of the Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP) rating system used in the national Building Regulations and in home Energy Performance Certificates (originally introduced in 2007 as part of the Home Information Pack).

See also
Homeworld 81
Energy efficiency in British housing
BedZED Zero energy housing development
:Category:Low-energy building
World energy resources and consumption

External links
The Energy World exhibition
The development of environmental building standards in Milton Keynes
Milton Keynes Energy Park Revisited: changes in internal temperatures

Low-energy building in the United Kingdom
History of Milton Keynes
Houses completed in 1986

Energy World


Fitzroy Island National Park is a gazetted protected area covering Fitzroy Island, in Far North Queensland, Queensland, Australia.  Fitzroy Island (also called Koba or Gabar), is a continental island located  east of Cairns on the mainland.

The Aboriginal people particularly connected to this Island are the Kobaburra (or alternatively Gaba:ra) from within the Gungganyji language group.

As a Queensland National Park the natural and cultural resources of the Island itself (down to high tide) are protected by the Nature Conservation Act 1992 and much of the island is therefore off-limits to visitors. Most visitors remain on the sheltered western side of the island, where the jetty, resort and best snorkeling can be found.

Island

Fitzroy Island is a continental island, not a coral cay. It became an island when sea levels rose at the end of the last ice age, flooding a plain between a hill that is now Fitzroy Island, and what is now Cape Grafton. Over the 10,000 years since that time, coral reefs have formed in the bay on the protected western side of the island, and lush rainforest on its shore.

Fitzroy Island has been put to many uses by humankind. It is part of the traditional lands of the Gurabana Gungandji people, who recorded its formation in myth, and was used as a hunting and fishing ground. In 1778, Lieutenant James Cook named the island after the family name of the Duke of Grafton, who was the British Prime Minister when his ship, HMB Endeavour, had set sail. Through the 1800s, a pearling and beche-de-mer industry operated from the island. In 1876, a quarantine station was established on Fitzroy Island for Chinese "coolies" en route to the Palmer River Goldfields. A giant clam research station remains in operation on Welcome Bay. The Island has also served as part an aboriginal mission in the early 1900s, an artillery gun emplacement in World War II, and, more recently, a tourist resort.

The Island has also been home to lighthouses warning ships in the Grafton Passage of the reefs around the island, and a small automatic light on Little Fitzroy Island, just off the north-east point, still serves this purpose. An inactive lighthouse sits on the point above, and is part of the circuit trail that is open to tourists.

Fitzroy's isolation has resulted in a unique habitat, with few large mammals. The dominant predators on the island are reptiles; particularly pythons (brown and green), monitor lizards and the Major skink. The latter of these is particularly common and will be seen frequently as a tourist wanders around the trails. There are no venomous snakes on the island, though python bites can become infected.

Recreation

Walking trails

There is a walking track that takes in the northern end of the island, the lighthouse on the north-west point which overlooks Little Fitzroy Island, and the island's peak, which offers stunning 360 degree views over the surrounding reefs and Cape Grafton. From the top, on a clear day it is possible to make out the Frankland Islands to the south. The trail then drops back down to the resort.

Nudey Beach can be accessed by heading along the trail at the southern end of the resort, and leads along the edge of the island through rainforest, with occasional glimpses out to Cape Grafton, and then descends to Nudey Beach, which was once a nude bathing beach, with some coral available for snorkelers.

Snorkeling

The fringing reef is a fair distance from the shore at the northern end of Welcome Bay, where it starts at the quite prominent 'Bird Rock'. It runs almost all the way down to the jetty before there is a small gap where the boats come in. The reef starts again near the rocks at the southern end of the beach, and runs around the corner to Nudey Beach. Along this stretch it is extremely close to shore - literally just a few steps from the shore. The snorkelling at Fitzroy is greatly underrated. Visibility can be a bit low, especially after rough weather, but the coral is excellent and the variety of fish superb. The clownfish (Amphiprion percula) can be found, as well as other anemonefish. Parrotfish and wrasses are common, and green sea turtles regularly frequent the bay.

It is unlikely that box jellyfish would be encountered at Fitzroy Island due to the 4 km passage between the island and the mainland, but they have been found there occasionally, as well as other stinging jellyfish.

Resort
Fitzroy Island Resort can be found on Welcome Bay.  Fitzroy Island Resort is a 60-minute ferry ride (about 30 km) from Cairns in Queensland and is surrounded by a reef system that forms part of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.

See also

 Protected areas of Queensland
 Great Barrier Reef

References

External links
Official Fitzroy Island National Park website

National parks of Far North Queensland
Cultural landscapes of Australia
Great Barrier Reef
Islands of Queensland
Protected areas established in 1939
1939 establishments in Australia
Queensland in World War II

Fitzroy Island National Park


The Ven. Charles Edward Blakeway (1868-1922) was Archdeacon of Stafford from 1911 until his death.

Blakeway was educated at Shrewsbury School and Christ Church, Oxford; and ordained in 1897.

He was an Assistant Master at Malvern College from 1898 until 1900; and Curate of Great Malvern from 1900 until 1902. After this, he held the living  at Dunston from 1902 until 1914; and  was Chaplain to the Bishop of Lichfield from 1913 until his death.

Notes

1868 births
People educated at Shrewsbury School
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Archdeacons of Stafford
1922 deaths

Charles Blakeway


Kevin Spencer (born November 2, 1953) is an American football coach.

Coaching career

Early years
In 1975, Spencer coached wrestling and lacrosse at the State University of New York as a graduate assistant. From 1976 to 1979 he coached at Detroit County Day High School in Birmingham, Michigan. Spencer spent the next two years as a graduate assistant at Cornell University. After coaching for one season at Gilman School in Baltimore, Maryland, Spencer received a job coaching at Ithaca College. From 1981 to 1985, he was the head freshman coach and in 1986 he served as the offensive coordinator. Spencer moved to Wesleyan University where he was the head coach for five years (1987–1991). With a 6-2 record in 1990, he finished with an overall record of 14–26. From 1989 to 1990, Spencer coached the Cleveland Browns and New York Jets former head coach Eric Mangini.

Cleveland Browns
Spencer began his NFL career with the Cleveland Browns as a coaching assistant under Bill Belichick in 1991. His final season with the team was in 1994.

Oakland Raiders
Spencer moved to the Oakland Raiders in 1995. Under Mike White, he served as quality control coach for the 1995 season. In 1996, he was named assistant linebackers coach. In 1997, new head coach Joe Bugel named him defensive assistant.

Indianapolis Colts
In 1998, Spencer was hired by the Indianapolis Colts as special teams coach Jim E. Mora. He held this position until the 2001 season, the same year Mora left the team.

Pittsburgh Steelers
Signing with the Pittsburgh Steelers in 2002, Spencer was a member of the staff when the Steelers won Super Bowl XL. In 2003, Spencer was named Special Teams Coach of The Year.

Arizona Cardinals
Following the 2006 season, former Steelers offensive coordinator Ken Whisenhunt was named head coach of the Arizona Cardinals. Spencer was allowed out of the final year of his contract with the Steelers to coach for the Cardinals. Spencer made his second Super Bowl appearance in 2009 with the Cardinals.

San Diego Chargers
On January 22, 2013, Spencer was named the special teams coach of the San Diego Chargers, reuniting him with Whisenhunt.

On December 2, 2015 Spencer was fired as the Chargers special teams coach.

Personal life
Spencer and his wife, Rosemarie, have two sons, Timothy and Jack. He has two children, Lindsey and Zachery, from a previous marriage.

References

External links
 Pro Football History bio

1953 births
Living people
Arizona Cardinals coaches
Cleveland Browns coaches
Cornell Big Red football coaches
Indianapolis Colts coaches
Ithaca Bombers football coaches
Oakland Raiders coaches
Pittsburgh Steelers coaches
San Diego Chargers coaches
Springfield Pride football players
Wesleyan Cardinals football coaches

Kevin Spencer (American football)


CornerShot is a special-use weapon that can fire around corners.  It was first made in the early 2000s for SWAT teams and special forces in situations usually involving terrorists and hostages.

Overview
Its designers were two former Israeli Army senior officers. It was made with money invested by American investors. It has several different types. So far, the types made are the Standard, the 40 mm grenade launcher, the APR, and an Anti-tank version. It works because its many parts are either on the front or the back end, which are linked by a steel hinge. It is manufactured by Corner Shot Holdings, LLC, a company in Miami with offices in Israel. Units have been sold in 15 countries. The CornerShot was recently evaluated by the UK Ministry of Defence.

Forms and variations
The CornerShot is available in several different types. A standard pistol version is available, along with a 40 mm grenade launcher. Because they are fitted with very good digital cameras, any type can also be used as a tool to spy with. All the models come with the same camera and 2.5 inch color LCD screen. this provides video and a sighting system with transmission capability. The flashlight and camera let it work in either day or night. A variety of cameras, as well as a folding stocks, are available. An accessory rail is standard.

Standard
The standard CornerShot can put a normal semi-automatic pistol in the front part of the weapon. It has a remote linkage to the trigger mechanism in the rear part. The mechanism has a trigger pull of 21 newtons (4.7 lbf).  It is 820 millimetres (32.67 in) long, with a weight of 3.86 kilograms (8.5 lb).

40 mm grenade launcher
The 40 mm Grenade Launcher is a breech-loading, single shot grenade launcher. Manually operated, or it can only fire one round at a time. It fires all 40 mm grenades, less-deadly and non-deadly ammunition (or what a gun fires), and tear/irritant gas capsules (the container in a liquid or gas is stored). Spent ammunition is ejected for easier reloading. The same system is available in 37 mm size for police. The 40 mm model has a rifling of 1:1.224, is 900 mm long, and weighs 4.4 kg (9.5 lb). The muzzle velocity is 74.7 m/s (M-406 grenade). Its range for normal fire, single target is 150 meters. For area coverage, with fragmentation munitions, or ammunition that blows apart when it hits its target, is 350 meters.

Assault Pistol Rifle (or APR)
The Assault Pistol Rifle mounts an assault pistol in the front part of the weapon to allow the use of rifle bullets. It fires 5.56 mm ammunition. The APR pistol can be removed from the CornerShot frame.

CornerShot Panzerfaust (or CSP)
It was first shown at the Eurosatory 2004 military trade show in Paris. The model for use against armored vehicles is designed to fire Panzerfaust anti-tank rockets. It can turn 90 degrees instead of the standard 60 degrees.

How it works
In the standard version a pistol is mounted in the front end of the weapon, which bends horizontally (like a door does) at a mid-gun sixty-degree hinge. There is a digital camera and a flashlight attached to the barrel in the bayonet position. On the butt side of the hinge are the trigger, camera screen (which is on a horizontal hinge just like the mid-gun hinge but it is off of the left side of the gun), and controls for the camera and light.

Similar weapons
The Krummlauf was a bent barrel designed for the Sturmgewehr 44. It was used by Germans in World War II. It allowed for looking and firing around corners with its 30 degree barrel and a periscope-style sight.

In popular culture
It was featured on the first episode of Future Weapons.
On the Fox TV show Standoff, a CornerShot is used by the FBI's HRT.
An episode of CSI: Miami ("Going Under", season 5) features a CornerShot used by a biker gang. Dialogue near the beginning of the episode referred to it as a "CS".
Hasbro's Nerf product line has included a toy gun that functions in the same fashion.
The video game Nemesis Strike  for the Xbox console includes the CornerShot as a weapon choice.
The recently released "G.I. Joe: Sigma 6 Snake Eyes with Night Ops Gear" action figure comes includes a CornerShot which is able to launch a small toy missile.
In the "Full Metal Panic!" novel series and "2nd Raid" animated series, MITHRIL has some CornerShot weapons in service.
A second season Numb3rs episode features a CornerShot being used by an FBI HRT entry team. The sequence clearly demonstrates the operation to reorientate the handgun from left to right and depicts the view operators receive via the weapons monitor.
An automatic-pistol version of the Cornershot is seen, used by Angelina Jolie, in the trailer of the upcoming movie "Wanted" (2008).

Related pages
Krummlauf

Sources

Firearms

CornerShot


The Valkhof at Nijmegen is an oil painting by the Dutch Golden Age painter Aelbert Cuyp, likely painted between 1652 and 1654. It is now held in the Indianapolis Museum of Art.

The Valkhof at Nijmegen typifies the Dutch landscape. A small boat filled with fisherman wait to capture lobsters. Two fat cows sit at the bank of the river, with their herder and two guests. The herder's red jacket is the focal point, drawing the eye in and breaking up the muted tones of the rest of the painting. Across the river, the looming Medieval architecture is bathed in a warm golden light from the seemingly setting sun. Boats float peacefully down the water banks, not disturbing the water. A windmill pokes up from the cliff face. Small, chunky clouds hover peacefully over the bay. Overall, the feelings of peace and tranquility run through the painting, with the stillness of the cattle, people, and water all reflecting the peaceful nature of the painting.

Historical information
The town of Nijmegen was popular with artists during this time period. The city's Medieval history, with the Valkhof having strong patriotic ties. It was the stronghold of Gaius Julius Civilis, an ancient hero who led the Batavians to revolt against the Romans during the 1st-century.  During this time, it also paralleled the Dutch's rebellion against Spain and the Habsburg Empire.

The scene is based on sketches that Cuyp took during this travels to Nijmegen in 1652, however, Cuyp transformed the landscape by using a warm glow, calling to mind Italian landscapes. He adopted this style, and it became his signature on his paintings. Later on, Cuyp's work has a profound impact on 19th-century landscape painters, including J. M. W. Turner.

Because of the way that Cuyp painted his subjects bathed in light, it is hypothesized that he worked in Utrecht, which took many of its artistic cues from Baroque Italy. Cuyp dated very few of his paintings, so the date range on this image is an estimate.

Provenance
The painting's oldest provenance record has it in the hands of the Dukes of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, since at least 1826. It was sold in April 1937 to art historian/dealer Eduard Plietzsch. It was sold by the Galarie St. Lucas in Vienna in July of that year. The Valkhof became part of the John Herron Art Institute, now the Indianapolis Museum of Art in 1943, after a gift by Caroline Marmon Fesler.

References

Paintings in the Indianapolis Museum of Art
Paintings by Aelbert Cuyp
1654 paintings
Cattle in art
Landscape paintings
Maritime paintings
Rivers in art

The Valkhof at Nijmegen


Keskadale Beck is a minor river of Cumbria, England.

The beck rises at the confluence of High Hole Beck (which rises beneath Robinson Crags) and Moss Beck (from Buttermere Moss). From there, Keskadale Beck flows north east, picking up Dudmanscomb Gill (running north from Robinson).  Ill Gill joins near Keskadale Farm.

The beck joins Newlands Beck opposite Little Town.

Rivers of Cumbria
2Keskadale

Keskadale Beck


The Wedge is a spot located at the extreme southeast end of the Balboa Peninsula in Newport Beach, California known for its large waves that makes it a popular spot for surfing and bodysurfing. The Wedge is located at the intersection of the beach and the man-made jetty that forms the breakwater on the western side of Newport harbor entrance. When a south or south/southwest swell is running in the right size and direction, the Wedge can produce waves up to  high.

The waves

The waves are a by-product of alterations to the rock jetty on the west side of the Newport Harbor entrance undertaken during the 1930s. When conditions are right, and a wave approaches the shore at the proper angle (most generally a south swell), an approaching wave will reflect off the jetty creating a second wave.  The reflected wave meets up with the following wave of the set and forms a peak, and this pattern can repeat for several following waves as well.  If the reflected and incoming waves align the resulting wave is bigger than either alone due to constructive interference. This occurs very rapidly and forms waves in a very unpredictable and "unstable" pattern, so that no two waves are alike and the exact breaking point is difficult to predict even for an experienced surfer.

Although this condition primarily occurs with large, south swells, it can also occur, with considerably lesser frequency, during "normal" conditions. During a south or south/southwest swell of the right size and aligned in the swell window, the Wedge can produce huge waves up to  high.

In addition, the beach at the Wedge is very steeply shaped sand, resulting in what is known as shore break and a very strong backwash which often drags people back into the surf. The backwash itself frequently creates another, outgoing wave, which can hit an incoming wave or surfer with enormous force. With the combined effect of the unpredictability of where the incoming waves will break, and the strength of the backwash, the resulting wave action can be highly unpredictable and therefore both exciting as well as very dangerous. The combination of danger, along with the chance to get pitted (enclosed in the tube, barrel, or "pit" of a wave), draws many to surf the Wedge.

The Wedge breaks largest when intense Southern Hemisphere storms or large tropical cyclones send their long period energy from the south-southwest direction, primarily during the summer and fall months.

History

The formation of the surfing spot known as the Wedge was a by-product of alterations to the Newport Harbor, which were completed and re-dedicated on May 23, 1936.  Before those renovations and extensions of the West Jetty wall, the Newport Harbor was the premier surfing spot on the entire west coast of North America. However, while the Newport Harbor was popular with surfers, it was also at that time a tragic place to be for boaters and swimmers alike, especially during big swells.

In 1926, George Rogers Jr., a 15-year-old with polio, drowned in the Newport Harbor as his boat capsized amidst the heavy waves. As a result of polio, George Rogers Jr. was reliant on leg braces, and due to the weight of his heavy iron leg braces, his body sank to the bottom of the harbor and was never found. To prevent such a tragedy from happening again to boaters or swimmers, the boy's father, George Rogers Sr., a successful southern California road builder, was motivated to sell his business and focus his remaining years of life on seeking local and federal funding to alter the Newport Harbor. From 1926 to 1936 George Rogers Sr. campaigned to raise funds. Despite the scarcity of money during the Depression, Rogers Sr., helped raise approximately $2 million in federal aid and local bond funds.

A month following the re-dedication of the improved Newport Harbor entrance, George Rogers Sr. had a heart attack while on his boat as he entered the harbor entrance. He died at approximately the same location his son died, ten years earlier. In 2014 the documentary, The Wedge: Dynasty, Tragedy, Legacy, aired on PBS SoCaL, recounting these events.

Popular culture
In the early to mid-1950s The Wedge was known locally as "102 Beach," where teens held frequent evening beach parties at which Brew 102, a popular (and inexpensive) Southern California beer from the Maier Brewing Co. was liberally consumed. The Wedge makes an appearance in Bruce Brown's The Endless Summer. Balboa is mentioned in the opening song to seminal 1963 surfing movie "Beach Party".

Legendary surf music guitarist Dick Dale memorialized the Wedge in an eponymous song on the 1963 album, Checkered Flag.  Pop punk band All Time Low also mentions the Wedge in their song "Let It Roll" from their 2007 album, "So Wrong, It's Right".

John Wayne attended USC in the 1920s, where he played on the Trojans football team. "While still playing football, Wayne went to the Wedge for a bodysurfing session and wound up — as so many others do — getting injured at the famously fast and heavy spot. Because he could no longer play football, he lost his athletic scholarship. And without funds, he had to drop out of USC. After leaving school, Wayne went to work at the studios, beginning with a summer gig in a prop department."

Gallery

Further reading

References

External links

The Wedge: Dynasty, Tragedy, Legacy (Full Video: 25:36)
The Thrill-Seeking Bodysurfers of California's Most Terrifying Wave
Surf report for the Wedge

Surfing locations in California
Geography of Orange County, California
Balboa Peninsula
Big wave surfing
Beaches of Orange County, California
Beaches of Southern California
Articles containing video clips
1936 establishments in California

The Wedge (surfing)


The South Coast of Massachusetts (sometimes stylized SouthCoast) is the region of southeastern Massachusetts consisting of the southern Bristol and Plymouth counties, bordering Buzzards Bay, and includes the cities of Fall River, New Bedford, the southeastern tip of East Taunton and nearby towns. The Rhode Island towns of Tiverton and Little Compton, located in Newport County, are often included within the South Coast designation due to regional similarities with adjacent communities.

The term is recent, dating to the 1990s, and sometimes confused with the South Shore (a region southeast of Boston that includes eastern Norfolk and Plymouth counties, and does not overlap with the South Coast).

Terminology
The "South Coast" label was born as a public relations effort to counteract the perceived stigma of former terms like "Greater Fall River," "Greater New Bedford," or "New Bedford-Fall River," which conjured images, in many Massachusetts residents' minds, of depressed mill towns with run-down buildings and high unemployment. Local boosters, including The Standard-Times newspaper, began using the term in the mid-1990s in an effort to attract business to an area with "the Cape's climate," "better infrastructure" and "relatively low land prices," according to Standard-Times publisher William Kennedy.

Communities
There are 14 Massachusetts municipalities that are almost always included in the South Coast (total population: 306,588).  Two Rhode Island towns may also be included.

The Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management also includes the towns of Dighton, Seekonk and Rehoboth within its South Coast regional service area; however, these communities are more often associated with the Providence Metro Area or Greater Taunton Area than the South Coast. The entirety of the South Coast resides within the Southeastern Regional Planning and Economic Development District.

Geography
By its most literal definition, the South Coast only includes cities and towns in southern Massachusetts that may not be considered parts of the Providence Metropolitan Area, the South Shore or Cape Cod; it encompasses the geographic area of Massachusetts that borders Buzzards Bay (excluding the Elizabeth Islands, Bourne and Falmouth), Mount Hope Bay and the Sakonnet River. Little Compton and Tiverton Rhode Island are often considered parts of the South Coast due to proximity and shared regional heritage; it has been argued that Little Compton and Tiverton share more in common with the regional identities of Westport and Dartmouth (and to an extent Fall River) than the rest of Newport County. East Taunton is sometimes considered the northernmost extent of the South Coast region; however, it does not include the entire city of Taunton.

The South Coast region is typically associated with its distinct industrial heritage pertaining to textile, whaling, and fishing industries; the South Coast also has the largest Portuguese American population in the United States.

Farm Coast
In recent years, an unofficial sub-region of the South Coast known as the Farm Coast has been used to describe the cluster of rural towns that are situated on the northern coast of Buzzards Bay; these towns are considered to be the last coastal farming communities left in Southern New England and share a common regional identity and aesthetic. The Farm Coast consists of the towns of Tiverton, Little Compton, Westport and Dartmouth.

Education

Institutions of higher learning located in South Coast communities include:

 University of Massachusetts Dartmouth- Dartmouth
 Charlton College of Business- Dartmouth
 University of Massachusetts School of Law- Dartmouth
 Bristol Community College- Fall River and New Bedford

Transportation

The major highways through the area are Interstate 195 (from Providence to Wareham, Massachusetts) and U.S. Route 6, which is the older route connecting Providence to Cape Cod. Highway access to Boston is provided by Route 24 and Route 79, both of which end in Fall River, and Route 140 which connects New Bedford to Route 24 in Taunton. On February 27, 2023, MassDOT initiated a project to demolish the southern end of Route 79 in order to facilitate the restoration of Fall River's waterfront. Public bus service is provided by the Southeastern Regional Transit Authority, the Greater Attleboro Taunton Regional Transit Authority and the Rhode Island Public Transit Authority.

South Coast Rail is an ongoing project to build a new southern line of the MBTA Commuter Rail system along several abandoned and freight-only rail lines. The project will restore passenger rail service between Boston and the cities of Taunton, Fall River, and New Bedford, via the towns of Berkley and Freetown. Passenger service to the South Coast was originally discontinued in 1958; efforts to restore passenger rail service began in the 1980s. After decades of false starts, construction began on July 2, 2019, with a projected cost of $1.047 billion. Service is expected to begin in mid-2024.

The city of New Bedford offers passenger ferry services to Martha's Vineyard and Cuttyhunk Island.

Sites of interest

 Battleship Cove, the world's largest collection of World War II naval vessels.
 Lizzie Borden Bed and Breakfast Museum, location of the 1892 unsolved double murder of Lizzie Borden's father and stepmother Andrew and Abby Borden.
 New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park, includes the New Bedford Whaling Museum.
 Fort Taber, historic American Civil War-era military fort.
 Horseneck Beach, public recreation area comprising southern Westport.
 Acushnet Cedar Swamp, designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service.
 Borden Flats Lighthouse, one of several historic lighthouses located in the South Coast.

Media
The term "South Coast" reportedly began with weather forecasts by Todd Gross on WHDH-TV in Boston. New Bedford's local daily newspaper, The Standard-Times, picked it up in the late 1990s, and other media have followed suit, albeit not without some protest by longtime area residents who protested the manufactured name.

Other newspapers serving the area include The Herald News of Fall River; "The Standard Times" with an online entertainment subsidiary "southcoasttoday.com" of New Bedford; the Taunton Daily Gazette; The Providence Journal; and, for regional coverage, The Boston Globe and Boston Herald. Much of the broadcast media in the area is local to metropolitan Providence and Boston.

Radio stations include ethnic WHTB/1400-Fall River, news/talk/sports WBSM/1420-New Bedford, news/talk/sports WSAR/1480-Fall River, religious ethnic WFHL/88.1-New Bedford, K-Love WTKL/91.1-North Dartmouth, Portuguese-language WJFD-FM/97.3-New Bedford, country WCTK/98.1-New Bedford, top 40/dance WFHN/107.1-Fairhaven, and public radio news WNPN/89.3-Newport, RI.

Television stations include ABC affiliate WLNE-TV/49 (PSIP 6)-New Bedford and CW affiliate WLWC/22 (PSIP 28)-New Bedford.

See also
MetroWest, another region with a recent name

References

1990s neologisms
Regions of Massachusetts

South Coast (Massachusetts)


Indiana wine refers to wine made from grapes grown in the U.S. state of Indiana.  Wine has been produced in the area since the early days of European colonization in the 18th century.  In the mid-19th century, Indiana was the tenth-largest winegrape producing state in the country.

There are two American Viticultural Areas (AVA) in Indiana: the Ohio River Valley AVA which also contains portions of Kentucky and Ohio, and the Indiana Uplands AVA which is wholly located in south-central Indiana and includes the oldest and most prolific winery in Indiana, Oliver Winery.

References

Wine regions of the United States by state
1816 establishments in Indiana

Indiana wine


Kizimbani (or Kisimbani) is a settlement of the Zanzibar Urban/West Region in Unguja, the main island of Zanzibar, Tanzania. It is located in the interior of the island, north-east of Zanzibar City. The remnants of old Persian public baths are found in this town.

Kizimbani is close to an eponymous forest, as well as a spice farm where several kinds of spices are cultivated, mostly as a visitor attraction; most so-called "Spice Tours" proposed by local travel operators are based in Kizimbani. Cultivation on display for the visitors include cinnamon, pepper, ginger, lemon grass, iodine, cocoa, nutmeg, clove, and vanilla.

References

Populated places in Zanzibar
Geography of Mjini Magharibi Region

Kizimbani


The Charles Butler House is a historic octagon house in the city of Franklin, Ohio, United States.  Constructed during the middle of the nineteenth century, it was originally home to one of the city's most prominent men, and it has been named a historic site due to its unusual design.

In its earliest years, the city of Franklin was heavily influenced by the Schenck family, who sponsored much of its early development.  A member of a later generation of the family, John N. Schenck, arranged for the construction of the present house in 1860.  At the time, Orson Squire Fowler's ideal of the octagon house was at the height of its popularity, and Schenck's use of the style demonstrates his wealth at the time.  Rather than living in it, Schenck gave it to his daughter and son-in-law, Charles Butler, who occupied a leading place in Franklin's governmental and commercial circles.

Built of brick, the Butler House is covered with a metal roof.  The architecture includes numerous distinctive details, including the four-over-four windows placed in pairs, the wooden cornice with brackets, and the molding around the lintels.  Because the house sits atop a small hill, a person inside is able to view a panorama of the city as well as the Great Miami River.

In 1982, the Butler House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its distinctive architecture; it is one of four National Register-listed locations in the city, along with the prehistoric Hill-Kinder Mound, the Mackinaw Historic District, and the Old Log Post Office.  Significant to its designation was its rarity; it is one of two octagon houses in Franklin, but only one other such house remains anywhere else in southwestern Ohio, although the Goldsmith Coffeen House in Lebanon is built as a hexagon.

References

Houses completed in 1860
Houses in Warren County, Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Warren County, Ohio
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Octagon houses in Ohio

Charles Butler House (Franklin, Ohio)


Carmen Finestra (born 1947) is an American producer and TV writer who currently is partnered with Matt Williams and David McFadzean in Wind Dancer Productions, a firm which Finestra also co-owns and co-founded with actor Tim Allen. For Wind Dancer, Finestra has produced or executive produced Where the Heart Is, Firelight, Soul Man, Thunder Alley and his company's best known series, Home Improvement, which starred Allen as a feisty home-improvement host, and in turn based on Allen's stand-up comedy routines. Most recently the firm has released Good Sam on Netflix and children's TV series Ready Jet Go!

Finestra was born to Italian immigrants in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and initially attended a seminary college for two years to become a Catholic priest before transferring to Penn State University, where he was a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. He earned his BA in 1971.

After a stint as an Off-Broadway actor, Finestra turned to writing for the likes of Johnny Cash (for one of Cash's summer series) and Steve Martin. Finestra's big break came when he began writing for The Cosby Show in 1984, where he would remain until 1990, leaving the show as supervising producer. Finestra received two Emmy nominations as one of the producers of The Cosby Show and another Emmy nomination for co-writing an episode of the hit series. He also did three guest star appearances on The Cosby Show (episodes 4.12, 6.2 and 6.14).

In 1991, Finestra became a writer and co-executive producer for Home Improvement, capacities he filled until the series' end in 1999. His work on the sitcom would land three Emmy and two Golden Globe nominations for him.

Finestra was honored as a Distinguished Alumnus of Penn State in 1998. Penn State named an off campus video editing lab, The Carmen Finestra Digital Editing Lab, in his honor at Innovation Park, an off site technology hub on the University Park campus.

References

PaBook profile

1947 births
American television producers
Pennsylvania State University alumni
American male screenwriters
Living people
Writers Guild of America Award winners
American male television writers
American television writers
American people of Italian descent
Home Improvement (TV series)
Sigma Alpha Epsilon members

Carmen Finestra


The Prairie Creek Fish Hatchery near Orick, Humboldt County, California was one of the first small local fish hatcheries developed to improve the area's sport and commercial fishing, and is one of only three remaining hatcheries built in California from 1871 to 1946.

History
During a survey conducted by north coast streams in 1927, coast cutthroat trout eggs were discovered on Lost Man Creek above the confluence with Prairie Creek.  About a year later, traps and a temporary hatchery were built.  By the spring of 1928, they had 30 troughs for the 208,000 Coho salmon and 1,400,000 steelhead eggs collected.  The constant stream of fresh water needed was delivered through 12-inch flume that was nearly 2,500 feet long from behind a dam on Lost Man Creek.  The early success of the temporary hatchery resulted in the continuation of the hatchery experiment during the early 1930s and hatchery steelhead, cutthroat trout, Coho salmon, and King salmon, were released to the wild.

The site of the temporary hatchery was abandoned and the present hatchery was completely rebuilt in 1936 on approximately the same footprint as the 62-acre historic district with the five buildings and seven contributing structures recognized today: the hatchery, superintendent's house, assistant's house, sidewalks, garage shop, shed, pipeline stream crossing, and four of the round outdoor water tanks. The fifth tank was added later.  Several buildings were reworked and removed over the time of operation and the dam and reservoir were removed in 1989.

The hatchery continued production of trout and salmon during the 1940s, but as the water supply deteriorated as mechanized logging increased following World War II.  Humboldt County began operating the hatchery in 1957.  The property was conveyed to Humboldt County by the California State Assembly on 15 September 1961 and continued operation until 31 October 1992.

Indomitable salmon

On 2 December 1964, Hatchery Superintendent Ken Johnson found a 2-year-old marked coho salmon swimming in a tank of newborn fish, exactly where he had been raised two years earlier.  To reach the tank, he had to travel from the Pacific Ocean up Redwood Creek, turn into Lost Man Creek, run up a ditch, through a  culvert under Highway 101, through a storm sewer, and up the hatchery waste water through a  drainage pipe, making a 90 degree turn and a  vertical jump inside the pipe.  Finally, he rammed through an overhead wire mesh screen, probably by jumping, to get into the rearing pond.

The fish was rapidly nicknamed Indomitable by the local press.  Looking for how he got into the tank, workers found 72 more marked coho jack salmon of the same age class stuck in the flume or drainage pipe on the way to the hatchling pond.  The story of Indomitable received massive press coverage, inspired a book, and continues to be cited as one of the amazing feats of animal migration.
From 1974 to 1992 two large redwood sculptures of Indomitable were sequentially mounted outside the hatchery. The first, a , two-ton sculpture by Floyd Davis of Gasquet, California was made and installed in 1974 after fundraising efforts by System 99 Vice-President Ed Henke. In 1992, this sculpture was judged too weathered to be displayed. Following donations by Arcata Redwood Company, Miller Farms Saw Shop and Humboldt County Supervisor, Anna Sparks, the second fish was carved on site by Mark Leppanen of Arcata. When the Hatchery was closed on 31 October 1992, the second sculpture was removed and stored at the Arcata/Eureka airport until 14 October 1997 when the Humboldt County Board of Supervisors sold it to the North Coast Co-op grocery store in Arcata for $5,005 and displayed inside the store.  Still at Prairie Creek are Indomitable's mounting pole, concrete pad and dedication marker. The original Davis sculpture was sold by the Humboldt County Board of Supervisors and is currently installed outside Buck's of Woodside restaurant.

See also
Lost Man Creek Dam

References

Additional Sources

External links

Historic American Engineering Record in California
Fish hatcheries in the United States
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in California
National Register of Historic Places in Humboldt County, California
National Register of Historic Places in Redwood National and State Parks
Agricultural buildings and structures in California

Prairie Creek Fish Hatchery


Vidyaben Shah  (7 November 1922 – 19 June 2020) was an Indian social worker and activist. She was known for her works about children, women and the elderly rights in India. She was appointed the first non-officio President of the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1975. She also led peace marches from area to area at the outbreak of arson and riots in Delhi following the assassination of Indira Gandhi. She was born in Jetpur, Kathiawar.

Shah died on 19 June 2020 in Gujarat at the age of 97.

References

1922 births
2020 deaths
Indian activists

Vidyaben Shah


Der Türmer. Monatsschrift für Gemüt und Geist was the name of a national conservative, Protestant cultural journal, which appeared first in Stuttgart and then in Berlin from 1898 to 1943 and was published for a long time by the Baltic German writer , who lived in Bad Oeynhausen. The name was intended to refer to the tower keeper from Faust, Part Two: "Zum Sehen geboren, zum Schauen bestellt." (Born to see, ordered to look.)

History
The journal sought to give a view of the entire intellectual and social culture of the present day; since 1902 the "Türmer-Jahrbuch" (Türmer Yearbook) had been published alongside. Grotthuß made der Türmer a central cultural and political medium of the Wilhelminian period. From 3000 (in 1899), the number of copies printed per month climbed to 17,500. In the section "Türmers Tagebuch" Grotthuß attacked the social democracy, court nobility, money aristocracy and industry, which he accused of "Byzantinism",  and "political eunuchy". In 1918, he sided with the old order against the republic and became a fierce advocate of the Stab-in-the-back myth. When he died in 1920, der Türmer was "well on his way to becoming one of the strongest and most dangerous opponents of the Weimar system". Grotthuß oriented himself towards the  movement. His successor was the Alsatian Heimatkünstler Friedrich Lienhard, who steered the magazine into völkische waters. In 1929, the early National Socialist Friedrich Castelle took over the publication and brought in the two völkisch magazines Deutsche Monatshefte and Die Bergstadt. In 1943, the magazine was integrated into the Westermanns Monatshefte. The printing and publishing of the magazine was done by Greiner and Pfeifer in Stuttgart until 1930, then by the national socialist Beenken-Verlag.

Walter Ehrenstein, Hedwig Forstreuter, Stephan Ley, Otto Rennefeld, Otto von Taube, Karl August Walther and Reinhold Zimmermann were among the authors writing for der Türmer.

References

 Danielle Goubard: Das Frankreichbild in der Zeitschrift Der Türmer (Jg. 1898–1920). Ein Beitrag zur komparatistischen Imagologie Diss. RWTH Aachen 1977

External links

1898 establishments in Germany
1943 disestablishments in Germany
Conservative magazines published in Germany
Cultural magazines published in Germany
Defunct political magazines published in Germany
Magazines established in 1898
Magazines disestablished in 1943
Magazines published in Berlin
Magazines published in Stuttgart

Der Türmer


Egbert Benson Brown (October 4, 1816 – February 11, 1902) was a Union general in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War.

Early life and education
Egbert Brown was born in Brownsville, New York, and as a young man sailed on a whaler before settling in Toledo, Ohio, in the early 1840s.  He was a respected grain dealer and built the first steam elevator in town.  After successively working his way to Mayor of Toledo in 1852, he moved to St. Louis, Missouri, in 1852 and engaged in the railroad business.

Civil War
In August 1861, Brown was commissioned as the lieutenant colonel of the 7th Missouri Volunteer Infantry Regiment.  He resigned this position in May 1862 to become a brigadier general of the Missouri State Militia (Union). He was appointed as a brigadier general of U.S. volunteers to rank from November 29, 1862.

Brown's duties primarily involved suppressing Confederate guerrillas and opposing raids from Arkansas and the Indian Territory. Among the high points of his career were two victories over Joseph Shelby, at the Second Battle of Springfield (1863) during Marmaduke's first raid, and at Marshall, Missouri, during Shelby's Great Raid of 1863.  Brown was severely wounded in the shoulder at Springfield and lost the use of an arm. He commanded the District of Central Missouri during 1863 and through 1864.

Although successful in many engagements, Brown was criticized by some for lack of vigor. This came to a head during Sterling Price's 1864 raid of Missouri. At the Battle of Westport, Union Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton relieved Brown of command and arrested him for failing to promptly obey an order to attack. Brown then assumed command of the District of Rolla in January 1865 until the end of the war.

Post-war
Brown was the United States pension agent in St. Louis from 1866 to 1868.  He resigned to operate a farm in Illinois.  He died in the home of a granddaughter at West Plains, Missouri, on February 11, 1902, and was buried next to his wife in Cuba, Missouri.

See also

List of American Civil War generals (Union)

References

Sources
 Warner, Ezra, Generals in Blue, Louisiana State University Press, 1964/2002.

External links
 Denny, James M., "The Battle of Marshall"

 photo

1816 births
1902 deaths
People from Brownsville, Brooklyn
Union Army generals
Union militia generals
People of Missouri in the American Civil War
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Mayors of Toledo, Ohio
Missouri in the American Civil War

Egbert B. Brown


Bruce H. Williams (February 18, 1932 – February 9, 2019) was an American radio host, entrepreneur, writer and former mayor.  His nationally syndicated talk show, first a part of NBC Talknet and later rebranded as The Bruce Williams Show, aired throughout the United States for 29 years, from 1981 until ending production in March 2010. Williams wrote six books, and he also wrote a syndicated advice column called Smart Money.

Early life
Williams grew up in East Orange, New Jersey. He left Upsala College to serve with the United States Air Force in Korea and earning a degree in education from Newark State Teachers College, which became Kean University, he became active in politics, education, and business in New Jersey.<ref name=NYT1989>Eftimiades, Maria. "Radio Personality Without Limits", The New York Times, July 2, 1989. Accessed February 20, 2008.</ref> Williams was elected to the Franklin Township Council in a June 1967 runoff, one of three members of a Republican-backed slate to win a contest for four seats.  He finished second, winning by 99 votes.  He was re-elected in 1971 by 163 votes.  He served as deputy mayor and mayor.

Radio career
In 1975, Williams entered broadcasting by hosting At Your Service on WCTC in New Brunswick, New Jersey.  This was soon followed by his second show, Bruce Williams at Large. Williams then set his sights on reaching a larger audience, and his persistence paid off. In 1978, he was hired by WMCA in New York City. Williams made his debut on NBC Talknet when the programming block began on November 2, 1981. His national reputation began to grow. He began each show by saying "Welcome my friends...welcome to my world."

Williams flew airplanes and on December 5, 1982, while attempting to abort a landing, crashed into a few trees in Princeton, New Jersey. Maurice Tunick, Talknet creator and executive producer, remembers the incident:

(Williams himself later said he was in a coma for 20 days before being able to broadcast about four weeks later.)

Williams was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame in 1999 and has since been listed as the sixth greatest talk show host in radio history by Talkers Magazine. Williams ran an advice show focused on personal business matters such as real estate transactions, career planning, entrepreneurship, and travel until the September 11, 2001 attacks.  At that time, the show became a mix of business and politics, and every show ended with the song God Bless America.

On February 22, 2010, Williams announced in an email to affiliates that he would end his show effective March 5, 2010.

Not long after going off the air, Williams began posting occasional "newsletters" on his website that hinted he would like to get back on the air "in some fashion," including the possibility of "doing something with the internet."  After being off the radio for just over two years, one of his newsletters announced that he would return to the airwaves via The American Entrepreneur, producing podcasts that would be available on iTunes and other platforms.  The new show, which continued the same title "The Bruce Williams Show," debuted on Monday, April 16, 2012.  The new program continued in the same format as his previous show, with less emphasis on politics.  The show appeared "live" on Tuesdays and Thursdays, and three hours were recorded on Wednesdays for broadcast on Monday, Wednesday and Friday.  During some of the initial programs of the new show, Williams hinted that he expected the show to eventually expand to two hours, and he also noted that he'd been contacted by several terrestrial radio stations interested in carrying the new program. The program ran until the mid-summer until the American Entrepreneur network was forced to shut down following the sudden death of its owner. Thus, Bruce Williams found himself without an outlet for his show.

On July 9, 2012, Bruce Williams launched the Made In America Broadcast Network, an enterprise which sponsored the podcasts of his show and also promoted products that were made in America with "at least 90%" American-made materials, using U.S. labor.  His show appeared live via podcast Monday to Friday from 2:00 to 3:00 Eastern time, with an additional live show appearing on Wednesday evenings for a few weeks. The show was also available via the iTunes, SoundCloud, TuneIn, and Stitcher internet platforms.  To attract listener participation, he made answering machines available and announced that "we will call you back" and arrange for a time to put the listener on the air.  Unfortunately this tactic was unsuccessful, with Williams doing most of his shows as monologues with just the occasional phone call.

Bruce's goal with the Made In America Network was to only accept advertising from companies whose products and/or services were made in America with American labor.  He eventually announced that many of the companies producing American-made items as required to advertise on his network were too small to have a national-sized advertising budget, which led to sponsors advertising for a very short period of time.  By the beginning of 2013, the show was featuring only Jersey Boy Pork Roll, a Williams-owned company, in its advertising.

On March 18, 2013, Williams announced on his podcast that the show and the network had not been financially viable, and planned to discontinue the podcasts and retire from broadcasting on March 29, 2013.  During the announcement, he said "This will be the end of my broadcasting career, unless someone happens to offer me a job where I just show up and do the show and don't have to worry about the rest of it; but that's not likely to happen."  His last podcast contained an emotional recap of his broadcasting career along with several phone calls from listeners. He stated that he planned to continue writing his newspaper column, Smart Money, which appeared in American newspapers.

Williams also wrote several financial and real estate advice books in addition to his broadcast career.

 Miscellaneous ventures
During his radio career Williams spoke frequently about the jobs he held throughout the years.  He began by melting down lead pipes into toy soldiers and selling them to other children at the age of 11 during World War II.  Later in life, Williams entered a wide variety of business ventures including insurance sales, driving a beer truck, driving a taxi, real estate sales, a flower shop, a car rental agency, a barber shop, and several nightclubs.  He drove an ice cream truck in New York City and was the founder of Lane Robbins, now Oak Crest Day Camp, a private preschool in Somerset, New Jersey.  He also spent two terms as mayor of Franklin Township, New Jersey from 1967 to 1975.

In his later years, Williams was involved in a florist business and was a board member of a bank.  In 2009, he and several investors founded Jersey Boy Pork Roll, an online store selling pork roll products from three manufacturers. Two of his children, Robbins and Michael, run his Jellyrolls nightclub at Disney's Boardwalk in Orlando.

 Books
 America Asks Bruce House Smart In Business for Yourself Protecting your Financial Future (foreword)
 The Bruce Williams Source Book Thanks for Asking''

References

External links
 Smart Money newspaper column
 NTSB report on plane crash

1932 births
2019 deaths
American advice columnists
American finance and investment writers
American talk radio hosts
Mayors of places in New Jersey
Writers from Tampa, Florida
Place of birth missing
Radio programs on XM Satellite Radio
Kean University alumni
Politicians from East Orange, New Jersey
People from Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey
Writers from East Orange, New Jersey

Bruce Williams (talk radio host)


Eleutherosides are a diverse group of chemical compounds that were isolated from roots of the herb Eleutherococcus senticosus which is commercially offered mostly as extracts. Eleutheroside A is a saponin and sterol glycoside while other eleutherosides, such as eleutheroside B (syringin), are phenyl propanoid glycosides. They serve as marker compounds for the Thin layer chromatography identification of  Eleutherococcus senticosus herbal preparations and  dietary supplements.

Eleutheroside E is an optical isomer of acanthoside D, which is one of the glycosides isolated from the cluster-flowering acanthopanax and represents the di-β-D-glucoside of (−)-syringaresinol.

References

Eleutherococcus
Glucosides

Eleutheroside


Ickworth House is a country house at Ickworth, near Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, England. It is a neoclassical building set in parkland. The house was the residence of the Marquess of Bristol before being sold to the National Trust in 1998.

History
The house, built between 1795 and 1829, was formerly the chief dwelling of an estate owned by the Hervey family, later Marquesses of Bristol, since 1467. The building was the creation of Frederick Hervey, 4th Earl of Bristol and Bishop of Derry (known as the Earl-Bishop), who commissioned the Italian architect Antonio Asprucci to design him a classical villa in the Suffolk countryside. Originally it had been planned as an art gallery but the Earl's collection was seized by Napoleon. The Earl died in 1803, leaving the completion of house to his successor.

In 1956, the house, park, and a large endowment were given to the National Trust in lieu of death duties. As part of the handover agreement, a 99-year lease on the 60-room East Wing was given to the Marquess of Bristol. However, in 1998 the 7th Marquess of Bristol sold the remaining lease on the East Wing to the National Trust. He was succeeded by his half-brother Frederick William Augustus Hervey, 8th Marquess of Bristol (born 19 October 1979). The National Trust refused to sell the remaining lease term back to the 8th Marquess, thereby contravening the Letter of Wishes which states that the head of the family should always be offered whatever accommodation he chooses at Ickworth.

The family's once private East Wing is now run as The Ickworth Hotel on a lease from the National Trust. Apartments, also leased from the Trust, are located in the Dower House in the grounds.

The West Wing at Ickworth House went uncompleted until 2006, when a joint partnership between the National Trust and Sodexo Prestige led to its renovation and opening as a centre for conferences and events. The first wedding in the property's history took place in 2006.

Architecture

As one of England's more unusual houses, Ickworth has been unflatteringly described as resembling "a huge bulk, newly arrived from another planet" and as "an overgrown folly". It is now being architecturally reassessed and recognised as the only building in England comparable with the monumental works of Boullée and Ledoux.

The design concept was based on the designs of Italian architect Antonio Asprucci, most noted for his work at the Villa Borghese, which the Bishop-Earl had seen. Asprucci's plans were adapted and the building work overseen by the Irish architects Francis Sandys and his brother Joseph Sandys.

The façades are of brick covered in stucco; beneath a roof of slate and lead. The central rotunda is 105 ft. high with a domed and balustraded roof. the building is entered through the central entrance ionic pedimented portico.

The rotunda is decorated with pilasters, which on the lower floor are Ionic and Corinthian above. The ground and first floor and the third floor and the balustraded parapet are divided friezes bas-relief.

The rotunda is flanked by segmental single story narrow wings (appearing as a blind arcade) linking, in the palladian fashion, to two terminating pavilions; these segmental wings are broken at their centre by projecting bays which house the Smoking Room and the Pompeian Room, both later 19th century additions.

Unlike the design of a true Palladian building, the terminating pavilions, rather than minor balancing appendages, are in fact large wings, complementary in weight to the rotunda which becomes their corps de logis. The East Wing, a small mansion in itself, was designed to be the everyday living quarters of the family (which it remained until 1998), thus permitting the more formal rooms of the rotunda to be reserved for entertaining and display. The west wing, intended as an orangery, sculpture gallery and service rooms remained an unfinished shell until the beginning of the 21st century.  For much of the time it was used as agricultural storage and latterly for playing squash on a court installed by the 4th Marquess.

Contents

The house has paintings by Velázquez, Titian, Poussin, and Claude Lorrain, as well as an unrivalled series of 18th-century family portraits by artists such as Gainsborough, Reynolds, Vigee-Lebrun, Batoni, Angelica Kauffman, Ramsay, van Loo, and Hogarth. In addition, it has arguably the best collections in Britain of fine Georgian silver. The house also contains very good examples of Regency furniture and porcelain. As well, Geraldine Hervey, Marchioness of Bristol used to collect elaborately decorated fans, which are now on display at the house.

Ickworth Church

Most members of the Hervey family, from Thomas Hervey (d. 1467) up to the 7th Marquess of Bristol (d. 1999), have been buried at Ickworth Church, which is located in the Park, a short walk from the house. The church is Norman with some later additions, and possesses a 15th-century wall painting of the Angel of the Annunciation, a 15th-century font, and roundels of Flemish glass from as early as 14th century, as well as numerous marble achievements to different members of the Hervey family over the centuries. It remains in the hands of the Hervey family and has recently undergone repairs to make it safe with the help of a grant from English Heritage.

The Park
Ickworth Park covers an area of over . The park contains "some of the finest ancient trees in the area." The Tea Party Oak, which is at least 800 years old, is located south of Ickworth Lodge and has a diameter of over . It is one of the county's oldest surviving oak trees. Another tree, in Albana Wood, is about 600 years old.

Notes

References

External links

Ickworth House, Park & Garden information at the National Trust
 Ickworth House entry from The DiCamillo Companion to British & Irish Country Houses

Flickr images of Ickworth
List of paintings on view

Country houses in Suffolk
Grade I listed buildings in Suffolk
Grade I listed houses
Grade I listed museum buildings
National Trust properties in Suffolk
Neoclassical architecture in England
Rotundas in the United Kingdom
Borough of St Edmundsbury
Historic house museums in Suffolk
Art museums and galleries in Suffolk
Gardens by Capability Brown

Ickworth House


The culture of Florida is often different in metropolitan areas than in more rural areas. Many parts of rural northern Florida is similar to the rest of American Southern culture, particularly around the Panhandle. In the larger cities such as Miami, Orlando, and Tampa, where there has been a large number of people moving from other parts of the United States (mostly New York, New Jersey and Illinois), and even other areas of the world, the culture is much more diverse, and has been heavily influenced by Caribbean, Latin American, Jewish, and European culture. Thus, modern-day Florida, from the second half of the 20th century through today, has been heavily influenced by the cultures of people moving in from foreign countries and other parts of the United States, and is often a mix of cultures, values, and ideas.

The state's close proximity to the ocean influences many aspects of Florida culture and daily life. Many people in Florida are avid boaters, surfers, divers. Florida is home to more charter boat companies than any state in the United States. Snorkeling is a popular weekend activity in southern Florida, with several sites have dive and snorkeling training. In northern Florida, there are many horse breeding and riding farms, and the area around Ocala is one of the centers of thoroughbred horse breeding in the world. Florida culture is also influenced by tourism, an important industry in the state. Florida is home to the largest number of cruise ships in the world, and many people work in the cruise industry.

Cuisine
Southern Florida has been more influenced by infusions from the various cuisines of the Caribbean, South America, and Europe, compared to Northern Florida. However, the cuisine of the Southern United States is popular throughout the whole state. Florida is most often associated with seafood, key lime pie and Floribbean cuisine. Citrus production is a major industry and citrus fruits are widely consumed. Tropical fruits are grown in South Florida and are widely used in Florida cuisine. Barbecue is especially popular throughout the state, where many barbecue competitions are held annually. The development of Florida cuisine has drawn on the cuisines of the southeastern United States, the Bahamas, Colombia, Spain, Cuba, and the rest of the Caribbean, as well as being influenced by national and worldwide trends. Florida attracts immigrants from places around the world as well, many of whom bring their native cuisine with them.

Economic trends
Florida's population increases annually more rapidly than that of most states. The main economic driver for Florida is tourism. Hotels, restaurants, leisure activities and other tourism-related activities are economically important. Many people from other states retire in Florida. This helps drive home construction, infrastructure expansion, as well as the banking and financial planning industries. Recreational and commercial fishing have been economically important in Florida for over a century.

Florida is also an important agricultural state, producing large amounts of vegetables, fruits, cattle, and dairy products. Light manufacturing has recently increased in Florida, and a number of companies have moved their headquarters to the state, attracted by lower taxes and less regulations.

Languages
As of 2005, 74.54 percent of Florida residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a first language, while 18.65 percent spoke Spanish, and 1.73 percent of the population spoke French Creole (predominantly Haitian Creole). French was spoken by 0.63 percent, followed by German at 0.45 percent, and Portuguese at 0.44 percent of all residents. Also, Italian comprised 0.32 percent, while Tagalog made up 0.30 percent of speakers, Vietnamese was at 0.25 percent and Arabic at 0.23 percent. In all, 25.45 percent of Florida's population age 5 and older spoke a language other than English.

Florida's public education system identifies over 200 first languages other than English spoken in the homes of students. In 1990, the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) won a class action lawsuit against the state Florida Department of Education that required educators to be trained in teaching English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL).

Literature

Florida literature is as varied as the state itself. Genres traditionally include fiction, nonfiction, and poetry, and some of it may be considered part of the American regional Southern literature genre. Writers affiliated with the locale of Florida include William Bartram, Elizabeth Bishop, James Branch Cabell, Hart Crane, Stephen Crane, Harry Crews, Nilo Cruz, John Fleming, Ernest Hemingway, Carl Hiaasen, Jay Hopler, Zora Neale Hurston, José Martí, Campbell McGrath, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Wallace Stevens, and Harriet Beecher Stowe.

Music

Florida is the birthplace of Southern Rock.  Bands such as Lynyrd Skynyrd, Molly Hatchet, The Allman Brothers all hailed from Northern Florida. The Outlaws hailed from Tampa Bay.

Florida is home to several unique music subgenres including Freestyle Florida breaks and Miami bass.

Since the 90s, Miami has made a name in the world of electronic, rap, and reggaeton music. Miami Music Week, founded in 2010, is an annual electronic music event that gathers top EDM artists around the world. It is considered an institution in EDM. Some of the notable subgenres that participate at this event are Deep House, Techno, and Techno House. Other notable artists from Florida include Tom Petty, K.C. and the Sunshine Band, Less than Jake, Rabbit in the Moon, Company B, Expose, Stevie B and Will to Power.

Religion
According to the Pew Research Center's Religious Landscape Study, Florida's populations is 70% Christian (the largest sect of which is "Evangelical Protestant"), 6% non-Christian, and 24% "No Religion" or "Nothing in Particular." The latter categories, according to the same study, are rising over time, which is consistent with trends nationwide.

Sports and recreation

Sports in Florida include professional teams from all major sport leagues, many minor league professional teams, Olympic Games contenders and medalists, collegiate teams in major and small-school conferences and associations, and active amateur teams and individual sports.

The state has teams in each of the major professional sports leagues, including – three National Football League (NFL) teams: the Miami Dolphins, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and the Jacksonville Jaguars; two Major League Baseball (MLB) teams: the Miami Marlins and the Tampa Bay Rays; two National Basketball Association (NBA) teams: the Miami Heat and the Orlando Magic; and two National Hockey League (NHL) teams: the Florida Panthers and the Tampa Bay Lightning. Additionally, Major League Soccer has two teams, Orlando City SC, and Inter Miami FC.

Florida also has an abundance of outdoor recreational activities. Outdoor activities include hiking, surfing, and hunting. Notable auto-racing tracks include: Daytona International Speedway, Homestead-Miami Speedway, Sebring International Raceway, and Streets of St. Petersburg. The Miami Grand Prix is a Formula One Grand Prix which was held for the first time during the 2022 season, with the event taking place at the Miami International Autodrome on a ten-year contract.

See also
 Demographics of Florida

References

Works cited

Florida

Culture of Florida


In differential geometry, an Ehresmann connection (after the French mathematician Charles Ehresmann who first formalized this concept) is a version of the notion of a connection, which makes sense on any smooth fiber bundle. In particular, it does not rely on the possible vector bundle structure of the underlying fiber bundle, but nevertheless, linear connections may be viewed as a special case. Another important special case of Ehresmann connections are principal connections on principal bundles, which are required to be equivariant in the principal Lie group action.

Introduction
A covariant derivative in differential geometry is a linear differential operator which takes the directional derivative of a section of a vector bundle in a covariant manner.  It also allows one to formulate a notion of a parallel section of a bundle in the direction of a vector: a section s is parallel along a vector X if .  So a covariant derivative provides at least two things: a differential operator, and a notion of what it means to be parallel in each direction.  An Ehresmann connection drops the differential operator completely and defines a connection axiomatically in terms of the sections parallel in each direction .  Specifically, an Ehresmann connection singles out a vector subspace of each tangent space to the total space of the fiber bundle, called the horizontal space.  A section s is then horizontal (i.e., parallel) in the direction X if  lies in a horizontal space.  Here we are regarding s as a function  from the base M to the fiber bundle E, so that  is then the pushforward of tangent vectors.  The horizontal spaces together form a vector subbundle of .

This has the immediate benefit of being definable on a much broader class of structures than mere vector bundles.   In particular, it is well-defined on a general fiber bundle.  Furthermore, many of the features of the covariant derivative still remain: parallel transport, curvature, and holonomy.

The missing ingredient of the connection, apart from linearity, is covariance.  With the classical covariant derivatives, covariance is an a posteriori feature of the derivative.  In their construction one specifies the transformation law of the Christoffel symbols – which is not covariant – and then general covariance of the derivative follows as a result.  For an Ehresmann connection, it is possible to impose a generalized covariance principle from the beginning by introducing a Lie group acting on the fibers of the fiber bundle.  The appropriate condition is to require that the horizontal spaces be, in a certain sense, equivariant with respect to the group action.

The finishing touch for an Ehresmann connection is that it can be represented as a differential form, in much the same way as the case of a connection form.  If the group acts on the fibers and the connection is equivariant, then the form will also be equivariant.  Furthermore, the connection form allows for a definition of curvature as a curvature form as well.

Formal definition

Let  be a smooth fiber bundle. Let

be the vertical bundle consisting of the vectors "tangent to the fibers" of E, i.e. the fiber of V at  is . This subbundle of  is canonically defined even when there is no canonical subspace tangent to the base space M. (Of course, this asymmetry comes from the very definition of a fiber bundle, which "only has one projection"  while a product  would have two.)

Definition via horizontal subspaces

An Ehresmann connection on E is a smooth subbundle H of , called the horizontal bundle of the connection, which is complementary to V, in the sense that it defines a direct sum decomposition . In more detail, the horizontal bundle has the following properties.
 For each point ,  is a vector subspace of the tangent space   to E at e, called the horizontal subspace of the connection at e.
  depends smoothly on e.
 For each , .
 Any tangent vector in TeE (for any e∈E) is the sum of a horizontal and vertical component, so that TeE  = He + Ve.

In more sophisticated terms, such an assignment of horizontal spaces satisfying these properties corresponds precisely to a smooth section of the jet bundle  J1E → E.

Definition via a connection form

Equivalently, let  be the projection onto the vertical bundle V along H (so that H = ker ).  This is determined by the above direct sum decomposition of TE into horizontal and vertical parts and is sometimes called the connection form of the Ehresmann connection.  Thus  is a vector bundle homomorphism from TE to itself with the following properties (of projections in general):
 2 = ;
   is  the identity on V =Im .

Conversely, if  is a vector bundle endomorphism of TE satisfying these two properties, then H = ker  is the horizontal subbundle of an Ehresmann connection.

Finally, note that , being a linear mapping of each tangent space into itself, may also be regarded as a TE-valued 1-form on E. This will be a useful perspective in sections to come.

Parallel transport via horizontal lifts
An Ehresmann connection also prescribes a manner for lifting curves from the base manifold M into the total space of the fiber bundle E so that the tangents to the curve are horizontal. These horizontal lifts are a direct analogue of parallel transport for other versions of the connection formalism.

Specifically, suppose that γ(t) is a smooth curve in M through the point x = γ(0).  Let e ∈ Ex be a point in the fiber over x.  A lift of γ through e is a curve  in the total space E such that
, and
A lift is horizontal if, in addition, every tangent of the curve lies in the horizontal subbundle of TE:

It can be shown using the rank–nullity theorem applied to π and  that each vector X∈TxM has a unique horizontal lift to a vector .  In particular, the tangent field to γ generates a horizontal vector field in the total space of the pullback bundle γ*E.  By the Picard–Lindelöf theorem, this vector field is integrable.  Thus, for any curve γ and point e over x = γ(0), there exists a unique horizontal lift of γ through e for small time t.

Note that, for general Ehresmann connections, the horizontal lift is path-dependent.  When two smooth curves in M, coinciding at γ1(0) = γ2(0) = x0 and also intersecting at another point x1 ∈ M, are lifted horizontally to E through the same e ∈ π−1(x0), they will generally pass through different points of π−1(x1).  This has important consequences for the differential geometry of fiber bundles: the space of sections of H is not a Lie subalgebra of the space of vector fields on E, because it is not (in general) closed under the Lie bracket of vector fields. This failure of closure under Lie bracket is measured by the curvature.

Properties

Curvature

Let  be an Ehresmann connection.  Then the curvature of  is given by

where [-,-] denotes the Frölicher-Nijenhuis bracket of  ∈ Ω1(E,TE) with itself.  Thus R ∈ Ω2(E,TE) is the two-form on E with values in TE defined by
,
or, in other terms,
,
where X = XH + XV denotes the direct sum decomposition into H and V components, respectively.  From this last expression for the curvature, it is seen to vanish identically if, and only if, the horizontal subbundle is Frobenius integrable.  Thus the curvature is the integrability condition for the horizontal subbundle to yield transverse sections of the fiber bundle E → M.

The curvature of an Ehresmann connection also satisfies a version of the Bianchi identity:

where again [-,-] is the Frölicher-Nijenhuis bracket of  ∈ Ω1(E,TE) and R ∈ Ω2(E,TE).

Completeness

An Ehresmann connection allows curves to have unique horizontal lifts locally.  For a complete Ehresmann connection, a curve can be horizontally lifted over its entire domain.

Holonomy
Flatness of the connection corresponds locally to the Frobenius integrability of the horizontal spaces.  At the other extreme, non-vanishing curvature implies the presence of holonomy of the connection.

Special cases

Principal bundles and principal connections

Suppose that E is a smooth principal G-bundle over M. Then an Ehresmann connection H on E is said to be a principal (Ehresmann) connection if it is invariant with respect to the G action on E in the sense that
 for any e∈E and g∈G; here  denotes the differential of the right action of g on E at e.

The one-parameter subgroups of G act vertically on E.  The differential of this action allows one to identify the subspace  with the Lie algebra g of group G, say by map . The connection form  of the Ehresmann connection may then be viewed as a 1-form ω on E with values in g defined by ω(X)=ι((X)).

Thus reinterpreted, the connection form ω satisfies the following two properties:
 It transforms equivariantly under the G action:   for all h∈G, where Rh* is the pullback under the right action and Ad is the adjoint representation of G on its Lie algebra.
 It maps vertical vector fields to their associated elements of the Lie algebra: ω(X)=ι(X) for all X∈V.
Conversely, it can be shown that such a g-valued 1-form on a principal bundle generates a horizontal distribution satisfying the aforementioned properties.

Given a local trivialization one can reduce ω to the horizontal vector fields (in this trivialization). It defines a 1-form ω'  on M via pullback. The form ω determines ω completely, but it depends on the choice of trivialization. (This form is often also called a connection form and denoted simply by ω.)

Vector bundles and covariant derivatives

Suppose that E is a smooth vector bundle over M. Then an Ehresmann connection H on E is said to be a linear (Ehresmann) connection if He depends linearly on e ∈ Ex for each x ∈ M. To make this precise, let Sλ denote scalar multiplication by λ on E. Then H is linear if and only if for any e ∈ E and scalar λ.

Since E is a vector bundle, its vertical bundle V is isomorphic to π*E. Therefore if s is a section of E, then
(ds):TM→s*V=s*π*E=E. It is a vector bundle morphism, and is therefore given by a section ∇s of the vector bundle Hom(TM,E). The fact that the Ehresmann connection is linear implies that in addition it verifies for every function  on  the Leibniz rule, i.e. , and therefore is a  covariant derivative of s.

Conversely a covariant derivative ∇ on a vector bundle defines a linear Ehresmann connection by defining He, for e ∈ E with x=π(e), to be the image dsx(TxM) where s is a section of E with s(x) = e and ∇Xs = 0 for all X ∈ TxM.

Note that (for historical reasons) the term linear when applied to connections, is sometimes used (like the word affine – see Affine connection) to refer to connections defined on the tangent bundle or frame bundle.

Associated bundles
An Ehresmann connection on a fiber bundle (endowed with a structure group) sometimes gives rise to an Ehresmann connection on an associated bundle.  For instance, a (linear) connection in a vector bundle E, thought of giving a parallelism of E as above, induces a connection on the associated bundle of frames PE of E.  Conversely, a connection in PE gives rise to a (linear) connection in E provided that the connection in PE is equivariant with respect to the action of the general linear group on the frames (and thus a principal connection).  It is not always possible for an Ehresmann connection to induce, in a natural way, a connection on an associated bundle.  For example, a non-equivariant Ehresmann connection on a bundle of frames of a vector bundle may not induce a connection on the vector bundle.

Suppose that E is an associated bundle of P, so that E = P ×G F.  A G-connection on E is an Ehresmann connection such that the parallel transport map τ : Fx → Fx′ is given by a G-transformation of the fibers (over sufficiently nearby points x and x′ in M joined by a curve).

Given a principal connection on P, one obtains a G-connection on the associated fiber bundle E = P ×G F via pullback.

Conversely, given a G-connection on E it is possible to recover the principal connection on the associated principal bundle P.  To recover this principal connection, one introduces the notion of a frame on the typical fiber F.  Since G is a finite-dimensional Lie group acting effectively on F, there must exist a finite configuration of points (y1,...,ym) within F such that the G-orbit R = {(gy1,...,gym) | g ∈  G} is a principal homogeneous space of G.  One can think of R as giving a generalization of the notion of a frame for the G-action on F.  Note that, since R is a principal homogeneous space for G, the fiber bundle E(R) associated to E with typical fiber R is (equivalent to) the principal bundle associated to E.  But it is also a subbundle of the m-fold product bundle of E with itself.  The distribution of horizontal spaces on E induces a distribution of spaces on this product bundle.  Since the parallel transport maps associated to the connection are G-maps, they preserve the subspace E(R), and so the G-connection descends to a principal G-connection on E(R).

In summary, there is a one-to-one correspondence (up to equivalence) between the descents of principal connections to associated fiber bundles, and G-connections on associated fiber bundles.  For this reason, in the category of fiber bundles with a structure group G, the principal connection contains all relevant information for G-connections on the associated bundles.  Hence, unless there is an overriding reason to consider connections on associated bundles (as there is, for instance, in the case of Cartan connections) one usually works directly with the principal connection.

Notes

References

Further reading
 Raoul Bott (1970) "Topological obstruction to integrability", Proc. Symp. Pure Math., 16' Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI.

Connection (mathematics)

Ehresmann connection