Botrypus virginianus, synonym Botrychium virginianum, sometimes called rattlesnake fern is a species of perennial fern in the adders-tongue family. It is monotypic within the genus Botrypus, meaning that it is the only species within the genus. It is called the rattlesnake fern in some parts of North America, due to its habit of growing in places where rattlesnakes are also found. Rattlesnake fern prefers to grow in rich, moist woods in dense shade and will not tolerate direct sunlight.

Description
It is a low growing species, typically being a foot high or smaller. The leaf emerges in the early spring and will senesce in late summer. The leaf is roughly triangularly shaped and 15–50 cm in size and held roughly parallel to the ground. The leaf is 3-4 times pinnately compound, brightly green colored, and feels soft to the touch.  The stem is round and bicolor, being pinkish or light tan at the base but greenish nearer the branches or leaves. The diploid number is 184.

Rattlesnake fern has separate fertile and sterile leaves, when present the sterile leaf arises halfway up the stalk and the fertile leaf exists at the tip. The spores are shed in late spring.  Like other ferns rattlesnake fern undergoes alternation of generations and the form described in this article is the sporophyte.

This fern has been used medicinally. In India it is still used to treat dysentery.

Taxonomy and genetics

Recent research has determined that the mitochondria are genetic chimera.  DNA from some member of the Santalales, possibly a species of mistletoe, has transferred to the mitochondrial genome of this species of fern. It is believed that this transfer may have helped to enable this plant's cosmopolitan global distribution.

This plant has traditionally been included in the genus Botrychium as the subgenus Osmundopteris (based on the species' superficial similarities to the genus Osmunda), but was unique within the genus because of chromosome number and other signatures, including the inclusion of presumed mistletoe DNA within its mitochondria.  Recent research has established that this plant is sister to all other botrychioid plants, including both the genus Botrychium sensu stricto – rattlesnake fern, common grapefern – and the genus Sceptridium, with the exception of a single known species, previously included in Botrypus, which is B. strictus.  That plant was shown to be sister to all other botrychioids, so must be segregated in its own genus.

Distribution
This is a wide-ranging species. It abounds in many parts of the United States, in the mountains of Mexico, in Australia, in some parts of Asia, as the Himalaya Mountains, and is found also in Norway, in the Karelia region of Finland and Russia, and around Gulf of Bothnia, although in no other part of Europe. It is large and succulent and is boiled and eaten in the Himalayas.

References

Ophioglossaceae
Ferns of Asia
Ferns of the Americas
Ferns of Europe
Ferns of Mexico
Ferns of the United States
Flora of China
Flora of East Himalaya
Ferns of Australia
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Taxa named by André Michaux
Monotypic fern genera

Botrypus


Finniss (formerly Queen's Own Town) is a settlement in South Australia. It is on the Victor Harbor railway line just the Adelaide side of where it crosses the Finniss River.

The town was originally surveyed with the name Queen's Own Town (after the Queens Own Regiment of Foot) in 1867 as the railway line was being extended from Goolwa to Strathalbyn. The name of the town was not changed to Finniss until 1940, although the adjacent railway station had already been named Finniss in honour of an early surveyor and the first Premier of South Australia, Colonel Boyle Travers Finniss.

References

Towns in South Australia

Finniss, South Australia


Crotalus viridis (commonly known as the prairie rattlesnake or desert rattlesnake) is a species of venomous Pit vipers. There is currently only six  subspecies recognized, not including the nominate subspecies like the hopi,  and others.

Description
The Prairie Rattlesnake usually grows up to the length of around 100 centimeters (3.3 ft). Prairie Rattlesnakes in Montana can sometimes grow up to the length of 120 centimeters (3.9 ft), but the longest ever found was 151.5 centimeters (4.97 ft) long. They are usually light brown in color with some patches of dark brown.

Feeding
Prairie Rattlesnakes eat mainly small mammals like ground squirrels, mice, rats, small rabbits, and prairie dogs. Young Prairie Rattlesnakes eat amphibians, and small reptiles.

Reproduction
Female  Prairie Rattlesnakes are viviparous, and can give birth to around 3-25 young at a time. The young are born around between August and October.

Behavior
Prairie Rattlesnake are diurnal in cool weathers, and nocturnal in hot weathers. They have a very powerful and deadly venom which they only use if attacked. Like other rattlesnakes they shake their tail to make a rasping sound which warns enemies.

Common names
The Prairie Rattlesnake is also called the "Western Rattlesnake", the "Plains Rattlesnake", the "Black Rattler", the "Confluent Rattlesnake", the "Missouri Rattlesnake", the "Spotted Rattlesnake",  the ''  Desert Rattlesnake'',  and the "Western Pacific Rattlesnake".

Where they live
It is also found in southwestern Canada, south to the United States of America, and northern Mexico. In Canada it is found in Alberta, and Saskatchewan, in the United States of America it is found in eastern Oregon, eastern Washington, southern Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and eastern Arizona, in Mexico it is found in northern Coahuila, and northwestern Chihuahua.

Subspecies
Not including the nominate subspecies, Crotalus Viridis Viridis, the Prairie Rattlesnake only has one subspecies: the "Hopi Rattlesnake" (Crotalus Viridis Nuntius) which is found in northeastern and north-central Arizona, and New Mexico.

References

Vipers
Snakes of North America

Crotalus viridis


Mohammed ibn al-Talib al-Tawudi ibn Suda (; 1700–1795) was one of the most influential scholars of the 18th century in Morocco, both politically and intellectually. He is described by the Egyptian historian, Al-Jabarti, as the "crescent of the Maghrib". He went on the hajj in 1767-1768 and studied in Medina with Mohammed ibn Abdel Karim al-Samman (1718–1775), founder of the Sammaniyya branch of the Khalwatiyya and in Cairo with the Indian scholar Mohammed Murtada al-Zabidi (d. 1791). In Cairo he also taught the Muwatta of Malik ibn Anas at the Al-Azhar. Ibn Suda was appointed by the sultan in 1788 to reform the curriculum at the Qarawiyin University of Fez, where he was installed as mufti and shaykh al-jamaa. Ibn Suda is also well known as the author of a commentary on Sahih al-Bukhari and as the teacher of Ahmed ibn Idris.

See also

 Zawiya of Sidi Taoudi Ben Souda

References

Moroccan writers
Moroccan Maliki scholars
1700 births
1795 deaths
18th-century Moroccan people
Scholars from Fez, Morocco

Mohammed al-Tawudi ibn Suda


Sir Arthur John Wilton  (21 October 1921 – 12 June 2011), known as John Wilton, was a British diplomat who was Ambassador to Kuwait (1970–1974) and to Saudi Arabia (1976–1979).

Wilton was born on 21 October 1921, the son of Walter and Annetta Wilton. He was educated at Wanstead High School, winning an Open Scholarship to St John's College, Oxford in 1940. In 1942 he was commissioned into the Royal Ulster Rifles, and served with the Irish Brigade in North Africa, Italy and Austria between 1943 and 1946. He was awarded the Military Cross and was Mentioned in Despatches. He was awarded a War-time MA (first class Honours) from the University of Oxford on the basis of the time spent at Oxford and on war service.

He entered HM Diplomatic Service in 1947, with postings in Lebanon, Egypt, Gulf Shaikdoms (including the post of the first Political Officer resident in Doha, Qatar, August 1949 – July 1950), Yugoslavia and Roumania. He was Director of the Middle East Centre for Arab Studies in Lebanon from 1960 to 1965, Deputy High Commissioner in Aden 1966–1967, Ambassador to Kuwait 1970–1974, Assistant Under-Secretary of State, Foreign and Commonwealth Office 1974–1976, and Ambassador to Saudi Arabia 1976–1979. He was also Director of the London House for Overseas Graduates 1979–1986 and Chairman of the Arab-British Centre 1981–1986.

After he retired to Devon, he was President of the Plymouth branch of the English Speaking Union (from 1991) and a Trustee of the Arab-British Chamber Charitable Foundation (from 1989), churchwarden of St. Maurice's Church, Plympton, Devon and chairman of the charity Call South West. He was awarded an Honorary LLD in 1986 by New England College, New Hampshire, USA.

Wilton died suddenly on 12 June 2011, aged 89. He was survived by his wife of 60 years, Maureen, children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren.Lady Wilton died in 2019.

References

1921 births
2011 deaths
Royal Ulster Rifles officers
British Army personnel of World War II
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Kuwait
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Saudi Arabia
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Recipients of the Military Cross
Members of HM Diplomatic Service
British expatriates in Australia
British expatriates in Italy
British expatriates in Lebanon
British expatriates in Egypt
British expatriates in Qatar
British expatriates in Yugoslavia
British expatriates in Romania
20th-century British diplomats

John Wilton (diplomat)


Hieronim Derdowski (March 9, 1852, Wiele, Pomeranian Voivodeship, German Empire – August 13, 1902, Winona, Minnesota, America) (Kashubian Hieronim Derdowsczi or Jarosz Derdowsczi), Kashubian-Polish intellectual and activist, was born to Kashubian parents in the Pomeranian village of Wiele. By the time Derdowski emigrated to the United States in 1885, he had already studied for the Roman Catholic priesthood, been repeatedly incarcerated by the German authorities, and edited a newspaper in the city of Torun. At the time, however, Derdowski was better known as a poet. Within two years of reaching the United States he became editor of the Winona, Minnesota Polish-language newspaper Wiarus. In this role he gained a reputation as a strong voice for the Polish-American community, also known as Polonia.

Life in Poland
Given Derdowski's flair for storytelling, his own accounts of his youthful adventures should likely be taken with caution. He may or may not have run away to join the French Foreign Legion at age fifteen, or studied for the priesthood in Rome. But it is clear from Polish sources that young Hieronym was intended to become a priest and that he received in Chojnice and then Braniewo an appropriately rigorous education, which included both Polish and German. To judge from Derdowski's literary accomplishments he was an excellent, if not necessarily well-behaved student: the brilliant but incorrigibly roguish young student "Derda" who causes so much trouble in Book Three of Majkowski's epic The Life and Adventures of Remus is beyond doubt a representation of Derdowski, upon whom Majkowski also wrote a 1911 monograph.

Between 1870 and 1876 Derdowski worked mostly at teaching jobs while continuing to write poetry. After an abortive trip to France in 1877–1878 he returned to Torun, where he edited the newspaper Gazeta Torunska from 1879 to 1882. His life after that was marked by wandering, poverty, and imprisonment in German jails until 1885, when personal and economic reasons convinced him to start a new life in the United States. Although he was obviously not beloved of the Prussian authorities, neither was he in danger of long-term incarceration.

Despite his straitened living circumstances, Derdowski produced his finest work while living in Poland. Highly learned and equally fluent in the Kashubian "vernacular" and the Polish "high tongue," he contributed greatly to both the Kashubian and the Polish traditions. His 1880 satirical epic, O Panu Czorlińścim co do Pucka po sece jachoł (Mr. Czorlinsczi Goes To Puck To Buy Fishing Nets) is regarded as the beginning of Kashubian poetry. Other Kashubian-language works written before his emigration are Kaszubi pod Widnem ("The Kashubians by Widno," 1883)
and Jasiek na Knieji ("Johnny from the Forest," 1884).

Life in Winona
Upon reaching the United States, Derdowski worked first for the Chicago socialist newspaper Gazeta Narodowa and then for the Pielgrzym Polski of Detroit.  At the invitation of Father Jan Romuald Byzewski, pastor of the Parish of Saint Stanislaus Kostka and (like Derdowski) a participant in the Kashubian diaspora, he came to Winona, Minnesota to edit Wiarus. Derdowski's arrival made Winona a major center of Polish-American intellectual life. Though Wiarus may have changed its affiliation back and forth between the Polish Roman Catholic Union of America and the Polish National Alliance, the force of his impassioned rhetoric never faltered. And even when Derdowski's voice was not appreciated, it was always heard: in Minnesota, in Chicago, on the East Coast, and even in the Old Country itself. Although Wiarus was written in so-called "pure" Polish, Derdowski's literary achievements and presence in Winona contributed to its being known as the "Kashubian Capital of America."

Derdowski also involved himself in the affairs of Saint Stanislaus Kostka Parish. After Father Byzewski left in 1890, a series of pastors and assistant pastors served Saint Stanislaus, some of whom met with Derdowski's approval and some not. Tensions often rose, especially during the parish's rapid growth in the early 1890s and Derdowski was in the thick of things, more often than not fanning the flames. With the 1894 arrival of Father Jakub W.J. Pacholski as pastor, Saint Stanislaus returned to an even keel and Derdowski played a more settled role in the life of Winona's Kashubian community. Sadly, Derdowski never fully recovered from an 1896 stroke, and the strain of providing for his wife, Joanna, and their two daughters also took its toll on his health. His death in 1902 was scarcely even noticed by the local Winona press. Joanna Derdowska continued operating Wiarus until 1915, when it was sold outside of the family, finally shutting down in 1919.

Legacy
Hieronim Derdowski combined, both in his life and in his writing, his devotion to both of his heritages: Kashubian and Polish. On the death of the founder of Kaszubian literature, Dr. Florian Ceynowa, he famously stated Nie ma Kaszëb bez Polonii, a bez Kaszëb Polśczi "No Kaszubia without Polonia, no Poland without Kaszubia." This attitude he applied equally to both periods of his life: the Polish years and the American years. He supported the retention of old Kashubian ways, but considered that his native culture was viable only under the larger and more pervasive Polish culture; an educated Kashubian had also to be an educated Pole:

Derdowski further insisted that Kashubian Americans were obliged to learn and observe both Polish and Kashubian traditions while becoming solid citizens of their new country. Over the years, Derdowski's efforts have been honored and celebrated within his native land. His works were influential upon Dr. Aleksander Majkowski and the Society of Young Kashubians; they continue to receive considerable attention from Kashubian and Polish scholars today. A statue of him was erected in his native Wiele. Aside from activities sponsored by Winona's Polish Cultural Institute and Museum, Derdowski is sadly far less remembered in the United States, where a simple headstone marks his grave in a beautiful, out of the way Roman Catholic cemetery in a sleepy river town of 27,000 souls.

Works
His works were part of following anthologies:
 Modra struna (1973)

References

1852 births
1902 deaths
German emigrants to the United States
American people of Kashubian descent
American people of Polish descent
Catholics from Minnesota
Poets from Minnesota
Kashubian poets
People from Winona, Minnesota
Kashubian culture
Kashubian literature
19th-century Polish poets
Kashubian-language writers

Hieronim Derdowski


Treading water or water treading is what a swimmer can do while in a vertical position to keep their head above the surface of the water, while not providing sufficient directional thrust to overcome inertia and propel the swimmer in any specific direction. As it expends less energy than traditional strokes, it is often used by swimmers to rest in between periods of exertion without having to leave the water.

In figurative language, the expression "treading water" has become a metaphor for an effort expected to create motion, but which actually results in merely staying in one, possibly barely sustainable, place.

Methods
Any sort of movement that allows the swimmer to do this can be classified as treading water, but it is more efficient to move the arms and legs in a specific fashion.

Non-swimmers often splash and kick in an effort to stay above the surface but their lack of technique along with shortness of breath and the panic factor make for a very ineffective method of treading water. They will usually tire quickly and not be able to stay above the surface very long.

Experienced swimmers use a variety of techniques to stay above the surface.  These techniques often involve sculling, flutter kick, and other unofficial techniques of staying above the surface.

Eggbeater kick

The eggbeater kick is an efficient method of treading water.  It involves the swimmer in a "sitting position" in the water.  The swimmer's back must be straight, knees bent so that the thighs are parallel to the surface of the water, and lower legs perpendicular to the surface.

The left foot makes a clockwise motion while the right leg makes a counterclockwise motion towards the axis of the body, in a similar manner to operating the pedals on a bicycle.  The legs should never meet as when one foot is on the inside of the motion, the other should be on the outside.  The arms are not involved directly in this kick.

The most critical aspect to having an effective eggbeater kick is flexibility.  A very good hip motion range is needed to achieve a good eggbeater kick.

The eggbeater kick can be used to move through the water if the body is angled.  Because of the opposite motion of the legs, the eggbeater is a very smooth and steady way of treading water.  Another thing worth mentioning is that it does not usually involve the use of the hands, leaving them to be used for other matters.

Because of its efficiency and simplicity, this method of treading water is one of the most commonly used methods by lifeguards and other aquatic rescue professionals.  Since this method does not occupy the hands it is often used by these kinds of professionals as they sometimes have to perform first aid while swimming back to safety.

The eggbeater kick is also used in water polo because it lets the athletes use their arms to throw the ball. The eggbeater kick is the primary kick that enables the player to support themselves in the water while passing, shooting, defending, and resting – horizontally and vertically. It is also used for getting a quick, explosive start, when the player is beginning to swim. Greater elevation of the Polo player is created by a stronger eggbeater kick which results in a better rotation and stronger pass or shot. Overuse of the eggbeater kick has been a cause of knee injuries in water polo players.

Furthermore, the eggbeater kick is also used in synchronized swimming since it grants stability and height above the water while leaving the hands free to perform strokes. Using the eggbeater, swimmers can also perform "boosts", where they use their legs to momentarily propel themselves out of the water to their hips or higher.

Dog paddle and others
The dog paddle is a simple style often used instinctively by children.  It involves waving both hands & legs randomly while "on all fours".

Another popular style involves sculling water horizontally while using flutter kicks vertically.

See also

 List of swimming styles
 Spyhopping, vertically and momentarily staying out of the water by whales

References

Swimming styles

Treading water


Neverwhere is the companion novelisation written by English author Neil Gaiman of the television serial Neverwhere, written by Gaiman and devised by Lenny Henry. The plot and characters are exactly the same as in the series, with the exception that the novel form allowed Gaiman to expand and elaborate on certain elements of the story and restore changes made in the televised version from his original plans. Most notable is the appearance of the Floating Market at Harrods (in the novel) rather than under Battersea power station (the TV series). This is because the management of Harrods changed their minds about proposed filming. The novel was originally released by BBC Books in 1996, three episodes into the television series run. It was accompanied by a spoken word CD and cassette release, also by the BBC.

The novel enjoyed great success, whereas its television roots did not receive as much international exposure as the novel. In addition to being translated into various languages, it was also re-published as an "Author's Preferred Text" version, (a combination of the international and original English version, with additional scenes re-inserted by Gaiman) alongside American Gods in 2006. The original BBC Books version had a cover by longtime Gaiman collaborator Dave McKean, taken from the bird's head rings, flaming fist and London Underground styled graphics created by McKean for the series, as well as a brief section by Gaiman on the making of the series.

Plot
Neverwhere is the story of Richard Mayhew and his trials and tribulations in London. At the start of the story, he is a young businessman, recently moved from Scotland and with a normal life ahead. This breaks, however, when he stops to help a mysterious young girl who appears before him, bleeding and weakened, as he walks with his fiancée to dinner to meet her influential boss.

The morning after Richard rescues the girl, named Door, from the streets, she is greatly recovered and sends him to find the Marquis de Carabas, a man who will be able to help Door escape two infamous (and seemingly inhuman) assassins, the Messrs Croup and Vandemar. Richard brings the Marquis back to his apartment to meet Door, only to see both of them vanish immediately. Soon after, Richard begins to realise the consequences of his actions. He appears to have become invisible; he loses his job, where no one seems to recognise him, and his apartment is rented out to other people. His fiancée no longer recognizes him either.

Determined to set things right, Richard tries to enter the world of London Below in search of Door. He finds a tramp from Below, who is the only person able to see him, and recites the name of the Floating Market as the only place known to him in underworld. The tramp brings Richard to the realm of the Rat-Speakers, who worship and perform tasks for rats. They attempt to assault and rob Richard, but follow orders from the master rat and let him free. He then travels across the mysterious Knight's Bridge, whose darkness kills Richard's Rat-Speaker guide, Anaesthesia. Eventually he arrives at the Floating Market, where he meets again with Door, who is holding an audition for bodyguards. Going to the Market, a giant bazaar where people barter for all manner of junk and magical items, Richard realises that London Below is not such a bad place.

The legendary bodyguard and fighter Hunter joins Richard, Door and the Marquis and the party set out for the Earl's Court. Door and the Marquis have previously travelled to Door's home and discovered a diary entry made by Door's father, which advises her to seek aid from the angel Islington. When the four reach the Earl's Court, on a mysterious underground train which follows its own bizarre schedule, the Marquis is forced to leave. This is due to an old grudge between himself and the Earl. The rest discover that they need to travel through the relic Angelus to reach Islington, and that the Angelus resides in the British Museum.

Door and Richard travel to the Museum, while Hunter, due to a curse which prevents her from entering London Above, remains in the abandoned British Museum underground station. After some searching they find the Angelus, which Door "opens" using her family's Talent, and travel through it to the underground home of the angel. Islington explains that its position as protector of London Below is a punishment for the submersion of Atlantis, which had also been also under its care, and tells Door that it will help her learn the identity of those who killed her family, for a price. She and her company must retrieve a unique key from the Black Friars and bring it to the angel.

The two return to the Museum and go below to reunite with Hunter. In the meantime, the Marquis seeks out Croup and Vandemar, exchanging a priceless Tang dynasty figurine for information regarding who ordered the murder of Door's family. The true price for this information, however, is his life; Croup and Vandemar capture, torture, and kill him, breaking the one-hour "head start" agreement that was part of their deal with the Marquis.

Door, Richard, and Hunter proceed onward to the dwelling of the Black Friars. There, they are faced with a series of three ordeals; Hunter wins a test of strength, Door wins a test of intellect, and Richard, alone in history, wins a test of character. He is nearly convinced that his adventures Below have all been a hallucination, but a trinket from his now-dead friend Anaesthesia re-orients him. As a result, the three succeed in gaining the key. Richard's ordeal greatly changes him, causing him to lose most of his self-doubts; he is now confident enough to interact with other beings of London Below. The three then travel to the Floating Market, where Richard and Hunter seek the Marquis without success. While they are gone Door secretly commissions a copy of the Black Friars' key from Hammersmith, a blacksmith friend of hers. Richard enlists the mysterious Lamia, one of the vampire-like Velvets, as a guide to lead them to the angel's residence.

They travel on London Below's Down Street, toward Islington. Door, Richard, Lamia, and Hunter make their way down the long path of Down Street. Meanwhile, the Marquis's body is found on a Market and revived by Old Bailey, who uses the box containing the Marquis's life. Weakened, the Marquis sets out himself, following Door and company. On Down Street, it is discovered that Lamia was a dangerous choice for a guide, because the price she demands of Richard for her services is higher than he can pay and yet live, but the Marquis appears in time to save him.

Hunter reveals she has long been a traitor to Door's cause. She gives Door to Croup and Vandemar, in exchange for the magical spear she needs to hunt and slay the great Beast of London. Croup and Vandemar, with Door captive, travel downward, while Richard, the Marquis, and Hunter travel at a slower pace, all toward the great labyrinth through which they need to pass to reach Islington. In this labyrinth the Beast of London dwells. Hunter and Richard battle it, with Richard being the only survivor. Richard and the Marquis rush ahead, to the final confrontation between the parties, in which Islington's true nature is revealed. Islington is revealed to have ordered Croup and Vandemar to execute Door's family as revenge for Door's father's refusal to assist it. Islington also reveals that it had manipulated her father's diary in order to lure her to it. Islington wishes to use Door and the key to force open the door to Heaven, where it seeks dominion over all the other angels as revenge for its banishment. After Richard is tortured by Croup and Vandemar, Door agrees to open the door, but she uses Hammersmith's copy instead of the genuine key, which doesn't open the door to Heaven, but leads instead to somewhere else, as far away as she could imagine, presumably to Hell. Islington, Croup and Vandemar are all sucked through the gateway before Door closes it. Door then uses the Black Friars' real key to allow Richard to travel back to London Above, where he finds himself restored to his normal life as it was before he first met Door.

After returning home, Richard is happy for a time, but he realises that his experiences have changed him, and that his old life and friends mean little to him now. He realises that he is not satisfied with the regular world, and wants to return to London Below but does not know how to do it. He draws the shape of a door with his knife (a dying gift from Hunter), but nothing happens so he despairs of returning and is feeling that he has ruined his life, but in the end the Marquis appears to provide a way back.

Adaptations and sequels
Gaiman hinted at a novella-length sequel in the commentary section of his short story collection Fragile Things, published in 2009. The story, titled "How The Marquis Got His Coat Back", was at that time said to be "half-written". The story was published in the 2014 anthology Rogues, edited by George R. R. Martin and is also now included as a coda to current printings and the audiobook of Neverwhere.

Gaiman's website FAQ states that a novel-length sequel to the book is a possibility; it will most likely be titled The Seven Sisters. Aside from an undated statement that "I don't think it's the next book I'll write", there is no indication of when the novel may be completed. In February 2017, whilst promoting his newest book, Norse Mythology in London, Gaiman confirmed to applause from the audience that he was three chapters into writing The Seven Sisters.

A nine-issue comic book limited series began in June 2005, written by Mike Carey (of the Vertigo Comics series Lucifer), with art by Glenn Fabry.

An all-star radio adaptation was broadcast 16–22 March 2013, commissioned by BBC Radio 4 and BBC Radio 4 Extra. Comments by critics were extremely favourable.

In 2017, HarperAudio, an imprint of HarperCollins, released an audiobook of the novel, narrated by Gaiman.

References

External links
Neverwhere at Neilgaiman.com
Elber-Aviram, H., (2013). "'The Past Is Below Us': Urban Fantasy, Urban Archaeology, and the Recovery of Suppressed History". Papers from the Institute of Archaeology. 23(1), p.Art. 7. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/pia.426. About Neverwhere in the wider context of the urban fantasy genre

1996 fantasy novels
1996 British novels
Novels by Neil Gaiman
Novels set in London
Novels set on the London Underground
Urban fantasy novels
Angel novels
Novels about museums
Novels set in museums
Portal fantasy
British Museum in media

Neverwhere (novel)


Garfield's Feline Fantasies is a 1990 American animated television special based on the Garfield comic strip and is produced by Film Roman, United Media/Mendelson, and Paws, Inc. It once again featured Lorenzo Music as the voice of Garfield. The animated short  was first broadcast on May 18, 1990 on CBS and September 10, 1991 on CITV and was nominated for Outstanding Animated Program at the 42nd Primetime Emmy Awards. The events of the special take place between the second and third seasons of Garfield and Friends. It has been released on both VHS and DVD home video.

This was the eleventh of twelve Garfield animated television shorts made between 1985 and 1992. This is the only Garfield animated television short  not to feature Lou Rawls.

Storyline
Garfield's fantasy life is beginning to take over his real life, in a Walter Mitty-esque fashion. He slips into a fantasy world at any moment, sometimes without warning, and most are threatening. In one of these fantasies, which composes the bulk of the special, he is Lance Sterling, a mix of James Bond and Indiana Jones. With his associate Slobberjob (Odie, who Garfield brought into the fantasy with him), he travels to exotic locations like Istanbul, Paris, and the Amazon rainforest to find "The Banana of Bombay," and lay claim to it before his enemy "Fat Guy" gets to it first. On the way they meet a mysterious Moldavian lady named Nadia, who has an agenda of her own.

Plot
Garfield is dreaming about being a submarine captain with Pooky as his commanding officer. When Garfield's alarm clock wakes him up, Garfield continues the dream's storyline and fires a torpedo (smashes the alarm clock). Enjoying this, Garfield enters a cowboy fantasy when greeting Odie for the morning and a magician fantasy when waking up Jon to make them breakfast. Odie joins him in the latter fantasy.

Garfield tells Odie their fantasies are not dangerous as Jon is always there to bail them out. They test this theory by entering a fantasy where they are jet pilots of a plane with faulty engines. When Jon saves them from falling, they decide the theory is correct and climb into the refrigerator, entering another fantasy.

In the fantasy, Garfield is Lance Sterling, a James-Bond-meets-Indiana-Jones figure, and Odie is Slobberjob, his bodyguard. The two travel to Istanbul and meet a villain named Fat Guy and his bodyguard Rameet. It is revealed Lance Sterling and Slobberjob have been sent to find the Banana of Bombay, the first banana used in the banana-peel gag. However, it disappeared years ago, and the holy ankh which contained a map to find it was split in half. Fat Guy explains he wants to sell the Banana to whichever country pays the most for it. Lance Sterling insults Fat Guy before agreeing to unite his half of the holy ankh with Fat Guy's. However, Lane Sterling steals Fat Guy's half of the ankh before escaping with Slobberjob. When Fat Guy's henchmen pursue them, a woman named Nadia distracts the henchmen so the protagonists can escape. She claims Lance Sterling and Slobberjob's employers sent her to protect them, but Lance Sterling says they don't need the help and tells her to leave.

Lance Sterling and Slobberjob combine the holy ankh pieces with a supercomputer and discover the ankh's map does not point to the Banana of Bombay, but a clue to the Banana's true location. They travel to Paris, and meet Nadia again after a humorous misunderstanding with a French waiter. She tells them Fat Guy and Rameet are tracking them, and after Slobberjob attempts to take on Rameet, he is thrown at an awning and discovers a map to the Banana of Bombay.

Arriving in the Amazon rainforest, Lance Sterling and Slobberjob enter a temple holding the Banana of Bombay. They discover the Banana on a pillar in the middle of a pool of lava, but it is taken by Nadia. She explains she is from Moldavia, which is a poor country, so the Moldavian government has decided to invest in tourism and they need the Banana to open a fruit stand. Fat Guy and Rameet take the banana and trap Lance Sterling, Nadia, and Slobberjob on the pillar. Rameet falls in the lava, and Slobberjob manages to get everyone off the pillar. A group of monkeys steal the Banana of Bombay from Fat Guy, but Lance Sterling and Slobberjob obtain the Banana and flee the temple, pursued by Fat Guy, Nadia, and the monkeys. They are cornered at a cliff, but use the Banana to slip all their adversaries and make them fall into a river. Rameet, who survived falling into the lava, confronts them, and they are forced to jump off the cliff.

Ending the fantasy, Garfield and Odie fall out of the refrigerator. When Jon asks Garfield if he had another fantasy, Garfield states it was his last one, only to enter another fantasy that mirrors Casablanca.

Cast
 Lorenzo Music - Garfield / Lance Sterling
 Gregg Berger - Waiter
 Thom Huge - Jon Arbuckle
 Julie Payne - Nadia
 Frank Welker - Fat Guy, Rameet

Uncredited
 Gregg Berger - Odie / Slobberjob

References

External links

Garfield television specials
1990s American television specials
1990s animated television specials
1990 television specials
1990s American animated films
1990 in American television
CBS television specials
Television shows directed by Phil Roman
Film Roman television specials

Garfield's Feline Fantasies


Major-General Kanwar Zorawar Singh MC (14 February 1920 – 24 December 1994) was a senior cavalry officer in the Indian Army.

Early life
Singh was born in the Princely state of Jaipur on 14 February 1920, the son of Major-General Sir Bhairon Singh, an officer in the Jaipur State Forces.  He attended the Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College (RIMC) from August 1931 to 1938.  Following his education at RIMC, he gained entrance to the Indian Military Academy.  Upon graduation in 1941, he would receive the Sword of Honour for the best overall performance by a gentleman cadet.

Military career
After receiving his commission as a cavalry officer, Singh briefly joined the 16th Light Cavalry before being transferred to the Central India Horse.  During the Italian Campaign, the Central India Horse was a reconnaissance unit for the 4th Indian Division.  Singh was made second-in-command of B Squadron in this regiment.  On 3 August 1944 Singh led a reconnaissance patrol consisting of his squadron and another towards Casale Vecchia, which is north-west of Arezzo.  The objective was to determine the location of the German frontline and eliminate any Germans encountered.  During the patrol, a German reconnaissance force was encountered.  The result of this engagement left two enemy dead and three others taken prisoner.  Singh was awarded the Military Cross for leadership during the operation.  In October 1944 the Central India Horse was sent to Greece to stabilise the country following the withdrawal of German forces.

After the Second World War, the Central India Horse returned to India in February 1946.  Singh was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and became commandant to the Central India Horse.  In 1948 Pakistani forces attempted seize control over the state of Jammu and Kashmir.  Singh was tasked with recapturing the town of Rajauri.  The 28-mile road from Naushera to Rajauri was heavily damaged with felled trees and boulders acting as roadblocks.  These obstructions had been mined.  The road had a significant elevation gain and sections of the road along cliffs had been intentionally narrowed by the enemy.  An assessment of the operation deemed it to be both time and labour-intensive to enable the road to be usable for an advance to Rajauri.  Despite the difficulty involved, Singh went ahead with the operation on 7 April 1948.  He would advance along the Tawi River, which was parallel to his route when sections of the road became impassable.  On the evening of 10 April his task force had reached Rajauri.  The arrival of Indian tanks in Rajauri had surprised the Pakistani Army and without equivalent firepower, they were forced to withdraw.  His successful leadership of the operation earned him the status of being one of independent India's first great tank commanders.

In 1948 Singh's tenure of command at the CIH ended, when he was selected to attend the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, United States.  He was appointed to the staff of the Defense Services Staff College at Wellington, where he served for three years until being appointed to command the Tactical Wing of the Armoured Corps Centre and School at Ahmednagar.  Upon promotion to brigadier, Singh was India's military attaché to France.

Later life
After retiring from the army at the age of 49, Singh was appointed Colonel-in-Chief of the Central India Horse.

Dates of rank

Notes

See also
Indian Army

References

Mishra, S., & Singh, B. (1997). Where Gallantry is Tradition: Saga of Rastriya Indian Military College. Allied Publishers.

External links
 Indian Army
 Bharat Rakshak: The Consortium of Indian Military Websites

1920 births
1994 deaths
British Indian Army officers
Indian Army personnel of World War II
Indian generals
Non-U.S. alumni of the Command and General Staff College
People from Jaipur
Rashtriya Indian Military College alumni
Commandants of Indian Military Academy
Indian recipients of the Military Cross
Indian military attachés
Academic staff of the Defence Services Staff College

Kanwar Zorawar Singh


Melqart () was the tutelary god of the Phoenician city-state of Tyre and a major deity in the Phoenician and Punic pantheons. He may have been central to the founding-myths of various Phoenician colonies throughout the Mediterranean, as well as the source of several myths concerning the exploits of Heracles. Many cities were thought to be founded (in one way or another) and protected by Melqart, no doubt springing from the original Phoenician practice of building a Temple of Melqart at new colonies. Similar to Tammuz and Adonis, he symbolized an annual cycle of death and rebirth.

Melqart was typically depicted as a bearded or with sideburns, dressed only in either a lion's skin or rounded shepherd's hat, and a loincloth. Reflecting his dual role as both protector of the world and ruler of the underworld, he was often shown holding an Ankh or Flower as a symbol of life, and a fenestrated axe as a symbol of death.

As Tyrian trade, colonization and settlement expanded, Melqart became venerated in Phoenician and Punic cultures across the Mediterranean, especially its colonies of Carthage and Cádiz. During the high point of Phoenician civilization between 1000 and 500 BCE, Melqart was associated with other pantheons and often venerated accordingly. Most notably, he was identified with the Greek Heracles and the Roman Hercules since at least the sixth century BCE, and eventually became interchangeable with his Greek counterpart.

In Cyprus, Melqart was syncretized with Eshmun and Asclepius, and also in Ibiza, as given by a dedication reciting: "to his lord, Eshmun-Melqart". In Tyre, women, foreigners, and pork were not allowed in the sanctuary of Melqart's temple.

Etymology

Melqart was written in the Phoenician abjad as  ( Mīlqārt). Edward Lipinski theorizes that it was derived from  ( Mīlk-Qārt), which means "King of the City". The name is sometimes transcribed as Melkart, Melkarth, or Melgart. In Akkadian, his name was written Milqartu.

To the Greeks and the Romans, who identified Melqart with Hercules, he was often distinguished as the .

Cult

Melqart was possibly the Ba'al found in the Tanakh (the Jewish Bible, specifically in 1 Kings 16.31–10.26) whose worship was prominently introduced to Israel by King Ahab and largely eradicated by King Jehu. In 1 Kings 18.27, it is possible that there is a mocking reference to legendary Heraclean journeys made by the god and to the annual egersis ("awakening") of the god:

And it came to pass at noon that Elijah mocked them and said, "Cry out loud: for he is a god; either he is lost in thought, or he has wandered away, or he is on a journey, or perhaps he is sleeping and must be awakened."

The Phoenician novelist, Heliodorus of Emesa, in his Aethiopica, refers to the dancing of sailors in honor of the Tyrian Heracles: "Now they leap spiritedly into the air, now they bend their knees to the ground and revolve on them like persons possessed".

The historian Herodotus recorded (2.44):
In the wish to get the best information that I could on these matters, I made a voyage to Tyre in Phoenicia, hearing there was a temple of Heracles at that place, very highly venerated. I visited the temple, and found it richly adorned with a number of offerings, among which were two pillars, one of pure gold, the other of smaragdos, shining with great brilliance at night. In a conversation which I held with the priests, I inquired how long their temple had been built, and found by their answer that they, too, differed from the Hellenes. They said that the temple was built at the same time that the city was founded, and that the foundation of the city took place 2,300 years ago. In Tyre I remarked another temple where the same god was worshipped as the Thasian Heracles. So I went on to Thasos, where I found a temple of Heracles which had been built by the Phoenicians who colonised that island when they sailed in search of Europa. Even this was five generations earlier than the time when Heracles, son of Amphitryon, was born in Hellas. These researches show plainly that there is an ancient god Heracles; and my own opinion is that those Hellenes act most wisely who build and maintain two temples of Heracles, in the one of which the Heracles worshipped is known by the name of Olympian, and has sacrifice offered to him as an immortal, while in the other the honours paid are such as are due to a hero.

Josephus records (Antiquities 8.5.3), following Menander of Ephesus the historian, concerning King Hiram I of Tyre (c. 965–935 BCE):
He also went and cut down materials of timber out of the mountain called Lebanon, for the roof of temples; and when he had pulled down the ancient temples, he both built the temple of Heracles and that of `Ashtart; and he was the first to celebrate the awakening (egersis) of Heracles in the month Peritius.

The annual celebration of the revival of Melqart's "awakening" may identify Melqart as a life-death-rebirth deity.

Melqart played the central role in the Phoenician spring festival during which he died and was resurrected.

The Roman Emperor Septimius Severus was a native of Lepcis Magna in Africa, an originally Phoenician city where worship of Melqart was widespread. He is known to have constructed in Rome a temple dedicated to "Liber and Hercules", and it is assumed that the Emperor, seeking to honour the god of his native city, identified Melqart with the Roman god Liber.

Archaeological evidence

The first occurrence of the name is in the 9th-century BCE the "Ben-Hadad" inscription found in 1939 north of Aleppo in today northern Syria; it had been erected by the son of the king of Aram "for his lord Melqart, which he vowed to him and he heard his voice".

Archaeological evidence for Melqart's cult is found earliest in Tyre and seems to have spread westward with the Phoenician colonies established by Tyre as well as eventually  overshadowing the worship of Eshmun in Sidon.  The name of Melqart was invoked in oaths sanctioning contracts, according to Dr. Aubet, thus it was customary to build a temple to Melqart, as protector of Tyrian traders, in each new Phoenician colony: at Cádiz, the temple to Melqart is as early as the earliest vestiges of Phoenician occupation. (The Greeks followed a parallel practice in respect to Heracles.) Carthage even sent a yearly tribute of 10% of the public treasury to the god in Tyre up until the Hellenistic period.

In Tyre, the high priest of Melqart ranked second only to the king. Many names in Carthage reflected this importance of Melqart, for example, the names Hamilcar and Bomilcar; but Ba'l "Lord" as a name-element in Carthaginian names such as Hasdrubal and Hannibal almost certainly does not refer to Melqart but instead refers to Ba`al Hammon, chief god of Carthage, a god identified by Greeks with Cronus and by Romans with Saturn, or is simply used as a title.

Melqart protected the Punic areas of Sicily, such as Cefalù, which was known under Carthaginian rule as "Cape Melqart" (, ). Melqart's head, indistinguishable from a Heracles, appeared on its coins of the 4th century BCE.

The Cippi of Melqart, found on Malta and dedicated to the god as an ex voto offering, provided the key to understanding the Phoenician language, as the inscriptions on the cippi were written in both Phoenician and Greek.

Temple sites

Temples to Melqart are found at at least three Phoenician/Punic sites in Spain: Cádiz, Ibiza in the Balearic Islands and Cartagena. Near Gades/Gádeira (modern Cádiz) was the westernmost temple of Tyrian Heracles, near the eastern shore of the island (Strabo 3.5.2–3). Strabo notes (3.5.5–6) that the two bronze pillars within the temple, each 8 cubits high, were widely proclaimed to be the true Pillars of Heracles by many who had visited the place and had sacrificed to Heracles there. Strabo believes the account to be fraudulent, in part noting that the inscriptions on those pillars mentioned nothing about Heracles, speaking only of the expenses incurred by the Phoenicians in their making.

Another temple to Melqart was at Ebyssus (Ibiza), in one of four Phoenician sites on the island's south coast. In 2004 a highway crew in the Avinguda Espanya, (one of the main routes into Ibiza), uncovered a further Punic temple in the excavated roadbed. Texts found mention Melqart among other Punic gods Eshmun, Astarte and Baʻl.

Another Iberian temple to Melqart has been identified at Carthago Nova (Cartagena). The Tyrian god's protection extended to the sacred promontory (Cape Saint Vincent) of the Iberian peninsula, the westernmost point of the known world, ground so sacred it was forbidden even to spend the night.

Another temple to Melqart was at Lixus, on the Atlantic coast of Morocco.

Hannibal and Melqart
Hannibal was a faithful worshiper of Melqart: the Roman historian Livy records the story that just before setting off on his march to Italy he made a pilgrimage to Gades, the most ancient seat of Phoenician worship in the west. Hannibal strengthened himself spiritually by prayer and sacrifice at the Altar of Melqart. He returned to New Carthage with his mind focused on the god and on the eve of departure to Italy he saw a strange vision which he believed was sent by Melqart.

A youth of divine beauty appeared to Hannibal in the night.  The youth told Hannibal he had been sent by supreme deity, Jupiter, to guide the son of Hamilcar to Italy. "Follow me," said the ghostly visitor, "and see that that thou look not behind thee." Hannibal followed the instructions of the visitor.  His curiosity, however, overcame him, and as he turned his head, Hannibal saw a serpent crashing through forest and thicket causing destruction everywhere. It moved as a black tempest with claps of thunder and flashes of lightning gathered behind the serpent. When Hannibal asked the meaning of the vision the being replied, "What thou beholdest is the desolation of Italy. Follow thy star and inquire no farther into the dark counsels of heaven."

Graeco-Roman traditions
It was suggested by some writers that the Phoenician Melicertes son of Ino found in Greek mythology was in origin a reflection of Melqart.  Though no classical source explicitly connects the two, Ino is the daughter of Cadmus of Tyre. Lewis Farnell thought not, referring in 1916 to "the accidental resemblance in sound of Melikertes and Melqart, seeing that Melqart, the bearded god, had no affinity in form or myth with the child- or boy-deity, and was moreover always identified with Herakles: nor do we know anything about Melqart that would explain the figure of Ino that is aboriginally inseparable from Melikertes."

Athenaeus (392d) summarizes a story by Eudoxus of Cnidus (c. 355 BCE) telling how Heracles the son of Zeus by Asteria (= 'Ashtart ?) was killed by Typhon in Libya. Heracles' companion Iolaus brought a quail to the dead god (presumably a roasted quail) and its delicious scent roused Heracles back to life. This purports to explain why the Phoenicians sacrifice quails to Heracles. It seems that Melqart had a companion similar to the Hellenic Iolaus, who was himself a native of the Tyrian colony of Thebes. Sanchuniathon also makes Melqart under the name Malcarthos or Melcathros, the son of Hadad, who is normally identified with Zeus.

The Pseudo-Clementine Recognitions (10.24) speaks of the tombs of various gods, including "that of Heracles at Tyre, where he was burnt with fire." The Hellenic Heracles also died on a pyre, but the event was located on Mount Oeta in Trachis. A similar tradition is recorded by Dio Chrysostom (Or. 33.47) who mentions the beautiful pyre which the Tarsians used to build for their Heracles, referring here to the Cilician god Sandon.

In Nonnus' Dionysiaca (40.366–580) the Tyrian Heracles is very much a Sun-god. However, there is a tendency in the later Hellenistic and Roman periods for almost all gods to develop solar attributes, and for almost all eastern gods to be identified with the Sun. Nonnus gives the title Astrochiton 'Starclad' to Tyrian Heracles and has his Dionysus recite a hymn to this Heracles, saluting him as "the son of Time, he who causes the threefold image of the Moon, the all-shining Eye of the heavens". Rain is ascribed to the shaking from his head of the waters of his bath in the eastern Ocean. His Sun-disk is praised as the cause of growth in plants. Then, in a climactic burst of syncretism, Dionysus identifies the Tyrian Heracles with Belus on the Euphrates, Ammon in Libya, Apis by the Nile, Arabian Cronus, Assyrian Zeus,  Serapis, Zeus of Egypt, Cronus, Phaethon, Mithras, Delphic Apollo, Gamos 'Marriage', and Paeon 'Healer'.

The Tyrian Heracles answers by appearing to Dionysus. There is red light in the fiery eyes of this shining god who clothed in a robe embroidered like the sky (presumably with various constellations). He has yellow, sparkling cheeks and a starry beard. The god reveals how he taught the primeval, earthborn inhabitants of Phoenicia how to build the first boat and instructed them to sail out to a pair of floating, rocky islands. On one of the islands there grew an olive tree with a serpent at its foot, an eagle at its summit, and which glowed in the middle with fire that burned but did not consume. Following the god's instructions, these primeval humans sacrificed the eagle to Poseidon, Zeus, and the other gods. Thereupon the islands rooted themselves to the bottom of the sea. On these islands the city of Tyre was founded.

Gregory of Nazianzus (Oratio 4.108) and Cassiodorus (Variae 1.2) relate how Tyrian Heracles and the nymph Tyrus were walking along the beach when Heracles' dog, who was accompanying them, devoured a murex snail and gained a beautiful purple color around its mouth. Tyrus told Heracles she would never accept him as her lover until he gave her a robe of that same colour. So Heracles gathered many murex shells, extracted the dye from them, and dyed the first garment of the colour later called Tyrian purple. The murex shell appears on the very earliest Tyrian coins and then reappears again on coins in Imperial Roman times.

From the sixth century BCE. onward in Cyprus, where there was strong Phoenician cultural influence on the western side of the island, Melquat was often depicted with Heracles' traditional symbols of a lion skin and club, although it is unclear how strongly this connection between the figures was throughout the rest of Phoenician culture.

Attempts at a synthesis

The paucity of evidence on Melqart has led to debate as to the nature of his cult and his place in the Phoenician pantheon. William F. Albright suggested he was a god of the underworld partly because the god Milku, who may be Melqart, is sometimes equated with the Mesopotamian god Nergal, a god of the underworld, whose name also means 'King of the City'. Others take this to be coincidental, since what is known about Melqart from other sources does not suggest an underworld god, and the city in question could conceivably be Tyre. It has been suggested that Melqart began as a sea god who was later given solar attributes, or alternatively that he began as a solar god who later received the attributes of a sea god.

Historical person

Herodotus went on to say that the Temple of Melqart at Tyre had a tomb in its sanctuary, supporting the theory that – involved as he was in the founding mythology of Tyre, perhaps Melqart was based on a real historical person. Other classical authors say that this supposed Tomb of Melqart was moved to southern Spain, possibly Cádiz.

In late 2021, Archeologists from Seville University claimed to have located the historical Temple of Melqart of Spain, which classical authors believed to have contained the supposed Tomb of Melqart, at modern-day Sancti Petri, Cádiz.

See also

 For information on the title Ba'al, which was applied to many gods who would not normally be identified with Melqart, see Ba'al.
 For views about whether and how Melqart connects with biblical references to Moloch, see Moloch.
 For views about whether and how Melqart connects with the names of God in Islam, see Malek

References

Citations

Bibliography
 Bonnet, Corinne, Melqart: Cultes et mythes de l'Héraclès tyrien en Méditerranée (Leuven and Namur) 1988. The standard summary of the evidences.
.
 .
.
.

External links
Melqart - World History Encyclopedia
Temple of Melqart
Melqart stele
Roger Wright, review of María Eugenia Aubet, The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade, 2nd ed., 2001: a circumstantial review that gives a good sketch of Aubet's book, in which Melqart figures strongly; Aubet concentrates on Tyre and its colonies and ends, ca 550 BCE, with the rise of Carthage.
L'iconographie de Melqart (article in PDF eng.)

West Semitic gods
Tutelary deities
Deities in the Hebrew Bible
Phoenician mythology
Hellenistic Asian deities
Heracles
Baal

Melqart


Canal Contemporâneo is a digital community and publication focused on Brazilian contemporary art. It holds and spreads information, knowledge and debates in its different online modules: e-bulletins, blogs, forums, portfolios and art calendar. Based on concepts like Virtual Community  (Howard Rheingold), Radical Media (J. D. H. Downing) and Tactical media (D. Garcia/G. Lovink), Canal Contemporâneo has been efficient in rousing communication and interaction, connecting people and institutions around the 27 Brazilian states and over 80 countries.

Created by the artist Patricia Canetti in 2000-2001, Canal Contemporâneo was born like a bulletin (the so-called e-nforme), which was sent to an initial list of 200 electronic addresses. Six years after its creation and succeeding developments, it has become the most influential medium of information and politization of Brazilian contemporary art in the Internet, being visited by more than 80 thousand people per month. Canal Contemporâneo and the works in it are also inserted in the exhibitions context. Performing as an "artist" in the contemporary art circuit, it completes its mission as a collective work and a space of engagement for the needs of the visual and technological arts.

Its on-line activism with petitions, forums and lists of discussion guides frequent journal articles and has been able to encourage mobilization. It got clear in the episode  that turned the community against the use of public funds for the construction of a Guggenheim Museum in Rio de Janeiro (2003) and in the process of including the Digital Art in the scope of the Brazilian Funding laws (2004). Though the visibility given by Canal Contemporâneo since 2001, the applications for national art salons increased three times and, for the regional ones, they were multiplied by 10.

Canal Contemporâneo made its debut in exhibitions in 2004. The first one was the hiPer> relações eletro // digitais (hiPer>electro//digital relations), curated by Daniela Bousso for the Sergio Motta Art and Technology Award and for the Santander Cultural, in Porto Alegre, with the work "Quebra de Padrão" (Breaking standards). Then, came "Tudo aquilo que escapa" (Everything that escapes), curated by Cristiana Tejo, as part of the 46th Visual Arts Salon of Pernambuco, at Museu do Estado in Recife, with the work "Para que servem os Salões?" (What are the salons made for?). Canal Contemporâneo was also invited to take part in the Digital Communities category in Ars Electronica and, since then, Patricia Canetti, Canal Contemporâneo's coordinator, has been a member of the International Advisory Board of Digital Communities.

Canal Contemporâneo has also taken part of the Documenta 12 magazines, collaborating with several theoretical and artistic works and being invited to talk in the "Paper and Pixel" week in Kassel (Germany), in July 2007
.

Since 2005, the special projects of Canal Contemporâneo have been sponsored by Petrobras, Brazilian major cultural sponsor.

References

External links

2000 establishments in Brazil
Brazilian contemporary art
Magazines published in Brazil
Contemporary art magazines
Digital art
Magazines established in 2000
Portuguese-language magazines

Canal Contemporâneo


Samuel Gordon (April 28, 1802 – October 28, 1873) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a United States representative from New York, serving two non-consecutive terms from 1841 to 1843, and from 1845 to 1847.

Biography
Gordon was born at Wattle's Ferry on April 28, 1802. He attended public schools and became a farmer. He later studied law, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Delhi.

Early political career
Gordon was appointed postmaster of Delhi on September 14, 1831, and held that position until August 16, 1841. He was a member of the New York State Assembly, as district attorney of Delaware County and was town supervisor of the town of Delhi for several terms.

Congress
In 1840, Gordon was elected as a Democrat to represent New York's 20th District in the 27th Congress (March 4, 1841 – March 3, 1843). In 1844, he was elected to represent New York's 10th District in the 29th Congress (March 4, 1845 – March 3, 1847).

Later career and death
After leaving Congress, Gordon resumed the practice of law. During the American Civil War he was appointed provost marshal for the nineteenth district of New York.

He died in Delhi on October 28, 1873, with interment in Woodland Cemetery.

References

1802 births
1873 deaths
New York (state) lawyers
New York (state) postmasters
County district attorneys in New York (state)
Town supervisors in New York (state)
Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers

Samuel Gordon (New York politician)


The Minnesota Orchestra is an American orchestra based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Founded originally as the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra in 1903, the Minnesota Orchestra plays most of its concerts at Minneapolis's Orchestra Hall.

History
The eighth major orchestra established in the United States, the Minnesota Orchestra was founded by Emil Oberhoffer as the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra in 1903. It gave its first performance on November 5, 1903, in Minneapolis's Exposition Building. In 1911, it began a series of children's concerts under the sponsorship of the Young People's Symphony Concert Association (YPSCA), which continues to this day. Early in the 1920s, the orchestra was one of the first to be heard on recordings and on the radio, playing a nationally broadcast concert with guest conductor Bruno Walter in 1923. In 1968, the orchestra changed its name to the Minnesota Orchestra. It makes its home in downtown Minneapolis's Orchestra Hall, which was built for the ensemble in 1974. The orchestra's previous hall, starting in 1929, was Northrop Memorial Auditorium on the University of Minnesota's Minneapolis campus.

Financial concerns
In 2007 the Minnesota Orchestra's assets began declining, a trend exacerbated by the financial crisis of 2007–2008. In August 2008, the Minnesota Orchestra Association's invested assets totaled $168.5 million, 13% less than the $192.4 million the Association had projected in its 2007 Strategic Plan. In fiscal year 2009, the Minnesota Orchestra's board "sold $28.7 million in securities at a nearly $14 million loss".

During 2009 and 2010, the orchestra's board reported a balanced budget and drew on its endowment to cover operational deficits. At the time, it was trying to secure $16 million in state bonding for renovations of Orchestra Hall and Peavey Plaza. The orchestra posted operational deficits of $2.9 million in 2011 and $6 million in 2012.

2012–2014 lockout
On October 1, 2012, the Minnesota Orchestral Association (the orchestra's governing body) locked out the orchestra's musicians and canceled concerts through November 18 after failing to reach a new collective bargaining agreement. The MOA stated that spending on musician salaries and benefits was depleting the organization's endowment, and that labor costs needed to be reduced by $5 million per year. The musicians and their union took the position that the proposed cuts were so deep and draconian as to represent an existential threat to the future of the orchestra.

The entire 2012–13 concert season was canceled.   During the lockout, the musicians periodically presented concerts on their own,  In December 2012, Musical Director Osmo Vänskä sent a letter to the board of directors and the musicians warning that the lockout was causing severe damage to the orchestra's reputation at home and abroad.  On April 30, 2013, Vänskä stated he would resign if the lockout continued:

 "I must make it clear that in the case Carnegie Hall chooses to cancel the Minnesota Orchestra's concerts this November, i.e. if they lose confidence in our ability to perform … then I will be forced to resign".

After the orchestra management cancelled the concerts in question, Vänskä resigned as music director on 1 October 2013 with immediate effect.  On October 4 and 5, Vänskä conducted three final concerts with the locked-out orchestra at the University of Minnesota's Ted Mann Concert Hall, with Emanuel Ax as the guest pianist. As an encore, Vänskä conducted Sibelius's Valse Triste, where he requested that the audience withhold its applause afterward.

Post-lockout
On January 14, 2014, the Musicians of the Minnesota Orchestra announced that they had reached a collective bargaining agreement with the Minnesota Orchestra Association to end the lockout on February 1, 2014. Concerts resumed at Orchestra Hall in February. On April 24, 2014, the orchestra announced Vänskä's return as music director effective with the 2014–15 and 2015–16 seasons. In July 2017, the orchestra announced the extension of Vänskä's contract as music director through the 2021–22 season. In December 2018, the orchestra announced that Vänskä would conclude his tenure as music director at the close of the 2021-2022 season. He is to take the title of conductor laureate.

In May 2015, the Minnesota Orchestra performed in Havana, Cuba, as a result of the Cuban Thaw, becoming the first professional U.S. orchestra to play in Cuba since the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra in 1999. In August 2018, it became the first professional U.S. orchestra to perform in South Africa. In January 2022, the orchestra, Vänskä, and Elina Vähälä gave the North American premiere of the original 1904 version of Jean Sibelius's Violin Concerto.

In December 2021, Thomas Søndergård first guest-conducted the orchestra. He returned for another guest-conducting engagement in April 2022. In July 2022, the orchestra announced Søndergård's appointment as its next music director, effective with the 2023-2024 season, with an initial contract of five seasons.

Music directors
 Emil Oberhoffer (1903–1922)
 Henri Verbrugghen (1923–1931)
 Eugene Ormandy (1931–1936)
 Dimitri Mitropoulos (1937–1949)
 Antal Doráti (1949–1960)
 Stanisław Skrowaczewski (1960–1979)
 Neville Marriner (1979–1986)
 Edo de Waart (1986–1995)
 Eiji Oue (1995–2002)
 Osmo Vänskä (2003–2022)
 Thomas Søndergård (2023–present)

Recordings
The orchestra first began recording (by the acoustical process) under Henri Verbrugghen in 1924 for Brunswick, and in the following years produced some landmark records. Among these was the first electrical recording of Mahler's Resurrection Symphony with Eugene Ormandy, who recorded extensively with the orchestra for RCA Victor in the 1930s. In the 1940s, the Minneapolis Symphony was contracted to Columbia Records and made a series of records with Ormandy's successor, Dimitri Mitropoulos. These included the premiere recording of Mahler's First Symphony. Beginning in 1954 and continuing on through 1955, the group made the first complete recordings of Tchaikovsky's three ballets: Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, and The Nutcracker under the baton of Antal Doráti. In 1954, they also made the first recording of Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture to include actual cannon fire, again under Doráti's direction. These recordings were made for Mercury Records as part of the Living Presence series.

In the 1970s, the renamed Minnesota Orchestra made a series of recordings for Vox Records under the direction of Stanisław Skrowaczewski. In the 1990s and 2000s, the orchestra recorded for the Reference Recordings label under the direction of music director Eiji Oue, winning a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Classical Composition in 2003 with Casa Guidi. More recently, Osmo Vänskä conducted a cycle of the Beethoven symphonies and a cycle of the Sibelius symphonies, both for the Swedish label BIS. Their recording of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, with the Minnesota Chorale, was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Orchestral Performance in 2007, as was their recording of Sibelius's Second and Fifth Symphonies in 2012. On January 26, 2014, the Minnesota Orchestra and Vänskä won the Grammy Award for Best Orchestral Performance for their recording of Sibelius's 1st and 4th symphonies. In August 2017, the orchestra released a recording of Mahler's Fifth Symphony, starting a cycle of the Mahler symphonies. In November 2017, that recording was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Orchestral Performance.

Discography
 Dominick Argento: Casa Guidi, Capriccio for Clarinet and Orchestra and In Praise of Music, with Frederica von Stade and Burt Hara, conducted by Eiji Oue, Reference Recordings, 2002

Summer festival
Begun in 1980 with Leonard Slatkin at the helm, the orchestra's summer festival has been known by several names, beginning with "Viennese Sommerfest," changing to "MusicFest" in 2001, and eventually reverting to "Sommerfest" in 2003. Sommerfest concerts are held at Orchestra Hall over a four-week period in midsummer. The orchestra also offers free live music on the plaza before and after each show, in genres varying from folk to jazz to polka. Slatkin was Artistic Director of Sommerfest from 1980 to 1989. Andrew Litton was the festival's Artistic Director from 2003 to 2017.

The orchestra's "creative partner for summer programming" is Jon Kimura Parker, whom the orchestra named to the post in 2019. In July 2022, the orchestra announced an extension to Parker's summer programming contract through August 2024.

References
Notes

External links
 Minnesota Orchestra official website
 Regional and National Radio Broadcasts by Minnesota Public Radio
 Hubbard, Rob. "'I have done my part'", Minneapolis StarTribune, June 3, 2022. Interview with Osmo Vänskä on his nineteen-year career with Minnesota Orchestra.
 November 1903: Review of Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra's first concert
 Minnesota Orchestra Archives finding aid

Orchestras based in Minnesota
Arts organizations based in Minneapolis
Culture of Minneapolis
Wikipedia requested audio of orchestras
Musical groups established in 1903
1903 establishments in Minnesota

Minnesota Orchestra


Live Action Toy Story is a 2012/2013 American live-action buddy comedy adventure fan film. this a shot-to-shot fan remake of the original Toy Story in 1995, using expensive special-effects filming with stop-motion and puppetry with wires. released in premiered August 22, 2012 and YouTube exclusive in January 12, 2013 also re-release in November 22, 2015 on VOD.

Plot
set in 2005 A.D., While Woody at staff meeting around Andy's birthday through find the presents also Buzz Lightyear arrives. Buzz attempts to fly stunt and playing Buzz all day and night. arguing Woody and Buzz tells Sid was shown a Combat Carl strapping with the fireworks and explodes to pieces. then in 6am, then watches Woody talks to the Magic 8-ball yells at anguish and throws down the shelf, distracting Buzz to Woody holds an remote control's RC to pushed by a rolling globe went slipped Buzz out the window. then brawls Hamm, Potato Head to Woody throwed then retreated. in the middle of the night at gas station slept Woody saws Buzz to fight inside the van. leaving Woody and Buzz, then a tanker truck hitting them straight. Buzz tells Woody claiming he's a Space Ranger or a toy. surrounded by Pizza Planet to transported to the restaurant to find Andy, went Sid to the claw machine by bunch of aliens to sell or toynapped by himself. sometimes inside Sid's room by bunch of mutated pieced toys to cannibalized things awared was scared by Woody. Sid integration Woody tortured by a magnifying glass burned on his forehead to splashed by cereal bowl, to escape the stairs guarding by Scud attacked. Buzz saws an action-figure commercial of himself then walks miserablity away claiming not a flying toy to fell down again crashed his arm to the ground. Woody saws Buzz inside Hannah's room played as Mrs. Nesbitt. when Woody throws by an rope as a Christmas lights-like rope to tells Buzz, sometimes watching Buzz's arm ripped saw by the toys screaming. then a thunderstorm rain watching Sid delivery an rocket firework called 'The Big One' to strapped Buzz. Woody saying Buzz than claiming a Space Ranger pretending to a himself, then escaping the crate fell by Woody. tried to attempt to rescue Buzz by Sid, then the army of mutant toys to signal to morse code to locating the places. stalking the entire house while Sid tells Woody to commanded by his toys to attacked him, through stares Sid looks Woody saying 'We Toys Can't see Everything' also 'So Play Nice' screaming away by the toys. then chased by moving truck surrounded by Scud bites Woody's leg to fight the dog, Woody find by a cardboard boxes to RC to chasing Scud. then RC chased an truck to pulled by Slinky drops the ram then accidentally pulls RC, Woody and Buzz slides by a parking vehicles to left, then Slinky thrown everyone. mostly attempted to sunburn lighting the rocket then flies off the RC hitting by Potato Head, then stop the Big One by blowing out the sky, flying away to the van. then in December 25, 2005 when Christmas Day saved by Woody and Buzz signaling again by brought by Mrs. Potato Head to as a wife is own, later a puppy, zooming the characters.

Cast
Main voices and Live-action cast
 Jim Hanks as Woody
 Tim Allen as Buzz
 Don Rickles as Mr. Potato Head
 Blake Clark as Slinky Dog
 Wallace Shawn as Rex
 John Ratzenberger as Hamm Pig
 Annie Potts as Bo Peep
 T.J. Bright as Andy
 Victor Bright as Sid
 Carla Pauley as Mrs. Davis/Charlene
 R. Lee Ermey as Sarge E.
 Delani Kent as Hannah
 Jerome Ranft as Lenny/Al's Toy Barn announcer
 Abby 'Abigail' Peters as Molly
 Jonason Pauley as Pizza Planet delivery driver/Angus
 Debi Derryberry and Nancy Cartwright as Squeeze Toy Aliens/Pizza Planet announcer
 Bill Farmer as Pizza Planet announcer
 Sabrina Bright as Sid's Mom
 Jeff Pidgeon as Mr. Spell/Robot
 Phil Proctor as bowling announcer/Pizza Planet guard
 Penn Jillette as TV Announcer
 Andrew Stanton as Buzz Lightyear commercial chorus

Cast-notes
 Non-speaking characters notable include Scud provided by all by Frank Welker, Barrel of Monkeys, Etch A Sketch, Snake, Clown, Babyface, RC, and Buster. other cast include Michael Perrotta Jr. as Gas Attendant, A.D. Ramirez as Sid's dad foot, also Rupert the Bulldog as Scud, Michael Perrotta as Bowler extra, Jeff Pauley as Eggman Movers employee, other cast include one of those Andy's birthday inviters such as, William Pauley, Heath Bright, Jaime Rodriguez, Zayden Rodriguez, Jason Alpers, Noah Smith and Nyelle Smith, Smith's foster kids extra.

Release Dates

Production
Jonason Pauley and Jess Perrotta planned to a Live-action fan-film recreated version of the original film, started in 2010, most locations during filming in 2010 to 2011 on Mesa, Arizona, Tempe Peter Piper Pizza as interiors of Pizza Planet scenes, Sinclair Gas as Dinoco gas station, as stand-in of the scenes.

References

websites

2013 comedy movies
2010s comedy movies
2010s buddy movies
2013 movies
American adventure movies
American buddy movies
American comedy movies
American family movies
Buddy comedy movies
Disney animated movies
English-language movies
Pixar movies
Toy Story
American movie remakes

Live Action Toy Story


Okezie Victor Ikpeazu (born 18 October 1964) is a Nigerian politician and former Governor of Abia State, who was in office from 29 May 2015 to 29 May 2023. He was elected on the platform of the Peoples Democratic Party. He was re-elected as the Governor of Abia state at the 9 March 2019 gubernatorial election.
He ran for election at the 2023 Senatorial election for Abia South Senatorial District but came a distant third behind incumbent Senator Enyinnaya Abaribe of All Progressive Grand Alliance and a political newbie Chinedu Onyeizu of the Labour Party.

Early life and professional career
Okezie was born on 18 October 1964, to the family of late Pa Ishmael and Deaconess Bessie Ikpeazu of Umuebere in Umuobiakwa village, Isialaukwu, Mbato Autonomous Community in Obingwa Local Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria. Ikpeazu attended Amaise Central Primary School, Umuobiakwa. In 1973, while in primary five, he gained admission into Eziama High School, Aba and later moved to Ihie High School, Isiala Ngwa where he took his School certificate examination in 1979. In 1980, at the age of 16, he gained admission into the University of Maiduguri to study Clinical Biochemistry and graduated with a B.Sc. (Hons.) Second Class Upper Division in August, 1984.

From August 1984 to August 1985, he served as a Clinical Biochemist in the Medical Laboratory of the Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt for his National Youth Service. Okezie Ikpeazu returned to the University of Maiduguri for an M.Sc Degree in Biochemical Toxicology and graduated in 1990. In 1994, at the age of 30, he obtained a Doctorate Degree, Ph.D in Biochemical Pharmacology from the University of Calabar.

Before joining politics, Okezie Ikpeazu had been a lecturer in several Nigerian educational institutions.

Political career
On 31 December 2015, a Court of Appeal sitting in Owerri sacked Ikpeazu as Governor and declared Alex Otti as the winner of the 2015 gubernatorial election held on 11 April and 25 April 2015. On 27 June 2016, Justice Okon Abang of the Federal High Court,  Abuja ordered Ikpeazu to vacate his office as governor upon allegations of false information and forgery of documents prior to the 2015 gubernatorial election. The suit was however dismissed by a Federal High Court in Owerri. Okezie Ikpeazu ran for a second term under his party, PDP and emerged the winner of the election, hereby welcoming his second term as Governor of Abia State.

Contracts corruption allegations
In November 2020, the Peoples Gazette released a report reviewing Abia State financial records from 2016 and 2017. The records showed a suspicious amount of government funds having been wired to associates of Ikpeazu and their companies, including an estimated ₦3.4 billion to three companies owned by Enyinnaya Nwafor and ₦412 million in contracts to a company owned by Innocent Adiele.

Personal life
Ikpeazu is a member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

See also

 List of governors of Abia State

References

1964 births
Living people
Nigerian Roman Catholics
People from Abia State
Igbo politicians
Peoples Democratic Party state governors of Nigeria
University of Maiduguri alumni
University of Calabar alumni
Rivers State University people
Nigerian Seventh-day Adventists

Okezie Ikpeazu


The Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP (; ) is an ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia. The party was formed in April 1990 and is currently led by Abduladi Vejseli.

From 1992 to 1998 the PDP was part of the coalition governments led by the SDSM. After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was generally considered to be moderate party that could cooperate with Macedonian parties, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions. For example, the party leadership criticized the 1991 Census for allegedly underreporting the percentage of the population that was Albanian from 40% to only 21%. Also, the PDP deputies voted against adopting the constitution due to its lack of protection for minorities.

From the 1998 elections onwards PDP is in opposition and since then the support for the PDP has eroded considerably. At the 2002 legislative elections, the party won 2.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats. At the 2011 legislative elections, the party won 0.03% of the popular vote and consequently gained no seats in parliament.

References

External links
Party Website

Political parties established in 1990
Albanian political parties in North Macedonia
Political parties in Yugoslavia

Party for Democratic Prosperity


August Is a Wicked Month is the fourth novel by Edna O'Brien. It was published in 1965.

The New York Times claims it featured "one of the best author photographs of the 20th century." That cover was reprinted on the cover of her 2012 memoir Country Girl.

Upon publication August Is a Wicked Month, as with most of O'Brien's early books, was banned in several jurisdictions, including by Ireland's strict Catholic rulers.

The title is regularly mentioned to this day by commentators on topics ranging from business and politics to fashion and weather.

References

External links
 A Way Back to Life, 6 June 1965, Eliot Fremont-Smith

1965 novels
Book censorship in the Republic of Ireland
Novels by Edna O'Brien
20th-century Irish novels
Censored books
Jonathan Cape books

August Is a Wicked Month


CRI 91.9 FM is a radio station in Nairobi, Kenya. It is part of China Radio International (CRI). It broadcasts in English, Swahili and Mandarin. It launched on February 27, 2006.

Programming
The CRI programme schedule includes  "The Hot Pot Show" hosted by award-winning DJ Duggy Day is a music/entertainment programme which highlights the Chinese pop music scene, and showbiz world. Listeners can also hear about tourist attractions in China, and be kept up-to-date about happenings inside CRI's two official websites. Other regular programmes are "Music Safari" and "China Now".

References

External links

 CRI Beyond Beijing

Asian-Kenyan culture in Nairobi
China Radio International
Chinese diaspora in Africa
Mass media in Nairobi
Radio stations established in 2006
Radio stations in Kenya

CRI Nairobi 91.9 FM


Stud could mean:
 Stud (animal) - a male animal employed for breeding
 By analogy, a virile human male (see gender role)
 A small ornamental button mounted on a short post for insertion through an eyelet
 Screw - a threaded fastener
 The interlocking circular piece of a LEGO brick
 Snowmobile Stud - a metal threaded piece installed in a snowmobile rubber track
 Stud earring for pierced ears
 Cleat - a protrusion on the bottom of a shoe to provide extra grip
 Shoe studs - a traction device used on the bottom of horse shoes
 Traction devices inserted in the tread of automobile winter tires
 Wall stud - a vertical member within a light-frame construction wall
 Stud poker - a kind of card game:
 Five-card stud
 Seven-card stud
 Caribbean Stud Poker
 Studs (game show) - a dating show from the early 1990s
 Stud contact system, an obsolete Ground-level power supply system for tramways

Stud


Charles Malfray (19 July 1887, Orléans – 28 May 1940, Dijon) was a French sculptor.

Born the son of an Orléans stonemason he was a student of the École des Beaux-Arts d'Orléans. At seventeen, he attended the School of Decorative Arts in Paris and the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts.  He however rejected the academic teaching of the college and became attracted by the art of the Montmartre-based Auguste Rodin and Antoine Bourdelle.

Malfray survived the First World War after being gassed and taking part in the Battle of Verdun, but was deeply affected by his experiences. Together with his brother, he created war memorials to the dead of Pithiviers (1920) and Orleans (1924), whose modernism was highly debated. In 1920 he was awarded the Prix Blumenthal, but due to being ill as a result of the war, he almost gave up sculpture.

However, in 1931, his friend Aristide Maillol appointed him his successor as professor at the Académie Ranson in Paris. During the following years, Malfray had many students in his workshop, including Étienne Martin, François Stahly, Nessa Cohen, and Jean Le Moal.

He died in 1940. A street in Orléans was named Rue Charles Malfray.

Main works
 Lyon, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Torse de nageuse
 Orléans, Musée des Beaux-Arts, La Danse (bronze), Femme assise (bronze), Le Baiser (plaster), La Beauce (plaster), Torse de baigneuse (plaster), Homme marchant avec une besace (plaster), Torse de femme (plaster), Deux baigneuses (plaster), La Danse (plaster)
 Paris, Musée d'art moderne, La Danse, 1939

Bibliography
 Jacques de Laprade, Charles Malfray, dessins et sculptures, Mourlot, Paris, 1945
 Charles Malfray, André Chamson, Paris, Petit Palais, 1947
 Charles Malfray, Waldemar George, Paris, Musée Rodin, 1966
 Hommage à Charles Malfray, Orléans, Musée des Beaux-Arts, 1967

References

External links

1887 births
1940 deaths
Artists from Orléans
École des Beaux-Arts alumni
Prix Blumenthal
20th-century French sculptors
French male sculptors

Charles Malfray


Benrath is a part of Düsseldorf. It belongs to Düsseldorf since 1929.

History

The name Benrath came from the "Knights of Benrode".
Benrath was mentioned for the first time in 1222.
The first church of Benrath was built in 1002.
In the 14th century Benrode belonged to the Counts of Berg.
Benrath was a village.

In the time of Industrial Revolution Benrath lied next to an important railway connection.
Benrath grew very fast in that time.

In 1929 Benrath became a part of Düsseldorf.

Benrath today

Benrath is in the South of Düsseldorf. It has an area of 5.90 km² and 15,900 inhabitants.
There is a railway station in Benrath (Benrath Railway Station). Until the 1980s, some long distance trains stopped in Benrath.
It is still a regional station.

The Benrath line

In the German language the Benrath line is the border line between the Northern German and the Southern German idiom.

The Benrath Castle

The Benrath Castle is one of the largest castles from baroque time in Germany.
In the castle there is a museum.
The park of the castle is very famous, too.

Benrath

Benrath


An aldehyde () is an organic compound.  It contains a formyl group. A formyl group is a part of a molecule with the structure R-CHO.   It is made of a carbon double bonded to oxygen.  The carbon is also bonded to hydrogen and an R group. A side chain is the rest of the molecule.
The group without the side chain is called the aldehyde group or formyl group. Aldehydes are different from ketones because the formyl group is at the end of the molecule in an aldehyde.  Ketones have the formyl group in the middle of the molecule. Aldehydes are common in organic chemistry. Many fragrances (smell producing compounds) are aldehydes.

Structure and bonding
Aldehydes have a carbon double bonded to an oxygen.  Because of this, they are slightly polar.  This causes aldehydes to have a number of properties.  One of the most important of these is solubility in water.

Nomenclature

IUPAC names for aldehydes
The common names for aldehydes are not always the official names.  The IUPAC names are useful, however. IUPAC recommends the following nomenclature for aldehydes:
 Aldehydes without rings of carbon are named based on the longest carbon chain containing the aldehyde. Thus, HCHO is named based on methane, and CH3CH2CH2CHO is named based on butane. The name is formed by changing the ending -e of the parent alkane to -al.  HCHO is named methanal.  CH3CH2CH2CHO is named butanal.
 If a -CHO group is attached to a ring, then -carbaldehyde is added to the end of the name. Because of this, C6H11CHO is known as cyclohexanecarbaldehyde.  If there are other names that need to be added to the end of the word because other functional groups are present, formyl- is added to the beginning of the word. Methanoyl-is sometimes added instead, but formyl- is better.

Etymology

The word aldehyde comes from Latin.  It was shortened from alcohol dehydrogenatus (dehydrogenated alcohol).   The word aldehyde was created by Justus von Liebig. In the past, aldehydes were sometimes named after the corresponding alcohols, for example, vinous aldehyde for acetaldehyde. (Vinous is from the Latin word for wine, which is the traditional source of ethanol.)

The term formyl group comes from the Latin or Italian word formica which means ant.

Physical properties and characterization
Aldehydes have many different properties.  These properties change a lot if the rest of the molecule changes.  Smaller aldehydes are more soluble in water. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are completely soluble in water.  Many aldehydes have strong smells.  Aldehydes will break down in air.

Two of the most important aldehydes, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, tend to form long chains.  This is called polymerization.

Naturally occurring aldehydes
Many aldehydes are found in essential oils and are the reason for their smells.  Cinnamaldehyde, cilantro, and vanillin all get their smells from aldehydes.

Common reactions
Aldehydes are highly reactive and participate in many reactions."  In industry, aldehydes are used to prepare plasticizers, polyols, and alcohols. In biology, aldehydes are used to replace amine groups and form sugars.

Dialdehydes
A dialdehyde is a molecule with two aldehydes. The names of dialdehydes have the ending -dial or -dialdehyde. Some dialdehydes are  named after the acid that they are similar to. An example is butanedial, which is also called succinaldehyde (from succinic acid).

Examples of aldehydes
 Methanal (formaldehyde)
 Ethanal (acetaldehyde)
 Propanal (propionaldehyde)
 Butanal (butyraldehyde)
 Benzaldehyde
 Cinnamaldehyde
 Tolualdehyde
 Furfural
 Retinaldehyde

Dialdehydes
 Glyoxal
 Malondialdehyde
 Succindialdehyde
 Glutaraldehyde
 Phthalaldehyde

Uses
Of all aldehydes, formaldehyde is produced the most. About 6 million tons per year are made.  It is mainly used to make resins when mixed with urea, melamine, and phenol. Bakelite is made like this.   Another commonly made aldehyde is butyraldehyde. 2 and a half million tons per year are made. A lot of acetaldehyde once was once made, but much less is made today.  This is because chemicals that used to be made from acetaldehyde are now made in other ways.

Related pages
 Enol

References

Other websites
Entrancei https://www.entrancei.com/chapter-aldehydes-and-ketones/type-of-chemical-reactions-in-carbonyl-compounds

Aldehyde synthesis - Synthetic protocols  from organic-reaction.com

Organic compounds
Functional groups

Aldehyde


Dakar Dem Dikk Workers Democratic Union (Union démocratique des travailleurs de Dakar Dem Dikk, UDT-3D) is a trade union of employees of Dakar Dem Dikk (the public transportation network of Dakar, Senegal). The general secretary of UDT-3D is Mamadou Goudiaby, another important leader and negotiator of the union is Christian Salvy. UDT-3D is affiliated to CNTS/FC.

Trade unions in Senegal

Dakar Dem Dikk Workers Democratic Union


Dakota County v. Glidden, 113 U.S. 222 (1885), was a motion to dismiss a suit issued in aid of a railroad. Judgment for the plaintiff. The defendant brought a writ of error to reverse it. Subsequently, to the judgment, Dakota County, Nebraska settled with the plaintiff and other bondholders, by giving them new bonds bearing a less rate of interest, and the old bonds, which were the cause of action in this suit, were surrendered and destroyed. These facts were brought before this Court by affidavits and transcripts from the county records, accompanied by a motion to dismiss the writ of error.

While payment of the sum recovered in submission to the judgment is no bar to the right of reversal of the judgment when brought here by writ of error, a compromise and settlement of the demand in suit, whereby a new agreement is substituted in place of the old one, extinguishes the cause of action, and leaves nothing for the exercise of the jurisdiction of this Court.

Evidence of facts outside of the record, affecting the proceeding of the court in a case on error or appeal, will be received and considered, when deemed necessary by the court, for the purpose of determining its action.

The court saw no reason to impeach the transaction by which the new bonds were substituted for the old, and the writ of error was accordingly dismissed.

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 113

References

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
1885 in United States case law
Dakota County, Nebraska
United States Supreme Court cases of the Waite Court

Dakota County v. Glidden


The A4174 is a major ring road in England which runs around the northern and eastern edge of Bristol, mainly in South Gloucestershire, and through the southern suburbs of the city. When it was first conceived it was planned to circle the whole of Bristol, and is commonly referred to as the "Avon Ring Road", or less accurately the "Bristol Ring Road", on road signs. The road does not circle the whole city, instead covering roughly half of the route. It is broken in part where it is concurrent with the A4.

Route
The road was conceived in the 1980s by Avon County Council, and the route of the initial section, east of Bristol, was selected by 1986. The road was built progressively in a number of sections, over an extended period of time.

The completed section of the northern and eastern route runs from the A38 at Filton, under the M32 motorway, through to Frenchay, Bromley Heath, Emersons Green, Kingswood, Warmley, and Longwell Green before joining the A4 at Hicks Gate junction near Keynsham. This section of the road is entirely dual carriageway and runs through several roundabouts with local routes. Many of these roundabouts formerly experienced long queues, but since 2005, most have been signalised, resulting in reduced congestion. The junction with the M32 motorway still experiences long delays despite the introduction of traffic lights.

The road reappears  along the A4 at Brislington, where it follows a valley, crosses the A37, and reaches a large roundabout in Hengrove Park some  south of the city centre. Here the road turns north, terminating at the A38 in Bedminster. A further section of the southern ring, the South Bristol Link Road, was opened in January 2017 and connects Hartcliffe (west of Hengrove Park) with the A370 near Long Ashton.

A section of the dual carriageway south of Mangotsfield occupies the alignment of the former Mangotsfield and Bath branch line which closed in 1966. This railway was largely converted to the Bristol and Bath Railway Path, part of National Cycle Route 4, which runs alongside this section of the ring road.

In 2021 the Wraxall Road roundabout was converted into a throughabout (hamburger roundabout), with a new six-lane route through the centre of the roundabout, intended to reduce congestion and accidents.

Future plans
There have been several proposals to extend the ring road from the junction with the A4 at Hicks Gate, Keynsham, along the southern edge of Bristol as far as the A370 at Long Ashton. From there a complete loop could be achieved by following the A4, the M5 and M4.

The 2005 Greater Bristol Strategic Transport Study, commissioned by the regional government office, recommended construction of the new southern route to tackle congestion. The proposals follow the route set aside west from Hengrove Park roundabout to the A38 at Castle Farm (phase 1), and from there to the A370 near Long Ashton Park and Ride (phase 2).  There are additional recommendations (phase 3) for a new Whitchurch bypass from Hengrove Park roundabout, along the base of Dundry Hill, around Stockwood and joining the existing A4174 at Hicks Gate roundabout on the A4. Phase one and two of the ring road are the only major road building schemes adopted by the Joint Local Transport Plan, which claimed they would reduce delays across the Greater Bristol area by 6%, and lead to a 9% increase in public transport use. Bristol City Council has endorsed all three phases, and was hoping to begin construction of the first two phases in 2010 and 2011, and the third phase some time after 2016.

In December 2015, construction began on widening sections of the ring road between the junction with the M32 and Wick Wick Roundabout, to create new bus lanes for MetroBus as part of its North Fringe to Hengrove route package. The works included replacement of the Church Lane foot/horse bridge.

In July 2016, outline plans to build a direct road from the A4 Hicks Gate roundabout to the large roundabout in Hengrove Park, obviating the use of the A4 to bridge this "missing link", were scrapped. This outline plan had blighted homes on the possible route for a number of years.

In 2021, South Gloucestershire council proposed a £30 million scheme of road-widening and other improvements, including converting three more roundabouts to throughabouts (hamburger roundabouts), which would take three years of works. A public consultation elicited 84% opposition to the plan, with objections including the long period of traffic disruption and that no bus lanes would be created, and consequently the council postponed its bid for government money for further consideration.

References

External links

 Roaders Digest - A4174

Roads in Bristol
Transport in Gloucestershire
Ring roads in the United Kingdom

A4174 road


Ribby-with-Wrea is a civil parish in the Borough of Fylde, Lancashire, England.  It contains four buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as designated listed buildings, all of which are listed at Grade II.  This grade is the lowest of the three gradings given to listed buildings and is applied to "buildings of national importance and special interest".  The parish includes the village of Wrea Green but is otherwise mainly rural.  The listed buildings are a former farmhouse, a country house, a 19th-century house, and a church.

Buildings

References

Citations

Sources

Lists of listed buildings in Lancashire
Buildings and structures in the Borough of Fylde

Listed buildings in Ribby-with-Wrea