Franco P. Preparata is a computer scientist, the An Wang Professor, Emeritus, of Computer Science at Brown University.

He is best known for his 1985 book "Computational Geometry: An Introduction" into which he blended salient parts of M. I.  Shamos' doctoral thesis (Shamos appears as a co-author of the book). This book, which represents a snapshot of the disciplines as of 1985, has been for many years the standard textbook in the field, and has been translated into four foreign Languages (Russian, Japanese, Chinese, and Polish). He has made several contributions to the computational geometry, the most recent being the notion of "algorithmic degree" as a key feature to control robust implementations of geometric algorithms.

In addition, Preparata has worked in many other areas of, or closely related to, computer science.

His initial work was in coding theory, where he (independently and simultaneously) contributed the Berlekamp-Preparata codes (optimal convolution codes for burst-error correction) and the Preparata codes, the first known systematic class of nonlinear binary codes, with higher information content than corresponding linear BCH codes of the same length. Thirty years later these codes have been found relevant to quantum coding theory.

In 1967, he substantially contributed to a model of system-level fault diagnosis, known today as the PMC (Preparata-Metze-Chien) model, which is a main issue in the design of highly dependable processing systems. This model is still the object of intense research today (as attested by the literature).

Over the years, he was also active in research in parallel computation and VLSI theory. His 1979 paper (with Jean Vuillemin), still highly cited, presented the cube-connected-cycles (CCC), a parallel architecture that optimally emulates the hypercube interconnection. This interconnection  was closely reflected in the architecture of the CM2 of Thinking Machines Inc., the first massive-parallel system in the VLSI era. His 1991 paper with Zhou and Kang on interconnection delays in VLSI was awarded the 1993 "Darlington Best Paper Award" by the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society. In the late nineties, (in joint work with G. Bilardi) he confronted the problem of the physical limitations (space and speed) of parallel computation, and formulated the conclusion that mesh connections are ultimately the only scalable massively parallel architectures.

More recently the focus of his research has been Computational Biology. Among other results, he contributed (with Eli Upfal) a novel approach  to DNA Sequencing by Hybridization, achieving sequencing lengths that are the square of what was previously known, which has attracted media coverage.

The unifying character of these results in diverse research areas is the methodological approach, based on the construction of precise mathematical models and the use of sophisticated mathematical techniques.

Preparata was born in Italy in December, 1935. He received a doctorate from the University of Rome, Italy  in 1959. After a postdoctorate at CNR and several years of working in industry, he joined the faculty of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1965, where he achieved the rank of Professor in 1970. He stayed at the UIUC  for many years, advising 16 Ph.D. students there. He received his Italian Libera Docenza in 1969. In 1991, Preparata moved from Illinois to Brown University where he has remained active in research, teaching, and student advising until his retirement at the end of 2013. He is the author (or co-author) of three books and nearly 250 articles. In 1997, the University of Padova awarded Preparata an honorary doctorate in Information Engineering. Preparata is an IEEE Fellow (1978), an ACM Fellow (1993), and was a Fellow of the Japan Society for the Advancement of Science.

Selected bibliography

Franco P. Preparata, Raymond T. Yeh, Introduction to Discrete Structures for Computer Science and Engineering (Addison-Wesley series in computer science and information processing), 1973,

See also
 Preparata code

Notes

External links
 Preparata's home page and curriculum vitae at Brown.
 Franco Fest 2006, a conference held in honor of Preparata's 70th birthday.

Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Italian computer scientists
American computer scientists
Theoretical computer scientists
Researchers in geometric algorithms
1935 births
Living people
Brown University faculty
Italian engineers

Franco P. Preparata


The Korea International Trade Association (KITA; ) is a private non-profit trade organization founded in 1946 with 105 traders as its founding members. It is one of Korea's largest umbrella economic organizations and has more than 70,000 member firms, representing almost the entirety of Korea's international trade community.

KITA's activities include support for overseas marketing and investment, promotion of international cooperation, provision of trade information and research, training of international trade specialists, and trade related consulting (including arbitration of trade disputes and policy recommendations for the government).

KITA runs the World Trade Center Seoul (WTCS), commonly known as COEX, which includes two large office complexes, the Trade Tower and ASEM Tower. The WTCS has a number of subsidiaries and affiliates, including the COEX Convention & Exhibition Center and COEX Mall. KITA owns KTNET (Korea Trade Network) which is the National Paperless Trade Platform or Single Window (uTradeHub) operator and e-commerce infrastructure (such as Certificate of Authority issuing Digital Certificate)-related service provider.

In May 2012, KITA announced major renovation plans for the COEX Mall. It will spend  to the upgrade project. The renovation was needed to create passenger walkways between the new COEX Station on Seoul Subway Line 9, due for completion in 2014, with Samseong Station on Line 2. It was scheduled to start at the end of 2012 and be completed by November 2014. The floor space was expected to increased to 173,025 square meters from the current 152,116 square meters.

Main activities
 Trade policy recommendation & trade consulting
 Overseas market & trade information service
 Trade diplomacy & private sector cooperation
 Specialist training programs & research
 Buyer-Seller business matching

History

Since 2000
 2016 Jan.: Chengdu Center established
 2015 Jan.: Jakarta Center established
 2014 Jun.: Kmall24 service opened
 2014 Jan.: New Delhi Center established
 2011 Sep.: Ho Chi Minh Center established
 2011 Apr.: Jeju Center established
 2010 Nov.: Hosted G20 Seoul Summit
 2009 Apr.: COEX Artium established
 2008 Apr.: tradeKorea service opened
 2006 Jul.: Announced "The New KITA Strategy" for KITA's 60th anniversary
 2006 Feb.: Singapore Center established
 2006 Feb.: Washington Center established
 2005 Feb.: Korea Paperless Trade Center established
 2005 Feb.: Korea International Logistics Council established
 2002 Jun.: Shanghai Center established
 2000 Oct.: Hosted the 3rd Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM)
 2000 May.: Extension of World Trade Center Seoul completed

From 1946 to 1999
 1995 Oct.: Gwangju Trade Tower opened
 1995 Apr.: Gyeongnam Trade Tower opened
 1992 Aug.: Beijing Center established
 1991 Dec.: KTNet established
 1988 Sep.: Construction of WTC Seoul completed
 1986 Jun.: Busan Trade Tower established
 1984 May.: Brussels Center established
 1984 Feb.: World Trade Academy opened
 1978 Aug.: COEX established
 1974 Aug.: New York Hankook Center (U.S.A) Inc. founded
 1972 Jan.: Joined WTCA (World Trade Centers Association)
 1967 Jan.: New York Center established
 1948 Apr.: Tokyo Center established
 1946 Jul.: KITA founded

References

External links
 Korea International Trade Association (Official Website)
 Kmall24
 tradeKorea

World Trade Center Seoul
Non-profit organizations based in South Korea
Organizations established in 1946
1946 establishments in Korea

Korea International Trade Association


The Esher Report of 1904, issued by a committee chaired by Lord Esher, recommended radical reform of the British Army, such as the creation of an Army Council, General Staff and Chief of the General Staff and the abolition of the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces.

The change to the character of the Army has endured.

Background

The Second Boer War of 1899-1902 exposed weakness and inefficiency in the British Army and demonstrated how isolated Britain was from the rest of the world. The war had been won only by leaving Britain defenceless on land. In 1900, Imperial Germany began to build a battlefleet and industrial growth had already made it overtake Britain's economic lead in Europe.

The Elgin Commission had already advocated some changes in administration. Under Hugh Oakeley Arnold-Forster at the War Office the Report of the War Office (Reconstitution) Committee was set up to look into reform of the Army. It was chaired by Lord Esher, who had been a member of the Elgin Commission, as had two other members; Admiral Sir John Fisher (the naval Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth, and a former Controller of the Navy and Second Sea Lord), and Colonel Sir George Clarke. The Esher Report was published, successively, in February and March 1904.

Conclusions
The Committee took evidence in private and its Report was in three parts. It analysed the complex arrangements and inefficiencies of the Army administration and made three main recommendations:

 an Army Council  modelled on the Board of Admiralty. It was designed as a single collective body to analyse and decide upon issues connected to policy and so end the confusion of the responsibilities of the Secretary of State for War, the Adjutant-General and the Quartermaster General. The War Secretary was to have the same power as the First Lord of the Admiralty and all military topics submitted to the Crown would go through him. That would increase civil and parliamentary control over the Army. Also recommended was that the Council would be made up of seven members. These were to be the Secretary of State for War, the First Military Member (with responsibility for operations and military policy), the Second Military Member (with responsibility for recruitment and discipline), the Third Military Member (with responsibility for supply and transport), the Fourth Military Member (with responsibility for armaments and fortifications), a Civil Member (who would be the Parliamentary Under-Secretary with responsibility for civil business other than finance) and another Civil Member (the Financial Secretary). It was recommended that this Council should meet frequently and decide matters by majority vote.
 a General Staff with its Chief having the responsibility for preparing the Army for war. The post of Commander-in-Chief of the Forces was to be abolished. The duties of the General Staff were to be shared by a Director of Military Operations, a Director of Staff Duties and a Director of Military Training.
 the War Office was to be radically reorganised on rational grounds. The British Army had previously grown since 1660 by not grand design but piecemeal additions and reforms. The administration inside the War Office was to be divided between the Chief of the General Staff, the Adjutant-General, the Quartermaster-General and the Master-General of the Ordnance. The Adjutant-General was given overall responsibility for the welfare and maintenance of the soldiers. Under him would be a Director of Recruiting and Organisation, a Director of Personal Services, a Director-General of Medical Services and a Director of Auxiliary Services. The previous office of Judge-Advocate-General was to be replaced with a Judge-Advocate with more limited power. Apart from manufacture, all parts of the process of material supply would be put under the Quartermaster-General. His department subordinates would be a Director of Transport and Remounts, a Director of Movements and Quartering, a Director of Supplies and Clothing and an Equipment and Ordnance Stores. The Master-General of the Ordnance's subordinates would be a Director of Artillery, a Naval Adviser and a Director of Fortifications and Works.

That rationalisation was recommended by the Report to be implemented throughout the Army. The Report also claimed that policy and administration had become too centralised in the War Office, to the detriment of initiative. Administrative districts were recommended to be responsible for organisation to leave commanders of field units free to train for war.

Publication
King Edward VII welcomed the Report and successfully urged the Arthur James Balfour's government to accept its recommendations. However, some in the Army were wary of its recommendations, one opponent being Lord Kitchener. Richard Haldane, who became War Secretary for Henry Campbell-Bannerman's government in 1905, implemented many of its recommendations between 1906 and 1909. Among his advisers was General Sir Gerard Ellison, who was also Secretary of the Esher Committee.

The recommendations were to form the basis of Army reform for the next 60 years. The military historian Correlli Barnett wrote that the Esher Report's importance "and its consequences can hardly be exaggerated.... Without the Esher Report... it is inconceivable that the mammoth British military efforts of two world wars could have been possible, let alone so generally successful."

References

Sources

1904 in the United Kingdom
1904 in military history
Reports of the United Kingdom government
20th-century history of the British Army
Edward VII
Arthur Balfour

Esher Report


John Kemble (c. 1599 – 22 August 1679) was an English Roman Catholic martyr. He was one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales.

Early years and ordination
John Kemble was born at Rhydicar Farm, St Weonards, Herefordshire, in 1599, the son of John and Anne Kemble. They were a prominent local recusant Catholic family, which included four other priests. His cousin was another future martyr – David Lewis. John Kemble was ordained at Douai College, on 23 February 1625. He returned to England on 4 June 1625 as a missionary in Monmouthshire and Herefordshire.

Pastoral work

In normal times, despite harsh anti-Catholic laws, the extent of persecution depended upon the sympathies of local landowners. Around Hereford and Monmouth, where the Catholic Earl of Worcester (from 1642 Marquess) held sway at Raglan Castle, the old religion was for long periods practised with impunity, even after his own conversion to the Church of England. From 1622 there was even a Jesuit College at Cwm, Llanrothal, near Welsh Newton, which survived until 1678, though its existence was widely known, and was twice debated in the House of Commons.

Upon Kemble's return to Monmouthshire, he served more than 50 years as an itinerant priest, winning admirers even among Protestants. Little is known of his work caring for his flock during these 53 years. The condition of Catholics had eased but priests still needed to perform their ministry discreetly. Based at Pembridge Castle, the home of his nephew, Captain Richard Kemble, he had seemed immune from prosecution.

Titus Oates' plot
The uneasy tolerance within which Kemble had operated was shattered by the Popish Plot of 1678. Titus Oates was a perjurer who concocted a plot in which the Anglican Charles II would be assassinated and his Catholic brother (later, King James II) installed as king in his place.

When Oates' story was examined in detail the whole fraud was exposed, but it gave disgruntled Protestants and ambitious chancers an opportunity. Anti-Catholic politicians made cynical use of this "plot" to implicate English Catholics, particularly priests. Among the many Catholics caught up in the frenzy was John Kemble. David Lewis was apprehended at St. Michael's Church, Llantarnam.

Arrest and execution
Father Kemble was staying at Pembridge Castle, near Welsh Newton, when he was arrested on 7 December 1678. He was warned about the impending arrest but declined to leave his flock, saying, "According to the course of nature, I have but a few years to live. It will be an advantage to suffer for my religion and, therefore, I will not abscond". He was arrested by Captain John Scudamore of Kentchurch. It is a comment on the tortuous values of the age that Scudamore's own wife and children were parishioners of Kemble. Kemble was kept in Hereford Gaol until the Spring Assizes of 1679. In April 1679 Kemble, now 80, was ordered to be taken to London to be interviewed about the plot. As the elderly priest had difficulty riding a horse, he was strapped like a pack to his horse on the way there. He was found to have had no connection with the alleged plot but found guilty of the treasonous crime of being a Catholic priest. He was sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered. He was returned to Hereford for the sentence to be carried out, and allowed to walk most of the way back.

Before he was led out to his execution on 22 August 1679 Kemble insisted on saying his prayers and finishing his drink, and the assembled party joined the elderly priest in a final smoke and a cup of sack. The Herefordshire sayings, Kemble pipe and Kemble cup, refer to a parting pipe or cup. Before his death Kemble addressed the assembled crowd, pointing out that no association with the "plot" had been charged to him. The old priest went on to say: "The failure of the authorities in London to connect me to the plot makes it evident that I die only for profession of the Catholic religion, which was the religion that first made this Kingdom Christian."

Consoling his distraught hangman, the priest is said to have whispered, "Honest Anthony, my friend Anthony, be not afraid; do thy office. I forgive thee with all my heart. Thou wilt do me a greater kindness than discourtesy."

Kemble was allowed to die on the gallows before being drawn and quartered, thus he was spared the agony suffered by many other Catholic martyrs of England, Scotland and Wales. He died on 22 August 1679 at Widemarsh Common, Hereford. His death was greeted with dismay in the locality, Protestants no less than Catholics praising him as "a great gentleman".

One of Kemble's hands is still preserved at St Francis Xavier Church in Hereford city centre. His body rests in the (Church of England) churchyard of St Mary the Virgin at Welsh Newton, and local Catholics make an annual pilgrimage to his grave.

Sainthood
Miracles were soon attributed to the saintly priest. Scudamore's daughter was cured of throat cancer, and Scudamore's wife recovered her hearing whilst praying at Kemble's grave. John Kemble was beatified in 1929 by Pope Pius XI and canonized on 25 October 1970 by Pope Paul VI as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales.

Relatives

The famous Kemble family are relatives of John Kemble. The family became almost a 'Royal Family' of the English stage in the nineteenth century. The most famous was Sarah Siddons, née Kemble. It has been said that she was the finest English tragic actress ever. She was John Kemble's great-great grandniece.

Other noteworthy members of the family, though not Catholics, were: Roger Kemble, Stephen Kemble, Charles Kemble, John Mitchell Kemble, Frances Anne Kemble who after spending time in the United States held strong anti slavery opinions, Adelaide Kemble and Henry Kemble. The actor John Philip Kemble was baptized a Catholic and spent some time at Douai.

Dates
Canonised 25 October 1970 by Pope Paul VI
25 October, Feast Day of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales

See also
Welsh Newton - Pembridge Castle and Father Kemble's local links

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070609204453/http://www.mikekemble.com/misc/family1.html

Sources
Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Edition
Edmund Campion, by Evelyn Waugh, Longmans, Green and Co., 1935

1599 births
1679 deaths
English Roman Catholic saints
Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
People executed by Stuart England by hanging, drawing and quartering
17th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
17th-century English Roman Catholic priests
English Roman Catholic missionaries
Executed people from Herefordshire
Kemble family

John Kemble (martyr)


The Seedienst Ostpreußen or Sea Service East Prussia was a ferry connection between the German provinces of Pomerania and, later, Schleswig-Holstein and the German exclave of East Prussia from 1920 to 1939.

Political background
After the end of World War I, Poland re-obtained access to the Baltic Sea by the Polish Corridor; the territory had been an integral part of Poland prior to 1772, when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in the first partition of Poland. The corridor separated the Weimar Republic from the province of East Prussia. Because of this separation, the German Ministry for Transport established the Seedienst Ostpreußen to provide a ferry connection to the German exclave.

Ships and routes

On 30 January 1920 the first HAPAG ship "Hörnum" travelled from Swinemünde to Pillau on behalf of the German Government. Other ships were provided by North German Lloyd and the Shipping Company Braeunlich. At first these ships left Swinemünde four times a week, later once a day in Summer and 4-5 times a week in Winter, also harbouring in Zoppot and Stolpmünde. The route subsequently expanded to Memel (Klaipėda) (1927) and Liepāja (1930) in Lithuania and Latvia respectively, and Lübeck-Travemünde (1933) and Kiel (1934) in Schleswig-Holstein. Due to the increasing distances the original ships were no longer able to meet the requirements of the route and in 1926 the "Preussen" (of Shipping Company Braeunlich) and the  (of North German Lloyd) went into service, followed by "Tannenberg" (of HAPAG) in 1935. The projected "Marienburg" wasn't finished after the beginning of World War II, but completed in 1950 in Wismar as a reparation for the Soviet Union, later running as "Ленсовет" (Lensoviet) and "Абхазия" (Abchasia) on the Black Sea and ultimately scrapped in 1980 at Barcelona.

The Sea Service East Prussia was abandoned after Germany invaded Poland in 1939.

Literature
Claus Rothe: Deutsche Seebäderschiffe. 1830 bis 1939. In: Bibliothek der Schiffstypen. transpress Verlag für Verkehrswesen, Berlin 1989,

References

External links
Picture of "Hansestadt Danzig"
Picture of "Abchasia"
Russian Article with some pictures of "Abchasia"
Picture of "Tannenberg" and "Preussen"

Naval history of Germany
East Prussia
History of Pomerania

Seedienst Ostpreußen


The News Leader is a daily newspaper owned by Gannett and serving Staunton, Virginia, and the surrounding areas. It was founded in 1904 by Brig. Gen. Hierome L. Opie as The Evening Leader.

History
While it traces its founding to Opie in 1904, the paper had a predecessor, The Daily News, which was founded in 1890. Opie worked as a reporter for The Daily News, which was a morning paper, before starting The Evening Leader. In 1919, Opie bought The Daily News and combined it with The Morning Leader, a paper that he had started to compete directly with The News.

The combined paper was called The Staunton News-Leader. When the papers were combined, the new edition adopted the volume number of The Daily News and so the current edition's volume number goes back further than the 1904 founding date. In the 1960s, the Opie family combined The Staunton News-Leader with The Evening Leader, and Staunton was left with only one daily newspaper, The Daily News Leader. "Daily" was dropped from the name in 2002.

The Opies sold the paper in 1979 to Multimedia Inc., which was purchased by Gannett Co. in 1995. The newspaper launched its online edition in 2001.

References

External links

 The News Leader
 Official mobile website

Daily newspapers published in Virginia
Staunton, Virginia
Gannett publications
1904 establishments in Virginia

The News Leader


Mattias Beck (born  in Täby) is a Swedish professional ice hockey player (left wing), currently playing with SC Riessersee in the DEL2.

Beck played youth hockey with Viggbyholms IK before he played 11 games in AIK of the Elitserien (SEL) in the 2010–11 season. He later played four seasons with Mora IK of the HockeyAllsvenskan (Allsv).

On July 7, 2015, Beck left Sweden for the first time in his professional career, agreeing to a one-year deal with German club SC Riessersee of the DEL2.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

1983 births
AIK IF players
HV71 players
IK Oskarshamn players
Living people
Mora IK players
Örebro HK players
SC Riessersee players
Södertälje SK players
Swedish ice hockey left wingers
People from Täby Municipality
Ice hockey people from Stockholm County

Mattias Beck


Hans-Heinrich Dieckhoff (23 December 1884 – 21 March 1952) was a German diplomat best known for his service to the Nazi regime.

Dieckhoff was born in Strasbourg, Alsace-Lorraine. From 1937 to November 1938 he served as German ambassador to the United States, until recalled in response to the American recall of its ambassador in protest over the Kristallnacht. He was the last to occupy the post until after the war. In 1943 he assumed the post of ambassador to Spain.

Dieckhoff was interrogated after the war and was called to testify at the Nuremberg trials, but he was never formally charged with any crime. During his American posting he was involved in the controversy over the German American Bund relaying an order from the German government that German nationals were not to be associated with the organization; and in 1938 he warned Adolf Hitler that President Roosevelt had taken an implacably hostile stance towards the Nazi government and that he was preparing for war against Germany.

Dieckhoff was related through marriage to Joachim von Ribbentrop, being the brother-in-law of Ribbentrop's sister.

References

1884 births
1952 deaths
People from Strasbourg
Alsatian-German people
Ambassadors of Germany to the United States
Ambassadors of Germany to Spain
People from Alsace-Lorraine

Nazi Party officials

Hans-Heinrich Dieckhoff


Jun Mitsui (born 1955 in Iwakuni, Yamaguchi, Japan) is a Japanese architect known for designing high-rise buildings and high-end retail buildings in Japan and other countries.

After graduating from Tokyo University, Jun Mitsui worked for Architect Shinichi Okada in Japan until 1982.

After he received his Master of Architecture from Yale University in 1984, he practiced at Cesar Pelli & Associates, Inc. until 1992.

He returned to Tokyo as a principal of Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects Japan and went on to found Jun Mitsui & Associates, Architects in 1995.

Jun Mitsui is a member of American Institute of Architects, Japan Institute of Architects and Japan Architects Academy, and is a licensed architect in both Japan and the United States.  In 2007, he served as a president of AIA Japan. He and his firm have been honored with numerous architectural awards.

References

External links
 Jun Mitsui & Associates Inc. Architects (flash only)

1955 births
Living people
People from Iwakuni, Yamaguchi
Japanese architects

Jun Mitsui


Pazardzhik () is a city in southern Bulgaria and is the capital of Pazardzhik Province. It is along the banks of the Maritsa river and has about 70,000 people living there.

The city is considered known for its sports, mainly volleyball, as it has co-hosted the 1981 Men's European Volleyball Championship (with Varna and Burgas) and in early 2020, it became the European City of Sports.

Cities in Bulgaria

Pazardzhik


The La Cava Bible or Codex Cavensis (Cava de' Tirreni, Biblioteca statale del Monumento Nazionale Badia di Cava, Ms. memb. I) is a 9th-century Latin illuminated Bible, which was produced in Spain, probably in the Kingdom of Asturias during the reign of Alfonso II. The manuscript is preserved at the abbey of La Trinità della Cava, near Cava de' Tirreni in Campania, Italy, and contains 330 vellum folios which measure 320 by 260 mm.

Origin
The Bible was signed on folio 166v by a scribe named Danila. The location of the scriptorium where Danila worked is not known. However the hand, textual variations, and orthography indicate that the manuscript was produced in Spain, during the early 9th century.  It is unlikely that such a luxury manuscript could have been produced in the Muslim-controlled areas of the Iberian Peninsula. This makes Asturias, which was the largest Christian kingdom of the time, the most probable origin of the codex.  Additional evidence of an Asturian origin is provided by the decoration of the manuscript. The Cross which appears in four locations in the La Cava Bible, is the only explicitly Christian decoration in the manuscript.  Although the form of the Crosses in the La Cava Bible do not appear in other surviving Asturian art, the Cross was emphasized in Asturian devotional art. For example, both Alfonso II and Alfonso III commissioned gold crosses, like the Victory Cross and the Cross of the Angels. "Cross of the Resurrection" was a prominent feature of murals at San Julián de los Prados, near Oviedo, Asturias.

Decoration

The decoration of the La Cava Bible is limited to the four crosses mentioned above, frames surrounding explicits and titles, and decorated initials. There are two linear, compass drawn Crosses, one serving as frontispiece on folio 1 verso, and the other in the introduction to the prophetical books on folio 143 recto.  On folio 100 verso the title frame for the Psalms is in the form of a cross. The text on folio 220 verso, which contains the prefaces by Jerome used to introduce the New Testament, is written in the form of a cross. This text is written in red, white and yellow inks on a blue-stained folio.  There is one other folio stained blue and three folios stained purple in this manuscript.  The frames surrounding the explicits and titles are similar in form to frames found in the earliest medieval illuminated books. However, Danila exploited brilliant and contrasting hues of color not found in earlier manuscripts.  The decorated initials include initial types commonly associated with Merovingian illumination. However similar initials also occurred in Visigothic manuscripts.

It is likely that Danila copied this manuscript from an earlier, now-lost, Visigothic manuscript.  The title and explicit frames are similar to those found in early manuscripts and the pages written in coloured inks are related to Late Antique manuscripts written in gold and silver on purple-dyed parchment. (For example, see Rossano Gospels).  However Danila's use of colour was probably not present in the original manuscript and anticipates the use of colour in later Spanish manuscripts.

Although Danila may have been aware of Merovingian initials, it is also equally likely that his initials share in common the models for Merovingian initials. The manuscript gives no indication that Danila was influenced by contemporary Carolingian illumination. However, Carolingian Bibles produced under the patronage of Theodulph of Orleans, who had Visigothic parentage, do have similar text and organization to that found in the La Cava Bible, something not found in other similar Carolingian manuscripts.

Text
It is one of the two most important representatives of the Spanish type of Vulgate text, and in the Old Testament presents a text believed to be derived from very old Italian exemplars.  In the Stuttgart Vulgate the La Cava Bible stands alongside the Codex Amiatinus as primary witnesses for almost all the books of the Old Testament. The text of the Gospels shows signs of being a revision, being mingled with Old Latin elements. The manuscript contains the Comma Johanneum with the earthly witnesses preceding the heavenly witnesses.

See also

 List of New Testament Latin manuscripts

References

Further reading

 Williams, John, Early Spanish Manuscript Illumination (New York: 1977).

External links

 Information about the name "La Cava"
 Specifications about the origin of the word and Bible
 Samuel Berger, Histoire de la Vulgate pendant les premiers siècles du moyen âge (1976), pp. 12 ff

Illuminated biblical manuscripts
Asturian culture
Kingdom of Asturias
Vulgate manuscripts
9th-century biblical manuscripts
Mozarabic art and architecture
Religion in Asturias
9th-century illuminated manuscripts

La Cava Bible


Karl Eller (June 20, 1928 – March 10, 2019) was an American businessman and entrepreneur.

Early life

Eller grew up in Tucson, Arizona. He played football collegiately at the University of Arizona where he was a member of the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity.

In 1962, Eller purchased the Arizona operations of New York-based billboard advertising company Foster & Kleiser and built it into a major regional business. As a result of the influence garnered by his leadership of this firm, Eller became one of the founding investors of the NBA's Phoenix Suns in 1968, and it was Eller's ownership group that hired future Suns owner Jerry Colangelo as its inaugural general manager.

Eller merged the outdoor advertising business with KTAR radio and television in 1968 to form Combined Communications, Inc., which was absorbed by Gannett in 1979. At its height, Combined Communications owned 7 major metropolitan television stations, 14 major metropolitan radio stations, 12 American and 2 Canadian outdoor advertising companies and two metropolitan daily newspapers.

Eller would later go on to become the head of Columbia Pictures Communications, during which he helped with its parent company's 1983 merger with The Coca-Cola Company, and of the convenience store chain Circle K, which was based in Phoenix during Eller's tenure as CEO (1983–1990). During that time, Eller built Circle K into the second largest convenience store operation and the largest publicly owned convenience store chain in the U.S. with 4,641 stores in 32 states and an additional 1,386 licensed or joint venture stores in thirteen foreign countries. Under his leadership, the company grew from annual sales of $747 million to $3.4 billion. Circle K then declared bankruptcy and Eller resigned in 1990.

Eller was inducted into the Advertising Hall of Fame by the American Advertising Federation in March 2004 in New York City. Eller is also the first Arizonan and second outdoor advertising executive to be elected to the Advertising Hall of Fame.

Karl Eller is the namesake of the Eller College of Management at the University of Arizona, where he was also an alumnus.

Articles
  Miracle in a Glass — (Feb. 1979) Karl Eller, then President of Combined Communications Corp., gives a speech on November 15, 1978, dealing with the free enterprise system.

Awards
 Eller received the 2016 Heritage Award from the Arizona Chamber of Commerce and Industry.

Mentions
  Karl Eller's Big Thirst for Convenience Stores — (June 1988) Karl Eller, then Chairman of Phoenix, Arizona-based Circle K Corp., plans to mold Circle K into the industry's most aggressive, fastest-growing player.  The number of Circle K stores tripled to about 4,600 under Eller's leadership, and sales soared to $2.3 billion from $747.8 million.

References

External links
Biography of Karl Eller from American Advertising Federation web site

1928 births
2019 deaths
Sportspeople from Chicago
Players of American football from Tucson, Arizona
Players of American football from Chicago
Arizona Wildcats football players
Phoenix Suns owners
Tucson High School alumni

Karl Eller


About Time is a 2013 romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Richard Curtis, and starring Domhnall Gleeson, Rachel McAdams, and Bill Nighy. The film is about a young man with the ability to time travel who tries to change his past in hopes of improving his future. The film was released in the United Kingdom on 4 September 2013. The film received mixed reviews from critics (see Reception, below). At the box office, it grossed $87.1 million against a $12 million budget. The film was dedicated to actor Richard Griffiths, who died a few months before the film's release, marking his final film appearance.

Plot
Tim Lake grows up in Cornwall, in a house by the sea with his father James, mother Mary, absent-minded uncle Desmond, and free-spirited younger sister Katherine ("Kit Kat"). On his 21st birthday, Tim learns from his father that the men of his family have the ability to travel back in time to moments they have lived before. James discourages his son from using his gift to acquire money or fame, and Tim decides he will use it to improve his love life.

The following summer, Kit Kat's friend Charlotte visits. Tim is instantly smitten, but waits until the end of her stay to tell her how he feels; she tells him that he should have told her earlier. Tim travels back in time to tell Charlotte in the middle of the holiday, but she advises him to wait until her last day. Heartbroken, Tim realises she is uninterested in him, and that time travel cannot change anyone's mind. Believing he has lost true love, Tim becomes jaded.

Tim moves to London to pursue a career as a lawyer, living with his father's acquaintance, Harry, an angry misanthropic playwright. Tim visits a Dans le Noir restaurant, where he meets Mary, an American immigrant who works for a publisher. They flirt in the darkness, and afterward, Mary gives Tim her phone number. Tim returns home to find a distraught Harry, whose opening night of his new play has been ruined by an actor forgetting his lines. Tim goes back in time to help the actor, and the play is a triumph.

However, when Tim tries to call Mary, he discovers that by going back in time to help Harry, the evening with Mary never occurred. He recalls Mary's obsession with Kate Moss and finds Mary a week later at a Kate Moss exhibition. However, he discovers that she now has a boyfriend. Tim goes back in time having discovered when and where they met, turning up early before the potential boyfriend arrives, and persuades Mary to leave with him instead. Their relationship develops and Tim moves in with Mary. One night, he encounters Charlotte who now seems interested in him, something Tim initially seems to consider, but turns her down upon the invitation of intimacy, realising that he is in love with Mary. He proposes; they marry and have a daughter, Posy.

Kit Kat's relationship and employment struggles lead her to drunkenly crash her car on Posy's first birthday. As Kit Kat recovers, Tim decides to intervene in her life: he prevents the crash and takes Kit Kat back in time to avert her unhappy relationship with Jimmy. They manage to return to the present, where Tim finds Posy has never been born and he has a son instead. James explains that they cannot change events prior to their children's birth and ensure that that exact child will still be conceived. Tim accepts that he cannot change his sister's life by changing her past; he allows the crash to occur, ensuring Posy's birth, and he and Mary help Kit Kat face her problems to improve her own life. She settles down with Tim's friend Jay and has a child of her own. Tim and Mary have another child, a baby boy, ensuring Kit Kat's future.

Tim learns his father has terminal lung cancer and that time travel cannot change it, as going back to remove his habitual smoking would undo his and Kit Kat's conception. His father has known for some time, traveling back in time to effectively extend his life and spend more time with his family. He tells Tim to live each day twice in order to be truly happy: first, with all the everyday tensions and worries, but the second time noticing how sweet the world can be. Tim follows this advice; his father dies, but Tim travels to the past to visit whenever he misses him.

Mary tells Tim she wants a third child. He is reluctant because it means he will not be able to visit his father again. Tim tells his father that he cannot visit anymore, and together they travel back to relive a fond memory from Tim's early childhood, taking care not to actually change the experience to avoid causing any changes to the present. Mary gives birth to a baby girl, and Tim knows he can never see his father again. Tim comes to realise that it is better to live each day once, deciding from that point on to not time travel at all, and comes to appreciate life with his family as if he is living it for the second time.

Cast

 Domhnall Gleeson as Tim Lake
 Rachel McAdams as Mary
 Bill Nighy as James Lake
 Tom Hollander as Harry Chapman
 Lindsay Duncan as Mary Lake
 Margot Robbie as Charlotte
 Lydia Wilson as Kit Kat
 Richard Cordery as Uncle Desmond
 Joshua McGuire as Rory
 Tom Hughes as Jimmy Kincade
 Vanessa Kirby as Joanna
 Will Merrick as Jay
 Lisa Eichhorn as Mary's Mother, Jean
 Clemmie Dugdale as Ginger Jenny
 Harry Hadden-Paton as Rupert
 Mitchell Mullen as Mary's Father, Fitz
 Jenny Rainsford as Polly

Richard Griffiths and Richard E. Grant make uncredited appearances as lawyer characters in a play, with Griffiths' being his final film role.

Production

By Curtis's own admission the conception of the idea "was a slow growth". The genesis of the idea came when Curtis was eating lunch with a friend and the subject of happiness came up. Upon admitting he was not truly happy in life, the conversation turned towards him describing an ideal day. From here Curtis realised that the day of the lunch, for him, constituted such a day, which led to him deciding to write a film about "how you achieve happiness in ordinary life". Thinking that the concept was too "simple" he decided to add a time travel element to the film.

Although the production contracted out various effect houses to try to make the time travelling effects feel like more of a spectacle, they found the resulting work "just completely wrong" tonally and instead focused on a more low-key approach. Curtis has opined "that in the end it turns out to be a kind of anti–time travel movie. It uses all the time travel stuff but without it feeling like it's a science fiction thing particularly or without it feeling that time travel can actually solve your life."

Curtis is primarily known as a screenwriter, and About Time was only his third ever film as a director (plus one television short); he said the film was likely to be his last film as director, but that he will continue in the film industry.

Zooey Deschanel had been in talks for the role of Mary, but ultimately, the role went to McAdams.

Release
The film's initial release date (10 May 2013) was pushed back to 1 November 2013. It was premiered on 8 August 2013 as part of the Film4 Summer Screen outdoor cinema series at the historic Somerset House in London. It was released in the United Kingdom on 4 September 2013. It received a limited US release on 1 November, with a general release on 8 November 2013.

The film became a surprise success in South Korea, where it was watched by more than three million people, one of the highest numbers among the foreign romantic comedy films released in Korea. It grossed a total of $23,434,443 there, its highest country total.

Reception

About Time received mixed reviews from critics. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 70% based on 164 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Beautifully filmed and unabashedly sincere, About Time finds director Richard Curtis at his most sentimental." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 55 out of 100, based on reviews from 34 critics, indicating "mixed reviews".

Catherine Shoard of The Guardian compared the film to Groundhog Day noting it "is about as close to home as a homage can get without calling in the copyright team" and describes Domhnall Gleeson as a "ginger Hugh Grant", which "at first, is unnerving; as About Time marches on, Gleeson's innate charm gleams through and this weird disconnection becomes quite compelling."  Shoard gave the film two stars out of five. Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph praised the comic timing of McAdams and Gleeson, but criticised the film, comparing it to a quilt, calling it "soft, frayed at the edges, and oh so comfortable" and gives it three stars out of five.

Leslie Felperin of Variety called the film "reassuringly bland" and says there is sense of déjà vu especially for anyone who has seen The Time Traveler's Wife, also co-starring McAdams. Unlike that film, she has no knowledge of his powers in About Time, resulting in a "fundamental lack of honesty in their relationship." Felperin noted British reverse snobbery would put many off this and other Curtis films, but that this would be less of a problem among American Anglophiles and those willing to suspend disbelief, taking the characters as British "versions of Woody Allen's Manhattanites (but with less angst)". Felperin praised the chemistry of the leading couple "that keeps the film aloft" and the supporting cast, while also criticising the stock characters as being too familiar.

Dr. Caroline West said the following for Active*Consent:Oftentimes, pop culture endorses stalking behaviour in the most covert of ways – such as in the "You love me, you just don't know it yet" subset of romantic comedies. Typically, the story goes that a non-threatening romantic hero aims to win over (or win back) his true love through the means of some slightly surrealist methods (like time travel, or 24-hour amnesia). If these films are brought down to their simplest elements, one finds a man manipulating the 'object of his affection' into falling for him. This is all in the pursuit of "true love" because in his mind, they are perfect for each other – she just doesn't know it yet...Little or no focus is given to the women who are being followed and watched without their knowledge...The romantic heroines have the entire trajectory of their lives altered by the hero without their knowledge, consent or input.

Plot holes
Critics have pointed to the film's plot holes relating to time travel; how big or how many plot holes varied with the reviewer. Kate Erbland of Film School Rejects noted: "the rules and limitations of Tim's gift aren't exactly hard and fast, and the final third of the film is rife with complications that never get quite explained. Rules that previously applied suddenly don't apply ... the time travel rules aren't exactly tight and are occasionally confusing". Megan Gibson, writing in Time magazine, said that science fiction fans would be put off by "gaping time-travel plot-holes", again suggesting that Tim's father's rules are repeatedly broken. Mark Kermode agreed that Curtis "sets up his rules of temporal engagement, only to break them willy-nilly whenever the prospect of an extra hug rears its head". Other critics who agreed include Steve Cummins of the Irish Post (the film is "riddled with plot holes"), Matthew Turner of View London (an "unsightly pile-up of plot holes and logic problems"), and Nicholas Barber from The Independent, who called the explanation of time travel "shockingly inadequate" and asserted that "Curtis keeps leaving questions unanswered – time and time again".

Soundtrack

The soundtrack to the film was released on 3 September 2013 by Decca Records featured contemporary singles from artists include: the Cure, the Killers, Ellie Goulding, Amy Winehouse, Sugababes and Nick Cave, a new version of Ben Folds' song and Nick Laird-Clowes' score suite.

References

External links

 About Time at the British Film Institute

2013 films
2013 fantasy films
2013 romantic comedy-drama films
2013 science fiction films
2010s American films
2010s British films
2010s English-language films
2010s fantasy comedy-drama films
2010s romantic fantasy films
2010s science fiction comedy-drama films
Alternate timeline films
American fantasy comedy-drama films
American romantic comedy-drama films
American romantic fantasy films
American science fantasy films
American science fiction comedy-drama films
American science fiction romance films
British fantasy comedy-drama films
British romantic comedy-drama films
British romantic fantasy films
British science fantasy films
British science fiction comedy-drama films
British science fiction romance films
Films about father–son relationships
Films about time travel
Films directed by Richard Curtis
Films produced by Eric Fellner
Films produced by Tim Bevan
Films set in Cornwall
Films set in London
Films shot in London
Films with screenplays by Richard Curtis
Magic realism films
Relativity Media films
Working Title Films films
Films shot in Cornwall

About Time (2013 film)


Phonetic transcription is the act of writing down the way a word sounds. One way of writing phonetic transcription is by using the International Phonetic Alphabet. This is helpful because in many languages, words are sometimes written differently than how they are pronounced. Some people also pronounce words differently due to their accent. Different languages also use different writing systems. Phonetic transcription can tell a person how a word sounds even if they can not read the language's writing system.

Pronunciation
Language transcription

Phonetic transcription


PoSAT-1, the first Portuguese satellite, was launched into orbit on 26 September 1993, on the 59th flight of the Ariane 40 launch vehicle. The launch took place in the Centre Spatial Guyanais, French Guiana. About 20 minutes and 35 seconds after launch, at an altitude of 807 km, PoSAT-1 separated itself from the launch vehicle.

The PoSAT-1 weighs about 50 kg and belongs to the class of microsatellites, which are between 10 and 100 kg. The entire project was developed by a consortium of universities and companies in Portugal and was built at the University of Surrey, United Kingdom. The total cost was around €5 million, about €3 million paid by the Portuguese Government and €2 million by the Portuguese companies involved (Po-SAT consortium: Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação (INETI), EFACEC, ALCATEL, Marconi Company, OGMA, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), University of Beira Interior (UBI) and CEDINTEC). The responsible for the project was Fernando Carvalho Rodrigues, known as the father of the first Portuguese satellite.

Mission
The mission was called Flight 59, which launched several satellites: PoSAT-1 from Portugal, Eyesat-1 and ItamSat from Italy, KITSAT-2 from South Korea, HealthSat-2 (an international medical satellite) and Stella and SPOT-3 from France, the latter one a large satellite for Earth imaging photography.

Spacecraft
The PoSAT-1 is a box of aluminum, in the form of a parallelepiped, 58 cm long, 35 cm wide, 35 cm depth and weighs 50 kg. Over a first drawer that contains the batteries and the remote detection module are stacked 10 other drawers full of electronic cards. At the top of the satellite there are sensors for attitude and the stabilization mast, essential tools for PoSAT-1 to maintain correct orbit. Four solar panels are mounted on the lateral sides of the structure of the satellite, forming a parallelepiped, which are the source of energy for all on-board systems. Each panel contains 1344 cells of Gallium arsenide (GaAs).

Numbers
 Speed: 7.3 km per second.
 Orbit: 822 x 800 km, inclination of 98.6°, Sun-synchronous orbit, lasts 101 minutes, revolves around the Earth around 14 times per day.

End of mission
The re-entry of the PoSAT-1 is expected to be 2043. PoSAT-1 stopped transmitting information to Earth in 2006.

References

Space program of Portugal
Satellites orbiting Earth
Portuguese inventions
First artificial satellites of a country
Spacecraft launched in 1993
Amateur radio satellites
Derelict satellites orbiting Earth

PoSAT-1


Adam Air Flight 574 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight operated by Adam Air between the Indonesian cities of Surabaya (SUB) and Manado (MDC) that crashed into the Makassar Strait near Polewali in Sulawesi on 1 January 2007. All 102 people on board were killed, the highest death toll of any aviation accident involving a Boeing 737-400.

Aircraft
The aircraft, a Boeing 737-4Q8, serial number 24070, registration PK-KKW, was manufactured in 1989. Prior to service with Adam Air, owned by ILFC the aircraft had been leased to seven airlines, including Dan-Air, British Airways, GB Airways, National Jets Italy, WFBN, Air One and JAT Airways. The plane has flown 45.371 hours and was last evaluated and declared airworthy by the Indonesian transport ministry on 25 December 2005.

Accident
On 1 January 2007, at 12:59 local time (05:59 UTC), the plane departed from Juanda Airport, Surabaya, with 96 passengers (35 adults, 47 children and 4 infants) and 6 crew on board. The passenger list was composed mainly of Indonesian nationals; the only foreigners were an American family of three. The two-hour flight, scheduled to arrive at Sam Ratulangi Airport, Manado, at 16:00 local time, was as expected until the plane disappeared from air traffic control radar screens at Makassar, South Sulawesi, with the last contact at 14:56 local time (06:56 UTC). The last known beacon position was detected by a Singaporean satellite. The altitude of the plane was shown as 35,000 feet (10,670 m) on the radar screen.

Captain Widodo and First Officer Susanto were both at the controls at the time of the accident. The aircraft was having issues with its navigation equipment. First Officer Susanto asked the Air Traffic Controller controlling the Makassar airspace their location and distance from the next waypoint. Instead of using that information to confirm their position, the flight crew decided to manually reset the aircraft's Inertial Reference System.

First Officer Susanto switches his IRS mode to ATT (or attitude) mode, and his attitude indicator screen goes blank. Because of this, Captain Widodo is required to fly the aircraft straight and level for 30 seconds. Because the pilots were focused on the navigation error, neither of them noticed that the autopilot had disconnected. The Boeing 737 slowly began to bank to the right, because an earlier unresolved maintenance error had put the ailerons slightly out of trim.

The increasing right bank goes completely unnoticed until Captain Widodo hears the bank angle warning. In response, he tells the first officer to put his IRS mode back on NAV. First Officer Susanto switches his mode back and attempts to take control of the aircraft to stop it from rolling into an inverted upset situation. Captain Widodo tells Susanto not to turn the aircraft, as he is still under the impression that the autopilot is keeping the aircraft on heading so that the IRS can realign itself. First Officer Susanto then tries to tell the captain that the aircraft is banking dangerously over to the right.

By the time the captain realizes what is actually happening, the aircraft is descending at negative 60 degrees nose down and 110 degrees of right bank. Captain Widodo takes control of the aircraft and attempts to roll the plane wings level, but is spatially disoriented by the lack of visual cues outside of the aircraft and completely ignores his attitude indicator. "Pull up, pull up!" First Officer Susanto screamed. Then, at a speed of Mach 0.926, Widodo pulls back on his yoke, contrary to existing upset recovery procedures. The horizontal stabilizers then separate from the aircraft, leaving it completely uncontrollable. The aircraft's G load then rapidly reverses from 3.5 G to negative 2.8 G, then continues to pick up speed until it crashes into the Makassar Strait.

References

Aviation accidents and incidents in 2007
2007 in Asia
2000s disasters in Asia
2000s in Indonesia
History of Sulawesi
January events

Adam Air Flight 574


Anna Maria  of Hesse-Kassel (27 January 1567, Kassel – 21 November 1626, Neunkirchen) was a princess of Hesse-Kassel by birth and by marriage Countess of Nassau-Saarbrücken.

Life
Anna Maria was the eldest daughter of Landgrave William IV of Hesse-Kassel (1532–1592) from his marriage to Sabine (1549–1581), daughter of Duke Christopher of Württemberg.

She married on 8 June 1589 in Kassel Count Louis II of Nassau-Weilburg (1565–1627). He had met Anna Maria during his Grand Tour and had been well received by Anna Maria's father and her uncle Louis IV.  In 1590 the couple moved in with Louis's father, Albert in Ottweiler. In 1593 Louis took over the government in Nassau-Weilburg.

Anna Maria helped organize the poor relief and set up a court pharmacy.

In 1626 Anna Maria fled from the plague from Saarbrücken to Neunkirchen where she died of the plague.  Anna Maria was buried in the crypt of the collegiate church of St. Arnual in Saarbrücken.  A few years earlier, she had built an impressive tomb for three of her children and now she was buried in this tomb herself.

Offspring
From her marriage with Louis, Anna Maria had the following children:
 William Louis (1590–1640), Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken
 married in 1615 princess Anna Amalia of Baden-Durlach (1595-1651)
 Anna Sabine (1591–1593)
 Albrecht (1593–1595)
 Sophie Amalie (1594–1612)
 Georg Adolf (1595–1596)
 Philipp (1597–1621)
 Luise Juliane (1598–1622)
 Moritz (1599–1601)
 Karl Ernst (1600–1604)
 Marie Elisabeth (1602–1626)
 married in 1624 Count Frederick X of Leiningen-Dagsburg (1593-1651)
 John (1603–1677), Count of Nassau-Idstein
 married firstly in 1644 Princess Magdalene Sibylle of Baden-Durlach (1605-1644)
 married secondly in 1646 Countess Anna of Leiningen (1625-1668)
 Dorothea (1605–1620)
 Ernest Casimir (1607–1655), Count of Nassau-Weilburg
 married in 1634 Countess Anna Maria of Sayn-Wittgenstein (1610-1656)
 Otto (1610–1632), Count of Nassau-Weilburg in Neuweilnau

References
 Fried Köllner: Geschichte des vormaligen Nassau-sarbrück'schen Landes und seiner Regenten, p. 307

External links
 Entry for Anna Maria on the  site

House of Hesse
1567 births
1626 deaths
Countesses of Nassau
Burials at Stiftskirche Sankt Arnual (Saarbrücken)
Daughters of monarchs

Anna Maria of Hesse-Kassel


Vijay Dutt Shridhar is an Indian journalist, writer and the founder of Madhav Sapre Museum of Newspapers and Research Institute. He was honored by the Government of India, in 2012, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of Padma Shri.

Biography
Vijay Dutt Shridhar was born in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. He is a former director of Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism and Communication and has served as the editor of Navbharat Times, a national daily in Hindi. He has also been a member of the Press Gallery Committee of Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha for around 20 years.

Shridhar founded Madhavrao Sapre Samachar Patra Sangrahalaya evam Shodh Sansthan (Madhavrao Sapre Museum of Newspapers and Research Institute), a museum and research institute, in Bhopal in 1984. The institution started in a small rented place with the journals, newspapers and periodicals totaling 73 in number, donated by his teacher, Rameshwar Guru, has, over the years, grown to be housed in an 11,000 sq. ft facility holding 17,000 titles. It has since been approved by many universities as a research centre for journalism related studies and is funded by the state and central governments.

Vijay Dutt Shridhar, who is involved in social activism, has authored four books, Bhartiya Patrakarita Kosh, a 2 volume chronicle of the history of journalism in the Indian subcontinent from 1780 till 1947, Shabd Satta a historical narrative of 150 years of journalism in Madhya Pradesh,  and the third one, Choutha Padav, the history of Bhopal covering 1000 years. His latest work, Pahela Sampadkiya, is an anthology of editorials appeared in various Hindi newspapers with Shridhar's commentary.

Shridhar received the Bhartendu Harishchandra Award for his work, Pehla Sampadakiya, in the Mass Communications and Journalism category in 2011. The next year, in 2012, the Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of Padma Shri.

See also

 M C N University of Journalism and Communication

References

Further reading

External links

Living people
Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education
Journalists from Madhya Pradesh
20th-century Indian journalists
Indian editors
Year of birth missing (living people)

Vijay Dutt Shridhar


Picnic Point, a suburb of local government area City of Canterbury-Bankstown, is 23 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is a part of South-western Sydney region . Picnic Point is a residential suburb on the northern bank of the Georges River. Located within Picnic Point is Yeramba Lagoon which is the largest tract of National Park within the Canterbury – Bankstown Council, it is home to numerous species of native fauna and flora.

History

Picnic Point was the name given to the geographical feature on the Georges River. The suburb was originally part of East Hills, which stretched south from Bankstown to the river and east to The River Road. Picnic Point was gazetted as a suburb in 1975, with new boundaries gazetted in 1994.

During World War II, Picnic Point National Park was the location of a remote receiving station and operations bunker that was owned and operated by the RAAF. This facility was used in conjunction with two other facilities, one of them located in Bankstown, the Bankstown Bunker, which was RAAF headquarters at the time and the other in Bass Hill which was a transmitting station in Johnston Road. The location of the remote receiving station in Picnic Point is now located under the Transgrid South Sydney electricity sub station.

Schools
 Picnic Point High School
Picnic Point Public School

Sport and recreation
Picnic Point features a number of parks and reserves along the river, including the Georges River National Park. As the suburb's name suggests, the area is popular with picnickers. The boat ramps provide access to the river for boating and watersports such as waterskiing and wakeboarding.

References

City of Canterbury-Bankstown
Suburbs of Sydney

Picnic Point, New South Wales


The siege of Cádiz was a siege of the large Spanish naval base of Cádiz by a French army from 5 February 1810 to 24 August 1812 during the Peninsular War. Following the occupation of Seville, Cádiz became the Spanish seat of power, and was targeted by 70,000 French troops under the command of the Marshals Claude Victor and Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult for one of the most important sieges of the war. Defending the city were 2,000 Spanish troops who, as the siege progressed, received aid from 10,000 Spanish reinforcements as well as British and Portuguese troops.

During the siege, which lasted two and a half years, the Cortes of Cádizwhich served as a parliamentary Regency after Ferdinand VII was deposeddrew up a new constitution to reduce the strength of the monarchy, which was eventually revoked by Fernando VII when he returned.

In October 1810 a mixed Anglo-Spanish relief force embarked on a disastrous landing at Fuengirola. A second relief attempt was made at Tarifa in 1811. However, despite defeating a detached French force of 15,000–20,000 under Marshal Victor at the Battle of Barrosa, the siege was not lifted.

In 1812 the Battle of Salamanca eventually forced the French troops to retreat from Andalusia, for fear of being cut off by the Coalition armies. The French defeat  contributed decisively to the liberation of Spain from French occupation, due to the survival of the Spanish government and the use of Cádiz as a jump-off point for the Coalition forces.

Background
The Revolution under siege started with the Siege of Cádiz.

Prelude

In the early 19th century, war was brewing between French emperor Napoleon and the Russian Tsar Alexander I, and Napoleon saw the shared interests of Britain and Russia in defeating him as a threat. Napoleon's advisor, the Duke of Cadore, recommended that the ports of Europe be closed to the British, stating that "Once in Cadiz, Sire, you will be in a position either to break or strengthen the bonds with Russia".

Soult and his French army invaded Portugal in 1809 but were beaten by Wellesley at Oporto on 12 May. The British and Spanish armies advanced into mainland Spain, however the difficulties that the Spanish army bore forced Arthur Wellesley to retreat into Portugal after Spanish defeats in the battles of Ocaña and Alba de Tormes. By 1810 the war had reached a stalemate. Wellesley strengthened Portuguese and Spanish positions with the construction of the Lines of Torres Vedras, and the remainder of the Spanish forces fell back to defend the Spanish government at Cádiz against Soult's Army of Andalusia.

Siege

The port of Cádiz was surrounded on land by the armies of Soult and Victor, in three entrenched positions at Chiclana, Puerto Real and Santa Maria, positioned in a semicircle around the city. In the case of the former position, only an area of marshland separated the forces. The French initially sent an envoy with a demand for surrender, which was refused. The fortress of Matagorda, north of Cádiz, was bombarded by the French. When the fort became untenable, it was evacuated by the defending 94th Regiment of Foot. The last person to leave was to be Maj Lefebure of the Royal Engineers, whose job was to fire a mine to destroy the fort, but he was killed by a cannon shot. The French forces now had access to the coast close to Cádiz. The ensuing bombardment of the Spanish coastal city involved some of the largest artillery pieces in existence at the time, including Grand Mortars, which were so large they had to be abandoned when the French eventually retreated, and fired projectiles to distances previously thought impossible, some up to  in range. (The Grand Mortar was placed in St. James's Park in London as a gift to the British in honour of the Duke of Wellington.) The French continued to bombard Cádiz until the end of 1810, but the extreme distance lessened their effect.

The terrain surrounding the strong fortifications of Cádiz proved difficult for the French to attack, and the French also suffered from a lack of supplies, particularly ammunition, and from continuous guerrilla raiding parties attacking the rear of their siege lines and their internal communications with Andalusia. On many occasions, the French were forced to send escorts of 150–200 men to guard couriers and supply convoys in the hinterland. So great were the difficulties that one historian judges that:

French reinforcements continued to arrive through to 20 April, and the capture of an outer Spanish fort guarding the road through to the Puerto Real helped to facilitate the arrival of these forces. This captured fort also provided the French with a vantage point from which to shell ships coming in and out of the besieged Spanish port.

During 1811 Victor's force was continually diminished by requests for reinforcement from Soult to aid his siege of Badajoz. This reduction in men, which brought the French numbers down to between 20,000–15,000, encouraged the defenders of Cádiz to attempt a breakout. A sortie of 4,000 Spanish troops, under the command of General José de Zayas, was arranged in conjunction with the arrival of an Anglo-Spanish relief army of around 16,000 troops that landed  south in Tarifa. This Anglo-Spanish force was under the overall command of Spanish General Manuel la Peña, with the British contingent being led by Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Graham. On 21 February 1811 the force set sail for Tarifa, and eventually landed at Algeciras on 23 February. Eventually marching towards Cádiz on 28 February, the force met a detachment of two French divisions under Victor at Barrosa.  The battle was a tactical victory for the Coalition force, with a French regimental eagle captured, but it was strategically indecisive.

Smaller sorties of 2,000–3,000 men continued to operate out of Cádiz from April to August 1811. On 26 October British naval gunboats from Gibraltar destroyed French positions at St. Mary's, killing French artillery commander Alexandre-Antoine Hureau de Sénarmont. An attempt by Victor to crush the small Anglo-Spanish garrison at Tarifa over the winter of 1811–1812 was frustrated by torrential rains and an obstinate defence, marking an end to French operations against the city's outer works.

On 22 July 1812, Wellesley won a tactical victory over Auguste Marmont at Salamanca. The Spanish, British and Portuguese then entered Madrid on 6 August and advanced towards Burgos. Realising that his army was in danger of being cut off, Soult ordered a retreat from Cádiz set for 24 August. After an overnight artillery barrage, the French intentionally burst most of their 600 guns by overcharging and detonating them. The Coalition forces captured many guns, 30 gunboats and a large quantity of stores.

In literature
 The siege of Cádiz features prominently in Bernard Cornwell's Sharpe's Fury, in which Richard Sharpe is forced to help defend the city from the French before going on to take part in the Battle of Barrosa.
 Arturo Pérez-Reverte's  (English: The Siege) is a murder mystery set in Cádiz during the siege.

See also
 Cádiz Memorial

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Sieges of the Peninsular War
Battles in Andalusia
Sieges involving Spain
Sieges involving France
Sieges involving the United Kingdom
Sieges involving Portugal
Conflicts in 1810
1810s in Spain
History of Cádiz
1810 in Spain
1811 in Spain
1812 in Spain

Siege of Cádiz


Shawn Sawyer (born January 14, 1985 in Edmundston, New Brunswick) is a Canadian former competitive figure skater. He is the 2011 Canadian national silver medallist and a three-time (2005-2006 & 2008) Canadian national bronze medallist. He represented Canada in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy finishing 12th overall. Unlike most skaters, Sawyer is a clockwise spinner.

Personal life
Shawn Sawyer was born in Edmundston, New Brunswick.

Career

Early career
He started skating at age nine. Even as a young skater, he was known for his artistry and his spirals. This attracted the attention of Olympic bronze medallist Toller Cranston. Cranston was about to retire from show skating and he envisioned a final tribute show in which he and other skaters passed down their knowledge of skating and life lessons to a young skater. This skater was Shawn Sawyer. Cranston remains a mentor to Sawyer.

In 1999, Sawyer won the bronze medal on the novice level at the Canada Winter Games, skating with a bad cold. The following year, he won the national novice title. He skated on the Junior Grand Prix the following season and won the bronze medal at his first event. His fifth-place finish at his second event prevented him from qualifying for the JGP Final. At Nationals, he placed 4th in the junior level. On the JGP the following season, he qualified for the Junior Grand Prix Final, where he placed fifth, and then won the national Junior title. This earned him a trip to the 2002 Junior Worlds, where he placed 11th after performing an entirely new long program.

Sawyer, already very flexible, had been working on a Biellmann spin. As a junior skater, Sawyer trained at the Minto Skating Club in Ottawa under coach Alexei Tchetveroukin. He had been training the Biellmann since learning in New Brunswick at age twelve, and he performed it in exhibition at Nationals in 2002 after winning the junior title.

Later, Sawyer changed coaches to Gordon Forbes. In his third season as a junior internationally, he won his second JGP event, but an 8th-place finish prevented him from returning to the Final. In his senior debut at Nationals, he placed 6th, a promising finish, and then repeated that placement at the World Junior Championships.

The 2003-2004 season would be Sawyer's last as a junior. He dropped to ninth place at nationals and tenth at Junior Worlds. Sawyer then went senior internationally. Following this season, he changed coaches to Annie Barabe and Sophie Richard and moved to Drummondville, Quebec.

Senior career

At the 2004 Cup of Russia, Sawyer's first senior international event, he placed just off the podium. He placed ninth at the 2004 NHK Trophy. At nationals, he won the bronze medal, earning him a trip to the 2005 Four Continents. His podium finish did not earn him a spot to Worlds because Canada had only two spots to the 2005 World Championships.

In the 2005-2006 season, the Olympic season, Sawyer placed in the middle of the fields in his two Grand Prix events. But he held on to the bronze position at Nationals, earning him a spot to the Olympics and to Worlds. He placed 12th at the Olympics and 21st at Worlds, held in Calgary.

In the 2006-2007 season, Sawyer placed just off the podium at the Skate Canada competition. Sawyer then placed 8th at the Grand Prix event in Paris. At Nationals, he was ahead after the short program, but a charismatic comeback performance by Emanuel Sandhu pushed Sawyer down to 4th, depriving him of a spot to Four Continents and Worlds.

In the 2007-2008 season, Sawyer placed 7th at his first event, the 2007 Cup of China. At his second event, the 2007 NHK Trophy, he placed 9th. At the 2008 Canadian Championships, he won his third bronze medal at that competition. This earned him a trip to the 2008 Four Continents, where he placed 9th.

The 2008-2009 season started off with two back to back competitions for Sawyer. He opened the season at 2008 Skate America where he placed fifth and then continued to 2008 Skate Canada International where he again placed fifth. Even though his overall placement was fifth, he did win the free skate with a score of 142.36.

In 2009-2010, Sawyer was awarded the silver medal at Skate America, but placed fourth at Canadian Nationals, narrowly missing a trip to the 2010 Olympic Games by two spots.

In 2010-2011, he won the silver at the 2011 Canadian Championships and was named to the team for the World Championships. After the Japan earthquake, the event was postponed by a month and now coincided with his commitment to Stars on Ice. Sawyer decided to withdraw from the World Championships and was replaced by Kevin Reynolds. He decided to end his competitive career. He continued to perform in ice shows, such as Art on Ice.

Signature moves

Sawyer is well known for his spins and his spiral positions, which show great flexibility. Sawyer is one of few male skaters to perform spirals in their programs, because under Code of Points, men do not get any credit for spiral sequences. Sawyer's arabesque, I and Y positions in spins and spirals are his trademark moves.

Programs

Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix

References

External links

 Skate Canada Profile

1985 births
Canadian male single skaters
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Living people
Sportspeople from New Brunswick
Olympic figure skaters for Canada
People from Edmundston

Shawn Sawyer


Paul Baras (May 14, 1870 – November 6, 1941) was a road racing cyclist and racing driver from France. He competed in several early Grand Prix motor races, and held the world land speed record between November 1904 and January 1905.

Born in Orchies, France, Baras originally competed in cycling events including placing third in the 1894 Grand Prix de Paris Sprint. He switched to racing cars, initially in hill-climbs.

Baras set the world land speed record on November 13, 1904. Driving a Darracq 100 hp, he completed the flying kilometer in twenty-one and two-fifths of a second to give an average speed of .

In 1906, he participated in the inaugural French Grand Prix, and led the early stages of the race. He eventually finished seventh, although he also had the fastest lap of the race. The following year, he finished third in the French Grand Prix. In 1908 he retired after three laps of the race.

References

1870 births
1941 deaths
Cyclists from Hauts-de-France
French male cyclists
French racing drivers
Sportspeople from Nord (French department)

Paul Baras


A k-line or kill line is an IRC term. When a user is k-lined, he or she is banned from a certain server, either for some time or forever. When the user is banned they are not allowed to join that server again and have to join another one to get back onto IRC. This is recorded as a line in the server's IRC daemon configuration file which has the letter "K" at the beginning. This is where "K-line" comes from.

Internet Relay Chat

K-line


Rafael Jorge Negrete, is a Mexican actor and Opera singer, who also performs traditional Mexican music and brother Lorenzo Negrete.

Rafa Negrete, as often called, is the grandson of the Mexican legendary icon Jorge Negrete

Negrete is a tenor. but also he has sung various baritone roles.

He has a degree in Opera singing by the National Conservatory of Music. According to family tradition, he also is a Mexican Traditional music singer and songwriter, performing both in massive and popular forums, such as theaters and Concert Halls. Nacional de Música, in Mexico (Mexican National Conservatory of Music). and also studied at The University for Music and Dramatic Art Mozarteum, in Salzburg, Austria. Furthermore, he studied vocal technique in Mexico with Enrique Jaso and Maria Luisa Tamez, later with tenor Alfredo Portilla and coach James Demster. He has also taken master-class in Italy with soprano Francesca Scaini

Negrete follows the tradition of El Charro Cantor, by disseminating Mexican music throughout the world but he keeps an active schedule of performances of either Traditional Mexican Music or Bel Canto, and his talent is always well recognized in both facets

He has performed in major venues of many countries with great acceptance, including a great number of concerts on his own, in Mexico. For instance, he has performed in Teatro Bicentenario (Bicentennial Theater in Texcoco); Teatro Aguascalientes; Auditorio Zaragoza; Museo Nacional de las Artes (National Museum of Arts);Sala Ponce, del Palacio de Bellas Artes (Ponce Hall at Palace of Fine Arts); Lunario, Auditorio Nacional (National Auditorium), Alcazar del Castillo de Chapultepec (Imperial Residence Room, in Chapultepec Castle); Centro Nacional de las Artes (National Center for the Arts); Zócalo Capitalino (Mexico City Main Square); Teatro de la Paz ( De la Paz Theater) Auditorio Silvestre Revueltas; Auditorio Juan Rulfo; CECUT (Tijuana's Cultural Center); Hipódromo de las Américas (Mexico's largest racecourse venue); Centro Voilá, Antara among many others.
In the United States, Negrete has had presentations throughout the Nation, in different events, such as Mariachi Conferences, Fairs and Festivals, as well as tenor performances. Negrete has performed in various cities of the state of California, including Santa Ana, Lindwood Los Angeles, and others.
In 2004, he was the leading performer of The North Carolina, Charlotte's Latin American Festival.
In 2013 he was a special guess/leading performer at the closing concert "Noche de Estrellas" in Tucson, Arizona.
Negrete has participated for three consecutive years, 2012, 2013 and 2014, in the "Chicago Mariachi and Tequila Festival".
In December 2009, he performed at the traditional, New Year's Eve Concert in Mexico City.
He has recently participated in the "International Mariachi Summit 2016", in San Diego, along with Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán, and Jeff Nevin, soon after in Tijuana, Rafael paid special tribute to his grandfather Jorge Negrete. He has also performed in Austria, Germany, France, Japan, Spain, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Peru.

Negrete has also performed in major operas, like Turandot, Tosca, Carmen, Pagliacci, Nabucco, Madame Butterfly, in Mexican cities such as Tabasco, Durango, Zacatecas, Coahuila, Toluca and Mexico City.
In 2015 he participated in The "Ceibe" Festival, in Villahermosa, Tabasco, and did a great starring role, in the Opera, The Pagliacci, of Ruggero Leoncavallo.
In November 2015, Negrete did consecutive representations of the Opera Tosca of Giacomo Puccini, in Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico, and received great reviews, in his role of "Mario Cavaradossi".
In 2016, he played Ismaelle, in the Opera Nabucco, of Giuseppe Verdi, performing with the Toluca Philharmonic Orchestra, which was also a big success.
Negrete is also very versatile when it comes to acting. Therefore, he has participated in movies, musical plays, commercials, and television series:
1996 He was Azaël in L'Enfant prodigue by C.A. Debussy., at the Sala Revueltas and Ponce Hall at Belles Artes.
In 1994, he was Camille de Rossillon, in the play Merry Widow by F.Léhar, directed by famous Enrique Alonso, at "Teatro Lírico", Mexico
In 1995, Negrete played "Matt", in The Fantastics by Harvey Schmidt at the Jiménez Rueda Theater, in Mexico.
In 1998, in a Mexican video home, "La que se fue"(The one that walked away), directed by Juan Luis Orendáin, Negrete had the starring role of Francisco. In this movie, his antagonist was a world know Mexican actor, Ernesto Gómez Cruz.
In 1999, played the role of Bellgallo, in the Austrian Operetta of Franz Von Suppé, "Zehn Madchen und Kein Mann", (Ten Girls Without a Husband), directed by R. Pflanz, in Salzburg, Austria.
In 2004, he characterized Vato, in a famous musical play "Suave Patria", directed by Miguel Sabido, in Teatro Tepeyac" Mexico.
In 2006, he personated Fray Mendoza, in the movie Martín de Porres, directed by R. Calixto, in Mexico and Venezuela.
From 2006 to 2009, incarnated General Guadalupe Victoria, in the Mexican TV series "Secretos de Nuestra Historia" (Secrets of our History)
In 2007, Negrete participated in the movie Padre Pro, of Miguel Rico Tavera.
In 2012–2013, Negrete acted as mariachi singer, Genaro, "El Barítono de Hidalgo" in a Televisa Soap-opera Qué Bonito Amor (What a Beautiful Love), produced by Salvador Mejía and directed by Alberto Díaz.
In 2015, Negrete had a small role as a Mariachi singer, in the comedy movie "Una Última y nos Vamos" directed by Noé Santillán López.

References

External links
 www.rafaelnegrete.com

 Rafael Negrete in Peru
 Rafael Negrete's tribute to Agustin Lara
 Celebrity Daily
 Interview
 Rafael Jorge Negrete on Tour
 Rafae Negrete
 Global Quality Foundation Trophy
 New Year's Eve Concert

Living people
Mexican male singers
Mexican male film actors
Mexican male telenovela actors
Mexican male television actors
Mozarteum University Salzburg alumni
National Conservatory of Music of Mexico alumni
María Félix
1976 births

Rafael Negrete


The  was an abortive coup d'état attempt in the Empire of Japan, in March 1931, launched by the radical Sakurakai secret society within the Imperial Japanese Army, aided by civilian ultranationalist groups.

Background and history
The start of the March Incident of 1931 may be traced back to the autumn of 1930, when the foundation of the Sakurakai (Cherry Society) by Imperial Japanese Army Lt. Col. Kingoro Hashimoto and Capt. Isamu Chō. The cherry blossom was symbolic of self-sacrifice, and was a symbol used by the military to symbolize the fleeting life of a soldier. The avowed goal of the Sakurakai was political reform through elimination of corrupt party politics and the establishment of a totalitarian government run by the military. The new government would rid the country of corrupt politics, unfair distribution of wealth in the zaibatsu and perceived degenerative influences corrupting Japan's public morals.

After the attempted assassination of Prime Minister Osachi Hamaguchi, Duke Saionji Kinmochi (the last genrō) and Lord Privy Seal Makino Nobuaki considered recommending Gen. Kazushige Ugaki to the post of prime minister. However, they later decided that a civilian nominee would be best for Japan at that time. This change incensed the militarist party within the Imperial Japanese Army, and several leading generals called on Hashimoto and his Sakurakai to plan a coup d'état to bring Ugaki into power.

Hashimoto's plan involved a three-phase program:

1. Massive riots would be instigated in Tokyo, which would force the government to call out troops and proclaim martial law.
2. The Imperial Japanese Army would execute a coup d'état and seize power.
3. A new Cabinet would be formed under the premiership of the then-War Minister, General Kazushige Ugaki.

The project was underwritten by a 200,000-yen donation by Yoshichika Tokugawa, ultra-rightist member of the House of Peers, son of the last daimyō of Nagoya, founder of the Tokugawa Art Museum, Nagoya and Emperor Shōwa's second cousin.

Ultra-rightist civilian organizations led by Kanichiro Kamei and Shūmei Ōkawa fomented a commotion outside the Diet Building in Tokyo late in February 1931. However, due to logistical difficulties, the disturbance failed to attract enough people, and the hoped-for riot failed to occur. Hashimoto consulted Ōkawa, who wrote to Ugaki on 3 March explaining the plot and demanding the call-out of troops and action on the general's part. Ugaki, either lukewarm from the start or having a change in heart after seeing the failure of the riot to take off, refused to cooperate. He had hopes of becoming head of the Rikken Minseitō party, and thus had a chance of becoming prime minister by legal means rather than a coup. It is also likely that Ugaki foresaw that a military dictatorship would alienate powerful sectors of the Japanese elite (bureaucrats, court nobles, zaibatsu industrialists, etc.) whose support he would need in case of a total war.

The plotters again attempted to start a riot on 17 March (two days before the planned coup d'état was to take place), but again the projected 10 000 rioters failed to materialize, the leaders were arrested, and the whole affair disintegrated.

Consequences
Ugaki intervened to hush up the whole collapsed affair and ensured that the plotters received very mild punishments.  This had the end result of encouraging more attempts by elements of the military to intervene in politics, and was also to taint Ugaki's bid for the office of prime minister in the future. Undeterred by his failure, Hashimoto attempted to overthrow the government again only seven months later in the Imperial Colors Incident of October 1931.

References

Notes

Conflicts in 1931
1931 in Japan
March 1931 events
1930s coups d'état and coup attempts
Politics of the Empire of Japan
Rebellions in Japan
Attempted coups in Japan

March incident


The Altamira yellowthroat (Geothlypis flavovelata) is a New World warbler. It is a resident breeding bird endemic to the Gulf slope of northeastern Mexico.

It is closely related to common yellowthroat, Belding's yellowthroat, and Bahama yellowthroat, with which it forms a superspecies. It has been considered conspecific with these species.

The Altamira yellowthroat is  long and has a yellow-green back and bright yellow belly. The adult male has a black face mask and yellow crown. Females are similar, but lack the black mask and have an olive crown. This species is easily distinguished from wintering common yellowthroats by its uniform yellow underparts, in contrast to common's white belly.  Males' yellow forehead bands are diagnostic.

Vocalizations are very similar to those of common yellowthroat and are not readily distinguishable to the human ear. Altamira and common yellowthroats, however, do not respond to tapes of one another's songs.

The species is resident in freshwater marshes (including canals and drainage ditches),  especially those with cattails.  Little is known of its breeding or feeding habits, but other yellowthroats build a cup nest low in vegetation and feed on insects, usually captured in dense vegetation, so it is likely that the Altamira yellowthroat does the same. There has been a decline in numbers of this localized bird due to loss of habitat.

References

External links
BirdLife Species Factsheet.

Altamira yellowthroat
Birds of Mexico
Endemic birds of Mexico
Altamira yellowthroat
Taxa named by Robert Ridgway
Veracruz moist forests

Altamira yellowthroat


Drum Workshop, Inc. (also known as DW Drums or DW) is an American drum kit and hardware manufacturing company based in Oxnard, California. Current products by DW include drum sets, snare drums, and hardware.

History
Drum Workshop was founded in 1972 as a teaching studio by Don Lombardi. Alongside student John Good, Lombardi began a small drum equipment sales operation to cover the studio's operation costs. After the closure of the Camco Drum Company in 1977, its manufacturing equipment was purchased by Drum Workshop.

After selling primarily drum hardware, the company began making its first drum sets in 1990.

Expansion and acquisition

DW expanded into larger facilities in Oxnard, California, and grew to oversee a new company, Pacific Drums and Percussion, a company offering lower-priced drum sets.

In 2015, Drum Workshop acquired Ovation Guitars, Latin Percussion, Toca Percussion, Gibraltar Hardware, and KAT Technologies. In November, 2019, DW acquired Slingerland Drum Company from Gibson, with plans to introduce Slingerland-branded, vintage style drums to the market in 2020.

In late 2022, it was announced that Roland would acquire DW for $65 million as the company looks to expand into the acoustic drum market.

References

External links

 Don Lombardi interview with the NAMM Oral History Program
 John Good interview with the NAMM Oral History Program

Percussion instrument manufacturing companies
Musical instrument manufacturing companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in California
Companies based in Oxnard, California
Manufacturing companies established in 1972
1972 establishments in California

Drum Workshop


Jack Beresford, CBE (1 January 1899 – 3 December 1977), born Jack Beresford-Wiszniewski, was a British rower who won five medals at five Olympic Games in succession. This record in Olympic rowing was not matched until 2000 when Sir Steve Redgrave won his sixth Olympic medal at his fifth Olympic Games.

Early life
Jack Beresford was the son of Julius Beresford. The family name was Wisniewski but his father dropped the name after Beresford was born. Julius Beresford was also a rower who won an Olympic silver medal for Great Britain rowing at the 1912 Summer Olympics as well as winning several times at Henley. Jack was educated at Bedford School where he stroked the eight and also captained the rugby football XV. During the First World War he served in the Liverpool Scottish Regiment and was wounded in the leg in France. He returned to London and learned the craft of furniture-making for Beresford & Hicks in his father's factory. He took up sculling because the leg wound put an end to his rugby career. Throughout his competitive career, Beresford (like his father and his brother, Eric Beresford) represented Thames Rowing Club. Michael Beresford was his nephew who competed in rowing at the 1960 Olympics.

Rowing career

In 1920, Beresford won the Diamond Challenge Sculls, the single sculls event at the Henley Royal Regatta beating in the final Donald Gollan, his closest British rival for the next few years. He followed this up competing in the single sculls event rowing at the 1920 Summer Olympics where his final race against John B. Kelly Sr. is legendary. It featured a dramatic stretch run with Kelly eventually prevailing in one of the closest single sculls races in Olympic history.  In 1920 Beresford won the Wingfield Sculls, the Amateur Sculling Championship of the Thames and Great Britain for the first time, and went on to win it for seven consecutive years, a streak unmatched in history He also won the London Cup to give him the sculling triple crown in 1920.

Beresford was losing finalist to Eyken in the Diamond Sculls in 1921 but won the London Cup and the Wingfields which was decided on a foul after Beresford's boat was holed in a clash with Gollan. Both scullers were being steered by their fathers and so in 1922 it was decided that in future fathers of competitors should not act as pilots or steer the cutters. Beresford lost Diamonds in the final to Walter Hoover but won the Wingfields and London Cup over Gollan.  In 1923 Beresford was in the winning Thames eight in the Grand Challenge Cup. He was runner up in the Diamonds to M. K. Morris, lost to Gollan in the London Cup on a foul, but beat Gollan in the Wingfields.

Beresford won the Diamond Challenge Sculls at Henley again in 1924 against Craig, and went on to win the gold medal in the single scull rowing at the 1924 Summer Olympics over William Gilmore. Following that he competed in and won the Philadelphia Gold Cup, awarded by the Schuylkill Navy for the amateur sculling championship of the world. In 1925, he successfully defended the Diamond Challenge Sculls against Donald Gollan and the Philadelphia Cup against Walter Hoover before indicating to its stewards that he no longer wished to contest it. With the Wingfields and London Cup he won the triple crown. Beresford won the Diamond Challenge Sculls again in 1926 beating G E G Goddard in the final. He won the London Cup again and also the Wingfields, but only after his boat was holed in a clash and the race re-rowed on 11 August.

Beresford was not a winning competitor in 1927, but served as Captain of Thames in 1928-9. In 1928 at Henley he won the Silver Goblets & Nickalls' Challenge Cup partnering Gordon "Bill" Killick. He was also a member of the Thames eight which won the Grand Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta. This crew then represented Great Britain to win the silver medal rowing at the 1928 Summer Olympics. His Thames crew won the Grand Challenge Cup again in 1929 and with Killick he won Silver Goblets again. In 1930, Beresford finished second to reigning Olympic champion Bobby Pearce in the single scull at the inaugural Empire/Commonwealth Games. In 1932 at Henley, Beresford competed in the coxless four which won the Stewards Challenge Cup and then went on to win the gold medal for Great Britain rowing at the 1932 Summer Olympics.

In the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Beresford was the flag bearer for the British delegation in the Opening Ceremonies, which were filmed by Leni Riefenstahl. The scene was included in her documentary Olympia, which is sometimes described as a Nazi propaganda film. Rowing at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, with Adolf Hitler watching, Beresford and Dick Southwood his partner in the Double sculls, came from a length down to pass the favoured Germans with just 200 metres to go, thus giving Beresford his fifth Olympic medal and third gold.  Beresford would later write it was "the sweetest race I ever rowed."  Beresford was presented with an oak sapling by Hitler, as were all gold medal winners.  Beresford's was planted in the grounds of Bedford School.

In the inaugural Centenary Double Sculls – now the Double Sculls Challenge Cup – at Henley in 1939, Beresford, together with Dick Southwood, raced a memorable final against the European Champions, Scherli and Broschi of Trieste which resulted in a dead-heat.

Beresford was denied the opportunity to win a medal in the double sculls event in the 1940 Olympics as those Games were cancelled because of World War II.

Later life

Beresford was elected a Steward of Henley Royal Regatta in 1946.  He was a member of the organising committee of the 1948 London Olympic Games. His contribution to rowing was recognised with two honours in the 1940s: the gold medal of the international rowing federation (1947), and the Olympic Diploma of Merit (1949).  In 1960, Beresford was appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. He was President of Thames Rowing Club from 1970 until his death in 1977.

In 2005, a Blue Plaque was erected by English Heritage at 19 Grove Park Gardens in Chiswick, West London which was Beresford's home from 1903 to 1940. Beresford is one of the first sportsmen to receive this honour.

Achievements

Olympic Medals: three gold, two silver
 First rower to compete at five Olympics with his 1936 Olympic appearance. This feat would be unmatched for forty years until Soviet rower Yuriy Lorentsson made his fifth Olympic appearance in 1976, and unsurpassed for another sixteen years until Czechoslovak rower Jiří Pták made his sixth Olympic appearance in 1992.

References

External links

Guardian article on Beresford
IOC Biography on Beresford
Commonwealth Games Medallists

1899 births
1977 deaths
British male rowers
English male rowers
Olympic rowers for Great Britain
Olympic medalists in rowing
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain
Rowers at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
English Olympic medallists
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
Commonwealth Games medallists in rowing
Rowers at the 1930 British Empire Games
People educated at Bedford School
People from Shiplake
Stewards of Henley Royal Regatta
British Army personnel of World War I
English people of Polish descent
Military personnel from London
Liverpool Scottish soldiers
Artists' Rifles soldiers
Medallists at the 1930 British Empire Games

Jack Beresford