The Talbot 105 was a high powered sports car developed by Talbot designer Georges Roesch.   It was famously fast, described by one authority as the fastest four-seater ever to race at Brooklands.

History
The 75 was derived from the earlier 14-45, named according to its fiscal and actual horsepower. The six-cylinder engine displaced a volume of 1,666 cc and was the basis for all Talbot engines until the Rootes takeover in 1935.

The engine was repeatedly bored out further, giving rise to a succession of performance improvements. Throughout these developments, the exterior dimensions of the original 14-45 engine block remained the same although the 18-70 had an updated block with equally spaced bores. The later 105 had a different block again.

The 1930 London Motor Show saw the debut of the 18-70 model, bore and stroke both being increased to give an engine capacity increased to 2,276 cc. In this form the car was later called simply the Talbot 70 or 75. Higher compression ratios and a bigger Zenith carburettor resulted in an increase in power and the birth of the 90. Talbot's AO90s were highly successful in GP racing, coming third only to Speed 6 Bentleys in the 1931 Brooklands 500.

An increase in the engine capacity, still without any change to the exterior dimensions of the engine block, yielded a cylinder displacement of 2,969 cc for the iconic Talbot 105 model. In 1931 four 105s were tuned to provide a reported 119 bhp, at 4,800 rpm. In "Brooklands trim" further tuning and in increased compression ratio of 10:1 gave rise to a claimed 125 bhp.

The Talbot acquired its fame on the racing circuits, featuring prominently at Brooklands on the south-western fringes of London. In 1932 Talbot pulled out of racing, but a major Talbot dealer named Warwick Wright successfully ran a team of three 105s that year, and other teams operated by dealers and enthusiasts continued to race the cars at least till 1938.

References

105
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 1930
Sports cars

Talbot 105


James Churchill Omosanya Vaughan Jr., M.D. (30 May 1893 – 1937) was a Nigerian doctor and a prominent political activist.

Birth and education

Vaughan was born in Lagos on 30 May 1893, the son of James Wilson Vaughan, who descended from the 19th century American artisan Scipio Vaughan and through whom he also had Catawba ancestry. His father was a prosperous Lagos Yoruba merchant.
He was among the first set of scholars at King's College, Lagos when it was founded in 1909.
Vaughan and Isaac Ladipo Oluwole were the two first Nigerian students at the University of Glasgow, studying medicine there from 1913 to 1918, when they graduated with medical degrees.
The two students were subject to racial prejudice. In the program for the final dinner in 1918, Vaughan was given an epithet after Robert Burns's "The Twa Dogs", likening him to a foreign born dog, "whalpit some place far abroad".

Career

Returning to Nigeria in the early 1920s, Vaughan set up a private clinic.
He also provided free medical services for the destitute.
Vaughan attempted with little success to collate the works of the pioneering Nigerian doctor Oguntola Sapara, who had taken a special interest in traditional herbal medicines, but had left only fragmentary records of his researches.

Vaughan became an outspoken critic of the British Colonial Administration, and in 1934 was one of the founders of the Lagos Youth Movement along with other leading activists including Dr Kofo Abayomi, Hezekiah Oladipo Davies, Ernest Sissei Ikoli, and Samuel Akinsanya.
Vaughan was the first president of the movement.
The Lagos Youth Movement originally had improvement of higher education as its goal, but within four years had become the most influential nationalist organization in the country. It was renamed the Nigerian Youth Movement in 1936 to emphasize its pan-Nigerian objectives.
One of the early issues was the curriculum of medical teaching at the Yaba Higher College.

References

Nigerian activists
1893 births
1937 deaths
King's College, Lagos alumni
Physicians from Lagos
20th-century Nigerian people
20th-century Nigerian medical doctors
People from colonial Nigeria
Yoruba physicians
Yoruba activists
History of Lagos
James Churchill
Nigerian nationalists
Yoruba politicians
20th-century Nigerian politicians
Alumni of the University of Glasgow Medical School
Nigerian humanitarians
People of Catawba descent

James Churchill Vaughan


William Kirk MacNulty (May 22, 1892 in Antrim, Pennsylvania – August 3, 1964) was a U. S. Marine. He was a U.S. Marine Corps second lieutenant during World War I and saw action at the Battle of the Argonne Forest. He served as a captain during the Second U.S. Nicaraguan Campaign (1926–1933). During the Second World War, as a lieutenant colonel he commanded the U.S. Marine Corps defense of Guam against Imperial Japanese forces during the First Battle of Guam. He was incarcerated by the Japanese as a prisoner of war. He was promoted to brigadier general during captivity and retired from military service in 1946. He is buried at the Golden Gate National Cemetery in San Bruno, San Mateo County, California.

World War I (U.S. 1917–18)
As a second lieutenant, William K. MacNulty (MCSN: 0-587) was awarded the silver star for gallantry in action against an enemy of the United States while serving with the Sixth Regiment (Marines), Second Division, American Expeditionary Forces during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive (also known as the Battle of the Argonne Forest) September 30 to November 11, 1918.

Second U.S. Nicaraguan Campaign (1926–33)
As a U.S. Marine Corps Captain, MacNulty was awarded the Navy Cross for heroic action in combat at the Battle of El Bramadero during the Second U.S. Nicaraguan Campaign.

"Navy Cross is presented to William K. MacNulty for distinguished service in the line of his profession as commander of a patrol operating in the vicinity of Bromoderos, Nicaragua, on 27 February 1928. Captain MacNulty, while on a mission assigned by his Battalion Commander, upon receiving word that a platoon of the 57th Company had been ambushed by a numerically superior force, immediately upon his own initiative proceeded to the scene, made a night march over unknown, most difficult terrain, in a bandit-infested area. Upon arrival at the spot, Captain MacNulty disposed his patrol with such military ability and strategy as to successfully defeat and put to rout the bandit force, thereby saving the lives of the remaining few of the beleaguered patrol, which were at that time greatly outnumbered.

Battle of Guam
At the very outbreak of World War II, during the Battle of Guam on December 8, 9 and 10, 1941, then, Lt. Col. MacNulty's 153-man U.S. Marine barracks of a U.S. Armed Forces island garrison of 424, outfitted with only small arms and mounted .30 caliber machine guns, defended Guam against the successful attack of then Japanese Maj. Gen. Tomitarō Horii's 5,500 man ground force, supported by the Japanese Fourth Fleet's heavy cruiser Aoba, destroyers Yuzuki, Kihuzuki, Uzuki and Oboro, 12 naval transports, 4 gunboats, 5 subchasers, a minesweeper squadron and other auxiliaries, which under command of Japanese Adm. Shigeyoshi Inoue, prior, surrounded Guam, and, also, air forces from then Japanese Saipan. Guam was the first piece of American soil surrendered during the war. MacNulty's 153 Marines suffered 13 dead and 37 wounded (losses and other casualties of near one third their compliment) before ordered to surrender by a beleaguered U.S. Naval Captain and Guam Governor George Johnson McMillin, who was, then, himself, confronting 400 armed Japanese ground troops with defense of only an 80-man native Insular Force Guard. MacNulty's U.S. Marines, however, could take comfort that with the Japanese attack forces preparations, deployment and predominant withdrawal, the U.S. Marines' tiny, otherwise, insignificant, presence at Guam, because of a Japanese intelligence mistake, had tied down 6,000 first-class Japanese enemy combat troops, a cruiser and support ships and aircraft for well over a month.

Promotion as P.O.W. and, subsequent, retirement
MacNulty was promoted to brigadier general in 1942. He retired from military service in 1946. He died in 1964 at the age of 72.

Medals and decorations
Here are some medals and decorations of Brigadier General MacNulty:

References

External links
, recount of First Battle of Guam, also known as Battle of Guam (1941)
, recount of First Battle of Guam, also known as Battle of Guam (1941)
 , "The Japanese Seizure of Guam"
, "History of USMC Operations in WWII"

1892 births
1964 deaths
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War I
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
American prisoners of war in World War II
Burials at Golden Gate National Cemetery
United States Marine Corps generals
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Silver Star
People from Tioga County, Pennsylvania
American military personnel of the Banana Wars
World War II prisoners of war held by Japan
Military personnel from Pennsylvania

William K. MacNulty


Piotra Sych ( or ) (January 18, 1912 – June 20, 1963), was a Belarusian writer and journalist, born in Baturyna, Western Belarus, near Vileyka.

He started his journalistic career in Wilno in 1930's, initially writing for the Polish language newspapers, and studying philosophy at the Wilno University. In 1939 he was drafted for the Polish army, then arrested by the Soviets, spent some time in a jail in Polatsk, eventually sentenced to 10 years and sent away to Komi. As a citizen of Poland, he was released under the terms of Sikorski-Mayski Agreement and travelled to Samarkand in September 1941. There he joined the Polish Army in the East, being formed under command of General Władysław Anders, just like hundreds of other Belarusians from Western Belarus (Kresy). He spent the rest of the war fighting in General Anders' Polish II Corps. He was wounded four times, and was a participant of the famous Battle of Monte Cassino.

After the war he spent some time in England before moving to Munich, Germany in 1951 where he started publishing a magazine in Belarusian. In 1954 he became one of the first employees of the newly opened Belarus Service of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. He wrote the script of the stations' first radio programme in Belarusian language and was aired on May 20, 1954. The piece; "Azimuth of the Heart" was an exhortation and greeting to Belarusian people under Soviet rule "from the compatriots in the free world."

In 1960's several years before his death, he started writing a memoir about the Belarusian soldiers at the Battle of Monte Cassino. According to various estimates, there were 1000-2000 Belarusians in this battle and about 200-250 of them were killed in action. The novel was called "Death and nightingales" (Сьмерць і салаўі). It was published in installments in the Belarusian magazine in Munich "Backaushchyna" from 1962-1963. The book was not completely finished though by Piotra Sych as he unexpectedly died at the age of 51. His wife Elza helped to prepare and publish it as a separate book several years after his death.

1912 births
1963 deaths
People from Vileyka District
People from Vileysky Uyezd
Members of the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic
Belarusian journalists
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty people
Polish military personnel of World War II
Prisoners and detainees of the Soviet Union
20th-century journalists

Piotra Sych


The first case of COVID-19 was confirmed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on March 10, 2020. According to the Philadelphia Department of Public Health, there have been 189,971 confirmed infections and 4,103 confirmed deaths from COVID-19 in the city.

Timeline
The first case of COVID-19 in Philadelphia was announced on March 10, 2020. The infected person was confirmed to be an adult who had exposure to previously confirmed cases of the COVID-19. The city's initial response was not to cancel all large scale events, but instead to recommend that "residents consider not attending large public gatherings with more than 5,000 people". Managing Director Brian Abernathy stated "Obviously this is a difficult situation and we certainly recognize that many businesses and individuals rely on these sorts of events for their livelihood, but we do so out of an abundance of caution. This also impacts our sports teams, both professional, collegiate and even high school. It is simply far more important at this point in time to keep residents and visitors out of large crowds of that size".

On March 17, 2020, there were 96 cases in the state of Pennsylvania, more than half of which were in the Philadelphia area, with Montgomery County holding the highest number. As daily cases began to rapidly increase, Mayor Jim Kenney and Dr. Thomas A. Farley, Health Commissioner of the City of Philadelphia, issued a stay-at-home order beginning at 8 a.m. on March 23, 2020. Secretary of Health for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and Professor of Pediatrics and Psychiatry at the Penn State, Rachel Levine, led the state's early response to the outbreak. On March 28, 2020, Governor Tom Wolf announced 533 new cases, bringing the statewide total to 2,751. The highest rise in cases was in Philadelphia County.

In March 2020, the Liacouras Center at Temple University was transformed into a field hospital with 200 beds arranged on the court in anticipation of a surge in need due to the pandemic and shortages in city hospitals. At the end of April 2020, operations of the field hospital began winding down as the rate of new COVID-19 cases in Philadelphia began to decline.

On April 3, 2020, Governor Wolf asked Pennsylvanians to wear cloth face coverings in public. Philadelphia reduced recycling pickup to every two weeks due to staff shortages. By April 10, 2020, Philadelphia had reported 5,793 coronavirus cases and 137 deaths. A passenger was forced off a SEPTA bus for not wearing a mask. Levine said that "approximately 45 percent of hospital beds, 38 percent of intensive care unit beds and nearly 70 percent of ventilators remained available for use" as of April 10, 2020. Center City is assisting residents over 50 and health care workers who are displaying symptoms consistent with COVID-19.

On the evening of April 8, 2020, during a White House COVID-19 press briefing, Vice President Mike Pence and Coronavirus Response Coordinator Dr. Birx warned that Philadelphia may soon become one of the outbreak's next hotspots. One week later, on April 15, 2020, Philadelphia reported 603 new cases, its highest daily count (during the first wave). Two days later, on April 17, the city reported its highest single-day death toll of 54 deaths. Days later, hospitals and funeral homes began to run out of space to store the bodies of those who were succumbing to COVID-19. On April 19, 2020, a reporter for the Philadelphia Inquirer photographed a pile of corpses wrapped in white sheets and stacked one on top of another in the cargo bed of a pickup truck at the Philadelphia Medical Examiner's Office. The corpses were tagged as coming from Einstein Medical Center located in the hard-hit Olney section of Philadelphia. Workers were seen stepping on top of the pile of deceased bodies to load them into refrigerator trucks.

In late May and early June 2020, large George Floyd protests and riots took place in Philadelphia, raising fears that COVID-19 would surge. However, by mid-June, weeks after the protests, not only did new COVID-19 cases decline, they reached the lowest rates seen since the start of the pandemic.

On June 5, 2020, Philadelphia moved from the red phase to the yellow phase of the state's reopening plan, which lifted the stay-at-home order and replaced it with a safer-at-home advisory and allowed for some businesses to reopen. While the city moved to the yellow phase on June 5, there were differences from the state's reopening plan. For example, outdoor dining was still not permitted and the city was recommending against gatherings of any size (whereas the state permitted gatherings of up to 25 people). On June 12, 2020, outdoor dining was allowed at restaurants in Philadelphia. On June 26, 2020, the state allowed for Philadelphia to move from the yellow phase to the green phase of the state's reopening plan, which allowed for more businesses to reopen. Among the businesses allowed to reopen on June 26 included residential swimming pools, private swim clubs, salons, barbershops, spas, and small gatherings of up to 25 people. The city kept some additional restrictions in place until July 3, 2020; on that date, museums, libraries, shopping malls, and casinos were allowed to reopen. Gyms and indoor dining at restaurants were planned to reopen on July 3; however, the reopening of these businesses was postponed due to a rise in cases. On July 20, 2020, gyms were allowed to reopen. On September 8, 2020, indoor dining at 25 percent capacity was allowed at restaurants in Philadelphia. On October 2, 2020, restaurants were allowed to increase to 50 percent capacity for indoor dining after completing self-certification documents.

After dropping to a low of just 4% on June 16, 2020, the city-wide positive rate slowly rose in late June and early July. By July 12, 2020, the city-wide positive rate had inched up to 7%, indicating that cases were again on the rise. On July 14, 2020, Mayor Jim Kenney announced a moratorium on all large public events through February 28, 2021. The moratorium would cancel all public festivals, carnivals, fairs, parades, concerts and flea markets that draw crowds over 50 people, affecting events such as the 6abc Dunkin' Thanksgiving Day Parade, the Philadelphia Marathon, and the Mummers Parade. Events such as the AIDS Walk Philly and the Gay Bingo fund raising event were cancelled, losing up to $100,000 in revenue. Philadelphia leaders formed the PHL COVID-19 Fund to assist non-profits. It has generated over $12 million.

Two block parties, one in Lawncrest and one in Allegheny West, were stopped by local police officers on the night of July 25, 2020, in an effort to stop viral transmission. On July 28, 2020, with COVID-19 continuing to mount, the School District of Philadelphia announced that students will only receive online instruction through November 17, 2020,

By late summer of 2020, Brewerytown, the neighborhood encompassing parts of Temple University, quickly emerged as the city's new hotspot for COVID-19 with a positivity rate nearly twice that of the overall city rate. On August 30, 2020, Temple University reverted to online instruction after 103 people tested positive. Contact tracing linked the outbreak to off-campus apartments and small social gatherings. On September 3, 2020, Temple University announced classes would be held online for the remainder of the fall semester. Following Temple University's closure, the infection rates in Brewerytown and surrounding North Philadelphia neighborhoods declined substantially.

On October 13, 2020, the city raised the gathering limits for both indoor and outdoor venues, which had previously been capped at 25 people for indoor venues and 250 people for outdoor venues. Indoor venues were allowed no more than 10 percent of total occupancy up to 250 people; while outdoor venues were allowed no more than 20 percent of total occupancy for venues with a maximum occupancy less than 2,000 people and no more than 15 percent of total occupancy up to 7,500 people for venues with a maximum occupancy greater than 2,000 people. The increase in gathering limits allowed for fans at Lincoln Financial Field for Philadelphia Eagles games, with 7,500 fans allowed to attend Eagles games starting with the October 18, 2020 game against the Baltimore Ravens.

On November 10, 2020, the School District of Philadelphia, which started the school year with all-virtual learning, delayed plans to return some students to hybrid learning due to an increase in cases. On November 16, 2020, the city announced new restrictions due to a surge in cases, which were in place from November 20, 2020, until January 1, 2021. The restrictions included no indoor dining at restaurants, capacity limits at retail stores and religious institutions, telework for office workers required unless it was not possible, a ban on indoor gatherings of any size, outdoor gatherings limited to 10 percent occupancy with a cap of 2,000 people, and no youth or school sports. Colleges, universities, and high schools were only allowed to offer online classes while elementary and middle schools were allowed in-person instruction following health guidelines. In addition, theaters, bowling alleys, casinos, gyms, museums, and libraries were ordered to be closed during this time. On December 22, 2020, the city announced the restrictions on indoor dining, indoor gatherings, theaters, colleges, and indoor organized sports would continue until January 15, 2021, due to an anticipated rise in cases following the Christmas and New Year's holidays. The city lifted restrictions on casinos, museums, outdoor sports, gyms, in-person learning at high schools, and outdoor catered events on January 4, 2021, as cases did not rise more than anticipated.

On March 3, 2021, the Federal Emergency Management Agency opened a mass COVID-19 vaccination site at the Pennsylvania Convention Center. The site was able to provide shots to about 47,000 people a week and was expected to operate for at least eight weeks.

On March 2, 2021, the city of Philadelphia raised capacity limits for indoor and outdoor events to match state guidelines, with indoor events limited to 15 percent maximum occupancy and outdoor events limited to 20 percent maximum occupancy. As a result, the Wells Fargo Center allowed about 3,100 fans back starting on March 7, 2021, for Philadelphia 76ers and Philadelphia Flyers games while Citizens Bank Park allowed 8,800 fans for Philadelphia Phillies games. On March 8, 2021, the School District of Philadelphia moved to hybrid learning for students from Pre-K through 2nd grade at 53 schools, with safety measures put into place. On March 16, 2021, the city announced that the Office of Special Events and Philadelphia Parks and Recreation would start accepting event permit applications, while the Streets Department would start accepting applications for festivals and block parties on April 15, 2021.

After the state announced it was loosening several restrictions on April 4, 2021, including allowing bar service, allowing alcohol to be served without the purchase of food, and increasing capacity limits at various businesses including restaurants, gyms, and entertainment, the city of Philadelphia announced on March 23, 2021, that it would not follow the rest of the state in adopting the loosened restrictions due to a rise in cases and hospitalizations in the city. The city did however increase the maximum capacity of outdoor catered events to 250 people and allowed for food to be served at business meetings. During the month of April, the city reviewed local trends in COVID-19 cases to determine if the city could loosen restrictions. On April 27, 2021, the city announced that effective May 7, 2021, restaurants would be allowed to increase to 50 percent capacity or 75 percent capacity with enhanced ventilation standards while indoor catered events would be allowed at 25 percent capacity with a maximum of 75 people. In addition, other gatherings and events would be allowed at 25 percent capacity indoors and 50 percent capacity outdoors.

On May 21, 2021, the city lifted the outdoor mask mandate for fully vaccinated people, reduced social distancing at restaurants from  to , and lifted capacity limits at retail stores, museums, and libraries. On May 28, 2021, the city announced it would lift several restrictions on June 2, 2021, having previously announced these restrictions would be lifted on June 11, 2021. On that date, density limits, capacity limits, and social distancing rules were lifted; however, the indoor mask mandate and 11 p.m. last call for dining remained in place. On June 11, the indoor mask mandate and the 11 p.m. last call for dining were lifted.

On July 22, 2021, the city again recommended people wear masks in indoor public spaces, regardless of vaccination status, due to a rise in cases among unvaccinated people including children. On August 11, 2021, the city announced that effective August 12, masks would be required to be worn inside businesses unless the business requires proof of vaccination. In addition, masks would be required for unseated outdoor gatherings of greater than 1,000 people. Beginning on September 1, 2021, new employees hired by the city must be fully vaccinated against COVID-19 while current employees will need to either be fully vaccinated or double mask while indoors. On August 13, 2021, the city announced that healthcare workers and students and staff at colleges in Philadelphia would be required to be vaccinated by October 15. In addition, the city announced essential businesses including grocery stores, pharmacies, doctors offices, and urgent care centers would only be allowed to have a mask mandate and not the option requiring proof of vaccination. On August 24, 2021, the school board of the School District of Philadelphia voted unanimously to mandate teachers and staff be vaccinated against COVID-19.

On December 13, 2021, the city announced that proof of a COVID-19 vaccine would be required for indoor dining at restaurants and food establishments beginning on January 3, 2022. On December 15, 2021, city health officials warned against holiday gatherings involving multiple households due to an increase in cases and hospitalizations. On December 22, 2021, Temple University announced that classes for the first three weeks of the spring 2022 semester would be held virtually due to the rise in COVID-19 cases caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. On January 3, 2022, the School District of Philadelphia
announced that 81 schools would switch to virtual learning for the remainder of the week starting on January 4, 2022, due to staffing issues related to the rise in COVID-19 cases.

On February 16, 2022, the city dropped the vaccine mandate for indoor dining due to a decline in COVID-19 cases while keeping the indoor mask mandate in place. In addition, the city unveiled a tiered response to the COVID-19 pandemic, with four tiers based on number of cases, test positivity, hospitalizations, and the rate of cases. In the lowest tier, "All Clear", city mask mandates will be lifted (with the exception of schools, healthcare facilities, congregate settings, and public transportation) and there will be no vaccine mandate for indoor dining. In the next tier, "Mask Precautions", a mask mandate will be in place while there will still be no vaccine mandate for indoor dining. In the next tier, "Caution", a mask mandate will be in place while either proof of vaccination or a negative test will be required for indoor dining. In the highest tier, "Extreme Caution", a mask mandate will be in place while proof of vaccination will be required for indoor dining. As of February 16, 2022, the city is in the "Mask Precautions" tier. On March 2, 2022, the city moved to the "All Clear" tier, ending the indoor mask mandate. The federal mask mandates for healthcare facilities and public transportation, in addition to the school mask mandate, will remain in place, while masks will be required in city buildings until March 7, 2022, at which time the mandate will be lifted for visitors and fully vaccinated staff. On March 9, 2022, the city made masks optional in public and archdiocesan schools; masks would still be required in
PreK Head Start programs. A mask mandate was reinstated for one week after spring break to avoid a surge in cases following the break.

On April 5, 2022, the city recommended people wear masks indoor again due to an uptick in cases caused by the BA.2 subvariant of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. The city however remained in the "All Clear" tier. On April 11, 2022, the city moved back into the "Mask Precautions" tier, with an indoor mask mandate to be implemented starting on April 18, 2022. After the federal mask mandate for public transportation was struck down on April 18, 2022; SEPTA announced that masks will no longer be required onboard vehicles and inside stations and concourses. On April 22, 2022, the city lifted the indoor mask mandate due to declining cases and hospitalizations, with masks recommended in indoor public spaces; masks will still be required in healthcare and congregate settings.

On May 23, 2022, the School District of Philadelphia began requiring masks again for students and staff in buildings and on buses and vans due to an increase in cases. On August 12, 2022, the School District of Philadelphia announced that masks for the upcoming school year will be based on COVID-19 transmission levels. Masks were required for the first 10 days of the school year due to summer gatherings. Starting on September 12, 2022, masks will become optional but recommended. The School District of Philadelphia will require masks for 10 days following winter break in order to reduce the transmission of COVID-19 and other respiratory illnesses; the mandatory masking period will run from January 3, 2023, to January 13, 2023.

Demographics
According to the Philadelphia Department of Public Health, African Americans, Hispanic Americans and White Americans presented with roughly equal rates of infection when adjusted for population size. Data also show that African Americans and White Americans were both more likely than Hispanic Americans and Asian Americans to die from the virus, when adjusted for population size. Although Asian-Americans were initially discriminated against for spreading the virus, data show that Asian-Americans present with the lowest infection rate of all racial groups in the city.

According to the Philadelphia Department of Public Health, the risk of dying from COVID-19 increases substantially with age. Approximately half of all deaths have occurred in persons age 75 or older. Department of Public Health data show that 361 children have been hospitalized with the virus, one of whom has died from the virus. Nearly 2,000 hospitalizations and 40 deaths due to the virus have occurred in young adults aged 20–34.

When adjusted for population size, males are more likely than females to die from COVID-19.

Data
The neighborhood that experienced the most cases overall was Juniata, which reported 9,356 cases, or 11% of the neighborhood's population.

The neighborhood with the worst testing rate is Oxford Circle in Northeast Philadelphia. The neighborhood with the highest overall positivity rate for the virus in the city of Philadelphia is also Oxford Circle, which reports an overall, all time positivity rate of 9.3%.

The neighborhoods of Bustleton and Somerton in Northeast Philadelphia were particularly hard-hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. During the peak of the pandemic, multiple nursing homes in these neighborhoods reported over 80% positivity rates and death rates that exceeded 20%. St. John Neumann Center for Rehabilitation & Healthcare, in Somerton, reported 40 deaths among residents and staff, the highest number of COVID-19 deaths at any single location (outside of a hospital) in the City of Philadelphia. In October 2020, CMS stopped reporting the number of COVID-19 deaths at St. John Neumann Center for Rehabilitation & Healthcare. According to datasets published by the City of Philadelphia in 2021, Bustleton was the neighborhood with the most COVID-19 deaths in the city. Approximately 0.6% of the total population of Bustleton perished from the virus.

As of November 2021, the City of Philadelphia reported a total of 2,229 infections in its prisons during the pandemic. The city reports that most of these cases were asymptomatic. The city has not released data indicating how many prisoners have been hospitalized or have died due to COVID-19. In December 2020, following a large spike of at least 150 new, concurrently active cases of the deadly virus in Philadelphia prisons, the Department of Prisons instituted a "shelter in place" for the city's prisons, requiring inmates to attend court hearings remotely via telecommunication.

See also
 Philadelphia Liberty Loans Parade

References

External links

 Coronavirus cases and guidance

Philadelphia
2020 in Philadelphia
2021 in Philadelphia
2022 in Philadelphia
Disasters in Pennsylvania
Health in Pennsylvania

COVID-19 pandemic in Philadelphia


The Pakistan Navy Engineering College (PNEC), () also called PNS Jauhar, is a military college operated by the Pakistan Navy. Located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, it is also a constituent college of the National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan. It grants bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees in the science and engineering disciplines.

Overview
The school offers fellowships and research through the Pakistan Science Foundation at the postdoctoral level and maintains a research associateship program for both civilians and military officers. While the majority retains cadets and active-duty officers active-duty officers from all branches of the Pakistan Military, Pakistan Government civilians and civilian students can also attend the school; the faculty of school are civilians employed by the Pakistan Navy. The student body and the faculty consist of both civilians and naval officers. The Air Force Institute of Aviation Technology (AFIAT) served as the same purpose. The Pakistan Army also operates College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering and Military College of Engineering also is counterpart of this institution.

The school does not offer military staff or war courses but instead, the school concentrates to develop the science and technological applications for the government and the armed forces of the country. Previously, the school was referred to as PNS Jauhar but it gained university-level accreditation and was renamed as "Navy Engineering College" by the Pakistan government

History
The Pakistan Navy felt a need of establishing the science and engineering school to manage its engineering and science facilities apart from the using the personnel of Pakistan Army. Therefore, Defence Minister of Pakistan Admiral Afzal Rahman Khan signed Naval Order, establishing the school of naval engineering at Karachi. Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan) Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan took personal initiatives to establish the school. The Order established the courses on ordnance and gunnery, electrical engineering, radio telegraphy, naval construction and civil engineering as well as continuing the original program in marine engineering. The PNEC is intended to function as equivalent to as United States Navy's Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) where, during its time of establishment, the military faculty member of NPS also took participation to help established and courses in the school after serving as the visiting faculty member of the school.

The school was first established as Officers Training Section (OTS) in 1962 as part of Pakistan Navy by then-Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan) Admiral Afzal Rahman Khan who signed the naval decree to review the role of graduate education in the Navy. In 1966, Admiral Khan gained the status of OTS and helped the school to upgrade to that of a college and given the name of "Pakistan Navy Engineering College" (PNEC). In the most 1960s, the civilian faculty was employed by Ministry of Defense (Pakistan) and the PNEC was directly affiliated with Karachi University in the same year. In 1977, the affiliation of PNEC was transferred to NED University of Engineering and Technology after the NED University's faculty joined the PNEC's engineering faculty. During this time, the military members of Navy and other branches continued to attend the college while civilians taught courses. The PNEC was shifted to its present location in 1982 and commissioned as PNS Jauhar as an independent unit of Pakistan Navy. In 1995, Pakistan Parliament passed legislation to rename the school as "Pakistan Navy Engineering College (PNEC)", making the school a constituent college of National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan (NUST) based in Rawalpindi. The college conducts undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral courses in Electrical, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering disciplines – leading to the award Graduate and Postgraduate Degrees by the National University of Sciences and Technology. The college awarded separate degrees in Electrical and Electronic Engineering up till 2010. Following the worldwide standard, the courses have been merged.

The primary role of PNEC is to produce navy engineers for the Pakistan Navy and the government of Pakistan. To achieve this, it conducts degree courses in the disciplines of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering and as of today, the school has highly regarded M.S./Ph.D. programs courses in the disciplines of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering.

The Pakistan Army's officers from Pakistan Army Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (EME Corps) have done their science and engineering programs from PNEC from 1982 to 1988, during this time period Army's college of EME was rebuilding and shifting from Quetta to Rawalpindi.

Since 1987, civilian students have also been enrolled in these courses each year. Apart from BS and MS/PhD degree courses, the college also provides specialized mid career courses for Navy's technical engineer and science officers after they have obtained competency certificate on board Naval service. These include courses on Marine Engineering, Weapon Systems Management and Weapons Engineering Systems, specially designed to meet the service requirements of the officers in their career.

The college achieved ISO 9001 certification in May 1999 as per 1994 standard. In June 2002, the college shifted to the new quality standards for instance, the ISO 9001: 2000. It was the first college to gain ISO 9001:2000 certification in Asia.

Programs
The university offers undergraduate and graduate programs.

Undergraduate programs are offered in the following fields
 Mechanical Engineering
 Electrical Engineering
Naval Architecture[5]

The department of Electrical and Power Engineering offers the following graduate courses:
 MS Control Engineering
 MS Communications Engineering
 PhD Electrical Engineering

The Mechanical Engineering department offers the following
 MS Thermal Power
 MS Thermo-Fluids
 PhD Mechanical Engineering and Robotics

In addition evening courses, under the title Professional Development Courses, are offered.

While the above courses are open to all students, the following courses are offered to officers of the Navy exclusively.
 Marine Engineering Systems Management Course (MESMC)
 Weapon Engineering Systems Management Course (WESMC)

Certain courses are also offered to officers of allied countries. These are Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Oman, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bahrain, Malaysia and Myanmar.

Campus
The college campus is spread over an area of about seventy five acres comprising the administration block, four academic blocks, postgraduate studies center, labs and workshops, professional development center, hostels and dining facilities.

Campus facilities include:
 Laboratories and workshops
 Computer Aided Designing and Manufacturing (CADAM) Centre
 Computing facilities/IT infrastructure
 Professional Development Centre
 Accommodation and dining facilities
 Mosque
 Convocation hall/auditorium
 Sports facilities
 Transport
 Dispensary (sickbay)
 Cafeteria

Due to the recent increase in the number of students being admitted to PNEC, a new Hostel facility has been approved and construction has already started. The new building will increase the on-campus student accommodation capacity manifold. Off-campus housing is also available.

Campus life
Unlike most Pakistani universities, students at PNEC are required to wear uniforms and maintain a high level of discipline which is kept in check with a system of fines and punishments. Internet facility is also provided to the students at the hostels. The movement of in-living students is also kept in check and they are only allowed to go outside within scheduled timings provided they have the proper permits.

Student societies
PNEC has several student-managed societies. ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers), IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), MACS (Media and Communications Society), AIR (Alumni and Industrial Relations) Society, AIESEC, IMechE and ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) are among the known ones.

Automotive Club
In the recent years, a number of automotive teams have been formed. The oldest, Team PNEC-NUST, formed in 2009, represents Pakistan in Shell Eco-Marathon Asia where they compete against teams from all over Asia on various metrics like Mileage, Design and Media Campaign. The NUST Formula Student (NFS) Team, formed in 2012, represents Pakistan in the Formula Student UK and Formula Student Germany in the Internal Combustion (IC) category while Formula Electric Racing-NUST (FERN), formed in 2014, raises the national flag in Formula SAE Electric, USA and Formula Student UK, in the Electric Vehicle (EV) category. As suggested by the name of their competitions, the primary metrics used for the Formula teams are Design, Acceleration and Lap Time with Cost and Business Presentation as other important events. The three teams are collectively not referred to as the Automotive Club. These teams are held in very high regard in the college, drawing the most talented minds available and have become the epitome of students` capability to conceive, challenge, manage and achieve as these teams are almost entirely student-run and their tasks range from finding sponsors, building a race car, shipping the car and representing the country.

Library
Computers with Internet connectivity are available for registered students. The library issues books on short-term loan. A section known as the "Book Bank" stocks used textbooks. The Book Bank loans out text-books to undergraduate students for a whole semester, charging 10% of the original cost of the book.

Professional Development Center
For engineering industry professionals and students alike, a wide variety of courses are offered for continuous learning, taught by industry professionals.

Laboratories and workshops
 Applied Chemistry Laboratory
 Advance Physics Laboratory
 Gas Turbine Laboratory
 Thermodynamics Laboratory
 Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
 Control Engineering Laboratory
 Mechanics Laboratory
 Metallurgy and Fuel Laboratory
 Electronics Laboratory
 Electrical Engineering Laboratory
 Telecommunication Laboratory
 Microprocessor Laboratory
 Microwave and Radar Laboratory
 PCB Laboratory
 Power Electronics Laboratory
 Applied Chemistry Laboratory
 Bench Fitting Workshop
 Machine Workshop
 Welding Workshop
 Woodwork Workshop
 Boiler Workshop
 Engineering Drawing Section
 Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) Laboratory
 Innovative Product Laboratory
 Robotics and Automation Laboratory
 Atomic Force Microscope (ATF) Laboratory
 Materials Testing Laboratory

References

External links
PNEC official website

National University of Sciences & Technology
Universities and colleges in Karachi
Pakistan Navy
Military education and training in Pakistan
Military academies of Pakistan
Engineering universities and colleges in Pakistan
1962 establishments in Pakistan
Universities and colleges established in 1962

Pakistan Navy Engineering College


The Name of the Wind, also referred to as The Kingkiller Chronicle: Day One, is a heroic fantasy novel written by American author Patrick Rothfuss. It is the first book in the ongoing fantasy trilogy The Kingkiller Chronicle, followed by The Wise Man's Fear. It was published on March 27, 2007, by DAW Books.

Writing history
Rothfuss wrote The Name of the Wind while working on his Bachelor of Arts in English. He drew inspiration from the idea that he wanted a completely new kind of book without the generic characteristics of fantasy.

A sequel titled The Wise Man's Fear was released on March 1, 2011, by DAW Books.

Plot
The Kingkiller Chronicle takes place in the fictional world of Temerant, a large continent of which the known part, called the Four Corners of Civilization, is divided into several distinct nations and cultures. Much of the world follows a faith vaguely similar to medieval Christianity. Coexisting alongside the mortal world is the realm of the Fae, a parallel universe inhabited by supernatural creatures which can move between the two realms only when the moon is full. Magic exists in Temerant, too, but obeys a well-defined set of rules and principles that can only be exploited by those who have trained in its professional and scientific use.

As the novel begins, the reader hears an old storyteller speaking of a famous old wizard called Taborlin the Great, who was captured by evil beings called the Chandrian. Escaping them, Taborlin fell from a great height—but since he knew the "Name of the Wind", he called it and the Wind came and set him down safely. In later parts of the book, characters are often skeptical of such stories. Some kinds of magic are taught in the university as academic disciplines and have daily-life applications (those who can afford it are able to buy magical lamps, for example, much better than the candles used by poorer people). However, most of the population does not have reliable knowledge of the magical disciplines and many still doubt that magicians can truly call upon the Wind. The Chandrian—whose appearance is supposedly heralded by flames turning blue—are often dismissed as mythical bogeymen.

In the rural town of Newarre, the Waystone Inn is managed by an innkeeper named Kote and his assistant Bast. It is revealed that Kote is actually the renowned Kvothe: an unequaled sword fighter, magician, and musician, rumored to have killed a king—earning the title Kingkiller—and caused the present war in which the civilized world is embroiled. Bast is Kvothe's assistant and student and a prince of the Fae. Kvothe has gone into hiding and assumed the identity of Kote in order to keep a low profile. Kvothe saves a traveling scribe known as Chronicler from spider-like creatures called , whereupon Chronicler, recognizing Kvothe, asks to record his story. Upon consenting, Kvothe tells Chronicler that this will take three days (corresponding to the planned trilogy of novels).

Kvothe begins his story during his childhood, when he lived amongst a troupe of highly reputed traveling performers known as Edema Ruh. His loving parents train him from a young age as an actor, singer, and lute player. He does extremely well in all of these as in every other field to which he turns his hand. The troupe acquires the scholar and arcanist Abenthy, who trains Kvothe in science and sympathy: a discipline that creates links from one physical object to allow manipulation of another. Kvothe also witnesses Abenthy calling the wind to fend off suspicious townspeople and vows to discover the titular "name of the wind", permitting this control.

Kvothe's father, the famous bard Arliden, starts composing what was to be the greatest of his works—a ballad of the ancient tragic hero Lanre. For this composition, Arliden starts collecting all the various tales of the mythical Chandrian and tries to get at the kernel of truth behind them—without explaining how this is related to Lanre. This inquiry turns out to have fatal consequences. When the troupe makes camp, Kvothe's mother sends him to gather sage in the surrounding woods. Upon returning, he finds his parents and all members of his troupe dead, and the all-too-real Chandrian seated around the campfire, which has turned blue. They disliked Arliden's researches and came to silence him and everybody else with whom he might have shared his findings. The eleven-year-old Kvothe is on the point of being killed by the Chandrian named Cinder when their leader, Lord Haliax, pressures them to depart due to the approach of some mysterious enemies of theirs.

The traumatized Kvothe, alive but alone, spends three years in the slums of the city of Tarbean as a beggar and pickpocket. He is nudged out of this life by hearing a storyteller recount a story of how the hero Lanre became a renegade after the death of his beloved wife, went over to the evil forces he had fought and destroyed the cities with whose protection he was charged—and then changed his name and became himself the fearsome Lord Haliax of the Chandrian. Before Kvothe can ask more, the storyteller is arrested by the dominant Church on charges of heresy.

Kvothe then resolves to get into the university, whose vast Archives include all kinds of accumulated knowledge, including, presumably, also on the Chandrian. Having through great effort obtained some minimal funds for both clothing and traveling, he sets out. En route Kvothe becomes enamored with a talented young woman known as Denna, who is a musician like himself. Kvothe enters the university despite his lack of tuition funds and performs admirably as a student, but faces continuous poverty and rivalries with the wealthy student Ambrose Jakis and the arrogant Master Hemme, who sees that Kvothe receives lashing for misbehaviour. A trick by Ambrose causes Kvothe to be banished from the Archives, hampering his research on the Chandrian. However he does very well in other fields of study, advancing in medicine and runic metalworking, and gaining some loyal friends. Kvothe buys a lute despite his poverty, and performs brilliantly at a famous musical tavern to earn money, where he also befriends Denna again.

Hearing reports of blue fire and murder at a rural wedding, he suspects the Chandrian and visits the site. There, Kvothe finds Denna, injured. They meet a local swineherd who tells of blue fire, and later they encounter a draccus, which nearly destroys the local town before it is slain by Kvothe. He does succeed in discovering the reason the Chandrian murdered all of the wedding's participants: the bride's father had dug in the earth and discovered an old pot on which were paintings of all seven Chandrian; they came to recover the pot and kill anyone who may have seen it.

Back at the university, Ambrose taunts Kvothe and breaks his lute. In a fit of rage, Kvothe unintentionally calls the name of the wind, breaking Ambrose's arm in the process. As a result of the confrontation, Kvothe is sentenced to further lashing but avoids expulsion. Thanks to his clear magical aptitude, he is also promoted in rank as a student under Master Namer Elodin's tutelage.

In the inn at the present day, a mercenary possessed by a supposed skin dancer attacks the patrons and kills one of them. When Kvothe seemingly fails to use magic to help, the skin dancer dies after the local blacksmith's apprentice, Aaron, strikes the possessed mercenary with a rod of iron. The first day ends when Kvothe finishes the first chapter of his story and the town settles down for the night after the commotion. At night, Bast breaks into Chronicler's room and reveals Chronicler's coming was part of his plan all along. He threatens Chronicler, demanding that he focus Kvothe on the more heroic aspects of his story in the hope that he will abandon his apathy and return to his former heroic self.

In the epilogue, it is implied Bast's fears are well-founded, as the present-day Kvothe is described as just a man "waiting to die".

Awards and honors
Quill Award (2007) – Science Fiction/Fantasy/Horror
"Best Books of the Year" (2007) – Publishers Weekly – Science Fiction/Fantasy/Horror
Alex Award (2008) – Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA)
Reader's Choice(2008) – SF Site

In popular culture

 Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish wrote and performed a song called "Edema Ruh" on their album Endless Forms Most Beautiful (2015), named after the traveling people in The Name of the Wind.
 In the reboot Mystery Science Theatre 3000: The Return, season 1 episode 8, Crow comments on a scene of travelers with wagons and carts, "Oh, it's the Edema Ruh".
 The electro-pop band Shaed is named after the magical cloak made of shadows in the sequel to The Name of the Wind.
 In the Tabletop games King of Tokyo and King of New York, the Draccus from The Name of the Wind is a playable monster that was released as a special promotional character at GenCon.
 The thematic deck-building game Call to Adventure has a The Name of the Wind expansion which adds components from the Kingkiller Chronicle to the cooperative storytelling series.

Audio book versions
Orion released the UK versions of the audio books of The Name of the Wind and The Wise Man's Fear, narrated by Rupert Degas.
Brilliance audio released the US versions of the audio books of The Name of the Wind and The Wise Man's Fear, narrated by Nick Podehl.
Another version was released on tape that was narrated by Fred Major for the American Printing House for the Blind.

References

External links

American fantasy novels
Debut fantasy novels
English-language novels
The Kingkiller Chronicle
2007 American novels
High fantasy novels
DAW Books books
Heroic fantasy
2007 debut novels
Novels and short stories set in taverns

The Name of the Wind


Charles du Maine (1414–1472) was a French prince of blood and an advisor to Charles VII of France, his brother-in-law, during the Hundred Years' War. He was the third son of Louis II, Duke of Anjou and King of Naples, and Yolande of Aragon.

In 1434, he married Covella Ruffo (d. 1442), Countess of Montalto and Corigliano. They had one son, named Jean Louis Marin, who died as an infant.

In 1437, he took up arms on behalf of King Charles VII of France, participating in the capture of Montereau, and that of Pontoise, in 1441. At this time, his brother, René of Anjou, ceded to him the County of Maine. He continued to take part in King Charles' campaigns.

By his second marriage, in 1443, to Isabelle of Luxembourg (d. 1472), daughter of Peter I of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol, he had two children:
 Louise of Anjou (1445–1477, Carlat), married in 1462 at Poitiers, Jacques d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours (d. 1477).
 Charles IV, Duke of Anjou (1446–1481)

A dispute over the county of Guise between Charles and Isabelle's brother, Louis of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol, was settled by settling it upon Isabelle as a dowry.

Charles also had an illegitimate daughter, Mary of Anjou, who married Thomas Courtenay, 6th Earl of Devon.

He led the rearguard for King Louis XI of France at the Battle of Montlhéry in 1465.

Notes

References

Charles du Maine
Charles du Maine
Valois, Charles of
Valois, Charles of
Valois, Charles of
Valois, Charles of
House of Valois-Anjou
15th-century peers of France
Sons of kings

Charles IV, Count of Maine


The blackberry is an edible fruit produced by many species in the genus Rubus in the family Rosaceae, hybrids among these species within the subgenus Rubus, and hybrids between the subgenera Rubus and Idaeobatus. The taxonomy of blackberries has historically been confused because of hybridization and apomixis, so that species have often been grouped together and called species aggregates. For example, the entire subgenus Rubus has been called the Rubus fruticosus aggregate, although the species R. fruticosus is considered a synonym of R. plicatus.

Rubus armeniacus ("Himalayan" blackberry) is considered a noxious weed and invasive species in many regions of the Pacific Northwest of Canada and the United States, where it grows out of control in urban and suburban parks and woodlands.

Description
What distinguishes the blackberry from its raspberry relatives is whether or not the torus (receptacle or stem) "picks with" (i.e., stays with) the fruit. When picking a blackberry fruit, the torus stays with the fruit. With a raspberry, the torus remains on the plant, leaving a hollow core in the raspberry fruit.

The term bramble, a word referring to any impenetrable thicket, has in some circles traditionally been applied specifically to the blackberry or its products, though in the United States it applies to all members of the genus Rubus. In the western US, the term caneberry is used to refer to blackberries and raspberries as a group rather than the term bramble. Briar or brier may be used to refer to the dense vines of the plant, though this name is used for other thorny thickets (such as Smilax) as well.

The usually black fruit is not a berry in the botanical sense of the word. Botanically it is termed an aggregate fruit, composed of small drupelets. It is a widespread and well-known group of over 375 species, many of which are closely related apomictic microspecies native throughout Europe, northwestern Africa, temperate western and central Asia and North and South America.

Botanical characteristics

Blackberries are perennial plants which typically bear biennial stems ("canes") from the perennial root system.

In its first year, a new stem, the primocane, grows vigorously to its full length of  (in some cases, up to ), arching or trailing along the ground and bearing large palmately compound leaves with five or seven leaflets; it does not produce any flowers. In its second year, the cane becomes a floricane and the stem does not grow longer, but the lateral buds break to produce flowering laterals (which have smaller leaves with three or five leaflets). First- and second-year shoots usually have numerous short-curved, very sharp prickles that are often erroneously called thorns. These prickles can tear through many types of clothing with ease and make the plant very difficult to navigate around. Prickle-free cultivars have been developed. The University of Arkansas has developed primocane-fruiting blackberries that grow and flower on first-year growth as much as the primocane-fruiting (also called fall bearing or everbearing) red raspberries do.

Unmanaged mature plants form a tangle of dense arching stems, the branches rooting from the node tip on many species when they reach the ground. Vigorous and growing rapidly in woods, scrub, hillsides, and hedgerows, blackberry shrubs tolerate poor soils, readily colonizing wasteland, ditches, and vacant lots.

The flowers are produced in late spring and early summer on short racemes on the tips of the flowering laterals. Each flower is about  in diameter, with five white or pale pink petals.

The drupelets only develop around ovules that are fertilized by the male gamete from a pollen grain. The most likely cause of undeveloped ovules is inadequate pollinator visits. Even a small change in conditions, such as a rainy day or a day too hot for bees to work after early morning, can reduce the number of bee visits to the flower, thus reducing the quality of the fruit. Incomplete drupelet development can also be a symptom of exhausted reserves in the plant's roots or infection with a virus such as raspberry bushy dwarf virus.

History

One of the earliest known instances of blackberry consumption comes from the remains of the Haraldskær Woman, the naturally preserved bog body of a Danish woman dating from approximately 2,500 years ago. Forensic evidence found blackberries in her stomach contents, among other foods. The use of blackberries to make wines and cordials was documented in the London Pharmacopoeia in 1696. In the culinary world, blackberries have a long history of use alongside other fruits to make pies, jellies and jams.

Blackberry plants were used for traditional medicine by Greeks, other European peoples, and aboriginal Americans. A 1771 document described brewing blackberry leaves, stem, and bark for stomach ulcers.

Blackberry fruit, leaves, and stems have been used to dye fabrics and hair. Native Americans have even been known to use the stems to make rope. The shrubs have also been used for barriers around buildings, crops and livestock. The wild plants have sharp, thick prickles, which offered some protection against enemies and large animals.

Cultivar development
Modern hybridization and cultivar development took place mostly in the United States. In 1880, a hybrid blackberry-raspberry named the loganberry was developed in Santa Cruz, California, by an American judge and horticulturalist, James Harvey Logan. One of the first thornless varieties was developed in 1921, but the berries lost much of their flavor. Common thornless cultivars developed from the 1990s to the early 21st century by the US Department of Agriculture enabled efficient machine-harvesting, higher yields, larger and firmer fruit, and improved flavor, including the Triple Crown, Black Diamond, Black Pearl, and Nightfall, a marionberry.

Ecology

Blackberry leaves are food for certain caterpillars; some grazing mammals, especially deer, are also very fond of the leaves. Caterpillars of the concealer moth Alabonia geoffrella have been found feeding inside dead blackberry shoots. When mature, the berries are eaten and their seeds dispersed by mammals, such as the red fox, American black bear and the Eurasian badger, as well as by small birds.

Blackberries grow wild throughout most of Europe. They are an important element in the ecology of many countries, and harvesting the berries is a popular pastime. However, their vigorous growth and tendency to grow unchecked if not managed correctly means that the plants are also considered a weed, sending down roots from branches that touch the ground, and sending up suckers from the roots. In some parts of the world, such as in Australia, Chile, New Zealand, and the Pacific Northwest of North America, some blackberry species, particularly Rubus armeniacus (Himalayan blackberry) and Rubus laciniatus (evergreen blackberry), are naturalized and considered an invasive species and a noxious weed.

Blackberry fruits are red when unripe, leading to an old expression that "blackberries are red when they're green".

Uses

Nutrients

Raw blackberries are 88% water, 10% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and 0.5% fat (table). In a  reference amount, raw cultivated blackberries supply 43 calories and rich contents (20% or more of the Daily Value (DV) of dietary fiber, manganese (31% DV), vitamin C (25% DV), and vitamin K (19% DV) (table).

Seed composition
Blackberries contain numerous large seeds that are not always preferred by consumers. The seeds contain oil rich in omega-3 (alpha-linolenic acid) and omega-6 (linoleic acid) fats as well as protein, dietary fiber, carotenoids, ellagitannins, and ellagic acid.

Culinary use
The ripe fruit is commonly used in desserts, jams, jelly, wine and liqueurs. It may be mixed with other berries and fruits for pies and crumbles. Blackberries are also used to produce candy.

Phytochemical research
Blackberries contain numerous phytochemicals including polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, salicylic acid, ellagic acid, and fiber. Anthocyanins in blackberries are responsible for their rich dark color. One report placed blackberries at the top of more than 1,000 polyphenol-rich foods consumed in the United States, but this concept of a health benefit from consuming dark-colored foods like blackberries remains scientifically unverified and not accepted for health claims on food labels.

Cultivation
Worldwide, Mexico is the leading producer of blackberries, with nearly the entire crop being produced for export into the off-season fresh markets in North America and Europe. Until 2018, the Mexican market was almost entirely based on the cultivar 'Tupy' (often spelled 'Tupi', but the EMBRAPA program in Brazil from which it was released prefers the 'Tupy' spelling), but Tupy fell out of favor in some Mexican growing regions. In the US, Oregon is the leading commercial blackberry producer, producing  on  in 2017.

Numerous cultivars have been selected for commercial and amateur cultivation in Europe and the United States. Since the many species form hybrids easily, there are numerous cultivars with more than one species in their ancestry.

Hybrids

'Marion' (marketed as "marionberry") is an important cultivar that was selected from seedlings from a cross between 'Chehalem' and 'Olallie' (commonly called "Olallieberry") berries. 'Olallie' in turn is a cross between loganberry and youngberry. 'Marion', 'Chehalem' and 'Olallie' are just three of many trailing blackberry cultivars developed by the United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) blackberry breeding program at Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon.

The most recent cultivars released from this program are the prickle-free cultivars 'Black Diamond', 'Black Pearl', and 'Nightfall' as well as the very early-ripening 'Obsidian' and 'Metolius'. 'Black Diamond' is now the leading cultivar being planted in the Pacific Northwest. Some of the other cultivars from this program are 'Newberry', 'Waldo', 'Siskiyou', 'Black Butte', 'Kotata', 'Pacific', and 'Cascade'.

Trailing
Trailing blackberries are vigorous and crown-forming, require a trellis for support, and are less cold-hardy than the erect or semi-erect blackberries. In addition to the Pacific Northwest, these types do well in similar climates, such as the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Chile, and the Mediterranean countries.

Thornless
Semi-erect, prickle-free blackberries were first developed at the John Innes Centre in Norwich, UK, and subsequently by the USDA-ARS in Beltsville, Maryland. These are crown forming and very vigorous and need a trellis for support. Cultivars include 'Black Satin', 'Chester Thornless', 'Dirksen Thornless', 'Hull Thornless', 'Loch Maree', 'Loch Ness', 'Loch Tay', 'Merton Thornless', 'Smoothstem', and 'Triple Crown'. 'Loch Ness' and 'Loch Tay' have gained the RHS's Award of Garden Merit. The cultivar 'Cacanska Bestrna' (also called 'Cacak Thornless') has been developed in Serbia and has been planted on many thousands of hectares there.

Erect
The University of Arkansas has developed cultivars of erect blackberries. These types are less vigorous than the semi-erect types and produce new canes from root initials (therefore they spread underground like raspberries). There are prickly and prickle-free cultivars from this program, including 'Navaho', 'Ouachita', 'Cherokee', 'Apache', 'Arapaho', and 'Kiowa'. They are also responsible for developing the primocane fruiting blackberries such as 'Prime-Jan' and 'Prime-Jim'.

Primocane
In raspberries, these types are called primocane fruiting, fall fruiting, or everbearing. 'Prime-Jim' and 'Prime-Jan' were released in 2004 by the University of Arkansas and are the first cultivars of primocane fruiting blackberry. They grow much like the other erect cultivars described above; however, the canes that emerge in the spring will flower in midsummer and fruit in late summer or fall. The fall crop has its highest quality when it ripens in cool mild climate such as in California or the Pacific Northwest.

'Illini Hardy', a semi-erect prickly cultivar introduced by the University of Illinois, is cane hardy in zone 5, where blackberry production has traditionally been problematic, since canes often failed to survive the winter.

Mexico and Chile
Blackberry production in Mexico expanded considerably in the early 21st century. In 2017, Mexico had 97% of the market share for fresh blackberries imported into the United States, while Chile had 61% of the market share for American imports of frozen blackberries.

While once based on the cultivar 'Brazos', an old erect blackberry cultivar developed in Texas in 1959, the Mexican industry is now dominated by the Brazilian 'Tupy' released in the 1990s. The 'Tupy' has the erect blackberry 'Comanche', and a "wild Uruguayan blackberry" as parents. Since there are no native blackberries in Uruguay, the suspicion is that the widely grown 'Boysenberry' is the male parent. In order to produce these blackberries in regions of Mexico where there is no winter chilling to stimulate flower bud development, chemical defoliation and application of growth regulators are used to bring the plants into bloom.

Diseases and pests

Because blackberries belong to the same genus as raspberries, they share the same diseases, including anthracnose, which can cause the berry to have uneven ripening. Sap flow may also be slowed. They also share the same remedies, including the Bordeaux mixture, a combination of lime, water and copper(II) sulfate. The rows between blackberry plants must be free of weeds, blackberry suckers and grasses, which may lead to pests or diseases. Fruit growers are selective when planting blackberry bushes because wild blackberries may be infected, and gardeners are recommended to purchase only certified disease-free plants.

The spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, is a serious pest of blackberries. Unlike its vinegar fly relatives, which are primarily attracted to rotting or fermented fruit, D. suzukii attacks fresh, ripe fruit by laying eggs under the soft skin. The larvae hatch and grow in the fruit, destroying the fruit's commercial value.

Another pest is Amphorophora rubi, known as the blackberry aphid, which eats not just blackberries but raspberries as well.

Byturus tomentosus (raspberry beetle), Lampronia corticella (raspberry moth) and Anthonomus rubi (strawberry blossom weevil) are also known to infest blackberries.

Genetics
The loci controlling the primocane fruiting was mapped in the F Locus, on LG7, whereas thorns/thornlessness was mapped on LG4. Better understanding of the genetics is useful for genetic screening of cross-breds, and for genetic engineering purposes.

Folklore
Folklore in the United Kingdom and Ireland tells that blackberries should not be picked after Old Michaelmas Day (11 October) as the devil (or a Púca) has made them unfit to eat by stepping, spitting or fouling on them. There is some value in this legend as autumn's wetter and cooler weather often allows the fruit to become infected by various molds such as Botryotinia which give the fruit an unpleasant look and may be toxic. According to some traditions, a blackberry's deep purple color represents Jesus' blood and the crown of thorns was made of brambles, although other thorny plants, such as Crataegus (hawthorn) and Euphorbia milii (crown of thorns plant), have been proposed as the material for the crown.

See also
 Rubus plicatus, a common European species of blackberry.
 Elmleaf blackberry, another common European species of blackberry.
 Pacific blackberry, a North American species of blackberry.
 Rubus fruticosus, an ambiguous name used by Carl Linnaeus that applied to multiple species.
 Mulberry, similar fruit appearance, but a tree rather than a bramble.
 Redberry mite, a common pest of North American blackberry crops.

References

Further reading

External links

Berries
Medicinal plants
Plant common names
Rubus
Satan
Crown of thorns

Blackberry


Darren Magee was an Irish Gaelic footballer who played for the Kilmacud Crokes club and the Dublin county team. His brother Johnny is also a former Kilmacud Crokes and Dublin player.

Football career

2005
Magee attracted considerable media attention when following the departure of Tommy Lyons as Dublin manager, it emerged that he would not take part in the 2005 championship as he decided to travel to Australia for a year. However, Magee returned in time to play a minor role in the Dub's victory to claim the Leinster Championship.

He was also an integral part of the Kilmacud Crokes side that won the Dublin and Leinster Club Championships. Crokes were knocked out in the All-Ireland Club semi-final.

Magee was also part of Kilmacuds 2004 and 2005 winning sides of the Dublin Senior Club Football Championship, a team which went on to claim the Leinster Club Football Championship in 2005.

2006
Maggee scored a total of two points for Dublin in the 2006 National Football League. Darren Magee was recovering from surgery to deal with a long-standing wrist injury which delayed his imminent return to inter-county football. Magee made his return to this year's All-Ireland Championship in the Leinster Final in which Dublin defeated Offaly to claim the Leinster Championship for the 46th time.

2007
He won the 2007 O'Byrne Cup for Dublin against Laois at O'Connor Park in Offaly. The game finished on a scoreline of 1-18 to 2-13 against Laois.
Magee's season has once again been frustrated by a hand injury, resulting in him losing his first team spot to Shane Ryan. Magee was known to be annoyed with not playing any part in Dublin's Leinster Final win over Laois at Croke Park.

2009
Magee played a hugh role in helping his club Kilmacud Crokes to win the All-Ireland club title. On this day he received the man of the match award. During this year he also picked up the award of Leinster club player of the year.

Personal life
He attended secondary school at Dundrum tech. He currently resides in Rathfarnham. He is good friends with leading philanthropist Robbie Davis, who has recently been involved in some controversial business dealings with business partner Charles Fryer.

External links
Official Dublin Website
Dublin Website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Dublin inter-county Gaelic footballers
Kilmacud Crokes Gaelic footballers

Darren Magee


Xenophon of Ephesus (Greek: Ξενοφῶν ὁ Εφέσιος; fl. 2nd century – 3rd century AD) was a Greek writer. His surviving work is the Ephesian Tale of Anthia and Habrocomes, otherwise known as the Ephesiaka one of the earliest novels as well as one of the sources for Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.

Xenophon was a critic of the philosophy of Stoicism, as reflected in the Ephesiaka.

Ephesian Tale of Anthia and Habrocomes

The Ephesian Tale of Anthia and Habrocomes tells the tale of Anthia and Habrocomes, two teenage protagonists living in the city of Ephesus, who fall in love at a festival for Artemis. Unable to confess their love to each other, the two enter a depressive state, until their families, after consulting an oracle who tells them of a troublesome future, arrange for their marriage and for them to be sent to Egypt for their safety. During their journey, the pair are kidnapped by a band of pirates, with members who fall in love with the pair, and are then taken and hidden to be sold into slavery by the chief pirate, Aspyrtos. Habrocomes endures false rape accusations from Aspyrtos' daughter, who had also fallen in love with him, and faces the punishments that follow, and Anthia is gifted as a slave to a newlywed couple, married to slave named Lampo, and sold to a different slave holder in Anatolia. Aspyrtos discovers that his daughter was in love with Habrocomes, and frees him from his servitude, hiring him to manage his house. Meanwhile, Lampo honors Anthia's wishes to remain faithful to Habrocomes, but is then instructed to kill her. Instead, he sells her to seafaring merchants from Cilicia, who shipwreck and are captured by robbers led by Hippothoos, who plans to sacrifice her to Ares. Habrocomes learns that she was sold, and flees to Cilicia to find her. Anthia, along with Hippothoos are ambushed by law enforcement, and are the sole survivors are this conflict, with Anthia being captured by the chief of law enforcement, Perilaos, who falls in love with her, and Hippothoos escaping, only to encounter and befriend Habrocomes. The two leave for Anatolia, where Hippothoos tells Habrocomes his life story, whereupon Habrocomes convinces him to join him in a search for Anthia. Anthia, thinking Habrocomes has died by now, requests a lethal potion to kill herself with. He instead gives her a hypnotic drug, and after the wedding Anthia drinks it. Perilaos mourns what he thinks is her death, only for her to awake after she had been laid to rest. That night, however, a group of bandits rob the tomb, kidnap her, and set sail for Alexandria.

Criticisms of Stoicism
The Ephesian Tale of Anthia and Habrocomes was a satirical writing on the philosophy of stoicism, particularly the stoic view on slavery. The two protagonists are believed to be written as stoics, remaining unfazed when presented with distress. The character Habrocomes, realizing that he has fallen in love with Anthia, chastises himself, calling himself " αἰχμάλωτος", a slave to love. Later, Habrocomes is enslaved, and endures torture. This contrast is written by Xenophon to point out the stoic belief that slavery to passion is worse than legal slavery.

The Pirate who had kidnapped Habrocomes intended to enter a sexual encounter with the titular character. Habrocomes is then left to deal with his stoic philosophic ideals of accepting fate, and apatheticity towards outside factors enacting on oneself.

References

3rd-century novelists
3rd-century writers
Ancient Greek novelists
Greek male writers
Wikipedia Student Program

Xenophon of Ephesus


Constantine Euphorbenos Katakalon () was a Byzantine noble and one of the most prominent generals of the reign of Alexios I Komnenos ().

A descendant of the noble Katakalon and Euphorbenos families, Constantine is first mentioned in the sources when he commanded the Chomatenoi corps and the Turkish contingent of Alexios Komnenos' army in the Battle of Kalavrye in 1078.

He appears again in the lists of the Synod of Blachernae in 1094, bearing the title of protokouropalates, and ranking in the 20th place among those aristocrats and court officials attending. In the next year, he took part in Alexios' campaign against the Cumans and the impostor pretender Constantine Diogenes. Alexios sent him to attack the Cumans while they were crossing the Zygos pass, but the latter, guided by local Vlachs, managed to cross the pass sooner and seize the town of Goloe. Katakalon nevertheless attacked the Cuman foraging parties and managed to capture about a hundred prisoners, for which he was promoted to nobelissimos. He was next dispatched to assist the city of Adrianople, which was being besieged by the Cumans. He attempted to enter the city from the south, but was surprised by the Cumans on the march, and barely escaped with his life. Shortly after, he assisted Alakaseus in capturing the pretender at Poutza near Adrianople.

In 1096, the emperor sent him to rescue the remnants of the People's Crusade, which had been defeated and almost destroyed by the Seljuks. The Turks withdrew before his advance, and Katakalon managed to rescue the surviving crusaders. In , he was named doux (military governor) of Cyprus, and held that post at least until 1102/04. One of his surviving seals mentions him as both doux of Cyprus and kouropalates, rather than nobelissimos; this may imply that Katakalon had already served in this post before, prior to his promotion.

In 1108, Katakalon was part of an embassy sent by Alexios to Bohemond, who was besieging the imperial fortress of Dyrrhachium. The Byzantine delegation convinced the Norman prince to seek a settlement with the Empire, and accompanied him to the imperial camp at Deabolis, where the namesake treaty was signed.

Katakalon was one of Alexios' most trusted and esteemed officials. In token of this, his son Nikephoros was given the hand of Maria Komnene, the emperor's second daughter, in marriage. Together they had several children.

Notes

References

Sources

12th-century deaths
11th-century Byzantine military personnel
12th-century Byzantine military personnel
Byzantine governors of Cyprus
Byzantine generals
Generals of Alexios I Komnenos
Year of birth unknown
Constantine Euphorbenos
Euphorbenos family

Constantine Euphorbenos Katakalon


Ceranemota partida is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by John Frederick Gates Clarke in 1938. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from northern Colorado.

The wingspan is 36–41 mm. Adults are inseparable from Ceranemota tearlei in external characters but may be distinguished by characters of the genitalia. Adults have been recorded on wing in July, September and October.

References

Moths described in 1938
Thyatirinae

Ceranemota partida


Karl Wilhelm Julius Hugo Riemann (18 July 1849 – 10 July 1919) was a German musicologist and composer who was among the founders of modern musicology.  The leading European music scholar of his time, he was active and influential as both a music theorist and music historian.  Many of his contributions are now termed as Riemannian theory, a variety of related ideas on many aspects of music theory.

Biography
Riemann was born at Grossmehlra, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen.

His first musical training came from his father Robert Riemann, a land owner, bailiff and, to judge from locally surviving listings of his songs and choral works, an active music enthusiast.  Hugo Riemann was educated by Heinrich Frankenberger, the Sondershausen Choir Master, in Music theory.  He was taught the piano by August Barthel and Theodor Ratzenberger (who had once studied under Liszt).  He graduated from the gymnasiums at Sondershausen and Arnstadt.

Riemann studied law and finally philosophy and history at Berlin and Tübingen.  After participating in the Franco-Prussian War he decided to devote his life to music, and studied accordingly at the Leipzig Conservatory.  He then went to Bielefeld for some years as a teacher and conductor, but in 1878 returned to Leipzig as a visiting professor ("Privatdozent") at the University.

As a much-desired appointment at the Conservatory did not materialize, Riemann went to Bromberg in 1880, but 1881–90 he was a teacher of piano and theory at Hamburg Conservatory.  After a short time at the Sondershausen Conservatory, he held a post in the conservatory at Wiesbaden (1890–95).  He eventually returned to Leipzig University as lecturer in 1895.  In 1901, he was appointed professor, and in 1914 he was made Director of the Institute of Musicology.

Eight days before he would have turned 70, he died of jaundice.

Writings
Riemann is one of the most influential music theorists.  In his publications and lectures he coined various terms which are still in every day use, such as the harmonic function theory (therein popular terms such as the tonic, the dominant, the subdominant and the parallel).  In addition, the term and theory of the metric and rhythmic phrase, a basic element of today's music education, originate in Riemann.

Among his best-known works are the Musik-Lexikon (1882; 5th ed. 1899; Eng. trans., 1893–96), a complete dictionary of music and musicians, the Geschichte der musiktheorie im IX.-XIX. jahrhundert(1898), a history of music theory in Europe through the 19th century, the Handbuch der Harmonielehre, a work on the study of harmony, and the Lehrbuch des Contrapunkts, a similar work on counterpoint, all of which have been translated into English.

The Geschichte was widely used among lecturers of music for around half a century after it was written.  In his book, he meticulously documented the development of polyphonic theory from the ancient times to the 16th century.  With this, he concluded that common intervals heard in polyphonic music were used intuitively in folk practices due to the ostensibly "natural" element of these intervals. As he developed as a theorist, he focused more and more on human nature, using psychology as the basis of his ideas.
His philosophical background exposed him to Pitagorean musical philosophy, which states that the natural harmony of the macrocosmos, or the world outside, is reflected in the microcosmos, or the world inside. The feelings generated by sounds and chords are just an intuitive rediscovery of a reality, a mathematical harmony, that is already there in the human being.
Thus, what humans feel when hearing music is alike the acoustical phenomenon of sympathetic resonance.

Another form in which his classical Greek philosophical education is visible, in this case monism, is the innovative notation in his harmony book "Harmony simplified" (1887).
Riemann notes the major chord, born out of the harmonics 4, 5, and 6 (or 3), (given as example is a C Major chord) as the note C with a + under it, and the minor chord, born out of the theoretical (but inexistent) negative harmonics, the exact mirror opposite of normal harmonics, not as C -, as it would be logical, but as C 0. This comes as a subtle reflection of monistic thinking that postulates that dualistic perception is an illusion and that there is a single, self-governing, self-defining, omnipresent, and omniscient principle or being that represents "Existence" or "Reality".
In trying to explain it the awnser is: It is what it is. It is self-explanatory. In monistic thinking this principle is associated with good. Riemann associates the positive emotional qualities of the major chord with good and the fact that it comes from a real, non-theoretical, acoustical phenomenon with its quality of "beeing", of existing.
In contrast to existence, or good, comes non-existence, or evil, the mirror opposite of existence. It manifests in the real world, in existence, after a theoretical mirroring, a manipulation of the first.
""There are only three directly intelligible intervals: octave, (major) third, and (perfect) fifth" (Moritz Hauptmann). All other intervals are to be explained musically and mathematically as the results of multiplication and evolution of these three" ( Harmony simplified, 1887)
Monism postulates that, since non-existence/evil has its origin in existence/good, it cannot be truly opposite but is complementary to it, part of it. As such, the notation of the minor chord is C 0, not C-, the opposite of C+.

He was an advocate of harmonic dualism, and his theory of harmonic function is the foundation of harmonic theory as it is still taught in Germany.  He also elaborated a set of harmonic transformations that was adapted by the American theorist David Lewin, and eventually evolved into a significant strain of neo-Riemannian theory.  Another pillar of modern neo-Riemannian theory, the Tonnetz, was not Riemann's own invention, but he played an important role in popularizing and disseminating it.

He authored many works on many different branches of music.  His pupils included the German composer, pianist, organist, and conductor Max Reger and the musicologist and composer Walter Niemann.

Compositions
He wrote many pieces for piano, songs, a piano sonata, six sonatinas, a violin sonata, and a string quartet.

See also
 Riemannian theory
 Neo-Riemannian theory
 Chordal space
 Modulatory space
 Functional harmony
 Parallel and counter parallel

Notes

References

 Alexander Rehding: Hugo Riemann and the birth of modern musical thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

 Edward Gollin and Alexander Rehding, The Oxford Handbook of Neo-Riemannian Music Theories. Oxford University Press, 2011.
 Daniel Harrison, Harmonic Function in Chromatic Music. University of Chicago Press, 1994.

External links

1849 births
1919 deaths
German composers
German music theorists
German musicologists
Academic staff of Leipzig University
People from Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis
People from Schwarzburg-Sondershausen

Hugo Riemann


Thomas Thellusson Carter  (19 March 1808 – 28 October 1901), often known as T. T. Carter, was a significant figure in the Victorian Church of England. He was responsible for reintroducing some Catholic practices to the church and being the founder of the Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament. He also founded several charitable organisations. He was a prolific writer on church matters and a project exists to collect and collate all his writings. He was for 36 years the Rector of Clewer and an honorary canon of Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford.

Early life
Carter was the son of Thomas Carter (then under master and later vice-provost of Eton College) and his wife Mary (née Proctor). Carter was educated at Eton from the age of six and, when he left, was captain of oppidans. He then entered Christ Church, Oxford, in 1825. Amongst those he met there were Edward Bouverie Pusey who had been a pupil of his father's. He graduated with first class honours in classics in 1831 and attempted to gain a fellowship at Oriel College but was unsuccessful.

Carter's middle name probably derives from the time his father spent as domestic chaplain to John Thellusson, 2nd Baron Rendlesham.

Ministry
Carter was ordained a deacon on 21 October 1832 by Thomas Burgess, Bishop of Salisbury. He served his first curacy at St Mary, Reading, where Henry Hart Milman was then vicar. Carter was ordained a priest by John Kaye, Bishop of Lincoln, on 22 December 1833 and went to serve as his father's curate, who was now vicar of Burnham, Buckinghamshire.

Carter was married in 1835. Through his wife, he first came into contact with the Tractarian movement, since Richard Hurrell Froude was a family friend. In 1838 he was appointed rector of Piddlehinton (near Dorchester). This proved to be an unhappy appointment and his health suffered. From 1842, he took a period of leave back at Burnham to recover and in 1844 was appointed rector of Clewer (near Windsor).

Here he soon restored the parish church, with the aid of his friend, an architect, Henry Woodyer. Carter also set up two mission churches within the parish, and set out to assist the poor of the parish, establishing a benefit society, a temperance society and converting part of the glebe to allotments.  Within the large parish, a particularly poor area was the slum of Clewer Fields, which contained two army barracks and a swiftly changing population of railway navvies, which served to worsen the general problems of drink, prostitution and poverty.

Beginning with just one young woman in December 1848, a parishioner, a widow named Mariquita Tennant, began to take in young women from Clewer Fields, and give them an alternative to life there. This became the Clewer House of Mercy, which Carter, influenced by the writings of John Armstrong strongly supported. Ill-health prompted Tennant's withdrawal from the project in 1851, and she was succeeded by another widow, 40-year-old Harriet Monsell, who became mother superior of the newly created Community of St John Baptist, Clewer on 30 November 1852.  Soon there were over forty branch houses, and significant work was undertaken in the United States and India. Re-establishment of the religious life was still controversial in Anglicanism (all monasteries and other religious houses had been dissolved during the English Reformation), and the foundation of a sisterhood was viewed with alarm in some quarters, not least among them being the Bishop of Oxford (the diocesan), Samuel Wilberforce, despite his misgivings, he acted as Visitor to the community until his move to Winchester in 1869.

Carter was also one of the key figures in the founding of another order of religious sisters, the Community of Reparation to Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament (CRJBS). Following the success of the convent at Clewer and the Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament, the new order of nuns was to make reparation (by prayer) for any dishonour done to Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament. The first members served the noviciate at Clewer before forming their own community based in Southwark.

Carter's involvement in the establishment of this community, and his general commitment to pastoral work drew him into the provision of spiritual direction, which became a new focus of activity and led to the book, The Treasury of Devotion which appeared in 1869. He also became a pioneer of retreats within the Church of England. This work also led him into the controversial area of auricular confession, and in 1865, the book, The Doctrine of Confession in the Church of England.  When, in 1873, a controversial petition signed by 483 clergy requesting the provision of suitably qualified confessors was presented to the Convocation of Canterbury, he was one of those who drew up the Declaration on Confession and Absolution, as Set Forth by the Church of England  in defence of private confession.

Family
Carter was married at Amberd, Taunton, Somerset on 26 November 1835 to Mary Ann Gould (1802 – 7 February 1869), with issue including:
Jane Frances Mary Carter (1836–1935)
Thomas John Proctor (John) Carter (1841–1899)
Georgiana Elizabeth Carter (1843–1920)

References

External links
 Thomas Thellusson Carter, The Online Books Page, University of Pennsylvania

1808 births
1901 deaths
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
19th-century English Anglican priests
People educated at Eton College
Anglo-Catholic clergy
English Anglo-Catholics

Thomas Thellusson Carter


Bhadeya is a underdeveloped country side locality in Gaya district of Bihar, India. Bhadeya is located in Barachati, Gaya, in the state of Bihar in northern India. Bhadeya includes Bhadeya, Karma and its localities of Azizabad, Karimgunj, Razagunj, Ansar Nagar, Zahoorabad. It also comprises Sondiha, Paili, Chhaura Bandh, Bigha, Imamgunj, Gaiwal Karma, Hasanpur, Mananbigha.

Location
Bhadeya is at 24.78 north and 84.98 east. It is close to the Gulsakari river. National Highway 2 and Oldham Road (the old road from Gaya to Chota Nagpur) pass through Bhadeya.

Inhabitants
Pathans are the ethnic majority. Beyond farming and local transport services people work in the states of the Persian Gulf, providing the area with an important source of income.

Climate
Bhadeya has a tropical climate. Summers are generally hot (April–June), while winters are cool (October–February). It experiences southwestern monsoon rains from July to September.

Education
Bhadeya has schools, Library and tuition centers serving rural south Bihar including:

Madarsatul Uloom , Paily , Bhadeya 824220
Sir Syed memorial school
Sansons World School
 Azad Academy
 Urdu middle school, Bhadeya (Now Upgraded to 10+2)

 Mushtaq Ali Khan Minority High School
 Madarsa Amjadia,
 Bhadeya Public Library, founded by Bhadeya social welfare trust. http://bswt.in/

Religion
The majority of population is Sunni Muslim. Bhadeya has five mosques: Bhadeya Jama Masjid, Bigha Par ki Masjid, Masjid Ali Azizabad, Masjid aziz and one at Kata Par. one more mosques are under construction in Shamshuddin Nagar.

Notable people

Hassan Raza Khan
Mohammad Aftab Uddin Khan
Mushtaque Ali Khan
Alauddin Khan
Kamal Uddin Khan
Prince Nasim Khan
Ozair khan
Aladdin Khan

References

Villages in Gaya district

Bhadeya


Arthur Fields (born Abraham Feldman; 1901–1994) was an Irish street photographer of Ukrainian descent. He took more than 180,000 photographs of pedestrians on the south end of Dublin's O'Connell Bridge, over more than 50 years.

Background and career
Fields was born into a Ukrainian Jewish family.  His family fled antisemitism in Kiev in 1885, and later settled in Dublin.

Fields originally ran a sound studio where people could make a recording of their own voice, but later began his photography when he bought a box camera. Fields switched to a Polaroid instant camera later in his career. Field's brother was also a photographer on the bridge. Fields' extensive photographs are recognised as a social record of Dublin from the 1930s to the 1980s, depicting the changing fashions and shopfronts of the city. Nelson's Pillar often featured in Field's photograph until its destruction by Irish republicans in 1966.

Fields took an estimated 182,500 photographs of pedestrians on the bridge from the early 1930s until 1985. Notable people photographed by Fields on the bridge included the playwright Brendan Behan, the actors Margaret Rutherford and Gene Tierney, and Prince Monolulu, who claimed to be a chief of the Falasha tribe of Abyssinia, and who wore a headdress and a fur coat.

Fields lived in the Dublin suburb of Raheny, and would walk seven miles to and from the bridge each day to work. Field's modus operandi would be to "pretend to take a picture of a passer-by and, when they stopped, he'd take the real one. Then he'd give them a ticket and they could collect the photograph from a nearby studio run by his wife; she developed all the photos."

Legacy
Arthur Fields' work has been documented on the interactive documentary website, Man On Bridge: 50 Years as a Photographer on O'Connell Bridge produced  by El Zorrero Films.  The website encourages the public to submit their photographs to an online archive. The web project which features an image archive and documentary videos won best website at the Digital Media Awards in 2015. The Man on Bridge project was also a winner of the Arthur Guinness Projects. In December 2014 an exhibition of 3,400 photographs collected for the project was held at the Gallery of Photography in Dublin.

A documentary titled Man On Bridge was produced for RTE and screened at Christmas 2014.  The Irish Times called the film a "beautifully constructed, subtly emotional documentary".  The documentary was nominated for an IFTA award for Best Documentary Single in 2015.

Two books of Arthur Fields' photographs edited by Ciaran Deeney and David Clarke were published by Colins Press.

Publications

 Man on the Bridge: The Photos of Arthur Fields -
 Man on the Bridge: More Photos By Arthur Fields -

References

External links
Man on Bridge: the story and photos of Arthur Fields
A tribute to Fields by his son, David

1901 births
Irish people of Ukrainian descent
Street photographers
Ukrainian photographers
Photographers from Dublin (city)
Irish Jews
People from Raheny
Culture in Dublin (city)
1994 deaths
Artists from County Dublin
20th-century Irish photographers
20th-century Irish Jews

Arthur Fields (photographer)


Pradesh refers tae a province or state in various Sooth Asie leids. It is written प्रदेश in Devanagari script (uised for Hindi, Bhojpuri, Marathi, Konkani an Nepal), প্রদেশ in Eastren Nagari script (uised for Assamese prôdex, Bengali prodesh, an Bishnupriya Manipuri), પ્રદેશ in Gujarati script, ಪ್ರದೇಶ in Kannada script, പ്രദേശം in Malayalam script, ప్రదేశ్ in Telugu script, பிரதேசம் piratecam in Tamil script, an پردیش in Nasta'liq script (uised for Urdu). The same wird wis borraeed intae Thai as ประเทศ prathet, Lao as ປະເທດ pathet an Khmer as ប្រទេស brotes, meanin "naition".

Currently, thare are five Indie states whose offeeial name bears the wird pradesh:

 Andhra Pradesh, hameland o the Andhras or Telugus
 Arunachal Pradesh, Arunacha = Laund o the Sun (i.e., Sunrise)
 Himachal Pradesh, Himachal/Himalayas = Snawy laund
 Madhya Pradesh, Central Province, replacin the umwhile Central Indie Provinces which wis later renamit as Madhya Bharat
 Uttar Pradesh, Northren Province, awtho no the north-maist province; it wis umwhile the Unitit Provinces o Agra an Oudh

It is borne as the names o twa umwhile states o Indie an aw:

 Harit Pradesh
 Vindhya Pradesh

The adjective form, or equivalent o provincial is pradeshik.

See an aw
Desh
Desi
-stan

Teeps o kintra subdiveesions

Pradesh