Stonewall is a town in Pontotoc County, Oklahoma, United States. Named for Confederate General Stonewall Jackson, the settlement's post office was established in December, 1874.

History
Before Stonewall was a town, it was primarily the Chickasaw tribes land. Robert L. Cochran was a Georgia man who settled Stonewall first by opening up a trading post on the original site of Stonewall. The site was declared Pontotoc, which would become the county name in the present. Along with the settling of Cochran's store a post office opened there in 1858. The settlement was then named Stonewall in honor of confederate war general Stonewall Jackson. By the late 1800s, Stonewall had increased in population and had multiple businesses open such as a cotton gin, good stores, a hotel, and stagecoach station.

In the early 1900s Stonewall was on the rise with the expansion of the railroad from Oklahoma City that passed through Ada. A debate was in place about whether they wanted to move the town closer to the railroad, but many didn't want to leave due to Stonewall being a "historically significant as the seat of Pontotoc County in the Chickasaw Nation, Indian Territory". Eventually some moved and the original site would be renamed to Frisco. The new Stonewall site was now official and with the recent move of businesses and post office, the population was thriving.

In 1930, Stonewall was unaffected by the Great Depression due to oil booms within the town. However, with the oil boom brought environmental destruction. The local creek was flooded with waste and polluted, causing locals to take action by digging wells. In 1932 Charles "Pretty Boy" Floyd and his accomplice George Birdwell robbed the Stonewall Bank. They escaped with $600 and had assaulted two bank officers. While on the run Floyd and Birdwell kidnapped a man on a motorcycle as they fled away from the town.

Today Stonewall is a smaller town after the reroute of Highway 3 away from the town, causing business to slow down and steady. There are a few businesses in the town; however, many people are employed in Ada.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 470 people, 186 households, and 106 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 238 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 70.6% White, 2.6% African American, 14.7% Native American, 0.2% from other races, and 11.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3% of the population.

Of the 195 households, 19.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.8% were married couples living together, 16.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43% were non-families. 37.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 33.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.5% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 20.5% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 20.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $19,135, and the median income for a family was $22,813. Males had a median income of $20,500 compared to $14,792 for females. The per capita income for the town was $9,741. About 23.5% of families and 25.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.8% of those under age 18 and 29.3% of those age 65 or over.

High School Baseball

Stonewall High School Longhorn athletics has won two high school boys baseball state championships, the first in the spring of 1979 and the second in the fall of 2000.

References

External links
 Reminiscences of Old Stonewall

Towns in Pontotoc County, Oklahoma
Towns in Oklahoma

Stonewall, Oklahoma


Messier 100 (also known as NGC 4321) is an example of a so-called 'grand design' spiral galaxy. It is visible in the southern part of constellation Coma Berenices. Messier 100 is one of the brightest and largest galaxies in the Virgo cluster, about 55 million light-years away, with a diameter of 160,000 light years. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain in  1781. Later it was entered in Messier's catalogue of nebulae and star clusters after Charles Messier made observations of his own a month later. The galaxy was one of the first spirals discovered, and was listed as one of 14 spiral nebulae by the Earl of Rosse in 1850.

The galaxy has two satellite galaxies, NGC 4323  connected with M100 by a bridge of luminous matter  and NGC 4328.

Star formation
Messier 100 is considered a starburst galaxy with a radius of 1 kilo-parsec, where star formation has been taking place for least 500 million years in separate bursts. Star formation is concentrated in a ring  actually two tightly wound spiral arms attached to a small nuclear bar.

As usual on spiral galaxies of the Virgo Cluster, in the rest of the disk both star formation and neutral hydrogen are reduced in the galaxy's disk, something caused by interactions in the Virgo cluster.

Related pages
Other Grand design spiral galaxies
Whirlpool galaxy-Another Grand design spiral galaxy
Pinwheel galaxy-Another Grand design spiral galaxy
Messier 74-Another Grand design spiral galaxy
Messier 81-Another Grand design spiral galaxy

References

Spiral galaxies
Starburst galaxies

Messier 100


Central Methodist Episcopal Church (now the Central United Methodist Church) is a United States historic church at 111 E. Spruce Street in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1993.

History
The first Methodist missionaries arrived in Sault Ste. Marie in 1833. Rev. John Clarke was appointed to serve in the Sault area, and in 1834 constructed a Methodist mission consisting of 13 log houses, a school, and a mission.  Clarke soon travelled on to the Keweenaw Peninsula, and was succeeded by Rev. W. H. Brockway.  Brockway was succeeded in 1843 by Rev. John H. Pitzel, ho stayed in the area until 1860.  The mission was closed in 1864.  Methodism essentially disappeared in the Sault until 1873, when Rev. Isaac Johnson was appointed to the area. Johnson formally established a Methodist congregation that year.

The first church building, only  by , was soon constructed on Portage Avenue.  It was eventually moved to the site of the present church on Spruce.  However, the congregation continued to grow, and the small church building underwent several expansions, including a large addition to the rear of the structure.

Still, by 1890, it was apparent that the congregation needed additional space, and it was determined that a new building was required.  It was felt that the then-new church built in Owosso was of excellent design, and the Sault Ste. Marie congregation therefore hired the architect, Dillon P. Clark of Bay City, to design the new church.  The original church was moved to the other side of Spruce Street, where it still stands, and construction of the new church began in 1892.  The church was dedicated on July 1, 1894.

Three fires have occurred in the church.  The first was in 1904, and completely destroyed the interior which had been refurbished the year before.  A second, smaller fire occurred in 1934. A third fire occurred in 1941 during a World War II blackout.  The interior of the church was again heavily damaged in this fire.  However, despite interior damage, the exterior of the church remains almost unchanged from the original appearance.

Extensive repairs were made to the church in the mid-1950s.  Plans for a new educational wing were drawn up in 1969, and the addition was constructed in 1970-71.  The structure is still used by the Methodist congregation for worship.

Description
The Sault Ste. Marie Central United Methodist Church is a multi-story Richardsonian Romanesque structure constructed of red sandstone discarded after an earlier, failed, attempt to construct a canal.  The church is constructed in a cross-gable plan sitting on a raised foundation, with a broad roof and smaller gables attached to the main structure.  The structure measures  by , and with three balconies can seat 1200 people.  A large square tower with pyramidal roof is located in one corner; the tower contains unique arched windows on the first story and tall louvered windows on the upper levels. A circular turret with arched detail underneath its eaves is located on the opposite corner of the south facade.  Between the tower and turret, small doorways on each side of a central pavilion are used to enter the church.  The east facade includes a large set of stained glass in round head windows.  A dark red stone beltcourse encircles the building.  A two-story annex of modern design is attached in the rear.

References

External links

Central United Methodist Church website

Methodist churches in Michigan
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Romanesque Revival church buildings in Michigan
Churches completed in 1894
Churches in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
Michigan State Historic Sites
National Register of Historic Places in Chippewa County, Michigan

Central Methodist Episcopal Church (Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan)


St Peter's Square is a public square in Manchester city centre, England. The north of the square is bounded by Princess Street and the south by Peter Street. To the west of the square is Manchester Central Library, Midland Hotel and Manchester Town Hall Extension. The square is home to the Manchester Cenotaph, the Emmeline Pankhurst statue, and St Peter's Square Metrolink tram stop and incorporates the Peace Garden. In 1819, the area around the square was the site of the Peterloo Massacre.

From 2010 to 2017, the square underwent significant redevelopment which entailed the restoration of Central Library and attached Library Walk link, the relocation of the Cenotaph to the rear of Manchester Town Hall, the creation of a new extended tram stop and the construction of two new office blocks to the south of the square; One St Peter's Square and Two St Peter's Square.

History

The area around St Peter's Square, then known as St Peter's Field,  was the site of the 1819 Peterloo Massacre. The name derives from St Peter's Church which was built in 1788-94 where the gardens are today and also gave its name to Peter Street. The church was built in the neoclassical style by the architect James Wyatt, and was once famous for its church music. It was demolished in 1907 and the Cenotaph replaced it in 1924. A stone cross (1908) commemorates the church. The square is the site for the city's Remembrance Day commemoration each year.

In the 1930s, the square was redeveloped around the construction of the Central Library and Town Hall Extension (1930–34). Plans for a rapid transit station in St Peter's Square were made in the 1970s; proposals for the abandoned Picc-Vic tunnel envisaged the construction of an underground station to serve both St Peter's and the neighbouring Albert Square. The early proposals for an on-street light rail system in Manchester revived the idea of a station in the square, and the idea was retained as the project evolved, becoming a reality when the Metrolink system opened in 1992.

Redevelopment

In 2013, Manchester City Council approved plans for the redevelopment of the square, including the expansion of the Metrolink stop to four platforms. This coincided with the construction of the One and Two St Peter's Square buildings and the refurbishment of Manchester Central Library, both adjacent to the square. Numerous archaeological finds were made when construction work uncovered the former crypt of the long-demolished St. Peter's Church, which had a concrete raft built over it in order to safely construct the new tram lines. The outline of the church is marked in the paving around the square.

The scheme involved using £20 million of public money, moving the Cenotaph, moving the Peace Gardens, demolishing an inter-war building to establish a new office quarter and closing Library Walk to the public. The plans were criticised as bland, unrealistic and private sector orientated rather than public orientated.

In response to the criticisms Darryl Lee, director of Mosley Street Ventures, said: "The developers have had lengthy and detailed discussions about their proposals with English Heritage and Manchester City Council, who have pronounced themselves happy with the scheme". An English Heritage spokesperson added: "Long before Century House was built, St Peter's Square was envisaged as a grand civic space, and English Heritage feels that the Simpson scheme, taken with other developments which are under way, goes some way to realising that ambition. While we think that Century House makes a positive contribution to the conservation area, we feel that its loss is outweighed by the public benefits of the scheme."

A statue of Emmeline Pankhurst was unveiled on 14 December 2018 to commemorate 100 years since women were first allowed to vote in United Kingdom general elections.

Monuments and statues

Manchester Cenotaph

This is the work of Sir Edwin Lutyens and has similarities to the Cenotaph in Whitehall, London.  It was inaugurated in 1924 and the ceremonies of Remembrance Day have been observed here annually since then. In 2014 the cenotaph was relocated to the north-east end of the square; opposite the Cooper Street entrance to the Town Hall.

References

Squares in Manchester
Peterloo massacre

St Peter's Square, Manchester


Rob Cowan (born 20 November 1950) is a British urbanist, writer, editor, speaker, consultant, cartoonist, illustrator and lexicographer.

Career
After working in housing research at the Planning Exchange in Glasgow and planning aid at the Town and Country Planning Association in London, Rob Cowan turned to journalism as editor of the TCPA's journal Town and Country Planning in 1982, editor of Roof (the magazine of the housing charity Shelter) from 1983 and at the Architects' Journal in various roles, including as acting editor in 1990.

From 2000 to 2007 Cowan was the first director of the Urban Design Group and from 2007 he was a director of the consultancy Urban Design Skills. He has originated three influential urban design methods: the Placecheck method of urban design audit; the skills appraisal method Capacitycheck; and the design appraisal method Qualityreviewer.

He has been a senior research fellow in the Department of Architecture, De Montfort University (1995–2003); an external examiner in town planning at the Bartlett School, UCL (2001–03); an external examiner in town planning at the University of Manchester (2002–05); and a teaching fellow (urban design) at the Bartlett School, UCL (2004–06). He was a corporate member of the Royal Town Planning Institute from 1999 to 2023.

Cowan began working on urban lexicography in 2000. The first edition of his acclaimed The Dictionary of Urbanism was published in 2005, and he has been updating and expanding it ever since. The second edition will be illustrated and have more than 12,000 entries.

Activities
In 1973 Cowan founded the Wyndham Lewis Society, devoted to the modernist writer and painter. The society publishes the Journal of Wyndham Lewis Studies and the Lewisletter. Cowan was chairman (1990–92) and a trustee (1992–99) of Vision for London. He has been editor of Context, the journal of the Institute of Historic Building Conservation, since 2000. He was an assessor for the Scottish student urban design awards (2002–05) and a special advisor to the House of Commons ODPM Committee (2004). He was a board member of the Nordic Urban Design Association from 2006 to 2014, and he chaired its first four annual conferences in Norway. Cowan has been a trustee and secretary of the Lady Margaret Paterson Osborn Trust (set up by the family of the town planning pioneer Sir Frederic Osborn) since 2006. He gave the Royal Town Planning Institute's masterclasses on urban design for many years. He was The Planners cartoonist for 20 years, and his cartoons have been published in Context and the Architects' Journal. He presents the Plandemonium series of online cartoon videos. He has been a member of the judging panel for the Civic Voice Design Awards since 2015.

Publications
 Cowan, R. and Delaney, A. (1993) London After Dark, Phaidon Press, London.
 Cowan, R. (1995) Planning Aid in Practice, Royal Town Planning Institute.
 Cowan, R. (1995) The Cities Design Forgot, Urban Initiatives, London.
 Cowan, R., Henderson, G., and Strelitz, Z. (1996) Making Cities Better: visions and implementation, Vision for Cities, London.
 Cowan, R. (1996) A Matter of Life and Death: mixed-use development, Birmingham City Council, Birmingham.
 Cowan, R. (1997) The Connected City, Urban Initiatives, London, 1997.
 Cowan, R. (1999) The Role of Planning in Local Government, Royal Town Planning Institute, London.
 Cowan, R. (2000, and second edition 2001) Placechecks: a users' guide, Urban Design Alliance, London.
 Campbell, K. and Cowan, R. (2000) By Design: urban design in the planning system, Thomas Telford for CABE and the Department of Transport, Planning and the Regions, London.
 Cowan, R. (2001) Designing Places (Policy Statement), Scottish Government, Edinburgh.
 Campbell, K. and Cowan, R. (2002) Re:urbanism, Urban Exchange, London.
 Cowan, R. (2002) Urban Design Guidance: urban design frameworks, development briefs and master plans, Thomas Telford, London.
 Cowan, R. (2003) Housing Quality (Planning Advice Note 67), Scottish Government, Edinburgh.
 Cowan, R. with Urban Initiatives (2004) A Councillor's Guide to Urban Design, CABE, London.
 Cowan, R. (2005) The Dictionary of Urbanism, Streetwise Press, Tisbury.
 Cowan, R. (2008) Capacitycheck, Urban Design Alliance, London.
 Cowan, R. (2008) Masterplanning (Planning Advice Note 93), Scottish Government, Edinburgh.
 Cowan, R. (2008) Design and Access Statements Explained, Thomas Telford, London.
 Cowan, R. (2010) Plandemonium: the best of Cowan's cartoons on planning and urban design, Streetwise Press, Tilbury.
 Cowan, R., Chapman, D. and Adams, S. (2010) Qualityreviewer, Thomas Telford Publications, London.
 Campbell, K. and Cowan, R. (editor) (2016) The Radical Incrementalist, Massive Small, London.
 Cowan, R. (editor) (2017) The Design Companion for Planning and Placemaking, Urban Design London with RIBA Publishing, London.
 Cowan, R. (2021) Essential Urban Design, RIBA Publishing, London.

References

External links
 Personal website

British cartoonists
British writers
Urban theorists
1950 births
Living people

Rob Cowan (urbanist)


Malcolm Benjamin Graham Christopher Williamson,  (21 November 19312 March 2003) was an Australian composer. He was the Master of the Queen's Music from 1975 until his death. According to Grove Music Online, although Williamson's earlier compositions aligned with Serialist techniques, "he later modified his approach to composition in the search of a more inclusive musical language that was fundamentally tonal and, above all, lyrical. In the 1960s he was commonly referred to as the most often commissioned composer in Britain, and over his lifetime he produced more than 250 works in a wide variety of genres."

Life and career
Williamson was born in Sydney in 1931; his father was an Anglican priest, Rev. George Williamson. He studied composition and horn at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music. His teachers included Eugene Goossens. In 1950 he moved to London where he worked as an organist, a proofreader, and a nightclub pianist. In 1952 he converted to Roman Catholicism. From 1953 he studied with Elisabeth Lutyens and Erwin Stein. His first major success was with his Piano Concerto No. 1, premiered by Clive Lythgoe at the 1958 Cheltenham Festival to a standing ovation. Williamson was a prolific composer at this time, receiving many commissions and often performing his own works, both on organ and piano.

In 1975, the death of Arthur Bliss left the title of Master of the Queen's Music vacant. The selection of Williamson to fill this post was a surprise, over other composers such as Benjamin Britten (whose compositional inactivity and terminal illness were not then publicly known), Michael Tippett and Malcolm Arnold, such that William Walton had remarked that "the wrong Malcolm" had been chosen. In addition, Williamson was the first non-Briton to hold the post. He wrote a number of pieces connected to his royal post, including Mass of Christ the King (1978) (see below) and Lament in Memory of Lord Mountbatten of Burma (1980). However, controversy attended his tenure, notably his failure to complete the intended "Jubilee Symphony" for the Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II in 1977. He became less prolific in "Royal" works during the last twenty years or so of his life, although he never completely ceased to take interest in writing music for the Royal Family (see list of Royal works below). His overall compositional output slowed considerably due to a series of illnesses. He died in 2003 in a hospital in Cambridge. He was widely reported to have been an alcoholic.

Williamson married an American, Dolores "Dolly" Daniel, in 1960 and they had one son and two daughters.

Williamson had a number of relationships with both sexes, both before and after his marriage. After his marriage broke down in the 1970s, "a deep relationship with musician and publisher Simon Campion helped sustain him through the inevitably stormy periods, both in Australia and in England, that characterised the final stages of his career."

He had a series of strokes that left him needing a wheelchair, and he spent his final months in hospital. His funeral was not attended by any representatives of the Royal Family.

Music

Some of Williamson's early works use the twelve-tone technique of Arnold Schoenberg, but his greatest influence is often said to be Olivier Messiaen. He discovered Messiaen's music shortly before converting to Roman Catholicism in 1952. He was also influenced by Benjamin Britten, as well as by jazz and popular music (this latter influence may have come in part from him working as a night club pianist in the 1950s).

Williamson wrote seven symphonies; four numbered piano concertos (plus the Concerto for Two Pianos and Strings, the Concerto for Two Pianos and Wind Quintet, after Alan Rawsthorne, and the Sinfonia Concertante), concertos for violin, organ, harp and saxophone; and many other orchestral works. He wrote ballets, including Sun into Darkness and The Display, many effective choral works, chamber music, music for solo piano, and music for film and television including the prologue and main title of Watership Down. His operas include English Eccentrics, to a libretto by Edith Sitwell; Our Man in Havana, after the novel by Graham Greene; The Violins of Saint-Jacques, from Patrick Leigh Fermor's novel; and two adaptations of plays by August Strindberg, Lucky Peter's Journey after , and The Growing Castle after A Dream Play. Williamson's music for children includes the operas The Happy Prince (based on the story by Oscar Wilde) and Julius Caesar Jones as well as cassations, which are short operas with audience participation. The cassation The Valley and the Hill was written for the Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II in 1977 and performed by 18,000 children.

The composer's largest choral work, his Mass of Christ the King, was commissioned by the Three Choirs Festival, also for the 1977 jubilee. It attracted attention partly because Williamson delivered it late. Scored for two sopranos, tenor, baritone; soprano, alto, tenor, bass (henceforth SATB) chorus; SATB echo choir; and large orchestra, the work received several performances over a few years, including a live BBC broadcast in 1981, but has more recently been overlooked. A recording of a performance at the Perth Festival 1981 can be found on YouTube.

Williamson became generally much less prolific in later life, although he had some very busy years.  For example, in 1988 Williamson wrote a large-scale choral-orchestral work The True Endeavour, the orchestral Bicentennial Anthem, the Fanfare of Homage for military band, a ballet Have Steps Will Travel for John Alleyne and the National Ballet of Canada, Ceremony for Oodgeroo (Oodgeroo Noonuccal, formerly known as Kath Walker) for brass quintet, and also commenced work on a substantial new choral-symphony The Dawn is at Hand (to texts by Kath Walker), completed and performed in Australia the following year.  Other works include the Requiem for a Tribe Brother (another Australian work, completed in 1992), a third string quartet (1993), a fourth piano concerto (1994, for Marguerite Wolff) and a symphony for solo harp, Day That I Have Loved (1994). The orchestral song cycle on texts by Iris Murdoch, A Year of Birds, premiered at The Proms in 1995. The same year also saw the premiere of an orchestral work With Proud Thanksgiving, commissioned for the fiftieth anniversary of the United Nations, and dedicated to the memory of Williamson's long-time friend, the UK Prime Minister Harold Wilson.

At the funeral of Queen Elizabeth II, held on Monday, 19 September 2022, mourners filed into Westminster Abbey to 'O Paradise' by Williamson.

Honours
Williamson was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1976, and an honorary Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 1987.  Honorary awards of the Order of Australia are made only to people who are not citizens of Australia.  It is not clear why Williamson did not qualify for a substantive award, as there appears to be nothing on the public record to suggest he ever relinquished his Australian citizenship.  The citation for the award read "For service to music and the mentally handicapped". He was the first Master of the Queen's Music in over a century not to be knighted.

References

Further reading
 Barkl, Michael. 2006. "Malcolm Williamson."  The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ed Lawrence Goldman).  Oxford:  OUP.  https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-89839

External links

 A 70th birthday tribute by Paul Conway
 To be a Pilgrim – Malcolm Williamson at 70
 Malcolm Williamson interview, 18 October 1996
 Malcolm Williamson and Rooks Nest House

1931 births
2003 deaths
20th-century classical composers
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century organists
20th-century Australian musicians
20th-century Australian male musicians
Australian male classical composers
Australian film score composers
Australian opera composers
Australian classical organists
Australian classical pianists
Ballet composers
Male classical pianists
Male opera composers
British male film score composers
Male classical organists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Honorary Officers of the Order of Australia
Masters of the Queen's Music
Sydney Conservatorium of Music alumni
Bisexual male musicians
Bisexual composers
Australian LGBT composers
Australian bisexual people
Australian emigrants to England
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism
20th-century Australian LGBT people

Malcolm Williamson


The Hall of Supreme Harmony (; Manchu: ;Möllendorff: amba hūwaliyambure deyen) is the largest hall within the Forbidden City in Beijing, China. It is located at its central axis, behind the Gate of Supreme Harmony. Built above three levels of marble stone base, and surrounded by bronze incense burners, the Hall of Supreme Harmony is one of the largest wooden structures within China. It was the location where the emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties hosted their enthronement and wedding ceremonies. The name of the Hall was changed several times throughout the past few centuries, from its initial Fengtian Dian (奉天殿), later to Huangji Dian (皇极殿) in 1562 and to the current one by the Shunzhi Emperor of the Qing dynasty in 1645.

Together with the Hall of Central Harmony and Hall of Preserving Harmony, the three halls constitute the heart of the Outer Court of the Forbidden City.

The Hall of Supreme Harmony rises some  above the level of the surrounding square. It is the ceremonial center of imperial power, and the largest surviving wooden structure in China. It is eleven bays wide – with the main room being nine bays wide – and five bays deep, the numbers nine and five being symbolically connected to the majesty of the Emperor. The six pillars nearest the imperial throne are covered with gold, and the entire area is decorated with a dragon motif. The Dragon Throne, in particular, has five dragons coiled around the back and handrests. The screen behind it features sets of nine dragons, again reflecting the "nine-five" symbolism. The Hall of Supreme Harmony features an exquisite throne made of red sandalwood, and formerly used by the emperors of the Qing dynasty.

Set into the ceiling directly above the throne is an intricate caisson decorated with a coiled dragon, from the mouth of which issues a chandelier-like set of metal balls, called the "Xuanyuan Mirror", a reference to the Yellow Emperor, a mythological Chinese ruler. According to legend, the metal balls will fall and strike dead any usurper to the throne.

In the Ming dynasty, the emperors held court here to discuss affairs of state. During the Qing dynasty, emperors held court far more frequently. As a result, the location was changed to the Inner Court, and the Hall of Supreme Harmony was only used for ceremonial purposes, such as enthronements, investitures, and imperial weddings.

The original hall was built in 1421 during the Ming dynasty, destroyed seven times by fires during the Qing dynasty, and rebuilt for the last time in 1695–1697.  After a reconstruction in the 16th century, the dimensions of the hall were reduced from around  to its present measurements, . Inability to find sufficiently large logs was cited as the cause for this change.

See also
 Hexi Caihua
 Caihua
 Yingzao Fashi

References

External links

Forbidden City
Royal residences in China
Ming dynasty architecture
Qing dynasty architecture
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Beijing

Hall of Supreme Harmony


Deep Cove refers to the community in the easternmost part of the District of North Vancouver, in British Columbia, Canada, and is also the geographic name of the small bay beside the town.  It is affectionately referred to as "The Cove" by local residents. Located at the foot of Mount Seymour, Deep Cove faces due east, fronting onto Indian Arm, a branch of the Burrard Inlet. The area is the traditional territory of the Tsleil-Waututh and Squamish Nations. Deep Cove is  from downtown Vancouver.

History
Deep Cove, or Deepwater as it was first known, is a traditional clamming and fishing area of the Tsleil-Waututh nation who lived in the area. British and Spanish naval explorers scouted Indian Arm in the late eighteenth century, and by the mid-nineteenth century, whales were being caught and flensed on the Cove's shores.

Deep Cove became a popular summer resort for Vancouver residents in the 1910s, with cabins, logging, and granite quarrying featured in the local history. For many years, the focal point of the community included a yacht club, dance hall, and general store.

The population slowly grew in the 1960s and 1970s, when access to the area improved following the completion of the Second Narrows Bridge to Vancouver in 1960. However, Deep Cove held on to its rural feel, and a large, open horse paddock sat adjacent to Gallant Avenue in this period. Today, the Cove remains a popular attraction in the district, drawing visitors from neighbouring Cove Cliff, Dollarton, Parkgate, Indian Arm, and Woodlands areas.

Recreation

With its proximity to forests, mountains, skiing, hiking, parks, and the water, Deep Cove is well-known among outdoor recreation enthusiasts. The Deep Cove Bike Shop, a local institution, brought the first mountain bikes to Vancouver in the early 1980s.

Deep Cove is a popular small boat centre, with a Rowing Club, kayak rentals and lessons, and a marina.  The bay in front of the community is one of the few in Indian Arm which has both a sheltering shape and the shallow bottom required for overnight anchorage of pleasure vessels.

The Baden-Powell Trail leading up to the lookout point, Quarry Rock, is a popular spot for visitors, especially in the summer.

The Cultural Centre houses the First Impressions Theatre Company and Deep Cove Stage Society in the 130-seat air-conditioned Shaw Theatre, the Seymour Art Gallery, and the Deep Cove Heritage Society.

Education
Deep Cove is served by three community schools, Cove Cliff Elementary, Seycove Secondary and Sherwood Park Elementary School, as well as two other schools in the surrounding area. Students participating in the French immersion program attend Argyle Secondary School, Windsor Secondary School, Sherwood Park Elementary School, or Dorothy Lynas Elementary School.  A number of childhood learning and care facilities serve the residents as well.  As the teaching philosophies and practices differ, the common banner term of "Preschool" or "Pre-K" is appropriate.

Notable residents

Canadian artist Charles van Sandwyk spent his teen years in Deep Cove.
Canadian nature artist Annora Brown lived and painted in Deep Cove during her retirement years, dying there in 1987.
The actor Ben Affleck had a residence in Deep Cove in the early 2000s.
The writer Malcolm Lowry lived as a squatter in nearby Dollarton in the 1940s; his cabin is gone but remembered with a plaque in Cates Park.
Darren Schemmer, the Canadian High Commissioner to Ghana, is also from Deep Cove.
The occultist Charles Stansfeld Jones and his family lived for many years in Deep Cove.
Actor Sebastian Cabot spent his final years in Deep Cove prior to his death in 1977.

References

Cove Community Association
Cove Stage Society

External links

 Tsleil-Waututh Nation

Designated places in British Columbia
Neighbourhoods in British Columbia
North Vancouver (district municipality)
Populated places in Greater Vancouver

Deep Cove, North Vancouver


John IV of Werle-Goldberg, (before 1350 – between 13 March and 14 December 1374) was from 1354 until his death Lord of  Werle-Goldberg.

He was the son of Nicholas IV and Agnes of Lindow-Ruppin.

As he was still a minor when he inherited Werle, his mother put him under the guardianship of Duke Albert II of Mecklenburg.  However, a dispute arose between Albert II and John's mother, and she then chose Lord Nicholas III of Werle-Güstrow as his guardian.  After Nicholas's death, John IV ruled for himself.

On 31 October 1366, he closed a marriage contract with Duke Albert II and his sons, in which he was promised he could marry Euphemia, the four-year-old daughter of Albert's son Henry III.  The marriage was planned for 1379, when she would be 17 years old.  However, John IV died in 1374, so the marriage never took place.

He died in 1374, unmarried and childless.  With his death, the Werle-Goldberg line died out and Werle-Goldberg fell to Bernard II of Werle-Güstrow.  He was probably buried in the Doberan Minster.

External links
 Genealogical table of the House of Mecklenburg
 Biographical information on John at emecklenburg.de

Lords of Werle
14th-century births
1374 deaths
14th-century German nobility

John IV of Werle


The Hütten Hills (, ) are an area of upland, up to  , roughly west of the town of Eckernförde in the county of Rendsburg-Eckernförde in the North German state of Schleswig-Holstein. They lie within the Hütten Hills Nature Park.

Geography

Location
The Hütten Hills − part of the Schleswig-Holstein Uplands − lie roughly between Fleckeby to the north, Ascheffel to the east, Alt and Neu Duvenstedt to the south and Brekendorf to the west. Their neighbouring landscapes are the large Schleswig Geest to the west, Schwansen to the northeast and the Danish Wahld to the east.

Hütten Hills Nature Park
The boundaries of the nature park (NSG No. 33392), which was established in 1971 and covers an area of about 219 km2, extends far beyond that of the Hütten Hills to the west and almost reaches the Bay of Eckernförde in the east. To the north is the Schlei Nature Park and to the south – on the other side of the Kiel Canal – is the Westensee Nature Park.

The nature park covers the following municipalities (most of which belong to the Amt of Hüttener Berge): Ahlefeld, Alt Duvenstedt, Ascheffel, Bistensee, Borgstedt, Brekendorf, Bünsdorf, Damendorf, Groß Wittensee, Haby, Holtsee, Holzbunge, Hütten, Klein Wittensee, Neu Duvenstedt, Osterby, Owschlag and Sehestedt.

The lakes of the nature park are the: Bistensee, Fresensee, Heidteich, Owschlager See and Wittensee. Its rivers and streams include the: Alte Eider, Hüttener Au, Mühlenbach, Osterbek, Sorge und Schirnau.

The Nature Park Way links five nature parks in Schleswig-Holstein.

Hills and landscape

The highest point of the Hütten Hills is the Scheelsberg near Ascheffel. On the nearby Aschberg stands a Bismarck statue and on the dome of the Heidberg (Heideberg), which is popular with hikers, lies a glacial erratic. From the hills may be seen inter alia the Bay of Eckernförde and the Schlei.

Amongst the hills in the Hütten range are the following – with their heights in metres (m) above sea level (NHN):
 Scheelsberg (105.8 m), west of Ascheffel
 eine Erhebung (105.1 m), northwest of Ascheffel
 Aschberg (97.7 m), south of Ascheffel
 Heidberg (also called the Heideberg; 99.1 m), west-southwest of Ascheffel
 Brekenberg (90.0 m), northeast of Brekendorf
 Immenberg (82.0 m), east-southeast of Brekendorf
 Arnsberg (80.1 m), east of Brekendorf
 Tütenberg (74.6 m), southwest of Hummelfeld-Fellhorst

The Hütten Hills are the northernmost hill range with elevations over 100 metres in Germany. They are, however, lower than the highest points of Holstein Switzerland (highest point: the Bungsberg, 167.4 m) between Kiel and Lübeck.

Climate
A feature of the Hütten Hills is its very variable microclimate. Whilst the western side near Owschlag has averaged annual temperatures of 9.3 °C (1997–2005), the village of Ascheffel on the eastern side has an average temperature of 9.8 °C. This is due to the gently elevated and relatively sheltered location of this settlement. In addition on the western side of the hills the average annual precipitation is around 930 mm (L/m2) which is much higher than in the east, where it is only 660 mm.

See also
 List of nature parks in Germany

References

External links

 Naturpark Hüttener Berge, auf naturpark-huettenerberge.de
 Amt Hüttener Berge, auf amt-huettener-berge.de
 Panorama über die Hüttener Berge vom Aschberg (mit zuschaltbarer Beschriftung von Sichtzielen), auf panorama-photo.net

Nature parks in Schleswig-Holstein
Regions of Schleswig-Holstein
Rendsburg-Eckernförde

Hütten Hills


Edward Brotherton (1814–1866) was an English Swedenborgian and a campaigner for educational reform.

Life
Brotherton was born at Manchester in 1814, and in early life was engaged in the silk trade, but, foreseeing that the commercial treaty with France was likely to bring to an end the prosperity of his business, he retired with a competence.

After a year of continental travel he devoted himself to the work of popular education. The letters of "E.B." in the Manchester newspapers excited great attention, and led to the formation of the Education Aid Society, which gave aid to all parents too poor to pay for the education of their children. The experiment upon the voluntary system tended to prove the necessity of compulsion. This demonstration, which H.A. Bruce, afterwards Lord Aberdare, called "the thunderclap from Manchester", paved the way for the Education Act of 1870. Brotherton's zeal in the cause was unbounded; he had patience, a winning grace of manner, and a candour only too rare in controversy. In the course of his visitations among the poor he caught a fever, of which he died, after a few days' illness, at Cornbrook, Manchester, 23 March 1866, and was buried at the Wesleyan cemetery in Cheetham Hill. There is a portrait of him in Manchester Town Hall.

Writings
Besides many contributions to periodicals he wrote:
 Mormonism ; its Rise and Progress, and the Prophet Joseph Smith (Manchester, 1846). Brotherton had taken part in 1840 in exposing a Mormon elder, James Malone, who claimed to possess the miraculous 'gift of tongues.
 Spiritualism, Swedenborg, and the New Church (London, 1860). This pamphlet has reference to the claims of the Rev. Thomas Lake Harris to a seership similar to that of Swedenborg, claims which were vehemently denied by many members of the 'New Church signified by the New Jerusalem in the Revelation,' as the Swedenborgian congregations are officially styled. Brotherton prints a letter from Dr. J.J. Garth Wilkinson as to identity of the phenomena of respiration in Swedenborg and Harris. From this tract it will be seen that Brotherton was a disciple of Swedenborg, with a tendency to belief in spiritualistic phenomena.
 The Present State of Popular Education in Manchester and Salford, the substance of seven letters reprinted from the "Manchester Guardian," by E. B.; (Manchester, 1864).

He was the editor and chief writer of the first volume of a monthly periodical, The Dawn (Manchester, 1861-2). He wrote frequently as "Libra" and as "Pilgrim" in Swedenborgian periodicals. His chief contributions were the "Outlines of my Mental History", which appeared in the Intellectual Repository'' for 1849.

References

1814 births
1866 deaths
Writers from Manchester
19th-century English people
English Swedenborgians

Edward Brotherton


Antone is a former community in Wheeler County, in the U.S. state of Oregon. Antone is south of U.S. Route 26 between Mitchell and Dayville.

A gravel road called Antone Lane runs south of and roughly parallel to Route 26, to which it connects both east of Mitchell, in Wheeler County, and west of Dayville, in Grant County. The road crosses Rock Creek, a tributary of the John Day River, at Antone. The Ochoco Mountains and the Ochoco National Forest are directly south of Antone.

The location was named in the early 1890s for Antone Francisco, a pioneer settler of Portuguese descent. A post office operated in Antone from 1894 through 1948 except for a three-year hiatus.

Antone was the site of a U.S. Army barracks built to protect miners and other travelers after Chief Paulina's Northern Paiute warriors killed several soldiers in this vicinity in 1864. The barracks were along a wagon road, renamed The Dalles Military Road in about 1870, that connected The Dalles on the Columbia River with gold mines near Canyon City.

References

Unincorporated communities in Wheeler County, Oregon
1894 establishments in Oregon
Populated places established in 1894
Unincorporated communities in Oregon

Antone, Oregon


The Dallas Texans played in the National Football League (NFL) for one season in 1952. They posted a record of 1–11.

While based in Dallas, the 1952 Dallas Texans were later based in Hershey, Pennsylvania and Akron, Ohio during their only season. After the team folded, the league awarded its assets to the new Baltimore Colts (who moved to Indianapolis in 1984).

Professional football returned to Dallas in 1960, as the American Football League (AFL) commenced operations with one of its eight charter members in Dallas (also called the Texans), while the NFL added the Dallas Cowboys.

While both franchises proved far more successful, only the Dallas Cowboys remained in Dallas: the AFL Dallas Texans would later move to Kansas City and were re-branded the Chiefs in 1963.

In 1974, the World Football League placed a team in Texas called the Houston Texans. The team transferred to Shreveport, Louisiana before the 1974 season was finished. In 2002, the NFL would revive the Houston Texans nickname when it added a new franchise called the Houston Texans as its 32nd franchise.

Since their demise, the Dallas Texans are regarded as being the last NFL franchise to collapse outright and permanently cease operations: none of the Colts, the AFL/NFL Texans/Chiefs, the Cowboys, or the modern NFL Texans claim any relationship with the earlier 1952 Texans franchise or its predecessors (including NFL charter member the Dayton Triangles), despite the players and assets remaining contiguous.

History
After the 1951 season, the financially troubled New York Yanks franchise, originally founded as the Dayton Triangles, was put on the market by Ted Collins, who had founded the franchise in 1944 as the Boston Yanks before moving it to New York City in 1949, rebranding them as the Bulldogs, and rebranded it again as the Yanks in 1950. After failing to find a buyer, Collins sold the team back to the League.

On January 29, 1952, a Dallas-based group led by a pair of young millionaires, Giles Miller and his brother Connell, completed the purchase of what was ostensibly a new franchise: the first-ever major league sports team based in Texas. However, the Millers also acquired the entire Yanks roster in the sale; thus, for all intents and purposes, the brothers bought the Yanks and relocated them to Dallas. NFL owners voted 10-1 in favor of the sale and relocation, with Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney casting the lone dissenting vote.

Home games were set for the 75,000-seat Cotton Bowl, home stadium of the Southern Methodist University Mustangs: the Millers originally wanted to name the team the Rangers, but decided to call them the Texans instead.

1952 season
The Millers believed that the growing state of Texas, with its longstanding support of college and high school football, would be a natural fit for the NFL to move farther south and west, while the team owners approved the move with an 11–1 vote.

While Giles Miller had declared "There is room in Texas for all kinds of football", the opening game against the New York Giants set the tone for the season and the franchise. While the Texans scored the first touchdown, they missed the extra point and did not score again, losing 24–6 in front of only 17,499 fans at the Cotton Bowl.

Fan interest quickly waned as the team collapsed to 0–9 and showed no sign of being competitive. In the four games the Texans played at the Cotton Bowl, they lost all four by an average of eighteen points, and drew a total of only 54,065 fans: this was by far the lowest in the League, and barely half of the 25,000 per game required for the team to break even. The nadir came in a November 9 game against the Los Angeles Rams, a 27–6 blowout loss which attracted only 10,000 fans, and as it turned out, would be the last game the Texans would play in Texas.

By this time, the Millers had sustained losses of $250,000, a staggering sum by 1950s standards, and were unable to meet payroll. The situation was exacerbated by the woeful ticket sales and an inability to get any financial support from local businesses – an important factor even in this decade – to cover these debts, or even operating expenses. Unlike present economic arrangements in which the NFL's multi-billion-dollar television contracts essentially underwrite the league's franchises, teams in this era had no hope of remaining solvent without local support. NFL games were not carried on national TV at all until 1953, and then only on the now-long-defunct DuMont Television Network, for a pittance compared to the contracts of today. Only two Texans games were televised: October 12 against the Bears in Chicago on ABC, and the Thanksgiving game [see below], also against the Bears, on DuMont.

The team also had a problem the league largely didn't foresee and was out of the league's control; racism in the Southern United States and the buregoing civil rights movement. The team's top two players, George Taliaferro and Buddy Young, were both African American. This, combined with the NFL as a whole (with the notable exception of the Washington Redskins) already being fully integrated caused many fans to stay away from the gates simply due to prejudice. The issues of racism were the primary reason the Steelers voted against putting a team in Dallas due to the Irish Catholic Rooney having long been more tolerant of African Americans than his Protestant peers and eventually leading to the Rooney family in general pushing for equality and the eventual establishment of the Rooney Rule.

The Millers had seen enough, selling the team back to the league on November 14, with five games remaining in the season. Afterwards, the NFL moved the franchise's operations temporarily to Hershey, Pennsylvania (though it kept the Dallas Texans name), and moved the Texans' last two home games out of Dallas, thus making them a traveling team.

The team played one of its remaining two relocated home games at the Rubber Bowl in Akron, Ohio, where the franchise tallied its only win under the Texans moniker, an upset over the Chicago Bears of George Halas, in front of a meager crowd of only 2,208 fans on Thanksgiving Day. This remains the smallest crowd at any NFL game since 1939 (excluding 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic severely limited attendance).

As a measure of how low the NFL ranked on the sports scene in the early 1950s, the Akron high school Championship Game played at the Rubber Bowl that morning attracted 14,284 fans, far outdrawing the afternoon's professional contest.

Head coach Jim Phelan jokingly suggested because of the small turnout, the Texans players should "go into the stands and shake hands with each fan," while Halas had been so certain that the Bears would overpower the lowly Texans that he started only his second-string players. The Texans jumped out to a 20–2 lead, and after a Bears rally, scored a touchdown with 34 seconds left for an upset 27–23 win.

With the victory, the NFL avoided having a franchise with a winless regular season, something that had not happened since .

The team's final game was a 41–6 blowout loss at the hands of the Detroit Lions: while this game had been scheduled to be played in Dallas, it was moved to Detroit after the league took over the team, thus forcing the Texans (who were the designated home team) to make their second trip of the year to Briggs Stadium – this game drew 12,252 fans, less than one-third of the average for the Lions' home games that year. Two weeks later, the Lions won the NFL Championship.

George Taliaferro, the team's leading rusher, was selected to the Pro Bowl at the end of the season.

The end of the Texans
For all intents and purposes, the conclusion of the Texans' brief history was written before they even played their last game. Unable to find a buyer for the team, but not wanting to outright contract the franchise (which would have unbalanced the schedule), the NFL quickly began to solicit bids from other cities. The week after the Texans' Thanksgiving upset, the NFL granted a new franchise to a Baltimore-based ownership group headed by Baltimorean Carroll Rosenbloom, and awarded it the remaining assets (including the players) of the failed Texans. Rosenbloom named his new franchise the Baltimore Colts (after the unrelated previous team from the competing All-America Football Conference, which merged with the NFL in 1950).

The Colts (who relocated to Indianapolis in 1984) do not claim the history of the earlier Triangles/Dodgers/Tigers/Yanks/Bulldogs/Yanks/Texans as their own, despite the Colts' inaugural 1953 roster including many of the players from the previous season's Texans, and a number of players from the 1950-1951 Yanks. Likewise, the NFL considers the new Colts to be a 1953 expansion team and not a continuation of the original Colts, the charter NFL member Triangles or any other franchise.

As a result, the Texans are officially recognized by the NFL as being the League's last team to date to permanently cease operations and not be included in the lineage of any current franchise.

After the Texans
Although the NFL rapidly grew more prosperous during the latter part of the 1950s (especially after the success of "The Greatest Game Ever Played", the 1958 Championship Game at Yankee Stadium between the vaunted New York Giants and the developing Colts, leading to a later profitable nationwide television contract), the 1952 debacle in Dallas left the NFL leery of further expansion.

Unable to persuade other NFL owners to reconsider, Texas oil scion Lamar Hunt, with others, founded the American Football League as a direct competitor to the older NFL.

When Hunt's own Dallas Texans were announced as charter members of the new league, the NFL quickly reconsidered its position on expansion, and made a second venture into Dallas in 1960, establishing what would become a far more successful team, the Dallas Cowboys (briefly known in the beginning as the Dallas Rangers: a minor league baseball team of that same name was expected to disband, but didn't, so the "Cowboys" name was later adopted for the NFL team in mid-March 1960). The Cowboys first game as a franchise would be against the Steelers--eight years after the Steelers voted against placing a team in Dallas. As fans in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex hadn't forgotten this fact, combined with both teams being enormously successful in the following decades and each establishing large fan bases, would eventually lead to the Cowboys–Steelers rivalry.

Both franchises shared the Cotton Bowl (also the home of Southern Methodist University's (SMU) Mustangs) stadium for their first three seasons. The Cowboys were even more woeful on the field in their inaugural season, enduring a winless season with an 0-11-1 record, and would not post a winning record until 1966, while the AFL Texans, after going .500 over their first two seasons in the new league, would capture the 1962 AFL Championship after defeating the cross-state rival Houston Oilers in double overtime. Both teams also initially struggled to draw enough fans to the Cotton Bowl to turn a profit, but unlike the 1952 Texans they both had owners in Hunt and the Cowboys' Clint Murchison, Jr. with the resources and patience to absorb early losses.

Nevertheless, by the Texans' 1962 championship season they were being consistently outdrawn at the gate by the Cowboys. Hunt, realizing he had no realistic prospect of the Texans competing with the NFL's Cowboys in Dallas, relocated his team to Kansas City and rebranded them as the Chiefs, the second and last of two occasions that a professional American football champion has played the following season in another city.

The Texans nickname was later revived by the NFL for the Houston Texans, an expansion team awarded in 2002 to fill the void left after the Oilers relocated to Nashville, Tennessee in 1997, subsequently being rebranded as the Tennessee Titans.

Notable players

Pro Football Hall of Fame

Others
 Jack Adkisson, more famous as professional wrestler - Fritz Von Erich
Joe Campanella, as Baltimore Colts' general manager in 1967
Brad Ecklund
Weldon Humble
Chuck Ortmann
George Taliaferro
Frank Tripucka
Buddy Young
George Young, Baltimore high school and NFL coach with the Baltimore Colts, Miami Dolphins and general manager of the New York Giants, then later NFL executive staff.

First round draft selection

After Richter, a star at the University of California, made it clear he did not want to play for Dallas, he was traded to the Los Angeles Rams, sending him closer to home. While the Rams sent a whopping eleven players to Dallas in exchange - still the second-biggest trade involving a single player in NFL history as of 2022 - the deal turned out to be very lopsided in the Rams' favor.

Richter went on to play nine seasons in Los Angeles and be elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, while of the eleven players sent to Dallas, defensive back/end Tom Keane was the only one of the eleven who lasted in the League beyond 1952, making All-Pro for the Baltimore Colts in 1953 before he retired in 1955. Of the remaining ten players, four did not last beyond the Texans' only season, and six never played another down of professional football.

Season-by-season

1952 results

^ moved from Dallas

References

External links
The Pro Football Hall of Fame page on the Dallas Texans.
Season stats

American football teams established in 1952
American football teams disestablished in 1952
Defunct National Football League teams
Defunct American football teams in Texas
American football teams in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex
Dayton Triangles
Boston Yanks
Brooklyn Dodgers (NFL)
1952 establishments in Texas
1952 disestablishments in the United States

Dallas Texans (NFL)


The Great Santini is a 1979 American drama film written and directed by Lewis John Carlino. It is based on the 1976 novel of the same name by Pat Conroy. The film stars Robert Duvall, Blythe Danner, and Michael O'Keefe.

Plot
A warrior without a war, Lt. Col. Wilbur "Bull" Meechum, a pilot also known as "the Great Santini" to his fellow Marines, moves his family to the military base town of Beaufort, South Carolina, in peacetime 1962. His wife Lillian is loyal and docile, tolerant of Meechum's temper and drinking. Their teenaged children, Ben and Mary Anne, are accustomed to his stern discipline and behave accordingly, while adapting to their new town and school.

Ben's talent at basketball earns him a spot on the school team, and he becomes a dominant player on the court. During one-on-one games with Meechum at home, though, Meechum refuses to let Ben win, using unnecessarily rough physical tactics and humiliating insults and berating the rest of the family when they try to interfere. When Ben finally wins a game, Meechum unleashes a torrent of verbal abuse while bouncing the ball off his head. Later that night, Ben finds Meechum practicing basketball alone in the driveway; Lillian urges Ben not to be angry at him and explains that he is proud of Ben but struggling with a loss of control over things he used to master so easily. During a school game, Meechum orders Ben to strike back against a rival player who has committed a foul on him. Ben tackles the player and breaks his arm, getting himself ejected from the game and dismissed from the team.

Ben befriends a young black man, Toomer Smalls, who is being harassed by bully Red Pettus. Toomer uses a beehive to get revenge on Red, but Red accidentally shoots him. Ignoring Meechum's orders, Ben leaves the house to help Toomer, but he arrives too late and Toomer dies. Meechum is angry for Ben's disobedience, but another Marine tells him that Ben showed courage by choosing to help his friend.

Still unable or unwilling to appreciate Ben's sensitive nature, Meechum accepts one last aerial mission from which he does not return. His engines failing, he chooses to crash his plane into the sea rather than ejecting and letting the aircraft crash into a nearby town. The family leaves Beaufort after his funeral. Ben assumes Meechum's role as the leader of the household, as Bull had intended.

Cast

Production notes
Lewis John Carlino adapted the script from Conroy's novel. Carlino also directed the film. The title character, Lt. Col. Wilbur "Bull" Meechum, aka "The Great Santini", was based on Conroy's father.

The story, for the most part, follows the book. The movie's major divergence is the absence of Ben Meechum's Jewish best friend Sammy. The spelling of the family's surname was also changed from Meecham to Meechum. Also changed is Meechum's aircraft; in the book, he flies and commands a squadron of F-8 Crusaders, while in the film the fighters shown are F-4 Phantom IIs.

Much of the film was shot on location in Beaufort, South Carolina. Tidalholm, the 19th-century house used for the Meechum residence, later was used in The Big Chill (1983).

The film was shot in a 1.85:1 aspect ratio but was only produced in that ratio in the LaserDisc format. Both the VHS and DVD releases are in 1.33:1, also known as full screen or pan and scan. To date the film has not had a release in the Blu-ray format.

Herman Raucher misattribution
Herman Raucher is often credited as a ghostwriter for the feature film. However, Raucher did no work on the film; the misconception arises from the fact that, in the 1980s, Raucher was hired to write a television pilot based on the movie; he only wrote "a couple of pieces," he explained.

Raucher has stated that, into the 2000s, he continued to receive fan mail for Santini and that the volume of letters he received was surpassed only by those for Summer of '42.

Release
Warner Bros. executives were concerned that the film's plot and lack of bankable actors would make it difficult to market. It made its world premiere in Beaufort in August 1979 and was soon released in North Carolina and South Carolina to empty cinemas. Believing the film's title, which implied it was about circus stunts, was the problem, it was tested with other titles: as Sons and Heroes in Fort Wayne, Indiana, as Reaching Out in Rockford, Illinois, and The Ace in Peoria, Illinois. As it tested better in Peoria, The Ace stuck. Even with its new title, the film performed poorly. Orion Pictures pulled the film and sold cable rights to HBO along with the airline rights to recoup its losses.

Producer Charles A. Pratt still had faith in the film and raised enough money (some from Orion) to release The Great Santini in New York City under its original title. It received positive reviews, and business was steady. Two weeks later, it debuted on HBO, and audiences stopped coming. Orion executive Mike Medavoy blamed the film's box-office failure to a lack of a traditional release: screening it first in New York and expanding markets due to word-of-mouth.

Critical reception
The film was well received by critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 95% rating, based on 20 reviews, with an average rating of 8/10. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote: "Like almost all my favorite films, The Great Santini is about people more than it is about a story. It's a study of several characters, most unforgettably the Great Santini himself, played by Robert Duvall ... There are moments so unpredictable and yet so natural they feel just like the spontaneity of life itself." John Simon of National Review wrote that The Great Santini was "an uneven achievement that nevertheless contains enough of value to justify catching it".

Accolades

In popular culture
Movies and television have referred to the one-on-one basketball game from The Great Santini during which Bull Meechum repeatedly bounces the ball off of Ben's head while asking "You gonna cry?" Parodies of the scene appear in Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me and in episodes of The Simpsons and Roseanne. This movie was referred to in season 2 of the television series King of the Hill in the 17th episode "Hank's Dirty Laundry", in which Hank mentions that he had rented and returned this movie 23 times.

The scene is invoked in the father–son tetherball match in Kicking & Screaming, a comedy in which Robert Duvall plays a tough-love father reminiscent of Bull Meechum. Another reference appears in Daddy's Home 2 in a scene featuring Mel Gibson and Mark Wahlberg.

See also
 List of basketball films

References

External links

1979 films
1979 drama films
American drama films
Films scored by Elmer Bernstein
Films about dysfunctional families
Films based on American novels
Films set in 1962
Films set in South Carolina
Films shot in South Carolina
Films with screenplays by Lewis John Carlino
Orion Pictures films
Warner Bros. films
Films about the United States Marine Corps
Films about American military personnel
Films based on works by Pat Conroy
1970s English-language films
Films directed by Lewis John Carlino
1970s American films

The Great Santini


The multiplane camera is a motion-picture camera that was used in the traditional animation process that moves a number of pieces of artwork past the camera at various speeds and at various distances from one another. This creates a sense of parallax or depth.

Various parts of the artwork layers are left transparent to allow other layers to be seen behind them. The movements are calculated and photographed frame by frame, with the result being an illusion of depth by having several layers of artwork moving at different speeds: the further away from the camera, the slower the speed. The multiplane effect is sometimes referred to as a parallax process.

One variation is to have the background and foreground move in opposite directions. This creates an effect of rotation. An early example is the scene in Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs where the Evil Queen drinks her potion, and the surroundings appear to spin around her.

History
An early form of the multiplane camera was used by Lotte Reiniger for her animated feature The Adventures of Prince Achmed (1926). Berthold Bartosch, who worked with Reiniger, used a similar setup in his film L'Idee (1932).
 While Reiniger used separations on layers of glass to create a separation of elements, there was no parallax illusion creating a third dimensional effect since the camera was at a fixed position.  There were no traveling shots moving through space or Pans displaying layers or planes moving in parallax, which is the true definition of what the Multiplane methods accomplished later.

In 1933, former Walt Disney Studios animator/director Ub Iwerks invented the first multiplane camera using movable layers of flat artwork in front of a horizontal camera using parts from an old Chevrolet automobile. His multiplane camera was used in a number of the Iwerks Studio's Willie Whopper and Comicolor cartoons of the mid-1930s.

The technicians at Fleischer Studios created a distantly related device, called the Stereoptical Camera or Setback, in 1934. Their apparatus used three-dimensional miniature sets built to the scale of the animation artwork. The animation cels were placed within the setup so that various objects could pass in front of and behind them, and the entire scene was shot using a horizontal camera. The Tabletop process was used to create distinctive results in Fleischer's Betty Boop, Popeye the Sailor, and Color Classics cartoons.

The most famous multiplane camera was developed by William Garity for the Walt Disney Studios to be used in the production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. The camera was completed in early 1937 and tested in a Silly Symphony called The Old Mill, which won the 1937 Academy Award for Animated Short Film.

Disney's multiplane camera, which used up to seven layers of artwork (painted in oils on glass) shot under a vertical and moveable camera set for successive frame Technicolor, allowed for more sophisticated uses than the Iwerks or Fleischer versions. A camera crew of up to a dozen technicians might be required to operate and advance each of the planes. The senior Disney executive Card Walker rose in the company from the multiplane camera department in the late 1930s. Occasionally the studio used another camera, operating horizontally along tracks laid on a studio floor to allow wider movements (e.g. establishing shot of Pinocchio's village) or extremely long tracking or complicated dissolve shots (notably the Ave Maria forest sequence). The multiplane was featured prominently in Disney films such as Pinocchio, Fantasia, Bambi, The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad, Cinderella, Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan, Sleeping Beauty and The Jungle Book. The camera would be used more rarely in later movies, like The Fox and the Hound, which contains just a single multiplane shot.

The Little Mermaid was the final Disney film to use a multiplane camera, though the work was done by an outside facility as Disney's cameras were not functional at the time. The process was made obsolete by the implementation of a "digital multiplane camera" feature in the digital CAPS process used for subsequent Disney films and in other computer animation systems.

Three original Disney multiplane cameras survive: one at The Walt Disney Studios, Burbank, California, one at the Walt Disney Family Museum in San Francisco, and one in the Art of Disney Animation exhibition at Walt Disney Studios Park in Disneyland Paris.

Impact
Before the multiplane camera, animators found it difficult to create a convincing tracking shot that kept perspective (for instance, a moon of constant size in distant background) by using traditional animation methods. Furthermore, the act of animating the forward motion was becoming increasingly costly and time-consuming. The multiplane camera answered this problem by creating a realistic sense of three dimensional depth in a cartoon setting.

The multiplane also made possible new and versatile types of in-camera special effects for animated films using, for example, 3D practical elements/mock-ups in foreground, filters and planar lighting, distortion glass and reflections, to achieve naturalistic moving water, flickering light and other subtle effects.

See also
Parallax scrolling

References

Further reading

External links
Disney's Multiplane Camera: The Original New Dimension
Building a low-budget multiplane camera

Disney technology
Movie cameras
Cameras by type
Animation technology
Articles containing video clips

Multiplane camera


Apple Inc. workers around the globe have been involved in organizing since the 1990s. Apple worker organizations have been made up of retail, corporate, and outsourced workers. Employees have joined trade unions and formed works councils in Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom and the United States.

The majority of industrial labor disputes (including union recognition) involving Apple occur indirectly through its suppliers and contractors, notably Foxconn plants in China and to a lesser extent, Brazil and India.

In 2021, Apple Together, a solidarity union, sought to bring together the company's global worker organizations. In the 2020s, a surge in new organizing took place in Australia, United Kingdom and the United States.

Industrial composition
Apple was founded in 1976, and has become the most valuable corporation in the world, being valued over $1 trillion in 2018, and in 2020 becoming the first American company to be valued over $2 trillion. Since the 1980s, Apple, like other Silicon Valley companies, shifted assembly operations and other manufacturing services from the United States to countries with lower labor, overhead costs and flexible scaling. Apple directly employs 147,000 workers including 25,000 corporate employees in Apple Park and across Silicon Valley. The vast majority of its employees work at 500 retail Apple stores globally.

Apple relies on a larger, outsourced workforce for manufacturing, particularly in China. As of 2021, Apple uses hardware components from 43 different countries. The majority of assembling is done by Taiwanese original design manufacturer firms Foxconn, Pegatron, Wistron and Compal Electronics in factories primarily located inside China, and to a lesser extent Brazil, and India.

Australia
Apple Australia employs 4,000 employees. On October 18, 2022, 150 retail workers from one of Apple's three unions in Australia, represented by Retail and Fast Food Workers Union, went on strike over pay and benefits in Brisbane, Chermside, and Charlestown. Other unionized workers in Australia are represented by the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association and Australian Services Union.

Brazil
In 2012, Foxconn opened a second Foxconn factory in Jundiaí, Brazil, the first plant to focus exclusively on assembling Apple products. The Brazilian Metalworkers Union (; CNTM) affiliated to IndustriALL had previous experience organizing Foxconn workers at the first non-Apple plant that was established in 2007. After a 5-day strike in 2014 involving 3,700 workers, Foxconn made a collective agreement with the Metalworkers Union to match the salaries of the newer Apple contract workers with the better paid Foxconn workers of the non-Apple focused plant. A prior strike happened in February 2013 over similar demands.

China

In China, Apple directly employs 10,000 workers across its retail and corporate divisions. In addition, one further million workers are contracted by Apple's suppliers to assemble Apple products, including Foxconn and Pegatron. Zhengzhou Technology Park alone employs 350,000 Chinese workers in Zhengzhou to exclusively work on the iPhone.

Pegatron workers are not represented by any trade union, according to a 2015 China Labor Watch report.

Foxconn workers are represented by a trade union. Despite being the largest 'unionized' company in the world, with over 90% of Foxconn's 1.4 million workforce registered; the Foxconn Federation of Labour Unions (), more commonly known as Foxconn Trade Union () is by and large a company union dominated by management rather than workers.

Foxconn made global headlines in 2010, when over a dozen workers committed suicide in iPhone factories, due to strenuous working conditions. Apple responded by bringing in the Fair Labor Association (FLA), a US based NGO as an external auditor from 2012 to 2016. One of FLA's findings was that the Foxconn Trade Union failed to adequately represent workers. The Economic Policy Institute criticized the FLA report for giving Apple and Foxconn 'undue' credit, despite ongoing issues including forced overtime and the continued use of underage labor. Foxconn promised in 2013 with the help of FLA to prepare genuine representative elections through an anonymous voting process to elect up to 18,000 new union committees.

A 2017 Students and Scholars Against Corporate Misbehaviour report criticized the limited worker participation inside the Foxconn Trade Union and the lack of awareness or involvement of workers in the first democratic union elections Foxconn held in early 2015.

France
Apple has 20 retail stores in France, 9 in Paris, as of 2023. Apple employees are represented by four trade-unions, CGT, Unsa, CFDT and Cidre-CFTC.

Ahead of the iPhone 5 debut in 2012, employees in French Apple retail stores voted to go on strike after collective bargaining negotiations stalled. Solidaires, the main trade union involved represents 25% of the 1,000 French employees.

Germany
In 2011, Apple directly employed 50,000 workers worldwide; 30,000 of them in retail Apple stores. In February 2012, the first works council in the country was established in the Munich Apple retail store. In an interview with Manager Magazin, a ver.di union representative cited excessive overtime, high noise level and insufficient health measures as motivating factors for workers to form a works council, as well as the lack of any collective agreements. In December, retail workers at the Frankfurt Apple store elected a works council, the second one in Germany, making the establishment of a Germany wide General Works Council mandatory.

India

Apple expanded in India by manufacturing iPhones through its Wistron contract manufacturer, located near Bangalore.

Foxconn, which was present in India since 2006, explored setting up iPhone production in India as early as 2010, but scrapped plans in favor of opening a new plant in Brazil. Apple expanded production in 2019 in Chennai through contract manufacturers Pegatron and Foxconn in the special economic zone located in Sriperumbudur.

On December 17, 2021, 250 women workers at the iPhone Foxconn plant were medically treated for food poisoning, with productions halted on December 18. Nearly 3,000 workers blocked the highway to the factory, leading to 167 workers being detained for 24 hours, including trade union officials from Centre of Indian Trade Unions.

Italy
Ahead of the iPhone 4S launch in 2011, workers in the Rome Apple retail store went on strike, featuring the slogan "Strike Different". Strike demands included higher monthly bonus schemes of US$200, limiting employee surveillance and increasing staffing.

In 2013, three Italian trade unions FILCAMS-CGIL, FISASCAT and UILTuCS signed the first collective agreement with Apple in Italy representing 1,300 workers across 14 Apple stores and improved working conditions compared to the existing national retail collective agreement.

Japan
On December 18, 2014, retail workers of Apple Japan announced a union affiliated with Tozen using the slogan "Work Different". Three of Japan's ten Apple stores are unionized with Tozen.

Spain
Workers in six Apple stores in Spain are members of syndicalist unions. Five of the stores are affiliated with General Confederation of Labor (CGT), while the Passeig de Gràcia store in Barcelona is affiliated with Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT).

United Kingdom
In June 2022, after joining GMB Scotland, retail workers at the Buchanan Street Apple store, one of two Apple's Glasgow stores filed paperwork to unionize, the first in the United Kingdom to do so. In November, Apple voluntarily recognized the Glasgow Apple union. On February 8, 2023, Apple signed a collective agreement with the store, the first Apple store to do so in the United Kingdom.

In July 2022, United Tech and Allied Workers Union (UTAW), affiliated with the Communications Workers Union organized a day of action in two London Apple stores on Regent Street and Covent Garden. UTAW claims to have members working in Apple stores in Exeter, Manchester, Brighton, and Norwich. On December 12, 2022, White City, London Apple store workers unionized with UTAW.

United States
As of 2019, Apple directly employs 90,000 employees in the United States, including 25,000 corporate employees in Apple Park and across the west coast. In 1990 Employees for One Apple was the first organized worker initiative, in protest of changes to employee profit sharing. In 2011, an unsuccessful unionization effort was launched by Cory Moll in the San Francisco retail store. In 2021, #AppleToo initiative launched, publishing over 500 stories of worker experiences with harassment. One year later, #AppleToo evolved into Apple Together, a network of different Apple Unions.

The vast majority of the 270 Apple retail stores are not unionized. In 2022, for the first time ever, two stores unionized in Towson Mall, Baltimore, Maryland with the assistance of International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers (IAM) and Penn Square, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma with the assistance of Communications Workers of America (CWA). Additional unionization efforts are underway in New York, Kentucky and Ohio.

In 2022, CWA and IAM withdrew unionization efforts, alleging hostile organizing atmospheres in Atlanta, Georgia and St. Louis, Missouri. Apple hired Littler Mendelson law firm, known for their "anti-union" stance, to represent Apple.

Employees for One Apple
In January 1990, following an announcement to cut employee profit sharing, workers on an internal network bulletin board system who had previously organized around affirmative action, recycling, and smoking on campus, "literally swamped" the system in protest of the changes, resulting in management walking back the changes. One employee compiled a list of participants in the profit sharing revolt and wrote to each of them forming a small group that soon merged with another recently formed group: the "concerned employees' league."

The initial group of 50 workers using the name "Employees for One Apple" met in May 1990 and sought a restoration of the company's former "corporate culture," more direct communications with executives, a flattened hierarchy including distinctions and perks between management and employees, more influence over company decisions, and an "institutionalized voice" for employees. Management agreed to the formation of an "Employee-Executive Forum" consisting of 15 randomly selected employees, allowed to meet quarterly with management to discuss their concerns.

In June 1991, the group, which had grown to 500 members, organized a rally outside of one of the Cupertino, California offices in protest of forthcoming mass layoff as part of the company's cost-cutting plan. Workers demanded executives take pay-cuts as part of the cutbacks. In the days following the rally, CEO John Sculley announced a 15 percent pay cut, along with other top executive pay cuts. The group said they were considering unionization, a stance in contrast with their original opposition to unions.

#AppleToo
Apple employees launched a website called AppleToo on August 23, 2021, with a tag line "It's time to Think Different". #AppleToo is a reference to the #MeToo movement and the sharing of personal stories — in the case of Apple, about discrimination by human resources and management. The website started publishing some of the personal stories of past and current Apple workers including contractors. The project was led by program manager Janneke Parrish and security engineer Cher Scarlett, as well as other anonymous employees. According to Scarlett, by the end of August they had received nearly 500 reports from workers.

On September 3, 2021, the group published an open letter to CEO Tim Cook and the rest of the executive team, calling for signatures from fellow workers. The letter made five requests including increased privacy of personal information; transparent and fair compensation; an audit of all third-party relationships; increased accountability across leadership and human resource teams; and a process for sharing group concerns.

On November 19, 2021, Apple posted a memo affirming employees' rights to discuss pay and working conditions. While not an official response to one of the group's requests about a company-wide statement clarifying employee rights, Parrish referred to the memo as a victory for the group, and said it would "help end a systemic culture of silence around our working culture and pay equity". Veena Dubal, a law professor, stated "this is a win for workers because it shows that Apple knows they would have lost had this been adjudicated", referring to Scarlett's National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) charge and the penalty that would have been assessed by the NLRB. Dubal also highlighted how little the enforcement of the National Labor Relations Act does to deter employers from violating these laws. Scarlett later tweeted that she had made four demands to Apple on September 2, 2021, the day after she filed the NLRB charge, one of which had been for the affirmation Apple had posted.

In December 2021, Scarlett revealed that the NLRB had rejected the withdrawal request with the non-board settlement asking Apple to make 22 changes to the language in the document, including language suppressing her from helping other Apple employees organize and file charges against Apple for a period of one year. She also confirmed that the memo posted in November was a part of the settlement she reached, but that Apple had only left it up for the week Apple had given the company off for Thanksgiving, which she said did not uphold the agreement's requirement of the memo being published "in a prominent and visible location". In a statement to The Verge, she said she would have been "interested in [withdrawing the charge without the settlement] to avoid witnesses having to give testimony", but that the group decided to follow through with the charges in the face of potential retaliation because of how the company handled the posting of the memo.

According to Scarlett, the group continued to grow, despite her and Parrish's departures.

Unionization efforts
In early 2022, employees reported that recent compensation adjustments from the company had backfired, with many reporting their raises were not enough to cover inflation. One worker told The Post, "I have a lot of co-workers and friends who I genuinely love and they do not make enough to get by." Others have criticized that while the company used to pay competitively, it has not been reflective of the record profits reported throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, as described in a Medium post by an Ohio worker, Matt Herbst.

Organizers alleged that since they started union activity, managers had begun surveilling workers and giving anti-union speeches. Rebecca Kolins Givan, an associate professor at Rutgers University warned that union busting activity by Apple against organizers could "tarnish" their brand.

In May 2022, Vice shared a leaked memo, allegedly proving that Apple is training Apple Store managers to persuade employees against unionization. Apple hired Littler Mendelson law firm, known for their "anti-union" stance, to represent Apple.

Apple Retail Workers Union
In May 2011, exactly one decade after the first Apple store opened, Cory Moll launched the Apple Retail Workers Union in San Francisco, citing compensation, pay, benefits and hiring processes as motivations. In November, Apple launched a private training for managers on how to "manage worker unions". A source contacted CNET News to clarify that the training was not related to retail employees. In April 2013, according to a tweet Moll posted, Moll left the company on his own accord.

Apple Together

Apple Together is a solidarity union made up of corporate and retail workers, founded by Scarlett, Parrish, and other anonymous Apple workers. The website states that it is the evolution of the #AppleToo movement using the phrase "From #AppleToo to Apple Together", and the group has used the tagline "Think Equitable".

On December 24, 2021, Christmas Eve, the group staged a walkout in some retail stores and called for a consumer boycott, urging the public not to shop at the retailer on the busy holiday shopping day. The group set out a list of demands on Twitter, including hazard pay, living wages, benefits for part-time workers, and several specific requests due to the COVID-19 pandemic, such as N95 masks and sanitization stations, and more strict rules around customer interactions. The walkout involved at least 50 retail employees across stores from three states, and comes following news of retail conditions around mental health issues, subpar wages, customer abuse, and poor management of the COVID-19 pandemic. The walkout started at the Jacksonville, Florida retail store, where recent aggression from customers had been ignored by the store's management.

On April 29, 2022, the group wrote an open letter to corporate management speaking out against the company's return-to-office plans asking for more flexibility around working remotely, pointing to what the group alleged would have an adverse impact on the company's diversity.

The corporate employees reportedly supported retail efforts to unionize, including by donating funds via The Solidarity Fund for organizing efforts. Several union representatives "hang out" in the union's Discord server to assist in unionizing efforts. As of May 2022, Scarlett and Parrish were members of the union as advisors.

In November 2022, Business Insider reported that Apple Together was a "global network of solidarity between [Apple] unions."

Apple Retail Union
In 2022, Communications Workers of America (CWA) launched an effort to help Apple retail stores unionize. The campaign is a part of CODE-CWA, CWA's effort to unionize tech and gaming.

On April 20, 2022, the first Apple store in the United States filed a petition for union recognition with the NLRB. The store is located in Atlanta, Georgia and of the 30% of authorization cards required for the 107-employee location in Cumberland Mall, the workers gathered 70%. The union, led by Derrick Bowles and Sydney Rhodes, refers to themselves as "Apple Workers Union". The vote was scheduled to take place on June 2, 2022, but was later withdrawn after what workers alleged to be "intimidation". In December, the NLRB corroborated that Apple violated federal labor law.

In May 2022, CWA filed an unfair labor practice report against Apple, claiming the company held captive audience meetings to counter unionization efforts. The same month, CWA filed another complaint, alleging Apple interrogated workers about labor activity, prohibited the posting of pro-union flyers and held mandatory anti-union presentations at the World Trade Center store in Manhattan, New York. In September, the NLRB issued a complaint against Apple alleging discrimination against union supporters and interrogating staff, which Apple denied.

On May 25, 2022, workers at Oxmoor Center in Louisville, Kentucky announced their union drive with CWA.

On February 21, 2022, retail workers at the Apple store in Grand Central Terminal, in New York City, voted to affiliate themselves with Workers United under the name "Fruit Stand Workers United". An organizer had reached out to Scarlett "distraught" after the union's prior partnership had unexpectedly dissolved. Scarlett, who had previously work for Starbucks, was helping unionize the coffee chain and connected the organizers to her Workers United contact, reviving the effort. In April 2022, the workers began gathering signatures to file a petition for union representation with the NLRB. In June 2022, a press release by Workers United announced that CWA's Apple Retail Union will take over supporting Fruit Stand Workers United.

In September 2022, workers at Apple's Penn Square store in Oklahoma, filed a petition with the NLRB to hold a union election. The following month, they became the second unionized Apple store in the country with workers voting 56–32 in favor of unionizing.

In Columbus, Ohio in the Easton Town Center store, Apple circulated fliers promoting a "a dedicated working group that can be used as a formal means for employees and leaders to provide feedback on both local and retail organization-wide initiatives, policies and practices." In response, CWA filed a complaint with the NLRB on December 16, 2022, alleging that Apple interfered with unionization efforts by setting up its own pseudo-union controlled by the employer.

AppleCore
On May 3, 2022, Apple employees working at the Genius Bar at Towson Mall in Baltimore, Maryland sent a letter to CEO Tim Cook notifying the company of their intention to file for union recognition with the NLRB called the Coalition of Organized Retail Employees, or AppleCore. The union is affiliated with International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers (IAM). The workers filed a petition with the NLRB on May 4, 2022, and voted 65–33 to join the union on June 18, 2022, becoming the first unionized Apple store in the nation.

On November 16, 2022, IAM petitioned the NLRB to represent 83 Apple employees at the Galleria Apple store in St. Louis, Missouri. On November 23, 2022, the IAM withdrew its unionization petition from the NLRB, citing a hostile environment, while a published statement and union-withdrawal petition by Apple workers contradicted IAM stating they did not wish to work with IAM.

See also

 Amazon worker organization
 IBM worker organization
 Google worker organization
 REI worker organization
 Criticism of Apple Inc.
 History of Apple Inc.

Further reading

References

External links

 Official website: AppleToo
 Official website: Apple Together
 Official website: Apple Retail Union
 Official website: Fruit Stand Workers United
 Official website: Foxconn Trade Union (in Chinese)

Worker organizations
Tech sector trade unions
Video game trade unions
Criticisms of companies
Labor relations in California
Labor relations in China
Labor relations in the United States
Labor relations in France
Labor relations in Germany
Manufacturing trade unions
Retail trade unions
Labour disputes in Brazil
Foxconn
Labor relations by company
Organizations

Apple and unions


Charles Reynolds (November 15, 1839February 2, 1914) was an Irish American immigrant, businessman, and Republican politician.  He was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing Door County during the 1903 and 1905 sessions.

Early life and Civil War service
Reynolds was born on November 15, 1839, in County Longford, Ireland.  He was raised and educated in Ireland, and emigrated to the United States in 1860, following his brother, John, to Madison, Wisconsin.

The American Civil War broke out shortly after his arrival in Wisconsin.  He was among some of the earliest volunteers for the Union Army, joining up with a company that would become Company A of the 12th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment.  As the 12th Wisconsin Infantry was being organized, Reynolds was selected to serve as sergeant major of the regiment.

The 12th Wisconsin Infantry mustered into federal service in October 1861 and was sent south for service in the western theater of the war.  The regiment spent much of 1862 and 1863 guarding railroad lines in Kansas, Tennessee, and northern Mississippi.  Reynolds was commissioned as a second lieutenant and transferred back to Company A in March of 1862, and was then promoted to first lieutenant in April 1863.

With his regiment, he participated in the Siege of Vicksburg, the Meridian campaign, and the Atlanta campaign through the latter half of 1863 and 1864.  After Atlanta, his captain resigned and Reynolds was promoted to captain of Company A.  They then joined Sherman's March to the Sea and his subsequent Carolinas Campaign.  In the Spring of 1865, he was detailed to the brigade staff of general Charles Ewing as an assistant adjutant general, where he remained until the end of the war.

Career
After returning to Wisconsin, Reynolds became involved in real estate and bought out a bankrupt property previously owned by his brother, John, in Jacksonport, Wisconsin.  Under Charles Reynolds' management, the Jacksonport property prospered and drew in new settlers and commerce.  Reynolds employed a large population of laborers for lumbering and sold the products around the region.  In Door County, he became involved in politics and was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1902 and 1904.  He did not run for re-election in 1906 and was succeeded by his brother, Thomas Reynolds.

After leaving the Assembly, he became involved with the Merchants Exchange Bank, and was vice president of the bank before his death.  He spent the Winter of 1913–1914 in Biloxi, Mississippi, and died there on February 2, 1914.

Personal life and family

Charles Reynolds was one of nine children born to Irish farmers Michael and Mary Ann ( McCann) Reynolds.  His mother died when he was a child.  Charles' older brother, John, was the first to come to America, followed by Charles in 1860, and then by his brother Michael in 1864.  His younger brother Thomas and their sister Katherine came to America in 1866, followed finally, by their father and remaining siblings in 1867.

His brother, Thomas, also ended up in Door County and prospered there as a farmer.  He also served two terms in the Wisconsin State Assembly.  Thomas' son was John W. Reynolds, Sr., the 26th attorney general of Wisconsin, and his grandson was John W. Reynolds, Jr., a federal judge and the 36th governor of Wisconsin.

Charles Reynolds married Mary Mahan on April 9, 1870.  Mary was a daughter of Asa Mahan, a Congregational minister who served as the first president of Oberlin College, and served as president of two other colleges.  Charles and Mary had five children, though four of them died in childhood, and their last child died at age 21.

References

External links
The Political Graveyard
Wisconsin Genealogy Trails

1839 births
1914 deaths
Politicians from County Longford
Irish emigrants to the United States
Politicians from Madison, Wisconsin
People from Door County, Wisconsin
Republican Party members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
People of Wisconsin in the American Civil War
Union Army officers
Union Army soldiers

Charles Reynolds (legislator)


"Framed" is a song by American rapper Eminem. It was first released on December 15, 2017, as a twelfth release track from his ninth solo studio album Revival, and is accompanied by a music video, which was released on April 3, 2018.

Composition
The song, produced by Fredwreck, samples Czechoslovakian progressive rock band C&K Vocal's 1976 song "Pilgrim".

In the third verse of the song, the word "raping" is censored in the line: "Just escaped from the state pen for raping eight women who hate men."

Music video
A music video for the song was released on April 3, 2018. This followed a trailer for the video released March 28. As of June 2023, the video has received over 29.3 million views. The video depicts a news reporter (named Stan Dresden, referring to one of Eminem's most popular songs and the street he grew up on) on a TV with breaking news: Eminem escaped from an asylum. Then the music starts and Eminem makes the first verse in a forest and a house. Then, the music cuts and the news reporter interviews the detective (named Shelter; referring to a music venue of the same name, of which it was used as a rap battle venue for Eminem's character; B-Rabbit in a film titled 8 Mile), who goes into the house that Eminem is in. Eminem makes the chorus in the house in the next scene. The second verse starts in the forest, then it cuts to the detective at the house. He interrogates him through the second chorus and he seems to deny everything. The third verse starts with a black screen saying "3 AM", a reference to one of his songs of the same genre. Then he is taken back to the mental asylum, where he gets a needle shot into his arm. The video slowly fades.

Live performances
The song made its live debut at Eminem's Coachella performance on April 15, 2018. The song was placed on most setlists for the Revival Tour.

Reception
In a positive review, XXL called the song "eerie and awesome". In contrast, Consequence of Sound reacted negatively, stating, "his slow-motion yelling of the title aims for an unholy hybrid of Adam Sandler, Will Ferrell, and Pee-wee Herman, and somehow still falls short."

Charts

Legacy
On his 2018 song "The Ringer" from his follow-up album Kamikaze, Eminem references the U.S. Secret Service visiting him in response to lyrics on Revival perceived to be threatening towards then-president Donald Trump. BuzzFeed filed a Freedom of Information Act request with the Secret Service to find out if this was true. In October 2019, the Secret Service revealed to BuzzFeed that, in response to an email from a TMZ employee pressing the agency to investigate Eminem for his "threatening lyrics" about Ivanka Trump on "Framed", they had conducted a background check and arranged an interview, in which the interviewers read the verse out loud to Eminem—and he rapped along. The agency subsequently decided against referring the case to a federal prosecutor.

References

2017 songs
Eminem songs
Songs written by Eminem
Songs written by Ken Hensley
Songs written by David Byron
Horrorcore songs
Songs written by Fredwreck
Song recordings produced by Fredwreck

Framed (Eminem song)