Idris Wyn Owen (18 February 1912 – 21 December 2003) was a British Conservative Party politician, and Member of Parliament (MP) for Stockport North 1970–74.

Biography

Owen was educated at Stockport School and College, and Manchester School of Commerce (forerunner of Manchester Metropolitan University). He became a director of a building and civil engineering company. He was a fellow of the Institute of Builders and vice-president of the National Federation of Building Trades Employers, 1965.
He served as a councillor on Stockport Borough Council from 1946 and chaired the housing committee.

Owen contested Manchester Exchange in 1951, came close in Stalybridge and Hyde in 1955 and first stood in Stockport North in 1966.
He was elected in Stockport North in the 1970 general election but was defeated by just 203 votes by Labour's Andrew Bennett in the February 1974 general election. He stood again in the October 1974 general election but lost by a larger margin.

Owen lived in The Old Rectory, Gawsworth, Cheshire for much of his life, later moving to Prestbury, where he died in 2002 aged 91. He and his wife Eileen had two children.

Election results

Manchester Exchange, 1951
18,475 William Griffiths (Labour)
14,881 Idris Owen (Conservative)

Majority:  3,594

Stalybridge and Hyde, 1955
23,617 Fred Blackburn (Labour)
23,462 Idris Owen (Conservative)

Majority:  155

Stockport North, 1966
21,598 Arnold Gregory (Labour)
18,262 Idris Owen (Conservative)

Majority: 3,336

Stockport North, 1970
Idris Owen (Conservative)
Arnold Gregory (Labour)

Stockport North, February 1974
16,948 Andrew Bennett (Labour)
16,745 Idris Owen (Conservative)
9,283 Peter Arnold (Liberal)

Majority: 203

Stockport North, October 1974
17,979 Andrew Bennett (Labour)
16,155 Idris Owen (Conservative)
7,085 Peter Arnold (Liberal)

Majority: 1,824

References
The Times Guide to the House of Commons, Times Newspapers Ltd, 1951, 1955, 1966, 1974

External links

1912 births
2003 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1970–1974
People from Prestbury, Cheshire
Councillors in Stockport

Idris Owen


George Folunsho "Ginger" Johnson (1916 – July 15, 1975) was a Nigerian percussionist and bandleader who was a prominent musician in London from the 1950s to the early 1970s.  He led Ginger Johnson and His African Messengers, and recorded and performed with Edmundo Ros,  The Rolling Stones, Ronnie Scott and Quincy Jones among many others.

Biography
Johnson was born in Ijebu-Ode, Nigeria.  His father was of Yoruba origin and his mother was from Brazil; he was nicknamed "Ginger" for his reddish hair and freckles. He was orphaned at a young age and brought up by his sister, developing an interest in both classical and traditional music.  He joined the Navy in Nigeria in the mid-1930s, and in 1943 travelled to London to join the British Merchant Navy.  After the end of World War II he decided to settle in London, and worked as a musician.

He performed and recorded as an African percussionist with Ronnie Scott from the late 1940s onwards.  In 1950 he joined the Edmundo Ros Orchestra as its lead percussionist, and recorded several albums with the band.  He also played in orchestras led by Paul Adam and Harry Parry. He married and started a family, and at the same time became well known among a wide community of African and Caribbean musicians who had migrated to England.  He also recorded a number of 78s and 45s for the Melodisc label in London during the 1950s; these were among the first recordings of African music in Britain.

During the 1960s he played with many leading jazz and rock music in what became known as "Swinging London", becoming a well-known figure in the city's counter-culture.  Among the musicians with whom he performed were Georgie Fame, Brian Auger, Long John Baldry, Graham Bond, Hawkwind, Genesis, and Elton John.  He formed his own band, Ginger Johnson and his African Messengers, and was actively involved in the first Notting Hill Carnival in 1966. In March 1967 he recorded an album, African Party (also known as Music from Africain), engineered by John Wood and released on the Masquerade label.  For the album's sleeve notes, he said:"All the music that we do is based firmly on African traditions. So is rhythm and blues – but we try to get nearer the source, right down to the grass roots of the jungle – the sun, the heat, the insects, the abundance of life. And we overlay the whole with jazz – saxophone, guitar, brass, flute, and sometimes piano – because jazz is also derived from the old sources of Africa."

He performed at a Royal Variety Performance and made a number of television appearances, as well as running workshops at the Royal College of Music and elsewhere. He also ran a club, the Iroko in Haverstock Hill. He was featured in events such as The 14 Hour Technicolor Dream at the Alexandra Palace in April 1967, and supported the Rolling Stones at their Stones in the Park performance in Hyde Park in July 1969.

According to Stewart Feather, an original GLF member, Ginger Johnson and his band performed at the 1972 UK first Gay Pride March.

Johnson became ill during a visit to Lagos, Nigeria, in 1975, and died there from a heart attack.

Two of his 1950s recordings were issued on a compilation CD, London Is The Place For Me 4: African Dreams and the Piccadilly High Life, in 2006.  The album African Party was re-released on Freestyle Records in London on 22 June 2015.

References

External links
Ginger Johnson at Discogs.com

1916 births
1975 deaths
Nigerian percussionists
Yoruba musicians
Nigerian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Nigerian people of Brazilian descent

Ginger Johnson


On September 18, 1970, American musician Jimi Hendrix died in London at the age of 27. One of the 1960s' most influential guitarists, he was described by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as "arguably the greatest instrumentalist in the history of rock music."

In the days before his death, Hendrix had been in poor health, in part from fatigue caused by overwork, a chronic lack of sleep, and an assumed influenza-related illness. Insecurities about his personal relationships, as well as disillusionment with the music industry, had also contributed to his frustration. Although the details of his final hours and death are disputed, Hendrix spent much of his last day alive with Monika Dannemann. In the morning hours of September18, Dannemann found Hendrix unresponsive in her apartment at the Samarkand Hotel, 22Lansdowne Crescent, Notting Hill. She called for an ambulance at 11:18 a.m., and Hendrix was taken to St Mary Abbots Hospital, where an attempt was made to resuscitate him. He was pronounced dead at 12:45 p.m.

The post-mortem examination concluded that Hendrix aspirated his own vomit and died of asphyxia while intoxicated with barbiturates. At the inquest, the coroner, finding no evidence of suicide, and lacking sufficient evidence of the circumstances, recorded an open verdict. Dannemann stated that Hendrix had taken nine of her prescribed Vesparax sleeping tablets, 18 times the recommended dosage.

On October 1, 1970, Hendrix was interred at Greenwood Cemetery in Renton, Washington. In 1992, his former girlfriend, Kathy Etchingham, asked British authorities to reopen the investigation into Hendrix's death. A subsequent inquiry by Scotland Yard proved inconclusive, and in 1993 they decided against proceeding with an investigation.

Background

During the week before his death, Jimi Hendrix was dealing with two pending lawsuits: one a paternity case, and the other a recording contract dispute that was due to be heard by a UK High Court the following week. He was also troubled with wanting to leave his manager, Michael Jeffery. Hendrix was fatigued and suffering from poor health, owing in part to severe exhaustion caused by overworking, a chronic lack of sleep, and a persistent illness assumed to be influenza-related. Lacking trusting personal relationships, his insecurities about the future and disillusionment with the music industry contributed to his frustration.

On September 11, 1970, Hendrix gave his final interview in his suite at the Cumberland Hotel in London, where he talked with Keith Altham, a journalist for Record Mirror. During the interview, Hendrix confirmed reports that Billy Cox, the bass player in his band, the Jimi Hendrix Experience, was leaving. Cox, who had been suffering from severe exhaustion and was exhibiting symptoms of paranoia, mutually agreed with Hendrix that they should suspend their plans to collaborate musically. When Altham asked Hendrix: "Do you feel any kind of compulsion to prove yourself as King Guitar", Hendrix replied: "No, I don't even let that bother me. Because they say a lot of things about people that, if they let it bother them, they wouldn't even be around today ... King Guitar now? Wow, that's a bit heavy." Altham also suggested that Hendrix invented psychedelic music, to which he laughed and replied: "A mad scientist approach ... I don't consider [my music] the invention of psychedelic, it's just asking a lot of questions."

The following day, Hendrix received a phone call from one of his girlfriends, Devon Wilson, who had become jealous after hearing rumors that he was dating another woman, Kirsten Nefer. Nefer recalled: "I heard Jimi talk to Devon ... she was mad ... she went into fits ... Jimi said 'Devon, get off my back. Hendrix was scheduled to perform in Rotterdam on September 13, but the show, along with three others, was cancelled because of Cox's incapacitation. During the evening of September 13, Nefer visited Hendrix at the Cumberland. After informing him that she would have to go back to work that evening, he convinced her to phone her boss, actor George Lazenby, and ask for the night off. Lazenby became angry and shouted over the phone to Nefer: "You're nothing but a fucking groupie", which Hendrix overheard. The exchange upset him, and he told Nefer: "Don't you ever go out to that guy again". Nefer explained to him that she had spent six months working on a film with Lazenby and that she did not want to quit her job; Hendrix eventually agreed. Nefer spent the night with him and left in the morning.

Hendrix spent most of the early afternoon and evening of September 14 discussing his career plans with the record producer Alan Douglas. In the early morning hours of September 15, he went to London's Heathrow Airport with Douglas, who was returning to New York. Hendrix's confidante Sharon Lawrence was in London, and spoke with him that day. Lawrence commented: "Jimi tracked me down, detailing his pressures and discussing the 'so-called friends'. He was jittery and angry." According to Lawrence, Hendrix told her: "I can't sleep. I can't focus to write any songs." Later that afternoon, his girlfriend Monika Dannemann arrived at the Cumberland. She and Hendrix then drove to her apartment in the Samarkand Hotel, 22 Lansdowne Crescent, Notting Hill.

During the afternoon of September 15, Hendrix was asked by his friend Eric Burdon, formerly of the Animals, if he wanted to participate in a jam session at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club with Burdon's newly formed band, War. Hendrix accepted, but when he arrived at the club that evening, he was not allowed to play owing to his apparently drug-related disorientation. Burdon commented: "Jimi came down and was well out of it. He ... was wobbling too much to play, so I told him to come back the following night." Hendrix returned the next night and presented a healthier appearance. The crowd was enthusiastic and impressed by his performance despite his uncharacteristically subdued guitar playing when he sat in with War on "Tobacco Road" and "Mother Earth". This was the last time Hendrix played guitar in public.

Final hours

Late morning and early afternoon

Although the details of Hendrix's last day and death are unclear and widely disputed, he had spent much of September 17 in London with Monika Dannemann. He awoke late that morning at Dannemann's apartment in the Samarkand Hotel. By around 2:00p.m., he was sitting in a garden area outside the apartment enjoying some tea while she took photographs of him holding his favorite Fender Stratocaster guitar that he called "Black Beauty". In the opinion of author Tony Brown, "Jimi doesn't look particularly healthy in these photographs: his face seems a little puffy and on only  a few of the pictures does he attempt to smile."

According to Dannemann, by 3:00p.m. they had left the apartment to use a bank. They continued on to Kensington Market, where Hendrix signed an autograph for a young boy, purchased a leather jacket, and ordered some shoes. He also briefly spoke with his ex-girlfriend Kathy Etchingham, inviting her to visit him at his hotel that evening at 8:00p.m.; she declined the invitation because of prior engagements, and later admitted that she had "regretted it ever since". Hendrix and Dannemann then went to a Chelsea antiques market, where Hendrix purchased more clothing. After another stop to buy writing paper, which he used to compose his final lyrics, Dannemann and Hendrix drove to his suite at the Cumberland Hotel, meeting Devon Wilson as she walked down King's Road. Hendrix asked Dannemann to stop the car so that he could get out and talk with Wilson, who invited Hendrix to a party that evening. Dannemann became jealous, giving Wilson a cold stare during the brief meeting. Later, Phillip Harvey invited Dannemann and Hendrix to tea; they accepted. Prior to their arrival at Harvey's, they briefly stopped by the Cumberland.

While at the hotel, Hendrix made several telephone calls. Dannemann said he phoned his lawyer Henry Steingarten, asking him to find a way out of his contract with his manager Mike Jeffery, and producer Eddie Kramer, for whom Hendrix left a voice message. Mitch Mitchell said that he called Hendrix at the Cumberland on September 17, after having been asked to do so by tour manager Gerry Stickells, who had spoken to Hendrix just minutes earlier. Mitchell said that during the phone conversation Hendrix agreed to join him around midnight at the Speakeasy Club for a previously arranged jam session, which included Sly Stone.

Late afternoon and evening
After stopping at the Cumberland, Hendrix and Dannemann accompanied Harvey to his apartment, arriving around 5:30 p.m. Hendrix and Dannemann smoked hashish and drank tea and wine with Harvey and two of his female companions while discussing their individual careers. Sometime around 10:00p.m., Dannemann, apparently feeling left out of the conversation and jealous of the attention Hendrix was giving Harvey's female friends, became visibly upset and stormed out of the flat. Hendrix followed her, and an argument ensued between them during which Dannemann reportedly shouted: "you fucking pig". Harvey, concerned that their yelling would draw unwanted attention from the police, asked them to quiet down.

Harvey, who had remained silent about the incident out of respect for his father Lord Harvey, gave an affidavit after his father's death in 1994. In his statement, he claims to have been mildly concerned for Hendrix's safety, worried that Dannemann might "resort to serious physical violence". According to Harvey, Dannemann "verbally assaulted [Hendrix] in the most offensive possible way". Approximately 30 minutes later, Hendrix re-entered the flat and apologized for the outburst before leaving with Dannemann at 10:40 p.m.
Dannemann said she then prepared a meal for them at her apartment around 11:00p.m. and shared a bottle of wine with Hendrix. Sometime after returning to the apartment, Hendrix took a bath, then wrote a poem titled "The Story of Life". He also called former producer/co-manager Chas Chandler and left a message on the answering machine, "I need help bad, man."

Early morning
At approximately 1:45 a.m. on Friday, September 18, Dannemann drove Hendrix to the party Wilson had invited him to earlier that day, which was hosted by Hendrix's acquaintance and business associate, Pete Kameron. At the party, Hendrix complained to Kameron about business problems, ate some food, and took at least one amphetamine tablet. Approximately 30 minutes later, Dannemann rang the flat's intercom asking for Hendrix. Another guest, Stella Douglas, asked her to return later. According to guest Angie Burdon, the estranged wife of Eric Burdon of the Animals, when Dannemann came back around 15 minutes later, Douglas used an assertive approach with her to the point of being impolite. Undeterred, Dannemann demanded to speak with Hendrix. Burdon recalled: "[Hendrix] got angry because [Dannemann] wouldn't leave him alone." According to Burdon, other guests at the party shouted out the windows at Dannemann, asking her to leave. Hendrix eventually yielded and spoke with Dannemann before unexpectedly leaving the party around 3:00a.m.

Dannemann, the only eyewitness to Hendrix's final hours, said that sometime after 3:00a.m., she prepared two tuna fish sandwiches for them after arriving back at her basement apartment. Around 4:00a.m., Hendrix, struggling with insomnia after having consumed amphetamines hours earlier, asked her for sleeping tablets. She later said she refused his request hoping he would fall asleep naturally. Dannemann said she surreptitiously took a sleeping tablet sometime around 6:00a.m., with Hendrix still awake. She awoke sometime between 10:0010:20 a.m. to find him sleeping normally in bed next to her. She said she then left to purchase cigarettes, and when she returned around 11:00a.m., found him in bed breathing, although unconscious and unresponsive. She telephoned for an ambulance at 11:18 a.m. and one arrived at 11:27 a.m.

When ambulance crew members Reg Jones and John Saua arrived at the Samarkand, the door to the flat was wide open, the gas fire was on, the curtains were drawn, and the apartment was dark. The crew called out several times, but after receiving no response, they entered and found Hendrix alone in bed. Dannemann was nowhere to be found. According to Jones: "Well, we had to get the police, we only had [Hendrix] and an empty flat, so John ran up and radioed, and got the aspirator ... It was horrific. He was covered in vomit. There was tons of it all over the pillow—black and brown it was. His airway was completely blocked all the way down ... We felt his pulse ... [shone] a light in his eyes. But there was no response at all." At 11:30 a.m., police officers Ian Smith and Tom Keene responded to a call for police assistance from the ambulance control centre. Jones commented: "Once the police arrived, which seemed like no time at all, we got [Hendrix] off to hospital as quick as we could."

The ambulance crew left the hotel at approximately 11:35 a.m. to take Hendrix to St Mary Abbots Hospital and they arrived at 11:45 a.m. Medical registrar Martin Seifert stated: "Jimi was rushed into the [resuscitation] room. He was put on a monitor, but it [ECG trace] was flat. I pounded his heart [CPR] a couple of times, but there was no point, he was dead". According to Seifert, the attempt to resuscitate Hendrix lasted "just a few minutes". The surgical registrar, John Bannister, commented: "He was cold and he was blue. He had all the parameters of someone who had been dead for some time. We worked on him for about half an hour without any response at all." Bannister pronounced Hendrix dead at 12:45 p.m., on Friday, September18, 1970; he was 27 years old. He later stated: "On admission he was obviously dead. He had no pulse, no heartbeat, and the attempt to resuscitate him was merely a formality."

Media response

During the morning of September 18, Eric Burdon arrived at the Samarkand sometime before the ambulance crew and found that Hendrix was already dead. Burdon immediately became concerned that police would find drugs at the apartment, and as he was collecting incriminating evidence, he found the poem that Hendrix had written hours earlier, "The Story of Life". Burdon, who said he had previously discussed suicide and death with Hendrix, assumed the poem was a suicide note. Under this assumption, he made comments to the press regarding his belief that Hendrix had committed suicide that he has since recanted: "I made false statements ... I simply didn't understand what the situation was. I misread the note ... I thought it was a goodbye". Dannemann said Hendrix told her: "I want you to keep this [poem] forever [and] I don't want you to forget anything that is written. It's a story about you and me".

Soon after Bannister pronounced Hendrix dead, a hospital spokesperson told the press: "We don't know where, how, or why he died, but he died of an overdose." By that evening, many newspapers in London and New York had printed sensationalized headlines that exploited the death-from-overdose account. Hendrix's public relations manager, Les Perrin, granted an interview on Dutch radio soon after the hospital announcement. He commented: "Well, all I know is that Mr. Hendrix's body was taken to St. Mary Abbots Hospital in Kensington, London, at 11:45 this morning, and he was certified to be dead on arrival." At 2:00p.m., BBC Radio 1 reported: "Jimi Hendrix, regarded by millions as one of the most talented and original performers in modern rock music, is dead." That evening, The New York Times described him as "a genius black musician, a guitarist, singer and composer of brilliantly dramatic power. He spoke in gestures as big as he could imagine and create."

On September 19, Dannemann spoke with a journalist for the German tabloid Bild. During the interview, published on September 24, Dannemann stated: "I loved him, and Jimi loved me ... We were already engaged ... I would then have designed the sleeves for his records ... He could not sleep. So I gave him the tablets." On September 20, a reporter from The Daily Telegraph interviewed Dannemann's brother, Klaus-Peter Dannemann, who stated: "[Monika] telephoned me on [September 19] and told me that [Hendrix] took nine sleeping tablets. She said that Jimi had told her that he wanted to sleep for a day and a half before he went to America. She told me that he did not intend to kill himself."

Post-mortem
To determine the cause of death, the coroner, Gavin Thurston, ordered a post-mortem examination on Hendrix's body, which was performed on September 21, by Professor Robert Donald Teare, a forensic pathologist. Teare reported that Hendrix was "well nourished and muscular", and he identified a quarter-inch scar on Hendrix's left wrist. He said that there were "no stigmata of [intravenous] drug addiction. Once these marks are there [in the skin], they never go away. In this case, there were no marks at all." Although Teare observed that the right side of Hendrix's heart was widely dilated, he found no evidence of valvular heart disease. He discovered a partially collapsed left lung and 400 ml of fluid in Hendrix's chest. Both lungs were congested, and vomit was found in the smaller bronchi. According to Teare, Hendrix's stomach "contained a medium-sized partially digested meal in which rice could be distinguished." Teare concluded that Hendrix's kidneys were healthy, and his liver was congested. His "bladder was half full of clear urine." He stated that Hendrix's blood alcohol content was 100 mg per 100 ml, "enough to fail a breathalyzer test ... the equivalent of about four pints of beer." Teare reported that analysis of Hendrix's blood "revealed a mixture of barbiturates consistent with those from Vesparax", and he estimated that drug concentrations translated to ingestion of 1.8 grams of barbiturate, 20 mg of amphetamine, and 20 mg of cannabis. Teare gave the cause of death as: "Inhalation of vomit due to barbiturate intoxication." He did not attempt to determine Hendrix's time of death.

Thurston began an inquest on September 23, and on September 28 he concluded that Hendrix had aspirated his own vomit and died of asphyxia while intoxicated with barbiturates. Citing "insufficient evidence of [the] circumstances", he recorded an open verdict. He commented: "The cause of death was clearly inhalation of vomit due to barbiturate intoxication, but there is no evidence as to intention to commit suicide ... If the question of intention cannot be answered, then it is proper to find the cause of death and leave it an open verdict." Dannemann later stated that Hendrix had taken nine of her prescribed Vesparax sleeping tablets. Intended to be taken in half-tablet doses, nine tablets of the powerful sedative amounted to 18 times the recommended amount.

After Hendrix's body had been embalmed by Desmond Henley, it was flown to Seattle, Washington, on September 29. After a service at Dunlap Baptist Church on October 1, he was interred at Greenwood Cemetery in Renton, Washington, the location of his mother's gravesite. Hendrix's family and friends traveled in 24 limousines. More than two hundred people attended the funeral, including several notable musicians such as the original Experience members Mitch Mitchell and Noel Redding, as well as Miles Davis, John Hammond and Johnny Winter.

Inconsistencies and the Scotland Yard inquiry
Tony Brown, author of Jimi Hendrix: The Final Days (1997), had been in regular contact with Dannemann from 1980 until her death in 1996. He visited her on multiple occasions and spoke with her numerous times over the phone. Soon after contacting her, Brown came to the conclusion that her account of the events of Hendrix's final days "would change from one call to the next." In the days following Hendrix's death, she gave two significantly different accounts of the morning of September 18.

At approximately 4:00p.m. on September 18, Dannemann told Police Sergeant John Shaw: "We went to sleep about 7:00a.m. When I woke up at eleven his face was covered in vomit, and he was breathing noisily. I sent for an ambulance, and he was taken to hospital. I also noticed that ten of my sleeping tablets were missing." In a statement given to P. Weyell of the coroner's office on September 24, she said:

I made a sandwich and we talked until about 7:00a.m. He then said that he wanted to go to sleep. He took some tablets, and we went to bed. I woke up about 11:00a.m., and saw that Jimi's face was covered in vomit. I tried to wake him but could not. I called an ambulance and he was taken to the hospital in Kensington ... Prior to going with him to the hospital, I checked my supply of Vesparax sleeping tablets and found that nine of them were missing.

In Dannemann's initial statements, she said she awoke at 11a.m. on September 18. During the inquest she stated that she awoke at 10:20 a.m., and left to purchase cigarettes, something she had previously failed to mention. In 1971, she wrote a manuscript in which she said she awoke at 10a.m. In 1975, during an interview with author Caesar Glebbeek, Dannemann stated that she awoke at 9a.m. According to Burdon, Dannemann phoned him as "the first light of dawn was coming through the window." Stickells said he received a phone call regarding a problem with Hendrix "between 8 a.m. and 9 a.m." Mitchell said he waited for Hendrix at the Speakeasy Club until they closed at 4a.m., and a couple of hours after his hour and a half drive home, he received a phone call from Stickells, who told him Hendrix had died. In her statements to the police and coroner's office, Dannemann never mentioned telephoning Burdon.

Although Dannemann claimed that Hendrix was alive when placed in the ambulance at approximately 11:30 a.m. and that she rode with him on the way to the hospital, the ambulance crew later denied she was there. Statements from the paramedics who responded to the call support that they found Hendrix alone in the flat when they arrived at 11:27 a.m., fully clothed and apparently already dead. Jones later commented: "[When] we arrived at the flat, the door was flung wide open, nobody about, just the body on the bed." Saua stated: "There was just me and the casualty and Reg the driver. Nobody else." Burdon stated: "[Dannemann] didn't leave in the ambulance; she was with me". According to Jones, Hendrix's bowels and bladder had released some of their contents prior to the ambulance crew's arrival at the Samarkand. Saua stated that the vomit was dry when they arrived, making use of their aspirator ineffective. Saua commented: "When we moved [Hendrix], the gases were gurgling, you get that when someone has died". According to police officer Smith: "The ambulance men were there, but Jimi was dead ... There was really nothing they could do for him." Smith also disputes Dannemann's claim that she was there with Hendrix at the flat and in the ambulance:

No, I remember quite clearly the doors shutting on the crew and Jimi ... there was no one about. If she had been in the flat, they would never have called us to come ... But because no one was there, he was dead, and circumstances were a little odd, suspicious, they radioed ... us in. It wasn't until later in the day that I found out that it was Jimi Hendrix.

In 1992, after having conducted an extensive review of the events of September 18, 1970, the London Ambulance Service issued an official statement: "There was no one else, except the deceased, at the flat when they arrived; nor did anyone else accompany them in the ambulance to St. Mary Abbotts Hospital."

In 1992, having arranged for a private investigation of Hendrix's death, Etchingham supplied the results of the effort to UK authorities and requested they reopen the coroner's inquest. After a several-month inquiry by Scotland Yard, during which every interested party to the events was interviewed, officials were confident the request would be granted. The investigation eventually proved inconclusive in 1993, when Attorney General Sir Nicholas Lyell decided that proceeding with the investigation would not serve the public, owing in part to the excessive time that had passed since Hendrix's death.

Explanatory notes

Citations

General and cited sources

Further reading

 Documentaries

External links
 Fan page on the death of Hendrix

1970 in London
1970 in music
September 1970 events in the United Kingdom
Deaths by person in London
Jimi Hendrix
Barbiturates-related deaths
Drug-related deaths in England
Accidental deaths in London
Deaths from asphyxiation
Alcohol-related deaths in England
20th century in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Notting Hill

Death of Jimi Hendrix


Kroeung (, ) is a generic Khmer word for a number of spice/herb pastes that make up the base flavors of many Khmer dishes. Such dishes are often dubbed with the "-kroeung" suffix. Kroeung is traditionally made by finely chopping the ingredients and grinding them together using a heavy mortar and pestle although mechanical food processors can be used in modern kitchens. Various ingredients, depending on the dish and the taste of the cook, can be pounded into kroeung. The eight most commonly used are lemongrass, magrut lime zest and leaves, galangal, turmeric, garlic, shallots, dried red chillies and various rhizomes (lesser galangal, fingerroot, Kaempferia galanga, etc.).
This herbal paste is essential for preparing Khmer dishes in order to create the authentic flavour.

Kroeung has two main categories: "individual kroeung" and "royal kroeung". Individual kroeung are dishes which may call for extra ingredients specific to the dish, resulting in a unique-use kroeung. Royal kroeung on the other hand is fairly standardized. The various types of kroeung can be further distinguished by their colors, specifically, yellow, green and red. The color kroeung are commonly used to make stuffings, soup, and stir-fry.

Individual kroeung

Kroeung that are pounded for specific single dishes or have only one unique use falls into this category. Individual Kroeung also consists of extra ingredients not found in its base recipe. Samlar kakou, for example, requires roasted ground rice for the smoky flavor of the soup. The Kroeung in fish amok is considered an individual kroeung since it uses the red kroeung base but omits Turmeric in favor of Kaffir lime leaves. Traditionally, kroeung recipes, specifically for curries, requires whole spices to be ground with the herb paste. However, curry powder can also be used in place of the whole spices, in which case the kroeung would also be considered individual kroeung.

Royal kroeung
Royal kroeung is based on the kroeung used for royal dishes. The difference between royal and individual kroeung is the extra ingredients sometimes used to make the paste, coriander and Kaffir Lime leaves (instead of zest). Not every royal kroeung makes use of the two extra ingredients, but they are the only additions or substitutions in the original recipe.

Cambodians living abroad use Kaffir lime leaves instead of Kaffir lime zest, which is actually the whole lime rind that has been sun-dried, as Kaffir limes are not widely available outside of Cambodia, and by extension the Southeast Asian region.

Color kroeung
There are three distinct color groups into which all kroeung can be categorized: red, green, and yellow. The dominant herb or spice present in the spice-blend paste tints the three different color kroeung. Uncooked kroeung will often change color as it cooks.

The list of ingredients in these color kroeung will vary by recipe, and there are some ingredients included purely for their coloring ability.

Red kroeung

Red kroeung (, ) receives its deep color from a type of dehydrated chili pod which contributes very little flavor to the kroeung and is added solely for the natural red color, although as the dish is meant to be spicy, hotter chilli peppers may also be used in the spice paste. Lemongrass stalks are used in this paste, rather than lemongrass leaves which would impart a green to the dish when cooked. The lemongrass stalk is a pale beige color, so it easily takes on the dominant red hues from the red peppers. The ingredients of red kroeung are:

Lemongrass stalk (, )
Turmeric (, )
Shallot (, )
Garlic (, )
Galangal (, )
Dried red pepper (, )

These ingredients require some advance preparation prior to pounding into this specific kroeung. The dried chili pod must be soaked, seeded, and then drained of excess water.
The lemongrass stalks need to be thinly sliced and fresh galangal should be diced. If fresh or brine-soaked turmeric is used, it must be diced as well. Kaffir lime zest must be sliced into thin strips and Kaffir lime leaves require deveining and thinly chopping. The ingredients are then added to the mortar and pounded, usually lime zest/leaves first until smooth, then chili, lemongrass, galangal, and turmeric, until a deep red color is achieved.  Lastly, the garlic and shallots are added.

Green kroeung

The usual ingredients for a green kroeung are lemongrass (about a three to one ratio of leaves to stalks), rhizome, cinnamon, galangal and turmeric. Prahok can also be added depending on the dish to be made. A version with prahok, minus the cinnamon, is called teuk kroeung and used as a dipping condiment for fresh or slightly blanched vegetables eaten with rice either as a side dish or as a meal in itself.

Yellow kroeung
The yellow kroeungs are used often in common everyday dishes, a primary example being the ubiquitous samlor machu kroeung, a stew made with a yellow kroeung base that becomes greenish when cooked, fatty pieces of pork (usually ribs), tralach (wintermelon), papaya or tamarind for sourness and trakuon (waterspinach).  The primary coloring ingredient for yellow kroeung is turmeric. To this is added lemongrass stalks, garlic, shallot and galangal.

See also
Bumbu

References

Cambodian cuisine
Herb and spice mixtures
Food paste

Kroeung


Roobarb (also known as Roobarb and Custard) is a British animated children's television series, created by Grange Calveley and originally shown on BBC1 just before the evening news. Each cartoon, written by Calveley and directed by Bob Godfrey, was about five minutes long. Thirty episodes were made, and the show was first shown on 21 October 1974. The theme is that of the friendly rivalry between Roobarb, a green dog with an overactive imagination, and Custard, the mischievous laconic pink cat from next door.

The narration of the series was provided by the actor Richard Briers. On 17 February 2013, Briers died, followed four days later by animator Godfrey.

Original series
Roobarb is a green dog, and Custard is a pink cat. Roobarb is always involved in some kind of misadventure which he approaches with unbounded enthusiasm. Custard is cynical and sets out to sabotage Roobarb's fun. Which one comes out on top varies from episode to episode. Other characters in the series are the birds, who watch the antics of the other two from the safety of a nearby tree, often making snide remarks, and siding with whoever is winning. There is also a rather timid, pink mouse as well as the Sun and the Moon, who are depicted as sentient and able to talk to the other characters.

The series is animated in a deliberately rough style, using marker pens and a very sketchy drawing technique, so that the pictures are constantly "shaking". This effect, known to animators as "boiling", gives an energetic character to the show, and was a contrast to the slick, smooth colouring of the American Hanna-Barbera shows that were being shown on British television. The series was voiced by actor Richard Briers and the theme tune was written by Johnny Hawksworth for de Wolfe Music. It was the first fully animated television series to be made in the United Kingdom. The series was later shown in reruns on the American children's television series Eureeka's Castle on Nickelodeon, with an American dub.

The series was a success, greatly loved by children and adults alike, and winning numerous awards. The series was also known for its eccentric use of quirky word play and sight gags.

Characters

Roobarb
A green dog with a shaggy tail, two hairs each on the side of his head and a wild animation. He's fond of bones, adventure, inventing and also seems to eat various things like coal, paper, books, chairs, shoes, holes in carpets, trees. Roobarb is usually very good hearted and seems friendly to everyone he meets. He loves performing shows and is often helpful.

His rival is Custard, his next door neighbour and sometimes best friend. Roobarb lives in a small cosy house, sleeps in a basket and seems to get on well with his rent free life. He's not always very bright and always curious. Although anthropomorphic, Roobarb does usually run and walk on all fours, barks like a dog and even has his own dog bowl for water. Roobarb is always deep in thoughts, usually for long hours until a plan has been thought. Roobarb thinks he's brave and handsome.

Custard
A chubby pink cat and Roobarb's cousin, friendly rival and sometimes best friend. Custard usually likes to sabotage Roobarb's fun and plays pranks on him and often looks for the biggest laugh of the day. Although malicious, Custard has been shown to care about Roobarb and has even helped him out a few times and enjoys his company. Examples include when he dressed up as Santa Claus for Roobarb's Christmas party to help save the day in case anything went wrong. Another example is when he helped Roobarb spook a group of tramps who retired to bed in Roobarb's house.

Custard lives behind a large white wooden fence where he also takes his naps on top of it. Being a cat, Custard has a fondness for fishing, always trying to find his way to catch the fish, most of the time failing, he also envies Roobarb in competitions.

2005 series
A new series titled Roobarb and Custard Too debuted on Channel 5 on 8 August 2005. Like the original series, it was written by Grange Calveley and narrated by Richard Briers. The series introduced a large number of other animal characters who also got involved in Roobarb's schemes. It was produced by Adam Sharp and Bernadette O'Riordan for A&B TV, and directed by Jason Tammemagi; the animation was by the Irish company Monster Animation & Design. The revival used computer animation, but kept the "wobbly" look and plain white backgrounds from the original series. The music for the revival was by Jon Atkinson. There were 39 episodes.

Episode list

Roobarb
"When Roobarb Made a Spike"
"When Roobarb Didn't See the Sun Come Up"
"When Roobarb Was Being Bored Then Not Being Bored"
"When the Tree Fell to Pieces"
"When Roobarb Found Sauce" – Roobarb sets out to find the source of the pond.
"When It Was Night" – Roobarb dreams that he and Custard are 19th Century US Cavalry officers fighting a band of "Crow Indians".
"When It Was Christmas" – Roobarb plans a delicious Christmas feast and everyone is invited, but when the dog takes it too far and eats the whole feast, he is ashamed, until a special guest arrives and saves the day, yet Roobarb feels terrible for poor Custard not turning up, who is going to save the Christmas party now?
"When The Sun Was Just Right" – Roobarb becomes a film director.
"When The Opera Wasn't A Phantom" – Roobarb builds a science laboratory in his cellar and tests out a new potion.
"When There Wasn't Treasure" – Roobarb dresses as a pirate and searches for treasure.
"When It Wasn't Thorsday" – Roobarb angers the Viking Gods.
"When Roobarb Was Cheating"
"When Custard Was Sorry"
"When Roobarb Mixed the Paint" – Roobarb decides to redecorate the house, and tempts the others to help him out.
"When Roobarb's Heart Ruled His Head" – Roobarb takes pity on a pack of stray dogs, only to wind up out of house and home himself.
"When You're Going To Fly-Fly High"
"When The Day Didn't Arrive"
"When Roobarb Did The Lion's Share"
"When Roobarb Was at the End of His Tether (and so was Custard)" - Roobarb joins the Scouts and Custard annoys him by insisting he obeys all the rules to the letter.
"When Custard Stole the Show" – Custard wonders how deep the pond is and decides to find out, building his own diving outfit and adopting the persona Jaques Coostard. Roobarb forms a plan to get the fish out.
"When There Was A Dance at Foxes Dale" - Roobarb and Poodle Princess enter a dancing competition, but Custard tries to scupper their chances.
"When Roobarb Wasn't As Pleased As Punch" – Roobarb performs a puppet show, but nobody (except Roobarb himself) finds it funny.
"When Roobarb Turned Over A New Leaf" – Roobarb plants his garden and wakes up to find that a "big fat dreamy jungle" had formed.
"When There Was Someone Else" – Roobarb makes friends with a shadowy boxer and challenges everybody to have a boxing fight with him.
"When The Day Wouldn't Keep Still" – Roobarb gets hiccups and thinks it is an earthquake.
"When Roobarb Got A Long Break" – To get revenge on his noisy neighbours Roobarb makes a noisy contraption only to get attention from the police.
"When The Pipes Call The Tune" – A parcel arrives at Roobarb's doorstep, he's extremely excited, however, a surprise parcel arrives for Custard and he's delighted to know that it was because anybody who orders a set of bagpipes from Glasgow, also receives a package for their next door neighbour.
"When A Knight Lost His Day" – Roobarb finds an old book which happens to be of his family tree, he decides to become a knight.
"When Custard Got Too Near The Bone" – Roobarb plants bones round the turf for his garden party, Custard hears this and plans to sell the land for a lot of money to a gang of fierce dogs, but are the bones what the dogs expected?
"When There Was A Big Mix Up" – Roobarb becomes a hypnotist and everything goes wrong.

Roobarb and Custard Too
"When There Was A Surprise" – Roobarb builds a new computer to help him with his inventions.
"When Custard Was Grounded" – Roobarb organises a model plane air show for the garden and Custard nearly wins the prize trophy.
"When Custard Wrote A Book" – Custard and Poodle Princess try to get Roobarb to relax on a nothing day.
"When There Was An Elephant" – A travelling elephant, with a case of the sneezes, arrives in the garden on a very hot day.
"When Custard Was Very, Very Naughty" – Moggy Malone & Poodle Princess goes away and leaves Roobarb and Custard to fend for themselves.
"When The Books Went Bye Bye" – Roobarb throws all his books out and challenges custard to a test of knowledge.
"When There Was A Wind-Up" – Custard mocks Roobarb as he starts a new clockwork invention.
"When Roobarb Found The Hieroglypics" – Roobarb tries to find treasure after he discovered ancient Egyptian architectures underground.
"When It Ended in Tears" – Roobarb experiments with a new invention for laughter.
"When There Was A Big Band" – A famous musician arrives in the garden and Roobarb decides to put on a show.
"When The Garden Was Dry" – Roobarb decides to irrigate the garden during a hot summer's day.
"When There Was A Time Warp" – Roobarb persuades Custard to try some time travel.
"When It Was Cool To Be Smooth" – Roobarb decides to get rid of the bumps in the garden and invents some trousers that help him hover.
"When There Was A Pottery Party" – A new tea set is made for a garden party.
"When The Computer Went on the Blink" – Mouse tries to help Roobarb with his computer and Virtually Impossible Helmet.
"When There Was An Opera" – Roobarb writes a new opera to be performed by Moggy Malone.
"When The Mouse Arrived For Christmas" – A festive moment as the garden puts on a pantomime called 'The Prince and the Snow Witch'.
"When Roobarb Went on a Fitness Drive" – Custard persuades Roobarb to lose the fat and get fit.
"When Modern Thingumajigs Need Tweaking" – Custard becomes an entertainment svengali and signs up Moggy Malone and Poodle Princess.
"When The Wind Blows, The Space Age Will Stop" – Roobarb dreams up a way to travel at high speed across the Space. Custard becomes his test pilot.
"When There Wasn't A Boiled Egg" – Roobarb has an idea for some new fast food for his friends.
"When Rookie Fell Out of the Sky" – Roobarb develops some silly wings in an attempt to help his old friend Rookie fly again.
"When The Laughing Had To Stop" – Roobarb sets up an artist's studio and paints a masterpiece portrait of Custard.
"When Roobarb Was Bowled Over" – Roobarb wants to make bowls more exciting.
"When Walter's Web Caught Roobarb's Eye" – Mouse helps Roobarb build a web of information.
"When There Was A Dance Festival" – Roobarb builds a dance floor and hosts a grand competition with a prize.
"When There Was Magic" – Post Dog delivers some magic in the form of an old wizard for Roobarb and Mouse.
"When The Ballet Hit The Skids" – Roobarb's Garden Ballet Company puts on its own version of 'Duck pond on Ice'.
"When The Dinosaur Broke Loose" – Roobarb investigates the birds' ancestors and starts looking for fossils.
"When Jeremy Barker Turned Up" – On a day with no news, Roobarb decides to become a media baron.
"When There Was A Country Fayre" – Poodle Princess recites some poetry, which prompts Roobarb to put on a medieval fayre.
"When The Molecules Got Loose" – Roobarb and mouse come up with a very high tech plan to get Custard moving.
"When There Was A Duel" – Roobarb and Custurd can't agree on anything so Rookie arranges a duel at dawn for them.
"When It Was A Wibbling Week" – Roobarb devises a brand new sport that is good for players and spectators.
"When The Astrognomes Landed" – Roobarb is woken up early one morning to find that gnomes have invaded the garden.
"When Everything Went Lumpy" – Roobarb tries to find some bread for breakfast.
"When Communications Weren't The Best" – Roobarb builds and launches the most amazing satellite.
"When There Really Was A Something" – Everyone gets excited about a new film as Roobarb, Custard and Mouse search The Space.
"When There Was A Cuckoo" – An unemployment Cuckoo arrives in the garden and Roobarb attempts to get him back in time.

UK VHS/DVD Releases
Between 1988 and 1990, Channel 5 released two videos of the 1974 series with ten episodes on each one and the first video wasre-released by Entertainment UK Ltd and PolyGram Video (Cat. No. EUKV 2006) on 1991 until it had a new re-release by 4 Front Video(Cat. No. 6356043) on 24 April 1995 until it was reissued by PolyGram Filmed Entertainment (UK) Ltd (Cat. No. 0463463) on 16 June 1997.

In 1993, 4 Front Video released a single video containing twenty episodes of the 1974 series consisting of ten episodes from each of the two Channel 5 releases together on one video.

In 2000, Contender Entertainment Group Ltd released a single video with the first eight episodes of the 1974 series on it.

In popular culture
The Noah and Nelly in... SkylArk episode "During a Picnic" features a pirate ship called The Nutty Dog, the figurehead of which looks exactly like Roobarb.

The Streets' song "Turn the Page" mentions "Roobarb and Custard verses".

A sampling of Roobarb episodes and theme song made up the basis for the 1992 single of the same name by the UK group Shaft.

The end bit of the theme tune could be heard at the end of each of 3 adverts for Ambrosia flavored custard.

Roobarb and Custard were featured in the 'Official BBC Children in Need Medley' video by Peter Kay which contained many other popular cartoon characters. They appeared via a televised monitor as they were 2-D animation, as opposed to the Stop-Motion style of the video and characters.

Roobarb and Custard became the stars of a series of children's books based on the TV series by Mogzilla Publishing in 2009.

The Roobarb theme tune appears in the Channel 4 comedy "Spaced" (Season one, Episode 4: "Battles") in a flashback as Tim is chased by a pack of dogs, and also as Daisy chases the pack itself.

Roobarb and Custard were used as mascots for the PDSA charity in the UK.

Music by "Roobarb"
In 1975, singer-songwriter duo Sandy Davis and Paul Travis were commissioned to write and record an album for the Roobarb tv series. A single, "Roobarb's a Star" was released in 1976, closely followed by the "Roobarb" album.

All releases feature original artwork by Grange Calveley, and was funded/released by Bell Records.

Broadcast history
UK
BBC1 (1974)
The Children's Channel (1992)
Nickelodeon (UK and Ireland) (1993)
Boomerang (2005-2008)
Australia
ABC (1977-1993)
USA
Nickelodeon (1988)

References

External links
Roobarb & Custard's official web site
Roobarb & Custard's producers and brand guardians
Roobarb at bbc.co.uk

Roobarb eBooks by Box of Frogs

1974 British television series debuts
1970s British animated television series
1970s British children's television series
1974 British television series endings
2005 British television series debuts
2005 British television series endings
2000s British animated television series
2000s British children's television series
British children's animated comedy television series
English-language television shows
BBC children's television shows
Australian Broadcasting Corporation original programming
Channel 5 (British TV channel) original programming
British television series revived after cancellation
Animated television series about dogs

Roobarb


In quantum chemistry, a complete active space is a type of classification of molecular orbitals. Spatial orbitals are classified as belonging to three classes:

 core, always hold two electrons
 active, partially occupied orbitals
 virtual, always hold zero electrons

This classification allows one to develop a set of Slater determinants for the description of the wavefunction as a linear combination of these determinants. Based on the freedom left for the occupation in the active orbitals, a certain number of electrons are allowed to populate all the active orbitals in appropriate combinations, developing a finite-size space of determinants. The resulting wavefunction is of multireference nature, and is blessed by additional properties if compared to other selection schemes.

The active classification can theoretically be extended to all the molecular orbitals, to obtain a full CI treatment. In practice, this choice is limited, due to the high computational cost needed to optimize a large CAS wavefunction on medium and large molecular systems.

A Complete Active Space wavefunction is used to obtain a first approximation of the so-called static correlation, which represents the contribution needed to describe bond dissociation processes correctly. This requires a wavefunction that includes a set of electronic configurations with high and very similar importance. Dynamic correlation, representing the contribution to the energy brought by the instantaneous interaction between electrons, is normally small and can be recovered with good accuracy by means of perturbative evaluations, such as CASPT2 and NEVPT.

See also
 CASSCF
 Multi-configurational self-consistent field (MCSCF)

Quantum chemistry

Complete active space


Valentina is an Italian comic strip series, created in 1965 by the Italian artist Guido Crepax and concluded in 1996.

Originally a minor character working for the comic hero Neutron,  Valentina became the sole protagonist of the series in 1967. The first episode was entitled "La Curva di Lesmo" (referring to a curve of the Italian Formula 1 Grand Prix of Monza). This story was followed by 30 others, collected in a total of seven books, along with two others Lanterna magica (Magic Lantern, 1977) and Valentina pirata (Pirate Valentina), the first in full colour.

Character
Valentina Rosselli, whose appearance is inspired by silent film actress Louise Brooks, is a Milanese photojournalist.  Her boyfriend, Philip Rembrandt, the super-hero Neutron, has the ability to paralyze people, animals, or machines he has seen in the flesh or pictures. Later a child was born to Philip and Valentina, Mattia.

The character Valentina was born on December 25, 1942, in Milan and grew older during the series, the last episode of which was published in 1995.

As time passed, in Valentina's stories Crepax abandoned the fantasy-science fiction or detective themes of the beginning, introducing a complex, weird mix of erotism, hallucinations, and dreams. The strips also dealt with bisexuality, autoerotic ecstasy, super-sensual abandon, and sadomasochism.

Valentina in other media
In 1973 a feature film called Baba Yaga was based on the comic book. Valentina was played by French actress Isabelle De Funès. The film was directed by Corrado Farina, who had previously made a documentary on the comics by Guido Crepax.

An Italian TV series based on the comicbook was released in 1989. Valentina was played by American actress Demetra Hampton and Philip Rembrandt by Russel Case. Thirteen episodes were filmed, with language tracks in both Italian and English, each 30 minutes long. Selected episodes were edited together into a feature film and shown on late-night American Cable TV.

Stories

 The Lesmo Curve (1965)
 The Subterraneans (1965)
 The Descent (1966)
 Un Poco Loco (1966)
 Ciao, Valentina (1966)
 The Force of Gravity (1967)
 Funny Valentine (1967)
 Valentina in Sovietland (1968)
 Valentina in Boots (1968)
 Marianna in the Country (1968)
 Fearless Paper Doll Valentina (1968)
 Filippo and Valentina (1969)
 Valentina's Baby (1969)
 The Manuscript Found in a Stroller (1970)
 Baba Yaga (1971)
 Bluebeard (1971)
 Who's Afraid of Baba Yaga? (1971)
 Valentina the Fearless (1971)
 Annette (1972)
 The Little King (1972)
 Pietro Giacomo Rogeri (1972)
 The Time Eater (1973)
 Fallen Angels (1973)
 The Empress's New Clothes (1973)
 Reflection (1974)
 Private Life (1975)
 Subconscious Valentina (1976)
 Valentina the Pirate (1976)
 Rembrandt and the Witches (1977)
 Anthropology (1977)
 Le Zattere, Venice (1980)

References

External links
 Valentina from A tutto Comics!

Adult comic strips
Italian comic strips
1965 comics debuts
Comics characters introduced in 1965
1996 comics endings
Fictional Italian people
Erotic comics
Fantasy comics
Science fiction comics
Fictional photographers
Italian comics characters
Comics spin-offs
Comics about women
Italian comics adapted into films
Comics adapted into television series
Female characters in comics

Valentina (comics)


Giardini Ravino is an Italian botanical garden specialized in succulent plants and cacti, located on the island of Ischia, Campania, southern  Italy, in the Tyrrhenian Sea.

Giardini Ravino, along with the mature areas around Villa Ravino, is the result of 45 years of great passion and loving work of Signor Peppino, the villa's owner. Exotic trees include palms, olives, and lemon and orange trees. Grape vines and flowering climbers cascade over the walls, pergolas, and terraces.

See also
official web page of this Garden on Ischia Island

 List of botanical gardens in Italy

Botanical gardens in Italy
Ischia
Gardens in Campania

Giardini Ravino


Paolo Giobbe (10 January 1880 – 14 August 1972) was an Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Papal Datary in the Roman Curia from 1959 to 1968, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1958.

Biography
Giobbe was born in Rome, and studied at the Pontifical Roman Seminary (from where he obtained doctorates in theology and canon law). He was ordained to the priesthood on 4 December 1904, and then did pastoral work in Rome until 1909. Made a Pontifical Ceremonery Supernumerary on 3 May 1909, Giobbe served as a censor of the Roman Liturgical Academy, minutant in the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, and an assistant at the Pontifical Urbaniana University from 1909 to 1918. In 1911, he was a Papal Ablegatus for the imposition of the red biretta on Cardinal Enrique Almaraz y Santos, Archbishop of Seville. Giobbe was raised to the rank of Domestic Prelate of His Holiness on 6 November 1917, and rector of the Pontifical Urbaniana University in 1918.

On 30 March 1925, Giobbe was appointed Nuncio to Colombia and Titular Archbishop of Ptolemais in Thebaide. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 26 April from Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, with Archbishop Tito Trocchi and Bishop Alessandro Fontana serving as co-consecrators, in the chapel of the Urbaniana. As his episcopal motto he chose: Haerere Christo – Remain with Christ. Giobbe was later named Internuncio, with title of nuncio ad personam, to the Netherlands on 12 August 1935, and created cardinal-priest of S. Maria in Vallicella by Pope John XXIII in the consistory of 15 December 1958. So he spent almost 25 years (except during the Second World War) in the Netherlands – for any nuncio an unusually long period.

Giobbe was made Papal Datary on 14 November 1959, and remained in that Curial post until it was suppressed on 1 January 1968. On 8 August 1961, he was made Cardinal Patron of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. From 1962 to 1965, Giobbe attended the Second Vatican Council, during the course of which he participated in the 1963 papal conclave that selected Pope Paul VI.

Giobbe died in Rome, at age 92, as the oldest member of the College of Cardinals. He is buried in the chapel of the Congregation for the Evangelization of the Peoples at the Campo Verano.

References

External links
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
Catholic-Hierarchy

20th-century Italian cardinals
Apostolic Nuncios to Colombia
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
1880 births
1972 deaths
Cardinals created by Pope John XXIII
Pontifical Roman Seminary alumni
Patrons of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Rectors of the Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide

Paolo Giobbe


The side effects of radiotherapy on fertility are a growing concern to patients undergoing radiotherapy as cancer treatments. Radiotherapy is essential for certain cancer treatments and often is the first point of call for patients. Radiation can be divided into two categories: ionising radiation (IR) and non-ionising radiation (NIR). IR is more dangerous than NIR and a source of this radiation is X-rays used in medical procedures, for example in radiotherapy.

IR can have varying impacts which depend on many factors including age, irradiation field and treatment dose and duration. Where the radiotherapy is directed is important as IR to the pelvis will affect the ovary and uterus or testis. Whereas cranial irradiation will disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG-A), causing subsequent disruption of hormone secretion.

In females, IR can have long-term effects on fertility, specifically on ovarian insufficiency, pubertal arrest and subsequent infertility.

In males, the use of radiotherapy can disrupt the endocrine system leading to altered spermatogenesis and consequently a decrease in sperm count, sperm motility, sperm morphology and sperm viability.

The rapid evolution of radiotherapy technologies has had the benefit of more effective and accurate treatments with less side effects.

Impacts of radiotherapy on female fertility
Radiation therapy can have a significant impact on female fertility. The damage induced varies greatly and is determined by factors such as the age of the patient along with the dose and duration of treatment given. Estimates suggest that less than 2Gy of radiation could destroy half of a female's immature oocytes. Female ovaries are estimated to store over 1,000,000 primordial follicles at birth which decrease in number and quality with increasing age via processes such as apoptosis. Radiation therapy greatly accelerates this decline. Permanent damage occurs with follicular atrophy and reduced follicle numbers. Consequently these changes lead to uterine dysfunction due to changes in ovarian hormone production which can result in early menopause and risk of infertility.

Hormonal disruption includes female patients experiencing decrease LH (luteinising hormone) secretion and attenuated LH surges leading to increased risk of ovarian failure. LH plays an important role in proper sexual development. Further potential endocrinopathies include hypogonadism and hyperprolactinemia. Studies now suggest that the stage of follicular development may determine how much damage is induced.

Radiation therapy has been seen to also have a direct impact on the uterus, leading to changes to its vascular supply, volume and elasticity. Necrosis, atrophy and fibrosis have also all been observed in the endometrium and myometrium. Changes such as these have significant consequences in regard to pregnancy outcomes; studies suggest cancer patients receiving radiation have a higher chance of experiencing miscarriages or having low birth weight, premature children. The likelihood of perinatal infant mortality and low birth weight are significantly related to radiation dose.

Impacts of radiotherapy on male fertility
Male fertility can be greatly impacted by radiotherapy of the reproductive system. Spermatogenesis is a process by which male sperm cells are produced. This process can take up to 70 days to complete. Some of the cells involved in this process can be damaged by the use of radiotherapy. Cells called spermatogonia are the most heavily impacted by radiotherapy. These are the cells that go on to divide to produce spermatozoa, or what are commonly known as sperm cells. Spermatogonia are the most impacted by radiotherapy because they are more radiosensitive than other types of cells such as spermatozoa. This means that the whole spermatogenic process is impacted by radiotherapy.

In addition to the damage of spermatogonia, the cells which produce a hormone called testosterone are also impaired by radiotherapy. Testosterone is the main male hormone in the body. These cells are called Leydig cells and they are found in the testes. However, Leydig cells are far more resistant to radiation than other cells in the testes and only become damaged by high levels of radiotherapy. These cells are more sensitive when the radiotherapy takes place in childhood. Damaged Leydig cells reduce the levels of testosterone in the body, which in turn increases the levels of another hormone called LH. Clinically, the monitoring of these two hormones can be indicative of Leydig cell function and health.

In combination, these two processes can lead to male fertility being compromised and can sometimes result in infertility.

Long-term effects of childhood radiotherapy on fertility
The number of childhood cancer survivors is increasing due to technological and diagnostic advancements. However as a result, there is increasing concern of the long-term effects of cancer treatments, such as radiotherapy treatment. A significant issue associated with childhood radiotherapy includes infertility.

Prepubescent males who experience radiotherapy to their testes, can result in reduced spermatogenesis. This can be through damage to the germ cells, the sertoli cells and/or Leydig cells. Both the dosage and the timing of the treatment can determine the extent of disruption to spermatogenesis. In prepubescent males, low doses (>1-3Gy) can cause short-term oligospermia or azoospermia, while higher doses (>2-3 Gy) can cause permanent azoospermia.

Moreover, testicular radiation or central nervous system (CNS) radiation in prepubertal males can affect testosterone levels and cause hypoandrogenism. Testicular radiation damages the androgen-producing Leydig cells while CNS radiation impairs the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, reducing gonadotropin production.

In prepubescent females, high radiation dose to the pelvic region can also have adverse side effects on fertility. Long-term effects include early onset menopause, ovarian failure and inability to complete puberty. Where pregnancy occurs in these individuals, there are high risks associated with the health of the offspring due to pregnancy complications. These include low birth weight, miscarriage and premature labour.

Prevention and treatment of infertility caused by radiotherapy

In modern medicine there are multiple options to limit the effect of cancer treatment on fertility.  One of the preventative measures in females is transposition of gonadal organs further from local therapeutic agents with a success rate over 90%. Another less invasive method used for many years is lead shielding of gonadal region in both males and females as a protective measure against radiotherapy.

In prepubescent males novel techniques such as testicular tissue extraction and cryopreservation as well as in vitro maturation of spermatogonia which can then be transferred to native tissue after the treatment are being heavily researched. The most common solution is cryopreservation of sperms in post pubertal males and cryopreservation of oocytes or embryos for females with smaller age constrain compared to males who can then utilise multiple assisted reproductive techniques (ART) methods such as intrauterine insemination, IVF or ICSI as an alternative resource for preservation of fertility.

Future approach to this problem focuses on cytoprotective strategies using hormonal treatment to alter HPG-A to guard reproductive organs from radiotherapy. By disrupting the gametogenesis or decreasing the sensitivity of germ cells scientists could acquire quiescent state less susceptible to side effects of cancer treatment.

References

Radiation therapy
Fertility
Infertility
Cryopreservation

Side effects of radiotherapy on fertility


Government T D Medical College, Alappuzha is a government medical colleges situated in the suburban area of Vandanam,  south of the Alappuzha (previously Alleppey city), facing the NH 66, in Alappuzha district of Kerala State, South India. The initials T.D. stand for Thirumala Devaswom (Sanskrit: "belonging to the Lord of Thirumala"), as the Medical College was started in 1963 under the patronage of the T.D. Temple at Anantha Narayana Puram of Alappuzha.The founder of T.D.Medical College is Sri. N.V.Prabhu aka Narayana Venkateshwara Prabhu, a great personality hailing from Alappuzha. The emblem of the college, designed by Sri.N.V.Prabhu shows the Hindu god Narasimha (man lion), on top as the college was first under the TD trust The first batch of MBBS classes were started in August 1963 for 50 students. The Kerala government had agreed to upgrade the district headquarters hospital at Alappuzha and handed it over to the Medical College management, to be used as teaching hospital for the medical students and Government Order No.G.O.(MS).263/73/HD dt. 23 October 1973 was issued accordingly. Thus this became the fourth Government Medical College in the state.

History

T.D. Medical College is situated in the suburban area of Vandanam,  south of the Alappuzha (previously Alleppey) town, facing the NH 66, in Alappuzha district of Kerala State, South India. The initials T.D. stand for Thirumala Devaswom, which in Sanskrit means belonging to the Lord of Thirumala, since this medical college was started in 1963 under the patronage of the T.D. Temple at Anantha Narayana Puram of Alappuzha. Initially the management of the college was done by the Kerala Cultural & Educational Society. It was later brought under a trust called "T.D. Medical College Trust", which was headed by the President of the Thirumala Devaswom. The secretary of the trust was Sri. N. V. Prabhu, Thoppil House, Alappuzha. Sri. N. V. Prabhu was the main driving force and founder of the T. D. Medical College, Alappuzha. It is his brain child for he gave his heart and soul for building this private medical college, one of the first kind in the history of Kerala. The day-to-day administration of the college was done by the T.D. Medical College Administrative Council. A total of 145 acres of land was purchased at Vandanam, in the coastal belt for the future development of the college campus, to include the hospitals, hostels, residential quarters.

The construction of the building started with the foundation stone laying ceremony by R. Sankar, Chief Minister of Kerala on 6 March 1963 and the classes started in August 1963. Due to the objection raised by the Kerala University in running the medical college in this state collecting capitation fee from the students, the T.D.M.C. management ran into financial problems and the Kerala Government came forward for their help and took over the management of the institution from 17 October 1967 for a period of five years initially, under an agreement executed between the T.D. Medical College Trust and the Government. Since the T.D. Medical College Trust did not come forward to take back the management of the college at the end of the stipulated initial five-year period, as per conditions in the agreement, the college became vested with the Government of Kerala from 17 October 1972 and Government order No.G.O.M.S.263/73/HD dt. 23 October 1973 was issued accordingly. Thus this became the fourth Government Medical College in the state. Since no compensation whatsoever was paid to the T.D.M.C.Management by the Government during take over, the name T.D.Medical College is still retained in the records.

The number of seats for the M.B.B.S course in T.D. Medical College, Alappuzha was 50 to begin with. It was raised to 100 in 1967. But as per the recommendation of the Indian Medical Council, the number was again reduced to 80 in 1973. It was again raised to 100 as per the recommendation of the Indian Medical Council in 1979. Now the number of seats has raised to 150 from the academic year 2007-2008 onwards. Post Graduate Course in Medicine and Surgery (two seats each) were started in the year 1982-1983 and Paramedical Course for MLT was started in the year 1985–1986 with 15 seats. Diploma Course in Pharmacy was also started with 35 seats and later it increased to 40 seats.

In 1967 when the Government temporarily took over the management of the medical college there were only two wings of the college building in the ground floor constructed by the private management at a cost of about Rs.8.8 lakhs. The central portion housing the library in the ground floor and the auditorium in the first floor were constructed by the Government at a cost of about Rs.13 lakhs, which was completed in 1971. The construction of the remaining part of the first floor was done after the medical college was taken over by the Government. The regulations of the Medical Council of India demands the existence of Collegiate Hospital in Medical College Campus itself.  As part of the plan for shifting the Medical College Hospital to the College Campus, the following five departments were shifted to the newly constructed hospital building (now it is Old Block I & II)  at  Neerkunnam near Vandanam, on 25 February 1991: Psychiatry, Dermatology & Venereology, Radiotherapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dentistry.

In 2005, the Pediatrics department was shifted to the newly constructed A & B block of Medical College Hospital Complex Vandanam. In January 2007, Medicine and allied specialties have been shifted to new blocks such as D&E, I1, I2 IP wards at new hospital complex. After this, shifting process has been achieved tremendous pace. Within a span of three years, construction of three major blocks viz.  C&F block, J1, J2, J3 diagnostic blocks and Surgical K blocks have been completed utilizing   NABARD and State Plan fund. On 12 January 2010, the Chief Minister of the state finally proclaimed that the shifting of the Medical College Hospital from Alappuzha to Vandanam was completed. And now, whole hospital departments are occupying a floor area of about  and it is situated in area of around . Now the college and hospital are situated in a campus having an area of 162 acres and there is sufficient space for all types of future developments and there is a huge scope for developing this college as a Centre of Excellence in various fields of Modern Medicine.

Golden Jubilee celebrations
The President of India, Shri Pranab Mukherjee, inaugurated the Golden Jubilee celebration of the T D Medical College at Alappuzha in Kerala on 16 March 2013.

Departments
 Anaesthesiology
 Anatomy
 Biochemistry
 Cardio Thoracic Surgery
 Cardiology
 Community Medicine
 Dental
 Dermatology and Venerology
 Forensic Medicine
 Gastroenterology
 General Medicine
 General Surgery
 Genito Urinary Surgery
 Microbiology
 Nephrology
 Neurology
 Neuro Surgery
 Obstetrics & Gynaecology
 OMFS
 Ophthalmology
 Orthopaedics
 Otorhinolaryngology (E.N.T.)
 Paediatric Surgery
 Paediatrics
 Pathology
 Pharmacology
 Pharmacy
 Physical Education
 Physical medicine and rehabilitation
 Physiology
 Psychiatry
 Pulmonary Medicine
 Radiodiagnosis
 Radiotherapy
 Surgery
 Transfusion Medicine & Immunohaematology
 Urology

Courses offered
Main courses offered include MBBS ( 175 seats ), post-graduate training in basic specialties (M.D., MS and diploma courses) and super-specialities (DM and MCh), BDS, BSc Nursing, MSc Nursing in four specialities Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Medical Surgical Nursing, Child Health Nursing, Community Health Nursing and other paramedical courses.

Graduation
After completion of the courses, the medical and nursing colleges separately organize the graduation ceremonies. There has been no separate graduation ceremonies after the post graduation courses. The university does not have a part in these ceremonies since the legal ban on convocation ceremonies in the universities by the government.

See also
 Calicut Medical College
 Government Medical College, Thrissur
 Kollam ESIC Medical College Hospital
 Kottayam Medical College
 Trivandrum Medical College
 Government Medical College, Ernakulam
 TDMC GENERAL MEDICINE DEPARTMENT

References

External links

 TDMC – Alappuzha

 TDMC General Medicine – Alappuzha

Medical colleges in Kerala
Alappuzha
Hospitals in Kerala
Universities and colleges in Alappuzha district
Buildings and structures in Alappuzha
Universities and colleges established in 1963
1963 establishments in Kerala


Pruneface is a fictional character in the long-running comic strip Dick Tracy, drawn by cartoonist Chester Gould. He is one of the series' main villains and notable for his wrinkly face despite being a young man.

Fictional character biography
Pruneface's surname is Boche, a typically Dickensian-style naming of a character by Gould, since "Boche" is a French derogatory term for "German". He is a brilliant industrial engineer with a horribly deformed face. He sells out to the Nazis and is involved in espionage against the United States, as well as the development of nerve gas.

Pruneface first appeared (and apparently died) in 1942, having nearly frozen to death due to exposure during a shootout with the police. The character was revived in 1983.  The 1983 story explains that he had been used in an early cryogenics experiment by Dr. Kryos Freezdrei and is reanimated using modern medicine. Freezdrei uses Pruneface's revival as a publicity stunt, however, to advertise the services of his cryogenics institute to the wealthy and gullible, whom the doctor and Pruneface plan to bilk for millions which would go towards funding neo-Nazi groups. This storyline ends with the bombing of the institute, Freezdrei's apparent death and Pruneface's disappearance, all at the hands of a Mossad agent. A cryogenics tube containing the frozen body of Adolf Hitler can be seen in the background as a fire destroys both him and the institute.

A later story arc explains, mostly through an extended flashback, that prior to his first meeting with Tracy, Pruneface led an espionage ring for the Axis powers to acquire a new secret formula for the deadly Xylon bomb, a non-radioactive explosive capable of devastating 10 city blocks. Xylon was developed by Professor Roloc Bard, a mad scientist who was taken hostage by a fake swami named Yogee Yammi during an earlier storyline of the 1940s. The ring consisted of Pruneface (hidden from the readers, going by Boche until halfway through the storyline) and his wife, Mrs. Pruneface, Shaky Trembly, Flattop Jones and his gang, and Frieda Smith (the professor's love interest and a secret Bundist). Pruneface kidnaps Bard and forces him to build several of the bombs, all of which but one is seized by Tracy and FBI agent Jim Trailer, hence the reason for the story being "suppressed" during the actual war. Returning to the present, de-classified documents on the Xylon case show that the case was still unsolved and that one final bomb was still out there, as potent and deadly as ever. This leads Tracy, Wendy Wichel and FBI Agent Jim Trailer to finding the last bomb hidden 10 blocks away from the Oval Office in an elderly Frieda Smith's basement. Right after she is arrested by Tracy and Jim Trailer, the bomb is defused. Her empty house soon after receives a telephone call from Pruneface to set the bomb off, causing him and Dr. Freezdrei to change their plans and go back into hiding. Freezdrei would eventually die in an explosion.

Pruneface made one final reappearance in 1999, being held in a Mossad prison. He was the target of a liberation attempt by his granddaughter Prunella and great-granddaughter Prune Hilda, but the plan failed at the last second, and Pruneface was sent plunging to his death from a mountain gondola. His final words were "Sieg Heil".

In other media
Pruneface is a featured villain in The Dick Tracy Show, a syndicated animated children's program which aired in the 1960s. He is voiced by either Mel Blanc or Paul Frees, and his vocal characterization is modeled after that of Boris Karloff. His complexion is lavender, lending him the color and wrinkled look of an actual prune. He is nearly always partnered with Itchy Oliver.

As The Dick Tracy Show was produced by UPA, which also produced the original Mr. Magoo cartoons, Pruneface appeared as the primary villain in an episode of The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo. In this Tracy/Magoo crossover episode entitled, "Dick Tracy and the Mob", Pruneface is depicted as the chairman of a mob organization, the other board members consisting of fellow Tracy villains Flattop, Ichy Oliver, the Brow, Mumbles, the Mole, and Oodles.

The character also makes a brief appearance in the 1990 film adaptation of Dick Tracy, in which he is portrayed by R. G. Armstrong. In this adaptation, he is an American mobster, operating in Tracy's city, who accepts Big Boy Caprice as his superior. He is eventually gunned down by the Blank.

In Kyle Baker's graphic novels that served as prequels to the movie, Pruneface's real name is given as Lorenzo Prunesti.

In the 1943 Looney Tunes cartoon short Porky Pig's Feat by Frank Tashlin, Daffy Duck confronts the manager of the Broken Arms Hotel, pretending to be intimidated by something he said. Daffy moves closer to his face so intensely that it is pushed inward, making it resemble a prune. Daffy, noticing this, says to the audience, "Hey, look! A Dick Tracy character: Pruneface!" Another Looney Tunes short, 1946's The Great Piggy Bank Robbery by Bob Clampett, has Daffy (as "Duck Twacy") encountering a pack of Dick Tracy-style villains, including an obvious Pruneface parody called "Pickle Puss".

Pruneface appears in Jason Yungbluth's 2002 graphic novel Weapon Brown, which re-imagines many syndicated comic strip characters in a post-apocalyptic setting, as a member of the Syndicate, a group of crime lords and scientists ruling over a post-apocalyptic America. The group also consists of "Chairman Horns" (the Pointy-Haired Boss from Dilbert), Mary Worth, Uncle Duke from Doonsbury, and (until Horns brutally kills him) Mr. Dithers from Blondie.

Pruneface, alongside the Brow, is one of the antagonists in Dick Tracy Forever.

References

Comics characters introduced in 1942
Dick Tracy characters
Fictional gangsters
Fictional Nazis in comics
Fictional engineers
Comic strip villains
Fictional characters with disfigurements
Fictional crime bosses
Adventure film characters
Male characters in comics

Pruneface


Jadeite, "Jadite" or "Jade-ite" is a type of jade green opaque milk glass, originally popular in the United States in the early to mid-20th century. A blue milk glass called "Delphite" (Delfite, Jeannette Glass) and "Azur-ite" (Anchor Hocking) was also produced for several years.

McKee Glass introduced their jade green (trade name "Skokie" green) colored kitchen and table wear in 1930. Shortly after in 1932, Jeannette Glass began their production of this color glass, in doing so coining the term Jadite. In the mid-1940's, Jade-ite was produced by Anchor Hocking. Early versions produced by McKee Glass Company and Jeannette Glass Company (both of Jeannette, PA) are a type of uranium glass that will glow under UV light.

While McKee Glass was the first to produce tableware in this jadeite color glass, the history of this color dates back into the 19th century. Other U.S. and European glassmakers produced items in this color. Examples can be seen from various makers such as Tarentum Glass, Challinor Taylor, and Portieux Vallerysthal of France.

Jadeite glass experienced a resurgence of popularity in the late 20th century, initially in the 1970s through the "heritage" revival of U.S. glassmakers like Fenton and Westmoreland Glass. Westmoreland produced new glassware made in historical and current molds to cater to the color trends at the time.

But the true increase in popularity was largely due to the influence of Martha Stewart, who began showcasing her collection of vintage glass on her television show. Interest continued to intensify during the release of her own line of jadeite - sold initially through the Martha by Mail catalogs in the late 1990s. Domestic glassmakers L.E. Smith, Fenton, and more recently Mosser Glass have contributed to the Martha Stewart lines with heritage molded pieces in jadeite glass. The molds for these pieces were both original and reproduction patterns of glassware made by their own companies, as well as molds previously owned by companies such as Portieaux Vallerysthal of France. This glassware was made in the same old-world method that these companies had been producing with throughout the 20th century.

The release of the Martha by Mail jadeite line in the late 1990s renewed interest in this glass color, and spurred a surge in collecting of this color of glass. Today, companies both domestically and internationally produce jadeite glass. You can find imported jadeite items from brands such as Pioneer Woman, Gibson, Grace Mitchell, Tablecraft, and others. Mosser Glass currently produces hand-made jadeite glass pieces in their factory in Cambridge, Ohio.

Today collectors are able to procure a variety of original, original reproduction, and new/fantasy jadeite glass pieces.

Jadeite Fire King
The "Jadeite Fire King" brand was first produced by the United States glassware firm Anchor Hocking in the 1940s. Most of Anchor Hocking's output of Jadeite was between 1945 and 1975. A durable product in a fashionable color, it became the most popular product made by Anchor Hocking.

Unlike the earlier items from McKee and Jeannette, Fire King items do not contain uranium and are a slightly different shade of green. Uranium was removed from glass mixes in the early 1940s due to war efforts. These Fire King items will not fluoresce under UV light.

Reproduction items from the Fire King 2000 line of Jadeite were produced by Anchor Hocking. Anchor Hocking designed variations into these reproductions so that they are not mistaken for originals, maintaining the integrity of the original status of their mid-century Jadeite articles.

Similar products
Kitchenware in other materials, such as aluminum canisters and bread containers, were produced in the mid-to late 20th century (and currently) in a similar shade of Jadeite green, to match the glassware. However, only glassware in the jadeite color is considered to be jadeite by collectors.

Other glass held in regard by collectors are adjacent colors of glass such as clambroth green. 20th century glassmakers such as New Martinsville, Fenton, Stueben, and Jobling (England) produced items that are also sought after by jadeite collectors, and are considered part of the overall "family" of colored glassware by collectors.

See also
Depression glass
Milk glass

References

Collecting
Glass compositions

Jadeite (kitchenware)


Grace Sari Ysidora (born 11 May 1993) is an Indonesian former tennis player.

She made her debut as a professional in 2008, aged 15, at an ITF tournament in Jakarta. In that year, she reached the final of the women's doubles of the inaugural 2008 Garuda Indonesia Tennis Masters, partnered by Septi Mende. They were defeated by Ayu-Fani Damayanti and Liza Andriyani.

She took part in the girls' competitions at the 2009 French Open, 2009 Wimbledon Championships, 2009 US Open, 2010 Australian Open, 2010 French Open, and 2010 Wimbledon Championships. Her greatest success was in reaching Round 3 at the Australian Open in the girls' singles competition.

Ysidora was Indonesia's sole representative in tennis at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics.

She won her first ITF title in 2011. In that year, she also won two medals at the 2011 Southeast Asian Games in Palembang: bronze in the mixed doubles event, and silver in the team event.

ITF Circuit finals

Singles (0–1)

Doubles (2–3)

External links

Indonesian female tennis players
1993 births
Living people
Indonesian Christians
Sportspeople from Jakarta
Tennis players at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics
SEA Games silver medalists for Indonesia
SEA Games bronze medalists for Indonesia
SEA Games medalists in tennis
Competitors at the 2011 SEA Games
21st-century Indonesian women

Grace Sari Ysidora


The genetic history of Central Africa encompasses the genetic history of the people of Central Africa. The Sahara served as a trans-regional passageway and place of dwelling for people in Africa during various humid phases and periods throughout the history of Africa.

Archaic Human DNA

Archaic traits found in human fossils of West Africa (e.g., Iho Eleru fossils, which dates to 13,000 BP) and Central Africa (e.g., Ishango fossils, which dates between 25,000 BP and 20,000 BP) may have developed as a result of admixture between archaic humans and modern humans or may be evidence of late-persisting early modern humans. While Denisovan and Neanderthal ancestry in non-Africans outside of Africa are more certain, archaic human ancestry in Africans is less certain and is too early to be established with certainty.

Ancient DNA

In 4000 BP (or even earlier during the Mesolithic), there may have been a population that traversed from Africa (e.g., West Africa or West-Central Africa), through the Strait of Gibraltar, into the Iberian peninsula, where admixing between Africans and Iberians (e.g., of northern Portugal, of southern Spain) occurred. Based on a small trace presence of sub-Saharan African components in select samples from Iberia, and the discovery of a mitogenome L2a1 found in one individual, while all others belonged to European mitochondrial haplogroups.

Cameroon

West African hunter-gatherers, in the region of western Central Africa (e.g., Shum Laka, Cameroon), particularly between 8000 BP and 3000 BP, were found to be related to modern Central African hunter-gatherers (e.g., Baka, Bakola, Biaka, Bedzan).

Democratic Republic of Congo

At Kindoki, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, there were three individuals, dated to the protohistoric period (230 BP, 150 BP, 230 BP); one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1d1a2 (E-CTS99, E-CTS99) and L1c3a1b, another carried haplogroup E (E-M96, E-PF1620), and the last carried haplogroups R1b1 (R-P25 1, R-M415) and L0a1b1a1.

At Ngongo Mbata, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, an individual, dated to the protohistoric period (220 BP), carried haplogroup L1c3a.

At Matangai Turu Northwest, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, an individual, dated to the Iron Age (750 BP), carried an undetermined haplogroup(s).

Y-Chromosomal DNA

Haplogroup R-V88 may have originated in western Central Africa (e.g., Equatorial Guinea), and, in the middle of the Holocene, arrived in North Africa through population migration.

Mitochondrial DNA

In 150,000 BP, Africans (e.g., Central Africans, East Africans) bearing haplogroup L1 diverged. Between 75,000 BP and 60,000 BP, Africans bearing haplogroup L3 emerged in East Africa and eventually migrated into and became present in modern West Africans, Central Africans, and non-Africans. Amid the Holocene, including the Holocene Climate Optimum in 8000 BP, Africans bearing haplogroup L2 spread within West Africa and Africans bearing haplogroup L3 spread within East Africa. As the largest migration since the Out of Africa migration, migration from Sub-Saharan Africa toward the North Africa occurred, by West Africans, Central Africans, and East Africans, resulting in migrations into Europe and Asia; consequently, Sub-Saharan African mitochondrial DNA was introduced into Europe and Asia.

Mitochondrial haplogroup L1c is strongly associated with pygmies, especially with Bambenga groups. L1c prevalence was variously reported as: 100% in Ba-Kola, 97% in Aka (Ba-Benzélé), and 77% in Biaka, 100% of the Bedzan (Tikar), 97% and 100% in the Baka people of Gabon and Cameroon, respectively, 97% in Bakoya (97%), and 82% in Ba-Bongo. Mitochondrial haplogroups L2a and L0a are prevalent among the Bambuti.

Autosomal DNA

Genetically, African pygmies have some key difference between them and Bantu peoples.

Medical DNA

Evidence suggests that, when compared to other Sub-Saharan African populations, African pygmy populations display unusually low levels of expression of the genes encoding for human growth hormone and its receptor associated with low serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 and short stature.

The genomes of Africans commonly found to undergo adaptation are regulatory DNA, and many cases of adaptation found among Africans relate to diet, physiology, and evolutionary pressures from pathogens. Throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, genetic adaptation (e.g., rs334 mutation, Duffy blood group, increased rates of G6PD deficiency, sickle cell disease) to malaria has been found among Sub-Saharan Africans, which may have initially developed in 7300 BP. Sub-Saharan Africans have more than 90% of the Duffy-null genotype. In the rainforests of Central Africa, genetic adaptation for non-height-related factors (e.g., immune traits, reproduction, thyroid function) and short stature (e.g., EHB1 and PRDM5 – bone synthesis; OBSCN and COX10 – muscular development; HESX1 and ASB14 – pituitary gland's growth hormone production/secretion) has been found among rainforest hunter-gatherers.

References

Genetic genealogy
Genetic history of Africa
History of Central Africa
Modern human genetic history
Human population genetics

Genetic history of Central Africa


Kulig (sleigh rides) is an old Polish winter tradition dating back to the days of the szlachta (nobility).

The kulig was a sleigh ride party organized among the Polish aristocracy. A cavalcade of horse-pulled sleighs and sleds went from one manor house to another, entertained everywhere with hearty meals followed by dancing.

Nowadays Kulig rides are a popular tourist attraction in the Polish Tatra mountains, advertised and practiced in places such as Zakopane.

References

External links
 Kulig - old Polish winter tradition at Polish News, 2002. Retrieved December 13, 2012.

Polish traditions

Kulig