USS Underhill (DE-682) was a  of the United States Navy during World War II. Built in 1943, she served in the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and the Pacific until her sinking in a suicide attack by a Japanese Kaiten manned torpedo on 24 July 1945.

Namesake
Samuel Jackson Underhill was born on 25 August 1917 in Jericho, New York. He received a Bachelor of Science from Yale University and attended Harvard Law School before enlisting in the United States Navy Reserve as a Seaman Second Class on 8 November 1940. After serving briefly at Floyd Bennett Field, Brooklyn, New York, Underhill was appointed an aviation cadet and was transferred on 6 February 1941 to the Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida, for flight training. He subsequently underwent further training at Miami, Florida; was designated a naval aviator on 15 July; and was commissioned an ensign in the Naval Reserve on 6 August. Following advanced flight training at Norfolk, Virginia, he reported to Scouting Squadron 5 (VS-5).

In May 1942, during the Battle of the Coral Sea Underhill was with VS-5 on board the carrier . When VS-5 raided Tulagi on the morning of 4 May he flew his Douglas SBD Dauntless dive-bomber against a heavy anti-aircraft barrage and contributed to the sinking or damaging of eight enemy vessels. On the morning of 7 May, a coordinated attack group of 17 SBDs from VS-5 took off from Yorktown and, in clear skies with unlimited visibility, launched a dive bombing attack on the light carrier Shōhō. The American planes scored nine direct hits and two near misses sinking the Shōhō.

On the morning of 8 May, Yorktown launched the SBDs of VS-5, dividing the group to accomplish separate missions. One division flew in the strike that ultimately attacked the Japanese carrier Shōkaku. The other, which included Underhill, remained behind to conduct anti-torpedo plane patrol around Yorktown's formation due to the lack of fighters. At 11:10, the eight SBDs of VS-5's anti-torpedo plane patrol were jumped by a group of six Japanese fighters from Zuikaku. The slower Dauntless dive-bombers quickly found themselves at a disadvantage against the more nimble Japanese attackers. In the ensuing dogfight, the Zeros shot down four SBDs with no loss to themselves (although the American pilots claimed four destroyed) before being driven off by US fighters. Underhill was among those lost in the dogfight. He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross for his extraordinary valor.

Construction and Commissioning
Underhills keel was laid down on 16 September 1943 by the Bethlehem Steel Company's Fore River Shipyard at Quincy, Massachusetts. She was launched on 15 October 1943 sponsored by Mrs. David (Bertha) Underhill, aunt and guardian of Ensign Underhill. Underhill was commissioned exactly one month later.

Atlantic/Mediterranean service

After trial runs and crew training, Underhill moved to the Boston Navy Yard for provisioning and loading of ammunition. On 2 December 1943, she was underway to Bermuda for further training and shakedown, returning to Boston Navy Yard on 10 January 1944 for minor repairs. She got underway from Boston on 17 January 1944 and arrived at Guantanamo Bay on 22 January, reporting to Commander, Caribbean Sea Frontier, for duty. She operated out of Trinidad and Guantanamo escorting convoys until late in May when she escorted SS George Washington from Kingston, Jamaica, to Miami, Florida.

Underhill returned on 30 May 1944 to Boston Navy Yard, where her torpedo tubes were removed and replaced with Bofors 40 mm antiaircraft guns. Additionally two 20 mm anti-aircraft guns were added on the fantail. Her new area of operations was the Mediterranean Sea, where the Junkers Ju 88 dive bombers flying out of Southern France had been converted to torpedo planes and were taking a toll on British and French convoys.

Following training exercises in Casco Bay, Maine, Underhill got underway before dawn on Independence Day and steamed from Hampton Roads to screen UGS 47, a large, slow convoy bound for Mediterranean ports. Underhill conducted battle drills and investigated sonar contacts during the long, uneventful Atlantic voyage. In the Mediterranean Sea on 21 and 22 July, she responded to several air raid warnings, but no enemy action materialized, although the last three convoys to pass along this route had been attacked by German planes.

She escorted convoys between Bizerte, Tunisia and Oran, Algeria. After her first convoy in Bizerte, Underhill was ordered out into the Mediterranean Sea where she steamed all night at flank speed, fully illuminated in waters known to be populated with U-boats and overflown by German aircraft. The invasion of southern France was launched a few days later; it is likely Underhill cruise was a diversion or a probe. When returning to Bizerte, she struck a ship sunken in the channel and badly damaged her port propeller and shaft, which was repaired in Oran. After arriving at that port on 27 July, she underwent temporary repairs; then, on 5 August, she departed North Africa. Early on 6 August, she joined the escort of Convoy GUS 47, with which she arrived safely at New York City on 18 August. Six days later, Commander Newcomb relieved Jackson as commanding officer; he would hold the post for the rest of his life.

The next convoy, UGS 54 to Plymouth, England, in September, was uneventful until Underhill left Plymouth in October. Upon leaving the harbor, a submarine sonar contact was made in the English Channel. Several hours of depth charging accomplished nothing, but while running the patterns, the ship struck an underwater object (possibly a U-boat) destroying the ship's sonar soundhead. Underhill drydocked at Plymouth, but the British were unable to make needed repairs, so Underhill returned to Boston with a group of tank landing ships (LSTs) for a new sound head.

She escorted Convoy UGS 60 from Boston to Mers el Kebir in November; then engaged in anti-submarine warfare exercises out of Oran with the
French submarine Doris. She departed that Algerian port on 3 December escorting GUS 60 and reached New York on 21 December. She entered the Brooklyn Navy Yard on 21 December, departing for New London, Connecticut, on 8 January 1945 for a temporary assignment with Submarine Forces, Atlantic. Operating out of New London, she served as a training and escort ship for submarines, took part in exercises in Block Island Sound and Long Island Sound; and trained intensively in anti-submarine warfare.

Pacific service
In late January 1945, Underhill was assigned to the Seventh Fleet in the Philippine Islands, departing New London on 8 February 1945, rendezvousing with HMS Patroller to escort the British escort carrier to the Panama Canal Zone. Underhill then steamed via the Panama Canal, the Galapagos Islands, and Bora Bora to the Admiralty Islands and arrived at Seeadler Harbor on 15 March 1945.

Her first convoy took her to Lingayen Gulf where she remained for four days of radar picket duty. From there she went on to Hollandia (currently known as Jayapura) and Biak. On 5 June 1945, Underhill left Hollandia escorting the troopship USS General M.B. Stewart (AP-140) to Leyte Gulf.

On 10 June 1945, Underhill left Leyte for Hollandia, but en route received a distress call from OA-10 #23, a Consolidated PBY Catalina flying boat. Underhill and Thadeus Parker were diverted to the crash site by orders of the Commander, Philippine Sea Frontier. The destroyers and various aircraft patrolled the area until 12 June when the search was abandoned. After Parker and the aircraft had left the area, Underhill'''s lookouts spotted green dye marker and a ration can floating in the water. Investigating further, into a rain squall, the lookouts found three survivors, who had been in the water about 60 hours with life jackets but no life raft. Underhill took them aboard at 07:59 and transported them to Hollandia.Underhill escorted shipping between Manus, Bora Bora, and Palau, until she joined a large convoy of supply and troopships. She departed Leyte Gulf on 9 July and arrived at Okinawa on 14 July 1945. There, she was assigned to radar picket duty until relieved to serve as escort commander of Task Unit 99-1-18, a convoy from Buckner Bay, Okinawa back to Leyte Gulf on 21 July 1945. The convoy included one troop ship and six LSTs carrying troops of the 96th Division back to the Philippines for rest and reinforcements. The convoy escorts were patrol craft PC-1251, PC-803, PC-804, and PC-807, sub chasers SC-1306 and SC-1309, and patrol craft escort PCE-872.

 Underhill sinking
On the morning of the third day out, 24 July 1945, about 200 to 300 miles northeast of Cape Engaño, Underhill radar detected a Japanese "Dinah" reconnaissance plane circling the convoy about ten miles out. Her crew immediately manned their battle stations and ordered other escorts to air defense stations. The Japanese pilot remained out of gun range, determining the convoy's base course and relaying it to Japanese submarines in the area. After some 45 minutes, Underhill crew secured from battle stations and ordered the other escorts to resume assigned patrol stations. During this time, an SC had developed mechanical problems and had to be taken in tow by PCE-872.

Two or three Japanese submarines were in the area. After establishing the convoy's base course, one released a dummy naval mine in the path of the convoy. When it was sighted by Underhill lookouts, the ship's commander ordered a general course change to port. When the last ship had cleared, Underhill stood in to sink the mine. After repeated direct hits by the 20-millimeter guns and 30-calibre rifle fire, the convoy realized the mine was a diversionary tactic by the Japanese submarines.

A sonar contact made earlier had been lost during the course changes required by the mine threat, but Underhill regained contact and guided PC-804 into a depth charge attack with no immediate results. A few minutes later, however, a sub was sighted on the surface in the area where PC-804 had attacked. Underhill set course to ram, but the sub dived and the command was changed to drop depth charges. A 13-charge pattern was laid, explosions brought up oil and debris, and PC-804 reported a kill.Underhill reversed course and passed back through the debris. Sonar picked up another contact. The depth charges had brought to the surface two Kaiten, Japanese suicide manned torpedoes, each with a warhead equivalent to about two standard torpedoes. One was on either side of Underhill; the one to starboard was too close for any of Underhill's guns to bear.

At 15:15, the captain ordered flank speed, a turn onto collision course, and all hands to stand by to ram. Underhill struck the Kaiten to port, and two explosions resulted, the first directly under the bridge and magazine area, the second, a few seconds later, forward of the bridge area and more to starboard. Underhill broke in half at the forward fire room. The stern section remained upright and afloat; The bow, sticking straight up, began drifting away to starboard. The explosions flung a tremendous quantity of oily water over the aft section, knocking down sailors and washing some overboard, but also dousing possible fires in that portion of the ship.

Although hampered in their rescue efforts by the necessity to pursue sound contacts and by alarms over real and imagined periscope sightings, PC-803 and PC-804 quickly came to the aid of survivors in the water and on the slowly sinking aft section. On board Underhill, the wounded were brought to the boat and main decks, while unhurt survivors aided the injured and attempted to control the damage.

About an hour later PC-803 and PC-804 had returned to rescue survivors. Hampered because of still being under attack by the midget subs, the transfer of many seriously wounded sailors to the patrol craft was difficult. PC-804 was the first to reach the combat site to assist with rescue operations and hove-to off the starboard quarter of Underhill. The patrol boats and sub chasers alternated between assisting survivors and attacking submarine contacts.

After the last known survivors were rescued, a firing line was formed by PC-803, PC-804, and PCE-872. The fragments of Underhill were sunk by three-inch (76.2 mm) and 40 mm gunfire at 19:17. Loss Location reported at 19°20'N, 126°42'E.

The remainder of 24 July was spent rejoining the convoy. Some survivors were transferred to LST 768 and the balance to LST 739 which had on board Commander LST Group 46 who among the command was the only Medical Doctor in the convoy at about 03:00 on 25 July. Task Unit 99-1-18 proceeded to its destination of Leyte Gulf.

 Aftermath
A total of 112 crew members of Underhill perished in the explosion, while 122 survived. Ten of the fourteen officers were lost, including the commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander Newcomb. Every crewman was awarded the Purple Heart, and Newcomb also received the Silver Star. Chief Boatswain's Mate Stanley Dace was posthumously awarded the bronze star with combat "V" and citation of merit in August 1998. One other shipmate, Pharmacist's Mate Third class Joseph Manory, was awarded the Navy and Marine Commendation Medal with Combat "V" in 1998.

Just six days after the sinking of the Underhill, the heavy cruiser Indianapolis was attacked and sunk in the area by a Japanese submarine. The historical film USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage (2016), dramatizing the incident, also includes a mention of the Underhill and of how it did not affect the order to not give the Indianapolis a sonar and an escort.

USS Underhill'' was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 September 1945.

References

External links
 http://www.ussunderhill.org/
 navsource.org: USS Underhill

Buckley-class destroyer escorts
World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea
Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts
1943 ships
Ships sunk by Japanese submarines
Maritime incidents in July 1945
Naval magazine explosions

USS Underhill


Dr. Hackenstein is a 1988 comedy horror film, written and directed by Richard Clark and distributed by Troma Entertainment.

Plot
After the death of his wife, the widower Dr. Hackenstein (David Muir) concocts the perfect plan: with the help of a few graverobbers and a couple of lost girls, he can use the spare parts to reanimate his dead spouse and build a better woman.

Casting
Comedian Phyllis Diller has a small part in the film, along with Oscar nominee Anne Ramsey (d. 1988) in her last role.

Release

It was shown at Cannes Film Festival in May, 1989, having been released on home video in January. Shooting was comparatively swift, principal photography having begun in May the previous year. It was given a commercial re-release fifteen years later (2004), on DVD format.

Sources used
The film's visible contemporary influences include Re-Animator and Young Frankenstein. Critic Sandra Brennan characterized it as a parody of the "Frankenstein" films. Identifying it as "among the first films to blend pure gore with slapstick comedy", Rotten Tomatoes deemed it a precursor and trendsetter to later films, such as Scary Movie, which draw on those genres.

Reception
DVD Verdict columnist David Johnson, though singling out production values as impressive within its low-budget class, found the gore–comedy outing failed to succeed on either count. Bill Gibron of DVD Talk wrote similarly unenthusiastically that its flashes of wit and effective segments notwithstanding, the romance and physical humor plot elements were ineffective, ultimately concluding it lay "somewhere in the middle between complete piece of crap and pretty cool comedy".

References

External links

  Dr. Hackenstein Troma Entertainment

1988 films
1988 comedy horror films
American comedy horror films
American independent films
Troma Entertainment films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films
Resurrection in film
Films about widowhood

Dr. Hackenstein


WUMO, formerly Wulffmorgenthaler, is a webcomic and newspaper comic strip created by Danish writer/artist duo Mikael Wulff and Anders Morgenthaler. The name of the strip is a portmanteau created from the pair's surnames. The name was also given to a comedy TV series, broadcast on the Danish channel DR2 in 2005. The strip changed its name to WUMO in June 2012.

Publication history
WUMO debuted in 2001 as part of a comic strip competition entry named Kalzone, completed a few hours before the entry deadline. Submitted under the pseudonym "Pernille Richter Andersson", the strip won the competition, and a one-month run in the Danish national newspaper Politiken followed.

The strip became a regular feature on DR's internet culture portal in 2002, and in October 2003 it became a regular daily newspaper strip in Politiken.

As of June 2012, WUMO is printed daily in Politiken (Denmark), Aftonbladet (Sweden), Dagbladet (Norway), Die Welt (Germany), Helsingin Sanomat (Finland), and online-only in De Telegraaf (Netherlands) – and on its own website, wumo.com.

In October 2013, WUMO began being syndicated by Universal Uclick, appearing in hundreds of newspapers across the United States, including The Washington Post and the New York Daily News (in some markets replacing the comic strip Get Fuzzy). WUMO's launch was larger than those of such notable strips as Calvin and Hobbes and The Far Side.

Style and content
The comic has a very distinct style, featuring shaky line drawings and coloring that appears to be computer-generated. Most installments are delivered in a single panel, avoiding the more traditional format of boxed divisions to signify progress or movement in time. Recurring characters in WUMO tend to be more of a running gag than a legitimate continuing narrative.

For a period, humans portrayed in the comic wore no clothes. According to the comic's website, Morgenthaler "was fed up with the tiresome meticulousness of drawing clothes on people so he just stopped doing it." Sometimes, when the situation called for a specific outfit to denote a specific role, humans would appear clothed. Lately characters have all started to appear fully clothed, and older comics have been edited to add clothes.

Content ranges from sideways social satire to complete non-sequitur, and relies on both intelligent humor and simple slapstick. Reading WUMO is often an exercise of the imagination, as it has a habit of juxtaposing supremely ordinary characters in supremely unusual situations, or vice versa. "Punchlines" are delivered by way of dialogue or with one-liners written in a caption below the image. Because the comic is drawn in a non-serial format, delivery and timing are especially important (and difficult to maneuver), and as a result most of the humor in WUMO relies on the quality of the writing itself rather than the element of surprise that usually lends itself to the traditional comic-strip punchline.

Plagiarism accusations
The strip was for a period the focus of a debate concerning plagiarism, as the strip's followers voiced their concern over an advertising campaign by the Danish office of advertising agency DDB promoting the Volkswagen Golf GT, having appropriated its joke from a Wulffmorgenthaler strip. In a reversed issue, Wulffmorgenthaler was accused of plagiarising a photograph that had circulated on internet, to which Anders Morgenthaler conceded that the duo had been inspired by the image and based a strip on it in the belief that it was a privately forwarded photograph.

In other media

Television series
WUMO was also broadcast as a television series, in the style of a parodied show for children in Denmark, in which Wulff, Morgenthaler and their puppet friends Dolph, a fascist hippo and Margit, a politically correct female squirrel, introduce various short films. The only recurring character from the comic is the Toucan Kid. New characters include Ansgar and Loke, a very sexually active archeologist and his colleague who is deadly afraid of "the Vagina", the contestants on a fifties game show. Another recurring feature on the show was a "Reality show" starring a hapless school photographer, Bent, and his retarded assistant Bubber, the brothers Lefevre, who are carpet salesmen trying to be actors, Asger Lesniak who has a personal vendetta against a guy who frequents the places he works, and Bimmer, a character obsessed with life in the tropic nether regions.

The TV series evolved in the second season into Dolph og Wulff, in a documentary style, with The Fascist Hippo Dolph as the dominating main character.

The second season further evolved to a third season, this time in the style of a late-night talk show, on 17 March called Dolph og Wulff – med venner (Dolph and Wulff – with friends). The friends are a sex-crazed, English-speaking beaver named Rocco and an orangutan called "Finn". Rocco was actually created as a sex-crazed squirrel for the first season, but it was ultimately decided to not use him, so the Rocco puppet was used as Margit instead.

In 2011, Wulff & Morgenthaler created a TV show – the animated sitcom 'The Pandas' (Pandaerne), which ran for three seasons. A Canadian-American remake of The Pandas was announced to be in production from Corus Entertainment and Bento Box Entertainment. The series was planned to air in 2016, but has since been scrapped due to Fox Entertainment's acquisition of Bento Box Entertainment in 2020.

Notes

External links
 Wulffmorgenthaler official English site
 Wulffmorgenthaler on MTV
 1st season 2nd season 3rd season (Dolph og Wullf med venner) of Wulffmorgenthaler TV show

2001 comics debuts
2012 webcomic debuts
2000s comics
2010s comics
2010s webcomics
Webcomics in print
Danish comic strips
Danish webcomics
Satirical comics

Wumo


The 23rd Grey Cup was played on December 7, 1935, at Hamilton Amateur Athletic Association Grounds, with 6,405 fans in attendance. It marked the first time that a team from west of Ontario won the Grey Cup.

The Winnipeg 'Pegs defeated the Hamilton Tigers 18–12.

Game summary
Winnipeg scored on the first play from scrimmage in the game. Hamilton kick returner Jack Craig failed to catch the Winnipeg kickoff and Winnipeg recovered. On the next play Bob Fritz completed a 15-yard touchdown pass to Bud Marquardt but the convert failed. Hamilton was able to respond with a field goal.

In the second quarter Winnipeg's Russ Rebholz completed a touchdown pass to Greg Kabat and this time the convert was good. Each team scored a single to make the halftime score 12-4.

In the third quarter Hamilton's Eddie Wright recovered a blocked kick and returned it to the Winnipeg 15 yard line. Wilf Patterson capped a four play drive to run in for the touchdown. The convert and a Frank Turville single brought Hamilton to within two points. With the score 12-10, ace Winnipeg punt returner Fritz Hanson who had 334 yards in punt returns on the day received a punt near his 30-yard line and returned it 78 yards for the touchdown.

Hamilton however forced Winnipeg to give up a safety leaving them a converted touchdown behind. The Tigers marched to the Winnipeg four. A running play went nowhere, so Hamilton tried an onside kick into the end zone. This failed but the Tigers retained possession and on the last play of the game again attempted the onside kick. This time Hanson recovered and ran the ball out of the end zone denying Hamilton even the rouge.

Notable facts
This was the first Grey Cup game to feature a number of imported players. The Winnipegs had seven imports in the lineup including future Canadian Football Hall of Famers Hanson, Kabat and Rebholz.

External links

Grey Cup
Grey Cup, 23rd
Grey Cup
1935 in Ontario
December 1935 sports events
20th century in Hamilton, Ontario
Winnipeg Blue Bombers

23rd Grey Cup


A dwarf galaxy is a small galaxy composed of up to several billion stars. This is a small number compared to our own Milky Way's 200–400 billion stars. The Large Magellanic Cloud, containing over 30 billion stars, is sometimes classified as a dwarf galaxy and sometimes as a full-fledged galaxy orbiting the Milky Way galaxy.

Formation of dwarf galaxies
Most galaxies, including dwarf galaxies, form in association with dark matter or out of gas containing metals. However, NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer space probe identified new dwarf galaxies forming out of gases lacking metals. These galaxies were in the Leo Ring, a cloud of hydrogen and helium around two massive galaxies in the constellation Leo.

Dwarf galaxies can be pulled toward and ripped by neighbouring spiral galaxies till they ultimately merge.

Local dwarfs

There are many dwarf galaxies in the Local Group: these small galaxies frequently orbit around larger galaxies, such as the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy and the Triangulum Galaxy. A 2007 paper has suggested that many dwarf galaxies were created by tidal forces during the early evolution of the Milky Way and Andromeda. Tidal dwarf galaxies are produced when galaxies collide and their gravitational masses interact. Streams of galactic material are pulled out away from the parent galaxies and the halos of dark matter that surround them.

The Milky Way has more than 20 known dwarf galaxies orbiting it. Recent observations suggest the largest globular cluster in the Milky Way, Omega Centauri, is actually the core of a dwarf galaxy with a black hole in its center. It was at some time absorbed by the Milky Way.

References

Dwarf galaxy


The All-Montreal Hockey Club were a men's professional ice hockey team that played in the short-lived Canadian Hockey Association. It was organized by Art Ross in 1909 and played its first game against the Montreal Nationals on December 30, 1909 winning 7 goals to 2.

The CHA merged into the National Hockey Association on January 15, 1910. Three of the five CHA franchises would join the NHA. The All-Montreal HC were left out of the merger because the Montreal Wanderers were already the established team representing the Anglophone fan base in Montreal in the NHA. After the cancellation of the franchise, Ross himself, along with goaltender Paddy Moran, joined the NHA as a member of the Haileybury Comets. Playing just four games, the All-Montreal HC was one of the shortest lived pro franchises in sports history.

Notable players
 Art Ross – 1949 Hockey Hall of Fame inductee
 Paddy Moran – 1958 Hockey Hall of Fame inductee
 Jack Marks – Stanley Cup champion with 1912 & 1913 Quebec Bulldogs

References

Defunct ice hockey teams in Canada
Ice hockey teams in Quebec
Ice hockey teams in Montreal

All-Montreal Hockey Club


Sylvester Heereman van Zuydtwyck (born 10 September 1974) is the former Vicar General of the Catholic congregation, the Legion of Christ.

Family
Heereman was born in Bad Neustadt an der Saale, Bavaria, on 10 September 1974.

Seminary and priesthood
In 1994 Heereman entered the Legion's novitiate in Germany. He was ordained on 23 December 2006. From 2007-11 he was the territorial director of Germany, and then Northern and Central Europe.

Vicar General of the Legion and Regnum Christi
On 16 February 2012 Heereman was named to his new post of Vicar General by Cardinal Velasio de Paolis. The Vicar General is second in command after the General Director. He had replaced Father Luis Garza, who resigned to become territorial director of North America, and he was named after consulting the members of the Legion of Christ.

As of 15 October 2012, Heereman assumed the responsibility for running the Legion until the convocation of a General Chapter, as the former General Director, Álvaro Corcuera, was on sabbatical for health reasons. In two letters, dated 9–10 October,  both Álvaro and Cardinal Velasio De Paolis (the Legion's Papal delegate) announced the sabbatical.

References

1974 births
People from Bad Neustadt an der Saale
Legionaries of Christ
21st-century German Roman Catholic priests
Living people

Sylvester Heereman


Tom-Yum-Goong (Thai: ต้มยำกุ้ง, ) is a 2005 Thai martial arts film directed by Prachya Pinkaew and stars Tony Jaa in the lead role. Pinkaew also directed Jaa's prior breakout film Ong-Bak. As with Ong-Bak, the fights were choreographed by Jaa and his mentor Panna Rittikrai.

The film was distributed as Warrior King in the United Kingdom, as The Protector in the United States, as Thai Dragon in Spain, as Revenge of the Warrior in Germany, and as Honor of the Dragon in Russia and CIS countries. In India, it was named as Haathi Mere Saathi from a name of another Bollywood film starring Rajesh Khanna.

Plot
Kham is the last of a family line of guards who once watched over the King of Thailand's war elephants. Following the tradition, Kham takes great care in raising the animals and grows up forming close relations to his elephant Por Yai and its calf Kohrn. During the Songkran festival, the animals are stolen by elephant poachers with the help from Mr. Suthep, a local MP and his son. Kham raids Mr. Suthep's house and beats up the poachers.

However, the elephants are now in the hands of Johnny, a Vietnamese gangster who runs Tom Yum Goong Otob, a Thai restaurant in Sydney, Australia. Kham arrives in Sydney and is immediately taken hostage by a wanted thief. Sydney police officers Mark, a Thai-Australian and his partner Rick corner the thief, who holds Kham at gunpoint. However, Inspector Vincent shoots the thief dead and then arrests Kham, accusing him of being another thief. In the car, Kham spots Johnny at Tom Yum Goong, where he becomes erratic and urges Mark and Rick to arrest Johnny, but to no avail. After causing the car to crash, Kham escapes and follows Johnny, who flees, forcing him to fight his henchmen.

Kham coerces a henchman to lead him to Johnny's hideout, interrupting a drug deal. Outraged, Johnny summons extreme sports enthusiasts to fight Kham. After defeating the thugs, Kham is exhausted and falls asleep in an alley. Pla, a prostitute that Kham met while confronting Johnny, brings him to her apartment. Mark and Rick are taken off the case and reassigned to provide security for the police commissioner's meeting with Mr. Sim. In that meeting, Pla acts as a hostess girl and dancer to the two men. Mr. Sim and police commissioner are murdered by someone hired by Vincent. However, the murder is caught on the commissioner's camera.

Vincent kills Rick and puts the blame on Mark, who is later captured. With Pla's help, Kham enters Tom Yum Goong Otob, where he fights his way into the VIP area and reaches the dining hall at the top. In the protection of his men, Johnny taunts Kham with Kohrn's bell. Enraged, Kham beats up his opponents and enters the storage area, where it contains various exotic animals ready to be butchered and eaten. Kham finds and frees Mark and Kohrn, escaping minutes before the police arrive. Vincent initiates a search for Kham and Mark, who are hiding at a Buddhist monastery. Soon after their departure, the monastery is set on fire by Vincent and his men.

Believing that the temple and its inhabitants might be in danger, Mark and Kham decide to return. After arriving, Kham is confronted by three assassins: a fierce capoeirista, a sword-wielding wushu expert, and T.K., a giant wrestler. Kham defeats the first two, but T.K. proves too strong for him. Kham is about to be killed when the police arrive, and Mark comes to help him flee. Mark is later discovered by several policemen and sent to deal with Vincent, who is revealed to behind the murder of police commissioner. Kham arrives at a hall where Madame Rose, the leader of the Chinese gang, is having a press conference. Kohrn runs in, scaring off people while Kham engages the gangsters. Mark apprehends Vincent, who is later shot by Johnny.

Finding himself with Kohrn in a huge room, Kham is shown the skeleton of Por Yai, encrusted with jewels as a gift to Madame Rose. Kham fights Madame Rose's men and brutally breaks many of the men's arms and legs. T.K., along with three others are called. Kohrn is thrown through a glass wall and Kham is knocked into the elephant ornament, causing two leg bones to fall off. Eventually, Kham defeats T.K. and other wrestlers by using the sharp ends of the bones to slice their tendons, where he stops Madame Rose before she can escape in a helicopter and they both crash into the room below. Kham's fall is broken by Por Yai's tusks. At the end, Mark is forgiven by Inspector Lamond and Kham is finally reunited with Kohrn.

Cast
Tony Jaa as Kham,
 Nutdanai Kong as a young Kham
Sotorn Rungruaeng as Kham's father
Petchtai Wongkamlao as Sergeant Mark
Bongkoj Khongmalai as Pla, a call girl.
Xing Jin as Madame Rose, a transsexual member of a Chinese gang in Sydney.
Damian De Montemas as Inspector Vincent.
David Asavanond as Rick, Sergeant Mark's partner.
Nathan Jones (credited as Nathan B. Jones) as T.K., a giant wrestler.
Johnny Tri Nguyen as Johnny, a Vietnamese gangster and a subordinate of Madame Rose.
Lateef Crowder as a capoeirista
Jon Foo (Jonathan Patrick Foo) as a wushu exponent.

Cameo appearances
 Pumwaree Yodkamol as a Thai tourist in a Sydney street scene.
 Wannakit Sirioput as Mark's new partner.
 An impressionist portrays Jackie Chan, whom Kham briefly encounters at the airport in Sydney.
 Another impressionist portrays Thai rocker Sek Loso, the pitchman for the M-150 energy drink.
 Actors Don Ferguson, Erik Markus Schuetz, Lex de Groot (uncredited) and Damian Mavis (uncredited) appear as bodyguards.
 Strongmans Heinz Ollesch, Phil Pfister, and Rene Minkwitz appear as wrestlers.

Production

Technical aspects
Compared to Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior, which was noted for its lack of wirework and CGI, this movie uses CGI in several scenes, from the obvious (helicopter scene, and an entirely computer-animated dream sequence), to the subtle (a glass window shattering in the four-minute steadicam long take that follows Jaa up several flights of stairs as he dispatches thug after thug in dramatic fashion).

The largest example of CGI is Tony Jaa's dramatic leap from the top of a building to attack Madame Rose with a double knee attack. While the background was blue screen with the Australian backdrop added in post production, the long fall shown on screen was real as Jaa and a stuntperson pulled the scene off, landing on large mats below. Even in scenes like this with blue screen, normally a stunt double would be called in for the lead actor, but Jaa once again made sure he did the stunt himself.

Fighting styles
Tony Jaa and Panna Rittikrai created a new style of Muay Thai for this movie called muay kodchasaan  (มวยคชสาร roughly translated as "elephant boxing"), emphasizing grappling moves. "I wanted to show the art of the elephant combined with muay Thai," Tony told the Associated Press in an interview, adding that the moves imitate how an elephant would defend itself, with the arms acting as the trunk.

Stuntwork
Many aspiring stuntmen sent demo tapes, hoping to be cast in the film. An American stunt actor was cast but did not properly take the impact and was injured on the first take. "He kicked me, I used my arm to block his kick, and he fell down hard," Tony told the Associated Press.

However, no one was hospitalized in the making of the film, with injuries limited to "bumps and bruises, muscle tears, a little something like that. Nothing major," Tony said.

The fights include duels with:
 Wushu practitioner (portrayed by John Foo).
 A Vietnamese triad captain (portrayed by Spider-man stunt double Johnny Nguyen).
 A capoeirista (portrayed by Lateef Crowder of the ZeroGravity stunt team).
 An extraordinarily large and strong bodyguard (portrayed by former WWE wrestler Nathan Jones).
 A whip-wielding triad boss (portrayed by world-renowned ballerina Jing Xing).
 Two taekwondo fighters (portrayed by Daniel O'Neill and Dean Alexandrou) in a deleted two-vs-one scene in the temple.

Alternative versions
International sales rights (outside Asia) were purchased by TF1, which made suggestions for re-editing to director Prachya Pinkaew, who then made some cuts that slightly reduce the film's running time from its original 108 minutes.

The UK title is Warrior King, and the theatrical release was on 28 July 2006. In France and Belgium, the title is L'Honneur du dragon, and in the Netherlands and other European it is Honour of the Dragon. In Cambodia, the film is called Neak Prodal Junboth. In India, it was named Haathi Mere Saathi (literally elephant, my partner), from a name of another Bollywood film starring Rajesh Khanna.

Deleted scenes
A two-vs-one fight scene taking place in the burning temple near the end of the film was deleted from currently released versions of the film. The taekwondo sequence, featuring Dean Alexandrou and Daniel O'Neill is shown in part in nearly all promotional trailers for the film, but was cut due to unknown reasons from the final release. However footage can be seen in the making-of featurettes, and some behind-the-scenes VCDs. The two bodies are seen to mysteriously appear on the temple floor, near the beginning of the temple fight scene.

Prachya Pinkaew stated that he trimmed several of the fight scenes due to their length. Some of these include the sequence on the bridge in Sydney, when Kham confronts Johnny and his henchmen for the first time. One can see in certain trailers Kham launching himself off of the shoulders of one henchmen to elbow the other one. Another sequence that he trimmed considerably was the warehouse fight scene.

In the U.S. release of Tom-Yum-Goong, where it was named The Protector, there is a deleted scene of Kham beginning his ambush of the house party by the criminal group who stole his elephants. In all of its releases, the fight sequence begins with Tony Jaa throwing a henchman down the stairs. But this deleted scene shows where the fight really began.

US release
The Weinstein Company purchased the U.S. distribution rights for Tom-Yum-Goong and retitled it The Protector (also the name of a 1985 film starring Jackie Chan). This version was released theatrically on 8 September 2006. It was released in January 2007 on DVD on The Weinstein Company's Dragon Dynasty label in a two-disc set that includes both the U.S. edit and the original Thai version of the film.

For the US theatrical cut, the film's length was reduced by at least 25 minutes, going so far as to trim down some of the fight scenes, even though it was given an "R" rating restricting audiences to people aged 17 and over. Out of all cuts outside of Thailand, it is the shortest cut of the film, even more so than the European cuts. It also features a new score by RZA. Some parts of the missing footage (including cuts to the "bone breaker" fight and Madame Rose envisioning herself in a red dress as queen) appeared in the U.S. trailer and TV Spots.

Also, The Protector is partially subtitled and partially dubbed, with all of Jaa's dialogue subtitled. Several changes were made to the plot through editing and subtitles that did not match the spoken Thai and Chinese dialogue.

Changes that were made to the US theatrical release include:
 The historical role of the Thai warriors is given in more detail in the opening prologue
 Scenes of TV reporters given tour of Sydney by Sgt. Mark are removed.
 Scenes of Sgt. Mark handling robbery and releasing the would-be assassin are removed.
 Kham's father, rather than being injured, died by the gunshot.
 Tony Jaa's lines now include "You killed my father!"
 Madame Rose loses face and is denied a "security" contract over bad turtle soup instead of the Chinese business leader's refusal to deal because of bad terms.
 Madame Rose's transsexuality is never mentioned.
 The ending has been trimmed to imply that Madame Rose is dead rather than just injured after her fall through the roof.
 Johnny does not return to kill Vincent after Vincent was apprehended by Mark.
 Exposition is given to further explain the cutting of tendons to defeat the bruisers at the end.
 The ending epilogue given by Sgt. Mark in the US version is significantly different and nobler than the Thai version, which is whimsical and comic relief in tone and is much less concerned with resolution.

Reception

Box office
Tom-Yum-Goong opened in Thailand on 11 August 2005, and grossed US$1,609,720 in its first weekend and was No. 1 at the Thai box office (normally dominated by Hollywood imports) for two weeks in a row. It ended its Thai run with US$4,417,800, blockbuster business by Thai standards.

The Weinstein Company released Tom-Yum-Goong in North America in a heavily edited version entitled The Protector, which was the third release by their Dragon Dynasty label. It was also given the "Quentin Tarantino Presents" brand, which had proven lucrative in the past for films like Hero and Hostel. It opened in 1,541 cinemas on 8 September 2006 and ranked No. 4 in its opening weekend, grossing $5,034,180 ($3,226 per screen). It ended its run with $12,044,087. In the US, it ranks 67th among martial arts films and 14th among foreign films.

The film's total worldwide box office gross is US$25,715,096. It is the most successful Thai film released in the US.

Critical response
On Review aggregator website, Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 53% out of 91 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The critical consensus reads, "Despite some impressive fight scenes, this trimmed-down version of the Thai action pic is an off-putting mix of scant plot, choppy editing, and confusing subtitles and dubbing."

High On Films gave a positive review and wrote "Tom-Yum-Goong ranks amongst the finest exhibitions of martial arts in cinema, and is definitely worth a shot." Combat sports and striking analyst Jack Slack has written that Tony Jaa's multiple attackers scene in the film is "the best fight in movie history".

Sequel
A sequel titled Tom Yum Goong 2 was released in 2013 and was also released in US as The Protector 2.

See also

References

External links

 The elephant Plai Bua Barn, starring in the film. (The elephant database)

United Kingdom Official site
 Tom Yum Goong review at cityonfire.com

2005 films
2005 action films
2000s Mandarin-language films
Thai-language films
Fiction about animal cruelty
English-language Thai films
Capoeira films
Films about organised crime in Australia
Films set in Sydney
Films set in Thailand
Films shot in Sydney
Films shot in Thailand
Films with live action and animation
Thai martial arts films
Thai Muay Thai films
Muay Thai films
Sahamongkol Film International films
Wushu films
Films directed by Prachya Pinkaew
Transgender-related films
Films about elephants
Films about trans women
2005 LGBT-related films
Triad films
2000s English-language films
Thai LGBT-related films
2000s Hong Kong films

Tom-Yum-Goong


In physics, thermal expansion is the likelihood of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature. When a substance is heated, its basic particles move around more quickly and by doing so generally maintain a greater average separation. Materials that contract with an increase in temperature are very uncommon; this effect is limited in size, and only occurs within limited temperature ranges. The degree of expansion divided by the change in temperature is called the material's coefficient of thermal expansion and generally varies with temperature.

Thermometers are an example of using thermal expansion. They contain a liquid which can only move in one direction (along the tube) when volume changes along with temperature.

Thermal expansion can become a problem for trains because it can cause the rails to buckle. On the rails they will have monitors so that if it does get abnormally high in temperature they can be warned and trains could be told to slow down to reduce the heat of friction. Sometimes on the inner parts of the rails they will be painted white to reflect the sun's hot rays so that it won't cause buckling.

References

Thermodynamics

Thermal expansion


Svetislav Mandić (; 8 March 1921 – 4 October 2003) was a Yugoslav and Serbian historian, copier, fresco conserver, poet and painter.

Life
He was born on March 8, 1921, in Mostar, Kingdom of Yugoslavia (now Bosnia and Herzegovina). He finished the gymnasium in his town in 1939, and then finished the Academy of Fine Arts in capital Belgrade in 1950. He started with poetry in his gymnasium days, and as a student published poems in various papers and newspapers. In his adult years he began his work on cultural monuments of the history of the Serbs and he published many works on that theme, due to which he was awarded the Order of St. Sava class I.

Books
"Dvojica", pesme (zajedno sa Velimirom Kovačevićem, Mostar 1940),
"Kad mlidijah živeti", mladalačka elegija ("Novo pokolenje", Beograd 1952),
"Milosno doba", pesme ("Prosveta", Beograd 1960),
"The Virgin's Church at Studenica" (1966)
"Drevnik", zapisi konzervatora ("Slovo ljubve", Beograd 1975),
"Crte i reze", fragmenti starog imenika ("Slovo ljubve", Beograd 1981),
"Rozeta na Resavi", pletenije slovesa o Ravanici i Manasiji ("Bagdala", Kruševac 1986),
"Velika gospoda sve srpske zemlje" i drugi prosopografski prilozi ("Srpska književna zadruga", Beograd 1986),
"Carski čin Stefana Nemanje", činjenice i pretpostavke o srpskom srednjovekovlju ("Srpska književna zadruga", Beograd 1990),
"Pesme", izbor ("Veselin Maslesa", Sarajevo 1990),
"Zvezdara i druge pesme", ("Srpska književna zadruga", Beograd 1995),

External links
 Translated works by Svetislav Mandić

References

1921 births
2003 deaths
20th-century Serbian painters
20th-century Serbian poets
20th-century Serbian historians
Serbian male poets
Bosnia and Herzegovina painters
Bosnia and Herzegovina poets
Yugoslav historians
Yugoslav painters
Yugoslav poets
Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Writers from Mostar
University of Arts in Belgrade alumni
Artists from Mostar
Serbian male painters
20th-century Serbian male artists

Svetislav Mandić


Al-Azhar University – Gaza (), often abbreviated AUG, is a Palestinian, public, non-profit, and independent higher education institution. During the first intifada, Palestinian Leader Yasser Arafat issued a decree in September 1991 to establish a Palestinian national university. AUG opened its journey on 18 October 1991 in a two-story building with 725 students enrolled in two faculties; the Faculty of Education and the Faculty of Sharia and Law (now the Faculty of Law). Like most educational institutes in Gaza, the university is gender-segregated.

History
AUG opened its doors in 1991 with only two faculties: the Faculty of Education and the Faculty of Sharia and Law (now the Faculty of Law). In 1992, four faculties: the Faculty of Pharmacy, the Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, the Faculty of Science, and the Faculty of Arts & Human Sciences were established, followed by the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences.

The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences was established at another stage of AUG development in 1997 to fulfill the medical needs of the Palestinian community. In 1999, the Faculty of Medicine, a branch of the Palestinian Faculty of Medicine in Al-Quds University-Abu Dis, was opened as the first medical faculty in the Gaza Strip.

The Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology was launched in 2001 to keep abreast of new knowledge and technology. In 2007, the Faculty of Dentistry was opened to improve the oral health care of the Palestinian community. The Faculty of Sharia was reopened as a distinct faculty in 2009.

In 2015, King Hassan II for Environmental Sciences and Agriculture Building was inaugurated on the new campus in the Al-Mughraqa area. The construction of this building was funded by King Mohammed VI of Morocco. Two buildings, the auditorium and the Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences were funded by the Saudi Fund for Development and will be annexed to the new campus in Al-Mughraqa.

Faculties
 Faculty of Agriculture and Environment
 Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences
 Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences
 Faculty of Dentistry
 Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences
 Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology
 Faculty of Education
 Faculty of Law
 Faculty of Medicine
 Faculty of Pharmacy
 Faculty of Science
 Faculty of Sharia

Notable persons
 Hiba Abu Nada (Palestinian poet, novelist, and nutritionist).

See also
 List of Islamic educational institutions
 List of Palestinian universities
 Education in the Palestinian territories

References

Bibliography
 Bowen, Donna Lee, and Early, Evelyn A. (2002). Everyday Life in the Muslim Middle East: Second Edition. Indiana University Press.

External links

Universities and colleges established in 1991
1991 establishments in the Palestinian territories
Buildings and structures in Gaza City

Al-Azhar University – Gaza


Grigori Mints (June 7, 1939 – May 29, 2014) was a Russian philosopher and mathematician who worked in mathematical logic.
He was born in Leningrad, in the Soviet Union (now St. Petersburg, Russia), and received his Ph.D. in 1965 from the Leningrad State University under Nikolai Aleksandrovich Shanin with a thesis entitled "On Predicate and Operator Variants for Building Theories of Constructive Mathematics". In 1990 he received his D.Sc. from Leningrad State University with a thesis entitled "Proof Transformations and Synthesis of Programs". He was a Stanford University professor. Since 1991, Grigori "Grisha" Mints was a professor of philosophy and, by courtesy, of mathematics and of computer science at Stanford University. Before joining Stanford, Mints held research positions at the Steklov Mathematical Institute, Leningrad University, and the Estonian Academy of Sciences.

Considered one of the most distinguished logicians in the world, Mints was passionate about the applications of logic to philosophy. His expertise was in proof theory – the analysis of the structure of mathematical reasoning. Mints was elected to the Estonian Academy of Sciences in 2008 and to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2010.

Mints was a very active member of the steering committee of the WoLLIC series of workshops on logic and language, after having been a member of the community in several capacities such as invited speaker, PC member, PC chair, Organising Committee chair, guest editor of proceedings and special issue, and steering committee member.

Selected publications
Mints, G. (2013) Epsilon substitution for first- and second-order predicate logic. "Ann. Pure Appl. Logic" 164(6): 733-739.
Mints, G., Olkhovikov, G.V., Urquhart, A. (2013) Failure of interpolation in constant domain intuitionistic logic. "J. Symb. Log." 78(3): 937-950.
Mints, G. (2013) ADC Method of Proof Search for Intuitionistic Propositional Natural    Deduction. To appear in a "Festsschrift for A. Avron".
Mints, G. (2012) Effective Cut-elimination for a Fragment of Modal mu-calculus. "Studia Logica" 100(1-2): 279-287.
Mints, G. (2010) Cut-free formulations for a quantified logic of here and there. "Ann. Pure Appl. Logic" 162(3): 237-242.
Mints, G. (2008) Cut elimination for a simple formulation of epsilon calculus. "Ann. Pure Appl. Logic" 152(1-3): 148-160.
Mints, G. (2006) Notes on constructive negation. in R. Kahle and P. Schroeder-Heister (eds.), "Proof-Theoretic Semantics", special issue of "Synthese", 2006, 148, issue 3, pp. 701–717.
Mints, G. (2006) Cut Elimination for a Simple Formulation of PAepsilon. "Electr. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci." 143: 159-169.
Mints, G. (2006) S4 is Topologically Complete for (0, 1): a Short Proof. "Logic Journal of the IGPL" 14(1): 63-71.
Mints, G. (2006) Cut Elimination for S4C: A Case Study. "Studia Logica" 82(1): 121-132.
Mints, G. & Zhang, T. (2005) Propositional logic of continuous transformations in Cantor space. "Arch. Math. Log." 44(6): 783-799.
Kremer, Ph. & Mints, G. (2005) Dynamic topological logic. "Ann. Pure Appl. Logic" 131(1-3): 133-158.
Mints, G. & Zhang, T. (2005) A proof of topological completeness for S4 in (0, 1). "Ann. Pure Appl. Logic" 133(1-3): 231-245.
Tatsuta, M. & Mints, G. (2005) A simple proof of second-order strong normalization with permutative conversions. "Ann. Pure Appl. Logic" 136(1-2): 134-155
Mints, G. & Muskens, R. (eds.) (2003) "Games, Logic, and Constructive Sets". Published by Center for the Study of Language and Information - Lecture Notes (Book 161), 2003.
Mints, G. (2001) "A Short Introduction to Intuitionistic Logic" (University Series in Mathematics). Published by Kluwer Academic Publisher, 2001.
Mints, G. (1992) "A Short Introduction to Modal Logic". Published by Center for the Study of Language and Information - Lecture Notes (Book 30), 1992.
 Selected Papers in Proof Theory (North-Holland), August 1992, , Studies in Proof Theory series)
Mints, G. & Martin-Löf, P. (eds.) (1990) "COLOG-88: International Conference on Computer Logic", Tallinn, USSR, December 12–16, 1988, Proceedings - Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 417), 1990.

References

External links
 Grigori Mints official website at Stanford University
  Tributes to Grigori Mints

1939 births
2014 deaths
21st-century Russian mathematicians
Russian logicians
Russian philosophers
Mathematical logicians
Historians of mathematics
Stanford University Department of Philosophy faculty
Philosophers of mathematics

Grigori Mints


Britzelmayria multipedata is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. It is commonly known as the clustered brittlestem.

Taxonomy
It was first described in 1905 by the American mycologist Charles Horton Peck who classified it as Psathyra multipedata. It was reclassified as Psathyrella multipedata in 1941 by the American mycologistAlexander H. Smith and remained known as such until recently. In 2020 the German mycologists Dieter Wächter & Andreas Melzer reclassified many species in the Psathyrellaceae family based on phylogenetic analysis and placed this species in the newly created genus Britzelmayria.

Many mushroom field guides and websites still refer to this species as Psathyrella multipedata.

Description
Britzelmayria multipedata is a small brittlestem mushroom with white flesh and a brown cap which is known for growing in dense clusters.

Cap: 1-3cm. Starts conical before flattening into a convex cap which may become campanulate or bell shaped with age. The smooth, brown cap becomes paler when dry. Gills: Adnate or adnexed. Crowded. Light grey or brown with white fringes maturing to dark brown. Stem: 7-12cm in height with a thickness of 3-6mm tapering slightly towards the cap. It often grows in a wavy fashion with the base fused together with other members of the cluster. Spore print: Dark purplish brown. Spores: Ellipsoid and smooth with a germ pore. 6.5-10 x 3.5-4 µm. Taste: Indistinct and mild. Smell: Faint and mushroomy.

Habitat and distribution

B. multipedata is found on soil amongst grass and in open grassy spaces amongst woodland. It is saprotrophic and grows on buried fallen trees through the late Summer to Autumn. This species is widespread and found occasionally.

Observations of this species appear most common in the UK, West Europe and the East Coast of the United States.

References

Britzelmayria
Psathyrellaceae

Britzelmayria multipedata


Gabriel Maria Roschini, OSM (December 19, 1900 – September 12, 1977), was a Roman Catholic Italian priest and professor of Mariology, who published over 900 titles on the subject. During the pontificate of Pope Pius XII, he worked closely with the Vatican  on Marian publications. In light of the encyclopedic accuracy of his work, Roschini is considered one of the top two  Mariologists of the 20th century. His first major work, a four volume Mariology, Il Capolavoro di Dio, is judged to be the most comprehensive mariological presentation in the 20th century. Several theologians called him "one of the most profound mariologists" and "irreplaceable".

Life and contributions
Roschini was born in Castel Sant'Elia (Viterbo, Italy) in 1900. Upon entering Servites, he changed his name to Gabriel Maria (or Gabriele Maria) from his given name of Alessandro. In 1924, he received his ordination as a priest. Additionally, Roschini was a doctor in philosophy and a master in sacred theology. He founded the journal Marianum in 1939 and directed it for thirty years. In 1950 during the reign of Pope Pius XII he founded the Marianum Theological Faculty, which is now a pontifical institute, and served as its rector. He was also instrumental in reviving the Marian Library, which was transferred to the International College of Saint Alexis Falconieri in 1946. Other roles included professor at the Lateran Pontifical University and the Marianum Pontifical Theology Faculty, as well as advisor for the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and the Sacred Congregation for the Causes of the Saints.

Impact on Mariology
During the pontificate of Pius XII, "the most Marian Pope in Church history". Roschini worked closely with the Pontiff, arranging his own publications parallel to Papal mariological promulgations. During and after Vatican II, Roschini tried to adjust to the colder mariological spirit in his  1973 publication  Il mistero di Maria considerato alla luce del mistero di Cristo  e della Chiesa,  an updated  four volume handbook of mariology. This largely explains the animosity of Dominican theologian Yves-Marie Congar, strongly opposed to such perceived mariological excesses; indeed, in his journal, Congar once called the eminent Mariologist "Trouduc Roschini" ("Asshole Roschini").

Altogether he published over 900 titles, mostly on Mariology, in addition to his encyclopedic works, reviewing the mariological contributions of saints like Bernard of Clairvaux and Anthony of Padua. In 1950 he explained the mariology of Saint Thomas Aquinas. He detailed his mariology in a major work in the year 1952.

Earlier, Roschini had contributed with a new interpretation  to the Mariological theology of the Co-redemptrix, which was not universally accepted. In his 1946 publication Compendium Mariologiae  he explained that Mary not only participated physically in the life of Jesus by giving birth  to him but also, when she conceived her divine Son, she entered into a spiritual union with him. The divine salvation plan, being not only material, includes permanent spiritual unity with Christ. Most mariologists agree with this position. Roschini entered new theological territory, when he defined the spiritual unity of Mary and Christ to form  a "salvation pair", in which Mary is a true helper of her son. However, in this salvation duo, Mary is clearly subordinated to her son, according to Roschini, who, not wanting of course to elevate Mary to the level of divinity, insisted that Mary needed salvation through Christ like all other people. But, because she is the mother of God, the only mother of God among all women, Mary is someone unique. Sharing with all other people their human nature, she is different. She belongs to Christ, with whom she is spiritually united.

Selected publications

 Il Capolavoro di Dio, Mariology in IV volumes, Roma 1933
 Compendium Mariologiae, Roma, 1946
 La Mariologia di Sant'Antonio da Padova, in Marianum, Roma, 1946
 La Madonna secondo la fede e la Teologia, Roma, 1950
 La Mariologia di San Tommaso, Roma, 1950
 Mariologia, Roma, 1952
 La Madonna secondo la fede e la teologia  IV volumes, Roma  1953 1954
 Il dottore Mariano, Studio sulla dottrina di San Bernardo di Chiaravalle, Roma 1953
 The Virgin Mary in the Writings of Maria Valtorta, Kolbe's Publications
 Dizionario di Mariologia, Roma, 1957
 Il misteri di Maria considerato alla luce del mistero di Cristo  e della Chiesa, Roma  1973
 " Summa MAriologiae en 4 vol. 1948 (latín)
 Catecismo mariano 1944, Compendium Mariologiae 1946, Vida de la Virgen María 1948,  la mariología di san tommaso (1950), La mariología di san Lorenzo da Brindisi 1951, Il dottore mariano (San Bernardo) 1953, la Madonna del Santisimo Sacramento 1953, Instrucciones marianas (1953), su excelente diccionario de Mariología 1957, Maria Santissima nella storia della salvezza (1969)

See also

References

Sources and external links
 Pietro Parrotta, The Role of the Virgin Mary in Redemption in the Writings of Gabriele Maria Roschini , Varese, Italy: Eupress-FTL, 2002,
 Remigius Bäumer, Gabriel Roschini, in Marienlexikon, St. Ottilien, 1994
 Publisher's Notice in the Second Italian Edition (1986), reprinted in English Edition, Gabriel Roschini, O.S.M. (1989). The Virgin Mary in the Writings of Maria Valtorta'' (English Edition). Kolbe's Publication Inc.

1900 births
1977 deaths
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic theologians
Catholic Mariology
Servites
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests

Gabriel Roschini


Keith Morrison (born July 2, 1947) is a Canadian broadcast journalist. Since 1995, he has been a correspondent for Dateline NBC.

Career

Beginning his career in the 1960s, Morrison was a reporter and anchor at local stations in Saskatchewan, Vancouver, British Columbia, and Toronto, Ontario.

He joined CTV's Canada AM in 1973 as a newsreader and also worked as a reporter and weekend anchor as well as a producer. As a reporter at CTV, he won awards for his coverage of the Yom Kippur War. From 1975 to 1976, he was a reporter on CTV National News and served as National Affairs Correspondent and substitute anchor on the show from 1976 to 1979.

Morrison joined the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in 1982 as substitute anchor and Chief Political Correspondent for The Journal, the network's nightly public affairs program, remaining until 1986. He also co-hosted Midday, the network's noon-hour newsmagazine that he helped to create, from 1984 to 1985.

He moved to Los Angeles in 1986 as the 5 p.m. and 11 p.m. news anchor for KNBC-TV. In 1988 he joined NBC News as a west coast correspondent for the NBC Nightly News and Today Show. Morrison covered the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and later contributed highly acclaimed hour-long documentaries and magazine segments to various NBC programs while concurrently continuing as KNBC's anchor.

Morrison returned to Canada in 1992 to become co-anchor of the leading national morning news program, Canada AM on CTV. He also hosted The Editors on PBS. He was the substitute anchor for CTV National News and the heir apparent to anchor Lloyd Robertson until 1995, when he was ousted in a network shakeup. It was believed at the time that he was campaigning to replace Robertson. While at Canada AM, then Prime Minister Brian Mulroney cancelled a live appearance after Morrison jokingly referred to him earlier in the show as "whatshisname".

Morrison returned to NBC in 1995 as a correspondent for Dateline NBC, his position as of 2021.

Morrison appeared as a newscaster in an episode of Seinfeld, "The Trip". In the episode, he reported the arrest of Kramer as a serial killer.

Morrison's interviews on Dateline have kept audiences watching and attracted the attention of comedians as well. Saturday Night Live created a sketch with him as the central figure played by Bill Hader on November 22, 2008. And on an episode of Late Night with Seth Meyers that aired on July 9, 2014, Morrison appears as himself, parodying his characteristic dramatic delivery of real-life murder mysteries that he is known for on Dateline.

Personal life
In 1981, Morrison married Suzanne Perry (née Langford), a writer, consultant, one-time news anchor, and political fundraiser who was also press secretary to former Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. They have four children together: Caitlin (b. 1981), Emily (b. 1985), Willy (b. 1987), and Madeleine (b. 1989). Morrison also has a son, Michael (b. 1974), from a previous marriage, and was the stepfather of actor Matthew Perry, Suzanne's son from a previous marriage to actor John Bennett Perry.

Parodies
Morrison's reporting style has been parodied on Saturday Night Live by cast member Bill Hader. On the March 30, 2009, episode of Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, Hader, referencing the fact that Morrison works in 30 Rockefeller Plaza, where both Dateline NBC and Saturday Night Live are produced, jokingly stated that he lived in fear of getting into the same elevator as Morrison.  The two actually would meet during a Hader interview on Weekend Today.  "I can't give him pointers, he's the master," Hader said. "I don't know how you get better than Keith Morrison."

References

External links
NBC News biography

Anchor away: Journalist Keith Morrison has found success south of the border from the Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, July 2, 2003

1947 births
Living people
Canadian expatriate journalists in the United States
Canadian television news anchors
Canadian television reporters and correspondents
CBC Television people
CTV Television Network people
Journalists from Saskatchewan
NBC News people
People from Lloydminster
Television anchors from Los Angeles
20th-century Canadian journalists
21st-century Canadian journalists

Keith Morrison


Otokar Eduard Franz Karel Feistmantel (other spellings include Otakar Feistmantl) (20 November 1848 in Stará Huť – 10 February 1891 in Prague) was a Czech-Austrian (born in Bohemia) geologist and paleontologist who studied in Prague and Berlin and worked with the Geological Survey of India in India, where he replaced Ferdinand Stoliczka who died of altitude sickness on an expedition in 1874. Feistmantel described several genera and species of fossil plants from peninsular India, and his work on the "Gondwana Series" contributed to the development of the idea of the ancient supercontinent of Gondwanaland.

Early life
Otokar was the second son of Karl (or Karel) Feistmantel (1819–1885), an expert on iron smelting who later took an interest in geology and palaeontology and Františka, née Nechvátalová. Although most records note that he was born on 20 November 1848 in Stará Huť (today a part of Hýskov) near Beroun, he recorded it as 21 November in an unpublished autobiographical note. Although of German ancestry Otokar's father spoke Czech at home and supported Czech nationalism. He received his early schooling at Křivoklát castle and after his father moved to Břasíeh he studied at Prague. He graduated from the Nové Město grammar school in 1867 and attended Prague University (Charles-Ferdinand University) to study medicine. His interest in science was nurtured by his father's circle of friends who included the geologist Jan Krejčí, biologist Antonín Frič, and cartographer Karl Kořistka.

Work in Europe
Feistmantel spent some time at the National Museum at Prague in 1868 organizing the Sternberg collection and in 1869, he accompanied Jan Krejčí to the coal mines in the Krkonoše mountains. He continued his medical studies with an internship and military service in 1872 at a military hospital and graduated in August 1873 as a doctor of general medicine. He however maintained a keen interest in geology throughout his student life, and after graduation, he was assisted by Kořistka to obtain a position at the Imperial Geological Institute at Vienna to work on an exhibit for the World Exhibition showing the fuel reserves of Austria. A vacancy at the University of Wrocław to assist Professor Ferdinand von Roemer opened up in June 1873, and Otokar was able to obtain this position. By this time Feistmantel had published a large number of papers and was a member of several scholarly societies including the German geological society in Berlin and the Royal Czech Society of Sciences. Feistmantel had met Thomas Oldham in the Vienna exhibition, and when Ferdinand Stoliczka died of altitude sickness on an expedition, there was an opening at the Geological Survey of India. Feistmantel tended to be rash in his personal interactions and this led to him being at loggerheads with many other geologists. He took the offer in Calcutta (with a pay of Rs 300 a month and a one-time outfitting allowance of £40), marrying Berta née Pichlerová (24 June 1853 – 10 February 1929), despite suggestions from Oldham that he needs to make suitable prior arrangements at Calcutta first.

Work in India
Feistmantel and his wife Berta arrived in March 1875 and were initially housed in a room in the local Madrasa school that belonged to its German headmaster Blochmann. After the birth of his daughter, he moved to a larger home at 10 Sudder Street. Work in India included expeditions to central and eastern India, and on these trips, he maintained careful notes and made sketches of tribal life that he intended to publish in a book. One of the major tasks was mapping coal reserves, and by 1880, this was completed. Although he continued making studies, he ran into conflicts with the director H. B. Medlicott as well as other colleagues. The English referred to him in jest as the Bohemian. He made a trip back to Prague in 1878 with his wife and their two children, a girl Berta and a boy Ottokar who were born in Calcutta. He left his wife and children in Prague and returned to India with the Indian servant who had accompanied him. Feistmantel made several expeditions in this period before his family joined back in 1879. A second daughter and third child, Emmanuela, was born in 1880. In 1881, he was awarded a prize at the Melbourne International Exhibition for his work on the Australian fossil flora and around this time he obtained a faculty position at the Czech Polytechnic School in Prague but continued to work in India. Feistmantel tried to obtain a job in India for his paleontologist cousin Otomar Pravoslav Novák around 1882. He retired in 1883 to return to Prague and continued his researches at the Czech Technical College. In May 1884 he held an exhibition on India at the Prague water tower at Karlovy Lázně. The family grew in Prague with the birth of another daughter Marie and a son František.

Apart from his official work in India, Feistmantel wrote letters on life in India to newspapers in Prague. In his 1884 book titled "Osm let ve Východní Indií" (Eight years in East India) based on his eight years of life in India, he described the nature of his work and the land and people that he encountered in his travels. Expeditions were supported by servants and there were three tents, one for him, one for the servants, and one for the kitchen. Their luggage was carried on elephants and he himself often rode on one (of three). Feistmantel was particularly fascinated by the tribal Gonds and Santals. He admired that they were open, direct and honest. He noted that the non-tribal village people were, in contrast, often unsupportive of the travelling geologists. They apparently did not provide food as ordered by government letters to the travelling teams and sometimes force in the form of whipping had to be used against villagers. Life in Calcutta during that period, he noted, was pleasant and safe, with servants attending to most work and leaving him free to pursue his interests. He also appreciated the joys of outdoor life and the freedom with which he could shoot when on expeditions, something reserved for royalty back in Europe. He observed that the European leisure life in Calcutta revolved around the beach, which served as a center that he compared with the Prater in Vienna. He noted that the beach was packed in the evenings with Europeans arriving in carriages, wearing fine clothes and women riding horses.

He became unwell in 1890 and died on 10 February 1891 of bowel cancer. He was buried at Vyšehrad cemetery. His wife died on 10 February 1929. They had daughters Berta (b. 1875), Emmanuela (or Amra) (b. 1880), Marie (b. 1884), and sons Ottokar (b. 1877),  and František (b. 1887).  The collections of artefacts he made from India are now part of the Náprstek Museum. Feistmantel Valley in Antarctica was named in his honour.

Works
Feistmantel published his work-related research mainly in the records of the Geological Survey of India. He also published on other matters and a partial list includes:

 Steinkohlenflora von Kralup in Böhmen (1871)
 Palaeozoische und mesozoische Flora des ostlichen Australiens (1878)
 Politické zřízení Východní Indie Britské ("A political history of British India", 1887)

Notes

Czech geologists
1848 births
1891 deaths
People from Beroun District
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Burials at Vyšehrad Cemetery
Academic staff of Czech Technical University in Prague
Rectors of universities in the Czech Republic

Otokar Feistmantel


Aivars Endziņš (born 8 December 1940, in Riga) is a Latvian lawyer and politician.
He graduated from the University of Latvia in 1968 and in 1977 attained a candidate of legal sciences degree. In 1997 he became a Doctor of Jurisprudence. He has worked as a lecturer at the University of Latvia and at the Turība School of Business Administration. He was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1963 to 1990, when he became a member of the Popular Front of Latvia and a member of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Latvia. He was  for a short time a member of Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party, and in 1993 became a member of Latvian Way. He was a member of the 5th and 6th Saeimas, but resigned in 1996 to become a judge on the Constitutional Court of Latvia. He became the Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court in 2000 and left this office in 2007. He was a presidential candidate in the 2007 Latvian presidential election, nominated by Harmony Centre and supported by the New Era Party and the political alliance For Human Rights in a United Latvia. After a passionate debate over his membership of the Communist Party, which included a revelation that in the 1970s he had denied the occupation of Latvia, he lost the election to Valdis Zatlers.

References

1940 births
Living people
Lawyers from Riga
Communist Party of Latvia politicians
Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party politicians
Latvian Way politicians
Deputies of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Latvia
Deputies of the 5th Saeima
Deputies of the 6th Saeima
Candidates for President of Latvia
Judges of the Constitutional Court of Latvia
Latvian legal scholars
University of Latvia alumni
Politicians from Riga
20th-century Latvian judges
21st-century Latvian judges

Aivars Endziņš


Jessica Grace Wing (July 24, 1971 – July 19, 2003) was an American theatrical composer active in New York City. She was resident composer of the off-Broadway Inverse Theater Company and wrote one full-length musical, Lost.

Wing was born in New Haven, Connecticut and grew up in Tucson, Arizona, where she attended University High School. She attended college at Stanford University. In 1997 she moved to New York City, where she co-founded the Inverse Theater Company. Her musical accompaniments incorporated a diverse range from bluegrass to opera.

Wing served as assistant sound designer on the Todd Solondz film Happiness and wrote and directed a number of short films in pursuing an MFA in film at Columbia University. Wing was a member of San Francisco-based improvisational ambient electronica band Weird Blinking Lights, providing compositional, vocal, synthesizer, and effects performance, and released several solo electronica compilations under the moniker Warm Blooded Love.

Works

Music and songs for theater
 Othello (1998)
 The Death of Griffin Hunter (1998)
 Twelfth Night (1999)
 Midnight Brainwash Revival (1999)
 The Death of Don Flagrante Delicto (2000)
 The Burnt Woman of Harvard (2001)

Full-length musical
 Lost (2003)

References

 Obituary in the Tucson Citizen
 Obituary at Playbill

External links

 Official site
 Warmblooded Productions, her production company, including music and video samples

 Obituary from New York Times

American women composers
1971 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Writers from New Haven, Connecticut
Musicians from Tucson, Arizona
Musicians from New Haven, Connecticut
Stanford University alumni
Columbia University School of the Arts alumni
20th-century American women musicians
20th-century American composers
20th-century women composers
21st-century American women

Jessica Grace Wing


The Queen (Danaus gilippus) is a species of butterfly. It belongs in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in North America, Central America, and South America.

Description
The upper side of the wings is dark reddish-brown. It has black wing borders. Males have an androconium (a spot that releases scents to attract females) on each of his hind wings (bottom wings). The underside of the wings is reddish-brown. The wings have black borders. There are white spots in the black borders. The hind wing has black veins.

Mimicry
The Queen is one species in a complex mimicry ring. Where their range overlaps, the appearance of these butterflies is similar. The Monarch (Danaus plexippus) is orange. It has thick, black veins. The Viceroy (Limenitis archippus) is smaller. It has thick, black veins. It has a black band across the hind wing. The Soldier (Danaus eresimus) has thin black veins. On the underside of the hind wing, there is a row of pale, square-shaped spots.

Monarchs are bad-tasting and poisonous because they contain a chemical known as cardenolide (cardiac glycoside). The chemical slows the heart-beat of vertebrates. Monarch caterpillars get this chemical when they feed on milkweed.

When the Monarch becomes a butterfly, it no longer eats milkweed, but it still has the chemical in its body. The butterfly shows that they are not good to eat with their bright orange and black wings. This is warning coloration. A bird may try to eat a Monarch, but it will become sick and vomit after eating it. After this experience, the bird learns not to eat another Monarch, and also any other butterfly which is similar in appearance.

The Viceroy is similar looking to the Monarch, but does not have the milkweed poison in its body. Birds that have had the bad experience of eating a Monarch will usually not eat a Viceroy. It is an example of Batesian mimicry. Or so it was thought; but recent work has challenged this. The difficulty in doing this kind of research is that a butterfly may be toxic in one part of its range, and good to eat in another part. A lot depends on the plants on which the eggs are laid.

The Queen
The Queen is one of many insects that derives chemical defenses against its predators from its food plant. Most of the toxic cardenolides that make queens so unpalatable to its predators are sequestered from larval host plants. Basically, the Queen shares a Müllerian mimicry with the Monarch. However, the extent of its toxicity varies a great deal in different parts of its range. Micro-geographic differences in the environment lead to variation in the dynamics of mimetic relationships even at a local level.

Flight period
The Queen can be seen all year in Texas, Arizona, and southern Florida. It is seen from February to December in northern Florida. It is seen from April to November in southern California and southern Nevada.

Habitat
This butterfly can be found in open places such as open woodlands, fields, deserts, marshes, and forest edges.

Life cycle

The female lays her eggs singly. They are laid on the leaves, stems, and flowers of the host plant (the host plant is the plant that the caterpillar feeds on). The egg is pale green. The caterpillar is banded with yellow and black. There are three pairs of black body extensions. The first pair is near the head. The second pair is on the thorax. The third pair is near the end of the body. The chrysalis is green. It has gold spots. There is a black and gold band on the abdomen. It is very similar to the Monarch's chrysalis. It has three or more broods (a brood is a group of offspring) per year.

Host plants
Here is a list of host plants that the Queen caterpillar feeds on:

Asclepias albicans - White-stem Milkweed
Asclepias amplexicaulis - Clasping Milkweed
Asclepias asperula - Antelope Horns
Asclepias curassavica - Scarlet Milkweed
Asclepias erosa - Desert Milkweed
Asclepias fascicularis - Narrow-leaf Milkweed
Asclepias humistrata - Sandhill Milkweed
Asclepias nivea - Caribbean Milkweed
Asclepias subulata - Rush Milkweed
Asclepias tuberosa - Butterfly Weed
Calotropis procera - Apple of Sodom
Cynanchum angustifolium - Sand Vine
Matelea carolinensis - Maroon Carolina Milkvine
Matelea hirsuta
Sarcostemma clausum - White Vine
Sarcostemma cynanchoides - Vining Milkweed
Sarcostemma hirtellum - Rambling Milkweed

References

Danaus

Queen (butterfly)


Gas-operation is a system of operation used to provide energy to operate autoloading firearms. In gas operation, a portion of high-pressure gas from the cartridge being fired is used to power a mechanism to extract the spent case and insert a new cartridge into the chamber. Energy from the gas is harnessed through either a port in the barrel or a trap at the muzzle. This high-pressure gas impinges on a surface such as a piston head to provide motion for unlocking of the action, extraction of the spent case, ejection, cocking of the hammer or striker, chambering of a fresh cartridge, and locking of the action.

Long stroke

The AK-47 is the most-produced rifle using long stroke gas operation.

Short stroke

Used in the AR-18.

Direct impingement

Direct impingement is a form of gas operation that does away with the piston completely. The bolt is designed in such a way so that the gas acts directly upon the bolt (hence the name) to cycle the action. Used in the AR-15.

Fluted chamber direct impingement

Another form of direct impingement using a fluted chamber instead of a gas port. With this operation, the gas circumvents around the chambered cartridge through the grooves of the fluted chamber surpassing through the locking lugs to the front of the bolt carrier that operates as a gas piston unlocking the bolt to cycle the weapons operation.

Floating chamber
Early machine guns were expensive to operate. The United States Army wanted to train machine gun crews with less-expensive ammunition. To do this, they needed the .22 LR cartridge to operate firearms designed to use the .30-06 cartridge. David Marshall Williams invented a method that involved a separate floating chamber that acted as a gas piston with combustion gas impinging directly on the front of the floating chamber. The .22 caliber Colt Service Ace conversion kit for the .45 caliber M1911 pistol also used Williams' system, which allows a much heavier slide than other conversions operating on the unaugmented blowback mechanism and makes training with the converted pistol realistic. A floating chamber provides additional force to operate the heavier slide, providing a felt recoil level similar to that of a full power cartridge.

Gas delayed blowback
The bolt is not locked but is pushed rearward by the expanding propellant gases as in other blowback-based designs. However, propellant gases are vented from the barrel into a cylinder with a piston that delays the opening of the bolt. It is used by Volkssturmgewehr 1-5 rifle, the Heckler & Koch P7, Steyr GB and Walther CCP pistols.

Other websites
Fluted Chamber Direct Impingement

Firearms

Gas operation (firearms)


Brett Roberts (born March 24, 1970) is a former American basketball player best remembered for leading NCAA Division I in scoring as a senior in 1991–92 and then getting selected by the Sacramento Kings in that year's NBA draft, although he ultimately never played a game in the league. Roberts grew up in Portsmouth, Ohio and attended South Webster High School before moving on to play for Morehead State University's basketball team.

A  small forward, Roberts averaged 16.7 points per game for his four-year career. Through his first three seasons he averaged no more than around 14 points per game. Then, in his senior season in 1991–92, Roberts jumped from an average of 14.5 per game the year before to a nation-leading 28.1 points per game, doubling his output in a single season. He was named the Ohio Valley Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year and was even selected in the NBA Draft.

Baseball career
Despite being drafted, Roberts never made any teams' final rosters. He eventually became the principal at his old high school, forgoing any professional aspirations. In 1991, Roberts was also selected by the Minnesota Twins in the fourth round (103rd overall) of the Major League Baseball amateur entry draft.

Teams
 Elizabethton Twins (1991)
 Kenosha Twins (1992)
 Fort Myers Miracle (1993–1994)
 Nashville Xpress (1994)
 Hardware City Rock Cats (1995)
 Salt Lake Buzz (1996–1997)
 Fargo-Moorhead Redhawks (1997)

See also
List of NCAA Division I men's basketball season scoring leaders

References

1970 births
Living people
Baseball players from Ohio
Basketball players from Ohio
Elizabethton Twins players
Fargo-Moorhead RedHawks players
Fort Myers Miracle players
Hardware City Rock Cats players
High school basketball coaches in the United States
Kenosha Twins players
Morehead State Eagles baseball players
Morehead State Eagles men's basketball players
Nashville Xpress players
People from Portsmouth, Ohio
Sacramento Kings draft picks
Salt Lake Buzz players
Small forwards
American men's basketball players

Brett Roberts


In American football, a touchback is a ruling that is made and signaled by an official when the ball becomes dead on or behind a team's own goal line (i.e., in their end zone) and the opposing team gave the ball the momentum, or impetus, to travel over or across the goal line but did not have possession of the ball when it became dead. Since the 2018 season, touchbacks have also been awarded in college football on kickoffs that end in a fair catch by the receiving team between its own 25-yard line and goal line. Such impetus may be imparted by a kick, pass, fumble, or in certain instances by batting the ball. A touchback is not a play, but a result of events that may occur during a play. A touchback is the opposite of a safety with regard to impetus since a safety is scored when the ball becomes dead in a team's end zone after that team — the team whose end zone it is — caused the ball to cross the goal line.

The result of a touchback is that the team in whose endzone the ball became dead receives possession of the ball and starts play with a first down at their own 20- or 25-yard line, depending on the situation.

Situations resulting in a touchback
Examples of instances where a touchback is awarded:
 A kickoff or punt enters the end zone and is downed by the receiving team without the ball being advanced beyond the goal line. Thus, a player on the receiving team could attempt to advance the ball out of his own end zone, but the original impetus from the kick remains as long as the ball does not completely cross the goal line into the field of play. If a kick is fielded by the receiving team in its end zone, is advanced beyond the goal line, and then the ball carrier retreats back into his own end zone where the ball is downed, it is a safety. If a member of the kicking team recovers a kickoff in the end zone, the play is ruled as a touchdown.
 In college football and the NFL, any kickoff that ends in a fair catch by the receiving team inside its own 25-yard line. This rule also applies in Texas high school football because that state's base rule set is that of the college game.
 In high school football (except in Texas), any kicked ball that crosses the plane of the goal line, unless it is a successful field goal.
 A kickoff or punt touches the ground in the receiving team's end zone before being touched by a player of the receiving team. If a kicked-off ball goes into the end zone and then is recovered by a member of the kicking team, it is a touchdown for the kicking team, when the ball is touched by the receivers.
 A kickoff or punt goes out of bounds behind or over the receiving team's goal line or touches the goal posts or crossbar (and does not score a field goal).
 A ball carrier fumbles the ball within the field of play forward into his opponent's end zone and the loose ball then goes out of bounds behind or above his opponent's goal line, is recovered and downed by an opposing player in the end zone, or touches the pylon. The opposing team is awarded a touchback.
 However, neither the current USFL nor the current XFL award a touchback in this situation. In both leagues, the offense retains possession at the spot of the fumble. If the fumble occurs on fourth down and the ball carrier had not reached the line to gain before the fumble, the defense gains possession at the spot of the fumble.
 A defensive player intercepts a forward pass in his own end zone and the ball becomes dead behind or over the goal line. Like the instance of a kickoff or punt fielded in an end zone, the intercepting player can attempt to advance the ball but it is still a touchback as long as the ball never completely crosses the goal line into the field of play before it is downed.
 A blocked punt goes back into the end zone and the defensive team intentionally bats or kicks the ball out the back of the end zone.  The offense must decline the penalty.

American football
In standard outdoor American football, the team awarded the touchback receives possession of the ball at either its own 20-yard line or 25-yard line, depending on the specific type of play. The spot is the 25-yard line in both college and professional football on kickoffs and free kicks after a safety, with the NCAA having changed from the 20 in 2012 and the NFL making the same change in . The NCAA made a further rule change effective in its 2018 season, treating a fair catch on a kickoff, or free kick following a safety, between the receiving team's goal line and 25-yard line as a touchback. The NFL adopted this later change in . All other touchback situations in both rule sets result in possession at the 20.

In high school football, all touchbacks are spotted on the 20 except in Texas, which bases its high school rules on the NCAA rule set.

In the current XFL, the placement of the ball on a touchback depends on the circumstances:
 On kickoffs (including free kicks after a safety), if the ball enters the end zone on the fly and is downed by the receiving team, a "major touchback" is awarded, and the ball is spotted on the receiving team's 35. A kick that bounces into the end zone and is downed there by the receiving team results in the ball being spotted on the receiving team's 15.
 Similarly, a punt that goes into the end zone is treated as a major touchback, with the ball spotted on the 35.
 Touchbacks awarded on other scrimmage plays result in the ball being spotted on the awarded team's own 20.

In arena football, and other indoor football games, a touchback results in the team awarded the touchback receiving the football at its own 3-yard line. This can result from any of the above events except for punting, which is not a part of arena football. (In arena football, a kicked ball usually bounces back into play off of the rebound nets, but the above can still occur when the ball lands in the slack nets behind the goalposts after a kickoff, passes under the rebound nets and out of play, or in the event of fumbles and interceptions.)

If a defensive player gains possession of the ball during a play between his own five-yard line and goal line and the player's original momentum carries him into the end zone, there is no touchback. Instead, the ball is dead at the point where possession changed.  In the National Football League, this rule applies regardless of whether possession is gained inside the five-yard line.  Shane Lechler is the all-time leader in NFL career punts resulting in a touchback, with 178.

Canadian football
In Canadian football the term touchback is not used. The failure to advance a kicked ball out of the goal area results in a single point being scored by the kickers, as well as possession by the receivers at their 35-yard line or at the point the ball was kicked from. A turn-over by fumble or interception in the defense's goal area that is not advanced back into the field of play, or a kick that touches any part of the goalpost apparatus without subsequently going through the goalposts for a successful field goal results in a scrimmage on the 25-yard line with no points awarded. If a player's momentum causes the ball to be in the end zone, the ball is treated as if it was recovered in the end zone.

Six- and eight-man football
For high schools which play six-man football and eight-man football on an 80-yard long field, a touchback is brought out to the 15-yard line.

Differences
A special rule applies in college football and the NFL with regard to field goal attempts.  If a missed field goal occurs in these leagues, the spot at which the non-kicking team receives possession of the ball depends on the spot from which the ball had been kicked. In NCAA football, the ball will be placed either on the 20 or the line of scrimmage of the play in which the attempt was made; in the NFL, either the 20 or the place from which the ball was kicked. (In either case, the ball goes to the spot which is farther from the goal line.) The purpose of this rule is to discourage low-percentage, long-range field goal attempts and to deemphasize the advantage which can accrue when only one team has a kicker who has a reasonable possibility of success from a great distance.  In American high school football (except in Texas), the missed field goal, regardless of where attempted on the field, results in a touchback as long as the attempt breaks the plane of the goal line, and in arena football, the field goal is treated as if it were a punt.

References

American football plays
American football terminology
Canadian football terminology

Touchback