Alessandra Ambrosio (born April 11, 1981 in Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) is a Brazilian - born American supermodel. She beame a Victoria's Secret Angel in 2004. She was featured several times on the Forbes list of best paid models.

Early life
Ambrosio's parents are Brazilian with Italian and Polish ancestry. They are the owners of a gas station. At age 11, she had plastic surgery to fix her large ears. She later told Tyra Banks on her talk show, The Tyra Banks Show, that it was a bad experience and she would never do surgery again. She started taking modeling classes at age 12. Two years later she was one of the finalists of the Elite Model Look in Brazil. This launched her modeling career and she signed a contract with Elite Model Management.

Career
Her first job was appearing on the cover of Elle in Brazil. She also did a Guess campaign.
In 2004, she started her swimsuit line, Alessandra Ambrosio by Sais. This was part of a business agreement with Amir Slama's brand Rosa Chá. In 2006, she did a cameo appearance in the movie Casino Royale. In 2014, she launched her clothing line, ále by Alessandra sold at Planet Blue.

Victoria's Secret
In 2004, Ambrosio became an Angel, a spokesmodel for lingerie brand Victoria's Secret. She has been walking their fashion show since 2000. From 2004 to 2006 she worked mainly for their younger line, PINK, and is now working for the main line. In 2008, she walked the fashion show three months after giving birth to her daughter. The following year, she opened the fashion show.

In 2012, she was selected to wear the Fantasy Bra. That year, it was called the Floral Fantasy Bra. It was created by London Jewelers and featured amethysts, rubies, sapphires and diamonds (including a 20-carat white diamond in the center), making it worth $2,500,000. She walked during the last segment of the year's fashion while wearing it with wings.

In 2014, she was selected to wear the Fantasy Bra again, but this time there were two bras : the Dream Angels Fantasy Bras worn by herself and fellow Angel Adriana Lima. Each one of them is worth $2,000,000 and they opened a segment of the year's fashion show while wearing them. It is Alessandra Ambrosio's second Fantasy Bra and Adriana Lima's third.

Personal life
Alessandra Ambrosio became engaged to Jamie Mazur in 2008. They have two children together, a girl named Anja Louise Ambrosio Mazur (born August 24, 2008) and a boy named Noah Phoenix Ambrosio Mazur (born May 7, 2012).

Filmography

Movies
 2006 : Casino Royale

Television
 2007 : How I Met Your Mother : Herself
 2007 : Entourage
 2010 : Gossip Girl : Model
 2013 : America's Next Top Model : Herself
 2014 : New Girl : Herself

References

1981 births
Living people
American models
Brazilian models
People from Rio Grande do Sul

Alessandra Ambrosio


The 1984 Castrol 500 was an endurance motor race staged at the Sandown Park circuit in Victoria, Australia on 9 September 1984. The event was open to Group C Touring Cars, competing in two engine capacity classes, Up to 3000cc and Over 3000cc. It also included a class for Group A cars which were to replace Group C cars in Australian Touring Car racing in 1985. The race, which was held over a distance of 503 km, was Round 3 of the 1984 Australian Endurance Championship.

This was the first Sandown endurance race where the distance was 500 km and the first of five races on the new 3.878 km (1.928 mi) long 'International Circuit'. Prior to 1984 the Sandown Enduro had been held over distances including: 6 Hours (1964–65), 3 Hours (1968–69), 250 miles (1970–75) and 400 km (1976-83), all held on the old 3.100 km (1.926 mi) circuit. The meeting also saw the opening of the new International standard Sandown Park with changes including the relocating of the pits from between turns 1 and 2 to a new $600,000 pit complex at the start of the main straight, and the lengthening and re-profiling of the circuit to the minimum length required for an International circuit of 3.9 km, primarily by the inclusion of an 800-metre infield section, which for the first time saw the circuit cross to the inside of the venue's horse racing track.

Qualifying
Nissan driver George Fury sat on pole in his Bluebird Turbo with a time of 1:46.2 for the new track. Alongside Fury in a brand new Roadways Racing Holden VK Commodore was Allan Grice who was only 0.1 behind. Filling out the second row of the grid was newly crowned Australian Touring Car Champion Dick Johnson in his "Greens-Tuf" Ford XE Falcon, and the Holden Dealer Team VK Commodore of Peter Brock. The third row of the grid consisted of the top two finishers from 1983. Winner Allan Moffat in his Mazda RX-7 and Jim Richards in the JPS Team BMW 635 CSI.

Fury's pole time remains the fastest ever recorded time by a touring car of the 3.878 km International Circuit.

1982 Australian Sports Car Champion Chris Clearihan, who was to have co-driven with David Grose in a Mazda RX-7, was excluded from the meeting after qualifying following an altercation in the pits with Allan Moffat in which punches were allegedly thrown. Moffat and Clearihan had tangled out on the circuit with a confrontation following in the pits. After Clearihan's exclusion, the 1983 Sports Car Champion Peter Hopwood who was driving in the final round of the 1984 Australian Drivers' Championship at the meeting, was given permission to take his place in the RX-7.

Race
Due to the new length of 500 km, teams were required to have at least two drivers per car as no one driver was permitted to complete the entire distance without a break. This saw most teams use their upcoming Bathurst pairings.

Driving with regular co-driver and HDT team manager Larry Perkins, Peter Brock won his 9th and last Sandown enduro. The pair finishing a lap ahead of the Moffat/Gregg Hansford RX-7 with the second HDT Commodore of John Harvey and new team recruit David Parsons finishing 3rd. Early race leader Dick Johnson suffered gearbox failure on lap 37, attributed to the increased strain from the tight new infield section, while pole sitter Fury was out on lap 32 with head gasket failure. The only other car to lead the race, the Roadways Racing VK Commodore of Grice/Steve Harrington, stopped with a broken gearbox while running 2nd on lap 103. Grice had the consolation on the day of not only winning the final round of the 1984 Australian GT Championship (and subsequently his third Sports Sedan/GT national title) in his Chevrolet Monza, but also setting the fastest lap of the Sandown 500 in his new Commodore before it expired. As this was the only Group C touring car race held on the new 3.9 km long international circuit, Grice's lap of 1:48.3 remains the category lap record for the circuit.

Dean Lindstrom and Larry Kogge won the Up to 3000cc class and finished 9th outright in their RX-7, 18 laps down on Brock/Perkins, while the winner of the new Group A category was Peter Williamson and Charlie O'Brien who finished 6th outright driving an ex-BTCC Toyota Celica Supra formerly driven by Win Percy.

Results

Top 10 Qualifiers

Race

Statistics
 Pole Position – #15 George Fury - Nissan Bluebird Turbo – 1:46.2
 Fastest Lap – #6 Allan Grice - Holden VK Commodore – 1:48.3 (new lap record)

References

Further reading
 Stewart Wilson & Max Stahl, Ford – The Racing History, 1989, page 312
 Stewart Wilson, Holden – The official Racing history, 1988, page 359
 Bill Tuckey, James Hardie 1000, 1984/85, pages 114–121

External links
 The Brock / Perkins Holden VK Commodore at the 1984 Castrol 500 Retrieved from www.brock05.com on 24 March 2009

Motorsport at Sandown
1984 in Australian motorsport
Pre-Bathurst 500

1984 Castrol 500


Pierce Davies Schenck (d. 15 October 1930, Dayton, Ohio) was an entrepreneur in the metalworking business in Dayton, Ohio. He used the garage behind his house on South Brown Street to work on automobiles and in April 1907 incorporated the Speedwell Motor Car Company. Speedwell purchased and occupied a former Dayton Machine Tool Company factory on Essex Avenue in Dayton's Edgemont neighborhood, a site that later hosted a Delco factory. The factory provided temporary space to the Wright Company in 1910 before the completion of its new airplane factory in west Dayton. The Great Dayton Flood of 1913 inundated the Speedwell factory, destroying machinery and automobiles, and the company proved unable to recover and entered receivership in 1915.  Schenck later became president of the Dayton Malleable Iron Company and turned his focus to adapting high silicon iron alloys to practical uses. This led to his establishing the Duriron Company, a name which he coined, in 1917. It prospered through high demand for its products generated by the First World War and employed 1,500 people, becoming one of Dayton's leading industries. His home at 414 Oakwood Avenue in Oakwood was designed by Dayton architect Albert Pretzinger in 1927.

References

Further reading
 Dalton, Curt, Roger L. Miller, Michael M. Self, and Ben F. Thompson, Miami Valley's Marvelous Motor Cars: From the Apple-Eight to the Xenia Cyclecar, 1886-1960 (n.p: n.p.: 2007), 35-36.

1930 deaths
American business executives
People from Oakwood, Montgomery County, Ohio
Metalworkers
Businesspeople from Dayton, Ohio
Year of birth missing

Pierce Schenck


Impressionen unter Wasser (Underwater Impressions aka Impressions of the deep) is a documentary film released in 2002. It was directed by Leni Riefenstahl.

After the premiere of her film Tiefland in 1954, for decades it was generally thought this would be Riefenstahl's last film. However, a few days before her 100th birthday, saw the release of Impressionen unter Wasser (45 minutes, with an introduction by Riefenstahl) premiered in Berlin 48 years after Tiefland.

Production history
Impressionen unter Wasser is the final result of 30 years of underwater cinematography. In 1983 she described her intentions for the eventual film; "Underwater films are either scientific, like Jacques Cousteau's, or sensational, like the Hollywood shark films. But there are none like this one we plan."

Segments of her extensive marine footage were first shown to the public in the 1993 documentary, The Wonderful, Horrible Life of Leni Riefenstahl which followed her recent expedition.

Release
Impressionen unter Wasser had its premiere at Delphi am Zoo, Berlin on 14 August 2002, a week before the celebrations for Leni's centenary birthday. It was broadcast the following day on the French/German Arte channel, together with an interview with Riefenstahl and an airing of the
original 1932 version of Riefenstahl's Das Blaue Licht. It was also featured at the 2003 Maui Independent Film Festival and the 2004 Oporto International Film Festival (Fantasporto). The film was released on DVD in April 2003.

Synopsis
The marine-based documentary was mainly shot around Papua New Guinea and is a collection of footage directed by Riefenstahl between the 1970s and 2000. Other film locations included Maldive Islands the Seychelles, Kenya, Tanzania, Indonesia, the Red Sea, the Cocos Islands (Pacific) and the Caribbean Sea (Cuba). Riefenstahl dismissed claims that the film was a comeback; "Impressionen Unterwasser certainly isn't a 'comeback'. I was always active and continue to be so. My film shows the beauty of the underwater world. I hope it will touch the viewer's conscience as it illustrates just what the world will lose when nothing is done to stop the destruction of our oceans. I once said that I am very fascinated by the beautiful and the living. I seek harmony and, under water, I have eventually found it."

Riefenstahl also contributed to an introduction, discussing the work and her marine journeys.

Reception
The film attracted a mixed response from critics. The Tagesspiegel Daily wrote of the candy-coloured images and Riefenstahl's flowing blonde hair; "It's as if a pop artist on LSD painted it". Time Out magazine held a neutral view point, puzzled by the lack of commentary, as is characteristic of Riefenstahl films but was displeased by the Moroder-Walker score. Other critics compared the film to her famous 1938 film Olympia in that it reflects her ultimate pursuit of beauty. Contributing to the book 501 Directors, Dr. Ernest Mathijs, writer and film scholar cited the documentary as "[a] final example of her creative genius." The cartoon A fish movie is shown (Ein Fischfilm wird gezeigt, 2004) by comic duo Katz & Goldt is set at Delphi cinema in Berlin where the film premiered.

References

External links

2002 films
2002 short documentary films
German short documentary films
Films without speech
Films directed by Leni Riefenstahl
Documentary films about nature
Films set in the Maldives
Films featuring underwater diving
Films shot in Papua New Guinea
Films shot in the Maldives
Films shot in Seychelles
Films shot in Kenya
Films shot in Tanzania
Films shot in Indonesia
Films shot in Cuba
Documentary films about Papua New Guinea
Documentary films about Asia
Documentary films about Africa
2000s German films

Impressionen unter Wasser


Peter Francis Bergeron (born November 9, 1977) is an American former professional baseball outfielder and current Major League Baseball (MLB) scout.

Bergeron appeared in 308 MLB games, all of which were played with the Montreal Expos over five different seasons. He was known as primarily being a leadoff hitter, with above average speed and defensive skills, however his offensive ability and career .226 batting average hampered his career success.

High school
Bergeron attended Greenfield High School in Greenfield, Massachusetts and was a 4-year starter on the varsity baseball team. In his senior year he was named the 1996 Massachusetts Gatorade Player of the Year, sponsored by Gatorade.  He signed a letter of intent to play baseball in college at Clemson University but decided to sign a professional contract instead.

Professional career
Bergeron was drafted shortly after graduating high school by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 4th round of the 1996 MLB draft. After spending the 1996 and 1997 seasons in the Dodgers farm system his rights were traded in the middle of the 1998 season to the Montreal Expos in an exchange that sent himself, Jonathan Tucker, Wilton Guerrero, and Ted Lilly to Montreal in exchange for Mark Grudzielanek, Hiram Bocachica and Carlos Pérez.

In 1999 Bergeron split time with the Ottawa Lynx and Harrisburg Senators. In a total of 100 games for the two teams he would hit a combined .320 with 23 stolen bases as a leadoff hitter. Bergeron made his Major League Baseball debut with the Montreal Expos on September 7, . 2000 was Bergeron's only full season in the majors. He served as the regular leadoff hitter for the Expos and hit .245 with 5 home runs, 31 RBI and 11 stolen bases in 148 games played. He also led the National League with 16 outfield assists.

Bergeron would spend the next two years splitting time between Montreal and their Triple A affiliate in Ottawa. For the 2000 season, Bergeron had the lowest fWAR of all MLB players. In 2003, he would spend the entire season with the AAA Edmonton Trappers. In 2004 Bergeron started the season with the Expos, however, after only 12 games and a batting average of .214 he was again sent to AAA Edmonton. On June 7, 2004 Bergeron and Saul Rivera were traded to the Milwaukee Brewers for Jason Childers and Jason Belcher.  Bergeron was assigned to the Indianapolis Indians and would spend the remainder of the season there. At the end of the 2004 season Bergeron was granted free agency and was signed by the Chicago Cubs in an attempt to make the team's roster during spring training. After the 2005 spring training Bergeron was one of the final players cut from the major league roster where he then decided to sign a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles, playing the 2005 season with the AA Bowie Baysox batting .296 with five home runs, 33 RBI, and 13 stolen bases in 91 games. Following that season he was again granted free agency.

In 2006 Bergeron signed on with the Philadelphia Phillies, splitting the season with the AA Reading Phillies and AAA Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons. He would have a very successful season in 124 games, hitting a combined .333, which included batting .351 at Reading. Bergeron would also hit nine home runs and total 43 RBI being his highest home run total in any professional season and ranked second in terms of RBI. However, Phillies management was quoted as stating Bergeron was basically signed only to fill out a minor league roster spot and that they had no intention of bringing him up to the major league club.

2007 was Bergeron's last season in professional baseball. He would start the season with the York Revolution of the Independent Atlantic League in their inaugural season. He would play in 70 games with the Revolution hitting .275 with three home runs and 20 RBI, before signing with the Pittsburgh Pirates AA Altoona Curve. Bergeron played in 33 games with the Curve hitting .240.

Retirement and present day
Prior to the 2008 season, Bergeron stated in a local hometown newspaper article that he would most likely retire from professional baseball, citing the fact that continuing to play minor-league baseball on a small salary, while having to rent apartments for his family would amount to losing a considerable amount of money. Bergeron is currently very much still involved in baseball, now from a coaching standpoint.  He currently runs "Barrett Baseball", a training school in Alpharetta, Georgia that is owned by former teammate and friend of Bergeron's, Michael Barrett.  He also is the head coach of the varsity baseball team at King's Ridge Christian School in Alpharetta, Georgia, as well as the head coach of the 18u Georgia Roadrunner Travel Team. In 2012, Peter began coaching the newly formed 10U Team Triton Baseball team also based in Alpharetta, Georgia.

In December 2013, the Los Angeles Dodgers announced Bergeron had joined their organization as a scout for the  season.

Trivia

Bergeron was a standout running quarterback in high school, having rushed for 1,012 yards in his junior season and 1,831 in his senior year, in which he also led his team to a Western Massachusetts Super Bowl berth. After signing professionally in 1996 he was told by many Division 1 and Division I-AA college football coaches that if baseball did not work out, he had an open invitation to go back to school to play football as either a tailback or defensive back.

References

External links

 Bergeron chasing dream
 Peter Bergeron Retirement Article

1977 births
Living people
Altoona Curve players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball players at the 1999 Pan American Games
Baseball players from Franklin County, Massachusetts
Bowie Baysox players
Brevard County Manatees players
Edmonton Trappers players
Harrisburg Senators players
Indianapolis Indians players
Los Angeles Dodgers scouts
Major League Baseball center fielders
Major League Baseball outfielders
Montreal Expos players
Nashua Pride players
Ottawa Lynx players
Pan American Games medalists in baseball
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
People from Greenfield, Massachusetts
Reading Phillies players
San Antonio Missions players
San Bernardino Stampede players
Savannah Sand Gnats players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons players
United States national baseball team players
Yakima Bears players
York Revolution players
Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games

Peter Bergeron


Shank is a 2009 British drama film starring Wayne Virgo, Marc Laurent, Alice Payne, Tom Bott and Garry Summers. The film was written by Darren Flaxstone and Christian Martin, directed by Simon Pearce & Christian Martin (uncredited), and produced by independent filmmaker Robert Shulevitz and Christian Martin.

The film won an Audience award in the 2009 Barcelona International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival as well as the Emerging Talent in Queer Cinema in 2009 at the Miami Gay and Lesbian Film Festival.

Plot
In Bristol, Cal (Wayne Virgo) is a 19-year-old closeted gay gang member who has nothing in his life except drugs, sex, random acts of violence and a secret that he keeps hidden from his mates. An online hookup for sex with a stranger, Scott (Garry Summers), ends in him assaulting and abandoning Scott out in the countryside. This temporarily satisfies but fails to dampen his unspoken desires for his best mate, Jonno (Tom Bott). Nessa (Alice Payne), their twisted, foul-mouthed and controlling, de facto gang leader who harbours much hatred towards everyone for losing a child at the age of 14, suspects that there is something going on between them but is unable to confirm it. Jonno, putty in Nessa's hands, cannot express his own deep rooted and unrequited attachment to Cal. Manipulating situations that bring her closer to having her suspicions confirmed, Nessa sets out about dividing loyalties and encouraging conflict.

An innocent student, Olivier (Marc Laurent), falls victim to one of Nessa's plans and is mugged on her orders by the gang. Cal steps in to restrain them and creates a distraction allowing Olivier to run free. Ignoring Nessa's screams of contempt, he chases after him and offers him a lift by way of an apology. Fearing that the fall-out from Nessa for his actions will be harsh, Cal persuades Olivier to help him out. Seizing the moral high ground and sensing that there was something more to Cal's Good Samaritan act, Olivier allows Cal to stay with him for a few days. Acting on his own attraction to Cal, Olivier seduces him and in doing so, exposes Cal to new emotions and a tenderness that he has never experienced before.

Soon, the boys are overtaken by the embrace of the first flush of love. Cal and Olivier's relationship progress, but Olivier is warned by Scott, who happens to be one of his professors, to be wary of Cal. Scott gives Olivier his phone number and tells Olivier to contact him if he is ever in need of help. Nessa cannot contain her rage for Cal's disloyalty to the gang and sets about hunting him down, intent on destroying him once and for all. With her gang in tow and Jonno tightly wound up, she kidnaps Olivier, taunting Cal with video messages via her mobile phone, to come and save his boyfriend. Arriving at the abandoned factory where they are all waiting for him, he reveals that he is equally hurt by the child she lost, as he was the father. Meanwhile, Jonno and the other gang members begin to destroy Cal's car before they turn toward him. As the showdown unfolds, Nessa loses all control of events and Jonno explodes in act of sexual aggression by raping Cal and leaving everyone traumatized. Shocked by what she has witnessed, Nessa realizes she will now never be able to break the bond between Cal and Olivier while she and the other gang members flee. Olivier then contacts Scott for help and he rescues them and tends to Cal's wounds.

As the film ends Cal sends Scott a video of the man being beat up in the opening scenes of the movie, with the message "Sorry". That man turns out to be Scott's husband (they both wore wedding rings) who is still in a coma at the hospital. Cal throws away his phone, before joining hands and boarding a train with Olivier, severing his last remaining link to the gang and his old life.

Cast
 Wayne Virgo as Cal
 Marc Laurent as Olivier
 Alice Payne as Nessa
 Tom Bott as Jonno
 Garry Summers as Scott
 Bernie Hodges as Will
 Christian Martin as David
 Louise Fearnside as Dayna
 Lewis Alexander as Souljah
 Oliver Park as Gang Member 1

Release
Shank was released on 14 April 2009 in the United Kingdom. It was released in the United States in May 2009 at the Miami Gay and Lesbian Film Festival. The DVD release was on 8 December 2009.

Critical reception
, the film holds a 60% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on five reviews with an average rating of 5.9 out of 10.

Sequel
The film was followed by a sequel, Cal, in 2013.

Awards
 Barcelona International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival -Won, Audience Awards 2009
 Miami Gay and Lesbian Film Festival- Won, Emerging Talent in Queer Cinema (Simon Pearce) 2009

See also
 List of lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender-related films by storyline

References

External links

2009 films
2009 drama films
Black British cinema
Black British mass media
Black British films
British drama films
British LGBT-related films
Films set in Bristol
2000s French-language films
2009 LGBT-related films
2000s English-language films
2000s British films

Shank (2009 film)


Troy Public Radio is a network of public radio stations based in Troy, Alabama, United States, that serve southeastern Alabama and parts of western Georgia and northwestern Florida with classical music, folk music, and jazz programs, as well as news and feature programs from the National Public Radio, Public Radio Exchange, and American Public Media networks. The stations are licensed to Troy University, on whose main campus the studios are located.

History
WTSU-FM started broadcasting on March 1, 1977 as the state's third public radio station (the callsign stands for the university's name then, "Troy State University,"), and the first south of Birmingham.  WTSU originally broadcast at 90.1 MHz with a power of 50,000 watts; by 1981, it moved to its present frequency of 89.9, doubling its wattage to 100,000.  Programming from the start was a blend of NPR news and classical music, combined with an automated block of "beautiful music" between 9:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. TUPR discontinued the easy-listening daytime format in 1993 in favor of then-more conventional classical programming.

The station would expand its service area to all of southeastern Alabama in the 1980s, adding the frequencies in Columbus in 1984 and Dothan in 1986. On January 1, 2000, TUPR began broadcasting 24 hours per day.

Public Radio is one component of Troy University's Broadcast and Digital Network; the other is "TrojanVision", a student-operated television channel seen on several cable systems throughout southeastern Alabama. The Broadcast and Digital Network enlist students from the Hall School of Journalism as staffers.

TUPR set a tentative date of May 2010 to begin streaming all three HD channels.  HD-2 consists of the all-music Classical 24 network, while HD-3 airs news programs from the BBC World Service.

In 2011, TUPR began streaming all three of its channels live on the Internet.  It had been one of the few NPR members not to offer live streaming.

Network
Three stations comprise the network:

Notes:

Weekday hosts
Ann Kenda--Morning Edition
Carolyn Hutchinson--In Focus
Joey Hudson--All Things Considered

References

External links
Troy Public Radio

NPR member networks
Classical music radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1977
1977 establishments in Alabama

Troy University Public Radio


"Let's keep the Goan tradition and culture alive, worldwide"

Deran Anim Unien
Brother-in-law and sister-in-law

Type: Dulpod

Source: J.A.A. Fernandes, vulgo: André Xett (1884-1980). Album Cantarancho.

Musical form: Binary

Literary form: Ethnological aspects

Translated by: Alfred Noronha, Panaji, Goa, 26.05.2005

Deran anim unien dogainim xeto kellam bagaco. (bis)

Brother-in-law and sister-in-law are jointly tilling the field.

Téach orsaco ga saiba, paus guela mirgaco. (bis)

In that particular year, Sir, the rains were delayed.

Eddem vod´lem xeto ga derá, conn amchem rôitolo. (bis)

Brother-in-law, who will sow such a large field of ours.

Cainch tum bieunaca guê uniem, Dev amcam pautoló. (bis)

Have no fear sister-in-law, God will come to our rescue.

Polleiat

Dulpod Goenche

Sondorbh

Konknni
Dulpod
Romi panam

Deran Ani Unien - Dulpod


Roberto Blanco (legal name: Roberto Zerquera Blanco), was born 7 June 1937 in Tunis, Tunisia. Of Afro-Cuban origin, Blanco is a German Schlager singer, actor, and entertainer.

Early life
Blanco is the son of Cuban folklorist and artist Alfonso Zerquera and his wife Mercedes Blanco. He grew up in Beirut and Madrid. When Roberto was two, his mother died. After finishing school he began to study medicine in Madrid, but quit after two semesters.

Career
In 1957, Blanco played a role in the movie Der Stern von Afrika (The Star of Africa). His singing career began with Josephine Baker. In the 1960s, he became a hit star in his own right and appeared in various films – among them Johannes Mario Simmel penned All People Will Be Brothers and the Erich Kästner adaptation Three Men in the Snow.

In 1969, Blanco won the German "Schlager-Festspiele" with his song "Heute so, morgen so" (Today like this, tomorrow like that). Following that, Blanco recorded a number of hit albums. His music career peaked in 1972 with the song "Ein bisschen Spass muss sein" (A little fun must be) and "Der Puppenspieler von Mexiko" (The Puppeteer of Mexico). Since then he has appeared on numerous music and variety TV shows, most frequently on ZDF's Hitparade.

Singles
1957 – "Jesebell"
1957 – "Ob schwarz, ob weiß"
1963 – "Twistin' mit Monika"
1968 – "Tschumbala-Bey"
1968 – "Jennifer"
1969 – "Heute so, morgen so"
1969 – "Auf Liebe gibt es keine Garantie"
1970 – "Auf dem Kurfürstendam sagt man "Liebe""
1970 – "San Bernadino"
1971 – "Las Vegas"
1972 – "Ich komm' zurück nach Amarillo"
1972 – "Der Puppenspieler von Mexiko"
1972 – "Ein bisschen Spaß muss sein"
1973 – "Ich bin ein glücklicher Mann"
1973 – "Pappi, lauf doch nicht so schnell"
1974 – "In El Paso"
1976 – "Bye Bye, Fräulein"
1977 – "Morgen sind wir reich"
1978 – "Porompompom"
1978 – "Hey Mama Ho"
1978 – "Viva Maria"
1978 – "Wer trinkt schon gern den Wein allein"
1979 – "Der Clap Clap Song"
1979 – "Samba si! Arbeit no!"
1979 – "Am Tag, als es kein Benzin mehr gab"
1980 – "Rock 'n' Roll ist gut für die Figur"
1981 – "Humanaho (Alle Menschen sind Brüder)"
1990 – "Resi bring Bier" (duet with Tony Marshall)
1992 – "Limbo auf Jamaika" (duet with Tony Marshall)
1996 – "Da ist die Tür" (feat. Lotto King Karl)
1999 – "Last Christmas" (with Frank Luis y su traditional Habana Orchester)
2001 – "Born to Be Alive" (with The Disco Boys)
2004 – "Ein bisschen Spaß muss sein" (new version with Captain Jack)

Selected filmography
 The Bloody Vultures of Alaska (1973)

References

External links

1937 births
Living people
People from Tunis
Spanish emigrants to Germany
German male singers
German people of Cuban descent
Spanish-language singers of Germany

Roberto Blanco


A bunker is a defensive military building.

Bunker can also mean:
 Bunker (golf), a sand trap on a golf course.
 A paintball bunker
 Bunker Tragedy
 Bunker fuel, the fuel carried by a ship for propulsion

Media
 The Bunker, a 1978 book about the last days of Hitler
 The Bunker (movie) could mean two moviess:
 The Bunker (1981 movie), a movie based on the 1978 book
 The Bunker (2001 movie), with Jason Flemying
 Bunker Bean, a 1936 movie
 Bunker 13, a 2003 novel by Aniruddha Bahal

Places:
 Bunker Hill
 Bunker, Missouri

People:
 Berkeley L. Bunker, an American Senator and Representative
 Bunker Roy, an Indian social activist
 Edward Bunker, the writer
 Edward Bunker (Mormon pioneer)
 Ellsworth Bunker, an American diplomat
 Mark Bunker, a television producer
 Wally Bunker (born 1945), a former Major League Baseball pitcher

Bunker (disambiguation)


Jaquelin James Daniel (September 22, 1916 – August 7, 1990) was an American lawyer, businessman, civic leader, and newspaper publisher. He was born and lived most of his life in Jacksonville, Florida, where he led the effort that resulted in the Jacksonville Consolidation of 1968, which combined city and county governments to improve services. He was known in his lifetime as one of the city's and state's most politically powerful people.

Early life, family and education
Jaquelin James Daniel, known as J. J., was born in 1916 into a powerful Jacksonville, Florida family. His great-grandfather was a young lumberman turned attorney who migrated to Florida in 1846. His grandfather, for whom he was named, was a colonel in the Civil War and became one of the most influential citizens of postwar Jacksonville. He was also a principal in the prestigious Jacksonville law firm Fleming and Daniel. The colonel reorganized the Chamber of Commerce and served as President of the Citizens' Auxiliary Association before dying in 1888 in Jacksonville's yellow fever epidemic. Daniel's father was a prominent lawyer and leader in the Urban League.

Daniel attended local segregated schools and earned his undergraduate degree at Princeton University, where he also played football. He received his law degree in 1942 from the University of Florida. He served as an officer in the U.S. Navy in World War II and took part in the Invasion of Normandy. After the war, he joined his father's Jacksonville law firm.

Career
In 1960, Daniel became the president of Stockton, Whatley, Davin & Co., one of the largest mortgage banking and real estate firms in the Southeast.

In addition, from 1976 until 1982, Daniel was publisher of both the Florida Times-Union and Jacksonville Journal. (His paternal grandfather, in 1888, became the first president of Florida Publishing Company, original owner of the Florida Times-Union. The company bought the Jacksonville Journal in 1959.)

Consolidation
In 1966 the Florida legislature created the Local Government Study Commission to develop a plan to merge Jacksonville city and Duval County services and government, at the request of city leaders. They were dismayed by widespread corruption and waste in local government during the 1960s, when numerous city elected and appointed officials were indicted, as were some county officials.

Daniel was named to lead this effort. He was known for his integrity, strong leadership, and history of civic involvement. He and the commission developed a proposal for consolidation that was put before the voters of Jacksonville, other jurisdictions, and unincorporated areas of Duval County. It was strongly approved and implemented in 1968. A few small jurisdictions maintained their independence from the consolidation, with some later procuring services from the new government.

At the time, it became the only consolidated government in the state of Florida and one of the few at the time in the nation. In reviewing John Fischer's Vital Signs, Time noted that according to Fischer, "[t]he hero of the consolidation of Jacksonville, Fla., where the voters in five municipalities chose to form one central government, is an enthusiastic oligarch named J.J. Daniel, who got his way simply because 'he knew almost everybody of consequence in the community.'"

Influence and later years
In 1977, the St. Petersburg Times described Daniel as "a pillar of the North Florida business and political establishment...probably Jacksonville's most respected citizen" and named him as one of the ten most powerful people in the state.

J. J. Daniel served on the Florida Board of Control from 1957-1961 and the Florida Board of Regents from 1971-1982. He was chairman of both boards and was instrumental in getting the University of North Florida established in Jacksonville. The administration building at the school was named J. J. Daniel Hall and dedicated to his memory in February 1991, following his death.

He was influential in establishing the Episcopal High School of Jacksonville. He also  served on many non-profit boards, including the American Red Cross, the District Welfare Board, and the Jacksonville Chamber of Commerce.

Jaquelin James Daniel died in 1990.

Legacy and honors
He was named a Great Floridian by the Florida Department of State, an honor extended to individuals who made major contributions to the progress and welfare of the state of Florida. His Great Floridian plaque can be viewed at the Florida Times-Union Building in Jacksonville.

References

External links
J. J. Daniel Hall at UNF

1916 births
1990 deaths
Businesspeople from Jacksonville, Florida
Princeton University alumni
American newspaper publishers (people)
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Florida lawyers
20th-century American lawyers
United States Navy officers
Fredric G. Levin College of Law alumni

J. J. Daniel


JAML or Junctional Adhesion Molecule-Like, or AMICA1 is a JAM transmembrane protein family member.  It is composed of two extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains, a membrane-spanning region, and a cytoplasmic tail involved in activation signaling.   A known ligand of JAML is Coxsackie virus and Adenovirus Receptor (CXADR in humans and CAR in mice) which has been shown to localize to the tight junctions of epithelial cells.

JAML-mediated activation of CAR is required for neutrophil extravasation in addition to other leukocyte/epithelial cell interaction models.

Other members of the JAM family of transmembrane proteins include JAM1, JAM2 and JAM3.

References

Further reading

Transmembrane proteins

JAML


Zhao Qi () is a character featured within the famed classic Chinese novel Fengshen Yanyi.

Zhao Qi is renowned as a Grand Counselor during the Shang Dynasty. When the princes had finally been both caught and hung up within the executional area, Zhao Qi would boldly tear up the executional edict sent by the king himself. Thus, Zhao Qi was seemingly the equal of Shang Rong, who as well came to elaborate the idiocy of the king.

After Shang Rong's unfortunate death within the throne hall before the king, Zhao Qi would also speak his ultimate beliefs. Even after being threatened with death by King Zhou, Zhao Qi would spout the words "I have no fear of dying. My death will let future generations know how I feel about your termination of Cheng Tang's reign! May your foul name stink for millions of years!" Thus, Zhao Qi died with his fellow friend Shang Rong as a bold figure that would forever serve as a loyal sword of Cheng Tang.

Zhao Qi was appointed as the deity of Tianshe Star (天赦星) in the end.

Notes

References
Investiture of the Gods - chapter 9

Chinese gods
Investiture of the Gods characters

Zhao Qi (Investiture of the Gods)


Richard Stafford (c.1755 – 1808) was a land speculator and pioneer of Hampshire County, West Virginia.  He was one of the founding trustees of Fort Ashby, West Virginia, in 1787.

Biography
Richard Stafford was born about 1755 in Wexford County, Ireland.  The Staffords of Wexford County are said to be descendants of a John Stafford, third son of the noble Buckinghamshire  family who emigrated to Wexford County before 1335.  The family acquired Ballymachrane during the reign of King Henry VII.  A John Stafford was High Sheriff in 1640.

In 1775, Richard Stafford was arrested in London and convicted on charges of robbery.  Given the choice between hanging and 14 years of military service, he chose the military.  It is thought that he arrived with the British Fleet in New York Harbor in the summer of 1776.  Under the command of General William Howe and Admiral Lord Richard Howe, 1200 cannon, 30,000 soldiers, and 10,000 sailors landed to put down the American Revolution.  Stafford was soon taken prisoner by Continental forces, but later released in the wilderness of Northern Virginia under the condition he would fight no more against the colonies.

On March 15, 1780, Richard Stafford married Catharine Brobeker.

In April 1783, Richard Stafford purchased land from Lewis & Mary Stephens of Frederick County, Virginia, a lot of 2 acres near the town of Stephensburg, Virginia by the side of the road leading from Winchester to Stephensburg.  He paid £10, and owned the lot until about 1793, when he sold the land to John McCowens.  In December 1783, he is first referenced in land transactions along the North Branch of the Potomac River in Hampshire County, West Virginia, and he had taken up residence there by 1785.  In 1786, he purchased a lot in the new town of Frankfort.  On December 5, 1787, he was named as one of eight founding trustees for the town of Frankfort (Fort Ashby) in An Act to Establish a Town in the County of Hampshire.  The General Assembly of Virginia set aside 139 acres for that purpose.  In 1788, Stafford purchased 400 acres near the crossroads on the South Branch of the Potomac River, land that had formerly belonged to Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron.  He owned additional properties in Frankfort and on the west side of Knobly Mountain adjacent to Anderson Bottoms.

Richard Stafford died April 7, 1808, in Hampshire County, West Virginia.  His widow Catharine died there September 5, 1810.

Children
 William Josephus Stafford (1781–1823), sea captain and privateer of Baltimore, Maryland
 Francis Asbury Stafford Sr. (1782–1868), farmer and pioneer settler of Coshocton County, Ohio
 Richard Adams Stafford (1784–1823), wagon maker and pioneer settler of Coshocton & Muskingum Counties, Ohio
 John Fletcher Stafford (1786- ? )
 James Bruce Stafford (1788- ? )
 Joseph Stone Stafford (1790-1850s), farmer and lifelong resident of Hampshire County, West Virginia
 Westley Stafford (1792–1856), farmer and pioneer settler of Fayette & Kosciusko Counties, Indiana
 Mary Stafford (1797-1797)
 Washington Stafford (1799–1810)
 Sarah Stafford (1800- ? )

References

 Family Bible Records of Richard & Catharine Brobeker Stafford, Bible in the possession of Rita Kay Stafford Fawcett, Lake Alfred, Florida; transcribed by Casey L. Stafford, 2012.
 Parliamentary Gazetteer of Ireland
 www.celtcorner.com/history.html
 The Estate of Richard Stafford, Microfilmed records from the Mineral County Library, Romney, West Virginia; transcribed by Casey L. Stafford, 2007.
 Virginia Chancery Court, Frederick County, VA; Date 1823-1834; Stafford vs. Stafford; transcribed by Casey L. Stafford, 2007.
 Deed Books 19-24, Frederick County, Virginia
 An Act to Establish a Town in the County of Hampshire, www.wvculture.org/history/agrext/frankfrt.html
 Sage, Clara McCormack and Laura Sage Jones.  Early Records of Hampshire County, Virginia, Now West Virginia.  1976.

External links
 staffordgenealogy.blogspot.com

1755 births
1808 deaths
Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Irish emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
People from County Wexford
People from Hampshire County, West Virginia
People from Fort Ashby, West Virginia
People from Frederick County, Virginia
Trustees of populated places in Virginia
West Virginia pioneers
People of colonial West Virginia

Richard Stafford (pioneer)


Percival Wilkinson (1848 – c. 1891) was a rugby union international who represented England in 1872 against Scotland in his only appearance for the national side.

Early life
Percival Wilkinson was born in Hampstead, London, the son of William Martin Wilkinson, a solicitor of 44, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London and his wife, Elizabeth, who hailed from Derbyshire. Percival's uncle, his father's brother, was the Swedenborgian writer J. Garth Wilkinson. The legal profession was deeply rooted in the Wilkinson family, with Percival's grandfather James John Wilkinson (died 1845), having been a writer on mercantile law and a judge of the County Palatine of Durham.  Of Percival's two older brothers, Edward and William, the latter went into their father's firm and of Percival's two younger brothers, Charles and Hugh, the latter trained as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn. Percival himself was at school locally, and then by 1871 was an articled clerk to an attorney.

He married Constance Vallance Stratford Bell in 1878, and his son Cuthbert was
born in 1880.
In 1881 Percival Wilkinson he was still a solicitor in London, but died sometime before 1891.

Rugby union career
As a rugby player he was listed as belonging to the Law Club. This was a closed club for members of the legal profession, hence his position in an attorney's firm qualified him. He also played rugby at halfback for Harlequins, his local club that when he first played for them was known as The Hampstead Football Club, but changed its name in 1870. However, when selected for England, his team was given as Law FC because, according to one source, Harlequins were not well known enough at the time. His international debut, and only appearance, was on 5 February 1872 in front of 4,000 spectators at The Oval in the England vs Scotland match. This was the second time the teams had met and in fact the second international match, as well as being the first time England had hosted an international rugby match. England won the match, a reversal of the previous year's result in Scotland.

References

1848 births
19th-century deaths
Year of death uncertain
Date of death unknown
English rugby union players
England international rugby union players
Rugby union halfbacks
Rugby union players from the London Borough of Camden
Sportspeople from Hampstead

Percival Wilkinson


Papaya Bull is a Brazilian cartoon series, In Cobraction with Disney XD which is being shown by Nickelodeon Brazil. The series in co-production with TeamTO, Cake Entertainment, Boutique Filmes, Nickelodeon and NBCUniversal International Networks. Produced by Birdo Studio, who also worked on Cartoon Network and TV Cultura, and 52 Animation Studio.

2010s animated television series
2010s Brazilian television series

Papaya Bull


Marshall Eugene DeWolfe (September 22, 1880 – January 1, 1915) was the only child of future First Lady Florence Harding (then, Florence Kling) and her first husband, Henry Athenton "Pete" DeWolfe (March 4, 1859 – March 8, 1894). Born in Galion, Crawford County, Ohio, young DeWolfe was primarily raised by his mother; his father was a chronic alcoholic who was absent from the home for days at a time.

Those doing research on the Hardings, including John Dean and Robert Ferrell among others, have never been able to find documentary proof of a regular marriage between Kling and DeWolfe, leading some people to conclude it was a common law marriage—a form of irregular marriage contracted by habit and repute, which was not abolished in Ohio until 1891.  The marriage between Kling and DeWolfe is otherwise attested by the papers from their divorce proceeding, which are on file in Marion County, Ohio. It is also possible that they had a regular marriage and the officiant who solemnized it simply failed to return the marriage certificate to the county, or the county clerk's office subsequently lost it.

A record of the issuance of a marriage license was printed in The Marion Star on January 31, 1880; and the January 27, 1880, edition of the same paper refers to a marriage having occurred at Columbus on January 22, 1880.  The documentary proof of a regular marriage is the marriage certificate, which is completed by the solemnizing officiant and returned to the county clerk for recordation. The marriage certificate usually comprises the lower part of the same document as the marriage license, so if the certificate gets lost on its way to the county clerk the license will be lost along with it.

Following the divorce of his parents, Marshall was raised by his grandparents, Amos Hall Kling and Louisa "Louise" Mabel (Bouton) Kling, while his mother lived independently and earned an income as a piano teacher in Marion, Ohio. As part of the agreement with her father, Florence would not have a role in her own son's upbringing. Throughout his life, Marshall used either his Kling or DeWolfe surname.

Florence Kling DeWolfe married newspaper publisher Warren G. Harding in 1891. However, Marshall remained under his grandfather's control and roof.  While a room was set aside for him in the Harding home, Marshall never felt at home under his mother's roof, and never comfortable under his grandfather's strict control.

DeWolfe studied journalism at the University of Michigan from 1899 to 1903.  While attending Michigan, he played football as a quarterback on the Michigan Wolverines all-freshman football team in 1899.

DeWolfe aspired to be a newspaperman like his stepfather Warren G. Harding. By all accounts, his relationship with Harding was closer than the relationship that he had with his mother. After his graduation from Marion High School, DeWolfe was given a job at the Marion Daily Star. DeWolfe eventually purchased a struggling newspaper in Colorado, moving there with his young family. The venture was unsuccessful, as was a later farming attempt, due in part to his alcoholism.

DeWolfe died of the effects of alcoholism and tuberculosis in Colorado on January 1, 1915, at the age of 34. He is buried in an unmarked grave in the DeWolfe family plot in Marion Cemetery.

DeWolfe married Esther Naomi Neely. Their son, George Warren DeWolfe (1914–1968), and daughter, Eugenia DeWolfe (1911–1978), were the principal heirs to the estate left by their grandmother, Florence Harding, following her death on November 21, 1924.

When Warren G. Harding ran for President in 1920, his wife skillfully bluffed reporters into believing that she had been a widow, not a divorcee, when they married. When she became First Lady, her ex-husband and son were forbidden topics at the White House and in the press.

References

1880 births
1915 deaths
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Michigan Wolverines football players
People from Galion, Ohio
Harding family
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
Warren G. Harding
Tuberculosis deaths in Colorado
Alcohol-related deaths in Colorado

Marshall Eugene DeWolfe


Letzgi (also called Lezgian language), (Lezgian: лезги язҍїк, lezgi iazyk) is a Caucasian language. It is spoken in Dagestan and Azerbaijan. There are about 600,000 speakers. In the Russian part of the territory, Lezgian has the status of an official language, that can be studied at universities. There are also radio programmes using the language. In Azerbaijan, the language has no official status. From 1939 to 1991, it was forbidden to use the language in schools in Azerbaijan. Originally, the language used the Arabic script, but in 1929, this was changed to Cyrillic, like the rest of the Soviet Union.

Caucasian languages
Languages of Azerbaijan
Languages of Russia

Lezgi language


Internationalism is a political principle that advocates greater political or economic cooperation among states and nations. It is associated with other political movements and ideologies, but can also reflect a doctrine, belief system, or movement in itself.

Supporters of internationalism are known as internationalists and generally believe that humans should unite across national, political, cultural, racial, or class boundaries to advance their common interests, or that governments should cooperate because their mutual long-term interests are of greater importance than their short-term disputes.

Internationalism has several interpretations and meanings, but is usually characterized by opposition to nationalism and isolationism; support for international institutions, such as the United Nations, and a cosmopolitan outlook that promotes and respects other cultures and customs.

The term is similar to, but distinct from, globalism and cosmopolitanism.

Origins

In 19th-century Great Britain, there was a liberal internationalist strand of political thought epitomized by Richard Cobden and John Bright. Cobden and Bright were against the protectionist Corn Laws and in a speech at Covent Garden on September 28, 1843, Cobden outlined his utopian brand of internationalism:
Free Trade! What is it? Why, breaking down the barriers that separate nations; those barriers behind which nestle the feelings of pride, revenge, hatred and jealously, which every now and then burst their bounds and deluge whole countries with blood.

Cobden believed that Free Trade would pacify the world by interdependence, an idea also expressed by Adam Smith in his The Wealth of Nations and common to many liberals of the time. A belief in the idea of the moral law and an inherent goodness in human nature also inspired their faith in internationalism.

Those liberal conceptions of internationalism were harshly criticized by socialists and radicals at the time, who pointed out the links between global economic competition and imperialism, and would identify this competition as being a root cause of world conflict. One of the first international organisations in the world was the International Workingmen's Association, formed in London in 1864 by working class socialist and communist political activists (including Karl Marx). Referred to as the First International, the organization was dedicated to the advancement of working class political interests across national boundaries, and was in direct ideological opposition to strains of liberal internationalism which advocated free trade and capitalism as means of achieving world peace and interdependence.

Other international organizations included the Inter-Parliamentary Union, established in 1889 by Frédéric Passy from France and William Randal Cremer from the United Kingdom, and the League of Nations, which was formed after World War I. The former was envisioned as a permanent forum for political multilateral negotiations, while the latter was an attempt to solve the world's security problems through international arbitration and dialogue.

J. A. Hobson, a Gladstonian liberal who became a socialist after the Great War, anticipated in his book Imperialism (1902) the growth of international courts and congresses which would hopefully settle international disputes between nations in a peaceful way. Sir Norman Angell in his work The Great Illusion (1910) claimed that the world was united by trade, finance, industry and communications and that therefore nationalism was an anachronism and that war would not profit anyone involved but would only result in destruction.

Lord Lothian was an internationalist and an imperialist who in December 1914 looked forward to "the voluntary federation of the free civilised nations which will eventually exorcise the spectre of competitive armaments and give lasting peace to mankind."

In September 1915, he thought the British Empire was "the perfect example of the eventual world Commonwealth."

Internationalism expressed itself in Britain through the endorsement of the League of Nations by such people as Gilbert Murray. The Liberal Party and the Labour Party had prominent internationalist members, like the Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald who believed that 'our true nationality is mankind'

Socialism

Internationalism is an important component of socialist political theory, based on the principle that working-class people of all countries must unite across national boundaries and actively oppose nationalism and war in order to overthrow capitalism (see entry on proletarian internationalism). In this sense, the socialist understanding of internationalism is closely related to the concept of international solidarity.

Socialist thinkers such as Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Vladimir Lenin argue that economic class, rather than (or interrelated with) nationality, race, or culture, is the main force which divides people in society, and that nationalist ideology is a propaganda tool of a society's dominant economic class. From this perspective, it is in the ruling class' interest to promote nationalism in order to hide the inherent class conflicts at play within a given society (such as the exploitation of workers by capitalists for profit). Therefore, socialists see nationalism as a form of ideological control arising from a society's given mode of economic production (see dominant ideology).

Since the 19th century, socialist political organizations and radical trade unions such as the Industrial Workers of the World have promoted internationalist ideologies and sought to organize workers across national boundaries to achieve improvements in the conditions of labor and advance various forms of industrial democracy. The First, Second, Third, and Fourth Internationals were socialist political groupings which sought to advance worker's revolution across the globe and achieve international socialism (see world revolution).

Socialist internationalism is anti-imperialist, and therefore supports the liberation of peoples from all forms of colonialism and foreign domination, and the right of nations to self-determination. Therefore, socialists have often aligned themselves politically with anti-colonial independence movements, and actively opposed the exploitation of one country by another.

Since war is understood in socialist theory to be a general product of the laws of economic competition inherent to capitalism (i.e., competition between capitalists and their respective national governments for natural resources and economic dominance), liberal ideologies which promote international capitalism and "free trade", even if they sometimes speak in positive terms of international cooperation, are, from the socialist standpoint, rooted in the very economic forces which drive world conflict. In socialist theory, world peace can only come once economic competition has been ended and class divisions within society have ceased to exist. This idea was expressed in 1848 by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto:
In proportion as the exploitation of one individual by another will also be put an end to, the exploitation of one nation by another will also be put an end to. In proportion as the antagonism between classes within the nation vanishes, the hostility of one nation to another will come to an end.

The idea was reiterated later by Lenin and advanced as the official policy of the Bolshevik party during World War I:
Socialists have always condemned war between nations as barbarous and brutal. But our attitude towards war is fundamentally different from that of the bourgeois pacifists (supporters and advocates of peace) and of the Anarchists. We differ from the former in that we understand the inevitable connection between wars and the class struggle within the country; we understand that war cannot be abolished unless classes are abolished and Socialism is created.

International Workingmen's Association

The International Workingmen's Association, or First International, was an organization founded in 1864, composed of various working class radicals and trade unionists who promoted an ideology of internationalist socialism and anti-imperialism. Figures such as Karl Marx and anarchist revolutionary Mikhail Bakunin would play prominent roles in the First International. The Inaugural Address of the First International, written by Marx in October 1864 and distributed as a pamphlet, contained calls for international cooperation between working people, and condemnations of the imperialist policies of national aggression undertaken by the governments of Europe:

If the emancipation of the working classes requires their fraternal concurrence, how are they to fulfill that great mission with a foreign policy in pursuit of criminal designs, playing upon national prejudices, and squandering in piratical wars the people's blood and treasure?

By the mid-1870s, splits within the International over tactical and ideological questions would lead to the organization's demise and pave the way for the formation of the Second International in 1889. One faction, with Marx as the figurehead, argued that workers and radicals must work within parliaments in order to win political supremacy and create a worker's government. The other major faction were the anarchists, led by Bakunin, who saw all state institutions as inherently oppressive, and thus opposed any parliamentary activity and believed that workers action should be aimed at the total destruction of the state.

Socialist International
The Socialist International, known as the Second International, was founded in 1889 after the disintegration of the International Workingmen's Association. Unlike the First International, it was a federation of socialist political parties from various countries, including both reformist and revolutionary groupings. The parties of the Second International were the first socialist parties to win mass support among the working class and have representatives elected to parliaments. These parties, such as the German Social-Democratic Labor Party, were the first socialist parties in history to emerge as serious political players on the parliamentary stage, often gaining millions of members.

Ostensibly committed to peace and anti-imperialism, the International Socialist Congress held its final meeting in Basel, Switzerland in 1912, in anticipation of the outbreak of World War I. The manifesto adopted at the Congress outlined the Second International's opposition to the war and its commitment to a speedy and peaceful resolution:
If a war threatens to break out, it is the duty of the working classes and their parliamentary representatives in the countries involved supported by the coordinating activity of the International Socialist Bureau to exert every effort in order to prevent the outbreak of war by the means they consider most effective, which naturally vary according to the sharpening of the class struggle and the sharpening of the general political situation. In case war should break out anyway it is their duty to intervene in favor of its speedy termination and with all their powers to utilize the economic and political crisis created by the war to arouse the people and thereby to hasten the downfall of capitalist class rule.

Despite this, when the war began in 1914, the majority of the Socialist parties of the International turned on each other and sided with their respective governments in the war effort, betraying their internationalist values and leading to the dissolution of the Second International. This betrayal led the few anti-war delegates left within the Second International to organize the International Socialist Conference at Zimmerwald, Switzerland in 1915. Known as the Zimmerwald Conference, its purpose was to formulate a platform of opposition to the war. The conference was unable to reach agreement on all points, but ultimately was able to publish the Zimmerwald Manifesto, which was drafted by Leon Trotsky. The most left-wing and stringently internationalist delegates at the conference were organized around Lenin and the Russian Social Democrats, and known as the Zimmerwald Left. They bitterly condemned the war and what they described as the hypocritical "social-chauvinists" of the Second International, who so quickly abandoned their internationalist principles and refused to oppose the war. The Zimmerwald Left resolutions urged all socialists who were committed to the internationalist principles of socialism to struggle against the war and commit to international workers' revolution.

The perceived betrayal of the social-democrats and the organization of the Zimmerwald Left would ultimately set the stage for the emergence of the world's first modern communist parties and the formation of the Third International in 1919.

Communist International

The Communist International, also known as the Comintern or the Third International, was formed in 1919 in the wake of the Russian Revolution, the end of the first World War, and the dissolution of the Second International. It was an association of communist political parties from throughout the world dedicated to proletarian internationalism and the revolutionary overthrow of the world bourgeoisie. The Manifesto of the Communist International, written by Leon Trotsky, describes the political orientation of the Comintern as "against imperialist barbarism, against monarchy, against the privileged estates, against the bourgeois state and bourgeois property, against all kinds and forms of class or national oppression".

Fourth International
The fourth and last socialist international was founded by Leon Trotsky and his followers in 1938 in opposition to the Third International and the direction taken by the USSR under the leadership of Joseph Stalin. The Fourth International declared itself to be the true ideological successor of the original Comintern under Lenin, carrying on the banner of proletarian internationalism which had been abandoned by Stalin's Comintern. A variety of still active left-wing political organizations claim to be the contemporary successors of Trotsky's original Fourth International.

Internationalism in practice
The 4th World Congress of the Communist International established the legal framework for internationalist collaboration and the foundation of agricultural and industrial communes within the USSR. Up until World War II, between seventy and eighty thousand internationalist-minded workers moved to the Soviet Union from abroad. The call for internationalist solidarity attracted settlers from countries such as Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Uruguay and the United States. One of first communes was formed by 123 workers of the Ford Motor Company's Highland Park factory. Led by the Detroit-based engineer Arthur Adams (1885–1969) the cooperative arrived in 1921 to set up the first automobile plant of the USSR (Likhachev Plant) in the vicinity of Moscow. While most communes were short-lived and disbanded by 1927, others such as Interhelpo, an internationalist commune founded 1923 by Ido-speakers in Czechoslovakia, played an important role in the industrialization and urbanization of Soviet Central Asia. By 1932, the Frunze-based cooperative comprised members from 14 different ethnicities who had developed an organic pathwork working language referred to as "spontánne esperanto". Being a product of the New Economic Policy, after Stalin's Great Break most internationalist communes operating in the USSR were either shut down or collectivized.

Modern expression
Internationalism is most commonly expressed as an appreciation for the diverse cultures in the world, and a desire for world peace. People who express this view believe in not only being a citizen of their respective countries, but of being a citizen of the world. Internationalists feel obliged to assist the world through leadership and charity.

Internationalists also advocate the presence of international organizations, such as the United Nations, and often support a stronger form of a world government.

Contributors to the current version of internationalism include Albert Einstein, who was a socialist and believed in a world government, and classified the follies of nationalism as "an infantile sickness". Conversely, other internationalists such as Christian Lange and Rebecca West saw little conflict between holding nationalist and internationalist positions.

International organizations and internationalism
For both intergovernmental organizations and international non-governmental organizations to emerge, nations and peoples had to be strongly aware that they shared certain interests and objectives across national boundaries and they could best solve their many problems by pooling their resources and effecting transnational cooperation, rather than through individual countries' unilateral efforts. Such a view, such global consciousness, may be termed internationalism, the idea that nations and peoples should cooperate instead of preoccupying themselves with their respective national interests or pursuing uncoordinated approaches to promote them.

Sovereign states vs. supranational powers balance
In the strict meaning of the word, internationalism is still based on the existence of sovereign state. Its aims are to encourage multilateralism (world leadership not held by any single country) and create some formal and informal interdependence between countries, with some limited supranational powers given to international organisations controlled by those nations via intergovernmental treaties and institutions.

The ideal of many internationalists, among them world citizens, is to go a step further towards democratic globalization by creating a world government. However, this idea is opposed and/or thwarted by other internationalists, who believe any world government body would be inherently too powerful to be trusted, or because they dislike the path taken by supranational entities such as the United Nations or a union of states such as the European Union and fear that a world government inclined towards fascism would emerge from the former. These internationalists are more likely to support a loose world federation in which most power resides with national governments or sub-national governments.

Literature and criticism

In his work Banal Nationalism, critic Michael Billig argued internationalism was borne out of the rise of nationalism, and rejects attempts to counterpose the two. He writes: "An outward-looking element of internationalism is part of nationalism and has accompanied the rise of nationalism historically. When US presidents, today, claim to speak simultaneously on behalf of their nation and a new world order, they are not placing, side by side in the same utterance, elements from two, clearly separate ideologies; nor are they creating a novel synthesis from the thesis of nationalism and the antithesis of internationalism. They are using the hegemonic possibilities of nationalism [...] these possibilities are endemic in nationalist habits of thinking."

In Jacques Derrida's 1993 work, Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning and the New International, he uses Shakespeare's Hamlet to frame a discussion of the history of the International, ultimately proposing his own vision for a "New International" that is less reliant on large-scale international organizations. As he puts it, the New International should be "without status ... without coordination, without party, without country, without national community, without co-citizenship, without common belonging to a class."

Through Derrida's use of Hamlet, he shows the influence that Shakespeare had on Marx and Engel's work on internationalism. In his essay, "Big Leagues: Specters of Milton and Republican International Justice between Shakespeare and Marx", Christopher N. Warren makes the case that English poet John Milton also had a substantial influence on Marx and Engel's work. Paradise Lost, in particular, shows "the possibility of political actions oriented toward international justice founded outside the aristocratic order." Marx and Engels, Warren claims, understood the empowering potential of Miltonic republican traditions for forging international coalitions—a lesson, perhaps, for "The New International."

Other uses
 In a less restricted sense, internationalism is a word describing the impetus and motivation for the creation of any international organizations. The earliest such example of broad internationalism would be the drive to replace feudal systems of measurement with the metric system, long before the creation of international organizations like the World Court, the League of Nations and the United Nations.
 In linguistics, an internationalism is a loanword that, originating in one language, has been borrowed by most other languages. Examples of such borrowings include OK, microscope and tokamak.

See also

 Anti-globalization movement
 Anti-imperialism
 Bahá'í International Community
 Communist International
 Cosmopolitanism
 Cross-culturalism
 Democratic globalization
 Fourth International
 Global Citizens Movement
 Global justice
 Global village
 Globalisation
 International community
 International Workingmen's Association
 "Yank" Levy
 Multilateralism
 Neoconservatism
 New Internationalist
 Pan-Islamism
 Second International
 Transnationalism
 World communism
 World community
 World Federalism

References

Further reading

 Warren, Christopher (2016). "Big Leagues: Specters of Milton and Republican International Justice between Shakespeare and Marx." Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, Vol. 7.

External links
 Pop Internationalism by Paul Krugman
 Internationalism on Facebook

Anarchism
Anti-nationalism
Communism
Human migration

Islamism
Nationalism
Politics and race
Socialism
World government
Political movements

Internationalism (politics)