Bleacher Report (often abbreviated as B/R) is a website that focuses on sport and sports culture. Its headquarters are in San Francisco, with offices in New York City and London.

Bleacher Report was acquired by Turner Broadcasting System in August 2012 for $175 million. In March 2018, Bleacher Report and Turner Sports launched B/R Live, a subscription video streaming service featuring live broadcasts of several major sports events.

History

Founding: 2005–2011
Bleacher Report was formed in 2005 by David Finocchio, Alexander Freund, Bryan Goldberg, and Dave Nemetz—four friends and sports fans who were high school classmates at Menlo School in Atherton, California. Inspired by Ken Griffey Jr, they wanted to start writing about sports. With the help of two old friends, J. B. Long and Ryan Alberti, the company's nucleus took up residence in a Menlo Park office space, in the spring of 2007, for $650 a month.

Bleacher Report announced the completion of a round of Series A funding on the occasion of its public launch in February 2008. The undisclosed sum came from Hillsven Capital, Transcoast Capital, and Vimeo founder Jakob Lodwick. Eight months later, in October 2008, Bleacher Report secured $3.5 million in Series B funding from Hillsven, Gordon Crawford, and SoftTech VC.

Under the Turner corporate umbrella, Finocchio remains at Bleacher Report as the CEO. Goldberg and Nemetz transitioned out of their respective VP roles during the integration process. Freund left the company in 2009.

A Series C round in December 2010, led by Crosslink Capital, netted an additional $10.5 million.

Bleacher Report named Brian Grey as its chief executive officer in 2010. Grey came to Bleacher Report from leadership roles at Fox Sports Interactive and Yahoo! Sports. In the first year of Grey's tenure, Bleacher Report filled two more executive-level positions, adding Rich Calacci as chief revenue officer and Drew Atherton as chief financial officer. Calacci joined the company in May 2011; Atherton followed a month later in June.

In August 2011, the company announced a $22 million growth round led by Oak Investment Partners, with participation from Crosslink and Hillsven. At the time, Oak general partner Fred Harman, a board member at both The Huffington Post and Demand Media, characterized the investment as a bet on Bleacher Report's ability to keep pace with real-time fan interest across all forms of social media.

For many years after its founding, Bleacher Report was one of the few mainstream sports websites in the United States that regularly covered professional wrestling, as the genre is generally seen as a form of entertainment within the U.S. due to the open secret that professional wrestling is staged. This continued under Turner ownership, as Turner had once owned World Championship Wrestling. Following WWE and ESPN beginning to collaborate on projects on a regular basis in 2014, other mainstream sports outlets now cover professional wrestling, with Bleacher Report having strengthened theirs by forming a partnership with All Elite Wrestling to be the exclusive home to their pay-per-view events in the U.S., as well as parent company Turner having broadcasting rights to AEW Dynamite and AEW Rampage.

Turner Sports acquisition: 2012–present
Bleacher Report's sale to Time Warner (via Turner Sports) was announced on August 6, 2012. Under the terms of the deal, Grey, Finocchio, Calacci, and CTO Sam Parnell all assumed official Turner Sports titles while retaining their management responsibilities at Bleacher Report. In a press release announcing the purchase, Turner president of sales, distribution, and sports David Levy cited the site's rapid growth and loyal user base as key factors in his company's decision to make a deal—and also alluded to the potential value of Bleacher Report's multimedia platform as an outlet for Turner's various video resources:

Nemetz continued with the company for eight months after the acquisition, going on to advise and invest in other media platforms including Elite Daily and Bustle. As part of the integration process, Atherton's CFO responsibilities were assumed by Turner corporate in February 2013, and Grey stepped down from the CEO position in October 2013. Since Grey's departure, Finocchio has headed Bleacher Report, up until September 2014.

In May 2014, Bleacher Report launched Game of Zones, a parody of HBO's Game of Thrones featuring animated NBA figures.

In September 2014, Bleacher Report named Dorth Raphaely General Manager, taking over for Finocchio, following his departure as CEO.

In 2015, Bleacher Report acquired the popular sports-themed Instagram page House of Highlights.

In January 2016, Finocchio returned to Bleacher Report as CEO.

In October 2016, Bleacher Report launched Gridiron Heights, a cartoon web series featuring satirical portrayals of NFL stars and executives.

In February 2017, the company announced that it was laying off over 50 employees, as the site stepped away from its open content model.

In July 2017, Bleacher Report announced that it named Howard Mittman as chief revenue officer and chief marketing officer.

In September 2018, Bleacher Report launched the first episode of The Champions, an animated show involving the current Champions Leagues members of that season. There are currently seven seasons of the show.

In February 2019, Turner announced a deal with casino operator Caesars Entertainment Corporation to open a Bleacher Report studio at the Caesars Palace sportsbook, from which the site would produce sports betting-oriented content. Later that month, it named Mittman as CEO, following Finocchio's resignation.

In June 2020, Mittman resigned as CEO of Bleacher Report, following false staff concerns regarding a lack of diversity at the company. Lenny Daniels, president of Turner Sports, would take over as CEO.

B/R Live
In March 2018, Bleacher Report announced a new internet television service known as B/R Live. The service features original studio programming, as well as live event coverage from Turner properties and other sources, including NBA League Pass, all UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League matches, the PGA Championship, NCAA championships, the National Lacrosse League, and The Spring League. B/R Live offers both subscription and per-event pricing, and will also support the NBA's planned microtransaction service to allow users to purchase five-minute look-ins of a live game. B/R Live also streams all All Elite Wrestling (AEW) pay-per-view events.

On November 23, 2018, the service streamed The Match: Tiger vs. Phil, a match play golf event between Tiger Woods and Phil Mickelson. Meant as a pay-per-view event, the PPV system struggled to keep up with demand, prompting B/R Live to stream the event for free instead, and all buyers being offered refunds.

B/R Live was shut down and merged into the Bleacher Report app in June 2021. In September 2023, Warner Bros. Discovery revisited the concept of a Bleacher Report-branded streaming platform, announcing that it would brand the live sports hub and subscription add-on for Max launching in October 2023.

Reception

Criticism
Early criticism of Bleacher Report stemmed from the network's initial commitment to an open publishing model. Such critiques cited the fact that all registered users on the website were permitted to publish articles on the site, arguing that Bleacher Report's policy resulted in a glut of low-quality content, which made it difficult for the network's readers to find credible coverage of their favorite teams and sports. It was also argued that the model tarnished the reputation of every writer associated with the Bleacher Report brand, which made it difficult for the network's more talented contributors to build loyal audiences, and that it empowered unqualified writers without editorial oversight, which compromised the prestige and credibility of the sportswriting profession. SB Nation Senior MMA editor Luke Thomas described it as the "Walmart of Journalism" and its MMA coverage "toothless amateur coverage".

Since abandoning the content farm model in 2010, Bleacher Report has been the subject of continued criticism for its exploitation of unpaid contributors, its blanket policy prohibiting writers from breaking their own news, and its high-volume production of low-quality, search-optimized slideshow content. These critiques found their strongest voice to date in an October 2012 SF Weekly article, in which tech columnist and entrepreneur Vivek Wadhwa was quoted accusing Bleacher Report of "dumbing down of the web" with "custom-manufactured garbage." In December 2012, a lampoon article in The Onion played on the same themes. In July 2014, Deadspin published a lengthy narrative written by Tom Schreier, a former Bleacher Report featured columnist. Detailing his journey from hopeful intern to "just one more drone pumping content to get clicked on," in three years, Schreier "wrote over 500 articles, generated nearly three million page views, and received $200 for [his] services."

Response
Bleacher Report attempted to address the concerns of its early critics by making substantive reforms to its editorial and personnel policies in 2010 and 2011. These reforms were aimed chiefly at the mechanics of Bleacher Report's Writer Program, with emphasis on enhancing quality and credibility by doing the following:

Initiating a formal application process for all prospective writers, wherein only the top 20 percent of candidates earn the right to publish on the site.
Introducing educational resources for new and veteran writers, including the "B/R U" new-media training program.
Establishing a paid team of Lead Writers to headline the network's sport-specific writer communities.

Although some detractors likened such changes "to spritzing a little room deodorizer after leaving a steaming deposit in the toilet and failing to flush," apart from a published rebuttal disputing the objectivity and accuracy of the October 2012 SF Weekly article, Bleacher Report has mounted a substantive response to ongoing criticism of its contributor compensation structure, news-breaking policy and search-optimization strategies.

In 2013, Bleacher Report hired Mike Freeman as a columnist from CBSSports.com. The company then brought on National Basketball Association reporter Howard Beck from The New York Times. He was convinced by Bleacher Report that they were on the verge of transforming its website. In addition to Beck becoming their lead NBA writer, Bleacher Report also added Ethan Skolnick from The Palm Beach Post to report on the Miami Heat, Kevin Ding of Orange County Register to cover the Los Angeles Lakers, and Jared Zwerling from ESPN to pen NBA features.

Accolades
Forbes.com called Bleacher Report "one of the leaders" among sports startups "figuring out the digital space" in August 2011, noting the company's success in "providing publishing tools to all sorts of knowledgeable sports fans to report and express what they know." Bleacher Report was also named one of Time magazine's "50 Best Websites of 2011," and was picked by Adweek readers as 2011's "Best Sports Media Brand."

In 2017, Bleacher Report was named "Hottest in Sports" in Adweek's Annual Hot List. Game of Zones has received Sports Emmy Award nominations in 2015 and 2018 and was nominated for Outstanding Digital Innovation at the 2017 Emmy Awards.

Bleacher Report has received a number of Clio Sports Awards:

2015

Gold for "MJ All Day"

2018

Grand for Game of Zones

Silver for "NBA Playoff Battle Royale"

Silver for "Up Your Game"

Silver for Gridiron Heights

Programming

References

American sport websites
Internet properties established in 2008
Companies based in San Francisco
Turner Sports
2012 mergers and acquisitions

Bleacher Report


In the mythology of the Tuamotu archipelago, Kiho-tumu (or Kiho) represents the supreme god (Sykes and Kendall 2003:108).

The Milky Way is said to be his 'sacred ocean' and the dark rift within the Milky Way is referred to as his sacred ship, called 'the Long Shark' (Beckwith  1970:236).

On the other hand, research by anthropologist Kenneth Emory led him to doubt the reliability of Stimson's sources:

These details concerning the principal informants for the esoteric cult of Kio or Kiho, coming to my attention, have made it more and more difficult for me to accept their accounts and esoteric versions of chants, unsupported by trustworthy confirmation. Both Bishop Paul Mazé and I have earnestly searched for corroboration and have not only failed to find any, but have come across so much reliable contrary evidence (now on file at the Bishop Museum) that we are left completely without faith in the cult.

See also
 Io Matua Kore

Notes

References
M. Beckwith, Hawaiian Mythology (University of Hawaii Press: Honolulu) 1970.
J.F. Stimson, The Cult of Kiho-tumu (Bernice P. Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu), 1933.
E. Sykes, A. Kendall, Who's Who in Non-Classical Mythology (Routledge: London), 2003

Tuamotu deities
Polynesian gods

Kiho-tumu


Джеймс Хенке, главный куратор Зала славы рок-н-ролла, с помощью музыкальных писателей и критиков отобрал 500 песен (не только рок-песни), которые, по их мнению, были наиболее влиятельными в формировании рок-н-ролла. Список составлен в алфавитном порядке по исполнителям.

А

AC/DC, "Back in Black"

AC/DC, "Highway to Hell"

Roy Acuff and the Smoky Mountain Boys, "Wabash Cannonball"

Aerosmith, "Dream On"

Aerosmith, "Toys in the Attic"

Afrika Bambaataa, "Planet Rock"

The Allman Brothers Band, "Ramblin' Man"

The Allman Brothers Band, "Whipping Post"

The Animals, "The House of the Rising Sun"

The Animals, "We Gotta Get Out of This Place"

Louis Armstrong, "West End Blues"

Arrested Development, "Tennessee"

B

The B-52's, "Rock Lobster"

Тhe B-52's

Archive Photos

LaVern Baker, "Jim Dandy"

Hank Ballard and the Midnighters, "Work With Me Annie"

The Band, "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down"

The Band, "The Weight"

Beach Boys, "California Girls"

Beach Boys, "Don't Worry Baby"

Beach Boys, "God Only Knows"

Beach Boys, "Good Vibrations"

Beach Boys, "Surfin' U.S.A."

The Beastie Boys, "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (to Party)"

The Beatles, "A Day in the Life"

The Beatles, "Help!"

The Beatles, "Hey Jude"

The Beatles, "I Want to Hold Your Hand"

The Beatles, "Norwegian Wood"

The Beatles, "Strawberry Fields Forever"

The Beatles, "Yesterday"

The Beau Brummels, "Laugh Laugh"

Beck, "Loser"

Jeff Beck Group, "Plynth (Water Down the Drain)"

The Bee Gees, "Stayin' Alive"

Archie Bell and the Drells, "Tighten Up"

Chuck Berry, "Johnny B. Goode"

Chuck Berry, "Maybelline"

Chuck Berry, "Rock and Roll Music"

The Big Bopper, "Chantilly Lace"

Big Brother and the Holding Company, "Piece of My Heart"

Big Star, "September Gurls"

Black Sabbath, "Iron Man"

Black Sabbath, "Paranoid"

Bobby Blue Bland, "Turn On Your Love Light"

Blondie, "Heart of Glass"

Kurtis Blow, "The Breaks"

Gary U.S. Bonds, "Quarter to Three"

Booker T. & the M.G.'s, "Green Onions"

Boston, "More Than a Feeling"

David Bowie, "Fame"

David Bowie, "Space Oddity"

David Bowie, "Ziggy Stardust"

The Box Tops, "The Letter"

Charles Brown, "Driftin' Blues"

James Brown, "I Got You (I Feel Good)"

James Brown, "Please, Please, Please"

James Brown, "Say It Loud — I'm Black and I'm Proud"

Ruth Brown, "Mama, He Treats Your Daughter Mean"

Jackson Browne, "Late for the Sky"

Buffalo Springfield, "For What It's Worth"

Solomon Burke, "Everybody Needs Somebody to Love"

Johnny Burnette Trio, "Train Kept a-Rollin'"

The Byrds, "Eight Miles High"

The Byrds, "Hickory Wind"

The Byrds, "Mr. Tambourine Man"

C

Johnny Cash, "Folsom Prison Blues"

Johnny Cash, "I Walk the Line"

The Champs, "Tequila"

Gene Chandler, "Duke of Earl"

The Chantays, "Pipeline"

Ray Charles, "Hallelujah I Love Her So"

Ray Charles, "I Got a Woman"

Ray Charles, "What'd I Say"

Chubby Checker, "The Twist"

Chic, "Le Freak"

Charlie Christian with The Benny Goodman Orchestra, "Solo Flight"

Eric Clapton, "After Midnight"

Dave Clark Five, "Glad All Over"

The Clash, "London Calling"

Jimmy Cliff, "Many Rivers to Cross"

Jimmy Cliff, "The Harder They Come"

Patsy Cline, "I Fall to Pieces"

The Clovers, "Love Potion No. 9"

"Yakety Yak"

The Coasters, "Young Blood"

Eddie Cochran, "C'mon Everybody"

Eddie Cochran, "Summertime Blues"

Joe Cocker, "With a Little Help From My Friends"

The Contours, "Do You Love Me"

Sam Cooke, "A Change Is Gonna Come"

Sam Cooke, "Bring It on Home to Me"

Sam Cooke, "You Send Me"

Alice Cooper, "I'm Eighteen"

Elvis Costello, "Pump It Up"

The Count Five, "Psychotic Reaction"

Country Joe and the Fish, "The Fish Cheer and I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die Rag"

Don Covay, "Mercy Mercy"

Cream, "Crossroads"

Cream, "Sunshine of Your Love"

Creedence Clearwater Revival, "Fortunate Son"

Creedence Clearwater Revival, "Green River"

Creedence Clearwater Revival, "Proud Mary"

Crosby, Stills and Nash, "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes"

Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young, "Ohio"

The Crows, "Gee"

The Crystals, "Da Doo Ron Ron (When He Walked Me Home)"

The Crystals, "He's a Rebel"

Culture Club, "Time (Clock of the Heart)"

D

Dick Dale and the Del-Tones, "Let's Go Trippin'"

The Damned, "New Rose"

Danny & the Juniors, "At the Hop"

Bobby Darin, "Splish Splash"

Spencer Davis Group, "Gimme Some Lovin'"

De La Soul, "Me Myself and I"

Deep Purple, "Smoke on the Water"

The Dell-Vikings, "Come Go With Me"

The Dells, "Oh, What a Night"

The Delmore Brothers, "Hillbilly Boogie"

Derek and the Dominos, "Layla"

Devo, "Whip It"

Bo Diddley, "Bo Diddley"

Dion and the Belmonts, "A Teenager in Love"

Dire Straits, "Sultans of Swing"

The Dixie Cups, "Chapel of Love"

The Dixie Hummingbirds, "I'll Live Again"

Bill Doggett, "Honky Tonk"

Fats Domino, "Ain't That a Shame"

Fats Domino, "Blueberry Hill"

The Dominoes, "Sixty Minute Man"

Lonnie Donegan, "Rock Island Line"

Donovan, "Sunshine Superman"

The Doors, "Light My Fire"

The Doors, "The End"

Dr. Dre, "Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang"

Dr. John, "Right Place Wrong Time"

The Drifters, "Money Honey"

The Drifters, "There Goes My Baby"

The Drifters, "Up on the Roof"

Duran Duran, "Hungry Like the Wolf"

Bob Dylan, "Blowin' in the Wind"

Bob Dylan, "Like a Rolling Stone"

Bob Dylan, "Subterranean Homesick Blues"

Bob Dylan, "Tangled Up in Blue"

Bob Dylan, "The Times They Are a-Changin'"

E

The Eagles, "Hotel California"

The Eagles, "Take It Easy"

Duane Eddy, "Rebel Rouser"

Eurythmics, "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)"

The Everly Brothers, "All I Have to Do Is Dream"

The Everly Brothers, "Bye Bye Love"

F

The 5 Satins, "In the Still of the Night"

The Flamingos, "I Only Have Eyes for You"

Fleetwood Mac, "Go Your Own Way"

The Flying Burrito Brothers, "Sin City"

The 4 Seasons, "Big Girls Don't Cry"

The 4 Seasons, "Walk Like a Man"

The Four Tops, "Baby I Need Your Loving"

The Four Tops, "Reach Out I'll Be There"

Aretha Franklin, "Chain of Fools"

Aretha Franklin, "I Never Loved a Man (the Way I Love You)"

Aretha Franklin, "Respect"

Free, "All Right Now"

The Bobby Fuller Four, "I Fought the Law"

Lowell Fulson, "Reconsider Baby"

Funkadelic, "One Nation Under a Groove"

G

Peter Gabriel, "Biko"

Peter Gabriel

Archive Photos

Cecil Gant, "We're Gonna Rock"

Marvin Gaye, "I Heard It Through the Grapevine"

Marvin Gaye, "Sexual Healing"

Marvin Gaye, "What's Going On"

Gerry and the Pacemakers, "How Do You Do It?"

Gary Glitter, "Rock 'n' Roll Part 2"

Go-Go's, "We Got the Beat"

Golden Gate Quartet, "Rock My Soul"

Grand Funk Railroad, "We're an American Band"

Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, "The Message"

The Grateful Dead, "Dark Star"

The Grateful Dead, "Uncle John's Band"

Al Green, "Let's Stay Together"

Guitar Slim, "The Things That I Used to Do"

Guns N' Roses, "Welcome to the Jungle"

Woody Guthrie, "Pastures of Plenty"

Woody Guthrie, "Pretty Boy Floyd"

Woody Guthrie, "This Land Is Your Land"

H

Bill Haley and His Comets, "(We're Gonna) Rock Around the Clock"

Slim Harpo, "Rainin' in My Heart"

Wynonie Harris, "Good Rockin' Tonight"

Wilbert Harrison, "Kansas City"

Dale Hawkins, "Suzy-Q"

Screamin' Jay Hawkins, "I Put a Spell on You"

Richard Hell & the Voidoids, "(I Belong to the) Blank Generation"

Jimi Hendrix, "All Along the Watchtower"

Jimi Hendrix, "Purple Haze"

Jimi Hendrix, "Voodoo Child (Slight Return)"

The Hollies, "Bus Stop"

Buddy Holly, "Peggy Sue"

Buddy Holly and The Crickets, "That'll Be the Day"

John Lee Hooker, "Boogie Chillun"

John Lee Hooker, "Boom Boom"

Howlin' Wolf, "Smokestack Lightnin'"

Howlin' Wolf, "Spoonful"

Howlin' Wolf, "The Red Rooster"

Human League, "Don't You Want Me?"

Mississippi John Hurt, "Stack o' Lee Blues"

Hüsker Dü, "Turn on the News"

I

The Impressions, "People Get Ready"

The Ink Spots, "If I Didn't Care"

Iron Butterfly, "In-a-Gadda-da-Vida"

The Isley Brothers, "It's Your Thing"

The Isley Brothers, "Shout — Parts 1 & 2"

J

Jackson 5, "ABC"

Jackson 5

Archive Photos

Jackson 5, "I Want You Back"

Mahalia Jackson, "Move on Up a Little Higher"

Michael Jackson, "Beat It"

Michael Jackson, "Billie Jean"

Elmore James, "Dust My Broom"

Elmore James, "Shake Your Moneymaker"

Etta James, "Tell Mama"

Rick James, "Super Freak"

Tommy James and the Shondells, "Hanky Panky"

Jan & Dean, "Surf City"

Jane's Addiction, "Been Caught Stealin'"

Jefferson Airplane, "Somebody to Love"

Jefferson Airplane, "White Rabbit"

Blind Lemon Jefferson, "Matchbox Blues"

Jethro Tull, "Aqualung"

Joan Jett and the Blackhearts, "I Love Rock 'n' Roll"

Billy Joel, "Just the Way You Are"

Elton John, "Bennie and the Jets"

Elton John, "Your Song"

Little Willie John, "Fever"

Blind Willie Johnson, "Motherless Children"

Robert Johnson, "Crossroads Blues"

Robert Johnson, "Hell Hound on My Trail"

Robert Johnson, "Love in Vain"

Robert Johnson, "Sweet Home Chicago"

Louis Jordan and His Tympany Five, "Caldonia"

Louis Jordan and His Tympany Five, "Saturday Night Fish Fry"

Joy Division, "Love Will Tear Us Apart"

K

Albert King, "Born Under a Bad Sign"

B.B. King, "Sweet Little Angel"

B.B. King, "The Thrill Is Gone"

Ben E. King, "Spanish Harlem"

Ben E. King, "Stand by Me"

Carole King, "You've Got a Friend"

Freddy King, "Hide Away"

The Kingsmen, "Louie Louie"

The Kinks, "A Well Respected Man"

The Kinks, "Lola"

The Kinks, "You Really Got Me"

Kiss, "Rock and Roll All Nite"

Buddy Knox, "Party Doll"

Kraftwerk, "Autobahn"

L

LL Cool J, "Mama Said Knock You Out"

Cyndi Lauper, "Girls Just Want to Have Fun"

Leadbelly, "The Midnight Special"

Led Zeppelin, "Dazed and Confused"

Led Zeppelin, "Rock and Roll"

Led Zeppelin, "Stairway to Heaven"

Led Zeppelin, "Whole Lotta Love"

The Left Banke, "Walk Away Renee"

John Lennon, "Give Peace a Chance"

John Lennon, "Imagine"

John Lennon, "Instant Karma (We All Shine On)"

Jerry Lee Lewis, "Great Balls of Fire"

Jerry Lee Lewis, "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On"

Little Eva, "The Loco-Motion"

Little Feat, "Dixie Chicken"

Little Walter, "Juke"

Professor Longhair, "Tipitina"

The Lovin' Spoonful, "Do You Believe in Magic"

Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers, "I'm Not a Juvenile Delinquent"

Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers, "Why Do Fools Fall in Love"

Lynyrd Skynyrd, "Free Bird"

M

Madonna, "Like a Virgin"

The Mamas and the Papas, "California Dreamin'"

The Marcels, "Blue Moon"

Bob Marley and The Wailers, "Lively Up Yourself"

Bob Marley and The Wailers, "No Woman, No Cry"

Martha and the Vandellas, "Dancing in the Street"

Martha and the Vandellas, "(Love Is Like a) Heat Wave"

Curtis Mayfield, "Superfly"

M.C. Hammer, "U Can't Touch This"

Paul McCartney, "Maybe I'm Amazed"

Barry McGuire, "Eve of Destruction"

Don McLean, "American Pie"

Blind Willie McTell, "Statesboro Blues"

John Cougar Mellencamp, "Authority Song"

Metallica, "Enter Sandman"

Midnight Oil, "Beds Are Burning"

Amos Milburn, "Let's Have a Party"

Steve Miller Band, "Fly Like an Eagle"

The Miracles, "Going to a Go-Go"

The Miracles, "The Tracks of My Tears"

The Miracles, "You've Really Got a Hold on Me"

Joni Mitchell, "Help Me"

Moby Grape, "Omaha"

The Monkees, "I'm a Believer"

The Monkees, "Last Train to Clarksville"

The Monotones, "Book of Love"

Bill Monroe, "Mule Skinner Blues"

The Moody Blues, "Nights in White Satin"

The Moonglows, "Sincerely"

Van Morrison, "Brown Eyed Girl"

Van Morrison, "Madame George"

Van Morrison, "Moondance"

The Mothers of Invention, "Brown Shoes Don't Make It"

Mott the Hoople, "All the Young Dudes"

N

Ricky Nelson, "Hello Mary Lou"

Aaron Neville, "Tell It Like It Is"

New York Dolls, "Personality Crisis"

Randy Newman, "Sail Away"

Nirvana, "Smells Like Teen Spirit"

O

O'Jays, "Love Train"

Phil Ochs, "I Ain't Marchin' Anymore"

Roy Orbison, "Oh, Pretty Woman"

The Orioles, "Crying in the Chapel"

Johnny Otis, "Willie and the Hand Jive"

P

Parliament, "Give Up the Funk (Tear the Roof off the Sucker)"

Les Paul and Mary Ford, "How High the Moon"

Pearl Jam, "Jeremy"

The Penguins, "Earth Angel (Will You Be Mine)"

Carl Perkins, "Blue Suede Shoes"

Carl Perkins, "Matchbox"

Pinetop Perkins, "Pinetop's Boogie Woogie"

Peter and Gordon, "A World Without Love"

Peter, Paul and Mary, "If I Had a Hammer (The Hammer Song)"

Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, "American Girl"

Wilson Pickett, "In the Midnight Hour"

Pink Floyd, "Another Brick in the Wall, Part 2"

Pink Floyd, "Money"

Pink Floyd, "See Emily Play"

The Platters, "The Great Pretender"

The Police, "Every Breath You Take"

The Police, "Roxanne"

Elvis Presley, "Heartbreak Hotel"

Elvis Presley, "Jailhouse Rock"

Elvis Presley, "Love Me Tender"

Elvis Presley, "Mystery Train"

Elvis Presley, "Suspicious Minds"

Elvis Presley, "That's All Right"

The Pretenders, "Brass in Pocket"

Lloyd Price, "Lawdy Miss Clawdy"

Prince, "Little Red Corvette"

Prince, "When Doves Cry"

Procol Harum, "A Whiter Shade of Pale"

Public Enemy, "Fight the Power"

Q

Queen, "Bohemian Rhapsody"

Queen Latifah, "Ladies First"

Question Mark and the Mysterians, "96 Tears"

Quicksilver Messenger Service, "Who Do You Love"

R

R.E.M., "Losing My Religion"

R.E.M., "Radio Free Europe"

Ma Rainey and Her Tub Jug Washboard Band, "Prove It on Me Blues"

Bonnie Raitt, "Something to Talk About"

Ramones, "Sheena Is a Punk Rocker"

The Young Rascals, "Groovin'"

The Young Rascals, "Good Lovin'"

Red Hot Chili Peppers, "Give It Away"

Otis Redding, "Shake"

Otis Redding, "(Sittin' on) The Dock of the Bay"

Otis Redding, "Try a Little Tenderness"

Jimmy Reed, "Big Boss Man"

Jimmy Reed, "Bright Lights, Big City"

Lou Reed, "Walk on the Wild Side"

The Replacements, "I Will Dare"

Paul Revere and The Raiders, "Just Like Me"

Cliff Richard and the Shadows, "Move It"

Little Richard, "Good Golly, Miss Molly"

Little Richard, "Long Tall Sally"

Little Richard, "Tutti Frutti"

The Righteous Brothers, "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'"

Billy Riley and His Little Green Men, "Red Hot"

Jimmie Rodgers, "Blue Yodel No. 9"

The Rolling Stones, "Honky Tonk Women"

The Rolling Stones, "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"

The Rolling Stones, "Jumpin' Jack Flash"

The Rolling Stones, "Miss You"

The Rolling Stones, "Sympathy for the Devil"

The Rolling Stones, "Time Is on My Side"

The Ronettes, "Be My Baby"

Roxy Music, "Love Is the Drug"

Run-D.M.C., "Walk This Way"

Rush, "The Spirit of Radio"

Otis Rush, "I Can't Quit You Baby"

Mitch Ryder and the Detroit Wheels, "Devil With a Blue Dress On/Good Golly Miss Molly"

S

Sam and Dave, "Soul Man"

Sam the Sham and the Pharoahs, "Wooly Bully"

Santana, "Black Magic Woman/Gypsy Queen"

The Searchers, "Needles and Pins"

The Seeds, "Pushin' Too Hard"

Pete Seeger, "Where Have All the Flowers Gone"

Bob Seger and the Silver Bullet Band, "Night Moves"

Sex Pistols, "Anarchy in the U.K."

Sex Pistols, "God Save the Queen"

The Shadows of Knight, "Gloria"

The Shangri-Las, "Leader of the Pack"

Del Shannon, "Runaway"

Shirelles, "Dedicated to the One I Love"

Shirelles, "Will You Love Me Tomorrow"

Simon and Garfunkel, "Bridge Over Troubled Water"

Simon and Garfunkel, "The Sounds of Silence"

Paul Simon, "Graceland"

Sir Douglas Quintet, "She's About a Mover"

Sister Sledge, "We Are Family"

Percy Sledge, "When a Man Loves a Woman"

Sly and the Family Stone, "Dance to the Music"

Sly and the Family Stone, "Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)"

Bessie Smith, "Downhearted Blues"

Huey "Piano" Smith & His Clowns, "Rockin' Pneumonia and the Boogie-Woogie Flu"

Patti Smith, "Gloria (in Excelsis Deo)"

The Smiths, "Heaven Knows I'm Miserable Now"

Sonic Youth, "Teenage Riot"

The Soul Stirrers, "By and By"

Bruce Springsteen, "Born to Run"

Bruce Springsteen, "Dancing in the Dark"

Bruce Springsteen, "Rosalita (Come Out Tonight)"

The Standells, "Dirty Water"

The Staple Singers, "Respect Yourself"

Edwin Starr, "War"

Steely Dan, "Reelin' in the Years"

Steppenwolf, "Born to Be Wild"

Rod Stewart, "Maggie May"

Iggy and The Stooges, "Search and Destroy"

The Stooges, "I Wanna Be Your Dog"

Stray Cats, "Rock This Town"

Barrett Strong, "Money (That's What I Want)"

The Sugarhill Gang, "Rapper's Delight"

Donna Summer, "Love to Love You Baby"

The Supremes, "Stop! In the Name of Love"

The Supremes, "You Can't Hurry Love"

The Surfaris, "Wipe Out"

Swinging Blue Jeans, "Hippy Hippy Shake"

T

T. Rex, "Bang a Gong (Get It On)"

Talking Heads, "Life During Wartime"

Talking Heads, "Once in a Lifetime"

James Taylor, "Fire and Rain"

Television, "Little Johnny Jewel"

The Temptations, "Ain't Too Proud to Beg"

The Temptations, "My Girl"

The Temptations, "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone"

Sister Rosetta Tharpe, "This Train"

Willie Mae "Big Mama" Thornton, "Ball 'n' Chain"

Willie Mae "Big Mama" Thornton, "Hound Dog"

Toots and the Maytals, "Pressure Drop"

Peter Tosh, "Legalize It"

Traffic, "Dear Mr. Fantasy"

The Trammps, "Disco Inferno"

The Troggs, "Wild Thing"

Big Joe Turner, "Shake, Rattle and Roll"

Ike and Tina Turner, "River Deep, Mountain High"

The Turtles, "It Ain't Me Babe"

U

U.T.F.O., "Roxanne, Roxanne"

U2, "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For"

U2, "Pride (In the Name of Love)"

U2, "Sunday Bloody Sunday"

V

Ritchie Valens, "La Bamba"

Van Halen, "Jump"

Van Halen, "Runnin' With the Devil"

Stevie Ray Vaughan, "Pride and Joy"

Velvet Underground, "Heroin"

Velvet Underground, "White Light/White Heat"

The Ventures, "Walk Don't Run"

Gene Vincent and His Blue Caps, "Be-Bop-a-Lula"

W

The Wailers, "Get Up Stand Up"

The Wailers, "I Shot the Sheriff"

Jr. Walker and the All Stars, "Shotgun"

T-Bone Walker, "Call It Stormy Monday"

"Slippin' Into Darkness"

Clara Ward and the Ward Singers, "How I Got Over"

Dinah Washington, "Am I Asking Too Much"

Muddy Waters, "Got My Mojo Working"

Muddy Waters, "Hoochie Coochie Man"

Muddy Waters, "Mannish Boy"

Muddy Waters, "Rollin' Stone"

The Weavers, "Goodnight Irene"

Mary Wells, "My Guy"

The Who, "Baba O'Riley"

The Who, "Go to the Mirror Boy"

The Who, "My Generation"

The Who

Archive Photos

Big Joe Williams, "Baby Please Don't Go"

Larry Williams, "Bony Maronie"

Marion Williams, "Packing Up"

Sonny Boy (John Lee) Williamson, "Good Morning (Little) School Girl"

Chuck Willis, "C. C. Rider"

Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys, "Take Me Back to Tulsa"

Jackie Wilson "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher"

Stevie Wonder, "Living for the City"

Stevie Wonder, "Master Blaster (Jammin')"

Stevie Wonder, "Superstition"

Stevie Wonder, "Uptight (Everything's Alright)"

Link Wray, "Rumble"

X

X, "Los Angeles"

Y

Jimmy Yancey, "Midnight Stomp"

The Yardbirds, "Shapes of Things"

Yes, "Roundabout"

Neil Young, "Down by the River"

Neil Young, "Heart of Gold"

Neil Young, "My My Hey Hey (Out of the Blue)"

Z

ZZ Top, "Legs"

См. также
 500 величайших песен всех времён по версии журнала New Musical Express

Примечания

500 величайших песен
Списки песен
Музыкальные таблоиды
Газетные и журнальные публикации

Песни, которые сформировали рок-н-ролл


Bernard Fliegel (May 13, 1918 – December 3, 2009) was an American standout basketball player for the City College of New York (CCNY) during the late 1930s, and later, a professional in the American Basketball League. As a senior in 1937–38, he received the Haggerty Award, given to the best men's basketball player in the New York City metropolitan area, and remains the only winner from CCNY in the award's long history.

Early life and high school
Fliegel was born in New York City on May 13, 1918. His parents were both Jewish immigrants; his mother, Rose Fliegel (Née Grossman), born in Odessa was Russian and his father, Meyer Fliegel, was Lithuanian. At age 12, his family moved to the Bronx from Manhattan on account of his father's illness and retirement.

In high school, Fliegel began playing basketball at DeWitt Clinton High School. He grew to be  tall and became known for his basketball abilities. He led DeWitt to the Public Schools Athletic League (PSAL) championship over powerhouse Thomas Jefferson High School of Brooklyn as a senior in 1933–34. Fliegel, a center, was named to the all-city third team despite rarely even shooting the basketball. He then graduated in 1934, at age 16, and enrolled at the City College of New York.

College
Fliegel played basketball for the Beavers all four years he attended. His freshman year, however, was spent on the junior varsity squad, but when he became a sophomore Fliegel suited up for Nat Holman's varsity team.

Midway through his sophomore season, Fliegel became a regular starter. Although he had played the center position in high school, Holman also used him as a guard and forward. The Beavers finished 10–4 in his first year on varsity, including a close four-point loss to the defending national champions, New York University. The following year, he accounted for approximately one-fifth of CCNY's total scoring (119 out of 596 points) en route to a 10–6 record. That season, Basketball Hall of Fame coach Clair Bee said that Fliegel was "...the best player in the city. He can do it all."

Fliegel's senior season in 1937–38 was one filled with awards, records and accolades. He was the only player on CCNY over  tall, so he routinely played taller players than himself. In a game against All-American Hank Luisetti and the Stanford Cardinal (who had three players taller than Fliegel) at Madison Square Garden, he almost led a stunning comeback after being down by 16 points in the second half before falling, 45–42. Despite the frequent height disadvantage, he still led all of New York City's college players with 12.8 points per game. He scored 205 points in 16 games, which was a school record for 12 years, and the Beavers went 13–3 on the year. Fliegel was the only player named as a consensus First Team All-Metropolitan selection, and he received the Haggerty Award as the area's top college player. Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) also named him a First Team All-American.

Professional and later life
After graduating at age 19, Fliegel enrolled in the Fordham University School of Law. He also began playing professionally in the American Basketball League (ABL) for Kate Smith's Celtics, but the team moved shortly thereafter and became known as the Kingston Colonials. The Colonials won the regular season championship but were upset by the Jersey Reds in the playoffs.

The next season (1939–40), Fliegel's team was eliminated in the playoffs once again after finishing 19–15. Fliegel stayed with the franchise despite it being relocated once again in 1940–41. The Brooklyn Celtics, as they became known, played well in the regular season with Fliegel as their third-leading scorer. They lost to the Philadelphia Sphas, however, in the championship series. In the spring of 1941, Fliegel graduated from law school.

For the rest of his professional career, which was interrupted for three years due to his enlistment in the U.S. Army for World War II, he played for either the Wilmington Bombers or Jersey City Atoms. He finished his ABL career in 1947 having scored 911 points in 151 games (6.0 average). Fliegel was offered to play for the New York Knicks in the newly developed Basketball Association of America (which became the modern NBA), but his desire to practice law made him refuse the invitation. Playing in the BAA would have been a full-time job, so Fliegel decided to become a lawyer as his profession.

He moved to Naples, Florida in 1972 with his wife where he died on December 3, 2009. He has been inducted in the New York City and CCNY Halls of Fame.

References

1918 births
2009 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
All-American college men's basketball players
American Basketball League (1925–1955) players
American men's basketball players
Centers (basketball)
CCNY Beavers men's basketball players
DeWitt Clinton High School alumni
Fordham University School of Law alumni
Forwards (basketball)
Guards (basketball)
Jewish American sportspeople
Jewish men's basketball players
New York (state) lawyers
Philadelphia Sphas players
Sportspeople from Naples, Florida
Basketball players from the Bronx
United States Army personnel of World War II
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews

Bernie Fliegel


KDYA (1190 kHz), "Gospel 1190 The Light", is a commercial AM radio station owned by Salem Media Group and licensed to Vallejo, California, serving the San Francisco Bay Area. It broadcasts an urban gospel radio format, and is Northern California's only full-time Urban Gospel station reaching San Francisco, Sacramento, Santa Rosa and Stockton.

The radio studios and offices are on Blume Drive in Richmond, California. KDYA is a daytimer, transmitting 3,000 watts, using a directional antenna. 1190 AM is a clear channel frequency reserved for Class A KEX Portland, Oregon, and XEWK Guadalajara, so KDYA must sign off at sunset to avoid interference with these stations.  The transmitter site is on Noble Road in Vallejo, on San Pablo Bay.

History
Originally, the station signed on, as KGYW, in 1947.

Later, as KNBA -- "Kovers North Bay Area" — the station presented a "middle of the road" (MOR) format. With studios and transmitter on Sonoma Boulevard in Vallejo, the station was long owned by Louis J. Ripa until his death February 20, 1992. The KNBA call sign was in use from August 22, 1958 until December 27, 1993, when the call letters changed to KXBT.

Expanded Band assignment
In 1979, a World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC-79) adopted "Radio Regulation No. 480", which stated that "In Region 2, the use of the band 1605-1705 kHz by stations of the broadcasting service shall be subject to a plan to be established by a regional administrative radio conference..." As a consequence, on June 8, 1988 an ITU-sponsored conference held at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil adopted provisions, effective July 1, 1990, to extend the upper end of the Region 2 AM broadcast band, by adding ten frequencies which spanned from 1610 kHz to 1700 kHz.

While the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was still making U.S. preparations to populate the additional frequencies, known as the "Expanded Band", a provision was added to the Communications Act of 1934 in late 1991 which mandated that priority for assignments would be given to existing daytime-only stations that were located in a community with a population over 100,000, and which also did not have any full-time stations. Taking advantage of this provision, on March 19, 1996 KXBT began to also broadcast on 1640 kHz, as the second U.S. station, following WJDM in Elizabeth, New Jersey, authorized to operate on an expanded band frequency.

On March 22, 1996, the FCC issued an updated list of expanded band allotments, which now assigned KBXT to 1630 kHz, so  transmissions were switched to that frequency. On March 17, 1997 the FCC released a revised roster of eighty-eight expanded band assignments, with KXBT designated to move back to 1640 kHz. The expanded band operation, also in Vallejo, was now treated as being a separate station with its own unique call sign, and a Construction Permit for it was assigned the call letters KDIA on April 17, 1998.

The FCC's initial policy was that both the original station and its expanded band counterpart could operate simultaneously for up to five years, after which owners would have to turn in one of the two licenses, depending on whether they preferred the new assignment or elected to remain on the original frequency. However, this deadline has been extended multiple times, and both stations have remained authorized, with sister station KDIA at 1640 AM now a Christian talk and teaching station. One restriction is that the FCC has generally required paired original and expanded band stations to remain under common ownership.

Later history
1190 AM switched to KDYA on June 1, 1998. The station carried Oakland Athletics Spanish language baseball broadcasts in the daytime, while KDIA 1640 would broadcast night games from 2009 to the middle of the 2010 season.

Effective June 1, 2021, Baybridge Communications sold KDYA and sister station KDIA to Salem Media Group for $600,000.

References

External links
FCC History Cards for KDYA (covering 1946-1980 as KGYW / KNBA)

DYA
Radio stations established in 1947
Gospel radio stations in the United States
1947 establishments in California
Mass media in Vallejo, California
DYA
DYA
Salem Media Group properties

KDYA


An underground cable is a cable that is buried below the ground. They distribute electrical power or telecommunications. Such cables are an alternative to overhead cables, which are several meters above the ground. Overhead cables are often replaced with underground cables. Downtown areas with many tall buildings usually have few or no cables above ground, This is mainly for aesthetic purposes because underground cables can not be seen. They are also less dangerous to people because they are out of the way. They cost more to install, but last longer.

It is a bit challenging to identify the fault in underground cable because it is located inside the earth. The fault mainly categorised in mainly in three based on occurrence. these are short circuit, Open circuit, and fault due to Breakdown cable insulation. It is impossible to detect visually, It required some testers like Underground Wire Locator to identify the fault

References

Infrastructure

Underground cable


Treaty of Serav (, ) was a treaty between Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia after the war of 1615–1618. (signed on 26 September 1618 in Sarab)

Background

By the treaty of Nasuh Pasha in 1612 Ottoman Empire had agreed to turn back Caucasus and Northwest Iran to Safavid Persia. Safavid Empire on the other hand agreed to pay an annual tribute of 200 loads of silk as a part of reparations. However, Shah Abbas I the Great of Persia refused to pay the tribute. The war renewed in 1615.

The war

The Ottoman commander in chief Grand Vizier Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha tried to capture Yerevan (modern Armenia) which was recently abandoned by the treaty of Nasuh Pasha, but he lifted the siege after 44 days as no improvements were booked. The target of the next commander in chief Damat Halil Pasha was Ardabil. This time Abbas sued for peace.

The terms
The terms of the treaty was similar to those of treaty of Nasuh Pasha with several minor rectifications of the border line. Also, the annual tribute of the Persian side was reduced from 200 loads to 100 loads.

Aftermath
This treaty proved that a stalemate between Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia had been reached and neither side might gain substantial territories in the long run. In the following decades there were times when the Ottomans succeeded to storm Tabriz, and there were times when the Persians successfully captured Baghdad. But these victories were all temporary and the balance of power between the two states continued up to the 20th century.

See also
 Treaty of Zuhab
 Treaty of Kerden

References

Sources

1618 in Asia
1618 in law
Serav
Serav
Serav
17th century in Iran
Ottoman–Persian Wars
1618 in the Ottoman Empire

Treaty of Serav


FLAC (; Free Lossless Audio Codec) is an audio coding format for lossless compression of digital audio, developed by the Xiph.Org Foundation, and is also the name of the free software project producing the FLAC tools, the reference software package that includes a codec implementation. Digital audio compressed by FLAC's algorithm can typically be reduced to between 50 and 70 percent of its original size and decompresses to an identical copy of the original audio data.

FLAC is an open format with royalty-free licensing and a reference implementation which is free software. FLAC has support for metadata tagging, album cover art, and fast seeking.

History
Development was started in 2000 by Josh Coalson. The bitstream format was frozen when FLAC entered beta stage with the release of version 0.5 of the reference implementation on 15 January 2001. Version 1.0 was released on 20 July 2001.

On 29 January 2003, the Xiph.Org Foundation and the FLAC project announced the incorporation of FLAC under the Xiph.org banner. Xiph.org is home to other free compression formats such as Vorbis, Theora, Speex and Opus.

Version 1.3.0 was released on 26 May 2013, at which point development was moved to the Xiph.org git repository.

In 2019, FLAC was proposed as an IETF standard.

Design
FLAC is a lossless encoding of linear pulse-code modulation data.

File structure
A FLAC file consists of the magic number fLaC, metadata, and encoded audio.

The encoded audio is divided into frames, which consists of a header, a data block, and a CRC16 checksum. Each frame is encoded independent of each other. A frame header begins with a sync word, used to identify the beginning of a valid frame. The rest of the header contains the number of samples, position of the frame, channel assignment, and optionally the sample rate and bit depth. The data block contains the audio information.

Metadata in FLAC precedes the audio. Properties like the sample rate and the number of channels are always contained in the metadata. It may also contain other information, the album cover for example. FLAC uses Vorbis comments for textual metadata like track title and artist name.

Encoding and decoding
The FLAC encoding algorithm consists of multiple stages. In the first stage, the input audio is split into blocks. If the audio contains multiple channels, each channel is encoded separately as a subblock. The encoder then tries to find a good mathematical approximation of the block, either by fitting a simple polynomial, or through general linear predictive coding. A description of the approximation, which is only a few bytes in length, is then written. Finally, the difference between the approximation and the input, called residual, is encoded using Rice coding. In many cases, a description of the approximation and the encoded residual takes up less space than using pulse-code modulation.

The decoding process is the reverse of encoding. The compressed residual is first decoded. The description of the mathematical approximation is then used to calculate a waveform. The result is formed by adding the residual and the calculated waveform. As FLAC compresses losslessly, the decoded waveform is identical to the waveform before encoding.

For two-channel stereo, the encoder may choose to joint-encode the audio. The channels are transformed into a side channel, which is the difference between the two input channels, and a mid channel, the sum of the two input channels. In place of a mid channel, the left channel or the right channel may be encoded instead, which is sometimes more space-efficient.

Even though the reference encoder uses a single block size for the whole stream, FLAC allows the block size in samples to vary per block.

Compression
The amount of compression is determined by various parameters, including the order of the linear prediction model and the block size. Regardless of the amount of compression, the original data can always be reconstructed perfectly.

For user's convenience, the reference implementation defines 9 compression levels, which are presets of the more technical parameters to the encoding algorithm. The levels are labeled from 0 to 8, with higher numbers resulting in a higher compression ratio, at the cost of compression speed. The meaning of each compression level varies by implementation.

FLAC is optimized for decoding speed at the expense of encoding speed. A benchmark has shown that, while there is little variation in decoding speed as compression level increases, beyond the default compression level 5, the encoding process takes up considerably more time with little space saved compared to level 5.

Implementation
Alongside the format, the FLAC project also contains a free and open-source reference implementation of FLAC called libFLAC. libFLAC contains facilities to encode and decode FLAC data and to manipulate the metadata of FLAC files. libFLAC++, an object-oriented wrapper around libFLAC for C++, and the command-line programs flac and metaflac, are also part of the reference implementation.

The FLAC format, along with libFLAC, are not known to be covered by any patents, and anyone is free to write their own implementations of FLAC.

Comparison to other formats
FLAC is specifically designed for efficient packing of audio data, unlike general-purpose lossless algorithms such as DEFLATE, which are used in ZIP and gzip. While ZIP may reduce the size of a CD-quality audio file by 10–20%, FLAC is able to reduce the size of audio data by 40–50% by taking advantage of the characteristics of audio.

The technical strengths of FLAC compared to other lossless formats lie in its ability to be streamed and decoded quickly, independent of compression level.

Since FLAC is a lossless scheme, it is suitable as an archive format for owners of CDs and other media who wish to preserve their audio collections. If the original media are lost, damaged, or worn out, a FLAC copy of the audio tracks ensures that an exact duplicate of the original data can be recovered at any time. An exact restoration from a lossy copy (e.g., MP3) of the same data is impossible. FLAC's being lossless means it is highly suitable for transcoding e.g. to MP3, without the normally associated transcoding quality loss between one lossy format and another. A CUE file can optionally be created when ripping a CD. If a CD is read and ripped perfectly to FLAC files, the CUE file allows later burning of an audio CD that is identical in audio data to the original CD, including track order and pregap, but excluding CD-Text and other additional data such as lyrics and CD+G graphics.

Adoption and implementations

The reference implementation of FLAC is implemented as the libFLAC core encoder & decoder library, with the main distributable program flac being the reference implementation of the libFLAC API. This codec API is also available in C++ as libFLAC++. The reference implementation of FLAC compiles on many platforms, including most Unix (such as Solaris, BSD) and Unix-like (including Linux), Microsoft Windows, BeOS, and OS/2 operating systems. There are build-systems for autoconf/automake, MSVC, Watcom C, and Xcode. There is currently no multicore support in libFLAC, but utilities such as GNU parallel and various graphical frontends can be used to spin up multiple instances of the encoder.

FLAC playback support in portable audio devices and dedicated audio systems is limited compared to formats such as MP3 or uncompressed PCM. FLAC support is included by default in Windows 10, Android, BlackBerry 10 and Jolla devices.

In 2014, several aftermarket mobile electronics companies introduced multimedia solutions that include support for FLAC. These include the NEX series from Pioneer Electronics and the VX404 and NX404 from Clarion.

The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) has adopted the FLAC format for the distribution of high quality audio over its Euroradio network. The Windows operating system has supported native FLAC integration since the introduction of Windows 10. The Android operating system has supported native FLAC playback since version 3.1. macOS High Sierra and iOS 11 add native FLAC playback support.

Among others the Pono music player and streaming service used the FLAC format. Bandcamp insists on a lossless format for uploading, and has FLAC as a download option. The Wikimedia Foundation sponsored a free and open-source online ECMAScript FLAC tool for browsers supporting the required HTML5 features.

Various other containers are supported, independently from used operating system, depending on used playback software.

See also

 Comparison of audio coding formats

References

External links

 Lossless audio formats comparison: measuring FLAC against five other lossless audio formats
 Lossless comparison: FLAC against seven other lossless audio formats on Hydrogenaudio
 GSMArena Phone Finder: all phones & tablets with FLAC support

2001 software
Cross-platform software
Free audio codecs
Lossless audio codecs
Xiph.Org projects
Open formats

FLAC


Practicum is the American term for a work placement and is an undergraduate or graduate-level course, often in a specialized field of study, that is designed to give students supervised practical application of a previously or concurrently studied field or theory. Practicums (student teaching) are common for education, mental health counselor, and social work majors. In some cases, the practicum may be a part-time student teaching placement that occurs the semester before a student's full-time student teaching placement.

The process resembles an internship; however, a practicum focuses on observation over work experience. In the case of student teaching placements within the United States, students gain insight into the professional responsibilities of classroom teachers by working under the direct supervision of experienced, state-licensed educators. Student educators work directly with cooperating teachers to plan and implement effective lessons using a variety of teaching strategies and methods to provide differentiated instruction within classrooms and meet the needs of diverse students. To ensure the safety of students and faculty members, background checks are required and must be completed before any teaching candidate can begin their practicum experience.

References

Training

Practicum


The Great Western Lacrosse League was a group of colleges and universities that played men's lacrosse against one another from 1984 to 2009. The conference disbanded after Notre Dame left when its main conference, the Big East, started a men's lacrosse league. The remaining five members joined ECAC Lacrosse.

The final membership was:
United States Air Force Academy ("Air Force")
Bellarmine University
University of Denver
University of Notre Dame
Ohio State University
Quinnipiac University

References

Lacrosse organizations
NCAA Division I athletics conferences
1984 establishments in the United States
2009 disestablishments in the United States

Great Western Lacrosse League


The Boeing Insitu ScanEagle is a small, long-endurance, low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) built by Insitu, a subsidiary of Boeing, and is used for reconnaissance.  The ScanEagle was designed by Insitu based on the Insitu SeaScan, a commercial UAV that was intended for fish-spotting. The ScanEagle continues to receive improvements through upgrades and changes.

Design and development
ScanEagle is a descendant of another Insitu UAV, the Insitu SeaScan, which was conceived of as a remote sensor for collecting weather data as well as helping commercial fishermen locate and track schools of tuna. ScanEagle emerged as the result of a strategic alliance between Boeing and Insitu. The resulting technology has been successful as a portable Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) for autonomous surveillance in the battlefield, and has been deployed since August 2004 in the Iraq War.

ScanEagle carries a stabilized electro-optical and/or infrared camera on a lightweight inertial stabilized turret system, and an integrated communications system having a range of over ; it has a flight endurance of over 20 hours. ScanEagle has a  wingspan a length of  and a mass of  and can operate up to , with an average cruising speed of . Block D aircraft featured a higher-resolution camera, a custom-designed Mode C transponder and a new video system. A Block D aircraft, flying at Boeing's test range in Boardman, Oregon, set a type endurance record of 22 hours, 8 minutes.

ScanEagle needs no airfield for deployment. Instead, it is launched using a pneumatic launcher, patented by Insitu, known as the "SuperWedge" launcher.  It is recovered using the "Skyhook" retrieval system, which uses a hook on the end of the wingtip to catch a rope hanging from a  pole.  This is made possible by high-quality differential GPS units mounted on the top of the pole and UAV.  The rope is attached to a shock cord to reduce stress on the airframe imposed by the abrupt stop. NavtechGPS worked with the manufacturer of the GPS receiver system to enable the system to work in different environments, expanding the capabilities of the UAS for different mission types and areas of the world. The GPS receiver system NavtechGPS designed for the ScanEagle is still in use today.

Each ScanEagle system costs US$3.2 million (2006). A complete system comprises four air vehicles or AVs, a ground control station, remote video terminal, the SuperWedge launch system and Skyhook recovery system.

Improvements

On 18 March 2008, Boeing, with ImSAR and Insitu successfully flight-tested a ScanEagle with ImSAR's NanoSAR A radar mounted aboard.  The ImSAR NanoSAR is the world's smallest Synthetic Aperture Radar, weighs  and is  in volume.  It is designed to provide high quality real-time ground imaging through adverse weather conditions or other battlefield obscurants.

In 2009, Insitu announced the NightEagle, a modified ScanEagle Block E with an infrared camera for night operations.

In August 2010, Boeing announced plans to control ScanEagles from control stations on E-3A AWACS aircraft and on the V-22.

In July 2011, a team of two ScanEagles and another UAV cooperated to search and navigate a mountain area autonomously.

Insitu introduced an improved ScanEagle 2 variant in October 2014 that has a new purpose-built heavy-fuel engine for increased reliability, which increases electrical power but decreases endurance to 16 hours.  It also has a larger nose to carry day and night sensors at the same time, an increased payload, and heavier empty and max take-off weights; wingspan, service ceiling, and cruise and top speed remain the same.  Other upgrades include a fully digital video system, a better navigation system, Ethernet-based architecture and reduced Electronic Magnetic Interference (EMI), and a new ground control station while using the same launcher and skyhook recovery system.  The ScanEagle 2 was made to appeal to the growing commercial UAV market and orders will start being taken in 2015, either new built or as an upgrade for existing ScanEagle aircraft.

In 2014, Insitu began development of the Flying Launch and Recovery System (FLARES), a system designed to launch and recover the ScanEagle without the need to transport and assemble the launch catapult and recovery crane. "It consists of second, quadrotor UAV that carries the ScanEagle vertically and releases it into forward flight.  For recovery, the quadrotor hovers trailing a cable that it captures, as it would the cable from the SkyHook crane." FLARES incorporates the VTOL advantages of launch and recovery in confined areas, as well as eliminating the rail and crane equipment, with the flying efficiency of a fixed-wing body.  Demonstrations of the system took place from late 2014 to mid-2015, and low-rate production is scheduled for late 2016.

In November 2015, a Royal Australian Navy ScanEagle tested Sentient Vision Systems's ViDAR optical detection system, turning the UAV into a broad area maritime surveillance (BAMS) asset capable of covering up to 80 times more area in a single sortie than is possible with standard cameras.  The self-contained ViDAR system consists of high-resolution digital video cameras and software that analyses image feed and autonomously detects, tracks, and photographs each contact with a 180-degree pan.  It can be incorporated into the ScanEagle as two fuselage slices, ahead of and behind the wing, without affecting performance.  The ViDAR can cover an area greater than  over a 12-hour mission, and detected small and large surface, air, and even submerged targets during the demonstration.

The Scaneagle 3 is reportedly ITAR-free, meaning that it can be sold without a US Government weapons export licence.

Operational history

The ScanEagle entered service with the U.S. Navy in 2005. In addition to the United States military, the Australian Army also operates the ScanEagle UAV and the Canadian Government also leased the ScanEagle.

On 15 and 16 October 2008, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) conducted three successful test flights of the ScanEagle, launching it from the fisheries and oceanographic research ship NOAAS Oscar Dyson (R 224) in Puget Sound, Washington, flying it remotely from the ship, and recovering it back aboard. In 2009, the NOAA oceanographic research ship NOAAS McArthur II (R 330) began operating a ScanEagle owned by the University of Alaska to monitor the distribution and population of seals in the Bering Sea.

In April 2009, a ScanEagle launched by the U.S. Navy was used during the stand-off between the U.S. Navy and a lifeboat controlled by pirates holding Captain Richard Phillips of the MV Maersk Alabama in the Indian Ocean after a failed hijack attempt.

Insitu announced that the ScanEagle had totaled 500,000 combat flight hours and over 56,000 sorties by July 2011.

In September 2011, Insitu revealed the ScanEagle had been employed by the U.S. Navy in Operation Unified Protector during the 2011 Libyan Revolution. The UAV was launched and recovered by the destroyer  to provide video imagery over three days that located "contacts of interest that no one else could find," which was relayed to the ship and then to the NATO command center by the secure video injection system.

In late May 2013, the U.S. Coast Guard used a ScanEagle to seize over  of cocaine from a fast boat in the eastern Pacific. The ScanEagle was being deployed off the  during demonstrations to assess UAV use in the Coast Guard. The aircraft was able to maintain visual surveillance of the boat until a cutter was able to interdict the vessel, marking the first time a UAV deployed from a Coast Guard cutter participated in drug interdiction. The trials in May lasted two weeks with 90 flight hours completed. The Coast Guard hopes to begin purchases of unmanned aerial systems by FY 2016, with small UAVs deployed from its National Security Cutter fleet by the following year. Long-term goals are to use unmanned systems to augment their manned fleet, while UAVs on offshore patrol cutters would replace medium endurance cutters.

On 26 July 2013, the ScanEagle became one of the first unmanned aerial vehicles to be granted certification by the Federal Aviation Administration to fly in U.S. airspace for commercial purposes. ScanEagles will be deployed to Alaska off a ship for ConocoPhillips to scout for icebergs and count whales, protecting drilling platforms and fulfilling environmental requirements. The ScanEagle can safely accomplish observation missions in hazardous Arctic locations, which is safer, cheaper, and more environmentally friendly than using manned aircraft. Commercial certification was the result of previous military certification and the Congressionally mandated opening of airspace over much of Alaska to small UAVs. Only four ScanEagles were certified with strict requirements: only one aircraft of the type is allowed airborne at any one time, they cannot fly through clouds or icing conditions, and they cannot take off or land during certain gust and wind conditions. The certifications did not mention line-of-sight control. On 12 September 2013, a ScanEagle with ConocoPhillips conducted its first flight from a research vessel and flew for 36 minutes. On its second flight, the aircraft experienced engine failure. It aborted the flight and landed in the water, as it was programmed to. A boat recovered the downed ScanEagle.

In July 2016, IHS Janes reported that Royal Navy frigates will cease operating the ScanEagle by November 2017. It will likely be replaced by an unknown UAS, chosen through the Royal Navy's Unmanned Warrior exercise in 2016.

Yemeni Air Force ordered 12 ScanEagles that were never delivered due to the ongoing Yemeni Civil War.

On August 19, 2022 the U.S. announced it was giving 15 ScanEagles to Ukraine as part of a $775M military weapon aid package to assist in their war with Russia.

Iranian capture and reverse engineering claims

In December 2012, Iran stated it had captured an American ScanEagle that allegedly violated its airspace over the Persian Gulf. Iran later stated it had also captured two other ScanEagles. The U.S. Navy stated that none of its ScanEagles were missing. Photo evidence of a ScanEagle in Iran showed no U.S. military markings. In August 2013, CBC News reported that the Canadian Navy had lost a ScanEagle drone in June 2012. The Navy denied it was obtained by Iran.  On 17 December 2012, Iran announced it was starting mass production for a copy of the ScanEagle and has put that UAV into service. Iran later released images of this production line.

In September 2013, a new UAV named Yasir was delivered to Iran's Army ground force; according to Jane's Information Group, the Yasir UAV appears to share the ScanEagle's 1.37 m length and 3.11 m wingspan, although it does have a slightly different twin tail boom and inverted-V tail plane configuration. In unveiling the Yasir, the Commander of the Iranian Army's Ground Forces, Brigadier General Ahmad-Reza Pourdastan, is quoted by the Iranian Fars News Agency as saying it is capable of flying at an altitude of , has an endurance of 8 hours, and an operational radius of 200 km.

Variants
ScanEagle X200
A civilian-variant with a restricted category type certificate issued by the United States Federal Aviation Administration.
CU-169
Canadian military designation for the ScanEagle.
MQ-27A and MQ-27B
U.S. military designations for the ScanEagle.
ScanEagle RM1
Royal Navy designation for basic military variant.
IAIO Qods Yasir
Often shortened to "Yasir" or referred to as the "Sayed-2", unlicensed Iranian copy developed from multiple captured ScanEagles.

Operators

 Afghan National Army
 Military of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

 Royal Australian Navy
Australian Army (former)

 Brazilian Navy

 Cameroonian Army

 Canadian Army

 Colombian Aerospace Force
 Colombian Navy

 Czech Army

 Indonesian Navy – Eight on order, deliveries expected to be complete by May 2022.

 Iraqi Armed Forces

 Italian Navy

 Japan Ground Self-Defense Force

Kenya Defence Forces

 Lebanese Air Force – 6 on order, all delivered in April 2019.

Lithuanian Armed Forces

 Malaysian Armed Forces

 Royal Netherlands Army

Pakistan Navy

 Armed Forces of the Philippines

Romanian Army

Saudi Arabian Army

 Republic of Singapore Navy

 Spanish Navy

 Tunisian Navy

 Royal Navy

 United States Air Force
 United States Marine Corps
 United States Navy
United States Coast Guard
 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Armed Forces of Ukraine

 Vietnam People's Navy – six on order as of June 2019.

Specifications

See also

References

External links

 ScanEagle product page on Insitu.com
 ScanEagle page on Boeing.com

Boeing military aircraft
Unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States
2000s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2002

Boeing Insitu ScanEagle


Same-gender-loving, or SGL, a term coined for African American and African Diaspora use by activist Cleo Manago, is a description for homosexuals in the African American community. It emerged in the early 1990s as a culturally affirming African American homosexual identity.

SGL was adapted as an Afrocentric alternative to what are deemed Eurocentric homosexual identities (e.g. gay and lesbian) which do not culturally affirm or engage the history and cultures of people of African descent. The term SGL usually has broad, important and positive personal, social, and political purposes and consequences. SGL has been described as "an anti-hate and anti-anti-Black identity [...] movement, philosophy and framework".

In a 2004 study of African American men, most of whom were recruited from black gay organizations, 12% identified as same-gender-loving, while 53% identified as gay. Men attending Black Gay Pride Festivals in nine U.S. cities in 2000 responded similarly, with 10% identifying as same-gender-loving, 66% as gay, and 14% as bisexual. Recent studies indicate that African-American disadvantaged youths are less likely than Euro-American youths to self-label as gay male, lesbian, or transgender youths.

The National Black Men's Xchange is the oldest and largest US "community-based movement devoted to promoting healthy self-concept and behavior, cultural affirmation and critical consciousness among same-gender loving (SGL), gay-identifying and bisexual African-descended males and allies".

See also

 African-American culture and sexual orientation
Same-sex attraction

References

Afrocentrism
LGBT African-American culture
LGBT terminology
Sexual orientation
1990s neologisms

Same gender loving


Ato Ulzen-Appiah (born 31 December 1983 in Syracuse) is a social entrepreneur, consultant, blogger and director of the GhanaThink Foundation who was named African Male Youth of the Year 2018. He is a co-founder of Barcamp Ghana and Junior Camp Ghana which champions the youth to take up volunteer roles in Ghana. He is an ardent social media user and mentors a lot of the youth.

Early life and education
Ulzen-Appiah hails from Elmina but grew up in Kumasi, Ghana. He started his basic education at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Primary School in Kumasi. He then proceeded to the Presbyterian Boys' Senior High School (PRESEC) for his secondary education. He later went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for his bachelor's degree in Civil Engineering and master's degree in Construction and Engineering Management from Stanford University.

Career
Ulzen-Appiah is currently the director of the GhanaThink Foundation which mobilises and organises talent for the primary benefit of Ghana. He started his professional career at Google as a program manager building sustainable tech communities in Africa, overseeing scores of tech events around the continent. He then joined Rancard as product manager building new revenue services off its platform, in charge of payments and content hosting. He co-founded Museke.com an African music website, with a focus on lyrics. He is a member Global Shapers Alumni of the World Economic Forum Accra hub. He has been on a lot of panels discussing the future of Africa and the new digital age using social media. He was a judge on the Seedstars Accra startup challenge.

Ulzen-Appiah works as a program manager at the Kosmos innovation center. In his role, he assists agribusiness startups to launch their businesses and also offer advisory services in the Kosmos innovation challenge which is a flagship program of the Kosmos innovation center.

In 2014, Ulzen-Appiah served as a guest panelist on Digital Media and Entertainment, during the 16th Annual Africa Business Conference at the Harvard Business School. He shared the panel with Solo Nnanna (A marketing manager for Viacom International)  and Award-winning technologist Ade Olufeko. The panel was moderated by Uzodinma Iweala the Editor-in-Chief of Ventures Africa

References

External links
mightyafrican.blogspot.com

Living people
Ghanaian Christians
Ghanaian bloggers
1983 births
Presbyterian Boys' Senior High School alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni

Ato Ulzen-Appiah


Abul Hassan Mahmood Ali (; born 2 June 1943) is a Bangladeshi politician and diplomat who served as parliamentarian and cabinet minister including the Foreign Minister of Bangladesh from 2013 to 2019. He previously served as Minister of Disaster Management and Relief from 2012 to 2013.

Early life and education
Ali was born on 2 June 1943 in Daktarpara, Khamar Bishnuganj (Tangua Post Office), Khansama, Dinajpur (now in Bangladesh). He received a B.A. with Honours (1962) and an M.A. degree in economics (1963) from Dhaka University. He was a lecturer in economics at Dhaka University from 1964 to 1966.

Diplomatic career
Ali joined the Pakistan Foreign Service (then including Bangladesh) in 1966 and was posted as Vice-Consul of Pakistan in New York City in 1968. Immediately after arriving in New York in 1968, he began to organise the small Bangladeshi community in the United States. Ali joined the Bangladesh Liberation war, in April 1971, and was appointed as the representative to the United States from the provisional government of Bangladesh at Mujibnagar, in May 1971. Ali fought for Bangladesh independence in the US and at the United Nations. He was executive assistant to Justice Abu Sayeed Chowdhury, Chief Overseas Representative of the Mujibnagar government, and leader of the Bangladesh delegation to the United Nations.

After the declaration of Bangladesh's independence, Ali served as representative to the United Nations and later as Acting Consul-General in New York City. Subsequently, he served in various capacities at the Foreign Ministry in Dhaka and at Bangladesh missions abroad. He served, from 1977 to 1979, as First Secretary, Counsellor and Deputy High Commissioner in New Delhi, India. At the foreign ministry, from 1979 to 1982, Ali served as Director-General for Administration, for International Organisations, for United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, for Policy Planning for South Asia, and for Human Rights. From 1983 to 1986, Ali was Deputy Chief of Mission with the rank of Ambassador, in Beijing, China. From 1986 to 1990, he was Ambassador to Bhutan.

As Additional Foreign Secretary (Bilateral), Ali handled South Asia and Human Rights among other subjects. He negotiated and signed the agreement for the Tin Bigha Corridor Implementation Agreement with India, in 1992, and negotiated the Burmese Refugees Repatriation Agreement with Myanmar in 1992. Ali was Ambassador to Germany, with concurrent accreditation to Austria, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, from 1992 to 1995; Ambassador to Nepal from February to October 1996; and High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, with concurrent accreditation to Ireland, from 1996 to 2001.

Political career
After retiring from active diplomatic service, in April 2001, Ali entered politics, joining the Bangladesh Awami League. He served as a member of the Awami League Central Election Committee and was appointed a member of the Central Advisory Council of the Awami League (December 2002). He was subsequently appointed co-chairman of the Awami League Subcommittee on International Affairs.

In December 2008, Ali was elected to parliament as an Awami League candidate, representing a rural constituency in Dinajpur, in northern Bangladesh. He was elected Chairman of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He received Government appointments to serve on various other important committees. He was appointed to the Cabinet on 13 September 2012 and assumed charge of the newly created Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief, as Minister, on 16 September 2012. Ali was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs in the government formed on 21 November 2013. He was re-appointed on 26 February 2014, following his re-election in the parliamentary elections of January 2014.

Political positions

Ali has been critical of Rohingya in Bangladesh, and has stated that he considers Rakhine Muslims to be a national security threat.

Family
Ali has a wife and two grown sons.

References

External links
 Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief website
 Life sketch of Mr Mahmood Ali from Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief
 List of Ministries (general site link, English version available)

Awami League politicians
10th Jatiya Sangsad members
Foreign ministers of Bangladesh
Ambassadors of Bangladesh to Germany
Academic staff of the University of Dhaka
University of Dhaka alumni
People from Dinajpur District, Bangladesh
Politicians from Rangpur Division
1943 births
Living people
Disaster Management and Relief ministers of Bangladesh
11th Jatiya Sangsad members
9th Jatiya Sangsad members

Abul Hassan Mahmood Ali


Hatfield is an unincorporated community in northwestern Harrison County, Missouri, United States. It is located approximately twelve miles east of Grant City on Route 46.

A post office called Hatfield was established in 1878, and remained in operation until 1986. The etymology of Hatfield is unknown.

References

Unincorporated communities in Harrison County, Missouri
Unincorporated communities in Missouri

Hatfield, Missouri


Harry Ashby (17 April 1744 – 31 August 1818) was an English writing-engraver.

Early life
Ashby was born on 17 April 1744 at Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, and was apprenticed to a clockmaker in that town, who also engraved dial-plates, spoons, and tankards. Here Ashby imbibed a taste for engraving. On the termination of his apprenticeship he removed to London, where, following the bent of his inclination for writing-engraving, he entered into an engagement with Mr. Jefferies, geographer, of Charing Cross, his principal employment being to engrave titles for maps and charts.

Career
Subsequently, Ashby worked for John Spilsbury, writing-engraver, of Russell Court, Drury Lane, to whose business he eventually succeeded, and whose widow he married. Ashby was employed by provincial, colonial, and foreign bankers, to engrave notes and bills. Some penmen also gave scope to his skill as an engraver of specimens of calligraphy. Among the works for which he engraved the plates are:

John Hodgkin, Calligraphia Græca, 1794;
William Milns, Penman's Repository, 1795;
Hodgkin, Specimens of Greek Penmanship, 1804;
H. Genery, Geographical and Commercial Copies, 1805;
Richard Langford, Beauties of Penmanship, 1825 (?); and
some of the plates in Thomas Tomkins, Beauties of Writing, 1809.

Death
In his later years, Ashby lived in retirement at Exning, Suffolk, where he died on 31 August 1818, at the age of 74.

References

1744 births
1818 deaths
English engravers
People from Wotton-under-Edge
18th-century English people
19th-century English people

Harry Ashby (engraver)


3 Days in Havana is a 2013 Cuban-Canadian comedy thriller written and directed by Gil Bellows and Tony Pantages.  It stars Bellows as a Canadian businessman who becomes involved in an assassination plot in Cuba after befriending a hard-partying man played by Greg Wise.  It premiered at the 2013 Vancouver International Film Festival and was released in Canada on 28 March 2014.

Plot
In a warehouse, Anders questions a former associate, Benny, whom he accuses of selling out their boss, an international arms dealer named Libby.  Benny confesses that he revealed Libby would be in Havana to a woman known as the Broker, and Anders kills him.  A day later, Jack Petty meets Rita at an airport bar after their flight to Cuba is delayed.  Jack says he is a Canadian insurance executive on his way to a conference, and Rita reveals that she has agreed to some kind of deal that she likens to human trafficking.  After whispering the details to him, she hands Jack her hotel information.  Afterward, Jack runs into an intense man, who he meets several more times, unnerving him.

Once in Cuba, Jack visits a fortune teller, who warns him of evil omens.  At a bar, he runs into British citizen Harry Smith, who introduces himself as a travel guide writer.  Harry insists on being Jack's guide and takes him on a tour through Havana's less tourist-oriented areas.  At one point, Harry stops at gangster Pepe's house to pay a debt, warning Jack to stay quiet.  Afterward, they visit a bar, where Jack becomes separated from Harry and nearly gets into a fight with two locals.  Harry breaks it up by threatening them with a switchblade.  Although wary of Harry's violent tendencies, Jack agrees to meet him for a party later that night.  A flashback reveals Harry to be an assassin hired by the Broker, an elderly British woman, to kill Libby, who she says owes her money.

When Jack meets Harry at his hotel room, Harry is snorting cocaine.  Jack awkwardly declines an offer of cocaine, and the two go to a club, where they meet two women, Day and Night, who they take back to Harry's hotel room.  In the morning, Jack discovers the women have left, and Day has killed Harry.  A mysterious man named Palmer arrives at Harry's hotel room and assumes Jack is an assassin he has hired; Jack plays along.  When Palmer hands him a package that contains a pistol and information on his target, Jack goes to the Canadian embassy to report the situation.  The consul, revealed to be Anders, leads Jack to believe he will be flown back to Canada but instead kidnaps him and brings him to the warehouse, where he tortures Jack for information.

Jack escapes when they leave to kill Palmer.  Jack first turns to Pepe for help, but he barely leaves with his life.  Jack hitchhikes to Rita's hotel.  There, the intense man flirts with him, saying he admires how Jack is playing both sides against each other.  Jack insists he is an innocent bystander and gets rid of the man by making an empty promise to visit his hotel room.  Rita is surprised to see him but offers to help.  As she kisses him, Anders' men break in and kidnap both.  In the warehouse, Libby angrily asks Jack if he is the unluckiest man alive or a shrewd assassin who has engineered the entire plot.  Though professing to be an insurance salesman, Jack demands they let Rita go.  When Libby refuses, Jack grabs a pistol from one of the men holding him and kills all of Libby's henchmen, including Anders.  Before killing Libby, Jack reveals himself as an assassin hired by the Broker.  He whispers his true background to Rita, then advises her to leave Cuba immediately.

Cast

Production
Writer-directors Bellows and Pantages met early in their careers as actors and agreed to make their own film.  Twenty-five years passed before they followed through with their promise.  The script was designed to put a character into a situation foreign to both him and audiences.  Early on, an investor pulled out.  Pantages, who had already invested all of his own money into the project, pushed forward.  After writing a treatment, Bellows and Pantages sent it to ten screenwriter friends for feedback.  Shooting took place in Vancouver and Havana.

Release
3 Days in Havana premiered at the Vancouver International Film Festival on 28 September 2013.  Entertainment One released it in Canada on 28 March 2014.

Reception
Bruce Kirkland of the Toronto Sun called it "quirky and worth seeing", though not comparable to the work of its biggest influence, Alfred Hitchcock.  Ken Eisner of the Georgia Straight wrote that the story is "sometimes clumsily told" and may test audiences' suspension of disbelief, but the cinematography makes up for it.  Adam Nayman of The Globe and Mail rated it 2/4 stars and wrote that the film becomes less interesting after Wise's character Harry dies, as he is the most interesting character.  Nayman also criticized the film's twist ending, calling it "at once unexpected and extremely unsatisfying", though he described the film as likeable for its pulpy atmosphere.  Bruce Demara of The Toronto Star rated it 2/4 stars and called it a "tepid thriller" that it would have worked better if it were a spoof.

3 Days in Havana was nominated for Best Motion Picture, Best Cinematography, and Best Supporting Performance by a Male at the Leo Awards and won Best Cinematography.

References

External links

2013 films
2010s comedy thriller films
Canadian comedy thriller films
English-language Canadian films
English-language Cuban films
Films about assassinations
Films set in Havana
Films shot in Havana
Films shot in Vancouver
Cuban comedy films
2013 comedy films
2013 directorial debut films
2010s English-language films
Cuban thriller films
2010s Canadian films

3 Days in Havana


The Super Mario Challenge was a show that aired on The Children's Channel. It last from September to December 20, 1991, and aired every day 4:30 PM, except for weekends.

Set up
The person who presented the show was John Lenahan. He was dressed and looked like Mario. Two players had to do jobs that called for playing the Mario video games Super Mario Bros., Super Mario Bros. 2, and Super Mario Bros. 3. Rounds are made up of tests to see who could end a level in the fastest time. The other object of the game was to see which contestant gets the most coins on a certain level. Winners of each round would get one to three "gold coins." Then whoever holds the most at the end of the show would move forward to the next stage of the competition. If both players had an equal number of gold coins, a single-level sudden death playoff decided who would go through.

Dropped
The show was dropped in 1991, quite a while before The Children's Channel changed to TCC. Link Anchor Man got many letters asking if the show would be done again, it never was.

Other websites
The Super Mario Challenge at UKGameshows.com

1990s television series

The Super Mario Challenge


Nikolai Girshevich Kapustin (Russian: Никола́й Ги́ршевич Капу́стин; November 22, 1937 – July 2, 2020) was a Ukrainian composer and pianist. He was born in Horlivka, Ukrainian SSR. His works are 20 piano sonatas, six piano concerti, other instrumental concert, sets of piano variations, and concert studies.

Kapustin died on July 2, 2020 in Moscow at the age of 82.

Life
At the age of seven, he learned piano with Professor Avreliana Hryhorovycha Rubbakha (1895—1975), a student of Felix Blumenfeld, who also taught Symona Barera and Volodymyra Horovytsya. Rubbakha was the first serious teacher for Kapustin, and together they worked hard for 11 years. While he was learning, Kapustin fully went through the path of becoming a pianist of the classical type, playing works by Bach, Clementi, Scarletti, Liszt, Beethoven, and passing various scales, arpeggios, etc. on technical tests.

When he was 18 years old he went into the Moscow Conservatory on piano in the class of Holʹdenveyzera Oleksandra Borysovycha. Kapustin remembered that the relationship with such a famous person affected him and his development as a pianist. Borysovycha was 82 years old at the time, and he could not to provide adequate technical teaching to his student. During the work, the teacher remembered the past a lot, sharing interesting facts and his thoughts on composers. Borysovycha was touched at how full of motion the music of Mykoly Hirshovycha was, what he could do with the piano, deeply respected and loved his student.

For some time, Kapustin dreamed of becoming a super good pianist and performing classic pieces, but not on big stages, but in a more cozy place or recording in studios. But at about the age of 20, the pianist started to like in jazz.

In 1957, the Orchestra of the Central House of Artists and Kapustin played at the VI International Festival of Youth and Students, which was in Moscow. At that time, the festival had 34,000 people in it who stood for 131 countries. The festival was the biggest ever. And it was here, on the world stage, that Kapustin had his work played for the first time, the Concertino for piano and orchestra (which he wrote in the same year). It was then that the composer found his style in the natural mix of classical structure mixed with jazz improvisations (making up things you play), harmonies, rhythms, chords, etc.

Not only did he learn at the big school, Kapustin played with a small jazz band in high types of restaurants for people who were not Ukrainians. One of these light concerts was recorded and later on the radio "Voice of America" began to play it again.

In 1961 Kapustin left the Moscow Conservatory.

Between the years 1961–1972, he worked together with Oleha Lundstrema's orchestra. During his work with the orchestra, it turned out that Kapustin was very good pianist who practiced a lot and a very great composer, writing a number of new works.

In 1972–1977, he was pianist of the Blue Screen Orchestra. He also played in the State Symphony Orchestra of Cinematography of Ukraine.

The end of the 70's was Kapustin's change from playing to writing different types and lots of music. He wrote many works of many different forms for orchestra and piano alone.

His works were published with the help of Stivena Osborna and Mykola Petrov. Kapustin's piano pieces were added in the set of works and recorded by Mark-Andre Amlen, Mykola Petrov and others. And so was why Kapustin's music all around the world. The composer himself has again and again recorded very good playing his own works.

On December 11, 2007, a concert for the composer's work was held in Moscow. Kapustin was there. March 8, 2009 in the Chamber Hall of the Moscow Conservatory was a concert of his works, which he also went to, who answered many questions from fans of his work.

References

Other websites
 Nikolai Kapustin, Internet edition compiled by Onno van Rijen (archived)
 Official Home of Nikolai Kapustin: nikolai-kapustin.info.
 MusT, publishers of Nikolai Kapustin's music
 Nikolai Kapustin's orchestral works from 60's and 70's, compiled by Anton Kapustin

1937 births
2020 deaths
Russian composers
Russian pianists

Nikolai Kapustin


Family: Rosaceae

Status: Vulnerable

Malus sieversii is a wild apple native to Central Asia. It is the ancestor of the Apple. Malus sieversii tastes sweet and then goes from sour very quickly. Some of the apples have different tastes to one another. Malus sieversii tree can grow up to 5 to 12 meters. (16 to 39 ft.) It is very similar in appearance to the Apple.

Apples

Malus sieversii