All Saints Church is in the small village of Weston-on-Avon, Warwickshire, England.  The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building.  It is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Gloucester, the archdeaconry of Cheltenham and the deanery of Campden.  Its benefice is combined with those of St Swithin's, Quinton and St Peter's, Welford.

History
The earliest documentary evidence of a church on the site is in 1283, although it is likely that there was a church at an earlier date.  Most of the present church dates from the mid-15th century, although part of the chancel is possibly older.  A chapel dedicated to St Anne was demolished, probably in the 16th century at the time of suppression of chantry chapels in the 16th century. The south porch was added in the early 18th century and a restoration was carried out in 1899.

Architecture

Exterior
The church is built in blue lias, parts of which are covered in pebbledash, and the dressings are of ashlar.  The roof is tiled.  The plan consists of a four-bay nave, a two-bay chancel, a west tower and a south porch.  The tower is short and has no string courses.  At the top four corners are gargoyles, three of which depict winged monsters, the other a human being playing a recorder.  The west window has four lights with Perpendicular tracery.  The bell-openings have two lights and louvres.  At the corners are diagonal buttresses and at the northeast of the tower is a stair turret.  At its top is a cornice and crenellations.  The north wall of the nave has a six-light straight-headed window in each bay.  Two lights of one of these windows contains stained glass depicting a large number of little ships.  Between the windows is a blocked north doorway.  The window in the western bay of the south wall has a six-light window similar to those in the north wall.  The porch is in the next bay and the windows in the other two bays contain arches filed with glass which used to be the arches between the chapel and the nave.  At the east end of the nave wall is a squint with two trefoil-headed openings.  Around the top of the nave is a cornice.  The north and east sides are fully crenellated but the crenellations on the south wall are only above the two western bays.  The chancel is lower and narrower than the nave and is gabled.  The east window is arched with three lights and Perpendicular tracery.  In the north wall of the chancel is a three-light straight-headed window and in the south wall there is a similar window with a priest's door to its west.

Interior
The font is octagonal and dates from the 19th century.  The pulpit and choir stalls date from the early 20th century and the organ from 1960.  On the floor to the southeast of the pulpit are medieval encaustic tiles.  In the nave is a 17th century bier.  On the chancel floor are memorial brasses to Sir John Greville who died in 1547 and Sir Edward Greville who died in 1559, both of whom were Lords of the Manor of Milcote.  On the wall are three early 19th century memorial tablets to members of the Adkins family, also of Milcote.  There is a single bell, dating from the mid-15th century, which is inscribed with a cross and the word Gabriel.

External features
In the churchyard is the base of a medieval cross made from limestone ashlar which is listed at Grade II.  Also listed at Grade II are two chest tombs which probably date from the late 17th century.

References

Church of England church buildings in Warwickshire
Grade I listed churches in Warwickshire
English Gothic architecture in Warwickshire

All Saints Church, Weston-on-Avon


Eppillus (Celtic: "little horse") was the name of a Roman client king of the Atrebates tribe of the British Iron Age. He appears to have ruled part of the territory that had previously been held by Commius, the Gaulish former ally of Julius Caesar who fled to Britain following the uprising of Vercingetorix, or possibly of his son. Eppillus is not mentioned in any historical sources. Coins bearing his name also bear the inscription COMMI.FILI which is generally read as Commios filius indicating at least a claim to be Commius's son.

After Commius's death in about 20 BC, based on numismatic evidence, Eppillus seems to have ruled jointly with another ruler named Tincomarus. The COMMI.FILI inscription also appears on Tincomarus's coins suggesting they could have been brothers. Eppillus's capital was Noviomagus Reginorum (Chichester) in the south of the kingdom, while Tincomarus ruled from Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester) in the north.

Eppillus became ruler of the whole territory a little before 7 AD, and Tincomarus appears as a supplicant to the Emperor Augustus in his Res Gestae, so he would seem to have been driven out in some sort of domestic intrigue. After this, Eppillus's coins are marked "Rex", indicating that he was recognised as king by Rome.

A single stater has been found in Dover bearing the name of Eppillus and an otherwise unknown Anarevito. The relationship between the two is unclear although it has been suggested that they were allied rulers.
In about 15 AD, Eppillus was succeeded as king of the Atrebates by Verica. Verica again issues coins with the COMMI.FILI inscription suggesting perhaps a third brother although Verica's possible presence in Rome in 47 AD would have required Commius to have lived a very long life.  At about the same time, coins of the Cantiaci stamped with the name Eppillus start to appear in Kent, replacing those of Dubnovellaunus. It is possible that Eppillus was deposed by Verica, fled to Kent and established himself as king there, but equally possible that he was invited to become king by the Cantiaci, peacefully handing the rule of the Atrebates to Verica, or that he died and was succeeded by Verica, and that Eppillus of Kent was another man of the same name.

References

External links
Atrebates and Cantiaci at Roman-Britain.co.uk
Atrebates and Cantium at Romans in Britain

Briton monarchs
1st-century monarchs in Europe

Eppillus


Jocelyn de Brakelond or Jocelin de Brakelonde (fl. latter half of 12th century) was an English monk and the author of a chronicle narrating the fortunes of the monastery of Bury St. Edmunds Abbey between 1173 and 1202. He is only known through his own work.

Jocelyn was a native of Bury St. Edmunds; he served his novitiate under Samson of Tottington, who was at that time master of the novices, but afterwards sub-sacrist, and, from 1182, abbot of the house. Jocelyn took the habit of religion in 1173, during the time of Abbot Hugo (1157–1180), through whose improvidence and laxity the abbey had become impoverished and the monks had lost discipline.

The fortunes of the abbey changed for the better with the election of Samson as Hugo's successor. Jocelyn, who became the abbot's chaplain within four months of the election, describes the administration of Samson at considerable length. He tells us that he was with Samson night and day for six years; the picture which he gives of his master, although coloured by enthusiastic admiration, is singularly frank and intimate. It is all the more convincing since Jocelyn is no stylist. His Latin is familiar and easy, but the reverse of classical. He thinks and writes as one whose interests are wrapped up in his house; and the unique interest of his work lies in the minuteness with which it describes the policy of a monastic administrator who was in his own day considered as a model.

Jocelyn has also been credited with an extant but unprinted tract on the election of Abbot Hugo (Harleian manuscript 1005, fol. 165); from internal evidence this appears to be an error. He mentions a (non-extant) work which he wrote, before the Cronica, on the miracles of Saint Robert of Bury, a boy found murdered in 1181 whose death during a period of rising anti-Semitism was blamed on the local Jews.

J. G. Rokewood published an edition of Chronica Jocelini de Brakelonda de Rebus Gestis Samsonis Abbatis Monasterii Sancti Edmundi (Camden Society), in 1840. A translation and notes are given in TE Tomlin's Monastic and Social Life in the Twelfth Century in the Chronicle of Jocelyn de Brakelond (1844). Thomas Carlyle's book Past and Present, which contrasted medieval and modern culture, used Tomlin's edition of Jocelyn as its principal source,  making a hero of Abbot Samson, one of the main figures in Jocelyn's narrative.

A recent translation with a substantial introduction is: Jocelin of Brakelond, Chronicle of the Abbey of Bury St Edmunds, trans. Diana Greenway and Jane Sayers (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1989; reissue 2009).

Notes

References
Jocelyn de Brakelond, Chronicle of the Abbey of Bury St. Edmunds 1202, Oxford World Classics.
Jocelin Brakelond, The Chronicle of Jocelin Brakelond: A Picture of Monastic Life in the Days of Abbott Samson, newly edited by Sir Ernest Clarke, M.A. F.S.A; London: Alexander Moring, The De La More Press, 1903

External links

12th-century births
Year of birth unknown
13th-century English historians
1211 deaths
English Christian monks
English chroniclers
Writers from Bury St Edmunds
Benedictine scholars
Benedictine writers
12th-century English historians
12th-century writers in Latin

Jocelyn de Brakelond


Erotic hypnosis is a broad term for a variety of erotic activities involving hypnosis. Some erotic hypnosis is practiced in the context of BDSM relationships and communities. In addition, for some people hypnosis is inherently erotic, making it an example of a sexual fetish or paraphilia.

Practice
Erotic hypnosis can involve hypnotic suggestions intended to increase arousal, to create or enhance sexual pleasure (which may involve "hands-free orgasms"), to produce new sensations, to freeze partners in place or simulate bondage, or to enhance roleplay, with popular types of hypnotic roleplay including animal transformations, robot play and doll play. Erotic hypnosis may be done face-to-face, over video conferencing or text chat, or through pre-recorded audio files or videos. Sessions may involve suggestions that are to take effect during trance or afterwards, in the form of post-hypnotic suggestions, some of which might be triggered by an action or situation.

Relation to BDSM
Hypnosis is an increasingly popular practice within a dominance and submission relationship to reinforce power exchange and as a form of kinky play. Some people report that being hypnotized produces a strong feeling of giving up control, for example the feeling that they must obey the hypnotist's commands. Several practitioners have compared the sensation of trance to subspace. Major BDSM events in North America now frequently contain classes and workshops dedicated to erotic hypnosis, such as events run by Black Rose and TES. In addition to a presence at these general BDSM events, since 2009 national-level erotic hypnosis conventions have been held in cities in North America and worldwide, as well as local meetups such as munches.

As a fetish

A subset of those interested in erotic hypnosis find hypnosis inherently erotic, therefore making it an example of a sexual fetish. They may be aroused by hypnotizing others, by the feeling of being hypnotized, or by seeing people being hypnotized.

Hypnosis fetishism has been recorded in the clinical literature as far back as 1957, when George Merrill noted that "to many hypnotic subjects, hypnosis has strong sexual connotations". In one case study of a patient who eroticized hypnosis, he wrote

Her enthusiasm for hypnosis, her obvious enjoyment of the trance, and her relaxed, happy, 'starry-eyed' appearance after awakening from each trance suggested that she was deriving more gratification from the hypnotic experience than would be likely just from the relief of symptoms and the gaining of insight.Hypnosis fetishism has a large overlap with mind control fetishism, which in addition to typically unrealistic, fantasy depictions of hypnotic control, may include magic (e.g., telepathy, vampirism) or fictional technology (e.g., brainwashing machines, robotization) as plot devices.

Society and culture

Cinema and stag films
Hypnosis had a link to perceptions of erotic and criminal transgression in mainstream cinema, particularly in the early to mid-twentieth century, popularising the idea of the "evil hypnotist" and the "scientific brainwasher." These tropes were replicated in stag films at the time, such as the 1930s stag film The Hypnotist.

On the internet

History
Hypnosis and mind control fetish content has been shared on the internet since its early years, as in a 1997 survey of stories from alt.sex.stories which found that "five percent of stories involved some kind of mind control (such as hypnosis, the use of mythical mind control machines or drugs)". Erotic hypnosis content on the internet has appeared as audio files, videos, and literature.

Modern day
More recently, videos consisting of rapidly edited sexual clips combined with text or audio that caters to fantasies of being brainwashed, for example into feminization, have gained in popularity. A 2023 study in Sexuality & Culture found that "sissy hypno" content is viewed by cisgender men, as well as transgender women who may use the media "as a tool of sexual identity affirmation and further sexual exploration." Another article in Transgender Studies Quarterly found that for transgender women, these videos "create space for viewers to experiment with gendered embodiment through imagining a future-oriented transformation into a trans* subject."

Controversy
Erotic hypnosis (sometimes branded "Hypnokink") content, has been subject to restrictions on pornographic websites, for a combination of reasons. Many examples of hypnosis in fictional media portray it as non-consensual and all-powerful, leading to the belief that hypnotized performers may not be fully consenting to the experience. There have also been anecdotal reports of people paying money to financial dominatrixes (findommes) because they were "hypnotized" to do so, then performing chargebacks on their cards, frustrating credit card companies like Visa and Mastercard, which have exerted pressure on adult sites to ban the topic.

In 2019, subscription platform Patreon banned erotic content depicting non-consensual hypnosis under its policy against "glorification of sexual violence." In 2023, an article from BuzzFeed News alleged that a series of intense feminization recordings known as Bambi Sleep had eroded and violated the consent of their hypnotic subjects. Other practitioners of erotic hypnosis criticized the article, agreeing that the files were "unsafe," but arguing that the article portrayed the community as a "monolith," and that "Bambi Sleep is a tiny part of an intensely broad hypnokink space."

References

Hypnosis
BDSM
Sexual fetishism
Paraphilias

Erotic hypnosis


Ronald McDonald is an American clown character who is a mascot of the McDonald's fast-food restaurant.
He wears yellow and red stripes and has wacky hair. He lives in McDonaldland, with lots of his friends. The first actor to play Ronald McDonald was famous weatherman and Bozo the Clown actor Willard Scott. Later the actor for Coco the Clown, Michael Polakovs, redesigned Ronald McDonald's outfit and make-up, which is the version still used by today's Ronald McDonald actors. The fictional character is a heroic magical adventurer that stands up good and freedom, such as saving the rain forest and supporting Ronald McDonald House Charities.

Actors
McDonald's has many actors employed to portray Ronald McDonald in restaurants and events. It is assumed, however, that the company uses only one actor at a time to play the character in television commercials.

This is a list of these main actors:

Willard Scott (Washington, D.C. 1963–1965)
Bev Bergeron (Southern California, 1966–1968)
George Voorhis (Southern California, 1968–1988)
Ray Rayner (1968–1969)
Bob Brandon (1970–1975)
King Moody (1969–1985)
Squire Fridell (1985–1991)
Jack Doepke (1990–1999)
David Hussey (2000–2014)
Brad Lennon (2014–present)

An actor by the name of Joe Maggard stated in an interview of The Guardian in 2014 that he portrayed the Ronald McDonald character from 1995 to 2007. However, It was stated in a 2003 article by The Baltimore Sun that Maggard was only a stand-in actor for one commercial shoot in the mid 90s and stated that "he is definitely not Ronald McDonald", as Jack Doepke and David Hussey were the real current portrayers as Ronald throughout the time period Joe claimed he did. In 1998, he was charged of carrying a weapon in the New Hanover County, N.C., McDonalds and the next year he was convicted in making harassing telephone calls posing as Ronald. The judge ordered him to take anger management classes.

References

Clowns
Mascots
McDonald's

Ronald McDonald


Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948) is widely regarded as the main icon of the Indian independence movement.

Gandhi or Ghandhi may also refer to:
Gandhi (surname), a surname, and list of people with the name
Gandhi (Chhimba clan), a clan of the Chhimba caste in India

Arts
Gandhi Before India, a biography of Gandhi written by historian Ramachandra Guha.
Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World, a biography of Gandhi written by historian Ramachandra Guha.
Gandhi (film), a 1982 biographical film about Gandhi
Gandhi, My Father, a 2007 film about the relationship between Gandhi and his son
Gandhi (American band)
Gandhi (Costa Rican band)
"Gandhi", a song by Anne McCue
"Gandhi", a song from the Patti Smith album Trampin'

People

 Indira Gandhi, former Prime Minister of India
 Rajiv Gandhi, former Prime Minister of India
 Rahul Gandhi, President of the Indian National Congress
 Sonia Gandhi, President of the Indian National Congress
 Mahatma Gandhi (footballer), Brazilian footballer

Other
Gandhi (bookstore), a Mexican bookstore chain
MV Hannington Court (1954) or Gandhi, a cargo ship
Nickname of Rehavam Ze'evi (1926-2001), Israeli general and politician
Gandhi (Mexico City Metrobús), a BRT station in Mexico City
Gandhi (Clone High), a character of the animated sitcom Clone High

See also
Gandhi family (disambiguation)
Gandhism, ideology of Mahatma Gandhi
Gandhigiri, a revival of Gandhism in India
Gandi, a French domain name registrar and web host
Gandy (disambiguation)
Gondi (disambiguation)
Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (disambiguation)
List of things named after Mahatma Gandhi
Gandhinagar (disambiguation)
Indira Gandhi ministry (disambiguation)
Rajiv Gandhi ministry (disambiguation)

Gandhi (disambiguation)


A Wonderful World is an album by Tony Bennett and k.d. lang released in 2002.

It later won the Grammy Award for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album. In the U.S., the album achieved gold record status, and reached top 40 in the UK.

Track listing
 "Exactly Like You" (Dorothy Fields, Jimmy McHugh)  – 3:17
 "La Vie en Rose" (Mack David, David Louiguy, Edith Piaf)  – 3:23
 "I'm Confessin' (That I Love You)" (Doc Dougherty, Al J. Neiburg, Ellis Reynolds)  – 4:46
 "You Can Depend on Me" (Charles Carpenter, Carl M. Dunlap, Earl Hines)  – 3:00
 "What a Wonderful World" (Robert Thiele, George David Weiss)  – 3:23
 "That's My Home" (Otis Rene, Leon Rene)  – 3:05
 "A Kiss to Build a Dream On" (Oscar Hammerstein II, Bert Kalmar, Harry Ruby)  – 3:25 (k.d. lang solo)
 "I Wonder" (Cecil Gant, Raymond Leveen)  – 3:49
 "Dream a Little Dream of Me" (Fabian Andre, Gus Kahn, Wilbur Schwandt)  – 3:52
 "You Can't Lose a Broken Heart" (James P. Johnson, Eddie Miller)  – 3:14
 "That Lucky Old Sun (Just Rolls Around Heaven All Day)" (Haven Gillespie, Beasley Smith)  – 4:36 (k.d. lang solo)
 "If We Never Meet Again" (Louis Armstrong, Horace Gerlach)  – 3:52

Personnel
 Tony Bennett – vocals
 k.d. lang – vocals
 Lee Musiker – piano, arrangements
 Clayton Cameron – drums
 Paul Langosch – double bass
 Gray Sargent – guitar
 Scott Hamilton – tenor saxophone
 Peter Matz – conductor

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

2002 albums
Tony Bennett albums
K.d. lang albums
Albums produced by T Bone Burnett
Columbia Records albums
Covers albums
Grammy Award for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album
Vocal duet albums

A Wonderful World (Tony Bennett and k.d. lang album)


is a Japanese judoka. He is the only judoka in the world who has won three individual Olympic gold medals in a row, all in the extra lightweight (60 kg) division.

Biography

Nomura was born into a family of judoka. His grandfather was a local judo instructor, and his father was the coach of Shinji Hosokawa, who won a gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Nomura's uncle, Toyokazu Nomura, was also a gold medalist at the 1972 Summer Olympics in the (–70 kg) division.

Nomura began learning judo at his grandfather's dojo at age six. He was successful in several local and national level competitions during high school and junior-high school, and entered Tenri University in 1993. He won the All-Japan Selected judo championships for his weight class in April, 1996, to gain a spot on the Japanese olympic team for the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta, United States. Though relatively unknown at the world level at the time, he won his first olympic gold medal on July 26, 1996, defeating Girolamo Giovinazzo by seoi nage.

Nomura swept the All-Japan Selected judo championships again in 1997, and won a gold medal at the 1997 World Judo Championships in Paris to reinforce his position as the premier competitor at his weight class. After winning the All-Japan Selected judo championships for the third consecutive year in 1998, he injured his left knee in the Jigoro Kano Cup semi-finals on January 9, 1999, and was forced to withdraw from the competition. He did not participate in competitions for the rest of the year to recover from this injury and to complete his degree in health education.

Nomura made his return at the All-Japan Selected judo championships in 2000, winning the competition for the third time to gain a second trip to the olympics. He became the first -60 kg division competitor to win consecutive olympic gold medals on September 16, 2000 by defeating Jung Bu-Kyung of South Korea by sumi otoshi only 14 seconds into the match.

Nomura married former model Yoko Sakai in May, 2001. During this time Nomura took time off from judo to study abroad in San Francisco. He won the All-Japan Selected judo championships for the first time in three years (fourth total win) in April, 2003 to advance to the 2003 World Judo Championships where he made a disappointing bronze medal finish. He won the Japanese nationals for the second consecutive year (fifth total win) in April, 2004, which enabled him to seek an unprecedented third consecutive olympic gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. On August 14, 2004 he achieved this feat with a win over Nestor Khergiani of Georgia. This made Nomura the only olympic judo practitioner to have won three consecutive gold medals, and the first olympic competitor from Asia to win three consecutive gold medals in any competition. This was also the 100th gold medal won by Japan in the Summer Olympics.

Nomura did not participate in judo competitions after the 2004 olympic final, but on January 10, 2006, he announced his intention to seek a fourth consecutive gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. He made his return with a win at an international tournament held in the Czech Republic, and won the All-Japan Selected judo championships for the sixth time in 2007.  In 2008, however, Nomura failed to qualify for the 2008 Olympic Games when, on April 5, he was defeated by Daisuke Asano in the semifinals of the -60 kg category at the National Weight Class Invitational Tournament, which represented the last opportunity to clinch the berth as the Japanese athlete in the -60 kg category.  A day after his defeat, Nomura made it known, through a spokesperson, his intention to retire from competitive judo.  On April 25, he underwent knee surgery, although it remains unknown whether this injury might have played any role in his unexpected elimination from the aforementioned Olympic-qualifying competition.

He announced he would continue his career and intended to qualify for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.  Ultimately he did not do so, and announced his retirement from judo in August 2015, stating that his health no longer allowed him to compete.

See also
 List of judoka
 List of Olympic medalists in judo
 List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
 List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event
 List of multiple Olympic medalists in one event

References

External links

 Competition videos of Tadahiro Nomura at Judovision

1974 births
Living people
Japanese male judoka
Olympic judoka for Japan
Judoka at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Judoka at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Judoka at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Japan
Sportspeople from Nara Prefecture
Olympic medalists in judo
World judo champions
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon
20th-century Japanese people
21st-century Japanese people

Tadahiro Nomura


The Maltese people, or Maltese, are a nation and ethnic group native to Malta, an island country made of a group of seven islands in the Mediterranean Sea.

History
People have lived in Malta since around 5200 BC with the first people living there coming from Sicily. An important prehistoric Neolithic culture marked by Megalithic structures was on the islands, which were made a thousand years before the Pyramids of Giza, which means they were very old. The Phoenicians in the Mediterranean took over Malta from about 1000 BC, using the islands to expand their sea explorations and trade in the Mediterranean, until the Carthaginians took over and also expanded in the Mediterranean, but these were also defeated by the Romans in 216 BC.

Malta was then ruled by Byzantine, a Greek group that took over almost all of the Mediterranean, from the 4th to 9th century. Sometime around this point, the Vandals, a German tribe, ruled the islands. The islands were at one point invaded by the Arabs in AD 870. They allowed the people to believe in Christianity, and did not have children with the population, so they did not change much on the island, but they showed them citrus fruits and cotton, and water-moving systems. They hardly had any effect on the island or its people while they were there, but one thing that they did effect was the language. The Maltese language gained a lot from this.

From the advent of the Normans in 1090 to 1530, Malta was part of the 'Kingdom of Sicily'. This means that from 1091 to 1530, when the Order of St. John came to Malta, the original Sicilian population that moved there from Sicily in the beginning got bigger.

The French under the rule of Napoleon took over Malta in 1798. The British helped the Maltese to stop the French control two years later. The people of Malta were very happy that the British did this, and wanted Britain to rule it. As part of the 'Treaty of Paris' (1814), Malta became a colony in the British Empire.

Malta became a separate country from everyone on 21 September 1964 (Independence Day). Under the 1964 rules, Malta originally kept Queen Elizabeth II as the Queen of Malta, with a Governor-General working on her behalf in Malta. On 13 December 1974 (Republic Day), it became a republic within the Commonwealth, with the President as head of state. Malta joined the European Union on 1 May 2004 and joined the Eurozone on 1 January 2008.

Possible genetic links

The origins debate

Malta

Historians and Geneticists currently do not know where the Maltese people came from. The answer is difficult to find because of several things, such as Malta's invasions, with long parts in time where the population got smaller, before other people from the Mediterranean moved to Malta and married the Maltese. One unusual example of this is the exile to Malta of all of the male population from the town of Celano (Italy) in 1223, the stationing of a Norman and Sicilian garrison on Malta in 1240, the expulsion from Malta of Arabs (presumably, those who refused to convert to Christianity) commencing in 1245, the arrival of several hundred Catalan soldiers in 1283, the European repopulation of Malta that began in the 13th century,
the settlement in Malta of noble families from Sicily and Aragon between 1372 and 1450, the arrival of several thousand Greek and Rhodian sailors, soldiers and slaves with the Knights of St. John, the introduction of several thousand Sicilian labourers in 1551 and again in 1566, the emigration to Malta of some 891 Italian exiles during the Risorgimento in 1849, and the posting of some 22,000 British servicemen in Malta from 1807 to 1979.

Historical and ethnic studies published and promoted by the various ruling classes during their governance over Malta provide little, if any, valuable guidance on the question of Maltese ethnicity, given that their conclusions appear to have been driven, in large part, by political expediency.  Hence, Maltese history books published during the rule of the Knights of St. John, at a time when Malta and Gozo suffered repeated razzias at the hands of the Ottomans and Barbary corsairs, promoted the myth of a continuous, Roman Catholic, native Maltese population, that somehow survived despite the Arab conquest of Malta and the depopulation that followed.  Studies and reports published during the British colonial period promoted the theory of  Phoenician origins, in an attempt to distinguish the Maltese from their Sicilian and Italian neighbours, or in the case of the Catholic Church, to distinguish the Maltese from the Arab peoples that controlled Malta prior to the liberation of Malta by the Normans.   By contrast, history books published during the Mintoff years following Independence began to question the earlier beliefs in a continuous, indigenous population of Christian Maltese and, in some cases, quietly promoted the theory of closer cultural and ethnic ties with North Africa.  This new development was noted by Boissevain in 1991:

...the Labour government broke off relations with NATO and sought links with the Arab world. After 900 years of being linked to Europe, Malta began to look southward. Muslims, still remembered in folklore for savage pirate attacks, were redefined as blood brothers.

This latter development coincided with and reflected dramatic new (but short-lived) developments in Maltese foreign policy: Western media reported that Malta appeared to be turning its back on NATO, the United Kingdom, and Europe generally; Libya had loaned several million dollars to Malta to make up for the loss of rental income which followed the closure of British military bases in Malta; Malta and Libya had entered into a Friendship and Cooperation Treaty, in response to repeated overtures by Gaddafi for a closer, more formal union between the two countries.

The Phoenician origins theory

Some recent studies carried out by geneticists Spencer Wells and Pierre Zalloua of the American University of Beirut collected samples of Y-chromosomes from men living in the Middle East, North Africa, southern Spain, and Malta, places the Phoenicians are known to have settled and traded. According to the study, more than half (50%) of the Y chromosome lineages that are seen in today's Maltese population could have come in with the Phoenicians. As to why there is such a significant genetic impact, Wells could only speculate, "but the results are consistent with a settlement of people from the Levant within the past 2,000 years, and that points to the Phoenicians."

The Phoenician background of the Maltese suggests possible tenuous cultural, religious, and linguistic links to Lebanese Maronites, (whom are also descended from Phoenicians revealed during National Geographic's Special), who speak a variety of Arabic, and are Christian.  .

The Sicilian or Calabrian theory
This "Phoenician origins" theory has been contradicted by at least one major study, which found that "the contemporary males of Malta most likely originated from Southern Italy, including Sicily and up to Calabria," and that "[t]here is a minuscule amount of input from the Eastern Mediterranean with genetic affinity to Christian Lebanon."  One of the authors of this study commented as follows on the Wells/Zalloua study:

"We are aware of conflicting conclusions published as an interview in the popular National Geographic magazine. Despite an intensive search we cannot find them reproduced in the mainstream scientific literature. We consider that data somewhat flawed, and furthermore, unsound. National Geographic is not a peer-reviewed academic journal and thus the weight of the evidence is poor compared to other peer-reviewed academic journals that are also in the public domain. One cannot be comfortable with data that have not passed the scrutiny of peer review....

[I]t seems to me that the simplest explanation that cannot be excluded by any of the scientific data thus far available is that Malta was indeed barely inhabited at the turn of the tenth century.

Repopulation is likely to have occurred by a clan or clans (possibly of Arab or Arab-like speaking people) from neighbouring Sicily and Calabria. Possibly, they could have mixed with minute numbers of residual inhabitants, with a constant input of immigrants from neighbouring countries and later, even from afar. There seems to be little input from North Africa."

Related pages
Maltese language
Malta
Lino Grech

References

Other websites
About the Maltese people
Statistics for the Maltese People

Ethnic groups in Europe

Maltese people


Ratna Park is a park and surrounding district in central Kathmandu, Nepal. It is named after Queen Ratna, the wife of King Mahendra. It was built for the children and is named after Ratna, the second queen of King Mahendra. It is situated between Rani Pokhari and Tudikhel in the heart of Kathmandu.

Gallery

References

Parks in Nepal
Kathmandu
1964 establishments in Nepal

Ratna Park


{{Taxobox
| name = Christmas Island pipistrelle
| status = LC
|status_system = iucn3.1
| regnum = Animalia
| classis = Mammalia
| ordo = Chiroptera
| familia = Vespertilionidae
| genus = Pipistrellus
| binomial = Pipistrellus murrayi
| binomial_authority = (Andrews, 1900)
| synonyms = Pipistrellus tenuis murrayi Koopman 1973, 1993}}

The Christmas Island pipistrelle (Pipistrellus murrayi) was a species of bat in the Vespertilionidae family. Biologists believe the bat became extinct on 27 August 2009.

It was a small bat (it weighed ), and lived only on Christmas Island, Australia.van Dyck S. & Strahan R. (eds) 2008. The mammals of Australia. It was thought to be the same as the Pipistrellus tenuis,Koopman K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. 137-241 in: Wilson D.E. & Reeder D.M. (eds) Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. but research on the bat's baculum (a penis bone) showed that Pipistrellus murrayi'' was a different species.

Decline
The numbers of Christmas Island Pipistrelle bats had dropped a lot in the last 20 years. It had once been seen all over the island, including in the Settlement. It went from at least 80% of its living range, and its numbers had dropped more than 90% since 1994. Research into the number of bats in January 2009, shows there were only about 20 bats left. The only known group resting place had only four bats. The last bat call was heard on 26 August 2009.

Cause of decline
Scientists do not know why the Christmas Island Pipistrelle's numbers dropped. Several possible threats may have been:
being eaten
disturbed at their resting spots
an unknown disease.

A number of animals brought to Christmas Island could be the problem:
Common Wolf Snake
 Giant Centipede
Yellow Crazy Ant
Black Rat
Cats

Saving the pipistrelle
Early in 2009, the Australian Minister for the Environment, Peter Garrett, stopped scientists from trying to set up a captive breeding program. He said that the bats were too hard to catch, and no one knew how to keep them alive in cages. Instead, he announced a program to breed a similar bat in the Northern Territory of Australia. Scientists would learn about caring and breeding bats, then use this information to save the Christmas Island Pipistrelle. Other scientists had said this would take too long, and the bats would become extinct. Scientists believed that by June 2009 there were only four of the bats left in the world. In July 2009, the Australian Government changed its earlier decision and said that it would try to capture the last of the bats and use them to try and breed more bats in captivity. During August and September 2009 scientists searched for the remaining bats to catch them and protect them.  At the end of August only one bat had been heard. Scientists tried to catch this bat, but it has not been heard from since the night of 26 August. It is now believed that the bat is extinct. This may be one of the few times that the extinction of a species in the wild can be known to the exact day.  Scientists will continue to search for the bat, but there has been no signs of the bat since.

References

Mammals of Australia
Bats
Christmas Island

Christmas Island pipistrelle


Musicmagic is the seventh and final studio album of fusion band Return to Forever.

This album contains the final line-up of the band, with only founders Chick Corea and Stanley Clarke returning from the previous album.  This is the first album since Light as a Feather (1973) to contain vocals, featuring Stanley Clarke and Corea's wife Gayle Moran.  This album also marks the return of original member Joe Farrell on saxophone and flute, along with several new members making up a five-piece horn section.

In addition to the conventional two channel stereo version the album was also released by Columbia in a four channel quadraphonic version in 1977 as one of the last quadraphonic albums released by the label. In 2016 the album was re-issued in stereo on hybrid Super Audio CD by Audio Fidelity. It was re-issued again on SACD by Dutton Vocalion in 2017 containing both the quadraphonic and stereo mixes.

With the addition of trombonist Ron Moss, this lineup toured and recorded the live album Live (1977) which was re-issued in 1978 as a 4-LP set called Return to Forever Live: The Complete Concert.

Track listing
"The Musician" (Chick Corea) – 7:12
"Hello Again" (Stanley Clarke) – 3:49
"Musicmagic" (Corea, Gayle Moran) – 11:00
"So Long Mickey Mouse" (Clarke) – 6:09
"Do You Ever" (Moran) – 3:59
"The Endless Night" (Corea, Moran) – 9:41

Personnel
 Chick Corea – acoustic piano, Fender Rhodes electric piano, Hohner clavinet, synthesizers (ARP Odyssey, Minimoog, Polymoog, Moog 15 modular), vocals
 Gayle Moran – acoustic piano, Hammond B3 organ, Polymoog, vocals
 Joe Farrell – piccolo flute, flute, soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone
 James Tinsley – piccolo trumpet, trumpet
 John Thomas – trumpet, flugelhorn
 James E. Pugh – tenor trombone
 Harold Garret – tenor trombone, bass trombone, baritone horn
 Stanley Clarke – electric bass, acoustic bass, vocals
 Gerry Brown – drums

Chart performance

References

External links
 Return to Forever - Musicmagic (1977) album review by Jason Elias, credits & releases at AllMusic
 Return to Forever - Musicmagic (1977) album releases & credits at Discogs
 Return to Forever - Musicmagic (1977) album credits & user reviews at ProgArchives.com
 Return to Forever - Musicmagic (1977) album to be listened as stream on Spotify

1977 albums
Columbia Records albums
Return to Forever albums

Musicmagic


Metre per second is an SI unit of measurement of both speed and velocity. It is defined by the distance in metres divided by the time in seconds. Its abbreviation is m/s or m·s-1. In astronomy, the unit is sometimes used in kilometres per second (equivalent to 1000 metres per second).

Conversions
1 metre per second is equivalent to:
 ≈ 3.2808 feet per second (approximately)
 ≈ 2.2369 miles per hour (approximately)
 = 3.6 km·h−1 (exactly)

1 foot per second = 0.3048 m·s−1 (exactly)

1 mile per hour ≈ 0.4470 m·s−1 (approximately)

1 km·h-1 ≈ 0.2778 m·s−1 (approximately)

1 kilometre per second is equivalent to:
 ≈ 0.6213 miles per second (approximately)
 ≈ 2,237 miles per hour (approximately)

Units of velocity
SI derived units

Metre per second


Mooning is the act of displaying one's bare buttocks, by removing clothing. Very often, poeple also bend over, and their genitals may be visible as well. In English-speaking countries, mooning is used to show protest, or disrespect. It can also be done as a form of provocation. Mooning can be done for shock value, for fun, as a joke or as a form of exhibitionism. The Māori have a form of mooning known as  that is a form of insult.

In some countries, mooning is seen as a form of indecent exposure. This often depends on the context.
Nudity
Civil disobedience

Mooning


On the Town is a 1949 American Technicolor musical film with music by Leonard Bernstein and Roger Edens and book and lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green. It is an adaptation of the Broadway stage musical of the same name produced in 1944 (which itself is an adaptation of the Jerome Robbins ballet entitled Fancy Free which was also produced in 1944), although many changes in script and score were made from the original stage version; for instance, most of Bernstein's score was dropped in favor of new songs by Edens, who disliked the majority of  Bernstein's music for being too complex and too operatic for film audiences.  This caused Bernstein to boycott the film.

The film was directed by Gene Kelly, who also choreographed, and Stanley Donen in their directorial debut, and stars Kelly, Frank Sinatra, Betty Garrett, and Ann Miller, and features Jules Munshin and Vera-Ellen. It was a product of the Arthur Freed unit at MGM, and is notable for its combination of studio and location filming, as a result of Gene Kelly's insistence that some scenes be shot in New York City, including at Columbus Circle, the American Museum of Natural History, the Brooklyn Bridge, and Rockefeller Center.

The film was an immediate success and won the Oscar for Best Music—Scoring of a Musical Picture, and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Cinematography (Color). Screenwriters Comden and Green won the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Musical.

In 2006, the film ranked No. 19 on the American Film Institute's list of Best Musicals. In 2018, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

Plot
Three US Navy sailors – Gabey, Chip, and Ozzie – begin their shore leave, excited for their 24 hours in New York ("New York, New York"). While riding the subway, Gabey falls in love with the picture of the monthly "Miss Turnstiles," whose name is Ivy Smith. By chance, she's in the next subway station and Gabey gets to pose in a promotional photo of her. After she catches the next train, Gabey vows to find her again. The sailors race around New York in a frenzied search, hoping to still have time to sightsee and take dates out to the clubs.

Along the way they are assisted by, and become romantically involved with, two women and pair up: Ozzie with Claire, an anthropologist; and Chip with Hildy, an aggressively amorous taxi driver. Claire claims that she's found her passionate "Prehistoric Man" in Ozzie at the Museum of Anthropological History. While dancing, Ozzie accidentally knocks over a dinosaur skeleton and the group flees the museum. They decide to split up in search of Ivy, during which Hildy invites Chip to "Come Up to My Place."

Finally locating Ivy in a dance class, Gabey takes her on an imaginary date down his home town "Main Street" in a studio in Symphonic Hall. He doesn't realize that she is from the same small town since she pretends to be a native New Yorker. Meanwhile, Chip sincerely falls for Hildy and tells her "You're Awful" – that is, awful nice to be with. During the evening, the three couples meet at the top of the Empire State Building to celebrate a night "On the Town."

The couples go to several clubs for a good time. Gabey is still convinced Ivy is a genuine celebrity, and so Hildy and Claire bribe a waiter to make a fuss in order to keep up the ruse. When an ashamed Ivy walks out on Gabey to get to her late night work as a cooch dancer, Gabey is despondent. Hildy has her annoying, but well-meaning roommate, Lucy Schmeeler fill in as Gabey's date, but he can't be consoled. The friends lift his spirits by singing "You Can Count on Me." Since Lucy has a bad cold, Gabey drops her off at her apartment and apologizes for having been a lack-luster date.

The group eventually reunites with Ivy at Coney Island. Despite her lies being revealed, Gabey doesn't care and is just happy to have found her. Unfortunately, the group has been pursued by police for the dinosaur incident. The three men are taken back to their ship and the women barely talk their way out of a night in jail. Moved by their speeches, the police escort them to the ship just as the sailors' 24-hour shore leave ends. Although their future is uncertain, each couple shares one last kiss on the pier as a new batch of sailors heads out into the city for their leave ("New York, New York" reprise).

Cast

 Gene Kelly as Gabey
 Frank Sinatra as Chip
 Betty Garrett as Brunhilde "Hildy" Esterhazy
 Ann Miller as Claire Huddesen
 Jules Munshin as Ozzie
 Vera-Ellen as Ivy Smith

 Florence Bates as Madame Dilyovska
 Alice Pearce as Lucy Shmeeler
 George Meader as Professor
 Hans Conried as François (head waiter) (uncredited)
 Murray Alper as Cab owner (uncredited)

Cast notes
 Carol Haney, Gene Kelly's assistant, performed with Kelly in the Day in New York ballet sequence, but was not credited. This was Haney's screen debut
 Mickey Miller is the skill dancer replacing the Jules Munshin Ozzie character in the "Day in New York" ballet sequence, but was not credited.
 Bea Benaderet has an uncredited cameo as a girl from Brooklyn on the subway, her film debut in a speaking role.
 Bern Hoffman has an uncredited role as the shipyard worker who sings the opening song, and reprises it at the end.
 Alice Pearce was the only original member of the Broadway cast to reprise her role.

Musical numbers
 "I Feel Like I'm Not Out of Bed Yet" – Shipyard worker (from Leonard Bernstein's score)
 "New York, New York" – Gabey, Chip, and Ozzie (from Bernstein's score)
 "Miss Turnstiles Ballet" (instrumental) – Ivy and ensemble (from Bernstein's score)
 "Prehistoric Man" – Claire, Ozzie, Gabey, Chip, and Hildy
 "Come Up to My Place" – Hildy and Chip  (from Bernstein's score)
 "Main Street" – Gabey and Ivy
 "You're Awful" –  Chip and Hildy
 "On the Town" – Gabey, Ivy, Chip, Hildy, Ozzie, and Claire
 "You Can Count on Me" – Gabey, Chip, Ozzie, Hildy, Claire, and Lucy
 "A Day in New York" (instrumental) – Gabey, Ivy, and dream cast (from Bernstein's score)
 "I Feel Like I'm Not Out of Bed Yet"/"New York, New York" (reprise) – Shipyard worker, three sailors, and chorus

Source:

Production
The film had a budget of $1.5 million, one of Metro's lowest for a Technicolor musical, with a planned filming schedule of just 46 days.

The musical numbers staged on location in New York were the first time a major studio had accomplished this.  The location shots in New York took nine days. Shooting in New York City was Kelly and Donen's idea, which studio head Louis B. Mayer refused to allow, pointing out the studio's excellent New York sets in its backlot. Kelly and Donen held their ground, and finally Mayer relented and allowed a limited number of days shooting in New York. The primary problem experienced by the production was dealing with crowds of Frank Sinatra's fans, so some shots were made with the camera located in a station wagon to reduce the public visibility of the shooting.

The Breen Office of the MPAA refused to allow the use of the word "helluva" in the song "New York, New York", and so it was changed to "wonderful".

Reception

Box office
According to MGM records the film earned $2,934,000 in the US and Canada and $1,494,000 overseas, resulting in a profit to the studio of $474,000.

The film was also a critical success, receiving good reviews in various publications, including Variety and The New York Times.

Awards and honors
 Academy Awards, Best Musical Score for Roger Edens and Lennie Hayton, 22nd Academy Awards (won)
 BAFTA Awards, Best Film, 1951 (nominated)
 Golden Globes, Best Cinematography – Color, 1950 (nominated)
 Writers Guild of America, Best Written American Musical, 1950 (won)

American Film Institute
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
 "New York, New York" – #41
 2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – #19

See also
 Arthur Freed
 USS Nicholson, DD-442, the three sailors' ship, which appears in the opening and closing scenes

References

External links

1949 films
1949 musical films
American musical films
Films directed by Gene Kelly
Films directed by Stanley Donen
Films produced by Arthur Freed
Films scored by Leonard Bernstein
Films scored by Lennie Hayton
Films set in the 1940s
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award
Films with screenplays by Betty Comden and Adolph Green
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films based on musicals
Films about the United States Navy
United States National Film Registry films
1949 directorial debut films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

On the Town (film)


The South China tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis) is an almost extinct subspecies of the tiger. There are now 20-30 of them left in the wild and 60 left in captivity. It is one of the world's ten most endangered animals and the most endangered of the six surviving tiger subspecies. The South Chinae tiger is also known as the Chinese, Amoy, or Xiamen tiger.

Description
It can be distinguished from other tiger subspecies by its narrow face, its longer nose, more intense orange colour, short fur, longer legs, and shorter stripes which are spaced far apart from each other compared to other tiger subspecies. The South China tiger has the least amount of stripes out of all the tiger subspecies, and is the second smallest tiger.

A male South China tiger is around 2.3 to 2.65 m (91 to 104 in) long, and weighs 130 to 175 kg (290 to 390 lb). Females are smaller and are around 2.2 to 2.4 m (87 to 94 in) long, and weigh 110 to 115 kg (240 to 250 lb). The smallest length of the skull in males is 318 to 343 mm (12.5 to 13.5 in), and in females 273 to 301 mm (10.7 to 11.9 in).

Behaviour
The South China tiger is a carnivorous predator, hunting its prey by stalking it until the South China tiger has the opportunity to catch it off guard. South China tigers usually hunt large mammals like deer, wild boar, cattle and goats.

The South China tiger is found on mountains, and in temperate, upland forests of southern-China.

Reproduction
Females are pregnant for around 3 to 4 months before giving birth to around 5 cubs. Newborn South China tiger cubs weigh about 1 kg (2 lb) and are blind and helpless. The mother feeds them milk for about 2 months and then the South China tiger cubs are introduced to meat. South China tiger cubs depend on their mother for the first 18 months and then they start hunting on their own.

References

Tigers

South China tiger


Barbara Probst (born 1964) is a contemporary artist whose photographic work consists of multiple images of a single scene, shot simultaneously with several cameras via a radio-controlled system. Using a mix of color and black-and-white film, she poses her subjects, positioning each lens at a different angle, and then triggers the cameras' shutters all at once, creating tableaux of two or more individually framed images. Although the pictures are of the same subject and are taken at the same instant, they provide a range of perspectives. She lives and works in both New York City and Munich. She relocated to New York City in 1997.

Early life and education
Probst was born in Munich. She studied at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich (Akademie der Bildenden Künste, München) and Kunstakademie Düsseldorf in Germany.

Work
Probst experiments with the temporality and point of view of the shot/counter-shot technique of film by presenting multiple photographs of one scene shot simultaneously with several cameras via a radio-controlled release system. As a result, the subject of the work becomes the photographic moment of exposure itself.

Using a radio-controlled release system, or multiple photographers, she simultaneously triggers the shutters of several cameras pointed at the same scene from various viewpoints. The resulting sequences of images suspend time and stretch out the split second. Artistic Director and Publisher of Camera Austria Reinhard Braun writes of this saying:

Moreover, Probst employs backdrops, often enlarged stills from well-known movies or landscapes. This enhances the sense of artifice by presenting multiple locations within the same moment. Furthermore, equipment such as cameras, studio lights, tripods are visible in the crossfire of images. These including the photographer(s) themselves become subjects of the moment.

Artforum Critic Brian Scholis asserts her work disregards photography's standard concept of "decisive moment," and instead references cinema's practice of multiple cameras to create movement and diversion in a "Rashomon-like multiplicity of perspectives".

Selected solo exhibitions
2019 Le Bal, Paris, France
2014 Galerie Rudolfinum, Prague, Czechia
2014 Centre PasquArt, Biel, Switzerland
2013 National Museum of Photography, Copenhagen, Denmark
2009 Oldenburger Kunstverein, Oldenburg, Germany
2009 Stills Gallery, Edinburgh, Scotland
2008 Domaine de Kerguehennec, Bignan, France
2008 Madison Museum of Contemporary Art, Madison, WI
2007 Museum of Contemporary Photography, Chicago, IL

Selected group exhibitions
2015 Perfect Likeness: Photography and Composition', Hammer Museum, Los Angeles, CA
2015  Eyes on the Street, Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, OH
2014 (Mis)Understanding Photography: Works and Manifestos, Museum Folkwang, Essen, Germany
2014 Per Speculum Me Video at Frankfurter Kunstverein, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
2014 Lost Places. Sites of Photography, Hamburger Kunsthalle, Hamburg, Germany
2011 elles@pompidou at the Centre Pompidou, Paris, France
2010 Mixed Use, Manhattan, Photography and Related Practices 1970s to the present, curated by curated by Lynne Cooke and Douglas Crimp, Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid Spain
2010 to 2012 Exposed: Voyeurism, Surveillance and the CameraTate Modern, London, UK
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA
Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN
2006 New Photography'', Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY

Collections
Centre Pompidou, Paris, France
Folkwang Museum, Essen, Germany
Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna, Rome, Italy
Lenbachhaus, Munich, Germany
Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA
Museo Cantonale d'Arte, Lugano, Switzerland
Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, IL
Museum of Contemporary Photography, Chicago, IL
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, TX
Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY
National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich, Germany
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA
Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver BC, Canada
Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY

Editorial work and fashion campaigns
2019 Vogue Italia editorial, January
2018 Wallpaper, July
2018 Modern Matter, Autumn/Winter
2018 Garage Magazine, September
2017 Marni, Spring/Summer
2017 Vogue Italia, July

Selected monographs
2019 The Moment in Space, published by Le Bal, Paris and Hartmann Projects, with an essay by Frederic Paul
2017 12 Moments, published by Editions Xavier Barral, with an essay by Robert Hobbs
2016 12 Moments, published by Hartmann Projects, with an essay by Robert Hobbs
2013 Barbara Probst, published by Hatje Cantz, Germany, with texts by Felicity Lunn, Jens Erdman Rasmussen, and Lynne Tillman, and an interview with the artist by Frédéric Paul
2008 Barbara Probst – Exposures, published by Steidl, Germany and the Museum of Contemporary Photography, Chicago, with an introduction by Karen Irvine, an interview with Johannes Meinhardt and an essay by David Bate
2002 Barbara Probst, published for exhibition at Cuxhavener Kunstverein, Cuxhaven, Germany, with an essay by Stefan Schessl
1998 Welcome, published for exhibition at Frankfurter Kunstverein, Munich, Germany, with an essay by Thomas Dreher
1998 Through The Looking Glass, published for exhibition at Anhaltische Gemäldegalerie Dessau, Dessau, Germany, with an essay by Thomas Dreher
1998 Barbara Probst, published for exhibition at Akademiegalerie, Munich Germany, with a short essay by Michael Hofstetter
1998 InExpectation, published for exhibition at Binder & Rid Gallery, Munich, Germany, with an essay by Thomas Dreher
1994 Barbara Probst, My Museum, published by Kulturreferat München, Munich, Germany

External links
Barbara Probst
Barbara Probst Instagram Profile

References

1964 births
Living people
Photographers from Munich
German women photographers
German contemporary artists
21st-century women photographers
21st-century German women artists
German emigrants to the United States

Barbara Probst


Konrad Vilhelm Mägi (1 November 1878 – 15 August 1925) was an Estonian painter, primarily known for his landscape work. He was one of the most colour-sensitive Estonian painters of the first decades of the 20th century, and Mägi's works on motifs of the island of Saaremaa are the first modern Estonian nature paintings.

Life and works
Mägi received his elementary art education from the drawing courses of the German Artisans' Society of Tartu (1899–1902.) At the same time, he was keenly engaged in theater, violin, and various sports.

Mägi continued his art education as an unattached student in Saint Petersburg (1903–1905), studying under Amandus Adamson. In the autumn of 1907, he went to Paris. There Mägi studied at a free academy. From 1908 to 1910, he lived in Norway. In 1912, Mägi returned to Tartu, where he worked as an art teacher.

In Åland, he created delicate plant vignettes in the style of Art Nouveau: Kahekesi (Two together; 1908; China ink drawing). In Paris, Mägi was influenced by Impressionism and Fauvism, which had a significant impact on his colours: Lilleline väli majakesega (A flower field with a little house; 1908–1909), Norra maastik männiga (A Norwegian landscape with a pine; 1910).

From 1918, the influence of Expressionism is manifest, fostered by Mägi's extreme sensitivity and emotional response to the anxious times: Pühajärv (Lake Püha); (1918–1920), Otepää maastik (Landscape of Otepää); (1918–1920). Also influenced by Expressionism are his big figure compositions Pietà (1919), Kolgata (Golgatha) (1921).

Mägi's new artistic period, begun on a trip to Italy, brought calmer tempers: Varemed Capril (Ruins in Capri; 1922–1923). Along with nature pictures, he painted flowers and portraits. Mägi's mostly beautiful female models express the Art Nouveau ideal of beauty: Holsti (1916). In his later portraits from the 1920s, a more serious temper is expressed: Madonna (1923–1924).

Gallery

See also
Culture of Estonia

References

External links

Konrad Mägi, Official homepage
Works by Konrad Mägi at the Art Museum of Estonia

1878 births
1925 deaths
People from Elva Parish
People from the Governorate of Livonia
Art Nouveau painters
Modern painters
Expressionist painters
19th-century Estonian painters
19th-century Estonian male artists
20th-century Estonian painters
20th-century Estonian male artists

Konrad Mägi


Scouts Australia is a trading name of The Scout Association of Australia, which is the largest scouting organisation in Australia, claiming 48,796 children and youths and 2,792 young adult participants in 2022, and is a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement. It was formed in 1958 and incorporated in 1967. It operates personal development programs for children and young adults from 5 to 25 years of age with programs successively opened to girls after 1971.

The organisation's current stated purpose is to "contribute to the development of young people in achieving their full physical, intellectual, emotional, social and spiritual potentials as individuals, as responsible citizens and as members of their local, national and international communities".

Participation in the organisation's programs declined in the late 20th and early 21st centuries despite opening participation to girls and ever younger children and Australia having a high population growth rate, well above the world average. According to a 2014 media article, "Scouts Australia is hoping [to] arrest a steady decline in membership. In 1979 the organisation had 114,500 youth members, today there are 52,000." According to its own annual reports participation decreased from 84,502 in 2,126 groups in 2001 to 63,200 in 1,836 groups in 2005, while in 2012 there were 49,181 children and youth, 2,587 young adult Rovers and 14,113 adult leaders and support roles in 1,486 groups and, in 2022, there were 48,796 children and youths, 2,792 young adult Rovers and 15,147 adult leaders and support roles in 1,321 groups. The organisation has an exceptionally high number of adults compared to its number of youth participants with a ratio of more than one adult for every three youths.

Structure
Scouts Australia is a council which is not elected by, representative of or accountable to the Scouts, the adults in Scouting or Scout groups. The council consists of a majority of members elected by the council itself, office bearers appointed by the council or its national executive committee, state and territory office bearers appointed by the national executive committee and a smaller number of representatives from state and territory branch councils which are similarly not elected by, representative of or accountable to the Scouts, the adults in Scouting or Scout groups. The council usually meets just once a year. Real control lays with its national executive committee. Its national executive committee sets policy and programs and coordinates its state and territory branches.

The New South Wales, Victorian and Tasmanian state branches are incorporated under special Acts of the state parliaments. while the Western Australian, South Australian, Queensland, Northern Territory, and Australian Capital Territory branches are incorporated by registration under the ordinary Associations Incorporation Acts. Each state or territory branch maintains its distinct structure, operational methods, and rules. However, all branches operate the same programs for children and young adults under a common uniform and common award scheme structure set by the national executive committee.

The national executive committee appoints the organisation's Chief Scout, currently David Hurley, the Governor-General of Australia. In the past, the organisation's positions of chief scouts and state branch chief scouts had usually been held, respectively, by the governor-general or governor of the state. When he was the governor-general from 1989 to 1996, Bill Hayden declined to be the organisation's chief scout. In 2015, the actor Shane Jacobson was appointed as the Chief Scout of the Victorian branch. The organisations position of Chief Scout of its Australian Capital Territory branch was allowed to lapse and has been left vacant. In 1942, Sir Leslie Orme Wilson, the Governor of Queensland, resigned as the Boy Scouts Association's Chief Scout of Queensland because of the failure of the Queensland branch to respond to his call for reforms to its centralisation effort that led to the severance of the Mount Morgan Blue Boy Scouts.

History

For the history of Boy Scouts and the Scout Movement in Australia generally, see Scouting and Guiding in Australia.

The organisation was formed in 1958 under the name ' Australian Boy Scouts Association, as a branch of the Boy Scouts Association of the United Kingdom. Before its formation, branches of the Boy Scouts Association had been formed in each Australian state. Initially, each Australian state branch was directly responsible to the Imperial Headquarters of the Boy Scouts Association in London. In 1922, the Boy Scouts Association formed its Australian Federal Council, consisting of nominees of its Australian state branches, to achieve cooperation and coordination at a national level. The Boy Scouts Association later appointed an Australian commissioner. The Australian Federal Council functioned as a branch of the Boy Scouts Association of the United Kingdom, and the Australian commissioner was appointed by the Imperial Headquarters in London. The Australian Federal Council of the Boy Scouts Association became a member of the International Conference of the Boy Scout Movement in 1953, rather than being represented through the Boy Scouts Association of the United Kingdom. In 1958, when the Australian Boy Scouts Association was formed, it succeeded the Australian Federal Council of the Boy Scouts Association.

In 1967, the organisation was incorporated by royal charter as a branch of the Scout Association of the United Kingdom. Each of the Australian state branches and the Papua New Guinea branch of the Scout Association became branches of the Australian Boy Scouts Association. In 1975, the organisation's Papua New Guinea branch became an independent organisation.

In 1971, the organisation dropped the word "boy" from its name when it changed its name from the Australian Boy Scouts Association to the Scout Association of Australia. Until 1976, it admitted only British Subjects to membership and programs and other nationalities only on special conditions and approval. After 1976, British subjects continued to be automatically admitted to membership while foreign subjects, including residents were still subject to special conditions and approval.

In 1997, the organisation adopted the trading name Scouts Australia.

Program reviews

In 1969 the organisation began a review of its youth programs under its Design for Tomorrow Committee and implemented its New Design program in 1971. The program involved a new name, new branding, new uniforms, and new award schemes. It failed to attract an increase in participants and led to considerable disaffection and loss of long-term leaders and supporters and the formation of Australian affiliates of the traditionalist Baden-Powell Scouts' Association while its decline in participation continued.

In 1979, following years of disaffection and concerns that the organisation, like its parent organisation in the United Kingdom, would disband Rovers, the organisation formed its national Rover council, composed of Rovers (ages 18 to 25), appointed by each of its seven branch Rover councils. The national Rover council elects an executive to represent Rovers in the organisation's affairs and the chairperson of the National Rover Council is a member of the organisation's national executive committee.

In 1997, the organisation adopted the new trading name Scouts Australia, new logo, uniforms, and branding to be more appealing, but participation rates and numbers continued to decline.

In 2001, the organisation formed its National Youth Council in an attempt to engage youth and provide opportunities for youth leadership at its national level. It was composed of just 25 Scouts, Venturers, and Rovers, met face to face twice a year and online throughout the rest of the year. Despite this, youth participation rates and numbers continued to decline. The National Youth Council was disbanded in 2018.

A further program review commenced in 2013. In 2019, at the 25th Australian Scout Jamboree a new program and logo and branding were launched, with the intention of modernising Scouts Australia's brand, and moving Scouting more in line with Australian curriculums.

Religion

Scouts Australia is a non-religious organisation. To enrol with Scouts Australia you are required to make the Scout Promise. In 2017, with the launch of "The Adventure Begins", a new promise option allows Scouts to "do my best to be true to my spiritual beliefs", to further open the promise to all religious faiths. The other more established option for the Australian Scout Promise includes the phrase "do my best to do my duty to my God", allowing some flexibility in the interpretation of "my God".

Historically, Scouting in Australia was rooted in Christianity as that was the world view of Scouts founder, Lord Baden-Powell. Although Britain is now a majority non-religious nation Christianity was the dominant faith in both Britain and Australia in Scouting's early days.

More recently, participants have come from many faiths, although the majority of Scout groups promote an interfaith approach to religion. Many Scout groups have been formed within existing communities and specific religious traditions as "sponsored groups", such as Coptic Orthodox, Greek Orthodox, Islamic and Jewish.

Scout Promise and Law

Scout Promise
There are two versions of the Australian Scout Promise which individuals may choose to select:

Option One:

On my honour,

I promise to do my best,

To do my duty to my God and

To the King of Australia,

To help other people,

And to live by the Scout Law.

Option Two:

On my honour, I promise

To do my best,

To be true to my spiritual beliefs,

To contribute to my community and our world,

To help other people,

And to live by the Scout Law.

Scout Law
Be Respectful -
Be friendly and considerate.
Care for others and the environment.

Do What is Right -
Be trustworthy, honest and fair.
Use resources wisely.

Believe in Myself -
Learn from my experiences.
Face challenges with courage.

Children and youth programs

Age sections
Youth development in the organisation's programs is divided into several age group stages. The age groups encourage movement through the sections as the youth matures. The sections are:

 Joey Scouts (5–7 years): helping to develop a child's sense of personal identity. Motto: Discover Adventure
 Cub Scouts (8–10 years): aims to develop a sense of adventure and achievement and a chance to grow their character. Motto: Create the Path
 Scouts (11–14 years): promotes leadership and teamwork, as well as an appreciation of the outdoors. Motto: Explore the Unknown
 Venturer Scouts (15–17 years): develops leadership and management skills, as well as an understanding of camping and the environment. Motto: Look Wide
 Rover Scouts (18–25 years): continues to develop leadership skills, as well as placing a strong emphasis on service to the community and other parts of the organisation. Motto: Beyond the Horizon

Uniform
The core uniform is a navy blue shirt with the relevant youth section colour across the sleeves and collar, a scarf, and a woggle. The adult leader's shirt is only dark blue.

The section colours are:

 Tan for Joeys
 Yellow for Cubs
 Green for Scouts
 Maroon for Venturers
 Red for Rovers

Award scheme
The youth award scheme in Australian Scouting consists of awards for proficiency in an adventurous activity, participation in major events, recognition of service, gallantry and meritorious service, and for the practice of Scouting (Queen's Scout, Baden-Powell Award, etc.).

The peak award for each section is the Joey Scout Promise Award, Grey Wolf Award, Australian Scout Award, Queen's Scout Award, and Baden-Powell Scout Award respectively.  (The 'Queen's Scout Award' may be renamed as the 'King's Scout Award',  if King Charles III accepts Royal Patronage of the Scout Association of Australia after May 2023.)

Lone Scouts
Lone Scout Groups are for youth unable to attend or find a local Scout group. Lones can include people with impairments that inhibit attending regular meetings, people who are constant travellers or go to places at which they are unable to attend a group i.e. boarding school or isolated communities. Lone Scout Groups may hold camps or other gatherings to enable their members to come together but, between such events, deliver Scouting virtually via internet, radio and post.

International connections

The organisation operates in the non-sovereign Australian Indian Ocean Territories of:
 Christmas Island
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Two Scout troops in Singapore are affiliated with the organisation.

The organisation is a founder member of the Asia-Pacific Region of the World Organization of the Scout Movement. In the field of support and co-operation with other national member organisations of the Asia Pacific region, the organisation has contributed to a number of international friendship and community development-oriented projects. Over the years, Australian Scouts have supported emerging Scout organisations in the South Pacific. A twinning project with the Bangladesh Scouts, known as the "Bangladesh-Australia Child Health" (BACH) project, made a dramatic impact on child health in project villages during its operation from 1986 to 1992. The organisation has a twinning project with the Nepal Scouts known as NATURE Project and involves the reforestation of the Kristi Landslide.

In 1988 the organisation hosted the 16th World Scout Jamboree and the 31st World Scout Conference. Some 15,000 Scouts from 94 countries attended the jamboree at Cataract Scout Park near Sydney. An Australian Scout Jamboree has been held every three years since 1934 except for the years of the Second World War. The Scout Jamboree is the organisation's largest event but an Australian Rover Moot and an Australian Venture are also held every three years.

Adult training and awards

Training institute

In 1996 Scouts Australia became a registered training organisation (RTO), trading as the Scouts Australia Institute of Training (SAIT). Scouts Australia's adult leader training program now leads adults and Rover Scouts to a Certificate III in Business and a Certificate IV in Leadership and Management, as well as the Scouting Woodbadge qualification. Woodbadge Leaders and Rovers can then undertake the Diploma of Leadership and Management qualification through SAIT.

In 2011, the institute added a number of the SIS10 qualifications to its scope, and changes are occurring in the individual state branches to allow Adventurous Activity Leader training to also lead to the Certificate IV in Outdoor Recreation. Adventurous Activities Leaders are leaders who specialise in the running of advanced adventurous activities, such as abseiling, rock climbing, scuba diving and mountain biking, as opposed to the everyday running of a Scout group and more basic activities such as camping and hiking.

Adult Recognition Awards

Adult Recognition Awards (formerly Good Service Awards) are presented each year by the Chief Scout of each branch and are presented for service to Scouting over and above what is expected of someone who is simply carrying out the duties of their position. These awards can be nominated by anyone affiliated with Scouts Australia.

Awards for gallantry and meritorious conduct
Awards for Gallantry are made by the Chief Scout of Australia for actions involving risk, for example for saving someone from a burning building to individual participants or groups.

Awards for meritorious conduct are awarded for actions that may not have involved risking of life but still display courage, endurance, initiative, or devotion to duty, often under suffering. As with Awards for Gallantry, these awards are made by the Chief Scout of Australia to individuals or groups depending on the circumstances.

Sexual abuse cases
Scouts Australia was called before the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse for its failures in handling complaints against its leaders.

In 2014, Darryl Rubiolo, a former Scout Association of Australia leader, publicity officer, leader trainer, St. George Area Commissioner and member of the New South Wales state branch council, was convicted of serial child sex offences against three boys aged 9, 13 and 14, between 1975 and 1987 while he was an official of the Scout Association of Australia. Rubiolo was sentenced to two-and-a-half years in prison with a non-parole period of one year.

In 2012, Steven Larkins, a former leader in New South Wales, was imprisoned for offences he had committed 15 years earlier.

In February 2000, Roderick Albert Joseph Corrie, a former NSW Branch Commissioner and scout leader of nearly thirty-two years was convicted of child sexual offences. "Corrie, one of the most senior and highly decorated Scouts in NSW, was jailed for seven years in February 2000 after pleading guilty in the District Court to eight most serious of 77 charges of sexually abusing children as young as 11, including rape and buggery, occurring 1969–1995. Two years earlier, Corrie had been convicted of eight charges of "aggravated indecent assault" and placed on a bond, given counselling and 70 hours of community service." The head of Scouts Australia, "Dr. Bruce Munro, apologised to the families of those abused after The Sydney Morning Herald obtained a copy of a 14-page report written by a senior Scout leader in 1981 that detailed serious allegations of Corrie abusing four boys, one aged 12 at the time. Munro admitted that those allegations were not properly investigated or referred to the police and that although Corrie was initially suspended, he was then simply allowed to transfer as a leader to a North Shore Scouting group. Even after police began investigating Corrie in 1994, he was allowed to continue having contact with, and sexually abusing, scouts until at least May 1995."

Mark Geoffrey Fisher, the scoutmaster at 1st Hunters Hill troop in New South Wales from 1969 to 1988, pleaded guilty to charges of 35 sex offences involving eight boys aged between 11 and 15 between 1971 and 1988.

In 2017, former scout leader Neville Budge was convicted of sexually abusing eight young boys between the years of 1995 and 2002, whilst working as a Scout leader in the Belmont and Geelong district, Victoria. The court referred to his manipulative and predatory actions, labelling his crimes as being "simply abhorrent".

In 2017, former scout leader Chris Edmondson was convicted of the sexual abuse of three young boys between 1975 and 1978 in Warrandyte. On one occasion he sexually abused a young boy for having not known a test answer. Edmondson was jailed in Queensland in 2006, released in 2012, then jailed in Victoria in 2015 again, had his sentence extended in 2016 and would have been eligible for parole in January 2019. The outcome of the proceedings is unclear to date.

Former scout leader Kim Richard Harvey was jailed for the sexual abuse of 15 teenage boys in Melbourne's South Eastern suburbs between the years of 1974 and 1989. Harvey's behaviour posed a uniquely disturbing pattern, whereby premeditated grooming was a natural part of his 'game', often plying his victims with alcohol, lollies, and pornography. Harvey's crimes were not just isolated to local scout halls but continued throughout various camping trips, and activities in his role as a leader with Scouts Victoria.

Since then, Scouts Australia put child safety training and procedures in place to try to protect the children under their care.

See also

 Baden-Powell Guild (Australia)
 Clement Roy Nichols
 Gang Show
 Girl Guides Australia
 King's Scout Award
 The Barn Scout Hall, Mosman

References

External links
 Scouts Australia
 Scouts Australian Capital Territory
 Scouts New South Wales
 Scouts Northern Territory
 Scouts Queensland
 Scouts South Australia
 Scouts Tasmania
 Scouts Victoria
 Scouts Western Australia
 Victorian Scout Heritage Centre
 Scouting In Australia 1971 recruiting film

World Organization of the Scout Movement member organizations
Organisations based in Australia with royal patronage
Scouting and Guiding in Australia
1958 establishments in Australia

Scouts Australia


The Ais Gill rail accident occurred on the Settle–Carlisle line in Northwest England on 2 September 1913. Two long trains were both ascending a steep gradient with some difficulty, because their engines generated barely enough power to carry the load. When the first train stopped to build-up steam pressure, the driver and fireman of the second train were distracted by maintenance routines, and failed to observe the warning signals. The collision wrecked several carriages, which were then engulfed by flammable gas, killing 16 people and injuring 38.

Incident
The two trains involved were both passenger trains, which had left Carlisle railway station in the early hours of 2 September, destined for St Pancras station. The Midland Railway, which owned and operated the Settle-Carlisle line, had a policy of using small engines, and the two locomotives had barely sufficient power to surmount the steep gradients on the line with the heavy trains they were assigned. In theory, the load pulled by the first engine, No. 993 4-4-0, was  over its maximum limit of , so the driver asked for assistance from a pilot engine, but was not given one. To make matters worse, the coal with which both engines were supplied had not been properly screened and was full of slack and small coal, which did not fire well and tended to clog the grates.

The first train left Carlisle at 1:38 am. As it struggled up the gradient to Ais Gill summit, the highest point of the Settle-Carlisle line, the steam pressure steadily dropped to the point where the locomotive's ejectors were unable to generate enough vacuum to hold the train brakes "off", and so the train stopped  short of the summit. As they cleaned out the grate and tried to build up steam pressure, the driver and fireman made the mistake of telling the guard that they would only be standing for a few minutes. The guard therefore did not protect the train in the rear, which could be done by laying detonators on the rails or walking a considerable distance along the line with a lantern.

Meanwhile, the second train, hauled by No. 446 4-4-0, was also struggling, although it had a lighter load. Just short of Mallerstang, a few miles north of Ais Gill, the driver left the cab, to walk round the outside framing and oil some of the working parts while the train was in motion. Even though that procedure was no longer necessary because wick lubricators were in use, drivers apparently continued to do it out of habit and pride.

While the driver was out of the cab, the fireman was having difficulty getting an injector to work, so the water level in the boiler was dropping. When the driver returned, both men worked on the injector, and eventually restarted it. While they were distracted by the problem, their train had passed all the signals at the Mallerstang signal box, which were at danger. The crew also missed a red lantern being waved from the signal box by the Mallerstang signalman, and another being waved by the guard of the first train. Shortly after, they looked up from their distractions to see the first train stalled not far in front of them, and far too late to stop.

Damage
The crash caused an unexpectedly high number of casualties. Even though the last vehicle of the first train was a parcels van, the second train demolished it and ploughed into a third-class coach ahead. The roof of the parcels van slid over the roof of the second engine and sliced into a first class sleeping car behind it. As with many railway collisions in Britain about this time, flammable gas escaping from the cylinders for the gas-oil lighting system ignited and rapidly spread a fire. Fourteen people in the first train died at the scene, and very few remains were later found. Two passengers subsequently died of their injuries. Thirty-eight passengers in the second train were seriously injured.

Aftermath
The subsequent inquiry blamed the crew of the first train for neglecting to protect the rear of their train, and the enginemen (particularly the driver) of the second train for failing to proceed with caution knowing that they must have passed several signals without observing them.

The Mallerstang signalman was also criticised, although his actions did not contribute to the accident. The section controlled three main signals; the "distant", which could indicate "clear" or "caution", and the "home" and "starting", which could both indicate "clear" or "danger". The signalman had thrown all his signals to "caution" or "danger" after the first train passed. As the second train approached, he thought it was proceeding slowly under caution, and lowered the home signal to allow the train to proceed as far as the starting signal. When he realised that the train was actually steaming hard, he could not throw the home signal back to "danger" until the train had already passed it.

The inquiry made several recommendations. Most concerned the enforcement of regulations on drivers, firemen, guards and signalmen to ensure closer attention to their primary duty; the care and safety of trains. The more extensive use of Automatic Train Control (ATC), then under extended trial on the Great Western Railway, was discussed. This would sound a siren in the cab to alert the crew of a train if they passed a signal at danger or caution and then automatically apply the brakes if they failed to acknowledge and cancel the warning. Signalboxes should be fitted with detonator placers, to alert engine crews who missed signals or were unable to observe them in fog or thick weather. Electric lighting was clearly safer than gas oil lighting, and steel-framed carriages were less likely to be crushed than wooden-framed stock.

With regard to the issue of lack of motive power, the inquiry found that the Midland's policy was not to use pilot engines on engines that were on or slightly over their weight limit as the time lost in calling up a pilot engine, attaching it to the train and then removing it further along the line was greater than the time lost by a slightly overloaded train unable to keep up to time. The company did not discipline drivers who failed to keep to time because their trains were overloaded.

The driver of the second train, Samuel Caudle, was convicted of culpable negligence and imprisoned. Due to strong public opinion that this was unjust, the Home Secretary ordered his release.

The site of the crash was quite close to the site of the Hawes Junction rail crash which had taken place less than three years earlier, and to which the Midland Railway's small-locomotive policy had also indirectly contributed (in this instance by leading to a large number of light engine movements).

The train crash plays an important role in the plotline events of the Kate Morton novel The Forgotten Garden.

See also

 List of British rail accidents
 Lists of rail accidents
 List of transportation fires

References

Sources

External links

Ais Gill viaduct
A modern train having no difficulty with the same gradient
 The Mallerstang section of the Settle-Carlisle line: including a commemoration (and a list of names) of all those who lost their lives during its construction and in subsequent accidents
Railways Archive summary, including official report

Railway accidents and incidents in Cumbria
Train collisions in England
Railway accidents in 1913
1913 in England
History of Cumbria
Rail transport in Cumbria
20th century in Westmorland
Railway accidents involving a signal passed at danger
Accidents and incidents involving Settle-Carlisle Railway
1913 disasters in the United Kingdom
September 1913 events
Train and rapid transit fires
Rail accidents caused by a driver's error
Mallerstang

1913 Ais Gill rail accident


Phenomenology is a way of thinking about ourselves. Instead of asking about what we really are, it focuses on phenomena. These are experiences that we get from the senses - what we see, taste, smell, touch, hear, and feel. Phenomenology does not ask if what we are seeing is actually there: for example it is not where we see an object (whether in real life, a dream or a hallucination) that is important, but it is the significance of the object that is important to the phenomenologist. It also does not ask if we are missing something, or if we have all the facts. Instead, phenomenologists (those who do phenomenology) believe we should look at the world just as it appears to us.

Martin Heidegger, a famous phenomenologist, said that philosophers should be looking at how we live in our "average everydayness."  In his book Being and Time, he uses many examples of how people live in their normal lives. Jean-Paul Sartre did the same in his book Being and Nothingness. For example, he writes about meeting a friend at a cafe. However, the friend, named Pierre, never shows up. Sartre writes that he can feel the absence of Pierre in the cafe. Because of this, he says that non-Pierre (or the lack of Pierre) is something that exists, at least for him. It exists because he can feel it.

References

Books

Philosophical movements and positions

Phenomenology


Digger is a webcomic drawn and written by Ursula Vernon, and published in print form by Sofawolf Press. It has drawn comparisons to Bone, Cerebus, and Discworld. Digger won the Hugo and Mythopoeic Fantasy Awards, and was nominated for an Eisner Award.

Story
In the opening pages, Digger is tunneling alone through the ground, lost and dazed after being intoxicated by a pocket of bad air. Digging to the surface, she emerges in a temple, where she meets the Statue of Ganesh. Here she finds that something or someone has "magicked up" her tunnel, cutting off her route home. The comic describes her experiences and encounters in the temple, nearby village and surrounding area as she seeks information on the whereabouts of her warren, how she came from there to her present location, and how she might get back.

Characters
Digger-of-Unnecessarily-Convoluted-Tunnels, the title character, "Digger" for short. A young hard-headed wombat, lost far from home after tunnelling into a miasma of unknown magic. She comes from a mining background, and speaks with unironic delight about the digging of ditches and cellars. She has an extreme dislike of all things magical, and by extension of all things divine, though she increasingly tolerates the Statue and what it represents, as he has shown himself to be trustworthy.
"Ed":  A hyena, outcast from his tribe. Once a famous skin-painter (tattoo artist), in his isolation he has turned his skills to cave-wall painting. His actual name is unknown, having been "eaten", but Digger named him "Ed" shortly after their first meeting.  His people (who, like real hyenas, are fiercely matriarchal) consider him a pariah. Ed insists upon referring to Digger as "Digger-mousie" and has a rather shaky grasp of whatever language is spoken by the other main characters – although he is otherwise highly intelligent and capable of complicated philosophical conversations.  Both his broken language and philosophical outlook are most likely the result of having spent seventeen years in exile.  A later strip reveals he was in an abusive relationship with a hyena known as Blood-Eyes, whom he killed after realizing that she was also abusing their daughter. This led to his expulsion from the tribe.
Shadowchild:  A small supernatural creature, unsure of what it is and wanting to know. There is a running gag based on Digger assuring the Shadowchild of various unlikely things it definitely is not, e.g.: a leaf; a water sapphire. Shadowchild is, apparently, a demon and has some disturbing powers, but it seems friendly and well-intentioned. Shadowchild left the series after an encounter with the demon Sweetgrass-Voice, who attempted to get it to eat its friends. Shadowchild then ate it, causing it to grow. It said goodbye to Digger before going to attempt to persuade other demons to be peaceful or die trying.
The Statue:  A living statue of the Hindu god Ganesh, located in the temple where Digger surfaces after first getting lost underground. Friendly and generous with the temple food-offerings, representative of his dedication to compassion. The priests and staff at his temple are human (though the library is tended with the aid of rats, winged versions of which also serve as its messengers), as are the local villagers.
The Veiled: The local theocratic police force, not entirely friendly. They conceal the lower half of their faces with veils, that the gods might rely on the Veiled as a whole and not individually.
Captain Jhalm:  The leader of the Veiled. Claims to be fond of Digger, due in part to her unusually open dislike of the Veiled. He definitely distrusts Digger, and may intend her serious harm.
Murai:  A lapsed member of the Veiled, who apparently was once an acolyte of the Statue and the god of which it is an avatar. She is the most amicable of the Veiled whom Digger has met, but is troubled in her mind as a consequence of a previous uncomfortably close encounter with a goddess: she is prone to mad fits of babbling when she hears children screaming, or "the darkness begins to shine."
Grim Eyes:  Hyena warrior and leader of a hunting party from the local tribe. Started out as an enemy of Digger, they became friends when she was saved by her from falling from a bridge. Now Digger's cousin by adoption, she has joined her and Murai on an important journey. In addition, she is all but outright stated to be Ed's daughter.
Boneclaw Mother: The matriarch of the Hyena tribe. There's a council of elders (of which she is the head), but most of them don't have much sense in Boneclaw Mother's view. Boneclaw Mother is blind, and relies on a highly developed sense of smell, and despite her laidback attitude and tendency to say what she thinks, she's by no means senile.
The Hag:  The local healer and witch. Human. Young for the job, and sensitive about her age.
Oracular Slug:  A slug gifted with knowledge of the future thanks to an old, depressing incident at a druid's microbrewery.
Surka:  A professional bridge troll who is not actually a troll at all, but rather a female warrior shrew with a colorful past.

Other characters encountered include the hyenas of Grim Eyes' tribe, human villagers and farmers, human bandits, the acolytes of Ganesh's temple (some of whom hide a disturbing secret beneath their hoods), metaphorical pigeons, skin lizards, a dead god and its servants, and vampiric squash. Dwarves exist in Digger's world, noted for their reliance on magic, but none have appeared in the comic as yet.

Reception
Digger has won the Web Cartoonists' Choice Award for "Outstanding Black and White Art" in 2005 and 2006, and for "Outstanding Anthropomorphic Comic" in 2006. In 2006, Digger was nominated for an Eisner Award in the category "Talent Deserving of Wider Recognition". The collected Digger won the 2012 Hugo Award for Best Graphic Story and the 2013 Mythopoeic Fantasy Award for Adult Literature.

Tor.com has described Digger as "fantastic-in-all-senses-of-the-word", praising Vernon's pacing and "tone-perfect mythology", while SF Signal declared that Digger "deserves to be appreciated" and Black Gate lauded Vernon for her portrayal of cultural relativity. Lauren Davis of io9 and ComicsAlliance called Digger an "oddball epic" and praised the titular heroine as an unusual fantasy protagonist and "a delight to watch", citing her pragmatic but softhearted nature, her frankness, and her strong moral center and sense of etiquette.

The series has drawn comparisons to Bone, Cerebus, and Discworld.

Publication
The series has been published in six volumes by Sofawolf Press between 2005 and 2011. In 2013, a Kickstarter was successfully held to have the entire series printed in omnibus form. In 2022, a Kickstarter was successfully held for a 10th anniversary collection from Underthing Press, an imprint of Grim Oak Press. Underthing Press's founder, Patrick Rothfuss, stated that he'd always daydreamed of starting his own imprint and he decided to create Underthing Press when he realized he couldn't buy a new copy of the Digger omnibus after giving his copy to a friend.

References

External links
Digger
UrsulaVernon.com, official website
Interview with Ursula Vernon , Epilogue.net
Vernon SBC interview Another Interview with Vernon – Comics Bulletin
Vernon SBC interview, conclusion Conclusion of same Vernon interview.
Ursula Vernon guest-anchors Operation BSU.  NSFW.

2000s webcomics
2003 webcomic debuts
2011 webcomic endings
Fantasy webcomics
Furry webcomics
Long-form webcomics
Webcomics in print
Fictional wombats
Web Cartoonists' Choice Award winners
Hugo Award for Best Graphic Story-winning works
Kickstarter-funded publications
Works by Ursula Vernon

Digger (webcomic)


The Sternberg Lake District Nature Park () lies in the lake regions of Warin-Neukloster, the Sternberg Lake District and the central Warnow valley in the districts of Ludwigslust-Parchim and Nordwestmecklenburg in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. It lies east of Lake Schwerin in the region of Sternberg, Brüel, Güstrow, Bützow, Warin and Neukloster.

It was founded on 1 January 2005 as the most recent of the nature parks in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and is one of the 13 nature parks in Germany that has been awarded the Qualitätsnaturpark seal of quality.

The total area of the nature park is 540 km², of which 41% is farmland, 28% woodland, 17% pasture with some agricultural use, 7% rivers and lakes, and 4% settlements and transport infrastructure.

The nature park contains forested sandar, the glacial meltwater valleys - so-called Urstromtäler - of the rivers Warnow and Mildenitz, meltwater lakes and terminal moraines. The nature park has a large number of lakes, the largest of which are the Großer Wariner See, Groß Labenzer See, Großer Sternberger See and Neuklostersee.

See also
 Giant sequoias near Kölpin
 List of nature parks in Germany

External links
 State act establishing the  "Sternberger Seenland" nature park dated 20 December 2004
 Sternberg Lake District Nature Park
 Nature park plan 2010 with comprehensive facts and maps (data and facts, principles and objectives, projects)
 Information about the nature park

Nature parks in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
Nordwestmecklenburg
Ludwigslust-Parchim

Sternberg Lake District Nature Park