Somali Canadians are Canadians of Somali origin or are dual Somali and Canadian nationality.

Overview
Early Somali arrivals in Canada started in the  1970s, for education and return back to the Somali regions, or other parts of the world, after graduation from university or college. There would be a few that would remain in Canada. It wasn't until the mid-1980s that Somalis started to immigrate to Canada because of the problems happening in Northern Somalia, today known as Somaliland.   Most Somalis arrived in Canada between the late 1980s  and the early 1990s as refugees from Somalia, with some secondary migration from the United States.

However, it wasn't until the Somali government collapsed in 1991, it wasn't until the mid-1990s that the majority of Somalis from Somalia and other parts of the region escaped violence in Somalia and famine in other parts of the Somali regions that arrived in Canada, increasing the Somali population in Canada from 1,000 to 11,000.  According to Statistics Canada, there are 62,550 persons of Somali origins spread across Canada, with Toronto and Edmonton being the largest enclaves. Of these, 8,315 are recent immigrants and 37,115 live in Somali-speaking households.

16,030 of Horn Of Africa born residents have Canadian citizenship, 1,655 are citizens of Canada and at least one other country, and 5,115 are not Canadian citizens. Many Somali-Canadians from Somalia,  Somaliland, Kenya, Ethiopia, and Djibouti have returned to their countries of origin to participate in entrepreneurial activities. Also, following international involvement and a somewhat improved security situation in Somalia in 2012, many Somali residents of Canada have begun returning to Mogadishu and other parts of their country of birth for investment opportunities and to take part in the ongoing post-conflict reconstruction process. Participating in the renovation of schools, hospitals, roads and other infrastructure, they have played a leading role in their capital's recovery and have also helped propel the local real estate market.

In recent years, there have been efforts made at the provincial level to formally recognize the Somali Canadian community's cultural contributions. In 2020, MLA Uzoma Asagwara was able to pass a bill marking Somali Heritage Week in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba.

Social disadvantages
As with many other immigrant groups in Canada, Somalis have faced some barriers to employment despite including many qualified professionals. This has been attributed to enclave economies, self-employment, language unfamiliarity, and various public policies and social programs.To address the issue, in 2010 the Canadian government, in coordination with the Somali Canadian Education and Rural Development Organization's Somali Youth Skills Project, set up job-preparation training and work experience programs for local Somali youth. Part of the Canadian government's Youth Employment Strategy, this initiative is intended to help young Somalis facing employment challenges to better access career information, develop skills, gain relevant work experience, find jobs and stay employed.

Demographics

According to the 2016 National Census, 62,550 people in Canada reported Somali ancestry. Of those, 37,115 were Somali language speakers and 4,315 were recent immigrants.

Somalis tend to be concentrated in southern Ontario, especially in Ottawa and Toronto. Calgary and Edmonton, in Alberta, have also seen a significant increase in their respective Somali communities. The neighbourhood of Rexdale in Toronto has one of the largest Somali populations in Canada.

Records from the 2011 National Household Survey show that 28,475 Somalis in Canada aged 15 years and over are eligible for the labour force. Of these individuals, 15,220 are in the labour force (12,025 employed and 3,195 unemployed), and 13,255 are not in the labour force. The labour force participation rate is 53.5%, with an employment rate of 42% and an unemployment rate of 21%. In terms of class of worker in the labour force, 12,355 are employees and 1,070 are self-employed.

The most common occupations are sales and service occupations (4,590), trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations (2,125), occupations in education, law and social, community and government services (1,860), business, finance and administration occupations (1,685), health occupations (835), natural and applied sciences and related occupations (705), management occupations (685), occupations in manufacturing and utilities (570), occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport (235), and natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations (135).

Official correctional figures at the population level for Somali residents are uncertain since Canadian law enforcement is prohibited from compiling ethnicity-based crime statistics. The SCYM non-profit organization estimates that over people in the community have died from gun violence in the period between 2005-2016.

According to the 2011 NHS, the average income of the Somali Canadian population aged 15 years and over is $24,182. This income falls within brackets of under $5,000 (4,370 individuals), $5,000 to $9,999 (2,950 individuals), $10,000 to $14,999 (3,000 individuals), $15,000 to $19,999 (2,945 individuals), $20,000 to $29,999 (3,690 individuals), $30,000 to $39,999 (2,695 individuals), $40,000 to $49,999 (1,620 individuals), $50,000 to $59,999 (890 individuals), $60,000 to $79,999 (975 individuals), $80,000 to $99,999 (460 individuals), $100,000 to $124,999 (185 individuals), and $125,000 and over (155 individuals). The composition of total income for individuals aged 15 years and over primarily consists of market income (66.3%), which includes employment income (62.3%), investment income (1.2%), retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities (1%), and other money income (1.9%). Government transfer payments (33.6%) comprise the remainder of the total income, and consist of Canada/Quebec pension plan benefits (0.9%), old age security pensions and guaranteed income supplement (1.4%), employment insurance benefits (2.3%), child benefits (13.1%), and other government transfer income (15.9%). After-tax income represents around 90.3% of total income, with 9.7% of total income paid in income taxes.

Education

As of 2015, most Somali elementary and secondary students in Canada attend schools under the Toronto District School Board. According to the TDSB, Somali-speaking pupils in Grades 7 and 8 have a reading achievement of 13% in Level 0 or 1 compared with a TDSB student average of 6%, of 33% in Level 2 compared with a student average of 22%, and of 54% in Level 3 or 4 compared with a student average of 72%; a writing achievement of 12% in Level 0 or 1 compared with a student average of 7%, of 36% in Level 2 compared with a student average of 23%, and of 52% in Level 3 or 4 compared with a student average of 70%; and a mathematics achievement of 18% in Level 0 or 1 compared with a student average of 10%, of 31% in Level 2 compared with a student average of 20%, and of 51% in Level 3 or 4 compared with a student average of 70%. 25% of Somali-speaking pupils in Grade 9 completed fewer than eight credits by the end of the 2011-2012 school year compared with a student average of 15%, whereas 63% of Somali-speaking students completed the Ontario Secondary School Literacy Test compared with 73% of all first-time eligible TDSB pupils.

Somali-speaking students in Grades 9 and 10 attended each program of study at approximately the same proportion as the TDSB student average, taking most academic and applied courses at a similar rate. Somali-speaking students in the 2008 Grade 9 cohort had a graduation rate of 80%, close to the general pupil rate of 83% and the English-speaking student rate of 78%. This was a 27% increase from the graduation rate of the Somali-speaking 2000 Grade 9 cohort.

61% of Somali-speaking students confirmed an offer of admission to an Ontario post-secondary institute, near the TDSB average of 66%. Of these, 41% of Somali-speaking students confirmed an offer to an Ontario university compared with 50% of general students, 20% confirmed an offer to an Ontario college compared with a pupil average of 16%, and 12% applied to a post-secondary institute but did not confirm compared with a student average of 10%. Overall, post-secondary confirmations for Somali-speaking pupils have risen 25% between the 2000-2005 Grade 9 cohort and the 2008-2013 Grade 9 cohort compared with a 10% increase for TDSB students; college and university confirmations are 7% and 17%, respectively, higher than in 2008 and non-applications are 18% lower.

According to the NHS, among Somali Canadians aged 25 to 64 years (17,315), 7,885 persons have a post-secondary diploma, degree or certificate. Of these individuals, 3,120 have a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma, 2,975 have a university certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above (2,085 with a Bachelor's degree, and 890 with a university certificate, diploma or degree above bachelor level), 935 have an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma, and 855 have a university certificate or diploma below bachelor level. The remaining individuals have a high school diploma or equivalent (5,115), or no certificate, diploma or degree (4,315). Of the 28,475 persons aged 15 years or older, the major fields of study are business, management and public administration (2,230), health and related fields (1,840), social and behavioural sciences and law (1,425), architecture, engineering, and related technologies (1,380), mathematics, computer and information sciences (760), humanities (495), physical and life sciences and technologies (455), personal, protective and transportation services (395), education (300), and agriculture, natural resources and conservation (150), and 18,885 have no recognized post-secondary certificate, diploma or degree. Among individuals with a post-secondary certificate, diploma or degree, 6,825 studied at an institute within Canada (6,115 in their province or territory of residence, and 710 in another province or territory), and 2,760 studied abroad.

Organizations

The Somali community in Canada is represented by various Somali-run organizations. Ahmed Hussen chairs the Canadian Somali Congress, which works closely with national and regional authorities to strengthen civic relations. The Council of Somali Canadian People of Alberta oversees the Somali community organizations in Alberta. Among these are the Somali Canadian Cultural Society of Edmonton (SCCSE), which provides social, educational, recreational, cultural and religious programs and services to the Somali community in Edmonton. The Somali Youth Association of Toronto/Somali Youth Coalition (SOYAT) offers various social, recreational and educational programs for Somali youth to inculcate volunteerism and leadership. It also organizes the annual Somali Youth Recognition Awards, which recognize the achievements of and contributions made to the Somali community by individual Somali youngsters.

The Canadian Somali Congress also teamed up with local Jewish community organizations in Ottawa and Toronto to offer mentorship opportunities to young Somali university students and professionals. The program spanned two years and took place in various major cities across the country, partnering 130 experienced Jewish-Canadian mentors with 18- to 25-year-old Somali-Canadians.

Notable individuals

See also

Somali diaspora
Black Canadians

References

External links
Canadian Somali Congress (CSC)
Somali Canadian Cultural Society of Edmonton (SCCSE)
Somali Canadian Education and Rural Development Organization (SCERDO)

Ethnic groups in Canada
Ethnic Somali people

Somalian emigrants to Canada
Somalian diaspora
African Canadian

Somali Canadians


In computer science, a container is a class or a data structure<ref>Paul E. Black (ed.), entry for data structure in Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures. US National Institute of Standards and Technology.15 December 2004. Accessed 4 Oct 2011.</ref> whose instances are collections of other objects. In other words, they store objects in an organized way that follows specific access rules.

The size of the container depends on the number of objects (elements) it contains. Underlying (inherited) implementations of various container types may vary in size, complexity and type of language, but in many cases they  provide flexibility in choosing the right implementation for any given scenario.

Container data structures are commonly used in many types of programming languages.

Function and properties
Containers can be characterized by the following three properties:
 access, that is the way of accessing the objects of the container. In the case of arrays, access is done with the array index. In the case of stacks, access is done according to the LIFO (last in, first out) order and in the case of queues it is done according to the FIFO (first in, first out) order;
 storage, that is the way of storing the objects of the container;
 traversal, that is the way of traversing the objects of the container.

Container classes are expected to implement CRUD-like methods to do the following:
 create an empty container (constructor);
 insert objects into the container;
 delete objects from the container;
 delete all the objects in the container (clear);
 access the objects in the container;
 access the number of objects in the container (count).

Containers are sometimes implemented in conjunction with iterators.

Types
Containers may be classified as either single-value containers or associative containers''.

Single-value containers store each object independently. Objects may be accessed directly, by a language loop construct (e.g. for loop) or with an iterator.

An associative container uses an associative array, map, or dictionary, composed of key-value pairs, such that each key appears at most once in the container. The key is used to find the value, the object, if it is stored in the container. Associative containers are used in programming languages as class templates.

Container abstract data types include:

 FIFO queues
 LIFO stacks
 Priority queues
 Lookup tables (LUTs)
 Key-associated data structures
 Sets, containing and indexing objects by value or by specific property;
 Maps, associating to each key a "value" for lookup

Common data structures used to implement these abstract types include:
 Arrays and their derivatives
 Linked lists
 Binary search trees (BSTs), particularly self-balancing BSTs
 Hash tables

Graphic containers
Widget toolkits also use containers, which are special widgets to group other widgets, such as windows, panels. Apart from their graphical properties, they have the same type of behavior as container classes, as they keep a list of their child widgets, and allow adding, removing, or retrieving widgets among their children.

In statically-typed languages

Container abstractions can be written in virtually any programming language, regardless of its type system. However, in strongly-typed object-oriented programming languages it may be somewhat complicated for a developer to write reusable homogeneous containers.

Because of differences in element types this results in a tedious process of writing and keeping a collection of containers for every elemental type.

Many elemental types (e.g. integers or floating numbers) are inherently incompatible with each other because of the memory size they occupy and their semantic meaning and therefore require different containers (unless of course, they are mutually compatible or convertible). Modern programming languages offer various approaches to help solving the problem:

 Universal basic type
 A type that is universally assignable by any other (e.g. root Object class).
Downcasting;
Class substitution
 Previous three approaches above are used for weakly typed languages; these usually imply inheritance and polymorphism shared by types.
Union types (C/C++ language)
 Permits storing types of different data sizes; it is hard to ensure which type is stored in a union upon retrieval however and should be carefully followed.
Type conversion
 Templates or Generics
 Ensures reusability and type safety; may be thought as a reverse inheritance. However, this approach may require implementing a template specialization which is reputedly a time-consuming process given that types differ in their methods.

See also
List of data structures
Standard Template Library#Containers
Collection (abstract data type)
Stack data structure
Java ConcurrentMap

References

External links
Container Data Structure Declaration and Initialization

Abstract data types
Object-oriented programming

eo:Ujo
pt:Container (programação)
qu:Wisina

Container (abstract data type)


Mina J. Bissell is an Iranian-American biologist known for her research on breast cancer. In particular, she has studied the effects of a cell's microenvironment, including its extracellular matrix, on tissue function.

Early life and education
Bissell was born in Tehran, Iran and brought up in an educated and wealthy family. By the time she graduated from high school, Bissell was the top graduate in her year in Iran. A family friend, through the American Friends of Iran, encouraged Bissell to come to the United States. She enrolled at Bryn Mawr, then transferred to Radcliffe College where she earned a bachelor's degree in chemistry. She obtained a PhD in bacteriology from Harvard Medical School (1969) and was awarded an American Cancer Society postdoctoral fellowship at the University of California, Berkeley.

Career
She joined the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory as a staff biochemist in 1972 and subsequently became a Senior Scientist, Director of Cell & Molecular Biology, Director of the Life Sciences Division, and Distinguished Scientist. In 1996, she received the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award and medal, the highest scientific honor bestowed by the United States Department of Energy. A member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Institute of Medicine, and the American Philosophical Society, Bissell is a recipient of the Guggenheim Fellowship, the Mellon Award from the University of Pittsburgh, the Eli Lilly/Clowes Award of the American Association for Cancer Research, and the Medal of Honor from the American Cancer Society. She was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2010, one of the highest honors bestowed on working scientists. In 2016, the American Society for Cell Biology will bestow the E.B. Wilson Medal, its highest scientific honor, to Dr. Bissell for her work showing that physical context matters in cells and her demonstrations that the extracellular matrix (ECM) is integral to breast tissue remodeling and to breast cancer progression. In 2020 she received the Canada Gairdner International Award.

She is the former head of life sciences at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Her work started over 30 years ago on the effect of tissue architecture and the role of the cellular microenvironment on cancer still has become increasingly influential in the field of cancer biology and cancer therapeutics. She is credited with the radical but increasingly accepted notion that phenotype can dominate over genotype in normal development and disease.

Bissell and her colleague, William Ole Peterson, have developed 3D culture in cancer research. They have shown non-tumorgenic (normal-like) mammary epithelial cells form monolayer spherical acini with hollow lumen and tumorgenic mammary epithelial cells form filled bowl irregular acini (Petersen OW, et al. PNAS 89(19):9064-9068). She has published about 300 articles and book chapters.

In June 2012 she presented at the TED conference. On Cancer Day 2013, this talk was featured as the first talk in a series of ten talks about cancer presented by TED.

References

External links
 Testing the Boundaries: an interview with Mina J. Bissell
 Some (slightly old) biographical information
 New York Times article on Mina Bissell

Iranian biochemists
21st-century American biologists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Iranian women scientists
Iranian expatriate academics
21st-century Iranian inventors
Iranian emigrants to the United States
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory people
American women biologists
Scientists from Tehran
Radcliffe College alumni
Harvard Medical School alumni
Iranian biologists
American women biochemists
Cell biologists
21st-century American women scientists
Bryn Mawr College alumni
Women inventors
Members of the National Academy of Medicine

Mina Bissell


Metro-2 () is the informal name for a purported secret underground metro system which parallels the public Moscow Metro (known as Metro-1 when in comparison with Metro-2). The system was supposedly built, or at least started, during the time of Joseph Stalin and was codenamed D-6 (Д-6) by the KGB. It is supposedly still operated by the Main Directorate of Special Programmes and Ministry of Defence.

Metro-2 is said to have four lines which lie  deep. It is said to connect the Kremlin with the Federal Security Service (FSB) headquarters, the government airport at Vnukovo-2, and an underground town at Ramenki, in addition to other locations of national importance.

In 1994, the leader of an urban exploration group, the Diggers of the Underground Planet, claimed to have found an entrance to this underground system.

Historic evidence however paints a much more conservative picture, with one "line" existing by the late 1960s, from the Kremlin, specifically site 103, to the site 54 south from Moscow State University, with a spur going north-west from there, to the area of the Matveevskaya railway platform and the DV-1 there. Additional lines, i.e. to Vnukovo, are likely a later invention by the enthusiast community, though with the change in generations of the hardened protective structure design in the 1970/80s a redundant back up of this system may have been at least considered.

Etymology

In the summer of 1992, the literary and journalistic magazine Yunost () published a novel by the author and screenwriter Vladimir Gonik entitled Preispodniaia () (), set in an underground bunker in Moscow. Earlier, in the spring of that year, excerpts from the novel had been published in the weekly newspaper Sovershenno sekretno (ru). In an interview with both the newspaper's editor and Gonik in 1993, the author stated that the term "Metro-2" had been introduced to them, and that the novel had been written based on information collected over the previous 20 years by the two of them on things such as secret bunkers and the underground railways connecting them. Gonik admitted that he had worked on the book between 1973 and 1986, and that some of the more sensitive information had been purposefully misrepresented.

In later years, Gonik has argued that the bunkers, and therefore the so-called "Metro-2", had been for use by the leadership of the Politburo and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), along with their families, in case of war. According to him, in the early 1970s the General Secretary of the CPSU, Leonid Brezhnev, personally visited the main bunker, and, in 1974, awarded the Chairman of the KGB at the time, Yuri Andropov, the Gold Star Medal of the Hero of Socialist Labour. Apparently, each member of the Central Committee had a  apartment, with a study, lounge, kitchen and bathroom. Gonik claims to have gathered this information working as a doctor in the polyclinic of the Ministry of Defence.

After the publication of the novel in 1992, the subject of a second, secret, underground railway has been raised many times, especially in the Russian media. In particular, the magazine Ogoniok () has referred to a "Metro-2" several times.

Confirmed information
Russian journalists have reported that the existence of Metro-2 is neither confirmed nor denied by the FSB or the Moscow Metro administration. However, listed below is evidence for the Metro-2's existence.

Studies of declassified Soviet archival materials
In 2021, a book by Dmitry Yurkov was published which covered new research on the history of special fortification in Moscow. Below is a summary of findings.

From declassified archival documents, an overall layout of the track system and its main components can be established for the late 1960s (this is limited by the source material officially released so far). While the system was eventually assembled in the late 1960s by the KGB, originally it was a collection of structures built for a variety of purposes and operators.

Deep single track tunnel
This is the oldest component of Metro-2. Construction began in the mid-1950s, and its design was finalised in 1956. It intended to provide a solution to the challenge of extending the red line southwest, beyond the Sportivnaya metro station and the river. Because of the conflicting requirements—a reasonable cost, a secure river crossing, and a civil defence shelter capacity—the final design included a shallow metro line with a vulnerable bridge backed up by a deep single track tunnel—which spurs from the main line after the Sportivnaya station (the initial part of this spur is seen on normal track maps)—and a high-speed elevator shaft.

Originally, there were also other intended peacetime uses, such as nighttime train parking.

Special transferlocation Metro-2 <> Public metro

If you were to disembark at Sportivnaya metro station on the public Sokolnicheskaya metro line and walk south along the tracks, after a few dozen meters, you would encounter a switch where a section of track turns left. What is remarkable about this seemingly dead-end track is that the third electrical/contact rail suddenly stops. Then you come to a fence with a lamp mounted on it, indicating to metro train operators that the track ends there. If you look beyond that fence, you'll see that the rails continue for some meters and appear to stop at a concrete block. However, that concrete block is not the end of this seemingly dead-end tunnel. The concrete block rests on wheels, allowing it to be rolled aside. Immediately after that concrete block, you reach a heavy gas-tight/water-tight/bombproof door that serves as the secret access point for metro carriages from the public metro network to the Metro-2 network and vice versa. A bit further, you encounter a second heavy gas-tight/water-tight/bombproof door before you truly enter the Metro-2 or D-6 network. Metro carriages can wait at this special 'transfer point' in this way until it is safe to make the crossing to Ramenki. From the transfer point, the D-6 line goes UNDER the 'Moskva' river, ultimately stopping at one of the many underground stations in Ramenki. For the personnel who operate this special transfer point, a separate bunker has been constructed, partly below and partly beside the transfer point. To ensure that personnel can receive an incoming metro train and, for example, move the concrete block, they can access various points between and near the tracks of the transfer point via stairs and ladders from the control bunker.

Order 10-A

Order 10-A is composed out of sites 54 and 54a and was intended to provide protected work spaces for the personnel of the planned Palace of the Soviets behind the Moscow State University campus. The plans for those administrative buildings were tied to the shafts and other features of this underground infrastructure project, but sadly the Palace of the Soviets—much like its pre-World War II variant—was not meant to be located next to Kropotkinstaya metro station.

Order 10-A was made by the 9th directorate of the Ministry for Defence, and for it a new construction organisation (US 10-A, presently Transinzhstroi) was set up in 1955. Construction was started in 1956 and completed by 1963.

Site 54 is composed of at least 5 shafts (1, 2, 3, 5, 6 explicitly mentioned) and includes extensive supporting systems such as air filtering stations and power generation, with the latter designed to support the planned above-ground administrative complex in case of emergencies. The site is connected to the deep single track tunnel at the depth of 189m. Shaft R6, which was used during order 10-A construction, still exists in Moscow and is a marker for its overall location.

Sites 100, 101, 103 and "Branch"

Site 103 is a large U-shaped structure built in central Moscow, designed to enhance the legacy World War II infrastructure by providing: site 1A in Kremlin (at the depth of 55m), a protected work spaces for the leadership; site 15N, a communications node; site 100 shelter (passing under site 101), a protected work spaces for the KGB. There were links to the existing legacy structures such as sites 25 and 25/2 in Kremlin, and site 201 at Lubyanka. It is also connected to the post-war site 101 at Zaryadie, which was intended to provide protected work spaces for officials working in the 8th Stalin's skyscraper; however, the skyscraper was never built, so site 101 was repurposed to support local Moscow region officials.

However, this project was plagued with a number of problems, such as slow construction (which went well into the mid-1960s), and uncertainty of how it could be evacuated after a nuclear attack. The latter was solved by the construction of "Branch" (), which linked site 103 in the city center to the deep single track tunnel and enabled moving people to the city outskirts.

The remote air intake (DV) network

After some initial work on a network of air filtering and then air regeneration stations, such as site 703 (aka ChZ-703), the decision was made to shift towards using several large air filtering stations on the outskirts of the city and pumping this clean air into the rest of the deep metro from there. Those were quite large structures (600,000–800,000 m3/h productivity) and required extensive supporting infrastructure of their own.

While five remote air intakes were planned in Moscow, this was later cut to three, with only two actually being built: "Matveevsky" (DV-1) and "Rizhsky" (DV-2). While the latter was neatly connected to the post-war deep metro line, the former used a proprietary air supply tunnel connecting its location at the Matveevskaya railroad platform to the deep single track tunnel. This air supply tunnel was later retrofitted with track, and joined the network. For construction of this air supply tunnel and other related structures, shaft R6 was transferred from US 10-A.

A related additional structure was the special connector line between the red and circle lines, as it would allow transport of air from the deep and nuclear hardened post-war section of the red line to the similarly protected circle line, bypassing the vulnerable area of the red line, which was built in the 1930s. DV-1 could also have been be used as an evacuation exit for the Moscow Metro, due to its location in the city outskirts at the time.

Leningrad also received a remote air intake, located at Lenin's square.

Move to KGB custody

In the late 1960s, the DV-1 and its related support infrastructure (i.e. the deep single track tunnel) were transferred to the KGB from the Moscow Metro, with a number of modifications being made, such as reworking the deep single track tunnel connection to the red line and adding a hardened hangar for 10 APCs at the DV-1.

Possible causes of the naming confusion and myth generation
DV () is quite similar to D6 (Д6), and may be one of the ways this designation came to be used in modern online discussions. The so-called "underground city in Ramenki" is likely the result of urban explorers observing extensive support infrastructure for the DV-1. Alternatively, this term has also been linked to the order 10-A (i.e. with the CIA map drawing a large rectangular box with the known shaft R6 in the center).

Report from the U.S. Department of Defense

In 1991, the United States Department of Defense published a report entitled Military forces in transition, which devoted several pages to a secret government underground in Moscow. It also included a diagram of the system superimposed on a map of the city.

"The Soviets have constructed deep-underground both in urban Moscow and outside the city. These facilities are interconnected by a network of deep interconnected subway lines that provide a quick and secure means of evacuation for the leadership. The leadership can move from their peacetime offices through concealed entryways in protective quarters beneath the city. There are important deep-underground command posts in the Moscow area, one located at the Kremlin. Soviet press has noted the presence of an enormous underground leadership bunker adjacent to Moscow State University. These facilities are intended for the national command authority in wartime. They are estimated to be between  and  deep, and can accommodate an estimated 10,000 people. A special subway line runs from some points in Moscow and possibly to the VIP terminal at Vnukovo Airfield(...)"

—Military forces in transition, 1991, p. 40

Information from officials

Igor Malashenko
In 1992, in an interview with Time, Deputy Director Broadcaster Igor Malashenko (ru) spoke about the existence of Sofrino-2, about  to the north-east of Moscow's television broadcasting centers, built at great depths in case of nuclear war. According to Malashenko, the equipment was unusable due to age. He went on to say that the same fate befell many of the underground bomb shelters, and in particular a system of underground bunkers beneath the building of Moscow State University, which he said were flooded and had deteriorated.

Vladimir Shevchenko
In 2004, former advisor of Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev, former Russian president Boris Yeltsin and then president Vladimir Putin, Vladimir Shevchenko (ru) confirmed the existence of a secret in the Moscow Metro.

"Reports on the number of underground communications are greatly exaggerated. In the days of Stalin, who was very afraid of assassination attempts, there was in fact a single-track underground railway line running from the Kremlin to his so-called "Nearby Dacha" in Volynskoye. Today, neither the Dacha nor the subway line are in use. In addition, there were underground transport links between the General Staff and several other government facilities. In 1991
a pneumatic mail tube was constructed between the CPSU Central Committee building in Moscow's Old Square and the Kremlin."

In 2008, Shevchenko once again touched upon the Metro-2.

"Currently, the Kremlin subway cannot be called a transportation artery, and, as far as I know, for its continued operation it required major repairs: for among other things there are a lot of underground utilities which will eventually decay."

Mikhail Poltoranin
In 2008, Mikhail Poltoranin (ru), a minister under Boris Yeltsin in the early 1990s, explained:

"This is an extensive network of tunnels and an emergency command center in case of war, where you can command the nuclear forces of the country. It can hide a lot of people - its maintenance was necessary. I know that the "Metro-2" has branches that go to the suburbs so that the command could move away from the epicenter of a nuclear attack."

Dmitry Gayev
When ex-chief of the Moscow Metro Dmitry Gayev was questioned on the existence of the Metro-2, he responded:

"I would be surprised if it did not exist."

In the same year, in an interview with Izvestia, he said:

"There is a lot of talk about the existence of secret transport tunnels. I will not deny anything. I would be surprised if they did not exist. You ask: Can we use them to transport passengers? It is not for me to decide, but for those organizations who own the railways. I do not exclude such a possibility."

Svetlana Razina
In 2008, in an interview in Argumenty i Fakty, the head of the Moscow Metro independent trade union, Svetlana Razina, admitted:

"Several years ago, among the drivers of the Izmailovo depot there was a recruiting for a service on secret routes, and although there were many willing, they were to select only one. Entering the midst of these tunnels is only for people with special clearance. Most often, these branches used very short trains, consisting of battery-electric locomotive and one passenger car."

ITAR-TASS
As stated in a report of ITAR-TASS in 2007:

"Line of the Metro-2 has long been in the KGB office, and subsequently came under the wing of the FSB."

Information from defectors

Oleg Gordievsky
Oleg Gordievsky, a former colonel of the KGB who worked for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) for 11 years and defected in 1985, in an interview with Argumenty i Fakty called The supreme secret of the KGB, which has not been disclosed until now stated

"You still do not know the main KGB secret yet: a huge underground city, a whole communications network of such facilities. But they will not show you; they will never, of course."

Declassified facilities

Museum of the Cold War
In 2006, the Museum of the Cold War (ru) was opened to the public, located in the old Tagansky Protected Command Point. Also known as "Bunker-42" this museum is located at the GO-42 site, that took over sites 02 and 20. Site 02 was a deeply buried hardened protective structure housing a secure telephone exchange, while site 20 was some sort of military communications node (little hard archival evidence exists beyond that).

Sites 02 and 20 were connected to the regular Metro, with site 02 forming a ring of hardened telephone exchanges together with sites 01 (close to Belorusskaya metro station) and 03 (close to Kievskaya metro station). None of those sites were physically connected to the "Metro-2".

Special fortification museum
In 2018, a museum opened at the location of the former ministry for foreign affairs secure archive facility ("Bunker-703, also known as MFA site 2 or ChZ-703) . Around 42 meters deep, it was originally intended as a metro air filtering, then air regeneration station, before the metro began work on a remote air intake network.

"Underground City" in Ramenki

In southwest Moscow, near the Ramenki District, there is a vacant lot to the southwest of the main building of Moscow State University. A complex of buildings of the research base of Association "Science" (NEBO "Nauka"), built to a depth of between  and 200 m, is the largest underground bunker in Moscow. According to the same source, it is connected with other secret underground facilities, and appears to be able to house up to 15,000 people. A complex of surface buildings was built by architect Eugene Rozanov in 1975 by order of Glavspetsstroy.

One of the first times the facility was mentioned was in Time in 1992. Its article refers to a source named a "KGB officer", who claims he took part in the construction of a large underground facility in Ramenki. It was claimed construction began in the mid-1960s and was complete by mid-1970. The facility was named by the journalist as the "Underground City", which was supposedly intended to give refuge to 15,000 people for 30 years in the event of a nuclear attack on Moscow.

Most likely this is the sites 54, 54a of the order 10-A due to the location, time of construction (1956-1962), depth (189m at the connection to the deep single track tunnel) matching. The inflated numbers for the shelter capacity may be influenced by the original deep single track tunnel's civil defence mission, which was to provide additional capacity to the metro. However, despite the high capacity, this was only a temporary, short term shelter, much like the other civil defence infrastructure.

In the media, the "Underground City" is often referred to as "Ramenki-43", the address of one of the supposed entrances to the facility. Ostensibly, the address is home to Militarized Rescue Squad 21 and the 1st Paramilitary Rescue Squad.

The novel Metro 2033 and its video game adaptation feature the underground city and secret metro.

Rolling stock

In the Branch system, due to the absence of a third rail, a special diesel and battery-electric rolling stock was used. All this rolling stock is on the balance sheet of military base 95006 (Special Objects Service of Main Directorate of Special Programs of the President of the Russian Federation), which is located in the Ramenki District near DV-1 air intake. By order of this military unit, the Moscow Metro carries out maintenance and repair of the rolling stock of the Branch, for which it is temporarily transferred to the civil metro depots through the deep single track tunnel. Also, by order of this military unit, the training and production center of the Moscow metro provides training for metro train drivers.

The known rolling stock of the Branch system includes:
 AS1A — a small gasoline-powered railcars, which are basically used on conventional railways to transport railroad workers. It is known that at the Branch were used at least two such railcars with numbers 1198 and 1401, which were produced by Velikoluksky Plant in 1971 and 1972, but now they are taken away from service and moved to a conventional metro depot where they are preserved.
 Ezh6 (model 81-712) — a subversion of the standard passenger electric subway cars Ezh3 (model 81-710), produced by Metrowagonmash, adapted for operation in conjunction with battery-electric locomotives of type L. Each train of the Branch was formed of two Ezh6 cars and one or two L electric locomotives in the middle of the train. Totally 10 subway cars were built - 6 in 1973 and 4 in 1986. As of the end of the 2010s, there were two modified cars EZh6M left in the Branch system, operating with a diesel-electric locomotive LM, the others were scrapped or moved to operate with Ezh3 cars in conventional subway trains.
 L (model 81-711) — a battery electric locomotives with two control cabins, designed for joint operation with Ezh6 cars. Totally 6 electric locomotives were built - 3 in 1974 and 3 in 1986. As of the end of the 2010s, one electric locomotive was converted into a diesel-electric locomotive and remained in operation under the LM type designation, the others were scrapped in 2009 or before.
 DPS — a special four-car diesel-hydraulic multiple unit for transporting metro workers. The only one train of this type was built in 1995 at the Lyudinovsky plant and later modernized at the Metrovagonmash plant before being sent to the Moscow Metro. The train arrived to serve the Branch, however its current fate is unknown.
 RA1 730.15 — a modification of the RA1 model 730 diesel-hydraulic passenger railcar for conventional railways, which, in turn, was created on the basis of the passenger metro car 81-720. This railcar is designed for transportation of subway employees or other special persons. Produced by the Metrovagonmash plant from 2003, the exact number of cars is unknown, but at least 7 cars were produced. It is also known that in the late 2000s, by order of military base 95006, its cars were repaired.
 81-730.05 — a cargo-passenger diesel-hydraulic railcar. Two railcars were produced in 2008. It has both a passenger compartment with two control cabins and side automatic doors, and also an open flat platform for cargo with a loading crane. It is also known that in the late 2000s, by order of military base 95006, these cars were repaired.
 Oka diesel railcar (its exact model designation is unknown) — a two-cabin diesel-hydraulic railcar, which is a conversion of the passenger electric subway car 81-760 Oka. Like railcars 730.15, it is designed for transportation of subway employees and other special persons and has only one pair of the automatic doors in the center instead of four pair of dooors which standard cars Oka has. It is known that at least least one car was produced in 2016.

References

External links

 A thorough site on the subject
 Detailed analysis of the system
 GlobalSecurity.org article
 BBC News article
 Detailed map of the famous part of the system (D6 system, OAO "TransInzhStroy" system, and not very famous "SovMin system") by NIO "Azimut"
 A supposed map of the system
 Moscow's "Metro-2": The Ultimate "Secret Subway", The World's Ultimate Secret Subway Network! Moscow Metro-2!! Detailed Line Descriptions!!!, Moscow's Metro-2: Fact or Fantasy? commentary about various aspects of Metro-2 lore, sometimes smug, sometimes satirical but readable.

Moscow Metro
Military installations of the Soviet Union
Rapid transit in Russia
Secret places
Nuclear bunkers
Nuclear bunkers in Europe

Metro-2


The Circolo Hospital and Macchi Foundation () is the largest hospital of Varese,  Italy.

Since 1995 is a hospital of national importance and high specialization.

In 1975 it hosted the second faculty of Medicine of the University of Pavia, later incorporated in the new University of Insubria.

History
The Hospital has existed for 800 years: the first settlement dates back to the hospital in 1173 in the hills of Bosto for work of a religious community dedicated to helping the poor and mentally ill. In the '400 was created the military hospital and later the Hospital of St. John the Evangelist. In the '500 was born the Hospital of the Poor, in the center of the village, then merged into Civic or Places united, until 1848, when Varese could get 93 beds for hospitalization. Since '800, Varese became a place of meetings and studies by eminent scientists and clinicians: Sacco, Bizzozero, Riva Rocci and Golgi. In 1929 the hospital settled in its present location: the park of the villa of the tenor Francesco Tamagno.

The hospital today
It is a recognized hospital of national importance and high specialization since 1995. Since 1998, the Hospital is home of the clinical three-year and Clinical Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Insubria established in that year. In March 2007 it was inaugurated the new block. Moreover, it is home of the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine - DMCS of the University of Insubria.

1173 establishments in Europe
12th-century establishments in Italy
Hospitals in Varese
Hospitals established in the 12th century

Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi


Cercina is a frazione (rural borough) of the municipality of Sesto Fiorentino, in the Metropolitan City of Florence, located in central Italy. It is located on the slopes of Mount Morello.

Sights
Cercina has some things to offer for sightseeing, which includes:
 Pieve di Sant'Andrea, a pieve or rural church constructed in the 11th century.
 Castle of Castiglione, a castle owned by the Catellini Castiglione family.
 Memorial to the Fallen by Radio CORA, a World War II memorial dedicated to Italian partisans Anna Maria Enriques Agnolette, captain Italo Picaggli, Fernando Panerai, Dante Romagnoli Fiorenzo Franco, and a unidentified man who were brought and shot here for fighting for the independence of Italy from German rule on 12 June 1944.

History
Cercina was once a colony of Ancient Rome,  103 BCE, and was probably one of the colonies owned by Gaius Marius. Marius' brother-in-law, Gaius Julius Caesar, a Roman senator who was the father of Roman dictator Julius Caesar, was once commissioner of the colony here in modern-day Cercina.

On 12 June 1944 during World War II, the Italian partisans Anna Maria Enriques Agnoletti, captain Italo Picaggli, Fernando Panerai, Pietro Ghergo, Dante Romagnoli Fiorenzo Franco were shot here in Cercina for fighting for the independence of Italy from German rule. A memorial was made and dedicated here in their honor.

Settlements in Tuscany
Metropolitan City of Florence

Cercina


Hindutva, which means "Hinduness", is a kind of nationalism in India. The word was made popular by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in 1923. Groups that believe in Hindutva include the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and the Sangh Parivar. Hindutva considers Hinduism better than other religions and cultures. Because of this, some people describe Hindutva as almost fascist, while others say that Hindutva is conservative.

Comments by scholars
According to Christophe Jaffrelot, a political scientist specializing in South Asia, the Hindutva ideology has roots in an era where the fiction in ancient Indian mythology and the Vedics  was thought to be valid. This fiction was used to "give sustenance to Hindu ethnic consciousness". Its strategy emulated the Muslim identity politics of the Khilafat movement after World War I, and borrowed political concepts from the West – mainly Germany.

According to Anthony Parel, a historian and political scientist, V. D. Savarkar's Hindutva, Who is a Hindu? (1923) is a fundamental text of Hindutva ideology. He comments on Savarkar's summary of Hindu culture "as a self-sufficient culture, not needing any input from other cultures" by saying that this is "an unhistorical, narcissistic and false account of India's past".

Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad, a Fellow of the British Academy and a scholar of Politics and Philosophy of Religion, says that Hindutva is a form of nationalism that is seen differently by its opponents and its supporters. The Hindutva ideology according to Savarkar, states Ram-Prasad, is based on  "geography, race, and culture".

References

Nationalism
Hinduism

Hindutva


Arlen Darryl Ness (July 12, 1939 – March 22, 2019) was an American motorcycle designer and entrepreneur best known for his custom motorcycles. Ness received acclaim for his designs, most of which are noted for their unique body style and paintwork.

Early life
Ness was born in Moorhead, Minnesota, on July 12, 1939, to Elaine and Ervin Ness, and moved to San Lorenzo, California, when he was in the sixth grade.

Prior to his career as a motorcycle builder, Ness worked as a pin setter at the local bowling alley, and later as a post office worker and furniture mover. He competed in semi-professional bowling leagues, the earnings of which he used to buy his first motorcycle, a 1947 Harley-Davidson Knucklehead that he later customized.

Ness was married to his wife Beverly for 59 years until his death.

Career
His first customized bikes were made in the garage of his home in San Leandro, California, but by the early 1970s he had moved to a storefront on East 14th Street.

Ness was recognized for his painting style and for developing a line of custom motorcycle parts. His popularity grew as he built new custom bikes and then had those displayed on the bike show circuit and featured in motorcycle magazines.

After more than three decades of custom bike building, his business, Arlen Ness Motorcycles, moved to a Dublin, California, facility that includes a museum with more than 40 of his custom motorcycles, including his Untouchable, the twin motor Two Bad, the antique inspired Ness-Tique, Blower Bike, the Italian sports car inspired Ferrari Bike, the '57 Chevy inspired Ness-Stalgia, the Bugatti-like Smooth-Ness, the Discovery Channel's Biker Build-Off bike Top Banana and his jet-powered Mach Ness. The company is also an authorized dealership for Victory Motorcycles and for Indian Motorcycles.

The Mach Ness is a motorcycle that Ness built in 2005, inspired by Jay Leno's turbine-powered bike, that uses a jet-powered helicopter engine as its power plant. The design, concept, paint and graphics were created by Carl Brouhard and the hand-made aluminum body work was by Bob Monroe.

Ness received recognition and awards including Builder of the Year, induction into the Motorcycle Hall of Fame and Lifetime Achievement Awards. His son, Cory Ness, worked with Ness for more than 30 years, and now runs the day-to-day business operations at Arlen Ness, Inc. Cory has himself been recognized as a top custom bike builder and even defeated his father in a 2004 episode of Biker Build-Off. Carrying on the family tradition to a third generation, Cory's son, Zach Ness, built several high end custom bikes before finishing high school in 2006.

Ness received a patent for the Big Shot, a method of altering the motorcycle's fuel injection system, and thereby enhancing its performance.

Ness died on March 22, 2019, at the age of 79.

Gallery

References

Further reading

External links

1939 births
2019 deaths
Motorcycle builders
American motorcycle designers
People from San Lorenzo, California
Dublin, California
People from Moorhead, Minnesota
Vehicle modification people

Arlen Ness


A doily (also doiley, doilie, doyly, or doyley) is an ornamental mat, typically made of paper or fabric, and variously used for protecting surfaces or binding flowers, in food service presentation, or as a clothing ornamentation, as well as a head covering for Jewish women and Christian women. It is characterized by openwork, which allows the surface of the underlying object to show through.

Etymology
Doiley was a 17th-century London draper, who made popular "a woolen stuff, 'at once cheap and genteel,' introduced for summer wear in the latter part of the 17th c." At the time, it was used as an adjective, as in "doily stuffs" or "doily suit". Later, usage shifted to refer to "a small ornamental napkin used at dessert," known as a "doily-napkin".

Usage

Headcovering
The doily is worn as a headcovering for Jewish women as an alternative to the traditional tichel (headscarf).

The doily is used as a headcovering by many Christian women who wear them in obedience to , especially by Conservative Anabaptist Christian women, including certain Conservative Mennonite fellowships such as the Biblical Mennonite Alliance.

Furniture protection
In addition to their decorative function doilies have the practical role of protecting fine-wood furniture from the scratches caused by crockery or decorative objects such as nativity scenes, or from spilled tea when used on tea trays or with cups and saucers. When used to protect the backs and arms of chairs, they are serving as antimacassars.

Flower arrangement
Doilies are traditionally used to bind the stems in posies (formal flower arrangements called tussie-mussies in the Victorian Era).

Food service and etiquette
Doilies figure prominently in the custom of finger bowls, once common in formal, multi-course dinners. The linen doily (never paper) separates the dessert plate from the finger bowl. The custom requires that both doily and finger bowl are removed to the upper left of the place setting before briefly dipping fingertips into the water and drying them on the napkin. Failing to move both together is  considered a faux pas.

Disposable paper doilies "were designed as a cheaper but respectable alternative to crocheted linen doilies" and are commonly used to decorate plates, placed under the food for ornamentation.

Techniques
They are crocheted, tatted or knitted out of cotton or linen thread. Many patterns for crocheting or knitting doilies were published by thread manufacturers in the first part of the 20th century. The designers were often uncredited. The designs could be circular or oval starting from the center and working outward, reminiscent of the polar coordinates system. Doilies, as well as other household items, may be made by crocheting rows on a grid pattern using a technique called filet crochet, similar to points on the cartesian coordinate system.

Contemporary designers continue to make patterns for modern hand craft enthusiasts. Although it may to some extent interfere with the original use, some doilies involve embroidery or have raised designs (rose petals, popcorn, or ruffles) rather than being flat.

See also
 Antimacassar
 Armenian needlelace
 Koniaków Lace
 Lace
 Medallion knitting
 Mountmellick embroidery
 Openwork
 Tenerife lace
 Placemat

References

Crochet
Linens
Serving and dining
Embroidery
Lace
Domestic implements

Doily


François Véron (Paris, circa 1575 – Charenton, 1649) was a French Jesuit controversialist.

Life

After studying under the Society of Jesuits, he joined them, and taught in several colleges. To devote himself more freely to preaching and controversy against Protestants, he later left the society.

He challenged every minister he encountered, even the most learned and famous, such as Moulin, David Blondel, Daillé, or Bochard. His debates with them, and many other occasional or controversial writings, he afterwards published.

Having secured from Louis XIII letters patent authorizing him to deliver his sermons in public and to conduct conferences with the ministers or any other Protestants wheresoever he pleased, he went to Paris, to Charenton, where he was curé for 10 years (1638–48), because Calvinism had there its chief stronghold. He travelled to Saintonge, Béarn, Brie, Champagne, Lorraine, and Normandy.  He preached before large audiences; ministers such as Boule, after having heard him, abjured Calvinism after 30 years in the ministry. "He has vanquished more ministers", wrote publicly the congregation of the Propagation of the Faith, "than another could have seen, alone he has converted more heretics to the Catholic faith than a thousand others."

Véron became the most celebrated controversialist in France; the general assembly of the clergy assigned him a pension of 600 livres yearly and accepted the dedication of some of his books of which it defrayed the expenses; the Estates of Languedoc undertook his support while he preached in their province; Pope Gregory XV sent his encouragement. He was invited to give lessons in controversy at the Collège de France and to teach his method at Saint-Lazare under Vincent de Paul, and at St. Sulpice under Olier.

Controversial style

His method Véron set forth in a theoretical treatise and illustrated by his other works. Since the Protestants reject tradition and admit only Holy Scripture as the source and ground of faith, they must be required to show all their dogmata in the Bible, and all the articles of their Confession of Faith, which they cannot support with formal and explicit texts from the Sacred Books should be considered as untenable. On the other hand, it is of great importance to set forth the doctrine of the Church in all its purity; thus explained, it is entitled to the respect and the acceptance of heretics; hence it is important to separate authentic points of doctrine from what the heretics confuse with it, for example all the opinions of the schools, historical errors, popular legends, or private practices.

By this matter of simplifying Catholic dogma and of showing consideration to Protestants, Véron sometimes aroused the protests of certain Catholics; his treatise on the primacy of the church wherein he refutes Blondel's work of the same name was even placed on the Index at Rome (January, 1643). He was also accused of sometimes using blustering language and excessive harshness against his adversaries, who used the same towards him.

Works

Véron attacked the Jansenists, writing three books against them during the last years of his life.

Apart from his anti-Jansenistic works and some partial translations of the Bible all of Véron's writings have to do with controversy. They are about 80 in number. Several of them are only a few pages in length; some are successive redactions of the same work under different names. Three summarize nearly all the others:

"La méthode nouvelle, facile et solide de convaincre de nullité la religion prétendue réformée", published in 1615, re-edited in 1617, 1618, 1619, 1623, in several cities of France, translated into English, Dutch, and German, read and praised by Leibnitz, reprinted by Migne in his "Theologiae cursus completus" (Paris, 1860);
"L'épitomé de toutes les controverses de religion en ce siècle" (1 vol., Paris, 1638; re-edited in 2 and 3 vols., translated into Latin, and abridged);
"Règle de la foi catholique" (Paris, 1649), approved by the general assembly of the French clergy, by the faculty of theology of Paris, translated into Latin, and into English by Edward Sheldon, read and praised by Leibniz, reprinted several times abroad and three times in France in the nineteenth century.

References

Attribution
 The entry cites:
La Bouderie, Notice sur la vie de Fr. Véron et sur ses ouvrages;
Augustin de Backer, Biblioth. des écrivains de la Comp. de Jésus, III (Paris, 1876);
Abbé P. Feret, Un curé de Charenton au XVIIe siècle (Paris, 1881);
, La Faculté de théologie de Paris, IV, Époque moderne (Paris, 1906)

1575 births
17th-century French Jesuits
1649 deaths
Counter-Reformation

François Véron


Claiborne Fox Jackson (April 4, 1806 – December 6, 1862) was a pro-Confederacy governor of the state of Missouri. He was elected in 1860 and sworn in on January 3, 1861 as Missouri's 15th governor. He remained in office for five months, until being effectively deposed on June 15, 1861. At that time he fled to Arkansas and joined the Confederacy. He died on December 6, 1862.

Early career
On April 4, 1806, Jackson was born in Fleming County, Kentucky. His parents were Dempsey and Mary Jackson. The Jacksons were tobacco farmers who owned many slaves.

In 1826, Jackson moved to Franklin, Missouri where the Santa Fe Trail began. The trail was an important link to trading with Mexico. While the economy was poor in most of the region, Franklin was growing and becoming prosperous. Jackson and his older brother opened a mercantile store in the town. Most of the new residents were from the South and brought their slaves with them. They started farms along the Missouri River. This became the center of slavery in Missouri.

Political career
In 1836 Jackson entered politics representing Saline County, Missouri in the Missouri House of Representatives. Between 1838 and 1842 he was a cashier at the state bank in Fayette, Missouri. He was elected a state representative again in 1842, this time from Howard County, Missouri. In 1844 and 1846, he served as Speaker of the House. In 1848 he was elected to the Missouri State Senate. In 1852 he was elected to the House of Representatives again. From 1857 to 1860, he served as state bank commissioner. In 1860, as a Democrat, he secured his party's nomination for governor. He ran against Sample Orr in the general election and won. He was sworn in on January 3, 1861.

Governor of Missouri
Jackson had won the nomination and election for governor by presenting himself as a moderate. But he quickly showed himself to be a pro-slavery activist. Following Abraham Lincoln's election as President of the United States Jackson began to court support for Missouri's secession from the Union. When Fort Sumter fell to the Confederates on April 14, 1861, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to put down the rebellion. Jackson refused Lincoln's call for volunteers from Missouri. Instead, he called for 50,000 volunteers to defend the state against the Union. Jackson secretly contacted the Confederates and tried to get artillery for his militia.

Jackson knew the most important resource in the state was the federal arsenal at St. Louis. There was only a small detachment of Union soldiers that guarded the arsenal and were under the command of Captain Lyon. But quietly, Lyon had sent almost all the gunpowder and weapons to safety in Illinois. Also, the United States Secretary of War, Simon Cameron, had sent a letter to Lyon authorizing him to raise more companies of Union soldiers. On May 6, Jackson sent his militia to camp near St. Louis in order to provoke the Union soldiers and perhaps secure their arms for his militia. However, on May 10, Lyon marched some 6,500 Union troops to surround the militia and arrest all of them. Following the Camp Jackson Affair, Lyon was promoted to Brigadier general and took charge of all Union forces in the state.

On June 13, 1861, after failed negotiations with Governor Jackson, Lyon quickly moved his army to attack the pro-confederate forces at Jefferson City, Missouri, the state capital. He moved quickly enough to catch them unprepared. On June 15, the Army of the West occupied Jefferson City. Lyon installed a pro-Union government after Jackson and most of his militia retreated to the southwest corner of Missouri. Lyon moved his army to go after the rebels. On June 17, both sides fought the Battle of Boonville which lasted only about 30 minutes. The Union forces completely routed the pro-confederates. Jackson observed the battle and retreated with the militia.

Battle of Carthage
Jackson and approximately 4,000 of his untrained and poorly armed militia fled to Carthage, Missouri. In order to find Jackson and his militia, Lyon had split his forces. He sent Colonel Franz Sigel with about 1,000 soldiers into southwest Missouri to search for Jackson. On July 4 Jackson learned that Sigel was camped at Carthage. The next day Jackson led his militia to attack the smaller Union force. The battle line was about ten miles south of Carthage. He waited for Sigel to attack him. Sigel, in turn, opened the battle with artillery fire. He then attacked the militia. However, after seeing a large Confederate force moving around him on his left flank, he moved back to prevent being surrounded. He did not know the force to his left were mainly unarmed militia. Sigel fought a successful rearguard action as his small army fell back to Carthage. He then retreated to Sarcoxie, Missouri. The battle had little meaning but it encouraged the pro-Confederates in Missouri with news of their first victory. Jackson was the only sitting governor to have commanded troops in a battle.

Death
After the battle, Jackson, assuming he still had his powers as governor, called together a rump legislature at Neosho, Missouri. He called for session on October 28, 1861 and, although deposed, officially claimed Missouri to have joined the Confederacy in November 1861. He was given the rank of Brigadier general in the Confederate Army. But he soon resigned due to failing health. On December 6, 1862, Jackson died in Little Rock, Arkansas from stomach cancer. He is buried at Arrow Rock, Missouri in the Sappington family cemetery.

Notes

References

Other websites

 Claiborne Fox Jackson  at the National Governors Association
 Claiborne Fox Jackson at The Political Graveyard

1806 births
1862 deaths
American Civil War generals
Deaths from stomach cancer
Cancer deaths in Arkansas
Governors of Missouri
State legislators of the United States
Democrats (United States)
Military people from Kentucky

Claiborne Fox Jackson


Francis Whately is a British television producer, director and series director who started his career in 1998 and worked for BBC for over 20 years. The documentary films he directed were mainly about music. He produced David Bowie: Finding Fame (2019), David Bowie: The Last Five Years (2017), Rock 'n' Roll Guns for Hire: The Story of the Sidemen (2017), Judi Dench: All the World's Her Stage (2016), Kim Philby – His Most Intimate Betrayal (2014), David Bowie: Five Years (2013).

Filmography

Accolades
FOCAL Archive Award for David Bowie Five Years (2014.06)

BAFTA for David Bowie Five Years (2014.04)

BAFTA for the series Andrew Marr's 'History of Modern Britain' (the third director) (2007.05)

Major works
David Bowie: Five Years (2013)

This documentary focuses on five key years in David Bowie's career: 1971–1972, 1974–1975, 1976–1977, 1979–1980, 1982–1983. It comments on Bowie's change of image, from Ziggy Stardust to the Soul Star of Young Americans, to "The Thin White Duke", using archive material.

David Bowie: The Last Five years (2017)

The documentary has continued the previous method of presenting David Bowie' s life by interviewing others. This documentary was broadcast a year after Bowie' s death and is also receiving widespread attention. Instead of interviewing Bowie' s friends and family about Bowie' s heart attack and later cancer diagnosis, Francis Whately interviewed the musicians who have cooperate with David Bowie in his last two albums (Blackstar and The Next Day) and the New York musical Lazarus. This documentary has showed Bowie' s innovation in the last five years of his life after nearly a decade of silence.

Rock 'n' Roll Guns for Hire: The Story of the Sidemen (2017)

The documentary mainly focused on the musicians who work behind some of the greatest artists such as Prince, David Bowie, The Rolling Stones and Beyoncé and make contribution to change musical history. Those musicians, called 'Guns for Hire' in the documentary, are the people who play at live shows and often even contribute to recordings as songwriters or session musicians.

Judi Dench: All the World's Her Stage (2016)

The documentary has looked back over Judi Dench, one of Britain's greatest actors' s remarkable 60-year career. Unlike other documentaries, this one has showed Judi' life in a never known, a new angle.

Stories behind
1) Francis Whately posted a David Bowie poster on the wall of his home when he was a teenager, and described Bowie as his hero in a series of subsequent interviews. The first meeting of Whately and Bowie was in 1998, Whately was just finished 100 Works, an episode of British sculpture, and Bowie has contributed his voices and words in this short film. Before that time, Whately and Bowie were conducted by telephone and letters. Whately was very nervous and excited about seeing his hero, but Bowie's courteous and polite made the conversation more comfortable. After that, Whately and Bowie kept in touch for a long time until Bowie died.

2) Bowie and Whately formed a good relationship. Although they rarely talk about music, they are interested in many of the same things, they often discuss the books and arts that they admired. In the 1990s, Bowie was often make phone call with Whately. At that time, Bowie was writing for an art magazine, Whately did lots of art films and was very interested in contemporary arts, they always had common interest to talk about.

3) Although the two documentaries, David Bowie: Five Years and David Bowie: The Last Five Years both have recorded the interviews from others, the themes and shooting methods are quite different. The first one was basic on David Bowie' s request, instead of making a conventional biography about him being born and going through his life chronologically, director has used more contemporary editing and collage to show the most important five years in Bowie' life. While during filming David Bowie: The Last Five Years, Bowie was very care about his privacy and didn't gave Whately chance to interview him along. So there's no interview videos of Bowie' s last five years in this documentary. Whately interviewed the musicians who have cooperated with Bowie in his last two albums: Blackstar and The Next Day and interviewed them in the Jazz Bar 55° which located in New York center. By representing the nervous and secret recording process from the musicians' perspective, the film has shown Bowie's enthusiasm on music.

4) The director himself thinks that the difference between the two documentaries is that in the first one he wanted to show to audience is the changeable of Bowie, while the second one was not focus on how much he changed, but his unchangeable, his enthusiasm on music.

5) David Bowie: The Last Five Years was on the air on HBO on January 8, 2017, which would have been David Bowie' s 71st birthday.

References

External links

British television producers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people

Francis Whately


I Love Your Work is an American psychological thriller film completed in 2003 and released theatrically in 2005. The film was directed by Adam Goldberg and written by Goldberg and Adrian Butchart. An indictment of celebrity culture, it was not a commercial success. The cast includes Giovanni Ribisi, Christina Ricci, and Vince Vaughn. The movie premiered on September 5, 2003 at the Toronto International Film Festival.

The DVD was distributed by THINKFilm on March 28, 2006.

Plot
Gray Evans, a movie star, is losing his grip on reality, unable to adjust to his own celebrity, and addicted to romantic fantasies about idealistic love and his once simple life. With his celebrity marriage to the beautiful actress Mia already strained by jealousy and frustration after only a year together, Gray is looking for escape. An avid photographer, his voyeuristic nature leads him to a local video store, where an encounter with the video clerk's wife Jane leads to a dangerous obsession over what he imagines to be an ideal love. Gray falls further over the edge, as his conceptions of love and reality are further blurred by the similarities between Jane and his ex-girlfriend Shana to the point where obsession becomes delusion. Gray's life is further complicated by the realities of his own celebrity, an obsessive fan and the need for him to create his public persona as a successful man with a successful marriage. Profession, obsession, and delusion twist together beyond repair when Gray pulls the video clerk, an ambitious screenwriter, into his world by offering to make a movie with him. Their relationship succeeds in bringing him closer to Jane but takes away any last hold on reality, as his fantasy leads to destruction. The layered narrative swings around on itself, taking us on a journey through love, madness and paranoia all the while holding on to a darkly comic view of its own absurd world of crazy Russian bodyguards, loyal assistants, playboy producers and true celebrity.

Cast
Giovanni Ribisi – Gray Evans
Franka Potente – Mia
Joshua Jackson – John Everhart
Marisa Coughlan – Jane Styros
Christina Ricci – Shana
Jason Lee – Larry Hortense
Rick Hoffman – Gray's Attorney
Vince Vaughn – Stiev
Shalom Harlow – Charlotte
Jared Harris – Jehud
Lake Bell – Felicia
Elvis Costello – Himself
Haylie Duff – Fan

Reception
Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 23% rating from 31 critics.

References

External links

The Four Temperaments

2003 films
American nonlinear narrative films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

I Love Your Work


The Frisco shootout was an Old West gunfight that began on December 1, 1884, involving lawman Elfego Baca. The shootout happened in Reserve, New Mexico, and stemmed from Baca's arrest of a cowboy, Charlie McCarty, who had been shooting into the air and into buildings at random while intoxicated.

Shootout
Shortly after the arrest was made, Baca was confronted by a large number of the cowboy's friends. Baca took refuge in the house of local resident Geronimo Armijo. An intense shootout ensued, during which the cowboys increased in number to around eighty men. Legend has it that the cowboys fired more than 4,000 rounds into the house, but there is little way of confirming just how many rounds were fired exactly. Baca was not wounded by any of the rounds fired, but did return fire killing four of the cowboys, and wounding eight others. The standoff ended when the cowboys were unable to acquire more ammunition. With their ammunition supply depleted, they simply withdrew. The fight had lasted thirty-six hours.

Charlie McCarty served his time in jail for disturbing the peace and drunkenness, and was released. The cowboys pursued Baca through legal means, attempting to have him imprisoned for the killing of their four comrades. In May 1885, Baca was indicted for the killing of one of the men. However, when the door of Geronimo Armijo's house was introduced as evidence, having over four hundred bullet holes in it, Baca was acquitted. He went on to become a licensed attorney and a Deputy US Marshal.

Memorial project
On May 24, 2008, the Elfego Baca Foundation opened a memorial at 101 Main St Reserve, New Mexico, in honor of Baca.

References

External links
 Frisco, New Mexico. GhostTowns.com
 Elfego Baca & The "Frisco War". Legends of America website.
 Western Web. Archived from 2007
 Elfego Baca
 Borderlands

1884 in New Mexico Territory
History of Catron County, New Mexico
American Old West gunfights
December 1884 events
Deaths by firearm in New Mexico

Frisco shootout


Rebecca Roseanne Long-Bailey ( Long; born 22 September 1979) is a British politician and a formerly practicing solicitor serving as Member of Parliament (MP) for Salford and Eccles since 2015. A member of the Labour Party, Long-Bailey served in the Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury from 2016 to 2017, Shadow Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy from 2017 to 2020 and Shadow Secretary of State for Education in 2020.

Born in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, Long-Bailey studied Politics and Sociology at Manchester Metropolitan University. She worked for the law firms Pinsent Masons and Halliwells from 2003 to 2007. Long-Bailey was admitted as a solicitor in 2007, where she worked for Hill Dickinson specialising in commercial law, commercial property, NHS contracts and NHS estates.

Long-Bailey was elected to the British House of Commons at the 2015 general election. After Jeremy Corbyn was elected in the 2015 Labour leadership election, Long-Bailey was appointed as a Junior Treasury Minister and was nominated to sit on the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party.

Long-Bailey served in Jeremy Corbyn's Shadow Cabinet from 2016 to 2020. She served as Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury from 2016 to 2017, deputising for Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell. She then served as Shadow Business Secretary from 2017 to 2020. She was a candidate in the 2020 Labour Party leadership election, finishing second to Keir Starmer. She briefly served as Shadow Secretary of State for Education.

Early life and career
Rebecca Roseanne Long was born on 22 September 1979 in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, to Irish parents. Her father, Jimmy Long, was a Salford docker and a trade union representative at Shell, Barton Docks, and her mother Una was a shop worker. She attended Chester Catholic High School.

Her first job was in a pawn shop, something she says "taught [her] more about the struggles of life than any degree or qualification ever could". She also worked in various call centres, a furniture factory, and in postal delivery before eventually studying to become a solicitor.

She studied Politics and Sociology at Manchester Metropolitan University, then completed "various part-time law conversion and solicitors' courses". She has worked for the law firm Pinsent Masons and in 2003, she began working in landlord and tenant law for the law firm Halliwells; she was admitted as a solicitor on 1 November 2007 and moved that year to work for Hill Dickinson, specialising in commercial law, commercial property, NHS contracts and NHS estates. On selection as a Labour Party candidate in 2014 she wrote that she had "been working as a solicitor with the NHS in Manchester for 10 years". The Sunday Times said that she was incorrect as she was only a solicitor since 2007, though she was a trainee solicitor and paralegal from 2003 to 2007.

Long-Bailey joined the Labour Party in 2010. A spokesperson reported that she was moved to attend a Labour Party meeting after seeing "dramatic plans to dismantle" the NHS in her work as a solicitor.

Parliamentary career

Election
When Hazel Blears stood down as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Salford and Eccles at the 2015 general election, the Labour Party decided to have a woman-only shortlist to choose its candidate for this safe seat. Long-Bailey received the backing of Unite the Union, Mayor of Salford Ian Stewart and former Salford City Council leader John Merry. She was elected with a vote share of 49.4% and a majority of 20%.

Corbyn leadership
Long-Bailey was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate Jeremy Corbyn as a candidate in the 2015 Labour leadership election. On 18 September 2015, after Corbyn was elected as leader, she was appointed as a Shadow Minister for the Treasury as part of his first frontbench team. She was also appointed to Labour's National Executive Committee by Corbyn as one of three representatives of the front bench, replacing Hilary Benn.

Long-Bailey was appointed as the Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury on 27 June 2016 after resignations from the Shadow Cabinet. On Clive Lewis's resignation from the Shadow Cabinet over Corbyn's whipping of the Article 50 vote, Long-Bailey was appointed as the Shadow Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy on 9 February 2017. She was re-elected in the 2017 general election with an increased vote share of 65.5% and an increased majority of 40.2%.

In 2019, Long-Bailey contributed to the writing of Labour's manifesto for the 2019 general election. She said that "I don't just agree with the policies, I've spent the last four years writing them". Long-Bailey was re-elected in the 2019 election with a vote share of 56.8%, a reduction of 8.7 percentage points on the 2017 election result.

2020 leadership election

Following Labour's defeat in the 2019 general election, Jeremy Corbyn announced that he would stand down as Leader of the Labour Party. Long-Bailey announced that she would stand in an article for Tribune magazine on 6 January 2020. Her flatmate Angela Rayner ran for deputy leader, the pair having made an agreement to run on an unofficial joint ticket. Near the beginning of the campaign, Long-Bailey said she would score Corbyn "10 out of 10" for his leadership of the party, adding that before the election he was "savaged by the press".

She received 33 nominations from Labour MPs and MEPs, comprising 15% of members of the two groups, which is above the 10% needed to pass the first stage of the process. In the next stage, she received endorsements from 164 of 648 Constituency Labour Parties (25.3%) and 7 of 32 Labour Party affiliates, leading her to be one of three candidates listed on the ballot for leader, alongside Keir Starmer and Lisa Nandy.

She was endorsed by Unite the Union on 24 January after general secretary Len McCluskey said she had the "brains and brilliance" to "take on" Boris Johnson. She was also endorsed by the Momentum organisation. Long-Bailey was seen by many observers and party colleagues as the continuity candidate who would continue to take the party in the same direction as Corbyn. While she disputed the description, her campaign stressed ideological continuity with Corbyn.

During the leadership election it emerged that despite stating that she was against "rip-off" private finance contracts in the NHS, Long-Bailey had previously worked on many of these during her time as a corporate lawyer with the law firm Hill Dickinson. It was revealed that Long-Bailey worked on NHS PFI contracts worth over £190 million to Luxembourg-based firms, causing her some embarrassment during the campaign given this was largely seen to be the type of back-door privatisation of the NHS she had previously fiercely campaigned against.

Long-Bailey ultimately came second place in the contest, receiving 27.6% of the vote share with 135,218 votes. Starmer was elected as the next Labour leader with a 56.2% vote share (275,780 votes), over double that of Long-Bailey's.

Starmer leadership
Starmer appointed Long-Bailey as his first Shadow Secretary of State for Education on 6 April 2020.

Long-Bailey's portfolio soon came into prominence over the government's plans to reopen schools during the COVID-19 pandemic. The government had closed schools on 20 March to all but the most vulnerable pupils and the children of key workers due to the pandemic. While Starmer supported the government's aim to prioritise the reopening of schools and steered clear of a debate on the issue, Long-Bailey supported teachers' unions and their "concerns about the government's plans to reopen schools without proper health and safety precautions in place". On 3 May, Long-Bailey expressed support for the National Education Union's (NEU) five conditions for the reopening of schools. The five conditions were also supported by other Labour MPs including Angela Rayner. According to Jacobin magazine, Long-Bailey's support for the teachers' unions resulted in her being sidelined from representing the Labour Party in the media; however, she continued to provide support for the NEU's position through social media. The government decided to begin a staggered reopening of schools from 1 June. In early June, the government accepted the concerns of the teachers' unions and abandoned its plan for all students in England to return to school before the summer break.

Long-Bailey was sacked by Starmer on 25 June 2020, after using Twitter to share an interview with British actress Maxine Peake in which Peake said that the practice of police officers in the United States kneeling on someone's neck was "learnt from seminars with Israeli secret services". Peake and The Independent, the outlet the interview had come from, both retracted the claim, which had been linked to a report by Amnesty International. Amnesty said that they had never reported that Israeli security forces had taught the technique. Long-Bailey described Peake as an "absolute diamond", before using a second tweet to say that she did not endorse "all aspects" of the interview. Prior to being dismissed, she was instructed to delete both tweets by Starmer's office but refused, and HuffPost UK said it was told that she refused to take phone calls from Starmer's office. Long-Bailey said: "I had asked to discuss these matters with Keir before agreeing what further action to take, but sadly he had already made his decision."

Long-Bailey was one of six Labour rebels to vote against the successful renewal of the Coronavirus Act 2020, which continued granting the government emergency powers to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. She argued the government act denied parliamentary scrutiny and allowed "clumsy and asymmetric authoritarianism", in reference to police powers to detain potentially infectious people.

Political views
Long-Bailey supports the right to abortion and voted for the repeal of a ban on abortion in Northern Ireland. She does not support a difference in abortion laws on the grounds of disability, quoting the Disability Rights Commission: "the context in which parents choose whether to have a child should be one in which disability and non-disability are valued equally".

Long-Bailey said that she was unhappy with Labour's response to allegations of antisemitism within the party during Corbyn's leadership, commenting that "I don't think we were dealing with complaints quickly enough". She said that if she was Labour leader then she would follow the recommendations of the Board of Deputies of British Jews and the Equality and Human Rights Commission.

Long-Bailey has spoken in favour of a Green New Deal, pledging in a speech to "fight for investment in the low-carbon industries of today and tomorrow to secure a liveable planet for future generations".

On constitutional reform, Long-Bailey supports abolishing the House of Lords, believing that checks and balances are necessary but should not be done by "a set of completely unelected people". She suggested that it should be replaced by a senate elected by proportional representation, which would analyse legislation with respect to "our wealth, our wellbeing, and our environmental sustainability".

Long-Bailey has said that she would be "prepared to use" the UK's nuclear deterrent as Prime Minister, adding that "any leader needs to ensure that they assess the situation" and "address the consequences of their actions".

Long-Bailey voted in favour of same-sex marriage in Northern Ireland.

On the issue of a second Scottish independence referendum, Long-Bailey has said that she would campaign against independence, but that she "wouldn't want to inhibit the democracy of people" in Scotland.

In 2020, Long-Bailey signed the Labour Campaign for Trans Rights pledge, which described certain organisations as "trans-exclusionist hate groups", and called for people who supported those groups to be expelled from the Labour Party. The pledge states that the party has "failed to act as transphobia has gained ground" within the party. The accused groups denied being transphobic. One of the groups, Woman's Place UK, called the accusation "defamatory" and stated, "We call on the Labour Party to demonstrate its opposition to this misogynistic abuse of women. Defend us or expel us". Long-Bailey's remarks prompted some users to include the hashtag #expelme in their tweets on Twitter in protest.

Long-Bailey has said she would support workers in all strike actions and industrial disputes, "no questions asked".

In July 2020, Long-Bailey joined the All Party Parliamentary Group on Whistleblowing.

Long-Bailey is opposed to the extradition of Julian Assange to the United States and was one of six sponsors of an Early Day Motion against it in July 2020.

Long-Bailey said it was "simply staggering that income from wealth continues to be taxed at a lower rate than income from work" and wants what she sees as unfairness to end. Long-Bailey wants "a wealth tax on the super-rich" together with further wealth redistribution to pay for public services as well as raised windfall taxes on "the super-profits of oil and gas companies".

Personal life
Long-Bailey is married to Stephen Bailey, a marketing executive who works for a chemicals company, and has one son. She is a Roman Catholic but disagrees with many of the Church's teachings.

Notes

References

External links
Leadership campaign website

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1979 births
Living people
21st-century British women politicians
Alumni of Manchester Metropolitan University
English people of Irish descent
English Roman Catholics
English solicitors
English women lawyers
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Greater Manchester
People from Old Trafford
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
British socialists

Rebecca Long-Bailey


Acacia legnota, also known as heath wattle, is a shrub of the genus Acacia and the subgenus Plurinerves that is endemic to an area of north eastern Australia.

Description
The shrub or small tree typically grows to a height of  and has smooth, grey bark with obvious white lenticels and glabrous branchlets. Like most species of Acacia it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The thin leathery, glabrous and evergreen phyllodes have a narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate-elliptic shape that is sickle shaped with a length of  and a width of  and has six to eight main nerves. When it blooms in June produces simple inflorescences found in groups of two to four in the axils with spherical flower-heads that have a diameter of  and contain about 35 golden coloured flowers. the glabrous and leathery seed pods that form later have a linear shape but are rounded over each of the seeds with a length of up to  and a width of about  and contain dull dark brown seeds with a broadly elliptic shape and a length of approximately .

Taxonomy
The species was first formally described by the botanist Leslie Pedley in 1978 as a part of the work A revision of Acacia Mill. in Queensland, Part 1 as published in the journal Austrobaileya. Pedley later reclassified it as Racosperma legnotum in 1987 but it was returned to genus Acacia in 2001.

Distribution
It is found in far north and north eastern Queensland on the Cape York Peninsula and is reasonably common from around Cape Flattery to Cooktown along the coast with populations found as far west as the Iron Range area and down to around Cowley Beach in the south where it is often situated on dunes or in shrubby heathland communities usually often surrounding streams or lagoons growing in sandy soils.

See also
List of Acacia species

References

legnota
Flora of Queensland
Taxa named by Leslie Pedley
Plants described in 1978

Acacia legnota


Corn flakes are a breakfast cereal, normally served with milk. It is made by combining cooked corn along with sugar, vitamins and minerals. The dough is rolled and toasted to make the flakes. Corn flakes are marketed as a popular breakfast meal.

Breakfast cereals

Corn flakes


Poľana is a small mountain range in central Slovakia. It lies in the north-eastern part of the Slovak Central Mountains. The highest hill is Poľana - an inactive stratovolcano - at 1,458 m (4,873 ft) ASL.

The mountain range is bordered by Slovak Ore Mountains in the east, more precisely its subdivision the Vepor Mountains, and by the Zvolen Basin in the south and west.

Since 1981 the mountain range is protected by the Poľana Protected Landscape Area. Municipalities nearby include Hrochoť, Očová, Detva, Hriňová and Ľubietová.

References

Mountain ranges of Slovakia
Ski areas and resorts in Slovakia
Mountain ranges of the Western Carpathians

Poľana