The Fever () is a 2019 internationally co-produced drama thriller film written and directed by Maya Da-Rin, Miguel Seabra Lopes and Pedro Cesarino and starring Regis Myrupu and Rosa Peixoto. Featuring dialogue in Portuguese and the indigenous languages Tukano and Tikuna, it features a main cast of indigenous Brazilian  from the Upper Rio Negro, belonging to the Desanos, Tucanos and Tarianas people, many of them whom had their first experience in cinema.

The film premiered at the international competition of the 72nd Locarno International Film Festival in Switzerland, where it received the Golden Leopard for Best Actor for Regis Myrupu, FIPRESCI  International Film Critics Award and the "Environment is Quality of Life" Prize from the young jury. Besides the award at the Locarno Festival, Regis Myrupu also received the Best Actor Award at the Brasilia Film Festival, becoming the first indigenous actor to be awarded at both festivals.

Plot
The Fever tells the story of Justino (Regis Myrupu), a 45-year-old member of the indigenous Desana people, who emigrate to the city of Manaus leaving behind his village on the Upper Rio Negro region. Widowed, Justino works as a security guard at a cargo port, while his daughter Vanessa (Rosa Peixoto) takes several jobs as a nursing technician, and his eldest son lives in his own home with his wife and son. Caught up in the stream of a modest life, their routine comes down to the transit between their work and home, on the outskirts of Manaus.

When Vanessa hears that she has been approved to study medicine at the University of Brasília, her father's lack of ability to deal with the demands of urban life makes her question her decision to leave. At the same time, the visions that have been disturbing Justino in his dreams, start to manifest themselves in the form of a mysterious and intermittent fever, which coincides with rumors about the presence of a mysterious creature in the neighborhood.

In the port, his monotonous work routine is broken with the arrival of a new guard (Lourinelson Wladmir), with whom Justino has to deal with during the shift changes. Working before as a foreman of a cattle ranch in the countryside, Wanderlei does not hide his deep prejudice against native people. Meanwhile, the visit of his brother (Edmildo Vaz) and his sister-in-law (Anunciata Teles) makes Justino remember his village in the forest, from where he left twenty years ago.

Cast

 Regis Myrupu as Justino
 Rosa Peixoto as Vanessa
 Johnatan Sodré as Everton
 Edmildo Vaz Pimentel as André
 Anunciata Teles Soares as Marta
 Kaisaro Jussara Brito as Jalmira
 Lourinelson Wladmir as Wanderlei
 Suzy Lopes as Rose

Production
The Fever is an international co-production between Brazil (Tamanduá Vermelho and Enquadramento Produções), France (Still Moving) and Germany (Komplizen Film), produced by Maya Da-Rin, Leonardo Mecchi and Juliette Lepoudre and co-produced by Pierre Menahem, Janine Jackowski and Jonas Dornbach. The project was developed with the support of the Cinéfondation screenplay residency from the Cannes Film Festival and the TorinoFilmLab. It was shot in the city and metropolitan area of Manaus, Amazon, for seven and a half weeks, between the months of April and June 2018. Its cast and crew are mostly formed by local Amazonian people.

Release
The Fever had its world premiere on August 8, 2019 at the opening of the official competition of the 72nd Locarno International Film Festival, in Switzerland, where it won three awards: the Golden Leopard for Best Actor for Regis Myrupu, the FIPRESCI International Film Critics Award and the Special Award "Environment is Quality of Life" granted by the young jury. The film was shown in more than sixty film festivals afterward, including Toronto International Film Festival, Rotterdam Film Festival and New Director New Films, having received more than thirty awards, including Best Film at the Pingyao International Film Festival (China), Biarritz Festival Latin America (France), IndieLisboa International Film Festival (Portugal), Mar del Plata International Film Festival (Argentina), Festival de Brasilia, and Best Direction at the Chicago International Film Festival (United States) and the Rio Film Festival (Brazil).

The film was released in Brazil by Vitrine Filmes on November 12, 2020, simultaneously on digital streaming platforms and physical cinemas, the latter of which reopened despite to the COVID-19 pandemic. Internationally, it is distributed by KimStim Films in North America, Survivance in France and New Wave Films in the United Kingdom.

The Fever has received positive reviews from Brazilian and foreign film critics. It was listed as the best debut film of 2019 in the critics' list "La internacional cinefilia" by programmer Nicole Brenez. The critic and programmer Diego Batlle gave 4.5 stars out of 5 in the electronic magazine Otroscines and wrote that The Fever "is one of the most convincing debut film in Latin American cinema in recent years". Nicolás Quinteros, critic from Escribiendo Cine magazine, scored 8 and wrote that "it is an essential film to understand an important part of contemporary Latin American reality". Francisco Russo, from the electronic magazine AdoroCinema, considered it "a film as rarely seen in Brazilian cinema" and Geraldo Couto from Outras Palavras said that the film is "a milestone" in the way indigenous characters are portrayed in movies. French critic Beatrice Loayza, from Cinema Scope magazine, considered the film "essential cinema, demanding empathy and understanding without pity or didacticism, and spotlighting indigenous people with the attention to cultural specifics that few films bother elaborating".

Prizes

References

External links
 A Febre at Tamanduá Vermelho's website
 A Febre at IMDb
 A Febre at AdoroCinema

2019 films
2019 thriller films
Films about dreams
Brazilian thriller films
French thriller films
German thriller films
2010s French films
2010s German films

The Fever (2019 film)


Vidar Norheim (born 13 October 1981) is a Norwegian drummer, multi-instrumentalist and songwriter.

Born in Molde, Norheim started drumming as one of the original members of the jazz group DIXI in 1996. He is also a graduate of the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts, where he specialized in songwriting.  In 2004 he also joined a Liverpool-based band which eventually became Wave Machines, which has toured in England, the USA and Norway and in June 2009 released its debut album Wave If You're Really There. Norheim has lived in Liverpool since 2002 and is married to the Liverpudlian singer-songwriter and playwright Lizzie Nunnery, with whom he has collaborated on several album releases.

On 12 August 2011 he was nominated for a prize at the Trondheim Calling music festival. In November 2016 he released his first solo EP on  Furuberget.

References

External links

Living people
1981 births
Musicians from Molde
Norwegian drummers
Male drummers
Norwegian songwriters
Norwegian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Alumni of the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts
21st-century Norwegian drummers
21st-century Norwegian male musicians

Vidar Norheim


Augustine Washington Sr. (November 12, 1694 – April 12, 1743) was an American planter and merchant. He was the father of the first president of the United States, George Washington. Born into the planter class of the British colony of Virginia, Washington owned several slave plantations, from which he derived the primary source of his wealth. He also speculated in land development and owned an iron mine. Although Washington never sat in the House of Burgesses, unlike his father and son, he served in various government positions in the counties where he owned land.

Early and family life

Augustine Washington was born in Westmoreland, Virginia, on November 12, 1694, to Mildred Warner and her husband, Capt. Lawrence Washington, a militia captain and a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses. His paternal grandparents were Lt. Col. John Washington (c. 1631–1677) and his first wife, Anne Pope. His maternal grandparents owned Warner Hall and associated plantations in Gloucester County. Augustine was four years old when his father died. His mother remarried and moved her family to England, where she died when all were still children; although their mother's will named their stepfather George Gale as  their guardian, their cousin John Washington fought to have himself named the children's guardian and brought them back to Virginia.

When Washington came of age (and into his inheritance) in 1715, he married Jane Butler, another orphan, who had inherited about  from her father, Caleb Butler. The young couple settled on the Bridges Creek property and had four children, only two of whom (Lawrence and Augustine Jr.) lived to adulthood. After Jane's death in November 1728 or 1729, Washington married Mary Ball in 1731, and the couple had five children who survived to adulthood — George, Betty, Samuel, Charles, and John Augustine — and a daughter named Mildred who died in infancy.

Career
When he reached legal age in 1715, Augustine Washington inherited about  on Bridges Creek in Westmoreland County; his sister Mildred inherited what was called the Little Hunting Creek property; they both inherited slaves. In 1718, Washington purchased land on Pope's Creek, adjoining his property on Bridges Creek, and set about establishing himself. Between 1723 and 1735 he hired a local contractor to build a house, which was probably completed about 1726 despite the contractors death (later called Wakefield). In the same year, Washington purchased the Little Hunting Creek property from his sister Mildred.

In 1725, Augustine Washington entered into an agreement with the Principio Company of England to start an iron works on Accokeek Creek in Stafford County, and he also owned a stake in their Maryland ironworks. In 1735, the family moved to the Little Hunting Creek property, which was closer to the Accokeek Furnace.

In 1738, Augustine Washington purchased the 150-acre Strother property across the Rappahannock River (now known as Ferry Farm) and moved the family there at the end of that same year.

Augustine Washington was active in the Anglican Church, the local militia and politics. He took the oath as justice of the peace for the Westmoreland county court in July 1716, and served as county sheriff.

Death and legacy
After Augustine Washington died in 1743 at the age of 48, his 11-year old son George inherited the former Strother property and its slaves. Because he had not reached legal age, his mother Mary managed this property for him until he came of age. She lived on the property until 1772 when she was 64, when George moved her to a house in Fredericksburg.

Lawrence Washington inherited the Little Hunting Creek property and renamed it "Mount Vernon," to honor Admiral Edward Vernon, with whom he had served in the Royal Navy in 1741 during the Battle of Cartagena de Indias during the War of Jenkins' Ear.

According to Augustine Sr's will, if his son Lawrence died without children, the Little Hunting Creek property would go to Augustine Jr. and Augustine Jr, in turn, would have to give up the Popes Creek property to his brother George. If Augustine Jr. did not want the Little Hunting Creek property, it would then be inherited by George. Upon Lawrence's death Augustine Jr. chose Popes Creek and its slaves rather than the former Little Hunting Creek property. Lawrence's only surviving child Sarah only lived until 1754; therefore, George Washington ultimately inherited the Little Hunting Creek property which by that time was known as Mount Vernon. At his death, Augustine Washington Sr. held a total of 64 slaves who were assigned among the various plantations.

Lawrence Washington's widow Ann had a life interest in the Little Hunting Creek plantation. Because she remarried and was not living at Mount Vernon, she leased the property to George beginning in 1754. Upon her death in 1761, George Washington inherited the plantation outright.

Children (by Jane Butler)
 Butler Washington (1716–1716)
 Lawrence Washington (1718–1752)
 Augustine Washington Jr. (1720–1762)
 Jane Washington (1722–1735)

Children (by Mary Ball)
 George Washington (1732–1799), the first president of the United States
 Elizabeth Washington (1733–1797)
 Samuel Washington (1734–1781)
 John Augustine Washington (1736–1787)
 Charles Washington (1738–1799)
 Mildred Washington (1739–1740)

See also
 Washington family

Notes

References

External links
 "George Washington's Heritage", March 26, 2005, Fredericksburg.com.
 "Lawrence Washington History, 1659-1698", National Park Service

1694 births
1743 deaths
American planters
American slave owners
British North American Anglicans
Fathers of presidents of the United States
Mount Vernon
People educated at Appleby Grammar School
People from Westmoreland County, Virginia
Augustine

Augustine Washington


Rafael Valentín Valdivieso Zañartu (November 2, 1804 – June 8, 1878) was a Chilean priest and lawyer, who worked as Archbishop of Santiago de Chile between 1848 and 1878.

Biography
Valdivieso was born on November 2, 1804. His parents were Manuel Joaquín Valdivieso and Maciel y de Mercedes Zañartu y Manso de Velasco. He studied law, and he graduated as lawyer on May 23, 1825, in Universidad de San Felipe.

Valdivieso was ordained priest by the Bishop of Santiago Manuel Vicuña Larraín, on July 27, 1834.

Valdivieso worked as a missionary in Chiloé and Atacama Region. He worked as Dean of Theology in University of Chile, and Pius IX designated him Archbishop of Santiago on October 4, 1847.

Valdivieso participated in the First Vatican Council between 1869 and 1870. He was credited by his contemporaries with having greatly reduced corruption among the Chilean clergy. He died on June 8, 1878, and was buried in the Metropolitan Cathedral of Santiago. Mariano Casanova y Casanova succeeded him as Archbishop in 1886.

His slogan was Verum in luce. Bonum in cruce. Virgo in omni patria et in corde.

References

External links

1804 births
1878 deaths
Chilean priests
Universidad de San Felipe alumni
Participants in the First Vatican Council
19th-century Chilean lawyers
Roman Catholic archbishops of Santiago de Chile

Rafael Valentín Valdivieso


The Chora Church or Kariye Mosque () is a medieval Greek Orthodox church building, mostly used as a mosque since the 16th century, in the Edirnekapı neighborhood of Istanbul, Turkey. It is mainly famous for its outstanding Late Byzantine mosaics and frescos.

The building is an example of Byzantine architecture. In the 16th century, during the Ottoman era, it was converted into a mosque; it became a museum in 1945, and was turned back into a mosque in 2020 by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. The interior of the building is covered with some of the finest surviving Byzantine Christian mosaics and frescoes, which were left in plain sight during Muslim worship throughout much of the Ottoman era. They were restored after the building was secularized and turned into a museum.

The neighborhood is situated in the western part of the municipality of Fatih district.

History

First phase (4th century)
The Chora Church was originally built in the early 4th century as part of a monastery complex outside the city walls of Constantinople erected by Constantine the Great, to the south of the Golden Horn. However, when Theodosius II built his formidable land walls in 413–414, the church became incorporated within the city's defences, but retained the name Chora (for the presumed symbolism of the name see above).

Second phase (11th century)
The majority of the fabric of the current building dates from 1077–1081, when Maria Doukaina, the mother-in-law of Alexius I Comnenus, rebuilt the Chora Church as an inscribed cross or quincunx: a popular architectural style of the time. Early in the 12th century, the church suffered a partial collapse, perhaps due to an earthquake.

Third phase: new decoration (14th century)
The church was rebuilt by Isaac Comnenus, Alexius's third son. However, it was only after the third phase of building, two centuries after, that the church as it stands today was completed. The powerful Byzantine statesman Theodore Metochites endowed the church with many of its fine mosaics and frescoes. Theodore's impressive decoration of the interior was carried out between 1315 and 1321. The mosaic-work is the finest example of the Palaeologian Renaissance. The artists remain unknown. In 1328, Theodore was sent into exile by the usurper Andronicus III Palaeologus. However, he was allowed to return to the city two years later, and lived out the last two years of his life as a monk in his Chora Church.

Until the Conquest of Constantinople
In the late 13th and early 14th centuries, the monastery was home to the scholar Maximus Planudes, who was responsible for the restoration and reintroduction of Ptolemy's Geography to the Byzantines and, ultimately, to Renaissance Italy. During the last siege of Constantinople in 1453, the Icon of the Theotokos Hodegetria, considered the protector of the City, was brought to Chora in order to assist the defenders against the assault of the Ottomans.

Kariye Mosque (c. 1500–1945)
Around fifty years after the fall of the city to the Ottomans, Hadım Ali Pasha, the Grand Vizier of Sultan Bayezid II, ordered the Chora Church to be converted into a mosque — Kariye Camii. The word Kariye derived from the Greek name Chora. Due to the prohibition against iconic images in Islam, the mosaics and frescoes were covered behind a layer of plaster. This and frequent earthquakes in the region have taken their toll on the artwork.

Museum, art restoration (1945–2020)
In 1945, the building was designated a museum by the Turkish government. In 1948, the American scholars Thomas Whittemore and Paul A. Underwood, from the Byzantine Institute of America and the Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, sponsored a restoration program. From that time on, the building ceased to be a functioning mosque. In 1958, it was opened to the public as a museum, Kariye Müzesi.

Reconversion to a mosque (2020–)
In 2005, the Association of Permanent Foundations and Service to Historical Artifacts and Environment filed a lawsuit to challenge the status of the Chora Church as a museum. In November 2019, the Turkish Council of State, Turkey's highest administrative court, ordered that it was to be reconverted to a mosque. In August 2020, its status changed to a mosque.

The move to convert Chora Church into a mosque was condemned by the Greek Foreign Ministry and by Greek Orthodox and Protestant Christians. This caused a sharp rebuke by Turkey.

On Friday 30 October 2020, Muslim prayers were held for the first time after 72 years.

Interior
The Chora Church is not as large as some of the other surviving Byzantine churches of Istanbul (it covers 742.5 m²) but it is unique among them, because of its almost completely still extant internal decoration. The building is divided into three main areas: the entrance hall or narthex, the main body of the church or naos (nave), and the side chapel or parecclesion. The building has six domes: two above the esonarthex, one above the parecclesion and three above the naos.

Narthex
The main, west door of the Chora Church opens into the narthex. It divides north–south into the outer, or exonarthex and the inner, or esonarthex.

Exonarthex

The exonarthex (or outer narthex) is the first part of the church that one enters. It is a transverse corridor, 4 m wide and 23 m long, which is partially open on its eastern length into the parallel esonarthex. The southern end of the exonarthex opens out through the esonarthex forming a western antechamber to the parecclesion. The mosaics that decorate the exonarthex include:

 Joseph's dream and the journey to Bethlehem
 The enrollment for taxation
 The Nativity
 The journey of the Magi
 The inquiry of King Herod;
 The flight into Egypt
 Two frescoes of the massacres ordered by King Herod
 Mothers mourning their children
 The flight of Elizabeth, mother of John the Baptist
 Joseph dreaming, and the return of the Holy Family from Egypt to Nazareth
 Christ taken to Jerusalem for the Passover
 John the Baptist bearing witness to Christ
 A miracle
 Three more miracles
 Jesus Christ
 The Virgin and angels praying

Esonarthex

The esonarthex (or inner narthex) is similar to the exonarthex, running parallel to it. Like the exonarthex, the esonarthex is 4 m wide, but it is slightly shorter, 18 m long. Its central, eastern door opens into the naos, while another door at the southern end of the esonarthex opens into the rectangular antechamber of the parecclesion. At its northern end, a door from the esonarthex leads into a broad west–east corridor that runs along the northern side of the naos and into the prothesis. The esonarthex has two domes. The smaller is above the entrance to the northern corridor; the larger is midway between the entrances into the naos and the pareclession.

 Enthroned Christ with Theodore Metochites presenting a model of his church
 Saint Peter
 Saint Paul
 The Deesis: Christ and the Virgin Mary (without John the Baptist) with two donors below
 The genealogy of Christ
 Religious and noble ancestors of Christ

The mosaics in the first three bays of the inner narthex give an account of the life of the Virgin, and those of her parents. Some of them are as follows:
 The rejection of Joachim's offerings
 The annunciation to Saint Anne: the angel of the Lord announcing to Anne that her prayer for a child has been heard
 The meeting of Joachim and Anne
 The birth of the Virgin
 The first seven steps of the Virgin
 The Virgin given affection by her parents
 The Virgin blessed by the priests
 The presentation of the Virgin in the Temple
 The Virgin receiving bread from an Angel
 The Virgin receiving the skein of purple wool, as the priests decided to have the attendant maidens weave a veil for the Temple
 Zechariah praying; when it was time for the Virgin to marry, the High Priest Zechariah called all the widowers together and placed their rods on the altar, praying for a sign showing to whom she should be given
 The Virgin entrusted to Joseph;
 Joseph taking the Virgin to his house;
 The Annunciation to the Virgin at the well;
 Joseph leaving the Virgin; Joseph had to leave for six months on business and when he returned the Virgin was pregnant, arousing his suspicion.

Naos
The central doors of the esonarthex lead into the main body of the church, the naos. The largest dome in the church (7.7 m in diameter) is above the centre of the naos. Two smaller domes flank the modest apse: the northern dome is over the prothesis, which is linked by short passage to the bema; the southern dome is over the diaconicon, which is reached via the parecclesion.

 Koimesis (the Dormition of the Virgin; i.e. her last sleep before ascending to Heaven). Jesus is holding an infant, symbolic of Mary's soul.
 Jesus Christ
 Theotokos (the Virgin and Child)

Parecclesion

To the right of the esonarthex, doors open into the side chapel, or parecclesion. The parecclesion was used as a mortuary chapel for family burials and memorials. The second largest dome (4.5 m diameter) in the church graces the centre of the roof of the parecclesion. A small passageway links the parecclesion directly into the naos, and off this passage can be found a small oratory and a storeroom. The parecclesion is covered in frescoes:

 Anastasis (literally Resurrection)": the Harrowing of Hell. Christ, who has just broken down the gates of Hell, is standing in the centre and pulling Adam and Eve out of their tombs. Behind Adam stand John the Baptist, David, and Solomon. Others are righteous kings;
 The Last Judgment, or Second Coming. Christ is enthroned with the Virgin and John the Baptist on either side of him. (This trio is also called the Deesis.)
 Virgin and Child
 Heavenly court of angels
 Two panels of Moses

Name
The original, 4th-century monastery containing the church was outside Constantinople's city walls. Literally translated, the church's full name was the Church of the Holy Saviour in the Country (, hē Ekklēsia tou Hagiou Sōtēros en tēi Chōrāi). It is therefore sometimes incorrectly referred to as "Saint Saviour". However, "The Church of the Holy Redeemer in the Fields" would be a more natural rendering of the name in English. The last part of the Greek name, Chora, referring to its location originally outside of the walls, became the shortened name of the church. The name must have carried symbolic meaning, as the mosaics in the narthex describe Christ as the Land of the Living (, hē Chōra tōn zōntōn) and Mary, the mother of Jesus, as the Container of the Uncontainable (, hē Chōra tou Achōrētou).

See also
Icon of the Hodegetria
Monastery of the Panaghia Hodegetria
Church of the Virgin Pammakaristos
History of Roman and Byzantine domes

Notes

References

Literature
 Chora: The Kariye Museum. Net Turistik Yayınlar (1987).
 Feridun Dirimtekin. The historical monument of Kariye. Türkiye Turing ve Otomobil Kurumu (1966). ASIN B0007JHABQ
 Semavi Eyice. Kariye Mosque Church of Chora Monastery. Net Turistik Yayınlar A.Ş. (1997).
 Çelik Gülersoy. Kariye (Chora). ASIN B000RMMHZ2
 Jonathan Harris, Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. Hambledon/Continuum (2007).
 Karahan, Anne. Byzantine Holy Images – Transcendence and Immanence. The Theological Background of the Iconography and Aesthetics of the Chora Church (monography, 355 pp) (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta No. 176) Leuven-Paris-Walpole, MA: Peeters Publishers 2010.
 Karahan, Anne. "The Paleologan Iconography of the Chora Church and its Relation to Greek Antiquity". In: Journal of Art History 66 (1997), Issue 2 & 3: pp. 89–95 Routhledge (Taylor & Francis Group online publication 1 September 2008: DOI:10.1080/00233609708604425) 1997
 Krannert Art Museum. Restoring Byzantium: The Kariye Camii in Istanbul and the Byzantine Institute Restoration. Miriam & IRA D. Wallach Art Gallery (2004).

 Robert Ousterhout (Editor), Leslie Brubaker (Editor). The Sacred Image East and West. University of Illinois Press (1994).
 Saint Saviour in Chora. A Turizm Yayınları Ltd. (1988). ASIN B000FK8854
 Cevdet Turkay. Kariye Mosque. (1964). ASIN B000IUWV2C
 Paul A. Underwood. The Kariye Djami in 3 Volumes. Bollingen (1966). ASIN B000WMDL7U
 Paul A. Underwood. Third Preliminary Report on the Restoration of the Frescoes in the Kariye Camii at Istanbul. Harvard University Press (1958). ASIN B000IBCESM
 Edda Renker Weissenbacher. Kariye: The Chora Church, Step by Step. ASIN B000RBATF8

External links

 Go Turkey – Turkish Tourism Promotion and Development Agency
 Official Website
 Columbia University Restoring Byzantium | The Kariye Camii in Istanbul and the Byzantine Institute Restoration
 Byzantium 1200 Chora Monastery
 Interior and exterior pictures in http://rubens.anu.edu.au (Dead link)
 Photos with explanations
 BYZANTINE MOSAICS OF CHORA MONASTERY
 Well over 500 pictures of the Chora museum

11th-century Roman Catholic church buildings
Church buildings with domes
Byzantine church buildings in Istanbul
Museums in Istanbul
Byzantine art
Fatih
Religious museums in Turkey
Byzantine museums in Turkey
Historic sites in Turkey
Churches in Istanbul
Former churches in Turkey
Mosques converted from churches in Turkey

The Chora


Ezio Marano (6 August 1927, Brescia – 26 April 1991, Rome) was an Italian actor.

Biography
He made his debut in the theater in the mid-50s at the Piccolo Teatro in Milan under the guidance of Giorgio Strehler, in a long series of performances in both Italian and the Lombard dialect; he then entered into more and more companies in smaller but significant parts, working simultaneously on television and Radio Rai. For television, he was among the performers on the TV drama , directed by Vittorio Cottafavi in 1973.

He made his debut in the cinema comparatively late, in 1969, under the direction of Mauro Severino, and continued his film career, with his last movie being Ginger and Fred, directed by Federico Fellini in 1985. He died on 26 April 1991 by a lingering disease that had struck him three years earlier.

Radio
 Santa Giovanna, by George Bernard Shaw, directed by Sandro Bolchi, directed by 19 June 1956.

Television
 Anna von Barnheim, ovvero la fortuna del soldato, directed by Flaminio Bollini, transmitted on 17 June 1963.
 La miliardaria, directed by Giuliana Berlinguer, 1972.

Theatre
 Arlecchino servitore di due padroni, by Carlo Goldoni, directed by Giorgio Strehler, in Edimburgo on 27 August 1956.
 La visita della vecchia signora, by Friedrich Dürrenmatt, directed by Strehler, played at the Piccolo Theatre in Milan, 31 January 1960.
 Così è se vi pare, by Luigi Pirandello, directed by Mario Ferrero, in theatres from 1963 to 1964.

Filmography

 Mangiala (1968) - Boroni
 Vergogna schifosi  (1969, directed by Mauro Severino) - Artusi - friend of Lea
 Lo chiamavano Trinità (1970, directed by E.B. Clucher) - Frank Faina / Weasel
 Una prostituta al servizio del pubblico e in regola con le leggi dello stato (1969, directed by Italo Zingarelli)
 Una lucertola con la pelle di donna (1971, directed by Lucio Fulci) - Lowell (scientific squad)
 La tarantola dal ventre nero (1971, directed by Paolo Cavara) - Masseur
 Scipione detto anche l'Africano (1971, directed by Luigi Magni) - Gaio Scribonio
 La classe operaia va in paradiso (1971, directed by Elio Petri) - Timekeeper
 Maddalena (1971, directed by Jerzy Kawalerowicz)
 Questa specie d'amore (1972, directed by Alberto Bevilacqua)
 Trinità e Sartana figli di... di Mario Siciliano (1972) - The Tiger
 Un bianco vestito per Marialé (1972, directed by Romano Scavolini) - Sebastiano
 Amore e morte nel giardino degli dei (1972, directed by Sauro Scavolini) - Martin / Psychiatrist
 Alleluja e Sartana figli di... Dio (1972, directed by Mario Siciliano) - The Wolf
 The Assassination of Matteotti (1973, directed by Florestano Vancini) - Alcide De Gasperi
 La nipote (1974, directed by Nello Rossati) - Romeo-The Doctor
 I figli di nessuno (1974, directed by Bruno Gaburro)
 Challenge to White Fang (1974, directed by Lucio Fulci) - Gambler
 Terminal (1974, directed by Paolo Brecci)
 Il tempo dell'inizio (1974, directed by Luigi Di Gianni)
 L'ingenua (1975, directed by Gianfranco Baldanello) - Cornelio
 L'invenzione di Morel (1976, directed by Emidio Greco)
 La campagnola bella (1976, directed by Luca Delli Azzeri)
 Il signor ministro li prese tutti e subito (1977, directed by Sergio Alessandrini)
 I due superpiedi quasi piatti (1977, directed by E.B. Clucher) - Bloodsucker
 La belva col mitra (1977, directed by Sergio Grieco)
 Ridendo e scherzando (1978, directed by Marco Aleandri) - Chief of carabinieri
 Atsalut pater (1979, directed by Paolo Cavara) - Avv. Carrara
 Liberté, Égalité, Choucroute (1985, directed by Jean Yanne) - Un député
 Ginger and Fred (1986, directed by Federico Fellini) - The Intellectual
 Sposerò Simon Le Bon (1986, directed by Carlo Cotti)
 Abatjour 2 (1989) - (final film role)

Bibliography
 Le teche Rai, la prosa televisiva dal 1954 al 2008
 Il Radiocorriere.
 Gli attori, Gremese editore Roma 2003

Italian male actors
Actors from Brescia
1991 deaths
1927 births

Ezio Marano


James Fisher Robinson (October 4, 1800 – October 31, 1882) was the 22nd Governor of Kentucky, serving the remainder of the unfinished term of Governor Beriah Magoffin. Magoffin, a Confederate sympathizer, became increasingly ineffective after the elections of 1861 yielded a supermajority to pro-Union forces in both houses of the Kentucky General Assembly. Magoffin agreed to resign the governorship, provided he could select his successor. He selected Robinson.

Politically, Robinson opposed both secession and abolition. Though he had Union sympathies, he was considered a moderate, opposing both fugitive slave laws and the enlistment of black soldiers. As a state senator, he supported the Crittenden Compromise and opposed the Civil War. As governor, he drew criticism from the administration of President Abraham Lincoln for opposing the Emancipation Proclamation.

Early life
Robinson was born to Jonathan and Jane Black Robinson in Scott County, Kentucky on October 4, 1800. His early studies were done under a private tutor, then under Presbyterian minister Robert Marshall. He was of English and Scottish descent.  He attended Forest Hill Academy and Transylvania University, graduating in 1818. His brother, John McCracken Robinson graduated in the same class and moved to Illinois, where he eventually served two terms as a U.S. Senator. James Robinson studied law under William T. Barry, and was admitted to the bar, beginning his practice in Georgetown, Kentucky.

On December 29, 1821, Robinson married Susan Mansell of Georgetown, the first of his three wives. Mansell and Robinson had two children, a son and a daughter, before Mansell died in 1835. Robinson married Willina S. Herndon of Scott County on March 21, 1839. The couple had eight children, seven of whom survived to adulthood. Herndon died in 1861.

Political career
Robinson's political career began in 1851, when he was elected to the Kentucky Senate as a Whig without opposition. He did not immediately seek re-election, but was again elected to the state Senate in 1861 over challenger James B. Beck. He was elected Speaker of the Senate on September 2, 1861, but resigned the post only a few days later.

Robinson again assumed the position as Speaker of the Senate on August 16, 1862, as part of a political deal to effect the resignation of Governor Beriah Magoffin. Magoffin's lieutenant governor, Linn Boyd, had died in office in 1859, and Magoffin was unwilling to allow John Fisk, then Senate Speaker and next in line for the governorship, to succeed him. Magoffin agreed to resign if the Senate would elect Robinson as Speaker, putting him next in line for the governorship. This was done, and at 10:00 am on August 18, 1862, Robinson succeeded Magoffin upon the latter's resignation. Because he never resigned from the Senate, Robinson technically held both his legislative seat and the governorship concurrently.

The Civil War was ongoing during Robinson's administration. During Robinson's tenure, the Confederacy made its major advance into the Commonwealth. In an attempt to protect the citizens of the Commonwealth, Robinson raised taxes in an effort to revive Kentucky's state militia. He was also concerned with the effect the war had on public education in the state. He asked the General Assembly to investigate the condition of state schools, especially in war-ravaged areas, and encouraged them to accept the Lincoln administration's offer of land to establish an agricultural and mechanical college.

Robinson proudly noted that by January 1, 1863, a divided Kentucky had still managed to send 44,000 soldiersfifty-one regimentsto aid the Union cause. At the same time, he lamented what he perceived as poor treatment of the state as disloyal by the Federal government. He cited examples such as the declaration of martial law in the Commonwealth and the suspension of the right of habeas corpus for its citizens. He answered President Lincoln's contention "that military necessity is not to be measured by Constitutional limits" by warning "If military necessity is not to be measured by Constitutional limits, we are no longer a free people."

On completion of his term, Robinson supported his eventual successor, Thomas E. Bramlette. The constitutional questions Robinson raised during his administration shaped much of the political debate for Bramlette's term.

Later life and death
Following his term as governor, Robinson retired to "Cardome," his family farm in Scott County. Politically, he became more distant from the national administration, supporting George B. McClellan for president in 1864. He served as president of the Farmers' Bank of Georgetown and chair of the Georgetown College Board of Trustees. On December 1, 1873, he married his third wife, Caroline "Carrie" Hening of Georgetown, who was 36 years his junior. He died on October 31, 1882, and is buried in the Georgetown Cemetery in Georgetown, Kentucky.

See also
Kentucky in the Civil War

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

1800 births
1882 deaths
Farmers from Kentucky
Baptists from Kentucky
Governors of Kentucky
Kentucky Democrats
Kentucky lawyers
Kentucky state senators
Kentucky Whigs
19th-century American politicians
People from Scott County, Kentucky
People of Kentucky in the American Civil War
Transylvania University alumni
Union (American Civil War) state governors
Democratic Party governors of Kentucky
Southern Unionists in the American Civil War
19th-century American lawyers
19th-century Baptists

James Fisher Robinson


Hydroxymethylpentylcyclohexenecarboxaldehyde is a synthetic fragrance known by the trade names Lyral, Kovanol, Mugonal, Landolal.  It is found in some soaps, eau de toilettes, aftershaves and deodorants.

Synthesis
Typical synthesis starts from myrcene and involves a Diels–Alder reaction with acrolein to produce the cyclohexenecarbaldehyde group, this species is marketed as a fragrance in its own right, most commonly under the name 'myrac aldehyde'. Acid-catalyzed hydration of this completes the synthesis by forming the tertiary alcohol.

Safety
Lyral is known to act as a skin allergen and is listed as such in EU Directive 76/768/EEC. It is commonly tested for in patients undergoing patch testing.

References

Perfume ingredients
Aldehydes
Tertiary alcohols
Cyclohexenes


The Andaman Islands are an archipelago and form a part of the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The archipelago is located in the Bay of Bengal, off the eastern coast of the country. The closest landmass to these islands is the country of Myanmar to the north of it. There are 572 islands, about 36 of which are inhabited. Andaman islands is a prime location for tourism.

Economy
The economy of Andaman is based on fishing and agriculture. Andaman also has other natural resources. Handicrafts, timber, wildlife and the tourism are important.

Fishing
Being an island region, the major part of Andaman's economy is fishing industry. Varieties used include Ocellaris Clownfish, mackerels, barracuda, mullets, tuna, sardines and flying fishes, and seashells.

Agriculture
Agriculture and food production changed in recent times, with the government bringing in special provisions to increase productivity on the limited land available. The crops grown here are seasonal vegetables, oilseeds, pulses, pepper, nutmeg, cinnamon, red oil, rubber, palm and cashew nuts.

Travel
Tourism brings lot of activity to the Andamans. Andaman is seen as a destination for honeymooners, with the next image being a tropical island with a variety of water sports available here. Also, travel has promoted other great industries in the area as well, like the banking sector, wildlife regions, handicrafts, shipping etc.
About 200,000 visitors came to enjoy the beaches and tropical climate in 2010. Havelock Island and Jolly Buoy are two places famous for their pristine patches of coral, making these one of the best dive spots in the region. Havelock Island is considered a heaven for beach lovers. The Radhanagar beach on Havelock was ranked as Asia's best by the TimeTM, and was placed amongst the top seven beaches of the world as well.

Activities
 Scuba diving
 Snorkelling
 Sea walking
 Volcano tour
 Glass bottom boating
 Parasailing
 Sea plane ride

Demographics
The total population of Andaman, as per the census of 2011, was 356,152. Of the total population 53.25% were male, and 46.75% were the female. Major languages spoken here are Hindi, Nicobarese, Bengali, Tamil, Malayalam and Telugu. The variety of languages may have been caused by the establishment of a penal colony here during british rule. The British brought in slaves and forced labourers, as well as prisoners here. These people stayed to make this place their home, resulting in such a divere population.

The aboriginal Andamanese people are a small minority of the population, less than 1000 people. Out of the original ten tribes who inhabited the islands, only about four are still in existence. These are:
 Great Andamanese - The original tribe of the Andamans, once with a population over 5,000, are just 52 people. They mostly speak Hindi and live in harmony with all the other residents of the islands.
 Onge - A smaller tribe, now less than 100 people.
 Jarawa- An old tribe that maintains their sovereign existence in the Andamans, with numbers unknown and refusal to any attempt to contact from the outside world.
 Sentinelese - similar to the Jarawa tribe, but much more hostile in their nature and approach.

References

 Andaman

Andaman Islands


Jane Scott is a British-born Australian film producer.

Scott was born in Epsom, Surrey.  From a background in magazine journalism in the UK, she started out in the film industry at The British Film Institute Production Board working for three years as Production Coordinator.

In 1972 Scott began her association with Australian film-making with Bruce Beresford on The Adventures of Barry McKenzie, setting up the production in London and completing the film in Australia. Jane returned to Australia in 1973 for Reg Grundy Enterprises to work on a number of productions and again in 1974 as associate producer on Barry Mckenzie Holds His Own.

Over more than thirty years in the film industry Scott has worked on a number of feature films, television productions and television commercials. Titles of some of the films she has been involved with include My Brilliant Career, Crocodile Dundee, Crocodile Dundee II, and Strictly Ballroom.

Shine, which Scott produced in 1996, received worldwide acclaim and a large number of local and international awards and nominations including nine AFI Awards and seven nominations at the 1996 Academy Awards with Geoffrey Rush winning the Best Actor Oscar. As well as being nominated herself for an Academy Award, a Golden Globe and a BAFTA as the producer of Shine, Scott was also nominated for the Darryl F. Zanuck Theatrical Motion Picture Producer of the Year Award (1996) by the Producers Guild of America.

Scott's next feature, Head On directed by Ana Kokkinos, was officially selected for screening at the 30th Quinzaine des Réalisateurs (Directors' Fortnight), 1998 Cannes Film Festival and also received critical acclaim with its Australian and international release. More recently, Love's Brother, an Italian love story, written and directed by Jan Sardi, won the Grand Prize at the Heartland Film Festival, Indianapolis.

Scott is currently developing two films adapted from books – A Suitable Boy by Vikram Seth, and Mao's Last Dancer by Li Cunxin, adapted by screenwriter Jan Sardi, due to commence shooting early 2008 with Bruce Beresford directing.

According to Australia's Inside Film magazine:

"The $25.8 million budget of Mao's Last Dancer was financed via the now defunct 10BA scheme, which provided private investors with a 100 per cent tax deduction.

Mao's Last Dancer is now the twelfth biggest Australian film of all time at the local box office – passing Lantana this week – with $12,586,534 in total takings."

External links

 http://www.if.com.au/2009/11/06/article/Producers-could-claim-160m-via-rebate/DDJBUPKWCY.html

British film producers
Australian film producers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Australian women film producers

Jane Scott (film producer)


Castle Pinckney is a small masonry fortification constructed by the United States government, in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina in 1810. It was used very briefly as a prisoner-of-war camp (six weeks) and artillery position during the American Civil War. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.

Early history
Located on Shutes Folly, a small island about one mile off the Charleston shore in the harbor, the fort was built over the ruins of an older fortification called "Fort Pinckney". The original log and earthen fort, named after the Revolutionary War hero Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, was built beginning in 1797 and was intended to protect the city from a possible naval attack when war with France seemed imminent. Completed in 1804, it saw no hostilities and was virtually destroyed by a severe hurricane in September of that year. A replacement brick-and-mortar structure called "Castle Pinckney" was erected in 1809–1810 and was garrisoned throughout the War of 1812, but it saw no action during the two-and-a-half-year conflict. Afterwards, Castle Pinckney was abandoned and fell into disrepair.

Two decades later, a sea wall was completed and the fort was re-garrisoned during the Nullification Crisis of 1832, when President Andrew Jackson prepared to collect a controversial tariff using military force if necessary. After that brief period of activity, the fort again fell into disuse and was primarily a storehouse for gunpowder and other military supplies.

By the late 1850s, Castle Pinckney was part of a network of defensive positions in the harbor, which included the larger and more strategically placed Forts Sumter and Moultrie, and other, smaller earthworks and fortifications. In 1860, Castle Pinckney's armament consisted of fourteen 24-pounders, four 42-pounders, four 8-inch howitzers, one 10-inch and one 8-inch mortar, and four light field pieces to protect its flanks.

American Civil War
On December 27, 1860, one week after South Carolina seceded from the Union, the fort was surrendered to South Carolina (S.C.) militia by its small U.S. Army garrison, which retired to Fort Sumter to join Major Robert Anderson. Castle Pinckney became the first Federal military installation seized forcefully by a Southern state government. Three days later, the Union's Charleston Arsenal joined Castle Pinckney in falling to S.C. forces. After the subsequent Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, the Charleston Zouave Cadets garrisoned Castle Pinckney.

One hundred and fifty-four Union Army prisoners of war (120 enlisted, 34 officers) captured during the First Battle of Bull Run and previously incarcerated at Ligon's Prison arrived at Charleston on September 10, 1861, and were kept at the Charleston City Jail until the lower casemates of Castle Pinckney were converted into cells. According to the Charleston Mercury, Richmond officials had selected "chiefly from among those who have evidenced the most insolent and insubordinate disposition." On September 18, prisoners from the 11th NY Fire Zouaves, 69th NY ("Irish") Regiment, 79th NY Regiment, and 8th Michigan Infantry were transferred to Castle Pinckney. They were allowed to wander during the day and were confined to cells only at night.

The Castle quickly proved to be too small and inadequate, however, for permanent confinement; the prisoners were transferred back to the Charleston City Jail on October 31, 1861, after only six weeks. After the prisoners were removed, the fort was strengthened with earthen embankments and with additional mortars and Columbiads on the barbette tier. On December 12, the prisoners were transferred back to the island, following a fire which had burned a large section of Charleston and damaged the jail. They remained for just over a week with many sleeping on the inner parade ground before being transferred.

Post Civil War and disuse
After the Civil War, the fort was modernized for possible use during the Spanish–American War, but again it was not needed. Some sources suggest that the fort never fired a single hostile shot during its existence. Parts of the old brick walls and casements were dismantled in 1890, to make way for a harbor lighthouse, which operated into the 20th century. There was local opposition to the plans for the lighthouse; a movement had been undertaken to construct a retirement home for servicemen on the island instead. Castle Pinckney was declared a U.S. National Monument in 1924 by Presidential proclamation. In 1951, Congress passed a bill to abolish Castle Pinckney National Monument and transferred it back to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The island became excess property subject to sale by the Federal government in March 1956.

The island was acquired by the State Ports Commission [now called the S.C. Ports Authority] as a spoil area in 1958 for $12,000, but the Commission investigated improving part of the land and using it as a historic destination. Plans for the use of the island as a spoil area proved impractical, and no successful plans for the use of the island as a tourist destination were created by the Commission. The Commission attempted to return the island to the Federal government, but the government declined, citing the cost of operations as outweighing the historical value of the island. The Commission received offers to buy the island for uses including a private residence, a nightclub, and a restaurant; but the agency refused all of them. A fire on December 22, 1967, destroyed an abandoned house on the island, but a warehouse was saved.

A local Sons of Confederate Veterans fraternal post took over management and care of the island in the late 1960s, attempting to preserve it and establish a museum. Castle Pinckney was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. Eventually, unable to raise the needed funds, the S.C.V. allowed the fort to revert to state ownership. Castle Pinckney has undergone some limited restoration efforts. With its location on an isolated shoal in the middle of the harbor, access is difficult; maintenance is nearly impossible. It is gradually being reclaimed by nature.

See also
Castle Pinckney Light
List of Civil War POW Prisons and Camps

References

External links
Civil War Prisons
The American Civil War; Prisoner of War Camps
Castle Pinckney, at South Carolina Department of Archives and History
 Castle Pinckney restoration
 National Park Service overview of Castle Pinckney

Government buildings completed in 1808
Infrastructure completed in 1808
Unused buildings in South Carolina
American Civil War prison camps
Forts in South Carolina
American Civil War forts
Buildings and structures in Charleston, South Carolina
Defunct prisons in South Carolina
Former National Monuments of the United States
History of Charleston, South Carolina
History of South Carolina
South Carolina in the American Civil War
National Register of Historic Places in Charleston, South Carolina
Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
American Civil War on the National Register of Historic Places
1808 establishments in South Carolina

Castle Pinckney


Thomas Hope (30 August 17692 February 1831) was a Dutch-British interior and Regency designer, traveler, author, philosopher, art collector, and a member of Hope & Co. He is best known for introducing the Greek Revival architecture, opening his house as a museum and his novel Anastasius, a work which many experts considered a rival to the writings of Lord Byron.

Early life and family

The eldest son of Jan Hope, Thomas descended from a branch of an old Scottish family (Quakers) who for several generations were merchant bankers known as the Hopes of Amsterdam, or Hope & Co. He was baptized on 3rd September in the English Reformed Church, Amsterdam. He had two brothers, Adrian Elias (1772-1834), an innovative gardener, and Henry Philip (1774-1839), a collector of gems and jewelry. Hope was possibly painted as a boy by Guy Head who visited Amsterdam c.1780. Thomas inherited a love of the arts from his parents.  His father spent his final years turning his summer home Groenendaal Park in Heemstede into a grand park of sculpture which would be open to the public.

Grand tour

In 1784, when young Thomas was fifteen, his father died unexpectedly in the Hague just after purchasing Bosbeek, the mansion that was to house his large art collection. He shared his art collection as part of the Hope & Co. partnership with his cousin Henry Hope.

At the age of eighteen, Thomas began to devote most of his time to the study of all the arts, especially the architecture of classical civilization. During his eight-year grand tour through Europe, Asia and Africa, Thomas interested himself especially in architecture and sculpture, making a large collection of artifacts which attracted his attention (e.g. the Hope Dionysus).

Not long after his mother died in early January 1790 he received the rights and liabilities of a person of full age and was admitted to the board of the Hope company; he owned almost a sixth of the shares, and was a millionaire. Between 1792 and 1794 he and Henry Philip traveled in Italy, buying antiquities (Venus, restored by Antonio Canova).

Henry Hope was the executor of their mother's will in June 1794; Thomas received the largest and most expensive mansion on Herengracht. On 24 December 1794 he crashed in the Watergraafsmeer with another chaise. (On 27 December the French general Pichegru crossed the Meuse on the ice and moved north.) Within a few weeks he fled to London to avoid the Batavian Revolution and the French occupation of the Netherlands and never returned.

Escape to London

The Hope brothers, under the protection of their uncle, took 372 paintings with them. Among these were important works by Frans Hals, Peter Paul Rubens, Rembrandt and Sir Anthony van Dyck.

The Hopes left their mansions, full of wall decorations, furniture, and heavy statuary. Henry settled at the corner of Harley Street and Cavendish Square, Thomas at Hanover Square. Later in 1795, the brothers went to Rome.

In 1802, their younger brother, Adrian Elias, who had been declared insane, would return to live at Groenendaal Park and expand the gardens. The brothers sold the real estate at Keizersgracht and Prinsengracht to John Williams Hope. Henry also sold Villa Welgelegen to this fiduciary, who continued to hold that office until the establishment of the monarchy under Louis Bonaparte in 1806.

Career as an interior decorator

In 1799, the Hopes established a residence in London in Duchess Street, off Portland Place, designed by Robert Adam. Thomas remodeled it in an Egyptian style. Experienced from his extensive travel, Thomas Hope enjoyed the cosmopolitan atmosphere of London, while his younger brothers missed their home in the Netherlands. He decorated the mansion in a very elaborate style, from drawings made himself with each room taking on a different style influenced by the countries he had visited. In essence, the combined art collections of Hope & Co., his parents and Henry Hope gave him the opportunity to further research the various art he had studied during his travels. Thomas began to write books on decoration and furniture, the first of its kind.

In this eclectic wealthy residence of bachelors, younger brother Henry Philip oversaw the gem collection (acquiring the Hope Diamond and the Hope Pearl), while cousin Henry busied himself with the banking business and the Louisiana Purchase, together with Barings. Thomas Hope did not settle in London, however. He took up his grand tour where he left off, and in 1796 he began his extensive tours of the Ottoman Empire, which included visits to Turkey, Rhodes, Egypt, Syria, and Arabia. He stayed for about a year in Constantinople and produced some 350 drawings depicting the people and places he witnessed, a collection now to be found in the Benaki Museum, Athens.

In 1801, he bought a  collection of Greek vases from William Hamilton. During these travels, he was given free rein by the Hope & Co. firm to collect many paintings, sculptures, antique objects and books, some of which were destined to be displayed for the public in Amsterdam in the branch offices on Keizersgracht 444, and some of which were destined for his London house in Duchess Street in 1804.

During the Treaty of Amiens he started to travel again. In 1803, he ordered Jason with the Golden Fleece, a sculpture by Thorvaldsen in Copenhagen City Hall, included in the semi-official Danish Culture Canon. Thomas Hope first opened his new galleries to the public, on 10 February 1804.

The Egyptian Gallery, a private room in the home of Thomas Hope to display his Egyptian antiquities, and illustrated in engravings from his meticulous line drawings in his book Household Furniture (1807), were a prime source for the Regency style of British furnishings.

Marriage and move to Deepdene

After his marriage to Louisa de la Poer Beresford (daughter of William Beresford, 1st Baron Decies) in 1806, Hope acquired a country seat at Deepdene, near Dorking in Surrey. Here, surrounded by his large collections of paintings, sculptures and antiques, Deepdene became a famous resort of men of letters as well as of people of fashion. Among the luxuries suggested by his fine taste, and provided to his guests, was a miniature library in several languages in each bedroom.

He also gave frequent employment to artists, sculptors and craftsmen. Bertel Thorvaldsen, the Danish sculptor, was indebted to him for the early recognition of his talents. He was also a patron to Francis Legatt Chantrey and John Flaxman; it was to his order that the latter illustrated the writings of Dante Alighieri. He developed the gardens in a particular version of picturesque style.

Hope was noted for his snobbery and ugliness, one contemporary describing him as "undoubtedly far from the most agreeable man in Europe. He is a little ill-looking man…with an effeminate face and manner." When the French painter Antoine Dubost exhibited a portrait of him titled "Beauty and the Beast", portraying him as a monster offering his wife jewels, it caused a public scandal: the painting was mutilated by Louisa's brother. A further scandal arose in 1810 when Hope took up with a beautiful young Greek sailor, Aide, and attempted to launch him into Society.

Hope was the father of Henry Thomas Hope, art patron and politician and Alexander James Beresford Beresford Hope, author and politician.

Writing

Hope was eager to advance public awareness of historical painting and design and to influence design in the grand houses of Regency London. In pursuit of his scholarly projects, he began sketching furniture, room interiors and costumes, and publishing books with his accompanying scholarly texts.

In 1807 Thomas Hope published sketches of his furniture, in a folio volume, titled Household Furniture and Interior Decoration, which had considerable influence and brought about a change in the upholstery and interior decoration of houses. Hope's furniture designs were in the pseudo-classical manner generally called "English Empire". It was sometimes extravagant, and often heavy, but was much more restrained than the wilder and later flights of Thomas Sheraton in this style.

In 1809 he published the Costumes of the Ancients, and in 1812 Designs of Modern Costumes, works which display a large amount of antiquarian research. A Historical Essay on Architecture, which featured illustrations based on early Hope drawings, was published posthumously by his family in 1835.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Historical Essay on Architecture by the late Thomas Hope, compiled by Edward Cresy|year=1835|edition= 2nd|location=London|publisher=J. Murray|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100240942}}</ref> Thus Hope became famous in London's aristocratic circles as 'the costume and furniture man'. The sobriquet was regarded as a compliment by his enthusiastic supporters, but for his critics, including Lord Byron, it was a term of ridicule.

 1807: Household Furniture and Interior Decoration. Faksimile-Neuausgabe 1937.
 1809: Costumes of the Ancients. 1812: Designs of Modern Costumes. 1819: Anastasius, or Memoirs of a Modern Greek. (Roman)
 1831: Origin and Prospect of Man. 1835: Historical Essay on Architecture.Anastasius

At age fifty, Hope began work on a novel from the suggestion of a few friends. The first edition of Anastasius was complete in 1819 and was released by London publisher John Murray. Foreign translations in French, German and Flemish followed.

The novel lifted a curtain of ignorance about the East without being a mere retelling of Hope's own travels. The eponymous narrator-hero Anastasius was fearless, curious, cunning, ruthless, brave and, above all, sexy. As a newly converted Muslim mercenary soldier, Selim, his travels threw him among friends, lovers and enemies.

Hope's descriptions revealed the lives of the inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire and provided astonishing glimpses of the wars fought among the Turks, Russians and Wahabees. It also described many previously unknown details of Islamic culture: music, language, cuisine, religion, laws and literature.

Because of his modesty, Hope originally chose not to declare his authorship of Anastasius in the first edition. Ironically, given Hope's mild reputation, the authorship of the dashing Anastasius was at first mistakenly attributed to Lord Byron, who, according to legend, confided to Marguerite, Countess of Blessington, that he wept bitterly on reading it. "To have been the author of Anastasius, I would have given the two poems which brought me the most glory." These events prompted Hope to reveal his identity as author in later editions, adding a map of Anastasius's travels and fine-tuning the text, although his authorship was initially greeted with incredulity by some journals.

Soon after Hope's death in 1831, his widow Louisa remarried her cousin William Carr Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford. His family thereafter embraced conservative values, causing them to authorise the demolition of the writer's legendary London home, disperse his fabled art collection, and distance themselves from his Oriental masterpiece. No substantial collection of Hope's personal papers survived the family indifference and Anastasius, his magnum opus, became a victim of the sanctimonious morality of the Victorian age.

Nevertheless, it influenced the later works of William Thackeray, Mark Twain and Herman Melville. More recently, the noted Orientalist Robert Irwin wrote, "this book, one of the most important books of the nineteenth century, should be much more widely read."

In addition to his other accomplishments, Hope was the author of an important philosophical work published posthumously, The Origin and Prospect of Man (1831), in which his speculations diverged widely from the social and religious views of the Victorian age. This volume, which has been cited by the philosopher Roger Scruton, was a highly eclectic work and took a global view of the challenges facing humanity.

In his obituary published in The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction Volume 17, No. 476, Saturday, 12 February 1831, it was written, "We remember the opinion of a writer in the Edinburgh Review, soon after the publication of Anastasius''. With a degree of pleasantry and acumen peculiar to northern criticism, he asks, 'Where has Mr. Hope hidden all his eloquence and poetry up to this hour? How is it that he has, all of a sudden, burst out into descriptions which would not disgrace the pen of Tacitus, and displayed a depth of feeling and vigor of imagination which Lord Byron could not excel? We do not shrink from one syllable of this eulogy.'"

Still commonly known among literary circles as "Anastasius Hope", the combined artistic legacy of Thomas Hope is still of universal interest and importance.

Death and legacy

In early 1831 Hope fell ill. He died on 2 February at Duchess Street; and was laid to rest on 12 February in the mausoleum at Deepdene.

The two mansions Hope created have been lost; that in Duchess Street was demolished by his son in 1851 and Deepdene in 1969. The only complete surviving structure built by Hope is the Deepdene mausoleum. Built in 1818, the structure was the first recorded work at Deepdene. It was permanently sealed in 1957 and buried in 1960. The Mausolea and Monuments Trust has been working with Mole Valley District Council to rescue the structure and is running a campaign to excavate and repair it.

The principal elevation was excavated in 2013, with further restoration in 2016.

References

Sources

The Beechey Portrait – A Visual Study of "Anastasius" by John Rodenbeck
Thomas Hope – Triumph, Tragedy, Obverse Worlds by Jerry Nolan
A Political Study of Anastasius by Ludmilla Kostova
Hope's Philosophical Excursus by Roger Scruton
Anastasius – Towards Background and Meaning by John Rodenbeck
Sándor Baumgarten – Hope's Forgotten Champion by Jerry Nolan
 Catalogue of the valuable library of books on architecture, costume, sculpture, antiquities, etc., formed by Thomas Hope, Esq., author of "The costume of the ancients," "Anastasius, or memoirs of a Greek," etc., etc. ; being a portion of the Hope Heirlooms removed from Deepdene, Dorking ; the property of Lord Francis Pelham Clinton Hope : which will be sold by auction ... on Wednesday, July 25, 1917 and two following days.

Further reading

 David Watkin (historian): Thomas Hope's house in Duchess Street. Apollo, London 2004.

External links

The Deepdene Trail
Deepdene entry from The DiCamillo Companion to British & Irish Country Houses
Thomas Hope: Regency Designer2008 exhibition at the Victoria and Albert Museum
Portrait of Thomas Hope (National Portrait Gallery, London)
Anastasius Vol. 1 Anastasius Vol. 2 Anastasius Vol. 3 at the Internet Archive.

1769 births
1831 deaths
Thomas
English travel writers
English furniture designers
19th-century English novelists
Art collectors from Amsterdam
English art collectors
Businesspeople from Amsterdam
Artists from London
People from Heemstede
Dutch people of Scottish descent
English people of Scottish descent
Fellows of the Royal Society
English male novelists
19th-century English male writers
English male non-fiction writers

Thomas Hope (designer)


Lech Trzeciakowski (24 December 1931 – 7 January 2017) was a Polish historian. He was born in Poznań, Poland. Trzeciakowski served as director of the Western Institute (Instytut Zachodni) in Poznań from 1974 to 1978.

Trzeciakowski died on January 7 2017 in Poznań of cancer, aged 86.

References

1931 births
2017 deaths
Cancer deaths in Poland
Polish historians
People from Poznań
Polish writers

Lech Trzeciakowski


Dassault nEUROn on ranskalaisen Dassault-lentokonetehtaan johtama eurooppalainen monikansallinen UAV-ilma-aluksen kehitysohjelma.

Tämän deltasiipisen yksimoottorisen miehittämättömän lentokoneen kehittämiseen osallistuvat ruotsalainen Saab, sveitsiläinen RUAG, espanjalainen EADS CASA ja italialainen Alenia Aeronautica.
<ref>http://www.senat.fr/rap/r05-215/r05-2158.html French Senate's report "A. The project nEUROn, launched by France, is joined by its main European partners"</ref> Kone Lensi ensimmäisen kerran 1. joulukuuta 2012.

 Lähteet

 Aiheesta muualla
 Defense-Aeropace.com (Feb 10/06) - Contract Launches Euro UCAV Demonstrator . Collects various facts about the program.
 AFCEA Signal Magazine (September 2005) - nEUROn Gains Altitude. Excellent article.
 nEUROn programme (Paris Air Show 2005) - Europe's UCAV Demonstrator Neuron Will Be a Stealth Platform  (European Security, June 10, 2005)
 nEUROn project (Paris Air Show 2004) - nEUROn : Europe's UCAV Demonstrator  (European Security, June 10, 2004)
 nEUROn (AVE Grand Duc version) promotional featurette, June 11, 2005 (Dassault Aviation)
 nEUROn, AVE-C & AVE-D design and flight, Dassault Activities (Dassault Aviation)
 nEUROn (single-engine version) official gallery by Dassault  (Scale model replica photographies & CG concept artworks)
 nEUROn's official 1:48 scale model by Dassault
 Unveilling the nEUROn Europe's UCAV demonstrator by Dassault (June 11, 2005)
 The European technology demonstrator nEUROn, February 9, 2006, French Defence Ministry
 Saab (Feb 9/06) - Important player in nEUROn
 Spanish Government (Dec 30/05) - Agreement with France for a Demonstrator of an Unmanned Combat Aircraft
 Press release: nEUROn, First intermediate synthesis review (12th of Sept., 2006)
 Thales joins Neuron UCAV programme  (European Security)
 Drones in France. An official report by the French Ministry of Defence about the national history of drones.
 DARPA - J-UCAS Program. Includes the Boeing X-45C and the Northrop-Grumman X-47B.
 See all Defense Industry Daily coverage of the J-UCAS program  and its platforms.
 Airforce Technology - X-45 J-UCAV Joint Unmanned Combat Air System, USA
 Airforce Technology - X-47 Pegasus Naval Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV-N), USA
 Northrop Grumman Analysis Center, 3rd Joint-Industry Forum (Feb 16/05) - Joint Unmanned Combat Air System and US Military Transformation (7.2 MB, PDF Format). Excellent presentation that explains the interest in UCAVs and the effect of removing the pilot on the ability to provide persistent coverage of an area.
 Defense Industry Daily (Jan 24/06) - British CORAX UAV Joins UCAV Trend .
 Dassault Aviation - Logiduc program. The precursor to the nEUROn. The Petit Duc ("European Scops Owl"), codenamed AVE-D, was the first stealth unmanned aircraft to fly in Europe on July 18th 2000. It was followed by the AVE-C Moyen Duc ("Long-eared Owl") in 2001. The third and final version Grand Duc'' ("Eurasian Eagle Owl") would become the multinational nEUROn.
 Saab - SHARC Program . A precursor to its work on nEUROn in many ways, and one of the main reasons Saab has a leading role alongside Dassault.

Neuron
Lentävät siivet

Dassault nEUROn


The Johnstown Blue Birds were a professional ice hockey team from Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The Blue Birds played one season in the former Eastern Hockey League before folding after the 1941-42 season.

History

Shaffer Ice Palace
The Shaffer Ice Company was Johnstown's largest distributor of ice in the city prior to the 1930s. But because of the invention of electric refrigeration, it virtually made Shaffer's ice selling business extinct. However, because of Shaffer's expertise in the ice making business, he used his McMillen Street building to make an indoor ice skating rink. The building would be re-opened as the Shaffer Ice Palace and would offer public skating and ice skating lessons.

Ownership
In the fall of 1941, the Ice Palace hosted a game between Pitt and Penn State. Neither team had an official college team, but the Palace was filled to capacity and sold over 1100 tickets. In the stands that day was Toronto native Bill "Pick" Hines. Hines had always dreamed of owning a hockey team. After a good day at Pimlico, where he hit on a long shot, Hines applied for an EHL franchise in Baltimore. Because of lack of publicity, the EHL's Baltimore Orioles were a poor draw. With the Orioles struggling, Hines went to the league offices and asked for their permission to move the team to Johnstown. The league approve the move and Hines moved his team to Johnstown, where they would play their games at the Shaffer Ice Palace

1941-42 EHL Season
The Blue Birds played their home games at the Shaffer Ice Palace in the Hornerstown section of Johnstown Although the team on the ice was successful, Hines had financial problems with the team. When Hines originally saw the exhibition, he saw capacity crowds. What he didn't know was that Johnstown's Memorial Hospital Junior Auxiliary club was responsible for the sellout, having sold many of the tickets as a fundraiser.

With only fourteen games into the EAHL season, Hines revealed to the league that he had not paid his players in over two weeks. The team almost folded, but a Johnstown resident helped pull the team from debt using his own money. Harry Crichton, who was from New Jersey but at the time was the Vice President of Sale for the Johnstown Coal & Coke Company and had family who lived in the city, drove to New York in an effort to save the team. He walked into Madison Square Garden, which at the time housed EHL president Tom Lockhart's office, and paid him $2,000 cash to save the team. Hines wrote off his losses and returned to Toronto. Henry "Hank" Dyck, the high-scoring center of the Blue Birds, stepped up and assumed the role of interim coach for the remainder of the season. Attendance eventually picked up and all played were fully paid by the end of the season. The Blue Birds would finish the season in a three-way tie for first place. Johnstown, the Boston Olympics, and the New York Rovers tied for first place in the Eastern League, but New York won the tiebreaker by scoring more goals. The Blue Birds brought in approximately 25,000 fans throughout the season, highlighted by one game that brought in 1,527 fans through the gates. By one account, it was "about all the rink could hold." Goaltender Frank Ceryance was named outstanding player of the league at the conclusion of the season.

The Shaffer Ice Palace was converted to a manufacturing plant for assist in the production needed for World War II, leaving the Blue Birds without a home. Johnstown would not see another professional hockey team until 1950, when Johnstown returned to the Eastern Hockey League as the Johnstown Jets.

The Johnstown Chiefs paid homage to the Blue Birds during the 2007 season by wearing throwback hockey jerseys bearing the Blue Birds logo. The game was played on November 10, 2007 against the Reading Royals.

Season-by-season results

NHL alumni
List of Johnstown Blue Birds who played in the National Hockey League, 3 in total.

References

Defunct sports clubs and teams in Pennsylvania
Eastern Hockey League teams
Defunct ice hockey teams in the United States
Ice hockey clubs established in 1941
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1942
1941 establishments in Pennsylvania
1942 disestablishments in Pennsylvania

Johnstown Blue Birds


Duane Roland (December 3, 1952 – June 19, 2006) was an American guitarist for the Southern hard rock band Molly Hatchet. He was a member of the band from its founding in the mid-1970s until his departure in 1990. During that time he recorded seven albums with the band. He is credited with co-writing some of the band's biggest hits, including "Bloody Reunion" and "Boogie No More". After leaving the band he played with the Southern Rock Allstars and Gator Country, which included many of the founding members of Molly Hatchet.

Death
Roland died at his home in St. Augustine, Florida of natural causes at the age of 53.
Drummer Bruce Crump said Roland was the anchor of Molly Hatchet during the 1980s, a time when the band's lineup was constantly changing. "During all that time, Duane was the constant," said Crump. "I can't imagine playing Molly Hatchet music without Duane Roland. It just wouldn't be the same."

References

1952 births
2006 deaths
People from Jeffersonville, Indiana
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Lead guitarists
American Southern Rock musicians
Molly Hatchet members
20th-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Indiana
20th-century American male musicians

Duane Roland


Petra Theater () is a first century AD Nabataean theatre situated 600 m from the centre of Petra. Substantial part of the theater was carved out of solid rock, while the scaena and exterior wall were constructed. The theater's auditorium consists of three horizontal sections of seats separated by passageways and seven stairways to ascend. The theater could accommodate a number of approximately 8500 people, more than the estimated number of Amman theater. Petra Theater follows similar architectural patterns of Roman theaters, which enhances superior acoustics.

History

The theater was built in the cultural and political apex of the Nabataean kingdom under Aretas IV (9 BC-40 AD), where large scale civic construction projects in Petra and other important Nabataean trading cities in Hijaz and the Negev took place. It is said that the theater-building activities of Herod the Great may have urged the Nabataean king to follow lead. The massive theater with its large capacity was positioned to bring the greatest number of tombs within view.

Although Roman in design, being carved out opposed to being built is characteristically distinctive Nabataean style and not a Roman manner. The floral capitals of the theater are also distinctively Nabataean artistic element. Minor alterations of the theater were made by Aretas son Malichus II and later on the Romans who re-built the exterior wall.

See also
 Petra
 Amphitheatre
 Nabataean architecture

References

External links
Photos of the Petra Theater at the Manar al-Athar photo archive

Nabataean architecture
Pre-Islamic Arabia

Petra Theater


Anna Margaret Glenn (née Castor; February 17, 1920May 19, 2020) was an American advocate for people with disabilities and communication disorders and the wife of astronaut and senator John Glenn. A stutterer from an early age, Glenn was notable for raising awareness of stuttering among children and adults as well as other disabilities.

Early life and education
Anna Margaret Castor was born on February 17, 1920, in Columbus, Ohio, to Homer and Margaret (Alley) Castor. Her father was a dentist. In 1923, the Castor family moved to New Concord, Ohio.

Castor met John Glenn at a very young age when her parents became involved in the same community organizations as Glenn's parents. The families developed a friendship which allowed Castor and Glenn to remain close as they grew up. The pair became high school sweethearts and continued dating through college. Castor attended Muskingum College where she majored in music with a minor in secretarial skills and physical education. Castor was an active member of the swim team, volleyball team, and tennis team. She graduated in 1942. Even though she received an offer for a pipe organ scholarship from the Juilliard School, Castor declined the offer, choosing instead to stay in Ohio with Glenn. Castor and Glenn were married on April 6, 1943. They had two children, David, born in 1945, and Lyn, born in 1947.

During the early years of her marriage to John Glenn, Annie Glenn worked as an organist in various churches and taught trombone lessons.

Later life

Influence during the Space Race

Throughout the middle of the twentieth century, the Cold War tensions between the United States of America and the Soviet Union heightened. In an effort to boost American citizens' confidence in their government, U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower decided to become involved in the Space Race and launch Project Mercury. Seven young men were chosen for this space mission. These all-American astronauts were regarded as wholesome heroes and their wives were the picture of domestic patriotism. Annie Glenn was one of the wives of the Mercury 7 astronauts. These women "rocketed to fame" to become celebrities.

In her book  The Astronaut Wives Club (which later became a  television miniseries), Lily Koppel relates that Glenn and the other six wives formed a tight-knit support group informally called the "Astronaut Wives Club," which she cites as influential in shaping American identity, as Americans found their values of family, patriotism, and consumerism embodied in Glenn. Koppel states that American women turned to Glenn, who had been elevated in the media because of her all-American family, as a role model on how to maintain a happy home, and also an indirect propagator of the American value of consumption. The appearance of the Astronaut Wives in the media was marketed to average American housewives. For example, when the wives wore a shade of "responsible pink" lipstick to a Life photoshoot, the published photographs were retouched to show the wives wearing "patriotic red" lipstick instead. The lip color was changed to represent a new, vibrant period in American history. After the magazine was published, red lipstick became a fad. Similarly, while Mercury 7 astronauts were given sporty Corvettes to drive, the wives were strongly encouraged to keep their family-friendly station wagons, which meant that the average American housewives who were following the Astronaut Wives' example also bought station wagons. As a result of Glenn and the other members of the Astronaut Wives Club, women across the U.S. were inspired to be brave and of course, to buy the same consumer goods Glenn and the other wives had in their homes.

Speech impairment

Like her father, Annie Glenn experienced a speech stutter throughout her life. As a child, Glenn did not feel hindered by her stutter; she happily participated in activities such as softball, girl scouts, school dances, and choir. It was not until sixth grade that she first realized her speech impairment. It was determined that her stutter was present in eighty-five percent of her verbal utterances. Despite her difficulty speaking, she was able to create and maintain close relationships. After graduating from college, Glenn wanted to get a job in a different town but because of her disability, her parents were worried about her living independently. However, Glenn found ways to effectively communicate without speaking out loud. For example, before shopping, she would write down exactly what she was looking for and then show the note to the sales clerk when she needed help.

At the age of 53, Glenn discovered and attended a three-week treatment course at Hollins Communications Research Institute in Roanoke, Virginia, to help with her dysfluency. After attending the treatment course, her speech was greatly improved; however, she did not consider herself "cured" of stuttering. Glenn was finally able to confidently vocally interact with others. When her husband began campaigning for the Senate, she was able to support him by giving speeches at public events and at rallies. Glenn used her newfound voice to bring attention to disabled people who she knew had been overlooked so often.

Later, Glenn became an adjunct professor with Ohio State's Speech Pathology Department.

Awards and honors

In 1983, Glenn received the first national award of the American Speech and Hearing Association for her meritorious service to those with communicative disorders. In 1987, the National Association for Hearing and Speech Action awarded the first annual Annie Glenn Award for achieving distinction despite a communication disorder. Glenn presented the award to James Earl Jones as its first recipient. She was inducted into the National Stuttering Association Hall of Fame in 2004. In 2015, Ohio State University renamed 17th Avenue (on its campus) to Annie and John Glenn Avenue.

In 2009, the Ohio State University awarded her an honorary Doctorate of Public Service to recognize her work on behalf of children and others. The department awards the "Annie Glenn Leadership Award" annually to a person that has displayed innovative and inspirational work in speech/language pathology.

Activities and involvements
Organizations in which she was involved include:
 Delta Gamma Theta Sorority (Muskingum College)
 The Ohio Board of Child Abuse
 The Board of Columbus (Ohio) Speech and Hearing Center
 The Society of Sponsors
 The Board of Trustees of Muskingum College
 The Advisory Panel of the Central Ohio Speech and Hearing Association
 The Advisory Board for the National Center for Survivors of Childhood Abuse
 The Board for the National First Ladies' Library
 The National Deafness and other Communication Disorders Advisory Council of the National Institutes of Health

Personal life and death
At the time of her husband's death in December 2016, Annie and John Glenn had been married for 73 years and eight months. During the course of their marriage, the couple had two children—John David, born in 1945, and Carolyn Ann, born in 1947—and two grandchildren.

Glenn turned 100 in February 2020. Three months later, on May 19, 2020, she died at a nursing home in Saint Paul, Minnesota, from complications of COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota.

Portrayals in popular culture
Glenn was played by Mary Jo Deschanel in the 1983 film The Right Stuff. The film highlighted her stutter, particularly in a scene involving U.S. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson. In a 2015 interview, she and John Glenn indicated that, although they liked the Tom Wolfe book, they did not care for the movie adaptation of The Right Stuff.

In the 2015 ABC-TV series The Astronaut Wives Club, she is portrayed by Azure Parsons and in the 2020 Disney+ series The Right Stuff by Nora Zehetner.

Legacy

References

External links

1920 births
2020 deaths
Annie
American centenarians
Muskingum University alumni
Activists from Columbus, Ohio
People with speech impediment
People from New Concord, Ohio
Ohio State University faculty
Ohio Democrats
American disability rights activists
Stuttering
Women centenarians
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota
American activists with disabilities

Annie Glenn


Nicotiana tabacum, or cultivated tobacco, is an annually grown herbaceous plant of the  genus Nicotiana. N. tabacum is the most commonly grown species in the genus Nicotiana, as the plant's leaves are commercially harvested to be processed into tobacco for human use. The plant is tropical in origin, is commonly grown throughout the world, and is often found in cultivation. It grows to heights between 1 and 2 meters (3' to 6'). Research is ongoing into its ancestry among wild Nicotiana species, but it is believed to be a hybrid of Nicotiana sylvestris, N. tomentosiformis, and possibly N. otophora.

Description
It is an annual plant that grows  high and is sticky hairy on all parts. The stems are thick and not very branched. The leaves can be over  long with the blades ovate to elliptical, or obovate, pointed towards the front and, at the base, run down the stem or are sessile, encompassing the stem.

The scented inflorescences are multi-branched panicles. The flower stalks are  long. The calyx is  and is covered with uneven  narrow pointed calyx lobes shorter than the calyx tube. The crown is plate-shaped, the coronet is white, pink or red, the corolla tube greenish-cream, pink or red. The corolla tube has a total length of  and is  wide in the lower part and widens to  in the upper part. The coronet is lobed or pentagonal. The stamens are designed unevenly and start below the center of the corolla tube. The anthers of the four longer stamens are close to the opening of the corolla tube or are slightly above it. The fifth stamen is significantly shorter than both longer pairs. The stamens have a length of , significantly longer than the anthers, and are hairy at the base.

The fruit is a  long capsule that is narrowly elliptical to egg-shaped. It can stand out over the chalice or be enclosed by it. The seeds are spherical or broadly elliptical and are up to  long with a wavy networked surface.

Almost every part of the plant except the seed contains nicotine, but the concentration is related to different factors such as species, type of land, culture and weather conditions. The concentration of nicotine increases with the age of the plant. Tobacco leaves contain 2 to 8% nicotine combined as malate or citrate. The distribution of the nicotine in the mature plant is widely variable: 64% of the total nicotine exists in the leaves, 18% in the stem, 13% in the root, and 5% in the flowers.

Phytochemistry
Natural tobacco polysaccharides, including cellulose, have been shown to be the primary precursors of acetaldehyde in tobacco smoke. The main polyphenols contained in the tobacco leaf are rutin and chlorogenic acid. Amino acids contained include glutamic acids, asparagine, glutamine, and γ-Aminobutyric acid

Pyridine alkaloids are present in tobacco as free bases and salts. Nicotine accounts for 90-95% of the plant's pyridines with nornicotine and anatabine accounting for roughly 2.5% each. Pyridyl functional groups present in minute amounts include anabasine, myosmine, cotinine and 2, 3′-bipyridyl. Indole alkaloids are also present in leaves and stems which includes harmala alkaloids as well. Yohimbine, harmine, harmaline and ajmalicine occurs in descending order, yohimbine being highest.

The tobacco plant readily absorbs heavy metals from the surrounding soil and accumulates them in its leaves. These are readily absorbed into the user's body following smoke inhalation.

Tobacco also contains the following phytochemicals: glucosides (tabacinine, tabacine), 2,3,6-trimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, 2-methylquinone, 2-napthylamine, propionic acid, anthalin, anethole, acrolein, cembrene, choline, nicotelline, nicotianine, and pyrene.

Megastigmatrienone
Tobacco aroma is due to presence of different volatile compounds; megastigmatrienone being the key flavor compound in tobacco. Megastigmatrienone is used as flavour in tobacco products as well.

Megastigmatrienone, a cyclohexenone, and a carotenoid-derived aromatic compound, produces spice notes associated with wine.

Megastigmatrienone is a metabolite of Brewer's yeast.

Megastigmatrienone, as Tabanone, is manufactured by Symrise as a perfume ingredient.

Habitat and ecology
N. tabacum is a native of tropical and subtropical America, also appearing as a weed.

N. tabacum is sensitive to temperature, air, ground humidity and the type of land. Temperatures of  are best for adequate growth; an atmospheric humidity of 80 to 85% and soil without a high level of nitrogen are also optimal.

Parasites
The potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) is an oligophagous insect that prefers to feed on plants of the family Solanaceae such as tobacco plants. Female P. operculella use the leaves to lay their eggs and the hatched larvae will eat away at the mesophyll of the leaf.

Uses
The plant is native to the Caribbean, where the Taíno people were the first recorded peoples to use it and cultivate it.
In 1560, Jean Nicot de Villemain, then French ambassador to Portugal, brought tobacco seeds and leaves as a "wonder drug" to the French court. In 1586 the botanist Jaques Dalechamps gave the plant the name of Herba nicotiana, which was also adopted by Linné. It was considered a decorative plant at first, then a panacea, before it became a common snuff and tobacco plant.

Tobacco arrived in Africa at the beginning of the 17th century. The leaf extract was a popular pest control method up to the beginning of the 20th century. In 1851, the Belgian chemist Jean Stas documented the use of tobacco extract as a murder poison. The Belgian count Hippolyte Visart de Bocarmé had poisoned his brother-in-law with tobacco leaf extract in order to acquire some urgently needed money. This was the first exact proof of alkaloids in forensic medicine.

It is now commercially cultivated worldwide. All parts of the plant contain nicotine, which can be extracted and used as an insecticide. The dried leaves can also be used; they remain effective for 6 months after drying. The juice of the leaves can be rubbed on the body as an insect repellent. The leaves can be dried and chewed as an intoxicant. The dried leaves are also used as snuff or are smoked. This is the main species that is used to make cigarettes, cigars, and other products for smokers. A drying oil is obtained from the seed.

Other varieties are cultivated as ornamental plants.

Curing and aging
After tobacco is harvested, it is cured (dried), and then aged to improve its flavor. There are four common methods of curing tobacco: air curing, fire curing, flue curing, and sun curing. The curing method used depends on the type of tobacco and its intended use.
Air-cured tobacco is sheltered from wind and sun in a well-ventilated barn, where it air dries for six to eight weeks. Air-cured tobacco is low in sugar, which gives the tobacco smoke a light, sweet flavour, and high in nicotine. Cigar and burley tobaccos are air cured.

In fire curing, smoke from a low-burning fire on the barn floor permeates the leaves. This gives the leaves a distinctive smoky aroma and flavor. Fire curing takes three to ten weeks and produces a tobacco low in sugar and high in nicotine. Pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco, and snuff are fire cured.

Flue-cured tobacco is kept in an enclosed barn heated by flues (pipes) of hot air, but the tobacco is not directly exposed to smoke. This method produces cigarette tobacco that is high in sugar and has medium to high levels of nicotine. It is the fastest method of curing, requiring about a week. Virginia tobacco that has been flue cured is also called bright tobacco, because flue curing turns its leaves gold, orange, or yellow.

Sun-cured tobacco dries uncovered in the sun. This method is used in Greece, Turkey, and other Mediterranean countries to produce oriental tobacco. Sun-cured tobacco is low in sugar and nicotine and is used in cigarettes.

Once the tobacco is cured, workers tie it into small bundles of about 20 leaves, called hands, or use a machine to make large blocks, called bales. The hands or bales are aged for one to three years to improve flavor and reduce bitterness.

Ethnomedicinal uses

The regions that have histories of use of the plant include:
Brazil: The leaf juice is taken orally to induce vomiting and narcosis.
Colombia: Fresh leaf is used as poultice over boils and infected wounds; the leaves are crushed with oil from palms and used as hair treatment to prevent baldness.
Cuba: Extract of the leaf is taken orally to treat dysmenorrhea.
East Africa: Dried leaves of Nicotiana tabacum and Securinega virosa are mixed into a paste and used externally to destroy worms in sores.
Ecuador: Leaf juice is used for indisposition, chills and snake bites and to treat pulmonary ailments.
Fiji: Fresh root is taken orally for asthma and indigestion; fresh root is applied ophthalmically as drops for bloodshot eyes and other problems; seed is taken orally for rheumatism and to treat hoarseness.
Guatemala: Leaves are applied externally by adults for myiasis, headache and wounds; hot water extract of the dried leaf is applied externally for ring worms, fungal diseases of the skin, wounds, ulcers, bruises, sores, mouth lesions, stomatitis and mucosa; leaf is orally taken for kidney diseases.
Haiti: Decoction of dried leaf is taken orally for bronchitis and pneumonia.
Hong Kong: Fresh leaves are mashed and combined with vegetable oil to create a potion that is applied to injuries for it to heal faster. This practice is also apparent in other places in China.
Iran: Infusion of the dried leaf is applied externally as an insect repellent; ointments made from crushed leaves are used for baldness, dermatitis and infectious ulceration and as a pediculicide.
Mexico (south-eastern): Among the ancient Maya, Nicotiana was considered a sacred plant, closely associated with deities of earth and sky, and used for both visionary and therapeutic ends. The contemporary Tzeltal and Tzotzil Maya of Highland Chiapas (Mexico) are bearers of this ethnobotanical inheritance, preserving a rich and varied tradition of Nicotiana use and folklore. The entire tobacco plant is viewed as a primordial medicine and a powerful botanical "helper" or "protector". Depending on the condition to be treated, whole Nicotiana leaves are used alone or in combination with other herbs in the preparation of various medicinal plasters and teas. In its most common form, fresh or ''green'' leaves are ground with slaked lime to produce an intoxicating oral snuff that serves as both a protective and therapeutic agent.
United States: Extract of N. tabacum is taken orally to treat tiredness, ward off diseases, and quiet fear.
Tanzania: Leaves of Nicotiana tabacum are placed in the vagina to stimulate labour.
Zimbabwe: Leaves or root of the plant are infused and taken by mouth for asthma and other respiratory problems. Leaves and roots are also rubbed against warts and wounds as ointment.

Gallery

See also

 Nicotiana rustica

References

External links

tabacum
Tobacco
Flora of Northern America
Flora of Central America
Flora of the Dominican Republic
Flora of Southern America
Crops originating from North America
Crops originating from South America
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
Tobacco in Mexico
Tobacco in the United States
Neotropical realm flora
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Nicotiana tabacum


Beorhtric (also Brihtric; meaning 'Magnificent ruler') (died 802) was the King of Wessex from 786 to 802. He ruled Wessex as a figurehead king. His wife and father-in-law exercised most of the power.

King of Wessex

The names of his parents and his ancestry are unknown. In 786, Cynewulf, king of Wessex, was killed by Cyneheard, brother of the former King Sigeberht. Either with help of Offa of Mercia or quickly coming under his influence, Beorhtric became King of Wessex. In 787, he held the Synod of Chelsea jointly with Offa. In 789 he married Eadburh, Offa's daughter. That same year Vikings appeared off the coast of Devon. Believing they were traders the local reeve went to meet them and was killed. This was the first encounter with Vikings in southern England.

After Offa's death in 796, Mercian power over England was weakened. There was a period of three years when some West Saxons tried to break free of Mercian control. But Beorhtric and Cenfulf, the new king, signed a peace treaty. From that time on Wessex remained subordinate to Mercia. Three West Saxon coins have survived from Beorhtric's reign. In style they are very similar to coins struck by Offa. They were probably minted at Southampton after Offa's death.

His queen

Queen Eadburh, as Offa's daughter, seems to have held all the power in Wessex. She had a reputation for great cruelty. In later years Asser, a scholar at Alfred the Great's court, recorded the story that Beorhtric had died from being accidentally poisoned by his wife, Eadburh. She fled to a nunnery in Francia, from which she was later ejected after being found with a man. It was a good story but probably more myth than real. But she was the reason Wessex would not have another queen for several generations. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Beorhtric was buried at Wareham in 802. He left no heirs.

Notes

References

Other websites
 Britannia: Kings of Wessex

Year of birth unknown
800s deaths
Kings of Wessex

Beorhtric of Wessex