Natalie Maria Cole (February 6, 1950 – December 31, 2015) was an American singer, songwriter, and actress. She was the daughter of singer and jazz pianist Nat King Cole. She rose to prominence in the mid-1970s, with the release of her debut album Inseparable (1975), along with the song "This Will Be (An Everlasting Love)", and the album's title track. Its success led to her receiving the Grammy Award for Best New Artist at the 18th Annual Grammy Awards, for which she became the first African-American recipient, as well as the first R&B act to win the award. The singles "Sophisticated Lady" (1976), "I've Got Love on My Mind", and "Our Love" (1977) followed.

After releasing several albums, she departed from her R&B sound and returned as a pop singer on the 1987 album Everlasting, along with her cover of Bruce Springsteen's "Pink Cadillac". In the 1990s, she sang traditional pop by her father, resulting in her biggest success, Unforgettable... with Love, which was certified 7× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Unforgettable... with Love won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year, for which Cole became the first African-American woman to win the award.

Throughout her lifetime, Cole received nine Grammy Awards, was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award, and sold over 30 million records worldwide. She was awarded the Howie Richmond Hitmaker Award from the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1999, and has been inducted into the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame (2021), and received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Early life
Natalie Cole was born at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Los Angeles, California, to American singer and jazz pianist Nat King Cole and former Duke Ellington Orchestra singer Maria Hawkins Ellington, and raised in the affluent Hancock Park district of Los Angeles. Regarding her childhood, Cole referred to her family as "the black Kennedys" and was exposed to many great singers of jazz, soul and blues. Cole sang on her father's 1960 Christmas album The Magic of Christmas and later started performing at age 11.

Cole grew up with an older adopted sister, Carole "Cookie" Cole (1944–2009) (her mother Maria's younger sister's daughter), adopted brother Nat "Kelly" Cole (1959–1995), and younger twin sisters Timolin and Casey (born 1961). Through her mother, Cole was a grandniece of educator Charlotte Hawkins Brown. Her paternal uncle Freddy Cole was a singer and pianist with numerous albums and awards.

Cole enrolled in Northfield School for Girls, an elite New England preparatory school (since 1971 known as Northfield Mount Hermon School after merging with another school) before her father died of lung cancer in February 1965. Soon afterwards she began having a difficult relationship with her mother. Cole attended The Buckley School, a private school in Sherman Oaks, California, and then enrolled in the University of Massachusetts Amherst. She transferred briefly to University of Southern California where she pledged the Upsilon chapter of Delta Sigma Theta sorority. She later transferred back to the University of Massachusetts, where she majored in Child Psychology and minored in German, graduating in 1972.

Music career

Early career

Cole grew up listening to a variety of music that included Aretha Franklin and Janis Joplin. After graduation in 1972 she began singing at small clubs with her band, Black Magic. Clubs initially welcomed her because she was Nat King Cole's daughter, only to be disappointed when she began singing cover versions of R&B and rock songs.

With the assistance of Chuck Jackson and Marvin Yancy, a songwriting and producing duo, she recorded some songs in a studio in Chicago that was owned by Curtis Mayfield. Her demo tapes led to a contract with Capitol, resulting in the release of Cole's debut album, Inseparable, which included songs that reminded listeners of Aretha Franklin. Franklin later contended that songs such as "This Will Be", "I Can't Say No", and others were offered to her while she was recording the album You but she had turned them down. Released in 1975, the album became an instant success thanks to "This Will Be", which became a top ten hit and won her a Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance. A second single, "Inseparable", also became a hit. Both songs reached number-one on the R&B chart. Cole also won Best New Artist at the Grammy Awards for her accomplishments, making her the first African-American artist to attain that feat. The media's billing of Cole as the "new Aretha Franklin" started a rivalry between the two singers. The feud boiled over at the 1976 Grammy Awards when Cole beat Franklin in the Best Female R&B Vocal Performance category, a category which Franklin had won eight times before losing to Cole.

Stardom
Becoming an instant star, Cole responded to critics who predicted a sophomore slump with Natalie, released in 1976. The album, like Inseparable, became a gold success thanks to the funk-influenced cut "Sophisticated Lady" and the jazz-influenced "Mr. Melody".

Cole released her first platinum record with her third release, Unpredictable, mainly thanks to the number-one R&B hit "I've Got Love on My Mind". Originally an album track, the album's closer, "I'm Catching Hell", nonetheless became a popular Cole song during live concert shows. Later in 1977, Cole issued her fourth release and second platinum album, Thankful, which included another signature Cole hit, "Our Love". Cole was the first female artist to have two platinum albums in one year. To capitalize on her fame, Cole starred on her own TV special, which attracted such celebrities as Earth, Wind & Fire, and also appeared on the TV special, "Sinatra and Friends". In 1978, Cole released her first live album, Natalie Live!

In early 1979, the singer was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. That same year, she released two more albums, I Love You So and the Peabo Bryson duet album, We're the Best of Friends. Both albums reached gold status in the U.S., reflecting her continuing popularity.

Detour and resurgence

Following the release of her eighth album, 1980's Don't Look Back, Cole's career began to take a detour. While Cole scored an adult contemporary hit with the soft rock ballad "Someone That I Used to Love" off the album, the album itself failed to go gold. In 1981, Cole's personal problems, including battles with drug addiction, began to attract public notice, and her career suffered as a result. In 1983, following the release of her album I'm Ready, released on Epic, Cole entered a rehab facility in Connecticut and stayed there for a period of six months.

Following her release, she signed with the Atco imprint Modern Records and released Dangerous, which started a slow resurgence for Cole in terms of record sales and chart success. In 1987, she changed to EMI-Manhattan Records and released the album Everlasting, which returned her to the top of the charts thanks to singles such as "Jump Start (My Heart)", the top ten ballad, "I Live for Your Love", and her dance-pop cover of Bruce Springsteen's "Pink Cadillac". That success helped Everlasting reach one million in sales and become Cole's first platinum album in ten years. In 1989, she released her follow-up to Everlasting, Good to Be Back, which produced the number seven hit "Miss You Like Crazy", which became her biggest hit in the United Kingdom by reaching number two on the UK Singles Chart. While the album failed to reach Gold certification in the US, it achieved international success by becoming her only top ten album in the UK, and later being certified Gold there.

Cole released her bestselling album with 1991's Unforgettable... with Love on Elektra Records, which saw Cole singing songs her famous father recorded, nearly 20 years after she initially had refused to cover her father's songs during live concerts. Cole produced vocal arrangements for the songs, with piano accompaniment by her uncle Ike Cole. Cole's label released an interactive duet between Cole and her father on the title song, "Unforgettable". The song eventually reached number fourteen on the Billboard Hot 100 and number ten on the R&B chart, going gold. Unforgettable...with Love eventually sold more than 7 million copies in the U.S. alone and won several Grammys, including Album of the Year, Record of the Year and Best Traditional Pop Vocal Performance for the top song.

Alongside signing for new material with Elektra, she transferred rights of her EMI-Manhattan catalog.

Cole followed that success with another album of jazz standards, titled Take a Look, in 1993, which included her recording of the title track in the same styling that her idol Aretha Franklin had recorded nearly 30 years earlier. The album eventually went gold while a holiday album, Holly & Ivy, also became gold. Another standards release, Stardust, went platinum and featured another duet with her father on a modern version of "When I Fall in Love", which helped Cole earn another Grammy for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals.

In 1995, Cole was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from the Berklee College of Music.

In 1999, Cole returned to her 1980s-era urban contemporary recording style with the release of Snowfall on the Sahara on June and second Christmas album The Magic of Christmas on October, which recorded with London Symphony Orchestra. A year later, the singer collaborated on the production of her biopic, Livin' for Love: The Natalie Cole Story with Theresa Randle playing Natalie Cole. She also released the compilation Greatest Hits, Vol. 1 to fulfill her contract with Elektra. All albums she recorded for Elektra and EMI-Manhattan are no longer controlled by Warner Music Group; they were sold to Concord Music Group and are available digitally via Craft Recordings division.

She changed to Verve Records and released two albums. Ask a Woman Who Knows (2002) continued her jazz aspirations, while Leavin (2006) was an album of pop, rock, and R&B songs. Her version of "Daydreaming" by Aretha Franklin was a minor hit on the R&B chart. In 2008, seventeen years after Unforgettable... with Love, she released Still Unforgettable, which included songs made famous by her father and Frank Sinatra. In April 2012, she appeared on the Pennington Great Performers with the Baton Rouge Symphony Orchestra.

Television and film career

Cole pursued a career in acting. She appeared several times in concerts or other music related programs, including the 1988 Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute with sidemen Richard Campbell, Jeffrey Worrell, Eddie Cole, and Dave Joyce.

In 1990, Cole hosted the TV show Big Break, a talent competition where singers and musicians competed for a $100,000 prize. That year, she and Al Jarreau sang "Mr. President" on the television special Comic Relief special.

After Johnny Mathis appeared on a special of Cole's in 1980, the two kept in contact, and in 1992 he invited her to be a part of his television special A Tribute to Nat Cole for the BBC in England. An album of the same name was released. In 1992, following the success of the Unforgettable: With Love album, PBS broadcast a special based on the album. Unforgettable, With Love: Natalie Cole Sings the Songs of Nat "King" Cole received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Program. Cole received a nomination for Outstanding Individual Performance but lost to Bette Midler.

In 1993, she was among the guests of honor attending Wrestlemania IX at Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas. At the 65th Academy Awards she performed a medley of two Oscar-nominated songs: "Run to You" and "I Have Nothing", both performed by Whitney Houston in the film The Bodyguard. Cole made a number of dramatic appearances on television, including I'll Fly Away, Touched by an Angel, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and Grey's Anatomy. She had the lead role in the TV movie Lily in Winter. She appeared in the Cole Porter biopic De-Lovely. In 2001, she starred as herself in Livin' for Love: the Natalie Cole Story, for which she received the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special. On the February 5, 2007, episode of Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, Cole sang "I Say a Little Prayer" at a benefit dinner. She sang the national anthem with the Atlanta University Center Chorus at Super Bowl XXVIII. In 2013, she was a guest on Tina Sinatra's Father's Day Special on Sirius Radio. The program included Deana Martin, Monica Mancini, and Daisy Torme reminiscing about their famous fathers.

Personal life

Cole was married three times. She married Marvin Yancy, songwriter, producer, and former member of the 1970s R&B group The Independents on July 31, 1976. She had a son, Robert Adam "Robbie" Yancy (October 14, 1977 – August 14, 2017); he was a musician who toured with her. Marvin was her producer, and an ordained Baptist minister who helped reintroduce her to religion. Under his influence, Cole changed from a lapsed Episcopalian to become a devout Baptist. Cole and Yancy were divorced in 1980; Yancy died of a heart attack in 1985, aged 34. In 1989, Cole married record producer and former drummer for the band Rufus, Andre Fischer; they were divorced in 1995. In 2001, Cole married Bishop Kenneth Dupree; they divorced in 2004. In 2017, her son Robbie died of a heart attack, aged 39.

Cole was active in the Afghan World Foundation cause, supporting Sonia Nassery Cole (no relation).

Drug use and recovery
In 2000, Cole released an autobiography, Angel on My Shoulder, which described her battle with drugs during much of her life, including heroin and crack cocaine. At one stage of her addiction, Cole worked as a prostitute's tout in order to fund her drug habit. Cole said she began recreational drug use while attending the University of Massachusetts Amherst. She was arrested in Toronto, Canada, for possession of heroin in 1975. Cole spiraled out of control – in this phase of her life there was an incident in which she refused to leave a burning building, and another in which her young son Robert nearly drowned in the family swimming pool while she was on a drug binge. She entered rehab in 1983. Her autobiography was released in conjunction with a made-for-TV movie, Livin' for Love: The Natalie Cole Story, which aired December 10, 2000, on NBC and re-aired October 26, 2011, on Centric TV.

Health and death
Cole announced in 2008 that she had been diagnosed with hepatitis C, which is a liver disease that is spread through contact with infected blood. Cole attributed having the disease to her past intravenous drug use. Cole explained in 2009 that hepatitis C had "stayed in [her] body for 25 years, and it could still happen to addicts who are fooling around with drugs, especially needles."

Four months after starting treatment for hepatitis C, Cole experienced kidney failure and required dialysis three times a week for nine months. Following her appeal for a kidney on the Larry King Show, she was contacted by the organ procurement agency One Legacy, in May 2009. The facilitated donation came from a family requesting that, if there were a match, their donor's kidney be designated for Cole.

Cole canceled several events in December 2015 due to illness; her last musical performance was a short set of three songs in Manila. She died at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles on December 31, 2015, at the age of 65. Cole's publicist said the singer's death was the result of congestive heart failure, which her family said was a complication of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, which she had been diagnosed with after her kidney transplant in 2009. Her family said in a statement, "Natalie fought a fierce, courageous battle, dying how she lived... with dignity, strength and honor. Our beloved mother and sister will be greatly missed and remain unforgettable in our hearts forever."

Cole's funeral was held on January 11, 2016, at the West Angeles Church of God in Christ in Los Angeles. David Foster, Stevie Wonder, Smokey Robinson, Lionel Richie, Chaka Khan, Eddie Levert, Mary Wilson, Gladys Knight, Ledisi, Jesse Jackson, Angela Bassett, Denise Nicholas, Marla Gibbs, Jackée Harry and Freda Payne were among the mourners at the funeral. After the funeral, she was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California. Her grave is located in the central lawn area of the 'Court of Freedom' section, Garden of Honor; there is no public access to her grave.

Discography

Studio albums
 Inseparable (1975)
 Natalie (1976)
 Unpredictable (1977)
 Thankful (1977)
 I Love You So (1979)
 Don't Look Back (1980)
 Happy Love (1981)
 I'm Ready (1983)
 Dangerous (1985)
 Everlasting (1987)
 Good to Be Back (1989)
 Unforgettable... with Love (1991)
 Take a Look (1993)
 Holly & Ivy (1994)
 Stardust (1996)
 Christmas with You (1998)
 Snowfall on the Sahara (1999)
 The Magic of Christmas with the London Symphony Orchestra (1999)
 Ask a Woman Who Knows (2002)
 Leavin' (2006)
 Still Unforgettable (2008)
 Caroling, Caroling: Christmas with Natalie Cole (2008)
 Natalie Cole en Español (2013)

Filmography

Awards and honors

Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Cole received nine awards from 21 nominations.

Latin Grammys

The Latin Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences.

Other awards

See also
List of Billboard number-one dance hits
List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. dance chart

References

External links

 Natalie Cole biography and updates at Soul Tracks
 Natalie Cole interview by Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul' September 2008
 Talk with Audrey interview with Natalie Cole 2012. Talking about her life, her music and her legacy.

1950 births
2015 deaths
20th-century African-American women singers
20th-century American actresses
21st-century African-American women singers
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Los Angeles
African-American actresses
African-American non-fiction writers
African-American pianists
African-American women singer-songwriters
African-American women writers
American film actresses
American memoirists
American mezzo-sopranos
American pop pianists
American rhythm and blues singer-songwriters
American soul singers
American television actresses
American voice actresses
American women memoirists
American women pianists
American women pop singers
Atco Records artists
Ballad musicians
Baptists from California
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Deaths from lung disease
Delta Sigma Theta members
Elektra Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Kidney transplant recipients
Nat King Cole
Northfield Mount Hermon School alumni
Singer-songwriters from California
Singers from Los Angeles
Spanish-language singers of the United States
Traditional pop music singers
University of Massachusetts Amherst alumni

Natalie Cole


The University of Queensland Art Museum is the art museum and public gallery of the University of Queensland in the James and Mary Emelia Mayne Centre at the St Lucia campus. The University of Queensland Art Collection is now the second largest public art collection in Queensland. The building was formerly known as Mayne Hall.

History of the Art Museum
Originally known as the Darnell Collection, the University of Queensland Art Collection began in the 1940s as the result of a generous financial bequest by John Darnell. While funds were originally applied to endow a special library collection, the university redirected the remainder of these funds towards establishing a fine art library. At the time, the University of Queensland did not have an art museum, and the collection was hung in the main geology lab at the university's original home in George Street.

The inaugural exhibition of the collection was held in 1945 in George Street. Just over 30 years later, in 1976, the University Art Museum was established in the Forgan Smith Tower on the St Lucia campus. The first director of the art museum, and head of the Department of Fine Arts, was Nancy Underhill (later Associate Professor Underhill). Her focus was to acquire works by leading contemporary artists with a bias towards Queensland artists. Underhill was passionate about encouraging her students to use the museum as a 'laboratory', enabling them to learn a range of curatorial skills. Underhill was succeeded in 1996 by Ross Searle, who oversaw the art museum's move in 2004, from the Forgan Smith Tower to its present site. Searle also implemented the art museum's development of a National Collection of Artists' Self Portraits and a bi-annual self-portraiture prize.

Over the years, the collection has grown significantly, and by the time Searle departed in 2007, it numbered over 2,500 pieces. The museum, under the directorship of Nick Mitzevich and now Campbell B Gray, has continued to acquire the work of important Queensland and Australian contemporary artists, and to encourage gifts and bequests. At over 3000 artworks, the museum's collection is the second largest public art collection in Queensland. In keeping with its role as a university art museum, a range of exhibitions and public programs, and scholarly publications, are initiated, which explore contemporary and historical visual art and culture.

History of the Mayne Hall complex
A Great Hall, similar to those which existed at universities in the UK was proposed for the St Lucia campus of the University of Queensland as far back as the 1940s. With funding from the federal government, donations from Myer and BP and a $20,000 donation from the UQ Alumni Association, work began in 1971 toward constructing what became known as Mayne Hall. It opened in March 1973. The building was commissioned by Sir Zelman Cowen, the Vice Chancellor and it was designed by Brisbane architect, Robin Gibson. Its name honoured the Mayne family who had contributed to the establishment of the University at St Lucia.

The building was designed to host graduation ceremonies, concerts by the Queensland University Musical Society and others, career fairs, lectures and orations as well as popular concerts.

A neo-classical organ was added to the building in the mid 1970s, with a design similar to a 1962 Schuke organ fitted in the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, Berlin. The organ was used as a teaching resource for two decades.

Performers who played Mayne Hall

 Bo Diddley (1974 and 1975)
 Split Enz, (1976 and 1977)
 Richard Clapton Band (1976)
 Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee
 Margaret RoadKnight
 Stephane Grappelli (1976)
 Alan Stivell (1977)
 Larry Norman (1977)
 Little River Band (1977)
 Cliff Richard (1978)
 Tom Waits (1979)
 Bruce Cockburn (1983)
 Michelle Shocked (1991)

In 1993, Mayne Hall was redeveloped by Wilson Architects to house the UQ Art Museum and exhibition space.

See also
University of Queensland
University of Queensland Business Association
 University of Queensland Union (UQU)

References

External links

University of Queensland

University of Queensland
Art museums and galleries in Queensland
University museums in Australia
1976 establishments in Australia
Art museums established in 1976

University of Queensland Art Museum


James P. Crutchfield (born 1955) is an American mathematician and physicist. He received his B.A. summa cum laude in physics and mathematics from the University of California, Santa Cruz, in 1979 and his Ph.D. in physics there in 1983. He is currently a professor of physics at the University of California, Davis, where he is director of the Complexity Sciences Center—a new research and graduate program in complex systems. Prior to this, he was research professor at the Santa Fe Institute for many years, where he ran the Dynamics of Learning Group and SFI's Network Dynamics Program. From 1985 to 1997, he was a research physicist in the physics department at the University of California, Berkeley. He has been a visiting research professor at the Sloan Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco; a postdoctoral fellow of the Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science at UCB; a UCB physics department IBM postdoctoral fellow in condensed matter physics; a distinguished visiting research professor of the Beckman Institute at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; and a Bernard Osher Fellow at the San Francisco Exploratorium.

Research

Over the last three decades, Crutchfield has worked in the areas of nonlinear dynamics, solid-state physics, astrophysics, fluid mechanics, critical phenomena and phase transitions, chaos, and pattern formation. His current research interests center on computational mechanics, the physics of complexity, statistical inference for nonlinear processes, genetic algorithms, evolutionary theory, machine learning, quantum dynamics, and distributed intelligence. He has published over 100 papers in these areas.

In 2022, Crutchfield and his graduate student Kyle Ray described a way to bring the heat production of conventional circuits below the theoretical limit of Landauer's principle by encoding information not as pulses of charge but in the momentum of moving particles.

Life

While a graduate student, Crutchfield and students from the University of California, Santa Cruz (including Doyne Farmer) built a series of computers that were capable of calculating the motion of a moving roulette ball, predicting which numbers could be excluded from the outcome. Equipped with hidden electronic equipment of the early days of "mobile" computing, trials in Las Vegas showed success. However, because of technical limitation and the infamous gambler's ruin, the success was only partial and it was not feasible to use to make large profits. A book written about this project (The Eudaemonic Pie / Newton's Casino: The Bizarre True Story of How a Band of Physicists and Computer Wizards Took on Las Vegas) describes Crutchfield in his early years as "hacker-in-residence": "Crutchfield surfs, snorkels, and backpacks. But what he really cares about in life are computers...".

Selected publications

Melanie Mitchell, Peter Hraber (Santa Fe Institute), James P. Crutchfield (University of California, Berkeley), "Revisiting the Edge of Chaos: Evolving Cellular Automata to Perform Computations", SFI Working Paper, 93-03-014,

See also
 Chaos: Making a New Science

References

Living people
21st-century American physicists
University of California, Santa Cruz alumni
University of California, Davis faculty
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
American science writers
1955 births
Santa Fe Institute people
Researchers of artificial life

James P. Crutchfield


, also known as Kachi-Kachi Mountain and The Farmer and the Badger, is a Japanese folktale in which a tanuki (Japanese raccoon dog) is the villain, rather than the more usual boisterous, well-endowed alcoholic.

Story

The trouble-making tanuki
As the story goes, a man caught a troublesome tanuki in his fields, and tied it to a tree to kill and cook it later. When the man left for town, the tanuki cried and begged the man's wife who was making some mochi, a sweet rice dish, to set him free, promising he would help her. The wife freed the animal, only to have it turn on her and kill her. The tanuki then planned a foul trick.

Using its shapeshifting abilities, the tanuki disguised itself as the wife and cooked a soup, using the dead woman's flesh. When the man came home, the tanuki served him the soup. After the meal, the tanuki reverted to its original appearance and revealed its treachery before running off and leaving the poor man in shock and grief. Before Tanuki leaves, he laughed the man to scorn and said, "You wife-eating old man you! Did not you see the bones under the floor?". Though the man chased after the Tanuki, the Tanuki got away.

Enter the rabbit

The couple had been good friends with a rabbit that lived nearby. The rabbit approached the man and told him that it would avenge his wife's death. Pretending to befriend the tanuki, the rabbit instead tortured it through various means, from dropping a bee's nest on it to 'treating' the stings with a peppery poultice that burned.

The title of the story comes from the especially painful trick that the rabbit played. While the tanuki was carrying a heavy load of kindling on his back to make a campfire for the night, he was so burdened that he did not immediately notice when the rabbit set fire to the kindling. Soon, the crackling sound reached its ears and it asked the rabbit what the sound was. "It is Kachi-Kachi Yama" the rabbit replied. "We are not far from it, so it is no surprise that you can hear it!". Eventually, the fire reached the tanuki's back, burning it badly, but without killing it.

Boat of mud
The tanuki challenged the rabbit to a life or death contest to prove who was the better creature. They were each to build a boat and race across a lake in them. The rabbit carved its boat out of a fallen tree trunk, but the foolish tanuki made a boat of mud. In other versions the rabbit built both boats.

The two competitors were evenly matched at first, but the tanuki's mud boat began dissolving in the middle of the lake. As the tanuki was failing in its struggle to stay afloat, the rabbit proclaimed its friendship with the human couple, and that this was the tanuki's punishment for its horrible deeds. In other versions the rabbit strikes the tanuki with his oar to ensure he sinks.

The rabbit then goes back to the old man's home and tell him about the vengeance, much to the relief of the old man. He thanks the rabbit for his deed.

Variations
There are other versions that alter some details of the story, such as the severity of what the tanuki did to the woman and how the tanuki got the mud boat.

Modern-day references

Mt. Kachi Kachi and its Tenjō-Yama Park Mt. Kachi Kachi Ropeway refer to this story and have statues depicting portions of the story.

Shikoku Tanuki Train Line railway station in Japan uses the slogan "Our trains aren't made of mud", a direct reference to the "Kachi-Kachi Yama" tale.

The video game Keio Flying Squadrons story was inspired by the folktale, only with a bunny girl, Rami Nanahikari, riding on her dragon Spot to retrieve her ancient family's stolen key from the super intelligent tanuki, Dr. Pon Eho. Game designer Satoru Honda created and chose Rami as the main protagonist because he believed that just because a rabbit was the main character did not mean that it was just a rabbit, and thought about bunny girls for some reason when thinking about them. The manual for the game's sequel, Keio Flying Squadron 2, even has firewood and boats made of mud listed in Dr. Pon's profile as his dislikes, in reference to the story.

In the video game Super Mario Sunshine, in the level "Noki Bay", Mario meets a "Tanooki" who gives free rides on mud boats, a clear reference to the boat that the tanuki in this tale used. While these boats can stay afloat, they will dissolve if they stay still for too long or if they bump into something.

Another reference in a Nintendo product can be found in the internal name for their in-house, custom NES emulator (named Kachikachi) that comes pre-installed on the NES Classic Edition.

In the anime Hoozuki no Reitetsu, the rabbit is one of the best torturers in Hell, who goes into a blind rage when someone says the word tanuki/raccoon.

In the anime Heya Camp, the main characters visit Mt. Kachi Kachi and relate the tale while riding the ropeway. They incorrectly recall the details, however, mixing in portions of the fable The Tortoise and the Hare as well as leaving out the grim tone of the original, including the statement of, "They all lived happily ever after." All this serves to confuse the other sightseers in the cable car with them.

In the anime BNA, characters on an opposing sports team taunt the main character Michiru (a tanuki Beastman) by saying she should be building a mud boat instead of playing baseball.

In the mobile video game The Battle Cats, there is a unit in the game called Kachi-Kachi. The unit is a modernized version of the wood-carrying part of the story. The raccoon is carrying wood, and a cat has a flamethrower, which is shooting at the raccoon. The raccoon ducks and the fire blows to the enemy. At level 10, it evolves into Fire Squad Kachiyama. This unit is a raccoon who is controlling the hose of a fire truck, with many cats driving it, however, unlike real fire trucks, this fire truck shoots actual fire balls. At level 30 using catfruit it evolves into Kachiyama Assault Brigade and the fire truck gains color, as well as gaining more speed and changing its ability.

In the Ace Attorney stage play "Turnabout Gold Medal", there is a scene where protagonist Phoenix Wright and opposing prosecutor Franziska Von Karma argue in virtual reality over elements of the story as the rabbit and the tanuki, respectively.

In the anime Urusei Yatsura, a child proclaims "It's Kachi-Kachi Yama!" upon seeing main character Ataru running while his clothes were set on fire by supporting character Ten.

A passing reference to this story occurs in the animated film Pom Poko (1994, Studio Ghibli).

Background
Kachi-Kachi Yama is a Satoyama(里山,さとやま, Japanese term applied to the border zone or area between mountain foothills and arable flat land.) The daily life of people in old times close to nature made many Japanese folktales. Also, we can understand their lifestyle and the feeling of nature from Japanese folktales.

Osamu Dazai version
Osamu Dazai rewrote Kachi-Kachi Yama with his original interpretation in Otogi-zōshi (お伽草紙, a Japanese collection of short stories), a fatal story where the rabbit is a beautiful teenage girl who is ingenuous and cruel, and the tanuki is a stupid man who is in love and stays compliant with her.

See also
 Bunbuku Chagama, another Japanese folktale on the tanuki

References

2.https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjsk/56/0/56_KJ00005650324/_pdf/-char/ja

3.太宰治『御伽草子』新潮社、1972年

4.https://komajo.repo.nii.ac.jp/index.php?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=679&item_no=1&attribute_id=19&file_no=1&page_id=13&block_id=21、p,11

External links

Kach-Kachi Mountain facsimile of a late 19th-century illustrated child's story-book version of the tale, in English

Japanese fairy tales
Fiction about shapeshifting
Japanese folklore
Bake-danuki

Kachi-kachi Yama


Max Lerner (December 20, 1902 – June 5, 1992) was a Russian Empire-born American journalist and educator known for his controversial syndicated column.

Background

Maxwell Alan Lerner was born on December 20, 1902, in Minsk, in the Russian Empire, the son of Bessie (Podel) and Benjamin Lerner. His Russian-Jewish family emigrated to the U.S. in 1907, where his father sold milk door to door. Lerner earned a B.A. from Yale University in 1923. He studied law there, but transferred to Washington University in St. Louis for an M.A. in 1925. He earned a PhD from Robert Brookings Graduate School of Economics and Government, Washington, D.C., in 1927.

Career

Once out of school, Lerner began work as an editor for the Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences (1927–32), The Nation (1936–38), and PM (1943–48).  After PM sold, he continued as a contributor to its short-lived successor, the New York Star (ended 1949).

His column for the New York Post debuted in 1949. It earned him a place on the master list of Nixon political opponents. During most of his career he was considered a liberal. In his later years, however, he was seen as something of a conservative since he expressed support for Margaret Thatcher and the Reagan administration.

He taught at Sarah Lawrence College, Harvard University, Williams College, United States International University, the University of Notre Dame, and Brandeis University. Lerner was also a close friend of film star Elizabeth Taylor during her marriage to Eddie Fisher.

Personal life and death

Lerner was a strong advocate of the New Deal.

Lerner was a staunch opponent of discrimination against African Americans but supported the wartime Japanese American internment and backed an American Civil Liberties Union resolution on the issue to "subordinate civil liberties to wartime considerations and political loyalties."

Lerner married Anita Marburg in 1928, and they divorced in 1940. He married Edna Albers in 1941. Lerner died on June 5, 1992.

Lerner's granddaughter is actress Betsy Russell.

Works

Lerner's most influential book was America as a Civilization: Life and Thought in the United States Today (1957).

His book The Unfinished Country is a collection of more than 200 of his daily columns, which were written for the New York Post over the span of more than a decade. The Unfinished Country contains one of his better-known quotes: "The turning point in the process of growing up is when you discover the core of strength within you that survives all hurt." His 1990 book, Wrestling with the Angel, was about his long struggle with illness.

Bibliography

 Books
 America as a Civilization: Life and Thought in the United States Today (1957)
 Volume 1: The Basic Frame
 Volume 2: Culture and Personality
 Values in Education: Notes Toward a Values Philosophy (1976)
 Ted and the Kennedy Legacy: A Study in Character and Destiny (1980)
 Wrestling with the Angel: A Memoir of My Triumph Over Illness (1990) (memoir)

 undated books
 The Unfinished Country: A Book of American Symbols (collection of essays and editorials)
 Wounded Titans: American Presidents and the Perils of Power
 It Is Later Than You Think: The Need for a Militant Democracy
 Nine Scorpions in a Bottle: Great Judges and Cases of the Supreme Court
 Ideas Are Weapons: The History and Uses of Ideas
 Magisterial Imagination: Six Masters of the Human Science
 Third World: Premises of U.S. Policy
 Ideas for the Ice Age: Studies in a Revolutionary Era
 Actions and Passions: Notes on the Multiple Revolutions of Our Time
 "Education and a Radical Humanism: Notes Toward a Theory of the Educational Crisis" (with E.I.F. Williams)
 Public Journal: Marginal Notes on Wartime America
 Civil Liberties in War Times

 Edited works
 Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences (1927-1932)
 The Nation (1936-1938)
 PM (1943-1948)
 Tocqueville and American Civilization
 Thomas Jefferson: America's Philosopher-King
 The Mind and Faith of Justice Holmes: His Speeches, Essays, Letters, and Judicial Opinions
 Essential Works of John Stuart Mill
 The Portable Veblen

 Forewords and introduction
 The Prince and The Discourses by Niccolò Machiavelli (New York: Random House, 1950)
 Values of Veblen, a critical appraisal by Bernard Rosenberg (Washington:  Public Affairs Press, 1956)
 Americans for Democratic Action: its role in national politics by Clifton Brock (Washington:  Public Affairs Press, 1962)
 Political science and political knowledge by Philip H. Melanson (Washington:  Public Affairs Press, 1975)
 Pioneer's Progress by Alvin Johnson (New York: The Viking Press. 1952)
 The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith (New York: Random House, 1937)

See also

 The Nation
 PM
 New York Star (1948–1949)

References

External sources

 Max Lerner papers (MS 322). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.
 Romano, C. America the Philosophical (2012).
Richard Severo, Max Lerner, Writer, 89, Is Dead; Humanist on Political Barricades, The New York Times, June 6, 1992

1902 births
1992 deaths
American male journalists
20th-century American journalists
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
Sarah Lawrence College faculty
Harvard University faculty
Williams College faculty
Brandeis University faculty
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Alliant International University
Jewish American writers
20th-century American writers
Jewish American journalists

Max Lerner


Scott Lang is a fictional character portrayed by Paul Rudd in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name and known commonly by his alias, Ant-Man. He is depicted as a thief-turned-superhero after being granted access to Hank Pym's technology and training, specifically the use of an advanced suit that allows him to change sizes, as well as communicate with ants. He is recruited by Steve Rogers to join the Avengers.

Following the Blip, Scott lays the groundwork for using time travel as a means to undo Thanos' actions. The Avengers succeed in obtaining the Infinity Stones from alternate timelines and they restore the trillions of lost lives. Scott then participates in the final and victorious battle against Thanos. Scott reunites with his girlfriend Hope van Dyne and daughter Cassie, while also writing a memoir of his life. After being inadvertently trapped in the Quantum Realm, he encounters Kang the Conqueror and prevents him from escaping.

, Scott has appeared in five MCU films. An alternate version of the character also appears in the animated series What If...? (2021), with Rudd reprising the role.

Concept, creation and casting
The character of Ant-Man was originally created by Stan Lee, Larry Lieber and Jack Kirby, first appearing in Tales to Astonish #35 (September 1962). The persona was originally the brilliant scientist Hank Pym's superhero alias after inventing a substance that can change size. Pym decided to become a superhero after his first wife was killed by corrupt secret police agents during the Cold War. Hank discovered a chemical substance, which he called Pym Particles, that would allow the user to alter his size. He armed himself with a helmet that could control ants and would shrink down to the size of an insect to become the mystery-solving Ant-Man, solving crimes and stopping criminals. Pym shared his discovery with his new girlfriend Janet van Dyne, who became his crime-fighting partner The Wasp. The duo would become founding members of the Avengers, fighting recurring enemies including Pym's own robotic creation Ultron. Scott Lang was a thief who became Ant-Man after stealing the Ant-Man suit to save his daughter Cassandra "Cassie" Lang from a heart condition. Reforming from his life of crime, Scott soon took on a full-time career as Ant-Man with the encouragement of Hank Pym. He became an affiliate of the Fantastic Four, and later became a full-time member of the Avengers.

In the mid-2000s, Kevin Feige realized that Marvel still owned the rights to the core members of the Avengers, which included Ant-Man. Feige, a self-professed "fanboy", envisioned creating a shared universe just as creators Stan Lee and Jack Kirby had done with their comic books in the early 1960s. In 2005, Marvel received a $525 million investment from Merrill Lynch, allowing them to independently produce ten films, including Ant-Man. Edgar Wright had begun developing a live-action film based on the Marvel Comics superhero Ant-Man with Joe Cornish in 2006. However, in May 2014, Wright and Marvel Studios issued a joint statement announcing that Wright had exited the movie due to creative differences. According to Wright, he had been hired as writer-director but became unhappy when Marvel wanted to write a new script. In 2017, he said: "The most diplomatic answer is I wanted to make a Marvel movie but I don't think they really wanted to make an Edgar Wright movie ... having written all my other movies, that's a tough thing to move forward. Suddenly becoming a director for hire on it, you're sort of less emotionally invested and you start to wonder why you're there, really."

Wright was replaced by Peyton Reed as director, with Adam McKay and star Paul Rudd rewriting the screenplay. Wright and Cornish received both screenplay and story credits, with Wright also credited as executive producer. Regarding Rudd's casting, producer Kevin Feige said, "Look at that origin of the petty crook who comes into contact with a suit and does his best to make good, and then look at someone like Paul Rudd, who can do slightly unsavory things like break into people's houses and still be charming and who you root for and whose redemption you will find satisfaction in". Director Peyton Reed compared Scott to George Clooney's character Danny Ocean from Ocean's Eleven, saying, "He's a guy trying to create a new life for himself and find redemption". Rudd signed a multi-film contract with Marvel, with Feige saying it was "three [films]-plus-plus to appear in other things".

Fictional character biography

Early life
Scott graduated from MIT with a degree in engineering, but turned to a life of crime to punish a corporation that had swindled its customers. While in prison, his wife Maggie divorced him and took custody of their daughter, Cassie.

Becoming Ant-Man

In 2015, Scott is released to parole and moves in with his former cellmate, Luis. He visits Cassie unannounced, and is chastised by Maggie and her fiancé, police detective Jim Paxton, for not providing child support. Unable to hold down a job because of his criminal record, Scott agrees to join Luis and his crew in a burglary. Following a tip, Scott breaks into a house and cracks its safe, only to discover and steal an old motorcycle suit. When he tries it on, he shrinks to the size of an insect. He returns the suit to the house but is arrested and subsequently broken out of jail by the homeowner, Hank Pym.

Hank reveals that he had previously operated as the superhero named Ant-Man and had manipulated Scott into stealing the suit as a test. Hank reveals that he wants Scott to steal the Yellowjacket suit from his former protégé, Darren Cross, who has reverse-engineered Hank's technology. Hank and his daughter Hope van Dyne train Scott to fight, use the Ant-Man suit, and to control ants. Hank reveals that Hope's mother, Janet van Dyne, disappeared into the subatomic Quantum Realm while disabling a Soviet nuclear missile over 30 years prior. Hank warns Scott that he could suffer a similar fate if he overrides his suit's regulator.

Sent to steal a device from the Avengers Compound, Scott briefly fights and defeats Sam Wilson. Scott, along with his crew and a swarm of flying ants, infiltrates Pym Technologies' headquarters as Cross hosts a ceremony at the building to unveil his perfected Yellowjacket suit. Scott and Hope dispatch Hydra agents at the event and detonate explosives, imploding the building. Cross dons the Yellowjacket and takes Cassie hostage to lure Scott into a fight. Scott overrides the regulator and shrinks to subatomic size to penetrate Cross' suit and sabotages it, killing Cross. Scott disappears into the Quantum Realm, but manages to reverse the effects and returns to the macroscopic world. Out of gratitude, Paxton covers for Scott to keep him out of prison.

Recruited by Steve Rogers

In 2016, Scott is recruited by Sam to help Steve Rogers, who has gone rogue in the wake of the implementation of the Sokovia Accords. Clint Barton and Wanda Maximoff pick Scott up and take him to join Steve, Sam, and Bucky Barnes at Leipzig/Halle Airport in Germany, where they are confronted by Tony Stark, Natasha Romanoff, James Rhodes, T'Challa, Peter Parker, and Vision. During the fight, Scott uses his suit to grow to an enormous size, allowing Steve and Bucky to escape. Scott is taken down by Parker, Stark, and Rhodey, and is captured by Thaddeus Ross and sent to the Raft floating prison alongside Wilson, Barton, and Wanda. They are later freed by Rogers and Romanoff, and Scott, alongside Barton, negotiate a deal with Ross and the U.S. government, receiving a term of house arrest.

Working with the Wasp

In 2018, Scott learns he has unknowingly become entangled with Janet van Dyne after he receives an apparent message from her from the Quantum Realm. Scott contacts Hank about Janet, who along with Hope, kidnaps Scott, leaving a decoy so as not to arouse suspicion from FBI agent Jimmy Woo. They work to build a stable tunnel so they can take a vehicle into the Quantum Realm and retrieve her and arrange to buy a part needed for the tunnel from black market dealer Sonny Burch, who realizes the potential profit that can be earned from Hank's research and double-crosses them. Wasp fights off Burch and his men until she is attacked by a quantumly unstable masked woman. Scott tries to help fight off the woman, but she escapes with Hank's lab, which has been shrunk to the size of a suitcase. Hank's estranged former partner Bill Foster helps them locate the lab, where the "Ghost" captures the trio and reveals herself to be Ava Starr. Her father Elihas, another of Hank's former partners, died along with his wife during an experiment that caused Starr's unstable state.

Foster reveals that Starr is dying and in constant pain as a result of her condition, and they plan to cure her using Janet's quantum energy. Believing that this will kill Janet, Hank refuses to help them and escapes with Hope, Scott, and the lab. Opening a stable version of the tunnel, Hank, Hope, and Scott are able to contact Janet, who gives them a precise location to find her but warns that they only have two hours before the unstable nature of the realm separates them. Scott returns home before Woo arrives, while Hank and Hope are arrested by the FBI, allowing Starr to take the lab. Scott breaks Hank and Hope out of custody and they recover the lab with Luis' help. Starr, Burch and his men attack, but Hank and Janet return safely from the Quantum Realm, and Janet voluntarily gifts some of her energy to Starr to temporarily stabilize her. Scott returns home once again, in time for a now suspicious Woo to release him from house arrest.

Later, using a smaller quantum tunnel built in Luis' van, Hank, Janet, Hope and Scott plan to harvest quantum energy to help Starr remain stable. However, while Scott is in the Quantum Realm, he suddenly becomes trapped.

Time Heist

In 2023, Scott is released from the Quantum Realm after a rat inadvertently activates the quantum tunnel and he finds himself in a storage warehouse. He soon learns about the Blip, and rushes to Cassie's house and finds she is still alive. After being informed of what happened, Scott arrives at the Avengers Compound. He explains to Rogers and Romanoff that he experienced only five hours within the Quantum Realm, theorizing it could serve as a means of time travel. The trio visit Stark at his house to explain their plan for a "Time Heist" to steal the Infinity Stones from alternate timelines and use them to undo the Blip, but Stark refuses. They then meet with Bruce Banner at a diner and he agrees to help them at the Compound. However, their initial attempts at time travel are unsuccessful, and Scott is turned into a baby, child, and elderly man. Stark later relents and arrives to assist.

Once Thor, Rocket Raccoon, Nebula, Rhodes, and Barton return to the Compound, they formulate a plan. Scott joins Banner, Rogers and Stark, arriving in New York City during Loki's invasion in 2012. Scott's attempt to steal the Space Stone goes awry, requiring Rogers and Stark to travel to another universe in 1970 and retrieve both the Space Stone and additional Pym Particles. Banner then successfully restores the trillions of lost lives. However, an alternate Thanos from 2014 arrives and launches an attack. After saving Rocket, Banner, and Rhodes from drowning, Scott then participates in the final battle against Thanos and his army, while reuniting with a restored Hope. Scott kills Cull Obsidian during the battle. After Stark sacrifices his life to save them, Scott returns home and spends time with Hope and Cassie. About a week later, Scott, along with Hope and a restored Hank and Janet, attend Tony's funeral.

Encounter with Kang

In 2025, Scott has written and released a memoir titled Look Out for the Little Guy. In 2026, as he walks throughout the city, he gets recognized and greeted by strangers and when going to coffee shops or restaurants, store patrons or other people pay for him. He also has maintained a friendship with Woo. After a book signing at a bookstore, he gets notified by the SFPD and goes to the station to get Cassie, who had shrunken a police car while trying to help a Blip-displaced homeless camp. They then return to Pym's house and have dinner where Cassie reveals that she, Hope and Hank have been working together on a quantum satellite in the basement.

Upon opening the satellite, a portal opens and Hank and Janet are pulled into the Quantum Realm. Hope, Cassie, Scott also go in after them. Scott and Cassie are separated from the others and run across different species of beings that live in the quantum realm. Scott is told that someone is looking for him because of his association with Janet and is eventually caught by soldiers and Darren Cross, who had survived their previous encounter and became a mutated, cybernetically enhanced individual with an oversized head known as M.O.D.O.K. Scott and Cassie are placed in prison holding cells and eventually are met by Kang the Conqueror.

Kang interrogates Scott, revealing he needs him to reclaim a multiversal power core that powers his ship which will allow Kang to escape the quantum realm. Scott initially refuses, but later makes a deal with Kang in order to spare Cassie's life. While trying to get the multiversal core, Scott meets many other variants of himself. Scott, with the help of Hope, shrinks the engine down to its normal size.

Kang forcefully takes the engine from Scott without giving back Cassie, breaking their deal, and begins to try to make his escape. After Scott and Hope try to fight back, Kang knocks them out. Hank shows up with ants that have lived in the quantum realm and as a result have grown much smarter with their tech. Scott, Hope, and Hank then make their way to Kang's empire to try to prevent him from escaping and to save Cassie.

Scott engages into a brief fight with Kang until the ants swarm Kang, allowing Scott to have enough time to stop the ship from powering up. Janet is able to open a portal for them to escape, but before Scott can make it through he is confronted by Kang. Kang overpowers Scott and nearly kills him, but is saved by Hope and the two of them knock Kang into the engine, seemingly killing him. Scott and Hope then make their way through the portal and out the quantum realm.

Days later, Scott returns to normal life, but becomes paranoid and thinks back to when Kang said he was preventing something worse from happening and begins to question if Kang is really dead or if he may have accidentally caused something worse to happen, only for him to happily shrug it off.

Alternate versions

Zombie outbreak

In an alternate 2018, following Janet van Dyne and Hank Pym's return from the Quantum Realm, Scott is attacked and turned into a zombie by the pair, who have been infected with a zombie quantum virus. Later, Vision finds the zombified Scott and takes him to Camp Lehigh, where he cures him with the Mind Stone; however, Vision is only able to preserve Scott's head in a jar. When a group of survivors arrive at the camp, Scott is aided by the Cloak of Levitation and escapes with Peter Parker and T'Challa to Wakanda.

Probability Storm

In 2025, Scott, from the 616 universe, is brought back into the Quantum Realm and is tasked by Kang the Conqueror to retrieve a Multiversal power core using his Pym Particles discs. As 616 Scott enters the Quantum nexus, he encounters a probability storm, where he meets infinite variants of himself, with one Scott having never become Ant-Man and just been a Baskin Robbins employee, and another Scott in giant form unravelling into ribbons to his death.

Characterization
The character's first onscreen appearance finally came in 2015, with the release of Ant-Man. The film depicts Scott as a former systems engineer at VistaCorp and petty criminal who becomes the successor to Hank Pym as Ant-Man, when Pym allows him to acquire a suit that allows him to shrink in size but increase in strength. Scott then undertakes the journey of a petty criminal becoming a hero by fighting Darren Cross / Yellowjacket.

In Captain America: Civil War, Scott is recruited to fight alongside Captain America's team of the Avengers, against Iron Man's faction of the Avengers and the Sokovia Accords. During the ensuing battle, he reveals that not only can he shrink using the Pym Particles, but he can also grow to giant-sized proportions, although doing so puts great stress on his body. Ant-Man director Peyton Reed had discussed the character and the way that the Ant-Man production had shot certain sequences with the Russo brothers, saying, "As we were doing [Ant-Man] and we were in post and they were getting ready to head out to Atlanta to do Civil War, we had a lot of conversations ... It's important because there's this continuity that has to happen in this universe". On the decision to have Scott grow in size to become Giant-Man in the airport battle, Feige said, "It was just a great idea to turn the tide of the battle in a huge, shocking, unexpected way. We have a lot of ideas for [Ant-Man and the Wasp], none of which are contingent upon revealing Giant-Man, so we thought this would be the fun, unbelievable unexpected way to do that". Anthony Russo added that the transformation was the continuation of Scott's character arc from Ant-Man, saying "He's just really impressed with Captain America, he just wants to deliver and he figures out a way to deliver where he might actually tear himself in half but he's willing to do it and it works". At the beginning of Spider-Man: Homecoming, it is shown that Peter Parker shot video of the Berlin Airport fight, including a glimpse of Ant-Man in his giant form from a different angle.

Rudd next reprised his role as Ant-Man in Ant-Man and the Wasp. In April 2017, director Peyton Reed stated that Scott Lang / Ant-Man also features his other moniker of Giant-Man, first introduced in Captain America: Civil War, with a new tech-suit. Following the events at the end of Captain America: Civil War, in which Scott escapes from the Raft prison, director Peyton Reed said that "he's a fugitive in most of the first Ant-Man movie. He's just a bigger fugitive now". In the film, Scott is under house arrest for the surveillance of agent Jimmy Woo after the events of Captain America: Civil War. He is released at the hands of Hope van Dyne / Wasp, who has a relationship with him, to help Dr. Pym in creating a bridge to the quantum realm to find Janet van Dyne, and faces the criminal Sonny Burch and the villain Ghost at the hands of Bill Foster. Rudd was interested in Scott being a regular person rather than "innately heroic or super", driven by his desire to be a responsible parent. In the post-credits scene, while trying to collect quantum particles from the quantum realm, he is trapped there after Janet, Hank and Hope disappear because of Thanos' actions in Avengers: Infinity War.

Rudd reprised his role in Avengers: Endgame. In a key scene in the film, in which attempts to send Scott through time instead drastically change his age, Scott is portrayed by twins Bazlo and Loen LeClair as a baby, by Jackson A. Dunn at age 12, and by Lee Moore at age 93. This was Moore's final film before his death in August 2018. Markus and McFeely explained that adding Scott helped with implementing time travel into the film, saying, "we had access to him in the second movie, and the fact that he was bringing a whole subset of technology that did have something to do with a different concept of time was like a birthday present".

In November 2019, it was reported Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania is to be helmed again by Peyton Reed with Paul Rudd expected to return as Ant-Man/Scott Lang.

In the comics, Hank Pym's Ant-Man is a founding member of the Avengers, whereas in the MCU, Pym is initially distrustful of the Avengers, Stark in particular. No iteration of Ant-Man becomes involved with the Avengers in any capacity until Scott teams up with Steve Rogers during the events of Captain America: Civil War, and Scott does not become an official Avenger until the events of Avengers: Endgame. Furthermore, in MCU continuity, Stark and Bruce Banner, rather than Pym, create Ultron.

To get in shape for the role, Rudd worked with trainers and cut alcohol, fried foods, and carbohydrates out of his diet. Rudd stated that in preparation for his role, he "basically didn't eat anything for about a year ... I took the Chris Pratt approach to training for an action movie. Eliminate anything fun for a year and then you can play a hero".

In Captain America: Civil War, Rudd's suit "is streamlined and more high-tech" than the one seen in Ant-Man.

Reception

The consensus of review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reads, "Led by a charming performance from Paul Rudd, Ant-Man offers Marvel thrills on an appropriately smaller scale – albeit not as smoothly as its most successful predecessors." Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter remarked, "Although the story dynamics are fundamentally silly and the family stuff, with its parallel father-daughter melodrama, is elemental button-pushing, a good cast led by a winning Paul Rudd puts the nonsense over in reasonably disarming fashion."

For Ant-Man and the Wasp, the critical consensus on Rotten Tomatoes reads, "A lighter, brighter superhero movie powered by the effortless charisma of Paul Rudd and Evangeline Lilly, Ant-Man and The Wasp offers a much-needed MCU palate cleanser." Simon Abrams of RogerEbert.com felt that the film managed to juggle its many subplots while giving Rudd's Scott some decent character development. Peter Travers, writing for Rolling Stone, gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and praised Rudd and Lilly, as did Manohla Dargis at The New York Times, who praised Rudd, and felt Lilly found "her groove" in the film, while Stephanie Zachareck, writing for Time, thought the film had reasonably fun action and stand-out moments between Rudd and Abby Ryder Fortson as daughter Cassie, but felt the focus on Lilly as a better hero than Rudd was "just checking off boxes in the name of gender equality."

Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times also praised the cast, especially Rudd and Fortson, while Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post called the film "instantly forgettable" and criticized its plot, but still found the film enjoyable, particularly praising Rudd along with the action and effects.

Accolades

See also
Characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe

Notes

References

External links

 Scott Lang on Marvel.com

Ant-Man (film series)
Ant-Man
Fictional Massachusetts Institute of Technology people
Fictional characters displaced in time
Fictional characters from San Francisco
Fictional characters who can change size
Fictional electrical engineers
Fictional genocide survivors
Fictional characters from the 21st century
Fictional prisoners and detainees in the United States
Fictional professional thieves
Fictional vigilantes
Fictional writers
Film characters introduced in 2015
Male characters in film
Marvel Cinematic Universe characters
Marvel Comics American superheroes
Marvel Comics male superheroes

Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)


Lake Sherburne Dam is a  high compacted earthfill dam built between 1914 and 1921, just outside the boundary of Glacier National Park, Montana, its reservoir extending into the park. The dam impounds Swiftcurrent Creek as it flows out of the park. Water stored in Lake Sherburne is released to flow down Swiftcurrent Creek to the St. Mary River, from which it is diverted to the Milk River, flowing through Canada for  before returning to the United States. Use of these waters is governed by the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909. Water from the Milk River is used for irrigation in north central Montana.

Construction
The principal storage facility for the Milk River Project was initially intended to be a dam on the St. Mary Lakes (Upper St. Mary Lake in Glacier National Park and Lower St. Mary Lake just east of the park), but no suitable damsite could be found. The Sherburne Lakes in Swiftcurrent Valley were selected as an alternate site, with work beginning in 1914. Building material was borrowed from the upper end of the Sherburne Lakes. In order to expedite transportation of materials, a small tug boat and several barges were purchased for $1900 and hauled overland from Seattle to the project site. Work continued through 1915 and 1916. Swiftcurrent Creek was diverted through the dam's outlet works in April 1916. Work was hampered by delays from spring flooding. The outlet tower and gatehouse were built in 1917, together with the spillway. In October observations indicated that the spillway was being displaced by a slide originating in a hill to the north of the spillway. Drainage of lakes above the slide did not cure the problem. Work on the dam and its control works continued through 1918, but the spillway problems continued. Water storage began in 1919. Eventually the spillway walls and floor were built of wood timbers to allow for movement. Work was complete in 1921. As originally built, Lake Sherburne impounded  behind the  dam.

In 1960 the original spillway at the north end of the dam was filled in, victim of continuing slide activity, and a new spillway was built, using a circular overflow of the "morning glory" type out in the lake, discharging into the lower portion of the outlet works. The dam's crest was raised  to prevent overtopping during the projected maximum flood condition. A wall,  high, was built on top of the dam using interlocking concrete units set  apart, with the space between filled with compacted earth, the first example of this technique to be used by the Bureau of Reclamation. The outlet works and spillway were raised at this time.

Operation
No minimum water release agreement applies to discharges from Lake Sherburne, with no effective flow in the creek from November through February.

See also
Glacier View Dam, a much larger dam proposed in the 1940s on the west side of Glacier National Park

References

External links
Lake Sherburne Dam  at the Bureau of Reclamation
Milk River Project at the Bureau of Reclamation

Buildings and structures in Glacier National Park (U.S.)
Dams in Montana
Buildings and structures in Glacier County, Montana
United States Bureau of Reclamation dams
Dams completed in 1921
1921 establishments in Montana

Lake Sherburne Dam


Fluocinolone acetonide is a corticosteroid primarily used in dermatology to reduce skin inflammation and relieve itching. It is a synthetic hydrocortisone derivative. The fluorine substitution at position 9 in the steroid nucleus greatly enhances its activity. It was first synthesized in 1959 in the Research Department of Syntex Laboratories S.A. Mexico City. Preparations containing it were first marketed under the name Synalar. A typical dosage strength used in dermatology is 0.01–0.025%. One such cream is sold under the brand name Flucort-N and includes the antibiotic neomycin.

Fluocinolone acetonide was also found to strongly potentiate TGF-β-associated chondrogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells, by increasing the levels of collagen type II by more than 100 fold compared to the widely used dexamethasone.

Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implants have been used to treat non-infectious uveitis. A systematic review could not determine with any confidence whether fluocinolone acetonide implants are superior to standard of care treatment for uveitis. A fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant with the brand name Iluvien is sold by biopharmaceutical company Alimera Sciences to treat diabetic macular edema (DME).

It was approved for medical use in 1961.

Classification
Fluocinolone is a group V (0.025%) or group VI (0.01%) corticosteroid under US classification.

See also
 Topical steroid
 Fluocinonide
 Ciprocinonide
 Glucocorticoid

References

External links

Acetonides
Corticosteroid cyclic ketals
Corticosteroids
Diketones
Diols
Fluoroarenes
Glucocorticoids
Otologicals
Substances discovered in the 1950s

Fluocinolone acetonide


WINZ (940 kHz) is a sports formatted AM radio station that serves Miami-Fort Lauderdale and their suburbs. The station primarily airs syndicated programming from Fox Sports Radio with some local sports talk and game coverage. Its daytime signal reaches as far north as Ft. Pierce, as far west as Ft. Myers and Naples, and as far south as Cuba. The station has managed to score ratings in the Ft. Myers-Naples  radio market despite its transmitter being over 100 miles away.

WINZ's studios are located in Pembroke Pines and the transmitter site is in Miami Gardens.

The station was originally a 3-tower directional day with 46,000 watts to protect the FCC monitoring station just to the north.  Gannett management was successful in having the FCC monitoring stations moved to Vero Beach, which opened up the station for increased power. Later that year WINZ applied for and received the ability to broadcast during day with 50,000 watts non-directional.  During nighttime hours (sunset to sunrise) the WINZ directional skywave pattern must not interfere with stations in Canada and Mexico.  Those countries have Class A Clear Channel rights to the 940 kHz frequency. Those stations are XEQ-AM in Mexico City, and a station allocation in Montreal previously occupied by CINW, which fell silent in February 2010; however, the allocation still exists by international treaty, and will soon be occupied by a new station.

On February 17, 1981, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) granted WINZ special temporary authority to transmit with 25,000 watts at night instead of the 10,000 watts for which it is licensed. A station in Cuba causes interference and consequently a loss of service in some areas of WINZ's listening area. This authority has been renewed regularly since then.

From the late 1950s and into the early 1960s, WINZ went head-to-head with top 40 WQAM at night, featuring Bob Green, from 7pm to 11pm. When Green left the station, he was replaced by "Cousin Brucie" Bruce Morrow. Morrow left the station to begin a legendary career at WABC (AM), in New York City. He is now with SiriusXM. By coincidence, both WINZ and WQAM are Sports Radio stations today.

WINZ was an all-news radio station from June 18, 1975, until July 12, 2004, when WINZ became a progressive talk station. Former talk-hosts included Al Franken, Randi Rhodes, Mike Malloy, Stephanie Miller, Lionel, Neil Rogers, Thom Hartmann and Don Imus. Traffic reporters for WINZ were South Florida's traffic reporting veterans Trish Anderson in the 1980s and George Sheldon from 1988-1997 then again from 2003-2006. Frank Mottek worked as an anchor and reporter for WINZ from 1981 to 1992 before joining CBS station KNX (AM) Los Angeles in 1992. From 1985 to 1991, he broadcast the live descriptions of all space shuttle launches for the CBS Radio Network which aired on WINZ.  Before the station adopted progressive talk as its format, it was 940 Fox Sports Radio, an all-sports station that competed with WQAM and WAXY. On April 3, 2009, the format shifted back to sports as "The Sports Animal". The station's slogan today is "Miami's Sports Station."

WINZ is owned by iHeartMedia, the largest U.S. radio owner. iHeartMedia (as Clear Channel Communications) purchased the station from West Palm Beach-based media entrepreneur Bud Paxson.  WINZ management changed in early 2007 from Peter Bolger to Ken Charles. New weekend shows included Clout with Richard Greene and 7 Days in America with new Air America Radio network co-owner Mark Green (no relation). Other local shows have been dropped recently, such as Radioactive Politics and The Nicole Sandler Show.

In 2008, Miami Heat (National Basketball Association) games moved back to WINZ from WIOD. One game will be simulcast monthly on 103.5 The Beat. WINZ previously carried Heat games from 1993 to 1996.

On April 2, 2009, it was reported on Radio-Info.com that the station would switch to sports the following day, making it the sixth sports station in Miami; this follows Clear Channel's trend of changing liberal talk formats (regardless of success) to its own Fox Sports network. The change took place at Noon the following day, as "Doing Time with Ron Kuby" was interrupted by a skit in which Rush Limbaugh announced he had convinced Clear Channel to change the format of WINZ to sports, claiming that, as a conservative talk show host, he felt it was time for the station to go (and that he was a closet fan of the city's sports teams), and "AM 940, The Sports Animal" was born.
Since the change of format, ratings for WINZ have dropped from a 1.0 in the Spring of 2009 to a 0.3 in April, a 0.6 in May, and a 0.5 in June, behind the sports station WAXY and WQAM.

The National Football League's Miami Dolphins announced on March 1, 2010, that it had entered an agreement with Clear Channel that would make WINZ and WBGG-FM flagship stations of the Dolphins Radio Network for the next six years.

On November 14, 2010, the Dolphins and Heat played on the same day at the same time. Per contract, WINZ aired the Dolphins game while another station had the Heat broadcast. Clear Channel then threatened to sue the Heat for breach of contract.  Sometime after that, the Heat switched its flagship station to competing station WAXY. On November 6, 2013, WINZ announced that they were the new flagship station for the Miami Marlins starting with the 2014 season, ending a 5-year relationship with WAXY. In case of scheduling conflicts (particularly with Dolphins games), Marlins games are broadcast on sister station WIOD instead.

Most of the station's lineup is fed in from national feeds of Fox Sports Radio.

On September 22, 2021, WINZ rebranded as "Fox Sports 940," dropping remaining local hosts Jeff "DeFo" DeForrest and "The Greek," but keeping the live games from the Marlins and U of M.

On January 30, 2023, iHeartMedia announced it had picked up the radio broadcast rights to the Miami Dolphins (marking the fourth NFL team the company had signed with in the previous 2 years, alongside the Carolina Panthers, Green Bay Packers and Washington Commanders) and would place the team on a joint simulcast of WBGG-FM (which had previously been the team's broadcast home from 2010 to 2015) and WINZ. The stations will carry all Dolphins games, pre and post-game shows, and a weekly show with team and league personnel. The play-by-play team will remain the same with former Dolphin and WIOD morning host Jimmy Cefalo, former Dolphin and current WQAM morning host Joe Rose and former Dolphin Kim Bokamper.

References

External links
FCC History Cards for WINZ

Google Maps Satellite View of WINZ's Transmit Facility and Towers

INZ
Sports radio stations in the United States
Fox Sports Radio stations
IHeartMedia radio stations
1947 establishments in Florida
Radio stations established in 1947

WINZ (AM)


Malachy Edward Mannion (born May 1953) is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania.

Biography

Mannion was born in 1953 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He graduated from the Scranton Preparatory School in 1972. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1976 from the University of Scranton. He received his Juris Doctor in 1979 from the Pace University School of Law. He began his career as an associate at the law firm of Bartels, Pykett & Aronwald (now Aronwald & Pykett). From 1980 to 1986, he served as an assistant district attorney in the Nassau County District Attorney's Office. He spent most of the period from 1986 to 2001 serving as an assistant United States attorney in the Middle District of Pennsylvania, except from 1993 to 1997, during which he was a partner at the law firm of Hourigan, Kluger, Spohrer & Quinn PC. Mannion was appointed a United States magistrate judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania on January 4, 2001, serving until his appointment as district judge. Additionally, he was chief magistrate judge of the district court from 2001 to 2012.

Federal judicial service

On May 17, 2012, President Barack Obama nominated Mannion to serve as a United States District Judge for the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, to the seat vacated by Judge Richard Caputo, who took senior status in 2009. The Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing on his nomination on June 27, 2012, and reported it to the floor on July 19, 2012. The Senate confirmed his nomination by unanimous consent on December 21, 2012. He received his commission on December 27, 2012.

References

External links

1953 births
Living people
Assistant United States Attorneys
Judges of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
Pace University School of Law alumni
Lawyers from Montreal
United States magistrate judges
United States district court judges appointed by Barack Obama
21st-century American judges
University of Scranton alumni

Malachy E. Mannion


The flag of Germany (German: Bundesflagge) was adopted in its present form in 1919. It was readopted with the new constitution of 1949. It has three colours and is made of three equal horizontal bands coloured black (top), red, and gold (bottom).

The Dienstflagge or service flag is the version of the flag for government use. It has the national coat of arms in the centre. Ships of the German Navy use this flag with a triangle cut out of the end as an ensign.

Some states use the national flag with the state coat of arms as a state flag, the black stands for determination, red for bravery and yellow for valour.

History
The modern Black-Red-Gold tricolour of German was first seen in the 1840s used 'officially' for the first time by the short lived German Empire between 1848 and 1849, It was readopted by the Weimar Republic in 1919 and then again in 1949 after the collapse of the Nazi Regime and the Occupation of Germany ended. It was used as is in the Federal German Republic, aka West Germany, and in East Germany a laurel of Wheat with a hammer and compass inside was placed over the tricolour. After reunion of Germany in 1990 the blank tricolour was used only and the eastern design was abandoned. Other types of German flags are flown in modern Germany by political groups, some far rightist and Neo-Fascists of Germany sometimes wave the Imperial German flag as the Swastika is banned. Although there is a small portion of people who fly it for a monarchist cause as well. Occasionally leftist Germans political groups fly the old Eastern German flag as well.

North German Confederation and German Empire

The German Empire and North German Confederation used a flag that was a tricolour of black white and red, dubbed the Reichsflagge. First designed in 1867 the flag was based partially on the earlier flag of Prussia

Nazi Germany

Under the Nazi government between 1933 and 1935 Germany used the Black, white and red Tricolour, resurrected from the flag of the German Empire. In 1935 Germany adopted a different flag with a swastika on it, used between 1935 and 45. The red represented the ideals of the Nazi Movement while the white symbolised national ideals and thought. Based on the NDSAP party badge which contained a red circle with German text with a swastika in the middle. It is not legal to put up this flag in Germany now. There was an early prototype idea of the German flag which contained a cog around the white circle representing trade unions and the German people. The idea was never made official, just used as a symbol of the German Labour Front

Occupied Germany

After the fall of the Nazis Germany was divided in four occupation zones, none having a flag, the commonly used merchant flag of Germany was used as a semi official flag being so recognisable. Dubbed the 'C-Pennant' It is a 5 striped flag, Blue stripes at the top and bottom, red in the middle and white between.

East and West Germany

After the unification for the British, French, and American occupation zones of Germany into the Federal German Republic they adapted the former Weimar flag for their republic, The east used a modified version with communist and socialist symbolisms included.

References

Germany
National symbols of Germany

Flag of Germany


In astronomy, a deep field is an image of a portion of the sky taken with a very long exposure time, in order to detect and study faint objects. The depth of the field refers to the apparent magnitude or the flux of the faintest objects that can be detected in the image. Deep field observations usually cover a small angular area on the sky, because of the large amounts of telescope time required to reach faint flux limits. Deep fields are used primarily to study galaxy evolution and the cosmic evolution of active galactic nuclei, and to detect faint objects at high redshift. Numerous ground-based and space-based observatories have taken deep-field observations at wavelengths spanning radio to X-rays.

The first deep-field image to receive a great deal of public attention was the Hubble Deep Field, observed in 1995 with the WFPC2 camera on the Hubble Space Telescope. Other space telescopes that have obtained deep-field observations include the Chandra X-ray Observatory, the XMM-Newton Observatory, the Spitzer Space Telescope, and the James Webb Space Telescope.

Table
The following table gives a partial list of deep-field observations taken since 1995.

See also

List of Hubble anniversary images

References

Astronomy image articles
Astronomical surveys
Image galleries

List of deep fields


Timothy Joseph Jordan (February 14, 1879 – September 13, 1949) was a professional baseball player.  He was a first baseman over parts of seven seasons with the Washington Senators, New York Highlanders and Brooklyn Superbas.  He led the National League and tied for the major league lead in home runs in 1906, becoming the first rookie with a share of the major league home run crown (later joined by Mark McGwire in 1987 and Pete Alonso in 2019) with Brooklyn, and won the NL home run title again in 1908.

Jordan also created and marketed a baseball-themed card game, the "T.J. Jordan In Door Card Game". He was born and later died at the age of 70 in New York City.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders

References

External links

National League home run champions
1879 births
1949 deaths
Major League Baseball first basemen
Baseball players from New York (state)
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
New York Highlanders players
Brooklyn Superbas players
Newark Sailors players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Binghamton Bingoes players
Richmond Clippers players
Syracuse Stars (minor league baseball) players
Burials at Gate of Heaven Cemetery (Hawthorne, New York)

Tim Jordan (baseball)


"The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife" is a short story by Ernest Hemingway, published in the 1925 New York edition of In Our Time,  by Boni & Liveright. The story is the second in the collection to feature Nick Adams, Hemingway's autobiographical alter ego. "The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife" follows "Indian Camp" in the collection, includes elements of the same style and themes, yet is written in counterpoint to the first story.

Background and publication
During his youth in Chicago, Ernest Hemingway's family spent summers at Windemere on Walloon Lake, near Petoskey, Michigan. Hemingway's father, who was a doctor, taught him to hunt, fish, and camp in the woods and lakes of Northern Michigan as a young boy.

In 1921, Hemingway married Hadley Richardson and was posted to Paris a few months later as international correspondent for The Toronto Star.  In Paris he befriended Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound, F. Scott Fitzgerald, James Joyce, Ford Madox Ford, and John Dos Passos.  Pound's influence extended to promoting the young author; in 1923 he commissioned work from  Hemingway for the modernist series Pound was editing. In 1924, during one of Hemingway's most productive periods, he wrote eight short stories, including "The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife". The stories were combined with the earlier vignettes produced for Pound, and submitted for publication to Boni & Liveright in New York, who accepted the work in March 1925.

The story was included in Hemingway's collection The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories published in October 1938, and in two collections of short stories published after his death, The Nick Adams Stories (1972) and The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway: The Finca Vigía Edition (1987).

Plot summary
Nick Adams' father, Dr. Adams, hires a crew of Native Americans to remove the four large beech logs from the lake's log boom that drifted up on his beach. Dick Boulton, his son Eddy, and Billy Tabeshaw, come through the back gate from the woods, bringing cant hooks, axes and a crosscut saw to cut the logs into cord wood. Boulton compliments Dr. Adams on the timber he is stealing from the logging company; Dr. Adams asserts that the logs are driftwood. Boulton washes a log in the surf, uncovers its mark and tells the doctor it belongs to White and McNally. The doctor becomes uncomfortable, decides not to saw up the logs, but Boulton says it makes no difference to him who the logs are stolen from. The two men engage in a verbal exchange, and when the doctor threatens Boulton with violence, Boulton mocks him.

The doctor leaves the beach in anger, walking back to his cottage. He goes to his bedroom, sits on his bed, and stares with anger at a pile of medical journals still in their wrappers. In the adjacent room his wife lies on her bed with a Bible, a copy of Mary Baker Eddy's Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures, and an issue of the Christian Science Quarterly. She asks whether he is going back to work; he explains that he had an altercation with Boulton. She asks whether he lost his temper and quotes Scripture, while, in the next room, the doctor sits on his bed and cleans his gun, pushing shells in and out of the magazine. When she presses him about the nature of the dispute he tells her Boulton owes for having his wife treated for pneumonia and does not want to have to work for the doctor. She expresses her disbelief of the explanation and the doctor leaves the house. His wife calls after him to send Nick to her. The doctor finds Nick sitting under a tree, reading a book. Nick tells his father he wants to go with him and suggests they go into the woods to find black squirrels.

Writing style
Hemingway was inspired by Ezra Pound's writings and applied the principles of imagism to his own work. Pound's influence can be seen in the stripped-down, minimalist style  characteristic in Hemingway's early fiction. Betraying his admiration for the older writer, he admitted that Pound "taught [me] more about how to write and how not to write than any son of a bitch alive". He also learned from James Joyce, who further instilled the idea of stripped down economic prose. Hemingway's short stories from the 1920s adhere to Pound's tight definition of imagism; biographer Carlos Baker writes that in his short stories Hemingway tried to learn how to "get the most from the least, [to] prune language, [to] multiply intensities, [to] tell nothing but the truth in a way that allowed for telling more than the truth". Hemingway adapted this style into a technique he called his iceberg theory: as Baker describes it, the hard facts float above water while the supporting structure, including the symbolism, operates out of sight.

Themes and structure
The story is a companion to "Indian Camp", the previous story in the collection, which also features Nick Adams and his father Dr. Adams. Unlike "Indian Camp", where Dr. Adams is shown in a position of power, in this story he is a cowardly man who reacts to confrontation with repressed anger. In "Indian Camp" young Nick witnesses his father performing a  caesarian; Dr. Adams exposes his young son to  childbirth and, unintentionally, to violent death – an experience that causes Nick to equate childbirth with death. Howard Hannum explains the trauma of birth and suicide Hemingway paints in "Indian Camp" rendered a leitmotif that gave Hemingway a unified framework for the Nick Adams stories and is continued in "The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife" in direct counterpoint to the previous story.

The contrasts and similarities between the two stories are stark. In "The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife" the family lives in a spacious cottage, whereas in "Indian Camp" a family lives in a cramped shanty. The first is filled with silences, the second with violent screams. In this story, three men come from the Indian camp to the Adams's cottage; in the previous, Dr. Adams, Nick and his uncle visit the Indian camp. The central scenes of both stories occur indoors and involve sick women in bed; both women are married to unhappy, suicidal men (the husband in "Indian Camp" commits suicide in his bed with a razor; Dr. Adams sits on his bed and plays with his gun). Both stories end with Nick and his father leaving – rowing away from the Indian camp in the first, walking into the woods to hunt in this story.

References

Sources
 Baker, Carlos (1972). Hemingway: The Writer as Artist. Princeton: Princeton UP.
 Benson, Jackson (1975). "Ernest Hemingway as Short Story Writer". in Benson, Jackson (ed).  The Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway: Critical Essays. Durham NC: Duke University Press.
 Benson, Jackson. (1983). "Patterns of Connections and their development in Hemingway's In Our Time". In Reynolds, Michael.  (ed). Critical essays on Ernest Hemingway's In Our Time. Boston: G. K. Hall.
 Beegel, Susan (2000). "Eye and Heart: Hemingway's Education as a Naturalist". in Wagner-Martin, Linda (ed). A Historical Guide to Ernest Hemingway. New York: Oxford UP.
 Cohen, Milton. (2003). "Who Commissioned The Little Review'''s 'In Our Time'?". The Hemingway Review. Vol. 23, No. 1.
 Hannum, Howard. (2001). "'Scared sick looking at it': A Reading of Nick Adams in the Published Stories". Twentieth Century Literature. Vol. 47,  No. 1. 92–113
 Meyers, Jeffrey (1985). Hemingway: A Biography. New York: Macmillan.
 Oliver, Charles. (1999). Ernest Hemingway A to Z: The Essential Reference to the Life and Work. New York: Checkmark Publishing.
 Reynolds, Michael. (1995). Hemingway's 'In Our Time': The biography of a Book. In Kennedy, Gerald J. (ed). Modern American Short Story Sequences.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Strong, Paul. (1991). "The First Nick Adams Stories". Studies in Short Fiction. Vol. 28, No. 1. 83–91
 Tetlow, Wendolyn E. (1992). Hemingway's "In Our Time": Lyrical Dimensions''. Cranbury NJ: Associated University Presses.

External links
 Hemingway Archives, John F. Kennedy Library

1925 short stories
Short stories by Ernest Hemingway
Autobiographical short stories

The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife


Charles Hepworth Holland (30 June 1923 – 26 December 2019) was a British geologist, Emeritus Fellow and former Professor of Geology and Mineralogy at Trinity College Dublin.

Career
Holland was born in Southport and attended Southport Technical College. His initial study of physics and mathematics at University of Liverpool was interrupted by World War II. Influenced by a cousin, he subsequently studied geology at the University of Manchester. Remaining to do postgraduate research, he began work on the Ordovician of the Bala area and then the Silurian of Ludlow.

At Manchester he formed the Ludlow Research Group (LRG) with Jim Lawson and Vic Walmsley. This led to the publication of A revised classification of the Ludlovian succession at Ludlow in 1959.

After a period as assistant lecturer at Manchester Holland moved to Bedford College as lecturer and subsequently senior lecturer. In 1966 he was appointed professor of Geology and Mineralogy at Trinity College Dublin, a post which he held until retirement in 1993.

He was president of the Geological Society, 1984–86. In 2008 the Palaeontological Association awarded him the Lapworth Medal. He has written over 150 scientific articles and three books.

Selected bibliography
 The Idea of Time, 1999, WileyBlackwell,
 The Irish Landscape: A Scenery to Celebrate, Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press, 2003,
 The Geology of Ireland, Charles H. Holland and Ian S. Sanders (eds), (1st Ed. 1981), 2nd Ed. 2009, Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press,

References

1923 births
2019 deaths
Alumni of the University of Manchester
Fellows of the Geological Society of London
People from Southport

Charles Hepworth Holland


is a female Japanese competitive eater and singer. Her popularity has helped produce a resurgence in Japanese competitive eating, or ōgui, after the outcry following the death of a Japanese schoolboy imitating an eating stunt in 2002 resulted in a three-year hiatus for major Japanese eating contests.

Contest history
In TV Tokyo's "Gluttonous King" contest held in the fall of 2005, open to both men and women, Sone qualified for the finals and beat out Miyuki Iwata, then considered the leading Japanese female competitive eater after the legendary (and currently inactive) Takako Akasaka, for sixth place by just 6 grams of bread. TV Tokyo followed up its mixed gender contest with a women's only contest in the spring of 2006 in Okinawa. Sone easily won the event and had a comfortable enough lead in the final contest that she could afford to fix her makeup while the contest clock was running. Gal Sone improved to 3rd from 6th in the fall 2006 "Gluttonous King" contest, held in Hokkaidō and retained her crown in the spring 2007 "Gluttonous Queen" contest in Hawaii.

In addition to her "Gluttonous King/Queen" competitions, Sone has made numerous other television appearances, most notably a weekly Wednesday morning contest with "The Giant" Nobuyuki  Shirota, runner-up in Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest in 2004. On July 11, 2006, Sone ate 6 kg of curry in 23 minutes (Shirota required 14 minutes) In another telecast, the "Gal" consumed 40,000 calories in several restaurants. In a recent program, Gal Sone attempted in a single meal to exceed the 15,000 calories that it is claimed that Elvis Presley consumed every day near the end of his life.

When an X-ray was performed on her stomach, it appeared to be normal size, but its connection to the small intestine was larger than normal.

Gal Sone has appeared in a commercial for Aoki's Pizza, who created a mayonnaise pizza in her honor.  Mayonnaise sauce is her favourite sauce.

Music career
Sone appeared in two karaoke television programs in late 2006. On one show, she ate sushi quickly during an instrumental section of her song. On April 24, 2007, it was announced that Sone would form a singing group directed by Tsunku named Gyaruru with Nozomi Tsuji and Ami Tokito. On May 14, 2007, after Tsuji's resignation from the band, Asami Abe joined in her place. Their first single, , was released on June 20, 2007 on Japanese independent label TN-mix through Pony Canyon. Sone's nickname in Gyaruru is Sonene.

References

External links
Gal Sone's blog
Wired.com profile by Lisa Katayama
gal's official friendster profile
EatFeats (competitive eating) blog Natsuko "Gal" Sone category
Sponichi Annex profile
article about Sone's victory in a Hokkaidō seafood eating contest

1985 births
Japanese competitive eaters
Living people
People from Kyoto Prefecture
People from Maizuru
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese women singers

Gal Sone


Magoffin Home is located in El Paso, Texas. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.   The surrounding area was declared the Magoffin Historic District on February 19, 1985.  The home is now known as the Magoffin Home State Historic Site under the authority of the Texas Historical Commission.

The Magoffin Home, built in 1875, is a combination of the local adobe style combined with Greek revival details and is an example of the Territorial style. The thick adobe walls keep the house cool in the summer heat and warm in the winter.  The house consists of three wings, each built at a different time, the last being built in the 1880s as the center that connected the two previous wings. There are 19 rooms, 8 fireplaces, and  ceilings.  Members of the family lived in it for 109 years, and many of the original furnishings are still displayed, including a  half-tester bed.

Built by pioneer Joseph Magoffin, who lived there with his wife, Octavia (MacGreal) until their deaths.  They had two children, James (Jim) and Josephine. James married Anne Buford and had four children, Anne, James, Mary and Jim. After James died in 1913 from appendicitis, Anne continued to care for her father-in-law at the homestead until his death in September, 1923. Josephine married William Jefferson Glasgow, a future Brigadier General in an extravaganza newspapers hailed as the 'wedding of the century'. After the death of Joseph, Josephine inherited the house and James' family settled in Los Angeles where Anne lived until her death in 1962. The last member of the family to live in the home was Octavia Magoffin Glasgow, Josephine's daughter, who died in 1986.

After retiring from the military, the Glasgows returned to El Paso, Texas and remodeled the interior of the home, installing gas heat and electrical service, updating plumbing, and modernizing the kitchen.  The remodeling included plastering directly over her mother's Victorian wallpapers and removing the canvas ceilings (mantas). In 1976, the home was sold to the City and State, although Joseph's granddaughter, Octavia Magoffin Glasgow, retained lifetime tenancy and continued to live in the home until her death in 1986.  In 1977–1978, the house was restored by historic preservationist Eugene George, a professor of the School of Architecture at the University of Texas at Austin.

The homestead is located at 1120 Magoffin Ave. in El Paso, Texas and is currently jointly owned by the City of El Paso and the State of Texas.  It has been maintained by the Texas Historical Commission since 2007 when authority of that agency was transferred from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department which had overseen the historic site since 1976. There is a historical marker. The Casa Magoffin Companeros (Friends of the Magoffin Home) host several annual events at the home, including kids camps and classes in the summer and a Holiday Open House in December.

Tours of the home are available Tuesday through Sunday from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. The last tour starts at 4 p.m.. Tickets for the tour, as well as unique gifts, may be purchased at the Visitor Center located across the street from the home at 1117 Magoffin Ave.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in El Paso County, Texas
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in El Paso County

References

External links

Magoffin Home State Historic Site website
El Paso's Magoffin Home Video
2005-2006 Texas Parks and Wildlife magazine

Historic house museums in Texas
National Register of Historic Places in El Paso County, Texas
Buildings and structures in El Paso, Texas
Museums in El Paso, Texas
Texas state historic sites
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas
Texas State Antiquities Landmarks
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks
Historic district contributing properties in Texas

Magoffin Homestead