Brother Orchid is a 1940 American crime/comedy film directed by Lloyd Bacon and starring Edward G. Robinson, Ann Sothern and Humphrey Bogart, with featured performances by Donald Crisp, Ralph Bellamy and Allen Jenkins. The screenplay was written by Earl Baldwin, with uncredited contributions from Jerry Wald and Richard Macauley, based on a story by Richard Connell originally published in Collier's Magazine on May 21, 1938. Prior to the creation of the movie version of Connell's story, a stage adaptation was written by playwright/novelist Leo Brady. The script was originally produced at Catholic University of America in Washington, DC.

Plot
Crime boss Little John Sarto retires suddenly, giving leadership of his gang to Jack Buck, while he leaves for a tour of Europe to acquire "class". However, Sarto is repeatedly swindled and finally loses all his money.

He decides to return home and take back his gang, as if nothing has changed after five years, but Buck has him thrown out of his office. The only ones who remain loyal to Sarto are his girlfriend Flo Addams and Willie "the Knife" Corson. Sarto raises a new gang and starts encroaching on Buck's territory.

When Flo tries to get Buck to reconcile with Sarto, Buck sees his chance. He agrees, getting Flo to lure Sarto to a tavern without telling him why. Flo is not totally fooled; she brings along a strong, good-natured admirer, mid-western rancher Clarence P. Fletcher, just in case, but he is knocked out by Buck's men. Sarto is taken for a ride, believing Flo has double-crossed him.

Sarto escapes, but is shot several times. He manages to make his way to the Floracian monastery, a group of charitable agriculturalists run by Brother Superior. Finding it a good place to hide out, Sarto signs up as a novice, naming himself "Brother Orchid". At first, he treats it as a joke, calling the monks the "biggest chumps in the world", but the kindness and simple life of the brothers begin to change his opinion.

Then Sarto sees a newspaper announcement that Flo is going to marry Clarence. He rides into the city with Brother Superior when he goes to sell the flowers that provide the monastery's meager income. After Flo gets over the shock of seeing Sarto alive, she proves she did not betray him and agrees to break up with Clarence.

Sarto breaks the news to Brother Superior that he is leaving, but then learns that the flowers have not been sold. The "protective association" run by Buck bans flower growers that do not pay for its services. Buck is hiding out from the police, but Sarto has a good idea where he is. Reinforced by Clarence and some of his friends from Montana, Sarto pays a visit to the association and a brawl breaks out. When the police arrive, Sarto presents them with Buck and his men. Then, he gives up Flo to Clarence and returns to the monastery, where he has finally found "real class".

Cast

 Edward G. Robinson as "Little" John T. Sarto
 Ann Sothern as Florence Addams
 Humphrey Bogart as Jack Buck
 Donald Crisp as Brother Superior
 Ralph Bellamy as Clarence P. Fletcher
 Allen Jenkins as Willie "the Knife" Corson
 Charles D. Brown as Brother Wren
 Cecil Kellaway as Brother Goodwin
 Morgan Conway as Philadelphia Powell
 Richard Lane as Mugsy O'Day
 Paul Guilfoyle as Red Martin
 John Ridgely as Texas Pearson
 Joseph Crehan as Brother MacEwen
 Wilfred Lucas as Brother MacDonald
 Tom Tyler as Curley Matthews
 Dick Wessell as Buffalo Burns
 Granville Bates as Pattonsville Superintendent
 Paul Phillips as French Frank
 Dan Rowan as Al Muller
 Nanette Vallon as Fifi
 Tim Ryan as Turkey Malone
 Joe Caites as Handsome Harry
 Pat Gleason as Dopey Perkins
 Tommy Baker as Joseph
 Charles Coleman as English diamond salesman (uncredited)

Cast notes
 James Cagney was originally intended to play the lead role.
 Producer Hal Wallis wanted Lee Patrick to play the role of Flo, but producer Mark Hellinger appealed directly to Warner Bros. head of production Jack L. Warner to have Ann Sothern cast in the part.
 At the time that the film was made, Robinson was attempting to expand the kind of roles he played, having gotten bored with playing gangsters.  He agreed to play the lead in Brother Orchid in return for being cast in the historical drama A Dispatch from Reuters.
 Brother Orchid is one of five films that Edward G. Robinson and Humphrey Bogart made together. The others were Bullets or Ballots (1936), Kid Galahad (1937), The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse (1938), and Key Largo (1948). Lauren Bacall observed that Robinson killed or otherwise subdued Bogart in every one of their films except for Key Largo, Bogart having by that time eclipsed Robinson as a star and leading man.

Award nominations
American Film Institute
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs - Nominated
 AFI's 10 Top 10 - Nominated Gangster Film

See also
 List of American films of 1940

Notes

External links

1940 films
1940s crime comedy films
American crime comedy films
American black-and-white films
Films about organized crime in the United States
Films set in New York City
Films set in London
Films set in Rome
Films set in Paris
Films set in Monaco
Warner Bros. films
Films produced by Hal B. Wallis
Films directed by Lloyd Bacon
Films scored by Heinz Roemheld
1940s English-language films
1940s American films
English-language crime comedy films

Brother Orchid


The King of Ireland's Son is a children's novel published in Ireland in 1916 written by Padraic Colum, and illustrated by Willy Pogany. It is the story of the eldest of the King of Ireland's sons, and his adventures winning and then finding Fedelma, the Enchanter's Daughter, who after being won is kidnapped from him by the King of the Land of Mist.

The work is solidly based in Irish folklore, described as "his great synthesis of fireside tales", and "a marvellous compendium of Irish folktales re-told". The 1916 edition published by Henry Holt is interleaved with plates of illustrations in full colour.

Stories

This is one of the classics of Irish children's literature, its magical stories winding in and out of each other from the start in a long, epic and complex narrative.

When the careless King of Ireland's son goes out,

His hound at his heel,
His hawk on his wrist,
A brave steed to carry him whither he list,
The blue sky above him,
The green grass below him

he meets an eccentric old man full of harmlessness and duplicity who invites him to a game of chess for whatever stake the winner might like. Characters like Flann, otherwise known as Gilly the Goat-Boy, the proud and heartless Lasarfhiona or Flame-of-Wine, the magical Spae-Woman and the vicious farmer who takes on Flann as a farmhand make this an entrancing, funny and always-remembered story.

In the first segment, Fedelma, the Enchanter's Daughter, the oldest son of the King of Ireland loses a wager against his father's enemy and should find him in a year and a day's time. He is advised by a talking eagle to spy on three swan maidens that will descend on a lake. They are the daughters of the Enchanter of the Black Back-Lands, the wizard the prince is looking for. The prince is instructed to hide the swanskin of the swan with a green ribbon, who is Fedelma, the Enchanter's youngest daughter. After arriving at the Enchanter's kingdom, he promises marriage to Fedelma, resisting her sisters', Aefa and Gilveen, advances, and is forced to fulfill three difficult tasks to the Enchanter.

In the chapter The Unique Tale, the Spae-Woman tells the heroes the following story: a queen wishes for a blue-eyed, blonde-haired daughter, and carelessly wishes her sons to "go with the wild geese". As soon as the daughter (named Sheen, 'Storm') is born, the seven princes change into gray wild geese and fly away from the castle. It is later revealed that Sheen changed her name to Caintigern and became Queen when she married the King of Ireland, who, in turn, is the father of two of the main characters: the King of Ireland's Son and Gilly of the Goatskin (Gilla Na Chreck An Gour). The seven wild geese are, thus, their uncles.

Reception
Although the book was written in America in the years before 1916, Colum was a close friend and colleague of some of those who led the Easter Rising. The King of Ireland's Son was the ultimate calling-up of Irish mythology and legend, and, paired with James Stephens' Irish Fairy Tales, made many happy hours for children curled up before glowing turf fires to read by the light of Tilley lamps in the long winter evenings of the new Ireland.

Adaptations
Another evolution from the original folktale was written by Brendan Behan, published in Brendan Behan's Island, 1962, pp. 136–141.

External links

 The King of Ireland's Son at Sacred Texts http://sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/kis/index.htm

References

1916 novels
Irish children's novels
Novels set in Ireland
20th-century Irish novels
1916 children's books
Swan maidens
Children's books set in Ireland
Children's books about princes

The King of Ireland's Son


Everything's Rosie is a British preschool children's television series created by Vickie Corner for CBeebies and Baraem. It is produced by V&S Entertainment Ltd. The first episode was shown on CBeebies on 3rd May 2010. 104 episodes were made, as well as a special episode titled "When You Wish Upon An Oak". The last episode was shown on CBeebies on 14th February 2017, and it left the channel on 29th March 2018. The YouTube Channel of Everything's Rosie puts up episodes every Wednesday, Friday and Sunday.

Episodes
Has its own page.

Characters

Main Characters

 Rosie is a girl with colourful hair, a green button on top of her head, a white shirt and a stripy dress, sort of like a rag doll. Rosie goes around solving problems and sometimes loses her button. Rosie was voiced by Harriet Moran from Seasons 1 to 3 and Joanna Ruiz in Season 4.
 Raggles is Rosie's friend. He is a blue plush toy with a big head and two big eyes, two big ears, and a yellow zip on his tummy. Raggles is supposed to look like a rabbit. He likes playing his whistle and being tickled by Rosie. Raggles is voiced by Emma Tate.
 Will is a whiny and bossy boy. He has ginger hair, a red shirt, a blue collar, blue trousers and white shoes. Will is always talking rudely to everyone and nobody tells him off. Will likes driving his car called the "Go-Speeder" and playing football. Will is voiced by Teresa Gallagher.
 Bluebird is a selfish and obnoxious bird. Bluebird's body looks similar to Zazu from The Lion King. Bluebird has a blue body, a light blue tummy, a big red beak with a yellow stripe, big eyes, orange feet and 3 yellow ribbon-like tails. Bluebird constantly bosses people about and is always dramatic over simple tasks. She is voiced by Emma Tate.
 Holly is a younger girl with blonde hair, a pink dress, a green button, pink shoes and a white spotty dress underneath. Holly wears a big purple bow with yellow polka dots on top of her head. Holly is shy but kind to everyone around her. Holly is voiced by Teresa Gallagher.
 Big Bear is a big blue bear with an orange jumper. Big Bear is a bit clumsy from time to time, but loves to cook and build things for his friends. Big Bear is voiced by Wayne Forester.
 Oakley is a wise old oak tree on top of the tallest hill in the series. Oakley is where the characters meet up most of the time. Oakley is voiced by Wayne Forester.

Other Characters

 Little Bear is Big Bear's nephew. He has orange fur and a red nose in Seasons 1 and 2 and a purple nose in Season 3. Little Bear has ginger hair, large eyes, a yellow shirt and big blue trousers. Little Bear is voiced by Teresa Gallagher.
 Archie is a bubbly and loyal chameleon. Archie is red with a yellow face, big blue sparkly eyes, orange rings along his body, a blue stripe on his back and a pink tummy. Archie is kind and playful to everyone, and says "Ay Caramba" as his catchphrase. Archie is voiced by Wayne Forester.
 Saffie is a cedar tree at the bottom of the place in the series. Saffie often makes up her own riddles and quotes to solve people's problems. Saffie is voiced by Teresa Gallagher.
 The Little Acorns are three acorns with faces. The acorns say "bouncy bouncy" wherever they go, and they apparently like doughnuts, despite never being seen eating them. The acorns have a habit of jumping on Raggles's head.
 Manny is a purple bird who has a similar appearance to Bluebird. Manny has a purple body, a plain red beak, yellow feet and 3 purple ribbon-like tails. Manny's tails are slightly shorter than Bluebird's, and Manny has a croaky voice. Manny likes to play pranks on everyone and has a good sense of humour. Manny is voiced by Wayne Forester.
 Teal is a duck with a blue body, a yellow head, pink cheeks, an orange beak, a yellow tummy and three feathers on top of her head. Teal has thick eye-lashes and speaks in a Liverpool accent. Teal is voiced by Teresa Gallagher.
 The Mordys are a family of dormice. They have yellow fur and light yellow tummies. The father has a yellow sailor's hat, and wears a red vest with yellow and blue stripes. The mother wears red shoes and has an oversized hat with a yellow/orange tassel. The daughter has a purple bow on her head and yellow ribbons under it, and the son has a cowlick. The Mordys are voiced by Wayne Forester and Teresa Gallagher.
 The Dartys are two geckos. The male gecko is blue with a turquoise body and face and has orange spots; the female is purple with a pink body and face and has yellow spots. The Dartys like to shrug, and they like to sit in front of the flowerpots near Big Bear's garden. The Dartys are voiced by Wayne Forester and Teresa Gallagher.
 Matt and Nat are two beavers. They live by a dam they built near the stream, and are good at building things. They are voiced by Wayne Forester and Emma Tate.

Television programs
2010s British television series
Children's television series

Everything's Rosie


"Flight of the Bumblebee" is a musical composition by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov for solo violin and orchestra. It was written as an interlude for his opera, The Tale of Tsar Saltan (1899-1900). The music depicts the buzzing of a Bumblebee in its flight. It is a popular piece, especially with children, and is often played outside the opera as a concert piece.

Compositions by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
Orchestral works

Flight of the Bumblebee


The Danish People's Party () was a political party in Denmark during the German occupation in World War II.

History

The Danish People's Party was formed on March 1, 1941 by former members of the Nazi DNSAP, as well as some politicians originally from the liberal Danmarks Retsforbund, the Conservative People's Party and the Social Democratic Party. The party supported a corporativist state and was anti-communist.

The first leader of the party was Victor Pürschel, a former conservative MP and deputy spokesman. Wilfred Petersen quickly became the new leader of the party which was then influenced by his sympathies for Nazism and antisemitism. However, this caused Victor Pürschel and other leading members to leave the party during 1943. This reduced Danish People's Party to a historical footnote that was soon forgotten. After the war, some of its founders were convicted for unnational behaviour.

When the current Danish People's Party were founded in 1995, opponents drew attention to the fact that the name had been used in the past by a Nazi-friendly party. Representatives of the new Danish People's Party, however, rejected any connection with the wartime party, largely unknown by 1995, and said they regarded the coincidence as unimportant.

References
Entry in the socialist encyclopedia leksikon.org

See also
Politics of Denmark

Political parties disestablished in 1943
Defunct political parties in Denmark
Political parties established in 1941
Nazi parties
1941 establishments in Denmark
1943 disestablishments in Denmark

Danish People's Party (1941–1943)


Joseph E. Johnston (February 3, 1807 – March 21, 1891) was a Confederate army general. He fought in the American Civil War. He was born in Virginia in 1807. He graduated from the U.S. Military Academy in 1829. He fought in the Second Seminole War and Mexican-American War.

When the Civil War started, Johnston resigned from the U.S. army and joined the Confederate army. He was the second commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. He was wounded at the Battle of Seven Pines. He commanded the Army of Tennessee during the Atlanta Campaign. He was fired in July 1864. He was then placed back in command of the Army of Tennessee in March 1865. He commanded the army during the Battle of Benonville. He surrendered his army in April 1865. He died in 1891 in Washington, D.C.

References

Confederate Army generals
1807 births
1891 deaths
Military people from Virginia

Joseph E. Johnston


Jim Glazzard (23 April 1923, in Normanton, Yorkshire – 1995) was a professional footballer, who spent most of his career at Huddersfield Town, where he became a fans' favourite. After playing as an amateur for Altofts Colliery he signed for the club in October 1943 and played his first game for the first team in the Wartime League (North) in the same month. His first game after the resumption of the Football League was in August 1946 and his last was in April 1956. Apart from one season (1952–53) Huddersfield were in the First Division of the Football League throughout this period.

After being used in various positions in midfield and attack he settled into his most effective position, at centre forward. Although of relatively slight build compared to, say, Nat Lofthouse he was top scorer for the club on six occasions and joint top scorer in the First Division with 29 goals in 1953–54. He was an outstanding header of the ball and his most memorable achievement was heading four goals  in an 8–2 victory over Everton in April 1953, all four coming from crosses from the left wing by Vic Metcalfe.

With Lofthouse firmly ensconced as England centre forward and with competition from the likes of Jackie Milburn, Stan Mortensen and Ronnie Allen, it is perhaps not too surprising that his only representative honour was as reserve for a 'B' international against West Germany in March 1954. At this time Huddersfield were near the top of the First Division (something they have not repeated since). Coincidentally both Milburn and Mortensen had guested for Huddersfield during the war.

Glazzard scored 142 goals in 299 league games for Huddersfield. A number of reports show Glazzard as scoring 141 League for Huddersfield Town; this is incorrect.

On 20 January 1951 there was a disputed goal against Arsenal, which was first awarded to Glazzard, then to Hepplewhite and later back to Glazzard.

The Huddersfield Examiner of 20 January 1951 stated:

"After 18 minutes Huddersfield took the lead. Platt the Arsenal goalkeeper could not keep hold of possession of a low ball which looked to have been deflected, and Glazzard forced it over the line."

In a later paragraph which was related to the second half, it read:

"It was difficult from the press box to determine the actual scorer of Town's goal, during the interval it was learned that Hepplewhite was credited with it, being the last player to play the ball before Platt's fumble."

In the 22 January 1951 edition of Hudderasfield Examiner it was reported:

"Huddersfield Town FC are crediting the first Town goal on Saturday to Jim Glazzard. At half time I learned that the Referee had credited the goal to Hepplewhite, but after the game he held an inquiry in the dressing room so he could complete his match report when he was informed by all the players who all thought Glazzard was the actual scorer."

A book in celebration of the club's centenary by a team of people, including club historian Ian Thomas and his wife, have also credited the goal to Glazzard, hence him having 142 League goals, a Town League goals record that he holds jointly with George Brown.

In August 1956 he was transferred to Everton. Things did not work out there and he moved on to Mansfield Town after only three senior appearances. Ten goals and 22 appearances later, he retired in the summer of 1957 aged 34.

In later years he suffered from Alzheimer's disease and died in 1995, aged 72. A number of reports on his matches are to be found in the nostalgia section of the Huddersfield Daily Examiner website.

References
Huddersfield Town: A Complete Record 1910–1990, Terry Frost, Breedon Books, 1990
99 Years and Counting - Huddersfield Town Centenary History by A.Hodgson, G.&I. Thomas and J.Ward, Huddersfield Town AFC, 2007
The Huddersfield Examiner Newspaper of Saturday 20 January 1951 and Monday 22 January 1951.

1923 births
Sportspeople from Normanton, West Yorkshire
English men's footballers
English Football League players
First Division/Premier League top scorers
Men's association football forwards
1995 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Deaths from dementia in England
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Everton F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Footballers from Yorkshire

Jimmy Glazzard


Gray Sargent (born June 10, 1953, Attleboro, Massachusetts) is an American jazz guitarist.

Sargent learned to play piano before picking up guitar at age 11. He played with Illinois Jacquet on and off between 1975 and 1990, and began working with Dave McKenna in the early 1980s, with whom he would work well into the 1990s. He took a position as artist-in-residence at Harvard in the academic year 1988–1989. He has performed and/or recorded with Ruby Braff, Donna Byrne, Benny Carter, Arnett Cobb, Lou Colombo, Vic Dickenson, Scott Hamilton, Peanuts Hucko, Billy Novick, Herb Pomeroy, Chuck Riggs, Buddy Tate, Frank Wess, Bob Wilber, Marshall Wood, Phil Woods, Tony Bennett, in addition to working in large orchestras under the direction of George Wein (Newport Jazz Festival All-Stars, 1989) and Dick Johnson (Artie Shaw Orchestra, 1990s).

Sargent was a member of the Tony Bennett Quartet for 24 years, from 1997 to 2021, including Bennett's final performances with Lady Gaga.

References

Gary W. Kennedy, "Gray Sargent". The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. 2nd edition, ed. Barry Kernfeld.

American jazz guitarists
Jazz musicians from Massachusetts
1953 births
Living people
20th-century American guitarists

Gray Sargent


John Robert Edward Hamilton-Baillie MC (1 March 1919 – 16 April 2003), was a British Royal Engineers officer famed for numerous escapes from German prisoner of war camps during World War II. During his later life he was a founder of the Fortress Study Group, a prominent member of the Concrete Society, and a dedicated fund raiser for the Red Cross.

Early life
John Robert Edward Hamilton-Baillie was born at Carlisle, Cumberland, on 1 March 1919. A scion of the noble Hamilton family, he was descended from the sixth Earl of Haddington. He was educated at Clifton College and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, following which he was commissioned into the Royal Engineers and posted to the 26th Field Company.

Second World War
Hamilton-Baillie's company was mobilised with the 1st Division and sent to France at the start of the war. Shortly afterwards the company was transferred to the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division and stationed in the Saar region to gain experience on the Maginot Line. With the advance of the German forces, Hamilton-Baillie was wounded and captured at Saint-Valery-en-Caux. After recovering from his wounds he was moved to a prison camp at Peronne from which he and another officer escaped but were recaptured after three days. Hamilton-Baillie was moved again to Oflag VII-C at Laufen from which he attempted to escape via a tunnel, but the exit was discovered before the escape could be made.

As a result of his efforts, Hamilton-Baillie was moved to Oflag VII-D at Tittmoning, a medieval castle on an isolated plateau in Bavaria, Germany. Making his next escape alone in spring 1941 he let himself through the wire and walked on foot a distance of almost 200 miles in ten days towards the Swiss border. Unfortunately his map was inaccurate and he was recaptured a matter of yards from freedom.

Shortly after his return to Tittmoning, Hamilton-Baillie was moved to Oflag VI-B at Warburg. In conjunction with the men there a mass escape was planned involving hinged ladders to cross the wire and a tunnel, the escape being covered by fusing of the camp lights and a diversion. Forty one prisoners escaped, three of whom managed to get back to Britain; one escapee died when the tunnel collapsed.

Hamilton-Baillie was next held in Oflag VII-B at Eichstätt in Bavaria. Here he joined a group of tunnellers in a well-organised escape group, helping to build a long well-supported tunnel with forced air ventilation and electric lighting. In June 1943 Hamilton-Baillie and 64 others staged a mass breakout but all were recaptured within two weeks.

Finally, Hamilton-Baillie was moved to Oflag IV-C (Colditz Castle) from which he made a number of attempts to escape but remained incarcerated until liberation by the 69th Infantry Division (United States) in April 1945. In December 1945 he was awarded the Military Cross for his many escape attempts and assistance to other prisoners.

Post war service
After the war Hamilton-Baillie attended Cambridge University, graduating from Sidney Sussex College with a First in Mechanical Sciences. In 1950 he attended Staff College in Camberley and was then posted to the 44th Parachute Brigade as brigade major. This was followed by a series of BAOR postings starting with the command of 5 Field Squadron RE in 1953. In 1959 he became chief instructor of the Army Apprentices School in Chepstow. After a series of senior administrative roles in the Middle East and Germany, his final appointment was as Brigadier Engineer Plans in the Ministry of Defence during which he was aide-de-camp (ADC) to the Queen between 1972 and 1974.

Later life
Hamilton-Baillie retired from the army in 1974 and spent the following 10 years as lecturer in soil mechanics and geology at the Royal Military College of Science, Shrivenham. He was one of the founding members of the Fortress Study Group in 1975 and served as chairman for a number of years. He was also a firm supporter of the Red Cross and a prominent member of the Concrete Society.

Honours and awards
20 December 1945 - Lieutenant John Robert Edward Hamilton-Baillie (85553), Corps of Royal Engineers, is awarded the Military Cross in recognition of gallant and distinguished services in the field.

Notes

References
Telegraph Obituary
NOTE Tittmoning is in Bavaria, not Czech Republic as stated in the Telegraph obituary Tittmoning

Recipients of the Military Cross
People educated at Clifton College
1919 births
2003 deaths
Royal Engineers officers
British Army personnel of World War II
Prisoners of war held at Colditz Castle
British escapees
Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
Escapees from German detention
People from Carlisle, Cumbria

Jock Hamilton-Baillie


The Turtles are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California, in 1965 and best known for their 1967 hit song "Happy Together". They charted several other top 40 hits, including "It Ain't Me Babe" (1965), "You Baby" (1966), "She'd Rather Be With Me" (1967), "Elenore" (1968) and "You Showed Me" (1969).

As the Turtles' commercial success waned by the end of the 1960s, they became plagued with management issues, lawsuits and conflicts with their label, White Whale Records, leading the group to break up in 1970. Founding members Howard Kaylan and Mark Volman later achieved long-lasting success as session musicians and reunited under the name Flo & Eddie, a comedy rock act. Since 1983, the Turtles featuring Flo & Eddie, a reconstituted version of the band, are currently touring.

History

1963–1966: Formation, initial success and first personnel changes

The Nightriders, the Crossfires and the Tyrtles
In early 1963, New Yorker Howard Kaylan and Californian Mark Volman attended the same school, Westchester High in Los Angeles (Kaylan had moved from New York City as a child). The two sang in the school's a cappella choir, where Volman soon heard about Kaylan's instrumental surf music band, the Nightriders (which included Kaylan on saxophone and choir members Al Nichol on lead guitar, Don Murray on drums and Chuck Portz on bass). Volman joined the group as a saxophonist, just before the group changed its name to the Crossfires in the same year. After high school graduation, the band continued on while its members attended area colleges (picking up rhythm guitarist Jim Tucker along the way).

They released a single, "Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde" b/w "Fiberglass Jungle", on the local "Capco Records" label, always in 1963. With the help of KRLA and KFWB DJ and club owner Reb Foster, the Crossfires signed to the newly formed White Whale Records. Adhering to the prevailing musical trend, the group rebranded itself as a folk rock band under the name the Tyrtles, an intentionally stylized misspelling inspired by the Byrds and the Beatles. However, the trendy spelling did not survive long, and they had to name themselves the Turtles.

Because of the stylistic change from "Surf music" to "Folk rock", Kaylan and Volman dropped the saxophones to become the band's vocalists. Kaylan became the group's lead singer, and keyboardist (although he would give up most of the keyboard parts to Nichol in their hits). Volman began to harmonize with Kaylan's lead singing becoming a third guitarist, as well as a percussionist, for the band.

"It Ain't Me Babe" and You Baby
As with the Byrds, the Turtles achieved breakthrough success with a cover of a Bob Dylan song. "It Ain't Me Babe" reached the Billboard Top Ten in the late summer of 1965, and was the title track of the band's first album. "Let Me Be", their second single, reached the top 30, and "You Baby" charted in the top 20 in early 1966. "You Baby", with its intricate vocal harmonies and upbeat tempo, was influential in the band's sound as it departed from the political, Byrds-type folk rock; the band's new sound ranged from chamber pop to straightforward pop music.

You Baby, The band's second album, failed to reach Billboards Top LPs chart, and of several singles released in 1966, "Grim Reaper of Love" and "Can I Get to Know You Better" barely entered the Billboard Hot 100. One single, the tough "Outside Chance", written by Warren Zevon and featuring guitar work in the style of the Beatles' "Taxman", did not chart. In 1966, the Turtles made an appearance in Universal's film Out of Sight, singing "She'll Come Back" on screen.

At the start of 1966, drummer Don Murray and bassist Chuck Portz quit the group. They were replaced by Joel Larson and then John Barbata on drums, and by Chip Douglas on bass (October 1966).

1966–1968: Peak years

"Happy Together"
"Happy Together", the first of several key Turtles singles co-written by Garry Bonner and Alan Gordon, had been rejected by countless performers. "Happy Together", both their biggest hit and their signature song, signaled a turning point for both the Turtles and for Chip Douglas, who provided the arrangement. The single replaced the Beatles' "Penny Lane" at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in the spring of 1967. The Turtles' only No. 1 remained there for three weeks. An album of the same name followed and peaked at No. 25. "Happy Together" reached No. 12 on the UK Singles Chart. This same year saw the Turtles performing the title song (composed by John Williams with lyrics by Leslie Bricusse) for the Twentieth Century-Fox bedroom farce A Guide for the Married Man.

Impressed by Chip Douglas's studio arrangements, Michael Nesmith approached him after a Turtles show at the Whisky a Go Go and invited him to become the Monkees' producer as that band wanted to break out of their "manufactured" studio mold. Douglas accepted and left the Turtles, producing three Monkees albums: Headquarters; Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd. (both 1967) and co-produced The Birds, the Bees & the Monkees (1968). Douglas was replaced by Jim Pons on bass.

"She'd Rather Be with Me", "You Know What I Mean" and "She's My Girl"
Other hits, all written by Gordon/Bonner, followed "Happy Together", turning the year of 1967 extremely lucrative for the Turtles. A follow-up, the brassy "She'd Rather Be with Me", reached No. 3 on the US charts in late spring and actually out-charted "Happy Together" overseas, reaching No. 4 in the UK. Two successive Top 15 songs followed: "You Know What I Mean" and "She's My Girl". Both 45s showed a psychedelic side in the band's style. Golden Hits was released later that year, charting in the top 10. The similar album covers for The Turtles! Golden Hits and its follow up More Golden Hits were designed by Dean Torrence of Jan & Dean.

In 1967, rhythm guitarist Jim Tucker left the band, citing the pressure of touring and recording new material. He moved to Grass Valley, California where he became an electrical contractor. He has denied that he left the band because John Lennon was rude to him as suggested by singer Kaylan.

The Turtles Present the Battle of the Bands

"Sound Asleep" and "The Story of Rock and Roll", the first two singles in 1968, stalled somewhere in the middle of the top 100. The band's fortunes changed when Chip Douglas returned to work with them in the studio. Late in 1968 the band released a concept album called The Turtles Present the Battle of the Bands, in which the group pretended to be 11 different bands (with fanciful names including the Bigg Brothers, Nature's Children, the US Teens featuring Raoul, and the Fabulous Dawgs), each with a song in a different genre. The album yielded two singles: "Elenore" and "You Showed Me" (both peaking at No. 6). "Elenore" also reached No. 7 in the UK chart. Although both singles were successful, they didn't help to boost the album's sales, which peaked at No. 128 on the Billboard Pop Albums. The 1969 hit "You Showed Me" had been written by the Byrds' Gene Clark and Roger (then Jim) McGuinn in 1964. It was their last top 10 single. Television appearances included a February 1968 spot on The Mike Douglas Show, to which they returned in April 1969.

1969–1970: Commercial waning and break-up

Turtle Soup
Towards the end of 1969, the group released its next album, Turtle Soup, a critically well-received LP produced by Ray Davies of the Kinks. Inspired by the revered 1968 concept album The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society, this was Davies's only released production work for another band (but Davies had previously produced demo recordings for the Iveys). Notable tracks include "Somewhere Friday Nite" and "Love in the City". In spite of Turtle Soups positive reception from the music press, its commercial success was marginal, and the band began to disintegrate.

Conflicts with White Whale and disintegration
Long disillusioned with their record label and its growing financial problems by this time, Kaylan and Volman resisted White Whale's efforts to turn the Turtles into something approaching an assembly-line pop act, like the early Monkees. The label apparently encouraged Kaylan and Volman to fire the rest of the band, tour with hired musicians and make records by adding their vocals to backing tracks recorded by Memphis session players. Such pressure convinced the band to record a single called "Who Would Ever Think That I Would Ever Marry Margaret?", which they disowned after its release.

The Turtles wound down their career in 1970 with More Golden Hits, a second compilation album, and Wooden Head, a B-sides and rarities album. With the demise of the Turtles, White Whale Records lost its biggest moneymaker, had few commercially viable bands, and soon ceased operations.

Post-Turtles

1970s
Kaylan and Volman (accompanied by Chip Douglas' replacement, bassist Jim Pons) joined the Mothers of Invention as the Phlorescent Leech & Eddie, since the use of the Turtles' name (and even their own names in billings) was prohibited by their contract with their label White Whale Records. Flo & Eddie, as they soon became known, recorded albums with Frank Zappa's band, appeared in Zappa's film 200 Motels in 1971, and later released a series of records.

Kaylan and Volman sang backing vocals on several recordings by the band T. Rex, including their worldwide 1971 hit "Get It On (Bang a Gong)" and the albums Electric Warrior and The Slider. When White Whale's master recordings were sold at auction in 1974, the duo won the Turtles' masters, making them the owners of their own recorded work. They promptly licensed the tracks to Sire Records, which issued them as a compilation titled "Happy Together Again". In the mid-1970s, Kaylan and Volman started their syndicated radio show titled Flo & Eddie by the Fireside, which originated from KMET in Los Angeles.

1980s
In the 1980s, the duo began hosting their radio show on KROQ-FM in Los Angeles and WXRK in New York City and recorded soundtrack music for children's shows like the Care Bears and Strawberry Shortcake. In 1980, Flo and Eddie performed backing vocals on Alice Cooper's Flush the Fashion and sang backup on Bruce Springsteen's "Hungry Heart" from his album The River. 1982 saw the re-release of the Turtles' original albums through Rhino Records.

In 1983, they also contributed backing vocals to the self-titled debut album of British New wave band Espionage, produced by Roy Thomas Baker and released by A&M Records. Also in 1983, Howard Kaylan appeared in the comedy film Get Crazy, starring Malcolm McDowell and Daniel Stern: Kaylan played the part of Captain Cloud, a spiritual guru, leader of a caravan of time-lost hippies. In the same year, Kaylan and Volman legally regained the use of "the Turtles" name and began touring as the Turtles Featuring Flo and Eddie; instead of trying to reunite with their earlier bandmates, they began featuring sidemen who had played with different groups. In 1984, the Turtles embarked on a U.S. Happy Together tour with Gary Puckett & the Union Gap, Spanky & Our Gang and the Association.

In 1987, Kaylan and Volman appeared in a music video of their 1967 song Happy Together to promote the romantic comedy Making Mr. Right. That year also saw the debut of the previously unreleased Shell Shock album, as well as a new retrospective CD 20 Greatest Hits, both released by Rhino. The latter compilation was followed in 1988 with Turtle Wax: The Best of the Turtles, Vol. 2, which featured the best of their "album tracks" and previously neglected single B-sides.

The 1989 debut album by hip hop combo De La Soul, featured an uncredited sample from the Turtles (specifically, the introduction to "You Showed Me"), in the song "Transmitting Live from Mars." Kaylan and Volman sued, winning a large settlement, setting a legal precedent, and causing the music industry to begin carefully crediting (and paying royalties for) sampled works on future rap music and other recordings in general. As they explained: "We don't hate sampling; we like sampling. If we don't get credit, we sue, and all that stuff (a share of the royalties plus punitive damages) comes back to us!" It was incorrectly reported in 2009 that Volman was involved in another lawsuit against rapper Gucci Mane for an unauthorized sample; the sample of "Keep It Warm" used in Mane's "Lemonade" was cleared legitimately before the release of the song. Also in 1989, the Turtles' recording of Happy Together was featured in the eponymous romantic comedy film Happy Together as well as in the film soundtrack album.

1990s
In 1991 "Music Club Records" released a Turtles' anthology in the United Kingdom: Happy Together: The Best of the Turtles. In 1993 Repertoire Records in Germany released their compilation, titled Elenore, as well as re-released the original Happy Together. In the same year, Rhino Records also presented Captured Live, a live album of their 1992 tour. In 1994 Sundazed Records re-released all of the Turtles' original albums, and in 1999 Varèse Sarabande released Happy Together: The Best of White Whale Records, which included many of the Turtles' singles.

Original drummer Don Murray (born "Donald Ray Murray" on November 8, 1945) died on March 22, 1996 at age 50.

2000s
In 2002, the film Adaptation used their song "Happy Together" extensively as a device to portray the closeness of the two brothers Kaufman, both played by Nicolas Cage; this film closes with the Turtles' version over the final credit scroll and time lapse photography.

Also the 2005 film Imagine Me & You, the title of which was taken from the first line of the song "Happy Together", used this song in its end credits. In 2009, a Turtles compilation CD titled Save the Turtles: The Turtles Greatest Hits was issued on their FloEdCo Record label and distributed by Manifesto Records.

2010s
Starting in the summer of 2010, the Turtles Featuring Flo & Eddie toured throughout the United States as part of the Happy Together: 25th Anniversary Tour, an oldies concert series that retained the "Happy Together" moniker in subsequent years. They performed alongside other 1960s and 1970s pop stars, including Gary Puckett, Mitch Ryder, Mark Lindsay, Mark Farner, Gary Lewis, and Micky Dolenz. The 2015 tour featured the Buckinghams, the Cowsills, the Grass Roots, and the Association. In 2016, the complete output of the Turtles was reissued as two box sets, titled The Complete Original Album Collection and All the Singles. The expanded editions of the six albums contained in the former were issued separately in 2017.

In 2018, since Kaylan required heart and back surgery, he was prohibited by his doctors from joining the tour, so Ron Dante (a prolific session musician of the Archies, the Cuff Links and the Detergents fame) performed for him through the summer of 2021.

2020s

Original rhythm guitarist Jim Tucker (born James Roy Tucker on October 17, 1946) died on November 12, 2020 at age 74.

While the Happy Together tour resumed in 2022, Kaylan is  not performing with the group. Instead, Dante, who is not an original member, is performing as a member of "the Turtles" with original member Mark Volman.

Personnel

Current members
 Mark Volman – harmony and backing vocals, guitar, percussion
 Ron Dante – lead vocals, guitar

Former members
 Howard Kaylan – lead vocals, keyboards
 Al Nichol – lead guitar, keyboards, backing vocals
 Jim Tucker – acoustic and electric rhythm guitars, backing vocals
 Chuck Portz – bass guitar
 Don Murray – drums
 Peter Whitmer – drums
 Chip Douglas – bass guitar, backing vocals
 Jim Pons – bass guitar, backing vocals
 Joel Larson – drums
 John Barbata – drums, percussion
 Ran Whitehead – drums
 John Seiter – drums

Timeline (Original incarnation of the band, 1965–1970)

Discography

 It Ain't Me Babe (1965)
 You Baby (1966)
 Happy Together (1967)
 The Turtles Present the Battle of the Bands (1968)
 Turtle Soup (1969)

See also

References

External links

Folk rock groups from California
American pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1965
Musical groups disestablished in 1970
Musical groups reestablished in 2010
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Psychedelic pop music groups
White Whale Records artists
Sundazed Records artists
1965 establishments in California

The Turtles


Jamo Nezzar (born December 6, 1966, in Batna, Algeria) is a retired professional bodybuilder and internationally renowned personal training expert, and founder of JamCore Training and Co-owner of MyFitTribe.com.

Life and bodybuilding career
Jamo Nezzar was born in Batna, Algeria on December 6, 1966. At a young age, Jamo was always interested in health and sports, and eventually led to studying biology. After completing his degree in biology, Jamo entered the pre-med program at the Dergana University in Algeria, soon realizing that his passion was for bodybuilding and personal training.

With this realization and newfound direction he began a 22-year journey into professional bodybuilding. In 1987, Jamo moved to London to seriously pursue bodybuilding, until 1994 he focused on training and competition, allowing him to travel the world. During his travels Jamo also worked with others as a personal trainer.

During his bodybuilding career, more than 100 articles have been written about Jamo's training style and nutritional philosophy, and he has appeared on the covers of more than 27 fitness magazines including Musclemag, Pump, Body Fitness, Muscle and Fitness and Sports Review. In addition, Jamo has been featured in television programs both in Europe and in the United States, including BBC2, Sky Sport, American Muscle, ESPN and "Lifestyle at Muscle Beach" on the Discovery Channel.

In 2001, Jamo moved to Southern California to further his career as an International Federation of BodyBuilders professional and fitness specialist. During this time his personal training efforts and development of JamCore Training were solidified into a successful system. Jamo retired from competition in 2003 and focused on helping others lead fit, healthy lives. His dynamic personality and unique personal training system take him all over the world, working with many different people. His ability to fluently speak English, French and Arabic has been a great asset throughout his life.

Company
After retiring from professional bodybuilding, Jamo continued working as a personal trainer, JamCore Training, a personal training system offering online fitness, health and nutrition information, and core workouts that can be downloaded to a computer and video iPods. JamCore personal training is a corporation, based in Ventura, in Southern California. It has 1,776 members in the United States.

Jamo working with Incendia Media then took JamCore Training and created a great new Health & Fitness Social Network called MyFitTribe.com. The extended capabilities, great features, friendly community and MyFitTribe Team giving great Health & Fitness information in articles, videos, pictures, blogs with all the features of a social network. A number of top athletes and fitness enthusiasts from a wide variety of disciplines such as swimming, surfing, soccer, football, water polo, volleyball and martial arts.

Competition history
1989 - England Over all Stars of Tom
1991 - Lightheavy British- 2nd
1994 - Heavyweight British Champion- 2nd
1995 - Heavyweight British Champion- 2nd
1996 - Heavyweight British Champion- 2nd
1996 - Over all Southeast British Champion
1999 -  Over all Heavyweight Northeast champion
1999 - Heavyweight British Champion- 2nd
1999 - Amateur Grand Prix Champion (Pro Card)
1999 - IFBB English grand Prix (first Pro Show)- 10th
2000 - IFBB Ironman- 14th
2001 - IFBB Pro Toronto Canada Cup- 11th
2001 - Night of the Champion (42 competitors)- 18th
2002 - IFBB Pro Ironman- 12th
2002 - IFBB San Francisco Pro Show- 12th
2002 - IFBB Austrian Grand Prix-10th

References

External links
My Fit Tribe Health & Fitness Social Network
JamCore Training
Jamo Nezzar's Blog
Jamo Nezzar Photograph Gallery

1966 births
Living people
People from Batna, Algeria
American bodybuilders
English bodybuilders
American people of Algerian descent
Algerian bodybuilders

Jamo Nezzar


Revolution Day refers to the public holiday in Egypt on 23 July, the anniversary of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 which led to the declaration of the modern republic of Egypt, ending the period of the Kingdom of Egypt. It is the biggest secular public holiday in Egypt and is considered the National Day of Egypt.

Annual celebrations marking the Revolution begin on the preceding evening, as the evening of 23 July 1952 was when the Free Officers Movement led by Mohamed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser commenced the military coup d'état that launched the Revolution, and ultimately led to the abdication of King Farouk, the penultimate King of Egypt and the Sudan. The public holiday itself is characterised by large and elaborate celebrations, including military parades and televised concerts with heavily nationalistic themes.

See also
Revolution Day in other countries.

References

Egyptian Revolution of 1952
Public holidays in Egypt
National days
July observances
Summer events in Egypt

Revolution Day (Egypt)


Bobby Brown Park, formerly known as Bobby Brown State Outdoor Recreation Area and prior to that Bobby Brown State Park, is a  park located near Chennault and Middleton. The park's name is a memorial to Robert T. Brown, a lieutenant in the United States Navy who was killed during World War II aboard the submarine .

The park is located on a plot of land that was once Petersburg, a small town that thrived during the 1790s due to its location where the Broad River and Savannah River met. The park is now located next to both Lake Strom Thurmond and Richard B. Russell Lake, two manmade reservoirs. When water levels are low, however, the old town of Petersburg can once again be glimpsed by visitors. The park's strategic location near so much water provides much fishing and water recreation.

History
Bobby Brown State Park was downgraded to Bobby Brown State Outdoor Recreation Area in 2009. In 2015, a lease agreement was reached with the Georgia Department of Natural Resources. The park is now operated by the government of Elbert County, Georgia.

Facilities
 61 Tent/Trailer/RV Sites
 Pioneer Camping
 Boat Ramp and Dock
 2 Picnic Shelters

References

External links

State parks of Georgia (U.S. state)
Protected areas of Elbert County, Georgia

Bobby Brown Park


The canton of Nevers-3 is an administrative division of the Nièvre department, central France. It was created at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Nevers.

It consists of the following communes:
Challuy
Gimouille
Nevers (partly)
Saincaize-Meauce

References

Cantons of Nièvre

Canton of Nevers-3


The B. V. Sargent House is a historic house in Salinas, California, United States.  It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for representing a change in local building styles and opening popularity in the area for Colonial Revival architecture.

It was built in 1897 and is a work of architect William H. Weeks.  Its National Register nomination asserts it is an "excellent example of changing tastes in architecture at the turn of the twentieth century in rural California", and that the house "is also perhaps, the most fully realized expression of architect William H. Weeks' (1864–1936) early 'modified colonial' style".  It cost $7,500 to be built by contractor L.U. Grant.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

In 2014 it was purchased by the Episcopal Diocese of El Camino Real and renovated as the diocesan headquarters, which was moved there from Seaside, California, in January 2015.

References

External links

Buildings and structures in Salinas, California
Houses completed in 1897
Houses in Monterey County, California
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Monterey County, California
National Register of Historic Places in Monterey County, California

B. V. Sargent House


In Mormonism, a high council is one of several different governing bodies that have existed in the church hierarchy on many Latter Day Saint movement denominations. Most often, the term refers to a stake high council in a local stake, but other high councils include the standing Presiding High Council in Zion, and the "travelling high council", better-known today as the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.

History of high councils
On February 17, 1834, Joseph Smith, the founder of the movement, created a presiding high council at church headquarters in Kirtland, Ohio. This body consisted of twelve men and was headed by the First Presidency. The original members of the high council in Kirtland were:

Joseph Smith, Sr.
John Smith
Joseph Coe
John Johnson
Martin Harris
John S. Carter
Jared Carter
Oliver Cowdery
Samuel H. Smith
Orson Hyde
Sylvester Smith
Luke S. Johnson

This high council took on the role of chief judicial and legislative body of the local church and handled such things as excommunication trials and approval of all church spending. This high council became subordinate to the high council of Zion, which was organized in Jackson County, Missouri. A presidency was also called to head the high council of Zion. The members of this presidency and high council were:

David Whitmer (president)
William W. Phelps (assistant president)
John Whitmer (assistant president)
Christian Whitmer
Newel Knight
Simeon Carter
Calvin Beebe
William E. McLellin
Solomon Hancock
Thomas B. Marsh
Lyman Wight
Parley P. Pratt
Orson Pratt
John Murdock
Levi Jackman

Later, when other high councils were established in newly formed stakes of the church, the high council of Zion (first Kirtland, then Far West, Missouri and finally Nauvoo, Illinois) took on a role of "presiding" over the lesser high councils. (Cases tried in the high councils of outlying stakes were regularly appealed to the high council of Zion.) Most Latter Day Saint historians view the high council of Zion as distinct from a stake high council, as there is no "stake" at the "center place" of the tent of Zion. During Smith's lifetime, high council members were ordained high priests, but not given any priesthood keys.

In 1835, Smith created an additional "traveling high council" of twelve men to oversee the missionary work of the church. Like many early church leaders including the Three and Eight Witnesses of the Book of Mormon and, initially all church elders, the members of this traveling high council were known as "apostles." Later, as this council grew in importance, it became known as the Council or Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, and other church leaders ceased to be called apostles.

Thomas B. Marsh was the original president of the traveling high council which, in practice, was initially subordinate to the high council of Zion. For example, in 1838, when vacancies arose in the traveling high council, it was the presiding high council at Far West which voted on and filled the vacancies. Later, as the traveling high council evolved and began to be known as the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, it acquired equal status with the presiding high council and both were subordinated to the First Presidency. When the high council of Zion was dissolved after the church members were expelled from Missouri, the high council organized at the new church headquarters in Nauvoo, Illinois, where it functioned as the presiding high council of the church, overseeing appeals from high councils in outlying stakes.

After the 1844 succession crisis, high councils developed differently in the various denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement.

High councils in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Each stake in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the largest Latter Day Saint denomination, has a high council consisting of twelve high priests. The stake high council assists the presidency of the stake in approving ward and other stake leaders, conducting membership councils, and in communicating to and instructing the leaders of the wards and branches within the stake.

Notes

Leadership positions in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Organizational subdivisions of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Religious organizations established in 1834
Types of Latter Day Saint organization
1834 establishments in Ohio

High council (Latter Day Saints)


"I Want Crazy" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Hunter Hayes.  It is one of five songs recorded for Hunter Hayes (Encore), the deluxe edition of Hayes' self-titled debut album. Hayes debuted the song at the Academy of Country Music Awards on April 7, 2013, and it was released the next day as the lead single for the reissue of Hunter Hayes and fourth from the album overall.  Hayes wrote the song with Lori McKenna and Troy Verges. A new mix of the song produced by Ryan Tedder was released in the UK on April 17, 2015 as the third single from his international debut album, I Want Crazy (2015).

Upon release, "I Want Crazy" met with critical and commercial success. It became Hayes' second top 20 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 (after "Wanted") and was certified 2× Platinum by the (RIAA). In Canada, "I Want Crazy" peaked at number 14 and was certified Platinum, in addition to topping the Canadian Country Airplay chart compiled by Billboard. The song was nominated for Best Country Solo Performance at the 56th Grammy Awards, but lost to Darius Rucker's "Wagon Wheel".

Content
The song is a moderate up-tempo accompanied by electric guitar and mandolin. In it, the male singer says that he wants his lover to be "crazy", and will not be satisfied by a slower-paced relationship. It is in the key of E-flat major, with open fifths consisting of the pitches E and B sounding on the verses.

Critical reception
Giving it a "thumbs up", Sam Gazdziak of Engine 145 said "Clearly, he's singing to a younger audience who want to hear more about the wild and crazy side of love and not the harsh realities… That said, the song is also ridiculously catchy, and Hayes' talents as a singer and musician help make it rise above any lyrical missteps." It received 4 stars out of 5 from Billy Dukes of Taste of Country, who said that the song had a "frantic pace" that "matches what he's looking for", and that it "shows a new level of confidence". A 4.5 star rating came from Matt Bjorke of Roughstock, who compared it favorably to Keith Urban and said that the "lyrics… are stronger than most of the songs on country radio and the melody is interesting."

Music video
The music video for "I Want Crazy" was directed by Ends and shot in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada. It premiered on CMT and GAC on April 29, 2013.

Commercial performance
"I Want Crazy" debuted at number 24 on the U.S. Billboard Country Airplay chart for the week of April 27, 2013. It also debuted at number 36 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of April 20, 2013.  It also debuted at number 43 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week of April 27, 2013.  In March 2015, the song was certified 2× Platinum by the RIAA.  The song has sold 1,884,000 copies in the US as of March 2020.

The song also debuted at number 14 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart for the week of April 27, 2013.

Chuck E. Cheese's version
The popular pizza chain Chuck E. Cheese's used the song in a January 2014 show; the song was sung by Jasper T. Jowls.

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

2013 singles
Hunter Hayes songs
Atlantic Records singles
Songs written by Hunter Hayes
Songs written by Troy Verges
Song recordings produced by Dann Huff
Songs written by Lori McKenna
2013 songs

I Want Crazy


A professional degree, formerly known in the US as a first professional degree, is a degree that prepares someone to work in a particular profession, practice, or industry sector often meeting the academic requirements for licensure or accreditation. Professional degrees may be either graduate or undergraduate entry, depending on the profession concerned and the country, and may be classified as bachelor's, master's, or doctoral degrees. For a variety of reasons, professional degrees may bear the name of a different level of qualification from their classification in qualifications, e.g., some UK professional degrees are named bachelor's but are at master's level, while some Australian and Canadian professional degrees have the name "doctor" but are classified as master's or bachelor's degrees.

History

History of professional degrees in Europe
The first doctorates were awarded in the mid twelfth century to recognise teachers (doctors) in mediaeval universities, either in civil law at the University of Bologna or in theology at the University of Paris. These were followed shortly afterwards by doctorates in canon law, and then in the thirteenth century by doctorates in medicine, grammar, logic and philosophy. These mediaeval doctorates remained, however, essentially teaching qualifications, with their major importance being the ius ubique docendi – the right to teach anywhere.

History of professional degrees in the United Kingdom

The first university medical school to be established in the United Kingdom was at the University of Edinburgh in 1726, followed in 1744 by the University of Glasgow. In 1817, Glasgow became the first British university to offer a separate degree in surgery, the Master of Surgery. However, other Scottish universities – St Andrews and the two universities in Aberdeen – also offered medical degrees, often in absentia and without examination, despite not having medical schools. In England, the two universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were only sporadically interested in medical teaching, which was mainly carried out in the London hospitals. It was not until the establishment of the University of London in 1836, however, that students at the hospital medical schools could earn degrees. Following the passing of the Medical Act 1858 and the establishment of the General Medical Council, Scottish graduates gained the right to practice in England and degrees in both medicine and surgery became the norm. The Scottish practice of awarding the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) as a first degree was abolished by the university commissioners appointed under the Universities (Scotland) Act 1858, it being replaced by the Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery (MS), with the MD becoming a higher degree as in England. The commissioners under the Universities (Scotland) Act 1889 completed the reform by replacing the MS with the Bachelor of Surgery, the MS joining the MD as a higher degree and the initial professional qualification taking on its modern form as the double Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery, degree.

The first university in England to offer training in theology for those intending to become priests in the Church of England was the University of Durham in 1833, following the lead of colleges such as St Bees Theological College and St David's College, Lampeter. The Licence in Theology could be taken as either a one year graduate course, following on from a BA, or a three-year undergraduate course. Shortly after, in 1837, Durham also became the first British university to teach engineering (although the course closed after a few years), followed only a few months later by King's College London.

Anglican theological colleges partnered with local universities to offer professional degrees in theology and ministry during the twentieth century. Since 2014, however, the Common Award degrees, validated by Durham, have offered a more unified training across the theological colleges. Some colleges continue to offer other degrees in addition to the Common Awards, such as the Cambridge Bachelor of Theology at the Cambridge Theological Federation

Legal studies in England were mainly confined to the Inns of Court until the late nineteenth century. The only undergraduate course was at Cambridge and concentrated on Roman civil law rather than English common law; in terms of employment, that the bishops accepted it as equivalent to a B.A. for ordination was more useful than the legal training it provided, and it was generally seen as an easy option for those who couldn't cope with the mathematics on the B.A. course. Cambridge reformed its course in 1858, and London established an undergraduate course a few years later. However, it has only been since the 1960s that law schools have taken on a leading role in training lawyers and truly established professional degrees.

In the latter part of the twentieth century, many chartered bodies introduced educational requirements for their chartered professional statuses, most notably the Engineering Council requirements for Chartered Engineer. This led to the accreditation of degrees by the relevant professional bodies and, in the case of engineering, to the Washington Accord – an international agreement between engineering regulatory bodies to recognise professional degrees accredited in each country – signed originally in 1989 by the UK, US, Australia, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand, and since expanded to include many other countries. In the twenty-first century, the standard professional degree for many science and engineering fields was raised from bachelor's to master's level, including for qualification as a Chartered Physicist (from 2001), Chartered Scientist (from 2004) and Chartered Engineer (from 2012).

History of professional degrees in the United States
The Bachelor of Medicine, or M.B., was the first medical degree to be granted in the United States and Canada. The first medical schools that granted the M.B. degree were at the University of Pennsylvania and Columbia University. Columbia University was the first American university to grant the M.D. degree in 1770, although, as in England, this followed the M.B. (which was the qualifying degree) and required completion of a thesis. Professional societies started licensing doctors from the 1760s, and in the early nineteenth century started setting up their own medical schools, known as  proprietary medical colleges, the first being the medical college of the Medical Society of the County of New York, which opened March 12, 1807. These eliminated the general education and long lecture terms of the university schools, making them much more popular. Without effective regulation, abuses arose, and national conventions in 1846 and 1847 led to the establishment of the American Medical Association. This new body set the first nationwide standards for M.D. degrees, requiring that students had a liberal education in arts and sciences as part of their degree, that they had served an apprenticeship before starting the course, and that the course lasted three years.

The M.D. was thus the first entry-level professional degree to be awarded as a purely trade school "doctor" degree in the United States, before the first European-style doctorate, the Ph.D., was awarded by an American institution in 1861, although the M.D. was not established as a post-baccalaureate degree until much later. The President of Yale, Arthur Twining Hadley, stated in the early 20th century that: "However convenient it might be to insist on the possession of a bachelor's degree by all pupils in the schools of law or medicine, I feel that it would be a violation of our duty to these professions to hedge ourselves about by any such artificial limitations." This changed (for medicine) after Abraham Flexner's damning report into the state of medical education in 1910: by 1930 almost all medical schools required a previous liberal arts degree before starting the M.D. course.

Law degrees were introduced in the US by the College of William & Mary in 1792, with its "Batchellor of Law" (sic) (L.B.) degree. This was followed by the "Graduate of Law" at the University of Virginia in 1829, which became the first American LL.B. in 1840. The J.D. was introduced by the University of Chicago in 1902, with the same curriculum as the LL.B. but requiring a previous B.A. or B.S. for entry. The J.D. spread, but encountered opposition, and Harvard, which imposed graduate entry as a requirement for its LL.B. course in 1909, and Yale used the name for their post-LL.B. degree, elsewhere called the LL.M. By the 1930s, when most law schools had shifted to graduate entry, the standard degree was once again the LL.B. The second shift to the J.D., again without a change of curriculum, came in the 1960s, with all American Bar Association–accredited professional degrees adopting the nomenclature by 1971.

In the late twentieth and early twenty-first century, other professions, particularly in clinical fields, transitioned their professional degrees to doctorates, following the example of the M.D. and J.D. The Master of Public Health (M.P.H. degree) and the Doctor of Public Health (Dr.P.H.) are multi-disciplinary professional degrees awarded for studies in areas related to public health. The M.P.H. degree focuses on public health practice, as opposed to research or teaching. In the 1990s there was also some debate in the architectural community about renaming the professional degree in architecture a "doctorate". The spread of professional doctorates raised concerns about the standards of the new degrees, particularly in cases such as physical therapy, where the standard set by the American Physical Therapy Association for the doctorate is the same as that for the master's degree. Critics have claimed that these degrees should not be called doctorates, pointing out that a Ph.D. takes an average of twelve years from the start of college, compared to five and a half to eight years for professional doctorates, while defenders of the new professional doctorates have said the point of comparison should be the M.D. and J.D., not the Ph.D.

Professional degrees by country

United States
Among the professional degrees in the United States, one particular form was the graduate-entry first-professional degree, often denominated as a doctorate. The US Department of Education defined these as: "A first-professional degree was an award that required completion of a program that met all of the following criteria: (1) completion of the academic requirements to begin practice in the profession; (2) at least two years of college work prior to entering the program; and (3) a total of at least six academic years of college work to complete the degree program, including prior required college work plus the length of the professional program itself." The use of the term "first-professional" was discontinued by the Department of Education as of 2010–11, when new post-baccalaureate award categories were introduced. Prior to this, first-professional degrees (so defined) were awarded in the following ten fields:

Chiropractic (D.C. or D.C.M.)
Dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.)
Law (LL.B. or J.D.)
Medicine (M.D.)
Optometry (O.D.)
Osteopathic medicine (D.O.)
Pharmacy (Pharm.D.)
Podiatry (Pod.D. or D.P.) or Podiatric medicine (D.P.M.)
Theology (M. Div., M.H.L., B.D.,  or Ord. and M.H.L./Rav.)
Veterinary medicine (D.V.M.)

Since 2011, the classification "doctor's degree - professional practice" has been used for "[a] doctor's degree that is conferred upon completion of a program providing the knowledge and skills for the recognition, credential, or license required for professional practice." As with the "first professional degree", this classification also requires that the total time in higher education is at least six years, although the requirement for at least two years of college-level study prior to entering the program was removed. The Department of Education does not define which fields professional doctorates may be awarded in, unlike with the "first professional degree". Besides professional doctorates, other professional degrees can exist that use the title of bachelor or master, e.g., B.Arch. and M.Arch. in architecture. In particular, first professional degrees in theology, which did not use the title of doctor, were reclassified as master's degrees in 2011 - including the B.D.

A distinction is drawn in the US between professional doctorates and "doctor's degree - research/scholarship", with the latter being "[a] Ph.D. or other doctor's degree that requires advanced work beyond the master's level, including the preparation and defense of a dissertation based on original research, or the planning and execution of an original project demonstrating substantial artistic or scholarly achievement." Internationally, US professional doctorates (which, unlike research doctorates, are not defined as requiring work beyond the master's level) are not generally considered to be doctoral level qualifications. The classification of "Doctor's degree - other" also exists for doctorates that do not meet the definition of either professional doctorates or research doctorates.

The US Census Bureau uses the classification "professional degree beyond bachelor's degree" as one of the possible answers to "What is the highest degree or level of school this person has completed?" in the American Community Survey, with examples of M.D., D.D.S., D.V.M., LL.B., and J.D. This sits between "master's degree" and "doctorate degree" (with the examples for a doctorate being Ph.D. and Ed.D.).

Some professional fields offer degrees beyond the professional doctorate or other degree required for qualification, sometimes termed post-professional degrees. Higher professional degrees may also be offered in fields that do not have specific academic requirements for entry, such as Fine Arts. These degrees may be at master's or doctorate levels.

Canada

Professional degrees are considered undergraduate degrees in Canada and are recognized by Statistics Canada as degrees that lead to entry-to-practice professions. They generally require first, an undergraduate degree, prior to admission, however, some professional degrees may be direct entry after secondary schooling education such as social work, nursing, midwifery and education. Professional degrees are considered competitive for entry with academic rigor.

Medicine (M.D.)
Optometry (O.D.)
Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) or (BPharm)
Dentistry (D.D.S.) or (D.M.D.)
Chiropody/Podiatry (D.Ch) or Podiatric medicine (D.P.M.)
Veterinary medicine (D.V.M.)
Law (J.D) or (LL.B.) or (B.C.L.)
Midwifery (B.H.Sc.)
Nursing (B.Sc.N.) or (B.N.)
Social Work (B.S.W.)
Education (B.Ed.)

United Kingdom

Professional degrees in the UK are accredited by professional, statutory and regulatory bodies, which work with the Quality Assurance Agency on defining benchmark statements for their subjects. Specific benchmark statements have also been produced for professional qualifications in Scotland.

Many professional degrees span teaching at bachelor's and master's level, leading to a master's level award:

This includes older degrees that retain the names of bachelor's degrees for historic reasons, e.g., the Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (M.B.B.S.; M.B., Ch.B.; etc.), Bachelor of Dental Surgery (B.D.S.), and Bachelor of Veterinary Science (B.V.S.), and newer integrated master's degrees such as the Master of Engineering (M.Eng.), Master of Optometry (M.Optom), or Master of Pharmacy (M.Pharm.). In some subjects, qualification can be via separate bachelor's and master's degrees, e.g., a Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) followed by a Master of Science (M.Sc.) in Engineering, or a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) or Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Architecture followed by a year of professional experience, then a two-year Master of Architecture (M.Arch.). In some subjects the normal professional degree is a bachelor's degree, e.g., the Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) or B.A. in Law (for both solicitors and barristers) or a B.Sc. in Surveying. Some professional bodies also offer different levels of professional recognition, e.g., a master's degree is needed for Chartered Engineers or Chartered Scientists but a bachelor's degree for Incorporated Engineers and a bachelor's or foundation degree for Registered Scientists.

It is common for professional qualification in the UK to require professional experience in addition to academic qualification. For Architecture, the standard route has a year of experience between the bachelor's and master's stages and a further year after the master's before the final examination; becoming a Chartered Engineer requires post-degree Initial Professional Development that typically takes four to six years; becoming a General Practitioner requires five years of study beyond the M.B.B.S., while qualifying as a Consultant takes seven to nine more years. Although initial registration as a medical doctor occurs after the initial four-to-six-year primary medical qualification (e.g., M.B.B.S.).

In addition to initial professional degrees, some professional master's degrees and most professional doctorates, e.g., the Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.), Doctor of Education (Ed.D.), Doctor of Engineering (Eng.D.) and Doctor of Agriculture (D.Ag.), are offered for those already established in professions. UK professional doctorates are research degrees at the same level as Ph.D.'s, normally including teaching at doctoral level but still assessed by a doctoral research thesis or equivalent.

Some professional degrees are designed specifically for trainees or members within a particular organisation, rather than being available via general enrollment. Examples of these include the Church of England's Common Awards with Durham University and the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants' B.Sc. in Applied Accounting with Oxford Brookes University.

International equivalence

In medicine

In medicine, individual countries specify rules for recognising foreign qualifications; in the US, for example, this is carried out by the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) and in the UK by the General Medical Council (GMC). The Australian Medical Council, US ECFMG, UK GMC, Medical Council of Canada, Danish Health and Medicines Authority, and Korean Institute of Medical Education and Evaluation jointly sponsor the World Directory of Medical Schools. At least one state in the US, Wisconsin, permits foreign graduates to use the title "MD" if licensed to practice in the US. The state of New York grants an M.D. degree to graduates of approved foreign medical schools upon application and payment of a fee.

In engineering

In engineering, the Washington Accord (1989) recognised that the academic training (i.e., professional degrees) for full professional status (Professional Engineer, Chartered Engineer, European Engineer, etc.) is equivalent in the signatory countries. Similarly the Sydney Accord (2001) recognises similar academic training between signatories for Engineering Technologists, Incorporated Engineers, etc. and the Dublin Accord (2002) for Engineering Technicians. For computing and information technology, the Seoul Accord (2008) recognises similar academic training on accredited courses for computing and information technology professionals in the signatory countries.

See also
Terminal degree
Postgraduate education
Licensure

References
70.Doctor of Plant Medicine

71.Doctor of Audiologist

72.Doctor of Naturopathy

73.Doctor of Traditional Korean Medicine

74.Doctor of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Qualifications
Professional titles and certifications
Academic degrees
Academic degrees of the United States

da:Bachelor#Professionsbachelor

Professional degree


Lodewijk Frans Asscher (born September 27, 1974 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA). He was political leader from December 2016 and also parliamentary leader from March 2017 until January 2021. He was succeeded by Lilianne Ploumen.

Career
Asscher was a government minister and also deputy prime minister in the Second Rutte cabinet from 2012 to 2017. Previously he was an alderman of Amsterdam. As an alderman he was fighting sexual slavery and criminal companies.

He studied law at the University of Amsterdam (including a PhD) and is a former academic at the same university. He is partly of Jewish descent (his father is Jewish). He adheres Reform Judaism.

Lodewijk Asscher is married with three children.

References
  Bio at Parlement.com

1974 births
Living people
Deputy Prime Ministers of the Netherlands
Aldermen of the Netherlands
Dutch academics
Dutch councillors
Dutch jurists
Leaders of political parties in the Netherlands
Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Government ministers of the Netherlands
Jewish academics
Jewish Dutch politicians
Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians
Mayors of Amsterdam

Lodewijk Asscher


Francesco Carrara (September 18, 1805 – January 15, 1888) was an Italian jurist and liberal politician who was one of the leading criminal law European scholars and death penalty abolition lawyers of the 19th century.

Biography

After having received a doctorate degree at the University of Lucca, Carrara practiced law in Florence and Lucca, where he was soon engaged in debates about criminal law reform. In 1848, he was appointed to the chair of criminal law at the University of Lucca, and in 1859 at Pisa. His principal work, written there, was the ten-volume Programma dal corso di diritto criminale. Synthesising Italian thought in criminal law since Beccaria, it also had significant influence abroad.

As a young politician, Carrara at first followed Mazzini, but came closer to more moderate liberal groups in the 1840s. He helped arrange the accession of Lucca to Tuscany, as he regarded it as a first small step towards national unity. Additionally, he had been totally disgusted from the five sentences to death by guillotine which Charles II, Duke of Parma  had allowed in 1845. Not by chance, just to solemnize the annexation of Lucca, Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany abolished the death penalty in his state, as suggested for by Carrara and by some other jurists.

After Italian unification, Carrara was elected to Parliament in 1863, 1865 and 1867. There, he was an influential member of the commission preparing the Criminal Code of Italy, the "Zanardelli Code" completed in 1889.

Named a senator in 1879, Carrara died at Lucca, where many of his manuscripts remain.

References

Sources

External links
 Obituary at the University of Pisa website

Italian politicians
1805 births
1888 deaths
Anti–death penalty activists
19th-century Italian jurists

Francesco Carrara (jurist)


Ivan Aiardi (born 16 January 1971) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

Career

Monza
Aiardi started his professional career at Monza, at that time part of the Province of Milan. After the relegation to Serie C1 in 1990, he was promoted to first team, as 3rd keeper behind Paolo Mancini and Massimiliano Caniato. In summer 1992, he left for Serie D side Corsico where he played 2 seasons at Corsico, the Province of Milan. In 2004–95 season, he returned to Monza and played as first choice for the Serie C1 campaign, ahead Christian Abbiati.

Lecce
He then left for Serie C1 side Lecce, as backup goalkeeper of Fabrizio Lorieri along with Giuseppe Gatta. He won Serie C1 champion in 1996. He continued to play for Lecce at Serie B as Lorieri's backup ahead Alessandro Quarta. He played his first Serie B on round 38 (last round), against Cesena which certainly relegated after the season. He replaced Lorieri in the 85th minutes, which Lecce scored the 3rd goal by Francesco Palmieri. The match Lecce won Cesena 3–0 and secured the promotion. Lecce finished 3rd with 63 points, ahead Genoa (the 5th) with only 2 points and first 4 teams promoted to Serie A.

In 1997–98 season, he secured a place in Lecce Serie A plan. He played his first Serie A match on 11 February 1998, replaced Lorieri's in the 87th minutes, which Lecce already lost 1–3 to A.S. Roma. In round 33, he second last round, Lecce which certainly relegated was against mid-table side Sampdoria. Aiardi substituted Lorieri in the 5th minutes and the match ended in 1–1 draw in Stadio Luigi Ferraris. In the last round, Aiardi was the starting keeper with Quarta as backup, that match Lecce lost to Piacenza in 1–3 at home.

In 1998–99, he was loaned to league rival Serie B side Andria. He played the first 13 matches at first choice, ahead Cristiano Lupatelli. But under the new coach Giorgio Rumignani, he chosen Lupatelli as first choice. Andria relegated at the end of season and Aiardi returned to Lecce, which the team has won promotion to Serie A again. Aiardi worked as 3rd goalkeeper again, behind Antonio Chimenti and Massimo Lotti. Lecce secured a place in next Serie A season before the start of last round, and that match (round 34) Aiardi substituted Chimenti in the 76th minutes and concerned 1 more goal. The match ended in a 1–4 loss to Parma.

Returned to Monza
In 2000–01 season, he left for Serie C1 side Messina, but in October he left for Serie B side Monza, as 3rd goalkeeper behind youth keeper Luca Redaelli and first choice Gabriele Aldegani, to provide extra cover in keeper role due to the left of Jean-François Gillet. After Aldegani was injured in the round 13, he made his single appearances on round 15, 10 December 2000, a 1–5 loss to Chievo. In January 2001, Monza signed Alex Calderoni and the coach preferred Redaelli on the bench and Calderoni played on the field. That season Monza relegated again. He returned to Messina in 2001 which the team promoted from Serie C1. As the club had Emanuele Manitta, Vincenzo Marruocco and Quarta, he was sent to Gualdo.

Late career
Aiardi played two Serie C2 seasons for Gualdo as a regular starter. He then left for Rosetana of Serie C2. In October 2009, he joined Toma Maglie of Eccellenza Apulia (Italian 6th level). but soon left the club. He also played for Eccellenza Apulia side Francavilla and Copertino.

Honours
Lecce
Serie C1: 1996

References

External links
 Profile at wlecce.it

Italian men's footballers
Serie A players
Serie B players
AC Monza players
US Lecce players
Fidelis Andria 2018 players
ACR Messina players
ASD Gualdo Casacastalda players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Footballers from Milan
1971 births
Living people
Virtus Francavilla Calcio players

Ivan Aiardi


Druids () is a 2001 epic historical drama film directed by Jacques Dorfmann. It stars Christopher Lambert, Klaus Maria Brandauer, Inés Sastre, Maria Kavardjikova, Bernard-Pierre Donnadieu, and Max von Sydow.

The film tells the story of the Gallic chieftain Vercingetorix, from his childhood through to his battle to save Gaul from Roman domination at the hands of Julius Caesar. The film culminates with the decisive Battle of Alesia.

The novel The Druid King by Norman Spinrad is a derivative work of an early version of the Druids script.

Plot
In 60 B.C. Gaul, Druid chieftain Gutuart and his tribe witness the passing of a comet and interpret it as the sign of the coming of a new king for Gaul. Guttuart goes to Gergovia, the capital of the Arvernes tribe, for a gathering of chieftains. The young boy Vercingetorix, along with the young girl Eponia, sneak into the cavern where Celtill, Vercingetorix's father and chieftain of the Arvernes, hosts the meeting. Celtill intends to proclaim himself king of the Gauls, and as he shows off the crown once worn by the old kings, a disguised Roman spy shoots Celtill with an arrow. Gobanittio, Celtill's brother, places Celtill under arrest while the spy flees with the crown. Vercingetorix tries to reach his father, but Guttuart prevents the young boy from intervening and explains that destiny requires Celtill to meet his fate. The young Vercingetorix, watching his uncle burn his father alive, swears revenge.

Years later, the adult Vercingetorix continues to seek revenge against his uncle. He and Guttuart go to a road being built by the Romans, but Guttuart flees upon seeing the approach of Julius Caesar and his legionaries. Caesar acknowledges Vercingetorix as leader of the Arvernes, and invites him to participate in an invasion of Britain.  Vercingetorix returns to Gergovia and avenges his father's death by killing Gobanittio, then tells his tribe of Caesar's offer to give one half of the booty if the tribe joins in the expedition to Britain. At Bibracte, capital of the Eduens tribe, various chieftains gather to hear Caesar speak of his invasion plan.  Dumnorix, chieftain of the Eduens, is skeptical, so Caesar takes his children as hostages.

Vercingetorix is reunited with Eponia at a private meeting with Caesar, where Caesar reveals the crown of the kings of Gaul, and suggests that Rome choose Vercingetorix as king of the united tribes; Vercingetorix refuses, saying that the king should be chosen by destiny. When Dumnorix attacks a Roman garrison, Caesar orders Vercingetorix to capture him. Vercingetorix finds Dumnorix, who tells him that it was the Romans who orchestrated Celtill's death. Two Roman officers, who have been following Vercingetorix, kill Dumnorix. Vercingetorix kills one Roman and sends the other one back to Caesar, who learns that he has made an enemy rather than an ally.

Vercingetorix, after being elected as leader of the Arvernes at Gergovia, uses scorched earth tactics against the Romans. After Vercingetorix kills the garrison at Avaricum, Caesar orders the massacre of the Gallic inhabitants of Avaricum, then leads his army to Gergovia. The Eduens also arrive at Gergovia, but they abruptly end their alliance with Rome because of Caesar's massacre of Avaricum. Caesar curses all Gauls and retreats.

The Gallic chieftains elect Vercingetorix as commander-in-chief of a united Gallic army, while Caesar forms a pact with the fearsome Teutons at the Rhine River. Vercingetorix goes to Alesia but Caesar also arrives there with a large army to besiege the city.  During this Battle of Alesia, the Romans quickly build a circle of siege-fortifications around the city, trapping Vercingetorix and his forces.  Problems in the election of a commander for this Gallic relief army delays its arrival, but they finally reach the battleground. Vercingetorix orders the new force to surround the Romans, trapping them in a siege between the two Gallic forces. Caesar is aware that his army will starve to death, but destiny intervenes when the Gauls demand that Vercingetorix lead them into what they believe will be a decisive battle. Vercingetorix reluctantly agrees, and the Gallic warriors rush towards the Roman fortifications. The fortifications prove formidable, the Romans shoot volleys of arrows and javelins, and Caesar unleashes the Teutons into the battle. The Gauls are defeated, conquered by the Romans, and Vercingetorix lays down his weapons and kneels before Caesar.

The film ends with Guttuart's narration that Vercingetorix, imprisoned in Rome, was executed by order of Caesar; two years later, Caesar was assassinated on the Ides of March 44 B.C. on the steps of the Roman Senate.

Cast
 Christopher Lambert as Vercingetorix
 Klaus Maria Brandauer as Julius Caesar
 Max von Sydow as Guttuart
 Inés Sastre as Eponia
 Denis Charvet as Cassivelaun
 Bernard-Pierre Donnadieu as Dumnorix
 Vincent Moscato as Moscatos
 Jean-Pierre Rives as Teuton Chief
 Maria Kavardjikova as Rhia
 Yannis Baraban as Litavic

Reception

The film was a critical and commercial failure. The production cost was $15 million, and the film was never widely released anywhere outside France. It is largely considered one of the worst French movies ever made.

The film's low budget, anachronistic costuming, poor writing, and poor casting were all cited as reasons for its terrible performance.

See also
List of historical drama films
Gallic Wars

References

External links

 Yahoo! Movies entry
 – Tribute.ca synopsis and release information

2001 films
2001 biographical drama films
2000s historical drama films
2000s war drama films
Belgian biographical drama films
Belgian epic films
Belgian war drama films
Belgian historical drama films
Canadian biographical drama films
Canadian epic films
Canadian historical drama films
Canadian war drama films
Cultural depictions of Vercingetorix
Depictions of Julius Caesar on film
Drama films based on actual events
English-language French films
English-language Belgian films
Epic films based on actual events
Films shot in Bulgaria
French biographical drama films
French epic films
French historical drama films
French war drama films
Gallic Wars films
Historical epic films
War epic films
2001 drama films
French-language Canadian films
2000s English-language films
2000s Canadian films
2000s French films

Druids (film)


The Studiolo of the Palazzo Belfiore was a former study, or room for intellectual pursuits, that was once found in a razed Renaissance palace in Ferrara, region of Emilia-Romagna, Italy. While the palace has disappeared, records do list the paintings, consisting of depictions of muses, that hung in the room. These secular works are now dispersed across museums, but their collective presences recall the renewed attention of Renaissance patrons to symbols from classic mythology.

The palace, like the Palazzo Schifanoia, is described now a delizia of the Este dynasty, which are now considered semi-rural palaces for the enjoyment of delights. The palace was commissioned in 1447 by Leonello d'Este but completed by Borso d'Este around 1463. The exact layout of the palace, located near the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli is unknown, since in 1483, it was severely damaged by the besieging Venetian armies, and a fire in 1683 completed the destruction.

Domenico da Piacenza is reputed to have taught in the Palazzo and choreographed the three-person ballo named Belfiore in its honor.

Description
Leonello had commissioned the Studiolo dedicated to the Muses.

The decorative layout of the room was conceived by Guarino Veronese, a tutor of Lionello, In 1447, Guarino mailed Lionello a description of the allegorical figures. By 1449, the palace had the paintings of Clio and Melpomene. Decoration of the studio continued after the death of the tutor and pupil, and the program underwent modifications. The intarsia walls were destroyed along with the palace. Eight of the nine canvases are now attributed to this room:
Erato (love poetry); attributed to Angelo Maccagnino and follower of Cosmè Tura, Pinacoteca nazionale di Ferrara
Urania (astronomy); anonymous, Pinacoteca nazionale di Ferrara
Terpsichore (dance); Angelo Maccagnino and Cosmè Tura, Museo Poldi Pezzoli, Milan.
Thalia (comedy and pastoral poetry); Michele Pannonio, Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest
Euterpe (flutes and lyric poetry); anonymous Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest
Melpomene (tragedy); anonymous, Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest
Polyhymnia (sacred poetry); anonymous, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
Calliope (epic poetry) Cosmè Tura, National Gallery, London

Supposedly the iconography parallels a bas-relief (1454-1456) depicted by Agostino di Duccio in the Tempio Malatestiano of Rimini.

References

Renaissance art
Italian paintings
Individual rooms
Paintings in the Pinacoteca Nazionale di Ferrara
Paintings in the Museo Poldi Pezzoli
Paintings in the Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest)
Paintings in the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
Collections of the National Gallery, London
Paintings by Cosmè Tura

Studiolo of the Palazzo Belfiore


Aignan-Aimé Massue (October 1781 – February 1, 1866) was a seigneur and political figure in Lower Canada. He represented Surrey in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada from 1824 to 1827 as a supporter of the Parti patriote.

He was born in Varennes, Province of Quebec, the son of Gaspard Massue, co-seigneur of Varennes, and Josephte Huet Dulude. He entered into business in partnership with his brother-in-law Étienne Duchesnois, later establishing his own business. He acquired four fiefs along the Yamaska River: Saint-Charles, Bonsecours, Bourchemin and Bourg-Marie-Ouest. Massue was married twice: to Celeste Richard in 1811 and to Suzanne-Éléonore Perrault in 1842. Massue resigned his seat in 1827 to allow Louis-Joseph Papineau to be elected in Surrey. He was named a justice of the peace in 1830 and commissioner for the trial of minor causes in 1837. Massue did not support the Lower Canada Rebellion. He died in Varennes at the age of 84.

His son Louis Huet Massue and a grandson Joseph-Aimé Massue both served in the House of Commons. His brother Louis Massue served as a member of the Legislative Council for the Province of Canada.

References

1781 births
1866 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada
Canadian justices of the peace

Aignan-Aimé Massue