A bazaar (, ) or souk (; also transliterated as souq or suq) is a marketplace consisting of multiple small stalls or shops, especially in the Middle East, the Balkans, North Africa and South Asia. However, temporary open markets elsewhere, such as in the West, might also designate themselves as bazaars. The ones in the Middle East were traditionally located in vaulted or covered streets that had doors on each end and served as a city's central marketplace. Street markets are the European and North American equivalents.

The term bazaar originates from Persian, where it referred to a town's public market district. The term bazaar is sometimes also used to refer collectively to the merchants, bankers and craftsmen who work in that area. The term souk comes from Arabic and refers to marketplaces in the Middle East and North Africa.

Although the lack of archaeological evidence has limited detailed studies of the evolution of bazaars, the earliest evidence for the existence of bazaars or souks dates to around 3000 BCE. Cities in the ancient Middle East appear to have contained commercial districts. Later, in the historic Islamic world, bazaars typically shared in common certain institutions, such as the position of the , and certain architectural forms, such as roofed streets and courtyard buildings known in English as caravanserais. The exact details of their evolution and organization varied from region to region.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Western interest in oriental culture led to the publication of many books about daily life in Middle Eastern countries. Souks, bazaars and the trappings of trade feature prominently in paintings and engravings, works of fiction and travel writing.

Shopping at a bazaar or market-place remains a central feature of daily life in many Middle-Eastern and South Asian cities and towns and the bazaar remains the beating heart of West Asian and South Asian life; in the Middle East, souks tend to be found in a city's old quarter. Bazaars and souks are often important tourist attractions. A number of bazaar districts have been listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites due to their historical and/or architectural significance.

Terminology by region

Bazaar
In general a souk is synonymous with a bazaar or marketplace, and the term souk is used in Arabic-speaking countries, with the Hebrew cognate shuk used in Israel.

The origin of the word bazaar comes from Persian bāzār, from Middle Persian wāzār, from Old Persian vāčar, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wahā-čarana. The term, bazaar, spread from Persia into Arabia and ultimately throughout the Middle East.

The term bazaar is a common word in the Indian subcontinent: ; ; ; ; .

Differing meanings of "bazaar"

In North America, the United Kingdom and some other European countries, the term charity bazaar can be used as a synonym for a "rummage sale", to describe charity fundraising events held by churches or other community organisations in which either donated used goods (such as books, clothes and household items) or new and handcrafted (or home-baked) goods are sold for low prices, as at a church or other organisation's Christmas bazaar, for example.

Although Turkey offers many famous markets known as "bazaars" in English, the Turkish word "pazar" refers to an outdoor market held at regular intervals, not a permanent structure containing shops. English place names usually translate "çarşı" (shopping district in a downtown or downtown itself) as "bazaar" when they refer to an area with covered streets or passages. For example, the Turkish name for the Grand Bazaar in Istanbul is "Kapalıçarşı" (gated shopping area), while the Spice Bazaar is the "Mısır Çarşısı" (Egyptian shopping area).

In Czech, the word "bazar" means second-hand shop. "Autobazar" is a shop which purchases and sells pre-owned cars.

Variations

In Indonesian, the word pasar means "market". The capital of Bali province, in Indonesia, is Denpasar, which means "north market".

Souk

The Arabic word is a loan from Aramaic "šūqā" ("street, market"), itself a loanword from the Akkadian "sūqu" ("street"). The spelling souk entered European languages likely through French during the French occupation of the Arab countries Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia in the 19th and 20th centuries. Thus, the word "souk" mostly refers to Arabic and North African traditional markets. Other spellings of this word involving the letter "Q" (sooq, souq, and so'oq) were likely developed using English and thus refer to Western Asian or Arab traditional markets, as there were several British colonies there during the 19th and 20th centuries.

In Modern Standard Arabic the term al-sooq refers to markets in both the physical sense and the abstract economic sense (e.g., an Arabic-speaker would speak of the sooq in the old city as well as the sooq for oil, and would call the concept of the free market السوق الحرّ as-sūq al-ḥurr).

Variations on "souk"

In northern Morocco, the Spanish corruption socco is often used as in the Grand Socco and Petit Socco of Tangiers.

In the Indian subcontinent the 'chowk' is often used to name a place with four-way crossroad, and comes from Sanskrit चतवार, meaning four. In Western Asia (the Middle East), this term is generally used to designate the market, but may also be used in Western cities, particularly those with a Muslim community.

In Israel, the term shuk or shuq () shares a common Aramaic origin of the Arabic souk, and holds a prominent role in everyday life. Markets such as Mahane Yehuda in Jerusalem are often covered rows of stalls much like those seen elsewhere in the region, selling produce, spices, halvah, and even clothing.

In Malta, the terms suq and sometimes monti are used for a marketplace.

In the United States, especially in Southern California and Nevada, an indoor swap meet is a type of bazaar, i.e. a permanent, indoor shopping center open during normal retail hours, with fixed "booths" or counters for the vendors.

History

Origins in Antiquity

Scholar Mohammad Gharipour has pointed out that in spite of the centrality of souks and bazaars in Middle Eastern history, relatively little is known due to the lack of archaeological evidence. Historical records document the concept of a bazaar existing in Iran as early as 3000 BCE, where some large cities contained districts dedicated to trade and commerce. Archeological data also suggests the existence of market districts in ancient Mesopotamia. Markets centers must have existed in Egypt to conduct international trade, but no archeological evidence for them has been found. In Achaemenid Persia (550–330 BCE), documents indicate that crafts were sold in markets close to Persepolis. A network of bazaars had sprung up alongside ancient caravan trade routes. Bazaars located along these trade routes, formed networks, linking major cities with each other and in which goods, culture, people and information could be exchanged. Sources from around the same era also indicate that ancient Greeks regulated trade in areas at the center of their cities around stoa buildings. The ideas of Greek city planning were spread to the Middle East during the Seleucid period, following the conquests of Alexander the Great.

The Greek historian, Herodotus, noted that in Egypt, roles were reversed compared with other cultures and Egyptian women frequented the market and carried on trade, while the men remain at home weaving cloth. He also described The Babylonian Marriage Market.

Sassanid rule in Iran was an important period for the development of urbanization and commerce. In Sassanid Iran the bazaar was usually the heart of a town or city, where it spread outwards and affected the development of other neighbourhoods. The bazaar usually contained, or was adjoined by, an open-air plaza that served as a forum of socio-economic activity.

Historically, souks were also held outside cities at locations where incoming caravans stopped and merchants displayed their goods for sale. Souks were established at caravanserai, places where a caravan or caravans arrived and remained for rest and refreshments. Since this might be infrequent, souks often extended beyond buying and selling goods to include major festivals involving various cultural and social activities. Any souk may serve a social function as being a place for people to meet in, in addition to its commercial function.

In pre-Islamic Arabia, two types of bazaar existed: permanent urban markets and temporary seasonal markets. The temporary seasonal markets were held at specific times of the year and became associated with particular types of produce. Suq Hijr in Bahrain was noted for its dates while Suq 'Adan was known for its spices and perfumes. In spite of the centrality of the Middle East in the history of bazaars, relatively little is known due to the lack of archaeological evidence. However, documentary sources point to permanent marketplaces in cities from as early as 550 BCE.

Islamic period

According to traditional Muslim narratives, Muhammad established a market place () in Medina shortly after arriving there during the Hijrah in 622 CE. He designated an open, unbuilt space as the market area and forbade both the construction of permanent structures and the levying of taxes in this area. Eight years later, he is said to have appointed a market inspector (), a position that likely evolved into the later  in Islamic cities, an official in charge of overseeing public morality and regulating weights and measures.

Despite the importance of the bazaar to economic life and the prominence of marketplace terminology in the Quran, not much is known about the early history of bazaars and it remains a topic of ongoing research. Most of the surviving urban commercial structures in the Islamic world date from the 16th century or later, though some preserved urban caravanserais (commonly known as a , , or ) date from earlier periods. The oldest of these is the Khan al-Mirjan in Baghdad, built in 1359 as part of a larger architectural complex.

Muhammad's prohibition against constructing permanent buildings and levying taxes in the market began to be disregarded as early as the Umayyad period (7th to 8th centuries). The Umayyad caliphs Mu'awiya I and Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik both built structures in the market of Medina and levied taxes there, while purpose-built markets were built in early Islamic cities further abroad such as Basra in Iraq, Fustat in Egypt, and Kairouan in Tunisia. This process seems to have accelerated during the reign of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik () in particular. Markets that sold the most important or expensive goods were usually located near the city's central Friday mosque. In some cities, such as Cairo and Aleppo, the main bazaar was initially focused along one important street and then progressively grew and branched off into the surrounding streets.

During the Islamic period in Iran, bazaars developed along the same lines as those of the Sassanid period. Up to the 11th century, the bazaar developed more commonly in the suburbs outside the city walls that enclosed the , the formal city. This was especially true in Central Asia, though there were exceptions in some regions where the bazaar was grouped with the citadel and the city's Friday mosque inside the city walls. After the 11th century, the growing importance of the suburbs and the commercial districts resulted in most of them being enclosed within newly expanded city walls. From the 10th century onward, the bazaar became the financial center of a city and was heavily patronized and developed by ruling elites. The grouping of a bazaar, citadel, and Friday mosque also became more common.
In the Mamluk Sultanate (13th to 16th centuries) and in the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries), the construction of commercial buildings in and around the bazaar was often sponsored by sultans, ruling elites, or by members of the Ottoman royal family. The revenues generated by these buildings were typically earmarked to support the upkeep of religious complexes sponsored by these same patrons, through the legal framework of a waqf (legal endowment).

21st century

In the Middle East, the bazaar is considered to be "the beating heart of the city and a symbol of Islamic architecture and culture of high significance." Today, bazaars are popular sites for tourists and some of these ancient bazaars have been listed as world heritage sites or national monuments on the basis of their historical, cultural or architectural value.

The Medina of Fez, Morocco, which includes numerous long market streets (e.g. Tala'a Kebira) and bazaar areas (e.g. Kissariat al-Kifah), was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981. Al-Madina Souk in Aleppo is the largest covered historic market in the world, with an approximate length of 13 kilometers. It is part of the Ancient Aleppo, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1986 in Syria. The Bazaar complex in Tabriz, Iran, was listed by UNESCO in 2010. The Bazaar of Qaisiyariye in Lar, Iran, is on the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 2007. Kemeraltı Bazaar in İzmir was placed on tentative list in 2020.

Organization and institutions

Shopping at a souk or market place is part of daily life throughout much of the Middle East. Prices are commonly set by bargaining, also known as haggling, between buyers and sellers.

Bazaars or souks are traditionally divided into specialized sections dealing in specific types of product, each usually housed in a few narrow streets and named after the product it specializes in such as the gold souk, the texitle souk, the spice souk, the leather souk, the booksellers' souk, etc. This promotes competition among sellers and helps buyers easily compare prices. Merchants specialized in each trade were also organized into guilds, which provided support to merchants but also to clients. The exact details of the organizations varied from region to region.  Each guild had rules that members were expected to follow, but they were loose enough to allow for competition. Guilds also fulfilled some functions similar to trade unions and were able to negotiate with the government on behalf of merchants or represent their interests when needed.

Though each neighbourhood within the city would have a local souk selling food and other essentials, the main bazaar was one of the central structures of a large city, selling durable goods, luxuries and providing services such as money exchange. Workshops where goods for sale are produced (in the case of a merchant selling locally-made products) are typically located away from the souk itself.

Historically, in Islamic cities, the  was the official in charge of regulating and policing the bazaar and other aspects of urban life. They monitored things such as weights and measures, pricing, cleanliness, noise, and traffic circulation, as well as being responsible for other issues of public morality. They also investigated complaints about cheating or the quality of goods. The equivalent official could be known by other titles in different regions, such as the kedkhoda in Istanbul or the amir-i bazariyan in Delhi. In the Maghreb (northwestern Africa), the  also shared responsibilities with other officials such as the qadi or the .

Layout and architecture
Permanent bazaars were established in urban zones, usually within the city walls and close to the heart of the city. In much of the Middle East and North Africa, the bazaar is a network of interconnected spaces, including streets and buildings, with diverse architectural forms. Its boundaries are not sharply defined and can vary according to circumstance, as the bazaar is closely integrated with its urban surroundings and with other important institutions of the city.

Although there is great variety among the bazaars of this region, there are three recurring elements, in addition to the general network of market streets. One element is the individual shops or booths that line each side of a market street. The shops are usually small spaces open to the street and occupied by merchants. They are typically equipped with large shutters which can be closed and locked when the shopkeeper is away. Another element is a more secure market area, usually centrally located and consisting of streets that were covered or roofed. This complex is variably known as a , , or , depending on the city or historical period. It usually hosted the most prestigious and profitable trades such as jewelry, perfumes, and textiles. In order to protect these goods, the entrances to this area could be closed and locked at night or in times of danger. The other recurring element is the presence of courtyard buildings entered via a single large doorway. Often translated into English as a caravanserai, this type of building is known in different regions as a , , , or . They could serve a variety of functions including an inn for travelers and merchants, a manufacturing center, a trade venue, or a warehouse.

In Iran and Central Asia, the permanent bazaar is likewise in the centre of a city and had common architectural elements. These bazaars acted as financial centers of the city and were traditionally overseen by the state. Some Iranian bazaars are organized around one long market street from which other market streets branch off (e.g. in Isfahan or Tehran), while others are large rectangular zones with a grid-like network of parallel and intersecting streets (e.g. as in Tabriz). The streets are lined with structures of one or two storeys that contain spaces for shops. The streets are typically roofed with brick vaults, pierced by skylights to allow for light and air circulation. The shops are often adjacent or connected to the workshops where the goods are also produced, so that manufacturing and retail are often concentrated in the same areas, though some production (especially of textiles) was also distributed in other parts of the city. Like the bazaars further west, there were also many khāns (caravanserais) built in the area. They acted as warehouses, production centers, wholesale centers, hostels for merchants, and offices for conducting business.

In the cities that developed under the Ottoman Empire, there was generally one central bazaar area, known in Turkish as the . The Grand Bazaar in Istanbul, known locally as the  ('covered market'), is a famous example. Additionally, several types of market structures were common: the , the , and the  (Turkish cognate of khān). The Ottoman bedesten was a solid stone building, typically rectangular and roofed by domes, with shops inside. Like the  or  in other regions, it hosted the most important and luxurious trades. The  is usually an elongated market structure or market street with shops lining its façades. Arastas could be independent markets built outside the main bazaar area, such as those built as part of large religious complexes like the Selimiye Mosque complex in Edirne or the Sultanahmet Mosque complex in Istanbul. The Spice Bazaar or  ('Egyptian Market') in Istanbul is also one of the largest and best-known examples. The  is similar in function to other  or caravanserai buildings elsewhere, with a courtyard enclosed by two storeys. The ground floor was usually used for storage and for stabling horses, while the upper floor housed merchants.

Temporary souks

A temporary, seasonal souk is held at a set time that might be yearly, monthly or weekly. The oldest souks were set up annually, and were typically general festivals held outside cities. For example, Souk Ukadh was held yearly in pre-Islamic times in an area between Mecca and Ta'if during the sacred month of Dhu al-Qi'dah.  While a busy market, it was more famous for its poetry competitions, judged by prominent poets such as Al-Khansa and Al-Nabigha. An example of an Islamic annual souk is Al Mirbid just outside Basra, also famed for its poetry competitions in addition to its storytelling activities. Temporary souks tended to become known for specific types of produce. For example, Suq Hijr in Bahrain was noted for its dates while Suq 'Adan was known for its spices and perfumes. Political, economic and social changes have left only the small seasonal souks outside villages and small towns, primarily selling livestock and agricultural products.

Weekly markets have continued to function throughout the Arab world. Most of them are named from the day of the week on which they are held. They usually have open spaces specifically designated for their use inside cities. Examples of surviving markets are the Wednesday Market in Amman that specializes in the sale of used products, the Ghazl market held every Friday in Baghdad specializing in pets; the Fina' Market in Marrakech offers performance acts such as singing, music, acrobats and circus activities.

In tribal areas, where seasonal souks operated, neutrality from tribal conflicts was usually declared for the period of operation of a souk to permit the unhampered exchange of surplus goods. Some of the seasonal markets were held at specific times of the year and became associated with particular types of produce such as Suq Hijr in Bahrain, noted for its dates while Suq 'Adan was known for its spices and perfumes. In spite of the centrality of the Middle Eastern market place, relatively little is known due to the lack of archaeological evidence.

In art and literature – Orientalism

During the 18th and 19th centuries, Europeans conquered and excavated parts of North Africa and the Levant. These regions now make up what is called the Middle East, but in the past were known as the Orient. Europeans sharply divided peoples into two broad groups – the European West and the East or Orient; us and the other. Europeans often saw Orientals as the opposite of Western civilization; the peoples could be threatening- they were "despotic, static and irrational whereas Europe was viewed as democratic, dynamic and rational." At the same time, the Orient was seen as exotic, mysterious, a place of fables and beauty. This fascination with the other gave rise to a genre of painting known as Orientalism. A proliferation of both Oriental fiction and travel writing occurred during the early modern period.

Subject-matter

Many of these works were lavishly illustrated with engravings of every day scenes of Oriental lifestyles, including scenes of market places and market trade. Artists focused on the exotic beauty of the land – the markets, caravans and snake charmers. Islamic architecture also became favorite subject matter. Some of these works were propaganda designed to justify European imperialism in the East, however many artists relied heavily on their everyday experiences for inspiration in their artworks. For example, Charles D'Oyly, who was born in India, published the Antiquities of Dacca featuring a series of 15 engraved plates of Dacca [now Dhaka, Bangladesh] featuring scenes of markets, commerce, buildings and streetscapes. European society generally frowned on nude painting – but harems, concubines and slave markets, presented as quasi-documentary works, satisfied European desires for pornographic art. The Oriental female wearing a veil was a particularly tempting subject because she was hidden from view, adding to her mysterious allure.

Notable Orientalist artists

Notable artists in the Orientalist genre include: Jean-Léon Gérôme Delacroix (1824–1904), Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps (1803–1860), Frederic Leighton (1830-1896), Eugène Alexis Girardet 1853-1907 and William Holman Hunt (1827–1910) who all found inspiration in Oriental street scenes, trading and commerce. French painter Jean-Étienne Liotard visited Istanbul in the 17th century and painted pastels of Turkish domestic scenes. British painter John Frederick Lewis who lived for several years in a traditional mansion in Cairo, painted highly detailed works showing realistic genre scenes of Middle Eastern life. Edwin Lord Weeks was a notable American example of a 19th-century artist and author in the Orientalism genre. His parents were wealthy tea and spice merchants who were able to fund his travels and interest in painting. In 1895 Weeks wrote and illustrated a book of travels titled From the Black Sea through Persia and India. Other notable painters in the Orientalist genre who included scenes of street life and market-based trade in their work are Jean-Léon Gérôme Delacroix (1824–1904), Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps (1803–1860), Frederic Leighton (1830–1896), Eugène Alexis Girardet 1853–1907 and William Holman Hunt (1827–1910), who all found inspiration in Oriental street scenes, trading and commerce.

Orientalist literature

A proliferation of both Oriental fiction and travel writing occurred during the early modern period.

Many English visitors to the Orient wrote narratives around their travels. British Romantic literature in the Orientalism tradition has its origins in the early eighteenth century, with the first translations of The Arabian Nights (translated into English from the French in 1705–08). The popularity of this work inspired authors to develop a new genre, the Oriental tale. Samuel Johnson's History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia, (1759) is mid-century example of the genre. Byron's Oriental Tales, is another example of the Romantic Orientalism genre.

Although these works were purportedly non-fiction, they were notoriously unreliable. Many of these accounts provided detailed descriptions of market places, trading and commerce. Examples of travel writing include: Les Mysteres de L'Egypte Devoiles by Olympe Audouard published in 1865<ref>Audouard, O. (de Jouval), Les Mystères de l'Égypte Dévoilés, (French Edition) (originally published in 1865), Elibron Classics, 2006</ref> and Jacques Majorelle's Road Trip Diary of a Painter in the Atlas and the Anti-Atlas published in 1922

 Gallery of paintings, drawings, and watercolours

 Gallery of photographs

 List of bazaars and souks

 See also

 List of Orientalist artists

 Types of markets, bazaars and souks
 Bazaari
 Bedesten (also known as bezistan, bezisten, bedesten) refers to a covered bazaar and an open bazaar in the Balkans.
 Haat bazaar – (also known as a hat) an open air bazaar or market in South Asia.
 Landa bazaar – a terminal market or market for second hand goods (South Asia), such as Medina quarter.
 Meena Bazaar – a bazaar that raises money for non-profit organisations.
 Pasar malam – a night market in Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore that opens in the evening, typically held in the street in residential neighbourhoods.
 Pasar pagi – a morning market, typically a wet market that trades from dawn until midday, found in Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore. A Wet market sells fresh meat, and produce. See also Dry goods.

 Markets and retail in general
 Arcade – a covered passageway with stores along one or both sides.
 History of marketing
 Marketplace
 Merchant
 Peddler
 Retail
 Shopping mall
 Shōtengai - a style of Japanese commercial district, typically in the form of a local market street that is closed to vehicular traffic.

 References

 Further reading

 The Persian Bazaar: Veiled Space of Desire (Mage Publications) by Mehdi Khansari
 The Morphology of the Persian Bazaar (Agah Publications) by Azita Rajabi.

 External links

Bazaar – Merriam-Webster''
 Iran Chamber Society on Architecture of the Bazaar at Isfahan (archived 30 December 2007)

Islamic culture
Persian words and phrases
Iranian folklore
Shopping (activity)

Bazaar


A cattery is any building, collection of buildings or property in which cats are housed, maintained, cared for, and bred. A cattery can be anything from a simple building associated with a residence to a state-of-the-art facility with CCTV, televisions, and water features.  There are two general types of catteries: boarding and breeding.

Boarding catteries
This is a place where cats are housed temporarily for a fee.  Although many people worry about the stress placed on the animal by being put in an unfamiliar environment, most boarding catteries work to reduce stress.  Boarding catteries typically have familiar objects, cat trees, climbing frames, scratching posts, and places for the cats to sleep during the day, and blankets and toys from home, are also permitted at many catteries. Some catteries offer onsite grooming and nail trimming.

Communal catteries
This is often just a room or series of rooms where the cats all mingle together, they are fed together and sleep in whatever space they can find. These catteries have the highest number of fights and illness spreads easily if unchecked, and can be overcrowded, especially at peak times.  Carers cannot monitor cats' eating, and communal toileting and eating and drinking can lead to outbreaks of illness, which can be hard to contain.  Cats in communal catteries benefit from the much greater space available for roaming and playing. These are usually the cheapest form of boarding cattery.

Semi-communal catteries

With individual cages and large play areas, semi-communal catteries are the middle ground between communal and celled catteries.  In responsible semi-communal catteries, the cats are fed in cages and separated at night from non-family members, and there is the monitoring of toileting. Specific diets can be catered for, and medications can be given. The play areas of semi-communal catteries can have meshed open-air areas which along with separate animal feeding helps to greatly reduce the transmission of illness. Although some are just large internal rooms with little ventilation which can negate some of the benefits.

Celled catteries
Often purpose-built, as the name suggests these are individual cells for cats. Similar to an aviary, they are meshed rooms within a much large facility, usually with one face open to the air.  Ventilation is ample, and the transmission of illness is the least of all the boarding catteries.  As with the semi-communal cattery, celled catteries can feed specialised diets and monitor toileting, and medicate where required.  There is no chance of the non-familial cats intermingling and the chance of overcrowding is greatly reduced too. These catteries are at the high end of the pricing spectrum.

Breeding catteries
A breeding cattery is a place specialized in breeding valuable pet cats for sale and profit. Unlike traditional pet shops, pet hospitals, or some boarding catteries, breeding catteries do not provide services such as grooming, bathing, or nursing. Most breeding cattery operators use ordinary residential houses as breeding places and can be similar either to communal boarding catteries or celled boarding catteries.  Their business operations use speciality websites, online marketplaces, or the pet trading market, and in rare cases they will sell to pet shops.

Licensed breeding catteries are heavily regulated and must follow relevant government legislation. Breed club members are expected to comply with their breed's general ethics code. Clubs may also stipulate criteria to be met before issuing registration papers for kittens bred. A kennel name or kennel prefix is a name associated with each breeding cattery: it is the first part of the registered name of a pedigreed cat which was bred there.

In the United States the term "boarding kennel" can also be used to refer to boarding catteries. Licensing agencies do not always differentiate between commercial boarding kennels for dogs and other animal or cat boarding catteries. In 2007 market surveys showed that $3.0 billion was spent on these services. Annual for US cat owners was $149 according to a 2007–2008 survey.

See also
Animal shelter
Pet House

References

External links

Cats
Animal shelters
Buildings and structures used to confine animals
Felids and humans

Cattery


Andrew Dods Handyside (1835 – 23 May 1904) was a politician in colonial South Australia (a state of Australia from 1901), a member of the South Australian House of Assembly.

Handyside was born in East Lothian, Scotland. He emigrated to Victoria (Australia) in 1853, and was engaged in pastoral pursuits in that colony and New South Wales until 1868, when he settled in South Australia.

Handyside was elected to the seat of Albert in the South Australian House of Assembly on 5 January 1885, a position he held until the seat was abolished on 2 May 1902. Handyside was then elected to the seat of Victoria and Albert on 3 May 1902, holding that seat until his death on 23 May 1904.
From 21 June 1892 to 15 October 1892, Handyside was Commissioner of Public Works.

Handyside died at Narracoorte, South Australia on 23 May 1904, survived by  one son and three daughters.

See also
Hundred of Handyside

References

|-

1835 births
1904 deaths
Members of the South Australian House of Assembly
Scottish emigrants to Australia
People from East Lothian
19th-century Australian politicians

Andrew Dods Handyside


Joaquim Forn i Chiariello (born 1 April 1964) is a Spanish politician and lawyer from Catalonia. A former deputy mayor of the city of Barcelona in north-eastern Spain, Forn served as Minister of the Interior from July 2017 to October 2017 when he was removed from office following the Catalan declaration of independence.

Born in 1964 in Barcelona, Forn graduated from the University of Barcelona before joining the legal profession. A supporter of Catalan independence, Forn joined the nationalist Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC) whilst a student. He was elected to the Municipality Council of Barcelona in 1999 and in 2011 he became the city's first deputy mayor, serving until 2015. He was appointed Minister of the Interior for Catalonia in July 2017.

On 1 October 2017, an independence referendum was held in Catalonia despite the Constitutional Court ruling that it breached the Spanish constitution. 92% supported independence though turnout was only 43% due to a boycott by unionists. The Catalan Parliament declared independence on 27 October 2017 which resulted in the Spanish government imposing direct rule on Catalonia, dismissing the Catalan government, including Forn. The Catalan Parliament was dissolved and fresh elections imposed by central government. On 30 October 2017 charges of rebellion, sedition and misuse of public funds were brought against Forn and other members of the Catalan government. Forn and Puigdemont, along with others, fled to Belgium, but on 31 October 2017 Forn returned to Spain. On 2 November 2017 Forn and seven other Catalan ministers were remanded in custody by the Audiencia Nacional. Six of the ministers were released on bail on 4 December 2017 but Forn and Vice President Oriol Junqueras were kept in custody. At the regional elections held on 21 December 2017 Forn was elected to Parliament and Catalan secessionists retained a slim majority in the Catalan Parliament. Forn resigned from Parliament in January 2018 but remains in prison. During December 2018 he did a hunger strike. On 1 February 2019 he was transferred to a prison in Madrid, waiting for the trial that started on 12 February.

In the 2019 Barcelona City Council election, he was head of the Together for Catalonia candidacy to Mayor of Barcelona. He was not able to participate in the electoral campaign while in prison. The Supreme Court allowed him to collect the councilor's credentials on 14 June and took office on 15 June.

He was pardoned and released, along with the other 8 jailed Catalonia independence leaders, in June 2021.

Early life and family
Forn was born on 1 April 1964 in Barcelona, capital of Catalonia in north eastern Spain. He is the son of a Catalan and an Ecuadorian. After being home schooled, he joined the Lycée Français de Barcelone aged 13, avoiding the Spanish francoist education.

After school Forn joined the University of Barcelona, graduating with a Bachelor of Laws degree. Whilst a student he joined the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC), a conservative Catalan nationalist political party, now known as the Catalan European Democratic Party (PDeCAT), and helped re-establish the National Student Federation of Catalonia (Federació Nacional d'Estudiants de Catalunya, FNEC), a Catalan nationalist student organisation, serving as its president from 1986 to 1988.

Career

After university Forn started working in a law firm. In 1989 he joined the Acció Olímpica (Olympic Action) group that organised the Freedom for Catalonia campaign during the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona.

Forn contested the 1999 local elections as a Convergence and Union (CiU) electoral alliance candidate in Barcelona and was elected. In May 2000 he was beaten and his arm broken by the National Police Corps (Policía Nacional) as he took part in a demonstration against a Spanish Army parade on Montjuïc, in the Sants district of Barcelona, celebrating Armed Forces Day (Día de las Fuerzas Armadas). He was re-elected at the 2003 and 2007 local elections. He was CiU group spokesman on the city council from 2007 to 2011. At the 2011 local elections, in which Forn we re-elected, the CiU ended the Socialists's 32-year rule in Barcelona and Forn became first deputy mayor. He was spokesman of the city government, president of Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona, vice-president of the Autoritat del Transport Metropolità's board of directors, and an advisor and member of the Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona's board of governors.

Forn was re-elected at the 2015 local elections but the CiU lost control of Barcelona to Barcelona en Comú. He was appointed Minister of the Interior for Catalonia in July 2017. During his office, the 17 August 2017 terrorist attacks occurred.

Catalonia independence crisis

In June 2017 President of Catalonia Carles Puigdemont announced that a referendum on Catalan independence would be held on 1 October 2017. The Catalan Parliament passed legislation on 6 September 2017 authorising the referendum which would be binding and based on a simple majority without a minimum threshold. The following day Constitutional Court of Spain suspended the legislation, blocking the referendum. The Spanish government put into effect Operation Anubis in order to disrupt the organisation of the referendum and arrested Catalan government officials. Despite this the referendum went ahead though it was boycotted by unionists and turnout was only 43%. 92% of those who voted supported independence. Around 900 people were injured as the Spanish police used violence to try to prevent voting in the referendum.

On 27 October 2017 the Catalan Parliament declared independence in a vote boycotted by opposition MPs. Almost immediately the Senate of Spain invoked article 155 of the constitution, dismissing Puigdemont and the Catalan government and imposing direct rule on Catalonia. The following day Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy dissolved the Catalan Parliament and called for fresh regional elections on 21 December 2017. On 30 October 2017 Spanish Attorney General José Manuel Maza laid charges of rebellion, sedition and misuse of public funds at the Audiencia Nacional against Puigdemont, Forn and other members of the Catalan government. The charges carry maximum sentences of 30, 15 and 6 years in prison respectively.

Forn, Puigdemont and four other Catalan ministers (Dolors Bassa, Meritxell Borràs, Antoni Comín and Meritxell Serret) arrived in Belgium on 30 October 2017. According to Spanish media the group had driven to Marseille shortly after the charges were laid before the Audiencia Nacional and from there flown to Brussels. Forn and Bassa flew back to Barcelona on 31 October 2017 where they were met at El Prat Airport by a group of Spanish nationalists hurling abuse and taunting the former ministers. The flag waving group shouted "off to prison", "dogs", "traitors" and "where is your republic?" through megaphones and pursued Forn as he left the airport, causing the Mossos d'Esquadra to intervene.

Imprisonment

On 2 November 2017 Audiencia Nacional judge Carmen Lamela remanded in custody Forn and seven other Catalan ministers (Bassa, Borrás, Oriol Junqueras, Carles Mundó, Raül Romeva, Josep Rull and Jordi Turull) as she considered them a flight risk. The jailed ministers were separated and sent to five different prisons: Bassa and Borrás to Alcalá, Junqueras and Forn to Estremera, Mundó to Aranjuez prison, Romeva and Turull to Valdemoro and Rull to Navalcarnero. A ninth minister, Santi Vila, was freed on bail as he had resigned from the government the day before the declaration of independence, but had to spend a night in Estremera prison whilst his lawyers secured his €50,000 bail. According to their lawyer Jaume Alonso-Cuevillas, the ministers were mistreated whilst being transported to prison. They were allegedly handcuffed behind their backs without seat belts in a van going very fast, forced to listen to the Spanish national anthem on a loop and threatened by their guards. Mundo allegedly suffered injuries due to the handcuffs and two ministers were allegedly forced to strip to prevent them carrying anything into prison. Earlier, as the ministers arrived at the Audiencia Nacional, Spanish police officers were shown, in video obtained Reuters and published by the La Vanguardia, making sneering, homophobic comments about the ministers, with one officer saying "Wait till you see what they do to the little teddy bear", referring to Junqueras, "When they get him on all fours, they'll fix his eye".

On 1 December 2017 the eight jailed ministers and two jailed independence activists - Jordi Cuixart and Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol - appeared before Supreme Court judge Pablo Llarena to request bail while they await trial. They renounced the declaration of independence, pledged support for the imposition of direct rule and agreed to work within the law. On 4 December 2017 Llarena released, after 32 days in prison, six of the ministers (Bassa, Borrás, Mundó, Romeva, Rull and Turull) on bail of €100,000 but ordered that their passports be confiscated. However, Forn and Junqueras, together with Cuixart and Sànchez, were refused bail. In denying them bail, Llarena claimed that it remained to be seen if their pledge to abide by Spanish law was "truthful and real" and that there was a risk that they would commit the same crimes if released.

Whilst remaining in prison, Forn contested the 2017 regional election as a Together for Catalonia (JuntsxCat) electoral alliance candidate in the Province of Barcelona and was elected to the Parliament of Catalonia. A Christmas crib sent to Forn and Junqueras in prison was returned to its sender Antoni Bargalló smashed and with Viva España scrawled on the box. Cuixart, Forn and Sànchez appeared before Supreme Court judge Pablo Llarena on 11 January 2018 to secure release from prison. At the hearing Forn testified that, although he did not renounce Catalan independence, he would only seek to achieve this by reforming the Spanish constitution and if the Catalan government sought to achieve independence unilaterally he would resign from Parliament. On 12 January 2018, at a separate hearing for Junqueras, Llarena opened the way for the three jailed MPs - Forn, Junqueras and Sànchez - to vote by proxy in the Catalan Parliament. When the Catalan Parliament met on 17 January 2018 it allowed the three jailed MPs to vote by proxy, with Turull voting for Forn and Sànchez. Forn resigned from Parliament with effect from 24 January 2018 in order to secure his freedom. Despite this, on 2 February 2018, Llarena refused Forn's application for release on bail, saying that Forn's refusal to give up support for independence meant that there was a risk that he would re-offend. The testimony by Spanish army colonel Diego Pérez de los Cobos, who was in charge of Spanish security forces during the crackdown against the independence referendum, was seen as key to keeping Forn in prison.

On 7 March 2018 the High Commissioner of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights reminded Spanish authorities that "pre-trial detention should be considered a measure of last resort" referring to Catalan politicians and activists arrested after the independence referendum.

On 3 December 2018, he went on a hunger strike, ended on 20 December. On 1 February 2019, he was transferred back to a prison in Madrid, expecting trial that started on 12 February. The trial ended and was remitted to decision on 12 June 2019.

On 14 October 2019, he was sentenced to 10 years and six months in prison and disqualification for sedition crime. The verdict was delivered by 7 judges at Spain's supreme court, after a 4-month trial that heard from 422 witnesses.

Pardon
He was pardoned and released, along with the other 8 jailed Catalonia independence leaders, in June 2021. Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez said that he pardoned them because it was the best decision for Spain and Catalonia, but did not overturn their bans from holding public office.

Personal life
Forn is married to Laura Masvidal. They have two daughters.

Electoral history

References

External links

1964 births
Barcelona municipal councillors (2015–2019)
Barcelona municipal councillors (2019–2023)
Catalan European Democratic Party politicians
Lawyers from Barcelona
Catalan prisoners and detainees
Convergence and Union politicians
Democratic Convergence of Catalonia politicians
Interior ministers of Catalonia
Living people
Members of the 12th Parliament of Catalonia
People barred from public office
Politicians from Barcelona
Prisoners and detainees of Spain
Together for Catalonia (2017) politicians
Together for Catalonia (2020) politicians
University of Barcelona alumni
Spanish politicians convicted of crimes
Hunger strikers

Joaquim Forn


The King & the Commissioner is a 2012 Indian Malayalam-language action thriller film written by Renji Panicker and directed by Shaji Kailas, starring Mammootty and Suresh Gopi. The film is a crossover of the films The King (1995), Commissioner (1994), Ekalavyan (1993) and Bharathchandran I.P.S. (2005).

Plot
A Pakistan military group under Major. Abu Jalal Rana trespasses Indian waters, targeting New Delhi. However, the plan is intercepted by Dr. Emma John of Intelligence Wing as she informs it to her senior Padmabhushan Dr. Sudarshan - following departmental protocol, they decide to inform the Minister about the group's trespass as the intercepted conversation mentioned the name of the PM Ghanthachalam Paramashiva Rao. Before they can inform Paramashiva Rao, they are killed by two cops, who are joined by I.G. Shankar Ramdas. Unbeknownst to them, Ali Imran, a photojournalist, manages to take pictures of the scene onto his camera.

Meanwhile, Kishore Balakrishnan, the senior analyst at the agency, sets off to see Swami Veerabhadra Chandramoulishwar at his ashram demanding for the information he passed before. A tainted spiritual figure with deeply entrenched connections with prominent politicians in Delhi and even possessing the clout to influence the judiciary, Chandramoulishwar is the disciple of yesteryear Godman Swami Amoorthananda - who had a predominant drug cartel functioning within his ashram. However, Chandramoulishwar is able to suffocate him before pushing him into the Yamuna river. The next day, the bodies of Kishore, Dr. Sudarshan, and Dr. Emma are all found in the riverside. Since both the doctors are seen in an intimate position, the police conclude that Kishore killed the two out of jealousy, and then killed himself right after by drowning himself into the river.

However, Govindankutty Menon (G.K), the Central Home Minister in charge of Internal Security, assigns Joseph Alex I.A.S to investigate the death of Dr. Sudarshan. Paramashiva Rao accords the constitutional status of a commission of inquiry to Joseph's investigation team and reminisces the friendship he had shared with Dr.Sudarshan. As a Rajya Sabha member, Paramashiva Rao was a close friend of Joseph's father Alexander and sarcastically remarks that Joseph never visited him in that capacity. Raman Madhavan, the National Security Advisor and Chandramoulishwar are distressed about the refusal of Paramashiva Rao to sanction a colossal arms deal - termed the Romanov Proposal - as the ratification of the defence contract will ensure huge kickbacks for them.

Swami Chandramoulishwar recollects the assistance rendered by him to Paramashiva Rao to ensure the victory of his minority government during numerous floor tests and decides to eliminate Paramashiva Rao, paving the way for Raman Madhavan to ascend as the next PM - by the orchestration of a security crisis, the seasoned politicians will be compelled to give up Prime Ministerial ambitions concreting Raman's claim. Subsequently, Joseph meets the forensic analyst and ask them to give a fresh report and include the facts that they have excluded deliberately before. After seeing a mysterious man in a black leather jacket walking away from his car, Joseph gets a call from Nanda, the daughter of Minister G.K and a journalist. She shows him the picture of a cop holding a gun towards someone inside a white car.

Imran has a gut feeling that he has seen Dr. Sudarshan in that car. On the other hand, I.G. Bharathchandran IPS, who is on deputation in the Union Home Ministry is assigned to assist Joseph in the probe. Both of them are able to get Shankar arrested, but Shankar is soon killed by Rana in the premises of the Delhi High Court. Shankar had conceded to testify to the court on the conspiracy pertaining to Dr.Sudarshan's murder. After the fiasco at the court, Joseph and Bharath brief G.K about the involvement of Rana in Shankar's death and the ultimate goal of the Pakistan mercenary force is something much more pivotal as per intelligence inputs shared by the American Embassy.

Joseph is called into the PMO to tell that he is off the case now. He retorts and is able to continue with the case after convincing Paramashiva Rao. He states that if something were to happen to Paramashiva Rao, the nation would suffer huge financial loss. The expenses are what Joseph is concerned about rather than Paramashiva Rao's life. Because of this, Chandramoulishwar gets pissed off that he decides to assassinate Paramashiva Rao through Rana. In this way, Raman Madhavan will be the next PM after ensuring support from many coalition party leaders. ACP Arjun captures the PA Ashutosh coming out of Chandramoulishwar's ashram by disguising himself as the driver along with Ubaid Mustafa Meeran.

Although, Ashutosh is taken into custody. However, Pakistan army officers pretending as Delhi Police arrives and asks for Ashutosh's custody. They kills Arjun, where Ubaid manages to kill several Pakistan officers in the shootout, but Rana arrives and kills both Ubaid and Ashutosh. Enraged, Bharath storms into the ashram, but is held at gunpoint by Swami Chandramoulishwar's men. Nevertheless, Joseph appears right in time to save Bharath from getting killed, by killing one of Chandramoulishwar's men. Chandramoulishwar and Raman Madhavan, later at night, are taken into custody. When both of them are about to be taken to the location of the ISI agents.

However, the people who accompanied them are shot dead in front of the building. Minutes later, Bharath and Joseph arrive at the dilapidated cottage with a team of commandos. They manage to defeat the ISI agents, and confront Rana, where Joseph and Bharath draw their guns to shoots Rana respectively on his hand and leg. Joseph comes close to Rana and quips at him before sticking a flag pole (with the national flag on it) into his chest while chanting Bharath Mata ki Jai. After that, they lock Chandramoulishwar and Raman Madhavan in their car and Bharath places a bomb in the car. The bomb explodes, killing both Chandramoulishwar and Raman Madhavan. They head back to the PM's office, and though initially furious, Paramashiva Rao greets them for fulfilling their mission.

Cast

Mammootty as Thevallipparambil Joseph Alex IAS
Suresh Gopi as IG Bharathchandran IPS
Sai Kumar as His Holiness Swami Veerabhadra Chandramowlishwara Maharaj
 Jayan Cherthala as Raman Madhavan IFS, National Security Advisor
 Rajiv Krishna as Major Abu Jalal Rana, an ISI agent
Janardhanan as Govindan Kutty (G.K.), Home Minister of India
 Nedumudi Venu as Padmabhooshan Dr. E.K.Sudharshan, RAW Chief
Samvrutha Sunil as Nanda, Minister G.K's Daughter
 Mohan Agashe as Ghanthachalam Paramasiva Rao, Prime Minister of India
 Biju Pappan as SP Ubaid Mustafa Meeran IPS
Sudheer Karamana as ACP Arjun IPS
 Devan as IG Shankar Ramadas IPS, Deputy Director NID
 P. Sreekumar as Krishnan Nair, P.A to Central Minister G. K
 Spadikam George as DSP Koshi
 Rizabawa as Minister Kondotti Ibrahim
 Sanjjanaa Galrani as ASP Nitha Rathore IPS
 Becky Thomas as Emma John, Research and Analysis Wing Cyber Analyst
 Vijay Menon as Dr. Kishore Balakrishnan, Research and Analysis Wing Senior Analyst
 KPAC Lalitha as Joseph's Mother
 Kunchan as Kurup
 Kishore as Ali Imran, Journalist
 Jayakrishnan as Satheesh Chandran, TV Reporter
 Augustine as Bava Haji Musthafa
 Neha Mishra as Swamiji's Secretary
 Vaigha Rose as Assistant Commissioner
 Naveen Arakkal as Deputy Commissioner
 Fathima Babu as Justice Eliyamma Pettikaran/Peechi
 T. P. Madhavan as Dr. K.R. Mahadevan, Chief Forensic Surgeon
 Reena Basheer as Dr. Mercy Matthew, Pathologist
 Anjali Nair as PA of  National Security Advisor
 Anjana Appukuttan as Journalist
 Veena Thilak as Journalist
 Poornima Anand as Mrs. Raman Madhavan IFS

Production

Background
There were two separate films before entitled The King and Commissioner, which starred Mammootty and Suresh Gopi in 1995 and 1994 respectively. These films were successful at the box office during their period. Therefore, the 2012 film The King and the Commissioner is a film based on the two films mentioned. In addition, the lead actors in two different films were joined together with Renji Panicker as the scriptwriter.

The 2012 film marks Mammootty's fourth film and Suresh Gopi's tenth film. Moreover, it also marks the comeback of Shaji Kailas-Renji Panicker duo after a gap of 16 years.

The film was earlier reported to be a successor to the three films namely The King, Commissioner, and its sequel Bharathchandran I.P.S. in 1995, 1994, and 2005 respectively. However, Kailas reportedly said that the film features a new plot in a new background, wherein the lead characters in Panicker's films and his are coming together.

Casting
The project was finalized after a long period of discussion since the relationship between the two lead stars was not so warm.

In addition, Shaji Kailas and Anto Joseph had initially announced that Reema Sen will play a role in the film, second to the lead heroine Samvrutha Sunil. However, Kannada actress Sanjanaa was later signed to play this role. Moreover, veteran actor and psychiatrist Dr. Mohan Agashe debuts in Malayalam in a cameo in the film. It was Mammootty, whom Agashe had known from the time he was shooting for Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, who suggested his name.

Filming
The shooting began in Trivandrum on 6 June 2011. Mammootty joined the set on 13 June. After one round of shooting in Trivandrum, the shooting shifted to Kochi and then to Delhi. Some scenes were also shot in Kozhikode. It is reported that the shooting of the film was going on in Kochi, when the income tax raids at Mammootty's residence took place. Mammootty had to be present before the investigators, and the filming was delayed to a few days.

Reception

Critical reception
Rediff.com rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and said, "It's high on nostalgia but The King And The Commissioner has nothing new to offer says." Sify rated the film as disappointing and said, "A better script, more believable characters, some real trimming and a modern style could have done wonders for The King and The Commissioner. But in the current form it succeeds in reminding about the earlier movies, though it is painfully long at more than three hours.". IndiaGlitz rated the film 5.5 out of 10 points and said the film is "stuffed with all the cliches of Ranji-Shaji films". Nowrunning rated the film 3 out of 5 and said,"'The King and the Commissioner' does try to make up for its very serious loss of a sense of intrigue by going in for those flashy cuts and chic looks."

References

External links

2012 action thriller films
2010s Malayalam-language films
2012 films
Films about terrorism in India
Indian action thriller films
Indian sequel films
TheKingCommi4
Films shot in Kozhikode
Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram
Films shot in Kochi
Films shot in Delhi
Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police
Fictional portrayals of the Delhi Police
Indian crossover films
Films directed by Shaji Kailas
Films about the Research and Analysis Wing
India–Pakistan relations in popular culture
Military of Pakistan in films
Films set in Delhi
Indian police films

The King & the Commissioner


Baryonyx was a carnivorous theropod dinosaur discovered in clay pits just south of Dorking, England, and also in northern Spain. It has been dated to the Barremian stage of the Lower Cretaceous period, between 130 to 125 million years ago.

It was first discovered in 1983 by the amateur fossil hunter William Walker. A group of scientists lead by Alan Charig and Angela Milner of the Natural History Museum of London examined the skeleton and named the animal Baryonyx (meaning 'heavy claw'), and the species name walkeri after the man who discovered it. Other good skeletons were discovered in England and in Spain, which gave scientists a good idea of what the dinosaur was like.

Baryonyx grew up to between  long and weighed 1.2 and 1.7 t (1.3 and 1.9 short tons). It had long arms which were probably used for holding on to prey, the claw on the first finger was 31 centimeters (12 in) long. It ate mostly fish, like a grizzly bear would; for this it had a long snout like a gharial, and straight, cone-like teeth perfect for fishing. It had a triangle-shaped crest on the top of its skull.

References

Theropods
Spinosauridae
Dinosaurs of Europe

Baryonyx


Anton Domenico Gabbiani (13 February 1652 – 22 November 1726) was an Italian painter and active in a late Baroque style. He worked primarily in Florence for the Medici court.

Biography
Born in Florence, Gabbiani  first apprenticed with the Medici court portrait painter Justus Sustermans, then with the  Florentine Vincenzo Dandini; subsequently moved to Rome in 1673, where he studied under the Medici-sponsored Accademia Fiorentina, led by Ciro Ferri and Ercole Ferrata. This latter tutelage and his style has led Gabbiani to be described as one of the ''Cortoneschi'' or followers of Pietro da Cortona, albeit second-generation. In 1678–79, he traveled to Venice, where he worked in the studio of Sebastiano Bombelli, returning to his native Florence in 1680, where he was often patronized by Grand Prince Ferdinando, the son of the Grand Duke Cosimo III. He painted the portrait of his patron surrounded by musicians (c. 1685; Pitti Palace). He frescoed the Apotheosis of Cosimo il Vecchio in the ceiling of the Sala da Pranzo in the Villa di Poggio a Caiano (1698).

Gabbiani also completed works on sacred subjects. He painted in the church of San Frediano in Cestello. By 1684, he completed an Annunciation  for the Pitti Palace. He completed a St. Francis de Sales in Glory (1685) for the church of Santi Apostoli.

His pupils included Giovanna Fratellini, Ignazio Enrico Hugford (also a biographer), Benedetto Luti, Pietro Marchesini of Pistoia,  Ranieri del Pace, Giovanni Battista, Tommaso Redi, and his brother Gaetano Gabbiani.

Frescoes of the Palazzina Meridiana
Gabbiani's masterpiece is considered to be his ceiling frescoes for the Palazzina Meridiana, specifically in the Sala Meridiana  adjacent to the Pitti Palace and Boboli Gardens. This work underscores the frequent, yet somewhat ostentatious Medici patronage of arts related to science. The Salone was so named because it encased a Meridian line (a metal strip along floor and wall) with which one could make annotations of solar time, by noting where a beam of sunlight pointed at high noon. The Palazzina once formed the south west corner of the Pitti, and is little visited.

When the frescoes were painted, the Palazzina rooms were part of the mezzanine apartment of Grand-prince Ferdinando de' Medici, son of the Grand Duke Cosimo III and child-pupil of Vicenzo Viviani. Viviana was a court scholar who had been devoted to Galileo in the master's last years, and even published some of his papers posthumously. For the Sala Meridiana, Gabbiani adopted a panoramic ceiling similar to both Cortona's apotheotic frescoes in Palazzo Barberini and in the Sal di Marte in the Pitti itself. Open sky is depicted above and around the cornice a circumferential horizon of activity. Originally, the room was pierced by a hole in the ceiling, now sealed, originally located near the trunk of the frescoed tree. At noon, a sun beam through the hole, alit on the meridian strip. The iconography is complex, and was described by his Gabbiani's pupil Hugford as Time raising up Arts and Sciences to the temple of glory and trampling Ignorance. Some of the icons can be identified, Father Time sits below the tree, near the column. His symbols, detailed in Cesare Ripa's Iconologia (1603), are the scythe, circle and hourglass, and are lofted about by neighboring putti. The woman on his arm is Scienza or Knowledge preening herself in the mirror. Ignorance has ass's ears supine by broken column.

But the genius of the work is the lonely bearded figure on the side, behind a cannon and beside an armillary sphere, detached from the lofty bombast. The portrait matches the portrait by Susterman of Galileo, who sits on the sidelines, behind a symbol of his contribution to the science of ballistics. Perhaps he awaits Time, who points to him, to defeat ignorance, and rescue him from the ignominy he suffered at the hands of the Roman Inquisition.

References

Notes

External links

 Exhibition (2003-4: Il Gran Principe Ferdinando de' Medici e Anton Domenico Gabbiani

1652 births
1726 deaths
17th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
18th-century Italian painters
Painters from Florence
Italian Baroque painters
18th-century Italian male artists

Anton Domenico Gabbiani


Jaufre Rudel (Jaufré in modern Occitan) was the Prince of Blaye (Princes de Blaia) and a troubadour of the early- to mid-12th century, who probably died during the Second Crusade, in or after 1147. He is noted for developing the theme of "love from afar" (amor de lonh or amour de loin) in his songs.

Very little is known about his life, but a reference to him in a contemporary song by Marcabru describes him as being oltra mar—across the sea, probably on the Second Crusade in 1147. Probably he was the son of Girard, also castellan of Blaye, and who was titled "prince" in an 1106 charter. Girard's father was the first to carry the title, being called princeps Blaviensis as early as 1090. During his father's lifetime the suzerainty of Blaye was disputed between the Counts of Poitou and the Counts of Angoulême. Shortly after the succession of William VIII of Poitou, who had inherited it from his father, Blaye was taken by Wulgrin II of Angoulême, who probably vested Jaufre with it. According to one hypothesis, based on flimsy evidence, Wulgrin was Jaufre's father.

According to his legendary vida, or fictionalised biography, he was inspired to go on Crusade upon hearing from returning pilgrims of the beauty of Countess Hodierna of Tripoli, and that she was his amor de lonh, his far-off love. The legend claims that he fell sick on the journey and was brought ashore in Tripoli a dying man. Countess Hodierna is said to have come down from her castle on hearing the news, and Rudel died in her arms. This romantic but unlikely story seems to have been derived from the enigmatic nature of Rudel's verse and his presumed death on the Crusade.

Seven of Rudel's poems have survived to the present day, four of them with music. His composition Lanquan li jorn is thought to be the model for the Minnesinger Walther von der Vogelweide's crusade song Allerest lebe ich mir werde (Palästinalied).

Rudel in legend and literature

Nineteenth-century Romanticism found his legend irresistible. It was the subject of poems by Ludwig Uhland, Heinrich Heine, Robert Browning (Rudel to the Lady of Tripoli) and Giosué Carducci (Jaufré Rudel). Algernon Charles Swinburne returned several times to the story in his poetry, in The Triumph of Time, The Death of Rudel and the now-lost Rudel in Paradise (also titled The Golden House). In The Triumph of Time, he summarises the legend:

There lived a singer in France of old
By the tideless dolorous midland sea.
In a land of sand and ruin and gold
There shone one woman, and none but she.
And finding life for her love's sake fail,
Being fain to see her, he bade set sail,
Touched land, and saw her as life grew cold,
And praised God, seeing; and so died he.

Died, praising God for his gift and grace:
For she bowed down to him weeping, and said
"Live"; and her tears were shed on his face
Or ever the life in his face was shed.
The sharp tears fell through her hair, and stung
Once, and her close lips touched him and clung
Once, and grew one with his lips for a space;
And so drew back, and the man was dead.

Sir Nizamat Jung Bahadur, of Hyderabad, also wrote an epic poem on the subject, Rudel of Blaye, in 1926.

The French dramatist Edmond Rostand took the legend of Rudel and Hodierna as the basis for his 1895 verse drama La Princesse Lointaine, but reassigned the female lead from Hodierna to her jilted daughter Melisende, played by Sarah Bernhardt. However, there are older mentions of Rudel loving Melisende, such as Frederic Mistral's 1878 Provençal dictionary Lou Tresor dóu Felibrige which states (translation): "Mélisende, Mélissande or Mélissène, countess of Tripoli, daughter of Aimeri de Lusignan, loved by the troubadour Geoffroi Rudel".

More recently, Finnish composer Kaija Saariaho has written an opera about Rudel and Clémence (the name used for Hodierna) called L'amour de loin, with a libretto by Amin Maalouf, which was given its world premiere at the Salzburg Festival in 2000 and its US premiere at the Santa Fe Opera in 2002.

References

Further reading
 Michael Barrington, Blaye, Roland, Rudel and the Lady of Tripoli: a study in the relations of poetry to life. A.D. 731 - 1950 (Salisbury, 1953)
 Nick Riddle (ed) & Marcus Sedgwick (illustrator), Outremer: Jaufré Rudel and Melisande of Tripoli - a Legend of the Crusades (Cambridge, 1994)
 George Wolf & Roy Rosenstein, eds., "The Poetry of Cercamon and Jaufre Rudel" (New York, 1983)
 Yves Leclair, Roy Rosenstein, Chansons pour un amour lointain de Jaufre Rudel, édition bilingue occitan-français, présentation de Roy Rosenstein, préface et adaptation d'Yves Leclair (Gardonne, éditions fédérop, 2011)

External links
Jaufré Rudel: Complete Works (in English and Provençal, with MIDIs of the extant melodies)
Text of Rostand's La Princesse Lointaine
Collected poetry and prose on the Rudel legend, essentially an online version of the Riddle/Sedgwick anthology (see above) plus extra material
The afterlife of Jaufré Rudel, a growing resource of Rudel-related material and links

12th-century births
1140s deaths
12th-century French troubadours
People from Gironde
Medieval legends
House of Taillefer
Christians of the Second Crusade

Jaufre Rudel


Max Walter (1899–1940) was a Slovak chess master.

Born in Pressburg (Pozsony, Bratislava), then Austria–Hungary, he began his chess career in Czechoslovakia, after World War I.

Max Walter won Czechoslovak Chess Championship at Pardubice 1923.  In other tournaments, he took 2nd, behind Endre Steiner, at Piešťany (Pistyan) 1922,
took 14th at Ostrava (Mährisch-Ostrau) 1923 (Emanuel Lasker won),
tied for 6-7th at Györ 1924 (Hungarian Championship, Géza Nagy won),
tied for 6-7th at Bratislava 1925 (Richard Réti won),
and shared 2nd, behind Réti, at Kolin 1925 (Quadrangular).

He won, ahead of Balázs Sárközy, at Budapest 1926,
tied for 10-11th at Bardejov (Bartfeld) 1926 (Hermanis Matisons and Savielly Tartakower won),
tied for 7-9th at Trenčianske Teplice (Trentschin-Teplitz) 1926 (Boris Kostić and Karl Gilg won),
shared 1st, but took 2nd place at České Budějovice 1927 (CSR-ch, Karel Opočenský won),
took 4th at Znojmo 1927 (Opočensky won),
tied for 7-8th at Trenčianske Teplice 1928 (Kostić won),
took 10th at Brno 1928 (Fritz Sämisch and Réti won),
tied for 4-5th at Liptovský Svätý Ján 1930,
took 3rd at Prague 1931 (CSR-ch, Leo Zobel won),
tied for 10-11th at Sliač (Bad Sliac) 1932 (Salo Flohr and Milan Vidmar won),
and took 8th at Teplice (Teplitz-Schönau) 1937 (Gilg won).

References

External links

1899 births
1940 deaths
Sportspeople from Bratislava
Slovak Jews
Slovak chess players
Hungarian Jews
Hungarian chess players
Jewish chess players
20th-century chess players

Max Walter


Antennaria suffrutescens is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names evergreen pussytoes and evergreen everlasting. It is native to southwestern Oregon (Curry + Josephine Counties) and far northeastern California (Humboldt + Del Norte Counties). It grows in coniferous forests in the mountains, sometimes on serpentine soils.

Antennaria suffrutescens is a perennial herb producing several erect stems up to about 12 centimeters tall from a woody base. The densely packed leaves at the base of the plant are spoon-shaped with notched tips, woolly on the undersides and about a centimeter long. They are evergreen, remaining on the plant through the seasons. The inflorescence atop each stem bears a single flower head lined with woolly white phyllaries with yellow-green bases. The species is dioecious, meaning that male and female flower heads are borne on separate plants. Female plants bearing slightly larger flower heads containing pistillate flowers, and male plants producing staminate flowers. The fruit is an achene up to a centimeter long, most of which is a long pappus attached to a small hard body.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California

Flora of Oregon
Flora of California
suffretescens
Plants described in 1898
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Antennaria suffrutescens


VIVA (abbreviation for:  translating to "Video Exploitation Facility") was a German free-to-air music television channel, first broadcast on December 1, 1993. The channel was intended to compete against MTV Europe and was the first German-language music TV channel, while MTV was only broadcast in English until the introduction of MTV Germany in 1997. It was also supposed to focus more on German music and pop culture while MTV only broadcast anglophone music by artists mostly from North America, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Australia.

After years of competition for audience share, MTV Networks Europe eventually acquired VIVA on  January 14, 2005, after it had outrun its own efforts for better ratings. MTV operated VIVA channels in Austria, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Poland, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

In June 2018, Viacom announced that it would shut down all Viva operations worldwide at the end of 2018.

The channel ceased to broadcast at 14:00 on 31 December 2018, being replaced by Comedy Central.

History

Initial concept

The concept behind VIVA originated in 1992, when major record labels were frustrated by MTV Europe's decision to program mostly English-language music videos to the Germanophone markets, in what was perceived as its refusal to play major German-speaking artists. Executives at US media giant Time Warner, keen on increasing their market share of its music repertoire and business in Germany, planned the new TV station in 1992. Eventually, they recruited DoRo Productions, producers of music videos for notable acts such as Queen, The Rolling Stones, David Bowie, in the design of the music channel. Time Warner executives Tom McGrath and Peter Bogner assembled a group of record labels that included its very own Warner Music, EMI Music, Polygram Records and Sony Television along with Frank Otto, Apax Partners, and Austrian producers Rudi Dolezal and Hannes Rossacher of DoRo Productions. In a concept paper of Time Warner, Peter Bogner analyzed MTV's market position as vulnerable, and "while MTV is betting on a diet of pure Anglo-American video clips, VIVA should broadcast at least 40% more German music."

VIVA started broadcasting on December 1, 1993 as Germany's second music channel, after the first channel, musicbox became Tele 5 in 1988 and its lineup, which was initially dominated by music, was gradually reduced. VIVA advanced to fill this gap. The broadcasting studio was located in the rented rooms of Bertelsmann's VOX studios in Cologne-Ossendorf. Originally, VIVA was started by the media giant Time Warner to boost the German business of its company Warner Music Group. The Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) declined an invitation to take part in VIVA because they feared possible reprisals from their competitor MTV Europe and were not convinced that a German-language music channel could prevail against MTV. Undeterred by this, Time Warner executives Tom McGrath and Peter Bogner, along with their competitors Sony, PolyGram and EMI Music, and media executive Michael Oplesch (VIVA GF, MTV GF, MME GF), founded producer Rudi Dolezal and Hannes Rossacher, the founders of the TV production company Me, Myself & Eye (MME), Christoph Post, Jörg A. Hoppe and Marcus O. Rosenmüller, and the media lawyer Helge Sasse the Viva Medien GmbH. The first VJs included the moderators Stefan Raab and Heike Makatsch, who were still unknown at the time. After their time at VIVA, they rose to become successful film and television personalities in Germany.

From its beginning, the channel broadcast from Cologne. The studios were in Cologne-Mülheim for most years, in the same building as Brainpool. The first (and subsequently last in 2018) music video played was "Zu geil für diese Welt" (Too Awesome for This World). The channel's profile was largely defined by Rudi Dolezal and Hannes Rossacher (DoRo production). In 1994, market leadership was achieved for the first time (according to their own statements). After MTV re-entered free TV, VIVA temporarily lost the upper hand. From the middle of 2004, however, VIVA was again slightly in the lead in terms of viewership in the advertising-relevant target group.

VIVA became an immediate success with the audience, while ultimately providing German artists with a music channel that could help expose their music to the German audience.

Competing with MTV

With Dieter Gorny eventually as its second managing director on board, VIVA applied for cable carriage licenses in the various German states. DoRo Productions designed the original programming format which while clearly a music video channel, sought to differentiate itself from MTV not just by having a German-speaking voice, but by speaking directly to the differences in pop culture between Germany and the anglophone MTV.

Before launching the channel, the labels offered to fund MTV in a German-speaking version but were rejected by MTV management at the time, as it espoused a "one world, one language" programming philosophy (at least for Europe since the Latin American channels used Spanish and Portuguese).

On 21 March 1995, a second channel, Viva Zwei ("VIVA Two"), was created, initially a channel for classic music videos which later focused on lesser known and more independently produced music, mostly indie and alternative rock, metal, electronic music and alternative hip hop.

However, Viva Zwei was not financially successful, so on 7 January 2002, it was replaced by VIVA Plus, a channel dedicated purely to pop and mainstream music for a younger target audience. Some Viva Zwei formats managed to continue on Viva Plus for some time though, and Fast Forward even got included in the main channel's program. VIVA Plus itself was discontinued on 14 January 2007 and got replaced by Comedy Central Deutschland the next day.

Comet Awards

Since 1995, VIVA held an annual pop music award ceremony known as the Comet. During the 2003 award ceremonies, VIVA openly expressed an anti-Iraq War view. The awards were last held in 2011. The 2012 awards ceremony was cancelled as Viacom wanted to focus more on the MTV Europe Music Awards instead. In 2013, it got cancelled again. Although the awards were never officially canceled altogether, they weren't held ever since.

MTV's response to VIVA

After MTV introduced a German-language version of itself in 1997, the competition between the two stations increased. VIVA was widely perceived as the more mainstream-oriented channel for younger viewers, while MTV Germany was directed at youths and young adults with some edgier programming. In 2003, VIVA got bad press after it was discovered that it had given Universal Music an unfair advantage in the placement of their music videos.

MTV owner acquires VIVA

On June 24, 2004, VIVA was acquired (for the sum of €310 million) by Viacom International, which also owns MTV, thus ending the rivalry between VIVA and MTV and making them start to cooperate instead. After the acquisition of VIVA by Viacom, MTV Germany shifted to mostly broadcasting reality and comedy shows. VIVA became the music channel with chart shows and other similar programs which were mostly directed at a mainstream audience. Although the new owners had outlined that, with four channels under their helm, there was going to "offer a greater variety of content for a wider public and a larger range of tastes" while still promising to continue the "strong national and cultural identity" of the channel, Viacom introduced a programming scheme that allowed the station to be run by just 40 people, making many previous employees redundant. The studios and headquarters in Cologne were closed in March 2005 (Viacom became the sole owner of the former VIVA Media properties in January), from then on VIVA broadcast from the same studios as MTV Germany in Berlin.

From January 2011, under a major shakeup at MTV Networks Germany, VIVA continued to be part of MTV Networks Germany's free-to-air package and the channel became the main music and entertainment brand within Germany while complemented by its sister channels MTV Germany and MTV Brand New, which then became pay TV, although in late 2017 MTV Germany was put back into free TV. VIVA Germany received a new look and on-air branding on 1 January 2011. The new look of VIVA joined the four triangles of the new logo into one triangle, putting the angle of VIVA into one heart.

Starting 22 March 2011, VIVA broadcast only in 16:9. Programs produced in 4:3 were cropped to 14:9 and black bars were added left and right. VIVA HD Germany, a simulcast in 1080i high-definition, launched on 16 May 2011. It was available via IPTV from Deutsche Telekom.

On January 1, 2012, VIVA shut down its analog signal from Astra 19,2º East.

Discontinuation
In June 2018, Viacom announced its decision to discontinue VIVA at the end of 2018. Viacom general manager Mark Specht said in an interview that the channel is profitable, but that Viacom wants to focus on its three core brands MTV, Comedy Central and Nickelodeon as it sees bigger growth opportunities there. The slot will be filled by Comedy Central, which had already shared its slot with VIVA since 2014 and after the end of VIVA will become a 24-hour channel. Comedy Central so far has been only broadcast in the evening and night hours, while VIVA was broadcast at daytime.

On 31 December 2018 at 14:00 CET, the channel aired its final music video, "Viva Forever", by the Spice Girls, which had also been aired when sister channel in the UK and Ireland ceased broadcast earlier in the year. Shortly after, the channel aired a farewell bumper shows, featuring several music artists, former hosts and other celebrities (including DJ BoBo, Loona, Alex Christensen, Udo Lindenberg and Oliver Pocher) saying their goodbyes. After the bumper shows ended, the channel aired the music video of "Zu geil für diese Welt" by Die Fantastischen Vier (which was also the first music video that was aired back in 1993) and then faded into a black screen featuring the old 2002-2004 VIVA logo with the words "Rest In Peace" and "1993-2018" below. Shortly after, the channel faded to dark, it was followed by the startup of Comedy Central, ending 25 years of broadcast. The broadcast was "extended", as in the first seconds of Comedy Central broadcast, the station failed to switch off the VIVA logo.

Programming

 #Facebookclips
 #Tweetclips
 10 Dinge, die ich an dir hasse
 180°
 Alle hassen Chris
 American Dad!
 Aqua Teen Hunger Force
 Archer
 Awkward – Mein sogenanntes Leben
 Beavis and Butt-head
 Blue Mountain State
 Britney and Kevin: Chaotic
 Bully Beatdown
 Catfish – Verliebte im Netz
 Promi-Deathmatch
 Crash Canyon
 Criss Angel Mindfreak
 Die Pinguine aus Madasgcar
 Die Ren & Stimpy Show
 Death Valley
 Degrassi
 Deutschstunde
 Unglücksdatum
 Detektiv Conan
 Drawn Together
 Eure VIVA Lieblingsklicks
 Family Guy
 Feat.
 Faust des Zen
 Flash Prank
 Friendzone
 Futurama
 Game One
 Get the Clip
 Riesig
 Glee
 Geordie Shore
 Good Morning Saturday
 Good Morning Sunday
 Guy Code
 Jungs mit Kindern
 Happy End
 Happy Tree Friends
 Hollys Welt
 InuYasha: Ein feudales Märchen
 Ich war mal dick
 Jackass
 Jersey Shore
 Keeping Up with the Kardashians
 Kendra
 Kenny gegen Spenny
 Ke$ha: Mein verrücktes schönes Leben
 Killer-Karaoke
 Liebe oder nicht
 Love Test 3 in 1
 Loveline
 Made
 Melissa und Joey
 Mixery Massive Music
 Most Wanted 2000s
 MTV at the Movies
 MTV Europe Music Awards
 MTV Home
 MTV Movie Awards
 MTV Top 100 (previously until December 2017 as VIVA Top 100)
 MTV Unplugged
 MTV Video Music Awards
 MTV World Stage
 Music
 My Kid is Gonna Be Famous
 Meine super süße Weltklasse
 Mein Leben als Liz
 Naruto
 Neu
 Neu um 9
 Night Sounds
 Night Sounds Party (at weekend instead of Night sounds)
 Nitrozirkus
 O.C., Kalifornien
 One Piece
 One Tree Hill
 Party, Bruder!
 Pimp My Ride
 Plain Jane
 Streichelte
 Versuchsgelände
 Punk'd
 Echte Männer von Hollywood
 Retro Charts
 Ridiculousness
 Robot Chicken
 Unhöfliches Rohr
 Sailor Moon
 Savage U
 Scandalicious
 Narben
 Skins
 SMS Guru
 Snooki & JWoww
 Special Charts
 SpongeBob Schwammkopf
 Style Star
 Supercharts
 Teen Mom 2
 The Dudesons in America
 The Hard Times of RJ Berger
 The Hasselhoffs
 Then and Now
 The Pauly D Project
 The Short List
 Todd und das Buch des Bösen
 Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronik
 Ugly Americans
 Undateable
 Underemployed
 VIVA Charts ... 1 Year Ago
 VIVA Charts ... 5 Years Ago
 VIVA Club Rotation
 VIVA Comet
 VIVA Fahrstuhlmusik
 VIVA Live!
 VIVAs Most Played Charts
 VIVAs Most Wanted Charts
 VIVApedia
 VIVA Quiz
 VIVA Sounds
 VIVA Spezial
 VIVA Streaming Charts
 VIVA Top 20 Singlecharts
 VIVA Top 40 Singlecharts
 VIVA Top 100
 VIVA Wecker
 Your Choice
 Supercharts
 South Park
 Archer
 WakeBrothers
 Young & Married
 Zoey 101

Presenters

Presenters from MTV

Logos

Note that from 1 December 2018 to 31 December 2018 all logo designs of Viva were shown by changing every two minutes, as a tribute to Viva due to its shut down.

VIVA in other countries
Viacom also operated VIVA channels in Austria (VIVA Austria), Hungary (VIVA Hungary), Poland (VIVA Polska), The United Kingdom and Ireland (Viva UK and Ireland) and Switzerland (VIVA Switzerland).

See also
 TMF, a similar defunct channel to VIVA that was available in the Netherlands and Flemish speaking parts of Belgium before being replaced by localized versions of MTV. Both VIVA and TMF are operated by Viacom International Media Networks Europe.
 Viva Zwei

References

External links
 VIVA Website for Germany, Austria and Switzerland
  website of Viacom International Media Networks Germany
  report in Die Welt about the planned massive reduction of staff in VIVA

1993 establishments in Germany
2018 disestablishments in Germany
Television channels and stations established in 1993
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2018
Television stations in Berlin
Defunct television channels in Germany
VIVA (TV station)
Music organisations based in Germany

VIVA (German TV channel)


Maria dalle Carceri (died 1323) was sovereign marchioness of Bodonitsa from 1311 until 1323. She succeeded her late spouse  Albert Pallavicini on his death in 1311. While she avoided submitting her principality to the Catalan Company, she could not avoid paying an annual tribute of four destriers.

Maria was descended from a Lombard family of Verona that had come to Greece on the Fourth Crusade. She was a daughter of Gaetano dalle Carceri and heiress of a sixth of Euboea. She married Albert and their daughter Guglielma split the inheritance with her. Considering the recent Catalan victory at Halmyros, Maria desired to marry again quickly to a man who would protect hers and her daughter's possessions. She married Andrea Cornaro and Guglielma inherited the whole marquisate on his death.

Sources

Setton, Kenneth M. (general editor) A History of the Crusades: Volume III — The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Harry W. Hazard, editor. University of Wisconsin Press: Madison, 1975.

1323 deaths
Christians of the Crusades
Maria
House of Cornaro
Triarchs of Negroponte
Year of birth unknown
14th-century women rulers
14th-century Venetian people
14th-century Italian women
14th-century Greek women
14th-century Greek people
Maria

Maria dalle Carceri


Blessed Rainy Day is the holiday marking the end of the monsoon season in Bhutan.  On this day all natural water resources in the country are considered to be sanctifying and citizens are encouraged to take an outdoor bath to be cleansed of "bad deeds, obstructions and defilements" and accumulated bad karma.  Families traditionally gather for a meal of thup (porridge) at breakfast time.  The holiday also marks the end of the farming season and the  beginning of the harvest season.

Government offices, schools, and institutions are closed for the day.

The most auspicious hour for the ablution is determined by astrologers in the service of the Je Khenpo, the chief abbot of the country. They refer to the Bhutanese lunar calendar (essentially the Tibetan lunar calendar), but the exact method of their calculations have not been disclosed.  In 2004, they determined the preferred time to be 4:00 p.m., September 22.  Citizens who are unable to bathe at the exact hour instead often rise before dawn for a brisk morning splash.

Variant romanizations of the Dzongkha name of the holiday include Thrue-Bab, Thrie-Bab, and Thri-Bab. The holiday was dropped from public holiday list in 2007. The Bhutan home minister restored the holiday in 2008. People would still take the day off even when its status was non-official.

The 2017 date is September 22.

References

External links
 A 12-year-old Bhutanese boy writes about Blessed Rainy Day

Public holidays in Bhutan
September observances

Observances set by the Tibetan calendar

Blessed Rainy Day


In enzymology, a demethylmacrocin O-methyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

S-adenosyl-L-methionine + demethylmacrocin  S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + macrocin

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and demethylmacrocin, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and macrocin.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:demethylmacrocin 2"'-O-methyltransferase. This enzyme is also called demethylmacrocin methyltransferase.  This enzyme participates in biosynthesis of 12-, 14- and 16-membered macrolides.

References

EC 2.1.1
Enzymes of unknown structure

Demethylmacrocin O-methyltransferase


Wanda Jakubowska (10 November 1907 – 25 February 1998) was a Polish film director. Although she directed as many as 15 films over 50 years, Jakubowska is best known for her work on the Holocaust. Her 1948 film The Last Stage was an early and influential depiction of concentration camps. It was filmed on location at Auschwitz, where Jakubowska had been interned.

Jakubowska was an ardent Communist whose films were often heavily politicized.

Early life
Jakubowska was born on 10 November 1907 to parents Wacław and Zofia. Her father was an engineer who served in the Imperial Russian Army during World War I. The Jakubowska family relocated to Moscow during Wacław's army tenure. They returned to Poland in 1922 after Zofia's death in 1917.

Jakubowska graduated from high school in 1928 and received a degree in Art History from the University of Warsaw in 1931. Following from childhood interest in cinema, Jakubowska founded a leftist cinema appreciation group whose members included several future Polish intellectuals. Aleksander Ford and Jerzy Toeplitz were notable early members. Through the cinema appreciation group, Jakubowska found opportunities to work on early Polish films and direct her own. Her most notable works from this period were The Sea, a short film that was nominated for an Academy Award, thus making her the first female director to be nominated for an Oscar, and an adaptation of Nad Niemnem, which was intended for release in 1939. The outbreak of World War II led to the loss or destruction of Nad Niemnem, prior to its distribution.

Internment
After the Invasion of Poland in 1939, Jakubowska joined the Polish Socialist Party, an underground resistance group. Jakubowska was arrested by the Gestapo on 30 October 1942. She was initially arrested in connection to a neighbor who had hidden weapons in a communal garden. Jakubowska was held in Pawiak prison where the German authorities later learned of her underground involvement. On 28 April 1943 Jakubowska was transported to Auschwitz. Upon arrival she was tattooed with the number 43513.

Jakubowska worked at a sub-camp of Auschwitz located in Rajsko. The camp served mainly as a garden and horticultural research center. Most of the prisoners there were well-educated and many were communists. The camp was overseen by Dr. Joachim Caeser, who was unusually benevolent, even treating some prisoners as colleagues. Jakubowska was tasked with taking pictures of plants for research purposes. Her experience at Rajsko differed considerably from what was depicted in her film The Last Stage. Her experiences at Auschwitz-Birkenau and ultimately Ravensbrück concentration camp are more closely aligned with the film.

In October 1944 the German authorities detected Jakubowska's continued contact with the underground and transferred her from Rajsko to Birkenau. Jakubowska was eventually transported to Ravensbrück 10 days before the Red Army would arrive at Auschwitz. The Nazis also attempted to evacuate Ravensbrück, but Soviet forces were able to liberate the convoy of prisoners including Jakubowska on 28 April 1945.

Jakubowska befriended Gerda Schneider while at Auschwitz. Originally a political prisoner, the German Schneider became a Blockälteste (similar to a kapo). Reports differ about the behavior of Schneider at Auschwitz. Some claim that she was a decent person while others accuse her of beating inmates. After the war Schneider and Jakubowska would write the screenplay for The Last Stage together.

Career
After the war, Jakubowska moved to Łódź where her old friend Aleksander Ford was now in charge of Film Polski.

In 1948 Jakubowska released The Last Stage. The film was partly shot on location at Auschwitz concentration camp. The film is based on her personal experiences as a prisoner at Auschwitz. She claimed that what helped her to survive Auschwitz was constantly thinking about the documentation of her experiences.

Jakubowska's later work has fallen into obscurity likely due to its blatant communist overtones. She made two more films involving concentration camps: Meetings in the Twilight (1960) and The End of Our World (1964). Although she considered the latter to be her best work, neither were widely seen.

Jakubowska also served as a professor at the National Film School in Łódź (1949–1974).

Filmography
As director
 The Sea (1933) (Morze)
 Nad Niemnem (1939) (On the Niemen River) Unreleased
 The Last Stage (1948) (Ostatni etap)
 Żołnierz zwycięstwa (1953) (Soldier of Victory)
 Opowiesc atlantycka (1954) (Atlantic Story)
 Pozegnanie z diablem (1956) (Farewell to the Devil)
 Król Macius I (1957) (King Matthew the First)
 Spotkania w mroku (1960) Meetings in the Twilight
 It Started Yesteraday (1960) (Historia wspólczesna)
 Koniec naszego swiata (1964) (The End of Our World)
 The Hot Line (1965) (Goracia Linia)
 150 na godzine (1972) (150 Kilometers per Hour)
 Biały mazur (1979)  (The White Mazurka)
 Zaproszenie (1986) (Invitation)
 Kolory kochania (1988) (Colors of Loving)

Awards
 Grand Prix – Crystal Globe for The Last Stage at the 3rd Karlovy Vary International Film Festival in 1948.
 International Peace Prize for The Last Stage in 1950.

References

External links

Wanda Jakubowska at the www.filmpolski.pl

1907 births
1998 deaths
Polish women film directors
20th-century Polish Jews
Auschwitz concentration camp survivors
Film people from Warsaw
Polish communists

Wanda Jakubowska


Samuel Cole Sloman (born September 19, 1997) is an American football placekicker for the Vegas Vipers of the XFL. He played college football at Miami University, and in 2019 he made 86.7% of his field goal attempts (leading all kickers in the nation). He was selected in the seventh round (248th overall) of the 2020 NFL Draft by the Los Angeles Rams, and has also played for the Tennessee Titans.

Early life
His parents are Jay and Judi Sloman. Sloman's hometown is Roswell, Georgia.

For high school, Sloman attended Pace Academy ('16), in the Buckhead area of Atlanta, Georgia. He earned two letters in football, and four letters in soccer. He did not start to play football until he was a junior. As a senior in football he connected on 20-of-23 kicks, with a long of 53 yards, and also nailed all 51 extra points.  He was a two-time All-State kicker, and a 2015 MaxPreps First Team All-American.

College career

Sloman attended Miami University in Ohio ('20), majoring in kinesiology. During his career with the Miami Redhawks football team, Sloman completed 49 of his 62 field goal attempts for 79%. On extra point attempts, he made 112-for-115 for 97.4%. During his senior year in 2019, he made 86.7% of his field goal attempts (leading his conference, and leading all kickers in the country with 30 or more attempts), went 11-for-14 from beyond 40 yards and was 4-for-5 on field goal attempts longer than 50 yards (with a long of 53 yards).

Sloman earned Second-Team All-MAC honors, and was named Second-Team All-America by The Athletic.  He ranks second in field goals (49) and extra points (112) and third in percentage (.790) all-time for Miami. Lance Zierlein of nfl.com described him as: "Stocky with plenty of fire in his belly." Sloman is Jewish, and his teammates nicknamed him the "Kosher Cannon."

Professional career

Los Angeles Rams
Sloman was drafted by the Los Angeles Rams with the 248th pick in the seventh round of the 2020 NFL Draft, even though kickers are rarely selected in the NFL Draft. The Rams were impressed by his past performance in the clutch, with Rams senior personnel executive Brian Xanders noting: "In the second half or overtime during the last two years, he went 27 out of 29. So when the score is tight or it's getting close to the end of the game, he's been clutch." Xanders added that he liked Sloman's angle of approach, similar to a powerful golf swing, and "he's gotten better every year [...] He's a powerful guy, he's a weather kicker, and he's a competitor. He just wants to take everybody's job." Sloman was the first Miami University kicker to be drafted in the NFL, and its 40th player.

On July 28, he signed a four-year, $3.37 million contract. He was named the Rams' starting kicker, beating out fellow rookies Lirim Hajrullahu and Austin MacGinnis. Asked whether he was nervous about kicking in front of no fans at SoFi Stadium, he said: "It's not going to be weird for me not having fans at the games. I played plenty of games in college [at Miami] with not many people there." After playing in the team's first seven games, Sloman was waived on October 27. He had converted 8-of-11 field goal attempts, with a long of 42, and was 18-for-21 on extra point attempts.

Tennessee Titans
On November 24, 2020, Sloman was signed to the Tennessee Titans' practice squad. Following an injury to Stephen Gostkowski, he was elevated to the active roster on January 2, 2021, for the team's week 17 game against the Houston Texans, and reverted to the practice squad after the game. He hit all five extra point attempts and both field goals, including the game-winner that deflected off the right upright from 37 yards away as time expired, with which the Titans won the AFC South division. He was released on January 12.

Pittsburgh Steelers
On July 1, 2021, the Pittsburgh Steelers signed Sloman to a one-year deal. He was waived on August 17, 2021. He re-signed to their practice squad on November 27, 2021. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Steelers on January 18, 2022. He was waived on May 16, 2022.

San Francisco 49ers
On October 12, 2022, Sloman was signed to the San Francisco 49ers practice squad. He was released on October 18.

Vegas Vipers
On April 4, 2023, Sloman signed with the Vegas Vipers of the XFL.

NFL career statistics

|-style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2"|2020 !! LAR
| 7 || 8 || 11 || 72.7 || 3 || 42 || 18 || 21 || 85.7 || 37 || 64.5 || 22 || 42
|- style="text-align:center;"
! TEN
| 1 || 2 || 2 || 100.0 || 0 || 47 || 5 || 5 || 100.0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 11
|-
! colspan="2"| Career !! 8 !! 10 !! 13 !! 76.9 !! 3 !! 47 !! 23 !! 26 !! 88.6 !! 37 !! 64.5 !! 22 !! 53
|}

See also
List of select Jewish football players

References

External links
Twitter page
Los Angeles Rams bio
Miami RedHawks bio
"Sam Sloman: Have to Focus on Doing Your Job," January 3, 2021 (video)

1997 births
Living people
Players of American football from Roswell, Georgia
Jewish American sportspeople
American football placekickers
Miami RedHawks football players
Los Angeles Rams players
Tennessee Titans players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
21st-century American Jews
San Francisco 49ers players
Vegas Vipers players

Sam Sloman