Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie ( ; born 15 September 1977) is a Nigerian writer whose works include novels, short stories and nonfiction. She was described in The Times Literary Supplement as "the most prominent" of a "procession of critically acclaimed young anglophone authors" of Nigerian fiction who are attracting a wider audience, particularly in her second home, the United States.

Adichie has written several novels, among which Purple Hibiscus (2003), Half of a Yellow Sun (2006), and Americanah (2013), short stories, the book-length essays We Should All Be Feminists (2014) and Dear Ijeawele, or A Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions (2017), and a memoir , Notes on Grief (2021).

In 2008, she was awarded a MacArthur Genius Grant. She was the recipient of the PEN Pinter Prize in 2018. She was recognized as one of the BBC's 100 women of 2021.

In 2002, she was shortlisted for the Caine Prize for African Writing for her short story "You in America", and her story "That Harmattan Morning" was selected as a joint winner of the 2002 BBC World Service Short Story Awards. In 2003, she won the David T. Wong International Short Story Prize 2002/2003 (PEN Center Award).

Early life and family
Adichie was born in the city of Enugu in Nigeria, the fifth of six children in an Igbo family. She was raised in the university town of Nsukka in Enugu State. While she was growing up, her father, James Nwoye Adichie (1932–2020), worked as a professor of statistics at the University of Nigeria. Her mother, Grace Ifeoma (1942–2021), was the university's first female registrar. They lived in a house on campus previously occupied by Chinua Achebe. The family lost almost everything during the Nigerian Civil War, including both her maternal and paternal grandfathers. Her family's ancestral village is Abba in Anambra State.

Education
Adichie completed her secondary education at the University of Nigeria Secondary School, Nsukka, where she received several academic prizes. She studied medicine and pharmacy at the University of Nigeria for a year and a half. During this period, she edited The Compass, a magazine run by the university's Catholic medical students.

At the age of 19, Adichie left Nigeria for the United States to study communications and political science at Drexel University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She transferred to Eastern Connecticut State University (ECSU) to be near her sister Uche, who had a medical practice in Coventry, Connecticut. She received a bachelor's degree from ECSU, summa cum laude, in 2001.

In 2003, Adichie completed a master's degree in creative writing at Johns Hopkins University.  Adichie was a Hodder fellow at Princeton University during the 2005–2006 academic year.  In 2008, she received a Master of Arts degree in African studies from Yale University. Also in 2008, she was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship. She was awarded a 2011–2012 fellowship by the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University.

Adichie has been awarded sixteen honorary doctorate degrees from universities including Yale University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Edinburgh, Duke University, Georgetown University, Johns Hopkins University, and the Catholic University of Louvain, where she received her sixteenth in a ceremony on 28 April 2022.

Writing career
Adichie published a collection of poems (Decisions) in 1997, and a play (For Love of Biafra) in 1998, using the name Amanda N. Adichie. Her short story "My Mother, the Crazy African", dating from when Adichie was a college senior living in Connecticut, discusses the problems that arise when a person is facing two cultures that are complete opposites from each other.

Adichie also published stories in Zoetrope: All-Story, and Topic Magazine.

Her first novel, Purple Hibiscus (2003), received widespread critical acclaim; it was shortlisted for the Orange Prize for Fiction (2004) and was awarded the Commonwealth Writers' Prize for Best First Book (2005).

Her second novel, Half of a Yellow Sun (2006), named after the flag of the short-lived nation of Biafra, is set before and during the Nigerian Civil War. Adichie's own grandfather died in a refugee camp during the war and she has said that she wrote the book as a tribute to him. Adichie has said of Buchi Emecheta's Destination Biafra (1982): "[It] was very important for my research when I was writing Half of a Yellow Sun." Half of a Yellow Sun received the 2007 Orange Prize for Fiction and the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award. Half of a Yellow Sun was adapted into a film of the same title directed by Biyi Bandele, starring BAFTA award-winner and Academy Award nominee Chiwetel Ejiofor and BAFTA winner Thandiwe Newton, and was released in 2014. In November 2020, Half of a Yellow Sun was voted by the public to be the best book to have won the Women's Prize for Fiction in its 25-year history.

In 2008, she published a short story called "A Private Experience" in which two women from different cultures learn to understand each other in the middle of a crisis.

Adichie's third book, The Thing Around Your Neck (2009), is a collection of 12 stories that explore the relationships between men and women, parents and children, Africa and the United States.

Adichie's story "Ceiling" was included in the 2011 edition of The Best American Short Stories.

Her third novel, Americanah (2013), an exploration of a young Nigerian encountering race in America, was selected by The New York Times as one of "The 10 Best Books of 2013". In her youth in Nigeria, Adichie was not accustomed to being identified by the colour of her skin, which only began to happen when she arrived in the United States to attend college. As a black African in America, Adichie was confronted with what it meant to be a person of colour in America. Race as an idea became something that she had to navigate and learn. She then wrote about this experience through this novel. The book went on to win the National Book Critics Circle Award and was picked as the winner for the 2017 "One Book, One New York" program, part of a community reading initiative encouraging all city residents to read the same book.

In 2015, she was co-curator of the PEN World Voices festival in New York City. She delivered the festival's closing address, which she concluded by saying: "I will stand and I will speak for the right of everyone, everyone, to tell his or her story."

Her next book, Dear Ijeawele, or A Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions, published in March 2017, had its origins in a letter Adichie wrote to a friend who had asked for advice about how to raise her daughter as a feminist.

In 2020, Adichie published Zikora, a stand-alone short story about sexism and single motherhood.

In May 2021, Adichie released a memoir based on her father's death titled Notes on Grief, based on an essay of the same title published in The New Yorker in September,2020. As described by the reviewer for The Independent, "Her words put a welcome, authentic voice to this most universal of emotions, which is also one of the most universally avoided."

Later that year, Open Country Mag noted in a cover story about Adichie's legacy: "Every one of her novels, in expanding her subject matter, broke down a wall in publishing. Purple Hibiscus proved that there was an international market for African realist fiction post-Achebe. Half of a Yellow Sun showed that that market could care about African histories. The novels say: We can be specific in storytelling."

In April 2022, Adiche's first children's book, titled Mama's Sleeping Scarf, was announced for release in autumn 2023, dedicated to her daughter.

When history professor Toyin Falola was interviewed, he spoke about some Nigerian figures whom he believes have been recognized prematurely for their achievements. In his argument, he cited several Nigerian academics who are rightly what he calls "intellectual heroes". His list includes Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Chinua Achebe, Teslim Elias, Babatunde Fafunwa, Simeon Adebo, Bala Usman, Eni Njoku, Ayodele Awojobi and Bolanle Awe.

Influences
Adichie's original and initial inspiration came from Chinua Achebe, after reading his 1958 novel Things Fall Apart at the age of 10; Adichie has said that she realized that people who looked like herself could "live in books" while reading Achebe's novels. She has also named Buchi Emecheta as a Nigerian literary inspiration, upon whose death Adichie said: "Buchi Emecheta. We are able to speak because you first spoke. Thank you for your courage. Thank you for your art  ." Other books Adichie has cited as having been important in her reading include Camara Laye's The African Child and the 1992 anthology Daughters of Africa edited by Margaret Busby.

Lectures

"The Danger of a Single Story"

Adichie delivered a talk titled "The Danger of a Single Story" for TED in 2009. It has become one of the most viewed TED Talks of all time, having amassed over 33 million views.  In the talk she expressed her concern for under-representation of various cultures. She explained that as a young child, she had often read American and British stories where the characters were primarily of Caucasian origin. At the lecture, she said that the under-representation of cultural differences could be dangerous. Adichie concluded the lecture by noting the significance of different stories in various cultures and the representation that they deserve. She advocated for a greater understanding of stories because people are complex, saying that by understanding only a single story, one misinterprets people, their backgrounds, and their histories. Since 2009, she revisited the topic when speaking to audiences such as the Hilton Humanitarian Symposium of the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation in 2019.

"We should all be feminists"
In 2012, Adichie gave a TEDx talk entitled: "We should all be feminists", delivered at TedXEuston in London, which has been viewed more than five million times and was later published as a book in 2014 by Fourth Estate titled We Should All Be Feminists. The book has reportedly sold 750,000 copies in the U.S. alone. She shared her experiences of being an African feminist, and her views on gender construction and sexuality. She has stated that in terms of gender, she is "becoming less interested in the way the West sees Africa, and more interested in how Africa sees itself." Adichie said that the problem with gender is that it shapes who we are. She also said: "I am angry. Gender as it functions today is a grave injustice. We should all be angry. Anger has a long history of bringing about positive change, but in addition to being angry, I'm also hopeful because I believe deeply in the ability of human beings to make and remake themselves for the better." On 8 December 2021, Adichie was interviewed by BBC News about the responsibility of being a feminist icon; she stated that she did not want another person to define her responsibility and she rather defined her responsibility for herself but did not mind using her platform to speak up for someone else. She also spoke about the right of women to be angry, because anger propels action.

Sampling in "Flawless"
Parts of Adichie's TEDx talk were sampled in Beyoncé's song "Flawless" in December 2013.

When asked in an NPR interview for her reaction to Beyoncé sampling her talk, Adichie said that "anything that gets young people talking about feminism is a very good thing". She later qualified the statement in an interview with the Dutch newspaper De Volkskrant: "Another thing I hated was that I read everywhere: now people finally know her, thanks to Beyoncé, or: she must be very grateful. I found that disappointing. I thought: I am a writer and I have been for some time and I refuse to perform in this charade that is now apparently expected of me: 'Thanks to Beyoncé, my life will never be the same again.' That's why I didn't speak about it much."

Adichie has clarified that her particular feminism differs from Beyoncé's, particularly in their disagreements about the role occupied by men in women's lives, saying: "Her style is not my style, but I do find it interesting that she takes a stand in political and social issues since a few years. She portrays a woman who is in charge of her own destiny, who does her own thing, and she has girl power. I am very taken with that." Nevertheless, Adichie has been outspoken against critics who question the singer's credentials as a feminist and has said: "Whoever says they're feminist is bloody feminist."

"Connecting Cultures"
On 15 March 2012, Adichie delivered the Commonwealth Lecture 2012 at the Guildhall, London, addressing the theme "Connecting Cultures" and explaining: "Realistic fiction is not merely the recording of the real, as it were, it is more than that, it seeks to infuse the real with meaning. As events unfold, we do not always know what they mean. But in telling the story of what happened, meaning emerges and we are able to make connections with emotive significance."

"Freedom of speech"
On 30 November 2022, Adichie delivered the first of the BBC's 2022 Reith Lectures inspired by Franklin D. Roosevelt's "Four Freedoms" speech.

Views

Feminism
In a 2014 interview, Adichie said on feminism and writing: "I think of myself as a storyteller, but I would not mind at all if someone were to think of me as a feminist writer... I'm very feminist in the way I look at the world, and that world view must somehow be part of my work."

Religion
Adichie is a Catholic and was raised Catholic as a child, though she considers her views, especially those on feminism, to sometimes conflict with her religion. At a 2017 event at Georgetown University, she stated that religion "is not a women-friendly institution" and "has been used to justify oppressions that are based on the idea that women are not equal human beings". She has called for Christian and Muslim leaders in Nigeria to preach messages of peace and togetherness. Having previously identified as agnostic while raising her daughter Catholic, she has also identified as culturally Catholic. In a 2021 Humboldt Forum, she stated that she had returned to her Catholic faith.

LGBT rights
Adichie supports LGBT rights in Africa; in 2014, when Nigeria passed an anti-homosexuality bill, she was among the Nigerian writers who objected to the law, calling it unconstitutional and "a strange priority to a country with so many real problems", stating that a crime is a crime for a reason because a crime has victims, and that since consensual homosexual conduct between adults does not constitute a crime, the law is unjust. Adichie was also close friends with Kenyan openly gay writer Binyavanga Wainaina, and when he died on 1 May 2019 after suffering a stroke in Nairobi, Adichie said in her tribute that she was struggling to stop crying.

Since 2017, Adichie has been repeatedly accused of transphobia, initially for saying that "my feeling is trans women are trans women" in response to the question "Are trans women women?" Adichie later clarified her statement, writing: "[p]erhaps I should have said trans women are trans women and cis women are cis women and all are women. Except that 'cis' is not an organic part of my vocabulary. And would probably not be understood by a majority of people. Because saying 'trans' and 'cis' acknowledges that there is a distinction between women born female and women who transition, without elevating one or the other, which was my point. I have and will continue to stand up for the rights of transgender people."

In 2020, Adichie weighed into "all the noise" sparked by J. K. Rowling's article titled "J.K. Rowling Writes about Her Reasons for Speaking out on Sex and Gender Issues", and called the essay "perfectly reasonable". Adichie again faced accusations of transphobia, some of which came from Nigerian author Akwaeke Emezi, who had graduated from Adichie's writing workshop. In response to the backlash, Adichie criticized cancel culture, saying: "There's a sense in which you aren't allowed to learn and grow. Also, forgiveness is out of the question. I find it so lacking in compassion."

In a June 2021 essay titled "It Is Obscene", Adichie again criticized cancel culture, discussing her experiences with two unnamed writers who attended her writing workshop and later lambasted her on social media over comments she made about transgender people. She labelled what she called their "passionate performance of virtue that is well executed in the public space of Twitter but not in the intimate space of friendship" as "obscene".

In late 2022, she faced further criticism for her views, after in an interview with The Guardian, saying "So somebody who looks like my brother – he says, 'I'm a woman', and walks into the women's bathroom, and a woman goes, 'You're not supposed to be here', and she's transphobic?"

Personal life
In 2009, Adichie married Ivara Esege, a Nigerian doctor. They have one daughter, who was born in 2016.

Adichie divides her time between the United States and Nigeria, where she teaches writing workshops.

Awards and recognition

In 2002, she was shortlisted for the Caine Prize for African Writing for her short story "You in America", and her story "That Harmattan Morning" was selected as a joint winner of the 2002 BBC World Service Short Story Awards. In 2003, she won the David T. Wong International Short Story Prize 2002/2003 (PEN Center award).

In 2010, she was listed among the authors of The New Yorkers "20 Under 40" Fiction Issue. In April, 2014, she was named as one of 39 writers aged under 40 in the Hay Festival and Rainbow Book Club project Africa39, celebrating Port Harcourt UNESCO World Book Capital 2014. In April 2017, it was announced that Adichie had been elected, as one of 228 new members to ube inducted on 7 October 2017, into the 237th class of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; this was one of the highest honors for intellectuals in the United States.

Adichie holds 16 honorary doctorate degrees from universities including Yale University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Edinburgh, Duke University, Georgetown University, Johns Hopkins University, and the Catholic University of Louvain.
In 2016, she was conferred with an honorary degree, Doctor of Humane letters, honoris causa, by Johns Hopkins University. In 2017, she was conferred an honorary degree, Doctor of Humane letters, honoris causa, by Haverford College and The University of Edinburgh. In 2018, she received an honorary degree, Doctor of Humane Letters, from Amherst College. She received an honorary degree, doctor honoris causa, from the Université de Fribourg, Switzerland, in 2019. On 20 May 2019, Adichie received an honorary degree from Yale University.
On 28 April 2022, she received her 16th honorary doctorate degree from the Catholic University of Louvain.

On 13 October 2022, a member of Adichie 's communications team told the Nigerian newspaper The Guardian that she rejected an award that was to be given to her by the government of President Muhammadu Buhari: "The author did not accept the award and, as such, did not attend the ceremony." On 30 December 2022, Adichie was made the Odeluwa of Abba, a Nigerian chief, by the kingdom of Abba in her native Anambra State. She was the first woman to receive such an honor from the kingdom.

A Shortlisted
B Runner-up
C Joint win
D Longlisted

Other recognition
2010 Listed among The New Yorkers "20 Under 40"
2013 Listed among The New York Times "Ten Best Books of 2013", for Americanah
2013 Listed among the BBC's "Top Ten Books of 2013", for Americanah
2013 Foreign Policy magazine "Top Global Thinkers of 2013"
2013 Listed amongNew Africans "100 Most Influential Africans 2013"
2014 Listed among Africa39 project of 39 writers aged under 40
2015 Listed among Time magazine's "100 Most Influential People"
 2015 Commencement Speaker at Wellesley College
 2017 Commencement Speaker at Williams College
2018 Class Day Speaker for Harvard University.
2019 Class Day Speaker for Yale University.
 Adichie was one of 15 women selected to appear on the cover of the September 2019 issue of British Vogue, guest-edited by Meghan, Duchess of Sussex.
Adichie was cited as one of the Top 100 most influential Africans by New African magazine in 2019.
Chimamanda was also elected in March 2017 into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This made her the second Nigerian to be given such an honor, after Prof. Wole Soyinka. She was listed among the 40 Honorary members from 19 countries.

Bibliography

Books

Short fiction

See also

List of Nigerian women writers
Postcolonial feminist literature

References

Notes

Citations

Further reading
 Ernest N. Emenyonu (ed.), A Companion to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, James Currey/Boydell and Brewer, 2017,
 Ojo, Akinleye Ayinuola, "Discursive Construction of Sexuality and Sexual Orientations in Chimamanda Adichie's Americanah". Ibadan Journal of English Studies 7 (2018): 543-560-224.

External links

 Adichie on Twitter
 Adichie on Facebook
 Britannica about Adichie
 Unofficial website via Daria Tunca, English Department, University of Liège.

 . 16 March 2012.

1977 births
Living people
21st-century American women writers
21st-century essayists
21st-century Nigerian educators
21st-century Nigerian novelists
21st-century Nigerian women writers
21st-century short story writers
21st-century women educators
American short story writers
American women academics
American women dramatists and playwrights
American women short story writers
American writers of African descent
Drexel University alumni
Eastern Connecticut State University alumni
English-language poets
Feminism and transgender
Feminist writers
Igbo academics
Igbo activists
Igbo dramatists and playwrights
Igbo educators
Igbo novelists
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Igbo short story writers
Igbo women writers
Johns Hopkins University alumni
MacArthur Fellows
Nigerian dramatists and playwrights
Nigerian expatriate academics in the United States
Nigerian feminists
Nigerian Roman Catholics
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Nigerian women dramatists and playwrights
Nigerian women short story writers
The New Yorker people
Wesleyan University faculty
Nigerian essayists
Nigerian women essayists
O. Henry Award winners
Writers from Enugu
Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie


Early Riser (2018) is a standalone alternate history satire novel of novelist Jasper Fforde.
The novel is notable because Fforde never uses a gender descriptive pronoun for the protagonist Charlie Worthing, referring to Charlie variously as they/them, I/me, and as simply 'Charlie'.

Plot
The story takes place in an alternate version of the United Kingdom, where the Ice Age continues and most of the human population hibernates in winter. Returning early from hibernation may cause Dead in Sleep from neural collapse, but death during hibernation may also arise from a shortage of fats, low temperature, vermin predation, carbon dioxide build-up, calcitic migration and many other complications. Some people awake with only enough vestigial memory to walk and eat, and became known as "nightwalkers".

As the novel opens, people's survivability during hibernation has dramatically increased after the introduction of Morphenox, a drug produced by HiberTech, a large and powerful "vertically integrated" corporation. HiberTech also "takes care" of nightwalkers, "redeploying" those who are suitable for performing simple tasks and supervising "transplant potential" of others.

Their Winter Consul Service is responsible for the safety of dreaming people. The main protagonist, Charlie Worthing, is a novice within the service and the story begins as they prepare for their first season as a member of the Winter Consul. Over the course of the winter, the Consul Service discovers an outbreak of viral dreams that, while not believed to be a serious concern at first, inevitably builds into a widespread emergency that endangers every Sleeper.

A notable detail within the story is that the author leaves Charlie's gender ambiguous and doesn't generally call attention to it, the character gives an ID number/code when entering Hibertech that ends with F (Worthing, C, BDA26355F) - earlier in the novel, another character, Mrs Tiffen, is identified by a similarly ending code (Tiffen, L, HAB21417F); Jack Logan, another prominent character within the novel, is revealed to have an ID code ending with an "M", implying that Charlie is either a woman, or was at least assigned female gender at birth.

Reception

Early Riser was listed 10th in the New York Times Best-Seller Books Hardcover Fiction on 3 March 2019.

"As Charlie uncovers a conspiracy connected with a viral dream, Fforde keeps the puns and neologisms coming thick and fast while exploring every facet of his novel's intriguing premise." - James Lovegrove, Financial Times (30 November 2018)

"Early Riser is a zany send-up of all things British and an often hilarious account of Charlie's stumbling, hare-brained attempts to work out the secret of the authoritarian HiberTech company." - Eric Brown, The Guardian (7 September 2018)

"Early Riser has all of the elements and sensibility that have earned Fforde a sizable and devoted following: wordplay, allusion, a playful exuberance and -- of course -- his signature method of World-Building via Copious and Suggestive Use of Capitalization, often in the service of creating Imaginary Socioeconomic Hierarchies and Related Governmental Agencies. (...) Fforde writes witty, chewy sentences, full of morsels, and delivers them deadpan. (...) It's not so much that the book is less than the sum of its parts. It's just that there are so many parts. Early Riser, while never underwritten, can be at times a bit underfelt, the verbal dexterity crowding out the room for emotion." - Charles Yu, The New York Times Book Review (28 February 2019)

References

External links

2018 British novels
Novels by Jasper Fforde
2018 science fiction novels
British science fiction novels
2018 fantasy novels
British fantasy novels
Dystopian novels
Hodder & Stoughton books
Viking Press books

Early Riser (novel)


Brendan Nyhan (; born 1978) is an American political scientist and professor at Dartmouth College. He is also a liberal to moderate political blogger, author, and political columnist.  He was born in Mountain View, California and now lives in Hanover, New Hampshire.

Biography

Education
Nyhan graduated from Mountain View High School in 1996 and later attended Swarthmore College where he received a degree in political science in 2000.  He graduated with high honors.  In May 2009 Nyhan was awarded a Ph.D. in Political Science from Duke University.

While at Swarthmore, Nyhan and Ben Fritz began the L-Word: Swarthmore's Journal of Progressive Thought. The periodical was launched in May 1997 and their goal was to provide a forum for the diversity of liberal thought which exists at the college. The last issue was in May 1998.

Career background
In 2000, Nyhan served as the Deputy Communications Director for the failed "Edward M. Bernstein for US Senate campaign" in Nevada.

From 2001 to 2003, Nyhan managed new projects and then marketing and fundraising for Benetech, a Silicon Valley technology nonprofit.

From 2001 to 2004, Nyhan (with Ben Fritz and Bryan Keefer) co-edited Spinsanity, a non-partisan watchdog of political spin that was syndicated in Salon.com in 2002 on-line and The Philadelphia Inquirer in 2004 in print and on the internet.  While Spinsanity was active the authors logged over four hundred articles.  Spinsanity closed on January 19, 2005.

Nyhan co-authored the non-fiction political book All the President's Spin: George W. Bush, the Media and the Truth in 2004 along with Fritz and Keefer.  According to reviewer John Moe the book "detail[s] how Bush and company, more than any administration in history, cherry pick information that they find helpful, regardless of how representative it is of the overall truth, and then package it with a forceful and persistent presentation that eventually takes on the patina of reality."

All the President's Spin reached The New York Times non-fiction paperback bestseller list as #14 in the September 5th edition.

Nyhan has also written for other political and news publications which are on-line such as American Prospect (circa 2002), Time, and others. Since 2014, he has been a contributor to The New York Times blog The Upshot.

In the Fall of 2011, upon completion of his term as a Robert Wood Johnson Scholar in Health Policy Research, Nyhan joined the faculty of Dartmouth College as an assistant professor of government.

In 2018 Nyhan joined the University of Michigan as Professor of Public Policy in the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy. After a year at Michigan, Nyhan announced that he would be returning to Dartmouth in the 2019–2020 academic year, citing Dartmouth as a better fit both professionally and personally.

Academic research
Nyhan's research as a political scientist has focused on the dynamics of scandals, misinformation, persuasion (in the face of misperception), social networks, and statistical methodology.

He has also co-authored studies on the subject of fake news. A 2018 study by Nyhan, Andrew Guess, and Jason Reifler studied "Selective Exposure to Misinformation: Evidence from the consumption of fake news during the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign". After publication, Nyhan was interviewed by NBC News, where he emphatically stated: "People got vastly more misinformation from Donald Trump than they did from fake news websites -- full stop."

Controversies
In late 2006 Nyhan was again tapped to write about "media criticism" for The American Prospect.  However, after a few essays/posts he aroused complaint from the editors for his criticism of liberal pundits.  According to Nyhan, "Sam Rosenfeld, the magazine's online editor, asked that I focus my blogging on conservative targets."  Rosenfeld denied that this was the case. Nyhan, due to his background writing about such topics, (e.g. Spinsanity) refused and decided to terminate his relationship with The American Prospect (aka TAP).

TAP editor Michael Tomasky said that "[t]he Prospect is hardly averse to criticizing liberal verities" ... but "there were a few posts in succession that struck us as either inaccurate or an effort to draw equivalencies where none existed." Tomasky said that Nyhan had made unfounded allegations for reasons of self-promotion, saying: The Prospect has always opposed a 'pox on both houses' posture, and that's what we came to believe [Nyhan was] doing."

Honors and awards
 In 2015, he received the Frank Prize in Public Interest Communications.
 In 2003 he received an "Award of Distinction" from the "Center on Media and Public Affairs", a conservative media watchdog, for debunking National Education Association (NEA)-9/11 reporting.
 In 2004 Amazon.com chose All the President's Spin: George W. Bush, the Media and the Truth as one of the ten best political books of the year.
 Nyhan was selected as a fellow to the 2006–2007 Program for Advanced Research in the Social Sciences (PARISS) at Duke University.
 Nyhan was selected as a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Scholar in Health Policy Research at the University of Michigan for 2009–2011.

Books
 Nyhan, Brendan, et al. (2004).  All the President's Spin: George W. Bush, the Media and the Truth, Touchstone Publishing, New York.  .

See also
 Backfire effect

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
American bloggers
American columnists
American political writers
American male non-fiction writers
Dartmouth College faculty
Duke University alumni
Swarthmore College alumni
People from Mountain View, California
Journalists from California
Mountain View High School alumni
21st-century American non-fiction writers
University of Michigan faculty
American male bloggers
American political scientists

Brendan Nyhan


A public affairs operations center is one of the four types of public affairs units in the United States Army. In function and size, the closest equivalent is a battalion headquarters. Informally known as press camp headquarters, PAOCs are corps- or theater-level public affairs units tasked with providing press camp services and facilities to accredited members of the media in support of combined operations and joint operations. In addition to providing workspace and services, the PAOC provides command and control staff, planning and supervision of operations performed by subordinate public affairs units. The PAOC is also responsible for registering and escorting news media representatives, assisting in deploying media pools and coordinating logistical support for a media operations center.

In 2005, the United States Army stood up its first active duty component PAOC, the 10th Public Affairs Operations Center 10th Press Camp Headquarters, in Atlanta, Georgia. The unit is now stationed at Fort Bragg (North Carolina). There are seven reserve component public affairs operations centers.

References

United States Army doctrine

Public Affairs Operations Center


Pridon Khalvashi (; born 17 May 1925 – July 8 2010) is one of the famous Georgian writers who contributed Georgian poetry and literature, as well as its political and social life.

Early life
He was born in western Georgia, in mountainous village of Adjara, called Gegelidzeebi on 17th of May in 1925.
In 1938-1940 he studied at cultural-educational centre of Batumi and in 1950 he graduated Batumi Pedagogical Institute. The starting point of his career is 1949, when his first book of poems called "In the country of Sun" was published.

Writing
The poetry of Pridon Khalvashi is created on the basis of historical tragedy of south-western Georgia. At the end of 16th century, the south-western part of Georgia was occupied by the Ottoman Empire. Since then, the region of Ajara, where the writer was born became a part of Turkey until the end of 19th century. His poems and novels express the idea of national unity and feelings that Adjarians experienced while they were under the rule of Turkey.

Pridon Khalvashi is the author of more than 20 poetry books such as "Thought at Chorokhi" (1960), "Please" (1962), "Consolation" (1969). Pridon Khalvashi wrote several dramatic compositions, "The Call of Khikhani" (1958), "The Survived Eternity" (1959) and "Weeping of the Vine" (1962) that were performed at different Georgian theatres. Pridon Khalvashi's poems are translated into several foreign languages such as Russian and Turkish. For the book of poetry called "Hundred Sun of the Mother's Heart", he was awarded by Shota Rustaveli State Prize in 1979.

Politics
From 1995 to 1999, Khalvashi was a member of the Georgian Parliament, serving as a member of the Committee On Education, Science and Culture; member of the Committee On Migration and the Compatriots Residing Abroad; and member of Revival Faction. He was also the former head of the Ajar branch of the Georgian writer's union.

Died
Pridon Khalvashi died on July 8, 2010 in Village Gegelidzeebi, Adjara, Georgia.

Notes

Other websites
http://learning.lib.vt.edu/slav/lit_authors_georgian.html
http://iberiana.iatp.ge/geosur/khalvashi.htm
http://www.parliament.ge/pages/archive_en/1995_99/mp/khalvashif.htm

1925 births
2010 deaths
Poets from Georgia (country)
Writers from Georgia (country)
Politicians from Georgia (country)

Pridon Khalvashi


ANZAC Square is a heritage-listed town square and war memorial located between Ann Street and Adelaide Street (opposite Post Office Square), in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is a state memorial to the men and women who participated in overseas armed service and is named in honour of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. ANZAC Square is adjacent to ANZAC Square Arcade.

ANZAC Square was opened on Armistice Day, 1930. It is also known as 9th Battalion Memorial and Queensland Women's War Memorial. ANZAC Square was registered on the (now inactive) Register of the National Estate in 1980 and added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

ANZAC Square contains the Shrine of Remembrance and the 'Eternal Flame of Remembrance' held in a continuously lit bronze urn, dedicated on Tuesday, 11 November 1930.

There is also the World War II Shrine of Memories. Daphne Mayo sculptured the Women's War Memorial that forms part of the memorial's wall.

The external wall of the Shrine of Memories is dedicated to the 60,000 Queenslanders who fought in World War I. There are also war-related statues, for various wars, including memorial statues for the Queensland soldiers who fought during the Second Boer War (1899–1902), as well as World War II, the Vietnam War and campaigns in Korea, Borneo and New Guinea.

On 27 May 2022, a sculptural memorial to Queensland's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander service men and women, designed by Wakka Wakka artist, John Smith Gumbula and sculptor Liam Hardy, was added to Anzac Square. Cast in bronze, the memorial features life-size figures standing on a 'Journey Stone'. Navy, Army and Air Force are represented alongside Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander warriors and dancers, depicting a story of embarkation from home via air, land and sea. State Library of Queensland holds a collection of videos relating to the making of this memorial.

On 25 April, every year, a Dawn Service is held at the Shrine of Remembrance and ANZAC Square.

Symbolism
Some of the symbolism used are as follows:

 the 18 columns of the Shrine represent the year of peace after World War 1—1918.
 also symbolizing the year (1918) are the number of stairs leading up to the shrine—19 stairs in the first row and 18 stairs in the second row.
 the bottle trees commemorate the Queensland Light Horse Regiments, which served in South Africa's Boer War (1899–1902).
 the palm trees are Middle East date palms and they represent Australia's success in the Middle East during both World Wars. Palms are also a biblical symbol of victory.
 the three paths from the bottom of the stairs represent the three services (Army, Navy, Airforce)

History
Australia's involvement in World War I exacted a heavy toll in death and injury. Of a relatively small population of about five million people, 60,000 troops were killed and 152,000 wounded. Australia's casualty rate of 68.5% was the highest of the Allied forces.

The idea of a large memorial park and monument in the centre of the city commemorating those who had participated and died in the Great War was first raised in 1916. The original plan was to use the whole city block bounded by Ann, Edward, Adelaide and Creek Streets for the square but as negotiations with Federal, State and local governments continued throughout the early 1920s, a smaller site was determined. In 1928 State and Federal governments agreed to grant lands for the square and to erect flanking buildings to a co-ordinated design.

Anzac Square commemorates all Queenslanders who participated in war, not just Brisbane residents. In 1928 a competition for the design of a Shrine of remembrance was won by Sydney architects Buchanan and Cowper. Construction proceeded over the following two years and on Armistice Day 11 November 1930 the Queensland governor Sir John Goodwin dedicated the Shrine and the square. In 1933 the square was declared a Reserve for Park purposes and the Brisbane City Council was appointed trustee of the site.

In 1932 the Queensland Women's War Memorial was unveiled. This memorial was an initiative of the Brisbane Women's Club and funded by public subscription. It was designed and executed by Daphne Mayo with assistance from George Harvey.

A memorial commissioned by the 9th Battalion (AIF) Association was mounted in the Crypt and unveiled by the Australian Governor-General Lord Gowrie on 17 August 1937. Commemorating the battalion's 45 officers and 1048 other ranks who lost their lives in the war, it was undertaken by former Brisbane sculptor William Leslie Bowles at a cost of . Bowles was noted for his memorial work, having been head sculptor at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra during the years 1924 to 1931.

In 1939 a memorial commemorating Queenslanders who served in the South Africa conflict 1899 to 1902 was relocated to the square. This memorial, featuring a fully equipped mounted trooper originally stood near the intersection of Turbot and Edward Streets. It was designed by James Watts and sat on a pedestal constructed by local firm Lowther & Sons.

During the 1960s and 1970s various proposals were made to alter the square as part of the redevelopment of property on the opposite side of Adelaide Street. These plans met with considerable public resistance. After a protracted public debate, a compromise plan involving limited encroachment on Anzac Square was agreed upon. This work was completed by 1984 and included the construction of a pair of elevated pedestrian bridges to Post Office Square, enlarging the crypt under the Shrine, and the realignment of the Adelaide Street entrance to the square.

Originally envisaged as a First World War memorial, Anzac Square has become a repository for memorials of other wars. In 1984 the Second World War Shrine of Memories was relocated in the enlarged crypt under the Shrine and during 1988 memorials to those who served in the Korean and Vietnam wars were erected in the square.

Anzac Square remains as the focus of armed services commemorations, particularly on Anzac Day.

Description
Anzac Square, occupies an area of more than  between Ann and Adelaide Streets. It lies in a band of pedestrian access space extending from Central Station through four city blocks. On the river side of Anzac Square are Post Office Square, the GPO precinct and St Stephens Cathedral grounds.

The square is formally arranged. From a small stone wall edged by formal gardens on Adelaide Street, three paths, separated by lawns and mature trees, converge on a large elevated Shrine at Ann Street. These paths represent the three branches of the armed forces, Army, Navy and Air Force. Trees along these paths include Palms, Bribie Island Pines and Bottle Trees – the latter were donated by Colonel Cameron, former Light Horseman and active lobbyist for the square.

A dominant feature of the square is the Shrine. It is an adaptation of the classical Greek temenos (sacred enclosure) and tholos (circular shrine) comprising a circular colonnade of Helidon sandstone on a three-tiered base of Queensland granite, and stands approximately  high on a paved forecourt extending to the Ann Street footpath. Eighteen Doric columns support a circular entablature externally ornamented with rosettes and internally inscribed with the names of battlefields where Australian soldiers fought. The colonnade is enclosed by cast iron railings that span the columns. Within the circular enclosure a bronze urn houses the Eternal Flame – a symbol of faithful remembrance.

Beneath the Shrine is a large crypt containing the Memorial Galleries, previously known as the Shrine of Memories, now managed by the State Library of Queensland. These Galleries are a memorial to those who served in the First World War, Second World War, and in various Queensland contingents of the armed forces. The mosaic mural by artist Don Ross is the centrepiece of the Memorial Galleries, and is available for viewing at various times of the year.

Twin stone staircases wrap around the Shrine, descending to the level of the square. On either side of the staircase are shallow tiled reflecting pools – symbols of tranquillity and renewed life. Large sandstone retaining walls rise from the lawns of the square to the footpath under the Shrine. The Queensland Women's War Memorial is located in the western wall of Anzac Square, below the Shrine of Remembrance. It consists of a relief panel in Helidon sandstone depicting a military procession. The panel is surmounted by a centrally placed bronze laurel wreath and the inscription "Erected by the women of Queensland in memory of those who lost their lives through The Great War 1914–1918". A sandstone and stone pedestal supports a bronze and sandstone drinking fountain mounted on upturned bronze dolphins – symbols of renewed life.

The equestrian memorial of the South African War dominates the entry to the central path at Adelaide Street. A life-size bronzed statue modeled on Lieutenant-Colonel Charles James Reade, it depicts a Queensland Mounted Infantryman on horseback. On two sides of the trachyte pedestal large bronze plaques contain the names of the eighty-nine Queensland soldiers who lost their lives in the South African war.

Memorials to the Korean and Vietnam wars are also located in the square. A memorial to Queensland's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander service men and women was unveiled in the park on 27 May 2022.

The square is flanked by State Government Offices to the south and Commonwealth Government Offices on the north. These are generally of restrained classical design and sympathetic in scale to the space, except the 1970s Commonwealth Government highrise extension on Ann Street. They frame vistas through the square to the GPO in the east and Central Station to the west.

Anzac Square restoration and enhancement
Beginning in 2014, Anzac Square underwent a major restoration and enhancement project. Stages 1, 2 and 3 of the project were a joint initiative by the Queensland Government and Brisbane City Council and were undertaken from 2014 to 2016. Stage 1 and 2 involved extensive restoration work to build a structurally sound exterior to the memorial site (stopping water infiltration into the substructure and walls), installing an electronic ignition system inside the Eternal Flame urn, during which time the Eternal Flame was relocated to the Parkland of Anzac Square and restorative work to stonework and paving.

Stage 3 involved significant enhancements to the crypt and memorial galleries. The spaces in the undercroft were renamed after the completion of Stage 3:

 World War I Memorial Crypt (previously the Shrine of Memories)
 World War II Gallery (previously Memorial Crypt)
 Post World War II Memorial and Exhibition Gallery (formerly the RSL Queensland Branch headquarters)

The two memorial galleries house digitised material curated by State Library of Queensland, enhanced with interactive digital experiences including touchscreens and timelines.

Gallery

Heritage listing
Anzac Square was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

Anzac Square, a State memorial to those who participated in overseas armed service campaigns and the site for major commemorative occasions is significant as a rare example formal urban design of such a scale and degree of unity.

The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.

Anzac Square, a State memorial to those who participated in overseas armed service campaigns and the site for major commemorative occasions is significant as a rare example formal urban design of such a scale and degree of unity.

Anzac Square is significant as one of the few examples of Australian war iconography which include servicewomen.

Anzac Square is significant as it contains the only memorial in Brisbane dedicated to all members of the Queensland contingents who died during the South African conflict, and one of the few South African War memorials in the state.

The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.

Anzac Square, a State memorial to those who participated in overseas armed service campaigns and the site for major commemorative occasions is significant as a rare example formal urban design of such a scale and degree of unity.

Anzac Square is important for its contribution to the central city area as a large open space, combining green and built elements.

Anzac Square is significant as examples of the work of Queensland artists and sculptors Daphne Mayo, L Watts and W L Bowles.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

Anzac Square, a State memorial to those who participated in overseas armed service campaigns and the site for major commemorative occasions is significant as a rare example formal urban design of such a scale and degree of unity

References

Attribution

External links

Anzac Square - Official website
Shrine of Remembrance – Anzac Square, Brisbane – Anzac Day War Memorials official website
 Brisbane's Anzac Square – Digger History official website

 Digger History official website
 ANZAC Day Web Site
 Photographs of the official reopening of ANZAC Square August 2019, State Library of Queensland
 The Eternal Flame: The Heart of Anzac Square, State Library of Queensland
 More to Discover - Visit Anzac Square Memorial Galleries, John Oxley Library blog
 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Dedicated Memorial Queensland film project, State Library of Queensland. A collection of interviews about the conception and creation of the memorial to Queensland's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander veterans in Anzac Square.
 A History Told: The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Memorial, John Oxley Library blog

Parks in Brisbane
Second Boer War memorials in Queensland
Queensland places listed on the defunct Register of the National Estate
Queensland Heritage Register
Squares in Brisbane
1930 establishments in Australia
History of Brisbane
John Smith Murdoch buildings
World War II memorials in Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Ann Street, Brisbane
Adelaide Street, Brisbane
Square, Brisbane
Korean War memorials in Queensland
Borneo confrontation memorials in Queensland

ANZAC Square, Brisbane


North Square in the North End of Boston, Massachusetts, USA, sits at the intersection of Moon, Prince, North, Garden Court and Sun Court Streets. Paul Revere lived here, as did other notables in the 17th and 18th centuries. Prior to July 4, 1788, the area was known as Clark's Square.

History
In the 17th century, Old North Meeting House anchored the neighborhood. Its pastor, Increase Mather, lived in the square "until the great fire of 1677, when his residence was destroyed".

"In the eighteenth century Boston's two grandest houses were on North Square. ... William Clark, merchant, had a 3-story brick house with 26 lavish rooms, and nearby, facing the garden court, was John Foster's house, later occupied by Governor Hutchinson." John Pitcairn and John Downes also lived in the square.

As was typical of the North End generally, in the 20th century predominantly Italian immigrants lived in the square. Since the 1950s, it has been part of the Freedom Trail.

Image gallery

See also
 Mariners House
 Pierce-Hichborn House
 Paul Revere House

References

External links

 Bostonian Society  has materials related to the square.
 Google news archive

Squares in Boston
History of Boston
North End, Boston

North Square (Boston, Massachusetts)


Rabbit was a British location-specific (Telepoint) telephone service backed by Hutchison, which later created the Orange GSM mobile network, followed by 3. The Rabbit network was the best-known of four such services introduced in the 1980s, the others being BT Phonepoint, Mercury Callpoint and Zonephone. Although Hutchison received a  licence for Rabbit in 1989, the service was not launched until May 1992. Telepoint services such as Rabbit allowed subscribers to carry specially designed (CT2) home phone handsets with them and make outgoing calls whenever they were within  of a Rabbit transmitter.

Rollout
The initial network only supported outgoing calls, but offered paging and messaging facilities as standard on all customer accounts. The service was rolled out after extensive tests with 1,000 users and 2,000 base stations located across the UK.

Original plans were for 12,000 base stations to be placed around the UK by December 1992. The service was launched in Greater Manchester in May 1992 with the entire city centre of Manchester covered with Rabbit base stations. The service was then rolled out to the rest of the North of England and there was nationwide coverage by the autumn of 1993. At the height of Rabbit's operations, there were 12,000 base stations and 10,000 customers in the UK.

Closure

The service ceased in December 1993, only 20 months after being launched. Rabbit had 2,000 subscribers at the time the service closed. The failure of Rabbit can be mainly attributed to the fall in cost of analogue mobile phones from Cellnet and Vodafone, which also accepted incoming calls. The imminent conversion of these mobile phone networks to the digital GSM standard sealed Rabbit's fate. Hutchison Whampoa lost around $183 million from the failure of Rabbit but later went on to found the Orange and 3 mobile phone networks.

Wall-mounted signs advertising the Rabbit base stations were still visible in various parts of the UK some 20 years after the Rabbit service ended.

Home use

Many of the Rabbit CT2 telephones were sold with a home base station as a home CT2 cordless telephone system and these continued to be used for many years after the closure of the Rabbit network.

Branding
The Rabbit name, logo and advertising campaign idea was devised by Hook Advertising and specifically its chairman Chris Joseph. Competitors emerging onto the new Telepoint market tended to adopt more technological-sounding names — Zonephone, Callpoint and Phonepoint — and Joseph wanted to devise a distinctive brand name to stand out in the market. He selected the name Rabbit as it sounded warmer and more friendly. Joseph had studied Russian and sketched out a logo based an inverted 'Я' character from the Cyrillic alphabet with a dot in the middle, which resembled both the Latin alphabet 'R' and the head of a rabbit. Hook successfully pitched the idea  to the Barclays Philips Shell consortium (BYPS) and signed with them in 1989.

Legal dispute
When BYPS sold the telepoint network business to Hutchison in late 1990, Hook Advertising refused to sign over the copyright of the Rabbit logo. Hutchison had terminated the contracts of other BYPS suppliers and Hook Advertising believed both that they were about to have their own contract terminated too and that signing over the copyright was not part of their contract. Hutchison terminated the contract in September 1991 and sued Hook Advertising in the High Court for an assignment of the copyright. Hook Advertising replied by suing Barclays, Philips, Shell and Hutchinson for various breaches and severances of contract. Barclays in turn sued Hook Advertising. Litigation continued for four years.

References
Citations

Sources

External links

 Article with photos of a Rabbit handset and base station
 Oftel - Brief History of UK telecoms
 Report on digital cordless networks from 1992 (Dr. Walter H. W. Tuttlebee)
 The Rabbit setup kit - Science & Society Picture Library

Advertising and marketing controversies
Mobile phone companies of the United Kingdom
Orange S.A.
1992 establishments in the United Kingdom
1993 disestablishments in the United Kingdom

Rabbit (telecommunications)


Hippocampus pontohi, also known as Pontoh's pygmy seahorse or the weedy pygmy seahorse, is a seahorse of the family Syngnathidae native to the central Indo-pacific. Named after Hence Pontoh, the Indonesian dive guide from Bunaken (Manado) who first brought these pygmy seahorses to attention.

Description
The weedy pygmy seahorse is a small fish which can reach a maximum length of approximately 1.7 cm, which makes it one of the smallest representatives of the seahorses.
The body is small and slender with a prehensile tail. The head is relatively large, it represents about 25% of the size of the body.
The eyes are prominent. It has a moderately long snout and this later does not have any bulbous tip. The coronet rises rearwardly creating a kind of angle when the animal's profile is observed.
The trunk and tail may also have some small bulbs. The coronet and the widest part of the back can have some red distinctive branching filaments.
The body background color is whitish with a yellow to pinkish color on the head and backside of its body.
Thin red lines may also extend from the starting point of the cutaneous filaments from its back. The tail has also some red bands.

Distribution and habitat
The Pontoh's pygmy seahorse has been recorded from central Indo-Pacific area in eastern Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.

This pygmy seahorse likes reef wall exposed to current and rich in Halimeda plants or hydroids Aglaophenia cupressina between 11 and 25 meters depth.

Biology
The weedy pygmy seahorse has a carnivorous diet and feeds on small crustaceans and other planktonic organisms.
The species is ovoviviparous, and it is the male who broods the eggs in its ventral brood pouch. The latter includes villi rich in capillaries that surround each fertilized egg creating a sort of placenta supplying the embryos. When fully grown, pups are expelled from the pocket and become autonomous.

Conservation status
This species population may be vulnerable to the loss of meadows of Halimedadue to the acidification of oceans, however, it can use other habitats  and is listed as Least Concern by the IUCN.

Internationally, it is also listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) this means that it is on the list of species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival.

Naming
The specific name honours Hence Pontoh, an Indonesian dive guide who brought these small seahorses to the attention of its describers.

References

External links

pontohi
Taxa named by Rudie Hermann Kuiter
Fish described in 2008

Hippocampus pontohi


Mahadev R. Desai is the president of the Sayaji Vaibhav Public Library Navsari. He was the Honorary Secretary of the Vanche Gujarat campaign of the government of Gujarat (2010-2011).

Vanche Gujarat
Vanche Gujarat (Read Gujarat) was a unique and an innovative campaign to inculcate reading habits and imbibe reading culture in the people and more particularly amongst children.
Shri Narendra Modi famously called this campaign his favorite campaign amongst all the projects launched during the Golden Jubilee Celebration Year of Gujarat (2010-2011).

Desai is known for his work as the Honorary Secretary of the campaign.

Sayaji Vaibhav Public Library Navsari
Desai is involved with the Sayaji Vaibhav Public Library Navsari for past 20 years carrying out creative and innovative programs inspiring children to read books and to inculcate reading habits.

Jyotirdhar Abhiyaan (Teachers Training Program)
The Campaign For Awareness And Fulfillment Of Teacher's Swadharma has been initiated by the Sayaji Vaibhav Public Library Navsari and Oasis, Vadodara. The campaign has already commenced from 29 July 2012 from Navsari. The project is aimed at training 10,000 teachers across the state of Gujarat.

Desai is one of the co-founder of this project.

150 Years of Celebrating the Mahatma
Mahadev Desai serves as a member of the National Committee and the executive committee to commemorate the 150th Birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. The President of India, Ramnath Kovind, is the chairman of the National Committee, and Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi is the chairman of the executive committee. The Ministry of Culture, Government of India, has launched a website providing details about the commemoration activities and events.

In 2016–17, Desai served on the National Committee commemorating the Birth Centenary of Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya.

References

Social workers from Gujarat

Mahadev R. Desai


The cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi) is a freshwater fish.

In the aquarium
Cardinal tetras grow to about 3 centimetres. They are shoaling fish and like to be kept with other cardinal tetras and they can be kept with other non-aggressive fish. In good conditions the cardinal tetra can live for about five years. The cardinal tetra is a very popular fish but is not as popular as the neon tetra because it is more difficult to breed. They like to live in a temperature of around 23–27°C.

Diet
The cardinal tetra will feed happily on flake foods and small pellets. They also eat live food such as bloodworms or brine shrimp. Wild ones will eat bugs.

References
http://www.liveaquaria.com/product/prod_display.cfm?c=830+890+895&pcatid=895
http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/content.php?sid=3139
http://www.aquaticcommunity.com/tetrafish/cardinaltetra2.php

Characiformes
Freshwater fish
Aquarium fish

Cardinal tetra


Liederkreis means song cycle in German, and may refer to:

 Liederkreis an die ferne Geliebte (To the distant beloved), Op. 98, a song cycle by Ludwig van Beethoven written in April 1816
 Liederkreis Op. 24, a song cycle by Robert Schumann
 Liederkreis Op. 39, a song cycle by Robert Schumann
 Liederkreis, a series of paintings in two cycles based on Schumann's Op.39 by Sebastian Spreng

Liederkreis


An antimetabole is the identical or near repetition of words in one phrase or clause, in reverse order in the next phrase or clause. For example, US President John F. Kennedy used an antimetabole in this famous statement: "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country".

References

Linguistics

Antimetabole


Malcolm Macleod (born in Edinburgh in 1965) is a Scottish neurologist and translational neuroscientist.

Biography
Macleod spent his early years in Achiltibuie and Inverness. He attended the Leachkin Primary School, Jedburgh Grammar School and Loretto School, Musselburgh, before studying medicine at the University of Edinburgh. As an undergraduate he was President of Edinburgh University Students' Association. After graduation, he held a number of junior medical posts in Edinburgh and Forth Valley. He was Rector of the University of Edinburgh from 1994 to 1997, Secretary of the Labour Campaign for a Scottish Parliament, and a member of the National Executive of the Scotland FORward campaign, the cross party group which campaigned for a YES-YES vote in the 1997 devolution referendum.

From 1995 to 1998 he studied for a PhD at the University of Edinburgh, followed by 2 years in a post-doctoral position at  the Seckl lab, before embarking on training in neurology. In 2003 he was Visiting Fellow at the National Stroke Research Institute in Melbourne, Australia.

His research interests are diverse and have included the development of effective treatments for acute ischaemic stroke; the optimal use of animal models of disease; the neurobiology of the mineralocorticoid receptor; and impact of social deprivation on the incidence and management of neurological diseases.

He is currently Professor of Neurology and Translational Neurosciences and Academic Lead for Research Improvement and Research Integrity at the University of Edinburgh, where he led the 2020University of Edinburgh Research Culture Survey. Since 2005 he has been Consultant Neurologist at Forth Valley Royal Hospital.

With Howells he co-founded the  CAMARADES collaboration in 2005. He is  Academic Coordinator of the European Quality in Preclinical Data IMI consortium. He was a lead author in the Lancet Series on Research Waste in 2014, and is a member of the UK Reproducibility Network steering committee and the UK MHRA Commission for Human Medicines. His current research interests relate to providing evidence for the effectiveness (or not) of strategies which might be adopted by funders, journals and institutions to improve the quality of their research.

References

Living people
People from Ross and Cromarty
People from Inverness
Scottish neuroscientists
Rectors of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
1965 births
People educated at Loretto School, Musselburgh
People educated at Jedburgh Grammar School
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)

Malcolm Macleod


The Great Dobro Sessions is a 1994 country music and bluegrass album featuring an all-star line-up of 10 American resonator guitar players, produced by dobro players Jerry Douglas and Tut Taylor.

The album won that year's Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album.

Featured artists
Mike Auldridge: Resonator and steel guitar player, former member of bluegrass group The Seldom Scene, he is known for his swing style playing on eight-string resonator guitars. Auldridge is considered to have pioneered the development of the instrument in genres outside country and bluegrass. His emphasis on tone and clean playing have led to emulation the Auldridge tone being considered desirable among many contemporary resophonic guitarists. Auldridge died in 2012 following a near decade-long struggle with cancer.
Curtis Burch: A member of the original New Grass Revival in the 1970s, and a guitarist as well as dobro player.
Jerry Douglas: A leading contemporary dobro player and 13 time Grammy Award winner, Douglas leads his own band and is a member of Alison Krauss's Union Station. Douglas is one of the most recorded musicians in history, and has played on records with as varied a collection of musicians as Paul Simon, Tony Rice, Elvis Costello, and Eric Clapton.
Josh Graves: Burkett "Buck 'Uncle Josh'" Graves is credited as the inventor of bluegrass resonator guitar style, which he developed by implementing banjoist Earl Scruggs's three-finger picking into his guitar playing whilst part of the Foggy Mountain Boys with Lester Flatt and Scruggs. Uncle Josh died in 2006 at age 79.
Rob Ickes: The youngest performer on the album, he is a virtuoso player and a former member of the bluegrass group Blue Highway. In recent years he has become a regular member of the Tony Rice Unit, founded the acoustic music trio Three Ring Circle, and has recently recorded an album of Jazz standards with Nashville pianist and music teacher Michael Alvey.
Pete "Bashful Brother Oswald" Kirby: A pioneering country resonator guitarist, he was a member of Roy Acuff's Smoky Mountain Boys and the Grand Ole Opry. Kirby died in 2002.
Stacy Phillips: Resophonic guitarist and fiddler, noted for his unusual chord-based resophonic guitar playing. Phillips is also noted for producing a large volume of resophonic guitar instructional material. He died in 2018.
Tut Taylor: Veteran resonator guitarist, he is notable for being one of the few steel guitarists to use a flat-pick (plectrum) rather than the more common finger-and-thumb picks. His long career has included collaborations with artists including John Hartford. Taylor died in 2015.
Sally Van Meter: A modern style resophonic guitar and lap steel player, plays Scheerhorn resophonic guitars. Known for her tone and clean playing, she is considered one of the leading dobro players in the contemporary bluegrass scene.
Gene Wooten: A country music veteran, he played with the Osborne Brothers, Del and Ronnie McCoury and on the Grand Ole Opry. He died in 2001.

Track listing
"Fireball Mail" (Fred Rose) – 2:46
Performed by all the featured artists except Kirby
"Dobro Chimes" (Beecher Ray Kirby) – 3:04
Performed by Bashful Brother Oswald
"Just Joshin'" (Burkett Howard Graves) – 3:04
Performed by Josh Graves
"Poison Love" 	(Elmer Laird) – 1:56
Performed by Gene Wooten
"Birdland" (Joe Zawinul) – 5:24
Performed by Jerry Douglas
"Wave" (Antonio Carlos Jobim) – 5:20
Performed by Mike Auldridge
"The Last Rose of Autumn" (Stacy Phillips) – 3:34
Performed by Stacy Phillips
"Rainbow Bridge" (Curtis Burch) – 3:33
Performed by Curtis Burch
"Great Season Waltz" (Slavek Hanzlik) – 3:38
Performed by Sally Van Meter
"Scrapin' the Barrel" (Rob Ickes) – 3:14
Performed by Rob Ickes
"Little Green Pill" (Tut Taylor) – 3:15
Performed by Tut Taylor and Curtis Burch
"Day Tripper" 	(Lennon–McCartney) – 2:39
Performed by Gene Wooten
"Flatt Lonesome" (Lester Flatt/Josh Graves) – 4:12
Performed by Josh Graves and Tim Graves
"Abilene Gal" (B. White) – 2:58
Performed by Jerry Douglas
"McHattie's Waltz" (Kenny Baker) – 3:20
Performed by Rob Ickes
"Ace of Spades" (Traditional) – 3:40
Performed by Stacy Phillips
"Suitcase" (Curtis Burch) – 3:25
Performed by Curtis Burch and Jerry Douglas
"Cherokee Shuffle" (Traditional) – 3:31
Performed by Sally Van Meter
"Lonesome Dobro" (Tut Taylor) – 4:33
Performed by Tut Taylor and Curtis Burch
"Wake Forest" (Auldridge/Coleman) – 3:15
Performed by Mike Auldridge
"The End of the World" (Fred Rose)	 – 3:10
Performed by Bashful Brother Oswald

Backing musicians
 Kenny Baker – Fiddle
 Russ Barenberg – Guitar
 Alison Brown – Banjo
 Mike Bub – Bass
 Sam Bush – Mandolin
 Vassar Clements – Fiddle
 Charlie Collins – Guitar
 Stuart Duncan – Fiddle
 Béla Fleck – Banjo
 David Grier – Guitar
 Roy Huskey, Jr. – Bass
 Viktor Krauss – Bass
 Ronnie McCoury – Mandolin
 Edgar Meyer – Bass
 Larry Perkins – Banjo
 Mark Schatz – Bass

References

1994 albums
Country albums by American artists
Bluegrass albums
Instrumental albums
Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album
Sugar Hill Records albums

The Great Dobro Sessions


Myrna Mack Chang (24 October 1949 – 11 September 1990) was a Guatemalan anthropologist. In 1990, she was stabbed to death by elements in the Guatemalan military due to her criticism of the Guatemala government's treatment of the indigenous Maya, and human rights abuses against the people in general.

Due to her sister's pursuit of justice, Mack's killer was convicted and upper-level superiors tried in precedent-setting cases before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in Costa Rica. In 2004 the government of Guatemala acknowledged its responsibility and paid her family financial compensation.

Biography
Myrna Mack Chang was born in Barrio San Nicolás, Retalhuleu Department, in southwest Guatemala. Her mother was Chinese and her father was Mayan. Myrna had a younger sister, Helen. After attending local schools, the elder Mack went abroad for college. She studied anthropology in the United Kingdom, at both the University of Manchester and Durham University.

Upon returning to Guatemala, Mack conducted fieldwork among several of the many Maya campesino communities who were uprooted during the Civil War. She became sympathetic to their cause and became more of a human rights activist. As she was working closely with the indigenous peoples, she learned about the attacks made against them by government forces.

Death
On 11 September 1990, Mack was assassinated outside her office in Guatemala City. She was stabbed 27 times by an armed forces death squad (allegedly trained at the School of the Americas) because she had criticized the government for its human rights abuses of the indigenous communities. She was 40 years old.

Her sister, mother and associates took up her case, determined to win justice for her death. Following the Peace Accords and end of the overt civil war, Guatemala was beginning to take actions to document abuses during the civil war, with testimony collected by the National Commission. Her sister Helen Mack filed a case with the Inter-American Human Rights Commission in Washington, DC and later with the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in Costa Rica. In 1993 she set up the Fundación Myrna Mack to support the prosecution and to do other work for human rights.

On 25 November 2003, the court ruled that Mack had been killed by government forces. In April 2004, following the judgment issued by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the Guatemalan government publicly acknowledged that its agents had committed the killing of Myrna Mack. It provided her next-of-kin with a financial compensation package as part of the court settlement.

Her sister, Helen, was honored with a Right Livelihood Award in 1992 "for her personal courage and persistence in seeking justice and an end to the impunity of political murderers." She continues to work for human rights and has received other recognition for it.

Legacy and awards
In 1993, her sister Helen Mack Chang established the Fundación Myrna Mack to honor her memory, pursue justice through the courts for Mack's death, and continue work in defending human rights.

Bibliography

See also
 Helen Mack Chang
 Lucrecia Hernández Mack

References

External links
Fundación Myrna Mack (Spanish)
"Myrna Mack" (Human Rights Defenders), Human Rights First
Mack v. Guatemala, (IACHR case file)
Mack v. Guatemala, 2004, IACHR judgement (pdf)
Cindy Forster, Myrna Mack, A Guatemalan Hero
Guatemala Human Rights Commission/USA, official website

Guatemalan activists
Guatemalan anthropologists
Guatemalan indigenous rights activists
Women human rights activists
Assassinated activists
Assassinated Guatemalan people
Guatemalan women activists
Guatemalan women anthropologists
1949 births
1990 deaths
People from Retalhuleu Department
Alumni of Durham University
Guatemalan people of Chinese descent
Guatemalan people of Maya descent
20th-century Guatemalan people
Inter-American Court of Human Rights cases
20th-century anthropologists

Myrna Mack


Christina of Lorraine (, ) (16 August 1565 – 19 December 1637) was a French noblewoman of the House of Lorraine who became a Grand Duchess of Tuscany by marriage. She served as Regent of Tuscany jointly with her daughter-in-law during the minority of her grandson from 1621 to 1628.

Princess of Lorraine
Born in Nancy, she was the daughter of Charles III of Lorraine and his wife Claude of Valois, and granddaughter of Catherine de' Medici. She was named after her paternal grandmother, Christina of Denmark.

Grand Duchess of Tuscany
In 1587 Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany died without a legitimate male heir; his brother Ferdinando immediately declared himself the third Grand Duke of Tuscany. Seeking a marriage that would preserve his political independence, Ferdinando chose his distant cousin, Christine of Lorraine, the favourite granddaughter of Catherine de' Medici, Queen of France. Catherine had influenced her towards this marriage, to re-align the Medici with France, not Spain.

The sumptuous and well-documented wedding festivities, celebrated in Florence in 1589, were designed to impress the royal houses of Europe. The wedding ceremony in Florence Cathedral was followed by outdoor events for the public, as well as banquets and balls, comedies and musical interludes, and a mock sea battle in the flooded courtyard of Palazzo Pitti for the aristocratic guests. PJ Mariette takes note of the various artists including Santi di Tito, Gregorio Pagani, Camillo Pagni, and Giovanni Battista Paggi, who worked on the ephemeral decorations. Altogether the wedding spectacles cost approximately fourteen million pounds in today's currency. These lavish and innovative forms of entertainment proved to be more than showmanship. They greatly influenced theatrical practices in European courts throughout the 17th century.

On 28 July 1603 she wrote to Anne of Denmark to congratulate her and King James coming to the throne of England. The letter was brought to London by Count Alfonso Montecuccoli.

Grand Duke Cosimo II
Christina's husband died in early 1609, shortly after her son had wed. Grand Duke Cosimo II was only 19 when he assumed power, and Christina remained a dominant force at the court. In 1610 the Venetian ambassador Giacomo Vendramin wrote home: "the grand duchess wants thus to govern everything absolutely, without any thought to the reputation and the benefit of her son". Christina was keen to bolster the dynastic claim of the Medici, and commissioned a biography of the first grand duke and her father-in-law Cosimo I. She also commissioned engravings by Jacques Callot to showcase the life of her late husband Ferdinando I.

Co-Regency of Tuscany
Her son Cosimo II died in February 1621, leaving his ten-year-old son Ferdinando II as grand duke. Christina and her daughter-in-law, Maria Maddalena of Austria, acted as regents until the boy came of age. Their regency is known as the Tutrici. Little is known about the relationship of the two women, though they coexisted at court. Maria Maddalena took on the public political role by taking the seat in the primo luogo. Christina took charge of engaging with the Florentine religious establishment. Maria Maddalena assumed the title of archduchess. Christina became known as the Dowager Grand Duchess, and sent Ferdinando II on a tour of Europe in 1627. Maria Maddalena died in November 1631, shortly after her son Ferdinando II had formally assumed the position of grand duke.

Maria Maddalena' brother was the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II and she supported his anti-Protestant politics. Together with her brother she supported the militant wing of the Jesuits, with their Counter-Reformation ideology. Contemporary sources did not pass judgement on the quality of the  co-regency, but focused on detailing the daily going-on at court. The 18th Century historian Jacopo Riguccio Galluzzi remarked on the co-regency "everything started to decline from the moment of Cosimo II' death". Galluzzi criticised that in the co-regency religious men were allowed to enter administrative ranks in the Tuscan government. Galluzzi also lamented that both women continued to influence Ferdinando II after he had come of age. Angelo Solerti, an important source on the Florentine court lamented that "the Jesuits acted as if they were in charge". The co-regents did abolish a century old law in 1623 to allow patricians to participate in the government of Florence. As a consequence patricians started to occupy positions in a range of institutions of the Medici government and in the civil service. This move was intended to weaken the power of the Roman aristocrats in Florentine government. This strategy was continued by Ferdinando II.

Christina of Lorraine died at the Medici villa in Castello, aged 72, in December 1636.

Patronage

Science
Christina was chosen by Fernando as bride, not only because she was a devout Catholic, but also because she was intelligent and well educated. Christina had received a scholarly education due to the efforts of Catherine de Medici. In 1605, she invited Galileo Galilei to tutor her son Cosimo II de' Medici. Among other things, Galilei taught Cosimo the use of the geometric and military compass. In 1608 Christina asked Galileo to attend Cosimo's wedding to Maria Maddalena of Austria  and in the same year asked him to cast a horoscope for her ill husband. Following the death of his father, Cosimo assumed the throne in February 1609, and Galileo applied for patronage at the Medici court.

Christina and the Medici Court also offered patronage to the philosopher Cosimo Boscaglia. When the court was in Pisa during winter, in December 1613, Galileo's former student Benedetto Castelli was invited to court. At a breakfast attended by Cosimo II, his wife, his mother Christina and Boscaglia the Medicean stars were discussed. These were the four moons of Jupiter Galileo had discovered and named after Cosimo II and his brothers. Boscaglia conceded that these moons were real, and not an illusion produced by the lens of the telescope. But Boscaglia argued that Galileo's interpretation of his discoveries was wrong, mainly because "the motion of the Earth seemed incredible and could not be true, all the more so since Holy Scripture was clearly against this opinion." Christina asked Castelli for his opinion on the matter, not as a mathematician but as a theologian. Castelli responded that with regards to the exact workings of nature, he gave precedence to natural philosophers, and that theologians should in the light of these findings determine the meaning of the Bible. In the letter to Galileo, Castelli stated that Christina criticized heliocentrism, and Galileo did not like this. However, Christina's disagreement was prompted by Boscaglia rather than by her own thought.

Galileo had been attacked in front of his paymasters, and after being warned by Castelli and an exchange of views with his former student, he drafted a response. In his Letter to Grand Duchess Christina Galileo expounded on the relationship between science and revelation. He argued that the Scripture does not intend to teach natural philosophy, but conveys the message of salvation. Thus there was not need to reconcile the Bible with science, and that it would damage the authority of the Church in the unbelieving world if it was to make rash pronouncements about science. This line of argument resembled Christina's own views on the matter, and is in essence the position the Catholic Church takes today on questions of science.

Female monasteries
Christina's reputation for piety stems from her patronage for Florentine religious institutions, particularly female monasteries. She became an active patron immediately after her marriage. In 1592 she and her daughters were granted permission by Pope Clement VIII to enter Florentine convents during the day. Through her patronage the Monastero di Santa Croce (or La Crocetta) became the principal residence for unmarried Medici princesses. As a young women Christina had expressed the wish to finish her life in a convent, but she never withdrew from political affairs. Though she did build for herself a residence next to Crocetta, and spend less time at the Medici court in Pitti Palace. In 1627 she purchased a villa, renamed it La Quiete and had it decorated in iconographic style by Giovanni da San Giovanni.

Issue
 Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1590–1621) married Maria Maddalena of Austria and had issue.
 Eleonora de' Medici (1591–1617) died unmarried.
 Caterina de' Medici (1593–1629) married Ferdinando Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, later Governor of Siena;
 Francesco de' Medici (1594–1614) died unmarried.
 Carlo de' Medici (1595–1666) died unmarried.
 Filippino de' Medici (1598–1602) died unmarried.
 Lorenzo de' Medici (1599–1648) died unmarried.
 Maria Maddalena de' Medici (1600–1633) died unmarried.
 Claudia de' Medici (1604–1648) married (1) Federico della Rovere and had issue (2) Leopold V, Archduke of Austria and had issue.

Ancestry

Notes

External links

|-

1565 births
1637 deaths
House of Medici
Nobility from Nancy, France
French Roman Catholics
Princesses of Lorraine
Grand Duchesses of Tuscany
17th-century women rulers
Burials at San Lorenzo, Florence
French people of English descent
French people of Italian descent
French people of German descent
French people of Austrian descent
French people of Spanish descent
French people of Portuguese descent
French people of Danish descent
Regents of Tuscany
Mothers of monarchs
17th-century regents
Female regents

Christina of Lorraine


The Quilcene Historical Museum, Quilcene, Washington, was established in 1991 and operates under non-profit status.

The museum has published books about the history of Quilcene, Washington, and Brinnon, Washington.

The Quilcene Historical Museum's major events during the year include Opening Day Weekend, school tours and special tours throughout the school year, Brinnon Shrimp Fest, Quilcene High School Alumni Reunions, Quilcene Fair and Parade, and Quilcene Art Walks.

In 2007, the museum was remodeled, doubling its space from 860 sq ft.

References

External links
Quilcene Historical Museum

History museums in Washington (state)
Museums in Jefferson County, Washington

Quilcene Historical Museum


Coat of arms of Congress Poland was the symbol of the Congress Poland, representing the domination of the Russian Empire over the Crown of the Polish Kingdom. It combined their previously separate coats of arms:

The coat of arms was established after the creation of the Congress Poland in 1815; was modified in the years 1832, 1842 and 1858 and abolished in February 1869, as part of the process of depriving Congress Poland of autonomy and transforming into a regular province of the Russian Empire, the Privislinsky Krai.

Coat of arms of Congress in Poland in the coat of arms of Russian Empire

Poland Congress
Congress
Congress Poland
Russian Empire
Poland Congress
Poland Congress

Coat of arms of Congress Poland


John Billington ( 1580September 30, 1630) and his family were passengers on the Mayflower in 1620.  He was one of the signers of the Mayflower Compact.  Billington was hanged in Plymouth Colony in 1630.

The Billington family was from England.  He had a wife, Elinor and two sons, John and Francis.

Mayflower Voyage

Billington and his family left Plymouth England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the Mayflower saw land. They were supposed to land in the Colony of Virginia, but the ship was damaged so they landed at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.
They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.  Billington was a signer to the document.

Life in Plymouth colony
Shortly after they landed, Francis went exploring and discovered a large body of water that is now called Billington Sea.
The family were Plymouth Colony's troublemakers. Billington's son, Francis, fired a musket on the Mayflower. In March 1621 Billington was punished because he did not to obey Myles Standish the military leader.  He would do this many times. In May 1621 John Billington (the younger) became lost in the woods for many days and was returned home by some Native Americans.  In 1625 Governor Bradford wrote a letter to Robert Cushman and said "Billington still says many things against you.  He is a bad man, and always will be". In 1636, wife was punished and made to sit in the stocks for saying bad things about John Doane.

Death of John Billington
Billington was hanged for the murder of John Newcomen in 1630.  He was about 50 years old.  This was the first execution in Plymouth Colony. His burial place is unknown.

References

1580s births
1630 deaths
Mayflower passengers

John Billington


Karelia (Karelian and Finnish: Karjala, Finnish pronunciation: [ˈkɑrjɑlɑ]; Russian: Каре́лия, tr. Karélija, is an area in the eastern Nordic region.

Most of Karelia belongs to Russia today. Small parts of Karelia belong to Finland. On the Russian side of Karelia is the Republic of Karelia. On the Finnish side are the provinces of North Karelia and South Karelia.

The original people of Karelia are Karelians. Karelian people speak Karelian, a Finnic language very close to Finnish and Estonian. Karelians knew many old poems. Many poems of the Finnish book Kalevala are from the Karelians. Today in the Republic of Karelia, Karelians are a minority and Russians are a majority. Some people fear Karelian culture and language will die out, due to Soviet immigration to destroy the culture.

History of Russia
History of Finland

Karelia


Richard Gilder Rockefeller (January 20, 1949 – June 13, 2014) was a family physician in Falmouth, Maine, who practiced and taught medicine in Portland, Maine, from 1982 to 2000. He was the son of David Rockefeller, the grandson of financier and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Jr. and the great grandson of Standard Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller.

Early life and education
Rockefeller was born on January 20, 1949, and was a son of Margaret (née McGrath) Rockefeller and banker David Rockefeller. He was also a grandson of American financier John D. Rockefeller Jr., and a great-grandson of American business magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Sr.

Rockefeller obtained an undergraduate degree from Harvard University, a master's degree in Education, and a medical degree from Harvard Medical School.

Career
He was chairman of the United States Advisory Board of Doctors Without Borders from 1989 until 2010, and served on the board of Rockefeller University in New York City until 2006. In the last few years of his life, Rockefeller was working to establish better worldwide methods of treatment for individuals suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Richard gave an inspiring talk at the San Francisco Commonwealth Club (December 9, 2013) about the use of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy to treat PTSD. During the last few years of his life, he dedicated time and resources to the research and development of GcMAF therapy, an immune boosting injection that has been successful in treating cancer and other diseases.

Rockefeller was the founder and former chairman of Hour Exchange Portland, a service credit barter in Portland and throughout the state of Maine. He also served as chairman of the board of Maine Coast Heritage Trust from 2000 to 2006. Rockefeller served as president of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund.

Personal life
Rockefeller was first married to Nancy C. Anderson, with whom he had two children, Clayton and Rebecca.  After their divorce, he married Nancy King, and was the stepfather to her two children.  After their divorce, his first wife remarried to Dale Gowen.

Death
Rockefeller, an experienced pilot, was flying home after visiting his father at the Rockefeller family estate in Pocantico Hills, a hamlet in the town of Mount Pleasant, New York. The family patriarch, his father, David Rockefeller, had celebrated his 99th birthday on June 12, 2014.

Rockefeller took off from Westchester County Airport in a Piper Meridian single-engine turboprop at 8:08 a.m. on June 13, 2014, departing from runway 16 in dense fog and steady rain. Less than 10 minutes later, the Federal Aviation Administration notified airport officials it had lost contact with the pilot. At 8:23 a.m. local police in the town of Harrison, New York, reported Rockefeller's plane crashed less than a mile from the airport in the town of Harrison. Rockefeller, the pilot, was the only person on the private plane.

The cause of the crash was attributed to the pilot's failure to maintain a positive climb rate after takeoff due to spatial disorientation (somatogravic illusion).

Rockefeller was the only one of the six siblings to have died during his father's lifetime. Through him, he was also a nephew of the late U.S. Vice President Nelson Rockefeller.

References

1949 births
2014 deaths
Accidental deaths in New York (state)
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
Rockefeller family
Winthrop family
People from Falmouth, Maine
Rockefeller University
Médecins Sans Frontières
American billionaires
Philanthropists from Maine
Physicians from Maine
Harvard Medical School alumni
American primary care physicians
Physicians from New York City
Aviators from Maine
Philanthropists from New York (state)
Family physicians
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 2014

Richard Rockefeller