The International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist), earlier known as the International Spartacist tendency is a Trotskyist international. Its largest constituent party is the Spartacist League (US). There are smaller sections of the ICL (FI) in Mexico, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Africa, Australia, Greece and the United Kingdom.

The group originated within the Revolutionary Tendency of the Socialist Workers Party in the United States and, upon its expulsion from the SWP, it named itself Spartacist in 1964 in homage to the original Spartacist League in World War I Germany, co-led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht.

Publications
The central theoretical journal of the ICL(FI) is Spartacist which is published in four languages approximately once a year. Apart from the above the ICL(FI)'s American section, the Spartacist League, operates the Prometheus Research Library in New York City. The library has published a number of bulletins and books and houses the tendency's archives and other material on the history of Trotskyism.

In addition to Spartacist the national sections of the ICL(FI) each publish a regular paper of varying regularity. For example, the U.S. group publishes the newspaper Workers Vanguard, which is known for its acerbic running commentary on the activities of other leftist groups, its sarcastic wit, and its obituaries of leftist figures whose lives often are inadequately analyzed and/or memorialized in the mainstream media, recently including Bill Epton, Richard Fraser, Robert F. Williams, and Myra Tanner Weiss. Since the 1990s Workers Vanguard has also featured original essays on the history of Marxist and pre-Marxist radical ideas written by long-time member Mark Tishman under the name Joseph Seymour. From time to time Workers Vanguard also carries features under the rubrics Women and Revolution and Young Spartacus, these being the titles of once separate publications since discontinued.

Positions

Regarding domestic policy
Since the early 1980s the League and affiliates have also organized mobilizations against Nazis and the Ku Klux Klan. They were an early campaigner to save Mumia Abu-Jamal from death row. The Spartacist League regards what they term the "struggle for black liberation" as central to communist revolution in the U.S.; to that end, they promote "revolutionary integrationism" and also prominently support the right to bear arms. The party is radically permissive with regards to sexuality and culture, opposing all the laws which prohibit consensual sexual relations, including "age of consent" laws. In addition they are for the decriminalization of prostitution, drug use, gambling, pornography, homosexual sex which they regard as "crimes without victims" and are "generally illegal or heavily regulated under capitalist law."

Regarding similar groups
The League rejects left-wing political coalitions and campaigns believing they are popular fronts aimed at providing platforms for bourgeois politicians from the Democratic Party and the U.S. Green Party, a strategy the SL's ideas abhor.  Instead, the League denounces all support to "capitalist parties," especially the left-wing ones founded through popular front formation, and instead argue for an independent workers' party aiming for state power.

The Spartacists also devote much attention to polemicizing against other communist and socialist groups. These polemics are usually exceptionally forceful and are often seen by the groups being attacked as unnecessarily disruptive of their activities. The Spartacist League is also highly critical of groups associated with the reunified Fourth International, whose politics they characterize as Pabloite.

In a book entitled Death Agony of the Fourth International, Workers Power and the Irish Workers Group claim the iSt's strategy was/is based on, and they quote from an iSt document, "destroying" other left wing groups. They claim this involves occupying rooms where other left groups are due to have meetings as well as other methods. Furthermore, they argue that the Spartacists, while developing a correct position that the SWP were centrist, did not recognise that the Fourth International had degenerated before it split, and therefore were more critical of one section than of the other.

On Islamic states
The Socialist Workers' Party supported Ayatollah Khomeini during the Islamic Revolution in Iran as "anti-imperialist", but the Spartacists gave no support to this. The League was one of the few communist groups other than the Workers World Party to hail the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the occupation that followed. At the time the Spartacists believed it provided an opportunity to extend the gains of the October Revolution to the Afghan people, especially women, in a struggle against the misogynistic Islamic fundamentalists of the U.S.-backed Mujahideen. Later, when the U.S. intervention led to the formation of the successive Islamic governments of the Mujahideen and the Taliban, the League echoed its condemnation of the Islamic Revolution in Iran and denounced these governments as theocratic, capitalist and anti-woman.

On socialist states
The League also fought hard in mobilizing to defend the Soviet Union and East Germany from what they termed capitalist counterrevolution. Their group in Germany waged a campaign in 1989 calling for political revolution against Stalinism and opposition to the capitalist reunification. Today, the Spartacists defend what they see as the remaining deformed workers' states and have called for the defense of North Korea's right to nuclear arms as a necessary component keeping it free of U.S. military intervention. This is a continuation of their earlier positions on what they consider the deformed workers states of the Republic of Cuba, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Socialist Republic of Vietnam, and the People's Republic of China.  On these countries they continue to call for political revolution against the ruling communist parties while at the same time calling for the defense of these revolutions from imperialism and internal capitalist counter-revolution.

On lockdowns

In April 2021 the League issued a Supplement to the Spartacist publication ('Down With the Lockdowns!') in which it announced its opposition to the COVID-19 lockdowns measures established to reduce the spread of COVID-19, describing these as a "reactionary public health measure" that had caused mass unemployment, and counterposing these measures to 'union control of safety'.

History

Background

The first Spartacist League, founded in 1966 with James Robertson as national chairman, developed in the United States from the Revolutionary Tendency that had emerged within the Socialist Workers Party. Among their criticisms of the SWP was its embrace of "Pabloism" and its decision to leave the International Committee of the Fourth International and join the United Secretariat of the Fourth International. After its expulsion from the SWP both the Spartacists and the American Committee for the Fourth International were considered affiliates of the ICFI. However, at the 1966 London Conference of the ICFI the positions of the Spartacists were condemned and the ACFI was recognized as the only American ICFI section.

Establishing an International

The American Spartacists remained isolated until Bill Logan formed another Spartacist League in New Zealand in the early 1970s. Logan later expanded the group to become the Spartacist League of Australia and New Zealand. The two groups signed a "Declaration for the organizing of an International Trotskyist Tendency" in July 1974 which proclaimed the combined central committees an International Executive Committee and an International Secretariat as its executive arm.

International Spartacist tendency

The iSt held its first international conference in England in the summer of 1979. Delegates attended from the United States, Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, France and Canada. There were also fraternal delegates from the Revolutionary Workers Party of Ceylon led by Edmund Samarakkody and the Lega trotskista d'Italia. They attempted to recruit both groups to their tendency, but only succeeded with the latter. A new International Executive Committee was also elected.

By the 1985 conference of the iSt an "external tendency" had split from the iSt, that would go on to form the International Bolshevik Tendency. This group had  adherents in the US, Canada and Germany. Initially based in the San Francisco Bay area and Toronto the ET was to define itself as a public faction of the SL and sought to be readmitted to the ranks of the parent organization. Said efforts were rebuffed by the SL who have since waged a polemical war with the ET and its successor groups.

The iSt changed its name to the International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist) in 1989 and adopted a new Declaration of Principles and Some Elements of Program  International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist) in February 1998.

After the collapse of the USSR, the organization sent its representatives to Russia and Ukraine to find like-minded people and create its own sections in the countries. In 1992, a member of the Spartacist League, Marta Philipps, was killed in Moscow. The crime was not solved. The mission itself in Russia continued to operate until 1996, but ended in failure. In 1997, the Customs of Ukraine stopped a group with a large number of leaflets. After that, the group was expelled from Ukraine and the iSt-mission in Ukraine was terminated.

In the summer of 2017, the ICL questioned its past, believing that it had been, in the person of "a number of American cadres" penetrated by "the chauvinist Hydra" since 1974.

Later splits
In 1996, Workers Vanguard editor Jan Norden and other founders of the League for the Fourth International were expelled, allegedly for maneuvering with a group from Brazil involved in bringing court suit against a trade union.

The Australian section of the Spartacist League, which had previously been involved in IBT events, split again in 2005, with one member leaving to found the Trotskyist Platform.

Sections
The current members of the ICL include:
Spartacist Group Japan
Spartacist League of Britain
Spartacist League (US)
Trotskyist Group of Greece
Trotskyist League in Quebec and Canada
Spartacist League of Australia
Spartakist-Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands
Spartacist Group Ireland
Lega Trotskista d'Italia
Grupo Espartaquista de México
Spartacist/South Africa
Ligue trotskyste de France
Former sections include:
Spartakusowska Grupa Polski
Spartacist League (Sweden)
Spartacist League of Israel
Spartacist League/Lanka

See also
 List of Trotskyist internationals

References

External links
 International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist)
 International Bolshevik Tendency
 Workers Vanguard biweekly paper of the Spartacist League
 [http://www.bolshevik.org/tp/IBT_TP_3_Revolutionary_Work_in_the_American_Labor_Movement.html

Organizations established in 1974


The Government of Balochistan () is the provincial government of the largest province of Balochistan, Pakistan in Quetta. The head of the province is the Governor, who is nominated by the President of Pakistan. The chief executive of the Government of Balochistan is the Chief Minister who is elected by the Balochistan Assembly and the administrative boss of the province is the Chief Secretary of Balochistan who is appointed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan.

The province of Balochistan in Pakistan contains most of historical Balochistan and is named after the Baloch. Neighbouring regions are Iranian Balochistan to the west, Afghanistan and Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Pakistan to the north and Punjab and Sindh to the east. To the south is the Arabian Sea. The principal languages in the province are Balochi, Pashto, Brahui, and Persian.

Personnel

Executive of Balochistan
The government of Balochistan consists of 26 Departments and some allied offices.  These 26 Departments are headed by Provincial Secretaries.  The Provincial Secretaries are headed by Chief Secretary Balochistan. Presently there are 18 Ministers who look after 27 Departments.
 Agricultural & Cooperatives
 Chief Minister's Inspection Team
 Communication Works, Physical Planning and Housing
 Culture, Tourism and Archives
 Education
 Environment, Sports and Youth Affairs
 Finance
 Fisheries
 Balochistan Forests & Wildlife Department
 Religious Affairs and Interfaith Harmony
 Health
 Home & Tribal Affairs
 Industries and Commerce
 Information
 Board of Revenue
 Irrigation
 Labour and Manpower
 Law & Parliamentary Affairs
 Livestock and Dairy Development Department (LDDD)
 Local Government and Rural Development
 Mines and Minerals
 Planning and Development
 Population Welfare
 Energy Department
 Prosecution
 Provincial Disaster and Management Authority
 Provincial Transport Authority
 Science and Information Technology
 Services and General Administration
 Social Welfare, Special Education, Literacy/ Non-Formal Education and Human Rights
 Civil Defence
 Urban Planning and Development
 Excise, Taxation & Anti-Narcotics
 Women Development Department
 Printing & Stationery
 Balochistan Police

Autonomous Bodies
 Balochistan Development Authority
 Quetta Development Authority
 Gwadar Development Authority
 Balochistan Public Service Commission
 Balochistan Technical Education & Voccational Training Authority

Legislature

Balochistan's provincial assembly consists of 65 members out of which 11 seats are reserved for women while 3 are reserved for minorities.

See also
 Balochistan Assembly
 Chief Minister of Balochistan
 Balochistan
 Quetta, Provincial capital of Balochistan

References

External links
 Government of Balochistan - Official site
 District Database - Government of Balochistan

Provincial Governments of Pakistan

Government of Balochistan, Pakistan


The 6th congressional district of Tennessee is a congressional district in Middle Tennessee.
It has been represented by Republican John Rose since January 2019.

Much of the sixth district is rural and wooded. It is spread across the geographic regions known as the Cumberland Plateau, the Highland Rim, and the Central Basin. The area is known for its waterfalls, such as Burgess Falls and Cummins Falls. Much of the western part of the district is located in the Nashville metropolitan area, along with a portion of Nashville itself.

With close access to interstates 24, 40, and 65, subdivisions are sprouting almost exponentially, fast filling with new economy managers. Recently, many companies have opened either manufacturing or distribution centers in the 6th district. This includes Amazon and Bridgestone-Firestone in Lebanon, gun manufacturer Beretta in Gallatin, and clothing manufacturer Under Armour in Mt. Juliet.

Politically speaking, the region was traditionally a "Yellow Dog Democrat" district. However, it began shifting rightward as Nashville's suburbs bled into the district and the rural counties trended Republican. It supported Bill Clinton in 1992, partly due to the presence of Al Gore, who represented it from 1977 to 1985, as Clinton's running mate. However, it has not supported a Democrat for president since. Longtime Democratic incumbent Bart Gordon consistently won reelection easily even as the district swung rightward after the turn of the millennium. By the mid-2000s, however, it was believed that the Democrats would have a hard time keeping the seat after Gordon retired.

Gordon retired in 2010, and Republican state senator Diane Black won the seat in a landslide, proving just how Republican this district had become. The 2010 redistricting made the district even more Republican, even as its longtime anchor of Murfreesboro was drawn into the neighboring 4th District. Since 2012, no Democrat has won an entire county within the district in any presidential, gubernatorial, senate, or congressional election. Indeed, no Democrat has crossed the 30 percent mark in the district since Gordon's retirement.

Current boundaries
The district is located in north-central Tennessee and borders Kentucky to the north. It is currently composed of the following counties:
Cannon, Clay, Cumberland, DeKalb, Fentress, Jackson, Macon, Overton, Pickett, Putnam, Smith, Sumner, Trousdale, White, and Van Buren. The district also contains parts of Davidson, Scott, Warren, and Wilson counties.

Election results from statewide races
Results under old lines (2013-2023)

History
Prior to the 1980 census, when Tennessee picked up a district, most of what is now the 6th district was in the 4th district. During the 1940s, this area was represented by Albert Gore, Sr. of Carthage. Gore was elected to the United States Senate in 1952, where he was instrumental in creating the Interstate Highway system.

From 1953 to 1977, the area was represented by Joe L. Evins of Smithville. Evins's nephew, Dan Evins, was the founder of Cracker Barrel Old Country Store restaurant/retail chain. Cracker Barrel's headquarters are still located in Lebanon.

In 1976, Evins was succeeded by Al Gore, then-future Vice President and son of Albert Gore, Sr. He was representing the area when much of it was moved into the present 6th district.

Shortly following the redistricting into the 6th district, Gore was elected to the United States Senate. He was then succeeded by former Tennessee Democratic Party chairman Bart Gordon of Murfreesboro. Gordon held the post for the next 26 years, generally with little difficulty. The only year he faced serious opposition was 1994, when attorney Steve Gill ran against him. Gordon defeated Gill by only one percentage point.

According to the 2010 census, the five largest cities are Hendersonville (51,372), Cookeville (30,425), Gallatin (30,278), Lebanon (26,190), and Mt. Juliet (23,671). Diane Black of Gallatin was elected in the Republican landslide of 2010 when Gordon retired after 26 years in Congress. Black's victory marked the first time that much of the district had been represented by a Republican since 1921, and for only the second time since Reconstruction.

List of members representing the district

See also

Tennessee's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts

References

 Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
 Political Graveyard database of Tennessee congressmen

External links
 Congress.com: Tennessee Congressional districts

06
Bedford County, Tennessee
Cannon County, Tennessee
Clay County, Tennessee
DeKalb County, Tennessee
Jackson County, Tennessee
Macon County, Tennessee
Marshall County, Tennessee
Overton County, Tennessee
Putnam County, Tennessee
Robertson County, Tennessee
Rutherford County, Tennessee
Smith County, Tennessee
Sumner County, Tennessee
Trousdale County, Tennessee
Wilson County, Tennessee
Al Gore
Constituencies established in 1813
1813 establishments in Tennessee

Tennessee's 6th congressional district


TVI Internacional is the international television service of TVI. It is available in Europe, Africa, North America and Oceania. Programming is taken from the main channel as well as TVI 24 and original programming. As a leading channel producing Portuguese telenovelas, TVI started its international expansion as an exclusive to the Angolan ZAP satellite platform on May 30, 2010. In July 2011, it became available as a digital terrestrial television channel in Andorra. In the following year, it became available across cable services in Western Europe and North America.

References

External links
 Official site

Television channels and stations established in 2010
Televisão Independente

TVI Internacional


The redspotted catshark (Schroederichthys chilensis), also known as the Chilean catshark, is a species of catshark commonly found in the coastal waters of the southeastern Pacific, from central Peru to southern Chile. They are typically found in the rocky sublittoral areas at the edge of the continental shelf, in waters down to 100 m in depth. They spend the spring, summer, and fall in rocky subtidal areas, but winter in deeper offshore waters due to the strong currents at that time of year.

Description
Redspotted catsharks range in length from 30 to 66 cm, although these sizes are taken from captured sharks, and it is believed that they may grow larger than this.

Their bodies are elongate and sleek, typical of the catshark family. Their dorsal side is a dark reddish brown with dark saddle patterns on their side. Their ventral sides are a creamy white with reddish spots. Redspotted catsharks have two dorsal fins, with the first dorsal axil over the pelvic region. Their dorsal fins do not have spines, and their tails have no upward bend.

Redspotted catsharks have multicuspid teeth. However, males typically have longer teeth with fewer cusps. This is believed to aid in courtship biting.

Behavior
Redspotted catsharks are solitary, nocturnal creatures. They stay in caves and crevices during the day and emerge at night to feed. They are migratory. However, they live most of the year near the edge of the continental shelf.

Communication specific to the redspotted catshark is unknown. However, as with most other sharks, including other members of the family Scyliorhinidae, it is believed that they have a well-developed sense of smell, and that they are electroreceptive, which allows them to detect electricity emitted by other animals, and may also allow them to detect magnetic fields, which aids in navigation.

Redspotted catsharks are host to trypanosomes, parasites that are passed into the catsharks' bloodstream through leeches.

There are no known predators to the catshark, although juveniles typically spend their early life in the deeper offshore waters. This is believed to be to avoid predators, although what those predators are is unknown. Breeding and oviposition seem to occur throughout the year in an annual cycle. The paucity of ovigerous females during fall probably
indicates that eggs were laid during summer, when massive depositions of egg-cases occurred on fronds of the subtidal brown kelp 'Lessonia trabeculata'.

Feeding
Redspotted catsharks feed on organisms that dwell on the rocky bottom near the continental shelf. Their primary food sources are various species of crabs and the rhynchocinetid rock shrimp Rhynchocinetes typus. Redspotted catsharks are an important predator within their ecosystem. They have a large influence on commercially fished benthic organisms that dwell in the rocky near-shore areas.

The research of presence/absence effect of kelp Lessonia trabeculata on the isotopic niche of redspotted catshark present that males were characterized by higher trophic position and enriched carbon sources compared to females in locations where kelp was present. In contrast, males and females were characterized by similar isotopic niche in absence of kelp. These differences are most probably an effect of higher prey diversity associated with microhabitats generated by kelp forests that allow sexual segregation of isotopic niche. Therefore, extensive kelp harvest may cause significant effects in isotopic niche and nutritional status of adult redspotted catshark and may negatively affect its populations.

Reproduction
Redspotted catsharks are oviparous. Breeding occurs in individuals in an annual cycle. However, they mate seasonally, typically in spring and winter, though females have occasionally been shown to have egg capsules in the summer. They are polygynandrous and while the male fertilizes the female's eggs he typically performs what is called a "courtship ritual" that consists of the male biting the female.

Redspotted catsharks are born from encapsulated eggs that are fertilized and released into the water. There are typically two eggs in each capsule, which can also be called a mermaid's purse. Embryos feed on the yolk of the egg until they hatch. Once these eggs hatch, the sharks appear to be miniature versions of adults. However, the sharks grow rapidly. It is believed that juveniles swim into deeper waters in order to avoid predation in the sublittoral zone that they return to when they are adults. Therefore, there is a spatial segregation between adult and juvenile populations.

Conservation status and economic impact
Redspotted catsharks are not listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List, the U.S. Federal List, or the CITES list. They are not known to be a vulnerable or threatened species.

Redspotted catsharks have a negative economic impact on humans. They feed heavily on near shore benthic crustaceans. This is a detriment to commercial fisherman because crustaceans in this area have a large economic importance. Catsharks are also a frequent bycatch of nearshore fishing trawlers, which, while not economically significant, can cause damage to nets as well as time lost in removing the bycatch from the viable catch.

References

 2004. "Clase Elasmobranchii" (On-line). Accessed 29 October 2004 at http://www.biouls.cl/biozoo/Vertebra/sispez2.htm.
 Ackley, V. and W. Fink. 2004. "Schroederichthys chilensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed 28 March 2006 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Schroederichthys_chilensis.html.
 Aedo, G., H. Arancibia. 2001. Gastric evacuation of the redspotted catshark under laboratory conditions. Journal of Fish Biology, 58: 1454–1457.
 Budker, P. 1971. The Life of Sharks. New York: Columbia University Press.
 Carpenter, K., S. Luna. 2004. "Schroederichthys chilensis Redspotted Catshark" (On-line). Accessed 29 October 2004 at http://filaman.uni-kiel.de/summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?id=839.
 Farina, J., F. Ojeda. 1993. Abundance, activity, and trophic patterns of the redspotted catshark, Schroederichthys chilensis, on the Pacific temperate coast of Chile. Copeia, 2: 545–549.
 Morillas, J., M. George-Nascimento, H. Valeria, R. Khan. 1987. Trypanosoma humboldti n. sp. from the Chilean Catshark, Schoroederichthys chilensis. Journal of Protozoology, 34/3: 342–344.
 Nelson, J. 1984. Fishes of the World. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
 Ommanney, F. 1964. The Fishes. New York: Time, Inc.
 Smith, M., P. Heemstra. 1986. Smiths' Sea Fishes. South Africa: L. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology.
 Smith, J. 1949. The Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. South Africa: Central News Agency LTD.

External links
 Animal Diversity Web

redspotted catshark
Fish of Peru
Fish of Chile
Western South American coastal fauna
redspotted catshark

Redspotted catshark


Baldomero "Bal" Falcone (born September 18, 1944) is a Filipino business consultant and politician who ran twice as a candidate for Senator under the newly accredited Democratic Party of the Philippines but lost.

Early life
Baldomero Falcone was born on September 18, 1944, in Hindang, Leyte.

Personal life
He is married to Alice L. Falcone. Baldomero Falcone lives in Marikina, Metro Manila.

Education
B.A., Sacred Heart Seminary
M.A. Philosophy University of San Carlos, Cebu
MBA, Asian Institute of Management
Ph.D Candidate. Philosophy, University of the Philippines, Diliman. Quezon City

Some Past Achievements
Co-founded with graduate professors Russ Allen and Dr. Vic Ordonez the Ford Foundation-funded Master of Arts in Educational Administration at the Philippine Normal University
Former Cebu Professor: SouthWestern University (SWU), University of the Visayas (UV) University of Cebu (UC)
Mobilized his townmates in Metro Manila to have a giant Statue of their patron St Michael Archangel sculpted by International Sculptor Ed Castrillo, installed the *Artistic masterpiece in the town plaza of Hindang Leyte, creating a prideful tourist attraction of the town.
Authored the book "Christian Economics: The Philippines' Developmental Ideology" (published 1984) Authored the book "A Whip of Roses to Rouse a Sleeping Philippine Giant" (still unpublished)
Co-founded Consultasia Management Services Inc., under this firm put up two pioneering tourist beach resorts, one in Agoo, La Union, the other in Lingayen, Pangasinan
Co-founded FG Finance Company, a lending company, with 12 branches in the country; among the few first in the industry to provide no-collateral loans to employees. *Packaged the recapitalization of MICC (Millennium Industrial Commercial Corp.) to become one of the largest stock firms in the country.
Seconded the late Dr.(Fr.) Ernesto G. Ramos Ph.D and his brother Luis G. Ramos in the organization of DPP / the Democratic Party of the Philippines/the Democratic Party of the Poor.

Current Involvements
National President: DPP or Democratic Party of the Philippines/Democratic Party of the Poor, a new national political Party represented in all the country's 17 regions, with aspirations to empower the poor towards sufficiency through the election of leaders with hearts and minds genuinely for the poor. Bal Falcone has just been nominated by the DPP (and humbly accepted) as its Senatoriable Candidate to the coming National Elections.
Executive Director: Sagip Bansa Filipinas Foundation Inc., an NGO dedicated to helping provide jobs and houses and lots to the poorest of the poor in Philippine society. Starting last year to put into actual action this advocacy, Sagip Bansa with the acquiescence of the Spartan Mining and Development Corporation of DPP's Chairman Luis G. Ramos has provided decent and well paying jobs (hand-magnetizing iron sand) to more than a thousand displaced Aetas around Mt. Pinatubo while preparing to provide jobs and homes (200 m2 lots with 50 m2 houses for each family) to the thousands of families and informal settlers of Metro Manila (Smokey Mountain, Payatas, Farola, North Triangle, Baseco etc.) collocating them decently in Brgy. Villar, Botolan Zambales. In this regard, he has led efforts to the securitization of this project which will create a new city (tentatively captioned "Magnificat City") of the poor, for the poor, and by the poor empowering themselves towards decent sufficiency, while at the same time restoring Manila to its original grandeur, of which great Filipino writer Nick Joaquin constantly exulted.
President: Millennium Industrial Commercial Corporation (MICC),a Cebu-based company.
Vice-President: Global Interphase Security Services Provider Inc. (or GISSPI), a Filipino firm dedicated to providing good foreign assignments to retired officers, soldiers and army men; together with ADI / Arch. Designers Inc., and Nippon Steel of Japan projects the transformation of Laguna Lake and surrounding areas into key tourism towns and destinations worthy of global admiration.

Special Skills
Securitization: the ability/special know-how (he learned from special tutors here and abroad) to create Asset Pool Trusts with selected banks to raise from the Trust departments of banks and high-net-worth individuals and juridical entities critical capital funds for viable projects through domestic and international bond flotation enhanced by third party guarantors/ insurers. (Unknown to many, the combined trust money in the Trust Department of Philippine Banks now amounts to close to Three (3) Trillions Pesos. The major monetary instrument / access tool to these inefficiently and unequitably utilized funds (a luxurious plaything of the few rich, comfortable and powerful) is Securitization. Bal Cordero Falcone can initiate the Securitization of Viable Projects in each city and province to increase the provincial revenues (besides its IRA) as well as solve the unemployment problem of each province city and town.

References

1944 births
20th-century Filipino businesspeople
Democratic Party of the Philippines politicians
People from Leyte (province)
People from Marikina
Living people
University of the Philippines Diliman alumni
Asian Institute of Management alumni
University of San Carlos alumni

Baldomero Falcone


The Eclectic Chronicle, referred to in earlier literature as the New Babylonian Chronicle, is an ancient Mesopotamian account of the highlights of Babylonian history during the post-Kassite era prior to the 689 BC fall of the city of Babylon. It is an important source of historiography from the period of the early iron-age dark-age with few extant sources to support its telling of events.

The text
Although its provenance is unknown, it is thought to originate from Babylon itself as it is written in standard Babylonian in the late cuneiform script of the region. It was acquired by the British Museum in 1898 and given the accession number 98,0711.124, subsequently the Museum reference BM 27859. Approximately two-thirds of the text has survived with the top part of the tablet broken off, losing the beginning and end of the narrative. The work is written in a single column on a small tablet in the format of an administrative or economic text, suggesting it was for private use, in marked contrast to the official histories that were typically inscribed in two or more columns on a much larger object.

In many respects this chronicle shares the characteristics of Chronicle P, as an episodic and laconic summary of the significant events of Babylonian history, but without the errors of that other work. It seems to have been a continuation, covering the post-Kassite period beginning prior to the reign of Marduk-šāpik-zēri (ca. 1082–1069 BC) through to sometime after that of Salmānu-ašarid V (727–722 BC).

The narrative is divided into twenty two extant sections, each focusing on the events of the reign of a different Babylonian monarch (listed below) in chronological order with only a small number of omissions:

 "He carried off a great booty", he presumably being Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē or Assyrian king Tukultī-apil-Ešarra I, both of whom successfully raided one another's territory
 Marduk-šāpik-zēri - prosperous reign - this section is duplicated in the Walker Chronicle
 Adad-apla-iddina - Arameans and Suteans despoil the land - also duplicated in the Walker Chronicle(three reigns are skipped)
 Simbar-Šipak - makes throne of Enlil at Ekur-igigal(two insignificant successors were ignored)
 Eulmaš-šākin-šumi - event not preserved
 14th year of an unnamed king, probably Eulmaš-šākin-šumi, when the Dynastic Chronicle relates he died and was succeeded by Ninurta-kudurrῑ-uṣur I - event not preserved (next king is omitted)
 Mār-bīti-apla-uṣur - event not preserved
 Nabû-mukin-apli - event not preserved
 nth year, presumably of Ninurta-kudurrῑ-uṣur II, although this king only served eight months - event not preserved
 Mār-bῑti-aḫḫē-idinna - event not preserved
 Šamaš-mudammiq - Adad-nirari II was king of Assyria
 Nabû-šuma-ukin I - Tukulti-Ninurta II was king of Assyria
 Nabû-apla-iddina - Aššur-nāṣir-apli II was king of Assyria
 Marduk-zâkir-šumi I - Salmānu-ašarēdu III was king of Assyria
 Marduk-balāssu-iqbi - event not preserved(following king omitted)
 "For n years there was no king in the land." (next three kings are omitted)
 Erība-Marduk - Aramaeans get their comeuppance
 Erība-Marduk is honored with a second section - event not preserved (following reign was skipped)
 Nabû-nāṣir - event not preserved
 ? A section which could have been occupied by any of Nabû-nāṣir's three successors - event not preserved
 Tukultī-apil-Ešarra III - ascended the throne (of Babylon)
 Salmānu-ašarid V - ascended the throne (of Babylon) (lacuna)

Principal publications

References

External links
 The Eclectic Chronicle at Livius

See also
Chronology of the ancient Near East

Babylonia
Mesopotamian chronicles
Clay tablets

Eclectic Chronicle


The House of the Dead (, Zapiski iz Myortvovo doma) is a semi-autobiographical novel published in 1860–2 in the journal Vremya by Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky. It has also been published in English under the titles Notes from the House of the Dead, Memoirs from the House of the Dead and Notes from a Dead House, which are more literal translations of the Russian title. The novel portrays the life of convicts in a Siberian prison camp. It is generally considered to be a fictionalised memoir; a loosely-knit collection of experiences, events and philosophical discussion based on Dostoevsky's experiences as a prisoner, organised around theme and character rather than plot. Dostoevsky spent four years in a forced-labour prison camp in Siberia following his conviction for involvement in the Petrashevsky Circle. This experience allowed him to describe with great authenticity the conditions of prison life and the characters of the convicts.

Background
After his mock execution on 22 December 1849, Dostoevsky was sentenced to four years imprisonment in a katorga labor camp at Omsk in western Siberia. Though he often was met with hostility from the other prisoners due to his noble status of dvoryanin, his views on life changed. After his time in the camps and a further six years of exile Dostoevsky returned to Petersburg and wrote The House of the Dead. The novel incorporates several of the horrifying experiences he witnessed while in prison. He recalls the guards' brutality and relish performing unspeakably cruel acts, the crimes that the convicted criminals committed, and the fact that among these hardened criminals there were good and decent individuals.
However, he is also astonished at the convicts' abilities to commit murders without the slightest change in conscience. It was a stark contrast to his own heightened sensitivity. During this time in prison he began experiencing the epileptic seizures that would plague him for the rest of his life.

Plot
The narrator, Aleksandr Petrovich Goryanchikov, has been sentenced to deportation to Siberia and ten years of hard labour for murdering his wife. Life in prison is particularly hard for Aleksandr Petrovich, since he is a "gentleman" and suffers the malice of the other prisoners, nearly all of whom belong to the peasantry. Gradually Goryanchikov overcomes his revulsion at his situation and his fellow convicts, undergoing a spiritual awakening that culminates with his release from the camp. Dostoevsky portrays the inmates of the prison with sympathy for their plight, and also expresses admiration for their courage, energy, ingenuity and talent. He concludes that the existence of the prison, with its absurd practices and savage corporal punishments, is a tragic fact, both for the prisoners and for Russia.

Though the novel has no readily identifiable plot in the conventional sense, events and descriptions are carefully organized around the narrator's gradual insight into the true nature of the prison-camp and the other prisoners. It is primarily in this sense that the novel is autobiographical: Dostoevsky wrote later, in A Writer's Diary and elsewhere, about the transformation he underwent during his imprisonment, as he slowly overcame his preconceptions and his repulsion, attaining a new understanding of the intense humanity and moral qualities of those around him.

Narration
The first chapter, entitled "Ten years a convict", is an introduction written by an unnamed acquaintance of Goryanchikov. This narrator discusses Goryanchikov's background as a convict, his crime and his sentence, and the nature of his life as a Siberian colonist after his release. He describes Goryanchikov's intense personality and reclusive behaviour from the superficial and detached perspective of a new acquaintance who has developed a curiosity about him. He records that, upon hearing of Goryanchikov's death, he had managed to acquire some papers from the landlady, among which were the memoirs of prison life. He describes them as "incoherent and fragmentary... interrupted, here and there, either by anecdotes, or by strange, terrible recollections thrown in convulsively as if torn from the writer." These memoirs, with Goryanchikov himself narrating, constitute the rest of the novel.

Characters
Many of the characters in the novel were based on real-life people that Dostoevsky met while in prison. However, there was a degree of alteration or embellishment in some characters and events for the sake of imparting greater depth to his themes.

The Major, the violent-tempered, tyrannical governor of the prison. He is described by Alexander Petrovich as "a spiteful, ill-regulated man, terrible above all things, because he possessed almost absolute power over two hundred human beings." Referred to by the prisoners as "the man with the eight eyes" due to his apparent omniscience, he is universally despised and feared.

Akim Akimitch, one of the few other noblemen in the prison, befriends Alexander Petrovich and teaches him about the ways of prison life. He is a former officer who was sentenced for unilaterally ordering an illegal execution. Alexander Petrovich considers Akim Akimitch to be incapable of independent intelligence and wholly bound to notions of duty and obedience. He is conscientious, precise, excitable and argumentative, and assumes the role of a moral remonstrator with the other convicts, who, while afraid of him, also laugh at him and consider him a bit mad.

A parricide. The second convict Alexander Petrovich mentions is not referred to by name, but his character and crime (killing his father to obtain his inheritance) are discussed in some detail. He is described as always "in the liveliest, merriest spirits", and unwavering in his denial of his guilt, a denial that Goryanchikov is inclined to believe. The real life person upon whom this character was based (D. I. Ilyinsky) was later freed after another man confessed to the crime. The main elements of his story became the central theme of The Brothers Karamazov and the initial inspiration for the character of Dimitri Karamazov.

Aristov an exceptionally corrupt and perverted nobleman who acts as a spy and informer.  Repelled by his depravity, Alexander Petrovich refuses to enter in to relations with him. He is a man utterly submitted to corporeality and the basest impulses, with a conscience guided only by cold calculation. Alexander Petrovich says of him that "if he wanted a drink of brandy, and could only have got it by killing some one, he would not have hesitated one moment if it was pretty certain the crime would not come out."

Gazin, an immensely strong, violent criminal, in prison for, among other things, torturing and murdering small children. He creates a shocking and repulsive impression on everyone else. According to Alexander Petrovich: "It was less by his great height and his herculean construction, than by his enormous and deformed head, that he inspired terror."

Orloff, a notorious criminal and escapee, who Alexander Petrovich describes as "a brilliant example of the victory of spirit over matter", unlike some other prisoners whose fearfulness proceeded more from their complete submission to matter. He undergoes extreme corporal punishment but is unbowed and quickly recovers his strength and spirit.

Luka has murdered six people, occasionally brags of it, and wishes to be feared for it, but in fact no-one in the prison is the least bit afraid of him. For Alexander Petrovich he represents a particular type:When once he has passed the fatal line, he is himself astonished to find that nothing sacred exists for him. He breaks through all laws, defies all powers, and gives himself boundless license... From time to time, the murderer will amuse himself by recalling his audacity, his lawlessness when he was in a state of despair. He likes at these moments to have some silly fellow before whom he can brag... "That is the sort of man I am," he says.

Petrov, an externally quiet and polite man who befriends Alexander Petrovich and often seeks his company, apparently for edification on matters of knowledge. Alexander Petrovich finds it hard to reconcile Petrov's sincere friendship and unfailing courtesy with the ever-present potential (attributed to him by all the other prisoners, including Alexander Petrovich) for the most extreme violence. In this sense, Petrov is thought to be the most dangerous and determined man in the prison.

Ali a beautiful-souled young Tatar, imprisoned with his two older brothers. He has a gentle and innocent yet strong and stoical nature, and is much beloved by Alexander Petrovich and many of the others. "How this young man preserved his tender heart, his native honesty, his frank cordiality without getting perverted and corrupted during his period of hard labour, is quite inexplicable."

Isaiah Fomitch a Jew who becomes a great friend of Alexander Petrovich. He is small, feeble and cunning, capable of both abject cowardice and great courage, laughed at constantly by the other prisoners, but at the same time "inexhaustibly good humoured". He has scars on his forehead and cheeks from burns received while in the pillory. In the bath-room scene, where all the convicts are crowded together for a steam bath, Alexander Petrovich describes the hellish chaos of bodies, heat and steam:From this cloud stood out torn backs, shaved heads; and, to complete the picture, Isaiah Fomitch howling with joy on the highest of the benches. He was saturating himself with steam. Any other man would have fainted away, but no temperature is too high for him; he engages the services of a rubber for a kopeck, but after a few moments the latter is unable to continue, throws away his bunch of twigs, and runs to inundate himself with cold water. Isaiah Fomitch does not lose courage, he runs to hire a second rubber, then a third; on these occasions he thinks nothing of expense, and changes his rubber four or five times. "He stews well, the gallant Isaiah Fomitch," cry the convicts from below. The Jew feels that he goes beyond all the others, he has beaten them; he triumphs with his hoarse falsetto voice, and sings out his favourite air which rises above the general hubbub.

Reception
The House of the Dead was the only work by Dostoevsky that Leo Tolstoy revered. He saw it as exalted religious art, inspired by deep faith and love of humanity. Turgenev, who was also not enamored of Dostoevsky's larger scale fiction (particularly Demons and Crime and Punishment), described the bath-house scene from House of the Dead as "simply Dantesque". Herzen echoed the comparison to Dante and further compared the description of Siberian prison life to "a fresco in the spirit of Michelangelo". Frank suggests that the memoir-novel's popularity with those who might ordinarily be antipathetic to Dostoevsky's prose style, is due to the composed and neutral tone of its narration and the vividness of the descriptive writing: "The intense dramatism of the fiction is here replaced by a calm objectivity of presentation; there is little close analysis of interior states of mind, and there are marvelous descriptive passages that reveal Dostoevsky's ability as an observer of the external world."

Editions

English translations

Adaptations
In 1927–1928, Leoš Janáček wrote an operatic version of the novel, with the title From the House of the Dead. It was his last opera.

In 1932 The House of the Dead was made into a film, directed by Vasili Fyodorov and starring Nikolay Khmelyov. The script was devised by the Russian writer and critic Viktor Shklovsky who also had a role as an actor.

See also
 Russian literature

References

External links
Compare English translations of The House of the Dead at the Wayback Machine
Full text of The House of the Dead in the original Russian
Full text of The House of the Dead in English at the Internet Archive

1862 Russian novels
Novels adapted into operas
Novels by Fyodor Dostoevsky
Novels set in 19th-century Russia
Novels set in Siberia
Russian novels adapted into films
Memoirs of imprisonment

The House of the Dead (novel)


The FC Barcelona museum () was inaugurated on 24 September 1984 under the presidency of Josep Lluís Nuñez. In 2000, the museum was renamed President Nuñez museum under the presidency of his successor, Joan Gaspart. On 15 June 2010, the museum was reopened after a long restructuring.

The restructuring saw the museum split into three separate sections with a 3D cinema, audiovisual touch-screen, and information on the history of FC Barcelona. Since then the museum can only be visited by booking the package Camp Nou Experience, which includes the entrance to the museum and a tour of the stadium. The first section includes a collection of photos, documents and trophies detailing the club's history on an interactive glass wall, allowing visitors to touch the screens and see information wall. The glass wall, equipped with laser technology, allows the exhibition of video, images and music through user-feedback. The second section is a private art collection on permanent display at the museum which exhibits works by local artists such as Dalí, Miró and Tàpies. In the third section, the Futbolart Collection displays football memorabilia from the club including a trophy-room with every trophy, or a replica thereof, that the club has won.

One of the items at display in the Futbolart Collection is the boots with which Ronald Koeman scored the winning goal in the 1992 European Cup Final, which he did in the 111th minute against Sampdoria, 21 minutes into extra time, securing Barcelona's first European trophy.

The museum occupies 3,500 square meters and attracts 1.2 million visitors a year, ranking it second to the Museu Picasso, which attracts 1.3 million visitors, as the most visited museum in the city of Barcelona.

Gallery

References

External links

 Official page

Association football museums and halls of fame
FC Barcelona
Sports museums in Catalonia
Museums in Barcelona
Museums established in 1984

FC Barcelona Museum


Daniel Abse CBE FRSL (22 September 1923 – 28 September 2014) was a Welsh poet and physician. His poetry won him many awards. As a medic, he worked in a chest clinic for over 30 years.

Early years
Abse was born in Cardiff, Wales, as the younger brother of the politician and reformer Leo Abse and the eminent psychoanalyst Wilfred Abse. Unusually for a middle-class Jewish boy, Dannie Abse attended St Illtyd's College, a working-class Catholic school in Splott. Abse studied medicine, first at the University of Wales College of Medicine and then at Westminster Hospital Medical School and King's College London.

Abse was a passionate supporter of Cardiff City football club. He first went to watch them play in 1934 and many of his writings refer to his experiences watching and lifelong love of the team known as "The Bluebirds".

Career as poet

Although best known as a poet, Abse worked in the medical field, and was a physician in a chest clinic for over thirty years. He received numerous literary awards and fellowships for his writing. In 1989, he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Wales.

His first volume of poetry, After Every Green Thing, was published in 1949. His autobiographic work, Ash on a Young Man's Sleeve, was published in 1954. He won the Welsh Arts Council Award in both 1971 and 1987, and the Cholmondeley Award in 1985. He was a Fellow of The Royal Society of Literature from 1983. In a foreword to Collected Poems 1948–1976, Abse noted that his poems are increasingly "rooted in actual experience," both domestic and professional, and many display a reconciliation between Jewish and Welsh themes and traditions.

Abse lived for several decades in the north-west area of London, mainly near Hampstead, where he had considerable ties. For several years he wrote a column for the local Hampstead and Highgate Express. These articles subsequently appeared in book form.

In 2005, his wife Joan was killed in a car accident, while Abse suffered a broken rib. His poetry collection, Running Late, was published in 2006, and The Presence, a memoir of the year after his wife died, was published in 2007; it won the 2008 Wales Book of the Year award. The book was later dramatised for BBC Radio 4. He was awarded the Roland Mathias prize for Running Late.

In 2009, Abse brought out a volume of collected poetry. In the same year, he received the Wilfred Owen Poetry Award. Abse was a judge for the inaugural 2010 Hippocrates Prize for Poetry and Medicine. Abse was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to poetry and literature.

Abse died on 28 September 2014, six days after his 91st birthday.

Books
After Every Green Thing, Hutchinson, 1948
Walking Under Water, Hutchinson, 1952
Fire in Heaven, Hutchinson, 1956
Mavericks: An Anthology, ed. with Howard Sergeant, Editions Poetry and Poverty, 1957
Tenants of the House: Poems 1951–1956, Hutchinson, 1957
Poems, Golders Green, Hutchinson, 1962
Poems! Dannie Abse: A Selection, Vista/Dufour, 1963
Modern European Verse, ed., Vista, 1964
Medicine on Trial, Aldus, 1967
Three Questor Plays, Scorpion, 1967
A Small Desperation, Hutchinson, 1968
Demo Sceptre, 1969
Selected Poems, Hutchinson, 1970
Modern Poets in Focus 1, ed., Corgi, 1971
Modern Poets in Focus 3, ed., Corgi, 1971
Thirteen Poets, ed., Poetry Book Society, 1972
Funland and Other Poems, Hutchinson, 1973
Modern Poets in Focus 5, ed., Corgi, 1973
The Dogs of Pavlov, Vallentine, Mitchell, 1973
A Poet in the Family, Hutchinson, 1974
Penguin Modern Poets 26, with Dannie Abse, D. J. Enright and Michael Longley, Penguin, 1975
Collected Poems 1948–1976, Hutchinson, 1977
More Words, BBC, 1977
My Medical School, Robson, 1978
Pythagoras, Hutchinson, 1979
Way Out in the Centre, Hutchinson, 1981
A Strong Dose of Myself, Hutchinson, 1983
One-legged on ice: poems, University of Georgia Press, 1983
Doctors and Patients ed., Oxford University Press, 1984
Ask the Bloody Horse, Hutchinson, 1986
Journals From the Ant Heap, Hutchinson, 1986
Voices in the Gallery: Poems and Pictures, ed. with Joan Abse, Tate Gallery, 1986
The Music Lover's Literary Companion, ed. with Joan Abse, Robson, 1988
The Hutchinson Book of Post-War British Poetry, ed.,  Hutchinson, 1989
White Coat, Purple Coat: Collected Poems 1948–1988, Hutchinson, 1989
People, contributor, National Language Unit of Wales, 1990
Remembrance of Crimes Past: Poems 1986–1989, Hutchinson, 1990
The View from Row G: Three Plays, Seren, 1990
Intermittent Journals, Seren, 1994
On the Evening Road, Hutchinson, 1994
Selected Poems, Penguin, 1994
The Gregory Anthology 1991–1993, ed. with A. Stevenson, Sinclair-Stevenson, 1994
Twentieth-Century Anglo-Welsh Poetry, ed., Seren, 1997
Welsh Retrospective, Seren, 1997
Arcadia, One Mile, Hutchinson, 1998
Be seated, thou: poems 1989–1998, Sheep Meadow Press, 1999
Encounters Hearing Eye, 2001
Goodbye, Twentieth Century: An Autobiography, Pimlico, 2001
New and Collected Poems, Hutchinson, 2002
The Two Roads Taken: A Prose Miscellany, Enitharmon Press, 2003
Yellow Bird, Sheep Meadow Press, 2004
Running Late, Hutchinson, 2006
100 Great Poems of Love and Lust: Homage to Eros, compiler/ed., Robson, 2007
The Presence, Hutchinson, 2007
New Selected Poems 1949–2009: Anniversary Collection, Hutchinson, 2009 (shortlisted for Ted Hughes Award for New Work in Poetry)
Speak, Old Parrot, Hutchinson, 2013
Ask the Moon: New and collected poems 1948–2014, Hutchinson, 2014

Fiction
Ash on a Young Man's Sleeve, Hutchinson, 1954
Some Corner of an English Field, Hutchinson, 1956
O Jones, O Jones, Hutchinson, 1970
There Was A Young Man From Cardiff, Hutchinson, 1991
The Strange Case of Dr Simmonds & Dr Glas, Robson, 2002

Plays
Fire in Heaven (produced London, 1948), retitled Is the House Shut (1964) and In the Cage (1967)
Hands Around the Wall (produced London, 1950)
House of Cowards (produced London, 1960)
The Eccentric (produced London, 1961)
Gone (produced London, 1962)
The Joker (produced, London, 1962), retitled The Courting of Essie Glass (1981)
The Dogs of Pavlov (produced London, 1969)
Funland (produced London, 1975)
Pythagoras (produced Birmingham, 1976), retitled Pythagoras (Smith)

Published plays
 – includes House of Cowards, Gone and In the Cage
 – includes House of Cowards, The Dogs of Pavlov and Pythagoras (Smith)

Radio plays
Conform or Die (1957)
No Telegrams, No Thunder (1962)
You Can't Say Hello to Anybody (1964)
A Small Explosion (1964)
The Courting of Elsie Glass (1975)

References

Further reading

External links

Annotations at NYU Literature, Arts, and Medicine Database of several Abse works, with links to texts and audio of the poet reading poems " Carnal Knowledge", "Case History", "The Origin of Music", "Pathology of Colours", "The Stethoscope".
"Dannie Abse", Fellows Remembered, The Royal Society of Literature
Dannie Abse Papers at the Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library

1923 births
Anglo-Welsh poets
20th-century Welsh poets
21st-century Welsh poets
20th-century British poets
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Jewish poets
Alumni of King's College London
Fellows of King's College London
Alumni of the University of Wales
20th-century Welsh medical doctors
2014 deaths
Writers from Cardiff
Welsh Jews
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Dannie
Presidents of the Poetry Society

Dannie Abse


Bruno Gunn (born November 8, 1968) is an American actor. He is best known for playing Brutus in The Hunger Games: Catching Fire and Walrus on HBO's Westworld.

Life and career
Gunn started his acting career 1997, with a cameo in the Comedy Central series Pulp Comedy. He later appeared in the television series Haunted, Deep Cover, Oz, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Fastlane and Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Gunn appeared also in the Television films Recipe for Disaster, Mending Fences and Edgar Floats. As well played minor roles in the films Celebrity, Mickey Blue Eyes , Oxygen, 28 Days, Herbie: Fully Loaded, Hotel California, Officer Downe, and Bad Teacher.

References

External links

1968 births
Living people
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
Male actors from Ohio
Actors from Canton, Ohio

Bruno Gunn


Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado, 583 U.S. ___ (2018), was a Supreme Court case argued and decided during the 2017 term of the Supreme Court of the United States. The case involved an interstate dispute regarding New Mexico's compliance with the Rio Grande Compact of 1938, an agreement which established a plan for equitable apportionment of the water in the Rio Grande Basin among the states of Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. The Court considered the question of whether the U.S. federal government had a legal right to join litigation against New Mexico; the Court ruled that the federal government was within its rights when it did so.

Background

The Rio Grande Compact
The interstate agreement that the case centered around, the Rio Grande Compact, arose from multiple concerns regarding apportionment of water during the early 20th century. According to the terms of the Convention Between the United States and Mexico for the Equitable Distribution of the Waters of the Rio Grande for Irrigation Purposes, a treaty that the United States signed with Mexico in 1906, the U.S. must supply Mexico with at least 60,000 acre-feet of water from the Rio Grande each year. As part of its efforts to develop the arid American West through the Newlands Reclamation Act and the Rio Grande Project, the federal government began construction of the Elephant Butte Reservoir in New Mexico to reserve a large amount of water for transference to Mexican officials; the reservoir was completed in 1916 and soon found additional use supplying farmers in New Mexico and Texas with water for irrigation of their crops. However, a lack of regulation regarding water apportionment between the states caused tension between Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas, leading them to sign the Rio Grande Compact in March 1938, which committed all three states to equal division of the Rio Grande's water supplies above a point in Fort Quitman, Texas.

Interstate Conflict
In early 2014, the state of Texas sued New Mexico, formally accusing it of allowing the water reserves of the Rio Grande to be discreetly channeled away for use within New Mexico and of depriving Texas of its equal share in the river's resources. Asserting that the violation was an injury to the general interests of the United States, the federal government followed suit and filed a complaint against New Mexico the same year, which raised the question of whether the federal government had the legal right to intervene in matters regarding the relevant type of interstate compact. The Supreme Court agreed to hear the case on October 10, 2017, despite a Special Master's recommendation that the Court reject a hearing of the federal government's complaints on the grounds that the Rio Grande Compact and subsequent federal legislation did not grant the federal government enforcement powers related to the Compact.

Question presented
The key question of the case was "May the United States properly intervene in an action involving a dispute over a compact between states?"

Ruling
The case was argued before the Supreme Court on January 8, 2018, and decided on March 5 of the same year. Justice Neil Gorsuch delivered the Court's unanimous opinion, holding that the federal government has the right to join suits in matters related to interstate compacts provided that the compacts at hand are directly related to the operations and obligations of the federal government. The opinion cites the precedent set in Maryland v. Louisiana (1981) that the United States sometimes has the right to intervene in interstate compacts and clarifies this right by adding that, for intervention to be allowed, the dispute must be clearly related to "distinctively federal interests".

Rationale
The Court ruled that adherence to the Rio Grande Compact is of direct relevance to the interests of the federal government for three distinct reasons:

 The terms of the Rio Grande Compact are fundamentally linked to the operations of the Rio Grande Project, a federal program.
 The federal government is significantly involved in the functions of the Compact and the coordination of its details.
 The federal government relies upon the proper operation of the Compact in order to fulfill its treaty commitments to the government of Mexico.

The Court also noted that it had been assisted toward its decision by a fourth consideration: the fact that the federal government joined an existing complaint filed by the State of Texas, one of the parties to the Rio Grande Compact, and that Texas had not objected to the federal government's intervention.

Since these first three factors demonstrate the Rio Grande Compact's relation to "distinctively federal interests" and since the fourth demonstrates that federal intervention occurred with the tacit consent of Texas, the case's original petitioner, the Court ruled that the federal government did have the right to intervene and join Texas as a plaintiff against New Mexico.

Legacy
Notably, the justices chose not to rule on the issue of whether the federal government has the right to initiate a unique suit regarding proper adherence to interstate compact law. Because of this, the question of whether the federal government can legally intervene in interstate compact law by initiating its own suit (without any existing suits filed by states or without the consent of the states involved in the relevant compact) remains unanswered.

Moreover, the Court chose not to rule on New Mexico's compliance with the Rio Grande Compact during this case, so the issue of water apportionment in the Elephant Butte Reservoir will remain unresolved until such time that the Court chooses to address the question in a future case. However, the Court's subsequent ruling in Florida v. Georgia (2018), a case involving water distribution between the states of Georgia and Florida, established a lower standard of proof in which Florida must only prove "harm" from unequal apportionment for its case to be considered. If the Court continues to apply it for apportionment cases in the future, which is likely according to the assessment of Todd Votteler, the head of Collaborative Water Resolution LLC, this new standard will almost certainly prove advantageous to Texas in its ongoing case against New Mexico.

References

External links

United States Constitution Article One case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
United States Supreme Court original jurisdiction cases
2018 in United States case law
Rio Grande
United States interstate compacts
United States water case law
Water in Texas
Water in New Mexico
Water in Colorado

Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado


Big Five is the name colloquially given to the five largest banks that dominate the banking industry of Canada. All five banks are operationally based in Toronto. All five banks are classified as Schedule I banks that are domestic banks operating in Canada under government charter. The banks' shares are widely held, with any entity allowed to hold a maximum of twenty percent.

The Big Five are among the world's strongest banks, with Toronto-Dominion Bank, Royal Bank of Canada, Scotiabank, Bank of Montreal & Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce at 11th, 15th, 21st, 28th & 29th place, respectively.

In modern history, Royal Bank has always been the largest by a significant margin, although TD Bank has overtaken RBC in recent years. Up to the late 1990s, CIBC was the second largest, followed by Bank of Montreal, Scotiabank, and TD Bank. During the late 1990s and beyond, this ranking changed due to several reorganizations. Royal Bank acquired Royal Trust in 1993, while Scotiabank purchased National Trust in 1997. As Scotiabank found no merger partners among the other banks in the big five group, it instead expanded its international operations and passed the Bank of Montreal in size. TD Bank merged with Canada Trust, which was for a long time the largest trust in Canada, thus vaulting TD into the number one spot. There has been no major changes to Bank of Montreal. CIBC's first unsuccessful foray into the US market led it to shed its assets there, dropping it to the number five spot.

References

Banks of Canada
Economy of Canada

Big Five


Finnmark Dagblad is a Norwegian daily newspaper, published in Hammerfest, Norway.

The newspaper was founded in 1913 as Vestfinmarkens Socialdemokrat. It changed its name to Vestfinnmark Arbeiderblad in 1923. From 1940 the newspaper was taken over by Nasjonal Samling, and it was renamed first to Vestfinnmark Folkeblad, later to Finnmark Folkeblad. From 1946 it started publication as Vestfinnmark Arbeiderblad, and changed its name to Finnmark Dagblad in 1960. Finnmark Dagblad was the predominant owner of the Sami newspaper Min Áigi until its merge with Áššu to form Ávvir, which is owned by Finnmark Dagblad together with Altaposten.

References

Newspapers established in 1913
1913 establishments in Norway
Daily newspapers published in Norway
Amedia
Hammerfest

Finnmark Dagblad


Willie Armstead (born April 10, 1952) is a former slotback and wide receiver who played seven seasons in the Canadian Football League for the Calgary Stampeders.

He is a native of Newport News, Virginia, a 1971 graduate of Newport News High School and a 1975 graduate of the University of Utah.  He was named to the All-star team in 1978, 1979 and 1982.

He never played in the NFL, but was drafted to the Cleveland Browns in the 13th round of the 1975 NFL Draft, and then signed as a free agent with the New England Patriots in 1976.

References

1952 births
Living people
Players of American football from Newport News, Virginia
American players of Canadian football
Calgary Stampeders players
Canadian football slotbacks
Canadian football wide receivers
Utah Utes football players
Players of Canadian football from Virginia

Willie Armstead


László Gálffi (born 16 November 1952) is a Hungarian actor. He was born in Budapest.

One of his better known roles is that of King Ludwig II of Bavaria in Tony Palmer's epic film production of Wagner, in which Galffi acted alongside Richard Burton, John Gielgud, Ralph Richardson, Laurence Olivier and Vanessa Redgrave.

He played the part of Frédéric Chopin in the 1982 Hungarian TV film Liszt Ferenc, about the life of Franz Liszt. Galffi also plays Rossa in the 1999 film, Sunshine, also starring Ralph Fiennes.

External links

1952 births
Living people
Hungarian male film actors

László Gálffi


Logo Records was a British record company formed in the mid-1970s by British record executives Geoff Hannington and Olav Wyper.  It was originally funded and part-owned by UK publishing company Marshall Cavendish.  In 1977, the company purchased Transatlantic Records which was at that time owned 75% by the Granada Group and 25% by its founder/chairman Nathan Joseph. Transatlantic was folded into Logo Records.  The company signed new artists including The Tourists and Paul Young and reissued Transatlantic back catalogue. In the 1980s the company became solely owned by Geoff Hannington. In the 1990s, Logo (and the Transatlantic Records catalogue) was sold to Castle Communications which was later absorbed by the Sanctuary Records Group.

A label called Logo Records existed in the United States in the early 1960s. It released a number of singles, including one by Bill Haley & His Comets.

References

British record labels
Record labels established in 1977
Record labels disestablished in 1980
Pop record labels

Logo Records


Flower bulb cultivation is an economic activity in the provinces of North Holland, South Holland and Flevoland. The colourful flower fields that have come to symbolise Holland can be seen in these areas around April.

South Holland
 The Bollenstreek () extends from Leiden to Haarlem. It straddles southern North Holland and northern South Holland. This area, which includes Keukenhof flower garden, is the best known flower region.
 There are a few flower fields in the area south of Leiden (Wassenaar and Voorschoten)
 There are a few flower fields on the South Holland islands of Voorne-Putten and Goeree-Overflakkee. These fields are found in the sandy clay ground behind the dunes.

North Holland
 Flower bulb cultivation takes place in Kennemerland in North Holland. The area extends roughly from the Haarlem area (including villages to the south and west of Haarlem) to Petten (northwest of Alkmaar). Wealthy merchants from Haarlem and Amsterdam introduced the cultivation of flower bulbs on a small scale basis in the sandy soil located close to the dunes in the 16th century. After the Tulip Mania crash of 1637, floriculture strongly declined. Unlike in the Duin- en Bollenstreek to the south, Kennemerland was not—despite the broad dune area south of Castricum—extensively cultivated for this purpose. In the 19th century the area had been earmarked for preservation of the Amsterdam water supply (Amsterdamse Waterleidingduinen) and as a location for the national steel company (Koninklijke Hoogovens).
 A region with bulb cultivation is the area around Breezand in the north of North Holland. This area also did not develop as extensively as the Duin- en Bollenstreek to the south. The soil was not as ideal and some of the bulb farmers left to work in the more developed area in the south.
 Each year in January, the National Tulip Day is being organized on the Dam Square in Amsterdam.

Flevoland
Some of the largest bulb fields can be found in the Noordoostpolder. The Tulipsfestival (Dutch: Het Tulpenfestival) is an annual event, that celebrates the flowering of the colorful tulips.

Towns and villages

Towns and villages in the various parts of the Bulb Region:

 Aerdenhout
 Avenhorn
 Bant
 Bennebroek
 Bergen
 Beverwijk
 Bloemendaal
 Breezand
 Castricum
 Creil
 De Engel
 De Goorn
 De Kaag
 De Zilk
 Dronten
 Egmond
 Espel
 Groet
 Heemstede
 Heemskerk
 Haarlem
 Hillegom
 IJmuiden
 Julianadorp
 Katwijk
 Keukenhof
 Langevelderslag
 Lisse
 Lisserbroek
 Luttelgeest
 Noordwijk
 Noordwijkerhout
 Obdam
 Oegstgeest
 Overveen
 Piet Gijsenbrug
 Roosendaal
 Ruigenhoek
 Rutten
 Schermerhorn
 Sassenheim
 Schoorl
 Spierdijk
 Swifterbant
 Teylingen
 Tollebeek
 Uitgeest
 Ursem
 Velsen
 Velserbroek
 Vogelenzang
 Voorhout
 Voorschoten
 Warmond
 Wassenaar
 Wijk aan Zee
 Zandvoort

References

Agriculture in the Netherlands
Economy of the Netherlands
Geography of Flevoland
Geography of North Holland
Geography of South Holland
Articles containing video clips

Flower bulb cultivation in the Netherlands


Flatland is a novella by Edwin Abbott Abbott. It is set in a fictional two-dimensional world. The books is a satire on society in the Victorian era, where shapes are given jobs and roles based on how many sides they have. It also looks at dimensions, with math, shapes, and geometry.

British novellas
Geometry

1884 books

Flatland


The Elmer Holmes Bobst Library ( ), often referred to simply as Bobst Library or just Bobst, is the main library at New York University (NYU) in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The library is located at 70 Washington Square South between LaGuardia Place and the Schwartz pedestrian plaza, across from the southeast corner of Washington Square Park and next to Gould Plaza.

Opened on September 12, 1973, Bobst Library is named after its benefactor, Elmer Holmes Bobst, who gave  toward its completion. Bobst – a philanthropist who made his money in the pharmaceutical industry, and a confidant of U.S. President Richard Nixon – was a long-time trustee at New York University.

Description

The library, built in 1972, is NYU's largest library and one of the largest academic libraries in the U.S. Designed by Philip Johnson and Richard Foster, the 12-story,  structure is the flagship of an eleven-library, 5.9 million-volume system.

Before its construction, the library was the subject of community protests led by Greenwich Village activists Jane Jacobs, Ruth Wittenberg, and Verna Small. Those opposed to the library project claimed it was too big for its building site, and that the tall building would cast a large shadow over neighboring Washington Square Park, obstructing sunlight from public spaces.

The library houses more than 3.3 million volumes, 20,000 journals, and over 3.5 million microforms; and provides access to thousands of electronic resources in the forms of licensed databases, e-journals, and other formats both on-site and to the university community around the world via the Internet. The library is visited by more than 6,500 users per day, and circulates almost one million books annually.

Gifts from Mamdouha S. Bobst and Kevin Brine made possible a significant renovation of Bobst Library's Mezzanine, First Floor and two Lower Levels which was completed in 2005. The library provided text computer terminals for catalog search in the library until the terminals were replaced by PCs with Internet access in 2008.

The library houses several distinct special collections departments, including the Fales Library, the Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives, and the University Archives of NYU. On the north side, on even floors, are large, double-height study rooms featuring floor-to-ceiling windows overlooking Washington Square Park.

Notable events

Suicides
In late 2003, the library was the site of two suicides. In separate incidents, students jumped from the open-air crosswalks inside the library and fell to the stereogram-patterned marble floor below.

After the second suicide, the university installed Plexiglas barricades on each level and along the stairways to prevent further jumping. In 2009, a third student jumped to his death from the tenth floor, apparently scaling the plexiglas barricade.

The library has since added floor-to-ceiling metal barriers to prevent any future suicide attempts. The barrier is made of randomly perforated aluminum screens that evoke the zeros and ones of a digital waterfall.

Bobst Boy

Also in 2003, the library was in the news when a homeless student took up permanent residence at the library because he could not afford student housing.  This student received the nickname Bobst Boy and was profiled by the Washington Square News, the university's daily student newspaper.  Reaction amongst the student body was mixed.  Some students cited his case as an example of the university's inability to fully meet its students' financial need.

Name
In 2016, several student organizations sent a list of demands to the NYU Board of Trustees. One of these demands called for a name-change due to Elmer Holmes Bobst's alleged history of antisemitism.

References

External links

New York University Libraries website
Avery Fisher Center for Music and Media
Fales Library and Special Collections
The Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
New York University Archives
175 Facts about NYU (Bobst Library)
Bobst Library Podcasts

1973 establishments in New York City
Federal depository libraries
Greenwich Village
Libraries in Manhattan
Bobst Library
Philip Johnson buildings
Library buildings completed in 1973
University and college academic libraries in the United States
Brutalist architecture in New York City

Elmer Holmes Bobst Library


Parashurama (), also referred to as Rama Jamadagnya, Rama Bhargava and Veerarama, is the sixth avatar among the Dashavatara of the preserver god Vishnu in Hinduism. He is believed to be one of the Chiranjeevis (Immortals), who will appear at the end of the Kali Yuga to be the guru of Vishnu's tenth and last incarnation, Kalki.

Born to Jamadagni and Renuka, the Brahmin Parashurama was foretold to appear at a time when overwhelming evil prevailed on the earth. The Kshatriya class, with weapons and power, had begun to abuse their power, take what belonged to others by force and tyrannise people. He corrected the cosmic equilibrium by destroying the Kshatriya warriors twenty-one times. He is married to Dharani, an incarnation of Lakshmi, the wife of Vishnu. He is present in the Ramayana due to the conflict with Rama (the protagonist of the Ramayana) over Shiva's broken bow. He is mentioned in the Mahabharata as the guru of Bhisma, Drona, Rukmi and Karna.

Legend

According to Hindu mythology, Parashurama was born to the sage Jamadagni and his Kshatriya wife, Renuka. In local tradition, it is believed they lived in a hut located at Janapav. They had a celestial cow called Surabhi, which gives them all that they desire (Surabhi is the daughter of cow Kamadhenu). A king named Kartavirya Arjuna (not to be confused with Arjuna, the Pandava) learns about this cow of plenty and wants it. He asks Jamadagni to give it to him, but the sage refuses. While Parashurama is away from the hut, the king takes it by force. When Jamadagni pleads his case and seeks for the return of the cow, the king strikes him with his fist, killing him. Parashurama learns about this crime, and is upset. With his axe in his hand, he challenges the king to battle. They fight, and Parashurama defeats and kills the king, according to the Padma Purana.

The warrior class challenges him, and he slays every single member of the class, save for those belonging to the lineages of Manu and Ikshvaku. The mighty son of Jamadagni, having rid the world of the Kshatriyas, then performs the Ashvamedha sacrifice. He grants the earth with the seven islands to principal rishis belonging to the Brahmin class. Having renounced the earth and his violent deeds, he retires to the hermitage of Nara-Narayana to engage in penance. The legend likely has roots in the ancient conflict between the Brahmin varna, with knowledge duties, and the Kshatriya varna, with warrior and enforcement roles.

Parashurama in geographical myths

There are legends dealing with the origins of the western coast geographically and culturally. One such legend is the retrieval of the west coast from the sea, by Parashurama, a warrior sage. It proclaims that Parashurama, an incarnation of Mahavishnu, threw his battle axe into the sea. As a result, the land of the western coast arose, and thus was reclaimed from the waters. The place from which he threw his axe (or shot an arrow) is on Salher fort (the second highest peak and the highest fort in Maharashtra) in the Baglan taluka of Nashik district of Maharashtra. There is a temple on the summit of this fort dedicated to Parshuram and there are footprints in the rock four times the size of normal humans. This fort on a lower plateau has a temple of goddess Renuka, Parshuram's mother and also a Yagya Kunda with pits for poles to erect a shamiyana on the banks of a big water tank.

According to the Sangam classic Purananuru, the Chera king Senkuttuvan conquered the lands between Kanyakumari and the Himalayas. Lacking worthy enemies, he besieged the sea by throwing his spear into it. According to the 17th-century Malayalam work Keralolpathi, the lands of Kerala were recovered from the sea by the axe-wielding warrior sage Parashurama, the sixth incarnation of Vishnu (hence, Kerala is also called Parashurama Kshetram 'The Land of Parashurama'). Parashurama threw his axe across the sea, and the water receded as far as it reached. According to legend, this new area of land extended from Gokarna to Kanyakumari. The land which rose from sea was filled with salt and unsuitable for habitation; so Parashurama invoked the snake king Vasuki, who spat holy poison and converted the soil into fertile lush green land. Out of respect, Vasuki and all snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of the land. P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar has theorised that Senguttuvan may have been inspired by the Parashurama legend, which was brought by early Aryan settlers.

In present-day Goa (or Gomantak), which is a part of the Konkan, there is a temple in Canacona in South Goa district dedicated to Parashurama.

Texts
Parashurama is generally presented as the fifth son of Renuka and Rishi Jamadagni. The legends of Parashurama appear in many Hindu texts, in different versions:
In Chapter 6 of the Devi Bhagavata Purana, he is born from the thigh with intense light surrounding him that blinds all warriors, who then repent their evil ways and promise to lead a moral life if their eyesight is restored. The boy grants them the boon.
In Chapter 4 of the Vishnu Purana, Rcika prepares a meal for two women, one simple, and another with ingredients that if eaten would cause the woman to conceive a son with martial powers. The latter is accidentally eaten by Renuka, and she then gives birth to Parashurama.
In Chapter 2 of the Vayu Purana, he is born after his mother Renuka eats a sacrificial offering made to both Rudra (Shiva) and Vishnu, which gives him dual characteristics of Kshatriya and Brahmin.

Parashurama is described in some versions of the Mahabharata as the angry Brahmin who with his axe, killed a huge number of Kshatriya warriors because they were abusing their power. In some versions, he even kills his own mother because his father asks him to in order to test his obeisance. After Parashurama obeys his father's order to kill his mother, his father grants him a boon. Parashurama asks for the reward that his mother be brought back to life, and she is restored to life. Parashurama remains filled with sorrow after the violence, repents and expiates his sin. After his Mother comes back to life, he tries to clean the blood-stained axe but he finds a drop of blood which he was unable to clean and tries cleaning the blood drop in different rivers. This is when he moves towards the south of India in search of any holy river where he could clean his axe, finally, he reaches Tirthahalli village in Shimoga, Karnataka and tries to clean the axe and to his surprise, the axe gets cleaned in the holy river of Tunga. With respect towards the holy river, he constructs a Shiva linga and performs pooja and the temple is named as Rameshwara temple. The place where Parashurama cleaned his axe is called Ramakunda.

He plays important roles in the Mahabharata serving as mentor to Bhishma (chapter 5.178), Drona (chapter 1.121) and Karna (chapter 3.286), teaching weapon arts and helping key warriors in both sides of the war.

In the regional literature of Kerala, he is the founder of the land, the one who brought it out of the sea and settled a Hindu community there. He is also known as Rama Jamadagnya and Rama Bhargava in some Hindu texts. Parashurama retired in the Mahendra Mountains, according to chapter 2.3.47 of the Bhagavata Purana. He is the only incarnation of Vishnu who never dies, never returns to abstract Vishnu and lives in meditative retirement. Further, he is the only incarnation of Vishnu that co-exists with other Vishnu incarnations Ram and Krishna in some versions of the Ramayana and Mahabharata, respectively.

Samanta Panchaka
According to the Sangraha Parva, after killing 21 generations of Kshatriyas, he filled their blood in five pools collectively known as the Samantha Panchaka (Sanskrit: ). He later atoned for his sin by severe penance. The five pools are considered to be holy.

The Anukramanika Parva says that the Samantha Panchaka is located somewhere around Kurukshetra. It also mentions that the Pandavas performed a few religious rites near the Samantha Panchaka before the Kurukshetra War.

Parashurama Kshetra
There is much interpretation of 'Parashurama Kshetra' (Land of Parashurama) mentioned in the Puranas.

The region on the western coast of India from Gokarna to Kanyakumari was known as Parashurama Kshetra.

The region of Konkan was also considered as Parashurama Kshetra.

The ancient Saptakonkana is a slightly larger region described in the Sahyadrikhanda which refers to it as Parashuramakshetra (Sanskrit for "The Land Of Parashurama"), Vapi to Tapi is an area of South Gujarat, India. This area is called "Parshuram Ni Bhoomi".

Iconography

The Hindu literature on iconography such as the Vishnudharmottara Purana and Rupamandana describes him as a man with matted locks, with two hands, one carrying an axe. However, the Agni Purana portrays his iconography with four hands, carrying his axe, bow, arrow and sword. The Bhagavata Purana describes his icon as one with four hands, carrying his axe, bow, arrows and a shield like a warrior. Though a warrior, his representation inside Hindu temples with him in war scenes is rare (the Basohli temple is one such exception). Typically, he is shown with two hands, with an axe in his right hand either seated or standing.

Temples

The Anantheshwara Temple is a famous temple in Udupi where Parashurama is worshipped in the form of a lingam.

There is a temple for Parashurama in Thiruvallam near Thiruvananthapuram Kerala. The temple called Athyarala in Rajempet, Andhra Pradesh, is dedicated to Parashurama. There is a Parshuram Kund, a Hindu pilgrimage centre in Lohit District of Arunachal Pradesh which is dedicated to Parashurama. Thousands of pilgrims visit the place in winter every year, especially on the Makar Sankranti day for a holy dip in the sacred kund which is believed to wash away one's sins. Mahurgad is one of the Shakti Pitha shrines in Maharashtra's Nanded District, where a famous temple of goddess Renuka exists. This temple at Mahurgad is always full of pilgrims. People also come to visit Parashurama temple on the same Mahurgad. The 108 Shiva Temples in Kerala which are believed to be consecrated by Parashurama.

Other places where temples for Parashurama are found are Chiplun in Ratnagiri District, Maharashtra and at Udupi, Karnataka. In Karnataka, there are a group of seven temples in the stretch of Tulunadu (coastal Karnataka), known as Parashurama Kshetras, namely, Kollur, Koteshwara, Kukke Subrahmanya, Udupi, Gokarna, Anegudde (Kumbhasi) and Shankaranarayana.

Gallery

In popular culture
On top of the hills  of Janapav is a Shiva temple where Parashurama is believed to have worshipped Shiva, the ashram is known as Jamadagni Ashram, named after his father. The place also has a Kund (Pond) that is being developed by the state government.

In Kannada folklore, especially in devotional songs sung by the Devdasis he is often referred to as a son of Yellamma. Parashurama legends are notable for their discussion of violence, the cycles of retaliations, the impulse of krodha (anger), the inappropriateness of krodha, and repentance.

See also
Bhagwan Parshuram
Bhagavad Gita
Chiranjivi
Heheya Kingdom
Kalachuri Kingdom
Parasuram Express
Vijaya (bow)

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

Chiranjivins
Rishis
Sages in the Ramayana
Characters in the Mahabharata
Akilattirattu Ammanai
Ayyavazhi mythology
Avatars of Vishnu
Savior gods
Salakapurusa
Hindu gods
Jain mythology

Parashurama


Winter Kills is a 1979 satirical black comedy thriller film written and directed by William Richert, based on the eponymous novel of 1974 by Richard Condon. A fiction inspired by the assassination conspiracy theories about President John F. Kennedy, its all-star cast includes Jeff Bridges, John Huston, Anthony Perkins, Eli Wallach, Richard Boone, Toshirō Mifune, Sterling Hayden, Dorothy Malone, Belinda Bauer, Ralph Meeker, Elizabeth Taylor, Berry Berenson and Susan Walden.

The film simplifies the plot of the book somewhat, emphasizing humor. It follows the events surrounding the assassination of the fictional President Kegan (based on John F. Kennedy). Several years later, Kegan's half-brother Nick (Bridges) discovers leads which suggest there may have been a plot to kill the President.

Plot
Nick Kegan, half-brother to assassinated U.S. President Timothy Kegan, is pulled into an elaborate conspiracy 19 years after the event. Arthur Fletcher, a mysterious man, arrives on Nick's father's oil tanker to reveal that he and another gunman were hired to assassinate President Kegan in 1960. Fletcher dies before he can give more details but not before claiming to have hidden the murder weapon in Philadelphia.

Nick goes to Philadelphia with two companions to retrieve the rifle but they are ambushed; Nick survives and his friends are killed. His father, Pa, initially dismissive, later pledges to help solve the mystery. Nick meets a series of characters who offer conflicting narratives: Z.K. Dawson, a wealthy rival to his father, implicates a dead police captain and his aide Lt. Roy Doty. Doty confirms the police's corrupt involvement and a mafia connection that funded Kegan's campaign.

Irving Mentor, a gangster Nick meets in Cleveland, adds another layer, linking the assassination to a Hollywood studio's financial loss due to an affair between the President and a movie star. Nick's girlfriend, Yvette, supposedly an employee at National Magazine, turns out to be a fraud.

Back in New York, Cerruti, the family accountant, offers versions of the assassination, at one point implicating Nick's father, who according to Cerruti, was dissatisfied with his son's liberal policies and had him killed. Cerruti suggests that the conspiracy, including Yvette's role, was designed to keep Nick confused.

Nick confronts his father, who blames Cerruti for the assassination and ensuing blackmail. As they argue, Keifetz, a family associate, bursts in with orders to kill Nick. In the ensuing struggle, Keifetz and another officer are killed, and Pa falls to his death from a high-rise balcony while clutching an American flag. His last words point to a South American connection.

Cast

 Jeff Bridges as Nick Kegan
 John Huston as Pa Kegan
 Anthony Perkins as John Cerruti
 Eli Wallach as Joe Diamond
 Sterling Hayden as Z.K. Dawson
 Dorothy Malone as Emma Kegan
 Tomas Milian as Frank Mayo
 Belinda Bauer as Yvette Malone / Jenny O'Brien
 Toshiro Mifune as Keith
 Ralph Meeker as "Gameboy" Baker
 Richard Boone as Keifitz
 David Spielberg as Miles Garner
 Brad Dexter as Captain Walt Heller One
 Michael Thoma as Ray Doty
 Ed Madsen as Captain Walt Heller Two
 Irving Selbst as Irving Mentor
 Berry Berenson as morgue attendant

Screenwriter and John Huston collaborator Gladys Hill played Rosemary, the character actor Joe Spinell appeared as Arthur Fletcher and singer/songwriter Lissette Álvarez portrayed Soledad. Other small appearances include Byron Morrow as the Secretary of State, Tisa Farrow as a nurse, Gianni Russo as an airline pilot, Kim O'Brien as a blonde girl and Erin Gray as "beautiful woman". John Warner played the ill-fated Timothy Kegan and Elizabeth Taylor makes an uncredited cameo as Lola Comante.

Production

Writing
Leonard Goldberg and Robert Sterling optioned the book from Condon for $75,000 plus 5% of proceeds and 10% of home video. William Richert convinced the producers to let him direct the film after he had adapted Condon's novel. Richert convinced Jeff Bridges to star in the movie by moving on to the road in Malibu where he lived and acting out scenes for him at a local delicatessen.

Filming
Filming began on December 13, 1976. Many of the film's interior scenes were shot in 1977 at the Greystone Mansion in Beverly Hills, then home to the American Film Institute's film school. Richert wanted to film Huston's death at the Pan Am Building but claims he was denied permission by an irate employee who threatened that the film would not be allowed within 20 blocks of the building because the "Kennedys have offices here".

Sterling and Goldberg were drug dealers with very little film experience. They  had previously worked on releasing the French softcore Emmanuelle films in the U.S. Winter Kills was under-capitalized. Needing a budget of $6 million, Sterling and Goldberg only ever raised $2.3 millon. Many actors were never paid or only received the 20% of their fee that was held in escrow. Elizabeth Taylor insisted on being paid her $100,000 fee up front. Some cast and crew reported that they began receiving their pay by being called to a hotel room where they were given envelopes of well-used bills. Eventually, people were working for free until union officials heard of this arrangement. In March 1977, unions shut down the production, forcing it to declare bankruptcy. Goldberg was murdered just before the movie's opening and Sterling was later sentenced to 40 years in prison for marijuana smuggling.

Bridges and Bauer went to Germany to work on Richert's next film, The American Success Company. Richert was able to use money from that production to resume work on Winter Kills. On December 18, 1978, production resumed and filming was finished in two weeks. The director explained his devotion to the project by comparing Winter Kills to "cinematic cocaine". John Bailey filled in as cinematographer because Vilmos Zsigmond was working on another film. The film's distributor, Embassy Pictures, controlled the final cut. The film was the last acting appearance for Candice Rialson.

Reception
The film performed well wherever it was shown but it never received the wide distribution required to make it a box office success. It made $1 million on a $6.5 million budget. Embassy Pictures limited the film to preview screenings in a few cities, foregoing the national and international markets. Condon and Richert thought that Avco-Embassy killed it to avoid threatening Avco's federal contracts which totalled nearly $864 million in 1979. The quality of Winter Kills, combined with its extremely limited theatrical release, created a cult following for the film.

Winter Kills was a critical favorite. Janet Maslin of The New York Times compared the film to M*A*S*H and Dr. Strangelove, writing, "'Winter Kills' isn't exactly a comedy, but it's funny. And it isn't exactly serious, but it takes on the serious business of the Kennedy assassination". The Times''' Vincent Canby also praised the film, complimenting writer/director William Richert's imagination. Brendan Gill of The New Yorker saw the film twice and reported that "I enjoyed it even more the second time, but I cannot pretend that I understood it any better. It is like some intricately embroidered misadventure recounted by a superb, somewhat tipsy storyteller late at night in the library of a big country house, with the cold rain of an enemy night lashing against the windows, and a cozy ruin of red fire red upon the hearth". David Ansen of Newsweek wrote, "In keeping with a morality tale on the excesses of wealth and power, it is extravagantly confusing, grandiosely paranoid, flamboyantly absurd and more than a little fun. Though it utterly lacks the internal consistency that 'good' movies require, as a wild-goose chase it maintains a certain lunatic fascination".

The film is a satire that led a few critics to dismiss the film. Variety magazine wrote of the film, "If there's a decent film lurking somewhere in Winter Kills, writer-director William Richert doesn't want anyone to see it in his Byzantine version of a presidential assassination conspiracy". Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 1 star out of 4 and wrote, "'Winter Kills' rapes the memory of President John F. Kennedy while giving his late father a few dozen kicks in the head, too ... It revels in its every degrading scene. One feels a little less clean just having seen this picture". Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times called it "the kind of conspiratorial caper you like for its continual surprises or hate for its escalating confusions ... It is a Gee Whiz item, expansive, impersonal, never dull". Gary Arnold of The Washington Post called it an "extravagantly kitschy" film with a "fairly repulsive" story.

Rotten Tomatoes rates it 91% fresh based on 23 reviews.

Re-Releases
In 1983, Richert acquired the rights to the film and re-released a director's cut. The second version included a new ending and additional footage of Elizabeth Taylor.Camus. "Conspiracy queries". Cineoutsider. In 2023, Quentin Tarantino spearheaded another re-release of Winter Kills featuring a new 35 mm print. John Bailey oversaw the project, which was completed at FotoKem.

 Documentary Who Killed 'Winter Kills'?'' is a 2003, 38-minute documentary film, directed by Perry Martin and distributed by Anchor Bay, about the production of the film.

References

External links

1979 films
1979 directorial debut films
1979 black comedy films
1970s comedy thriller films
1970s comedy mystery films
1970s mystery thriller films
1970s satirical films
1970s political thriller films
American black comedy films
American business films
American comedy thriller films
American mystery films
American political thriller films
Embassy Pictures films
1970s English-language films
Films about assassinations
Films about conspiracy theories
Films about security and surveillance
Films based on American novels
Films directed by William Richert
Films scored by Maurice Jarre
Films set in California
Films set in Cleveland
Films set in New York City
Films set in Philadelphia
Films shot in California
Films shot in New York City
Films shot in Philadelphia
Films à clef
1970s American films

Winter Kills (film)