Alan Donald James Macfarlane  (born 20 December 1941 in Shillong, Meghalaya, India) is an anthropologist and historian, and a Professor Emeritus of King's College, Cambridge. He is the author or editor of 20 books and numerous articles on the anthropology and history of England, Nepal, Japan and China. He has focused on comparative study of the origins and nature of the modern world. In recent years he has become increasingly interested in the use of visual material in teaching and research. He is a Fellow of the British Academy and the Royal Historical Society.

Early life
Macfarlane was born into a British family of tea planters in Assam in northeast India.  He was born in Ganesh Das Hospital in the hill station of Shillong, at the time the capital of undivided Assam state and now the capital of Meghalaya.  His father "Mac" Macfarlane was also a reserve officer of the Assam Rifles, besides being a tea planter, and his mother was the author Iris Macfarlane.  The family lived in various tea estates in both Upper Assam and Lower Assam, in the Brahmaputra valley.

Career
Macfarlane was educated at the Dragon School, Oxford and Sedbergh School. He then read modern history at Worcester College, University of Oxford, from 1960 to 1963, completing a Bachelor of Arts degree, and went on to his Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy on Witchcraft prosecutions in Essex, 1560–1680: A Sociological Analysis degrees, in 1967. He also completed a Master of Philosophy degree in anthropology on "The regulation of marital and sexual relationships in 17th century England" at the London School of Economics in 1968 and a second doctorate in anthropology on "Population and resources in central Nepal" in 1972 at the School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London.

He went on to be a research fellow in history at King's College, University of Cambridge. In 1975, he was appointed lecturer in social anthropology at the University of Cambridge, becoming a reader in historical anthropology in 1981 and then a full professor of anthropological science and personal chair in 1991. He became emeritus professor of anthropological science at the University of Cambridge and a life fellow of King's College, Cambridge in 2009. Macfarlane received the Huxley Memorial Medal, the highest honour of the Royal Anthropological Institute in 2012.

Anthropological interests
Macfarlane's first major publication, in 1970, was Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England, a historical study of the conditions that gave rise to English witchcraft beliefs. His approach drew on the work of classic functionalist anthropologists Edward Evans-Pritchard and Lucy Mair. Also in 1970, Macfarlane published The Family Life of Ralph Josselin, a study of the diary of a famous seventeenth-century clergyman. His approach here, exploring the emotions, fears and relationships of an individual to attempt a historical study of private life in seventeenth century England, was reminiscent of the Annales School.

Macfarlane has undertaken several periods of ethnographic field research, the first of these a period in Nepal with the Gurung people. He used this period as the foundation of a 1976 study, Resources and Population a Malthusian analysis of Gurung responses to scarce resources and an expanding population. Following Malthus' demographic principles, Macfarlane warned that the Gurung might experience a 'population check' in coming decades.

Historical interests
Macfarlane has published extensively on English history, advancing the idea that many traits of so-called "modern society" appeared in England long before the period of modernity as defined by historians, such as Lawrence Stone. Drawing loosely on work by Max Weber, Macfarlane has contrasted the defining characteristics of modern and traditional society. His 1987 book The Culture of Capitalism is a non-deterministic study of the emergence of modernity and capitalism in Western Europe.  Two further books, The Origins of English Individualism (1978) and Marriage and Love in England (1986), explore the way English family institutions and social life emerged distinctly from continental European institutions and experiences.

During the 1990s, Macfarlane was invited to lecture in Japan, initiating a period of research into the distinctive emergence of modernity in Japan by contrast to England and Europe. 1997's The Savage Wars of Peace returned to Macfarlane's early interest in Malthus and demographics, comparing the modernity experiences of England and Japan. The book argues that England and Japan, both relatively large but non-remote islands, were each positioned to develop an autonomous culture while still profiting from nearby continental influence. Through different means, both Japan and England overcame the Malthusian trap, keeping birth and mortality rates under control, thus providing a demographic impetus for the rise of capitalism and prosperity. Macfarlane wrote an entire book dedicated to Japan published in 2007, Japan Through the Looking Glass.

Literary works and collaborations
Macfarlane's work on modernity acknowledges his Enlightenment roots. His Riddle of the Modern World (2000) and Making of the Modern World (2001) are contributions to the field of history of ideas, addressing the work of Montesquieu, Adam Smith, Alexis de Tocqueville, Ernest Gellner, Yukichi Fukuzawa and Frederic Maitland.

Another strand in his work addresses the role of particular inventions in transforming history. The Glass Bathyscaphe: How Glass Changed the World (2002), co-authored with Gerry Martin, discusses how the invention and use of glass facilitated European dominion overseas. Macfarlane and his mother Iris co-wrote Green Gold: The Empire of Tea (2003), presenting the thesis that tea contributed to English prosperity, preventing epidemics by requiring the boiling of water and by promoting antibiotic effects.

2005's Letters to Lily distils Macfarlane's reflections on a life of research, as addressed to his granddaughter Lily Bee. As a non-academic work it brought Macfarlane to the attention of a wider, non-scholarly audience.

Macfarlane's work has been widely read and cited by his contemporaries.
Critics have challenged the role he ascribes to English institutions in the establishment of modernity, and his moral relativism as a champion of modernity who nonetheless affirms the validity of non-Western institutions.

Together with Mark Turin, Macfarlane established the Digital Himalaya Project in December 2000 and now serves as Chairman of the executive board of the World Oral Literature Project. He is also a co-editor of The Fortnightly Review's "new series" online.

Publications
Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England: A Regional and Comparative Study, Routledge & Kegan Paul, Abingdon-on-Thames, 1970, 334 p.  (second edition, Routledge, 1999, 380 p.)
The Family Life of Ralph Josselin: A Seventeenth Century Clergyman - An Essay in Historical Anthropology, Cambridge University Press, 1970, 241 p.
Resources and Population: A Study of the Gurungs of Nepal, Cambridge University Press, 1976, 382 p.
Reconstructing Historical Communities in collaboration with Sarah Harrison and Charles Jardine, Cambridge University Press, 1977, 222 p.
The Origins of English Individualism: The Family, Property and Social Transition, Blackwell, Oxford, 1978, 236 p.  (translated in Portuguese, Japanese, Hungarian, and Chinese)
The Justice and the Mare's Ale: Law and Disorder in Seventeenth-century England with Sarah Harrison, Blackwell, Oxford 1981, 238 p.
A Guide to English Historical Records, Cambridge University Press, 1983, 134 p.
Marriage and Love in England: Modes of Reproduction 1300-1840, Blackwell, Oxford, 1986, 320 p.
The Culture of Capitalism, Blackwell, Oxford, 1987, 272 p.  (translated in Portuguese, Japanese, Spanish, and Turkish)
The Diary of Ralph Josselin: 1616-1683, Oxford University Press, 1991, 752 p.
Gurungs of Nepal: A Guide to the Gurungs with Indrabahadur Gurung, Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, 1992, 74 p.  (the text can found on the author's website)
The Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap, Blackwell, Oxford, 1997, 448 p.  (a full version is available  on the author's website) (translated in Japan in 2001)
The Riddle of the Modern World: Of Liberty, Wealth and Equality, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2000, 344 p.
The Making of the Modern World: Visions from the West and East, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2002, 336 p.
The Glass Bathyscaphe: How Glass Changed the World with Gerry Martin, Profile Books, London, 2002, 305 p. (three editions)    (published in the US as Glass : A World History, University of Chicago Press, 2002, 288 p. ) (translated in Italian, Chinese, German, Spanish, and Chinese (complex))
Green Gold: The Empire of Tea with Iris Macfarlane, Ebury Press, London, 2003, 320 p.  (translated in Italian, Spanish, Chinese (complex), and Japanese)
Letters To Lily: On How the World Works, Profile Books, London, 2006, 320 p.    (translated in Korean, Japanese, Finnish, Norwegian (Swedish, Danish), Chinese (complex), Chinese, Slovenian, and Hungarian)
Japan Through the Looking Glass: Shaman to Shinto, Profile Books, London, 2007, 288 p.    (translated in French, Finnish, Italian, and Chinese)
Reflections on Cambridge, Social Science Press, New Delhi, 2009, 243 p.    (translated in Chinese)
The Invention of the Modern World, Odd Volumes (The Fortnightly Review, New Series), London, 2014, 334 p.
China, Japan, Europe and the Anglo-sphere, A Comparative Analysis, Cambridge Rivers Publishing, Cambridge, April 2018, 258 p.
Dragon Days: The Dragon School, Oxford, 1949-1955, CreateSpace Independent Publishing, 2013, with James Bruce Lockhart

As editor The Gurungs: A Himalayan Population of Nepal by Bernard Pignede with Sarah Harrison, Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, 1993, 523 p.
As contributor The Nagas: Hill Peoples of Northeast India - Society, Culture and the Colonial Encounter by Julian Jacobs with Sarah Harrison and Anita Herle, Thames and Hudson, London, 1990, 356 p.

Major Thinkers Series
Following and expanding The Making of the Modern World: Visions from the West and East
Yukichi Fukazawa and the Making of the Modern World, 2002, 97 p. (the text is available on this page)
F.W. Maitland and the Making of the Modern World, 2002, 102 p. (the text is available on this page)
Thomas Malthus and the Making of the Modern World, 2002, 138 p. (the text is available on this page)
Montesquieu and the Making of the Modern World, 2013, 55 p. (the text is available on this page)
Alexis de Tocqueville and the Making of the Modern World, 2013, 92 p. (the text is available on this page)
Adam Smith and the Making of the Modern World, 2013, 69 p. (the text is available on this page)
Four Approaches to the Making of the Modern World, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, Silicon Valley 2018, 110 p.

How We Understand the World Series
Inspired by and continuing Letters To Lily: On How the World Works also addressed to younger persons of the author's and author's friends' families.
How to Discover the World -  Reflections for Rosa, Cambridge Rivers Publishing, Cambridge, Mars 2018, 96 p.  (translated in Chinese)
How To Understand Each Other - Notes for Nina, Cambridge Rivers Publishing, Cambridge, Mars 2018, 96 p.  (translated in Chinese)
Intelligent Machines - Conversations with Gerry, Cambridge Rivers Publishing, Cambridge, Mars 2018, 192 p.
Learning to be Modern - Jottings for James, Cam Rivers Publishing, Cambridge, Mars 2018, 88 p.
A Modern Education - Advice for Ariston, Cam Rivers Publishing, Cambridge, Mars 2018, 168 p.
How Do We Know - Advice for April, Cambridge Rivers Publishing, Cambridge, Mars 2018, 136 p.  (translated in Chinese)
How To Investigate Mysteries - Secrets for Sam, Cambridge Rivers Publishing, Cambridge, Mars 2018, 84 p.  (translated in Chinese)
How to Study the World - Suggestions for Shuo, Cambridge Rivers Publishing, Cambridge, April 2018, 120 p.  (translated in Chinese)
How Can We Survive - Thoughts for Taras, Cambridge Rivers Publishing, Cambridge, April 2018, 124 p.  (translated in Chinese)

Other essays
Encounters with Japan and the Japanese, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, Silicon Valley, 2013, 256 p.
King's College Cambridge, a personal view with Patricia McGuire, Cambridge Rivers Publishing, Cambridge, July 2018, 56 p.
 (unpublished) Robert Chambers of Edinburgh as 'assistant' of Iris Macfarlane available on the author's own site
As editor The Education of Iris Macfarlane 1922-1939 by Iris Macfarlane, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, Silicon Valley, July 2018, 234 p.  (the text is available on this page)

Selected lectures
 Family, Marriage and Kinship - How They Work (1983)
 Lectures on Great Social Thinkers (2001)

References

Further reading
 Snell, Keith D. M., "English Historical Continuity and the Culture of Capitalism: The Work of Alan Macfarlane", History Workshop Journal, Vol. 27, No. 1 (March 1989), pp. 154–163
 White, Stephen D., and Vann, Richard T., "The Invention of English Individualism: Alan Macfarlane and the Modernization of Pre‐Modern England", Social History, Vol. 8, No. 3 (October 1983), pp. 345–363

External links
Official website
Alan Macfarlane at YouTube

1941 births
British anthropologists
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Living people
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
People educated at The Dragon School
Himalayan studies

Alan Macfarlane


Camp Robert Smalls was a United States Naval training facility, created pursuant to an order signed April 21, 1942 by Frank Knox, then Secretary of the Navy, for the purpose of training African-American seamen at a time when the USN was still segregated by race.

The camp was located inside the Great Lakes Naval Training Center in Illinois and named for Robert Smalls, a black naval hero of the American Civil War.  The camp's first commander was Lieutenant Commander Daniel Armstrong, whose father had founded the Hampton Institute and had "brought him up to understand race problems."  The Navy began enlisting Negro seamen on June 1, 1942, and the first class of 277 enlistees began training at Camp Robert Smalls later that month.  Of that class, 222 completed the training successfully on September 3, 1942.  102 of those graduates were chosen to continue with specialized training, and the rest of the class was assigned to routine duties.

The first classes of men to be trained at the camp had "no hope of being commissioned."  However, the Navy began training officer candidates at Camp Robert Smalls towards the end of 1943.

Robert Smalls's great-grandson, Edward Estes Davidson, trained at Camp Robert Smalls, as did Owen Dodson, Larry Doby, Clark Terry, and Charles Sebree.

See also
 Executive Order 9981
 Golden Thirteen

References

External links

1942 establishments in Illinois
African-American segregation in the United States
Closed installations of the United States Navy
United States Navy in World War II
North Chicago, Illinois

Camp Robert Smalls


Meydan Racecourse is a racecourse in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The grandstand is a half mile in length, and can accommodate over 60,000 spectators.

Meydan opened on 27 March 2010, replacing Nad Al Sheba Racecourse, which formerly occupied the same site. It includes a horse racing museum, gallery and five-star hotel and nine-hole golf course. When not in use for racing it serves as a business and conference centre. The track's interior was also used as a filming location for the film Star Trek Beyond, depicting the docking bay where the USS Enterprise is moored, including the bar scene during the film's climax which contains a ship construction bay.

The Meydan grandstand

The  Meydan Racecourse includes Meydan Marina, The Meydan, the world's first five-star trackside hotel with 285 rooms, two race tracks and the Grandstand, which consists of a hotel, restaurants, a racing museum and 72 corporate suites for entertaining throughout the year. It has a 2,400 m left-handed turf race track and a left-handed 8.75-furlong (1,750 m) dirt course. It operates from November through March and features the Winter Racing Challenge, Dubai International Racing Carnival and the Dubai World Cup Night. The Dubai World Cup is the world's richest race day with over US$26.25 million in prize money.

The Racecourse district occupies 67 million ft² (620 ha); the overall Meydan City development however is 200 million ft² (1,900 ha). It is divided into four sub-districts: Meydan Racecourse, Meydan Metropolis, Meydan Horizons, and Meydan Godolphin Parks. Meydan is closely affiliated with Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, UAE Vice President and Prime Minister and Ruler of Dubai.

Lady Gaga performed there on 10 September 2014 as part of her world tour, ArtRave: The Artpop Ball, in support of her third studio album ARTPOP. The racecourse has also hosted concerts by Elton John, Santana, Kylie Minogue, Janet Jackson and Sia.

Major Thoroughbred races
Dubai World Cup
Dubai Golden Shaheen
Dubai Sheema Classic
Dubai Turf
Godolphin Mile
Jebel Hatta

See also
Nad Al Sheba Racecourse

References

External links
Meydan Racecourse
Dubai Racing Club

Horse racing venues in the United Arab Emirates
Sports venues completed in 2010
Sports venues in Dubai
2010 establishments in the United Arab Emirates

Meydan Racecourse


Brigitte Birnbaum (born 29 May 1938) is a German author of books, mainly for children and young people.

Life
Brigitte Birnbaum (also Birnbaum-Fiedler) was born in Elbing (as it was known at that time), a manufacturing town and administrative centre in East Prussia, positioned near the coast between Danzig and  Königsberg.   War broke out shortly after her first birthday.   In 1945 her family was caught up in the "ethnic cleansing" of the time, ending up in Mecklenburg, the northern part of what had now become the Soviet occupation zone (after October 1949 the German Democratic Republic).   She passed her school leaving exams (Abitur), a necessary hurdle along the way to a university level education, and embarked on an apprenticeship as an assistant pharmacist.

She next spent three years studying literature at the German Institute for Literature in Leipzig.   Armed with her degree, she became an antique books dealer.   Her books for children began to appear in the early 1960s.   She lived in Schwerin between 1960 and 2003, supporting herself as a freelance author, formally, from 1968.   She lived in Hamburg for ten years from 2003, after which she relocated back to Schwerin.

Awards and honours
 1985 Arts Prize of the Society for German–Soviet Friendship

Publications

For children and young people

 Bert, der Einzelgänger. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1962
 Reise in den August. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1967 (illustrations by Kurt Klamann)
 Winter ohne Vater. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1977
 Ab morgen werd ich Künstler. A tale from the life of Heinrich Zilles. Kinderbuchverlag Berlin 1977 (Edition for West Germany and West Berlin published as: Der Pinselheinrich. Eine Zille-Geschichte für Kinder, Elefanten Press 1986, )
 Das Siebentagebuch. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1981
 Der Hund mit dem Zeugnis. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1971 (illustrations by Maria Radoslavova-Finger)
 Löwen an der Ufertreppe. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1981 (illustrations by Konrad Golz)
 Tintarolo. Ein Buch für Kinder über Käthe Kollwitz mit Zeichnungen von Käthe Kollwitz. Elefanten Press, Berlin (West) 1981.
 Alexander in Zarskoje, Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1982 (a tale about chnildhood by Alexander Puschkin)
 Kathusch. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1986 (on the childhood and youth of Käthe Kollwitz)
 Fragen Sie doch Melanie! Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1987.
 Von einem, der auszog, neue Eltern zu suchen und andere Erzählungen. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1989.
 Die Maler aus der Ostbahnstraße. From the lives of Hans and Lea Grundig. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1990.
 Wider die kleinen Mörder. Kiro-Verlag, Schwedt 1994.
 Noch lange kein Sommer. Verlag Reinhard Thon, Schwerin 1998

Other
 Ernst Barlach. Annäherungen. Demmler Verlag, Schwerin 1996.
 Fontane in Mecklenburg. Demmler Verlag, Schwerin 1994.
 Spaziergänge durch Güstrow. Ein Stadtführer. Thon, Schwerin 1992.  (Photos by Peter Reinhard)

References

1938 births
Living people
German children's writers
German women children's writers
20th-century German women writers
21st-century German women writers
20th-century German novelists
People from Elbląg
Writers from East Prussia
East German writers
East German women

Brigitte Birnbaum


A passenger service unit (PSU) is an aircraft component situated above each row in the overhead panel above the passenger seats in the cabin of airliners. Among other things, a PSU contains reading lights, loudspeakers for announcements, illuminated signs (to remind people that the aircraft is a no-smoking zone and to wear a seatbelt), buttons to call for assistance (though these are mounted on the armrest on some aircraft), air condition vents, and automatically deployed oxygen masks in case of cabin depressurisation. These are not found on the smallest of feederliners, or on older aircraft.

Safety equipment
Aircraft cabin components

Passenger service unit


Debra McGrath (lahir Julai 5, 1954) adalah seorang pelakon dan pelawak Kanada.

Pendidikan
Debra McGrath was born in Toronto in 1954. She studied theater at Ryerson University.

Pekerjaan

McGrath first started her career at the Second City Comedy Company in 1983, where she was a writer and actress, and eventually a director.

McGrath has made numerous guest appearances on a variety of Canadian TV series, and had a regular role in the first season of Paradise Falls. She starred with her husband, Colin Mochrie, in two television series, CBC's Getting Along Famously and the children's series Seven Little Monsters. She can also be seen in Little Mosque on the Prairie in which she plays Mayor Popowitcz.

In 2003, she formed a comedy troupe called Women Fully Clothed. Fellow cast members Kathy Greenwood, Robin Duke, Jayne Eastwood, Teresa Pavlinek and McGrath perform sketches about situations ordinary women face everyday. McGrath left the troupe in the first half of 2009.

She has also done voices in several other animated shows including George and Martha, Stories From My Childhood, George Shrinks, Diabolik, The Raccoons, Babar, Little Bear, Blazing Dragons, Mr. Men and Little Miss, My Dad the Rock Star, Bob and Margaret, Anatole, Freaky Stories, The Busy World of Richard Scarry, The Neverending Story, Free Willy, Corduroy, Bad Dog, Flying Rhino Junior High, Medabots, The Berenstain Bears, BIRDZ, Flash Gordon and Franklin as well as the feature film Franklin and the Green Knight.

Hidup peribadi

McGrath met and married Colin Mochrie while working at Second City. They have lived in Canada, England, and the United States. She and Colin currently live in Toronto with their son, Luke (born 1990).

Pautan luar

 debmcgrath.com

Orang hidup
Kelahiran 1954
Pelakon wanita Kanada

Debra McGrath


The 9 cm Kanone C/73 was a field gun developed after the Franco-Prussian War and used by Germany before and during World War I.

History
After the Franco-Prussian War, the German Army began to study replacements for its existing C/61 steel breech-loaded cannons.  Although the C/61 had outclassed its bronze muzzle-loaded French rivals during the war its Wahrendorff breech was unpopular with gun crews.  The new gun designated the C/73 retained the same  ammunition as the C/61 and was assigned to the field artillery regiments of the Army.  The German and Austro-Hungarian Army during that period rounded up to the nearest centimeter.

In addition to the German Army, C/73s also armed the Ottoman Empire and a number of the Balkan states.  The Balkan states either bought them from Germany, built them under license or inherited Ottoman guns after they left the region.  Although largely replaced by the German Army before the First World War, a combination of higher than expected losses and insufficient ammunition production led to the C/73 being brought out of reserve and issued as replacements to field artillery regiments. Some C/73s are believed to have been used by Turkey as late as 1922.

Once adequate numbers of new field guns such as the 7.7 cm FK 16 were being produced obsolete types such as the 9 cm Kanone C/73 and captured guns such as the 76 mm divisional gun M1902 and Canon de 75 modèle 1897 were withdrawn from front-line service and issued to anti-aircraft units.  At first, all of the combatants employed field guns on improvised anti-aircraft mounts, which were typically earthen embankments or scaffolds to get the muzzle pointed skyward.  Later in the war, specialized anti-aircraft mounts were developed.  In 1918 it was estimated that there were still 614 C/73s and C79s deployed in that role.

Design
Although made of steel like its predecessor, the C/73 was of built-up construction with a central rifled tube, a reinforcing hoop from the trunnions to the breech and a larger propellant chamber for higher muzzle velocities and greater range.  The C/73 featured a new breech, known as a cylindro-prismatic breech, which was a predecessor of Krupp's horizontal sliding-block, and the gun used separate-loading, bagged charges and projectiles.

The C/73 had a box trail carriage built from bolted steel plates instead of wood.  The C/73 did not have a recoil mechanism or a gun shield.  For transport, the gun was attached to a limber for towing by a six-horse team.  The limber also had seats for crew members plus ammunition and supplies.  There were also seats attached to the axle of the gun carriage for the crew.

In addition to the original steel barrel a hardened bronze barrel was introduced in 1879 and that gun was designated as the 9 cm Kanone C/79.  A change from black powder to smokeless powder propellant was addressed during 1888 by adopting a new barrel with the designation C/73-88.  Later, a new nickel-steel barrel was introduced in 1891 to address premature barrel explosions by shells filled with picric acid.  These were given the designation C/73-91.

Users

Wars

 Russo-Turkish War
 First Boer War
 War of the Pacific
 Greco-Turkish War (1897)
 Second Boer War
 Boxer Rebellion
 Herero Wars
 Italo-Turkish War
 Balkan Wars
 World War I
 Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)

Photo Gallery

References

External links

World War I artillery of Germany
Artillery of the Ottoman Empire

9 cm Kanone C/73


Andrew Gifford (1700–1784) was an English Baptist minister and numismatist.

Life
Gifford was the son of Emanuel Gifford, and grandson of Andrew Gifford, both Baptist ministers at Bristol. He was born on 17 August 1700, and was sent to the dissenting academy of Samuel Jones at Tewkesbury. He then studied for a time under Dr. John Ward.

Gifford seems to have performed ministerial work in Nottingham in 1725, and to have been assistant to his father at Bristol in 1726, in which year he was invited to become pastor of the congregation in Devonshire Square, London. He declined the position, but at the beginning of 1730 he accepted a call from the Baptist meeting in Eagle Street, London. He was chaplain to Sir Richard Ellys, and after Sir Richard's death to Lady Ellys, from 1731 to 1745. In 1754 he received the degree of D.D. from the University of Aberdeen.

Gifford collected coins, and was a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London. With influential friends including John Ward, one of the trustees, he was appointed assistant librarian in the British Museum in 1757. He held this office till his death on 19 June 1784. He was buried in Bunhill Fields burial ground.

Works and legacy
Two of Gifford's sermons were published, one on The Great Storm in 1703,' 1734, and the other, preached ten days before his death, To the Friendly Society, 1784. He edited for the Society of Antiquaries Folkes' Tables of English Silver and Gold Coins, which was published in 2 vols. in 1763.

Gifford's collection of coins was purchased by George II for his private cabinet, but he left a  collection of books, manuscripts, pictures, and curiosities to the Baptist academy at Bristol. Pastor of the Eagle Street meeting till his death, he bequeathed £400 to it, making the six deacons his executors.

Family
Gifford's second wife, Grace Paynter, whom he married in 1737, died in 1762. She brought him a fortune of £6,000. He had no children.

References

Attribution

1700 births
1784 deaths
18th-century English Baptist ministers
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
English numismatists
English sermon writers
18th-century English writers
18th-century English male writers
Burials at Bunhill Fields
Employees of the British Museum

Andrew Gifford


Maumee is a city in northwest Ohio. It is close to Toledo. At the 2010 census, almost 14,300 people lived there. The name of the city is pronounced "mommy". The name was derived from an Native American tribe. It was established in the 19th century.

Cities in Ohio

Maumee, Ohio


Poedjangga Baroe (pronounced ; Perfected spelling: Pujangga Baru, also known by the intermediate spelling Pudjangga Baru) was an Indonesian avant-garde literary magazine published from July 1933 to February 1942. It was founded by Armijn Pane, Amir Hamzah, and Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana.

From the turn of the 20th century, the native people of the Dutch East Indies began to hold a greater degree of nationalism, evidenced in part by the establishment of several nationalist publications. Armijn, Hamzah, and Alisjahbana, three writers from Sumatra, laid the foundation for their magazine in September 1932. They sent letters to forty contributors to the literary section of the newspaper Pandji Poestaka requesting submissions, as well as support from ten sultanates. When a deal with Dutch-owned publishing house Kolff & Co. fell through, the founders agreed to self-publish. The resulting magazine, Poedjangga Baroe, was first published in July 1933. During its publishing run, the magazine took a wider scope and saw greater involvement from politically inclined persons. After the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies in 1942, the magazine ceased publication. Another magazine under the Pudjangga Baru banner was published from 1948 until 1954.

Ideologically, Poedjangga Baroe supported a modern, united nation with one language, Indonesian. However, the different cultural and political views of its contributors led the publication to have undefined leanings. To maintain a neutral political position, the magazine published writings that covered numerous aspects of the political spectrum. In cultural discourse, the magazine published disagreeing polemics over the proper balance of Westernization and tradition necessary for the country's development.

During its nine-year initial publication run, Poedjangga Baroe published ninety issues, including over three hundred pieces of poetry, five plays, three poetry anthologies, a novel, numerous essays, and several short stories. The publication, which never had more than 150 paying subscribers, received mixed responses. Young writers praised it for reflecting the period, while Malay traditionalists decried its perceived corruption of the Malay language. Although most of its published works are now forgotten, the shared themes and styles from 1933 to 1942 have led critics to deem the period the "Poedjangga Baroe generation" of Indonesian literature.

Title
The title Poedjangga Baru literally translates to "New Writer". However, the term "Poedjangga" (after the 1972 spelling reform, spelled "pujangga") has further connotations. The Old Javanese word "bhujangga", from which "pujangga" is derived, is rooted in a Sanskrit word associated with religious learning. As such, the title implies noble intentions.

History

Background
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the different ethnic groups of the Dutch East Indies – modern day Indonesia – began to feel a sense of national unity, as eventually formulated in the 1928 Youth Pledge. These native groups founded political parties to further their goals and represent their political ideologies, including the Indonesian Communist Party and Indonesian National Party.

This sense of unity was represented in new media. Dutch-language magazines for educated native youth, such as the Jong Java (1915) and Jong Sumatranen Bond (1917), advocated a modern national identity without the traditional feudal system. Nationalist views were advocated through magazines for adults, including Pandji Poestaka (first published 1930) and Timboel (first published 1932); these were short-lived publications and only included literature as a supplement. There were also unsuccessful attempts to found Malay-language literary publications, such as Malaya (announced in 1921).

Founding
Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana, editor of "Memadjoekan Sastera" ("Advancing Literature", the literary section of Pandji Poestaka) since its creation in March 1932, met Armijn Pane when the latter began submitting poems. A vocal activist for literary renewal, in a September 1932 letter Alisjahbana called for new literary critics () and asked Armijn to invite poet Amir Hamzah to help them form a group. After a long period of exchanging letters, they decided to publish a magazine together. The magazine, later given the name Poedjangga Baroe, was meant to advocate modernity and nationalism through literature, which had never been done in the Indies. The founders, all originating from Sumatra, also noted a lack of interaction between the increasing number of poets and writers. To avoid the creative limitations of the Dutch East Indies' state-owned publisher Balai Pustaka, they agreed that the magazine should be independent.

To gain support for Poedjangga Baroe, in October 1932 Hamzah was tasked with writing letters to solicit submissions; a total of fifty letters were sent to noted writers, including forty sent to contributors to "Memadjoekan Sastera". In January 1933, Armijn went to meet Alisjahbana and Hamzah in Batavia (modern day Jakarta). The three discussed Armijn's proposed budget and stated goal of promoting a national language. After the meeting, Armijn sent follow-up letters to the previously contacted writers and reached an agreement with Dutch publishing house Kolff & Co.

In February 1933, the group issued a prospectus that contained publication data and guaranteed that the magazine would have no fewer than sixty-four pages per issue. Other writers, including Armijn's elder brother Sanusi Pane and poet Muhammad Yamin, were called to serve on the editorial board. Worried that there would not be enough subscribers to support the magazine and hoping to ensure a good reception from traditional groups, the founders sent letters to leaders of ten sultanates in the archipelago asking that they subscribe to the magazine; however, only Syarif Muhammad Alkadrie, the sultan of Pontianak, agreed to subscribe.

Publication
In the prospectus, Poedjangga Baroe  founders stated their intention to publish in May 1933. However, the initial publication was later delayed until July for two reasons. Firstly, Armijn intended to move to Batavia to help with the magazine and needed time to do so. Secondly, a conflict arose between the founders and Kolff & Co. about printing costs, eventually leading the founders to opt for self-publication. This first edition included a foreword by educators Ki Hadjar Dewantara and Hoessein Djajadiningrat, eleven poems from solicited writers, and two essays, one by Armijn and one by Alisjahbana. The magazine continued to be primarily written in Indonesian; indeed, the magazine was the first written mainly in Indonesian and with exclusively Indonesian editors.

The nascent magazine, under the editorial control of Armijn and Alisjahbana, was initially poorly received by political parties and actors; they considered the magazine, which was generally non-political, liable to weaken the nationalist movement by diverting it into less important areas. To guarantee better support, people who were not writers or literary critics were accepted onto the editorial board. The first, Sumadang, was accepted in 1935. Other politicians involved during the end of the 1930s included Amir Sjarifuddin, Mohamad Sjah, and Sugiarti. During this period the magazine began to have a wider scope.

Closure
Poedjangga Baroe was closed with the fall of the Dutch East Indies government after the Japanese invaded the Indies in February 1942; the last issue published covered the period of December 1941 to February 1942. The editors wrote in that issue that they intended to continue publication as long as feasible; this did not happen, although later writers used a similar style. Until its closing, the original run of Poedjangga Baroe published about ninety issues.

After the Japanese surrender and towards the end of the Indonesian National Revolution, a second series was published under the same title by Alisjabahna with new contributors, including Chairil Anwar, Achdiat Karta Mihardja, and Asrul Sani. The first edition of this new series, dated March 1948 but released in May, included a heated condemnation of the Indonesian leadership for perceived unwillingness to deal with the suffering which occurred during the occupation. This new publication, which Jassin described as unoriginal, ceased in 1954. It was later replaced by Konfrontasi, led by Alisjahbana, which published bi-monthly from 1954 until 1962.

Poedjangga Baroe paid subscribers were always fewer than 150. According to historian Heather Sutherland, this low circulation was rooted in several cultural factors. Firstly, the native populace at the time had limited literacy and education. Secondly, native intellectuals mainly spoke Dutch during formal discourse, while others kept to local languages; this led to comprehension issues for the Indonesian-language Poedjangga Baroe.

Throughout its publication, Poedjangga Baroe had more than 125 employees or contributors. Most were of Sumatran origin, with a high school or greater education in Westernized schools, and a good command of Dutch. They were modernists, and most were around the age of twenty five when they first contributed. According to Armijn, they were united by a view of life and not a shared literary style.

Contents
Poedjangga Baroe original stated mission, to advocate a new style of literature and language that reflected the Indonesian National Awakening, lasted until April 1934. The scope was slowly extended to culture, art, and social issues in 1935. After 1936, the mission statement was that the magazine was intended to be a "guide to the new, dynamic enthusiasm to form a new culture, Indonesian culture". According to Sutherland, however, the writers dealt mainly with the needs and opinions of modernist, pro-Westernization intellectuals; discussions of the socio-political needs of the masses were few.

According to the 1933 press release, from the beginning Poedjangga Baroe was meant to include various types of literary works, including fictional prose, poetry (in both modern and traditional forms), non-fiction literary reviews and critiques, research, and opinion pieces on language and literature. The original run of Poedjangga Baroe published more than 300 poems and, in special editions, several poetry anthologies; although prose was less prominent, Poedjangga Baroe published five dramas, one novel, and several short stories. Along with individual scholarly articles, the magazine also published special editions dedicated to collections of essays on the Indonesian emancipation figure Kartini and the Bengali literary figure Rabindranath Tagore; the latter was published on the occasion of Tagore's death.

Views

Politics
Writers for Poedjangga Baroe did not share a united political view and the magazine ostensibly stayed politically neutral. This stance was adopted to ensure the magazine did not fall afoul of the colonial government's censors and to protect contributors employed by the government. However, writings falling under various parts of the political spectrum were published, including works by cultural nationalists, a sonnet dedicated to Marxist theorist Rosa Luxemburg, and notes on fascism.

Culture
Although Poedjangga Baroe writers were united by nationalism, they had different views on traditional culture. Some, such as Armijn and Alisjahbana, considered an understanding of Western culture and history key to development. Others, such Sanusi, emphasized the need for Eastern values, though they accepted some aspects of Western culture. Writers for Poedjangga Baroe did not share religious views. Main contributors, including the founders, came from religious backgrounds ranging from near-secularism to orthodox Islam. Stemming from these conflicting cultural views, between September 1935 and June 1939, numerous polemics were published in the magazine, discussing the best course of action for Indonesian cultural development.

Language
As opposed to the Balai Pustaka, which published works in regional languages and Dutch, Poedjangga Baroe was almost exclusively in Indonesian and worked to promote the language's growth. Indonesian, declared to be the language of unity in the 1928 Youth Pledge, was further extolled by Armijn as having been long in development. This was expanded by Alisjabana, who wrote that the language had seen greater growth and deviation from old Malay since the advent of the Dutch Ethical Policy and foundation of Dutch schools for native Indonesians (); the entirety of the November 1933 issue was dedicated to Alisjahbana's writings on the language. Poedjangga Baroe held the first seminar on the Indonesian language in Surakarta in June 1938; the seminar featured papers by Sjarifuddin, Alisjahbana, Djamaluddin Adinegoro, Sukarjo Wirjopranoto, and Sanusi.

Styles and themes
Contributors to Poedjangga Baroe were influenced by the Tachtigers, a Dutch literary movement from the 1880s. Sutherland suggests that the romantic theme prevalent in their works was adapted by the authors to escape the changing realities of Indonesian society. As opposed to earlier works published by Balai Pustaka such as Marah Rusli's Sitti Nurbaya (1922), which emphasized regional cultural values, prose published in Poedjangga Baroe focused on national identity, and writers included areas that they had never visited. Old themes, such as forced marriage, were abandoned. According to Sutherland, most contributors to Poedjangga Baroe kept a sense of ambivalence towards the Dutch colonial government as well as traditional culture as a central theme in their works. Although they rejected Dutch control of the archipelago, these nationalist writers embraced Western culture; Sutherland writes that some of the most staunchly nationalist writers were also the most westernized.

Keith Foulcher, an Australian professor of Indonesian literature and language, writes that the poems published in Poedjangga Baroe were structurally based in reimaginings of traditional forms with an emphasis on aesthetic diction; thematically, he writes, the poems tended to deal with either lofty goals or a deep sense of loneliness in the midst of natural beauty. According to literary documentarian H.B. Jassin, the poems, though they adapted Western forms and Indonesian diction, retained Malay rhythms.

Reception and legacy
The release of Poedjangga Baroe was well received by young writers and intellectuals, who saw it as a way to express themselves and their nationalist ideas. Traditionalists, however, complained about Poedjangga Baroe modernization of Malay; Marah Sutan, chairman of the Malay-language Teachers Board, stated that it betrayed the "purity of High Malay and its traditional poetic forms". Traditionalists also decried the introduction of loanwords to Malay from regional and foreign languages to increase the Indonesian lexicon and the deviation from traditional pantuns and syairs. Other Malay figures against the publication included Agus Salim, S.M. Latif, and Sutan Mohamad Zain.

The Indonesian literature published between 1933 and 1942 is sometimes described as from the "Poedjangga Baroe generation", a reference to the publication's dominance. Translator and literary critic Burton Raffel described the magazine as a "midwife to a literary revolution", noting that the political revolution in the 1940s was likely influenced by the magazine. However, the aesthetic qualities of works published in Poedjangga Baroe have received mixed reception in the years after the magazine stopped publication. Indonesian poet and literary critic Muhammad Balfas argued in 1976 that most poetry published in Poedjangga Baroe suffered from over-sentimentality and flowery rhetoric, which he blamed on the writers being influenced by the Tachtigers. Many of the works have since been forgotten.

Leftist literary critic Bakri Siregar condemned Poedjangga Baroe neutral political stance, arguing that its inability to objectively understand the needs of the people made it unfit to truly reflect the struggle for independence.

Major works
Several major works, including numerous poetry collections, five plays, and one novel, were first published in Poedjangga Baroe. The following is a list of those publications.

Novels
Belenggu (Shackles) by Armijn Pane, published in three parts from April and July 1940

Plays
"Ken Arok dan Ken Dedes" ("Ken Arok and Ken Dedes") by Muhammad Yamin, published in January 1934
"Lukisan Masa" ("Sketch of the Ages") by Armijn Pane, published in May 1937
"Kertajaya" by Sanusi Pane, published in three parts from October through December 1938
"Njai Lenggang Kentjana" by Armijn Pane, published in May 1939
"Manusia Baru" ("New Person") by Sanusi Pane, published in November 1940

Poetry anthologies
Tebaran Mega (Spread of the Clouds) by Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana, published in May 1936
Nyanyi Sunyi (Silent Song) by Amir Hamzah, published in October 1937
Buah Rindu (Fruit of Longing) by Amir Hamzah, published in June 1941

Notes

References
Footnotes

Bibliography

Defunct literary magazines
Magazines established in 1933
Magazines disestablished in 1942
Defunct magazines published in Indonesia
Indonesian-language magazines
Mass media in Jakarta
Avant-garde magazines
Monthly magazines published in Indonesia
Literary magazines published in the Dutch East Indies

Poedjangga Baroe


Theocritus was a Greek poet. He was born c. 300 BC in Syracuse, Sicily and  died after 260 BC. Theocritus was the inventor of pastoral poetry (poetry about shepherds). His poems were called idylls which perhaps means "little poems". Very little is known about his life but at various times he lived in Sicily, Cos and Alexandria.

Source
Theocritus; Encyclopædia Britannica

Ancient Greek poets
3rd-century BC deaths

Theocritus


Divorce Italian Style () is a 1961 Italian dark comedy film directed by Pietro Germi. The screenplay is by Germi, Ennio De Concini, Alfredo Giannetti, and Agenore Incrocci, based on Giovanni Arpino's novel Un delitto d'onore (Honour Killing). It stars Marcello Mastroianni, Daniela Rocca, Stefania Sandrelli, Lando Buzzanca, and Leopoldo Trieste.

It  won the Academy Award for Best Writing, Story and Screenplay – Written Directly for the Screen; Mastroianni was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role and Germi for Best Director. In 2008, the film was included on the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage's 100 Italian films to be saved, a list of 100 films that "have changed the collective memory of the country between 1942 and 1978."

Plot
Ferdinando Cefalù, a 37-year-old impoverished Sicilian nobleman, is married to Rosalia, a devoted wife he no longer loves. He is in love with his cousin Angela, a 16-year-old girl he sees only during the summer because her family sends her away to Catholic school in the city. Besides his wife, he shares his life with his elderly parents, his sister, and her fiancé, a funeral director; the family share their once stately palace with his uncles, who are slowly but surely eating away the remainders of their once rich estate.

Aware that divorce is illegal, Ferdinando fantasizes about doing away with his wife, such as by throwing her into a boiling cauldron, sending her into space in a rocket, or drowning her in quicksand. After a chance encounter with Angela during a family trip, he discovers that she shares his feelings. Inspired by a local story of a woman who killed her husband in a rage of jealousy, he resolves to lead his wife into having an affair so that he can catch her in flagrante delicto, murder her, and receive a light sentence for committing an honour killing. He first needs to find a suitable lover for his wife, whom he finds in the local priest's godson, Carmelo Patanè, a painter who has had feelings for Rosalia for years and was for a time presumed killed during World War II. He also procures the State Prosecutor's friendship with a small favor. The final stage of his plan is to arrange for Carmelo's constant presence in his house, which he achieves by feigning interest in having his palace frescoes restored.

But Carmelo is timid with Rosalia, and she is initially committed to conjugal fidelity. Ferdinando tapes their private conversations and has to ward off the maid Sisina's infatuation with Carmelo. After Carmelo makes a pass at Sisina, she tells the priest, Carmelo's godfather, at confession, who informs her that Carmelo is married with three children, information she relays to Ferdinando. Rosalia and Carmelo finally give in to their passion but the tape of their conversation runs out just as they are arranging their next meeting. All Ferdinando knows is that it will take place the next evening.

Rosalia feigns a headache and remains home while the rest of the family goes to the cinema to see the local première of La Dolce Vita, a film so scandalous that no one wants to miss it. Ferdinando sneaks out of the theatre and returns home, arriving just in time to see Rosalia leaving for the train station. He retrieves his gun to kill her, but arrives at the station just after their train departs. He revisits his plan and the Criminal Code. It defines a crime of passion as executed in the heat of the moment or in defense of one's honor, so he embraces the role of a cuckold.

All along, Angela has been writing Ferdinando to assure him of her undying love for him. Her last letter is misdelivered to her father, who dies of a heart attack upon reading it. At the funeral, Ferdinando is approached by Mrs. Patanè, who demands to know what he will do about their situation. After he responds noncommittally, she spits in his face in front of the entire town, which gives him what he needs: an open insult to the family's honor due to his wife's elopement. The local Mafia boss offers to find the lovers within 24 hours, which he does. As Ferdinando goes to the lovers' hideout, he hears Mrs. Patanè kill Carmelo. He follows suit and kills Rosalia. At his trial he is defended by the State Prosecutor, who blames the whole thing on Ferdinando's father and his lack of love when raising him as a boy. He spends no more than three years in prison and returns home to find Angela waiting for him.

Later, Ferdinando and Angela are happily sailing at sea. As they kiss, Angela seductively rubs her feet against those of the workman piloting the boat.

Cast

 Marcello Mastroianni as Ferdinando Cefalù
 Daniela Rocca as Rosalia Cefalù
 Stefania Sandrelli as Angela
 Leopoldo Trieste as Carmelo Patanè
 Odoardo Spadaro as Don Gaetano Cefalù
 Margherita Girelli as Sisina
 Angela Cardile as Agnese
 Lando Buzzanca as Rosario Mulè
 Pietro Tordi as Attorney De Marzi
 Ugo Torrente as Don Calogero
 Antonio Acqua as Priest
 Bianca Castagnetta as Donna Matilde Cefalù
 Giovanni Fassiolo
 Ignazio Roberto Daidone
 Francesco Nicastro

Release
Divorce Italian Style was released in Rome in December 1961.

Reception

Critical Reception

Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 100% based on 17 reviews. Upon release in the United States, Bosley Crowther of The New York Times called it "one of the funniest pictures the Italians have sent along" and praised Germi as "a genius with the sly twist." James Powers of The Hollywood Reporter praised the "mocking, sardonic farce" as "bold, irreverent, and human to the bone," and he predicted it would be successful in America due its dual nature as both an arthouse film and a film that achieves general appeal. Variety gave the film a positive review, calling the satire "a penetrating, almost brutal glimpse of Sicily and its antiquated way of life."

Box Office

When the film was released in the United States, it earned theatrical rentals of $803,666 in 1962 and a further $1,449,347 in 1963 for a total of $2,252,013 in the United States and Canada. It was still in release in 1964.

Accolades

Adaptations
In 2008 Giorgio Battistelli adapted Divorce Italian Style into an opera, Divorce à l'Italienne, which premiered by the Opéra national de Lorraine on September 30 of that year with tenor Wolfgang Ablinger Sperrhacke in Mastroianni's role. Battistelli chose to set every female role except Angela for low male voice;  sang the role of Rosalia.

References

External links

 Divorce Italian Style: The Facts (and Fancies) of Murder an essay by Stuart Klawans at the Criterion Collection

1961 films
1961 comedy films
Italian comedy films
1960s Italian-language films
Italian satirical films
Italian black-and-white films
Commedia all'italiana
Films about divorce
Films about honor killing
Films set in Sicily
Films shot in Sicily
Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe winning performance
Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay Academy Award
Films directed by Pietro Germi
Films scored by Carlo Rustichelli
Films adapted into operas
1960s Italian films

Divorce Italian Style


Fairmont State Airfield  is three miles south of Fairmont, in Fillmore County, Nebraska. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a general aviation facility. It has no scheduled airline service.

Most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA,  but this airport is FMZ to the FAA and has no IATA code.

History
Construction of Fairmont State Airfield by the United States Army Air Forces began on September 17, 1942. It was one of eleven training airfields built in Nebraska during World War II.  Shortly after construction began, a railroad spur was built from Fairmont to the site to haul materials for the construction. About 1,000 laborers were hired to build the base, and the small towns of Geneva (pop. 1,888) and Fairmont (pop. 800) were hard pressed to find housing for the workers. Early in the construction, the facility was referred to as the Fairmont Satellite Airfield, and was designated a satellite of the Topeka Army Air Base in Kansas, however by early 1943, the name was changed to the Fairmont Army Airfield, as its mission was determined to be a training facility for heavy bomber groups. The first military personnel arrived in November 1942

The airfield was under the command of Second Air Force Headquarters, Colorado Springs, Colorado.  The 241st Army Air Force Base Unit was the Operational Training Unit at the airfield.  It was assigned to the 15th Bombardment Training Wing (September 1943 – March 1944), then transferred to the 17th Bombardment Training Wing in March 1944 for B-29 training.  The 511th Army Air Force Base Unit commanded the support elements at Fairmont as part of Air Technical Service Command.

Fairmont Army Airfield was a training installation for twenty-seven bombardment squadrons. Complete engine and airframe repairs were available for Consolidated B-24 Liberator and eventually in the more technologically advanced Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers at the five hangars on the field. Extensive concrete runways and other structures were built.  A 350-bed hospital served personnel from Fairmont along with Harvard AAF and Bruning AAF. The cantonment area provided quarters for nearly 6,000 officers and enlisted men.

Known units that trained at Fairmont AAF were:

 485th Bombardment Group (September 20, 1943 – March 11, 1944)
 828th, 829th, 830th and 831st Bombardment Squadrons
 Deployed to: Fifteenth Air Force, in Italy (B-24 Liberator)

 451st Bombardment Group (September 9 – November 16, 1943)
 724th, 725th, 726th and 727th Bombardment Squadrons
 Deployed to: Fifteenth Air Force, in Italy (B-24 Liberator)

 504th Bombardment Group (March 12 – November 5, 1945)
 393rd, 398th, 421st and 507th Bombardment Squadrons
 Deployed to: Twentieth Air Force in Tinian (B-29 Superfortress)

 16th Bombardment Group (August 15, 1944 – March 7, 1945)
 15th, 16th and 17th Bombardment Squadrons
 Deployed to: Twentieth Air Force in Guam (B-29 Superfortress)

 98th Bombardment Group (May 6 – June 25, 1945)
 343rd, 344th, 345th, and 415th Bombardment Squadrons
 Trained on B-29 Superfortresses but inactivated in November 1945

 467th Bombardment Group (July 25 – August 25, 1945)
 788th, 789th, 790th and 791st Bombardment Squadrons
 Trained on B-29 Superfortresses but inactivated in August 1946

 489th Bombardment Group (July 3 – August 25, 1945)
 844th, 845th, 846th and 847th Bombardment Squadrons
 Trained on B-29 Superfortresses but inactivated in October 1945

In September 1944 Lt. Col. Paul Tibbets visited Fairmont and selected the 393d Bombardment Squadron of the 504th to join the 509th Composite Group at Wendover AAF, Utah. This group dropped both atomic bombs on Japan.

The base was inactivated on December 31, 1945.  In the spring of 1946, the War Assets Administration declared the property surplus in the spring of 1946. Buildings were sold and dismantled or moved. The chapel was moved to Friend, Nebraska. The Enlisted Men's Service Club was dismantled and rebuilt in Shickley, Nebraska as St. Mary's Church. In 1946 Nebraska Department of Aeronautics acquired the Airfield from the U.S. Government for use as a state-owned civilian airport.

The Fairmont Army Airfield, with its well maintained hangars, support buildings, and commander's house, was the best remaining example, as a collection of buildings, of the Army Airfields in the State of Nebraska. Due to the rural location, unencumbered by surrounding development, and the good condition of the remaining buildings, particularly the hangars, the Fairmont Army Airfield was placed on the National Register of Historic Places as an historic district.  The District includes the hardstands, aprons and existing runways, all remaining buildings, extending to the edges of the roads where buildings remain. This encompasses historic landscape features such as roads and World War II-era planted trees.

Facilities
Fairmont State Airfield covers 687 acres (278 ha) at an elevation of 1,636 feet (499 m). It has two concrete runways: 17/35 is 4,317 by 75 feet (1,316 x 23 m) and 12/30 is 3,021 by 60 feet (921 x 18 m).

In the year ending June 12, 2012 the airport had 1,625 aircraft operations, average 135 per month: 99.7% general aviation and 0.3% military. 21 aircraft were then based at this airport: 95% single-engine and 5% multi-engine.

See also

 Nebraska World War II Army Airfields
 List of airports in Nebraska

References

 Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. .

External links
 Nebraska Historical Marker – Fairmont State Airfield
 Fairmont Army Airfield website
 Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary

1942 establishments in Nebraska
Airports in Nebraska
Buildings and structures in Fillmore County, Nebraska
Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in Nebraska
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Nebraska
Airports established in 1942
Airports on the National Register of Historic Places
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Nebraska
National Register of Historic Places in Fillmore County, Nebraska
Transportation buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Nebraska

Fairmont State Airfield


The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (RMP; also designated as papyrus British Museum 10057 and pBM 10058) is one of the best known examples of ancient Egyptian mathematics. It is named after Alexander Henry Rhind, a Scottish antiquarian, who purchased the papyrus in 1858 in Luxor, Egypt; it was apparently found during illegal excavations in or near the Ramesseum. It dates to around 1550 BC. The British Museum, where the majority of the papyrus is now kept, acquired it in 1865 along with the Egyptian Mathematical Leather Roll, also owned by Henry Rhind. There are a few small fragments held by the Brooklyn Museum in New York City and an  central section is missing. It is one of the two well-known Mathematical Papyri along with the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus. The Rhind Papyrus is larger than the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, while the latter is older.

The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus dates to the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt. It was copied by the scribe Ahmes (i.e., Ahmose; Ahmes is an older transcription favoured by historians of mathematics), from a now-lost text from the reign of king Amenemhat III (12th dynasty).  Written in the hieratic script, this Egyptian manuscript is  tall and consists of multiple parts which in total make it over  long.  The papyrus began to be transliterated and mathematically translated in the late 19th century.  The mathematical translation aspect remains incomplete in several respects. The document is dated to Year 33 of the Hyksos king Apophis and also contains a separate later historical note on its verso likely dating from the period ("Year 11") of his successor, Khamudi.

In the opening paragraphs of the papyrus, Ahmes presents the papyrus as giving "Accurate reckoning for inquiring into things, and the knowledge of all things, mysteries ... all secrets". He continues with:
This book was copied in regnal year 33, month 4 of Akhet, under the majesty of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Awserre, given life, from an ancient copy made in the time of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Nimaatre. The scribe Ahmose writes this copy.

Several books and articles about the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus have been published, and a handful of these stand out. The Rhind Papyrus was published in 1923 by Peet and contains a discussion of the text that followed Griffith's Book I, II and III outline. Chace published a compendium in 1927–29 which included photographs of the text. A more recent overview of the Rhind Papyrus was published in 1987 by Robins and Shute.

Book I – Arithmetic and Algebra

The first part of the Rhind papyrus consists of reference tables and a collection of 21 arithmetic and 20 algebraic problems.  The problems start out with simple fractional expressions, followed by completion (sekem) problems and more involved linear equations (aha problems).

The first part of the papyrus is taken up by the 2/n table. The fractions 2/n for odd n ranging from 3 to 101 are expressed as sums of unit fractions. For example, . The decomposition of 2/n into unit fractions is never more than 4 terms long as in for example .

This table is followed by a much smaller, tiny table of fractional expressions for the numbers 1 through 9 divided by 10.  For instance the division of 7 by 10 is recorded as:
 7 divided by 10 yields 2/3 + 1/30

After these two tables, the papyrus records 91 problems altogether, which have been designated by moderns as problems (or numbers) 1–87, including four other items which have been designated as problems 7B, 59B, 61B and 82B.  Problems 1–7, 7B and 8–40 are concerned with arithmetic and elementary algebra.

Problems 1–6 compute divisions of a certain number of loaves of bread by 10 men and record the outcome in unit fractions. Problems 7–20 show how to multiply the expressions 1 + 1/2 + 1/4 = 7/4, and 1 + 2/3 + 1/3 = 2 by different fractions.
Problems 21–23 are problems in completion, which in modern notation are simply subtraction problems.  Problems 24–34 are ''aha'' problems; these are linear equations. Problem 32 for instance corresponds (in modern notation) to solving x + 1/3 x + 1/4 x = 2 for x. Problems 35–38 involve divisions of the heqat, which is an ancient Egyptian unit of volume.  Beginning at this point, assorted units of measurement become much more important throughout the remainder of the papyrus, and indeed a major consideration throughout the rest of the papyrus is dimensional analysis.  Problems 39 and 40 compute the division of loaves and use arithmetic progressions.

Book II – Geometry

The second part of the Rhind papyrus, being problems 41–59, 59B and 60, consists of geometry problems. Peet referred to these problems as "mensuration problems".

Volumes
Problems 41–46 show how to find the volume of both cylindrical and rectangular granaries. In problem 41 Ahmes computes the volume of a cylindrical granary. Given the diameter d and the height h, the volume V is given by:

In modern mathematical notation (and using d = 2r) this gives . The fractional term 256/81 approximates the value of π as being 3.1605..., an error of less than one percent.

Problem 47 is a table with fractional equalities which represent the ten situations where the physical volume quantity of "100 quadruple heqats" is divided by each of the multiples of ten, from ten through one hundred. The quotients are expressed in terms of Horus eye fractions, sometimes also using a much smaller unit of volume known as a "quadruple ro".  The quadruple heqat and the quadruple ro are units of volume derived from the simpler heqat and ro, such that these four units of volume satisfy the following relationships: 1 quadruple heqat = 4 heqat = 1280 ro = 320 quadruple ro.  Thus,

 100/10  quadruple heqat = 10 quadruple heqat
 100/20  quadruple heqat = 5 quadruple heqat
 100/30  quadruple heqat = (3 + 1/4 + 1/16 + 1/64) quadruple heqat + (1 + 2/3) quadruple ro
 100/40  quadruple heqat = (2 + 1/2) quadruple heqat
 100/50  quadruple heqat = 2 quadruple heqat
 100/60  quadruple heqat = (1 + 1/2 + 1/8 + 1/32) quadruple heqat + (3 + 1/3) quadruple ro
 100/70  quadruple heqat = (1 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/32 + 1/64) quadruple heqat + (2 + 1/14 + 1/21 + 1/42) quadruple ro
 100/80  quadruple heqat = (1 + 1/4) quadruple heqat
 100/90  quadruple heqat = (1 + 1/16 + 1/32 + 1/64) quadruple heqat + (1/2 + 1/18) quadruple ro
 100/100 quadruple heqat = 1 quadruple heqat

Areas
Problems 48–55 show how to compute an assortment of areas. Problem 48 is notable in that it succinctly computes the area of a circle by approximating π. Specifically, problem 48 explicitly reinforces the convention (used throughout the geometry section) that "a circle's area stands to that of its circumscribing square in the ratio 64/81."  Equivalently, the papyrus approximates π as 256/81, as was already noted above in the explanation of problem 41.

Other problems show how to find the area of rectangles, triangles and trapezoids.

Pyramids
The final six problems are related to the slopes of pyramids.
A seked problem is reported as follows:
 If a pyramid is 250 cubits high and the side of its base 360 cubits long, what is its seked?"
The solution to the problem is given as the ratio of half the side of the base of the pyramid to its height, or the run-to-rise ratio of its face. In other words, the quantity found for the seked is the cotangent of the angle to the base of the pyramid and its face.

Book III – Miscellany
The third part of the Rhind papyrus consists of the remainder of the 91 problems, being 61, 61B, 62–82, 82B, 83–84, and "numbers" 85–87, which are items that are not mathematical in nature.  This final section contains more complicated tables of data (which frequently involve Horus eye fractions), several pefsu problems which are elementary algebraic problems concerning food preparation, and even an amusing problem (79) which is suggestive of geometric progressions, geometric series, and certain later problems and riddles in history. Problem 79 explicitly cites, "seven houses, 49 cats, 343 mice, 2401 ears of spelt, 16807 hekats." In particular problem 79 concerns a situation in which 7 houses each contain seven cats, which all eat seven mice, each of which would have eaten seven ears of grain,  each of which would have produced seven measures of grain. The third part of the Rhind papyrus is therefore a kind of miscellany, building on what has already been presented.
Problem 61 is concerned with multiplications of fractions. Problem 61B, meanwhile, gives a general expression for computing 2/3 of 1/n, where n is odd. In modern notation the formula given is

The technique given in 61B is closely related to the derivation of the 2/n table.

Problems 62–68 are general problems of an algebraic nature.  Problems 69–78 are all pefsu problems in some form or another. They involve computations regarding the strength of bread and beer, with respect to certain raw materials used in their production.

Problem 79 sums five terms in a geometric progression. Its language is strongly suggestive of the more modern riddle and nursery rhyme "As I was going to St Ives".
Problems 80 and 81 compute Horus eye fractions of hinu (or heqats). The last four mathematical items, problems 82, 82B and 83–84, compute the amount of feed necessary for various animals, such as fowl and oxen.  However, these problems, especially 84, are plagued by pervasive ambiguity, confusion, and simple inaccuracy.

The final three items on the Rhind papyrus are designated as "numbers" 85–87, as opposed to "problems", and they are scattered widely across the papyrus's back side, or verso.  They are, respectively, a small phrase which ends the document (and has a few possibilities for translation, given below), a piece of scrap paper unrelated to the body of the document, used to hold it together (yet containing words and Egyptian fractions which are by now familiar to a reader of the document), and a small historical note which is thought to have been written some time after the completion of the body of the papyrus's writing.  This note is thought to describe events during the "Hyksos domination", a period of external interruption in ancient Egyptian society which is closely related with its second intermediary period.  With these non-mathematical yet historically and philologically intriguing errata, the papyrus's writing comes to an end.

Unit concordance
Much of the Rhind Papyrus's material is concerned with Ancient Egyptian units of measurement and especially the dimensional analysis used to convert between them.  A concordance of units of measurement used in the papyrus is given in the image.

Content

This table summarizes the content of the Rhind Papyrus by means of a concise modern paraphrase.  It is based upon the two-volume exposition of the papyrus which was published by Arnold Buffum Chace in 1927, and in 1929.  In general, the papyrus consists of four sections: a title page, the 2/n table, a tiny "1–9/10 table", and 91 problems, or "numbers".  The latter are numbered from 1 through 87 and include four mathematical items which have been designated by moderns as problems 7B, 59B, 61B, and 82B.  Numbers 85–87, meanwhile, are not mathematical items forming part of the body of the document, but instead are respectively: a small phrase ending the document, a piece of "scrap-paper" used to hold the document together (having already contained unrelated writing), and a historical note which is thought to describe a time period shortly after the completion of the body of the papyrus.  These three latter items are written on disparate areas of the papyrus's verso (back side), far away from the mathematical content.  Chace therefore differentiates them by styling them as numbers as opposed to problems, like the other 88 numbered items.

See also

 List of ancient Egyptian papyri
 Akhmim wooden tablet
 Ancient Egyptian units of measurement
 As I was going to St. Ives
 Berlin Papyrus 6619
 History of mathematics
 Lahun Mathematical Papyri

Bibliography

References

External links

British Museum webpage on the first section of the Papyrus
British Museum webpage on the second section of the Papyrus
.

Williams, Scott W. Mathematicians of the African Diaspora, containing a page on Egyptian Mathematics Papyri.

16th-century BC literature
1858 archaeological discoveries
Egyptian mathematics
Egyptian fractions
Papyri from ancient Egypt
Papyrus
Mathematics manuscripts
Pi
Hyksos
Ancient Egyptian objects in the British Museum
Luxor
Amenemhat III

Rhind Mathematical Papyrus


A User's Guide To The Millennium: Essays And Reviews is a collection of writings by the British author J. G. Ballard. Published in 1996, the book brings together many of Ballard's short pieces for magazines and newspapers, and covers reviews, essays and musing on subject from art, literature and science. The book also contains a selection of autobiographical writings, and celebrations of Ballard favourites, Science-Fiction cinema and American author William S. Burroughs.  There are ninety pieces in all, written between 1962 and 1995.

References

British essay collections
1996 non-fiction books
HarperCollins books

A User's Guide to the Millennium


The Ancient Olympic pentathlon () was an athletic contest at the Ancient Olympic Games, and other Panhellenic Games of Ancient Greece. The name derives from Greek, combining the words pente (five) and athlon (competition). Five events were contested over one day, starting with the stadion (a short foot race), followed by the javelin throw, discus throw and long jump (the order of these three events is still unclear), and ending with wrestling. While pentathletes were considered to be inferior to the specialized athletes in a certain event, they were superior in overall development and were some of the most well balanced of all the athletes. Their training was often part of military service—each of the five events was thought to be useful in battle.

History
The event was first held at the 18th Ancient Olympiad around 708 BC, and changed format a number of times. By the 77th Ancient Olympiad, the pentathlon was generally ordered into three sections: the triagmos of the long jump, javelin throw, and discus throw, the stadion foot race, and wrestling as the final event. The first three events were generally not held as individual events, but rather as only part of pentathlon competitions.

The wide variety of skills needed to compete led Aristotle to hold pentathletes in high esteem as physical specimens. In the Rhetoric, he made the following remark: "Beauty varies with each age. In a young man, it consists in possessing a body capable of enduring all efforts, either of the racecourse or of bodily strength, while he himself is pleasant to look upon and a sheer delight. This is why the athletes in the pentathlon are most beautiful, because they are naturally adapted for bodily exertion and for swiftness of foot" (Rhetoric 1361b11).

Every four years when Olympic games occurred, there was the "Olympic truce". This was an agreement that all the city states agreed on. At this time there was an organized truce between all the cities involved in the games. This was done to give families and people the safety needed to travel long distance to the games. This truce was known as "Ekecheiria".

Events

The long jump is perhaps the most unusual, compared to the modern athletics version. A long jumper used weights called halteres to propel himself farther out of standing, and his jump probably consisted of five separate leaps, more like the modern triple jump; otherwise, distances of known jumps (which are often as far as 50 feet) would seem to be impossible.

The javelin, like the discus, was thrown for length, but in addition there was a second section of it where they threw for accuracy. The javelin was a lighter, longer version of a war spear. The "ekebolon" was the event won by distance. The "stochastikon" was the event based on accuracy.

The javelin throw used a leather strap, called an amentum, rather than having the athlete grip the shaft of the javelin itself. Competitors in the javelin and discus throws were allowed five throws each, and only their longest throw would count. The long jump was also attempted five times. In the classical games, it was traditional for all of these events to be performed naked.

In the discus throw the athlete must throw a solid bronze disc. They usually weighed around nine pounds, although varied in size. They took the longest distance out of five throws.

The stadion was a sprint of approximately 200 yards (or about 180 metres), longer than the modern 100 metres sprint, but shorter than all other ancient running events.

Wrestling was the fifth and last event of the pentathlon. The victor had to wrestle his opponent to the ground. Unlike modern-day wrestling where the entire back must be grounded, any part of the back was sufficient.

Wrestling was held in a sand pit at the Olympic Games outside the Temple of Zeus, while the other events were all held in the stadion (or stadium) from which the name of the race was taken. The basic formats of wrestling and discus throwing were similar to their modern versions, though the discus throw was performed from a raised podium rather than on a level field.

Winner
It is uncertain how the winner was chosen. It was unlikely that a single competitor could triumph in all five of the events.  One possibility is that the final event, wrestling, was used to rank a number of contestants who had qualified in the other four events, so that the victor of wrestling would be deemed the pentathlon champion.

Further reading
Pentathlon (athletic contest). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on 2009-08-02.
Smith, William (1875). Pentathlon. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London. Retrieved on 2009-08-02.

References

Pentathlon
Multisports
Pentathlon
 Extinct sports

Ancient Olympic pentathlon


Charles Dundas, 1st Baron Amesbury (5 August 1751 – 7 July 1832) was a British politician.

Background and education
Charles was a younger son of Thomas Dundas of Fingask, MP for Orkney and Shetland (1768–1771) and a commissioner of police in Scotland (31 January 1771), who died on 10 April 1786. His mother was his father's second wife, Janet, daughter of Charles Maitland, 6th Earl of Lauderdale. He was educated at Edinburgh Academy and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was called to the bar from the Middle Temple, but devoted himself to a political life.

His father's younger brother Lawrence became a successful banker and an MP for over 30 years.  Charles's older brother Thomas was a British Army officer who became Governor of Guadeloupe.

Political career
Dundas first sat for the borough of Richmond in 1774, Orkney and Shetland from 1781 to 1784, Richmond again in 1784–1786, and finally for Berkshire, which he represented in ten successive parliaments (1794–1832). He was, finally, the second eldest member in the house. He was a liberal in politics. In 1802, on the resignation of Mitford (afterwards Lord Redesdale), the then speaker, he was nominated, by Sheridan, as his successor in opposition to Abbot. He, however, withdrew from the contest. Dundas was Counsellor of State for Scotland to the Prince of Wales, and colonel of the White Horse volunteer cavalry. He was raised to the peerage as Baron Amesbury, of Kintbury, Amesbury, and Barton Court in the County of Berkshire, and of Aston Hall in the County of Flint, on 11 May 1832. Apart from his political career he was also the first chairman of the Kennet and Avon Canal Company and the Dundas Aqueduct was named after him.

Personal life
Lord Amesbury was twice married. His first wife, Anne, daughter of Ralph Whitley of Aston Hall, Flintshire, by whom he had one daughter, Janet, wife of Sir James Whitley Deans Dundas, who brought him the considerable estate of Kintbury-Amesbury (otherwise Barton Court) in Berkshire as well as other property. His second wife, whom he married on 25 January 1822, was his cousin, Margaret, daughter of Charles Barclay and widow of (firstly) Charles Ogilvy and (secondly) Major Archibald Erskine. He died 7 July 1832 at his residence in Pimlico, whereupon the title became extinct. Lady Amesbury died 14 April 1841.

Issue

 Janet Whitley Dundas. Married on 28 April 1808 to Captain James Deans RN an Aide de Camp to the King, who assumed the additional names of Whitley Dundas. Only son of Dr Deans, by Janet sister of Lord Amesbury.

References

External links

1751 births
1832 deaths
People from Kintbury
People associated with Orkney
People associated with Shetland
People educated at Edinburgh Academy
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Members of the Middle Temple
Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Kennet and Avon Canal
Dundas, Charles
Dundas, Charles
British MPs 1774–1780
British MPs 1780–1784
British MPs 1784–1790
British MPs 1790–1796
British MPs 1796–1800
Dundas, Charles
Dundas, Charles
Dundas, Charles
Dundas, Charles
Dundas, Charles
Dundas, Charles
Dundas, Charles
Dundas, Charles
Dundas, Charles
Dundas, Charles
Dundas, Charles
UK MPs who were granted peerages
Peers of the United Kingdom created by William IV

Charles Dundas, 1st Baron Amesbury


Nicktoons is a British pay television channel launched on 22 July 2002 as Nicktoons TV. It is a cartoon-centric sister channel to Nickelodeon. The channel airs Nickelodeon's original animated series, as with all of the Nickelodeon networks domestically.

History
On 19 July 2002, Nick Jr. moved to channel 624 on Sky, to vacate its original 606 number for Nicktoons to launch on the following Monday. It showed a static screen with the Nicktoons logo and a notice displaying Nick Jr.'s new slot. Nicktoons launched on 22 July 2002 as "Nicktoons TV".

On 12 October 2004, Nicktoons TV was rebranded to Nicktoons. The rebrand featured the Pixel characters as the channel's first mascots, designed by Slomo Productions and directed by Filipe Alcada.

On 17 February 2007, there was another rebrand featuring 4 mascots; Rooftop (a moose), Beat (a mouse/rat), Colin (a brain) and Spoon (a humanlike creature), designed by Studio AKA. The new 'worldwide rebrand' logo for Nicktoons was introduced on 30 April 2010, with a new imaging campaign introduced on 11 February 2012. On 21 June 2013, some new idents made by Stu Gamble and StudioEDP titled "30 Seconds Of Fame" or just "30SOF" for short were introduced, featuring a singing monster-like person 'moving his body to the beat' to Space Funk by Jeffrey W Wade & Ruben Ayala (Minimal Dancer), a rapping grandad and a dog (G-Daddy), an Octopus who is a musician (Rocktopuss), a girl with a British accent reading a book of which being Little Red Riding Hood with her 'big gob' (Gobby Girl) and a singing blob who sings the song Bopalopalama Dipdip by David Bronze & Josh Phillips (Doo-Wop Blob). These idents came along with the 2014 rebrand as well, with another batch being named "30 Seconds Of Fame 2" or just "30SOF 2" for short in 2015. However, these idents were discontinued in 2021, though they are still currently in use on Nicktoons Global.  On 3 November 2014, there were new idents introduced with the eyes and faces of characters from shows.

In the autumn of 2022, the network took on several temporary brandings reflected in electronic program guides in concert with month-long marathons of several series, including Nick SpongeBob, Nick Horrid Henry and Nick Loud House.

On 31 October 2022, Sky sold its stake in Nickelodeon UK, including Nicktoons, to Paramount.

Sister channels

Nicktoonsters

On 18 August 2008, a new spin-off channel to Nicktoons was launched under the title of Nicktoonsters. The channel was exclusive to Sky. The channel broadcast older programming which was dropped from the main Nicktoons schedule prior to launch. It took up half the time of a channel space shared with Comedy Central Extra +1. The channel closed on 31 July 2009 and was replaced with a 1-hour timeshift of Nicktoons, Nicktoons Replay on 1 August 2009.

Nicktoons Replay
A +1 feed of Nicktoons known as Nicktoons Replay launched in place of Nicktoonsters on 1 August 2009. It was known as Nicktoons +1. The channel was discontinued 1 October 2012, with Comedy Central Extra +1 again in full control of the channel slot's airtime. Nicktoons Replay's old EPG position was used to launch a one-hour timeshift of Nick Jr., titled Nick Jr. +1.

Nicktoons Ireland
On 13 September 2012, it was announced that Sky would be launching an Irish feed of Nicktoons. It launched on 16 October 2012.

Programming

Programming blocks
In 2004, when Nicktoons TV extended its hours, the 19:00 – 22:00 slot was called Toonz2Nite (extended further to 23:00 in November 2005). This had a separate, distinct presentation from the main channel, and the programmes shown were generally aimed at older children.
The network began airing shows from NickSplat on 9 January 2017 until they stopped for unknown reasons around February 2017.

Logos

See also
 Nickelodeon (British and Irish TV channel)
 Nick Jr. (British and Irish TV channel)
 Nick Jr. Too
 Nicktoonsters
 Nick at Nite International versions
 TeenNick
 NickMax

References

External links

Nicktoons (TV network)
Children's television channels in the United Kingdom
English-language television stations in the United Kingdom
Television channels and stations established in 2002
Sky television channels
2002 establishments in the United Kingdom
2012 establishments in Ireland

Nicktoons (British and Irish TV channel)


Dihanaam is a type of congregational prayer sung by women in Assam in praise of the Assamese saint Sankardev. Instruments like the Negera, taal, khol and also hand-clapping is used in it. The songs are derived from Vaishnava religious scriptures like Kirtan-ghosa. The songs are sung in call and response style.

References

Music of Assam
Oral literature of Assam
Ekasarana Dharma
Prayer

Dihanaam


Saqsin (a.k.a. Saksin, Saksin-Bolgar) was a medieval city that flourished from the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries. It was situated in the Volga Delta (modern-day Astrakhan Oblast), or in the Lower Volga region, and was known in pre-Mongol times as Saksin-Bolgar, which in Mongol times became Sarai Batu.
It was mentioned by the Arab geographer al-Gharnati and the Persian Qazwini, among others, and recorded as "the land of the Saksins" in the report of Friar Benedykt Polak about the 1246 trip of Giovanni da Pian del Carpine through the camp of Mongol prince Batu Khan on the shores of the Volga. S.A. Pletneva locates Saksin between present Volgograd and Akhtubinsk.

Friar Benedict apparently misunderstood the name as somehow connected with the Saxons of Germany, stating incorrectly that the inhabitants were Christians and "believed to be Goths" related to those of Crimea. In actuality, they were probably Turkic and Muslim.

Saqsin may be an Arabized version of Sarighsin, Turkic for "Yellow City" or "White city". The identity of its inhabitants is unclear, though Carpine reports that Saksin province was inhabited by Kumans. It was situated near the ruins of Atil, the old Khazar capital, but there is no indication that it was part of any latter-day Khazar polity. It was situated in Kipchak territory and may have been the center for one of their principalities. Some sources claim that it was under the influence of the Volga Bulgars.

Excavations
Beginning in 2003 Dmitry Vasilyev of Astrakhan State University led a series of excavations at the Samosdelskoye site near the village of Samosdelka () in the Volga Delta. Vasilyev connected artifacts from the middle strata with Khazar, Oghuz and Bulgar culture, leading him to believe that he had discovered the site of Saqsin. The matter is still unresolved.
Sarai Batu was excavated by a number of expeditions exploring the center of the city, and was probably located on the periphery of the original Saqsin. The ruins of Atil appear to be underneath the layers presumed to represent Saqsin.

References
 D.Vasilyev (Д. Васильев), "The Itil Dream (at the excavation site of the ancient center of the Khazar Khaganate)" (Итиль-мечта (на раскопках древнего центра Хазарского каганата))

Khazar towns
Defunct towns in Russia
Kipchaks
Former populated places in Russia

Saqsin


John Wall (December 14, 1943 – July 18, 2014) was an American educator and politician in North Dakota.

Born in Enderlin, North Dakota, Wall operated the family farm. He then received his bachelor's degree in English and history from Valley City State University and his master's degree in English from North Dakota State University. He then taught English and journalism in high school. He lived in Wahpeton, North Dakota. In 2004, he retired from teaching and then served in the North Dakota House of Representatives, as a Republican, from 2004 until his death. He died at his family vacation home on West Battle Lake, Minnesota.

Notes

1943 births
2014 deaths
People from Enderlin, North Dakota
Valley City State University alumni
North Dakota State University alumni
Republican Party members of the North Dakota House of Representatives

John Wall (North Dakota politician)


The city of Seattle, Washington, is located on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound on the west and Lake Washington on the east; water comprises approximately 41% of the total area of the city. It was founded on the harbor of Elliott Bay, home to the Port of Seattle—in 2002, the 9th busiest port in the United States by TEUs of container traffic and the 46th busiest in the world.

Seattle is divided in half by the Lake Washington Ship Canal, which connects Lake Washington to Puget Sound. From east to west, it incorporates Union Bay, the Montlake Cut, Portage Bay, Lake Union, the Fremont Cut, Salmon Bay, and Shilshole Bay. The southern half of Seattle is itself divided by Seattle's largest river, the Duwamish River, which empties into the south end of Elliott Bay as the industrialized Duwamish Waterway. The lower  of the river has been listed as a Superfund site needing environmental cleanup.

In addition, Seattle contains three other lakes, all north of the Ship Canal: Bitter Lake, Haller Lake, and Green Lake.

Seattle is home to a number of creeks. Those emptying into Puget Sound include Broadview Creek, Fauntleroy Creek, Longfellow Creek, and Pipers Creek; emptying into Lake Washington are Arboretum Creek, Ravenna Creek (via University Slough), Yesler Creek, and Thornton Creek. A map showing all of Seattle's streams and watersheds can be found at the  City of Seattle's website.

The main inlets of Puget Sound are Elliott Bay, Smith Cove, and Shilshole Bay; the main inlet of Lake Washington is Union Bay.

References

Landforms of Seattle
Landforms of King County, Washington

Bodies of water of Seattle


Henry Brooke (1694 – 21 August 1757) was an English schoolmaster and cleric.

Life
Brooke was a son of William Brooke, merchant, and his wife Elizabeth Holbrook, who were married at Manchester Church in 1678–9. He was educated at Manchester Grammar School, and gained an exhibition 1715–18. He proceeded to Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated MA on 30 April 1720. He was DCL in 1727.

Brooke, then a fellow of Oriel, was made headmaster of Manchester Grammar School in September 1727. He obtained a mandamus from the crown to elect him a fellow of the collegiate church, and was elected in 1728, in spite of Tory opposition. He appears to have been on good terms with John Byrom, but he was unsuccessful as a master, and the feoffees of the school reduced his salary from £200 to £10.

In 1730 he received the Oriel College living of Tortworth in Gloucestershire. Here he lived, after resigning the mastership of the school in 1749, until his death on 21 August 1757. He was married, and had one daughter. Brooke left his library for the use of his successors at Tortworth. A portrait of him, as late as 1830, was at Mr. Hulton's, of Blackley.

Works
He published The Usefulness and Necessity of studying the Classicks, a speech spoken at the breaking-up of the Free Grammar School in Manchester, Thursday, 13 Dec. 1744. By Hen. Brooke, A.M., High Master of the said School. Manchester, printed by R. Whitworth, Bookseller, MDCCLXIV (a misprint for 1744). This tract is reprinted by Whatton. Another of his works, The Quack Doctor, published in 1745, is described as very poor doggerel, with ironically laudatory notes, probably written by Robert Thyer or the Rev. John Clayton. A Latin tract, Medicus Circumfaraneus, is perhaps a translation of the preceding. Robert Watt attributed to him two sermons dated to 1746 and 1747. His best known book is A Practical Essay concerning Christian Peaceableness, which went through three editions in 1741. The third edition contains some additional matter.

References

1694 births
1757 deaths
18th-century English writers
18th-century English male writers
18th-century English educators
Clergy from Manchester
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
Fellows of Oriel College, Oxford
Education writers
18th-century English non-fiction writers
English religious writers
High Masters of Manchester Grammar School
English non-fiction writers
English male non-fiction writers
People educated at Manchester Grammar School

Henry Brooke (divine)