According to the First Book of Kings and the Second Book of Chronicles of the Hebrew Bible, Jeroboam's Revolt was an armed insurrection against Rehoboam, king of the United Monarchy of Israel, and subsequently the Kingdom of Judah, led by Jeroboam in the late 10th century BCE. The conflict, referring to the independence of the Kingdom of Samaria and the subsequent civil war during Jeroboam's rule, is said to have begun shortly after the death of Solomon lasting until the Battle of Mount Zemaraim.  The conflict began due to discontent under the rule of Solomon's successor, his son Rehoboam, and was waged with the goal of breaking away from the United Monarchy of Israel. Though this goal was achieved very early on in the conflict, the war continued throughout the duration of Rehoboam's reign and well into the reign of his son, Abijam, who defeated the armies of Jeroboam but failed to reunite the kingdoms.

Jeroboam had fled to Egypt decades prior to the war after Solomon tried to kill him following prophecies by Yahweh (1 Kings 11:9-13) and Ahijah (1 Kings 11:29-39) that God wanted Jeroboam to rule over ten of the twelve Tribes of Israel, and lived under the protection of the pharaoh Shishak, probably Shoshenq I. Following the news of Solomon's death in 931 BCE, Jeroboam ventured back to the kingdoms of Israel, now under the rule of Solomon's son Rehoboam. Rehoboam's rule had been comparatively less appreciated than his father's, having been advised to show no weakness to the people, and to tax them even more. Jeroboam, as part of a delegation, went before Rehoboam and petitioned for a cap on taxes, which Rehoboam refused. Following the rejection, ten of the tribes withdrew their allegiance to the house of David and proclaimed Jeroboam their king, forming Samaria. Only the tribes of Judah and Benjamin remained loyal to Rehoboam in the new kingdom of Judah.

The Battle of Mount Zemaraim in c. 913 BCE proved to be Jeroboam's final defeat, as the armies of Rehoboam's son Abijam reportedly killed half a million of Jeroboam's soldiers and captured the important Samarian centers of Bethel, Jeshanah, and Ephron, with their surrounding villages. Following this defeat, Jeroboam posed little threat to the Davidic kingdom, and died three years later. Despite defeating the separatist forces of the ten rebel tribes, the kingdoms of Judah and Samaria failed to be reunified in the wake of the war's end, and remained increasingly divided until being destroyed by invaders in 586 BCE and 720 BCE respectively.

Biblical narrative
Jeroboam was the son of Nebat, a member of the Tribe of Ephraim of Zareda. His mother, named Zeruah (צרוע "lepros") was a widow. He had at least two sons—Abijah and Nadab, the latter of whom succeeded him on the throne of Samaria. While still a young man, King Solomon made him superintendent over his tribesmen in the building of the fortress Millo in Jerusalem and of other public works. Solomon's reign was characterized by extravagant projects that demonstrated the royal family's wealth, which caused  widespread discontent among the people that Jeroboam naturally became conversant with. Solomon was apparently influenced by God's prophecy to him that his kingdom would be divided due to his idolatrous practices and that the ten northern tribes would be given to his servant (indeed Jeroboam had been seeking council with the prophet Ahijah), and he sought to kill Jeroboam, who fled to Egypt, where he remained under the protection of pharaoh Shishak until the death of Solomon. After this event he returned and participated in a delegation sent to ask the new king Rehoboam to reduce taxes.  After Rehoboam rejected their petition, ten of the tribes withdrew their allegiance to the house of David, thus fulfilling the prophecies.

Jeroboam traveled north and rebuilt and fortified Shechem as the capital of the northern kingdom. Fearing that pilgrimages to the Temple in Jerusalem prescribed by the Torah might be an occasion for his people to go back to their old allegiance, he built two state temples, with golden calves, one in Bethel and the other in Dan. Although criticized for his heretical activities, calf worship was not new in Israelite ritual, but a reintroduction of earlier ritual. Bethel and Dan were already established cultic sites. Jeroboam was engaged in offering incense at Bethel, when a "man of God" warned him that "a son named Josiah will be born to the house of David" who would destroy the altar.

Four years later,<ref name=BAR>'Did Pharaoh Sheshonq Attack Jerusalem?' - Biblical Archaeology Review - 1 July 2014</ref> Jeroboam's former compatriot Pharaoh Shishak invaded Judah, leading an army of 60,000 horsemen and 1,200 chariots, in order to provide aid to Jeroboam. According to Josephus, his army met with no resistance throughout the campaign, taking Rehoboam's most fortified cities "without fighting." Finally, he conquered Jerusalem without resistance, because "Rehoboam was afraid." Shishak's forces stripped the city, including the Holy Temple, of Solomon's gold, which was later replaced with brass crafted by Rehoboam.

In the eighteenth year of Jeroboam's reign, Abijam, Rehoboam's son, became king of Judah. During his short reign of three years, Abijam went to considerable lengths to bring the Kingdom of Israel back under his control. He waged a major battle against Jeroboam on Mount Zemaraim, in Ephraim, using a force of 400,000, against Jeroboam's 800,000. Abijam addressed the armies of Israel, urging them to submit and to let the Kingdom of Israel be whole again, but his plea fell on deaf ears. Abijam then rallied his own troops with a phrase which has since become famous: "God is with us as our leader." His elite warriors fended off a pincer movement to rout Jeroboam's troops, killing 500,000 of them, while simultaneously annexing the towns of Bethel, Jeshanah, and Ephron, and their surrounding villages.

Jeroboam was crippled by this severe defeat to Abijam and posed little threat to the Kingdom of Judah for the rest of his reign. Abijam died two years later, with Jeroboam dying about a year after.

Historicity

The matter of "proving" the revolt actually occurred is difficult. There is neither definitive proof nor disproof of a war of succession within Israelite society. While the existence of a true "united monarchy" of Israel is considered doubtful by most modern historians, there is no agreed theory on the historical origins of the independent kingdoms of Samaria and Judah. The matter of the historicity of the United Monarchy of Israel is central to ascertaining the historicity of Jeroboam's Revolt — if there was no unified state, there could not have been a succession conflict. The minimalist opinion is that the kingdoms of Samaria and Judah developed independently of one another, and that the narrative of a united Israelite monarchy and subsequent breakup is an invention of later writers, made in order to glorify David, and by extension the kingdom of Judah, which was finally codified into Israel's holy texts during the Babylonian exile. There are, however, some challenges to this theory. The Tel Dan Stele shows that the House of David was most likely a historical dynasty, and not a later literary invention. Line 9 of the stele is generally taken to mention a "house of David". Moreover, using source criticism, Albertz finds that   both the northern kingdom of Israel (thus 8th century BCE or earlier) and the southern kingdom of Judah had traditions tracing their origins to a split in an earlier kingdom.

Excavations at Khirbet Qeiyafa and Gath show that large-scale urban civilizations were present in Judea during the timeframe of the United Monarchy, but they do not prove that such an entity existed. Likewise, the alleged empiric capital of Jerusalem shows few signs of such political power during this time. As a middle road, some accept the position of Israel Finkelstein and Neil Silberman, authors of The Bible Unearthed, who state that while David and Solomon may well be based on "certain historical kernels", their kingdom simply could not have been the biblical text's large, centralized, and opulent Israelite empire, based on the evidence available to us in the present day.

The existence of the revolt is not without its support. Amélie Kuhrt, while acknowledging a general lack of material evidence explicitly indicating a United Monarchy, concludes "[a]gainst this must be set the evidence for substantial development and growth at several sites, which is plausibly related to the tenth century." Kenneth Kitchen reaches a similar conclusion, arguing that "the physical archaeology of tenth-century Canaan is consistent with the former existence of a unified state on its terrain." Furthermore, levels IX and X of Tell Balata, a.k.a. Shechem, Jeroboam's first capital, show that the city was suddenly refurbished during the time period Jeroboam is believed to have reigned, circumstances which Edward F. Campbell Jr. called "tangible evidence of Jeroboam I's rebuilding (1 Kg 12:25) and a return to city status".

The pharaoh Sishak has been historically identified with Shoshenq I. Many inscriptions have been discovered which omit the n glyph from the pharaoh's name, however miscopyings and misspellings of pharaonic names are not at all uncommon in hieroglyphic sources. The Bubastite Portal, a relief discovered at Karnak, in Upper Egypt, and similar reliefs on the walls of a small temple of Amun at el-Hibeh, show Shoshenq I holding in his hand a bound group of prisoners. The names of captured towns are located primarily in the territory of the Kingdom of Israel (including Megiddo), with a few listed in the Negeb, and perhaps Philistia. Some of these include a few of the towns that Rehoboam had fortified according to Chronicles.

The portal is generally believed to record a historical campaign of Sheshonq I in Judah, but it makes no mention of Jerusalem being sacked, nor of Rehoboam or Jeroboam. Various explanations of this omission of Jerusalem have been proposed: its name may have been erased, the list may have been copied from an older pharaoh's list of conquests, or Rehoboam's ransoming the city (as described in the Book of Chronicles) would have saved it from being listed.

There are also some inconsistencies involving the dates of certain events. The calendars for reckoning the years of kings in Judah and Israel were offset by six months, that of Judah starting in Tishrei and that of Israel in Nisan. Cross-synchronizations between the two kingdoms therefore often allow narrowing of the beginning and/or ending dates of a king to within a six-month range. For Abijam, the scriptural data allow the narrowing of his accession to some time between 1 Nisan 914 BCE and the day before 1 Tishri of that year. For calculation purposes, this should be taken as the Judean year beginning in Tishri of 915/914 BC, or more simply 915 BCE. His death occurred at some time between 1 Tishri 912 BCE and 1 Nisan 911 BCE, i.e. in 912 (912/911) BCE. These dates are one year earlier than those given in the third edition of E. R. Thiele's Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings'', thereby correcting an internal consistency that Thiele never resolved; Thiele's chronology for the first kings of Judah contained an internal inconsistency that later scholars corrected by dating these kings one year earlier, so that Abijam's dates are taken as 915/914 to 912/911 BCE in the present. In addition, Thiele produced 931/930 BC for the division of the kingdom when working backwards from the Battle of Qarqar in 853 BC. According to newer chronologists such as Gershon Galil and Kenneth Kitchen, however, the values are 931 BC for the beginning of the coregency and 915/914 BC for Rehoboam's death.

See also
 List of Israelite civil conflicts

References

Sources

10th-century BC conflicts
Ancient Israel and Judah
Hebrew Bible battles
Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
Revolutions
Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
Wars involving ancient Egypt
Wars of ancient Israel
Israelite civil conflicts
Wars of independence
House of Jeroboam

Jeroboam's Revolt


Pierre Broussel (c. 1575–1654) was a councillor in the Parlement of Paris under Louis XIII and Louis XIV, and later its president.  He was a popular politician, in part due to his opposition to tax plans proposed by Cardinal Mazarin and his support for other legal reforms.  Mazarin arrested him and a number of other members of the Paris Parlement for their politics on 26 August 1648.  In response, the people of Paris rebelled and Mazarin was forced to free Broussel two days later.  This insurrection touched off the first Fronde.  Broussel was appointed Provost of the merchants of Paris (effectively, the mayor) in July 1652, but he resigned in September in order to make it easier to end the civil war he had helped to start.

References

1570s births
1654 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Provost of the Merchants of Paris

Pierre Broussel


Eclogite () is a metamorphic rock containing garnet (almandine-pyrope) hosted in a matrix of sodium-rich pyroxene (omphacite). Accessory minerals include kyanite, rutile, quartz, lawsonite, coesite, amphibole, phengite, paragonite, zoisite, dolomite, corundum and, rarely, diamond. The chemistry of primary and accessory minerals is used to classify three types of eclogite (A, B, and C). The broad range of eclogitic compositions has led a longstanding debate on the origin of eclogite xenoliths as subducted, altered oceanic crust.

Origins
Eclogites typically result from high to ultrahigh pressure metamorphism of mafic rock at low thermal gradients of < as it is subducted to the lower crust to upper mantle depths in a subduction zone.

Classification
Eclogites are defined as bi-mineralic, broadly basaltic rocks which have been classified into Groups A, B and C based on the chemistry of their primary mineral phases, garnet and clinopyroxene. The classification distinguishes each group based on the jadeite content of clinopyroxene and pyrope in garnet. The rocks are gradationally less mafic (as defined by SiO2 and MgO) from group A to C, where the least mafic Group C contains higher alkali contents.

The transitional nature between groups A, B and C correlates with their mode of emplacement at the surface.  Group A derive from cratonic regions of Earth's crust, brought to the surface as xenoliths from depths greater than 150 km during kimberlite eruptions.  Group B show strong compositional overlap with Group A, but  are found as lenses or pods surrounded by peridotitic mantle material. Group C are commonly found between layers of mica or glaucophane schist, primarily exemplified by the New Caledonia tectonic block off the coast of California.

Surface versus mantle origin
The broad range in composition has led a longstanding debate on the origin of eclogite xenoliths as either mantle or surface derived, where the latter is associated with the gabbro to eclogite transition as a major driving force for subduction.

Group A eclogite xenoliths remain the most enigmatic in terms of their origin due to metasomatic overprinting of their original composition.  Models proposing a primary surface origin as seafloor protoliths strongly rely on the wide range in oxygen isotope composition, which overlaps with obducted oceanic crust, such as the Ibra section of the Samail ophiolite.   The variation found in some eclogite xenoliths at the Roberts Victor kimberlite pipe are a result of hydrothermal alteration of basalt on the seafloor.  This process is attributed to both low- and high-temperature seawater exchange, resulting in large fractionations in oxygen isotope space relative to the upper mantle value typical of mid ocean ridge basalt glasses.  Other mechanisms proposed for the origin of Group A eclogite xenoliths rely on a cumulate model, where garnet and clinopyroxene bulk compositions derive from residues of partial melting within the mantle.  Support of this process is result of metasomatic overprinting of the original oxygen isotope composition, driving them back towards the mantle range.

Eclogite facies
This facies reflects metamorphism at high pressure (at or over 12kbar) and moderately high to very high temperatures. The pressures exceed those of greenschist, blueschist, amphibolite or granulite facies.

Eclogites containing lawsonite (a hydrous calcium-aluminium silicate) are rarely exposed at Earth's surface, although they are predicted from experiments and thermal models to form during normal subduction of oceanic crust at depths between about .

Importance of eclogite

Formation of igneous rocks from eclogite

Partial melting of eclogite has been modeled to produce tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite melts. Eclogite-derived melts may be common in the mantle, and contribute to volcanic regions where unusually large volumes of magma are erupted.  The eclogite melt may then react with enclosing peridotite to produce pyroxenite, which in turn melts to produce basalt.

Distribution

Occurrences exist in western North America, including the southwest and the Franciscan Formation of the California Coast Ranges. Transitional granulite-eclogite facies granitoid, felsic volcanics, mafic rocks and granulites occur in the Musgrave Block of the Petermann Orogeny, central Australia. Coesite- and glaucophane-bearing eclogites have been found in the northwestern Himalaya. The oldest coesite-bearing eclogites are about 650 and 620 million years old and they are located in Brazil and Mali, respectively.

References

External links
Mantle eclogites
Eclogite sample
Eclogite photo gallery

Metamorphic rocks
Metamorphic petrology

Eclogite


The Painter of Berlin 1686 was a Greek black-figure vase-painter from Athens who was active from about 550 to 530 BC. Like many other Greek vase painters his real name is unknown, but John Beazley named him after his Amphora F 1686 in the Antikensammlung Berlin.

Consistent individual characteristics of style suggest the existence of a unique artistic personality. Beazley called him the Painter of Berlin 1686 naming him after an amphora in Berlin. His style of painting was close to that of the painters belonging to the so-called Group E. Several vases have been attributed to his hand on the basis of style. He specialized in the decoration of amphorae. For most of his career, he painted rather staid scenes of gods, heroes, and warriors; toward the end of his career, however, he shifted to light-hearted themes that were becoming fashionable in the work of artists like the Swing Painter. An unusual characteristic of the work of the Painter of Berlin 1686 is his tendency to repeat the same scene with little variation on both sides of a vase.

References

6th-century BC Athenians
Ancient Greek vase painters

Painter of Berlin 1686


A boom town is a place that has very quick population and economic growth. Boomtowns are usually mining towns where an important mineral resource such as gold, silver, or petroleum has been found. It can happen, for example in a gold rush. Gold rush towns usually shrink and disappear after the gold is dug up. They become ghost towns.

The word can also be used for places that grow for other reasons.  This can be the town being near a major city, in a nice climate or near a popular attraction.

Some examples of California boom towns are Columbia (not the country) and San Francisco.

Types of settlements

Boomtown


Edward Boyd (1916 – 17 December 1989) was a Scottish writer best known for his television and radio work.

He worked with the Glasgow Unity Theatre in the 1940s. Later he moved into radio and TV. In the 1960s he created series such as The Odd Man and The Corridor People for  Granada TV, and wrote for a number of shows including Z-Cars on the BBC.

His radio serial thriller The Same River Twice was first broadcast in eight parts on the BBC Light Programme in 1966, with Gordon Jackson as Johnny Maxen, Lennox Milne as Helen Duncan, and Roddy McMillan as D.I. Wardlaw. It was adapted for television the same year, under the title The Dark Number, and shown on BBC2 in five parts, starting on 29 December 1966. Patrick Allen played Johnny, Madeleine Christie played Helen, and Roddy McMillan reprised his role of Wardlaw from the radio version. Boyd, in collaboration with Roger Parkes, turned it into a book under this title in 1973.

In the 1970s, he wrote the BBC series The View From Daniel Pike, again starring Roddy McMillan, this time as a dour private detective.

In 1986, Boyd wrote the play Castles in Spain, which was broadcast as a five-part serial on BBC Radio 4 in 1987.

Boyd's papers, including some scripts that can be read online, are held by the University of Glasgow.

He married three times.

References

External links

1916 births
1989 deaths
20th-century Scottish writers
Scottish television writers
20th-century British screenwriters

Edward Boyd (writer)


Abuja FC (also known as EFCC FC due to sponsorship reasons) is a Nigerian football club in the Nigeria National League. The club was founded in Kano, and moved to the Federal capital Territory, Abuja. It plays its home matches at the Old Parade Ground, Abuja.

History
They were founded in 1998 as Buffalo FC by Luc Lagouche, a French teacher at the French School in Kano from September 1995 to June 2003 in order to "use sport as a factor for social integration and personal responsibility". The club was promoted out of the amateur ranks within three years after beginning play against other teams.

Buffalo moved to the capital in 2006, and was renamed "F.C. Abuja" after sponsorship from the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission. They finished 5th in their division in the 2006/07 season with 3 wins, 8 draws and 3 losses and won their first of consecutive Federal Capital Territory Cups.

The team won promotion to the Nigeria Premier League after placing second in the 2007–08 Division 1A. For the 2008/09 season they played home games in Kano and Minna as the Parade Ground was determined to be not up to Premier League standards. Despite being a respectable 13th place at the halfway mark, they were sent down with two games remaining with a final record of 8 wins 13 draws and 17 losses.

After four years in the second division, the club was relegated to the Nationwide League in 2014.
They were promoted back to the second level on the last matchday in 2016 after a 2–0 win over FRSC.

Achievements
National Amateur Division 2 Champions: 1
2002

National Amateur Division 1 Champions: 1
2003

Professional Division 1A Runners-up: 1
2008

References

 FC Abuja Gains Premiership Promotion

Football clubs in Nigeria
Sport in Abuja
1998 establishments in Nigeria
Sports clubs and teams in Nigeria
Association football clubs established in 1998

Abuja F.C.


Raymond IV (died 1199) was the count of Tripoli (1187–1189) and regent of Antioch (1193–1194). He was the son of Bohemond III of Antioch and Orgueilleuse d'Harenc.

When Raymond III of Tripoli died in 1187 without heirs, he left his county to Raymond, who was his godson. After two years, Bohemond III desired to keep his heir closer to his Antiochene court and so brought him back and sent his second son, Bohemond IV, as count to Tripoli. After the elder Bohemond was captured by Leo II of Armenia, Raymond acted as regent until his return.

In 1195, Raymond married Alice of Armenia, Leo II's niece, the daughter of Roupen III, to solidify the peace. They had one son, Raymond-Roupen, who fought for his inheritance as the eldest grandson of Bohemond III.

References

1199 deaths
Counts of Tripoli
Year of birth unknown
House of Poitiers

Raymond IV, Count of Tripoli


The Dahlerau train disaster was a railway disaster that happened on 27 May 1971. It happened in Dahlerau, Radevormwald, North Rhine-Westphalia, West Germany.

Events
A passenger train carrying pupils was travelling on the railway track from Wuppertal to Radevormwald in North Rhine-Westphalia in West Germany on the evening of 27 May 1971. The pupils belonged to the final year of a school in Radevormwald and were returning from a trip to Bremen. Around 21:00, the train had just left the railway station in Wuppertal-Beyenburg and was a few minutes away from the railway station in Dahlerau. Farther south, a freight train was traveling from Radevormwald to Wuppertal, and had just arrived outside the Dahlerau station. The freight train would have to wait in the station to allow the passenger train to pass. This was necessary because the passenger train was 30 minutes late and there was only one track on the railway line outside the station.

The dispatcher in the station would have to go outside and show a red lantern to the freight train, because there were no signals in the station. Nobody knows for sure what happened, but the freight train went right through the station and onto the track where the passenger train was running. The driver of the freight train later told that the dispatcher in the station had shown him a green light. This was the signal not to stop.

The dispatcher had seen what happened and tried to hold the train back with emergency signals, but he failed and the train disappeared behind a curve. He went into his office to call the station in Wuppertal-Beyenburg, but the passenger train had already left Beyenburg. The dispatcher knew what would happen, and called the police. Meanwhile, about 800 metres north of the station, the two trains crashed. The passenger train was crushed to 1/3 of its length, because it consisted of light railbuses and the freight train locomotive was five times as heavy.
Police, firefighters and ambulances arrived quickly, but had problems rescuing people. This was because the crash happened on a hillside. The parents of the pupils had also heard of the accident and had come to search for their children. In all, 25 people were injured, many of them badly. 46 people died in the accident. Of these 46, 41 were pupils, two teachers, one was a mother who travelled with the children, and two were working for the railway. Only one person walked away from the accident without injuries. So many people had died that the bodies had to be put in a gymnasium.

After the accident

The dispatcher was killed in a car accident a few weeks after the crash. Police said it was not suicide. Because the dispatcher could not be asked, investigating the crash was difficult and took about a year. In the end, it was decided that human error was the cause for the accident. Nobody could find out the exact happenings on that evening, and so the case never went before a court. The passenger train was badly damaged and had to be destroyed. The locomotive of the freight train was repaired and stayed in service until 2001.

The victims were buried on 2 June 1971. More than 10,000 people attended the funeral, and all shops in Radevormwald were closed on that day. Many important people went to the funeral, including Chancellor Willy Brandt, and the Minister of Transport. The victims were buried together in a large grave on the Radevormwald cemetery. Later, a memorial was built near the graves as well.

The Deutsche Bundesbahn, the company who was responsible for the railway, changed the lanterns used by the dispatchers. They would not show a red light any more, so that red and green could not be confused any more. They also built the successors of the type of railbus that crashed sturdier, because some people said they had been built too light.

The line from Wuppertal to Radevormwald was closed in 1976.

1971 in Europe
1970s disasters in Europe
1971 in Germany
Disasters in Germany
History of North Rhine-Westphalia
May events
Railway accidents in Europe

Dahlerau train disaster


Juan Carlos Calabró (3 February 1934 – 5 November 2013) was an Argentine actor and comedian.

Biography
He started on radio in the early sixties with the program "Farandulandia" and switched to television in 1962 with the hit comedy "Telecómicos". In that decade began working in the theater with "Extraña Pareja", by Neil Simon, at Buenos Aires theaters such as Maipo, National and Astros.

In 1978 began on television with a starring role in "Calabromas", program which with different formats and versions was a unique Argentine comedy event of the eighties. Memorable characters as the avant-garde and often underrated)"Johny Tolengo", "Gran Valor" and the tender and sincere "Aníbal (el pelotazo en contra)" developed for this program.

In the 1990s, his personal creation for television "El Contra" was another success. The character interacted with most stars from the time, and made them angry by forcing contradictions.

Filmography
He worked in sixteen films in his career. Among them: Gran valor, Gran valor en la Facultad de Medicina, Diablito de barrio, Villa Cariño, Villa Cariño está que arde. He also made several cameos alongside the comedian Luis Sandrini, who was retiring permanently from film making. These include: La fiesta de todos (1978) and Frutilla (1980).

Other memorable works are staged with another star in the comedy show Argentine, Juan Carlos Altavista (in its role as "Minguito Tinguitella ') at Mingo y Aníbal, dos pelotazos en contra (1984), Mingo y Aníbal contra los fantasmas (1985) and the classic of absurd humor bizarre quintessential Argentine cinema: Mingo y Aníbal en la mansión embrujada (1986).

In 1987 he made a movie for another success from the hit factory Calabromas: Johny Tolengo, el majestuoso. Together with Susana Giménez starred in three films that were Donde duermen dos, duermen tres, Yo también tengo fiaca and Me sobra un marido.

In 1999 he participated in the hit television series Campeones de la vida and in the first half of the next decade, he returned to star in El Contra and collaborated with some chapters of the telenovela Padre Coraje (2004).

He was designated distinguished citizen of Mar del Plata in 2011, for making seasonal performances in the city for twenty years.

References

External links

 Cine Nacional.com

1934 births
2013 deaths
Argentine male radio actors
Argentine comedians
Male actors from Buenos Aires
Argentine male television actors
Argentine male stage actors
Argentine male film actors
20th-century Argentine male actors
21st-century Argentine male actors
Deaths from kidney disease
Burials at La Chacarita Cemetery

Juan Carlos Calabró


A topographic map is a kind of map which uses contour lines or other ways to show elevation and topography. These maps are often very detailed, with a scale.

Topographical maps may be used for many purposes. They show relief features, rivers, land use, vegetation, settlements, roads, railway lines and administrative units and boundaries. These maps are revised periodically to update them. Town guide maps are based on them.

Conventional signs and symbols
Features seen on the ground are shown with the help of symbols on the topographic maps. These are only symbols of Earth's features and are not drawn according to any specific scale. These conventional signs help in giving information and adding legibility to the map.

Cartography
Topography

Topographic map


Colors are the insignia, or "patches", worn by motorcycle club members on cut-off vests to identify membership of their club and territorial location. Club patches have been worn by many different groups since the 1960s.  They are regarded by many to symbolize an elite amongst motorcyclists and the style has been widely copied by other subcultures and commercialized.

Colors are considered to represent "significant markers of the socialization" of new members to clubs, rank and present a dominant symbol of identity and are marked with related symbolism. They can be embroidered patches sewn onto clothing or stenciled in paint, the primary symbol being the back patch of the club's insignia or logo and generally remain the property of the club. Wearing such clothing is referred to as "flying one's colors". The term has its roots in military history, originating with regimental colours.

Meaning
Colors identify the rank of members within clubs from new members, to "prospects" to full members known as "patch-holders", and usually consist of a top and bottom circumferential badge called a rocker, due to the curved shape, with the  stating the club name, the  stating the location or territory, and a central logo of the club's insignia, with a fourth, smaller badge carrying the initials "MC" standing for "motorcycle club".  Female clubs spell out "motorcycle club" on their vests.

The badges are used to create a social bond and boundaries and, generally, belong to the clubs involved rather than the individual wearing them. Although, bikers perform community service and give away thousands of dollars to charity, the wearing of them can often lead individuals to be refused service at related businesses and bars, and some biker bars have a "no colors" policy, to reduce conflict. Claiming STATE territory by wearing a bottom STATE rocker can lead to violent conflict with a rival club, such as in the 2015 Waco shootout, which was partially caused by a club wearing a "Texas" bottom rocker.

Many motorcyclists wearing colors are from "family oriented" motorcycling clubs chartered by the American Motorcyclist Association and wear one-piece patches to differentiate themselves from the three piece patches of 99% & outlaw bikers. These generally do not state a territorial location and can be any format other than a three piece patch.  Coed clubs also break up the M and C to denote a difference. Cubes also denote a traditional MC. The motorcycle manufacturer Harley-Davidson notably adopted the style in its branding and community-building effort, the Harley Owners Group.

Law and order colors and/or insignia

As with outlaw motorcycle clubs visual identification of a member of a club is indicated by a specific large club patch or set of patches usually located in the middle of the back of a vest or jacket. The patches may contain a club logo, the name of the club and other chapter identification.

In most motorcycle clubs the patch representing membership in the organization is often referred to as "the club colors" or simply "the colors".  Each club has rules on how the colors are treated and when it is proper to wear them.  Well structured clubs have bylaws dictating the behavior of its members and thus the proper use of their colors.

Tattoos
Tattoos may also come under the category of club colors.

See also
Gang colors
School colors
Sports uniform

References

External links

Motorcycling subculture

Colors (motorcycling)


Lion Red is a New Zealand lager beer brewed by Lion Breweries in Auckland, part of Lion. The beer is 4.0% alcohol. Because of its relatively low alcohol content it is widely regarded as an excellent 'session' beer, that is, a beer that can be consumed freely over a long session of time without all the adverse effects of a higher alcohol volume beer. As such, it is also a favourite of university students, along with similar strength beers such as Speights and DB Draught.

History

According to the date on cans and bottles of Lion Red, the beer was established (and thus presumably first brewed) in 1907. The name Lion Red was first adopted by the public to describe the red coloured label and can. Lion Breweries responded by changing the official name from Lion Beer to Lion Red in the mid 1980s.

Sponsorship

Rugby League
Lion Red has been a longtime sponsor of the New Zealand Rugby League team. Since their introduction into the National Rugby League competition in Australia in 1995 until 2014, the New Zealand Warriors (formerly Auckland Warriors) have also been sponsored by Lion Red. They sponsored the national Lion Red Cup from 1994-96 and currently sponsor Auckland Rugby League's Fox Memorial premier competition.

Rugby Union
Lion Red sponsor the Northland Taniwhas and Counties-Manukau Steelers in the Mitre 10 Cup competition.

External links

Beer in New Zealand
Kirin Group

Lion Red


The Romanian language is a Romance language, meaning it comes from Latin like French, Spanish and Italian. It has 66% Latin-based words and 20% Slavic-based words. The rest are newer and come from Dacian, Turkish, Greek, or English. There are about 28 million speakers: 24 million who speak it as their mother tongue and 4 million who have learned it as their second language.

Romanian is also the most spoken language in Moldova, which is northeast of Romania.  The Moldovan language is a kind of Romanian with certain differences, such as the dialect and a Moldavian accent.

References

Languages of Romania
Romance languages
Languages of Europe

Romanian language


Dorothy Kate Richmond (12 September 1861 – 16 April 1935), known as Dolla Richmond, was a New Zealand painter noted for her watercolour paintings of natural plants and animals and panoramic landscapes.

Early life
The daughter of James Crowe Richmond and Mary Smith, Dorothy Richmond was born on 12 September 1861 at Parnell, Auckland. She was the third of five children and her young childhood was unsettled. The family moved to Nelson in 1862 where her father had become the editor of The Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle but moved to the Taranaki district after the sudden death of Dorothy's mother in 1865. Her father was often away from home and she and her siblings were farmed out to relatives before the family moved back to Nelson in around 1869.

Richmond attended Miss Bell's Young Ladies' College in Nelson and her interest in art was encouraged by her father who passed on his love of drawing and painting to her. She was taken with her two elder siblings to Europe by her father in 1873 and continued her drawing lessons. She attended Bedford College for Women in London, and also attended the Slade School of Fine Art where she worked under Alphonse Legros. By June 1880 her work gained her a Slade Scholarship.

Career
In the early 1880s she returned to New Zealand to keep house for her father before being appointed the art mistress at the newly opened Nelson College for Girls in 1883.

Richmond exhibited with the New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts from 1885 and then travelled to Europe and returning and forth and continuing to study and paint seriously. By 1890 she had become an artist member of the New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts and by 1896 was studying with James Nairn.

She became financially independent after the death of her father in 1898 and she again travelled to Europe to paint. She met Frances Hodgkins in 1901 and travelled with her in France and Italy before returning to New Zealand together in December 1903. Hodgkins described Richmond as "the dearest woman with the most beautiful face and expression. I am a lucky beggar to have her as a travelling companion." Norman Garstin painted Richmond's portrait in Europe in 1903, and the oil painting is in the Te Papa collection, and online.

Richmond and Hodgkins remained close partners and rented a studio together in Bowen Street, Wellington where they also took on private pupils. Richmond keep the studio on after Hodgkins returned to Europe in 1906 and continued to develop her reputation as an art teacher. From around 1909 to 1924 she held classes at Fitzherbert Terrace School also known as the Samuel Marsden Collegiate School.

Richmond was a Council Member of the New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts from 1904 and was honoured with a life membership in 1928. She never married and died in Wellington on 16 April 1935.

List of works
Works by D. K. Richmond in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa

References

External links
Notes from Una Platts

1861 births
1935 deaths
Artists from Nelson, New Zealand
Alumni of the Slade School of Fine Art
Alumni of Bedford College, London
Nelson College for Girls faculty
19th-century New Zealand painters
20th-century New Zealand painters
Atkinson–Hursthouse–Richmond family
19th-century New Zealand women artists
20th-century New Zealand women artists
Colony of New Zealand people

Dolla Richmond


Scientific socialism utilizes scientific methods to analyze historical patterns and potential scenarios regarding social, economic, and material phenomena, aiming to comprehend and forecast their evolution. As for future development, it could entail further refinement and expansion of scientific socialism's analytical methods and their application to emerging societal changes and challenges.Scientific socialism is also known as "Marxism" named after Karl Marx who created the Marxist theory.

References

Socialism
Marxism

Scientific socialism


Sodražica (; ) is a town in southern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Sodražica. It is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

Name
Sodražica was attested in historical sources as Stoidrasicz in 1220, Stodrositz in 1343, and Stodersicz and Stodrasicz in 1436. The name is believed to derive from the Slavic personal name *Stojьdragъ or *Stojьdražь, referring to an early person associated with the settlement. An older and less likely theory derives the name from sodraga 'gorge, ravine'.

Church

The parish church in the settlement is dedicated to Mary Magdalene and belongs to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ljubljana. It was built in the mid-18th century on the site of an earlier chapel dedicated to Saint Nicholas. It was renovated in 1836 and extended in 1928. The main aisle altar in the church was designed by the architect Ivan Vurnik.

References

External links

Sodražica on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Sodražica

Sodražica


Ángel Tavira Maldonado (July 3, 1924 – June 30, 2008) was a Mexican composer, musician and violinist of son calentano. He was awarded the Best Actor Award on the 2006 Cannes Film Festival in the Un Certain Regard section for his role in the movie The Violin.

Biography
Ángel Tavira Maldonado was born in the town of Corral Falso in the municipality of Ajuchitlán del Progreso, Guerrero, which lies in the region known as Tierra Caliente.  He was the only child of J. Isabel Maldonado Tavira and Anita Tavira López, and grandson of Juan Bartolo Tavira, a composer and performer of son, gustos, Indias, malagueñas, rhymes and coplas, who inspired and taught him the love for local traditional music.  Being born in a family traditionally related with music, he was successively encouraged by his uncles and cousins Félix, José Guadalupe Lupito, and Sósimo Tavira López in learning and playing music.  When he was six years old, he began to play four instruments by ear training: saxophone, bass, guitar and violin, and later he went to take courses in classical, semi-classical and romantic music.  Still being young he suffered an accident during the town's patron saint feast when a firework exploded in his right hand, which had to be amputated, discouraging Tavira from playing music.  However, it was his uncle "Lupito" who encouraged him to continue performing.  Later on, he went to take classes at the National Conservatory of Music in Mexico City.

He was considered a great composer of son calentano, traditional music genre of Tierra Caliente (a region within the state of Guerrero), along with other composers such as Juan Reynoso Portillo, Cástulo Benítez, José Natividad Leandro, Zacarías Salmerón and Pedro Ignacio Pablo.  When he was 60 years old he enrolled at the Music Conservatory of Morelia to study music notation with the purpose of recovering the traditional music of his region.
Ángel Tavira was director of the Hermanos Tavira Band, a musical group that has been protecting and promoting the traditional music by recovering the works of Juan Reynoso, Zacarías and Filiberto Salmerón, and Severino Bañuelos.  Among other activities, Ángel Tavira was a farmer, a goldsmith and, as a teacher, he worked at the "Antonia Nava de Catalán" Kindergarten and at the "Jaime Torres Bodet" Secondary School No. 2, since 1972 until he retired, 32 years later, in Iguala.

In 1988, Tavira was introduced to politics when he was selected as Federal Substitute Deputy for the candidacy of Félix Salgado Macedonio.  Ángel Tavira married  Rafaela Martínez with whom he had ten children: Ma de los Ángeles, Elizabeth, Rafaela, Ma. Eugenia, Carlos, Felix, Ángel, Guadalupe, Salvador and Alejandro

With no studies or experience in acting he participated in 2005 in the movie El violín, directed by Francisco Vargas Quevedo, in the role of don Plutarco Hidalgo, a musician and farmer that participates in a guerrilla that plans to revolt against its own government, role for which he obtained the Best Actor Award in the Un Certain Regard section (Prix d'interprétation masculine - Un certain regard) at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival, besides being awarded the Golden Kikito for best actor in a Latin Motion Picture category of the 34th Festival de Gramado, and a Special Jury Award at the 30th São Paulo International Film Festival.  Tavira died of kidney complications on June 30, 2008.

References

1924 births
2008 deaths
Mexican composers
Mexican male composers
Mexican violinists
Male violinists
Mexican male film actors
Deaths from kidney disease
Mexican fiddlers
21st-century Mexican male actors
20th-century violinists
20th-century male musicians

Ángel Tavira


The order Anura includes the frogs and toads. They are the most successful living amphibia, judged by number of species. There are about 7400 different species of amphibians, and about 6500 are in the Anura.

There is no fundamental difference between frogs and toads. Frogs have a short body, webbed digits (fingers or toes), protruding eyes, forked tongue and no tail. They are exceptional jumpers: many of their features, particularly their long, powerful legs, are adaptations to improve jumping performance. They often live in semi-aquatic or humid areas.

A popular distinction is often made between frogs and toads on the basis of their appearance. The warty skin of toads is an adaptation for making their toxic slime. Apart from these glands, their skin is dry, and that is an adaptation to drier habitats. These features have evolved a number of times independently: convergent evolution. The distinction has no taxonomic basis: the Anura are not divided into frogs and toads. The only family exclusively given the common name "toad" is the Bufonidae (the "true toads"), but many species from other families are also called "toads".

Frogs have smooth (soft) skin, while toads have rough (hard) skin. Frogs need their skin to be wet in order for them to get oxygen.p6 Frogs and toads have broad heads and plump bodies.<ref name=G>Grenard, Steve 2007. Frogs and toads: your happy healthy pet. Wiley. </ref>p6 They have short fore limbs and long webbed hind feet. This helps them to move and swim in water. They can also use their legs to crawl, hop and leap. Frogs are good jumpers, and some can leap up to six feet in the air. Tree frogs can climb on any surfaces, they use their sticky hands to do this. The tympanum membrane can only be seen on frogs. The tympanum membrane can be found between the frog's ears and eyes. Frogs have tiny teeth inside their mouths. They are found on the lower jaw.p6 The African bullfrog is the only species where the males are longer than the females.p6 Males can reach up to 9-10 inches in length, while the female only grows up to 4 inches. Frogs belonging to the suborder Neobatrachia, such as the poison dart frogs and Mantellinae frogs, can kill humans. Like most poisonous animals, they get their toxin from their food.p8

 Habitats
Most frogs and toads lives near slow moving waters like rivers, swamps, lakes and ponds.p22 Others such as tree frogs and poison dart frogs lives in forests. Frogs and toads can be found almost everywhere except Antarctica.p4 Frogs and toads squeak or make calls when they are touched or feel threatened.p24 They also make those sounds to communicate with others in their habitat. They make these sounds by expanding their throats with air and letting the air go out. Male bullfrogs will roar while mating with a female. Most frogs and toads are territorial. This means that they go to battle when an animal of their own kind gets close to where they live. They will jump, wrestle and even chase any animal away. They do this to also attract females to their territory. Females  choose a territory where there is enough food for her to eat and if there is a lot of water to swim and lay her eggs.p223

Toads spend most of their time on land, while frogs spend most of their time in the water.p6 Tailed frogs looks similar to toads because of their hard skin. A tailed frogs "tail" is really an organ they use to release sperm in fast-moving waters. They are the only frogs with this organ.p199 The genus Eleutherodactylus'' are terrestrial frogs. This means that they lay eggs on land. Spadefoot toads make crying sounds during a rainstorm.

Species
There are over 400 species of "true" toads, the Bufonidae. The marine toads are the only toads which live in Australia, where they were introduced by people. True toads have poison parotoid glands that can paralyze or even kill dogs. However, some other animals eat true toads without ill effects. Toad poisons are secreted by warts. Touching them is not harmful to humans.p202

There are over 400 species of tree frogs, many of which can change the color of their skin.p220 Tree frogs have sticky feet, which helps them to climb and hang on to the big leaves. "True frogs", the Ranidae, are found in every continent except Antarctica. The family has over 700 species.p224  The feet of burrowing frogs feet help them to dig.

References

Books

Frogs

Anura


Gresse Street is a street in London that is on the border between the City of Westminster and the London Borough of Camden, the north and eastern sides being in Camden and the rest in Westminster.

The street is joined by Rathbone Place, Stephen Street and Stephen Mews.

The street stands on land that was once owned by the family of the painter John Alexander Gresse.

The street is the home of the Fashion Retail Academy.

References

External links

Streets in the City of Westminster
Streets in the London Borough of Camden

Gresse Street


Jimmy P: Psychotherapy of a Plains Indian is a 2013 French drama film directed by Arnaud Desplechin.

Jimmy P. stars Benicio del Toro as title character Jimmy Picard, a Blackfoot Native American who has returned to Montana from World War II and suffers debilitating symptoms. Mathieu Amalric, who has appeared in most of Arnaud Desplechin's films, plays George Devereux, a French doctor of Hungarian-Jewish background. He is called in as a specialist in ethnology and psychoanalysis. Jimmy P. is primarily based on Devereux's book, Reality and Dream: Psychotherapy of a Plains Indian (1951). The film is set at a veterans' hospital in Topeka, Kansas, during the pioneering days of psychoanalysis in the United States.

Jimmy P. was released commercially in Europe in September 2013, and was released in the US and Canada in early 2014. It received a nomination for the Palme d'Or at 2013 Cannes Film Festival, and in January 2014, three nominations at the 39th César Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Adapted Screenplay.

Cast

Production
Desplechin, Kent Jones, and Julie Peyr wrote the screenplay, adapted from Devereux's 1951 book. The film is set primarily at a veterans' hospital in Topeka, Kansas, where Karl Menninger was among the staff treating men after World War II. With flashbacks to Jimmy Picard's life on the reservation and in Montana, the film was shot in Michigan and Montana.

Critical reception
Jimmy P. received mixed to positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 52% based on 33 reviews, with an average rating of 5.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Jimmy P. has interesting ideas and talented stars, but director Arnaud Desplechin can't seem to figure out how to bring them together." On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 58 out of 100, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

The film was praised for its sensitive portrayal of Blackfoot Jimmy Picard. Matt Zoller Seitz awarded the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, commenting, "the movie offers the most psychologically complex screen portrait of a Native American character in at least twenty years, probably more" and "those who have undergone such treatment will appreciate how accurately the film portrays the process, never simplifying anything, never going for the easy dramatic epiphany, always respecting how analyst and patient circle around and around the edges of meaning."

Ty Burr of the Boston Globe wrote, "Avoiding the usual therapy-drama story beats, Desplechin has made a densely satisfying drama about Freud, racism, and sympathy in its largest sense."

A. O. Scott of The New York Times wrote:
"a reservoir of intensity in the two central performances, in particular Mr. Del Toro's. He presents the spectacle of a man figuring himself out, using whatever tools are available: his ancestral culture, European science and his own intelligence. It is moving to witness, partly because, even when the film and the treatment have ended, so much remains to be done."

The film was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. In January 2014, it received three nominations at the 39th César Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Adapted Screenplay.

References

External links

2013 films
2013 drama films
French drama films
English-language French films
Films directed by Arnaud Desplechin
Films with screenplays by Arnaud Desplechin
Films scored by Howard Shore
Worldview Entertainment films
Films set in 1948
Films set in Kansas
2010s English-language films
2010s French films


Emory S. Foster (November 5, 1839 – December 23, 1902) was a major in the 7th Missouri State Militia Cavalry during the American Civil War.  After the Civil War, he was a St. Louis, Missouri newspaper editor. While serving as an editor, Foster fought a duel with rival editor and former Confederate John N. Edwards.

Civil War
Foster was born in Greene County, Missouri.

He was a staunch Unionist whose brother Marshall was murdered by secessionists in early 1861 on his way to vote.    During the American Civil War, on Emory formed a Unionist Home Guard company called "Foster's Mounted Rangers" in which he served as captain, enlisting on August 28, 1861.  He later enlisted in the Federally funded Missouri State Militia, being elected major of the 7th MSM Cavalry.  He and his men engaged in skirmishes around his new home in Warrensburg, Missouri and Foster gained a reputation as an aggressive commander.

On August 15, 1862 after a two-day march from Warrensburg, Missouri to Lexington, Missouri, he was ordered to take 800 men on a 20-mile march to Lone Jack, Missouri to engage Confederate troops that were attempting to capture Jackson County, Missouri in what would become the Battle of Lone Jack.

Upon arrival, Foster's force encountered an 800-1,600 man sleeping Confederate recruiting force under Colonel John T. Coffee and Lieutenant Colonel John Charles Tracy and routed them.  However, the firing of Foster's artillery alerted other Confederate recruiting commands in the area of his presence and intent. Confederates under Colonels Vard Cockrell, Upton Hays, and DeWitt C. Hunter were joined by Lt. Col. Tracy and a fierce five-hour battle ensued the next morning.   The Federals withdrew after Foster was wounded and Col. Coffee's command joined Cockrell.

Foster and his brother were severely wounded, unable to withdraw, and were taken prisoner in a nearby cabin. Foster was about to be executed by Confederate Colonel Dr. Josiah Hatcher Caldwell, with whom he had been bitter enemies since before the war, when an 18-year-old Cole Younger physically threw Colonel Caldwell out of the cabin, sparing Foster and his brother's life.  They gave $1,000 and their handguns to Younger who then delivered them to the Foster sons' mother in Warrensburg (all despite Younger's being a member of the Confederates).

In 1876, Younger as a member of the James-Younger Gang was captured in the botched Northfield, Minnesota bank robbery. Foster was to forcefully argue for a parole for Younger in the 1890s.  Also arguing for the parole was future Secretary of War Stephen Benton Elkins whose only taste of combat had been at Lone Jack, an experience which he said filled him with disgust of war.

Duel with John Newman Edwards
After the war he became an editor at the St. Louis Journal.

On September 4, 1875 he fought a duel north of Rockford, Illinois with Edwards, who was then an editor of the St. Louis Times (after leaving the Kansas City Times in 1873).

The dispute had centered on an August 25 article by Edwards talking about the mistreatment of Jefferson Davis at the Winnebago County, Illinois Fair.  The Journal replied the same day "the writer of the Times article had lied, and knew he lied, when he wrote it."

Edwards demanded a retraction and Foster refused saying the editorial was not directed at Edwards personally.  On August 30 Edwards challenged Foster to a duel:

The disclaimer in the first four paragraphs of your letter would be satisfactory had you followed it up by a withdrawal of the offensive terms of your editorial, so far as they referred to me personally. But as you decline to do so I must, therefore, construe your letter of this date, and its spirit, as a refusal on your part to do me an act of common justice, and so regarding it, I deem it my duty to ask of you that satisfaction which one gentleman has a right to ask of another.

Their seconds made the arrangements and at 5 pm the two met in a field and both missed as Foster smoked a cigar.  Foster commented, "A little high."

Edwards demanded a second fire, "I will go on if it takes a thousand fires."

Foster refused a second fire.  He had been challenged and shots had been fired and so his honor had been maintained.

Both shook hands and made a bourbon toast.

Foster died in Oakland, California.

References

1839 births
1902 deaths
People from Greene County, Missouri
American duellists
19th-century American newspaper editors
People of Missouri in the American Civil War

Emory S. Foster


Zi pai (; also paohuzi, ) are Chinese playing cards that are popular mainly in the southern part of Mainland China, especially in Hunan and Sichuan.

Description

These cards originated from Leshan, Sichuan during the middle of the Qing dynasty and then spread outwards to other parts of southern China. The special deck has two series of cards numbered from one to ten. One series of cards features numbers written in an "ordinary" style (), while the other series of cards has numbers written in a "formal" style (). Every card is quadrupled to bring the total to 80 cards. Numbers 2, 7 and 10 are printed in red, and all others are printed in black. Some decks may have extra cards that act as wild cards.

2-7-10
2-7-10 () is the standard game played with these cards. It is a draw-and-discard type game like Mahjong and Rummy. Usually there are only three players in each game. The winner is the player who reaches 18 points first.

Suits — There are two suits: big and small () differentiated by both colours and their characters/patterns. The big suit is red and the small suit is black.

The cards belonging to the big suit always carry three points more than those of the small suit if the meld (see below) carries points at all.

Melds — When a player discards a card, any other player may "call" for it in order to complete a meld (a certain set of three or four cards) in their own hands. When a meld is declared through a discard, the player must state the type of meld to be declared and place the meld face up. The player must then discard a card (with the exception that they are making the second meld of four of a kind), and play continues to the left.

The disadvantage of doing this is that the player must now expose the completed meld to the other players, giving them information on the availability of cards left in the deck.

 Duì () meaning to make use of a pair) — A Duì is a set of three identical cards. If a duì is made by calling a card, a big duì carries three points whilst a small dui carries one point. If it is made in a player's hand during the initial drawing, then they carry six and three points respectively.
 Kāi () — A Kāi is a set of four identical cards. A kāi in the big suit carries nine points and six points in the small suit if exposed; or they both gain three extra points for being concealed in a player's hand.

If a player is forming a second set of kāi all cards (both concealed in their hands and exposed on the table) considered, they should not discard any cards for that particular turn or they will not be able to win the game.

 Chī () — A Chī is a meld of three suited tiles in sequence or any three cards of the same number. They do not carry any points unless they are formed by the numbers two, seven and ten.

When a chī is formed by calling, any melds that contains the card being called need to be exposed to other players as well.

 2-7-10 The meld 2-7-10 is a special type of chī which can only be formed if they are of the same suit. A black or small 2-7-10 carries three points when exposed, and six if not; a red or big set carries six or nine points depending on its visibility to other players.
 Jiang () — The pair, while not a meld (and thus cannot be declared or formed with a discard, except if completing the pair completes the hand), is the final component to the standard hand. It consists of any two identical cards.

Gameplay — The game starts by a chosen player (if the first game) or the winner (of the previous game) drawing the first two cards. Each player then draws two cards until the lead has 20 cards in their hand and announces the end of the drawing phase by drawing one last card and discarding the first card. So each player has 20 cards to start with.

See also
Sheng ji
Dou dizhu
Gnau

References

External links
 Character Cards And Related Patterns on Andy's Playing Cards

Chinese card games
Rummy

Zi pai


Die Trying is the second novel in the Jack Reacher series written by Lee Child. It was published in 1998 by Bantam Press in the UK and by Putnam in the US. It is written in the third person.

Plot

While in Chicago, former military police officer Jack Reacher is helping a young woman with an injured leg with her dry cleaning when they're captured at gunpoint by three men and thrown into a car, then transferred into a van and driven cross country. On the way, Reacher learns the woman is an FBI agent named Holly Johnson, though she doesn't tell him she's the daughter of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and goddaughter of the President, having been accused of being the beneficiary of nepotism all her life.

Meanwhile, Holly's fellow agents search for her. Security footage leaves Reacher as the prime suspect, and his mentor, General Leon Garber, is brought in to help, though he insists Reacher would never do such a thing. The Chicago office where Holly worked take charge, with only agent in charge McGrath and two others, Milosevic and Brogan involved. At one point, they manage to put an APB out on the van, but get the wrong van due to a transfer of vehicles.

After Reacher fails to take advantage of an opportunity to escape during the night, Holly insists that he let her handle things. However, she ends up owing him when, during another stay, one of the kidnappers, Peter Bell, tries to rape her. Reacher breaks free of his restraints, kills Bell, hides his body, and re-restrains himself before the others become suspicious. Holly finally and reluctantly accepts his help after this.

Reacher and Holly finally arrive at their destination; a mountain community that's home to a radical military sect wishing to secede from the US. Holly, intended by leader Beau Borken to be used as leverage to make her father agree to his demands, is placed in an upstairs room of an abandoned county courthouse, whose walls are supposedly filled with dynamite. She meets Jackson, an FBI agent working undercover, who offers to help her escape, but she refuses to leave without Reacher.

Meanwhile, Reacher, after witnessing Borken execute Loder, the leader of the kidnappers, for multiple failures, is shown around the camp with the intent of sending him back to the States with information on the militia's credibility. However, word soon reaches Borken of Bell's murder, and Reacher is put on trial. Learning that he'll be executed, Holly escapes her room and convinces Borken to commute his sentence after he proves his worth in a shooting match.

During the punishment, Reacher and Holly are forced to bury the caught Jackson's corpse, and Reacher suspects something big is about to happen. Meanwhile, the FBI figures out where the militia is. When the President, fearing political fallout from a bloodbath, refuses to authorize an attack, McGrath and his men go rogue, setting up camp near the community. That night, Reacher sneaks out of his cabin and into an abandoned mine, where he finds trucks carrying missiles.

The next morning, as he returns to the camp, Reacher rescues McGrath, who was caught trying to break into the camp, proving his innocence. The two realize that Brogan and Milosevic are moles working for Borken for money. They stalk the camp to save Holly, killing Brogan in the process. Borken drags Holly out while her father watches on a spy plane camera feed and tries to force her father to give in to his demands. With a sniper rifle stolen from the ammo cabin, Reacher shoots him dead. Milosevic takes Holly hostage, but Holly manages to kill him.

As the FBI round up the remaining militia members and demolish the camp, Reacher discovers that Holly's cabin isn't actually filled with dynamite and realizes that Borken sent Stevie, the last kidnapper in a truck filled with it to San Francisco, where he plans to detonate in the middle of a crowd celebrating the Fourth of July. Everyone gets in a helicopter and Reacher manages to shoot and destroy the truck on time. Learning that Holly and McGrath are in a relationship, Reacher sadly says goodbye to her and is left to hitchhike down a highway.

Awards and nominations
 1999 WH Smith Thumping Good Read Award winner.

See also
 Northwest Territorial Imperative

References

External links
 Die Trying information page on Lee Child's official website.

1998 British novels
British thriller novels
Jack Reacher books
Novels about terrorism
Novels set in Chicago
Third-person narrative novels
Bantam Press books
G. P. Putnam's Sons books

Die Trying (novel)


A skill or technique is  a learned ability to do something.
It could be playing a musical instrument or playing a kind of sport or even doing something simple like using a corkscrew.  Someone who is trying to do something but not succeeding may be using the wrong technique.  Skill does not always have to be something physical: it may refer to the way a person approaches a problem.

Examples of skills are:
Being able to handle a bow or a gun
Being able to speak a language
Reading and writing
Knowing how to use a computer program

Relating page
Education
Human capital

Skills

Skill


PO'ed is a video game developed by Any Channel for the 3DO and published by Any Channel in 1995. It follows a cook attempting to escape a hostile, alien world. A PlayStation port was released in May 1996 by Accolade. An MS-DOS version was cancelled.

Plot
A chef's spacecraft has crash-landed on an alien world and must escape.

Gameplay

PO'ed is a first-person shooter using primitive weapons such as a frying pan and a drill, as well as futuristic alien weapons. The player must advance through 26 levels filled with alien monsters. A jet pack can also be acquired to facilitate the player's exploration of levels. When the jet pack is selected, the jump button instead causes the player character to accelerate skyward, and releasing the button causes the player character to fall, accelerating downwards. The physics-based jet pack thus does not allow the player character to naturally hover, though they can maintain a relatively steady altitude by rhythmically tapping the jet pack button.

Development
The developers of PO'ed, Any Channel, was founded in July 1993 by former employees of Sun Microsystems. PO'ed began development in October 1993, initially as a spare-time project. Russel Pflughaupt of Any Channel recalled, "We looked at games like Doom, Marathon, and Dark Forces, and took what we felt were their best elements. But we wanted to get away from the tunnel-based feel of those games, so we made the environments in PO'ed very open, and not formulaic at all."

The team originally wanted to include a motorcycle and a tank for the player character to ride in addition to the jet pack, but couldn't find a way to incorporate their use into the level designs.

On May 23, 1995, The 3DO Company entered an "Affiliated Label" agreement with Any Channel, which granted The 3DO Company the rights to distribute Any Channel's games in North America and both publish and distribute them everywhere else in the world for the next three years, starting with PO'ed.

Reception

PO'ed met with polarizing opinions among critics. Reviewing the 3DO version, Scary Larry of GamePro commented that the game has serious control problems, with the character often careening off edges or failing to turn at crucial moments. He nonetheless concluded that the game sufficiently fills the role of first-person shooter for the 3DO, citing the unique assortment of weapons, aggressive enemy AI, sense of humor, and relatively strong graphics. Maximum summarized the game as the "worst 3D action title ever seen on any format, with the exception of PlayStation Crime Crackers and some early PC public domain games (indeed, the graphics and gameplay are very reminiscent of such past atrocities)." They elaborated that the 3D environments constantly glitch, the floors are untextured, the attempts at humor are feeble, enemies show heavy pixelation even at medium distances, and the controls are extremely poor.

A reviewer for Next Generation noted that PO'ed began as an independent project by a small group of programmers, and said that its "labor of love" nature "is both a blessing and a curse." He elaborated that the game plays smoothly, doesn't limit the player to just walking to get around, and generally stands out from other first person shooters, but that "the meticulously over designed level layouts" and intricate textures often make the game confusing to the point of frustration. He concluded, "It's well done, very well done, but too tricky for its own good."

Reviewing the PlayStation version, most of the four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly felt that PO'ed was a dull first-person shooter with nothing to set it apart from other games in the genre save for its sense of humor, which quickly wears thin. Mark Lefebvre also criticized the lack of improvement over the 3DO version. Mike Desmond, in a dissenting opinion, called PO'ed "an all-around good title that ranks highly among titles such as Doom and Duke Nukem 3D." He praised the detailed graphics, variety of "topsy turvy" level designs, and large selection of weapons. In GamePro, Slo Mo said that the game lacks the terror and atmosphere of games like Doom and Alien Trilogy, but "does a nice job of tip-toeing between fierce and funny." He particularly commented on the aggressive enemy AI and unique weapons. Next Generation said that the PlayStation version retains the bizarre style and overall experience of the 3DO original while making it easier to play, due to better controls and graphics while more clearly delineate the extremely intricate levels.

References

External links
 PO'ed at GameFAQs
 PO'ed at Giant Bomb
 PO'ed at Hardcore Gaming 101

1995 video games
3DO Interactive Multiplayer games
Accolade (company) games
Cancelled DOS games
First-person shooters
PlayStation (console) games
Sprite-based first-person shooters
Video games about extraterrestrial life
Video games developed in the United States
Video games with 2.5D graphics

PO'ed


Solanum perlongistylum is an evergreen vine in the family Solanaceae. It is endemic to Peru, and is a close relative of S. muricatum, the domesticated pepino. Its style is the longest in the group, and its flowers have a higher pollen:ovule ratio. It is self-incompatible. It is diploid at n  =  12. Together with Solanum catilliflorum, it might be an allopatric variant of S. caripense.

References

perlongistylum
Flora of Peru

Solanum perlongistylum


Professor Ifor James (30 August 1931 – 23 December 2004) was a horn player and teacher, numbering among his pupils many future Principal Horns and horn professors at British music schools.

James was born in Carlisle, England; his father was a noted cornet player and his mother a famous soprano, Ena Mitchell. He began playing cornet in a brass band at age four and by seven he was playing paying gigs as a trumpeter. He also played the organ and was assistant organist in Carlisle Cathedral.  Taking up the horn in 1951, he studied first privately and then under Aubrey Brain at the Royal Academy of Music.  His professional horn playing career began with the Halle Orchestra from 1953 to 1955, then the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra from 1955 to 1961, and was much in demand for chamber recitals and solo work.

Moving to London, he played as principal horn with many orchestras and chamber groups. He was appointed professor of horn at the Royal Academy of Music and was made a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Music (FRAM) in 1969. He was principal horn of the English Chamber Orchestra, and horn player in the Philip Jones Brass Ensemble, with whom he toured the world and made over 30 recordings. He was also appointed professor for horn at the Royal Northern College of Music (Manchester).  His final teaching appointment was as professor for horn at the Staatliche Hochschule für Musik, Freiburg, Germany.

His musical taste was eclectic and he was for some time the principal conductor of the famous Besses o' th' Barn Brass Band, winning the 1978 BBC Brass Band of the Year Competition with them.

He was known among his students for sending them on curious errands such as paying hotel bills.  He also had a puckish sense of humour.  One former student recalls an incident where the two of them were at traffic lights in James' open-topped Morris Minor when a pretty girl walked alongside.  James encouraged the younger man to "pinch her bottom as the lights go green, and I'll drive off".  Needless to say when the young man did as bidden, James stayed put and turned to grin at the girl.

Welsh to the core, he famously averred that he only played the horn because he could not sing.

His former students include over 100 professional musicians, over 30 of them currently principal horn players with orchestras in numerous countries. Nine are professors at music colleges, two are the principals of German music colleges and a further six are noted soloists.

At the 2005 British Horn Festival tributes to James were read out by Barry Tuckwell, Michael Thompson and others, and a commissioned Portrait by former student Tony Randall was premiered by an octet of former students including Simon de Souza (professor of horn at Birmingham Conservatoire), Jeffrey Bryant (professor of horn at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama), Michael Thompson, (Aubrey Brai) Professor of Horn, Royal Academy of Music) and Frank Lloyd (professor of horn at the Folkwang Hochschule and president of the International Horn Society).

References

 Profile of Ifor James in The Horn Player, journal of the British Horn Society, 2005.
 Profile from the International Horn Society
 obituary from the Daily Telegraph

1931 births
2004 deaths
British classical horn players
Welsh classical organists
British male organists
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Music
People educated at Carlisle Grammar School
Musicians from Carlisle, Cumbria
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century British musicians
20th-century organists
20th-century British male musicians
Academic staff of the Folkwang University of the Arts
Male classical organists

Ifor James


ZipRealty is a website that offers real estate listings and homes for sale as part of Realogy's company-owned brokerage operations, NRT LLC. Ziprealty.com is maintained by ZapLabs LLC, the innovation and technology development division of Realogy.

History
Founded in 1999 by Scott Kucirek and Juan Mini, two graduates of the University of California, Berkeley's Haas School of Business, ZipRealty operated in 35 metropolitan areas in 22 states and the District of Columbia. Headquartered in Emeryville, CA and incorporated in Delaware, the company went public in November 2004 and traded on NASDAQ under the ticker symbol ZIPR.

ZipRealty, Inc. was started as an independent U.S. real estate brokerage firm with licensed agents in offices nationwide, who sell real estate on ZipRealty.com. After operating a tech-enabled brokerage for 15 years, the company was acquired by Realogy in 2014, maintaining the technology division as part of the Realogy Franchise Group, and adding the ZipRealty brokerage into Realogy's company-owned brokerage operations, NRT.

In June 2016, the technology division rebranded itself as ZapLabs LLC. This was to differentiate itself from the brokerage and to establish itself as the central source of real estate technology solutions for Realogy's franchise brands, with solutions designed to serve brokers and agents as well as home buyers and sellers. In March 2017, ZipRealty's sales professionals joined another brokerage, Coldwell Banker United Realtors.

References

1999 establishments in California
American real estate websites
Companies based in Emeryville, California
Online real estate databases
Real estate companies established in 1999
Real estate valuation

ZipRealty


The nobility of Georgia was the social and legal grouping of individuals and families with a special status in the former Kingdom of Georgia (along with its successor states).

The Georgian nobility has always been split across two main groups: the princely and ducal Houses, which were in the minority, and the untitled noble Houses which were the vast majority.

The untitled nobility consisted of the gentry who were the direct vassals of the King along with the vassals of the various princes and dukes, as well as those of the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia who had his own realm. Before the formal annexation by the Russian Empire, there were no other hereditary nobiliary titles other than the Western European equivalents of Prince and Duke.

The nobility of Georgia is split into two period, that before Russian annexation and after. At the time of annexation, approximately 5% of the total Georgian population belonged to the nobility in some form, with the Bagratids being at the top.

Archducal status
The Georgian nobiliary system had a title equivalent to that of a western archduke called Eristvi-mtavar.

Princely status
The Georgian hereditary titles of Mtavari () and Tavadi (), both having similar roots, were granted to heads of noble houses and considered equivalent to the German Fürst while cadet houses (and their heads),  would use titles such as Tavadischvili and Eristvichili. These houses enjoying the title of Mtavari or Tavadi are recognized by the sovereign as being of the most important in the realm, of nobility from time immemorial equivalent to the uradel of Germany or the noblesse de race of France. These princely houses of Georgia enjoyed full authority over their dominion and headed their own armies, enjoying a kind of mediatized sovereignty under the Georgian Crown.

At the end of the middle ages, the title of Mtavari came to be associated with independent princes (and equivalent to Nakharar of Armenia) whereas Tavadi would designate those directly under Crown. The realm of the former would be known as samtavaro whereas of the latter satavado.

Starting in the 15th century, the newer title of Tavadi began to denote ruling princes whereas the older Mtavari was used explicitly by the five ruling princes of Georgia or by the head of undivided house.

The Batonishvili title was reserved for Royal Princes and for royal cadet houses, equivalent to the Russian tsarevich.

Ducal status
The Georgian equivalent of duke was the title of Eristavi (), and in a singular case the Armenian Melik. The need for this class of nobles came out of the need of the Georgian Crown to introduce feudal reforms in the realm and recognizing the low control of the (semi) independent princely houses. The realms under the direct control of the ducal houses were known as saeristavo.

Grandees
The term didebuli () came into being with the introduction of feudalism and had the equivalent meaning as a grandee in Spain applying to all of the highest nobility. From the 11th and through the 14th century, the titles of Mtavari and Tavadi were equal to Eristavi, all three referring to the upper nobility, the princes.  However, starting in the 15th century, the title with its feudal connotations started to fade away.

Untitled nobility

The broad class of untitled nobles were known as Aznauri (). These lesser nobles were divided into the mamaseulni () or natesavit aznauri (), which were nobles of time immemorial (equivalent to the uradel of Germany) and the aghzeebul aznauri (), the nobility through a brevet (granted by a King or lord).

It is noticeable that the feudal untitled nobles of Georgia starting in the 15th century, were much more dependent on their lords compared to their counterparts in western Europe, so much so that the Aznauri were considered to be slaves () of the feudal lords. However, this assertion of "slave" made by Ronald Suny is based on Georges Charachidze's book "Introduction a l'etude de la feodalite Georgienne" that Cyril Toumanoff refutes in his review of Charachidze's book and sees it the relationship more as being "servant".

Integration into the Russian Empire
With the formal integration of the Georgian Kingdoms into the Russian Empire, all former royal, princely, and ducal houses were received by imperial decree as princes of the empire. The untitled nobles were incorporated as untitled nobility of the Empire and a full list of admitted families was published by imperial authorities.

After the annexation, all nobiliary titles in what were the former independent kingdoms of Georgia followed the Russian nobility system. Interestingly, in 1837 the untitled nobles in eastern Georgia were emancipated from their princes but were required to prove the title to their lands; if they were unable to do so, the lost the land to their lords and became peasants. This was repeated in western Georgia in the 1840s.

See also
 List of Georgian princely families
 Georgian feudalism
 Court officials of the Kingdom of Georgia
 Noble families of Georgia
 Noble titles of Georgia
 Bagrationi dynasty

References

Nobility of Georgia (country)
Kingdom of Georgia
History of Georgia (country)

Nobility of Georgia (country)


was an American-born Japanese automobile engineer who emigrated to Japan. Gorham would make substantial contributions to the technology and capability of Japan's fledgling automobile industry, and worked with a number of companies that would eventually be merged into the Nissan Motor Company by Yoshisuke Aikawa, who would become a close friend and business partner to Gorham.

In David Halberstam's 1986 book The Reckoning, Halberstam states: "In terms of technology, Gorham was the founder of the Nissan Motor Company" and that "In 1983, sixty-five years after [Gorham's] arrival... young Nissan engineers who had never met him spoke of him as a god and could describe in detail his years at the company and his many inventions."

Early life
Gorham was born in San Francisco, California in 1888 to William J. Gorham, an Asia area manager at tire manufacturer B.F. Goodrich. He accompanied his father on business trips to Japan in his youth, and after graduating from Heald College founded Gorham Engineering in San Francisco with his father in 1911. The company's products included hot bulb engines, fire pumps, and motorboats.

Career in Japan
Gorham moved to Japan with his wife and children in 1918 during World War I. He was initially interested in the aviation industry, but after a year without success shifted his attentions to the automotive industry.

Gonshiro Kubota, a successful businessman who founded and led his eponymously-named firm into becoming the largest manufacturer of agricultural machinery in Japan was eager to enter the automobile market. At the time, the only two mass-production Japanese automobile manufacturers were Isuzu, and Kaishinsha, founded by Matsujiro Hashimoto. Kubota hired Gorham as chief designer, with Gorham designing the vehicles and setting up the manufacturing plants for Gorham's three-wheeled automobile. Along with other Japanese investors, Kubota and Gorham would found Jitsuyo Jidōsha, who would manufacturer the three-wheeled automobile as the Gorham, and a four-wheeled automobile of Gorham's design as the Lila. Jitsuyo Jidōsha and Kaishinsha would later be merged into a predecessor of the Nissan Motor Company.

He worked with a number of predecessors of the Nissan Motor Company, including Jitsuyo Jidōsha, Tobata Castings, and Nihon Sangyō, before departing in 1936 to found his own company, Kokusan Seiki, a precision manufacturing company, which would later be merged into Hitachi.

In May 1941, Gorham and his wife renounced U.S. citizenship and naturalised as Japanese citizens. They apparently chose to do this so that they could remain in Japan, as wartime conditions meant increasing restrictions on foreigners. During World War II, Gorham continued his engineering work at Hitachi, focusing on multicut lathes and jet engines. After the end of the war, the United States government declined to charge him or his wife with treason since they had become Japanese citizens before the war began; in fact, he ended up working in a liaison position with the headquarters of Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers Douglas MacArthur regarding industrial problems.

Throughout the 1940s, he also frequently acted as a consultant for Canon Inc. regarding their procurement and factory management practises, and developed a close relationship with company president Takeshi Mitarai. Gorham died in 1949 with Mitarai at his bedside.

Family
Gorham was married and had two sons, William Jr. and Don Cyril. William Jr. was born in 1915 in Oakland, California; after completing middle school in Japan, he attended high school in the United States and was attending Caltech when Japan attacked the United States. After his deferment ended in 1943, he served with the Office of Naval Intelligence at Pearl Harbour as a specialist in interrogating Japanese POWs, and at the war's end he helped with surrender arrangements on the island of Saipan and analyzed the effects of US bombing raids on Tokyo. He later worked for the Otis Elevator Company, and died in 2003.

Don was born in Oakland as well in 1918, but attended Tokyo Imperial University after high school and graduated in 1941 with a degree in Japanese language and literature. On the urging of his father, he moved to Washington, D.C. before war with Japan began. Like his brother, he served in the Office of Naval Intelligence during World War II, and continued there as a civilian employee after the war ended until beginning a second career as a translator in the 1970s. He died in 2011.

References

Further reading

1888 births
1949 deaths
Japanese automotive pioneers
American emigrants to Japan
Canon (company) people
Japanese founders of automobile manufacturers
Japanese automotive engineers
Nissan people
Naturalized citizens of Japan
Former United States citizens
Engineers from San Francisco
Engineers from California
Heald College alumni

William Gorham (engineer)


What to Do in Case of Fire? () is a 2002 German film directed by Gregor Schnitzler. It premiered in November 2001 at the German film festival Kinofest Lünen and was released to theaters in 2002. Part comedy, part action and part drama, the movie is set in contemporary Berlin and stars German action star Til Schweiger.

The film received mixed reviews from critics.

Plot
Set in Berlin, the film opens in 1987 to show a group of radicals battling police, but soon moves to the modern day to present the same radical characters brought together once more by an act they carried out in their anti-establishment heyday.

In 1987, the main characters of the film are anarchists squatting in an abandoned building in Kreuzberg and making propaganda films. In one of these films, they demonstrate how to make a homemade bomb out of a pressure cooker and chemicals available over the counter, and they plant the bomb in a vacant villa in Grunewald. However, the timer sticks, and the bomb does not go off until 12 years later, when it is jostled by a real estate broker and a potential buyer. They are injured in the blast, and the police are pressured to hunt down the "terrorists" responsible.

Two of the original anarchists, Tim (Schweiger) and Hotte (Martin Feifel), still live in the original building and engage in anti-police graffiti, anti-gentrification protests and petty theft. The current owner of the building, a nouveau riche Turk named Bülent, cannot evict them, because Hotte is disabled, having lost his legs. (It is later revealed that they were crushed by a water cannon during a riot.) While Tim is out, the police raid the building in a sweep for clues to the bombing and confiscate their cache of old films, including the incriminating bomb-making film. They cart the films off to the fortresslike police headquarters, a former Prussian military barracks. One by one, Tim and Hotte visit the former members of their group to warn them of the bust. They are distressed by the news, having gone on with their lives: Nele (Nadja Uhl) is a single mother of two young children; "Terror" (Matthias Matschke) is an attorney; Maik (Sebastian Blomberg) runs an advertising agency that exploits radical imagery; and Flo (Doris Schretzmayer), Tim's former lover, has evidently gone bourgeois, although her circumstances are never fully explained, and is about to get married. They balk when Tim and Hotte propose breaking into the police headquarters and destroying the evidence, but Terror's counter-suggestion that they should turn themselves in is met with even stronger disagreement, and finally the former radicals devise the plan of infiltrating the headquarters by pretending to be a television news crew.

A rift within the police department makes their plan possible: Manowsky (Klaus Löwitsch), an old-school Berlin cop, wants to use aggressive tactics and avoid press coverage, while Henkel (Devid Striesow), a technocrat from Bonn, prefers more modern, less intrusive methods and is eager to earn good public relations for the department. Henkel gives the "TV crew" a tour of the police headquarters, including the evidence room where the films are stashed. Manowsky interrupts the tour, and the former radicals barely manage to slip away.

To destroy the films, the radicals decide to smuggle a second homemade bomb into the evidence room as a Trojan horse: all the evidence is stored alphabetically according to the street where it was found, so they need only plant the bomb in a suspicious-looking crate in their old building and entice the police into picking it up. What the other radicals do not know is that Hotte intends to smuggle himself into the evidence room inside the crate along with the bomb, to make sure it's placed correctly. Hotte, without his wheelchair (he uses a dolly), is trapped in the evidence room when the emergency exit door is jammed. Frantically, he uses the phone in the room to call his compatriots, but they are all away from their phones. In desperation he calls Bülent, who at that moment is trying to talk Tim into abandoning their apartment and accepting a payoff for their few remaining goods. Tim rushes to Hotte's aid. The others eventually get Hotte's message and come to rescue him as well, but meanwhile, Manowsky intercepts Hotte and Tim in the evidence room. After a taunting lecture on their inability to let go of past ideals, Manowsky prepares to arrest the two, but the others arrive just in time to distract him. Tim seizes Manowsky's handcuffs and shackles him to the evidence cage. He threatens to leave the bomb in Manowsky's lap, but the others persuade him not to commit outright murder. Tim tosses Manowsky the handcuff keys, and the radicals flee as an alarm sounds.

Pursued by police through the headquarters, the former radicals stumble upon a water cannon and use it to drive back the police and escape. As Manowsky and Henkel observe their flight, Henkel confidently predicts that the evidence will lead to their capture. However, Manowskymoved by the radicals' compassion, by his annoyance with Henkel and by reflection on his own long-held idealshas left the bomb in the evidence room, and it destroys the evidence.

The group of friends walk through the streets of Berlin and end up on the floor of an S-Bahn car. Tim then pulls the incriminating film out of his bag, holds a lighter to it, and asks aloud: "What do you do if there's a fire?", and the friends answer, "Let it burn!"

The film contains mild nudity, mild drug use, and mature language.

Cast
 Til Schweiger as Tim
 Sebastian Blomberg as Maik
 Martin Feifel as Hotte
 Nadja Uhl as Nele
 Doris Schretzmayer as Flo
 Matthias Matschke as Terror
 Klaus Löwitsch as Manowski
 Devid Striesow as Henkel
 Barbara Philipp as Pritt

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 50% based on reviews from 24 critics. On Metacritic it has a score of 47% based on reviews from 10 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times called it "Thoughtful, even stinging at times, and lots of fun."
Megan Lehmann of the New York Post wrote: "It's all entertaining enough, but don't look for any hefty anti-establishment message in what is essentially a whip-crack of a buddy movie that ends with a whimper."

Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times wrote: "This is a picture that Maik, the firebrand turned savvy ad man, would be envious of: it hijacks the heat of revolution and turns it into a sales tool."

References

External links

2001 films
Films about anarchism
Films set in Berlin
German drama films
2000s German-language films
Punk films
Columbia Pictures films
Squatting in film
Squatting in Germany
2000s German films

What to Do in Case of Fire?


Sir Charles William Blyth Normand CIE (10 September 1889 – 25 October 1982) was a Scottish meteorologist.

Career
Born in Edinburgh, Normand was educated at the Royal High School and studied mathematics, physics and chemistry at Edinburgh University. In 1913, he was appointed Imperial Meteorologist in India. During the First World War, he served as a meteorological officer with the Indian Army in Mesopotamia. On his return to India he conducted research into atmospheric humidity, and became Director-General of Observatories in India in 1927. He was a member of the Indian Science Congress and a founder of the Indian Academy of Sciences. He was knighted in 1945.

In 1946, Normand moved to Oxford, where he studied atmospheric ozone. He served as Secretary of the International Ozone Commission from 1948 to 1959 and President of the Royal Meteorological Society between 1951 and 1953, receiving their Symons Gold Medal in 1944.

References
Footnotes

Bibliography
C. D. Walshaw, 'Normand, Sir Charles William Blyth (1889–1982)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004. Retrieved 5 September 2007.

1889 births
1982 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
Knights Bachelor
People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh
Presidents of the Royal Meteorological Society
Scottish meteorologists
Scottish scientists
Scientists from Edinburgh

Charles Normand


Taldra (postcode 5311) is a small settlement in the northeastern Murray Mallee region of South Australia adjoining the border with Victoria.  The aboriginal word taldra means kangaroo. At the , Taldra had a population of 36.

The railway through Taldra opened on 13 October 1913 but closed in the 1980s. The former towns and sidings between Taplan and Taldra are now incorporated in the Bounded Locality of Taldra. They were Nangari, Pungonda, Noora and Ingalta (all south of Taldra township). Little remains of any of these settlements. Nangari once had a shop, Noora once had a football team. Taldra still has grain silos at the former railway station erected in the 1950s, but if they are used, they are cleared by road, not rail.

References

Towns in South Australia

Taldra, South Australia


Damiano Carrara (born 22 September 1985) is an Italian chef, restaurateur and cookbook author who resides in Italy.

Early life
Carrara was born in Lucca, Tuscany. He served as a bartender at age 19 in his hometown before he continued bartending across Dublin, Ireland. By 2012, he and his brother Massimiliano had relocated to Moorpark, California, where they opened their bakery Carrara Pastries. In 2013, they opened a second location in Agoura Hills, California. In 2023 the Carrara Pastry companies were sold to a new owner.

Career
Carrara has made television appearances on several Food Network series. He first came to prominence as a contestant in the premier season of Spring Baking Championship in 2015, where he finished in second place. Later that year, he went on to win the "Chocotage XXL" episode of Cutthroat Kitchen.

Carrara also infrequently served as a judge on Bakers vs. Fakers and Winner Cake All. Carrara also served as a judge in the Christmas Cookie Challenge, which aired on Food Network in 2017.

Food Network Star and Halloween Baking Championship

In May 2016, Carrara was announced as a contestant for the twelfth season of Food Network Star. He survived until midway through the season finale, finishing in third place. In October 2016, he served as one of the judges in the second season of Halloween Baking Championship.

Filmography

Television
 Spring Baking Championship - SECOND PLACE (6 episodes, 2015)
 Cuthroat Kitchen: Chocotage XXL - WINNER (2015)
 Food Network Star Season 12 - THIRD PLACE (2016)
 Halloween Baking Championship Season 2 - JUDGE (2016)
 Christmas Cookie Challenge 2 - JUDGE (2016)
 Guy's Grocery Games - JUDGE (1 episode, 2017)
 Bakers vs. Fakers - JUDGE (2 episodes, 2017)
 Christmas Cookie Challenge - JUDGE (3 episodes, 2017)
 Cake Star: Pasticcerie in sfida Season 1-6 - HOST (2018-2022) with Katia Follesa
 Home & Family - SELF (4 episodes, 2017-2018)
 Bake Off Italia: Dolci in forno - JUDGE (43 episodes, 2017-2020)
 Chopped Sweets - JUDGE (1 episode, 2021)

Bibliography

References

External links

1985 births
Food Network chefs
Food Network Star contestants
Italian cookbook writers
Italian emigrants to the United States
Italian television chefs
Living people
Pastry chefs
Businesspeople from Lucca

Damiano Carrara