In ice hockey, the goaltender (commonly referred to as the goalie) is the player responsible for preventing the hockey puck from entering their team's net, thus preventing the opposing team from scoring. The goaltender mostly plays in or near the area in front of the net called the goal crease (often referred to simply as  the crease). Goaltenders tend to stay at or beyond the top of the crease to cut down on the angle of shots. In the modern age of goaltending there are two common styles, butterfly and hybrid (hybrid is a mix of the traditional stand-up style and butterfly technique). Because of the power of shots, the goaltender wears special equipment to protect the body from direct impact.

Goaltenders are one of the most important players on the ice, as their performance may greatly impact the outcome or score of the game. One-on-one situations, such as breakaways and shootouts, have the tendency to showcase a goaltender's pure skill, or lack thereof. No more than one goaltender per team is permitted to be on the ice at any given time. The rules do not oblige the use of a goaltender and so teams may instead opt to play with an extra skater. However the defensive disadvantage that follows means that this strategy is normally used purely as a desperation maneuver when needing to score late in a game. It may also be used when there is a delayed penalty (should the team to be short-handed touch the puck the play will stop as the penalty is called).

The goaltender is also known as the goalie, goaler, goalkeeper, net minder, tendy, and tender by those involved in the hockey community. In the early days of the sport, the term was spelled with a hyphen as goal-tender. The art of playing the position is called goaltending and there are coaches, usually called the goalie coach who specialize exclusively in working with goaltenders. The variation goalie is typically used for items associated with the position, such as goalie stick and goalie pads.

Goaltenders in ice hockey

Roster
Goaltenders are a specialized position in ice hockey; at higher levels in the game, no goaltenders play other positions and no other players play goaltender. At minor levels and recreational games, goaltenders do occasionally switch with others players who have been taught goaltending; however, most recreational hockey rules are now forbidding position swapping due to an increase in injuries.

A typical ice hockey team has two or three goaltenders on its roster. Most teams typically have a starting goaltender who plays the majority of the regular season games and all of the playoffs, with the backup goaltender only stepping in if the starter is pulled or injured, or in cases where the schedule is too heavy for one goaltender to play every game.

Professional hockey leagues at all levels require each team have a list of "emergency" goaltenders. The list provides goaltender options for both the home and visiting teams. These goaltenders are to be called to a game if a team does not have two goaltenders to start the game, most often in the ECHL where a goaltender can be called up to the AHL that afternoon and the team is unable to sign a backup or the scheduled backup is unable to make the game on time after a callup. An "emergency" goaltender may also be called if both roster goaltenders are injured in the same game.

Goalie tandem
Some teams have used a goaltender tandem where two goaltenders split the regular season playing duties, though often one of them is considered the number one goaltender who gets the start in the playoffs. An example is the 1982–83 New York Islanders with Billy Smith and Roland Melanson; Melanson was named to the NHL second All-Star team for his regular season play while Smith won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the playoff MVP and both players shared the William M. Jennings Trophy for fewest goals allowed. Another instance is the Edmonton Oilers' Andy Moog and Grant Fuhr; both of them earned All-Star Game appearances for the regular season play, with Moog being the starter in the 1983 playoffs and Fuhr for the 1984 playoffs (although Moog started Game 4 and 5 of the 1984 Stanley Cup Finals due to Fuhr's injury) and subsequent postseasons.

The Toronto Maple Leafs had Terry Sawchuk and Johnny Bower share goaltending duties in the regular season and games, playoffs, winning the 1964–65 Vezina Trophy (shared) and the 1967 Stanley Cup. The 1996–97 Philadelphia Flyers' Ron Hextall and Garth Snow alternated in the playoffs; Snow started nine of the ten games during the first two rounds, but Hextall took over in game two of Conference Finals and remained the starting goaltender for the remainder of the playoffs, though Snow started for game two of the Stanley Cup Finals.

Privileges

The goaltender has special privileges and training that other players do not. They wear special goaltending equipment that is different from that worn by other players and is subject to specific regulations. Goaltenders may use any part of their bodies to block shots. The goaltender may legally hold (or freeze) the puck with their hands to cause a stoppage of play. If a player from the other team hits the goaltender without making an attempt to get out of their way, the offending player may be penalized. In some leagues (including the NHL), if a goaltender's stick breaks, they can continue playing with a broken stick until the play is stopped, unlike other players who must drop any broken sticks immediately.

The goaltender normally plays in or near the goal crease the entire game, an area marked in front of the net, unlike the other positions where players are on ice for shifts and make frequent line changes. Attackers cannot make contact with the goaltender within the crease, as this interferes with the goaltender's ability to make saves. However, attackers may still enter the crease if they have the opportunity to make a play on a loose puck.

Additionally, if a goaltender acts in such a way that would cause a normal player to be given a penalty, such as slashing or tripping another player, the goaltender cannot be sent to the penalty box. Instead, one of the goaltender's teammates who was on the ice at the time of the infraction is sent to the penalty box in their place; the goaltender will still be credited with the penalty minutes on the scoresheet. However, if the goaltender receives a game misconduct or match penalty, they must immediately leave the ice and be replaced by another goaltender. In such cases, an unpenalized player is required to serve any minutes assessed to the ejected player in the penalty box; this holds true for all hockey positions in the event a player is ejected from the game.

Goaltenders are often pulled if they have allowed several goals in a short period of time, whether they were at fault for the surrendered goals or not. Usually, a substituted goaltender does not return for the rest of the game. During a game in 1995, future Hall-of-Famer Patrick Roy, playing for the Montreal Canadiens at the time, was infamously kept in net by then-head coach Mario Tremblay. Roy perceived this as a means of "humiliation," as he had allowed nine goals on 26 shots to that point, and the crowd in Montreal sarcastically applauded him after making an easy save. Tremblay would finally pull Roy midway through the second period; as he was walking to the locker room, Roy famously leaned toward Canadiens then-president Ronald Corey and told him that it would be Roy's "last game in Montreal." The Canadiens would ultimately lose the game 11-1; Roy was traded to the Colorado Avalanche four days later.

Thirteen goaltenders have scored a goal in National Hockey League (NHL) games; combined, NHL goaltenders have scored 16 total goals. A goaltender can score by either shooting the puck into the net directly, or being awarded the goal as the last player on their team to touch the puck if an opponent scores an own goal. A goal scored by shooting the puck is particularly challenging, as the goaltender has to aim for a six-foot-wide net that is close to 180 feet away while avoiding hitting opposing players or turning the puck over; in cases of own goals, combining the circumstance of an own goal itself with the goaltender having been the last player to touch the puck renders own goals a very rare occurrence. Of the sixteen goals, nine were scored by shooting the puck and seven were an indirect result of own goals. As of 2023, Ron Hextall and Martin Brodeur are the only goaltenders in NHL history to be credited with multiple goals; Hextall remains the only NHL goaltender to have scored multiple goals via directly shooting the puck. Brodeur is the only goaltender to be credited with three goals, and is the only NHL goaltender to have been credited with a game-winning goal.

A hockey team is not technically required to use a goaltender. At any time in any game, a team may remove its goaltender from the ice in favor of an extra attacker (a process colloquially known as "pulling the goalie"). Using an extra attacker is typically intended to overwhelm the opposing team's defense, and unlike during a power play, the defense cannot legally ice the puck if they are not already shorthanded due to a penalty (if the team on defense is serving a penalty, then the usual icing rules prevail). This puts the team without a goaltender at a significant advantage on offense. However, leaving the net untended creates the opportunity for an opposing team to score an empty net goal from virtually anywhere on the ice. Consequently, if the opposing team does manage to advance the puck out of their own defensive zone, it becomes much easier to score an empty net goal. Thus, pulling the goalie is often used as an end-of-game desperation measure by losing teams, done in an attempt to quickly score a tying goal with the aid of a sixth attacker. A team may also pull their goalie in the event of a delayed penalty.

NHL rules strongly encourage that teams use goaltenders in overtime; if a team opts for the extra attacker in overtime and an empty-net goal is scored, the game is credited as a regulation loss instead of an overtime loss (an overtime loss earns one standings point, as opposed to two for a win of any sort and none for a regulation loss or overtime loss incurred with an empty net). Teams thus typically forgo using a goaltender only in situations where they are trailing by one or two goals with only a short time (typically less than four minutes) left in the game and have possession of the puck in their opponent's defensive zone. Prior to the introduction of the shootout, NHL teams occasionally pulled goalies in overtime during rare late season situations where the team pulling its goaltender needed two points to remain in playoff contention. The shootout has essentially ended this practice, since teams are statistically much more likely to win a shootout as opposed to winning with an empty net in overtime. Even with the introduction of the shootout to resolve games tied after overtime, it is still theoretically possible for a situation to arise where it may be advisable for an NHL team to pull a goaltender late in the regular season when tied late in regulation, or during overtime, since the statistics "regulation wins" followed by "regulation and overtime wins" are the top two criteria to break ties in the standings; as of , no such situation has occurred since the adoption of the shootout.

The rules of the IIHF, NHL and Hockey Canada do not permit goaltenders to be designated as on-ice captains, because of the logistical challenge of having the goaltender relay rules discussions between referees and coaches and then return to the crease. The Vancouver Canucks did name goaltender Roberto Luongo as their team captain during the 2008–09 and 2009–10 seasons, but due to NHL rules, he did not serve as the official on-ice captain. In the NCAA, there is no position-based restriction on the team captain.

Out of the five positions on the rink, goaltenders are frequently candidates for the Conn Smythe Trophy, awarded to the MVP of the Stanley Cup Playoffs; goaltenders have won this honor in four of the last ten playoffs. Patrick Roy has won a record three times, and four goaltenders have won the Conn Smythe Trophy as part of the losing team in the Finals.

Saves

When a goaltender either blocks or stops a shot from going into their goal net, that action is called a save. Goaltenders often use a particular style, but in general they make saves any way they can: catching the puck with their glove hand, deflecting the shot with their stick, blocking it with their leg pads or blocker or another part of their body, or collapsing to butterfly position to block any low shot coming, especially in close proximity. After making a save, the goaltender attempts to control the rebound to avoid a goal scored by an opposing player when the goaltender is out of position ('scoring on a rebound'), or to allow the goaltender's own team to get control of the puck. Goaltenders may catch or hold a puck shot at the net to better control how it re-enters play. If there is immediate pressure from the opposing team, a goaltender may choose to hold on to the puck (for a second or more, with judgment from the referee) to stop play for a face-off. If a goaltender holds on to the puck for too long without any pressure they may be subject to a 2-minute delay of game penalty. Recently, in the NHL and AHL, goaltenders have been restricted as to where they can play the puck behind the net.

Goaltender equipment, techniques and skills have evolved over the years, dramatically improving their effectiveness altering the dynamics of the game. Goaltenders have added masks, longer pads and are physically bigger. Ken Dryden has called for bigger nets to counter their effectiveness.

Glossary and techniques
 Angle play: The method where, by positioning oneself in a direct line between the puck (not the shooter) and the net, a goaltender covers more of the net than he would otherwise be able to, and often "skulling" slowly, directly towards and closing on the opposing shooter to block more of the net. Two of the most notable angle goaltenders in the 1970s were Gilles Gilbert and Bernie Parent.
Blocker: The blocker is a rectangular piece of equipment with a glove to hold the stick. The blocker is predominantly worn on the dominant hand of the goaltender. The blocker protects the wrist area and can be used to direct shots away from the net. The blocker should be positioned at one's side, and at a height which allows the goaltender's stick to remain flat on the ice while in their ready stance.
Trapper: This goalie's catching glove was originally shaped in the same fashion as a baseball glove. It has evolved into a highly specific piece of equipment that is designed specifically for catching the puck. Some of the more significant changes are the use of a "string mesh" in the pocket of the trapper and the substantial palm and wrist protection. The pocket is the area between the thumb and first finger of the glove and is where most goaltenders try to catch the puck; catching in the pocket reduces the chance of a rebound falling out of the glove. The trapper must not be more than 18 inches across. The trapper can be held in a variety of positions depending upon the individual goaltender, but the trend among younger goaltenders is to hold the glove with the palm facing towards the shooter, instead of the "shake hands" position that was popular previously. The "Cheater" portion of the glove is the portion of the glove on the outside area of the thumb and the part that covers the wrist of the goaltender.
 Butterfly save: On low shots, modern goaltenders usually work in the "butterfly" position, keeping their knees together and their stick covering their five-hole, or knee gap. A fairly new, more effective way of stopping low shots is to redirect the puck with the stick. The goalie does this by rotating their hips, their glove and stick square with the puck as they direct it to the corner to the left or right of them, depending on which side the puck is shot to, rather than kicking the puck way out of reach. The glove is kept up and out, ready for a possible deflection, and the goaltender is focused on the incoming shot. Goaltenders should keep both arms out in front of them at all times, covering the gaps between the goaltender's arms and body (sometimes called the 7 and 11 holes), and making it easier to direct rebounds with the stick and blocker.
 Butterfly slide: On breakaways or any other movement goaltenders should be using this technique to make "proper saves". To perform this goaltender move, you must use your leg to push off with your skate and with one knee hovering just above the ice while using your other skate to push your body side to side.
 Hasek roll: The Hasek roll is a desperation maneuver named after Czech goaltender Dominik Hašek. In the stacked pad stance the lower part of the net is protected very well, but the upper third is completely open. In a last-ditch effort to block an incoming high shot the goaltender can roll around his upper back, flailing his pads through the air and stacking them on the other side. If the timing is right the goalie might get his leg up just in time to make the save.

 Holes one through five: When a goaltender stands in the net in the ready position, there are seven open areas that the goalie must cover. They are:
 Glove side, high: this area is defined by the goaltender's arm and catcher on the bottom, mask on the inside, and the post and top of the goal on the outside.
 Glove side, low: this area is defined by the goaltender's arm and catcher on the top, the ice on the bottom, and the outside post of the goal. During a butterfly-style save, this area is closed off completely and the catcher is typically stacked on top of the leg pad as the leg is extended to cover the post.
 Stick side, high: this area is defined by the goal post, top of the goal, and the goalie's arm and blocker. The top half of the goaltender's stick is held in this area, but is not commonly used for stopping the puck.
 Stick side, low: this area is the lower half of the stick side, defined by the blocker and arm, the ice, and the outer post of the goal. During a butterfly save this area is also covered by the leg pad with the blocker stacked on top to protect against low shots. When a goaltender is standing, the paddle of their stick is used to cover this area and to deflect the puck away from the net.
 'Five Hole': the fifth and final area is between the goalie's leg pads and skates. This area is protected by the blade of the stick at all times, and is closed up by the upper leg pads when the goalie is in the butterfly position.
 'Six and Seven Hole': the six and seven holes are relatively new terms to identify the areas under either armpit of the goalie. Goaltenders who hold their trapper high or blocker further out to the side of their body are said to have six and seven holes.
 'Six Hole (slang)': The "six hole" is also used as a slang term used when a save is made, but the puck goes into the net, resulting in a goal. The term is used when the goalie is unsure how the puck made it past them.

 Leg pads: Worn on the goaltender's legs to both protect the legs and help stop shots. Current NHL Rules have reduced leg pad width to ; the overall height is restricted based upon an individual proportionally. The leg pads generally come to about three inches above the knee. Pads that are too long will affect balance and timing; pads that are too short will not protect the knees or allow the goaltender to make butterfly saves properly.
 (Leg) kick save: A save made with any part of the leg pads. The goaltender should remain relaxed and skate backwards with the incoming shot, thus helping to absorb the blow and reduce the rebound effect. One type of leg pad save is the butterfly save.
 Lie: The angle created between the handle (paddle) of a goaltender's stick and the blade. The higher the lie, the closer the stick resembles the capital letter "L". A higher lie number of 15+ is traditionally for goaltenders who tend to stand up more in their stance; A lower lie number of 11 or 12 is for goaltenders who play with a more butterfly stance down on the ice more often.
Mask: The protective headgear worn by goaltenders. The first goaltender to wear a mask in the National Hockey League was Clint Benedict in 1930 who wore a crude form made of leather. In November 1959, Jacques Plante, wore a self-made fiberglass mask after taking a New York Rangers shot to the face. Following his lead, goaltenders around the world began to don protective headgear, which is now a requirement. Masks have evolved from the flush style introduced by Plante, to the player's helmet/special "birdcage" style best associated with Vladislav Tretiak and Chris Osgood, to the modern hybrid helmet, made of advanced materials such as carbon fiber or Kevlar, increasing in safety as time went on. Especially at higher levels of hockey, many goaltenders have their masks painted to represent their team's colors/imagery, landmarks in the city they play in or personal interests/nicknames. Examples of this include Mike Richter's Statue of Liberty mask, Ed Belfour's Eagle on his mask (Eddie the Eagle nickname), Ryan Miller featuring the words "Matt Man" on his masks in honor of his late cousin, and Craig Anderson honouring his father's National Corvette Museum board service (as a former Corvette racer) by having a Chevrolet Corvette on his masks.
 Paddle: The thick part of the goaltender's stick, not to be confused with the blade. The paddle has a maximum length of  in the NHL. The blade is the part of the stick that should remain flat on the ice, as compared with the paddle.
 Paddle down: A type of stance by the goaltender when the play is coming from the corner to the front of the net and the puck carrier is carrying the puck in front of the net looking to score. Here the goaltender puts the stick down on the ground, parallel to the ice, with the leg farthest from the post down and the other up and ready to push. This works well against angled rushes or wrap arounds where the skater would normally out–skate the goalie. The skater does have the top part of the net to shoot at, but it is difficult to lift the puck over the goalie from up close. The paddle down stance is also effective against low passes from behind the net to players looking to score from the slot.
 Poke check: When the goaltender wants to poke the puck away from an opposing player, they quickly slides their hand up the stick, thrusting forward towards the puck. An improperly played poke check is a risky play; the goaltender may miss, and the puck-carrier will be left with an unguarded net. In tight situations, a quick, hard jab could be used.
 Pro-fly: This style of play is derived from the butterfly style of play, although most will argue that this is nothing more than a marketing term. Current leg pad design allows for the full face of the pad to be perpendicular to the ice, maximizing blocking area. This is also called "flaring the pad", almost all modern goaltenders play this style. The stance is very wide and low to maximize the amount of body blocking the net. Many of today's great goaltenders have adopted this technique. This forces the shooter to get the puck off the ice to score. The con of this stance is that it is very hard to move quickly. The more efficient users of this style include Henrik Lundqvist of the New York Rangers, Jonathan Quick of the Los Angeles Kings, and Roberto Luongo of the Florida Panthers. This is still considered a butterfly motion, as the mechanics of making the save are the same, however it is the design of the leg pad that achieves this rotation more than anything.
 Screen shot: Screen shots are blind shots, in which the goalie can not find the location of the puck. Goalies should never anticipate or guess when and where the puck will hit. In the screen shot, another player (usually an opponent, but sometimes the goaltender's own teammate) stands between the shooter and the goaltender, obscuring the goaltender's vision of the shot. On a screen shot, the goaltender must do everything possible to try to see the shot, as dropping to the butterfly stance and thrusting their glove out at the sound of a shot is not the best idea in the modern game. Some goalies, such as Ed Belfour or Ron Hextall, went as far as (illegally) punching players in the head or slashing their legs.
 Shuffle: A technique for lateral movement when the puck is relatively close to the net. The goaltender slides their legs, one at a time, in the desired direction. If the goaltender is not quick this technique momentarily leaves the five-hole open. This is the most common method of movement for a goaltender when in the butterfly position.
 Skate save: A save made with the goaltender's skate. The goaltender decides which direction the rebound should travel in, and turns their skate in that direction. Then, bending the other leg, they push towards the puck with the off leg, as the bent knee drops to the ice. This move is rarely used since the butterfly method has become popular. A skate save's effectiveness is more limited because of the difficulty in directing a puck compared with using a stick, a blocker, or the pad.
 Skating: A common fallacy is that the goaltender can get by with merely adequate skating, and often young players are placed in net because of their poor skating. In fact, the goaltender must be one of the best technical skaters on the team, and must be able to keep up with the moves of every skater on opposing teams. In particular, goaltenders must be adept at lateral skating and quick pivoting. Goaltenders must also have exceptional leg strength and the capability for very explosive movement.
 Stacked Pad Slide: When a goaltender is on the angle, often a sudden pass close to the net will leave the net relatively unguarded. Stacking the pads is a desperation move in which the goaltender slides feet-first, with legs together (and consequently, "stacked"), across the crease, attempting to cover as much space as possible.
 Stance: In a proper stance, the goaltender has the weight on the balls of their feet, the trapper and blocker just above knee-height and slightly out in front so they can be seen in the goalies peripheral vision, and the stick flat on the ice. Stance should also be conformed to the goaltender's style and comfort.
 Stick: The stick, held by the goaltender in their blocker hand, the blade of the stick should remain flat on the ice. Keep notice of the lie on a new stick. A high lie will force a goaltender to play on their heels, offsetting balance, while a low lie places a goaltender lower to the ice, and may affect high saves.
 Stick save: A save made with the goaltender's stick. On stick saves, the goaltender should not keep a tight grip on the stick, instead allowing the shot's momentum to push the stick back into the skates/pads, cushioning the blow.
 Stood on his head: This is a term to describe an outstanding performance by an ice hockey goaltender in a short period of time. Often when a goalie lets out a rebound, the opposition returns the shot quickly, and the goalie has to make a quick save. A goalie often falls on their side and "stacks the pads" and appears to nearly stand on their head. The term may have been derived after NHL President Frank Calder, alluding to the 1918 rules change that permitted goalies to leave their feet to make a save, remarked, "As far as I am concerned, they can stand on their head(s)."
 'T-push:' A technique used by goaltenders to move in a lateral direction. To perform a C-step, a goaltender directs their outside skate at the desired angle, pushing with the opposite leg, covering the five hole. This method of lateral movement is most effective when the puck is far from the net. Use of this move when the puck is in close is not needed. Shuffling is good when the puck is in close.
 Skulling: Skulling is a method of moving inward and outward from the goal crease, often used in "angle play". Most often used in setting up prior to the puck entering their zone, especially to "cut down the angle", this move is accomplished by simply allowing your skates to separate, resulting in forward motion, then pulling your skates back together and stopping. At no time during a skull do your skates leave the ice. This can also be referred to as telescoping or bubbling.

Playing styles

Stand-up style
The oldest playing style is the stand-up style. In this style, goaltenders are to stop the puck from a standing position, not going down. The goaltenders may bend over to stop the puck with their upper body or may kick the puck. Such saves made by kicking are known as kick saves or skate saves. They may also simply use their stick to stop it, known as a stick save. This was the style seen in the early NHL and was most commonly used up until the early 60s. One of the more notable goaltenders who was last seen using stand up was Bill Ranford, but most of the goaltenders from earlier decades such as Jacques Plante were considered pure stand up goaltenders.

As the name suggests, the stand-up style refers to a style of goaltending in which the goaltender makes the majority of the saves standing up. This style is not as popular in the modern era, with the majority of contemporary goaltenders switching to the butterfly style and the hybrid style. The stand-up style is in contrast to the butterfly style, where goaltenders protect the net against incoming shots by dropping to their knees and shifting their legs out.

The advantage of the stand-up style is in the continued mobility of the goaltender mid save. While standing, a stand-up goaltender can remain square to the puck and adjust his positioning to ensure that he is covering as much of the net as possible at all times. The goaltender is also in a better position to stop pucks that are headed towards the upper part of the net.

The main disadvantage of the stand-up style, however, is a susceptibility to shots travelling along the bottom half of the net. A larger percentage of shots occur in the bottom portion of the net, and a goaltender utilizing the butterfly will cover a larger portion of that area. If there is a screen, however, a stand-up goaltender is generally in a better position to see the slapshot.

Butterfly style

Another style is the "Butterfly", where goaltenders go down on both pads with their toes pointing outwards and the tops of their pads meeting in the middle, thus closing up the five hole. This results in a "wall" of padding without any holes, lowering the chances of low angle shots getting in. These goaltenders rely on timing and position. Early innovators of this style were goaltending greats Glenn Hall and Tony Esposito who played during the 50s-60s and 70s-80s, respectively. Hall is credited to be among the first to use this style, and both he and Esposito had tremendous success with it. The most successful goaltender to adopt this style was Patrick Roy, who has 550 career wins in the NHL. This is the most widely used style in the NHL today. "Butterfly" goaltenders have developed methods of sliding in the "Butterfly" position in order to move around fast in one-timer situations. As pad size increased, it became a more notable style of goaltending and is still evolving.

Hybrid style
This style of goaltending is a combination of both stand-up and butterfly style, where the goaltender primarily relies on reaction, save selection, and positioning to make saves. Hybrid goaltenders will usually control rebounds well, deflect low shots with their sticks, will utilize the butterfly, and are generally not as predictable as goaltenders who rely heavily on the butterfly as a save selection. Most players are not pure stand-up or butterfly, but simply tend to prefer stand-up or butterfly over the other. If a player does not have any preferences, he is considered a hybrid goaltender. All modern NHL goaltenders generally use some form of this style. Some goaltenders who do this effectively are Ryan Miller, Jaroslav Halak, Jimmy Howard, Tuukka Rask, Carey Price and formerly Evgeni Nabokov and Martin Brodeur.

Empty net situations

Normally, the goaltender plays in or near the goal crease the entire game. However, teams may legally pull the goalie by substituting in a normal skater and taking the goaltender off the ice. A team temporarily playing with no goaltender is said to be playing with an empty net. This gives the team an extra attacker, but at significant risk—if the opposing team gains control of the puck, they may easily score a goal. However, shooters that attempt to score on an empty net from the opposite side of the red line face getting called for icing the puck if they miss the net. There are two common situations where a goaltender is generally pulled, as well as two less common situations:

1. The opposing team has a delayed penalty coming against them
The offended team, if in control of the puck, will pull their goaltender for an extra man. This is safe since as soon as a player on the team to be penalized touches the puck, the whistle is called, so they cannot score on the empty net. This effectively increases the one-man disadvantage beyond the standard penalty time. It is possible, however, for a team to accidentally score on their own empty net.
2. A team needs a goal in order to avoid losing (such as trailing in the remaining minute or two of a game)
The 6 on 5 play advantage is very risky, as it is fairly certain that if the opposing team gets control of the puck they will be able to score on the empty net. Sometimes if a team is trailing in the last minutes of regulation, and has a power play advantage, they may pull the goaltender for a 6 on 4 or even 6 on 3 advantage.
3. In the last few seconds of a period with a faceoff in the attacking zone
Because the defending team would likely not have enough time to start an attack even if they win the faceoff, the attacking team may pull the goalie to have a short man advantage.
4. In a tournament that takes goal differential into account, a team may pull the goalie with a significant amount of time left in an effort to create a more advantageous goal differential.
If the team could be eliminated even if they win but could still advance with a loss based on goal differential, the team may decide it has nothing to lose by trying to score with a man advantage, similar to the second situation.
A goal scored in an empty net situation is not recorded as a shot faced or goal against on the personal stats of the goaltender who has left the ice.

Back-up goaltender
In professional ice hockey, the back-up goaltender fills an important team role. Although the back-up will spend most games sitting on the bench, the back-up must be prepared to play every game. A back-up may be forced into duty at any time to relieve the starting goaltender in the event of an injury or poor game performance. The back-up will also be called upon to start some games to give the starter the opportunity to rest from game-play during the season.

Most professional leagues require each home team to maintain a list of local non-professional goaltenders, available to either team, who can be used in the exceptional case that one or both of a team's normal goaltenders are injured or unavailable (such as a player acquired in a trade or minor league call-up arriving late on short notice); such a goaltender who fulfills that role is known as an emergency back–up goaltender (or EBUG). Similar rules are in place for the NHL's minor leagues, where emergency goaltenders are used much more frequently. Those on a team's emergency list are given free attendance to home games they are assigned and may also help out as a practice goalie. Emergency goalies are often called from nearby college teams, adult semi-pro/amateur leagues, or the home team's own coaching/facilities staff. If activated for a game, most emergency goaltenders only dress to sit on the bench, as a team's normal back-up takes over; only six emergency goalies (David Ayres, Scott Foster, Jorge Alves, Thomas Hodges, Matt Berlin, Jett Alexander) have ever seen recorded playing time in an NHL game. Emergency goalies who are activated sign either an amateur or professional tryout contract.

During the Stanley Cup playoffs, roster limits are relaxed and teams routinely recall minor league players (known as "black aces") to act as depth, resulting in playoff EBUGs being minor league professionals rather than local amateurs.

NHL goaltender awards
 The Vezina Trophy is awarded each year by the NHL to the league's most outstanding goaltender as voted on by the general managers of the league's 32 teams, from 1981–82 NHL season and onwards.
 The William M. Jennings Trophy is awarded each year by the NHL to the goaltender(s) from the team that allowed the fewest goals during the regular season, from 1981–82 NHL season and onwards.
 The Roger Crozier Saving Grace Award was awarded from 1999–2000 to the 2006–07 seasons by the NHL to the goaltender with the best save percentage during the regular season.
 The Hart Memorial Trophy is awarded to the Most Valuable Player in the NHL.
 The Calder Memorial Trophy is awarded to the Rookie of the Year.
 The Ted Lindsay Award is awarded to the most outstanding player in the regular season as judged by the members of the NHL Players Association.

Goaltenders credited with goals

A goaltender scoring a goal in an NHL game is a very rare feat, having occurred only fifteen times in the history of the NHL, the first time occurring in 1979 after the league had been in existence for six decades. NHL rules forbid goaltenders from participating in play past the center line, so a goal by a goaltender is possible only under unusual circumstances.

Eight of those fifteen goals resulted from the goaltender shooting into an empty net. The remaining seven goals were not actually shot into the net by the goaltender; rather the goaltender was awarded the goal because he was the last player on his team to touch the puck before the opposition scored on themselves. Martin Brodeur is the only NHL goaltender to be credited with three career goals (two in the regular season and one in the playoffs), Ron Hextall is the only goaltender who has scored two goals by shooting the puck into an empty net (once in the regular season and once in the playoffs). Damian Rhodes and Jose Theodore are the only goaltenders in NHL history to score a goal in which they also had a shutout game. Evgeni Nabokov of the San Jose Sharks was the first goaltender to score a power play goal. If a goaltender crosses the center line and shoots the puck from that location or any other location past the center line, the goal does not count.

NHL

AHL
A chronological list of goals scored in the AHL by goaltenders:

 Darcy Wakaluk, December 5, 1987, Rochester Americans at Utica
 Paul Cohen, March 28, 1992, Springfield Indians vs. Rochester
 Robb Stauber, October 9, 1995, Rochester Americans at Prince Edward Island
 Christian Bronsard, October 30, 1999, Syracuse Crunch at Rochester
 Jean-Francois Labbe, February 5, 2000, Hartford Wolf Pack at Quebec
 Chris Mason, October 15, 2001, Milwaukee Admirals at Utah
 Antero Niittymaki, April 11, 2004, Philadelphia Phantoms at Hershey
 Seamus Kotyk, April 17, 2005, Milwaukee Admirals at San Antonio
 Drew MacIntyre, February 20, 2008, Manitoba Moose at Chicago (overtime winner)
 Chris Holt, March 19, 2010, Binghamton Senators vs. Rochester
 Reto Berra, January 16, 2015, Lake Erie Monsters at Chicago Wolves
 Alex Nedeljkovic, March 10, 2018, Charlotte Checkers vs. Hartford
 Tristan Jarry, November 14, 2018, Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins at Springfield
 Maxime Lagace, May 25, 2019, Chicago Wolves at San Diego (first ever goalie goal in Calder Cup Playoffs history)
 Collin Delia, December 17, 2021, Rockford IceHogs at Texas
 Lukas Dostal, March 2, 2022, San Diego Gulls vs. Colorado
 Joel Hofer, May 12, 2022, Springfield Thunderbirds vs. Wilkes-Barre/Scranton
 Jesper Wallstedt, November 12, 2022, Iowa Wild vs. Chicago
 Pyotr Kochetkov, March 3, 2023, Chicago Wolves vs. Manitoba
 Strauss Mann, October 18, 2023, Laval Rocket vs. Rochester

ECHL
A chronological list of goals scored in the ECHL by goaltenders:

 Corwin Saurdiff, March 18, 1995, Hampton Roads Admirals versus Charlotte Checkers
 Olie Sundstrom, December 15, 1995, Erie Panthers versus Wheeling Nailers
 Sean Gauthier, December 19, 1995 at Raleigh IceCaps
 Nick Vitucci, March 6, 1996, Charlotte Checkers versus Louisville RiverFrogs (Vitucci is the only goalie to be credited with a goal on a guarded net)
 Mark Bernard, March 22, 2001, Toledo Storm versus Johnstown Chiefs
 Mike Smith, October 26, 2002, Lexington Men O'War versus Dayton Bombers
 Brian Eklund, December 5, 2003, Pensacola Ice Pilots at Mississippi Sea Wolves
 Trevor Koenig, March 2, 2005, Atlantic City Boardwalk Bullies at Wheeling Nailers
 Jonathan Quick, October 24, 2007, Reading Royals at Pensacola Ice Pilots
 Timo Pielmeier, December 19, 2009, Bakersfield Condors at Utah Grizzlies
 Brian Foster, February 15, 2013, Trenton Titans at Cincinnati Cyclones (Trenton own goal on empty net, Foster last Cyclone to touch puck)
 Alex Nedeljkovic, December 30, 2016, Florida Everblades Vs. Atlanta Gladiators
 Ryan Fanti, March 25, 2023, Fort Wayne Komets vs. Rapid City Rush

IHL
 Ryan Mior, Flint Generals versus Dayton Gems
 Fred Brathwaite, November 9, 1996, Manitoba Moose, at Long Beach Ice Dogs

KHL
 Ilya Proskuryakov, January 25, 2009, Metallurg Magnitogorsk at Ak Bars Kazan
 Edgars Masalskis, January 7, 2010, Dinamo Riga at Amur Khabarovsk

CHL
The first recorded instance of a professional goaltender scoring a goal occurred on February 21, 1971, in the CHL. In a game between the Oklahoma City Blazers and the Kansas City Blues, the Oklahoma City Blazers were trailing 2-1 and decided to pull their goaltender. Michel Plasse, the goaltender for the Kansas City Blues then scored on an open net.

Subsequently, four goaltenders have scored empty-net goals in the CHL: Phil Groeneveld of the Fort Worth Fire scored against the Thunder in Wichita, Kansas, on November 20, 1995; Bryan McMullen scored for the Austin Ice Bats on February 17, 2002; and Mike Wall of the Arizona Sundogs scored a goal against Corpus Christi on March 16, 2007. Danny Battochio is the most recent vs the Tulsa Oilers on December 31, 2011.

NCAA
 Having been the last player to touch the puck for his team, Jim Tortorella was credited with a goal while playing for the University of Maine in 1980.
 Having been the last player to touch the puck for his team, Damian Rhodes was credited with a goal while playing for Michigan Technological University on January 21, 1989.
 Having been the last player to touch the puck for his team, Andy Allen was credited with a goal while playing for the University of Vermont in 1998.
 Chad Alban scored an empty-net goal for Michigan State University against Ferris State on February 28, 1998. Alban is the first goalie in NCAA history to shoot the puck himself and score a goal.
 Mike Mantua scored an empty-net goal for Western Michigan University in 2002.
 Having been the last player to touch the puck for his team, Jonathan Quick was credited with a goal for the University of Massachusetts in 2007.
 Having been the last player to touch the puck for his team, Kyle Richter was credited with a goal for Harvard University in 2008.
 Having been the last player to touch the puck for her team, Shanley Peters was credited with a goal while playing for the University of Wisconsin - Superior women's team, in a game on November 15, 2013 against the University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire.
 Mitch Gillam scored an empty-net goal in his NCAA debut for Cornell University against Niagara University on November 26, 2013.
 Evan Weninger scored an empty-net goal for University of Nebraska-Omaha against Miami University on January 13, 2018.
 Atte Tolvanen scored an empty-net goal for Northern Michigan University against Michigan Tech University on December 7, 2018.
 Corinne Schroeder was credited with an empty-net goal in her first start with the Quinnipiac University Bobcats on September 25, 2021.

SM-liiga
 Mika Järvinen, 3 December 2008, KalPa against Lukko Rauma

Swedish Hockey League
 Vesa Toskala, 1999–2000, Färjestad BK
 Jarmo Myllys, 1999–2000 & 2000–2001, Luleå HF
 Jörgen Wikström, 1999–2000 IF Björklöven (First Eltiserien Goalie to score OG)
 Karol Križan 2005–2006 Modo Hockey
 Andreas Andersson, 2007–2008, HV71

2.GBun
 Mike Bales, 30 September 2005, Straubing Tigers at Landshut

DEL2
 February 7, 2023, Jonas Stettmer of the Ravensburg Towerstars scored against Michael Bitzer of VER Selb.  The latter was having a drink of water during what he thought was a stoppage in play.

Italy
 Craig Kowalski, December 3, 2009, Hockey Club Valpellice vs Sportivi Ghiaccio Pontebba

AL-Bank Ligaen (Denmark)
 Brian Greer, January 6, 2004 (SønderjyskE against Aalborg)
 Frederik Andersen, March 13, 2010, Frederikshavn White Hawks at Rødovre Mighty Bulls

Norway
 Chris-Henrik Nygård, September 30, 2011 (Stjernen II vs Grüner)

Erste Bank Eishockey Liga (Austria)
 Andrew Verner, January 27, 2006 (Klagenfurter AC vs HC TWK Innsbruck)
 Jaakko Suomalainen, December 30, 2010 (HK Acroni Jesenice vs KHL Medveščak Zagreb)
 Thomas Höneckl, December 21, 2012 (EC VSV vs HC TWK Innsbruck "Die Haie")

Australian Ice Hockey League (AIHL)
 August 18, 2014: Melbourne Ice goaltender Jaden Pine-Murphy was credited with a shorthanded empty-net goal during a playoff game against the Newcastle North Stars.

Junior hockey
 January 7, 1987, Chris Clifford of the Kingston Canadians scored an empty-net goal against Toronto, becoming the first OHL goalie to score a goal
 While playing for the Medicine Hat Tigers, Chris Osgood scored an empty-net goal; as well, Olaf Kolzig scored a goal while with the Tri-City Americans
 April 20, 1993, Fred Brathwaite scored a goal while with the Detroit Jr. Red Wings
 February 21, 1997, the Muskoka Bears' Ryan Venturelli became the first Metro Junior Hockey League goalie to score two goals (both empty net) in a hockey game. The goals came in an 11–6 win against the Durham Huskies
 March 30, 2004, Justin Peters, then with the Toronto St. Michael's Majors, scored an empty-net goal during the playoffs against the Sudbury Wolves
 September 25, 2005, Antoine Lafleur of the P.E.I. Rocket was credited with an empty-net powerplay goal against the Halifax Mooseheads
 December 17, 2006, John Faulkner of the Sarnia Blast (currently in the UNO Mavericks) scored a shorthanded, empty-net goal, becoming the only junior B goalie to score a shorthanded goal.
 December 6, 2008, in two separate games, two different QMJHL goalies scored goals; Peter Delmas (Lewiston MAINEiacs) was credited with a goal against the Quebec Remparts and Maxim Gougeon (Rimouski Océanic) scored an empty-netter against the Cape Breton Screaming Eagles.
 June 2009, during a junior B playoff game, Brantford Golden Eagles goaltender Daryl Borden scored an empty-netter.
 April 23, 2012, Mark Visentin of the Niagara IceDogs scored an empty-net shorthanded goal during the playoffs against the Ottawa 67's.
 November 12, 2012, Gabriel Grunwald (Wisconsin Badgers Alumni) of the OJHL Georgetown Raiders became the first goalie in history to score an empty-net shorthanded goal, while also posting a shutout in the exact same game. This game was played against the Mississauga Chargers.
 April 8, 2013, George Sørensen of Denmark's national under-18 hockey team scored an empty-net shorthanded goal against France's national under-18 hockey team.
 During the 2014–15 QMJHL season, François Brassard became the first goaltender in league history to score two goals in one season. He scored his first on December 13, 2014, as a member of the Cape Breton Screaming Eagles, and he scored his second on February 28, 2015, as a member of the Gatineau Olympiques.
 October 9, 2015, Tyler Parsons of the London Knights was credited with an empty-net shorthanded goal against the Sudbury Wolves, which eventually stood as the game winner in a game London won 6–2.
 October 19, 2015, Sean Leahy of the WSHL's Salt Lake City Moose scored an empty net goal.
 March 18, 2016, Stuart Skinner of the Lethbridge Hurricanes scored an empty net goal.
 January 7, 2017, Etienne Montpetit of the Val-d'Or Foreurs scored a shorthanded empty net goal.
 January 14, 2017, Mathieu Bellemare of the Gatineau Olympiques was credited with a goal with the opposing goaltender in the net.
 February 18, 2017, Eric Stewardson of the PJHL's Blenheim Blades scored an empty net goal during the playoffs against the Lakeshore Canadiens.
 April 13, 2017, Dylan Wells of the Peterborough Petes scored an empty net goal during the playoffs against the Kingston Frontenacs.
 November 18, 2017, Mikhail Berdin of the USHL's Sioux Falls Stampede scored an empty net goal.
 December 19, 2017, Dawson Rodin of the WSHL's Utah Outliers scored an empty net goal.
 January 2, 2018, Nolan Hakr of the PJHL's Mooretown Flags scored an empty net goal against the Wallaceburg Lakers.
 January 18, 2018, Tristan Bérubé of the Gatineau Olympiques scored an empty net goal.
 February 15, 2019, Anthony Hurtubise of the GOJHL's St. Thomas Stars scored a double-overtime game-winning goal into an empty net against the Komoka Kings.
 March 10, 2020, Lukáš Pařík of the Spokane Chiefs scored an empty net goal, as well as shut out the Kamloops Blazers.
 May 1, 2021, Thomas Sigouin of the Québec Remparts scored an empty net goal in a playoff game against the Drummondville Voltigeurs.
 December 17, 2021, Antoine Coulombe of the Shawinigan Cataractes scored an empty net goal.
 April 6, 2023, Anson Thornton of the Barrie Colts scored an empty net goal in a playoff game against the Hamilton Bulldogs.
 October 20, 2023, Mathis Rousseau of the Halifax Mooseheads scored an empty net goal.

See also

 Breakaway (ice hockey)
 Centre
 Defenceman
 Forward
 Rover (ice hockey)
 Winger
 List of NHL players
 D-zone coverage

Notes

References
Bibliography

Notes

External links
 The Goalies Archive Complete goaltending history of every NHL and WHA teams
 HockeyGoalies.org Comprehensive list of goalies
 The Goalie Crease Network  A worldwide goaltending community

Goalkeeping
Ice hockey goaltenders
Ice hockey terminology
Ice hockey positions

Goaltender


Barrandov is a neighbourhood in southwest Prague, Czech Republic, located in the cadastral district of Hlubočepy, in Prague 5. It is situated on and around some rock formations above the Vltava River. Barrandov is known for its film industry and the film studios located in the old part of the district. The Czech national television services Nova and Barrandov TV broadcast from here. Old Barrandov consists of the villa quarter, Barrandov Terraces, and Barrandov Studios, and New Barrandov is located to the west of the old part. Barrandov has a population of about 20,000. A new tram line into New Barrandov was built in 2003.

The name Barrandov is derived from the fossil-rich rocks that were studied by French geologist Joachim Barrande. The district was named in honour of Barrande on 24 February 1928.

See also
 Prokop valley

Geography of Prague

Barrandov


Peter Sommer Christensen (born 28 August 1974 in Skanderborg) is a Danish singer and songwriter. His lyrics are often characterized by interesting puns and word plays. Besides his solo career, he was in the duo Superjeg with Carsten Valentin Lassen, and is currently part of the duo De Eneste To alongside Simon Kvamm.

In duo Superjeg
In the early 2000s, Peter Sommer and Carsten Valentin Lassen formed the pop rock duo Superjeg. Sommer was lead vocals and also played bass, whereas Lassen played guitar and keyboards. The duo utilized many double meanings and puns in their musical output and released two albums: Alt er ego in 2002 and Øst/Vest in 2003, both on the label Auditorium (2). The duo has never officially disbanded, but they have not produced any content together since.

Solo
In 2004, Peter Sommer released his debut solo album, På den anden side, which cracked the Top 5 in Denmark. The single "Valby Bakke" was selected as Ugens Uundgåelige (week's pick), a label given to rising artists by Danish radio station P3; however, it never charted. In 2006, his follow-up album Destruktive vokalerwon him a prize from Statens Kunstfond (the Danish Arts Foundation), and, in 2007, won the title of "Danish Pop Album of the Year".
In 2008, he released his album Til rotterne, til kragerne, til hundene, which came with his first charting single "Rødt kort" and, in 2009, earned the title of "Danish Rock Album of the Year". Sommer won "Danish Male Artist of the Year" and "Danish Songwriter of the Year" at the 2009 Danish Music Awards. His album producer Henrik Balling won Producer of the Year for his work with Sommer.

In duo De Eneste To

In 2010, Peter Sommer formed the duo De Eneste To with Simon Kvamm. In the same year, the duo released their self-titled album De eneste to, which topped Tracklisten, the Danish Albums Chart. At following concerts, they announced that they would be taking a short break, marking the end of the "first chapter". At the same time, they promised to be back in 3–4 years with new material and a new album. Keeping their promise, Dobbeltliv was released in 2014, peaking at #3 on the Danish Albums Chart.

Personal life
Peter Sommer was married to Lise Westzynthius. They had a son, Ivan, together, and later divorced.

Discography

Albums
Solo

with Superjeg

with De Eneste To

Singles
Solo

with De Eneste To

References

External links
Official website

1974 births
Living people
People from Skanderborg Municipality
21st-century Danish male  singers

Peter Sommer


In mathematics, the category Ab has the abelian groups as objects and group homomorphisms as morphisms. This is the prototype of an abelian category: indeed, every small abelian category can be embedded in Ab.

Properties
The zero object of Ab is the trivial group {0} which consists only of its neutral element.

The monomorphisms in Ab are the injective group homomorphisms, the epimorphisms are the surjective group homomorphisms, and the isomorphisms are the bijective group homomorphisms.

Ab is a full subcategory of Grp, the category of all groups. The main difference between Ab and Grp is that the sum of two homomorphisms f and g between abelian groups is again a group homomorphism:

(f+g)(x+y) = f(x+y) + g(x+y) = f(x) + f(y) + g(x) + g(y)
       = f(x) + g(x) + f(y) + g(y) = (f+g)(x) + (f+g)(y)

The third equality requires the group to be abelian. This addition of morphism turns Ab into a preadditive category, and because the direct sum of finitely many abelian groups yields a biproduct, we indeed have an additive category.

In Ab, the notion of kernel in the category theory sense coincides with kernel in the algebraic sense, i.e. the categorical kernel of the morphism f : A → B is the subgroup K of A defined by K = {x ∈ A : f(x) = 0}, together with the inclusion homomorphism i : K → A. The same is true for cokernels; the cokernel of f is the quotient group C = B / f(A) together with the natural projection p : B → C. (Note a further crucial difference between Ab and Grp: in Grp it can happen that f(A) is not a normal subgroup of B, and that therefore the quotient group B / f(A) cannot be formed.) With these concrete descriptions of kernels and cokernels, it is quite easy to check that Ab is indeed an abelian category.

The product in Ab is given by the product of groups, formed by taking the cartesian product of the underlying sets and performing the group operation componentwise. Because Ab has kernels, one can then show that Ab is a complete category. The coproduct in Ab is given by the direct sum; since Ab has cokernels, it follows that Ab is also cocomplete.

We have a forgetful functor Ab → Set which assigns to each abelian group the underlying set, and to each group homomorphism the underlying function. This functor is faithful, and therefore Ab is a concrete category. The forgetful functor has a left adjoint (which associates to a given set the free abelian group with that set as basis) but does not have a right adjoint.

Taking direct limits in Ab is an exact functor. Since the group of integers Z serves as a generator, the category Ab is therefore a Grothendieck category; indeed it is the prototypical example of a Grothendieck category.

An object in Ab is injective if and only if it is a divisible group; it is projective if and only if it is a free abelian group. The category has a projective generator (Z) and an injective cogenerator (Q/Z).

Given two abelian groups A and B, their tensor product A⊗B is defined; it is again an abelian group. With this notion of product, Ab is a closed symmetric monoidal category.

Ab is not a topos since e.g. it has a zero object.

See also
 Category of modules
 Abelian sheaf — many facts about the category of abelian groups continue to hold for the category of sheaves of abelian groups

References

Abelian groups
Abelian group theory

Category of abelian groups


All Saints Catholic Church is an historic church at 201 East 10th Street in the historic Heights area of Houston, Texas. The parish is a part of the Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston. It is in Houston Heights block 218.

The Romanesque Revival-style church building was constructed in 1926 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It contains beautiful Italian stained glass windows. In 2013, iconographer Br. Robert Lentz, OFM, completed the last of 14 icons that adorn the icon wall behind the altar.

As of 2014, the congregation numbers about 2,000 families (5,000 people). The pastor since 1999 is Rev. Msgr. Adam McClosky, a native of Anderson, Texas and a priest of the archdiocese.

All Saints was organized in January 1908 in what was then known as the "Village of the Heights." The founding pastor, Father George Walsh, commuted from Galveston and celebrated Eucharist in the Fraternal Hall at 12th and Yale, the site where the Fire Station is now located.

In March 1909, the cornerstone of the first church was laid at 10th and Harvard. The church was dedicated by Bishop Gallagher in August 1909. The seating capacity of the church was 300, and the parish numbered 650 families. All Saints School was opened in 1913 and the two sacristies in the church were used as classrooms. A small two room school building was built by the people of the parish and was finished in 1914. This school was operated by the Dominican Sisters, who commuted from St. Agnes Academy located on Fannin Street. The two-story brick school building was completed in 1922. This building is still used as CCE classrooms, nursery, and St. Vincent de Paul Food Pantry.

The present Gothic church and the Rectory were dedicated in 1928, and are still occupied for these purposes. The combination auditorium and cafeteria was built in 1949 to accommodate the increased school enrollment and other parish activities. This building is now the parish hall.

As the parish grew, so also did the school. The additional classrooms, now the Third Age Learning Center, were constructed in 1959. A convent, a living area for eight sisters teaching in the school, was built in 1960. This building has been used as the Parish Office since 1986, when the school was closed because of financial difficulties.

In 1974, All Saints entered into a joint venture with other religious denominations in the Heights area to build the Heights Tower located on 19th Street, a $3-million, non-profit senior citizen residence.

External links

 www.allsaintsheights.com The parish's website

References

Roman Catholic churches in Houston
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1926
Churches in Harris County, Texas
1926 establishments in Texas
National Register of Historic Places in Houston
Historic district contributing properties in Texas
Houston Heights
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States

All Saints Catholic Church (Houston)


Super High Me is a 2007 documentary film about the effects of smoking cannabis for 30 days. Directed by Michael Blieden, the documentary stars comedian Doug Benson. The documentary's name and its poster are plays on the 2004 documentary Super Size Me.

Synopsis
Super High Me documents Benson avoiding cannabis for a cleansing period and then smoking and otherwise consuming cannabis every day for 30 days in a row. Benson says that Super High Me is "Super Size Me with cannabis instead of McDonald's". The film also includes interviews with marijuana activists, dispensary owners, politicians and patients who are part of the medical cannabis movement. The DVD was released on April 20, 2008.

Benson underwent various tests to gauge his physical and mental health, first during a 30-day period in which he abstained from cannabis use, then during another 30-day period in which he smoked and ingested cannabis every day. Benson's physician concluded that the effects on Benson's health from his use of cannabis were generally inconsequential. The greatest undesirable changes noted were a weight gain of eight pounds during his "high" month and a significant decrease in his ability to do mental mathematics. His sperm count increased, contrary to what might be expected based on medical studies. His overall score on the SAT increased, mainly due to an increased verbal score.

At the end of the experiment, Benson expressed surprise that he did not acquire any aversion to the drug after such continual use, something which he had predicted at the beginning.

The end credits contain a dedication to Michelle Benjamin, a friend of the filmmakers who was killed in a traffic accident involving a drunk driver.

Cast
Alex Campbell
Brian Unger
Gary Cohan
Robert Gore
Sean Tabibian
Paul F. Tompkins
Bob Odenkirk
Graham Elwood
Jimmy Dore
Greg Proops
Rob Huebel
Rob Riggle
Brian Posehn
Patton Oswalt
Sarah Silverman
Arj Barker
Zach Galifianakis
Jeff Ross

Production
The star of the film, comedian Doug Benson, said that the conception of the film originated with a joke in his stand-up act, asking, "If there's a movie called Super Size Me about a guy who ate McDonald's every day, why couldn't there be this movie called Super High Me, where I smoke pot every day?"  He shared the joke with friend and filmmaker Michael Blieden, who saw potential in producing a film.  Producer Alex Campbell wanted to make a film about the burgeoning medical marijuana scene in Los Angeles and ran into Blieden who casually mentioned the Doug Benson project and Campbell seized on it. Six months later the film was in production. Michael Blieden said about the making of the film, "Without Alex the movie would have languished indefinitely." Campbell commented on the film's inception, "I heard the joke and immediately knew it could be a film if Doug was willing to go through with the experiment."    When they made the film, Benson ensured that his "antics" were legally tolerated in the state of California.  The comedian said of the experience, "It would be difficult for anyone who has obligations to do, so I wouldn't break the law. I didn't operate a motor vehicle for the 30 days of filming. The crew drove me everywhere."  The documentary also featured notable cannabis advocates, including Marc Emery, the Canadian "Prince of Pot"; and Dennis Peron, founder of the Cannabis Buyers Club and coauthor of California Proposition 215.  The film was reportedly marketed for the same budget as the cost of a two-inch advertisement in The New York Times.

Reception
Super High Me had a regional premiere at the South by Southwest film festival in March 2008, where it screened alongside two other marijuana-focused films, Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay and Humboldt County.  The documentary premiered to the public in the widest documentary opening ever, screening at over 1,000 venues on April 20, 2008.  The release date was 4/20 in American vernacular, intended to reflect the number 420 in cannabis culture.  The film was distributed by Red Envelope Entertainment (a distribution arm of Netflix), B-side, and Screen Media Films in a partnership.  The companies arranged for grassroots screening events, where people could sign up on a website to receive a free DVD and have a public screening with a group of any size.  The aim of the distribution strategy was to encourage later DVD sales.

Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter thought that the documentary consisted of Benson merely "expanding a bit from his stand-up act to strained results". Scheck wrote, "Super High Me mainly is an excuse for a series of comic riffs from its undeniably amusing subject who apparently is a favorite among the stoner crowd."  The critic thought that the examination of the issues of medical cannabis and the conflict between the drug policy of California and the drug policy of the United States was "superficial".  Mark Rahner of The Seattle Times wrote, "Benson's [stunt] isn't as much of a revelation [as the one in Super Size Me], and it's more amiable than funny."  While Rahner applauded the on-screen graphics as "professional caliber", he found the video footage to be "distractingly poor".  Rahner concluded, "In the end, this is a weak advocacy film without much to interest anyone else."

Legal dispute over sequel
In 2014, the film's other producers planned to release a sequel, Super High Me Redux, which would have shown additional footage taken for the film. Doug sued them to stop the film from getting made.

References

External links

Official song from Super High Me on Songpull

2007 films
American documentary films
Films about drugs
Films about smoking
American documentary films about cannabis
2007 documentary films
2007 in cannabis
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Super High Me


Gustav Christian Friedrich Behrens (12 May 1852 in Gotha – 14 September 1905 in Breslau) was a German sculptor.

Life
Behrens was the eldest son of a farmer and fur trader. After attending the Ernestine Gymnasium, Gotha, in his home town, he completed an apprenticeship with the Gotha court sculptor, Eduard Wolfgang (1825–1874).

In 1870, he went to Dresden where he studied at the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts and, from 1872 to 1877, worked in the studios of Ernst Julius Hähnel. In 1873, when he was only 21, he won a gold medal for his statue (since lost) of Hagen von Tronje from an episode of the Nibelungenlied. Beginning in 1878, he made study trips to Belgium, Holland, Paris, Italy, Vienna, New York and Boston.

From 1880 to 1881, he worked in the studios of Carl Kundmann and Edmund von Hellmer in Vienna. In 1885, he set up his own studio in Dresden and, the next year, was appointed head of the Master Sculpture Studio at the Silesian Museum of Fine Arts in Breslau. Among his students there were Hugo Lederer and Franz Metzner. He was a member of the German Art and Artists Cooperative Association and, in 1896, was designated a Royal Prussian Professor.

Behrens, who had remained unmarried and childless, died at the age of 53 after a long illness.

Selected works

 Monument Allegorie auf die Fischerei in Breslau (1883)
 Group of Figures Der trunkene Zecher (The Drunken Reveler) and Das keifende Weib (The Nagging Wife), over the entrance to the Schweidnitzer Keller at the Town Hall in Breslau (1892)
 Statues of Art und Literature on the northeast corner tower of the Reichstag in Berlin (1894)
 Statue of Abraham Lincoln in the National Museum (1899)
 Statues of Martin Luther and Philipp Melanchthon on the "Bridal Portal" of the Sankt Margarethen church in Gotha (1900)
 Monumental sculpture of the Archangel Michael at the Völkerschlachtdenkmal in Leipzig (1904/05)

Sources
Matthias Wenzel: Zum 100. Todestag des Bildhauers und Professors Christian Behrens, in: Gothaer Tagespost/TLZ, 15. September 2005

Further reading
 "Behrens, Christian." In Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online, (accessed 4 February 2012; subscription required).

German sculptors
German male sculptors
1852 births
1905 deaths

Christian Behrens


Captain Nemo (; also known as Prince Dakkar) is a character created by the French novelist Jules Verne (1828–1905). Nemo appears in two of Verne's science-fiction books, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas (1870) and The Mysterious Island (1875). He also makes a brief appearance in a play written by Verne with the collaboration of Adolphe d'Ennery, Journey Through the Impossible (1882).

Nemo is a mysterious figure. Though originally of unknown nationality, he is later described as the son of an Indian raja. A scientific visionary, he roams the depths of the seas in his submarine, the Nautilus, which was assembled from parts manufactured in several different countries, then shipped to a cover address. The captain is consumed by a hunger for vengeance and hatred of imperialism; Verne included references to anti-imperialist uprisings, including the Kościuszko Uprising and Indian Rebellion of 1857, in the various backstories of Nemo.

Nemo has appeared in various film adaptations of Verne's novels, where he has been portrayed by such celebrated actors as James Mason, Herbert Lom, Patrick Stewart, Naseeruddin Shah, Ben Cross, Omar Sharif and Michael Caine. He has also been appropriated by other authors for their own novels, including Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill's The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Philip José Farmer's The Other Log of Phileas Fogg, Kevin J. Anderson's Captain Nemo: The Fantastic History of a Dark Genius, Thomas F. Monteleone's The Secret Sea and Howard Rodman's The Great Eastern.

Etymology
Nemo is Latin for 'no one' or 'nobody'. Nemo is itself the Latin translation of Ancient Greek Outis 'Nobody', the pseudonym adopted by the sea-faring hero Odysseus in Greek mythology to outwit the Cyclops Polyphemus. This appears to be the intended meaning, since in The Mysterious Island, when Cyrus Harding addresses him as Captain Nemo, the latter replies, "I have no name!"

Fictional character biography

Chief among the few details of Nemo's history given in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas are his hatred of imperialism and his grief over the loss of his loved ones in years past.

In The Mysterious Island, Captain Nemo identifies himself as Prince Dakkar, son of the Hindu raja of Bundelkhand, and a descendant of the Muslim Sultan Fateh Ali Khan Tipu of the Kingdom of Mysore, famous for the Anglo-Mysore Wars (1767–1799) and Mysorean rocket technology. After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, in which Dakkar lost both his family and his kingdom, the prince devoted himself to scientific research, ultimately building the Nautilus and cruising the seven seas with a crew of devoted followers. They gather bullion from various shipwrecks in the ocean, most notably from the hulks of the Spanish treasure fleet sunk during the Battle of Vigo Bay. Nemo claims to have no interest in terrestrial affairs but occasionally intervenes to aid people in distress, e.g.,  by giving salvaged treasure to participants in the Cretan Revolt (1866–1869) against the island's Turkish rulers; by saving (both physically and financially) a Ceylonese or Tamil pearl diver from a shark attack; by rescuing the castaways in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas; and by covertly protecting another set of castaways in The Mysterious Island.

Like many actual Indian princes of the era, Nemo received a Western education, during which, as he states, he spent his youth touring and studying throughout Europe. In his first meeting with Professor Aronnax and his companions, the three castaways speak to him in French, English, Latin, and German; Nemo later reveals that he is fluent in all of these tongues. Aronnax praises the captain's French, noting that he "expressed himself with perfect ease and without any accent." Relying on his intuition and knowledge of ethnology, the professor concludes that "there's southern blood" in him but can't determine the captain's exact origin. The Nautilus library, lounge, and art collections reveal that Nemo is intimately acquainted with European culture, also that he's an accomplished performer on the organ.

Nemo dies of unspecified natural causes on board the Nautilus, docked permanently inside Dakkar Grotto on Lincoln Island in the South Pacific. Cyrus Harding, leader of the castaways whom Nemo protected, administered the last rites, then submerged the Nautilus in the grotto's waters. Shortly after, the volcanic island is destroyed when magma reaches the sea water in Dakkar Grotto, creating a massive steam explosion which blows the island and the Nautilus to pieces.

Character

Nemo's characteristics are largely presented through the observations of Professor Pierre Aronnax, narrator of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas. At their first meeting, the professor remarks: "Whether this individual was thirty-five or fifty years of age, I couldn't tell." He goes on to describe Nemo as a tall, self-contained man with a straight nose, broad brow, and wide-set eyes—"certainly the most wonderful physical specimen I'd ever met up with." In The Mysterious Island, the captain is in his late sixties and sports a long white beard.

He avoids dry land, except for desert islands and uninhabited regions such as Antarctica. In keeping with his contempt for surface civilization, he uses few commodities that aren't marine in origin, be they food, clothing, or even tobacco. As for his political views, he reveals an intense hatred of oppression, which he associates with the world's imperialistic nations. He therefore identifies himself with the Earth's oppressed, whether Ceylonese pearl divers, Cretans rising against the Turks, or even right whales attacked by sperm whales. When Professor Aronnax suggests that Nemo violates maritime and international law by sinking warships, Nemo responds that he does so in self-defense when attacked. He insists that terrestrial laws no longer apply to him, exclaiming in one scene:

Nemo is devoted to his crew and grieves deeply when members are killed after a mysterious collision with a surface vessel or during a giant squid attack in the Caribbean Sea. He is equally compassionate in his treatment of the castaways in The Mysterious Island, also retaining a deep attachment to his deceased wife and children. Despite these tragic losses, he rarely expresses his anger. Moreover, he is a man of immense courage, taking the lead in every emergency, from fighting sharks and squids to releasing the Nautilus from Antarctic ice—an ordeal that entailed reduced oxygen stores and consecutive eight-hour shifts. Aronnax also credits him with discovering Atlantis.

An innovative engineer, Nemo both designed and manufactured the Nautilus, including her electric propulsion units and navigational systems. Utilizing them with extraordinary skill, he navigated some of the ocean's most difficult underwater passages, such as those beneath the Antarctic ice barrier, as well as a fictitious tunnel under the Isthmus of Suez.

He has an exhaustive knowledge of marine biology, and it is his respect for Professor Aronnax's preeminence in the field that led to his befriending the professor once the latter was cast aboard the Nautilus. Further, Nemo is a polyglot, able to read all the books in the Nautilus vast library, regardless of their language. He demonstrates his linguistic ability in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, when Arronax and two other character speak to him in French, English, German, and Latin and he understands all four languages. Other than this he also knows Indian languages Hindi, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam, furthermore Greek among others. Nemo also invents a new language that he and his crew use to communicate with each other.

The captain has an exquisite taste in the fine arts, possessing many masterpieces of both painting and sculpture, from old masters to moderns. They are housed in the main lounge of the Nautilus along with Nemo's collection of pearls, corals, seashells, and other marine items, all gathered with his own hands. "No museum in Europe," Aronnax tells the captain, "has such a collection of exhibits." Yet, despite the opulence visible throughout the Nautilus, Nemo's stateroom was furnished with little more than a bed, a worktable, and the navigational instruments essential to the Nautilus. Even so, Captain Nemo claims to be extremely wealthy, boasting that "without the slightest trouble I could pay off the two-billion-dollar French national debt!"

Nemo later tells Aronnax that he will enclose his scientific findings and autobiography in a small unsinkable container: "The last one of us left on the Nautilus will throw that container into the sea, and it will drift wherever the waves take it."

Subsequently, a rather different container does wash ashore in The Mysterious Island, bearing tools, firearms, navigational instruments, an atlas, books, blank paper, and even clothing. They are found in a crate lashed to empty barrels, its contents sealed in a waterproof zinc envelope and showing careful preparation, and packing. Throughout the same book, Nemo repeatedly acts in this providential way, as when the sailor Pencroff pines for tobacco, then the young naturalist Harbert identifies some of the island's plant life.

Emblem

Captain Nemo's emblem, as reproduced on the flag he raised when claiming the South Pole, is a large golden N on a black field. The motto of the Nautilus was Mobilis in mobili, a Latin phrase which Aronnax translates as "Moving within a moving element". It also has been rendered as "Moving within motion" and "Changing with change".

Origin

In early drafts of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas, Nemo appears as a Polish noble, a member of the szlachta bent on avenging the murder of his family during Russia's violent suppression of the January Uprising. Verne's editor Pierre-Jules Hetzel feared that the book would offend the Russian Empire, a major French ally, and cause the book to be banned from that country's bookstores. Accordingly, Hetzel insisted that Verne revise the novel to conceal Nemo's background and political motivations.

Chronological discrepancies

Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas was first published in 1870 and reports the activities of the Nautilus over the years 1866 to 1868. The Mysterious Island was published in 1875 but is set in the years after the close of the American Civil War, i.e., 1865 to 1869. Described as an elderly man in his late sixties, Captain Nemo claims in its pages to have conducted his undersea travels some sixteen years earlier than the dates given in the prior novel.

It is true that the first French hardcover issue of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas (an octavo edition published in 1871 by Pierre-Jules Hetzel) contains minor errors that may have been perpetrated by its printers or even by Hetzel himself—who, at times, seems to have made edits without querying Verne. However the chronological discrepancies between this book and The Mysterious Island appear to have been present since its publication. They may have arisen from Hetzel's insistence that Verne drastically revise his original concept for the latter novel, in which, some scholars speculate, he had not initially planned to include Captain Nemo at all.

Portrayals
In most subsequent media adaptations of 20,000 Leagues and Mysterious Island, Captain Nemo is depicted as a European, in accordance with the earlier of the two novels. Actors who have played him include:
 Allen Holubar in 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916)
 Lionel Barrymore (as Count Andre Dakkar) in The Mysterious Island (1929)
 Leonard Penn in the Columbia film serial Mysterious Island (1951)
 Thomas Mitchell in the TV series Tales of Tomorrow (1952)
 James Mason in the Walt Disney film 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954)
 Herbert Lom in Mysterious Island (1961)
 Julian Somers in the 8-part BBC Radio serial 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea (1961)
 Robert Ryan in Captain Nemo and the Underwater City (1969)
 Omar Sharif in La isla misteriosa y el capitán Nemo (1973)
 Len Carlson in the animated series The Undersea Adventures of Captain Nemo (1975)
 Vladislav Dvorzhetsky in the Soviet television miniseries Captain Nemo (1975)
 José Ferrer in the TV movie and short-lived TV series The Return of Captain Nemo (1978)
 Akio Otsuka in the anime series Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water (1990–1991)
 John Bach in the TV series Mysterious Island (1995)
 Michael Caine in the ABC-TV miniseries 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997)
 Ben Cross in the NBC TV movie 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997)
 Naseeruddin Shah in the film The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003)
 Patrick Stewart in the TV movie Mysterious Island (2005)
 Sean Lawlor in the film 30,000 Leagues Under the Sea (2007)
 W. Morgan Sheppard in the film Mysterious Island (2012)
 Faran Tahir in the TV series Once Upon a Time (2016–2017)
 Sagar Arya in the BBC Radio adaptations of 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea and The Mysterious Island (2018)
Shazad Latif in the TV series Nautilus (TBA)

In popular culture
In the League of Extraordinary Gentlemen comic series by Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill, Captain Nemo's Indian ancestry as Prince Dakkar is emphasized, yet his religious identity is left ambiguous between Hinduism and Sikhism. Journalist Shreya Ila Anasuya writes that Moore's Nemo is "nebulously portrayed as a Kali-worshipping man in a turban, never self-consciously Sikh." The title of "Nemo" is also later inherited by Prince Dakkar's headstrong daughter, Janni Dakkar, for the League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Nemo Trilogy.

Nemo is the official file manager for the Cinnamon desktop environment; the name plays off of the Nautilus file manager from which it was forked.

A Polish singer - Bogdan Gajkowski - popular especially during the 1980s, started recording under the stage name "Kapitan Nemo".

In 1990, the group Dive released their debut single "Captain Nemo", based on Verne's character. This song was covered by Sarah Brightman on her 1993 album Dive.

The Japanese otome visual novel Code: Realize- Guardian of Rebirth features a scientist named Nemo. Nemo creates an airship named the Nautilus within the game. He considers the engineer Impey Barbicane, a reference to another Jules Verne novel, his ultimate scientific rival.

The Japanese mobile game Fate/Grand Order features a rider class servant named Captain Nemo. Nemo commands a magical submarine Nautilus through the Void Space.

Kevin J. Anderson wrote  Captain Nemo: The Fantastic History of a Dark Genius (2002), a fictional life of Captain Nemo.

In the 2006 graphic novel Captain Nemo by Jason DeAngelis (Seven Seas, ), set in an alternate timeline where Napoleon was never defeated at Waterloo but went on to found a dynasty whose descendants have conquered most of the world, Captain Nemo was, according to the French authorities, "slain and his accursed Nautilus sunk" in 1873, and twenty years later his son (who bears the same name as his father) leads his crew aboard the Nautilus II against the forces of Napoleon IV using the same tactics as his father, who is buried in a coral tomb, along with members of his crew, on the sunken island of Lemuria.

Daughter of the Deep, a 2021 novel by Rick Riordan, features two descendants of Captain Nemo as the protagonist and antagonist.

The animated series Space Strikers (known in French as 20 000 Lieues dans l'espace; translation: "20,000 Leagues in Space") stars a descendant of the original Captain Nemo, leading the crew of the spaceship Nautilus ina crusade to liberate Earth and other planets from the evil forces of Master Phantom.

In the novel ... no one of Alberto Cavanna (original title ... nessuno, Mursia, Italy, 2020), Nemo is John Digby, an admiral of the Royal Navy, appointed captain of the Nautilus by the dying builder.

Captain Nemo appears as the protagonist of the story Invitación al viaje (2023) by Óscar Esquivias.

Gallery

See also
 List of underwater science fiction works

References

External links
 The Mysterious Island: The Secret of the Island: Chapter XVI . A summary of his life.
 Literary analysis of the novels of Jules Verne (In French)
 The origin of Captain Nemo: at Captainnemo's Home

America's Best Comics characters
Characters in written science fiction
Literary characters introduced in 1870
Fictional explorers
Fictional Indian people
Fictional mad scientists
Fictional princes
Fictional sailors
Fictional sea pirate captains
Fictional undersea characters
Jules Verne characters
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea
Male characters in literature

Captain Nemo


Viswanathan Shanta (11 March 1927 – 19 January 2021) was an Indian oncologist. She was born in Chennai, India. Shanta was Director of the Adyar Cancer Institute from 1980 to 1997. Shanta was awarded the Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Vibhushan.

Shanta died on 19 January 2021 in Chennai from a heart attack, aged 93.

References

1927 births
2021 deaths
Indian physicians

V. Shanta


Dorados de Chihuahua (English: Chihuahua Goldens) are a refounded baseball team from the city of Chihuahua.  Recently, the Tuneros de San Luis moved to Chihuahua and took the Dorados namesake, which also brought the LMB (AAA) Mexican Baseball League to Chihuahua for the first time since 1982.  The Dorados played their home games at Estadio Chihuahua. The Dorados will be sold to either Nuevo Laredo or Aguascalientes for the 2011–2012 season.

Dorados de Chihuahua baseball history

Mexican League 1940
The Mexican League was founded in 1925 with 5 teams and slowly grew. By the late 1930s and 40s, the league was drawing the top players from the Negro leagues, including Satchel Paige, Cool Papa Bell, Martin Dihigo, Ray Dandridge and Willie Wells. Native Mexican talent was almost run out of the league in 1940, when many Cuban and Negro league stars took central stage – only a handful of Mexican players like Angel Castro and Jesus Valenzuela were competitive with the foreign imports. Three Negro leaguers won Triple Crowns in a 4-year period – since then only three other players have won Triple Crowns in the Mexican League. The Dorados de Chihuahua joined the Mexican League in 1940. The Golden men were 14-67 and 42 games out of first in dead last. The teams loan super stars were Lonnie Summers and Jacinto Roque, both of whom spent time on other clubs. The Dorados also played in the short-lived Mexican National League in 1946.

Arizona–Texas League 1952
Formed from the Arizona State League in 1931, the Arizona–Texas League was a class D circuit that ran from '31-'32 and '37-'39. In '40-'41 it was promoted to class C, then halted play from 1942 to 1946. In '47-'50 the league again organized and competed until 1951 when it merged with the Sunset League to form the Southwest International League. Chihuahua Dorados joined the league towards the end in 1952, winning 57 and losing 83, finishing 27 and 1/2 games out of first.  Though the team did not win as many games as expected, they drew an impressive 130,329 fans in 70 home games in 1952; out drawing every other team in the league by double.

The Central Mexican League 1956-57
The Central Mexican League was a class C operation which lasted two seasons, 1956 and 1957. The six-team circuit was very offense-friendly and ERAs over 8 were about as common as ERAs under 3.50. Both the City of Juarez and Chihuahua represented the state of Chihuahua Mexico.  In 1956 the great pitcher Marte de Alejandro propelled Chihuahua to a second-place finish behind the Saltillo Saraperos by only a half game, with an astounding 129 strikeouts and 18 victories in the short season of only 100 games.  Both teams had equal records on the last day of the season, yet a loss by Chihuahua and a forfeit by Saltillo's opponent gave the crown to the Saraperos.  Chihuahua's manager Manuel Arroyo was furious, and promised a local paper that the Dorados would win in 1957, which they did.  1957 marked the Gold men's first crown outright, posting a 62 and 38 record behind the great pitching of Antonio Dicochea, 17 wins and 157 Strikeouts.

Arizona–Mexico League 1958
In 1955 the Arizona–Texas League became the Arizona–Mexico League. The circuit continued only four more seasons before the class C league bid adieu to baseball. During these four seasons more than 1,700,000 fans went through the gate. The Cananea Mineros was the only team to win more than one league title, taking two back to back, in 1955 and 1956. They drew 347,247 fans those two years.  Chihuahua joined the league for its final year in 1958.  In 1958 the Dorados, skippered by Leonel Aldama, went 56 and 62 falling to fourth place, yet still leading the league in 58 with 59,917 fans in attendance.

Mexican League 1973–1982
Returning to the Mexican League in 1973, Chihuahua, now under the name Centauros de Chihuahua in relation to a nickname for Pancho Villa, went 527 and 776.  Never climbing above second place, the Centauros were a fan favorite drawing the most fans over the 10-year stretch.

Independent Semi Pro State Baseball 1985–2002
For much of the next 20 years Chihuahua was without a professional team, instead a sponsored independent city team was organized to play against other independent teams in the surrounding area.  Many college and high school players from the Texas-Louisiana league, along with stragglers form the now defunct Western League spent time playing among these teams gaining valuable experience and giving the crowds a great show.  Some of the greatest imports from the US during this time were: pitcher Duke Richards later with the Alexandria Aces 19 wins and 3 losses, catcher Moose Edmunds from the Bend Bandits, .329 avg with 15 home runs and 4 steals of home (two coming in one game), outfielder George Wallace Johnson Jr 62 Stolen Bases, and Tim Leone cut from the Edinburg Roadrunners, was a heavy hitting first baseman who clubbed an amazing 40 home runs in one season for Chihuahua.

Mexican League 2003–2010
2003 marked official talks and action to bring Chihuahua back into the LMB, along with its cousin Juarez.  In 2007 The Mexican League announced the San Luis Potosí Tuneros were moving to the city of Chihuahua, where the team became known as the Dorados. The Tuneros finished out of the playoffs in 2007 with an overall record of 49-61, which ranked 15th among 16 Liga teams in attendance. Just over 68,000 fans turned out for games in San Luis Potosí for an average of about 1,200 fans per game. Only the perpetually cash-strapped Campeche Piratas did worse at the gate. Although the Tuneros never won an LMB pennant in San Luis, the old Chihuahua Dorados failed to even make the Mexican League playoffs in twelve seasons in the 1970s and 1980s. The new Dorados featured such holdovers from the Tuneros as Sharnol Adriana, Darryl Brinkley and Pat O'Sullivan.
As the Liga's most northwesterly city after Tijuana, the Dorados remained in the LMB Northern Division until 2010.

Managers
 1952         Domingo Santana and Marvin Williams.
 1956–1957  Manuel Arroyo
 1958         Leonel Aldama

References

Resources
 Chihuahua Dorados
 Baseball Almanac

Sports teams in Chihuahua City
Former Mexican League teams
Defunct Arizona-Texas League teams

Dorados de Chihuahua


"Ma Baker" is a popular song performed by Boney M. The song came off their album Love for Sale. It hit #2 in Britain. The song was remixed and sampled for several other songs. It was only minor in the United States.

The song was released May 2, 1977.

1977 songs
Pop songs
Boney M songs

Ma Baker