James Ashley (1958 – 15 January 1998) was a British man who, while unarmed and naked, was shot dead by police in his flat in St Leonards-on-Sea, East Sussex, on 15 January 1998. Armed officers raided the building on the suspicion that Ashley kept a firearm and a quantity of cocaine there, and to arrest him and another man in connection with a stabbing. Neither a firearm nor a significant quantity of drugs was found, the other man was not present, and it later emerged that Ashley was not implicated in the stabbing. Ashley, likely woken by the noise of the raid, was out of bed when an armed police officer entered his bedroom. On seeing the officer, Ashley raised one arm and the officer reacted by firing a single shot. Later that morning, Sussex Police chief constable Paul Whitehouse held a press conference in which he praised the conduct of the operation.

Two inquiries were held by other police forces under the auspices of the Police Complaints Authority (PCA), both of which strongly criticised the raid. The first found that the use of armed officers breached national guidelines, that the raid team had been inadequately trained, and that the officers in charge of it had received no training for their roles and had misrepresented intelligence to gain authorisation for the operation. The second inquiry accused Whitehouse, Deputy Chief Constable Mark Jordan, and Sussex's two assistant chief constables of colluding to obstruct the first. It suggested that Whitehouse knowingly gave false statements in his press conference, and recommended criminal charges against three of the four. The officer who shot Ashley was charged with murder in 2001 but acquitted on the grounds of self-defence. The officers who led the operation were charged with misconduct in public office and were also acquitted. No criminal charges were brought against the chief officers, but Jordan and Whitehouse both faced disciplinary proceedings. Jordan was suspended and allowed to retire in 2001. Whitehouse resigned in the same year under pressure from the Home Secretary, David Blunkett. His successor publicly apologised to Ashley's family in 2003.

Ashley's father and son sued the police for negligence and battery in Ashley v Chief Constable of Sussex Police. The police offered to settle all damages under the action for negligence and the other claims were struck out at the High Court, which the family appealed. The case reached the House of Lords (then the United Kingdom's highest court), where the appeal was successful. The lords confirmed that the threshold for a plea of self-defence in a civil case was higher than in a criminal one and that it was for the litigants, not the judge, to decide which causes of action to pursue, even where no further damages were available.

Ashley's death has been compared to other mistaken police shootings in the United Kingdom, including those of Stephen Waldorf, John Shorthouse, Harry Stanley, and Jean Charles de Menezes. It was one of the cases considered in a 2003 report by the PCA which recommended stronger control of armed operations and equipping armed officers with less-lethal alternatives such as tasers.

Prelude
James "Jimmy" Ashley was a 39-year-old man from Liverpool living in St Leonards-on-Sea, East Sussex, on the south coast of England. Ashley and a group of friends occupied three of the six flats in a converted house in Western Road. He was suspected by Sussex Police of being involved in the distribution of heroin, and the police had heard rumours that he owned a gun. They placed the house under surveillance in October 1997, though the operation was wound up without producing any substantive evidence.

On 7 January 1998, Ashley was present when Thomas "Tosh" McCrudden, a friend he had been drinking with, stabbed and seriously wounded another man in an argument outside a pub in Hastings town centre. Ashley's only involvement was to pull McCrudden away from the victim. In the following week, armed officers were deployed to pursue several leads but failed to apprehend McCrudden. Officers believed McCrudden was staying in the Western Road house and formulated a plan to raid it. Detectives obtained a search warrant based on a tip-off from an officer in the regional crime squad that a large quantity of cocaine had been delivered to the house, and the plan to use armed officers was authorised by the deputy chief constable, Mark Jordan, based on the rumour that Ashley had a firearm. The officers conducting the raid were briefed that McCrudden was dangerous and known to be in the flats and about the potential firearm. They were also told, incorrectly, that Ashley was wanted for shooting a man in Eastbourne and had a previous conviction for attempted murder. At the time, it was the largest firearms operation in Sussex Police's history, using 25 armed officers.

Shooting
On 15 January, at approximately 04:30, officers from Sussex Police executed a search warrant on the Western Road house. The operation had three stated objectives—the apprehension of McCrudden, the retrieval of the cocaine, and the seizure of the firearm. It used a technique known as "Bermuda", which was originally designed for hostage-rescue operations but had become standard in Sussex Police for rapid entry operations to secure evidence. The technique was known to be high-risk as it involved lone officers rapidly entering an assigned room before calling in backup if a threat was found, and had previously been criticised in the media, while other police forces had discontinued its use. Only four of the six occupants of the flats were the target of the raid, but the police did not have details of which occupants lived in which of the flats. The police also lacked plans for the building, which hampered the raid when they encountered a locked internal door. Once opened, the door blocked the entrance to Ashley's flat, further delaying the officers.

Ashley had been naked in bed when his girlfriend woke him to investigate a noise, likely caused by police forcing doors in the building. As he moved towards the door of his darkened bedroom, he suddenly encountered one of the officers. Ashley raised his arm, to which the officer reacted by firing a single shot at a range of about . Ashley was hit in the armpit and the bullet travelled to his heart, killing him almost immediately. At the conclusion of the raid, no firearms or significant quantity of drugs (only a small quantity of cannabis) was found. Three men in two other flats were arrested but McCrudden was not among them and none were wanted by the police; all three were later released without charge. On the day of the raid, Sussex Police's chief constable, Paul Whitehouse, held a press conference at which he announced that Ashley had been wanted for attempted murder. He praised the conduct of the operation, and claimed that the deployment of armed officers had been justified and necessary.

Inquiries
An inquiry was launched by neighbouring Kent Police under the supervision of the Police Complaints Authority (PCA), and led by Barbara Wilding, an assistant chief constable. Two police constables (including PC Christopher Sherwood, the officer who shot Ashley) were suspended, along with three more senior officers—a superintendent and two inspectors. Two superintendents from other police forces, experts on police firearms policy, gave evidence to the Kent Police inquiry that the operation did not follow national guidelines for police use of firearms, and that the use of armed officers was not necessary to apprehend McCrudden as there was no evidence that he had access to firearms; further, if a firearm was believed to be in the flat, the preferable tactic would have been to arrest the suspects on the street rather than send police officers into the building. The investigation further found that the use of armed officers in earlier attempts to arrest McCrudden also breached national guidelines, in that senior officers improperly granted authority for the use of firearms, and that on several occasions armed officers self-deployed without authorisation at all.

The inquiry revealed that neither the police officer in charge of the manhunt for McCrudden (the incident commander) nor the intelligence commander on the operation were adequately trained for their roles and that they had been warned against the use of the "Bermuda" tactic by national experts because it presented too high a risk for the stated objectives, and that the police had failed to prepare for the operation by obtaining plans for the building and details of other occupants. It also emerged that the officers deployed on the raid had never trained as a group in the use of the tactic, and that Sherwood had never been trained in it individually. The Kent inquiry concluded that the basis for the raid was "not merely exaggerated, it was determinably false" and that the officers involved in its planning had "concocted" the evidence or planned to misrepresent it to justify the operation.

The PCA commissioned a second inquiry, convened in August 1998 and chaired by Sir John Hoddinott, chief constable of Hampshire Constabulary, to investigate the conduct of Sussex's chief officers, after Wilding's report accused them of obstructing her investigation. Hoddinott interviewed Whitehouse, Jordan, and Sussex's two assistant chief constables, Nigel Yeo and Maria Wallis, over allegations that they had misled the original inquiry by claiming that they could not recall key details and that they had misrepresented the intelligence that led to the raid. The Hoddinott inquiry suggested that the incident commander and intelligence commander both knew that neither McCrudden nor the cocaine were in the building, or that they at least exaggerated the strength of the intelligence, to bolster their case for authorisation to the deputy chief constable. In particular, the tip off from the regional crime squad was in fact in relation to a potential drugs shipment to an unrelated address, the belief that McCrudden was inside was exaggerated from a report of an unidentified man entering the building, and the report of a firearm was based on nothing more than rumour.

Hoddinott sharply criticised Whitehouse and the press conference he held on the day of the raid, in which, according to the report, Whitehouse "wilfully failed to tell the truth as he knew it; he did so without reasonable excuse or justification and what he published and said was misleading and therefore likely to injure the public interest". His report suggested there was "evidence of collusion between some or all of the chief officers" of Sussex Police to conceal what they already knew at the time of the press conference (that Ashley was unarmed, that no significant quantity of drugs had been found, and that McCrudden was not present), and that "an arguable case of attempting to pervert the course of justice might be made out", though he concluded that a charge of misconduct in public office was more credible. Hoddinott also accused Jordan of malfeasance, discreditable conduct, and supporting Whitehouse's false statements, and Yeo, one of the assistant chief constables, of malfeasance.

Prosecutions and disciplinary proceedings
Sherwood was charged with murder and tried at the Old Bailey in London in 2001, but was acquitted after the trial judge, Mrs Justice Anne Rafferty, directed the jury to find him not guilty. Sherwood claimed self-defence, telling the court that he feared for his life, believing—based on the briefing for the operation—that Ashley's outstretched arm was holding a firearm and was about to shoot. In directing the jury, the judge stated that no evidence had been presented that Sherwood fired other than in self-defence, and in her summing up suggested that "those who should be held accountable were not present" in her court. The superintendent and two inspectors suspended after the first inquiry were then prosecuted for misconduct in public office in relation to their planning and execution of the raid. The prosecution alleged that the three had deliberately failed to give an accurate representation of the intelligence but all three were found not guilty at Wolverhampton Crown Court when the Crown Prosecution Service declined to offer any evidence. Nigel Sweeney, prosecuting, told the court that the depth of "corporate failing" within Sussex Police made it impossible to place criminal liability with individual officers. Following the verdict Ashley's family announced their intention to sue Sussex Police for negligence.

Hoddinott's report was forwarded to the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) for consideration of charges against the chief officers of Sussex Police for misconduct in public office, but the CPS dropped the case on the grounds of insufficient evidence. Whitehouse was suspended for three weeks while the Sussex police authority considered Hoddinott's report but was reinstated with written advice, in which the authority told him it was "not satisfied that you have not committed a disciplinary offence", and instructed him that "your role as a strong and supportive commander of your force should never be confused with your duty never to mislead or misinform". He resigned in 2001 after the Home Secretary, David Blunkett, wrote to the police authority, instructing them to consider dismissing Whitehouse. Jordan was also suspended after the report and faced internal disciplinary proceedings following the CPS's decision not to pursue criminal charges, but was allowed to retire on medical grounds in 2001. The three middle-ranking officers acquitted of misconduct in public office remained suspended pending internal disciplinary proceedings, which were dropped in 2003. The officers, along with two others involved in Ashley's death, sued the force the following year, claiming it had been negligent in failing to train them properly and that they had suffered psychiatric injury as a result of the shooting and subsequent criminal and disciplinary proceedings. Their case was thrown out at the High Court and an appeal in 2006 was dismissed on the grounds that the damages suffered were too remote from the alleged negligence to be reasonably foreseeable.

The local coroner opened an inquest in the immediate aftermath of Ashley's death but it was adjourned pending the outcome of the police investigations and criminal proceedings. In 2001, the coroner informed the interested parties that the inquest would not be resumed. As a result, the family began campaigning for a public inquiry into the circumstances of Ashley's death and the subsequent investigations. The government considered the request but no such inquiry was held.

Whitehouse's successor as chief constable, Ken Jones, almost immediately introduced changes to the force's policies on conducting armed operations. He also issued an apology on behalf of the force in 2003, travelling to Liverpool to make the apology to Ashley's mother in person. He said "James should not have died but, and this will be of small comfort to his loved ones and friends, his death has resulted in safer firearms procedures for us all". Ashley's family welcomed the apology but, with the backing of their local MP, Louise Ellman, continued to campaign for a public inquiry.

Civil case

Ashley's son and father sued Sussex Police for the torts of negligence (in respect of the planning of the operation and the shooting itself), battery, false imprisonment, and misfeasance in public office. The case was first heard by Mrs Justice Linda Dobbs in the High Court in 2004 as Ashley v Chief Constable of Sussex Police. The police admitted false imprisonment and to negligence in relation to the planning of the raid but denied liability for all other counts (including negligence regarding the shooting itself). They offered to pay the full amount of damages sought by the Ashleys under those causes of action. Mrs Justice Dobbs ruled, on summary judgment, that the police's offer meant that continuing with the other claims would be an abuse of process, and that the action for battery had no realistic prospect of success as the burden of proof was on the claimants, who could not negate Sherwood's self-defence claim from the criminal trial.

The Ashleys appealed the striking out of their claim for battery to the Court of Appeal, where the case was heard in 2006. The Court of Appeal held that the judge had erred in her decision that the battery claim had no realistic prospect of success and in her decision that the burden of proof rested with the claimant to disprove a defence of self-defence in a civil case. The court allowed the family's appeal, holding that—in a civil action for battery—the burden was on the respondent (the police) to prove their claim of self-defence, and that the claim had to be based on both an "honest" and a "reasonable" belief of being in imminent danger, a higher standard than in criminal law. The court (by a majority) also held that continuing the claim for battery would not be an abuse of process, even though the police had offered to pay all the compensation sought by the family under the claims for negligence and false imprisonment (meaning that they would receive no further damages if their claim for battery succeeded).

The police appealed the decision to the House of Lords, then the United Kingdom's court of last resort. The Law Lords considered two main issues, both in relation to the battery claim. The first was the standard for a self-defence claim in a civil case and whether, in a case of a mistaken belief that the defendant was under attack, that belief must be both honest and reasonable, and the second was whether it would be an abuse of process to allow the battery claim to proceed given the police's offer to pay all the damages sought. On the first, the lords unanimously upheld the Court of Appeal's finding that both criteria must be met for a defence of self-defence to succeed in a tort action. Lord Scott noted that "it is fundamental to criminal law ... that, as a general rule, no-one should be punished for a crime he or she did not intend to commit or be punished for the consequences of an honest mistake" but that "the function of the civil law is ... to identify and protect the rights that every person is entitled to assert against, and require to be respected by, others" and that the law "must strike a balance between these conflicting rights". He concluded that "it is one thing to say that if A's mistaken belief was honestly held he should not be punished by the criminal law. It would be quite another to say that A's unreasonably held mistaken belief would be sufficient to justify the law in setting aside B's right not to be subjected to physical violence".

The lords were split on the second point, the minority (Lord Carswell and Lord Neuberger of Abbotsbury) believing allowing the claim for battery to proceed would be an abuse of process given that no further damages were available. Lord Carswell, quoting Lord Justice Auld from the Court of Appeal, opined that "the civil courts exist to award compensation, not conduct public inquiries". Nonetheless, the majority (three to two) held that the battery claim was not an abuse of process and that it was for the litigants, not the judiciary, to decide which actions to pursue, noting that the success of the claim would not expose Sherwood to double jeopardy, and noting again the different purposes of tort and criminal law.

The police and the Ashley family agreed damages in 2009. In a statement, Ashley's son said "The police killed my dad illegally. They have now admitted it and apologised, and at last I know everything that happened". While maintaining that the shooting itself was not unlawful, the police issued a statement describing Ashley's death as "a tragedy which should never have occurred" and conceded that it "was caused by a series of failures at levels of Sussex Police in relation to events prior to the raid and its planning and execution ... Sussex Police also acknowledges that there were serious shortcomings in the way in which the aftermath of Mr Ashley's death was handled".

Impact
Although the case merely confirmed existing law, rather than changing it or creating new law, it was still deemed significant for its confirmation that the standard for a claim of self-defence was higher in a civil case than a criminal one, and for Lord Scott's analysis of the differing purposes of criminal and civil law and the confirmation that a "not guilty" verdict in a criminal court did not preclude civil liability.

According to Nick Davies, in an investigation for The Guardian newspaper in 2001, Ashley's death was one of 41 incidents in the preceding decade in which police in England and Wales shot a person who turned out not to have a firearm. Of those shootings, at least 15 proved fatal. In 28 of the 41 cases, the person shot had a replica firearm or some other kind of weapon, and another six were accidental discharges, leaving seven (including Ashley) which Davies described as "disturbing". Davies concluded that "this might look like a ... a licence for police officers to kill. In reality, it indicates something very different but equally disturbing...: police use of firearms is inherently dangerous. The more police are armed, the more they will shoot the wrong people. And the law which surrounds this is inadequate and incapable of fixing the blame when things go wrong".

Davies described Ashley's shooting as "merely the final shot in a volley of error unleashed by just about every rank in Sussex police". Ashley's death has been compared by the media and academics to several other mistaken shootings by police officers in Britain, in particular the 1983 shooting of Stephen Waldorf, the 1985 death of John Shorthouse, the 1999 death of Harry Stanley, and the 2005 death of Jean Charles de Menezes. Waldorf was a film editor shot and seriously injured by police officers in London after he was mistaken for an escaped criminal; he later sued the police and was awarded substantial damages. John Shorthouse was a five-year-old boy who was shot dead during an armed police raid on his parents' home in Birmingham. Stanley was shot dead by a police armed response team who mistook a table leg he was carrying for a firearm; after two inquests, a criminal investigation, and an independent inquiry it was eventually decided that the officers involved would not face criminal or disciplinary proceedings. Menezes was a Brazilian electrician who was wrongly identified as a fugitive terrorist involved in a failed suicide bombing the day before and was shot by counter-terrorism officers when he boarded a London Underground train. A 2005 article in The Independent, following the dropping of charges against the officers who shot Stanley, also drew comparisons with Ashley's case and listed it among 30 fatal police shootings in the preceding 12 years, none of which resulted in a successful prosecution of a police officer.

Maurice Punch, an academic specialising in policing issues, described the ramifications of the Ashley case as "profound" in that an individual police officer was charged with murder for actions taken "in the course of his duty and under the command of superiors" and for Mrs Justice Rafferty's comments regarding upward accountability, a theme Punch compared to the shooting of three Provisional IRA members by the Special Air Service in Gibraltar in 1988 (Operation Flavius).

Among Jones's first actions as the new chief constable was to strengthen Sussex Police's procedures for the deployment of armed officers. In January 2003, a PCA report considered 24 police shootings from 1998 to 2001, including Ashley's. Among its recommendations were that armed police officers also be equipped with non-lethal options, such as tasers, to reduce the chances of further shootings, a recommendation that was endorsed by Ashley's mother. The report also recommended stronger command and control of firearms operations.

See also
 Police use of firearms in the United Kingdom
 List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United Kingdom

Notes

References

Bibliography

Citations

1958 births
1998 deaths
1998 in England
2008 in United Kingdom case law
1990s in East Sussex
2000s trials
Deaths by firearm in England
Deaths by person in England
Hastings
House of Lords cases
January 1998 events in the United Kingdom
Murder trials
Negligence case law
Police misconduct in England
Trials in London
United Kingdom tort case law

Shooting of James Ashley


English as a second language is a common phrase which has related acronyms, including
 ESL, which means "English as a Second Language". This is most often used in a country where English is the primary language
 EFL, which means "English as a Foreign Language". This is most often used in a country where English is not the primary language
 EAL, which means "English as an Additional Language".
 ESOL, which means "English for Speakers of Other Languages". This term is usually used to refer to English instruction for adult immigrants to English-speaking countries.
 ELF, which means "English as a Lingua Franca", a term relating to Globalization.
Each of these acronyms means roughly the same thing. In each, the learners already have another native or "mother" language, and they want to learn English as well.

History
The teaching of English as a second language has a long history. For example, the official introduction of English into India's education system began in 1835.

Use
English as a second language is the single most popular subject in the world, after mathematics. English is a very important language in business. Many people study English as a foreign language, because they want a better job. English is also very important in education. Many pages on the internet are in English.

Many people who can not go to English language classes study on the internet, using websites like BBC Learning English.

Many people study English in a country where the people speak English. This way, many students learn to listen and speak English better.

Testing
There are many English exams. These English exams are important for learners. They may show how well a person can use English. It is very difficult to compare different English exams. Every exam is a little different. Read Testing English as a foreign language for more information.

Global Scale of English
Global Scale of English (GSE) is a test for learners of English as a second or foreign language.   The GSE is a list of can-do statements based on the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) for English. Learners' abilities are rated on a 10-to-90 point scale for each of the four basic skills (speaking, listening, reading, and writing). A learner reaches a level on the scale when she or he can correctly perform 50% of the can-do tasks at that level. The education company Pearson PLC developed the scale.

Teaching
Teaching English as a foreign language (TEFL) is referred to the practice of teaching the English language to the students with different first languages. It is taught in the state school system or privately with a language school or with a tutor. TEFL can also take place in an English-speaking country for people who have immigrated there.

TEFL teachers may be native or non-native speakers of English. Other forms of TEFL are TESL (Teaching English as a second language), TESOL (Teaching English to speakers of other languages), and ESL (English as a second language).

Additional types of TEFL certification include: CTBE (Certificate in Teaching Business English), CTYL (Certificate in Teaching Young Learners), CTO (Certificate in Teaching Online).

Related pages
 ELTon Award

References

Other websites
 TESOL

English language
Language education

English as a second language


A Zeppelin is a type of airship. Airships are aircraft that float in air, because they are filled with a lightweight gas. A Zeppelin is a dirigible, which means it is a rigid airship, but can be moved around by itself. It was developed by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, in the early 20th century. The name Zeppelin is now used as a common name for all rigid airships. Zeppelins were used in the First World War. In the Second World War the Nazis largely used them for propaganda purposes.

One of the most well-known Zeppelins was the LZ 129 Hindenburg, which caught fire on May 6, 1937, during a landing after a non-stop trip from Germany to New Jersey in the United States.  After this, Zeppelin passenger service came to a stop.  The LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin was still in use, although some modifications had to be made.  Early the Second World War the remaining Zeppelins were demolished so their metal could be used for other things.

Plans have been proposed, to use Zeppelins to lift heavy weights.  Some are used as tourist attractions, or for advertising.

World War I
Airships

Zeppelin


Karl Adolf Hessenberg (September 8, 1904 – February 22, 1959) was a German mathematician and engineer. The Hessenberg matrix form is named after him.

Education
From 1925 to 1930 he studied electrical engineering at the Technische Hochschule Darmstadt (today Technische Universität Darmstadt) and graduated with a diploma. From 1931 to 1932 he was an assistant to Alwin Walther at the Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, afterwards he worked at the power station in Worms, Germany. From 1936 he worked as an engineer at AEG, first in Berlin and later in Frankfurt. In 1940 he received his PhD from Alwin Walther at the Technische Hochschule in Darmstadt.

Family

Hessenberg was also the brother of composer Kurt Hessenberg, and the great-grandson of doctor and author Heinrich Hoffmann.

The Hessenberg sum and product of ordinals are named after Gerhard Hessenberg, another mathematician and near relative of Karl Hessenberg.

His father was Eduard Hessenberg, and his mother was Emma Kugler Hessenberg.

References

External links
Biography of Hessenberg by his daughter, Brigitte Bossert

1904 births
1959 deaths
20th-century German mathematicians
Numerical analysts

Technische Universität Darmstadt alumni
Academic staff of Technische Universität Darmstadt

Karl Hessenberg


Brooklyn Community Board 4 is a New York City community board that encompasses the Brooklyn neighborhood of Bushwick.  It is delimited by Broadway on the west, Flushing Avenue on the north, the Queens Borough line and Vermont Avenue on the east, as well as by Highland Avenue on the south.

Its current Chairperson is Robert Camacho, and the District Manager is Celestina León. Born and raised in the Bushwick Community, Robert Camacho has been an advocate in the Bushwick Community for almost 30 years.

As of the United States Census, 2000, the Community Board has a population of 104,358, up from 102,572 in 1990 and 92,497 in 1980.
Of them (as of 2000), 3,026 (2.9%) are White non Hispanic, 24,838 (23.8%) are African-American, 3,245 (3.1%) Asian or Pacific Islander, 300 (0.3%) American Indian or Native Alaskan, 787 (0.8%) of some other race, 2,020 (1.9%) of two or more race, 70,142 (67.2%) of Hispanic origins.
51.9% of the population benefit from public assistance as of 2004, up from 36.6% in 2000.
The land area is .

References

External links
Official site of the Community Board
Brooklyn neighborhood map

Community boards of Brooklyn
Bushwick, Brooklyn

Brooklyn Community Board 4


Mainstream is a term that usually refers to the common current of thought held by the majority, meaning that "mainstream" things are those that are currently popular with most people. It is most often applied in the arts (i.e., music, literature, and performance). This includes:

 something that is ordinary or usual;
 something that is familiar to most people;
 something that is available to the general public;
 something that has ties to corporate or commercial entities.

The mainstream includes all popular culture, usually circulated by mass media. An example of the opposite of the mainstream is counterculture. The term is sometimes used as a negative term. In the United States, Protestant denominations with a mix of conservative, moderate, and liberal theologies are sometimes referred to as "mainstream."

In movies
Mainstream movies can be defined as movies that cost much to make and are created for profit. To pay the cost and make the profit they are made so very many people will want to pay to see them. They have a wide release to first run theaters. Those are movie theaters that run mostly new mainstream movies from the major movie companies. After their time in first-run theaters, mainstream movies are sold at popular stores. Hollywood and Bollywood movies are usually considered mainstream, and may also be blockbusters. The boundary is vague. An example of the opposite of mainstream movie is art films.

In literature
In literature, "mainstream" refers to traditional realistic fiction, as opposed to genre fictions such as science fiction or mysteries.

In music
Mainstream music refers to music that is familiar to and popular with the majority of people in their culture. For example, popular music or pop music. However, older generations often dislike the mainstream taste of the youth, and may not agree as to what is or is not mainstream.

Opposing mainstream music is the music of subcultures. These opposing subcultures exist in most genres of music and is commonly found in punk rock, indie rock, and extreme metal, among others. In the 1960s, the music of the hippie counterculture exemplified this music. In more recent years, alternative rock, such as the music of Nirvana, has managed to maintain popularity in the mainstream music market even though their music did not conform to mainstream standards.

Punk rock has set itself apart from other non-mainstream genres by self-asserting an active anti-mainstream social movement that resists commercialism and corporate control. The punk subculture usually does not appreciate major label bands that play punk music that denies the do it yourself (DIY) punk ethic, and thinks they are the same as mainstream music. Indie rock that surfaced in the early 1990s underground took this same DIY ethic.

Mainstream media
Many anti-corporate and not-for-profit forms of alternative protest have surfaced in the punk underground, for example, self-made publications known as "zines", where there is greater freedom to discuss controversial (usually far left) political issues such as bigotry, LGBT community issues, feminism, militant atheism, and veganism. Although the mainstream media often views this behavior as a youthful expression of rebellion, modern punk embodies a range of age groups who generally disagree with the perceived shared countercultural principals. It is not uncommon for middle-aged people to form punk houses (houses where people of the punk subculture live and open to others to stay, including touring bands) and resistance movements against what they see as the widespread, unfair use of human and animal rights for profit. This modern group is effectively voiced through the anarcho-punk and crust punk subcultures, in attempt to fight what is seen by those groups as a general devaluation of, and way to profit from, life.

Mainstreaming in education
Mainstreaming refers to a type of education where children with a learning disability are mixed into classes with children without learning disabilities to help them learn better and to become comfortable with the "mainstream" of student life and life in their community. This is normally called "integration". When their needs cannot be met, they must be moved to special schools.

References

Entertainment
Education
Culture

Mainstream


The Daniel Webster Robinson House is a historic house at 384-388 Main Street in Burlington, Vermont.  It was designed by the Boston firm of Peabody and Stearns and built in 1885-1886 for prepared lumber magnate Daniel Webster Robinson. Since 1931 it has housed the Alpha Iota Chapter of the Alpha Chi Omega sorority affiliated with the University of Vermont (UVM).  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Description and history
The Daniel Webster Robinson House stands on the north side of Main Street, just west of the main UVM campus, between South William and South Willard Streets.  It is a three-story wood-frame structure, basically rectangular, with its massing obscured by a wealth of asymmetrical architecture typical of the Queen Anne period.  The front facade features a low projecting turret on the second level at the right corner, with a wraparound porch that is open across most of the front, with an roofed corner pavilion at the left, and a covered porch on the right side that continues to a shingled porte-cochere with rounded opening.  The front-facing cross gable of the main roof has a window set in it, below which is a corbel-like bulge.  The interior of the building retains a significant amount of original woodwork and other decorative elements, despite its extended use as a sorority house.  The period carriage house, which is also finely crafted, stands behind the main house, and has been converted to residential use.

The house was built in 1885-85 for Daniel Webster Robinson, then a leading force in one of Burlington's largest lumber companies.  Robinson in 1897 bought out the remaining interests in the Barnes Company which he had been part-owner of since 1873.  The house was designed by Peabody and Stearns of Boston, a major architectural firm of the period; it is one of the firm's significant works in Vermont.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Chittenden County, Vermont

References

External links

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
Houses in Burlington, Vermont
National Register of Historic Places in Burlington, Vermont
Buildings at the University of Vermont
Women in Vermont
Sorority houses
Peabody and Stearns buildings

Daniel Webster Robinson House


Ajmaline (also known by trade names Gilurytmal, Ritmos, and Aritmina) is an alkaloid that is classified as a 1-A antiarrhythmic agent. It is often used to induce arrhythmic contraction in patients suspected of having Brugada syndrome. Individuals suffering from Brugada syndrome will be more susceptible to the arrhythmogenic effects of the drug, and this can be observed on an electrocardiogram as an ST elevation.

The compound was first isolated by Salimuzzaman Siddiqui in 1931  from the roots of Rauvolfia serpentina. He named it ajmaline, after Hakim Ajmal Khan, one of the most illustrious practitioners of Unani medicine in South Asia. Ajmaline can be found in most species of the genus Rauvolfia as well as Catharanthus roseus.  In addition to Southeast Asia, Rauvolfia species have also been found in tropical regions of India, Africa, South America, and some oceanic islands.  Other indole alkaloids found in Rauvolfia include reserpine, ajmalicine, serpentine, corynanthine, and yohimbine.  While 86 alkaloids have been discovered throughout Rauvolfia vomitoria, ajmaline is mainly isolated from the stem bark and roots of the plant.

Due to the low bioavailability of ajmaline, a semisynthetic propyl derivative called prajmaline (trade name Neo-gilurythmal) was developed that induces similar effects to its predecessor but has better bioavailability and absorption.

Biosynthesis
Ajmaline is widely dispersed among 25 plant genera, but is of significant concentration in the Apocynaceae family.
Ajmaline is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, composed of an indole from tryptophan and a terpenoid from iridoid glucoside secologanin. Secologanin is introduced from the triose phosphate/pyruvate pathway.
Tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) remodels tryptophan into tryptamine. Strictosidine synthase (STR), uses a Pictet–Spengler reaction to form strictosidine from tryptamine and secologanin. Strictosidine is oxidized by P450-dependent sarpagan bridge enzymes (SBE); to make polyneuridine aldehyde. Of the sarpagan-type alkaloids, polyneuridine is a key entry into the ajmalan-type alkaloids.
Polyneuridine Aldehyde is methylated by polyneuridine aldehydeesterase (PNAE), to synthesize 16-epi-vellosimine, which is acetylated to vinorine by vinorine synthase (VS). Vinorine is oxidized by vinorine hydroxylase (VH) to make vomilenine. Vomilenine reductase (VR) conducts a reduction of vomilenine to 1,2-dihydrovomilenine, using the cofactor NADPH. 1,2-dihydrovomilenine, is reduced by 1,2-dihydrovomilenine reductase (DHVR) to 17-O-acetylnorajmaline, with the same cofactor as VR: NADPH. 17-O-acetylnorajmaline is deacetylated by acetylajmalan esterase (AAE), to form norajmaline. Finally, norajmaline methyl transferase (NAMT) methylates norajmaline resulting in our desired compound: ajmaline.

Mechanism of action

Ajmaline  was first discovered to lengthen the refractory period of the heart by blocking sodium ion channels, but it has also been noted that it is also able to interfere with the hERG (human Ether-a-go-go-Related Gene) potassium ion channel.  In both cases, Ajmaline causes the action potential to become longer and ultimately leads to bradycardia.  When ajmaline reversibly blocks hERG, repolarization occurs more slowly because it is harder for potassium to get out due to less unblocked channels, therefore making the RS interval longer.  Ajmaline also prolongs the QR interval since it can also act as sodium channel blocker, therefore making it take longer for the membrane to depolarize in the first case.  In both cases, ajmaline causes the action potential to become longer.  Slower depolarization or repolarization results in a lengthened QT interval (the refractory period), and therefore makes it take more time for the membrane potential to get below the threshold level so the action potential can be re-fired.  Even if another stimulus is present, action potential cannot occur again until after complete repolarization.  Ajmaline causes action potentials to be prolonged, therefore slowing down firing of the conducting myocytes which ultimately slows the beating of the heart.

Diagnosis of Brugada syndrome
Brugada syndrome is a genetic disease that can result in mutations in the sodium ion channel (gene SCN5A) of the myocytes in the heart.  Brugada syndrome can result in ventricular fibrillation and potentially death.  It is a major cause of sudden unexpected cardiac death in young, otherwise healthy people.  While the characteristic patterns of Brugada syndrome on an electrocardiogram may be seen regularly, often the abnormal pattern is only seen spontaneously due to unknown triggers or after challenged by particular drugs.  Ajmaline is used intravenously to test for Brugada syndrome since they both affect the sodium ion channel.  In an afflicted person who was induced with ajmaline, the electrocardiogram would show the characteristic pattern of the syndrome where the ST segment is abnormally elevated above the baseline.  Due to complications that could arise with the ajmaline challenge, a specialized doctor should perform the administration in a specialized center capable of extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support

See also
 Hellmuth Kleinsorge (1920-2001) German medical doctor

References

Alkaloids found in Rauvolfia
Antiarrhythmic agents
Diagnostic cardiology
Quinolizidine alkaloids
Secondary alcohols
Sodium channel blockers
Tryptamine alkaloids
Unani medicine

Ajmaline


James Martin Hannett (31 May 1948 – 18 April 1991) was a British record producer, musician and an original partner/director at Tony Wilson's Factory Records. Hannett produced music by artists including Joy Division, the Durutti Column, Magazine, John Cooper Clarke, New Order, Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark and Happy Mondays. His distinctive production style embraced atmospheric sounds and electronics.

Early life
Born in Manchester, England, Hannett was raised in a working class, Catholic family in Miles Platting, Manchester; he attended Corpus Christi school and Xaverian College in Rusholme. In 1967, he went to the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), where he earned a degree in chemistry but chose not to pursue the profession.

Career
Hannett's uncle was a bass player and gave his nephew a bass guitar when he was 14. Hannett played bass with Spider Mike King and as member in a band called Paradox, in 1973, alongside Paul Young, later of Sad Café and Mike + The Mechanics.

Hannett's production work began with the soundtrack for the animated film All Kinds of Heroes, written by future collaborator Steve Hopkins. By this time, he also began to mix live sound at pub gigs. Other early production works included Greasy Bear, Belt & Braces Road Show Band's eponymous album in 1975 and five songs from Pete Farrow's repertoire recorded at Pennine Studios, Oldham, later included on the compilation album Who Says There's No Beach in Stockport.

Hannett attracted more musical attention in 1977, when, as Martin Zero, he produced the first independent punk record, Buzzcocks' Spiral Scratch EP. Under the same moniker he produced early records by punk poet John Cooper Clarke, whose Salford monotone was complemented by drum machines, simple synthesiser motifs and Hannett's bass playing. Jilted John's eponymous debut single was Hannett's first hit single as a producer.

Soon after, Hannett became closely associated with Joy Division. His production of their albums and singles incorporated looping technology to treat musical notes with an array of filters, echoes and delays. Hannett had a collection of BBD echo devices which he called his "bluetop echo and delay boxes". The Cargo Recording Studios in Rochdale were used for the recording of the Joy Division songs "Digital", "Glass", "Atmosphere", "Dead Souls" and "Ice Age". Hannett's unorthodox production methods resulted in drum sounds mixed with synthesisers that were complex and highly distinctive. According to Hannett: "There was a lot of space in [Joy Division's] sound. They were a gift to a producer, because they didn't have a clue. They didn't argue. A Factory Sample was the first thing I did with them. I think I'd had the new AMS delay line for about two weeks. It was called 'Digital'. It was heaven sent." He went on to produce all of Joy Division's studio recorded output, including their two albums Unknown Pleasures and Closer and single "Love Will Tear Us Apart", which became a hit following the suicide of lead singer Ian Curtis.

Hannett produced U2's first international single, "11 O'Clock Tick Tock", which was released in May 1980. He was set to produce their debut album, Boy, but after the suicide of Curtis, Hannett was too distraught to work and backed out. A rift developed with Factory, leading Hannett to sue the label in 1982 over various financial matters. The dispute was eventually settled out of court, and the lawsuit is listed as part of the Factory Records catalogue as FAC61. When Hannett returned to produce the Happy Mondays he worked as a freelance producer, and was not reinstated as a Factory director.

Personal life and death

After leaving Factory, Hannett's career declined due to his heavy use of alcohol and drugs, especially heroin. He later married his new partner Wendy. Hannett died on 18 April 1991 at the age of 42 in Manchester, as a result of heart failure. He was survived by his wife, son James and stepdaughter Tania. His headstone at Southern Cemetery, Manchester pays him tribute as the creator of "The Manchester Sound".

Legacy
Several weeks after his death, Factory Records released the compilation album Martin: The Work of Martin Hannett (FACT325) as a tribute, collecting his work as a producer.

In 2007, Colin Sharp published Who Killed Martin Hannett?, a memoir based on extensive interviews with Hannett's friends and collaborators. Sharp had previously been a member of The Durutti Column and was friends with Hannett during his time in the Manchester scene.

Hannett was portrayed by Andy Serkis in the 2002 film 24 Hour Party People, a fictionalised depiction of Tony Wilson's career as the co-founder of Factory Records and The Haçienda nightclub. In the DVD commentary for the film, Wilson notes a review that described Hannett as Serkis' "strangest role" and points out that the actor is best known for his portrayal of Gollum in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings trilogy. Wilson concludes that the reviewer's implication is correct, that indeed, Hannett was far stranger than the Lord of the Rings character. Hannett was portrayed by Ben Naylor in Anton Corbijn's film 2007 Control, a biopic of Ian Curtis.

A film documentary about Hannett's life was released on DVD on the 23rd anniversary of his death on 10 April 2014. A book was released the same day, Martin Hannett – Pleasures of the Unknown by Chris Hewitt. Another book by Hewitt, Martin Hannett, His Equipment and Strawberry Studios, was published on 26 January 2016 to coincide with the 50th anniversary of Strawberry Recording Studios, where Hannett recorded with Joy Division.

Selected discography

Albums produced

 Belt & Braces Road Show Band – Belt & Braces Road Show Band LP 1975 private pressing – rare- tracks issued on Hannett Maverick Producer compilation CD
 Pete Farrow, Who Says There's No Beach in Stockport? recorded 1977 issued 2001 on CD by Ozit Morpheus and on Maverick Producer Hannett compilation CD
 John Cooper Clarke – Disguise in Love 1978
 Jilted John – True Love Stories 1978
 The Durutti Column – The Return of the Durutti Column 1979
 Joy Division – Unknown Pleasures 1979
 Pauline Murray and the Invisible Girls – Pauline Murray and the Invisible Girls 1979
 Basement 5 – 1965–1980 and In Dub 1980
 John Cooper Clarke – Snap, Crackle & Bop 1980
 Joy Division – Closer 1980
 Magazine – The Correct Use of Soap 1980
 The Psychedelic Furs – The Psychedelic Furs 1980 (songs "Susan's Strange" and "Soap Commercial")
 Various Artists - A Factory Quartet 1980 - Three tracks by The Durutti Column and six by The Royal Family and the Poor. The double album on Factory Records also featured a side each from Kevin Hewick and Blurt
 A Certain Ratio – To Each... 1981
 Joy Division – Still 1981
 Magazine – Magic, Murder and the Weather (1981) – mixed
 New Order – Movement 1981
 Section 25 – Always Now (1981)
 John Cooper Clarke – Zip Style Method (1982)
 The Names – Swimming (1982)
 Orchestre Rouge – Yellow Laughter 1982
 Armande Altaï – Nocturne Flamboyant (1983)
 Blue in Heaven – All the Gods Men (1985)
 The Stone Roses – The Martin Hannett album (1985) (Finally released as Garage Flower, coupled with the single "So Young" in 1996)
 Walk the Walk – Walk the Walk (1987)
 Happy Mondays – Bummed (1988)
 The High – Somewhere Soon (1990)
 Joy Division – Martin Hannett's Personal Mixes (2007)
 Joy Division – In the Studio with Martin Hannett (2008)
 Johnny and the Cold Demons – Walk the Walk (2014)

Singles and EPs produced
 Buzzcocks, Spiral Scratch 1976 as Martin Zero
 Slaughter and the Dogs, "Cranked Up Really High" 1977 as Martin Zero
 Jilted John, "Jilted John" 1978
 Joy Division, "Transmission" 1979
 Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, "Almost" 1979 as Martin Zero
 A Certain Ratio, "Flight" 1979/1980
 A Certain Ratio, Do the Du EP 1980
 Kevin Hewick, "Haystack" 1980
 Joy Division, "Love Will Tear Us Apart" 1980
 Buzzcocks, Are Everything, Strange Thing 1980
 U2, "11 O'Clock Tick Tock" 1980
 Pauline Murray and the Invisible Girls, "Mr X" 1980
 Pauline Murray and the Invisible Girls, "Searching for Heaven" 1981
 Crispy Ambulance, "Live on a Hot August Night" 1981
 ESG, ESG 1981
 Kissing the Pink, "Don't Hide in the Shadows" 1981
 New Order, "Ceremony" 1981
 New Order, "Everything's Gone Green" 1981
 New Order, "Procession" 1981
 Minny Pops, "Dolphin's Spurt" 1981
 Tunnelvision, "Watching the Hydroplanes" 1981
 Stockholm Monsters, "Fairy Tales" 1981
 The Names, "Nightshift" 1980
 The Names, "Calcutta" 1981
 The Names, "The Astronaut" 1982
 Blue in Heaven, "Across My Heart" (version) 1984
 The Stone Roses, "So Young" / "Tell Me" 1985
 Kit, "Overshadowing Me" 1990
 Kitchens of Distinction, "Quick as Rainbows" 1990
 New Fast Automatic Daffodils, "Get Better" 1991
 World of Twist, "She's a Rainbow" 1991
 Wasted Youth, "Rebecca's Room" 1981
 Chris Sievey, "Camouflage" 1983

Compilations
 Martin: The Work of Martin Hannett (Factory Records, 1991)
 And Here is the Young Man (Debutante, 1998)
 Zero: A Martin Hannett Story 1977–1991''' (Big Beat, 2006)
 Martin Hannett: Maverick Producer, Genius and Musician'' (Ozit Morpheus Records Sept 2011)

References

External links
 Martin Hannett biography at LTM
 Interview with Jon Savage (last archived version)
 Martin Hannett page.
 The work of record producer Martin Hannett
  Martin Hannett explaining his production of Pauline Murray and the Invisible Girls' "The Visitor" song.
 A page about working with Martin in the early 1980s

1948 births
1991 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Alumni of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
Buzzcocks
English record producers
English male guitarists
Male bass guitarists
English new wave musicians
Musicians from Manchester
People from Miles Platting
Factory Records artists
Factory Records
20th-century English musicians
20th-century English bass guitarists
20th-century British male musicians
Burials at Southern Cemetery, Manchester
The Invisible Girls members

Martin Hannett


Erenice Alves Guerra (; born 15 February 1959) was the 41st Chief of Staff of Brazil. She is best known for resigning from the post of Chief of Staff due to credible allegations of corruption and nepotism for which she was publicly reprimanded by the President's Public Ethics Committee. She was born in Brasília and is a law graduate, specialized in Health Law.

She was Chief of Staff of the Secretariat of Public Security of the Federal District Government and general manager of the Federal District Metro. She was also head of the legal department of the Brasília Society of Collective Transport (TCB).

At the federal administration level, she was manager of Eletronorte, Attorney General of the National School of Public Administration (ENAP), Legal Adviser of the Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) and consultant of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) at the Ministry of Health. She also worked in the council of the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil.

Erenice was an advisor at Petrobras and the São Francisco Hydroelectric Company (CHESF). Currently she is member of the board of directors of the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES).

From 2005 to 2010 she held the position of Executive Secretary of the Presidential Staff Office.

References

External links
 Erenice Alves Guerra - Biographical Data Office of the Chief of Staff of Brazil

1959 births
Living people
Government ministers of Brazil
Women government ministers of Brazil
People from Brasília
Chiefs of Staff of Brazil

Erenice Guerra


Black Mountain of Maine is a ski resort in Rumford, Maine which is most famous for its Nordic skiing facilities, and has hosted several national cross-country skiing championships on its 17 km of trails.

The downhill skiing area was expanded in 2005, and has 46 trails (including 17 glades) serviced by two chairlifts.  It also has a terrain park with a half-pipe, and a separate snow tubing area.

History
In 1924, the Chisholm Ski Club was organized in Oxford, and soon after built a ski jump in town followed by cross country trails and eventually a small ski slope.  This early site held statewide cross-country competitions.

In 1950, the cross-country portion of the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was held at this early Rumford ski area, after the planned site of Lake Placid, New York did not have enough snow.  The competitors were housed with town residents as there were not enough hotel beds available.  The following year, the site also held the tryouts for the 1952 Olympic United States Ski Team, and two skiers from Rumford (Chummy Broomhall and Bob Pidacks) made the team.

The ski jumping and downhill slopes had moved to a new area after World War II, but these proved insufficient.  In 1962, the Chisholm Ski Club opened all-new facilities at Black Mountain.

The cross-country trails were designed by Rumford native and two-time Olympian Chummy Broomhall, who also designed the cross country trails for the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California and the 1980 Winter Olympics at Lake Placid, New York.  They have since held the 1976 NCAA Cross Country Championships, the 1991 US National Biathlon Championships, the 1993 U.S. Masters Cross Country Championships, the 1996 U.S. Junior Olympics, and the United States Ski and Snowboard Association Cross Country National Championships in 1993, 1999, 2003, and 2004.

The downhill area was much more modest, with a single T-bar lift servicing a few trails with a vertical drop of , and did not expand much for many years.  In 2003, the ski area was purchased by the Maine Winter Sports Center, and shortly afterwards significant improvements were made.  A new double chair was installed in 2003, and a triple chair to the summit was opened in early 2005, increasing the number of trails to 20 and the vertical drop to .  The day the triple chair to Black's summit opened was a memorable day for many Rumford locals. Legendary Black Mountain skiers such as Pat Lever and Ethan Carter said the day was "probably the most exciting day of my life."  A new  lodge was also built.

In mid-2004 the resort banned tobacco use at the mountain.

In 2022 Black Mountain of Maine became one of five new mountains on the Indy Pass. Customers that purchase the Indy Pass get 2 days worth of skiing at Black Mountain and the Black Mountain of Maine Nordic Center, with no blackout days.

References

External links
 Black Mountain of Maine
  Black Mountain - NewEnglandSkiHistory.com
 History of skiing in Rumford before Black Mountain

Ski areas and resorts in Maine
Buildings and structures in Oxford County, Maine
Tourist attractions in Oxford County, Maine
Rumford, Maine

Black Mountain of Maine


USS Saint Croix (APA-231), was a  of the United States Navy, able to carry 1,500 troops and their combat equipment, and to land them on a hostile shore using the ship's own landing craft.

The ship was built by the Kaiser Shipyard in Vancouver, Washington, and launched on 9 November 1944, sponsored by Mrs. Walter E. Hanawalt, and was accepted by the Navy and commissioned on 1 December 1944.

Service history
Following a shakedown cruise off the California coast, Saint Croix departed San Diego on 31 January 1945, bound for the South Pacific. She reached Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, on 16 February; then carried military passengers and equipment between Guadalcanal and the Florida Islands until 18 March.

She next sailed to New Caledonia, via the New Hebrides, and reached Nouméa on 26 March. On 3 May, Saint Croix sailed for the Philippines with Army troops that she landed near Tarragona, Leyte, on 16 May for mop-up operations. She then made three trips to New Guinea to bring more troops, debarking at Manila on 17 June, and at San Fernando on 14 July and 8 August.

The Saint Croix was at Manila when hostilities ended. She embarked Army occupation units at Manila and carried them to Japan, arriving at Yokohama on 13 September. Next, she loaded marines at Guam in late September and delivered them to Tsingtao, China, on 11 October as part of Operation Beleaguer. She then sailed to Hai Phong, Indochina (via Manila), to embark Chinese troops for passage to Kaohsiung, Formosa with USS Napa.

Back in Manila on 21 November, she embarked troops, and delivered them to San Francisco on 16 December.

Saint Croix then participated in "Operation Crossroads," the first peacetime testing of the atomic bomb: she left the west coast in February 1946 and served as an advance station ship for the operation, which exploded nuclear devices at Bikini Atoll on 1 July and 25 July.  While at Bikini the ship was the home of the 53rd Naval Construction Battalion.

The Saint Croix returned the Seabees to Port Hueneme in August 1946 where the battalion was decommissioned and, except for a voyage to Pearl Harbor in January 1947, remained there until she was decommissioned on 7 April 1947. She then transferred to the Maritime Commission and was placed in the National Defense Reserve Fleet at Suisun Bay, California. The ex-Saint Croix was sold for scrap in late 1979.

References

Specific

Haskell-class attack transports
St. Croix County, Wisconsin
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
1944 ships
Ships built in Vancouver, Washington

USS Saint Croix


Pittodrie Stadium is a stadium in Aberdeen, Scotland. It is mostly used as a football stadium for Aberdeen F.C.

Aberdeen have played at Pittodrie Stadium throughout their existence. The ground was first used by the original Aberdeen F.C. in 1899, in a 7–1 win over Dumbarton; when they merged with two other teams in 1903, the new club took over the old Aberdeen ground. On August 15 1903, 8,000 spectators turned up to watch the new Aberdeen draw 1-1 against Stenhousemuir, the first game played at Pittodrie by its amalgamated tenants. The club initially rented the ground, but subsequently bought it in 1920. The stadium contains 21,600 seats, but due to the directors' boxes, some sources place this figure at 22,000.  The record attendance occurred on March 13 1954, when 45,061 spectators turned up for a Scottish Cup match between Aberdeen and Hearts.

The stadium consists of four stands. The Main Stand, which houses the club offices and players facilities, holds the majority of the supporters. The Merkland Road Stand is primarily for families. The South Stand is opposite the main stand and a quarter of this section is used to accommodate travelling supporters, except for Old Firm games, where half of this stand is given to the visiting fans. The newest element is the Richard Donald stand at the East, or Beach End, of the ground, and is named after former chairman Dick Donald. This is a modern, two–tier design, completed in 1993, containing hospitality suites which is significantly taller than the other structures at the ground. In 1978, Pittodrie became the first all covered, all-seater stadium in Britain.

The club are examining a move to a new stadium in Aberdeen.

References

Football stadiums in Scotland
Aberdeen

Pittodrie Stadium


Ethel Marshall (May 6, 1924 - June 12, 2013) was an American badminton player noted for her mobility and shot-making prowess.

Career
An all-around athlete who also excelled in softball and tennis, Marshall won the US Women's Singles title on all seven occasions that she contested it (1947–1953), defeating seventeen-year-old Judy Devlin (Hashman) in the last of these. She also won the US Women's Doubles title in 1952 and 1956 with Beatrice Massman, defeating the Devlin sisters on the latter occasion who had recently won the All-England women's doubles title. Marshall reached the final of US Women's Doubles on several other occasions, the last one in 1974 as she approached her fiftieth birthday.

Marshall was a member of the women's world team champion US Uber Cup squad in 1957 and coached the team in later years. She continued to compete into the 1980s and won numerous national age division titles. In 1956 the Buffalo based Marshall was among the first class of inductees into the U.S. Badminton Hall of Fame, now called the Walk of Fame.

Major tournament victories

References

American female badminton players
1924 births
2013 deaths
21st-century American women

Ethel Marshall


Fagun Bou (); is an Indian Bengali television soap opera that  Premiered on 19 March 2018 and  airs on STAR Jalsha. The show stars Vikram Chatterjee and Oindrilla Sen in lead roles.This show marks the comeback of Vikram Chatterjee and Oindrilla Sen on television, the latter after 6 years.

Plot
Ayandeep marries Mahul, who has feeling for Anuroop. Turns out Anuroop and Ayandeep are brothers. With the three of them under the same roof, a complicated love triangle is ensured.

Cast

Main Cast
Vikram Chatterjee as Dr. Ayandeep Ghosh aka Roddur
Oindrilla Sen as Mahul Bose aka Muniya / Fagun Bou
Koushik Roy as Anurup Ghosh aka Roop

Recurring Cast and Characters
Mahul's family
Ashok Bhattercharjee as Indrajit Bose - Chandrajit's father and Mahul's grandfather.
Chhanda K. Banerjee as Nonibala Bose - Chandrajit's mother and Mahul's grandmother.
Abhishek Chatterjee as Chandrajit Bose - Mahul, Bibi and Munna's father; Amrapali and Bidhumukhi's husband. After unwillingly marrying Bidhumukhi for keeping his parents' desire, her outgoing antics and his resultant dissipation led him to marry Amrapali. Till his death he managed to parallely maintain his two lives secretly.
Anushree Das as Bidhumukhi Bose - Chandrajit's first (legal) wife and Bibi's mother. She is a typical self-obsessed exaggerating ignorant and quarrelsome housewife.
Debolina Mukherjee as Bimboboti Bose aka Bibi - She is slightly eccentric (or scatterbrained), but is good and caring at heart and straight-forward in nature.
Bidipta Chakraborty as Amrapali Bose - Mahul's mother; Chandrajit's second (unlawful) wife and an aspiring singer.
Oindrilla Sen as Mahul Bose aka Muniya - A fun-loving, pampered, short-tempered but pure-hearted girl who is passionate about music.
Unknown as Manojit Bose aka Munna - Mohul's younger brother.

Ayandeep's family
Santu Mukherjee as Chitrabhanu Ghosh aka Bhanu - Ayandeep's elder paternal uncle. He is the patriarch of the Ghosh family, who having retired from his job, maintains rules and regulations in the household, and loves to tease his younger brother Gulu at times. He misses his deceased wife and mostly remains tensed for his daughter, Tultuli. Besides, he is Angshu's father and Nilanjana's father-in-law.
Shankar Chakraborty as Deepankur Ghosh aka Ankur - Ayandeep's (adoptive) father.
Bharat Kaul as  Gulmohar Ghosh aka Gulu - Ayandeep's younger paternal uncle, who is a struggling actor.
Diganta Bagchi as Parijaat Ghosh aka Riju - Ayandeep's youngest paternal uncle.
Laboni Sarkar as Malobika Ghosh - Ayandeep's (adoptive) mother, Deepankur's wife.
Rajshree Bhowmik as Sonali Ghosh - Ayandeep's paternal aunt, Parijaat's wife.

Suman Banerjee as Gagandeep Ghosh aka Jojo - Ayandeep's elder cousin brother. He is Chitrabhanu's son and Nilanjana's husband.
Sneha Chatterjee as Nilanajana Ghosh - Ayandeep's sister-in-law, Angshu'''s wife. She is a high school teacher by profession.
Bulbuli Choubey Panjha as Simontika Ghosh aka Tultuli - Ayandeep's elder cousin sister, who was previously married to Anirban against her will. She despises her father and other family members for the marriage, that separated her from the love of her life. She is an assistant primary school teacher.
Vikram Chatterjee as Dr. Ayandeep Ghosh aka Roddur - He is a shy yet reserved and kind-hearted person, who believes in the idea of true love.
Koushik Roy as Anurup Ghosh aka Roop - Ayandeep's younger brother who is a singing sensation and successful performer of rock music.
Madhubani Ghosh as Aratrika Ghosh aka Tuki'' - Ayandeep's younger sister.
Sujoy Saha as Animesh Ghosh -  Ayandeep's younger cousin brother, Parijaat-Sonali's son.
Ashmi as Sampurna Ghosh - Ayandeep's younger cousin sister, Parijaat-Sonali's daughter.

References
2018 Indian television series debuts

Fagun Bou


Xanthoconium is a genus of bolete fungi in the family Boletaceae. It was circumscribed by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1944, who included Boletus affinis and what was then known as Gyroporus stramineus as the type species. These two species were part of the "strange group of species described by Murrill and Snell as white-spored Gyropori, and separated by the latter under the new generic name Leucogyroporus." C.B. Wolfe described three species from the United States in 1987: X. chattoogaense, Xanthoconium montaltoense, and X. montanum. , the nomenclatural database Index Fungorum  list seven species in Xanthoconium.

The concept of Xanthoconium has been not fully described using molecular phylogenetic analysis, but it is clearly a distinct genus, apart from Boletus. However, Xanthoconium separans was found to be more closely related to Boletus Sensu stricto than to Xanthoconium.

Species

References

Boletaceae
Boletales genera
Taxa named by Rolf Singer

Xanthoconium


Pauline Edelstein (February 10, 1866 – September 27, 1942) was a Yiddish theatre actress.

Birth
Born Pauline Finkelstein, in Iasi, Romania on February 10, 1866, and died September 27, 1942, in Manhattan, New York.  Her father was a "cutter" by profession.

Marriage
She was married to Joseph Edelstein a Yiddish theatre owner, playwright and director. They had two children, Isidore Edelstein, who for a short time also acted in the Yiddish theatres, and Elias Edelstein, who worked with his father and later ran the Second Avenue Theater.

Early life
She learned in a "primary school" with her sister Amalia.  Amalia married actor Zigmund Mogulesko.  Through her affiliation with her sister she entered the chorus of Mugulesko-Goldfaden's troupes in Romania and Russia. In Russia she acted as Genendl in Shom'r's Der Katorzhnik and as Tamar in Joseph Lateiner's Di libe fun tzion.

America
In 1886 she emigrated to America with her husband and continued to act in Yiddish theatre mainly under the direction of her husband, Joseph Edelstein.  She acted in character roles and was the first to act in the role of Mishke in Lateiner's operetta Mishke and Moshke, and in Jacob Gordin's (18531909) plays: Froy Rozenkrants in Siberia on November 13, 1891, in Jacob Adler's Union Theater; Zelda in Der vilder mentsh on November 4, 1893, in the Windsor Theatre, as Madam Zhamanuli in Devorahle myukhst in 1893; and as Freyde Henye in Dovidl mshurr in 1899.

In 1901 she guest-starred together with Boris and Bessie Thomashefsky in Berlin in Lateiner's Dovids fidele. After that, due to illness, she withdrew from the stage.

Both of her sisters, Amalia Mogulesko and Ernestine (Esther Finkelstein), for a short time acted on the Yiddish stage.  Her son, Isidore Edelstein married Annie Thomashefsky, sister of Boris Thomashefsky.

Death
She died on September 27, 1942, in New York. She is buried in Washington Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York, alongside of her husband Joseph Edelstein.

References

1866 births
1942 deaths
Actors from Iași
Romanian Jews
Romanian emigrants to the United States
Jewish American actresses
Vaudeville performers
Yiddish theatre performers

Pauline Edelstein


A stock market is an institution where people and computers buy and sell shares of companies.

Shares
Shares are small pieces of a company. Shares can be bought by humans, companies, and mutual funds. When buying shares in a company, the buyer owns a small part of that company.  The price of a share can be based on many different things. The main thing that affects the price is the balance between supply and demand. If many buyers want to buy a stock the price goes up. If there are more sellers than buyers, the price goes down.

Stock brokers
Some buyers trade shares in stocks through a stockbroker. A stockbroker is a person who buys or sell stocks for their customers. A stockbroker can also help customers make choices in stocks. Their advice is based on public information about the companies.

How the Share Market Works
The interplay of buyers and sellers drives the operation of the stock market. Orders to purchase or sell shares can be placed through brokers or internet trading platforms. These orders are matched on stock exchanges, where supply and demand dynamics determine the price. The stock market works on the supply and demand concept, with prices moving based on a variety of factors such as corporate performance, economic conditions, and investor mood.

Stock markets in the world
 NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) - USA
 NASDAQ (stock market for mainly technology shares) - USA
 London Stock Exchange - UK

Cultural changes in the stock market
Trading stocks online has become more popular. Stocks can be traded online. There is a fee or commission each time a position is opened.

References
2. What is Stock Market ? How can we invest in it ?

Stock market


Sol Price (January 23, 1916December 14, 2009) was an American retailer and the founder of FedMart, Price Club (which ultimately merged into Costco) and PriceSmart. He was considered the "father" of the "warehouse store" retail model.

Early life and education
Price was born in The Bronx in New York City, the son of Samuel and Bella Price, Jewish immigrants to the United States from Minsk (Belarus), in the early years of the 20th century. The family relocated to San Diego in the early 1920s.

Price graduated from San Diego High School in 1931, attended San Diego State University in 1932, and earned his undergraduate degree (in philosophy) and a law degree from the University of Southern California in 1936 and 1938, respectively. By 1938, he had married his girlfriend Helen Moskowitz; they eloped to Las Vegas. Price was admitted to the California Bar in November 1938.

Career
Price launched the first FedMart in 1954 and, together with his son, Robert, Giles Bateman, a nephew, Rick Libenson and others, founded Price Club in 1976. The company went public in 1980. In 1993 Costco merged with Price Club to form PriceCostco. Leadership in the new organization was shared between Sol Price's son, Robert, and James Sinegal. After eight months, PriceCostco spun a separate company called Price Enterprises, led by the younger Price. PriceSmart continues to operate warehouse clubs in Latin America and the Caribbean, while the domestic operations became Costco.

Sam Walton of Walmart wrote in his book Made in America that he "borrowed" "as many ideas from Sol Price as from anybody else in the business". He added that he especially liked the idea of calling his discount chain "Wal-Mart" because he "really liked Sol's FedMart name". In 1983, Walton dined with Price and later that year the first Sam's Club opened in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Later when asked how it felt to be the father of an industry (the warehouse retail industry—like Costco and Sam's Club), Sol replied, "I wish I'd worn a condom." Costco's longest-serving CEO, Sinegal, learned the retail business largely through working his way up FedMart's corporate ladder. In CNBC's 2012 documentary on Costco, Sinegal indicated that Price had been his mentor, as well as the person who taught him to be "tough" in business, and to display a sense of "social responsibility" toward employees.

Philanthropy
In the late 1980s, Price donated $2 million to the construction of a new student center on the campus of University of California, San Diego. Named for Price, the Price Center, which houses the main student bookstore, food court, movie theater, ballrooms, and meeting rooms, opened on April 21, 1989.

In 2011, the Price Family Charitable Fund donated $50 million to the University of Southern California's School of Policy, Planning, and Development. The school was renamed the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy as a result of the donation.

Price is responsible for injecting money and aiding the renaissance of the San Diego mid-city neighborhood of City Heights, near his childhood home. He was a member of the Board of Trustees for the Urban Institute in Washington, D.C., the Board of Directors for the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, the Consumer Affairs Advisory Committee of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, and the San Diego Financial Review Panel.

References

1916 births
2009 deaths
American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
Businesspeople from New York City
Businesspeople from San Diego
San Diego State University alumni
USC Gould School of Law alumni
American businesspeople in retailing
American chief executives
Lawyers from San Diego
Philanthropists from New York (state)
20th-century American philanthropists
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews
San Diego High School alumni

Sol Price


James Samuel "Jimmy Jam" Harris III (born June 6, 1959 in Minneapolis, Minnesota)  and Terry Steven Lewis (born November 24, 1956, in Omaha, Nebraska) are an American music composing and record producing team in R&B and pop music. The two have been together for  years. They have enjoyed great success since the 1980s with various artists, most notably Janet Jackson.

The two met in high school in Minneapolis and formed a band called Flyte Tyme, which became The Time. In 1981, Morris Day joined them and toured with Prince as his opening act. As members of the Time, they recorded three of the group's four albums (The Time, What Time Is It? and Pandemonium. The first two albums are said to have shaped early 1980s R&B music (featuring "Cool," "Get it Up," "The Walk," "777-9311," and "Gigolos Get Lonely Too"). The pair were dropped from the tour because a snowstorm prevented them from reuniting after a short break for produce music for The S.O.S. Band. However, one of the tracks they were producing, "Just Be Good To Me", became a huge hit and sealed the duo's reputation, as well that of The S.O.S. Band. The duo re-joined the Time for one album only, 1990's Pandemonium.

The duo was noted for their early use of the Roland TR-808 drum machine in English-language popular music, which was used in most of its productions. After working with other artists including Cherrelle, the Human League and Alexander O'Neal, Jam and Lewis met Janet Jackson and produced her breakthrough album Control in 1986, for which the duo won a Grammy Award. Their collaboration on her next album, 1989's Rhythm Nation 1814, was even more successful.

The have since founded a record label, Perspective Records (a label distributed A&M/PolyGram Records that has since closed its doors) and have worked with artists such as Jordan Knight, Michael Jackson, Boyz II Men, Usher, Mary J. Blige and Mariah Carey. In 2000, the two were guest performers for J-pop singer-songwriter Hikaru Utada's Bohemian Summer concert tour in Japan.

Terry Lewis married R&B singer Karyn White, with whom he had a daughter, Ashley Nicole. The couple has since divorced. Jimmy Jam is the president of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences.

1981 establishments in the United States
American R&B bands
African American musicians
American songwriters
American record producers
American pop music groups
Living people
People from Omaha, Nebraska
Grammy Award winners

Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis


The Titletown District, also known as the Titletown Entertainment District or simply Titletown, is a mixed-use development located on  of land adjacent to Lambeau Field in Ashwaubenon, Wisconsin. The district, which opened in 2017, was developed by the Green Bay Packers as a destination that will support tourism by providing year-round activities for local residents and tourists, gameday activities, as well as provide a local shopping and entertainment destination. The district, which includes a  park and plaza, is anchored by a Hinterland Brewery, a Lodge Kohler hotel, a sledding hill, and a Bellin Health clinic. In November 2018, Titletown opened a seasonal ice rink and ice lounge.

History

The Packers announced the project in August 2015, describing Titletown as "one of the most aggressive real estate developments in all of professional sports" and projecting that the first phase of construction would be complete by the beginning of the 2017 NFL season. Before the construction project broke ground, the Packers indicated that they were already looking at expanding the project to include more townhouses. Local businesses expressed cautious optimism about the potential economic impact of the new development on businesses in the rest of Green Bay. The hotel and sports medicine clinic opened in the summer of 2017, while a seasonal skating rink and the Ariens Hill tubing run opened in November of that year.

Plans for Phase 2 were announced by the Packers on October 3, 2018. The plan will add the residential and office elements to the project including up to 150 apartment building units, 70-90 townhomes available for ownership and 130,000SF of mixed-use office space above retail and restaurant space in a four to five story building. The Ashwaubenon village board unanimously approved the plan on December 18, 2018. Construction will begin in the spring of 2019, and by the summer of 2020, the office building and some of the first residences are expected to be finished. Residential developers are Titletown Development in conjunction with GK Titletown Developers, LLC. The apartment unit developers are NBBJ with Humphreys and Partners Architects serving as architect of record. The townhome architects are KTGY Architecture + Planning. Commercial Horizons will design the office building with architecture firm Performa, Inc.

See also

American Dream Meadowlands
Patriot Place

References

Green Bay Packers stadiums
Green Bay, Wisconsin
Shopping malls in Wisconsin
Neighborhoods in Wisconsin

Titletown District


RAF Hythe was an RAF base situated in Hythe, Hampshire,  south of Southampton on the western side of Southampton Water.

Hangars were first erected here by May-Harden-May Ltd and acquired by Supermarine in 1925. The site was used for the final assembly of marine aircraft. The site again changed hands in 1937, being acquired by Imperial Airways (later BOAC) who used the site for flying boat maintenance until November 1950. Later, from 1967, the facilities were used by the US Field Army Support Brigade/Combat Equipment Battalion-Hythe, mainly for small boat repairs. At this time, the base became known as RAF Hythe.

The station, the last U.S. Army installation in the United Kingdom, closed on 30 September 2006 after the American Army left following a cost-cutting exercise. The site was acquired by the South East England Development Agency in October 2007, and has since been developed into the Hythe Marine Park, home to a number of maritime and marine production facilities.

References

External links
 http://wikimapia.org/6060125/RAF-Hythe

Royal Air Force stations in Hampshire
1925 establishments in England
2006 disestablishments in England
Hythe, Hampshire
Military installations of the United States in the United Kingdom

RAF Hythe


The Revenge of Tarzan (1920) is a silent adventure film, originally advertised as The Return of Tarzan, and the third Tarzan film produced. The film was produced by the Great Western Film Producing Company, a subsidiary of the Numa Pictures Corporation. The film was sold to Goldwyn Pictures for distribution.

The film was written by Robert Saxmar, based on the 1915 novel The Return of Tarzan by Edgar Rice Burroughs, and directed by Harry Revier and George M. Merrick. It was released on May 30, 1920.

Plot
Tarzan and Jane are traveling to Paris to help his old friend Countess de Coude, who is being threatened by her brother, Nikolas Rokoff. Rokoff has Tarzan tossed overboard. He survives, comes ashore in North Africa, and goes to Paris to search for Jane.

In Paris, Tarzan reunites with his old friend Paul D'Arnot, who informs him that Jane was taken to Africa.

Tarzan returns just in time to save Jane from a lion attack, and soon defeats Rokoff and his henchmen.

Cast
Gene Pollar as Tarzan
Karla Schramm as Jane
Estelle Taylor as Countess de Coude, Tarzan's ally
Armand Cortes as Nikolas Rokoff, a villain
Franklin B. Coates as Paul D'Arnot, Tarzan's old friend
George Romain as Count de Coude
Walter Miller as Henchman to Rokoff
Louis Stern as Polawitch
Betty Turner as Marie

Production notes

The production filmed on location in New York, Florida, and Balboa, California.

Karla Schramm returned to portray Jane in The Son of Tarzan (opposite P. Dempsey Tabler as Tarzan), also released in 1920. She and Brenda Joyce are the only two actresses who have portrayed Jane opposite two different Tarzans.

Gene Pollar, a former firefighter, made no other films, and returned to his old job after the film was completed.

Outside the United States, the film is known by its working title, The Return of Tarzan. The title was changed for its American release in July 1920. A previously known print was destroyed in the 1965 MGM vault fire. While usually reported as a lost film, a complete print exists under the title The Return of Tarzan in the BFI/National Film And Television Archive in London, England. Preservation status of the print is unknown.

See also
List of lost films

References

Bibliography
Essoe, Gabe. Tarzan of the Movies (Citadel Press, 1968)

External links

The Revenge of Tarzan at SilentEra

1920 films
1920 adventure films
American adventure films
American black-and-white films
American sequel films
American silent feature films
Films based on American novels
Films set in Paris
Films shot in California
Films shot in Florida
Films shot in New York (state)
Goldwyn Pictures films
Tarzan films
1920s American films
Silent adventure films

The Revenge of Tarzan


The Café de la Régence was a meeting place for chess players in Paris, France. It was the most famous chess meeting-place for over a century. The building was a coffeehouse in the centre of Paris, founded in 1688 and named in 1718. At first, it was under the patronage of the Duc d'Orleans, and attracted a literary crowd.p417

Chess players moved there en masse around 1740. The clientele included amateurs, such as Voltaire, Rousseau, Robespierre, Benjamin Franklin and Napoleon. The leading professionals, Deschapelles, La Bourdonnais, Verdoni and François-André Danican Philidor, were there every day when they were in Paris.p65 Staunton played his match against Saint-Amant there; Paul Morphy played there in 1858, including his match with Anderssen. The café was moved in 1855. The chess room was finally closed in 1916.

References

Other websites
Painting by Faven: described in Winter, Edward: Chess Notes #4420  The painting is of a scene in the Café de la Régence in 1910, showing some of its better-known players.

Chess
Buildings and structures in Paris

Café de la Régence


The litre (international spelling) or liter (American English spelling) (SI symbols L and l, other symbol used: ℓ) is a metric unit of volume. It is equal to 1 cubic decimetre (dm3), 1000 cubic centimetres (cm3) or 0.001 cubic metre (m3). A cubic decimetre (or litre) occupies a volume of  (see figure) and is thus equal to one-thousandth of a cubic metre.

The original French metric system used the litre as a base unit. The word litre is derived from an older French unit, the litron, whose name came from Byzantine Greek—where it was a unit of weight, not volume—via Late Medieval Latin, and which equalled approximately 0.831 litres. The litre was also used in several subsequent versions of the metric system and is accepted for use with the SI, although not an SI unit—the SI unit of volume is the cubic metre (m3). The spelling used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures is "litre", a spelling which is shared by most English-speaking countries. The spelling "liter" is predominantly used in American English.

One litre of liquid water has a mass of almost exactly one kilogram , because the kilogram was originally defined in 1795 as the mass of one cubic decimetre of water at the temperature of melting ice (). Subsequent redefinitions of the metre and kilogram mean that this relationship is no longer exact.

Lita


The Fielder House is a historic house in Fordyce, Arkansas.  Its oldest portion built in 1875, it is the oldest building in Dallas County, predating Fordyce's founding.  It stands on the south side of US 79B in the west side of the city, and looks today like a single-story central-hall gable-roof structure with a rear shed addition, and a shed-roof porch extending across the front.  The core of the house is a log structure, which is now the west side of the building.  In the 1880s the eastern pen was added, creating a dog trot structure, which was then filled in and enclosed by later additions.  The house is also notable for being the home of the aunt of author Harold Bell Wright, who is said to have written some of his works there.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Dallas County, Arkansas

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Houses completed in 1875
Houses in Dallas County, Arkansas
Buildings and structures in Fordyce, Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places in Dallas County, Arkansas

Fielder House


Otto Freundlich (10 July 1878 – 9 March 1943) was a German painter and sculptor of Jewish origin. A part of the first generation of abstract painters in Western art, Freundlich was a great admirer of cubism. He was murdered at Majdanek concentration camp during the Holocaust.

Life

Freundlich was born in Stolp, Province of Pomerania, Prussia. His mother was a first cousin of the writer Samuel Lublinski. Otto studied dentistry before deciding to become an artist. He went to Paris in 1908, living in Montmartre in Bateau Lavoir near to Pablo Picasso, Braque and others. In 1914 he returned to Germany. After World War I, he became politically active as a member of the November Group. In 1919, he organized the first Dada – exhibition in Cologne with Max Ernst and Johannes Theodor Baargeld. In 1925, he joined the Abstraction-Création group.

After 1925, Freundlich lived and worked mainly in France. In Germany, his work was condemned by the Nazis as degenerate and removed from public display. Some works were seized and displayed at the infamous Nazi exhibition of degenerate art including his monumental sculpture Der Neue Mensch (The New Human) which was photographed unsympathetically and used as the cover illustration of the exhibition catalogue. Der Neue Mensch was never recovered and is assumed to have been destroyed. One of his sculptures was recovered in an excavation in Berlin and put on display at the Neues Museum.

While in Paris, he became a member of the Union des Artistes Allemands Libres.

He moved to France in 1924, and during the occupation moved with his wife to the Pyrenees. Freundlich was interned by the Vichy authorities but released, for a time, under the influence of Pablo Picasso. In 1943 he was arrested and deported to Majdanek concentration camp, where he was murdered on the day he arrived.

Legacy
Although Otto Freundlich has been largely overlooked since being vilified by the Nazis, a documentary Das Geht Nur Langsam (It Takes Time) was released in 2012. The film traces his vision to build streets of sculptures running through Europe symbolizing his utopian ideas for a world society. In Stolp there is bust erected in memory of Otto Freundlich.

Gallery

See also
 List of German painters

References

External links

A Forcing of Barriers – A staged encounter between Freundlich and Nazi sculptor, Arno Breker, conceived by Per-Oskar Leu for the online magazine, Triple Canopy.
 Biographic Details
 Das Geht Nur Langsam (It Takes Time) Documentary Film.

1878 births
1943 deaths
Abstract painters
People from Słupsk
German Jews who died in the Holocaust
19th-century German painters
19th-century German male artists
German male painters
20th-century German painters
Jewish painters
Modern painters
People who died in Majdanek concentration camp
Artists from the Province of Pomerania
German civilians killed in World War II
German people executed in Nazi concentration camps
Executed people from Pomeranian Voivodeship
20th-century German sculptors
20th-century German male artists
German male sculptors
19th-century sculptors
People of Montmartre

Otto Freundlich


The Sacramento Observer is an African-American-owned weekly newspaper in Sacramento, California. It serves the African-American community throughout the Sacramento Metropolitan Area. There are an estimated 144,000 African Americans living in Sacramento, according to the 2005 American Community Survey published by the Census. It is distributed every Friday. It is owned and operated by The Observer Media Group, which also publishes SacObserver.com, its online news site.

History
Dr. William H. Lee, Gino Gladden, and John W. Cole established the Observer on November 22, 1962. Dr. Lee served as owner and publisher of the -year-old newspaper for 52 years. Dr. Lee died in 2019. Playing major roles in the family owned OBSERVER's tremendous growth, as a modern-day Black newspaper, has been Dr. Lee's immediate family. The late Mrs. Kathryn Lee (1935-2013), and sons, Larry, Billy and Roderick (deceased), all have served in dedicated leadership roles at THE OBSERVER.  Larry Lee has ascended to the role of OBSERVER Publisher and President.

The Observer has grown since its four-page debut in the 1960s. It boasts six sections, covering local, national and international news, business, entertainment, government and politics, education, health and sports. It publishes a local church directory and a calendar of events highlighting African-American events throughout the city.

SacObserver.com
In 2001, The Observer launched its online news site SacObserver.com. Its first inception featured select articles from The Observer newspaper. The website underwent a redesign where it expanded to seven content channels. The website publishes an online Church Directory, Community-Based Organizations directory, HBCU Directory, Blacks in State Government listing, a Recipes archive and an online Calendar of Events, which lists events throughout Northern California.

Awards
The Observer has earned many awards, including the coveted John B. Russwurm Trophy for Journalism Excellence, which is considered to be the Pulitzer Prize in African-American newspaper publishing. National Newspaper Publishers Association, an organization of more than 200 Black newspapers throughout the United States of America, awards the 4-foot (1.23 m) Russwurm trophy. The newspaper has won this distinction six times.

Community involvement
Throughout the years, The Observer has been a strong community leader. The Observer was the catalyst for Sacramento Urban League and the Sacramento Area Black Law Caucus. In the past The Observer has sponsored numerous community events including organizing the Sacramento Black Expo, a yearly, three-day event celebrating African-American history, featuring seminars, workshops, concerts and a marketplace.

External links

 Article: The Sacramento Observer: "America's Number One"
 Article: Observing tradition New generation taking the reins of Sacramento's venerable black newspaper
 Article: Interview with newspaper CEO Lawrence Lee -- Feb. 2003

African-American newspapers of California
Weekly newspapers published in California
Mass media in Sacramento, California
Mass media in Sacramento County, California
Newspapers established in 1962
1962 establishments in California

The Sacramento Observer


Henry Jacob Lutcher (November 4, 1836 – October 2, 1912) was a sawmiller and business partner of the Lutcher and Moore Lumber Company.  His business ventures would help establish Orange, Texas, as the timber-processing capital of the South in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Biography
Henry J. Lutcher was born on November 4, 1836, in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, the son of Lewis and Barbara Lutcher, who were German immigrants. In 1858, he married his hometown sweetheart, Frances Ann Robinson. According to Lutcher, her sound business judgment was the key to his many economic successes.

The Lutcher-Robinson marriage produced two daughters, Miriam, who became Mrs. William Henry Stark, and Carrie Launa, who married Dr. Edgar William Brown.

In his hometown in 1862, he began his career in the lumber industry with a joint venture with John Waltman. Two years later, Lutcher purchased Waltman's interest in the business, and the Lutcher and Moore Lumber Company was established. Realizing the profit potential of lumber sales and cattle-buying, the two partners moved to Texas in 1877 and expanded their business onto the bank of the Sabine River. The city of Orange was chosen by the partners, primarily due to the proximity to the nearby tracts of land with enormous pine trees, and the ability to use the river to transport the lumber to the markets. Lutcher purchased more than 500,000 acres (2,000 km²) of land in the southwest Louisiana parishes of Calcasieu and Beauregard. To transport the timber, he built approximately 100 miles (160 km) of tram road known as the Gulf, Sabine and Red River Railroad.

By 1900, this operation employed more than 500 men as loggers in the nearby forests.

During the 1880s, Lutcher purchased a fifty square-mile (130 km²) tract of virgin cypress swamp near the Mississippi River, and in 1889, he built a sawmill in St. James Parish at a town that was named after him. Lutcher, Louisiana, is still a prosperous community, on the east bank of the River between Baton Rouge and New Orleans.

Lutcher died in Cincinnati on October 2, 1912. His economic contributions, including that of his two sons-in-law W.H. Stark and E.W. Brown, helped establish Orange, Texas, as an industrial center on the Gulf of Mexico.

References

1836 births
1912 deaths
People from Williamsport, Pennsylvania
American people of German descent
People from Orange, Texas
American businesspeople in timber
Sawmillers
People from Lutcher, Louisiana

Henry J. Lutcher


Fadjur, Foaled April 12, 1952, died 1983, was an Arabian horse who was bred in Spokane, Washington and resided in Stockton, California. A bay stallion, he was nicknamed "The Fabulous Fadjur" and sired numerous progeny from the Jack Tone Ranch over a thirty-year period.

He was a prolific breeder of champion horses, and is the maternal grandsire of Khemosabi.

Pedigree

Notes

References

Individual Arabian and part-Arabian horses
1952 animal births
1983 animal deaths

Fadjur