Ben Hall (9 May 1837 — 5 May 1865) was a famous Australian bushranger. A bushranger is a thief who roamed the countryside and country towns of Australia, usually escaping on horseback, like a highwayman. Most bushrangers were simply criminals and thieves. Ben Hall is one of the few bushrangers, like Ned Kelly, who were thought of as outlaw heroes.

Ben Hall lived at a time when gold had been discovered in New South Wales and Victoria. Thousands of people went out to the places where gold had been discovered to "seek their fortunes" and hoping to get rich. Like many bushrangers, Ben Hall and his gang robbed coaches that were carrying gold from the goldfields. Ben Hall was able to avoid being arrested by the police for many years because he had many friends and relatives to help him.

Background: the outlaw hero
In folklore, a typical outlaw hero is a farmer or other innocent person who is forced into crime by cruel police or government actions. Ben Hall is part of a long history of outlaw heroes that includes people like Robin Hood in England and Jesse James in the United States.  The outlaw hero is said to be a friend of the poor, kind to women and children, and an enemy of the rich. He is said to have died bravely in a battle against the more powerful forces of the law. Ben Hall has been seen by people in Australia as such a hero; others see him as a very clever criminal who stole a lot of money.

Early life
Ben Hall was born on 9 May 1837, at Wallis Plains, near Maitland, in the Hunter Valley of New South Wales. His parents were Benjamin Hall (born in Bristol, England, 1802) and Eliza Somers (born in Dublin, Ireland, 1807). Both of his parents were convicts and sent to gaol in New South Wales. They married in 1834. Ben was their fourth child. After they were let out of gaol, they moved to the Hunter Valley. Benjamin worked for Samuel Clift on a farm called the "Doona Run". Around 1839, Benjamin moved to a remote valley, north of Murrurundi. He built a hut and began farming cattle. He also found wild cattle and horses in the nearby hills. In 1842, he bought a small block of land at Haydonton, near Murrurundi, and started a butcher shop. The family worked hard, but there were problems with the police over stolen cattle and horses. Near the end of 1860, Benjamin moved down to the Lachlan River area, taking his children, Ben, William, and Mary, and his stepson, Thomas Wade.

Sandy Creek
Ben left home and began work on many cattle farms along the Lachlan River. He was known as a hard-working and honest stockman.
On 29 February 1856, at the age of 19, Hall married Bridget Walsh (1841–1923), a farmer's daughter, at Bathurst. On 7 August 1859, they had a son, whom they named Henry. One of Bridget's sisters was the mistress (lover) of bushranger Frank Gardiner; another sister married John Maguire. In 1860, Ben Hall and John Maguire leased the "Sandy Creek" farm of  about  south of Forbes. Hall built a house, sheds and stockyards. He raised cattle and sold them at the Lambing Flat goldfield. He met Frank Gardiner who had a butchers shop at Lambing Flat.

Bushranger
Historians are unsure why, but Hall's life changed. By early 1862, his marriage was in trouble. Biddy left Ben and moved in with a neighbour, Jim Taylor, taking young Henry with her. There were many criminals living and working in the area where Hall lived. He became friends with Frank Gardiner. Gardiner was already wanted for robbery and had shot two policemen before escaping. On 14 April 1862 Gardiner and Hall robbed three bullock wagon drivers. One week later the drivers saw him at the Forbes horse races. Police Inspector Sir Frederick Pottinger, who was also at the races, told the police to arrest Ben for using guns in a robbery with Gardiner. The jury at the courthouse at Orange did not think there was enough evidence to show that Hall had been one of the robbers. After he was released, the police kept a close watch on Ben Hall, to see where he went and what he was doing.

Gold escort robbery

On 15 June 1862, Gardiner and a group of ten men, including Hall, robbed the Forbes gold coach  near Eugowra. This coach carrying gold from the gold fields had an escort of police to guard it. The gang stole more than £14,000 in gold and money. This is about US$4 million in 2003 money value. This was definitely Australia's biggest gold robbery. Hall and several others were arrested in July. Once again the police were unable find proof that Hall was one of the robbers. The police let him go at the end of August.  When Hall went back to his farm he found his house burned down. His cattle had been left in the stockyards and had died from starvation (not having enough to eat). There are claims that this was done by Pottinger to punish Hall, but not all historians agree. Hall and John Maguire needed money to pay their legal costs. They were forced to sell the lease of their farm at "Sandy Creek" to a Forbes hotel owner called John Wilson.

With his wife, young son, and his farm gone, Ben Hall slowly moved into a life of crime as a bushranger. On 1 March 1863, Hall and bushrangers Patrick Daley (Patsy) and John O'Meally, were nearly captured in the Weddin mountains by Police Inspector Norton and black tracker Billy Dargin. Black trackers were aboriginals used by the police for their skills in following people in the bush. After shooting at each other, Norton was captured and robbed. Dargin managed to escape into the bush. Hall and Daley chased Dargin through the bush for . When they caught him they told him they admired his bravery. They let him go and told him they would rob the police camp that night. While the police were out looking for them, the gang stole guns and ammunition from the police camp. The police chased them but the gang had stolen better and faster horses and easily escaped.

Ben Hall's Gang
Frank Gardiner went to Queensland to hide from the police after the Eugowra robbery. Hall took over as leader of the gang. For three years Hall carried out well-planned and daring crimes. They robbed mainly farmhouses, stagecoaches carrying mail and gold, and country hotels. Hall's gang included John Gilbert as his lieutenant, his main helper. In 1863 the other three members were John O'Meally, John Vane and Michael Burke. Burke was only 20 years old. He was killed on 24 October 1863, during a robbery at Henry Keightley's house at Dunn's Plains. Vane wanted to shoot Keightley for killing Burke, but Ben Hall stopped him. Instead he asked for a £500 ransom. Mrs Keightley had to ride to Bathurst at night to get the money from the bank. A few weeks later on 19 November, O'Meally was killed during an attempted robbery on Goimbla Station (farm).  Vane gave himself up and was sent to gaol. Two other men, James Gordon, alias James Mount (known as "The Old Man") and John Dunleavy, joined the gang but Gordon was captured trying to flee in Victoria and Dunleavy surrendered after being badly wounded in a gunfight. sometime around October 1864, Hall and Gilbert were joined by John Dunn who had a warrant out for his arrest after failing to appear in court over a robbery-under-arms charge.

The police seemed powerless to stop the Ben Hall gang. The gang were very busy in the district during 1864. For example:
 March: held up and robbed at gun point the mail coach between Wellington and Orange
 20 March: held up and robbed at gun point the mail coach between Wagga Wagga and Yass
 March: held up and robbed at gun point the mail coach near Cootamundra
 1 April: held up and robbed at gun point the Groggon Station (farm) near Young, New South Wales taking horses, saddles and food
 11 April: robbed John Scarr and his brother on the road between Burrowa (now called Boorowa) and Marengo (now called Murringo).
 11 April: robbed the hotel at Back Creek
 5 May: robbed carts on the road at Marine Creek, near Gooloogong
 12 May: tried to rob a man on the road near Forbes
 20 May: robbed two men on the road between Cowra and Young, near the Bang Bang Hotel
 20 May: robbed the Bang Bang Hotel, escaped after a gun fight with police
 23 May: robbed a man called Ah Too near Burrowa
 25 May: robbed three men camped at Cudgell's Creek
 28 May: held up and robbed at gun point the mail coach between Young and Yass. Robbed all the people on the road during the two hours they waited for the coach.
 28 May: tried to hold up the mail coach near Binalong. Hall was wounded during a gunfight with policeman Constable Gill.
 29 May: robbed a farm near Binalong, taking a horse, saddle and bridle
 June: robbed a farm at Marengo belonging to John Pring
 13 June: robbed a farm belonging to Charles Dunleavy, taking guns and food
 23 June: robbed a store at Canowindra and burnt all the account books. Took the owner as a hostage and tried to get £300 for his release.
 24 June: tried to rob a farm belonging to Mr. Rothery, but burnt the haystack instead
 7 July: held up and robbed at gun point the mail coach between Bathurst and Carcoar. Also robbed the coach going the other way.

Canowindra robbery
Hall's gang robbed Robinson's Hotel in Canowindra and held all the people of the town hostage for three days. Nobody was hurt and Hall even got the people to play music and dance. The local policeman was locked in his own cell. When the people were set free, Hall paid them money. The gang paid the hotel owner for the food and drink that they had used. The capture of the town is made famous in a song called John Gilbert.

Jugiong robbery

The gang was regularly robbing people and holding up the mail coaches, south of Goulburn on the main Sydney to Melbourne Road. On 15 November 1864, the gang tried to rob the Gundagai-Yass mail coach near Jugiong. While waiting for the coach, the gang captured and robbed over 60 people, who were traveling along the road. One of those captured was policeman James McLaughlin. He fired six shots at the gang, but he did not have any more ammunition and gave himself up. The policeman on the coach, William Roche, was ordered by Police Magistrate Alfred Rose, who was riding inside, not to shoot and draw fire. The driver, Bill Geoghegan, ordered him to get off the coach or he would kick him off. Hall and Dunn began firing at two other policemen who were riding behind the coach. Sub-Inspector William O'Neill was quickly captured. John Gilbert and Sergeant Edmund Parry were shooting at each other from a close distance. Gilbert killed Sergeant Parry. Constable Roche escaped into the bush. The gang quickly took all the money and valuable items and rode away. Parry is buried at Gundagai. On his headstone it says "Edmund Parry, Sergeant of the N.S.W. Police, who lost his life in the execution (doing) of his duty whilst courageously (bravely) endeavouring (trying) to capture the bushranger Gilbert by whom he was killed by near Jugiong." Two days later the gang robbed the mail coach between Yass and Lambing Flat. On 5 December, they robbed the mail coach between Binalong and Burrowa.

Binda robbery
On Boxing Day, 1864, Hall, Gilbert, and John Dunn, rode into the town of Binda with three local girls. The girls were Christina McKinnon (aged 25), believed to be Hall's lover, Ellen Monks (aged 17), and her sister Margaret Monks (aged 19). Together with the girls the gang robbed a shop owned by Edward Morriss. They locked all the local people into the Flag Hotel. They made everyone dance to celebrate Boxing Day. Morriss got out of the hotel through a back window at 2.00 a.m. and set off to tell the police. Gilbert fired several shots at him. Hall got angry and so he set fire to Morriss's shop and burned it down. The gang and the girls left the town. Christina McKinnon, along with Margaret and Ellen Monks were arrested by Detective James Pye for helping the bushrangers and were sent to Sydney for trial. Morriss joined the police force. Margaret was released before being sent to trial.

Pottinger's plan
The police were under a lot of pressure to catch the Ben Hall gang. The gang had been able to travel around the country and go anywhere they liked. They made the police look like fools. Sir Frederick Pottinger came up with an unusual plan. He knew the gang liked race horses and horse racing; they had been seen at many country race meetings. Pottinger planned to ride in the races at Wowingragong, near Forbes, on 5 January 1865. He thought this would bring the gang out into the open where his men would be able to capture them. The Ben Hall gang did not appear and Pottinger lost his job. The Inspector-General of Police thought that Pottinger had disgraced the police force by riding in races while he was supposed to be working. Pottinger decided to go to Sydney to make the police force change its mind. On the way he accidentally shot himself and later died.

Death of Constable Nelson
On 26 January 1865, the gang held up ten people on the road near Goulburn. They were chased into the bush by a group of policemen. A couple of hours later the gang rode into the town of Collector. Hall and Gilbert robbed the Commercial Hotel. John Dunn stayed outside. When the local policeman, Constable Nelson, arrived, Dunn shot him at close range. Two of Nelson's nine children saw the shooting, as one was a hostage at the hotel and the other was following his father. Gilbert robbed Nelson's body of money and other valuables and took his gun. They left the town quickly and went into hiding.

The police put more effort into the hunt for the bushrangers. In February, they went to a house near Queanbeyan and found the gang had only just left. The police thought that the gang might be with a friend, Thomas Byrne. They went to the Breadalbane Hotel and arrested four men that were known to be friends of the gang. This would stop them giving the bushrangers any warnings. The police surrounded Byrne's farm. As they moved passed the open door of the barn, the bushrangers began shooting. The bushrangers escaped into the bush when Hall was shot as he ran away.

The Araluen robbery
On 4 March 1865, the gang robbed the mail coach at between Goulburn and Gundaroo. A couple of days later they stole horses from two farms. On 13 March, the gang tried to hold up the Araluen gold coach. Gold had been found at Araluen in the 1860s. The gold coach had a policeman with a gun sitting next to the driver. There were two more policemen on the back of the carriage. Four more policemen rode on horses in front and behind the coach. The gold was kept in a safe which was bolted to floor of the coach. (The coach has survived and is being restored). The bushrangers began shooting at the coach and Constable Kelly was shot. He was badly hurt, but he crawled to side of the road and began shooting at the bushrangers. The police were able to keep the bushrangers away from the coach. Another policeman, Trooper Byrne, was also shot.The bushrangers quickly left when miners with guns arrived from the town.

Outlawed
In two years Ben Hall's gang, as well as killing two policemen, had reportedly robbed ten mail coaches, held up 21 properties, stole 23 racing horses, and taken over the village of Canowindra three times.

In early 1865, the government made a new law to help capture Ben Hall, John Gilbert and John Dunn. The Felons Apprehension Act was rushed quickly through the New South Wales Parliament. This would make Hall and his friends "outlaws" if they did not surrender within thirty days. This meant that they could be killed by anyone at any time without warning. They also put a reward of £1000 for the capture of Ben Hall.

The bushrangers still kept busy robbing people. They robbed a farm, Wallendbeen Station, and wanted to know where the police were. A group of Chinese gold miners were robbed. The next day, 18 March, the police found the gang trying to take horses from Wallendbeen. The gang escaped into the bush. They made their way to a shepherd's hut and forced the shepherd to put a bandage on Gilbert's arm. Hall and Dunn walked to a nearby farm, Beggan Beggan station. They held up the 16 farm workers and took horses, saddles and bridles. They went back to get Gilbert and then robbed the farm again, taking guns, ammunition, and food.

Hall, Gilbert and Dunn robbed the bank in Forbes and took £81 on 25 March. More police were sent to the area, and they were given better guns. A month later the gang were seen near Marengo. Two days later they took horses and food from another farm, Yamma station. This was the gang's last robbery.

Capture and death
By May 1865, Hall decided to leave New South Wales. But a man, Mick 'Goobang' Coneley, who had once given the gang help, told the police where Hall was hiding. During the night a group of eight policemen found Hall sleeping under a tree at Billabong Creek, near Forbes. The police were armed with double-barrelled shotguns and rifles. Led by Sub-Inspector Davidson, the police placed themselves in a large circle around Ben Hall's camp. When he woke up at dawn on 5 May 1865, Hall was shot 30 times as he tried to run away. A newspaper report said his body was "riddled" with bullets. He did not shoot his pistol once. The first rifle shots of the police cut his belt in two, and his guns fell to the ground. Goobang Mick was given a £500 reward. The police were given another £500 reward.

Ben Hall's body was wrapped in his poncho, tied to a horse and taken back to Forbes. An official inquest was held in the court house to find out how he died, and both Davidson and Condell submitted reports. Ben Hall was buried in Forbes Cemetery on Sunday, 7 May 1865. A lot of people went to see him buried. The first wooden grave marker and fence were burnt in a bushfire. Two brothers from Forbes, the Pengilly brothers, put a headstone on the grave in the 1920s. The tree that Hall slept under before he was killed became an attraction. People in the 1920s were still able to see bullets in the tree trunk. The tree was destroyed in a bushfire in 1926. His grave is well looked after and many people still come to look at it. Ben Hall's gun, a Colt pistol, is now in the National Library of Australia.

Gilbert and Dunn were nearly caught by the police a week later at Binalong. Gilbert was killed as he tried to run away. Dunn got away, but six months later a friend told the police where Dunn was hiding. He was captured, tried for murder and hanged in Sydney on 19 March 1866.

Hall, still remembered
In 2007, Peter Bradley, a descendant of Hall's younger brother Henry, said he wanted to reopen the inquest into the bushranger's death. Bradley said that the Felon Apprehension Act was not yet law when Hall was killed. The first inquest found that Hall was deliberately killed, but this was allowed because the new law meant Hall was an outlaw.  The parliament had passed the law on 12 April, but it did not become law until 10 May. This was five days after Hall was shot to death by police.

There is memorial called "Ben Hall's Wall" at Breeza, south of Gunnedah, New South Wales. "Ben Halls Gap National Park" is a small section of State Forest south of Nundle, New South Wales. It is not named after the bushranger, but after his father, Benjamin Hall.

Hall in popular culture

Music
Many folk songs celebrate Hall's life and actions. These include:
 "The Streets of Forbes": The most famous song is  "The Streets of Forbes". The song may have been written by Hall's brother-in-law, John Maguire. It has been recorded by many singers and groups including Paul Kelly, the Bushwackers, Gary Shearston, June Tabor, Martin Carthy, Chris and Siobhan Nelson, Warren Fahey and Weddings Parties Anything.
 "The Ballad of Ben Hall's Gang"
 "Brave Ben Hall", sometimes called the "Ballad of Ben Hall", "Bold Ben Hall", and  The Death of Ben Hall . The words are the same, but each song has its own tune.
 "The Ghost of Ben Hall".
 "Ben Hall" – collected by John Meredith from Sally Sloane. Sally claimed Hall's sister-in-law was the midwife at her birth.
 "Dunn, Gilbert and Ben Hall" – edited by Banjo Patterson in his book, Old Bush Ballads

Movies
 The Legend of Ben Hall, an Australian movie finished in 2016. Written and directed by Matthew Holmes. Starring Jack Martin, Jamie Coffa and William Lee.
 Ben Hall, Notorious Bush Ranger, also called A Tale of the Australian Bush – made in Sydney in 1911. Script by Patrick William Marony. Directed by Gaston Mervale. No copies have survived.
 Ben Hall and His Gang – made in 1911. Directed by Jack Gavin and written by Agnes Gavin. Starring Jack Gavin as Ben Hall. Black and white silent movie, 33 minutes long.
 Ben Hall – television show about Ben Hall was made in 1975. The BBC (England), and the ABC (Australia) worked together to make the series. It starred Jon Finch as Ben Hall. The director was Neil McCallum. The theme music for the show was written by Bruce Smeaton and played by the Bushwackers. The Bushwackers also had the song on their album "And The Band Played Waltzing Matilda".

Art
The story of Hall has been shown in many works of art.
 Patrick William Marony (1858–1939)  The Death of Ben Hall, an oil painting (1894), kept in the National Library of Australia.
 Patrick William Marony (1858–1939) Night Raid on Bathurst, an oil painting (1894), kept in the National Library of Australia.
 Patrick William Marony (1858–1939) Bushrangers attacking Goimbla Station, an oil painting (1894) kept in the National Library of Australia.
 Patrick William Marony (1858–1939) Bourke (i.e. Burke) ; Ben Hall ; Frank Gardiner, King of the Road ; Gilbert ; Dunne (i.e. Dunn) , an oil painting (1894) of the gang members (1894), kept in the National Library of Australia.

Theatre
Hall's story has also been told on the stage:
 Lester Bellingham wrote Bail Up, sometime between 1887–1898, a drama based on Mrs. Keightley's famous ride to Bathurst to save her husband's life.
 Australian writer, Barry Dickins, wrote a one-man play called "The Epiphany of Ben Hall." It was performed in Grenfell, Cowra, Parkes and Forbes in 2007.

Books

 Peter Bradley – The Judas Covenant – the betrayal and death of Ben Hall

 Frank McClune – Ben Hall the Bushranger. (1947)
 Edgar F. Penzig – The Sandy Creek Bushranger – a definitive history of Ben Hall, his gang and associates  (1985)
 Edgar F. Penzig – Ben Hall : the definitive illustrated history. (1996)

References

1837 births
1865 deaths
Australian criminals
Bushrangers
Deaths by firearm
People from New South Wales

Ben Hall


This article is a discography for American singing group The Ronettes. The Ronettes began recording with Colpix Records in 1961 and recorded eleven songs for Colpix. In March 1963, the group moved to Phil Spector's Philles Records, where they achieved their biggest success.

Albums

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Singles

Other charted and certified songs

Unreleased music
Songs Produced by Phil Spector

The Ronettes recorded many songs for producer Phil Spector that were not released until after the group disbanded in 1967. Today, some of their originally unreleased songs are just as critically applauded as their biggest hits. Below is an accurate chart of the unreleased songs the Ronettes recorded for Philles Records that did not see a release. These songs were first issued on later compilation albums, mentioned respectively. Four of the songs below—"The Twist", "Mashed Potato Time", "Hot Pastrami" and "The Wah-Watusi"—were released, and credited to, popular Philles contracted singing group The Crystals, on their 1963 Philles LP, The Crystals Sing The Greatest Hits.

Work with Jimi Hendrix
During the Summer of 1964, the Ronettes spent a lot of time hanging out at Odine's, an exclusive East Side club on Fifty-Ninth Street in Manhattan. According to Ronnie, that is where the Ronettes were first introduced to Jimi Hendrix, who was an unknown guitarist there at the time. Ronnie used to get up and sing along with Hendrix as he played guitar. After running into Hendrix again at a party in 1969, Estelle and Ronnie were invited into the studio to do backing vocals on Hendrix's "Earth Blues" song. Their work on the backing vocals earned The Ronettes a credit on Hendrix's posthumously released LP Rainbow Bridge, released in October 1971.

References

Discographies of American artists
Pop music discographies
Rhythm and blues discographies

The Ronettes discography


Tougher Than Leather is an American film released in 1988 and distributed by New Line Cinema. The film was directed by Rick Rubin and stars the hip-hop group Run–D.M.C. They created the film to coincide with the release of their fourth studio album also titled Tougher Than Leather.

Plot
At the beginning of the film, D.M.C. is released from prison, at which time he returns to New York City with his band-mates, Run and Jam Master Jay. They are ready to schedule some gigs and kick-start their musical careers when things take a dark turn. Their friend Runny Ray, played by Raymond White, has been murdered by Vic Ferrante (Rick Rubin); this pulls the group into a seedy world of crime and violence. Vic and the police cover up the murder to look like Ray was killed due to a drug deal gone wrong. As the band members attempt to determine who is responsible for the murder, their own lives become endangered. They take matters into their own hands trying to find Ray's killer. However, the action is balanced with a series of musical performances by the stars and other late 1980s hip-hop stars including Slick Rick and Beastie Boys.

Cast
 Darryl McDaniels as "D.M.C."
 Joseph Simmons as "Run"
 Jason Mizell as Jay "Jam Master Jay"
 Richard Edson as Bernie Carteez
 Rick Rubin as Vic Ferrante
 Jenny Lumet as Pam
 Russell Simmons as himself
 Adam Yauch as himself
 Mike D as himself
 Adam Horovitz as himself
 Slick Rick as himself
 Vic Noto as Steve, The Bartender

Critical reaction and release
While the music usually garners a favorable response, critics generally panned the film. According to The Washington Post,  the film is "vile, vicious, despicable, stupid, sexist, racist and horrendously made." It was also described as "poorly executed and exploitative fare." It carried a 43% rating at Rotten Tomatoes.

The film failed at the box office, but was released on VHS. It is now out of print.

Connections to Blaxploitation

In response to the negative reactions to the film, critics like Randall Clark have pointed out the many connections between the movie and the history of the "Blaxploitation" genre. Much like earlier films such as Shaft and Black Samson, the plot features inner-city anti-heroes who need to take the law into their own hands as they have been neglected by the more traditional avenues of justice.

References

External links

1988 films
Run-DMC
1980s hip hop films
Hood films
New Line Cinema films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films

Tougher Than Leather (film)


Kumar is a Cuban musician who was born in Havana in 1984. He also appeared as an actor in Benito Zambrano's movie Habana Blues, and his song "No Se Vuelve Atras" is featured in the movie's soundtrack.

History

Kumar started his career in 1998, performing in a collective called Duros Como el Acero (Hard as steel). At that time, Kumar adopted his first rapper nickname, "El Menor".

He became part of the Familias Cuba Represent collective and appeared on several albums and compilations. This collaboration was the trigger that reinforced his decision to make his living playing music. In 2003, he produced his first solo songs' demo under the name of Kumar.

He is currently part of the artist's collective Interactivo, which involves famous Cuban artists from the new fusion scene such as Yusa, Telmary, William Vivanco and producer Roberto Carcassés.

Very close from other Cuban artists of his generation, Kumar participated in the Havana Cultura Tour in Ibiza during summer 2008, accompanied by the R&B style singer Diana Fuentes and the DJ Erick Gonzalez.

Performances and Releases

In 2004, Kumar recorded the song No Se Vuelve Atras with the artist Telmary Diaz and the band Qvalibre. This song was included in the soundtrack of the movie Habana Blues, in which Kumar played a supporting role.

In April 2005, he recorded the song Rompe Cadenas, along with the Spanish group Ojos de Brujo. The song featured Roberto Carcasses (piano) and Yusa (bass) and was recorded in the Abdala studios.

The first solo album of Kumar, Película de Barrio, was released in 2009 under the independent label Diquela Records/Universal. He features several collaborations with Cuban artists and the Spanish group Ojos de Brujo.

Awards
2004 : Nomination at the Lucas Prizes (Cuban video clip festival) for the song Ves.
2006 : "Best Rap / Hip-hop Demo" and "Audience award" at the Cuerda Viva Prizes.

References
havana-cultura.com

External links

youtube.com
myspace.com
cubanmusicawards.com

1984 births
Living people
Cuban rappers
Musicians from Havana
21st-century Cuban male singers

Kumar (musician)


The Alexis LaTour House also known as, Old Homeplace and Guillory Homeplace was an historic house in Ville Platte, Louisiana. The oldest portion of the house was built in 1835 by Alexis LaTour. The house was expanded in 1837. The original house was a -story Creole cottage of bousillage construction that was one room wide and two rooms deep and had a front gallery. The 1837 expansion added two rooms and a central hall. Details of the house, including an exterior staircase, bousillage construction, and beaded clapboarding, ceiling beams, and ceiling boards were common in traditional Creole architecture. Both the older and the newer part of the house had unusual mantels. The older mantel featured cove moldings, panels, and a large central lozenge. The other mantels in the house were more traditional but were still unusual.

In 1900 several modifications were made including the addition of Queen Anne style dormer windows and a large rear wing. Over time, other, smaller modifications have been made including the replacement of windows and doors, the replacement of the original gallery columns, and the replacement of front, exterior staircase. Despite the modifications, the house still retained significant integrity, including the basic Creole form of the house, the bousillage construction, the copious beading, and the original mantels at the time of its enlistment in the National Register of Historic Places. The house was the best detailed and largest surviving early structure in Evangeline Parish.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 14, 1987, for its architectural significance. It was delisted in 2015 since the house was moved by the owners about  to the southeast in 1998. The house is still standing in Saint Landry Parish at 890 Chretien Point Road, Sunset ().

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Evangeline Parish, Louisiana

References

Houses completed in 1835
Creole architecture in Louisiana
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana
Houses in Evangeline Parish, Louisiana
National Register of Historic Places in Evangeline Parish, Louisiana

Alexis LaTour House


Hertford Heath nature reserve is a 28 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Hertford Heath in Hertfordshire. It is managed by the Herts and Middlesex Wildlife Trust and the local planning authority is East Hertfordshire District Council.

Heathland is a threatened habitat in southern England, and this site is a good example of lowland heath on pebble gravels, with open areas which have freely draining acidic soils. The heath is dominated by heather, and there are grass snakes and slow worms. Sphagnum mosses and creeping willow are found in wetter areas. Secondary woodland on acid London clay is mainly oak and hornbeam, with an understorey of holly. Ponds support the rare water violet and a rich invertebrate fauna such as great crested and smooth newts, the water spider and eight species of dragonfly. Birds include the great-spotted woodpecker and nuthatch.

The reserve is in two parts on either side of London Road. The southern part is accessed from The Roundings, next to the College Arms public house. It adjoins Balls Wood, which is also managed by the Herts and Middlesex Wildlife Trust. The northern area is off Heath Lane, opposite the pub.

References

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Hertfordshire
Herts and Middlesex Wildlife Trust reserves
East Hertfordshire District

Hertford Heath nature reserve


Joanikije I () was the fifth Archbishop of Serbs, serving from 1272 to 1276. He succeeded Danilo I and was succeeded by Jevstatije I.

He was a disciple of Archbishop Sava II when Sava II was still a bishop. Together they went to the Holy Land and the Holy Mountain (Mount Athos), whence they returned to Serbia. Joanikije then departed again for Mount Athos, to the Hilandar monastery for his education.
Later, he became an oeconomus (ikonom) of Hilandar around 1255/56, then became the hegumen in 1257, an office he held until 1262–63. The Hilandar hegumens and brotherhood had a great reputation in 13th-century Serbia, producing several Serbian archbishops. He then returned to Serbia, becoming the hegumen of the Studenica monastery.

Serbian archbishop Danilo I served only for a year; later Archbishop and chronicler Danilo II (s. 1324–1337) wrote "Archbishop Danilo succeeded on the holy seat, but due to some cause was removed". The cause of his removal is unknown, it may have been due to Danilo having been unsupportive of King Stefan Uroš I (and supportive of Stefan Dragutin); this theory is strengthened by the fact that Danilo's successor Joanikije was a fanatic supporter of Uroš I. It is unlikely that Danilo II did not know the cause of Danilo I's removal. Danilo II spoke of the appointment of Joanikije: "And because they expected much, they did not find anyone else worthy of such a position, apart from this blessed Joanikije, who at that time was the hegumen of the place of the Virgin Most Holy, the place called Studenica".

During his time as the head of the Serbian Church, the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, who restored the Byzantine Empire in 1261, made a tenuous union with the Catholic Church at the Second Council of Lyon in 1274. Two years later, in 1276, King Stefan Uroš I was overthrown by his son Stefan Dragutin, to whom he had not given half his kingdom as he had promised. Uroš withdrew with Joanikije and took monastic vows as "Simon", then died the next year, in 1277. Joanikije died in 1279 in Hum. Queen Helen of Anjou, Uroš's widow, had both the king's and archbishop's relics buried in Sopoćani monastery.

It is unclear whether it is Joanikije I depicted in the fresco composition of archbishops at Morača.

References

Sources

External links
Радомир В. Поповић: Српски архиепископи и патријарси
Жељко Фајфрић: Света лоза Стефана Немање

13th-century Serbian people
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Serbia
Joanikije I
Joanikije I
13th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops
Archbishops of Serbs
Medieval Serbian Orthodox clergy
Burials at Sopoćani

Joanikije I


In photography, a tripod is a portable device used to support, stabilize and elevate a camera, a flash unit, or other videographic or observational/measuring equipment.  All photographic tripods have three legs and a mounting head to couple with a camera.  The mounting head usually includes a thumbscrew that mates to a female-threaded receptacle on the camera, as well as a mechanism to be able to rotate and tilt the camera when it is mounted on the tripod.  Tripod legs are usually made to telescope, in order to save space when not in use.  Tripods are usually made from aluminum, carbon fiber, steel, wood or plastic.

Usage

Tripods are used for both still and motion photography to prevent camera movement. They are necessary when slow-speed exposures are being made, or when lenses of extreme focal length are used, as any camera movement while the shutter is open will produce a blurred image. In the same vein, they reduce camera shake, and thus are instrumental in achieving maximum sharpness. A tripod is also helpful in achieving precise framing of the image, or when more than one image is being made of the same scene, for example when bracketing the exposure. The use of a tripod may also allow for a more thoughtful approach to photography. For all of these reasons, a tripod of some sort is often necessary for professional photography. Tripods are also used as an alternative to C-Stands as photographic accessories.

Construction

For maximum strength and stability, most photographic tripods are braced around a center post, with collapsible telescoping legs and a telescoping section at the top that can be raised or lowered. At the top of the tripod is the head, which includes the camera mount (usually a detachable plate with a thumbscrew to hold on to the camera), several joints to allow the camera to pan, rotate and tilt, and usually a handle to allow the operator to do so without jostling the camera. Some tripods also feature integrated remote controls to control a camcorder or camera, though these are usually proprietary to the company that built the camera.  Materials used in the construction of tripod or monopod legs include metal (typically bare or painted aluminum), wood and carbon fiber-reinforced plastics, among others.

Bolt threads
Per ISO 1222:2010, the current tripod bolt thread standard for attaching the camera calls for a 1/4-20 UNC or 3/8-16 UNC thread.  Most consumer cameras are fitted with 1/4-20 UNC threads.  Larger, professional cameras and lenses may be fitted with 3/8-16 UNC threads, plus a removable 1/4-20 UNC adapter, allowing them to be mounted on a tripod using either standard.

Historically, The Royal Photographic Society recommended the thread standard for attaching older cameras to tripods was 3/16-24 BSW (3/16 inch nominal diameter, 24 threads per inch), or 1/4-20 BSW for smaller cameras and 3/8-16 BSW for larger cameras and pan/tilt heads.  In this application, the BSW and UNC thread profiles are similar enough that one can mount a modern camera on a legacy tripod and vice versa. The UNC threads are at a 60-degree angle and flattened, whereas the BSW are at a 55-degree angle and rounded crest. However, at least one English manufacturer uses No.1 B.A. (British Association) for its tripod mount thread.

Variations

There are several types of tripods. The least expensive, generally made of aluminum tubing and costing less than US$50, is used primarily for consumer still and video cameras; these generally come with an attached head and rubber feet. The head is very basic, and often not entirely suitable for smooth panning of a camcorder. A common feature, mostly designed for still cameras, allows the head to flip sideways 90 degrees to allow the camera to take pictures in portrait format rather than landscape. Often included is a small pin on the front of the mounting screw that is used to stabilize camcorders. This is not found on the more expensive photographic tripods.

More expensive professional tripods are sturdier, stronger, and usually come with no integrated head. The separate heads allow a tripod-head combination to be customized to the photographer's needs. There are expensive carbon fiber tripods, used for applications where the tripod needs to be lightweight. Many tripods, even some relatively inexpensive ones, also include leveling indicators for the legs of the tripod and the head.

Many of the more expensive tripods have additional features, such as a reversible center post so that the camera may be mounted between the legs, allowing for shots from low positions, and legs that can open to several different angles.

Small tabletop tripods (sometimes called tablepods) are also available, ranging from relatively flimsy models costing less than US$20, to professional models that can cost up to US$800 and can support up to 68 kg (150 lb). They are used in situations where a full sized tripod would be too bulky to carry. An alternative is a clamp-pod, which is a ball head attached to a C-clamp.

Another technique involves forming a string triangle held taut around the two feet of the photographer and linked to the camera. This negative string "tripod" can stabilize the camera sufficiently to use a shutter speed three stops slower.

Heads

The head is the part of the tripod that attaches to the camera and allows it to be aimed. It may be integrated into the tripod, or a separate part. There are generally two different types of heads available.

A ball head utilizes a ball joint to allow rotational movement about all axes from a single point. Some ball heads also have a separate panoramic rotation joint on the base of the head. The head has two main parts, the ball, which attaches to the camera, and the socket, which attaches to the tripod. The camera is attached to the ball by means of quick release plate or a simple UNC 1/4"-20  screw. The socket encloses the rotating ball and also contains the controls for locking the ball. The socket has a slot on the side to allow the camera to be rotated to the portrait orientation. Ball heads come in varying degrees of complexity. Some have only one control for both ball and pan lock, while others have individual controls for the ball lock, pan lock, and ball friction. Ball heads are used when a free-flowing movement of the camera is needed. They are also more stable and can hold heavier loads than pan-tilt heads. However, ball heads have the disadvantage that only one control is available to allow or prevent movement of all axes of rotation, so if the camera is tilted around one axis, there may be a risk of rotation about the other axes as well.

When a movement around one or two axes or rotation is needed, a pan-tilt head is used. The pan-tilt head has separate joints and controls for tilting and panning, so that a certain axis can be controlled without affecting the other axes. These heads come in two types, called 2-way and 3-way. 2-way heads have 2 axes and controls, one for panoramic rotation and one for front tilt. 3-way heads have 3 axes and controls, one for panoramic rotation, front tilt, and lateral tilt.  The controls on these heads are usually handles that can be turned to loosen or tighten the certain axis. This allows movement in one, several, or none of the axes. When the rotation around all axes is needed, a ball head is used. There are some pan-tilt heads that use gears for precision control of each axis. This is helpful for some types of photography, such as macro photography.

Other head types include the gimbal, fluid, gear, alt-azimuth, and equatorial heads. Fluid heads and gear heads move very smoothly, avoiding the jerkiness caused by the stick-slip effect found in other types of tripod heads. Gimbal heads are single-axis heads used in order to allow a balanced movement for camera and lenses. This proves useful in wildlife photography as well as in any other case where very long and heavy telephoto lenses are adopted: a gimbal head rotates a lens around its center of gravity, thus allowing for easy and smooth manipulation while tracking moving subjects.

Monopod

In place of or to supplement a tripod, some photographers use a one-legged telescoping stand called a monopod for convenience in setup and breakdown. A monopod requires the photographer to hold the camera in place, but because the monopod reduces the number of degrees of freedom of the camera, and also because the photographer no longer has to support the full weight of the camera, it can provide some of the same stabilization advantages as a tripod.

Fixed tripods
For low-angle shots particularly in cinematography, short tripods with fixed length legs and no center column may be used. The lowest of these is called a low hat, with a slightly higher version referred to as a hi hat.

Travel tripods
A travel tripod is one that has been designed to fit certain criteria including lightness and rigidity to give the photographer the freedom to travel and carry their tripod for extended periods. It must be small and light enough to be carried as hand baggage yet has enough strength to support a professional DSLR and fast telephoto lens. Typical specifications for a travel tripod legs would be: Weight (without head): 2 to 4 lbs (0.9 to 1.8 kg), Height (contracted): 12 to 20 inches (30 to 50 cm), Height (extended): - 60 to 70 inches (152 to 178 cm) and Max Load: 5 to 10 lbs (2.3 to 4.6 kg).

See also
Camera angle
Close-up
Long shot
Low-angle shot
Medium shot
Point of view shot

References

Photography equipment
Television terminology

es:Trípode
no:Trefot

Tripod (photography)


Bethany Memorial Chapel was built by Norwegian homesteaders who settled in the Big Bear Ridge area north of Kendrick in rural Latah County, Idaho. Norwegians who had settled in the area met at the home of Edward Dahl on July 21, 1902, for the purpose of organizing a Lutheran church in the area. In late July 1902, plans were prepared for the building, which was to be constructed on one-half acre of land promised by Edward Jones. However, Jones had sold his land to Halvor Nelson, who then added another one-half acre to the property. Construction of the Carpenter Gothic building began in 1905 and was completed, inside and out, in 1908. Although the interior of the building had not yet been completed, the first service in the church took place on December 26, 1905, when Halvor Lien married Hilda Slind. The pews, altar railing, and pulpit were carved by Eric Leien, a member of the congregation. It was originally named the Evangelical Lutheran Church, Bethany Congregation of Kendrick. There is no longer an active congregation holding services, but the church and cemetery are maintained by community members.

On December 18, 1979, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Latah County, Idaho

References

Churches completed in 1908
20th-century Lutheran churches in the United States
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Idaho
Carpenter Gothic church buildings in Idaho
Buildings and structures in Latah County, Idaho
Norwegian-American history
National Register of Historic Places in Latah County, Idaho
1902 establishments in Idaho

Bethany Memorial Chapel


Uptown Toronto is an area in Toronto, Ontario, Canada that is considered to be north of Midtown Toronto.

History

"Uptown" has traditionally been a name given to the area north of Downtown Toronto. As the portion of the city that could be considered to be downtown or midtown has grown, the region has pushed further north along Yonge Street.

The first area known as Uptown was centered on Bloor Street around the University of Toronto. In the nineteenth century, this was the northern fringe of the city; when the university was established it was still largely rural. The neighborhood that grew up in this area in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century became known as Uptown. While this name is no longer used, it was preserved in some institutions, such as the Uptown Residences, a condo on the site of the former Uptown Theatre.

Most areas north of Bloor have been referred to as Uptown. Today the area most often refers to the northern portion of the old city of Toronto stretching from St. Clair Avenue to Lawrence Avenue. There is no official city of Toronto definition for Uptown, but the Uptown Yonge Business Improvement area stretches from Eglinton to Lawrence, though today, with the amalgamated city, the North York City Centre, along Yonge Street, an  area dense with highrises, could best be described as Uptown.

See also
List of tallest structures in Canada

References

External links
 Uptown Yonge BIA

Neighbourhoods in Toronto

Uptown Toronto


Kukava () is a settlement on the western edge of the Slovene Hills () in the Municipality of Juršinci in northeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria and is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Drava Statistical Region.

A small chapel-shrine with a belfry in the settlement was built in 1931 on the site of an older church demolished in the late 18th century.

References

External links
Kukava on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Juršinci

Kukava


This list of edrioasteroids is an attempt to create a comprehensive listing of all genera from the fossil record that have ever been considered to be edrioasteroids, excluding purely vernacular terms. The list includes all commonly accepted genera, but also genera that are now considered invalid, doubtful (nomina dubia), or were not formally published (nomina nuda), as well as junior synonyms of more established names, and genera that are no longer considered edrioasteroids.

Naming conventions and terminology
Naming conventions and terminology follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Technical terms used include:
 Junior synonym: A name which describes the same taxon as a previously published name. If two or more genera are formally designated and the type specimens are later assigned to the same genus, the first to be published (in chronological order) is the senior synonym, and all other instances are junior synonyms. Senior synonyms are generally used, except by special decision of the ICZN, but junior synonyms cannot be used again, even if deprecated. Junior synonymy is often subjective, unless the genera described were both based on the same type specimen.
Nomen nudum (Latin for "naked name"): A name that has appeared in print but has not yet been formally published by the standards of the ICZN. Nomina nuda (the plural form) are invalid, and are therefore not italicized as a proper generic name would be. If the name is later formally published, that name is no longer a nomen nudum and will be italicized on this list. Often, the formally published name will differ from any nomina nuda that describe the same specimen.
Nomen oblitum (Latin for "forgotten name"): A name that has not been used in the scientific community for more than fifty years after its original proposal.
Preoccupied name: A name that is formally published, but which has already been used for another taxon. This second use is invalid (as are all subsequent uses) and the name must be replaced. As preoccupied names are not valid generic names, they will also go unitalicized on this list.
Nomen dubium (Latin for "dubious name"): A name describing a fossil with no unique diagnostic features. As this can be an extremely subjective and controversial designation, this term is not used on this list.

The list

See also

 List of prehistoric brittle stars
 List of prehistoric sea cucumbers
 List of crinoid genera

References

Lists of prehistoric echinoderms
Prehistoric Crinozoa genera

List of edrioasteroid genera


Clover Hill is a decaying 18th-century plantation house near Culpeper in Culpeper County, Virginia. Clover Hill is best known for serving as the headquarters for Brigadier General George Armstrong Custer during the American Civil War. Clover Hill was home to James Barbour (26 February 1828 – 29 October 1895), a prominent American lawyer, planter, delegate from Virginia to the 1860 Democratic National Convention, delegate to the 1861 Virginia secession convention, and a major in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.

History
The house at Clover Hill was constructed in 1775.

During the American Civil War, Clover Hill was used by Brigadier General George Armstrong Custer as his headquarters. Custer and his new bride Elizabeth "Libbie" Bacon honeymooned at Clover Hill during the Winter of 1864. Custer named his encampment "Camp Libbie" in his bride's honor.

Architecture
Clover Hill exhibits a steeply pitched gabled roof with false dormers and arched windows. Clover Hill is clad in a tongue and groove siding. The home's architect is unknown.

References

Barbour family residences
Houses in Culpeper County, Virginia
Virginia in the American Civil War
Houses completed in 1775
Plantation houses in Virginia

Clover Hill (Culpeper, Virginia)


Henry McIver (September 25, 1826 – January 12, 1903) was a chief justice on the South Carolina Supreme Court.

McIver was born on September 25, 1826, near Society Hill, South Carolina to Alexander McIver and Mary Hanford McIver.  His Great-grandfather was Captain William Dewitt. His uncle was Gregory Anthony Perdicaris and his first cousin was Ion Hanford Perdicaris.  He moved to Cheraw, South Carolina in 1836 with his family. In 1846, he graduated from South Carolina College (now the University of South Carolina). He studied law with his father after college, and he was admitted to practice law in December 1847. he married Caroline H. Powe on June 7, 1849. When McIver's father died in July 1850, Governor Whitemarsh B. Seabrook appointed McIver to complete his father's term as the solicitor (prosecutor) for the eastern circuit of the state. At the end of the term, McIver did not run for a full term; however, the successor himself died in office, and McIver was again appointed to conclude the unexpired term. At the end of that second term, McIver was elected to a full term. He continued being re-elected to the position until 1868 when he was removed from office as part of Reconstruction. McIver, representing Chesterfield District, was among signers of the South Carolina's Ordinance of Secession in December 1860. He later served as a captain in the 4th South Carolina Cavalry Regiment and was severely wounded at the battle of Haw's Shop, Va., then returned to his law practice after the Civil War. On May 19, 1877, he was elected as an associate justice of the South Carolina Supreme Court to fill the unexpired term of the Justice Ammiel J. Willard who had become chief justice of the court. The General Assembly elected McIver unanimously to a full term in December 1879. He served in that position until he was elected and immediately sworn in as chief justice on December 1, 1891, replacing Chief Justice William D. Simpson.

McIver died on January 12, 1903. He is buried at Old Saint Davids Episcopal Church Cemetery in Cheraw, South Carolina.

References

References
Dietrich, Richard Kevin, To Virginia and Back with Rutledge's Cavalry: A History of the 4th South Carolina Cavalry Regiment, Broadfoot Publishing Company, 2015

Justices of the South Carolina Supreme Court
Chief Justices of the South Carolina Supreme Court
1826 births
1903 deaths
19th-century American judges

Henry McIver (chief justice)


The Estonian War of Independence was an armed conflict between the Republic of Estonia and Soviet Russia that lasted from November 28 , 1918 to February 2, 1920. There was also the Landesveer War, fought in southern Estonia and northern Latvia between June 5 and July 3, 1919, against the Baltic German forces.

The troops of the German Empire, which occupied the territory of Estonia during the First World War, left Estonia due to the end of the World War. Taking advantage of the favorable situation, Soviet Russia decided to take over the Estonian territories again. The Red Army's attack on Narva on November 28, 1918 was the beginning of the war. The city was captured and the underequipped and significantly outnumbered units of the Estonian National Army were defeated.

On November 20, the Deputy Foreign Minister of the United Kingdom  Robert Cecil, expressed support for Estonia and promised military help. On December 12, the British ships under the command of Admiral Sir Edwyn Alexander-Sinclair arrived from Liepaja for a raid on Tallinn. The arrival of the fleet succeeded in the second attempt. In the first attempt, the light cruiser HMS Cassandra was sunk by a mine near Saaremaa, and the fleet turned back. They delivered 6,500 rifles, 200 machine guns, and two field guns.

By the end of 1918, the 7th Red Army controlled Estonia along the front line 34 kilometers east of Tallinn, west from Tartu and south of Ainaži.

By the beginning of 1919, the Estonian Army had 13,000 men.  A 1,000-strong Finnish-Estonian force landed at Utria behind the Soviet 6th Rifle Division on 17 January. Narva was liberated the next day.  The Estonians used armoured trains very successfully.

The British fleet brought weapons and equipment to Estonia and protected the northern coast of Estonia until January 5, 1919 , when it left the Baltic Sea . USA helped Estonia primarily with humanitarian aid.

On December 31, 1919, Estonia and Soviet Russia concluded an armistice, which entered into force on January 3, 1920. The official end of the war came with the Treaty of Tartu  on February 2, 1920 . With this, Soviet Russia recognized the independence of Estonia and forever renounced all rights that Russia had regarding the land and people of Estonia.

References

History of Estonia
Wars involving Russia
1910s conflicts

Estonian War of Independence


Currys (branded as Currys PC World between 2010 and 2021) is an electrical retailer and aftercare service provider operating in the United Kingdom and Ireland, specialising in white goods, consumer electronics, computers and mobile phones.

Established as a bicycle retailer in 1927, Currys expanded the range of goods sold and from the 1960s became a major retailer of household electrical items. In 1984 the company was bought by rival retailer Dixons, and the Currys brand was used for all outlets of the combined company. From 2008, the business turned away from shops in town centres to larger out-of-town stores under the Currys PC World brand, combining the operations of Currys with Dixon's PC World under one roof; after the formation of Dixons Carphone in 2014, the stores gained Carphone Warehouse departments. It was announced in July 2021 that all Currys PC World stores would be rebranded to Currys.

History

Early years

Henry Curry started to make bicycles in Leicester in 1884. Currys was incorporated as a business in 1927 when his four sons merged The Louth Bicycle Company, and the loose confederation of shops which the sons had run since their father's retirement in 1909, with the Nottingham-based Campion Cycle Company.

By the 1940s, the shops sold a wide variety of goods including bicycles, toys, radios and gramophones.

Meanwhile, particularly under the directorship between 1967 and 1984 of Dennis Curry, grandson of Henry Curry, the company underwent considerable expansion to become a major high street supplier of televisions and white goods (refrigerators, washing machines and other domestic appliances); by 1984 Currys Group plc had 570 shops, twice as many as the company which was then to acquire it.

Takeover by Dixons

In 1984, Currys was taken over by Dixons (another electrical products retail chain, now Currys Plc) but maintained its separate brand identity. In April 2006, Dixons Stores Group announced that its Dixons shops, except in Ireland and in duty-free areas in airports, would be rebranded as Currys.digital (later changed to Currys Digital). In Ireland, the Dixons shops were rebranded as Currys in August 2008.

Before the Dixons rebranding, the chain had only a few small town centre shops compared with its much greater number of large out-of-town megastores. On 17 January 2007, group chief executive John Clare announced that when the leases on the remaining 'Currys High Street' shops (not the rebranded Currys.digital shops) expired, it would be unlikely that they would be renewed: thus the shops would be closed at the earliest opportunity.

Currys PC World

Dixons Retail began a trial combining Currys and PC World shops in 2008. During the Dixons Carphone Christmas 2015–2016 results update to shareholders, Sebastian James, group chief executive, revealed that over the following financial year the three-in-one shop format (shops featuring Currys, PC World and Carphone Warehouse branding under one roof) would be rolled out across the company's entire portfolio in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.

Revival of Currys as sole brand
Following reorganisations in 2020 and 2021, Dixons Carphone announced that the Currys PC World stores would be rebranded to Currys in October 2021.

References

External links

 (United Kingdom)
Official website (Ireland)

1884 establishments in England
Consumer electronics retailers of the United Kingdom
Currys plc
Retail companies established in 1884

Currys


The A635 is a main road that runs between Manchester and Doncaster running east–west through Stalybridge, Saddleworth Moor, Holmfirth, Barnsley and the Dearne Valley.
The section forming the eastern part of the Mancunian Way is a motorway and is officially designated as the A635(M) though there is no road sign with this designation, and the signs at the entrance of Mancunian Way westbound show A57(M).

Saddleworth Moor

The section between Greenfield and Holmfirth, which passes across Saddleworth Moor, is known locally as the Isle of Skye Road after a public house that was at Wessenden Head until it was demolished in the 1950s after a fire. It passes over treeless high moor top for about 4 miles: Saddleworth Moor west of the watershed and Wessenden Head Moor to the east. This section of the road is at high altitude and in winter months local snowfall usually results in closures of the road. In January 2010, as a result of the extreme winter, the road was closed for over a month, and other closures also occurred in the same winter.

Pennines

Unlike the other Pennine passes in the area such as the A57 Snake Pass (Manchester to Sheffield), the A62 (Manchester to Huddersfield and Leeds) and the A58 (Rochdale to Halifax and Leeds), the section of the A635 over the Pennines enjoys much quieter traffic since the A628 Woodhead pass is much more direct when travelling between Manchester and Barnsley, connecting directly to the M1 junction 37 and passing through the centre of Barnsley. In 2012, after an increase of car incident rates on the moors, a 50 mph speed limit was put in place between Greenfield and the boundary with Kirklees. In Barugh Green there's a small junction where the B6428 terminates. The road continues through Barnsley to Doncaster where it merges with the A638.

1960s Moors murders
The road became infamous because of its connection with the 1960s Moors murders. The grave sites of victims are located adjacent to the road above Greenfield, close to an area called Hollin Brown Knoll, which overlooks the 3 reservoirs: Dovestone, Yeoman and Greenfield.

August 2015 road closure
A section of the road at the Manchester end had to be closed in August 2015 after it collapsed following unusually torrential rain.

References

External links
Pathetic Motorways – A635(M)

Roads in England
Roads in Yorkshire
Roads in Greater Manchester
Transport in South Yorkshire
Transport in West Yorkshire
Holme Valley

A635 road


Huron Wetland Management District is located in the U.S. state of South Dakota and includes 17,518 acres (70.89 km2). The refuge borders the Missouri River on the east and is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Huron WMD covers eight counties in east-central South Dakota. The topography of this area ranges from flat, gently rolling drift prairie to the Missouri Coteau hills in the western end of the district. The district lies in the midst of the world-renowned Prairie Pothole Region.

The refuge consists of numerous lakes and what are known as waterfowl production areas. There are 60 waterfowl production areas in total, mostly near lakes, ponds and along riverways. Hundreds of thousands of migratory birds pass through the managed area every spring and fall. Roughly half of the migratory birds spend their summer nesting within the refuge. Five species of non-migratory birds are found within the district. Ring-necked pheasants, though an introduced species, are abundant, as is the sharp-tailed grouse are common, while greater prairie chicken, wild turkey, and gray partridge are less common. The blue-winged teal is the most common migratory duck species found in the district, but mallards and northern shovelers as well as numerous other duck species also have been observed. Snow geese are frequently seen in the spring and fall while the great blue heron and double brested cormorant are known to have rookeries within the district. The endangered whooping crane and interior least tern as well as the threatened piping plover are the endangered and threatened bird species that have been recorded in the district.

Red-tailed hawk, Swainson's hawk, northern harrier, American kestrel, great horned owl as well as less frequent sightings of bald and golden eagles have been documented as raptors known to frequent the district.

Various mammal species also thrive here, including the pronghorn, white-tailed deer, mule deer, coyote, badger, beaver and mink, and are relatively common.

Fish species such as the yellow perch, northern pike and a variety of smaller non-game fish species thrive in the abundant ponds and waterways, providing a major source of food for many of the migratory bird species. The leopard frog, Great Plains toad, tiger salamander and prairie rattlesnake all have been documented as common in the district. The refuge allows fishing and hunting in limited areas and in season.

References

External links

National Wildlife Refuges in South Dakota
Protected areas established in 1992
Wetlands of South Dakota
Landforms of Beadle County, South Dakota
Protected areas of Beadle County, South Dakota
1992 establishments in South Dakota

Huron Wetland Management District


Pictionary is an American television game show which aired in syndication during the 1997–1998 season. The game was based on the board game of the same name where contestants guessed words and phrases based on drawings. Alan Thicke hosted the show with Joe Cipriano announcing. The series was a production of Kline and Friends and was distributed by Worldvision Enterprises.

Pictionary had a similar format to the earlier Win, Lose or Draw, which Kline's company also produced. The game mechanic was virtually identical, with two teams consisting of two celebrities and a civilian contestant competing.

The series was recorded at CBS Television City in Hollywood.

Round 1
Initially, both celebrities were each given two phrases to relay to their partners by drawing. There was a connecting word in both phrases (e.g., "Red Necks, White Socks, and Blue Ribbon Beer" and "Little Red Riding Hood," "red" being the connector). If they were both successfully guessed, the civilian contestant won $200. After both teams had taken a turn, a second set of phrases was played.

Later in the series' run, the round was modified slightly. This time, the celebrities drew as many phrases as they could in the time limit of 45 seconds and each correct guess paid off at $100.

Round 2
Players took turns drawing a series of puzzles for three minutes. This time, each puzzle had a different connecting word. Correct answers were worth $100, and if the team was stumped the player at the drawing board could pass the marker off to one of his/her teammates. The team in the lead played first, followed by the opposing team.

The team with the most money at the end of the round won the game and advanced to the bonus round. If both teams were tied, Thicke would draw a tie-breaking puzzle, with the first team to answer correctly becoming the winner. Regardless, both teams kept their money.

Bonus round
In the bonus round, one team member was selected by his teammates to draw single-word puzzles instead of phrases for this 90-second round. Each word was connected to the word before it in chain fashion, such as Peanut-Butter-Bread-Basket-etc.

The first four (originally three) words were worth $100 each. The next three that followed would be worth $300. Every word after that was worth an additional $1,000. Play stopped when the timer ran out and the civilian player won whatever money the team had accumulated.

Originally, there were returning champions, who remained on the show until they were defeated or reached the Friday show of any given week (due to weeks airing out of sequence from when they were taped). Within two months, however, they were dropped altogether, and two new contestants competed on each show.

See also
Pictionary
 Pictionary (1989 game show) - There was an early child version of Pictionary during the late 1980s, but with different rules.
 Pictionary (2022 game show) - The current version hosted by Jerry O'Connell, has its own rules different from both of its predecessors.
Win, Lose or Draw, a similar game show also produced by Richard S. Kline

External links
Official promo site
Rules for Pictionary
Erik Estrada versus Bill Maher

1997 American television series debuts
1998 American television series endings
1990s American game shows
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
Television series by Kline and Friends
Television series by CBS Studios
Television series by Mattel Television
Television shows based on board games
Television shows based on Mattel toys

Pictionary (1997 game show)


Louis Renault (; 12 February 1877 – 24 October 1944) was a French industrialist, one of the founders of Renault, and a pioneer of the automobile industry.

Renault built one of France's largest automobile manufacturing concerns, which still bears his name. During World War I his factories contributed massively to the war effort, notably so by the creation and manufacture of the first tank of modern configuration, the Renault FT tank.

Accused of collaborating with the Germans during World War II, he died while awaiting trial in liberated France toward the end of 1944 under uncertain circumstances. His company was seized and nationalized by the provisional government of France, albeit he died before he could be tried. His factories were the only ones permanently expropriated by the French government.

In 1956, Time magazine described Renault as "rich, powerful and famous, cantankerous, brilliant, often brutal, the little Napoleon of an automaking empire — vulgar, loud, domineering, impatient, he was a terror to associates, a friend to practically none," adding that to the French working man, Renault became known as "the ogre of Billancourt."

Early life and career

The fourth of six children born into the bourgeois Parisian family of Alfred and Berthe Renault, Louis Renault attended Lycée Condorcet. He was fascinated by engineering and mechanics from an early age and spent hours in the Serpollet steam car workshop or tinkering with old Panhard engines in the tool shed of the family's second home in Billancourt.

He built his first car in 1898, hiring a pair of workmen to modify a used  De Dion-Bouton cycle which featured a revolutionary universally jointed driveshaft and a three-speed gearbox with reverse, with the third gear in direct drive (which he patented a year later). Renault called his car the Voiturette. On 24 December 1898, he won a bet with his friends that his invention with an innovative crankshaft could beat a car with a bicycle-like chain drive up the slope of Rue Lepic in Montmartre. As well as winning the bet, Renault received 13 definite orders for the vehicle.

Seeing the commercial potential, he teamed up with his two older brothers, Marcel and Fernand, who had business experience from working in their father's button and textiles firm. They formed the Renault Frères company on 25 February 1899. Initially, business and administration was handled entirely by the elder brothers, with Louis dedicating himself to design and manufacturing. Marcel was killed in the 1903 Paris-Madrid motor race, and in 1908, Louis Renault took overall control of the company after Fernand retired for health reasons. Fernand subsequently died in 1909.

Marriage
On 26 September 1918, Renault, then aged 40, married the 21-year-old Christiane Boullaire (1897–1979), sister of French painter . They had a son, Jean-Louis (24 January 1920 – 1982). They kept homes at 90 Avenue Foch (formerly Avenue du Bois-de-Boulogne) in Paris and a country estate near Saint-Pierre-du-Vauvray, Rouen, in the department of Eure, called the Chateau de la Batellerie à Herqueville or simply Chateau Herqueville. The Chateau fronted more than 3 km of the Seine, the entire grounds comprising 4,000 hectares. At Renault's request and expense, the small town hall of Herqueville was moved. Renault's personnel entered the residence via a tunnel.

Locations of Chateau Herqueville:

World War I, interwar period and developments

At the start of the First World War, in August 1914, in response to the then acute shortage of artillery ammunition, Renault suggested that car factories such as Renault could manufacture 75mm shells using hydraulic presses rather than with the usual longer and costlier lathe operations. Identical methods were also used by Andre Citroën in his own factory. The resulting shells helped overcome the shortages, but as they had to be manufactured in two pieces they were inherently weak at the base thus sometimes letting hot gases detonate the melinite inside the shell. Over 600 French 75mm guns were destroyed by premature explosions in 1915, and their crews killed or injured.

Louis Renault was decorated with the Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur after the war for the major contribution of his factories to the war effort. His factories' mass production in 1918 of the revolutionary and highly effective Renault FT tank, which he had personally designed with Rodolphe Ernst-Metzmaier, was perhaps Renault's most significant contribution during that period.

During the interwar period, his right-wing opinions became well known, leading to various cases of labour unrest with proletarian avant-garde workers at the Boulogne Billancourt plant. He pleaded for a necessary union between European nations.

Louis Renault competed fiercely with Citroën, whom he called "le petit Juif" ("the little Jew"), growing increasingly paranoid and reclusive at the same time, and deeply concerned about the rising power of Communism and labor unions, eventually retreating to his country estate, a castle on the river Seine near Rouen.

Renault remained in complete control of his company until 1942, dealing with its rapid expansion while designing several new inventions, most of which are still in use today, such as hydraulic shock absorbers, the modern drum brake and compressed gas ignition.

World War II, arrest and death

In 1938, Renault visited Adolf Hitler, and by 1939 he had become an important supplier for the French army. At the time Hitler's Wehrmacht invaded France in 1940, Renault was in the U.S., having been sent by his government to ask for tanks. He returned to find the Franco-German armistice in place. Renault was faced with the choice of cooperating with the Germans and possibly forestalling them from moving his factory and equipment to Germany, which would lead to an accusation of collaboration with the enemy. He put his factories at the service of Vichy France, which meant that he was also assisting the Nazis. Over a period of four years, Renault manufactured 34,232 vehicles for the Germans. Renault argued that "by continuing operations he had saved thousands of workers from being transported to Germany", but Life in 1942 described him as a "notorious Paris collaborationist".

During the occupation of France the company was under the control of the Germans, with people from Daimler-Benz in key positions. Renault himself became unpopular among members of the French resistance. The Renault factories on Île Seguin in Billancourt had become top priority targets for the British bombers of the Royal Air Force (RAF) and were ultimately severely damaged on 3 March 1942. Renault's health issues worsened, including his severely diminished renal function, and in late 1942, he suffered aphasia, and was unable to speak or write.

Three weeks after France was liberated in 1944, Renault surrendered "on condition that he would not be jailed until indicted." He was arrested outside Paris on 22 September 1944, on charges of industrial collaboration with Nazi Germany. At the time of his arrest, Renault "denied that his firm had received $120,000,000 from the Germans for war materials, said that he had kept his huge, much-bombed plant going at the request of Vichy to keep its materials and equipment out of Nazi hands and to save workers from deportation." He was incarcerated in Paris's Fresnes Prison being already seriously ill at the time. The records for the exact period of his incarceration at Fresnes would later turn out to be missing. Renault was moved on 5 October to a psychiatric hospital at Ville-Evrard in Neuilly-sur-Marne.

When Renault's health quickly declined on 9 October 1944 he was again moved to a private nursing home at the clinic Saint-Jean-de-Dieu in the Rue Oudinot, Paris at the request of his family and supporters, having gone into a coma. He died on 24 October 1944, four weeks after his incarceration, still awaiting trial and having claimed to have been mistreated in Fresnes Prison, with his 1918 French Legion of Honor for exceptional contribution to the victory of the First World War, having been expunged by the Vichy régime.

No autopsy was performed and the exact cause of Renault's death remains unclear. An official report at the time gave the cause of death as uremia.

Later, in 1956, his wife claimed that Renault died of beatings and torture at the hands of guards in prison.

Louis Renault is buried at his country home Chateau Herqueville, in Herqueville dans l'Eure.

Expropriation

In October 1944, the provisional French government seized Louis Renault's company. The Minister of Information, Henri Teitgen, said at the time this was not a confiscation, rather "it was merely a step to get French industry back into production. Later a commission would examine the books, confiscate war profits, bring charges."

On 1 January 1945, four months after Louis Renault's death, an order of General Charles de Gaulle's provisional government decreed the dissolution of Société Anonyme des Usines Renault and its nationalization, giving it the new name Régie Nationale des Usines Renault (RNUR).

Thus, the company Louis Renault had created was nationalized on the official case of collaboration. Renault was charged posthumously with "guilty enrichment obtained by those who worked for the enemy".

Aftermath and controversy

In 1944, after the expropriation of his company and his subsequent death, Renault's last will and testament was opened to reveal that he had left his company to his 40,000 employees. At the time the company was nationalized, Renault's wife Christiane and her son Jean-Louis owned 95% of the company stock and had received nothing, while the other stockholders were in fact compensated. By 1956, "Renault [was] now France's largest nationalized company, employing 51,000 Frenchmen, making 200,000 automobiles and a profit of $11 million a year."

The director of the plant during the war obtained a judgment in 1949 stating that he and the plant had not collaborated.

In 1956, Renault's widow, Christiane Renault, claimed that Louis Renault was murdered and sought "to establish that Louis Renault was another of the more than 9,000 Frenchmen listed by the government as having been killed by "irregular executions" in the post-Liberation vengeance, and Louis Renault's body was subsequently exhumed for autopsy. Madam Renault cited as evidence "a report showing Renault's urea content to be normal a week before his death, and an X-ray showing a fractured vertebra."

In 2005, the London Daily Telegraph reported that "according to eyewitness and family accounts, the previously wiry little 67-year-old had been tortured and beaten," and that "a nun at Fresnes testified that she saw Renault collapse after being hit over the head by a jailer wielding a helmet. An X-ray organised by his family indicated a broken neck vertebra."

In 2005, The Daily Telegraph said Renault had "felt that his duty was to preserve France's manufacturing base. Military and Daimler-Benz officials arrived at the gates of his Billancourt factory to assess it for removal into Germany, together with its workforce. Renault fended them off by agreeing to make vehicles for the Wehrmacht." According to Anthony Rhodes's Louis Renault: A Biography, Renault once said of the Germans "It is better to give them the butter, or they'll take the cows." The 2005 Daily Telegraph report said Renault attempted to save his company from displacement and absorption by Daimler-Benz: "But for his efforts, Renault factories and employees would have been shipped to Germany."

Subsequent studies have shown that while Renault had collaborated, "he also hived off strategic materials and sabotaged trucks. Dipsticks were marked low, for example, and engines dried and seized in action, an outcome much in evidence on the Russian Front." Suggestions that Renault management had slowed production for German occupiers was countered with the argument that workers rather than management had organized the production slow-downs. A 2005 article in The Daily Telegraph said it could legally be argued that the Renault company, the "jewel in the country's industrial crown" was procured by theft, and that "admission that Louis Renault and his company had received rough justice would raise the question of compensation – huge compensation."

In 2011, , a business history professor at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in Paris and the author of a book on Renault said "It's extremely difficult to say to what extent Louis Renault should be considered a collaborator, he ran the risk of complete dispossession if he resisted the Germans." Scholar Monika Ostler Riess, who had studied French and German sources found no evidence that Mr. Renault collaborated any more than his peers. "He just tried to save what he had, what he had built. The alternative to cooperating with the occupiers was to see the Germans take over his company".

Robert Paxton suggested in his 1975 book, Vichy France: old guard and new order: 1940–1944, that the Renault factory might have been returned to Louis Renault and his family, had he lived longer. The Berliet truck factory in Lyon remained in Marius Berliet's family possession, despite his having manufactured 2,330 trucks for the Germans. Marius Berliet, who died in 1949, had, however, "stubbornly refused to recognize legal actions against him after the war."

On 29 July 1967, Louis-Jean Renault, the only heir, received minor compensation, specifically for non-industrial, personal losses. In 1982, representatives of the Organisation civile et militaire and their counterparts at the company Robert de Longcamps, worked in vain for the rehabilitation of Louis Renault, saying he had been "wrongfully accused of collaboration with the enemy", their requests to Robert Badinter, French Minister of Justice, unheeded.

Renault's were the only factories permanently expropriated by the French government. As of 2005, Renault officials avoid mention of Louis Renault. For the centennial in 1999 of the original Renault Frères company, celebrated by Régie Renault, the company ignored the grandchildren of Louis Renault.

Despite the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which mandates just and preliminary compensation before expropriation, Louis Renault and his heirs were otherwise never officially compensated for their company. Renault returned to the private sector as a Société Anonyme (S.A) in 1996 when the French government sold 80% of the company.

In 2011, his heirs again sought to restore Renault's reputation and receive compensation for what they see as the illegal confiscation of his company by the state.

References

External links

 Association RENAULT HISTOIRE – Un peu d'histoire (in French)

1877 births
1944 deaths
Burials at Passy Cemetery
Businesspeople from Paris
French automotive engineers
French founders of automobile manufacturers
French people who died in prison custody
French automotive pioneers
French collaborators with Nazi Germany
Renault people
French racing drivers
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
Lycée Condorcet alumni
Automotive businesspeople
Prisoners who died in French detention
Racing drivers from Paris
Nazis who died in prison custody

Louis Renault (industrialist)


Vodnjan (; ) is a town in Istria County, Croatia, located about 10 kilometers north of the largest city in Istria, Pula.

History

According to the legend, it developed out of the association of seven villas which were part of the colonial goods of Pula-Pola. Dignano was known as early as Roman times as Vicus Attinianum and listed in historical records in 932 at the time of Pietro Candiniano, to whom the Istrian towns were giving amphorae of good wine in exchange of protection. Inside the historic nucleus, the town preserved its characteristic medieval look with atria and narrow irregularly winding streets among houses, with cobblestoned roads and façades, old streets still impressively recognizable by their Gothic, Venetian Renaissance and Baroque style and many churches rich with memories and art. Among these, St. Jacob Church or delle Trisiere in the old town was designated as a parochial church as early as 1212. It witnessed some important historical events such as the peace agreement with Pula-Pola in 1331 and the writing of the Statute of 1492.

The large People's Square in the centre of the town marks the place where a castle with towers was built, probably in the 4th or the 5th century, and torn down in 1808. The square is surrounded by important buildings such as the City Hall in the neo-Gothic style, the Benussi house, the Bembo house and the Bradamante palace with its decorated façade and an elegant triphora.

The square in front of St. Biagio church, which is the biggest church in Istria and built on remnants of an early Romanesque church that was torn down in 1781 is another important and frequently visited square. The church was consecrated in 1800 and it maintains numerous artistically and culturally valuable works, such as a custody in bas relief from 1451, wooden figures and paintings made from the 14th to the 18th centuries, works by great masters like Paolo Veneziano, Jacopo Contarini, Jacobello del Fiore, Lazzaro Bastiani, Gaetano Grezler, Avenerio Trevisano, Antonio della Zonca and others.

The sacred art collection is specialized in numerous relics and the bodies of saints, reliquaries from Murano, habits of the saints and valuable old books. There are many frescos in other churches: St. Margaret Church (the 12th century), Our Lady Traversa Church (the 13th century), St. Kirin Church (the 6th century) or St. Fosca Church (the 8th-9th century), that are destinations for today's pilgrims. The museum in Vodnjan is located in a palace built in 1300, which belonged to the Bettica family. Church of St. Blaža has a bell tower that is the highest in Istria (62 m).

Demographics
According to the 2021 census, its population was 5,838 with 3,133 living in the city proper.

According to the 2011 census, there were 3,613 inhabitants in Vodnjan, with a total municipality population of 6,119. The municipality of Vodnjan has one of the most diverse ethnic compositions, with 3,160 Croats (51.64%), 1,017 Italians (16.62%), 425 Bosniaks (6.95%), 299 Roma (4.89%), 242 Serbs (3.95%) and 96 Montenegrins (1.57%) of the total population. Montenegrins form a majority in Peroj village. 69.2% are Catholics, 14.0% are Muslims and 6.0% are Orthodox Christians. Many old native residents speak an Istriot language they call Bumbaro. These inhabitants are also called Bumbari.

Settlements

Gajana / Gaiana, population 172
Galižana / Gallesano, population 1,501

Peroj / Peroi, population 833
Vodnjan / Dignano, population 3,613

Gallery

References

External links

Cities and towns in Croatia
Populated places in Istria County
Populated places in Croatia where Italian is an official language

Vodnjan


John Russell (died 30 December 1494) was an English Bishop of Rochester and bishop of Lincoln and Lord Chancellor.

Life
Russell was admitted to Winchester College in 1443, and in 1449 went to Oxford as Fellow of New College. He resigned his fellowship in 1462, and appears to have entered the royal service.

He was appointed Archdeacon of Berkshire and served from 1466 to 1476.

In April 1467 and January 1468 Russell was employed on diplomatic missions for Edward IV of England to Charles the Bold, at Bruges. He was there again in February 1470 as one of the envoys to invest Charles with the Order of the Garter: the Latin speech which Russell delivered on this last occasion was one of William Caxton's earliest publications, probably printed for him at Bruges by Colard Mansion.

In May 1474 Russell was promoted to be Lord Privy Seal, and retained his office even after his consecration as bishop of Rochester on 22 September 1476, and translation to the post of bishop of Lincoln on 7 July 1480.

As a trusted minister of Edward IV, Russell was one of the executors of the king's will. After Lord Chancellor Thomas Rotherham, Archbishop of York, had been dismissed due to his mishandling of the great seal, Russell was appointed to succeed him on 13 May 1483. Reportedly, Russell accepted the appointment only with reluctance. He remained chancellor under King Richard III until being dismissed on 29 July 1485.

Russell was above all things an official, and was sometimes employed by Henry VII in public affairs. But his last years were occupied chiefly with the business of his diocese, and of the university of Oxford, of which he had been elected chancellor in 1483. He died at Nettleham, and was buried at Lincoln Cathedral.

Sir Thomas More called Russell "a wise manne and a good, and of much experience, and one of the best-learned men, undoubtedly, that England had in hys time." Two English speeches composed by Russell, for the intended parliament of Edward V, and the first parliament of Richard III, are printed in Nichols's Grants of Edward V. Some other writings remain in manuscript.

Citations

References

Year of birth missing
1494 deaths
Archdeacons of Berkshire
Bishops of Rochester
Bishops of Lincoln
15th-century English Roman Catholic bishops
Chancellors of the University of Oxford
Lords Privy Seal
Lord chancellors of England

John Russell (bishop)


Dev Kant Barooah (22 February 1914 – 28 January 1996) was an Indian politician from Assam, who served as the 83rd President of the Indian National Congress during the Emergency from 1975 to 1978 and the 7th Governor of Bihar from 1971 to 1973. He also served as union cabinet minister for Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas in  Second Indira Gandhi ministry from 5th February 1973 to 10 th October 1974.He was a member of the 1st Lok Sabha and 6th Lok Sabha. the elder brother of famous assamese poet, Navakanta Barua and the first Assamese person to become the President of the Indian National Congress.

Early life
Baruah was born on 22 February 1914 to Nilkanta Baruah at Dibrugarh, Assam Province (present-day Assam). He studied at Nowgong Government High School and graduated from Banaras Hindu University. After joining the Indian freedom struggle, he was imprisoned in 1930, 1941 and 1942.

Career
In 1949–1951, Baruah's political career began as a member of the Constituent Assembly. He is now chiefly remembered for his alleged sycophancy to Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, encapsulated by his c. 1974 proclamation that "India is Indira. Indira is India." However, he later parted ways with her and joined Congress (Urs), later renamed as Indian Congress (Socialist). He was the Governor of Bihar from 1 February 1971 to 4 February 1973.  He died in New Delhi. He is the first and only Assamese to be elected as a president of Indian National Congress.

Baruah was a noted poet as well. His collection of Assamese poems, Sagar Dekhisa (সাগৰ দেখিছা), is still very popular. He was the elder brother of famous Assamese poet Nabakanta Barua.

References

External links

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|-

1914 births
1996 deaths
20th-century Indian poets
India MPs 1952–1957
India MPs 1977–1979
Assamese-language poets
The Emergency (India)
Governors of Bihar
Indian Congress (Socialist) politicians
Indian National Congress (U) politicians
Lok Sabha members from Assam
Members of the Cabinet of India
People from Dibrugarh district
Presidents of the Indian National Congress
Speakers of the Assam Legislative Assembly
Petroleum and Natural Gas Ministers of India
Indian National Congress politicians from Assam

D. K. Barooah


Pedot is the eleventh album of the Finnish rock band CMX. "Pedot" means "Beasts" in Finnish.

The opening track "Eteläisen tähtitaivaan kartoitus" breaks a CMX tradition of starting their albums with powerful rock songs. It is a minimalistic piano-based ballad with no drums. The title track is heavy, progressive and one of the very few tracks where Tuomas Peippo makes use of double bass pedals. "Uusi ihmiskunta" was the first single from the album (the second was "Kain"), and reached #1 on the Finnish singles chart.

Track listing
All songs written by CMX with lyrics by A. W. Yrjänä.

 "Eteläisen tähtitaivaan kartoitus" – 3:36  ("Mapping of the Southern Star Sky")
 "Pedot" – 4:34  ("Beasts")
 "Uusi ihmiskunta" – 3:31  ("New Mankind")
 "Mustat siivet yli taivaan" – 4:22  ("Black Wings across the Sky")
 "Kain" – 3:55  ("Cain")
 "Suojelusperkele" – 4:10  ("Guardian Devil")
 "Taivaanääreläiset" – 4:17  ("People of Heaven's End")
 "Näkyvän valon olennot" – 2:44  ("Creatures of Visible Light")
 "Tuulenkosija" – 6:16  ("Courter of the Wind")
 "Syysmyrkkylilja" – 3:31  ("Autumn Poison Lily")
 "Sanansaattaja" – 6:17  ("Messenger")
 "Valoa nopeammat koneet" – 4:11  ("Superluminal Machines")

Personnel

 A. W. Yrjänä - Vocals, Bass Guitar, Acoustic Guitar
 Janne Halmkrona - Guitars, Acoustic Guitar
 Timo Rasio - Guitars, Acoustic Guitar, Mandolin, Lap Steel
 Tuomas Peippo - Drums, Percussions
 Pentti Lahti - Flute
 Mikko Mustonen - Trombone
 Jyrki Sahla - Effects recording
 Kikke Heikkinen, Riitta Talasniemi - Background vocals
 Rake - Producer, Engineer, Mixing
 Rauli Eskolin - Keyboards, Programming
 Pauli Saastamoinen - Mastering
 Perttu Saksa - Photography
 Jussi S. Karjalainen - Sleeve Design
 Gabi Hakanen - Executive Producer

References

CMX (band) albums
2005 albums

Pedot


Tarren Otte (born 29 March 1984) is an Australian Olympic synchronized swimmer. She was selected to represent Australia at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics in synchronized swimming.

Personal
Otte was born on 29 March 1984 in Victoria. She earned a Bachelor of Applied Science, enabling her to teach physical education.  , she lives in Port Melbourne.

Otte is  tall and weighs .

Synchronized swimming
Otte is a synchronized swimmer, starting in the sport when she was nine years old.  She also coaches other synchronized swimmers in Melbourne.  Continuing to be involved with sport at times was a struggle because of the finances involved in competing.

In 2007, Otte competed at the FINA world championships in the team event.  The ten person team was the first Australian one to make it in the finals for the synchronised swimming free combination routine. As a nineteen-year-old, she competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics. Part of the team's routine included pretending to be emus, kangaroos and crocodiles. Her team came in seventh,  scoring 40,417 in the technical routine, 41,750 in the free routine, 41,333 in technical merit, and 42,167 in artistic impression.  During the Games, she had a lucky towel.

Otte competed at the 2010 Commonwealth Games and failed to make the podium. She was in fifth place with a score of 39.334 following the first part of the competition. Following the second routine, she finished in fourth place after beating Katrina Abdul Hadi of Malaysia and missing bronze by two points.  She had been considered a medal contender going into the Games.  Following the Commonwealth Games, she briefly retired from the sport.

Otte was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Olympics in synchronized swimming. As a twenty-seven-year-old, she was the oldest member of the team. The FINA World Championships held in Shanghai, China served as the 2012 Olympic qualifying event for the team. In the technical team portion, her team finished 18th  and in the Free Team event, her team finished 17th.

References

Living people
1984 births
Australian synchronised swimmers
Olympic synchronised swimmers for Australia
Synchronized swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Synchronized swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Synchronised swimmers at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games competitors for Australia
People from Port Melbourne
Swimmers from Melbourne
Sportswomen from Victoria (state)

Tarren Otte