Nematolepis squamea , commonly known as Satinwood,  is an upright shrub or small tree species which is endemic to Australia.

Description
Nematolepis squamea is an erect and conical shrub or small tree that grows to 12m in height. It has simple, entire and opposite leathery leaves which are glossy green above and silvery and scalic on the underside. They are lanceolate in shape with a prominent central mid-rib, typically 2.5–8 cm long by 2 cm wide. Stems of new growth are often a red/brown colour and covered in scales. The leaves contain oil glands and are aromatic when crushed. The individual white flowers are small; about 1 cm in diameter, however they can occur in conspicuous clusters of up to 20 in the leaf axils. Each flower has five petals and stamens and flowering occurs between October and December. Fruit capsules are star-like with four or five points.

The Tasmanian endemic subspecies retusa is always a found as a shrub, has a rounded leaf apex, shorter leaves and highly scaly, warty twigs.

Taxonomy
The species was first formally described in 1805 and named Eriostemon squamea. It was transferred to the genus Phebalium in 1896 and subsequently to Nematolepis by Paul G. Wilson in 1998. The name is derived from the Greek words nematos 'thread', lepsis 'scale' and the Latin word squameus 'scaly' referring to the scales on the leaves, stems and stamens.

Three subspecies are currently recognised:
N. squamea subsp. coriacea (Paul G.Wilson) Paul G.Wilson
N. squamea subsp. retusa (Hook.) Paul G.Wilson
N. squamea  (Labill.) Paul G. Wilson subsp. squamea

Distribution and habitat
Nematolepis squamea is found in moist, well-drained areas in Tasmania and south-eastern areas of mainland Australia. It is common in wet sclerophyll forests, rainforests, gullies and riverbanks from the coast to 800m altitude. It's found as a shrub in drier and more alpine areas.

Uses
Satinwood (also known as lancewood in the timber industry) is a dense, hard timber, golden and silky in appearance. It is well-suited to wood turning and veneer, and has been used in cabinet making in the past.

Cultivation
This is a hardy, reliable species for cultivation. It prefers moist, well-drained soil in a partly shaded spot. It can withstand moderate frost, but is intolerant to extensive dryness. Like other members of the Rutaceae, propagation is easiest from cuttings. It can be clipped and pruned to shape and used as a hedge or screen plant.

References

External links

http://anpsa.org.au/n-squ.html
http://avh.ala.org.au/
http://www.tasmaniantimbers.com/

squamea
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Tasmania
Flora of Victoria (state)
Taxa named by Paul G. Wilson

Nematolepis squamea


Buell Hall is an academic building on the Morningside Heights campus of Columbia University in New York City. Built in 1885 as Macy Villa, it is the oldest building on Columbia's campus, and the last remaining building at Columbia which dates back to the Bloomingdale Insane Asylum, on whose grounds the university is now located. It now houses La Maison Française, the oldest French cultural center on an American university campus, as well as the Temple Hoyne Buell Center for the Study of American Architecture of the Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation.

History
Buell Hall was constructed in 1885 on a plot between 116th and 120th streets to serve as a home for the Bloomingdale Insane Asylum's wealthy, male patients. Designed by Ralph Townsend, it was originally named Macy Villa, after businessman William H. Macy. In 1892, the hospital sold the building and the land on which it sat to Columbia University, which was in the process of relocating from its Madison Avenue campus to its current location in Morningside Heights. It was renamed College Hall, and was used for a short period of time by the Columbia men's crew team beginning in 1895, after which it housed Columbia College until the completion of Hamilton Hall in 1907.

Upon the completion of Hamilton Hall, College Hall was physically moved back in order to make room for Kent Hall, and was renamed East Hall. Over the next half century it would house various parts of the university administration, as well as the Alumni Council. In 1956 it became the main building for the Columbia University School of General Studies. The Maison Française, its current occupant, moved in during 1977. It was finally renamed Buell Hall in 1983 after architect and alumnus Temple Hoyne Buell, who donated $5 million towards the creation of the Temple Hoyne Buell Center for the Study of American Architecture; the center moved into Buell Hall in 1990, following an extensive renovation of the building.

References

Columbia University campus
University and college buildings completed in 1885
Relocated buildings and structures in New York City

Buell Hall


Dil Se Dil Tak (English: From Heart To Heart) was an  Indian Hindi romantic television drama, which premiered on 30 January 2017 and aired on Colors TV.
The show deals with the concepts of surrogacy and selfless love. Its premise is based on the 2001 Bollywood film Chori Chori Chupke Chupke.The Show went Off Air on 1 June 2018 and it got replaced by Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka.

Storyline
The Story initially focussed on the lives of Parth (Siddharth Shukla) and Shorvori (Rashami Desai), a happily married couple, which changes after the entry of Teni (Jasmin Bhasin), a young bubbly girl, who decides to become a surrogate mother to their child. But the Story now deals with the Love Triangle of Parth (Rohan Gandotra), Teni (Jasmin Bhasin) and Iqbal (Mohammed Iqbal Khan).

Synopsis
Parth Bhanushali (Siddharth Shukla), the grandson and heir to the conservative and affluent Bhanushali family falls in love with their employee, the Bengal-based beautiful Shorvori (Rashami Desai), and marries her, despite rejection by and subsequent separation from their family. Two years later, Shorvori gets pregnant and is accepted by Parth's family. However, an unfortunate accident results in a miscarriage, rendering Shorvori infertile. Parth and Shorvori keep the miscarriage hidden from the family, not wanting to ruin their happiness and contentment. Then enters their lives, Teni (Jasmin Bhasin), a carefree-outgoing-lively-bubbly Gujarati girl whom Parth and Shorvori select for surrogacy, in return of their promise to fulfill Teni's dream of going to America. Teni gets pregnant with Parth and Shorvori's child through IVF. Shorvori introduces Teni as her cousin to the family as she begins to live in Bhanushali house. Parth's aunt Poyni (Urvashi Upadhyay) with her daughter Sejal (Himani Sharma) doubt that Teni is hiding something and to be not related to Shorvori, given her ways and Gujarati dialect. Sejal tries to defame Teni in front of the family but in vain. Later, the family arranges for Teni's engagement, but she manages to call it off, proclaiming that she is already in a relationship with Parth's friend, Aman (Kunal Verma). Aman comes from the US on Dadaji's (Tej Sapru) insistence to get the situation clear but ends up falling in love with Teni at first sight and proposes marriage to Teni. Teni agrees, to fulfill her desire to get settled in America and live a financially secure life with her lover, Aman. Parth's family conducts a ritual for his and Shorvori's prospective child's welfare but on Shorvori's insistence, Teni sits in the puja with Parth as she is bearing the child. Teni wavers in her decision to marry Aman as she starts falling in love with Parth, the love that she realises as her impending marriage with Aman approaches, but decides to marry Aman for his, Parth and Shovori's sake. Teni however ends up confessing her feelings to Parth as he contemplates revealing everything to Shorvori. Meanwhile, Bhanushali family is in turmoil following the revelations regarding Teni's pregnancy as Parth accepts the baby to be his! Aman is even forced to break all ties with her and he walks out of her life. But when Shorvori come to Parth and Teni's defense, Dadaji comes to the shocking decision of banishing the trio from the family. But on getting to know of the surrogacy truth, the family eventually forgives Parth, Shorvori and Teni as they are again welcomed in the Bhanushali family.

Parth-Shorvori along with the entire Bhanushali family redouble their efforts to take care of Teni and the perspective child. However, Indu (Vaishnavi Mahant), Parth's mother, starts criticizing Shorvori,for lying about her pregnancy to the family. Shorvori feels distressed and goes on to misunderstand Parth's growing relationship with Teni upon noticing Parth and Teni in few random situations. Shorvori makes a stern request, following which Parth stays away from Teni and even refuses to talk to her. Now with the two people closest to her acting distant and aloof, Teni feels neglected and interacts with Parth ragarding the matter as Shorvori walks in and spotting them together, she lashes out at Parth for breaking his promise and accuses him of cheating on her and takes the drastic decision of leaving the house, ending her relationship with Parth. Later, Teni gets to know that Shorvori has brain tumour and is going to die soon. She just pretended as if she misunderstood Parth and Teni to earn their hatred. She forbids Teni from informing Parth about her condition and wants Teni to be the woman for Parth after her death. Shorvori continues her drama to make Parth and family members hate her, but in vain. Teni decides to help her out in her drama as finally, Shorvori sends divorce papers to Parth and even gets him arrested for one night. The family turns against Shorvori as they now believe that Parth should forget Shorvori and marry Teni instead.The entire family supports Teni when she decides to leave the house with the unborn child as Parth had declined her marriage proposal. Parth begins to suspect Shorvori's true intentions and asks Teni to make Shorvori sign the divorce papers in his presence as a condition for marrying Teni. Shorvori calls Teni talk in private, but meets with an accident as her car's brakes fail and it crashes into a tree. Teni witnesses the accident but fails to rescue Shorvori as the car goes up in flames, killing Shorvori!

Teni informs Parth and the family that Shorvori is dead, much to their shock. Parth disbelieves her, but is heartbroken on seeing the dead body in the hospital. While the family members lament Shorvori's death, Parth struggles to cope with the pain of losing her. Teni, following Shorvori's wish, together with the family, finally convinces Parth to move on for the sake of his and Shorvori's unborn child, however, refuses to marry Teni. On seeing the accident video of Shorvori on Teni's phone, Parth accuses her of murdering Shorvori and tries to get her arrested, without listening Teni's explanation. But Dadaji takes Teni's side and saves her. Thereafter, Teni, following another heated argument with Parth, has labour pain as in just 7 months, she gives birth to a baby girl (whom Teni later names the baby as Ipshita, as per late Shorvori's wish, from Parth's 'P',Shorvori's 'S' and Teni's 'T'). After her delivery, Teni's life is at stake, but Parth donates blood to her, saving her life; and in return, Teni, following Parth's demand, leaves the house and again settles in her colony, where she starts her catering business.

On new year's occasion, Parth becomes Teni's partner in a couple dance performance in a competition held in Teni's colony and they win. Teni decides to go to America and asks Parth to come to help her get her visa. Parth becomes very sad and finally confesses his love for Teni and proposes her to marry him which she happily accepts. The whole family prepares for their wedding as per ritual. It is now revealed that Shorvori is alive and had been in coma for 3 months. She returns to the house to reclaim Parth on the day of his wedding with Teni, but gets emotional on seeing Parth marrying Teni and leaves the venue. A stranger offers to drop her, but is drunk and starts misbehaving with her after she gets in the car. This incident is recorded in a CCTV camera and is shown in the news. Parth and Teni, on seeing this, decide to go to Nainital where they get to know Shorvori might be staying.

In gs about Teni and saying that she is having a bad intention and Shorvori starts believing it. On the day of Parth's and Shorvori's wedding anniversary, Poyni tells Parth about Teni's sacrifice. Parth later meets Teni in private and they both promise they will be good friends like they were before. Shorvori wants Parth to either choose Teni or her. Teni hears all this and decides to leave the house. Teni's foot accidently slips and Teni falls. At the hospital Teni starts acting weird. The doctor says that Teni is suffering from Selective Memory Loss. Teni starts living in the Bhanushali House as Ipshita's Caretaker. Later, due to some misunderstandings Teni thinks that Bhanushali Family wishes to sell her and are indulged in human trafficking. So she flees away from the Bhanushali House.

6 years later
The Story shows Parth's daughter Ipshita (Chhahat Tehwani) who is now grown-up. Shorvori has died and Teni is missing from last 6 years. Every family member misses Teni and sees her resemblance in Ipshita. Ipshita misses her mother, Shorvori and Parth also remembers every moment spent with his wife's Shorvori and Teni because Shorvori is dead and Teni is missing. On the other side, Teni is leading a happy life in Delhi and has become a sales manager. She has another love interest named Iqbal (Mohammed Iqbal Khan) who she is about to marry. Due to some consequences Parth and Teni meet each other. Parth and his mother tried to convince her and failed by the cause of Teni's memory loss. Then after leaving Iqbal's house Teni and Parth see each other at the minister's building as goons came to the building already creating chaos forcing the minister to let a man be free from jail. But the minister refused. Gunshots were heard as Parth followed Teni as the goons ensured that was no one in the building.

Cast

Main Cast
 Siddharth Shukla as Parth Bhanushali (Shorvari's Husband and Teni's friend) (2016-2017)
 Rashmi Desai as Shorvari Bhanushali (Parth's wife and Teni's friend) (2017-2018)
 Rohan Gandotra as Parth Bhanushali (Teni's Husband and Ipshita's Father) (2017, for 6 months)
 Jasmin Bhasin as Teni Parth Bhanushali (Parth's Wife and Ipshita's Mother) (2017–Present)
 Mohammed Iqbal Khan as Iqbal Khan (Teni's Fiancé) (2018–Present)
 Chhahat Tewani as Ipshita Parth Bhanushali (Parth & Teni's Daughter) (2018–Present)

Recurring Cast
Tej Sapru as Purushottam Bhanushali (Parth's Grandfather) (2017–Present)
Dolly Minhas as Ambika Purushottam Bhanushali (Parth's Grandmother) (2017–Present)
Sachin Parikh as Ramnik Purushottam Bhanushali (Parth's Father) (2017–Present)
Vaishnavi Mahant as Indu Ramnik Bhanushali (Parth's Mother) (2017–Present)
Urvashi Upadhyay as Poyni Bhanushali (Parth's Aunt and Indu's Sister) (2017–Present)
Abha Parmar as Ammi (Iqbal's Mother) (2018–Present)
Zubeida Verma as Khala (2018–Present)
Tamanna Arora as Rashida (2018–Present)
Siddharth Shukla as Parth Ramnik Bhanusali (Shorvori's Husband and Ipshita's Father) (2017) (Left the Show)
Rashami Desai as Shorvori Parth Bhanushali (Parth's Wife and Ipshita's Mother) (Alive) (2017–18)
Khyati Keswani as Dr. Jalpa Bharat Kumar (Parth's Paternal Aunt and Ramnik's Sister) (2017–Present)
Jignesh Joshi as Dr. Bharat Kumar (Parth's Uncle and Jalpa's Husband) (2017–Present)
Gouri Agarwal as Jagruti Ramnik Bhanushali (Parth's Yonger Sister) (2017–18)

2017 Indian television series debuts
Hindi-language television series
2018 television series endings
2018 disestablishments in India

Dil Se Dil Tak


The Scéla Cano meic Gartnáin () is an Old Irish prose tale of the ninth century or later. It forms part of the Cycles of the Kings.

It deals with the exile and return of Cano mac Gartnáin in sixth century Scotland. The tale involves historical figures such as Cano himself; Gartnán or Gartnait his father; Áedán mac Gabráin, the king of Dal Riada; Diarmait and Blathmac, sons of Áed Sláine; Guaire Aidne of the Uí Fiachrach, the king of Connacht and father of Cano's true love Créd.

The Irish annals contain a number of entries which may suggest that there is a kernel of truth behind the literary invention in the surviving tale, although Cano Garb mac Gartnáin, Guaire Aidne and the sons of Áed Sláine flourished more than half a century after Áedán mac Gabráin.

Manuscript sources
Yellow Book of Lecan (YBL), pp. 128a-132b.
B IV 2 (RIA, Dublin), written by Michael O'Clery in 1627/8: poem of lines 450–497.

References
 Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990.
 Bannerman, John, Studies in the History of Dalriada. Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh, 1974.
 Byrne, Francis John, Irish Kings and High-Kings. Batsford, London, 1973.

Editions and translations
Binchy, Daniel A. (ed.). Scéla Cano meic Gartnáin. Mediaeval and Modern Irish Series 18. Dublin: DIAS, 1963. Reprinted 1975. Edition available from CELT
Meyer, Kuno (ed.). "Scéla Cano meic Gartnáin. From Yellow Book of Lecan, col. 786 (p.128a)." Anecdota from Irish Manuscripts I, ed. O.J. Bergin et al. Halle, 1907. 1-15.
Thurneysen, Rudolf (tr.). "Eine irische Parallele zur Tristan-Sage." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 43 (1924): 385–402. Addenda and corrigenda in Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 16 (1926): 280–2. German translation available from CELT

External links
 Commentary by Dan M. Wiley (The Cycles of the Kings Web Project)
 Scéla Cano meic Gartnáin in Old Irish (in German, translation by Kuno Meyer) at University College Cork's CELT (Corpus of Electronic Texts).

Early Irish literature
Cycles of the Kings

Scéla Cano meic Gartnáin


Suzan Novoberdali (also in Albanian: Suzana Novobërdaliu) is a Kosovar politician, serving as a Member of Parliament of Kosovo since 2007. She is a member of the New Kosovo Alliance political party and the New Kosova Coalition parliamentary caucus. She lost her seat in the 2010 general elections, but returned to the parliament after 14 lawmakers resigned to take cabinet positions. On April 1, 2011, she was announced as a candidate for President of Kosovo, running against former party chairman Behgjet Pacolli in the upcoming parliamentary vote that week.

Novoberdali is the chairperson of the Parliamentary Committee on Human Rights, Gender Equality, Missing Persons and Petitions and also serves on the Committee for European Integration.

References

Living people
Kosovo Albanians
New Kosovo Alliance politicians
People from Gjilan
Year of birth missing (living people)

Suzan Novoberdali


The Saint of Killers is a fictional character who appears in the comic book series Preacher, published by Vertigo Comics in 1995. Writer Garth Ennis created the Saint of Killers with artist Steve Dillon. The Saint is described as "a grim, taciturn, implacable killing machine" with supernatural abilities involving divinity, immortality, and influence over Heaven and Hell. His goals typically centre on bringing down individuals through destruction and death by the laws of Paradise.

The Saint of Killers first appeared as a heartless murderer, who is transformed into the Angel of Death under the condition that he takes up the role of collecting the souls of those who die by violence. Following his reanimation, Heaven arranged for him to be put into a deep slumber, until he was needed to kill people. The Saint was a primary antagonist in the Preacher series, who is tasked by Heaven to kill protagonist Jesse Custer due to his possession by the entity Genesis. Aside from Ennis and Dillon's Preacher, the Saint was featured in his own four-issue limited series, Preacher: Saint of Killers, which expanded on the Saint's background and motivation, and has appeared briefly in the DC Comics series Hitman, cantered on a "wise-cracking assassin plying his trade in Gotham City", and was portrayed by Graham McTavish in the television series adaptation of Preacher; simply referred to as The Cowboy in the first season, the character's real name is revealed to be William Munny in the series' second season, after Clint Eastwood's character from Unforgiven, who was initially cited by Ennis (along with fellow actor Lee Marvin) as his principal inspiration for the Saint's design in the original comic series, with artists Dillon and Glenn Fabry making him look far more physically imposing. The Saint's character and the nature of his evil have been the subject of considerable critical attention.

Empire ranked The Saint of Killers number 43 in their 50 Greatest Comic Characters of All Time, Topless Robot placed him number 3 in their Top 10 Least Heroic Antiheroes, What Culture placed the Saint #57 on their list of the 100 Greatest Comic Book Villains Of All Time, and the character ranked #74 on IGNs Top 100 Comic Book Villains compilation.

Publication history

In his foreword to Preacher: Ancient History, Ennis reveals that Clint Eastwood provided the inspiration for the character of the Saint of Killers, with the face of Lee Marvin influencing Steve Dillon's visual depiction of him. Ennis wished to place a certain degree of emphasis on the outlaw nature of the Saint simultaneously establishing that the Saint, like the lead character of Clint Eastwood's Unforgiven, remains "unforgiven".

Regarding the Saint's origin story, Ennis declared, "His story is a myth. All Westerns are."

Fictional character biography

Origins
Little is told of the Saint of Killers' past, but he fought for the Confederacy in the American Civil War, and was one of the most violent, bloodthirsty soldiers on the battlefield. His reputation grew throughout the conflict, and after the war he was held in high regard and feared not only by the people he fought against and alongside, but by people who'd only heard of his legend. When the war ended, he returned to Texas, earning money from bounties on Indian scalps.

During a raid on a group of Apaches, he met a captive young lady. The woman was injured, but whole, and thanked him for saving her from the horrible and savage acts they would commit, although he maintained that his intention was not to save her, and that she just happened to be there. Nevertheless, he offered her transportation back to her home in Laredo, Texas; but she refused, asking to go on with him. She saw a good man within him, and felt it her mission to bring the goodness out. They were together for a decade, having a daughter and living off the land together in the wild, happy and settled. For the first time in his life, he felt satisfaction and knew that there was more to his life than killing and the sport of death.

At some point, his wife and daughter caught a fever and became bedridden, with the only medicine being a week away by horse. He pledged to get the medicine and get back in time. However, his journey was delayed by a gang of outlaws, led by the despicable Gumbo McCready, in the gritty town of Ratwater, Texas. As a result, by the time he returned home he found his wife and daughter dead. Grief-stricken, he returned to the town of Ratwater and went on a killing spree, hunting down each of the gang members until all but McCready were dead. McCready took a girl hostage, but the gunslinger shot her through the head to get to his prey, damning himself. This shot was his downfall, however: having spent his last bullet on the girl, he pulled the trigger on McCready only to find he was out of ammo; McCready then knocked him out and impaled him in the chest with a shovel.

The soldier died, and his soul went to the place it could only go: Hell.

The Making of the Saint
Due to his many murders, the soldier was sent to Hell. When a soul enters Hell, the horror of the environment's sheer hostility evaporates away the humanity from it, along with all the love, fear and hatred. However, the soldier's hatred could not be contained, and the freezing cold soul of the gunman caused Hell to literally freeze over. Disturbed and intrigued, the Devil personally came out of his palace to learn what had happened.

The Devil tried beating the hatred out of the soldier, to no avail. The soldier's hatred remained cold, untouchable and resilient. But eventually the soldier revealed the source of his intractable hate: the only good thing in his bad life was taken from him, and he died without killing McCready, leaving his thirst for vengeance unsated. The Angel of Death, in the area for a poker game and weary of his position, suggested a solution to both of their problems: the gunman would take his place, bringing death at God's will. He would wield two pistols, cast from the Angel's sword, and he could have his revenge and much, much more. The man agreed. The Devil tended to the gunman's wounds, the magical Walker Colts were cast, and the man left Hell—but not before gunning down the Devil after the latter insulted him.

He returned to earth and slaughtered everyone in the town of Ratwater, including McCready and the corrupt preacher who travelled with him. His killing was indiscriminate: no man, woman, nor child in the town was spared. Due to his dangerously uncontrollable nature, Heaven arranged for him to be put into a deep slumber, until God had need of him as His instrument of death and destruction.

Four years after the events at Ratwater, he was summoned at a place called Wounded Knee Creek.

The Preacher
For the final time, an Angel was sent to wake the Saint of Killers and to instruct him with the task of finding and killing a young man named Jesse Custer. Before being shot through the head by the Saint, he spoke to him about the offspring of both demon and angel, Genesis; whose power was greater than God's. Because of Genesis's possession of Jesse, the young preacher has been granted ability of The Word of God, allowing him to give vocal orders that cannot be disobeyed, and this frightened the Angels.

The Saint agreed. Within a few hours of appointment, he shot his way through the county sheriff's department and was hot on Custer's trail. He eventually found Jesse in a small motel, but both of his guns were stayed by Jesse's voice. This marked the first time that the Saint of Killers was held back from his mission, and a target was allowed to flee. Apart from that, the angel revealed that God, the only power in the Universe that could command the Saint, abandoned Heaven. He let the Preacher go, but vowed to track him down.

He crossed Jesse's path after Jesse left Angelville, the estate of Marie L'Angell, the monstrous matriarch of the L'Angell clan. Angelville was burned to the ground, and all of L'Angell's henchmen were killed. Jesse eluded him for a while, but it was time for the Saint to find him again. The Saint realised that without God in Heaven, there was no one who could command him. The Saint was now able to follow his own path to find Jesse Custer, with no constraints. He travelled to Las Vegas, to find the angels, who started a casino and were easy to find. In their terror, the angels told him everything – Jesse went to France to confront The Grail, a worldwide organization dedicated to triggering the Apocalypse and ruling the world. The Saint hijacked a freighter, killing everyone on board, and sailed it directly to Europe. When he discovered The Grail's headquarters, he homed in on Custer. The Preacher was in a basement with The Grail's Sacred Executioner, Herr Starr; and the Saint was more than willing to kill both Custer and Starr.

Yet again, his hand was stayed. In their possession, The Grail held captive an Angel, to which the Seraph told them that the entity Genesis was the key in gaining answers to God's abandonment of Heaven, as well as the reasons as to why the Saint's wife and daughter died; which intrigued the man, thus taking up the offer. He held off the soldiers of The Grail, giving both Jesse and Starr the chance to get the information they needed from the Seraph – they learned that Jesse possessed all the knowledge of Genesis, but in order to unlock its memories they should travel to the American West and use Native American peyote. Jesse and Starr escaped before the whole base exploded, burying the Saint under several millions of tons of rock and masonry, from which the Saint unearthed himself and made his way back to the United States of America.

Many months later, the Saint encountered Custer and Tulip O'Hare. Jesse told the Saint the truth about why McCready delayed him from his family, which revealed that their deaths were not accidental. Discovering the truth placed the Saint into a fit of rage, and he stepped out and confronted the forces of the U.S. Army and the Grail; single-handedly taking on hundreds of soldiers, tanks and helicopters, and destroying every force that was pitted up against him, which drove Starr to pressure the President into sending a stealth bomber to Monument Valley, turning it into an irradiated wasteland with the Saint in the centre of it.

Amongst the flames and the ubiquitous radiation, the Saint stood up and spat, "Not enough gun."

God
With no one to command him and no targets, the Saint had no purpose. His activities during this point in time are relatively unknown; though after one year he felt a strong sensation which compelled him to go back to Ratwater, Texas, where Jesse was with the Saint's human remains.

Custer told the Saint everything he learned in his quest for God – that God was an attention-fiend, and that he was willing to cause pain, destruction and death for no other reason than to see who would love him. He sparked a war between the angels to find out who would stay on his side. He created a world full of humans who would fight in his name, just to see who adored him more, and that he engineered the creation of Genesis, a being as powerful as Him, in order to see if He could make it love Him.

Custer had a plan; a way of paying God back for the horrors he inflicted upon his creation. But Jesse would require the Saint's help if such a thing were to work. The guns the Saint carried were lethal – no shot hit that did not kill, and their first kill was none other than the Devil himself. But they couldn't simply shoot God, as he shielded himself from Jesse and Genesis's detection. As long as they were looking for Him, God wouldn't budge, but it was the belief of Jesse that if Genesis were out of the picture, that God would head straight for Heaven, where the Saint of Killers would be waiting for him.

When the Saint entered Heaven, the entire Heavenly host was arrayed against him. Rank upon rank of angel flew to keep him away from the heavenly gates, and they were all shot down by his guns. After Jesse's plan worked with Genesis released and God returning to retake his throne, the Saint was waiting for him. God begged for his life, and offered the Saint whatever he wanted – power, life, the lives of his family, anything. But the Saint didn't want anything God offered him. All he wanted, he said, was to rest. The Saint of Killers shot God dead and sat on His throne, pulling his hat over his eyes, and went to sleep, presumably forever.

Characterization

Appearance

The Saint of Killers' body is humanoid and its composition is similar to that of a normal human, with a build similar to a tall muscular male in great physical shape. He is extremely imposing in both height and relative size throughout the Preacher series; generally remains above that of average human height; is distinctly broad-shouldered, generally towering over his fellow characters, including Jesse Custer. Chronologically speaking, his first description was given as, "Just a stooped and weathered man on a flea-bit mare, the Walker Colt worn backwards on his hip and the Henry rifle by his saddle silent now for many a year."

As the Saint of Killers grew up during the early 19th Century and the trade to which he was in, his costume started out differently. As time progressed and came the period where he was tracking the band of Kiowa and meeting of his future wife, we see the Saint sans-coat donning a blue shirt, cross-suspenders, grey trousers and his wide brimmed hat.

While in Hell much of his clothing remained, until Satan whipped him repeatedly which tore his coat to shreds along with the skin and flesh from his back. Shortly after being bequeathed the title of 'The Saint of Killers', by the Angel of Death, he was presented with the attire he would remain with while placed on Earth: a long loose-fitting yellow duster coat, a wide brimmed hat, two Colt revolvers, and a cross draw holster at the trouser belt line.

Personality
The Saint of Killers, though supremely powerful and feared, suffers with an explosive temper, which has been triggered through insolence or disrespect, of which the latter was seen when he slew the Devil. His resolve and vengeance were so strong that during the events of Ratwater he was killing indiscriminately, with children dying at his hand. However, perhaps due to his longevity and realisation of "damning himself", he begins to show leniency in certain areas, for example, he will not necessarily kill unless provoked. He too has shown new-found compassion and awareness when he learns of information pertaining to his family from Custer, by which he was approaching the role of an anti-hero. From his radically altered perspective, which awakens when he learns of God's purpose and when he fulfills his vengeance, almost all human concerns appear pointless and without obvious merit, to which he sleeps.

Custer once stated, "Before the world shook to the thunder of his guns, there was yet some good in his heart: and that was the tragedy." While Jesse acknowledged the Saint's "ten long years" of attempting to change from his past during the Civil War; he trembled when Custer brought up the events of Ratwater, and he too has shown aspects of compassion through mercy killing.

Powers and abilities
Throughout Preacher, he is shown to be immensely powerful and seemingly invulnerable to all harm, to an extent rarely seen in comics; bullets bounced off him, a direct hit from a tank didn't affect him, being underneath a collapsing mountain simply meant he had to dig himself out, and being hit in the chest with a nuclear missile caused no damage to him or his clothes. He also felt no pain and shrugged off the whole affair with the words, "Not enough gun." He is also apparently immovable unless he wishes to be moved: At one point an M-1 Abrams tank moving at speed rammed him, and he stopped it with a kick.

The Saint has demonstrated a degree of superhuman strength. For example, when hit by the vampire Cassidy in a speeding truck the Saint did not budge, and the truck was flipped. When Jesse Custer tried to put his hand on the Saint's shoulder the Saint of Killers flung him several feet like a rag doll. While possessing these abilities, he apparently has the power to enter and leave Heaven at will, although it is not known whether or not he could similarly travel to Hell. Several other transportation and omnipresence abilities have been suggested in his possession, but it is limited in that he must know the place to go to. This weakness can seen when he was tracking down Jesse Custer and threatened to "Kill his way across half Creation", but ended up being forced to commandeer a ship to travel from America to France.

Additionally, even before being made a saint he was an expert marksman. Now, however, he is able to draw his guns faster than a man can see, at a seemingly superhuman rate; coupled with a perfect aim — even when men were hanging off his arms the Saint could shoot true and find his target mark. Also, whilst in combat, he has also displayed proficient swordsmanship. His hatred appears to be his greatest power. His hatred was cold enough to temporarily extinguish the fires of Hell and has been the driving force of his existence ever since.

Weapons
The Saint of Killers possesses a pair of Walker Colt revolver pistols, which were bequeathed to him by the Angel of Death, composed from the previous Angel's steel sword and forged in the last fire that burned in Hell, because of the nature of their making, the guns are supernatural in nature:
 They possess unlimited ammunition, and never need to be reloaded.
 They never jam.
 Any shot fired from these guns will always hit its mark, even piercing modern tank armor to reach the intended target.
 His weapons are ultimately lethal to anything: humans, angels, demons, Satan, or even God, any wound inflicted is always fatal regardless of circumstance. The only way to survive the gun is if the target is already dead, as in Cassidy's case.
 Whoever holds the guns can see the mutilated spirits of the victims of the Saint of Killers.

Before becoming the Saint of Killers, his arsenal included a Henry repeating rifle, a Model 1860 Light Cavalry Saber, a Bowie knife, as well as a pair of non-divine Walker Colt pistols.

Weaknesses
His only definite technical weakness appears to be information pertaining to his former life, particularly that of his family; when Herr Starr uses this against him; and as Jesse convinces him that God is at fault for his family's death, which instead alters the Saint's trail from Jesse's to the deity's. Jesse's usage of the Saint's buried remains, in the act of summoning the being, may too be seen as an exploitation in terms of a weakness of inquisitiveness.

While possessed by Genesis, Jesse used the 'Word of God' to perform the feat of command and compelled the Saint of Killers to stay his hand, which was the only time in the Saint's existence where he was prevented from killing.

Analysis and themes
The character of The Saint of Killers is an eternal bounty hunter, one who delights in gratuitous violence on the American frontier in the 1880s following a personal disaster. Ennis described his creation of the Saint as owing much to Clint Eastwood "specifically in his later movies, the long coat, the wide brimmed hat, the old Colt revolvers", however, co-creator [Dillon] preferred Lee Marvin and, as Ennis explained, "that's why you've got this character who I always think moves, speaks and has all the mannerisms of Eastwood but has that kind of handsome ugliness that Lee Marvin had." Dr Julia Round of The Media School, Bournemouth University has suggested such symbols were described as being somewhat reflective commentary on the west, by being "conscious appropriations of its underlying mechanisms", as both Ennis and Dillon based the character of the Saint specifically on the actors as not the characters they played; which is seen throughout Preacher as a means of reflecting the "expectations and genre anxiety" of the readers through the acknowledgement of sources and usage of "implicit commentary.

Michael Grimshaw of the University of Canterbury observes that the Preacher's undercurrent of the violent frontier of the Saint of Killers acts both as a "sub-narrative and explanatory device". He highlights the significance of "blood" and the "murderous acts" committed which have tainted the lands and its denizens, while adding "a land founded on violence can never be pure or peaceful." and placing a degree of emphasis on the link between ideological basis of "blood sacrifice" in the Easter Rising, of which he deems a just comparison. And expresses acknowledgement to Garth Ennis' critique of "neo-romantic ideology" in terms of the "sacrificial outpouring of blood" and its involvement in the alteration of the environment. Within general summary, Grimshaw makes references to Jean Baudrillard's Hyperrealism and Friedrich Nietzsche's God is dead statement.

Grimshaw additionally highlights Ennis' respect and influence, when composing the Saint, as "major" with regard him and the character of William Munny in Clint Eastwood's Unforgiven, placing a juxtaposition through the said commentary, "The Saint of Killers returns to his vigilante ways when his family is brutally murdered in his absence." He then explains and points out the link between the Saint's indestructibility and that of "recent pop-culture vigilantes" such as RoboCop and The Terminator,  while at the same time noting that there is to be a difference by describing the Saint as a "spiritual alien cyborg" from the past acting in the present, as opposed to the future and past dynamic by the latter of the two; he also makes references to Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. He too points out the "theological" nature of Preacher and emphasises that the Saint of Killers is "a reminder of the destructiveness that lurks within humanity" whilst adding "... unleashed by God's interference and then abandonment", only if the "future mechanical cyborg killer" was indeed a result of humanity's deemed inherit interference with the natural created order.

Using the perspective of Philosopher Julia Kristeva, Grimshaw places significance on the Kristevan outlook in that "The world is a site of Kristevan abjection", whilst adding that "The corpse, seen without God and outside of science, is the utmost of abjection. It is death infecting life." Infusing such an ideology into Ennis' Preacher, specifically tying it to the Saint, he deduces that the reanimated corpse of the Saint of Killers which "[stalks] heaven and earth in pursuit of his divine prey" is in fact a leakage of death into life.

Niall Kitson believes every character in Ennis and Dillon's work has a sort of value system, stating, "those who appear good have an innate darkness to them and even the blackest of demons is capable of acting to a moral code", of which the Saint of Killers himself isn't immune to due to displays of such a logical moral system of thought, while Kitson builds upon such proposition by further adding, "[The Saint] has a background steeped in pathos and is not averse to making a deal when it suits his needs". Thus Kitson believes that in some cases the Saint epitomises the antihero, as in his identification of a "narrative construction" with the vampire Cassidy, which he stated to provide a "continuity between the world of men and God", he acknowledges that the same could be of the Saint, "[...] but for the fact that his origins remain undisclosed until later in the narrative and his character as gun for hire only later transforms in a sympathetic loner with a mission".

The Saint's background has been explored, as well as Ennis' Spaghetti Western influences. Kjartan Fossberg Jónsson argues that while Jesse is Ennis' representation on the "western hero" while the Saint represents "the old west, film, and myth." Jónsson specifically identifies similarities between the opening panels of Preacher: The Saint of Killers and the opening scenes of Sergio Corbucci's The Great Silence (1968). While showing additional comparisons to Sergio Leone's films, by commenting on Leone's fusion of landscape and facial features, and concluded such a point by suggesting, "All characters in the miniseries have peculiar faces, especially the gang of outlaws"; he concluded by suggesting that Clint Eastwood's influence on the Saint "strengthens [the] ink" of the Spaghetti Western influence throughout.

In other media

Television
The Saint of Killers appears in AMC TV show Preacher. In the series, he is portrayed by Scottish actor Graham McTavish. Simply referred to as The Cowboy in the first season, the character's real name is revealed to be William Munny in the second season episode "On Your Knees", after Clint Eastwood's character from Unforgiven.

References in other works
The Saint of Killers has also been referenced or parodied in other forms of media, including:
 The Saint of Killers made a cameo appearance in Garth Ennis's DC Comics series Hitman.
 Belgian band Diablo Boulevard released a song titled "Saint of Killers" on their 2011 album Builders of Empires.
 The Saint of Killers is the subject of the song "Bury Me With My Guns On" by American metal band Bobaflex, from the Hell in my Heart album. The song specifically references the deaths of both the Devil and God at the hands of the Saint of Killers, including the massacre of angels when the Saint reached the gates of heaven.

See also
 List of DC Comics characters

References

External links

Characters created by Garth Ennis
Comics by Garth Ennis
Comics characters introduced in 1995
DC Comics characters who use magic
DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
DC Comics characters who can teleport
DC Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics deities
DC Comics fantasy characters
DC Comics male supervillains
DC Comics military personnel
DC Comics television characters
DC Comics titles
DC Comics Western (genre) characters
Fantasy comics
Fictional American Civil War veterans
Fictional characters with dimensional travel abilities
Fictional gunfighters in comics
Fictional marksmen and snipers
Fictional mass murderers
Fictional murdered people
Fictional people of the Confederate States of America
Fictional rampage and spree killers
Fictional soldiers
Mythology in DC Comics
Preacher (comics)
Vertigo Comics characters
Vertigo Comics titles
Vigilante characters in comics
Western (genre) bounty hunters
Western (genre) comics
Western (genre) gunfighters
Western (genre) outlaws

Saint of Killers


The First Epistle to the Thessalonians is the fifty-second book in the Christian Bible, and the thirteenth in the New Testament.

This book is believed to a letter from the Apostle Paul to a church in Thessalonica in modern-day Greece. It is likely the first of Paul's letters, probably written by the end of AD 52 (however, some scholars believe the Epistle to Galatians may have been written at an earlier date: AD 48).

Composition
Most New Testament scholars believe Paul wrote this letter from Corinth, most of the letter has personal information, with only the last two chapters teaching things about what Christians are to believe. Paul's main goal is to encourage and reassure the Christians there. Paul tells them to go on working quietly while waiting in hope for the return of Christ.  Paul also teaches that the dead will be resurrected prior to those still living, and both groups will greet the Lord (Jesus) in the air. These verses are often read at funerals of Christians to comfort their families.

Unlike later Pauline epistles, 1 Thessalonians does not focus on faith or questions of Jewish–Gentile relations, things that are covered in all his other letters. Many scholars see this as an indication that this letter was written before the Epistle to the Galatians, where Paul's teaching on these matters were given.

References

Other websites
I Thessalonians (NIV)
I Thessalonians (KJV)

Pauline epistles
New Testament books

First Epistle to the Thessalonians


Frederick Porter Wensley  (28 March 1865 – 4 December 1949) served as a British police officer from 1888 until 1929, reaching the rank of chief constable of the Scotland Yard Criminal Investigation Department (CID). Serving in Whitechapel for part of his career, he was involved in street patrols during the investigation of the Jack the Ripper murders, details of which he would later publish in his memoirs in 1931. He was one of the 'Big Four', a nickname given to the four Superintendents in charge of the Metropolitan Police CID, with his murder investigations regularly published in the press. The leading prosecuting barrister Sir Richard Muir referred to him as "the greatest detective of all time".

Life and career
Frederick Porter Wensley was born on 28 March 1865 in Taunton, Somerset. His father, George Wensley, was a bootmaker. The family later moved to London, where Frederick became a telegraph messenger before joining the Metropolitan Police in January 1888 at the age of 22. In 1893 he married Laura Elizabeth Martin, they had two sons and a daughter. Both sons were later killed in France during the First World War.

In 1895 Wensley entered the CID as a probationary detective constable and was promoted to detective sergeant three years later. He first gained public attention in 1896 when he was responsible for capturing a burglar and murderer named William Seaman in a fight in Whitechapel in front of a crowd.  Seaman had just murdered a pawnbroker named John Goodman Levy and his housekeeper, Mrs Sarah Gale (Seaman would later insist Levy was a fence of stolen goods).  Unable to get out of the house on the ground floor, Seaman worked his way to the roof and was followed by Wensley. A fierce fight between the men occurred while a crowd collected. In the end Wensley managed to subdue Seaman. Seaman would later hang for the murder of Levy and Mrs Gale, placed between Milsom and Fowler the "Muswell Hill" murderers, to make sure that Fowler did not try to kill his partner as he had tried to do at their trial.

In November 1909 Wensley, now a detective inspector, was awarded the newly instituted King's Police Medal. Between December 1910 and January 1911 he was closely involved in the siege of Sidney Street in the East End of London. This included leading the hunt for the armed fugitive anarchist group. Once the group was located in Sidney Street, he came under direct fire from the sieged house.

On 1 June 1920, Chief Inspector Wensley was made a member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), and in December 1921, now a Superintendent, he became head of the CID at Scotland Yard. In March 1922 Wensley was appointed to the new post of Chief Constable of the CID, having overall command of some 800 detectives in the London area, including 150 working directly from Scotland Yard. In June 1928 he was promoted to officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE).

On 31 July 1929 Wensley retired from the Metropolitan Police after 41 years' service. He died on 4 December 1949.

Controversial cases
Wensley's actions in two of his cases have been questioned over the years. In the "Clapham Common" Mystery of 1911, linked by the press to the Sidney Street siege, the chief suspect, Steinie Morrison may have been observed unfairly by witnesses shepherded by Wensley. Wensley always continued to believe that Morrison killed the victim Leon Beron for his money (Beron carried a large sum on him at all times).

The other controversial case was that of Edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters, both executed in 1923 for the stabbing murder of Edith's husband Percy the previous year. This case was notable because Mrs Thompson appears never to have been linked to the murder committed by her lover, except for letters she wrote to Bywaters suggesting she was trying to poison Percy. Sir Bernard Spilsbury tested for poison, but found nothing. It is likely that Thompson was actually convicted (like Florence Maybrick over thirty years earlier) for committing adultery. Initially she claimed she did not know who attacked Percy. However, Bywaters had been caught already, and Wensley wanted to test his theory of a joint murder plot. While Thompson was crossing the floor after being questioned, she saw Bywaters being led across in a different direction. She apparently collapsed and said, "Oh, why did he do it?!"

Wensley also worked on the murder of Frenchwoman Emilienne Gerard, whose body was discovered on 2 November 1917. He interviewed Gerard's lover, Louis Voisin, and arrested him after discovering that he misspelt "bloody" in the same way as the murderer, who had left "blodie Belgium" at the crime scene.

Published works
While Wensley's memoirs appear under the more common title of Forty Years of Scotland Yard, they were originally published in London under the title Detective Days and were only renamed upon subsequent publishing in New York City. In them, Wensley downplayed his own role in the investigation of the Ripper murders:

Not that I had much to do with it. In common with hundreds of others I was drafted there, and we patrolled the streets usually in pairs-without any tangible result. We did, however, rather anticipate a great commercial invention. To our clumsy regulation boots we nailed strips of rubber, usually bits of old bicycle tires, and so ensured some measure of silence when walking.

Wensley also agreed with commonly held theories that the police were never sure of their suspects, he commenting "Officially, only five (with a possible sixth) murders were attributed to Jack the Ripper."

Notes

References
 Brookman, Simon Frederick Wensley: 'The greatest detective of all time'''. Orders & Medals Research Society Journal (Volume 58, number 4) December 2019
 Lustgarten, Edgar Verdict in Dispute. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1950. (Lustgarten is quite critical of Wensley's performance in both cases, although recognises Wensley's general reputation.)
 Lustgarten, Edgar The Murder and the Trial, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1958. (Lustgarten is quite critical of Wensley's performance in both cases, although recognises Wensley's general reputation.)
 Wensley, Frederick Porter Forty Years of Scotland Yard. New York City, 1931
 Moss, Eloise. "The scrapbooking detective: Frederick Porter Wensley and the limits of 'celebrity'and 'authority' in inter-war Britain." Social History 40, no. 1 (2015): 58-81. Open access version viewable here.
 Moss, Eloise. "Scrapbooks: A proliferation of meaning." Approaching Historical Sources in their Contexts: Space, Time and Performance'' (2020). [Chapter exploring Wensley's scrapbooks.
 Interview with Dr Eloise Moss on Frederick Wensley's scrapbooks on The Scrapbook History Podcast.
 Bishopsgate Library in London holds an archive collection of Frederick Wensley's diaries, notebooks, scrapbooks and other documents, donated by his daughter Edith Wensley.

Jack the Ripper
1949 deaths
Metropolitan Police chief officers
1865 births
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Metropolitan Police recipients of the Queen's Police Medal

Frederick Wensley


CBC News is a division of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation responsible for the news gathering and production of news programs on the corporation's English-language operations, namely CBC Television, CBC Radio, CBC News Network, and CBC.ca. Founded in 1941, CBC News is the largest news broadcaster in Canada and has local, regional, and national broadcasts and stations. It frequently collaborates with its organizationally separate French-language counterpart, Radio-Canada Info.

History
The first CBC newscast was a bilingual radio report on November 2, 1936. The CBC News Service was inaugurated during World War II on January 1, 1941, when Dan McArthur, chief news editor, had Wells Ritchie prepare for the announcer Charles Jennings a national report at 8:00 pm. Readers who followed Jennings were Lorne Greene, Frank Herbert and Earl Cameron. CBC News Roundup (French counterpart: La revue de l'actualité) started on August 16, 1943, at 7:45 pm, being replaced by The World at Six on October 31, 1966.

On English-language television the first newscast, part of CBC Newsmagazine, was given on September 8, 1952, on CBLT (Toronto), the only English station then telecasting. Later that year CBC National News was introduced (anchors: Larry Henderson, Earl Cameron, Stanley Burke), then changing its name to The National in 1970.

The CBC began delivering news online in 1996 via the Newsworld Online website. The CBC News Online site launched in 1998.  In 2016, the site was renamed CBC Indigenous. In 2017, CBC News relaunched its flagship newscast, The National, with four co-anchors based in Toronto, Ottawa and Vancouver and later two anchors Monday through Thursday and a single anchor on Friday and Sunday.

News output

Television

The Television News section of CBC News is responsible for the news programs on CBC Television and CBC News Network, including national news programs like The National, Marketplace, The Fifth Estate, and The Investigators with Diana Swain. It is also responsible for The Weekly with Wendy Mesley until its cancellation in September 2020.

They are also responsible for news, business, weather and sports information for Air Canada's inflight entertainment.

Local

Most local newscasts on CBC Television are branded as CBC News: [city/province name], such as CBC News: Toronto at Six. Local radio newscasts are heard on the half-hour during morning and afternoon drive shows and on the hour at other times during the day.

Radio

The Radio News section of CBC News produces on-the-hour updates for the CBC's national radio newscasts and provides content for regional updates. Major radio programs include World Report, The World at Six, The World This Hour and The World this Weekend. The majority of news and information is aired on CBC Radio One. All newscasts are available on demand online, via apps or via voice-activated virtual assistants.

Online
CBC News Online is the CBC's CBC.ca news website. Launched in 1996, it was named one of the most popular news websites in Canada in 2012. The website provides regional, national, and international news coverage, and investigative, politics, business, arts and entertainment, investigative, politics, business, entertainment, Indigenous, health, science and tech news. An Opinion section was reintroduced in November 2016. Many reports are accompanied by podcasting, audio and video from the CBC's television and radio news services. CBC News content is available on multiple platforms including Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.

In November 2022, the CBC launched CBC News Explore, a free ad-supported streaming television service. In addition to existing CBC news and information programming, new original programming on the service includes About That, a daily news and interview show hosted by Andrew Chang; Planet Wonder, an environmental news series hosted by Johanna Wagstaffe; Big, a documentary series about industry; and This Week in Canada, which highlights local news stories from the CBC's local news bureaux in various cities.

Network

CBC News Network (formerly CBC Newsworld) is an English-language news channel owned and operated by the CBC. It began broadcasting on July 31, 1989, from several regional studios in Halifax, Toronto, Winnipeg and Calgary. It was revamped and relaunched as the CBC News Network in 2009 as part of a larger renewal  of the CBC News division. Current programs include CBC News Now (based in Toronto with Heather Hiscox, Suhana Meharchand, Carole MacNeil, John Northcott, Andrew Nichols (weekdays) and Aarti Pole and Michael Serapio (weekends), Power & Politics (based in Ottawa with host Vassy Kapelos), and The National (with Adrienne Arsenault, Ian Hanomansing (Toronto), Andrew Chang (Vancouver) and Rosemary Barton (Ottawa)). The network dropped the four-anchor format on January 22, 2020, and had Arsenault and Chang co-anchor from Monday through Thursday with Hanomansing as solo anchor for the Friday and Sunday editions. Barton became the chief political correspondent for CBC News; she continues to host The National'''s weekly "At Issue" political panel.

Weather centre
In November 2005, the CBC News Weather Centre was established to cover local and international weather, using in part data provided by Environment Canada. Claire Martin was hired to serve as the primary face of the Weather Centre.

In April 2014, the national weather centre was effectively disbanded due to CBC budget cuts (Martin had left the CBC a few months prior); weather presenters at local CBC stations were retained but with the added responsibility of supplying reports for The National and CBC News Network.

In November 2014, citing difficulties implementing this new system, the CBC announced a one-year trial content sharing partnership with The Weather Network, the privately owned cable specialty channel, which went into effect on December 8. Under the partnership, in exchange for access to weather-related news coverage from the CBC, The Weather Network provides the national weather reports seen on The National and CBCNN daytime programming, as well as local forecasts for CBC Toronto's weekend newscasts. Apart from Toronto, weather coverage during local newscasts was not affected, and CBC Vancouver meteorologist Johanna Wagstaffe continues to provide weather coverage for the Vancouver-based (primetime) editions of CBC News Now on CBC News Network.

Most local CBC stations have retained their weather team to provide local weather information, including:
 Johanna Wagstaffe – CBC Vancouver meteorologist
 Ian Black – CBC Ottawa meteorologist
 John Sauder – CBC Manitoba meteorologist
 Jay Scotland – CBC PEI meteorologist
 Karen Johnson – CBC Toronto and Windsor weather specialist
 Catherine Verdon-Diamond – CBC Montreal weather specialist
 Tanara McLean – CBC Edmonton/Calgary weather specialist

The content partnership with the Weather Network has continued beyond the original one-year period, and has been expanded. The weather section of CBC.ca has been phased out in favour of forecasts from The Weather Network, and local CBC news headlines are displayed on the latter's website.

Programming

Television
CBC News provides the following television programs.

Current programs:The National, flagship news programCBC News NowThe Fifth Estate, weekly news magazineMarketplace, consumer news magazinePower & Politics, political news programThe Investigators with Diana SwainLocal newscasts
Documentary series Doc Zone, The Passionate Eye, CBC Docs POV and The Nature of Things air on CBC News Network but are not produced by CBC News.Rosemary Barton Live, Sunday news program replacing The Weekly with Wendy MesleyCanada Tonight with Ginella Massa, weekday news program

Former programs:CBC News Magazine (1952–81)The Journal (1982–92)CBC Prime Time News (1992–1995)Mansbridge One on One (1999–2017)The Exchange (2009–2016)On the Money, business news program (2016–2018)The Weekly with Wendy Mesley (2018–2020)

Radio
CBC News provides the following radio programs.World Report, morning newscastThe World This Hour, hourly newscastThe World at Six, national dinner-hour newscastThe World This WeekendThe House, weekly national political affairs show
Local newscasts

 Digital
CBC Digital provides the following services:

 CBCNews.ca website and Digital News App
 Live and on-demand streaming of radio and TV news programming
 Podcasts (broadcast highlights and original content like Finding Cleo)
 Social media including Facebook. Instagram and Snapchat. CBC News Twitter feed has over 2.5M followers.
 Digital delivery of CBC News in airports, trains, elevators and coffee chain

Bias allegations
Public surveys in 2002 suggest that the CBC was viewed with potential left-wing bias.

In 2009, CBC President Hubert Lacroix commissioned a study to determine whether its news was biased, and if so, to what extent. He said: "Our job — and we take it seriously — is to ensure that the information that we put out is fair and unbiased in everything that we do." The study suggests Canadians perceived the CBC as having a more left-of-centre bias than other Canadian news organizations.

A 2017 survey of Canadians suggested that CBC TV was the most biased national news media outlet (perceived biased by 50% of Canadians overall, tied with The Globe and Mail'') followed closely by CBC Radio (perceived biased by 49% of Canadians overall). Respondents predominantly saw a bias towards CBC TV and radio coverage favouring the Liberal party, a view that held consistently across Conservative, Liberal and NDP voters.

Hall of Fame
The CBC News Hall of Fame was established in 2015 to honour men and women who have shaped Canadian journalism. Located in CBC's Toronto headquarters, inductees include:

 2015 – Knowlton Nash
 2016 – Joe Schlesinger
 2017 – Barbara Frum
 2018 – Trina McQueen
 2019 – Matthew Halton and Peter Stursberg
 2020 – Ernest Tucker
 2021 – Rassi Nashalik

Ombudsman

The CBC sets out to maintain its accuracy, integrity and fairness in its journalism. As a Canadian institution and a press undertaking, the CBC set out the Journalistic Standards and Practices and works in compliance with these principles. Balanced viewpoints must be presented through on-the-air discussions. As it is with other public and private journalistic undertakings, credibility in the eyes of the general population is seen as the corporation's most valuable asset. The CBC Ombudsman is completely independent of CBC program staff and management, reporting directly to the President of the CBC and, through the President, to the corporation's board of directors.

Bureaus

CBC has reporters stationed in the following cities. Main cities are listed with the notation (M).

 Whitehorse, Yukon (M)
 Victoria, British Columbia
 Vancouver, British Columbia (M)
 Kamloops, British Columbia
 Kelowna, British Columbia
 Nelson, British Columbia
 Prince George, British Columbia
 Prince Rupert, British Columbia
 Yellowknife, Northwest Territories (M)
 Inuvik, Northwest Territories
 Calgary, Alberta (M)
 Edmonton, Alberta (M)
 Fort McMurray, Alberta
 Grande Prairie, Alberta
 Lethbridge, Alberta
 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
 Regina, Saskatchewan (M)
 Winnipeg, Manitoba (M)
 Brandon, Manitoba
 Thunder Bay, Ontario
 Windsor, Ontario (M)
 London, Ontario
 Sudbury, Ontario
 Kingston, Ontario
 Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario
 Hamilton, Ontario
 Toronto, Ontario (M)
 Ottawa, Ontario (M)
 Montreal, Quebec (M)
 Quebec City, Quebec (M)
 Sherbrooke, Quebec
 Fredericton, New Brunswick (M)
 Saint John, New Brunswick
 Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador
 Moncton, New Brunswick
 Bathurst, New Brunswick
 Halifax, Nova Scotia (M)
 Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island (M)
 Sydney, Nova Scotia
 Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador
 Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador
 St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador (M)
 Iqaluit, Nunavut

Currently vacant:

 Thompson, Manitoba
 Labrador City, Newfoundland and Labrador
 Hay River, Northwest Territories

International
 London, United Kingdom (M)
 Jerusalem, Israel (M)
 Washington, D.C., United States (M)
 New York City, United States (M)
 Los Angeles, United States

Former
 Moscow, Russia (closed May 2022)
 Beijing, China (closed November 2022; English-language posting vacant since 2020)

CBC also uses satellite bureaus, with reporters who fly in when a story occurs outside the bureaus. In the late 1990s, the CBC and other media outlets cut back their overseas operations.

Foreign correspondents

 London – Margaret Evans, Chris Brown, and Jared Thomas
 Jerusalem – Derek Stoffel
 Washington, D.C. – Paul Hunter/Katie Simpson with Matt Kwong, Ellen Mauro, and Lyndsay Duncombe
 New York – Kris Reyes
 Los Angeles –

See also

List of Canadian Broadcasting Corporation personalities
Ici Radio-Canada Télé

References

External links
CBC News
CBC Annual Reports (1996–97 to present)

1941 establishments in Canada
Canadian podcasters
Canadian news websites
Podcasting companies

CBC News


Alfred W. Taubenberger (born 1953) is an American politician and businessman. A member of the Republican Party, he served as an at-large member of the Philadelphia City Council from 2016 to 2020.

Greater Northeast Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce
Taubenberger was President of the Greater Northeast Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce from 1991-2015.

Political career

Taubenberger later held staff jobs for Republican Congressman Charles F. Dougherty in the early 1980s and later for two City Council members, Democrat Joan Krajewski and Republican Jack Kelly.  Taubenberger worked as Councilman Kelly's chief-of-staff, was vice-chair of the Philadelphia Tax Reform Commission, member of the Philadelphia Zoning Code Commission, administrator of the Philadelphia City Council Republican Caucus, and ran the district office of U.S. Rep. Charles F. Dougherty. but also had a dual title as the administrator of the Philadelphia City Council Republican Caucus.  in 1980, Dougherty promoted him to the Director of Constituent Relations, where Taubenberger supervised 3 offices and 12 people. Following his time with Dougherty's office, he joined the Mid-Atlantic Trade Adjustment Assistance Center, a program of the United States Department of Commerce. The program was designed to help American companies which were adversely affected by foreign import competition. Under Councilwoman Joan Krajewski, he was the Administrator Secretary for City Council's Economic Development Committee. In addition, Taubenberger served as the Business Liaison for Councilwoman Krajewski's office.

In 2002 and 2004 Taubenberger ran for Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district. Both times, he was defeated in the primary election by Melissa Brown.

In 2007, Taubenberger ran for mayor of Philadelphia against Michael Nutter. Taubenberger was defeated by the a then-record margin in Mayoral history - losing 82.52%  to 17.07%. After the election, Mayor Nutter appointed Taubenberger to the newly formed bipartisan Philadelphia Jobs Commission.

In 2011, Taubenberger ran for an at-large seat on City Council. In the general election, Taubenberger finished narrowly behind David Oh losing by 203 votes for the final at-large City Council seat. Taubenberger earned 6,606 more votes than Oh in Northeast Philadelphia's 14 wards but Oh made up the deficit in North Philadelphia and West Philadelphia.

In 2012, Taubenberger ran for PA Representative and was defeated by a margin of 67.87% to 32.09% to the incumbent Kevin J. Boyle.

In 2015, Taubenberger ran for an at-large seat on City Council. The city council has seven at-large seats, only five of which may be held by the majority party (the Democrats). He faced a field of five Republicans, which included incumbents Dennis M. O'Brien and David Oh, and four candidates from smaller parties. With nearly 99 percent of the ballots counted, Oh and Taubenberger were declared the winners of the two seats.

Personal life
The child of German parents who immigrated from Germany in the 1930s, Taubenberger was raised in Northeast Philadelphia in the Burholme neighborhood. He has been married twice and has 4 children. Three of his children were born from his first marriage with Barbara Muller. He currently resides in the Fox Chase, Philadelphia neighborhood with his second wife, Joanne Brenner Taubenberger and their son William. They are parishioners of Saint Cecilia Parish. Taubenberger is a cousin to world-renowned virologist Jeffery Taubenberger, of Washington, D.C., is Chief of the Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and National Institutes of Health.

References

External links

Campaign Commercial

1953 births
Living people
Pennsylvania State University alumni
Pennsylvania Republicans
Philadelphia City Council members
American people of German descent
21st-century American politicians
United States congressional aides

Al Taubenberger


La Revue Archéologique, published in Paris is one of the oldest, longest-running scientific journals. First appearing in 1844, it is neither the organ of an institution nor of any school, but has complete independence, under the guidance of its current editor, Marie-Christine Hellmann. La Revue Archéologique appears twice annually.

Its center of interest has remained Classical Antiquity since its origins, but its sphere of interest extends beyond, to the Ancient Near East, Anatolia, Etruscan Italy and Central Asia.

References
La Revue Archéologique Contents list since 1992. On line: http://www.cairn.info/
Revue archéologique, Digital copy of the Heidelberg University Library

Archaeology journals
French-language journals
Publications established in 1844
History journals

Revue Archéologique


Charles McIlvaine (1840–1909) was a veteran of the American Civil War who retired to become an author and mycologist.

A Pennsylvania railroad man, McIlvaine joined Company H of the 97th Pennsylvania Infantry on October 17, 1861, and rose to the rank of captain before his resignation and retirement from military service on June 10, 1863.

In 1880, he moved to West Virginia and began his post-military career as a minor author and amateur mycologist. Century Magazine, Harper's Magazine, and similar periodicals, as well as by the Detroit Free Press published a mix of sketches, poems and short stories, often written in an approximation of the rural West Virginia dialect. He also wrote at least two book-length works.  He used the pseudonym Tobe Hodge for much of his writing.

He is better known for his study of mushrooms. McIlvaine compiled his notes into the book One Thousand American Fungi, still named as a "classic" work of American mycology. He is remembered for his writings supporting the edibility and dietary value of mushrooms. He presided over the Philadelphia Mycological Center which published a bulletin of his results. He consumed hundreds of species, including some (such  Russula emetica and Hypholoma fasciculare) that are generally considered poisonous, earning him the nickname 'Old Ironguts'. His experimentation was not without caution, however, and he did not die of mushroom poisoning, but of natural causes.

Selected works

As

The journal of amateur mushrooming, McIlvainea, published by the North American Mycological Association, is named in his honor.

References

 Excerpt retrieved from http://www.pa-roots.com/~pacw/infantry/97th/97thcoh.html on 2006-08-04.

External links

American mycologists
1840 births
1909 deaths
Union Army officers
19th-century American writers
19th-century American male writers
Writers from Pennsylvania
19th-century American botanists
19th-century pseudonymous writers

Charles McIlvaine (mycologist)


Hury Reservoir is a reservoir in County Durham, England situated in Baldersdale.  The reservoir is located about four miles south of Middleton-in-Teesdale and about three miles west of Cotherstone. It supplies water for Teesdale and is owned by Northumbrian Water. It gets its name from the nearby village of Hury. It is almost adjoined to Blackton Reservoir to the immediate west. The dam 'bridges' the River Balder which flows in an easterly direction to meet the River Tees at Cotherstone.  Hury Reservoir was under construction in 1891–92.

See also
 List of reservoirs and dams in the United Kingdom

References

 https://maps.nls.uk/view/125623045

Drinking water reservoirs in England
Reservoirs in County Durham

Hury Reservoir


The second government of Israel was formed during the first Knesset. David Ben-Gurion made an attempt to form a minority government consisting of Mapai and Sephardim and Oriental Communities on 17 October, but it was not approved by the Knesset. Two days later President Chaim Weizmann asked Progressive Party leader Pinchas Rosen to form a government, but it was Ben-Gurion who finally managed to do so on 1 November 1950. The coalition partners were the same as in the first government: Mapai, the United Religious Front, the Progressive Party, the Sephardim and Oriental Communities and the Democratic List of Nazareth.

There was a slight reshuffle in the cabinet; David Remez moved from the Transportation ministry to Education, replacing Zalman Shazar (who was left out of the new cabinet), Dov Yosef replaced Remez as Minister of Transportation, whilst Pinhas Lavon replaced Yosef in as Minister of Agriculture. Ya'akov Geri was appointed Minister of Trade and Industry despite not being a Member of the Knesset. There was also a new Deputy Minister in the Transportation ministry.

The government resigned on 14 February 1951 after the Knesset had rejected David Remez's proposals on the registration of schoolchildren. Elections were held on 30 July 1951.

References

External links
Knesset 1: Government 2 Knesset website

 02
1950 establishments in Israel
1951 disestablishments in Israel
Cabinets established in 1950
Cabinets disestablished in 1951
1950 in Israeli politics
1951 in Israeli politics
 02

Second government of Israel


Trematolobelia singularis, the lavaslope false lobelia, is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known only from the Koʻolau Range on the island of Oahu. It is threatened by the degradation of its habitat. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.

This Hawaiian lobelioid is a shrub with an unbranched stem growing up to 1.5 meters tall. The leaves are long and narrow, measuring up to 18 centimeters long by 1.8 wide. The tubular flower has violet petals up to 5 centimeters long that flare open at the mouth of the tube. The fruit is a rounded capsule containing seeds which are dispersed on the wind. The plant grows in wet, windy habitat on high ridges in the Koʻolau Mountains.

As of 2009 there were four populations of this plant totalling about 133 mature adults and at least 50 juveniles. Threats to these plants and their habitat include feral pigs, rats, slugs, and human disturbance. They face competition from introduced species of plants such as Koster's curse (Clidemia hirta).

References

Lobelioideae
Endemic flora of Hawaii
Biota of Oahu
Critically endangered flora of Oceania
Critically endangered flora of the United States

Trematolobelia singularis


The white lion is a rare colour mutation of the lion, specifically the Southern African lion. White lions in the area of Timbavati are thought to have been indigenous to the Timbavati region of South Africa for centuries, although the earliest recorded sighting in this region was in 1938. White lions first became known to the English-speaking world in 1977 through the book The White Lions of Timbavati.

Description
White lions are not albinos. Their white color is called leucism, and is caused by an allele that is found at the same genetics as the allele that causes albinism. It is thought, but not proven, that the allele is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. They vary from blonde to near-white. This coloration does not appear to pose a disadvantage to their survival. White lions were considered to have been technically extinct in the wild between 1992 and 2004, when the Global White Lion Protection Trust achieved the first successful reintroduction of white lions to their natural habitat. These prides have continued to hunt and breed successfully in the wild, whilst other occurrences of white lion births have been reported in the greater Kruger region since then.

Breeding and genetics

Inbreeding can cause severe problems reproductively, even causing Arnold-Chiari malformation. This causes problems in the brain/skull and the spinal cord, more commonly in humans and dogs. However, ethical reintroduction programs such as The Global White Lion Protection Trust have sought to release captive white lions in to the wild.

White lions in captivity
 A white lion breeding program has been established at Inkwenkwezi Private Game Reserve in South Africa's Eastern Cape province.
 In the 1990s, four white lion cubs were born at the Papanack Park Zoo outside Ottawa. In 2016, a white lion named "Zeus" escaped from captivity, and was shot by zoo officials, due to the threat he posed to the public.
 In March 2017, an attempt to smuggle white lions from Afghanistan to Pakistan was quashed. The origin of the lions was unclear at first, before Border Police Commander-General Ne'matullah Haidari said that they were African. In April 2017, four of the lions were taken to Kabul Zoo, with the other two lions remaining in Kandahar Province.

Lory Park Zoo
Lory Park Zoo is currently in possession of two adult white lions (Daniel and Heidi), who have produced eight cubs. A litter of three cubs was born in 2012 and all three were hand-reared. A second litter of five cubs was born in 2013; three were removed for their own well-being while the remaining two (a male, Gabriel, and a female, Gazelle) were left with the parents. Both cubs are still with the parents and have not been handled by humans. A male cub was traded for other animals in August 2013 and now lives at the Hodonin Zoo in the Czech Republic.

Kruger and Umfolozi
In 1979, three litters containing white lions were recorded in Kruger National Park. In March, a female lion with three white cubs was observed near Tshokwane. In September, three white cubs (from two different lionesses) were seen. Another litter of white female cubs was captured from Kruger National Park and treated for sarcoptic mange. A white lion was observed in the Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve in Zululand.

Rustenburg Wildlife Rehabilitation Center
In 2018, Mufasa, a three-year-old, was in the process of being sold in South Africa after he was taken from an owner illegally keeping him as a pet. An anonymous buyer wanted both Mufasa and a female lion named Soraya, intending to protect both. Over 280,000 signed a petition asking that Mufasa not be auctioned, fearing a buyer might just want the lion for hunting.

Eurasia
The European Association of Zoos and Aquaria opposes the deliberate breeding of white lions.

West Midland Safari Park
In 2004, four white lions arrived at West Midland Safari Park, the only white lions in the United Kingdom. Mubuto, the male, and three lionesses (Marin, Natasha, and JoAnn; spellings undocumented) settled into the Kingdom of the White Lion exhibit at the park very well.

Newspapers and bloggers reported that the four cubs born at West Midland Safari Park, in 2008 had been sold to perform in a Japanese circus. It is alleged that the lions were given to British businessman Jim Clubb, who runs Amazing Animals, which also goes by the name Heythrop Zoological Gardens, in Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire. The animal rights organization Lion Aid, Ltd., quoted Mr. Clubb as saying, first, "No comment," then, "I've no idea if the West Midland Safari Park knew they were going to the circus, that's a matter for them." Bob Lawrence, the Head Keeper of West Midland Safari Park, who appears often in the YouTube videos raising the cubs, told the Worcester News, a local newspaper, that he "would never have supplied the four white lion cubs if he had known they would have ended up performing in a Japanese circus."

Jurques Zoo
In May 2007 four white lion cubs were born at Jurques Zoo in France. The cubs consisted of one male and three females. Each cub weighed approximately  at birth, and all four were in good health. However, they needed to be hand fed because their mother was not taking proper care of them.

Magan Zoo, Abony
A private zoo in Abony, Hungary recently acquired two white lion cubs, one male and one female lion.

Belgrade Zoo
Belgrade Zoo in Serbia has 12 white lions. In 2010 four were born by two female lions, each weighing about 1.5 kg (3.3 pounds). Four additional white lions were born in April 2011. One more cub was born in October 2013, but died soon after.

Pafos Zoo
Pafos Zoo, an Animal and Bird wildlife park in Cyprus, received two seven-month-old white lion cubs in 2011.

Tbilisi Zoo
In December 2013, four white lion cubs were born at Tbilisi Zoo in Georgia. Cubs needed to be hand fed because their mother wasn't taking proper care of them. Another three cubs were born in May 2014.

Karachi Zoo
In 2012, the Karachi Zoo, Pakistan, purchased a juvenile male and juvenile female white lion. They have had 2 cubs.

Bukit Gambang Safari Park, Malaysia
The first white lions introduced into Malaysia was in March 2013 when the Safari Park in Bukit Gambang Resort City (Pahang) opened its door to the public. With 2 males and 3 females, the first white lion was born in May 2014 and was named King.

Wildlife Park of Sunway Lagoon, Malaysia
A couple of white lions named Zola and Zuri reside in the Sunway Lagoon's Wildlife Park since April 2015.

Singapore Night Safari
Singapore Night Safari, A subsidiary of Wildlife Reserves Singapore, recently acquired two white lions, a male and a female.

Taman Safari Indonesia
Taman Safari acquired six white lions from Canada in 2018.

Crimea Lion Park
A couple of white lions named Milady and Rocky were born at Taigan Lion Park in Crimea in March 2019.

Americas

Toronto Zoo
In 2012, Toronto Zoo in Canada received three white lions to their African zone and replacing the single white lioness the zoo had since 1996. In September 2015, four white lion cubs were born at the zoo.

Cincinnati Zoo
In 1998, Cincinnati Zoo in Ohio received two white lions from Siegfried & Roy's White Lion exhibit. Prosperity died on January 6, 2020, at the age of 22. Her female cub Gracious died at age 21 on March 3, 2022.

Reino Animal
Mexican zoo Reino Animal, located in Otumba, State of Mexico, also has a couple of white lions which can be seen at the "Safari Leones" (Lions' Safari).

The Wild Animal Sanctuary
The Wild Animal Sanctuary, located in Keenesburg, Colorado, has at times had white lions rescued from various for-profit zoos or other exploitative situations. All animals at the sanctuary live out the remainder of their lives in large open-air enclosures free from further exploitation.

Lake Tobias Wildlife Park

Lake Tobias Wildlife Park in Halifax, Pennsylvania, has two white lions residing with a tawny male African lion named Leo.

Oceania

Kingdom of Zion
Kingdom of Zion, a private zoo in New Zealand, possesses six male white lions and four female white lions.

Genetics
Genetically, the white lion is the same subspecies as the tawny South African lion (Panthera leo melanochaita), which is found in some wildlife reserves in South Africa, and in zoological parks around the world. White lions are not albinos, but leucistic. They have pigment visible in the eyes (which may be the normal hazel or golden color, blue-gray, or green-gray), paw pads and lips.  Blue-eyed white lions exist and may be selectively bred.  The leucistic trait is due to a recessive mutation in the gene for Tyrosinase (TYR), an enzyme responsible for the production of melanins. More severe mutations in the same gene have been found to cause albinism in many species, while another less severe mutation in the same gene is responsible for the Chinchilla coloring trait seen in several mammals.  Reduced pigment production decreases the deposition of pigment along the hair shaft, restricting it to the tips.  The less pigment there is along the hair shaft, the paler the lion. As a result, "white" lions range from blonde to near-white. The males have pale manes and tail tips instead of the usual dark tawny or black.
In 2013, the specific genetic marker that determines the unique coloration of white lions was identified, after a 7-year study led by the Global White Lion Protection Trust and partnering several different countries.

In the wild within their natural endemic range
From the 1970s onwards, prized for their rarity, the white lions and many 'normal' coloured (tawny) lions carrying the white lion gene were removed from the wild and put into captive breeding and hunting programs and sent to zoos and circuses around the globe. No adult white lion had been seen in their natural habitat after 1992. The Global White Lion Protection Trust (WLT) therefore initiated a world-first re-establishment of white lions within their natural habitat in 2004, based on successful reintroduction techniques. The wild born offspring of rehabilitated white lions were integrated with resident wild tawny lions, and released through a soft release process. Three prides of white lions of high genetic integrity integrated with tawny lions have been successfully established, and are hunting self-sufficiently in their natural habitat, at a predation rate comparable to the wild tawny lions in the same habitat. The genetic marker determining the white colouration was identified in a collaborative study with 5 other countries in October 2013, and is being used to ensure genetic integrity and ultimately to determine the frequency of occurrence of the gene in the wild population.

The primary aim of the Global White Lion Protection Trust (WLT) is to harness the cultural importance of white lions to local indigenous communities, to help protect the Kruger to Canyon (K2C) Biosphere and the greater lion population in this region. This approach is based on the international precedent of the Kermode Bear (Ursus americanus kermodei) in British Columbia, whereby this rare, white variant of the American black bear (Ursus americanus) has been declared a critically endangered subspecies due to its conservation and cultural value, such that the Kermode Bear is being used as a flagship species for protecting a 4000 000 ha wilderness area. As with the Kermode Bear, by protecting the white lions, their entire population within their endemic area would be protected.

Subsequently, white cubs were born in the Timbavati Private Nature Reserve in 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2013, and in the Nwanetsi Area of Kruger National Park in 2014 and 2015, confirming that white lions are a natural occurrence and the recessive gene is still present in the wild population.

In light of the recent decision by South Africa's Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) at CITES 2016, to continue to allow the hunting of captive bred lions ("canned hunting"), and the trade in lion bones from captive bred lions, the Global White Lion Protection Trust (WLT) asserts that the survival of lions in the Greater Kruger Park Region is likely to come under threat, and the white lion is the ideal capstone animal to help better protect all lions in the Greater Kruger Park Region.

As the proposed policy stands for the management of lions in South Africa, the WLT asserts that the legalization of the lion bone trade will increase the supply and therefore demand of wild lion trophies and especially lion bones, increasing poaching and illegal hunting and threatening the future of wild lion populations in South Africa.

See also
 White tiger
 Black panther
 Drakenstein Lion Park
 Kimba the White Lion
 King Cheetah
 Melanistic Asiatic lion
 Siegfried & Roy
 White panther
Kermode bear
Cinnamon bear
White stag

Notes

References

Further reading

 McBride, Chris "The White Lions of Timbavati" 1977  E. Stanton.
 McBride, Chris "Operation White Lion" 1981 St. Martin's Press.

External links

 Global White Lion Protection Trust
 White Lions – History, Mythology and Genetics
 Mutant Big Cats – Lions (with genealogy charts)

Panthera leo melanochaita
Mammals of South Africa
Articles containing video clips
Felid color morphs

White lion


The Trans-Gambia Highway is a major highway in The Gambia, running across the centre of the nation in a north–south direction.

Within the Gambia, the highway consists of two main stretches, the North Bank Road and South Bank Road, each corresponding to the parts of the country on either side of the Gambia River. The two roads ultimately connect via the Senegambia bridge at the village of Fatoto, at the far eastern end of the country. Prior to the building of the bridge, the crossing was served by a ferry.

The road is also economically important for Senegal, in which it is designated as the N4 road.

Geography
The Gambia is an elongated state forming a country that is almost surrounded by Senegal (but not an enclave, as it also borders the Atlantic Ocean).  The Gambia almost separates the Casamance region from the remainder of Senegal, with the only land borders being through dense, uninhabited forest.

South Bank Road

The southern portion of the Trans-Gambia Highway begins in the island capital city, Banjul, before crossing onto the mainland at the Denton Bridge. From here, the route passes through metropolitan Kombo and the principal cities of Kanifing, Serekunda, and Yundum, where it passes near the Banjul International Airport. Leaving the capital, the route proceeds along the full length of the southern half of the country, connecting the major towns of Brikama (36 km), Soma (185 km), Janjanbureh (319 km), Bansang (335 km), and Basse Santa Su (396 km) before terminating at Fatoto (436 km).

At Soma, the highway intersects with an extension of the Trans-Gambia Highway (also known as Senegal Route N4) that provides northward access to the town of Farafenni, on Gambia's northern bank, via the newly-opened Senegambia Bridge. If taken south into Senegal, N4 provides access to Casamance and Ziguinchor.

As of 2019, the South Bank Road is paved for its entire length. Aside from a short four-lane section in Kombo, the road is a two lane highway.

North Bank Road
The northern portion of the highway begins at Barra, at the Banjul–Barra Ferry. Heading eastward, the route traverses the full northern half of the country, passing through the major towns of Farafenni (113 km), Wassu (207 km), Laminkoto (227 km), and Sutukoba (325 km) before reaching the river ferry at Fatoto.

At Farafenni, the highway connects with the extension of the Trans-Gambia Highway (Route N4) that crosses the River Gambia at the Senegambia Bridge, linking the northern half of the Gambia with the town of Soma and points southward in Senegal. Taking N4 northward, meanwhile, leads into Senegal, in the direction of Kaolack and, eventually, Dakar.

As of 2019, the North Bank Road is paved for the distance between Barra and Laminkoto, with the remaining section under construction. The road is two lanes for its entire length.

Senegal
The Trans-Gambia Highway provides the most important connection between the two parts of Senegal.  As the N4, it runs from Kaolack and Nioro, across Gambia and then into Bignona and Ziguinchor in the Casamance.  The actual Gambian section is only 25 km long.

History
With establishment of the Gambia River Development Organization in 1978, plans for a bridge were developed. Despite being repeatedly raised, these plans have not come to fruition.

In August 2005, the Gambia River Authority doubled the prices for the ferry crossing.  In response, the Government of Senegal closed the border crossings.  The prices were reduced at the beginning of October, but Senegal felt the issue was unresolved and threatened that they would construct a tunnel under Gambia, with the claimed support of China.

President of the Gambia Yahya Jammeh and President of Senegal Abdoulaye Wade met on 21 October 2005 and reached an agreement over the fare and a basis for its future calculation. The bridge construction project was again placed into the foreground.

References

See also
Transport in Gambia
Transport in Senegal

Road transport in Senegal
Transport in the Gambia

Trans-Gambia Highway