Sylvia Law OBE (29 March 1931 – 1 April 2004) was a British town planner who was the first woman to be elected as President of the Royal Town Planning Institute.

Life and career
She was born in Southport, Lancashire, the daughter of a cotton waste merchant.  She grew up in Rochdale, and attended Bury Grammar School for Girls and Lowther College, Bodelwyddan Castle, North Wales, before studying geography at Girton College, Cambridge.  She began work as a teacher at Benenden School before leaving to join Unilever as a researcher.  However, she became increasingly interested in urban planning and architecture, particularly the work of Frank Lloyd Wright, and decided to become a planner.

In 1959 she started work as a planning researcher with Kent County Council, and studied for her planning qualification at Regent Street Polytechnic in central London.  Influenced by the work of planning pioneer Patrick Geddes, she developed strong socialist beliefs.  Her work in Kent highlighted the damaging effects of suburban sprawl on the countryside, and led to firmer policies of control on the development of the area.  In 1964 she began working for the Greater London Council, primarily working on public open space provision and outdoor recreation issues, and remaining there until she retired in 1986.  She was actively involved in the Countryside Recreation Research Advisory Group (CRRAG), which created a framework for planning for the recreational and open space needs of communities.

She was elected as a member of the Royal Town Planning Institute's Council in 1965, remaining a member until 1978.  She was elected as the RTPI President for 1974, becoming the first woman ever to hold the office, in the organisation's sixtieth anniversary year.  She also chaired the Institute's education committee, responsible for the institute's examination processes, and led working groups on the Community Land Bill and on the future of planning.  She was appointed OBE in 1975.

References

1931 births
2004 deaths
British urban planners
Women urban planners
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Southport
People educated at Bury Grammar School (Girls)
People educated at Lowther College
Alumni of Girton College, Cambridge
Presidents of the Royal Town Planning Institute

Sylvia Law (planner)


George Clinton (July 26, 1739April 20, 1812) was an American soldier, statesman, and Founding Father of the United States. A prominent Democratic-Republican, Clinton served as the fourth vice president of the United States from 1805 until his death in 1812. He also served as the first Governor of New York from 1777 to 1795 and again from 1801 to 1804. Along with John C. Calhoun, he is one of two vice presidents to hold office under two consecutive presidents.  He was also the first vice-president to die in office.

Clinton served in the French and Indian War, rising to the rank of lieutenant in the colonial militia. He began a legal practice after the war and served as a district attorney for New York City. He became Governor of New York in 1777 and remained in that office until 1795. Clinton supported the cause of independence during the American Revolutionary War and served in the Continental Army despite his gubernatorial position. During and after the war, Clinton was an opponent of Vermont's entrance into the Union on account land claims disputes.

Opposed to the ratification of the United States Constitution, Clinton became a prominent Anti-Federalist and advocated for the addition of the United States Bill of Rights. In the early 1790s, he emerged as a leader of the incipient Democratic-Republican Party, and Clinton served as the party's vice presidential candidate in the 1792 presidential election. Clinton received the third most electoral votes in the election, as President George Washington and Vice President John Adams both won re-election. Clinton did not seek re-election in 1795, but served as governor again from 1801 to 1804. He was the longest-serving governor in U.S. history until Terry Branstad surpassed his record in 2015.

Clinton was again tapped as the Democratic-Republican vice presidential nominee in the 1804 election, as President Thomas Jefferson dumped Aaron Burr from the ticket. Clinton sought his party's presidential nomination in the 1808 election, but the party's congressional nominating caucus instead nominated James Madison. Despite his opposition to Madison, Clinton was re-elected as vice president. Clinton died in 1812, leaving the office of vice president vacant for the first time in U.S. history. Clinton's nephew, DeWitt Clinton, continued the Clinton New York political dynasty after his uncle's death.

Early life
Clinton was born in 1739 in Little Britain, Province of New York. His parents were Colonel Anglo-Irish Charles Clinton and Elizabeth Denniston Clinton, who had left County Longford, Ireland, in 1729 to escape the Penal Laws, a series of laws passed by the Irish Parliament designed to force nonconformists and Catholics to accept the Anglican Church of Ireland. His political interests were inspired by his father, who was a farmer, surveyor, and land speculator, and served as a member of the New York colonial assembly. George Clinton was the brother of General James Clinton and the uncle of New York's future governor, DeWitt Clinton. George was tutored by a local Scottish clergyman.

French and Indian War service
During the French and Indian War he first served on the privateer Defiance operating in the Caribbean,  before enlisting in the provincial militia, where his father held the rank of Colonel. During the French and Indian War George rose to the rank of Lieutenant, accompanying his father in 1758 on Bradstreet's 1758 seizure of Fort Frontenac, cutting one of the major communication and supply lines between the eastern centres of Montreal and Quebec City and France's western territories. He and his brother James were instrumental in capturing a French vessel.

Political career

His father's survey of the New York frontier so impressed the provincial governor (also named George Clinton, and "a distant relative") that he was offered a position as sheriff of New York City and the surrounding county in 1748. After the elder Clinton declined the honor, the governor later designated George as successor to the Clerk of the Ulster County Court of Common Pleas, a position he would assume in 1759 and hold for the next 52 years.

After the war, he read law in New York City under the attorney William Smith. He returned home (which at that time was part of Ulster County) and began his legal practice in 1764. He became district attorney the following year. He was a member of the New York General Assembly for Ulster County from 1768 to 1775, aligned with the anti-British Livingston faction. His brother James was a member of the New York Provincial Congress that assembled in New York City on April 20, 1775.

Revolutionary War
As a member of the New York General Assembly, Clinton was a vocal opponent of British imperial policies. In January 1775, he introduced a motion for the Assembly to approve the resolutions of the First Continental Congress. The motion was defeated, prompting Clinton to warn that the colonies would soon need to take to arms. In March 1775, he twice introduced a motion to declare that the British Parliament had no right to levy taxes on American colonies. His actions caught the attention of the Provincial Congress, which elected him to be one of New York's delegates to the Second Continental Congress. In Philadelphia, Clinton took his seat in Congress on May 15, 1775. He remained a delegate until July 8, 1776. However, on December 19, 1775 the Provincial Congress commissioned him a brigadier general in New York's state militia, tasked with defending the Highlands of the Hudson River from British attack. This role caused him to be absent from many sessions of the Continental Congress. Although he resigned his seat before New York's delegates had been granted permission to vote for, or sign, the Declaration of Independence, he was an enthusiastic supporter of American independence, even suggesting in one speech to Congress that a reward should be offered for the assassination of King George III. While commanding forces of the New York state militia, he built two forts along the Hudson River and stretched a giant chain across the river to keep British forces in New York City from sailing northward.

Wartime governor
On March 25, 1777, Clinton was commissioned a brigadier general in the Continental Army. In June 1777, he was elected at the same time Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York. He formally resigned the Lieutenant Governor's office and took the oath of office as Governor on July 30. He was re-elected five times, remaining in office until June 1795.  Although he had been elected governor, he retained his commission in the Continental Army and commanded forces at Fort Clinton and Fort Montgomery on October 6, 1777. He remained in the Continental Army until it was disbanded on November 3, 1783.

He was known for his hatred of Tories and used the seizure and sale of Tory estates to help keep taxes down. A supporter and friend of George Washington, he supplied food to the troops at Valley Forge, rode with Washington to the first inauguration and gave an impressive dinner to celebrate it. In 1783, at Dobbs Ferry, Clinton and Washington negotiated with General Sir Guy Carleton for the evacuation of the British troops from their remaining posts in the United States. That same year, Clinton became an original member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati and served as its president from 1794 to 1795.

National leader
In the early 1780s, Clinton supported Alexander Hamilton's call for a stronger federal government than had been provided in the Articles of Confederation. However, Clinton eventually came to oppose Hamilton's proposal to allow Congress to impose tariffs, fearing that this power would cut into his home state's main source of income. He became one of the most prominent opponents to the ratification of the proposed United States Constitution, which would grant several new powers to the federal government. After New York and other states had ratified the Constitution, Clinton focused on passing constitutional amendments designed to weaken the powers of the federal government. In 1791, three years after the ratification of the Constitution, the states ratified the United States Bill of Rights.

Twentieth-century historian Herbert Storing identifies Clinton as "Cato", the pseudonymous author of the Anti-Federalist essays which appeared in New York newspapers during the ratification debates. However, the authorship of the essays is disputed.

In the first U.S. presidential election, held from 1788 to 1789, many Anti-Federalists supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Federalists rallied around the candidacy of John Adams, and Adams finished second in the electoral vote behind George Washington, making Adams vice president. Clinton received just three electoral votes, partly because the New York legislature deadlocked and was unable to appoint a slate of electors.

In the 1792 presidential election, he was chosen by the nascent Democratic-Republican Party as their candidate for vice president. While the Republicans joined in the general acclamation of Washington for a second term as president, they objected to the allegedly "monarchical" attitude of Vice President Adams. Clinton was nominated rather than Thomas Jefferson because the Virginia electors could not vote for Washington, and for a second Virginian. Clinton received 50 electoral votes to 77 for Adams. His candidacy was damaged by his anti-Federalist record and by his narrow and disputed re-election as governor in 1792. (He won by only 108 votes, and the substantial anti-Clinton vote of Otsego County was excluded on a technicality.)

He did not run for re-election as governor in 1795. Some Democratic-Republican party leaders attempted to recruit him to run for vice president in 1796 election, but Clinton refused to run and party leaders instead turned to another New Yorker, Aaron Burr. Clinton nonetheless received 7 electoral votes. He held no political office after 1795 until he was elected to the New York State Assembly in April 1800, and was a member of the 24th New York State Legislature. He entered the 1801 gubernatorial race at Burr's urging, and defeated the Federalist Party nominee, Stephen Van Rensselaer. Clinton served as governor until 1804. With 21 years of service, he was the longest-serving governor of a U.S. state until December 14, 2015, when Iowa governor Terry Branstad surpassed him.

Threats to conquer Vermont
The land that is in the present-day state of Vermont was before 1764 a disputed territory claimed by the colonies of New Hampshire and New York.  During 1749–1764 it was governed as a de facto part of New Hampshire and many thousands of settlers arrived. In 1764 King George III awarded the disputed region, then called the New Hampshire Grants, to New York. New York refused to recognize property claims based on New Hampshire law, thus threatening the eviction of many settlers. Consequently, New York's authority was resisted by local authorities and the militia known as the Green Mountain Boys. In 1777, having no further hope of rulings from the king or courts of England to protect their property, the politicians of the disputed territory declared it an independent state to be called Vermont. Vermont's repeated petitions for admission to the Union over the next several years were denied by the Continental Congress, in large part because of opposition from the state of New York and its governor George Clinton.

In 1778 Clinton wrote to some Vermonters loyal to New York, encouraging them "to Oppose the ridiculous and destructive Scheme of erecting those Lands into an Independent State."

On March 2, 1784, the legislature of New York, with Clinton's support, instructed its Congressional delegates to "press Congress for a decision in the long protracted controversy" and that New York would have to "recur to force, for the preservation of her lawful authority" and that if Congress would not act, then New York would be "destitute of the protection of the United States."

However, a Congressional committee recommended recognition of Vermont and its admission to the Union.  The committee's recommended bill was opposed by New York's delegates and did not pass. Six years later the New York legislature decided to give up New York's claims to Vermont on the condition that Congress would admit Vermont to the Union, and the new state was admitted on March 4, 1791.

Vice presidency (1805–1812)
Clinton was selected as President Jefferson's running mate in the 1804 presidential election, replacing Aaron Burr. Vice President Burr had fallen out with the Jefferson administration early in his tenure, and President Jefferson often consulted with Clinton rather than Burr regarding New York appointments. Clinton was selected to replace Burr in 1804 due to his long public service and his popularity in the electorally important state of New York. He was also favored by Jefferson because, at age 69 in 1808, Jefferson hoped that Clinton would be too old to launch a presidential bid against Jefferson's preferred successor, Secretary of State James Madison.

When the Democratic-Republican ticket won the 1804 election, Clinton became the fourth vice president of the United States, and would become the first vice president to serve under two presidents, Jefferson and Madison.  During his first term as vice president, under Thomas Jefferson, Clinton found himself marginalized by the President, as Jefferson sought to avoid enhancing his vice president's stature―still cognizant that Clinton could challenge Madison in 1808.  Not only was Clinton largely ignored by President Jefferson, he struggled in his position as President of the Senate.  He was unfamiliar with the rules of the Senate, and many senators viewed him as an ineffective presiding officer.

Clinton attempted to challenge Madison for the presidency in the 1808 election, but was outmaneuvered by Madison's supporters when the congressional nominating caucus chose him as the vice presidential nominee. Clinton's supporters nonetheless put him forward as a presidential candidate, attacking the foreign policy of the Jefferson administration. The Federalist Party considered endorsing Clinton's candidacy, but ultimately chose to re-nominate their 1804 ticket of Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Rufus King. Clinton received just six electoral votes for president as Madison consolidated support within the party. Although Clinton had effectively run against Madison, he received the vice presidential votes of most Democratic-Republican electors, who did not want to set a precedent of defying the choice of the congressional nominating caucus. After the 1808 election, though he was ostensibly a member of the Madison administration, Clinton and his supporters frequently opposed Madison.  Clinton helped block the appointment of Albert Gallatin as Secretary of State. He also cast an important tie-breaking vote that prevented the recharter of the First Bank of the United States.

Death

In his eighth year as Vice President (his fourth under President Madison), George Clinton died from a heart attack on April 20, 1812, at the age of 72. Clinton was the first vice president to die in office as well as the first vice president to die overall. Clinton was the first of two vice presidents to serve in the position under two different presidents, the other being John C. Calhoun.

His original burial was in Washington, D.C. He was re-interred at the Old Dutch Churchyard in Kingston, New York in 1908.

Clinton's nephew, DeWitt Clinton, challenged Madison in 1812 after George Clinton's death. DeWitt Clinton won the backing of most Federalists, but was nonetheless defeated by Madison.

Marriage and children
On February 7, 1770, Clinton married Sarah Cornelia Tappen (died 1800); they had five daughters and one son. Only three of them outlived their father, and the longest-lived child died at the age of just 45.

 Catharine Clinton (1770–1811); married firstly, to John Taylor, and secondly Pierre Van Cortlandt, Jr.
 Cornelia Tappen Clinton (1774–1810); married Edmond-Charles Genêt
 George Washington Clinton (1778–1813); married Anna Floyd, daughter of William Floyd
 Elizabeth Clinton (1780–1825); married Matthias B. Tallmadge
 Martha Washington Clinton (1783–1795)
 Maria Clinton (1785–1829); married Dr. Stephen D. Beekman, a grandson of Pierre Van Cortlandt

Legacy

Historian Alan Taylor described George Clinton as "The astutest politician in Revolutionary New York," a man who "understood the power of symbolism and the new popularity of a plain style especially when practiced by a man with the means and accomplishments to set himself above the common people." His marriage to Cornelia Tappen strengthened his political position in heavily Dutch Ulster County.

Clinton County, New York; Clinton County, Ohio; the village of Clinton, Oneida County, New York (site of Hamilton College), and Clintonville, Columbus, Ohio are all named for him.

In 1873, the state of New York donated a bronze statue of Clinton to the U.S. Capitol's National Statuary Hall Collection. In 1787 Clinton was depicted on an unauthorized copper coin minted privately in New York with "EXCELSIOR" on reverse.

He was depicted in the painting Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull even though he neither signed it nor was present when it was signed. In 1976 the painting appeared on the reverse of the two dollar bill and printed again in series 1995 and 2003.

In 2000, the State of New York ceremonially renamed the Kingston-Rhinecliff Bridge in honor of Clinton.

Notes

References

Citations

Works cited

Further reading

External links

 George Clinton. The Miller Center, University of Virginia
 The George Clinton Collection at the New York Historical Society

 Architect of the Capitol: George Clinton
 An examination of the Clinton Lineage

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1739 births
1812 deaths
18th-century American politicians
19th-century vice presidents of the United States
Candidates in the 1788–1789 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 1792 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 1796 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 1808 United States presidential election
1804 United States vice-presidential candidates
1808 United States vice-presidential candidates
American people of English descent
American people of Irish descent
Burials in New York (state)
Continental Army generals
Continental Army officers from New York (state)
Continental Congressmen from New York (state)
Democratic-Republican Party state governors of the United States
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Governors of New York (state)
Jefferson administration cabinet members
Madison administration cabinet members
Members of the New York General Assembly
Members of the New York Provincial Assembly
Members of the New York State Assembly
New York (state) Democratic-Republicans
New York (state) lawyers
Politicians from Kingston, New York
People from New Windsor, New York
People of the Province of New York
People of New York in the French and Indian War
Vice presidents of the United States
Columbia University faculty
Clinton family of New York
American slave owners

George Clinton (vice president)


The term use error has recently been introduced to replace the commonly used terms human error and user error. The new term, which has already been adopted by international standards organizations for medical devices (see #Use errors in health care below for references), suggests that accidents should be attributed to the circumstances, rather than to the human beings who happened to be there.

The need for the terminological change
The term "use error" was first used in May 1995 in an MD+DI guest editorial,  "The Issue Is 'Use,' Not 'User,' Error", by William Hyman. Traditionally, human errors are considered as a special aspect of human factors. Accordingly, they are attributed to the human operator, or user.
When taking this approach, we assume that the system design is perfect, and the only source for the use errors is the human operator. For example, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) HFACS
classifies use errors attributed to the human operator, disregarding improper design and configuration setting, which often result in missing alarms, or in inappropriate alerting.

The need for changing the term was due to a common malpractice of the stakeholders (the responsible organizations, the authorities, journalists) in cases of accidents. Instead of investing in fixing the error-prone design, management attributed the error to the users.
The need for the change has been pointed out by the accident investigators:
 Early in 1983, Erik Hollnagel pointed out that the term Human Error refers to the outcome, not to the cause. A user action is typically classified as an error only if the results are painful
 In the story "Leap of Faith" of his book "Set Phasers on Stun", Steve Casey suggested that the accident of the Indian Airlines Flight 605 near Bangalor in 1990 could have been avoided, should the investigators of the Air France Flight 296 accident of 1988 past the Mulhouse-Habsheim airport considered the circumstances (exceptional situation), rather than the pilots (human errors).
 In his book "Managing the Risks of Organizational Accidents" (Organizational models of accidents) James Reason explained and demonstrated that often, the circumstances for accidents could have been controlled by the responsible organization, and not by the operators.
 In his book "The Field Guide to Understanding Human Errors", Sidney Dekker argued that blaming the operators according to "The Old View" results in defensive behavior of operators, which hampers the efforts to learn from near-misses and from accidents.

Use errors vs. force majeure
A mishap is typically considered as either a use error or a force majeure:
 A use error is a mishap in which a human operator is involved. Typically, such mishaps are attributed to the failure of the human operator
 A force majeure is a mishap that does not involve a human being in the chain of events preceding the event.

Use errors in health care
In 1998, Cook, Woods and Miller presented the concept of hindsight bias, exemplified by celebrated accidents in medicine, by a workgroup on patient safety.
The workgroup pointed at the tendency to attribute accidents in health care to isolated human failures.
They provide references to early research about the effect of knowledge of the outcome, which was unavailable beforehand, on later judgement about the processes that led up to that outcome. They explain that in looking back, we tend to oversimplify the situation that the actual practitioners faces. They conclude focusing on the hindsight knowledge prevents our understanding of the richer story, the circumstances of the human error.

According to this position, the term Use Error is formally defined in several international standards, such as IEC 62366, ISO 14155 and ISO 14971, to describe
 an act or omission of an act that results in a different medical device response than intended by the manufacturer or expected by the user.

ISO standards about medical devices and procedures provide examples of use errors, which are attributed to human factors, include slips, lapses and mistakes. Practically, this means that they are attributed to the user, implying the user's accountability.
The  U.S. Food and Drug Administration glossary of medical devices provides the following explanation about this term:

"Safe and effective use of a medical device means that users do not make errors that lead to injury and they achieve the desired medical treatment. If safe and effective use is not achieved, use error has occurred. Why and how use error occurs is a human factors concern."

With this interpretation by ISO and the FDA, the term use error is actually synonymous with user error.
Another approach, which distinguishes 'use errors' from 'user errors', is taken by IEC 62366. Annex A includes an explanation justifying the new term:
"This International Standard uses the concept of use error. This term was chosen over the more commonly used term of "human error" because not all errors associated with the use of medical device are the result of oversight or carelessness of the part of the user of the medical device. Much more commonly, use errors are the direct result of poor user interface design."

This explanation complies with "The New View", which Sidney Dekker suggested as an alternative to "The Old View". This interpretation favors investigations intended to understand the situation, rather than blaming the operators.

In a 2011 report draft on health IT usability, the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines "use error" in healthcare IT this way: "Use error is a term used very specifically to refer to user interface designs that will engender users to make errors of commission or omission. It is true that users do make errors, but many errors are due not to user error per se but due to designs that are flawed, e.g., poorly written messaging, misuse of color-coding conventions, omission of information, etc.".

Example of user error
An example of an accident due to a user error is the ecological disaster of 1967 caused by the Torrey Canyon supertanker. The accident was due to a combination of several exceptional events, the result of which was that the supertanker was heading directly to the rocks. At that point, the captain failed to change the course because the steering control lever was inadvertently set to the Control position, which disconnected the rudder from the wheel at the helm.

Examples of user failure to handle system failure
Examples of the second type are the Three Mile Island accident described above, the NYC blackout following a storm and the chemical plant disaster in Bhopal, India (Bhopal Disaster).

Classifying use errors
The URM Model  characterizes use errors in terms of the user's failure to manage a system deficiency. Six categories of use errors are described in a URM document:
Expected faults with risky results;
Expected faults with unexpected results;
Expected user errors in identifying risky situations (this study);
User Errors in handling expected faults;
Expected errors in function selection;
Unexpected faults, due to operating in exceptional states.

Critics
Erik Hollnagel argues that going from and 'old' view to a 'new' view is not enough. One should go all the way to a 'no' view. This means that the notion of error, whether user error or use error might be destructive rather than constructive.
Instead, he proposes to focus on the performance variability of everyday actions, on the basis that this performance variability is both useful and necessary. In most cases the result is that things go right, in a few cases that things go wrong. But the reason is the same.
Hollnagel expanded on this in his writings about the efficiency–thoroughness trade-off principle
of Resilience Engineering,
and the Resilient Health Care Net.

References

External links
 IEC 62366:2015 - Medical devices -- Application of usability engineering to medical devices
  Nancy Leveson home page

Usability
Safety
Accidents
Error
Computing terminology

Use error


Georgetown is a town in the Mid North region of South Australia. The town is in the Northern Areas Council,  north of the state capital, Adelaide on the Horrocks Highway (Main North Road).

Georgetown was one of the first towns to be surveyed in the upper Mid North when the Strangways Act was passed in 1869 to authorise resumption of pastoral leases to enable closer settlement for more intensive farming purposes. It was surveyed in 1869, along with Redhill. It was the seat of the District Council of Georgetown from 1876 to 1988, but following two successive amalgamations with neighbouring councils, it is now part of the Northern Areas Council.

Georgetown was on the Gladstone railway line from Adelaide. This was constructed in 1894 as  narrow gauge. It was converted to  broad gauge in 1927 and closed in 1988.

Geography and climate

References

Towns in South Australia
Mid North (South Australia)

Georgetown, South Australia


John Komnenos Doukas (, Iōannēs Komnēnos Doúkas), Latinized as Comnenus Ducas, was ruler of Thessalonica from 1237 until his death in 1244.

John was the eldest son of Theodore Komnenos Doukas and Maria Petraliphaina. In 1230 his father was captured together with his family in the Battle of Klokotnitsa by Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria. When his sister Irene married Ivan Asen II in 1237, John was released from captivity together with his now blind father Theodore and his younger brother Demetrios. Theodore and his sons made their way back to Thessalonica and incited a revolt against Theodore's brother Manuel Komnenos Doukas who had ruled the city since 1230.  Since Theodore was blind, he installed his son John as ruler and retired to Vodena.

In 1239, the deposed Manuel returned with Nicaean help and made himself master of Thessaly. Unable to dislodge him, Theodore and John came to terms with the loss of that province.  In 1241 Ivan Asen II died, removing both his suzerainty and his protection from Thessalonica.  Now, if not earlier, John began using the imperial title once used by his father.  This and his exposed position attracted the attention of Emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes of Nicaea.  The Nicaean emperor invited Theodore to a conference and had him arrested, and in 1242 led his army against Thessalonica.  Upon reaching Thessalonica, he sent Theodore to negotiate with his son and obtain his submission.  John was easily induced to content himself with the title of despotes and to recognize the suzerainty of Nicaea.  Securing these concessions, John III Doukas Vatatzes rapidly returned to Asia Minor to combat the invading Seljuk Turks.

John had exhibited little talent for governing and he is said to have desired to become a priest.  He died in 1244 and was succeeded by his younger brother Demetrios.

References

G. Finlay, History of Greece, vol. iii. (1877)

Year of birth missing
1244 deaths
13th-century Byzantine people
John
John
Despots (court title)
13th-century monarchs in Europe

John Komnenos Doukas


Pedro León Zapata (27 February 1929 – 6 February 2015) was a prominent Venezuelan artist, humorist and cartoonist.

Biography

In 1945 he entered the "Escuela de Artes Plásticas de Caracas" but in 1947 he abandoned the school to join the foundation of the "Taller La Barraca de Maripérez" where he exhibited his first works. In the same year, he traveled to Mexico to learn the techniques of the great muralist Diego Rivera and José Clemente Orozco and studied at the Instituto Politécnico Nacional, at La Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes La Esmeralda and the workshop of Siqueiros.

After eleven years he returned to Venezuela and became Professor of Drawing at the Architecture School of the Central University of Venezuela and at the "Escuela de Artes Plásticas Cristóbal Rojas."  In 1959 he began to draw caricatures for newspapers, first for the newspapers Dominguito and later, in 1965, he created a column in the newspaper El Nacional entitled "Zapatazos" which continues to be one of the most important places for critical commentary of the social and political situation in Venezuela. In 1968, the first collection of his caricatures was compiled under the title Las Elecciones de Zapata.

His paintings have been exhibited in many solo expositions, among them "Todo el museo para Zapata" at the Sofía Ímber Museum of Contemporary Art in 1975. He won the "Premio Nacional de Artes Plásticas" in 1980 and the "Premio Nacional de Periodismo" in 1967.

In 1992 he was in charge of designing the image of the Latin American Film Festivals at Biarritz, France and Trieste in Italy and in 1999 he finished an enormous mural  of 1,500m² entitled "Conductores de Venezuela" that adorns the northern edge of the Central University of Venezuela, next to the Francisco Fajardo Highway, and represents historical Venezuelan leaders driving all kinds of vehicles.

One of Zapata's daily cartoons in the newspaper El Nacional became the subject of heavy criticism in Aló Presidente, the weekly TV program of Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, in the year 2000 because of Zapata's view on the transformation of Venezuelan civil society into a military society caused by some of the policies implemented by Chávez at the time, like appointing in government offices numerous ex-military officers and an education plan incorporating military training in all high schools of the country. Chávez demanded an explanation for the meaning of the cartoon and suggested that Zapata had been paid to draw it. Zapata responded by drawing another cartoon which asked Chávez, "Hugo Rafael, how much were you paid to promote the cartoon?" since the newspaper sales and the profile of Zapata increased because of the controversy.

In February 2005, he received an honorary PhD from the Central University of Venezuela. The ceremony was hosted by Laureano Márquez, Claudio Nazoa, Graterolacho, Oscar Yanes, Cayito Aponte, Rubén Monasterios and Otrova Gomas.

Works
 "Zapata contra Pinochet" (Caracas: Ediciones Barricada 1980)
 "Caracas: Monte y Culebra" (Caracas : Pomaire 1987)
 (with Salvador Garmendia) "Crónicas Sádicas" (Caracas : Pomaire1990)
 "Dressed and undressed : painted drawings by Pedro León Zapata" (Washington, D.C. : Art Museum of the Americas, Organization of American States 1997)
"¡Zapata...Firme!: un país en blanco y negro" (Caracas: Ediciones EG 2001)

See also
 National Prize of Plastic Arts of Venezuela

References

External links
Interview with Zapata "My only aspiration is to be a loser" (2001).
"Cartoon and Crisis" Interview with Zapata from the Newshour with Jim Lehrer (also video) on the controversy with Hugo Chávez (2002)
Interview with Zapata "This revolution does not make me laugh", from the Newspaper "Tal Cual" (2003).
Celebration of the 40th anniversary of the column "Zapatazos" in the newspaper El Nacional.
Interview with Zapata "Drawing is my language", from the newspaper "El Carabobeño" (2005)
Dedicated to his life and work
Caricatures and Essays on Zapata

1929 births
2015 deaths
Venezuelan painters
Academic staff of the Central University of Venezuela
Escuela Nacional de Pintura, Escultura y Grabado "La Esmeralda" alumni
Deaths in Caracas

Pedro León Zapata


Simon Andrew Hicks Mayo  (born 21 September 1958) is an English radio presenter and author who worked for BBC Radio from 1982 until 2022.

Mayo has presented across three BBC stations for extended periods. From 1986 to 2001 he worked for Radio 1, including a five-year stint on the Radio 1 Breakfast Show. From 2001 he presented on BBC Radio 5 Live: from his debut until 2009 on a daily afternoon programme, and since then until 2022 with Kermode and Mayo's Film Review on Fridays. Between January 2010 to December 2018 he was the presenter of Simon Mayo Drivetime on BBC Radio 2, for the final six months with co-host Jo Whiley. Since March 2021, Simon Mayo Drivetime has returned on Greatest Hits Radio.

In 2008, Mayo was recognised as the "Radio Broadcaster of the Year"  at the 34th annual Broadcasting Press Guild Awards, and the "Speech Broadcaster of the Year" at the Sony Radio Academy Awards, receiving the latter for his "ability to paint colourful pictures of location and event and his ability to bring the very best out of his guests, encouraging conversation and interaction between them while skilfully nudging and controlling them" and for being  "a master of light and shade, handling serious and lighter issues with aplomb."

Mayo is also a published author. His works include a book titled Confessions, based on the Confessions slot from his radio shows, and several fictional thrillers.

Early life
Mayo's parents, Derek Mayo (1929–2001) and Jill, were both schoolteachers. He attended St John's Primary School in Croydon, Surrey, the Arden School in Knowle (for one term), the independent Solihull School (where his nickname, according to a newspaper profile in 2008, was "Heinz", after the salad cream brand) and Worthing High School for Boys in West Sussex which was then a state grammar school for boys. He graduated from the University of Warwick in 1981, with a degree in History and Politics.

Early career
His mother had undertaken part-time work in radio, and having occasionally experienced it with her, Mayo had wanted to work as a studio manager. But as a result of a frequency deficiency in his left ear, he failed the required hearing test, and refocused his career on presenting. Mayo spent some time honing his skills at Southlands Hospital Radio, and then worked for five years as a presenter with BBC Radio Nottingham from 10:45am to 2pm, followed by Dennis McCarthy. With a Radio Nottingham colleague he developed a programme format called Globe Phone and sent it to Johnny Beerling, Head of Radio 1, who offered him a job.

He joined BBC Radio 1 in 1986, presenting a two-hour Saturday evening show from 7:30pm to 9:30pm. In October 1987 he progressed to the weekend early slots from 6am to 8am and then became presenter of the weekday evening show in January 1988, which went out from 7:30pm to 10pm. Five months later he was offered the BBC Radio 1 breakfast show, regarded as the most prestigious presentation job in UK radio.

Shows

BBC Radio 1

Breakfast

Mayo spent five years presenting Radio 1 Breakfast on BBC Radio 1. Throughout his tenure on the breakfast show, which was based on a "zoo" format, Mayo was joined by news anchor Rod McKenzie and by a sidekick weather and travel presenter: first Carol Dooley, then Sybil Ruscoe, Jackie Brambles, and Dianne Oxberry. Weather and travel news reader stand-ins include Mayo's Radio 1 colleague Lynn Parsons, Caron Keating (from Blue Peter and Songs of Praise), and Philippa Forrester (from CBBC). The show's producer was Ric Blaxill, who also made regular speaking contributions.

He started his first breakfast show by playing "Somewhere in My Heart" by Aztec Camera, which was preceded by a montage of previous breakfast show hosts and then Mayo himself saying 'It's me, Simon Mayo, good morning.'

The programme became known for various features, including On This Day in History, sound-tracked by a looped version of George Michael's "I Want Your Sex"; the long-running cryptic game The Identik-Hit Quiz, where Mayo and his co hosts would act out a short scene which cryptically led listeners to the title of a hit song; and his Confessions feature where members of the public sought absolution for their (often frivolous or humorous) "sins". Mayo had already presented the dilemma show Scruples for BBC television, and had joined his Radio 1 colleagues on the host roster for Top of the Pops. Both On This Day in History and Confessions spawned spin-off books.

Due to frequent plays from Mayo, several unlikely hit singles reached the UK charts, including "Kinky Boots" by Patrick Macnee and Honor Blackman; "Donald Where's Your Troosers?" by Andy Stewart; and "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life", sung and written by Eric Idle. For helping Monty Python have a hit with the latter – 13 years after it first appeared on the soundtrack to The Life of Brian – Idle presented Mayo with a model bare foot, in the style of the animated version which used to end the opening titles to the TV show.

Like all Radio 1's high-profile presenters of the time, Mayo would take his turn to spend a week in a coastal area of the UK during the Radio 1 Roadshows which ran for three months of the summer. For a short while, he also presented an additional weekend show for the station on a Sunday afternoon, provisionally titled O Solomon Mayo, to cover for the absent Phillip Schofield, who was working in the West End.

Mid-mornings
Mayo formally gave up the breakfast show in 1993, though he had been on an extended period of paternity leave when the announcement was made. His stand-in Mark Goodier was his replacement.

Mayo took over the station's mid morning slot on 25 October 1993, where he remained until February 2001. In addition to this, in May 1994,  he presented Simon Mayo's Classic Years, where he played two hours of classic pop tunes. The show originally went out on a Sunday lunchtime from noon till 2pm, but in November 1994 went out from 10am till noon on Sundays. This lasted until October 1995.

In January 1997, Mayo made a brief return to the breakfast show for three weeks after Chris Evans was dismissed, but both Mayo and BBC Radio 1 ruled out the possibilities of a permanent return to the programme. On his first morning as breakfast stand-in, Mayo read out an email from a man who had emigrated to New Zealand four years earlier and had arrived back in the UK that morning, and was "delighted to hear you're still doing the breakfast show".

In 1999 Mayo broke a world record by broadcasting for 37 hours in aid of that year's Comic Relief.

Mayo remained on the mid-morning slot until he left BBC Radio 1 in 2001, seeing breakfast-show presenters Mark Goodier, Steve Wright, Chris Evans, Mark and Lard, Kevin Greening, Zoe Ball, and Sara Cox, come and go from the slot, but the slot went to Jo Whiley.

His final show was on Friday 16 February 2001, and before signing off, he said: "One of the reasons I'm not going to do a DLT is that I've nothing to complain about at all – though as I'll still be employed by the BBC it'd be a stupid thing to do. I always thought as a kid working at Radio 1 would be the most fun and the best place for any presenter to work and I still think that's true." His final track played on BBC Radio 1 was Ace of Spades by Motörhead.

BBC Radio 5 Live

In May 2001, after 15 years of broadcasting with BBC Radio 1, Mayo moved on to another national BBC station, BBC Radio 5 Live, to present an afternoon programme. He began broadcasting every weekday from 1pm to 4pm, where he remained until 18 December 2009. He was on air in 2001 when the 9/11 attacks took place in the United States, broadcasting live as the events unfolded.

The programme generally combined topical debates, interviews and reviews. It came live from Westminster each Wednesday for live coverage of Prime Minister's Questions, with discussion and debate afterwards with political correspondents and MPs. The programme also featured Mayo's former Radio 1 sidekick Mark Kermode reviewing the new movie releases each Friday afternoon. The banter between Mayo and Kermode in this section of the programme was described by both men as "wittertainment at its most wittertaining." (The neologism wittertainment is a portmanteau of witter and entertainment, and was coined in a – now deleted – Wikipedia entry. However, Kermode and Mayo took note of the article before its deletion and have since been using the term regularly to refer to their show.)

In a May 2008 interview with The Guardian, Mayo mentioned he "signed a contract for the next two years" and was uncertain whether he would still be at BBC Radio 5 Live when it moved to Salford. It was later confirmed that Mayo was to move to BBC Radio 2's drivetime slot, though he continued to host a weekly two-hour film review show, Kermode and Mayo's Film Review, on BBC Radio 5 Live with Kermode until April 2022. In May 2009, Mayo and Kermode won a Gold Sony Radio Award in the Speech Award category.

BBC Radio 2

In addition to his daily programme on BBC Radio 5 Live, from October 2001 to April 2007, Mayo hosted the Album Chart show each week for BBC Radio 2. Alongside this, on 2 January 2006, he presented The Ultimate Music Year for the station, where listeners got the chance to vote for their favourite year for music. He has also presented many Sold on Song projects, presented the Top 100 Albums and provided holiday cover for Johnnie Walker on Sundays. From April 2007 to April 2008 Mayo took over the Radio 2 Music Club every Monday night from 11:30pm to 12:30am.

In January 2010, Mayo took over from Chris Evans on the Drivetime show, noting he was "very lucky to be given a second chance in such a high-profile slot." The programme included a number of regular daily features including "Nigel's Recipes", "Confessions", "Homework Sucks" and "The Showstopper". Every Friday he hosted "All-Request Friday" where listeners rang the show and had their favourite song played on the radio after a short interview. The show ended on 4 May 2018 after eight years, as Mayo was to begin hosting a revamped drivetime show with co-host Jo Whiley from 14 May 2018. On 22 October that year, the station announced that Mayo would be leaving BBC Radio 2 altogether after a backlash against the change, with Whiley moving back to an evening slot. Their last show together aired on 20 December, with Mayo presenting his last show after 17 years with the station the following day.

As his opening theme Mayo used the 2003 recording by Jools Holland and Prince Buster of the 1948 song "Enjoy Yourself" by Carl Sigman and by Herb Magidson. Later editions of the show also used the popular 1950 hit version by Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians. Incidental music included "Light My Fire" by Edmundo Ros.

In May 2011, Mayo won a Sony Award for "Best Music Show" for his work and that of his team on the BBC Radio 2 drive time slot.

On 21 December 2018 Simon presented his last show on BBC Radio 2, it being an All Request Friday, which featured his jingles previously used on his drivetime show. The last song to be played was "Bring Me Sunshine" by Morecambe and Wise.

Scala Radio
On 4 March 2019 at 10am, Mayo presented the launch of a new classical music digital radio station, Scala Radio, for which he was one of the lead presenters. He presented a daily mid-morning show for two years, until starting work for Greatest Hits Radio; he continued to present his Essential Albums show for Scala on Saturdays until May 2023. Mayo then moved to Sunday mornings.

Greatest Hits Radio
Mayo returned to his Monday to Friday drivetime radio show on 15 March 2021 on Greatest Hits Radio, resurrecting many staples from his former BBC Radio 2 drivetime shows, including "Confessions", "Tunesday", "Nigel's Recipes" (Foodie Thursday, sponsored by Heinz), and "All-Request Friday". He also presents his Album Show on Sunday afternoons, commencing September 2020.

Other work

BBC Radio 4
Mayo presented Act Your Age, a panel game for BBC Radio 4, first broadcast on Radio 4 on 27 November 2008.

Television projects

Between 1995 and 1998 Mayo presented a TV version of Confessions, based on the hit feature from his BBC Radio 1 breakfast and mid-morning shows.

Starting in 1999 he was the original presenter of National Lottery game show Winning Lines on BBC1 until 2000 when he was replaced by Phillip Schofield in 2001.

In 2005 he presented a series The Big Dig on BBC TV about allotments in the Rhondda Valley contrasted with others in Highgate, London.

Mayo hosted a revival of the classic quiz show Blockbusters, which began airing on Challenge on 14 May 2012 until 3 August 2012.

He was the announcer for the concert celebrating Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee on 4 June 2012.

Podcast

Following the end of the BBC Radio 5 Live show Kermode and Mayo's Film Review, the pair started the podcast Kermode and Mayo's Take in May 2022.

Books

Confessions, based on the hit feature from his BBC Radio 2 drivetime show, and his former BBC Radio 1 breakfast and mid-morning shows. was released in October 2011. The book is a compilation of the best confessions sent to the show by listeners.

Mayo's debut novel, Itch, was released on 1 March 2012. The titular protagonist is a fourteen-year-old boy who discovers a previously unknown chemical element. The Guardian called it 'a great and thrilling book with an easy to read storyline that will help kids to understand elements!' His second novel Itch Rocks was released in February 2013 and the third instalment, Itchcraft, came out in September 2014.

Itch and Itch Rocks were adapted into an opera, Itch, which premiered on 22 July 2023 at Opera Holland Park. It was commissioned by Opera Holland Park, and composed by Jonathan Dove with libretto by Alasdair Middleton.

His first young adult novel, Blame, was published in July 2016.

Mayo's first novel for adults, Mad Blood Stirring, was published in April 2018 and received mixed reviews. It is a historical novel set in Dartmoor Prison in 1815. Clare Clarke, for The Guardian, said: "With its huge, amorphous cast and little interior characterisation, its pages rich with Shakespeare's poetry and the rousing gospel music for which Block 4 was reputedly renowned, the dialogue-heavy Mad Blood Stirring reads more like a first-draft film treatment than a finished novel. Mayo has served up all the ingredients he could find, but longer cooking would have given it greater depth and subtlety of flavour." The novelist John Boyne said:  "Bristling with energy, written with passion, Mad Blood Stirring is a joy to read."

In 2020 Knife Edge, a first thriller for Mayo, was published. Its setting is drawn from his experiences when an undergraduate at Warwick University, and the denouement is in the neighbouring city of Coventry. The book was promoted as a Sunday Times Top 10 bestseller. Tick Tock, a thriller based on a mysterious global illness, was published in 2022.

Radio credits
 BBC Radio Nottingham – The Simon Mayo Show 10:45am2pm, 19821986
 BBC Radio 1:
  Saturday evenings 7:30pm9:30pm, 19861987
  Weekend early mornings 6am8am, late 1987
  MondayThursday evenings 7:30pm10pm, JanuaryMay 1988
  Breakfast Show 6am9am, May 1988September 1993
  Mid Morning Show 9am12 noon, October 1993February 2001
 BBC Radio 5 Live:
   Afternoon Show 1pm4pm, May 2001December 2009
 Kermode and Mayo's Film Review Friday 2pm4pm, January 2010May 2019; 3pm5pm, May 2019March 2020, August 2021February 2022; 2:30pm4pm, March 2020August 2021, February 2022April 2022
 BBC Radio 2:
  Album Chart Show Monday evenings 7pm8pm, October 2001April 2007
  Music Club Monday nights/Tuesday overnight 11:30pm12:30am, April 2007April 2008
  Drivetime Monday – Friday 5pm7pm, 11 January 20104 May 2018
 Jo Whiley & Simon Mayo – Monday – Thursday 5pm8pm; Friday 5pm7pm, 14 May 2018 21 December 2018
 BBC Radio 4 – Act Your Age 6:30pm, NovemberDecember 2008
 Scala Radio:
  Monday – Saturday mid-mornings 10am1pm, 4 March 201926 February 2021
  Essential Albums. Saturdays 3pm5pm, 3 April 2021 – 21 May 2023
  Sunday mid-mornings 10am12pm, 28 May 2023 – present
 Greatest Hits Radio:
  Album Show. Sundays 1pm4pm, 6 September 2020 – present
  Drivetime Monday – Friday 4pm7pm, 15 March 2021 – present

Personal life
While at university, he was a presenter on the student radio station, Radio Warwick. In 2005 the university awarded him an honorary Doctor of Letters.

Mayo is married to Hilary Bird, who had worked at Radio Nottingham since 1984 on Action Line, and also worked for BBC Radio 2 as a producer for Canon Roger Royle and later Don Maclean on Good Morning Sunday from 1987 to 1990. The wedding took place on Saturday 11 October 1986 at St Helen's Church in Burton Joyce, Nottinghamshire. They have two sons and a daughter. Mayo is a supporter of Tottenham Hotspur, and lives in London. He was once congratulated by a surgeon on his preparation for a colonoscopy.

Mayo was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2021 Birthday Honours for services to broadcasting.

References

External links

  The Simon Mayo Drivetime Show on Greatest Hits Radio (Greatest Hits Radio)
 Simon Mayo: All Request Friday on Greatest Hits Radio (Greatest Hits Radio)
 Simon Mayo on Scala Radio (Scala Radio)
 Simon Mayo: The Album Show on Greatest Hits Radio (Greatest Hits Radio)
 Kermode and Mayo's Take Official Website
 Simon Mayo from Radio Rewind's website

1958 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Warwick
BBC Radio 1 presenters
BBC Radio 2 presenters
BBC Radio 5 Live presenters
British radio DJs
British writers
English radio personalities
People educated at Solihull School
People educated at Worthing High School
Members of the Order of the British Empire

Simon Mayo


Durham commonly refers tae:

Durham, Ingland, a ceety in Coonty Durham, Ingland
Durham, North Carolina, a ceety in North Carolina, Unitit States

Durham mey an aa refer tae:

Places

Australie
 Durham, Queensland, an ootback locality in the Bulloo Shire o Queensland
Durham Ox, Victoria
Durham Lead, Victoria, a locality in the Ceety o Ballarat

Canadae
Durham, Ontario, a smaa toun in Grey Coonty, Ontario
Durham Coonty, Ontario, a historic coonty
Regional Municipality o Durham, a regional govrenment in the Greater Toronto Aurie o Ontario
Durham (electoral destrict), a federal electoral destrict in Durham Region
Durham (provincial electoral destrict), a provincial electoral destrict in Durham Region
Durham, Nova Scotia
Durham Pairish, New Brunswick
Durham Brig, New Brunswick

Unitit Kinrick
County Durham, a ceremonial coonty an unitary destrict
Durham Destrict, a umwhile local govrenment destrict, which held ceety status 1974-2009
Durham an Framwelgate, a umwhile local govrenment destrict, which held ceety status till 1974
Kirkpatrick Durham, a veelage an parish in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland
Coonty Palatine o Durham, a historic ecclesiastical coonty

Unitit States
Durham, Arkansas
Durham, Californie
Durham, Connecticut
Durham Tounship, Hancock Coonty, Illinois
Durham, Gibson Coonty, Indiana, a place in Union Tounship
Durham, La Porte Coonty, Indiana, a place in New Durham Tounship
Durham, Kansas
Durham, Maine
Durham, Missouri
Durham, New Hampshire
Durham, New York
Durham, Oklahoma
Durham, Oregon
Durham, Colorado, a place in Mesa Coonty
Durham, Florida, a place in Calhoun Coonty
Durham, Georgie, a place in Walker Coonty

Railroad stations
Durham–UNH station, in New Hampshire
Durham, North Carolina (Amtrak station)
Durham railway station in Coonty Durham, Ingland

Ither uises
 Durham (surname)
 Bishop o Durham, an Anglican bishop
 Earl o Durham, a Breetish title, frae 1833 tae present
 Durham Fair, the lairgest agricultural fair in Connecticut
 Durham Museum (umwhile the Durham Western Heritage Museum), in Omaha, Nebraska
 Durham Varsity, in Durham, Ingland
 Fort Durham, an airchaeological steid near Taku Harbor, Alaskae
 USS Durham (LKA-114), a Charleston cless amphibious cargo ship o the Unitit States Navy
 Durham Glaster, a feectional character in the manga series Black Cat
 Durham rule, ane way that haes been uised tae frame the insanity defense in the U.S.

See an aa
Durum, a breed o wheat
 Durham City (disambiguation)
 Durham Coonty (disambiguation)
 Durham Tounship (disambiguation)
 Durhamville (disambiguation)
 New Durham (disambiguation)

Durham


A meteor or "shooting star" is the visible streak of light from a heated and glowing object falling through the Earth's atmosphere.
 A meteoroid is a small rocky or metallic body travelling through outer space.
 A meteorite is a solid piece of debris from such a body which survives its passage through the Earth's atmosphere, and falls to the Earth's surface.

Meteor may also refer to:

Astronomy and space exploration
 Meteor (rocket), a Polish meteorology rocket (1963–1974)
 Meteor (satellite), three series of weather satellites of the Soviet Union, starting in 1969
 Meteor, a spacecraft recovery system being developed by the student-run Cambridge University society CU Spaceflight

Geography
 Meteor, Wisconsin, a town in the United States
 Meteor (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community, United States
 Meteor Crater, Arizona, United States
 Great Meteor Seamount, Portugal

Science and technology
 Meteor (weather), any weather phenomenon, as studied in meteorology
 Meteor (web framework), an open-source JavaScript web application development platform
 METeOR, an Australian information repository
 Meteor goldfish, a variety of goldfish having no tail fin
 METEOR (Metric for Evaluation of Translation with Explicit ORdering), a metric for the evaluation of machine translation output

Business
 Meteor (mobile network), a defunct mobile phone operator in Ireland
 Meteor Vineyard, a vineyard in Napa Valley

Transport
 Météor, a codename for the Paris Métro Line 14
 Meteor (automobile), a brand of car from Ford Motor Company of Canada (1949–1976)
 Ford Meteor, a car model, available 1981–1995
 Mercury Meteor, a car in North America, 1961–1963
 Mormon Meteor, a 1930s racing car
 Volkswagen Meteor, a modified version of the MAN TGX made by Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus
 Meteor (St. Louis-San Francisco Railway), a named passenger train
 Silver Meteor, an Amtrak train service
 Meteor, a South Devon Railway Comet class 4-4-0ST steam locomotive
 Meteor (1986), a German research vessel
 Meteor (1915), a German survey vessel
 Meteor, German Kaiser Wilhelm II's yacht, the former Thistle, which was sold in 1895 to the German Navy to be used as a school yacht and renamed Comet
 , several U.S. Navy ships
 , several ships of the Royal Navy
 , several ships of the Imperial German Navy
 , several steamships

Arts and entertainment
 Meteor Music Awards, Ireland's national music awards, also known as "The Meteors"
 Meteor (film), a 1979 science-fiction film
 Meteor (miniseries), a 2009 disaster-science fiction two-part TV mini-series starring Billy Campbell and Marla Sokoloff
 Meteor Records, an American record label
 The Meteors, English psychobilly band formed in 1980
 "Meteor" (Pink Lady song), 2019
 "Meteor", song by Changmo
 Kamen Rider Meteor, a fictional character in the Japanese television series Kamen Rider Fourze
 Meteor, a powerful magic spell in the video game Final Fantasy VII
 Meteor, a 1929 play by S. N. Behrman
 Meteor, a science fiction short story by John Wyndham in the collection The Seeds of Time
 Meteor (horse), a racing horse
 Meteor (juggling), a juggling prop

Weaponry
 The Meteor hammer, a Chinese martial arts weapon or dance prop
 Gloster Meteor, the first British jet fighter and the Allies' first operational jet (1943–1970s)
 Rolls-Royce Meteor, a tank engine version of the Rolls-Royce Merlin
 MBDA Meteor, a next-generation beyond visual range air-to-air missile
 BSA Meteor Air Rifle, a Birmingham Small Arms Company-manufactured air rifle

See also
Meteorite (disambiguation)
Meteorology, the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere
Meteora (disambiguation)

Meteor (disambiguation)


Yigal Ozeri (born 1958) is an Israeli artist based in New York City. He is known for large-scale cinematic portraits of young women in landscapes. His works are photo-realistic oil paintings. His son is Adam Ozeri, a professional soccer player.

Biography
Yigal Ozeri was born in Israel in 1958. He currently lives and works in New York City.

In 1997, Ozeri collaborated with Israeli poet Ronny Someck to produce The Razor that Cut the Metaphoric Face of Poetry which included five etchings by Ozeri, and five ensuring poems by Someck. Ozeri's etchings, in order, were titled Pointed Tower, Tears of Buildings, Unbuilt Pagoda, Dirty Laundry, and Tears of Buildings II. The book itself was produced by The Cabri Print Workshop, based out of Kibbutz Cabri in the Western Galilee.

In 2014 he co-founded Mana Contemporary where he has a studio in the flagship of Jersey City.

Solo exhibitions

2010

Lizzie Smoking, Galería Senda, Barcelona, Spain
Lizzie in the Snow, Mark Moore Gallery, Santa Monica, CA
Desire for Anima, Contemporary by Angela Li, Hong Kong, China
Olga in the Park, Galerie Brandt, Amsterdam, Netherlands

2011

Territory, Martin Asbaek Gallery, Copenhagen, Denmark
Territory, Zemack Contemporary Art Gallery, Tel Aviv, Israel
Garden of the Gods, Mike Weiss Gallery, New York, NY
Luce silenziosa (Silent light), Bologna, Italy

2012

Territory, Mike Weiss Gallery, New York, NY
Photorealism, Galerie de Bellefeuille, Montreal, Canada
The Boathouse, Galerie Andreas Binder, Munich, Germany
Territory, Karen Jenkins Johnson, San Francisco, CA
Territory, Scott White Contemporary Art, La Jolla, CA

2013

Territory, Angell Gallery, Toronto, Canada
Triads, Galerie Brandt, Amsterdam, Netherlands

2014

Fiction of Distance, Galería Álvaro Alcázar, Madrid, Spain
Photorealism in the Digital Age, Mana Contemporary, Chicago, Illinois

2017
"The Storm". Zemack Gallery for Contemporary Art. Tel Aviv.

2018
"Yigal Ozeri: A New York Story". Louis K. Meisel Gallery. New York City.

Collections
Yigal Ozeri's art are in permanent collections of the Whitney Museum of American Art, the McNay Art Museum in San Antonio, the Jewish Museum of New York, The Israel Museum, Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Albertina and other public institutions.

References

External links
Yigal Ozeri
Yigal Ozeri in Duncan Gallery
Yigal Ozeri on Artsy

Jewish painters
Israeli Jews
1959 births
Living people
Israeli painters
Israeli portrait painters
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American painters
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American painters

Yigal Ozeri


The Mill is an oil painting by Rembrandt van Rijn. It measures 87.6 cm (34.5 in) x 105.6 cm (41.6 in). It dates from between 1645 and 1648. It hangs in the National Gallery of Art, Washington DC. The Gallery writes, "...[The Mill] speaks to us as a powerfully expressive work. Rembrandt evokes a feeling of the forces of nature in the dramatic confrontation of the iconic mill, so central to the Dutch way of life, against the sweep of the sky. At the same time, the figures within the landscape give it a human element that we can respond to on a personal basis."

References

Paintings in the National Gallery of Art, Washington DC
Paintings by Rembrandt van Rijn
1640s paintings

The Mill


It Happened in Athens is a 1962 Greek American romantic comedy-drama movie directed by Andrew Marton and starring Trax Colton, Jayne Mansfield, Xenia Kalogeropoulou, Nico Minardos, Bob Mathias, Ivan Triesault, Titos Vandis. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

Other websites

1962 comedy-drama movies
1962 romantic comedy movies
1962 romantic drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
Greek movies
Movies directed by Andrew Marton
20th Century Fox movies
Movies set in the 1890s
Movies set in Greece
Movies about the Olympics

It Happened in Athens


Leopold von Ranke (21 December 1795 – 23 May 1886) was a German historian. Modern history writing is greatly influenced by him. He made focusing on primary sources and international relations in history writing, popular.

Life
Ranke was born 21 December 1795 in Wiehe in Electoral Saxony. He was educated at local schools in Donndorf and Pforta. In 1814 he went to the University of Leipzig. He studied Classics and Lutheran theology. From 1817-1825 he was a Classics teacher. While teaching he became interested in history. In 1824 he released his first book: Geschichte der romanischen und germanischen Völker von 1494 bis 1514 (History of the Latin and Teutonic Peoples from 1494 to 1514). Ranke was a firm believer in historicism. For that reason he insisted on using primary sources.

University professor
Ranke was a professor at the University of Berlin. He was a professor there for almost 50 years. While there he criticized the historical theories of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. He also advised his students to go to archives in search of sources. Because of this many think of him as the founder of a historical social science. Ranke retired as a professor in 1871, but still wrote history. In 1880 he started writing a book on world history, beginning in Ancient Egypt with the story of the Israelites. When he died in 1886 he had not finished his book, and had only written up to the 12th century.

Honors
In 1831 the Prussian Government asked Ranke to start and edit the Historisch-Politische Zeitschrift journal. Ranke, who was conservative, sometimes used the journal to attack liberalism. In 1841 Ranke was made Royal Historiographer of the Prussian Court. In 1865 Ranke was made a noble, and in 1882 he was made a member of the Prussian Privy Council. In 1885 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.

References

1795 births
1886 deaths
German historians

Leopold von Ranke


SN 1993J is a supernova observed in the galaxy M81. It was discovered on 28 March 1993 by F. Garcia in Spain. At the time, it was the second-brightest type II supernova observed in the twentieth century behind SN 1987A,
peaking at a visible apparent magnitude of 10.7 on March 30, with a second peak of 10.86 on April 18.

The spectral characteristics of the supernova changed over time. Initially, it looked more like a type II supernova (a supernova formed by the explosion of a giant star) with strong hydrogen spectral line emission, but later the hydrogen lines faded and strong helium spectral lines appeared, making the supernova look more like a type Ib. Moreover, the variations in SN 1993J's luminosity over time were not like the variations observed in other type II supernovae but did resemble the variations observed in type Ib supernovae. Hence, the supernova has been classified as a type IIb supernova, an intermediate class between type II and type Ib. The scientific results from this supernova suggested that type Ib and Ic supernovae were actually formed through the explosions of giant stars through processes similar to what takes place in type II supernovae. The supernova was also used to estimate a distance of 8.5 ± 1.3 Mly (2.6 ± 0.4 Mpc) to Messier 81.

Light echoes from the explosion have subsequently been detected.

The progenitor of SN 1993J was identified in pre-explosion ground-based images. The progenitor was observed to be a K-type supergiant star, with an excess in the ultraviolet possibly due to surrounding hot stars or a hot binary companion. While the supernova is located in a region populated by young massive stars, late-time photometry with the Hubble Space Telescope and spectroscopy with the Keck 10m-telescope presented by Maund and collaborators revealed the presence of the long-suspected B-supergiant companion star.

References

External links
 Video of artist's impression of the SN 1993J binary progenitor system
 Light curves and spectra  on the Open Supernova Catalog

Supernovae
19930328
Ursa Major

SN 1993J


Arlington Road is a 1999 drama film directed by Mark Pellington and starring Jeff Bridges, Tim Robbins, Joan Cusack, and Hope Davis. The film tells the story of a widowed George Washington University professor who suspects his new neighbors are involved in terrorism and becomes obsessed with foiling their terrorist plot. The film was heavily inspired by the growing concern in the 1990s regarding the right-wing militia movement, Ruby Ridge, the Waco siege and Oklahoma City bombing.

Ehren Kruger wrote the script, which won the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' (AMPAS) Nicholl Fellowship in 1996. The film was to have been originally released by PolyGram Filmed Entertainment, but the film's United States distribution rights were sold to Sony Pictures Entertainment for $6 million. The eventual release was the second title for Screen Gems (and its first wide theatrical release) while PolyGram (now part of Universal Studios) handled foreign rights.

Plot
Michael Faraday is a history professor at George Washington University specializing in terrorism. His FBI agent wife Leah died in the line of duty in a Ruby Ridge-style standoff, and Michael now lives with his 9-year-old son Grant in Reston, Virginia. He is still friends with Leah's partner Whit Carver, and is dating his former graduate student Brooke.

Upon finding a severely injured boy named Brady stumbling in his neighborhood, Michael rushes him to the hospital, where the wounds are determined to be caused by fireworks. Michael meets Brady's parents, structural engineer Oliver Lang and housewife Cheryl, discovering they are his neighbors. They become friends, and their sons join the Discoverers, a Boy Scouts-style group.

In casual conversation, Oliver expresses his sympathy for Leah's death by displaying potentially violent anti-government beliefs. This, and the cause of Brady's injuries, arouses suspicion in Michael. He also finds blueprints in Oliver's possession that are not for his purported building project, and receives misdirected mail suggesting Oliver lied about his college years. Brooke and Whit dismiss his concerns as paranoia.

Michael takes his class on a field trip to the site where Leah was killed, and excoriates the FBI for igniting the standoff after failing to probe the besieged family. His students appear uneasy.

Michael reluctantly lets Grant go to a Discoverers camp with Brady. His research reveals that Oliver was born William Fenimore and tried to blow up a Kansas post office at age 16. Oliver discovers Michael's interest and confronts him, stating that his immature act (in revenge for the government's role in his father's suicide) cost him imprisonment and a new identity to hide his past from his children, which he regrets.

Michael appears to let the matter drop. However, Brooke later spots Oliver swapping cars and exchanging metal boxes with strangers. From a payphone, she leaves Michael a message lending validity to his suspicions, but is discovered by Cheryl.

Michael learns of Brooke's (off-screen) death, presented as a car accident, on the news. After discovering that messages had been erased from his answering machine, Michael asks Whit to check FBI records about Oliver and recent calls to his home. He also visits the father of the late Dean Scobee, accused of blowing up a federal building 14 months earlier in St. Louis, from where the Langs had moved. The elder Scobee is certain Dean was innocent given the numerous infant victims. Michael sees Dean in a Discoverers group photo with Brady, and frantically rushes to retrieve Grant from the camp. Troop leaders tell him that Grant was taken home with Brady, and Michael storms into the Langs' home; Oliver confirms that his group killed Brooke, refuses to reveal Grant's whereabouts, and threatens Grant's life should Michael speak to law enforcement.

Whit tells Michael that the FBI discovered nothing suspicious surrounding Oliver/William, and that Michael's missing message came from a payphone. Michael drives to the source of Brooke's call, from where he follows a suspicious delivery vehicle and watches some of Oliver's acquaintances loading metal boxes into it.

Michael follows the van and is shocked to see Grant at the window. Oliver intercepts Michael's car and beats him, promising to kill Grant and expounding his group's mission and their current target: the J. Edgar Hoover Building. Michael overpowers Oliver and illegally drives into the FBI headquarters garage pursuing a van that turns out to be empty. When Whit tells him that he is the only unauthorized person there, Michael rushes back to his own car, discovering a bomb in the trunk seconds before it detonates. The blast partially collapses the FBI headquarters, as Oliver watches from a distance.

A news montage, portraying Michael as a lonewolf terrorist seeking revenge for Leah's death, shows that the Langs have successfully framed him. Statements from Michael's students (one of whom is a conspirator) support the official story, giving accounts of his paranoia and his grudge against the FBI. Grant, now orphaned, moves in with relatives, unaware of his father's innocence. Oliver and Cheryl put their house up for sale and prepare to move to another suburb where their group will groom another fall guy for their next attack.

Cast

Reception

Box office
Sony paid $6 million to acquire the film's United States distribution rights. It opened at #6 in its opening weekend with $7,515,145 behind American Pie, Wild Wild Wests second, Big Daddys third, and Tarzan and The General's Daughters fourth weekends.  The film eventually grossed $24,756,177 in the United States theatrically.

The film made a worldwide gross of $41 million on a budget of $31 million.

Critical response
The film holds a 63% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 92 reviews. with the site's consensus stating; "A suspenseful thriller led by strong cast performances built around a somewhat implausible story." and a 2/4 rating by Roger Ebert, who wrote of the film:Arlington Road is a thriller that contains ideas. Any movie with ideas is likely to attract audiences who have ideas of their own, but to think for a second about the logic of this plot is fatal.

Home media
The film was initially released on VHS and DVD October 26, 1999 by Columbia TriStar Home Video. A Blu-ray of the film was later released on August 7, 2007 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.

Television adaptation
In April 2021, it was announced a television series adaptation based on the film was in development at Paramount+. The project is to be a co-production between CBS Studios and Village Roadshow Television with Pellington and Seth Fisher serving as executive producers.

References

External links

1999 films
1999 crime drama films
1999 crime thriller films
1990s mystery thriller films
American crime drama films
American crime thriller films
American mystery thriller films
British crime drama films
1990s English-language films
Films about the Federal Bureau of Investigation
Films about educators
Films about families
Films about miscarriage of justice
Films about terrorism in the United States
Films about widowhood
Films set in Virginia
Films shot in Houston
Films shot in Virginia
Lakeshore Entertainment films
PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films
Screen Gems films
Films directed by Mark Pellington
Films scored by Angelo Badalamenti
Films with screenplays by Ehren Kruger
1990s American films
1990s British films

Arlington Road


University Plaza, or more commonly The Brickyard, is a public plaza at the heart of North Carolina State University's North Campus in Raleigh, North Carolina. It is the university's most active court and has been the site of numerous special events, including concerts, memorials, campaign rallies and political protests.

Details
The plaza, conceived of and designed by landscape architect Richard C. Bell, FASLA, with a state-appropriated budget of $160,000, is mostly covered with red and white bricks which have been organized into a decorative mosaic reminiscent of Piazza San Marco in Venice, where Bell once studied. There are two main green areas on the plaza, one on the east side and one on the west.

The east green area features two concrete chairs which serve as parabolic reflectors, amplifying and focusing sound waves so that someone sitting in one chair can easily hear the person in the other chair from a far distance. Harrelson Hall, a cylindrical classroom building was previously located on the southwest corner of the plaza, but was deconstructed and recycled in 2017. D. H. Hill Library is located on the north side of the Brickyard.

The Brickyard consists of 588,060 red and white North Carolina bricks, most of which were donated by the North Carolina Bricklayers Association in 1966. Bell's original design called for large granite cobblestones that paved the campus walking areas from the University Plaza to the Memorial Tower.

Special events

 The Brickyard was officially dedicated by Chancellor John Caldwell and former Chancellor Carey Bostian, chair of the historic names committee, on March 7, 1968, on the 81st anniversary of Founder's Day.
 The first concert on the complete Brickyard was the three-day All Campus Weekend, with featured performers Little Anthony and the Imperials and the Royal Guardsmen.
 Through the years, several Brickyard preachers have held court on the Brickyard, evangelizing and proselytizing to students as they walk to and from class and two and from lunch at the Atrium, which is located on the ground floor of the Erdahl-Cloyd Wing of the D.H. Hill Library.
 Many university-sponsored events take place on the Brickyard, including the annual Habitat for Humanity Shack-a-thon. Shacks are built on the Brickyard and viewed by students, as well as the public, as a fundraiser for the campus chapter of Habitat for Humanity. This is an annual event that takes place every autumn.
The Stanley Cup made an appearance on the plaza on December 4, 2006. Students were able to touch the cup and take pictures with the cup. Its appearance followed the Carolina Hurricanes's 2006 Stanley Cup Championship win, which was won at Raleigh's RBC Center.
A prototype NASA Crew Return Vehicle once made an appearance on the Brickyard. Speeches were given beside it.
North Carolina State University's Earth Day celebration occurs on the Friday before April 22 each year.  The event highlights the environmental research and outreach efforts of NC State students, staff, and faculty.  North Carolina State University's 2007 event featured over 60 exhibitors, making it one of the larger Earth Day events in the Triangle area.
Every Wednesday the North Carolina Farmers' Market comes to the Brickyard.

References

North Carolina State University
Brick buildings and structures

The Brickyard (NC State)


113 and 117 Foregate Street consist of a pair of shops on the north side of Foregate Street, Chester, Cheshire, England.  Each of the buildings is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. The buildings flank a passage leading to the block of flats numbered 115 and known as Parker's Buildings; this is also a Grade II listed building.

113 Foregate Street

This was a pre-existing building remodelled in 1890–91 by the local architect John Douglas. The work was done for the 1st Duke of Westminster.  The building is constructed in red Ruabon brick with sandstone dressings, and has a red clay tile roof.  It has three storeys.  In the ground floor of the front facing the street is a modern shop front.  In each storey are three sash windows, surrounded by ornate stone cases.  At the top of the front facing the street is a shaped gable containing blue brick diapering and with stone coping, volutes and five finials. Towards the right corner is a wrought iron sign bracket dated 1890.  The side facing the passage leading to Parker's Buildings is built on a high sandstone plinth.  It includes a chimney with a shaped stack and a number of stone-dressed windows.  To the rear of the building is a two-storey wing.

117 Foregate Street

This is a new building of 1889–90 designed by Douglas & Fordham for the 1st Duke of Westminster. In 1990 it was converted and attached to new offices.  Like number 113, it is constructed in red Ruabon brick with sandstone dressings, it has a red tile roof, and is in three storeys.  The ground floor was refaced in 1990.  In the first floor of the front facing the street is a three-light mullioned and transomed casement window, with a single-light transomed window on each side.  In the top storey is a three-light casement window.  Below this window, and to each side, is blue brick diapering.  Between the storeys, and over the top window, are stone bands.  The gable is broadly similar to that of number 113, being shaped with stone coping and finials.  The side facing the passage to Parker's Buildings contains quoins, windows, two projecting shaped gables and two chimneys with spiral brick flues.  At the rear is another gable and a chimney.

See also
Grade II listed buildings in Chester (east)
List of non-ecclesiastical and non-residential works by John Douglas

References

Grade II listed buildings in Chester
John Douglas buildings
Commercial buildings completed in 1890
Shops in Chester
Commercial buildings completed in 1891
Buildings and structures in Chester
Grade II listed retail buildings

113 and 117 Foregate Street, Chester


The Juab Valley is a  long valley located on the eastern edge of Juab County, Utah, United States.

Description

The valley is in a region of dissected mountain ranges and valleys in the southern Wasatch Front, with the Wasatch Range on the northeast and the San Pitch Mountains on the southeast. The valley's north-northeast edge borders on the south of Utah Valley and another section of Utah Valley's southwest, the Goshen Valley. The eastern end of the northern border of Juab County is on the valley's north; the eastern end of the southern county is on the valley's southeast.

Juab Valley is linear, mostly north-south trending, with the major city-center of Nephi adjacent north of the valley center. The extreme north of the valley is adjacent to Santaquin which is located between the three valleys of southwest Utah Valley, east Goshen Valley, and north Juab Valley. The valley's extreme southwest borders a hilly region on the Sevier River's northeast riverbank-shoreline and Yuba State Park-(Sevier Bridge Reservoir), a stretch of the Sevier that flows north, then northwest to west.

The Juab Valley north-south center is south of Nephi, in the region of Sharp. Sage Valley Pass is located on the west in the West Hills that border the east of a small mountain valley (Sage Valley).

The valley was named after the local Native Americans (Uabs, Yuabs, or Yoabs) of the Piute tribe.

Creeks and reservoirs
The valley has an east-west water divide, just north of Levan. The streams south of the divide are part of the Sevier River Basin and the streams north of the divide flow north out of the valley toward Utah Lake and are part of the basin of the Great Salt Lake. (Both basins are part of the Great Basin, a large endorheic watershed in the Western United States.)

South valley
While the southern part of the valley is part of the Sevier River basin, no streams flow directly into the Sevier River within the Juab Valley. Instead, they flow southwest out of the valley before emptying into the Sevier River.

The Chicken Creek flows west out of the San Pitch Mountains (east of Levan). West of Levan it turns southwest then southerly into until it flows into the north end of the Chicken Creek Reservoir. The reservoir is located on the western edge of the valley, just north of the South Hills. The Chicken Creek flows out of the southwest corner of the reservoir and west out of the valley, by way of gap in the southern end of the West Hills.

Fourmile Creek flows northwest out of the San Pitch mountains, about  north of Chicken Creek, but entirely dissipates prior to reaching the Interstate 15 (I-15) corridor. About  south of Levan, Little Salt Creek flows west out of San Pitch Mountains and then northwest to the Chicken Creek Reservoir. The Chriss Creek also flows west out of the San Pitch Mountains, about  south-southwest of Levan, and then flows southwest across and out of the valley, south of the South Hills, on its way to the Sevier River. (In addition, Gardners Fork, Pigeon Creek, and Deep Creek, all flow west out of the San Pitch Mountains, but dissipate upon [or prior to] reaching the valley floor.)

North valley
The northern part of Juab Valley has Current Creek, which rises on the valley floor (rather than the adjacent mountains) and then flows north into the Mona Reservoir. Just before reaching the reservoir and just west of the Burriston Ponds, the Currant Creek receives the West Creek (which flows northerly out of the West Hills). After leaving the west side of the Mona Reservoir, the Current Creek flows northwest out of the valley, through Goshen Canyon and on to Utah Lake. In addition, the Willow, Mona, North, and Mendenhall creeks all flow west out of the Wasatch Range, but dissipate shortly after reaching the valley floor.

Populated places
The following communities are located within the Juab Valley:

 Juab (unincorporated community)
 Levan (town)
 Mona (city)
 Nephi (city)
 Rocky Ridge (town)
 Starr (unincorporated community)

Transportation

Airports
The only airport in the valley is the Nephi Municipal Airport, which is located about  northwest of the downtown area of Nephi. Being a general aviation municipal airport, no commercial passenger service is available.

Railroad
The Union Pacific Railroad (UP) operates a set of railroad tracks that run the length of the valley. The line enters the valley through a gap the West Hills (alongside Chicken Creek), just southwest of the Chicken Creek Reservoir. Running east of, but roughly parallel to I-15, they continue north to pass under the freeway at a point just southwest of Nephi. Continuing north, the tracks run west of, but again roughly parallel to, I-15. After passing by the western edges of both Nephi and Mona, the tracks leave the north end of the valley. There are no train stations or rail yards within the valley, but there are sidings in Juab, about  north-northeast of Juab, and in Nephi. There are also two very short branch lines (spurs), one in Nephi (for UP) and the other about  south-southwest of Nephi (for Intermountain Farmers Association's South Region Feed Mill).

Roads

There is one Interstate Highway and four state highways in Juab Valley. Interstate 15 (I-15) enters the southwestern edge of the valley (just southwest of the Chicken Creek Reservoir) and runs north along the foothills on western edge of the valley. Just south of Nephi, the Interstate crosses over to the east side of the valley and continues north along the eastern foothills until it leaves the valley on its northern end.

Utah State Route 132 enters the valley from the West Hills and then runs easterly, through Nephi, before exiting the east side of the valley (between the Wasatch Range and the San Pitch Mountains). Utah State Route 28 enters the southern end of the valley and runs north, mostly along the eastern foothills, until it ends at an interchange with I-15, just north of Nephi. Utah State Route 78 begins at an interchange with I-15, immediately southwest of the Chicken Creek Reservoir, and then runs north-northeasterly and then east until it end ends at a junction with SR-28 in Levan. Utah State Route 54 begins at Main Street in Mona and runs easterly to end at interchange with I-15.

In addition to the Interstate and state highways, the former routing of U.S. Route 91 (known now as Old Highway 91) runs north from SR-28 (north of Nephi and just southwest of the I-15/SR-28 interchange) through Mona and exits the north end of valley, immediately west of I-15. The Goshen Canyon Road runs west from Mona, past the south end of the Mona Reservoir, and then north-northwest to leave the valley through Goshen Canyon.

See also

 List of valleys of Utah
 Landforms of the Great Basin

References

External links

 Sage Valley Pass (coordinates) at hometownlocator (west of valley center)
 Cedar Point at hometownlocator (approx. valley center-(east), coordinates)

Landforms of Juab County, Utah
Valleys of Utah
Wasatch Front
Valleys of the Great Basin

Juab Valley