Vladimir Dimitrov Stoychev (, 24 March 1892 – 27 April 1990) was a Bulgarian Colonel General, diplomat and Olympic equestrian.

Biography
Vladimir Stoychev was born in Sofia, the capital of the Principality of Bulgaria. He graduated from the Theresian Military Academy in Vienna, and the Military School and the Military Academy in Sofia. As a serviceman in the Bulgarian Army, Stoychev participated in the Balkan Wars and World War I.

In the interwar period, Stoychev represented Bulgaria in the equestrian events at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris and the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, among other competitions. From 1930 to 1934, Stoychev was a Bulgarian attaché in France and the United Kingdom. In 1934, he was appointed head of the Sofia Cavalry Academy, but he was fired from the army a year later due to his antimonarchist views and his affiliation with the Zveno movement. In the following years, he was also imprisoned a number of times due to his political stance.

In 1944, Stoychev became a member of the Fatherland Front's Bureau of the National Committee. During World War II, Stoychev was in command of the Bulgarian First Army after the country switched allegiance to the Allies. Under Stoychev, the Bulgarian First Army helped the Red Army and Yugoslav Partisans drawing the Nazis out of much of Yugoslavia and Hungary, reaching the Austrian Alps by May 1945. On 8 May 1945, Vladimir Stoychev signed a demarcation agreement with British V Corps commander Charles Keightley in southern Austria. On 24 June 1945, he took part in the Moscow Victory Parade.

In 1945–1947, Vladimir Stoychev was Bulgaria's representative in Washington, D.C., and the United Nations. Upon his return, he became Chairman of the Supreme Committee of Sports with the Council of Ministers. From 1951 or 1952 to 1982, he presided over the Bulgarian Olympic Committee; he remained honorary chairman until his death. From 1952 to 1987, he was also an International Olympic Committee member. Vladimir Stoychev died in Sofia in 1990, at the age of 98.

References

Sportspeople from Sofia
1892 births
1990 deaths
Bulgarian generals
Diplomats from Sofia
Bulgarian male equestrians
Bulgarian dressage riders
Equestrians at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Equestrians at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Olympic equestrians for Bulgaria
Bulgarian International Olympic Committee members
Bulgarian military personnel of the Balkan Wars
Bulgarian military personnel of World War I
Bulgarian military personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Order of Bravery
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of Kutuzov, 1st class
Heroes of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
Members of the National Assembly (Bulgaria)
Military personnel from Sofia
Theresian Military Academy alumni

Vladimir Stoychev


The Winchester Model 1887 is a lever-action shotgun invented by John Browning. It was one of the first successful repeating shotguns. When the repeating rifle became more popular in the decades after the American Civil War, the need for a shotgun that could hold more than just two shotgun shells at a time also grew. Using the same lever action used in repeating rifles, John Browning created the Model 1887. While it was popular at the time it was first made, its popularity quickly went away after John Browning invented the first pump-action shotgun a few years later.

Even though it quickly lost its popularity in the real world, it is still a popular gun shown in movies and video games. It was the gun of choice for characters Kyle Reese and the T-800 in the Terminator movies. It was also one of the most popular guns used in the video game Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2.

Shotguns

Winchester Model 1887


Georgije Branković (; 1830–1907) was the Patriarch of Karlovci, the spiritual leader of Habsburg Serbs, from 1890 until his death in 1907. He instigated a number of significant religious, educational, and economic reforms within  territories covered by the Patriarchate, and was a renowned patron of the arts.

Biography
A painting called Migration of the Serbs was commissioned by Patriarch Georgije for the 1896 Budapest Millennium Exhibition, marking a thousand years of the Hungarian Empire and reaffirming that country's territorial rights. Prompted by patriotism and contemporary politics, Patriarch Georgije convinced painter Paja Jovanović to present the case for the legitimacy of the Serbian historical presence and territorial claims and, as a consequence, contemporary acceptance of the "legal and privileged position of the Serbs in the Austrian monarchy". The Serbian understanding was that their migration was in response to Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor's request for their assistance in protecting his borders against the Turks. The contemporary message was that this was the genesis of the Serbian presence in the border areas now under Austria-Hungary.

References

Sources

1830 births
1907 deaths
Patriarchs of the Serbian Orthodox Church

Georgije Branković


Pellegrino Luigi Odoardo Rossi  (13 July 1787 – 15 November 1848) was an Italian economist, politician and jurist. He was an important figure of the July Monarchy in France, and the minister of justice in the government of the Papal States, under Pope Pius IX.

Biography
Rossi was born in Carrara, then under the Duchy of Massa and Carrara. Educated at the University of Pisa and the University of Bologna, he became professor of law at the latter in 1812. In 1815 he gave his support to Joachim Murat and his Neapolitan anti-Austrian expedition: after the latter's fall, he escaped to France, and then proceeded to Geneva, where he began teaching a course of jurisprudence applied to Roman law, the success of which gained him the unusual honour of naturalization as a citizen of Geneva. In 1820 he was elected as a deputy to the cantonal council, and was a member of the diet of 1832; Rossi was entrusted with the task of drawing up a revised constitution, which was known as the Pacte Rossi. This was rejected by a majority of the diet, a result which deeply affected Rossi, and made him accept the invitation of François Guizot to settle in France.

Here he was appointed in 1833 to the chair of political economy in the Collège de France, vacated by the death of Jean-Baptiste Say. He was naturalized as a French citizen in 1834, and in the same year became professor of constitutional law in the faculty of law of the Paris University. In 1836 he was elected a member of the Academy of Political and Moral Sciences, was raised to the French peerage in 1839, and in 1843 became dean of the faculty of law.

In 1842 Rossi and Count Ferdinand-Charles-Philippe d' Esterno (1805–83) organized the first meetings of what would become the Société d'économie politique.

In 1845, Guizot appointed Rossi as ambassador of France to the Papal States, with a specific mission to discuss the question of the Jesuits. However, the French Revolution of 1848 toppled Guizot's regime, and the revolution in Italy fully severed Rossi's connection with France. Rossi thus remained at Rome, and there became Minister of the Interior under Pope Pius IX. Rossi's program of liberal reforms, however, was never put into practice. Rossi's program of moderate liberalism, in which suffrage was to be limited to the well-off and the economic and social disruptions created by industrialization went unaddressed, had narrow appeal. Rossi attempts to mediate reform, were blocked by the reactionary clerical party, and rebuffed as paltry by the rising revolutionary sentiment. In addition, the notion of a united Italy as a federation, kingdom, or republic was proposed by the diverse forces; however some of these ideas clearly threatened the temporal power of various rulers.

On 15 November 1848, Rossi was going to preside of the opening of the Parliament in the Palazzo della Cancelleria. After exiting his carriage and walking towards the entrance, he was killed by an assassin who stabbed him in the neck. The pope seeing the inevitable imposition of democracy for his state, fled from Rome, and leading to the proclamation of the Roman Republic.

The murderer was said to be Luigi Brunetti, the elder son of Angelo Brunetti (or Ciceruacchio), who acted at the instigation of Pietro Sterbini, and with the cooperation of some veterans or reduci of the conflict in Lombardy. After the murder, the senate adjourned without much sorrow, and little to no attention to the murder victim. That night crowds at the house of Rossi's widow chanted Blessed is the hand that stabbed the Rossi. Sterbini went on to play a prominent role in the Roman Republic in 1849, but fled into exile after its fall, until 1861. In a trial held in 1854, a man by the name of Gabriele Constantini was convicted and executed.

The city of Carrara erected a statue in honor of Pellegrino Rossi.

Selected works
Cours d'économie politique (1838–54)
Traité de droit pénal (1829)
Cours de droit constitutionnel (1866–67)
Melanges d'économie politique, d'histoire et de philosophie (1857, 2 volumes)

References

Claudio Rendina, Enciclopedia di Roma, Newton Compton, Rome, 1994

1787 births
1848 deaths
Deaths by stabbing in Rome
People from Carrara
University of Pavia alumni
University of Bologna alumni
Italian economists
Italian politicians
Italian emigrants to France
Naturalized citizens of France
Academic staff of the Collège de France
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the July Monarchy
People of the Revolutions of 1848
History of the Papal States
Italian people of the Italian unification
Assassinated Italian politicians
Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
Burials at San Lorenzo in Damaso
1840s assassinated politicians

Pellegrino Rossi


SS Europa, later SS Liberté, IMO 5607332, was a German ocean liner built for the Norddeutsche Lloyd line (NDL) to work the transatlantic sea route. She and her sister ship, , were the two most advanced, high-speed steam turbine ocean vessels in their day, with both earning the Blue Riband.

After World War II French line Compagnie Générale Transatlantique was awarded  the Europa as a war prize to replace the destroyed , which had caught fire and capsized at her moorings while interned by the United States in New York City.  Europa was refitted at Le Havre and rechristened the Liberté, serving until the arrival of the  in 1961 as the premier liner in the Compagnie's fleet.  She was laid up in 1962 and scrapped at La Spezia, Italy, in 1963.

History

Construction
Europa was built in 1928 with her sister ship  to be the second 50,000–gross ton North German Lloyd liner. They both were powered with advanced high-speed steam turbine engines and were built with a bulbous bow entry and a low streamlined profile.

Europa and her slightly larger sister ship were designed to have a cruising speed of 27.5 knots, allowing an Atlantic crossing time of 5 days. This enabled Norddeutsche Lloyd to run regular weekly crossings with two ships, an operation that previously required three.

The launching of Europa took place at Blohm & Voss shipyard, Hamburg on Wednesday, August 15, 1928. Europa was intended to be completed in spring 1929. However, on the morning of 26 March 1929, a fire broke out while still at the equipment dock. The fire raged all day long and it was not until the evening when the fire was under control. The ship's turbines were damaged heavily and also the remainder of the ship had been significantly damaged. After long discussions between builder and shipping company, it was decided to repair the ship. Within eleven months the ship was finished and completed on February 22, 1930. The cause of the fire has never been clearly identified.

Blue Riband
Europa made her maiden voyage to New York on 19 March 1930 taking the westbound Blue Riband from  with the average speed of 27.91 knots and a crossing time of 4 days, 17 hours and 6 minutes. During the voyage many of her passengers were disturbed by the soot coming out of Europas low funnels. The problem was corrected by raising the funnels by 15 feet, though decreasing her low profile. After they were raised, there were no more complaints. She held the Riband until Bremen recaptured it in June 1933.

Aircraft

Like Bremen, Europa had a small seaplane launched from a catapult on her upper deck between the funnels. The airplane flew from the ship to a landing at the seaplane port in Blexen.

The catapult was removed from both Bremen and Europa after a few years of service.

World War II

Europa was inactive for most of World War II. There were plans to use her as a transport in Operation Sea Lion, the intended invasion of Great Britain, and later conversion to an aircraft carrier. None of these plans came to pass, and in 1945, she was captured by the Allies and used as a troopship, sailing as the USS Europa (AP-177). The US Navy  ensign who was handed the German captain's pistol as the sign of surrender was a 28 year old surnamed Dolin. The United States claimed the ship as a war prize on 8 May 1945 and gave the vessel to the US Navy, which commissioned Europa 25 August 1945. Europa cleared Bremerhaven on 11 September 1945 for Southampton, England, where she loaded 4,500 homeward-bound American troops, arriving in New York City on 24 September. After alteration to increase her troop-carrying capacity, she made two voyages to Southampton to bring US servicemen home to the United States. She sailed from New York once more, on 15 March 1946, bound for Kirkwall in the Orkney Islands, and Bremerhaven, where she moored on 24 March.

Europa suffered from small fires caused by the removal of the ship's original high-quality fittings and installation of inferior replacements to compensate for material shortages in the war effort. Also, several serious hull cracks were discovered. The vessel was decommissioned on 2 May 1946 and delivered to the State Department on 8 June 1946. She was later transferred to France in partial payment of war reparations.

French Line

After World War II French line Compagnie Générale Transatlantique was awarded  the Europa as a war prize to replace the destroyed , which had caught fire and capsized at her moorings while interned by the United States in New York City.  Europa was taken to Le Havre for refitting – which proved fraught with difficulties. On December 8, 1946, a storm caused her to break free from her moorings and she collided with the wreck of , causing significant damage to her hull. She was raised in April 1947 and towed to the Ateliers et Chantiers de Saint-Nazaire Penhoët shipyard in Saint-Nazaire to complete her refitting. She suffered some further damage when the ship caught fire once again in October 1949, resulting in damage to some of her passenger space. Finally, on August 2, 1950, wearing CGT black-topped red funnels in place of NDL yellow, she made her maiden voyage to New York under her new name, Liberté'''. After five years and two near disasters the crossing was uneventful, and she went on to serve as the premier transatlantic liner in the French Line fleet until the arrival of the 66,000-ton  in 1961. Liberté was laid up in 1962 and scrapped at La Spezia, Italy, in 1963.Liberté was featured prominently in the Jane Russell film The French Line. Liberté made an appearance in the opening credits of the 1953 film How to Marry a Millionaire, as well as the 1954 classic film Sabrina, starring Audrey Hepburn and Humphrey Bogart, in the final scenes of the film.

Route

 Bremerhaven – New York (as Europa)
 Le Havre – New York (1950 on as Liberté'')

References

Further reading

External links

 Steamship EUROPA, Maiden Voyage, March 1930 (Fox Movietone with Sound)

1928 ships
E
Blue Riband holders
Ships built in Hamburg
Ships of Norddeutscher Lloyd
Ships of the Compagnie Générale Transatlantique
Steamships of France
Steamships of Germany
Proposed aircraft carriers
Ship fires
Captured ships
Troop ships
Maritime incidents in 1929
Maritime incidents in 1946
Maritime incidents in 1949
Maritime incidents in 1950
Maritime incidents in 1953

SS Europa (1928)


Domingo Ortega (February 25, 1906 – May 8, 1988) was a Spanish matador. Born Domingo López Ortega in Borox, Toledo, he was the son of a farmer, and grew up helping with farm work. During months when there was no work on the farm, he would travel to other towns selling garlic.

Career
In the summer of 1928, he went to a novillada, a bullfight of young bulls. During the fight, a bull injured the sole bullfighter present. Sensing an opportunity, Ortega jumped into the ring, asked for the bullfighter's tools, gave several passes, and killed the bull. The incident proved to be the start of a new career for him. In 1931, he had only performed in six novilladas when he received the alternativa — graduation from novillero to full matador de toros — from Gitanillo de Triana in Barcelona. The same year, his alternativa was confirmed by Nicanor Villalta in Madrid. He subsequently performed in many bullfights before retiring in 1950. He briefly came out of retirement for a period in 1953.

He is quoted as saying that the three canonical maxims of bullfighting, parar, templar y mandar ("to stop, to moderate, to command"), should be supplemented with a fourth: "to load," meaning the bullfighter should put his weight on his forward foot to put him closer to the bull. He said that a bullfighter being caught by the bull was always due to a mistake on the part of the bullfighter: "In bullfighting either the bullfighter or the bull is in command."

Legacy
While most modern sources praise Ortega highly, Ernest Hemingway expressed a low opinion of him in Death in the Afternoon, describing him as "skillfully built up... with an elaborate press campaign and ballyhoo," and stating, "He was lousy". However Laura Riding refuted Hemingway's view strongly in her essay 'The Bull-Fight', calling Ortega "the critical modernist among contemporary bull-fighters" and saying "There are few books that have given me such a sense of learned simplicity as Ortega's work".

References

Bibliography

External links
Biography in Spanish
El País article, December 12, 1985

1906 births
1988 deaths
People from the Province of Toledo
Spanish bullfighters

Domingo Ortega


Milena is a feminine given name of Slavic origin derived from "mil" meaning "gracious", "pleasant" or "dear". It is the feminine form of the male names Milan and Milen. It is popular in Slavic countries such as Serbia, Montenegro, Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Ukraine, Croatia, Russia, Belarus, as well as other countries.

People
 Milena Baldassarri (born 2001), Italian rhythmic gymnast
 Milena Canonero (born 1946), Italian costume designer
 Milena Ćeranić (born 1986), Serbian pop-folk singer
 Milena Doleželová-Velingerová, Czech Sinologist
 Milena Dravić (1940–2018), Serbian actress
 Milena Dvorská, Czech actress
 Milena Duchková, Czech athlete
 Milena Gaiga (born 1964), Canadian field hockey player
 Milena Gimón (born 1980), Venezuelan sports journalist
 Milena Govich (born 1976), American actress
 Milena Jesenská (1896–1944), Czech journalist, writer, and translator
 Milena Kaneva (21st century), Bulgarian film producer and director
 Milena Kitic (born 1968), Serbian American operatic mezzo-soprano
 Milena "Mila" Kunis (born 1983), American-Ukrainian actress
 Milena Mayorga (born 1976), model and beauty pageant contestant who represented El Salvador in Miss Universe 1996
 Milena Pavlović-Barili (1909–1945), Serbian painter and poet
 Milena Rašić (born 1990), Serbian volleyball player
 Milena Reljin (born 1967), Yugoslavian rhythmic gymnast
 Milena Leticia Roucka "Rosa Mendes" (born 1979), Canadian professional wrestler
 Milena Slavova (born 1966), Bulgarian punk-rock singer
 Milena Toscano (born 1984), Brazilian actress and model
 Milena Venega (born 1996), Cuban rower
 Milena Vukotić (1847–1923), Queen of Montenegro
 Milena Vukotic (born 1935), Italian actress
 Milena Nikolova "Milenita" (born 1975), Bulgarian pop and jazz singer

See also

 Mileena, a fictional character in the Mortal Kombat franchise
 Milica, also a Slavic name
 Slavic names

References

Feminine given names
Slavic feminine given names
Belarusian feminine given names
Bosnian feminine given names
Bulgarian feminine given names
Croatian feminine given names
Czech feminine given names
Italian feminine given names
Spanish feminine given names
Portuguese feminine given names
Macedonian feminine given names
Montenegrin feminine given names
Slovak feminine given names
Slovene feminine given names
Polish feminine given names
Russian feminine given names
Romanian feminine given names
Serbian feminine given names
Ukrainian feminine given names

Milena (given name)


Tirupati is a city in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh state in India. It is a municipal corporation and headquarters of Tirupati revenue division and Tirupati mandal (taluk). As of the census of 2011, Tirupati is the 9th most populous city in Andhra Pradesh with the total population of 287,482. Population of the urban agglomeration of Tirupati is 459,985.

Tirupati has one of the most visited tourist attraction as well as religious shrine and the second richest temple in the world, the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple. This temple is one of the holiest Hindu pilgrimage sites. Because of this temple, Tirupati is considered as "the Spiritual  capital of Andhra Pradesh".

Tirupati is mainly world renowned for the holy temple as well as its prasadham, the Tirupati Laddu. The Tirupati Laddu is a famous naivedhyam or prasadham offered to devotees in the Tirumala Venkateshwara Temple.The other attractions here are the Padmavathi Temple, Govindaraja Temple, Kapileshwara Temple, Kapila Theertham, and Sri Kodhandaramaswami Temple.The second largest zoo park in Asia is the Venkateshwara Zoological Park, which is located in Tirupati.

References

Cities in Andhra Pradesh

Tirupati


A teacher is a person who helps people to learn. A teacher often works in a classroom.

There are many different kinds of teachers. Some teachers teach young children in kindergarten or primary schools. Others teach older children in middle, junior high and high schools. Some teachers teach adults in colleges and universities. Some teachers are called professors.

Teachers are usually professionals. They have been to college and got qualifications. They use various methods to teach. Teachers explain new knowledge, write on a blackboard or whiteboard, sit behind their desks on chairs, help students with their work and mark students' work. They may also use a computer to write tests, assignments or report cards for the class.

Teachers are not always professionals. Parents usually do a lot of teaching before children ever get to school.

Related pages
Education
Pedagogy
School
Training

References

Education
Training

Teacher


Hānai is a term used in the Hawaiian culture that refers to the informal adoption of one person by another. It can be used as an adjective, such as "hānai child," or as a verb, to hānai someone into the family. Traditionally, hānai (which translates roughly as "feeding") took place shortly after birth, when a baby's biological parents gave the infant to another couple to raise. In pre-contact Hawaii, paternal grandparents had a claim on the first-born boy, and maternal grandparents on the first-born girl. The practice could serve to expand and strengthen family ties, and was an efficient way for a preliterate society to pass knowledge and culture down the generations. However, the adopting couple might be more distant relatives, or not related at all. Hānai also was used for political alliances to link royal families, and continued among royalty even after Western contact. Lili'uokalani, Hawai'i's last monarch, was the hānai child of chiefs higher ranking than her biological parents. In her autobiography, Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen, she wrote that hānai "seems perfectly natural to us. . . . this alliance by adoption cemented the ties of friendship between the chiefs. It spread to the common people, and it has doubtless fostered a community of interest and harmony."

Hawaiians also traditionally practiced ho'okama, which was the adoption of older children and adults.

In the Hawaiian culture, hānai has historically been a practice of one family hānai-ing their child into another family. It has made tracing genealogical roots somewhat more complicated.

When Hawaiian culture expert Winona Beamer spoke about the issue of hānai and its relevance to admission at Kamehameha Schools, she had first-hand knowledge of the practice in her immediate family. The linguist Kaliko Beamer-Trapp was born in England, but emigrated to the United States with his biological mother and later moved to Hawaii. When Beamer decided to hānai Kaliko into her family, it was with a special hānai ceremony.

Other Polynesian cultures, such as the Tahitians and Māori (in which culture the phenomenon is known as whāngai), have similar practices of adoptions. There is also a centuries-old Japanese tradition of adopting adult males to continue the patrilineal line.

See also
:Category:Hawaiian adoptees (hānai)

References

External links

Hawaiian words and phrases
Hawaii culture
Hawaiiana
Adoption in the United States

Hānai


I Am Number Four is a young adult science fiction novel by Pittacus Lore (the pseudonym of James Frey and Jobie Hughes) and the first book in the Lorien Legacies series. The book was published by HarperCollins on August 3, 2010, and spent seven successive weeks at #1 on the children's chapter of the New York Times bestseller list.

DreamWorks Pictures bought the rights to the film in June 2009; it was released on February 18, 2011, and was the first DreamWorks movie to be distributed by Disney's Touchstone Pictures.

The novel is the first of a seven-book series.

Plot

The first book of the "Lorian Legacies Series", "I am Number Four" centers on the conflict between two extraterrestrial species: the Loric and the Mogadorians. The Loric are classified into two factions: the overseers known as the Cepân and the guardians known as the Garde, the latter of whom possess unique abilities known as Legacies. The story begins with a prelude that follows Hannu – the alias used by Number Three, one of nine Garde children who fled to Earth after their homeworld of Lorien was invaded. While residing in Kenya, he is discovered and killed by Mogadorian assassins under the command of General Andrakkus Sutekh.

Most of the book is told in the first person by Number Four, who begins as Daniel Jones. As the story opens, he and his guardian or Cepân, Henri, learn of the death of Number Three and move to Paradise, Ohio, assuming a new identity as John Smith. There, John befriends conspiracy theorist Sam Goode and "adopts" a dog identified by its name tag as "Bernie Kosar". He also meets and develops feelings for a fellow student, Sarah Hart, who is working as a photographer. Sarah's ex-boyfriend, football player Mark James, bullies and torments both John and Sam.

During a Halloween parade, Sam mentions that he knows about Mogadorians from a magazine, They Walk Among Us, a revelation that alarms both John and Henri. Later, Mark and his friends organize a nasty surprise during the haunted hayride: Sarah, John, and Sam are left stranded in the woods where Mark plans to beat up John. John uses his "legacies", which are akin to superpowers, to fend off his attackers and rescue Sarah. Sarah does not see John use his legacies in the darkness, so John emphatically warns Mark not to talk (or to let his friends talk) about what happened, or he will punish Mark severely if Mark or any of his friends talk.

As the book progresses, Sarah and John's relationship develops. Henri trains John to use his legacies, now with an increasing sense of urgency. Henri becomes unsettled and tells John that it is not safe to stay in Paradise. He is also concerned as John is late in developing his telekinesis, a power that he will need to fight the Mogadorians. Later, it is revealed that Sam has seen enough to arouse his suspicions, but John allays them by bluffingly 'admitting' to being an alien. He finds out more about the magazine Sam reads by borrowing a copy. Sam speaks of his belief that his father has been abducted by aliens.

Henri discovers where the magazine is printed and drives the two-hour car trip to Athens, Ohio, to find out more. John attends a Thanksgiving dinner with Sarah's family but worries about Henri, who does not answer his text messages. In his agitated state, John's telekinetic power manifests, though uncontrolled, and he leaves. He calls Sam for help, and they take Sam's father's long-unused truck and head for Athens, where they succeed in rescuing Henri who is taken captive. During the rescue, Sam is made fully aware of John's and Henri's alien secret, and John's legacies develop significantly. On their return, Henri insists they leave Paradise. John refuses, using his newfound powers to express his adamance, and Henri relents.

A few months pass during which John trains in the use of his legacies. Henri gradually relaxes as John becomes more adept. At a party at Mark's house, a major fire breaks out, trapping Sarah and forcing John to use his powers to save her. He then reveals his secret to Sarah, and they lie to the police and a reporter about what happened. Later on, John also lies to Henri, in order to not reveal how much he has told Sarah.

But John's lies are revealed when a video is released on YouTube. Henri is furious and demands they leave immediately. John again uses his powers to stop him and desperately races to the school, knowing that Sarah is in danger. He finds Sarah, but the Mogadorians have already arrived. The Mogadorians have brought an enormous beast called Piken and smaller, but still deadly, creatures called Krauls. These creatures are sent to track and kill the Loric. John and Sarah are joined by Number Six (who has been looking for them since Three's death) and later by Henri, Mark, and Bernie Kosar ("the dog"). John sends Mark off, exhorting him to protect Sarah. A furious battle ensues, during which Six exhibits powers of invisibility and control of the weather, and Bernie Kosar is revealed to be a Chimæra, animals on Lorien who can shape shift. Sam arrives partway through the battle.

John kills a soldier, Bernie Kosar battles a Piken, and at key moments, John is helped by his friends, but in the end, they are depleted and weakened by numbers and power. Six is wounded and taken to relative safety. John uses an ability he was barely aware of to communicate with a beast brought by the Mogadorians and to turn it against them. Henri is killed, but before dying exhorts John to read a letter he left for him. John survives, though he is very weak, and the Mogadorians are defeated.

Promising to return for Sarah, John leaves Paradise, along with Number Six, Sam, and Bernie Kosar.

Characters
 Number 4 (John Smith): John Smith is the protagonist of the story. Each Loric can only be killed in order of their number. Number 1,2 and 3 have already been killed and John is next in line to be killed by the Mogadorians.
 Sarah Hart: John's girlfriend, whom John develops extremely strong feelings for, and refuses to move to be with her and thus sacrifices himself and his race to be with her.
 Mark James: The ex-boyfriend of Sarah Hart and main antagonist and bully of John Smith and Sam Goode for the first part of the novel.
 Henri (Brandon): John's Cepân, teacher, from Lorien, sent to help John learn to control his developing legacies and to protect him.
 Sam Goode: John's best friend. Sam's father went missing and is not "found" until later in the series. Sam is a sci-fi/alien geek.
 Mogadorians: A race of aliens responsible for killing the Loric and now hunting the 9.
 The 9: 9 Garde children sent away from Lorien at the time of the invasion in order to someday restore their planet, they each develop powers(legacies), and cannot be killed out of order as they are protected by an ancient and powerful spell.
 Bernie Kosar: A Chimæra (magical pet that can change between animals), who protects John. His preferred form is a Beagle. John is unaware of his Lorian past until very late in the book.
 Number 6: The only other Loric to appear in the first novel of the series. Number 6 risks breaking the Lorian spell that protects each Loric so they can only be killed in order to meet John. She only appears at the very end of the "I am Number Four" novel.

Reception
I Am Number Four has received mixed reviews. Kirkus Reviews wrote, "If it were a Golden Age comic, this tale of ridiculous science, space dogs and humanoid aliens with flashlights in their hands might not be bad." The Chicago Tribune said, "There's genuine suspense…it's easy to get lost in the world of the sweet teen from another planet." Booklist reviewed it as, "Terrifically propulsive." Publishers Weekly wrote, "For those looking for an undemanding, popcorn-ready read, this 'guy—okay, alien—gets the girl and saves the world' adventure should do the trick." School Library Journal wrote, "With its interesting premises and a fast-pace telling, the story will grab readers who are willing to suspend quite a bit of disbelief. Others, who like their science fiction with a bit more science and internal logic, will have to search elsewhere." The Horn Book reviewed it as, "Riveting." It was on the number one spot of the New York Times Best Seller list for 7 weeks and was on it for a total of 17 weeks.

References

External links

Lorien Legacies
2010 American novels
2010 science fiction novels
American novels adapted into films
American science fiction novels
American young adult novels
Children's science fiction novels
HarperCollins books
Novels by James Frey
Science fiction novels adapted into films

I Am Number Four


KANA-BOON is a Japanese rock band. They are from Osaka and now they live and work in Tokyo. They made their debut in 2013 and released a lot of mini CDs and albums until now. And there are many of their fans not only in Japan but also in foreign countries.

Band members
KANA-BOON was formed by four members at first. They have the role of rhythm guitar and vocals, lead guitar, bass guitar, and drums. But it is now a three-piece band after some members left the band.

Current members
Maguro Taniguchi is responsible for the vocals and the rhythm guitar.

Hayato Koga is responsible for the lead guitar.

Takahiro Koizumi is responsible for the drums.

Previous members
Hiroaki Hirose was responsible for the bass guitar.

Yuma Meshida was responsible for the bass guitar.

Biography
KANA-BOON was formed by them in 2006 when they were high school students.

After they graduated from high school, they began to work in earnest as a band in 2010.

Hiroaki Hirose, the bass guitarist, left and Yuma Meshida joined in 2011.

They were chosen for the Grand Prix out of 4000 bands in the audition in April 2012.

They made their major debut from Ki/oon Music (music label) in 2013.

Yuma Meshida left KANA-BOON in 2018.

Discography
They have released many discographies for about 7 years since they made their debut. And they had already released self-produced records before the debut. These are some representative works.

→Boku ga CD wo dashitara (2013, mini album)

   DOPPEL (2014, album)

   TIME (2015, album)

   Origin (2016, album)

   NAMiDA (2017, album)

   Star Marker (2020, mini CD)

   Torch of Liberty (2020, mini CD)

Collaboration
They also have collaborated with some Japanese Animation, and these are some representative works.

→Silhouette (The opening theme of Naruto: Hurricane Chronicles)

   Fighter (The opening theme of MOBILE SUIT GUNDAM IRON-BLOODED ORPHANS)

   Baton Road (The opening theme of Boruto: Naruto Next Generation)

   Star Marker (The opening theme of My Hero Academia)

   Torch of Liberty (The opening theme of Fire Force)

Recently, they have collaborated with Japanese animation every time they released a new single. And sometimes their songs are collaborated with some TV commercials, games, and movies.

Concert
They have held a lot of concerts since they made a major debut.

They held a one-man concert at nine places in Japan from May 17th to June 21st in 2014.

They also held an open-air one-man concert in Izumiotsu city, Osaka prefecture in 2014.

In 2015, 2016, and 2017, along with releasing albums in each year, TIME, Origin, and NAMiDA, they held three one-man concerts in many prefectures in Japan. That was especially the first time for them to hold a concert in a foreign country in 2016.

In 2018, they held a one-man concert and went all over the prefectures in Japan and Taiwan.

In 2019, they couldn't hold a concert actively because of leaving a member of them.

But even with this COVID-19 situation in 2020, They held online one-man concerts and joined in other online lives.

KANA-BOON


was a Japanese mathematician. He was the eldest brother of electrical engineer and computer scientist Hisashi Kobayashi. His research interests were in Riemannian and complex manifolds, transformation groups of geometric structures, and Lie algebras.

Biography
Kobayashi graduated from the University of Tokyo in 1953. In 1956, he earned a Ph.D. from the University of Washington under Carl B. Allendoerfer. His dissertation was Theory of Connections. He then spent two years at the Institute for Advanced Study and two years at MIT. He joined the faculty of the University of California, Berkeley in 1962 as an assistant professor, was awarded tenure the following year, and was promoted to full professor in 1966.

Kobayashi served as chairman of the Berkeley Mathematics Department for a three-year term from 1978 to 1981 and for the 1992 Fall semester. He chose early retirement under the VERIP plan in 1994.

The two-volume book Foundations of Differential Geometry, which he coauthored with Katsumi Nomizu, has been known for its wide influence. In 1970 he was an invited speaker for the section on geometry and topology at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Nice.

Technical contributions
Kobayashi's earliest work dealt with the geometry of connections on principal bundles. Many of these results, along with others, were later absorbed into Foundations of Differential Geometry.

As a consequence of the Gauss–Codazzi equations and the commutation formulas for covariant derivatives, James Simons discovered a formula for the Laplacian of the second fundamental form of a submanifold of a Riemannian manifold. As a consequence, one can find a formula for the Laplacian of the norm-squared of the second fundamental form. This "Simons formula" simplifies significantly when the mean curvature of the submanifold is zero and when the Riemannian manifold has constant curvature. In this setting, Shiing-Shen Chern, Manfredo do Carmo, and Kobayashi studied the algebraic structure of the zeroth-order terms, showing that they are nonnegative provided that the norm of the second fundamental form is sufficiently small.

As a consequence, the case in which the norm of the second fundamental form is constantly equal to the threshold value can be completely analyzed, the key being that all of the matrix inequalities used in controlling the zeroth-order terms become equalities. As such, in this setting, the second fundamental form is uniquely determined. As submanifolds of space forms are locally characterized by their first and second fundamental forms, this results in a complete characterization of minimal submanifolds of the round sphere whose second fundamental form is constant and equal to the threshold value. Chern, do Carmo, and Kobayashi's result was later improved by An-Min Li and Jimin Li, making use of the same methods.

On a Kähler manifold, it is natural to consider the restriction of the sectional curvature to the two-dimensional planes which are holomorphic, i.e. which are invariant under the almost-complex structure. This is called the holomorphic sectional curvature. Samuel Goldberg and Kobayashi introduced an extension of this quantity, called the holomorphic bisectional curvature; its input is a pair of holomorphic two-dimensional planes. Goldberg and Kobayashi established the differential-geometric foundations of this object, carrying out many analogies with the sectional curvature. In particular they established, by the Bochner technique, that the second Betti number of a connected closed manifold must equal one if there is a Kähler metric whose holomorphic bisectional curvature is positive. Later, Kobayashi and Takushiro Ochiai proved some rigidity theorems for Kähler manifolds. In particular, if  is a closed Kähler manifold and there exists  in  such that

then  must be biholomorphic to complex projective space. This, in combination with the Goldberg–Kobayashi result, forms the final part of Yum-Tong Siu and Shing-Tung Yau's proof of the Frankel conjecture. Kobayashi and Ochiai also characterized the situation of  as  being biholomorphic to a quadratic hypersurface of complex projective space.

Kobayashi is also notable for having proved that a hermitian–Einstein metric on a holomorphic vector bundle over a compact Kähler manifold has deep algebro-geometric implications, as it implies semistability and decomposability as a direct sum of stable bundles. This establishes one direction of the Kobayashi–Hitchin correspondence. Karen Uhlenbeck and Yau proved the converse result, following well-known partial results by Simon Donaldson.

In the 1960s, Kobayashi introduced what is now known as the Kobayashi metric. This associates  a pseudo-metric to any complex manifold, in a holomorphically invariant way. This sets up the important notion of Kobayashi hyperbolicity, which is defined by the condition that the Kobayashi metric is a genuine metric (and not only a pseudo-metric). With these notions, Kobayashi was able to establish a higher-dimensional version of the Alhfors–Schwarz lemma from complex analysis.

Major publications
Articles

Books

Kobayashi was also the author of several textbooks which (as of 2022) have only been published in Japanese.

Notes

References

External links
 Shoshichi Kobayashi – In Memoriam
 Publications of Shoshichi Kobayashi
 Shoshichi Kobayashi Department of Mathematics UC Berkeley

Differential geometers
University of Tokyo alumni
University of Washington alumni
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
1932 births
2012 deaths
20th-century Japanese mathematicians
21st-century Japanese mathematicians
People from Kōfu, Yamanashi
Japanese emigrants to the United States

Shoshichi Kobayashi


Cultural depictions of the Anarchy, a long-running civil war in England between 1135 and 1153, has furnished the background of some major fictional portrayals. These include:

 Charles Macfarlane's novel A Legend of Reading Abbey (1845) is an early novel about the conflict.
 George Shipway's novel Knight in Anarchy (1969) centres on a knight sworn to Geoffrey de Mandeville as he tries to gain power in the Anarchy.
 Cecelia Holland's The Earl, also published as Hammer for Princes (1971), gives a vivid description of the last year of the struggle, Prince Henry's invasion of England and his eventual recognition as King Stephen's heir.
 Graham Shelby's 1972 novel The Oath and the Sword (aka The Villains of the Piece), focuses on Empress Matilda's faithful supporter Brien FitzCount, Lord of Wallingford, through the years of the Anarchy.
 Jean Plaidy's Passionate Enemies (c. 1976) from her multi-volume treatment of the British monarchy, captures the mood of the period and the personalities of Matilda and Stephen.
 Ellis Peters set her series of Brother Cadfael books (published 1977–1994) against the background of the Anarchy.
 Diana Norman's novel Morning Gift (published in 1985) follows the trials of a Norman noblewoman as she struggles to keep safe her lands, her young son, and her people during the period of the Anarchy.
 Ken Follett's novel The Pillars of the Earth (published in 1989) is set during this time, and was adapted to an eight-part TV miniseries debuting in the U.S. on Starz and Canada on The Movie Network/Movie Central on July 23, 2010. It premiered in the UK on Channel 4, October 16, 2010, and on CBC Television January 8, 2011. The book's plot is less concerned with the war as such, and more with how the weakening of Royal authority gave a free hand to various aristocrats, such as the book's particularly rapacious Earl.
 Sharon Kay Penman's 750-page novel When Christ and His Saints Slept (published in 1995) gives a comprehensive and informative view of the entire power struggle.
 Elizabeth Chadwick's A Place Beyond Courage (published 2008, Sphere) is set during the Anarchy, focusing on the life of John FitzGilbert the Marshal. Her most recent novel The Lady of the English focuses on Matilda and on Henry's young wife Adeliza.
 The Anarchy is the inspiration for the fictional civil war called 'the Dance of the Dragons' between princess Rhaenyra Targaryen and her half-brother Aegon, depicted in George R. R. Martin's novella The Princess and the Queen (published 2013 in the anthology Dangerous Women) and fictional history book Fire and Blood. It is set in the same universe as his fantasy novel series A Song of Ice and Fire. The Dance was adapted into the HBO series House of the Dragon (2022).
 The Anarchy is depicted in the 2011 Elizabeth Chadwick novel about Empress Matilda, Lady of the English.
 The Anarchy is the background for the historical novel Winter Siege (2014) by Ariana Franklin and Samantha Norman.

References

The Anarchy
England in fiction
Fiction set in the 12th century

Cultural depictions of the Anarchy


Spike directivity  is a vector that quantifies changes in transient charge density  during action potential propagation.

The digital-like uniformity of action potentials is contradicted by experimental data. Electrophysiologists have observed that the shape of recorded action potentials changes in time. Recent experimental evidence has shown that action potentials in neurons are subject to waveform modulation while they travel down axons or dendrites. The action potential waveform can be modulated by neuron geometry, local alterations in the ion conductance, and other  biophysical properties including neurotransmitter release.

See also
 Cellular neuroscience
 Neuron
 NeuroElectroDynamics

References

Neural coding
Electrophysiology
Computational neuroscience
Cellular neuroscience

Spike directivity


The Wichita River ( ), part of the Red River watershed, lies in north-central Texas.  Rising in northeastern Knox County at the confluence of its North and South Forks, the river flows  northeast across Baylor, Archer, Wichita, and Clay counties before joining the Red River just west of Byers Bend in northern Clay County.

The Texan Santa Fe Expedition crossed the river at the site of present-day Wichita Falls in 1841 and found a large Wichita Indian village at the site; the river was later named after the tribe.  Today, the largest human settlement on the river is the city of Wichita Falls, which was named after a five-foot waterfall on the river that later washed away in a flood in 1886. The city after nearly 100 years of visitors wanting to visit the non-existent falls built an artificial waterfall beside the river in Lucy Park. The recreated falls are  high and recirculate at 3,500 gallons per minute. They are visible to south-bound traffic on Interstate 44.

The river is dammed in Archer County, forming Lake Diversion, and in Baylor County, forming Lake Kemp; there are also two small reservoirs on the river in Wichita County, one furnishing water for the town of Iowa Park and the other providing water for local irrigation.

The Wichita River has three tributaries; the Wichita proper, as stated above, is formed by the confluence of its North and South Forks.  The North Fork runs for  from northeastern Dickens County through King, Cottle, and Foard counties before joining the South Fork.  The Middle Fork flows  from north-central King County to its meeting with the North Fork in southwestern Foard County.  The South Fork rises in eastern Dickens County and runs for  through King and Knox Counties before joining the North Fork; the King County seat of Guthrie lies on the South Fork.

See also
 Geology of Wichita Falls, Texas
 List of rivers of Texas

References
 "WICHITA RIVER", Handbook of Texas Online, accessed April 12, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
 Assessment of Channel Changes, Models of Historical Floods and Effects of Backwater on Flood Stage, and Flood Mitigation Alternatives for the Wichita River at Wichita Falls, Texas United States Geological Survey

Rivers of Texas
Tributaries of the Red River of the South
Rivers of Knox County, Texas
Rivers of Baylor County, Texas
Rivers of Archer County, Texas
Rivers of Wichita County, Texas
Rivers of Clay County, Texas
Rivers of Dickens County, Texas
Rivers of King County, Texas
Rivers of Foard County, Texas

Wichita River


Ecclesiastical letters are publications or announcements of the organs of Roman Catholic ecclesiastical authority, e.g. the synods, but more particularly of pope and bishops, addressed to the faithful in the form of letters.

Letters of the popes in the early church

The popes began early to issue canon laws as well for the entire Church as for individuals, in the form of letters which popes sent either on their own initiative or when application was made to them by synods, bishops or individual Christians.

Apart from the Epistles of the Apostle Peter, the first example of this is the Letter of Pope Clement I (90-99) to the Corinthians, in whose community there was grave dissension. Only a few papal letters of the first three Christian centuries have been preserved in whole or part, or are known from the works of ecclesiastical writers. Among them are three letters by Pope Cornelius. From the moment the Church was recognized by the Roman State and could freely spread, the number of papal letters increased.

The popes called these letters with reference to their legal character, decreta, statuta, decretalia constituta, even when the letters were often hortatory in form. Or the letters were called sententiæ, i. e. opinions; præcepta; auctoritates. On the other hand, more general letters, especially those of dogmatic importance, were also called at times tomi; indiculi; commonitoria; epistolae tractoriae, or simply tractatoriae.

If the matter were important, the popes issued the letters not by their sole authority, but with the advice of the Roman presbyters or of a synod. Although these names indicate sufficiently the legal character of the papal letters, the popes repeatedly required from the persons to whom they wrote that these should bring the letter in question to the notice of others. In order to secure such knowledge of the papal laws, several copies of the papal letters were occasionally made and dispatched at the same time.

Following the example of the Roman emperors, the popes soon established archives (scrinium) in which copies of their letters were placed as memorials for further use, and as proofs of authenticity. The first mention of papal archives is found in the Acts of a synod held about 370 under Pope Damasus I. Pope Zosimus also makes mention in 419 of the archives. Nevertheless, forged papal letters appeared even earlier than this. But by far the greater number of the papal letters of the first millennium have been lost.

As befitted their legal importance, the papal letters were also soon incorporated in the collections of canon law. The first to collect the epistles of the popes in a systematic and comprehensive manner was the monk Dionysius Exiguus, at the beginning of the sixth century. In this way the papal letters took rank with the canons of the synods as of equal value and of equal obligation. The example of Dionysius was followed afterwards by almost all compilers of the canons, such as Anselm of Lucca.

Letters of the medieval popes
With the development of the papal primacy in the Middle Ages the papal letters grew enormously in number. The popes, following the earlier custom, insisted that their rescripts, issued for individual cases, should be observed in all analogous ones. According to the teaching of the canonists, above all of Gratian, every papal letter of general character was authoritative for the entire Church without further notification. Decrees (decreta) was the name given especially to general ordinances issued with the advice of the cardinals. On the other hand, ordinances issued for individual cases were called rescripta. Thus a (papal) constitution was always understood to be a papal ordinance which regulated ecclesiastical conditions of a general character judicially, in a durable manner and form, for all time; but by a rescript was understood a papal ordinance issued at the petition of an individual that decided a lawsuit or granted a favour.

The above-mentioned distinctions between papal documents were based on the extent of their authority. Other names again had their origin in the form of the papal documents. It is true they all had more or less evidently the form of letters. But essential differences appeared, especially in regard to the literary form (stylus) of the document and the method of sealing, these depending in each case on the importance of the contents of the respective document. It was merely the difference in the manner of sealing that led to the distinction between bulls and briefs. For papal bulls, legal instruments almost entirely for important matters, the seal was stamped in wax or lead, seldom in gold, enclosed in a case, and fastened to the document by a cord. For briefs, instruments used as a rule in matters of less importance, the seal was stamped upon the document in wax. Curial letters (litterae curiales or litterae de curia) denoted particularly letters of the popes in political affairs.

During the Middle Ages, the letters of the popes were deposited in the papal archives either in the original or by copy. They are still in existence, and almost complete in number, from the time of Innocent III (1198–1216). Many papal letters were also incorporated, as their legal nature required, in the Corpus Juris Canonici. Others are to be found in the formularies, many of which appeared unofficially in the Middle Ages, similar in kind to the ancient official Liber Diurnus of the papal chancery in use as late as the time of Gregory VII. The papal letters were forwarded by the papal officials, above all by the Apostolic Chancery, for whose use the chancery rules, regulae cancellariae Apostolicae, were drawn up with regard to the execution and dispatch of the papal letters, dating back to the twelfth century. Nevertheless, the forging of papal letters was even more frequent in the Middle Ages than in the early Church. Innocent III refers to no less than nine methods of falsification. From the thirteenth century on to January 1909, it sufficed, in order to give a papal document legal force, to post it up at Rome on the doors of St. Peter's, of the Lateran, the Apostolic Chancery and in the Piazza del Campo di Fiori, but since 1909 they acquired force only by publication in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis.

Letters of the popes in modern times
In the modern period also, papal letters have been constantly issued, but they proceed from the popes themselves less frequently than in the Middle Ages and Christian antiquity; most of them are issued by the papal officials, of whom there is a greater number than in the Middle Ages, and to whom have been granted large delegated powers, which include the issuing of letters. Following the example of Paul III, Pius IV and Pius V, Sixtus V by the papal bull Immensa aeterni of 22 January 1587 added to the already existing bodies of papal officials a number of congregations of cardinals with clearly defined powers of administration and jurisdiction. Succeeding popes added other congregations.

Pius X, in the constitution Sapienti consilio of 29 June 1908, reorganized the papal curia, papal writings being divided into (apostolic) constitutions, (papal) rescripts, (papal) bulls, (papal) briefs and apostolic letters (litterae apostolicae).

The litterae apostolicae are further divided into litterae apostolicae simplices or brevetti, chirographa, encyclicae (encyclicals) and motus proprii. By litterae apostolicae simplices are understood all documents drawn up by virtue of papal authorization, and signed with the pope's name but not by the pope personally. Documents signed by the pope personally are called chirographa. Encyclicals are letters of a more hortatory nature, addressed to all or to a majority of the higher officials of the Church. A motu proprio is a document prepared at the personal initiative of the pope, without previous petition to him, and issued with a partial avoidance of the otherwise customary forms of the chancery.

By "constitution" is understood, as in the Middle Ages, a papal document of general authority; by "rescript", a similar document applicable to an individual case.

Bulls and briefs are distinguished from each other by characteristics of form which have always remained essentially the same.

The papal documents are still deposited in the Roman archives. There are no official collections of them corresponding to the medieval Corpus Juris Canonici. The last official collection is that of the Constitutions of Benedict XIV (1740–1758). From the sixteenth century, on the other hand, private collections have appeared, some of which are called bullaria, from the more important part of their contents. Many papal letters are also found in the collections of the Acts of the Councils. The documents issued by the officials of the Curia and the Congregations of Cardinals contain either resolutions (decisions) for individual cases, or declarations (extensivae or comprehensivae) interpreting laws, or decrees, which are entirely new laws. Some congregations of cardinals have issued official collections of their decisions.

The document Sapienti Consilio of Pope Pius X decreed that all papal laws were to be promulgated through publication in an official bulletin called the Acta Apostolicae Sedis, the first issues of which, at intervals of about twice a month, appeared in 1909. From 1865 to 1908, papal documents had been published in a similar series under the title Acta Sanctae Sedis, which was declared official in 1904. Before 1865, papal documents were not systematically published in documentary fashion and were promulgated by other means such as being affixed to the doors of basilicas in Rome.

Letters of bishops
Just as the popes rule the Church largely by means of letters, so also the bishops make use of letters for the administration of their dioceses. The documents issued by a bishop are divided according to their form into: pastoral letters, synodal and diocesan statutes, mandates or ordinances or decrees. The classification depending upon whether they have been drawn up more as letters, or have been issued by a synod or the diocesan chancery.

The pastoral letters are addressed either to all the members of the diocese (litterae pastorales) or only to the clergy, in this case formerly in Latin (litterae encyclicae). The mandates, decrees or ordinances are issued either by the bishop himself or by one of his officials.

The synodal statutes are ordinances issued by the bishop at the diocesan synod, with the advice, but in no way with the legislative co-operation, of the diocesan clergy. The diocesan statutes, regularly speaking, are those episcopal ordinances which, because they refer to more weighty matters, are prepared with the obligatory or facultative co-operation of the cathedral chapter.

In order to have legal force the episcopal documents must be published in a suitable manner and according to usage. Civil laws by which episcopal and also papal documents have to receive the approval of the State before they can be published are irrational and out of date according to the First Vatican Council (session III, De eccles., c. iii) (see Exequatur).

See also
Regesta
 Papal bull
 Audi filia et

References

Documents of the Catholic Church

Ecclesiastical letter


Wacky Wheels is a kart racing video game released by Apogee Software for MS-DOS in 1994. The game strongly resembles Super Mario Kart from the Super NES, but the karts are described as lawn mowers and the eight playable characters (panda, moose, pelican, racoon, shark, camel, elephant and tiger) are animals from a zoo.

The game was re-released on GOG.com with support for Microsoft Windows, Linux, and macOS on August 20, 2014, then for Steam on May 6, 2015 as part of the 3D Realms Anthology.

Gameplay

While racing, players can collect hedgehogs, bombs and other objects that can be used to shoot or distract opponents. The game features both single and multiplayer play, with split-screen, modem, or direct serial link.  In multiplayer mode, two human players can either race against each other or battle in special arenas where the sole purpose is to hit the opponent a certain number of times with hedgehogs.  This last gaming mode, called Wacky shoot-out, is similar to the classic deathmatch mode from first-person shooter games or the Battle Mode of Super Mario Kart.

The game was and still is distributed as shareware, with only a few characters and courses active.  Registration is required to unlock the remaining characters and courses.  It is also the first game to feature a Dopefish cameo appearance.

Development
Developers Andy Edwardson and Shaun Gadalla of Wacky Wheels were inspired by Super Mario Kart, and wished to create a similar experience on the personal computer. During development, he sent out a playable demo that included its source code to Copysoft to canvas interest in funding the project. They rejected it and instead Apogee began funding development. However, just prior to the release of Wacky Wheels, Copysoft released a similar game titled Skunny Kart. Edwardson and Gadalla accused Copysoft of copyright infringement, noting the similarity in the games: however, no legal action was ever taken.

Sequel
In 2014 it was announced that Cascadia Games had acquired the rights to Wacky Wheels from Apogee and was working on a sequel/remake of the game. The game called Wacky Wheels HD was released on Steam and Itch.io in Fall 2016.  It was later withdrawn from Steam, and is no longer available.

References

External links
Wacky Wheels website
The Official Apogee FAQ

1994 video games
Apogee games
DOS games
MacOS games
Kart racing video games
Racing video games
Vehicular combat games
Split-screen multiplayer games
Games commercially released with DOSBox
Video game clones
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Multiplayer and single-player video games

Wacky Wheels


Airway obstruction is a blockage of respiration in the airway that hinders the free flow of air. It can be broadly classified into being either in the upper airway (UPA) or lower airway (LOA).

Airway obstruction is a life-threatening condition and requires urgent attention, and assistance when it is needed. The assistance to clear an upper airway obstruction would begin employing first-aid anti-choking techniques.

Upper airway obstruction

Causes of upper airway obstruction include foreign body aspiration, blunt laryngotracheal trauma, penetrating laryngotracheal trauma, tonsillar hypertrophy, paralysis of the vocal cord or vocal fold, acute laryngotracheitis such as viral croup, bacterial tracheitis, epiglottitis, peritonsillar abscess, pertussis, retropharyngeal abscess, spasmodic croup. In basic and advanced life support airway obstructions are often referred to as A-problems. Management of airways relies on both minimal-invasive and invasive techniques.

Lower airway obstruction

Lower airway obstruction is mainly caused by increased resistance in the bronchioles (usually from a decreased radius of the bronchioles) that reduces the amount of air inhaled in each breath and the oxygen that reaches the pulmonary arteries. It is different from airway restriction (which prevents air from diffusing into the pulmonary arteries because of some kind of blockage in the lungs). Diseases that cause lower airway obstruction are termed obstructive lung diseases.

Lower airway obstruction can be measured using spirometry. A decreased FEV1/FVC ratio (versus the normal of about 80%) is indicative of airway obstruction, as the normal amount of air can no longer be exhaled in the first second of expiration. An airway restriction would not produce a reduced FEV1/FVC ratio, but would reduce the vital capacity.  The ventilation is therefore affected leading to a ventilation-perfusion mismatch and hypoxia.

Consequences

Airway obstruction may cause obstructive pneumonitis or post-obstructive pneumonitis. It can also be a sign of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a common breathing disorder that is a risk factor for lung cancer.

See also
 Stridor
 Recurrent airway obstruction

References

External links

Symptoms and signs: Respiratory system

Airway obstruction


A parakeet is any one of many small to medium-sized species of parrot, in multiple genera, that generally has long tail feathers.

Etymology and naming
The name parakeet is derived from the French word perroquet, which is reflected in some older spellings that are still sometimes encountered, including paroquet or paraquet. However, in modern French, perruche is used to refer to parakeets and similar-sized parrots.

In American English, the word parakeet usually refers to the budgerigar, which is one species of parakeet.

Summary

Parakeets comprise about 115 species of birds that are seed-eating parrots of small size, slender build, and long, tapering tails. The Australian budgerigar, also known as "budgie", Melopsittacus undulatus, is probably the most common parakeet. It was first described by zoologists in 1891. It is the most popular species of parakeet kept as a pet in North America and Europe.

The term "grass parakeet" (or grasskeet) refers to many small Australian parakeets native to grasslands such as the genus Neophema and the princess parrot. The Australian rosellas are also parakeets. Many of the smaller, long-tailed species of lories may be referred to as "lorikeets". The vernacular name ring-necked parakeet (not to be confused with the Australian ringneck) refers to a species of the genus Psittacula native to Africa and Asia that is popular as a pet and has become feral in many cities outside its natural range.

In aviculture, the term "conure" is used for small to medium-sized parakeets of the genera Aratinga, Pyrrhura, and a few other genera of the tribe Arini, which are mainly endemic to South America.  As they are not all from one genus, taxonomists tend to avoid the term.  Other South American species commonly called parakeets include the genus Brotogeris parakeets, the monk parakeet, and lineolated parakeets, although lineolateds have short tails.

A larger species may be referred to as "parrot" or "parakeet" interchangeably.  For example, "Alexandrine parrot" and "Alexandrine parakeet" are two common names for the same species, Psittacula eupatria, which is one of the largest species normally referred to as a parakeet.

Many different species of parakeets are bred and sold commercially as pets, the budgerigar being the third most popular pet in the world, after cats and dogs.

Breeding
Parakeets often breed more readily in groups; however, there can be conflicts between breeding pairs and individuals especially if space is limited. The presence of other parakeets encourages a pair to breed, which is why breeding in a group is better. Despite this, many breeders choose to breed in pairs to both avoid conflicts and know offspring's parentage with certainty. Parakeets lay an average of 4-8 eggs, while budgerigars (a species of parakeet) lay an average of 4-6 eggs.

United Kingdom parakeet population

In December 2019, Steven Le Comber, of Queen Mary University in London, UK, published an analysis in the Journal of Zoology based on geographic profiling methods. It concluded that the thriving rose-ringed parakeet population in the United Kingdom had grown from numerous small-scale accidental and intentional pet releases. Previous theories had included a pair released by Jimi Hendrix on Carnaby Street and an arrival in 1951 when Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn visited London with various animals to film The African Queen, set in the equatorial swamps of east Africa.

Spain's parakeet control measures
According to a 2018 report, Spanish authorities have drawn up plans to curb the ever-growing population of parakeets, which has reached 30,000 in locations such as Malaga.

See also
 Cockatiel
 Budgerigar
 Conure
 Mini-macaw
 Pigeon

References

Bird common names

Parakeet


Ahmose ("Child of the Moon") was an ancient Egyptian prince and High Priest of Re during the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt.

Life
Ahmose was probably a son of Pharaoh Amenhotep II. He was in office as High Priest of Re in Heliopolis during the reign of his brother Thutmose IV. A stela of his, which originally stood probably in Heliopolis, is now in Berlin, his broken statue (probably from Koptos) is in Cairo.

Sources

15th-century BC clergy
14th-century BC clergy
Princes of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
High Priests of Re
Children of Amenhotep II

Ahmose (18th dynasty)


Chief Kadungure Mapondera helped to lead the Shona people of Southern Africa against the British South Africa Company (BSAC) in the 1890s. He eventually surrendered to the BSAC and was tried and sentenced to imprisonment.

Son of Nyahunzvi and his wife Mwera, Nyahunzvi son of Zhengeni, Zhenjeni son of Chiwodza (Chiwodzamamera) who became first Chief Negomo. Chiwodza was son of Mugumu (Kanogumura),a descendant of the Rozvi Dynasty of Zimbabwe from early 1690s, and his wife Chimoyo, sister of Gwangwadza and children of Chiumbe of Nehoreka dynasty. Mugumu's brother was Kuredzamuswe. The two came from Bikita and were of Moyondizvo totem.

1901 Mapondera Rebellion
As an outstanding commander and politician, in 1901 Chief Kadungure Mapondera, who had in 1894 proclaimed his independence of the British South Africa Company's rule, led a rebellion in the Guruve, Mazowe and Mount Darwin areas of Mashonaland Central. He led a force of initially under 100 men, but had over 600 under his command by mid-1901. He was captured in 1903 and died in jail in 1904 after a hunger strike.

When the Rozvi Empire was folding the children of Dhewa Basvi moved northwards from Bikita into some parts of Manicaland, Midlands, Masvingo and all Mashonaland Provinces. Some of them include Chiduku, Tandi, Ruzane, Samuriwo, Negomo, Nyamweda, Sai (Gokwe),Gumunyu, Musarurwa, Mumbengegwi, Gono (descendants of Kuredzamuswe in Shamva).

Negomo Chieftainship: Chiwodza had 3 sons viz: Mutasa (Mutopore)and Zhenjeni (from senior wife),and Muroro from junior wife. Mutasa did not leave a son. The chieftainship continues to rotate between the descendants of Zhenjeni and Muroro. Kindly note that the chieftainship does not necessarily follow seniority positions in the family.

Negomo Chieftainship:
Chief 1: Chiwodzamamera.
Chief 2: Zhenjeni.                                Chief 3: Chimukwende/Hwende/Dandera (Muroro).
Chief 4: Muguse (Zhenjeni).                       Chief 5: Gorejena (Muroro).
N.B. Muguse did not have sons. When he fell ill his brother Nyahunzvi became the longest acting chief for over 30 years. Nyahunzvi died before Muguse who had been ill for a long time. Soon after Nyahunzvi's death it did not take long before Muguse's death. Mwera the wife of Nyahunzvi, who was pregnant was inherited by the incoming chief Gorejena, son of Hwende of Muroro lineage. Mwera bore Kadungure/Chivaura who was then nicknamed Mapondera. In fact Gorejena who took Mwera as his wife soon after the death of Nyahunzvi was Mapondera's cousin. With Mwera Gorejena's children are Chikuva (daughter) and Zoraunye (son).
Chief 6: Chipiro /Mukungurutse (Zhenjeni).        Chief 7:  Munyepere /Mutengwa (Muroro).
Chief 8: Chipiro /Mhako Dingo (Zhenjeni).        Chief 9:  Mupfunya (Muroro).
Chief 10: Chipiro /Gomwe Naison (Zhenjeni).       Chief 11: Chitsinde/ Inge/ Zhakata (Muroro).
Chief 12: incoming Nyahunzvi/Mapondera's family (Zhenjeni).

Paramount Chief Mapondera's chieftainship has nothing to do with Negomo chieftainship. These are different chieftainships. However Mapondera's children are also legible to Negomo chieftainship.

Mapondera's sons who left descendants were as follows (starting with most senior):
1. Chivarange/Kanotumika  2. Chaichimwe  3. Gatsi  4. Jaji/Gorejena 5. Muchenje/Chikuku
6. Kaseke/Chatamabara  7. Mukambi/Masocha  8. Chigon'a  9. Mutata  10. Jani/Mbocho  11. Macharika (no children)  12. Machiridza/Jeke 13. Murungweni/Marufu 14. Makuvise 15. Muteveri (Ben) 16. Usaihwevhu/Bainosi 17. Chibaya 18. Magwasha/Enock 19. Nhova 20. Tavengwa 21. Takawira 22. Chandidzora/Mereki.

References

1904 deaths
1830s births

Kadungure Mapondera


Asia LIFE University also known as Gospel Theological Seminary is a Christian university in Daejeon, Korea.

Asia LIFE University is based on the foundations of the Pentecostal and evangelical theology with emphasis on the Four Square Gospel of salvation, Spirit-baptism, healing and return of Christ. Gospel Theological Seminary, as it was known before, strives to educate Christian leaders who are dedicated to the evangelical ministry.

Religious objectives
To train people to be competent and experienced as faithful Christian leaders whose doctrine is rooted in the Pentecostal theology.
To train people to be leaders who seek to live out the Word under the Lordship of Jesus Christ.
To train people to be talented as international Christian leaders who take the leadership of the world missions with the help of an education. An education that allows theological exchanges worldwide with lectures conducted in English and Korean.
To teach individuals how to manage small groups.
To train people to be theologists and leaders who are committed, and contribute themselves, to the development of theology and knowledge.

Areas of study
Spiritual Theology
Biblical Theology (Old Testament/New Testament)
Missiology
Systematic Theology
Historical Theology
Practical Theology
Pastoral Counseling

See also
List of colleges and universities in South Korea
Education in South Korea

External links

Universities and colleges in Daejeon
Private universities and colleges in South Korea
1974 establishments in South Korea
Universities and colleges established in 1974

Asia LIFE University


Amblyodipsas unicolor, commonly known as the western glossy snake or the western purple-glossed snake, is a species of rear-fanged snake in the family Atractaspididae. It is one of the better known species in the genus Amblyodipsas.

Geographic range
It is endemic to Africa. More specifically it is found in Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Niger, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda.

Venom
Amblyodipsas unicolor is venomous, and its venom could be lethal to small animals. However, it is considered harmless to humans.

Description
It is uniformly blackish brown, to which the specific epithet, unicolor, refers.

Adults may attain a total length of , with a tail  long.

Rostral large, the portion visible from above nearly as long as its distance from the frontal. Internasals much broader than long, much shorter than the prefrontals. Frontal 1½ to 1⅔ as long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals. Supraocular small. A very small postocular, sometimes fused with the supraocular. A single temporal. Six upper labials, the third in contact with the prefrontal, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth largest and in contact with the parietal. Four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin shields, fourth very large and narrowly separated from its fellow by the posterior chin shields.

Dorsal scales smooth, without pits, in 17 rows. Ventrals 173–208; anal divided; subcaudals 21–38, divided.

Diet
Western purple-glossed snakes often feed on mice and geckos.

References

Reinhardt, J.T. 1843. Bekrivelse af nogle nye Slangearter. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Naturvidenskabelige og Mathematiske Afhandliger 10:233-279

Atractaspididae
Reptiles described in 1843

Western glossy snake


Camerota is a town and comune in the province of Salerno in the Campania region of south-western Italy.

History
Its toponym could come from the Greek word "καμαρὸτος" (kamaròtos), meaning curved; or from the Latin word "camurus", with the same meaning.

Geography
Camerota is a hill town situated in the southern area of Cilento, 6 km north of the Cilentan Coast. The municipality borders with Celle di Bulgheria, Centola, Roccagloriosa and San Giovanni a Piro.

Frazioni

The municipality of Camerota (1,585 inh. in the chief town) has 3 hamlets
("frazioni"): Lentiscosa, Licusati and Marina di Camerota.

The municipality includes also several inhabited localities, mainly composed by few scattered houses. The localities are: Cala d'Arconte, Isca della Contessa, L'Assunta, Lido Mingardo (or Spiaggia Mingardo), Monte di Luna and Porto Infreschi.

See also
Bulgheria
Cilentan dialect
Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park

References

External links

 Official website

Localities of Cilento

Camerota


Tim Krabbé (born 13 April 1943) is a Dutch journalist, novelist and chess player.

Krabbé was born in Amsterdam. His writing has appeared in most major periodicals in the Netherlands. Once a competitive cyclist, he is known to Dutch readers for his novel De Renner (The Rider), first published in 1978 and translated into English in 2002, of which The Guardian's Matt Seaton wrote: "Nothing better is ever likely to be written on the subjective experience of cycle-racing". English readers know him primarily for The Vanishing (Dutch: Spoorloos, literally: "Traceless" or "Without a Trace"), the translation of his 1984 novel Het Gouden Ei (The Golden Egg), which was made into an acclaimed 1988 Dutch film for which Krabbé co-wrote a script. A poorly received American remake was made in 1993. In 1997 he published De grot, translated as The Cave and published in the U.S. in 2000. In 2009, he wrote the "Boekenweekgeschenk", called Een Tafel vol Vlinders.

Krabbé is a strong chess player who competed in two Dutch Chess Championships in 1967 and 1971. He maintains a chess website, and is renowned for his writings on the subject, in particular on chess problems; for instance, one of his publications is devoted to the Babson task.
No longer an active player, his peak FIDE rating was 2290.

His father was the painter Maarten Krabbé (1908–2005) and his mother the Jewish film translator Margreet Reiss. He is the brother of actor Jeroen Krabbé and the multimedia artist/designer Mirko Krabbé, and the uncle of Martijn Krabbé, a Dutch media personality.

References

External links

1943 births
Living people
Dutch chess players
Dutch Jews
Dutch journalists
Dutch people of Jewish descent
Sportspeople from Amsterdam
Writers from Amsterdam
Dutch chess writers
Dutch male novelists
Chess composers
Dutch screenwriters
Dutch male screenwriters
Cycling writers

Tim Krabbé


Giora Tzahor (27 October 1941 – 16 July 2012) was an Israeli military and Mossad officer, known for having headed Israel's efforts to abduct Mordechai Vanunu.

Biography
George Weiss (later Giora Tzahor) was born in Saint-Étienne, France, to a Jewish family during World War II. During the German occupation of France, he was hidden and raised in a monastery. At age 17, he visited Israel, and made aliyah on his own a year later. On 16 July 2012, Tzahor was killed in a traffic accident while riding his mountain bike in central Israel. He was rushed to Hillel Yaffe Medical Center in Hadera, where efforts to save him failed.

Military and intelligence career
He joined the Armored Corps of the Israel Defense Forces. He became a tank commander, and completed an officers' course. He reached the rank of Lieutenant, and became the deputy commander of Battalion 46.

During the Six-Day War, his tank unit came across Jordanian tanks in Nablus. Although outnumbered, his unit destroyed seven Jordanian tanks. Tzahor was severely injured in the battle, suffering burns across his body. Doctors did not expect him to survive his injuries. However, he recovered, and six years later, he was awarded the Medal of Valor.

In 1968, Tzahor was recruited into Mossad, Israel's foreign intelligence services, and was one of the founders of Mossad's Kidon ("spear") unit, which conducts assassinations overseas. He took part in dozens of Mossad operations. In the late 1970s, was appointed deputy director of the Kidon unit, and became its commander in 1984.

In 1986, Tzahor was in charge of Mossad's operation to abduct Mordechai Vanunu from London. Vanunu, a former Israeli nuclear technician at the Negev Nuclear Research Center, had left Israel and leaked secrets about Israel's nuclear program to the British media. Vanunu was successfully abducted after being lured to Rome and was smuggled to Israel by sea. He was tried, convicted, and sentenced to 18 years in prison.

Tzahor retired from Mossad in 1992, and in 1993 was awarded a medal for his service by Mossad Director-General Shabtai Shavit.

References

Place of birth missing
People of the Mossad
Road incident deaths in Israel
1941 births
2012 deaths
Israeli Jews
Recipients of the Medal of Courage

Giora Tzahor


The Oldsmobile Alero is a midsize car that was produced by General Motors for its Oldsmobile division. Introduced in 1998 as a 1999 model, the Alero was the replacement for both the Achieva and Cutlass. The Alero was Oldsmobile's last new model nameplate, and — on April 29, 2004 — was also the last Oldsmobile manufactured.

History

The design of the Alero was originally previewed in 1997 with the Alero Alpha concept car, a V6-powered sport coupe that featured many design elements seen in the production Alero as well as some that were never meant for production. Its appearance was a revival of "coke bottle styling", popular during the 1960s and 1970s.

The Alero was sold either as a 4-door sedan or as a 2-door coupe. It shared its chassis and many parts, including engines, with the Pontiac Grand Am. All Aleros came in base GX, mid-level GL, or high-end GLS trim; the GL trim was split into three levels: 1, 2, and 3.

The Alero experienced minimal changes during its 5-year run. Most of these changes were either in choice of engines or options. In 2003, the Alero's daytime running lights were changed from high-beam to low-beam.

The Alero was also sold in select countries in Europe and in Israel between 1999 and 2001 as the Chevrolet Alero, and was only available as a sedan. The car still featured its Oldsmobile badges even though sold under the Chevrolet brand, but since most European consumers would not recognize the badging, Chevrolet badges were added to the grille and rear fascia for the 2000 model year. The Alero featured Chevrolet emblems throughout its entire run in Israel. The Alero was replaced in Europe, Israel, and Canada by the GM Daewoo-sourced Chevrolet Evanda/Epica.

The Alero's production ended with a special Final 500 Edition. These last 500 Aleros featured custom logos inspired by vintage Oldsmobile logos, dark cherry metallic paint, and a plate featuring the car's number out of 500.  The final Alero Final 500 Edition (#500 of 500), a GLS 4-door, also happened to be the final Oldsmobile ever built, and was signed under its hood by the employees of the General Motors Lansing plant. The final car left the Lansing Assembly Plant on April 29, 2004 and was then given to the R.E. Olds Transportation Museum. On December 15, 2017, this car was sold at auction for $42,000 to a dealer in Florida.

A preview of the planned replacement for the Alero was seen in 2001 with the unveiling of the Oldsmobile O4 concept, designed by Bertone. The car was an open-top 4-seater with European styling featuring some Oldsmobile traits, and powered by the latest Ecotec I4 engine. The name had multiple meanings, including "Oldsmobile 4-Seater" as well as implying the year 2004 as a planned date for production.

However, the O4 concept was unveiled a few weeks after General Motors announced that they would be phasing out the Oldsmobile brand, meaning that production possibilities of the O4 would never be realized. Because of this, a second generation Alero was never built and the car was phased out with the Oldsmobile brand in 2004.

Trim levels
During its production, the Alero was available in four trim levels, all available in coupe or sedan body styles:

The GX was the most basic trim level of the Alero. It included such features as a 2.4 L inline four-cylinder engine, 5-speed manual transmission, an AM/FM stereo (later, AM/FM stereo with single-disc CD player) with a four-speaker sound system, 15-inch black-painted steel wheels with decorative wheel covers, manual windows, power door locks, full instrumentation, air conditioning, velour door panel inserts, and cloth seating surfaces. The 3.4 L V6 engine available on all other Alero trim levels was not available on the base GX trim level.

The GL was the midrange trim level of the Alero. It added the following features to the base GX trim level: an AM/FM stereo with cassette player (not applicable for later models), power windows, and 16-inch alloy wheels. The 3.4 L V6 engine was available as an option, though was standard equipment on the GL2 trim level. The GL1 trim level also offered the V6 engine option.

The GLS trim level was the "luxury" trim level of the Alero. It added the following features to the already well-equipped GL trim level: an AM/FM stereo with cassette and single-disc CD player (later, an MP3-decoding single-disc CD player was added), an eight-speaker "premium" sound system with amplifier, keyless entry, power driver seat, leather upholstery and a security system. The 3.4 L V6 engine was standard for this trim level.

Engines

Variant prototypes

General Motors commissioned the construction of Alero prototypes either for testing or to gather public opinion on possible future plans for the Alero. These variants include:
 Alero OSV - "Oldsmobile Speciality Vehicle", an experiment in an aftermarket parts brand for Oldsmobile. Based on the coupe it featured a custom body kit, a supercharged four-cylinder engine, custom interior, and special cherry red paint with ghosted Oldsmobile emblems in the rear quarter panels.
 Alero OSV II - Another experimental vehicle, this time featuring an LX5 DOHC 3.5 L V6 (used in the Oldsmobile Intrigue and Aurora) and featured custom dark green paint.
 Alero 442 - A set of show cars based on the Alero coupe fitted with a body kit similar in design to the Oldsmobile 442. Each Alero 442 show car had a unique color, including white with gold stripes and white with pink stripes.
 Alero California - A custom built version of the Alero coupe featuring parts including a large rear wing, racing seats, sport tires, and custom graphics painted in brown and yellow.
 Alero Convertible - An experiment in the possibility of creating an Alero with a convertible soft top to help broaden the appeal of the car to young buyers. The Oldsmobile O4 concept also hinted that the next generation Alero could have had a convertible model.
 Alero Pace Car - Built by General Motors as part of their fleet of Oldsmobile safety cars for the Indy Racing League, featuring custom yellow, blue and white checkered flag graphics.

Safety
The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) gave the 1999–2005 Grand Am (which was built on the same platform as the 1999–2004 Alero) a Poor rating in its frontal crash test for its marginal structural integrity, a possible head injury, a potential right leg injury, and poor dummy control.

The following are 2003 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) crash test ratings for the Alero.

Coupe
Frontal driver:
Frontal passenger:
Side driver:
Side rear passenger:
Rollover:

Sedan
Frontal driver:
Frontal passenger:
Side driver:
Side rear passenger:
Rollover:

Sales

References

Further reading

External links

Oldsmobile Club of America
Aleromod.com - The #1 Resource for Alero Owners & Fans
Aleromod.com Upgrades - The Massive Compilation of Alero Modifications

Coupés
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Mid-size cars
Alero
Sedans
Cars introduced in 1998
2000s cars
Vehicles built in Lansing, Michigan
Cars discontinued in 2004

Oldsmobile Alero


His Name Was King () is a 1971 Italian Western film directed by Giancarlo Romitelli and starring Richard Harrison and Klaus Kinski.

Plot
The bounty killer "King" Marley kills one of the Benson brothers, who are wanted smugglers. In retaliation the Bensons kill King's brother and rape his sister-in-law. While King goes after the gang the widow is taken in by King's friend sheriff Foster. She is raped again by his deputy who is then killed by Foster.

The government agent Collins has King arrested, but this turns out to be a ruse to catch the real boss of the smuggling activities, which in fact is Foster. Collins also assists King in the final reckoning with the sheriff.

Cast
 Richard Harrison as John 'King' Marley
 Klaus Kinski as Brian Foster
 Anne Puskin
 Tom Felleghy
 Lorenzo Fineschi
 Vassili Karis
 John Bartha
 Federico Boido (as Rick Boyd)
 Giorgio Dolfin
 Paolo Magalotti
 Osiride Pevarello
 Luciano Pigozzi as Mr. Collins
 Ada Pometti

Reception
In his investigation of narrative structures in Spaghetti Western films, Fridlund writes that His Name Was King is an example of vengeance stories with an "external second motive", where there besides the avenger is a second protagonist with a different motive. This is a variant of the partnership plot that was used in many Spaghetti Westerns following the success of For a Few Dollars More where one of the bounty killer partners turns out to have a secret vengeance motive. In His Name Was King the different motivations of Collins (ending the smuggling activities) and King (revenge) in the end brings them together - the initial conflict being a stratagem by Collins. Also, in the seminal Django the hero has two conflicting motives (avenging himself on the villain Jackson for stealing his fortune) that strongly influence the plot, while King's two motives (revenge and collecting bounty for the Bensons) do not come into conflict, thus presenting a weaker version of such an "internal second motive".

References

External links

1971 films
1971 Western (genre) films
1970s Italian-language films
Spaghetti Western films
Films about rape
Films scored by Luis Bacalov
1970s Italian films

His Name Was King


The Hispano-Suiza T49 was a car manufactured by the Spanish company Hispano-Suiza between 1924 and 1944. It was the Spanish version of the French H6B model. It had a 6-cylinder engine of 8,000 cm3, 160 hp and a maximum speed of 177 km / h. It featured four-wheel drum brakes, brake booster, and a three-speed gearshift with reverse.

In 1924 the T-49 prototype was tested by the company's president, Damián Mateu, who traveled from Barcelona to Paris with his driver on a two-day trip. With body type Coupé de Ville, The car was commissioned by the Spanish Royal House for the private service of Queen Maria Cristina.

The manufacturing was completely Spanish. The chassis (engine, mechanics, axles, wheels, front and control panel) was produced at  La Sagrera factory in December 1925.

The bodywork was designed by order. The main bodybuilders were Fiol, Farré, Roca and Badia, Mateu and Marrugat and others. They remained in the production program until 1934.

References

Related links
Fédération Internationale des Véhicules Anciens
Hispano-Suiza vehicles
Luxury vehicles
Cars of Spain

Hispano-Suiza T49