The Peasants' Revolt was a rebellion of peasants in England, in 1381. It was the biggest rebellion of farmers in medieval England.

The Peasants' Revolt is also called Wat Tyler's Rebellion, after Wat Tyler, who was a local leader of the peasants in the rebellion.  It has also been called the Great Rising.

The causes of the rebellion are unclear today, but there are different candidates:
There was a large epidemic of the Black Death, which lasted from 1347 to 1353. This reduced the number of workers and caused economic problems.
To finance Hundred Years' War, the English crown raised taxes several times within a short period of time.
The central government in London was weak at the time.

Life of peasants
There were two types of peasants: serfs and free peasants.

Serfs were tenant farmers who worked without pay for a lord.  In exchange, they got permission to live on the lord's land.  They also got protection from the knights living on the lord's manor.  Under feudalism, serfs had many difficulties.  They barely had enough food to live on, and they had few possessions.  They were not slaves, but they were not completely free.  Serfs had less than any of the other social classes in medieval society.

Though they had more freedoms than serfs, life was also difficult for free peasants.  Even though they were "free," they were still controlled by the higher social classes.  They had to pay rent to live "free."  They had to pay for many other things too, like collecting water or getting married.

Most peasants lived in houses which also housed the animals of the village.

Timeline
 May 30th: The peasants of Essex chase Thomas Bampton out of Fobbing.
 June 1st: The revolt spreads through Essex, Hertfordshire, and Suffolk.
 June 7th: Maidstone and Rochester castles surrender to the revolt.
 June 10th: A new leader, Wat Tyler, appears. The rebels of Kent and Essex march on London to explain their grievances.  However, Wat Tyler has a different plan: to attack London. King Richard II of England is completely surprised, and only has a few hundred troops in London.
 June 13th: The peasants kill many lawyers under the command of Wat Tyler. Most of London is not destroyed. King Richard agrees to meet the rebels at Mile End.
 June 14th: Richard meets with Tyler, and Tyler gives him the peasants' demands. The king agrees to all of these demands. Meanwhile, a group of peasants goes to the Tower of London and beheads some of their worst enemies. These include Simon Sudbury, Robert Hailes, and John Legge.
 June 15th: Wat Tyler wants to meet with the king again to make more demands.  When they meet, Tyler is killed.  It is not clear what happened to cause Tyler's death.  King Richard orders his troops to destroy the rebels; they kill over a thousand.

Fifty years later, most of Wat Tyler's demands were put into place by the king.

References

14th century in England
1381
Rebellions in Europe

Peasants' Revolt


Warren Elmer "Tweard" Blackhurst (1904–1970) was an author and a lifelong resident of the Cass community who centered on the culture of eastern West Virginia where the higher elevations supported northern pine forests.  "Riders of the Flood" which is arguably the most well-known of Blackhurst's books, for it centers on the world of the late 19th to early 20th-century logging industry in eastern West Virginia through the Greenbrier River and its tributaries.

Life and upbringing
Blackhurst was born on October 10, 1904, in Arbovale, West Virginia, to Rev. Harry Blackhurst (1870–1956) and his wife Lula May née Burner (1870–1960). His father, an immigrant from Tunstall, England, came to America in 1886 with his parents Jabez (1843–1914) and Sarah (1842–1924), and Warren's mother was an American-born native of Pocahontas County, West Virginia. Warren was the seventh of eleven children. While a student at Green Bank High School, he fell in love with a fellow student Annie Moates, and some of his schoolmates called him "Moates" to tease him about his unrequited love for Annie. The name stuck, and for the rest of his life, he never went by Warren, but by either Moates or "Tweard." Warren spent nearly his entire life close to the lumber industry, and knew the intricacies of this industry like few other people. Even more remarkably, he was able to portray the logging workers in a realistic light. Whether they are the blustering bully about to get drunk and rip a town apart just because it is payday, or a young man trying to make something of himself, the characters sounded like actual people who one might already know. As a native of West Virginia, Blackhurst knew when was self-parody and when it would ring false.

Blackhurst was a graduate of Green Bank High School and Glenville State College, attended West Virginia University and the Davis and Elkins College. He returned to his alma mater (Green Bank) and taught English and Latin for thirty-two years. He married Stella Mae Yates (1917-2000) on June 25, 1934, and they moved into a house his elder brother Henry O'Dell Blackhurst (1895-1989) and father had built together a few years prior. On July 25, 1940, their only child, an unnamed boy, was born in Cass, and only lived a few minutes before being asphyxiated by the afterbirth. He and his wife operated the Wildlife Museum in Cass.

Blackhurst devoted much of his life to collecting and writing the history of the early logging days. At the time of his birth in 1904, the lumber business was just seriously getting underway in the Greenbrier Valley following the completion of the C&O Railway's Greenbrier Branch. One location in his books, the town of Cass, was created by the West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company, and Blackhurst grew up during the most active years of that company in the valley.

List of books (taken from Your Train Ride Through History)
 Afterglow (published posthumously)
 Mixed Harvest
 Riders of the Flood (book) Published in 1954
 Sawdust in Your Eyes
 Of Men and a Mighty Mountain
 Your Train Ride Through History

Riders of the Flood
Riders of the Flood, the outdoor drama, was written by Greenbrier County native and artist, Robert Tuckwiller.  It is based on the book of the same title by the late W. E. Blackhurst of Cass, West Virginia.  Set during the bygone era when logging camps were plentiful, and loggers risked their lives to drive logs down the Greenbrier River, Riders of the Flood tells the tale of one young man who, down on his luck, is forced to leave the big city and start a new life. He sets off to join a logging camp, not only to find work, but more importantly, to find himself. His journey winds its way through the Greenbrier River Valley, over Droop Mountain, in to Pocahontas County, and on to the high mountain country beyond. Along the way he finds adventure, romance, and success.

Every September the nonprofit organization, Riders of the Flood, hosts this outdoor drama to critical success in Ronceverte. West Virginia. Its sequel, "Big Dreams, Restless Spirit" is equally well received. The theatre is built along the banks of the Greenbrier River and occasional floods have disrupted the showtimes.

Summary
The main protagonist, Duncan "Dunk" Mall is quickly moved by his unexpected collapse in fortunes to take the next train out of Washington, D.C. He falls asleep in the freight-car of a Chesapeake & Ohio train and wakes up in Ronceverte, West Virginia. After learning of his plight, Bill Brake (the local cook of the diner) gives him a large meal, clothes from a dead man, and a few dollars so he can get started as a man who can possibly make his way in the logging industry. He follows the railroad tracks northeast out of Greenbrier County to a future in Pocahontas County.

Duncan soon falls in with the St. Lawrence Boom and Lumber Company, which owns the sawmill in Ronceverte. He soon becomes one of the crew and learns their ways, encountering colorful characters such as Windy Hammer, a man as skilled in tall tales as he is in his craft, Tad Stevens and Jim Noonan. As he learns the ways of timbering, he grows stronger in body, mind, and spirit. He falls in love with Martha Mendell, the beautiful daughter of his employer's business partner. Romantic tension is supplied by Arthur Hennessey, the son of a former Virginia governor.   Wealthy, pampered and callous, Arthur Hennessey is a darker aspect of Duncan 's former social rung. He is unaware that his ignorance of the so-called 'common man' has left him just as ignorant of the values of life.

At the end of the play, Duncan and his friends start up their own sawmill. Duncan marries Martha after her mother dies of consumption.

Riders on the Flood is performed solely in the Island Park Amphitheatre of Ronceverte, West Virginia—the same town and locale that saw the true lumbering industry during the latter half of the 19th century.

Historical work
Blackhurst's books resurrect the forests with a sharp, historical eye and a natural love of detail. The logging industry no longer depends on water-travel to deliver the logs from the headwaters to the sawmills, but during its heyday it meant respectable work for high pay.

Riders of the Flood is an historical work that involves romance, the pride of the working man, drama, and rollicking humor. Through it all the Greenbrier River and its northern tributaries of the watershed are the backdrop that unites everyone, rich or poor, friend or enemy. Blackhurst's books are spiced with historical photographs that emphasize the now-alien world where entire rivers were choked with giant logs and one's livelihood depended on spring floods.

The town of Ronceverte hosts the theater version of "Riders of the Flood" every September just downstream from the original site of the St. Lawrence Broom and Lumber Mill in Blackhurst's books. The play was written by a local artist, Robert Tuckwiller, who was given an out-of-print copy of the book by his father. Mr. Tuckwiller was so inspired by the book he wrote up the play and garnered permission to use it from Blackhurst's family. Riders of the Flood is now back in print and the theater provides revenue for the improvements of the city.

Notes

References

 Blackhurst, W. E. "Riders of the Flood" 2003 2nd Edition, McClain Printing Company, Parsons, West Virginia 26287 Copyright 1954, Library of Congress Catalog Number 53-10285
Blackhurst, W. E. "Your Train Ride Through History" Copyright 1968 Cass, WV Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 68-56438
  Bill McNeel, historian

1904 births
1970 deaths
American curators
American people of English descent
Appalachian writers
Schoolteachers from West Virginia
Glenville State College alumni
Historians of West Virginia
People from Pocahontas County, West Virginia
Writers from West Virginia
20th-century American writers
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American educators

W. E. Blackhurst


Bat-Sheva Zeisler is an Israeli vocalist, actress, and voice teacher. She sings in the soprano range.

Biography
Bat-Sheva Zeisler's father was the city architect of Rishon Lezion, where she still lives. Zeisler graduated from the Tel Aviv University, where she studied drama and literature. She then studied voice at London's Guildhall School of Music and Drama and the London College of Music.

She was married to Israeli artist Gideon Gechtman (1942–2008), whom she met in London. Their son, Noam, works in the advertising industry. Another son, Yotam, a film director, died in 1997.

Theater and acting career
Bat-Sheva Zeisler was a member of the original cast of You and Me and the Next War, a satirical cabaret by Hanoch Levin with songs set to music by Alex Kagan and Beni Nagari. An updated version was performed by the original cast from 2004 through 2008. The director of the play was Edna Shavit.

Other productions she participated in include Everything You Wanted to Know Often, and Didn't Dare to Ask Bach short one act plays by Offenbach, directed by Eran Baniel, with Dani Masseng co-acting, and stage choreography by the late Ya'akov Sommer and musical directing of Yitzhak Steiner; The Beggar's Opera at the Beersheba Theater, with new music by Alex Kagan and directed by Dan Ronnen; An Upside-Down Monument by Yossef Mundi, and directed by him at Yuval Theater; Intimacy directed by Tammar Lederer, at Hasimta Theater; My Fair Lady, The Imaginary Patient and The Star of Tears. The two latter were directed by Motti Averbuch. Star of Tears was written by him and put to music as an opera by Thierie Wieder.

Zeisler managed the Elharizi Theater in Tel Aviv.

Singing career
Zeisler has an extensive career as a soprano vocalist. Among her programs are Songs in Red and Yellow, Bat-Sheva and Simcha go to Broadway with Habimah singer-actor Simcha Barbiro and songs by Eric Satie and Francis Poulenc. In several of these programs she is accompanied by the Dutch-Israeli classical pianist Bart Berman. She works as a voice coach.

Discography
 Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe: My Fair Lady (Helicon, 1986)
 Hanoch Levin: You, Me and the Next War (Ofir, 2004)

References

External links
Batsheva Zeisler at Notes on Franz Schubert

Living people
Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama
20th-century Israeli women singers
Israeli musical theatre actresses
Israeli operatic sopranos
Israeli stage actresses
Tel Aviv University alumni
People from Rishon LeZion
Jewish opera singers
Year of birth missing (living people)

Bat-Sheva Zeisler


was a Japanese homoerotic fetish artist. Tatsuji, along with Go Mishima, Sanshi Funayama, and Go Hirano, is regarded by artist and historian Gengoroh Tagame as a central figure in the first wave of contemporary gay artists in Japan.

Biography
Okawa lived in the Kanto region, where in his private life he had a wife, children, and white-collar job, and would rent hotel rooms in Shinjuku to draw. Okawa was nearly 60 years old when his career as an erotic artist began in earnest, when he was published in a 1964 issue of , a fetish magazine that published gay content alongside straight and lesbian content. He would later be published in the magazine Barazoku.

Okawa quit illustration in the 1970s, and gave his artist materials to Mamiya Hiroshi, an editor at Fuzokukitan. Upon his death in 1994, his works were acquired by Hiroshi and Bungaku Itō, the founding editor of Barazoku.

The writer Yukio Mishima was a fan of Okawa's, and reportedly commissioned Okawa to draw a portrait of Mishima being tortured.

See also
 Homosexuality in Japan

References

1904 births
1994 deaths
20th-century Japanese painters
Fetish artists
Gay painters
Gay male BDSM
Japanese erotic artists
Japanese gay artists
Japanese LGBT painters
20th-century Japanese LGBT people

Tatsuji Okawa


Luc De Vos (12 July 1962 – 29 November 2014) was a Belgian musician and writer, best known as the lead singer of the Dutch-language alternative rock formation Gorki and as a guest in multiple television shows. He also voiced VW bus in the Flemish version of the Disney movie Cars. He died of acute organ failure on the 29 November 2014 in his working apartment in Ghent.

Early life
De Vos was born in 1962 in the village of Wippelgem near Ghent as the youngest of 7 children. He had his secondary education at the Sint-Lievenscollege in Ghent. As a toddler, he knew that he wanted to become a rockstar, a job he described as a privilege rather than a job, once he had it.

Career

Musical career

With his original band Gorky, De Vos ended third in Humo's Rock Rally in 1990. Together with Noordkaap, who won the same Rock Rally, he brought the genre of Dutch language rock music to the people's attention. After Gorky disbanded in 1993, Luc De Vos continued under the name Gorki. Stijn Meuris described the genre of Gorki's songs and De Vos's lyrics as "Flemish poetry with the boots in the clay" and "I have no clue what this guy was talking about, but I understood him".
Temporary side projects of De Vos include English language rock formation Automatic Buffalo which he started with the members of Ashbury Faith, and a solo tour in 2010.

With his bands Gorky/Gorki, he had 3 singles and 12 albums in the Flemish charts (the album charts only start in 1995, i.e. after his first albums were released). This included 5 top ten albums.

Writing career
Luc De Vos wrote columns for, among others, Flemish radio station Studio Brussel and the Ghent city magazine Zone 09/. He also wrote several books, the most recent of which, Paddenkoppenland (Toadheadsland), was described as an autobiography even though De Vos himself denied this.

Death
Luc De Vos was found dead in the early evening of 29 November 2014 in his working apartment in Ghent. After an autopsy, both suicide and malicious intent were ruled out. The cause of death was concluded to be acute failure of vital organs. He left a wife and a son.

De Vos' public funeral at Saint Peter's Church in Ghent took place on Saturday 6 December 2014. Around 15,000 people assembled outside on the Saint Peter's Square as the church was full. He was buried in the famous Catholic cemetery of Campo Santo.

Legacy
Luc De Vos's most famous song was "Mia". Though originally a B-side, it soon grew to be one of the most popular songs in Flanders, as well as gaining a cult following in the Netherlands, having been voted top of multiple radio station's lists of most timeless songs, including reaching the #1 spot three years in a row on "De Tijdloze 100", the best song of all-time list voted for by the listeners of Studio Brussel. The song has given its name to the MIA's, the music awards for Belgian artists.

References

External links

1962 births
2014 deaths
Belgian male singers
Belgian male writers
People from Evergem
Belgian Roman Catholics

Luc De Vos


xdvi is an open-source computer program written by Paul Vojta for displaying TeX-produced .dvi files under the X Window System on Unix, including Linux.

The xdvi interface has a set of GUI controls and a window displaying a single page of the DVI document. Every time a new version of the .dvi file is saved, xdvi automatically refreshes the display with the new version.  xdvi is equipped with "magnifying glasses" for viewing close-ups of portions of the page by clicking on a mouse button while the mouse cursor is over the part of the page to be viewed. xdvi has a set of keyboard shortcuts for bypassing the pointer control.

xdvi can be used with the editor emacs to display the .dvi file of the TeX file currently being edited. There also exists an ability to perform a reverse search, in which a user clicks on a location in the dvi file and emacs jumps to the associated location in the TeX file.

References

External links
 Paul Vojta's web page on xdvi
 The Xdvik Homepage on sourceforge

Free TeX software

Xdvi


Anita Gerry Johanna Buma (born 1958) is a Dutch Antarctic researcher, best known for her work on ecophysiology of marine microalgae. She was the first Dutch female researcher in Antarctica.

Early life and education
Buma obtained her Biology master's degree at the University of Groningen (1984). She then moved to the Royal Institute for Sea Research (Texel, The Netherlands) where she began her PhD research on Antarctic phytoplankton growth and species composition. Upon invitation by Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar und Meeresforschung Bremerhaven, Germany, she participated in two field campaigns (Ark III, legs 1,2 and 3) to the Fram Strait, high Arctic, in 1985, where she studied phytoplankton abundance and species composition. Buma defended her PhD thesis in 1992 at the University of Groningen.

Career and impact
Buma's research focuses on (marine) microalgal ecophysiology and diversity in response to climate change. Specific research topics include impacts of trace metals, enhanced UVR and changing meltwater dynamics on growth and diversity of marine Antarctic phytoplankton.

Since 1992, Buma devoted her work to the possible adverse impacts of enhanced UV-B radiation on Antarctic phytoplankton, as a result of stratospheric ozone depletion. As a result of this work she obtained a Meervoud Grant in 2002 by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research. This research was focused on Effects of trace nutrients on the defense potential of oceanic phytoplankton against solar ultraviolet radiation. Within this project she worked for one year at the Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania, as a guest researcher. Buma has been the chair of the Department of Ocean Ecosystems at the Faculty of Science and Engineering of the University of Groningen  since January 2012.

She was a member of the Netherlands Polar Committee  from September 2010 – August 2014 and member of the Dutch SCAR committee between 2005 and 2010. She also served in the Scientific Advisory Board of the trilateral (Argentinean, German, Dutch) Research station Dallmann Research Station, King George Island, between 2006 and 2011, and in the Scientific Steering Committee Dutch Antarctic Rothera Station research facilities between 2011 and 2013.

Buma was the Chief Editor of the Dutch popular science book "Door de kou bevangen" (2016), about fifty years of history of Dutch polar research.

Selected works
 Buma, A.G.J., H.J.W. de Baar, R.F. Nolting, A.J. van Bennekom. 1991. Metal enrichment experiments in the Weddell-Scotia Seas: Effects of iron and manganese on various plankton communities. Limnol. Oceanogr. 36(8): 1865-1878
 Alderkamp A.-C., Mills M.M., Van Dijken G.L., Laan P., Thuroczy C.-E., Gerringa L.J.A., De Baar H.J.W., Payne C., Tortell P., Visser R.J.W., Buma A.G.J., Arrigo K.R. 2012. Iron from melting glaciers fuels phytoplankton blooms in Amundsen Sea (Southern Ocean): Phytoplankton characteristics and productivity. Deep-Sea Research 71-76: 42-48

References

External links
 Anita Buma's webpage

1958 births
Living people
Dutch ecologists
Dutch women scientists
People from Groningen (city)
University of Groningen alumni
Academic staff of the University of Groningen
Women earth scientists
Women Antarctic scientists

Anita Buma


is a 2016 Japanese animated fantasy adventure film, the 19th in the Pokémon film series produced by OLM, and the third and final film in the XY series. It was directed by Kunihiko Yuyama and written by Atsuhiro Tomioka. The film stars the voices of Rica Matsumoto, Ikue Ōtani, Mayuki Makiguchi, Yūki Kaji, Mariya Ise, Megumi Hayashibara, Shin-ichiro Miki, Inuko Inuyama, Somegoro Ichikawa, Yuka Terasaki, Kōichi Yamadera, Mayu Matsuoka, and Shoko Nakagawa. The film focuses on Councillor Alva of the Azoth Kingdom, who steals the "Soul-Heart" of the artificial Pokémon Magearna to power and control a flying fortress in the kingdom. The Mythical Pokémon Volcanion allies with the Pokémon trainer Ash Ketchum and his friends, Pikachu, Serena, Clemont, and Bonnie to recover Magearna's Soul-Heart.

It was released in Japan on July 16, 2016. An English dub was produced by DuArt Media Services, and stars the voices of Sarah Natochenny, Haven Paschall, Michael Liscio Jr., Alyson Leigh Rosenfeld, Michele Knotz, Carter Cathcart, Mike Pollock, Billy Bob Thompson, Riley Joseph, and Laurie Hymes. It premiered in the United States on Disney XD on December 5, 2016, and in the United Kingdom on CITV on November 19, 2016.

The film was dedicated to Eric Medalle, a game designer who died in a car accident before the film was released.

Plot
Mega Evolution Councillor Alva and Prince Raleigh of the Azoth Kingdom order the artificial Pokémon Magearna to be brought to the Kingdom after it is found in the Nebel Plateau, a place populated by Pokémon who have been abused by humans. The Mythical Pokémon Volcanion tries recovering Magearna, but has a band attached to his leg and is sent falling to a forest where Ash Ketchum and his friends, Pikachu, Serena, Clemont, and Bonnie are camping. Volcanion lands in Ash and friends' vicinity and, when they recover, Ash finds a second band attached to himself. Clemont discovers the bands emit an electromagnetic force that binds Ash to Volcanion like a chain. Volcanion runs off, dragging Ash along with him.

Ash and Volcanion recover Magearna from the Azoth Kingdom. They rendezvous with Serena, Clemont, and Bonnie, who are fascinated by Magearna, but are unable to remove the chain binding Ash and Volcanion. Reluctantly, Volcanion allows the group to accompany him and Magearna to their home, Nebel Plateau. On the way, they are attacked by Team Rocket, who have been hired by Alva to recover Magearna, but the group is able to drive them off with help from Raleigh's sister, Princess Kimia. During their stay at Nebel Plateau, Clemont and Kimia have the resident Pokémon break the electromagnetic bands. Finally free, Volcanion orders the humans to leave, but they refuse.

The next day, Alva and his underlings, Levi and Cherie, attack and recapture Magearna. He removes Magearna's "Soul-Heart", which he plans to use to activate a mechanism in the Azoth Castle that turns it into a flying fortress. Raleigh tries to stop him, but is knocked unconscious. As the castle takes to the skies, Ash and Pikachu storm the fortress with Volcanion, Kimia, and Greninja, but are trapped by Alva, who attempts to break Magearna's spirit by firing at Nebel Plateau. However, the resident Pokémon repel the attack with help from Squishy the Zygarde Core, and Ash destroys Alva's cane giving him control over the Pokémon, causing them to become normal again, and Alakazam uses psychic powers to levitate itself and the other Pokémon, as well as Levi and Cherie, from the fortress. Volcanion frees himself, Ash, Kimia, and their Pokémon. Alva sets the fortress on a collision course with the plateau and tries to escape with a jetpack, but Greninja disables it, causing him to fall. Ash returns the Soul-Heart to Magearna, but her spirit is gone. To prevent the fortress from crashing into the plateau, Volcanion uses his power to destroy the fortress with himself at the center of the blast. Volcanion is assumed to be killed in the blast, bringing grief to the humans and Pokémon, but later, at Nebel Plateau, Magearna regains her spirit when Volcanion appears, having survived, but he falls unconscious, so Magearna revives Volcanion, as her flowers earlier made him sneeze. When he regains consciousness, Volcanion tells Magearna not to put pollen to his nostrils, then gives Pikachu and the other Pokémon the distinction of being honorary members of Nebel Plateau. Team Rocket, watching from nearby, express satisfaction at how things turned out.

In the credits, the Nebel Plateau Pokémon gather the wreckage of the fortress and bury it in a huge hole Volcanion had made earlier. Ash and his friends return to the Azoth Kingdom with Kimia and Raleigh, where Bonnie proposes to Kimia's personal assistant, Flamel, on Clemont's behalf, then he pulls her back with his Aipom arm. Later, Kimia and her shiny Gardevoir discover Alva tangled in the wreckage of his jetpack in a tree. Gardevoir levitates him onto Kimia's aircraft, where he gets the magnetic bands stuck on him, keeping him from fleeing, even though he attempts to. Levi and Cherie are also imprisoned. Taking Ash's advice, Raleigh goes out on a Pokémon journey of his own with his Slurpuff in order to see the world and learn more than just past history. Kimia watches him leave from what remains of the castle. Magearna continues to live in peace at Nebel Plateau with the other Pokémon, while Volcanion watches over them from his cave.

Cast

Guest characters:
 Volcanion is the Steam Pokémon, who watches over the Nebel Plateau and is distrustful of humans. He is voiced by Somegoro Ichikawa in Japanese and Mike Pollock in English.
 Magearna is an artificial Pokémon created in the Azoth Kingdom, which she fled to prevent misuse of her power. She is Volcanion's best friend. She is voiced by Yuka Terasaki.
 Alva is a sadistic councilor of the Azoth Kingdom and the main antagonist, who desires the power of Magearna's "Soul-Heart" for his own ends. His main Pokémon is a Shiny Gengar. He is voiced by Kōichi Yamadera in Japanese and Billy Bob Thompson in English. In the English dub trailer, he was voiced by Sean Schemmel.
 Kimia is the Princess of the Azoth Kingdom, who prefers to look forward rather than behind. She is skilled with a variety of machinery.  She is assisted by a Shiny Gardevoir, who can Mega Evolve. She is voiced by Mayu Matsuoka in Japanese and Riley Joseph in English.
 Raleigh is the Prince of the Azoth Kingdom and Kimia's younger brother. He is friendly and well-meaning. He is naive due to his fixation with history. He is accompanied by a Slurpuff. He is voiced by Shoko Nakagawa in Japanese (who also celebrated her tenth anniversary in the film series and the franchise) and Laurie Hymes in English.
 Nikola is a scientist of the Azoth Kingdom half a millennium in the past who created Magearna. He is the ancestor of Kimia and Raleigh. He is voiced by Tomomichi Nishimura in Japanese and Scottie Ray in English.
 Levi and Cherie are Alva's henchman and henchwoman, who control his Mega Evolved Pokémon army.
 Flamel is Kimia's personal assistant.

Production
A teaser of the film was first revealed after the screening of Pokémon the Movie: Hoopa and the Clash of Ages in Japan. Its temporary title and featured Pokémon was later revealed in the January issue of the CoroCoro Comic on December 15, 2015. It was temporarily titled Pokémon the Movie XY&Z. In the March 2016 issue of the CoroCoro Comic, the 7th Generation Pokémon Magearna was revealed and announced as another one of its stars. As part of the promotions for the film, The Pokémon Company hosted a general election for fans to vote which of the 720 Pokémon is their favorite Pokémon, which ran from April 16, 2016 to May 8, 2016.

Music
The movie's Japanese ending song is titled  by YUKI. The movie's English ending song is titled "Soul-Heart" composed by Ed Goldfarb, and performed by Dani Marcus.

Box office
This film ranked 4th on the Japanese box office grossing ¥323,901,600 ($3.09 million) in its first weekend on 366 screens with 289,971 admissions. On its third day of release (Marine day), it grossed a total of ¥475,547,600 ($4.6 million) with a total of 430,987 admissions. This film grossed the second lowest opening weekend in its film franchise. The film went on to gross  in Japan.

Overseas, the film grossed $3,857,383 in China,  () in South Korea, and  () in Hong Kong, for an overseas total of $5,871,077.

References

External links
 Japanese movie website
 Pokemon.co.jp movie website (In Japanese)

2016 films
2016 anime films
2010s children's animated films
2010s Japanese-language films
Japanese children's fantasy films
Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel
Toho animated films
Animated films based on animated series
Viz Media anime
Films directed by Kunihiko Yuyama
Animated films based on Alice in Wonderland
Steampunk anime and manga
Steampunk films
Films scored by Shinji Miyazaki
OLM, Inc. animated films

Pokémon the Movie: Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel


Studiotorino  is an Italian automotive design house, or The carrozzeria, specializing in completely handmade sports car. The company was founded on 1 January 2005 in Rivoli by Alfredo and Maria Paola Stola with Marco Goffi.

The carrozzeria continues the tradition of Alfredo Stola's grandfather, who founded the Stola company, a carrozzeria and model works, noted by Vincenzo Lancia, the founder of Lancia for the high quality of their design modelling work.

Models

 RUF Studiotorino RK Spyder, sportscar in limited edition
 RUF Studiotorino RK Coupè, sportscar in limited edition
 RUF Studiotorino R Spyder, sportscar in limited edition
 Cinqueporte scale model 1:4 on Maserati Quattroporte base, presented in Rome on 5 February 2008 at "Scrigno tesori d'Italia"
 500 Diabolika, Fiat Nuova 500 personalisation, in limited edition presented on 12 September 2008 in Turin
 Coupetorino, scale model 1:4 on Mercedes-Benz SL-Class base, presented on 12 December 2008 at "Torino capitale mondiale del Design 2008"
 KSU Gazal-1, collaboration for "design" with King Saud University and Magna Steyr Italy, whose model was presented at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show.
CoupèTorino MY 2013, new stile concept developed with a collaboration of 6 student of IAAD of Torino, the model in scale 1/4 was presented on 27 May 2013 at the Design Center of Mercedes Benz in Como
Moncenisio, sports car in limited edition, evolution of RK Coupe based on new Porsche Cayman S (type 981)

Awards
RK Spyder winner of the concours  "L'auto più bella del mondo", 3 March 2006 at the Palazzo della Triennale in Milan – category sportscars
RK Coupè winner of the concours  "L'auto più bella del mondo", 11 April 2007 at the "Salone dell'automobile" in Shanghai – category sportscars

See also

List of Italian companies

References

External links

Car manufacturers of Italy
Companies established in 2005
2005 establishments in Italy
Italian brands
Coachbuilders of Italy
Rivoli, Piedmont

Studiotorino


The flag of Kaluga Oblast consists of three horizontal stripes: the upper one being red, the middle white, and the lower green. The white stripe is the smallest of the three, occupying 1/6th the total height of the flag, with the other two stripes being of equal height to each other and making up the remaining 5/6ths. Within the center of the red stripe is a golden imperial crown. The ratio of the flag is 2:3. It was adopted on 30 January 2004.

References

Kaluga
Kaluga Oblast

Flag of Kaluga Oblast


The Battle of Meadow Bridge (also known as Meadow Bridges and the Battle of Richmond Heights) was an engagement on May 12, 1864, in Henrico County, Virginia, during Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's Overland Campaign of the American Civil War. Following their victory at the Battle of Yellow Tavern on May 11, Union cavalry under Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan advanced in the direction of the Confederate capital of Richmond. Caught in the narrow area between the fortifications of Richmond and the rain-swollen Chickahominy River, the Union troopers were subjected to fire from the artillery of Confederate Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee. Michigan cavalry under Brig. Gen. George A. Custer forced a crossing of a damaged railroad bridge, which was quickly rebuilt by engineers, allowing the troopers to escape to safety and continue their raid.

Background
On May 11, 1864, Sheridan and his Union cavalry force, on the second day of a daring raid against Richmond, defeated Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart at the Battle of Yellow Tavern, mortally wounding the storied Confederate cavalier. Sheridan led his troops southward towards Richmond, carefully feeling his way through the abandoned outer defensive works. As darkness fell, a severe thunderstorm drenched the column, but Sheridan kept up his movement down the Brook Pike, not realizing that he was boxing himself into a potential trap. Confederates had left torpedoes (land mines) in the road—many exploded during the passage, killing several horses but not delaying the column further. As dawn broke and the storm subsided, Sheridan found himself only two and half miles from his objective. However, to his dismay, the intermediate defenses in his front swarmed with enemy troops. His left flank was against the swollen Chickahominy, and Confederate cavalry threatened his rear, hoping to capture the Union force.

Battle

Sheridan decided to force a crossing of the river at Meadow Bridge, where the Virginia Central Railroad crossed the river. Confederates had earlier dismantled the flooring on the road part of the bridge, rendering it temporarily useless, although the rest of the bridge was intact. Sheridan assigned the Michigan brigade of Brig. Gen. George A. Custer, part of Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt's  division, to seize the span and the high bluffs beyond. The rest of Sheridan's command had to hold the Confederates at bay while Custer executed his orders. The other two brigades in Merritt's division, commanded by Colonels Thomas C. Devin and Alfred Gibbs, guarded the center of the Union line to protect against Confederate advances out of the Richmond fortifications. On the western end of the Union line, near Brook Church, the division of Brig. Gen. David McM. Gregg had to resist the advance of Brig. Gen. James B. Gordon's brigade. On the eastern end, Brig. Gen. James H. Wilson was to oppose any Confederate advances along Meadow Bridge road and Mechanicsville Pike.

The rearguard of the Gregg's division was assailed on three sides as soon as it was light enough for a brigade of Confederate infantry to sally forth from the fortifications and attack. Soon, other Confederates, including Richmond citizens hastily pressed into military service, joined in the efforts to break through the rear lines. According to the regimental historian of the veteran 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry,

Wilson's men were initially pushed back in some confusion, but Gregg had concealed a heavy line of skirmishers armed with repeating carbines in a brushy ravine. His men poured forth a destructive fire, halting the final Confederate advances, assisted by some of Wilson's men who turned the flank of the attacking column. Federal horse artillery made sure that the Confederate infantry no longer was a threat, and three mounted cavalry regiments skirmished with approaching enemy cavalry, turning them aside and protecting the rear. Brig. Gen. Gordon was mortally wounded in the fighting and died on May 18.

In the meantime, Custer's 5th Michigan Cavalry used snipers to suppress Confederate rifle fire while several daring dismounted troopers crossed the damaged railroad bridge, hopping from railroad tie to tie while menaced by  persistent enemy artillery fire. Followed by the 6th Michigan, they succeeded in the early afternoon in clearing the north bank of the Chickahominy and gaining a foothold on the Confederate side of the river. Custer's men pinned down the remaining threatening enemy units and captured two artillery pieces, while pioneers energetically planked the bridge to provide safe passage for large numbers of men and horses. By mid-afternoon, Merritt's entire division had crossed and engaged the hastily built Confederate works on Richmond Heights, driving the defenders back to Gaines's Mill. By 4 p.m., the rest of Sheridan's cavalry had crossed the river.

Sheridan destroyed the Virginia Central Bridge in his wake to prevent further pursuit. For the balance of the day, Sheridan's men collected their wounded, buried their dead, grazed their horses in the pastures, and eagerly read Richmond newspapers, which two enterprising small boys had brought across the lines and sold to the Union soldiers.

Aftermath
After his men had rested, Sheridan brushed aside the remaining Confederate resistance in the area and marched his column to Mechanicsville, out of harm's way. They bivouacked that night at Gaines's Mill, which was burned the following morning by some of the stragglers; Sheridan ordered a bucket brigade to douse the flames. Upon reaching Bottom's Bridge over the Chickahominy, they found it had also been damaged and rested there for the night while it was repaired. By this time, Sheridan's men were suffering from hunger and it was becoming urgent that they reach Union lines. On May 14, he led his men to Haxall's Landing on the James River, ending his raid.

Sheridan reported 170 casualties for the Meadow Bridges, Mechanicsville, Strawberry Hill, Brook Church (or Richmond Fortifications), engagements, May 12, 1864. Confederate losses are not recorded. Sheridan's raid was an overall tactical success, having killed Jeb Stuart at Yellow Tavern and beaten Fitzhugh Lee at Meadow Bridge, all with relatively minimal casualties—about 625 men for the entire raid, compared to 800 Confederate. From a strategic standpoint, however, the raid deprived General Grant of the cavalry resources that would have been helpful during the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House and his subsequent advance to the North Anna River, and there are lingering questions about whether Sheridan should have attempted to assault the city of Richmond. In the latter case, Sheridan believed it would not have been worth the risk in casualties and he recognized that the chances of holding the city for more than a brief time would be minimal; any advantages would primarily result from damage to Confederate morale.

Notes

References
 Rhea, Gordon C. To the North Anna River: Grant and Lee, May 13–25, 1864. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000. .
 Salmon, John S. The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001. .
 U.S. War Department. The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.
 Civil War Trails, Henrico County
 History of the 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry, pp. 93–94.

Meadow Bridge
Meadow Bridge
Meadow Bridge
Meadow Bridge
Meadow Bridge
Meadow Bridge
1864 in Virginia
May 1864 events

Battle of Meadow Bridge


Battle of Dytiatyn was one of battles of the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921 also referred to as the Polish Thermopylae (together with Battle of Zadwórze and Battle of Wizna). It took place on 16 September 1920 between units of the 8th Polish Field Artillery Regiment from Płock and the 8th Mounted Red Cossack Division of the Red Army near the village of Dytiatyn (now in Ukraine, northwest of Halicz).

The Poles defended themselves on a grassy hill  above sea level but after they ran out of ammunition they were massacred by some 3,500 Soviet mounted troops. The 'Red Cossacks' murdered 97 Poles and an additional number of wounded Poles were killed after the battle. Among the dead was the commandant of the regiment Colonel Wladyslaw Domanski. Altogether on that day some 240 Poles died. The 8th Mounted Red Cossack Division of the Red Army was destroyed a few days later near Tarnopol.

In the interbellum period, Polish military authorities established a cemetery and a monument to the massacred soldiers. It was completely destroyed after the Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939.

External links
 Web service on Battle of Dytiatyn in Polish
 Plock24.pl
 Historycy.pl

Battles of the Polish–Soviet War
September 1920 events
1920 in Ukraine

Battle of Dytiatyn


is the main protagonist of Pokémon Red and Blue, the first two games in the Nintendo's Pokémon franchise, as well as the Pokémon Green and Yellow sequels.

The protagonist of the main Pokémon's anime adaptation, Ash Ketchum, was based on him.

Appearances

In video-games
Red is the protagonist of the Pokémon Red and Blue video games and their Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen remakes.

In the game, Red is an 11-year-old boy from Pallet Town. Red began to take an interest in Pokémon, after his best friend Green stopped playing with him. His adventure begins when one day Professor Oak calls Red and Green to his laboratory to receive his initial Pokémon. After receiving the Pokémon from him, Green challenges Red to a battle. Later, Oak's teacher gives Red and Green a Pokédex to fulfill their dream of completing all the Pokémon information.

Red travels all over Kanto, filling the Pokédex with information and defeating Gym leaders. His rival, Green, is always one step ahead of him, and it seems that many times, he tries to impede Red's progress. When Red finally reaches the Indigo Plateau to face the High Command, Red learns that Green has defeated all members of the High Command, being the current champion of the Pokémon League. In the end, Red defeats his rival Green in battle, and becomes the new champion.

Aside from Green, Team Rocket is Red's main enemy, who tries to thwart his malevolent plans. During his tour of Kanto, Red has several clashes with Team Rocket. When Red defeats Giovanni (Team Rocket Leader) the organization disappears. However, several members who are on Inta Island, are unaware of what happened and are defeated by Red. Three years later, Team Rocket focuses its attention on the Johto region.

Anime

Red is the protagonist of the anime miniseries Pokémon Origins, where Red narrates the events of the first Pokémon games (Pokémon Red and Blue/Green) from the beginning of his journey to become Champion of the Kanto Pokémon League.

Other appearances

Red makes his appearance in his original appearance from the third generation of Pokémon video games, in the Wii's video game Super Smash Bros. Brawl.

References

Pokémon characters
Anime characters

Red (Pokémon)


Frank McAveety (born 27 July 1962) is a Scottish Labour Party politician who served as Leader of Glasgow City Council from 2015 to 2017. He has been a councillor for the Shettleston ward of Glasgow. He was previously the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Glasgow Shettleston constituency from 1999 to 2011.

Early life
McAveety was born 27 July 1962 in Glasgow and brought up in the city's Barmulloch district. He was educated in Glasgow at All Saints Secondary School, followed by the University of Strathclyde, from which he graduated in 1983, with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English and History.

After receiving a Postgraduate Certificate in Education from St Andrew's College of Education (now part of the University of Glasgow) in 1984, McAveety began a career as a secondary school teacher. He taught English at schools across the South side and the East End of Glasgow.

Political career

Glasgow councillor
He was a member of Glasgow District Council from 1988 until 1996 and served as Convenor of the Arts and Culture Committee, which developed the Glasgow Gallery of Modern Art and initiated plans for the large-scale redevelopment of Kelvingrove Gallery in Glasgow.

McAveety served as Leader of the Glasgow City Council from 1997 until 1999, during which time he initiated the largest-ever investment package for Glasgow Secondary Schools and oversaw the removal of housing debt for City Housing Tenants. He also established the first ever Local Authority Standards Committee, which was the influence for the establishment of the Standards Commission for Scotland by the Scottish Parliament, a few years later.

Scottish Parliament
When elected to the Scottish Parliament in 1999, he was appointed Deputy Minister for Local Government in the Scottish Executive and served in that position until 2000. He returned to office as Deputy Minister for Health and Community Care in May 2002. As Minister for Tourism, Culture and Sport following the 2003 Scottish Parliament election, he established the National Theatre of Scotland, which has resulted in the award-winning play, Black Watch and other productions. In his capacity as Sports Minister, McAveety advocated using sports investment as an opportunity for community regeneration and he oversaw Scotland's largest ever investment in national sports infrastructure, being developed in the East End of Glasgow. He also conducted a successful campaign to bring the headquarters of Sportscotland, the national sports agency, to the East End of Glasgow.

In 2004, he was mocked by a Sheriff Court judge after charges against two anti-war protesters were dropped after an altercation with the two protesters and a Labour council candidate. McAveety had claimed they had put him through the "worst intimidation in his life" during an altercation in the southside of Glasgow. In dismissing the case however, Sheriff Graeme Warner said that McAveety "must have lived a very sheltered life" and had "completely blown his credibility".

A week later, he was forced to apologise for misleading parliament when he turned up late for a ministerial question time claiming to have been unavoidably detained on ministerial business. It was later discovered that he was actually eating pie, beans and roast potatoes in the parliament canteen. The incident was dubbed by some as "porky pie-gate" and is said to have led First Minister Jack McConnell to sack him from his cabinet later that year.

McAveety was re-elected to the Scottish Parliament on 3 May 2007 after winning more than 50% of the vote in Glasgow Shettleston and until June 2010 he served as Convener of the Public Petitions Committee and was the Scottish Labour Party's Shadow Minister for Sport.

On 16 June 2010 he resigned as Convenor of the Scottish Parliament's Public Petitions Committee after being overheard making comments about the physical appearance of a female member of the audience during a break in committee proceedings. The comments were broadcast because he had not switched off his microphone. McAveety said: "There's a very attractive girl in the second row, dark... and dusky. We'll maybe put a wee word out for her."

McAveety led a campaign in 2009 to establish access for children free of charge to professional football matches in Scotland. He is a keen supporter of Celtic F.C. and the Scotland national team and, while an MSP, was a regular player for the Scottish Parliamentary Football Team, which has taken part in a number of high-profile charity events.

McAveety is known for his knowledge of various genres of modern popular music. He has written in praise of David Bowie in the Scotsman newspaper and he wrote a regular feature for Holyrood Magazine, which celebrated and recommended his favourite albums. In April 2005, the Scotsman newspaper dubbed him the "Daddy of Parliamentary Pop". This was in reference to his speech in the Parliamentary Chamber in support of a motion recognising Franz Ferdinand for that band's contribution to Scottish popular music and culture.

McAveety has served as a board member for the Arches Theatre Company in Glasgow, Enterprise Scotland and the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre. From January 2009 he served on the boards of the Scottish Youth Theatre and Fields in Trust Scotland (formerly National Playing Fields Association).

In the 2011 Scottish Parliament election, he lost his seat to the SNP's John Mason but he made an early return to politics in May 2012, when he was elected as a Councillor for the Shettleston ward of Glasgow City Council.

On 10 September 2015, McAveety was elected leader of Glasgow City Council after Gordon Matheson stood down, thus returning to a post he had held sixteen years earlier. He was succeeded by Susan Aitken on 4 May 2017.

See also
List of Scottish Executive Ministerial Teams

References

External links

1962 births
Living people
People from Springburn
People educated at All Saints Roman Catholic Secondary School
Scottish schoolteachers
Alumni of the University of Strathclyde
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Labour Co-operative MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2003–2007
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2007–2011
Members of the Scottish Parliament for Glasgow constituencies
Scottish Labour councillors
Councillors in Glasgow
Leaders of local authorities of Scotland

Frank McAveety


Digallane (systematically named digallane(6)) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula  (also written  or ). It is the dimer of the monomeric compound gallane. The eventual preparation of the pure compound, reported in 1989,
was hailed as a "tour de force." Digallane had been reported as early as 1941 by Wiberg; however, this claim could not be verified by later work by Greenwood and others. This compound is a colorless gas that decomposes above 0 °C.

Preparation
A two-stage approach proved to be the key to successful synthesis of pure digallane. Firstly the dimeric monochlorogallane,  (containing bridging chlorine atoms and thus formulated as () was prepared via the hydrogenation of gallium trichloride, , with trimethylsilane, . This step was followed by a further reduction with  (lithium tetrahydrogallate), solvent free, at −23 °C, to produce digallane,  in low yield.

Digallane is volatile and condenses at −50 °C into a white solid.

Structure and bonding
Electron diffraction measurements of the vapour at 255 K established that digallane is structurally similar to diborane with 2 bridging hydrogen atoms (so-called three-center two-electron bonds). The terminal Ga-H bond length is 152 pm, the Ga-H bridging is 171 pm and the Ga-H-Ga angle is 98°. The Ga-Ga distance is 258 pm. The 1H NMR spectrum of a solution of digallane in toluene shows two peaks attributable to terminal and bridging hydrogen atoms.

In the solid state, digallane appears to adopt a polymeric or oligomeric structure. The vibrational spectrum is consistent with tetramer (i.e. ). The vibrational data indicate the presence of terminal hydride ligands. In contrast, the hydrogen atoms are all bridging in α-alane, a high-melting, relatively stable polymeric form of aluminium hydride wherein the aluminium centers are 6-coordinated. Digallane decomposes at ambient temperatures:

References

Inorganic compounds
Gallium compounds
Metal hydrides
Reducing agents
Substances discovered in the 1980s

Digallane


The Society for Ethnomusicology is, with the International Council for Traditional Music and the British Forum for Ethnomusicology, one of three major international associations for ethnomusicology. Its mission is "to promote the research, study, and performance of music in all historical periods and cultural contexts."

Officially founded in 1955, its origins extend back to November, 1953 at the annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association in Philadelphia with an informal agreement between Willard Rhodes, David McAllester, and Alan P. Merriam. These three traveled together to the annual meeting of the American Musicological Society in New Haven to enlist the support of musicologist Charles Seeger in their endeavor to create a new academic society. This meeting resulted in the launch of the Ethno-musicology Newsletter, ethnomusicology's first dedicated serial publication, containing notes about current field research projects, a bibliography, and list of recordings of interest to the nascent discipline. The first annual meeting of the society was in Philadelphia, in September 1955.

Over the decades, The Society for Ethnomusicology has created a setting that allows scholars to publish and present their work from the field, better communicate and connect with fellow researchers, and provides leadership opportunities for those striving to improve the field of ethnomusicology.

The society currently publishes a quarterly newsletter, a quarterly journal entitled Ethnomusicology, and an extensive set of "ographies" (bibliography, discography, filmography, videography). It organizes an annual international conference and over a dozen regional conferences, maintains an active website, and presents more than a dozen awards for scholarship and service, such as the Jaap Kunst prize for the best published article in the field.

History of SEM

Before 1953

The founding of the Society for Ethnomusicology was not the first attempt at an organization focusing on the music of the world. Before the work of SEM's founders in the 1950s, several efforts in Europe had taken place through the work of dozens of musicologists and those who would eventually be considered ethnomusicologists, including Frances Densmore, Helen Heffron Roberts, and George Herzog. These and other scholars found inspiration in Viennese Guido Adler and Englishman Alexander Ellis, who both produced articles in 1885 discussing "ethnological studies" of music and the equal treatment of every society's music. Later, scholars turned to Austrian Erich Moritz von Hornbostel, credited with inventing the musical instrument categorization system still used today, and his 1905 article outlining "The Problems of Comparative Musicology."  The word ethnomusicology, though casually used towards the mid-1900s, was not widely used officially. The word first appeared in publication in Jaap Kunst's book, Ethno-musicology; a study of its nature, its problems, methods representative personalities, which wasn't published in 1955.

These works are a few of the examples of some of the musical thought taking place at the turn of the century. However, many European thinkers found fewer resources and more censorship with the incoming Second World War. In response, Charles Seeger helped found the American Society for Comparative Musicology to house the number of musicologists fleeing the rise of Nazi Germany.

1953

In November 1953, David P. McAllester, Alan P. Merriam, and Willard Rhodes attended the 52nd Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association taking place in the city of Philadelphia. The three found they shared a common interest, particularly in North American Indian music, but also had productive conversation about, "the problems of ethnomusicology, historical, theoretical and methodological, and above all, a need for association and communication with persons with similar interests." The scholars believed that the ever-evolving field of ethnomusicology would be better navigated if the scholars, musicologist, anthropologists, and anyone with passion for ethnomusicology formed a society. The three agreed that producing a newsletter was the first step in founding a society, as it would unite the wider community of scholars to better communicate research and ideas of their fellow scholars. Rhodes suggested seeking out colleague Charles Seeger as a fellow conspirator. Following the American Anthropology Association meeting, the team traveled to the American Musicological Society annual meeting the following December. Seeger became the fourth member of the group and, under his consultation and Merriam's editorship, the Newsletter began to take shape.

Ignited and led by McAllester, Merriam, Rhodes, and Seeger, Ethno-musicology Newsletter No. 1 was mailed to about 300 individuals and institutions. While the initial effort towards the creation of the Newsletter lies solely with these four men, many other scholars were working towards the goals the Newsletter set out to promote. A letter separate from the Newsletter signed by the aforementioned four, but also Manfred Bukofzer, Frances Densmore, Mieczslaw Kolinksi, Curt Sachs (who worked alongside Hornbostel), Harold Spivacke, and Richard Waterman, was sent to about 70 individuals. The letter stated, "It must be emphasized that the present effort is the prerogative of no individual or group of individuals rather, the project is conceived as the joint effort of all those interested in seeing contact reestablished among ethnomusicologists."

1955-1962

The popularity of the Newsletter increased dramatically, jumping to 472 recipients by April 1955. With the intense interest in ethnomusicology, it was felt that the society could soon be founded. The September Newsletter announced that an organized meeting of ethnomusicologists would take place at the 54th Annual Meeting of American Anthropology Association in Boston on November 18, 1955. McAllester, Merriam, Rhodes, Seeger, and several others, nearly all recipients of the Newsletter, founded the Society for Ethnomusicology and elected its first council:

President: Williard Rhodes,

Honorary President: Curt Sachs

Vice President: Mieczlaw Kolinski

Sectretary-Treasurer: David McAllester

Editor: Alan Merriam

The first official annual conference for the Society for Ethnomusicology was held the following year in alongside the 5th International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences on September 5, 1956, in Philadelphia. The constitution was drafted, officer positions expanded, and mission statement defined: "…to promote the research, study, and performance of music in all historical periods and cultural contexts." It was also decided that the hyphen would be removed from ethno-musicology with some disapproval."

The following year, it was recorded that 25% of the Society's membership was made up of non-U.S. residents and only 7% of that were Canadian. The Newsletter expanded and added David McAllester and Bruno Nettl as editors. In 1962, Wesleyan University took over the publication of the printed pamphlet newsletter, which had until this point been sponsored by the founding four.

1963-1955

In 1963, The Society for Ethnomusicology produce a special, tenth anniversary issue with articles that looked back at the Newsletter and Society's accomplishments. Challenged to find a way to measure these successes, David McAllester and Donald Winkelman both commented on the impressive efforts made at academic institutions around the country to include courses entirely or partially related to ethnomusicology.  In McAllester's "Ethnomusicology: The Field and the Society" article, he quoted Winkelman's finding that about 30 institutions offered anywhere from one to fourteen courses related to ethnomusicology. This is an incredible number when compared to the findings of Bruno Nettl, who had been charged to construct a survey of the institutions that offered courses in ethnomusicology in 1954, which showed that only fourteen institutions made the list. Winkelman found that the number had doubled in about ten years.

Among these institutions, a few stood out as academic leaders in ethnomusicology in 1963. UCLA offered one of the largest graduate program, which believed that the "actual performance of an exotic music is essential to the full understand of its structure and purpose." UCLA was also praised for sending its graduate students abroad to be immersed in a culture and its music. The University of Hawaii was well known for its ability to harmonize the relationship between the anthropology and music departments, drawing from both to create well-rounded ethnomusicology courses. Alan Merriam had made significant headway at Indiana University, having been made a professor of anthropology in 1962, equipped with skills in African music, music analysis, and Indian music. He worked closely with music professor and ethnomusicologist, Walter Kaufmann. At Columbia University, Willard Rhodes had already been teaching some ethnomusicology course since he was made full Professor in 1954. He helped develop the ethnomusicology depart alongside Nicholas England, but later traveled to Africa and Asia to conduct and bring back research. Bruno Nettl and Richard Waterman were able to bridge the gap between the anthropology and music departments by teaching across both departments, bringing up Wayne State University as one of the countries strongest ethnomusicology institutions. Of course, Wesleyan University had already proven its great strength and devotion to ethnomusicology by printing the Newsletter, but McAllester continued to develop the ethnomusicology department throughout his time there.

In addition to the rise in institutions teaching ethnomusicology courses, Williard Rhodes found that students were able to produce more dissertations that ever before. Rhodes believed that this was because the Newsletter's Bibliographies and Reviews sections had given students access to material and research that had previously been unavailable to them: "In comparison with the limited ethnomusicological literature in English that appeared during the first half of the present century, the production of books and monographs during the past decade is remarkable in quantity, quality, and range of subject matter." Rhodes found that Frank Gillis' 1962 supplement (Ethnomusicology 6: 191–214) written for Alan Merriam's 1960 "Annotated Bibliography of Theses and Dissertations in Ethnomusicology and Folk Music Accepted at American Universities" (Ethnomusicology 4: 21–35) showed an increase from 180 to 197 titles nationwide.

Stance on Music as Torture
The use of music as torture became mainstream in 1989 in the United States, and until the Society for Ethnomusicology (SEM) took a stance against it in 2007 music was used as means to torture. The SEM condemns the use of torture in any form and in 2007 called for full transparency in how the US used music as torture, comdemned the use of music as torture, and demanded that the US government and its agencies stopped using music as a means of delivering physical and psychological torture.

Organization

Governance

The society is governed by a constitution, board of directors, council members, and stands by its strict nylaws. There are several standing committees that members can participate, ranging in size from 4-15 members. Some of these committees organize national events, such as the annual conference, while others operate local events, nominations, awarding of prizes, publications, and student concerns.

Membership

The society offers Individual and Institution Memberships, which offer benefits and additional resources not available to the public. Individual membership fees are determined by annual income and academic enrollment (full-time student), but also one-time lifetime memberships are also available. Members receive copies of SEM publications, such as the newsletter and journal, gain voting rights, can submit papers for meetings and conferences, can access a members-only section of the website, and receive discounts for certain databases, such as JSTOR.

Annual conferences

The first official SEM meeting was September 2–9, 1956, and since then, the Society of Ethnomusicology has continued to host annual conferences throughout the country and occasionally abroad. Locations for these large-scale gatherings require a host university with a strong ethnomusicology department, hotels that can house the huge number of attendees ranging, which ranges from 800 to 1000 people, at an affordable price, and has access to air travel. Locations are typical chosen three years in advance by the SEM's board. The conference is then executed by the program committee, local arrangements committee, and business office.

The annual meetings are made up of programs, paper presentations, lectures, banquets, and special events, which include diverse performances, formal concerts, and dances. Video-streaming will be available for several paper presentations.

Publications

Alongside the Ethnomusicology journal, The Society for Ethnomusicology publishes a variety of works, nearly all of which are peer-reviewed. The SEM website itself serves as a communicative and archival device, enabling members to discuss the latest news, share project updates, and gives digital access to many of the print publications. The SEM website offers free access to the last fifteen issues of the journal (currently volumes 43-57 from 1999 to 2013), the student newsletter, and on-going lists of Ographies, including bibliographies, discographies, and dissertations. Issues of the SEM Newsletter are also available from between 2002 and 2010, volumes 36–44, however, the latest digital copies are only available to members. A full list of SEM's publications available through the website can be found here.

Prizes

SEM awards prizes on national, chapter, and sectional levels. These awards are designed to recognize the work of individuals in the field of ethnomusicology. Awards vary in purpose, financial prize (if any), eligibility, where and how often the prize is awarded, and application deadline. For a full list of awards and their descriptions, click here.

See also
 Ethnomusicology
 International Council for Traditional Music
 American Musicological Society
 Willard Rhodes
 David P. McAllester
 Alan P. Merriam
 Charles Seeger
 Jaap Kunst
 Frances Densmore
 George Herzog
 Erich Moritz von Hornbostel
 Curt Sachs
 Bruno Nettl
 Patricia Shehan Campbell

Further reading
 Nettl, Bruno. Nettl's Elephant: On the History of Ethnomusicology. Illinois University Press, 2010.
 Jaap Kunst. Ethno-musicology; a study of its nature, its problems, methods and representative personalities; to which is added a bibliography. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hauge, Netherlands. 1955.
 Seeger, Charles. "Toward a Unitary Field Theory for Musicology." Studies in Musicology (1975): 102–138. Berkeley: University of California Press.
 Merriam, Alan. "Ethnomusicology: A Discussion and Definition of the Field." Ethnomusicology 4 (1960): 107–114.
 Rhodes, Willard. "Towards a Definition of Ethnomusicology." American Anthropologist 58 (1956): 457–63.
 Kolinski, Mieczyslaw. "Recent Trends in Ethnomusicology." Ethnomusicology 11 (1967): 1-24.
 Merriam, Alan P. "Ethnomusicology Revisited." Ethnomusicology 13 (1969): 213–229.
 Ethnomusicology Journal

References

External links
 Official SEM Website
 Ethnomusicology Academic Journal
 Society for Ethnomusicology Archives - Special Collections in Performing Arts at the University of Maryland
 British Forum for Ethnomusicology
 International Musicological Society
 JSTOR

Music organizations based in the United States
Ethnomusicology
Organizations established in 1955
Anthropology organizations
Member organizations of the American Council of Learned Societies
Music-related professional associations
1955 establishments in Indiana

Society for Ethnomusicology


Eric Thomas Knechtges, DM (born April 16, 1978 in Lansing, MI) is an American composer.  He has written works for a wide variety of performing mediums including: concert band, orchestra, a cappella choir, and chamber ensembles (including some works using computer music technology).

Biography
Eric Knechtges has studied at the Indiana University (Bloomington) Jacobs School of Music (DM), Bowling Green State University (MM) and Michigan State University (BMusEd); he has also taught music (band, chorus, and music appreciation) at Addison Community Schools in Michigan.  He has been an active conductor of bands and orchestras, including the Pride of Indy Band and Color Guard.

His composition, Broken Silents, was recognized for Special Distinction in the second annual American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers ASCAP/CBDNA Frederick Fennell Competition.  He has also been recognized in the National Bandmasters Association Young Composers Mentor Project, the National Association of Composers, USA Young Composers Competition, and the San Francisco Choral Artists New Voices Composition Competition, and the "Juan Bautista Comes" Choral Competition.  His works have been performed by ensembles and artists throughout the United States, including the Michigan State University Symphony Band, the Bowling Green State University A Cappella Chorus, the Indiana University Symphonic Band, tubists Timothy Olt  and Philip Sinder, cellist Suren Bagratuni, the San Francisco Choral Artists, the Governor's School of North Carolina, and the Purdue University Wind Ensemble.

Knechtges is also one of eighteen featured composers in the fourth edition of Composers on Composing for Band series written by Mark Camphouse.

Works
 Aporia (2012), for euphonium and concert band
 Capriccio (2011), for tuba and piano
 Dali Hexaptych (2010), for brass choir
 Out Of C, for mixed ensemble (2008)
 Reflections on the River (2008), for tuba, cello, and piano
 Tie-Line March (2008), for concert band
 Things Left Unsaid (2008), for orchestra
 Amherst Posy (2007), for soprano, flute/alto flute/piccolo, and guitar
 Between (2007), for multiple percussion duet
 Mi Mariposa (2007), for concert band (based on melodies by Bloomington, IN elementary school children)
 To Build a Rainbow (2006, rev. 2007), for concert band
 O Nata Lux (2006), for mixed chorus
 Blaze (2006), for brass ensemble
 Synthetic Diversions (2006), for two-channel tape
 Winter Night (2006), for mixed chorus in just intonation
 Narrow Road to the Deep North (2006), for voice and Max/MSP
 Three Degrees of Separation (2005), for flute, clarinet, viola, cello, and marimba
 The Mystic Trumpeter (2005), for flügelhorn, baritone, and piano
 Exotherm (2005), for wind quintet (featured at Midwest Composer's Symposium 2007)
 Bogoroditse Djevo (2005), for soprano, euphonium, and piano
 Sic Enim Dilexit Deus Mundum (2005), for mixed chorus
 Sonos (2005), for mixed chorus
 The Sunset (2004), for mixed chorus
 Autumn Twilight (2004), for mixed chorus in just intonation
 A Moment's Peace (2004), for orchestra
 Caritas (2004), for mixed chorus
 Time for a Dream (2004), for two-channel tape
 Flag Salute (2004), for chamber ensemble
 Come and Be My Baby (2004), for soprano, alto saxophone, and piano
 Der Jagd (2003), for horn and piano
 Carpe Diem (2003), for concert band
 Jackson Fanfare (2003), for concert band
 October Prayer (2003), for mixed chorus
 A Metamusical Sonata (2002), for bassoon and piano
 Fleurs d'Eté (2002), for string quintet
 Broken Silents (2000), for concert band
 Song for a Rainy Day (200), for alto saxophone and piano
 The Kinsey Scale (2000), for baritone saxophone and harpsichord
 Oboists Three (2000), for oboe trio
 Dry Tears of November (1999), for trombone choir
 Michigan Moods (1996), for orchestra
 Midnight Caffeine (1996, rev. 2006), for tuba-euphonium quartet
 In Limine (1996), for concert band
 ¿Qué Pasa? (1995, rev. 2004), for tuba and piano

References

American male classical composers
American classical composers
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Living people
Microtonal musicians
1978 births
21st-century American composers
Musicians from Lansing, Michigan
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from Michigan
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians

Eric Knechtges


A narcissistic parent is a parent affected by narcissism or narcissistic personality disorder. Typically, narcissistic parents are exclusively and possessively close to their children and are threatened by their children's growing independence. This results in a pattern of narcissistic attachment, with the parent considering that the child exists solely to fulfill the parent's needs and wishes. A narcissistic parent will often try to control their children with threats and emotional abuse. Narcissistic parenting adversely affects the psychological development of children, affecting their reasoning and their emotional, ethical, and societal behaviors and attitudes. Personal boundaries are often disregarded with the goal of molding and manipulating the child to satisfy the parent's expectations.

Narcissistic people have low self-esteem and feel the need to control how others regard them, fearing that otherwise they will be blamed or rejected and their personal inadequacies will be exposed. Narcissistic parents are self-absorbed, often to the point of grandiosity. They also tend to be inflexible, and lack the empathy necessary for child raising.

Characteristics
The term narcissism, as used in Sigmund Freud's clinical study, includes behaviors such as self-aggrandizement, self-esteem, vulnerability, fear of losing the affection of people and of failure, reliance on defense mechanisms, perfectionism, and interpersonal conflict.

To maintain their self-esteem and protect their vulnerable true selves, narcissists seek to control the behavior of others, particularly that of their children whom they view as extensions of themselves. Thus, narcissistic parents may speak of "carrying the torch", maintaining the family image, or making the mother or father proud. They may reproach their children for exhibiting weakness, being too dramatic, being selfish, or not meeting expectations. Children of narcissists learn to play their part and to show off their special skill(s), especially in public or for others. They typically do not have many memories of having felt loved or appreciated for being themselves. Instead, they associate their experience of love and appreciation with conforming to the demands of the narcissistic parent.

Destructive narcissistic parents have a pattern of consistently needing to be the focus of attention, exaggerating, seeking compliments, and putting their children down. Punishment in the form of blame, criticism or emotional blackmail, and attempts to induce guilt may be used to ensure compliance with the parent's wishes and their need for narcissistic supply.

Children of narcissists
Narcissism tends to play out intergenerationally, with narcissistic parents producing either narcissistic or codependent children in turn. While a self-confident parent, or good-enough parent, can allow a child their autonomous development, the narcissistic parent may instead use the child to promote their own image. A parent concerned with self-enhancement, or with being mirrored and admired by their child, may leave the child feeling like a puppet to the parent's emotional/intellectual demands.

Children of a narcissistic parent may not be supportive of others in the home. Observing the behavior of the parent, the child learns that manipulation and guilt are effective strategies for getting what they want. The child may also develop a false self and use aggression and intimidation to get their way. Instead, they may invest in the opposite behaviors if they have observed them among friends and other families. When the child of a narcissistic parent experiences safe, real love or sees the example played out in other families, they may identify and act on the differences between their life and that of a child in a healthy family. For example, the lack of empathy and volatility at home may increase the child's own empathy and desire to be respectful. Similarly, intense emotional control and disrespect for boundaries at home may increase the child's value for emotional expression and their desire to extend respect to others. Although the child observes the parent's behavior, they are often on the receiving end of the same behavior. When an alternative to the pain and distress caused at home presents itself, the child may choose to focus on more comforting, safety-inducing behaviors.

Some common issues in narcissistic parenting result from a lack of appropriate, responsible nurturing. This may lead to a child feeling empty, insecure in loving relationships, developing imagined fears, mistrusting others, experiencing identity conflict, and suffering an inability to develop a distinct existence from that of the parent.

Sensitive, guilt-ridden children in the family may learn to meet the parent's needs for gratification and seek love by accommodating the wishes of the parent. The child's normal feelings are ignored, denied and eventually repressed in attempts to gain the parent's "love". Guilt and shame keep the child locked in a developmental arrest. Aggressive impulses and rage may become split off and not integrated with normal development. Some children develop a false self as a defense mechanism and become codependent in relationships. The child's unconscious denial of their true self may perpetuate a cycle of self-hatred, fearing any reminder of their authentic self.

Narcissistic parenting may also lead to children being either victimized or bullies, having a poor or overly inflated body image, tendency to use and/or abuse drugs or alcohol, and acting out (in a potentially harmful manner) for attention.

In most cases, the narcissist will select one child in the family to be the Golden Child, and another child to be the Scapegoat. The Golden Child becomes an extension of the narcissist, who lives vicariously through them. As a result many golden children do not develop a healthy sense of self and struggle with boundaries. Scapegoats, on the other hand, become the receptacle for all the negative emotions of the narcissistic parent, who blames them for everything that goes wrong in the family.

Short-term and long-term effects
Due to their vulnerability, children are extremely affected by the behavior of a narcissistic parent. A narcissistic parent will often abuse the normal parental role of guiding their children and being the primary decision-maker in the child's life, becoming overly possessive and controlling. This possessiveness and excessive control disempower the child; the parent sees the child simply as an extension of themselves. This may affect the child's imagination and level of curiosity, and they often develop an extrinsic style of motivation. This heightened level of control may be due to the need of the narcissistic parent to maintain the child's dependence on them.

Narcissistic parents are quick to anger, putting their children at risk for physical and emotional abuse. To avoid anger and punishment, children of abusive parents often resort to complying with their parent's every demand. This affects both the child's well-being and their ability to make logical decisions on their own, and as adults they often lack self-confidence and the ability to gain control over their life. Identity crisis, loneliness, and struggle with self-expression are also commonly seen in children raised by a narcissistic parent. The struggle to discover one's self as an adult stems from the substantial amount of projective identification that the now adult experiences as a child. Because of excessive identification with the parent, the child may never get the opportunity to experience their own identity.

Mental health effects
Studies have found that children of narcissistic parents have significantly higher rates of depression and lower self-esteem during adulthood than those who did not perceive their caregivers as narcissistic. The parent's lack of empathy towards their child contributes to this, as the child's desires are often denied, their feelings restrained, and their overall emotional well-being ignored.

Children of narcissistic parents are taught to submit and conform, causing them to lose touch of themselves as individuals. This can lead to the child possessing very few memories of feeling appreciated or loved by their parents for being themselves, as they instead associate the love and appreciation with conformity. Children may benefit with distance from the narcissistic parent. Some children of narcissistic parents resort to leaving home during adolescence if they grow to view the relationship with their parent(s) as toxic.

The results of a prior study indicated that narcissistic parenting behaviours have an impact on children's self-esteem far into adulthood. A lot of respondents also mentioned that they needed the approval or affirmation of others in order to feel competent or deserving, and some said that their sense of self depended entirely on how "successful" they perceived themselves to be in terms of their appearance, social life, or academic or professional accomplishments. Respondents also mentioned how these consequences affected their friendships and romantic relationships as adults, and one participant raised concern for how these effects would affect her children.

See also

References

Further reading
 Donaldson-Pressman, S & Pressman, RM The Narcissistic Family: Diagnosis and Treatment (1997)
 Miller A The Drama of the Gifted Child, How Narcissistic Parents Form and Deform the Emotional Lives of their Talented Children, Basic Books, Inc (1981)
 Payson, Eleanor The Wizard of Oz and Other Narcissists: Coping with the One-Way Relationship in Work, Love, and Family (2002) – see Chapter 5

Family
Narcissism
Parenting
Domestic violence

Narcissistic parent


Sha Tin New Town, or known as Sha Tin-Ma On Shan New Town or Sha Tin Town is one of the satellite towns and new towns of Hong Kong. It is within the Sha Tin District, the New Territories. The New Town covers the neighbourhoods such as Sha Tin, Tai Wai, Fo Tan, Tai Shui Hang, Ma On Shan. The Shing Mun River runs through the middle of the town.

Development history
Development was started in the 1970s, and currently covers an area of 35.87 square kilometres with total developed area of about . As of 2004, it has a population of around 640,000 people. The town centre houses a mall, New Town Plaza, the Sha Tin Public Library, Sha Tin Town Hall, and other community facilities.

Transport

Highways, roads and tunnels
The road transport between Shatin and Kowloon relies on the Lion Rock Tunnel (completed in 1967), Tate's Cairn Tunnel (completed in 1988), Shing Mun Tunnel, and Tai Po Road. The Tolo Highway was opened in September 1985. It connects Sha Tin Road and Tai Po Road, forming a connection system between the New Town and Tai Po New Town. Tate's Cairn Highway also connects Ma On Shan with Tolo Highway. The opening of Sai Sha Road in October 1988 provided a connection between Sha Tin and Sai Kung. The T3 Highway (Tsing Sha Highway) and Route No. 8 (Cheung Sha Wan to Sha Tin section) was completed in March 2008.

Public transport
The New Town has numerous bus routes connecting to the city centre and metro station from various populated zone in the Town. Beside bus services, minibus services are provided as well for residential areas with fewer people.

KCR (now East Rail line, MTR)
KCR, since merged with the former MTR, was essential to the development of new town. There are five East Rail line stations within the new town, namely Tai Wai, Sha Tin, Fo Tan, Racecourse and University (Chinese University). Part of the Tuen Ma line also lies within the district, which connects Hin Keng (situated at the southwestern part of Tai Wai) and Wu Kai Sha of Ma On Shan (situated at the northeastern part of Lee On Estate). Passengers can transfer to East Rail line at Tai Wai station.

Urban planning
Despite Sha Tin New Town including Ma On Shan, and the town itself is sometimes known as Sha Tin-Ma On Shan, Ma On Shan town has its own urban planning plan or Outline Zoning Plan (OZP), the "Ma On Shan Outline Zoning Plan". The plan was amended most recently in 2020. Neighbourhoods such as Sha Tin, Tai Wai, Fo Tan are included in the "Sha Tin Outline Zoning Plan".

The Science Park-Pak Shek Kok development, also located in Sha Tin New Town, has its own OZP too, but part of the area of that development is included in Tai Po District.

References

Further reading

External links

1970s establishments in Hong Kong
Sha Tin District
Planned communities in Hong Kong
New towns started in the 1970s

Sha Tin New Town


91FM (originally known as Magic 91FM) was a local radio station in Auckland. 91FM began broadcasting on 91.0 FM using the call sign 1MJK in 1983 and was one of the first FM stations to start in Auckland and New Zealand, along with 89 Stereo FM. 91FM played Hit Music format similar to that of ZM and in the early nineties actually used the same "Rock of the Nineties" slogan used by 91ZM in Christchurch and ZMFM in Wellington.

In 1993 91FM changed format and became The Breeze on 91FM; also at the same time Kiwi FM in the Waikato and Radio Windy in Wellington were all renamed to The Breeze but all three stations operated separately. 91FM had several owners during its run and in the mid-nineties was sold to Prospect Media who also owned Radio Hauraki and Easy Listening i98FM as well as several other stations. In 1996 Prospect Media was purchased by The Radio Network. During 1997 The Radio Network made several changes to their radio stations in Auckland and Hamilton, and as a result The Breeze on 91.0 FM and also The Breeze on 89.8 FM in Hamilton ceased operating and The Radio Network used these frequencies to start ZM in Auckland and Hamilton. The Breeze station in Wellington was not owned by Prospect Media or The Radio Network so was not affected by this change. In 2006 The Breeze, now owned by Mediaworks New Zealand made a return to Auckland as an Easy Listening station.

References

Radio stations in Auckland
Defunct radio stations in New Zealand
Radio stations established in 1983
Radio stations disestablished in 1993

91FM (Auckland)


Hyderabadi haleem () is a type of haleem popular in the Indian city of Hyderabad. Haleem is a stew composed of meat, lentils, and pounded wheat made into a thick paste. It is originally an Arabic dish and was introduced to the Hyderabad State by the Chaush people during the rule of the Nizams (the former rulers of Hyderabad State). Local traditional spices helped a unique Hyderabadi haleem evolve, that became popular among the native Hyderabadis by the 20th century.

The preparation of haleem has been compared to that of Hyderabadi biryani. Though Hyderabadi haleem is the traditional hors d'oeuvre at weddings, celebrations and other social occasions, it is particularly consumed in the Islamic month of Ramadan during Iftar (the evening meal that breaks the day-long fast) as it is high in calories. In recognition of its cultural significance and popularity, in 2010 it was granted Geographical Indication status (GIS) by the Indian GIS registry office, making it the first non-vegetarian dish in India to receive this status. In October 2022, Hyderabadi haleem won 'Most Popular GI' award in the food category, that was chosen through a voting system that was conducted by the Department for Promotion of Industry & Internal Trade (under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry).

History

Haleem originated as an Arabic dish with meat and pounded wheat as the chief ingredients. It was introduced to Hyderabad by the Arab diaspora during the rule of the sixth Nizam, Mahbub Ali Khan, and later became an integral part of Hyderabadi cuisine during the rule of the seventh Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan. Sultan Saif Nawaz Jung Bahadur, an Arab chief from Mukalla, Hadhramaut, Yemen, who was among the seventh Nizam's court nobility, popularised it in Hyderabad. Addition of local flavours to the original recipe resulted in a taste distinct from other types of haleem.

Preparation

Traditionally, Hyderabadi haleem is cooked on a low flame of firewood for up to 12 hours in a bhatti (a cauldron covered with a brick and mud kiln). One or two people are required to stir it continuously with wooden paddles throughout its preparation. For home-made Hyderabadi haleem, a Ghotni (a wooden hand masher) is used to stir it until it reaches a sticky-smooth consistency, similar to minced meat.

Ingredients

The ingredients include meat (either goat meat, beef or chicken); pounded wheat; ghee—(milk fat rendered from butter, also called clarified butter); milk; lentils; ginger and garlic paste; turmeric; red chili pepper spices such as cumin seeds, caraway seeds (shah zeera), cinnamon, cardamom, cloves, black pepper, saffron, jaggery, natural gum, allspice (kabab cheeni); and dry fruits such as pistachio, cashew, fig and almond. It is served hot topped with a ghee-based gravy, pieces of lime, chopped coriander, sliced boiled egg and fried onions as garnish.

Variations
Different variants have been introduced catering to regional tastes and requirements. A meethi (sweet) variant of haleem is consumed as breakfast by the Arab diaspora in Barkas neighbourhood of the city. The chicken variant is less popular, even though it is lower priced. A vegetarian version of haleem, in which dry fruits and vegetables are substituted for goat meat, is available at some eateries in Hyderabad.

Nutrition

Hyderabadi haleem is a high calorie dish which gives instant energy as it contains slow-digesting and fast-burning ingredients. It also contains dry fruits rich in anti-oxidants. The meat and dry fruits make it a high protein food. A new low-cholesterol variety by using emu meat, rich in minerals, phosphorus and vitamins, was introduced in 2013. The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC), a local civic body that monitors health and safety regulations in the city, has set up hygiene and quality standards to be followed by the eateries selling it.

Popularity

Hyderabadi haleem is regarded as an international delicacy. In Hyderabad, the dish is often consumed at celebratory events such as weddings. It is consumed especially during Iftaar, the evening meal following the day-long fast, observed by Muslims during the month of Ramadan.

Places of interest
Pista House, Hotel Shadab, Paradise, Shah Ghouse Café, Cafe 555, Grill 9, Pariwar's Have More, Cafe Bahar, Chicha's, Peshawar, Sarvi and Grand Hotel are some of the many places to try Haleem in Hyderabad

In Hyderabad and neighbouring areas, the month of Ramadan is synonymous with Hyderabadi haleem. During the 2014 Ramadan season,  5 billion worth of Hyderabadi haleem was sold in the city, and an additional 25,000 people were employed in the preparation and sale of haleem. The connoisseur chefs are paid salaries of up to  a month plus benefits, As of 2011, during Ramadan there were 6,000 eateries throughout the city that sold haleem (70% of which are temporary until Ramadan ends), and 28% of Hyderabadi haleem produced in the city was exported to 50 countries throughout the world.

Sanjeev Kapoor, an entrepreneur of Indian cuisine, mentions in his book Royal Hyderabadi Cooking that the preparation of haleem in Hyderabad has become an art form, much like the Hyderabadi biryani. In 2010 Hyderabadi haleem was awarded Geographical Indication status by the Indian GI registry office. It became the first meat product of India to receive a GI certification. This means that a dish cannot be sold as Hyderabadi haleem unless it meets the necessary standards laid down for it.

See also
 List of stews
 Hyderabadi cuisine

References

Further reading

External links
Videos about cooking Hyderabdi haleem
An article published by state Tourism department

Indian meat dishes
Telangana cuisine
Hyderabadi cuisine
Muhajir cuisine
Mughlai cuisine
Meat stews

Hyderabadi haleem