"I've Never Seen a Straight Banana" is a novelty song from 1926, written by Ted Waite.  A short film was made in 1926 in the Phonofilm sound-on-film process with music hall comedian Dick Henderson (1891–1958) singing it.

In 1927, it was made popular by Fred Waring and his band Waring's Pennsylvanians who recorded it.

Later versions were recorded by The Happiness Boys, Jimmy Edwards, Tiny Tim (recorded in 1976 by producer Richard Barone, released 2009), and Brita Borg.

A series of films, entitled "Together: A Series of Films by Jeff Feuerzeig" (presented by Google+ and Pride Toronto) used "I've Never Seen a Straight Banana" as the opening and closing music for Pride Toronto's 2012 celebration.

References

1926 films
Phonofilm short films
1926 songs
Novelty songs
Bananas in popular culture
Songs about plants

I've Never Seen a Straight Banana


Baron Methuen, of Corsham in the County of Wiltshire, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1838 for the former Member of Parliament for Wiltshire and Wiltshire North, Paul Methuen. His grandson, the third Baron (who succeeded his father), was a distinguished soldier who became Field marshal. His son, the fourth Baron, was a professional artist and Royal Academician. On his death, the title passed to his younger brother, the fifth Baron. The seventh Baron, who succeeded his elder brother in 1994, was one of the ninety hereditary peers elected to the House of Lords after the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999, and sat on the Liberal Democrat benches. , the title is held by his first cousin once removed, the eighth baron, who succeeded to the title in that year.

The first Baron's grandfather, Paul Methuen, was the cousin and heir of the wealthy Sir Paul Methuen, a well-known politician, courtier, diplomat and patron of art and literature, who was the son of John Methuen (c. 1650 – 1706), Lord Chancellor of Ireland between 1697 and 1703 and ambassador to Portugal. It was the last-named who in 1703 negotiated the famous Methuen Treaty, which, in return for the admission of English woollens into Portugal, granted differential duty favouring the importation of Portuguese wines into England to the disadvantage of French wines, and thus contributed to the replacement of the drinking of burgundy by that of port.

The family seat is Corsham Court, in Corsham, Wiltshire.

Barons Methuen (1838)

Paul Methuen, 1st Baron Methuen (1779–1849)
Frederick Henry Paul Methuen, 2nd Baron Methuen (1818–1891)
Paul Sanford Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen (1845–1932)
Paul Ayshford Methuen, 4th Baron Methuen (1886–1974)
Anthony Paul Methuen, 5th Baron Methuen (1891–1975)
(Anthony) John Methuen, 6th Baron Methuen (1925–1994)
Robert Alexander Holt Methuen, 7th Baron Methuen (1931–2014)
James Paul Archibald Methuen-Campbell, 8th Baron Methuen (born 1952).

The heir presumptive is the present holder's half-brother, Thomas Rice Mansel Methuen-Campbell (born 1977).

Male-line family tree

Arms

Notes

References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1838
Noble titles created for UK MPs
1838 establishments in the United Kingdom
People from Corsham

Baron Methuen


New York's Forest Preserve, comprises almost all the lands owned by the state of New York within the Adirondack and Catskill parks. It is managed by the state Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC).

, the Forest Preserve covers nearly 3 million acres (), about 61% of all land managed by DEC. Around 2.7 million acres () are in the Adirondacks while  are in the Catskills.

Article XIV of the state constitution requires the Forest Preserve to "be forever kept as wild forest lands", thus providing the highest degree of protection of wild lands in any state. A constitutional amendment would be required to transfer any of this land to another owner or lessee. A later amendment to Article XIV also made the lands important parts of water supply networks in the state, particularly New York City's, by allowing 3% of the total lands to be flooded for the construction of reservoirs.

The establishment of the Forest Preserve in the 19th century was motivated primarily by economic considerations. Over time, its importance to recreation, tourism, and conservation came to be seen.

Origins

Adirondacks

In 1865, George Perkins Marsh published Man and Nature, which made the connection between deforestation and desertification. In the years that followed, New York's business community began to fear that erosion from unchecked logging in the Adirondacks could silt up the Erie Canal and eliminate the state's economic advantage.

Five years later, surveyor Verplanck Colvin was said to have had the idea for a park while viewing the Adirondacks from the summit of Seward Mountain. He wrote to his superiors in Albany, who appointed him to a committee to study the problem.

In 1882, businessmen began lobbying the legislature in earnest. The Forest Preserve Act was passed three years later, prohibiting logging on state-owned land.

Catskills

Later that year, Ulster County's representatives in the Assembly were trying to get the county out of a  crushing property tax debt a court had ruled they owed the state. Their solution was to convey some of the land on which they owed the taxes, mostly around Slide Mountain to the state.

The Catskills had actually been considered when the Forest Preserve legislation was first passed, but Harvard botanist Charles Sprague Sargent had visited them and reported back to the legislature that it was not worth the effort as its streams did not appreciably affect the state's navigable waterways. However, an amended version of the bill was passed, after many deals and compromises among members, that added lands in Ulster, Sullivan and Greene counties to those eligible for Forest Preserve status.

One side effect of this deal is that the state pays all local and county property taxes on the Forest Preserve as if it were a commercial landowner. This has helped many local governments remain solvent as they have very little economic assets other than forest resources.

Article XIV

To manage the land, the state had created a Forest Commission, making New York second only to California in having a state-level forestry agency. Most of its members were either openly or covertly connected to timber interests, however, and routinely approved dodges around the legislation to make sure logging would continue. In 1893 the legislature retroactively approved many of these practices by giving the commission the right to sell timber from the lands and trade them as it saw fit.

It seemed the Forest Preserve now existed only on paper. But the following year New York held a constitutional convention, and the language of the law was written into the new state constitution with added words to close every loophole the Forest Commission had found.

This section, Article VII of the 1894 constitution (which was later changed to Article XIV), is often referred to as the "forever wild" section even though those two words do not appear next to each other in the text.

Since amending New York's constitution is a deliberately cumbersome process that requires the approval of both Assembly and Senate in successive sessions of the legislature, followed by public approval at the next general election, this put a severe damper on any efforts by the Forest Commission to placate the loggers while still claiming to be honoring the law.

Nonetheless, they would try. The new provision barely survived an attempt to gut it two years later when they again prevailed upon the legislature to approve an amendment requiring the state to "manage the land in accordance with sound timber management principles." Voters resoundingly rejected it, however, and the principle of a "forever wild" Forest Preserve has remained inviolate in New York State to this day.

Since then, over 2,000 amendments to Article XIV have been introduced in the legislature. Of those, only 28 have made it to the ballot, and only 20 have passed. Many of those have been otherwise routine land transfers that enabled the construction or expansion of public cemeteries or airports. Others have allowed for the construction and continued maintenance of reservoirs and highways. The most significant change was a pair of amendments that created the ski centers at Belleayre in the Catskills and Gore and Whiteface in the Adirondacks. The latter includes a toll road to the summit as well.

Subsections were later added to allow the construction of reservoirs and make certain that use of the land remained free to the public beyond any reasonable fee the state could charge for a particular activity.

Acquisition of new Forest Preserve land

Blue Line
In 1902, when Article XIV was more a matter of settled law, the legislature realized it had to delimit where Forest Preserve would be acquired. Accordingly, that year the Adirondack Park was defined in terms of the counties and towns within it.

Two years later, the Catskill Park followed suit. However, it was delineated not solely in terms of pre-existing political boundaries but instead through a combination of those and old survey lot lines, streams and railroad rights-of-way. That proved to be a more effective and politically viable method, and accordingly the Adirondack Park Blue Line was redrawn shortly afterwards following the Catskills' example.

The park boundaries became known as the Blue Line since they were drawn, as they have been ever since, in blue ink on state maps.

While it takes only a simple majority vote of the legislature to amend either Blue Line to add land to the park, any diminution requires that two successive legislative sessions approve, consistent with the process for amending the constitution without the public vote.

Both parks have grown considerably since being created. The Catskill Park reached its present size in the late 1950s; the Adirondack Park did not cover its current domain until the early 1970s.

Methods of land acquisition

While many of the original holdings came from tax foreclosures, over time the state bought huge tracts, aided by bond issues approved by the public. One in the late 1920s proved to be of particular value as the state was able to acquire a great deal of property at minimal prices due to the Great Depression. At that time the state's Parks Council bought the land and left management to the then-Conservation Commission.

The state could also theoretically use its power of eminent domain to acquire Forest Preserve, but in practice it has rarely resorted to this.

For the time being, the state is not seeking to expand the Forest Preserve as actively as it has in past years, since many of the most desired properties have been acquired. However, it remains publicly committed to working with any willing seller.

Land classifications within the Forest Preserve

Ecological and environmental awareness grew in the later years of the 20th century. Recreational use of the Forest Preserve began to rise to new levels, and newer methods of outdoor recreation became popular. These two factors led to a widespread realization that it was no long enough to simply rely on the language of Article XIV and the state's Conservation Law (as it was called at the time) and the court decisions and administrative opinions that relied on them.

The Conservation Department became DEC in 1970. One of its new tasks was to implement more contemporary land management practices. But administration of the state land in both parks was (and still is) split between different regional offices, and it was hard to get them both following the same principles since they did not communicate much.

There was also no serious planning involved. New trails were created, or allowed to be created by outside parties, with little thought to their environmental impact or regional role. Camping was permitted anywhere, and some of the sensitive alpine environments in the Adirondack High Peaks were showing the effects.

Two temporary state commissions set up to consider the future course of the Adirondacks and Catskills in the early 1970s both strongly recommended that master plans be created for state lands in both parks. They also called for classifying the large tracts of state land as either wilderness areas or wild forest, depending on the degree of previous human impact and the level of recreational use they could sustain. Both of these were ultimately adopted, along with intensive use area and administrative use area designations for smaller parcels.

Land use in the Adirondack Park is subject to the rules and zoning regulations of the sometimes-controversial Adirondack Park Agency (APA). Even the state Department of Environmental Conservation must get APA approval of its management plans for the Forest Preserve.

In the Adirondacks, several additional classifications exist due to the more diverse character of lands in the extensive area of the park: primitive area; canoe area; travel corridor; wild, scenic, and recreational rivers; and historic area.

But there is no corresponding agency for the Catskills (largely due to the rough start experienced by the APA) and as a rule the practical impact of living within Blue Line is minor. Since the mid-1960s the state has regulated commercial highway signage within them in a manner similar to the federal Highway Beautification Act and tries to use a distinctive, rustic gold-on-brown color scheme for all its own signage within them.

The original Forest Preserve legislation assigned the state the primary role in controlling forest fires within the parks, a great relief to many towns within it then as steam locomotives and illegal logging were causing numerous remote fires. DEC still has that status in what the law calls "fire towns," which include every town entirely or partially within the parks (and the Ulster County town of Shawangunk, which has plenty of fire exposure on the eponymous ridge). Fires have become much less widespread than they used to be, however, thanks to a better-educated public and state oversight.

The Catskill Park is also the only place within the state's "Southern Zone" where hunters do not have to wear their deer tags in the woods.

Wilderness area

New York State's wilderness areas are managed in a way essentially similar to their federal counterparts. Wilderness areas are those judged to have been far more affected by nature than humanity, to the extent that the latter is practically unnoticeable. As a result, the Forest Preserve's wildernesses boast extensive stands of virgin forest.

No powered vehicles are allowed in wilderness areas. Recreation is limited to passive activities such as hiking, camping, hunting, birding and angling which are themselves subject to some further restrictions to ensure that they leave no trace for later recreationists. Special restrictions were recently imposed to limit impact on the largest and most popular wilderness area, the High Peaks Wilderness Complex in the Adirondacks.

Powered equipment, such as chainsaws, may be necessary to keep trails open but such use is permitted only with the express written authorization of the DEC commissioner.

Structures other than those that facilitate recreational use, such as bridges and lean-tos, are generally not allowed, either.

The only significant difference between New York's wilderness policy and the federal government's is that the former limits the classification to contiguous parcels of at least 10,000 acres (40 km²), instead of 5,000 (20 km²).

Currently, approximately 1.1 million acres (4,400 km²) of the Forest Preserve is designated as wilderness.

Wild forest

While retaining an essentially wild character, Wild Forests are those areas which have seen higher human impact and can thus withstand a higher level of recreational use. Often these are lands which were logged heavily in the recent past (sometimes right before being transferred to the state).

They might best be described as wildernesses where, within limits, powered vehicles are allowed. The wide roads left behind by logging operations make excellent trails not only for foot travel but for horses, snowmobiles, and cross-country skiing as well. Hunters prefer to seek game in wild forests because they can use cars or trucks to transport their kills out.

Not all vehicle use is permitted, however. Mountain bikers and all-terrain vehicle enthusiasts have been lobbying DEC to allow them use of some Wild Forest trails in recent years.  it appears that the former may be allowed to use some trails, particularly the old roads that lead to fire towers in both parks, DEC and most other users feel that even Wild Forest trails could not absorb the impact of ATVs.

Powered equipment may be used to maintain trails and roads within Wild Forests.

In the Catskills, it has long been informal DEC policy to treat all Wild Forest lands above  in elevation as de facto wilderness. A proposed update to the master plan for the park would not only make this formal but extend the limit to .

Intensive use area

Intensive Use areas are places like state campgrounds or "day use" areas (more like a small public park) without camping. There may be designated campsites, picnic tables, charcoal grills, public restrooms and shower facilities and swimming areas with lifeguards. A fee is charged between May 1 and October 1 for most of these activities, and sometimes just for entering the area. DEC manages 45 campgrounds in the Adirondacks and 7 in the Catskills, for a total of 52 (public campgrounds elsewhere in New York are under the authority of the state parks).

The state's three ski areas — Belleayre Mountain in the Catskills and Gore mountain and Whiteface Mountain in the Adirondacks — also fall under this classification as well.

There are five day-use areas in the Adirondacks and one (so far) in the Catskills.

Administrative use area

This classification applies to a limited number of DEC-owned lands that are managed for other than Forest Preserve purposes. It covers a number of facilities devoted to research, some prisons, and state fish hatcheries in both parks.

Most Administrative Use areas are located close to public roads and are generally in fairly developed areas of their respective parks.

The law exempts some areas within the park boundaries. Land inside the territory of any incorporated village or city does not have to be incorporated into the Forest Preserve. The towns of Altona and Dannemora are also excluded, despite being entirely or partially inside the Adirondack Blue Line, due to the large prison facilities located in them.

Land classifications in the Adirondacks

The categories below are specific to Adirondack Forest Preserve lands; they are not used in the Catskills.

Primitive area

A Primitive Area is one that has much the same characteristics as wilderness area, but has some significant obstacles to receiving that status. It may have structures that cannot easily be removed within a given timeframe, or some other existing use that would complicate a wilderness designation. The designation is also applied to areas of less than the minimum area that have environments sensitive enough to require wilderness-level protection.

For most practical purposes, then, there is no difference between a primitive area and a wilderness area.

Canoe area

Canoe Areas are lands with a wilderness character that have enough streams, lakes and ponds to provide ample opportunities for water-based recreation.

Since they are relatively flat, and the severity of a typical Adirondack winter ensures that most bodies of water will freeze over, they are excellent places to snowshoe and cross-country ski in that season as well.

Currently, the Saint Regis Canoe Area is the only such designated area in the park.

Wild, scenic, and recreational rivers

There are three levels of classification for Forest Preserve lands around streams, depending on their levels of impoundment and public access.

Wild rivers, or sections of rivers, are relatively inaccessible except by foot or horse, have no impoundments and are generally undeveloped except for foot bridges.
Scenic rivers, or sections of rivers, may have limited road access, some low-impact human use and can be impounded by log jams.
Recreational rivers, or sections of rivers, are readily accessible by road or rail and may be or have been at some point in the past developed or impounded by artificial means.

Historic area

These are the sites of buildings owned by the state that are significant to the history, architecture, archaeology or culture of the Adirondacks, those on the National Register of Historic Places or carrying or recommended for a similar state-level designation.

Travel corridor

This classification refers primarily to lands not really considered for recreational use but for those sections of the Forest Preserve constituting the right-of-way and roadbed for sections of the Adirondack Northway, other public highways in the Park, the Remsen-to-Lake Placid Adirondack Scenic Railroad right-of-way and lands immediately adjacent to and visible from them. It results from a mid-1960s amendment to Article XIV that allowed such road construction and maintenance, primarily to complete the Northway.

Forest Preserve lands outside the parks

State law also allows DEC to classify land it acquires outside the Blue Lines, but in counties partially within the parks, as Forest Preserve. These have usually been small detached parcels rarely organized into larger, named units. Article XIV's prohibition on further sale or transfer still applies, although the state may allow the timber on these lands to be harvested.

Controversies

While no one talks seriously of rescinding Article XIV anymore, that hasn't stopped some residents of the state from publicly chafing at its strictures. This is particularly common in the Adirondacks, since the many vast tracts of land under Forest Preserve protection limit certain economic activities.

Fire towers

In the late 1990s a DEC forester writing a management plan for the Balsam Lake Wild Forest in the Catskills recommended that the fire tower on top of the similarly named mountain be removed and dismantled as nonconforming. He did this in the hope that someone would step forward to save not only this but the other four fire towers on state land in the Catskill Park. At that time the towers had not been used for fire control for years, and some were no longer safe to climb.

Someone did, and after a matching challenge to raise the money, DEC was not only able to exempt them from removal on the grounds that they contributed to the public's understanding of the Forest Preserve, but repaired all of them as well. In 1997 they were added to the National Register of Historic Places. All five and their accompanying cabins have been or will be converted into small interpretive centers, with displays identifying nearby peaks.

Similar campaigns were undertaken in the Adirondacks, and hikers can now even receive a patch for their backpacks by visiting all the Forest Preserve firetowers. DEC even built a new trail to the tower on Red Hill in the Catskills, as the road to it crosses private land whose owner will not permit the public to cross it.

The only fire tower still a subject of dispute is on Hurricane Mountain in the Adirondacks, since unlike the others it is within a Primitive Area classified by the DEC as the Hurricane Mountain Primitive Area.  There has been speculation that the DEC would like to reclassify this  parcel into a Wilderness Area. Wilderness Areas are considered "untouched by man" and a firetower is viewed as a non-conforming structure. As such, the DEC wants it removed for this reason. However, residents of the area have been fighting to keep it since not only is it a popular and relatively easy hike, it is the only fire tower in the High Peaks region.  The Hurricane Mountain fire tower is also the insignia of the Adirondack Mountain Club Hurricane Mountain Chapter.

Canisters

Also in the late 1990s, DEC, in its long-delayed management plan for the High Peaks Wilderness Complex, called for the removal of the canisters at the summits of the 20 High Peaks that lacked official trails but were nevertheless climbed frequently by the growing number of hikers seeking membership in the Adirondack Forty-Sixers.

Many members felt these were an integral part of the club's identity and wanted to keep them. But in summer 2000, the 46ers' board decided to remove them as they did not feel it would be worth pursuing a lawsuit to keep them, especially with little law on their side. Some members are still bitter about this decision since it was taken without consulting the group as a whole.

At the same time in the Catskills, however, the situation played out differently. The 1998 draft update to the Unit Management Plan for the Slide Mountain Wilderness Area, the Catskills' counterpart to the HPWC, similarly called for the removal of four canisters from that area.

Public comment, mostly from members of the Catskill Mountain 3500 Club, which maintains those canisters, persuaded DEC to compromise, accepting ownership of them and some design changes in exchange for keeping them as, like the fire towers, structures that enhanced understanding of the Forest Preserve. This change was later written into the 2003 draft update to the Catskill State Land Master Plan.

The different outcome is largely because the Catskills' more open forests mean that its trailless peaks actually are trailless, whereas it has been hard to say that of the Adirondack trailless peaks for some time now.

See also

 List of types of formally designated forests

References

External links
 New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
 Adirondack and Catskill Forest Preserve Land Classifications

Nature reserves in New York (state)
Adirondack Park
Catskill Park
Protected areas of New York (state)
Adirondacks
Catskills
New York (state) state forests

Forest Preserve (New York)


Richard Burton Matheson (February 20, 1926 – June 23, 2013) or Logan Swanson was an American author and screenwriter. He mostly wrote in the fantasy, horror, and science fiction genres. Two of his books are I Am Legend and Bid Time Return. He wrote several television episodes for The Twilight Zone.

Matheson was born on February 20, 1926 in Allendale, New Jersey to a Norwegian family. He was raised in Brooklyn, New York. Matheson studied at Brooklyn Technical High School and at the University of Missouri. He was married to Ruth Ann Woodson from 1952 until his death in 2013. They have four children.

Matheson came up with the idea for I Am Legend after seeing Tod Browning's Dracula.

Matheson died on June 23, 2013 in Los Angeles, California from a long illness. He was 87 years old.

References

Other websites

Richard Matheson  featured on AMC-TV's Sci-Fi Department webshow

1926 births
2013 deaths
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American novelists
American screenwriters
American television writers
Writers from New Jersey

Richard Matheson


David Anthony Durham (born March 23, 1969) is an American novelist, author of historical fiction and fantasy.

Durham's first novel, Gabriel's Story, centered on African American settlers in the American West. Walk Through Darkness followed a runaway slave during the tense times leading up to the American Civil War. Pride of Carthage focused on Hannibal Barca of Ancient Carthage and his war with the Roman Republic. His novels have twice been New York Times Notable Books, won two awards from the American Library Association, and been translated into eight foreign languages. Gabriel's Story, Walk Through Darkness and Acacia: The War with the Mein are all in development as feature films. A third book, Acacia: The Sacred Band, concludes his epic fantasy Acacia Trilogy. In 2016, Durham returned to historical fiction with the publication of The Risen: A Novel of Spartacus.

Born to parents of Caribbean ancestry, Durham has lived in Scotland for a number of years. He has worked as an Outward Bound Instructor, and as a whitewater raft guide and kayak instructor. After receiving an MFA from the University of Maryland, College Park in 1996, he taught at the University of Maryland and University of Massachusetts Amherst. He was the MacLean Distinguished Visiting Writer at The Colorado College and was an associate professor at Cal State University, Fresno and an adjunct professor at Hampshire College. He won the Zora Neale Hurston/Richard Wright Fiction Award in 1992, the 2002 Legacy Award for Debut Fiction and was a Finalist for the 2006 Legacy Award for Fiction. In 2009, he won the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer. He currently teaches for the Stonecoast MFA Program in Creative Writing and was an assistant professor of creative writing at the University of Nevada, Reno before leaving to write for television.

Novels
 Gabriel's Story (2001)
 Walk Through Darkness (2002)
 Pride of Carthage (2005)
 Acacia Trilogy:
 Acacia: The War with the Mein (2007)
 Acacia: The Other Lands (2009)
 Acacia: The Sacred Band (2011)
 The Risen: A Novel of Spartacus (2016)

Articles and short stories
"Those About to Die" (story), (Lowball, edited by George R. R. Martin, Tor, Summer 2014).
"Snake Up Above", "Snake In The Hole" and "Snake On Fire" (stories), (Fort Freak, edited by George R. R. Martin, Tor, June 2011).
"An Act of Faith" (story), (It's All Love, edited by Marita Golden, Doubleday, February 2009).
"Appreciation: The Green House, by Mario Vargas Llosa" (book recommendation, with commentary), (The Top Ten: Writers Pick Their Favorite Books, edited by J. Peder Zane, W. W. Norton, January 2007).
"Recommendation: A Scot's Quair, by Lewis Grassic Gibbon" (book recommendation, with commentary), (Post Road, 2005).
"An Act of Faith" (story), (Intimacy: Erotic Stories of Love, Lust, and Marriage by Black Men, edited by Robert Fleming, Plume, February 2004).
"The Boy-Fish" (story), (Gumbo: A Celebration of African American Writing, edited by Marita Golden and E. Lynn Harris, Harlem Moon Press, October 2002).
"The She-Ape and the Occasional Idealist" (short story), (QWF (UK), June/July 2000).
"One Room Like a Cave" (story), (Staple: New Writing (UK), 1998).
"The Boy-Fish" (story), (Catalyst, Spring 1992).
"All the Girls Love Michael Stein" (story), (Unfettered, 2013)

External links
 Author's Blog
 Various Pride of Carthage Reviews

1969 births
Living people
African-American novelists
American historical novelists
21st-century American novelists
John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer winners
University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty
American science fiction writers
American male novelists
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from Massachusetts
21st-century African-American writers
20th-century African-American people
African-American male writers

David Anthony Durham


Pat Lindsey (born May 17, 1952) is an American professional golfer who played on the PGA Tour.

Amateur career
Lindsey was born, raised, and still makes his home in Toledo, Ohio. He was introduced to golf by his father, an orthodontist, and top amateur golfer. A 1970 graduate of Maumee Valley Country Day School, he went on to attend the University of South Florida in Tampa, Florida graduating in 1975.

Professional career
Lindsey turned professional in 1975. He spent four-plus years on mini tours and working as a club professional. He qualified for the PGA Tour in 1979 and competed through the 1987 season. His career year in professional golf was 1983 when he finished 67th on the money list with four top-10 finishes including a win at the B.C. Open by four strokes over Gil Morgan. His best finish in a major championship was T-74 at the 1983 PGA Championship. After retiring as a touring professional in 1987, Lindsey has held various positions in sales and marketing with real estate developers in the Toledo area.

After turning 50 in 2002, Lindsey played in a very limited number of Champions Tour events. He and his wife, Julie, have two daughters, Maggie and Hannah.

Professional wins (1)

PGA Tour wins (1)

See also

 Spring 1979 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates

References

External links

American male golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Golfers from Ohio
University of South Florida alumni
Sportspeople from Toledo, Ohio
Maumee Valley Country Day School alumni
1952 births
Living people

Pat Lindsey (golfer)


Jef Le Penven (3 November 1919 - 30 April 1967) was a French composer, born in Pontivy, Morbihan, Brittany.

Le Penven was the twelfth child of a family of cabinet makers. He was brought up in an atmosphere of traditional vernacular music, learning to play the bombard (Breton oboe) as a child. He studied at the Schola Cantorum in Paris, working with Marcel Dupré.

In 1940, he became the conductor or the Orchestre de Bretagne.

Le Penven's music expresses his attachment to Brittany and Celtic culture. He attempts to integrate traditional and symphonic music. His major works use conventional symphonic and choral forms but typically include bagpipe music.

Le Penven was also well known for his organ improvisations, of which he was a virtuoso.

His setting of the poem Me zo ganet e kreiz ar mor by Yann-Ber Kalloc'h has been interpreted by a number of Breton musicians including Gilles Servat and Alan Stivell.

Compositions

 Tir Na Nog, La Marche des Bretons
 Les Celtes
 Cantate du Bout du Monde
 Symphonie du Morbihan

Notes

1919 births
1967 deaths
People from Pontivy
Breton musicians
French male composers
Schola Cantorum de Paris alumni
20th-century French composers
20th-century French male musicians

Jef Le Penven


"The Curious Republic of Gondour" is a short story by Mark Twain. Twain proposed a state in which all citizens have at least one vote, but where further votes (up to a dozen) could be acquired through education, which was provided by the state for free, or by relative wealth. Furthermore, no one was accepted to any public office without passing strenuous competitive examinations.

Heinlein's Expanded Universe discusses the book, and spells it as Gondor.

Nevil Shute uses the idea of multiple votes according to attainment in his novel In the Wet.

References

External links

Mark Twain
Short stories by Mark Twain

The Curious Republic of Gondour


James Redfield (March 27, 1824 – October 6, 1864) was an American politician and Civil War officer. He died at the Battle of Allatoona.

He was son of Luther Redfield and was born in Clyde, New York, March 27, 1824.  He graduated from Yale College in 1845.  After leaving college he studied law in his native place, was elected County School Commissioner, and finally accepted a position at Albany, New York in the office of Hon. Christopher Morgan, Secretary of State of New York.

In 1855, he removed to Iowa, and established himself near the geographical centre of the State. The town of Redfield, Iowa received its name from him. He held several offices of trust in Dallas County, Iowa, and in 1860 was elected to the Iowa State Senate.

On the outbreak of the Civil War he raised a company of which he was elected captain, and on the organization of a regiment, the 39th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment, he was elected its lieutenant colonel.  He continued in that post until his death. His regiment was in active service at the West, under Buel, Ulysses S. Grant, and William Tecumseh Sherman. When Allatoona Pass was attacked by French's Division of Hood's army, Col. Redfield, then garrisoning the town of Rome, Georgia, went forward with his command to defend the pass. While cheering on his men to resist the rebel attack, a ball pierced his heart and he fell dead. His remains were buried in a village near the battle-field. He left a widow and three children.

References

1824 births
1864 deaths
People from Clyde, New York
Yale College alumni
Iowa state senators
Union Army colonels
19th-century American politicians
Union military personnel killed in the American Civil War

James Redfield (Iowa soldier)


Courtland Hector Hoppin (March 12, 1906 – January 28, 1974) was an American artist, photographer and pioneer in the field of animated film. The works produced by Hector Hoppin and partner Tony Gross are studied today due to their artistry and as a reflection of the times in which they were created.

Biography
Hoppin was born March 12, 1906, into a family of wealth and talent. He was the only child of Dorothy Woodville Rockhill and Dr. Joseph Clark Hoppin (1870–1925), who was a highly regarded archeologist, who taught at Bryn Mawr. His maternal grandfather, William Woodville Rockhill, was a diplomat and considered the first Westerner to gain audience with the Dalai Lama.

His paternal grandfather, Dr. Courtland Hoppin (1834–1876), for whom he was named, was one of twelve children born into a prominent and talented Providence, RI family. He and his brother Washington Hoppin, MD were homeopathic physicians. In 1863 Courtland married Mary Frances Clark (1842–1934), daughter of Joseph Washington Clark (1810–1892) and Eleanor Arnold Jackson Clark (1815–1896). Joseph Clark was a Boston investor, who purchased several hundred acres of land in Pomfret, CT, on the west side of Pomfret Street, in 1888. He built a large summer house there, called "La Plaisance," and at the same time, Mary Frances Clark Hoppin, recently widowed, built a house nearby. These two houses still stand, and are included in the Pomfret Street Historic District. They are now both owned by Pomfret School.

In about 1892, Mary Frances Clark Hoppin built a much larger house on Deerfield Road, at the southwestern end of her father's property, next to her sister-in-law. She called the house "Courtlands." In 1900, after the main building of Pomfret School burned, she gave her first house to the school, and had it moved across the road, to be on the school's property. The house is now called Robinson House, and is the Admissions house for the school. Courtlands still stands, and houses the offices of LIUNA Training & Education Fund.

Courtland Hoppin, the younger, was educated at Pomfret School (1923), Harvard University and the University of Cambridge in England, where he obtained his master's degree.  He subsequently studied art in Paris and served as Art Director of London Films until the outbreak of World War II. At about this time Courtland adopted the nom de plume of "Hector," and was sometimes called "Hector Hoppin." Following the war, he studied with psychologist Carl Jung in Switzerland, and worked in the area of clinical psychology in New York City during the 1950s.
In 1948, Hector Hoppin published The Psychology of the Artist.

He retired to Lido Key in Sarasota, Florida in 1958, where he and his wife Marion were benefactors of New College of Florida, including the endowment of a chair in Asian Studies.

Pioneer work in animation
While living in Paris in the 1930s, Hoppin collaborated on several animated films with print-maker and painter Anthony Gross, providing his skill as an artist and photographer as well as the capital for the projects. The first animated film of the company they titled "HG Productions" was Une Journée en Afrique. Completed in 1932, it was followed by Les Funérailles and, in 1934, with their most popular and successful work, La Joie de Vivre. Hoppin and Gross hired Hungarian composer Tibor Harsanyi to compose music for the sound track of the film. La Joie de Vivre is described as a break from the "limiting comic tradition of the 1930s cartoon animation", and its free, decorative style and vague politics permitted its re-release in France during the early 1940s by the Vichy government.

The nine-minute film is described in the Internet Movie Database as "A tone poem [in which] two woodland sprites dance about, atop power lines and among flowers and leaves, while being pursued. Everyone spends some time pulling levers to switch trains, too."

Following the success of this film, the pair produced works titled The Storm and Fox Hunt. Fox Hunt received praise for its use of color "with freedom and beauty quite outside Mr. Disney's picture-book range."
In 1938, Hoppin and Gross began their most ambitious work, Around the World in Eighty Days, a color feature based on the Jules Verne novel financed by Alexander Korda of London Films.
The project, however, was interrupted by World War II; all traces of the film were thought to have been lost, but in 1956 some negatives were discovered in a projection room at the National Film Theatre in London and efforts were made to piece-together a portion of the original work. The restored section has a running-time of eighteen minutes.
"A reel of negatives from the London lab of Technicolor was all that remained. With the assistance of the British Film Institute's Experimental Production Fund, contributing some transitional scenes – such as animated diagrams of the voyage through the Suez Canal – it was possible to construct a usable, coherent, even vivacious film of great beauty. Hoppin & Gross were innovators. Only the informed eye of a painter could have chosen the colour-palette; the characters are intelligently animated, caricatured with distinction. Of all the film projects that year arising from producers keen to follow the success of Disney's Snow White, Around The World in 80 Days shines like a beacon turned towards the future. Despite some technical weaknesses and its truncated form, the film is a substantial achievement."

The New York Public Library has a copy of this film, titled Around the World in Eighteen Minutes, published by McGraw-Hill in 1962.

Personal life
Hoppin married three times. His first wife, Caroline Benezet Smith Hoppin, died in 1939. She was the mother of their two sons, Nicholas (1936–1965) and David (1939–1978). He was divorced from second wife, Peggy Hoppin, and survived by the third, Marion Crosby Hoppin, whom he met while studying psychology with Carl Gustav Jung in Switzerland.

References

1906 births
1974 deaths
20th-century American photographers
American animators
American animated film directors
Harvard University alumni
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Pomfret School alumni

Courtland Hector Hoppin


Thomas Patrick Campbell (born July 12, 1962) is the director and CEO of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, overseeing the de Young and Legion of Honor museums. He served as the director and CEO of the Metropolitan Museum of Art between 2009 and 2017. On 30 June 2017, Campbell stepped down as director and CEO of the Metropolitan Museum of Art under pressure and accepted the Getty Foundation's Rothschild Fellowship for research and study at both the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles and at Waddesdon Manor, in the UK.

Early life
He was born in Singapore and raised in Cambridge, England, where he attended The Perse School. He earned a BA in English language and literature at New College, Oxford in 1984, followed by a Diploma from Christie's Fine and Decorative Arts course, London, in 1985. While studying for his master's degree at the Courtauld Institute of Art (1987), he discovered how much mainstream art history had overlooked the major role of tapestry in European art and propaganda. During the following years, he worked to rectify this oversight by creating the Franses Tapestry Archive in London (1987–94), which, with more than 120,000 images, is the largest and most up-to-date information resource on European tapestries and figurative textiles in the world. His early research culminated in several research articles and a PhD from the Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London (1999) on the art and culture of King Henry VIII's court.

Career
Tom Campbell has served for more than a decade as Director and CEO of two major US art museums—the Metropolitan Museum of Art from 2009 to 2017, and the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco since 2018.

Metropolitan Museum of Art

Campbell joined the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1995, where he conceived and organized several acclaimed exhibitions and publications as a curator in the European Sculpture and Decorative Arts department, including Tapestry in the Renaissance: Art and Magnificence (2002), named "Exhibition of the Year" by Apollo Magazine, Tapestry in the Baroque: Threads of Splendor (New York, 2007; Palacio Real, Madrid, spring 2008). "Then after nearly 14 years of widely admired work as a curator and scholar, Campbell was the unexpected choice to succeed Philippe de Montebello."

During his tenure as director, Campbell was also at the helm for popular and critically acclaimed exhibitions, including: Picasso in the Metropolitan; Alexander McQueen; Bronzino Drawings; Lost Kingdoms; Baldessari; Impressionism, Fashion, and Modernity; The Pictures Generation; Regarding Warhol; The Renaissance Portrait; Kongo; China Through the Looking Glass; Chinese Ink Art; Pergamon; Unfinished; Jerusalem; Diane Arbus, and Kerry James Marshall.

Campbell led the reconception of the Met's approach to modern and contemporary art, including the hiring of Sheena Wagstaff to lead a reorganized department, focused on the art of the 20th and 21st century, and launching the Met Breuer in 2016. "The Met Breuer enabled visitors to engage with the art of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries through the global breadth and historical reach of The Met's unparalleled collection and resources through a range of exhibitions, commissions, performances, and artist residencies."

In 2013, Campbell secured one of the most significant gifts in the history of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the philanthropist and cosmetics tycoon Leonard A. Lauder's collection of 78 Cubist paintings, drawings, and sculptures.

As the New York Times said in their announcement of the gift, "scholars say the collection is among the world's greatest, as good as, if not better than, the renowned Cubist paintings, drawings and sculptures in institutions like the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg and the Pompidou Center in Paris. Together they tell the story of a movement that revolutionized Modern art and fill a glaring gap in the Met's collection, which has been notably weak in early-20th-century art."

In 2014, the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Costume Institute reopened to the public following a two-year renovation with the inaugural exhibition Charles James: Beyond Fashion. The costume conservation center also underwent a renovation, including its storage and study facility that houses the bulk of the collection, and the costume reference library. The renovated space now allows the Costume Institute to present exhibitions 10 months out of the year.

2014 also saw the launch of a new interactive feature on the Met's website and a new iPad app. The website One Met. Many Worlds,  "allows visitors to explore more than 500 highlights from the Museum's encyclopedic collection in English, Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish." The website presents individual works of art linked to universal themes and concepts and invites visitors to respond by pairing images playfully, poetically, and creatively. The iPad app, 82nd & Fifth, features curators from across the Museum discussing 100 works of art in the Met's collection that change the way they see the world – "one work, one curator, two minutes at a time."

During Campbell's tenure, the annual Met Iris and B. Gerald Cantor Roof Garden Commission was established. Artists featured included, Huma Bhabha (2017), Adrián Villar Rojas (2016), Cornelia Parker (2016), Pierre Huyghe (2015), and Dan Graham with Günther Vogt (2014).

Under Campbell's direction, the Met's attendance rose by more than 50% to a record seven million visitors yearly, "with audiences that are now more diverse than ever before". Other accomplishments include the renovation of the American Wing, which took place in phases, with the first phase reopening in 2009 and the second phase, which included a new installation of American art spanning the 18th through 20th centuries, in January 2012 and renovating the greatly enlarged and reconceived Islamic Wing, to highlight both the diversity and the interconnectedness of the numerous cultures represented in the collection.

The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco

In 2018, it was announced that Campbell would lead the Fine Art Museums in San Francisco. He "arrived in San Francisco in late 2018 with just six months of exhibition programming in place, planning that usually takes years. Needing to arrange something quickly, he was able to land two traveling shows, the Tate Modern's Soul of a Nation: Art in the Age of Black Power for fall 2019 and a show that had originated at the Frida Kahlo Museum in Mexico as Appearances Can Be Deceiving: The Dresses of Frida Kahlo for spring 2020. But rather than bring them in 'as is,' Campbell empowered curators to bring out their Bay Area roots. Soul of a Nation, in particular, embraced the local community. A preview breakfast included not just press but also Black artists who'd made work in the 1960s and '70s, some of it celebrating fellow Bay Area activists, like Angela Davis and the Black Panthers."

At the opening for Soul of a Nation, Campbell announced that 'Free Saturdays' for San Francisco residents would now extend to all Bay Area residents. This initiative has doubled attendance and brought in a more diverse audience on Saturdays.

In March 2020, in response to the pandemic, Campbell announced that the de Young Museum would host an open-call exhibition for "all Bay Area artists." Alta magazine called it "an exhibition of immense scale, inherent complexity, and straightforward generosity." The response to The de Young Open went well beyond the few hundred submissions curators expected. Instead, some 6,000 artists sent in 11,500 works. 877 works were selected and although the museum did not act as an intermediary, all of the works were available for sale. "This exhibition was seen as an 'unusual take for the director of a major museum, where blockbuster exhibitions of blue-chip international artists—whether contemporary or of the past—have been the financial lifeblood for decades'."

During Campbell's tenure the Museums have organized a number of shows, which have been critically well received.

At the Legion of Honor:

In 2021, the Museum presented Wangechi Mutu: I Am Speaking, Are You Listening?. The powerful exhibition was praised for "providing a model for how art institutions can begin the work of decolonizing and reckoning with systemic racism and sexism" and was named one of the best public art displays of 2021 by Artsy.
In April 2022, the Legion of Honor opened Guo Pei: Couture Fantasy, a retrospective of the Chinese fashion designer notably worn by Rihanna on the red carpet at the 2015 Met Gala. The exhibition mines Pei's career, characterized by her sculptural silhouettes and painstaking craftsmanship, through more than 80 pieces. In August 2022, the Fine Art Museums of San Francisco announced an extension of the exhibition after attracting a record 130,000 visitors in 18 weeks.

At the de Young:

 In 2020, the Museum presented Uncanny Valley, called a top 10 exhibition in 2020 by Frieze magazine, "comprising work by thirteen individual artists and collectives" which warned "against becoming more and more dependent on artificial intelligence technologies we do not fully understand" and alluded to nearby Silicon Valley.
In 2021, the Museum organized artist Hung Liu's solo show, Golden Gate (金門). An exhibition of Hung Liu's work was originally meant to be exhibited at the UCCA Center for Contemporary Art in Beijing, it was canceled by the Chinese government a month before it was scheduled to open in December 2019. Officials at the de Young stepped in despite complications due to COVID-19 and other factors, organizing an exhibition that centered on the immigrant and migrant experience in California.
That same year, Campbell oversaw the organization of Judy Chicago: A Retrospective, the first retrospective of the 82-year old artist. The exhibition spans six decades of the artist's career and was "expansive and satisfying, leaving the viewer with much to think about." Also on view in 2021, Uncanny Valley: Being Human in the Age of AI was the "first major exhibition to unpack this question through a lens of contemporary art and propose new ways of thinking about intelligence, nature, and artifice."

In 2022, "as America marked two years since the murder of George Floyd, Campbell called on the museum sector to 'confront the colonial narratives we have inherited'" and pledged to update the museums strategic plans for the next several years by evolving the Fine Arts Museums into an anti-racist institution as their top objective. Campbell has focused on five critical areas of improvement: presentation and development of the collections, exhibitions, programs and community, workplace and hiring practices, and the composition and future growth of their board. To that end, the museum announced the appointment of Abram Jackson as director of interpretation. "Jackson will spend much of his time working out how to frame art from the museum collection that may have colonialist roots. He will also, he says, explore how the artistic reappropriation of racist insignia can best be communicated in museum settings."

FAMSF is actively expanding its collection. The Museums recently acquired works by 30 Bay Area artists, including Wesaam Al-Badry, Rupy C. Tut, Woody D. Othello, and Chelsea Ryoko Wong, with a $1 million grant from the Svane Family Foundation.

Personal life
Campbell is married and lives in San Francisco. He and his wife Phoebe have a son and daughter.

References

External links

1962 births
Living people
People from Singapore
People from Cambridge
People educated at The Perse School
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Alumni of the Courtauld Institute of Art
English art historians
English emigrants to the United States
English curators
Directors of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Directors of museums in the United States

Thomas P. Campbell


Suiton (水団 or すいとん) is a Japanese dish that is made by slicing flour dough by hand, rolling it by hand, and scooping it into small pieces, then boiling it in soup.

Overview
Suiton has a long history, and its root "mizu-dango" can be seen in the Muromachi period. It is also called "water dumpling". The cooking method of suiton on the material has changed drastically, and the form of hand-cooked flour like today appears in the late Edo period. From the Edo era to the prewar days, there were stalls and restaurants specializing in suiton, and it was popular food for ordinary people at that time. Although it had decreased considerably in the middle of the Taisho era, immediately after the Great Kanto Earthquake, stalls appeared everywhere in the burned fields as the food situation worsened.

It is a type of dumpling, and as a cooking recipe, "suiton" is made from crushing grains and nuts containing gluten and dropping them into hot water or soup. The way to eat depends on how much effort or arrange the cook has, or a regional custom.

There are many variations, such as simple dumplings made by mixed dough into hot water, and zoni with miso soup or simple soup with broth.

Suiton is also sold as vacuum-packed products by noodle manufacturers such as Shimadaya.

Regional Variation
The name of "suito" is known nationwide, but differs a little depending on the region, "hittsumi (ひっつみ)", "hatto" (はっと), "tsumeri" (つめり), "tottenage" (とってなげ), "odansu" (おだんす) and "hinnobe" (ひんのべ); - called by the name of the dish. These foods similar to suiton are characterized by the ingredients and dashi stock that are put in each region, and the cooking methods differ from region to region. Even in the same region, cooking methods and names vary depending on a district or individual home.

For example, "Hatto" in the northern area of the Miyagi prefecture to Iwate prefecture in the northern part of the Sendai clan is divided into small chunks of flour dough kneaded with cool water and thinned by stretching it like noodle with fingers.  In Aomori prefecture, Iwate prefecture, etc., the manner of dividing flour dough is different.

Notes

External links
Suiton - story of Japanese local cuisine in English
「はっと」とは - Miyagi Prefectural Government website

Japanese cuisine
Dumplings

Suiton


Petre V. Haneș (November 6, 1879–April 17, 1966) was a Romanian literary historian.

Born in Călărași, his parents were Vasile Haneș and his wife Maria (née Leca). He attended Matei Basarab High School in Bucharest, followed by the literature faculty of the University of Bucharest. Later, in 1920, he received a doctorate from the same institution. After university, Haneș became a Romanian-language teacher at three schools in the capital city: Matei Basarab, Mihai Viteazul High School and the pedagogical seminary. He offered free courses at the literature faculty as well. Within the educational system, he served as school inspector and was a permanent member of the Public Instruction Ministry's council, serving as secretary general in 1920.

Haneș' first publication appeared in 1900 in Noua revistă română. The author of studies on literary history, his work ran in Revista universitară (1900), Viața nouă, Convorbiri Literare, Preocupări literare (where he was director from 1936 to 1938), Biserica ortodoxă română and Limbă și literatură. In 1926, he founded a society for the friends of literary history. Late in life, he was active in the society of philological sciences. He published volumes featuring the works of Alecu Russo, Nicolae Bălcescu, Grigore Alexandrescu, Mihail Kogălniceanu, and Dinicu Golescu.

Haneș was a conscientious and honest researcher who devoted equal attention to the various periods of Romanian literature. His books included Cântarea României, 1900; Alexandru Russo, 1901; Dezvoltarea limbii române în prima jumătate a sec. al XIX-lea, 1904; Studii de literatură română, 1910; Evangheliarul românesc din 1561 în conparațiune cu cel slavonesc, 1913; Un călător englez despre români, 1920; Scriitori basarabeni, 1920; Studii literare, 1925; Studii și cercetări, 1927; Istoria literară în călătorii, 1933; Genuri literare, 1934; Scriitori basarabeni. 1850-1940, 1942; and Vechile noastre cazanii: Coresi, Varlaam, Mânăstirea Dealu, 1943. He also wrote a general history of the field, Istoria literaturii românești; published in 1924, it also appeared in French in 1934.

He died in 1966 in Bucharest and was buried in the city's Sfânta Vineri Cemetery.

Notes

1879 births
1966 deaths
People from Călărași
University of Bucharest alumni
Romanian schoolteachers
Romanian literary historians
Burials at Sfânta Vineri Cemetery

Petre V. Haneș


Dataphone Scandinavia AB is a Swedish national and independent telecom operator and ISP that offers data communication solutions to businesses. Dataphone has its own national network for data and telephony.

The data network produces IP VPN over MPLS and Internet access. Dataphone delivers PSTN telephony and IP-telephony through its own network. The network also allows Dataphone to offer wholesale and carrier services to other national and international operators. Dataphone also provides collocation and hosting from its server facilities in Stockholm, Sweden. Additional offerings include antispam from IronPort, web hotel, e-mail services and more. Headquarters are in Stockholm, Sweden.

History
Dataphone Sweden AB was founded in 1994 and was one of the pioneers of Internet services. Since then Dataphone has been an ISP and offered related services. Citylink AB was founded in 2001 and offered telephony and data communication based on a national powerful network and switch. The two companies merged in December 2005 under the name Dataphone Scandinavia AB. The official name is now DPH Scandinavia but the brand Dataphone is still used. Since December 2009 the company is a part of IP-Only Telecommunication AB.

External links
IP-Only website

Internet service providers of Sweden

Dataphone


iNduna (plural: iziNduna) is a Zulu/Xhosa title meaning advisor, great leader, ambassador, headman or commander of a group of warriors. It can also mean spokesperson or mediator, as the iziNduna often acted as a bridge between the people and the king. The title was reserved for senior officials appointed by the king or chief and was awarded to individuals held in high esteem for their qualities of leadership, bravery or service to the community. The iziNduna would regularly gather for an indaba to discuss important issues.

Amongst the Ndebele the term was also used to collectively refer to a group of elite soldiers operating under a specific induna.

The term has found widespread use in South African English and Afrikaans, and it is a common reference to boss or lead person. In modern times the terms Chairperson and induna are sometimes used interchangeably.

Notable izinDuna in history

 Leander Starr Jameson, a British physician, was awarded the title of iNduna by the Matabele chief Lobengula after he had successfully treated the chief's gout.
 Mbopa was an iNduna serving under Shaka.  He was one of the main conspirators in Shaka's assassination by his half-brothers Dingane and Umhlangana.
 Ndlela kaSompisi was a key general to Zulu Kings Shaka and Dingane, and also served as Dingane's inDuna – his chief advisor.  Ndlela' repeatedly defied Dingane's request that he assassinate Mpande, half-brother of Shaka and Dingane.  By this refusal he preserved the blood line of the Zulu monarchy, as all subsequent Zulu kings were from Mpande's blood line.  He was strangled to death for his insubordination.
 Ntshingwayo kaMahole was the second in command (inDuna) of King Cetshwayo's Army. He was the commanding general who defeated the encamped British Army at the Battle of Isandlwana.
 Nathaniel Isaacs, a British adventurer, was awarded the title inDuna Incoola (Principal Chief of Natal) by Shaka and was granted large tracts of land.
 Tinos Rusere, nicknamed the "Rhodesian Induna", was an elected trade union representative of the Rhodesian miners in South Africa. In 1977 he became the trade union inDuna for all Southern African countries.
 Joseph Leabua Jonathan worked as a mine inDuna (foreman) at Brakpan and eventually became the first Prime Minister of Lesotho.
 The Sudwala Caves were named after the Swazi inDuna Sudwala.
 David Livingstone was given authority as a "nduna" in 1852 by Sekeletu, chief of the Kololo, to lead a joint expedition investigating trade routes, starting at Linyanti on the Zambezi river and reaching Luanda on the Atlantic before returning and continuing downstream to Quelimane on the Indian Ocean.

Induna used as name

The word Induna is regularly used as a name to indicate something large (the big one) or important:

 Ntabazinduna (Mountain of the Chiefs) is the name of a hill north of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. The name stems from the practice of throwing izinDuna who ran afoul of the king down it.
 Induna was the name of a racehorse that won the 1930 South Australian Derby.
 Canada's largest crocodile (14 feet long, weighing more than 1000 pounds) is called Induna.  It resides at the Reptilia (zoo) in Vaughan, Ontario.

 In 1899 Winston Churchill (a young war correspondent at the time) escaped from a prison in Pretoria and rode the Induna (a weekly steamer, built in 1891 at Aberdeen, UK) from Delagoa Bay to Durban.
 The SS Induna was the name of a British merchant steamboat (5086BRT) that was sunk during WW2.  It was built in 1925 by A. Stephen & Sons Ltd. of Glasgow and torpedoed by the German U-boat Friedrich-Karl Marks (U-376) en route from Reykjavík to Murmansk.  Of the 66 people on board, 28 survived and were picked up by a Soviet minesweeper.
 The MV Induna Star was an 81-ton Australian steel ketch. It was captured by the Japanese during WW2 and the men aboard were incarcerated.  Some of those men later died in the infamous sinking of the prison ship, the Montevideo Maru by a US submarine.

See also

 Zulu people (ethnic group)
 Xhosa people (ethnic group)

 Languages of South Africa

References

Zulu culture
Xhosa culture
Zulu words and phrases
South African English
African noble titles
African traditional governments

InDuna


VSM Group AB (Viking Sewing Machines), previously named Husqvarna Sewing Machines is a company based in Huskvarna, Sweden.

Founded in 1872, the company is best known for "smart" (computerized) sewing machines and sergers under the brands Husqvarna Viking and Pfaff. The VSM brand produces several lines of sewing machines, the top being the Designer series and the lowest being the mechanical (non-computerized) Huskystars. The sewing machines change every year or so as the experts create upgrades. In February 2006 VSM Group was bought by Kohlberg & Co., who already owned the brand Singer. Singer and VSM Group have been merged into a company named SVP Worldwide, with headquarters in Hamilton, Bermuda, where the initials are reflecting the brands Singer, Viking and Pfaff.

History
In 1999, VSM Group took over Pfaff sewing machines. In December 2005, Industri Kapital sold VSM Group to Kohlberg Management IV, already owner of the Singer1 brand. The merger of the two entities then gave birth to SVP Worldwide, whose head office is in Hamilton, Bermuda. The name SVP identifies the three brands of the merger (Singer, VSM, Pfaff). All brands used by VSM group are under license from KSIN Luxembourg2.

See also
 List of sewing machine brands

References

External links
Husqvarna Viking sewing machines

Sewing machine brands
Manufacturing companies of Sweden
Companies established in 1872
Swedish brands
Companies based in Jönköping County

VSM Group


Pedro Aparicio Sánchez (4 October 1942 – 25 September 2014) was a Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) politician. He was a doctor by profession, and a professor at the University of Málaga. He was the first democratically elected mayor of Málaga from 1979 to 1995, and a Member of the European Parliament from 1994 to 2004. He was a founder and first president of the Spanish Federation of Municipalities and Provinces, and was the president of the PSOE in Andalusia from 1994 to 2000.

Education and medical career
Aparicio graduated in Medicine and Surgery from the Complutense University of Madrid in 1966 and the  in 1973. He achieved a doctorate from the Autonomous University of Barcelona in 1976. He was a professor at the University of Málaga and head of the vascular surgery section at the Carlos Haya Hospital in the city.

Political career
Aparicio was the first democratically elected mayor of Málaga in 1979. Though his party needed to form a coalition with the Communist Party and the Andalusian Party in that year, he was re-elected with absolute majorities in 1983, 1987 and 1991. In 1995, he left office as Celia Villalobos of the People's Party was elected. His main priority at the beginning of democracy in Spain was to improve the lives of people in Málaga's outskirts, where roads were not paved and many homes lacked electricity and running water. During his mandate, the city founded the Fundación Picasso which bought Pablo Picasso's birthplace and opened it to the public, while the  was opened and the Málaga Symphony Orchestra was initiated.

Aparicio was a founder and the first president of the Spanish Federation of Municipalities and Provinces (FEMP). His last political roles were as president of the PSOE in Andalusia (1994–2000) and as a Member of the European Parliament representing Spain from 1994 to 2004.

Aparicio was an admirer of Salvador Allende, the socialist president of Chile deposed in the 1973 coup d'état, and kept a photograph of him in his office. He spent the night of the 1981 Spanish coup d'état attempt in his office so that he could die there if he had been targeted for his ideals.

Death
Aparicio exercised every morning to manage his diabetes, hypertension and excess weight. At the end of his daily routine at a local sports centre on 25 September 2014, he died suddenly of heart failure at the age of 71. The city council suspended its work for the day upon hearing the news, and declared two days of mourning. His funeral was held on 2 October.

A prize for journalism in Málaga was named after Aparicio and first awarded in 2017.

References

1942 births
2014 deaths
Politicians from Madrid
20th-century Spanish physicians
Complutense University of Madrid alumni
Autonomous University of Barcelona alumni
Academic staff of the University of Málaga
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politicians
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party MEPs
Mayors of places in Andalusia
MEPs for Spain 1994–1999
MEPs for Spain 1999–2004
Sport deaths in Spain

Pedro Aparicio Sánchez


A codebook is a type of document used for gathering and storing cryptography codes. Originally, codebooks were often literally books, but today "codebook" is a byword for the complete record of a series of codes, regardless of physical format.

Cryptography
In cryptography, a codebook is a document used for implementing a code. A codebook contains a lookup table for coding and decoding; each word or phrase has one or more strings which replace it. To decipher messages written in code, corresponding copies of the codebook must be available at either end. The distribution and physical security of codebooks presents a special difficulty in the use of codes compared to the secret information used in ciphers, the key, which is typically much shorter.

The United States National Security Agency documents sometimes use codebook to refer to block ciphers; compare their use of combiner-type algorithm to refer to stream ciphers.

Codebooks come in two forms, one-part or two-part:
 In one-part codes, the plaintext words and phrases and the corresponding code words are in the same alphabetical order. They are organized similar to a standard dictionary. Such codes are half the size of two-part codes but are more vulnerable since an attacker who recovers some code word meanings can often infer the meaning of nearby code words. One-part codes may be used simply to shorten messages for transmission or have their security enhanced with superencryption methods, such as adding a secret number to numeric code words.
 In two-part codes, one part is for converting plaintext to ciphertext, the other for the opposite purpose. They are usually organized similarly to a language translation dictionary, with plaintext words (in the first part) and ciphertext words (in the second part) presented like dictionary headwords.

The earliest known use of a codebook system was by Gabriele de Lavinde in 1379 working for the Antipope Clement VII.

Two-part codebooks go back as least as far as
Antoine Rossignol in the 1800s.

From the 15th century until the middle of the 19th century,
nomenclators (named after nomenclator) were the most used cryptographic method.

Codebooks with superencryption were the most used cryptographic method of World War I.

The JN-25 code used in World War II used a codebook of 30,000 code groups superencrypted with 30,000 random additives.

The book used in a book cipher or the book used in a running key cipher can be any book shared by sender and receiver and is different from a cryptographic codebook.

Social sciences
In social sciences, a codebook is a document containing a list of the codes used in a set of data to refer to variables and their values, for example locations, occupations, or clinical diagnoses.

Data compression
Codebooks were also used in 19th- and 20th-century commercial codes for the non-cryptographic purpose of data compression.

Codebooks are used in relation to precoding and beamforming in mobile networks such as 5G and LTE. The usage is standardized by 3GPP, for example in the document TS 38.331, NR; Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification.

See also
Block cipher modes of operation
The Code Book

References

Cryptography
Social research

Codebook


{{Infobox professional wrestler
|name            = Chris Michaels
|image           =
|caption         =
|birthname       = William Pierce
|names           = Bill PierceChris MichaelsSir Christopher MichaelsSir Richard MichaelsSimply Sensational Fabiolous|height          = 5 ft 10 in
|weight          = 230lb
|birth_date      =
|birth_place     = Bay Shore, Long Island, New York, US
|resides         =
|billed          = Long Island, New York
|trainer         = Mark Tendler
|debut           = 1989
|}}William Pierce (born July 13, 1961) is an American professional wrestler, better known by the ring name Chris Michaels. He is best known for his appearances with the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania-based professional wrestling promotion Eastern Championship Wrestling in 1992 to 1993. He is to not be confused with Nebraska and Iowa wrestler, Chris Michaels (real name, not a ring name) who worked for the USWA with tag team partner Todd Morton.

Professional wrestling career

Early career (1989–1991)
After training under Mark Tendler, Michaels made his debut on the independent circuit in 1989. In September 1990 he started to work for International World Class Championship Wrestling and he worked there until 1992.
In January, 1991 Michaels started to work for Herb Abrams UWF. In the summer of 1991 he left the promotion.

 World Wrestling Federation (1991–1992)
In July 1991, Michaels started to work under his real name as a preliminary wrestler in the WWF, jobbing to names such as Sgt. Slaughter, Ric Flair, The Undertaker, Earthquake and Typhoon The Nasty Boys, Kamala, Rick Martel and The Mountie to name a few.Bill Pierce AKA Chris Michaels

 Eastern Championship Wrestling (1992–1993)
Michaels teamed up with Johnny Hotbody and Chris Candido to form a tag team known as  "the Suicide Blondes" in Eastern Championship Wrestling (ECW) during the early 1990s. The trio won the ECW Tag Team Championship from Tony Stetson and Larry Winters on April 3, 1993. They were subsequently allowed to pick any two of the three to represent the team, via the Freebird Rule. The Blondes lost the championship to The Super Destroyers (Super Destroyer #1 and Super Destroyer #2), but regained them the same night. At some point in 1993 Chris Candido left ECW and the promotion was forced to vacate the championship.

 Independent circuit (1994-2002, 2011, 2013–2015)
Michaels returned to work in the East Coast independent circuit as he established himself as a well known worker in that region and won championships in many promotions across the East Coast. He mainly worked for promotions such as Universal Superstars Of America, NWA New York, East Coast Pro Wrestling, United States Wrestling Organization and USA Pro Wrestling. In 2002 Michaels retired from professional wrestling.

On October 22, 2011 Michaels was inducted to the ECPW Five Boroughs Hall of Fame. On the same day he returned to in ring action as he worked a tag team match. Back in 2018 Chris Michaels came back as a adviser for his friend Simply Splendid Bobby C. as a Butler as part of his entourage only to later come back to once again wrestle as Sir Christopher Michaels for SWF eventually wrestling Tony Atlas. Once again coming out of retirement
Chris Michaels repackaged himself as Simply Sensational Fabiolous as part of Team Splendid and in November of 2019 went on to win the SWF Tag Team Championship from Steve Monsta Mac and Magic. They eventually vacated the titles. Chris Michaels as Fabiolous along with his tag team partner Bobby C. are currently the New Age Wrestling Tag Team Champions.

Championships and accomplishmentsEast Coast Professional WrestlingECPW Five Boroughs Hall of Fame (class of 2011)NWA Eastern Championship WrestlingECW Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Johnny Hotbody and Chris CandidoNWA New YorkNWA New York Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA New York Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)NWA Southern All-Star WrestlingPro Wrestling IllustratedPWI ranked him #242 of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2002Superstars of Wrestling FederationSWF United States Championship, (1 time, final)
SWF Tag Team Champions (1 time Vacated titles)USA Pro WrestlingUSA Pro United States Championship (1 time)Universal Superstars of America'''
USA Tag Team Championship (3 times) - with Tito Santana and Johnny Handsome (2)

References

External links

1961 births
American male professional wrestlers
ECW World Tag Team Champions
Living people
People from Bay Shore, New York
USWA World Tag Team Champions
Professional wrestlers from New York City
NWA North American Heavyweight Champions

Chris Michaels


The Areopagite constitution is the modern name for a period in ancient Athens described by Aristotle in his Constitution of the Athenians.  According to that work, the Athenian political scene was dominated, between the ostracism of Themistocles in the late 470s BC and the reforms of Ephialtes in 462 BC, by the Areopagus, a traditional court composed of former archons.  Modern scholars have debated the existence of this phenomenon, with some concluding that Aristotle and his contemporaries invented it to explain Ephialtes' need to limit the Areopagus' powers, and arguing that the lack of concrete measures establishing the Areopagus' dominance shows that the Areopagite constitution is "palpably unhistorical".  Other scholars, such as Donald Kagan, have countered that no concrete measures were necessary, as the Areopagus' dominance was established not through actual changes in the laws but through the prestige of its leading members.  Aristotle specifically cites the Areopagites' distribution of money to the public as the citizen body prepared to abandon Athens in the face of the advancing Persian army.

The dominant political figure during this period was Cimon, the son of the famous Miltiades and a hero of the Greco-Persian Wars.  To his appeal as a war hero, Cimon added the popularity he won through lavish distribution of the wealth he acquired in his campaigns; Plutarch relates that he opened his lands to the public and held huge public dinners at his home.  Cimon pursued an aggressive policy against Persia, while working, in his position as Spartan proxenos at Athens, to secure peace and friendship between those two states.  According to the scholars who accept Aristotle's account, Cimon cooperated with other Athenian nobles, many of whom had been ostracized during the ascendancy of Themistocles, to undermine and eventually exile that politician.

The downfall of the Areopagus, and with it Cimon, came in the late 460s BC.  After an earthquake at Sparta triggered a helot rebellion, the Spartans appealed to all their allies in the Hellenic League to send them aid.  At Athens, a debate took place over whether to grant this request; Cimon and his supporters prevailed, and he was dispatched to the Peloponnese at the head of an army of 4,000 hoplites.  When the Athenian force arrived, however, the Spartans dismissed them, alone of all their allies, fearing that they might be receptive to the revolutionary ideas of the revolting helots.  While Cimon was gone, meanwhile, Ephialtes proposed a series of reforms in the ecclesia that sharply limited the powers of the Areopagus; these passed, and Cimon was unable to secure their repeal upon his return; shortly afterwards, with his policy of friendship towards Sparta discredited and the democratic party in ascendance, he was exiled.  Ephialtes' reforms are considered by Aristotle and modern scholars to mark the end of the Areopagite constitution.

References

General
Aristotle, Constitution of the Athenians.  ed. H. Rackham.
Day, James, and Mortimer Chambers. Aristotle's History of Athenian Democracy, (University of California Press, 1962)
Kagan, Donald. The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War, (Cornell University Press, 1969)
Meiggs, Russell. Athenian Empire (Oxford University Press, 1972)
Plutarch, Cimon. ed. Bernadotte Perrin.

Athenian democracy
Ancient Greek constitutions

Areopagite constitution


Shah Mohammad Faruque (; born c. 1956) is a professor in the School of Environment and Life Sciences at Independent University Bangladesh (IUB). He is widely recognized for his research in Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium which causes the epidemic diarrhoeal disease Cholera. Among other positions, previously he was a professor at BRAC University; director of the Genomics Centre at the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), and formerly director of the Centre for Food and Water Borne Diseases in ICDDR,B. His areas of research interest include  microbial genomics, bacteriophages, environmental microbiology, ecology, and evolution of bacterial pathogens, particularly those associated with waterborne and foodborne diseases. Faruque is
primarily known for his work in genomics, epidemiology and ecology of the cholera pathogen, and its bacteriophages.

Faruque is a Fellow of TWAS, the World Academy of Sciences, as well as a Fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences.

Early life and education
Shah Mohammad Faruque was born in Jessore District, Bangladesh in 1956. He received his early education in Jessore Sacred Heart School, Jessore Zilla School, Jhenidah Cadet College, and Jessore Government M.M. College. Faruque received his BSc, and MSc degrees from the department of Biochemistry, Dhaka University in 1978 and 1979 respectively. He obtained his PhD in 1988 from the University of Reading, in the UK. In Reading, he worked on hormonal regulation of gene expression. He was a Commonwealth Scholar in the UK.

Career

Faruque joined the faculty of the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Dhaka and taught biochemistry and molecular biology courses. He later joined ICDDR,B as a scientist, and pioneered molecular biology research in Bangladesh. In recognition of his contributions to the understanding of natural phenomena associated with the dynamics of cholera epidemics, and molecular mechanisms in the evolution of pathogenic Vibrio cholerae, he was awarded the "TWAS Prize-2005" in Medical Sciences, by The World Academy of Sciences TWAS. Faruque collaborates with scientists from different countries and Institutes in India, Japan, Thailand, Sweden, UK, and the US. He also established the Genomics Centre in ICDDR,B with financial support by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). Faruque maintained an active research team in icddr,b for over two decades, and then moved to BRAC University to strengthen life science research in one of the nation's premier private universities. Later he joined Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB), and worked as the Dean of the School of Environment and Life Sciences in IUB.

Addressing the health problems of developing countries, Faruque has contributed significantly to the understanding of natural mechanisms associated with the emergence of bacterial pathogens. Although he has conducted significant work in understanding the epidemiology and transmission of Shigella and diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli infections, his major contribution is in the epidemiology and genetics of Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera epidemics. In collaboration with John Mekalanos, Adele H. Lehman Professor of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Faruque has contributed extensively to the recent understanding of the epidemiology, transmissibility and ecology of Vibrio cholerae. Their work showed the genetic basis for the origin and evolution of new Vibrio cholerae strains with epidemic potential and the role of bacteriophages in this process. They discovered and  characterised several novel filamentous phages (e.g., KSF-1, RS1 and TLC satellite phages) of Vibrio cholerae, and contributed substantially to understanding the molecular mechanisms for transmission of these phages, and their role in Vibrio cholerae evolution. Faruque has proposed models to explain the role of environmental and host factors and lytic bacteriophages in the ecology of Vibrio cholerae, that supports a self-limiting nature of seasonal cholera epidemics. His team has also conducted cutting-edge research in CRISPR-Cas systems carried by bacterial viruses such as the JSF series of bacteriophages, isolated and characterized by them. It is vital to generate more knowledge on the underlying diversity and functions of this system to fully realize the potential of technologies like CRISPR gene editing. Currently Faruque and his team have been studying the role of quorum sensing and bacterial communication through molecular signals in the environmental biology and epidemiology of the cholera pathogen.

Awards

Faruque  was awarded the TWAS Prize in Medical Sciences in 2005.

Personal life

Faruque is married to Hasna Hena. They have two children - Elora Faruque and Shah Nayeem Faruque.

Publications

Faruque has authored more than 150 original research papers, reviews, and book chapters. His papers have been published in top ranking international scientific journals, including Nature, PNAS, Lancet and ASM Journals. He has also edited a number of books which include Vibrio cholerae: Genomics and Molecular Biology (2008), and Foodborne and Waterborne Bacterial Pathogens (2012).

References

External links
 Shah M. Faruque on icddrb.org
 interview on cholera in Bengali on voanews.com

Living people
1956 births
Bangladeshi scientists
Alumni of the University of Reading
University of Dhaka alumni
Fellows of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences
TWAS laureates
Jhenaidah Cadet College alumni

Shah M. Faruque