Serafino Mazzolini (9 June 1890 – 23 February 1945) was an Italian lawyer, fascist politician, and journalist.

Early life
Mazzolini was born in Arcevia, in the Marche. He founded a nationalist group in Macerata, and soon became editor of the daily newspaper L'Unione. An active Italia irredenta and advocate of Italy's entry into World War I, he was a volunteer soldier in 1915, and was awarded a War Merit Cross.

In 1918, Mazzolini returned to Ancona and was deputy editor of L'Ordine newspaper, interrupting his assignment in order to join Gabriele D'Annunzio as the latter attempted to seize Fiume for an "unredeemed" Italy (1919).

A member of the provincial council in  Ancona, he took part in the March on Rome of 1922. In 1923 he joined the Partito Nazionale Fascista (PNF) — becoming one of its leaders in 1924-1925. A deputy secretary for the PNF, he contributed to its Propaganda Office, and represented it in the Italian Chamber of Deputies from 1924 on. In 1926 he was awarded a supervisory position as member of the Grand Council of Fascism.

In quick succession, he renounced all PNF political missions, and returned to journalism for a while, before beginning a career in diplomacy. He became Italy's envoy to Brazil, Uruguay, the British Mandate of Palestine, and Egypt.

World War II
After the start of World War II and the invasion of Yugoslavia carried out by the Axis Powers on their former ally the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Serafino Mazzolini was appointed High Commissioner for Italian-occupied Montenegro in 1941. He was appointed a high-ranking position in the fascist Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1943.

After Mussolini's ousting and the Armistice of Cassibile (8 September 1943) between Italy and the Allies, Mazzolini joined the Nazi German-backed and Mussolini-led Italian Social Republic, serving as its deputy-secretary for Foreign Affairs.

During this period he amassed large debts to procure diabetes medications to stay alive. He died at San Felice del Benaco as the result of a sepsis produced by an insulin injection.

Personal life
His elder brother, Conte Quinto Mazzolini, served as Italian consul in Jerusalem, and undertook negotiations with Abraham Stern, head of the Lehi terrorist group, which sought (but failed) to obtain Italian recognition of Jewish sovereignty in Palestine in exchange for placing Zionism under the aegis of Italian fascism.

References

Italian military personnel of World War I
Italian people of World War II
1890 births
1945 deaths
People of former Italian colonies
People of the Italian Social Republic
Italian anti-communists
Italian male journalists
People from Arcevia
Deaths from sepsis
Infectious disease deaths in Lombardy
Recipients of the War Merit Cross (Italy)
1941 in Montenegro
1942 in Montenegro
1943 in Montenegro
Montenegro in World War II
Drug-related deaths in Italy
20th-century Italian lawyers
20th-century Italian journalists
20th-century Italian male writers

Serafino Mazzolini


The Charles H. Kellstadt Graduate School of Business is part of the DePaul University Driehaus College of Business, a business school located in the Chicago Loop, Illinois, United States. The Driehaus College of Business (called the College of Commerce until 2012) was founded in 1912 and is one of the ten oldest business schools in the U.S. The school is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business-International. In the fall of 2012, Kellstadt enrolled 2,107 students.

History
DePaul's College of Commerce began offering business classes in January 1913, becoming one of the 10 oldest business schools in the nation and the first at a U.S. Roman Catholic university. The college established a Master of Business Administration program in 1948 and launched the Graduate School of Business. The college, including the Graduate School of Business, moved to its current Chicago location in the DePaul Center, 1 E. Jackson Blvd., in 1993.

In 1971, Commerce established its first center, the Small Business Institute. In 1977, Commerce began offering graduate classes at the university's suburban sites. Commerce established the Center for Market Analysis and Planning through a $1 million gift from the Charles H. Kellstadt Trust in 1982. In 1983, DePaul was awarded a $1 million gift from the Dr. Scholl Foundation to establish an endowed chair in its College of Commerce and Department of Finance. The Center for Business Ethics was launched in 1984. In 1986, Commerce received another $1 million grant from the Kellstadt Foundation to establish the Kellstadt Center for Marketing Analysis and Planning in Administration Center.

In 1988, the five-year Arthur Andersen & Co. Alumni Distinguished Professorship in accountancy and the Touche Ross Distinguished Professorship in accountancy were established.

In 1992, DePaul received a $9 million gift from the Kellstadt Foundation to establish the Kellstadt Graduate School of Business, named for Charles H. Kellstadt, former president, chairman and chief executive officer of Sears, Roebuck and Co.

In 1997, Kellstadt launched its first overseas part-time MBA program in Hong Kong, that program terminated in 2005. In 2000, Kellstadt added a part-time MBA program in Bahrain. In 2002, it added another in the Czech Republic through a partnership with the Czech Management Center, and that program terminated in 2009. The program's most recent overseas program was created in Taiwan in 2006 and terminated in 2010.

In 2002, Kellstadt created the Real Estate Center, under the direction of Professor Susanne E. Cannon. In 2006, the center received three gifts in excess of $1 million: $4 million from the Michael J. Horne Foundation to endow the Horne Chair in Real Estate Studies; $2 million from Douglas and Cynthia Crocker to endow the Doug and Cynthia Crocker Director of the Real Estate Center; and $1.5 million from George Ruff to endow the Ruff Chair in Real Estate Studies. In 2007, the MacArthur Foundation awarded the center a grant of $3.5 million to launch a  multi-faceted program to save affordable rental housing in the Chicago region.

In 2008, Dean Ray Whittington created the Department of Real Estate, carving it out of the Department of Finance. Professor Susanne E. Cannon was chosen as the first department's first chairperson. Also in 2008, the college received a $7.5 million gift from the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation to establish the School of Hospitality Leadership.

In 2012, DePaul alumnus Richard H. Driehaus gave DePaul a $30 million gift to be used to recruit and retain business faculty.  DePaul renamed the College of Commerce the Driehaus College of Business.  Part of the Driehaus College of Business, the Kellstadt Graduate School of Business retained its name.

Academics
Kellstadt has seven divisions: the School of Accountancy and Management Information Systems; the School of Hospitality Leadership; and the departments of finance, economics, marketing, management and real estate. The department of real estate and the School of Hospitality Leadership were created in 2008.

Kellstadt offers both a part-time and full-time Master of Business Administration. Students may choose among 30 MBA concentrations; a combined MBA/Juris Doctor with the DePaul University College of Law; 14 specialized master's degrees that provide in-depth knowledge in a particular area of business; and joint MBA/MS programs.

Kellstadt has 14 specialized centers and institutes that conduct research, host symposia and partner with local, national and international organizations to address issues within various fields. They include the Center for Creativity and Innovation and the Coleman Entrepreneurship Center among others.

Notable faculty
 Belverd Needles, the Ernst & Young Professor of Accountancy at DePaul, teaches financial reporting, auditing and corporate governance. He is the author of more than 20 books, including Principles of Accounting and Financial Accounting, which are used in classrooms around the world.

References

External links
 Official Web site
 DePaul College of Commerce
 DePaul University
 DePaul MBA Association

Business schools in Illinois
DePaul University
Universities and colleges established in 1913
1913 establishments in Illinois

Kellstadt Graduate School of Business


The Warriors is a novel written by Sol Yurick  and illustrated by Frank Modell in 1965. In 1979, it was adapted into the film of the same name. Compared to the film, the novel takes a closer look at the concepts of sexuality, reputation, family, and survival.

Plot summary

The novel begins with a quote from Xenophon's Anabasis (upon which the novel is based). Throughout the novel, the character Junior reads a comic book version of the story.

It is the evening of July 4. Ismael Rivera, leader of the Delancey Thrones, the largest gang in New York City, calls a grand assembly of street gangs to the Bronx. Gangs from all over the city, signaled by a Beatles song on the radio, head to the meeting place at Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx. As per instructions, none of them carries weapons, except for a handgun – a peace offering to Ismael.

Among the gangs are the Coney Island Dominators, an African American/Hispanic gang who are the central characters of the novel. The Dominators are Papa Arnold, the leader, Hector the second-in-command, Lunkface the strongest and most dangerous member, Bimbo the advisor, Hinton the gang's artist and central character of the novel who is the second youngest, Dewey the most level-headed member of the gang and The Junior the youngest of the group as well as the gang's mascot.

At the meeting, Ismael announces his plan, with other Thrones relaying the message to the ones in back who cannot hear. He proposes a grand truce designed to challenge "The Man" (society, otherwise called "The Others"). After a stirring speech, the assembly dissolves into chaos as several dissident gangs begin fighting. When the police arrive, having been tipped off about a big "rumble", many gangs, believing Ismael has set them up, turn their peace-offering handgun on Ismael, killing him.

When Arnold disappears amidst the rage of Ismael's gang members, it is up to Hector, the new leader of the Coney Island Dominators, to lead the remaining delegates from the Bronx back to Coney Island, passing through enemy-ridden gang turfs. When Hinton suggests removing their gang insignia – Mercedes symbols stolen off cars and converted into stick-pins from shop class at school which the gang wears on their hats – he is severely chastised. As Hinton is more familiar with the neighborhood, having lived there before, he is given the task of leading the gang out of Woodlawn Cemetery, where they have escaped the cops in the chaos.

The gang decides to call Wallie, the youth board worker assigned to their case, to come and drive them home. While waiting for him to arrive, the gang gets restless and jumps the subway. After a while, the train is stopped due to track work and the gang must take a different route.

En route to the other subway station, the gang encounters the Borinquen Blazers, a Puerto Rican gang. Hector meets the leader to parley (negotiate) for safe passage and all goes well until a girl, one of the Blazers' debs (girlfriends), desires one of the Dominators' insignia pins. When they refuse, the girl chastises the Blazers' leader, challenging his manhood. The leader then demands that the Dominators remove their pins in exchange for safe passage. Things escalate into an argument with the Dominators heading off to their destination and the Blazers not retaliating because their reinforcements have not arrived. Angry, Hector riles up the gang into a violent mood, deciding to spite the Blazers by going through their turf as a "war party" – an act performed by a gang ritual of changing the positions of the cigarettes in their hat brims.

The Dominators realize they're being tailed by the deb and a scout from the Blazers. They ambush them, taking away the scout's switchblade, then chasing him off. Lunkface convinces the girl to stick around on the promise of a pin and a rank (of "sister") in the gang. The Dominators then encounter an individual and start a fight, the girl cheering them on while they take turns stabbing the man with the stolen blade. The Dominators turn on the girl and gang-rape her, abandoning her in the street as they rush off to the subway.

Throughout the novel, the gang plays games of "manhood", either to relieve boredom or to settle disputes: waiting for the train, the Dominators have a contest as to who can urinate the farthest. Later, on the train, Hector passes out pieces of candy bars he has brought to the gang. When they start teasing Lunkface with a piece that's fallen on the floor, he becomes so angry he quits the gang on the spot. Hector eases the situation by selecting a member for punishment – Hinton – and Lunkface "insults" him by puffing on Hinton's "war cigarette". Then Hector holds another "manhood" game involving the gang sticking their heads out the train window until it passes into the subway tunnel. Hinton wins, nearly killing himself in the process.

Arriving at the 96th Street and Broadway station, the Dominators encounter a transit cop eyeing them suspiciously. Aware that the police are trying to round up all the gangs in the city, and that they are still holding the knife they used to stab the (possibly) dead man, The Dominators evade the transit cop by jumping off the train just as he boards, but more police show up and they flee: Hinton jumps onto the tracks and runs into the subway tunnel, Dewey and Junior jump a train that's going uptown, and Hector, Lunkface, and Bimbo run out of the station.

Hector, Lunkface, and Bimbo run into Riverside Park. Now, without the other gang members to see them, the trio removes their insignia pins to avoid attracting attention. They encounter a large, heavy-set, alcoholic nurse sitting on a bench; Lunkface takes an interest in her. The woman is only interested in Hector, referring to Lunkface and Bimbo as "niggers". Hector lures her to a secluded spot where they try to have sex with her and she accepts them willingly. When Bimbo starts rifling through her purse, she reacts angrily. When Lunkface, frustrated, hits her to keep her still, the woman retaliates with unexpected strength and starts screaming "Rape!". The trio, unable to overpower her, flee but are promptly caught by police coming to the woman's aid.

Hinton, inside the subway tunnel, takes time for reflection. Feeling like an outsider and resenting the gang, he unleashes his contempt by writing on the wall, putting the gang down. Feeling guilty, he rubs out his insults and replaces them with the gang's "tag" (he has been doing this throughout the novel).

Hinton arrives at Times Square station, the designated meeting place. While waiting for the gang he enters a public bathroom (unknown to him) re-purposed as a sort of brothel and is forced into sex with a teenage prostitute, shakes off a homosexual, and a young junkie offering sexual favors for money, travels back and forth on the shuttle to Grand Central and, overcome with an inexplicable hunger, eats incessantly. When he comes to an arcade, he plays a shootout game with a dummy sheriff, losing thrice, then winning thrice, reflecting his resentment of authority. Before he knows it, he has achieved everything he usually does with the gang, and wonders why he needs them.

Dewey and Junior meet up with Hinton and the trio head off to complete their journey home. Although Dewey outranks Hinton, Hinton takes over the role of leader as he has an unexpected knack for the job. A pair of jocks, returning home from their senior prom with their dates, eye the trio as if challenging them, but Hinton doesn't back down, feeling a sense of moral victory as he does, and the jocks depart.

Hinton, Dewey, and Junior finally arrive in Coney Island just before daybreak. After a brief moment of celebration, Hinton, all riled up with anger and the sense of victory, impulsively calls out a rumble against the Lords, the rival gang to the Dominators. Rushing to the Lords' regular hangout, Hinton calls them out. They don't respond and Hinton celebrates this victory by drawing a huge mural on the hangout wall, insulting the Lords and celebrating the Dominators.

The trio then venture back to the local candy store where the Dominators' debs have been waiting. Learning from the girls that Papa Arnold had made it back hours earlier, Hinton regretfully tells the girlfriends of Hector, Lunkface, and Bimbo that they didn't make it back and Dewey and Junior walk off with their girlfriends.

Hinton, not having a girlfriend, goes home. There his mother, Minnie, is in the midst of sex with her boyfriend, Norbert. Hinton tends to the baby who was being neglected, then has a futile talk with his junkie older half-brother Alonso about life in general and the future. Hinton then crawls out onto the fire escape and falls asleep with his thumb in his mouth.

Gangs
 Coney Island Dominators – From Coney Island, Brooklyn, the gang's members are black and Latino. They are noted as wearing blue paisley polo shirts, monkey jackets, tight black chino pants, ankle boots and high-crowned narrow-brimmed straw hats with Mercedes-Benz hood emblems attached.
 Delancey Thrones – From the Bowery, Manhattan, a Latino gang that wears red T-shirts, white pants and caps.
 Colonial Lords – Another gang from Coney Island and a rival to the Dominators.
 Morningside Sporting Seraphs – From Morningside Heights, Manhattan. They are noted as wearing big, bulky hats leaned to the side.
 Borinquen Blazers – From the Bronx, a Puerto Rican gang noted as wearing bright, striped shirts, pegged slacks, high cloth-front shoes with pearl buttons and wide brimmed straw "plantation owner" hats worn low.
 Castro Stompers, Golden Janissaries, Jackson Street Masai, Intervale Avenue Lesbos – Four gangs from the Bronx who were briefly mentioned.
 Spahis – Briefly mentioned gang with un-described territory.
 Unnamed Irish gang – Sporting crew cuts, long sideburns and sweaters.
Unnamed African-American gang – Sporting pompadours, black headbands, black dress shoes and raincoats.

References

External links
Books.google.com
"Sol Yurick on Reader's Almanac, 1979" (Link to audio page). NYPR Archives & Preservation at WNYC. – Yurick discusses the book and film.

Novel
1965 American novels
American crime novels
Jewish American novels
American novels adapted into films
Novels set in Brooklyn
Anabasis (Xenophon)
1965 debut novels
Coney Island in fiction
Holt, Rinehart and Winston books

The Warriors (Yurick novel)


Gongylonema ingluvicola is a species in the genus Gongylonema. It is one of the spirurid nematodes that infect a vast array of animals throughout the world. Infections have been noted in both humans and in animals ranging from cows to birds. As of recent, there have been 50+ human cases reported in countries such as New Zealand, Australia, Middle East, China, and United States.

G. ingluvicola, like other tissue-dwelling species, require an insect intermediate host to ingest eggs. Infections result from the ingestion of intermediate hosts containing L3 stage nematodes. Upon ingestion of the insect by an appropriate host, the larvae are released and can migrate to the esophagus or buccal cavity. Humans are an accidental host who occasionally get infected by ingesting infected poultry or insects.  Infected humans have described a moving sensation in the buccal cavity which includes, but is not limited to, lips, gums, tongue, and palate. Symptoms include local irritation, pharyngitis and stomatitis and bloody oozing patches in the mouth.

G. ingluvicola is commonly recognized in the esophageal epithelium of birds such as chickens, turkeys and pigeons. This worm stage burrows through the epithelium, leaving trails of eggs which find their way to the lumen, get swallowed, and eventually pass in feces. A related species, G. pulchrum, infects a variety of mammals but rarely humans.

Morphology
G. ingluvicola, meaning "crop mongylonemid" can grow up to . The larvated eggs are roughly 58 × 35 µm.

Life cycle
The adult form of G. ingluvicola resides in esophageal epithelium. From there it lays unembryonated eggs which pass to the feces, known as embryonation. The L1, now in the eggs which reside in feces, is ingested by an insect and molts twice taking it to an L3 stage. The L3 in the hemocoel is ingested by the animal and molts twice more. Then the adult form emerges in the esophageal or crop epithelium.

Pathogenicity
Heavy infections are thought to lead to gastrointestinal disturbances that might cause emaciation. Nematodes are generally in the lumena of the gastric glands. Catarrhal gastritis may result which will eventually lead to chronic hypertrophic gastritis. The typical mucosal surface is characterized by irregular circumscribed wart-like thickenings with a finely verrucose surface.

Treatment
Albendazole is a common drug treatment.

References

Spirurida
Nematodes described in 1904
Parasitic nematodes of vertebrates
Parasites of birds
Parasitic nematodes of mammals
Parasitic nematodes of humans

Gongylonema ingluvicola


The pilot in command (PIC) of an aircraft is the person aboard an aircraft who is ultimately responsible for its operation and safety during flight. This would be the captain in a typical two- or three-pilot aircrew, or "pilot" if there is only one certificated and qualified pilot at the controls of an aircraft. The PIC must be legally certificated (or otherwise authorized) to operate the aircraft for the specific flight and flight conditions, but need not be actually manipulating the controls at any given moment. The PIC is the person legally in charge of the aircraft and its flight safety and operation, and would normally be the primary person liable for an infraction of any flight rule.

The strict legal definition of PIC may vary slightly from country to country. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) definition is: "The pilot responsible for the operation and safety of the aircraft during flight time."

In Annex 2, "Rules of the Air", under par. "2.3.1 Responsibility of pilot-in-command", ICAO declares:
The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall, whether manipulating the controls or not, be responsible for the operation of the aircraft in accordance with the rules of the air, except that the pilot-in-command may depart from these rules in circumstances that render such departure absolutely necessary in the interests of safety.

In Annex 2, par. "2.4 Authority of pilot-in-command of an aircraft", ICAO adds:The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall have final authority as to the disposition of the aircraft while in command.

ICAO Annex 2, par. 2.3.1, specifically empowers the PIC to override any other regulation in an emergency, and to take the safest course of action at his/her sole discretion. This provision mirrors the authority given to the captains of ships at sea, with similar justifications. It essentially gives the PIC the final authority in any situation involving the safety of a flight, irrespective of any other law or regulation.

Logging pilot in command time

Logging flight time as a PIC is distinct from acting as the legal PIC of a flight. The PIC of a given flight may always log his or her flying time as such. Other crew members may or may not be authorized to log their time on that flight as PIC time, depending on the specific circumstances and the controlling jurisdiction.

Time logged as "student pilot in command" (SPIC) can sometimes be partly used towards the hour requirements for the issue of a commercial pilot licence (CPL). In EASA states, SPIC time means "a student pilot acting as pilot-in-command on a flight with an instructor where the latter will only observe the student pilot and shall not influence or control the flight of the aircraft." It is logged in the pilot's logbook as PIC but must be countersigned by the flight instructor. SPIC time may be partially used by the holder of a multi-crew pilot licence towards the issuance of a commercial pilot licence.

Time logged as "pilot-in-command under supervision" (PICUS) may be partly used towards the hour requirements for the issue of an airline transport pilot licence (ATPL). In EASA states, a pilot-in-command under supervision means "a co-pilot performing, under the supervision of the pilot-in-command, the duties and functions of a pilot-in-command." PICUS time is logged as PIC as long as "the intervention of the PIC in the interest of safety was not required", but must be countersigned by the PIC. PICUS time is typically only logged when the co-pilot is acting as pilot flying.

See also
 Aircrew (flight crew)
 Sea captain
 Pilot flying
 Pilot logbook

References

Further reading

Aircraft operations
Occupations in aviation

Pilot in command


Paula Danziger (August 18, 1944 – July 8, 2004) was an American author of children's and young adult literature.

Personal life
Danziger was born in Washington, D.C. to Samuel and Carolyn Danziger. Though she struggled in school as a child, she attended Montclair State University in New Jersey and earned a degree in 1967. She was a middle school teacher in New Jersey from 1967-1978 while studying for a Master's degree. Her studies were interrupted when she was in a car crash, where a drunk driver hit her car, and she slammed her head against the front window which caused her to have brain damage. In 1978 she left teaching to write full-time.

Although readers loved her books because of the humor, some critics called them superficial and generic. Others praised her work for tackling real-life issues.

Danziger died in 2004 after complications from a heart attack. She was 59.

Awards
Some of the awards Danziger's work received:
California Young Reader Medal
Parents' Choice Award
Children's Choice award

Publications
 The Cat Ate My Gymsuit. Delacorte, 1974.
 The Pistachio Prescription. Delacorte, 1978.
 Can You Sue Your Parents for Malpractice?. Delacorte, 1979.
 There's a Bat in Bunk Five. Delacorte, 1980.
 The Divorce Express. Delacorte, 1982.
 It's an Aardvark-Eat-Turtle World. Delacorte, 1985.
 This Place Has No Atmosphere. Delacorte, 1986.
 Remember Me to Harold Square. Delacorte, 1987.
 Everyone Else's Parents Said Yes. Delacorte, 1989.
 Make Like a Tree and Leave. Delacorte, 1990.
 Earth to Matthew. Delacorte, 1991.
 Not for a Billion Gazillion Dollars. Delacorte, 1992.
 Amber Brown is Not a Crayon, illustrated by Tony Ross. Putnam's, 1994.
 Thames Doesn't Rhyme with James. Putnam's, 1994.
 You Can't Eat Your Chicken Pox, Amber Brown, illustrated by Tony Ross. Putnam's, 1995.
 Amber Brown Goes Fourth, illustrated by Tony Ross. Putnam's Sons, 1995.
 Amber Brown Wants Extra Credit, illustrated by Tony Ross. Putnam's Sons, 1996.
 Forever Amber Brown, illustrated by Tony Ross. Putnam, 1996.
 Amber Brown Sees Red, illustrated by Tony Ross. Putnam, 1997.
 With Ann M. Martin, P.S. Longer Letter Later. Scholastic, 1998.
 With Ann M. Martin, Snail Mail No More. 2000.
 Amber Brown is Feeling Blue, illustrated by Tony Ross. Putnam's, 1998.
 Contributed with other various authors to It's Super to Be Six and It's Terrific to be Ten, published by Scholastic.

References

"Paula Danziger." St. James Guide to Young Adult Writers. Gale, 1999. Biography in Context. Web. 23 Mar. 2015.
Cech, John. "Martin, Ann M." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2015. Web.  23 Mar. 2015.
Danziger, Paula. "Paula Danziger Interview Transcript."  Scholastic Teachers. Scholastic, n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2015.

1944 births
2004 deaths
Writers from Washington, D.C.
American children's writers

Paula Danziger


The Provincial Assembly of the Punjab is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives of the Pakistani province of Punjab, which is located in Lahore, the provincial capital. It was established under Article 106 of the Constitution of Pakistan, having a total of 371 seats, with 297 general seats, 66 seats reserved for women and 8 reserved for non-Muslims. The 17th Provincial Assembly of the Punjab was dissolved prematurely on 14 January 2023. The date of next elections in Punjab is being highly contested legally. The Constitution of Pakistan requires that new elections for the Punjab Assembly must be held within 90 days from the date of dissolution under Article 224(3)(a). Therefore, by law, new elections for the Punjab Assembly must have been held by 14 April 2023. However, the Election Commission of Pakistan had unilaterally announced that the province was set to elect a new legislature on 14 May 2023. After that date's passing, it is unclear when provincial elections will be held.

Assembly building
The two-story Assembly Chamber, residential hostels, and expansive lawns cover  on the Shahrah-e-Quaid-Azam (the Mall).
After it was completed in 1935, the Assembly Chamber housed the Assembly for the Punjab Province.
After the division of Punjab and the emergence of Pakistan, the building became the administrative center of Pakistani Punjab.

Assembly Chamber
Designed by Bazel M. Salune, chief architect of the Architecture Circle of Punjab, the foundation stone of the Assembly Chamber was laid by Sir Jogindar Singh, Minister of Agriculture, on 17 November 1935 during the British Raj. The construction was completed in 1938.

The first floor houses the Assembly Hall, which combines Indian and Roman architecture. Originally designed for a small number of members, it now accommodates 371 members.
The hall is fitted with a public address system and a closed-circuit television system.
There was gallery seating for 200 visitors to view the proceedings of the Assembly, but now most of the gallery has been designated as floor of the house to accommodate the increased number of members, and accommodations for radio and TV press.
The rest of the first floor consists of the Speaker's Chamber, the Chief Minister's Chamber, the Deputy Speaker's Office, the Cabinet Room, the Ministers' Offices, two committee rooms, and the Assembly Secretariat offices.

The ground floor includes a reception area, a cafeteria, a library, a prayer room, a dispensary, the office of the leader of the opposition, the bank, the Assembly Secretariat offices, and one Committee room.

Pipal's House
The members' first residential hostel, called Pipal's House, was built in 1950.
It is situated near the Punjab Civil Secretariat, and contains 40 units.
Two-story blocks form 3 sides of a common garden, with 6 units in each story.
A fourth block houses the remaining four units.

Each residential unit consists of a large bed-sitting room, a dressing room and a bathroom.
Some units have a kitchen and a veranda.
There is a corridor in front of all rooms serving as a passage.

Additional housing
In 1988, a project was formed to provide additional housing for Assembly members.
Nayyar Ali Dada was appointed a consultant by the Chief Minister of Punjab, who was responsible for the project.
Composed of blocks A and B, the construction was planned for the western lawn of the Assembly building.
Block A was designed as a semicircular building, and Block B as a rectangular building.
Block A, divided into phases I and II, was originally intended to contain 108 suites.

Construction of phase I of Block A began in 1988, when the foundation stone was laid down by the Chief Minister Nawaz Sharif.
This phase was completed in 1992 and the inauguration ceremony was presided over by Manzoor Wattoo, Speaker of the Assembly.
It consists of a basement, a ground floor, and four residential floors. The ground floor includes a reception area and a lounge for visitors, as well service areas.
The four residential floors consist of a total of 36 suites, with nine suites per floor.
Each suite consists of one bedroom with an attached bathroom and a kitchen.

The Phase II plan originally called for 72 residential units, but was later revised to include 40 residential suites each consisting of a lounge, a bedroom, an office, a kitchen, and two bathrooms. One bathroom is connected to the lounge and the other to the bedroom.

Constitution

Article 106 of the constitution provides that each Provincial Assembly shall consist of general seats and seats reserved only for women and non-Muslims. The same article specifies that the Provincial Assembly of Punjab will have a total of 371 seats: 297 general seats, 66 reserved for women, and eight reserved for non-Muslims.

Qualification of members
According to Article 113 of the Constitution, the qualifications for membership in the National Assembly set forth in Article 62 of the Constitution also apply for membership to the Provincial Assembly. Thus, a member of the Provincial Assembly:
 must be a citizen of Pakistan;
 must be at least twenty-five years of age and must be enrolled as a voter in any electoral roll in–
 any part of Pakistan, for election to a general seat or a seat reserved for non-Muslims; and
 any area in a Province from which the member seeks membership for election to a seat reserved for women.
 must be of good character and not commonly known as one who violates Islamic injunctions;
 must have adequate knowledge of Islamic teachings and practices obligatory duties prescribed by Islam as well as abstains from major sins;
 must be sagacious, righteous, non-profligate, and honest;
 must have never been convicted for a crime involving moral turpitude or for giving false evidence;
 must have never, after the establishment of Pakistan, worked against the integrity of the country or opposed the ideology of Pakistan.
The disqualifications specified in paragraphs 3 and 4 do not apply to a person who is a non-Muslim, but such a person must have good moral reputation and possess other qualifications prescribed by an act of Parliament.

Disqualification of members
The criteria for disqualification of members of a Provincial Assembly is established by Articles 63, 63A, 113 and 127. A person shall be disqualified from being elected or chosen as, and from being, a member of the Provincial Assembly if the member:
 is of unsound mind and has been so declared by a competent court; or
 is an undischarged insolvent; or
 ceases to be a citizen of Pakistan, or acquires the citizenship of a foreign state; or
 holds an office of profit in the service of Pakistan other than an office declared by law not to disqualify its holder; or
 is in the service of any statutory body of any body which is owned or controlled by the Government or in which the Government has a controlling share or interest; or
 is propagating any opinion, or acting in any manner, prejudicial to the Ideology of Pakistan, or the sovereignty, integrity or security of Pakistan, or morality, or the maintenance of public order, or the integrity or independence of the judiciary of Pakistan, or which defames or brings into ridicule the judiciary or the Armed Forces of Pakistan; or
 has been convicted by a court of competent jurisdiction on a charge of corrupt practice, moral turpitude or misuse of power or authority under any law for the time being in force; or
 he has been dismissed from the service of Pakistan or service of a corporation or office set up or controlled by the Provincial Government or a Local Government on the grounds of misconduct or moral turpitude; or
 has been removed or compulsorily retired from the service of Pakistan or service of a corporation or office set up or controlled by the Provincial Government or a Local Government on the grounds of misconduct or moral turpitude; or
 has been in the service of Pakistan or of any statutory body or any body which is owned or controlled by the Government or in which the Government has a controlling share or interest, unless a period of two years has elapsed since he ceased to be in such service; or
 is found guilty of a corrupt or illegal practice under any law for the time being in force, unless a period of five years has elapsed from the date on which that order takes effect; or
 has been convicted under section 7 of the Political Parties Act, 1962 (III of 1962), unless a period of five years has elapsed from the date of such conviction; or
 whether by himself or by any person or body of persons in trust for him or for his benefit or on his account or as a member of a Hindu undivided family, has any share or interest in a contract, not being a contract between a cooperative society and Government, for the supply of goods to, or for the execution of any contract or for the performance of any service undertaken by, Government.

Article 63A, which deals with disqualification on grounds of defection, was added to the Constitution in 1997. A member of a Parliamentary Party composed of a single political party defects if the member:
 resigns from membership of the political party or joins another Parliamentary Party; or
 votes or abstains from voting in the Provincial Assembly contrary to any direction issued by the Parliamentary Party to which the member belongs, in relations to
 election of the Chief Minister; or
 a vote of confidence or a vote of no-confidence; or
 a Money Bill.

Privileges of members
Article 66 read with Article 127 confers freedom of speech on the members of the Provincial Assembly. No member is liable to any proceedings in any court of law in respect of anything said or any vote given by him in Assembly. Similarly no member is liable in respect of any publication which is published under the authority of Provincial Assembly.

However, Article 114 of the Constitution curtails this privilege and prohibits members from discussing conduct of judges of High Court and Supreme Court in the discharge of their duties.

First day proceedings in the Provincial Assembly
(a) Oath of Members. –

After general elections, elected members in the first meeting take oath in the form set out in Third Schedule of the Constitution. Article 65 read with Article 127 states "A person elected to a House shall not sit or vote until he has made before the House oath in the form set out in the Third Schedule". Those members who have not taken oath in the first meeting take oath when they attend a meeting for the first time. The first meeting is presided by the outgoing Speaker. Article 53 (8) read with Article 127 says "the Speaker shall continue in his office till the person elected to fill the office by next Assembly enters upon his office."
(b) Election and oath of Speaker and Deputy Speaker. – In addition to oath taking by the members, Provincial Assembly according to Article 108 to the exclusion of any other business, elect from among its members a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker. When office of Speaker or Deputy Speaker becomes vacant, in any way, the Assembly elects another member as Speaker or Deputy Speaker.

The elected Speaker and Deputy Speaker according to clause 2 of Article 53 read with Article 127 take oath before the House in the form set out in the Third Schedule.

Summoning and prorogation of Provincial Assemblies
Article 109 authorizes the Governor of the Province to summon Provincial Assembly to meet at such time and place as he thinks fit. Where the Governor summons Assembly he is authorized to prorogue it too. In addition, the Speaker, on a requisition signed by not less than one-fourth of the total membership of the Provincial Assembly, can summon it, at such time and place as he thinks fit, within fourteen days of the receipt of the requisition. Article 54(3) read with Article 127 also empowers the Speaker to prorogue the session where he summons it.

Number of sessions and days during a year
Article 54 (2) and (3) read with article 127 say there are at least three sessions of Provincial Assembly every year, with not more than 120 days intervening between the last sitting of the Assembly in one session and the date appointed for its first sitting in the next session. While clause 'g' of Article 127 read with Proviso to Article 54 provides that Provincial Assembly shall meet for not less than 100 working days in each year.

Duration of Provincial Assembly
The term of Provincial Assembly in Pakistan according to Article 107 is five years unless it is sooner dissolved, from the day of its first meeting and stands dissolved at the expiration of its terms.

Other methods of dissolution of Provincial Assembly
(a) Dissolution of Provincial Assembly on the advice by the Chief Minister. – Under Article 112, clause 1, the Governor of a Province is empowered to dissolve Provincial Assembly if so advised by the Chief Minister. Where the Chief Minister so advises, the Provincial Assembly stands dissolved at the expiration of 48 hours.
(b) Dissolution of Provincial Assembly by the Governor on the approval by the President. – Clause 2 of the same Article again empowers the Governor to dissolve Provincial Assembly subject to the approval of the President, where he is of the opinion, that after having been passed a vote of no confidence against the Chief Minister, there is no other member of the Provincial Assembly to command the confidence of the majority of the members of the Provincial Assembly, in a session of the Provincial Assembly summoned for the purpose.

Executive Authority of a province
Executive Authority is exercised by the Governor and under Article 105, he shall act in accordance with advice of the cabinet or the Chief Minister.

Appointment and ascertainment of Chief Minister
According to clause 2-A of Article 130, the Governor of a Province invites the member of the Provincial Assembly to be the Chief Minister who commands the confidence of the majority of the members of the Provincial Assembly as ascertained in the session of the Assembly summoned for the purpose in accordance with the provisions of the constitution.

Powers and functions of Provincial Assembly
There are three major functions or powers of a Provincial Assembly:
 To make laws (Article 141 and 142 of the Constitution of Pakistan)
 To manage the purse of the nation (Article 123 (3))
 To keep checks on the policies and practices of the Government (Article 130)

Limitations
One of the major functions of the Provincial Assembly is to make laws as provided in Article 141 of the Constitution for conferring of functions upon officers or authorities subordinate to the Provincial Governments, Constitutionally. This function is subject to some limitations.

 Under Article 142, a Provincial Assembly cannot legislate when an emergency is declared in the country.
 A Provincial Assembly cannot make law which is against fundamental rights.
 Principles of policy or rule of law should be the base of each law.
 A law cannot be enacted if it is not in conformity with the injunctions of Islam.

Federal Legislative List and Concurrent Legislative List
By virtue of Article 142, the Provincial Assembly cannot legislate on matters which do not fall within its purview. However, under the same article, the Provincial Assembly can legislate on matters mentioned in Concurrent Legislative List. But where parliament makes a law in Concurrent Legislative List, and Provincial Assembly also legislates on it, the Provincial law will be void to the extent that it conflicts with the Federal law.

Residuary List
The Provincial Assembly has exclusive powers to make law with respect to any matter not enumerated either in the Federal Legislative List or in the Concurrent Legislative List. Such list is called a Residuary List. Residuary matters are exclusively within Provincial autonomy. From the above, it cannot be extracted that the Province is subordinate to the Federation or Federation is subordinate to Province. In fact, legislative powers are distributed between Federation and Provinces vide Article 142. And one institution cannot take over powers of other institution. However, this provincial law making power comes to an end and shifts to the Federation during emergency when declared vide Articles 232, 233 or 234.

List of Assemblies

Manager of purse of a nation
The second important function of Provincial Assembly under Article 123 (3) is that it acts as a manager or custodian of the purse of a nation.

Provincial Consolidated Fund
No expenditure from the Provincial Consolidated Fund is deemed to be duly authorized unless it is specified in the schedule so authenticated and is laid before the Provincial Assembly. Provincial Assembly exercises checks over executive through control over the Finance. Article 119 provides custody and withdrawal of money from Provincial Consolidated Fund, (defined in Article 118) and public accounts of a Province, unless it is regulated by the Act of the Provincial Assembly.

Annual and supplementary Budget statement
Provisions given under Article 120 dealing with annual budget statement and Article 124 dealing with supplementary budget or excess grant become effective, when it is approved by the Provincial Assembly.

Approval of budgets
Article 122(2) and Article 124 authorize Provincial Assembly to approve or refuse any demand and reduce the amount specified in the demand. Once budget is approved, the Government has no right to deviate from these sanctions. For excess expenditure, Government has to seek regularization from the Assembly. Similarly under Article 88 read with Article 127, accounts and audit reports of the Government are further scrutinized by the public accounts Committee of the Assembly.

To keep checks on the policies and practices of the Government
The significance of Provincial Assembly is that it is a representative institution and keeps checks upon policies, practices and performance of the Government. Article 130 (4) says that the Cabinet shall be collectively responsible to the Provincial Assembly.

Devices of accountability
Issues relating to Public interest are raised by the Members for discussion in the House in the form of questions, adjournment motions, call attention notices, general discussion, resolutions and various Reports.

The Members make the Executive accountable to the legislature through these devices according to the Rules of Procedure of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, 1997.

Members Support Programme
This programme is meant to serve Members of the Provincial Assembly in different areas. They are provided legislative help in drafting private members bills. They are provided useful and informative books. An Internet facility is also available to them, and through Internet research they can polish their ideas.

To provide these facilities to the Members, in 1997 the Research and Reference Division was formed. It was established to provide information to the Members when needed, and to collect up-to-date information from the resources available. The Library and Computer Sections were included in this division. It was also meant to provide help to the representatives in legislative procedures, such as the drafting of a bill. Prior to the establishment of the Research and Reference Wing, this service was performed by the Legislation Branch.

Automation Section and Library Section
The primary function of Library Section is to provide data to the Members and to the Research Section. Information such as the Assembly's agenda, date of next sitting, schedule of committee meetings and information about Members is available due to installation of the latest PBX. The Assembly Secretariat has stored vital information in the computer and it is accessible from anywhere around the clock.

Moreover, Research and Reference Division has designed a web page to provide information to the Members about the Assembly Secretariat and proceedings of the Assembly including its schedule and agenda, and a summary of its proceedings. This web page also includes the procedural rules for the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab and some other important laws of the country.

2022 Constitutional Crisis of Pakistan
A political and constitutional crisis emerged in Pakistan when, on 3 April 2022, National Assembly Deputy Speaker Qasim Khan Suri dismissed a no-confidence motion against Prime Minister Imran Khan during a session in which it was expected to be taken up for a vote, alleging that a foreign country's involvement in the regime change (which was not proved in the Supreme Court, Khan's opposition declared it a political move by Khan) was contradictory to Article 5 of the Constitution of Pakistan. Meanwhile in the Punjab province, 25 members of the PTI defected and joined the opposition, that assured them a clear majority hence a no-confidence motion was filed in the assembly against Khan's CM Usman Buzdar. The Speaker of Punjab Assembly and the parliamentary leader of PML(Q) in Punjab, Pervaiz Elahi was in a coalition with PTI following 2018 General Election and he had 10 seats in the assembly. He demanded that he would only support Khan on the federal as well as provincial level, if he nominated Elahi as his CM. Khan agreed and the no-confidence passed which removed Buzdar from Power and later Hamza Shahbaz from PML(N) was elected with the support of PTI's dissidents. Following the outster of Imran Khan, his party (PTI) Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaaf filed a reference for a comprehensive explanation of the Article 63-A of the Constitution of Pakistan. The 5 member bench of the Supreme Court decided with a 3-2 split decision to not allow lawmakers to vote against party line in four instances outlined under Article 63-A.

Based on the ruling, 25 MPAs were deseated and Hamza Shahbaz was ordered to continue performing his duties, but as a trustee Chief Minister, with limited powers, while by-elections take place all over Punjab for the fulfillment of the vacant seats, followed by a runoff vote for the office of Chief Minister of Punjab.

The 2022 Punjab by-elections proved to be a major victory for Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaaf, which won 15 seats out of 20, whereas Pakistan Muslim League (N) only managed to grab 4 seats and an independent candidate emerged victorious on one. PTI's victory changed the parliamentary standings, as, they soon formed a coalition with the Pakistan Muslim League (Q) which already had 10 seats in the parliament. This gave PTI a clear majority of 188 seats. However, once the voting took place on 22 July, the leader of the PML(Q), and former Prime Minister Shujaat Hussain wrote a letter to the deputy speaker Dost Mazari, expressing that he has guided his party members to vote in favor of Hamza Shahbaz. The deputy speaker consequently rejected the 10 votes cast by the PML(Q) members in support of Pervaiz Elahi under Article 63-A of the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan. This gave Hamza Shahbaz the upper hand as he received 179 votes to the PTI's 176 and consequently became the Chief Minister of Punjab.

The Supreme Court held a hearing on a case on whether the Deputy Speaker's ruling was legal according to the Constitution. As a consequence of the hearing, Hamza Shahbaz was made a "trustee Chief Minister" for the time being. While Pervez Elahi was the parliamentary leader in the province and Shujaat Hussain was the leader of the party itself, the Supreme Court eventually ruled in favour of Parvaiz Elahi and the SC's final verdict read that the Parliamentary Leader has the authority in this case, as a result Elahi became the Chief Minister of Punjab. His oath was administered by President Arif Alvi on 27 July, after the Governor of Punjab, Balighur Rehman, refused to do so.

"The vote of any member of a parliamentary party in a house that is cast contrary to any direction issued by the latter in terms of para (b) of clause (1) of Article 63-A cannot be counted and must be disregarded, and this is so regardless of whether the party head, subsequent to such vote, proceeds to take, or refrains from taking, action that would result in a declaration of defection." - Article 63-A of the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

See also

Punjab, Pakistan
Government of Punjab, Pakistan
Provincial Assembly of Punjab
Governor of Punjab, Pakistan
Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan)
Senior Minister of Punjab (Pakistan)
Speaker of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab
Leader of the Opposition of Punjab (Pakistan)
Chief Secretary Punjab
Provincial Assembly of the Punjab crisis
Provincial Assembly of Sindh
Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Provincial Assembly of Balochistan
Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan

References

External links

Government of Punjab, Pakistan
Provincial Assemblies of Pakistan
Punjab
The Mall, Lahore

Provincial Assembly of the Punjab


Platåberget is a mountain in Nordenskiöld Land on the island of Spitsbergen in Svalbard, Norway. It is  tall and has a distinct plateau shape, for which it is named. It is bordered to the west by Bjørndalen, to the east by Blomsterdalen and to the north by Hotellneset and Adventfjorden.
The mountain is a few kilometers from Longyearbyen and is next to Svalbard Airport, Longyear. It is the site of Svalbard Satellite Station and Svalbard Global Seed Vault.

On 30 April 1995, a 22-year-old Norwegian college student Nina Olaussen was killed by a polar bear on Platåberget, only a few kilometers from Longyearbyen.

References

Longyearbyen
Mountains of Spitsbergen

Platåberget


Trayko Tsvetkov Kitanchev (; 1 September 1858 – 13 August 1895) was a Bulgarian teacher, social figure, poet and revolutionary. In 1895, he was the first chairman of the Supreme Macedonian–Adrianopolitan Committee, a Sofia-based organization seeking the autonomy of Macedonia and southern Thrace.

Kitanchev was born in the village of Podmochani near Resen (then in Ottoman Macedonia, today in North Macedonia). In 1869, he was sent to the imperial capital Istanbul to study at the Bulgarian school in Phanar with the aid of Nathanael of Ohrid; in Phanar, his classmate was future Bulgarian socialist leader Dimitar Blagoev and his teacher was Petko Slaveykov.

From 1874 to 1879, Kitanchev studied at the Kiev seminary in the Russian Empire. After his graduation he briefly studied law in Moscow until 1880. In that year, he returned to the Balkans to work as a teacher at the Saints Peter and Paul Seminary in Lyaskovets and the Bulgarian Men's High School in Thessaloniki. In 1884, Trayko Kitanchev moved to Plovdiv, at the time still the capital of Eastern Rumelia; shortly afterwards he settled in Sofia, capital of the Principality of Bulgaria. In the same year, he became a full member of the Bulgarian Literary Society (today's Bulgarian Academy of Sciences).

During the Serbo-Bulgarian War of 1885, Kitanchev fought as a volunteer in the Bulgarian Army. In Sofia, Kitanchev befriended Stefan Stambolov, with whom he even shared a room for some time. During the August 1886 coup attempt aimed at overthrowing Prince Alexander Battenberg, Kitanchev accompanied Stambolov in Tarnovo and wrote the proclamation declaring the takeover illegal to Stambolov's dictation. During Stambolov's term as Prime Minister of Bulgaria (1887–1894), however, their relations worsened. After the assassination of Minister of Finance Hristo Belchev in 1891, Kitanchev was imprisoned as a potential accomplice.

After his release from prison, Kitanchev was once again teacher at the Bulgarian high school in Thessaloniki and then school inspector in Tarnovo. He became close friends with liberal leader Petko Karavelov and was elected member of parliament from the Democratic Party.

When the Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee was established in March 1895, Kitanchev was elected its first chairman during the organization's constituent congress. However, the failure of the  committee's armed infiltration of Ottoman Macedonia in the same year was a fatal blow to Kitanchev's health. He died in Sofia in August 1895.

References

1858 births
1895 deaths
Democratic Party (Bulgaria) politicians
Bulgarian educators
Bulgarian revolutionaries
19th-century Bulgarian poets
Bulgarian male poets
Members of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Members of the National Assembly (Bulgaria)
People of the Serbo-Bulgarian War
Macedonian Bulgarians
19th-century Bulgarian educators
Burials at Central Sofia Cemetery
19th-century male writers
People from the Ottoman Empire

Trayko Kitanchev


William B. Lacy is a former political operative and business executive who was the director of the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics, and was the campaign manager for Fred Thompson's 2008 presidential campaign. He was also President Ronald Reagan's Political Director. He resides in Lawrence, Kansas.

Education
Lacy graduated from Vanderbilt University with a bachelor's degree in political science and history.

Professional career
From 1975 to 1982, Lacy served in various positions within the Republican National Committee. In 1982, Lacy left the RNC to become the White House deputy director of political affairs. In 1983, Lacy left the White House to become a senior account executive at Decision Making Information, a polling firm. In 1984, Lacy returned to the Republican National Committee to become the group's political director. From 1985 to 1986, Lacy returned to President Ronald Reagan's administration to serve as White House director of political affairs.

Lacy worked as a strategist for Kansas Senator Bob Dole's 1988 presidential primary campaign, Dole's 1992 senatorial campaign and his 1996 presidential campaign. Lacy also served as a strategist in President George H. W. Bush's 1988 and 1992 presidential campaigns. In 1994, Lacy worked as a strategist on Fred Thompson's senatorial campaign. Following the 1996 presidential election, Lacy left politics and worked for seven years as vice-chairman and CEO of the Sophie Mae Candy Co., a business operated by his family. The company was sold in 2004.

On August 8, 2007, it was announced that Lacy would manage Thompson's 2008 campaign for the presidency. From 2004 until 2021, Lacy served as the director of the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics, located at the University of Kansas.

References

External links

Political Wire: Thompson Picks Campaign Manager

American political consultants
Living people
University of Kansas staff
Vanderbilt University alumni
1954 births

Bill Lacy (political operative)


Finlaysons is an Australian commercial law firm with offices in Adelaide and Darwin.

History
The firm began in 1851, under the name Ayers & Ayers. The name Finlayson has been part of the firm since 1918. It became Finlayson & Co in 1959, and was simplified to Finlaysons in 1981. In October 2013, the firm had around 155 employees, including 25 partners, 17 senior associates and four special counsel.

Affiliations
The firm is both a corporate member and event sponsor of the Committee for Economic Development of Australia, the Australian Institute of Company Directors and Family Business Australia. The firm is also a sponsor of the Australasian Land and Groundwater Association and Special Counsel Kyra Reznikov sits on its Adelaide branch committee. As of 2016, Finlaysons is a gold sponsor of the South Australian Chamber of Mines and Energy (SACOME).

Memberships
Reznikov is also a member of the South Australian Chamber of Mines and Energy's Women in Resources South Australia committee, and Finlaysons Partner George McKenzie is also a Councillor of SACOME. He is also a member of the Minerals and Energy Advisory Council which advises the  Government of South Australia directly. He was also a member of its predecessor, the Resources Industry Development Board prior to 2015. McKenzie is also a member of the Australian Geothermal Energy Association's Regulatory Sub-committee. Finlaysons has also been a sponsor of the Paydirt Uranium Conference.

References

External links
Official Website
Ronvil Law Firm
Mullen Law Firm

Law firms of Australia

Finlaysons


OMG 2 is a 2023 Indian Hindi-language comedy-drama film about sex education in India, written and directed by Amit Rai. It is a spiritual sequel to OMG – Oh My God! (2012), and stars Akshay Kumar, Pankaj Tripathi and Yami Gautam Dhar.

The film was theatrically released on 11 August 2023 to positive reviews from critics. It has grossed over  worldwide, emerging as the seventh highest-grossing Hindi film of 2023.

Plot

Kanti Sharan Mudgal (Pankaj Tripathi), a staunch devotee of Lord Shiva, owns a shop outside the city's prominent Mahakaal temple. One day, he is called to the hospital and told that his son Vivek (Aarush Varma) was up all night masturbating continuously until he fainted, and consumed multiple Viagra tablets. Vivek's friend explains that an insecure Vivek was bullied about the size of his penis and was told that masturbating will increase it. The biology teacher at school refused to answer Vivek's questions, which led him to shady people and drugs and eventually to the hospital.

Kanti is told by the school chairman (Arun Govil) that there's a video going around of Vivek masturbating in the school washroom. As this is affecting the school's image, Vivek is rusticated on grounds of obscenity. Kanti's friend, Pandey Ji (Govind Namdev), a rich priest at the temple, advises him to leave town as the situation is tarnishing their religious image.

The video reaches Kanti's wife and daughter and their entire neighborhood. They start getting shamed by society. Devastated, Kanti prays to Lord Shiva for help, when a divine power shines in the Temple and a Messenger (Akshay Kumar) sent by Lord Shiva arrives.

After a police complaint against Vivek for trying to murder his bully, The Messenger meets Vivek and Kanti at the police station, saying he's there to lodge a complaint of his missing bag, where he comforts Vivek.

Vivek tries to commit suicide twice but is saved by the Messenger. He meets Kanti as they're about to leave town, and tells him that his son did nothing wrong. He uses the example of a breastfeeding mother to explain that not everything done in privacy is wrong or obscene. It is the school's fault for not educating him properly and Kanti's fault for not guiding him properly. He advises Kanti to file a case against the school and the medical practitioners.

Kanti files a case against the school, the chemists, the doctor, and himself. When opposed with the fact that he is just promoting vulgarity by defending his son's act, he holds the point in court that the Sanatan Dharma and Indian culture was always inclusive of conversations on sex. He also shows the intimate human art carvings of Ellora, Ajanta, and Khajuraho temples, and quotes multiple books that he found from a random bag to get his case accepted. Pandey Ji asks Kanti to leave his given house and shop as this case will tarnish their religious image.

The opposition lawyer, Kamini Maheshwari (Yami Gautam) says Kanti is doing all this to cover up his son's vulgar act. Kanti argues that if the school had included sex education in their courses, his son wouldn't have been so misinformed. The Messenger often visits to give Kanti indirect advice on how to continue the case.

Kamini calls a sex worker to court, whose son studies in the same school, to prove a point that the school is very noble. Kanti asks the prostitute if she ever enjoys her work, to which she says that those ignorant men don't know anything about a woman's body and how to treat it with respect. Kanti says that if the schools taught sex education to young boys, they'd know how to respect a woman's body.

He then says that even her own son shouldn't become like the ignorant men who come to her for pleasure, to which the entire courtroom is left speechless. He bows down to her calling her a brave mother and teacher.

As the case continues, Kanti points out issues regarding pornography, rape, drugs, and the importance of sex education. He's offered money by the school chairman for taking his case back. Kanti falls into the emotional trap of his son's future and signs the cheque. He gets into an accident and apparently dies. He is visited by the Messenger in the hospital, who criticises his decision of losing faith, and finally reveals himself to be a divine manifestation sent by Lord Shiva. He shows Kanti that his efforts have come to light as Pandey Ji's granddaughter reveals to her family the sexual abuse she's been going through, thanks to Kanti's case being shown on TV. Kanti realises his mistake and is reincarnated and taken to court.

At the hearing, Vivek arrives for the first time and proves through his research that colonisers ruined India's education system, which was actually inclusive of sex education in the ancient times. Teens from the crowd come forward saying they masturbate too and it's not a sin, including the Judge's own son. Kanti wins the case as the education board is ordered to make sex education compulsory and payment be given to Kanti, and Vivek be taken back into the school.

Kanti introduces his family to the Messenger as "the doctor who treated him" and offers all the money in his hands instead of the temple. The Messenger then reveals that the lost bag was his, and asks Vivek to keep it with him, with the cultural and religious books inside it.

He then says that he has another patient to attend to, and drives away, leaving a happy Kanti with praying hands behind.

Cast

Production

Development and casting
The film was initially rumoured to be in making in January 2021 with Akshay Kumar and Paresh Rawal returning as leads post the first part, but Rawal denied the reports. In June 2021, the sequel to OMG was finally confirmed with a new storyline starring Kumar. Pankaj Tripathi and Yami Gautam were roped in as new additions that same month, while Arun Govil joined the cast in November 2021 as the school Chairman.

Filming
Tripathi began the first schedule of the film on 2 September 2021 in Mumbai. Akshay Kumar joined the sets in second schedule on 23 October 2021. The third schedule of the film commenced in December 2021.

Music

The background music of the film is composed by Mangesh Dhakde, while the soundtrack is composed by Vikram Montrose, Hansraj Raghuwanshi, Djstrings, Pranaay, Sandesh Shandilya and Kashh. The lyrics are written by Kabeer Shukla, Hansraj Raghuwanshi, Djstrings, Shekhar Astitwa, Ginny Diwan, Kashh and Sandesh Shandilya.

The first single titled "Oonchi Oonchi Waadi" was released on 18 July 2023. The second single titled "Har Har Mahadev" was released on 27 July 2023.

Marketing
The first look of the poster of the film featuring Akshay Kumar as Lord Shiva was launched in October 2021. The teaser of the film was released on 11 July 2023. The official trailer of the film was released on 3 August 2023.

Certification and release
The Central Board Of Film Certification advised 20 cuts in the film's screenplay and an (A) (Adults Only) certificate, as they deemed the film's subject matter, which deals with sex education in schools, along with God and religion, to be controversial and could possibly hurt the sentiments of the audience. It was also suggested that Kumar's character in the film, which was initially supposed to be that of Lord Shiva, to be changed to that of a "Messenger of God". The makers felt that this would spoil the essence of the film and limit its appeal and insisted on receiving an (U/A) (Unrestricted public exhibition subject to parental guidance for children below the age of twelve) certificate. The film was eventually passed by the Censor Board with an (A) (Adults Only) certificate with no cuts but with 25 modifications. The film was theatrically released on 11 August 2023.

Home media
The film was premiered on Netflix from 7 October 2023.

Reception

Critical response
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, OMG 2 has an approval rating of 75% from 12 reviews, with an average score of 6.4/10.

A critic for Bollywood Hungama rated the film 4 stars out of 5 and wrote "On the whole OMG 2 is a bold, powerful, progressive, and sensitively handled film with powerful performances as its USP." Renuka Vyavahare of The Times Of India rated the film 4 stars out of 5 and wrote "OMG 2 shows you how a film can be entertaining, socially relevant and informative. You don't need to leave your brain behind to have a good laugh. Take your family along to watch this interesting blend of social commentary and humour." Tushar Joshi of India Today rated the film 4 stars out of 5 and wrote "Overall, 'OMG 2' is a film that has the right mix of everything. In short, it succeeds in being an entertainer with a valid message. Akshay Kumar's fans will be in for a huge treat where the actor delivers one of his career-best performances."

Ganesh Aaglave of Firspost rated the film 4 stars out of 5 and wrote "OMG 2 is a film, which should be watched by the audience of all the age groups as it delivers a social message, which is the need of the hour across the nation." Dishya Sharma of News18 rated the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "OMG 2 is unlike OMG: Oh My God. The first part had a little more comedy and a breezy approach. However, OMG 2 is heavy on dialogue and serious. Although it could feel preachy, it deserves a watch." Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express rated the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "A mainstream Hindi film taking up cudgels on behalf of the proponents of catching 'em young? Speaking straight and true? Mentioning the wonders of the Kamasutra? Opening up syllabuses to include sex education? Yes, yes, and yes. Omg."

In a negative review, Rahul Desai of Film Companion wrote "When the film belatedly wakes up to its own chauvinism, it throws in a few quick nods to the link between sexual repression and abuse. Most of them reek of tokenism." Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV wrote "To sum up, OMG 2 aspires to be as sharp as a scalpel but is actually as blunt as the back of a knife."

Box office
As of 7 September 2023, the film has grossed  in India, with a further  in overseas, for a worldwide total of .

Impact
Ulhasnagar Education Society announces addition of Sex education in their syllabus after watching the film.

References

External links

2023 films
2020s Hindi-language films
Hinduism in pop culture-related controversies
Indian comedy-drama films
Indian sequel films
Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic
Indian satirical films
Film controversies in India
Religious controversies in film
Religious controversies in India
Censored films
Film censorship in India

OMG 2


Sergei Prokofiev wrote his Symphony No. 2 in D minor, Op. 40, in Paris in 1924-25, during what he called "nine months of frenzied toil".  He characterized this symphony as a work of "iron and steel".

Structure
Prokofiev modeled the symphony's structure on Ludwig van Beethoven's last piano sonata (Op. 111): a tempestuous minor-key first movement followed by a set of variations. The first movement, in traditional sonata form, is rhythmically unrelenting, harmonically dissonant, and texturally thick. The second movement, twice as long as the first, comprises a set of variations on a plaintive, diatonic theme played on the oboe, which provides strong contrast to the defiant coda of the first movement. The subsequent variations contrast moments of beautiful meditation with cheeky playfulness, yet the tension of the first movement is never far away and contributes an ongoing sense of unease. The last variation integrates the theme with the violence of the first movement, reaching an inevitable climax. The symphony ends with a touching restatement of the initial oboe theme, eventually dispelled by an eerie chord on the strings.

Premiere and public reaction
The piece was premiered in Paris on June 6, 1925, conducted by its dedicatee Serge Koussevitzky, and was not well received. After the premiere, Prokofiev commented that neither he nor the audience understood the piece. In a letter to Nikolai Myaskovsky, Prokofiev wrote:

I have made the music so complex to such an extent that when I listen to it myself I do not fathom its essence, so what can I ask of others?

Prokofiev later said that this symphony led him to have doubts about his ability as a composer for the first time in his life.

Prokofiev intended to reconstruct the piece in three movements, going so far as to assign the project the opus number 136, but the composer died before he could undertake the revisions. The symphony, little-known and rarely performed, remains among the least-played of Prokofiev's works .  Despite the negative criticism, the contemporary composer Christopher Rouse called it "the best of all of them" in regards to Prokofiev's work, and composed his own Symphony No. 3 in homage to the piece.

Instrumentation
The work is scored for the following:

Woodwinds
Piccolo
2 Flutes
2 Oboes
Cor Anglais
2 Clarinets
Bass Clarinet
2 Bassoons
Contrabassoon
Brass
4 horns
3 Trumpets
3 Trombones
Tuba
Percussion
Timpani
Bass drum
Cymbals
Snare drum
Castanets
Triangle
Tambourine

Keyboard
Piano

Strings
Violins (1st and 2nd)
Violas
Cellos
Double Basses

Movements

The symphony is in 2 movements, lasting 35–40 minutes:
 Allegro ben articolato (12 minutes)
 Theme and Variations (25 minutes)
 Theme: Andante
 Variation 1: L'istesso tempo
 Variation 2: Allegro non troppo
 Variation 3: Allegro
 Variation 4: Larghetto
 Variation 5: Allegro con brio
 Variation 6: Allegro moderato
 Theme

Recordings

Notes

Symphonies by Sergei Prokofiev
1925 compositions
Compositions in D minor

Symphony No. 2 (Prokofiev)


Anders Askevold (25 December 1834 – 22 October 1900) was a Norwegian painter. His art was characterized by  romantic national expression. He was best known for his  fjord landscapes from Western Norway.

Biography
Anders Monsen Askevold was born at Askvoll in Sunnfjord, Norway. He was the second oldest of ten siblings. His father,  Mons Andersson Askevold 1806-1889),  was a teacher and member of parliament. His early training started at the age of thirteen in Bergen under landscape painter Hans Leganger Reuch (1800-1854). He was educated as a painter in Düsseldorf, but continued his studies in Paris and Munich. Askevold came to Düsseldorf in 1855 and stayed for 3 years. He trained in Düsseldorf under Hans Gude from 1855 until 1859.  Askevold did some commissions for several altarpieces in Norway including the Askvoll church in 1859.

He was known as a member of the Düsseldorf school of painting with others like Adelsteen Normann. From 1861 to 1866 he was in Paris. In 1866 Askevold moved back to Norway and settled in Bergen. After this he moved back to Düsseldorf where he would spend his winters in Germany and his summers in Norway.

His paintings were shown at numerous international exhibitions, including world exhibitions in London (1862), Paris (1867) and (1878), Vienna (1873) and Philadelphia (1876). In Vienna and Philadelphia, he was honored with medals. In 1884, in London he won the gold medal.

Askevold died in 1900 in Düsseldorf. A monument was erected in his honor by the municipality of Askvoll during 1934.
Both the National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design  in Oslo and Bergen Billedgalleri have notable collections of his art. A painting by Askevold sold for over £5,000 in 2009.

Gallery

References

Other sources
Warberg, Thor (2013)  Anders Askevold, vestlandsmålaren (Selja forl.)

Related reading
Malmanger, Magne (1988) One Hundred Years of Norwegian Painting  (Nasjonalgalleriet)

External links
Bukowski Auktioner AB

1834 births
1900 deaths
19th-century Norwegian painters
Animal artists
Norwegian landscape painters
Norwegian expatriates in Germany
Düsseldorf school of painting
Norwegian male painters
People from Askvoll
19th-century Norwegian male artists

Anders Askevold


Buckhorn Ski and Snowboard Club is located roughly  north of Los Angeles in the Angeles National Forest.  The U.S. Department of Agriculture owns the land and the United States Forest Service administers the area.  It is a cooperative club with nominal dues but all members are expected to contribute time to maintenance.

History
After World War II, skiing as a group operation began with the assembly of neighborhood ski clubs.  These clubs constructed rope tows and warming huts.  Buckhorn Ski Club is the last remaining club-owned self operated ski facility in California.  In 1948, the Santa Monica Ski Club and the G. Pepperdine Ski Club obtained permits to build two rope tows and rope tow sheds.  A few years later, the same group built the lodge and the out house.  In 1958, the club incorporated as the Whittier Ski Club and combined with the Santa Monica Ski Club.  In 1984, the club changed its name to Buckhorn Ski Club and later to Buckhorn Ski and Snowboard Club.

In February 2005, a huge snow storm dropped  of snow.  This resulted in the lodge's roof collapsing.  The club members rallied to shovel the snow off the roof and protect the lodge.  Over the summer the club members re-built the roof to current construction standards.

Facilities
The lodge itself is intact after being built in the early 1950s.  It is Alpine style with a gable roof and encompasses about .  The wood frame lodge has shiplap siding and a deck with custom balcony trim.  The interior includes a great room with a chimney, kitchen, pantry, and utility room.  The rope tows are no longer operable, the drive apparatus can still operate with a Chrysler Spitfire truck engine and a Waukesha tractor engine.

Activities
Downhill skiing is the central focus with over  of terrain with a  vertical drop.  Snowboarding is also allowed on both the Big Hill and the Bunny Hill.  Snowboarders usually find it harder than skiers to use the rope tows because it is harder to maintain balance.  Skis, for cross-country skiing, and snowshoes are available for use at the lodge.

The club has several annual on-hill and off-hill events.  A popular "Wine in the Pines" wine tasting event is held in September and the club goes white water rafting on the Kern River in June.

See also
Mount Waterman Ski Resort
Kratka Ridge

References

External links
Buckhorn Ski and Snowboard Club website

Snowboarding
Ski areas and resorts in California
Tourist attractions in Los Angeles County, California
Ski clubs

Buckhorn Ski Club


William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke ( 1146 — 14 May 1219), sometimes called William, the Marshal or simply the Marshal amd also William Marshal I and nicknamed the Great or the Fearless was an English knight and a nobleman who served four kings of England during his time as a knight: Henry II, Richard I, John, and Henry III. He was the Regent of England during the childhood of King Henry III from the king's ascending to the throne in 1216 until William's death in 1219.

During his time, he was one of the most important persons in the monarchy next to the Royal family itself. He was noted for his superior combat skills, his continuing loyalty to his Kings and his great ability in diplomacy. Marshal began his life as a "landless" knight to become the Earl of Pembroke and one of the wealthiest men in the country.

Shortly after his death in 1219 at the age of 73, his oldest son, William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, commissioned a biography of the life of his father. Though biographers often embellish their subjects, many of the events of William's life stated there are clearly recorded elsewhere in historical records. Five of his sons succeded William as the Earl of Pembroke: William, Richard, Gilbert, Walter, and Anselm.

William had a great reputation. He was considered to be one of the greatest and most loyal knights in history. William was very active fighting in battles even in his old age. He successfully defeated the French at the Battle of Lincoln in 1217. William led his army to victory and thus, resulted in winning the First Barons' War for King Henry III and resisting the French invasion.

Childhood
William Marshal's  father,  was John Marshal, called John the Marshal.  He was the Lord of Newbury Castle located in County Berkshire in England.  When William was a young boy, there was a fierce civil war in England between King Stephen, grandson of William I, also called William the Conqueror and Henry I's daughter, Empress Matilda. When William I died, both Stephen and Matilda believed they were the true successor to the Crown.  This period  in history was known as the time of The Anarchy because there was much lawlessness and violence in the Kingdom.   Many barons and Earls would "change sides" when it benefited them to do so and John Marshal was no exception.  At first he pledged his fealty or loyalty to King Stephen but later changed it to Empress Matilda.  This act helped to turn the tide in the civil war.

Early life as a knight
At an early age, William was sent to William de Tancarville to learn the skills of knighthood.  He was knighted in 1166.  He then crossed the channel to Normandy and went to serve under his uncle, Patrick, the Earl of Salisbury. He fought in Ponthieu in 1168 when greatly outnumbered, his uncle was killed and William was taken prisoner.  Marshal's great skill and bravery was noticed and he was ransomed by Queen Eleanor of England.

As a young adult, Marshal went to many tournaments.  These were contests and mock (imitation) wars where Knights competed for great prizes. Tournaments were an opportunity for a knight to acquire valuable possessions such as money, a horse, armor and weapons.  They were dangerous and it was not unusual for a knight to be killed during a tournament.

William and Henry, the young king
William had become a very skilled knight and after his ramsom he became part of Henry II's household, teaching men to fight.   He became tutor, guardian, protector and friend to the son of Henry II, known historically as Henry the Young King.  When young Henry was crowned, Marshal was assigned to serve him as captain of the guard and chief of the knights.  It was Marshal who would knight the young King Henry.  Marshal also accompanied young Henry on many tournaments.  In 1173 young Henry argued with his father.  He wanted to assume the throne of England even though his father was still alive.  He left England and took his brother Richard with him to his mother's lands in Aquitaine.  In 1174, Henry II and his son made peace.  William continued on to win fame in tournaments.  The young king became ill and died of a sudden disease at Martel on 11 June 1183.

On crusade and fighting under Henry II
On his deathbed young Henry ordered Marshal to go on Crusade on his behalf. With Henry II's permission, William went on Crusade for two years and his superior fighting skill was recognized by the Knights Templar.  When he returned, Henry II at once took him into high favor, and made him a member of his household.  Marshal then fought for Henry II against the French King Louis VII of France and in skirmishs against Henry's other sons now in rebellion.

Richard (called Lionhearted) was Henry II's second son and he also wanted to be King of England and did not want to wait until his father died.  After a skirmish, Marshal came upon Richard and instead of killing him, killed his horse.  Shortly thereafter, Henry II became ill and retreated to Chinon where he died in 1189.

William with Richard I
Richard did not forget Marshal's act of bravery and loyalty and when he became King, he took Marshal to fight against the King of France.  After a time, Richard decided to go on Crusade and left Marshal in England as the Justiciar of England who acted for the king in his absence and presided over the king's courts during his absence.

Richard I reaffirmed his father's promise to William and gave him the heiress of the Earldom of Pembroke, Striguil and the lands that came with her as was promised to him by Henry II shortly before Henry's death.  Marshal at once became one of the richest men in the Kingdom.  He acquired property in four countries.

Marshal fought valiantly for Richard against the King of France and was there when the peace treaty was made.  In 1199 King Richard was wounded and died of his wounds.  At that point there was another dispute about who would next be King of England, Arthur or John.

Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, was another son of Henry II and would have been the next in line to be King but he died on either the 19 or 21 August 1186, at the age of 27.  The more common version is that he was trampled to death in a jousting tournament.  Geoffrey had a son Arthur I, who became the next Duke of Brittany.  Arthur felt that he was also heir to the throne of England. Marshal believed that as a brother to King Richard, and in accordance with Norman custom, John, Geoffrey's brother, should become the next King.  It was resolved in John's favor and he became the next King of England.

William and King John
William fought alongside King John and after a time, John made William the Marshal of England.
King John was a man who was disliked by many of his barons and Earls.  He knew this and distrusted them.  When Marshal went over to protect his lands in Ireland the King made him give one of his sons as hostage to make sure that Marshal was not disloyal to him.  King John sometimes took lands away from Marshal and at other times gave them back.  There was strife all during the reign of King John but Marshal remained loyal to the King throughout.

King John died on 18 October, 1216.  At that time his son, Henry III was too young to rule the kingdom.  Marshal was appointed as Regent to Henry III to make decisions on Henry's behalf until he came of age.

William and Henry III
Marshal was quite old by then but managed the affairs of Henry III as Regent and even fought in combat at the Battle of Lincoln.  He was approximately 70 years of age. On 14 May 1219 Marshal died at Caversham.

Death of William Marshal
When he knew he was dying he took on the robe of a Knights Templar and after his death he was buried in the Temple Church in London. William Marshal's effigy can still be seen at the Temple Church, London, with his son next to him.

References

1100 births
1200 deaths
English knights
Crusaders
People from Berkshire

William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke


The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication Union (short: ITU Constitution and Convention or ITU CS CV) is an international treaty, signed and ratified by almost all countries of the world. The treaty is the founding document of the ITU, a specialized agency of the United Nations. The convention was concluded on 22 December 1992 in Geneva. The ITU Constitution and Convention succeeded and replaced the 1865 International Telegraph Convention.

As of 2016, the ITU Constitution and Convention has 193 state parties, which includes 192 United Nations member states plus the Holy See. States which are eligible to ratify the document but have not are the Cook Islands, Niue, Palau, and the State of Palestine.

The wording of preamble of the ITU Constitution and Convention is as follows:
While fully recognizing the sovereign right of each State to regulate its telecommunication and having regard to the growing importance of telecommunication for the preservation of peace and the economic and social development of all States, the States Parties to this Constitution, as the basic instrument of the International Telecommunication Union, and to the Convention of the International Telecommunication Union (hereinafter referred to as "the Convention") which complements it, with the object of facilitating peaceful relations, international cooperation among peoples and economic and social development by means of efficient telecommunication services, have agreed as follows: [followed by the wording of the Constitution]

In article 4, the Constitution lays down the instruments of the ITU as follows:
the Constitution of the International Telecommunication Union
the Convention of the International Telecommunication Union and
the Administrative Regulations.

The provisions of the Constitution and the Convention are further complemented by those of the Administrative Regulations. This Administrative Regulations comprise the
 ITU International Telecommunication Regulations (ITR), and
 ITU Radio Regulations (RR)
and are binding on all ITU member states as well.

References

Further reading
Collection of the basic texts of the International Telecommunication Union adopted by the Plenipotentiary Conference, 2011
Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication Union

Constitution and Convention
Treaties concluded in 1992
United Nations treaties
Telecommunications treaties
1992 in Switzerland
Treaties establishing intergovernmental organizations


Beth Sullivan (born August 29, 1949, in Burbank, California) is an American film and television writer and producer, best known as the creator and executive producer of the CBS series Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman.

Career
Sullivan created and served as the sole executive producer of Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman (a co-production of The Sullivan Company and CBS Entertainment Productions). In doing so, she was the first woman to succeed in a singular capacity in the traditionally male arena of one-hour drama "showrunners." The series received numerous Emmy and People's Choice Award nominations and won several of each, plus a Golden Globe Award. In addition, the show attained widespread community acknowledgment, receiving the Heroes Memorial Foundation of the United States of America Founder's Award for honorable recognition of Native Americans, the Genesis Award for spotlighting animal issues, the Family Film Award for promoting family values, the Environmental Media Award for raising environmental awareness, as well as a citation from the Library of Congress for the promotion of literacy.

Prior to Dr. Quinn, Sullivan created and served as co-executive producer of the Emmy and Golden Globe Award-winning one-hour drama series The Trials of Rosie O'Neill. She was a Senior TV Story Analyst, TV Division for Twentieth Century Fox and was named developer of programming in 1978.

Sullivan brought her interest in drama to prime time made-for-television movies, as well. In the 1989–90 season, two of Sullivan's telefilms, both of which dealt with social issues, aired on NBC and CBS in November sweeps. Most notably, A Cry For Help: The Tracey Thurman Story dramatized the landmark federal lawsuit that resulted in legislation to strengthen police responsibility toward battered wives. It earned both critical acclaim and the highest movie rating of the season. In addition, it received a special commendation from the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors for its use as a training instrument for law enforcement officers. Sullivan was also honored for her work by the Los Angeles County Domestic Violence Council.

After Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, Sullivan developed and executive produced the one-hour drama series The Ponderosa (a prequel to the series Bonanza created and produced by David Dortort) for NBC/PAX from January 2000 until May 2002, when she was catastrophically injured in a car crash. She was then in long-term recovery for many years, while also caring for her twins, Tess and Jack, who were only six at the time of her traumatic injury. They're now in college, and Beth has recently resumed her writing and producing career.

Sullivan is a past member of the Writers Guild of America - West Board of Directors and a former Trustee of the Guild Foundation. She is a graduate of the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television and a former development and production executive in the television division of 20th Century Fox Studio.  Sullivan has lectured in the UCLA Writers Program and taught at the American Film Institute.

For her contributions to the television industry, Sullivan received one of its highest honors, the Genii Award from the American Women in Radio and Television—now called Alliance for Women in Media—organization.  As well, she has received top honors from the Women's American Medical Association, the National Organization of the Daughters of the American Revolution, the YWCA USA, Catholics In the Media, Big Brothers Big Sisters of America and an Emmy citation from the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences for her contributions to the medium.

References

External links

1949 births
American women television producers
Living people
Medical fiction writers
People from Burbank, California
Television producers from California
21st-century American women

Beth Sullivan


Jesse Lee Brinkley (born November 14, 1976) is a former American professional boxer. He challenged once for the IBF Super Middleweight title in 2010.

Personal life
Brinkley comes from the town of Yerington, Nevada, where he is an active hunter and fisherman. He has been described by NBC as "the class clown". He lives with his longtime girlfriend and their two young children.

Boxing career
Brinkley disliked wearing headgear and hated the amateur point scoring system - so he turned professional quickly. His dream is to fight the legendary boxer Oscar De La Hoya.
He also has a tattoo which is of a scorpion.

In 2004, he entered reality tv show The Contender, and was placed on the West Coast Team. Having seen his teammate Gomez beat the highest-ranked boxer in the competition (Manfredo), he took on the second-highest ranked, Jonathan Reid, and won. His Quarter Final fight saw him having to lose a pounds in an hour to make the weight restriction against Anthony Bonsante, but he won anyway - getting into the semi-finals, albeit in a battered and bruised state. He lost his semi-final against the eventual winner Sergio Mora, and went on to lose the 3rd Place Fight to Alfonso Gomez in a good action fight.

On May 10, 2006 Brinkley fought the undefeated Joey Spina.  He was well in control of the fight when in the eleventh round he was hit with a devastating hard body shot and Brinkley crumbled into the corner the referee was forced to stop the fight.

In 2008, in a clash of former boxing TV reality contestants, he took on Otis Griffin, the winner of reality TV show The Next Great Champ on Fox.  Brinkley stopped Griffin in the 11th round at the Silver Legacy Reno in Reno, Nevada. Brinkley won the vacant WBC USNBC Super Middleweight title with the victory.

On February 14, 2009, Brinkley fought longtime rival Joey Gilbert at The Reno Events Center in Reno, NV. Brinkley scored a knockdown in the fifth round with a right cross that severely broke Gilbert's nose.  Gilbert spent most of the early portion of the fight trying to use movement to frustrate Brinkley, but did not add punches with that movement so Brinkley easily won most of the early rounds.  Later in the fight Gilbert started to hold his ground more and made the fight more competitive, but Brinkley still had the upper hand in most of their exchanges. Brinkley went on to win the match via a wide unanimous decision.

Brinkley fought Mike Paschall on July 10, 2009 and won by unanimous decision.

On January 29, 2010, Brinkley fought Curtis "Showtime" Stevens in Reno as part of ESPN2's Friday Night Fights.  The bout was an IBF Title Eliminator bout giving the winner an IBF ranking of No. 2.  Stevens claimed that Brinkley would not last fifty seconds in the ring with him beforehand, and started the fight aggressively, landing several hard hooks to Brinkley's face in the 1st round, causing swelling over Jesse's right eye very early, but Brinkley weathered the initial storm of Stevens, and outboxed/outfought him in an entertaining fight, dropping Stevens in the 6th and 12th rounds en route to a wide decision win, 117-109, 118-108, 119-107.

On October 15, 2010 Brinkley fought against the IBF Super Middleweight champion Lucian Bute in Montreal, Canada. Brinkley was knocked down twice in rounds five and eight before being stopped in the ninth round.

On April 29, 2011 Brinkley fought Peter Quillin in Reno, Nevada, for the vacant United States Boxing Organisation Super Middleweight Championship.  Brinkley lost by TKO in the third round.

Professional Titles
APBA West Coast Middleweight Title (2003)
WBC United States (USNBC) Super Middleweight Title (2006)

Professional boxing record

References

External links
Official website

1976 births
Living people
Boxers from Nevada
The Contender (TV series) participants
American male boxers
People from Yerington, Nevada

Jesse Brinkley