Portrait of a Commander or A Commander Being Dressed for Battle is a portrait of an unknown man in plate armour, by Peter Paul Rubens. In July 2010 it was sold for £9 million by Christie's after Sotheby's turned it down, suspecting its authenticity as a Rubens. In December 2011, the portrait was placed on loan with the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.

Description
The painting, done in oil on panel, measures 48.25 × 38 3/8 in. (122.6 × 98.2 cm). It depicts a military commander, as shown by his baton, being dressed by pages. The identity of the commander is unknown, although Charles V, Cornelis van der Geest, and the Duke of Alba have all been identified as possible subjects. The Christie's cataloguer felt that the commander appears too idealized to be an actual person. The painting has been praised for its crisp and intense hue and the reflective properties of the armour. If by Rubens, it would have been painted around 1613.

History
The provenance of the work before 1802 is uncertain, with Christie's adding "(possibly)" to almost every paragraph in their description, until it came into the possession of George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer by 1802. After that it remained the property of the Spencer family until 2010, when Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer, brother of Diana, Princess of Wales, decided to auction it with nearly 800 other artworks not deemed core to the Althorp collection in order to raise funds for restoration work at the estate. It was sold at the lower end of the Christie's estimate of between £8m and £12m to Konrad Bernheimer for £9 million ($13.7 million). This is the second highest price ever paid for Rubens' work at auction, after the Massacre of the Innocents, now in Toronto, which was sold at Sotheby's in London on 10 July 2002, for £49.5 million to Canadian businessman and art collector Kenneth Thomson, 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet.

Authenticity
For more than 100 years, it was attributed to the "School of Porbus". It was not attributed to Rubens until after World War II. According to Brian Sewell, it is an "uncomfortable Rubens" and the attribution "doesn't quite ring true". A panel of academics employed by Christie's examined the portrait and ultimately concluded that the painting is a genuine Rubens.

References

Portraits by Peter Paul Rubens
Military art
Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Portrait of a Commander


Zebus ( or ; Bos primigenius indicus or Bos indicus or Bos taurus indicus), whiles kent as humph-backit nowt or Brahman, is a teep o hamelt nowt oreeginatin in Sooth Asie.  Thay are characterised bi a fatty humph on thair shouders, droopin lugs an a lairge dewlap.  Thay are weel adaptit tae forstaundin heich temperaturs, an are fairmed ootthrou the tropical kintras, baith as pure zebu an as hybrids wi taurine nowt, the ither main teep o hamelt nowt.  Zebu is uised as draucht owsen, as dairy nowt an as beef nowt, as weel as for byproducts lik hides an dung for fuel an manure.

Ainimals descrived in 1758
Cattle breeds oreeginatin in Indie
Cattle breeds oreeginatin in Pakistan
Domesticatit ainimals

Zebu


Henry J. Kelley (1926-1988) was Christopher C. Kraft Professor of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute. He produced major contributions to control theory, especially in aeronautical engineering and flight optimization.

In 1948, he received a Bachelor of Science from NYU in aeronautical engineering, and began to work for Grumman Aircraft in the same year. His studies continued as a part-time student leading
to a Master of Science in mathematics (1951) and to the Sc.D. in aeronautical
engineering (1958). In 1963, he left Grumman (as Assistant Chief of the
Research Department)  and founded Analytical Mechanics Associates with two partners. In 1978, he became a professor in the Aerospace and Ocean Engineering Department at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute.

His paper on "Gradient Theory of Optimal Flight Paths" (1960) is considered a major contribution to the field. In the context of control theory, Kelley derived basics of backpropagation, now widely used for machine learning and artificial neural networks.

Kelley received NYU's Founder's Day Award in 1959, the IAS New York Section Award in 1961, the AIAA Guidance and Control of Flight Award in 1973, and the AIAA Pendray Award in 1979. He was a Fellow of the AIAA, and member of the AAS, the IEEE and SIAM, and founder and first chairman of IFAC's Mathematics of Control Committee.

Notes

1926 births
1988 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
Fellows of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Fellows of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
New York University alumni
Control theorists
Virginia Tech faculty

Henry J. Kelley


Robert Lissauer (May 1, 1917 – October 14, 2004) was an American composer, author, and musicologist.

Born in New York City Lissauer attended the Juilliard School and then worked with Irving Berlin on his musical This Is the Army. From this production "Yanks A Poppin" was developed as a show that could be performed for troops in the field. As a soldier in World War II, Lissauer managed a production unit that traveled across the Pacific Theater.

Working as head of his own music publishing companies in the 1960s, Lissauer signed singer-songwriters Marsha Malamet and Judy Wieder.

After the war Lissauer taught at New York University, owned a sheet music business, and managed various composers, singers, and their estates. A lifetime of experience led to his writing Lissauer's Encyclopedia of Popular Music in America: 1888 to the Present, 1991 and 1996 editions.  The second edition contains over 19,000 annotated entries.  He died in New York City.  Robert Lissauer was married four times and had three children.  His son John is a composer and arranger of music, and has done the scores for several popular movies.

References

1917 births
2004 deaths
Songwriters from New York (state)
American male composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American musicologists
20th-century American male musicians
American male songwriters
Juilliard School alumni
United States Army personnel of World War II
New York University faculty

Robert Lissauer


Kawall's amazon (Amazona kawalli), also known as the white-faced amazon, white-cheeked amazon or Kawall's parrot, is a relatively large species of parrot in the family Psittacidae. It is endemic to the south-central Amazon. After not having been recorded in the wild for around 70 years, the species was rediscovered in the 1980s.

Taxonomy
Considerable taxonomic confusion has surrounded this species. "Aberrant mealy amazons", which actually were the Kawall's amazon, were first noted in 1904. It was only in 1989 that the Kawall's amazon was recognised as a species after Brazilian bird keeper Nelson Kawall (after whom the species is named) received a few unusual amazons.

Description
The species is medium-sized for a parrot, reaching a length of . The plumage is mostly green, with a narrow white strip at the base of the bill, narrow white eye-ring, and some blue and red present on the outermost flight feathers. Although it resembles the mealy amazon, the Kawall's amazon can easily be recognised by its white patch of skin at the base of the bill, relatively small gray ocular ring (may fade to white in captivity), red near the base of the tail, overall brighter green hue and voice.

Distribution and habitat
Kawall's amazon has been reported from the Amazon basin of Brazil in Amazonas and Pará. A possible wider distribution, or the existence of isolated populations, is suggested by the existence of a previously misidentified specimen labelled 'Colombia', and a captive bird found on the edge of Amazonas National Park.

The species inhabits lowland rainforest and shows a preference for permanently flooded woodlands and riverine forest edges.

Ecology
Kawall's amazon has been observed feeding on tree seeds, palm fruits, flowers, and young leaves. It nests in tree cavities, and while it may search out suitable nesting cavities in the dry season, appears to restrict the actual nesting to periods when the forest is flooded.

Status
Although Kawall's amazon was only rediscovered in the wild relatively recently, it appears to be locally fairly common; however populations are declining due to habitat loss from deforestation. A certain amount of capture for the parrot trade also seems present. The species is currently classified as least concern by the IUCN.

References

Kawall'
Birds of the Brazilian Amazon
Endemic birds of Brazil
Near threatened animals
Near threatened biota of South America
Kawall's amazon
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Kawall's amazon


Zygmunt Szweykowski (7 April 1894 in Krośniewice – 11 February 1978 in Poznań) was a historian of Polish literature who specialized in 19th-century Polish prose.

Life
In 1932-39, Szweykowski held a professorship at the Free Polish University (Wolna Wszechnica Polska) in Warsaw and Łódź.

During the World War II Nazi occupation of Poland, he participated, at the risk of his life, in underground university teaching in Warsaw.

From 1946 he held a chair at Poznań University. In 1950 he was inducted into the Polish Academy of Learning, and in 1951 into the Polish Academy of Sciences.

Szweykowski studied the 19th-century Polish novel. His books in this field included Powieści historyczne Henryka Rzewuskiego (The Historical Novels of Henryk Rzewuski, 1922) and Trylogia Sienkiewicza (Sienkiewicz's Trilogy, 1961).

His specialty, however, was the writings of Bolesław Prus. His books on Prus include Tworczość Bolesława Prusa (The Art of Bolesław Prus, 1947; 2nd ed., 1972) and Nie tylko o Prusie:  szkice (Not Only about Prus:  Sketches, 1967).

Beginning in 1948, Szweykowski produced monumental editions of Prus' collected Pisma (Writings). He also edited Krystyna Tokarzówna's and Stanisław Fita's exhaustive Bolesław Prus, 1847-1912:  Kalendarz życia i twórczości (Bolesław Prus, 1847-1912:  a Calendar of [His] Life and Work), Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1969.

Works
 Powieści historyczne Henryka Rzewuskiego (The Historical Novels of Henryk Rzewuski, 1922)
 "Lalka" Bolesława Prusa (Bolesław Prus' The Doll, 1927)
 Twórczość Bolesława Prusa (The Creative Writing of Bolesław Prus, 1947, 1972)
 "Trylogia" Henryka Sienkiewicza. Szkice (Henryk Sienkiewicz's Trilogy: Sketches, 1961)
 Nie tylko o Prusie (Not Only about Prus, 1967)
 "Trylogia" Sienkiewicza i inne szkice o twórczości pisarza (Sienkiewicz's Trilogy and Other Sketches about the Writer's Works, 1973)

See also
List of Poles

Notes

References
"Szweykowski, Zygmunt," Encyklopedia powszechna PWN (PWN Universal Encyclopedia), vol. 4, Warsaw, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1976, p. 370.

20th-century Polish historians
Polish male non-fiction writers
1894 births
1978 deaths
20th-century Polish male writers

Zygmunt Szweykowski


Berton Churchill (December 9, 1876 – October 10, 1940) was a Canadian stage and film actor.

Early years
Churchill was born in Toronto, Ontario. After his family moved to New York City, he graduated from high school there, studied law at night, and was a weekly participant in the William J. Florence Dramatic Society in Jersey City.
As a young man interested in the theater, he appeared in stock companies as early as 1903 and worked as a newspaper pressman, eventually becoming a foreman and leader of his union. Progressing in his acting, he began performing with the Berkely Lyceum.

Career
Churchill acted for two years with a traveling repertory company, developing skills that eventually took him to Broadway. The death of his father caused him to return home to work as a press foreman. Eventually he returned to acting in small parts. His career received a boost when E. F. Albee saw him perform in Boston. Albee added him to his summer stock company at Pawtucket, where Churchill continued to perform almost every summer for at least two decades.

His first performance on Broadway was in The Barber of New Orleans (1909), and his last was in Five Star Final (1930).

He was one of the earliest members of Actors Equity and sat on the union's Council. In 1919, he was in charge of the New York headquarters during the Equity strike.

Around 1929, Churchill began to perform in motion pictures. Following the use of sound in film, he moved to Hollywood, California. There, he landed numerous supporting roles, usually as the stern or pompous character with such roles as a banker, a state governor, or a land baron. He was much in demand, "establishing what was believed to be a record by appearing in 34 in 1932 alone." In more than 125 films, Churchill worked for some of the great directors such as Otto Preminger, John Ford, and Frank Capra. As well, he performed with many of the most famous stars of the day, such as Bette Davis (The Cabin in the Cotton), Jeanette MacDonald, Tyrone Power, Edward G. Robinson, and  Will Rogers. Churchill is perhaps best known for his role as Gatewood, the absconding banker in John Ford's highly acclaimed 1939 film Stagecoach, starring John Wayne.

In 1925, Churchill helped found the Masquers club that led to him and five other actors creating the Screen Actors Guild in 1933.

Death
Churchill died in Medical Arts Center Hospital in New York City, of uremic poisoning. His body was returned to the west coast to be interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.

Selected filmography

 The Road Called Straight (1919) as Robert Swiftmore
 Six Cylinder Love (1923) as George Stapleton
 Tongues of Flame (1924) as Boland
 Nothing But the Truth (1929) as E.M. Burke
 Tarnished Lady (1931) as Stock Speculator (uncredited)
 Secrets of a Secretary (1931) as Mr. Merritt
 My Sin (1931) as Mr. Osgood (uncredited)
 Husband's Holiday (1931) as Gerald Burgess
 Air Eagles (1931) as Windy J. Bailey
 This Reckless Age (1932) as Banker
 Taxi! (1932) as Judge West (uncredited)
 Impatient Maiden (1932)
 Cheaters at Play (1932)
 A Fool's Advice (1932) as Mayor Martin Sloan
 The Wet Parade (1932) as Roger's Uncle Dick (uncredited)
 Scandal for Sale (1932) as Bunnyweather
 It's Tough to Be Famous (1932) as Admiral Blaine (uncredited)
 The Mouthpiece (1932) as Judge, Rocco Trial (uncredited)
 Two Seconds (1932) as The Warden
 The Rich Are Always with Us (1932) as Judge Bradshaw
 Forgotten Commandments (1932) as Minor Role (scenes deleted)
 The Dark Horse (1932) as William A. Underwood
 Week Ends Only (1932) as A.S. Carr
 Fast Companions (1932) as Committee Chairman
 The Washington Masquerade (1932) as Sen. Bitler
 American Madness (1932) as O'Brien (uncredited)
 Okay, America! (1932) as Jacob Baron
 The Crooked Circle (1932) as Col. Walters
 The Cabin in the Cotton (1932) as Lane Norwood
 The Big Stampede (1932) as Gov. Wallace
 False Faces (1932) as Dr. John B. Parker
 Washington Merry-Go-Round (1932) as Speaker
 I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (1932) as The Judge
 Afraid to Talk (1932) as Mayor William 'Billy' Manning
 If I Had a Million (1932) as Warden (uncredited)
 Madame Butterfly (1932) as American Consul
 Frisco Jenny (1932) as Judge Thomas B. Reynolds (uncredited)
 The Billion Dollar Scandal (1933) as The Warden
 Laughter in Hell (1933) as Mike Slaney
 The Mysterious Rider (1933) as Mark King
 Employees' Entrance (1933) as Mr. Bradford (uncredited)
 Hard to Handle (1933) as Col. H.D.X. Wells (uncredited)
 From Hell to Heaven (1933) as Toledo Jones
 Private Jones (1933) as Roger Winthrop
 The Little Giant (1933) as Donald Hadley Cass
 So This Is Africa (1933) as Movie Producer
 Elmer, the Great (1933) as Colonel Moffitt
 Heroes for Sale (1933) as Mr. Winston
 I Love That Man (1933) as Mordant - Casket Buyer
 Her First Mate (1933) as Davis
 The Big Brain (1933) as Col. Higginbotham
 The Avenger (1933) as Forster
 Doctor Bull (1933) as Herbert Banning - Janet's Brother
 Golden Harvest (1933) as Eben Martin
 Ladies Must Love (1933) as Gaskins
 Only Yesterday (1933) as Goodheart (uncredited)
 College Coach (1933) as Otis
 Master of Men (1933) as Mr. Walling
 Frontier Marshal (1934) as Ben 'Hiram' Melton
 Hi, Nellie! (1934) as Graham
 Men in White (1934) as John Hudson (uncredited)
 Let's Be Ritzy (1934) as R.M. Pembrook
 Strictly Dynamite (1934) as Mr. Rivers
 Half a Sinner (1934) as Deacon Caswell (aka Alias the Deacon)
 Murder in the Private Car (1934) as Luke Carson
 Bachelor Bait (1934) as 'Big' Barney Nolan
 Friends of Mr. Sweeney (1934) as Franklyn P. Brumbaugh
 Dames (1934) as Harold Ellsworthy Todd
 Take the Stand (1934) as Mr. Jerome Burbank
 Judge Priest (1934) as Senator Horace Maydew
 Redhead (1934) as Mr. Brown
 Kid Millions (1934) as Col. Harrison Larrabee
 Menace (1934) as Norman Bellamy
 Babbitt (1934) as Judge Virgil 'Verge' Thompson
 Sing Sing Nights (1934) as Governor Duane
 Bachelor of Arts (1934) as Alexander Hamilton Sr.
 Life Is Worth Living (1934)
 Helldorado (1935) as 'Clarion' Editor
 The County Chairman (1935) as Elias Rigby
 A Night at the Ritz (1935) as Stephen Vincent
 Vagabond Lady (1935) as R.D. Spear
 $10 Raise (1935) as Mr. Bates
 Dizzy Dames (1935) as Dad Hackett
 Page Miss Glory (1935) as Mr. Yates - Assistant Hotel Manager
 Steamboat Round the Bend  (1935) as New Moses
 I Live for Love (1935) as Fabian
 The Spanish Cape Mystery (1935) as Judge Macklin
 The Rainmakers (1935) as Simon Parker
 Coronado (1935) as Walter Marvin
 Black Gold (1936) as J.C. Anderson
 You May Be Next (1936) as J.J. Held
 The Dark Hour (1936) as Paul Bernard
 Colleen (1936) as Logan
 Three of a Kind (1936) as 'Con' Cornelius
 Parole! (1936) as Rex Gavin
 Bunker Bean (1936) as Professor Ed Balthazer
 Dimples (1936) as Col. Loring
 Under Your Spell (1936) as Judge
 Racing Lady (1937) as Judge
 Parnell (1937) as The O'Gorman Mahon
 Sing and Be Happy (1937) as John Mason
 You Can't Beat Love (1937) as Police Chief Brennan
 The Singing Marine (1937) as J. Montgomery Madison
 Public Wedding (1937) as H. Theodore Lane aka Pop
 Wild and Woolly (1937) as Edward Ralston
 Quick Money (1937) as Bluford H. Smythe
 In Old Chicago (1938) as Senator Colby
 He Couldn't Say No (1938) as Senator Mabby
 Wide Open Faces (1938) as L.D. Crawford
 Four Men and a Prayer (1938) as Mr. Martin Cherrington
 Kentucky Moonshine (1938) as J.B
 Ladies in Distress (1938) as Fred Morgan
 Danger on the Air (1938) as Caesar Kluck
 Down in 'Arkansaw' (1938) as Judge
 The Cowboy and the Lady (1938) as Henderson
 Sweethearts (1938) as Sheridan
 Stagecoach (1939) as Ellsworth Henry Gatewood
 So This Is London (1939) as Hiram Draper
 Daughters Courageous (1939) as Judge Henry Hornsby
 Should Husbands Work? (1939) as Barnes
 The Angels Wash Their Faces (1939) as Mayor Dooley
 Hero for a Day (1939) as E. A. Dow
 On Your Toes (1939) as Donald Henderson
 Brother Rat and a Baby (1940) as Mr. Norman
 20 Mule Team (1940) as 'Jackass' Brown
 Saturday's Children (1940) as Mr. Norman
 Turnabout (1940) as Julian Marlowe
 The Way of All Flesh (1940) as Reginald L. Morten
 Cross-Country Romance (1940) as Col. Conway
 Public Deb No. 1 (1940) as Magistrate
 I'm Nobody's Sweetheart Now (1940) as Senator Henry Lowell (final film role)

See also

Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood

References

External links

Canadian male stage actors
Canadian male film actors
Canadian expatriate male actors in the United States
Male actors from Toronto
1876 births
1940 deaths
Deaths from urologic disease
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
20th-century Canadian male actors

Berton Churchill


Gil Dobrică (; February 14, 1946 – April 17, 2007) was a Romanian singer. He is most famous for his 1979 cover version of  John Denver's song "Take Me Home, Country Roads" or simply "Country Roads" (adapted as "Hai acasă" - "Come on Home"), although he had performed a variety of musical genres (pop, rock, blues, soul, jazz, country) and performed several covers of artists as diverse as Ray Charles, Little Richard, Otis Redding and Bill Monroe.

Born in Călărași, Dolj County, Gil Dobrică moved to Craiova when he was 14, where he went to a vocational school and became a lathe operator. When he was 17, he started singing at the workers' club in the November 7 Factory in Craiova, with a repertoire ranging from jazz, soul, rock to swing.

In the 1970s, he came to Bucharest and started collaborating with the band Sfinx. During the same period he recorded his most famous song Hai acasă ("Let's Go Home"), a Romanian adaptation of John Denver's Take Me Home, Country Roads. Gil Dobrică made his impact in Romanian music history by adapting into Romanian various rock and roll, blues and soul hits, including songs by Ray Charles, Bill Monroe, Otis Redding, Little Richard and others.

He also made a memorable cameo in the popular Uncle Marin, the Billionaire movie (released in 1979 and starring Amza Pellea).

Gil Dobrică died in Craiova due to severe gout complications on April 17, 2007.

External links
http://www.ziare.com/A_murit_Gil_Dobrica-82003.html

1946 births
2007 deaths
People from Dolj County
Romanian male actors
20th-century Romanian male singers
20th-century Romanian singers

Gil Dobrică


Dundee is a city on the east coast of Scotland where the River Tay flows into the North Sea. It is the fourth largest city in Scotland.  It was famous as the city of "Jute, jam, and journalism", because jute and jam were made there, and several newspapers were printed in the city.

Dundee has a population of 148,260 people. It is the fourth largest city in Scotland.

There are two universities in Dundee. They are called the University of Dundee and the University of Abertay Dundee.

It also is home to two professional football teams. Dundee F.C. and Dundee United F.C., who both play in the Scottish Premier League. Unusually, their stadiums (Dens Park and Tannadice) are very close together, in the same street.

Dundee Airport serves the area.

References

Port cities and towns of Scotland
Port cities and towns of the North Sea

Dundee


Big Cub Geyser is a geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.

Big Cub is part of the Lion's Group of geysers, a cluster of geysers that all share an underground connection. The other geysers in this group are Lion Geyser, Lioness Geyser, and Little Cub Geyser.

References

Geysers of Wyoming
Geothermal features of Teton County, Wyoming
Geothermal features of Yellowstone National Park
Geysers of Teton County, Wyoming

Big Cub Geyser


Alan Blencowe (born 22 October 1976) is a British Racing driver. He started racing in the 750MC Stock Hatch Series in 1999, winning one race and finishing 4th in the championship driving a Peugeot 205 GTI. In 2000 he raced in the Ford Fiesta Zetec Championship finishing 5th in the championship and also becoming the winter series champion. He stayed in the series for another year, this time finishing 4th in the championship.

For 2002 he made the move up to the BTCC with Gary Ayles Motorsport in the Production class. His debut weekend didn't turn out well when the second driver on the team collided with him in race 1 and was taken out of race two by another competitor while running in 3rd place. Over the course of the season he picked up four Production class podiums, his best result a second place at Thruxton and eventually finishing 7th in the Production class championship. He moved to the Barwell Motorsport team in 2003 and despite only taking one Production class win, his consistency of 18 podiums and only one DNF took him to 2nd in the BTCC Production class championship.

In 2004 he had to make the move over to the Britcar Endurance season as sponsorship was hard to find and again driving for Barwell Motorsport in a Honda Civic Type-R, taking two class wins in the four races he competed in also always being the fastest driver out of the two or sometimes three drivers that competed in the same car.
For 2005 he moved to the SEAT Cupra Championship, finishing 3rd four times and taking 5th in the championship.
In 2006 he finished 2nd in the championship, again his consistency playing part with only one win but 10 podium finishes and one lap record at Knockhill.
At the end of 2006 Blencowe was asked to test for the Seat factory team at Rockingham after his impressive season in the Seat Cupra Cup.
He stayed at Triple R for one more year driving the new SEAT León, winning two races before he left the series after a huge accident at  Snetterton Motor Racing Circuit caused by the pole sitter.

In 2008 Blencowe was asked to drive for Synchro Motorsport ( Honda factory Swindon ) which he did for two races until the car caught fire at Snetterton after an oil leak and burnt the car out.

He now works as a professional driver for Lamborghini when required and he also provides one to one driver coaching all over the UK for personal clients.

Racing record

Complete British Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position in class - 1 point awarded 2002 all races, 2003 just in first race) (Races in italics indicate fastest lapin class - 1 point awarded all races)

External links
www.AlanBlencowe.racing
Www.carbonneutraldrinks.com
 BTCC Pages Profile.

1976 births
Living people
British Touring Car Championship drivers
English racing drivers
European Touring Car Championship drivers

Alan Blencowe


The Røros Copper Works at Røros in Trøndelag, Norway operated from 1644 to 1977. Privileges from the Crown were given in 1647 to Joachim Irgens von Westervick, including rights to forests and water resources within a circle of diameter 90 kilometers. The local farmers were given working obligations, such as transport and charcoal production for the copper works. Among the mines were the Storwartz mines, Hestkletten, Christianus Qvintus, Olavsgruven, Kongens Gruve and Christianus Sextus. During its operation a total of 110,000 tons of copper and 525,000 tons of pyrites was produced.

Geology
This region consists of Cambro-Silurian sedimentary rocks (i.e., rocks from the Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian formed 545 to 417 million years before the present) that are highly metamorphosed by the Caledonian orogeny 490 to 390 million years ago (Ma). The mountain formation created extensive folding with numerous anticlines and synclines across much of Norway. In addition to Cambrosilurian shales, there are numerous volcanic intrusive sills and dikes. Metal deposits are formed by hydrothermal interaction of fluids between volcanic and surrounding rocks, concentrating copper sulfates in ore zones.

References

1644 establishments in Norway
1977 disestablishments in Norway
Copper smelters
Copper mining companies of Norway
History of Trøndelag

Røros Copper Works


Magnetic levitation, maglev, or magnetic suspension is a method by which an object is suspended with no support other than magnetic fields. Magnetic force is used to counteract the effects of the gravitational acceleration and any other accelerations.

The two primary issues involved in magnetic levitation are lifting forces: providing an upward force sufficient to counteract gravity, and stability: ensuring that the system does not spontaneously slide or flip into a configuration where the lift is neutralized.

The sizes of magnets also has a role in the levitation. While using smaller magnets it is easier to control levitation and experimental conditions.

Magnetic levitation is used for maglev trains, contactless melting, magnetic bearings and for product display purposes.

Magnetism
Technology

Magnetic levitation


Siddhartha: An Indian novel (; ) is a 1922 novel by Hermann Hesse that deals with the spiritual journey of self-discovery of a man named Siddhartha during the time of the Gautama Buddha. The book, Hesse's ninth novel, was written in German, in a simple, lyrical style. It was published in the United States in 1951 and became influential during the 1960s. Hesse dedicated the first part of it to the French writer Romain Rolland and the second part to Wilhelm Gundert, his cousin.

The word Siddhartha is made up of two words in the Sanskrit language: siddha (achieved) + artha (what was searched for), which together means "he who has found meaning (of existence)" or "he who has attained his goals". In fact, the Buddha's own name, before his renunciation, was Siddhartha Gautama, prince of Kapilavastu. In this book, the Buddha is referred to as "Gotama".

Plot
The story takes place in ancient Nepal. Siddhartha decides to leave his home in the hope of gaining spiritual illumination by becoming an ascetic wandering beggar of the Śamaṇa. Joined by his best friend Govinda, Siddhartha fasts, becomes homeless, renounces all personal possessions, and intensely meditates, eventually seeking and personally speaking with Gautama, the famous Buddha, or Enlightened One. Afterward, both Siddhartha and Govinda acknowledge the elegance of the Buddha's teachings. Although Govinda hastily joins the Buddha's order, Siddhartha does not follow, claiming that the Buddha's philosophy, though supremely wise, does not account for the necessarily distinct experiences of each person. He argues that the individual seeks an absolutely unique, personal meaning that cannot be presented to him by a teacher. He thus resolves to carry on his quest alone.

Siddhartha crosses a river and the generous ferryman, whom Siddhartha is unable to pay, merrily predicts that Siddhartha will return to the river later to compensate him in some way. Venturing onward toward city life, Siddhartha discovers Kamala, the most beautiful woman he has yet seen. Kamala, a courtesan, notes Siddhartha's handsome appearance and fast wit, telling him that he must become wealthy to win her affections so that she may teach him the art of love. Although Siddhartha despised materialistic pursuits as a Śamaṇa, he agrees now to Kamala's suggestions. She directs him to the employ of Kamaswami, a local businessman, and insists that he have Kamaswami treat him as an equal rather than an underling. Siddhartha easily succeeds, providing a voice of patience and tranquility, which Siddhartha learned from his days as an ascetic, against Kamaswami's fits of passion. Thus Siddhartha becomes a rich man and Kamala's lover, though in his middle years he realizes that the luxurious lifestyle he has chosen is merely a game that lacks spiritual fulfillment. Leaving the fast-paced bustle of the city, Siddhartha returns to the river fed up with life and disillusioned, contemplating suicide before falling into a meditative sleep, and is saved only by an internal experience of the holy word, Om.

The very next morning, Siddhartha briefly reconnects with Govinda, who is passing through the area as a wandering Buddhist. Siddhartha decides to live the rest of his life in the presence of the spiritually inspirational river. Siddhartha thus reunites with the ferryman, named Vasudeva, with whom he begins a humbler way of life. Although Vasudeva is a simple man, he understands and relates that the river has many voices and significant messages to divulge to any who might listen.

Some years later, Kamala, now a Buddhist convert, is traveling to see the Buddha at his deathbed, accompanied by her reluctant young son, when she is bitten by a venomous snake near Siddhartha's river. Siddhartha recognizes her and realizes that the boy is his own son. After Kamala's death, Siddhartha attempts to console and raise the furiously resistant boy, until one day the child flees altogether. Although Siddhartha is desperate to find his runaway son, Vasudeva urges him to let the boy find his own path, much like Siddhartha did himself in his youth. Listening to the river with Vasudeva, Siddhartha realizes that time is an illusion and that all of his feelings and experiences, even those of suffering, are part of a great and ultimately jubilant fellowship of all things connected in the cyclical unity of nature. After Siddhartha's moment of illumination, Vasudeva claims that his work is done and he must depart into the woods, leaving Siddhartha peacefully fulfilled and alone once more.

Toward the end of his life, Govinda hears about an enlightened ferryman and travels to Siddhartha, not initially recognizing him as his old childhood friend. Govinda asks the now-elderly Siddhartha to relate his wisdom and Siddhartha replies that for every true statement there is an opposite one that is also true; that language and the confines of time lead people to adhere to one fixed belief that does not account for the fullness of the truth. Because nature works in a self-sustaining cycle, every entity carries in it the potential for its opposite and so the world must always be considered complete. Siddhartha simply urges people to identify and love the world in its completeness. Siddhartha then requests that Govinda kiss his forehead and, when he does, Govinda experiences the visions of timelessness that Siddhartha himself saw with Vasudeva by the river. Govinda bows to his wise friend and Siddhartha smiles radiantly, having found enlightenment. Thus he experiences a whole circle of life. He realizes his father's importance and love when he himself becomes a father and his own son leaves him to explore the outside world.

Characters
 Siddhartha: The protagonist.
 Govinda: Close friend of Siddhartha and follower of Gotama.
 Siddhartha's Father: A Brahmin who was unable to satisfy Siddhartha's quest for enlightenment.
 The Samanas: Traveling ascetics who tell Siddhartha that deprivation leads to enlightenment.
 Gotama: The Buddha, whose Teachings are rejected but whose power of self-experience and self-wisdom is completely praised by Siddhartha.
 Kamala: A courtesan, Siddhartha's sensual mentor, and mother of Young Siddhartha.
 Kamaswami: A merchant who instructs Siddhartha on business.
 Vasudeva: An enlightened ferryman and spiritual guide of Siddhartha.
 Young Siddhartha: Son of Siddhartha and Kamala. Lives with Siddhartha for a time yet runs away to Adan.

Major themes
In Hesse's novel, experience, the totality of conscious events of a human life, is shown as the best way to approach understanding of reality and attain enlightenment—Hesse's crafting of Siddhartha's journey shows that understanding is attained not through intellectual methods, nor through immersing oneself in the carnal pleasures of the world and the accompanying pain of samsara; rather, it is the completeness of these experiences that allows Siddhartha to attain understanding.

Thus, individual events are meaningless when considered by themselves—Siddhartha's stay with the Shramanas and his immersion in the worlds of love and business do not ipso facto lead to nirvana, yet they cannot be considered distractions, for every action and event gives Siddhartha experience, which in turn leads to understanding.

A major preoccupation of Hesse in writing Siddhartha was to cure his "sickness with life" (Lebenskrankheit) by immersing himself in Indian philosophy such as that expounded in the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita. The reason the second half of the book took so long to write was that Hesse "had not experienced that transcendental state of unity to which Siddhartha aspires. In an attempt to do so, Hesse lived as a virtual semi-recluse and became totally immersed in the sacred teachings of both Hindu and Buddhist scriptures. His intention was to attain to that 'completeness' which, in the novel, is the Buddha's badge of distinction." The novel is structured on three of the traditional stages of life for Hindu males (student (brahmacharin), householder (grihastha) and recluse/renunciate (vanaprastha) as well as the Buddha's Four Noble Truths (Part One) and Eightfold Path (Part Two) which form twelve chapters, the number in the novel. Ralph Freedman mentions how Hesse commented in a letter "[my] Siddhartha does not, in the end, learn true wisdom from any teacher, but from a river that roars in a funny way and from a kindly old fool who always smiles and is secretly a saint." In a lecture about Siddhartha, Hesse claimed "Buddha's way to salvation has often been criticized and doubted, because it is thought to be wholly grounded in cognition. True, but it's not just intellectual cognition, not just learning and knowing, but spiritual experience that can be earned only through strict discipline in a selfless life". Freedman also points out how Siddhartha described Hesse's interior dialectic: "All of the contrasting poles of his life were sharply etched: the restless departures and the search for stillness at home; the diversity of experience and the harmony of a unifying spirit; the security of religious dogma and the anxiety of freedom." Eberhard Ostermann has shown how Hesse, while mixing the religious genre of the legend with that of the modern novel, seeks to reconcile with the double-edged effects of modernization such as individualization, pluralism or self-disciplining.

The character Siddhartha honors the character Gotama (Gautama Buddha) by not following him in person, but by following Gotama's example. This is an example of the Theravada tradition evolving later, but modeled by the Buddha's philosophy and values.

Film versions
A film version entitled Siddhartha was released in 1972. It stars Shashi Kapoor and was directed by Conrad Rooks.

In 1971, a surrealistic adaptation as a musical Western was released as Zachariah. John Rubinstein starred in the title role and George Englund was the director. Don Johnson played Matthew, the equivalent of Govinda.

English translations
An English edition was first published in 1951 by New Directions Publishing with a translation by Hilda Rosner. Several American publishers have commissioned new translations of the novel since it left US copyright in 1998. The translations include:
 1951: Hilda Rosner, for New Directions Publishing
 1998: Sherab Chödzin Kohn, for Shambhala Classics, introduction by Paul W. Morris and translator's preface
 1999: Joachim Neugroschel, for Penguin, introduction by Ralph Freedman and translator's note
 1999: Stanley Applebaum, for Dover Thrift Edition, introduction and glossary anon.
 2006: Susan Bernofsky, for Modern Library, foreword by Tom Robbins and translator's preface
 2007: Rika Lesser, for Barnes & Noble, introduction by Robert A. Thurman
 2022: Stefano Di Lorenzo, for East & West Books

Translations in Indian languages
 Telugu translation by Bellamkonda Raghava Rao from English translation of the book by Hilda Rosner (1957)
 Centre for South Indian Studies, Malayalam translation by R. Raman Nair (1990).
 Hermann Hesse Society of India, Sanskrit translation by L Sulochana Devi (2008)
 Hermann Hesse Society of India, Hindi translation by Prabakaran Hebbar Illath (2012)
 Hermann Hesse Society of India, Marathi translation by Avinash Tripathi (2007)
 Bishwo Shahitto Kendro, Bengali translation by Zafar Alam (2002)
 Tamil translation of Siddhartha by Jevita Naresh (2017)
 Punjabi, by Dr. Hari Singh
 Urdu, by Asif Farkhi
 Pashto, by Shaheen Buneri (2021)

In popular culture

In music
 Canadian composer Claude Vivier wrote the orchestral piece Siddhartha in 1976, inspired by the book.
 The 1972 Yes song "Close to The Edge" from the album Close to the Edge was inspired by the book.
 Nick Drake's song "River Man" from his 1969 album Five Leaves Left was inspired by the book. According to Drake's manager, Joe Boyd, Drake thought of the song as the centrepiece of the album.
 Pete Townshend's song "The Ferryman" was written for a modern production of Siddhartha in June 1976.
 The Slovenian rock band Siddharta was named after the novel.
 Ten Mile Tide wrote a song entitled "Siddhartha" which provides a musical version of the novel.
 Ralph McTell wrote the song "The Ferryman" also based on the novel for his 1971 album You Well-Meaning Brought Me Here.
 The song "The Samanas" written by Doyle Bramhall II refers to the journey of the Samana in this book.
 Referenced on the album Dark Matter Dreams by Field Division on the track called "Siddhartha" and referenced in the track "Lay Cursed".
 Jerry Cantrell named the nineteenth track of his 2002 sophomore album Degradation Trip Volumes 1 & 2 after the book.
 The band Syd Arthur, formed in 2003 in Canterbury, got their name from the book.
 The Canadian band Eight Seconds' song "Where's Bula" was inspired by the book.
 The wind ensemble composition "That Secret from the River" by Joel Puckett is based on the following quotation from the book: "Have you also learned that secret from the river; that there is no such thing as time? That the river is everywhere at the same time, at the source and at the mouth, at the waterfall, at the ferry, at the current, in the ocean and in the mountains, everywhere and that the present only exists for it, not the shadow of the past nor the shadow of the future."

Other cultural references
 Fred Mayer published the photographic essay "Homage to Hermann Hesse and His Siddhartha", which is based on Hesse's novel.
 In season one of Veronica Mars, episode 19 ("Hot Dogs"), movie star Aaron Echolls (Harry Hamlin) is seen reading Siddhartha on the couch while his two children, Trina and Logan, speak with him.
 In the season 7 finale of Shameless on Showtime, Fiona Gallagher finds a copy of Siddhartha in her dead mother's belongings. Fiona is seen reading the book throughout the episode and recites an unheard excerpt at Monica's funeral.
 In season 4 episode 3 of Parks and Recreation, Chris Traeger claims to have speed-read the entirety of the novel at a traffic stop.
 In season 2 episode 2 of the series American Gods, Shadow Moon reads an English copy of the novel.
 In season 2 episode 9 of the series The Bear, Richie Jerimovich quotes from the novel while instructing the employees: "Now, who remembers what Vasudeva, the ferryman, said to Siddartha on the banks of the Ganges River? 'He whispered, "Listen better."'"

References

External links

 Full texts of Siddhartha in German and English translation from Project Gutenberg

1922 German-language novels
1922 German novels
Novels set in ancient India
Buddhist novels
Fictional Buddhist monks
German bildungsromans
German novels adapted into films
German philosophical novels
Novels about Indian prostitution
Novels by Hermann Hesse
Novels set in India
Swiss novels adapted into films

Siddhartha (novel)


Falcata is a Strategy game, developed and published by Gust, which was released in Japan in 1995. Falcata was one of the first games released on PlayStation in Japan, and for sure it was a strange one, the game is a mix between an strategy board game and a RPG game. In the game screen, the game draws a line connecting some different circles on a map, given a genuine and bizarre sense of atmosphere.

Story
The falcata is a type of sword typical of Pre-Roman Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula, modern Spain and Portugal), similar to the Greek kopis or Nepalese kukri. The term Falcata is not ancient. It seems to have been coined by Fernando Fulgosio in 1872, on the model of the Latin expression ensis falcatus "sickle-shaped sword" (which, however, refers to the Harpe). He presumably went with falcata rather than falcatus because the Spanish word for sword espada is feminine, although there are other presumable theories. The name caught on very quickly, and is now firmly entrenched in the scholarly literature.

Gameplay
The game is set in 1500 BC in a land with different cities and hostile tribes, that makes most of the people to travel to other lands. The goal of the game is to restore the land so the people can stop their endless wandering, and finally arrived to that land and that will end with the tribal fights. The player's character will be the hero to reach that? Only time will tell.

The game features 6 different parties that can be customized in their clothes and hair, all of them with their own stats. The gameplay is about going around those places and examine them, in some of them you will have to fight and then the game takes the usual rpg style with turns to choose the proper actions that the player wants his characters to do. But instead of fights he can also pay to avoid the fights, make pacts or discover relics, etc.

Description
Manufacturer's description:

Set in ancient Persia, simulation strategy of all parties ploy Mujin movement intertwined with free will. Become the leader of the party up to 5 people, and nurture a character and fighting bandits or find items to explore the field, encountered, we will proceed with the sabotage to the other party at times, prosperity Asutoran city of illusion I will win.

 Features:

 Third person perspective.
 2D graphics
 Cartoon graphics
 Medieval Fantasy theme.

PlayStation games
PlayStation-only games
1995 video games
Role-playing games
Japan exclusive video games

Falcata


William Findlay (June 20, 1768November 12, 1846) was an American farmer, lawyer, and politician. A member of the Democratic-Republican Party, he served as the fourth governor of Pennsylvania from 1817 to 1820, and as a United States senator from 1821 to 1827. He was one of three Findlay brothers born and raised in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania on their family farm.

All became politicians, serving at national, state and local levels in Pennsylvania and Ohio in the early federal years. He sold Findlay Farm in 1823; it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Biography
William Findlay was born in Mercersburg in the Province of Pennsylvania on June 20, 1768, to Samuel Findlay and Jane (née Smith). He was the second of three sons, with older brother John Findlay and younger brother James Findlay. All three men became active in politics, serving at national, state and local levels.

Their grandfather Samuel Findlay (1711–1739) was the immigrant ancestor: he was born in County Londonderry in Ulster in 1711, and immigrated to the Province of Pennsylvania as a young man in 1730. He married there and he and his wife settled in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania. He died there in 1739.

After receiving a common-school education, William Findlay became a farmer. He became active in politics as a Jeffersonian Democrat. He served as brigade inspector in the state militia, and studied law with an established firm (reading the law as an apprentice.) He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Franklintown, Pennsylvania.

Political career
Findlay was elected and served in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1797 and 1804–1807. He served as state treasurer from 1807 to 1817.

In 1817, Findlay was nominated for the post of governor in the state's first open convention. He was elected governor and served until 1820. According to the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, in 1817 he emancipated the one slave he held and stated, "The principles of slavery are repugnant to those of justice." He also asked state legislators to pass laws to severely punish slave catchers who attempted to capture Africans in Pennsylvania and enslave them.

He was the first governor to lead the state from Harrisburg, newly designated as the capital. He directed many of the functions of state government from his private home while the new capitol building was under construction.

He was defeated for re-election in 1820 by Joseph Hiester.

In 1821, Findlay was elected by the state legislature as a Democratic Republican (later Jacksonian Democrat) to the United States Senate. He was filling the vacancy in the term commencing March 4, 1821, because the legislature had failed to select a candidate on time. He served from December 10, 1821, to March 3, 1827. He was not a candidate for re-election in 1826. In the U.S. Senate, he served as chairman of the Committee on Agriculture (19th Congress).

Later, he was appointed as the fifth treasurer of the U.S. Mint. He served for more than a decade, from 1827 to 1841. He resigned due to illness.

He had sold the Findlay Farm in 1823 to Benjamin Jordan and Edward Crouch. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, significant in part because of the political careers of the three brothers.

He died in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and his remains were interred at Harrisburg Cemetery.

Family
He was the brother of United States Congressman John and United States Congressman and Cincinnati mayor James Findlay.

William Findlay married Nancy Irwin (1763–1824), who became Pennsylvania's First Lady from 1817 to 1820. They had two children, Jane Findlay Shunk (1792–1878) and John King Findlay. Nancy Irwin Findlay died on July 27, 1824, and is buried in Harrisburg Cemetery.

William Findlay's son, John King Findlay (born near Mercersburg, May 12, 1803; died in Spring Lake, New Jersey, September 13, 1885), was a noted jurist. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1824 and was assigned to the 1st Artillery of the U.S. Army. He was the assistant professor of chemistry, mineralogy, and geology at West Point from August 29 until November 4, 1824, of geography, history, and ethics until April 17, 1825, and was on topographical duty until May 13, 1828, when he resigned. In 1831, he was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar. He was recorder of Lancaster in 1841–1845, judge of the Philadelphia District Court 1845–1851, and president of the 3rd Judicial District of Pennsylvania in 1857–1862. After this he practiced law in Philadelphia. John King Findlay was a captain of militia 1840–1845 and 1852–1856. He published an enlarged edition of Archbold's Law of Nisi Prius (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1852).

William Findlay's daughter, Jane Findlay, married Francis R. Shunk, the 10th Governor of Pennsylvania. She held the position of First Lady of Pennsylvania from 1845 to 1848.

Legacy
Findlay Township in Western Pennsylvania and Findlay Commons on the campus of Penn State University are both named for Governor Findlay.

Notes

References

External links

Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Biography

1768 births
1846 deaths
People from Mercersburg, Pennsylvania
People of colonial Pennsylvania
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
Presbyterians from Pennsylvania
Democratic-Republican Party United States senators from Pennsylvania
Jacksonian United States senators from Pennsylvania
Democratic-Republican Party state governors of the United States
Governors of Pennsylvania
State treasurers of Pennsylvania
Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Politicians from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Burials at Harrisburg Cemetery
United States senators who owned slaves

William Findlay (governor)


The University college reform was a reform throughout Norway where 98 smaller colleges were transformed into 26 larger university colleges from 1 August 1994. In addition a number of fine art educations were merged to two National Academies of the Arts, in Oslo and in Bergen.

Goal and result
The reform gave each county their own university college, except for the two Agder counties, who shared one. Some counties have more than one, with Møre og Romsdal and Nordland topping with three each. The university colleges were given the main responsibility for training nurses, teachers, preschool teachers, engineers and business administrators. In addition a number of other tasks were included in the colleges portfolio.

The goal of the reform, that was initiated by the then Minister of Education, Gudmund Hernes from the Labour Party, was to effectivate the operations at the colleges through economy of scale. Herned had led the public committee that in 1988 had launched the idea of merging and co locating the colleges. The idea was to use teaching resources dedicated to academic administration instead to be used for teaching and research.

An evaluation of the reform after five years concluded that reform had not succeeded and that the resulting more efficient operations came from lower state subsidies instead of more efficient operations. It also showed that the reform gave the educational personnel more administrative work.

Other processes
Two years later the Norwegian University of Science and Technology was created in Trondheim after a merger of the Norwegian Institute of Technology and the University of Trondheim, reducing the number of public colleges and universities in Trondheim from thirteen to two.

From 2005 university colleges were allowed to convert into universities if they met certain requirements. So far both Stavanger University College and Agder University College have converted (to the University of Stavanger and the University of Agder, respectively). Also Bodø, Buskerud, Telemark, Vestfold, Hedmark, Lillehammer and Gjøvik have announced that they wish to convert to universities, either by themselves or through mergers. Tromsø University College ceased to exist in 2009 as it was incorporated into the University of Tromsø.

References

Education in Norway
University reform
Reform in Norway
1994 in Norway
1994 in education

Norwegian university college reform


Milia Gataullina (Russian: Миля Гатауллина; born November 22, 1971) is a contemporary Russian graphic artist and painter. She is a member of the Moscow Academy of Artists since 2002 and of the Russian Academy of Artists since 1998.

Biography
Milia Gataullina was born in Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia, on November 22, 1971. From 1982 to 1986 she attended Art School Number 2 in Ufa. From 1986 to 1990 she studied at Tomsky Lycee, a branch of the Moscow State Academic Arts Institute named Surikov. From 1990 to 1998 she studied at the Moscow State Academic Arts Institute named Surikov, in the section of graphic arts under B.A. Uspenskiy and A.B. Yakushin.  From 1998 to 2001 she was part of the Creative Workshop of the Russian Academy of Artists, in the Graphics Workshop directed by A.D. Smarinova.

Exhibits and awards
In 1993, one of her oil paintings, Blue Shadows,  was auctioned at the Hotel Drouot auction house in Paris.   It sold for the highest sum for a work of contemporary Russian applied art in that auction.

In 2006 she received the gold medal of the Russian Academy of Arts for her series of paintings and graphics titled "My Bashkirya.", based on themes of her native region in Russia.

In 2007 she received the silver medal of the Union of Artists of Russia for her graphics.

She held personal exhibits of her work at the Aksakova Museum in Ufa (2004); the Museum of Contemporary Art of the City of Moscow (2005), and the Exhibition Hall of the Moscow Union of Artists (2009).

Her work is found in the collections of the Museum of Contemporary Art of the City of Moscow and in the Nesterov State Art Museum in Ufa.

In 2010, she participated in a group exhibit in the residence of the British Ambassador in Moscow.

References

Bibliography
Aksenova, Natalia, Milia Gataullina, Beliy Gorod Publishing House, Moscow, 2008 ()

Russian graphic designers
Russian women graphic designers
Russian women painters
20th-century Russian painters
21st-century Russian painters
Living people
1971 births

Milia Gataullina


A color model is a mathematical model describing the way to represent colors as numbers, usually as three or four values. These values are called color components or color channels. When such model is linked to a description of how to interpret the components (viewing conditions, etc.), the resulting set of colors is called "color space."

Additive and subtractive color models

The color models can be classified as additive and subtractive.

In additive color models, such as RGB, white is the combination of all primary-colored lights, and black is the absence of any light. Other colors are a mix of different strength of primary colors.

Subtractive color models subtract or mask colors from white background of the paper. That is the ink reduces the reflected white light.  White light minus red leaves cyan, white light minus green leaves magenta, and white light minus blue leaves yellow. Such color models are usually used in printing. An example of such a model is CMYK color model.

Additive and subtractive color models are opposite.

RGB color model

Media that emit light (such as television) use color mixing with primary colors of red, green, and blue, each of which stimulates one of the three types of the eye's color receptors. This is called "RGB" color model. Mixtures of light of these primary colors cover a large part of the human color space.

RYB color model

RYB (an abbreviation of red–yellow–blue) is an additive color model that uses red, yellow, and blue pigments as primary colors in art and applied design. The RYB color model underpinned the color curriculum of the Bauhaus.

CMY and CMYK color models

It is possible to achieve a large range of colors seen by humans by putting cyan, magenta, and yellow transparent dyes/inks on a white background. These are the subtractive primary colors. Often a fourth ink, black, is added to improve reproduction of some dark colors. This is called the "CMY" or "CMYK" color model.

The cyan ink absorbs red light but transmits green and blue, the magenta ink absorbs green light but transmits red and blue, and the yellow ink absorbs blue light but transmits red and green. The white substrate reflects the transmitted light back to the viewer.

Cylindrical-coordinate color models

A number of color models exist in which colors are fit into conic, cylindrical or spherical shapes, with neutral (gray) colors running from black to white along a central axis, and hues (tints) corresponding to angles around the perimeter. Models of this type date back to the 18th century, and continue to be developed in the most modern models.

Different color theorists have each designed unique color 3D shapes.  Many are in the shape of a sphere.  The color spheres invented by Phillip Otto Runge and Johannes Itten are typical examples and prototypes for many other color solid schematics.

HSL and HSV

HSL and HSV are both cylindrical, with hue, their angular dimension, starting at the red primary color at 0°, passing through the green primary at 120° and the blue primary at 240°, and then going back to red at 360°. In each, the central vertical axis comprises the neutral, achromatic, or gray colors, ranging from black at lightness 0 or value 0, the bottom, to white at lightness 1 or value 1, the top.

In an attempt to create an intuitive color mixing model, computer graphics pioneers at PARC and NYIT developed the HSV model in the mid-1970s, formally described by Alvy Ray Smith in the August 1978 issue of Computer Graphics. In the same issue, Joblove and Greenberg described the HSL model—whose dimensions they labeled hue, relative chroma, and intensity—and compared it to HSV.

These models were useful not only because they were more intuitive than raw RGB values, but also because the conversions to and from RGB were extremely fast to compute: they could run in real time on the hardware of the 1970s. Consequently, these models and similar ones have become ubiquitous throughout image editing and graphics software since then.

Munsell color system

Another influential older cylindrical color model is the early-20th-century Munsell color model. Albert Munsell began with a spherical model in his 1905 book A Color Notation, but he wished to separate color-making attributes into separate dimensions, which he called hue, value, and chroma. After taking careful measurements of human perception, he realized that no symmetrical shape would fit. So he reorganized his system into a blob.

Munsell's system became extremely popular, the de facto reference for American color standards—used not only for specifying the color of paints and crayons, but also electrical wire, beer, and soil color—because it was organized based on human perception measurements. It specified colors via an easily learned and systematic triple of numbers. The color chips sold in the Munsell Book of Color covered a wide gamut and remained stable over time (rather than fading). The trouble with the Munsell system for computer graphics applications is that its colors are not specified via any set of simple equations, but only via its measurements: effectively a lookup table.

Natural Color System

The Swedish Natural Color System (NCS), widely used in Europe, takes a similar approach to the Ostwald bi-cone. Because it attempts to fit color into a familiar shape based on "phenomenological" instead of photometric or psychological characteristics, it suffers from some of the same drawbacks as HSL and HSV: in particular, its lightness dimension differs from perceived lightness, because it forces colorful yellow, red, green, and blue into a plane.

Related pages
 Color theory
 Color wheel
 Color vision

Notes

References

Bibliography
  This book doesn't discuss HSL or HSV specifically, but is one of the most readable and precise resources about current color science.
  Joblove and Greenberg's paper was the first describing the HSL model, which it compares to HSV.
  This book only briefly mentions HSL and HSV, but is a good description of color systems through history.
  This paper explains how both HSL and HSV, as well as similar models, can be seen as specific variants of a general "GLHS" model.
 . Especially the sections about "Modern Color Models" and "Modern Color Theory". MacEvoy's extensive site about color science and paint mixing is one of the best resources on the web. On this page, he explains the color-making attributes, and the general goals and history of color order systems—including HSL and HSV—and their practical use for painters.
  This is the original paper describing the "hexcone" model, HSV. Smith was a researcher at NYIT's Computer Graphics Lab. He describes HSV's use in an early digital painting program.

Other websites
 Illustrations and summaries of RGB, CMYK,  LAB, HSV, HSL, and NCS
 A color conversion applet
 HSV Colors by Hector Zenil, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project.
 HSV to RGB by CodeBeautify.

Color model


Kierra Valencia "Kiki"  Sheard-Kelly (born June 20, 1987) is an American gospel singer and evangelist. She is the daughter of gospel singer Karen Clark-Sheard and COGIC Presiding Bishop J. Drew Sheard and the granddaughter of gospel choral director Mattie Moss Clark.  After appearing on her mother's (most notably, the seminal Finally Karen) and aunt's albums, Sheard debuted to the music scene with the release of her debut album I Owe You in 2004. Her hit single You Don't Know was inspired by her mother almost losing her life in 2001 to a fatal blood clot. Sheard portrayed her mother in the hit Lifetime movie, The Clark Sisters: First Ladies of Gospel.

Early life
Born in Detroit, Michigan, and raised in the suburb of West Bloomfield, Sheard spent her formative years surrounded by the influences of her family, their faith, and their music. At age 5, she began singing in the choir at Greater Emmanuel Institutional Church of God in Christ, pastored by her father, Bishop J. Drew Sheard.

Music career

1997–2003: Early career
Sheard made her professional recording debut at the age of 9, on her mother's debut solo album Finally Karen (1997). The song "The Will Of God" won a Stellar Award for Best Children's Performance. In the following years, Sheard performed as background vocalist for her mother, aunt Dorinda Clark-Cole and the Clark Sisters. In 2002, Sheard was featured on Clark-Cole's self-titled debut album. In 2003, she featured on her mother's third album, The Heavens Are Telling, on "You Loved Me" (a gospel cover of Jill Scott's "He Loves Me (Lyzel In E Flat)") and alongside J Moss  on "Don't Change".  That same year, EMI Gospel won a bidding war among several record companies to sign Sheard.

2004–2005: I Owe You
Her debut album I Owe You was released on September 7, 2004. The 11-track set included production and songwriting from Rodney Jerkins, Warryn Campbell, Erica and Tina Campbell of Mary Mary, Sheard's cousin J Moss, and Tonéx. The album also functioned as the production debut for her brother J Drew. With the release of I Owe You, Sheard became the first new artist in Billboard history to debut at number one on the Top Gospel Albums chart.

EMI commissioned a collection of remixes entitled Just Until... on August 2, 2005. The title of the stopgap release was abbreviated from its working title, "Just Until The Next Record". The album had a surprise international hit in the Godson Concept remix of "Let Go". The upbeat gospel single, released only in Japan, raced to the top of the mainstream R&B charts and remained there for several weeks.

2006–2007: This is Me
Shortly after graduating high school, Sheard readied her second album, This Is Me. It debuted at No. 1 on Billboards Top Gospel Albums chart when it was released on June 27, 2006. A midtempo fan favorite, the Fred Jerkins III-produced "Why Me?" was chosen as the lead single for the album. Sheard shot her first music videos for two subsequent singles from the album, "Yes" and "This Is Me". The album was Grammy Award-nominated for Best Contemporary R&B Gospel Album in December 2006.

In addition to performing at the 2007 Stellar Awards ("Why Me?"), Sheard appeared on BET's Celebration of Gospel, standing in for pregnant Faith Evans in "Endow Me" (as popularized by Sheard's mother and aunts) along with Coko, Lil' Mo, and Fantasia. Sheard also sang with her mother for A Tribute to Aretha Franklin.

2008–2009: Bold Right Life
In 2008, Sheard featured on Mary Mary's crossover hit, "God in Me", from The Sound album. "God in Me" became Sheard's first appearance on the US Hot 100, where it peaked at number 68. Furthermore, the single broke the Billboard record for the longest chart-run by a group and longest chart-run by a gospel song on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, where it spent a total of 74 weeks and peaked at number 5. "God in Me" was also a major hit on Billboard'''s Dance Club and Hot Gospel Songs charts, peaking at number one on both and spending 7 consecutive weeks atop the latter. Further to this, "God in Me" was awarded for "Outstanding Song" at the 41st NAACP Image Awards.

In October 2008, Sheard released her third album, Bold Right Life. Named after Sheard's youth organization in Detroit, the album was described by Billboard as a 'powerful mix of R&B/hip-hop, pop, rock and traditional gospel' which 'shifts from a hot uptempo beat (opener "Won't Hold Back") to pop ("My Boyfriend") then to rock ("Invisible") and traditional ("Praise Him Now")'. The album's two lead singles were "Praise Him Now" and "Won't Hold Back". "Praise Him Now" peaked at number 7 on the US Hot Gospel Songs chart, whilst "Love Like Crazy" became Sheard's second Japanese hit, peaking at number 7 on the Japan Hot 100.

In January 2009, Sheard performed the Clark Sisters' "Jesus Is a Love Song" at the BMI Trailblazers Luncheon in honor of her aunt Elbernita "Twinkie" Clark.

The same year, Sheard released a compilation, KiKi's Mixtape, on September 22, 2009. KiKi's Mixtape included two new songs - "Sing to the Lord", co-written by Kierra and described as 'a high-octane amalgam of rock, CCR and power pop' and a 'bold and bracing' cover of Donny Hathaway's "This Christmas" with Marcus Cole.

 2010–2013: Free and The Sheards

Sheard had a role in the film Preacher's Kid (starring platinum-selling R&B artist LeToya Luckett, Durrell Babbs, Clifton Powell, Gregory Alan Williams, and Sharif Atkins), which was released in theaters across the U.S. on January 29, 2010, and was released on DVD and Blu-ray disc on May 4, 2010.

Sheard's fourth album, Free, was released on October 18, 2011. This was her first album on her family's gospel label, Karew Records (pronounced Kuh-Rue). Originally scheduled for a July 12, 2011 release, the album was leaked and subsequently pushed back and reformatted with a different track listing. The album features Sheard's BRL (Bold Right Life) Choir.

On April 7, 2013, Sheard and her family debuted in a new BET reality series, The Sheards. The show is based on the lives of Sheard, her brother and producer J. Drew, and her parents, Grammy Award-winning Karen Clark Sheard and Pastor J. Drew Sheard Sr. Season 1 had a run of eight episodes, and it was announced on the BET Twitter account that Season 2 would debut in the fall of 2014.

 2013–present: Graceland, Clark Sisters biopic and Kierra
Sheard released the single "Trumpets Blow" in 2013, which was followed by "2nd Win" in 2014, which peaked within the top 20 of Billboard's Top Gospel Songs chart. Shortly after in 2014, her fifth album Graceland, was released on June 22, 2014. Graceland became her second top 40 appearance on the Billboard 200 and fourth number one on the Top Gospel Albums chart. Graceland also earned Sheard a nomination for Contemporary Female Vocalist of the Year at the 30th Annual Stellar Awards.

In 2020, a Lifetime biographical film, The Clark Sisters: First Ladies of Gospel was released, starring Kierra Sheard as her mother Karen Clark-Sheard, which became the highest rated original movie release by Lifetime in four years. The film's soundtrack, also starring Sheard, debuted at number 8 on the Billboard Top Gospel Albums chart, where it remained in its second week.

Following this, Sheard released her sixth album Kierra. Debuting at number one on the Billboard Top Gospel Albums chart with 6,000 equivalent album units, it became her fifth chart-topping album, replacing Kanye West's Jesus is King which had held the number one spot for 6 months since November 9, 2019. Sheard co-wrote the entire album, which includes a mix of studio and live tracks recorded in her hometown, Detroit. The album spawned 3 top 20 singles on the Hot Gospel Songs chart; "Don't Judge Me", "It Keeps Happening" and "Something Has To Break" (featuring Tasha Cobbs Leonard), the latter peaking at number 5.

In April 2021, Sheard was featured on actor and rapper, Nick Cannon's rendition of Fred Hammond's gospel classic, No Weapon''. In October 2021, Kierra's "Something Has to Break," featuring her mother, Karen Clark-Sheard, peaked at number one on the Hot Gospel Airplay chart, making it her fourth song to top the chart. Billboard explained, 'Kierra ties for the third-most Gospel Airplay No. 1s among women, dating to the chart's 2005 inception, matching Tasha Cobbs Leonard. Tamela Mann leads and shares the overall mark with Kirk Franklin (eight No. 1s), while Jekalyn Carr has notched five.'

Personal life
Sheard is a graduate of Wayne State University (her father's alma mater) in Detroit, Michigan, where she received her bachelor's degree in English with a minor in psychology.  Though her touring schedule has been curbed to accommodate her academic goals, Sheard did embark on a Japanese tour with her mother Karen Clark-Sheard in August 2006. In 2013, Sheard began preaching at her father's church and others. In 2017, she was officially licensed in the COGIC as an evangelist.

In June 2015, Sheard released the Fall/Winter collection of Eleven60, which honors her inspiration, her mother, Karen Clark Sheard.  Eleven60 is named for the month and year that Clark Sheard was born. Sheard has personally designed classic and refreshing looks for the professional curvy woman that is chic, sexy, bold and eclectic. She has crisscrossed the globe and absorbed the fashion trends of New York City, London, Paris, Tokyo and Seoul.

In 2020, after releasing 3 singles "Don't Judge Me (ft. Missy Elliot)", "It Keeps Happening", and "Something has to Break (Ft. Tasha Cobbs Leonard, later her mother Karen Clark Sheard on the remix)" she released her live self-titled "KIERRA" produced by her brother and producer J. Drew Sheard.

On June 20, 2020, her 33rd birthday, Sheard became engaged to her fiancé Jordan Kelly. The two married in a private ceremony on December 12 of that same year.

In April 2021 Sheards first Book titled "Big, Bold and Beautiful: Owning the Woman God Made You to Be" was released
(A book for young teens and young adults)

In May 2023, Kelly's second book titled "The Vibes You Feel: What I've Learned About Life and Relationships Through The Holy Spirit" is set to be released.

Sheard and her husband announced in May 2023 that they are expecting their first child, a baby girl.

Discography

Albums

Remix albums

Compilation albums

Soundtrack albums

Extended plays

Singles

as lead artist

as a featured artist

Other charted songs

Album appearances

Soundtrack appearances

Awards

Dove Awards

The Dove Awards are awarded annually by the Gospel Music Association. Kierra Sheard has won 3 awards from 10 nominations.

Grammy Awards

The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Kierra Sheard has received 3 nominations.

NAACP Image Awards
The NAACP Image Awards are presented by the NAACP. Kierra Sheard has received two nomination.

Stellar Awards
The Stellar Awards are awarded annually by SAGMA. Kierra Sheard has received 6 awards from 16 nominations.

Notes

References

External links

1987 births
American child singers
American gospel singers
Performers of Christian contemporary R&B music
Singers from Detroit
21st-century African-American women singers
Living people
American Pentecostals
Members of the Church of God in Christ
African-American Christians

Kierra Sheard


Roberts Vaux (January 25, 1786 – January 7, 1836) was an American lawyer, jurist, abolitionist, and philanthropist.

Early life
He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the eldest son of a well-known Quaker family (Richard and Anne Roberts Vaux) and connected by marriage to another such family, the Wistars. He received his education at private schools of Philadelphia.

Career
Vaux was admitted to the bar in 1808, and rose rapidly to prominence in his profession, although he only became judge of the court of common pleas of Philadelphia about a year before his death. Embodying the Quaker values of morality and public service, Vaux helped found Pennsylvania's public-school system (and for fourteen years held the first presidency of the board of public schools of Philadelphia), and at one time was a member of more than fifty philanthropic societies.

Vaux became noted for his interest in abolition, as well as Native American issues. He helped found the Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, the School for the Blind, the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and other benevolent societies of the city and state. Vaux also had a part in the creation of the Frankford Asylum for the Insane (now known as Friends Hospital). He was a member of scientific societies in Europe, and of the American Philosophical Society (elected in 1819). He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1834.

Early in life, Vaux became interested in prison matters, as an extension of his education concerns. He acquired perhaps his greatest distinction as a penologist. He served as Secretary and Commissioner of the Philadelphia Prison Society. He was one of the commissioners to adapt the law of Pennsylvania to the separate system of imprisonment, and also to build the Eastern State Penitentiary, and labored zealously in the cause of prison reform. He was among those Alexis de Tocqueville dedicated his book on prison reform after his travels across the United States including Philadelphia.

Vaux refused several public posts offered by President Andrew Jackson, among which was the mission to St. Petersburg. He published Eulogium on Benjamin Ridgway Smith (Philadelphia, 1809); Memoirs of the Lives of Benjamin Lay and Ralph Sandiford (1815); Memoirs of the Life of Anthony Benezet (1817; with alterations, York, 1817; French translation, Paris, 1821); and Notices of the Original and Successive Efforts to improve the Discipline of the Prison at Philadelphia (1826).

Family
Vaux married Margaret Wistar in 1814. They had two sons, Richard and Thomas, who survived their parents and are buried at Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia. Richard Vaux (1816–95) became mayor of Philadelphia and a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.

Death
Vaux died in Philadelphia on January 7, 1836, several weeks before his 50th birthday, of scarlet fever. He was buried at the Arch Street Friends Meeting House burial ground.

Legacy
Vaux is the namesake of the Roberts Vaux Junior High School in Philadelphia, built during the Great Depression as a high school and later converted to a junior high school and private academy. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 and closed in June 2013

References

Webster's Biographical Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam Co.: Springfield, Massachusetts (1980).

 Vaux, Roberts, A Eulogium, on the Character of Benjamin Ridgway Smith: Late a Member of the American Literary Association (Philadelphia, 1809)
 Vaux, Roberts, Memoirs of the lives of Benjamin Lay and Ralph Sandiford : two of the earliest public advocates for the emancipation of the enslaved Africans (1815)
 Vaux, Roberts, Memoirs of the life of Anthony Benezet (New York: B. Franklin, 1817)
 Vaux, Roberts, Notices of the Original and Successive Efforts to improve the Discipline of the Prison at Philadelphia (Kimber and Sharpless, 1826)

External links

Biography at Virtualology.com
Article at Haverford College
 The Vaux Family Papers, including correspondence, journals, scrapbooks and other materials, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

1786 births
1836 deaths
American humanitarians
American judges
American Quakers
Lawyers from Philadelphia
Deaths from streptococcus infection
Infectious disease deaths in Pennsylvania
American abolitionists
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
19th-century American philanthropists
Quaker abolitionists
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers

Roberts Vaux


Thomas Anthony Thacher (January 11, 1815 – April 7, 1886) was an American classicist and college administrator.

Early life
Thomas A. Thacher was born January 11, 1815, in Hartford, Connecticut, the son of Anne (née Parks) and Peter Thacher. His first American ancestor on his father's side was Thomas Thacher who emigrated from England to Massachusetts in 1635, and later became minister of the Old South Meeting House in Boston; on his mother's side he was descended from the Rev. Thomas Buckingham of Saybrook, one of the founders of the Collegiate School of Connecticut, since known as Yale College. He had his preparatory training at the Hopkins Grammar School, Hartford, and graduated from Yale with the class of 1835; where he was a member of Skull and Bones.

Career
For a short time he held a temporary teaching position in New Canaan, Connecticut, and then went to a school in Georgia, which was later to become Oglethorpe University. In all he spent three years teaching in two academies in Georgia, returning to Yale College on December 1, 1838, to take the position of tutor. He was appointed assistant professor of Latin and Greek in 1842 and one year later the title was restricted to Latin and he was given a year's leave of absence for study in Europe. This year was eventually extended to two years and from 1843 to 1845 he studied in Germany and Italy. While in Berlin he instructed the Crown Prince of Prussia, and his cousin, Prince Frederick Charles. Six years after his return to Yale he was made professor of Latin. He was long a trustee of Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven and was a member of the state board of education 1866-77. He was on the committee for building the Yale Art School, serving with President Noah Porter and Professor Daniel Coit Gilman.

Thacher was identified with Yale College more closely than any of his contemporaries. President Timothy Dwight V said of him, "His influence with the Faculty and the Corporation equaled or even surpassed that of any other College officer." This extraordinary position was due not primarily to his scholarship, although he had the reputation of being a sound and thorough scholar, but to his keen interest and constant activity in the management of college affairs both faculty and undergraduate. Before the day of deans, Thacher did much of the work which a dean would perform today. He was known as one of the best disciplinarians that the college ever had and yet he retained the devotion and affection of undergraduates to an extraordinary degree. As an undergraduate he had been "exuberant in spirit," and one who was a student under him in Yale writes of "Tutor Thacher, the florid and fiery, of perpetual youth and enthusiasm."

He and Professor Theodore Dwight Woolsey were the first advocates at Yale of graduate instruction in non-technical fields and he himself was one of the first classicists to go abroad for the advancement of his scholarship. This scholarship was never very productive. He edited Cicero's De Officiis in 1850, and largely as a result of his work with Karl Zumpt in Berlin he published in 1871 A Latin Grammar for the Use of Schools, a translation of the work of Johan Nikolai Madvig. Aside from these productions, a few slight essays and book reviews in the New Englander make up his professional output. A teacher always, rather than an investigator, he seems even to have had a slightly suspicious attitude toward those who gave too much time to research.

Even in his teaching he was possibly too much of a disciplinarian and was sometimes thought to stick too rigorously to the grammar. To his work as administrator, Thacher brought exceptional qualifications and in this line lay his great achievements. As a teacher he contributed his share to the department's prestige while, with his strong convictions and fearless courage, his energy in raising and administering funds, his interest in people, his wide acquaintance with Yale alumni, and his devout and conscientious character, he played a larger role in the building of modern Yale than that of any one of his contemporaries. -- Clarence W. Mendell

Family
On Sept. 16, 1846, he married Olivia Day, better known as Livy, the daughter of President Jeremiah Day of Yale. She died on May 18, 1858, leaving five sons, and on Aug. 1, 1860, he married her cousin Elizabeth Baldwin Sherman, who with three sons and one daughter survived him. Both wives were granddaughters of founding father Roger Sherman.

His son Thomas Thacher was a prominent lawyer. His sons Sherman Day Thacher and William Larned Thacher were the founders of the Thacher School in Ojai, California; and his daughter Elizabeth Sherman Thacher married William Kent. He was also the paternal grandfather of US Solicitor General Thomas D. Thacher and Molly Kazan, and the great-great-grandfather of actress and writer Zoe Kazan.

Thacher died April 7, 1886, in New Haven, Connecticut.

See also
List of Skull and Bones Members

References

Sources
 "Thomas Anthony Thacher." Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2005. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC

Further reading
D. W. Allen, Geneal. and Biog. Sketches of the Descendants of Thomas and Anthony Thacher (1872)
T. T. Sherman, Sherman Geneal. (1920)
Obit. Record, Grads. of Yale Coll., 1886; Biog. and Hist. Record of the Class of 1835 in Yale Coll. (1881)
W. L. Kingsley, Yale Coll.: A Sketch of Its Hist. (1879)
Timothy Dwight, Memories of Yale Life and Men (1903)
J. L. Chamberlain, Universities and Their Sons, Yale Univ. (1900)
Noah Porter, in New Englander and Yale Review, May 1886
New Haven Evening Register, Apr. 7, 1886
files in the secretary's office, Yale Univ.

External links

Thomas Anthony Thacher Papers (MS 1697). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.

1815 births
1886 deaths
Yale College alumni
Hopkins School alumni
Oglethorpe University alumni
Yale University faculty
American people of English descent
Members of Skull and Bones

Thomas Anthony Thacher


Boronia muelleri, commonly known as the forest boronia or pink boronia,  is a flowering plant that occurs in forest, woodland and heath in Victoria and New South Wales in Australia. It is an erect, woody shrub or small tree with pinnate leaves and up to fifteen pink to white four-petalled flowers arranged in leaf axils in spring and summer.

Description
Boronia muelleri is an erect, woody shrub or small tree that grows to a height of  with warty glands on the branchlets. The leaves are scented and pinnate with between seven and seventeen leaflets and  long and  wide in outline, on a petiole  long. The end leaflet is narrow elliptic or oblong,  long and  wide and the side leaflets are similar but usually longer. The flowers are arranged in groups of up to fifteen in leaf axils on a peduncle  long. The four sepals are egg-shaped to triangular,  long and glabrous. The four petals are pale to deep pink or white and  long and the eight stamens are hairy. Flowering mainly occurs from August to February and the fruit is a glabrous capsule  long and  wide.<ref name="ABRS"

Taxonomy and naming
Forest boronia was first formally described in 1863 by George Bentham who gave it the name Boronia pinnata var. muelleri and published the description in Flora Australiensis. The description was based on specimens collected near the sources of the Bunyip River in the Grampians, near Portland Bay, and towards the mouth of the Glenelg River by Ferdinand von Mueller. In 1924, Edwin Cheel raised the variety to species status as Boronia muelleri. The specific epithet (muelleri) honours Ferdinand von Mueller.

Distribution and habitat
Boronia muelleri usually grows in moist sandy soil in forest, woodland and heath. It is found in New South Wales south from Eden to Buchan in eastern Victoria with disjunct populations near Labertouche and Chapple Vale.

References

muelleri
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Victoria (state)
Plants described in 1863
Taxa named by George Bentham

Boronia muelleri


Douglas Dean Ohlson (November 18, 1936 – June 29, 2010) was an American abstract artist who specialized in geometric patterns.

Ohlson was born on November 18, 1936, in Cherokee, Iowa and attended Bethel College before serving in the United States Marine Corps. After completing his military service, he attended the University of Minnesota, where he was awarded a degree in studio art in 1961. He moved to New York City, where he studied at Hunter College under abstract sculptor Tony Smith, but dropped out when he could no longer afford tuition. He worked as an assistant to Smith and started teaching at Hunter College in 1964.

Ohlson's early work was included in an exhibit organized by art historian E. C. Goossen at the Hudson River Museum titled "8 Young Artists" in 1964, and had a solo show that year at the Fischbach Gallery, the first of seven at that location. Goossen also included work by Ohlson in the 1968 exhibition "The Art of the Real: 1948-1968" at the Museum of Modern Art which focused on the development and history of geometric art in the United States. Sharply defined and repeated geometric shapes were characteristic of his earliest painting, that were described by Goossen as depicting "yellowish pink and green dawns, blue noons, and red-orange sunsets that swiftly slide from purple to black", hypothesizing that Ohlson's experience growing up and working long days on the family's farm gave him a unique passion for color. Ohlson was recognized with a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1968.

His works in the 1970s and 1980s, often featured at Susan Caldwell Inc., had characteristically rougher backgrounds. His later work was displayed in numerous solo exhibitions at the Andre Zarre Gallery, in addition to surveys of his work at Bennington College and at Hunter College, where he taught for 35 years. His works are included in the collections of the Brooklyn Museum, the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Whitney Museum of American Art.

Ohlson died at age 73 on June 29, 2010, after a fall in front of his Manhattan apartment. He was survived by his second wife, Michele Toohey. He was divorced from his first wife, painter Jane Kaufman.

References

1936 births
2010 deaths
American abstract artists
Bethel University (Minnesota) alumni
Hunter College alumni
United States Marines
University of Minnesota alumni
People from Cherokee, Iowa

Doug Ohlson


Comme il Faut: All Things Right and Proper is a supplement published by R. Talsorian Games in 1995 for the fantasy steampunk role-playing game Castle Falkenstein.

Contents
Comme il Faut, by Thomas E. Olam and Mike Pondsmith, was the second supplement that R. Talsorian Games published for the Castle Falkenstein roleplaying game. It has a wide variety of topics that a player or referee can use to enhance a Castle Falkenstein adventure. Contents include Victorian etiquette, a fashion guide for gentlemen, and a streamlined combat system.

Reception
In the March 1996 edition of Dragon (Issue 227), Rick Swan did not think the book would be of interest to casual gamers, but "For the lords and ladies of New Europa, however, it's as fun as a garage sale at Buckingham Palace."

Reviews
Shadis #24 (February 1996)
Pyramid V1, #17 (January/February 1996)
Rollespilsmagasinet Fønix (Danish) (Issue 12 - Mar/Apr 1996)
Casus Belli #90

References

Castle Falkenstein (role-playing game) supplements
Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1995

Comme il Faut