KNST (790 AM) is a commercial radio station in Tucson, Arizona, airing a news/talk radio format. The station is owned by iHeartMedia and serves Greater Tucson, including the suburbs of Marana, Oro Valley, Green Valley, Sahuarita, Sierra Vista, and Vail.  KNST's studios and offices are on Oracle Road, north of Downtown Tucson.

By day, KNST is powered at 5,000 watts.  But to minimize interference to other stations on 790 AM, KNST uses a directional antenna at all times and reduces its power to 500 watts at night.  The transmitter site is in West Tucson, off North Silverbell Road near North Grant Road.

Programming
KNST's lineup parallels most iHeart talk stations.  Weekdays begin with a local news and information show, The Morning Ritual with Garret Lewis.  That's followed by nationally syndicated talk programs including The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show, The Sean Hannity Show, The Mark Levin Show, The Glenn Beck Radio Program, Coast to Coast AM with George Noory and This Morning, America's First News with Gordon Deal.

Weekend shows focus on health, money, law and technology, some of which are paid brokered programming.  Syndicated weekend programs include Bill Handel on the Law, The Kim Komando Show, Sunday Nights with Bill Cunningham and an Arizona gardening and home repair show, Rosie Romero's Rosie On The House (originating from its flagship station KTAR-FM in Phoenix).  Most hours begin an update from Fox News Radio.

Because Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, syndicated programs air on a one-hour recorded delay from mid-March to early November, so they can be heard in their usual time slots on KNST.

History

KCEE history

790 AM in Tucson was originally the home of KCEE, which signed on the air on October 1, 1958.  It was owned by the Associated Broadcasters of Arizona and first began as a daytimer.  It was powered at only 250 watts and had to leave the airwaves at sunset.  By the early 1960s, the station got a boost to 5,000 watts by day, 500 watts at night, its current power.

In 1966, Strauss Broadcasting purchased KCEE.  In 1967, Strauss added an FM station, 96.1 KCEE-FM (now KLPX).  At first the FM station simulcast AM 790, but later switched to beautiful music.  In the 1970s, 790 KCEE was a full service station, playing middle of the road music and airing NBC Radio News.  In 1980, KCEE was sold to a company calling itself "790, Incorporated."  The FM station was sold to Lotus Communications, becoming KTKT-FM, a companion to AM 990 KTKT.

KNST history
The 940 frequency in Tucson first went on the air on August 10, 1963, as KHOS.  From its sign on until the late 1970s, it was a country music station.   From 1978 to 1981, it was soft rock KMGX "Magic 94."  But with music listening moving to FM radio, the station's owner, Grabet Radio Enterprises, wanted to make a change.  In July 1981, AM 940 switched to a news/talk format, taking the KNST call letters.  A few years later, 940 AM was sold to Nationwide Communications, a subsidiary of Nationwide Insurance. KNST carried talk shows from the ABC Talk Radio Network, broadcasting on 940 AM until it was moved to 790 AM on April 4, 1993.  The 790 frequency has more power and a larger coverage area.  Today, 940 AM is the home of KGMS, a Christian radio station.

Expanded Band assignment
On March 17, 1997, the Federal Communications Commission announced that eighty-eight stations had been given permission to move to newly available "Expanded Band" transmitting frequencies, ranging from 1610 to 1700 kHz, with KNST authorized to move from 790 to 1700 kHz. However, the station never procured the Construction Permit needed to implement the authorization, so the expanded band station was never built.

Later history
Nationwide later sold its Tucson stations, including KNST, to Tucson Radio Partners, which in turn was absorbed by Prism Radio and then Clear Channel Communications in the 1990s. KNST was the radio flagship station for University of Arizona men's basketball and football play-by-play from about 1984 until 2004, when the broadcasts moved to all-sports KCUB, branded as "1290 The Source".

References

External links
 Official website

 FCC History Cards for KNST (covering 1956–1980 as KCTU / KRTU / KCEE)

NST
News and talk radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1963
1963 establishments in Arizona
IHeartMedia radio stations

KNST


Charles George Bonner  (29 December 1884 – 7 February 1951) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

On 8 August 1917 in the Bay of Biscay, Atlantic, Lieutenant Bonner, now a lieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve, was with  (one of the 'Q' or 'mystery' ships playing the part of an unobservant merchantman) when she was shelled by an enemy submarine. The lieutenant was in the thick of the fighting and throughout the whole of the action his pluck and determination had a considerable influence on the crew. For his actions, Bonner was awarded the Victoria Cross. Ernest Herbert Pitcher also received the Victoria Cross for his involvement.

He later achieved the rank of captain in the Merchant Navy.

Memorials
Bonner, who died at home in Edinburgh in 1951 aged 66, was cremated at Warriston Crematorium.  His ashes were buried in St Mary's Churchyard, Aldridge, his birthplace, in the West Midlands.

In November 2007, a commemorative plaque to Captain Bonner was unveiled in Aldridge, where his life, bravery and achievements are specifically celebrated in the annual Remembrance Day parade.

In December 2009, a memorial plaque to Bonner and two other recipients of the Victoria Cross, James Thompson and John Henry Carless, was unveiled at the Town Hall in Walsall, England.

References

Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
VCs of the First World War - The Naval VCs (Stephen Snelling, 2002)

External links
Location of grave and VC medal (Staffordshire)

1884 births
1951 deaths
British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)
Royal Navy recipients of the Victoria Cross
Royal Navy officers of World War I
People from the Borough of North Warwickshire
Royal Naval Reserve personnel
Royal Navy officers
Military personnel from Warwickshire

Charles George Bonner


The Battle of Herbsthausen, also known as the Battle of Mergentheim, took place near Bad Mergentheim, in the modern German state of Baden-Württemberg. Fought on 5 May 1645, during the Thirty Years War, it featured a French army led by Turenne, defeated by a Bavarian force under Franz von Mercy.

In February 1645, Mercy detached 5,000 of his veteran Bavarian cavalry to support the Imperial army in Bohemia, most of whom were lost in the defeat at Jankau on 6 March. Thereafter, he avoided battle until he had assembled enough troops, then surprised Turenne at Herbsthausen on 5 May. The inexperienced French infantry quickly disintegrated and suffered over 4,400 casualties, compared to Bavarian losses of 600.

Despite his victory, Mercy was unable to gain a clear strategic advantage and was killed at Second Nördlingen in August. Although fighting continued, both sides accepted their inability to impose a military solution and stepped up the negotiations that ultimately concluded with the 1648 Peace of Westphalia.

Background

The Thirty Years War began in 1618 when the Protestant dominated Bohemian Estates offered the Crown of Bohemia to fellow Protestant Frederick V of the Palatinate, rather than the Catholic Emperor Ferdinand II. However, most members of the Holy Roman Empire remained neutral, and the revolt was quickly suppressed, while in 1621 a Catholic League army invaded the Palatinate and sent Frederick into exile.

His replacement as ruler of the strategically vital Palatinate by the Catholic Maximilian of Bavaria changed the nature and extent of the war. It drew in Protestant German states like Saxony and Brandenburg-Prussia, as well as external powers like Denmark-Norway. In 1630, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden invaded Pomerania, partly to support his Protestant co-religionists, but also to control the Baltic trade which provided much of Sweden's income.

Swedish intervention continued after Gustavus was killed in 1632, but their objectives increasingly conflicted with those of other Protestant Imperial states like Saxony, as well as regional rivals such as Denmark. Following Sweden's defeat at Nördlingen in 1634, most of their German allies made peace with Emperor Ferdinand II in the 1635 Treaty of Prague. The war lost much of its religious nature and became another chapter in the long-standing rivalry between the Habsburg emperors and France, which was supported by Sweden and George Rákóczi, Prince of Transylvania.

Ferdinand III, who succeeded his father in 1637, agreed to peace talks in 1643, but ordered his diplomats to delay since he stilled hoped for a military solution. However, in 1644 the Swedes defeated the Danes, who re-entered the war as an Imperial ally, then destroyed an Imperial army in Saxony. Despite victory at Freiburg in August 1644, the Bavarians under Franz von Mercy were unable to prevent the French capturing Philippsburg, and occupying Lorraine. Mercy withdrew into Franconia, and established winter quarters at Heilbronn.

In 1645, Swedish commander Lennart Torstensson proposed a three part attack on Vienna, to compel Ferdinand III to agree terms. While the French advanced into Bavaria, Rákóczi would join forces with the Swedes in Bohemia, who would then move against Vienna. Mercy sent 5,000 veteran Bavarian cavalry under Johann von Werth to reinforce the Imperial army in Bohemia, which was heavily defeated at Jankau on 6 March.

Armies of this period relied on foraging, both for men and the draught animals essential for transport, and cavalry; by 1645, the countryside was devastated by years of constant warfare, and units spent much of their time finding supplies. This limited operations and materially impacted the battle, since Turenne had widely distributed his army in order to support themselves. Of his 9,000 soldiers, 3,000 never made it onto the battlefield, while many others arrived too late to influence the outcome.

Battle

Victory at Jankau seemed to provide an opportunity to knock Bavaria out of the war, and French chief minister Cardinal Mazarin ordered Turenne to bring the Bavarians to battle. Mercy evaded him until he had more troops and after a month of counter-marching, the French were exhausted and short of supplies; in mid-April, Turenne halted and distributed his army between Rothenburg and Bad Mergentheim while he awaited reinforcements from Hesse-Kassel; most of the veteran French infantry had been lost at Freiburg and Turenne did not yet trust his new recruits.

Although only 1,500 of Werth's 5,000 cavalry returned from Bohemia, Mercy gathered 9,650 men and nine guns at Feuchtwangen, and marched north on 2 May. By the evening of the 4th, they were two kilometres from Herbsthausen, a small village south-east of Bad Mergentheim. They made contact with French cavalry patrols under Rosen around 2:00 am; Turenne ordered Rosen to position his cavalry on the right, while Schmidberg assembled the infantry along the edge of a wood overlooking the main road.

Taken by surprise, Turenne was unable to deploy his guns, while 3,000 of the 9,000 troops in the area did not arrive at all. The Bavarian artillery opened fire, splinters and branches from the trees increasing its effectiveness, and Mercy ordered a general advance. As was common with inexperienced troops, the French infantry opened fire at too great a distance, and dissolved in panic. Turenne led a cavalry charge that scattered Werth's veterans, and fought his way out with 150 others, reaching Hanau in southern Hesse. The infantry was forced to surrender, along with the garrison at Mergentheim, and 1,500 cavalry; Rosen and Schmidberg were taken prisoner, while total French casualties amounted to 4,400. The Bavarians lost 600.

Aftermath

Most modern descriptions suggest Turenne was simply taken by surprise, but many nineteenth century French writers blamed Rosen for the defeat. Described as a "better soldier than general", in 1647 Rosen was arrested by Turenne for mutiny and only released after 14 months. Although victory restored Imperial morale after the defeat at Jankau, it left the strategic position largely unchanged. Condé, victor of Rocroi, assumed command, and by early July had some 23,000 men.

Mercy returned to Heilbronn, where he received 4,500 men from Ferdinand of Cologne, bringing his army up to 16,000. The Bavarian once again demonstrated his ability to out manoeuvre his opponents, but on 3 August was killed at the battle of Second Nördlingen. Despite their victory, the French had also suffered heavy losses and by the end of the year were back where they started, while in September the Swedes agreed a six month truce with John George of Saxony. Both sides accepted a military solution was no longer possible, and in October they recommenced peace negotiations.

References

Sources

1645 in the Holy Roman Empire
Conflicts in 1645
Battles involving Bavaria
Battles involving France
Battles involving the Holy Roman Empire
Battles of the Thirty Years' War
History of Franconia
Battles in Baden-Württemberg

Battle of Herbsthausen


Michael Roberts (died 3 May 1679) was Principal of Jesus College, Oxford, from 1648 to 1657.

Life
Roberts came from the parish of Llanffinan in Anglesey, Wales, but his date of birth is uncertain. He graduated with a BA from Trinity College, Dublin in 1620 (MA 1623) and was incorporated at Oxford and Cambridge in 1624. He became a Fellow of Jesus College in 1625, but lost his fellowship in 1637 for failing to take his DD.

In 1648, during the Parliamentary visitation of the University of Oxford, Francis Mansell was ejected from his position as Principal.  Roberts was appointed in his place. He was removed by the Fellows in 1655, but was reinstated by the Visitors in 1656, before resigning in 1657.  His period as Principal was turbulent. One biographer wrote that "For nine years the college became a hornet's nest. The dormant Royalists among the Fellows looked upon him as a traitor to their cause; the Puritan faction deemed him a hypocrite."

References

1679 deaths
Fellows of Jesus College, Oxford
Principals of Jesus College, Oxford
Year of birth unknown

Michael Roberts (college principal)


Lewiston is a city in Androscoggin County in Maine, and is the second-largest city in the state. The population was 37,121 at the 2020 census up from 36,592 at the 2010 census.

It is one of two principal cities of and included within the Lewiston-Auburn, Maine, Maine metropolitan New England city and town area and the Lewiston-Auburn Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area.

As of 2006 census estimates has a combined population of 107,702. It is also part of the extended Portland-Lewiston-South Portland, Maine combined statistical area, which has a combined population of 621,219 as of 2006 estimates.

The city has the only basilica in Maine, Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul. It also has 5 colleges and universities, 44 listings on the National Register of Historic Places, the Androscoggin Bank Colisée, the Stephens Observatory, the Olin Arts Center, the Bates College Museum of Art, and two important hospitals: Central Maine Medical Center, and Saint Mary's Regional Medical Center.

While the most common language spoken in the city is English, it is home to a large Somali population. It also has the largest French-speaking population in the United States. But it is second to St. Martin Parish, Louisiana, in percentage of speakers.

The Farmers' Almanac is printed in Lewiston.

Newspapers
 The Sun Journal prints a daily newspaper in four different versions statewide. The Sun Journal was the winner of the 2008 New England Daily Newspaper of the Year and the 2009 Maine Press Association Newspaper of the Year.
 The Twin City Times is a free weekly newspaper printed in Auburn. It is publicly available in Lewiston as well. It features local news and short articles.

Public schools
Lewiston Public Schools is in charge of public schools.

 Lewiston High School (9–12)
 Lewiston Middle School (7–8)
 Farwell Elementary School (K–6)
 Raymond A Geiger Elementary School (K–6)
 Robert V. Connors Elementary School (K–6)
 Montello School (K–6)
 Thomas J McMahon Elementary School (K–6)

Other websites

 City of Lewiston, Maine
 Lewiston Public Library
 Lewiston Sun-Journal Online
 L/A Arts
 Lewiston, Maine detailed profile
  The Public Theatre

Lewiston, Maine


The rial or riyal was the currency of North Yemen, first the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, then the Yemen Arab Republic. It is the predecessor to the modern Yemeni rial.

History
The Mutawakkilite Kingdom began issuing coins around the turn of the 20th century. The rial was divided into 160 zalat, 80 halala or 40 buqsha. During the reign of Imam Yahya, the first rial coins were issued. Denominations were given on coins as a fraction of the rial, with the "honorific" Imadi appearing on the coins of Imam Yahya and Ahmadi on the coins of Imam Ahmad. Consequently, the currency is sometimes referred to as the "Imadi riyal" or "Ahmadi rial".

A modern style coinage was introduced into circulation in 1963, following the establishment of the Yemen Arab Republic. The country was one of the last to adopt a decimal currency system. In 1974 the rial was divided into 100 fils, although inflation has caused the fils denominations to disappear from circulation.

After the unification of Yemen, the Yemeni rial replaced the North Yemeni rial at par. Denominations issued by the Yemen Arab Republic ceased to be legal tender afterward.

Coins
In the reign of Imam Yahya (1904-1948), bronze coins were issued for 1 zalat, 1 halala and 1 buqsha, together with silver 1 buqsha, , , ,  and 1 rial. In the reign of his successor, Imam Ahmad (1948-1962), the silver 1 buqsha and  rial were not continued but  and  rial were introduced. Unusually, the  and  rial coins were pentagonal.

Gold coins denominated in guineas were also minted, primarily for presentation purposes.

In 1962, the Arab Republic first issued bronze  and 1 buqsha, , ,  and  rial in a similar style to those of the last king. These were followed in 1963 by a new coinage, consisting of aluminium-bronze , 1, and 2 buqsha and silver 5, 10 and 20 buqsha and 1 rial.

In 1974, the new decimal coinage was introduced consisting of aluminium 1 fils, brass 5 and 10 fils, and cupro-nickel 25 and 50 fils. Cupro-nickel 1 rial followed in 1976.

Banknotes
In 1964, the government introduced North Yemen's first paper money, 1, 5, and 10 rial notes. These were followed by 10 and 20 buqsha in 1966, revised 1, 5, and 10 rial notes in 1969, and 20 and 50 rial notes on 13 May 1971. The Central Bank of Yemen was established on 27 July 1971, with its headquarters in Sana'a, the capital of the Arab Republic of Yemen. The Central Bank of Yemen absorbed the functions of the Yemen Currency Board. When the Arab Republic of Yemen ("North Yemen") and the Democratic Republic of Yemen ("South Yemen") united on 22 May 1990 to form the Republic of Yemen, the north's Central Bank of Yemen merged with the south's Bank of Yemen, and the joint venture continued to use the name Central Bank of Yemen.

Value

Notes

References

External links

Currencies of Asia
Modern obsolete currencies
North Yemen
Economy of Yemen
Currencies of Yemen

North Yemeni rial


A nagar panchayat () or town panchayat or Notified Area Council (NAC) in India is a settlement in transition from rural to urban and therefore a form of an urban political unit comparable to a municipality. An urban centre with more than 12,000 and less than 40,000 inhabitants is classified as a nagar panchayat. The population requirement for a Town Panchayat can vary from state to state.

Such councils are formed under the panchayati raj administrative system. In census data, the abbreviation T.P. is used to indicate a "town panchayat". Tamil Nadu was the first state to introduce the panchayat town as an intermediate step between rural villages and urban local bodies (ULB). The structure and the functions of the nagar panchayat are decided by the state government.

Governance
Each Nagar Panchayat has a committee consisting of a chairperson or president with ward members. Membership consists of a minimum of ten elected ward members and three nominated members. The Chairperson or President is the head of Nagar Panchayat. The NAC members of the Nagar  are elected from the several wards of the nagar panchayat on the basis of adult franchise for a term of five years. One third of the seats are reserved for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, backward classes and women. The Councillors or Ward Members are chosen by direct election from electoral wards in the nagar panchayat. Alongside the elected officials, the state government appoints officers to facilitate the administration and functioning of Nagar Panchayats. Such as Chief executive officer or Secretary, Superintendents, Engineers, Health Inspectors, etc. These officers are appointed based on specific rules and regulations set by the state government. The structure and the functions of the nagar panchayat are decided by the state government.

Each Indian state has its own management directorate for panchayat towns.
 Karnataka:
 Kerala: Local Self Government Department
 Maharashtra
 Tamil Nadu: Directorate of Town Panchayats

See also
 Municipal governance in India
 List of municipal corporations in India

References

Hindi words and phrases
Local government in India
Urban planning in India

Nagar panchayat


Men of War is a 1994 action film directed by Perry Lang, written by John Sayles, and revised by Ethan Reiff and Cyrus Voris. It stars Dolph Lundgren as Nick Gunar, a former Special Ops soldier who leads a group of mercenaries to a treasure island in the South China Sea.

Plot
Nick Gunar, an ex-soldier, is down and out in Chicago in a typically cold winter. When two men offer him a job on a tropical island, he reluctantly agrees and gathers together a group of soldier friends also down on their luck. They arrive in the Far East and come up against the evil Keefer, who was with Nick in Angola. He now owns the local police force and shows Nick and the others who is boss. Afterwards, Nick and his crew go to the island, which they find is occupied by peaceful natives—natives who the mercenaries are supposed to convince to abandon the island. Nick respects them, but there is friction caused by a few mercenaries who want to kill natives to persuade them to leave, or, alternatively, to get them to divulge where a suspected treasure might be. Nick stops them and finds out the "treasure" they are after is guano (which does have value in sufficient quantities). The two men paying the mercenaries intend to strip mine the island to get it, leaving the natives and their homes as casualties. The group divides up, with half wishing to finish the job for which they were paid, and the other half, led by Nick, wishing to protect the islanders. Nick hands the former group their pay and orders them to leave the island as he refuses to kill the natives to do the job.

Meanwhile, Keefer and the Colonel, who suspect there is money to be made, join the group Nick kicked out. They then storm the island with many new mercenaries, hoping to force off or exterminate Nick, his soldiers, and the natives. Many of the invaders are shot, stabbed, blown up, and worse in the ensuing battle. Though poorly armed, the natives make up for this in trickery and local knowledge. Nick has a bazooka-style weapon (a Carl Gustav), which causes mayhem. After a number of attacks by both sides, many are dead and there is a final showdown between Nick and Keefer; Keefer gains the upper hand in the fist fight and attempts to strangle Nick to death while drowning him. Nick manages to grab a nearby bone and stab Keefer in the neck, then proceeds to drown him. As the natives bury their dead, the few surviving mercenaries leave, but Nick stays behind.

Cast
 Dolph Lundgren as Nick Gunar
 Charlotte Lewis as Loki
 B. D. Wong as Po
 Anthony Denison as Jimmy G
 Tim Guinee as Ocker
 Don Harvey as Nolan
 Tom Lister, Jr. as Blades
 Tom Wright as Jamaal
 Catherine Bell as Grace Lashield
 Trevor Goddard as Keefer
 Kevin Tighe as Colonel Merrick
 Thomas Gibson as Warren
 Perry Lang as Lyle
 Aldo Sambrell as Goldmouth
 Juan Pedro Tudela as Waldo

Production
The film was based on an original screenplay by John Sayles called A Safe Place, written in the early 1980s for producer Stan Rogow.
Sayles' original idea for the plot involved a mercenary who rethinks his life when he comes upon a tribe of pacifists. Rewrites from Reiff and Voris added more testosterone-fueled action.

According to Voris:
It was actually an old Sayles script that some producers bought and wanted to make for action star Dolph Lundgren! The Sayles script needed to be brought up to date a little, more action scenes added and, most importantly, had to be made into an ensemble movie because the producers were worried that Dolph just couldn't carry the movie that John Sayles originally wrote. And that an audience wouldn't sit still to watch Lundgren tackle all those great John Sayles monologues. ... We were actually pretty deferential to Sayles' original script and the finished movie is actually quite a good little action flick. ... Probably the only time we'll ever get a chance to rewrite John Sayles.
The original script featured a prologue set in Afghanistan.

Filming took place in Thailand between September and December 1993, and production officially ended in January 1994. Following the excellent test screenings reactions that the movie had, Miramax had bought it from another company with a promise of theatrical release, but then they dumped it on video because they thought that Dolph Lundgren couldn't bring the audience if he was main hero in the film. This is why movie was shelved and delayed until December 1995 when it was released on video in US, although it was released earlier in some other countries, like for example in France (in July 1995) where although it wasn't success it got great reviews from critics. John Sayles, who wrote the original script (before it was partially re-written to add more action and humor) also said some years later how it was very good action movie and some of Lundgren's best work.

Release
Vision International sold the rights to distribution at the 1993 American Film Market. Dimension initially released Men of War in the United States in 1995. On November 14, 2000, Dimension released the film on DVD in the United States in Region 1. On February 23, 2009, Anchor Bay Entertainment released it on DVD in the United Kingdom in Region 2.

Reception
Michael Sauter of Entertainment Weekly rated it C− and called it a "straight-to-video clunker".

Susan King of the Los Angeles Times called it "a better-than-average straight-to-video action thriller."

Leigh Riding of DVDactive rated it 7/10 stars and called it "a sturdy action drama" that is "surprisingly intriguing and entertaining".

Rachel Adams and David Savran in their bookThe masculinity studies reader said "Men of War invokes the most vividly remembered fighting in a foreign land of recent Western history. This innovation, associating the muscle image with the Vietnam experience, is carried over into other contemporary muscle films."

Mick Martin and Marsha Porter said in the DVD & video guide 2005 said, "fine performances by an all-star Dolph Lundgren as a mercenary assigned to "convince" a cast in this offbeat and disturbing film."

References

External links

1994 films
1994 direct-to-video films
1994 action thriller films
American action thriller films
Spanish action thriller films
Films set in Chicago
Films shot in Thailand
Films with screenplays by John Sayles
Films about mercenaries
1990s English-language films
Films directed by Perry Lang
1990s American films
Thai action thriller films
English-language Spanish films
English-language Thai films
English-language action thriller films

Men of War (film)


Oscar Lovell Shafter (October 19, 1812 – January 22, 1873) was an American attorney and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of California from January 2, 1864, to December 11, 1867.

Biography
Shafter was born in Athens, Vermont to Mary and William R. Shafter. His father was an attorney, judge and member of the Vermont Legislature. His grandfather, James Shafter, fought in the American Revolution, was one of the founders of the town of Athens in Vermont in 1779, and served in the Vermont Legislature for 20 years. Shafter attended Wilbraham Wesleyan Academy in Massachusetts, and in 1834 graduated from Wesleyan University. After graduation, he returned to Vermont and commenced reading law. He entered Harvard Law School and in 1836 graduated with a LL.B. He returned to Wilmington, Vermont, and entered into private practice for the next 18 years. He was elected to the state Legislature, and ran as the Free Soil Party and Liberty Party candidate for the United States House of Representatives, Senate, and Governor of Vermont.

In 1854, at the invitation of a Vermont friend, Trevor Park, Shafter came to California and practiced law in San Francisco with Halleck, Peachy, Billings & Park. His brother, James McMillan Shafter, also attended Wesleyan University, and graduated from Yale Law School. Arriving in San Francisco in 1855, James joined his brother Oscar in forming the firm of Shafter, Shafter, Park and Heydenfeldt with Trevor Park and Solomon Heydenfeldt, who was the first elected Jewish member of the California Supreme Court, serving from 1852 to 1857. Oscar was renowned as a real estate attorney and expert in quieting title.

In 1857, a complex real estate litigation resulted in Shafter winning a victory for his client, Dr. Robert McMillan, of a large tract of land at Point Reyes in Marin County. McMillan sold the 75,000 acre property at a discount to the Shafters, who paid roughly $85,000 for the parcel. In turn, they leased land to dairy farmers who provided milk and butter to an ever-growing San Francisco and prospered. The families of Oscar and James Shafter owned large portions of Point Reyes from 1857 to 1919, when the land was sold in parcels.

In 1863, a constitutional amendment meant all of the seats of the Supreme Court of California were open for election. In October 1863, Oscar Shafter was elected as a justice on the Republican Party ticket, and begin his term in January 1864. The justices drew lots for term length and Shafter was assigned the long, 10-year term as an associate justice. In December 1867, he resigned due to ill health. Governor Henry Huntly Haight appointed Joseph B. Crockett to Shafter's seat.

Seeking to recover his health, Shafter traveled to Europe. He died at Florence, Italy, on January 22, 1873.

Journals of early California
Shafter kept a journal which describes the natural environment, social customs and living conditions of the California pioneers.

Personal life
He married Sarah Riddle in Wilmington, Vermont, in 1840 and the couple had eleven children: ten daughters and one son. Four daughters and the son died at an early age, the son while Shafter had moved to San Francisco in 1854 before his wife and two of their surviving daughters joined him in 1855. His nephew was William Rufus Shafter, who was a general in the American Civil War and recipient of the Medal of Honor.

See also
 List of justices of the Supreme Court of California
 Augustus Rhodes
 Silas Sanderson
 Lorenzo Sawyer
 John Currey

References

External links
Life, Diary and Letters of Oscar Lovell Shafter, Associate Justice Supreme Court of California, January 1, 1864 – December 31, 1868 (1915)
 Oscar L. Shafter In Memoriam. 47 Cal. Rpts. xiii (1873). California Supreme Court Historical Society. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
 Past & Present Justices. California State Courts. Retrieved July 19, 2017.

1812 births
1873 deaths
Justices of the Supreme Court of California
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers
California pioneers
People from Athens, Vermont
Wesleyan University alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Lawyers from San Francisco
California Republicans
Vermont Free Soilers
Vermont Libertyites

Oscar L. Shafter


"A Walk in the Sun" is a hard science fiction short story published in 1991 by American writer Geoffrey A. Landis.  It won the 1992 Hugo Award for Best Short Story, the 1992 Asimov's Reader Poll Award and was nominated for the 1992 Locus Award.

Plot summary
The story follows Trish, the sole survivor of a terrible crash landing on the Moon. After regaining her senses, she contacts Earth and learns that it will be thirty days before a rescue mission can reach her. In the meantime, she depends on a wing-like solar panel to provide power to her suit's recycling facilities, and lunar night is approaching.

To stay alive, Trish has to keep walking continually to stay in the sunlight. Due to exhaustion and loneliness, she starts hallucinating that her elder sister Karen is with her, whose death some years earlier Trish has not yet fully coped with.

References

External links

Science fiction short stories
1991 short stories
Hugo Award for Best Short Story winning works
Short stories set on the Moon
Works originally published in Asimov's Science Fiction
Hard science fiction
Works by Geoffrey A. Landis

A Walk in the Sun (short story)


Buddy Clark (born Samuel Goldberg, July 26, 1912 – October 1, 1949) was an American popular singer of the Big Band era. He had some success in the 1930s, but his career truly blossomed in the late 1940s, after his return from service in World War II, and he became one of the nation's top crooners. He died in a plane crash in 1949.

Life and career
Clark was born to Jewish parents in Dorchester, Massachusetts, Tillie (Leibowitz), from Romania, and Nathan Goldberg, from Russia. He made his Big Band singing debut in 1932 as a tenor, with Gus Arnheim's orchestra, but was not successful. Singing baritone, he gained wider notice in 1934, with Benny Goodman on the Let's Dance radio program. In 1936 he began performing on the show Your Hit Parade, and remained until 1938. In the mid-1930s he signed with Vocalion Records, having a top-20 hit with "Spring Is Here". He continued recording, appearing in movies, and dubbing other actors' voices until he entered the military, but did not have another hit until the late 1940s.

In 1946 he signed with Columbia Records and scored his biggest hit with the song "Linda", recorded in November of that year, but hitting its peak in the following spring. "Linda" was written especially for the six-year-old daughter of a show business lawyer named Lee Eastman, whose client, songwriter Jack Lawrence, wrote the song at Lee's request.
Linda Eastman grew up and married Beatle Paul McCartney.

1947 also saw hits for Clark with such titles as "How Are Things in Glocca Morra?" (from the musical Finian's Rainbow), which made the Top Ten, "Peg O' My Heart", "An Apple Blossom Wedding", and "I'll Dance at Your Wedding".  The following year he had another major hit with "Love Somebody" (a duet with Doris Day, selling a million and reaching No. 1 on the charts) and nine more chart hits, and extended his success into 1949 with a number of hits, both solo and duetting with Day and Dinah Shore. He was also the narrator of the 1948 Disney musical anthology, Melody Time. A month after his death, his recording of "A Dreamer's Holiday" hit the charts.

Death and Legacy
On Saturday, October 1, 1949, hours after the 37-year-old had completed a Club Fifteen broadcast on CBS Radio with The Andrews Sisters—subbing for ailing host Dick Haymes—Clark joined five friends in renting a small plane to attend a University of Michigan vs. Stanford University  college football game in Stanford, California. On the way back to Los Angeles after the game, the plane ran out of fuel, lost altitude, and crashed on Beverly Boulevard in West Los Angeles. Clark did not survive the crash. Clark's last radio broadcast found him in very high spirits, clowning with Maxene, LaVerne, and Patty Andrews. He joined them for a comical rendition of "Baby Face," during which Buddy amused the CBS studio audience, as well as the famous swing trio of sisters, with his spot-on Al Jolson impression.

The plane's pilot, James L. Hayter, later joined the U.S. Air Force and was involved in another accident in 1956. He later retired as a Lt Colonel and died in 2012.

Clark is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California, near his widow and daughter.

Clark had previously been married to Louise Hitz, stepdaughter of famed hotelier Ralph Hitz in 1935. They had two children (Tommy and Katherine) together before divorcing in 1941.

Jerry Vale's first album, I Remember Buddy (1958), was a tribute to Clark.

For his contributions to the music industry, he has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 6800 Hollywood Boulevard.

Hit songs
"An Apple Blossom Wedding" (1947)
"Baby, It's Cold Outside" (1949) (Duet with Dinah Shore)
"Ballerina" (1948)
"Confess" (1948) (Duet with Doris Day, flip side of Love Somebody, Columbia 38174; also a hit for Patti Page)
"Don't You Love Me Anymore" (1947)
"A Dreamer's Holiday" (1949) (bigger hit for Perry Como)
"Girl Of My Dreams"  (with Mitchell Ayres and His Orchestra)
"How Are Things in Glocca Morra?" (1947) (bigger hit for Dick Haymes)
"I'll Dance at Your Wedding" (1947) (flip side of These Things Money Can't Buy)
"I'll Get By (As Long as I Have You)"  (with Mitchell Ayres & His Orchestra)
"I Love You So Much It Hurts" (1949)
"It's a Big, Wide, Wonderful World" (1949) (with Mitchell Ayres and His Orchestra)
"Linda" (1947)
"Love Somebody" (1948) (Duet with Doris Day)
"Matinee" (1948)
"May I Have the Next Romance?" (1936)
"My Darling, My Darling" (1948) (Duet with Doris Day)
"Now Is the Hour" (1948) (bigger hit for both Bing Crosby and Gracie Fields)
"Peg O' My Heart" (1947) (bigger hit for Jerry Murad and the Harmonicats)
"Powder Your Face with Sunshine" (1949) (Duet with Doris Day)
"Rosalie"  (with Mitchell Ayres & His Orchestra)
"The Rhythm of the Rhumba" (Duet with Joe Host and the Lud Gluskin orchestra) (1936)
"Serenade" (1948)
"She Shall Have Music" (1936)
"South America, Take It Away!"  (with Xavier Cugat and His Orchestra)
"Spring Is Here" (1938)
"Take My Heart" (1936) (flip side of These Foolish Things)
"These Foolish Things" (1936)
"These Things Money Can't Buy" (1947) (flip side of I'll Dance at Your Wedding)
"The One I Love (Belongs to Somebody Else)"
"The Treasure of Sierra Madre" (1948)
"Until Today" (1936)
"Where the Apple Blossoms Fall" (1948)
"You Are Never Away" (1948)
"You're Breaking My Heart"  (Orchestra & Chorus Conducted by Harry Zimmerman)

References

Further reading
 Bloom, Ken. American song. The Complete Musical Theater Companion. 1877–1995'', Vol. 2, 2nd edition, Schirmer Books, 1996.
 Clarke, Donald (Ed.). The Penguin Encyclopedia of Popular Music, Viking, 1989.
 Cuscuna, Michael; Ruppi, Michel. The Blue Note Label. A Discography, Greenwood Press, 2001.
 Larkin, Colin. The Encyclopedia of Popular Music'', Third edition, Macmillan, 1998.

External links

 Buddy Clark biography on Yahoo! site
 Buddy Clark biography by Frank Dee
Buddy Clark biography on the Interlude Era site

1912 births
1949 deaths
Singers from Boston
Jewish American musicians
Accidental deaths in California
American crooners
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Traditional pop music singers
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
20th-century American singers
Musicians from Dorchester, Massachusetts
20th-century American male singers
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1949
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
Musicians killed in aviation accidents or incidents
20th-century American Jews
Vocalion Records artists
Columbia Records artists

Buddy Clark


Merrill Frederick Unger (1909–1980) was an American Bible commentator, scholar, archaeologist, and theologian. He earned his A.B. and Ph.D. degrees at Johns Hopkins University, and his Th.M and Th.D degrees at Dallas Theological Seminary. He was a prolific writer who authored some 40 books. Unger was also a well known Biblical archaeologist and encyclopedist. Early in his career he was identified as a Baptist, but later was credentialed by the Independent Fundamentalist Churches of America (IFCA).

Education
For a time, he attended Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky, before transferring to the Evangelical Theological College, later Dallas Seminary. At Dallas he was a protege of Lewis Sperry Chafer, bible teacher and founding president of the Seminary.  Unger's Th.M. thesis was published as The Baptizing Work of the Holy Spirit (1953), and his Th.D. dissertation was published as Biblical Demonology (1952). The evangelist Billy Graham considered this work an authority on the subject.

He later received a Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins under the Near Eastern historian and archaeologist, William F. Albright. Unger's Johns Hopkins dissertation was published as Israel and the Arameans of Damascus (1957).

Professional life
After serving as a pastor at several churches (e.g. Buffalo, New York), Unger taught for a year at Gordon College. For the next 19 years (1948–1967) Unger was professor of Old Testament studies at Dallas Theological Seminary after which time he became professor emeritus.

In retirement Dr. Unger led Bible conferences and wrote on Old Testament, theological and practical topics. He became again interested in demonology and a Christian response to the occult and Bishop James Pike, publishing Demonology in the World Today (1971).

Personal life
After retiring from Dallas Seminary due to health concerns and the loss of his first wife, Unger returned to his native Maryland where he and his second wife, Pearl, bought "Birdhaven," an arboretum estate on the Magothy River near Severna Park in Anne Arundel County.   He was survived by two adopted children, a son, Clark, and a daughter, Shelley.

Selected works
Unger's Bible Dictionary
Unger's Bible Handbook
Unger's Commentary on the Old Testament
Archaeology and the Old Testament
Archaeology and the New Testament
Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History (1957)

New Testament Teaching on Tongues: A Biblical and Historical Survey (1971)
Baptism and Gifts of the Holy Spirit (Moody Press)
Demons in the World Today (Tyndale House Publishers), 1971 not "Demonology in the World Today" as in the biography.

1909 births
1980 deaths
20th-century American archaeologists
20th-century Protestants
American theologians
American biblical scholars
Dallas Theological Seminary alumni
Dallas Theological Seminary faculty
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Old Testament scholars

Merrill Unger


Louis Guillaume Joseph Doutrelepont (3 June 1834, Malmedy – 30 April 1918, Bonn) was a German surgeon and dermatologist.

In 1858 he received his medical doctorate in Berlin, then furthered his education at the University of Bonn as a student of surgeon Wilhelm Busch. In 1863 he obtained his habilitation for surgery and ophthalmology, and in 1869 was named an associate professor. As his career progressed his interest shifted towards dermatology, and through his initiative, an independent department of dermatology was created at the University of Bonn (1882). In 1894 he became an honorary full professor at the university.

From 1882 onward, he dedicated himself entirely to studies of skin and venereal diseases. He is especially known for his research involving the etiology and treatment of lupus vulgaris.

Selected writings
 Tuberkelbacillen im Lupus, Monatsschrift für praktische Dermatologie II. No. 6.
 Über Bacillen bei Syphilis (with Jos. Schütz), Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift, 1875.
 Fall von Meningitis tuberculosa nach Lupus; Tuberkelbacillen im Blut, Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift Nr. 7, 1885.
 Zur Therapie des Rhinosclerom, Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift, 1887.
 Lupus und Hauttuberculose, Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift 1887. N0. 43.
 Syphilis und Carcinom, Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift Leipzig, 1887, xiii. 1016-1018.
 Über Haut- und Schleimhauttuberculose, Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift 1892, Nr. 46, S. 1033.

References

1834 births
1914 deaths
People from Malmedy
Academic staff of the University of Bonn
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
German dermatologists
German surgeons

Joseph Doutrelepont


Abdelkader Chaou (born November 10, 1941, in the Casbah of Algiers) is an Algerian musician who is well known in Algeria for his own style of chaabi music, both as a singer and a mondol virtuoso. He is considered important enough as a musician that he was recognized nationally at a tribute concert in 2013, an event that was a "tribute from his peers for a rich career."

Biography
Abdelkader Chaou studied at the Conservatory of Algiers (staying in 1967), led at the time by Hadj Mohamed El Anka. His purpose in attending the conservatory was not to imitate El Anka, who he calls "the Master", but to learn technique, how to play the instruments of Chaabi and the rules of the music. While there he learned how to play the violin, mondol, oud, piano, qanoûn, rebab, and derbuka (goblet drum). Besides El Anka, other musicians who he credited with having an impact on his musical education as career included Mehdi Tamache, Cherchem, Ahcen Said, and Mahboub Bati. Mahboub Bati is the educator who took charge of his later education.

He modernized chaâbi to make its style more alive and attractive. Chaou's career began to show signs of success in the 1970s with the songs "Ghazali Goudami" and "Lilah wan cheftou koudami" in 1970, and "Djah rebi ya djirani" in 1973. His influence on modernizing Chaabi has had mixed reception. Some have accused him of distorting the music, while others, such as Mahboub Bati, Mahboub Stambouli, and Skandrani, have embraced it.

His musical repertoire contains both "light" cheerful songs as well as sad, borrowed from the Iberian or Andalusian music tradition. Abdelkader Chaou lives in Algeria where he continues to perform.

References

1941 births
Living people
People from Casbah
Algerian mondol players
20th-century Algerian musicians
21st-century Algerian musicians
20th-century male musicians
21st-century male musicians

Abdelkader Chaou


The Alvin O. Lombard House is a historic house at 65 Elm Street in Waterville, Maine.  Built in 1908, it is a distinctive local example of late Shingle style architecture.  It is further notable as the home of inventor Alvin O. Lombard, who developed the Lombard Steam Log Hauler, an early commercial use of track-propelled vehicles.  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Description and history
The Alvin O. Lombard House is in downtown Waterville, on the east side of Elm Street just south of the public library, in an increasingly commercial area.  It is a rambling -story wood-frame structure, with a gambrel roof, shingled exterior, and stone foundation.  Its front facade, facing west, is dominated by a projecting gabled section, which features a recessed porch flanked by polygonal windows bays, and a three-window recess in the upper part of the gable.  A single-story porch extends across the front, and sweeps around to the side without a covering roof.  A two-story carriage house of similar styling is attached to the northeastern corner; it has a square cupola at the top of its gambrel roof.  The interior retains significant original decorative elements, despite its 1940s alteration into a multiunit residence.

The house was built in 1908; its architect is not known.  It was built for Alvin O. Lombard, a Waterville native, who lived there for the last third of his life.  Lombard is credited with developing an early version of caterpillar tracks, a vehicular propulsion mechanism that eventually saw broad application in a variety of application, most notably in military vehicles and earthmoving equipment.  The Lombard Steam Log Hauler was Lombard's effort to capitalize on this invention.  He also patented a turbine water wheel control mechanism.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Kennebec County, Maine

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Kennebec County, Maine
Houses completed in 1908
Houses in Kennebec County, Maine
Buildings and structures in Waterville, Maine
1908 establishments in Maine
Shingle Style houses
Shingle Style architecture in Maine

Alvin O. Lombard House


Taiwan News (formerly China News) is an English-language online newspaper and former print newspaper in Taiwan. Its editorial position shifted to pan-Green after I-Mei Foods acquired a majority stake. I-Mei also publishes the Chinese-language news weekly of the same name.

History
China News was founded on 6 June 1949 in Taipei by James Wei, a journalist with close ties to the KMT and former employee of the Ministry of Information. The newspaper was established to cater for foreign residents and the local population in Taiwan. At the time it was the only English-language daily newspaper in Taiwan and it was a newspaper published in the afternoon. Later on, in order to compete with its new competitor, China News had to change and was published in the morning in order not to lose its advertisements.

In 1960, the newspaper switched to block printing in a full-size page format.

Wei left the newspaper in 1965. Wei was also a Reuters correspondent and deputy director of the Central News Agency. During his later years he was the sixth Director of the Government Information Office, serving from October 31, 1966, to June 1, 1972. Wei was a close advisor to Chiang Ching-kuo.

China News ran into financial difficulties in 1996 and received capital injection from I-Mei Foods, but the management of the newspaper was unchanged. In May 1999, I-Mei Foods acquired 50 percent stake in the newspaper for NTD$60 million (US$1.8 million). The newspaper's name was changed to Taiwan News to reflect the newspaper's new focus on readers in Taiwan and to avoid confusion with China Daily and China News Service. After the change in ownership, Taiwan News increased its page count and lowered staff wages. Under the ownership of I-Mei Foods, Simone Wei became the newspaper's chairperson and I-Mei CEO Kao Chih-ming became the publisher.

By 1998, 63 percent of Taiwan News''' readership were local readers and the rest were businesspeople, diplomats, academics, teachers and students from outside Taiwan. Former editor Anthony Lawrance said in 2001 that Taiwan News mainly republished wire stories and had few articles with original reporting due to a lack of financial resources to hire English-speaking journalists and produce good translations from Chinese news articles, the high turnover of foreign editorial staff and the absence of an English speaking environment in Taiwan.Taiwan News printed its last print edition on 30 September 2010.

 Editorial position
Under the ownership of I-Mei Foods, which is strongly associated with the Taiwanese identity, Taiwan News changed its editorial stance from being pro-KMT to being in favor of the Pan-Green coalition and Taiwan independence. According to former editor Anthony Lawrance, Taiwan News opposes autocracies and the People's Republic of China. In the late 1990s, Taiwan News rejected Chinese unification as advocated by the KMT and associations of Taiwan with the People's Republic of China under the "one country, two systems" principle.

See also
 Media of Taiwan

References

External links
 Taiwan News''

English-language newspapers published in Taiwan
Online newspapers with defunct print editions
1949 establishments in Taiwan
Mass media in Taipei
Newspapers established in 1949
COVID-19 misinformation by country

Taiwan News


Power Rangers Operation Overdrive is a TV show Power Rangers started in 2007. It aired from February 26 to November 12 2007 32 episodes. It is based on the Super Sentai series GoGo Sentai Boukenger. It is the sequel to Power Rangers Mystic Force. A sequel to called Power Rangers Jungle Fury started in 2008.

Plot
Five teenagers set out to protect ancient jewels which hold great powers from the hands of two evil brothers who want to use it for selfish reasons.

Characters

Cast

Rangers
 James Maclurcan as Mackenzie "Mack" Hartford, the Red Overdrive Ranger.
 Catilin Murphy as Veronica "Ronny" Robinson, the Yellow Overdrive Ranger.
 Samuell Benta as William "Will" Aston, the Black Overdrive Ranger.
 Rhoda Montemayor as Rose Ortiz, the Pink Overdrive Ranger.
 Gareth Yuen as Dax Lo, the Blue Overdrive Ranger.
 Dwayne Cameron as Tyzonn, the Mercury Overdrive Ranger.

Supporting characters
 Rod Lousich as Andrew Hartford.
 David Weatherley as Spencer.
 Campbell Cooley as Alpha 6 (voice).
 Nic Sampson as Sentinel Knight (voice).
 Beth Allen as Villa.
Veteran Rangers
 Johnny Yong Bosch as Adam Park, the second Black Ranger.
 Tori Hanson as Tori Hanson, the Blue Wind Ranger.
 Emma Lahana as Kira Ford, the Yellow Dino Ranger.
 Matt Austin as Bridge Carson, the third S.P.D. Red Ranger.
 Richard Brancatisano as Xander Bly, the Green Mystic Ranger.

Villains
 Gerald Urquhart as Flurious.
 Ria Vandervis as Miratrix.
 Kelson Henderson as Norg and the voice of Mig.
 Mark Ferguson as the voice of Moltor.

References

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers
English-language television programs

Power Rangers Operation Overdrive


Denise Darcel (née Billecard, 8 September 1924 – 23 December 2011) was a French-American vaudevillian, actress and singer, who from 1948 and 1963, appeared in films in Hollywood, and briefly on the stage, television and radio.

Early years
Born as Denise Billecard in Paris, she was one of five daughters of a French baker, and she was college educated, studying at the University of Dijon. According to a friend, whom she met in Paris during World War II, she was a passenger in an L-5 Stinson light observation aircraft on VJ Day to see the celebration from the air. The pilot, James Helinger Sr., a US Army Air Corps glider pilot (a friend) was at the controls, while they flew under several bridges along the Seine and finally, under the Eiffel Tower, with the crowds below.

A winner of the title "The Most Beautiful Girl in France," Darcel was a cabaret singer in Paris after World War II before being spotted by Hollywood. Denise came to the United States in 1947 and became an American citizen in 1952.

On 15 February 1952 she was named "Miss Welder of 1952" by the National Eutectic Welders' Club. Presenting her with a scroll as "the girl we would like most to weld with" was R. D. Wasserman, President of the Eutectic Welding Institute. Wasserman hoped that her photograph would inspire women throughout the nation to join the ranks of the labor force and support the war effort in Korea.

Stage
Darcel's debut on the legitimate stage came in 1950, when she appeared in Pardon Our French, premiering 5 October at the Broadway Theatre.

Vaudeville
In 1950, Darcel had a Vaudeville act, which was panned by at least one reviewer. About Darcel's performance 5 May 1950, at the Strand in New York, the Billboard review said: "Denise Darcel showed her well-stacked chassis ... but her heavily accented English sounded like so much gibberish; it got laughs instead of attention. ... her singing is inadequate, her over-use of hands and arms is clumsy and she shows herself completely at a loss in handling hecklers."

Film
Her first film appearance of note was in Battleground (1949). She made quite an impression in Tarzan and the Slave Girl (1950) opposite Lex Barker, then co-starred with Robert Taylor in Westward the Women (1952) and Glenn Ford in Young Man with Ideas (1952). In 1953, she was seen in the swimming musical Dangerous When Wet, which starred Esther Williams (1953). Her most important film was Vera Cruz (1954) where she played the female lead opposite Gary Cooper and Burt Lancaster. Her last film (1961) was Seven Women from Hell.

Television
Darcel appeared on various TV shows in the 1950s. In 1954, she was hostess/MC of Gamble on Love, a summer program on the DuMont Television Network. Darcel asked questions of married couples who sought to win the grand prize of a mink coat. A review in Billboard described her as "Gallic to the point of unintelligibility." Also in 1954, Colonel Productions produced a pilot of Chez Denise, a 30-minute "comedy-intrigue" program starring Darcel, which apparently did not sell.

Later years
After her film and television career began to wane, Darcel, aged 41, became an ecdysiast (stripper), appearing in West Coast theatres in San Francisco, Las Vegas, Oakland, and Los Angeles. She retired from stripping after a few years and returned to the cabaret circuit, making a few appearances on television. In 1991, she was cast as "Solange La Fitte" in the Los Angeles 20th anniversary revival of the musical Follies, produced by the Long Beach Civic Light Opera. She would later repeat the role of Solange in 1995 for revivals in Houston and Seattle.

Personal life
Darcel's first husband, William Shaw, was an American Army captain whom she married in 1947. Darcel obtained a Mexican divorce from Peter Crosby 12 August 1951. She married Robert Atkinson 24 April 1961. They had two sons, Christopher (born 17 November 1961) and Craig. Husband George Simpson died in 2003.

In the early 1950s, Darcel was linked romantically with singer Billy Eckstine. In 1993, Jet magazine reported, "Eckstine's hot romance with actress Denise Darcel cooled off after their photo appeared on cover of Life Magazine, causing a White backlash."

Recording
Online music store iTunes recently made Darcel's album, Banned in Boston (recorded in 1958), available for purchase alongside actress Lizabeth Scott's album, Lizabeth.

Legal problems
On 23 June 1968, Darcel was arrested in Miami, Florida, and charged with shoplifting women's undergarments valued at $38.94 ($ today). She was released on $500 bond. She was found guilty and fined $300 ($ today) in a trial 10 July 1968.

Darcel and her husband, Robert Gerard Atkinson, filed bankruptcy petitions in San Bernardino, California, in 1963. The petitions listed "total assets of $1,508 ($ today) and individual and joint debts of $88,904 for her and $62,223 for him."(total of $ today)

Honors
In September 2009, she was honored with the Cinecon Career Achievement Award, presented in Hollywood at a banquet held at the Hollywood Renaissance Hotel. Prior to the ceremony, a new 35mm color print of her 1953 film, Flame of Calcutta, was screened at the Egyptian Theatre. After the screening, at the banquet, she cheerfully announced to the audience, "I'm back".

The world's oldest drag queen, Walter W. Cole took the stage name of Darcelle XV, in honor of Denise Darcel.

Death
Darcel died in December 2011, aged 87, after emergency surgery to repair a ruptured aneurysm.

Selected filmography and television appearances
To the Victor (1948) as Bar Singer (uncredited)
Thunder in the Pines (1948) as Yvette Cheron
Battleground (1949) as Denise
Tarzan and the Slave Girl (1950) as Lola
Westward the Women (1951) as Fifi Danon
Young Man with Ideas (1952) as Dorianne Gray
Dangerous When Wet (1953) as Gigi Mignon
Flame of Calcutta (1953) as Suzanne Roget
Vera Cruz (1954) as Countess Marie Duvarre
Gamble on Love (DuMont game show, 1954; replaced by Ernie Kovacs) as Countess Marie Duvarre
The Milton Berle Show (1956, TV Series)
Tightrope! (1960, TV Series) as Terri
Seven Women from Hell (1961) as Claire Oudry
Naked City (1962, TV Series) as Madeleine Douvay

Radio appearances

Television appearances

Notes

External links

 Photographs of Denise Darcel

1924 births
2011 deaths
Actresses from Paris
American women singers
American film actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American television actresses
Cabaret singers
Deaths from aneurysm
French emigrants to the United States
French women singers
French film actresses
French musical theatre actresses
Torch singers
21st-century American women

Denise Darcel


The Clover Bottom Mansion is a historic mansion located in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. It is the home of the Tennessee Historical Commission, the State Historic Preservation Office.

History
Clover Bottom Mansion occupies land on the Stones River first claimed in 1780 by John Donelson, who abandoned his homestead following an Indian attack. The mansion was built in 1859 and was the centerpiece of the 1,500-acre Clover Bottom Plantation incorporating portions of the house that had been built by the Hoggatts in 1853 and was destroyed by fire.

The mansion was built near Nashville's first horseracing track for Dr James and Mary Ann Saunders Hoggatt, who owned sixty enslaved residents in 1860. Mrs. Hoggatt was a granddaughter of Daniel Smith. Her half-brothers from her mother's first marriage were Rachel and Andrew Jackson's nephews Andrew Jackson Donelson and Daniel Smith Donelson, for whom Ft. Donelson was named.  The mansion was constructed in the Italianate style. A strong similarity to nearby Two Rivers Mansion that was being erected around the same time suggests that the same unknown contractor and/or architect was used, although no supporting records have been found. The interior of the home had French scenic Zuber wallpaper, and the parlor had a frescoed ceiling. Clover Bottom Plantation was the childhood home of John McCline, who escaped from the property in 1862 and became a drover for the Union Army. McCline's autobiography "Slavery in the Clover Bottoms" provides a very rare and detailed account of the life of a Davidson County slave prior to and during the early days of the Civil War. A Tennessee Civil War Trails marker was erected on the property in 2015 detailing the story of McCline.  Dr. Hoggatt died in 1863, and the home was occupied at different times during the Civil War by soldiers from both armies.

Clover Bottom Mansion is associated with two members of Congress. The first was Mrs. Hoggatt's brother-in-law, the former U.S. and Confederate Congressman Meredith P. Gentry. After his first wife (Mrs. Hoggatt's sister) died,  Rep. Gentry's daughters lived with the Hoggatts while he pursued a career in politics. Ultimately Gentry was left destitute from selling his own property and enthusiastically investing his money in the Confederacy. Gentry moved into the home and died at Clover Bottom on November 2, 1866. In 1886 Mrs. Hoggatt sold her property to a relative, Andrew Price. Mr. Price, married to Anna Gay Price, was a four-term congressman from Louisiana who had Tennessee roots. In an early expression of historic preservation, Price restored the home and added several substantial outbuildings, raising thoroughbred horses on the property.

In 1918, A.F. Stanford purchased the house. Mr. Stanford's second wife, Merle Hutcheson Stanford Davis (1907–2011), moved there in 1927 owned it until she sold it to the state of Tennessee in 1948. Mrs. Davis, who lived to be 104, made her final visit to her old home just a few months prior to her death in 2011. The house had a number of uses after being acquired by the State, including a brief period as a state trooper outpost. It was later converted into housing for faculty for the Tennessee School for the Blind. Around 1980 the home was vacated and left empty, beginning an unfortunate period of neglect that lasted about a decade. An effort led by Edward Nave and fellow members of the local Association for the Preservation of Tennessee Antiquities helped convince the State to restore it. It has been the home of the Tennessee Historical Commission, the State Historic Preservation Office, since October, 1994. The property contains several important historic outbuildings, including two former c. 1858 slave cabins that are among a handful of former slave dwellings remaining in Davidson County. There is also an 1850s carriage house that may slightly predate the main house. The c. 1890s transverse crib thoroughbred horse barn is one of the finest 19th-century barns remaining in the area. At the initiative of the Tennessee Historical Commission, the historic outbuildings were restored by the State in 2015–16 and interpretive signs were added. Over 150 trees of native species were planted, and a walking trail was added. The grounds are open to the public during daylight hours. Tours of the office (which has no period furnishings or exhibits) are unavailable as of August, 2023.

Architectural significance
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 3, 1975.  in 2019, the listing was updated by the Tennessee Historical Commission and the boundaries enlarged to include the outbuildings and it was renamed from Clover Bottom Mansion to Clover Bottom Farm.

References

Houses in Nashville, Tennessee
Houses completed in 1858
Antebellum architecture
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
Historic house museums in Tennessee
Italianate architecture in Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places in Nashville, Tennessee
Plantation houses in Tennessee
Slave cabins and quarters in the United States

Clover Bottom Mansion


The Stage Coaches Act 1790 (30 Geo. 3. c. 36) was an Act of Parliament of the Parliament of Great Britain to regulate the use of stagecoaches.

The Act built upon the provisions of the Stage Coaches Act 1788, reducing the permitted number of passengers, clarifying the type of vehicles to which it applied, and providing a simplified method for collecting the fines. It came into force from 29 September 1790. It stipulated that no more than four people were permitted to ride upon the roof, and no more than one (other than the driver) upon the box, of any coach or carriage of three or more horses travelling for hire. Any coach or carriage of less than three horses travelling for hire had the limit set at one on the box and three on the roof, although four on the roof were permitted if the coach did not go more than 25 miles from the Post Office in London. If a coach exceeded these limits, the driver was to pay five shillings per each excess person to the collector of the tolls at each turnpike-gate through which they passed. Letting down or picking up people in order to evade the 5s penalty was punishable by imprisonment of the driver for fourteen days to one month. The Act also required that the name of the proprietor of each stagecoach (except mail coaches) be painted legibly on their side door. A coachman who allowed anyone else to drive his coach without the consent of the passengers, or who overturned the carriage or endangered the passengers or their property via misconduct, was to be fined between forty shillings and four pounds; and a guard who fired off his weapons whilst with the coach, other than in defence, was to be fined twenty shillings.

The Act was repealed by section 1 of the Act 50 Geo. 3. c. 48.

References
The annual register, or, A view of the history, politics and literature for the year 1790. London, 1802. pp. 274–275.

Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1790
Repealed Great Britain Acts of Parliament
Road transport in the United Kingdom
Transport law in the United Kingdom
History of transport in the United Kingdom
1790 in transport
Transport legislation

Stage Coaches Act 1790


A mailman or mail carrier or postman is a person who brings people their postal mail. Normally he works for the post office of the respective country. Of course, there are also women doing this job. They are called mailwomen. For a layman, this occupation is called "letter carriers".

Fictional mailmen are traditionally shown as acting afraid of dogs, even to the point of shock.

Related pages

 Despatch rider
 Persian couriers

Occupations
Postal officials

Mailman


Capitol Hill Parks is an umbrella term for the National Park Service management of a variety of urban parks in Washington, D.C.

There are four key parks in the system:
Folger Park, named after former Secretary of the Treasury Charles J. Folger;
Lincoln Park, named after the sixteenth president, and by far the largest unit at ;
Marion Park, named after Revolutionary War leader Francis Marion;
Stanton Park, named for Lincoln's Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton.

Additionally, a variety of smaller greenspaces are under the authority of this NPS area. The 59 circles and triangles included in Pierre L'Enfant's design of the city are overseen as part of this jurisdiction.  Some of these include:,
 Eastern Market Metro Station, approximate square of land formed by the Intersection of Pennsylvania and South Carolina Avenues, SE; D, 7th, and 9th Streets, SE; only the Pennsylvania Avenue median remains in NPS hands as the remainder was transferred to DC;
 Maryland Avenue Triangles;
 Pennsylvania Avenue Medians;
 Potomac Avenue Metro Station, around the intersection of Potomac and Pennsylvania Avenues, SE;
 Seward Square, named after William Henry Seward, the United States Secretary of State under Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson;
 Twining Square, around the intersection of Pennsylvania and Minnesota Avenues, SE.

References

NPS site
Additional info

Parks in Washington, D.C.

Capitol Hill Parks


The Urner Tellspiel () is the earliest surviving written version of a William Tell play.

The debut performance of Urner Tellspiel (whose full title reads Ein hüpsch Spyl gehalten zuo Ury in der Eydgnoschafft) was probably held in winter 1512/1513 in Altdorf, Uri.

However, it cannot be precluded that the story of William Tell was already frequently performed during the 15th century in an impromptu way and without standard text dialogues, following the example of the commedia dell'arte.

Apparently, the Urner Tellspiel was inspired to a great degree by the Song of the Founding of the Confederation (German: Lied von der Entstehung der Eidgenossenschaft) as well as by Petermann Etterlin's Chronicle of the Swiss Confederation (German: Kronika von der loblichen Eydtgenossenschaft).

The Urner Tellspiel was frequently performed and revised during the last five centuries. Its popularity, for instance, is attested by a letter of the Swiss reformer Huldrych Zwingli to his friend Valentin Compar in which Zwingli, a great admirer of this early Tell play, praised William Tell as "der gotskrefftig held und erster anheber eidgnossischer fryheit ..., ursprung und stiffter einer loblichen Eydgnoschafft".

References

Bergier, Jean-François. Wilhelm Tell: Realität und Mythos. München: Paul List Verlag, 1990.

16th century in the Old Swiss Confederacy
Altdorf, Uri
Cultural depictions of William Tell
Plays set in Switzerland

Urner Tellspiel


Sadhbh Uí Mhailchonaire, Ban Ollamh Síol Muireadaigh, 1441-1447.

The Annals of Connacht, sub anno 1447, record her death as follows:Sadb daughter of Uilliam Mac Branain, wife of Mailin O Mailchonaire, died after a victory over the world and the Devil. However, a more fulsome account appears in Mac Fhirbhisigh's annals, where she is called Banollamh of Silmiredhy fitz ffeargus and a nurse to all guests and strangers and of all the learned men in Ireland.

Her husband, the poet and historian Mailin mac Tanaide Ó Maolconaire died in 1441, after which Sadhbh apparently replaced him as poet, hence the term banollamh (woman-poet).

External links
 http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100011/index.html

Sources
 Annals of Connacht, A. Martin Freeman, Dublin, 1946.
 Annals of Ireland from the year 1443 ... translated by ... Dudley mac Firbisse, ed. John O'Donovan, in The Miscellany of the Irish Archaeological Society, vol. i, pp. 198–302, Dublin, 1846.

14th-century births
1447 deaths
15th-century Irish historians
Irish women poets
People from County Roscommon
15th-century Irish poets
Medieval Irish nobility
14th-century Irish women
15th-century Irish women
Irish-language writers
Irish women historians

Sadhbh Béan Ó Mailchonaire


Augustine's laws were a series of tongue in cheek aphorisms put forth by Norman Ralph Augustine, an American aerospace businessman who served as Under Secretary of the Army from 1975 to 1977. In 1984 he published his laws.  The book and several of the laws were the topic of an article in Sound and Vibration magazine in March 2012.

List

Law 16

His most cited law is number 16, which shows that defense budgets grow linearly but the unit cost of a new military aircraft grows exponentially:
In the year 2054, the entire defense budget will purchase just one tactical aircraft. This aircraft will have to be shared by the Air Force and Navy 3½ days each per week except for leap year, when it will be made available to the Marines for the extra day."

See also
Moore's Law, where unit costs shrink with time

References

Rules of thumb
Technology strategy
Humour

Augustine's laws


"Button Up Your Overcoat" is a popular song. The music was written by Ray Henderson, the lyrics by B.G. DeSylva and Lew Brown. The song was published in 1928, and was first performed later that same year by vocalist Ruth Etting. However, the most famous rendition of this song was recorded early the following year by singer Helen Kane, who was at the peak of her popularity at the time. Kane's childlike voice and Bronx dialect eventually became the inspiration for the voice of cartoon character Betty Boop (most famously using Kane's famous catchphrase Boop Boop a Doop).

From January 9, 1929, to December 21, 1929, Jack Haley and Zelma O'Neal sang "Button Up Your Overcoat" on Broadway in the musical, Follow Thru. They reprised the song in the film version which opened on September 27, 1930, and was one of the first movies in Technicolor.

Other recordings
Paul Whiteman (vocal by Vaughn De Leath) (1929)
Fred Waring's Pennsylvanians (1929)
Johnny Mercer (1946)
The Hi-Lo's included the song on their album I Presume (1955). Carol Channing on her album Jazz Baby (1994)

Nancy Sinatra, Covered that song for the 1966 album Sugar
Bing Crosby recorded the song in 1956 for use on his radio show and it was subsequently included in the box set The Bing Crosby CBS Radio Recordings (1954-56) issued by Mosaic Records (catalog MD7-245) in 2009.
John Serry, Sr. with his ensemble for Dot Records (catalog #DLP-3024) for a 33 RPM vinyl recording entitled Squeeze Play in 1956.
Eydie Gorme - included in her album Eydie Gormé – Vamps The Roaring 20's (1958)
The Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band recorded a version as the B-side of their 1966 single "Alley Oop".
Connie Francis - for her album Connie & Clyde – Hit Songs of the 30s (1968)

Film appearances
1930 Follow Thru - sung by Jack Haley and Zelma O'Neal
1946 Margie - sung by Rudy Vallee, Barbara Lawrence
1956 Gordon MacRae sang "Button Up Your Overcoat" in the movie The Best Things in Life Are Free.
1971 Loving Memory
1974 The Front Page - sung by Susan Sarandon
1985 The Sure Thing - two characters sing "Button Up Your Overcoat" as part of a medley of show tunes during a road trip.  The song also appears on the movie's soundtrack.
1996 Jack
2011 Water for Elephants - performed by Ruth Etting.
2012 Parental Guidance
2019 Dolemite Is My Name - performed by Ruth Etting

In popular culture

In 1969, the song was parodied in a television commercial for Contac cold capsules. In that commercial, a group of blonde chorus girls known as "The Cold Diggers of 1969" sing and dance to "Button Up Your Overcoat" in a Busby Berkeley- style production number.

Father Mulcahy and Hawkeye sing "Button Up Your Overcoat" in episode 20, season 6 of M*A*S*H, "Mail Call Three".

In 1997, the Kidsongs Kids and the Biggles sang "Button Up Your Overcoat" as part of the Kidsongs: I Can Do It! VHS/DVD.

Helen Kane's 1929 cover of the song appears anachronistically in the 2013 video game BioShock Infinite, set in 1912, and can be heard in the Downtown Emporia level.

The song was added to the 1993 revision of the musical Good News.

References

1928 songs
Songs from musicals
Songs with music by Ray Henderson
Songs with lyrics by Buddy DeSylva
Songs with lyrics by Lew Brown

Button Up Your Overcoat


Gillway is a council estate in Tamworth, United Kingdom built in the 1950s. It is a small suburb consisting of brick and concrete houses and two storey flats. It has a local school called Flaxhill and a pub called the Tam 'o' Shanter. It also has shops opposite the pub, and is near the Leyfields and the Perrycrofts estates.

Areas of Tamworth, Staffordshire
Housing estates in England

Gillway


The Mexican mouse opossum (Marmosa mexicana) is a species of North American opossum in the family Didelphidae.

Description
Marmosa mexicana is a small to moderate-sized reddish-brown marsupial, varying from bright to dull coloration. Hairs of the back, sides and outer surfaces of legs are lead-colored at the base and tipped with reddish brown. The forehead and nose are paler in color. The eye-rings are black and vary in intensity based on the region of the individual. The cheeks, throat, belly and inner surfaces of legs are yellowish with a median white pectoral area. Body hair continues onto the tail for approximately 10 mm. Its nose is pink, ears are grayish brown, and its tail is a dusky brown. It possesses a prehensile tail of equal length to its body. While appearing naked, the tail in fact has a fine layer of hair.

Reproduction
Like all marsupials, gestation is probably short, with females' giving birth to poorly developed young and most of the development taking place during lactation. It is likely that reproduction is similar to that of Marmosa robinsoni, which gives birth to 6 to 14 young after a gestation period of just 14 days. The tiny young, measuring only up to 12 millimeters, attach themselves to the mother's mammae where they may remain for around 30 days. Unlike many marsupials, female mouse opossums do not possess a pouch to protect the young as they develop. The young are so undeveloped their eyes do not open until 39 to 40 days. It is likely that the young are completely weaned after around 65 days, and they may have an incredibly short life span of only one year. Marmosa species build nests for shelter, or use abandoned bird nests, holes in trees, or banana stalks. These nest sites are unlikely to be permanent; rather, the opossum will use whatever site is available as the sun begins to rise.

Range
It is found in Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, eastern Mexico as far north as Tamaulipas, Nicaragua, and western Panama at elevations from sea level up to 3000 m (at Volcán Tacaná); most commonly, it is found below 1800 m.

Habitat
This opossum is found in primary and secondary forest, including lowland tropical rainforest, dry deciduous forest, cloud forest, and plantations, as well as in grassland.  An example of its habitat is the Petenes mangroves ecoregion of the Yucatán.

Habits
The species is primarily arboreal; it is found from ground level to heights of 30 m in the canopy. It is nocturnal and solitary. Its diet includes insects and fruit. It is believed to construct nests either in burrows or above ground.
The forepaws of M. mexicana have remarkable manipulative powers. It uses this ability to burrow in the ground. The burrow can be 30 mm in diameter and 40 cm in length. The mouse-opossum then fills the burrow with leaves to create a nest. More commonly it creates nests in trees, especially in abandoned bird nests. When threatened it can become aggressive, opening its mouth and hissing or making a clicking noise.

Conservation
There are no current threats to this species however with the current deforestation and expansion of resource harvesting, the habitat could be threatened in the future.

References

Mexican mouse
Marsupials of Central America
Marsupials of North America
Mammals of Mexico
Natural history of Veracruz
Mammals described in 1897
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Mexican mouse opossum


"Nothing to Fear" is the ninth episode of the Once Upon a Time spin-off series Once Upon a Time in Wonderland. It also served as the series' spring premiere.

Plot
Cyrus and Alice reluctantly work with the Red Queen to find Will but must also be prepared to defend themselves from Jafar (when he looks for the Jabberwocky upon being told about it by the Caterpillar) and local inhabitants wanting revenge on the Red Queen for not protecting them from the beasts that hunt in their lands. Will has troubles of his own when Lizard finds the genie bottle that he is in and is granted three wishes.

Production
Richard Hatem & Jenny Kao were the writers for the episode, while Michael Slovis was its director.

Reception

Ratings
The episode was watched by 3.27 million American viewers, and received an 18-49 rating/share of 0.9/3, roughly the same total viewers number as the previous episode but up in the demo. The show placed fifth in its timeslot and fourteenth for the night.

Critical reception
Amy Ratcliffe of IGN gave the episode a 7.1 out of 10. She said "Overall, Wonderland made an entertaining return. The plot had some holes and the VFX was predictably awful, but there was still enough to tug at your heart and keep you engaged."

Christine Orlando of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 4.4 out of 5, signaling positive reviews.

Ashley B. of Spoiler TV gave the episode a positive review, praising in particular the character of the Jabberwocky and her introduction. She said "I feel as if with each new episode, the story of Once Upon a Time in Wonderland is getting richer and richer. I thought I would be disengaged by this episode, since the one proceeding seemed to reset the entire series, but I am more intrigued than ever as to how all this will play out."

References

External links

2014 American television episodes
Once Upon a Time in Wonderland episodes

Nothing to Fear (Once Upon a Time in Wonderland)


In mathematics, a constant function is a function whose output value is the same for every input value. For example, the function  is a constant function because the value of    is 4 regardless of the input value  (see image).

Basic properties
Formally, a constant function f(x):R→R has the form  . Usually we write   or just  .
The function y=c has 2 variables x and у and 1 constant c. (In this form of the function, we do not see x, but it is there.)
The constant c is a real number. Before working with a linear function, we replace c with an actual number.
The domain or input of y=c is R. So any real number x can  be input. However, the output is always the value c.
The range of y=c is also R. However, because the output is always the value of c, the codomain is just c.

Example: The function    or just    is the specific constant function where the output value is  . The domain is all real numbers ℝ. The codomain is just {4}.  Namely, y(0)=4, y(−2.7)=4, y(π)=4,.... No matter what value of x is input, the output is "4".

The graph of the constant function  is a horizontal line in the plane that passes through the point .
If c≠0, the constant function y=c is a polynomial in one variable x of degree zero.
The y-intercept of this function is the point (0,c).
This function has no x-intercept. That is, it has no root or zero. It never crosses the x-axis.
If c=0, then we have y=0. This is the zero polynomial or the identically zero function. Every real number x is a root. The graph of y=0 is the x-axis in the plane.
A constant function is an even function so the y-axis is an axis of symmetry for every constant function.

Derivative of a constant function
In the context where it is defined, the derivative of a function measures the rate of change of function (output) values with respect to change in input values. A constant function does not change, so its derivative is 0. This is often written:   .

Example:    is a constant function. The derivative of y is the identically zero function     .

The converse (opposite) is also true. That is, if the derivative of a function is zero everywhere, then the function is a constant function.

Mathematically we write these two statements:

Generalization
A function f : A → B is a constant function if f(a) = f(b) for every a and b in A.

Examples
Real-world example: A store where every item is sold for 1 euro. The domain of this function is items in the store. The codomain is 1 euro.

Example: Let f : A → B where A={X,Y,Z,W} and B={1,2,3} and f(a)=3 for every a∈A. Then f is a constant function.

Example: z(x,y)=2 is the constant function from A=ℝ² to B=ℝ where every point (x,y)∈ℝ² is mapped to the value z=2. The graph of this constant function is the horizontal plane (parallel to the x0y plane) in 3-dimensional space that passes through the point (0,0,2).

Example: The polar function ρ(φ)=2.5 is the constant function that maps every angle φ to the radius ρ=2.5. The graph of this function is the circle of radius 2.5 in the plane.

Other properties
There are other properties of constant functions. See Constant function on English Wikipedia

Related pages
Function
Polynomial

References

Other websites

Functions and mappings
Algebra

Constant function


Khari Ahmad Long (born May 23, 1982) is a former professional American and Canadian football defensive end. He was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the sixth round of the 2005 NFL Draft. Long was also a member of the Chicago Bears, Dallas Cowboys, Buffalo Bills, Hamilton Tiger-Cats, and Calgary Stampeders. He played college football at Baylor.

Early years
Long attended Rider High School in Wichita Falls, Texas, lettering in football and basketball. As a junior, he registered 122 tackles and 7 sacks. He was limited in his senior season with a sprained ankle.

College career
Long accepted a football scholarship from Baylor University. As a junior, he appeared in 11 games (4 starts) at defensive end and defensive tackle, registering 41 tackles, 4.5 sacks, 3 quarterback pressures and one pass defensed. As a senior, he appeared in 10 games (8 starts) at left defensive end, posting 31 tackles, 1.5 sacks, 3 quarterback pressures and one pass defensed.

He played in 39 college games (22 starts), finishing with 145 tackles, 19.5 tackles for loss, 9 sacks, two forced fumbles, four passes defensed and 14 quarterback pressures.

Professional career
Long was selected by the Kansas City Chiefs in the sixth round (199th overall) of the 2005 NFL Draft. He was limited with a back injury but still made the team. On November 24, he was released and signed to the practice squad.

On January 10, 2006, he was signed by the Chicago Bears to the practice squad. On August 21, he was placed on the injured reserve list with an injured shoulder. He was released on April 19, 2007.

On August 3, 2007, he was signed as a free agent by the Dallas Cowboys. On September 1, he was released and signed to the practice squad 2 days later. He was released on December 18.

On December 20, 2007, he was signed by the Buffalo Bills to their practice squad.

On January 16, 2008, he was re-signed by the Dallas Cowboys. He was released on July 28.

Omaha Nighthawks
Long signed with the Omaha Nighthawks on August 25, 2011.

References

External links
Just Sports Stats
Baylor Bears bio

1982 births
Living people
Players of American football from Wichita Falls, Texas
American football defensive ends
American football linebackers
American players of Canadian football
Canadian football defensive linemen
Baylor Bears football players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Chicago Bears players
Dallas Cowboys players
Buffalo Bills players
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
Omaha Nighthawks players

Khari Long