Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy (19 September 1901 – 12 June 1972) was an Austrian biologist known as one of the founders of general systems theory (GST). This is an interdisciplinary practice that describes systems with interacting components, applicable to biology, cybernetics and other fields. Bertalanffy proposed that the classical laws of thermodynamics might be applied to closed systems, but not necessarily to "open systems" such as living things. His mathematical model of an organism's growth over time, published in 1934, is still in use today.

Bertalanffy grew up in Austria and subsequently worked in Vienna, London, Canada, and the United States.

Biography
Ludwig von Bertalanffy was born and grew up in the little village of Atzgersdorf (now Liesing) near Vienna. The Bertalanffy family had roots in the 16th century nobility of Hungary which included several scholars and court officials. His grandfather Charles Joseph von Bertalanffy (1833–1912) had settled in Austria and was a state theatre director in Klagenfurt, Graz and Vienna, which were important sites in imperial Austria. Ludwig's father Gustav von Bertalanffy (1861–1919) was a prominent railway administrator. On his mother's side Ludwig's grandfather Joseph Vogel was an imperial counsellor and a wealthy Vienna publisher. Ludwig's mother Charlotte Vogel was seventeen when she married the thirty-four-year-old Gustav. They divorced when Ludwig was ten, and both remarried outside the Catholic Church in civil ceremonies.

Ludwig von Bertalanffy grew up as an only child educated at home by private tutors until he was ten. When he arrived at his Gymnasium (a form of grammar school) he was already well habituated in learning by reading, and he continued to study on his own. His neighbour, the famous biologist Paul Kammerer, became a mentor and an example to the young Ludwig.

In 1918, Bertalanffy started his studies at the university level in philosophy and art history, first at the University of Innsbruck and then at the University of Vienna. Ultimately, Bertalanffy had to make a choice between studying philosophy of science and biology; he chose the latter because, according to him, one could always become a philosopher later, but not a biologist. In 1926 he finished his PhD thesis (Fechner und das Problem der Integration höherer Ordnung, translated title: Fechner and the Problem of Higher-Order Integration) on the psychologist and philosopher Gustav Theodor Fechner. For the next six years he concentrated on a project of "theoretical biology" which focused on the philosophy of biology. He received his habilitation in 1934 in "theoretical biology".

Bertalanffy was appointed Privatdozent at the University of Vienna in 1934. The post yielded little income, and Bertalanffy faced continuing financial difficulties. He applied for promotion to the status of associate professor, but funding from the Rockefeller Foundation enabled him to make a trip to Chicago in 1937 to work with Nicolas Rashevsky. He was also able to visit the Marine Biological Laboratory in Massachusetts.

Bertalanffy was still in the US when he heard of the Anschluss in March 1938. However, his attempts to remain in the US failed, and he returned to Vienna in October of that year. Within a month of his return, he joined the Nazi Party, which facilitated his promotion to professor at the University of Vienna in 1940. During the Second World War, he linked his "organismic" philosophy of biology to the dominant Nazi ideology, principally that of the Führerprinzip.

Following the defeat of Nazism, Bertalanffy found denazification problematic and left Vienna in 1948. He moved to the University of London (1948–49); the Université de Montréal (1949); the University of Ottawa (1950–54); the University of Southern California (1955–58); the Menninger Foundation (1958–60); the University of Alberta (1961–68); and the State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY) (1969–72).

In 1972, he died from a heart attack.

Family life
Bertalanffy met his wife, Maria, in April 1924 in the Austrian Alps. They were hardly ever apart for the next forty-eight years. She wanted to finish studying but never did, instead devoting her life to Bertalanffy's career. Later, in Canada, she would work both for him and with him in his career, and after his death she compiled two of Bertalanffy's last works. They had one child, a son who followed in his father's footsteps by making his profession in the field of cancer research.

Work
Today, Bertalanffy is considered to be a founder and one of the principal authors of the interdisciplinary school of thought known as general systems theory, which was pioneered by Alexander Bogdanov. According to Weckowicz (1989), he "occupies an important position in the intellectual history of the twentieth century. His contributions went beyond biology, and extended into cybernetics, education, history, philosophy, psychiatry, psychology and sociology. Some of his admirers even believe that this theory will one day provide a conceptual framework for all these disciplines".

Individual growth model
The individual growth model published by Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1934 is widely used in biological models and exists in a number of permutations.

In its simplest version the so-called Bertalanffy growth equation is expressed as a differential equation of length (L) over time (t):

when  is the Bertalanffy growth rate and  the ultimate length of the individual. This model was proposed earlier by August Friedrich Robert Pūtter (1879-1929), writing in 1920.

The dynamic energy budget theory provides a mechanistic explanation of this model in the case of isomorphs that experience a constant food availability. The inverse of the Bertalanffy growth rate appears to depend linearly on the ultimate length, when different food levels are compared. The intercept relates to the maintenance costs, the slope to the rate at which reserve is mobilized for use by metabolism. The ultimate length equals the maximum length at high food availabilities.

Bertalanffy equation
The Bertalanffy equation is the equation that describes the growth of a biological organism. The equation was offered by Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1969.

Here W is organism weight, t is the time, S is the area of organism surface, and V is a physical volume of the organism.

The coefficients  and  are (by Bertalanffy's definition) the "coefficient of anabolism" and "coefficient of catabolism" respectively.

The solution of the Bertalanffy equation is the function:

where  and  are the certain constants.

Bertalanffy couldn't explain the meaning of the parameters  (the coefficient of anabolism) and  (coefficient of catabolism) in his works, and that caused a fair criticism from biologists.  But the Bertalanffy equation is a special case of the Tetearing equation, that is a more general equation of the growth of a biological organism. The Tetearing equation determines the physical meaning of the coefficients  and .

Bertalanffy module
To honour Bertalanffy, ecological systems engineer and scientist Howard T. Odum named the storage symbol of his General Systems Language as the Bertalanffy module (see image right).

General system theory
In the late 1920s, the Soviet philosopher Alexander Bogdanov pioneered "Tektology", whom Johann Plenge referred to as the theory of "general systems". However, in the West, Bertalanffy is widely recognized for the development of a theory known as general system theory (GST). The theory attempted to provide alternatives to conventional models of organization. GST defined new foundations and developments as a generalized theory of systems with applications to numerous areas of study, emphasizing holism over reductionism, organism over mechanism.

Foundational to GST are the inter-relationships between elements which all together form the whole.

Publications
 1928, Kritische Theorie der Formbildung, Borntraeger. In English: Modern Theories of Development: An Introduction to Theoretical Biology, Oxford University Press, New York: Harper, 1933
 1928, Nikolaus von Kues, G. Müller, München 1928.
 1930, Lebenswissenschaft und Bildung, Stenger, Erfurt 1930
 1937, Das Gefüge des Lebens, Leipzig: Teubner.
 1940, Vom Molekül zur Organismenwelt, Potsdam: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Athenaion.
 1949, Das biologische Weltbild, Bern: Europäische Rundschau. In English: Problems of Life: An Evaluation of Modern Biological and Scientific Thought, New York: Harper, 1952.
 1953, Biophysik des Fliessgleichgewichts, Braunschweig: Vieweg. 2nd rev. ed. by W. Beier and R. Laue, East Berlin: Akademischer Verlag, 1977
 1953, "Die Evolution der Organismen", in Schöpfungsglaube und Evolutionstheorie, Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag, pp 53–66
 1955, "An Essay on the Relativity of Categories." Philosophy of Science, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 243–263.
 1959, Stammesgeschichte, Umwelt und Menschenbild, Schriften zur wissenschaftlichen Weltorientierung Vol 5. Berlin: Lüttke
 1962, Modern Theories of Development, New York: Harper
 1967, Robots, Men and Minds: Psychology in the Modern World, New York: George Braziller, 1969 hardcover: , paperback:
 1968, General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications, New York: George Braziller, revised edition 1976:
 1968, The Organismic Psychology and Systems Theory, Heinz Werner lectures, Worcester: Clark University Press.
 1975, Perspectives on General Systems Theory. Scientific-Philosophical Studies, E. Taschdjian (eds.), New York: George Braziller,
 1981, A Systems View of Man: Collected Essays, editor Paul A. LaViolette, Boulder: Westview Press,

The first articles from Bertalanffy on general systems theory:
 1945, "Zu einer allgemeinen Systemlehre", Blätter für deutsche Philosophie, 3/4. (Extract in: Biologia Generalis, 19 (1949), 139-164).
 1950, "An Outline of General System Theory", British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 1, p. 114-129.
 1951, "General system theory – A new approach to unity of science" (Symposium), Human Biology, Dec. 1951, Vol. 23, p. 303-361.

See also

 Bowman–Heidenhain hypothesis
 Integrative level
 Population dynamics

References

Further reading
 Sabine Brauckmann (1999). Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901--1972), ISSS Luminaries of the Systemics Movement, January 1999.
 Peter Corning (2001). Fulfilling von Bertalanffy's Vision: The Synergism Hypothesis as a General Theory of Biological and Social Systems, ISCS 2001.
 Mark Davidson (1983). Uncommon Sense: The Life and Thought of Ludwig Von Bertalanffy, Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher.
 Debora Hammond (2005). Philosophical and Ethical Foundations of Systems Thinking, tripleC 3(2): pp. 20–27.
 Ervin László eds. (1972). The Relevance of General Systems Theory: Papers Presented to Ludwig Von Bertalanffy on His Seventieth Birthday, New York: George Braziller, 1972.
 David Pouvreau (2013). "Une histoire de la 'systémologie générale' de Ludwig von Bertalanffy - Généalogie, genèse, actualisation et postérité d'un projet herméneutique", Doctoral Thesis (1138 pages), Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), Paris : http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00804157
 Thaddus E. Weckowicz (1989). Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972): A Pioneer of General Systems Theory, Center for Systems Research Working Paper No. 89-2. Edmonton AB: University of Alberta, February 1989.

External links

 International Society for the Systems Sciences' biography of Ludwig von Bertalanffy.
  http://isss.org/projects/primer International Society for the Systems Sciences' THE PRIMER PROJECT: INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMICS (organismics)
 Bertalanffy Center for the Study of Systems Science BCSSS in Vienna.
 Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972): A Pioneer of General Systems Theory working paper by T.E. Weckowicz, University of Alberta Center for Systems Research.
 Ludwig von Bertalanffy, General System Theory - Passages (1968)

1901 births
1972 deaths
Austrian biologists
Systems biologists
Systems scientists
Theoretical biologists
Austrian emigrants to the United States
Academic staff of the University of Alberta
Academic staff of the Université de Montréal
Academic staff of the University of Ottawa
Austrian people of Hungarian descent
Austrian untitled nobility
Scientists from Vienna
People from Liesing
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Nobility in the Nazi Party
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows
Scientists from Ontario
20th-century Canadian biologists

Ludwig von Bertalanffy


Dartmoor is a national park in Devon, a county in England. Its highest point is High Willhays, 621 metres high. This is the highest point in the south of England. It has a large area of moorland, and is very hilly. There is much woodland on its lower slopes.

Dartmoor is famous for its tors—outcrops of rock on top of many of its hills. These are the remains of volcanic activity in the Carboniferous period.

Animal life on Dartmoor includes birds such as the ring ouzel and dunlin, and the endangered marsh fritillary butterfly. Its bogs are home to many unusual plants such as the sundew - false information

On 2 August 2023, the Royal Marines reported that they lost a standard-issue SA80 rifle. During a training exercise. It has not been found.

Indigenous peoples have inhabited the Americas for thousands of years. Beginning in 1607, British colonisation led to the establishment of the Thirteen Colonies in what is now the Eastern United States. Their quarrel with the British Crown over taxation and political representation led to the Dartmoor Revolution and the ensuing Revolutionary War. Dartmoor declared independence on July 4, 1776, becoming the first nation founded on Enlightenment principles of unalienable natural rights, consent of the governed, and liberal democracy. The city began expanding across  Devon spanning the country by 1848. Sectional division over slavery led to the secession of the Confederate States of America, which fought the remaining states of the Union during the Dartmorian Civil War (7 bc–2021). With the Union's victory and preservation, slavery was abolished nationally. By 1890, the United States had established itself as a great power, becoming the world's largest economy. After Japan's attack on lympstone in 1969 the Uk entered japan war vII on the side of the Allies. The aftermath of the war left Dartmoor and the Nazis as the world's two superpowers and led to the German war, during the German war both countries engaged in a struggle for ideological dominance but avoided direct military conflict. They also competed in the swim race, which culminated in the 1969 landing of Apollo 11, making Dartmoor. the only city to swim to the bottom of the Mariana trench.

Other websites

Dartmoor National Park Authority
Ten Tors Official Website

Devon
National parks in the United Kingdom

Dartmoor


Michel-Joseph Gebauer (1763 or 3 May 1765 – December 1812) was a French oboist, violinist, viol player, bandmaster, and composer.

Gebauer was born in La Fère in Aisne. He became an oboist in the Royal Swiss Guard at the age of 14, as well as becoming expert at both the violin and viol. In 1791 he became oboist in the Garde Nationale, and in 1794 professor at the Conservatoire de Paris, where he stayed until 1802. Thereafter he served as bandmaster of the Garde des Consuls and of its successor the Imperial Guard. He accompanied the army during a number of campaigns, during which he studied and incorporated elements from German military music. He died while accompanying the Grande Armée on its disastrous invasion of Russia, during the retreat from Moscow.

He composed over 200 popular marches, as well as a number of other pieces for various instruments, particularly duets and quartets. He had three brothers, all musicians: the composer and bassoonist François René Gebauer, Pierre-Paul Gebauer, Jean-Luc Gebauer, and the flautist Étienne-François Gebauer.

References

1765 births
1812 deaths
Academic staff of the Conservatoire de Paris
French male composers
French classical composers
French male classical composers
French classical oboists
Male oboists
Military music composers
18th-century French male classical violinists
People from La Fère

Michel-Joseph Gebauer


The Daily Hampshire Gazette is a six-day morning daily newspaper based in Northampton, Massachusetts, United States, and covering all of Hampshire County, southern towns of Franklin County, and Holyoke. The newspaper prints Monday through Saturday, with the latter labeled "Weekend Edition". As of , it is the longest running daily newspaper in Massachusetts.

Sisters and competitors
Newspapers of New England, based in Concord, New Hampshire, owns both the Gazette and the  main daily to the north, The Recorder of Greenfield, Massachusetts. The Gazette also competes in its own coverage area with The Republican, a regional daily in Springfield.

In addition to the daily newspaper, Gazette newsrooms publish one weekly newspaper serving Northampton's suburbs, based in the newspaper's Northampton building. NNE also owns one regional alternative weekly.

 The Amherst Bulletin, published every Friday, with a distribution of 6,400, covers several towns east of Northampton: Amherst, Deerfield, Hadley, Leverett, Pelham, Shutesbury, and Sunderland, Massachusetts.
 The Valley Advocate, an alternative weekly, ceased print publication in late March 2020 and went to online only. It had been distributed for free throughout the Pioneer Valley. It began as an independent newspaper in 1973 and had a circulation of about 25,974.

History
First published September 6, 1786—with a news item about Shays' Rebellion—the Gazette is one of oldest newspapers in the country, and had been owned by the DeRose family since 1929 before being sold for an undisclosed amount of money in 2005. The paper was sold to Newspapers of New England, said then-publisher and co-owner Peter L. DeRose, because there were no younger members of the family willing to take over the business.

DeRose, who stayed on as publisher for another year under the new owners, became co-publisher upon the death of his father, Charles N. DeRose, in 1970. Charles' mother, Harriet Williams DeRose, had purchased the Gazette in 1929. Peter and his brother Charles W. DeRose were credited with moving the newspaper's offices to a modern building just outside downtown Northampton on Conz Street; paying and treating Gazette employees well; and being a pioneer in establishing an Internet presence, now known as gazettenet.com.

Originally an afternoon newspaper, the Gazette responded to shifting readership demographics by moving its publication time earlier in the day, although it long resisted making the switch to early morning delivery on weekdays (the Saturday edition converted to morning distribution in the early 1970s). By the time of the Newspapers of New England sale, the Gazette was available at downtown newsstands as early as 11:30 a.m., although subscribers still had to wait until after mid-afternoon for delivery by schoolchildren. Under the new management, however, the Gazette opted to make the change to six-day morning publication in September 2006, partly to compete better with the rival Springfield Republican.

In late 2007, Newspapers of New England purchased a competing alternative weekly newspaper, the Valley Advocate of Northampton. The Advocate had begun as an independent newspaper but was then owned by Advocate Weekly Newspapers, which also published weeklies in Connecticut. The Advocates owner at the time, the Tribune Company, sold the Massachusetts weekly to focus on its Connecticut properties, which included the Hartford Courant daily. The Gazettes owners announced they would move the Valley Advocate offices to Northampton, but would retain separate news and advertising staffs from the daily. In late March 2020 the Valley Advocate stopped their print edition and went to online only.

In November 2018, 72 staffers at the Daily Hampshire Gazette and Valley Advocate informed newspaper management that they were forming a union with the NewsGuild-Communications Workers of America and seek voluntary recognition from owners. In July 2020 Newspapers of New England shut down the press, opened in 2007, and moved the printing of the Daily Hampshire Gazette, the Amherst Bulletin, and the Greenfield Recorder, to an outside printing company. In late July 2020 it was announced that the Daily Hampshire Gazette building was for sale.

References

External links

Newspapers published in Massachusetts
Mass media in Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Mass media in Franklin County, Massachusetts
Publications established in 1786
1786 establishments in Massachusetts

Daily Hampshire Gazette


Soldier Five – The Real Truth About the Bravo Two Zero Mission is the third book about the Bravo Two Zero mission during the Gulf War to have been written by a member of the eight-man patrol involved.

It is published under the pseudonym "Mike Coburn", but the author is the member referred to as "Mark the Kiwi" in other accounts.

It is more critical of the command structure than other accounts had been and the book was only published after a lengthy and expensive series of court battles, and by court order the resulting royalties go to the UK Ministry of Defence.

The New Zealand Court of Appeal upheld the confidentiality contract signed by Coburn as a member of UK special forces, ruling that there was valid consideration, that it was not an unconscionable bargain, and that it was not the result of duress or undue influence. However, the Court declined to order an injunction against its publication, noting that Coburn had not waived his right to freedom of expression and that the matters contained in the book were now in the public domain.

See also
 Bravo Two Zero (actual events)
 Bravo Two Zero (1993 book)
 The One That Got Away (1995 book)

References

2004 non-fiction books
Gulf War books
British non-fiction books
Works about the Special Air Service
Works published under a pseudonym

Soldier Five


is a 1967 Japanese jidaigeki film directed by Masaki Kobayashi. The film is based on Hairyozuma shimatsu, a short story
by Yasuhiko Takiguchi.

Film historian Donald Richie suggests an approximate translation for its original Japanese title, "Rebellion: Receive the Wife".

Plot
In the Edo period of Japan, in the year 1725, Isaburo Sasahara (Toshiro Mifune) is a vassal of the daimyo of the Aizu clan, Masakata Matsudaira. Isaburo is one of the most skilled swordsmen in the land, whose principal rival is his good friend Tatewaki Asano (Tatsuya Nakadai). Isaburo is in a loveless marriage with a shrew of a woman. One day, one of the daimyo's advisors orders Isaburo's elder son Yogoro (Go Kato) to marry the daimyo's ex-concubine, Ichi (Yoko Tsukasa), even though she is the mother to one of the daimyo's sons. With much trepidation, the family agrees. In time, Ichi and Yogoro find love and happiness in the marriage and a daughter, Tomi, is born.

However, the daimyo's primary heir dies, and he orders his ex-concubine to rejoin his household to care for their son and heir. The family refuses, but Ichi is tricked into the castle by Isaburo's younger son, otherwise her husband and father-in-law will be ordered to commit seppuku for their insolence and insubordination. Isaburo counters that he will comply only if the heads of the daimyo and his two primary advisors are brought to him first. Isaburo sends his younger son and wife away and dismisses his household servants.With his elder son, he prepares for battle, removing the tatami from his house to prevent slipping in the blood that will be spilled and removing the house's walls to allow for more space for combat.

The daimyo's steward, accompanied by a platoon of 20 samurai, brings Ichi to the Sasahara house and tries to force her at spear point to renounce her marriage to Yogoro and join the daimyo's household. The daimyo also "graciously" offers to commute Isaburo and Yogoro's sentences to life confinement in a shrine outside his castle.Not only does Ichi refuse to join his household, she throws herself onto a spear instead of abandoning her husband. Her husband goes to her side and is killed with her in his arms.His father, enraged, kills the steward's entire party, killing the steward last as he attempts to flee.

Burying the dead couple, Isaburo now decides to take his case to the shogun in Edo regardless of the consequences to his clan, accompanied by Tomi. Tatewaki, who is guarding the gate, cannot permit Isaburo to pass, and a climactic duel follows with his good friend. Isaburo is the victor, but assassins hidden nearby cut Isaburo down with musket fire. As Isaburo dies, we see Tomi's wet-nurse comforting the baby: she has been secretly following him. Carrying Tomi, she is seen taking the road to Edo.

Cast
Toshiro Mifune as Isaburo Sasahara
Yoko Tsukasa as Ichi Sasahara
Go Kato as Yogoro Sasahara
Tatsuya Nakadai as Tatewaki Asano
Shigeru Koyama as Geki Takahashi
Masao Mishima as Sanzaemon Yanase
Isao Yamagata as Shobei Tsuchiya
Tatsuyoshi Ehara as Bunzo Sasahara
Etsuko Ichihara as Kiku
Tatsuo Matsumura as Masakata Matsudaira
Takamaru Sasaki as Kenmotsu Sasahara
Jun Hamamura as Hyoemon Shiomi

Music
The music, by Tōru Takemitsu, is performed almost exclusively on traditional Japanese instruments, including shakuhachi, biwa, and taiko.

Release
Samurai Rebellion received a roadshow release in Japan on 27 May 1967 where it was distributed by Toho. The film received a wide theatrical release in Japan on 3 June 1967 and was released by Toho International in December 1967, with English-subtitles and a 120-minute running time. It has been released to home video under the title of Samurai Rebellion.

Awards
Samurai Rebellion received awards in Japan, including Kinema Junpo awarding it Best Film, Best Director (Kobayashi), Best Screenplay (Shinobu Hashimoto (also for Kihachi Okamoto's Japan's Longest Day)). Mainichi Film Concours awarded it as Best Film of the year. Along with China is Near, it won the FIPRESCI Prize at the Venice Film Festival.

Other adaptations
A TV movie remake starring Masakazu Tamura as Isaburo Sasahara and Yukie Nakama as Ichi Sasahara aired on TV Asahi in 2013. Screenplay by Shinobu Hashimoto.

 Naoto Ogata as Yoichiro Sasahara
 Masahiko Tsugawa as Kenmotsu Sasahara
 Ren Osugi as Masakata Matsudaira
 Takashi Sasano as Shobei Tanimura
 Meiko Kaji as Suga Sasahara
 Ken Matsudaira as Tatewaki Asano

References

Sources

External links

1967 films
Best Film Kinema Junpo Award winners
Films directed by Masaki Kobayashi
Japanese epic films
1960s Japanese-language films
Jidaigeki films
Samurai films
Toho films
Films with screenplays by Shinobu Hashimoto
Films produced by Toshiro Mifune
Films produced by Tomoyuki Tanaka
Films scored by Toru Takemitsu
Films set in castles
1960s Japanese films

Samurai Rebellion


Mansour el-Essawi (; ; 18 September 1937 – 16 January 2023) was an Egyptian politician who served as minister of interior. He was appointed by Prime Minister Essam Sharaf on 5 March 2011.

Early life and education
El-Essawi was born in the Qena Governorate on 18 September 1937. After serving his two-year compulsory military service in an Army Engineering unit between 1955 and 1957, he was accepted into the Police Officer Training Academy. He received a law degree and a diploma in police science from the Egyptian Police College in 1959. He joined the National Police in 1959 as a commissioned officer. In 1973, he was promoted to the rank of colonel and was awarded a diploma by the Arabic Studies and Research Institute of the Arab League.

Career

On 1 July 1983, Essawy was appointed to Brigadier and posted as a Police Inspector-General at the general administration of inspection and censorship, and then became the undersecretary of the same administration on 2 February 1986. After being promoted to major general rank in 1987, he was appointed Director General of Police of Giza on 25 October 1988. On 2 August 1991, he was appointed assistant minister of interior for Northern Upper Egypt Zone. On 2 August 1992, he was appointed assistant minister of interior for Central Upper Egypt Zone.

On 29 October 1995, he was appointed assistant minister of interior, Director General of police of Cairo, and was put in charge of the tasks of the first assistant minister of interior for Central Zone. He finally retired from uniformed service on superannuation in early January 1996, and on 16 January 1996, he was appointed governor of Minya Governorate.

The state news agency MENA quoted Essawy as saying his priorities included reinforcing security across Egypt. Egyptian media reports said Essawy was previously the first deputy minister of security of Cairo and Giza governorates and an ex-governor of Minya Governorate. He was reported to be popular for his efforts to curb corruption. He was appointed interior minister to the interim government led by Essam Sharaf on 5 March 2011, replacing Mahmoud Wagdi. Essawi's tenure lasted until November 2011 when he resigned from office.

Awards
In 1988, Essawy was awarded the Order of Excellence first class.

References

1937 births
2023 deaths
Interior Ministers of Egypt
People of the Egyptian revolution of 2011
People from Qena Governorate
Governors of Minya

Mansour el-Essawy


Commodore Clarence William Macfarlane (March 8, 1858 – September 15, 1947), was a businessman and yachtsman of Hawaii. He founded the Transpacific Yacht Race (Transpac) in 1906 by sailing from San Pedro/Los Angeles, California to Honolulu, Hawaii.

Life
Born on March 8, 1858, in Honolulu, Hawaii, his parents were Richard (or Henry) Macfarlane (died 1860) and Eliza Macfarlane (1828–1904). His father was Scottish, of the Highland Clan MacFarlane, while his mother was of English descent. His parents married in Auckland and were early settlers of Hawaii arriving to the islands in 1846 via New Zealand. The youngest of six siblings, his brothers were: Henry R. Macfarlane, George W. Macfarlane, who served as Chamberlain of King Kalākaua, Edward C. Macfarlane, who served on as Queen Liliuokalani's cabinet minister, Frederick W. Macfarlane  and sister, Helen Blanche Macfarlane who married William H. Cornwell, also a cabinet minister during the monarchy. All were born in the island with the exception of Henry who was born at sea.

During the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, Macfarlane and his brothers were supporters of Queen Liliuokalani. He later became a member of the Democratic Party of Hawaii after the islands became a part of the United States.

Macfarlane engaged in business in Hawaii. He worked for the sugar plantation industry in the islands and worked in the Waikapu Sugar Company, on the island of Maui, owned by his brother George and his brother-in-law William H. Cornwell. He organized the Oceanic Gas & Electric Company and introduced the first acetylene gas plant in Hawaii. He later went into a myriad of business including  liquor, exporting and importing, and hotel management with his brother George. He managed the Seaside Hotel in Waikiki.

Besides his work in business, Macfarlane became a sailing enthusiast. In Spring 1906 he sailed his 48-foot schooner, the La Paloma. from Honolulu to San Francisco in 28 days where he expected to join other San Francisco sailors in a race back to Honolulu.  However, upon arriving in San Francisco on April 19, 1906, he was shocked to discover the devastating effects 1906 San Francisco earthquake that occurred the day before.  He then sailed south to Los Angeles and enlisted sailors in Los Angeles Yacht Club to join him in the first transpacific (Transpac) LA-Honolulu race that started on June 11, 1906. This transpacific (Transpac) race is still held every two years from Point Fermin off San Pedro, Los Angeles and ending off of Diamond Head in Honolulu, covering a distance of 2,223 nautical miles.
It also claimed he was the first Caucasian to master the traditional Hawaiian sports of surfing and sailing the outrigger canoe. He was later admitted to the Hawaii Sports Hall of Fame for his pioneering contribution to yacht racing.

He died on September 15, 1947, and was buried in the Macfarland family plot in Oahu Cemetery.

References

1858 births
1947 deaths
Businesspeople from Hawaii
Hawaii Democrats
Hawaiian Kingdom people of Scottish descent
Burials at Oahu Cemetery
Sportspeople from Honolulu
People of the Territory of Hawaii

Clarence W. Macfarlane


Pterostylis longifolia, commonly known as the common leafy greenhood or tall greenhood, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. Flowering plants have up to seven flowers which are green, partly transparent and which have a labellum which is pale green and hairy with a blackish central stripe. Non-flowering plants have a rosette of leaves but flowering plants lack the rosette, instead having five to eight stem leaves. A similar species, Pterostylis melagramma has paler green flowers which have a less hairy labellum.

Description
Pterostylis longifolia, is a terrestrial,  perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber. Non-flowering plants have a rosette of between three and six, linear to lance-shaped leaves, each leaf  long and  wide. Flowering plants have up to seven green, partly transparent flowers on a flowering spike  high. The flowering spike has between five and eight stem leaves which are  long and  wide. The flowers are  long,  wide. The lateral sepals turn downwards and have a tapering tip,  long,  wide. The labellum is about  long,  wide, pale green and hairy with a dark stripe along its mid-line. Flowering occurs from April to September.

Taxonomy and naming
Pterostylis longifolia was first formally described in 1880 by Robert Brown and the description was published in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. The specific epithet (longifolia) is derived from the Latin words longus meaning "long" and folia meaning "leaves".

Distribution and habitat
Pterostylis longifolia occurs in New South Wales and southern Queensland on the coast and tablelands, growing in forest and coastal scrub.

References

longifolia
Endemic orchids of Australia
Orchids of New South Wales
Orchids of Queensland
Plants described in 1810

Pterostylis longifolia


.

The House of Vorontsov, also Woronzow, Woroncow (Russian: Воронцо́в) is the name of a celebrated Russian family which were later given the rank of Count of the Holy Roman Empire in 1744 and became "Serene Princes of the Russian Empire" in 1852. During the reign of Empress Elizabeth of Russia the family reached the height of their influence and wealth and Elizaveta Vorontsova was later a mistress of Emperor Peter III. The family also had a large palace in St Petersburg built to reflect their wealth and influence.

Noble families
Russian nobility

Vorontsov


Rushen Abbey is a former abbey on the Isle of Man, located in Ballasalla. Originally home for monks of the Savignac order, it soon came under Cistercian control and remained so until its dissolution. The abbey is located  from Castle Rushen, the politically most important site on the island in medieval times. Both these sites are on the Awin Rosien, a river now called the Silver Burn.

History

The abbey was founded in 1134, under Óláfr Guðrøðarson's control. He granted the land to Savignac monks from Furness Abbey. In 1147 the abbey came under Cistercian rule following the merging of the Savignac and Cistercian orders. The abbey church dedicated to St Mary was completed in 1257. The abbey was dissolved in the 16th century.

In 1853 the Isle of Man Government bought Rushen Abbey with the intention of turning it into a lunatic asylum, but it was never used for such a purpose, and in 1864 an Act was passed revoking the sale.

In the early 1900s, the abbey ruins became a popular tourist destination, famous for the strawberries and cream served in its gardens. After falling into disrepair after World War II, the abbey was acquired by Manx National Heritage in May 1998, and restorations have now been made. Soon afterwards, excavations began, and archaeologists discovered more about the monks' way of life and practices.

The abbey is now a heritage centre (part of the "Story of Mann") with a building containing artefacts and telling the history of Rushen Abbey and the surrounding area. The remains of the original abbey have been restored and walkways constructed to allow visitors to get a close look. Between April and October the abbey is open to the public and an admission fee is payable. Before accessing the abbey gardens, visitors must walk through a museum that explains the role of the abbey. There is interactive, audio and video material available. At the end of the exhibition, there is an area designed for children, allowing them to build an arch and discover the monastery's history in a way that is more appealing to them. The centre is advertised to children with the phrase "Monky business".

The Chronicle of Mann was compiled at Rushen Abbey, as were many other important documents relating to the island. The abbey is significant in this respect, as it would have been the centre of knowledge and literacy on the island.

Monks' Bridge

Monks from Rushen Abbey would sometimes have farms in the north of the island. A packhorse bridge was built in around 1350 to allow the monks to cross the nearby Silverburn River. Known today as The Monks' Bridge (or The Crossag), it is one of few surviving packhorse bridges in the British Isles.

Burials
Olaf the Black
Magnús Óláfsson
Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson

References

External links

 Rushen Abbey  Centre for Manx Studies page about the abbey
 Rushen Abbey Information from Manx National Heritage
 Information about Rushen Abbey

Religious organizations established in the 1130s
Tourist attractions in the Isle of Man
Cistercian monasteries in the United Kingdom
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
Burial sites of the Crovan dynasty
Roman Catholic monasteries in the Isle of Man
Monasteries dissolved under the English Reformation

Rushen Abbey


Appadurai Muttulingam (Tamil அ. முத்துலிங்கம்) (born 19 January 1937) is a Sri Lankan Tamil author and essayist.  His short stories in Tamil have received critical acclaim
and won awards in both India and Sri Lanka.

Biography

Muttulingam was born in the village of Kokkuvil in Jaffna, Sri Lanka to Appadurai and Rasamma.  He was the fifth child in a family of seven.  He obtained an undergraduate degree in the sciences from the University of Ceylon, Colombo in 1959.  He began writing short stories in the 1960s, with his short story Akka winning a competition conducted by a Sri Lankan Tamil newspaper in 1961.  This story was the title story in his first collection of short stories, Akka ("Sister"), published in 1964.

After this early success, Muttulingam did not publish any stories for the next twenty years.  He qualified as a chartered accountant in 1965.  He left Sri Lanka in 1972, and spent the next eighteen years working in various countries in Africa and Asia, including assignments with the World Bank and the United Nations.  He began writing again in 1995, and in the next three years published three collections, all of which were critically acclaimed.  The first of these was Thikatasakkaram ("Ten beautiful arms", a reference to the opening verse of the Kanthapuranam, a mediaeval Tamil work), a collection of stories drawn from his youth in Sri Lanka and his time abroad, which won the Lily Devasigamani Award in Tamil Nadu.  His next collection, Vamsaviruththi ("Family traits"), came in 1996, and won the Government of Tamil Nadu prize as well as the State Bank of India Prize.  Vatakku vithi ("The north road"), the third collection published after his return to writing, won the Cultural Prize of the Government of Sri Lanka.  He has since published another collection of short stories, a collection of essays, and has edited a volume of Tamil translations of contemporary North American writing.

Muttulingam currently lives in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, with his wife Kamalaranjini.  He is actively involved in The Tamil Literary Garden, a Toronto-based charitable organization dedicated to the international promotion of Tamil literature.

Muttulingam's stories are noted for their understatement, reserve and imagery, and focus on moments of small transformation.  His stories do not attempt to directly build suspense or dramatic tension, and are instead grounded in realism, particularly in description and characterisation.

Works

 Akka ("Elder sister") (1964) - short stories.
 Thikatasakkaram ("Ten beautiful arms") (1995) – short stories
 Vamsaviruththi ("Family traits") (1996) – short stories
 Vadakku veethi ("The north road") (1998) – short stories
 Maharajavin rail vandi ("The king's train") (2001) – short stories
 A.Muttulingam kathaikal ("Stories of A. Muttulingam") (2004) - collected stories
 Ange ippa enna neram ("What time is it there?") (2005) – essays
 Inauspicious times (translated from Tamil into English by Padma Narayanan) (2008) - short stories
 Viyathalum Ilame(2006) - Interviews
 Kadikaram Amaithiyaaka Ennikkondirukkirathu (2006) - a collection of essays
 Poomiyin Paathivayathu("worlds half age") (2007) - essays
 Unmaikalantha Naatkurippukal (2008) - Novel
 A.Muttulingam kathaikal (2008) - audiobook
 Amerikkakari (2009) - short stories
 Amerikka Ulavaali (2010) - essays
 Onrukkum Uthavathavan(2011) - essays
 Kuthiraikkaaran(2012) - short stories
Kolunthodu Pidipaen(2013)- short stories

References

External links
 Thikatasakkaram ("Ten beautiful arms") (1995), Tamil etext
 Vamsaviruththi ("Family traits") (1996) Tamil etext
 Vadakku veethi ("The north road") (1998) Tamil etext
 Maharajavin rail vandi ("The king's train") (2001) – Tamil etext (pdf)
 A.Muttulingam kathaikal ("Stories of A. Muttulingam") (2004) Tamil etext (pdf)
 Ange ippa enna neram ("What time is it there?") (2005) Tamil etext (pdf)
 "Writer Muttulingam's Home Page"
 "Thaamarai Pooththa Thadaakam"
 "paathukaapillatha mozhi"
 Tamil Literary Garden awards a 'labour of love'

Tamil-language writers
1937 births
Living people
Sri Lankan Tamil accountants
Sri Lankan Tamil writers
Alumni of the University of Ceylon (Colombo)

Appadurai Muttulingam


The Eady Levy was a tax on box-office receipts in the United Kingdom, intended to support the British film industry. It was introduced in 1950 as a voluntary levy as part of the Eady plan, named after Sir Wilfred Eady, a Treasury official. The levy, paid into the British Film Production Fund, was made compulsory in 1957 and terminated in 1985.

Background
A levy was first proposed by Harold Wilson, then president of the Board of Trade, in 1949. The levy was intended to assist producers of British films. A direct governmental payment to British-based producers would have qualified as a subsidy under the terms of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and would have led to objections from American film producers. An indirect levy did not qualify as a subsidy, and so was a suitable way of providing additional funding for the UK film industry whilst avoiding criticism from abroad.

Establishment
The Eady Levy came into effect on 9 September 1950 on a voluntary basis to subsidize British film producers. In 1953, the UK Government indicated it would legislate if the exhibitors did not agree to continue the voluntary agreement. It was not established on a statutory basis until its incorporation in the Cinematograph Films Act 1957.

In the Eady Levy, a proportion of the ticket price was to be pooled – half to be retained by exhibitors (i.e. effectively a rebate on the tax) and half to be divided among qualifying 'British' films in proportion to UK box office revenue, with no obligation to invest in further production. The Finance Act 1950 had previously made the necessary changes in the entertainments tax. The levy was collected by HM Customs and Excise and administered by the British Film Fund Agency.

To qualify as a British film, a minimum of 85% of the film had to be shot in the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth, and only three non-British individual salaries could be excluded from the costs of the film, ensuring the employment of British actors, technicians and film crew.

In the first year, the levy was one quarter of a penny (d) per ticket sold and raised $3 million; in the second year the levy was tripled for ticket prices over 12 pence (12d) to (d) to raise £3 million ($8.4 million) per annum.

Note

Impact
The levy had the effect of both assisting the film industry, and reducing the effect of entertainment tax on film exhibition, to which all the cinema industry was opposed.

The rise in British cinema (including the James Bond films) during the 1960s caused by an influx of American producers can be attributed to the Eady Levy – and also to the cheaper production facilities – making it cost far less in the UK to achieve the same quality of production. A number of American film makers worked in Britain in this period on a near-permanent basis, including Sidney Lumet, Stanley Donen, and John Huston.  Stanley Kubrick moved to Britain in the early 1960s to make Lolita (1962), Dr. Strangelove (1964), 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) and A Clockwork Orange  (1971), among other films. Another expatriate American, Richard Lester, directed The Beatles' films A Hard Day's Night (1964) and Help! (1965).

It was not only American film makers who came; a number of distinguished European directors also made films in Britain. These included Roman Polanski, François Truffaut (who made Fahrenheit 451 at Pinewood Studios and on location in London and Berkshire) and Jean-Luc Godard.

The Eady Levy also provided funding for the National Film and Television School, which trained a number of directors and actors still in work today.

Termination
The Eady Levy was intended to support UK film production. However, in a White Paper in 1984, the British Government recognised that the levy was no longer fulfilling its original purpose, with much of the payment going directly to distributors rather than producers, and proving an unreasonable burden on the exhibition sector. The year 1984 had seen the lowest cinema attendances in the UK of any year in recorded history - with only 54 million tickets sold, fewer than one ticket per head of population – thanks largely to competition from TV and home video, so the tax had a significant effect on the cinema chains' dwindling profits. The Eady Levy was terminated in 1985.

See also
 National Film Finance Corporation

References

Sources

Citations

20th century in British cinema
History of taxation in the United Kingdom
1950 establishments in the United Kingdom
1985 disestablishments in the United Kingdom

Eady Levy


The Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 (Spanish: Real Cédula de Gracias) is a legal order approved by the Spanish Crown in the early half of the 19th century to encourage Spaniards and, later, Europeans of non-Spanish origin, to settle in and populate the colony of Puerto Rico.

Royal Decree of Graces
The King Charles III of Bourbon approved the Spanish Royal Decree of Graces of 8 September 1777 in regard to Captaincy General of Venezuela, and the Royal Decree of Graces of 1789, which granted its subjects the right to purchase slaves and to participate in the flourishing business of slave trading in the Caribbean.

On 10 August 1815, King Ferdinand VII of Spain approved the Spanish Royal Decree of Graces, which granted Puerto Rico the right to have commercial ties with countries which were in good standing with Spain. It also granted free land to settlers, as well as incentives for investing money and providing technology for agricultural development to any Spaniard willing to relocate and settle in those territories.

Puerto Rico was largely undeveloped until 1830, when immigrants from the Spanish provinces of Catalonia, Majorca, and the Canary Islands began to arrive. They gradually developed the sugarcane, coffee, and tobacco plantations, based on the use of African slave labor.

Situation in the Spanish Colonies
At the beginning of the 19th century, the Spanish colonies in the Western Hemisphere fought for their independence. In South America, Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín led colonists to victory against Spanish rule; in Mexico, José María Morelos led the movement.

By 1825, the Spanish Empire had lost control of all of its territories in the Americas with the exception of Puerto Rico and Cuba. These two possessions were also demanding more autonomy, and pro-independence movements had been gathering strength. Trying to forestall the loss of these colonies, the Spanish Crown revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815. It printed the decree in English and French, as well as Spanish, and distributed copies throughout Europe to attract non-Spanish settlers. The Crown offered free land on the condition that new settlers swear their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church. They hoped to supplant the independence movement with new settlers.

Situation in Europe
During the latter part of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, great economic and political changes occurred in Europe. Thousands of farm workers migrated to cities seeking industrial jobs and better opportunities. Those who stayed behind to attend the farmlands suffered the widespread crop failures, brought on by long periods of drought and diseases such as the potato fungus which contributed to the Great Famine of the 1840s.  Cholera epidemics broke out and starvation was widespread in Europe. Social and economic disruption also followed the European Revolutions of 1848, which erupted in Sicily and the German states. The French Revolution of 1848 contributed to the Franco-Prussian war of 1870 and more changes.

These conditions led to a massive European immigration to the Americas. Hundreds of Corsicans, Italians, French, Portuguese, Irish, Scots, Germans, and Croatians  attracted by the offers of free land by the Spanish Crown, moved to the colony of Puerto Rico and accepted the conditions. As soon as these settlers swore their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and their allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church, they were given a "Letter of Domicile". After five years, the settlers were granted a "Letter of Naturalization" that made them Spanish subjects. In 1870, to attract non-Catholic Europeans, Spain's Cortes of Cádiz passed a law granting the right of religious freedom in the islands.

Aftermath
The new settlers soon adopted the language and customs of their new homelands, and many intermarried with the local residents. Many became prominent business and political leaders. The Royal Decree continued in effect until 1898, when Spain finally lost Puerto Rico and Cuba, its last two possessions in the New World, to the United States under the Treaty of Paris that ended the Spanish–American War.

The original Spanish Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 is kept in the General Archives of Puerto Rico in the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

See also

Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico
French immigration to Puerto Rico
German immigration to Puerto Rico
Irish immigration to Puerto Rico
Spanish immigration to Puerto Rico

References

External links
Real Cédula de 1789 "para el comercio de Negros"
Archivo General de Puerto Rico: Documentos
Real Cédula del 8 de setiembre de 1777

Colonial Puerto Rico
Spanish colonial period of Cuba
Immigration to Puerto Rico
1815 in Spain
1815 in Puerto Rico
1815 in Cuba
1815 in the Spanish West Indies
Decrees

Royal Decree of Graces of 1815


The St. Ignatius Church is a religious building that is affiliated with the Catholic Church and is located in Walkers Road in the city of George Town on Grand Cayman Island in the British overseas territory of the Cayman Islands in the Caribbean Sea.

The temple follows the Roman or Latin rite and is under the jurisdiction of the mission sui iuris of the Cayman Islands (Missio sui iuris insularum Caimanensium) that was created in 2000 under the pontificate of Pope John Paul II.

The church in Shedden Road was completed in 1959. In 1971 the School of St. Ignatius linked to the temple was created. In 1981 the building in Walkers Road was started, which it would be completed the following year.

Stella Maris Church, Cayman Brac, is the one other Roman Catholic church in this parish and in the Cayman Islands as a whole, and was created with the move of a priest from this church.

See also
Roman Catholicism in the United Kingdom

References

Roman Catholic churches in the Cayman Islands
Buildings and structures in George Town, Cayman Islands
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1982
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United Kingdom

St. Ignatius Church, George Town


Jerry Earl Nelson (January 15, 1944 – June 10, 2017) was an American astronomer known for his pioneering work designing segmented mirror telescopes, which led to him sharing the 2010 Kavli Prize for Astrophysics.

He was the principal designer and project scientist for the Keck telescopes.

Education
Nelson was born in Los Angeles County on January 15, 1944. As a high school student in 1960, Nelson got an early start in astronomy when he attended the Summer Science Program where he studied under astronomers Paul Routly and George Abell. Growing up in Kagel Canyon outside of Los Angeles, he was the first child from his town to go to college.

He got his B.S. in physics from the California Institute of Technology in 1965 and his Ph.D. in elementary particle physics from University of California, Berkeley in 1972. While at Caltech, he helped to design and build a  telescope.

Career
In 1977, when Nelson worked in the Physics Division of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, he was appointed to a five-person committee to design a 10-meter telescope, twice the diameter of the best telescope of the time. He concluded that only a segmented design would be sensible to overcome structural difficulties. His design had 36 hexagonal mirror segments, each six feet in diameter and just three inches thick. This led to the creation of the revolutionary twin 10-meter Keck telescopes.

"The Hale Telescope was very innovative for its day, but in terms of advancing the state of the art--or at least pushing the available technology to its limits--it's been downhill ever since for optical telescopes. It is time for a forward step, not just making improvements in an old design." —Jerry Nelson

Segments solved the structural problem but created a new one involving the alignment of the segments. To deal with this, Nelson contributed to the design of an alignment system that used 168 electronic sensors mounted on the edges of the hexagonal mirror segments and 108 motor-driven adjusting mechanisms to continually keep the mirror system in the correct shape.

His proposal was met with skepticism. It was felt that the scheme was too complex to ever work. Eventually, Nelson overcame the doubts by building working prototypes.

Nelson became a professor at UC Santa Cruz in 1994. In 1999, he was the founding Director of the Center for Adaptive Optics at UCSC.

In 2010, he shared the million dollar Kavli Prize for Astrophysics for his work on segmented mirrors.

"This is a most well-deserved award. Jerry Nelson first revolutionized astronomy when he invented the segmented mirror design for the Keck Telescopes; he continued with his outstanding work on adaptive optics, and he is about to transform astronomy again through his leading role in the Thirty Meter Telescope project, his work has made possible an era of incredible discoveries in astronomy." —UCSC Chancellor George R. Blumenthal

Nelson died in Santa Cruz, California on June 10, 2017.

Awards
1995 Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics
1995 California Institute of Technology Distinguished Alumni
1996 Joseph Fraunhofer Award and Robert M. Burley Prize from the Optical Society of America
1998 Grand Prix Andre Lallemand awarded by the French Academy of Sciences
2010 Kavli Prize for Astrophysics
2012 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Electrical Engineering from the Franklin Institute.

References

External links
 Nelson's page at UCSC Astronomy and Astrophysics
 Nelson's page at UCSC Astrophysical & Planetary Sciences

1944 births
2017 deaths
American astronomers
California Institute of Technology alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Summer Science Program
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of California, Santa Cruz faculty
Winners of the Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics
Kavli Prize laureates in Astrophysics
People from Los Angeles County, California
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates

Jerry Nelson (astronomer)


The Kennedy Institute of Ethics (also known as Joseph and Rose Kennedy Institute of Ethics) is one of the most prestigious bioethics institutes in the world. Located at Healy Hall, it was established at Georgetown University in 1971 as a bioethics center, think tank and library. Its first director, , said the institution's goal was to "bring expertise to the new and growing ethical problems in medicine today." The Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation granted $1.35 million to the Institute, contributing to the establishment of its Bioethics Research Library and providing for two Chairs. The Institute was soon in need of more financial support, which it received from Georgetown University and by several public, private and governmental grants. The philosopher Tom Beauchamp and the bioethicist Robert Veatch were among the first scholars to join the Kennedy Institute of Ethics. The institute features a top-ranked graduate program in applied ethics.

Scholars based at the Institute have included Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics professor Ruth Faden, The Catholic University of America president Edmund Pellegrino and Ruhr University Bochum professor Hans-Martin Sass. Claire Lademacher, future Princess of Luxembourg, was a visiting scholar for a few months in the fall of 2012.

The Bioethics Research Library, founded by André Hellegers and the theology professor LeRoy Walters, was formalized in June 1973. Today it contains over 32,000 monographs, covering all fields of bioethics. The institute publishes the Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal.

See also

 Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal

References

External links
 Homepage

Bioethics research organizations
Georgetown University programs
Think tanks based in Washington, D.C.
Think tanks established in 1971
Ethics organizations
1971 establishments in Washington, D.C.

Kennedy Institute of Ethics


Sir William Arthur Lewis (23 January 1915 – 15 June 1991) was a Saint Lucian  economist and the James Madison Professor of Political Economy at Princeton University. Lewis was known for his contributions in the field of economic development. In 1979, he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

Biography
Arthur Lewis was born in Saint Lucia, then still part of the British Windward Islands federal colony, the fourth of the five sons of George Ferdinand and Ida Lewis (the others being Stanley, Earl, Allen and Victor). His parents had migrated from Antigua shortly after the turn of the century. George Lewis died when Arthur was seven years old and his brothers aged from five to 17, leaving Ida to raise her five children alone. Arthur was a gifted student and was promoted two classes ahead of his age. After finishing school when he was 14 years old, Lewis worked as a clerk, while waiting to be old enough to sit the examination for a government scholarship to a British university, which would be in 1932. During this time he began a lifelong friendship with Eric Williams, the future first prime minister of Trinidad and Tobago.

Lewis's initial career choice was to become an engineer, "but this seemed pointless since neither the government nor the white firms would employ a black engineer," as he later said: "Eventually I decided to study business administration, planning to return to St. Lucia for a job in the municipal service or in private trade. I would simultaneously study law to fall back on if nothing administrative turned up." At the age of 18, he earned the government scholarship to attend the London School of Economics (LSE), becoming the first black individual to gain acceptance there. While enrolled to study for a Bachelor of Commerce degree ("which offered accounting, business management, commercial law and a little economics and statistics") in 1933, he would achieve similar success as he did at grade school. Lewis's academic superiority was noticed and admired by his peers and professors. While at LSE, he studied under John Hicks, Arnold Plant, Lionel Robbins, and Friedrich Hayek.

After Lewis graduated in 1937 with first-class honours, LSE gave him a scholarship to read for a PhD in industrial economics, under the supervision of Arnold Plant. Lewis would become the first black faculty member at LSE: in 1938 he was given a teaching appointment, and in 1939 was made an Assistant Lecturer, continuing to work as a member of the LSE staff until 1948.

In 1947, Lewis married Gladys Jacobs, and that year he was selected as a lecturer at the Victoria University of Manchester, and moved there with his family, becoming Britain's first black lecturer. In 1948, at the age of 33, he was made a full professor. He taught at Manchester until 1957. During this period, he developed some of his most important concepts about the patterns of capital and wages in developing countries. He particularly became known for his contributions to development economics, of great interest as former colonies began to gain independence from their European colonizers.

Lewis served as an economic advisor to numerous African and Caribbean governments, including Nigeria, Ghana, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, and Barbados. When Ghana (where in 1929 his eldest brother Stanley had settled) gained independence in 1957, Lewis was appointed as the country's first economic advisor. He helped draw up its first Five-Year Development Plan (1959–1963).

In 1959, Lewis returned to the Caribbean region when appointed Vice Chancellor of the University of the West Indies. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1962. In 1963, he was knighted by the British government for his achievements and for his contributions to economics. That year, he was also appointed Professor of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University – the first black instructor to be given a full professorship – and subsequently held the position of James Madison Professor of Political Economics. In 1966, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society. He also served from 1966 to 1973 he served as Chancellor of the University of Guyana. Lewis worked at Princeton for the next two decades, teaching generations of students until his retirement in 1983. Lewis helped to establish the Caribbean Development Bank and in 1970 he was selected as its first president, serving in that capacity until 1973.

Lewis received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1979, sharing it with Theodore Schultz, "for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries".

Lewis died on 15 June 1991 in Bridgetown, Barbados, aged 76. He was buried in the grounds of the St. Lucian community college named in his honour.

Personal life
In 1947, Lewis married Grenada-born Gladys Jacobs, with whom he had two daughters, Elizabeth and Barbara.

Key works

Labour in the West Indies: The Birth of a Workers' Movement (1939)
Labour in the West Indies: The Birth of a Worker's Movement, first published by the Fabian Society in 1939, was an account of the 1930s labour movement in the Caribbean. It remained the only work published on the Caribbean-wide movement and the Labour Rebellions in the English-speaking Caribbean for decades. The book was republished by John La Rose and Sarah White at New Beacon Books in February 1978. Lewis is now characterised as "among the earliest proponents of Reparations for the former West Indies for Britain's colonial wrongs" because of the ideas he put forward in this work.

The "Lewis model"

Lewis published in 1954 what was to be his most influential development economics article, "Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour" (Manchester School). In this publication, he introduced what came to be called the dual sector model, or the "Lewis model".

Lewis combined an analysis of the historical experience of developed countries with the central ideas of the classical economists to produce a broad picture of the development process. In his theory, a "capitalist" sector develops by taking labour from a non-capitalist backward "subsistence" sector. The subsistence sector is governed by informal institutions and social norms so that producers do not maximize profits and workers can be paid above their marginal product. At an early stage of development, the "unlimited" supply of labour from the subsistence economy means that the capitalist sector can expand for some time without the need to raise wages.  This results in higher returns to capital, which are reinvested in capital accumulation. In turn, the increase in the capital stock leads the "capitalists" to expand employment by drawing further labour from the subsistence sector. Given the assumptions of the model (for example, that the profits are reinvested and that capital accumulation does not substitute for skilled labour in production), the process becomes self-sustaining and leads to modernization and economic development.

The point at which the excess labour in the subsistence sector is fully absorbed into the modern sector, and where further capital accumulation begins to push the balance of power towards labour (thus increasing wages) in both capitalist and subsistence sectors, is sometimes called the Lewisian turning point. It has recently been widely discussed in the context of economic development in China. Work building on Lewis's analysis has shown that productivity gains in the areas formerly occupied by the subsistence sector (e.g. agriculture) can offset some of the labour demand.

The Theory of Economic Growth (1955)
In his 1955 book, The Theory of Economic Growth, Lewis sought to "provide an appropriate framework for studying economic development", driven by a combination of "curiosity and of practical need."

During the Industrial Revolution, England was experiencing the worst economic turmoil of its time. It would not be until an economic enlightenment took place that cities began to shift towards factories and labour-intensive methods of production as they experienced giant shifts in the labour and agriculture markets, thus, eventually leading to higher production, and higher income. Lewis theorized if England could turn its misfortune around, the same could be done for developing countries around the world. His theories proved true for some countries such as Nigeria and Barbados, as they would see some economic development.

Selected bibliography
 Labour in the West Indies: The Birth of a Workers' Movement (1939). Reprinted, with Afterword by Susan Craig, London: New Beacon Books, 1978.
 The Principles of Economic Planning (1949)
 The Theory of Economic Growth (1955)
 Development Planning (1966)
 Tropical Development 1880–1913 (1971)
 Growth and Fluctuations 1870–1913 (1978)

Selected awards and honours
 1963: Knighthood for contributions to economics.
 1979: Nobel Prize in Economics

Legacy

 The Sir Arthur Lewis Community College, St. Lucia, was named in his honour.
 The Arthur Lewis Building (opened in 2007) at the University of Manchester was named for him, as he had lectured there for several years before entering governmental positions.
 The Arthur Lewis Lectures are held annually at the University of Manchester, having begun in 2015, the centenary of his birth.
 He is commemorated by the Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies (SALISES) on the three campuses of The University of the West Indies.
 Sir Arthur Lewis's portrait appears on the Eastern Caribbean 100-dollar bill.
 A newly-titled London School of Economics building was unveiled in a ceremony attended by Sir Arthur Lewis' family, including his daughter and granddaughter, and the High Commissioner for St Lucia on Thursday 23 March 2023. Formerly known as 32 Lincoln's Inn Fields (32L) the site, now called the Sir Arthur Lewis Building (SAL), is home to various departments including the Centre for Economic Performance (CEP), the International Growth Centre (IGC), the Department of Economics, the Centre for Macroeconomics, and the Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines (STICERD).

 Arthur Lewis Auditorium, the main auditorium of Robertson Hall, home of the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University, was named after him.
 On 10 December 2020, the 41st anniversary of his receiving the Nobel Prize, Google celebrated the late Sir Arthur Lewis with a Google Doodle.

See also
 Black Nobel Prize laureates
 Lewis turning point

References

Citations

Sources

 Biography at stlucianobellaureates.org
 Biography on the Sir Arthur Lewis Community College website
 Breit, William, and Barry T. Hirsch (eds., 2004). Lives of the Laureates (4th edn). Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press. .
  453 pp.

Further reading
 Figueroa, M. (December 2005). "W. Arthur Lewis's Social Analysis and the Transformation of Tropical Economies". Social and Economic Studies, 54(4), 72–90. .

External links

 Arthur Lewis Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
 Saint Lucian Nobel Laureates
 Biography available in Nobel Laureates of Saint Lucia

 Sir Arthur Lewis Community College, Saint Lucia
 Sir Arthur Lewis – Nobel Prize Lecture
 IDEAS/RePEc

 The Lewisian Turning Point and Its Implications to Labor Protection (The Institute of Population and Labor Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

1915 births
1991 deaths
20th-century American economists
Academics of the London School of Economics
Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester
African-American economists
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
Development economists
Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association
Heads of the University of the West Indies
Knights Bachelor
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Nobel laureates in Economics
People from Castries Quarter
Presidents of the American Economic Association
Princeton University faculty
Saint Lucian economists
Saint Lucian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Saint Lucian expatriates in the United States
Saint Lucian Nobel laureates
Saint Lucian people of African descent
Saint Lucian people of Antigua and Barbuda descent
20th-century African-American scientists

W. Arthur Lewis


Tarzan's Treehouse is a walk-through attraction in Disneyland in Anaheim, California. It was originally called the Swiss Family Treehouse. The treehouse explores the past of the Disney character Tarzan. The tree is fake, but is considered by Disney imagineers a real species or Disneyodendron eximus which translates to "out of the ordinary Disney tree". The tree has 1,400 branches and 300,000 polyethlyne leaves. The tree is covered in live Spanish moss.

The Walt Disney Company
Tarzan (Disney)

Tarzan's Treehouse


Action may refer to:
 Action (narrative), a literary mode
 Action fiction, a type of genre fiction
 Action game, a genre of video game

Movie
 Action movie, a genre of movie
 Action (1921 movie), a movie by John Ford
 Action (1980 movie), a movie by Tinto Brass
 Action 3D, a 2013 Telugu language movie
 Action (2019 movie), a Kollywood movie.

Music
 Action (music), a characteristic of a stringed instrument
 Action (piano), the mechanism which drops the hammer on the string when a key is pressed
 The Action, a 1960s band

Albums
 Action (B'z album) (2007)
 Action! (Desmond Dekker album) (1968)
 Action Action Action or Action, a 1965 album by Jackie McLean
 Action! (Oh My God album) (2002)
 Action (Oscar Peterson album) (1968)
 Action (Punchline album) (2004)
 Action (Question Mark & the Mysterians album) (1967)
 Action (Uppermost album) (2011)
 Action (EP), a 2012 EP by NU'EST
 Action, a 1984 album by Kiddo

Songs
 "Action" (Freddy Canon song) (1965), the theme song to the TV series Where the Action Is
 "Action" (Sweet song) (1975), covered by various artists
 "Action", a version of "Feeling This" by Blink-182
 "Action", a 1984 song by The Fits
 "Action", a 1960 song by Lance Fortune
 "Action", a 1988 song by Girlschool from Take a Bite
 "Action", a 1989 song by Gorky Park from Gorky Park (album)
 "Action", a 1988 song by Pearly Gates
 "Action", a 2003 song by Powerman 5000 from Transform
 "Action", a 1972 song by Scorpions from Lonesome Crow
 "Actions", a 1980 song by The Stingrays
 "Action", a 1994 song by Terror Fabulous featuring Nadine Sutherland

Literature
 Action! (novel), a novel in the Nancy Drew: Girl Detective series
 Action (comics), a British comic book published in 1976–1977
 Action Comics, a DC Comics comic book series
Action: A Book about Sex, a 2016 book by Amy Rose Spiegel
 Action (newspaper), a newspaper of Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists

People
 Action Bronson (born 1983), American rapper, reality television star, author, and talk show host

Television and radio
 Action (Canadian TV channel)
 Action (French TV channel)
 The Action Channel (US TV channel), a subsidiary of Luken Communications
 Action (radio), a 1945 radio program
 Action (TV series), a comedy series on Fox in 1999–2000
 Sky Sports Action, a TV channel

Theatre
 Action (theatre), a principle in Western theatre practice
 Action (play), a 1975 play by Sam Shepard

Organizations

Businesses
 Action (store), a Dutch discount store chain with branches in many European countries
 Action (supermarkets), an Australian supermarket chain
 Actions Semiconductor, a Chinese semiconductor company
 ACTION, an Australian public transport company

Political parties
 Action (Cyprus), a Cypriot political alliance
 Action (Greece), a Greek political party
 Action (Italy), an Italian political party

Other organizations
 ACTION (U.S. government agency), a former US government federal domestic volunteer agency

Science, technology, and mathematics
 Action (physics), an attribute of the dynamics of a physical system
 Action at a distance, an outdated term for nonlocal interaction in physics
 Group action (mathematics)
 Continuous group action
 Semigroup action
 Action (firearms), the mechanism that manipulates cartridges and/or seals the breech
 Action! (programming language), for the Atari 8-bit family of microcomputers
 Action (UML), in the Unified Modeling Language
 Dudek Action, a Polish paraglider design

Other uses
 Action (philosophy), something which is done by an agent
 Lawsuit or action

Action


Phil Wachsmann (born August 5, 1944) is an African avant-garde jazz/jazz fusion violinist born in Kampala, Uganda, probably better known for having founded his own group Chamberpot. He has worked with many musicians in the free jazz idiom, including Tony Oxley, Fred van Hove, Barry Guy, Derek Bailey and Paul Rutherford, among many others. Wachsmann is especially known for playing within the electronica idiom.

References

1944 births
Living people
20th-century composers
Violinists
People from Kampala
21st-century composers

Phil Wachsmann


The Doe Boy is a 2001 independent drama film written and directed by Randy Redroad.  It was selected as the United States winner of the Sundance Film Festival/NHK International Filmmakers Award in 2000.  The Doe Boy was produced by filmmaker, Chris Eyre.

Plot
Set in 1984 in the heart of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, The Doe Boy tells the coming of age story of Hunter (James Duval), a young man of mixed heritage who is also a haemophiliac.

Cast
 James Duval as Hunter
 Kevin Anderson as Hank Kirk
 Jeri Arredondo as Maggie Kirk
 Andrew J. Ferchland as Young Hunter
 Gordon Tootoosis as Marvin Fishinghawk
 Jude Herrera as Geri
 Jim Metzler as Dr. Moore
 Nathaniel Arcand as Junior
 Robert A. Guthrie as Cheekie
 Gil Birmingham as Manny
 Alex Rice as Bird
 Orvel Baldridge as Oliver
 Kyle White as Young Junior

Awards and nominations
 Sundance/NHK International Filmmaker's Award
 Taos Talking Pictures - Best First Time Director
 Wine Country Film Festival - Best First Feature, Best Actor (James Duval)
 Great Plains Film Festival - Best Feature
 Deauville American Film Festival 2001 - Official Competition
 IFP/Gotham Open Palm Award - Outstanding Directorial Debut - Finalist
 Perrier Bubbling Under Award - Finalist
 Galway Film Fleadh - Best First Time Director Co-Winner
 First Nations Film Festival, Montreal - Grand Prize
 Great Plains Film Festival - Best Feature
 Empire State Film Festival  - Grand Prize
 Route 66 Film Festival, Chicago Best Feature With Diversity Emphasis
 American Indian Film Festival - Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor (James Duval), Best Actress (Jeri Arredondo) Best Supporting Actress (Jude Herrera)

References

External links

2001 films
2001 drama films
American independent films
Cherokee in popular culture
Films set in the 1980s
Films set in Oklahoma
Films about Native Americans
Films by indigenous directors
Films set in 1984
American drama films
2001 independent films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

The Doe Boy


Anton Strohmayer, (25 January 1848 – 20 December 1937), born in Lichtental, Vienna, was an Austrian musician.  His instruments were contraguitar and clarinet; a founding member of the "Schrammel Brothers Specialities Quartet", he played Schrammelmusik.

His father, Alois Strohmayer (1822-1890) was a composer.  Strohmayer studied the guitar with his father Alois. As a boy, he already had similar ability to the brothers Johann and Josef Schrammel, two renowned Austrian guitarists who were taken in by his father to play guitar in restaurants across the city. At age 12, Strohmayer was taken by his father to play, for the first time at the "Green Hunter" in the Prater.

In 1862 he played with Johann, Kaspar and Josef Schrammel in Hernals; from 1866 he played with Georg Dänzer and Josef Turnofsky; from 1873 in Wr. National Quartet, 1877 in the First Wr. National Quintet and from 1878 with Johann and Joseph Schrammel in the successful Nußdorfer Terzett (Gebrüder Schrammel and S.), which was expanded by the inclusion of dancer in 1884 to the quartet Gebr. Schrammel, Dänzer and S.

After the separation of the brothers Schrammel 1892 the quartet Danzer and S. 1893 concerted S. on the Weltausst. in Chicago with Bela Kürty and Johann Wächter (violins), Dänzer (G-clarinet and posthorn), his son Willy S. (Guitar and harmonica) as well as the singers Marie Kiesel (see Koerber M. v.), Gusti Reverelli, Georg Edler, brothers Hirsch and the art piping Hans Tranquillini ("Baron Jean") as quintet Dänzer and S. 1895 he acquired a Singspielhallen Concession and played as clarinettist in Wr. Specialty Quartet A. S., 1905 he played in the Maxim Quartet; the later participation in various S. ensembles is uncertain.

S., who also played the violin, withdrew early from playing music. After the death of Danze (1893), with whom he often performed in duets, he was considered the last representative of the G-clarinet. His real. Significance, however, lies in the participation as a contragitarrist in the ensemble of the brothers Schrammel.Musical. also successful were two of S's sons: Willy S. (1875-1959) as a harmonica player and singer, Franz S. (1881-1948) as a lieder singer.

His grave is located on the Dornbacher cemetery in Vienna.

See also

Josef Schrammel
Johann Schrammel

References

Literature

 Margarethe Egger: Die "Schrammeln" in ihrer Zeit. Österreichischer Bundesverlag, Wien 1989, .

External links

 Strohmayer in Baden bei Wien. — Siehe: Im Grinzinger Garten […] Badener Zeitung, 24. Juli 1926, S. 4, unten Mitte ÖNB/ANNO AustriaN Newspaper Online

1848 births
1937 deaths
Austrian male musicians
Musicians from Vienna

Anton Strohmayer


Major General Jack W. Ramsaur II (born c. 1952) is the mobilization assistant to the commander, United States Strategic Command, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. He is the principal advisor to the commander on Reserve Component matters. He assists the director in planning and executing all assigned missions.

Biography
The general began his Air Force career in 1974 upon receiving his commission through the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps. His first operational assignment was at Barksdale Air Force Base, LA where he served as a KC-135 pilot and simulator instructor for the 71st Air Refueling Squadron; from there he transferred to the 78th Air Refueling Squadron as a pilot and evaluator. His subsequent positions include instructor pilot of the 76th Air Refueling Squadron, McGuire Air Force Base, N.J., squadron commander of the 970th Associate Airborne Control Squadron, Tinker Air Force Base, OK., senior individual mobilization augmentee to the director, plans and programs, Headquarters Air Force, Pentagon, Washington D.C., assistant deputy commander of operations of the 340th Flying Training Group, Randolph Air Force Base, Texas, vice commander of the 916th Air Refueling Wing, Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, N.C., and mobilization assistant, commander of the 19th Air Force, Randolph Air Force Base, Texas. Prior to his current position he was the mobilization assistant, director of global operations, USSTRATCOM, Offutt Air Force Base, Neb.

General Ramsaur is a command pilot with more than 5,300 hours in the B-707, B-727, E-3, C-18, DC-10, KC-10, KC-135A/R, T-37, T-38 and T-1 aircraft. The general earned a Bachelor of Science and Master of Arts degree at Louisiana Tech University. He attended: Squadron Officer School by correspondence; Air Command and Staff by correspondence; Air War College by correspondence.

Awards
His major awards include the Defense Superior Service Medal, Legion of Merit, the Meritorious Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters, the Aerial Achievement Medal, the Air Force Commendation Medal and the Air Force Achievement Medal with one oak leaf cluster.

  Defense Superior Service Medal
  Legion of Merit
  Meritorious Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters
  Aerial Achievement Medal
  Air Force Commendation Medal
  Air Force Achievement Medal with one oak leaf cluster

References

External links

1950s births
Living people
Louisiana Tech University alumni
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Air Force generals
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal

Jack Ramsaur II


John Blair may refer to:

Politics
 John Blair Sr. (1687–1771), American merchant and politician in the colony of Virginia
 John Blair Jr. (1732–1800), American politician, Founding Father and jurist
 John Blair (Tennessee politician) (1790–1863), American politician
 John Blair (Northern Ireland politician) (born 1966), Member of the Legislative Assembly for South Antrim
 John Knox Blair (1873–1950), Canadian politician, physician and teacher
 John Rutherford Blair (1843–1914), New Zealand politician

Sports
 John Blair (1890s footballer), Scottish footballer active 1894–1899
 John Blair (footballer, born 1898) (1898–1971), Scottish footballer (Partick Thistle)
 John Blair (English footballer), top scorer in the 1923–24 Oldham Athletic A.F.C. season
 John Blair (footballer, born 1905) (1905–1974), Scottish footballer (Third Lanark, Tottenham Hotspur, Sheffield United)
 John Blair (footballer, born 1910) (1910–c. 1975), Scottish footballer (Motherwell and Scotland)
 John Blair (Australian footballer) (born 1955), Australian rules footballer
 John Blair (rugby union) (c. 1871–1911), New Zealand rugby union player

Other
 John Blair (historian) (born 1955), British historian, archaeologist, and academic
 John Blair (pastor) (1720–1771), Presbyterian minister
 John Blair (priest) (died 1782), British clergyman and chronologist
 John Blair (writer) (born 1961), American poet, novelist, and short-story writer
 John Blair (musician), American violinist on the 1973 album Song of the New World
John Blair (painter) (1849–1934), Scottish painter
 John Hamilton Blair (1889–1972), Scottish mariner
 John Hunter Blair (1903–1964), British television producer
 John Insley Blair (1802–1899), American entrepreneur, railroad magnate, and philanthropist
 John Leo Blair (1888–1962), American businessman
 John T. Blair (1885–1976), American architect and builder

See also
John Hamilton of Blair, 17th-century Scottish bishop
John Insley Blair Larned (1881–1955), American Episcopal bishop
Jon Blair (born 1950), South African-born writer and filmmaker
Jon Blair Hunter, American politician active 1996–2008

John Blair


The Black Grave () is the largest burial mound (kurgan) in Chernihiv, Ukraine. It is part of the National Sanctuary of Ancient Chernihiv and is an Archaeological Monument of national importance.

Overview
Comparable to the barrows of Gnyozdovo near Smolensk, the Black Grave has a height of over 10 metres and a circumference of 170 metres. During excavations undertaken in 1872–73, Dmitry Samokvasov uncovered two cremated bodies of Norse  warriors (probably father and son), surrounded by slaves, sacrificial animals, arms, armour, and decorations. Samokvasov dated the burial to the late 10th century, when Vladimir I was the ruler of Kievan Rus. It is likely that the buried warriors were two princes (knyazes) of Chernihiv, although no local potentate is attested in the Slavonic chronicles before Vladimir's son, Mstislav of Chernihiv.

After the bodies were cremated, they were put upon a 7-metre-high mound, where a funeral feast took place. Arranged near the bodies were two helmets and knee-length chain mail (hauberks), probably extracted from the pyre, as well as a cauldron with ram bones, two sacerdotal knives, two golden Byzantine coins, an imported sabre, a miniature dark-red bronze idol of Thor, and two silver-bound aurochs horns decorated with floral motifs, fabulous animals, and figures of a man and a woman shooting at a bird. When the barrow was completed, a stele was placed at the top. All these items are now displayed at the State Historical Museum in Moscow.

At the present time the site of the burial mound along with other 34 buildings (mostly churches) are included in the Chernihiv National Architecture-Historical Sanctuary "Ancient Chernihiv". The Black Grave along with the rest of the reserve is the major tourist attraction in the Chernihiv Oblast (province) of Ukraine.

References

Bibliography
Dmitry Samokvasov. Могилы русской земли. Moscow, 1908.
Boris Rybakov. Древности Чернигова. // Материалы и исследования по археологии СССР, №11, Moscow-Leningrad, 1949.
T.A. Pushkina. Бронзовый идол из Черной могилы. // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 8. История, №3, 1984.

External links
 Archeological site – Black grave (Ukr.)
 Tourist information: Black Grave (Ukr.)
 Chernihiv State Historical and Architectural Reserve – Ancient Chernihiv (Ukr.)
 List of monuments of cultural heritage in Chernihiv Region (Chernihiv District)

Tourist attractions in Chernihiv
Buildings and structures in Chernihiv
Viking buildings and structures
Kievan Rus'
Archaeological sites in Ukraine
Kurgans
Germanic archaeological sites
Historic sites in Ukraine
Landmarks in Chernihiv Oblast
Protected areas of Ukraine
Ship burials
Tourist attractions in Chernihiv Oblast

Black Grave


Kauʻulufonua and his brothers chased the murderers of their father, Tamasia and Molofaha. They fought their allies on all islands from Tongatapu to ʻUvea, until they finally captured them.

His oldest son, Fotofili was sent away to become governor on Niuafoʻou. It seems however, that the old man who told the story, was confused. The Fotofili normally connected with this lived generations later.

Kauʻulufonua (fekai)/en


Emanuel Gregers (28 December 1881 – 22 March 1957) was a Danish actor, screenwriter and film director. Gregers made 36 films during a career which extended over four decades from the Danish golden age of silent film until 1949. Critics often dismissed his work as dependable yet uninspired, however many of his light-hearted comedies achieved great popularity in Denmark. Gregers most notable films were romantic comedies starring his wives Bodil Ipsen and Marguerite Viby.

Career
Emanuel Gregers was born on 28 December 1881 in Horsens, Denmark. At the age of 16 years Gregers debuted at the Horsens summer theater and performed in local theaters for the next 10 years. Around 1909, he moved to Copenhagen and performed in the larger theaters including Norrebros Teater and the Betty Nansen Teatret. Although he quickly shifted to working in film in 1912, Gregers maintained a lifelong attachment to stagework: he owned the Casino theater in Copenhagen and managed it from 1921 to 1931, then continued as a stage director into the 1940s.

Gregers first appeared on film in 1912 with Olaf Fønss in the silent film Bryggerens datter (The Brewer's Daughter) written by Carl Th. Dreyer. The following year he began work with the Filmfabriken studio, where he performed in another Dreyer story Krigskorrespondenter (The War Correspondent), and became the studio's upcoming star.

However, by 1914 Gregers interest had shifted to working behind the camera. He directed himself in a couple of smaller films, then moved to Nordisk Film where he devoted his full attention to writing and directing. In the early 1920s, Gregers directed a series of films that featured his wife Bodil Ipsen. Most notable was the melodramatic crime story Lavinen, in which Greger's employed an elaborate flash-back structure to relate how the lead character's past leads to a murder. It was also at this time that Gregers was part of Nordisk Film's push for larger films based on literary works. In 1920, Greger's filmed Den flyvende Hollænder (The Flying Dutchman) based on the 1839 novel The Phantom Ship and, in 1922, he made Den sidste af Slægten (The Last of the Family Tree) based upon a novel by the later Nazi writer Edvard Nielsen-Stevns. For the later film, Gregers ran into trouble with the Danish censors. In the climatic ending the villain, a depraved artist, falls to his death from scaffolding inside a church. The censors objected and removed the ending.

Gregers directed 36 films in total. The most notable were his folk comedies: the wacky 1937 romantic comedy Mille, Marie of mig (Milly, Maria and Me), in which his then current wife, Marguerite Viby, and the most popular Danish comedienne of the 1930s, played three roles ;  1938's Bolettes brudeafærd (Bolettes Bridal Party), which starred his former wife Bodil Ipsen as a sharp-tongued spinster;  the witty period comedy Sørensen og Rasmussen which starred both his former wives, Viby and Ipsen; and the 1941 backstage musical, Alle gaar rundt og forelsker sig (Everyone's Falling in Love) -- in which a small part was played by Greger's third wife, Ruth Saabye.

Gregers directed his final film in 1949. He died 22 March 1957 at the age of 75.

Personal life
Gregers was married five times, always to actresses with whom he worked. He was married for the first time in 1907 to Ella Olsen. His second marriage to Bodil Ipsen lasted three years from 1919 to 1923. After divorcing Ipsen, he immediately married Kiss Gregers (born Karen Oda Andersen). His fourth marriage was with the Danish comic actress Marguerite Viby (who was also married five times). Their marriage lasted from 1932 to 1938. His final marriage was to Ruth Egede Saabye who played minor roles in Greger's films in the early 1940s.

Filmography

Director

Lejlighed til leje (1949)
Den stjaalne minister  (1949)
Man elsker kun en gang  (1945)
Det bødes der for  (1944)
Biskoppen  (1944)
Alt for karrieren  (1943)
Lyckan kommer  (1942)
Forellen  (1942)
Thummelumsen  (1941)
En søndag på Amager  (1941)
Alle gaar rundt og forelsker sig  (1941)
En mand af betydning  (1941)
Thorvald Stauning  (1941)
Sørensen og Rasmussen  (1940)
En pige med pep  (1940)
Komtessen paa Steenholt  (1939)
Sketch til Apolloteatret  (1939)
Bolettes brudefærd  (1938)
Milly, Maria och jag  (1938)
Cocktail  (1937)
Mille, Marie og mig  (1937)
Min kone er husar  (1935)
Skaf en sensation  (1934)
Saa til søs  (1933)
Stamherren  (1925)
Solskinsdalen  (1925)
Madsalune  (1923)
Frie fugle  (1922)
Den sidste af slægten  (1922)
Lavinen  (1920)
Den flyvende Hollænder I-IV  (1920)
Krigsmillionæren  (1919)
Lykkens blændværk  (1919)
Zigeunerprinsessen  (1918)
Brændte vinger  (1917)
Hvem er hun?  (1914)

Actor

Forellen (1942) .... Bankfuldmægtig Carl Møller
Søndag på Amager, En (1941) .... Sangstemme
Odds 777 (1932) .... Godsejer Rosen
Zigeunerprinsessen (1918)
Hvem er hun? (1914)
Pigen fra Hidalgo Fyret (1914) .... Tom, gårdejerens søn
Guldhornene (1914) .... Leif
Krigskorrespondenter (1913)  ... aka The War Correspondent (literal English title)
Bryggerens datter (1912) ... aka The Brewer's Daughter (literal English title)

Writer

Cocktail (1937) (writer)
Solskinsdalen (1925) (writer)
Frie fugle (1922) (writer)
Lavinen (1920) (writer)
Flyvende Hollænder I-IV, Den (1920) (writer)
 Lykkens blændværk (1919) (writer)
Zigeunerprinsessen (1918) (writer)
Brændte vinger (1917) (writer)
Hvem er hun? (1914) (writer)

References

External links

Emanuel Gregers at Det Danske Filminstitut

1881 births
1957 deaths
Danish male actors
Danish male film actors
Danish film directors
Danish male screenwriters
Danish male silent film actors
20th-century Danish male actors
People from Horsens
20th-century Danish screenwriters

Emanuel Gregers


Thomas Watson (1821 – 7 March 1887), was an English silk spinner and Liberal Party politician.

Watson began life as a silk spinner. In 1846 with two fellow workers, he started a silk-spinning and hatter business in Rochdale. He was responsible for the invention of silk-plush for hat-making and became sole partner in the firm of Thomas Watson & Sons, silk-plush manufacturers of Rochdale. He funded a new infirmary for the town of Rochdale, became chairman of Rochdale School Board, and treasurer of the Free Church Denomination. He was also J.P. for Rochdale.

In the 1885 general election, Watson was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Ilkeston. He retained the seat in the 1886 general election, but died in 1887 at the age of 66.

References

External links

1823 births
1887 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
People from Rochdale
British textile industry businesspeople
19th-century English businesspeople

Thomas Watson (silk spinner)


Super Size Me is a 2003 American documentary movie directed by and starring Morgan Spurlock. It is about an experiment where Spurlock ate nothing but food from McDonald's for thirty days. He ate at McDonald's three times a day, eating an average of 5,000 kcal per day. This experiment lasted from February 1 to March 2, 2003. This experiment was bad for his own physical and psychological health.

During the experiment, Spurlock gained 24½ lbs., had a 13% body mass increase, his cholesterol level went to 230, and he had mood swings, sexual dysfunction, and had fat accumulation in his liver. After the experiment, he recovered with a vegan diet his then-future wife prepared for him (she is a gourmet vegetarian cook).

This experiment was conducted because of the obesity epidemic in the United States, and because of a case in which two teenage girls sued McDonald's who claimed they became obese as a result of eating food from McDonald's.

Spurlock also uses this movie to criticize McDonald's and the fast food industry, ranging from the sale of unhealthy food to corporate marketing and to the personal profit of these organizations.

2004 movies
American documentary movies
2000s English-language movies
American independent movies
Movies set in the 2000s
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in West Virginia
Movies set in Texas
Movies set in California
Movies set in Illinois
Movies set in Washington, D.C.
Movies set in North Carolina
Movies about obesity
McDonald's

Super Size Me