Vanguard Records is a record label founded in 1950 by brothers Maynard and Seymour Solomon in New York. It started as a classical music label, but is perhaps best known for its catalogue of recordings by several seminal folk and blues artists from the 1960s; Bach Guild was a subsidiary label.

History
In 1953, under the direction of John Hammond, the company began the "Jazz Showcase" series concentrating on the idiom of mainstream jazz, producing around two dozen recordings before it closed about 1958. The recordings made at the Spirituals to Swing concerts in 1938 and 1939 were finally released by Vanguard in 1959. Thereafter the company only continued to record Jazz and Blues on and off.

Vanguard branched out in the mid-1950s by defying the blacklist and signing blacklisted artist Paul Robeson and The Weavers. The company continued to issue folk music with newly signed artists including Joan Baez, Hedy West, Buffy Sainte-Marie, Country Joe and the Fish, Ian and Sylvia, Mimi and Richard Fariña.

In the summer of 1965, Maynard Solomon hired Samuel Charters to edit the 1964 Newport Folk Festival tapes. Following that project, the company sent Charters to Chicago to tape the wide range of blues musicians there. Those sessions resulted in the classic 1966 three-album series titled Chicago/The Blues/Today!, which introduced a new generation to the blues. The albums included sets by Junior Wells with Buddy Guy, Muddy Water's bandmates Otis Spann and James Cotton, Otis Rush, Homesick James, Johnny Shines, Big Walter Horton, and Charlie Musselwhite.

Vanguard released a series of important classical recordings, both domestically produced and imported. Many of the latter came from the British label Pye Records label, with performances by the Halle Orchestra conducted by Sir John Barbirolli.  The recordings were so exceptional in their stereo sound and overall quality that many classical radio stations played them. Vanguard even released some classical quadraphonic recordings in the early 1970s, including a performance of Tchaikovsky's Fourth Symphony with the American Symphony Orchestra conducted by Leopold Stokowski. The label also released many performances by the Utah Symphony Orchestra conducted by Maurice Abravanel, as well as the earlier P.D.Q. Bach recordings, from 1965 to 1983. Vanguard was the first US label to issue the complete 1944 hi-fi recordings of composer Richard Strauss conducting the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra in most of his symphonic poems; the recordings were made on the Magnetophon tape recording equipment in the Vienna Opera House.

In the early 1970s, Indian classical musician and sarod virtouso Vasant Rai was signed exclusively by Vanguard. Vanguard put out 5 hit albums of Vasant Rai. That time, Vanguard released albums by Michigan-based rock groups such as Dick Wagner and The Frost and was inspired by a novelty hit they released, Benny Bell's "Shaving Cream" to release albums of humorous music inspired by Dr. Demento. Tom Paxton recorded two albums, New Songs from the Briarpatch and Heroes, on Vanguard Records in the late 1970s.

The label lay dormant for most of the mid-to-late 1970s, briefly resurfacing with a few disco releases in the 1980s, and was finally sold to the Welk Music Group in 1985. The Welk Group sold the classical music catalogue back to Seymour Solomon. Welk Music Group revitalized the label, reissuing much of its extensive catalogue of folk and popular music (much of which had been out of print for several years) on CD, as well as signing several new artists (such as Mindy Smith), along with established artists (such as Edwin McCain, Hootie & the Blowfish, Blues Traveler, Shawn Mullins, Chely Wright and more).

Vanguard Classics
Vanguard Classics was sold after Seymour Solomon's death to Artemis Records, which reactivated the company with new releases from Leon Fleisher and Gil Shaham. When Artemis closed in 2004, the Vanguard Classics catalogue was sold to Sheridan Square Entertainment, which licenses Vanguard Classics material with no apparent plans to relaunch or reactivate the label.

References

American record labels
1950 establishments in the United States

Vanguard Records


The Citroën Berlingo is a series of almost identical vans and leisure activity vehicles produced by Citroën in three generations since 1996. It is builded in cooperation with Peugeot.

Peugeot make the same vehicle but with a different name, The name is: Peugeot Partner.

First generation (1996–2012)
Citroën created the first generation Berlingo I in July 1996 and Peugeot created Peugeot Partner I in 1996.

In 2004, the model was improved at the front, It had a new bumper, bonnet, and headlamps.

Second generation (2008–2018)
The second generation Citroën Berlingo II was created in April 2008, The Peugeot Partner II was created in May 2008.

The second generation leisure activity vehicles have different names, They are: Citroën Berlingo Multispace and Peugeot Partner Tepee.

Third generation (2018–present)
The third generation Citroën Berlingo III and Peugeot Rifter were unveiled in March 2018. It was rebadged as the Opel Combo.

Other websites

Front wheel drive vehicles
Vans

Citroën Berlingo


Admiral Edward Ratcliffe Garth Russell Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans,  (28 October 1880 – 20 August 1957) was a Royal Navy officer and Antarctic explorer.

Evans was seconded from the Navy to the Discovery expedition to Antarctica in 1901–1904, when he served on the crew of the relief ship, and afterwards began planning his own Antarctic expedition. However, he suspended this plan when offered the post of second-in-command on Robert Falcon Scott's ill-fated Terra Nova expedition to the South Pole in 1910–1913, as captain of the expedition ship . He accompanied Scott to within 150 miles of the Pole, but was sent back in command of the last supporting party. On the return he became seriously ill with scurvy and only narrowly survived.

After the expedition he toured the country giving lectures, and returned to his naval duties as a commander in the summer of 1914. He spent the First World War as a destroyer captain, becoming famous as "Evans of the Broke" after the battle of Dover Strait in 1917. He commanded a cruiser at Hong Kong in 1921–1922, where he was awarded a medal for his role in rescuing passengers from the wrecked vessel , and then spent several years commanding the Home Fisheries Protection Squadron before being given command of the modern battlecruiser . He later commanded the Australian Squadron and the Africa Station before becoming Commander-in-Chief, The Nore, one of the Navy's senior Home Commands; during this time, unusually for a serving officer, he was also Rector of the University of Aberdeen.

After four years at the Nore, he handed over command in early 1939, and was appointed Civil Defence Commissioner for London during the preparations for the Second World War; after the German invasion of Norway he travelled there to liaise with King Haakon VII, a personal acquaintance. He remained in a civil defence role throughout the War, though he had officially retired from the Navy in 1941, and was raised to the peerage in 1945, sitting in the House of Lords as a Labour member.

Early life
Edward Ratcliffe Garth Evans, known to his family and friends as "Teddy", was born in London on 28 October 1880, at a mews near Berkeley Square. He was the second of three sons born to Frank Evans and his wife Eliza, née McNulty. Frank Evans, a young barrister at Lincoln's Inn, hailed from a large Lancashire family of Welsh descent; his father had been a provision merchant in Oldham. Eliza McNulty's family were of Irish origin and lived at Deptford.

The family were respectably middle-class, but the three Evans children did not behave as respectably as might be expected; when Edward was nine, he and his brothers frequently roamed far into the East End, on one occasion being detained by the police after a theft. Edward and his older brother Joe were admitted to the Merchant Taylors' School in 1890, when he was ten, and were expelled for fighting and truancy a year later. He was then sent to a relatively modern school in the countryside near Croydon, which aimed to educate "troublesome boys"; despite being the youngest boy and often victimised and homesick, he enjoyed the rural environment and responded well to the teaching. He later attended a school in Maida Vale where he obtained high marks but slipped back into his old misbehaviour; the headmaster responded by making him a prefect, which shocked Evans into self-discipline. He became one of the school's star performers, with a string of prizes, before leaving at 14.

Evans sought a career at sea, and while at school had tried, but failed, to obtain a cadetship with the Royal Navy training ship . The alternatives open to him were to be "crammed" by an expensive tutor and resit the Britannia examination, or to attend the cheaper privately run training ship HMS Worcester, which mainly trained officers for the Merchant Navy. His father chose the latter, and Evans joined the Worcester in January 1895. He was heavily bullied, but by the middle of his second year had found his place, and gained a reputation as an able and diligent – if still troublesome – cadet. He won several prizes, culminating in a coveted Navy cadetship in his final year.

As a Midshipman Evans was posted to the cruiser  in the Mediterranean in 1897, a ship noted for her immaculate presentation and strict conduct, which was not entirely to Evans' taste. In August he became seriously ill with brucellosis, after drinking contaminated milk, and was sent home to recover for three months. During this time, he gained a lasting fanaticism for physical fitness, walking forty or fifty miles in a day and swimming for hours in the sea; he would maintain this state of fitness for decades to come. After returning to duty, he was posted to the battleship  and then the sloop , following which he was examined and passed as a sub-lieutenant. He then studied at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, interrupted with a posting to , where he first encountered then-Lieutenant Robert Falcon Scott.

First Antarctic expedition, 1902–04

In July 1901, the British National Antarctic Expedition – the "Discovery Expedition" – sailed from London aboard , with Scott in command. Part of the planning for the expedition had provided for a relief ship to follow a year later, in case Discovery was lost in the Antarctic; on reading a newspaper article about this some months later, Evans saw an opportunity for adventure and wrote to Sir Clements Markham, the organising force behind the expedition. He met Markham twice in the following weeks, and made a strong impression. In early 1902, Evans was seconded from the Navy to be second officer aboard the relief ship, the , an ageing ex-whaler.

The Morning sailed from London in July 1902, and after a severe storm and a refit in Christchurch, New Zealand, headed for the Antarctic on 6 December to search for the expedition in their winter quarters, somewhere in the Ross Sea. After working steadily south-east from Cape Adare and along the ice-front to Cape Crozier, the limit of their search range, they found a message from the expedition, directing them back towards McMurdo Sound. Here the two crews met – the two ships were separated by fifteen miles of ice, requiring long sledge journeys – with Evans among the first party to greet the Discoverys crew. A week later, Scott, Shackleton, and Wilson returned from their journey inland, sick with scurvy and snow-blindness, but triumphant at having reached 82°17′S, a new "Farthest South". Evans privately recorded that having known the three was "a great thing in my life". While in the Antarctic, Evans was promoted to lieutenant on 31 December 1902.

At the end of March 1903 the Morning was ordered to return, leaving supplies with the Discovery, still sealed in the ice. Several crew were exchanged, including Shackleton, who was considered not healthy enough to remain for the winter, though personal conflicts with Scott may have played a part in the decision. Once back in New Zealand, Evans applied for a temporary posting to  stationed in the country, while the Morning was refitted for another relief voyage, this time organised by the Admiralty rather than the Royal Geographical Society. She sailed south again in November, in company with a second relief ship, Terra Nova, and met the Discovery in January 1904. Evans was given charge of a party of men laying explosives to blast a channel through eight miles of ice, which they achieved in eleven days, bringing the Discovery out just before a heavy gale struck. In recognition of his work with the expedition, Scott named a mountain overlooking the Sound as Mount Evans.

Shortly before sailing south for the second time, Evans' engagement to a New Zealand woman, Hilda Russell, had been announced. Hilda was the daughter of T.G. Russell, a prominent local solicitor, and the niece of G.W. Russell, one of the Members of Parliament for the Christchurch area. Evans arrived back in Christchurch on 1 April 1904, and the couple were married on 13 April. They arrived back in England in October, where Evans was awarded the Bronze Polar Medal and rejoined the navy, specialising as a navigation officer. In 1907 he briefly considered applying to join Shackleton's Antarctic expedition, but decided instead that it was important to spend more time in his naval career, to avoid limiting his future prospects.

Second Antarctic expedition, 1910–13

In 1909, Evans finally succumbed to the lure of the Antarctic, and announced – with Markham's blessing – that he would organise an expedition to explore King Edward VII Land. He planned an expedition to the Pole, but as a secondary objective; "the circum-navigation of the great Antarctic continent appealed to me far more". Evans initially sought support in Cardiff for a Welsh National Antarctic Expedition. Around the same time, Scott began planning a new expedition in response to Shackleton's recently completed Nimrod Expedition – the two were by this time rivals – and on hearing of this Evans abandoned his own project, transferring his funding and support to Scott. In return, Scott appointed him second-in-command. Evans brought so much Cardiff and Welsh sponsorship that Scott named Cardiff the home port of the expedition ship, Terra Nova and made Evans Captain. Despite this partnership, the two were never close, with the clash between Scott's reserve and Evans' openness accentuated by the difference in rank and age. Scott later described Evans in his diary as carried by "boyish enthusiasms" and "well-meaning, but terribly slow to learn", deeming that he was much more capable as a sailor than an explorer on land, and probably would never be suited to command his own expedition.

The expedition landed on the west side of Ross Island on 4 January 1911, at a site Scott named Cape Evans in Evans' honour. Evans joined the main shore party, leaving the Terra Nova in the hands of Lieutenant Harry Pennell, and worked to establish a series of depots along the Great Ice Barrier for the use of the Polar expedition later in the year. After wintering in the Cape Evans hut, the party began to prepare for the main journey in August and September. Evans was given command of the Motor Party, which was to leave first, taking four men and two tracked motor sledges south onto the Barrier with supplies for the main expedition, which would follow with dogs and ponies.

In the event, the motor sledges failed to work as planned; the engines proved unreliable, frequently refusing to start until heated, or stopping after a short distance. The first broke down permanently on 30 October, five days after starting, and the second followed a day later. The four men reorganised their loads and pushed south pulling a single sledge with  of equipment and supplies. They managed about the same speed as before the breakdown, and made the rendezvous six days ahead of the main party, who caught up with them on 21 November. Two of Evans' party (the motor mechanic and an assistant) returned north, and the Motor Party was reorganised as the "Man-hauling Party". with Evans leading Chief Stoker Lashly, Surgeon-Lieutenant Atkinson and C. S. Wright, a Canadian physicist. The group pushed onwards until 5 December, when they were halted by a blizzard for four days, working through their supplies but unable to press south. The remaining ponies from the main expedition had to be shot before moving on. On arriving at the Beardmore Glacier on 10 December, their route off the Barrier, the dog parties were also sent back, leaving the entire expedition to be man-hauled.

At this point, the expedition was made up of three groups of four men, all man-hauling their sledges. However, two of the groups were relatively rested, whilst Evans and Lashly had been pulling a sledge since 1 November. This began to tell, with the group dropping behind and causing tensions with Scott, who grew frustrated and impatient with Evans' perceived carelessness and disorganisation. On 20 December, the first supporting party turned back, leaving eight men to press onwards; Evans' team was reorganised comprising himself, Lieutenant Bowers, Lashly, and Petty Officer Crean. On 3 January, Scott announced that Evans would not continue to the Pole, but would take his team, the Last Supporting Party, back north. Evans privately attributed this to his physical exhaustion – he and Lashly had pulled a loaded sledge for six hundred miles by this stage – and recorded his reactions stoically, though Bowers described him as "frightfully cut up". The groups parted emotionally on 4 January, and Evans, Lashly and Crean turned to head back, only  from the Pole – Bowers had remained with the main party.

The journey back was difficult, as until this point the sledges had been handled by four-man teams, and the reduction to three slowed them considerably. In an attempt to save several days, the party descended from the plateau by sledging several hundred feet down the deeply crevassed Shackleton Icefalls onto the Beardmore Glacier, rather than take the slower and safer climb down the mountainside. The three emerged battered but without major injury, despite having reached speeds that Evans estimated at close to sixty miles per hour. Once on the glacier, however, Evans began to suffer severe physical problems. He was initially afflicted with snow-blindness, making him unable to see clearly, and later began to develop the early signs of scurvy. These signs rapidly multiplied, leaving him weakened and constantly in severe pain, and within a couple of weeks he had deteriorated to the point that he was being pulled on the sledge by Lashly and Crean. Evans was the only one to develop scurvy to this degree, and a number of arguments have been put forward as to the reason. However, it seems likely that the root cause was that unlike the other explorers, Evans had apparently tried to avoid eating seal meat (in particular seal liver) during the winter, which he disliked but which was a rich source of Vitamin C. As his companion Frank Debenham put it many years later, "Teddy really was a very naughty boy and wouldn't eat his seal meat".

On 13 February, Evans attempted to order them to abandon him, but they refused, in what Evans later called "the first and last time my orders as a naval officer were disobeyed". They were finally forced to halt by a blizzard on 17 February, thirty-five miles from the base camp at Hut Point, when it became clear that the two men would no longer be able to pull the sledge. Lashly remained to look after Evans while Crean headed north; after walking for eighteen hours, he arrived at the hut where he met Atkinson with an assistant and a dog team. They headed south as soon as the weather cleared, finding Evans near to death, and carefully brought him back to the camp. He arrived there a few days before the Terra Nova returned, and he was returned to the ship to be nursed back to health. He remained bedridden until April, when he arrived in New Zealand.

After meeting Amundsen, recently returned from the Pole, and being reunited with his wife, Evans headed back to England, where he spent the northern summer of 1912 recuperating and raising funds for the Expedition. There, he met King George V, who promoted him to the rank of commander. Returning south later in the year, Evans commanded the Terra Nova on its relief journey; it arrived at McMurdo Sound on 18 January, the anniversary of Scott's arrival at the Pole, to be greeted by the news of the polar party's death. Recording his "overwhelming sorrow" at the news, Evans assumed formal command of the expedition in lieu of Scott, and organised the final departure of the expedition from the continent.

Evans' wife, Hilda, became ill with peritonitis on board the Oranto on 14 April 1913 whilst on her way to England with her husband after his return from Scott's second and fateful expedition.  She was operated on by the ship's doctor on 15 April. Conscious when the ship reached Naples on the 17th she stayed on board but after setting back to sea, she died at midnight of 18 April. Hilda was buried in Toulon, France. A memorial to Hilda Evans is to be found in Linwood Cemetery, Bromley, Christchurch, New Zealand at Block 46 Plot 205 – the Russell family grave.

In 1921 Evans published through Collins, a first hand account of the Terra Nova Expedition entitled South With Scott. Out of print for many years, the book attracted interest as the centenary of the Expedition approached and it was re-examined from a counter revisionist perspective, most notably by Karen May of the Scott Polar Institute.

First World War

Following his Antarctic service, Evans had a successful naval career, serving at the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 in the rank of commander.

On 20 April 1917, while on night patrol of the Dover Barrage near Goodwin Sands, he commanded the destroyer  in an action against six German destroyers of the Kaiserliche Marine that had started to bombard Dover. Along with , Evans engaged the German destroyers in what became known as the Battle of Dover Strait. A torpedo from HMS Swift sank one of the enemy destroyers, . Then the Broke deliberately rammed another, , almost breaking it in two. The two ships became locked together and for a while there was close-quarters fighting on Broke's deck until the Broke managed to break free. The German destroyer sank while the remaining German warships escaped. The badly damaged Broke was towed home, while the similarly damaged Swift made her own way back. The action gained him immediate promotion to the rank of captain, award of the DSO, and made Evans a popular hero, feted in the British press as "Evans of the Broke".  Evans wrote an account of his activities on the Dover Patrol in his book Keeping the Seas (1920).

Evans married Norwegian Elsa Andvord in 1916, by whom he had two children: Richard Evans, 2nd Baron Mountevans (born 1918), and Cdr the Hon Edward Evans (born 1924), both of whom left children.

Inter-war service

While in command of  on the China Station, Evans rescued 200 survivors from the SS Hong Moh. His actions, including swimming to give direction on the sinking ship, earned him several awards for life-saving.

In February 1928 he was promoted to rear-admiral commanding the Royal Australian Navy Fleet (formally titled "Rear Admiral Commanding HM Australian Squadron"). In November 1932 he was made vice-admiral. He was commander-in-chief of the Africa Station and Deputy High Commissioner of the British Protectorates of Bechuanaland, Swaziland and Basutoland from 1933 to 1935. He served as Commander-in-Chief, The Nore, an operational command position of the Royal Navy based at Chatham in Kent, from 1935 to 1939 and was promoted to admiral in July 1936.

Evans was advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in 1935, and appointed a Knight of Grace of the Order of St John of Jerusalem (KGStJ) in 1937.

Second World War

Recalled in 1939, the following year Evans participated in the Norwegian campaign, after which he retired from the Royal Navy on 9 January 1941. During the remainder of the Second World War he served as London Regional Commissioner for Civil Defence. On 12 November 1945, he was created a Peer as Baron Mountevans, of Chelsea in the County of London. He was Rector of the University of Aberdeen from 1936 to 1942.

Retirement
On 4 March 1947 Mountevans was on board a Norwegian vessel, MV Bolivar, when it broke in two and was wrecked on the Kish Bank 13 kilometers from Dalkey Island. He and 44 others on board were rescued by the Dún Laoghaire and Howth RNLI lifeboats.

In 1947 Evans chaired a committee to formalise the rules of professional wrestling in the UK. These rules became known as the Admiral-Lord Mountevans rules.

Evans died in Norway on 20 August 1957 and was succeeded by his son Richard Evans, 2nd Baron Mountevans. He was buried in the family plot at the Vår Frelsers gravlund cemetery in Oslo.

Honours and awards

Edward Evans received numerous honours and decorations for his Antarctic efforts, military service and for life-saving (given with London Gazette entries, where available):

Companion of the Order of the Bath (LG 16 May 1913, p. 3507), (Knight Commander (1935))
Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (LG 10 May 1917, p. 4481)
Knight of Grace of the Order of St John of Jerusalem (20 December 1937)
Grande-Oficial of the Order of the Tower and Sword – Portugal (LG 17 Jan 1919, p. 887)
Commandeur of the Order of the Crown – Belgium (LG 8 Apr 1921, p. 2797)
Kommandør of the Royal Norwegian Order of St Olaf (1939)
Officier of the Legion of Honour – France (LG 20 Jul 1917, p. 7427)
Officier of the Order of Leopold – Belgium (LG 1 Jan 1917, p. 11)
Cavaliere of the Military Order of Savoy – Italy (1905)
Croix de Guerre – France (LG 22 Jun 1917, p. 6257)
Navy Cross – United States (LG 16 Sep 1919, p. 11583)
Médaille Civique – Belgium (LG 12 Dec 1919, p. 15432)
Antarctic Polar Medal (Silver) (LG 25 Jul 1913, p. 5322)
Sea Gallantry Medal (1921).

He was made a Freeman of several municipalities: Calgary, Alberta, Canada (1914); Dover (1938); Chatham (1939); Kingston upon Thames (1945); the City of London (1945); and Chelsea (1945).

Evans also received various awards: recognising the part he played at the Hong Moh disaster in the South China Sea: Médaille Civique of Belgium, 1st Class for saving life at sea (1919); Board of Trade Silver Medal for Saving Life at Sea (1921); Special Gold Medal from Lloyd's for saving life (1921);
for his part in expeditions: King Edward VII and King George V Medal for Antarctic Exploration: Silver Polar Medal (24 July 1913); Gold Medallist of Royal Hungarian and Royal Belgian Geographical Societies; Livingstone Medallist; Gold Medals from the Cities of Paris and Rouen, and from the Geographical Societies of Marseilles, Rouen, and Newcastle; honorary member of many Geographical Societies; and, in academia: LLD, Aberdeen Univ, (1936).

In popular culture
In the 1948 film Scott of the Antarctic, Evans was played by Kenneth More. In the 1985 Central Television serial, The Last Place on Earth, Evans was played by actor Michael Maloney.

Publications

Works about Antarctica
 Voyages of the 'Terra Nova (1913)

 British Polar Explorers (1944)
 The Desolate Antarctic (1950)
 The Antarctic Challenged (1955)
 Man of the White South: The story of Captain Scott (1958)

Other works
 Keeping the Seas (1920)
 Adventurous Life (1946)

Children's literature
 The Adventures of Peter. (1924)
 The Mysteries of the 'Polar Star (1927)
 The Treasure Trail (1927)
 To Sweep the Spanish Main! (1930)
 For The White Cockade (1931)
 The Exile (A Story for Boys) (1933)
 Spanish Death (1933)
 Troopers of the King (1933)
 The Ghostly Galleon (1933)
 Noel Howard, Midshipman (1935)
 Pirate's Doom (1930)
 Ghosts of the Scarlet Fleet (1931)
 The Mystery Chest

See also

 History of Antarctica
 Cape Evans
 Comparison of the Amundsen and Scott Expeditions

References

Sources

Cherry-Garrard, Apsley: The Worst Journey in the World.
Evans E.R.G.R. South With Scott Collins, London, 1921.
Fiennes, Ranulph (2003). Captain Scott. Hodder & Stoughton Ltd. .
Huntford, Roland:  The Last Place on Earth.
Preston, Diana:  A First Rate Tragedy.

External links

1880 births
1957 deaths
British male writers
British non-fiction writers
Burials at the Cemetery of Our Saviour
Commanders of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
English explorers
Explorers of Antarctica
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Knights of Grace of the Order of St John
Knights of the Military Order of Savoy
Labour Party (UK) hereditary peers
Officers of the Legion of Honour
People from Mayfair
Recipients of the Civic Decoration
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
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Recipients of the Polar Medal
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Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans


Cornelis Symonszoon Boscoop (or Buschop, Boskop) (died 1573) was a Dutch organist, singer, and composer. He was organist at the Oude Kerk in Amsterdam in the middle of the 16th century and was one of the predecessors of Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck in this position.

Works
Little is known about Boscoop's life. The only surviving work of Boscoop's is the Fifty Psalms of David (1562). It was published in a new edition in 1568 in Düsseldorf and was dedicated to the Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg, Erich II (Calenberg-Göttingen). The title page of the tenor part bears the following text: "Psalmen Dauid/ Vyfftich/ mit vier partyen/ zeer zuet ende lustich om singen en speelen op verscheiden instrumenten/ gecomponeert door M. Cornelius Buschop". the dedication is dated January 1568 and bears the words "tho Delft", though it is not clear whether Boscoop only briefly stayed there or whether he might have lived or worked in Delft at this time.

For his texts, Boscoop used the Souterliedekens widespread in the Netherlands. However, he did not use the melodies common to the Souterliedekens, but instead composed entirely new material for them.

Many of the motets are in tripartite formal structure, ABC and ABA', with the opening and closing parts often repeated with a different text in the repeat. Some of the psalm settings have melodic and harmonic progressions which are characteristic of late Renaissance innovations.

References
Boscoop, Cornelis: 50 Psalmen David, naar de uitgave van 1568 in partituur gebracht en op nieuw uitgegeven door Dr. Max Seiffert, Leipzig 1899.

1573 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Dutch male classical composers
Dutch classical composers
Dutch organists
Male organists
Renaissance composers
Musicians from Amsterdam

Cornelis Boscoop


Jayant Desai (born Jayantilal Jhinabhai Desai, 28 February 1909 – 19 April 1976) was an Indian film director and producer. After graduating from the University of Bombay Desai joined Ranjit Studios in 1929 where he directed numerous films including Toofani Toli (1937), Tansen (1943), Har Har Mahadev (1950) and Amber (1952). Tansen was the second highest grossing Indian film of 1943. Besides film direction he also acted in several films. In 1943 he left Ranjit Studios to found his own production company, Jayant Desai Productions. In 1960s he founded Jupiter Films and Hemlata Pictures.

Biography

Desai was born in Surat on 28 February 1909. He had graduated from University of Bombay.

Ranjit film company

In 1929 Desai joined Ranjit Film Company, where he initially worked as an assistant director for Chandulal Shah's Rajputani and Nandlal Jaswantlal's Pahadi Kanya. His first independent directorial work was the 1930 film Noor-e-Watan (Translation: Glory of the nation). A few films he had directed while working as an assistant director at Ranjit Film company were Do Badmash (1932), Char Chakram (1932) and Bhutio Mahal (1932) featuring Ghory and Dixit who were called the Indian Laurel and Hardy. One of his films Toofani Toli (1937) was a commercial success and earned him reputation as a director of comedy films. His 1938 film Billi was loosely based on Damsel in Distress. He had directed the 1943 historical film Tansen based on the life of classical musician Tansen who was one of the navratnas in the court of Mughal emperor Akbar. The film was the second highest grossing Indian film of that year.

Later career

By 1943, Desai was one of the leading directors of Ranjit Studios and had starred in many mythological films like Veer Babruwahan (1934) with Eddie Bilimoria in the lead role. In the same year he left Ranjit studios and started his own production company; Jayant Desai Productions. The 1944 film Manorama was his first film under his own production banner. He had directed the 1952 Raj Kapoor and Nargis starrer film Amber. and the 1950 blockbuster hit Hindu mythological film Har Har Mahadev featuring Trilok Kapoor as Shiva and Nirupa Roy as Parvati. In the film Ambar, Tanuja played the role of Nargis' character's childhood. During the shooting of one of his films Bansuri, singer Mukesh met Raj Kapoor, who was the film's assistant director. This meeting helped establish the career of Mukesh. Desai had directed the 1940 film Diwali. As an independent producer, he founded Jupiter Films and Hemlata Pictures in the early 1960s. He had directed the 1945 historical film Samrat Chandragupta (translation:Emperor Chandragupta) based on the life of Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Mauryan Empire, and the Kundan Lal Saigal musical film Tadbir (1945) in which Shashi Kapoor (then 7 years old) acted as a child artist. He had directed the 1935 film College Girl.

Filmography
As Director

 Noor-E-Watan  (1930)
 Jawan Mard (1930)
 Joban Na Jadu  (1930)
 Vilasi Atma (1931)
 Vijay Lakshmi (1931)
 Mukti Sangram (1931)
 Katil Katari (1931)
 Banke Sawariya (1931)
 Sipahsalar (1932)
 Lal Swar (1932)
 Fauladi Pahelwan (1932)
 Do Badmash (1932)
 Char Chakram (1932)
 Bhutio Mahal (1932)
 Krishna Sudama (1933)
 Bhool Bhulaiyan (1933)
 Bhola Shikar (1933)
 Veer Babruwahan (1934)
 Toofan Mail (1934)
 Sitamgarh (1934)
 Nadira (1934)
 Noor-E-Watan (1935)
 College Kanya (1935)
 Rangila Raja (1936)
 Raj Ramani (1936)
 Matlabi Duniya (1936)
 Laheri Lala (1936)
 Zameen Ka Chand (1937)
 Toofani Toli (1937)
 Mitti Ka Putla (1937)
 Prithvi Putra (1938)
 Billi (The Cat) (1938)
 Ban Ki Chidiya  (1938)
 Sant Tulsidas (1939)
 Diwali (1940)
  (1940)
 Shaadi (1941)
 Beti  (1941)
 Fariyaad (1942)
 Chandni (1942)
 Zaban (1943)
 Tansen (1943)
 Bhaktaraj  (1943)
 Bansari (1943)
 Manorama (1944)
 Lalkar (1944)
 Tadbir (1945)
 Samrat Chandragupta  (1945)
 Maharana Pratap (1946)
 Veer Bhimsen (film)|Veer Bhimsen (1950)
 Shaan (1950)
 Har Har Mahadev  (1950)
 Shri Ganesh Janma  (1951)
 Dasavtaar  (1951)
 Shiv Shakti (1952)
 Nishan Danka (1952)
 Amber (1952)
 Naya Raasta (1953)
 Manchala (1953)
 Hazaar Raaten (1953)
 Shiv Ratri (1954)
 Miss Mala (1954)
 Sati Madalasa (1955)
 Hamara Watan (1956)
 Basant Panchami  (1956)
 Lakshmi Pooja (1957)
 Zamana Badal Gaya''  (1961)

References

External links

1909 births
1976 deaths
20th-century Indian film directors
Film producers from Gujarat
People from Surat
Hindi-language film directors
Film directors from Gujarat

Jayant Desai


Throwball is a non-contact ball sport played across a net between two teams of nine players on a rectangular court.

Throwball is popular in Asia, especially on the Indian subcontinent, and was first played in India as a women's sport in Chennai during the 1940s. Like volleyball, the game's roots are linked with the YMCA. Both volleyball and Newcomb ball, while older games, share many similarities with throwball. Throwball rules were first drafted in 1955 and India's first national level championship was played in 1980.

The International Throwball Federation is the highest governing body for the sport.

History
According to the Throwball Federation of India (TFI), throwball is thought to derive from a recreational sport popular among women in England and Australia during the 1930s. The YMCA brought the game to Chennai, where it was played as a women's sport in the 1940s.

Harry Crowe Buck, who founded the YMCA College of Physical Education in Chennai, drafted guidelines for throwball rules and regulations in 1955. The game reached Bangalore in the 1950s.

The Throwball Federation of India (TFI) was formed along with the Indian National Throwball Championship. By 1990, Throwball in India developed separate competitions for both men and women.

Throwball is played in gym class, colleges, and clubs throughout Asia, and it has been slowly gaining popularity in other countries.

Rules and play

Court
The playing court is somewhat larger than a volleyball court at  with a neutral box  on either side of the center. The height of the net is  or .

Ball
The ball is similar to a volleyball, but may be slightly larger. While in volleyball the ball is hit or volleyed throughout play, in throwball the ball is thrown over the net, where a member of the other team tries to catch the ball and quickly throw it back across the net.

Play

Teams

An official game is played between two teams of nine or seven players. A minimum of three or five substitute players are allowed for each team, which can make a maximum of three substitutions during a set. A team can take two time-outs of 30 seconds each during a set. The first team to score 25 points wins a set. A match is three sets.

Service
Service is within five seconds after the referee whistles and is done from the service zone, without crossing the end line. A player can jump while serving the ball. The service ball must not touch the net. Double touch is not allowed for receiving the service ball and players stay in 2-3-2 position during the serve.

Rally
During a rally, the ball must be caught at once with both hands, without any movement of the ball within the hands (dubs) and the ball should not have contact with the ground. The ball is thrown within three seconds after being caught, only from above the shoulder line and only with one hand. A player can jump when throwing the ball, which can touch the net (but not the antenna). The player should have contact with the ground when catching the ball. However, the ball is not touched by any part of the body other than the palm when catching or throwing (body touch). The ball can neither be shifted (passed) to the left or right nor deliberately pushed. Two players are not allowed to catch the ball simultaneously.

Uniforms
In official play, teams wear shorts and jersey uniform with numbers only in the range of 1–12 printed front and back.

Major competitions
In India, the National Throwball Championship is organized by the Throwball Federation of India. A Junior International Throwball Match was conducted in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in December 2015; eight countries participated.

See also

 Throwball in India

References

External links
International Throwball Federation
Pakistan Throwball Federation

Ball games
Team sports
Articles containing video clips
YMCA
Women's sports
History of women's sports

Throwball


Gen Silent is a 2010 documentary film, directed and produced by Stu Maddux. The documentary follows the lives of six LGBT seniors living in the Boston area who must choose if they will hide their sexuality in order to survive in the long-term health care system. It has been screened at numerous colleges and universities as well as in front of government agencies and healthcare organizations. It premiered at the Boston LGBT Film Festival and has won numerous awards at others.

The title of the film is a reference to the generations of older LGBT people who remain in the closet or reenter the closet out of concern for their safety or quality of life. As a result of the documentary, the term Gen Silent has increased in use as a way to refer to this group.

Synopsis

Gen Silent was filmed in the Boston area over a one-year period. During that time, director Stu Maddux followed six LGBT seniors through their decision to either stay open about their sexuality or hide it so that they can survive in the long-term health care system. In the documentary a gay man named Lawrence Johnson searches for a nursing home where he and his partner can be open about their relationship while still receiving quality care. It also follows a transgender senior by the name of KrysAnne. She searches for people to care for her because she is estranged from her family. The story of an LGBT couple named Sheri and Lois is told, including how they spent their lives fighting for LGBT rights. While Sheri states that she refuses to hide her sexuality, Lois states that she will if that is what it would take to protect her in the health care system. Mel and his partner are the final couple followed in the documentary. Mel's partner gets sick and he finds care from a welcoming agency where he feels comfortable and safe to speak openly for the first time about his sexuality and their 39 year relationship together.

Notable screenings

Gen Silent premiered at the Boston LGBT Film Festival in 2010. It was also screened at numerous other film festivals including the Frameline Film Festival, the Provincetown International Film Festival, the New York Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, & Transgender Film Festival, the Melbourne Queer Film Festival and the North Carolina Gay & Lesbian Film Festival.

It was also screened for health care staff at Duke University Medical Center, to lawmakers at the Massachusetts House of Representatives, and at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Harvard and Yale Universities have also hosted screenings of the film.

Awards and Recognitions

Gen Silent has won multiple awards including the Audience Choice Best Documentary at the Frameline Film Festival in 2011 and the Audience Choice Best Documentary at the Image+Nation Montreal International LGBT Film Festival.

Select awards

References

External links

2010 films
LGBT and ageing
American LGBT-related documentary films
2010 documentary films
LGBT culture in Boston
Healthcare in Boston
Documentary films about health care
Films directed by Stu Maddux
2010 LGBT-related films
2010s English-language films

Gen Silent


Shani Mootoo, writer, visual artist and video maker, was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1957 to Trinidadian parents. She grew up in Trinidad and relocated at the age of 19 to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. She currently lives in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Biography

Early life and education
At an early age Mootoo showed a talent for drawing, painting, and writing, and expressed interest in becoming an artist at the age of 10. Her early efforts were encouraged by her mother Indra (née Samaroo).  Mootoo's father, Ramesh Mootoo, was a medical family doctor and Trinidadian politician. Much of Shani Mootoo's personal and literary life has been focused on political activism. According to Mootoo, her parents were upset by some of her earliest poems because they described love between two men or love between two women. She has also said that her parents worried for what those themes might mean for her future, which is why she put her words away and chose to paint instead. She claims that she came back to writing accidentally and expressed a worry that she was not a writer but a painter first. As an adult, Mootoo has discussed being sexually assaulted by one of her grandfather's friends.

Mootoo earned a Fine Arts BFA Degree at the University of Western Ontario in 1980 and an MA in English and Theatre from the University of Guelph, 2010. As a multimedia visual artist in Vancouver and New York City, where she lived from 1994 to 1999, she explored in her paintings, photographs and videos themes of gender, sexuality, and race. The themes of her work resonated with Mootoo's experiences as an adolescent in Trinidad and as an immigrant adult in Canada. Her visual art and video work have traveled and been acclaimed internationally. She is now teaching the Creative Writing Program at the University of Toronto.

Visual and video art
Mootoo's visual art and video work have been exhibited internationally, including at the New York Museum of Modern Art. On the topic of her visual work, Mootoo has said that as a victim of child abuse she found it safer to use pictures rather than words.  Mootoo uses her art as a way to deal with the trauma of her childhood and has discussed feelings of confusion as to why the universe would let child abuse happen, while also claiming that as a survivor, she and all those that have suffered at the hands of abusers must come to terms with the trauma and understand what to do with suffering. Mootoo's film and video work was revisited by Rungh in its program Longing and Belonging: 1990s South Asian Film and Video which was a featured program at the 2019 DOXA Documentary Film Festival. Mootoo reflected on her film and video work in the 1990s in a newly commissioned article, Streams Coming Together: 1990s video in Vancouver and beyond.

Literary career
Mootoo's first literary publication, Out on Main Street, a collection of short stories, was solicited by the Vancouver-based feminist publishing house Press Gang in 1993 and was the beginning of her literary career. Her first full-length novel, Cereus Blooms at Night, published by Press Gang in 1996, was shortlisted for the Scotia Bank Giller Prize in 1997, the Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize, and the Chapters Books in Canada First Novel Award. It has been published in 15 countries and won the New England Book Sellers Award in 1998. Set on a tropical island, the novel is narrated by a male nurse and caretaker, and explores trauma, madness and redemption, the legacies of sexual abuse, and the boundaries between heterosexual and homosexual desire.

In 2002, Mootoo followed her first novel with a collection of poetry, The Predicament of Or.

Mootoo's second full-length novel, He Drown She in the Sea, was published in 2005. It made the long list for the International Dublin Literary Award in 2007.

Mootoo's 2008 novel, Valmiki's Daughter, is set in San Fernando, Trinidad, and depicts a father and daughter who struggle to come to terms with secrets. Mootoo has said that the story is about a father trying to help his daughter from leading the same kind of closeted life that he has led. Viveka and her father's lives are each underpinned by the constraints of class and race, and most importantly by the sexual conventions of their society. Set against its strongly evoked backdrop of place, the novel charts Viveka's coming to terms with the hard understanding that love faces society's obstacles, and her knowledge of her certain survival. Valmiki's Daughter was long-listed for 2009's Scotiabank Giller Prize. In an interview Mootoo has explained her realization that she had written about food on almost every page of Valmiki's Daughter without realizing so. She discusses the importance of food and entertaining people in Trinidadian Culture, as well as in her life and her other work.

Mootoo's two most recent novels, Moving Forward Sideways like a Crab (2014) and Polar Vortex (2020), were also shortlisted for the Giller Prize.

Mootoo's novels are found on course lists in the Departments of English, Liberal Arts, Women's Studies, and Cultural Studies at universities in the Caribbean, Canada, the United States, England, Europe, India, and Australia.

Mootoo's literary papers are held at Simon Fraser University Special Collections and Rare Books. The fonds contain "printed typescripts of published works with drafts and related working papers, published reviews, drafts of unpublished works, lecture notes, professional correspondence, notebooks and sketchbooks, video productions in VHS format, audio materials and works of visual art".

In 2022 the Writers' Trust of Canada awarded Mootoo its Writers' Trust Engel/Findley Award for her body of work.

Other projects
Mootoo has served as writer in residence at the University of Alberta, the University of Guelph and the University of the West Indies, as a visiting scholar at Mills College in California, US, and frequently speaks and read internationally. In 2008, the University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados, hosted a "Symposium on the Fictions of Shani Mootoo in the Context of Caribbean Women's Writings".

In 2009, she served on the jury for the Dayne Ogilvie Prize, a literary award for emerging LGBT writers in Canada, selecting Debra Anderson as that year's prize winner.

Mootoo has spoken out against child abuse and in 1989 she addressed Sex Offenders at Stave Lake Correctional Centre about being a survivor of child abuse and suffering.

Videos written, directed and filmed by Shani Mootoo
 And the Rest is Drag, 32 mins, 2010 with Melisa Brittain and Danielle Peers (KingCrip Productions)
 View, 8 mins, 2000
 Guerita and Prietita, 23 mins, 1999 with Kath High
 Her Sweetness Lingers, 18 mins, 1998
The Wild Woman in the Woods, 12 mins, 1992
A Paddle and a Compass, 8 mins, 1992 with Wendy Oberlander
English Lesson, 5 mins, 1990
Lest I Burn, 8 mins, 1989

Selected visual art exhibitions and video screenings
Topographies, The Vancouver Art Gallery, 1997
Transculture,  The Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy, 1995
The Museum of Modern Art, New York City, New York, USA, 1994, 1995
Queens Museum, New York, USA, 1995
Solo Exhibition, The National Gallery, Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1980

Bibliography
 Out on Main Street (1993)
 Cereus Blooms at Night (1996) (shortlisted for the Scotiabank Giller Prize)
 The Predicament of or (2001)
 He Drown She in the Sea (2005)
 Valmiki's Daughter (2009) (longlisted for the Scotiabank Giller Prize)
 Moving Forward Sideways like a Crab (2014) (longlisted for the Scotiabank Giller Prize)
 Polar Vortex (2020) (shortlisted for the Scotiabank Giller Prize)

References

External links
Records of Shani Mootoo are held by Simon Fraser University's Special Collections and Rare Books
Recordings of Shani Mootoo are available online in the Unarchiving the Margins Collection at Simon Fraser University's Special Collections and Rare Books
 Rungh

1958 births
Living people
Canadian multimedia artists
Canadian women novelists
Canadian photographers
Canadian video artists
Women video artists
Canadian women painters
Canadian writers of Asian descent
Canadian contemporary painters
Canadian people of Indian descent
Irish LGBT writers
Trinidad and Tobago emigrants to Canada
Trinidad and Tobago people of Indian descent
Academic staff of the University of Alberta
University of Western Ontario alumni
University of Guelph alumni
20th-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian novelists
Canadian LGBT novelists
Trinidad and Tobago women novelists
Trinidad and Tobago novelists
20th-century Canadian women writers
21st-century Canadian women writers
21st-century Canadian women artists
Canadian lesbian writers
Lesbian novelists
21st-century Canadian LGBT people
20th-century Canadian LGBT people

Shani Mootoo


Brigadier Christopher John Anthony Hammerbeck, CB, CBE (born 14 March 1943), late the Royal Tank Regiment, is a former British military officer and businessman, who works as a senior advisor at International Risk Ltd. He is currently the president the Hong Kong & China Branch of The Royal British Legion.

Born on 14 March 1943, Hammerbeck was educated at Mayfield College in Sussex before becoming an articled clerk with a large firm of London solicitors in 1961, where he remained until 1964.

He joined the military around 1965, serving in Northern Ireland, where he was awarded the General Officer Commanding's Certificate for Gallant Conduct. He was later in command of the 4th Armoured Brigade during the 1990-1991 Gulf War in Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Kuwait, for which he was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (C.B.) in 1991. He was named Deputy Commander and Chief of Staff of British Forces Overseas Hong Kong. In Hong Kong he was the executive director of the British Chamber of Commerce.

Hammerbeck was appointed CBE in the 2007 New Years Honours List for services to British business interests in Hong Kong.

References

External links
 Debrett's profile
 London Gazette - notice of CBE appointment

1943 births
Living people
20th-century British businesspeople
British expatriates in Hong Kong
British Army personnel of the Gulf War
Royal Tank Regiment officers
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
British military personnel of The Troubles (Northern Ireland)

Christopher Hammerbeck


Haemanthus crispus ('crispus': Latin 'curled' or 'crinkled') is a South African bulbous geophyte in the genus Haemanthus and occurring in Namaqualand which lies in the winter rainfall region. It is a common species and is found from Steinkopf to the Olifants River, growing from the coastal flats eastwards onto the stony, lower slopes of the first terrace, usually in heavy soils and often in the shade of low succulent shrubs.

H. crispus may be solitary or like many other Haemanthus species, gregarious and growing in clumps. It has from 1 to 3 leaves that appear soon after flowering. The leafblades may be hairy or glabrous, canaliculate and marked with maroon spots and bars on the abaxial surface. The leaf margins, occasionally edged in red, are strongly crisped or crinkled, ranging from throughout their length, to near the base only.

Flowers, appearing from March to May, and spathe valves are usually red, but occasionally pink. Fruits are up to 20 mm diameter, pink and pulpy when ripe, holding from one to four dark-red seeds.

Bulbs of  H. crispus, unusually for winter rainfall species, have tunics whose edges form horizontal girdles, instead of the normal distichous arrangement.

References

The Genus Haemanthus: A Revision - Dierdré A. Snijman (National Botanic Gardens of South Africa 1984)

External links

crispus
Endemic flora of the Cape Provinces
Taxa named by Dierdré A. Snijman

Haemanthus crispus


The Kveim test, Nickerson-Kveim or Kveim-Siltzbach test is a skin test used to detect sarcoidosis, where part of a spleen from a patient with known sarcoidosis is injected into the skin of a patient suspected to have the disease. If non caseating granulomas are found (4–6 weeks later), the test is positive. If the patient has been on treatment (e.g. glucocorticoids), the test may be false negative. The test is not commonly performed, and in the UK no substrate has been available since 1996. There is a concern that certain infections, such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy, could be transferred through a Kveim test.

It is named for the Norwegian pathologist Morten Ansgar Kveim, who first reported the test in 1941 using lymph node tissue from sarcoidosis patients. It was popularised by the American physician Louis Siltzbach, who introduced a modified form using spleen tissue in 1954. Kveim's work was a refinement of earlier studies performed by Nickerson, who in 1935 first reported on skin reactions in sarcoid.

A Kveim test may be used to distinguish sarcoidosis from conditions with otherwise indistinguishable symptoms such as berylliosis.

References

External links

Skin tests

Kveim test


Andrew Skarbek (born 1967 or 1968) is an Australian game show player who became the first and only person to win the top prize of $1,000,000 on Australian TV game show Million Dollar Minute. In a show record run of 23 nights, Skarbek defeated over 40 players, rejected over $150,000 in safe money and answered nearly 600 questions correctly to win the top prize on the episode aired on 27 March 2015.

Including an additional $16,000 in safe money picked up throughout earlier rounds, Skarbek's win is the biggest cash prize ever awarded in the history of Australian TV at , beating the previous top prize offer of $1,000,000 previously awarded on Big Brother Australia, twice on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? and The Big Adventure.

References

Living people
Contestants on Australian game shows
Year of birth uncertain
Year of birth missing (living people)

Andrew Skarbek (game show contestant)


Čabulītis (fl. 1935 – 21 August 2007) was a captive American Alligator residing at the Riga Zoo in Riga, Latvia. At time of his death he was thought to be one of the oldest captive alligators in Europe. Information at the Riga Zoo, dated 1 April 1935, suggests that he was 1 to 3 years old on arrival.

Physical characteristics and diet
He was  long and weighed . In 1958, 1970, and 1980 due to problems with heating of the crocodile house, Čabullītis would not consume food for periods of 5 to 7 months. Otherwise he normally ate about  of beef twice a week in addition to chicken once a week. He also liked herring, but refused to eat furry or live animals.

Biography
In Latvian, Čabulītis roughly translates to sweet and tender creature. At various times, the alligator was also known by the names Ulmanītis, Ali and Gena. Three other alligators about the same age lived at the zoo in the 1930s two females and a male. Little is known about Čabulītis' youth only that the alligators used to fight and Čabulītis bit one of the females in the tail. Apparently the alligators mated as well, but the eggs were not fertile. The other male was moved to the Kyiv Zoo in 1965. Both females were euthanized in the 1970s due to illnesses caused by injuries sustained in fights. Since that time Čabulītis was the only alligator in the zoo.

In the 1980s an American crocodile, Balodītis (i.e., little dove), was housed in a room next to Čabulītis. (The ranges of the two species do overlap in the wild part of Florida.) Balodītis once managed to get into Čabulītis' room by climbing over the wall at night. As they didn't fight, Balodītis was allowed to share space until Čabulītis grew more aggressive and the reptiles were separated again.

Čabulītis enjoyed being sprayed with warm water, having his back brushed, and he would roar when he heard the music of German pop duo Modern Talking. In the last ten years of his life, Čabulītis lost an increasing number of teeth and his movements became slower, causing visitors to wonder if the alligator was even alive. He spent a lot of time in the water as it became difficult for him to walk on dry land. Čabulītis died of lung disease and heart failure. A memorial was planned for Čabulītis, and his remains were stuffed and exhibited in the zoo along with his skeleton.

See also
 Muja, oldest living alligator in the world, living in Belgrade Zoo, Serbia
 Saturn, alligator taken to Moscow after WWII from the Berlin Zoo (died on 22 May 2020)

References

1930s animal births
2007 animal deaths
Individual alligators
Individual animals in Latvia

Čabulītis


Hypermodernity (supermodernity) is a type, mode, or stage of society that reflects an inversion of modernity. Hypermodernism stipulates a world in which the object has been replaced by its own attributes.  The new attribute-driven world is driven by the rise of technology and aspires to a convergence between technology and biology and more importantly information and matter.  Hypermodernism finds its validation in emphasis on the value of new technology to overcome natural limitations. It rejects essentialism and instead favours postmodernism. In hypermodernism the function of an object has its reference point in the form of an object rather than function being the reference point for form.  In other words, it describes an epoch in which teleological meaning is reversed from the standpoint of functionalism in favor of constructivism.

Hypermodernity
Hypermodernity emphasizes a hyperbolic separation between past and present due to the fact that:
 The past oriented attributes and their functions around objects
 Objects that do exist in the present are only extant due to some useful attribute in the hypermodern era.

Hypermodernity inverts Modernity to allow the attributes of an object to provide even more individuality than modernism. Modernity trapped form within the bounds of limited function; hypermodernity posits that function is now evolving so rapidly, it must take its reference point from form itself.  Both positive and negative societal changes occur due to hyper-individualism and increased personal choice.

Postmodernity rejected the idea of the past as a reference point and curated objects from the past for the sole purpose of freeing form from function.  In postmodernism, truth was ephemeral as the focus was to avoid non-falsifiable tenets. Postmodernity described a total collapse of Modernity and its faith in progress and improvement in empowering the individual.

Supermodernity
If distinguished from hypermodernity, supermodernity is a step beyond the ontological emptiness of postmodernism and relies upon plausible heuristic truths.  Whereas modernism focused upon the creation of great truths (or what Lyotard called "master narratives" or "metanarratives"), and postmodernity was intent upon their destruction (deconstruction); supermodernity operates extraneously of meta-truth.  Instead, attributes are extracted from objects of the past based on their present relevance.  Since attributes are both true and false, a  truth value is not necessary including falsifiability.  Supermodernity curates useful attributes from modern and postmodern objects in order to escape nihilistic postmodern tautology.  The touchscreen phone is an excellent example of supermodernism in action. Related authors are Terry Eagleton After Theory, and Marc Augé Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity.

See also
 Altermodern
 Hypermodernism
 Hypermodernism (chess)
 Metamodernism

Bibliography
 S. Charles and G. Lipovetsky, Hypermodern Times, Polity Press, 2006.
 S. Charles, Hypermodern Explained to Children, Liber, 2007 (in French).
 R. Colonna, L'essere contro l'umano. Preludi per una filosofia della surmodernità, Edises, Napoli, 2010 (in Italian).

External links
 Gilles Lypovetsky interviewed by Denis Failly for his book "le bonheur paradoxal"

Modernity
Criticism of postmodernism

Hypermodernity


I Tartassati is an Italian comedy film from 1959, directed by Stefano Vanzina, written by Aldo Fabrizi, starring Totò and Louis de Funès. The film is known under the titles The Overtaxed (English) and Fripouillard et Compagnie (French).

Plot
Mr. Pezzella (Totò) owns and runs a successful luxury clothes shop. He does not like to pay taxes, and he resorts to the services of a tax consultant (interpreted by Louis de Funès) in order minimize this expense and exploit every loophole. Unfortunately for Pezzella, the Borders and Revenue police (Guardia di Finanza) suspects his high income, and orders an inspection by marshal Topponi (Aldo Fabrizi) and brigadier Bardi. Pezzella is advised by his incompetent tax consultant to try bribing the marshal in every possible way. Pezzella's clumsy attempts and intrusiveness create many misunderstandings and comedic situations. The honest marshal remains unaffected and completes his report, which would force Pezzella to pay a heavy 15 million lire fine.
As a last resort, Pezzella manages to steal the marshal's bag, with all the official documents on which the inspection is based. But in the end, perhaps moved by pity for Topponi who would get in trouble with his superiors if unable to produce the documents, and has become over time a familiar figure and is revealed to also be father of Pezzella's son love interest, the rich shop owner decides to follow instead his conscience and to return the bag, facing any charges.

Cast
 Totò: Torquato Pezzella, director of magazine "Tessuti"
 Aldo Fabrizi: Fabio Topponi, the polyvalent fiscal inspector
 Louis de Funès: Hector "Ettore" Curto, conseiller fiscal
 Anna Campori: Dora Pezzella
 Miranda Campa: L'épouse de Fabio
 Luciano Marin: Augustin "Tino" Pezzella
 Ciccio Barbi: the brigadier
 Anna Maria Bottini: Mara
 Cathia Caro: Laura, the girl of Topponi
 Jacques Dufilho: the director of the prison
 Elena Fabrizi: Une infirmière
 Ignazio Leone: the guard - village
 Fernand Sardou: Ernesto Topponi, l'oncle de Laura
 Jean Bellanger: the security guard of the prison
 Miranda Campa: L'épouse de fabio
 Nando Bruno: L'Ubracio
 Piera Arico
 Gianni Cobelli
 Mario Corbelli
 Cesare Fantoni
 Lamberto Antinori

References

External links

1959 films
Italian comedy films
1950s Italian-language films
Italian black-and-white films
Films directed by Stefano Vanzina
Films set in Rome
Films with screenplays by Ruggero Maccari
1959 comedy films
1950s Italian films

The Overtaxed


Luleå Airport  is located about 7 km (4.3 mi) south-southeast of Luleå, Sweden, near the village of Kallax. The airport had a total of 1,177,443 passengers in 2015, and is thus Sweden's fifth largest airport. It is the largest airport in northern Sweden (Norrland). The runway is also used by the Norrbotten Wing (F 21).

History
The airport began as the military airfield Norrbotten Wing (F 21) in 1941 and later opened up to civilian traffic to Stockholm on September 11, 1944. Winter operations began in 1948 when a hangar was built and runway lights were operational. International tourist charters started in 1969. The present terminal building was opened in 1984. The number of passengers increased a lot in the 1980s and then decreased much in the 1990s, both here and in all of Sweden, reached one million at Luleå in 1991, a figure which was reached again 2011. The passenger figures have still been fairly steady at Luleå since other transport modes and other airports are less attractive when going to Luleå. In 1999 the runway at Luleå Airport was extended to 3,350 meters for cargo flights, but that has not led to an increase in traffic; the airport authority attributes the lack of growth to the economy.

Airlines and destinations

Passenger
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Luleå Airport:

Cargo

Statistics

See also
 List of the largest airports in the Nordic countries

References

External links

Airports in Sweden
Buildings and structures in Norrbotten County
Luleå
Airports established in 1941
1941 establishments in Sweden
International airports in Sweden

Luleå Airport


Sonia Rykiel (; ; 25 May 1930 – 25 August 2016) was a French fashion designer and writer. She created the Poor Boy Sweater, which was featured on the cover of French Elle magazine. Her knitwear designs and new fashion techniques led her to be dubbed the "Queen of Knits". The Sonia Rykiel label was founded in 1968, upon the opening of her first store, making clothing, accessories, and fragrances. Rykiel was also a writer, and her first book was published in 1979. In 2012, Rykiel revealed that she was suffering from Parkinson's disease. She died from complications of the disease on 25 August 2016.

Early and personal life
Sonia Flis was born to Jewish parents in Neuilly-sur-Seine on 25 May 1930. Her mother was from Poland, and her father was a watchmaker from Romania. She was the eldest of five sisters. In 1948, at the age of 17, she was employed to dress the window displays in a Parisian textile store, the Grande Maison de Blanc.

In 1953, Sonia married Sam Rykiel, owner of Laura, a boutique selling elegant clothing. The couple had two children, Nathalie and Jean-Philippe Rykiel. They divorced in 1968.

Rykiel often wore her clothes from her own label and stuck to wearing dark green, brown, navy, and black garments. Of her style, Rykiel said, "I hate wasting time getting dressed. I like to put something on and just think: 'Yes. That's it.' When I'm tired I like to dress very simply – perhaps a black crêpe jacket and black crêpe trousers." Rykiel was also known for her distinctive hairstyle – red hair cut into a bob with a heavy fringe.

In 2009, Rykiel signed a petition in support of film director Roman Polanski, calling for his release after Polanski was arrested in Switzerland in relation to his 1977 charge for drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl.

Career

Fashion

In 1962, unable to find something to wear during her pregnancy, Rykiel used an Italian clothing supplier to design and create a dress and a sweater, which incorporated high cut arm holes and a shrunken fit to cling to the body. The practical and modern style led to orders from her friends and became known as the Poor Boy Sweater. Rykiel started selling the sweaters from her husband's store and the Poor Boy Sweater made the cover of French Elle magazine, bringing Rykiel fame. Actress Audrey Hepburn bought 14 sweaters in every colour. Rykiel's husband helped her to create the Sonia Rykiel Company in 1965. In 1968, Rykiel opened her first boutique store on the Left Bank.

Rykiel invented various fashion techniques. She was the first designer to put seams on the outside of a garment, leave hems unfinished and use slogans on her sweaters. She has also been credited with popularisation of wearing black. In 1972, Rykiel was dubbed "Queen of Knits" by Women's Wear Daily. She was also known as "Coco Rykiel", a comparison to Coco Chanel. In 1977, she became the first designer to create a line of clothes for mail order firm 3 Suisses. The following year, she launched her first fragrance called Septième sens (Seventh Sense). Rykiel contributed to the interior decoration for the Hôtel de Crillon and the Hôtel Lutetia.

Rykiel designed and created the costumes for the French musical comedy Les Dix Commandements. Nathalie Rykiel was appointed president of Sonia Rykiel in 2007. In October 2008, at a fashion show celebrating the brand's 40th anniversary, tributes were paid to Rykiel. Thirty fashion designers, including Ralph Lauren, Jean-Paul Gaultier and Giorgio Armani, showcased their visions of the "Rykiel woman". The brand and its designs were also the subject of an exhibition at the Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris from 20 November 2008 to 20 April 2009. The Sonia Rykiel Exhibition was curated by Olivier Saillard. In December 2009, Rykiel and H&M introduced "Sonia Rykiel pour H&M", two masstige operations with the Swedish retailer. An event was held at the Grand Palais in Paris to celebrate the collection.

In January 2012 the Sonia Rykiel Company became majority-owned by the Hong Kong-based First Heritage Brands, part of the investment company Fung Brands. Fung Brands acquired 80 percent of Sonia Rykiel, with the Rykiel family retaining a 20 percent stake. That same year, Canadian designer Geraldo da Conceicao succeeded April Crichton as the artistic director of Rykiel. Julie de Libran took over the role during the following year.

In 2019, after years of mismanagement by First Heritage Brands, the Sonia Rykiel brand liquidated its operations, after a Paris commercial court judge rejected Lévy, the only remaining bidder for the company.

Writing
Rykiel was also a writer. She wrote several books about fashion, a collection of children's stories, magazine columns and an epistolary novel with Régine Deforges. Her first book Et Je La Voudrais Nue (I Would Like Her Naked) was published in 1979. In 2012, she co-authored N'oubliez pas que je joue (Don't forget it's a game) with journalist Judith Perrignon.

Music and film
Rykiel collaborated with impresario and performer Malcolm McLaren on the song "Who the Hell is Sonia Rykiel?" on McLaren's 1995 album Paris.

Rykiel makes a cameo appearance in Robert Altman's 1994 film Prêt-à-Porter. Altman was inspired to make the film after attending one of Rykiel's ready-to-wear fashion shows. The lead character, played by actress Anouk Aimée, was based on the designer. Rykiel appears as Hortense in the 1998 French comedy film Riches, belles, etc..

Death
Rykiel died at her home in Paris during the morning of 25 August 2016, aged 86. Her death was caused by complications from Parkinson's disease. Rykiel revealed in 2012 that she had been suffering from the disease for fifteen years. She is survived by her children Nathalie and Jean-Philippe Rykiel. President François Hollande called Rykiel "a pioneer", while Jean-Marc Loubier stated "It is a sad day but Sonia Rykiel leaves behind her an extraordinary legacy."

Honours
Oscar from Fashion Group International of New York (1986)
Officer of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (1993)
Award for Design Excellence from the Chicago Historical Society's Costume Committee (1994).
Officer of l'Ordre National de la Légion d'Honneur (1996)
Trophée Whirlpool des Femmes in Gold entrepreneurial award (1997)
Commander of the National Order of Merit (2001)
Woman of the Year from the Association des Amis du Musée de Tel-Aviv (2002)
Promoted to Commander of l'ordre national de la Légion d'Honneur (2008)
Grande Médaille de Vermeil de la Ville de Paris
Promoted to Commander of l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres for her contribution to arts and literature (2012)
Promoted to Grand Officer of the National Order of Merit (2013)
A street in Paris was named after Sonia Rykiel in September 2018.

References

External links

 Sonia Rykiel at Vogue
 Le Monde article on the Rykiel family
 Interview with Sonia Rykiel Purple magazine

French fashion designers
1930 births
2016 deaths
Artists from Paris
French children's writers
French women children's writers
20th-century French Jews
French people of Russian-Jewish descent
French people of Romanian-Jewish descent
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Neurological disease deaths in France
Jewish fashion designers
Jewish women writers
Writers from Paris
Sonia Rykiel Company
Sonia Rykiel Company
High fashion brands
Fashion accessory brands
Luxury brands
Sonia Rykiel Company
Sonia Rykiel Company
Sonia Rykiel Company
French women fashion designers

Sonia Rykiel


Eugerres plumieri, the striped mojarra, is a demersal fish found in the western Atlantic, from North Carolina south along the U.S. coast, in the Gulf of Mexico, in the Caribbean from Cuba to Puerto Rico, and along the Central and South American coast from Mexico to Colombia. It inhabits shallow coastal waters with low salinity in mangrove-lined creeks and lagoons. It feeds on aquatic insects, crustaceans, micro-bivalves and detritus. This species has high fecundity, producing 85,345 to 953,870 eggs, and reaches a length of 40 cm. It is abundant in Mexico and Colombia, where it is one of the most important fishing resources, both as food and fishing bait.

References

Gerreidae
Fish described in 1830
Taxa named by Georges Cuvier

Eugerres plumieri


Åse-Marie Nesse ( 29 April 1934 – 13 July 2001) was a Norwegian philologist, translator and poet.

Biography
Åse-Marie Nesse was born in Klepp, in Rogaland county, Norway. She  finished her secondary education in 1952 at Rogaland offentlege landsgymnas. She attended Oslo Teachers' College from 1953 to 1955, then worked as a school teacher before enrolling at the University of Oslo. She graduated with the cand.philol. degree in 1963, and was hired as a lecturer in Germanic studies. She was later promoted to associate professor, and retired in 2000.

She was also a translator  and for her first translation, of work by Wolfgang Hildesheimer,  she was awarded the Bastian Prize in 1967. She also won the Dobloug Prize in 1999. Her main work was translating Faust: The First Part of the Tragedy and Faust: The Second Part of the Tragedy to Nynorsk. She also translated from English, Spanish, Dutch and French, and often had to employ poetic reproduction. Her own poetry debut came in 1970 with Av hav er du komen. She chaired the Norwegian branch of International PEN for many years, and was a member of the Arts Council Norway. She was also a member of the Norwegian Cultural Council and Authors Association Literary Council.

Åse-Marie Nesse received many awards and badges of honor during her career. She was decorated with the Federal Cross of Merit in 1993 and the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav (Knight First Class) in 2001. She died in 2001 from cancer.

Awards
Bastianprisen (1967)
Sarpsborgprisen (1976)
Sunnmørsprisen (1978)
Stavanger Aftenblads kulturpris (1981)
Ønskediktprisen (1981)
Klepp kommunes kulturpris (1992)
 Den tyske æresordenen Bundesverdienstkreuz (1993)
 Førstepremie i konkurranse om gjendikting av Shakespeare-sonett (1998)
 Bokklubbenes skjønnlitterære oversetterpris (1999)
Doblougprisen (1999)
Nynorsk litteraturpris (2000)

References

External links
Dagbladet profile
Norwegian Broadcasting (NRK) profile

1934 births
2001 deaths
People from Klepp
University of Oslo alumni
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Germanists
Norwegian philologists
Women philologists
20th-century Norwegian poets
Translators from Dutch
Translators from German
Translators from Spanish
Translators from French
Nynorsk
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Dobloug Prize winners
Norwegian women academics
Norwegian women poets
20th-century Norwegian women writers
20th-century Norwegian translators
20th-century philologists

Åse-Marie Nesse