The Ili Rebellion (; ) was a Uyghur separatist movement backed by the Soviet Union against the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China in 1944. After the start of the rebellion, the rebels established the Provisional Government of the Second East Turkestan Republic in 1944. The Ili Rebellion was the start of the East Turkistan National Liberation Revolution, also known as the Three Districts Revolution (), which lasted from 1944 to 1949.

Background
The Soviet Union installed Sheng Shicai as its puppet ruler in Xinjiang in the 1934 Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang and later further entrenched its position in the Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937). Soviet Red Army forces were stationed in Xinjiang oases, such as the Soviet "Eighth Regiment" in Hami, and Soviet technicians and engineers flooded the province. During the Second World War, the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China sought to undermine the Soviet presence in Xinjiang and to retake the province from Soviet control. The Kuomintang worked with the Hui Muslim Ma Clique warlord of Qinghai, General Ma Bufang, to build up its military forces around Xinjiang and to increase the pressure on Sheng Shicai and the Soviets.

In 1942, Sheng Shicai switched his allegiance to the Kuomintang after major Soviet defeats at the hands of the Germans in the war, and all Soviet Red Army military forces and technicians residing in the province were expelled. The Republic of China National Revolutionary Army units and soldiers belonging to Ma Bufang moved into Xinjiang to take control of the province. Ma helped the Kuomintang build roadways linking Qinghai and Xinjiang, which helped both of them bring Xinjiang under their influence. In 1944, the Soviets took advantage of discontent among the Turkic peoples of the Ili region in northern Xinjiang to support a rebellion against Kuomintang rule in the province to reassert Soviet influence in the region.

Fighting

Kulja revolt
Many of the Turkic peoples of the Ili region of Xinjiang had close cultural, political and economic ties with Russia and later the Soviet Union. Many of them were educated in the Soviet Union, and a community of Russian settlers lived in the region. As a result, many of the Turkic rebels fled to the Soviet Union and obtained Soviet assistance in creating the Sinkiang Turkic People's Liberation Committee (STPNLC) in 1943 to revolt against the Kuomintang rule in Ili. The pro-Soviet Uyghur who later became leader of the revolt, Ehmetjan Qasim, was Soviet-educated and described as "Stalin's man" and as a "Communist-minded progressive".

A mission sent by Kuomintang officials in Ürümqi to crush the Turkic Muslims, who were prepared to overthrow Chinese rule, failed because his troops had arrived too late. Several Turkic cavalry units armed by the Soviets crossed into China in the direction of Kuldja. In November 1944 the head official in the mission was killed by Turkic Uyghur and Kazakh rebels backed by the Soviet Union.

The rebels assaulted Kulja on 7 November 1944, rapidly took over parts of the city, and massacred Kuomintang troops. However, the rebels encountered fierce resistance from Kuomintang forces holed up in the power and central police stations and did not take them until the 13th. The creation of the "East Turkestan Republic" (ETR) was declared on the 15th.

The Soviet Army assisted the Ili Uyghur army in capturing several towns and airbases. Non-communist Russians like the White Russians and Russian settlers who had lived in Xinjiang since the 19th century also helped the Soviet Red Army and the Ili Army rebels and suffered heavy losses. Many leaders of the East Turkestan Republic were Soviet agents or affiliated with the Soviet Union, like Abdulkerim Abbas, Ishaq Beg, Saifuddin Azizi and the White Russians F. Leskin, A. Polinov and Glimkin. When the rebels ran into trouble taking the vital Airambek airfield from the Chinese, Soviet military forces directly intervened and helped to mortar Airambek and to reduce the Chinese stronghold.

Massacres
The rebels engaged in massacres of Han Chinese civilians, especially targeting people affiliated with the Kuomintang and Sheng Shicai. In the "Kulja Declaration" issued on 5 January 1945, the East Turkestan Republic proclaimed that it would "sweep away the Han Chinese" and threatened to extract a "blood debt" from the Han. The ETR also declared that it would seek to establish especially-cordial ties with the Soviets. The ETR later de-emphasized the anti-Han tone in its official proclamations after it had finished massacring most of the Han civilians in its area. The massacres against the Han occurred mostly in 1944–1945, with the KMT responding in kind by torturing, killing, and mutilating ETR prisoners. In territory controlled by the ETR like Kulja, various repressive measures were carried out, such as establishing a Soviet-style secret police organization, barring Han from owning weapons, and making Russian and Turkic languages official to replace Chinese.

While the non-Muslim Tungusic peoples like the Xibe played a large role in helping the rebels by supplying them with crops, the local Muslim Tungan (Hui) in Ili gave an insignificant and negligible contribution to the rebels or did not assist them at all.

Formation of Ili National Army
The Ili National Army (INA), which was established on 8 April 1945 as the military arm of the ETR, was led by the Kirghiz Ishaq Beg and the White Russians Polinov and Leskin. All three were pro-Soviet and had a history of military service with Soviet-associated forces. The Soviets supplied the INA with ammunition and Russian-style uniforms, and Soviet troops directly helped INA troops fight against the Chinese forces. The INA uniforms and flags all had insignia with the Russian acronym for "East Turkestan Republic", ВТР in Cyrillic (Восточная Туркестанская Республика). The Soviets admitted their support of the rebels decades later by transmitting a radio broadcast in Uyghur from Radio Tashkent into Xinjiang on 14 May 1967 that boasted that the Soviets had trained and armed the ETR forces against China. Thousands of Soviet troops assisted Turkic rebels in fighting the Chinese army. In October 1945, suspected Soviet planes attacked Chinese positions.

As the Soviet Red Army and Turkic Uyghur Ili Army advanced with Soviet air support against poorly-prepared Chinese forces, they almost succeeded in reaching Ürümqi, but the Chinese military threw up rings of defences around the area and sent Chinese Muslim cavalry to halt the advance of the Turkic Muslim rebels. Thousands of Chinese Muslim troops under General Ma Bufang and his nephew General Ma Chengxiang poured into Xinjiang from Qinghai to combat the Soviet and Turkic Uyghur forces.

Much of the Ili army and equipment originated from the Soviet Union. The Ili army pushed Chinese forces across the plains and reached Kashgar, Kaghlik and Yarkand. However, the Uyghurs in the oases gave no support to the Soviet-backed rebels and, as a result, the Chinese Army expelled them. The Ili rebels then butchered livestock belonging to Kirghiz and Tajiks of Xinjiang. The Soviet-backed insurgents destroyed Tajik and Kirghiz crops and moved aggressively against the Tajiks and Kirghiz of China. The Chinese beat back the Soviet-supported rebellion in Sarikol from August 1945 to 46 by defeating the siege of the "tribesman" around Yarkand when they had risen up in rebellion in Nanchiang around Sarikol and by killing Red Army officers.

The Chinese Muslim Ma Clique warlord of Qinghai, Ma Bufang, was sent with his cavalry to Ürümqi by the Kuomintang in 1945 to protect it from the Uyghur rebels of Ili. In 1945, the Tungan (Hui) 5th and 42nd Cavalry were sent from Qinghai to Xinjiang, where they reinforced the KMT 2nd Army, made up of four divisions. Their combined forces totalled 100,000 Hui and Han troops, who served under KMT command in 1945. It was reported the Soviets was eager to "liquidate" Ma Bufang. General Ma Chengxiang, another Hui Ma Clique officer and nephew of Ma Bufang, commanded the 1st Cavalry Division in Xinjiang under the KMT, which was formerly the Gansu 5th Cavalry Army. A ceasefire was declared in 1946, with the Second East Turkestan Republic in control of Ili and the Chinese in control of the rest of Xinjiang, including Ürümqi.

1947 unrest
The unpopular Governor Wu Zhongxin was replaced after the ceasefire with Zhang Zhizhong, who implemented pro-minority policies to placate the Uyghur population. Bai Chongxi, the Defense Minister of China and a Muslim, was considered for appointment in 1947 as Governor of Xinjiang, but the position was given instead to Masud Sabri, a pro-Kuomintang Uyghur who was anti-Soviet. Sabri was close to conservatives in the CC Clique of the Kuomintang and undid all of Zhang Zhizhong's pro-minority reforms, which set off revolts and riots among the Uyghurs in oases like Turfan. The Turkic (Uyghurs) were subjected to Soviet propaganda.

Achmad (Ehmetjan Qasim) was strongly against Masud Sabri becoming governor. Ehmetjan Qasim (Achmad-Jan), the Uyghur Ili leader, demanded that Sabri be sacked as governor as one of the conditions for his agreeing to visit Nanjing. All races in the Ili region were forcibly conscripted into the Uyghur Ili army, except the Han. The Uyghurs and Soviets massacred ethnic Han living in Ili and drove them from the region.

Salar Muslim General Han Youwen, who served under Ma Bufang, commanded the Pau-an-dui (保安隊; pacification soldiers), composed of three 340-man battalions. They were composed of men of many groups, including Kazakhs, Mongols and White Russians serving the Chinese regime. He served with Osman Batur and his Kazakh forces in fighting the ETR Ili Uyghur and Soviet forces. The acting Soviet consul at Chenghua, Dipshatoff, directed the Red Army in aiding ETR Ili forces against Osman's Kazakhs. The ETR forces in the Ashan zone were attacked, defeated and killed by Osman's Kazakh forces during an Chinese-supported offensive in September 1947. Osman's Kazakhs seized most of the towns in the Ashan zone from the ETR.

Ma Chengxiang was the commander of the 5th Cavalry Unit, which was stationed in Xinjiang. Over 60,000 soldiers were in the Ili army according to Gen. Sung. Ma Chengxiang, a Kuomintang Chinese Muslim general and the nephew of Ma Bufang, allegedly commanded his Chinese Muslim cavalry to massacre Uyghurs during an uprising in 1948 in Turfan.

The Kuomintang CC Clique employed countermeasures in Xinjiang to prevent the traditionalist religious Uyghurs in the oases in southern Xinjiang from defecting to the pro-Soviet ETR Uyghurs in Ili in northern Xinjiang. The Kuomintang allowed three anti-Soviet Pan-Turkic nationalist Uyghurs, Masud Sabri, Muhammad Amin Bughra and Isa Yusuf Alptekin, to write and publish pan-Turkic nationalist propaganda to incite the Turkic peoples against the Soviets, greatly angering the Soviet authorities. Isa's anti-Soviet sentiment drew Soviet ire, while pro-Soviet sentiment was espoused by Burhan. The Uyghur linguist Ibrahim Muti'i opposed the Second East Turkestan Republic and was against the Ili Rebellion because it was backed by the Soviets and Stalin. The former ETR leader Saifuddin Azizi later apologized to Ibrahim and admitted that his opposition to the East Turkestan Republic was correct.

The marriages between Muslim (Uyghur) women and Han Chinese men infuriated the Uyghur leader Isa Yusuf Alptekin. In Ürümqi (Uyghur) Muslim women who married Han Chinese men were assaulted by hordes of (Uyghur) Muslims on 11 July 1947, and the women were seized and kidnapped by the hordes. Old (Uyghur) Muslim men forcibly married these women. In response to the chaos a curfew was placed at 11:00 p.m.

American telegrams reported that the Soviet secret police threatened to assassinate Muslim leaders from Ining and put pressure on them to flee to "inner China" via Tihwa (Ürümqi). White Russians grew fearful of Muslim mobs as they chanted, "We freed ourselves from the yellow men, now we must destroy the white."

Battle of Baitag Bogd

After the Mongolian People's Republic became involved in a border dispute with the Republic of China, a Chinese Muslim Hui cavalry regiment was sent in response by the Chinese government to attack Mongol and Soviet positions. As commander of the 1st Cavalry Division, Major General Han Youwen was sent by the Kuomintang military command to Beitashan with a company of troops to reinforce Ma Xizhen. They arrived approximately three months before the fighting broke out. At Pei-ta-shan, General Han was in command of all the Muslim cavalry defending against Soviet and Mongol forces. Han said to A. Doak Barnett, an American reporter, that he "believed the border should be about 40 miles to the north of the mountains".

Chinese Muslim and Turkic Kazakh forces working for the Kuomintang fought Soviet Russian and Mongol troops. In June 1947 the Mongols and the Soviets launched an attack against the Kazakhs and drove them back to the Chinese side. However, fighting continued for another year, with 13 clashes taking place between 5 June 1947 and July 1948. Elite Qinghai Chinese Muslim cavalry were sent by the Kuomintang to destroy the Mongols and the Russians in 1947.

Salar Muslim General Han Youwen's 1st Division received at Beitashan Osman's forces after he retreated in battle. Qitai County had the headquarters of the Han Youwen's 1st Division of the 5th Army in 1946. The following year, during the Beitashan Incident, Ma Xizhen fought the Mongols.

During the war against the Ili separatists, Han Youwen performed a prayer on the snow-covered ground after he had parked his car on the road after a defeat inflicted upon the Ili National Army.

Political accession of Xinjiang to Chinese communist rule

The conflict ended with the arrival of the Chinese Communists in the region in 1949. On 19 August 1949, Mao Zedong, the leader of the Chinese Communists, invited the leaders of the Three Districts to attend the Inaugural Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference to be held in Beijing. Mao telegrammed, "You did a great contribution to liberation of Xinjiang and China". On 22 August, five leaders of the Three Districts, Ehmetjan Qasimi, Abdulkerim Abbas, Ishaq Beg Munonov, Luo Zhi and Dalelkhan Sugirbayev, boarded a Soviet plane in Almaty and were headed for Chita but were said to have perished in a plane accident near Lake Baikal. On 3 September three other former ETR leaders, including Saifuddin Azizi, arrived in Beijing by train and agreed to join the People's Republic of China, which was founded on 1 October. The deaths of the other former ETR leaders were not announced until December, after the Chinese Communists' People's Liberation Army (PLA) had control of northern Xinjiang and had reorganized the military forces of the Three Districts into the PLA. Several former ETR commanders joined the PLA.

On 25 September, the Nationalist leaders in Dihua, Tao Zhiyue and Burhan Shahidi, announced the formal surrender of the Nationalist forces in Xinjiang to the Chinese Communists. On 12 October, the Communist People's Liberation Army entered Xinjiang. Many other Kuomintang generals in Xinjiang like the Salar Muslim General Han Youwen joined in the defection to the PLA. They continued to serve in the PLA as officers in Xinjiang. Other Nationalist leaders who refused to submit fled to Taiwan or Turkey. Ma Chengxiang fled via India to Taiwan. Muhammad Amin Bughra and Isa Yusuf Alptekin fled to Turkey. Masud Sabri was arrested by the Chinese Communists and died in prison in 1952.

The only organized resistance the PLA encountered was from Osman Batur's Kazakh militia and from Yulbars Khan's White Russian and Hui troops, who served the Republic of China. Batur pledged his allegiance to the Kuomintang and was killed in 1951. Yulbars Khan battled PLA forces at the Battle of Yiwu and fled through Tibet by evading the harassing forces of the Dalai Lama and escaped via India to Taiwan to join the Republic of China, which appointed him the governor of Xinjiang Province in exile. The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the PRC was established on 1 October 1955, replacing the Xinjiang Province (1884–1955).

American telegrams
Multiple telegrams were exchanged among the Chinese government, the Mongolians, the American government, the Uyghur Ili regime, and the Soviet Union and were preserved by American agents and sent to Washington, DC.

Related events and people

The Soviet Union set up a similar puppet state in Pahlavi dynasty Iran in the form of the Azerbaijan People's Government and Republic of Mahabad The Soviet Union used comparable methods and tactics in both Xinjiang and Iran when it established the Kurdish Republic of Mahabad and Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The American Ambassador to the Soviet Union sent a telegram back to Washington, DC, in which he said that the situations in Iranian Azerbaijan and in Xinjiang were similar.

In the Xinjiang conflict, the Soviet Union was involved in funding and support the East Turkestan People's Revolutionary Party (ETPRP) to start a separatist uprising against China in 1968. In the 1970s the Soviets also supported the United Revolutionary Front of East Turkestan (URFET) to fight against the Chinese.

According to her autobiography, Dragon Fighter: One Woman's Epic Struggle for Peace with China, Rebiya Kadeer's father served with pro-Soviet Uyghur rebels under the Second East Turkestan Republic in the Ili Rebellion (Three Province Rebellion) in 1944 to 1946, using Soviet assistance and aid to fight the Republic of China government under Chiang Kai-shek. Kadeer and her family were close friends with White Russian exiles living in Xinjiang and Kadeer recalled that many Uyghurs thought Russian culture was "more advanced" than that of the Uyghurs and they "respected" the Russians a lot.

There was a split in the East Turkestan Independence Movement between two branches, one of them pro-Soviet and supported by the Soviet Union and the other being anti-Soviet pan-Turkic and having members based in Turkey and western countries. The Pan-Turkist ones were the three Effendis, (ئۈچ ئەپەندى; Üch Äpändi) Aisa Alptekin, Memtimin Bughra, and Masud Sabri. The Second East Turkestan Republic attacked them as Kuomintang "puppets". Anti-Soviet sentiment was espoused by Isa, and pro-Soviet sentiment was espoused by Burhan. The Soviets were angered by Isa. Violence broke out between supporters of the Soviets and supporters of Turkey because of a film on the Russo Turkish wars in 1949 at Xinjiang College according to Abdurahim Amin in Dihua (Ürümqi).

The Soviet Union encouraged former East Turkestan Republic members and Uighurs in general to migrate into the Soviet Union from China and used to broadcast pro-independence separatist propaganda at the Uyghurs which led to the creation of the "Eastern Turkistan People's Revolutionary Party".

The Ili Rebellion is mentioned and praised in an Arabic Islamist pamphlet about China and the Soviet Union's Muslims, which was picked up and translated in 1960 into English in Tehran by American government agents. It was originally written by Mohammed Aziz Ismail and Mohammed Sa'id Ismail.

The transfer of Xinjiang to the People's Republic of China is bemoaned by Al-Qaeda ideologue Mustafa Setmariam Nasar by an article from Al-Qaeda branch Al-Nusra Front's English language "Al-Risalah magazine" (مجلة الرسالة), second issue (العدد الثاني), translated from English into Turkish by the "Doğu Türkistan Haber Ajansı" (East Turkestan News Agency) and titled Al Risale: "Türkistan Dağları" 1. Bölüm (The Message : "Turkistan Mountains" Part 2.) and by "Resurgence", a magazine run by Al-Qaeda.

See also

 Amur Military Flotilla
 Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
 Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang
Soviet Central Asia

Further reading

  Alt URL

References

Citations

Sources

China–Soviet Union relations
Military history of the Soviet Union
Military history of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
Wars involving the Republic of China
Wars involving the Soviet Union
1940s in the Soviet Union
Xinjiang Wars
Battles involving the Soviet Union

Ili Rebellion


Bartonville, MO, was the second town named as the county seat of Gasconade County, in 1825. It was abandoned to the Gasconade River after severe flooding. Its location in Township 43, Range 7 West was not identified again until 1998, when a researcher found a notice of sheriff's sale which included a legal description of the "Bartonville tract".  Bartonville, a lost town, was situated in what is now Osage County, across the Gasconade River from Cooper Hill.

Bartonville was the county seat until 1828, when like its predecessor Gasconade, it was flooded. The county seat was then moved to the higher town of Mount Sterling. In 1842 residents voted to move it again, to Hermann.

The Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri, 1901, Conard, Vol. 3, Page 5, erroneously listed Bartonville as the first county seat of Gasconade County.  Gasconade (city) held that distinction.  The encyclopedia also mistakenly identified Mount Sterling as a renaming of Bartonville.  In fact, the towns were distinct and were in different locations.

Gazetteer reference
The Geographic Names Information System lists Bartonville, a.k.a. Bartonsville, with a location of "unknown".

References

Further reading
Goodspeed, History of Franklin, Jefferson, Washington, Crawford and Gasconade Counties, MO, pp. 617–706.

Gasconade County Historical Society Archives, Hermann, MO.

Former cities in Missouri
Former populated places in Gasconade County, Missouri
Former populated places in Osage County, Missouri
Former populated places in Missouri

Bartonville, Missouri


Puss 'n' Boots was a British comic strip which ran in the UK comic magazine Sparky from 1969 to 1977 and later appeared in Topper and The Dandy. Most of the strips were drawn by John Geering. Some scripts were written by Morris Heggie, later to become editor of the Dandy.

Concept

The strip's protagonists are Puss, a black anthropomorphic cat and Boots, a similarly humanoid brown dog. In the stories they are in a continuous state of conflict, as indicated by the strap-line "They Fight Like Cat and Dog". Most stories revolved around one of them playing a trick on the other, the recipient getting revenge and both fighting. The strip name is a pun on the pantomime Puss in Boots.

It was one of a few DC Thomson  cartoons where dialogue was as important as the artwork, with Puss and Boots insulting each other elaborately.

Regular characters included Puss' baby nephew, Titch, whose speech largely consisted of the word 'Baggle', and from time to time the Scottish uncles, Uncle Hamish McToorie and Uncle Duncan McTavish.

Later history

As its sales faltered Sparky was merged with Topper which also failed. From 1993 Puss 'n' Boots appeared infrequently in the Dandy before a long hiatus. The artist John Geering died in 1999. The strip ran in The Dandy for two spells in the early 2000s, drawn by Barrie Appleby, who also drew Cuddles and Dimples, before being dropped when the comic was revamped in October 2004.

From 2008 new strips appeared in The Dandy and older strips were reprinted in Classics from the Comics. Puss 'n' Boots appear in the Dandy Annual 2009, drawn by Nigel Parkinson. They also feature in the 2012 annual drawn by Nigel Auchterlounie.

Similarly themed strips appeared in The Dandy in the 1980s, called Mutt and Moggy which was also drawn by John Geering, and in The Beano in the 2010s under the name Meebo and Zuky.

References

British comics
1969 comics debuts
British comics characters
Comics characters introduced in 1969
Fictional rivalries
Comic strip duos
Comics about dogs
Comics about cats
Gag-a-day comics
Fictional tricksters
Anthropomorphic cats
Anthropomorphic dogs
DC Thomson Comics strips

Puss 'n' Boots (comics)


Christopher Rule (November 23, 1894 – April 1983) was an American comic book artist active from the 1940s through at least 1960, and best known as the first regular Marvel Comics inker for comics artist Jack Kirby during the period fans and historians call the Silver Age of Comic Books.

Biography

Early life and career
After driving an ambulance in France during World War I, Christopher Rule in the 1920s worked in comic strips and fashion illustration. For publisher S. Gabriel & Sons, Rule and Pelagia Doane illustrated a Pinocchio "put together book" in which gummed illustrations could be cut out and mounted on background sheets.

Comic books

In 1943, Rule was a comic-book inker with the Jack Binder Studio, and also that year inked Fawcett Comics stories featuring the superheroes Mary Marvel and Mr. Scarlet.

By 1944 he'd become a staff artist at Timely Comics, the forerunner of Marvel Comics during the period fans and historians call the Golden Age of Comic Books. Rule worked in what was called the "animator bullpen", which produced such movie tie-in and original talking animal comics as Terrytoons Comics, Mighty Mouse, and Animated Funny Comic-Tunes, and was separate from the superhero group producing comics featuring the Human Torch, the Sub-Mariner and Captain America. Due to his work going unsigned, in the manner of the times, comprehensive credits are difficult if not impossible to ascertain.  Rule's first confirmed credits are as inker of the one-page fashion filler "Junior Miss Steps Out..." and as penciler-inker of an eight-page story in the teen-romance comic Junior Miss #1 (Winter 1944).

Rule continued to ink romance stories over such pencilers as George Klein, Mike Sekowsky, and Syd Shores in such comics as Faithful, Love Classics, and Love Tales. He expanded into other forms, including heroic adventure with the mythologically based superheroine Venus, inking Werner Roth on a story in Venus #10 (July 1950); and then into horror, inking penciler Sekowsky's story "Hands of Murder" in Adventures into Terror #4 (June 1951), from Marvel's 1950s iteration, Atlas Comics.

Inker Joe Giella, who worked on staff at Timely for two years beginning circa 1946, recalled Rule at the time as "a very heavy, older fellow with grayish hair. He was a good friend of Mike Sekowsky's, and worked in the same room with Mike. He was kind of an intellectual". Artist Gene Colan, a Marvel mainstay from 1946 on, described Rule as "kind of like a Santa Claus — a roly-poly guy who was very funny". Echoed artist Stan Goldberg, "He had a great gift of gab and a magnificent vocabulary. [...] He was kind of like a Santa Claus and looked very important".

Personal life
In 1923, Rule married Harriet May Cassebeer, the former wife of Edwin William Cassebeer, an executive of the Steinway Corporation, and a daughter of Charles Ruthrauff. By this marriage he had one stepdaughter, Florence Louise Cassebeer (a.k.a. Florence Louise Steinway, born 1913). Atlas Comic colleague Stan Goldberg recalled that Rule's first wife died after having scalded herself.

After 1950, Rule married second wife Caryl Gilbert Bartine (née Baker, 1886-1969). By this marriage Rule had a stepson, Oliver Hunt Bartine Jr.

Atlas and Kirby

In a rare formal credit in a comic of that period, Rule is listed as "art associate" in the Atlas Comics title Girls' Life #4 (July 1954), under "editorial and art director" Stan Lee. In that or a similar staff capacity throughout the 1950s, Rule inked in a variety of genres and forms, with known work that includes medieval adventure, inking Syd Shores' Black Knight and Crusader stories in Black Knight #5 (Dec. 1955); Westerns, inking Shores in Six-Gun Western #2 (March 1957); biography, drawing the feature "Famous Explorers of Space" in the successively named Space Squadron / Space Worlds; and science fiction/fantasy, drawing a story each in Strange Tales #49 (Aug. 1956) and World of Fantasy #9 & #15 (Dec. 1957 & Dec. 1958), and inking Shores yet again in World of Suspense #6 (Feb. 1957). In a rare switch, Rule penciled a story that someone else (Vince Colletta) inked, in My Own Romance #63 (May 1958).

Rule inked the first stories of industry great Jack Kirby when Kirby returned to the company for a long-term stay for the first time since 1941, when he had co-created Captain America with Joe Simon. Rule inked Kirby's premiere Atlas/Marvel cover and the accompanying seven-page story "I Discovered the Secret of the Flying Saucers" in Strange Worlds #1 (Dec. 1958), Rule would remain Kirby's regular, nearly exclusive inker on these "pre-superhero Marvel" stories as Atlas Comics segued into Marvel Comics, at which point Dick Ayers would become Kirby's most frequent inker during the company's early years.

Rule as well inked the prolific Kirby on Western stories in Gunsmoke Western #51 and Kid Colt: Outlaw #86 (Sept. 1959), romance stories in Love Romances #85 (Jan. 1960), and war stories in Battle #66-67 (Oct.-Dec. 1959), plus many covers across all genres. Rule's last known confirmed credit is inking Kirby on the five-page story "What Was the Strange Power of Simon Drudd?" in Tales to Astonish #10 (Jan. 1960).

Some comics historians theorize he may have been an inker on some portion of Kirby's landmark comic The Fantastic Four #1 (Nov. 1961), for which George Klein is the generally recognized, uncredited inker. The standard Grand Comics Database, for example, lists the inker credit as "George Klein?; Christopher Rule? ... George Klein, or Chris Rule have been suggested as the inker but there is no consensus." Others note the long lag time between Rule's last confirmed credit and the Fantastic Four premiere.

Bibliography
Rule inked Jack Kirby on stories in comics including:
Journey into Mystery # 51-52, 54 & 56 (March–May, Sept. 1959 & Jan. 1960)
Strange Tales # 67-70 (Feb.-Aug. 1959)
Strange Worlds # 3 (Aug. 1959)
Tales of Suspense # 2-4 & 6 (March–July & Nov. 1959)
Tales to Astonish # 1 & 5-6 (Jan. & Sept.-Nov. 1959), and
 World of Fantasy # 15-16 & 18 (Dec. 1958 - Feb. & June 1959)

References

External links
The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators

1894 births
1983 deaths
American comics artists
Golden Age comics creators
Atlas Comics
Silver Age comics creators
Marvel Comics people

Christopher Rule


Sir William Godolphin MP (1515–1570) was a 16th-century English soldier, knight, politician, and Member of Parliament (MP), whose career has been so confused with that of his father and namesake Sir William Godolphin that it is sometimes difficult to be sure which of the two held which offices.

The father was Member for Cornwall and High Sheriff during the reign of Henry VIII; the son worked closely with Thomas Cromwell as a young man, and with the help of Cromwell's support was elected MP for Cornwall in 1539.

After Cromwell's fall, the younger Godolphin acquired a considerable military reputation. He seems to have been drafted into the army command as an engineer, drawing on his knowledge of tin mining (which was the main source of his family's income in Cornwall). His most important contribution was at the Siege of Boulogne.

Richard Carew in his Survey of Cornwall saying of him "He demeaned himself very valiantly beyond seas, as appeared by the scars he brought home, no less to the beautifying of his fame, than the disfiguring of his face". After the capture of Boulogne, he was made its bailiff in recognition of the part he played in the victory, and also knighted.

He was a member of the Council of Regency from 1547 to 1551, High Sheriff of Cornwall in 1549–50 and 1568–9, and its MP once more in 1553. He was also a Vice-Warden of Stannaries, and Custos Rotulorum of Cornwall from 1562 until his death in 1570.

Sir William married Blanch Langdon and had three daughters, but leaving no male issue his estates passed to his nephew, Sir Francis Godolphin (1540–1608).

References

Further reading
 S T Bindoff, The House of Commons, 1509–1558 (London: Secker & Warburg, 1982)

External links

 Burke's Extinct Peerage (London: Henry Colburn & Richard Bentley, 1831)
 'The Scilly Islands', Magna Britannia: volume 3: Cornwall (1814), pp 330–337
 Godolphin family tree

1515 births
1570 deaths
16th-century English soldiers
William
High Sheriffs of Cornwall
Members of the pre-1707 English Parliament for constituencies in Cornwall
Knights Bachelor
English MPs 1539–1540

William Godolphin (1515–1570)


Hussein al-Yemeni was a suspected Al-Qaeda terrorist group member believed to have played a part in the December 2009 attack on CIA employees in Afghanistan. While there are no witnesses who claim to know what he looks like, he was thought to be in his later twenties or early thirties.

Terrorist ties
al-Yemeni was believed to have ties to terrorist groups in Yemen, Afghanistan as well as Pakistan.

Attack on CIA in Afghanistan
On December 30, 2009, on an American base in southeastern Afghanistan's Khost Province there was an explosion that killed seven CIA employees and contractors.

Death
Hussein al-Yemeni is believed to have been a victim of an early March strike in the Miran Shah area of Pakistan. Officials will not confirm his death or release specific details on the strike.

This strike is only one of many carried out through February and March 2010. Drone attacks have killed five other suspected terrorists and there have been several arrests.

According to a US official:
"Al-Yemeni would be the latest victory in a systematic campaign that has pounded al Qaeda and its allies, depriving them of leaders, plotters, and fighters…For them, there can be neither safety nor rest."

References

Year of birth unknown
Possibly living people
Al-Qaeda members
Members of jihadist groups

Hussein al-Yemeni


Manuka Oval is a sporting venue in Canberra, the capital of Australia. It is located in Griffith, in the area of that suburb known as Manuka. Manuka Oval has a seating capacity of 13,550 people and an overall capacity of 16,000 people, although this is lower for some sports depending on the configuration used. The area on which the ground is situated has been used for sport since the early 20th century, but was only enclosed in 1929. It has since undergone several redevelopments, most recently beginning in 2011.

Currently, Manuka Oval is primarily used for cricket (during the summer months) and Australian rules football (during the winter months). The ground was previously also used for rugby league and rugby union matches, but there are now more suitable venues in Canberra for those sports. As a cricket ground, Manuka Oval is the home venue for the ACT Comets (men's) and the ACT Meteors (women's) teams, and has also hosted a number of international matches, including at the 1992 and 2015 World Cups. As an Australian rules football ground, Manuka Oval's primary tenant is the Eastlake Football Club, which plays in the North East Australian Football League (NEAFL). Australian Football League (AFL) games are played at the ground on a semi-regular basis. The Greater Western Sydney Giants have used the oval as a secondary home ground since the club entered the AFL in 2012 and AFL Women's in 2017. Other AFL clubs had previously hosted games at the venue, most notably the North Melbourne Football Club from 1998 to 2006.

History
The oval was originally a park officially known as "Manuka Circle Park", however by the end of the 1920s it was known as Manuka Oval. The park and nearby shopping centre were named after the Leptospermum scoparium's Māori name, Manuka. There was a push for the park to become an enclosed oval starting in 1926 by various sports groups. Work began on Manuka Oval to erect a fence, along with other improvements made in 1929. The field had previously been used to casually play rugby league and Australian rules football. The first cricket pitch was played on in April 1930. The Bradman Pavilion, the oval's main stand, was constructed in 1962 in honour of Sir Donald Bradman. The Robert Menzies Stand and the Bob Hawke Stand were constructed in 1987 and 1992 respectively and were named after the first two Australian Prime Ministers to bring international cricket teams to Canberra to play against the Prime Minister's XI. In 2004, Manuka Oval celebrated the 75th anniversary of its formal establishment.

Manuka Oval had a $4.3million upgrade starting from the second half of 2011, which included 4,300 additional temporary seats for the venue, new media and corporate facilities, upgrades to the Hawke and Bradman stands' covering and upgrades to entry facilities. Floodlights were installed at the ground in late 2012 to allow sport to be played at the venue at night, and were first used on 29 January 2013 for a day-night cricket match between the West Indies and the Prime Minister's XI.

The AFL, through a private consortium, made an $800 million bid to upgrade the precinct in 2018 and expand the seating capacity by 4,750 with covered areas, however the ACT government rejected the proposal.

Sports played at the ground

Cricket

The first cricket match to be played at the oval was on Easter Monday, 13 April 1930. The Prime Minister's XI is played at the oval annually. It was started by Robert Menzies in 1951, and there were six more matches up to 1965 in his term as Prime Minister. The match was brought back in 1984 by Bob Hawke and has been played annually since. In 1992, the ground hosted its first One Day International (ODI) match between South Africa and Zimbabwe as part of the 1992 Cricket World Cup, but otherwise remained largely unused for top level cricket.

In 2015, the ground hosted three One Day International (ODI) matches between Bangladesh and Afghanistan, West Indies and Zimbabwe, South Africa and Ireland as part of the 2015 Cricket World Cup.

The ground is home to the Canberra Comets, who played in the Mercantile Mutual Cup from the 1997–98 season to the 1999–2000 season; the team now plays in the Futures League.

Manuka Oval held its second ODI, and its first as part of a normal international tour, on 12 February 2008 between India and Sri Lanka in the Australian tri-series; and it hosted its first international match featuring Australia on 6 February 2013, in which Australia defeated the West Indies by 39 runs. Top level domestic cricket also returned to the ground from 2011 to 2012, with the New South Wales Blues for three seasons playing a Sheffield Shield and Ryobi One Day Cup match each season; and, the ground hosted the 2013/14 Sheffield Shield final, because the Sydney Cricket Ground was unavailable due to a Major League Baseball series.

The venue sought to host its first Test match in the year 2013 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the city of Canberra, however, the request was not granted.

The ground hosted the final of the 2014–15 T20 Big Bash on 28 January 2015. The first regular season BBL game was held on 24 January 2018 when the Sydney Thunder hosted the Melbourne Renegades. The first WBBL game at the venue was held on the same day.

In April 2018, it was confirmed that the Manuka Oval would host its first ever Test match in February 2019. The first test match was held on 1 February 2019 to the 5th of February 2019 between Australia and Sri Lanka, where four Australian batsmen made centuries.

Australian rules football
Manuka Oval was the home ground of the Manuka Football Club, an Australian Capital Territory Football League club, from 1928 to 1991, when it merged with the Eastlake Football Club. The merged club, which retained the Eastlake name, continues to play home games at Manuka Oval, both in AFL Canberra competitions and in the North East Australian Football League (NEAFL).

The oval has served as an occasional venue for Australian Football League matches since 1998, and a permanent home venue since 2012.

Between 1998 and 2006, the North Melbourne Football Club, hosted a total of eighteen matches at the venue, playing three games per season from 2001 onwards. Brent Harvey was the only player to have played all 18 AFL games featuring the Kangaroos played at Manuka Oval.

From 2007 until 2009, the Melbourne Demons and the Western Bulldogs each played a home match against the Sydney Swans at the venue; the Bulldogs continued this arrangement in 2010 and 2011.

Since 2012, the newly established Greater Western Sydney Giants have played three home-and-away matches and one pre-season match at the ground each year. The club's first ever AFL win, against the Gold Coast Suns in Round 7, 2012, took place at this venue. The record crowd for the ground was set when 14,974 attended for the match between the Giants and Richmond, a game the Giants won by 88 points holding Richmond to their lowest score, 3.5 (23). The women's team also plays one home-and-away match at Manuka Oval during the AFL Women's season; their opponents in the 2017 and 2018 matches played in Canberra were, on both occasions, the . Manuka Oval also hosts the home matches of the Belconnen Magpies and Eastlake Demons in the North East Australian Football League competition as well as all eastern conference finals.

For three seasons beginning with the 2013 AFL season, Manuka Oval was branded as StarTrack Oval during Australian rules football matches. The naming rights deal expired in early 2016. Since 2017 until 2020 the venue has commercially been known as the UNSW Canberra Oval.

As of 2019, Jeremy Cameron holds the record for the most AFL goals kicked at Manuka Oval, kicking 49 goals.

Rugby league
The second game of the 1948 Great Britain Lions tour was played at the Oval as the touring side beat the Group 8 Rugby League representative side 45–12. During the 1951 French rugby league tour of Australia and New Zealand, Les Chanticleers played a game at the oval against a Monaro side that attracted approximately 5,000 spectators.  Manuka Oval hosted one National Rugby League game on 29 May 2001 with the Canberra Raiders moving their game to the ground because of a clash with the ACT Brumbies.

Rugby union
The Canberra Kookaburras (rugby union) played their home games at Manuka Oval when they competed in the Sydney competition from 1995 until they were excluded from the competition in 2000. The Kookaburras rugby union team rejoined the top Sydney competition in 2004 as the Canberra Vikings however opted to play their home games at Viking Park instead. The Canberra Vikings did make a return to Manuka Oval in 2007 for the Australian Rugby Championship and played three of their four home games at the ground. The other game was played at Canberra Stadium. However the competition was scrapped by the Australian Rugby Union at the end of the year.

Others
Manuka Oval has also previously hosted boxing and wrestling. In the inaugural year of the National Soccer League in 1977, Canberra City played its home games at Manuka Oval, but moved to the newly built Bruce Stadium in 1978. Hockey was also played at Manuka Oval until the National Hockey Centre was built.

Ground amenities

A two-storey curator's residence is attached to the oval. It was built in the 1930s in the style typically used by the Federal Capital Commission. The trees that circle the oval include cypress, poplar, oak and elm trees, many of which were planted in the 1920s. The Jack Fingleton Scoreboard, originally located at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG), dates to 1901. When an electronic scoreboard was installed at the MCG in the early 1980s, the old scoreboard was relocated to Manuka Oval. The scoreboard is named after Jack Fingleton, an Australian opening batsman, political correspondent in Canberra, and prolific author, who had died shortly before the board's relocation.

Attendance records

AFL attendance records

Cricket attendance records

References

External links

 ACT Cricket history of Manuka oval
 CricInfo's profile of Manuka Oval

 Manuka Oval CricketArchive

Australian Football League grounds
Sports venues in Canberra
Cricket grounds in Australia
Test cricket grounds in Australia
World Series Cricket venues
1926 establishments in Australia
Sports venues completed in 1926
Rugby league stadiums in Australia
North East Australian Football League grounds
AFL Women's grounds
1992 Cricket World Cup stadiums
2015 Cricket World Cup stadiums
ACT Meteors

Manuka Oval


Marina von Neumann Whitman (born March 6, 1935) is an American economist, writer and former automobile executive. She is a professor of business administration and public policy at the University of Michigan's Ross School of Business as well as The Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy.

From 1979 until 1992 she was an officer of the General Motors Corporation, first as vice president and chief economist, and later as vice president and group executive for public affairs, which included the Economics, Environmental Activities, Industry-Government Relations and Public Relations staffs. She also serves or has served as a director of several leading multinational corporations and research and policy institutions, including the Institute for Advanced Study and Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Prior to her appointment at GM, Whitman was a member of the faculty in the Department of Economics at the University of Pittsburgh, beginning as an instructor in 1962 and becoming Distinguished Public Service Professor of Economics in 1973. She served as a member of the President's Council of Economic Advisers in 1972–73, while on leave from the university.  She was a director at the Council on Foreign Relations between 1977 and 1987. She is also a former member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group.

Whitman received a B.A. in government from Radcliffe College (now Harvard University), graduating at the top of her class, and her M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in economics from Columbia University. The author of many books, monographs and articles, she is the recipient of numerous fellowships, honors and awards, and holds honorary degrees from over twenty colleges and universities.

Her father was the polymath John von Neumann, one of the foremost mathematicians of the 20th century. She is married to Robert Freeman Whitman, professor emeritus of English at the University of Pittsburgh, and has two children and two grandchildren. Her step-brother is George H. Kuper, former president and chief executive officer of the Council of Great Lake Industries and an independent consultant in the areas of public policy, environmental and energy issues. Her daughter, Dr. Laura Mariette Whitman (1964-2023), was a noted specialist in internal medicine and out-patient medical education at Yale University. Laura was married to David L. Downie, a scholar of international environmental policy, who is the son of Leonard Downie, Jr., the journalist and long-time editor of the Washington Post.

Published books
The Martian's Daughter. A Memoir, The University of Michigan Press, 2012.
 New World, New Rules: The Changing Role of the American Corporation, Harvard Business School Press, 1999
 Reflections of Interdependence: Issues for Economic Theory and U.S. Policy, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1979.
 Government Risk-Sharing in Foreign Investment, Princeton University Press, 1965

References

External links
Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, Marina Whitman
Online Archives of California: Marina von Neumann Whitman Papers, White House Central Files, 1971–1973
Life with Father
Marina v.N. Whitman at the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy

1935 births
Living people
American economists
American economics writers
American manufacturing businesspeople
American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
American women business executives
American business executives
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Jewish American writers
Jewish women writers
General Motors former executives
Group of Thirty
Members of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group
Nixon administration personnel
Procter & Gamble people
Radcliffe College alumni
Ross School of Business faculty
Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy faculty
Trustees of the Institute for Advanced Study
United States Council of Economic Advisers
University of Pittsburgh faculty
American women economists
Writers from New York (state)
American women non-fiction writers
Marina

Marina von Neumann Whitman


Thomas Ruthven, 1st Lord Ruthven (died 6 May 1671) was the son of William Ruthven of Freeland by his wife Isabella Fotheringham, and a great-great-grandson of William Ruthven, 1st Lord Ruthven. In January 1651 he was created Lord Ruthven of Freeland, in the Peerage of Scotland, by King Charles II (who, though in exile from England, had been crowned King of Scots at Scone earlier that month). Lord Ruthven was married to Isabel, daughter of Robert Balfour (previously Arnot) and his wife Margaret Balfour, 2nd Lady Balfour of Burleigh, and by her was the father of a son David, who succeeded to his title. His daughter Jean later succeeded to the title, and on her death it passed to the issue of another daughter, Elizabeth, who had married Sir Francis Ruthven, 1st Baronet.

1
Thomas
1671 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Peers of Scotland created by Charles II

Thomas Ruthven, 1st Lord Ruthven of Freeland


The Kokka Taikan (国歌大観) is a compilation encyclopedia of Japanese waka poetry early and modern, also serving as the de facto academic indexing system for poetry about which little is known. It is published by Kadokawa Gakugei Shuppan.

In academic literature or literary criticism, the Kokka taikan reference number is more likely to be provided for poems by unknown or anonymous authors or when the year or location is unknown. For example, where records of poetry competitions in notable households are harvested, only a period and the location may be known; these poems may be valuable if referenced by masterpieces from the same or rival literary group.

Compilation and extent
The 2012 2nd edition of the Kokka Taikan comprises over 450,000 Japanese and Chinese poems.

The original encyclopedia, encompassing only Japanese poetry, was compiled by Matsushita Daisaburo and Fumio Watanabe and published between 1901 and 1903. Continuation volumes were published between 1925 and 1926. The reference numbers for these volumes continued in sequence but are marked in referencing with zoku Kokka taikan. The encyclopedia was published by Kadokawa from 1983.

The current 2nd edition, published in 2012, is expanded with reference number continuing in sequence and is available on DVD-ROM.

Other collections
More long established collections can be seen as coherently delimited collections. The Kokka taikan can be viewed as the miscellany, aiming to contain poetry outside the long established collections:
 Man'yōshū: the very ancient Japanese poetry collated during the Nara period.
 Monogatari: the 40 or so longer tales that survive from the Heian and Kamakura periods.
 Nijūichidaishū: the 21 imperial anthologies of Japanese court poetry.

References

Japanese poetry collections
Japanese art
Japanese culture
Chinese poetry

Kokka Taikan


Claudia Andreatti (born 1987) was Miss Italia 2006. She comes from Pergine Valsugana, (Trento), Italy. She replaced the outgoing Edelfa Chiara Masciotta Miss Italia 2005. Before becoming Miss Italia she spent a year in Texas to study English.

Miss Italia 2006

Before the last vote, Claudia Andreatti was reported saying  to want "to give a dream to my region, that has never had a Miss Italia."

For her strong and aggressive character, her fresh appeal and her elegance, she has been hailed by the Italian press as new representative of modern Italian women. Claudia Andreatti speaks English fluently, after spending one year in the United States. She declares herself «happily single» because «better alone than badly accompanied» (tr. from an Italian expression). After graduating from high school, she would like to attend the school of Public Relationships at the University of Milan, although she might also receive job offers in show business.

Calendar 2007

She is the undisputed face protagonist of the new calendar of Miss Italia 2007 signed by Giammarco Cheregato. In the work entitled "Dream to be a star", Claudia Andreatti appears in a role once interpreted  by Claudia Cardinale, Silvana Mangano, Sophia Loren, Laura Antonelli, Gina Lollobrigida and Monica Vitti.

Eurovision Song Contest 2016

In 2016, she announced the votes of the Italian jury during the final of the 61st edition of the Eurovision Song Contest.

Television

 2007-2016 : Announcer Rai 1
 2012 : Ballando con le stelle Rai 1
 2016- : Guest Mezzogiorno in Famiglia Rai 2.

References

Living people
People from Trentino
1987 births
Italian beauty pageant winners

Claudia Andreatti


Edward Davy Wedge (1777–1852), brother of John Helder Wedge, became a colonist in Van Diemen's Land and the Port Phillip District of Australia.

The Wedges imported sheep and a saw mill into the Van Diemen's Land colony. Mr Wedge obtained a 2,000 acre (8 km²) grant, which he called Forton, but at first he tried to establish the saw mill at Oyster Cove, just south of Hobart Town.  The mill was not a success financially, and was eventually abandoned at a loss of £2,000.  He then turned to agricultural pursuits, and established Forton with the assistance of convict labour.

After the settlement of Port Phillip in 1835, he and his brother John established a squatters run at Werribee, near Melbourne, and in the 1840s Davy and his wife left Forton for the Werribee run.

In May 1852 the Werribee River flooded and the Wedge house was engulfed.  The family was forced onto the roof, which collapsed during the night, and the family was washed away.  Davy and his wife Lucy both died, as did their eldest daughter, Lucy.  Davy, his wife and daughter Lucy were all buried at the Williamstown Cemetery.

External links
J. Uhl, 'The Men from East Anglia: the Wedge Family an early pioneering family in Van Diemen's Land and Port Phillip', reprinted from the Victorian Historical Magazine Vol XXXVII No 1 (Melbourne 1966);

Wedge, Edward Davy
Wedge, Edward Davy
Settlers of Tasmania
Wedge, Edward Davy
Wedge, Edward Davy
English emigrants to colonial Australia
People from Cambridgeshire
Burials in Victoria (state)

Edward Davy Wedge


Nicolas Pierre Armand Mahut (; born 21 January 1982) is a French professional tennis player who is a former world No. 1 in doubles.

He is a five-time Grand Slam champion in doubles, having completed the career Grand Slam with victories at the 2015 US Open, 2016 Wimbledon Championships, 2018 French Open, and 2019 Australian Open, all partnering Pierre-Hugues Herbert. The pair also won the 2021 French Open and finished runners-up at the 2015 Australian Open, and Mahut was runner-up at the 2013 French Open and 2019 Wimbledon Championships, with Michaël Llodra and Édouard Roger-Vasselin respectively. Mahut became world No. 1 in doubles on 6 June 2016, holding the top ranking for a total of 39 weeks, and has won 37 doubles titles overall, including the 2019 and 2021 ATP Finals. He has also won seven Masters 1000 titles in doubles.

In singles, Mahut reached a career-high ATP ranking of world No. 37 in May 2014, and has won four tour-level titles. All were on grass courts, where only Andy Murray (8) and Novak Djokovic (8) have won more titles amongst active players. His best Grand Slam result in singles was at the 2016 Wimbledon Championships, where he reached the fourth round. At the 2010 Championships, Mahut was part of the longest match in professional tennis history, against John Isner in the first round. Isner defeated him 70–68 in the fifth set after over 11 hours of play.

Early and personal life
Nicolas Mahut was born in 1982 in Angers, France. He first trained at the Beaucouzé tennis club when he was five years old. He joined a tennis club in Paris when he was 11.

He currently lives in Boulogne-Billancourt, a suburb of Paris near the grounds of Roland Garros. He met his wife Virginie in 2007 and she gave birth to their son Natanel (Nathanaël) on 18 August 2011.

His closest friends on the ATP Tour are fellow countrymen Michaël Llodra, Édouard Roger-Vasselin, Julien Benneteau, and Paul-Henri Mathieu.

Mahut has also become good friends with the American tennis player John Isner, after they played together in the longest professional tennis match ever at Wimbledon 2010, which lasted over 11 hours.

He was coached by former professional players Gabriel Urpí and Jérôme Haehnel. He is currently coached by Nicolas Copain and Nicolas Renavand.

Tennis career
Mahut had excellent junior results, winning the Orange Bowl in 1999 and the Wimbledon Boys' Singles in 2000, turning professional the same year. His career-high singles ranking is world No. 37, achieved in July 2014. Mahut was runner-up to Andy Roddick at the 2007 Queen's Club Championships, and runner-up that same year at the Hall of Fame Tennis Championships, in Newport, Rhode Island. In June 2013, he won his first ATP singles title, winning the Rosmalen Grass Court Championships in the Netherlands, and he followed it up in July by winning the Hall of Fame Tennis Championships in Newport, Rhode Island.

Mahut is known for being part of the longest match in professional tennis history against John Isner in the first round of the 2010 Wimbledon Championships. He holds a number of tennis records and awards for the match, including the most points won in a single match (502) and most games won by a losing player (91).

Mahut is also a prolific doubles player, reaching a career high of world No. 1 on 6 June 2016. He has won doubles titles with countrymen Julien Benneteau, Arnaud Clément, and Édouard Roger-Vasselin, before his most successful and current partnership with Pierre-Hugues Herbert. In 2013, he and Michaël Llodra lost the final of the French Open. In 2015, Mahut, with Pierre-Hugues Herbert,
lost the final of the Australian Open but won the US Open doubles title. In 2016, with Pierre-Hugues Herbert, he won the Wimbledon doubles title.

Juniors years
In 1998, Mahut was champion of France for 15- and 16-year-olds and the 17- and 18-year-olds. 1999 saw Mahut win the Orange Bowl doubles title. In addition, Mahut was the winner of the Sunshine Cup, the 35th Coffee Bowl, and the Coupe Galéa-Valério. In Grand Slams, he won the 2000 Wimbledon Championships Boys' Singles, the 2000 Australian Open Boys' Doubles (alongside Tommy Robredo) and the 1999 US Open Boys' Doubles (alongside Julien Benneteau).

As a junior Mahut posted a 93–33 record in singles and a 76–21 record in doubles. He reached as high as No. 3 in singles and No. 1 in doubles (in January 2000 and December 1999 respectively).

2000–02: Early career
Mahut made his grand slam debut at the 2000 French open. He won three minor titles on the ITF Men's Circuit.

2003: Breaking the 100 and first doubles title
2003 saw Mahut leapfrog in the rankings to breaking the top 100. September saw him collect his first doubles title at the Open de Moselle.

2004: US open doubles semifinal & second doubles title
The highlight of his season was making the doubles semifinal at the 2004 US open, losing to eventual champions Mark Knowles & Daniel Nestor.

2005: Breaking the doubles top 25
January saw him break the top 25 in doubles. In February, at the Cherbourg challenger in Cherbourg, France he defeated future 23 time grand slam champion Novak Djokovic in 3 sets.

2006: Return to top singles 100
Three challenger titles & making the third round at Wimbledon saw him return to the top 100 in the singles rankings.

2007: First ATP final
In June, at the Queen's Club Championships, he was awarded runner-up losing to Andy Roddick 6–4, 6–7(7–9), 6–7(2–7). He repeated that solid form the following month, making the final at the Campbell's Hall of Fame Championships. losing to Fabrice Santoro 4–6, 4–6.

2008: 50 career singles wins
At the Rome masters, he collected his 50th career singles victory.

2009: Third doubles title
October saw Mahut collect his third doubles title at the Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon

2010: Longest match in tennis history
Mahut reached the 2010 Wimbledon Singles Championship via the qualifiers, during which he beat Alex Bogdanovic in a marathon match, winning 6–3, 3–6, 24–22. A week later, he was beaten in the first round of the championship proper by John Isner in the longest match in tennis history (see below), Isner winning 6–4, 3–6, 6–7, 7–6, 70–68. Mahut also reached the qualifiers for the 2010 US Open but lost to Júlio Silva in the third qualifying round.

2011: First doubles masters 1000 final
His continued success with Julien Benneteau saw them reach new heights at the Paris masters, collecting the runner-up to Rohan Bopanna & Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi.

2012: Three doubles titles
Partnering with Édouard Roger-Vasselin, together the collected titles at the Open Sud de France, the Open 13 & the Moselle Open.

2013: First ATP singles titles; French Open doubles runner-up
Teaming up with doubles veteran Michaël Llodra, Mahut made his first doubles grand slam final at the French Open. They lost to the Bryan brothers in three sets.

Mahut received a wildcard for the men's singles at Wimbledon and therefore did not have to play the qualifying tournament. He therefore decided to play at the 's-Hertogenbosch ATP tournament in Holland which ran at the same time. Mahut had to qualify for the event but went on to win his first ATP singles title, with a straight sets victory over Stanislas Wawrinka in the final. Mahut did not lose a set and his serve was only broken once during the tournament. As a result of his win, his ranking increased by more than 100 places, and he entered the top 125. Mahut received a wildcard for the 2013 Wimbledon tournament, and reached the second round where he lost to Tommy Robredo.

After Wimbledon, Mahut received a wildcard for the 2013 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships. He went on to win the title, his second ATP tour championship in the space of a month, after defeating Lleyton Hewitt in three sets in the final, despite Hewitt serving for the match at 5–4 in the second set. Mahut's victory saw him enter the top 100 in the singles rankings, reaching number 75. As a result of rain delays, Mahut had played both the singles semi-final and final and the doubles semi-final with partner Édouard Roger-Vasselin on 14 July, and the doubles final was postponed to the following day as a result. The following day, Mahut and Roger-Vasselin won the doubles tournament by defeating Tim Smyczek and Rhyne Williams.

2014: Career-high singles ranking
After quite a successful 2013 season, especially in singles, Mahut didn't enjoy much success in 2014. For the majority of the year in singles, Mahut did not need to play through qualifying to advance to the main draw thanks to the good results he compiled from 2013, but only won 38% of the tour-level matches he played. He failed to advance past the first round in every Grand Slam, which was the first time in his career. Mahut did not reach a tour-level semifinals throughout the entire season. During the season Mahut reached 3 tour-level quarterfinals as well as two Challenger finals.

However, Mahut enjoyed success in doubles. He reached the semifinals of Brisbane partnering Roger Federer to start off the season. The following week Mahut and Llodra lost in the first round at Sydney in the deciding tiebreak. The week after at the Australian Open, Mahut and Llodra were seeded 13th and reached the semifinals for the first time in his career without dropping a set, including wins against 2nd seeds Alexander Peya and Bruno Soares in the 3rd round and 5th seeds Leander Paes and Radek Štěpánek in the quarterfinals. Mahut then participated at Montepeiller partnering Marc Gicquel, where they reached the final without dropping a set, losing in 3 sets to another unseeded pair Nikolay Davydenko and Denis Istomin. Mahut's good form continued into next week, where he participated in Rotterdam with Llodra, and won the tournament while only dropping a set. Mahut then reached the quarterfinals of the Indian Wells Masters partnering Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, losing to world No. 1s the Bryan brothers in 2 tiebreaks. The next week at the Miami Masters, Mahut and Llodra reached the semifinals, again they were defeated by the Bryan Brothers, also in straight sets.

Mahut then lost 4 consecutive matches before the French Open. At the French Open, Mahut and Llodra were seeded 5th, but were forced to retire during the third round after only playing 3 games. The next week, Mahut and Tsonga fell in the first round of the Queen's Club, after winning the first set in a tiebreaker and losing the second set in another tiebreak, and lost 12–14 in the decider tiebreak. At Wimbledon, he and Llodra were seeded 12th, and reached the semifinals for the first time in his career while only dropping one set en route, and was once more denied by the Bryan Brothers, also in straight sets. The week after Wimbledon, he partnered Sergiy Stakhovsky at the Hall of Fame Tennis Championships, and reached the semifinals where they were defeated in straight sets.

For the remainder of the season Mahut failed to win consecutive tour-level doubles matches, but won 2 Challengers near the end of the season, at Mons, Belgium, partnering Gicquel, without dropping a set in the process, and at Mouilleron Le Captif, France, partnering Pierre-Hugues Herbert and did not drop a set en route either. It was also his last tournament of the year during the last week of the regular season.

2015: US Open doubles champion
At the Australian Open, Mahut participated in both singles and doubles draw. He fell in the first round of qualifying in singles, but battled his way to his second appearance in a Grand Slam men's doubles final. Mahut and Herbert, unseeded, lost the final against the unseeded Italians Simone Bolelli and Fabio Fognini. However, this marked the beginning of one of the most successful doubles pair in tennis.

Mahut then played a few qualifying matches for singles but failed to win any tour-level matches after qualifying for the main draw. He also competed in a few Challengers in both singles and doubles. He won the St. Brieuc Challenger in singles during this time, defeating Yūichi Sugita in the final.

Mahut then participated at the French Open, in both singles and doubles. In singles, Mahut was given a wild card, and defeated the 24th seed Latvian Ernests Gulbis in the second round but lost to the 12th seed countryman Gilles Simon in the third round in 5 sets, after leading 2 sets to 1. In doubles, he and Herbert were seeded 14th, and reached the third round where they lost to 2nd seeds Vasek Pospisil and Jack Sock in 2 tiebreaks.

The week after, he competed in the Topshelf Open, during the first week of the grass season, in both singles and doubles. In singles, which he needed to qualify, Mahut won 3 consecutive qualifying matches to advance to the main draw. From there on, he defeated Lleyton Hewitt, 3rd seed and defending champion Roberto Bautista Agut, 6th seed Adrian Mannarino, wildcard Robin Haase, and 2nd seed David Goffin in the final to win his third ATP Tour singles title of his career, all of them on grass. In doubles, he and Herbert defeated 2nd seeds Daniel Nestor and Leander Paes in the quarterfinals and 3rd seeds Jamie Murray and John Peers both in straight sets before losing in the final.

Mahut then participated in Queen's Club, in the doubles draw. He and Herbert were seeded 4th, and won the title without dropping a set, defeating 1st seeds Alexander Peya and Bruno Soares in the semifinals and 2nd seeds Marcin Matkowski and Nenad Zimonjić in the final.

At Wimbledon, Mahut participated in both singles and doubles draw. In singles, Mahut opened against Filip Krajinović and won in 4 sets. In the second round he lost to 6th seed Tomáš Berdych in straight sets. In doubles, Mahut and Herbert were seeded 10th and reached the third round before Matkowski and Zimonjić avenged the loss earlier during the grass season.

After several uneventful weeks, where Mahut failed to win any tour-level matches in singles and only won 1 in doubles, Mahut competed in both singles and doubles at the US Open. In singles, he defeated American world No. 38 Sam Querrey in tight straight sets and lost the next round to 31st seed, Spaniard Guillermo García López in 4 sets. In doubles, Mahut and Herbert, seeded 12th, won the men's doubles title with a straight sets win over 8th seeds Jamie Murray and John Peers in the final while only dropping a tiebreaker en route to the title. They thus became the first all-French pair to win the men's doubles title at the US Open and their US Open victory marked the sixth time that an all-French pair had won a Grand Slam men's doubles title in the Open Era.

The next week Mahut participated at the Moselle Open, in singles and doubles. In singles, Mahut reached the quarterfinals with a 3 set win over 7th seed and countryman Mannarino en route, where he was defeated by another countryman, 3rd seed, and eventual champion Jo-Wilfried Tsonga. In doubles, he and Herbert were seeded 1st, and reached the finals where they lost to 2nd seeds Łukasz Kubot and Édouard Roger-Vasselin in 3 sets.

Mahut did not win a singles tour-level match for the remainder of the season.

Mahut and Herbert also qualified for the prestigious ATP World Tour Finals for the first time for both men, and were seeded 6th, but failed to advance past round robin stage after winning 1 of the 3 round robin matches.

2016: Wimbledon doubles title and doubles world No. 1
During the first few months of 2016, Mahut did one of his best performances in the start of the year. Reaching the quarterfinals in Sydney singles draws and Semis in Rotterdam, he enjoyed success in doubles. He won a doubles title in February 2016 in Rotterdam, an ATP World Tour 500 event, partnering Vasek Pospisil (and held 3 match points in the semifinal against eventual champion Martin Kližan in the singles draw, on what would have been his first tour-level final on hard court and his first final at an ATP World Tour 500 event), defeating Alexander Peya and Philipp Petzschner in the final. He and Pierre-Hugues Herbert then won the first three ATP World Tour Masters 1000 of the year: in Indian Wells, where he and Herbert defeated Pospisil and Jack Sock in straight sets in the final; in Miami, where he and Herbert defeated Raven Klaasen and Rajeev Ram in the final; and Monte Carlo, where he and Herbert defeated world No. 1 Jamie Murray and Bruno Soares in the final. By then, Mahut had won 17 consecutive matches in doubles (not including walkovers) which dated back to mid-February to Rotterdam. Unlike his ATP Tour singles titles, these came on hard and clay courts. He extended the streak to 19 when he reached the semifinals at the fourth Masters 1000 of the year at Madrid in May, succumbing to 3rd seeds, the No. 1 doubles team of 2015, and eventual champions Jean-Julien Rojer and Horia Tecău.

At the French Open, in singles, unseeded Mahut defeated Lithuanian Ričardas Berankis in straight sets in the first round and reached the second round where he retired to Spaniard Marcel Granollers in the third set after trailing 0–2 in sets. In doubles, Mahut was seeded 1st in men's doubles in a Grand Slam event for the first time in his career. However, he and Herbert were upset in the third round by 15th seeds and eventual champions Feliciano López and Marc López. Despite the loss, on 6 June, Mahut became the 49th player and only the second Frenchman (the first was Yannick Noah, who held the No. 1 doubles ranking for a total of 19 weeks in 1986 and 1987) in history to be ranked No. 1 in the ATP Doubles Rankings. He held it for a week before losing it.

Mahut had an outstanding grass season, winning all tournaments he entered in either singles or doubles draw. By the end of the first week, on 13 June, Mahut already clinched his fourth ATP Tour singles title by successfully defending the Rosmalen Grass Court Championships singles title, and won it for a record-tying third time in men's singles, defeating Luxembourgian Gilles Müller in straight sets in the final. Mahut then participated in Queen's Club Championships in the second week, where he faced defending champion and world No. 2 Andy Murray in the opening round, and came close to repeating the success of 2012 by taking Murray to 2 tight tiebreaks, however he was unable to produce the same upset again. Despite the setback in singles, however, in the doubles draw, he and Herbert successfully defended the title while only dropping a tiebreak in the process, defeating Australian Chris Guccione and Brazilian André Sá in straight sets in the final, which was Mahut's 5th doubles title of the year. As a result, Mahut became the first, and the only player to date, to defend a title in both singles and doubles on the ATP World Tour since the new format started in 2009.

Mahut then competed at the Wimbledon Championships. In the singles draw, he defeated Brydan Klein in the first round in straight sets. He then upset 13th seed David Ferrer in the second round also in straight sets. In the third round he defeated his doubles partner Pierre-Hugues Herbert in four sets to advance to the singles fourth round of a Grand Slam event for the first time in his career. In the fourth round, he lost in straight sets to the 28th seed, Sam Querrey, who had unexpectedly defeated world No. 1 and top seed Novak Djokovic in the third round. In the doubles draw, again seeded 1st, he and Herbert fought their way to the final with a few tough matches en route, setting up a clash with unseeded pair of countrymen and friends Julien Benneteau and Édouard Roger-Vasselin, which is also the first ever all-French final in the history of Wimbledon. By reaching the final, Mahut has reached the men's doubles final of all four Grand Slams. He and Herbert defeated them in straight sets to win their 2nd Grand Slam men's doubles title. He also regained the No. 1 spot in doubles. He also tied with Novak Djokovic for most titles on the 2016 ATP Tour (7) to date with singles and doubles title combined, a feat Murray would later catch up to. He and Herbert also became the first pair to qualify for ATP World Tour Finals following results from Wimbledon. By then, Mahut and Herbert won another 10 consecutive doubles match that dates back to the Queen's Club championships, and extended it to 11 when they won their Davis Cup World Group quarterfinals rubber against Czech Republic. France eventually won 3–1. However, the streak came to a stop when they entered the Rio Olympics representing France and was taken out in the first round by unseeded Colombians Juan Sebastián Cabal and Robert Farah. Mahut later commented the result at Rio as "a failure, fiasco, and disaster".

After mediocre results in both singles and doubles at the Cincinnati Masters, the tournament he participated after the Olympics, Mahut competed in both singles and doubles draw at the US Open. In singles, Mahut was unseeded and defeated Philip Kolschreiber after winning the first 2 sets and Kolschreiber retired in the first round, and then he came up with another straight set victory against close friend and countryman Paul-Henri Mathieu. By reaching the third round, Mahut has now reached third round or better on all four Grand Slams in singles. It also marked the first time in his career that he participated in all four Grand Slams in singles without at least one first round exit. In the third round, he faced 6th seed Kei Nishikori and was off to a great start winning the first set, and had a lot more break point chances after the first set than Nishikori, but failed to convert any of them and lost the match while only winning 5 games in the last three sets. In doubles, as the defending champions, Mahut and Herbert was seeded 1st, and reached the semifinals for the second consecutive year and only dropped a set en route to set up a rematch of this year's Monte-Carlo Masters final against 4th seeds Jamie Murray and Bruno Soares, which they lost in 3 tight sets. Murray and Soares went on to win the tournament.

The week after US Open, Mahut participated in the Davis Cup World Group semifinals against Croatia. Mahut and Herbert teamed up for the doubles rubber, but were upset by Marin Čilić and Ivan Dodig in 4 closely contested sets. France went on to lose the tie by a margin of a match, 2–3. Mahut was then out of action for 4 weeks, including skipping the Shanghai Masters, where Bruno Soares was a match away from overtaking Mahut as the new world No. 1 in doubles. Had Soares won the match, he would have become the 50th player in history to be ranked No. 1 in the ATP Doubles Rankings. Mahut came back to play the inaugural European Open at Antwerp, Belgium, again in both singles and doubles draws. In singles, Mahut was seeded 7th, but was upset by unseeded eventual runner-up Argentine Diego Schwartzman in 2 tight sets in the first round. In doubles, seeded 1st, Mahut and Herbert reached the final, including a revenge against Schwartzman in the quarterfinals where he dropped the only set en route, in which they were taken out by 2nd seeds, Canadian Daniel Nestor and Frenchman Édouard Roger-Vasselin in straight sets. This marked Mahut's first loss in an ATP tour-level final, singles and doubles combined, in 2016.

Mahut then participated in the Swiss Indoors, another ATP World Tour 500 event, where he participated in both singles and doubles draw. In singles, he was unseeded and was defeated in the opening round by unseeded Italian Paolo Lorenzi. In doubles, he partnered Roger-Vasselin since Herbert did not compete this week and was seeded 2nd, and reached the semifinals without dropping a set where they lost in straight sets to the eventual champions and 4th seeds, Spaniard Marcel Granollers and American Jack Sock. The following week, Mahut will compete in the final tournament of the year, the Paris Masters, again in both singles and doubles draw. In singles, Mahut faced off against Martin Kližan in the first round, whom he faced earlier in the year, and avenged the loss by a 3 set win coming from a set down, and in the second round he was taken out by 8th seed David Goffin in straight sets. In doubles, Mahut and Herbert were seeded 1st and were the home favorites. After receiving a bye into the second round they cruised against João Sousa and Kližan, which was a double revenge in the same tournament. In the quarterfinals they faced 5th seeds, Spaniards Feliciano López and Marc López, who defeated Mahut and Herbert earlier this year in the third round of French Open on their opponents home soil. However, this time it is Mahut and Herbert who prevailed on home soil, in a close 3-set match. In the semifinals, the duo faced 8th seeds Rohan Bopanna and Daniel Nestor and again prevailed in a 3-set match to reach his second Paris Masters final. In the final, despite being the favorites on home soil, they lost to the unseeded pair Henri Kontinen and John Peers in another 3-set match.

Mahut and Herbert made their second straight ATP World Tour Finals appearance to wrap up the season, this time seeded 1st. He and Herbert were drawn into the Fleming/McEnroe Group with 4th seeds Feliciano López and Marc López, 5th seeds Henri Kontinen and John Peers, and 7th seeds Raven Klaasen and Rajeev Ram. Mahut only needed to win 1 round robin match to secure his year-end No. 1 ranking in doubles, and winning the Tour Finals with 2 round robin match wins or a spot in the final with 3 round robin match wins. The pair was upset by Klaasen and Ram in straight sets in the first match in a rematch of 2016 Miami Masters Men's Doubles final, and was 2 points away from winning the second match against López and López in the decider tiebreak in a rematch of 2016 Paris Masters Men's Doubles semifinals, therefore eliminated again at round robin stage. In the final round robin match, Mahut and Herbert lost to Kontinen and Peers again in a decider tiebreak after winning the first set in a rematch of 2016 Paris Masters Men's Doubles final, resulting a last place finish in their group and putting his year-end No. 1 ranking and No. 1 doubles team of 2016 in danger. In contrary, 2nd seeds Jamie Murray and Bruno Soares won all of their 3-round robin matches, and finished 25 points ahead of Mahut and Herbert for the No. 1 doubles team of 2016. However, Murray and Soares was upset by Klaasen and Ram in the semifinals in straight sets, and as a result Mahut was able to finish 2016 ranked No. 1 in doubles. In singles, Mahut also finished 2016 at a career-best year-end ranking of No. 39.

2017: Davis Cup success, 3 Masters titles
Following on his stellar 2016 season in doubles, Mahut had a more difficult 2017 season, not progressing past the quarterfinal stage at any of the four Grand Slams events he participated in. He did, however, duplicate his doubles success of 2016 at the Masters series tournaments, reaching four finals again, and winning three of them. More importantly, he won all three of the doubles rubbers he played during France's successful Davis Cup campaign that ended with a 10th Davis Cup Trophy.

2018: French Open doubles champion, ATP Finals runner up
Mahut and doubles partner Herbert became the third all-French pair in the open-era to claim the French Open title as they defeated Oliver Marach and Mate Pavić 6–2, 7–6(7–4) in the final. In doing so Mahut recorded his 300th doubles win along the way.

At the ATP finals in their fourth attempt as a pair, Mahut and Herbert progressed past the round-robin stage of the tournament for the first time reaching the finals before being defeated by Jack Sock and Mike Bryan.

2019: Career Grand Slam, ATP Finals winner

In January, Mahut and doubles partner Herbert earned the Career Grand Slam in men's doubles after defeating Henri Kontinen and John Peers in the Australian Open final, 6–4, 7–6(7–1). In the singles at Roland Garros Mahut reached the third round beating former semifinalist Marco Cecchinato in the first round to do so.

Partnering with Édouard Roger-Vasselin Mahut reached the Wimbledon doubles final falling to Colombian duo Juan Sebastián Cabal and Robert Farah in five tight sets 7–6(7–5), 6–7(5–7), 6–7(6–8), 7–6(7–5), 3–6. The pair then claimed the ATP 500 title of Tokyo defeating Nikola Mektic and Franko Skugor 7–6(7), 6–4.

Mahut reunited with Pierre-Hugues Herbert to play the Paris Rolex Masters which they won defeating Karen Khachanov and Andrey Rublev 6–4, 6–1 in the final. The pair qualified for the ATP Finals for the 5th straight year. Mahut and Herbert went undefeated in the round robin stage, and then went on to lift the trophy, without dropping a set throughout the tournament. They defeated Raven Klaasen and Michael Venus in the final 6–3,6–4.

2020: Three Titles
Mahut two doubles titles with Herbert and one with Vasek Pospisil.

2021: Four more titles including second French Open and ATP Finals doubles titles

Mahut continued partnering with Pierre-Hugues Herbert to play at the 2021 French Open where the pair won it for the second time in their career beating Alexander Bublik and Andrey Golubev in the final. The home favorites saved three match points en route to the final defeating second seeds Juan Sebastián Cabal/Robert Farah. They then defeated Alexander Bublik and Andrey Golubev to claim their second French Open doubles title.

Mahut and Herbert continued their partnership at the 2021 Queen's Club Championships. They won the championships for the third time, beating Reilly Opelka and John Peers in straight sets. The pairing, however, had less success at the 2021 Wimbledon Championships – despite beating Facundo Bagnis and Albert Ramos Viñolas in the first round, Mahut and Herbert were forced to forfeit their second round match against Fabrice Martin and Jérémy Chardy, due to a thigh injury sustained by Herbert.

Mahut represented France at the Olympics. He entered the men's doubles, with Pierre-Hugues Herbert, and the mixed doubles, with Kristina Mladenovic. However, Mahut lost both of his first round matches in straight sets; losing to the British pair Andy Murray and Joe Salisbury in the men's doubles, and the Russian pair and eventual finalists Elena Vesnina and Aslan Karatsev in the mixed doubles.

After an unsatisfactory American hard court swing, Mahut played at the 2021 US Open with Pierre-Hugues Herbert, they reached the quarterfinals, after three wins. They lost to 8th seeds John Peers and Filip Polášek.

In October, Mahut paired up with fellow French player Fabrice Martin for the 2021 European Open. They won the title by beating the Dutch pair of Wesley Koolhof and Jean-Julien Rojer, for the loss of only one game.

Following that win, Mahut paired up Pierre-Hugues Herbert again, for the 2021 Rolex Paris Masters. After navigating through 3 matches, including the 6th seeds John Peers and Filip Polášek, they lost in the final against Tim Pütz and Michael Venus on a match tiebreak, 9–11.

Next, Mahut and Herbert played in the 2021 ATP Finals, as one of the eight best teams of the year. They navigated through the group stage, for the loss of only one match to Rajeev Ram and Joe Salisbury. In the semifinals, they beat Marcel Granollers and Horacio Zeballos to advance to their third ATP Finals final. In the final, they successfully avenged their loss to Ram and Salisbury in the group stage, winning in straight sets. This was their second title as a pair at the season ending finale.

2022: Forty ATP titles
At the 2022 Open Sud de France in February, he won his 40th title with partner Herbert as top seeds, defeating Lloyd Glasspool and Harri Heliövaara. It was their 21st title as a team.

Playing style
Mahut is a solid baseliner who is also very adept at serve and volleying. He has an accurate first serve that puts his opponent out of position, and then comes to the net to finish the point, a tactic he often employs on grass. On a second serve or on other surfaces, Mahut engages more frequently in baseline rallies and attacks the net whenever he sees a chance. He has consistent and accurate strokes off both wings, and he is also capable of hitting winners from both wings with a combination of speed and angle.

His consistent serve, skillful net play and clever placement of returns have also made him an exceptional doubles player.

Longest match in history

In what became a record-setting match, spanning three days, qualifier Mahut faced 23rd seed John Isner in the first round of the 2010 Wimbledon Championships on 22–24 June. Isner served a world record 113 aces in the single match alone, breaking Ivo Karlović's record of 78. Mahut would go on to surpass it as well with 103. Play was suspended at 21:11 on 23 June due to darkness at a score of 59–59. Isner eventually took the match the following day, winning 6–4, 3–6, 6–7(7–9), 7–6(7–3), 70–68. Isner was not able to win his next match & had to drop out of the doubles portion due to fatigue.

The match is the longest match ever in a Tennis Open in terms of both time and number of games, lasting a total of 183 games, and a total of 11 hours and 5 minutes in duration; it beat, respectively, the Pancho Gonzales – Charlie Pasarell record of 112 games in the first round of Wimbledon in 1969, and the Fabrice Santoro – Arnaud Clément record of 6 hours, 33 minutes at the 2004 French Open.

Both players and the referee later received commemorative prizes for participating in the match. Mahut holds the record for most points won in a tennis match, at 502 points. He also holds the Wimbledon record for most games won in a match by a losing player with 91.

Career statistics

Grand Slam singles performance timeline

Grand Slam doubles performance timeline
Current through the 2023 US Open.

Significant finals

Grand Slam finals

Doubles: 8 (5 titles, 3 runner-up)

Year-end championships

Doubles: 3 (2 titles, 1 runner-up)

Masters 1000 finals

Doubles: 12 (7 titles, 5 runner-ups)

References

External links

 Mahut's blog (in French, not updated beyond April 2008)

1982 births
Living people
French male tennis players
Hopman Cup competitors
Sportspeople from Angers
Sportspeople from Boulogne-Billancourt
Australian Open (tennis) champions
French Open champions
Wimbledon champions
US Open (tennis) champions
US Open (tennis) junior champions
Australian Open (tennis) junior champions
Wimbledon junior champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
Olympic tennis players for France
Tennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' doubles
Tennis players at the 2020 Summer Olympics
ATP number 1 ranked doubles tennis players

Nicolas Mahut


HSwMS Artemis is a signals intelligence gathering vessel currently under construction for the Swedish Navy.

The ship is to replace Sweden's only signals intelligence vessel, , which was launched in 1984. Artemis was ordered on 10 April 2017 and was laid down on 19 June 2018 at the Polish shipyard Nauta and the ship was launched on 17 April 2019. The ship will be  long and it will have a displacement of 2,200 tons.

The project was delayed in March 2021 because the Polish shipyard had economic difficulties and was unable to finish the ship. As a result it was towed to Saab Kockums shipyard in Karlskrona, Sweden in February 2022 where construction of the ship was finished with the help of staff from Poland. Artemis was handed over by Saab Kockums to the Swedish defence material administration on 28 April 2023. The outfitting of the ship is being performed by the National Defence Radio Establishment. Artemis is planned to be commissioned by 2024 at the latest.

References

2019 ships
Auxiliary ships of the Swedish Navy

HSwMS Artemis


The Kee House is a historic house located at 2310 Yale St. in Palo Alto, California. Built in 1889, it is one of the oldest houses in Palo Alto and the oldest surviving building from Mayfield, a village that predated Palo Alto and was later annexed into the city. The house was one of the first built in the College Terrace tract, a middle-class residential area named for its proximity to Stanford University. The two-story house has an Italianate design with Eastlake elements. The front and side porches feature carved brackets and turned posts; the rear entrance originally had a similar porch. The hip roof features double brackets and a frieze below its eaves.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 11, 1985.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Italianate architecture in California
Houses completed in 1889
Houses in Palo Alto, California
National Register of Historic Places in Santa Clara County, California

Kee House (Palo Alto, California)


Spontaneous potential log, commonly called the self potential log or SP log, is a passive measurement taken by oil industry well loggers to characterise rock formation properties.  The log works by measuring small electric potentials (measured in millivolts) between depths with in the borehole and a grounded electrode at the surface. Conductive bore hole fluids are necessary to create a SP response, so the SP log cannot be used in nonconductive drilling muds (e.g. oil-based mud) or air filled holes.

The change in voltage through the well bore is caused by a buildup of charge on the well bore walls.  Clays and shales (which are composed predominantly of clays) will generate one charge and permeable formations such as sandstone will generate an opposite one.  Spontaneous potentials occur when two aqueous solutions with different ionic concentrations are placed in contact through a porous, semi-permeable membrane. In nature, ions tend to migrate from high to low ionic concentrations. In the case of SP logging, the two aqueous solutions are the well bore fluid (drilling mud) and the formation water (connate water). The potential opposite shales is called the baseline, and typically shifts only slowly over the depth of the borehole.

The relative salinity of the mud and the formation water will determine the which way the SP curve will deflect opposite a permeable formation. Generally if the ionic concentration of the well bore fluid is less than the formation fluid then the SP reading will be more negative (usually plotted as a deflection to the left). If the formation fluid has an ionic concentration less than the well bore fluid, the voltage deflection will be positive (usually plotted as an excursion to the right). The amplitudes of the line made by the changing SP will vary from formation to formation and will not give a definitive answer to how permeable or the porosity of the formation that it is logging.

The presence of hydrocarbons (e.g. oil, natural gas, condensate) will reduce the response on an SP log because the interstitial water contact with the well bore fluid is reduced. This phenomenon is called hydrocarbon suppression and can be used to diagnose rocks for commercial potential. The SP curve is usually 'flat' opposite shale formations because there is no ion exchange due to the low permeability, low porosity properties (tight)thus creating a baseline. Tight rocks other than shale (e.g. tight sandstones, tight carbonates) will also result in poor or no response on the SP curve because of no ion exchange.

The SP tool is one of the simplest tools and is generally run as standard when logging a hole, along with the gamma ray. SP data can be used to find:

Depths of permeable formations
The boundaries of these formations
Correlation of formations when compared with data from other analogue wells
Values for the formation-water resistivity

The SP curve can be influenced by various factors both in the formation and introduced into the wellbore by the drilling process.  These factors can cause the SP curve to be muted or even inverted depending on the situation.

Formation bed thickness
Resistivities in the formation bed and the adjacent formations
Resistivity and make up  of the drilling mud
Wellbore diameter
The depth of invasion by the drilling mud into the formation

Mud invasion into the permeable formation can cause the deflections in the SP curve to be rounded off and to reduce the amplitude of thin beds.

A smaller wellbore will cause, like a mud filtrate invasion, the deflections on the SP curve to be rounded off and decrease the amplitude opposite thin beds, while a larger diameter wellbore has the opposite effect.
If the salinity of the mud filtrate is greater than formation water the SP currents will flow in opposite direction. In that case SP deflection will be positive towards to the right. Positive deflections are observed for fresh water bearing formations.

References

Petroleum production
Well logging

Spontaneous potential logging


Cristóbal de Haro was a Castilian financier and merchant from Burgos, famous for having provided funding for the Magellan-Elcano expedition.

Born in Burgos, Haro was based in Lisbon since 1505. After 1513, he became upset with the Portuguese crown and returned to Castile, plotting with Portuguese exiles Ferdinand Magellan and Ruy Faleiro and with the Spanish minister Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca an expedition to the Spice Islands sailing westward.

As a financier and representative of the Fuggers he provided a quarter of the financial backing to Magellan's 1519 voyage, which failed to conquer the Spice Islands but resulted in the first circumnavigation around the world by Juan Sebastián Elcano.

Cristóbal's brother Diego de Haro headed a commercial firm based in Antwerp. A daughter of Diego, Frances, was married to Maximilianus of Transylvania (Maximilianus Transylvanus), who wrote the first account of Magellan's voyage, published in 1523.  Transylvanus pointed out that Cristóbal de Haro had assisted Magellan and Faleiro considerably in presenting their proposals before the Spanish royal counselors.
Haro also helped finance subsequent Spanish expeditions to the Spice Islands: those commanded by Estevao Gomes in 1524, by Jofre de Loaysa in 1525 and by Diego García in 1528.

He was buried in the church of San Lesmes in Burgos, next to his wife Catalina de Ayala. The tomb is decorated with the coat of arms that King Charles granted him, with Magellan's five ships, the pillars of Hercules and spices.

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
People from Burgos
Magellan expedition
Economic history of Portugal
16th-century merchants
Portuguese people of Flemish descent

Christopher de Haro