Smiley Face is a 2007 American-German stoner comedy film directed and co-produced by Gregg Araki. Written by Dylan Haggerty, it stars Anna Faris as a young woman who has a series of misadventures after eating cupcakes laced with cannabis. The supporting cast includes Danny Masterson, John Krasinski, Adam Brody, Jayma Mays, Marion Ross, Jane Lynch, and Roscoe Lee Browne in his final film. Smiley Face was the ninth feature film directed by Araki.

Plot
Jane F is an unambitious young actress who enjoys smoking marijuana and lives in an LA apartment with her nerdy, somewhat disturbing roommate Steve. One day, she discovers a plate of cupcakes left by Steve for a science-fiction movie marathon, all of which she impulsively eats. She soon realizes that the cupcakes were laced with marijuana while remembering a list of things she needs to do that day, including paying the electric bill and going to an important audition.

Jane first decides to call her pot dealer Steve to buy more marijuana to bake more cupcakes using money left to her by her roommate to pay the electric bill, but she is short and still around $40 in debt to him. He threatens to take her furniture (including her prized mattress) and inform her roommate about her buying marijuana with his money if she does not pay him back by 3:00 at a hemp festival in Venice Beach.

As Jane begins making cannabis-infused butter for the cupcakes, she is distracted by a call from her agent Kyle reminding her about her audition in less than an hour. Her butter burns as she destroys her phone trying to turn off the smoke alarm. With no other options, she decides to sell her cache of government-strength marijuana to pay her dealer. Though late to her audition, she is still allowed to be seen by the casting director, though it goes poorly and Jane tries to sell her weed. Grossly offended, they contact the authorities, forcing her to flush her weed down the toilet in a panic.

Without her weed and broke, Jane begins cold-contacting various acquaintances for money, eventually reaching out to Brevin, a nerdy friend of her roommate's who is infatuated with her. Though unable to pay her immediately, Brevin promises to get her the cash she needs following an important dentist appointment.

Upon leaving, Brevin finds his car was broken into and his wallet, which was left on the dashboard, stolen. The police attempt to question Jane about it but, feeling paranoid, she flees. Seeking refuge at the home of one of her old college professors, a tutor on Marxist studies, she is invited in by his mother Shirley. Confusing her for his teaching assistant, she gives Jane a folder to take to his office.

Walking to an apartment complex across the street, she discovers the folder contains a first-edition copy of the Communist Manifesto. Failing to sell it to a resident, her behavior causes him to call the police. She flees into the back of a meat-truck, believing it will take her to Venice Beach. Later discovered by factory workers Mikey and Albert, they kindly give her a tour of the plant they work at.

After being kicked out by the foreman, Mikey agrees to drive her to Venice Beach after work. When a car accident causes a massive traffic jam, Jane leaves Mike's car and continues on foot. She is given a ride by a woman riding a motorcycle.

Jane is dismayed to arrive at the hemp festival just after it ended and is unable to find her dealer. Wandering the beach, she finds several ride tickets in the sand that allow her to board the Ferris wheel at the amusement park on Venice Beach Boardwalk.

While on the ride, she discovers Brevin, Shirley, her teacher, and the man from the apartment all looking for her below. Wanting to do the right thing and return the Communist Manifesto, she tries to get their attention, but her carriage shifts, causing her to let go of the book, which sends the pages flying. Jane is arrested and sentenced to 1500 hours of community service.

Cast

Reception
Smiley Face premiered at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival, followed by a very small theatrical release; in Los Angeles it had a week long run at the Nuart Theatre in Santa Monica. The film was released to DVD on January 8, 2008. Nathan Lee in his review for the Village Voice wrote that "...100 percent sober when I watched it, I can say with some authority that Dylan Haggerty has written an eleventh-hour candidate for the funniest movie of 2007, that Gregg Araki has directed his finest film since 1997's Nowhere, and that Faris, flawless, rocks their inspired idiot odyssey in a virtuoso comedic turn." It also toured around British cinemas in the summer of 2008 as part of the 22nd London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival.

In his review for The New York Times, Matt Zoller Seitz praised Faris' "freakishly committed performance as Jane F. [that] suggests Amy Adams's princess from Enchanted dropped into a Cheech and Chong movie". Andrew O'Hehir wrote in his review for Salon, "Smiley Face, has a wonderful performance by Anna Faris and one of the all-time great stoner monologues in movie history". In her review for Cinematical, Monika Bartyzel wrote, "Araki's comedy gives us the best of many comedic worlds in an incessantly funny, easily-quotable serving. From discussions of Marxism to love of lasagna, Smiley Face serves it all — with some weed and a very, very stoned smile". The review of the New York Daily News states that "Not since Sean Penn's Jeff Spicoli in Fast Times at Ridgemont High has an actor so thoroughly dominated the screen while pretending to be in a chemically altered state." In the review of Los Angeles Times it is argued that "Gregg Araki's delirious "Smiley Face" is an unabashed valentine to Anna Faris, an opportunity for the actress to show that she can carry a movie composed of often hilarious nonstop misadventures. No matter how outrageously or foolishly Faris' Jane behaves, she remains blissfully appealing—such are Faris' fearless comedic skills."

However, S. James Snyder, in his review for the New York Sun, wrote, "If this is meant as a lighthearted change of pace for Mr. Araki, after Mysterious Skin, then perhaps he took things too far in the opposite direction. This isn't just light and fluffy; it floats away".

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 66% based on 38 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Although many of the jokes have been done before, Anna Faris's bright performance and Gregg Araki's sharp direction make Smiley Face more than your average stoner comedy." On Metacritic, the film received a score of 71 based on 9 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Faris won the "Stoner of the Year" award at High Times magazine's Stony Awards, in Los Angeles, on October 13, 2007, for her role in Smiley Face.

References

External links

2007 films
2007 comedy films
American comedy films
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Gregg Araki
American films about cannabis
Films about drugs
American independent films
Films set in Los Angeles
Films produced by Steve Golin
Films scored by David Kitay
2007 independent films
2000s American films

Smiley Face (film)


The Kw'adza, also known as the Qwadza, were an ethnic group and Iraqw Communities based in the Mbulu District of Manyara Region, Tanzania. They spoke the Kw'adza language as a mother tongue, which belongs to the South Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. The Kw'adza were related to but distinct from the Iraqw. In 1999, Ethnologue reported that the Kw'adza language had become extinct, though no information was given regarding whether living descendants of the Kw'adza people identify themselves as such.

References

Ethnic groups in Tanzania
Cushitic-speaking peoples

Kw'adza people


Socialist Unity Party (, SYP) was a left-wing political party in Finland. The SYP was founded in March 1946 by socialists working inside the communist-dominated Finnish People's Democratic League (SKDL). Most of the founders were former members of the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP). The SYP had many known politicians in its ranks but it never became a mass party. In 1955, the party split from the SKDL and was disestablished soon afterwards.

The founders of the SYP included the so-called "socialist six" (in Finnish "kuutoset") who were expelled from the SDP parliamentary group in 1940 before the summer 1941 Continuation War against Soviet Union. Another important group was the former "peace opposition" which split from the SDP after the war. In autumn 1946 two members of the SDP parliamentary group joined the SYP/SKDL. Some of the socialists working inside the SKDL never joined the SYP.

The first chairman of the SYP was J.W. Keto, former leader of the peace opposition. He was succeeded by Atos Wirtanen in 1948. In 1955, Wirtanen organized an extraordinary party congress in which it was decided that the SYP would leave SKDL. The congress, however, was held under somewhat shady conditions. The secretary of the congress was Wirtanen's wife and no representatives from the important Southern Workers Organization of Helsinki were present. Many leading members and sections of the SYP dismissed the congress, left the party and continued their work inside the SKDL.

The SYP organ was Vapaa Pohjola (Free Pohjola), a weekly newspaper which was published until 1949 and edited by Ensio Hiitonen. In 1952, the SYP published nine issues of the paper Yhteisrintama (United Front). During the summer of 1955, the party had a paper called Veckoposten (Weekly Post).

References

Finnish People's Democratic League
Political parties established in 1946
Political parties disestablished in 1955
Defunct political parties in Finland
Socialist parties in Finland
1946 establishments in Finland
1955 disestablishments in Finland

Socialist Unity Party (Finland)


Ewan Alexander McPherson (January 27, 1878 – November 18, 1954) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada.  He served in the House of Commons of Canada from 1926 to 1930.  He was also a member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1914 to 1920 and from 1932 to 1936, and served as a cabinet minister in the government of John Bracken.

Biography
McPherson was born in Worth County, Missouri, and arrived in Canada with his family in 1879.  He was educated at Portage la Prairie, and worked as a barrister.  He was called to the bar in 1904, and became a bench member of the Manitoba Bar Association in 1915. In 1916, he was named King's Counsel. In 1904, McPherson married Winnifred Mabel Finn.

He first ran for the Manitoba legislature in the 1910 provincial election, as a Liberal in the Portage la Prairie constituency.  He was defeated, losing to Conservative cabinet minister Hugh Armstrong by 199 votes.  McPherson ran again in the 1914 election, and defeated Armstrong by ten votes.

The Conservative administration of Rodmond Roblin was forced to resign amid scandal in 1915.  The house was dissolved, and another election called.  McPherson was re-elected, defeating Conservative candidate Fawcett Taylor by 258 votes.  For the next five years, he served as a backbench supporter of Tobias Norris's administration.

McPherson was defeated in the 1920 election, losing to Fawcett Taylor by 287 votes.  Taylor's public profile had increased between 1915 and 1920, and he was chosen as leader of the Manitoba Conservative Party two years later.

McPherson did not contest the 1922 provincial election, but instead turned his attention to federal politics.  He was selected by the Liberal Party of Canada to run against Conservative Prime Minister Arthur Meighen in the federal election of 1926.  He was successful, upsetting Meighen by 428 votes in the federal riding of Portage la Prairie. The Liberal Party won the election, and McPherson served for four years as a backbench supporter of William Lyon Mackenzie King's government.

The Liberals were defeated in the 1930 provincial election, and McPherson lost his seat to Conservative candidate William Herbert Burns by 142 votes.  After this loss, he turned his attention to provincial politics again.

In 1922, the United Farmers of Manitoba unexpectedly won a majority of seats in the Manitoba parliament and formed government as the Progressive Party.  With Mackenzie King's support, the Manitoba Liberal Party formed an electoral alliance with the Progressive Party in 1932. Although he did not yet have a seat in the legislature, McPherson was appointed to John Bracken's cabinet on May 27, 1932 as Provincial Treasurer.

In the 1932 provincial election, McPherson made the questionable decision of challenging Conservative leader Fawcett Taylor again in Portage la Prairie.  Although Bracken's "Liberal-Progressives" were re-elected with a majority government, McPherson went down to a resounding defeat.  He had to wait until July 16, 1932 to run in a deferred election in the sprawling northern constituency of Rupertsland, and even here his election was not certain.  He was forced to face another pro-government candidate, incumbent Progressive Herbert Beresford, and won by only 97 votes.

Notwithstanding his difficulties in the election, McPherson continued to serve as Provincial Treasurer for the parliament that followed.  He was also named Municipal Commissioner on May 10, 1935.  He did not seek re-election in 1936.  Some federal Liberals hoped that McPherson would replace Bracken as premier, but this did not come to pass.

After leaving politics, McPherson served as Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench of Manitoba from 1937 to 1944 and then was named Manitoba Court of Appeal in 1944.  He held the latter position until his death of a heart attack while attending his son's wedding anniversary in Kenora, Ontario in 1954.

References

1878 births
1954 deaths
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Manitoba
Judges in Manitoba
Members of the Executive Council of Manitoba
Canadian King's Counsel
Finance ministers of Manitoba

Ewan McPherson


Major General William Peterkin Upshur (October 28, 1881 – July 21, 1943) was the recipient of the United States' highest military decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in 1915 during the Haitian Campaign.

Biography
William Upshur was born October 28, 1881, in Richmond, Virginia, and graduated from the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) in 1902.

After graduating from VMI he was appointed a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps on February 1, 1904, and subsequently served aboard several vessels of the United States Navy, at foreign stations throughout the world, and at various posts and stations in the United States.

His foreign shore duty included service with an expeditionary force to Havana, Cuba, in October 1906, and duty at Camp Evans, Deer Point, Guantanamo, Cuba, from January 9, to February 8, 1907. He again was detailed to expeditionary duty with a force of Marines on the Isthmus of Panama from June 19, to August 8, 1908. Arriving at Olongapo, Philippine Islands, in January 1912, he joined the 1st Brigade of Marines and was again detached in February 1914, this time to the Marine detachment, American Legation, Peking, China, where he served until October 16, 1914.

On August 4, 1915, he assumed command of the 15th Company, 2nd Regiment, Port-au-Prince, Haiti, where he participated in engagements against Haitian rebels known as cacos. Decorations earned during this deployment included the Haitian Campaign Medal and the Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal. For his bravery during six day mission against the cacos, he was awarded the Medal of Honor.  He was one of six men, including Smedley Butler to receive the Medal of Honor for actions during the occupation of Haiti.

When the United States entered World War I in April 1917, he was again detailed for foreign shore duty, this time with the 13th Regiment in France from September 1918 to August 1919, during which time he was in command of the American Military Prison, Casino des Lilas, Bordeaux and the American Guard Camp.

He was on temporary duty at the Naval Station, Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, in July and August 1921. He also served in Haiti for a period of two years with the 1st Brigade of Marines, from 1922 to 1924. In January and March 1929, he was on temporary duty as chief umpire, Fleet Training Exercise No. 5, Culebra, Puerto Rico, and again in January, February, and March 1940. In September 1939 he was assigned to the Marine Corps Base, San Diego, California. In addition to his foreign shore stations he served aboard the , , ,  and the .

Other duties consisted of Commandant of the Marine Corps Schools at the Marine Barracks, Quantico, Virginia; director of the Marine Corps Reserve; on duty with the War Plans Division, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Navy Department; and as commanding general of the Marine Corps Base in San Diego.

He was a graduate of the Marine Corps School of Application, the Army Command and General Staff School, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and of the Army War College and the Naval War College.

His last station of duty was that of the Department of the Pacific, where he served as commanding general with headquarters in San Francisco, California, from January 1, 1942, until the time of his death.

Major General Upshur died from injuries suffered in a July 21, 1943, airplane crash near Sitka, Alaska, while on an inspection tour of his command, which included Alaska and the Hawaiian Islands. In September 1948, his remains were removed from his Alaskan burial plot and reinterred at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland.

Honors and awards
A partial list of Upshur's awards includes:

Medal of Honor citation
Citation:

In company with members of the 15th Company of Marines all mounted, Capt. Upshur left Fort Liberte, Haiti, for a six-day reconnaissance. After dark on the evening of 24 October 1915, while crossing the river in a deep ravine, the detachment was suddenly fired upon from three sides by about 400 Cacos concealed in bushes about 100 yards from the fort. The marine detachment fought its way forward to a good position, which it maintained during the night, although subjected to a continuous fire from the Cacos. At daybreak, Capt. Upshur, in command of the three squads which advanced in three different directions, led his men forward, surprising and scattering the Cacos, and aiding the capture of Fort Dipitie.

Other honors
Camp Upshur, dedicated to Medal of Honor recipient General William P. Upshur, is a training area in Virginia aboard Marine Corps Base Quantico. It became the official location of the Basic School in 1947 and remained in that capacity until 1958. It was utilized by the Officer Candidate School until 1987 and is now a training area for Marine Reserve units, the Naval Academy's Leatherneck summer course, The Marine Corps Summer Leadership and Character Development Academy, and various other programs. It also serves as the home of a reserve LAR unit.

The , a troop and dependent transport which was placed into service with the Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) during the Korean War, was named in his honor.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients

References
Specific

General

Further reading
 Includes a biography for William P. Upshur.

1881 births
1943 deaths
Naval War College alumni
United States Army War College alumni
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
Military personnel from Richmond, Virginia
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War I
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Marine Corps World War II generals
United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
Burials at the United States Naval Academy Cemetery
Virginia Military Institute alumni
Occupation of Haiti recipients of the Medal of Honor
American military personnel  of the Banana Wars
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1943
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
United States Marine Corps personnel killed in World War II
Accidental deaths in Alaska
Sigma Alpha Epsilon members

William P. Upshur


was a village located in Kamiminochi District, Nagano Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 2,140 and a density of 15.85 persons per km². The total area was 134.99 km².

On January 1, 2005, Kinasa, along with the village of Ōoka (from Sarashina District), the town of Toyono, and the village of Togakushi (all from Kamiminochi District), was merged into the expanded city of Nagano.

Dissolved municipalities of Nagano Prefecture
Nagano (city)

Kinasa, Nagano


Golden Earrings is a 1947 American romantic spy film made by Paramount Pictures and starring Ray Milland and Marlene Dietrich. It was directed by Mitchell Leisen and produced by Harry Tugend from a screenplay by Frank Butler, Helen Deutsch and Abraham Polonsky, based on a novel by Jolán Földes. The music score was by Victor Young and the cinematography by Daniel L. Fapp.

The film's song, "Golden Earrings", with a tune by Victor Young and lyrics by Ray Evans and Jay Livingston, was sung in the movie by Murvyn Vye.  It was a hit recording in 1947-48 by Peggy Lee.

One film location was in the Metolius River area in July 1946 with approximately 30 extras from Bend, Oregon.

Plot
Starting in London, England in 1946 after World War II had been declared over, two items are delivered to a hotel: a small package for a retired British Major General Ralph Denistoun, and a telegram for an American named Quentin Reynolds.  The bellhop drops the telegram off to Quentin Reynolds first and he then takes the small package across the room to Ralph Denistoun.   When Ralph sees the box's point of origin, he opens the package revealing a pair of golden earrings, holding one up to his pierced ear while looking at his reflection in a window. Denistoun later boards a plane from London to Paris, finding himself seated next to Reynolds, who asks Denistoun why has he kept the reason for his pierced ears a secret for so long.  Denistoun then tells him the story.

Before the war had officially broken out, he and another man named Richard Byrd were already in Germany, being held captive by a man named Hoff.  They plotted to escape, planning to meet at the home of a friend of Byrd's father, Professor Otto Krosigk, who had developed a special poison gas formula.  Splitting up with Byrd after their escape, Denistoun came across a gypsy lady named Lydia who helped him get across country with her horse and wagon by dressing him up as a gypsy to disguise him from the Nazis.  Reaching the city where Denistoun was to regroup with Byrd, they find that Byrd has been captured by the Germans while trying to reach Professor Krosigk on his own.

As Hoff and two of his men tried using a flame to make Byrd talk, Denistoun revealed himself and shot all three of the Nazis.  Byrd, already near death, died.  Lydia and another gypsy named Zoltan helped him get rid of the bodies and get to Professor Krosigk's home.  The professor did not believe Denistoun initially, but a visit from some German soldiers convinced him of Denistoun's authenticity.  He then gave Denistoun the gas formula, written on a bill of German cash.  Denistoun was then able to leave without the Germans discovering his identity.

Lydia then led him to a point on the High Rhine where he could swim across to Switzerland with the formula in a special container.  Ralph had removed his earrings and coat, giving them back to Lydia before plunging into the river.

Once Denistoun reaches Paris, he visits the very place where he remembered leaving Lydia several years ago, spotting her horse, Apple, and her wagon across the river.  Putting the earrings back on, Denistoun spits three times in the river, per gypsy tradition, before crossing the river.  One the other side, he calls out to Lydia, who is excited to see him.  The two then get into the wagon, Lydia puts the coat back on him and the two ride off.

Cast

 Ray Milland as Ralph Denistoun
 Marlene Dietrich as Lydia
 Murvyn Vye as Zoltan
 Bruce Lester as Richard Byrd
 Dennis Hoey as Hoff
 Quentin Reynolds as himself
 Reinhold Schünzel as Prof. Otto Krosigk
 Ivan Triesault as Maj. Reimann
 Hermine Sterler as Greta Krosigk

References

External links

1947 films
Paramount Pictures films
Films scored by Victor Young
Films based on Hungarian novels
Films directed by Mitchell Leisen
Films shot in Oregon
American black-and-white films
American spy films
1947 romantic drama films
American romantic drama films
Films about Romani people
Films set in 1946
1940s spy films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

Golden Earrings


The Red Church (Czech: Červený kostel) is a Protestant Church in Brno, Czech Republic. It was designed by architect Heinrich von Ferstel and built up between 1863 and 1867. Nowadays it is used by the Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren. The building is a cultural monument.

Churches in Brno

Red Church (Brno)


Depth ratings are primary design parameters and measures of a submarine's ability to operate underwater. The depths to which submarines can dive are limited by the strengths of their hulls.

Ratings
The hull of a submarine must be able to withstand the forces created by the outside water pressure being greater than the inside air pressure.  The outside water pressure increases with depth and so the stresses on the hull also increase with depth.  Each 10 metres (33 feet) of depth puts another atmosphere (1 bar, 14.7 psi, 101 kPa) of pressure on the hull, so at 300 metres (1,000 feet), the hull is withstanding thirty atmospheres (30 bar, 441 psi, 3,000 kPa) of water pressure.

Test depth
This is the maximum depth at which a submarine is permitted to operate under normal peacetime circumstances, and is tested during sea trials. The test depth is set at two-thirds (0.66) of the design depth for United States Navy submarines, while the Royal Navy sets test depth at 4/7 (0.57) the design depth, and the German Navy sets it at exactly one-half (0.50) of design depth.

Operating depth
Also known as the maximum operating depth (or the never-exceed depth), this is the maximum depth at which a submarine is allowed to operate under any (e.g. battle) conditions.

Design depth
The nominal depth listed in the submarine's specifications. From it the designers calculate the thickness of the hull metal, the boat's displacement, and many other related factors.

Crush depth
Sometimes referred to as the "collapse depth" in the United States,  this is the submerged depth at which the submarine implodes due to water pressure. Technically speaking, the crush depth should be the same as the design depth, but in practice is usually somewhat deeper. This is the result of compounding safety margins throughout the production chain, where at each point an effort is made to at least slightly exceed the required specifications to account for imperceptible material defects or variations in machining tolerances.

A submarine, by definition, cannot exceed crush depth without being crushed. However, when a prediction is made as to what a submarine's crush depth might be, that prediction may subsequently be mistaken for the actual crush depth of the submarine. Such misunderstandings, compounded by errors in translation and a more general confusion as to the meanings of the various depth ratings, have resulted in multiple erroneous accounts of submarines not being crushed at their crush depth.

Notably, several World War II submarines reported that, due to flooding or mechanical failure, they'd gone below crush depth, before successfully resurfacing after having the failure repaired or the water pumped out. In these cases, the "crush depth" is invariably either a mistranslated official "safe" depth (i.e. the test depth, or the maximum operating depth), or the design depth, or a prior—and evidently incorrect—estimate of what the crush depth might be. World War II German U-boats of the types VII and IX generally imploded at depths of 200 to 280 metres (660 to 920 feet).

See also
 HY-80 steel
 USS Thresher (SSN-593) - a submarine that likely imploded after reaching its crush depth

References

Pressure vessels
Failure
Pressure
Submarine design

Submarine depth ratings


The Telephone, or L'Amour à trois is an English-language comic opera in one act by Gian Carlo Menotti, both words and music. It was written for production by the Ballet Society and was first presented on a double bill with Menotti's The Medium at the Heckscher Theater, New York City, February 18–20, 1947. The Broadway production took place on May 1, 1947, at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre. The Metropolitan Opera Company presented it once, at the Lewisohn Stadium, on July 31, 1965.

Roles

Synopsis
Ben, bearing a gift, comes to visit Lucy at her apartment; he wants to propose to her before he leaves on a trip. Despite his attempts to get her attention for sufficient time to ask his question, Lucy is occupied with interminable conversations on the telephone. Between her calls, when Lucy leaves the room, Ben even takes the risk of trying to cut the telephone cord, though his attempt is unsuccessful. Not wanting to miss his train, Ben leaves without asking Lucy for her hand in marriage. But Ben makes one last attempt: He calls Lucy from a telephone booth outside on the street and makes his proposal. She consents, and the two join in a romantic duet over the phone line, at the end of which Lucy makes sure that Ben remembers her phone number.

Recordings
Film and video
In 1968 a film of the opera was made for SFB / ORF, in German. Anja Silja and Eberhard Wächter portrayed the young couple. It was conducted by Milo Chamberlain, and the production was directed by Otto Schenk
In 2006 a DVD was licensed by Decca Music Group and released by Video Artists International, with Carole Farley and Russell Smythe in the roles and José Serebrier conducting the Scottish Chamber Orchestra. This DVD also includes a performance of Francis Poulenc's La voix humaine, whose story also contains a telephone conversation.
In 2020, Scottish Opera and the Parea Series each released a film of the opera; both were set in the 21st century with smartphones as the titular telephone, with the Parea Series film set specifically during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Discography
 The Medium, The Telephone, Elizabeth Hertzberg, Lorenzo Grante, Orchestra Filarmonica Italiana, Flavio Emilio Scogna, Brilliant Classics 95361, 2018.

References

Operas by Gian Carlo Menotti
English-language operas
One-act operas
Operas
1947 operas
Chamber operas

The Telephone (opera)


Mammoth basil is a lettuce leaf basil variety, originating from Italy. Like many culinary basils, it is a cultivar of Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil). The plant grows to approximately 18 inches tall, and produces large ruffled leaves with a jagged edge. The flavor is similar to, but stronger than the flavor of Genovese basil. The leaves are used in pesto or whole, in salads.

References

Ocimum
Herbs
Lamiaceae
Flora of Italy

Mammoth basil


Harry Woolf (August 12, 1923 – January 6, 2003) was an American educator and historian of science who served as provost of The Johns Hopkins University and was later the fifth Director of the Institute for Advanced Study.

Born in New York City, Woolf received his B.A. and M.A. degrees in 1948 and 1949 from the University of Chicago in mathematics, physics, and history.  His Ph.D. in 1955 was from Cornell University in the history of science.  Between 1953 and 1961, Woolf was a faculty member at Boston University, Brandeis University, and the University of Washington.  In 1961 he moved to The Johns Hopkins University, where he was the Willis K. Shepard professor of the history of science, department chairman from 1961 to 1972, and finally provost (1972–1976).

Woolf's organizational talents caught the eye of the board of the Institute for Advanced Study, and he was appointed Director in 1976, succeeding Carl Kaysen and serving until 1987 when he was succeeded by Marvin L. Goldberger.  During Woolf's term, the Institute grew significantly in both physical size and endowment, the latter growing from $51.7 million in 1975 to $187.9 million in 1987, the year that Woolf stepped down as Director.

Woolf was the author of The Transits of Venus: A Study of Eighteenth-Century Science (1959), and the editor of several journals and multiple monographs, including the sixteen-volume Dictionary of Scientific Biography (1964–1980).  His awards and honors include the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung Medal in 1990, and fellowship in the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

References
 Institute for Advanced Study, "Harry Woolf August 12, 1923 - January 6, 2003"
 Paul Lewis, "Harry Woolf, 79, Historian and Administrator", The New York Times, January 8, 2003.

Directors of the Institute for Advanced Study
Historians of science
2003 deaths
1923 births
University of Chicago alumni
Cornell University alumni
Boston University faculty
Brandeis University alumni
University of Washington faculty
Johns Hopkins University faculty

Harry Woolf (historian)


Sigilmassasaurus ( ; "Sijilmassa lizard") is a possibly dubious genus of spinosaurid dinosaur that lived approximately 100 to 94 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous Period in what is now northern Africa. Named in 1996 by Canadian paleontologist Dale Russell, it contains a single species, Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis. The identity of the genus has been debated by scientists, with some considering its fossils to represent material from the closely related species Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, while others have classified it as a separate taxon, forming the clade Spinosaurini with Spinosaurus as its sister taxon.

Sigilmassasaurus was a moderately-built, ground-dwelling, bipedal carnivore, like most other theropods. It may have had strong neck musculature as evidenced by the morphology of its vertebrae (backbones). Sigilmassasaurus may have had semiaquatic habits and a partially piscivorous diet. It coexisted with other large theropods in the Kem Kem Group.

History of research

Fossils of Sigilmassasaurus were recovered at the Kem Kem Formation in the Tafilalt Oasis region of Morocco, near the site of the ancient city of Sijilmassa, for which it was named. Canadian paleontologist Dale Russell named Sigilmassasaurus in 1996, from the ancient city and the Greek word sauros ("lizard"). A single species was named, S. brevicollis, which is derived from the Latin brevis ("short") and collum ("neck"), because the neck vertebrae are very short from front to back. Sigilmassasaurus comes from red sandstone sediments in southern Morocco, which are known by various names, including the Grès rouges infracénomaniens, Continental Red Beds, and lower Kem Kem Beds. The rocks date back to the Cenomanian, the earliest stage of the Late Cretaceous Period, approximately 100 to 94 million years ago.

The holotype, or original specimen, of S. brevicollis, CMN 41857, is a single posterior neck vertebra, although Russell referred fifteen other vertebrae found in the same formation to the species. Other material had been found in Egypt, and was referred to by German paleontologist Ernst Stromer as "Spinosaurus B". Russell in 1996 considered the Egyptian specimen, IPHG 1922 X45, to belong to Sigilmassasaurus or a closely related animal, naming it as a Sigilmassasaurus sp. A second Sigilmassasaurus sp. was named by Russel based on specimen CMN 41629, an anterior dorsal vertebra. "Spinosaurus B" would be intermediate in build between this latter Sigilmassasaurus sp. and S. brevicollis. Russell created the family Sigilmassasauridae for these animals. The neck vertebrae of these dinosaurs are wider from side to side, about 50%, than they are long from front to back. Whether the neck as a whole was particularly short, is unknown: the holotype vertebra is a cervicodorsal, from the transition between the neck and the back, which would not be long anyway. The exact position of Sigilmassasaurus within the theropod family tree is unknown, but it belongs somewhere inside the theropod subgroup known as Tetanurae and most likely was a member of the family Spinosauridae.

Specimen UFMA 1.10.240, a distal caudal vertebra which was discovered in the Alcantara Formation of Brazil was assigned to Sigilmassasaurus in 2002.

Disputed validity
The validity of Sigilmassaurus, however, did not go unchallenged shortly after it was named. In 1996, Paul Sereno and colleagues described a Carcharodontosaurus skull (SGM-Din-1) from Morocco, as well as a neck vertebra (SGM-Din-3) which resembled that of "Spinosaurus B," which they therefore synonymized with Carcharodontosaurus. A 1998 study went further, calling Sigilmassasaurus itself a junior synonym of Carcharodontosaurus.

In 2005, however, Argentine paleontologist Fernando Novas and colleagues found that SGM-Din-3, which was used to synonymize Carcharodontosaurus and "Spinosaurus B", was not actually associated with SGM-Din-1, the Carcharodontosaurus skull described in 1996, and shows clear differences with the holotype of Carcharodontosaurus. Other features of "Spinosaurus B" also differed from Carcharodontosaurus, lending support to the notion that it (and therefore Sigilmassasaurus) is a separate taxon. The same study claimed that the tail vertebrae by Russell assigned to the species were in fact those of iguanodonts. A study in 2013 by Bradley McFeeters and colleagues considered Sigilmassasaurus as valid and an indeterminate member of the Tetanurae.

In 2014, German-Moroccan paleontologist Nizar Ibrahim and colleagues referred the specimens of Sigilmassasaurus to Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, together with "Spinosaurus B" and created a neotype for S. aegyptiacus. Spinosaurus maroccanus was considered a nomen dubium following the conclusions of previous papers. In a 2015 re-description of Sigilmassasaurus by Serjoscha Evers and his team, it was considered a valid genus within the Spinosauridae. The authors also proposed Spinosaurus maroccanus as a junior synonym of Sigilmassasaurus, and rejected the proposal of a Spinosaurus aegyptiacus neotype.

A study by British paleontologist Thomas Arden and colleagues in 2018 concluded that Sigilmassasaurus was a valid genus and formed a tribe with Spinosaurus termed Spinosaurini. The largest specimen of Spinosaurus cf. aegyptiacus, MSNM V4047, was tentatively assigned to S. brevicollis. On the basis of vertebrae, the researchers suggested that Sigilmassasaurus may have grown larger than Spinosaurus. Although in the absence of associated material, it is difficult to be certain what material belongs to which genus. Below is a cladogram based on the analysis by Arden and colleagues:

A 2020 study by British paleontologist Symth and colleagues suggested that Sigilmassasaurus is synonymous with Spinosaurus and the Brazilian spinosaurine genus Oxalaia, with both genera falling into the Spinosaurus hypodigm. The putative characters supporting Sigilmassasaurus's distinction as a valid genus were discussed and found to be invalid. If supported by future research, both Sigilmassasaurus and Oxalaia would be rendered junior synonyms of Spinosaurus and expand its range, which would further support the theory of faunal interchanges between Africa and South America during the Cretaceous.

A 2021 study conducted by Bradley McFeeters of Carleton University shed further light for the controversial existence of a second spinosaurid within northern Africa. The study concluded that, although limited, the new data could lend support to the controversial hypothesis that two spinosaurid taxa are represented in the Kem Kem Group. The study focused on an unusual mid-cervical vertebra belonging to a large spinosaurid from the Cenomanian Kem Kem Group of Morocco. It was compared to the characteristic morphology of each reconstructed cervical position in Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, based on a recent composite reconstruction that incorporates most previously referred material from this unit. Rather than conforming to any of the previously identified cervical positions in its morphology, the specimen displays a unique combination of mid-cervical characters, with the relatively compact centrum suggesting a position as C4, and the form of the neural arch laminae suggesting a position as C5 or C6. Furthermore, the vertebra displays two characters that are previously unknown in spinosaurid mid-cervicals from the Kem Kem Group: a rounded tuberosity present on the hypapophysis (a projection from the bottom of the vertebra) that is not continuous with a ventral keel, and a moderately developed, dorsally oriented epipophysis (a bump located on the postzygapophysis) that does not overhang the postzygapophysis posteriorly. This revelation leads to the diagnostic value of positionally variable cervical vertebral characters in spinosaurid systematics is discussed.

Paleobiology

On the bottoms of its cervical vertebrae, Sigilmassasaurus bore a series of highly rugged bony structures. These were suggested by Evers and colleagues as being possible evidence for substantial neck musculature, since the attachment sites of muscles and ligaments are often indicated by scarring on the bone surface. The neck muscles inferred from Sigilmassasaurus in particular would have enabled it to rapidly snatch fish out of the water, as indicated by the use of similarly placed musculature in modern birds and crocodilians. This has also been proposed for the related genus Irritator, on account of the prominent sagittal crest running towards the back of its head. However, Evers and colleagues noted that a more thorough biomechanical analysis is required for confirmation of this condition in Sigilmassasaurus.

Several large theropods (more than one tonne) are known from the Cenomanian of northern Africa, raising questions about how such animals would have coexisted. Species of Spinosaurus, the longest known theropod, have been found in both Morocco and Egypt, as has the huge Carcharodontosaurus. Two smaller theropods, Deltadromeus and Bahariasaurus, have also been found in Morocco and Egypt, respectively, and may be closely related or possibly the same genus. Sigilmassasaurus, from Morocco, and "Spinosaurus B", from Egypt, represent a fourth type of large predator. This situation resembles that in the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of North America, which boasts up to five theropod genera over one tonne in weight, as well as several smaller genera. Differences in head shape and body size among the large North African theropods may have been enough to allow niche partitioning as seen among the many different predator species found today in the African savanna.

See also

 Spinosauridae

References

Spinosaurids
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Africa
Cenomanian life
Cretaceous Morocco
Fossils of Morocco
Fossil taxa described in 1996
Taxa named by Dale Russell

Sigilmassasaurus


In Greek mythology, Amphimachus (; Ancient Greek: Ἀμφίμαχος derived from ἀμφί amphi "on both sides, in all directions, surrounding" and μαχη mache "battle") was a Mycenaean prince as the son of King Electryon and Anaxo.

Mythology
Amphimachus was killed along with most of his brothers by the sons of Pterelaus.

 When Electryon reigned over Mycenae, the sons of Pterelaus came with some Taphians and claimed the kingdom of Mestor, their maternal grandfather, and as Electryon paid no heed to the claim, they drove away his kine; and when the sons of Electryon stood on their defence, they challenged and slew each other. But of the sons of Electryon there survived Licymnius, who was still young; and of the sons of Pterelaus there survived Everes, who guarded the ships. Those of the Taphians who escaped sailed away, taking with them the cattle they had lifted, and entrusted them to Polyxenus, king of the Eleans; but Amphitryon ransomed them from Polyxenus and brought them to Mycenae. Wishing to avenge his sons' death, Electryon purposed to make war on the Teleboans, but first he committed the kingdom to Amphitryon along with his daughter Alcmena, binding him by oath to keep her a virgin until his return. However, as he was receiving the cows back, one of them charged, and Amphitryon threw at her the club which he had in his hands. But the club rebounded from the cow's horns and striking Electryon's head killed him. Hence Sthenelus laid hold of this pretext to banish Amphitryon from the whole of Argos, while he himself seized the throne of Mycenae and Tiryns; and he entrusted Midea to Atreus and Thyestes, the sons of Pelops, whom he had sent for.

Note

References

 Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.

Princes in Greek mythology
Perseid dynasty
Mythology of Argolis

Amphimachus (son of Electryon)


Nanzhao are a Sino-Tibetan kingdom that existed southern China and Southeast Asia during the 8th and 9th centuries. It was centered in Yunnan, China.

History
Most Nanzhao were Bai people. They spoke Nuosu (Yi), a Tibeto-Burman language related to Burmese. They descended from the Cuan clan. The Cuan migrated from Taiyuan to Yunnan during Zhuge Liang's Southern Campaign in 225. By the fourth century they controlled Yunnan.

In 593, they rebelled against the Sui dynasty. But in 602 the Sui destroyed the rebellion. The Cuan split into two groups: the Black and White Mywa.

The White Mywa tribes lived near lake Erhai. In 704 the Tubo made these kingdoms into vassals or tributaries.

In 737, the Tang dynasty helped unify the tribes and create a new kingdom called the Nanzhao (南诏 "Southern Zhao"). In 738 the capital was established in Taihe (south of Dali). It was in the Erhai valley; the mountains made it easy to defend; and there was a lot of farmland.

Tubo alliance
In 750 the Nanzhao attacked the Tang. In 751 Tang governor of Sichuan, Xianyu Zhongtong then attacked Nanzhao with an army of 80,000 soldiers. He was defeated by Duan Jianwei (段俭魏).

In 754, the Tang sent another 100,000 soldiers, led by General Li Mi (李宓), but never made it past Mu'ege. The Tubo then became friends with the Tubo. This alliance then ended in 794.

Nanzhao attacks on Tang
In 801 the Nanzhao and Tang defeated Tibetan and their slave Abbasid soldiers. Nanzhao then expanded into Myanmar and conquered Pyu city-states from 820-832.

In 829, the Nanzhao failed to attack Chengdu (Sichuan). In the 830s, they conquered Kunlun to the east and Nuwang to the south.

In 846, 859, 863, the Nanzhao attacked Annam (Vietnam, then part of the Tang). In 869, the Nanzhao again failed to capture Chengdu.

In 873, the Yang family of Shanxi kicked the Nanzhao were out of Sichuan. In 877 the Yang kicked them out of Guizhou. The Nanzhao retreated to Yunnan, and they slowly died. In 902, their chief minister murdered most of the royal family, including the heir apparent. In 937, Duan Siping seized power and created the Dali Kingdom.

They were Buddhists

They were Vajrayana Buddhists. Many people living in Yunnan still are.

They called it Azhali. Azhali is a bit different from Han Buddhist schools like Zen (Chan Buddhism). But it has Han, Tibetan, and Burmese influences. Nanzhao likely had strong religious connections with the Pagan Kingdom (Myanmar), Tibet, and Bengal (Pala Empire).

It was started around 821-824 by an Indian monk from India called Candragupta (赞陀崛多, Zantuojueduo). More monks from India arrived in 825 and 828 and helped build a temple in Heqing.

The last king of Nanzhao made Buddhism the official religion.

References

Former monarchies of Asia

Nanzhao


William Wyman Sherwood (born March 14, 1965) is an American multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, singer, record producer and mixing engineer. He is best known for his tenures in the English progressive rock band Yes as guitarist and keyboardist in 1994 and from 1997 to 2000 and as bassist since 2015, following the death of original bassist Chris Squire. He is also known for working with former and current Yes members on other projects.

In addition to his involvement with Yes, Sherwood is the frontman of progressive rock groups World Trade, Circa and formerly Lodgic. In 2017, he joined Asia after the death of original singer and bassist John Wetton. Outside of these bands, Sherwood has worked as a producer since the 1990s, most notably on tribute albums dedicated to Pink Floyd, The Beatles, Queen and many others. He is also a solo artist, having released ten studio albums to date.

Early life
Sherwood was born on March 14, 1965, in Las Vegas, Nevada. He was born into a musical family; his father Bobby Sherwood was an actor, musician, and big band leader and his mother Phyllis is a former singer and drummer. His brother Michael was a singer and keyboardist. Sherwood's godfather was comedian Milton Berle.

Career

Lodgic and World Trade
Sherwood's music career started when he joined a band called Lodgic formed by his brother Michael. Billy played bass and sang, while Michael played keyboards and sang back up. Lodgic also included Guy Allison on keyboards, Jimmy Haun on guitar and Gary Starns on drums. They eventually moved the band to Los Angeles in 1980. After many years of trying to get things together, they recorded their debut album Nomadic Sands, released in 1985.

After Lodgic broke up, Sherwood put together a new band with Guy Allison. They recruited guitarist Bruce Gowdy and drummer Mark T. Williams to form World Trade. They recorded their self-titled debut in 1989, with Sherwood taking on the roles of engineer, mixer, and producer again, along with his band duties as bassist and lead singer. Sherwood got back together with his bandmates from World Trade and released Euphoria in 1995, with Jay Schellen replacing Williams on drums.

In 2017, Sherwood reunited with World Trade to record a third album titled Unify, which was released on August 4, 2017.

Yes

By 1989, Sherwood was invited to meet Yes bassist Chris Squire after singer and record executive Derek Shulman suggested his name. By this time, Yes had suffered a setback when singer Jon Anderson had left and formed Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe (ABWH). Sherwood was invited to jam with the remaining Yes members, Squire, guitarist Trevor Rabin, drummer Alan White, and keyboardist Tony Kaye, with the intention of Sherwood on lead vocals. By the time the five had recorded some demos, they merged with members of ABWH in 1990 to become an eight-man formation of Yes, which lasted until 1992. The two groups recorded songs for Union (1991), which features the first song that Sherwood and Squire wrote together, "The More We Live - Let Go". Sherwood struck up a friendship with Squire that would lead him to work with him throughout the next 20 years.

In 1994, Sherwood toured with Yes as additional guitarist and keyboardist on their tour supporting Talk (1994). Sherwood would co-produce, engineer and mix the new studio tracks for their following studio albums, Keys to Ascension (1996) and Keys to Ascension 2 (1997). Following Rick Wakeman's departure in 1997 Sherwood and Squire continued to write songs, which Yes decided to record for their next studio album, Open Your Eyes (1997). This made Sherwood become a full-time member of the group, playing rhythm guitar and keyboards. The addition of Igor Khoroshev in 1997 left Sherwood to handle backing guitar and vocals for live shows. In 2000, after recording and touring their next album, The Ladder (1999), Sherwood left the group. A live album and DVD of the show at the House of Blues in Las Vegas, Sherwood's hometown, was released as House of Yes: Live from House of Blues.

On May 19, 2015, it was announced that Squire would be undergoing treatment for acute erythroid leukemia, and that Yes would continue their 2015 North American tour with Sherwood filling Squire's role. After Squire's passing on June 27, 2015, Sherwood (along with other former and current members of Yes) made a public statement expressing his grief. In regards to his new role as the now-permanent bassist for Yes: "Chris said to me, 'play the music, be yourself and make me proud'. It's my true desire now [to] live up to his wishes." His first studio album with Yes after returning to the band was The Quest (2021).

Conspiracy
After his departure from Yes, Sherwood worked with Squire to release the album Conspiracy, which includes some work they composed together some years before.

In 2003, Sherwood released The Unknown, another album with Squire as Conspiracy.

More recently, Sherwood has been working on further tribute albums, notably Back Against the Wall and Return to the Dark Side of the Moon, tributes to Pink Floyd's The Wall and The Dark Side of the Moon respectively. The latter includes a new track recorded with Tony Kaye.

Circa and Yoso
In 2007, a new band with Sherwood, Alan White, Tony Kaye and Jimmy Haun was announced, called Circa. With the release of their debut album Circa 2007 and a live DVD concert, Circa has played various live dates. White left the band and was replaced by Jay Schellen.

On January 14, 2009, Circa self-released on the Internet its second studio album, Circa HQ. This time, White was not available due to his commitments with Yes (who had begun a new tour). Sherwood's long time friend, collaborator and drummer, Jay Schellen, replaced White on the album. After a short international tour, Sherwood and co. started another project with former Toto singer, Bobby Kimball. Kimball, Sherwood, Tony Kaye and Jimmy Haun formed new band, Yoso, with a debut studio album in April 2009. Haun later abandoned the line-up (in order to focus on his work for adverts). He was replaced by Yes tribute band guitarist, Johnny Bruhns. Schellen chose to focus on his work in Asia Featuring John Payne and, after a number of other drummers, the band toured with Scott Connor on drums. Yoso then disbanded.

In 2011, Circa returned with a new line-up of Sherwood, Kaye, Bruhns and Connor, while Sherwood released his fifth solo album, What was the Question?. In 2012, Sherwood wrote, produced, arranged and performed on The Prog Collective, an album featuring vocal or instrumental contributions from many of the progressive rock artists he had worked with over the years. He reprised the concept with a similar collection of artists for Epilogue, released in 2013.

On October 8, 2013, they released the official video to William Shatner's record Ponder The Mystery, followed by a sold-out tour with Circa. Ponder The Mystery also features appearances of Steve Vai, Robby Krieger, Al Di Meola, George Duke, Vince Gill, Dave Koz, Rick Wakeman and Edgar Winter.

On July 8, 2016, Sherwood re-grouped with Circa to release their fourth album titled Valley Of The Windmill.

Other projects

During the hiatus of Yes, Squire put together the Chris Squire Experiment, having Sherwood as co-lead singer while playing some guitar and keyboards. Sherwood then went on to record a project called The Key with guitarist Marty Walsh, though they would not release the album until 1997.

Behind the board, Sherwood worked with Motörhead, Dangerous Toys, and Paul Rodgers (formerly of Free and Bad Company) as producer and engineer. Sherwood also guested on Toto's Kingdom of Desire album, singing and playing bass. He also produced a couple of tribute albums, including Jeffology, a tribute to Jeff Beck. Sherwood then joined Yes on tour as an additional musician, playing guitar and keyboards for their tour in support of Talk.

Sherwood appeared along with William Shatner in the Season 14 premiere of Hell's Kitchen where they met blue team as part of their reward for winning the signature dish challenge.

Sherwood is also credited for writing the theme song for the online anime series, Kung Fu Jimmy Chow.

Sherwood worked as producer, mixer and engineer, including on more tribute albums: Dragon Attack, a tribute to Queen; Salute to AC/DC; and Crossfire, a tribute to Stevie Ray Vaughan.

On 11 January 2017, Asia announced that Sherwood would be filling in on bass and lead vocals for John Wetton for tour dates in the spring of 2017 while Wetton underwent chemotherapy, having been chosen by Wetton himself. Wetton died on 31 January 2017 and the tour went forward with Sherwood. In 2019, Asia's line-up changed with Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal joining on guitar and lead vocals and Sherwood remaining on just bass and backing vocals.

In May 2019, Sherwood and his partner Elisa Furr, along with Jay Schellen, Guy Allison and John Thomas (who has worked with Vixen) formed a new band together featuring Furr on vocals.

In July 2020, fellow Yes member Jon Davison announced a new side project with himself, Sherwood and Schellen called Arc of Life. He also said they had completed an album that would be released late 2020 or early 2021. In early 2021, Dave Kerzner revealed the rest of the band as himself and Jimmy Haun. The album was released on February 12, 2021.

Solo career
In 1999, Sherwood composed his first solo album called The Big Peace in which he played most of the instruments and also produced. The album was intended to be a back-to-basics of his progressive roots.

In August 2008, Sherwood released his third solo album, At the Speed of Life, for which he received an award as the best Progressive Rock Producer.

On May 20, 2019, it was announced that Sherwood was working on his tenth solo album, titled Citizen: In The Next Life, which was released on July 12, 2019.

Equipment
Sherwood mainly plays Carvin guitars, 6- and 12-string; his main guitar, which he's played since his first stint in Yes, is a red Carvin, Telecaster-shaped, with a Roland V-guitar pickup. His acoustic guitars are made by Babicz. He uses Line 6 amplifiers with 4x12" cabinets.

As a bassist, Sherwood plays Spector basses through Tech-21 amps with 2-4X12" cabinets. He has previously played Kubicki, Tobias, Fender and Turner basses and still plays many of these in studio sessions. In 2022, he was seen playing Ibanez basses in addition to his Spector instruments, and indicated by 2023 that he had fully switched to the brand.

Discography
Solo albums
The Big Peace (1999)
No Comment (2003)
At the Speed of Life (2008)
Oneirology (2010)
What Was the Question? (2011)
 The Art of Survival (2012)
 Divided by One (2014)
 Collection (2015), compilation with two exclusive tracks
 Archived (2015), album sold at Yes concerts during their 2015 tour, availability on Sherwood's website in 2016
 Citizen (2015)
 Citizen: In The Next Life (2019)

With World Trade
World Trade (1989)
Euphoria (1995)
Unify (2017)

With Lodgic
Nomadic Sands (1985)

With Yes
Open Your Eyes (1997)
The Ladder (1999)
House of Yes: Live from House of Blues (2000)
Topographic Drama – Live Across America (2017)
Yes 50 Live (2019)
The Royal Affair Tour: Live from Las Vegas (2020)
 The Quest (2021)
 Mirror to the Sky (2023)
Also: production, songwriting and various instruments on Union (1991), and mixing on Keys to Ascension (1996), Keys to Ascension 2 (1997), Heaven & Earth (2014), Like It Is: Yes at the Bristol Hippodrome (2014) and Like It Is: Yes at the Mesa Arts Center (2015)

With Conspiracy
Conspiracy (2000)
The Unknown (2003)
Conspiracy Live (2006)

With Circa
Circa 2007 (2007)
Circa Live (2009, + DVD 2008)
Circa HQ (2009)
Overflow (2009)
And So On (2011)
Live From Here There & Everywhere (2013)
Valley Of The Windmill (2016)

With The Prog Collective
The Prog Collective (2012)
Epilogue (2013)
Worlds on Hold (2021)
Songs We Were Taught (2022)

With Yoso
Elements (2010)

With Mabel Greer's Toyshop
New Way of Life (2014)
The Secret (2017)

With Light Freedom Revival
Eterniverse Deja Vu (2017)
Truthonomy (2018)

With Arc of Life
Arc of Life (2021)
 Don't Look Down (2022)

Solo production credits
 Back Against The Wall (2005)
 Return to the Dark Side of the Moon (2006)
 Songs of the Century: An All-Star Tribute to Supertramp (2012)

Other appearances
Deep Purple – Slaves and Masters (1990)
Yes – Yesyears (1991)
Yes – Union (1991)
Regulators – The Regulators (1991)
Toto – Kingdom of Desire (1992)
Motörhead – March ör Die (1992)
Air Supply – The Vanishing Race (1993)
Paul Rodgers – Muddy Water Blues: A Tribute to Muddy Waters (1993)
Dangerous Toys – Pissed (1994)
Various Artists – Supper's Ready (1995)
Various Artists – The Moon Revisited (1995)
Various Artists – Tales From Yesterday (1995)
Pam Thum – Faithful (1995)
Air Supply – News from Nowhere (1995)
Yes – Keys to Ascension (1996)
Def Leppard – All I Want Is Everything (1996)
Various Artists – Crossfire: A Salute To Stevie Ray Vaughan (1996)
Yes – Keys to Ascension (1997)
Various Artists – Dragon Attack: A Tribute To Queen (1997)
Paul Rodgers – Chronicle (1997)
The Key – The World is Watching (1997)
Treason – Treason (1997)
Ratt – Collage (1997)
Carmine Appice – Guitar Zeus (1997)
Flambookey – Flambookey (1997)
Various Artists – Thunderbolt-A Tribute To AC/DC (1998)
Michael Sherwood – Tangletown (1998)
Regulators – Bar & Grill (1998)
Quiet Riot – Alive and Well (1999)
Carmine Appice – Guitar zeus: Japan (2000)
Yes – Keystudio (2001)
Fear Factory – Digimortal (2001)
Carmine Appice – Guitar Zeus: Korea (2002)
Jack Russell – For You (2002)
Todd Rundgren – Todd Rundgren And His Friends (2002)
Medwyn Goodall – Anam Cara
Various Artists – Pigs & Pyramids-An All Star Lineup Performing The Songs of Pink Floyd (2002)
Ignition – Ignition (2003)
Various Artists – Bat Head Soup-A Tribute To Ozzy Osbourne (2003)
Asia – Silent Nation (2004)
John 5 – Vertigo (2004)
Larry Klimas – Retro-Spec(t) (2004)
Michael Schenker – Heavy Hitters (2005)
Various Artists – Back Against The Wall (2005)
Edgar Winter – The Better Deal (2006)
Various Artists – Return to the Dark Side of the Moon (2006)
Various Artists – An '80s Metal Tribute To Journey (2006)
Various Artists – Lights Out: The Ultimate Tribute To UFO (2006)
Various Artists – An All-Star Tribute To Lynyrd Skynyrd (2007)
Graham Russell – The Future (2007)
Hollywood Roses – Dopesnake (2007)
Various Artists – 70's Box: The Sound Of A Decade (2007)
Julie Francis – Lucky Penny (2008)
Various Artists – Led Box: The Ultimate Tribute To Led Zeppelin (2008)
Various Artists – Big Movies, Big Music Volume 1 (2008)
Various Artists – Big Networks, Big Music Volume 2 (2008)
Various Artists – Big Networks, Big Music Volume 9 (2008)
Various Artists – Ultimate Holiday Party Volume 1 (2008)
Various Artists – Ultimate Christmas Party Volume 2 (2008)
Various Artists – Ultimate Christmas Party Volume 3 (2008)
Various Artists – A Tribute To Thin Lizzy (2008)
Various Artists – Abbey Road: A Tribute To The Beatles (2009)
Eureka – Shackleton's Voyage (2009)
Various Artists – An All-Star Salute to Christmas (2010)
Nigel Briggs – Unwind (2010)
Mars Hollow – World in Front of Me (2011)
John Wetton – Raised in Captivity (2011)
Flaming Row – Elinoire (2011)
Michael Schenker Group – By Invitation Only
Sonic Elements – XYZ—A Tribute to Rush (2012)
Jay Tausig – Pisces (2012)
Various Artists – Songs of the Century: An All-Star Tribute to Supertramp (2012)
Various Artists – Black on Blues – A Tribute to The Black Keys (2012)
The Fusion Syndicate – The Fusion Syndicate (2012)
Edison's Lab – Edison's Lab EP (2012)
Blackburner – Planet Earth Attack (2012)
Nektar – A Spoonful of Time (2012)
Nektar – Time Machine (2013)
Days Between Stations – In Extremis (2013)
Sons of Hippies – Griffones at the Gates of Heaven (2013)
William Shatner – Ponder The Mystery (2013)
Dale Bozzio/Missing Persons – Missing in Action (2014)
Spirits Burning - Starhawk (2015)
Leon Alvarado – The Future Left Behind (2016)
Peter Banks - Be Well, Be Safe, Be Lucky... The Anthology (2018)
John Holden - Capture Light (2018)
David Cross and Peter Banks - Crossover (2020)
John Holden - Rise and Fall (2020)

References

External links
Billy Sherwood discography
Career Retrospective Interview from January 2016 with Pods & Sods

1965 births
Living people
Musicians from the Las Vegas Valley
Record producers from Nevada
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Yes (band) members
Yoso members
Circa (band) members
American rock bass guitarists
American male bass guitarists
American multi-instrumentalists
American male singers
American rock singers
Songwriters from Nevada
20th-century American guitarists
Frontiers Records artists
Cherry Red Records artists
The Chris Squire Experiment members
Conspiracy (band) members
Asia (band) members

Billy Sherwood


Romance may refer to:

Common meanings
 Romance (love), emotional attraction towards another person and the courtship behaviors undertaken to express the feelings
 Romantic orientation, the classification of the sex or gender with which a person experiences romantic attraction towards or is likely to have a romantic relationship with
 Romantic friendship, a very close but typically non-sexual relationship between friends, often involving a degree of physical closeness beyond that which is common in contemporary Western societies
 Romance languages, a subgroup of the Italic languages
 Romance studies, an academic discipline studying the languages, literatures, and cultures of areas that speak a Romance language

Places
 Romance, Arkansas, U.S.
 Romance, Missouri, U.S.
 Romance, West Virginia U.S.
 Romance, Wisconsin, U.S.

Arts, entertainment, and media

Comics
 Romance comics, genre of comics of which the central plot focuses on the romantic relationships of the main characters

Film
 Romance film, a genre of film of which the central plot focuses on the romantic relationships of the protagonists
 Romantic comedy
 Romantic thriller
 Romance (1920 film), silent film, directed by Chester Withey
 Romance (1930 film), starring Greta Garbo
 Romance (1936 film), an Austrian film starring Carl Esmond
 Romance (1983 film), a Bollywood film produced and directed by Ramanand Sagar
 Romance (1986 film), Italian drama film directed by Massimo Mazzucco
 Romance (1999 film), directed by Catherine Breillat
 Romance (2011 film), animated
 Romance (2013 film), Telugu-language comedy film directed by Darling Swamy

Literature

Literary genres
 Adventure tales
 Gaslight romance, another name for gaslamp fantasy, featuring fantasy set at a time of approximately 19th-century technology
 Planetary romance, a genre of science fiction consisting of adventure tales on exotic planets
 Ruritanian romance, a genre of swashbuckling adventure novels, set in a fictional country, usually in Central or Eastern Europe
 Scientific romance, an archaic term for the genre of fiction now commonly known as science fiction
 Chivalric romance literature, a branch of medieval and medievalist literature
 Literature of Romanticism, a movement from the late 18th century that broke away from neoclassicism and which emphasized nature, the imagination and emotions
 Hellenistic romance, or Ancient Greek romance, a modern term for the genre of the five surviving Ancient Greek novels
 Romance (prose fiction), a type of novel, especially, but not necessarily, a historical novel, and distinct from genre-fiction love romances
 Romance literature (disambiguation)
 Romance novel, a genre of novel which emerged in the 20th century, directed at women readers, that focuses on romantic love, with many sub-genres:
 Amish romance, also known as "bonnet rippers"
 Contemporary romance
 Historical romance, a 20th-century genre fiction version of the historical novel
 Paranormal romance
 Regency romance
 Fantasy romance

Works
 Romance (novel), a 1905 novel by Joseph Conrad
 Romance (play), a 2005 play by David Mamet
 "Romance" (poem), an 1829 poem by Edgar Allan Poe
 Romance (Sheldon play), a 1913 play by Edward Sheldon
 Shakespeare's late romances, or tragicomedies

Music

Albums
 Romance (Camila Cabello album), 2019
 Romance (David Cassidy album), 1985
 Romance (Luis Miguel album), 1991
 Romance (Ali Project album), 2006
 Romance (Dave Palmer album), 2006
 Romance (Frank Sinatra album), 2004
 Romance (Tubelord album), 2011
 Romances (Kaada/Patton album), 2004
 Romances (Luis Miguel album), 1997
 Romance (Dorso album), 1991
 Romance (Oneida album), 2018

Songs
 "Romance" (guitar piece), also known as "Romance Anónimo", a Spanish instrumental guitar piece of anonymous origin
 "Romance", by Claude Debussy
 "Romance", by Gordon Lightfoot from his 1983 album Salute
 "Romance", by Mike Oldfield from his album Light + Shade
 "Romance", the second movement of the suite Lieutenant Kijé (Op. 60) by Sergei Prokofiev
 "Romance", by R.E.M., originally released on the soundtrack of the 1987 film Made in Heaven
 "Romance", from the musical The Desert Song
 Romance in C major, Op. 48, for violin and orchestra by Camille Saint-Saëns
 Violin Romance No. 1 (Beethoven) in G major, Op. 40
 Violin Romance No. 2 (Beethoven) in F major, Op. 50
 "Romance" by Marc Ribot from his 1994 album Shrek
 "Romance" (Buck-Tick song), 2005 single by Buck-Tick
 "Romance" (Yoasobi song), 2021 single by Yoasobi

Other uses in music
 Romance (music), a type of ballad or lyrical song
 Romance (meter), a metric pattern found in Spanish ballads
 Romancero, the corpus of such Spanish ballads, or a collection of them
 Russian romance or Russian Gypsy song, a type of sentimental art song with hints of Gypsy influence that was developed in Imperial Russia
 Scandinavian romanser, classical art songs, equivalent to the German Lied
 Romance (band), rock band from London
 Romance Tour (disambiguation)

Television
 Romance (American TV series), 1949 American anthology series
 Romance (South Korean TV series), 2002 South Korean television drama series

See also
 A Fine Romance (disambiguation)
 A Romance (disambiguation)
 Romantic (disambiguation)
 Romanticism

Romance


SportsCenterU is the college version of ESPN's flagship program SportsCenter which airs exclusively on ESPNU. The college sports news and highlight show focuses on reports of the day from men's and women's intercollegiate athletics including football, basketball, softball, baseball, lacrosse, volleyball, wrestling, and hockey. Originally planned as a daily program, SportsCenterU primarily airs Thursdays-Saturdays during the college football season, and after ESPN's Saturday Primetime college basketball games; it also airs before and after major events, such as conference championship games and national championships.  Most selection specials, such as the ones for the NCAA Division 1 softball tournament, and men's lacrosse tournament, are aired under the SportsCenterU banner.

See also
SportsCenter

References

ESPNU original programming
American sports television series
U
2006 American television series debuts

SportsCenterU


Lord Ivor Charles Spencer-Churchill (14 October 1898 – 17 September 1956) was the younger son of the 9th Duke of Marlborough and his first wife, the former Consuelo Vanderbilt, an American railroad heiress. His elder brother, John, was the 10th Duke of Marlborough.

Early life
Lord Ivor Charles Spencer-Churchill was born on 14 October 1898.  He was the second son of the 9th Duke of Marlborough and Consuelo Vanderbilt.  In 1921, his parents divorced when he was 22 years old.  His father later wed the former Gladys Deacon; while his mother went on to marry Col. Jacques Balsan.

His mother was the only daughter and eldest child of William Kissam Vanderbilt, a New York railroad millionaire, and his first wife, the Mobile, Alabama born Alva Erskine Smith (1853–1933), who later married Oliver Belmont.  His mother's name was in honour of her godmother, Consuelo Yznaga (1853–1909), a half-Cuban, half-American socialite who created a social stir a year earlier when she married the fortune-hunting George, Viscount Mandeville.

Spencer-Churchill was educated at Eton College and Magdalen College, Oxford.

Career
He joined the Royal Army Service Corps in 1917, gaining the rank of lieutenant. He fought in the First World War and was decorated with the French Legion of Honour.

A conveyance dated 26 September 1930 documents the purchase of three parcels of land and premises known as Springhead situated along Mill Street at Fontmell Magna in the county of Dorset. Another conveyance dated 8 November 1934 documents Lord Ivor Churchill selling one of these parcels (31 Mill Street, a semi-detached cottage) to Henry Rolf Gardener (see Rolf Gardiner.)

Personal life
In 1923,  Lord Ivor was rumored to have become engaged to Grace Vanderbilt, a distant cousin and the daughter of Cornelius Vanderbilt III.

On 15 November 1947, he married Elizabeth "Betty" Cunningham (1914–2010), the daughter of James Cyril Cunningham.  Together, they had a son:
Robert William Charles Spencer-Churchill (born 1954), who in 1979 married Jeanne M. Maze, daughter of Etienne Maze and granddaughter of Paul Maze, a painter and friend of Winston Churchill.

Ivor developed an inoperable brain tumour and died in September 1956. He is buried beside his cousin, Sir Winston Churchill, and close to his mother at St Martin's Church, Bladon, near Woodstock, Oxfordshire.

Art collector
He was a famous art collector, especially interested by modern French painting, collecting paintings and organizing exhibitions like the Anglo-French Art & Travel Society's Exhibition of 19th Century French Painting (1–31 October 1936). He was in close relations with the English art dealer, Percy Moore Turner.

Notes

Ancestry

1898 births
1956 deaths
Royal Army Service Corps officers
British Army personnel of World War I
Ivor Spencer-Churchill
Younger sons of dukes
Vanderbilt family
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Deaths from brain cancer in England
Burials at St Martin's Church, Bladon

Lord Ivor Spencer-Churchill


Hari Nama Keerthanam is a medieval devotional and philosophical text in Malayalam. Its title translates into English as "The Song of the Holy Name Hari." It was composed by Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan in Kerala around the 16th century. The work is historically important as it solidified the acceptance of the 51 letter version of the Malayalam alphabet owing to the song's immense popularity. The work is of great length and usually presented in book form. There are 66 original verses, to which a number of later verses and commentaries have been added, such as a section called the "Hari Narayanaya Nama," and the philosophical thoughts of the composer Ezhuthachan. P.R. Ramachander, in an introduction to his translation, notes of Ezhuthachan that:
 From the book, it is clear that thunjathezhuthachan was a Vaishnavite who was fondly in love with the Advaitha philosophy. He mentions that his Guru was one Neelakanta Somayaji in one of the verses.

Text

Opening lines from P.R. Ramachander's translation with his brief explanations:

Transliterated text

Omkaramaya porul  moonayi pirinju udane,
Angaramayathinnu thaan thane sakshiyithu,
Bodham varuthu vathinnu aalayi ninna,
Paramacharya roopa ,Hari Narayanaya Nama.

Onnayi ninneyiha randennu kandalavi,
Yunadyi orindal batha mindavathalla mama,
Pande kanakku varuvan nin krupa valikal,
Undakayengaliha narayanaya nama.

Translation

My salutations to that Narayana,
Who is also the lord Hari,
For being the great teacher,
Who stood as a person , to make me know,
That truth which is revealed by the sound of Om,
Though split into three forms of trinity,
As soon as it was born,
Is only an  illusion created by my ego.

My salutations to that Narayana,
With a request from humble self,
To make me see him as one reality,
For I was made sad extreme,
To see that the indivisible one, has been split into two.

Ezhuthachan continues  to tell us that though the god is one, we are made to believe that we as persons(antharatma) we are different from the all pervading reality (Paramathma).

V. R. Prabodhachandran Nayar's reader-friendly annotations on this devotional poem by Ezhuthachan is included in the series called "Kaiththiri" (meaning 'hand held wick emitting just sufficient light' ) and published by Thunchan Smaraka Samithi, Trivandruam in 2009. He has also written the Preface to Prof. K Sankaran Nampoothir's   annotated translation into English of Harinamakeerthanam published by the same organization in 2006.

References

 https://web.archive.org/web/20090129191907/http://www.geocities.com/ramya475/hnk.htm
 http://www.vaikhari.org/downloads.html Harinamakeerthanam Malayalam PDF
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQo521UfnwU

Indian songs
Songs in Malayalam

Hari Nama Keerthanam


Le Petit Nicolas (Little Nicholas) is a series of French children's books created by René Goscinny and illustrated by Jean-Jacques Sempé; its first installment was originally published on 29 March 1959. The books depict an idealized version of childhood in 1950s France.

History
The work started out as a comic strip, which initially ran in the Belgian magazine Le Moustique between 1956 and 1958, drawn by Sempé and written by Goscinny. The series was quick to draw attention. A few years later Goscinny began to write Le Petit Nicholas in short story form, with illustrations by Sempé. The first Nicholas story, L'œuf de Pâques, was published 29 March 1959 in the journal Sud-Ouest Dimanche. The authors hadn't initially planned to continue the series but the sudden popularity of the comic kept them going. Thus, they continued to publish the comics in Sud-Ouest and Pilote until 1965.

Thirty years after Goscinny's death, his daughter Anne decided to publish his unreleased stories, creating new books out of ten stories. Sempé, who was unaware of this material, obliged by providing the illustrations.

The illustrations got turned into a feature film, Little Nicholas: Happy As Can Be from France's Foliascope and Luxembourg's Bidibul Productions that released on 16 December 2022. Amandine Fredon and Benjamin Massoubre (I Lost My Body) directed the feature based on the bestselling French children's book series Le Petit Nicholas.

Concept

The books are told from the point of view of Nicolas himself, which gives the book a distinct and personal sense of humour.  The narration is a pastiche of childish storytelling, with run-on sentences and schoolyard slang used in abundance, and much of the humour derives from Nicolas's misunderstanding of adults' behaviour. At the same time, adults are as much a target of the book's satire as children, as the straightforward and uncomplicated worldview of the child narrator exposes the flaws of adult perception. This subversive element in Le Petit Nicolas made it an early example of modern children's literature that is centred on the experience of the child's interpretation of the world, rather than an adult's.

Characters
The characters from the French edition include (with names from Anthea Bell's English translation in square brackets):

 Nicolas (the main character) [Nicholas]: He is sensitive and attached to true values like friendship, love of one's parents, and has some sense of justice. He is not good at arithmetic and is the smallest in his class.
 Clotaire [Matthew]: "He's bottom of the class. "
 Alceste  [Alec]: Nicolas' best friend, "he's fat and he eats all the time."
 Eudes [Eddie]: "He's very strong and likes to punch our friends on the nose."
 Geoffroy [Geoffrey]: "His dad is very rich and buys him everything he wants."
 Agnan [Cuthbert]: "He is ranked first in the class and is the teacher's pet and therefore nobody likes him, but you can't hit him as often as you'd like, because he wears glasses."
 Joachim [Jeremy]: He has a little brother.
 Maixent [Max]: He runs very fast because of his long legs.
 Rufus: "His father is a policeman, and he's got a cop's whistle."
 Marie-Edwige Courteplaque [Mary-Jane Campbell]: "She's the nice little girl but sometimes she gets carried away by fashion"
 Louisette [Louise]: The daughter of a friend of the mother of Nicolas; Nicolas decides he wants to marry her because she plays football well.
 Rex: A lost dog that Nicolas found; his real name is Kiki.

Other characters include Nicolas's parents, as well as teachers and administrators in the school. The teacher is hard-working and loves the children, although they usually exasperate her. The superintendent, Mr. Dubon (Mr Goodman), is known as "le Bouillon" ("Old Spuds"). Mr Billings (Mr Blédurt) is their next door neighbour, and likes annoying Nicholas' father.

The two main characters of another comic series by Goscinny, Iznogoud, begin to take shape in the episode when Nicolas is in summer camp. He and the other children are forced to take a nap, so the counsellor tells them a story about "a caliph who was a very good man but who had a very evil vizier...", then tells how the caliph dresses as a common man to find out what people think of him, and the evil vizier takes his place.

English edition
An English edition with the title Young Nicolas was completed by Stella Rodway for Hutchinson & Co. in 1961. It was published in the USA by Bobbs-Merrill in 1962. The characters' names retain the French form. The title page lists the authors simply as "Sempé and Goscinny".

An English edition of the series with anglicised character names was released in 1978, translated by Anthea Bell. This contained five volumes: Nicholas and the Gang at School, Nicholas and the Gang Again, Nicholas on Holiday, Nicholas and the Gang, and Nicholas at Large. The first volume was republished with more complete illustrations in 2005 by Phaidon Press as Nicholas. Four further volumes followed from Phaidon, as Nicholas Again, Nicholas on Holiday (Nicholas on Vacation in North America), Nicholas and the Gang, and finally Nicholas in Trouble in 2008.

In this version, M. Dubon (nicknamed "le Bouillon") becomes Mr. Goodman (nicknamed "Old Spuds"). He derives his nickname from his habit of repeating constantly: "Look me in the eye." In French broth (bouillon) has eyes (blobs of fat on the surface), in the English version they become potato eyes. In the story 'Djodjo', the English exchange student George becomes a Belgian named Jochen, and his nickname is changed from "Djodjo" to "Yocky".

Another English translation of Le petit Nicolas, with the title The Chronicles of Little Nicholas, was published in New York by Farrar, Straus and Giroux in 1993. The translator is not named in this edition; the copyright page attributes copyright for the translation to Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Nicholas was the subject of a Mildred L. Batchelder Honour for translated children's books in 2006 given by the Association for Library Services to Children (ALSC), a division of the American Library Association, and Nicholas and the Gang received the same honour in 2008

English books
 The Chronicles of Little Nicholas (Le petit Nicolas)
 Young Nicolas (Le petit Nicolas)
 Nicholas Again (Les récrés du petit Nicolas)
 Nicholas on Holiday or Nicholas on Vacation (USA and Canada) (Les vacances du petit Nicolas)
 Nicholas and the Gang (Le petit Nicolas et les copains)
 Nicholas in Trouble (Le petit Nicolas a des ennuis)

Adaptations
 Little Nicholas (Le Petit Nicolas), 2009 film
 Le Petit Nicolas, 2009 animated TV series
 Nicholas on Holiday (Les Vacances du Petit Nicolas), 2014 film
 , 2021 film
 Little Nicholas: Happy As Can Be (Le Petit Nicolas : Qu'est-ce qu'on attend pour être heureux ?), 2022 animated film

External links
  Official site
 Official site of René Goscinny
 Rotten Tomatoes
 IMDb
 Amazon Video Listing

References

French children's novels
1959 novels
Book series introduced in 1959
French comic strips
1956 comics debuts
1959 comics endings
Child characters in comics
Child characters in literature
Male characters in comics
Male characters in literature
Comedy literature characters
Fictional French people
Comics about children
Comics set in France
Humor comics
Slice of life comics
French novels adapted into films
French comics adapted into films
Children's books adapted into films
Comics adapted into novels
Comics adapted into animated series
Comics adapted into television series
Children's books adapted into television shows
French novels adapted into television shows
Works by René Goscinny
Comics set in the 1950s
Comics set in the 1960s
Novels set in France
Novels set in the 1950s
Novels set in the 1960s
1959 children's books
Children's books set in France
Children's books set in the 1950s

Le Petit Nicolas


Broad Peak (Urdu: بروڈ پیک) is the 12th highest mountain on Earth. Broad Peak is on the border of Pakistan and China.

Its name refers to its summit, which is over 1.5 kilometres (0.93mi) long. Broad Peak is located in the Karakoram mountain range, and is only roughly 5 miles away from K2. It is 8,047 metres (26,401 ft) above sea level and has many summits. There is debate on whether or not Broad Peak has one or two 8,000 metres summits. Broad Peak is considered one of the easier of the Eight-thousanders, the group of mountains that are more than 8,000 metres in height above sea level.

History
The first ascent of Broad Peak was made between June 8 and 9, 1957 by Fritz Wintersteller, Marcus Schmuck, Kurt Diemberger, and Hermann Buhl of an Austrian expedition led by Marcus Schmuck. This expedition was done without the use of supplemental oxygen, which help climbers breath at high altitudes. Thomas George Montgomery, a British surveyor, named the mountain K3 in 1856 and Martin Conway gave it the name Broad Peak for its mile long summit ridge in 1892.

References

Karakoram
Mountains of Pakistan
Mountains of China

Broad Peak


Sign Post Forest is a collection of signs at Watson Lake, Yukon, Canada, and is one of the most famous of the landmarks along the Alaska Highway. It was started by a homesick GI in 1942. He was assigned light duty while recovering from an injury and erected the signpost for his hometown: Danville, Ill. 2835 miles. Visitors may add their own signs to the more than 100,000 already present.

Origin
In 1942, a simple sign post pointing out the distances to various points along the tote road being built was damaged by a bulldozer. Private Carl K. Lindley, serving with the 341st Engineers, was ordered to repair the sign, and decided to personalize the job by adding a sign pointing towards his home town, Danville, Illinois, and giving the distance to it. Several other people added directions to their home towns, and the idea has been snowballing ever since.

The forest today
The Sign Post Forest takes up a couple of acres, with huge new panels being constantly added, snaking through the trees. There are street signs, welcome signs, signatures on dinner plates, and license plates from around the world.

In June 2012, the stage in the centre of the forest was the site of an impromptu performance of the play Two Women on a Precipice. The playwright Karin Fazio Littlefield was delayed in attending the Last Frontier Theatre Conference in Valdez, Alaska, by mudslides on the Alaska Highway. Littlefield and her fellow actors performed the piece for travellers who were likewise stranded in Watson Lake by the mudslides.

References

Culture of Yukon
Individual signs
Signage
Tourist attractions in Yukon
Roadside attractions in Canada
1942 establishments in Canada
1940s establishments in Yukon

Sign Post Forest


Malinda Natalia Damgaard (born 1 March 1981, Västra Frölunda församling, Sweden) is a Swedish milliner. She is educated at Tillskärarakademin in Gothenburg. She describes her design as "very technical and stylish". Damgaard has worked for Philip Treacy in London during four and a half years and is now working in Stockholm. She worked with Lars Wallin, and she did work for Crown Princess Victoria, Princess Madeleine and Princess Estelle.

She had made an exhibition in Stockholm with the theme Sugar rush, and in early May 2013 she had an exhibition in Saint Petersburg, Russia under the theme "The Art of Sweden".

In the Swedish edition of Elle she was named the 2013 best accessoar designer. In 2013, Damgaard also hosted an episode of the radio show Sommar i P1.

References

External links

Official website

Living people
1981 births
Swedish fashion designers
Swedish women fashion designers

Malinda Damgaard


Blip enhancement is an electronic warfare technique used to fool radar. When the radar transmits a burst of energy some of that energy is reflected off a target and is received back at the radar and processed to determine range and angle. The reflected target energy is called skin return, and the amount of energy returning to the originating radar is directly proportional to the radar cross-section of the target.

Basic radars present the target information on a display and displayed targets are referred to as blips. Based on the relative size of the blips on the display, a radar operator could determine large targets from small targets. When a blip enhancing technique is used, small targets returns are augmented to look like large targets.

One early maritime application of this technique was used with an aircraft carrier and its escort ships. Because the aircraft carrier physically dwarfed the other vessels its radar return was much larger making it relatively easy for a radar operator to pick it out as a target. Escort ships were fitted with blip enhance transmitters that received and amplified the radar signal so that all of the escort ships looked like they were aircraft carrier-sized targets. When all the escort ships activated their blip enhance transmitters, all the ships blips grew on the radar display masking the true aircraft carrier blip, and confusing any attempt to target the aircraft carrier for a missile attack.

Electronic countermeasures
Radar

Blip enhancement


A post hole clam-shell digger, also called post hole pincer or simply post hole digger, is a tool consisting of two articulated shovel-like blades, forming an incomplete hollow cylinder about a foot long and a few inches wide, with two long handles that can put the blades in an "open" (parallel) position or a "closed" (convergent) position.

The tool is used to dig holes in the ground, typically from a few inches to a about a foot in diameter, for general purposes such as setting fence and sign posts or planting saplings.   In operation, the tool is jabbed into the ground with the blades in the open position.  The handles are then operated to close the blades, thus grabbing the portion of soil between them. The tool is then pulled out and the soil is deposited by the side. The process is repeated until the hole is deep enough. Sometimes dry or sandier soils will not stay secured in the clams.

Comparison with earth augers
An earth auger is another tool that is used to dig holes in the ground, consisting of a rotating shaft with one or more blades attached at the lower end. A hand-powered auger is generally easier to use than a clam-shell digger, and can in principle dig deeper and remove more dry, sandy soils.  It naturally creates a round and straight hole, but only of a fixed diameter. The shovel like shape of a clam-shell-type digger allows it to be used to dig holes of any shape and any diameter greater than that of the open blades.

History and patent info
Clam-shell-type pole diggers seem to be a relatively recent invention, newer than earth augers. A patent was filed by J. Lawry of Lenior City, Tennessee in 1908. The patent has the traditional clam-shell design with an extra spike in the center.

References

External links

Gardening tools

Post hole digger


The Nokia N95 is a mobile phone developed for the Nokia N-series. It was announced in September 2006. It was released on March 31, 2007. Nokia N95 partnered for the black-colored 8GB release on 24 September 2007.

The Nokia N95 8GB was announced on 5 April, 2007. The Nokia N95 8GB has a black skin, partnered with two camera and a swipe-able keyboard, which was released on 24 September and 25 September 2007.

According to Nokia Tablet Congress, on 8 January 2008, the Nokia N95 has had 1,000 awards.

History
Nokia N93, which was made for Nokia N-series version, developed on September 5th, 2006 at the Nokia Tablet Congress Center four days after that,  it was launched. On 25 September 2006, Nokia N95 partners announced the new features for phones.

After that, Nokia N95 was awarded 105 awards for the mobile phone.

On 3 March 2006, it had 108 and 109 awards. The Nokia N95 released on 31 March 2007. Nokia's Corporation reach announced that Nokia N95 8GB can be released on 24 September 2007.

Related pages

 Nokia N90
 Nokia N93
 Nokia
 Mobile phone

Nokia mobile phones
Mobile phones released in 2007

Nokia N95


Parliamentary elections were held in the Mongolian People's Republic in 1924 to elect the first Great Khural.

Background
Following the Mongolian Revolution of 1921, the Mongolian People's Party took control of the new Mongolian People's Republic. A 20-member commission drafted a new constitution, which was modelled on the 1918 constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic; the commission was chaired by Prime Minister Balingiin Tserendorj and supervised by Turar Ryskulov from Comintern. A 90-member Great Khural was to be elected to approve the new constitution.

Results
Despite representatives of the Mongolian People's Party and the Youth League instructing people to vote for commoners, several princes were elected, including Dugarjav of Ikh Dulaan uul and Tseren-ochir of Tüsheet Khan. The princes were subsequently disqualified and re-runs held, although six princes subsequently became members. Nine of the elected members were lamas and seven were illiterate. All 90 elected candidates were men.

Aftermath
The newly elected Great Khural convened on 8 November, although only 77 of the 90 members attended. Of those in attendance, 64 were members of the Mongolian People's Party or the Youth League. Navaandorjiin Jadamba was elected Chairman. The constitution was approved in a unanimous vote on 26 November.

References

Mongolia
Parliamentary elections in Mongolia
Parliamentary

1924 Mongolian parliamentary election


R v Stone, [1999] 2 S.C.R. 290 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on the use of the defence of automatism in a criminal trial.

Background
In 1993, Bert Stone married Donna Stone and they lived together in the Okanagan Valley. He had previously been married two other times and had teenage children from his second marriage. Their relationship was a difficult one, where he was charged with physical abuse after previously trying to run Donna over in a parking lot in Winfield, BC. In 1994 he made arrangements to make a business trip to Vancouver and visit his son without telling his wife. When she found out what he planned to do, she insisted on going with him.

According to Bert Stone, the visit to his son was cut short when Donna threatened to lean on the car horn until the police arrived. He made a comment about getting a divorce, which greatly upset her. Bert drove into an abandoned lot and stopped the car. She began to yell and scream, and belittle him. He testified that:
she just continued on and she just said that she couldn't stand to listen to me whistle, that every time I touched her, she felt sick, that I was a lousy fuck and that I had a little penis and that she's never going to fuck me again, and I'm just sitting there with my head down; and by this time, she's kneeling on the seat and she's yelling this in my face.

At this point Bert claimed that her voice began to fade away and a "whooshing" sensation came over him. The next thing he remembers is looking down at her body slumped over the seat and a knife in his hand. He had stabbed her 47 times. He hid her body in his truck's tool chest, left a note for Donna's daughter, and took off to Mexico. After a few weeks in Mexico he decided to return to Canada and turn himself in. He was charged with murder.

In his defence, Stone pleaded insane automatism, non-insane automatism, lack of intent, and in the alternative, provocation. The judge allowed for a defence of insane automatism. The jury convicted him of manslaughter and sentenced him to four years. The verdict was upheld by the Court of Appeal.

The issue on appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada was
 whether the "defence" of sane automatism should have been left to the jury;
 whether the defence psychiatric report was properly ordered disclosed to the Crown; and
 whether the sentencing judge could consider provocation as a mitigating factor for manslaughter where the same provocation had already been considered in reducing the charge to manslaughter; and
 whether the sentence was fit and properly reflected the gravity of the offence and the moral culpability of the offender.

In a five to four decision, the Court upheld the conviction.

Opinion of the Court
Justice Bastarache wrote for the majority. He first distinguished between insane and non-insane automatism. The former was codified under section 16 of the Criminal Code and required that the involuntariness of the conduct to be the result of a "disease of the mind". A successful defence results in a verdict of not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder. The result of the latter is an acquittal.

To apply a defence of automatism the defence has an evidentiary burden to show the judge that the accused's actions were involuntary. The judge will then allow the jury to choose which of the two types of automatism is most appropriate. The question is whether the automatism was the result of a mental disorder or not.

Bastarache examined the meaning of a mental disorder. He identified two approaches under section 16. First is the "internal cause" theory in which the judge compares "the accused's automatistic reaction to the way one would expect a normal person to react in order to determine whether the condition the accused claims to have suffered from is a disease of the mind." This takes into account the triggering event, and whether a normal person might have entered into an automatistic state. For example, an extremely shocking event would reasonably turn someone automatistic.

The second approach is the "continuing danger" theory in which a condition that is likely to present a continuing danger to the public would constitute a mental disorder. These two theories, argued Bastarache, are not meant to be mutually exclusive and should both be considered in the application of the defence (Bastarache also mentioned the possibility of considering other policy concerns when "consideration of the internal cause and continuing danger factors alone [do] not permit a conclusive answer to the disease of the mind question" (at para 218).

On the facts, the trial judge had found that only the mental disorder automatism defence applied; the triggering effect for Stone was not something that would reasonably be expected from a normal person. Consequently, his defence should fail.

See also
 List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Lamer Court)

External links

Supreme Court of Canada cases
1999 in Canadian case law
Canadian criminal case law

R v Stone