My Brother-in-Law Killed My Sister (, () is a 1986 French comedy thriller film directed by Jacques Rouffio. It played in competition at the 36th Berlin International Film Festival. In the film, two members of the Académie Française agree to help attractive young veterinarian Esther investigate the suspicious death of her sister. Esther is convinced her brother-in-law is responsible, but soon it becomes apparent that those responsible are linked to the very highest echelons of power in the Vatican.

Plot
The films begins at a ceremony in which anthropologist Étienne Sembadel is honouring his co-worker and longtime friend Octave Clapoteau. At the event, a young veterinarian named Esther Bouloire – with whom Sembadel had previously spoken at one of his lectures—approaches the two men and insists that they dine together.

After revealing that she thinks her brother-in-law murdered her sister Genevieve and burned the body, the two academics inform Esther that it's crazy to assume her sister's disappearance for 2 years means she's dead and they promptly check her into a mental health clinic. Upon her release, Sembadel and Clapoteau accompany the heavily medicated Esther as she recklessly drives to her veterinary practice, shoots up the office of her late father's law business, and shows them her house and the house of her "evil" cousin Muriel.

Esther explains that her father and her Uncle Leopold – Muriel's father – went into business together as the Bouloire Brothers and that both men and their wives died recently in mysterious car accidents. The business was taken over by the hunchbacked third brother, Jocelyn, whom Esther believes arranged the death of her sister at the hands of her brother-in-law.

At Esther's request, Sembadel and Clapoteau visit the brother-in-law but find that he's nothing more than an eccentric sports enthusiast. The two academics decide to take the initiative and visit Jocelyn Bouloire-Haussmann. Jocelyn assures them that his niece Genevieve just ran away and that the man mentioned by Homecourt—Munoz—is dead and not a lead worth pursuing. Less than two hours later, Clapoteau's recently arrived Roman lover, the Countess Renata Palozzi, is beaten up by thugs. The two academics, suspecting Jocelyn, angrily confront Esther but are scolded for visiting him without being asked.

The next morning, Jocelyn calls Sembadel to tell him that he's remembered Genevieve was fond of a Swiss lawyer named Bongrand. Sembadel and Clapoteau fly to Geneva and Mr Bongrand tells them that he doesn't know anyone called Genevieve but she might've been an acquaintance of his son, Paul Bongrand Jr., who died in a climbing accident in the Dolomites a fortnight ago. Soon after, the two academics are arrested by the police on suspicion of involvement in the death of Bongrand Jr., also known as Munoz.

Back in France, Homecourt comes looking for help from Muriel but finds Esther instead. He reveals to her that three killers are after him because someone told Jocelyn that he revealed the name Munoz to Sembadel and Clapoteau. He admits that he and many others were collectively responsible for Munoz's murder but that he doesn't know where Genevieve has gone. Esther kicks him out of the house and he is shot dead as soon as he passes the driveway gate.

Three days later, Jocelyn approaches Sembadel's wife and tells her that Esther and her husband are responsible for the death of the Viscount of Homecourt. Mrs Sembadel throws her husband out. Shortly after, the two academics are run off the road by a car. They decide to strike back at Jocelyn with an article in Left-Weekly detailing the 12 murders: the 6 by Homecourt in Europe, Esther's 2 aunts and 2 uncles, and Homecourt himself. Esther presents the journalists with documents found in her sister's safe that incriminate 41 people, including 3 ministers. Esther, feeling victorious, confronts Jocelyn. He is initially unshaken but  his advisor warns him that the article might embarrass him by making him seem incapable of controlling his own niece.

The next day, Muriel is shot dead by 3 assassins while leaving the Bouloire-Haussmann offices. Esther and Leon (Muriel's husband) collect Sembadel and Clapoteau from their apartment and flee the city. Leon decides that he must return for his wife's funeral but he is shot on his way home. Sembadel, Clapoteau and Esther head to the Countess' chateau but arrive to find that it has been burned down. They follow the now-homeless Countess to Rome where she somehow arranges for the safety of all four of them. Unfortunately, moments after receiving this guarantee of safety, Sembadel and Clapoteau are gunned down near the Vatican.

The film ends with the two academics happily dancing around in Heaven.

Cast
 Michel Serrault as Octave Clapoteau
 Michel Piccoli as Étienne Sembadel
 Juliette Binoche as Esther
 Jean Carmet as Jocelyn Bouloire
 Milva as Renata Palozzi
  as H
 Tom Novembre as Leo
  as Micheline
 Agnès Garreau as Muriel
 Francis Girod as the TV interviewer
 Didier Flamand as the Journalist
  as the radio journalist
 Marie-Hélène Lentini

References

External links

1986 films
1986 comedy films
1986 thriller films
1980s comedy thriller films
1980s French-language films
Films directed by Jacques Rouffio
Films scored by Philippe Sarde
Films shot in Paris
France 3 Cinéma films
French comedy thriller films
1980s French films
Films about veterinarians

My Brother-in-Law Killed My Sister


The Last Time I Saw Paris is a 1954 American Technicolor romantic drama made by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It is loosely based on F. Scott Fitzgerald's short story "Babylon Revisited." It was directed by Richard Brooks, produced by Jack Cummings and filmed on locations in Paris and the MGM backlot. The screenplay was by Julius J. Epstein, Philip G. Epstein and Richard Brooks.

The film starred Elizabeth Taylor and Van Johnson in his last role for MGM, with Walter Pidgeon, Donna Reed, Eva Gabor,  Kurt Kasznar, George Dolenz, Sandy Descher, Odette, and (a then-unknown) Roger Moore in his Hollywood debut. The film's title song, by composer Jerome Kern and lyricist Oscar Hammerstein II, was already a classic when the movie was made and inspired the movie's title. Though the song had already won an Oscar after its film debut in 1941's Lady Be Good, it is featured much more prominently in The Last Time I Saw Paris. It can be heard in many scenes, either being sung by Odette or being played as an instrumental.

Plot
As World War II ends in Europe, Stars and Stripes journalist Charles Wills (Van Johnson) is on the streets of Paris, covering the celebrations. He suddenly is grabbed by a beautiful woman, who kisses him and disappears. Charles follows the crowd to Café Dhingo and meets another pretty woman named Marion Ellswirth (Donna Reed). The mutual attraction is instant, and she invites him to join her father's celebration of the end of the war in Europe. Charles, Marion and her persistent French suitor Claude Matine arrive at the Ellswirth household, and we find that the woman who had kissed Charles is Marion's younger sister Helen (Elizabeth Taylor).

Their father, James Ellswirth (Walter Pidgeon), had survived World War I and promptly joined the Lost Generation. Unlike most drifters, he never grew out of it, raising his two daughters to desire such a lifestyle. Helen takes after her father and uses her beauty to sustain a life of luxury even though they are flat broke. Marion goes the other way and looks for serious-minded and conventional young men such as Claude, an aspiring prosecutor, and Charles, the future novelist.

Charles and Helen start dating and fall in love. After Helen recovers from a near-death case of pneumonia, they get married and settle in Paris. James good-naturedly joins the happy family of Charles, with Helen eventually having a daughter, Vickie. Marion, having lost Charles to Helen, agrees to marry Claude. Charles struggles to make ends meet with his meager salary, unsuccessfully works on his novels and looks after Vickie.

At about this time, the barren oil fields in Texas that James had bought years before finally begin to produce. Charles, to whom James had given the oil fields as a dowry, quits his job, and Helen and James begin to host parties instead of going to them. Sudden wealth changes Helen, who becomes more responsible, and Charles parties his wealth away after quitting his newspaper job and having all his novels rejected by publishers. They also each start to pursue other interests: Helen flirts with handsome tennis player Paul Lane (Roger Moore), and Charles competes in a local Monte Carlo-to-Paris race with professional divorcee Lorraine Quarl.

After the race, Charles returns to Paris, only to find Helen sitting in Café Dhingo with Paul. A fight breaks out between Paul and Charles, and an angry Charles goes home first and puts the chain on the door, preventing it from being opened all the way. When Helen comes home and tries to enter she can't. She calls out to him, but Charles is in a drunken stupor on the staircase, and the bottle drops from his hands as Helen calls. Helen has to walk all the way to her sister's in the snow and rain. She catches pneumonia again and dies.

Marion petitions for and gets full custody of Vickie, and Charles returns home to America. A few years later, having straightened himself out, published a book, and stopped boozing, Charles returns to Paris, hoping his reform will persuade Marion to give Vickie back to him. Charles tells Marion that he only has one drink a day now. Marion refuses, still feeling resentful towards Charles' having fallen for Helen instead of her and for his being responsible for Helen's death. Seeing that Charles and Vickie belong together, Claude steps in and tells Marion that she is punishing Charles for his not realizing that Marion loved him, but marrying Helen instead, and the penalty for it is taking away the only thing he had left: his own daughter. Claude asks Marion to accept him and wanting their own child out of love and not out of defeat (as a result of Charles allowing Helen to die).

Marion goes into Café Dhingo (on whose main wall is a big picture of Helen) to look for Charles (who is gazing at the painting) and tells him that Helen would not have wanted him to be alone. Outside the cafe, Claude is with Vickie. The child runs to Charles, and Charles and the child walk away together.

Cast
Source: The New York Times

 Elizabeth Taylor as Helen Ellswirth
 Van Johnson as Charles Wills
 Walter Pidgeon as James Ellswirth
 Donna Reed as Marion Ellswirth
 Eva Gabor as Lorraine Quarl
 Kurt Kasznar as Maurice
 George Dolenz as Claude Matine
 Roger Moore as Paul
 Sandy Descher as Vicki
 Celia Lovsky as Mama
 Peter Leeds as Barney
 Dave Seville as Charlie
 John Doucette as Campbell
 Odette Myrtil as Singer
 Beatrice Miller as Grace (uncredited)
 Matt Moore as Englishman (uncredited)

Reception

At the time of the film's release, Variety called it an "engrossing romantic drama." According to  Bosley Crowther, "The story is trite. The motivations are thin. The writing is glossy and pedestrian. The acting is pretty much forced. Mr. Johnson as the husband is too bumptious when happy and too dreary when drunk; Miss Taylor as the wife is delectable, but she is also occasionally quite dull. Mr. Pidgeon is elaborately devilish, Sandra Descher as the child is over-cute, Donna Reed as the bitter sister is vapid and several others are in the same vein."

In 2011, The Time Out Film Guide said "Despite a very corny script from Julius and Philip Epstein which borrows clichés from Casablanca and countless "American in Paris" yarns, this remains an enjoyable (if heavy-handed) melodrama....Pidgeon steals the show as ... a penniless chancer who still manages to live the good life."

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 78% of 9 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.3/10.

Box office
According to MGM records the film earned $2,635,000 in the U.S. and Canada and $2,305,000 elsewhere, resulting in a profit of $980,000.

Accolades
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – Nominated

Copyright
The film was released in 1954; however, there was an error with the Roman numerals in the copyright notice showing "MCMXLIV" (1944), meaning the term of copyright started 10 years before the film was released. Thus, the normal 28-year copyright term ended just 18 years after the film was released, and MGM neglected to renew it presumably because they believed there was still 10 years left in the term. The film entered the public domain in the United States in 1972.

References

External links

 The Last Time I Saw Paris from Turner Classic Movies

 Turner Entertainment Co.

American romantic drama films
Films based on American short stories
Films directed by Richard Brooks
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films shot in Monaco
Films about journalists
Films based on works by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Films set in Paris
Films set in 1945
1954 films
1954 romantic drama films
Films with screenplays by Philip G. Epstein
Films with screenplays by Julius J. Epstein
Films with screenplays by Richard Brooks
1950s English-language films
1950s American films

The Last Time I Saw Paris


The Oklahoma Farm Bureau (OKFB) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting, protecting, and representing the interests of farmers and ranchers in Oklahoma and is the largest farm organization in the State. OKFB is the Oklahoma level partner of the American Farm Bureau Federation (AFBF).

History
The Oklahoma Farm Bureau was originally organized in 1942 as an independent farm organization. It was chartered under the laws of the state of Oklahoma on February 3, 1942, under the State's Cooperative Marketing Association Act. OKFB affiliated with the American Farm Bureau Federation on March 1, 1942, when the first cooperative agreement was signed between the two organizations.

Overview
The Oklahoma Farm Bureau is an independent, non-governmental, non-partisan voluntary organization of farmers and ranchers who associate to promote their common interests. Each of Oklahoma's 77 counties have their own County Farm Bureau. Each County level office is individually organized and chartered under the Oklahoma non-profit laws. Each of the organized county Farm Bureaus has a Board of Directors. Bylaws governing county Farm Bureaus will vary from county to county as each is a separate entity.

Leadership
The Oklahoma Farm Bureau is governed by a ten-member Board of Directors. One Director serves from each of OKFB's nine districts, while the President serves at large.

 Rodd Moesel - President
 Gary Crawley - Vice President, District 5
 James Fuser - Secretary, District 6
 Monte Tucker - Treasurer, District 2
 Alan Jett - District 1 Director
 David VonTungeln - District 3 Director
 Jimmy Wayne Kinder - District 4 Director
 Keith KIsling - District 7 Director
 John Grundmann - District 8 Director
Jim Meek - District 9 Director

See also
 Arkansas Farm Bureau Federation

References

External links
 Oklahoma Farm Bureau official website

Organizations established in 1942
1942 establishments in Oklahoma
American Farm Bureau Federation

Oklahoma Farm Bureau


"Smile Like You Mean It" is the thirteenth episode of the third season, and 57th episode overall from the Fox series Gotham. The episode was written by Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt and directed by Olatunde Osunsanmi. It was first broadcast on January 23, 2017. In the episode, Dwight makes one last attempt to bring back Jerome to life and decides to just cut off his face and act as his incarnation while the real Jerome is revealed to be resurrected and hell bent for revenge. Gordon and Bullock attempt to stop the cult from broadcasting a message of anarchy across the city while Cobblepot discovers that everyone is turning against him after the interview. Meanwhile, Bruce and Selina discover the real reason Maria came back to her.

The episode received critical acclaim, with significant praise towards the return of Jerome, Cameron Monaghan's performance and the final scene, citing it as one of the best episodes of the series.

Plot
Dwight (David Dastmalchian) and members of the cult enter a warehouse with the help of a co-worker and retrieve Jerome's (Cameron Monaghan) corpse. The GCPD investigates the break-in and Gordon (Ben McKenzie) and Bullock (Donal Logue) find that the warehouse belongs to Wayne Enterprises, which retrieved the corpses from Indian Hill and deduce that the woman in the morgue was a resurrection test. They then find an injured cult member in the warehouse and arrest him.

Cole (PJ Marshall) arrives at Wayne Manor and tells Bruce (David Mazouz) that the payment for Maria's (Ivana Miličević) debt is $200,000 and if he does not pay it, he will make sure she goes to jail. Despite Selina's (Camren Bicondova) insistence not to give the money, Bruce gives the money to Maria. In the GCPD, Gordon interrogates the cultist and finds that Jerome's cryrogenic pod was stolen and discovers that they're planning to resurrect him. Meanwhile, Dwight and another cultist begin a process to bring Jerome's corpse back to life.

After Cobblepot's (Robin Lord Taylor) disastrous interview along with the missing whereabouts of his staff, the people question his authority and demand his resignation. Barbara (Erin Richards) also informs him that Tommy Bones (James Andrew O'Connor) is questioning his leadership and turned against him and tells him to prepare for a meeting she'll arrange with the heads of the mob. Fox (Chris Chalk) tells Gordon and Bullock that because of the energy used to revive the girl in the morgue, that would cause a power surge in the electric grid and suspect a power plant to be the center of the resurrections. They decide to go raid the place but one of the cultists is revealed to be working in the GCPD and informs Dwight of the raid. Dwight fails to revive Jerome and upon being reminded by his assistant that the cultists were promised by Dwight that they'd see Jerome's smiling face again, Dwight kills the assistant in frustration, cuts off Jerome's face from the corpse and flees before the police arrive, leaving the corpse behind.

Dwight appears at the cult's meeting, wearing Jerome's face and convinces the others that they are "all Jerome".  At Sirens, Cobblepot confronts Barbara, suspecting her of conspiring against him when he is called by Tommy Bones (James Andrew O'Connor), who claims that they will end their partnership and says he has Nygma (Cory Michael Smith) captive. After Cobblepot leaves to gather his henchmen, Tommy is revealed to be threatened by Tabitha (Jessica Lucas), who then kills him. Gordon and Bullock interrogate the mole but fail to convince him until Lee (Morena Baccarin) doses him with a truth serum and Dove reveals that Dwight and the cultists are planning on broadcasting a message at a TV station. Lee returns to her office where Jerome is revealed to be resurrected and takes her prisoner.

Maria and Cole are revealed to be working together in a scam to get Bruce's money when they're discovered by Selina, who leaves angry that Maria used her. Selina then confronts Bruce about it, who reveals that he suspected it to be a scam all along, but decided to pay anyway, hoping it might lead to a reconciliation between Selina and Maria. Selina is mad that Maria never made an effort to reconnect until Bruce came into her life, and tries to take it out on him, but Bruce's training is starting to bear fruit, and he prevents her from doing any damage. Dwight and the cultists invade the station and take over the news broadcast with Dwight acting as Jerome while Gordon and the police enter through the ventilation system to save a hostage. Jerome sees the broadcast and leaves the precinct in uniform, leaving Lee bound and gagged.  Gordon, Bullock and the GCPD invade the station just as Dwight broadcasts the message, killing many cultists and arresting Dwight. Meanwhile, Cobblepot receives a call from Nygma, who says that he is held captive at Kane Chemicals.

In the scene, Jerome steals a station van and kidnaps Dwight. Jerome takes him to a power plant and has Dwight strapped with explosives. He then broadcasts a live message, telling the people that "in the darkness, there are no rules" and encourages everyone to kill anyone and do whatever they want, as in the morning, they will be "reborn". He then ignites the explosives and leaves Dwight behind with the explosives. Gordon demands a chopper to make it in time for the plant but as he goes outside, he sees as the power plant explodes and the city suffers a wide power outage, leaving it in darkness.

Production

Development
In January 2017, it was announced that the thirteenth episode of the season will be titled "Smile Like You Mean It" and was to be written by Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt and directed by Olatunde Osunsanmi.

Writing

The early talks to bring Jerome back to the show resurfaced when the show killed the character in The Last Laugh. According to executive producer John Stephens, he explained: "If you watch the episodes closely, as they go forward this year you'll start seeing the seeds of the way that story will continue to develop. And we probably have not seen the last of that fellow." Throughout the second and third season, Cameron Monaghan teased the return of the character and finally in August 2016, Stephens confirmed the character's return, citing that it was their intention to bring him back and "You'll have these underground movements that have started to talk about Jerome and what he represented and how he's going to come back like in the days of John the Baptist" and "he plays into the idea of transformation. When he comes back, you want to see that new version. That next step forward." Monaghan also explained that after the death of Jerome in the second season, the producers were liking the idea and planned on bringing him back in the third season but the original idea included Hugo Strange or the Dollmaker involved in his resurrection.

Makeup
Mike Maddi, the make-up special effects designer, worked on the design for Jerome's face. The face made a resemblance to the famous Joker's story arc, Death of the Family. Monaghan explained that the process of Jerome's new face was "gruesome." The producers made four prosthetic pieces with each of them taking over three hours to apply and another hour to take it off. Monaghan called the process "exhausted" but he also noted that "adds a level of disconnect from the self, from my own image and body, that I thought was really freeing and exciting."

Casting
Maggie Geha, Benedict Samuel, Drew Powell and Michael Chiklis don't appear in the episode as their respective characters while Cory Michael Smith only appears through voice recording. In January 2017, it was announced that the guest cast for the episode would include Ivana Milicevic as Maria Kyle, Cameron Monaghan as Jerome Valeska, David Dastmalchian as Dwight Pollard, PJ Marshall as Cole Clemons, James Andrew O'Connor as Tommy Bones, and James Mount as Officer Andrew Dove.

Reception

Viewers
The episode was watched by 3.60 million viewers with a 1.2/4 share among adults aged 18 to 49. This was a 3% decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 3.69 million viewers with a 1.2/4 in the 18-49 demographics. With this rating, Gotham ranked second for FOX, behind Lucifer, third on its timeslot and eight for the night behind Lucifer, Scorpion, a rerun of The Big Bang Theory, Man with a Plan, 2 Broke Girls, Kevin Can Wait, and The Bachelor.

The episode ranked as the 58th most watched show of the week and the 25th most watched show of the week in the 18-49 demographics. With Live+7 DVR viewing factored in, the episode had an overall rating of 1.8 in the 18–49 demographic.

Critical reviews

"Mad City: Smile Like You Mean It" received enormous praise from critics. The episode received a rating of 100% with an average score of 9.5 out of 10 on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes.

Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a "great" 8.0 out of 10 and wrote in his verdict, "'Smile Like You Mean It' brought Jerome back in a fun (and fairly icky) way. He could have woken right up and led his crazy cult into the city for a carnival of violence, but instead he had his face stolen! And before he could do anything (like kill Bruce Wayne), he had to go get his freakin' face! That felt pretty inspired, actually. Not only did his sewn-back-on face give him traces of the movie Jokers, but the entire thing bumped shoulders with the New 52 rebirth of Joker."

Nick Hogan of TV Overmind gave the series a 4 star rating out of 5, writing "Overall, I really enjoyed the episode and the crazy, psychological turn that Gotham has taken. 2017 in Gotham City is shaping up to be absolutely bonkers, and I love it!" Sage Young of EW gave the episode an "A−" and wrote, "The night of 'the awakening' is messier than second-rate anarchist Dwight Pollard hoped, but the deed is still done. After months of anticipation on the part of fans and teasing on the part of Fox, Jerome Valeska is breathing again. And if he's breathing, you better believe he's causing trouble."

Lisa Babick from TV Fanatic, gave a perfect 5 star rating out of 5, stating: "Gotham strung us along for a while before we got to see what we've been so patiently waiting for, but it was well worth the wait." Vinnie Mancuso of New York Observer wrote, "'Smile Like You Mean It' in honor of the recent Presidential Inauguration, was completely stolen by David Mazouz, Camren Bicondova and returning guest star Cameron Monaghan."

Karmen Fox of The Baltimore Sun wrote, "'Mad City: Smile Like You Mean It' was one of the best Gotham episodes aired recently. Sure, the bringing back villains from the dead trope has been played out more than Jerome's laugh track, but this is a bad guy Gotham — the city and the show — has eagerly waiting for." Sydney Bucksbaum of Nerdist wrote, "If his psychopathic attitude and general insanity didn't scare you before, now his outsides match his insides, making Jerome 2.0 a true force to be reckoned with. This is the moment we've all been waiting for, y'all!"

Robert Yanis, Jr. of Screenrant wrote, "It was a payoff that Gotham had long been hinting at... Now, after delving so heavily into reanimation last season, the show is ready to bring back arguably one of its best villains in the flesh." Kayti Burt of Den of Geek gave the episode a perfect 5 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "Tonight's episode of Gotham reminded me how enjoyable this show can be when its respective storylines stick to what they're good at. 'Smile Like You Mean It' saw a disturbingly stellar return of Jerome, while also effectively balancing some smaller, plot-progressing "B" stories. It did this by letting each story line do what it was best at and ending with one hell of a cliffhanger. All in all, 'Smile Like You Mean It' was one of the best episodes we've had in a while. As always, the presence of Cameron Monaghan as Jerome/the Joker automatically ups the episode of roughly 75%. Monaghan brings a frightening, vulnerable unpredictability to the character, while also delivering some lines that made me laugh out loud. On Gotham, Monaghan manages to make a mark in the long, rich legacy of this iconic character, and that's endlessly impressive to watch."

References

External links

Gotham (season 3) episodes
2017 American television episodes

Smile Like You Mean It (Gotham)


Piotr Karpienia (born 1979) is a Polish singer-songwriter who rose to fame after being the runner-up on the fourth series of Poland's Got Talent. He is currently signed to Warner Music Poland. His debut album titled Mój świat was released on 15 May 2012.

Music career

2011: Poland's Got Talent
In 2011 Karpienia auditioned for the fourth series of television series Poland's Got Talent. In front of the judges and live audience, he performed "Use Somebody" by Kings of Leon. He received positive comments from the judges, Agnieszka Chylińska, Małgorzata Foremniak and Robert Kozyra. Kozyra said that he had sung "better than Kings of Leon". He received three yeses and was put through to the next round, and through to the live semi-finals.

Karpienia performed for a second time in the semi-final on 12 November 2011, singing "Desire" by U2. He once again received positive comments from the judges. Piotr received the highest number of votes on the night and was put through to the final.

In the final, he performed "Kiss from a Rose" by Seal. He once again received positive comments from all three judges, with judge Robert Kozyra saying it was "the best performance of the night". Later, he lost the final to Kacper Sikora and finished as the runner-up.

2012–present: debut album
Soon after the final of Poland's Got Talent it was announced that Karpienia had signed a record deal with Sony Music. His debut album titled Mój świat (meaning My world in English) is set to be released on 15 May 2012. The album will be promoted with his debut single, "Zagubiona".

Discography

References

Got Talent contestants
Living people
People from Białystok
1979 births
Polish pop singers
21st-century Polish male singers
21st-century Polish singers

Piotr Karpienia


The Arco Británico (Spanish for British Arch) is a monument on Avenida Brasil, in Valparaíso, Chile. It was donated to the town in 1910 by the British community there to mark the centenary of the Independence of Chile. Designed by the Chilean architect Alfredo Azancot, the arch was unveiled in 1911.

The monument, covered in marble brought from Italy, is surmounted by a British Victorian lion and is decorated with the images of four Britons who participated in the Chilean War of Independence: Thomas Cochrane, Bernardo O'Higgins, Robert Simpson and Jorge O'Brien. It also bears the Chilean and United Kingdom coats of arms.

The arch was visited by Queen Elizabeth II during her official visit to Chile in 1968, and by Prince Charles in 2009.

References
This article is closely based on the Spanish version

Buildings and structures in Valparaíso
Buildings and structures completed in 1911
Triumphal arches
Monuments and memorials in Chile

Arco Británico


Phil Scott (born 17 January 1961) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the West Coast Eagles in the Victorian/Australian Football League (VFL/AFL).

A foundation player at West Coast, Scott made his debut in the third round of the 1987 VFL season. He was used as a ruckman and represented Western Australia at the 1988 Adelaide Bicentennial Carnival. Scott twice won West Coast's 'Best Clubman' award, the second of which came after making his final appearance in the 1990 Preliminary Final loss to Essendon. He finished his career back at his original club, Subiaco, with whom he played in the 1986 premiership side. Having taken the field for two further years to bring his tally to 110 WAFL games, Scott retired.

References

Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.

1961 births
Living people
West Coast Eagles players
Subiaco Football Club players
Western Australian State of Origin players
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia

Phil Scott (footballer)


Live burial or premature burial is interred in a grave while still alive. Some cases of premature burial occurred because the technology to accurately determine death didn't exist so people were routinely wrongfully pronounced dead when in a coma or similar vegetative state. To guard against this, some cultures buried the dead with bells that could be rung if the person in the coffin was still alive, so they could be rescued. Live burial has also been used as a form of murder or execution. A related practice is immurement.

Death

Live burial


Since the reign of the first kings of England the question of who should rule next has been hard to answer. Examples of this are when Edward the Elder died leaving two sons Aelfward and Athelstan, but Aelfward died 28 days after Edward leaving the throne to Athelstan. But when a king picked his successor in the 1100s it was known as the young king. The next king, the prince of Wales usually got to reign as the young king of England before his ascension but both of the young/junior/titular kings never ascended to the throne.

The young kings of England in order of reign were:
 Eustace IV, son of Stephen (1152-1153) as titular king
 Henry the Young, son of Henry II (1170-1183) as young king

Ever since Henry the Young the next in line has never been crowned as young king and just simply prince of Wales or just titled as "the rightful heir to the English throne".For kings of England, see List of English monarchs.

Kings and Queens of England

Young kings of England


A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious group or creed officially accepted by the state.

The term state church is used in context with Christianity, and is sometimes used for a specific national branch of Christianity.

Christian countries
The following states recognize some form of Christianity as their state or official religion (by denomination):

Roman Catholic
Jurisdictions which recognize Roman Catholicism as their state or official religion:
 Costa Rica
 Malta
 Monaco
 El Salvador
 Liechtenstein
 Vatican City (Theocracy)
 Some cantons of Switzerland (state religion):
 Appenzell Innerrhoden (declared "religion of the people of Appenzell Innerrhoden")
 Aargau
 Basel-Country
 Bern
 Glarus
 Graubünden
 Nidwalden
 Schwyz
 Thurgau
 Uri

Old Catholic
Jurisdictions which recognize an Old Catholic church as their state religion:
 Some cantons of Switzerland (Christian Catholic Church):
 Aargau
 Basel-Country
 Bern

Eastern Orthodox
Jurisdictions which recognize one of the Eastern Orthodox Churches as their state religion:
 Greece (Greek Orthodox Church)

Protestant

Anglican
 England (Church of England) established by law; plus, unestablished, the world-wide Anglican Communion

Lutheran
 Denmark (Church of Denmark)
 Iceland (Church of Iceland)
 Finland (Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland)

Presbyterian
 Scotland (Church of Scotland) established by law
 Scotland assorted Free Presbyterian churches, unestablished.

Reformed
Jurisdictions which recognize a Reformed church as their state religion:
 Some cantons of Switzerland (Swiss Reformed Church):
 Aargau
 Basel-Country
 Bern
 Glarus
 Graubünden
 Schwyz
 Thurgau
 Uri
 Zürich

Other Christian
 Zambia
 Samoa
 Solomon Islands

Islamic countries
Countries which recognize Islam as their official religion:
 Afghanistan (State religion)
 Algeria (State religion)
 Bahrain (State religion)
 Bangladesh (State religion)
 Brunei (State religion)
 Egypt (State religion)
 Iran (State religion)
 Iraq (State religion)
 Jordan (State religion)
 Kuwait (State religion)
 Libya (State religion)
 Malaysia (State religion)
 Maldives (State religion)
 Mauritania (State religion)
 Morocco
 Oman (State religion)
 Pakistan (State religion)
 Qatar (State religion)
 Saudi Arabia (Religion of the Kingdom)
 Somalia
 Tunisia
 United Arab Emirates (Religion of the Emirates)
 Yemen

Sunni Islam
 Algeria
 Malaysia
 Maldives (as state religion)
 Pakistan (as national-sanctioned religion)
 Saudi Arabia (as state-sanctioned religion)
 Somalia (as State Religion)
 Bangladesh (as state religion)

Shi'a Islam
 Iran (Theocracy)

Buddhist countries
Governments which recognize Buddhism as their official religion:
 Bhutan (Drukpa Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism)
 Cambodia (Theravada Buddhism)
 Laos (Theravada Buddhism)
 Kalmykia, a republic within the Russian Federation (Tibetan Buddhism - sole Buddhist entity in Europe)
 Thailand (Theravada Buddhism)
 Tibet Government in Exile (Gelugpa school of Tibetan Buddhism)
 Myanmar - written in the 1974 constitution
 Sri Lanka (Theravada Buddhism)

Hindu countries
There are no Hindu countries presently, all Hindu majority countries are secular, with Hinduism not listed as the state religion. Nepal was the world's only kingdom state with Hindu monarch, but the Constitution of Nepal 2015 constitution clearly states it is a secular country. Nepal also declared cow as national animal with advanced animal protection rights such as cats and dogs, cow slaughter is also forbidden.

Others
 Israel is defined in several of its laws as a Democratic Jewish state, but has no state or official religion, "Jewish" being treated as a nationality. In other countries the term "Jewish" means either adhering to the Jewish religion (Judaism), or a Jew by descent (inheritance) or both.

Ancient state religions

Egypt and Sumer
The concept of state religions was known as long ago as the empires of Egypt and Sumer, when every city state or people had its own god or gods.

Persian empire
Zoroastrianism was the state religion of the Sassanid dynasty which lasted from 226 until 651.

Greek city-states
Many of the Greek city-states also had a 'god' or 'goddess' associated with that city.

Roman Religion and Christianity
When in Rome, the office of Pontifex Maximus was reserved for the emperor, failure to worship him as a god was sometimes punished by death, as the Roman government sought to link emperor worship with loyalty to the Empire. Many Christians and Jews were persecuted, because it was against their beliefs to worship the emperor.

Catholic Christianity, as opposed to Arianism and other heretical and schismatic groups, was declared to be the state religion of the Roman Empire on February 27, 380 by the decree De Fide Catolica of Emperor Theodosius I.

Han Dynasty Confucianism and Sui Dynasty Buddhism
In China, the Han Dynasty (206 BC—220 AD) advocated Confucianism as the de facto state religion, establishing tests based on Confucian texts as an entrance requirement into government service.

States without any state religion
These states do not profess any state religion. Countries which officially decline to establish any religion include:
 Armenia
 Australia
 Azerbaijan
 Canada
 Chile
 People's Republic of China (China)
 Colombia
 Czech Republic
 East Timor
 France
 India
 Ireland
 Japan
 Kenya
 Lithuania
 Mexico
 Nepal
 Netherlands
 New Zealand
 Nigeria
 Philippines
 Portugal
 Republic of China (Taiwan)
 Romania
 Singapore
 South Africa
 South Korea
 Switzerland
 Turkey
 United States of America

Established churches and former state churches in Europe

In 1967, the Albanian government made atheism the "state religion". This designation remained in effect until 1991.

Finland's State Church was the Church of Sweden until 1809.

In France the Concordat of 1801 made the Roman Catholic, Calvinist and Lutheran churches state-sponsored religions, as well as Judaism.

In Hungary the constitutional laws of 1848 declared five established churches on equal status: the Roman Catholic, Calvinist, Lutheran, Eastern Orthodox and Unitarian Church. In 1868 the law was ratified again after the Ausgleich. In 1895 Judaism was also recognized as the sixth established church. In 1948 every distinction between the different denominations were abolished.

The Church in Wales was split from the Church of England in 1920 by Welsh Church Act 1914; at the same time becoming disestablished.

Former state churches in British North America

Protestant colonies
 Plymouth Colony was founded by Separatists.
 Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations was founded by Baptists.
 Province of Pennsylvania was founded by Quakers.

Catholic colonies
 When New France was transferred to Great Britain in 1763, the Roman Catholic Church remained under toleration, but Huguenots were allowed entrance where they had formerly been banned from settlement by Parisian authorities.
 Province of Maryland was founded by Irish Catholics in a state known as recusancy, but was stripped of this independence during the English Civil War by Roundheads—much as it was in the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.
 Spanish Florida was ceded to the Great Britain in 1763, the British divided Florida into two colonies. Both East and West Florida continued a policy of toleration for the Catholic Residents.

In several colonies, the establishment ceased to exist in practice at the Revolution, about 1776; this is the date of legal abolition.

in 1789 the Georgia Constitution was amended as follows:
"Article IV. Section 10. No person within this state shall, upon any pretense, be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in any manner agreeable to his own conscience, nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment; nor shall he ever be obliged to pay tithes, taxes, or any other rate, for the building or repairing any place of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes to be right, or hath voluntarily engaged. To do. No one religious society shall ever be established in this state, in preference to another; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of any civil right merely on account of his religious principles."

From 1780 Massachusetts had a system which required every man to belong to a church, and permitted each church to tax its members, and did not require that it be a Congregational church. This was objected to, as in practice establishing the Congregational Church, and was abolished in 1833.

Until 1877 the New Hampshire Constitution required members of the State legislature to be of the Protestant religion.

The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 disestablished the Anglican church, but until 1835 the NC Constitution allowed only Protestants to hold public office. From 1835 to 1876 it allowed allowed only Christians (including Catholics) to hold public office. Article VI, Section 8 of the current NC Constitution forbids only atheists from holding public office. Such clauses were held by the United States Supreme Court to be unenforceable in the 1961 case of Torcaso v. Watkins, when the court ruled unanimously that such clauses constituted a religious test incompatible with First and Fourteenth Amendment protections.

Religious Tolerance for Catholics with an Established Church of England were policy in the former Spanish Colonies of East and West Florida while under British rule. East Florida was lost to Spain in 1781.

Religious tolerance for Catholics with an established Church of England were policy in the former Spanish Colonies of East and West Florida while under British rule. East Florida was returned to Spain in 1783.

State of Deseret
The State of Deseret was a provisional state of the United States, proposed in 1849 by Mormon settlers in Salt Lake City. The provisional state existed for slightly over two years.

Related pages
 Secular state
 Theocracy
 Freedom of religion

References
 https://mysocialbliss.com/encyclopedia-of-religion-communication-and-media/

Other websites

Religion

State religion


Tadeusz is a Polish first name, derived from Thaddaeus.

Tadeusz may refer to:

 Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski (1895–1966), Polish military leader
 Tadeusz Borowski (1922–1951), Polish writer and The Holocaust survivor
 Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński (1874–1941), Polish gynaecologist, writer, poet, art critic, translator of French literary classics and journalist
 Tadeusz Brzeziński (1896–1991), Polish consular official and the father of President Jimmy Carter's national security adviser, Zbigniew Brzezinski
 Tadeusz Czeżowski (1889–1981), Polish philosopher and logician
 Tadeusz Dołęga-Mostowicz (1898–1939), Polish journalist and author of over a dozen popular novels
 Tadeusz Drzazga (born 1975), Polish weightlifter
 Tadeusz Hollender (1910–1943), Polish poet, translator and humorist
 Tadeusz Rozwadowski (1866 – 1928) was a Polish military commander, diplomat, and politician, a founder of the modern Polish Republic
 Tadeusz Kantor (1915–1990), Polish artist and theatre-maker
 Tadeusz Kassern (1904–1957), Polish composer
 Tadeusz Wladyslaw Konopka, birth name of Ted Knight (1923–1986), American actor
 Tadeusz Konwicki (1926–2015), Polish writer
 Tadeusz Kościuszko (1746–1817), Polish–Lithuanian military leader and national hero, and American Revolutionary War general
 Tadeusz Kotarbiński (1886–1981), pupil of Kazimierz Twardowski
 Tadeusz Krwawicz (1910–1988), Polish pioneer in medicine
 Tadeusz Kurcyusz (1881–1944), commandant of Narodowe Sily Zbrojne
 Tadeusz Łomnicki (1927–1992), Polish actor
 Tadeusz Michalik (born 1991), Polish Olympic bronze medalist in Greco-Roman wrestling at the 2020 Olympics
 Tadeusz Miciński (1873–1918), Polish poet and playwright
 Tadeusz Pietrzykowski (1917–1991), Polish boxer and Polish Armed Forces soldier, known as the "boxing champion of Auschwitz"
 Tadeusz Piotrowski (mountaineer) (1940–1986), mountaineer and writer
 Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist) (born 1940), sociologist and author of books about Holocaust and the history of Poland
 Tadeusz Rejtan (1742–1780), Polish nobleman
 Tadeusz Romer (1894–1978), Polish diplomat and politician
 Tadeusz Różewicz (1921–2014), Polish poet and writer
 Tadeusz Rut (1931–2002), Polish hammer thrower
 Tadeusz Sapierzyński (born 1958), Polish army officer
 Tadeusz Sendzimir (1894–1989), Polish engineer and inventor
 Tadeusz Swietochowski (1934–2017), American historian and Caucasologist
 Tadeusz Ślusarski (1950–1998), Polish Olympic gold medalist in pole vault at the 1976 Olympics
 Tadeusz Tański (1892–1941), Polish automobile engineer and the designer of, among others, the first Polish serially-built automobile
 Tadeusz Tomaszewski (born 1959), Polish politician, Member of the Parliament
 Tadeusz Ważewski (1896–1972), Polish mathematician
 Tadeusz Żychiewicz (1922–1994), Polish journalist, art historian and publicist

In fiction, Tadeusz can refer to:
 Tadeusz Soplica, the titular character of Pan Tadeusz, an 1834 epic poem by Adam Mickiewicz

Polish masculine given names
Masculine given names

Tadeusz


Souvlaki (, , ; plural: , ), is a Greek fast food consisting of small pieces of meat and sometimes vegetables grilled on a skewer. It is usually eaten straight off the skewer while still hot. It can be served with or inside a rolled pita, typically with lemon, sauces, vegetables such as sliced tomato and onion, and fried potatoes as a side. The meat usually used in Greece and Cyprus is pork, although chicken, beef, and lamb may also be used in some regions as well as worldwide.

Etymology
The word souvlaki is a diminutive of the Medieval Greek  ( meaning "skewer") itself borrowed from Latin . "Souvlaki" is the common term in Macedonia and other regions of northern Greece, while in southern Greece and around Athens it is commonly known as kalamaki ( meaning "small reed").

History

In Greek culture, the practice of cooking food on spits or skewers dates to the Bronze Age. Excavations in Santorini, Greece, unearthed sets of stone cooking supports used by the natives of the island before the Thera eruption of the 17th century BC; souvlaki was "a popular delicacy in Santorini back in 2000 BC." In the stone cooking supports, there are pairs of indentations that were likely used for holding skewers and the line of holes in the base allowed the coals to be supplied with air.

In Mycenaean Greece, "souvlaki trays" were discovered in Gla, Mycenae, and Pylos. The "souvlaki trays" (or portable grills) used by the Mycenaean Greeks were rectangular ceramic pans that sat underneath skewers of meat. It is not clear whether these trays would have been placed directly over a fire or if the pans would have held hot coals like a portable barbecue pit. Spit supports appear to "continue in use into the Early Iron Age at Nichoria." In Greek literature, Homer in the Iliad (1.465) mentions pieces of meat roasted on spits (ὀβελός); this is also mentioned in the works of Aristophanes, Xenophon, Aristotle, and others. In Classical Greece, a small spit or skewer was known as  (), and Aristophanes mentions such skewers being used to roast thrushes.

In the Byzantine Empire, the Greek author of the Prodromic Poems (4.231) mentions "the hot meat shops" of Constantinople providing clients with spit-roasting meat slices similar to souvlaki known as .

Modern-day souvlaki was described by Gustave Flaubert, a French traveler, who observed Greeks "grilling pieces of meat on a bamboo stick" during his visit to the Boeotian countryside of southern Central Greece in 1850. However, modern-day souvlaki was not widely distributed in Greece until after World War II. Souvlaki skewers served as fast food started to be sold widely in the 1960s, after being introduced by vendors from Boeotia. The first known use of the word souvlaki in English was in 1942.

Variations

Kalamaki
Kalamaki ( meaning "small reed") is a synonym for souvlaki proper in Athens where the word souvlaki is used colloquially for any kind of pita wraps. Kalamaki can also be accompanied with vegetables such as tomato, peppers, and onions, and a sauce, with lemon wedges. There are some places in Greece where kalamaki is not connected in any way to souvlaki such as Thessaloniki; in these regions, souvlaki refers to the dish that in Athens is called kalamaki.

Souvlaki-merida
Merída (μερίδα) means portion in Greek. While souvlaki is eaten plain as a fast food, it is also served as a full plate, served with fried potatoes, vegetables, sauce, and quartered pita bread. Usually it consists of the ingredients of a souvlaki-pita (see below) laid out on a plate. Lamb is mostly used, but others can be used, such as ox.

Souvlaki pita
Souvlaki-pita consists of grilled souvlaki meat folded in a lightly grilled pita along with sliced tomatoes and onions, and tzatziki sauce, and fried potatoes on the side – though increasingly they may be added to the folded pita. This variation is prominent at outlets run by Melbourne's Greek-Australian community.

In some areas, when chicken is used instead of pork, tzatziki and onions are replaced with a special yellow mustard sauce and lettuce.  Other garnishes and sauces include, ktipiti, Russian salad, and melitzanosalata.

Corfu
In Corfu, a special tomato sauce is added to souvlaki, plainly called "red sauce" ().

Cyprus

In Cyprus, souvlaki can refer both to the small chunks of meat on a skewer, and to the dish. It is made with a large pita that has a pocket-style opening. Into this is placed the meat (traditionally lamb or pork, more recently sheftalia or chicken), which in Cypriot souvlaki is cut into slightly larger chunks. Tomatoes, cucumbers and shredded white cabbage are the usual salad additions. Onion, parsley, and pickled green chili peppers are common accompaniments, as are yogurt and tzatziki. Cut lemons are always included with souvlaki, as they are with all grilled meats in Cyprus. Lettuce is not traditional and is seldom used in souvlaki outside of tourist resorts.

References

Citations

General and cited sources

External links

Meat dishes
Greek cuisine
Cypriot cuisine
Grilled skewers
Street food
Greek inventions
Greek words and phrases
National dishes

Souvlaki


Disaster tourism is the practice of visiting locations at which an environmental disaster, either natural or human-made, has occurred. Although a variety of disasters are the subject of subsequent disaster tourism, the most common disaster tourist sites are areas surrounding volcanic eruptions.

Opinions on the morality and impact of disaster tourism are divided. Advocates of disaster tourism often claim that the practice raises awareness of the event, stimulates the local economy, and educates the public about the local culture, while critics claim that the practice is exploitative, profits on loss, and often mischaracterize the events in question.

Motivations

An article by Smartertravel defines the motivations present in individuals practicing disaster tourism. Attraction is typically derived from personal connection in a social, academic or cultural essence. Another population of visitors hope to aid in providing relief to the affected areas—some directly through volunteer work and some indirectly through donations.

Other visitors have no connection to the site or the event, but happen to be there as tourists and visit those places as part of their sightseeing. A common example of this is tourists who come to Italy to sightsee in Rome and end up visiting Pompeii and its neighboring cities without initially intending to do so.

Reception
Disaster tourism has had a mixed reception. Critics label it as voyeuristic and profiting off of loss, while advocates argue that tourism stimulates the recovering economy and brings awareness to local culture. Although the public perception of tourism depends on a wide variety of factors, such as whether the disaster was human-made or natural and how long it has been since the incident, there are some general trends in the reception of tourism.

Depending on the site or tour, disaster tourism can be seen to be an educational experience or exploitative. Whether or not a tourist site is handled respectfully and tactfully often is determined both by those organizing the events and the tourists themselves. Moreover, advocates of disaster tourism point out that attractions can educationally re-examine disasters despite the operators being motivated by profit. Many of these advocates argue that when distasteful disaster tourism occurs, the blame lies primarily on the tourists for providing an insensitive demand rather than on the operators for fulfilling such a demand. For both tourists and operators, however, parsing the difference between an educational and an exploitative one requires asking what areas are crucial for understanding the disaster and clarifying how behavior that is appropriate in a destroyed area is often different from the behavior that is appropriate in newly built homes or temporary camps.

The effect of tourism on the local economy is often nuanced due to the specifics of how tourism affects local income. It is generally accepted that if the tours comprise public events organized by volunteers, then there are consistent but small increases to charity donations. However, if the tours are organized by private companies, then it is not always clear how what proportion of the profits go back into relief efforts. Furthermore, while governmental regulation typically prevents private tours from slowing down or reversing reconstruction in areas where reconstruction has already begun, critics argue that private touring may de-incentivize the reconstruction of locations and sites, in which reconstruction has yet to occur. Another possible situation is that the tours are not organized by formal entities but instead by less cohesive groups of citizens. These cases are relatively unstudied due to their rarity.

Similarly, visiting disaster sites is thought to affect empathy, but the nature of the effect it has depends on the particulars of the visit. Unorganized visits, for example, can often raise empathy by forcing the visitors to see suffering up close and prompting them to consider how to interact with victims. On the other hand, more organized visits have been accused of lowering empathy because they comprised tourists "acting like tourists and dressing like tourists," which dilutes and sanitizes the experience.

In the immediate aftermath of a disaster, rescue efforts are often hampered by people who come to see and photograph the site, rather than take part in it. An example of this is that of Kavalappara, Kerala, where a landslide occurred in 2019, with emergency vehicles blocked in due to the vehicles of visitors. This led to widespread criticism, and authorities demanded that unnecessary visits to Kavalappara be avoided.

Virtual reality

Facebook's virtual tour of Puerto Rico
In September 2017, Hurricane Maria devastated the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. Hurricane Maria is estimated to caused 3,059 deaths total, and in Puerto Rico, it is estimated to have caused $90 billion in property damage and displaced approximately 60,000 people.

On October 9, 2017, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg and Facebook social VR chief Rachel Franklin used a livestream to showcase Facebook's new virtual reality app, Facebook Spaces, by taking a virtual tour of the devastated areas of Puerto Rico. During the 10 minute video, Zuckerberg explains how Facebook partnered with Red Cross to build population map from satellite imagery and better allocate the relief effort.

The public reception to the tour was unanimously negative. Zuckerberg drew criticism for describing VR as "magical" in its ability to transport people to disaster zones, and most viewers considered the cartoon avatars of Zuckerberg and Franklin to be an inappropriately jovial tone. The day following the livestream, Zuckerberg apologized, explaining, "When you're in VR yourself, the surroundings feel quite real. But that sense of empathy doesn't extend well to people watching you as a virtual character on a 2D screen."

Examples

79 AD eruption of Mount Vesuvius
When the nearby volcano Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79 AD, the eruption buried the city of Pompeii and the nearby city of Herculaneum and preserved everything from its streets to its frescoes under mounds of pumice and ash. Although Pompeii was initially rediscovered in 1599, tourism was undesirable until Spanish engineer Rocque Joaquin de Alcubierre performed a much larger excavation in 1748, which revealed many noteworthy structures, such as a fully intact Roman theatre.

Today, Pompeii belongs to the much larger Vesuvius National Park and is one of Italy's most popular tourist sites, attracting approximately 2.5 million visitors annually.

Hindenburg incident (1937)
In the early evening of May 6, 1937, the German passenger airship Hindenburg burst into flames during a docking attempt at the Lakehurst Naval Air Station, just outside Lakehurst, New Jersey. With the cause of the fire unknown and a death toll of thirty-seven passengers, the Hindenburg disaster became one of the biggest news stories of its time.

Today, a bronze plaque and cement outline the site of the incident. Immediately east of the crash site, volunteers of the Navy Lakehurst Historical Society will conduct public tours of Historic Hangar One, the location where the Hindenburg was kept.

1986  Chernobyl nuclear plant explosion
On the morning of April 26, 1986, the number four reactor of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant exploded, producing airborne radioactive materials and a fire that burned for ten days. The Chernobyl explosion caused dozens of direct deaths and thousands of deaths due to long-term exposure. In the aftermath, 350,000 residents were displaced from Chernobyl and the nearby city of Pripyat. The other three reactors at Chernobyl power plant continued running at the time but were gradually lessened until the power plant's shutdown in 2000.

The Ukraine-based tour company SoloEast Travel currently runs daylong tours through Chernobyl's exclusion zone, a 2600 square-kilometer area that includes the plant. The highlights of the tour include visiting the Red Forest, a pine tree woodland destroyed by radioactive contamination, exploring Kopachi, a nearby village that was demolished due to high contamination levels, and finally coming within 305 meters of the remains of the number four reactor. These tours are met with some controversy because although SoloEast Travel claims that publicly accessible areas surrounding the power plant contain low levels of radiation and are deemed safe, a number of third-party scientists disagree.

1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill

In 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker struck Alaska's Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound and leaked crude oil into the sound. An estimated  spilled. Oil from the spill would eventually contaminate more than  of ocean and  of coastline. The spill killed hundreds of sea otters, harbor seals, and eagles and hundreds of thousands of seabirds in the days following the spill. Despite that it is not the world's largest oil spill, the Exxon Valdez oil spill is typically considered the most notorious in American history.

Having been among the first responders, the family-run Stan Stephens Cruises operates glacier tours out of Prince William Sound that highlight the history surrounding the Exxon Valdez spill and its aftermath.

Hurricane Katrina (2005)

In late August 2005, Hurricane Katrina devastated the American city of New Orleans. Although 80–90% of the population was evacuated prior, twenty-three breaches in navigational canal levees, drainage canal levees, and floodwalls occurred as a result of Katrina's storm surge. With these failures, 80% of New Orleans became flooded, which in turn caused over 200,000 homes to be destroyed and 800,000 residents to be displaced. At the time, the disaster had a large impact on the politics, population, and economics for a sizable portion of the United States.

A decade after the incident, the effects of Hurricane Katrina are still visible and catastrophic. Although many companies offer bus tours of the still-damaged regions, critics argues that these tours interfere with the relief effort. Some have suggested that curious tourists should instead go on bike tours in order to restrict the disruption to residents trying to get their lives back on track. Quite frequently, tours will focus on showcasing the culture of specific districts and neighborhood, treating Hurricane Katrina as the most recent event in a much longer cultural history. Many tours donate their profits or a portion of their profits to local relief organizations.

2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull

Eyjafjallajökull, in Iceland, began erupting on 20 March 2010. At this time, about 500 farmers and their families from the areas of Fljótshlíð, Eyjafjöll, and Landeyjar were evacuated overnight, but allowed to return to their farms and homes after Civil Protection Department risk assessment. On 14 April 2010, Eyjafjallajökull erupted for the second time, requiring 800 people to be evacuated.

In the wake of the first eruption, tour companies offered trips to see the volcano. However, the ash cloud from the second eruption disrupted air traffic over Great Britain and most of northern and western Europe, making it difficult to travel to Iceland even though Iceland's airspace itself remained open throughout.

2010 eruption of Mount Merapi
In the November of 2010, the active Indonesian volcano of Mount Merapi had its second eruption in a century, which led to direct deaths of 353 people and the displacement of approximately 400,000 people in nearby villages.

Mount Merapi is unique among disaster tourist sites because Merapi was a popular tourist site prior to the volcano's eruption, and tourism had already made up a significant portion of the local economy. While many tour companies and travel agencies hold more standard sightseeing tours with jeeps of the affected areas, some programs provide more direct paths to donating to local charities and getting involved in the relief effort. For example, the Go Green Campaign encourages tourists to purchase small trees or seeds and plant them in local villages.

See also
Dark tourism
Katia and Maurice Krafft, volcanologists who actively sought out erupting volcanoes
War tourism

References

Adventure travel
Tourism
Types of tourism

Disaster tourism


The National Book Critics Circle Award is a group of literary prizes. Awards are given every year for six kinds of books: autobiography, biography, criticism, fiction, non-fiction, and poetry.

The National Book Critics Circle was started in 1974. The purpose of the group is to praise very good writing and to make "a national conversation about reading, criticism, and literature."

The members of the National Book Critics Circle are all professional book critics, people who read, think, and write about books for a living. They choose the winning books each year in the month of March. They also award an outstanding member of the group each year. Achievement awards are given "to individuals and literary institutions" for very good long-term work.

References

Other websites
The National Book Critics Circle

Literary awards

National Book Critics Circle Award


Aliciella caespitosa (syn. Gilia caespitosa) is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common names Rabbit Valley gilia and Wonderland Alice-flower. It is endemic to Utah, where it is known only from Wayne County.

This perennial herb has a thick basal clump of sticky leaves growing just a few centimeters tall. The flowers are scarlet to blue-purple in color, sometimes fading maroon or purple. Flowering occurs in June and July, and seeds are produced in July and August.

This species was collected in 1875 and not reported again for 90 years. There are about 6 populations spread across 40 sites, for a total of 15,000 to 25,000 individuals. All are within 90 square kilometers in one Utah county. The plant grows on the Navajo and Wingate Sandstones in sandy rock crevices, rocky slopes, and arroyos. The habitat is often pinyon-juniper woodland, sometimes with sagebrush or Ponderosa pine.

Threats to this species include poaching for the horticultural trade; however, most plants are located on inaccessible terrain. Widening of highways may be a threat. Sand and sandstone mining may be a threat.

References

External links
USDA Plants Profile

caespitosa
Flora of Utah
Wayne County, Utah

Aliciella caespitosa


Frying is cooking food in hot butter or vegetable oil or other fat. We can fry food in a small amount of fat in a pan or in a lot of oil in a pot. Some restaurants use deep frying to fry a large amount of food.

Cooking methods

Frying


Sand Patch Grade is an approximately  section of railroad track known for its steep grades and curves through the Allegheny Mountains of Pennsylvania and western Maryland. Dropping over  in about  and with grades as much as 2%, Sand Patch Grade is one of the steepest railroad grades on the East Coast.

Sand Patch Grade was originally built by the Pittsburgh & Connellsville Railroad (P&C) to connect Pittsburgh and Connellsville, Pennsylvania, with an extension authorized to Cumberland, Maryland, in 1853.  The extension required a crossing of the Allegheny Mountains via a 4,777-foot-long (1,456 m) tunnel, which was constructed between 1854 and 1871. At the time, this project was one of the longest tunnels in the United States. It was designed for two tracks but, due to difficult terrain and inconsistent geology, the plan was revised to one track. Work on the tunnel was beset with problems – embezzlement, contractor bankruptcy, the Civil War, and political battles – so that the tunnel was only worked on for 8 of the 17 years it was technically under construction. Ventilation in the tunnel was a problem; four vertical shafts had been bored during construction, and three were finished to provide air circulation. By 1900, sky-rocketing traffic on the line necessitated a tunnel with higher capacity.

A new  double-track tunnel on a shallower grade and improved alignment was constructed between 1911 and 1913. It has two concrete-lined vertical ventilation shafts to supply air. The original one-track tunnel was retained for a time after the two-track tunnel was completed, temporarily providing three tracks at that point on the line. The old tunnel was abandoned in 1917 and is now flooded and collapsed in places.

In 2001, the 'SA' Tower near the western portal of the tunnel was decommissioned and demolished.

The P&C eventually became the Pittsburgh Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O), which became a component of the Chessie System in 1972, then was merged into CSX in 1987. The line is now part of the Keystone Subdivision, an East-West main line operated by CSX Transportation. Passengers can ride over Sand Patch Grade on Amtrak's Chicago-Washington train, the bi-directional Capitol Limited.

Mance, Pennsylvania, in Northhampton Township along the Sand Patch Grade, is a popular spot for railfans and photographers due to the horseshoe curve located there, as well as the scenic backdrop provided by the old general store and tree farm and the mountains. The line is also popular as a place to watch the trains labor up the steep grade toward Connellsville.

See also
List of tunnels documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania

Further reading

 History of the Sand Patch Tunnel at Abandoned

References

CSX Transportation lines
Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
Rail infrastructure in Maryland
Rail infrastructure in Pennsylvania
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad lines

Sand Patch Grade


Vladimir Aleksandrovich Dzhanibekov (, born 13 May 1942) is a retired Soviet Air Force Major General and a cosmonaut veteran of five orbital missions.

Biography
Dzhanibekov was born Vladimir Aleksandrovich Krysin () in the remote area of Iskandar in what was then Bostanliq District, South Kazakhstan Region, Kazakh SSR (since 1956 – Tashkent Region, Uzbekistan) on 13 May 1942. His family moved to Tashkent soon after his birth.

In 1964 he married Liliya Munirovna Dzhanibekova, who was a descendant of Janibeg, medieval ruler of the Golden Horde. As her father had no sons, Dzhanibekov took his wife's family name in order to honour her ancestry and continue her line of descent, an unusual step for a husband in the Soviet Union.

In 1960 he entered Leningrad University to study physics, where he became involved in flying, something in which he had always been interested. In 1961 he decided to enroll in the V. M. Komarov Higher Military Flying School at Yeisk while simultaneously completing his degree in physics at the Taganrog campus of Rostov State University. Four years later he graduated and became a flying instructor in the Soviet Air Forces serving at military training unit number 99735 in Taganrog in 1968–1970. During the 1970 visit of Gherman Titov to the Taganrog-based Air Forces training unit he was selected into the cosmonaut training pool Air Force Group 5. He joined the Communist Party the same year.

Dzhanibekov served on five space missions: Soyuz 27/Soyuz 26 (launch/return), Soyuz 39, Soyuz T-6, Soyuz T-12, and Soyuz T-13. He accrued 145 days, 15 hours, and 56 minutes in space over these five missions. He had also performed two EVAs with the total time of 8 hours and 35 minutes. In 1985 he demonstrated stable and unstable rotation of a T-handle nut from the orbit, subsequently named the Dzhanibekov effect. The effect had been long known from the tennis racket theorem, which says that rotation about an object's intermediate principal axis is unstable while in free fall.

In 1985 he was promoted to the rank of major general. After retiring from the cosmonaut program in 1986, he became involved in politics. He was the Deputy to the Supreme Soviet of Uzbek SSR from 1985 until 1990. Also, he has taken up photography and painting, and his works, predominantly of space thematics, are owned by museums and private collectors.

Starting 1990, Dzhanibekov unsuccessfully attempted to circumnavigate the globe by balloon. He partnered with Larry Newman who envisioned flying a NASA-designed sky anchor balloon. This unique hourglass shaped design used a zero pressure helium balloon for buoyancy and a superpressure balloon for variable ballast. Manufactured by Raven Industries, the double balloon system together measured  tall.  A proof of concept flight, launched from Tillamook, Oregon on 8 September 1990, was crewed by Dzhanibekov, Newman, Tim Lachenmeier, and Don Moses. Moses replaced Richard Branson, who was unable to make it by the weather window departure time. The flight lasted for continuous 31 hours, spanning two nights, before landing at Omak, Washington, and confirmed the sky anchor balloon nominal performance. Dzhanibekov, Larry Newman, and Don Moses piloted the Earthwinds Hilton balloon which was primarily sponsored by Barron Hilton. In 1992 an attempt from Akron, Ohio did not launch due to strong winds.  The next attempt was a planned pre-dawn launch but was delayed for several hours by difficulties inflating both balloons.  Launching later than desired, on 13 January 1993 the Earthwinds liftoff from Reno Stead Airport flew for 30 minutes before crashing. The balloon could not penetrate a strong inversion layer and tore the ballast balloon on a mountain peak. The three crewmen survived the crash without injuries.  An additional flight on 31 December 1994 reached  when the ballast balloon failed. These sky anchor balloon failures prompted other circumnavigation attempts to switch to the Roziere balloon system instead.

The minor planet 3170 Dzhanibekov, discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1979, is named after him.

Honours and awards
 Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1978 and 1981)
 Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR
 Order of Friendship (Russian Federation)
 Five Orders of Lenin
 Order of the Red Star
 Order "For Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR" 3rd class
 Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration" (Russian Federation)
 Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
 Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
 Jubilee Medal "60 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
 Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Soviet Militia"
 Medals "For Impeccable Service" 1st, 2nd, and 3rd classes
 Kosmonavtlar metro station in Tashkent commemorates Uzbekistan's contribution to the Soviet space programme including that of Dzhanibekov
Foreign awards:
 Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic
 Commander of the Legion of Honour (France)
 Order of the Banner of the Hungarian People's Republic
 Order of Sukhbaatar (Mongolia)

He is an honorary citizen of Gagarin; Kaluga (Russia); Arkalyk (Kazakhstan); Baikonur (Kazakhstan); and Houston (United States).

See also
 Tennis racket theorem, or Dzhanibekov effect, a theorem in dynamics involving the stability of a rotating body with different moments of inertia along each axis.

References

External links

 http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?no=363760&rel_no=1
 http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/cosmonauts/english/dzhanibekov_vladimir.htm
 http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/StationsDOS/Salyut6Ex5.php
 http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/StationsDOS/Salyut6Ex1.php
 Encyclopedia Astronautica. Dzhanibekov, Vladimir Aleksandrovich.
 https://web.archive.org/web/20031025104649/http://www.balloonlife.com/publications/balloon_life/9711/rtwretro9711.htm
 https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/sci.space.news/R8h4oDuW1BQ/AsL0_ERagbwJ
 https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10531/leaving-earth-space-stations-rival-superpowers-and-the-quest-for

1942 births
Astronaut-politicians
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Living people
People from Tashkent Region
Recipients of the Order of the Red Star
Recipients of the Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration"
Soviet Air Force generals
Soviet major generals
Soviet politicians
Soviet cosmonauts
Salyut program cosmonauts
Spacewalkers

Vladimir Dzhanibekov