Christian Felix Klein (; 25 April 1849 – 22 June 1925) was a German mathematician and mathematics educator, known for his work with group theory, complex analysis, non-Euclidean geometry, and on the associations between geometry and group theory. His 1872 Erlangen program, classifying geometries by their basic symmetry groups, was an influential synthesis of much of the mathematics of the time.

Life

Felix Klein was born on 25 April 1849 in Düsseldorf, to Prussian parents. His father, Caspar Klein (1809–1889), was a Prussian government official's secretary stationed in the Rhine Province. His mother was Sophie Elise Klein (1819–1890, née Kayser). He attended the Gymnasium in Düsseldorf, then studied mathematics and physics at the University of Bonn, 1865–1866, intending to become a physicist. At that time, Julius Plücker had Bonn's professorship of mathematics and experimental physics, but by the time Klein became his assistant, in 1866, Plücker's interest was mainly geometry. Klein received his doctorate, supervised by Plücker, from the University of Bonn in 1868.

Plücker died in 1868, leaving his book concerning the basis of line geometry incomplete. Klein was the obvious person to complete the second part of Plücker's Neue Geometrie des Raumes, and thus became acquainted with Alfred Clebsch, who had relocated to Göttingen in 1868. Klein visited Clebsch the next year, along with visits to Berlin and Paris. In July 1870, at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War, he was in Paris and had to leave the country. For a brief time he served as a medical orderly in the Prussian army before being appointed lecturer at Göttingen in early 1871.

Erlangen appointed Klein professor in 1872, when he was only 23 years old. For this, he was endorsed by Clebsch, who regarded him as likely to become the best mathematician of his time. Klein did not wish to remain in Erlangen, where there were very few students, and was pleased to be offered a professorship at the Technische Hochschule München in 1875. There he and Alexander von Brill taught advanced courses to many excellent students, including Adolf Hurwitz, Walther von Dyck, Karl Rohn, Carl Runge, Max Planck, Luigi Bianchi, and Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro.

In 1875, Klein married Anne Hegel, granddaughter of the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.

After spending five years at the Technische Hochschule, Klein was appointed to a chair of geometry at Leipzig. There his colleagues included Walther von Dyck, Rohn, Eduard Study and Friedrich Engel. Klein's years at Leipzig, 1880 to 1886, fundamentally changed his life. In 1882, his health collapsed; in 1883–1884, he was afflicted with depression. Nevertheless, his research continued; his seminal work on hyperelliptic sigma functions, published between 1886 and 1888, dates from around this period.

Klein accepted a professorship at the University of Göttingen in 1886. From then on, until his 1913 retirement, he sought to re-establish Göttingen as the world's prime center for mathematics research. However, he never managed to transfer from Leipzig to Göttingen his own leading role as developer of geometry. He taught a variety of courses at Göttingen, mainly concerning the interface between mathematics and physics, in particular, mechanics and potential theory.

The research facility Klein established at Göttingen served as model for the best such facilities throughout the world. He introduced weekly discussion meetings, and created a mathematical reading room and library. In 1895, Klein recruited David Hilbert from the University of Königsberg. This appointment proved of great importance; Hilbert continued to enhance Göttingen's primacy in mathematics until his own retirement in 1932.

Under Klein's editorship, Mathematische Annalen became one of the best mathematical journals in the world. Founded by Clebsch, it grew under Klein's management, to rival,  and eventually surpass Crelle's Journal, based at the University of Berlin. Klein established a small team of editors who met regularly, making decisions in a democratic spirit. The journal first specialized in complex analysis, algebraic geometry, and invariant theory. It also provided an
important outlet for real analysis and the new group theory.

In 1893,  Klein was a major speaker at the International Mathematical Congress held in Chicago as part of the World's Columbian Exposition. Due partly to Klein's efforts, Göttingen began admitting women in 1893. He supervised the first Ph.D. thesis in mathematics written at Göttingen by a woman, by Grace Chisholm Young, an English student of Arthur Cayley's, whom Klein admired. In 1897, Klein became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Around 1900, Klein began to become interested in mathematical instruction in schools. In 1905, he was instrumental in formulating a plan recommending that analytic geometry, the rudiments of differential and integral calculus, and the function concept be taught in secondary schools. This recommendation was gradually implemented in many countries around the world. In 1908, Klein was elected president of the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction at the Rome International Congress of Mathematicians. Under his guidance, the German part of the Commission published many volumes on the teaching of mathematics at all levels in Germany.

The London Mathematical Society awarded Klein its De Morgan Medal in 1893. He was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1885, and was awarded its Copley Medal in 1912. He retired the following year due to ill health, but continued to teach mathematics at his home for several further years.

Klein was one of ninety-three signatories of the Manifesto of the Ninety-Three, a document penned in support of the German invasion of Belgium in the early stages of World War I.

He died in Göttingen in 1925.

Work
Klein's dissertation, on line geometry and its applications to mechanics, classified second degree line complexes using Weierstrass's theory of elementary divisors.

Klein's first important mathematical discoveries were made during 1870. In collaboration with Sophus Lie, he discovered the fundamental properties of the asymptotic lines on the Kummer surface. They later investigated W-curves, curves invariant under a group of projective transformations. It was Lie who introduced Klein to the concept of group, which was to have a major role in his later work. Klein also learned about groups from Camille Jordan.

Klein devised the "Klein bottle" named after him, a one-sided closed surface which cannot be embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space, but it may be immersed as a cylinder looped back through itself to join with its other end from the "inside". It may be embedded in the Euclidean space of dimensions 4 and higher. The concept of a Klein Bottle was devised as a 3-Dimensional Möbius strip, with one method of construction being the attachment of the edges of two Möbius strips.

During the 1890s, Klein began studying mathematical physics more intensively, writing on the gyroscope with Arnold Sommerfeld. During 1894, he initiated the idea of an encyclopedia of mathematics including its applications, which became the Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften. This enterprise, which endured until 1935, provided an important standard reference of enduring value.

Erlangen program

In 1871, while at Göttingen, Klein made major discoveries in geometry. He published two papers On the So-called Non-Euclidean Geometry showing that Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries could be considered metric spaces determined by a Cayley–Klein metric. This insight had the corollary that non-Euclidean geometry was consistent if and only if Euclidean geometry was, giving the same status to geometries Euclidean and non-Euclidean, and ending all controversy about non-Euclidean geometry. Arthur Cayley never accepted Klein's argument, believing it to be circular.

Klein's synthesis of geometry as the study of the properties of a space that is invariant under a given group of transformations, known as the Erlangen program (1872), profoundly influenced the evolution of mathematics. This program was initiated by Klein's inaugural lecture as professor at Erlangen, although it was not the actual speech he gave on the occasion. The program proposed a unified system of geometry that has become the accepted modern method. Klein showed how the essential properties of a given geometry could be represented by the group of transformations that preserve those properties. Thus the program's definition of geometry encompassed both Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry.

Currently, the significance of Klein's contributions to geometry is evident. They have become so much part of mathematical thinking that it is difficult to appreciate their novelty when first presented, and understand the fact that they were not immediately accepted by all his contemporaries.

Complex analysis
Klein saw his work on complex analysis as his major contribution to mathematics, specifically his work on:
The link between certain ideas of Riemann and invariant theory,
Number theory and abstract algebra;
Group theory;
Geometry in more than 3 dimensions and differential equations, especially equations he invented, satisfied by elliptic modular functions and automorphic functions.

Klein showed that the modular group moves the fundamental region of the complex plane so as to tessellate the plane. In 1879, he examined the action of PSL(2,7), considered as an image of the modular group, and obtained an explicit representation of a Riemann surface now termed the Klein quartic. He showed that it  was a complex curve in projective space, that its equation was x3y + y3z + z3x = 0, and that its group of symmetries was PSL(2,7) of order 168. His Ueber Riemann's Theorie der algebraischen Funktionen und ihre Integrale (1882) treats complex analysis in a geometric way, connecting potential theory and conformal mappings. This work drew on notions from fluid dynamics.

Klein considered equations of degree > 4, and was especially interested in using transcendental methods to solve the general equation of the fifth degree. Building on methods of Charles Hermite and Leopold Kronecker, he produced similar results to those of Brioschi and later completely solved the problem by means of the icosahedral group. This work enabled him to write a series of papers on elliptic modular functions.

In his 1884 book on the icosahedron, Klein established a theory of automorphic functions, associating algebra and geometry. Poincaré had published an outline of his theory of automorphic functions in 1881, which resulted in a friendly rivalry between the two men. Both sought to state and prove a grand uniformization theorem that would establish the new theory more completely. Klein succeeded in formulating such a theorem and in describing a strategy for proving it. He came up with his proof during an asthma attack at 2:30 A.M. on March 23, 1882.

Klein summarized his work on automorphic and elliptic modular functions in a four volume treatise, written with Robert Fricke over a period of about 20 years.

Selected works
 1882: Über Riemann's Theorie der Algebraischen Functionen und ihre Integrale
 , also available from Cornell
 1884:Vorlesungen über das Ikosaeder und die Auflösung der Gleichungen vom 5ten Grade
 English translation by G. G. Morrice (1888) Lectures on the Ikosahedron; and the Solution of Equations of the Fifth Degree via Internet Archive
 1886: Über hyperelliptische Sigmafunktionen Erster Aufsatz p. 323–356, Mathematische Annalen Bd. 27,
 1888: Über hyperelliptische Sigmafunktionen Zweiter Aufsatz p. 357–387, Math. Annalen, Bd. 32,
 1890: (with Robert Fricke) Vorlesungen über die Theorie der elliptischen Modulfunktionen (2 volumes) and 1892)
 1894: Über die hypergeometrische Funktion
 1894: Über lineare Differentialgleichungen der 2. Ordnung
 1894: Evanston Colloquium (1893) reported and published by Ziwet (New York, 1894)

 1895: Vorträge über ausgewählte Fragen der Elementargeometrie
 1897: English translation by W. W. Beman and D. E. Smith Famous Problems of Elementary Geometry via Internet Archive
 1897: (with Arnold Sommerfeld) Theorie des Kreisels (later volumes: 1898, 1903, 1910)
  Zweiter Band. 1901.
 1897: Mathematical Theory of the Top (Princeton address, New York)
 1901:

 1908: Elementarmathematik vom höheren Standpunkte aus (Leipzig)
 1926: Vorlesungen über die Entwicklung der Mathematik im 19. Jahrhundert (2 Bände), Julius Springer Verlag, Berlin & 1927. S. Felix Klein Vorlesungen über die Entwicklung der Mathematik im 19. Jahrhundert
 1928: Vorlesungen über nichteuklidische Geometrie, Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften, Springer Verlag
 1933: Vorlesungen über die hypergeometrische Funktion, Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften, Springer Verlag

Bibliography
1887. "The arithmetizing of mathematics" in Ewald, William B., ed., 1996. From Kant to Hilbert: A Source Book in the Foundations of Mathematics, 2 vols. Oxford Uni. Press: 965–71.
1921. "Felix Klein gesammelte mathematische Abhandlungen" R. Fricke and A. Ostrowski (eds.) Berlin, Springer. 3 volumes. (online copy  at  GDZ)
 1890. "Nicht-Euklidische Geometrie"

See also
 Dianalytic manifold
 j-invariant
 Line complex
 Grünbaum–Rigby configuration
 Homomorphism
 Ping-pong lemma
 Prime form
 W-curve
 Uniformization theorem
 Felix Klein Protocols
 List of things named after Felix Klein

References

Further reading
 David Mumford, Caroline Series, and David Wright Indra's Pearls: The Vision of Felix Klein. Cambridge Univ. Press. 2002.
 Tobies, Renate (with Fritz König) Felix Klein. Teubner Verlag, Leipzig 1981.
 Rowe, David  "Felix Klein, David Hilbert, and the Göttingen Mathematical Tradition", in Science in Germany: The Intersection of Institutional and Intellectual Issues, Kathryn Olesko, ed., Osiris, 5 (1989), 186–213.
 Federigo Enriques (1921) L'oeuvre mathematique de Klein in Scientia.

External links

 Felix Klein, Klein Protokolle
 Felix Klein (Encyclopædia Britannica)
 F. Klein, "On the theory of line complexes of first and second order"
 F. Klein, "On line geometry and metric geometry"
F. Klein, "On the transformation of the general second-degree equation in line coordinates into canonical coordinates"

1849 births
1925 deaths
Scientists from Düsseldorf
19th-century German mathematicians
20th-century German mathematicians
Differential geometers
Hyperbolic geometers
German military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War
Group theorists
Members of the Prussian House of Lords
People from the Rhine Province
Recipients of the Copley Medal
University of Bonn alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
Academic staff of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
Academic staff of the Technical University of Munich
Academic staff of Leipzig University
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
De Morgan Medallists
Prussian Army personnel
Scientists from North Rhine-Westphalia

Felix Klein


Christian Julius Hansen (born 6 May 1814 in Christianshavn – d. 15 March 1875 in Copenhagen) was a Danish composer, organist, voice teacher and choirmaster. He studied with Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann; his works include songs, choral and orchestral pieces as well as light operas. In several of his song compositions Hansen revealed an uncommon sense of choral movement and considerable melodic vein, sometimes used fresh and cheerfully, sometimes on a quiet, slightly melancholic way.

Life
Christian Hansen was born to stonemason Nicholas Hansen (1775–1834) and his second wife Frederikke Christine, née Hess (1775–1850).
He was admitted to the Giuseppe Siboni Conservatory when he was 11 years old, but soon had to focus his attention on composition because his beautiful voice began to change. He was encouraged by both J.P.E. Hartmann and Christoph Ernst Friedrich Weyse, to whom he dedicated his first printed work Six Romances written in 1835. In 1840 he took part in the Musikforeningen's overture competition in Copenhagen, where Gade won first prize with his Echoes of Ossian. Hansen's Overture in E major received "honorable mention". It was performed by the Music Society on 6 April 1842 and posthumously published by the Society.

On 30 December 1836 in Gjentofte he married Marie Emilie Augusta Bugge (d. 1882) and therefore had to work for his living as music teacher, until 1845 when he was appointed organist at the Garrison Church in Copenhagen, position which he exchanged in 1851. Official duties and his gregarious nature hindered him to proceed to larger compositional forms, particularly the opera which he was very fond of. Early on, he had been associated with various choral societies as conductor (Livjægersang Association, Odeon, later Commercial and Clerical Choral Society and others), when Hartmann in 1848 got him appointed med-dirigent at the Student Choral Society for which he had great significance, being a regular conductor from 1853 until his death. In 1852 he was appointed royal chamber musician and given the affectionate nickname of Kammermusikken by his student singers. He fell good in the student's world with his jovial and genial nature, contributing as much as he could to the friendly atmosphere in the campus. King Frederick VII of Denmark appreciated the work of Christian Hansen, who traveled much at court.

Compositions
A substantial part of Hansen's compositions were written in connection with the academic life. He composed and arranged music for Jens Christian Hostrup's comedies; for the students carnival formulas he composed the funny parodie-operetta Leonora di Massa Carrara in  1855, King Rosmer in 1857, La massacrata and A sunday in the Alps or The watermill in the Apennines in 1874, in which his musical sense of humor showed great creativity. Also several of his songs were written for the Student Choral Society, like He swinged on the Sea in 1835, Beautiful sound and Now green woods again, both in 1847, Little Karen and Do you remember the harvest in 1853.

His compositions are not at all witnesses of his considerable talent which has not yet been fully considered of merit by posterity. His larger compositions are the arms song of The corsair and his bride written in 1862, his Mourning Cantate of Frederik VII  written over Christian Richardt's Long was the struggle and strive text, In distress and danger, At the Masonic Logens Consecration, and One day in spring for solo, chorus and orchestra, performed at the Music Society after his death. Hansen also wrote romances, piano music and music for Carit Etlar's Rørfuglen, performed on 29 March 1860 at the Folksteatret. In his manuscript, found in the Royal Danish Library, some of his piano pieces were dedicated to Frederik VII, such as Bagatelle en forme d'une valse, and Charakteristic Little Pieces Composed for Her grace Madam Baroness Danner.

Notable works
Seks romancer (1835)
Ouverture i c-mol (ca. 1836)
Ouverture i E-dur (1839)
musik til C. Hostrups studenterkomedier
Leonora di Massa Carrara (operetteparodi 1855)
Kong Rosmer (operetteparodi 1857)
En Søndag paa Alperne (operetteparodi)
Vandmøllen i Apenninerne (operetteparodi 1874)
Han gynged paa Havet (1835)
Dejlige Øresund (1847)
Nu grønnes Skoven atter (1847)
Husker du i Høst (1853)
Rørfuglen (syngespil 1860)
Sørgekantate over Frederik 7. (1863)
Bagatelle en forme d'une valse (piano)
Charakteristiske Smaaestykker componerede for Hendes Naade Fru Baronesse Danner
I Nød og Fare (1864)
En Vaardag

See also
List of Danish composers

References

Bibliography
C. Thrane: Preface to Hansen's Concert Overture (1875).
A. Sorensen: Students Choral Society. 1839-1889 (1889).
Otto Zinck: Of my students and Theater Life (1906)
Victor Hansen: A Danish Naval Officer. Rear Admiral V. Hansen's Memories (1927)
N. M. Jensen: The Danish Intrigue (1964).
Kai Aage Bruun: History of Danish II (1969) 145 18 Music Manuscript, in the Royal Library.

External links
To Engle små os følge, hvor vi gå (Menneskets Engle) score nr. 281 available at The Danish National Digital Sheet Music Archive
 melody by C. J. Hansen over Bernhard Severin Ingemann's (1789–1862) Small Poems and Journey Memories (1832)  on YouTube

Male composers
1814 births
1875 deaths
Musicians from Copenhagen
19th-century Danish composers
19th-century male musicians

Christian Julius Hansen


Joy Browne (born Joy Oppenheim; October 24, 1944—August 27, 2016), also known as Dr. Joy,  was an American talk show host, specializing in advice counselling. She hosted a nationally syndicated call-in talk show for several decades, heard on numerous radio stations in the U.S. and Canada.

Early life
Browne was born Joy Oppenheim in New Orleans, Louisiana, the oldest of five children born to Nelson Oppenheim, a life insurance salesman, and Ruth Strauss, a teacher. Browne spent much of her childhood in Denver, Colorado and graduated from Rice University in Houston, Texas with a bachelor's degree in behavioral science.

Career
Browne did her graduate work at Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts, earning an M.A. and Ph.D. in psychology.  She was a licensed clinical psychologist who was first on the air in Boston at WITS, where she hosted a program called Up Close and Personal in the late 1970s.  She later hosted call-in shows on radio stations in San Francisco and New York City.

Her syndicated show was one of the longest-running call-in therapy shows in the United States.  Browne took a no-nonsense approach to callers, trying to zero in on a problem without getting caught up in a caller's long stories or digressions. Browne was also known for her "one-year rule", which states that people who have lost a spouse or long-time partner due to break-up, death, or divorce should wait at a minimum one year before resuming romantic relationships.

Dr. Joy was also known for her advice to act "stupid and cheerful" when dealing with difficult people. She also half-jokingly suggested that people wait until they are 40 or 45 years old before having sex, due to the emotional nakedness involved, in addition to the physical.

Dr. Browne hosted a TV show on the Discovery Health cable channel in 2005 which was a live one-hour simulcast of her weekday show on WOR. She previously hosted a King World-Eyemark weekday syndicated TV advice talk show in 1999 for one year.

She wrote numerous books on life and dating, including It's A Jungle Out There Jane, Dating for Dummies, The Nine Fantasies That Will Ruin Your Life, Capitalizing on Incompetence,  Getting Unstuck, and Dating Disasters.

On September 30, 2010, Dr. Browne joined the cast of the off-Broadway play My Big Gay Italian Wedding for three performances.

Browne was often called the antonym to radio advice host Laura Schlessinger, and has inspired a legion of radio hosts.

Browne's call-in therapy show was heard for two decades at 710 WOR in New York and was syndicated to other cities via the WOR Radio Network. She was released by WOR on December 20, 2012, after iHeartMedia bought the station and brought in its own network hosts. Bumper music for the show was often the bass line from the Nick Lowe song "Cracking Up."

Beginning in January 2013, Dr. Joy was heard on Radio America from Noon-3p.m. ET on weekdays. On September 8, 2014, she switched to the Genesis Communications Network (GCN), continuing her syndicated radio show in the same time slot.

Personal life and death
Browne was married once (to Carter Browne, whom she divorced, although she kept her married name professionally) and had a daughter.  Browne died suddenly in Manhattan on Saturday, August 27, 2016, aged 71.

References

External links
 Official Website
 Dr. Joy's radio home

American women psychologists
20th-century American psychologists
American talk radio hosts
American television talk show hosts
American radio DJs
American women radio hosts
Rice University alumni
Northeastern University alumni
Place of birth missing
1944 births
2016 deaths
21st-century American women

Joy Browne


Greensboro College is a private college in Greensboro, North Carolina.  It is affiliated with the United Methodist Church and was founded in 1838 by Rev. Peter Doub. The college enrolls about 1,000 students from 32 states, the District of Columbia, and 29 countries.

History

The first college to open its doors within the town of Greensboro was the woman's college, Greensboro Female College. The school occupied a  campus near the heart of the city within what would become the College Hill Historic District. The institution had its origin in 1833, when the Greensboro Female College was organized as an institution for local children. It was the intent of the Rev. Peter Doub that the institution grow to serve women.

Through the Methodist Church, a charter was secured in 1838, an event which makes the college one of the oldest institutions of higher education for women in the United States. The cornerstone of the first building was laid in 1843, and in 1846 the institution opened its doors to students. Young women came from many southern states to become the first classes of the new president, the Rev. Solomon Lea, and his faculty.

In 1912, the school changed its name for the first time, becoming the Greensboro College for Women. The following year, the newly-renamed college granted its first bachelors degrees.

Not long after, in 1919, the school shortened its title to its current moniker, Greensboro College. The college would not become coeducational, however, until 1954. In 1968, Greensboro formed a consortium of local colleges—the Greensboro Tri-College Consortium—with Guilford College and Bennett College. Other later partnerships would be added with Elon College and Salem College.

Campus

Located in the College Hill Historic District of Greensboro, North Carolina, the college's properties include several buildings of interest. Most are red-brick buildings built in a neoclassical revival or colonial styles. However, the most historic buildings are located around the campus quadrangle.

The oldest building and the administrative center of Greensboro College is the Main Building, housing the offices of the president, senior administrative officers, and important departments. The building also hosts the Brock Historical Museum, which displays artifacts relating to the history of the college as well as its relationship with the United Methodist Church.

The Finch Memorial Chapel was built in 1954 and is the worshiping heart of the college community. It is named after Hannah Brown Finch, an 1885 graduate and wife of Thomas J. Finch, the latter of whom was involved with Thomasville Furniture Industries and politics. Chapel services are held every Thursday.

The J.A. Jones Library is the bibliographic heart of the college community. Named after James Addison Jones, it houses the college's library collections. The building is also home to the Levy-Loewenstein Holocaust Collection, the First Citizens Bank Global Communications Center, and the Sternberger Cultural Center, the latter of which includes a 100-seat lecture hall.

The Cowan Humanities Building houses the offices of the Art and English/Communications, as well as a large lecture hall and several art galleries, including the Anne Rudd Gaylon Gallery, the Irene Cullis Gallery, and the LIFT Gallery. The building is also home to Middle College.

The Odell Memorial Building houses the offices of the performing arts departments, such as Theater and Music, and the 787-seat Huggins Performance Center. The building was built in 1922, but renovated in 1997 after a substantial donation from business leader Kenneth Lenon Huggins. The performance center is named after Huggins' wife, Gail.

Proctor Hall houses the offices of most academic departments while also containing classrooms and seminar rooms of various sizes. It consists of two buildings, an east and a west building. The Proctor Hall – East houses science laboratories and the offices of the Biology, Chemistry, Business, and Accounting Departments. Proctor Hall – West is where offices of other departments, such as the humanities and social sciences, are located. The Hall, first built in 1950, was named after Fred and Myrtle Proctor. The Proctors donated the funds necessary to renovate and update the halls in 1998.

Academics

Academic programs are organized across five different schools, the School of Arts, the School of Business, the School of Humanities, the School of Science and Mathematics, and the School of Social Sciences and Education. Greensboro College offers four undergraduate degrees – Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Business Administration, Bachelor of Music, and Bachelor of Science – across 35 undergraduate majors and 26 minors. The academic calendar consists of two semesters and a summer-school session. Full-time undergraduates must carry a minimum academic load of 12 credit hours per semester.

Additionally, the college offers five Master of Arts degrees, four in education and one in theology, ethics, and culture.

Honors program and academic honor societies
The George Center for Honors Studies welcomes accepted students whose high school GPA is at least 3.65 and whose SAT score is at least 1240 or ACT Composite score is at least 26. They are interviewed prior to being determined for suitability for the program. Honors students are privy to certain courses that are team-taught by two professors and must complete a thesis to graduate. The student committee of the program also organizes extracurricular activities and outings for Honors students. The Honors Program is housed in the Honors House, just north of the Cowan Humanities Building.

Greensboro College also has local chapters of the following national honor societies:
 Alpha Chi, a national honor society recognizing superior academic achievement
 Alpha Kappa Delta, national sociology honor society
 Beta Beta Beta, national biology honor society
 Delta Mu Delta, international business honor society
 Kappa Delta Pi, international education honor society
 Phi Alpha Theta, national history honor society
 Pi Delta Phi, international French honor society
 Pi Sigma Alpha, national political science honor society
 Psi Chi, national psychology honor society
 Sigma Delta Pi, national Spanish honor society
 Sigma Tau Delta, international English honor society
 Theta Alpha Kappa, national religion honor society

Athletics

The Pride's athletic program competes in the NCAA's Division III and the USA South Athletic Conference. It offers 17 intercollegiate sports.  Men's sports include baseball, basketball, football, golf, lacrosse, soccer, swimming, wrestling and tennis. Women's sports include basketball, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis and volleyball.

The men's golf team has twice won the Division III national championship, in 2000 and 2011.

The men's soccer team was NCAA Division III runner-up in 1989 when they lost 2–0 to Elizabethtown College. Women's soccer saw one of their own players, Mercedes Bauzá, chosen to play for the Puerto Rico women's national football team in 2018.

As of the beginning of the 2011–2012 school year, 77 Pride student-athletes had been named All-Americans and 26 had been named Academic All-Americans.

Middle College

Greensboro College Middle College (GMC) is a high school program on the campus of Greensboro College located in Greensboro, North Carolina. It schools the 11th and 12th grades, and allows students to finish their high school career while earning college credit. GMC's main focus is to provide a more flexible learning environment for students previously unsuccessful or dissatisfied with traditional high school.

Notable alumni
 Sallie Southall Cotten 1863, writer and clubwoman
 Eileen Fulton '55, soap opera and Broadway actress
 Carolyn Maloney '68, former U.S. Representative (D-NY) who served from 1993–2023. Also served as chairwoman of the United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform
 Ryan Nelsen, professional soccer player and coach (attended)
 Sarah Dessen, novelist (attended)
 R. Carter Pate '76, chairman of the board of Red Lion Hotels Corporation and former CEO of MV Transportation
 Frederick A. Davie, '78, executive vice president at Union Theological Seminary and chairman of the New York City Civilian Complaint Review Board
 Stephanie Paulsell '85, Susan Shallcross Swartz Professor of the Practice of Christian Studies at Harvard Divinity School and interim Pusey Minister of the Memorial Church of Harvard University
 Dr. Jeremy Kinney '94, curator, Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
 Heather Macy '00, basketball coach
 Jon Hardister '06, North Carolina House of Representatives Majority Whip
 Mercedes Bauzá '19, soccer player for Puerto Rico Sol FC and the Puerto Rico women's national football team
Sarah Lowe Twiggs (1839–1920), poet

Gallery

Notes

External links

 Official website
 Official athletics website
 Greensboro College student yearbooks on DigitalNC.org

Former women's universities and colleges in the United States
Private universities and colleges in North Carolina
Universities and colleges in Greensboro, North Carolina
Educational institutions established in 1838
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
1838 establishments in North Carolina

Greensboro College


The speckled tanager (Ixothraupis guttata) is a medium-sized passerine bird. It is a resident breeder in Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname and the extreme north of Brazil. There are also sight records from French Guiana.

It is probably a close relative of the spotted tanager (I. punctata) which replaces it to the south. These two species are generally presumably to be fully allopatric, but may actually be parapatric: in 1998 a speckled tanager was found in the Serranía de los Churumbelos (Colombia), just about  north of where spotted tanagers are known to occur.

Adult speckled tanagers are  long and weigh . The upperparts are green with black spotting, and the face is yellow with a black line from the eye to the gape. The wings and tail are black edged with green, and the underparts are white spotted with black. The sexes are similar. The speckled tanager's flight call is a weak metallic chirping tsip.

The Trinidadian subspecies I. g. trinitatis has brighter and more extensive yellow on the head, and the black spotting is more conspicuous.

Ixothraupis guttata is more of a subtropical species than its relative and occurs in humid montane and secondary forest, with generally not very tall trees and a dense understory. Speckled tanagers are social birds which eat mainly fruit and some insects. They are often seen with bay-headed tanagers and honeycreepers.

The small cup nest is built in a tree and the normal clutch is two brown-blotched white eggs. The female incubates the eggs for 13 days to hatching, with another 15 days before the chicks fledge.

Footnotes

References
 ffrench, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton & Eckelberry, Don R. (1991): A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, N.Y.
 Hilty, Steven L. (2003): Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London.
 Salaman, Paul G. W.; Stiles, F. Gary; Bohórquez, Clara Isabel; Álvarez-R., Mauricio; Umaña, Ana María; Donegan, Thomas M. & Cuervo, Andrés M. (2002): New and noteworthy bird records from the east slope of the Andes of Colombia. Caldasia 24 (1): 157–189. PDF fulltext

Further reading

speckled tanager
Birds of the Talamancan montane forests
Birds of Panama
Birds of Colombia
Birds of Venezuela
Birds of the Venezuelan Coastal Range
Birds of Trinidad and Tobago
speckled tanager
speckled tanager
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN

Speckled tanager


The Thomas P. Ives House is a National Historic Landmark at 66 Power Street in the College Hill in Providence, Rhode Island. Built in 1803–06, this brick house is an extremely well-preserved and little-altered example of Adamesque-Federal style. The house was built by Caleb Ormsbee, a Providence master builder, for Thomas Poynton Ives, a wealthy merchant. Although two of its principal chambers were redecorated in the 1870s, these alterations were reversed in the 1950s. The house was in Ives family hands for more than 150 years. It was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 30, 1970.

Description
The Ives House is a -story brick structure, with a hip roof surrounded by a low balustrade. The front facade and sides are laid in Flemish bond, while the back wall is laid in American bond. The front is five bays wide, with a single-story circular porch (an 1884 addition) sheltering the centered entry. The doorway is flanked by sidelight windows and topped by an elliptical fanlight. On the right side of the house is a projecting bay, which originally was a single story but now rises the full three stories. The main roof cornice is modillioned.

The first floor of the interior is a grand and imposing presence. The central hallway is ten feet wide, with rooms on either side and a stairway that spirals upward. The main parlor is to the right, with an oval library in the center, and a smoking room at the back. On the left is the dining room, with a pantry and kitchen behind. The public rooms are decorated in delicate Adamesque woodwork, with the parlor and dining room also featuring particularly elaborate plaster decoration.

History

Thomas Poynton Ives (1759–1835) was a wealthy merchant, who received his training in the counting house of Nicholas Brown Sr., married Brown's daughter Hope, and in 1796 formed the partnership of Brown & Ives with Nicholas Brown Jr., for whom Brown University is named. Ives hired Caleb Ormsbee to build this house, which was built between 1803 and 1806. The house remained in the hands of the Ives family until 1910. At that time it was sold to Brown University, retaining a lifetime occupancy right for owners.

The house underwent a number of relatively modest alterations. Gas lighting and central heat were added in 1848, and French doors were added to the library in 1910. The most significant ones occurred in the 1870s, when the dining room and library were redecorated in the Colonial Revival style. This work was removed in 1954, replaced by Federal styling more in keeping with the rest of the house. A period fireplace mantel from Philadelphia was installed in the dining room as part of this work.

The house was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970; it was included as a contributing property to the expansive College Hill Historic District, a National Historic Landmark District encompassing the original colonial center of Providence.

Gallery

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Rhode Island
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Providence, Rhode Island

References

External links

National Historic Landmarks in Rhode Island
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Houses completed in 1806
Houses in Providence, Rhode Island
Historic American Buildings Survey in Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Providence, Rhode Island
Historic district contributing properties in Rhode Island

Thomas P. Ives House


Genildo Ferreira de França (1970 - 1997), known as Neguinho de Zé Ferreira, was a Brazilian spree killer who killed 14 people in and around Santo Antônio do Potengi, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil on May 21 and May 22, 1997. He was eventually cornered by police and committed suicide by shooting himself in the chest.

Life
Ferreira was born in Santo Antônio dos Barreiros (now Santo Antônio do Potengi) and served in the 7th Battalion of Combat Engineers (7o Batalhão de Engenharia de Combate) in Natal until January 1990, where he developed an affinity to weapons and was considered an excellent marksman. He owned a grocery store, was married twice and had three children.

According to his friends Ferreira was a man of unpredictable behaviour, who had sudden outbursts of anger, during which he would utter death threats. In 1995 he witnessed his son Iuri being run over and killed by a taxi, after which he was said to have changed for the worse. The driver of the taxi was never punished for the accident.

In September 1995 Ferreira and his wife Mônica separated for a month and she moved in with her aunt Maria das Dores Barbalho. According to Barbalho, Mônica told her family that she had decided to leave Ferreira, and to force the separation she invented the story that he was a homosexual, claiming that she had caught him in flagrante in bed with Edilson Carlos do Nascimento. The rumor spread rapidly in Santo Antônio do Potengi and people, especially his father-in-law Baltazar Jorge de Sá, began talking behind his back about his alleged homosexuality. Ferreira never forgave his wife that she had spread the rumor, and frequently threatened her and her family with murder ever since, whenever they had an argument.

According to his brother Genilson, Ferreira stated that after losing his son and his honor of being a man he had nothing to lose. He also related that Ferreira had called a funeral parlour in October 1995 and ordered a coffin for his own funeral, which was never delivered, and also invited some of his friends to dig his grave. When they arrived at his home, they believed he was joking and called police, who then searched his home and seized two handguns and two hundred rounds of ammunition. Ferreira ordered another coffin in February 1997, telling the undertaker he was going to commit suicide, and began laughing when it arrived.

For four years Ferreira ran a bar, which he named "Iuri's bar" after his son's death, and was his main source of income, but when it got a reputation of being a haven for homosexuals, his customers began to stay away and it eventually went bankrupt two months prior to the shooting. According to police the tavern was a hang-out for drug addicts, where Ferreira, who himself smoked marijuana, dealt with drugs. After closing down, Ferreira sold a freezer and other equipment of his bar, using the money to buy arms. When questioned about the sale by a neighbour he replied that he needed the money to make a trip with some friends.

According to his wife's aunt, Ferreira had an altercation with his wife one month prior to shooting, after which she stayed with her parents. During the night Ferreira came to their home, and woke them by yelling that he would kill the whole family, if his wife would not return home. One week later Ferreira told his wife that he was preparing a trip, wishing that he could take her and her whole family with him. About five days prior to the shooting Ferreira told a neighbour that his detractors and debtors would soon get their reward.

Ferreira's mother Maria related that in the days prior to the shooting he appeared very agitated and restless. Reliving the trauma of his son's death, he became even more upset when he found out the name of the taxi driver responsible for the accident, and constantly talked about taking revenge, of which she tried to dissuade him.

Shooting
According to his friend Francisco de Assis Ramos dos Santos, 27-year-old Ferreira had planned the murders for over a year and in the days prior to the shooting had scouted the area for a place to which he wanted to lure his victims. Ferreira also explained his plan to his lover, 16-year-old Valdenice Ribeiro da Silva, about two weeks before the massacre, telling her that he would drive around the city to kill everyone who owed him something, and that he would take her hostage, so she could tell what had happened. Da Silva later said that she did not tell anyone of the plan, because Ferreira had threatened to kill her, if she did. According to da Silva, Ferreira wanted to escape to Coqueiros district after the shooting to watch the repercussions of his crimes on TV, saying: "We are going to be famous; we will appear throughout the country!" ("Nós vamos ser famosos, vamos aparecer no país todo.") He also hoped to be interviewed by Josimar Gomes da Silva, host of a programme named "Patrulha Policial" that aired on TV Ponta Negra, where he wanted to explain that he was not gay.

Ferreira had a list of about 20 people he wanted to kill, either because they owed him money, or for spreading rumors that he was a homosexual. During his rampage he wore a camouflage vest and was armed with a semi-automatic pistol with two 15-round magazines, as well as a .38-caliber revolver with suppressor, both manufactured by Taurus, and had with him five boxes of ammunition with a total of 250 rounds, a hunting knife and a nylon bag. During five of the murders Ferreira was assisted by 22-year-old dos Santos, who was holding his victims' hands to their back.

May 21
The shooting started on May 21 some time between 16:00 and 18:00 in a remote area near São Gonçalo do Amarante, where Ferreira killed taxi driver Francisco Marques Carneiro, who was dating his ex-wife and made comments about him being a homosexual, with a shot to the forehead. After putting the body in the trunk of the Fiat Palio, Ferreira drove to his friend Francisco de Assis Ramos dos Santos, where he arrived around 18:00, inviting him, as well as Valdenice Ribeiro da Silva to join him for a ride. Questioned after the murders why they had helped Ferreira and did not seize one of their multiple opportunities to flee, dos Santos and da Silva stated that they were intimidated by the gunman, who threatened to kill them and their families if they tried to escape.

Together they drove to the home of Elias dos Anjos Pimenta in Santo Antônio do Potengi, arriving there at about 19:30. After Pimenta, who owed Ferreira R$10, had joined the trio they drove to Ferreira's father-in-law, Baltazar Jorge de Sá, whom they asked to help with the delivery of a cow. At a coppice Ferreira ordered his father-in-law and Pimenta to kneel down and shot them dead.

Ferreira and his two companions subsequently drove to the house of Manoel Brito Marcolino, a farmer with whom Ferreria previously had an argument, in which he demanded that Marcolino should stop spreading rumors about his manhood. They arrived there at approximately 20:30 and asked him to help them buy a shotgun. João Maria Silva de Lima, who was visiting Marcolino, offered to join them. Ferreira eventually killed them both for spreading rumors he was a homosexual.

The trio then drove back to Santo Antônio do Potengi and at about 21:00 invited Edilson Carlos do Nascimento to a party. Before shooting Nascimento, Ferreira allegedly yelled: "Now I want to see you saying that you screwed me." (Quero ver agora você dizer por aí que me comeu.) The bodies of Marcolino, de Lima, and Nascimento were later found together in a thicket near Guajiru, a hamlet 2 km from Santo Antônio do Potengi, all of them killed with shots to the head and chest. According to dos Santos and da Silva, Ferreira laughed frantically while killing them, and asked God for forgiveness afterwards.

At about 21:30 Ferreira dumped dos Santos in the city, while he himself, together with da Silva, made his way to his own home, where he arrived between 21:30 and 23:00. There he approached his wife Monica, who was chatting with her brother Erasmo Fidelis de Sá, and shot at her four times, hitting her thrice. Ferreira told de Sá to leave, since he had nothing against him, and then dictated a letter to da Silva, which he left with his wife's body. Afterwards the couple took Ferreira's 8-month-old son Mateus and took him to his cousin Maria dos Anjos F. de Souza, telling her that his wife was sick.

During the night Ferreira was said to have searched for William Duarte Nobre Junior, going to his house three times, but due to a breakdown of his truck Nobre did not return home that night. He also visited several members of his family to say goodbye, and told his younger sister Hosana that he was on a mission.

May 22
The next day, at about 6:00, the couple arrived at the home of Ferreira's parents, José Ferreira and Maria do Carmo. Ferreira took them to the backyard of their house, pointed his weapons at them, and threatened them with murder. Upon his brother Genilson's question why he wanted to kill them, Ferreira replied that he didn't want his family to suffer for what he was doing, though before he was able to put his intentions into practice military police sergeant Francisco de Assis Bezerra and soldier Ilton de Lima Ciríaco, who were searching for the gunman, arrived at the scene. Ferreira fired shots at them, fatally hitting Bezerra twice in the head, and wounding Ciríaco in the shoulder.

Ferreira, apparently abandoning his plan to kill his parents, returned to the home of his father-in-law, where he and da Silva arrived at 6:30, to search for de Sá's two daughters, who were already at school at that time. After killing his mother-in-law Tereza Carlos Ribeiro, Ferreira drove to the house of his ex-wife Maria Valdete Rafael da Costa, just 200m away, and killed her, as well as her mother Francisca Neide Rafael da Costa, when she tried to help her. He then took his 5-year-old daughter Nayara (or Gislaine according to other sources) and walked back to his own home, leaving the car behind.

Ferreira and da Silva arrived at their destination at 6:45, and while they were searching the neighbourhood for a man named Aruanã, whom Ferreira also suspected of spreading rumours about his alleged homosexuality, they came across his neighbour Flávio Silva de Oliveira, who was a mute and asleep. Ferreira killed Oliveira, allegedly because he had once made hand gestures indicating that Ferreira had a sexual preference for men, and also shot dead truck driver Fernando Correia de Souza in front of the house.

At 7:30 Antônio Josemberg Campelo, a messenger of Telern who had earlier witnessed the murder of sergeant Bezerra and also cast doubt on Ferreira's sexuality, was killed by Ferreira in the street with seven shots. By that time Ferreira was chased by about 120 police officers, who were continuing to close in on him. He escaped police by hiding in a school and several homes, whose inhabitants he threatened with murder, until 12:10 when he was finally surrounded in a banana plantation near a ceramic tile factory just 2 km from his home. After letting da Silva and his daughter go, Ferreira shot himself in the chest with his revolver and engaged in a shootout with police, until he would die of his self-inflicted wound. Police afterward fired shots at his head until it was unrecognizable. Besides his guns he still had 104 rounds of unspent ammunition and the knife in his possession.

Victims

Suicide note

Aftermath
Valdenice Ribeiro da Silva was arrested immediately after the shooting, being suspected of having been an accomplice of Ferreira. According to her statement she and Ferreira had smoked marijuana before and during the massacre. On the following day Francisco de Assis Ramos dos Santos was also arrested by police under the accusation of having helped Ferreira with the murder of five people.

On May 23 Ferreira was buried in the absence of his family at the Bom Pastor cemetery in Natal, while the burial of ten of his victims the same day in São Gonçalo do Amarante was attended by about 3000 people and under the presence of police to prevent a turmoil.

Legacy
Sangue do Barro, a documentary by Mary Land Brito and Fabio DeSilva about Ferreira's crime, was released in 2009.

See also
 List of rampage killers in the Americas

References

External links
Atirador mata 20 pessoas no, an.com (May 23, 1997)
Memórias de Sangue, Diário de Natal (May 20, 2007) (pdf-file)
Memórias de Sangue (continuation), Diário de Natal (May 20, 2007) (pdf-file)
Ex-atirador do Exército mata 15 pessoas no RN, Diário de Pernambuco (May 23, 1997)

1970s births
1997 in Brazil
1997 suicides
1997 deaths
Family murders
Homophobia
LGBT in Brazil
Mass murder in 1997
Murder–suicides in Brazil
People from Rio Grande do Norte
Spree killers
Suicides by firearm in Brazil
Uxoricides
Year of birth missing

Neguinho de Zé Ferreira


Spaceship Earth (or Spacecraft Earth or Spaceship Planet Earth) is a world view encouraging everyone on Earth to act as a harmonious crew working toward the greater good.

History
The earliest known use is a passage in Henry George's best known work, Progress and Poverty (1879).
From book IV, chapter 2:
It is a well-provisioned ship, this on which we sail through space. If the bread and beef above decks seem to grow scarce, we but open a hatch and there is a new supply, of which before we never dreamed. And very great command over the services of others comes to those who as the hatches are opened are permitted to say, "This is mine!"

George Orwell later paraphrases Henry George in The Road to Wigan Pier:
The world is a raft sailing through space with, potentially, plenty of provisions for everybody; the idea that we must all cooperate and see to it that everyone does his fair share of the work and gets his fair share of the provisions seems so blatantly obvious that one would say that no one could possibly fail to accept it unless he had some corrupt motive for clinging to the present system.

In 1965 Adlai Stevenson made a famous speech to the UN in which he said:

We travel together, passengers on a little space ship, dependent on its vulnerable reserves of air and soil; all committed for our safety to its security and peace; preserved from annihilation only by the care, the work, and, I will say, the love we give our fragile craft. We cannot maintain it half fortunate, half miserable, half confident, half despairing, half slave—to the ancient enemies of man—half free in a liberation of resources undreamed of until this day. No craft, no crew can travel safely with such vast contradictions. On their resolution depends the survival of us all.

The following year, Spaceship Earth became the title of a book by a friend of Stevenson's, the internationally influential economist Barbara Ward.

Also in 1966, Kenneth E. Boulding, who was influenced by reading Henry George, used the phrase in the title of an essay, The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth. Boulding described the past open economy of apparently illimitable resources, which he said he was tempted to call the "cowboy economy", and continued: "The closed economy of the future might similarly be called the 'spaceman' economy, in which the earth has become a single spaceship, without unlimited reservoirs of anything, either for extraction or for pollution, and in which, therefore, man must find his place in a cyclical ecological system".
(David Korten would take up the "cowboys in a spaceship" theme in his 1995 book When Corporations Rule the World.)

The phrase was also popularized by Buckminster Fuller, who published a book in 1968 under the title of Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth.  This quotation, referring to fossil fuels, reflects his approach:
…we can make all of humanity successful through science's world-engulfing industrial evolution provided that we are not so foolish as to continue to exhaust in a split second of astronomical history the orderly energy savings of billions of years' energy conservation aboard our Spaceship Earth.  These energy savings have been put into our Spaceship's life-regeneration-guaranteeing bank account for use only in self-starter functions.

United Nations Secretary-General U Thant spoke of Spaceship Earth on Earth Day March 21, 1971 at the ceremony of the ringing of the Japanese Peace Bell: "May there only be peaceful and cheerful Earth Days to come for our beautiful Spaceship Earth as it continues to spin and circle in frigid space with its warm and fragile cargo of animate life."

Spaceship Earth is the name given to the  diameter geodesic sphere that greets visitors at the entrance of Walt Disney World's Epcot theme park. Housed within the sphere is a dark ride that serves to explore the history of communications and promote Epcot's founding principles, "[a] belief and pride in man's ability to shape a world that offers hope to people everywhere." A previous incarnation of the ride, narrated by actor Jeremy Irons and revised in 2008, was explicit in its message:

Like a grand and miraculous spaceship, our planet has sailed through the universe of time, and for a brief moment, we have been among its many passengers….We now have the ability and the responsibility to build new bridges of acceptance and co-operation between us, to create a better world for ourselves and our children as we continue our amazing journey aboard Spaceship Earth.

David Deutsch has pointed out that the picture of Earth as a friendly "spaceship" habitat is difficult to defend even in a metaphorical sense. The Earth environment is harsh and survival is a constant struggle for life, including for whole species trying to avoid extinction. Humans wouldn't be able to live in most of the areas where they are living now without the knowledge necessary to build life-support systems such as houses, heating, water supply, etc.

The term "Spaceship Earth" is frequently used on the labels of Emanuel Bronner's products to refer to the Earth.

Literature
 Nicola Armaroli, Vincenzo Balzani: Energy for a Sustainable World – From the Oil Age to a Sun-Powered Future, Wiley-VCH 2011, .
 Nicola Armaroli, Vincenzo Balzani and Nick Serpone: Powering Planet Earth – Energy Solutions for the Future, Wiley-VCH 2013, .
 Italian original edition: Energia per l'Astronave Terra- Quanta ne usiamo, come la produciamo, che cosa ci riserva il futuro, Zanichelli 2008, .
 Sabine Höhler: Spaceship Earth in the Environmental Age, 1960-1990 (History and Philosophy of Technoscience, 4). London: Pickering & Chatto 2015, .

Related links

 Earth phase
 Gaia hypothesis
 Spaceship Earth (en wiki)
 Sustainability
 The Blue Marble
 World peace

References

Other websites
 Earth – Speed through space – about 1 million miles an hour NASA. ("WP discussion")

Earth
Sustainability

Spaceship Earth


Igor Bjelobrk (born 11 January 1982) is an Australian chess International Master (IM). He gained the International Master title after winning the 2013 Oceania Zonal Chess Championship held on Sonaisali Island, Fiji.

Bjelobrk moved to New Zealand in 1993 and began playing chess the following year at the age of 12. He won the New Zealand Junior Championship twice and represented New Zealand in 1998 World Junior Chess Championship in Kozhikode, Calicut, India.

Bjelobrk moved to Australia in 2000, but represented New Zealand at the 35th Chess Olympiad in Bled, Slovenia in 2002 where he scored 3.5 points from 9 games.

He scored 5.5/9 in the 2005 Oceania Zonal Chess Championship in Auckland, and was awarded the FIDE Master title later that year, based on his rating which had been over the required level of 2300 since July 2003.

Bjelobrk scored 6/9 and came 5th in the 2007 Oceania Zonal Chess Championship in Fiji. He scored 6.5/9 and came 2nd with GM Zong-Yuan Zhao, IM Stephen Solomon, James Morris and others in the 2009 Oceania Zonal Chess Championship on the Gold Coast, Australia, narrowly missing out on an IM title result. James Morris was awarded the IM title for his result in the event on tiebreak.

After winning the 2013 Oceania Zonal Chess Championship, with a score of 7.5/9, Bjelobrk represented Australia at the 2013 FIDE Chess World Cup held in Tromsø, Norway in August 2013, losing in the first round to fourth seed Alexander Grischuk.

Bjelobrk won the 2022 New South Wales Open, with a score of 6.5/7

Bjelobrk lives in Sydney, Australia with his wife Ingela who is also an expert chess player  and their two children; Lucas and Alicia.

References

External links

Australian chess players
Chess International Masters
Croatian emigrants to Australia
1982 births
Living people

Igor Bjelobrk


Gonzalez v. Google LLC, 598 U.S. 617 (2023), was a case at the Supreme Court of the United States which dealt with the question of whether or not recommender systems are covered by liability exemptions under Section 230 of the Communications Act of 1934—which was established by the Telecommunications Act of 1996—for Internet service providers, in dealing with terrorism-related content posted by users and hosted on their servers. The case was granted certiorari alongside another Section 230 and terrorism-related case, Twitter, Inc. v. Taamneh.

In May 2023, the court ruled unanimously in Twitter that the charges against the social media companies were not permissible under antiterrorism law. Gonzalez was sent back to lower courts on a per curiam decision with instructions to consider the Court's decision in Twitter.

Background
In November 2015, a series of coordinated terrorism attacks occurred in Paris. At least 130 were killed by the terrorists, and the Islamic State took responsibility for the attack.

Among those killed was a single American, 23-year-old student Nohemi Gonzalez, on an exchange program with California State University, Long Beach. Her family began to seek legal remedies against Google, the parent company of YouTube. Their suit argued that through its recommendation system that tailors content based on user profiles, YouTube led users towards recruitment videos for the Islamic State, and were partially responsible for Nohemi's death. Google defended itself by relying on Section 230, passed as part of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which provides immunity from content published on an Internet service provider's platform by third-party users. A lower court ruled in favor of Google, and the decision was upheld by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.

In their appeal to the Supreme Court, the family focused more on the YouTube algorithm that has been tailored to deliver content believed to be of interest to the end user, arguing that while this was automatically done, it was a form of moderation that Section 230 does not fully cover. They wrote in their petition to the Supreme Court, "Whether Section 230 applies to these algorithm-generated recommendations is of enormous practical importance. Interactive computer services constantly direct such recommendations, in one form or another, at virtually every adult and child in the United States who uses social media."

Some leading figures in major U.S. political parties want the law changed, but for different reasons. Many Democrats point to concerns about the proliferation of content that is harmful to children, while many Republicans are worried about conservative viewpoints being blocked on certain sites.

Supreme Court
The Supreme Court granted certiorari to the case in October 2022, along with a related case Twitter, Inc. v. Taamneh also dealing with Section 230 and terrorism-related content. They will be the first cases that the Court will hear over Section 230, which since around 2015 has come under increasing partisan criticism towards Big Tech. Justice Clarence Thomas had spoken to a need to review Section 230 in previous dissenting statements to court orders, arguing that social media companies should be regulated like "common carriers", which would prohibit content-based discrimination.

Many of the Big Tech companies provided their own amicus curiae to support Google's recommender system as part of the case, as well as smaller sites including Reddit and the Wikimedia Foundation which rely on moderation systems that partially incorporate user moderation as part of their systems. While there is general support for updating Section 230 to reflect modern concerns, these briefs broadly stressed the need to let Congress pass legislation rather than having the Supreme Court issue its own judgement. This position was also upheld by Ron Wyden and Christopher Cox, the lawmakers behind Section 230, and law professor Eric Goldman who has written extensively about Section 230, in addition to mobile app platforms like Yelp and Craigslist and free speech advocacy groups like the ACLU
and the Electronic Frontier Foundation.

Briefs in support of Gonzalez' position include several Republican Congresspeople including Ted Cruz, Mike Johnson, and Josh Hawley.  Some advocacy groups, like the Anti-Defamation League, argue that Google and other Big Tech groups have used Section 230 to remain immune for their own conduct, while also defending robust section 230 protection for moderation decisions. Groups that support child protections on the Internet also provided briefs for Gonzalez.

Oral arguments in Gonzalez were held February 21, 2023. Observers to the Court found the Justices from both liberal and conservative sides questioning the issues around algorithms, stating that most Internet services are based on algorithms. The Justices had also questioned whether YouTube's algorithm was specifically tailored to promote terrorism-related content. The Justices were not sure it would be possible to delineate content further, and the potential for a mass of lawsuits and economic impact should Section 230 be changed. Justice Amy Coney Barrett suggested that the result of the related Twitter case may help resolve the case against Google.

The Court issued decisions for both Gonzalez and Twitter on May 18, 2023. In Twitter, the Court unanimously held that the families' claims against the social media companies were not allowable under the Antiterrorism Act, and did not make any ruling related to Section 230. Subsequently, in the per curiam order given for Gonzalez, the Court vacated the Ninth Circuit's decision and remanded the case for that court to reconsider the case in light of the Twitter decision.

See also

 Force v. Facebook Inc.

References

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
Product liability case law
Google litigation
2023 in United States case law
Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act
United States Internet case law
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court

Gonzalez v. Google LLC


Roggenmarkt is a city square and marketplace in the city of Münster in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It lies to the northeast of the Münster Cathedral at the city center. The Roggenmarkt is located north of the city's main Prinzipalmarkt and extends in an arc to the west away from St. Lambert's Church. The two markets flow into each other.

It was created by the middle of the 10th century and, together with the adjacent Old Fish Market (), is one of the oldest markets in the city. Roggenmarkt got its name because rye () and other grains were mainly traded there. It lay on an important trade route in the east–west direction of Holland, and in the immediate vicinity of the major north–south connection from the Rhineland in the north and Friesland, Bremen, and also later Lübeck. As the principal market of rye, it was almost completely destroyed in the Second World War, and rebuilt thereafter to a large extent on the basis of the original.

External links
  (German)

Münster

Roggenmarkt (Münster)


Antioch is a village in the U.S. state of Illinois. Antioch is part of the larger Antioch Township within Lake County. As of the 2020 census, the population was 14,622. The village is nestled into the Chain O'Lakes waterway system and borders the state of Wisconsin. Part of the Chicago metropolitan area, Antioch is located approximately halfway between the major cities of Chicago (60 miles south) and Milwaukee (50 miles north).

History

Native American history
The Pottawatomi Tribe historically inhabited in the area of present-day Antioch prior to European settlement. The tribe was pushed to the west by European/American encroachment in the 1830s although remnants can still be found today.

European settlement
The first permanent European settlements in the region were along the creek, named as "Sequoit" which means "winding" in Indian. Darius and Thomas Gage brothers built the first cabin. After building a sawmill by Hiram Buttrick on Sequoit Creek, a tributary of the Fox River, the region became a center of commerce. In 1843, new settlers gave a biblical name "Antioch" to the region and started a school. The town grew as new settlers, primarily of English and German descent, established farms and businesses. In 1976, a replica of Buttrick's mill was built a few hundred feet downstream from where it once stood. Today, many local businesses and organizations as well as Antioch Community High School use the name "Sequoit".

Partly due to being a regional center of the abolitionist movement, Antioch is noted as having sent a disproportionately high number of its young men to the Union Army. By the late 1800s, Antioch became a popular vacation spot for Chicagoans and tourism grew quickly once the rail line to Chicago was laid in 1886. Fire destroyed much of downtown in 1891, 1903, and 1904. During Prohibition, Al Capone owned a summer home on nearby Bluff Lake. Following World War II, Antioch continued to see a steady population and economic increase, and an industrial park was created in the 1970s.

Today, Antioch serves as a bedroom community within the Chicago metropolitan and Milwaukee metropolitan area.

Geography
Antioch is approximately halfway between Chicago and Milwaukee at  (42.479069, -88.090878).

According to the 2010 census, Antioch has an area of , of which  (or 95.52%) is land and  (or 4.48%) water.

The village lies in a gently rolling moraine landscape, dominated by lakes of glacial origin. Among these are the Antioch Lake, south of the village center, Lake Marie, west of the village center and the Redwing Slough Lake, east of the village center. There are several smaller lakes and ponds, and a complement of wetlands.

Climate
Like Chicago, Antioch lies in a humid continental climate zone and experiences four distinct seasons. Antioch receives an average of  of precipitation each year.

Demographics

2020 census

2010 Census
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 14,430 people living in the village. The racial makeup of the village was 88.79% White, 3.08% Black or African American, 3.73% Asian, 0.17% Native American, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 2.04% of some other race and 2.09% of two or more races. 8.53% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).

As of the census of 2000, there were 8,788 people, 3,235 households, and 2,351 families living in the village.  The population density was . There were 3,346 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 95.19% White, 1.07% African American, 0.35% Native American, 1.16% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.08% from other races, and 1.14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.42% of the population.

There were 3,235 households, out of which 41.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.3% were non-families. 22.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.20.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 29.9% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 32.4% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 8.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.9 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $56,481, and the median income for a family was $66,589. Males had a median income of $51,503 versus $31,389 for females. The per capita income for the village was $25,711. About 2.3% of families and 3.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.9% of those under age 18 and 8.0% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
Since 1996, Metra's North Central Service has played an increasingly important role in Antioch's development. Weekday train service to and from Chicago has given rise to new commercial development near the train depot. The village continues to undergo commercial and residential growth, mostly along the Illinois Route 173 corridor.

Antioch is home to the Pickard China factory which makes fine china for Air Force One, Camp David, and others.

Downtown Antioch is home to distinctive clothing boutiques, eateries, bars, gift and décor shops, and specialty shops. It also hosts concerts in a bandshell, craft fairs, parades, festivals, art walks, gardening tours and more.

Arts and culture
Antioch has been home to the Palette, Masque and Lyre, Inc. (PM&L) Performing Arts theatre since 1960. In addition, the Antioch Fine Arts Foundation (AFAF), serving Antioch, Greater Lake County, IL and Southeast WI since 2001. AFAF is a not-for-profit organization whose function is to coordinate and promote area arts programs. AFAF offers a gallery, regular special exhibits, an artists' library, classes, workshops, and other special events. Membership is open to artists, patrons of the arts, and anyone interested in art appreciation. The AFAF Gallery is a not-for-profit gallery staffed by member volunteers. The gallery displays work by area artists and presents exhibits of unique diversity and excellence. Throughout the year, the gallery hosts special receptions and openings for artists' new works. The AFAF Gallery is conveniently located at 983 Main Street, Antioch, Illinois 60002 (corner of Main (Rt. 83) and Ida).

Library
The Antioch Public Library is located at 757 Main Street (Route 83). The collection of the library contains 135,716 volumes and circulates 371,105 items per year.

The Antioch Public Library began as an Antioch Women's Club project in 1921. Initially the Women's Club raised funds for the establishment of a village library and the residents donated books for the library. This first village library was located at 934 Main Street and was open only two days a week. In 1922 the library was moved to the Antioch Village Hall at 875 Main Street. In 1930 the library was moved again to the corner of Main Street and Depot Street. In 1941, the Library was moved again to 883 Main Street. In 1950 William Schroeder family donated the property located at 757 Main Street to the Village of Antioch for use as a library. The new library building was officially opened in 1970. In August 2001 construction began of an 18,000-square-foot addition to the Antioch Public Library facility. The construction was completed in January 2003.

Recreation
The Chain O'Lakes found along the Fox River, serves as an aquatic mecca for boating and summer leisure while skiing and snowmobiling abound during the winter months. Along with neighboring Fox Lake, Antioch has become host to numerous pro and amateur national fishing tournaments.

Kite flying is also a popular sporting event on Loon Lake during Labor Day Weekend. Currently, the Swiss Kiting Federation holds the record for the longest kite flight of 1 hour and 24 minutes.
The village is bordered by four holdings of the Lake County Forest Preserve District, an award-winning and nationally recognized land conservation organization.

Government

Elected officials
The village of Antioch is a non-home rule municipality which functions under the council-manager form of government with a village President and a six-member Board of Trustees, all of whom are elected to four-year terms. The Village President and three of the Trustees are elected every four years. The other group of three Trustees are also elected for four-year terms, but this election is staggered and takes place two years after the first group.

Schools
Public schools
Note: this list comprises schools located in Antioch. Not all Antioch school students will attend the following schools.
Elementary Schools
 W.C. Petty Elementary School (K-5)
 Hillcrest Elementary School (PK-5)
 Antioch Elementary School (K-5)
 Emmons Grade School (K-8)
 Grass Lake Elementary School (PK-8)

Middle Schools
 Antioch Upper Grade School (6-8)

High School (9-12)
 Antioch Community High School

Private schools
Private middle schools:
 Faith Evangelical Lutheran School (Grades PK-8) CLOSED
 St. Peter Catholic School (Grades PK-8) CLOSED

Infrastructure

Transportation and Transit

Metra service is provided from Antioch to Chicago Union Station via the North Central Service. Bus service within Antioch and throughout Lake County is provided by Pace.

Western Kenosha County Transit Route 2 serves parts of Antioch Monday-Saturday, connecting riders to several towns, villages and unincorporated municipalities throughout Kenosha County. Riders can also transfer to Route 1 and Route 3 to travel to Kenosha and Lake Geneva, respectively.

Antioch is located approximately 43 miles north of Chicago O'Hare International Airport and 40 miles south of General Mitchell International Airport in Milwaukee.

Major streets
Several major highways and state routes cross over and travel around Antioch.

Public safety
The Antioch Police Department (APD) is responsible for law enforcement in Antioch.

The Antioch Fire Department provides fire and emergency medical services with contract service, part time and paid on call firefighters and Paramedics. The fire department currently uses 3 fire stations to house its different equipment, and all 3 are staffed with personnel. Antioch Fire Department has an array of equipment to use including several engines, 2 water tenders, 2 boats including an air boat, and a six-wheeled vehicle to access hard to reach areas. Antioch Fire Dept. also owns several pieces of special equipment including new state of the art extrication equipment used to extricate injured people from wrecked cars. The Antioch First Fire Protection District was the first organized fire protection district in the state. The Fire Department also has an Explorer post for youths ages 15 to 20 interested in making the fire service a career.

Until 2014, EMS was provided by the volunteer Antioch Rescue Squad. The Antioch Rescue Squad was the first licensed paramedic unit in the State of Illinois.

The police department and the fire department are housed in separate buildings next to each other. The Antioch Village Board elected to close the communication center in 2012, electing to outsource all of its 911 emergency dispatch service (Police, Fire, and Rescue) to another center located in Round Lake Beach. In March 1993, the Antioch Police Department became a part of the Lake County Enhanced 911 system.

Notable people

 Dale Barnstable (1925-2019), two time NCAA Basketball champion at University of Kentucky, drafted by the Boston Celtics, but never played professionally due to a point shaving scandal
 Tiffany Brooks (born 1979) winner of 2013 HGTV Design Star
 Paul DeJong (born 1993), Major League Baseball infielder for the San Francisco Giants.
 Joe Gliniewicz (1963-2015), Fox Lake, Illinois police officer who staged his own suicide is buried in Antioch
 Fred Hawkins (1923-2014), PGA Tour golfer
 Jim McMillen (1902-1984), guard for Chicago Bears for seven seasons; also former mayor of Antioch
 Kyle Rittenhouse (born 2003), Antioch native and political figure who was controversially involved in the 2020 Kenosha unrest
 John Thain (born 1955), Chairman and former CEO of CIT Group, former CEO of Merrill Lynch, former CEO of the New York Stock Exchange
 Tom Wittum (1950-2010), football player for San Francisco 49ers

References

External links
 Village of Antioch
 Antioch Chamber of Commerce and Industry

Populated places established in 1839
Villages in Illinois
Villages in Lake County, Illinois
1839 establishments in Illinois

Antioch, Illinois


Bexley is a suburban city in Franklin County, Ohio, United States. The population was 13,928 at the 2020 census. Founded as a village, the city of Bexley is a suburb of Columbus, the Ohio state capital, situated on the banks of Alum Creek next to Driving Park and Wolfe Park, just east of the Franklin Park Conservatory. It is horizontally bisected by the National Road (Main Street), serving as a reminder of Bexley's origins as a merger between the prestigious Bullitt Park neighborhood to the north, and the Lutheran college community of Pleasant Ridge to the south.

The historic suburb is perhaps best known, however, for its large houses and estates, located primarily in Bullitt Park. The most famous of these include the Jeffrey Park Mansion ( "Kelveden"), the home of the president of Ohio State University, and the Ohio Governor's Mansion. Located in northern Bexley, the Governor's Mansion—originally built as a private residence in 1925 and given to the state in 1955—has served as the official residence of Ohio governors since 1957, though Governor James A. Rhodes (in his final two terms in office) and Governor John Kasich, both of whom were residents of central Ohio, chose to remain in their private homes while in office.

Along with the municipalities of Minerva Park, Whitehall, Worthington, Upper Arlington, and Valleyview, Bexley is a geographic enclave of Columbus.

History
Bexley was named at the suggestion of an early resident, Col. Lincoln Kilbourne, in honor of his family's roots in Bexley, in London, England. The village of Bexley was incorporated in 1908 when prominent citizens of Bullitt Park to the north along Alum Creek, including industrialist and 35th Mayor of Columbus Robert H. Jeffrey, agreed to merge with the Lutheran community of Pleasant Ridge to the south near the Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of Ohio college, Capital University (established 1850) and the Evangelical Lutheran Theological Seminary (now Trinity Lutheran Seminary) founded 1830. Both educational institutions today are affiliated with the major denomination of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, with two-thirds of America's Lutherans.

Bullitt Park had been founded in 1889, when Logan M. Bullitt of Philadelphia submitted his first plat for the area. Wealthy citizens of Columbus continued to build urban townhouses and country homes to the east along Broad Street and Town Road (now Bryden Road), extending to Franklin Park. By the 1890s, several large homes took root across Alum Creek in the Bullitt Park area, one of which became the original campus of the Columbus School for Girls, still an exclusive girls' private school in Bexley.

The onset of the Spanish–American War was also instrumental in Bexley's history. In 1898, Ohio Governor Asa Bushnell chose a cluster of unsold lots around Broad and Drexel in Bullitt Park as an assembly site for those state volunteers headed for war. Camp Bushnell, as it was known, was home for three weeks to 8,000 Ohio recruits headed for Cuba. This led to the development of water and sewer lines for the soldiers, thus preparing the area for later real estate development in coming decades.

By 1908, the residents of Bullitt Park, north of Main Street, and Pleasant Ridge, south of Main Street, decided to merge their neighborhoods and incorporated as the Village of Bexley. The village reached the 5,000 population mark required by the state of Ohio to become a city in 1928 (still a requirement) and, on New Year's Day 1932, Bexley officially became a city. William A. Schneider was elected the first mayor of the City of Bexley in 1935. Mayor Schneider built the first city hall, and led Bexley through a long and profitable growth period. He remained in office for 32 years before retiring.

In March 2013, the city of Bexley was accredited as an arboretum by the Morton Register of Arboreta, making it the first city in the United States to successfully obtain arboretum accreditation.

Geography
According to the 2010 census, the city has a total area of , of which  (or 99.18%) is land and  (or 0.82%) is water.

Demographics

Bexley is informally divided into three sections: North Bexley, consisting of the neighborhoods north of Broad Street; Central Bexley, the area between Main Street and Broad Street; and South Bexley, the area between Main Street and Livingston Avenue. The demographics of these three sections are distinct. North Bexley, particularly the Bullitt Park area comprising roughly the western half of North Bexley, is an area of large, mansion-like homes.

Central Bexley consists primarily of large homes of between 2,000 and 4,500 square feet, and many residents are white-collar professionals characteristic of the upper middle class.

South Bexley contains smaller homes, many of which have less than 1,500 square feet. Clerical and trades workers, as well as young professionals with small children, are more easily found among South Bexley residents, and the neighborhood would be seen as exhibiting many characteristics of the middle class.

Taken as whole, Bexley has remained a community of primarily white residents with above-average resources. A plurality of Bexley residents consider themselves adherents of Mainline Protestant denominations. The city is home to two Lutheran (ELCA) churches, a United Methodist church and an Episcopal church, and not far outside of the city may be found three Presbyterian churches. Bexley contains many Jewish residents and is home to three synagogues (Agudas Achim, Ahavas Sholom and Torat Emet). The city also has a significant number of Roman Catholic residents, and three Roman Catholic churches are located just outside Bexley's borders. While still a small minority of residents, African-American and mixed-race families are becoming increasingly prominent in the community.

As home to Capital University (founded by Lutherans in 1850) and nearby Trinity Lutheran Seminary (1830) and with a significant number of residents employed by Ohio State University, Bexley is a highly educated community that values its public school district, the Bexley City Schools. Bexley has, in recent years, also gained the reputation of being increasingly progressive both politically and socially, a trend shared by other inner-ring suburbs in Franklin County.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 13,057 people, 4,661 households, and 3,281 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 5,041 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 89.6% White, 5.9% African American, 0.1% Native American, 1.5% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8% of the population.

There were 4,661 households, of which 38.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.6% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29.6% were non-families. 23.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.09.

The median age in the city was 35.5 years. 25.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 15.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.4% were from 25 to 44; 27.4% were from 45 to 64; and 10.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.9% male and 53.1% female.

2000 census
As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 13,203 people, 4,705 households, and 3,387 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,398.4 people per square mile (2,080.7 per km2). There were 4,974 housing units at an average density of 2,033.8 per square mile (783.9 per km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.45% White, 4.48% African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.99% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.47% from other races, and 1.39% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.92% of the population. Bexley is also home to a large Jewish population and is considered one of the major Jewish communities in central Ohio.

There were 4,705 households, out of which 40.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.9% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.0% were non-families. 23.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.09.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.3% under the age of 18, 12.5% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 24.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $70,200, and the median income for a family was $83,363. Males had a median income of $56,573 versus $39,851 for females. The per capita income for the city was $37,375. About 3.1% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.7% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those age 65 or over.

Arts and culture

Landmarks

Bexley is home to several churches and synagogues, numerous historic sites and pieces of outdoor sculpture, the original Drexel Theater and Rubino's Pizzeria, and several miles of Route 40, known as the National Road. Adjoining Bexley to the west is the Franklin Park Conservatory.

The 1930s-era landmark Drexel Movie Theater at 2254 E. Main Street in Bexley features independent and international films on three screens. Owned for 30 years by Jeff and Kathy Frank, as of spring 2011, the theater is operated by Friends of the Drexel Inc, as a 501 c(3) non-profit foundation. The Columbus Association of the Performing Arts manages the theatre.

Rubino's Pizzeria, mentioned in Be True to Your School, has become famous for barely changing since its opening in the early 1950s. Rubino's does not deliver and only accepts cash or checks. The Main Street address is its only location and has always been independently run. Another long-standing family-run business is Johnson's Real Ice Cream just east of the pizzeria.

Jeffrey Mansion sits on nearly 40 acres of land in North Bexley, including two parks located on the east side of Parkview Avenue. The historic mansion is open to the public and offers cultural and arts education programs. The land behind the mansion is open to the public and includes stone staircases leading to walking trails along Alum Creek, tennis courts, and the Bexley community swimming pool.

Bexley houses many works from well-known artists. For example, it is the home of a number of sculptors and Holocaust survivors Alfred Tibor's creations, including those at the Trinity Lutheran Seminary, Saint Charles Preparatory School, and the Congregation Agudas Achim.

Government
The current mayor of Bexley is Ben Kessler. Kessler was originally elected by City Council to the position of Mayor in 2012 following the death of former Mayor John Brennan and was subsequently elected to the position by the residents of Bexley in the November 2013 general election. Prior to being elected to the office of Mayor, Kessler served as a member of the Bexley City Council. Bexley has a Mayor/Council form of government, with seven elected at-large members of the council as well as an elected City Auditor. The current elected members of Bexley City Council are Troy Markham as president of the council, Lori Ann Feibel, Monique Lampke, Jen Robinson, Jessica Saad, Matt Klingler, and Sam Marcellino. The Auditor of the City of Bexley is Matt McPeek.

Law enforcement in Bexley dates back to 1908 when Bexley officially became a village. At that time the laws of the village were enforced by one Village Marshall. In 1931 Bexley became a city and the police department had grown to six officers. Today the department has twenty-eight sworn officers.

Education

Bexley boasts several public and private educational institutions, including the Bexley City Schools, Columbus School for Girls, Saint Charles Preparatory School, Capital University, and Trinity Lutheran Seminary (of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)). Its public and private K–12 schools make Bexley a sought-after city for families. It is reported that 95–100% of students graduating from public schools in the Bexley City School District, along with the Columbus School for Girls and Saint Charles Preparatory School go on to attend college.

Columbus School for Girls (CSG), founded in 1898, is one of the oldest private schools in the city. Located for nearly 50 years in a stately Georgian mansion known as "Parsons Place", in 1946 CSG moved to a more modern mansion with larger grounds on South Columbia Avenue in Bexley. This remains the school's main campus, which today is one of three campuses.

Saint Charles Preparatory School (St. Charles) is a Catholic college preparatory school for boys, located just inside the Bexley city limits. It was founded in 1923 by the Bishop of Columbus, James J. Hartley, as a Roman Catholic college seminary. Today, St. Charles is an all-boys high school serving the Roman Catholic Diocese of Columbus.

Another all-boys private school, Columbus Academy, was founded in Bexley in 1911 and housed in a mansion in Bullitt Park. During the first half of the 20th century, Columbus Academy and Columbus School for Girls, both populated primarily by Protestant students from wealthy Anglo-Germanic families, held most of their joint school activities and "mixers" with each other. Columbus Academy grew and relocated to Gahanna (northeast of Columbus) in 1968. It became co-ed in 1991.

The Bexley City School District is one of the city's major draws. Bexley High School is considered one of the top high schools in Ohio and is listed in U.S. News & World Report and Newsweek news magazines as one of the top public high schools in the nation (U.S. News: in 2013, ranked 160th out of 22,000 U.S. public high schools and the fifth-highest performing school in Ohio; Silver Medal, 2009; Newsweek: ranked 228th out of 2,000 schools in 2013; top 1000 High Schools, 2005–2009).

Bexley is also home to two institutions of higher education. Capital University is a private liberal arts university, affiliated with the ELCA. Founded in 1830 as a theological seminary and separated in 1850, it is one of the oldest and largest Lutheran-affiliated universities in the country. It is also home to the Capital University Law School. The law school has several prominent faculty members and superior bar passage rates.

Like Capital University, Trinity Lutheran Seminary was founded in 1830, and is now a part of the ELCA. Trinity was initially called the German Theological Seminary of the Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of Ohio, then renamed to the Evangelical Lutheran Theological Seminary (ELTS). The original campus was in Canton, Ohio, but soon moved to Columbus.

Notable people
Bexley has been the home of many prominent citizens including Bob Greene, the former Chicago Tribune columnist, who wrote Be True to Your School; children's author R. L. Stine; and Michael Jeffries, former chief executive officer of Abercrombie & Fitch.

Maggie Smith, the poet and author, resides in Bexley, Ohio, as does former Major League Soccer player Ross Friedman.

1992 Clinton presidential campaign manager and 2008 Biden presidential campaign senior advisor David Wilhelm resided in the city as of 2016.

Larry Flynt, publisher of Hustler, also lived in the city at one point before moving to Hollywood. Other former residents include Frank Lesser, a writer for the Comedy Central show The Colbert Report, and Nate Beeler, the editorial cartoonist for The Washington Examiner and the Columbus Dispatch.

Josh Radnor, the star of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother; Marco Arment, lead developer of the blogging website Tumblr; and Laurie Lea Schaefer, Miss America of 1972, have also called Bexley home. Harvey Wasserman, writer and anti-nuclear activist, lives in Bexley (the famous 1970s phrase "No Nukes" is partially attributed to him).

References

External links

 City of Bexley
 Bexley Area Chamber of Commerce

Cities in Ohio
Cities in Franklin County, Ohio
Populated places established in 1908
English-American culture in Ohio
1908 establishments in Ohio
Jews and Judaism in Ohio
Enclaves in the United States

Bexley, Ohio


Vice-Admiral Sir William Mitchell, KCB (c. 1745 – 7 March 1816) was an officer of the British Royal Navy during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Mitchell is best known for rising from humble origins to high rank, having joined the Navy in 1766 as an able seaman and died in 1816 as a vice-admiral. His service was highly varied, including a circumnavigation of the world, command of a ship at the Battle of Camperdown in 1797 and a period as Sir James Saumarez's flag captain. He was also rumoured to have once been flogged round the fleet for desertion, although no firm evidence of this has been discovered.

Life
Nothing is known of William Mitchell's birth, youth or childhood, other than that he must have been born in either 1745 or 1746 as his age at his death was reported to be 70. The first time that he appears in the historical record is in 1766, when he joined the Royal Navy ship  under Captain Samuel Wallis. As he was already rated as an able seaman, it is likely that he was already experienced at sea, and he remained on board Dolphin during Wallis' circumnavigation of the world between 1766 and 1768. He then disappears from Navy records, not reappearing again until July 1777, when he reenlisted on  during the American Revolutionary War. As an experienced seaman, he was able to secure a promotion to master's mate and midshipman, transferring to HMS Victory and then in 1781 to HMS Foudroyant as an acting lieutenant.

In November 1781 he went before a Navy board and was confirmed in the rank of lieutenant. In 1790, after the Peace of Paris, Mitchell was promoted to post captain and in 1792 took command of the 14-gun , moving to  and then  two year later. Mitchell remained in command of Isis for the next six years, and saw action at the Battle of Camperdown in 1797, defeating the much larger Dutch ship Gelijkheid.

In 1800, Mitchell moved to HMS Resolution and then in 1803 to HMS Zealand, the flagship of Admiral Sir James Saumarez. By 1807, Mitchell had been returned to shore service, commanding the sea fencibles at Shoreham-by-Sea. In 1808 he was promoted to rear-admiral and continued to rise through the ranks during his years on shore, becoming a vice-admiral in 1813 and being made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath shortly before his death at Camberwell in Surrey on 7 March 1816. Many years after his death, Sir John Ross wrote of him that he had "risen to the rank of rear-admiral by his good conduct, after having been flogged round the fleet for desertion". This claim, which has never been backed up by firm evidence, may be accurate given the odd disappearance of Mitchell from Navy records between 1768 and 1777.

Notes

References

1740s births
1816 deaths
Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Royal Navy vice admirals

William Mitchell (Royal Navy officer)