B. Sandhya (Malayalam: ബി. സന്ധ്യ) (born May 25, 1963) is a retired officer of the Indian Police Service and a former Director General of the Kerala Fire and Rescue Services, Home Guard, and Civil Defence. She is also known for her literary contributions which have won her a number of awards including the Edasseri Award in 2007. She retired from the service with the rank of Director General of Police on May 31, 2023.

Personal life
Sandhya is born to S. Bharathadas and V. L. Karthyayani Amma at Palai in Kottayam district. She is married to K. Madhukumar, former Controller of Examinations, University of Kerala, and has a daughter named Hyma.

Education
A Master of Science in Zoology from Alphonsa College, Palai. Trained in Human Resources Management from Wollongong University, Australia and passed the PGDBA from Pondicherry University. She earned her PhD from Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani. Her dissertation was entitled "The Accessibility of Women to the Criminal Justice System and Customer Orientation of Police Personnel Towards Women".

Career
Sandhya started her career as Project Officer at Matsyafed (Kerala State Co-operative Fisheries Federation) from where she joined the Indian Police Service, after passing the Indian Civil Services Examination in 1988. She served as Assistant Superintendent of Police, Shornur, Joint Superintendent of Police, Alathur, Superintendent of Police, CBCID, Kannur, District Superintendent of Police, Kollam and Thrissur, Asst. Inspector General of Police, Headquarters, Thiruvananthapuram, Deputy Inspector General of Police, Crime Investigation, Southern Range, Thiruvananthapuram. Inspector General of Police Central Zone, Ernakulam. From 2013 Sandhya holds the post of Additional Director General of Police.

Police Service

Significant contributions
Convener of the Kerala Police Act (2011) drafting committee.
Founding Nodal Officer for the highly successful Community Policing Project of Kerala (Janamaithri Suraksha Project).
As Law and Order IG and ADGP, introduced Women Helpline, Pink Patrol and many innovative programmes and maintained Law & Order in an outstanding fashion through professional policing and public trust.
Investigated a number of high profile crimes including murders, crimes against women and terrorism successfully.
As first Traffic Inspector General of Kerala introduced a number of innovative projects.
Managing Editor of the ISSN registered Journal of Kerala Police viz; Janamaithri: A Journal of Democratic Policing.
While leading Armed Police Battalions, instrumental in formation of the Commando Wing of Kerala Police and the KATS.
Trained the first Women Battalion of Kerala, including Women Commandos.
Organized Global Conclave on Community Policing and several seminars/ conferences for the Kerala Police, including the first Police Science Congress, Kerala Police Academy.
Worked as Special Officer of the Government of Kerala for the Tribal Areas of Northern Districts.
Introduced the system of 'Certified Trainers' in Kerala Police. Blended training methodologies are also introduced. Almost all the Police personnel of Kerala (52,876) were given training in 2018 and almost all personnel are given Cyber Training during 2019. System of webinar and online tutorials are introduced to train personnel. Police – academia collaborations have been established with several Universities and a large number of Police personnel (rank agnostic) have passed out on subjects relevant to current day Policing. Research Wing is established at Kerala Police Academy which undertakes several researches to promote evidence based policing. The Research Wing has brought out a book on Floods 2018.
Published a number of scholarly articles on Criminal Justice and Policing (https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=v8NnFD4AAAAJ&hl=en)

Awards

 Best Police District Award of the Chief Minister of Kerala in the year 1997 for Thrissur District, while working as Superintendent of Police, Thrissur.
 Awarded President of India's Police Medal for Meritorious Service on the occasion of Republic Day 2006.
 International Association of Women Police – Annual Award 2010. Awarded at Minneapolis, U.S., for the outstanding contribution in the field of Community Policing and Crimes Against Women.
 Awarded President of India's Police Medal for Distinguished Service on the occasion of Republic Day 2014.
 Received the Guinness Book of Award for Janamaithri Police of Kerala State for participating in an environmental programme organized by Asianet News Network, Thiruvananthapuram, on World Forest Day on 21 April 2017.
 Received the Police Excellence Award 2017 for Janamaithri Suraksha Project, Community Policing Scheme of Kerala from the Foundation for Police Research, New Delhi.
 Received the Guinness Book of Award for participating in the largest physical self defense lesson consisting of 2886 participants at Nishagandhi Auditorium, Kanakakkunnu Palace, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala India on 28 July 2017.
 Received the Badge of Honour from the Director General of Police, Kerala on 26 January 2018 for successful investigation and prosecution of criminals in a sensational Murder cum rape case of a Dalit woman (Crime No.909/16 of Kuruppumpady, Ernakulam Rural)
 Received Kerala State e-Governance Award (2016–17) from the Government of Kerala for being a member of the Project Team which instituted the 'Kerala Police Academy e-Learning System (KeLS)', which won the first prize under the category of e-Learning.
 Received a certificate of appreciation from DGP & State Police Chief, Kerala for successfully conducting National Workshop on "New Trends in Police Training Methodologies" on 29 May 2018 at KEPA, Thrissur.
 Received a certificate of appreciation from DGP & State Police Chief, Kerala for successfully conducting National Workshop on "Knowledge Management Strategies for the Police" on 27 June 2018 at Police Training College, Thiruvananthapuram.
 Received a certificate of appreciation from DGP & State Police Chief, Kerala dated 3 April 2019 for training all the officials of Kerala Police Department during 2018, the 'Year of training and learning'.
 Received a certificate of appreciation from DGP & State Police Chief, Kerala for successfully conducting National Workshop on "Predictive Policing and Cyber Techniques for Policing" on 6 & 7 February 2019 at Police Training College, Thiruvananthapuram

Investigating officer
In 2006, Sandhya was involved in the investigation into allegations of sexual assault made against former Kerala Public Works minister P. J. Joseph. In 2009, Sandhya implemented The Janamaithri Suraksha Project (the Community Policing Project of Kerala), a successful model of Community Policing. She has also served as a member of the Micro Mission 02 project of the Bureau of Police Research & Development and in 2016, she led the investigation team in the Jisha murder case.

Awards and honours
In 2010, the International Association of Women Police (IAWP), based in the US, awarded Sandhya the International Scholarship of Distinction. In 2006, the Kerala Police awarded Sandhya the President's Police Medal for Meritorious Service. Her novel Neelakoduveliyude Kavalkkari won the Edasseri Award in 2007, and the work Attakkilikunnile Athbhudangal won the Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award in 2012 in children's literature category. She also received the Gopalakrishnan Kolazhi Award-2001, Kunjunni Puraskaram-2013, E.V Krishnapillai Sahithya Puraskaram-2019, and Punaloor Balan Puraskaram-2019.

Literary and creative work
Sandhya has published many books of literature and several research papers in police science. In addition, Sandhya edited Impressions, a Short History of Kerala Police, published by the Director General of Police, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram. She also conceptualised a website, Kerala Police History

Literary publications (Malayalam)
Children's Literature
 Tharatthu (The Lullabies) – 1999, Saindhava Books
 Balavadi (The Nursery) – 2001, State Institute of Children's Literature. Won the Kolazhi Gopalakrishna Panikker memorial children's literature award.
 Kattarente Koottukari (Forest river my friend) – 2007, Poorna Publications
 Ethra Nalla Ammu (Ammu, how nice she is), Won Kunjunni Puraskaram 2013
 Attakkilikunnile Athbhudangal (The Wonders in the Sparrow Hill) – 2009, Novel, SPCS, Kottayam. Won Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award – 2012

Collection of poems
 Ranthal Vilakku (The lantern) – 2002, current Books, Kottayam
 Neermaruthile Uppan (Greater coucal on the tree of Neermaruth) – 2004, Saindhava Books, Kollam
 Chempakam Nee Madangippokalle (Oh ! Chempa tree, Do not Return) -2013, SPCS, Kottayam
 Selected Poems of B.Sandhya – 2013, DC Books
 Sakthi Seetha - 2020, Mathrubhumi Books

Novels
 Neelakkoduvelitude Kavalkkari (The Protectress of Neelakkoduveli) – 2006, Mathrubhumi Books
 Ithihasathinte Ithalukal (Petals of the Epic) – 2015, Mathrubhumi Books.
Articles
  Oru Punchiri Mattullavarkkayi,(Collection of articles)-2021, Sign Books.
 Mahapralayam,(കേരളം നേരിട്ട പ്രളയദുരന്തത്തിൽ സമാനതകളില്ലാത്തവിധം രക്ഷാപ്രവർത്തനം നടത്തിയ കേരളപോലീസിന്റെ ഇടപെടലുകളെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള പഠനം)-2022, Mathrubhumi Books

References

External links
*
 Kerala Police History

Writers from Kochi
Indian police chiefs
Malayali people
1963 births
Living people
University of Wollongong alumni
Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani alumni
Kerala Police officers
Malayalam-language writers
Malayalam novelists
Indian women novelists
Indian women police officers
21st-century Indian novelists
Writers from Kottayam
Indian women children's writers
Indian children's writers
20th-century Indian novelists
Women writers from Kerala
20th-century Indian women writers
21st-century Indian women writers
Indian police officers
Indian women poets
Poets from Kerala
Novelists from Kerala
Pondicherry University alumni
Civil Servants from Kerala
Recipients of the Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award

B. Sandhya


Peter Blegvad (born August 14, 1951) is an American musician, singer-songwriter, writer, and cartoonist. He was a founding member of German/English avant-pop band Slapp Happy, which later merged briefly with Henry Cow, and has released many solo and collaborative albums. He is the son of Lenore and Erik Blegvad, who were respectively, a children's book author and illustrator.

Biography

Early years

Peter Blegvad's life began in America – he was born in New York City and originally raised in Connecticut. When he was 14, the Blegvad family moved to England in 1965, unhappy with the social climate of America following the assassination of John F. Kennedy and the threat posed by the Vietnam draft to Peter and his younger brother Kristoffer. Blegvad was educated at St Christopher School, Letchworth, a boarding school where he met his musical collaborator Anthony Moore. Moore and Blegvad played in various bands during their schooldays, alongside fellow musicians such as Neil Murray (then a drummer, later a well-known hard rock bass guitarist).

Slapp Happy and Henry Cow

In 1972, Blegvad followed the itinerant Moore to Hamburg, Germany, where the two formed the avant-pop trio Slapp Happy with Dagmar Krause. Slapp Happy recorded two albums for Polydor Germany with krautrock group Faust as their backing band. Polydor released the first, Sort Of in 1972, but rejected the second, Casablanca Moon.

Blegvad had got to known Faust due to playing with them at their base in Wümme, and would subsequently go on tour with them in the UK, playing guitar as a live band member. This in turn put him in contact with Faust's tourmates, the avant-rock group Henry Cow, with whom he was "soon making all sorts of plans". The rejection of Casablanca Moon prompted Slapp Happy to relocate to London where they signed up with Virgin Records and re-recorded Casablanca Moon, released in 1974 by Virgin as Slapp Happy. (The original Casablanca Moon was later released by Recommended Records as Acnalbasac Noom in 1980.)

In 1974, Slapp Happy merged briefly with Henry Cow, recording two albums in 1975, Desperate Straights and In Praise of Learning. Shortly after recording In Praise of Learning, first Moore and then Blegvad left Henry Cow due to incompatibilities with the other musicians in the group. Blegvad has confessed that the technical demands of Henry Cow's music were beyond him ("It was discovered – not to my surprise – that I actually couldn't play Henry Cow music. The chords and the time signatures were too complicated. And... just generally, Anthony and I felt kinda lost...") but it was also clear that there were crucial differences in artistic approach. Blegvad would later reveal (in an interview for the Hearsay fanzine) that "the piece that got me kicked out was "Living in the Heart of the Beast". I was assigned the task for the collective to come up with suitable verbals, and I wrote two verses about a woman throwing raisins at a pile of bones. Tim Hodgkinson just said, I'm sorry, this is not at all what we want. And he wrote reams of this political tirade. I admired his passion and application but it left me cold. I am to my bones a flippant individual, I don't know why I was created thus or what I'm trying to deny, but it clashed with the extreme seriousness. People who take themselves very seriously make me giggle, unless they're pointing a weapon at me or my loved ones".

Due to Krause's decision to remain with Henry Cow, Slapp Happy dissolved and the three members went their separate ways. Despite the simultaneous foundering of Blegvad's involvement with both groups, it was not the end of his working relationships with the various members. Many of Blegvad's future solo albums and projects would feature former members of Slapp Happy and Henry Cow; and Slapp Happy themselves would periodically reunite in 1982, 1991, 1997, 2000 and 2016–17.

Solo work and collaborative projects

In the meantime, Blegvad returned to New York to work as a cartoonist, but maintained his interest in music. In 1977 he reunited with Henry Cow bass player John Greaves to collaborate on the album Kew. Rhone. – an unusual cross-genre release combining elements of minimalism, avant-garde jazz and progressive rock.  The album was also notable for its personnel, which included celebrated New York jazz musicians Carla Bley, Michael Mantler, and Andrew Cyrille among the performers.  As a musical document Kew. Rhone. remains both ambitious and unclassifiable; Blegvad's literate and playful lyrics are well-matched by Greaves' complex song structures.  Blegvad would later continue his collaboration with Greaves in 1995 on Unearthed, a collection of spoken word pieces set to Greaves' music.

In 1978, Blegvad reunited with more of his onetime Slapp Happy/Henry Cow colleagues (Chris Cutler, Dagmar Krause and Fred Frith) when he joined the live band for the only tour made by  Art Bears.

In the 1980s, Blegvad released a number of albums on the Virgin Records label, including The Naked Shakespeare and Knights Like This. Although these were commercially unsuccessful, one of Blegvad's songs from this period, "How Beautiful You Are", was covered by Leo Sayer on the Have You Ever Been in Love album.  By contrast, Downtime, an independent release in the late 1980s produced by Chris Cutler, features mainly very simple demos (often recorded cheaply in professional studios' "downtime"). King Strut and Other Stories (Silvertone, 1990) is a collection of short stories set to simply arranged, professionally produced music played in many cases by noted session musicians. The album features XTC's Andy Partridge while Orpheus – The Lowdown (2003) is a whole album in collaboration with Partridge.

Krause, Moore and Blegvad reformed Slapp Happy in November 2016 to perform with Faust at the Week-End festival in Cologne, Germany. The two groups also played together on February 10–11, 2017 at Cafe Oto in London. On February 24, 2017 Slapp Happy, without Faust, performed at Mt. Rainer Hall, Shibuya in Tokyo.

In 2007, his song "Daughter" was covered by Loudon Wainwright III for the end credits of Judd Apatow's comedy, Knocked Up.

Work as cartoonist, educator, radio dramatist, etc.

From 1992 to 1999, The Independent ran Blegvad's strangely surreal comic strip, Leviathan, which received much critical praise for blending some of the most interesting elements of Krazy Kat with a coming-of-age-esque story akin to Calvin and Hobbes. Some of the strips have been collected in the 2001 volume The Book of Leviathan. In 2013 the book was published as Le livre de Leviathan in French and received the "Prix Révélation" at the 41st Angoulême International Comics Festival in 2014. Other comics and illustrations by Blegvad have appeared in The Ganzfeld and Ben Katchor's Picture Story 2.

He has also conducted two- and three-week writing courses at Warwick University, England, in association with the National Academy for Gifted and Talented Youth (NAGTY), and the new University of Warwick venture for gifted and creative children, International Gateway for Gifted Youth (IGGY).

In 2011, Atlas Publishing (trading as "The London Institute of 'Pataphysics") published Blegvad's The Bleaching Stream, described as an "interview format biography."

Blegvad's work for BBC Radio 3 includes numerous "eartoons" for the weekly poetry strand The Verb, and a number of radiophonic dramas with Langham Research Centre and with Iain Chambers. These include guest+host=ghost, featuring Nick Cave; Use It Or Lose It which won a Radio Academy Award in 2012; Chinoiserie; Eschatology, starring Harriet Walter and Guy Paul; and The Impossible Book (2016).

His 2015 drama with Iain Chambers for Radio Australia, The Eternal Moment starring John Ramm and Emma Powell, was shortlisted for the 2015 Prix Europa.

Discography

Solo
The Naked Shakespeare (1983, LP, Virgin Records)
Knights Like This (1985, LP, Virgin Records)
Downtime (1988, LP, Recommended Records)
King Strut & Other Stories (1990, LP/CT/CD, Silvertone Records)
Just Woke Up (1995, CD, East Side Digital)
Hangman's Hill (1998, CD, Recommended Records)
Choices Under Pressure (2001, CD, Voiceprint Records)
Go Figure (2017, CD, Recommended Records)
The Peter Blegvad Bandbox (2018, 6xCD boxed set, Recommended Records)
Go Figure (2019, Recommended Records) (Peter Blegvad Quintet)

Bands and projects
With Slapp Happy
Sort Of (1972, LP, Polydor Records)
Slapp Happy (also known as Casablanca Moon) (1974, LP, Virgin Records)
Slapp Happy or Slapphappy (1980, LP, Recommended Records)
Ça Va (1998, CD, V2 Records)
Live in Japan (2001, CD, F.M.N. Sound Factory)
With Slapp Happy and Henry Cow
Desperate Straights (1974, LP, Virgin Records)
In Praise of Learning (1975, LP, Virgin Records)
 The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set (2009, 9xCD+DVD, Recommended Records, UK)
 The Henry Cow Box Redux: The Complete Henry Cow (2019, 17xCD+DVD, Recommended Records, UK)
With John Greaves and Lisa Herman
Kew. Rhone. (1977, LP, Virgin Records)
With National Health
Of Queues and Cures (1978, LP, Charly Records) (recitation on "Squarer For Maud")
With John Zorn
Locus Solus (1983, LP, Rift Records)
With The Golden Palominos
Blast of Silence (Axed My Baby for a Nickel) (1986, LP, Celluloid Records)
With The Lodge
Smell of a Friend (1988, LP, Island Records)
With Dr. Huelsenbecks Mentale Heilmethode
Dada (1992, LP, Rough Trade Records)
With John Greaves
Unearthed (1995, CD, Sub Rosa)
With Anthony Moore and Dagmar Krause
Camera (2000, CD, Blueprint Records)
With Andy Partridge
Orpheus – The Lowdown (2003, CD, Ape House)
Gonwards (2012, CD, Ape House)

Bibliography (as writer / illustrator)

Radio dramas
 guest+host=ghost (2005, BBC Radio 3)
 Use It or Lose It (2011, BBC Radio 3)
 Chinoiserie (2014, BBC Radio 3)
 Eschatology (2014, BBC Radio 3)
 The Eternal Moment (2015, Radio Australia)
 The Right to Write (2016, BBC Radio 3)

Other
The Book of Leviathan (2001, Overlook)
Headcheese (1994, Atlas Press)
The Bleaching Stream (2011, London Institute of 'Pataphysics)
Kew. Rhone. (2014, Uniformbooks)
Selected Songs by Slapp Happy (2016, Amateur Enterprises) (illustrator)
Imagine, Observe, Remember (2020, Uniformbooks)

References

External links

Peter Blegvad biography. Calyx: The Canterbury Website.
.

1951 births
Living people
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
American cartoonists
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
American male guitarists
American male singer-songwriters
American people of Danish descent
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
Art Bears members
Canterbury scene
Henry Cow members
People educated at St Christopher School, Letchworth
Slapp Happy members
Virgin Records artists

Peter Blegvad


Lorenz Leonard Lindelöf (13 November 1827, Karvia, Finland – 3 March 1908, Helsinki) was a Finnish mathematician and astronomer.

Biography
Lindelöf came from a poor family. He learned German and French and studied astronomy and mathematics at the University of Helsinki. He initially specialized in astronomy at the graduate level and was at Pulkovo Observatory in 1855–1856. After his completion of his PhD (Promotierung), Lindelöf from 1857 to 1874 held the professorial chair of mathematics in Helsinki and from 1869 to 1872 was the rector of the university. He then resigned his professorial chair in favor of Mittag-Leffler and turned to politics. Lindelöf was from 1874 to 1902 minister of state education in Finland and also did actuarial work for Kaleva Mutual Insurance Company. In 1883 he was knighted and in 1888 was a member of the State Council. He was in the Finnish Parliament, served on many committees and was in 1900 District Marshal.

Lindelöf published papers on minimal surfaces, the calculus of variations, differential geometry, mechanics, celestial mechanics and pension funds.

His son Ernst Leonard Lindelöf became a famous mathematician.

In 1859 Lorenz Lindelöf became a member of the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters and in 1867 its permanent secretary. He also became in 1900 a member of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala. In 1880 he received the Steiner Prize of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.

His burial took place in Hietaniemi cemetery.

Selected works
Limites entre lesquelles le caténoïde est une surface minima, Acta Soc. Scient. Fenn., No. 9, 1871.
Lärobok i analytisk Geometri, Helsinki, 1877 (Handbook of Analytic Geometry in Swedish)
Trajectoire d'un corps assujetti à se mouvoir sur la surface de la terre sous l'influence de la rotation terrestre, Acta Soc. Scient. Fenn., No. 16, 1888
Variationskalkylens teori och dess användning till bestämmande af multipla integralers maxima och minima, 1855
Nouvelle demonstration d´un théorème fondamental du calcul de variations, Compte Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris, 1861
Détermination analytique de la forme des ondes lumineuses élémentaires, Acta Soc. Scient. Fenn., No. 6, 1861
Recherches sur les polyèdres maxima, Acta Soc. Scient. Fenn., No. 24, 1898.
with the Abbé Moigno: Leçons de calcul des variations, Paris: Mallet-Bachelier, 1861

Sources
Olli Lehto Tieteen aatelia: Lorenz Lindelöf ja Ernst Lindelöf, Otava, Helsinki 2008 (Finnish).

References

External links

Nordisk Familjebok (in Swedish), Project Runeberg
"Lindelöf, Lorentz Leonard (1827-1908)" by Michel Baran at scienceworld.wolfram.com

19th-century Finnish mathematicians
University of Helsinki alumni
Academic staff of the University of Helsinki
1827 births
1908 deaths

Lorenz Leonard Lindelöf


The Green Army was an organisation of militias in Ukraine during the Russian Civil War. The militias occupied small parts of land but rarely launched actual campaings against any side. They never achieved their goal of gaining Ukrainian independance and dissolved in 1922 after the Soviet Union had been established.

20th century in Ukraine

Green Army


Pterostylis mutica, commonly known as the midget greenhood,  is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to Australia, occurring in all states but not the Northern Territory. There is a rosette of leaves at the base of the flowering stem and up to fifteen pale green flowers which have a sensitive labellum.

Description
Pterostylis mutica, is a terrestrial,  perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber. There is a rosette of between six and twelve, egg-shaped leaves, each leaf  long and  wide at the base of the plant. Between two and twenty well-spaced flowers are borne on a flowering spike  high with five to ten stem leaves wrapped around it. The flowers are pale green,  long and about  wide. The dorsal sepal and petals are joined to form a hood called the "galea" over the column. The galea is curved with a pointed tip turning downwards. The lateral sepals turn downwards and are about  long,  wide, cupped and joined for most of their length. The labellum is about  long, about  wide and whitish-green with a dark green appendage. Flowering occurs from July to December.

Taxonomy and naming
Pterostylis mutica was first formally described in 1810 by Robert Brown from a specimen collected near Port Jackson and the description was published in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. The specific epithet (mutica) is a Latin word meaning "shortened" or "docked" referring to the blunt petals and sepals.

Distribution and habitat
Pterostylis mutica is widespread and often common, growing in a wide range of habitats from near the coast to mountains, but usually in well-drained soil. It tolerates dry conditions, poor soil and exposed positions. It is widespread in New South Wales and Victoria and also occurs in south-east Queensland, south-eastern South Australia and the south-west of Western Australia. There is doubt about its presence in Tasmania

Ecology
The labellum of P. mutica is attractive to a species of gnat which lands on the labellum and grasps the dark green appendage. When it does so, the labellum springs upward, trapping the insect inside the now-closed flower. The gnat can now only escape by pushing between "wings" on the sides of the column. As it does so, it either removes a pollinium or deposits one from a previously visited flower of the same species, and pollination occurs.

References

mutica
Endemic orchids of Australia
Orchids of New South Wales
Orchids of Queensland
Orchids of South Australia
Orchids of Tasmania
Orchids of Victoria (state)
Plants described in 1810

Pterostylis mutica


Kehkashan () is one of the neighbourhoods of Saddar Town in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

There are several ethnic groups in Kehkashan including Muhajirs, Sindhis, Punjabis, Kashmiris, Seraikis, Pakhtuns, Balochis, Memons, Bohras,  Ismailis, etc. Over 99% of the population is Muslim. The population of Saddar Town is estimated to be nearly one million.

References

External links
 Karachi Website

Neighbourhoods of Karachi
Saddar Town

Kehkashan


Counter-Strike: Global Offensive (CS:GO) was an online tactical and first-person shooter video game. It is developed by Valve Corporation and Hidden Path Entertainment. It is the fourth game in the main Counter-Strike franchise. It was released on August 21, 2012. It is available for Microsoft Windows and OS X on Steam, Xbox 360 on the Xbox Live Arcade, and a US-only version for the PlayStation 3 on the PlayStation Network.

The main game type is defusing a bomb, which is when there are 2 teams which are Counter-Terrorists and Terrorists. The aim of the game is for the terrorist to plant the bomb at bombsite A or bombsite B. The goal is to defuse the bomb or to eliminate the enemy team. It depends on which game mode you are playing to determine on how long a game is. If you are playing casual mode, there are in total 15 rounds, and it will take 8 rounds to win, making a tie impossible. If you are playing competitive, there are in total 30 rounds and it takes 16 rounds wins to win the match. If both teams get 15 rounds, the game is either put into overtime or ended in a draw depending on if you play the game on third-party servers or not.

In other gamemodes, such as arms race, the first person to kill a person with a golden knife (assuming no "collaterals", or killing multiple people with one shot, it will take around 30 or 32 kills to get to the golden knife) would win the entire game.

An update for the game called Counter-Strike 2 was released on September 27, 2023.

References

Other websites
 Counter-Strike: Global Offensive on Steam

2012 video games
MacOS games
PlayStation 3 games
Shooter video games
Windows games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games

Counter-Strike: Global Offensive


Hermione Kitson is an Australian news presenter and reporter.

Career
Kitson studied Media/Communications at Sydney University and completed an internship at ABC Sydney News and Current Affairs.

Network Ten
Before joining Network Ten, Kitson worked as a reporter at WIN TV and as a reporter and newsreader at 2UE Radio Sydney.

Kitson joined Ten News in Melbourne in mid-2008, where she was a senior reporter for around four years. She reported on a range of stories, many of them headlines and major news items. Kitson also reported on a number of breaking news events, both live and from the newsroom.

In August 2010, Kitson presented her first on-air bulletin, filling-in for George Donikian on the Saturday edition of Ten News Melbourne (following Network Ten's AFL telecasts) and continued to occasionally fulfil this role until September. Thereafter she became a permanent fill-in presenter.

During her time in Melbourne, she was the main fill-in presenter for Helen Kapalos on Ten News at Five with Mal Walden (unless it was a special weekend edition or post-Christmas, where just a solo presenter was used). She also presented the local weekend bulletin in 2011, a position in which she gained key recognition as a presenter for Network Ten by audiences in Victoria.

Kitson has covered stories ranging from the Black Saturday bushfires to the south-east floods, the Occupy Melbourne riots to gangland violence, and marquee events such as the Spring Racing Carnival.

In June 2012, Kitson moved back to her home town of Sydney and was appointed news presenter on Ten Late News with Hamish Macdonald.

In September 2013, Kitson was appointed news presenter of Ten's Eyewitness News Weekend bulletin taking over from Natarsha Belling. In early 2014, veteran journalist Mike Munro succeeded the role.

In January 2014, Kitson was appointed national presenter of Ten's Eyewitness News Early bulletin and Hugh Riminton was appointed presenter of Ten Eyewitness News Late.

Kitson was a highly regarded news presenter at Network Ten, having covered major stories and made numerous reports over five and a half years.

Kitson took voluntary redundancy in May 2014, following further mass cuts at the Network. She presented her final news bulletin following Studio 10 on the Friday when the majority of the 2014 morning line-up was axed.

Seven Network
In December 2014, Kitson made her first appearance on Seven News, making it official she would be joining the Seven Network via Twitter.

References

External links
Ten News profile
 Twitter profile

10 News First presenters
Australian television journalists
Australian reporters and correspondents
University of Sydney alumni
Living people
Australian people of New Zealand descent
Seven News presenters
1984 births

Hermione Kitson


Ernest Gianello Milton (10 January 1890 – 24 July 1974) was an American-born, naturalised British actor, who was prominent in the 1920s through to the 1940s for his roles in London with the Old Vic Theatre and on the West End stage. In his day, he was considered an outstanding interpreter of William Shakespeare's Hamlet, playing the role several times in the 1920s.

Early life
Milton was born in San Francisco on 10 January 1890.

Career
Milton joined the Old Vic in 1918. He later acted with the Royal Shakespeare Company from 1962. Unlike many of his peers, he made very few feature film appearances. A notable supporting role was Robespierre in the 1934 Leslie Howard comedy drama The Scarlet Pimpernel. He voiced the White Rabbit in the 1949 film version of Alice in Wonderland. He also had supporting roles in The Foreman Went to France (1942) and Cat Girl (1957).

He was a pioneer in Shakespeare on  BBC television. His first appearance was in 1937 as Richard, Duke of Gloucester in the 'wooing scene' from Richard III and he took the title role in the 1938 live production of Julius Caesar set in Fascist Italy. This was the first full-length production of a Shakespeare play on television. Later he repeated on television his stage role in Luigi Pirandello's Henry IV . Having starred in the original 1929 West End production of Patrick Hamilton's Rope, he played the role again in a 1939 BBC TV adaptation.

Personal life
Milton married writer Naomi Royde-Smith in 1926. He died in London on 24 July 1974.

References

Further reading
Bunch, Antonia J. 'Milton, Ernest Gianello (1890-1974)'. In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2014.

External links

IMDB: selected stage credits
Brief biography and portrait photograph (Emory University)
BBC TV discussion; Ernest Milton discussing the portrayal of Hamlet with Huw Wheldon, Orson Welles, and Peter O'Toole, October 1963

1974 deaths
American emigrants to England
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
20th-century British male actors
1890 births
Male actors from San Francisco
British male stage actors
British male Shakespearean actors

Ernest Milton (actor)


The  Veteran's Memorial Building  is located on May's Island in the middle of the Cedar River in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, United States. It is a contributing property to the May's Island Historic District that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The building served as the Cedar Rapids City Hall until it was damaged in the Flood of 2008. The Building underwent a ribbon-cutting ceremony to mark its official re-opening April 15, 2014.

History
A petition to construct a memorial building was filed with the City Clerk on March 4, 1925. Over 40 civic organizations were involved in planning for the structure. Voters passed a bond referendum and a Veterans Memorial Commission was formed. Construction was completed in 1927.

Plans were drawn and the building was placed on May's Island. In order to make the building financially feasible, a new city hall was incorporated into the plans. Cedar Rapids, after Paris, France's Hôtel de Ville on the Île de la Cité, and Osaka, Japan, would be only one of three cities to have its government located on an island. The building also contains a Memorial Window, Memorial Auditorium and a Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. The building was designed in the Beaux-Arts style. The main portion of the building contains four stories, with an eight-story section in the front. A cenotaph tops the eight-story section. The auditorium contains seven banners from veterans' organizations, and seven American flags were suspended from the ceiling. A Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is located above the cenotaph.

The first addition to the building was a statue of the raising of the flag at Iwo Jima, which was placed on the front steps in 1960. It is a memorial to veterans of World War II and the Korean War. The Veterans Memorial Commission added a museum in 1966, which contains items from the American Revolution through the Vietnam War. The museum was dedicated as a memorial to the Spanish–American War. A granite monument memorializes those who served in the Vietnam War. In 2000 an eternal flame was lit on top of the building.

The buildings sustained damage as a result of the 2008 flood. As a result, the city government was forced to leave the building. In the aftermath the city decided to move the city offices to the former Federal Courthouse. The city was able to take possession of the building after it provided the land for a new courthouse downtown. The City Council began holding its meetings in the former courthouse on June 26, 2011, and the facility was opened for public use on June 4, 2012.

The Veterans Memorial Building now hosts and rents out its facilities for weddings, fundraisers, and other event rentals. The building is also home to various tenants and offers meeting spaces to many Veteran's organizations and clubs. http://cms.revize.com/revize/cedarrapids/local_government/departments_g_-_v/veterans_memorial_commission/vmb_rental_information.php

Memorial window
Regionalist artist Grant Wood, who grew up and lived in Cedar Rapids as an adult, was commissioned to design the memorial window. The window measures . It is the only stained glass window designed by Wood. It depicts a  Lady of Peace and Victory in the clouds. She wears a Grecian robe and a blue mourning veil and holds a palm branch for peace in one hand and a wreath for victory in the other. The artist's sister Nan was the model for the Lady of Peace and Victory. Across the bottom are six  tall soldiers representing the American Revolution, War of 1812, Mexican–American War, American Civil War, Spanish–American War, and World War I.

The window deteriorated somewhat over the years, and it was damaged in the 2008 flood. Glass Heritage of Davenport, Iowa restored the window for $150,000. It was re-dedicated on July 4, 2010.

References

Historic district contributing properties in Iowa
Beaux-Arts architecture in Iowa
Buildings and structures in Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Monuments and memorials in Iowa
Military monuments and memorials in the United States
Spanish–American War memorials in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa

Veterans Memorial Building (Cedar Rapids, Iowa)


Elizabeth Eaglesfield (1853–1940) was the first woman admitted to the Indiana state bar and the first practicing female attorney in the city of Grand Rapids, Michigan. She was also a Great Lakes ship captain, the owner of a fruit shipping business, and real estate magnate in Benton Harbor, Michigan. She was inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame in 2013 for her accomplishments in the fields of business and law.

Early life and education
Elizabeth Eaglesfield was born June 29, 1853, in Clay County, Indiana, and attended high school in Terre Haute.  She later attended the University of Michigan, receiving a degree in literature in 1876 and in law in 1878.

Career in law
Elizabeth Eaglesfield began her notable legal career by being the first woman admitted to the Indiana State Bar in 1875, 3 years before earning a law degree. She was the first practicing female attorney in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Eaglesfield focused on providing legal assistance to minors and widows. Her specialties included litigating cases involving property disputes, divorce, and violence.  Eaglesfield also used her legal expertise to become a successful businesswoman and real estate mogul in Benton Harbor and a maritime lawyer on the Great Lakes.

Captain of the Golden Girl
In addition to her legal practice, Elizabeth Eaglesfield captained a steamship named the Golden Girl which was completed in 1909 for a cost of $10,000. The Golden Girl could carry up to ten thousand cases of fruit from Benton Harbor to various ports around the Great Lakes.  Eaglesfield's legal expertise served her well on the Great Lakes, exemplified by winning a 1911 dispute with Milwaukee, Wisconsin, police who challenged her right to sell produce from the harbor. Her career as a captain continued until her retirement in 1930, leaving behind a fleet of five fruit boats that her son continued to operate.

See also
List of first women lawyers and judges in Indiana

References

Indiana lawyers
American businesspeople in shipping
American food industry businesspeople
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
People from Clay County, Indiana
People from Terre Haute, Indiana
Lawyers from Grand Rapids, Michigan
People from Benton Harbor, Michigan
1853 births
1940 deaths
University of Michigan Law School alumni
19th-century American women lawyers
19th-century American lawyers

Elizabeth Eaglesfield


Hti (, ;  ; Shan:  ), a Burmese language word meaning umbrella, is the name of the finial ornament that tops almost all Burmese pagodas. The umbrella is an auspicious symbol in Buddhism and Hinduism.

As regalia

In pre-colonial Burma, the hti was an indicator of social status and used exclusively by those who were granted express permission to do so. The royal white umbrella or hti phyu taw () was one of the five articles of coronation regalia (, Min Mhyauk Tanza).

Use and possession of a royal white umbrella was limited exclusively to the Burmese king and his chief queen, while the highest officials (wun, ) and royal princes (including the Crown Prince or Uparaja) possessed golden umbrellas and lower-level officials possessed red umbrellas, if any.

The royal white umbrella was a sign of sovereignty. Indeed, use of a white umbrella by any persons other than the king and his chief queen was regarded as a declaration of rebellion, punishable with immediate execution. At the death of the king, the royal white umbrellas in his possession were broken. The white umbrella was also permitted for religious usage. For instance, The Mahamuni Buddha was formerly shaded by a white umbrella.

The umbrellas were embellished inside and out with pictures of sylphs and fairies in gold, thin gold plates shaped like banyan leaves fastened to the top, and handles of gold adorned with pearls, diamonds, rubies, emeralds, corals and with spangles. The umbrella used by the king when riding an elephant or travelling by carriage was called a yin hti.

The number of umbrellas in one's possession was also an indication of social status, as they were showcased during public processions and put up in prominent places at home. The king was allotted nine white umbrellas, the crown prince eight golden ones, distinguished statesmen and military generals several golden ones, and the other royal personages had numbers corresponding to achievements or the king's regard to them. The royal white elephants (hsinphyudaw, ) were also granted six umbrellas, 2 white and 4 golden.

The Shwepon Nidan, a treatise on palace matters, describes 11 types of royal umbrellas and corresponding spirit maidens (nat thami, ) who guarded them:

Pathein hti
The Irrawaddy delta town of Pathein (formerly Bassein) in Lower Myanmar is renowned for its colorful cotton umbrellas, which are dubbed "Pathein umbrellas" or "Pathein parasols" (ပုသိမ်ထီး), which are traditionally made in home workshops.

In pagodas

The hti can be said as the main distinctive feature of Burmese pagodas, as they are more prominent than their Sri Lankan counterparts, while the Laotian and Thai pagodas do not have any. The tip of the hti, which is studded with precious stones,  is called the seinhpudaw (; lit. "esteemed diamond bud"). Hti have been found on pagodas constructed by all four of the pagoda building ethnic groups of Myanmar: the Mon, the Bamar (Burmans), the Rakhine (Arakanese) and the Shan.

The hti is considered the most important part of the pagoda. A special ceremony being held for the placing of the hti on the pagoda is called hti tin pwe ().

The hti is placed on the top of a pagoda and hung with a multitude of bells. The hti of prominent pagodas are often made entirely of gold or silver. The bells are used to attract the attention of good spirits in Tāvatiṃsa and other abodes of the devas of Mount Meru.

Examples
The htis of the temples of Bagan and Mrauk U, the two archeological treasure troves of Myanmar, are all made of stone, while the htis of the pagodas there and elsewhere around Myanmar are made of metal (usually iron or steel), coated with gold. The hti is then decorated with golden or gold-plated brass and bronze bells (), and at jewelry donated by devotees.

The hti of the Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon is about one and a half stories tall and contains about half a ton of gold. The hti belongs to the magaik form, and is set with over 5,500 diamonds, 2,300 rubies, sapphires and other gems, and 4,000 golden bells. The older hti, donated by the penultimate King of Burma, Mindon Min, can be seen at a temple inside the middle platform ( or ) of the pagoda's compound. Said hti at Shwedagon is a gilt iron-work umbrella, on each of whose many rings hangs multitudes of gold and silver jewelled bells. It was presented by King Mindon Min and placed at a cost of not less than 50,000 British pounds. It was constructed by voluntary labor, using donated money and jewels. The vane and uppermost band are richly studded with jewels from all parts of Burma.

Gallery

Notes

References

See also

 Chhatra
 Royal Nine-Tiered Umbrella

Burmese Buddhist architecture
Burmese words and phrases

Hti


Alain Glavieux (; 4 July 1949, Paris – 25 September 2004) was a French professor in electrical engineering at École Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications de Bretagne. He was the coinventor with Claude Berrou and Punya Thitimajshima of a groundbreaking coding scheme called turbo codes.

Glavieux received the Golden Jubilee Award for Technological Innovation from the IEEE Information Theory Society together with Berrou and Thitimajshima in 1998, the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal together with Berrou in 2003, and the French Academy of Sciences Grand Prix France Telecom award in 2003.

He died on 25 September 2004 at the age of 55 from illness.

References

2004 deaths
French electrical engineers
Télécom Paris alumni
French information theorists
1949 births
French telecommunications engineers
Electrical engineering academics

Alain Glavieux


Augusto da Costa (22 October 1922 – 1 March 2004) was a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. He was regarded as one of Brazil's finest defenders. He was known as a strong defender, for marking opponents and was also renowned for blocking shots and tackling and his leadership.

Club career
Augusto began his career at São Cristóvão in 1936 and played for this team for 8 years. But Augusto achieved the greatest success with the Vasco da Gama club, for which the footballer played from 1944 to 1954, and for some time was the team captain. With Vasco, Augusto won 5 state championships, as well as several exhibition tournaments in South America, in total, Augusto played 297 matches with 22 goals for the club and he was considered to be one of the best players ever.

International career
Augusto played for the Brazilian national team from 1946 to 1950, having played 20 matches (14 wins, 3 draws and 3 losses) and scored 1 goal. He was a participant in two South American championships, in the second of which he won the league title, as well as the 1950 World Cup, in which the Brazilians lost in the decisive match to Uruguay, and Augusto, as team captain retired from the national team, he was consoled by Roque Maspoli. Augusto also played several matches for the Rio national team.

After football
After completing his playing career, Augusto tried himself as a coach, but unsuccessfully. Later, he worked in the special military police of Rio de Janeiro, where he rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel and commander of the special forces guard.

He died on March 1, 2004 at the age of 83 due to kidney failure.

Honours

Club
Vasco da Gama
South American Championship of Champions: 1948
Campeonato Carioca: 1945, 1947, 1949, 1950 and 1952
Rivadávia Corrêa Meyer Octagonal Tournament: 1953

International
Brazil
Copa Rio Branco: 1947, 1950
Copa Rio Branco Runner-up: 1946, 1948
South American Championship Runner-up: 1946
South American Championship: 1949
Taça Oswaldo Cruz: 1950
FIFA World Cup Runner-up: 1950

References

1920 births
2004 deaths
Footballers from Rio de Janeiro

Augusto da Costa


Sarajevo Blues is a book of poetry first published in 1992 during the siege of Sarajevo by Semezdin Mehmedinović.  Mehmedinović's book was translated into English by Ammiel Alcalay in 1998.  The text was translated into music by Jewlia Eisenberg in 2004.

Content
In Sarajevo Blues, Semezdin  Mehmedinović tells the story of a city under siege.  The poet lived in the city and tells the story of resistance to nationalistic fervor. This book was part of the Biblioteka series, which gave a forum to Bosnian writers who were either living under siege like Mehmedinović or living in exile.  The Washington Post described the book of poetry as "widely considered here to be the best piece of writing to emerge from this besieged capital since Bosnia's war erupted".

The CD by Charming Hostess
In the Charming Hostess CD Jewlia Eisenberg continues her tradition of arranging music and text from the Jewish, African, and Bosnian Diasporas.  This time setting the text of Mehmedinović, Charming Hostess sings of genocide and nationalism, freedom under siege, the nature of evil, and resisting war by any means necessary. The work explores Mr. Mehmedinović's text through a lens that includes Jewish, Balkan and Sufi musical influences.

External links
English edition of the book
German edition of the book
Charming Hostess / Sarajevo Blues

1992 poetry books
Poetry collections
Postmodern novels
Siege of Sarajevo

Sarajevo Blues


San Pietro is a Romanesque and Gothic-style, Roman Catholic church just outside Tuscania, in the province of Viterbo, in the region of Lazio, Italy.

The façade has a large rose window, decked with mosaics, hedged at the corners by the symbols of the Four Evangelists, and flanked by reliefs with elaborate carvings of plants, a menagerie of animals, and a complex iconography of saints and figures of the Old Testament.

Below is a loggia and on the ground is a sculpted main portal with a large rounded arch. The nave is flanked by rounded Romanesque arches and leads to a chancel with a ciborium over the main altar. The chancel has a geometric mosaic floor. The crypt has gothic tracery.

See also
 Santa Maria Maggiore, Tuscania

References

Churches in the province of Viterbo
Romanesque architecture in Lazio
Gothic architecture in Lazio

San Pietro, Tuscania


Schachter v. Canada [1992] 2 S.C.R. 679 is the leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on the remedy provisions in sections 24(1) of the Charter and 52(1) of the Constitution Act, 1982.  The Court provides a list of remedies available under each section.

Under section 52(1), the impugned law may be subject to any number of remedies: the law may be struck down completely, it may be suspended until remedied by the legislature, it may be read down to avoid the violation, an omission may be read into the law, or the impugned provision may be severed.

Under section 24(1), the victim of the impugned law may apply for either a constitutional exemption, an injunction, or damages.

See also
 List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Lamer Court)

External links

Supreme Court of Canada cases
1992 in Canadian case law
Supreme Court of Canada case articles without infoboxes

Schachter v Canada


Nicolas de Thou (1528 – 5 November 1598) was a French prelate of the Catholic Church. He was a cleric, Bishop of Chartres, and, in politics, a figure instrumental in the coronation of Henry IV of France, the first monarch of the Bourbon dynasty in France.

Born in Paris, de Thou was a son of  (d. 1544), Président of the Parlement de Paris; brother to Christophe de Thou (1508–82), who became Premier Président of the Parlement de Paris; and later, uncle to noted historian Jacques-Auguste de Thou.

De Thou became a canon of the Cathedral of Paris in 1547, and Bishop of Chartres by a bull of 8 April 1573. As bishop, he played a prominent role in the War of the Three Henrys (1584-1598), in which power was transferred from Henry III of France to Henry of Navarre, who then became Henry IV.

His antipathy for the Catholic League, shared by his brother Président Christophe de Thou, made his position difficult when the people of Chartres, who were devoted to the League, shut their gates to the troops of King Henry III on 17 January 1589 and subsequently welcomed Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne, recognizing the aged Cardinal de Bourbon as king.

Nicholas de Thou temporised, and on 20 April 1591 received in his place Henry of Navarre, the future Henry IV. On 21 September 1591 he attended the assembly of bishops, which declared "null, unjust and suggested by the malice of the enemies of France Pope Gregory XIV's Bull of Excommunication against Henry of Navarre, and on 25 July 1593 he assisted at Henry IV's abjuration in St.-Denis.

As Reims was still in the power of the Duke of Mayenne, Chartres was chosen for the coronation. To end the dispute with Renaud de Beaune, Archbishop of Bourges, who had just been appointed Archbishop of Sens and who claimed the honour of anointing the king, de Thou by a skillful move had himself appointed by Nicolas de Pellevé, the Archbishop of Reims, as his representative and was thus commissioned to proceed with the coronation. Instead of the Sainte Ampoule there was brought from Tours a miraculous oil preserved in Marmoutier Abbey. The anointing took place on 27 February 1594, and the next day Nicolas de Thou bestowed on the king the Collar of the Order of the Holy Ghost.

De Thou died at Villebon-sur-Yvette on 5 November 1598. He left various pastoral writings and a book entitled Cérémonies observées au sacre et couronnement d'Henri IV, roi de France.

References

1528 births
1598 deaths
Bishops of Chartres
16th-century French Roman Catholic bishops

Nicolas de Thou


Attorney-General v De Keyser's Royal Hotel Limited is a leading case in UK constitutional law decided by the House of Lords in 1920 which exhaustively considered the principles on which the courts decide whether statute has fettered prerogative power. It decided that the royal prerogative does not entitle the Crown to take possession of a subject's land or buildings for administrative purposes connected with the defence of the realm without paying compensation. It is the authority for the statement that the royal prerogative is placed in abeyance (is not used) when statute law can provide a legal basis for an action.

Facts
De Keyser's Royal Hotel Ltd, as owner of a hotel situated in Blackfriars, London, claimed compensation under the Defence Act 1842 for occupation of the hotel by the armed forces during the First World War. The government relied on prerogative power under which 'less compensation would be payable'.

De Keyser's Royal Hotel was a 300–400 bedroom hotel on the Victoria Embankment, founded in the 1860s by Polydore de Keyser, that occupied the former site of Bridewell Palace. Officers of the Crown had taken possession of the hotel in 1916, purporting to act under statutory powers conferred by the Defence of the Realm Act 1914 (DORA). When challenged by the owner in petition of right proceedings, it was argued for the Crown that the competent military authority was empowered by the 1914 Act and regulations to take possession of land and buildings while the subject had no legal right to compensation.

The prospects for the hotel's business
Before the outbreak of the war with Germany, De Keyser's had been operating as a first class hotel, mainly for a continental clientele. By the time the hotel was taken for the wartime use of the Crown in May 1916, the hotel premises were held on a set of leaseholds expiring in 1961, but due to the loss of clientele in wartime, the hotel had been running at a loss. From June 1915 the company was in the hands of a receiver and manager, Arthur Whinney, appointed by the Chancery Court for the holders of the company's debentures (bearing annual interest of about £6,000). He had proceeded to cut some of the business losses, and before the take-over in 1916 he informed the official negotiating for the Crown that the hotel's business had improved considerably and future prospects were favourable.

The company's petition of right was presented in February 1917. Before the attorney-general's fiat was given for letting the petition of right proceed, a senior civil servant informed the Home Office that the hotel company was the only party in connection with requisitioning by the Office of Works to have refused to let the claim be dealt with under the DORA regulations. In the meantime, petition of right proceedings had previously been heard by the Court of Appeal in July 1915, concerning the requisition of Shoreham Aerodrome, an airfield on the south coast, by another department, the War Office, and when the owner's appeal came to be heard by the House of Lords in July 1916, additional relevant historical information was available, resulting in an outcome that enabled the owner (The Brighton-Shoreham Aerodrome Ltd) to obtain compensation under the Defence Act 1842.

Judgement
In 1919, the Court of Appeal (Sir Charles Swinfen Eady MR and Warrington LJ; Duke LJ dissenting), reversing the decision of Mr Justice Peterson in the High Court, decided that De Keyser's Royal Hotel Ltd, as the hotel's owner, was entitled to compensation in the manner provided by the Defence Act 1842.

On the Attorney-General's appeal in 1920, the House of Lords unanimously affirmed the Court of Appeal's decision, rejecting the government's claim to rely on prerogative power, and holding that once the statute had been enacted the prerogative powers fell into abeyance, for the duration of the life of its provisions should the statute be replaced or amended or modified. Present at the House of Lords hearing were four Lords of Appeal in Ordinary: Lord Dunedin, Lord Atkinson, Lord Moulton, and Lord Sumner, plus Lord Parmoor (not a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, but a member of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which had ruled on the case of The Zamora (1916)). At the hearing, the Crown was represented by Sir Gordon Hewart, Attorney-General, and Sir Ernest Pollock, Solicitor-General, and the other party was represented by Sir John Simon KC and Leslie Scott KC. In an introduction to an authoritative commentary published soon after the decision, Simon described it as one of the leading cases in constitutional law, concerned with establishing the rights of individual citizens in the face of exceptional interference by the Executive.

The principles established in the De Keyser's Royal Hotel case have been referred to in later judgments when the government's claim to rely on the exercise of power under the royal prerogative has been challenged, such as Laker Airways Ltd v Department of Trade (1976), concerning the revocation of the commercial airline operator's licence of Laker Airways, R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Fire Brigades Union (1995), concerning changes to the Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme, and most recently in R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland (2019), concerning the royal prerogative to prorogue Parliament.

References

External links
 Official law report of Attorney-General v De Keyser's Royal Hotel Limited , with headnote
 The case of requisition: in re a petition of right of De Keyser's Royal Hotel Limited: De Keyser's Royal Hotel Limited v. the King (1920),  Leslie Scott and Alfred Hildesley, with Introduction by Sir John Simon, Clarendon Press, 1920

House of Lords cases
1920 in case law
1920 in British law
1920 in England
Constitutional case law
United Kingdom administrative case law
United Kingdom constitutional case law
Constitution of the United Kingdom
Royal prerogative

Attorney-General v De Keyser's Royal Hotel Ltd


Gibson Hall is a building at Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States.  It sits across from Audubon Park.

History

Constructed in 1894, Gibson Hall is the oldest structure on the present Tulane University campus. It faces on to St. Charles Avenue and is the entry landmark to the uptown campus. It was designed by architects Harrod and Andry in the Richardsonian Romanesque style and constructed of stone over brick.

It was named for Randall Lee Gibson, an alumnus, Confederate General, U.S. Senator from Louisiana, and the first President of the University Board of Administrators. The building houses most of the senior level administration as well as the Office of Undergraduate Admission and the School of Professional Advancement.

Gallery

References

Tulane University buildings
School buildings completed in 1894
Richardsonian Romanesque architecture in Louisiana
University and college administration buildings in the United States
1894 establishments in Louisiana

Gibson Hall (Tulane University)


Jackson Hole (originally called Jackson's Hole by mountain men) is a valley between the Gros Ventre and Teton mountain ranges in the U.S. state of Wyoming, near the border with Idaho, in Teton County. The term "hole" was used by early trappers, or mountain men, as a term for a large mountain valley. These low-lying valleys, surrounded by mountains and containing rivers and streams, are good habitat for beavers and other fur-bearing animals. Jackson Hole is 55 miles (89 km) long by 6-to-13 miles (10-to-21 km) wide and is a graben valley with an average elevation of 6,800 ft (2,100 m), its lowest point being near the southern park boundary at 6,350 ft (1,940 m).

History
The valley was used by Native Americans for hunting and ceremonial purposes. It was not known to harbor year-round human settlement prior to the 1870s. Descriptions of the valley and its features were recorded in the journals of John Colter, who had been a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. After returning to the Rocky Mountains, Colter entered the region in 1807 in the vicinity of Togwotee Pass and became the first European-American to see the valley. His reports of the valley, the Teton Range, and the Yellowstone region to the north were viewed by people of the day with skepticism.

The town of Jackson was named in late 1893 by Margaret Simpson, who, at the time, was receiving mail at her home as there was no post office. She named the area in order for easterners to be able to forward mail west. Jackson, which became incorporated in 1914, was named after David Edward "Davy" Jackson, who trapped beaver in the area in the late 1820s with a partner in the firm of Smith, Jackson & Sublette. Jackson, of Irish and Scottish descent, was one of the first European-Americans to spend an entire winter in the valley.

Because the soil is not ideal for raising crops, the valley was used for cattle grazing, and tourism quickly became popular with the establishment of dude ranches.

Settlements
The only incorporated area in the valley is Jackson, located at its southern end. Other communities in the valley include Hoback, Kelly, Moose (Moose Wilson Road), Moran Junction, Teton Village, and Wilson. West of Jackson, Teton Pass crosses the southern end of the Teton Range, providing access to Alta on the western side of the Tetons, as well as Victor and Driggs in Idaho. This area was known as Pierre's Hole and hosted the Rocky Mountain Rendezvous in 1832. Numerous elk use the valley for grazing during the winter, and sleigh rides are offered to tourists. The Jackson Hole Mountain Resort, Snow King, and Grand Targhee Resort ski areas, as well as the nearby Grand Teton and Yellowstone national parks, are major year-round tourist attractions.

Geography

The valley is formed by the Teton Range to the west and the Gros Ventre Range to the east. Grand Teton National Park occupies the northwestern part of the valley, encompassing much of the Teton Range and Jackson Lake. The city of Jackson is at the southern end. Between them lies, on U.S. Route 26, "Glacier View Turnout" offering a view of Teton Glacier on the north of Grand Teton, and the National Elk Refuge, home of the largest elk herd on earth. The Snake River threads through the entire valley from its headwater in Yellowstone in the north to the mouth of the Snake River Canyon at the southern tip of the valley. Blacktail Butte is a prominent landform rising from the valley floor. The average elevation of the valley is over  above sea level.

High altitude and steep mountain slopes on all sides of the valley often cause calm winter nights to be very cold, as radiational cooling from snow-covered ground creates cold air near the surface, which then slides down into the valley due to the higher density of the air. In 1993, this effect during an already severe cold snap plunged the morning low temperature down to  in the valley, officially recorded by the National Weather Service. The state record low temperature was also recorded in the valley at Moran at  in 1933. Summers are warm to mild, due to the surrounding mountains.

Economy

Jackson Hole Airport is the largest and busiest commercial airport in Wyoming. The Jackson Hole Airport is also the only airport in the US that is located inside a National Park. Strict noise abatement regulations and the terminal building's low profile allow for the airport to operate within federal guidelines inside Grand Teton National Park. However, it becomes difficult to fly in the winter months.  Major airlines serve the valley with jet service, some of which is seasonal (summer and winter).

In 2016, the Jackson Hole Tourism website put up 20 live webcams of Jackson's town square in order to boost tourism. Since then, the audience of the live screening has grown rapidly, with up to 2,000 people watching at any one time.

Jackson Hole was rated in 2017 as the best campsite in Wyoming in a 50-state survey conducted by MSN.com.

The community is also home to the Jackson Hole Economic Symposium, an annual gathering by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City that includes "prominent central bankers, finance ministers, academics, and financial market participants from around the world," according to its description. "The participants convene to discuss the economic issues, implications, and policy options pertaining to the symposium topic. The symposium proceedings include papers, commentary, and discussion."

In popular culture
Films set and/or shot in Jackson Hole include 3 Bad Men (1926), The Big Sky (1952), The Wild North (1952), Shane (1953), Spencer's Mountain (1963), Any Which Way You Can (1980), The Mountain Men (1980), Rocky IV (1985), Dances with Wolves (1990), and Django Unchained (2012). It is also a major location in the video games The Last of Us (2013) and The Last of Us Part II (2020), in which Jackson itself is home to a large community of survivors in a post-apocalyptic world.

Rapper Kanye West recorded his album Ye (2018) while living in Jackson Hole; the album cover features a picture of the Teton mountains he had taken on his iPhone a few hours before the album's release. Other albums West recorded here include his and Kid Cudi's Kids See Ghosts, Nas's Nasir, Pusha T's Daytona, and Teyana Taylor's K.T.S.E.. These albums are collectively known as the Wyoming Sessions.

Notable people
Jackson has become a second home for various celebrities, often due to Wyoming's income tax regime, including Sandra Bullock, RuPaul Charles, Kanye West and Kim Kardashian, Nikki Sixx, and Harrison Ford.

Gallery

See also
 Bannock War of 1895

References

Books

External links

Fur trade
Landforms of Grand Teton National Park
Valleys of Wyoming
Landforms of Teton County, Wyoming

Jackson Hole


Ernst Florian Winter (16 December 1923 – 16 April 2014) was an American historian and political scientist, the first director of the Diplomatic Academy of Vienna after World War II, and chairman of the International Council of the Austrian Service Abroad.

Biography

Childhood
Ernst Florian Winter was born in Vienna, Austria, the oldest of eight children of the sociologist and former third vice mayor of Vienna (1934–36) Ernst Karl Winter. He attended the humanistic grammar school in the Klostergasse in Währing, after which he attended Neulandschule. He was a member of the Austrian Catholic Bund Neuland. Alfons Stilfried and the brothers Otto and Fritz Molden were in the same group.

Winter accompanied his father, Ernst Karl, very early in his political career. Regularly there were hour-long discussions at their family residences, attended by people such as Alfred Missong, August Maria Knoll, Hans Karl von Zessnerspitzberg, and Engelbert Dollfuss. When federal chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg returned from meeting with Hitler at the Berghof on 12 February 1938, he visited the Winters' home to speak with Ernst Karl Winter. The 14-year-old Ernst Florian Winter kept the minutes of this discussion.

A few days before the Anschluss in March 1938, Ernst Karl Winter fled Austria to Switzerland, for political reasons, at the urging of Hans Kelsen. He had to leave his family behind. When the Gestapo came to the Winters' house and could not find Ernst Karl, they took his son, Ernst Florian, to the police station. Ernst Florian's mother, Margarete, managed to get him released on the same day. A few days later, Margarete, her son Ernst Florian and his six siblings fled from Austria (his youngest sibling was born after the family moved to the United States).

Emigration to America
Via Switzerland, France, and England, the Winters emigrated to New York City in October 1939. They were one of the first non-Jewish emigrant families. Because there were no Austrian clubs in New York, many Austrian immigrants met in the Winters' house almost every Sunday. At the beginning of 1939, Ernst Karl Winter founded the Austrian American Center in New York, which was the first non-party national committee. This committee regularly organised demonstrations and marches and released weekly publications. There were almost no juveniles under the emigrants, nevertheless Ernst Florian Winter was voted as the leader. A few dozen juveniles regularly celebrated parades on Fifth Avenue. Together with his father, Ernst Florian met U.S. vice president Henry Wallace.

Winter did not join the "Österreichische Bataillon" initiated by Otto von Habsburg, because he had his skiing instructor exam. As a member of the "Ski Patrol System" he received a letter from the U.S. minister of war, who planned to set up a mountain division. On his 18th birthday, he joined the U.S. Army, though he wrote on his application form: "volunteer to join for the liberation of my home country Austria, but I am not willing to kill." The main reason of his strict attitude was that he had seen pictures of the Nazi concentration camps at his father's publishing house, which weighed heavily on him. In 1943, Winter gained American citizenship, and in 1944 he earned a degree from the University of Michigan.

Liberation of the homeland

Winter took part in the invasion of Normandy. He was the first Austro-American who marched into the Innviertel on 4 May 1945 with the 86th division of the 3rd U.S. Army at Burghausen, where he stayed at the Brauerei Schnaitl.

On orders from Baron Georg Ludwig von Trapp, Winter had a look at a mansion in Aigen that was the summer residence of Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler. There he discovered that the house chapel had a swastika carved on the altar. A few weeks after the liberation, Winter had to leave his homeland again. His division went to Japan, where they had similar duties.

Academic studies and doctrine

After Winter had returned to the U.S., he graduated with a degree in social science from Columbia College. Studies in political science and international relations at Columbia University followed. He finished his Master of Arts degree in 1951. His topic was "Comparative analyses of the Renner-regime 1918 and 1945". He finished his Ph.D. in 1954; his dissertation topic was "Austrian agriculture between 1918 and 1945."

Winter began his academic career as professor of history and political science at Iona College in New Rochelle, New York. He also served as a visiting professor at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Princeton University, Georgetown University, and Indiana University.

In 1960, he returned to Austria to establish the field of study of political science. In 1964, he was chosen by the state secretary Bruno Kreisky to be the foundation director of the Diplomatic University of Vienna, where he served as a professor for decades. He also began work as an assistant at the Institute for Higher Studies (IHS) at its founding in 1963. He was the director of the IHS between 1967 and 1968.

He was married to Johanna von Trapp (1919–1994), the daughter of Georg Ludwig von Trapp and Agathe Whitehead. They were married from 1948 to 1994 and had seven children: Ernst Florian (1949–1969), Johanna, Florian, Notburga, Agathe, Hemma, and Severin. From 1964 to 1977 they lived together in Schloss Eichbüchel in Katzelsdorf. There they hosted the "Eichbüchler-Gespräche" and Austria seminars for ten years; visiting professors included Oskar Morgenstern, Paul Lazarsfeld, Friedrich Heer, and Henry Kissinger.

Diplomatic career
Between 1968 and 1970, Winter was director of social science at UNESCO in Paris. At the same time, he was chief negotiator between the U.S. and the People's Republic of China. Winter was member of the UN commission of the United States for the development of China strategies between 1970 and 1972. In January 1970 Henry Kissinger sent him to ask Chinese-Canadian academic and political activist Paul Lin to relay a confidential message to Zhou Enlai conveying Kissinger's desire to meet Chinese leaders in view of a visit by President Nixon to China. In January 1972, he was the first American invited by Chinese prime minister Zhou Enlai to a two-month stay at the institute for foreign politics in China. In 1974, as part of UNEP-FAO, Winter was chairman of the first mission of the UN agency in China. In the following year, he led the China Mission of UNEP-WHO.

Personal engagement

Agriculture in Kosovo
Starting in the 1990s, Winter cultivated an organic self-sustaining area in the Defereggental in eastern Tyrol. He participated in an environment program of the United Nations called "Agriculture in Kosovo"; as part of that program, he taught at the University of Business and Technology in Priština.

Austrian service abroad
Since 2009 Winter was the chairman of the international council of the Austrian Service Abroad.

Awards
 On 3 May 2008, Winter was given the Egon Ranshofen-Wertheimer Award in Braunau-am-Inn. Austrian expatriates receive this prize for dedication to Austria. Winter shared this award with the Trapp Family and the actor Dietmar Schönherr.
 Federal president Heinz Fischer awarded Winter on 10 August 2010 the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class
 On 10 October 2010 in Pfaffstätten, Winter (with Mirie Rushani) was awarded the Weltmenschpreis 2010.
 In 2012, he was given a Decoration for Services to the Liberation of Austria

References

External links

3. US-Armee#Zweiter Weltkrieg|3. US-Armee (Zweiter Weltkrieg)
Ernst Karl Winter
Institut für Höhere Studien
Österreichischer Auslandsdienst]* Politikwissenschaft#Österreich|Politikwissenschaft (Österreich)
Schloss Eichbüchl
Umweltprogramm der Vereinten Nationen|Umweltprogramm der Vereinten Nationen (UNEP)
Lebenslauf von Ernst Florian Winter
Laudatio auf E.F. Winter
Für die Befreiung Österreichs in der Rundschau-Online
Internationaler Rat des Österreichischen Auslandsdienstes
 Ernst Florian Winter (in German) from the archive of the Österreichische Mediathek

1923 births
2014 deaths
20th-century American historians
American Roman Catholics
American political scientists
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Diplomats from Vienna
Emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss to the United States
Recipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Liberation of Austria
Trapp family
United States Army personnel of World War II
University of Michigan alumni

Ernst Florian Winter


Lord Edgware Dies  is a 1934 British mystery film directed by Henry Edwards and starring Austin Trevor, Jane Carr, and Richard Cooper. The film was based on the 1933 Agatha Christie novel Lord Edgware Dies.

Trevor reprised his role as Hercule Poirot for a third time, having previously played him in Alibi and Black Coffee, both released in 1931. Like them, it was filmed at Twickenham Film Studios. While the two earlier films are now lost, this production still survives.

During Julius Hagen's tenure at Twickenham, the studios had specialised in production of murder mysteries as quota quickies. Although Hagen undoubtedly had ambitions for this film to be a more prestigious production, with a larger budget, the similarities to the studio's more routine output led most cinemas to show it as a second feature. The film's sets were designed by the art director James Carter.

Synopsis
Hercule Poirot is hired by Lady Edgware an American actress who wants him to arrange a divorce from her aristocratic husband. In fact it turns out that Lord Edgware has already agreed to a divorce, only for him to be murdered the same night.

Cast
 Austin Trevor as Hercule Poirot
 Jane Carr as Lady Edgware
 Richard Cooper as Captain Hastings
 John Turnbull as Inspector Japp
 Michael Shepley as Captain Roland Marsh
 Leslie Perrins as Bryan Martin
 C. V. France as Lord Edgware
 Kynaston Reeves as Duke of Merton
 Phyllis Morris as Alice
 Sophie Stewart as Miss Geraldine Edgware

References

Bibliography
 Chibnall, Steve. Quota Quickies: The Birth of the British 'B' Film. British Film Institute, 2007.
 Low, Rachael. Filmmaking in 1930s Britain. George Allen & Unwin, 1985.
 Wood, Linda. British Films, 1927-1939. British Film Institute, 1986.

External links
 Lord Edgware Dies at IMDB

1930s mystery drama films
1934 drama films
1930s British films
1934 films
British detective films
1930s English-language films
Films based on Hercule Poirot books
British mystery drama films
Films set in London
Films shot at Twickenham Film Studios
British black-and-white films
Films directed by Henry Edwards

Lord Edgware Dies (film)


Johann Heinrich Joseph Düntzer (July 12, 1813 – December 16, 1901) was a German philologist and historian of literature.

Biography
He was born at Cologne. After studying philology and especially ancient classics and Sanskrit at Bonn and Berlin (1830–1835), he took the degree of doctor of philosophy and established himself in 1837 at Bonn as privatdozent for classical philology. He had already, in his Goethes Faust in seiner Einheit und Ganzheit (1836) and Goethe als Dramatiker (1837), advocated a new critical method in interpreting the German classics, which he wished to see treated like the ancient classics.

He subsequently turned his attention almost exclusively to the poets of the German classical period, notably Goethe and Schiller. Düntzer's method met with much opposition and he consequently failed to obtain the professorship he coveted. From 1846 up to the time of his death in 1901 he maintained the post of librarian at the Roman Catholic gymnasium in Cologne. In 1849 he was awarded with the title of professor.

Evaluation
Düntzer was a painstaking and accurate critic, but lacking in inspiration and finer literary taste, consequently his work as a biographer and commentator has, to a great extent, been superseded and discredited.

Works
Among his philological writings may be mentioned:
Die Lehre von der lateinischen Wortbildung (1836).
Die Deklination der indogermanischen Sprachen (1839).
Homer und der epische Kyklos (1839).
Die homerischen Beiwörter des Götter- und Menschengeschlechts (1859).

Of his works on the German classical poets, especially Goethe, Schiller and Herder, the following are particularly worthy of note:
Erläuterungen zu den deutschen Klassikern (1853–1892).
Goethes Prometheus und Pandora (1850).
Goethes Faust (2 vols., 1850–1851; 2nd ed. 1857).
Goethes Götz und Egmont (1854).
Aus Goethes Freundeskreise (1868).
Abhandlungen zu Goethes Leben und Werken (2 vols, 1885).
Goethes Tagebücher der sechs ersten weimarischen Jahre (1889).
Goethes Leben (1880; 2nd ed. 1883; Engl. transl. by T Lyster, London, 1884): "Life of Goethe", Vol.1, "Life of Goethe", Vol.2.
Schillers Leben (1881); translated into English and published as: The Life of Schiller (1883).
Schiller und Goethe (1859).
Übersicht und Erläuterung zum Briefwechsel zwischen Schiller und Goethe (1859).
Herders Reise nach Italien (1859).
Aus Herders Nachlass (3 vols., 1856–1857).
Charlotte von Stein (1874).

References

 HathiTrust Digital Library (published works)

1813 births
1901 deaths
German philologists
Goethe scholars
German librarians
Writers from Cologne
People from the Rhine Province
University of Bonn alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bonn
19th-century German people

Johann Heinrich Joseph Düntzer


The Allgemeine Arbeiter-Union – Einheitsorganisation (AAUE or AAU-E) (English: General Workers' Union – Unified Organization) was an anti-parliamentarian council communist organisation established in Germany in October 1921. It was a split from the
General Workers' Union of Germany (AAUD).

History
Otto Rühle was involved in setting up the AAUE as an organisation which combined the political and economic aspirations of communist workers in a single (einheits) organisation. This occurred following his trip to Russia as a representative of the Communist Workers' Party of Germany (KAPD) at the Second World Congress of the Communist International. He travelled around Russia before the Congress and formed a very negative view of the Bolshevik regime. He advocated a very different way to realise a communist revolution which came to be adopted by the AAUE:

"Everyone must become in his consciousness a living bearer of the revolutionary struggle and creative member of the communist build-up. The necessary freedom therefore will however never be won in the coercive system of centralism, the chains of bureaucratic-militaristic control, under the burden of a leader-dictatorship and its inevitable accompaniments: arbitrariness, personality cult, authority, corruption, violence. Therefore transformation of the party-conception into a federative community-conception on the line of councilist ideas. Therefore: supersession of external commitments and compulsion through internal readiness and willingness.Therefore: elevation of communism from the demagogic prattle of the paper cliché to the height of one of the most internally captivating and fulfilling experiences of the whole world."

References

Communist organisations in Germany
Labor history
Labor in Germany
Council communist organizations


Nellie J. Banks was a 35 GRT cod fishing schooner turned "rum runner", built in 1910. She was one of the last rum runners seized off the coast of Nova Scotia in 1938. Nellie J. Banks was renamed Leona G. Maguire in 1941.

Description
Nellie J. Banks was a schooner with two masts (the usual foremast and two top masts), and a black hull. The ship was 57 feet 3 inches long, with a beam of 18 feet, and a depth of 7 feet. She had a GRT of 35 and was propelled by sail until 1916, when an engine was brought aboard.
Nellie J. Banks was constructed by Freeman Pyzant of Lockeport, with the objective of speed, as she was built for the cod fishing industry. It has been said that she looked more like a yacht than a fishing schooner, given her neat rigging and  sheer.

Brief History
The ship was built by Alfred Banks from Nova Scotia in 1910 and launched 21 October 1910, from the shipyard of Howard Allen and Company of Allendale Nova Scotia. Her port of registry was Shelburne, Nova Scotia. She was used for fishing until 1926.

In September 1926, Ray Clarke and Captain Edward Dicks bought her for about $2,000. They decided to buy her because they thought she was the perfect vessel for smuggling booze to Prince Edward Island, the province mostly affected by the 1901 prohibition.

In 1927, she was seized by the coastguard ship Bayfield. That was only a small setback for Nellie J. Banks and crew; the boat continued smuggling until she was finally seized in August 1938 by the R.C.M.P cutter Ulna. She was then towed back to Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.

In 1941, Nellie J. Banks was renamed Leona G. Maguire, after her new captain's daughter. In the early part of 1943, a sea Captain named Roberts lived aboard her in Murray Harbour, Prince Edward Island. In 1947, she was permanently tied up in Murray Harbour, PEI. Around 1950, when she had become too old and an eyesore, Maquire decided to pull the schooner out of the water and rebuild her. John MacDonald was selected as the right man to do this, but once she was pulled up near his home in Murray Harbour, PEI, the money did not come fast enough to effect the necessary repairs, and the ship's condition worsened. Finally, she became an eyesore, a pitifully lonely sight on the edge of the water. The land on which she was propped up was sold.

The new landowner, Joe Bell, convinced William Harris that he had permission from Captain Maquire to burn the boat. One night in 1953, he went with oily rags, newspapers, and matches to put her out of her misery. He stood back from the heat as the flames from the burning timbers consumed her dry bones, having no inkling that a wealth of Prince Edward Island history was disappearing in front of him. The big timbers that Howard Allen had so tenderly laid out in his shipyard took more than a night to burn.

In popular culture
Nellie J. Banks is the ship that smuggled Agnes Jemima/Aunt Victoria and Daisy/Nicole out of Gilead, to Canada, in Margaret Atwood's novel, The Testaments (2019), Book Index 91, and the escapees' witness testimonies were compiled in the Annals of the Nellie J. Banks: Two Adventurers

See also
Rum-running in Windsor

References

Schooners
Sailing ships of Canada
Maritime history of Canada
Water transport in Prince Edward Island
Individual sailing vessels
Ships built in Nova Scotia
1937 ships
Prohibition in Canada
Transport in Shelburne County, Nova Scotia
Alcohol in Nova Scotia

Nellie J. Banks


On Wikipedia, trusted users may be appointed as administrators (also referred to as admins, sysops or janitors), following a successful request for adminship. Currently, there are  administrators on the English Wikipedia. Administrators have additional technical privileges compared with other editors, such as being able to protect and delete pages and being able to block users from editing pages.

On Wikipedia, becoming an administrator is often referred to as "being given [or taking up] the mop", a term which has also been used elsewhere. In 2006, The New York Times reported that administrators on Wikipedia, of whom there were then about 1,000, were "geographically diverse". In July 2012, it was widely reported that Wikipedia was "running out of administrators", because in 2005 and 2006, 40 to 50 people were often appointed administrators each month, but in the first half of 2012, only nine in total were appointed. However, Jimmy Wales, Wikipedia's co-founder, denied that this was a crisis or that Wikipedia was running out of admins, saying, "The number of admins has been stable for about two years, there's really nothing going on." Wales had previously (in a message sent to the English Wikipedia mailing list on February 11, 2003) stated that being an admin is "not a big deal", and that "It's merely a technical matter that the powers given to sysops are not given out to everyone."

In his 2008 book Wikipedia: The Missing Manual, John Broughton states that while many people think of administrators on Wikipedia as judges, that is not the purpose of the role. Instead, he says, admins usually "delete pages" and "protect pages involved in edit wars". Wikipedia administrators are not employees or agents of the Wikimedia Foundation.

Requests for adminship
While the first Wikipedia administrators were appointed by Jimmy Wales in October 2001, administrator privileges on Wikipedia are now granted through a process known as requests for adminship (RfA). Any registered editor may nominate themselves, or may request another editor to do so. The process has been said to be "akin to putting someone through the Supreme Court" by Andrew Lih, a scientist and professor who is himself an administrator on the English Wikipedia. Lih also said, "It's pretty much a hazing ritual at this point", in contrast to how the process worked early in Wikipedia's history, when all one had to do to become an admin was "prove you weren't a bozo".

Candidacy for the role is normally considered only after "extensive work on the wiki". While any editor may vote in an RfA, the outcome is not determined by a majority vote, but rather by whether consensus has been reached that the candidate would make a good administrator, a decision that can only be made by a bureaucrat, a Wikipedia editor who is also appointed by the community through a "request" process, though the process is much stricter for them than for administrators. This may have been implemented as a result of RfAs attracting increasing levels of attention: Stvilia et al. quoted that "Prior to mid-2005, RfAs typically did not attract much attention. Since then, it has become quite common for RfAs to attract huge numbers of RfA groupies who all support one another", with the record number of votes in one RfA as of May 2022 being 468 for the RfA of longtime editor Tamzin Hadasa Kelly, which was supported by 340 users and opposed by 116 amidst controversy over her criticism of supporters of Donald Trump.

Role
Once granted administrator privileges, a user has access to additional functions in order to perform certain duties. These include "messy cleanup work", deletion of articles deemed unsuitable, protecting pages (restricting editing privileges to that page), and blocking the accounts of disruptive users. Blocking a user must be done according to Wikipedia's policies and a reason must be stated for the block, which will be permanently logged by the software. Use of this privilege to "gain editing advantages" is considered inappropriate.

Scientific studies
A 2013 scientific paper by researchers from Virginia Tech and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute found that after editors are promoted to administrator status, they often focus more on articles about controversial topics than they did before. The researchers also proposed an alternative method for choosing administrators, in which more weight is given to the votes of experienced editors. Another paper, presented at the 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, analyzed data from all 1,551 requests for adminship from January 2006 to October 2007, with the goal of determining which (if any) of the criteria recommended in Wikipedia's Guide to requests for adminship were the best predictors of whether the user in question would actually become an admin. In December 2013, a similar study was published by researchers from the Polish-Japanese Institute of Information Technology in Warsaw, which aimed to model the results of requests for adminship on the Polish Wikipedia using a model derived from Wikipedia's edit history. They found that they could "classify the votes in the RfA procedures using this model with an accuracy level that should be sufficient to recommend candidates."

References

System administration
Administrators

Wikipedia administrators


Saint Begu (died 31 October 690) was a nun and later became a saint from Hackness, Yorkshire (Deira). She served at the monastic cell in the nunnery of Hackness, near Scarborough which was built by St Hilda of Whitby shortly before her death.

Begu was the woman who claimed to have witnessed Hilda's soul being borne to heaven by angels when Hilda died on 17 November 680. Tradition states that at the moment of Hilda's passing, the bells tolled. Begu awoke to find her fellow sisters in the dormitory sleeping; it is then that Begu stated she witnessed the vision of the roof of the house opening and Hilda's soul been borne into heaven. The nuns awakened and prayed for the soul of the blessed abbess until, at dawn, some monks arrived to tell them of her death.

Years after the death of Begu herself, the monks of Whitby Abbey were seeking holy relics to replace those of Hilda in 1125,  as they were transferred to Glastonbury Abbey due to the 10th century Viking raids. Through a supposed revelation, a sarcophagus was uncovered at Hackness where Begu had served; it bore the inscription Hoc est sepulchrum Begu, the contents were transferred to nearby Whitby where miracles were soon reported.

Notes

690 deaths
Northumbrian saints
Yorkshire saints
7th-century Christian saints
Anglo-Saxon nuns
Year of birth unknown
Female saints of medieval England
7th-century English nuns
7th-century Christian nuns
Medieval English saints

Begu (nun)


The Wrigley Building (400-410 North Michigan Avenue, Near North Side, Chicago, Illinois) is a skyscraper in Chicago. It is directly across Michigan Avenue from the Tribune Tower on the Magnificent Mile.

It was built to hold the corporate headquarters of the Wrigley Company. Construction began for the building in 1920. The building was Chicago's first air-conditioned office building.

The Wrigley Building was sold in 2011 to a group of investors that includes Zeller Realty Group and Groupon co-founders Eric Lefkofsky and Brad Keywell.

References

Other websites

History of the Wrigley Building from company website
projectchicago.org entry: Wrigley Building

Skyscrapers in Chicago
20th-century architecture

Wrigley Building


The Upper Rhine Plain, Rhine Rift Valley or Upper Rhine Graben (German: Oberrheinische Tiefebene, Oberrheinisches Tiefland or Oberrheingraben, French: Vallée du Rhin) is a major rift, about  and on average , between Basel in the south and the cities of Frankfurt/Wiesbaden in the north. Its southern section straddles the France–Germany border. It forms part of the European Cenozoic Rift System, which extends across Central Europe. The Upper Rhine Graben formed during the Oligocene, as a response to the evolution of the Alps to the south. It remains active to the present day. Today, the Rhine Rift Valley forms a downfaulted trough through which the river Rhine flows.

Formation

The Upper Rhine Plain was formed during the Early Cenozoic era, during the Late Eocene epoch. At this time, the Alpine Orogeny, the major mountain building event that was to produce the Alps, was in its early stages. The Alps were formed because the continents of Europe and Africa collided. It is thought that because the collision was irregular, the initial contact between the two continents resulted in the formation of dilational (extensional) structures in the foreland basin to the north of the Alps. The result was substantial crustal thinning, forming a major extensional graben and causing isolated volcanic activity. The stretch factor is estimated to be ~2.

Rift flank uplift
To both the east and west of the Rhine Plain, two major hill ranges have formed that run the length of the basin. To the west, in France, these hills are known as the Vosges mountain range and in the east, in Germany, the hills comprise the Black Forest.  These ranges exhume the same types of rocks in their cores, including deep crustal gneiss.  Both ranges correspond to uplifts of more than 2,500 metres, much of which has since been eroded. This uplift has occurred because of the isostatic response associated with the formation of an extensional basin. As a consequence, the highest mountains exist immediately adjacent to the margin of the basin, and become increasingly low outwards. The boundaries between the hill ranges and the Rhine Graben are defined by major, normal fault zones.

The northern section of the Rhine Plain is equally framed by somewhat lower mountain ranges, the Palatinate Forest on the western and the Odenwald on the eastern side.

Volcanic activity

The extension induced by the formation of the Alps was sufficient to thin the crust and provide suitable dilational conduits for magmatic and volcanic activity to occur. This resulted in the emplacement of mafic dykes, which follow the general structural trend of the extensional faults. In addition, isolated volcanoes such as the Kaiserstuhl were formed.

The Kaiserstuhl volcano
The Kaiserstuhl (literally "Emperor's Chair") is a cluster of volcanic hills to the northwest of Freiburg, within the Rhine Graben. The highest point of this small, isolated volcanic centre is the Totenkopf (557 metres). Volcanic activity was most prevalent in the Miocene epoch, some 15 million years ago. Today, the Kaiserstuhl volcano is extinct.

Seismic activity
In 1356, the Basel earthquake occurred in the Rhine Plain. It was perhaps the most destructive earthquake ever in northwest Europe, destroying the city of Basel and flattening buildings as far as 200 km away. It was the most significant historic seismological event to have occurred in Central Europe. Its epicenter was between Waldkirch and St. Peter in Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald. However, it remains disputed whether the fault that ruptured to cause this earthquake was part of the Rhine Valley extensional system, or simply one of the many thrust faults that make up the Alps to the south. Doubts have been raised over the adequacy of the seismic evaluation and design of the Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant, built in the Rhine Plain close to the faults.

Upper Rhine aquifer
Located below the plain, the Upper Rhine aquifer – one of the largest in Europe – holds an estimated  of fresh water and supplies some 3 million people in France and Germany, supplying 75% of their drinking water and 50% of the water used by industry. Since the 1970s it has suffered increasingly serious pollution from nitrates, pesticides, chloride and VOCs.

Research

A collaboration of 25 universities and government agencies have been researching seismic hazards, neotectonics, and water management of the Quaternary Graben fill. The research focuses on four themes:
 "Neotectonics and Seismic Hazard (identification of zones of on-going deformation, current stress regime, earthquake location & frequency, hazard assessment)"
 "Modeling of Hydro systems (modeling of Plio-Quaternary hydro systems of the Upper Rhine Graben and transfer time of pollutants within them)"
 "Structure and Evolution (reassessment of structural evolution of the Upper Rhine Graben and implications for its neotectonic deformation, fault reactivation, crustal rheology and earthquake activity)"
 "Dynamic Modeling (multi scale dynamic modeling of the past and present deformation of the Rhine Graben area)"

See also
 Ried

References

External links
 EUCOR-URGENT
 Franco-German-Swiss Conference of the Upper Rhine

Rifts and grabens
Natural regions of the South German Scarplands
Geology of Germany
Geology of France
Landforms of Metropolitan France
Landforms of Germany
Aquifers
Rhineland
Regions of Baden-Württemberg
Upper Rhine
Cenozoic rifts and grabens
Depressions of Europe
France–Germany border

Upper Rhine Plain