A Temporary Dive is the second studio album by the Norwegian singer-songwriter Ane Brun, initially released in Norway and Sweden on 7 February 2005. The album debuted at No. 1 in her native Norway.

The track "Song No. 6" features the Canadian singer-songwriter Ron Sexsmith and also appears on her Duets album. It was recorded at an after-show party following their performances at the Storsjöyran festival in Östersund, Sweden. The track "Balloon Ranger" was said by Ane to be analogous to her troubles learning the English language, or rather how she sometimes comes up with nonsense words that have no inherent meaning. She later used the song's title for the name of her record label.

Versions of the album were released in the UK and US in 2006, and in Japan in 2007, each with different track listings and different artwork. The original album was re-released on CD for the European market in spring 2010, featuring new artwork (the same as that used for the 2006 US release) and a bonus track, "Half Open Door".

Track listing

2010 European reissue bonus track

2006 UK version

2006 US version

2007 Japan version

Charts

References

Ane Brun albums
2005 albums

A Temporary Dive


Desmond Alexander Cullum-Jones (1 December 1924 – 6 June 2002) was an American born, British actor known for films such as Impact (1963), Dad's Army (1971), Freak Out (2004) and Wednesday's Child (1962). On the TV show Dad's Army he played Private Desmond.

Cullum-Jones also appeared in TV shows such as Suspense, Sherlock Holmes, Dixon of Dock Green, Softly, Softly, Crime of Passion, Nancy Astor, Father Dear Father, Z-Cars, The Good Life and The Bill. He also appeared in the Doctor Who story "The War Machines".
In 1977, Cullum-Jones went into semi-retirement only playing small onscreen parts.

References

External links

1924 births
2002 deaths
British male film actors
British male television actors
Male actors from Seattle
American emigrants to England

Desmond Cullum-Jones


Colin Anthony Greenall (born 30 December 1963) is an English former professional footballer who made over 600 Football League appearances between 1980 and 1999. Starting his career at Blackpool as an apprentice, Greenall had spells at Gillingham, Oxford United, Bury, Preston North End, Chester City and Lincoln City before finishing his career at his hometown club, Wigan Athletic.

Playing career

Blackpool
Billinge-born Greenall made his professional debut with Blackpool on 23 September 1980, at the age of 16 years and 237 days, becoming the club's then-youngest-ever league player (a record broken by Trevor Sinclair in 1989). Three days later, he appeared in a League Cup game against Everton at Goodison Park.

Greenall was one of a host of young players brought to Blackpool by Alan Ball during his short managerial reign at the club. Unlike most of the others, however, he remained at the club for years and developed into a dependable defender. He eventually took over the central role, combining with captain Steve Hetzke and Mike Conroy to form a successful defensive partnership.

Greenall won England Youth honours and, at 20, was voted the Fourth Division's Player of the Year by the PFA.

Gillingham
After 183 league appearances in just over five years, Greenall had a contractual dispute with Blackpool, and in September 1986 he moved to Third Division Gillingham for £40,000.

Oxford United
Greenall joined Oxford United in February 1988 for £235,000, and the U's soon made him skipper following the departure of Tommy Caton, as he enjoyed a brief taste of top-flight football before they were relegated at the end of the season.

Bury and Preston North End
In July 1990, he moved to Bury for £100,000 after an initial loan spell at Gigg Lane, before departing for Preston North End during 1991–92 – a move in his favour as Preston narrowly beat the drop from Division Three while Bury were relegated. Preston would follow suit 12 months later, however.

Latter years
After a year at Chester City, where he won promotion and player of the season in 1993–94, and a spell with Lincoln City, Greenall joined Wigan Athletic in 1995. At Wigan, he helped guide the team to Third Division success as an ever-present captain in 1997. After coming out of retirement, Greenall made his Wembley debut in 1999 when he defied his advancing years to help Wigan beat Millwall 1–0 to win the Football League Trophy.

As of 2021, Greenall summarises for football commentaries on BBC Radio Lancashire.

Coaching career
In 2001, Greenall became caretaker manager of Wigan for six games, losing only once, but he did not get the job permanently and lost his coaching job at Wigan shortly afterwards. He returned to playing with Rossendale United while searching for new coaching opportunities.

In June 2002 he was appointed Head of Youth Development at Rochdale and in June 2004 Director of the Centre of Excellence at Rochdale. In August 2005 he was appointed to the role of Coach Education Manager at the Lancashire FA.

Honours
Blackpool
PFA Fourth Division Player of the Year: 1980–81

Chester City
Player of the Season: 1993–94.

Wigan Athletic
Football League Division Three (IV) champions: 1996–97.
Football League Trophy winners: 1998–99.

References

External links
Colin Greenall: Latics Legends. Wigan Athletic Official Club Site
Colin Greenall's career stats at Soccerbase

●  Playfair football annuals 1981–82 to 1999–2000

1963 births
Living people
People from Billinge, Merseyside
Footballers from Merseyside
Sportspeople from the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens
English men's footballers
English football managers
Footballers from Wigan
Blackpool F.C. players
Gillingham F.C. players
Oxford United F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. managers
English Football League players
Men's association football defenders

Colin Greenall


Pogona minor is a species of agamid lizard from a group commonly known as bearded dragons, and is found on the southwest coast and interior of  Western Australia. This taxonomic name includes the widespread type known as western bearded dragon, Pogona minor minor which is widespread across West Australia between the Pilbara and the south coast, and the subspecies, Pogona minor minima is confined to the Wallabi Group of islands. There is another subspecies, Pogona minor mitchelli which lives in tropical woodlands of the Kimberley area of Western Australia.

Description
Pogona minor minor lizards are large, 38 cm in length (15 cm from snout to vent), P. m. minima is slightly smaller, at 11cm snout to vent, and P. m. mitchelli has a snout to vent length of 16cm.  All bearded dragons have a chameleon-like colour, either blending into their environments or presenting brighter displays during interaction with others. They are similar in appearance to Pogona nullarbor and Caimanops amphiboluroides (mulga dragon), but are distinguished by smaller heads, and the arrangement of spines on their undersides and necks. The western bearded dragon is widespread in Southwest Australia and central deserts; the range includes semiarid regions such as woodland or heathland, and arid desert or coastal dunes. This subspecies also occurs on Dirk Hartog Island.
Pogona minor minima is found on West, North, and East Wallabi Islands, Houtman Abrolhos.

These dragons display a behavior common to other Pogona species, they will wave one of their fore legs to trigger a response from a potential rival or mate. Another typical behavior is head-bobbing amongst males, perhaps related to dominance within their social order. They are often seen basking on fence posts.

They usually lay egg clutches of 5–9, though clutches of up to 15 have been recorded.

Due to their small size, it is likely that they are insectivorous rather than herbivorous like most other bearded dragon species.

See also
Bearded dragon
List of reptiles of Western Australia

References

Sidney's Overview of Bearded Dragon Species

Further reading
Paper: Ecology of the western bearded dragon ...
 Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR): Taxonomy

External links

Reptiles of Western Australia
Pogona
Taxa named by Richard Sternfeld
Reptiles described in 1919
Agamid lizards of Australia

Pogona minor


The Fiat Marea (Type 185) is a small family car available as a saloon and an estate, produced by the Italian automaker Fiat. Launched in September 1996, the Marea models were essentially different body styles of Fiat's hatchback offerings, the Bravo and Brava. The Marea replaced the earlier Tipo based Fiat Tempra, as well as the larger Croma.

While the Fiat Stilo Multiwagon was the successor of the wagon version, the Marea Weekend, the Fiat Linea replaced the saloon version in 2007. The car became officially available from 11 September 1996.

Production and markets

The Marea was originally manufactured in Fiat's Cassino and Mirafiori plants in Italy. Later the Marea also superseded the Tempra in Brazilian (Betim) and Turkish (in Bursa, with Tofaş) plants, which make vehicles mostly for local and other developing markets.

In Europe, production and sales of the Marea ceased in August 2002, one year after the Bravo and Brava were replaced with the Fiat Stilo. The Marea Weekend was replaced by the Stilo Multiwagon unveiled in January 2003, while the saloon's successor, the Fiat Linea, was unveiled in 2007.

Nevertheless, the Marea (in both body styles) was still manufactured in Turkey and Brazil for local (and other Latin American) markets. The Brazilian version was facelifted in 2001, when it gained a redesigned rear end with taillights taken from the Lancia Lybra.

For 2006, the Marea was mildly revised again, gaining a new rear end, and a new grille, similar in style to other current Fiat models. In mid 2007, Brazilian production of the Marea and Marea Weekend ceased.

Engines
The Marea petrol and JTD engines 1.6 L, 1.8 L and 2.0 L petrol and 1.9 L were sourced from the Brava and Bravo, and a 2.0 20v turbo option from the Fiat Coupé was also available. For a short time there was also a 2.4 turbodiesel available, dropped in 2001, which has become sought after. A BiPower 1.6 L dual fuel engine was later added to the range. It can run on either petrol or compressed natural gas.

1.2 L straight-4 16v 1,242 cc
1.4 L straight-4 12v 1,370 cc
1.6 L straight-4 16v 1,581 cc
1.6 L straight-4 16v 1,581 cc
1.8 L straight-4 16v 1,747 cc
2.0 L straight-5 20v 1,998 cc
2.0 L straight-5 20v turbo 1,998 cc
1.9 turbodiesel straight-4 8v
1.9 turbodiesel straight-4 8v
1.9 common rail (JTD) turbodiesel straight-4 8v
1.9 common rail (JTD) turbodiesel straight-4 8v
2.4 turbodiesel 2,387 cc straight-5 10v
2.4 common rail (JTD) turbodiesel 2,387 cc straight-5 10v

Brazil

The Brazilian-built Fiat Marea was available in sedan and estate body styles and arrived at dealerships in June 1998. It was originally launched with two trim levels: the mid-level ELX and the high-level HLX. The Marea Weekend estate was imported from Italy in small numbers until local production commenced in September 1998.

A  2.0L petrol engine was standard, although a lower output version producing  was launched later the same year for the base-trim SX model. This was done to reduce Brazilian excise taxes on industrial products (IPI) from 30% to 25% for that model. A sporty Turbo trim with a 2.0L petrol engine producing  was also made available. Retail prices went from 27.582 BRL for a base SX model up to 41.748 BRL for a Turbo model. No diesel engines were available for the Brazilian markets, as local legislation prohibits diesel-powered cars.

In 2000, the 2.0L engine was replaced with a 2.4L  engine for the ELX and HLX trims, and with a 1.8L  engine for the SX trim.

The following year, the Brazilian-market Marea received a facelift, with a new front grille and new tail lights borrowed from the Lancia Lybra. A four-speed automatic transmission also became available.

For the 2005 model year, in an attempt to address declining sales, the Marea received a minor facelift and a new entry-level engine option was offered, an Argentine-built 1.6L engine producing , being the only engine that was not manufactured in Italy.

A total of 54,781 units were built in Brazil until the end of its production in November 2007.

References

External links

See also
 Fiat Bravo and Brava

Marea
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Compact cars
Sedans
Station wagons
Police vehicles
2000s cars
Cars introduced in 1996
Cars of Turkey
Cars of Brazil
Latin NCAP small family cars

Fiat Marea


The Dallas Cotton Exchange Building was a 17-story tan brick and concrete building on the corner of North St. Paul and San Jacinto Streets in downtown Dallas, Texas. It was built in 1926 and was for decades Dallas' second-tallest, as the city was growing into the largest inland cotton market in the U.S. By 1971, though the city had become the financial capital of the cotton industry, the exchange housed more Baptists than brokers because of offices rented to nearby First Baptist Church. By 1987 the building sat vacant.

Foreclosure and demolition
New owner James Louis Williams purchased the Cotton Exchange Building in 1985 and planned to tear it down to build a new 52-story tower in its place. But due to the savings and loan crisis that began in the late 1980s, Williams ended up in bankruptcy court, which in 1991 cut his debt on the structure from $15 million to $9.9 million. Meanwhile, the original lender on the building, First RepublicBank Corp., had failed in 1988, sending the loan to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. In 1991, demolition crews were hired to implode the structure.

City inspectors determined that the Cotton Exchange's precast concrete panels, attached during a 1960s renovation, had a high asbestos content and should be removed before implosion. When these were removed, it was discovered that the building's original 1926 exterior was intact and efforts were initiated to save the building from implosion. Then-Mayor Steve Bartlett attempted to persuade Mr. Williams to seek a buyer who would convert the offices to apartments, but the Dallas City Council did not pass enhanced tax abatements for inner-city housing renovations until October 1993, too late to stop the process. On June 25, 1994, the building was destroyed by implosion.

Legacy
The site was eventually acquired by First Baptist Church, which in 2013 opened a $115 million state-of-the-art campus on land that includes the former Cotton Exchange Building footprint.
The stone lions, a signature architectural detail of the building, now grace the Maple Avenue entrance of the Stoneleigh Hotel.

Notes

Commercial buildings completed in 1926
Buildings and structures in Dallas
Demolished buildings and structures in Texas
Buildings and structures demolished in 1994
Buildings and structures demolished by controlled implosion
1926 establishments in Texas
1994 disestablishments in Texas
Former skyscrapers

Dallas Cotton Exchange Building


Zhong Shaojing (鍾紹京), courtesy name Keda (可大), was an official of the Tang dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou dynasty, briefly serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Ruizong.

Background
It is not known when Zhong Shaojing was born, but it is known that he was from Qian Prefecture (虔州, roughly modern Ganzhou, Jiangxi).  His clan traced its ancestry to a number of officials of Han dynasty, Cao Wei, Jin dynasty (266–420), Northern Wei, Southern Qi, Liang dynasty, Sui dynasty, and Tang dynasty.  Both Zhong Shaojing's great-grandfather Zhong Baoshen () and grandfather Zhong Ziwei (), however, were only minor local officials, and Zhong Shaojing's father Zhong Fazun () did not carry any official titles.  In Zhong Shaojing's youth, during the reign of Wu Zetian, he served as a Sinong Lushi (), a low-level official at the ministry of agriculture, but as he was well known for his calligraphy, was requested by the legislative bureau of government (鳳閣, Fengge) to serve there.  Many plaques of important public works projects built during Wu Zetian's reign, including the imperial meeting hall (明堂, Mingtang) and the palaces, and the odes to the nine dings that Wu Zetian built, were physically written by Zhong.

Participation in coup of 710
As of the Jinglong era (707-710) of Wu Zetian's son Emperor Zhongzong, Zhong Shaojing was serving as the director of imperial gardens (苑總監, Yuan Zongjian).  In 710, Emperor Zhongzong died suddenly—a death that traditional historians believed to be a poisoning carried out by his powerful wife Empress Wei and her daughter Li Guo'er the Princess Anle, so that Empress Wei could become "emperor" like Wu Zetian and Li Guo'er could become crown princess.  For the time being, Emperor Zhongzong's son by a concubine, Li Chongmao the Prince of Wen, was made emperor (as Emperor Shang), and Empress Wei retained power as empress dowager and regent.  She viewed Emperor Zhongzong's brother Li Dan the Prince of Xiang and sister Princess Taiping as threats, and considered killing them.  Meanwhile, Princess Taiping and Li Dan's son Li Longji the Prince of Linzi heard news of this, and therefore considered acting first.  They, along with Princess Taiping's son Xue Chongjian (), Zhong, Wang Chongye (), Liu Youqiu, and Ma Sizong (), planned a coup, and soon launched it, with support from imperial guard soldiers disgruntled at harsh treatment by their commanders Wei Bo () and Gao Song (), Empress Wei's nephews whom she had put in charge.  Zhong was set to join the coup with the servants and laborers of the imperial gardens, but almost did not do so as he suddenly hesitated, only resolving to join the coup after his wife pointed out that if the coup failed, he would suffer death anyway.  The coup was successful, and Empress Wei and Li Guo'er were killed.  Li Dan was made regent, and for his contributions in the coup, Zhong was made Zhongshu Shilang (), the deputy head of the legislative bureau (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng), and given the designation Canzhi Jiwu (), making him a chancellor de facto.  He was also given the honorific title Yinqing Guanglu Daifu ().  The next day, he was given the greater chancellor de facto designation of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin ().

During Emperor Ruizong's reign
Several days after the coup, Li Dan, at the urging of Princess Taiping, Li Longji, and Li Longji's brother Li Chengqi the Prince of Song, retook the throne (as Emperor Ruizong), displacing Emperor Shang.  Once Emperor Ruizong took the throne, Zhong received further promotions and honors—he was made Zhongshu Ling () -- the head of the legislative bureau and a post considered one for a chancellor—and created the Duke of Yue.  He was also given awards of silk, servants, a mansion, land, horses, and other assorted treasures.  It was said that, however, that other officials disrespected Zhong for his past as a low-level official and despised him for carrying out actions based on his own wishes and desires.  The official Xue Ji suggested to him that he demonstrate modesty by offering to resign—something often done when high level officials are commissioned and mostly done ceremonially—and when Zhong did, Xue entered the palace and persuaded Emperor Ruizong to accept the resignation.  Emperor Ruizong did, and he made Zhong the minister of census (戶部尚書, Hubu Shangshu), and later the prefect of Shu Prefecture (蜀州, in modern Chengdu, Sichuan).

During Emperor Xuanzong's reign
In 712, Emperor Ruizong passed the throne to Li Longji, who took the throne as Emperor Xuanzong.  Sometime after, Zhong Shaojing was recalled to again serve as minister of census, and later the head of the crown prince's household (太子詹事, Taizi Zhanshi).  (As there was no crown prince at that time, the title was entirely honorary.)  However, the chancellor Yao Chong disliked Zhong, and he accused Zhong and Liu Youqiu of complaining that they were not given important positions despite their contributions.  Despite their denials, they were still demoted—in Zhong's case, to be the prefect of Guo Prefecture (果州, roughly modern Nanchong, Sichuan).  At a later point, he was further accused of offenses and demoted to be the sheriff of Huai'en County (懷恩, in modern Zhangzhou, Fujian), and his titles were stripped.  He subsequently served as the secretary general of Wen Prefecture (溫州, roughly modern Wenzhou, Zhejiang).

In 727, Zhong visited the capital Chang'an, and had the opportunity to meet Emperor Xuanzong.  He wept and stated:

Emperor Xuanzong was saddened, and immediately made Zhong Yinqing Guanglu Daifu and Taizi You Yude (), a member of the staff of the crown prince Li Hong.  Some time thereafter, he was made Taizi Shao Zhanshi (), the deputy head of the crown prince's household.  He died in his 80s while still serving in that position, although the year is not known.

It was said that Zhong, in addition to being a famed calligrapher, also favored collecting calligraphy.  Among his collections were several hundred works of Wang Xizhi, Wang Xianzhi, and Chu Suiliang.  Three of his sons, Zhong Jiabi (), Zhong Jia'e (), and Zhong Jiawei () served as officials.

Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 97.
 New Book of Tang, vol. 121.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 208, 209, 210, 211.

Chancellors under Emperor Shang of Tang
Chancellors under Emperor Ruizong of Tang
Tang dynasty calligraphers
Politicians from Ganzhou
Artists from Jiangxi
8th-century Chinese calligraphers

Zhong Shaojing


Shahrnāz () (Saŋhauuāčī in Avestan) is one of the two daughters (or possibly sisters) of Jamshid, the mythological king of Iran.
In some versions of Shahnameh, including the Moscow version and that of Ṯaʿālebī, Shahrnāz and her sister, Arnavāz are the daughters of Jamshid, but in others, they are his sisters.

According to the Shahnameh, when Jamshid became proud of himself and lost his Khvarenah, Zahhak made the war upon Jamshid, and he was welcomed by many of Jamshid's dissatisfied subjects.
Jamshid fled from his capital, but Shahrnāz and Arnavāz were captured and forced to consort Zahhak.
After Fereydun finally defeated Zahhak and imprisoned him in mount Damāvand, he married both sisters. Shahrnaz bore him two sons Tur and Salm, while Arnavāz bore him his youngest son, Iraj. Fereydun then divided the world between his sons, giving Rum (Roman) to Salm, Turan to Tur, and Iran to Iraj.

References

Women in Shahnameh
Longevity myths
Pishdadian dynasty
Mythological princesses

Shahrnāz


The Berlin Wall Monument in Chicago is an exhibit on display at the Western Brown Line CTA station.  The monument contains a large segment of the Berlin Wall and a plaque describing its dedication to the city. The Berlin Wall represented one of the great political, economic, and ideological divides of the twentieth century between two major powers: the United States and the Soviet Union.

Background

World War II affected many countries, Germany in particular. After the years of total war, the Nazi regime in Germany finally surrendered to the Allied countries in spring of 1945. Later, the Empire of Japan surrendered shortly after the second atomic bomb devastated their country. In the post-war years, tensions between two of the victorious powers, the United States and the Soviet Union emerged. The former was growing ever more capitalistic and the latter pursued communism. Germany, not only geographically located in the center of Europe, was the center of the divided between the powers. Germany, especially its capital, Berlin, was partitioned by the victors of the Second World War; there were a few parts but the major division was east-west dividing the capitalist countries from the communist one.

A great wall was erected almost two decades later to strengthen the division, literally and figuratively. Built in 1961, the Berlin Wall represented one of the great political, economic, and ideological divides of the twentieth century between two major powers: the United States and the Soviet Union. It was 96 miles in length. The conflict between these two powers affected the global community, namely Germany. Even after it was demolished, the wall symbolized divisions in Germany and the rest of the world, ones that arguably still exist today. Cornell sociologist Christine Leuenberger described the effects of the wall and its ultimate fall by arguing that "It became the landmark that symbolized the Cold War… the Berlin Wall also left a lasting impression on the psyche of the German people". She further argues that The Berlin Wall "provides a salient and powerful example of how material culture intersects with knowledge production in the psychological sciences".

After the fall

Since the fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989, fragments of the Berlin Wall have been donated to various cities in the world.  Chicago was offered a piece of the wall in 2008 by the German government and was placed in the Lincoln Square neighborhood due to its German roots. It is on permanent display at the Western Brown Line Station. Lincoln Square is just southwest of Ravenswood in the northern part of Chicago.

The particular segment of the wall donated came from the fourth phase of the Berlin Wall's construction, called Grenzmauer 75.

The dedication was attended by 120 residents and included several prominent individuals such as Erich Himmel of United German American Societies of Greater Chicago, Alderman Gene Schulter, Chicago Transit Authority President Ron Huberman, then-mayor of Chicago Richard M. Daley and the U.S. diplomat and chargé d'affaires to Germany, James D. Bindenagel. It is one of two fragments of the wall on display in Illinois; the other is in the Ronald Reagan Peace Garden at Eureka College in Eureka, Illinois.

Description
The wall segment is visible on both sides.  The side that originally faced West Germany contains sprayed graffiti and messages from the time the wall was standing; the side that faced East Germany, on the other hand, is entirely blank. It is simple to tell which side faced West Berlin and which side faced East Berlin. The former has graffiti and the latter is bare. "'So you're talking about the free side, the side that the Americans were able to release at the end of (World War II). That's why we have all this graffiti on it, because they were free, they were allowed to do things, and express themselves,' Nicholle Dombrowski, executive director of the DANK Haus German American Cultural Center, said. 'The east side is traditionally clean, because they were under a communist government at that time, and they were not allowed to express themselves, whatsoever.'". The piece serves as a metaphoric and literal reminder of the two very different sides of a long, bitter conflict.

The monument also contains a plaque describing the dedication and reasoning behind why the wall fragment was donated. The inscription reads:

The inscription contains affirmations of acceptance from many representative individuals and businesses of both Chicago and Germany at the time including Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley, Mayor of Berlin Klaus Wowereit, German Consul General Wolfgang Droutz, Lufthansa, and the Chicago Transit Authority.

References

Further reading
 Glassie, Henry. "Chapter 2: Material Culture." Material Culture. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1999. 41-86. Print.
 Keating, Ann D. Chicago Neighborhoods and Suburbs: A Historical Guide. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008. Print.
 Leuenberger, Christine. "Constructions of the Berlin Wall: How Material Culture Is Used in Psychological Theory." Social Problems. 53.1 (2006): 18-37. Print.
 Ulbricht, J.. "Reflections on Visual and Material Culture: An Example from Southwest Chicago". Studies in Art Education 49.1 (2007): 59–72. Web
 Wiener, Jon. How We Forgot the Cold War: A Historical Journey across America (2012)

Monuments and memorials in Chicago
Berlin Wall
German-American culture in Chicago

Berlin Wall Monument (Chicago)


The Sannyasi rebellion or monk rebellion 1770-77 (, The monks' rebellion) was a revolt by the sannyasis and sadhus (Hindu ascetics, respectively) in Bengal, India in the late 18th century which took place around Murshidabad and Baikunthapur forests of Jalpaiguri under the leadership of Pandit Bhabani Charan Pathak. While some refer to it as an early war for India's independence from foreign rule, since the right to collect tax had been given to the British East India Company after the Battle of Buxar in 1764, other historians categorize it as acts of violent banditry following the depopulation of the province in the Bengal famine of 1770.

Early events

At least three separate events are called the Sannyasi Rebellion.  One refers to a large body of Hindu sannyasis who travelled from North India to different parts of Bengal to visit shrines.  En route to the shrines, it was customary for many of these ascetics to exact a religious tax from the headmen and zamindars or regional landlords. In times of prosperity, the headmen and zamindars generally obliged.  However, since the East India Company had received the diwani or right to collect tax, many of the tax demands increased and the local landlords and headmen were unable to pay both the ascetics and the English. Crop failures, and famine, which killed ten million people or an estimated one-third of the population of Bengal compounded the problems since much of the arable land lay fallow.

In the Eighteenth Century Pandit Bhavanicharan Pathak was the main hero of the 'Sannyasi Rebellion' against the British rule and exploitation in the land of Bengal. Sannyasi Rebellion was India's first anti-British independence struggle.

In 1771, 150 saints were put to death, apparently for no reason. This was one of the reasons that caused distress leading to violence, especially in Natore in Rangpur, now in modern Bangladesh. However, some modern historians argue that the movement never gained popular support.

The other two movements involved a sect of Hindu ascetics, the Dasnami naga sannyasis who likewise visited Bengal on pilgrimage mixed with moneylending opportunities. To the British, these ascetics were looters and must be stopped from collecting money that belonged to the company and possibly from even entering the province. It was felt that a large body of people on the move was a possible threat.

Clashes between the Company and ascetics
From hundreds of years monks had been visiting North India and pilgrim sites. They also used to take some alms from zamidars. But after British imposed taxes on zamidars, it became hard for them to give alms to the ascetics. Sannyasis were burdened with restrictions as the British government thought they were looters & thugs. And thus rebellion began. Most of the clashes were recorded in the years following the famine but they continued, albeit with a lesser frequency, up until 1802. The reason that even with superior training and forces, the company was not able to suppress sporadic clashes with migrating ascetics was that the control of the company's forces in the far-removed hilly and jungle covered districts like Birbhum and Midnapore on local events was weak.

Legacy
The Sannyasi rebellion was the first of a series of revolts and rebellions in the western districts of the province including (but not restricted to) the Chuar Revolt of 1799 and the Santhal Revolt of 1855–56. What effect the Sannyasi Rebellion had on rebellions that followed is debatable. Perhaps, the best reminder of the Rebellion is in literature, in the Bengali novels Anandamath (1882) and Devi Chaudhurani (1884), written by India's first modern novelist Bankim Chandra Chatterjee. The song, Vande Mataram, which was written in 1876, was used in the novel Anandamath in 1882 (pronounced Anondomôţh in Bengali) and the 1952 movie based on the book. The first two verses of Vande Mataram were later declared to be India's National Song (not to be confused with the Indian National Anthem).

In 2022, Telugu film producer and scriptwriter V. Vijayendra Prasad announced his upcoming project tentatively titled 1770: Ek Sangram, based on Anandamath and the Sannnyasi rebellion. The movie will be simultaneously made in Bengali, Hindi, Tamil and Telugu.

References

Revolutionary movement for Indian independence
Asian resistance to colonialism
Bengal Presidency
Murshidabad district
18th century in British India
Rebellions in India
Wars involving India
Wars involving the United Kingdom
18th-century conflicts
18th century in India
Rebellions against the British Empire
18th-century rebellions

Sannyasi rebellion


Code Pie is a Montreal-based indie rock band founded by singer and guitarist Enzo Palermo. Other band members are Salvatore Ciolfi (guitars), Michel Semienchuk (bass), Vince Varano (drums), Eva Boodman (trumpet) and Rebecca Lessard (cello, keys, vocals).

History
Code Pie began with a series of home recordings by singer Enzo Palermo. Palermo later contacted guitarist Salvatore Ciolfi through an internet ad, and the two began writing and playing music together  Originally influenced by post-rock, the duo were soon joined by drummer Vince Varano and bassist Michel Semienchuk. The additions of trumpet player Eva Boodman and cellist Rebecca Lessard completed the sextet, and the group fell into a more immediate pop-rock sound, releasing their first album, This Habit in 2005. After the release of the album, the band played numerous shows in the Northeast, including the 2005 and 2006 Pop Montreal Festival, and the 2006 NXNE Festival.

The band released their second album, The Most Trusted Name In Yous in 2007, and performed at the 2007 Pop Montreal festival  the 2008 Halifax Pop Explosion, Canadian Music Week and the UK's In the City emerging music festival

A third album,  Love Meets Rage, was released on April 5, 2011 by Indiecater Records. Leading up to the release of the album, Code Pie recorded a cover of Justin Bieber's single Baby, which was featured on several blogs  and compilations. Following the release of the album, French magazine Les Inrocks named Code Pie "a group to watch".

Code Pie released three singles: "Body" in 2013; "Let Me" in 2014; and "Rockets" in 2015.

In 2016, Code Pie released Pop Cycle  an EP assembling various singles from 2012-2016.

In 2018, Code Pie released London, an EP recorded at Studio London in Montreal. The EP features three rock compositions and an instrumental closing track.

Discography
This Habit (2005)
The Most Trusted Name In Yous (2007)
Love Meets Rage (2011)
Pop Cycle (2016)
London (2018)

See also

Canadian rock
List of bands from Canada

References

Musical groups established in 2002
Canadian indie rock groups
Canadian indie pop groups
Musical groups from Montreal
English-language musical groups from Quebec
2002 establishments in Quebec

Code Pie


The Senate was the upper house of the Legislature in British Guiana between 1961 and 1964.

History
A new constitution was promulgated on 18 July 1961, replacing the unicameral Legislative Council with the Legislature. The new body consisted of a 13-member Senate and a 36-member Legislative Assembly. The 13 members of the Senate were nominated, with eight nominated by the ruling party, three by the opposition and two by the Governor. Of the 36 Legislative Assembly members, 35 were elected in single-member constituencies, and the elected MPs then elected a Speaker.

Elections to the new Legislature were held on 21 August 1961, and both houses convened for the first time on 5 October 1961. In the Senate, Ashton Chase was elected President and Cyril Victor Too Chung Vice President. The People's National Congress (PNC) were allocated two of the Senate seats reserved for the opposition, with one given to the United Force. However, the PNC claimed they should have been given all three seats, and its members attempted to block Governor Richard Luyt from entering the Legislature on the day of its ceremonial opening on 6 October, requiring the police to remove them.

Further constitutional amendments in 1964 scrapped the Legislature, replacing it with a unicameral House of Assembly. The Legislature was dissolved on 25 September 1964.

References

1961 establishments in British Guiana
1964 disestablishments in British Guiana
British Guiana
Defunct upper houses

Senate (British Guiana)


Anthony Borden Ward (born June 10, 1963) is an American model and actor.

Early life
Tony Ward was born in Santa Cruz, California on June 10, 1963, to Robert Borden Ward, from Kansas and Karen Elizabeth Castro of California. Ward is the second of three sons and spent his childhood mostly in San Jose before moving to Sonora where he graduated from high school. From there he moved to Los Angeles to pursue his dream of being an actor/model/dancer.
Tony was discovered by a scout while attending West Valley College in Saratoga, California and started modeling at age 18.

Modeling career
Ward began his modeling career in 1983 and achieved fame as an international supermodel, first for Calvin Klein underwear with images by Herb Ritts. Later he worked with photographers like Karl Lagerfeld, Steven Klein, Steven Meisel, Dimitris Theocharis, Terry Richardson and Rick Castro, (who had initially introduced him to Ritts) and for fashion designers such as Roberto Cavalli, Chanel, Dolce & Gabbana, Diesel, Fendi, H & M and Hugo Boss.

Ward is signed to DNA Model Management in New York City, Why Not Model Agency in Milan, Italy, Premier Model Management in London, Photogenics Model Management in Los Angeles, Unique Models in Copenhagen, and Bananas Models in Paris.

Ward has his own fashion brand SixInTheFace "Hand Ravaged Clothing by Mr. Ward".

Ward also shot for famed photographer Jim French of COLT Studio Group.

Acting career
In 1996, Ward had his first starring role in the movie Hustler White, directed by Bruce LaBruce and Rick Castro. In 1998, he appeared in Sex/Life in L.A. Jochen Hick's adult documentary about the sex lives of the guys who make L.A. adult movies. Ward reunited with LaBruce playing a homeless junkie in the 2010 zombie thriller L.A. Zombie.

Ward appeared in then-girlfriend Madonna's music videos for "Justify My Love" (1990) and "Erotica" (1992), with the former casting him in a more prominent role as her lover. The latter shows Ward in quick snippets as the video is an amalgamation of footage from various Madonna photo shoots.

Personal life

Tony is also a painter and photographer. He lives in Los Angeles and is a father of three.

Ward was Madonna's boyfriend in the beginning of the 1990s and he appeared in some of her music videos as well as the controversial SEX book in 1992. According to People on April 15, 1991: "Madonna and male model Tony Ward, 27, her last boyfriend of record and one of the objects of her desire in the "Justify" video, are no longer an item. It may be a coincidence, but he seems to have dropped from her arm at about the same time tabloids revealed that he had married an old flame, Greek-Australian photographer Amalia Papadimos, 23, in a quickie ceremony in Las Vegas on Aug. 21, 1990—after he had begun dating Madonna."

Filmography

Movies
 1996 - Hustler White by Bruce LaBruce and Rick Castro — lead role
 1998 - Sex Life in L.A. by Jochen Hick
 1999 - Out in Fifty by Bojesse Christopher and Scott Leet
 2002 - All about the Benjamins by Kevin Bray
 2007 - Story of Jen by François Rotger — lead role
 2010 - L.A. Zombie
 2010 - Out Getting Ribs
 2022 All Man: International Male

Videos
 1987 ABC - "King Without a Crown" (directors Vaughan Arnell and Anthea Benton)
 1988 Belinda Carlisle - "I Get Weak" (director Diane Keaton)
 1989 Madonna - "Cherish" (director Herb Ritts)
 1989 Taylor Dayne - "With Every Beat of My Heart" (director David Kellogg)
 1990 Madonna - "Justify My Love" (director - Jean Baptiste Mondino)
 1990 Tommy Page - "I'll Be Your Everything" (director Greg Masuak)
 1992 Madonna - "Erotica" (director Fabien Baron)
 1995 Rusty - "Misogyny" (director Bruce LaBruce)
 1996 George Michael - "Fastlove" (directors Vaughan Arnell and Anthea Benton)
 1996 Spice Girls - "Say You'll Be There" (director Vaughan Arnell)
 1999 Esthero - "That Girl" (director Patrick Hoelck)
 2000 Sinéad O'Connor - "Jealous" (director Mike Lipscombe)
 2005 Lisa Marie Presley - "Idiot" (director Patrick Hoelck)

See also
 List of male underwear models

References

External links

1963 births
Living people
Male models from California
American bisexual actors
American LGBT models
Bisexual male actors
Bisexual male models
Male actors from San Jose, California

Tony Ward (model)


is an underground metro station located in Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan operated by the Nagoya Municipal Subway's Higashiyama Line. It is located 15.1 rail kilometers from the terminus of the Higashiyama Line at Takabata Station.

History
Higashiyama Kōen Station was opened on 1 April 1963. The wicket gates were automated to use the Manaca smart card system from 11 February 2011.

Lines

 (Station number: H17)

Layout
Higashiyama Kōen Station has a single underground island platform.

Platforms

References

External links

 Higashiyama Kōen Station official web site

Chikusa-ku, Nagoya
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1963
Railway stations in Aichi Prefecture

Higashiyama Kōen Station (Nagoya)


A stack register is a computer central processor register whose purpose is to keep track of a call stack. On an accumulator-based architecture machine, this may be a dedicated register. On a machine with multiple general-purpose registers, it may be a register that is reserved by convention, such as on the IBM System/360 through z/Architecture architecture and RISC architectures, or it may be a register that procedure call and return instructions are hardwired to use, such as on the PDP-11, VAX, and Intel x86 architectures. Some designs such as the Data General Eclipse had no dedicated register, but used a reserved hardware memory address for this function.

Machines before the late 1960s—such as the PDP-8 and HP 2100—did not have compilers which supported recursion. Their subroutine instructions typically would save the current location in the jump address, and then set the program counter to the next address. While this is simpler than maintaining a stack, since there is only one return location per subroutine code section, there cannot be recursion without considerable effort on the part of the programmer.

A stack machine has 2 or more stack registers — one of them keeps track of a call stack, the other(s) keep track of other stack(s).

Stack registers in x86
In 8086, the main stack register is called stack pointer - SP. The stack segment register (SS) is usually used to store information about the memory segment that stores the call stack of currently executed program. SP points to current stack top. By default, the stack grows downward in memory, so newer values are placed at lower memory addresses. To push a value to the stack, the PUSH instruction is used. To pop a value from the stack, the POP instruction is used.

Example: Assuming that SS = 1000h and SP = 0xF820. This means that current stack top is the physical address 0x1F820 (this is due to memory segmentation in 8086). The next two machine instructions of the program are:

PUSH AX
PUSH BX

 These first instruction shall push the value stored in AX (16-bit register) to the stack. This is done by subtracting a value of 2 (2 bytes) from SP.
 The new value of SP becomes 0xF81E. The CPU then copies the value of AX to the memory word whose physical address is 0x1F81E.
 When "PUSH BX" is executed, SP is set to 0xF81C and BX is copied to 0x1F81C.

This illustrates how PUSH works. Usually, the running program pushes registers to the stack to make use of the registers for other purposes, like to call a routine that may change the current values of registers. To restore the values stored at the stack, the program shall contain machine instructions like this:

POP BX
POP AX

 POP BX copies the word at 0x1F81C (which is the old value of BX) to BX, then increases SP by 2. SP now is 0xF81E.
 POP AX copies the word at 0x1F81E to AX, then sets SP to 0xF820.

Stack engine
Simpler processors store the stack pointer in a regular hardware register and use the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) to manipulate its value. Typically push and pop are translated into multiple micro-ops, to separately add/subtract the stack pointer, and perform the load/store in memory.

Newer processors contain a dedicated stack engine to optimize stack operations. Pentium M was the first x86 processor to introduce a stack engine. In its implementation, the stack pointer is split among two registers: ESPO, which is a 32-bit register, and ESPd, an 8-bit delta value that is updated directly by stack operations. PUSH, POP, CALL and RET opcodes operate directly with the ESPd register. If ESPd is near overflow or the ESP register is referenced from other instructions (when ESPd ≠ 0), a synchronisation micro-op is inserted that updates the ESPO using the ALU and resets ESPd to 0. This design has remained largely unmodified in later Intel processors, although ESPO has been expanded to 64 bits.

A stack engine similar to Intel's was also adopted in the AMD K8 microarchitecture. In Bulldozer, the need for synchronization micro-ops was removed, but the internal design of the stack engine is not known.

Notes

References

Control flow
Central processing unit
Digital registers

Stack register


Gebrüder Thonet or the Thonet Brothers was a European furniture manufacturer. It continues as a German company (Thonet GmbH), Austrian (Thonet Vienna) and Czech (TON).

History
Gebrüder Thonet were particularly known for their manufacture of bentwood furniture, for which they had developed the first industrial-scale production processes. These replaced previous individual craft skills with an investment in machinery that allowed any worker to produce accurate and repeatable bent components. Although steam bending was long established for pieces such as the Windsor chair, these older pieces had used the bending of a raw billet that would then be shaped to size afterwards. Thonet's more precise process allowed timber to be machined with a surface finish as raw stock (usually as thick circular dowel), steam bent to shape, then used as a component almost immediately, without further machining other than to trim the ends.

The company was founded by Michael Thonet in Vienna by transferring the company Thonet to his sons under the new name Gebrüder Thonet in 1853. In 1856 the brothers expanded with a furniture factory in Koryčany and in the next years, five more Central European production sites were established in Bystřice pod Hostýnem (1861), Veľké Uherce (1866), Vsetín (1867), Halenkov (1867) and Radomsko (1880).

Their best known piece was the No. 14 chair, the iconic chair of Parisian cafes.

The company Gebrüder Thonet merged with Mundus AG in 1921 to become the world's largest furniture manufacturer. The buyback of the shares in the Thonet Mundus AG by the Thonet family followed in 1938.

In the aftermath of World War II, Thonet lost all of its production facilities in the Eastern Bloc states through expropriation, and the sales office at Viennas Stephansplatz had been destroyed during the war. From 1945 to 1953, Georg Thonet, the great grandson of company founder, Michael Thonet, rebuilt the completely destroyed facilities in Frankenberg, Hesse, in the north of Hesse, where Thonet GmbH's head office and production facilities remain until today. Economic success returned quickly and the company sought the cooperation of outstanding designers. The list of designers who have worked with Thonet over the past 60 years is long and filled with top caliber names: Egon Eiermann, Verner Panton, Eddie Harlis, Hanno von Gustedt, Rudolf Glatzel, Pierre Paulin, Gerd Lange, Hartmut Lohmeyer, Ulrich Böhme and Wulf Schneider, Alfredo Häberli, Christophe Marchand, Lord Norman Foster, Delphin Design, Glen Oliver Löw, James Irvine, Piero Lissoni, Stefan Diez, Lievore Altherr Molina, Lepper Schmidt Sommerlade, Hadi Teherani, Läufer + Keichel. Moreover, the company's own design team regularly adds new designs to Thonet's portfolio.

In 1976 Gebrüder Thonet was divided into a German (Gebrüder Thonet) and an Austrian company (Thonet Vienna). The two companies are independent of each other.

Thonet today
In 2006 Gebrüder Thonet becomes Thonet GmbH. Today, Thorsten Muck runs the company with its head offices and production facilities in Frankenberg/Eder (Germany). Michael Thonet's direct descendants in the fifth and sixth generation remain involved in the company's business as associates and sales partners. The collection still comprises famous bentwood furniture, tubular steel classics from the Bauhaus era, and current designs by famous contemporary architects and designers.

Museums and exhibitions
In 1989 a museum was opened in Frankenberg, which is located on the company premises and shows historical exhibits on 700 square meters of exhibition space.

The Museum of Applied Arts Vienna has a large furniture collection and shows in its permanent exhibition an overview of one hundred years of Thonet production as well as that of the Kohn brothers and the furniture factory Danhauser. The Hofmobiliendepot (Imperial Furniture Collection) in Vienna also shows selected objects from Thonet, including the graceful Michael Thonet running chair from 1843/48 for the Vienna Stadtpalais Liechtenstein.

On the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Thonet company, the Museum of Applied Arts Vienna (MAK Vienna) will present a comprehensive exhibition (autumn 2019).

Bibliography
 Renzi/Thillmann, sedie a dondolo Thonet – Thonet rocking chairs, Silvana Editoriale, Milano 2006,
 Lara, Natascha/Thillmann, Wolfgang, Bugholzmöbel in Südamerika – Bentwood furniture in South America – Muebles de madera curvada, La Paz 2008
 Thillmann, Wolfgang/ Willscheid, Bernd, MöbelDesign – Roentgen, Thonet und die Moderne, Roentgen Museum Neuwied, Neuwied 2011,
 Official Website of Thonet GmbH: http://www.thonet.de
 Basic press portfolio of Thonet GmbH

Types

Literature
 Üner, Stefan: Gebrüder Thonet, in: Wagner, Hoffmann, Loos und das Möbeldesign der Wiener Moderne. Künstler, Auftraggeber, Produzenten, ed. by Eva B. Ottillinger, Exhib. Cat. Hofmobiliendepot, Vienna, 20 March – 7 October 2018, p. 149–152, .
 Albrecht Bangert: Thonet Möbel. Bugholz-Klassiker von 1830 bis 1930. Heyne, München 1997, . * Hans H. Buchwald: Form from Process. The Thonet chair. Carpenter Center for the Visual arts, Cambridge Mass. 1967.
 Reinhard Engel, Marta Halpert: Luxus aus Wien II. Czernin Verlag, Wien 2002, .
 Andrea Gleininger: Der Kaffeehausstuhl Nr. 14 von Michael Thonet. Birkhäuser, Frankfurt/M. 1998, .
 Heinz Kähne: Möbel aus gebogenem Holz. Ein Blick in die Sammlung der Stadt Boppard. Boppard 2000. * Heinz Kähne: Thonet Bugholz-Klassiker. Eine Einführung in die Schönheit und Vielfalt der Thonet-Möbel. Rhein-Mosel Verlag, Briedel 1999, .
 Heinz Kähne: Die Thonets in Boppard. Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2008, .
 Brigitte Schmutzler: Eine unglaubliche Geschichte. Michael Thonet und seine Stühle. Landesmuseum, Koblenz 1996, .
 Sembach, Leuthäuser, Gössel: Möbeldesign im 19. Jahrhundert, Benedikt Taschen GmbH, Köln 1990, . * Eva B. Ottilinger (Hrsg.):  Gebrüder Thonet- Möbel aus gebogenem Holz, Böhlau Verlag, Wien Köln Weimar 2003, .
 Renz, Wolfgang Thillmann, sedie a dondolo Thonet – Thonet rocking chairs, Silvana Editoriale, Milano 2006, .
 Natascha Lara, Wolfgang Thillmann, Bugholzmöbel in Südamerika – Bentwood furniture in South America – Muebles de madera curvada, La Paz 2008.
 Wolfgang Thillmann, Bernd Willscheid, MöbelDesign – Roentgen, Thonet und die Moderne, Roentgen Museum Neuwied, Neuwied 2011, .
 Alexander von Vegesack, "Mass Production Chair Man", 1 December 1996, The Independent,

References

External links

 English language website
 thillmann-collection Wolfgang Thillmann, the world's largest private collection of Thonet and bentwood furniture

Furniture companies of Austria
Furniture companies of Germany
Companies based in Hesse
History of furniture
Purveyors to the Imperial and Royal Court
Manufacturing companies based in Vienna

Gebrüder Thonet


is a Japanese video game designer, director, and producer, and business executive. He is a senior executive officer at Nintendo and a deputy general manager at Nintendo EPD, where he is known for his work within their Mario and The Legend of Zelda series, and as the General Producer of the Nintendo Switch.

Since October 2022, Koizumi is part of the board of directors of Nintendo's subsidiary Nintendo Pictures as one of its directors.

Biography

Early life
Koizumi was born in Mishima, Shizuoka on April 29, 1968. He played his first video game, Super Mario Bros. 2, at the age of 21 when he borrowed a friend's Family Computer console. A graduate from the Visual Concept Planning Department of Osaka University of Arts, Koizumi studied film, drama, animation and, to a lesser extent, storyboarding. He had originally intended to become a film director but applied at Nintendo instead to pursue his goal of creating a kind of drama only experienced in video games. The company's close proximity to his university also played a role in his career choice.

Nintendo
After Koizumi had joined Nintendo in April 1991, he was assigned to work on the manual for the action-adventure game, The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, for which he did the art, layout and writing. In the process, he conceived the game's backstory and the designs of the three goddesses and the star sign associated with them. For the sequel, The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening, he was again tasked with designing the manual. However, since work on the game had just begun, Koizumi wound up creating its entire story and came up with plot ideas such as the island in a dream. He also worked on the event design for the interactions with the villagers, wrote the owl's and the Wind Fish's lines and designed the bosses' behavioral patterns. Koizumi later experimented with a polygonal, side-scrolling remake of Zelda II: The Adventure of Link. Developed for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, the prototype was based on chanbara action, a type of Japanese sword fighting. With Super Mario 64, Koizumi became assistant director and animated the 3D models, among others working on Mario's swimming movements in cooperation with director Shigeru Miyamoto.

While developing Super Mario 64, Nintendo's employees devised rough concepts of a three-dimensional The Legend of Zelda game with a bigger focus on puzzles and less pronounced action elements. Koizumi wrote several notes on sword battles and combat with multiple opponents. When he joined Toru Osawa and Jin Ikeda, he was the third staff member to work on the game that would become The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time. Koizumi consulted his earlier notes and tried to inject leftover ideas from Super Mario 64 into this new Zelda installment. On the lookout for inspiration on chanbara action, Osawa suggested a visit to Toei Kyoto Studio Park, a film studio theme park. There, Osawa, Koizumi and Ikeda entered a playhouse where several ninjas and a main samurai were staging a show. Koizumi observed how only one of the ninjas would attack the main samurai at a time while the others remained in a waiting pattern, which proved to be the solution to designing battles with multiple opponents. Osawa noticed how a ninja using a kusarigama weapon would move around the main samurai in circles and never lose track of his opponent. Both of these observations became the basis for the Z targeting system used in Ocarina of Time. Koizumi replaced the simple triangle the team had implemented to mark the player's focus with a fairy that would change colors based on the friendly or hostile nature of the Z target. Furthermore, he was in charge of the player character Link and designed other characters such as the horse Epona. He also worked on the 3D environments, the camera system, the items and some of the event design, such as the scenes where the player overhears the conversations of other characters.

Following Ocarina of Time, Koizumi was designing a "cops and robbers"-style board game that had the player catch a criminal over the course of a week in-game, or roughly equivalent to an hour in real time. However, he was pulled off the project and asked to help develop the sequel to Ocarina of Time, The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask. Koizumi carried over his "cops and robbers" idea with the time limit and expanded it into a world threatened by a falling moon after he had daydreamed about such a scenario. The concept was corroborated by Miyamoto's wish to have a "compact" Zelda that could be played over and over again, and the ideas eventually evolved into a system with a three-day time loop. Koizumi was again placed in charge of the game's player characters. He also wrote many of the scheduled events involving the villagers of Clock Town, for which he tried to depict the characters' lives as realistically as possible. Many of the serious elements in Majora's Mask came from Koizumi, which his coworker Eiji Aonuma countered by introducing more lighthearted portions in the areas he was in charge of.

In 2003, Koizumi switched to Nintendo's Tokyo Software Development Department and directed the 2D platformer Donkey Kong Jungle Beat. The game's side-scrolling nature sprang from Koizumi's attempt to overcome problems with complex camera controls in 3D titles. These efforts continued in his next title, Super Mario Galaxy. The game's spherical levels eliminated the possibility of the player getting lost or the need for adjusting the camera when reaching the end of a flat surface. Koizumi directed Super Mario Galaxy and was heavily involved in the creation of its story, deciding on the inclusion of the optional fairytale book that tells the characters' backstory. Following this, he was promoted to producer and was manager of Tokyo Software Development Group No. 2 within the company's Entertainment Analysis & Development Division. In September 2015, he became Deputy General Manager of the newly formed Entertainment Planning & Development Division. Koizumi also served as General Producer of Nintendo's 2017 video game console, the Nintendo Switch. He alongside Shinya Takahashi also succeeded Satoru Iwata as the host of the Nintendo Direct video presentations since 2017, and has been doing so since the live streamed Nintendo Switch Presentation, which took place on January 12, 2017.

Koizumi was part of the board of directors of Nintendo's subsidiary 1-UP Studio as one of its representative directors from 2013 to 2023.

Game design

Koizumi is a protégé of Shigeru Miyamoto and often draws his ideas from real-world influences such as hiking. When creating fictional worlds, he tries to surprise players with visually impressive environments and difficult gameplay mechanics while still ensuring "ease of use", that is effortless navigation and control. He said that most of his time on a video game is spent working on player characters and their abilities in order to strike a balance between "fun and complexity" in control. Koizumi mentioned tempo and rhythm as some of the most important elements of a Mario game, whereas he gave anticipation of the awaiting challenges as a crucial factor in a Zelda title. Unlike Miyamoto, Koizumi often tries to introduce story elements to the video games he works on. He trains his staff by hinting at the direction they should take rather than just giving them the solution to a problem.

Works

References

External links

1968 births
Japanese video game businesspeople
Japanese video game designers
Japanese video game directors
Japanese video game producers
Living people
Nintendo people
Osaka University of Arts alumni
People from Shizuoka Prefecture
Video game artists

Yoshiaki Koizumi


Hibbing is a city in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 16,361 at the 2010 census. The city was built on the iron ore of the Mesabi Iron Range.

At the edge of town is the largest open-pit iron mine in the world, the Hull–Rust–Mahoning Open Pit Iron Mine.

References

Cities in Minnesota

Hibbing, Minnesota


Ault is a commune. It is in the Hauts-de-France region in the Somme department in the north of France.

Ault is on the English Channel,  west of Abbeville. It has chalk cliffs and a beach of pebbles and sand at low tide.  South of the town is a large wooded valley, the 'Bois de Cise.  North of the town the cliffs become smaller, to the level of the beach at Onival. The area around the town, the 'hâble d'Ault' was mostly tidal marshland. This has been reclaimed from the sea and is used for farming cattle and sheep.

Railways
Ault had a station on the standard gauge Woincourt to Onival line. The line closed to passengers in May 1939, but was used during World War II to move materials for the Atlantic Wall. During the war, a metre gauge line was built at the side of the road from Lanchères, on the CFBS, to Ault. This line was removed after the war.

Places of interest
 The 15th century church of Saint-Pierre,
 The war memorial, designed by Paul Landowski.
 Two chapels, at Onival and Bois de Cise dating from the 19th century.
 Several ancient village houses.
 The lighthouse, 106 metres above sea-level.
 The cliffs
 The beaches of Ault and Bois de Cise..
 The 'hâble d'Ault', with walking tracks.

Sea defences
The sea is washing away the beach, cliffs and public spaces including car parks and gardens. To protect the coast, a "balcony on the sea", a huge concrete construction has been built, However, there are signs of wear on the dyke under the casino.

References

Communes in Somme

Ault, Somme


Creola Katherine Johnson (; August 26, 1918February 24, 2020) was an American mathematician whose calculations of orbital mechanics as a NASA employee were critical to the success of the first and subsequent U.S. crewed spaceflights. During her 33-year career at NASA and its predecessor, she earned a reputation for mastering complex manual calculations and helped pioneer the use of computers to perform the tasks. The space agency noted her "historical role as one of the first African-American women to work as a NASA scientist".

Johnson's work included calculating trajectories, launch windows, and emergency return paths for Project Mercury spaceflights, including those for astronauts Alan Shepard, the first American in space, and John Glenn, the first American in orbit, and rendezvous paths for the Apollo Lunar Module and command module on flights to the Moon. Her calculations were also essential to the beginning of the Space Shuttle program, and she worked on plans for a mission to Mars. She was known as a "human computer" for her tremendous mathematical capability and ability to work with space trajectories with such little technology and recognition at the time.

In 2015, President Barack Obama awarded Johnson the Presidential Medal of Freedom. In 2016, she was presented with the Silver Snoopy Award by NASA astronaut Leland D. Melvin and a NASA Group Achievement Award. She was portrayed by Taraji P. Henson as a lead character in the 2016 film Hidden Figures. In 2019, Johnson was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal by the United States Congress. In 2021, she was inducted posthumously into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

Early life
Katherine Johnson was born as Creola Katherine Coleman on August 26, 1918, in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, to Joylette Roberta (née Lowe) and Joshua McKinley Coleman. She was the youngest of four children. Her mother was a teacher and her father was a lumberman, farmer, and handyman. He also worked at the Greenbrier Hotel.

Johnson showed strong mathematical abilities from an early age. Because Greenbrier County did not offer public schooling for African-American students past the eighth grade, the Colemans arranged for their children to attend high school in Institute, West Virginia. This school was on the campus of West Virginia State College (WVSC); Johnson was enrolled when she was ten years old. The family split their time between Institute during the school year and White Sulphur Springs in the summer.

After graduating from high school at the age of 14, Johnson matriculated at WVSC, a historically black college. She took every course in mathematics offered by the College. Several professors mentored her, including the chemist and mathematician Angie Turner King, who had guided Coleman throughout high school, and W. W. Schieffelin Claytor, the third African-American to receive a doctorate in mathematics. Claytor added new mathematics courses just for Johnson. She graduated summa cum laude in 1937, with degrees in mathematics and French, at age 18. Johnson was a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha. She took on a teaching job at a black public school in Marion, Virginia.

In 1939, after marrying her first husband, James Goble, she left her teaching job and enrolled in a graduate math program. She quit at the end of the first session and chose to focus on her family life. She was the first African-American woman to attend graduate school at West Virginia University in Morgantown, West Virginia. Through WVSC's president, Dr. John W. Davis, she became one of three African-American students, and the only woman, selected to integrate the graduate school after the 1938 United States Supreme Court ruling in Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada required States which provided public higher education to white students to provide it to black students as well, either by establishing black colleges and universities or by admitting black students to previously white-only universities.

Career

Johnson decided on a career as a research mathematician, although this was a difficult field for African Americans and women to enter. The first jobs she found were in teaching. At a family gathering in 1952, a relative mentioned that the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) was hiring mathematicians. At the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory, based in Hampton, Virginia, near Langley Field, NACA hired African-American mathematicians as well as whites for their Guidance and Navigation Department. Johnson accepted a job offer from the agency in June 1953.

According to an oral history archived by the National Visionary Leadership Project:

At first she [Johnson] worked in a pool of women performing math calculations. Katherine has referred to the women in the pool as virtual "computers who wore skirts". Their main job was to read the data from the plane's black boxes and carry out other precise mathematical tasks. Then one day, Katherine (and a colleague) were temporarily assigned to help the all-male flight research team. Katherine's knowledge of analytic geometry helped make quick allies of male bosses and colleagues to the extent that, "they forgot to return me to the pool". While the racial and gender barriers were always there, Katherine ignored them. Katherine was assertive, asking to be included in editorial meetings (where no women had gone before). She simply told people she had done the work and that she belonged.

From 1953 to 1958, Johnson worked as a computer, analyzing topics such as gust alleviation for aircraft. Originally assigned to the West Area Computers section supervised by mathematician Dorothy Vaughan, Johnson was reassigned to the Guidance and Control Division of Langley's Flight Research Division. It was staffed by white male engineers. In keeping with the State of Virginia's racial segregation laws, and federal workplace segregation introduced under President Woodrow Wilson in the early 20th century, Johnson and the other African-American women in the computing pool were required to work, eat, and use restrooms that were separate from those of their white peers. Their office was labeled as "Colored Computers". In an interview with WHRO-TV, Johnson stated that she "didn't feel the segregation at NASA, because everybody there was doing research. You had a mission and you worked on it, and it was important to you to do your job ... and play bridge at lunch." She added: "I didn't feel any segregation. I knew it was there, but I didn't feel it."

NACA disbanded the colored computing pool in 1958 when the agency was superseded by NASA, which adopted digital computers. Although the installation was desegregated, forms of discrimination were still pervasive. Johnson recalled that era:

We needed to be assertive as women in that days – assertive and aggressive – and the degree to which we had to be that way depended on where you were. I had to be. In the early days of NASA women were not allowed to put their names on the reports – no woman in my division had had her name on a report. I was working with Ted Skopinski and he wanted to leave and go to Houston ... but Henry Pearson, our supervisor – he was not a fan of women – kept pushing him to finish the report we were working on. Finally, Ted told him, "Katherine should finish the report, she's done most of the work anyway." So Ted left Pearson with no choice; I finished the report and my name went on it, and that was the first time a woman in our division had her name on something.

From 1958 until her retirement in 1986, Johnson worked as an aerospace technologist, moving during her career to the Spacecraft Controls Branch. She calculated the trajectory for the May 5, 1961, space flight of Alan Shepard, the first American in space. She also calculated the launch window for his 1961 Mercury mission. She plotted backup navigation charts for astronauts in case of electronic failures. When NASA used electronic computers for the first time to calculate John Glenn's orbit around Earth, officials called on Johnson to verify the computer's numbers; Glenn had asked for her specifically and had refused to fly unless Johnson verified the calculations. Biography.com states these were "far more difficult calculations, to account for the gravitational pulls of celestial bodies".

Author Margot Lee Shetterly stated, "So the astronaut who became a hero, looked to this black woman in the still-segregated South at the time as one of the key parts of making sure his mission would be a success." She added that, in a time where computing was "women's work" and engineering was left to men, "it really does have to do with us over the course of time sort of not valuing that work that was done by women, however necessary, as much as we might. And it has taken history to get a perspective on that."

Johnson later worked directly with digital computers. Her ability and reputation for accuracy helped to establish confidence in the new technology. In 1961, her work helped to ensure that Alan Shepard's Freedom 7 Mercury capsule would be found quickly after landing, using the accurate trajectory that had been established.

She also helped to calculate the trajectory for the 1969 Apollo 11 flight to the Moon. During the Moon landing, Johnson was at a meeting in the Pocono Mountains. She and a few others crowded around a small television screen watching the first steps on the Moon. In 1970, Johnson worked on the Apollo 13 Moon mission. When the mission was aborted, her work on backup procedures and charts helped set a safe path for the crew's return to Earth, creating a one-star observation system that would allow astronauts to determine their location with accuracy. In a 2010 interview, Johnson recalled, "Everybody was concerned about them getting there. We were concerned about them getting back." Later in her career, Johnson worked on the Space Shuttle program, the Earth Resources Satellite, and on plans for a mission to Mars.

Johnson spent her later years encouraging students to enter the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM).

Personal life and death
Katherine and James Francis Goble had three daughters. The family lived in Newport News, Virginia, from 1953. James died of an inoperable brain tumor in 1956 and, three years later, Katherine married James A. "Jim" Johnson, a United States Army officer and veteran of the Korean War; the pair were married for 60 years until his death in March 2019 at the age of 93. Johnson, who had six grandchildren and 11 great-grandchildren, lived in Hampton, Virginia. She encouraged her grandchildren and students to pursue careers in science and technology.

She was a member of Carver Memorial Presbyterian Church for 50 years, where she sang as part of the choir. She was also a member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority.

Johnson died at a retirement home in Newport News on February 24, 2020, at age 101. Following her death, Jim Bridenstine, NASA's administrator, described her as "an American hero" and stated that "her pioneering legacy will never be forgotten."

Legacy and honors

Johnson co-authored 26 scientific papers. Her social influence as a pioneer in space science and computing is demonstrated by the honors she received and her status as a role model for a life in science. Johnson was named West Virginia State College Outstanding Alumnus of the Year in 1999. President Barack Obama presented her with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of 17 Americans so honored on November 24, 2015. She was cited as a pioneering example of African-American women in STEM. President Obama said at the time, "Katherine G. Johnson refused to be limited by society's expectations of her gender and race while expanding the boundaries of humanity's reach." NASA noted her "historical role as one of the first African-American women to work as a NASA scientist."

Two NASA facilities have been named in her honor. On May 5, 2016, a new  building was named the "Katherine G. Johnson Computational Research Facility" and formally dedicated at the agency's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. The facility officially opened its doors on September 22, 2017. Johnson attended this event, which also marked the 55th anniversary of astronaut Alan Shepard's historic rocket launch and splashdown, a success Johnson helped achieve. At the ceremony, deputy director Lewin said this about Johnson: "Millions of people around the world watched Shepard's flight, but what they didn't know at the time was that the calculations that got him into space and safely home were done by today's guest of honor, Katherine Johnson". During the event, Johnson also received a Silver Snoopy award; often called the astronaut's award, NASA stated it is given to those "who have made outstanding contributions to flight safety and mission success". NASA renamed the Independent Verification and Validation Facility, in Fairmont, West Virginia, to the Katherine Johnson Independent Verification and Validation Facility on February 22, 2019.

Johnson was included on the BBC's list of 100 Women of influence worldwide in 2016. In a 2016 video NASA stated, "Her calculations proved as critical to the success of the Apollo Moon landing program and the start of the Space Shuttle program, as they did to those first steps on the country's journey into space."

Science writer Maia Weinstock developed a prototype Lego for Women of NASA in 2016 and included Johnson; she declined to have her likeness printed on the final product. On May 12, 2018, she was awarded an honorary doctorate by the College of William & Mary. In August 2018, West Virginia State University established a STEM scholarship in honor of Johnson and erected a life-size statue of her on campus. Mattel announced a Barbie doll in Johnson's likeness with a NASA identity badge in 2018. In 2019, Johnson was announced as one of the members of the inaugural class of Government Executive Government Hall of Fame.

In June 2019, George Mason University named the most prominent building on their SciTech campus, the Katherine G. Johnson Hall.

In 2020, Bethel School District, Washington, named its newest school the Katherine G. Johnson Elementary.

On November 2, 2020, Fairfax County Public Schools—the largest school division in the Commonwealth of Virginia and 12th largest school division in the United States, and the City of Fairfax, Virginia, announced that the latter's school board had voted to rename its middle school, previously named after Confederate soldier, poet, and musician Sidney Lanier to Katherine Johnson Middle School (KJMS), after 85 percent of its residents voiced their support in favor.

On November 6, 2020, a satellite named after her (ÑuSat 15 or "Katherine", COSPAR 2020-079G) was launched into space. In February 2021, Northrop Grumman named its Cygnus NG-15 spacecraft to supply the International Space Station the SS Katherine Johnson in her honor.

In 2021, San Juan Unified School District, in Sacramento, California, named its newest school Katherine Johnson Middle School. That same year the Baltimore County Public Schools named one of its three new schools the Katherine Johnson Global Academy.

Depiction in media
The film Hidden Figures, released in December 2016, was based on the non-fiction book of the same title by Margot Lee Shetterly, which was published earlier that year. It follows Johnson and other female African-American mathematicians (Mary Jackson and Dorothy Vaughan) who worked at NASA. Taraji P. Henson plays Johnson in the film. Appearing alongside Henson at the 89th Academy Awards, Johnson received a standing ovation from the audience. In an earlier interview, Johnson offered the following comment about the movie: "It was well done. The three leading ladies did an excellent job portraying us." In a 2016 episode of the NBC series Timeless, titled "Space Race", the mathematician is portrayed by Nadine Ellis.

Awards

 1971, 1980, 1984, 1985, 1986: NASA Langley Research Center Special Achievement award
1977, NASA Group Achievement Award presented to the Lunar Spacecraft and Operations team – for pioneering work in the field of navigation supporting the spacecraft that orbited and mapped the Moon in preparation for the Apollo program
 1998, Honorary Doctor of Laws, from SUNY Farmingdale
 1999, West Virginia State College Outstanding Alumnus of the Year
 2006, Honorary Doctor of Science by the Capitol College, Laurel, Maryland
 2010, Honorary Doctorate of Science from Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
 2014, De Pizan Honor from National Women's History Museum
 2015, NCWIT Pioneer in Tech Award
 2015, Presidential Medal of Freedom
 2016, Silver Snoopy award from Leland Melvin
 2016, Astronomical Society of the Pacific's Arthur B.C. Walker II Award
 2016, Presidential Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
On December 1, 2016, Johnson received the Langley West Computing Unit NASA Group Achievement Award at a reception at the Virginia Air and Space Center. Other awardees included her colleagues, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson.
2017, Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) Medal of Honor
 2017 Honorary Doctorate from Spelman College
 May 12, 2018, Honorary Doctorate of Science from the College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia
 On April 29, 2019, the University of Johannesburg and its Faculty of Science conferred Johnson with the degree of Philosophiae Doctor Honoris causa for her pioneering role at NASA.
November 8, 2019, Congressional Gold Medal
2021, Induction into the National Women's Hall of Fame

See also
Annie Easley, mathematician
Kathaleen Land, mathematician
List of African-American women in STEM fields
List of West Virginia University alumni
Mathematical Tables Project, pioneering human computer group
Timeline of women in science

References

Further reading
 Beverly Golemba, Human Computers: The Women in Aeronautical Research, unpublished manuscript 1994, NASA Langley Archives.
 Brigham Narins, Notable Scientists: From 1900 to the Present, Gale Group, 2001, .

External links
Katherine G. Johnson Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America
 What Matters; Katherine Johnson: NASA Pioneer and "Computer" WHRO, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (GBH and the Library of Congress), Boston, MA and Washington, DC

1918 births
2020 deaths
African-American mathematicians
African-American schoolteachers
Schoolteachers from West Virginia
American computer scientists
Presbyterians from Virginia
American women mathematicians
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
NASA people
West Area Computers
People from Hampton, Virginia
People from White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia
Scientists from West Virginia
West Virginia State University alumni
West Virginia University alumni
American women computer scientists
African-American computer scientists
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
American women physicists
20th-century American physicists
21st-century American physicists
20th-century American women scientists
21st-century American women scientists
American centenarians
African-American centenarians
20th-century women mathematicians
21st-century women mathematicians
Mathematicians from Virginia
Women centenarians
20th-century American educators
20th-century American women educators
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
African-American physicists

Katherine Johnson


1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene is an organic compound with the formula 1,2-ClCH-4-NO.  This pale yellow solid is related to 1,2-dichlorobenzene by the replacement of one H atom with a nitro functional group.  This compound is an intermediate in the synthesis of agrochemicals.

Production and uses
The nitration of  1,2-dichlorobenzene mainly produces 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, together with smaller amounts of the 3-nitro isomer. It can also be prepared by chlorination of 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene.

One of the chlorides is reactive toward nucleophiles.  Potassium fluoride gives 2-chloro-1-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene, an intermediate in the production of herbicides.  With ammonia, one obtains 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline, a precursor to diazo dyes. Reduction with iron powder gives 3,4-dichloroaniline (m.p. 72 °C, CAS# 95-76-1).

References

Nitrobenzenes
Chlorobenzenes

1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene


A Life Too Short: The Tragedy of Robert Enke is a 2010 biography by Ronald Reng about the Hannover 96 captain and Germany Goalkeeper Robert Enke, who died by suicide  after six years of depression on 10 November 2009.

Synopsis
The book details the life of Robert Enke, particularly focusing on Enke's struggle with depression. Reng also focuses on his friendship with Enke, with whom he was supposed to co-write a biography.

Reception
Critical reception for A Life Too Short has been positive, with the book receiving the 2011 William Hill Sports Book of the Year Award. The Guardian praised A Life too Short as "eloquent and sensitive", and William Hill co-founder Graham Sharpe stated it was "an outstanding piece of sportswriting".

References

2010 non-fiction books
German biographies
Association football books
William Hill Sports Book of the Year winning works
Random House books

A Life Too Short


Thomas Broughton (ca. 1668 – November 22, 1737) was a colonial-era official in South Carolina, serving a variety of positions, including acting Governor from May 5, 1735, through November 22, 1737.

Biography
Broughton was the second son of Andrew and Ann Overton Broughton of Seaton, England, and born around 1668. He is presumed to have been born in Rutland, based on his father being Sheriff of Rutland in 1669. He immigrated to South Carolina from the West Indies, possibly from the Leeward Islands, where his father-in-law Sir Nathaniel Johnson, the future Governor of the Province of Carolina (1703-1709) was Governor in 1686-89. The first record of Thomas Broughton in South Carolina was in 1692 when he pledged his allegiance to King William III and Queen Mary II of England. After his arrival in South Carolina he would marry Ann Johnson, the daughter of Sir Nathaniel Johnson and brother of future South Carolina Governor Robert Johnson.

Career
Broughton rose from captain through to major general in a 10-year stretch between 1696 and 1706.
In addition, he held numerous other offices in the colony, including serving as a member of the Commons House of Assembly from 1696 to 1703), 1716 to 1717, and 1725 to 1727; controller and collector of customs (1708); commissioner of Free School at Charles Towne (1710, 1712); assistant to Judge of Admiralty to try men accused of piracy (1716, 1717, 1720); and collector of the Port of Charleston (1721).
In 1702 Broughton was appointed as deputy to John Carteret, 2nd Baron Carteret (later 2nd Earl of Granville); and served on the eight-member Executive Council under acting governor James Moore and Governor Sir Nathaniel Johnson.
Broughton served as speaker of the Assembly from 1725 to 1727, and was named Lt. Governor of the province by a commission of King George II in 1729, the same commission which appointed his brother-in-law Robert Johnson Governor. When Johnson died on May 5, 1735, Broughton, took over as the province's chief executive. Broughton died in office on Nov. 22, 1737. His burial site is unknown, but believed to be in South Carolina, quite possibly near his residence, called Mulberry Plantation.
Broughton's administration was noted for the beginning of constitutional struggles between the Commons House of Assembly and the advisors to the Crown over who had the right to originate grants of money in the province.
Broughton's residence, Mulberry Plantation, is located on the western branch of the Cooper River, near Moncks Corner in Berkeley County. The residence, built in 1714, is the third-oldest home in South Carolina. During the 1715 Yemassee War, many individuals took refuge at Mulberry as the structure had been constructed over a fortified cellar fort with firing slits in the foundation walls.

References

1668 births
1737 deaths
Governors of South Carolina
Speakers of the South Carolina Commons House of Assembly

Thomas Broughton (acting governor)


The Gropius House is a historic house museum owned by Historic New England at 68 Baker Bridge Road in Lincoln, Massachusetts, United States. It was the family residence of Modernist architect Walter Gropius, his wife Ise Gropius (née Frank), and their daughter Ati Gropius. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2000 for its association with Walter Gropius, as he was an influential teacher and leader of Modernist architecture.  The house includes a collection of Bauhaus-related materials unparalleled outside Germany.

History
As the first director of the Bauhaus, Gropius was concerned with combining modern technologies with consumer needs, while placing equal emphasis on architectural integrity and decorative arts.

Gropius and his family came to the United States after a three-year stay in London, where they had moved to avoid the Nazi regime. Gropius came to Massachusetts to accept a teaching position at Harvard University's Graduate School of Design. Fellow architect and prominent Bostonian Henry Shepley convinced philanthropist Helen Storrow to provide land and fund the design and construction of a home for Gropius. Gropius designed the home in 1937; local builder Casper J. Jenney built it in 1938. Gropius used his new home as a showcase for his Harvard students as well as an example of modernist landscape architecture in America. He chose the area because of its proximity to Concord Academy which his daughter Ati was slated to attend. It remained Gropius's home from 1938 until his death in 1969.

Marcel Breuer, a fellow architect and friend of the Gropius family, came to the United States shortly after the Gropiuses, also to become part of the Harvard design faculty. Helen Storrow provided a neighboring plot of land to Breuer where he could showcase his design philosophies. Gropius and Breuer assisted one another in the construction of their homes, completing their dwellings in 1938 and 1939, respectively. The Gropius House continues to have Breuer furniture on display. The house also contains works by Eero Saarinen, Joan Miró, and Herbert Bayer that they gave as gifts to Walter Gropius.

Architecture and design

Design philosophy

In 1931 Gropius was asked to write an article describing the ideal livable small home for Architectural Forum. Gropius outlined the most important aspects of the home's design, sounding like a true description of the Lincoln dwelling: "The dwelling house should no longer resemble something like a fortress, like a monument of walls with medieval thickness and an expensive front intended for showy representation. Instead it is to be of light construction, full of bright daylight and sunshine, alterable, time-saving, economical and useful in the last degree to its occupants whose life functions it is intended to serve."

Gropius went on to describe an ideal layout of such a house, almost literally outlining the Gropius House composition: "The ground plan ... is a geometrical projection of its spacial idea – the organizing plan for moving within a house. The elevation, facade, is the result of that plan and not the starting point ... Hence, no artificial symmetry, but a free functional arrangement of the succession of rooms, short, time-saving passages of communication, moving space for children, clear separation between the living, the sleeping, and the housekeeping parts of the house, and finally, proper utilization of the ground and especially the sunny aspect. The bedrooms need morning sun (facing east) the living rooms should have southern to western light, and the north side is left to storerooms, kitchens, staircases and bathrooms."

The house

Set amid fields, forests, and farmhouses, the Gropius House mixes traditional materials of New England architecture (wood, brick, and fieldstone) with industrial materials such as glass block, acoustic plaster, welded steel, and chrome banisters. The structure consists of a traditional New England post and beam wooden frame sheathed with white-painted tongue-and-groove vertical siding. Traditional clapboards are used in the interior foyer, but are applied vertically to create the illusion of height. The clapboards also performed a practical function as a gallery. Because the works displayed in the Gropius House changed frequently, the wood served as an easy surface to nail into, patch, repaint, and start over again. The home contains a combined living and dining room, a kitchen, office, sewing room, three bedrooms, and four bathrooms. All bathrooms were positioned in the less-prominent northwest corner of the house and used the same plumbing stack for maximum efficiency. One of the most notable differences between the Gropius House and adjacent homes is its flat roof. While in much of Europe and even in certain parts of the United States flat roofs were becoming quite common, in Lincoln and surrounding areas pitched roofs with gables were the norm. Gropius fashioned his flat roof with a slight tilt to the center where water could drain off to a dry well on the property.

At the time of the building of the Gropius House, Walter and Ise's adopted daughter Ati was 12 years old. Gropius took care in making sure Ati was happy and comfortable and allowed her a great deal of input in the design of her bedroom. Ati chose the warm color palette and much of her furniture, including a desk Gropius had designed while at the Bauhaus in 1922. Ati's room is the largest of the three bedrooms, with a private entrance including a wrought-iron spiral staircase. Though Gropius could not give her the sand floor and glass ceiling she requested, he did give her the private roof deck so she could sleep under the stars.

The landscape
In keeping with Bauhaus philosophy, every aspect of the house and surrounding landscape was planned for maximum efficiency and simplicity. Gropius carefully sited the house to complement its New England habitat, saying in a 1933 article "The House of New Lines" that "of similar importance to the harmonic formulation of the building structure itself is the correct integration of the home into the landscape, into the garden..." The house itself is on a grassy rise surrounded by stone retaining walls amidst wetlands and a 90-tree apple orchard, the latter which the Gropiuses allowed to grow naturally other than some mowing during the growing season. Gropius wanted the outdoor space around the home to be equally "civilized" and created a lawn extending twenty feet around the entire house, with a perennial garden expanding to the south by the porch. Although the house sits on a rather flat plot of land, by keeping the woodlands well maintained, the Gropiuses retained broad views to the south, east, and west. The screened porch was placed so as to divide the land around the house into multiple zones, comparable to rooms inside a house. The house was conceived as part of an organic landscape, where Gropius utilized indoor-outdoor spaces to accentuate relationships between the structure and site.

Before the home's design was complete, Walter Gropius was hard at work creating the ideal landscape. He selected mature trees from the neighboring forest and helped transplant them to his future yard. Ise was the predominant landscaper in the family: she and Walter selected Scotch pine, white pine, elm, oak, and American beech trees to complement their surroundings. The Gropiuses also added "rescued" boulders and wooden trellises adorned with pink climbing roses and Concord grapevines to flatter the New England landscape. Bittersweet vines and trumpet vines also connected the home to nature. Ise spent many hours each week planting, weeding, and trimming. She also filled and maintained more than a dozen bird feeders and bird houses on the property and claimed to have known more than ninety birds personally. After a trip to Japan in the 1950s, Ise removed the perennials and covered the ground in a layer of gray gravel, where she planted azaleas, candytuft, cotoneaster, and one large red-leafed Japanese maple tree.

Gallery

Criticism
Conservative neighbor James Loud did not approve of the Gropius House. Loud complained about being "surrounded by chicken coops," referring to the Gropius House disparagingly, as he felt its modernist design clashed with his own home's Colonial Revival style.

Preservation
In 1974—five years after Walter's death—Ise donated the property to the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (now Historic New England), though she lived there for the rest of her life. In 1984, a year after Ise's death, the home became a museum. It is open to the public.

See also
 List of National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
 Lincoln House

References

External links

 Historic New England: Gropius House
 Video tour

Houses completed in 1938
Historic house museums in Massachusetts
Houses in Lincoln, Massachusetts
Walter Gropius buildings
Modernist architecture in Massachusetts
National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts
Biographical museums in Massachusetts
Architecture museums in the United States
Museums in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Historic district contributing properties in Massachusetts
Historic New England
Gropius

Gropius House


The Hardtwald is a forest in Baden-Württemberg, south-western Germany. It is located around Karlsruhe, on the right (eastern) bank of the Rhine, between Schwetzingen in the north and Rastatt in the south. The Black Forest is located to its east. In the 18th century, Karlsruhe was founded in the Hardtwald.

Forests and woodlands of Baden-Württemberg
Regions of Baden-Württemberg

Hardtwald


Naive semantics is an approach used in computer science for representing basic knowledge about a specific domain, and has been used in applications such as the representation of the meaning of natural language sentences in artificial intelligence applications. In a general setting the term has been used to refer to the use of a limited store of generally understood knowledge about a specific domain in the world, and has been applied to fields such as the knowledge based design of data schemas.

In natural language understanding, naive semantics involves the use of a lexical theory which maps each word sense to a simple theory (or set of assertions) about the objects or events of reference. In this sense, naive semantic theory is based upon a particular language, its syntax and its word senses. For instance the word "water" and the assertion water(X) may be associated with the three predicates clear(X), liquid(X) and tasteless(X).

References

Natural language processing
Semantics

Naive semantics


Tomas Robert Lindahl FRS FMedSci (born 28January 1938) is a Swedish scientist specialising in cancer research. In 2015, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly with American chemist Paul Modrich and Turkish chemist Aziz Sancar for mechanistic studies of DNA repair.

Lindahl was professor of medical chemistry at the University of Gothenburg 1978-82. He moved to England and joined the Imperial Cancer Research Fund (now Cancer Research UK) as a researcher in 1981.  From 1986 he was the first Director of Cancer Research UK's Clare Hall research institute in Hertfordshire. Since 2015 this has been part of the Francis Crick Institute.

When the Royal Society elected him as a Fellow, his achievements were extraordinary (though rather technical):
"Dr. Tomas Lindahl is noted for his contributions to the comprehension of DNA repair at the molecular level in bacterial and mammalian cells. He was the first to isolate a mammalian DNA ligase and to describe a totally unanticipated novel group of DNA glycosylases as mediators of DNA excision repair. He has also discovered a unique class of enzymes in mammalian cells, namely the methyltransferases, which mediate the adaptive response to alkylation of DNA and has shown that the expression of these enzymes is regulated by the ada gene... Apart from providing profound insights into the nature of the DNA repair process his very important contributions promise to facilitate the design of more selective chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of cancer. Lindahl has also made a number of significant contributions to understanding at the DNA level the mechanism of transformation of B-lymphocytes by the Epstein-Barr virus. The most notable of these was the first description of the occurrence in lymphoid cells of closed circular duplex viral DNA".

References

1938 births
Living people
Swedish Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from Stockholm

Tomas Lindahl


Acidophiline (Russian: ацидофилин) is a type of drinkable yogurt, with Lactobacillus acidophilus as the starter culture. Kefir yeast is also added sometimes. It has antibacterial properties and is used in the former Soviet Bloc countries to treat intestinal diseases such as colitis and enterocolitis. The sweetened acidophiline was widely produced in the USSR, among other fermented milk drinks, such as kefir and ryazhenka.

References

Fermented dairy products
Fermented drinks
Milk-based drinks
Sour foods
Russian drinks
Russian dairy products

Acidophiline