Pease pudding, also known as pease porridge, is a savoury pudding dish made of boiled legumes, typically split yellow peas, with water, salt and spices, and often cooked with a bacon or ham joint. A common dish in the north-east of England, it is consumed to a lesser extent in the rest of Britain, as well as in other regions worldwide.

Dish

Pease pudding is typically thick, somewhat similar in texture to (but perhaps a little more solid than) hummus, and is light yellow in colour, with a mild taste. Pease pudding is traditionally produced in England, especially in the industrial North Eastern areas including South Shields. It is often served with ham or bacon, beetroot and stottie cakes. It is also a key ingredient in the classic saveloy dip. In Southern England, it is usually served with faggots. Also in southern England is the small village of Pease Pottage which, according to tradition, gets its name from serving pease pottage to convicts either on their way from London to the South Coast, or from East Grinstead to Horsham.

Peasemeal brose, also known as brosemeal, is a traditional breakfast dish in the north of Scotland. It is made in the traditional way and usually eaten with butter, and either salt or honey.

In parts of the Midlands, it replaces mushy peas as a traditional accompaniment to fish and chips, although the distinction is largely the name and tendency for mushy peas to be green. In both cases, the starchy "field peas" used are harvested dry, as opposed to "sweet peas", which are the same species harvested fresh.

Etymology

In Middle English, 'pease' was a mass noun, used in the same way as 'flour' or 'oatmeal'. The modern singular 'pea' and its plural 'peas' derive from this.

Regional variations
The dish is a traditional part of Jiggs dinner in Newfoundland, Canada.

In German-speaking countries, pease pudding is known under the name Erbspüree or Erbsenpüree. Alternative regional names are Erbsbrei or Erbsmus. It is especially widespread in the traditional cuisine of the German capital Berlin. The best-known German dish which is traditionally served with pease pudding is Eisbein. A similar dish with ham hock, karka, is served in Lithuania.

In the Netherlands, pea soup is called "snert", or "erwtensoep". It is cooked with dried split peas (yellow, or green), with chopped onions and bay leaf, and a smoked pork sausage, often Polish, which is then sliced, and served with the soup.

Traditional Russian cuisine has several pea-based dishes, including pease pudding/puree/soups known as gorohovaya kasha () or goroshnitsa ().

In Beijing cuisine, wandouhuang (豌豆黄) is a sweetened and chilled pease pudding made with yellow split peas or shelled mung beans, sometimes flavoured with sweet osmanthus blossoms and dates. A refined version of this snack is said to have been a favourite of Empress Dowager Cixi.

In Greek cuisine, a similar dish is called fava (Φάβα). Despite the name, it is usually made from yellow split peas, not broad beans. The mashed peas are usually drizzled with olive oil and topped with chopped raw onions.

Recipe
Generally, recipes for pease pudding involve steeping soaked split yellow peas in stock (traditionally ham hock stock) and cooking them for around 40 minutes. The resulting mush is then blended with other ingredients, which depend on the variation. The oldest known written recipe for something similar to pease pudding involves saffron, nutmeg and a little cinnamon in the blending process; modern recipes sometimes beat in an egg at this point to act as an extra binding agent.

In popular culture
Pease pudding is featured in a nursery rhyme, "Pease Porridge Hot".

The song "Food, Glorious Food" from the 1960s West End and Broadway musical (and 1968 film) Oliver! has a lyric extolling pease pudding.

In The Princess and the Goblin, Curdie takes bread and pease pudding with him for sustenance when he goes to spy on the King's house.

A discussion on pease pudding features in the first episode of the BBC TV soap opera EastEnders (19th February, 1985).

Pease pudding also featured in Geordie Shore season 16 episode 10 as the cast members handed out leaflets and samples promoting the product.

In Charles Dickens' "The Haunted Man and the Ghost's Bargain" Mrs Tetterby returns home and takes "a substantial slab of hot pease pudding wrapped in paper" from her basket.

See also

Daal
Ful medames
Hummus
List of porridges
Pea soup
Mushy peas
Porridge
Pottage

References

English cuisine
Geordie cuisine
Cuisine of Newfoundland and Labrador
Russian cuisine
Cuisine of Berlin
Porridges
Savory puddings
Legume dishes
Northumberland cuisine
British puddings

Pease pudding


The United States is the third or fourth biggest country in the world. Only Russia and Canada are bigger. If you do not count the area of the Great Lakes, China is also bigger. Its geography varies a lot. The area is about 3,717,000 square miles, or about 9,629,000 square kilometers. The highest point is Mount McKinley, Alaska and the lowest point is Death Valley, California.

 There are meadows and forests on the East Coast,
 The Appalachian Mountains in the east
 The Great Plains in the middle of the country,
 The Mississippi-Missouri river, in the middle
 The Rocky Mountains west of the plains
 Deserts and coastal areas west of the Rocky Mountains
 Forests in the Pacific Northwest
 Arctic regions of Alaska
 Volcanic islands in Hawaii, which is not geographically part of the Americas.

The geographic center is in Butte County, South Dakota. The geographic center of the 48 states is in Smith County, Kansas.

Physical geography
There is a general rule of thumb which explains why so much of the land is close to sea level in the East, and so mountainous in the West. It is as follows.

The Americas have been moving west for over 100 million years. The movement has buckled up and collected geological plates in the West, and spread out the land in the East. This has resulted in a series of mountain ranges all down the West of the Americas, and mostly low-lying land in the East. The East is a "passive margin" coast where the continental crust is moving away, in this case to the West. The West is an "active margin" coast. It has the mountains and it has the landslides and volcanoes.

In fact, the only high land in the East of the U.S. is where there is a very ancient ground-down mountain range known as as the Allegheny Mountains. What is now the Alleghenys was once part of the great Appalachian orogeny (mountain building) about 300 million years ago. What remains now is just the ground-down roots of this ancient mountain chain. In the top-most physical map the red-brown areas are high land.

Climate
The climate varies along with the geography, from tropical (hot and wet in summer, warm and dry in winter) in Florida and Hawaii to tundra (cold all year) in Alaska. Large parts of the country have warm summers and cold winters. Most of the northern U.S. gets snow in winter. Some parts of the western United States, like parts of California, have a Mediterranean climate. The southeastern United States can get hurricanes. Parts of the southern United States are subtropical (hot in summer and cool in winter). Tornadoes happen a lot in the Midwest.

The highest recorded temperature is 134 degrees Fahrenheit (57 degrees Celsius) and the lowest recorded temperature is -80 degrees Fahrenheit (-62 degrees Celsius).

Gallery

Sources

Geography of the United States


William Henry McGuire (May 31, 1873 – October 31, 1957) was a Canadian senator who represented East York for 30 years.

Biography

Early life and education
William Henry McGuire was born May 31, 1873, on a family farm near Peterborough, Ontario, one of the 14 children of John and Ellen McGuire of Seymour Township.  He attended high school in Campbellford, Ontario, and was assisted in attaining higher education by an older brother, Father Michael McGuire, who was a Roman Catholic priest in the area.  William "Billy" McGuire graduated from the University of Toronto in 1903 and studied law at Osgoode Hall.

Career
He practiced as a lawyer first in Niagara Falls, and then in Toronto, and was a member of the Liberal Party of Canada.  He was named to the Senate of Canada by Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King on December 20, 1926 and served East York until his death on October 31, 1957, an impressive total of 30 years, 10 months and 12 days.

Senator McGuire was influential in the Irish-Canadian/Roman Catholic communities.  He and Senator Frank Patrick O'Connor (Scarborough Junction) acquired a vacant church in the village of Wexford (Lawrence Avenue East, east of Victoria Park Avenue, now in the Scarborough area of Toronto) to establish Precious Blood parish.  Due to its once-vacant state, the original red brick church, even after its rejuvenation, was known for many years as "the pigeon church."

Senator McGuire also owned a farm with an English garden named "Belmore" across Lawrence Avenue from the church and, although the area is now entirely urban and Wexford Collegiate Institute occupies the site of his home, many of the mature trees in the area were planted by him.

Marriage and children
William Henry McGuire married Anna McNevin (1881–1954) in 1911 and had one daughter, Mary Aileen (1913–1959), who also became a lawyer. He was father-in-law to James Worrall, lawyer, international track and field athlete, and International Olympic Committee representative to Canada.

References

Sources: Family, Government of Canada (Senate)

External links

1873 births
1957 deaths
Canadian senators from Ontario
Liberal Party of Canada senators
University of Toronto alumni

William Henry McGuire


Sir Ambalavanar Kanagasabai (; 1856 – 1927) was a Ceylon Tamil lawyer and member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon.

Early life and family
Kanagasabai was born in 1856. He was the son of Suppiramaniam Ambalavanar from Tellippalai in northern Ceylon. Kanagasabai is believed to be a descendant of Ilankai Nayaga Mudaliyar of Karaikadu, one of the pioneer settlers of Jaffna peninsula.

Kanagasabai was educated privately before being sent to Madras Christian College from where he graduated in 1878 with an arts degree. He then studied law and was called to the bar in August 1882.

Kanagasabai married Kamachi Ambal, daughter of Sangarapillai Kanagasabai, in 1885.

Career
Kanagasabai started practising law at the Jaffna Bar in 1882. He became leader of the bar in 1907. He was one of the leading supporters of constructing a new railway line to northern Ceylon.

Kanagasabai was appointed to the Legislative Council of Ceylon in 1906 as the unofficial member representing Tamils, replacing W. G. Rockwood. He was re-appointed in 1912. He served on the Legislative Council for eleven years. Kanagasabai was appointed to the Executive Council of Ceylon in 1921.

Kanagasabai was president of the Saiva Paripalana Sabai and helped establish Jaffna Hindu College, serving as the president of its board of directors. He also established a Hindu temple on Slave Island. He was a member of the Royal Asiatic Society, the Agricultural Society, the Board of Education, the Committee of the Victoria Home for Incurables and president of the Board of Directors of the Jaffna Commercial Corporation. He was knighted in 1917, the third Ceylon Tamil to be done so.

Kanagasabai died in 1927.

References

1856 births
1927 deaths
Members of the Executive Council of Ceylon
Members of the Legislative Council of Ceylon
Ceylonese Knights Bachelor
Madras Christian College alumni
People associated with Jaffna Hindu College
People from Northern Province, Sri Lanka
People from British Ceylon
Sri Lankan Tamil people
Sri Lankan lawyers
Tamil politicians

A. Kanagasabai


Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (often informally called Millionaire) is an American television game show adapted from the same-titled British program created by David Briggs, Steven Knight and Mike Whitehill and developed for the United States by Michael Davies. The show features a quiz competition with contestants attempting to win a top prize of $1,000,000 by answering a series of multiple-choice questions, usually of increasing difficulty. The program has endured as one of the longest-running and most successful international variants in the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? franchise.

The original US version premiered on ABC on August 16, 1999, as part of a two-week daily special event hosted by Regis Philbin. After this and a second two-week event aired in November 1999, ABC commissioned a regular series that launched on January 9, 2000, and ran until June 27, 2002. Philbin hosted the entire run of the original network series as well as two additional special event series that aired on ABC in 2004 and 2009.

A daily version of Millionaire produced for syndication began airing on September 16, 2002, and was initially hosted by Meredith Vieira. Cedric the Entertainer took over the show in 2013 following Vieira's departure, with Terry Crews replacing him in 2014. The syndicated series' final host was Chris Harrison, who took over from Crews in 2015 and hosted until the show was canceled, with the finale airing on May 31, 2019. On January 8, 2020, seven months after the cancellation was announced, ABC renewed the show for a twenty-first season, hosted by Jimmy Kimmel (who is also a co-executive producer of the show) with celebrity contestants. The twenty-first season premiered on April 8, 2020, and its success led to the show being renewed for another season.

The show has had numerous format and gameplay changes over its runtime and, since its debut, twelve contestants have answered all questions correctly and won the top prize. As the first US network game show to offer a million-dollar top prize, the show made television history by becoming one of the highest-rated game shows in the history of US television. The US Millionaire won seven Daytime Emmy Awards, and TV Guide ranked it No. 6 in its 2013 list of the 60 greatest game shows of all time.

Gameplay

Core rules

At its core, the game is a quiz competition in which the goal is to correctly answer a series of fifteen (14 from 2010 to 2019) consecutive multiple-choice questions. The questions are of increasing difficulty, except in the 2010–15 format overhaul, where the contestants were faced with a round of ten questions of random difficulty, followed by a round of four questions of increasing difficulty. Each question is worth a specific amount of money; the amounts are not cumulative. If at any time the contestant gives a wrong answer, the game is over and the contestant's winnings are reduced to $0 for tier-one questions, $1,000 for tier-two questions, and $32,000 for tier-three questions. However, the contestant may choose to walk away after being presented with a question, allowing them to keep all the money they have won to that point. With the exception of the shuffle format, upon correctly answering questions five and ten, contestants are guaranteed at least the amount of prize money associated with that level. Contestants giving an incorrect answer see their winnings drop down to the last milestone achieved. Since 2015 in the syndicated version, contestants answering a question incorrectly before reaching the fifth question, leave with $1,000, even on the first question that is worth only $500. For celebrities, the minimum guarantee for their nominated charities is $10,000. Prior to the shuffle format, a contestant left with nothing if they answered a question incorrectly before reaching the first milestone. In the shuffle format, contestants who incorrectly answered a question had their winnings reduced to $1,000 in round one and $25,000 in round two.

Format history

Original format (1999–2008; 2020–2021)
From 1999 to 2002, 10 contestants played a round of Fastest Finger to determine who played next. The participants were presented with one question and four answers, and attempted to put the four answers in a certain order (ascending, chronological, etc.) in the fastest time. The contestant who did so correctly in the fastest time played. If no contestant got the correct order, the round was played again, and when a tie occurred, the tied participants answered a second Fastest Finger question. This round was removed when the syndicated version began in 2002, though it returned in 2004 for Super Millionaire and in 2009 for the 10th Anniversary shows. The format remained unchanged, except for changes to the money staircase and the addition of a new lifeline, until 2008. When the show returned to ABC in 2020, the original format used from 1999 to 2004 was used, albeit with slightly different lifelines and the Fastest Finger round once again being removed.

The guaranteed amounts for correctly answering questions five and ten were $1,000 and $32,000 respectively for the entirety of the network run and the syndicated version from 2002 to 2004. The Super Millionaire specials in 2004 had guarantees of $5,000 and $100,000 respectively. Beginning in 2004 on the syndicated version, the upper guarantee was decreased to $25,000; the 10th Anniversary specials also followed suit.

Clock format (2008–2010)
In 2008, the format was altered to include a time limit on each question. The amount of time for each question was as follows:
 Questions 1–5: 15 seconds
 Questions 6–10: 30 seconds
 Questions 11–14: 45 seconds
 Question 15: 45 seconds, plus the total of all unused time from the previous 14 questions

The timer began to run as soon as the four answer options were revealed, and the contestant had to give a final answer before it reached 0. The timer temporarily paused if the contestant used a lifeline, and restarted once the lifeline ended. If time ran out, the game ended and the contestant left with whatever money they had won up to that point. However, if this happened while the Double Dip lifeline was in effect, the contestant's winnings were instead reduced to the last safety net they had reached. While the clock format was in use, the contestant was also shown the categories of all 15 questions in the order they were to be asked.

For the first season of the clock format, the guarantees for answering questions five and ten were $1,000 and $25,000. For the final season, the lower guarantee was increased to $5,000, commensurate with a change in the money tree.

Shuffle format (2010–2015)
The format was overhauled in September 2010, splitting the game into two rounds. The first round consisted of 10 questions, each in a different category and worth a different amount from $100 to $25,000. Both the category order and the amounts were randomized at the start of the game, with the latter hidden from the contestant's view (from 2014, the categories to the questions were no longer presented to the contestant). The difficulty level and value of each question were not tied to one another. The value of each question was revealed only after the contestant answered it correctly or chose to "jump" (skip) it; a correct answer added the money to the contestant's bank, while a jump put the value out of play. The maximum bank from this round was $68,600. If the contestant missed a question in the first round, they left with $1,000, even if their bank was lower than this total. Choosing to walk away allowed the contestant to keep half their bank.

The second round presented four questions of increasing difficulty in the traditional format, each of which augmented the contestant's total winnings to a set value. A miss in this round reduced their winnings to $25,000, while choosing to walk away allowed the contestant to keep all winnings accumulated thus far. Categories for these questions were not given ahead of time.

From 2011 to 2014, some weeks were "Double Your Money" weeks, in which one first-round question was randomly designated as being worth double its value. The maximum potential bank from this round thus became $93,600.

Fourteen-question format (2015–2019)
With the hiring of new host Chris Harrison, the format was changed once again to resemble that of the original Millionaire format. Each contestant faces 14 general-knowledge questions of increasing difficulty, with no time limit or information about the categories.

The guaranteed amounts for correctly answering questions five and ten were $5,000 and $50,000 respectively. Originally, contestants who failed to clear the first five questions won nothing. However, beginning in 2017, a contestant who missed any of the first five questions left with $1,000, even if the missed question was of a lower value.

Payout structure
Five different ladders have been used over the course of the series:

The $500,000 and $1,000,000 prizes were initially lump-sum payments, but were changed to annuities in September 2002 when the series moved to syndication. Contestants winning either of these prizes receive $250,000 thirty days after their show broadcasts and the remainder paid in equal annual payments. The $500,000 prize consists of $25,000 per year for 10 years, while the $1,000,000 prize consists of $37,500 per year for 20 years, all less taxes.

From 2017 to 2019, contestants who answered one of the first five questions incorrectly received a $1,000 consolation prize. On the original primetime version and in earlier seasons of the syndicated version prior to 2010, contestants who missed one of the first five questions left with nothing.

Lifelines
Forms of assistance known as "lifelines" are available for a contestant to use if a question proves difficult. Multiple lifelines may be used on a single question, but each one can only be used once per game (unless otherwise noted below). Three lifelines are available from the start of the game. Depending on the format of the show, additional lifelines may become available after the contestant correctly answers the fifth or tenth question. In the clock format, usage of lifelines temporarily pauses the clock while the lifelines are played.
 +1 (2014–2019): The contestant may invite a friend onstage from the audience to assist with the current question. After the question result, the friend must return to the audience.
 50:50 (1999–2008, 2015–2019, 2020–2021): Two incorrect answers are eliminated, leaving the contestant with a choice between the correct answer and one remaining incorrect answer.
 Ask the Audience (1999–2019): The audience members individually use four-button keypads to register the answer they believe is correct, and the percentage of votes for each answer is then shown to the host, contestant, and home viewer. Beginning in 2004 and ending in 2006, AIM users who added the screen name MillionaireIM to their buddy list and were online were able to receive and register answers they believed to be correct to Ask the Audience questions in real-time; these results were then shown as a separate chart to the contestant.
 Ask the Expert (2008–2010): Based on Three Wise Men, the lifeline was earned after answering five questions correctly until 2010, when it was given to the contestant immediately following the removal of Phone a Friend. The contestant was connected to an expert via a video call, and the two could discuss the question with no time limit.
 Ask the Host (2020–2021): Introduced during the 2020 season, this lifeline allows the contestant to ask for the host's advice on the current question and give the best possible answer. If used and the contestant answers, both the contestant and host do not see the correct answer until the computer reveals it.
 Crystal Ball (2012–2013): Used occasionally during the "shuffle" round, this lifeline allowed the contestant to see the value of the current question before either answering or jumping it (if Jump the Question had not yet been used).
 Double Dip (2004, 2008–2010): First used during Super Millionaire, this lifeline allowed a contestant to make a second guess at the answer if his/her first one was wrong. The contestant had to invoke the lifeline before making the first guess, and it was removed from play regardless of which guess was correct. In addition, the contestant could not walk away from the question after invoking the lifeline. It was used in the main series from 2008 to 2010, replacing 50:50.
 Jump the Question (2010–2015): This lifeline allowed the contestant to skip the current question, but the money associated with it was removed from play. It could be used twice per game from 2010 to 2014, but only once from 2014 to 2015. It could not be used on the million-dollar question.
 Phone a Friend (1999–2010, 2020–2021): The contestant calls a pre-arranged friend and is given 30 seconds to discuss the question with that person. In 2010, this lifeline was dropped due to an increasing use of search engines by the friends to look up answers. The lifeline returned in 2020, with all friends being monitored by a member of the show's production team to prevent cheating.
 Switch/Cut the Question (2004–2008): Earned after answering 10 questions, this lifeline allowed a contestant to discard the current question and replace it with one of the same value. The contestant was shown the correct answer to the original question before the switch and any lifelines used on the original question were not reinstated. It was occasionally used from 2014 to 2019 during 'Whiz Kids' week and was available from the outset.
 Three Wise Men (2004): Used during Super Millionaire, this lifeline allowed the contestant 30 seconds of advice from a panel of three experts, who were sequestered backstage and saw the question only when their help was requested. At least one expert was a female, and at least one was a former Millionaire contestant.
 The 2020 season features a lifeline similar to +1, replacing Ask the Audience. This lifeline is offered to the contestant after the tenth question and allows them to consult with their accompanying supporter one time during the final five questions. However, in order to obtain this lifeline, the contestant must exchange one of his or her other remaining lifelines. The contestant has unlimited access to their supporter for the first ten questions.

Top prize winners
Over the course of the program's history, twelve contestants answered all fifteen questions correctly and walked away with the top prize.
 John Carpenter – Became the first top prize winner in the history of the franchise on November 19, 1999.
 Dan Blonsky – Won on January 18, 2000.
 Joe Trela – Won on March 23, 2000.
 Bob House – Won on June 13, 2000.
 Kim Hunt – Won on July 6, 2000.
 David Goodman – Won on July 11, 2000.
 Kevin Olmstead – Won the top prize on April 10, 2001; however, because the jackpot was set to increase by $10,000 each episode, he won $2,180,000 – making him the biggest winner in television history at the time.
 Bernie Cullen – Won on April 15, 2001.
 Ed Toutant – Won on September 7, 2001. Originally appeared on January 31, 2001, when the jackpot was at $1,860,000 when he was ruled out after answering his $16,000 question wrong. However, it was determined that there was an error in the question, so he was invited back and won the jackpot as it was at the time.
 Kevin Smith – First top prize winner on the syndicated version, winning the top prize on February 18, 2003.
 Nancy Christy – Won on May 8, 2003. Christy is the only female top prize winner.
 David Chang – Became the only top prize winner on the primetime revival and the first celebrity to win the top prize, winning $1,000,000 for his charity, Southern Smoke Foundation, on November 29, 2020.

In addition, the following contestants won at least $1 million, though not by answering fifteen questions correctly:
 Robert Essig – Answered twelve of a possible fifteen questions correctly and left with $1,000,000 out of a possible $10,000,000 during Super Millionaire on February 23, 2004.
 Sam Murray – Answered eleven of a possible fifteen questions to win $50,000 in his first appearance, which earned him the #8 seed during the "Million Dollar Tournament of Ten" (see below for more information).

Personnel

Hosts

The original network version of the US Millionaire and the subsequent primetime specials were hosted by Regis Philbin. During development stages of the syndicated version, the production team felt that it was not feasible for Philbin to continue hosting—as the show recorded four episodes in a single day—and that the team was looking for qualities in a new host, including someone who was willing to root for them. Rosie O'Donnell was initially offered a hosting position on this new edition, but declined the opportunity almost immediately. Eventually Meredith Vieira, who had previously competed in a celebrity charity event on the original network version, was named host of the new syndicated edition, and began hosting in September 2002.

ABC originally offered Vieira hosting duties on the syndicated Millionaire to sweeten one of her re-negotiations for the network's daytime talk show The View, which she was moderating at the time. When the show was honored by GSN on its Gameshow Hall of Fame special, Vieira herself further explained her motivation for hosting the syndicated version as follows:

From 2006 to 2011, when Vieira was concurrently working as a co-host of Today, guest hosts appeared in the second half of each season of the syndicated version. Guest hosts who filled in for Vieira included Philbin, Al Roker, Tom Bergeron, Tim Vincent, Dave Price, Billy Bush, Leeza Gibbons, Cat Deeley, Samantha Harris, Shaun Robinson,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wkow.com/story/10478124/monroe-native-to-appear-on-who-wants-to-be-a-millionaire|title=Monroe Native to Appear on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire|publisher=WKOW|date=June 4, 2009|access-date=July 29, 2014|archive-date=August 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808030733/http://www.wkow.com/story/10478124/monroe-native-to-appear-on-who-wants-to-be-a-millionaire|url-status=live}}</ref> Steve Harvey, John Henson, Sherri Shepherd, Tim Gunn, and D. L. Hughley.

On January 10, 2013, Vieira announced that after eleven seasons with the syndicated Millionaire, she was leaving the show as part of an effort to focus on other projects in her career. She finalized taping of her last episodes with the show in November 2012. While Philbin briefly considered a return to the show, Cedric the Entertainer was introduced as her successor when season twelve premiered on September 2, 2013. On April 30, 2014, Deadline announced that Cedric had decided to leave the show in order to lighten his workload, resulting in him being succeeded by Terry Crews for the 2014–15 season. Crews was succeeded by Chris Harrison, then host of The Bachelor and its spin-offs, when season 14 premiered on September 14, 2015.

On January 8, 2020, a twentieth anniversary revival of the show was announced, with late night talk show host Jimmy Kimmel as host and co-executive producer. In March 2020, Philbin was invited to the new Millionaire studio at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California to take a look at the new set and talk to Kimmel about his tenure on the show. This was Philbin's last appearance on Millionaire before his death on July 25, 2020.

Production staff
The original executive producers of the US Millionaire were British television producers Michael Davies and Paul Smith, the latter of whom undertook the responsibility of licensing Millionaire to American airwaves as part of his effort to transform the UK program into a global franchise. Smith served until 2007 and Davies until 2010; additionally, Leigh Hampton (previously co-executive producer in the later days of the network version and in the syndicated version's first two seasons) served as an executive producer from 2004 to 2010. Rich Sirop, who was previously a supervising producer, became the executive producer in 2010 and held that position until 2014, when he left Millionaire to hold the same position with Vieira's newly launched syndicated talk show, and was replaced by James Rowley. Vincent Rubino, who had previously been the syndicated Millionaires supervising producer for its first two seasons, served as that version's co-executive producer for the 2004–05 season, after which he was succeeded by Vieira herself, who continued to hold the title until her departure in 2013 (sharing her position with Sirop for the 2009–10 season).

Producers of the network version included Hampton, Rubino, Leslie Fuller, Nikki Webber, and Terrence McDonnell. For its first two seasons the syndicated version had Deirdre Cossman for its managing producer, then Dennis F. McMahon became producer for the next two seasons (joined by Dominique Bruballa as his line producer), after which Jennifer Weeks produced the next four seasons of syndicated Millionaire shows, initially accompanied by Amanda Zucker as her line producer, but later joined for the 2008–09 season by Tommy Cody (who became sole producer in the 2009–10 season). The first 65 shuffle format episodes were produced by McPaul Smith, and from 2011 onward, the title of producer was held by Bryan Lasseter. The network version had Ann Miller and Tiffany Trigg for its supervising producers; they were joined by Wendy Roth in the first two seasons, and by Michael Binkow in the third and final season. After Rubino's promotion to co-executive producer, the syndicated version's later supervising producers included Sirop (2004–09), Geena Gintzig (2009–10), Brent Burnette (2010–12), Geoff Rosen (2012–14), and Liz Harris (2014–16), who was the show's last co-executive producer.

The original network version of Millionaire was directed by Mark Gentile, who later served as the syndicated version's consulting producer for its first two seasons; he went on to serve as the director of Duel (which ran on ABC from December 2007 to July 2008) and Million Dollar Password (which aired on CBS from June 2008 to June 2009). The syndicated version was directed by Matthew Cohen from 2002 to 2010, by Rob George from 2010 to 2013, and by Brian McAloon in the 2013–14 season. Former The Price Is Right director Rich DiPirro (who later directed Mental Samurai) became Millionaires director in 2014, and was replaced after the 2016-17 season by Ron de Moraes, who remained as director until the show's cancellation.

In the 2020 reboot, Davies returned as co-executive producer, alongside host Jimmy Kimmel and Mike Richards, with the latter leaving the position following the first season.

Production
The US version of Millionaire was a co-production of 2waytraffic, a division of Sony Pictures Television, and Valleycrest Productions, a division of The Walt Disney Company. 2waytraffic purchased Millionaires original production company Celador in 2006, while Valleycrest remained throughout the show's history, and holds the copyright on all US Millionaire episodes to date. The show was distributed by Valleycrest's corporate sibling Disney-ABC Home Entertainment & Television Distribution (previously known as Buena Vista Television and later known as Disney-ABC Domestic Television). In the 2020 reboot, Sony Pictures Television subsidiary Embassy Row, Jimmy Kimmel's production company Kimmelot, and Valleycrest Productions co-produced the show with Sony Pictures Television, the rights holder to the franchise and the show's distributor in India, due the reboot's first season being streamed on SonyLIV, owned by subsidary Culver Max Entertainment, in that country.

The US Millionaire was taped at ABC's Television Center East studio on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York from 1999 to 2013. Tapings were moved to NEP Broadcasting's Metropolis Studios in East Harlem in 2013, and production moved to the Connecticut Film Center in Stamford, Connecticut the following year. In 2016, production relocated to Bally's Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. Episodes of the syndicated version were produced from June to December. The show originally taped four episodes in a single day, but that number later changed to five. The 2020 reboot was taped at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California.

Origins
When the US version of Millionaire was first conceived in 1998, Michael Davies was a young television producer who was serving as the head of ABC's little-noticed reality programming division (at a time when reality television had not yet become a phenomenon in America). At that time, ABC was lingering in third place in the ratings indexes among US broadcast networks, and was on the verge of losing its status as one of the "Big Three" networks. Meanwhile, the popularity of game shows was at an all-time low, and with the exception of The Price Is Right, the genre was absent from networks' daytime lineups at that point. Having earlier created Debt for Lifetime Television and participated with Al Burton and Donnie Brainard in the creation of Win Ben Stein's Money for Comedy Central, Davies decided to create a primetime game show that would save the network from collapse and revive interest in game shows.

Davies originally considered reviving CBS's long-lost quiz show The $64,000 Question, with a new home on ABC. However, this effort's development was limited as when the producer heard that the British Millionaire was about to make its debut, he got his friends and family members in the UK to record the show, and subsequently ended up receiving about eight FedEx packages from different family members, each containing a copy of Millionaire's first episode. Davies was so captivated by everything that he had seen and heard, from host Chris Tarrant's intimate involvement with the contestant to the show's lighting system and music tracks, that he chose to abandon his work on the $64,000 Question revival in favor of introducing Millionaire to American airwaves, convinced that it would become extraordinarily popular.

When Davies presented his ideas for the US Millionaire to ABC, the network's executives initially rejected them, so he resigned his position there and became an independent producer. Determined to bring his idea for the show to fruition, Davies decided to bet his career on Millionaires production, and the first move that he made was planning to attach a celebrity host to the show. Along with Philbin, a number of other popular television personalities were considered for hosting positions on the US Millionaire during its development, including Peter Jennings, Bob Costas, Phil Donahue, and Montel Williams, but among those considered, it was Philbin who wanted the job the most, and when he saw an episode of the British Millionaire and was blown away by his content, Davies and his team ultimately settled on having him host the American show. When Davies approached ABC again after hiring Philbin, the network finally agreed to accept the US Millionaire. With production now ready to begin, the team had only five months to finish developing the show and get it launched, with Davies demanding perfection in every element of Millionaire's production.

Audition process
With few exceptions, any legal resident of the United States who was 18 years of age or older had the potential of becoming a contestant through Millionaires audition process. Those ineligible included employees, immediate family or household members, and close acquaintances of SPE, Disney, or any of their respective affiliates or subsidiaries; television stations that broadcast the syndicated version; or any advertising agency or other firm or entity engaged in the production, administration, or judging of the show. Also ineligible were candidates for political office and individuals who had appeared on a different game show outside of cable that had been broadcast within the past year, was intended to be broadcast within the next year, or had played the main game on any of the US or Canadian versions of Millionaire itself.

Potential contestants of the original prime time version had to compete in a telephone contest which had them dial a toll-free number and answer three questions by putting objects or events in order. Callers had ten seconds to enter the order on a keypad, with any incorrect answer ending the game/call. The 10,000 to 20,000 candidates who answered all three questions correctly were selected into a random drawing in which approximately 300 contestants competed for ten spots on the show using the same phone quiz method. Accommodations for contestants outside the New York metropolitan area included round trip transportation and hotel accommodations, with airfare being used for contestants who did not hail from the northeastern areas of the country.

The syndicated version's potential contestants, depending on tryouts, were required to pass an electronically scored test comprising a set of thirty questions which had to be answered within a 10-minute time limit. Contestants who failed the test were eliminated, while those who passed were interviewed for an audition by the production staff, and those who impressed the staff the most were then notified by postal mail that they had been placed into a pool for possible selection as contestants. At the producers' discretion, contestants from said pool were selected to appear on actual episodes of the syndicated program; these contestants were given a phone call from staff and asked to confirm the information on their initial application form and verify that they met all eligibility requirements. Afterwards, they were given a date to travel to the show's taping facilities to participate in a scheduled episode of the show. Unlike its ABC counterpart, the syndicated version did not offer transportation or hotel accommodations to contestants at the production company's expense; that version's contestants were instead required to provide transportation and accommodations of their own.

The syndicated Millionaire also conducted open casting calls in various locations across the United States to search for potential contestants. These were held in late spring or early summer, with all dates and locations posted on the show's official website. The producers made no guarantee on how many applicants would be tested at each particular venue; however, the show would not test anymore than 2,500 individuals per audition day.

In cases when the show featured themed episodes with two people playing as a team, auditions for these episodes' contestants were announced on the show's website. Both members of the team had to pass the written test and the audition interview successfully in order to be considered for selection. If only one member of the team passed, he or she was placed into the contestant pool alone and had to continue the audition process as an individual in order to proceed.

Music
Originally, the US Millionaire carried over the musical score from the British version, composed by father-and-son duo Keith and Matthew Strachan. Unlike older game show musical scores, Millionaires musical score was created to feature music playing almost throughout the entire show. The Strachans' main Millionaire theme song took some inspiration from the "Mars" movement of Gustav Holst's The Planets, and their question cues from the $2,000 to the $32,000/$25,000 level, and then from the $64,000/$50,000 to $500,000 level, took the pitch up a semitone for each subsequent question, in order to increase tension as the contestant progressed through the game. On GSN's Gameshow Hall of Fame special, the narrator described the Strachan tracks as "mimicking the sound of a beating heart", and stated that as the contestant worked their way up the money ladder, the music was "perfectly in tune with their ever-increasing pulse".

The original Millionaire musical score holds the distinction of being the only game show soundtrack to be acknowledged by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers, as the Strachans were honored with numerous ASCAP awards for their work, the earliest of them awarded in 2000. The original music cues were given minor rearrangements for the clock format in 2008; for example, the question cues were synced to the "ticking" sounds of the game clock. Even later, the Strachan score was removed from the US version altogether for the introduction of the shuffle format in 2010, in favor of a new musical score with cues written by Jeff Lippencott and Mark T. Williams, co-founders of the Los Angeles-based company Ah2 Music.

When production resumed in 2020, the original Strachans' score was used.

Set
The US Millionaire's basic set was a direct adaptation of the British version's set design, which was conceived by Andy Walmsley. Paul Smith's original licensing agreement for the US Millionaire required that the show's set design, along with all other elements of the show's on-air presentation (musical score, lighting system, host's wardrobe, etc.), adhere faithfully to the way in which they were presented in the British version; this same licensing agreement applied to all other international versions of the show, making Walmsley's Millionaire set design the most reproduced scenic design in television history. The original version of the US Millionaire's set cost $200,000 to construct. The US Millionaire's production design was handled at different times by David Weller, Jim Fenhagen and George Allison.

Unlike older game shows whose sets are or were designed to make the contestant(s) feel at ease, Millionaire's set was designed to make the contestant feel uncomfortable, so that the program feels more like a movie thriller than a typical quiz show. From 1999 to 2019, the floor was Plexiglas beneath which laid a huge dish covered in mirror paper. For the 2020 revival, the plexiglas floor was removed and replaced with walkable digital monitors that displayed gold dollar signs.

Before the shuffle format was implemented in 2010, the main game had the contestant and host sit in chairs in the center of the stage, known as "Hot Seats"; these measured  high, were modeled after chairs typically found in hair salons, and each seat featured a computer monitor directly facing it to display questions and other pertinent information. Shortly after the shuffle format was introduced to Millionaire, Vieira stated in an interview with her Millionaire predecessor on his morning talk show that the Hot Seat was removed because it was decided that the seat, which was originally intended to make the contestant feel nervous, actually ended up having contestants feel so comfortable in it that it did not service the production team any longer.

The lighting system was programmed to darken the set as the contestant progressed further into the game. There were also spotlights situated at the bottom of the set area that zoomed down on the contestant when they answered a major question; to increase the visibility of the light beams emitted by such spotlights, oil was vaporized, creating a haze effect. Media scholar Dr. Robert Thompson, a professor at Syracuse University, stated that the show's lighting system made the contestant feel as though they were outside of prison when an escape was in progress.

When the shuffle format was introduced, the Hot Seats and corresponding monitors were replaced with a single podium, so that the contestant and host stood throughout the game and were also able to walk around the stage. Also, two video screens were installed–one that displayed the current question in play, and another that displayed the contestant's cumulative total and progress during the game. In September 2012, the redesigned set was improved with a modernized look and feel, in order to take into account the show's transition to high-definition broadcasting, which had just come about the previous year. The two video screens were replaced with two larger ones, having twice as many projectors as the previous screens had; the previous contestant podium was replaced with a new one; and light-emitting diode (LED) technology was integrated into the lighting system to give the lights more vivid colors and the set and gameplay experience a more intimate feel.

The 2020 reboot features the same set as the UK version's 2018 reboot, with a minor change. The "Fastest Finger First" podiums reduced six to one, which is placed on the left side of the stage and is reserved to the contastant's supporter.

Broadcast history
ABC
The US version of Millionaire was launched by ABC as a half-hour primetime program on August 16, 1999. When it premiered, it became the first US network game show to offer a million-dollar top prize to contestants. After airing thirteen episodes and reaching an audience of 15 million viewers by the end of the show's first week on the air, the program expanded to an hour-long format when it returned in November. The series, of which episodes were originally shown only a day after their initial taping, was promoted to regular status on January 9, 2000, and, at the height of its popularity, was airing on ABC five nights a week. The show was so popular during its original primetime run that rival networks created or re-incarnated game shows of their own (e.g., Greed, Twenty One, etc.), as well as importing various game shows of British and Australian origin to America (such as Winning Lines, Weakest Link, and It's Your Chance of a Lifetime).

The nighttime version initially drew in up to 30 million viewers a day three times a week, an unheard-of number in modern network television. In the 1999–2000 season, it averaged No. 1 in the ratings against all other television shows, with 28,848,000 viewers. In the next season (2000–01), three nights out of the five weekly episodes placed in the top 10 and all five ranked in the top 20. However, the show's ratings began to fall during the 2000–01 season, so that at the start of the 2001–02 season, the ratings were only a fraction of what they had been one year before, and by season's end, the show was no longer even ranked among the top 20. ABC's reliance on the show's popularity led the network to fall quickly from its former spot as the nation's most watched network.

As ABC's overexposure of the primetime Millionaire led the public to tire of the show, there was speculation that the show would not survive beyond the 2001–02 season. The staff planned on switching it to a format that would emphasize comedy more than the game and feature a host other than Philbin, but in the end, the primetime show was canceled, with its final episode airing on June 27, 2002.

On May 8, 2003 (the same day that Nancy Christy became the second top-prize winner on the syndicated version), ABC broadcast footage from Charles Ingram's run on the British version of Millionaire as a special episode of Primetime, called "Who Wants to Steal a Million?"; the documentary was originally broadcast in the United Kingdom on April 21, 2003, as an episode of Tonight that was hosted by Martin Bashir, called "Major Fraud". During that program, Ingram was interviewed by Diane Sawyer.

Syndication
In 2001, Millionaire producers began work on a half-hour daily syndicated version of the show, with producer Buena Vista Television (BVT) serving as distributor. Although it was initially conceived as an accompaniment to the ABC network series, this did not come to fruition due to ABC's decision to cancel the game show in 2002. Despite this, there was still significant interest in having Millionaire on the air in some form and enough stations were interested in carrying the syndicated daily series that it was cleared for launch in the fall of 2002. On September 16, the new daily Millionaire premiered.

Right away, it found itself having similar ratings issues to its former network counterpart. Slow progress in the ratings led to some stations dropping the series outright several months into its first year, while others relocated Millionaire to less than desirable timeslots such as late night. With the series potentially looking at a second cancellation notice within twelve months, a series of moves involving the syndicated series' largest affiliate, the ABC network, and their flagship station resulted in the show getting a reprieve.

When BVT initially sold Millionaire into syndication, the largest market station to come on board was WCBS-TV in New York, the flagship of the CBS network. Looking to bolster its offerings in the two hours between the end of CBS' daytime schedule and its first evening newscast of the day, which had been an ongoing problem for the station for years, Millionaire was one of two major additions to WCBS' lineup for the 2002–2003 season. The station gave it the 4:00p.m. weekday timeslot that had housed Weakest Link, a syndicated version of another network primetime quiz show (in this case, produced by NBC) that had launched in January 2002.

The timeslot, at the time, was a fairly competitive one. WABC-TV had been airing The Oprah Winfrey Show, which had consistently been the most popular daytime talk show, there since December 1986. WNBC at the time carried Judge Judy, which was the second-highest rated program in daytime syndication behind Oprah. Millionaire was unable to cut into the audience for either program, despite having the other major WCBS acquisition, the talk show Dr. Phil, as its lead in. WCBS again decided to switch its lineup.

In April 2003, with the season in its final weeks, WCBS announced its addition of The People's Court to its lineup for fall 2003 after the revived series had aired since its 1997 debut on WNBC. WCBS announced that The People's Court would be airing at 4:00p.m. once it joined the station's lineup, which meant that Millionaire would be forced out of the timeslot after one year. BVT tried to negotiate with WCBS for another timeslot but the station had other obligations and thus could not accommodate them. This left BVT in a tough spot as far as New York was concerned, as all of the other stations had somewhat full daytime and Prime Access schedules as well. However, shortly after the first season came to an end, circumstances at the show's former network home allowed for a new option to become available.

ABC announced in July 2003 that it would be ceasing programming the 12:30p.m. timeslot and cancelling the serial that had occupied that slot since 1997, the General Hospital spin-off Port Charles. Since network flagship WABC now had a free space in its daytime schedule, they agreed to take on Millionaire for its second season. Although ABC's contract to air Port Charles ran until October 3, 2003, WABC was able to begin airing Millionaire at 12:30 immediately and moved the serial to late night. ABC was impressed enough with the ratings improvement that the network, with one or two exceptions (WLS-TV in Chicago and KABC-TV in Los Angeles, though the latter would eventually add the series) picked up Millionaire for the other stations it owned.

Following the 2014–15 season, Millionaire was nearly canceled after a disagreement with BVT's successor, Disney-ABC Domestic Television, and Sony Pictures Entertainment, the owner of the format rights through its subsidiary 2waytraffic. According to e-mails released in the Sony Pictures Entertainment hack, Millionaire declining ratings prompted DADT to demand a dramatically reduced licensing fee for renewal, which SPE was hesitant to accept. The two sides eventually agreed on terms for renewal, which included a return to the original question format (but with fourteen questions) and cuts to the production budget, which resulted in the series leaving New York for Stamford, Connecticut (although this had been done in 2014) and later moving to Las Vegas. Had the show not been renewed, SPE was going to place the show on extended hiatus for three years, after which it would reclaim full rights to the show and be free to shop the revived show to another network or syndicator. DADT, meanwhile, would keep the rights to the format changes made in the late 2000s and early 2010s.

Despite its renewal, many of the stations airing Millionaire, especially the ABC-owned stations, added the talk show FABLife for 2015. When FABlife failed to gain an audience and was canceled at midseason, Millionaire was able to return to many of its former airing times for 2016; beginning that year, Millionaire and the viral video show RightThisMinute began being sold as a package to ABC stations.

On January 17, 2017, it was announced that Millionaire has been renewed through 2018. Millionaire was subsequently renewed through the 2018–19 season on January 17, 2018.

As the seventeenth season progressed, the future of Millionaire became uncertain. Its strongest group of stations, the ABC-owned stations, had announced that they would be picking up a new talk show hosted by former NBC News anchor and correspondent Tamron Hall for Fall 2019, making no announcement about the future of Millionaire with it; thus, it was speculated that the series would likely be facing its end. On May 17, 2019, the cancellation announcement came down, with Millionaire airing its final first-run episode on May 31, 2019.

Just over a year later, another shakeup involving Disney properties gave the series life again. As part of their acquisition of 21st Century Fox's broadcasting assets in 2019, Disney became the syndicator for series that were previously distributed by Fox through its subsidiary 20th Television. This included syndicated reruns of the first twenty-five seasons of the TV series Cops. In the aftermath of the murder of George Floyd by a Minneapolis police officer, first-run episodes were canceled by the series' current producer, Paramount Network, as were all reruns. Disney responded by immediately removing all of the episodes of Cops under its control from local stations. Many of the stations airing the rerun package were offered reruns from the final season of the syndicated version of Millionaire as a replacement and many took them up on the offer.

GSN
Game Show Network (GSN) acquired the rerun rights to the US Millionaire in August 2003. The network initially aired only episodes from the three seasons of the original prime-time run; however, additional episodes were later added. These included the Super Millionaire spin-off, which aired on GSN from May 2005 to January 2007, and the first two seasons of the syndicated version, which began airing on November 10, 2008. On December 4, 2017, GSN acquired the rerun rights to the Harrison episodes of Millionaire (seasons fourteen and fifteen), which began airing December 18, 2017.

Special editions
Various special editions and tournaments have been conducted which feature celebrities playing the game and donating winnings to charities of their choice. During celebrity editions on the original ABC version, contestants were allowed to receive help from their fellow contestants during the first ten questions. The only celebrity contestant to win the top prize is David Chang, who won $1,000,000 for his charity, Southern Smoke Foundation. Other successful celebrity contestants throughout the show's run have included Drew Carey, Rosie O'Donnell, Norm Macdonald, Charles Esten, Lauren Lapkus, Anderson Cooper, and Julie Bowen, all of whom won $500,000 for each of their charities. The episode featuring O'Donnell's $500,000 win averaged 36.1 million viewers, the highest number for a single episode of the show.

There have also been special weeks featuring two or three family members or couples competing as a team, a "Champions Edition" where former big winners returned and split their winnings with their favorite charities, a "Zero Dollar Winner Edition" featuring contestants who previously missed one of the first-tier questions and left with nothing, and a "Tax-Free Edition" in which H&R Block calculated the taxes of winnings to allow contestants to earn stated winnings after taxes, and various theme weeks featuring college students, teachers, brides-to-be, etc. as contestants. Additionally, the syndicated version once featured an annual "Walk In & Win Week" with contestants who were randomly selected from the audience without having to take the audition test.

Special weeks have also included shows featuring questions concerning specific topics, such as professional football, celebrity gossip, movies, and pop culture. During a week of episodes in November 2007, to celebrate the 1,000th episode of the syndicated Millionaire, all contestants that week started with $1,000 so that they could not leave empty-handed, and only had to answer ten questions to win $1,000,000. During that week, twenty home viewers per day also won $1,000 each.

Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire?
In 2004, Philbin returned to host 12 episodes of a spin-off program titled Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire? in which contestants could potentially win $10,000,000. ABC aired five episodes of this spin-off during the week of February 22, 2004, and an additional seven episodes later that year in May. As usual, contestants had to answer a series of 15 multiple-choice questions of increasing difficulty, but the dollar values rose substantially. The questions for Super Millionaire were worth $1,000, $2,000, $3,000, $4,000, $5,000 (the first safe haven), $10,000, $20,000, $30,000, $50,000, $100,000 (the second safe haven), $500,000, $1,000,000, $2,500,000, $5,000,000, and $10,000,000.

Contestants were given the standard three lifelines in place at the time (50:50, Ask the Audience, and Phone-a-Friend) at the beginning of the game. However, after correctly answering the $100,000 question, the contestant earned two additional lifelines: Three Wise Men and Double Dip (see Lifelines), as the game would go to the "next dimension".

10th Anniversary Celebration
To celebrate the tenth anniversary of Millionaires US debut, the show returned to ABC primetime for an eleven-night event hosted by Philbin, which aired from August 9 to 23, 2009. The Academy Award-winning movie Slumdog Millionaire and the 2008 economic crisis helped boost interest of renewal of the game show. The format for these episodes combined the original network series format with the ruleset that was currently in place on the syndicated series; this saw the return of the Fastest Finger round, which the syndicated series had never employed, as well as the addition of the clock, which the network series had not previously used.

Various celebrities also made special guest appearances at the end of every episode; each guest played one question for a chance at $50,000 for a charity of their choice, being allowed to use any one of the four lifelines in place at the time (Phone-a-Friend, Ask the Audience, Double Dip, and Ask the Expert), but still earned a minimum of $25,000 for the charity if they answered the question incorrectly.

On August 18, 2009, New York City resident Nik Bonaddio appeared on the program, winning $100,000 with the help of the audience and later, his expert, Gwen Ifill as his lifelines. Bonaddio then used the proceeds to start the sports analytics firm numberFire, which was sold in September 2015 to FanDuel, a fantasy sports platform.

The finale of the tenth anniversary special, which aired on August 23, 2009, featured Ken Basin, an entertainment lawyer from Los Angeles, California, who went on to become the first contestant to play a $1,000,000 question in the "clock format". With a time of 4:39 (45 seconds + 3:54 banked time), Basin was given a question involving President Lyndon Baines Johnson's fondness for Fresca. Using his one remaining lifeline, Basin asked the audience, which supported his own hunch of Yoo-hoo rather than the correct answer. He decided to answer the question and lost $475,000, becoming the first contestant in the US version to answer a $1,000,000 question incorrectly. After this, the million dollar question was not played again on a standard episode until September 25, 2013, when Josina Reaves became the second US Millionaire contestant to incorrectly answer her $1,000,000 question, though she only lost $75,000 as she had used her Jump the Question lifelines on her $250,000 and $500,000 questions.

After Basin finished his run, Vieira, the secret guest celebrity, appeared on-camera and announced that all remaining Fastest Finger contestants would play with her on the first week of the syndicated version's eighth season. In a surprise twist, she then revealed that Philbin would be the one answering that episode's celebrity question. Philbin won $50,000 for his charity, Cardinal Hayes High School, after getting his question right.

Million Dollar Tournament of Ten
On September 7, 2009, the eighth season of the syndicated Millionaire premiered with a new wrinkle in the game play. Entering the season, the program had not produced a million dollar winner since its first season, when Kevin Smith and Nancy Christy each won the top prize in 2003. Thus, to remedy this, the producers devised what was called the "Tournament of Ten" to give away the million dollar top prize.

Over the first nine weeks of the new season, contestants competed to not only win money, but to have one of the ten highest money totals at the end of that stretch in order to qualify for the tournament. The field was set after the November 6, 2009 edition of the program, and the ten qualifiers were seeded based on their total winnings. If any contestants were tied in total winnings, the tie would be broken based on how many unused seconds they had before their game ended, with the contestant with the higher amount getting a higher seed. The tournament's top qualifier was Jehan Shamsid-Deen, who won $250,000 in her game played over the course of October 9 and 10, 2009.

The tournament began on November 9 with the following rule set:
 The ten qualifiers played, one at a time, in order from lowest winning total to highest. The question was played at the conclusion of the day's episode, and each qualifier faced the million dollar question that they would have faced had they advanced that far in their first appearances.
 As per the million dollar question rules, the qualifiers were given a base time of 45 seconds to answer and any unused time from their previous game was added to that.
 No lifelines were available.
 The qualifiers were not required to attempt their million dollar questions. The same rules for an incorrect answer applied, which would result in their total winnings being reduced to $25,000.

The first qualifier to correctly answer a million dollar question would become the tournament leader, and would keep the lead as long as none of the qualifiers seeded ahead of him/her answered their question correctly. The tournament continued in this manner until November 20, and the contestant holding the tournament leader position at the conclusion was declared the winner and won the million dollar prize.

On November 11, the third day of the tournament, eighth-seeded Sam Murray became the first to attempt a million dollar question in the Tournament of Ten.

Murray, who had won $50,000 in his prior appearance the week before the tournament started and had been the final contestant to qualify for the tournament, correctly answered 100 billion and became the tournament leader. As the tournament progressed, he was the only one who even attempted his question, as the six qualifiers that followed him chose not to risk their prior winnings.

On the last day of the tournament, the only person remaining who could win the top prize was the top seed, the aforementioned Jehan Shamsid-Deen.

Shamsid-Deen, who was asked what type of natural landmark the Blorenge is, was not certain of the answer but had believed, ultimately correctly, that the answer was C: Mountain in Wales. However, she did not feel the guess was worth risking $225,000 (Shamsid-Deen won $250,000 in her first appearance) and opted not to attempt the question. Murray, therefore, won the tournament and became the third millionaire in the history of the syndicated series; he also proved to be the last, as there were no further million dollar winners before the program was cancelled in 2019.

2020 reboot
A 2020 reboot of the show featuring celebrity guests playing for charity is produced by Kimmel, who is also the host, Davies and Mike Richards. Nine episodes were filmed without an audience within two days from March 13 to March 15, 2020, just before California issued a stay-at-home order due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Partly due to this change, the "Ask the Audience" lifeline was removed. A new lifeline, "Ask the Host", was introduced. The celebrities featured in the first season were Eric Stonestreet, Will Forte, Nikki Glaser, Jane Fonda, Anthony Anderson, Ike Barinholtz, Hannibal Buress, Catherine O'Hara, Dr. Phil, Kaitlin Olson, Lauren Lapkus, Anderson Cooper, and Andy Cohen, the latter two of which played as both contestants and supporters.

On May 21, 2020, Deadline reported that the revival was given an order for a second season, to air during the 2020–21 television season. On June 17, 2020, it was announced that the second season of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire was scheduled to air on Sunday nights at 9:00p.m. ET starting Fall 2020. ABC announced in August 2020 that the second season would premiere on October 18. In addition to celebrity contestants playing for charity as they did in the first season, the second season had "frontline heroes" also playing for the $1,000,000 prize.

The celebrities that appeared in the second season of the reboot were Tiffany Haddish, Julie Bowen, Ray Romano, Rebel Wilson, Joel McHale, and David Chang, the latter of which became the first celebrity on the show to win the top prize for his charity, Southern Smoke Foundation, which occurred on November 29, 2020. As of 2023, Chang is the most recent million dollar winner in the Millionaire franchise.

A report published on January 20, 2022, stated that ABC had put the revival on an indefinite hiatus, however, the network has left the door open for future episodes. Despite this, on January 26, 2023, Davies posted on Instagram congratulating Kimmel for the 20th anniversary of his late-night talk show Jimmy Kimmel Live! and also added that they are both still working together on Millionaire, hinting that the show will likely return with Kimmel at some point in the future.

Reception
Since its introduction to the United States, GSN credited Who Wants to Be a Millionaire with not only single-handedly reviving the game show genre, but also breaking new ground for it. The series revolutionized the look and feel of game shows with its unique lighting system, dramatic music cues, and futuristic set. The show also became one of the highest-rated and most popular game shows in US television history, and has been credited with paving the way for the rise of the primetime reality TV phenomenon to prominence throughout the 2000s.

The US Millionaire also made catchphrases out of various lines used on the show. In particular, "Is that your final answer?", asked by Millionaire's hosts whenever a contestant's answer needs to be verified, was popularized by Philbin during his tenure as host, and was also included on TV Land's special "100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catch Phrases", which aired in 2006. Meanwhile, during his tenure as host, Cedric signed off shows with a catchphrase of his own, "Watch yo' wallet!"The original primetime version of the US Millionaire won two Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Game/Audience Participation Show in 2000 and 2001. Philbin was honored with a Daytime Emmy in the category of Outstanding Game Show Host in 2001, while Vieira received one in 2005, and another in 2009. TV Guide ranked the US Millionaire #7 on its 2001 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time, and later ranked it #6 on its 2013 "60 Greatest Game Shows" list. GSN ranked Millionaire #5 on its August 2006 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time, and later honored the show in January 2007 on its only Gameshow Hall of Fame special.

Other media
Merchandise
In 2000, Pressman released two board game adaptions of Millionaire as well as a junior edition recommended for younger players. Several video games based on the varying gameplay formats of Millionaire have also been released throughout the course of the show's US history.

Between 1999 and 2001, Jellyvision produced five video game adaptations based upon the original primetime series for personal computers and Sony's PlayStation console, all of them featuring Philbin's likeness and voice. The first of these adaptations was published by Disney Interactive, while the later four were published by Buena Vista Interactive which had just been spun off from DI when it reestablished itself in attempts to diversify its portfolio. Of the five games, three featured general trivia questions, one was sports-themed, and another was a "Kids Edition" featuring easier questions. In 2007, Imagination Games released a DVD version of the show, based on the 2004–08 format and coming complete with Vieira's likeness and voice, as well as a quiz book and a 2009 desktop calendar. Additionally, two Millionaire video games were released by Ludia in conjunction with Ubisoft in 2010 and 2011; the first of these was a game for Nintendo's Wii console and DS handheld system based on the clock format, while the second, for Microsoft's Xbox 360, was based on the shuffle format.

Ludia made a Facebook game based on Millionaire available from 2011 to 2016. This game featured an altered version of the shuffle format, condensing the number of questions to twelve—eight in round one and four in round two. Contestants competed against eight other Millionaire fans in round one, with the top three playing round two alone. There was no "final answer" rule; the contestant's responses were automatically locked in. Answering a question correctly earned a contestant the value of that question, multiplied by the number of people who responded incorrectly. Contestants were allowed to use two of their Facebook friends as Jump the Question lifelines in round one, and to use the Ask the Audience lifeline in round two to invite up to 50 such friends of theirs to answer a question for a portion of the prize money of the current question.

AlbumWho Wants to Be a Millionaire: The Album (Celador Records), by Keith Strachan, Matthew Strachan, and various artists, was released August 1, 2000, and features songs based on the show.

Disney Parks attractionWho Wants to Be a Millionaire – Play It! was an attraction at the Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park (when it was known as Disney-MGM Studios) at Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida and at the Disney California Adventure park in Anaheim, California. Both the Florida and California Play It! attractions opened in 2001; the California version closed in 2004, and the Florida version closed in 2006 and was replaced by Toy Story Midway Mania!The format in the Play It! attraction was very similar to that of the television show that inspired it. When a show started, a Fastest Finger question was given, and the audience was asked to put the four answers in order; the person with the fastest time was the first contestant in the Hot Seat for that show. However, the main game had some differences: for example, contestants competed for points rather than dollars, the questions were set to time limits, and the Phone-a-Friend lifeline became Phone a Complete Stranger'' which connected the contestant to a Disney cast member outside the attraction's theater who would find a guest to help. After every level the player completed, he or she was awarded a collectible lapel pin. Additional prizes were awarded after every fifth question they answered correctly.

Streaming channel
On January 23, 2023, ABC launched a streaming channel consisting of episodes from the 2020 reboot, exclusively on the ABC app and ABC.com. The channel went offline just four days later on January 27, 2023.

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

1990s American game shows
1999 American television series debuts
2000s American game shows
2010s American game shows
2019 American television series endings
2020s American game shows
2020 American television series debuts
2021 American television series endings
American Broadcasting Company original programming
American television series based on British television series
American television series revived after cancellation
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show winners
English-language television shows
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
Nielsen ratings winners
Quiz shows
Television series by Disney–ABC Domestic Television
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
Television shows filmed in Connecticut
Television shows shot in the Las Vegas Valley
Television shows filmed in New York City
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
Television shows adapted into video games

Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (American game show)


Benedetto Caetani (died 14 December 1296) was an Italian cardinal.

He was born in Anagni, the son of Giacomo Caetani and nephew, or remoter kinsman, of Pope Boniface VIII (1294–1303), who elevated him to the cardinalate at the beginning of 1295.

During his early life he was canon of the cathedral chapter of Anagni, a short distance to the south-east of Rome.

He subscribed papal bulls as cardinal-deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano between 21 June 1295 and 7 May 1296.

He died on 14 December 1296 or 1297.   (Sources differ.)   He was buried in the chapel of S. Boniface IV within the Vatican Basilica, but in 1606 his remains were removed to the grotto of the newly rebuilt basilica and placed next to those of his uncle, the pope.

Notes and sources

Bibliography
 Eubel, Konrad, 1913: Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, p. 12. Munster

13th-century births
1296 deaths
People from Anagni
13th-century Italian cardinals
Cardinal-nephews

Benedetto Caetani (died 1296)


Teach the Future is the UK Student Climate Network (UKSCN) and Students Organising for Sustainability - UK (SOS-UK) joint campaign to rapidly repurpose the English education system around the climate crisis and ecological emergency to better prepare young people to mitigate and face the consequences of it.

Aims
Teach the Future runs under 6 main asks of the government

 A government commissioned review into how the climate crisis is currently taught in schools
 The inclusion of climate education in teaching standards and qualifications
 The enactment of an English Climate Emergency Education Act
 The establishment of a national climate emergency youth voice grant
 The establishment of a national Youth Climate Endowment Fund
 For all:
 new state-funded educational buildings to be built carbon net-zero by 2020
 existing state-funded educational buildings to be converted to a carbon net-zero grid by 2030

Progress
Teach the Future originated as the 2nd demand of the UK Student Climate Network - from which it takes its name. It evolved into a separate campaign group which launched on the 12th November 2019 however it is still supported by UKSCN's School Group Developmental working group and the wider volunteer base.

Teach the Future has garnered support for their English Climate Emergency Education Act through running a parliamentary reception; Nadia Whittome is the campaign parliamentary sponsor and helped them run the aforementioned event to unveil their legislation to the government.

The campaign's work being supported by multiple influential organisations - included the RSPB, British Youth Council, Global Action Plan, National Union of Students and Friends of the Earth.

It has been featured in many articles by national media sources such as The Guardian, BBC Breakfast, DeSmog Blog, the Thomas Reuters Foundation and BBC Radio 5 Live.

References

Educational organisations in the United Kingdom
Climate change
Youth organizations
Sustainability

Teach the Future


The Danish Girl is a 2015 biographical romantic drama movie directed by Tom Hooper. It is based on the 2000 novel of the same name by David Ebershoff. It is inspired by the lives of Danish painters Lili Elbe and Gerda Wegener.

Casts
The movie stars Eddie Redmayne as Elbe, one of the first known recipients of sex reassignment surgery, Alicia Vikander as Wegener, and Sebastian Koch as Kurt Warnekros, with Ben Whishaw, Amber Heard, and Matthias Schoenaerts in supporting roles.

Release
The movie was released in a limited release on 27 November 2015 by Focus Features in the United States. The movie received some criticism for its wrong portrayal of historical events, but Redmayne and Vikander's performances received widespread acclaim. Vikander won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and Redmayne was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor.

References

2015 romantic drama movies
2010s biographical movies
2010s LGBT movies
British romantic drama movies
British biographical movies
British LGBT movies
Danish LGBT movies
Danish romance movies
Danish drama movies
Danish biographical movies
Belgian LGBT movies
Belgian romance movies
Belgian drama movies
Belgian biographical movies
Japanese LGBT movies
Japanese romance movies
Japanese drama movies
Japanese biographical movies
German romance movies
German drama movies
German LGBT movies
German biographical movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Tom Hooper
Movies set in the 1920s
Movies set in Denmark
Movies set in Germany
Movies set in Paris

The Danish Girl (movie)


Cameron "Cammy" Mackay (born 9 December 1996) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Inverness Caledonian Thistle.

Career
He made his debut for Inverness Caledonian Thistle in May 2015, coming on as a late substitute for Ryan Esson, in a game against Celtic at Parkhead. The following week, he was an unused substitute for Inverness as they won the Scottish Cup Final at Hampden Park.

Mackay was loaned out to Scottish League Two side Elgin City at the start of the 2016–17 season, however, his move was cut short and he returned to Thistle temporarily in September 2016 to provide goalkeeping cover after second-choice keeper Ryan Esson suffered an elbow injury. On 29 October 2016, Mackay made his first league start for Inverness against Hearts after Owain Fôn Williams was injured in the pre-match warm-up. Mackay subsequently returned to Elgin City on loan in December 2016.

References

External links

1996 births
Living people
Scottish men's footballers
Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C. players
Elgin City F.C. players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Scottish Professional Football League players
Clachnacuddin F.C. players

Brora Rangers F.C. players
Rothes F.C. players
Footballers from Inverness
Highland Football League players

Cameron Mackay


Ann Carter (June 16, 1936 – January 27, 2014) was an American child actress who worked with dozens of film stars, compiling an "unimaginably distinguished résumé" despite an acting career which lasted only slightly more than a decade. She is best known for her starring role as Amy Reed in the film The Curse of the Cat People (1944), and also acted alongside stars including Humphrey Bogart, Katharine Hepburn, Bing Crosby, Fredric March, and Barbara Stanwyck among others.

Early life and acting career
Carter was born in Syracuse, New York. At the age of three she moved with her mother Nancy to Palm Springs, California for the benefit of Nancy's health. Her father, Bert Carter, was an executive with the Dodge division of Chrysler Corporation (working there for 38 years) and commuted back and forth between California and Detroit "where he was working for Chrysler on defense-related projects." After briefly residing with her maternal Aunt Stell (short for Estelle) and Uncle Jack in Glendale, California, on Idlewood Road, Carter and her mother moved "to a place near Olympic and Robertson in West Los Angeles, with [her father] there again part-time."

Carter's mother "had always been very interested in the theater," but was disallowed from pursuing her own career by her own father, Ann's grandfather. According to her mother, Ann was discovered at the age of four while she was living in Los Angeles. As she and her mother were riding on a bus, Carter explains:

Some 60 years later, Carter confesses that she doesn't recall much personally about Last of the Duanes, which was shot in April–May, 1941, but was subsequently told what happened by her "very focused" mother.

In her first fantasy film, and most notable early role, she played Veronica Lake's young daughter in I Married a Witch (1942), an experience which "made [a big] impression" on the then-five year old actress. A scene she remembers clearly, which later "ended up on the cutting room floor," she flew down a staircase on a broomstick, specially fitted with a little seat crafted specifically for her. She also recalls the make-up artists "combing my hair over one eye to make me look like Veronica Lake," known for her 'Peek-A-Boo' hairstyle.

In one amusing incident, Carter beat out her contemporary Margaret O'Brien for a part because her mother had dressed her in white gloves. During the interview with the movie's makers, O'Brien became so distracted by Carter's gloves that she muffed the interview.

Increasing film roles
Her first significant role came at age six, when she appeared in Commandos Strike at Dawn (1942) playing a young Norwegian girl whose father, played by actor Paul Muni, led a fishing village in resistance to the occupation of the German army during World War II. Much of the filming took place in Mill Bay, British Columbia, Canada which doubled for the Norwegian fjords, during the summer of 1942. Ann and the other cast and crew members stayed at the famous Empress Hotel in Victoria. Carter recalls:

Although it was clearly a wartime propaganda film , it was based on a story by the noted British writer C. S. Forester with a screenplay by the American writer Irwin Lewis. The cast included Sir Cedric Hardwicke and Lillian Gish, while Carter recalls that the cast filmed some scenes on the Prince David ship, whose crew of British Commandos "dressed up as Germans" for the purposes of the film. Carter's "other war movie" The North Star (1943) saw her appear alongside Ann Harding and Anne Baxter acting in "a Russian village... constructed on the Goldwyn lot." Carter recalls that:

Her most substantial film role came when the seven-year-old Carter played the part of Amy Reed in the classic fantasy The Curse of the Cat People (1944). Val Lewton, the film's producer, was friendly with Stanley Kramer, the nephew of Carter's agent, Earl Kramer. Carter played the lonely and imaginative child who is unable to relate to the prosaic activities of her schoolmates, in a role described by Weaver as making her "practically the star" after only "a few small, sometimes uncredited parts." It was a role she could identify with, being herself "a little bit of a dreamer" who enjoyed fantasy and was, like her character, an only child.

Carter found filming The Curse of the Cat People "fascinating... because of the set. It was all shot on a set at RKO" barring a few exterior shots, which was cycled through the seasons by "guys on the catwalks throwing leaves which drifted down" or "throwing gypsum and un-toasted corn flakes out of boxes" (for snow), a novel (and "absolutely beautiful") experience to the young Carter. She recalls of her mother, that:

This knowledge of the whole story added to "the fact that I was on a set with a lot of other people" meant that Carter was "never afraid" despite the forbidding and intimidating sets (and cast). Carter worked for 32 of the 33 days of filming, under two directors (Gunther von Fritsch and Robert Wise), but "felt no pressure" over the exacting schedule. Never expecting or aspiring to be a star, she credits her parents with keeping her "normal" and grounded. On the schooling that occurred "now and then on a set," Carter recalls it being "great... because most times it was one-on-one," thinking that "you learn more, one-on-one, whether it's just 15 minutes at a time or whatever it is."

Carter appeared in a number of other movies, a high point being when she played Humphrey Bogart's daughter in the 1947 thriller The Two Mrs. Carrolls (actually filmed in 1945 then shelved for two years), which supposedly earned her an award for best juvenile performer, although Carter "doesn't personally recall ever receiving one." Carter cites her scenes with Bogart and co-star Barbara Stanwyck as particular high points during her career, recalling that she and Bogart "got along so well... he was a really nice man; a very warm, nice man." He nicknamed her "Tonsils" when she yawned in his face during a rehearsal, and "he peered into my mouth, down my throat, and... it was "Tonsils" after that."

Despite the good reviews for Curse of the Cat People, Carter lapsed back into smaller and often uncredited roles afterwards, although she says that she "didn't think about it then at all," and assumes that perhaps "the parts just didn't come up." Unbilled in her other two fantasy films, she recalls A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court as:

Carter also did many Lux Radio Theater programs, from the age of eleven, including playing Cary Grant's daughter in the radio adaptation of Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House. She also "had a disc jockey show on KFWB for a while."

Post-acting years
Carter left acting after she contracted polio, which she believes she contracted "over the Fourth of July [1948] vacation," when she, her parents and some friends went on a boat to Catalina Island. She believes that the incubation period of polio – a scourge among children of the time – corresponded to her swimming in contaminated water from the boat. Initially diagnosed with summer flu, Carter thought she was over her symptoms when, during filming on The Member of the Wedding, director Fred Zinnemann noticed her "'leaning to port'," and it was discovered that "the muscles were all gone down one side of [her] back."
After an electromyogram at Memorial Hospital in Los Angeles, and physical therapy and swimming (at the Hollywood Athletic Club), she was strengthened enough to "carry around a cast, [which was] huge and weighed 55 pounds."

During her recovery from polio, Carter's parents "helped bring Lawrence Welk to prominence," when Dodge, the automobile corporation, was "looking for someone to sponsor on television" c.1950/51. Carter's mother was "all excited about The Lawrence Welk Show, which she thought was wonderful," convincing her husband to "present that as a good idea for Dodge to sponsor." Although her father "was not a 'music person'," Carter recalls that "at my mother's constant nagging about it... he recommended" the program and "Dodge wound up sponsoring it." In return, when Carter's father retired from Dodge, both of her parents "retired out to Lawrence Welk's Country Club Village in Escondido, California, a mobile home park which they managed for [him for] years."

Teaching
After largely recovering from polio, Carter attended Occidental College, Los Angeles, her acting earnings paid both for her medical care, and college education. She recalls that:

Having made this decision – which she says "was not taken well by him [Kramer] nor by my mother" – she decided she wanted to teach and have a family rather than return to acting. In retrospect, Carter acknowledges that this decision "just about broke my mother's heart," who was so involved in her daughter's career and felt that she should have continued to act.

During her graduate year at college, Carter married Crosby Newton (May 23, 1957), and the "next year, [she] started teaching... [at] high school and junior high," also spending time as a substitute teacher. She particularly enjoyed "teaching continuation high school, and of course [her] ninth grade drama class, where [her class] put on various productions." Following the death of her parents (her mother died in 1977, her father in 1979), having no more ties to California, Carter left teaching in Southern California in 1982, and she and her husband decided to relocate to the Pacific Northwest. They settled in the eastern suburbs of Seattle, having "always loved it up in [that] part of the world... since [filming] Commandos Strike at Dawn." In Washington, Carter attended travel school and became "a cruise-only travel agent," which she did for four years. An odd rumour that Carter was "killed in an automobile accident in 1978" is definitively false, but nonetheless persisted.

A mother of three – to Gail, David and Carol – Carter retired, in part to help care for her grandchildren, allowing her children and their partners to work. In January 2005, she was diagnosed with Stage 3 ovarian cancer, which she found "awful." Finding "hope and a very, very aggressive chemo treatment" from Dr Saul Rivkin at the Swedish Cancer Institute in Seattle, she got through it "with help from [her] family and friends." In 2007 she participated in Val Lewton: The Man in the Shadows, a documentary on the producer behind Curse of the Cat People, which was "exciting," but also allowed her to learn "a lot about [Lewton]'s life" which was a sad story.

Death
Carter died on January 27, 2014, in North Bend, Washington, after a long bout with ovarian cancer. She was 77. Her husband Stephen Crosby Newton (April 9, 1934 – November 4, 2014) served as a Specialist 4 in the United States Army. They were interred together at Tahoma National Cemetery.

Legacy
One film historian called Carter "the serious faced little blonde". Although she was a beautiful child, she did not play in films aimed at children or in light topics. In her best roles, she is a vulnerable child trapped in a hostile adult world. She was hailed by director Robert Wise as a "big asset" in his directorial debut. In 1991 he said:

In 2008, convicted (in 2013) murderer and Rockefeller impersonator, German-born Christian Gerhartsreiter, claimed that Carter was his mother when he was arrested for custodial kidnapping. Carter denied this and expressed sympathy for his real mother, Irmgard Gerhartsreiter, who had not seen her son since he left Germany in 1978.

Filmography

References

Bibliography
 Best, Marc. Those Endearing Young Charms: Child Performers of the Screen. South Brunswick and New York: Barnes & Co., 1971, pp. 25–29.

External links

1936 births
2014 deaths
Actresses from Syracuse, New York
20th-century American actresses
American child actresses
American film actresses
American radio actresses
Occidental College alumni
Deaths from cancer in Washington (state)
Deaths from ovarian cancer
Burials at Tahoma National Cemetery
21st-century American women

Ann Carter


Dalhart Windberg (born 1933 in Goliad County, Texas) is an American painter known for his use of light, color, and shadow in still life and landscape paintings.

Windberg was named for a popular entertainer of the day, Vernon Dalhart. He was in the army and did a tour of duty in Europe. In 1967, he quit working in order to paint full-time.

A Texas native, Windberg began to attract national attention in the 1960s. He studied under the Texas painter Simon Michael. Windberg was determined to paint like the masters, so he developed a way to have a smooth surface by using diluted modeling paste to prepare his painting surface. By using this technique he could duplicate the look of the masters without spending as much time on each painting.

He has executed romantic still lifes and figurative oil paintings depicting life in Texas, Mexico, Spain and Greece. There are hundreds of his original paintings and thousands of his reproduced prints and giclées in circulation dating back to the late 1960s. His art is very collectable and has adorned the walls of people not just in Texas but all over the world. Much of his art reflects his travels around Texas, Louisiana, the Rocky Mountains, many National Parks such as Yellowstone, the Grand Tetons, and Glacier National Park as well as Monument Valley. His Mediterranean paintings emulate his travels to parts of Italy and Greece. His art has encapsulated scenery including fields of bluebonnets, working cattlemen, mountain lakeside cabins, roaming buffalo and deer, streams in the mountains, snow-covered barns, night-lit farmlands, lonely windmills, coastal lighthouses, candlelit wine glasses, small fishing vessels, and other dreamlike spectacles.

Two biographies have been written about the artist: in The Paths of the Masters, published in 1978, and Dalhart Windberg - Artist of Texas, published by the University of Texas Press in 1984. Its title was bestowed on the artist by the state legislature in 1979. He has also written a book describing his "smooth surface" technique of oil painting.

Along with his sons Michael and Richard Windberg, Dalhart Windberg works in Georgetown, Texas at the Windberg Art Center. Windberg and his son Michael teach art classes, in the same manner as Windberg learned from his instructor Simon Michael. Students travel from all over the country just to get a glimpse of how Windberg paints, many of whom return time and time again, learning something new each time. Windberg has also created a line of fine art products tailored to his style of fine brush and palette knife oil painting, all of which is based on his many years of experience.

Windberg and his wife Evelyn live and work in Georgetown, Texas.

References

Notes

Sources
University of Texas
Southwest Gallery

External links
Windberg Art Gallery

1933 births
Living people
People from Goliad County, Texas
Artists from Texas
People from Georgetown, Texas

Dalhart Windberg


John Fricke (born November 30, 1950) is a historian and author focusing on The Wizard of Oz and Judy Garland.

Fricke was born and raised in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he attended John Marshall High School and worked in advertising at the Melody Top Theater.  He majored in Journalism at Northwestern University. Fricke appeared in the 2007 documentary Return To Oz: The Joy That Got Away.

In late 2008 and early 2010, Fricke picked out songs selections and archival film material for the traveling Judy Garland in Concert where live performances were projected on huge screens as Boston Pops and many other state orchestras cued up music to her legendary voice. Fricke co-authored a coffee table book, The Wizard of Oz: An Illustrated Companion to the Timeless Classic, with Jonathan Shirshekan, printed and released in 2009.

List of audio commentaries
Babes in Arms
Easter Parade, with actor Fred Astaire's daughter Ava Astaire McKenzie
For Me and My Gal
Girl Crazy
Meet Me in St. Louis, with actress Margaret O'Brien, composer Hugh Martin, screenwriter Irving Brecher, and producer Arthur Freed's daughter Barbara Freed-Saltzman
The Pirate
The Wizard of Oz, with other participants

References

External links

Judy Garland Database

American film historians
American male non-fiction writers
Writers from Milwaukee
Living people
1950 births
American television producers
Oz studies
Historians from Wisconsin

John Fricke