George Andrew Rankin Spyrou (14 April 1949 – 27 February 2010) was a Scottish businessman. Spyrou was  the president of Airship Management Services (AMS) and had affiliations with other airship companies.

Early life and education
Born in Glasgow, Scotland, Spyrou attended private schools in England and Connecticut before he entered Harvard University. He obtained his law degrees from Christ's College, Cambridge, and specialized in international and maritime law.  He was admitted to the English Bar (Inner Temple) in 1980. He worked for law firms in New York City then as a corporate counsel in Monaco.

Career

Spyrou began work for Airship Industries Ltd. (AIL) in 1982, and he moved to the United States to head international operations for AIL's commercial clients in 1987.

AIL went into receivership in September 1990 under heavy financial pressure, and its assets were eventually obtained by Northrop Grumman. Spyrou founded AMS three months later, with the financial support of Sojitz, Fujifilm, and TCom.

AMS is headquartered in Greenwich, Connecticut, and has a FAA repair station and technical facility in Elizabeth City, North Carolina. The company specializes in airship advertising campaigns, and has run successful campaigns for several corporate and government clients.

Spyrou was a member of Inner Temple, the Airship Association (UK), the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and was active in Harvard and Christ's College affairs.

References

External links
  Airship Association

1949 births
2010 deaths
Businesspeople from Glasgow
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
The Harvard Lampoon alumni
Scottish expatriates in Monaco
20th-century Scottish businesspeople

George Spyrou


The Religious of the Perpetual Adoration was a religious congregation of the Catholic Church. It was founded by Sister Elizabeth Zwirer, in Einsiedeln, Switzerland, 1526, following the Benedictine rule.

History

In early 1789 members started the practice of Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament during the day before the closed tabernacle. A lay association was established, the members of which contributed a small sum of money for the expenses of the sanctuary entailed by perpetual adoration.

On 2 May, 1798, during the French invasion, the sisters were expelled and their monastery destroyed. Five years later, after the Concordat of Napoleon, the community returned. Acting on the advice of their confessor, Father Pierre Perro, the sisters, on 8 January, 1846, began the practice of adoration by night as well as by day. In 1852 to signify their devotion to the Blessed Sacrament, they decided to wear a figure of an ostensorium on the breast of their habit.

In 1859 Empress Elizabeth of Austria presented the monastery with a magnificent chalice and a reliquary. A new church was opened in 1882, and is adorned with three beautiful paintings, representing the adoration of Christ. The convent at Einsiedeln is the only house of its kind having its own novitiate.

Membership

In 1909 the community numbered 46 professed sisters and 5 novices.

References

Catholic female orders and societies
1523 establishments in Europe
16th-century establishments in Switzerland

Religious of the Perpetual Adoration


The Renault Clio is a car made by Renault since 1990. There are five generations of the Renault Clio. The Renault Clio was a replacement for the Renault 5. The car was intended to compete against established rivals in the European supermini market such as the Ford Fiesta, Opel/Vauxhall Corsa, Volkswagen Polo, Peugeot 208, SEAT Ibiza and the Fiat Punto.

Clio I

The first Clio was produced from 1990 until 1998. The design was facelifted twice. It was 3700 millimeters long, 1670 millimeters wide and 1410 millimeters high. This Clio was voted European Car of the Year in 1991. The car went on sale somewhat cheaper than most of its rivals but had a basic interior. The previous Renault 5 continued to sell up until 1996 as a cheaper alternative to the Clio, being badged as the 'Renault 5 Campus'.

A sports version of the Renault Clio I with a 2.0l petrol engine was launched in 1992. This was called the 'Clio Williams' and was designed to compete with other 'hot hatches' such as the Peugeot 205 GTi.

Sales of the Renault Clio I were strong throughout Europe, and it is often credited as the first Renault car to break into the British market as many previous models had sold poorly in the United Kingdom. The Clio did not have to compete with the smaller Renault Twingo in the United Kingdom as this was only made available in continental Europe.

Clio II

The second Clio was produced from 1998 until 2012. Its design was facelifted three times, the first in 2001, the second in 2006 and the third in 2009. The latter two being called the 'Renault Clio Campus and marketed alongside the Clio III. The rounded design of the Clio II contrasted with the 'square' Clio I. Certain issues with the previous design were addressed, for instance, the front wings were made of plastic, following problems with corrosion on the previous model.

In 1999, the Renault Sport or Clio RS was launched as a 'hot-hatch' and as a replacement for the previous Renault Clio Williams. This was entirely based on the Clio II.

A saloon version of the Renault Clio II was launched in South America and Eastern Europe, however was unavailable to customers in Western Europe.

Safety issues
A safety issue where the bonnet of the Clio II could come open whilst driving was highlighted by BBC consumer affairs programme, Watchdog. Some of these models were recalled by Renault. Problems were also highlighed where hazard warning light could come on without notice being unable to be switched off.

Clio III

The third generation of the Clio has been produced from 2005 until 2014. In 2007 the Clio Grandtour, the station wagon version was launched. The design was facelifted in 2009. The Clio III achieved a 5-star NCAP safety rating, leaving only the Twingo and the Kangoo in the range without one. It's replacement arrived in late 2012.

Clio IV

The fourth generation Clio has been produced from late 2012 to 2020. There's no longer a 3-door model in the range but it's available as a 5-door and a wagon, the latter isn't sold in the UK. The model have become more larger and have hidden rear door handles on the windows. The design was facelifted in 2016.

Clio V

The fifth generation Clio was revealed in early 2019. The wagon model as well as the R.S. model has been discontinued.

Advertising
The Clio 'Papa and Nicole' adverts featuring a young promiscuous woman and her slow witted father ran throughout the cars early years and were voted one of the favourite adverts on television in the United Kingdom.

References

Clio

Renault Clio


John Werner Cahn (January 9, 1928 – March 14, 2016) was an American scientist and recipient of the 1998 National Medal of Science. Born in Cologne, Weimar Germany, he was a professor in the department of metallurgy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1964 to 1978. From 1977, he held a position at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly the National Bureau of Standards). Cahn had a profound influence on the course of materials research during his career. One of the foremost authorities on thermodynamics, Cahn applied the basic laws of thermodynamics to describe and predict a wide range of physical phenomena.

Biography
Hans Werner Cahn was born in Cologne, Germany, to a Jewish family. His father was an anti-Nazi lawyer and his mother an X-ray technician.

After the Machtergreifung in 1933, the elder Cahn escaped arrest only because he had been forewarned by a fellow lawyer. The family fled Germany and eventually ended up in Amsterdam. They immigrated to America in 1939, where Hans became John. Most of his family back in Europe was murdered in the Holocaust.

The Cahns settled in New York City. John Cahn became an American citizen in 1945. Serving in the United States Army, he was stationed in Japan during its occupation by the Allies.

Cahn received a bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1949 from the University of Michigan. He later earned a Ph.D in physical chemistry in 1953 from the University of California at Berkeley. His doctoral thesis was titled "The Oxidation of Isotopically Labelled Hydrazine" and his thesis advisor was R. E. Powell.

In 1954, Cahn joined the chemical metallurgy research effort at the General Electric laboratory in Schenectady, New York, led by David Turnbull. Turnbull had done pioneering work on the kinetics of nucleation, and there was a focus in the group on understanding the thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transformations in solids.

In 1964, Cahn became a professor in the Department of Metallurgy (now Materials Science) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  He left MIT in 1978. In 1969, Cahn began a long professional relationship with his graduate student, Francis Larché, whose work focussed on the effect of mechanical stress on the thermodynamics of solids.  The Larche–Cahn approach is the cornerstone of the treatment of the thermodynamics of stressed materials. Good examples of this phenomenon are the regions near a coherent precipitate or the stress field around a dislocation.

In 1972, Cahn worked with David W. Hoffman to formulate vector-based thermodynamics to describe the thermodynamics of interfaces, a formulation which is necessary to account for anisotropic materials. This is also known as the capillary vector formulation of interface energies. The mathematics of this treatment involves the concept of norms, although Cahn and Hoffman were unaware of it at the time.

In 1975, Cahn worked with his graduate student Sam Allen on phase transitions in iron alloys, including order-disorder transitions.  This work led to the Allen–Cahn equation.

From 1984, he was an affiliate professor at the University of Washington.

Work

The spinodal
In 1957, Cahn worked with John E. Hilliard to develop the Cahn–Hilliard equation which describes the thermodynamic forces driving phase separation in many systems, and developed the joint theory of spinodal decomposition.

Solidification
In the theory of crystal growth, Cahn concluded that the distinguishing feature is the ability of the surface to reach an equilibrium state in the presence of a thermodynamic driving force (typically in the form of the degree of undercooling). He also concluded that for every surface or interface in a crystalline medium, there exists a critical driving force, which, if exceeded, will enable the surface or interface to advance normal to itself, and, if not exceeded, will require the lateral growth mechanism.

Thus, for sufficiently large driving forces, the interface can move uniformly without the benefit of either a heterogeneous nucleation or screw dislocation mechanism. What constitutes a sufficiently large driving force depends upon the diffuseness of the interface, so that for extremely diffuse interfaces, this critical driving force will be so small that any measurable driving force will exceed it. Alternatively, for sharp interfaces, the critical driving force will be very large, and most growth will occur by the lateral step mechanism.

Droplets and surfaces
In 1977, Cahn published a simple mathematical treatment of the thermodynamics of wetting:  the interaction between a liquid in contact with a solid surface.  This paper laid out a simple formulation for describing the wetting transition—the point at which a liquid changes from forming a droplet on a surface to spreading out evenly as a liquid film over the surface.  This theory had wide-ranging implications for many materials processing techniques.

Quasicrystals
In 1982, Dan Shechtman observed a new crystalline structure with puzzling features.  Cahn contributed to the theory of how such a structure could be thermodynamically stable and became co-author of the seminal paper which introduced quasicrystals.

Glass transition
In 2004, Cahn and Bendersky presented evidence that an "isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase" (dubbed "q-glass") can be grown from the melt. This is the "primary phase," to form in the Al-Fe-Si system during rapid cooling. Experimental evidence indicates that this phase forms by a first-order transition. TEM images show that the q-glass nucleates from the melt as discrete particles, which grow spherically with a uniform growth rate in all directions. The diffraction pattern shows it to be an isotropic glassy phase. Yet there is a nucleation barrier, which implies an interfacial discontinuity (or internal surface) between the glass and the melt.

Research in retirement
In his retirement, Cahn accepted a position at the University of Washington as an affiliate professor in the Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Physics.

Personal life
He had three children and six grandsons. In retirement, he lived in Seattle, Washington, with his wife, Anne Hessing Cahn. He died from leukemia in Seattle on March 14, 2016.

Honors and awards

2011
The Kyoto Prize, Inamori Foundation

2002
Bower Prize, Franklin Institute

2001
Emil Heyn Medal, German Metallurgical Society

2001
Honorary Life Member, American Ceramic Society

1999
Bakhuys Roozeboon Lecturer and Gold medal, Netherlands Academy of Sciences

1998
National Medal of Science

1998
Member, National Academy of Engineering

1998
Distinguished GE Lecturer in Materials Science at RPI

'69 & `98
MacDonald Lecturer, Canadian Metallurgical Society

1996
Doctor Honoris Causis, Universite d'Évry, France

1995
Harvey Prize, Technion.

1994
Rockwell Medal; Hall of Fame for Engineering, Science and Technology, and Medal, International Technology Institute.

1994
Gold Medal, Honorary Member, Japan Institute of Metals.

1993
Inland Steel Lecture, Northwestern University.

1993
Hume–Rothery Award, TMS.

1993
Cyril Stanley Smith Lecturer, University of Chicago.

1992
Honorary member, MRS-India.

1991
Michelson–Morley Award, Case Western University.

1990
Honorary Sc. D., Northwestern University; Hilliard Lecturer.

1989
Sauveur Award, ASM International.

1987
Distinguished Physics Lecturer, Boston University.

1986
Stratton Award, National Bureau of Standards.

1985
Von Hippel Award, Materials Research Society.

1984
Gold Medal, US Department of Commerce.

1983
Distinguished Lecturer, University of Connecticut.

1982
Golick Lecturer, University of Missouri, Rolla, MO.

1981
Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

1981
Dickson Prize, Carnegie–Mellon University.

1980
Honorary Professor, Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.

1979
Van Horn Lecturer, Case-Western University.

1978
Dorn Lecturer, Northwestern University.

1977
Acta Metallurgica Gold Medal.

1974
Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

1973
Member, National Academy of Sciences.

1968
Institute of Metals Lecturer, AIME.

1966
S. B. Meyer Award, American Ceramic Society.

1960–61
Guggenheim Fellowship spent at the University of Cambridge, Goldsmith Laboratory.

1951
Allied Chemical and Dye Fellowship at University of California, Berkeley.

References

External links
 Biography and Publications
 The Cahn–Hilliard Equation
 The Allen–Cahn Equation
 Quasicrystals
Glass Transition

1928 births
2016 deaths
American people of German-Jewish descent
Jewish American scientists
National Medal of Science laureates
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
Department of Commerce Gold Medal
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Prussian emigrants to the United States
UC Berkeley College of Chemistry alumni
Fellows of the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
21st-century American Jews
Kyoto laureates in Advanced Technology
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates

John W. Cahn


Eptatretus bischoffii is a common hagfish of the genus Eptatretus. Its maximum length is . It lives in a demersal, non-migratory, marine habitat with its depth range between 8–50 m. It can survive in only temperate zones. These organisms are found in the South Pacific, mainly, Chile. It is harmless to humans.

The mode of reproduction in this kind of organism is external. The copulatory organs are absent. The gonads of hagfishes are situated in the peritoneal cavity. The ovary is found in the anterior portion of the gonad, and the testis is found in the posterior part. The animal becomes female if the cranial part of the gonad develops or male if the caudal part undergoes differentiation. If none develops, then the animal becomes sterile. If both anterior and posterior parts develop, then the animal becomes a functional hermaphrodite. However, hermaphroditism being characterised as functional needs to be validated by more reproduction studies.

The eggs develop in the demersal areas. The shape of the eggs are elongated. The egg contains a single micropylar opening located at the animal pole. It is situated at the bottom of a micropylar cup which lies between the anchor filaments. The single filaments are  long and have an anchor-shaped apical end. The number of filaments varies around 50 but is always smaller on the vegetative end. On both ends of laid eggs, the filaments are enveloped by a gel-like matrix intertwined with large cytoskeletal biopolymers (keratin-like intermediate filaments) of possible holocrine origin.

References

Fish of Chile
Myxinidae
Fish described in 1880
Endemic fauna of Chile

Eptatretus bischoffii


Hans Hoff (11 December 189723 August 1969) was an Austrian psychiatrist and neurologist.

Life
After completing his medical studies at the University of Vienna in 1918 Hoff worked as assistant physician (1922–1927) and as an assistant (1928–1932) at the clinic under Julius Wagner-Jauregg. In 1932 he became a private lecturer and specialist in psychiatry and neurology. In 1936 he was appointed to the board of the Department of Neurology clinic in Vienna.

After the annexation of Austria to Germany, Hoff had to leave the country. He emigrated to Iraq, where he became professor of neurology and psychiatry at the Royal Medical School in Baghdad was. After moving to the United States (1942), he became an assistant professor at Columbia University in New York. From 1943–1945, Hoff performed military service in the Middle East and visited Afghanistan and Iran on behalf of the US government. After the war Hoff worked at the Goldwater Memorial Hospital and at Columbia University in New York. In 1949 he returned to Austria, under an initiative of the Vienna City Councilor Viktor Matejka. He first took over the management of the hospital at Rose Hill , from 1950 he was Head of the University Department of Psychiatry and Neurology at the University of Vienna, also called "Hoff Hospital". In the academic year 1961/62 he was Dean, in the academic year 1962/63 Prodekan of the University of Vienna.

Work
Hoff wrote more than 500 papers on psychiatry and neurology, including ten books. In his scientific work, he focused on experimental encephalitis studies, postural reflexes, psychosomatic problems, the influence of hypnotic orders on gastric and intestinal function, the psycho-vegetative circuit, the influence of endocrine glands by psychological factors, and the function of the hypothalamus, the central nervous system, of the metabolism and the endocrine glands, brain pathological phenomena, the function of the frontal, thalamic and cerebellum, time lapse phenomena, nervous vascular regulation, sleep studies, adrenal disturbances in infectious diseases, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, psychopathy, and alcoholism.

In addition to his scientific research, Hoff did pioneer work with his educational and enlightening work. He distinguished himself by lively lectures in medical circles and in the context of popular education. Hoff found a new method for the rehabilitation of alcoholics and developed a special psychotherapy for criminals. Hoff is the founder of the Viennese Psychiatric School, whose first concern was to establish the humanization of the clinics to ensure the dignity of the mentally ill.

Awards
1957: Great Silver Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria.

Literature
Hans Hoff, in: Judith Bauer Měřínský: The impact of the annexation of Austria by the German Reich on the medical faculty of the University of Vienna in 1938: biographies of dismissed professors and lecturers . Vienna: Diss., 1980, pp. 103–106b.
Jantsch, Marlene:  Hoff, Hans. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 9, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1972, , p. 383

References

External links
Hans HOFF (1897–1969): Vertrieben 1938 (52) In: VAN SWIETEN blog vom 21. Mai 2008

Austrian psychiatrists
1897 births
1969 deaths
20th-century Austrian physicians
20th-century Austrian scientists

Hans Hoff (psychiatrist)


Patricianship, the quality of belonging to a patriciate, began in the ancient world, where cities such as Ancient Rome had a social class of patrician families, whose members were initially the only people allowed to exercise many political functions. In the rise of European towns in the 12th and 13th centuries, the patriciate, a limited group of families with a special constitutional position, in Henri Pirenne's view, was the motive force. In 19th century Central Europe, the term had become synonymous with the upper Bourgeoisie and cannot be interchanged with the medieval patriciate in Central Europe. In the maritime republics of the Italian Peninsula as well as in German-speaking parts of Europe, the patricians were as a matter of fact the ruling body of the medieval town. Particularly in Italy, they were part of the nobility.

With the establishment of the medieval towns, Italian city-states and maritime republics, the patriciate was a formally-defined social class of governing wealthy families. They were found in the Italian city-states and maritime republics, particularly in Venice, Genoa, Pisa and Amalfi. They were also found in many of the free imperial cities of the Holy Roman Empire, such as Nuremberg, Ravensburg, Augsburg, Konstanz, Lindau, Bern, Basel, Zurich and many more.

As in Ancient Rome, patrician status could generally only be inherited. However, membership in the patriciate could be passed on through the female line. For example, if the union was approved by her parents, the husband of a patrician daughter was granted membership in the patrician society  of the Imperial Free City of Lindau as a matter of right, on the same terms as the younger son of a patrician male (i.e., upon payment of a nominal fee), even if the husband was otherwise deemed socially ineligible. Accession to a patriciate through this mechanism was referred to as "erweibern."

In any case, only male patricians could hold, or participate in elections for, most political offices. Often, as in Venice, non-patricians had almost no political rights. Lists were maintained of who had the status, of which the most famous is the Libro d'Oro (Golden Book) of the Venetian Republic.

From the fall of the Hohenstaufen (1268), city-republics increasingly became principalities, like the Duchy of Milan and the Lordship of Verona. The smaller ones were swallowed up by monarchical states or sometimes other republics, like Pisa and Siena by Florence. Following these developments,  any special role for the local patricians was restricted to municipal affairs.

The few remaining patrician constitutions, notably those of Venice and Genoa, were swept away by the conquering French armies of the period after the French Revolution, although many patrician families remained socially and politically important, as some do to this day.

In the modern era the term "patrician" is also used broadly for the higher bourgeoisie (not to be equated with aristocracy) in many countries; in some countries it vaguely refers to the non-noble upper class, especially before the 20th century.

The patricius in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages

There was an intermediate period under the Late Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire when the title was given to governors in the Western parts of the Empire, such as Sicily— Stilicho, Aetius and other 5th-century magistri militari usefully exemplify the role and scope of the patricius at this point. Later the role, like that of the Giudicati of Sardinia, acquired a judicial overtone, and was used by rulers who were often de facto independent of Imperial control, like Alberic II of Spoleto, "Patrician of Rome" from 932 to 954.

In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Byzantine emperors strategically used the title of patrikios to gain the support of the native princes of southern Italy in the contest with the Carolingian Empire for control of the region. The allegiance of the Principality of Salerno was bought in 887 by investing Prince Guaimar I, and again in 955 from Gisulf I. In 909 the Prince of Benevento, Landulf I, personally sought and received the title in Constantinople for both himself and his brother, Atenulf II. In forging the alliance that won the Battle of the Garigliano in 915, the Byzantine strategos Nicholas Picingli granted the title to John I and Docibilis II of Gaeta and Gregory IV and John II of Naples.

At this time there was usually only one "Patrician" for a particular city or territory at a time; in several cities in Sicily, like Catania and Messina, a one-man office of patrician was part of municipal government for much longer. Amalfi was ruled by a series of Patricians, the last of whom was elected Duke.

Formation of the European patriciates

Though often mistakenly so described, patrician families of Italian cities were not in their origins members of the territorial nobility, but members of the minor landowners, the bailiffs and stewards of the lords and bishops, against whose residual powers they led the struggles in establishing the urban communes. At Genoa the earliest records of trading partnerships are in documents of the early 11th century; there the typical sleeping partner is a member of the local petty nobility with some capital to invest, and in the expansion of trade leading roles were taken by men who already held profitable positions in the feudal order, who received revenues from rents or customs tolls or market dues. Then in the 12th and 13th centuries, to this first patrician class were added the families who had risen through trade, the Doria, Cigala and Lercari In Milan, the earliest consuls were chosen from among the valvasores, capitanei and cives. H. Sapori found the first patriaciates of Italian towns to usurp the public and financial functions of the overlord to have been drawn from such petty vassals, holders of heritable tenancies and rentiers who farmed out the agricultural labours of their holdings.

At a certain point it was necessary to obtain recognition of the independence of the city, and often its constitution, from either the Pope or the Holy Roman Emperor - "free" cities in the Empire continued to owe allegiance to the Emperor, but without any intermediate rulers.

In the late Middle Ages and early modern period patricians also acquired noble titles, sometimes simply by acquiring domains in the surrounding contado that carried a heritable fief. However, in practice the status and wealth of the patrician families of the great republics was higher than that of most nobles, as money economy spread and the profitability and prerogatives of land-holding eroded, and they were accepted as of similar status. The Republic of Genoa had a separate class, much smaller, of nobility, originating with rural magnates who joined their interests with the fledgling city-state. Some cities, such as Naples and Rome, which had never been republics in post-Classical times, also had patrician classes, though most holders also had noble titles. The Republic of Ragusa was ruled by a strict patriciate that was formally established in 1332, which was subsequently modified only once, following the 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake.

Subsequently, "patrician" became a vaguer term used for aristocrats and elite bourgeoisie in many countries.

Transformations within patriciates

In some Italian cities an early patriciate drawn from the minor nobles and feudal officials took a direct interest in trade, notably the textile trade and the long-distance trade in spices and luxuries as it expanded, and were transformed in the process. In others, the inflexibility of the patriciate would build up powerful forces excluded from its ranks, and in an urban coup the great mercantile interests would overthrow the grandi, without overthrowing the urban order, but simply filling its formal bodies with members drawn from the new ranks, or rewriting the constitution to allow more power to the "populo". Florence, in 1244, came rather late in the peak period of these transformations, which was between 1197, when Lucca followed this route, and 1257, when Genoa adopted similar changes. However Florence was to have other upheavals, reducing the power of the patrician class, in the movement leading to the Ordinances of Justice in 1293, and the Revolt of the Ciompi in 1378.

Of the major republics, only Venice managed to retain an exclusively patrician government, which survived until Napoleon. In Venice, where the exclusive patriciate reserved to itself all power of directing the Serenissima Repubblica and erected legal barriers to protect the state increased its scrutiny over the composition of its patriciate in the generation after the Battle of Chioggia. Venetians with a disputed claim to the patriciate were required to present to the avogadori di comun established to adjudicate such claims a genealogy called a prova di nobiltà, a "test of nobility". This was particularly required of Venetian colonial elite in outlying regions of the Venetian thalassocracy, as in Crete, a key Venetian colony 1211–1669, and a frontier between Venetian and Byzantine, then Ottoman, zones of power. For Venetians in Venice, the prova di nobiltà was simply a pro forma rite of passage to adulthood, attested by family and neighbours; for the colonial Venetian elite in Crete the political and economic privileges weighed with the social ones, and for the Republic, a local patriciate in Crete with loyalty ties to Venice expressed through connective lineages was of paramount importance.

Recruitment to patriciates

Active recruitment of rich new blood was also a character of some more flexible patriciates, which drew in members of the mercantile elite, through ad hoc partnerships in ventures, which became more permanently cemented by marriage alliances. "In such cases an upper group, part feudal-aristocratic, part mercantile would arise, a group of mixed nature like the 'magnates' of Bologna, formed of nobles made bourgeois by business, and bourgeois ennobled by city decree, both fused together in law." Others, like Venice, tightly restricted membership, which was closed in 1297, though some families, the "case nuove" or "new houses" were allowed to join in the 14th century, after which membership was frozen.

German cities of the Holy Roman Empire

Beginning in the 11th century, a privileged class which much later came to be called Patrizier formed in the German-speaking free imperial cities. Besides wealthy merchant Grand Burghers (), they were recruited from the ranks of imperial knights, administrators and ministeriales; the latter two groups were accepted even when they were not freemen.

Members of a patrician society entered into oaths of loyalty to one another and directly with respect to the Holy Roman Emperor.

German medieval patricians, Patrician (post-Roman Europe) did not refer to themselves as such. Instead, they organized themselves into closed societies (i.e., Gesellschaften) and would point to their belonging to certain families or "houses" (i.e., Geschlechter), as documented for Imperial Free Cities of Cologne, Frankfurt am Main, Nuremberg. The Dance Statute of 1521 is an example of such closed identification. The use of the word Patrizier to refer to the most privileged segment of urban society dates back not to the Middle Ages but to the Renaissance. In 1516 the Nuremberg councillor and jurist Christoph Scheuerl (1481–1542) was commissioned by Johann Staupitz, the vicar general of the order of St. Augustine, to draft a précis of the Nuremberg constitution, presented on 15 December 1516 in the form of a letter. Because the letter was composed in Latin, Scheuerl referred to the Nuremberg "houses" as "patricii", making ready use of the obvious analogy to the constitution of ancient Rome. His contemporaries soon turned this into the loan words Patriziat and Patrizier for patricianship and patricians. However, this usage did not become common until the 17th and 18th centuries.

The Patrizier filled the seats of town councils and appropriated other important civic offices to themselves. For this purpose they assembled in patrician societies and asserted a hereditary claim to the coveted offices. In Frankfurt the Patrizier societies began to bar admittance of new families in the second half of the 16th century. The industrious Calvinist refugees from the southern Netherlands made substantial contributions to the city's commerce. But their advancement was largely limited to the material sphere. At the time this was summed up as

Jews were in any case never even considered for membership in patricians' societies. Unlike non-Lutheran Christians and until their partial emancipation brought on by Napoleonic occupation, however, other avenues to advancement in society were also closed to them.

As in the Italian republics, this was opposed by the craftsmen who were organized in guilds of their own (Zünfte). In the 13th century they began to challenge the prerogatives of the patricians and their guilds. Most of the time the guilds succeeded in achieving representation on a town's council. However, these gains were reversed in most Imperial Free Cities through the reforms in 1551–1553 by Emperor Charles V (of the Holy Roman Empire, 1519–1556) and patricians consolidated their exclusive right to city counsel seats and associated offices, making the patriciate the only families eligible for election to the city council.

During the formative years of a patrician junker, it was common to pursue international apprenticeships and academic qualification. During their careers patricians often achieved high military and civil service positions in the service of their cities and the emperor. It was also common for patricians to gain wealth as shareholders of corporations which traded commodities across Europe.

In the territories of the former Holy Roman Empire, patricians were considered the equal of the feudal nobility (the "landed gentry"). Indeed, many patrician societies such as the Suenfzen of Lindau, referred to their members as "noble" and themselves as a "noble" or even "high noble" societies. Some patrician societies such as that of Bern, officially granted their members the right to use noble predicates whereas other patricians chose to use the noble predicate "von" in connection with their original name or a country estate, see e.g., the Lindau patrician families Heider von Gitzenweiler (also von Heider), Funk von Senftenau, Seutter von Loetzen (also von Seutter), Halder von Moellenberg (also von Halder), Curtabatt (also von Curtabat or de Curtabat). In 1696 and 1697 Emperor Leopold affirmed the noble quality (i.e., ebenburtigkeit") of Nuremberg Patrizier and their right to elevate new families to their society.

Notwithstanding that membership in a patrician society (or eligibility there for, i.e., "Ratsfähigkeit") was per se evidence of belonging to the highest of social classes of the Holy Roman Empire, patricians always had the option to have their noble status confirmed by a patent of nobility from the Holy Roman Emperor which was granted as a matter course upon the payment of fee. In any case, when travelling to other parts of Europe for example to the court of Louis XIV, members of the patrician societies of imperial free cities were recognized as noble courtiers as documented in the autobiography of Lindau Suenfzenjunker Rudolf Curtabatt.

The Holy Roman Empire ceased to exist in 1806. Although not the arbiter of who belongs to the historical German patriciate, the modern Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels (= Genealogical Handbook of Nobility) following appropriate review by the fourth chamber of the German  or Noble Law Committee, will include families even without a title of nobility affirmed by the Emperor, when there is proof that their progenitors belonged to hereditary "council houses" in German imperial cities. To the extent patricians and their descendants chose to avail themselves of a noble predicate after 1806 and, therefore, without imperial affirmation, such titles and predicates would also be accepted by the German Adelsrechtsausschuß if acquired through a legal mechanism akin to adverse possession, i.e., Ersitzung.

In any case, in the Netherlands (see below) and many Hanseatic cities such as Hamburg, patricians scoffed at the notion of ennoblement. Indeed, Johann Christian Senckenberg, the famous naturalist, commented, "An honest man is worth more than all the nobility and all the Barons. If anyone were to make me a Baron, I would call him a [female canine organ] or equally well a Baron. This is how much I care for any title."

In 1816, Frankfurt's new constitution abolished the privilege of heritable office for the patricians. In Nuremberg, successive reforms first curtailed the patricians privileges (1794) and then effectively abolished them (1808), although they retained some vestiges of power until 1848.

Patricianship in the Netherlands

The Netherlands also has a patriciate. These are registered in Nederland's Patriciaat, colloquially called The Blue Book (see List of Dutch patrician families). To be eligible for entry, families must have played an active and important role in Dutch society, fulfilling high positions in the government, in prestigious commissions and in other prominent public posts for over six generations or 150 years.

The longer a family has been listed in the Blue Book, the higher its esteem. The earliest entries are often families seen as co-equal to the lower nobility (Jonkheers, knights and barons), because they are the younger branches of the same family or have continuously married members of the Dutch nobility over a long period of time.

There are "regentenfamilies", whose forefathers were active in the administration of town councils, counties or the country itself during the Dutch Republic. Some of these families declined ennoblement because they did not keep a title in such high regard. At the end of the 19th century, they still proudly called themselves "patriciërs". Other families belong to the patriciate because they are held in the same regard and respect as the nobility but for certain reasons never were ennobled. Even within the same important families there can be branches with and without noble titles.

Scandinavia

In Denmark and Norway, the term "patriciate" came to denote, mainly from the 19th century, the non-noble upper class, including the bourgeoisie, the clergy, the civil servants and generally members of elite professions such as lawyers. The Danish series Danske Patriciske Slægter (later Patriciske Slægter and Danske patricierslægter) was published in six volumes between 1891 and 1979 and extensively described Danish patrician families. The term was used similarly in Norway from the 19th century, based on the Danish model; notably Henrik Ibsen described his own family background as patrician. Jørgen Haave defines the patriciate in the Norwegian context as a broad collective term for the civil servants (embetsmenn) and the burghers in the cities who were often merchants or ship's captains, i.e. the non-noble upper class. The bourgeoisie frequently intermarried with the families of higher civil servants and the nobility; the boundaries between the groups were not sharp.

See also
 Aristocracy (class)
 Bourgeois of Brussels
 Bourgeois
 Daig (Switzerland)
 Gentry
 Grand Burgher (German Großbürger)
 Hanseaten (class)
 La Distinction
 Nobile
 Principalía
 Seven Noble Houses of Brussels
 Social environment
 Upper class

Citations

General references
 Hans Körner: Frankfurter Patrizier. Historisch-Genealogisches Handbuch der Adeligen Ganerbschaft des Hauses Alten-Limpurg zu Frankfurt am Main. Ernst Vögel (publishers), Munich, 1971.
 J. Dronkers and H. Schijf (2004): "Huwelijken tussen adel en patriciaat: een middeel om hun eliteposities in een moderne samenleving in stand te houden?"
 CBG. "Het Nederlands Patriciaat"
 Alfred Otto Stolze: Der Sünfzen zu Lindau. Das Patriziat einer schwäbischen Reichsstadt. Bernhard Zeller, Lindau/Konstanz 1956.
 Christoph Heiermann: Die Spitze der Sozialstruktur: Organisation städtischer Eliten im Bodenseeraum. In Matthias Meinhardt und Andreas Ranft (Hrsg.): Die Sozialstruktur und Sozialtopographie vorindustrieller Städte. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2005.
 Wolfgang Reinhard: Oligarchische Verflechtung und Konfession in oberdeutschen Städten. In Antoni Mączak (Hrsg.): Klientelsysteme im Europa der Frühen Neuzeit. Oldenbourg, München 1988
 Das Leben des Lindauer Bürgermeisters Rudolf Curtabatt. Hrsg. von Franz Joetze, Sch.V.G.B. 35 S. 355 FF.
 Ewige Quelle : Das Lebensbuch d. Anna Stolze von Pfister. 1–3. Tsd., Speer-Stolze, Clara, Heilbronn, Salzer, 1937.

 Attribution
 The section German cities of the Holy Roman Empire above is based in part on Patrizier on the German Wikipedia

External links
 Die Macht der Patrizier, Frankfurter Rundschau Online
 Rootsweb Projekt: Süddeutsche Patrizier
  (section II)

History of Europe
Noble titles
Noblemen
Social class in Europe
Patricianships

Patrician (post-Roman Europe)


William Augustine O'Carroll (1831–1885) was an Irish nationalist, radical liberal, journalist and Queensland newspaper editor.

O'Carroll was the son of a ship's captain and born in a family bakery In Patrick Street, Cork, Ireland. He joined the Fenians in 1858 and was a contributor to the Nationalist journal Irish People for which he subsequently became the editor. He left Ireland, allegedly with 'a prize on his head' following the failure of the 'St Patrick Plot' and he subsequently migrated to Brisbane with his family by the Chatsworth in 1862. O'Carroll gained a reputation in Queensland as the author of a series of articles to the Queensland Guardian newspaper, critical of the Irish immigration as conducted by the agents of its primary promoter, the Catholic Bishop of Queensland James O'Quinn. He joined the Guardian staff and from that time onwards O'Carroll's history was bound up with that of journalism in Queensland.

He joined the staff of the Brisbane Courier following the collapse of the Guardian but a struggle for the political line amongst that journals shareholders subsequently caused him to form the small liberal-oriented journal the Colonist in conjunction with Robert Travers Atkin (1841–1872). This effort was severely halted by the premature death of Atkin in 1872, yet O'Carroll carried on this effort for some time as a tri-weekly under the name The Express, yet he eventually sold to the company who bought up to launch what became the Brisbane Telegraph newspaper. He then joined the staff of the new part-owner of the Brisbane Courier, Gresley Lukin in November 1873 and remained in the position of 'sub-editor' on that journal throughout Lukin's managing proprietorship which lasted to 21 December 1880. Yet although Lukin retained the position as editor, and to some extent discharged the duty of that office, O'Carroll was from the beginning entrusted with a large share of the editorial responsibility. It was stated at his death that O'Carroll had been the 'de facto editor' of the Brisbane Courier onwards from the mid-1870s and remained in that position right through to September 1883, when the new managing proprietor Charles Hardie Buzacott appointed Carl Adolf Feilberg as editor-in-chief of the Brisbane Courier and its weekly the Queenslander.

O'Carroll was buried in the Roman Catholic section of Toowong Cemetery which was attended by approximately 500 people.

References

1831 births
1885 deaths
19th-century Australian journalists
19th-century Australian male writers
19th-century male writers
Australian male journalists

William Augustine O'Carroll


The Orquestra Simfònica del Gran Teatre del Liceu (Symphony Orchestra of the Gran Teatre del Liceu) is the opera orchestra of the Gran Teatre del Liceu in Barcelona, Spain.  Founded concurrently with the theatre in 1847 (actually, it continues the orchestra of the Liceu previous theatre, founded in 1837 and active since 1838), it is the oldest orchestra still working in Barcelona, and the oldest in Spain.  The orchestra also performs symphony concerts at such venues as the Palau de la Música Catalana and at L'Auditori.

The first conductor of the orchestra was Marià Obiols.  The orchestra subsequently worked with guest conductors, including the composers Manuel de Falla, Alexander Glazunov, Richard Strauss, Igor Stravinsky, Ottorino Respighi, and Pietro Mascagni, but with no principal conductor or music director.  The first music director was Ernest Xancó, who took up the post in 1959 and served in that capacity until 1961.  Subsequent music directors have included Uwe Mund (1987-1994), Bertrand de Billy (1999-2004), Sebastian Weigle (2004–2008), and Michael Boder (2008-2012).  In October 2010, the company announced the appointment of Josep Pons as its next music director, as of September 2012, for an initial contract of 6 years.

Premieres performed by the orchestra
The Liceu opera house has been the location for the world premieres of several works, and for the Spanish premieres of many musical works, such as the following:

1847 (April 4) Marià Obiols' cantata Il regio imene, the first musical work performed by the orchestra in the inauguration day
1853 (January 8)  Temistocle Solera's Spanish opera La hermana de Pelayo, first opera premiered by the orchestra
1874 (April 14) Felipe Pedrell's opera L'ultimo Abenzerraggio
1892 (May 14) Tomás Bretón's opera Garín
1895 (May 8) Isaac Albéniz's opera Henry Clifford
1896 (January 5) Isaac Albéniz's opera Pepita Jiménez
1902 (January 4) Felipe Pedrell's grand opera Els Pirineus
1903 (December 3) Joan Manén's opera Acté
1906 (January 20) Enric Morera's opera Empòrium
1913 (January 15) Jaume Pahissa's first opera Gal·la Placídia
1923 (March 31) Jaume Pahissa's Marianela
1929 Manuel Blancafort's symphonic poem Matí de festa a Puiggraciós
1932 (March 3) Joan Manén's opera Neró i Acté
1948 (January 10) Xavier Montsalvatge's children opera El gato con botas
1948 (January 10) Carlos Surinach's El mozo que casó con mujer brava
1950 (December 14) Conrado del Campo's Lola la Piconera
1955 (December 19) Joaquín Rodrigo's ballet Pavana Real
1956 (April 28) Frederic Mompou and Xavier Montsalvatge's ballet Perlimplinada
1961 (November 24) Manuel de Falla and Ernesto Halffter's scenic cantata Atlàntida
1962 (December 11)  Xavier Montsalvatge's Una voce in off
1974 (January 19)  Matilde Salvador's Vinatea
1986 (May 22) Josep Soler's Oedipus et Iocasta
1988 (September 21)  Xavier Benguerel's scenic cantata Llibre vermell
1989 (September 24)  Leonardo Balada's opera Cristóbal Colón
1990 (October 5) Xavier Benguerel's oratory Requiem for Salvador Espriu, at the Torroella de Montgrí International Festival of Music
2000 (October 2) José Luis Turina's opera D.Q., Don Quijote en Barcelona, with settings by La Fura dels Baus
2004 (November 3)  Joan Guinjoan's opera Gaudí

Music Directors
 1959-1961 Ernest Xancó
 1981-1984 Eugenio Marco
 1987-1994 Uwe Mund
 1999-2004 Bertrand de Billy
 2004–2008 Sebastian Weigle
 2008-2012 Michael Boder
 2012–present Josep Pons

Media

References

External links
 Official home page (in Catalan)
 Liceu official page on the appointment of Josep Pons as music director

Catalan orchestras
Culture in Barcelona
1847 establishments in Spain
Musical groups established in 1847
1837 establishments in Spain
Musical groups established in 1837
Liceu
Spanish symphony orchestras


The Waste Tide is a science fiction novel by the Chinese writer Chen Qiufan. It is the debut novel by the writer.

Writing background
The story takes place in the imaginary ''Silicon Isle''. The Chinese word ''硅屿'' for Silicon Isle shares a similar pronunciation with Guiyu (Chinese: 贵屿) in Mandarin. In the real world, Guiyu is a town in the Shantou prefecture of Guangdong province in southern China. And it is Shantou where Chen Qiufan was born and grew up before he entered Peking University.

Situated on the South China Sea coast, Guiyu got famous in the global environmentalist community for its reception of E-waste. The town held the record for being the largest E-waste site up to 2013. Though some residents got rich by electronic recycling, pollution became serious in the town.

Talking about the background of writing the novel, Chen said: ''Choosing my hometown as background to write the story, is related to my thinking of China. To depict the pain of changing China, is just because I desire for she getting better gradually.''

Setting
The Waste Tide depicts a dystopian China in the post-2020 era. In the Guiyu island, the large electronic waste recycling industries are in full control of local lineage associations. The laborers who undertake dangerous work for the profit of the Chinese and foreign businessmen who employ them are depicted not as humans, but cyborgs whose bodies and minds have been altered permanently through bio-engineering.

Plot
Mimi is a 'waste girl', a member of the lowest caste on Silicon Isle. Located off China's southeastern coast, Silicon Isle is the global capital for electronic waste recycling, where thousands of people like Mimi toil day and night, hoping that one day they too will get to enjoy the wealth they've created for their employers, the three scrap families who have ruled the isle for generations.

It all changes when a ship bearing a dangerous cargo arrives at Silicon Isle. What looks like normal e-waste is actually infected by a virus born out of one of the darkest episodes of World War II, Project Waste Tide. In a fateful accident, Mimi is infected by the virus and becomes the host for an omniscient consciousness, hell-bent on righting all the wrongs that have been done to her people. A class war ignites, one that draws in environmental extremists and waste workers, and involves family feuds and darker conspiracies.

References

External links

2013 Chinese novels
2013 science fiction novels
Chinese science fiction novels
Cyberpunk literature
Dystopian novels
Novels set on islands
Novels set in the future
Novels set in China
2013 debut novels

The Waste Tide


A Lick of the Old Cassette Box aka The Lost Album is an album by the British industrial rock/alternative dance band Pop Will Eat Itself originally recorded in 1995 and 1996, but not released until September 2013. It was originally intended to become the band's sixth album back in 1996, and their second album on Nothing Records, but did not get released due to the band breaking up that year.

The album was released on CD as disc two of a remastered re-release of the band's previous album Dos Dedos Mis Amigos. It was also released separately on orange vinyl, limited to 200 copies.

Music
Louder Than War said that "within the grooves" is evidence which suggests the band "had the potential to challenge for the popular industrial crossover crown subsequently seized by The Prodigy who went on to fill stadiums across the globe and sell records by the millions."

Reception
Phil Newall of Louder Than War was favourable, saying the album is "good", but noted "I'm just not sure its PWEI", feeling that if the record was released upon completion, it could have sacrificed some of their original audience in favour of a stronger industrial audience in the United States. He said "I do not expect a band to remain within their established groove, and PWEI had already indicated where they were heading but this just sounds like they were trying too hard, they were understandably keen to crack the lucrative US industrial market, but I would suggest that in their efforts they may well have alienated their core fan base – that said it's great to hear this album, it is full of ideas, of invention, it's an insight into how PWEI may have and deserves to be released." He described "The Demon" as a "personal favourite", stating it "had me thinking I was listening to a Revolting Cocks bootleg, real power house built around a looping bass and minor keys with a skip full of sequenced noise piled on top."

Track listing
"No Contest"
"Hangman"
"Dehydration"
"Out of Darkness Cometh Light"
"The Demon"
"100% is Shit"
"1-800-Outsider"
"I am the One"
"Talent Plus Attitude Equals Dollars"
"Point Blank: Zero Return"
"Big Green Head"
"I'm Gonna Get Ya Baby"

Personnel
Pop Will Eat Itself
 Graham Crabb – Vocals
 Clint Mansell – Vocals
 Adam Mole – Guitar
 Richard March – Guitar
 Robert "Fuzz" Townshend – Drums
 Dr. Nightmare – Drum machine
 Kerry Hammond – guitars

References

Pop Will Eat Itself albums
1996 albums
Cherry Red Records albums

A Lick of the Old Cassette Box


The Dhaa (or Dhah) is a two-headed drum, "slightly smaller than the Dhimay." It belong to the membranophone group of Newar traditional musical instruments. It is a kind of drum specially played during the month of Gunlaa, the ninth month of Newar calendar. Dhaa is also known as "Gunlaa Baajan".

It is made of a hollow wooden trunk covered at both sides with animal skin. The left side is covered with a thicker skin producing flat sound whereas the right side is covered with thinner skin producing sharper sound.

The Dhaa is played by a group of even number of people standing. The instrument is suspended with a belt over the right shoulder. Dhaa is always accompanied with Taa and Bhushyaa along with the tunes from some aerophones.

References

Membranophones
Newar
Drums of Nepal

Dhaa


The Zaydani Library (Arabic: الخزانة الزيدانية, Al-Khizaana Az-Zaydaniya) or the Zaydani Collection is a collection of manuscripts originally belonging to Sultan Zaydan Bin Ahmed that were taken by Spanish privateers in Atlantic waters off the coast of Morocco in 1612. The collection is held to this day in the library of El Escorial.

The manuscripts are of great academic importance, and represent one of the most famous library collections in the history of Morocco. The collection is composed of works from the personal libraries of Sultan Zaydan Bin Ahmed and his father Sultan Ahmed al-Mansur, his brother Sheikh al-Ma'mun, and Abu Faris. The library contained treatises in different fields and in a number of different languages, among them Turkish, Persian, and Latin.

Moroccan diplomats had been asking for them from the beginning of the 17th century until 2009, when Spain allowed Morocco to make microfilm scans of the documents, which King Juan Carlos I of Spain delivered to Morocco on July 16, 2013 during an official visit.

History
When Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli proclaimed himself mehdi and led a revolt against the Saadi Dynasty, Sultan Zaydan was forced to flee Marrakesh for the port of Asfi to sail to Agadir. He hired a ship named Notre Dame de la Garde belonging to the French consul Jean Phillipe de Castellane to transport his belongings, including a library containing an estimated 4,000 manuscripts in different fields of literature and sciences. The ship was about to depart for Marseille when the sultan loaded his belongings—including his crown and staff—and ordered the consul to sail them to Agadir for 3000 ducat or gold dirhams.

Zaydan took another ship, one from Holland, for himself and his servants and followers, as well as some of his loyal knights. The two ships arrived in Agadir together on June 16, 1612, and Zaydan left the Dutch ship the same day accompanied by his wives and his servants. De Castellane refused to unload his ship until receiving 3000 gold dirhams. On June 22, after waiting for 6 days for the arrival of the money, which was delayed due to the instability, de Castellane left the port of Agadir for Murcia carrying the sultan's library, crown, staff, clothes, and other belongings.

Castellane's ship was intercepted by a squadron of four Spanish ships from Admiral Luis Fajardo's fleet. The anger of the sultan manifested itself in his letters to King Louis XIII of France, who did no more than denounce Castellane (who was imprisoned in Madrid). For this reason, and because the library was not, in fact, in France, Louis XIII refused to see the sultan's ambassador, Ahmed al-Jazuli.

Abu Zakriya al-Hahi (أبو زكرياء الحاحي) also came into possession of some of the works of the library when leaving Marrakesh for the Sous after having gone to Marrakesh to protect Sultan Zaydan from the revolting Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli. What remained of the Zaydani library was scattered throughout the kingdom, settling in different private and public libraries.

In 1671, a fire engulfed El Escorial, burning a large portion of the manuscripts. Only approximately 2,000 were saved, and these are what remain of the Zaydani library today.

Indexing
The Spanish government invited Miguel Casiri to work in the department of translation at the Royal Library of El Escorial as an interpreter of Eastern languages for King Charles III, to study Arabic manuscripts and present reports on them to the king. Casiri's reports laid the foundations of Oriental studies in Spain, and he was later appointed director of the El Escorial Library in 1749. He's also indexed and catalogued the huge collection of Arabic manuscripts held at El Escorial. His catalog took the form of an annotated bibliography with excerpts demonstrating the value of the manuscripts of particular importance, and translations of these excerpts into Latin. Casiri named this bibliography Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana Escurialensis, publishing the first volume in 1760 and the second ten years later in 1770.

This catalog was translated into Arabic during the reign of the Moroccan Sultan Suleiman Al-Alawi from 1792-1823 at the recommendation of the Moroccan vizier and man of letters Muhammad Bin Abd As-Salaam As-Slawi. The Arabic translation was completed on May 23, 1811. There is only one copy of this translation in existence, part of Hassan II's manuscript collection in the Royal Library kept at the royal palace, Dar al-Makhzen, in Rabat. :

French orientalists
The French orientalist Hartwig Derenbourg completed a catalog in 1884 entitled "Les manuscrits arabes de l'Escurial ," and in 1928 the orientalist Évariste Lévi-Provençal published Derenbourg's inventory of the manuscripts in 3 volumes.

Demands for the return of the library
Moroccan demands for the return of this collection date back to the Saadi dynasty, beginning with Sultan Zaydan himself, followed by his son Sultan Al Walid. The sultans of the Alawite dynasty also expended great efforts to return the Zaydani Library. All of the Moroccan diplomats to Spain in the Alawite dynasty demanded the return of not only the Zaydani Library, but all Arabo-Andalusi manuscripts in Spain. The first attempt came from Sultan Zaydan himself, who attempted to open negotiations with the Spanish court for the sake of returning his books, and offered 60,000 gold dirhams in exchange for them, and repeated these attempts a number of times without any success until his death in 1037 / 1626 and his descendants didn't stop asking for their return, either.

After the collapse of Saadi Dynasty, Moroccans continued to press for the return of the books through the Alawite Dynasty.

The Spanish Arabist Nieves Paradela Alonso (es) mentioned that most Arab travelers to Spain addressed the importance of the Arabic books and manuscripts found in El Escorial. Among the most prominent of these voyageurs were three Moroccan diplomats who visited Spain in succeeding historical periods, going there to negotiate with the Spanish monarchs Carlos II and Carlos III over the matter of the numerous Moroccan manuscripts present in El Escorial and their return to Morocco.

These ambassadors are the vizier Muhammad Bin Abd el-Wahab Al-Ghassani Al-Fassi whose diplomatic mission went to Spain in 1011هـ hijri /1690 the period of Sultan Ismail and who recorded his journey in his book The Journey of the Vizier to Release the Captive (رحلة الوزير في افتكاك الأسير) in which he described the wing of the library where Zaydan's books and manuscripts were kept and his negotiation with Carlos II for the release of Muslims held prisoners and the return of some manuscripts to Morocco. The Spanish king conceded to the first request, but not the request for the books, which he claimed had been burned.

The second ambassador was Ahmed ibn Al-Mahdi Al-Ghazzal Al-Fassi, representative of Sultan Mohammed III ben Abdallah to King Carlos III 1179 hijri 1766. Al-Ghazzal authored the book The Result of the Discretion Between Armistice and Jihad (نتيجة الاجتهاد في المهادنة و الجهاد). The case of the manuscripts held an important place in this visit, as the ambassador visited El Escorial and the Spanish king gave him some of the manuscripts:

The third ambassador was Muhammad Bin Othman Al-Maknasi, ambassador of Sultan Muhammad III to the court of Charles III, who visited Spain somewhere between 1193-1194 (هـ) or 1779-1780 to sign an agreement to renew relations between the two countries and release Algerian prisoners held in Spain. Like his predecessors, he didn't forget to visit the El Escorial Monastery, where he stopped for a long time at the Arabic manuscripts. In his book The Book of Elixir in Freeing the Captive (كتاب الإكسير في فكاك الأسير), Al-Maknasi noted:

The king of Spain gave the ambassador a number of Arabic manuscripts, but they were not from the El Escorial collection.

2009 Agreement
After Omar Azziman's 4 years of negotiations in Madrid, when Bensalem Himmich was head of the Moroccan Ministry of Culture, an agreement of Scientific Cooperation between the National Library of the Kingdom of Morocco and the Library of El Escorial in December 2009 allowed the reproduction of a number of Arabic manuscripts and especially those of the Zaydani collection as microfilm copies. The reproduction would also comprise the manuscripts originally kept in the public library in Tetuan, which were taken during the period of the Spanish protectorate in Morocco. This will help the situation for Moroccan researchers who will no longer have to go to Madrid to study the manuscripts and documents of this library.

The ceremonial presentation of the digital copy of 1939 manuscripts took place on Tuesday, July 16, 2013. The ceremonies were presided by King Juan Carlos of Spain and a delegation from the Spanish Cultural Heritage Institute as well as Mohammed VI of Morocco.

Contents
Among the contents of the Zaydani Collection at El Escorial there are:

 The original Arabic text of Ibn al-Khatiib's Muqni'at al-Sā'il 'an al-Maraḍ al-Hā'il (), a treatise from c. 1362 about the Black Death MS Arabic 1785

References

Saadi dynasty
History of Morocco
Libraries in Spain
Libraries in Morocco
Arabic manuscripts
17th-century Arabic books
1612 in Spain
1612 in Africa
Art and cultural repatriation
Morocco–Spain relations
Islamic manuscripts
Manuscript collections

Zaydani Library


Mussolini Speaks is a 1933 documentary film highlighting the first 10 years of Benito Mussolini's rule as Prime Minister of Italy. Produced and distributed by Columbia Pictures, includes Italian newsreel footage of the Fascists' March on Rome in 1922, the Lateran Treaty between Italy and The Holy See, engineering projects in Italy and North Africa, and excerpts of speeches by Mussolini. The film was narrated by U.S. radio broadcaster Lowell Thomas.

It was made with Mussolini's full co-operation, beginning with a caption stating: "This picture is dedicated to a man of the people whose deeds for his people will ever be an inspiration to all mankind". A contributor to The Boston Globe wrote: "Mussolini rises above personality. He is a great figure, perhaps one of the greatest in the world today", but the film showed "only a glorified Mussolini". Hearst columnist Arthur Brisbane wrote: "Nicholas Schenck said every intelligent man should see the Columbia Pictures film of Mussolini speaking and in action. He is right. In the faces of the crowds and in their frenzied applause you see Mussolini's absolute hold on the people of Italy." Brisbane thought it demonstrated the "role that talking pictures are destined to play in education".

Mussolini Speaks  grossed $1 million in the U.S. To date, Mussolini Speaks has not been released on DVD.

References

External links

First ten minutes on Youtube

1933 documentary films
1933 films
American black-and-white films
American documentary films
Documentary films about Benito Mussolini
Columbia Pictures films
1930s American films

Mussolini Speaks


Datuk Nicol Ann David (born August 26, 1983) is a Malaysian professional squash  player. She is the current world number 1 in women's squash, and is the first Asian woman to achieve this. She won the British Open title in 2005, 2006 and 2008. She also won the World Open title in 2005, 2006, 2008 and 2009.

Nicol is the first squash player to have won the World Junior title twice; in 1999 and 2001. She was the only female squash player to have done this until in 2007. This was when Raneem El Weleily won her second World Junior Championship. Nicol joined WISPA and turned professional in 2000 when she won her first WISPA title, after only a month in the tour. The win came in February, when she beats Salma Shabana in the final of the Savcor Finnish Open. On June 7, 2008, Nicol David was recognized with the Order of Merit (Darjah Bakti) or D.B. in conjunction with the birthday of the His Majesty Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin. She was the first recipient of the award which was started on June 26, 1975. Nicol was also invited to carry the Olympic torch for Malaysia during the build up to the Athens Olympics in 2004 and being appointed as UNDP National Goodwill Ambassador for Malaysia.

Nicol David's other notable achievements include the Asian Squash Championship, which she won with a record of seven times (in 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2010). She also held a 13-month, 51-match winning streak, from March 2006 until April 2007. In April 2007 she finally lost to Natalie Grinham in the final of the 2007 Seoul Open. Nicol has also won the WISPA  Player of the Year on five consecutive times, from 2005 until 2009.

1983 births
Living people
Malaysian sportspeople
Squash players

Nicol David


Vicksburg was a town and mining camp in Chaffee County, Colorado (near the village of Granite), high in Clear Creek Canyon.  It is now effectively a ghost town, although some of the buildings may be seasonally occupied by their owners.  The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 (as Vicksburg Mining Camp); a part of the town is maintained by the Chaffee County Historical Society as a museum.  Four miles farther up the same road on which Vicksburg is located is another old mining camp named Winfield.

History

Vicksburg was founded in 1867 after prospectors from Leadville, Colorado camping out in the Clear Creek Canyon lost their burros.  The burros had wandered down the creek and when the miners found their pack animals, they discovered gold in the creek bed as well.  In its heyday, Vicksburg had a post office, school, blacksmith, two hotels, two billiard halls, several saloons, a general store, an assay office, and a livery stable.  Early miners packed in Balm of Gilead (balsam poplar) trees on the backs of burros and planted them to line the street.  The trees still stand today and are watered by ditches leading from Vicksburg Creek into the town.  The ditches were dug on either side of the street to provide a water system; wooden boxes were built in the ditches to keep food cold and provide water to fight fires.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Chaffee County, Colorado

References

Ghost towns in Colorado
Former populated places in Chaffee County, Colorado
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado
Tourist attractions in Chaffee County, Colorado
National Register of Historic Places in Chaffee County, Colorado
Populated places on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado

Vicksburg, Colorado


Scoundrels is an American comedy-drama television series that aired on the ABC network. It is based on the New Zealand TV series Outrageous Fortune. The one-hour comedy-drama premiered on Sunday, June 20, 2010 at 9 pm.  The eight-episode run ended on August 15, 2010.

Plot
Cheryl West is a middle-aged woman with four children: twin brothers Logan and Cal, and daughters Heather, an aspiring model and Hope, the youngest and an aspiring filmmaker. After Cheryl's career criminal husband Wolf is sentenced to five years in prison, Cheryl forces her family to quit its criminal activities. However, even from jail, Wolf interferes with her attempts to reform their family.

Cast
Virginia Madsen as Cheryl West
David James Elliott as Wolfgang "Wolf" West
Patrick Flueger as Logan and Calvin "Cal" West (twins)
Leven Rambin as Heather West
Vanessa Marano as Hope West
Carlos Bernard as Sergeant Mack

Development and production
The series is based on the New Zealand TV series Outrageous Fortune, which was created by James Griffin and Rachel Lang. (See also "Honest" starring Amanda Redman - a UK version of the New Zealand series which transmitted on ITV in 2008.)   Lyn Greene and Richard Levine wrote the pilot of Scoundrels for American television, and they serve as the series show runners. ABC green-lit the series in January 2010 with an eight episode order.

Madsen was cast in early February, followed by Flueger. Rambin came on board in late February, along with Neal McDonough, who was originally cast as Wolf West. Filming began March 16, 2010 in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Three days into the shoot, McDonough was replaced by David James Elliot due to McDonough's strict religious beliefs and refusal to film sex scenes.

This was ABC's second attempt at reformatting Outrageous Fortune for an American audience. In 2008, a pilot named Good Behavior wasn't picked up by the network.

Reception
The series pilot "And Jill Came Tumbling After" received mixed reviews with The Boston Herald claiming the show was "wicked fun" and praised the show's cast. A reviewer from The Boston Globe was quoted to say "Not a single one of the characters were funny enough, or touching enough, to make me want to see more of them. If the Wests were thrown in jail, I'd be tempted to throw away the key." On the review collaboration site Metacritic, Scoundrels currently holds 56% (mixed or average) based on 18 critic reviews. The show's second episode Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary got overall a better response than the pilot with it earning positive reviews. TV Fanatic gave the episode 3/5 saying "the episode was an improvement on the pilot, with the characters developing and the show overall finding its tone and footing a bit." and "there were decent dramatic moments and good laughs in "Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary."

Cancellation
On October 24, 2010 it was revealed on ABC's Twitter page that Scoundrels would not be returning for another season.

Episodes

Ratings

U.S. Nielsen ratings

Weekly ratings

Seasonal ratings

Canadian ratings

References

External links

2010s American drama television series
2010 American television series debuts
2010 American television series endings
American Broadcasting Company original programming
American television series based on New Zealand television series
English-language television shows
Television series by South Pacific Pictures
Television series by ABC Studios

Scoundrels (TV series)


Datana ministra, the yellownecked caterpillar,  is a moth of the  family Notodontidae. It is found in southern Canada and the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, in the south-west it ranges to California.

The wingspan is about 42 mm. There is one generation per year.

The larvae feed on Malus, Quercus, Betula and Salix species. Young larvae skeletonise the leaves of their host plant. Later, they feed on all of the leaf except the leaf stalk. They feed in groups. The larvae are yellowish and black striped and covered with fine, white hairs. The head is black. Full-grown larvae are about 50 mm long. Mature larvae drop to the soil to pupate underground, where they spend the winter.

Subspecies
Datana ministra ministra
Datana ministra californica Dyar, 1890

Gallery

References

Moths described in 1773
Notodontidae
Moths of North America
Taxa named by Dru Drury

Datana ministra


Nadine Burke Harris (born 1975) is a Canadian-American pediatrician who was the Surgeon General of California between 2019 and 2022; she is the first person appointed to that position. She is known for linking adverse childhood experiences and toxic stress with harmful effects to health later in life. Hailed as a pioneer in the treatment of toxic stress, she is an advisory council member for the Clinton Foundation's "Too Small to Fail" campaign, and the founder and former chief executive officer of the Center for Youth Wellness. Her work was also featured in Paul Tough's book How Children Succeed.

Early life and education
Nadine Burke Harris was born in 1975 in Vancouver, British Columbia. She is of Jamaican heritage and lived briefly in Jamaica before the family moved to the United States when she was 4 years old. Her father is a biochemist and her mother is a nurse. She received her bachelor's degree in integrative biology from the University of California, Berkeley in 1996 and her medical degree from the University of California, Davis. She completed her residency in pediatrics at the Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, within Stanford University School of Medicine. After earning her master's degree in public health from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, she went on to serve a residency at Stanford in pediatrics.

Her graduate studies were supported by The Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans.

Early career
In 2005, Burke Harris joined the California Pacific Medical Center (CPMC) staff, where she was tasked with the goal of developing programs to end health disparities in San Francisco. While at Harvard, Burke Harris identified access to health care as a key component of health disparities in San Francisco. In 2007, with support from CPMC, she became the founding physician of the Bayview Child Health Center and medical director of the new clinic.

Career
In 2008, after reading "The Relationship of Adverse Childhood Experiences to Adult Health: Turning Gold Into Lead," by Vincent J. Felitti, Burke Harris realized that her patients' traumatic experiences were having a negative impact on their present and future health.

In 2011, she was appointed by the American Academy of Pediatrics to the Project Advisory Committee for the Resilience Project.

From 2010 to 2012, Burke Harris co-founded the Adverse Childhood Experiences project in the Bayview Hunters Point neighborhood in San Francisco, with colleagues Daniel Lurie from Tipping Point Foundation, Kamala Harris, Victor G. Carrion, Lenore Anderson, Lisa Pritzker, and Katie Albright. From this effort, the Center for Youth Wellness was created in 2012 to create a clinical model that recognizes the impact of adverse experiences on health and effectively treats toxic stress in children. The multidisciplinary approach focuses on preventing and undoing the chemical, physiological and neurodevelopmental results of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). The Center integrates primary health care, mental health and wellness, research, policy, education, and community and family support services to children and families.

In 2014, she spoke at a TED event titled TEDMED in San Francisco. Her talk, "How Childhood Trauma Affects Health Across a Lifetime," had reached over 7.2 million viewers on TED.com as of June 2020.

In 2018, Burke Harris released her first book The Deepest Well: Healing the Long-Term Effects of Childhood Adversity, published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

On January 21, 2019, California Governor Gavin Newsom appointed her as the state's first Surgeon General. She was sworn in on February 11, 2019. On February 1, 2022, she announced she would resign to focus on her family, effective February 11, 2022.

The Center for Youth Wellness
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are defined as preventable and traumatic early experiences; they can range from exposure to violence, poverty and neglect, to physical, emotional and sexual abuse. As a result, it may increase the likelihood for "risky health behaviors, chronic health conditions, low life potential, and early death" in adulthood. Exposure to ACEs may lead to toxic stress, which varies from typical stress in that it is chronic and excessive, and results in antagonistic physiological responses that can lead to poor health outcomes in life.

The Center for Youth Wellness (CYW) aims to improve child and adolescent health by targeting the effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences. A main goal of the CYW is that "every pediatrician in the United States will screen for Adverse Childhood Experiences by 2028." More specifically, they target ACEs in San Francisco's Bayview/Hunter's Point neighborhood, a generally underserved area that had a poverty rate of 39% in 2010. The CYW identified that exposure to ACEs, along with high violence, increases the likelihood for detrimental health outcomes in this neighborhood. They use a combination of ACEs risk screening (via questionnaire), care coordination, and multidisciplinary treatment (primary care, psychotherapy, psychiatry and biofeedback).

Personal life
Burke Harris married Arno Lockheart Harris in 2011 at Dawn Ranch Lodge in Guerneville, California. She is the mother of four boys. Her mother was hospitalized in the ICU, at Stanford University Medical Center, during the COVID-19 pandemic, with an illness other than COVID, and due to COVID restrictions she was unable to visit her. She resigned from her position in February 2022 to care for herself and her family.

Committee appointments
 2002–2003, Graduate Medical Education Committee, Stanford University Medical Center
 2003–2004, Post-Doctoral Education Committee, Stanford University Medical Center
 2004–2005, Liaison Committee on Medical Education Task Force, Stanford University School of Medicine
 2004–2007, board of directors, San Francisco Urban Service Project
 2005–2009, Citizen's Committee for Community Development (Appt by: Mayor Gavin Newsom)
 2008–2013, Asthma Resource Council, board of directors
 2011–present, American Academy of Pediatrics' The Resilience Project
 2012–present, California Health and Human Services Agency' Jerry Brown' Let's Get Healthy California Task Force, Expert Advisor

Awards
 1999, The Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans
 2013, Humanism in Medicine award, Gold Humanism Honor Society
 2014, Leadership award, James Irvine Foundation
 2016, 21st Annual Heinz Award in Human Condition
 2023, David G. Nichols Health Equity Award, American Pediatric Society

Selected works
 2002 "Shaping America's Health Care Professions: The Dramatic Rise of Multiculturalism". Western Journal of Medicine, 2002 176: 62–64.
 2011 "The Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on an Urban Pediatric Population". Child Abuse and Neglect 35(2011) 408–413
 2013 "The Chronic Stress of Poverty: Toxic to Children". The Shriver Report, 2013 210–213
 2013 Scott, B, Burke, N, Hellman, J, Carrión, V, Weems, C. "The Interrelation of Adverse Childhood Experiences within an At-Risk Pediatric Sample". Routledge, 2013 217–229
 2013 Renschler, T, Lieberman, A, Dimmler, M, Burke Harris, N. Trauma-Focused Child-Parent Psychotherapy in a Community Pediatric Clinic: A Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration. Springer Science + Business Media New York.
 2018 Burke Harris, N. The Deepest Well: Healing the Long-Term Effects of Childhood Adversity. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

References

External links

 Center for Youth Wellness

1975 births
Living people
American pediatricians
Women pediatricians
21st-century American women physicians
21st-century American physicians
University of California, Davis alumni
American health and wellness writers
American women non-fiction writers
Paul & Daisy Soros Fellows
Physicians from California
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health alumni
Businesspeople from Vancouver
Businesspeople from San Francisco
Writers from Vancouver
Writers from San Francisco
African-American women physicians
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian women physicians
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Black Canadian women
Black Canadian businesspeople
21st-century American businesswomen
21st-century American businesspeople
Canadian people of Jamaican descent
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American physicians
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women

Nadine Burke Harris


SD Compostela is a football club which plays in Spain.

History

Founded in 1928, Compostela spent the better part of that and the following decades playing professional football. On October 28, 1962, the newly formed SD Compostela merged with the Club Arenal. The decade of the 1970s was irregular. The team played in the Tercera División, in the Regional category and in the new Segunda División B. Its first promotion to a semi-national stage occurred in 1977, with a promotion to Segunda División B (Group 1), which lasted just one season; Compos promoted again in 1980, this time lasting six years.

Relegation in 1986 was compounded by off-field controversy surrounding the actions of then president Francisco Steppe. He resigned amid allegations of receipt of payments to throw a game against Pontevedra CF, which would assure the opposition's maintenance in the category. The late 1980s saw a significant restructuring of the club both at board and management levels and, in 1990, Compostela regained third-level status.

The following campaign was to prove the club's most successful to date. On 23 June 1991, a capacity crowd of 8,000 at the Estadio Municipal Santa Isabel, saw goals from Juanito and Ochoa (two) clinch a 3–1 victory in the final play-off match against CD Badajoz, for a first-ever Segunda División visit.

The move to Estadio Multiusos de San Lázaro coincided with the continuing rise in the team's fortunes and, at the end of 1993–94, following a 3–1 play-off victory against Rayo Vallecano, Compostela reached La Liga. Compostela did remarkably well, and reached a best finish of 10th in 1995–96, mainly courtesy of strikers Christopher Ohen and Bent Christensen, whom totalled 23 league goals.

After four seasons at the top, Compostela was relegated after losing a relegation play-off match to Villarreal CF on the away goals rule, despite playing overall attractive football. The club was also about to start a downward spiral; after a relegation to the third level in 2001 the team returned the following year but, in the following campaign, played to a backdrop of off-field distractions, with the players and staff going unpaid for months – a final ninth place was not enough to prevent another relegation, as the club failed to meet the 31 July deadline to settle all wage debts.

References

20th-century establishments in Spain
1962 establishments in Europe
Spanish football clubs
Santiago de Compostela

SD Compostela


William H. Thompkins (October 3, 1872 – September 24, 1916) was a Buffalo Soldier in the United States Army and a recipient of America's highest military decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Spanish–American War.  Thompkins and three of his fellow Buffalo Soldiers were the last black servicemen to be presented the Medal of Honor for more than half a century.

Biography
Thompkins joined the army from Cleveland, Ohio, in August 1889, claiming to be 21 years old. By June 30, 1898, was serving as a private in Troop G of the 10th Cavalry Regiment. On that day, American forces aboard the USS Florida near Trinidad, Cuba dispatched a landing party to provide reconnaissance on Spanish outposts in the area. The party was discovered by Spanish scouts and came under heavy fire; their boats were sunk by enemy cannon fire, leaving them stranded on shore.

The men aboard the Florida launched several rescue attempts; the first four were forced to retreat under heavy fire. The fifth attempt, manned by Thompkins and three other Privates of the 10th Cavalry (Dennis Bell, Fitz Lee, and George H. Wanton) under the command of Lieutenant Ahern, launched at night and successfully found and rescued the surviving members of the landing party. One year later, on June 23, 1899, four of the rescuers were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions in what had come to be known as the Battle of Tayacoba.

William Thompkins died in 1916 and was buried in San Francisco National Cemetery, San Francisco, California.

Medal of Honor citation
Private Thompkins's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
After a force had succeeded in landing and had been compelled to withdraw to the boats, leaving a number of killed and wounded ashore, he voluntarily went ashore in the face of the enemy and aided in the rescue of his wounded comrades who would otherwise have fallen into the hands of the enemy, this after several previous attempts had been frustrated.

See also

 List of Medal of Honor recipients
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Spanish–American War
 List of African American Medal of Honor recipients

References

1872 births
1916 deaths
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
Military personnel from Paterson, New Jersey
United States Army soldiers
Buffalo Soldiers
Spanish–American War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Burials at San Francisco National Cemetery

William H. Thompkins


Hand fetishism or hand partialism or also cheirophilia is the sexual fetish for hands. This may include the sexual attraction to a specific area such as the fingers, palm, back of the hand and/or nails, or the attraction to a specific action performed by the hands; which may otherwise be considered non-sexual—such as washing and drying dishes, painting of the fingernails and nail-biting. This fetish may manifest itself as a desire to experience physical interaction, or as a source of sexual fantasy.

Hand fetishism is recognized by the porn industry; however, it is one of the least common fetishes, despite foot fetishism being the most common.

Characteristics
The attraction associated with hand fetishism can be expressed in a variety of ways, including manually masturbating, fingering someone, handjobs, fisting, sucking on the fingers, and licking the palms. These activities can involve a range of sensations and movements that are designed to create sexual arousal and pleasure. One of the most common expressions of hand fetishism is the act of fingering. This can involve using the fingers to stimulate the vulva and inserting one or more fingers into the vagina or anus, and the sensation of the fingers moving in and out can be incredibly pleasurable for both partners. Similarly, handjobs or "jerking off" involve using the hands to stimulate the penis, and the movements and pressure can be adjusted to create different levels of stimulation and pleasure. Sucking on the fingers and licking the palms are also popular expressions of hand fetishism. The sensation of the wet, warm mouth on the fingers can be an incredibly erotic experience, and the act of sucking or licking can be seen as a form of foreplay or intimacy between partners.

Fingernail fetishism
Fingernail fetishism is a specific type of fetishism that falls under the umbrella of hand fetishism. This particular fetish is characterized by an intense attraction or fixation on the fingernails of a person. Individuals who have this fetish may experience sexual arousal or pleasure from activities that involve the fingernails, such as scratching or caressing with the nails, painting the nails in various colors, and even the length of the nails.

One of the most common expressions of fingernail fetishism is the act of scratching with the nails. This can involve either the person with the fetish scratching someone else or being scratched themselves. The sensation of the nails on the skin can be an incredibly arousing experience for those with this fetish, and the act of scratching can even be seen as a form of foreplay.

Another aspect of fingernail fetishism is the attraction to painted nails. The colors and designs used on the nails can be seen as a form of artistic expression, and some individuals may find the creativity and attention to detail that goes into painting the nails incredibly attractive. In some cases, the act of painting the nails may even be a shared activity between partners with a fingernail fetish.

Finally, fingernail length is also a significant aspect of this fetish. Some individuals with a fingernail fetish find longer nails to be particularly appealing, as they can be used to scratch and caress more effectively. However, it is worth noting that long nails can also be impractical in certain situations and may require extra care to maintain.

Short fingernail fetishism
While fingernail fetishism is often associated with long, elegant nails, some individuals may find themselves attracted to the opposite - short nails. This unique fetish is characterized by an intense attraction or fixation on the short, rounded nails of a person.

For individuals with a short nail fetish, the appearance and feel of short nails can be incredibly appealing. The rounded shape of the nails may be seen as cute or charming, and the lack of length can create a sense of practicality and functionality. The act of biting or chewing on the nails may also be seen as an attractive behavior.

In some cases, the attraction to short nails may also be linked to a preference for more masculine or androgynous appearances. Short nails are often associated with a more practical and functional approach to personal grooming, which may be seen as a desirable trait in certain individuals.

Frequency
In 2007, a study was conducted by the University of Bologna on around 5000 fetishist participants to see the prevalence of fetishes. The study analyzed the content inside online fetish communities and found only 669 participants (less than 1%) referring to nails, an extension of hand fetishism.  This did not refer to fingernails specifically.

In popular culture
In Hirohiko Araki's popular manga series, JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 4: Diamond Is Unbreakable, the main villain, a serial killer named Yoshikage Kira, has a notable hand fetish which drives most of his homicidal actions. He often goes for the hands of females he deems as "pieces of trash" and murders the woman while severing one of their hands easily with his ability. He keeps the hands of his victims as his 'girlfriends', which he treats like an actual person until they start decomposing, where he will then search for a new victim. His hand fetish had been stated to have begun early in his teens after he witnessed the portrait of the Mona Lisa, saw her hands, and "got an erection".

Dr. Hannibal Lecter from the novel "The Silence of the Lambs" and its film adaptation. Dr. Lecter is known for his obsession with hands, particularly those of his victims, which he uses to create a macabre piece of art.

In music, hand fetishism has been explored in songs such as Madonna's "Erotica," in which she sings about the erotic appeal of a lover's hands. These songs demonstrate the ways in which hand fetishism can be incorporated into popular music to create a sensual and erotic atmosphere.

Hand fetishism has also been portrayed in various television shows, including "American Horror Story," where the character of Elsa Mars has a hand fetish and is shown to be sexually aroused by the appearance and touch of hands. In addition, the character of Jim Halpert in "The Office" is known for his frequent hand gestures and has been the subject of hand fetish fan fiction.

In the world of art, hand fetishism has been explored by numerous artists, including Salvador Dalí, who created a painting titled "The Persistence of Memory," which features a distorted hand with ants crawling over it. Similarly, the photographer Man Ray created a series of images featuring disembodied hands, which were intended to evoke erotic and surreal feelings in the viewer.

In Brandon Sanderson's The Stormlight Archive, Vorin culture dictates that a woman's left hand ("safe hand") should remain covered in public settings. In the lower classes ("darkeyes") this may be accomplished with a glove. In the upper classes ("lighteyes") it is more commonly done with a garment called a "havah", which is a dress with an elongated left sleeve that encompasses the hand. The havah "safe hand" sleeve fastens at the end (often with buttons) and may also contain a pouch to secure money ("spheres") and other small objects. Fans of the Stormlight Archive (who collectively refer to themselves as "Dougs") have consistently applied Rule 34 across Sanderson's work and eagerly interpreted safe hand voyeurism into a form of hand fetishism (example).

See also
 Foot fetishism
 Kira Yoshikage

References

Paraphilias
Sexual fetishism
Hand

Hand fetishism


Reino Paasilinna (5 December 1939 – 21 July 2022) was a Finnish politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP). He was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Finland, which is part of the Party of European Socialdemocrats. He was in the European Parliament from 1996 to 2009, and sat on the Parliament's Committee on Industry, Research and Energy.

Reino Paasilinna was born on Aunus, a ship on the Arctic Ocean, on the coast of Norway, where the Paasilinna family fled during the Winter War. His family is from Petsamo but they moved to Kittilä because the Soviet Union invaded Petsamo during the Winter War.

He was also a substitute for the Committee on Culture and Education, vice-chair of the delegation to the EU–Russia Parliamentary Cooperation Committee, and a substitute for the delegation for relations with the countries of Central America.

The writers Erno, Mauri and Arto Paasilinna were his brothers.

Career
 Master's degree in social sciences (1974)
 postgraduate degree in social sciences (1989)
 doctorate in social sciences (1995)
 Various occupations (1951–1961)
 TV journalist, director and editor (1961–1974)
 Press secretary and adviser at the Finnish embassies in Moscow and Washington, D.C. (1974–1983)
 Director-General (last) and Chairman of Yleisradio (1990–1994)
 Chairman, Union of Radio and Television Journalists (1967–1969)
 Member of the board and Vice-chairman of Elisa Communications (1988–2002)
 Member, Helsinki City Council (1998–1999)
 Member of Parliament (1983–1989 and 1995–1996)
 Vice-chairman, Committee on the Future (1995–1996)
 Member of the European Parliament (since 1996)
 Chairman, PSE Group Working Party on the Information Society (since 1998)
 Member of Finland's delegation to the Council of Europe (1995–1996)
 Vice-chairman, International Radio and Television Organisation and Vice-chairman, European Broadcasting Union (1992–1994)
 Chairman, Board of Governors of Euronews (1992–1994)
 Member, Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) (1983–1989)
 Numerous publications, TV programmes and articles
 Commander of the Order of the Lion of Finland (1995)

References

External links
 European Parliament biography

1939 births
2022 deaths
People born at sea
Social Democratic Party of Finland MEPs
MEPs for Finland 1996–1999
MEPs for Finland 1999–2004
MEPs for Finland 2004–2009
Commanders of the Order of the Lion of Finland
Finnish television journalists
People from Kittilä

Reino Paasilinna


Deus Vitae, or  is a manga series created by Takuya Fujima.

Plot
In 2068, Leave, a powerful android, is created by the Brain Computer and raised by the human scientist Fenrir to be the new root of mankind; the "Goddess", deciding that the previous human beings are no longer useful, wipes them out and creates four "mothers", each one in charge of a different quarter of the world, and a new race of androids, the Selenoids, classified in castes depending on their strength.

Ash Ramy is one of the few human survivors, member of the Revolutional Organization; after killing a high-ranking Selenoid, he escapes with the help of Lemiu Winslet, one of the lower ranking Selenoids, who joins his fight against the new Goddess.

References

External links
 Official web page on Tokyopop's web site
 Mania review

2000 manga
Kodansha manga
Seinen manga
Science fiction anime and manga
Tokyopop titles

Deus Vitae


Bennett Hill Farm is a historic home and farm complex located at New Scotland in Albany County, New York.  The original section of the main house was built in 1821 and is a three-by-two-bay, -story dwelling.  In the 1830s, a large Greek Revival style -story, three- by two-bay addition was completed.  Contributing farm buildings include the main barn (1797), animal barn (c. 1900), wagon shed (c. 1900), fruit barn (c. 1900), smoke house (c. 1810), and tenant house (c. 1890).

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Greek Revival houses in New York (state)
Houses completed in 1821
Houses in Albany County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Albany County, New York

Bennett Hill Farm