Conjoint analysis is a survey-based statistical technique used in market research that helps determine how people value different attributes (feature, function, benefits) that make up an individual product or service.

The objective of conjoint analysis is to determine what combination of a limited number of attributes is most influential on respondent choice or decision making. A controlled set of potential products or services is shown to survey respondents and by analyzing how they make choices among these products, the implicit valuation of the individual elements making up the product or service can be determined. These implicit valuations (utilities or part-worths) can be used to create market models that estimate market share, revenue and even profitability of new designs.

Conjoint analysis originated in mathematical psychology and was developed by marketing professor Paul E. Green at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Other prominent conjoint analysis pioneers include professor V. "Seenu" Srinivasan of Stanford University who developed a linear programming (LINMAP) procedure for rank ordered data as well as a self-explicated approach, and Jordan Louviere (University of Iowa) who invented and developed choice-based approaches to conjoint analysis and related techniques such as best–worst scaling.

Today it is used in many of the social sciences and applied sciences including marketing, product management, and operations research. It is used frequently in testing customer acceptance of new product designs, in assessing the appeal of advertisements and in service design. It has been used in product positioning, but there are some who raise problems with this application of conjoint analysis.

Conjoint analysis techniques may also be referred to as multiattribute compositional modelling, discrete choice modelling, or stated preference research, and are part of a broader set of trade-off analysis tools used for systematic analysis of decisions. These tools include Brand-Price Trade-Off, Simalto, and mathematical approaches such as AHP, PAPRIKA, evolutionary algorithms or rule-developing experimentation.

Conjoint design
A product or service area is described in terms of a number of attributes. For example, a television may have attributes of screen size, screen format, brand, price and so on. Each attribute can then be broken down into a number of levels. For instance, levels for screen format may be LED, LCD, or Plasma.

Respondents are shown a set of products, prototypes, mock-ups, or pictures created from a combination of levels from all or some of the constituent attributes and asked to choose from, rank or rate the products they are shown. Each example is similar enough that consumers will see them as close substitutes but dissimilar enough that respondents can clearly determine a preference. Each example is composed of a unique combination of product features. The data may consist of individual ratings, rank orders, or choices among alternative combinations.

Conjoint design involves four different steps:
 Determine the type of study
 Identify the relevant attributes
 Specify the attributes' levels
 Design questionnaire

1. Determine the type of study
There are different types of studies that may be designed:
 Ranking-based conjoint
 Rating-based conjoint
 Choice-based conjoint

2. Identify the relevant attributes
Attributes in conjoint analysis should:
 be relevant to managerial decision-making,
 have varying levels in real life,
 be expected to influence preferences,
 be clearly defined and communicable,
 preferably not exhibit strong correlations (price and brand are an exception),
 consist of at least two levels.

3. Specify the attributes' levels
Levels of attributes should be:
 unambiguous,
 mutually exclusive,
 realistic.

4. Design questionnaire
As the number of combinations of attributes and levels increases the number of potential profiles increases exponentially. Consequently, fractional factorial design is commonly used to reduce the number of profiles to be evaluated, while ensuring enough data are available for statistical analysis, resulting in a carefully controlled set of "profiles" for the respondent to consider.

Earliest form and drawbacks
The earliest forms of conjoint analysis starting in the 1970s were what are known as Full Profile studies, in which a small set of attributes (typically 4 to 5) were used to create profiles that were shown to respondents, often on individual cards. Respondents then ranked or rated these profiles. Using relatively simple dummy variable regression analysis the implicit utilities for the levels could be calculated that best reproduced the ranks or ratings as specified by respondents. Two drawbacks were seen in these early designs.

Firstly, the number of attributes in use was heavily restricted. With large numbers of attributes, the consideration task for respondents becomes too large and even with fractional factorial designs the number of profiles for evaluation can increase rapidly. In order to use more attributes (up to 30), hybrid conjoint techniques were developed that combined self-explication (rating or ranking of levels and attributes) followed by conjoint tasks.  Both paper-based and adaptive computer-aided questionnaires became options starting in the 1980s.

The second drawback was that ratings or rankings of profiles were unrealistic and did not link directly to behavioural theory. In real-life situations, buyers choose among alternatives rather than ranking or rating them. Jordan Louviere pioneered an approach that used only a choice task which became the basis of choice-based conjoint analysis and discrete choice analysis. This stated preference research is linked to econometric modeling and can be linked to revealed preference where choice models are calibrated on the basis of real rather than survey data. Originally, choice-based conjoint analysis was unable to provide individual-level utilities and researchers developed aggregated models to represent the market's preferences. This made it unsuitable for market segmentation studies. With newer hierarchical Bayesian analysis techniques, individual-level utilities may be estimated that provide greater insights into the heterogeneous preferences across individuals and market segments.

Information collection
Data for conjoint analysis are most commonly gathered through a market research survey, although conjoint analysis can also be applied to a carefully designed configurator or data from an appropriately designed test market experiment. Market research rules of thumb apply with regard to statistical sample size and accuracy when designing conjoint analysis interviews.

The length of the conjoint questionnaire depends on the number of attributes to be assessed and the selected conjoint analysis method. A typical adaptive conjoint questionnaire with 20–25 attributes may take more than 30 minutes to complete. Choice based conjoint, by using a smaller profile set distributed across the sample as a whole, may be completed in less than 15 minutes. Choice exercises may be displayed as a store front type layout or in some other simulated shopping environment.

Analysis

Because conjoint designs are complicated, they usually generate substantial measurement error (as indicated by low intra-respondent reliability), which can induce substantial bias in any direction by any amount; this bias must be corrected in statistical analyses of conjoint data.  Depending on the type of model, different econometric and statistical methods can be used to estimate utility functions. These utility functions indicate the perceived value of the feature and how sensitive consumer perceptions and preferences are to changes in product features. The actual estimation procedure will depend on the design of the task and profiles for respondents and the measurement scale used to indicate preferences (interval-scaled, ranking, or discrete choice). For estimating the utilities for each attribute level using ratings-based full profile tasks, linear regression may be appropriate, for choice based tasks, maximum likelihood estimation usually with logistic regression is typically used. The original utility estimation methods were monotonic analysis of variance or linear programming techniques, but contemporary marketing research practice has shifted towards choice-based models using multinomial logit, mixed versions of this model, and other refinements. Bayesian estimators are also very popular. Hierarchical Bayesian procedures are nowadays relatively popular as well.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages
 estimates psychological tradeoffs that consumers make when evaluating several attributes together
 can measure preferences at the individual level
 uncovers real or hidden drivers which may not be apparent to respondents themselves
 mimics realistic choice or shopping task
 able to use physical objects
 if appropriately designed, can model interactions between attributes
 may be used to develop needs-based segmentation, when applying models that recognize respondent heterogeneity of tastes

Disadvantages
 designing conjoint studies can be complex
 when facing too many product features and product profiles, respondents often resort to simplification strategies
 difficult to use for product positioning research because there is no procedure for converting perceptions about actual features to perceptions about a reduced set of underlying features
 respondents are unable to articulate attitudes toward new categories, or may feel forced to think about issues they would otherwise not give much thought to
 poorly designed studies may over-value emotionally-laden product features and undervalue concrete features
 does not take into account the quantity of products purchased per respondent, but weighting respondents by their self-reported purchase volume or extensions such as volumetric conjoint analysis may remedy this

Practical applications

Market research

One practical application of conjoint analysis in business analysis is given by the following example: A real estate developer is interested in building a high rise apartment complex near an urban Ivy League university. To ensure the success of the project, a market research firm is hired to conduct focus groups with current students. Students are segmented by academic year (freshman, upper classmen, graduate studies) and amount of financial aid received. Study participants are shown a series of choice scenarios, involving different apartment living options specified on six attributes (proximity to campus, cost, telecommunication packages, laundry options, floor plans, and security features offered). The estimated cost to construct the building associated with each apartment option is equivalent. Participants are asked to choose their preferred apartment option within each choice scenario. This forced choice exercise reveals the participants' priorities and preferences. Multinomial logistic regression may be used to estimate the utility scores for each attribute level of the six attributes involved in the conjoint experiment.  Using these utility scores, market preference for any combination of the attribute levels describing potential apartment living options may be predicted.

The market research approach, Mind Genomics (MG), is an application of Conjoint Analysis (CA). CA is carried out to evaluate consumer acceptance, presenting them with a set of product attributes and assessing their preferences for different attribute combinations by estimating the utility scores for different attribute levels. MG applying CA delves deeper into the psychological and emotional aspects that influence decision-making, assisting in the initial identification of the attributes that are most salient to consumers and helping researchers refine the attributes to be used in CA.

Litigation

Federal courts in the United States have allowed expert witnesses to use conjoint analysis to support their opinions on the damages that an infringer of a patent should pay to compensate the patent holder for violating its rights. Nonetheless, legal scholars have noted that the Federal Circuit's jurisprudence on the use of conjoint analysis in patent-damages calculations remains in a formative stage.

One example of this is how Apple used a conjoint analysis to prove the damages suffered by Samsung's copyright infringement, and increase their compensation in the case.

See also
 Advertising
 Discrete choice (choice modelling)
 Marketing
 Marketing research
 New product development
 Quantitative marketing research
 TURF analysis
 Value-based pricing

References

External links
 Green, P. and Srinivasan, V. (1978) Conjoint analysis in consumer research: Issues and outlook, Journal of Consumer Research, vol 5, September 1978, pp 103–123.
 Green, P. Carroll, J. and Goldberg, S. (1981) A general approach to product design optimization via conjoint analysis, Journal of Marketing, vol 43, summer 1981, pp 17–35.
 Srinivasan, V. (1988) A Conjunctive-Compensatory Approach to the Self-Explication of Multiattributed Preferences, Decision Sciences, Vol. 19, Spring 1998, 295–305.
 Green, P. E. and Srinivasan V. (1990) Conjoint Analysis in Marketing: New Developments with Implications for Research and Practice, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 54, October 1990, 3–19.
 Marder, E. (1999) The Assumptions of Choice Modeling
 Conjoint Analysis, Related Modeling and Applications

Market research
Product management
Psychometrics
Regression analysis

Conjoint analysis


Piedade Coutinho Azevedo (Tavares) da Silva (May 2, 1920 – October 14, 1997) was an Olympic freestyle swimmer from Brazil, who competed at three Summer Olympics for her native country. She was in three Olympic finals.

Background
Born Piedade Coutinho Azevedo, she changed her name to Piedade Coutinho Tavares when she married.

The first mass participation of women was at a crossing in 1924 in São Paulo; eight swimmers from the German club Estela participated in it. The first exclusively women's competitions occurred in 1930 in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.

In 1935, the Brazilian Championship and the South American Championship, in which Coutinho participated and first appeared on the international scene, were held in Rio de Janeiro. Both were the first with women's events. Coutinho had started training in 1934 at a newly opened pool at the Clube de Regatas Guanabara. The level of competition was quite rudimentary, and being a 15-year-old novice, Coutinho did not get highlighted. The biggest Brazilian star was Maria Lenk, who competed in the Olympics in 1932 and was developing the breaststroke with recovery of arms out of the water, which would give rise to the butterfly stroke. Lenk was the first South American woman to compete at the Olympics. Coutinho's swimming improved in the space of a year; she broke the Brazilian record of 400-metre freestyle and was called to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.

International career
At the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Coutinho finished 5th in the 400-metre freestylethe best position of all time obtained by the Brazil women's swimming in Olympic Games, along with Joanna Maranhão. Coutinho also swam the 100-metre freestyle; she did not reach the final, but finished 8th. In 1937, Coutinho finished the year with the third best time in the world in the 400-metre freestyle, and in 1938, she had two South American records in freestyle. In 1940, Coutinho improved the South American record of the 1500-metre freestyle and surpassed the records of 500-metre, 800-metre and 1000-metre; times that were approved at the time in the proof passages. At the Brazilian Championship in 1941 in São Paulo, Coutinho won the 100-metre freestyle with a time of 1:08.5a Brazilian record and one of the best times of the world at the timein a race she was not specialized in. With this time, she would have been Olympic finalist in 1936 and in the next edition of the Gameswhich would occur in 1948.

In 1941, at the South American Championships organized in Viña Del Mar, she was responsible for 50.5 points of the 174 points scored by Brazil's women's team, which won the title by countries. Soon after, she left competitive swimming to get married and have a child. In an unprecedented decision, she returned to swimming in 1943. Coutinho continued winning Brazilian and South American titles and surpassing records. In 1948 she was chosen as Brazil's best athlete. At 28 years old, married and considered old for the sport, she was still breaking paradigms.

At the 1948 Summer Olympics, in London, Coutinho reached two finals, finishing 6th in the 400-metre freestyle and 6th in the 4×100-metre freestyle, along with Eleonora Schmitt, Maria da Costa and Talita Rodrigues. Coutinho also swam the 100-metre freestyle, not reaching the final. For her, however, the 400-metre freestyle final was not a cause for celebration. In that year, she had done an exceptional 5:20.3, sufficient for Olympic silver medal. But poor conditions of travel to Europe, room and board, and the loss of form for going several days without training because of the long journey had its price. This was typical of Brazilian sport in those days; similar conditions also cost Maria Lenk and Manuel dos Santos medals.

At the inaugural Pan American Games in 1951 in Buenos Aires, Coutinho won two bronze medals in the 400-metre freestyle, and in the 4×100-metre freestyle. She also finished 4th in the 200-metre freestyle. At 32 years old in the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, she swam in the 400-metre freestyle but did not reach the final.

Records
Coutinho broke the Brazilian record of the 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1500-metre freestyle and made history in the Brazilian press by having her photo published in O Globo newspaper in 1936the first telephoto photograph in the history of Brazilian press.

After professional swimming
After leaving competitive swimming, Coutinho was director of swimming in the Botafogo club. She also began a process of recovery  for disabled people. This interest emerged during the 1936 Olympics when she visited a Berlin hospital that through swimming, promoted the recovery of disabled children. In the late '50s, she campaigned for the construction of Home Recovery of Infantile Paralysis, where she developed water activities. She continued this work in Portugal, where she lived for eight years, and also in Brasilia.

In 1983, Coutinho returned to the Club de Regatas Guanabara, where she began teaching competitive swimming daily, teaching classes to friends and practicing painting; her hobby.

Piedade Coutinho died on October 14, 1997. Her fifth place in 1936 remained as the best women's Olympic placement of Brazil until 1964, when Aída dos Santos was fourth in the high jump. In the Pan American Games, a Brazilian woman won an individual medal in swimming in 1971, with Lucy Burle in the 100m butterfly. In the Olympics, Brazil had to wait 56 years for another woman to become a finalinst; Joanna Maranhão in the 400m medley in 2004. Coutinho had the most participation of Brazilian swimmers in the Olympics, participating in three gamestied with Maranhão and Fabiola Molina.

References

1920 births
1997 deaths
Brazilian female freestyle swimmers
Swimmers at the 1951 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Olympic swimmers for Brazil
Swimmers from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Brazil
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1951 Pan American Games
20th-century Brazilian women

Piedade Coutinho


Melchior Hoffman (or Hofmann c. 1495c. 1543) was a German Anabaptist, radical lay preacher and reformer in northern Europe. He began his career as an outspoken proponent of Lutheranism but evolved his own theological voice influenced by late medieval mysticism, Joachimite apocalypticism, and the Anabaptist movement. He is credited with introducing Anabaptism to the Low Countries.

Life
Hoffman was born at Schwäbisch Hall in southwest Germany before 1500. His biographers usually give his surname as Hofmann; in his printed works it sometimes appears as Hoffman, and in his manuscripts as Hoffmann.

He was without scholarly training, and first appeared as a furrier in Livonia. Attracted by Luther's teachings, he came forward as a lay preacher, combining business travels with a religious mission. He worked as a lay preacher in the cities of Wolmar (from 1523), Dorpat and Reval. In Dorpat he became involved in an iconoclastic revolt, and the magistrates obliged him to go to Wittenberg to obtain Luther's approval of his preaching. After his return to Dorpat he was involved in more controversy and forced to leave the city.

After the same thing happened in Reval, he decided to go to Stockholm, Sweden, where he arrived in the autumn of 1526. Here too he was involved in religious disturbances and so left Sweden again.

After a short stay in Lübeck he made his way to Denmark, where he found favour with King Frederick I, and was appointed by royal ordinance to preach the Gospel at Kiel. He was probably the first printer in the city. He was extravagant in his denunciations, and developed a Zwinglian view of the Eucharist.

Luther himself was alarmed at this. At a colloquy of preachers in Flensburg on (April 8, 1529), Hoffman, John Campanus and others were put on their defence. Hoffman maintained (against the "magic" of the Lutheran interpretation) that the function of the Eucharist, like that of preaching, is nothing more than an appeal for spiritual union with Christ. Refusing to retract, he was banished.

Making his way to Strasbourg in June 1529, he was well received, until his Anabaptist tendencies became apparent. He joined with the Anabaptists of the city, and, according to Estep, was rebaptized in April 1530.

In May he travelled to East Frisia, where he established churches and baptized about 300 people. He was in relations with Kaspar Schwenkfeld and with Andreas Karlstadt, but assumed a prophetic role of his own. In 1532 he founded a community at Emden, securing a large following of artisans.

Because of the prophecy of an old man foretelling six months in prison for him, he returned in the spring of the following year to Strasbourg, where there is reference to his wife and child. He gained from his study of Apocalypse the belief that the Lord would return there in 1533 and received a vision of "resurrections" of apostolic Christianity, first under John Hus, and now under himself. The year 1533 was to inaugurate the new era; Strasbourg was to be the seat of the New Jerusalem.

When however he prophesied that the return of Christ would be preceded by a purging of the ungodly, Hoffman was seen as a revolutionary. Under examination, he denied that he had made common cause with the Anabaptists and claimed to be no prophet but a mere witness of the Most High, but nevertheless refused the articles of faith proposed to him by the provincial synod.

Hoffman's failed prophecy of the return of Christ contributed significantly to the Münster Rebellion (1533–1534), of which he is seen as one of the authors. Two of his followers, Jan van Matthijs and Jan van Leiden, proclaimed that Hoffman was wrong on the questions of the exact time and place, where Christ would return and reign, and named Münster as the correct location.

As a consequence of the terror inspired by the rebellion and its savage suppression, Hoffman, together with Claus Frey, another Anabaptist, was detained in prison. Although the synod made a further effort to reclaim him in 1539, he stayed there for the rest of his life, until his death in 1543.

Teachings and influence
Hoffman was important in at least one aspect of the development of the Mennonites. He adopted the views of Schwenkfeld concerning the incarnation of Jesus, and taught what has been called the "heavenly flesh of Christ". Menno Simons accepted this view, probably received from the peaceful Melchiorites Obbe and Dirk Philips, and it became the general belief of Dutch Anabaptists in the first century of their existence.

Hoffman wrote a commentary on the Book of Daniel in 1526. Two of his publications with similar titles from 1530"Weissagung aus heiliger gotlicher geschrift" (Prophecy from Holy and Divine Scripture) and "Prophecey oder Weissagung vsz warer heiliger gotlicher schrifft" (Prophecy from True, Holy and Divine Scripture)are noteworthy as having influenced Menno Simons and David Joris. Bock treats him as an antitrinitarian, on grounds which Robert Wallace deems inconclusive. Trechsel includes him among pioneers of some of the positions of Servetus.

His followers were known as Hoffmanites or Melchiorites.

Notes

References

Lundström, Kerstin: Polemik in den Schriften Melchior Hoffmans. Inszenierungen rhetorischer Streitkultur in der Reformationszeit. Stockholm 2015 (online at Stockholm University Press).
Snyder, Arnold C. Anabaptist History and Theology

External links
Melchior Hoffman in Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online

1490s births
1543 deaths
16th-century apocalypticists
Christian radicals
Cult leaders
German Anabaptists
German Protestant Reformers
People from Schwäbisch Hall
Prophets

Melchior Hoffman


Big Max is a type of squash that can grow to be more than 100 pounds. They can also be  in diameter if they are grown properly. They are commonly called pumpkins, but this is not entirely correct; Big Max are instead "squash-type pumpkins". They have a bright orange color, with fine-grained, yellow-orange flesh. The skin has deep lines in it and is slightly roughened, and can be up to  thick. This makes Big Max squash good for keeping. The flesh is good for being canned and frozen.

However, because they are so big, cooking with these squash is hard. They are said to not be as flavorful as smaller pumpkin varieties. The variety was hybridized, or created, for its large size. They have been grown as big as 300 pounds. Individual fruits are round to slightly flattened.

Growing
These squash are best planted between two and four weeks after the average last frost, and they  become ripe 110 to 120 days after being planted. The plants need lots of room to grow well, and to get them very big, only one fruit should be grown on one vine. They are harvested before the first light frost, when the plant's leaves die. Although recommendations are different, seeds are often planted at  deep, spaced  apart.

References

Cucurbitaceae

Big Max


Cooperative gameplay (often abbreviated as co-op) is something in video games that allows players to work together as teammates. This would be different from  other multiplayer modes, such as competitive multiplayer modes like player versus player or deathmatch. Playing at the same time allows players to help each another in many ways: giving weapons or items, healing, giving covering fire in a firefight, and doing cooperative things such as helping a teammate go past obstacles.

Co-op gameplay has been becoming more popular in video games in recent years. This is partly because controller and networking technology has become better.

References

Video games
Video game gameplay

Cooperative gameplay


Rebecca Lynn Howard (born April 24, 1979) is an American country music artist. She has charted seven singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts, and has released three studio albums. Her highest-charting single, "Forgive", peaked at No. 12 on the country music charts in 2002. She is a founding member of the country-rock group Loving Mary.

1979 births
Living people
American country musicians

Rebecca Lynn Howard


A chief of police (also known as police chief or chief) is the title typically given to the top official in a police department, particularly in North America.  Other titles for this position include Commissioner, Superintendent, and Chief Constable. A Chief of Police is usually a municipal employee of a city or town. In contrast, a U.S. Sheriff is generally elected by the voters of a county. Some states have both an appointed and an elected Chief of Police (Louisiana). The fraternal organization International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) is an organization often associated with many Chiefs of Police.

Duties

A police chief is the top executive officer in a police department. The job of a chief, no matter what the size of the police department, is to protect their community. A chief is responsible for the budget of a police department. He or she is also responsible for the conduct of all police officers in the department. In larger police departments, a chief can delegate some of his responsibilities to an assistant Chief (Deputy Chief, etc.).

United Kingdom
Chief police officer is a phrase used in the United Kingdom to describe the position of the most senior police officer in a police force. It refers to the 53 Chief Constables, the Commissioner of the City of London Police or the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police. They are members of the Association of Chief Police Officers. The phrase is used in legislation on the power to permit public processions, or grant firearms licenses. Many routine activities are delegated to constables.

No police officers in the UK are elected. There is a mixed system of control by local and central government, and local committees act in advice and supervision. Various organisations are permitted to hire and control their own security forces: the armed forces, the railways, certain branches of the security services, and a number of private organisations.

North America

Policing in Canada is usually the responsibility of the province. Usually police chiefs run the police departments. In eight of Canada's ten provinces the Royal Canadian Mounted Police act as regional police. They also act as the municipal police in the three territories and in many towns in British Columbia. In the province of Ontario, a Chief of Police must be a sworn police officer.

Chiefs of police in the United States have two unique opportunities for training for the position. The FBI offers executive police training at their academy. The University of Louisville has the Southern Police Institute. Police chiefs of larger cities often work for a police commissioner. In those cases the chief of police manages the day-to-day business of the police department. The chief may also work for a board of commissioners.

Other countries

In Ghana, Kenya and Nigeria, the chief of police is a Cabinet minister position. In many parts of the world Interpol has taken a role in organizing regional councils of police chiefs. They work in close cooperation with police chiefs to exchange methods and ideas. Many councils take these ideas directly to their governments which often put them into effect. Regional and sub-regional chiefs of police councils are set up in most parts of Asia, Africa and Europe. North and South American have functioning councils that work with Interpol. Central American councils are a work in progress.

References

Other websites
 International Association of Chiefs of Police

Law enforcement occupations

Chief of police


Thulamahashe is a township situated in Bushbuckridge, part of the Mpumalanga province, South Africa. It falls under the district Bohlabela, it has 3 sections, section A, Section B and Section C. Thulamahashe is surrounded by a number of villages, dominated by Tsonga(Shangaan) people, most have relocated from Mozambique and found refuge in this small township, which is now a home.

The Township derive it's name from a Prince Mhlanganyelwa Thulilwamahashe(a gallop of horses) now pronounced by locals as Thulamahashe. This name came as a result of him out running the horses of the colonial Portuguese army in Gaza Kingdom upon the arrest of his father King Nghunghunyana Mdungazwe Nxumalo in 1895. Seeing that his father and brothers were taken captives to Europe, the Nxumalo Royals Royal family upon regrouping appointed him to be the regent of the AmaShangaana Gaza Kingdom until his elder brother King Buyisonto(Bisonto) returned to take over the throne.

The Township is rated the best in Bushbuckridge. It boasts Schools, Clinics, Malls and Shopping Centers, Government Administration Offices, Stadiums, Roads, Water, Resorts and Entertainment areas.

It is also the largest economic contributor in the Bushbuckridge Municipality.

Ditšhupetšo

Thulamahashe


HIG1 hypoxia inducible domain family member 1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HIGD1B gene.

Function

This gene encodes a member of the hypoxia inducible gene 1 (HIG1) domain family. The encoded protein is localized to the cell membrane and has been linked to tumorigenesis and the progression of pituitary adenomas. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.

References

Further reading


Surinamese Americans () are Americans of Surinamese descent. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 2,833 people reported Surinamese ancestry.

History
The Surinamese immigrant Jan Ernst Matzeliger worked in Lynn, Massachusetts, developing and patenting an automated lasting machine in 1883 that was essential for the mechanization of shoemaking, immediately improving quality, halving prices, and ending the previously necessary putting-out system.

A substantial Surinamese community in United States has existed since at least 1975. For much of the 20th century, many Surinamese immigrants moved to the U.S. via a permanent residency visa, which enabled them to acquire U.S. citizenship. However, it became easier to immigrate to the U.S. because of the open door policy the U.S. had for many refugees. Some Surinamese were political refugees that fled the Bouterse regime.

Surinamese have immigrated to the U.S. due to both push and pull factors. Although many migrate to the U.S. to escape poverty, many have migrated for work, study, and tourism. Thus, many Surinamese who traveled to the U.S. with tourist purposes to study at their universities, definitely settled there. Most Surinamese that settled in U.S. cities were lower and middle-class individuals who arrived from the late 1980s to the early 1990s. Also, Surinamese families already being in some U.S. cities boosted further emigration from Suriname.

Demography
Most of  Surinamense organizations estimate that about 10,000 to 15,000 Surinamese live in the United States. Most Surinamese Americans reside in South Florida and New York City. Other places with relatively large Surinamese communities include but are not limited to Washington; Atlanta, Georgia; California (primarily San Francisco); and other cities in Florida. Most Surinamese settle in places similar to their land, from residential architectural style to flora and fauna to tropical climate. For that reason, the highest concentrations of Surinamese are in Florida (Miami, Orlando, Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Sarasota and Tampa.) Most Surinamese in the U.S. are of Chinese, East Indian, Creole, and mixed descent. Trace amounts of other Suriname ethnicities are also represented in the U.S. Some Surinamese in the U.S. are also white (especially those of Dutch descent) and some are of Javanese, Amerindian, and/or Maroon descent. The racial variety in the Surinamese community is displayed especially in New York City. The Surinamese community experiences disunity and mistrust among other issues. The Surinamese community of New York is more tightly knit than that of Florida.

Organizations
Most organizations try to maintain the identity of Surinamese cultures, particularly Indian, Creole, and Javanese, organizing many activities and events throughout the year. Florida contains all these organizations, and all but one operate in Miami -- the Surinamese Moravian Fellowship of Miami, Surjawa, the Organization of Surinamese people in Miami (OSIM), the Surinamese American Network Incorporation (SANI), the Surinam Heritage Foundation, Heri Heri, and Fayalobi (the only one in Tampa.)

The Surinamese Moravian Church in Miami tries to promote social unity through Christian faith and organization of  events.

Notable people
Sergiño Dest, soccer player
Otto Huiswoud, political activist
Ryan Leslie, singer
Robert Van Lierop, lawyer, film director, diplomat, activist and writer
Maurice Ligeon, soccer player
Jacques Judah Lyons, rabbi
Vinoodh Matadin, fashion photographer
Jan Ernst Matzeliger, inventor
Felipe Enrique Neri, Baron de Bastrop, businessman and land owner
Yosh Nijman, American football player
Jimmy Smits, actor
DJ Sun, musician
Corliss Waitman

References

External links
 Fayalobi - official page
 Suriname Moravian Fellowship, Corp.

Caribbean American
Surinamese diaspora

Surinamese Americans


Teri Hatcher (born December 8, 1964) is an American actress and singer best known for her portrayals of Lois Lane on the television series Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (1993–1997), Paris Carver in the James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies (1997), Mel Jones and the Beldam in Coraline (film), and Susan Mayer on the television series Desperate Housewives (2004–2012), for which she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy and three Screen Actors Guild Awards (one as lead female actor, two as part of Best Ensemble), and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series.

Early life
Hatcher was born on December 8, 1964, in Palo Alto, California, the only child of Esther (née Beshur), a computer programmer who worked for Lockheed Martin, and Owen Walker Hatcher, Jr., a nuclear physicist and electrical engineer. Her father is of Welsh and Choctaw Indian descent, while her mother is of French, German and Syrian ancestry.

Hatcher took ballet lessons at the San Juan School of Dance in Los Altos and grew up in Sunnyvale, California. At De Anza College she studied mathematics and engineering.

In March 2006, she alleged that she was sexually abused from the age of five by Richard Hayes Stone, an uncle by marriage who was later divorced by Hatcher's aunt. She said her parents were unaware of the abuse. In 2002, she assisted Santa Clara County prosecutors with their indictment of Stone for a more recent sexual offense that led his female victim to commit suicide at 14. Stone pleaded guilty to four counts of child sexual abuse and was sentenced to 14 years in prison. Hatcher said she told the prosecutors about her own abuse because she was haunted by thoughts of the 14-year-old girl who shot herself, and feared Stone might escape conviction. Stone died of colon cancer on August 19, 2008, after serving six years of his sentence.

Career

1984–1992: Early work
Hatcher studied acting at the American Conservatory Theater. One of her early jobs (in 1984) was as an NFL cheerleader with the San Francisco 49ers. From September 1985 to May 1986 she joined the cast of the TV series The Love Boat as Amy, one of the Mermaid showgirls. It mainly involved dancing and singing as part of the Mermaids show routine, but she had short comedic lines in some episodes, and in one episode was part of one of three storylines opposite a male guest star. From 1986 to 1989, she appeared in six episodes of the TV series MacGyver as talkative but naive Penny Parker opposite Richard Dean Anderson's eponymous hero.

In 1987, she played the sensible, intelligent 18-year-old daughter of Patty Duke's lead character in the short-lived Fox comedy Karen's Song, and had a guest-star role in an episode of Night Court. In 1988, she made a short guest appearance in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode The Outrageous Okona as Lt. Robinson. In 1989, she guest-starred in an episode of Quantum Leap, "Star Crossed", as the main character's mathematician/scientist future wife; and guest-starred as a nude beauty pageant winner in an episode of L.A. Law. That year she also made her motion picture debut with a minor role as a young opportunistic actress in The Big Picture, starring Kevin Bacon. She then played Sylvester Stallone's younger sister, a dancer, in the big-budget police action-comedy Tango and Cash, also starring Kurt Russell; it was a critical and box office disappointment.

After a short guest appearance in an episode of Murphy Brown in 1990, Hatcher's next TV series role, in 1991, was in the Norman Lear creation Sunday Dinner, a comedy. She co-starred as 30-year-old lawyer in a mostly physical relationship with a widowed businessman twice her age, played by Robert Loggia. The series had a brief run on CBS that summer but was not renewed.  She also acted in the television crime movie Dead in the Water (1991) in which she plays Bryan Brown's lawyer's young, attractive temptress secretary, and in the low-budget erotic thriller The Cool Surface (not released until 1994), wherein she plays a young actress who has an ill-fated romance with an enigmatic, unsettled screenwriter. In late 1991 Hatcher was featured as Michael Bolton's love interest in the music video for Bolton's hit song "Missing You Now".  In 1992, Hatcher tried out for the role of Jamie Buchman on Mad About You and made it to the final two choices, but lost the part to Helen Hunt.

1993–1997: Breakthrough
Hatcher made a much-discussed guest appearance on a 1993 episode of Seinfeld, in which her character, Sidra, breaks up with Jerry because she believes Jerry sent his friend Elaine into a sauna to find out if Sidra's breasts are natural or enhanced by surgery. The episode concludes with Sidra saying to Jerry, "By the way, they're real, and they're spectacular" as she leaves his apartment. Hatcher returned to play Sidra in brief scenes in two subsequent episodes: "The Pilot", the fourth season finale, and "The Finale (Part 2)", the series finale.

Hatcher landed a starring role in the ABC television series Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman as the Daily Planet reporter Lois Lane (opposite Dean Cain as Superman/Clark Kent) from 1993 to 1997. At the height of the show's popularity in 1995, a picture of Hatcher wrapped in a Superman cape was reportedly the most downloaded image on the Internet for several months. "It's a great shot," she said. "Not so much because it's me. It's just cool looking." Hatcher also co-wrote an episode for season three called "It's A Small World After All" about a former classmate who shrinks and kidnaps her classmate's spouses and traps them in a dollhouse.

Hatcher hosted NBC's Saturday Night Live in 1996. Hatcher won the role of Paris Carver (beating Monica Bellucci) in the 1997 James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies. Hatcher was three months pregnant at the filming's start, by her husband, Jon Tenney. A publicist said the pregnancy did not affect the production schedule.
She was voted the world's sexiest woman by readers of popular men's magazine FHM in spring 1997 after having been number four in 1996 and was number 15 in 1998; she also made the list's top 100 in 1999 and 2000. Celebrity Sleuth ranked her as its Sexiest Woman for 1997, the only year it ranked her in its Top 25 list. The Australian version of FHM began a 100 Sexiest Women list in 1998 and Hatcher placed 25th on the list, but she did not make the next list published in 2000.

Hatcher also appeared in films such as Spy Kids (2001), and played a villain in two crime dramas, the ensemble 2 Days in the Valley (1996), a moderate box office success, and Heaven's Prisoners (1996), co-starring Alec Baldwin, which failed at the box office.

Hatcher appeared in a series of RadioShack television commercials alongside National Football League player Howie Long.

2004–2012: Commercial success with Desperate Housewives

She beat four other actresses for one of the lead roles on ABC's Desperate Housewives, in which she starred as Susan Mayer, a role for which she won the Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy Golden Globe Award in January 2005. Later that year, Hatcher won the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) award in the same category. In July 2005, she was nominated for an Emmy award as Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, along with co-stars Marcia Cross and Felicity Huffman.

Hatcher again made FHM's world's sexiest woman list in 2005 and 2006, placing at 63 and 81 those years, respectively. The US version of FHM ranked her in its US's 100 Sexiest Woman list five times between its inaugural edition in 2000 and 2007, with peaks of number 7 in 2005 and number 10 in 2006. and she was on the cover of the magazine's February 2005 edition.  Hatcher also re-entered the FHM Australia's Top 100 Sexiest Women list in 2005 and 2006 ranking 19 and 50 those years. She made similar lists in the German and Portuguese versions of FHM those years. Maxim Magazine placed her in its Top 100 listing of Sexiest Women of 2006 (a listing they began in 1999) at number 73.

As of April 2006, Hatcher was one of the highest paid television actresses in the United States, reportedly earning $285,000 per episode of Desperate Housewives. That year she was one of the three nominees for Favorite Television Performer for the People's Choice Awards and was again nominated for a Golden Globe as Lead Actress in a television comedy program.  In May 2006, she released her first book, Burnt Toast: And Other Philosophies of Life.
Hatcher performed The Beatles song "Good Night" on the 2006 charity album Unexpected Dreams – Songs From the Stars.
On April 9, 2008, Hatcher appeared on Idol Gives Back, singing Carrie Underwood's "Before He Cheats". She voiced the Other Mother, a mysterious, button-eyed figure, as well as Coraline's mother Mel Jones, who constantly shows Coraline "tough love," both in the 2009 film Coraline, which received critical acclaim.

In 2010, Hatcher made a return to the Superman franchise, with a special guest role in the final season of Smallville as Ella Lane, the mother of Erica Durance's Lois Lane. The episode continued a tradition of former Lois Lane actresses portraying the character's mother many years later. Noel Neill appeared as Lois' mother in the 1978 film Superman: The Movie, and Phyllis Coates made a similar appearance on Lois & Clark.

A report in November 2010 suggested that Hatcher, along with co-star Felicity Huffman, would be quitting Desperate Housewives, but ABC denied the claim. Hatcher later addressed the rumors of her departure from Desperate Housewives, saying that "[t]here are not enough adjectives to describe how stupid, off base, and ridiculously untrue this is". However, after the show concluded in 2012, media sources revealed an apparent rift with her co-stars. It has been widely speculated that the cast did not get along well with Hatcher. Eva Longoria, Felicity Huffman, Marcia Cross, and Vanessa Williams gave thank-you gifts to the crew from the show which included a message with their names inscribed at the end, and Hatcher's name was distinctly absent. TV Guide source, William Keck, revealed that "something went down" between Hatcher and the cast that caused a rift, and also observed how Hatcher would physically distance herself from the others during breaks in filming. On her end, Hatcher said to TV Guide that "I will never disclose the true and complicated journey of us all, but I wish everyone on the show well."

In 2011, Men's Health magazine named Hatcher #38 on their "Hottest Women of All Time" list.

2013–present: Post-Desperate Housewives work
Hatcher voiced Dottie in the films Planes (2013) and Planes: Fire & Rescue (2014). In 2016, Hatcher had a recurring role as Charlotte, a successful single mother who becomes Oscar's (Matthew Perry) love interest in the second season of the comedy series  The Odd Couple. In 2017, Hatcher appeared as Queen Rhea of Daxam in a recurring role on The CW series Supergirl.

In 2018, Hatcher debuted a YouTube channel called Hatching Change. After 132 segments, it ceased updating in 2022.   Hatcher, an enthusiastic baker who took cooking lessons, won the Food Network Holiday Celebrity episode episode of Chopped. She also won The Great British Bake Off  Stand Up to Cancer episode in 2018.

Personal life

Hatcher married Marcus Leithold, of Butler, Pennsylvania, on June 4, 1988; they divorced the following year. On May 27, 1994, she married actor Jon Tenney; they had a daughter, Emerson, born in 1997. They divorced in March 2003.

In 2007, Hatcher began writing a column for Glamour magazine.

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

Honors
 1996: Honored as the Female Discovery of the Year by the Golden Apple Awards.
 2011: Nominated — Favorite Online Sensation by the People's Choice Awards.

Accolades

References

External links

1964 births
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American writers
Actresses from Palo Alto, California
American cheerleaders
American film actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
American YouTubers
Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (television) winners
De Anza College alumni
Living people
National Football League cheerleaders
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Writers from Palo Alto, California
Writers from Sunnyvale, California
American Conservatory Theater alumni

Teri Hatcher


I Love You, California (1913) er den offisielle delstatssangen for California. Teksten er skrevet av Francis Beatty Silverwood (1863-1924) fra Los Angeles, og melodien av Abraham Franklin Frankenstein (1873-1934), dirigent for Orpheum Theatre Orchestra. Sangen ble først fremført i 1913, og det var den offisielle sangen ved Verdensutstillingen i San Francisco i 1915.

Teksten

«I Love You, California»

I.
I love you, California, you're the greatest state of all.
I love you in the winter, summer, spring and in the fall.
I love your fertile valleys; your dear mountains I adore.
I love your grand old ocean and I love her rugged shore.

Refereng
When the snow crowned Golden Sierras
Keep their watch o'er the valleys bloom,
It is there I would be in our land by the sea,
Every breeze bearing rich perfume.
It is here nature gives of her rarest. It is Home Sweet Home to me,
And I know when I die I shall breathe my last sigh
For my sunny California.

II.
I love your red-wood forests - love your fields of yellow grain.
I love your summer breezes and I love your winter rain.
I love you, land of flowers; land of honey, fruit and wine.
I love you, California; you have won this heart of mine.

III.
I love your old gray Missions - love your vineyards stretching far.
I love you, California, with your Golden Gate ajar.
I love your purple sun-sets, love your skies of azure blue.
I love you, California; I just can't help loving you.

IV.
I love you, Santa Catalina Island,  you are very dear to me.
I love you, Mount Tamalpais, and I love Yosemite.
I love you, Land of Sunshine, half your beauties are untold.
I loved you in my childhood, and I'll love you when I'm old.

Referanser

Eksterne lenker
Innspilling fra 1913 av Elsie Baker
Noter
 Sangen med tekst; YouTube

Nasjonalsanger
Kultur i California

I Love You, California


Woodbine is an unincorporated rural community in Howard and Carroll counties, Maryland, United States. It is part of the Baltimorean metropolitan area. It is located southeast of Frederick, west of Baltimore, north of Washington, D.C., and east of Mount Airy. The community was named for the woodbine plant, which grew in the community in fields and along riverbanks.

Background
Woodbine is located at the juncture of the Patapsco River, the B&O Railroad, and the road that runs north from Lisbon to Winfield on Liberty Road (Maryland Route 26) and through to Westminster, Maryland. The original road from Baltimore to Frederick runs just north of Lisbon, following a slight ridge line westward half way to Woodbine (the road was finally paved in the 1960s). This was the original trail that existed before the National Road was built (the road that runs through Lisbon).

History
During the Civil War, Confederate cavalry crossed the Patapsco River at Woodbine and at Hoods Mill, just a few miles east on the river and the B&O Railroad, scouting a U.S. army that was on its way to the Battle of Gettysburg. The main road at that time ran just west of the existing road and up the west side of a creek that runs south and that joins with the Patapsco River just 50 yards west of the existing road. That original road, now partly unused, runs north 100 yards from the river and then Eastward (Gum Road) to join up with the existing road today. There was no bridge across the Patapsco River at that time, just a ford in the river.

The town straddles the Patapsco River to the north (into Carroll County) and south (into Howard County). A new concrete bridge was constructed between 1916 and 1917. In the 1920s and 1930s the town had a large canning factory on the Carroll County side of the river. There was another small canning factory, from the turn of the century, run by water power west of Woodbine at the foot of New Port Hill. Remains of the factory still exist, and the sluice where water (from Gillis Falls Run) came to run the machinery is still visible in the wooded area below New Port Hill leading north to the dam, no longer existing.

Just north, 300 yards up the hill and west of the existing road (SR 94) on John Pickett Road, was a wormseed distillery, where wormseed oil was steam-distilled. This small factory was later converted into the Woodbine Canning Factory, canning tomatoes, corn, and peas. The factory burned in June 1933 and was converted to a paper mill in the 1950s.

Notable people
 Larry E. Haines, Maryland state senator
 Alex Horwath, soccer player
 Albin Owings Kuhn, first chancellor and chief planner of the UMBC campus
 Albert Levitt, jurist
 Kyle Snyder, Olympic gold medalist freestyle wrestler, three-time NCAA wrestling champion at Ohio State
 Tony Massenburg
 Alyssa Parker, field hockey player
 David H. Berger, General, USMC, 38th Commandant of the United States Marine Corps, (11 Jul 2019 - 10 Jul 2023)

See also

Cherry Grove, HO-1
Gary, Maryland
Oakdale Manor
Sunnyside (Woodbine, Maryland)

References

External links

 http://www.hometownlocator.com/City/Woodbine-Maryland.cfm
 http://www.google.com/maps?q=Woodbine,+MD,+USA&sa=X&oi=map&ct=title

Unincorporated communities in Howard County, Maryland
Unincorporated communities in Carroll County, Maryland
Unincorporated communities in Maryland

Woodbine, Maryland


The Diocese of the South is a diocese of the Orthodox Church in America (OCA).  Its territory includes parishes, monasteries, and missions located in fourteen states in the Southern and Southwestern United States – Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.

The diocesan chancery is located in Dallas, Texas. The Diocese's episcopal seat is Saint Seraphim Cathedral (Dallas, Texas) with Christ the Saviour Cathedral (Miami Lakes, Florida) as a co-cathedral.

Archbishop Dmitri Royster was the first and only ruling bishop of the Diocese of the South from 1978 until his retirement on March 31, 2009.  Archbishop Nikon of Boston, New England, and the Albanian Archdiocese initially served as locum tenens. As of March 21, 2015, Metropolitan Tikhon Archbishop of Washington, Metropolitan of All American and Canada served as locum tenens with Bishop Gerasim (Eliel) of Ft. Worth as the Diocesan Administrator. As of March 29, 2016, Bishop Alexander (Golitzin) current ruling bishop of the Bulgarian Diocese, has been elected by the Holy Synod to be the ruling bishop of the Diocese of the South, in addition to his current diocese.

Deaneries

The diocese is grouped geographically into six deaneries, each consisting of a number of parishes.  Each deanery is headed by a parish priest, known as a dean.  The deans coordinate activities in their area's parishes, and report to the diocesan bishop.  The current deaneries of the Diocese of the South and their territories are:

 Appalachian Deanery – Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia
 Carolina Deanery – North Carolina and South Carolina
 Central Florida Deanery – Florida
 Southcentral Deanery – Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas
 Southeastern Deanery – Alabama and Georgia,
 South Florida Deanery – Florida

External links
 Official site

References

Religious organizations established in the 1970s
South
Eastern Orthodoxy in the United States
Eastern Orthodoxy in Alabama
Eastern Orthodoxy in Arkansas
Eastern Orthodoxy in Florida
Christianity in Georgia (U.S. state)
Christianity in Kentucky
Christianity in Louisiana
Christianity in Mississippi
Christianity in New Mexico
Christianity in North Carolina
Christianity in Oklahoma
Christianity in South Carolina
Christianity in Tennessee
Eastern Orthodoxy in Texas
Christianity in Virginia
Religion in the Southern United States

Orthodox Church in America Diocese of the South


Süleyman Sabri Yirmibeşoğlu (1 September 1928 – 2 January 2016) was a Turkish general. He was Secretary-General of the National Security Council from 1988 to 1990.

Career
Yirmibeşoğlu was first Chief of Staff, then Chief of the Turkish Armed Forces' Special Warfare Department (Özel Harp Dairesi) between 1974 and 1976 and commanded the special forces activities in Northern Cyprus in the eve and initial stages of the Turkish Operations in July and August 1974. In 2010 Yirmibeşoğlu reported to the television news channel Habertürk TV that Turkey burned a mosque during the Cyprus conflict in order to foster civil resistance against Greeks on the disputed island, and that their rules of war included "false flag" acts, engaging in acts of sabotage made to look as if they were carried out by the enemy.

During the 1970s, General Sabri Yirmibeşoğlu held various posts as; Chief of Intelligence, AFSOUTH-NATO, Naples, Italy, 1976–1978; Commander, 9th Division, 1978–1980, Sarıkamış; Chief of Logistics, Army Command, 1980–1982, Ankara; Deputy Secretary, Ministry of Defense, 1982, Ankara; 4th Corps and Martial Law Commander, 1983, Ankara.

As Martial Law Commander, the Mamak Military Detention and Penitentiary was also under his command. Upon his retirement in 1990, by Özal, a renowned Turkish journalist, Yavuz Donat, wrote the following, in his column "Vitrin":

"In the aftermath of September 12th (the military intervention of September 12th, 1980,) Sabri Pasha was the Martial Law Commander in Ankara. He used to tell me, 'People detained in Mamak are humans. I have to provide them with decent and humanely living conditions.' He was respectful to both the detainees and their families... He is now retired. Goodbye Sabri Pasha. We will not forget you."

His next post was, Chief of Operations, Turkish General Staff, 1984–1986, Ankara; followed by his promotion and appointment as Commander, 3rd Army, 1986–1988, Erzincan. General Sabri Yirmibeşoğlu's next and final post was General Secretary, National Security Council, 1988–1990, Ankara. Then he was forced into early-retirement by Turgut Özal.

In one of his latest and recently rarer interviews, by columnist Donat, in his column "Vitrin" he is asked, "Pasha, could this unit have acted illegally and made assassination plans against state officials..?" General Sabri Yirmibeşoğlu replies,

"Impossible... These allegations can't be true... This is execution without trial... This unit reports to the Deputy Chief of Staff. He in return reports directly to the Chief of Staff. If this unit has committed any crimes, have we all overlooked them? If we have, let's all be held accountable"

There are some claims that he may be linked to a 1988 assassination attempt against Turgut Özal.

General Sabri Yirmibeşoğlu wrote an autobiography.

Istanbul Pogrom

Yirmibeşoğlu proudly reminisced about his involvement in the Istanbul Pogrom, calling it "a magnificent organization".

References

1928 births
People from Foça
Turkish Army generals
2016 deaths
Turkish Military Academy alumni
Special Warfare Department personnel
Secretaries General of the National Security Council (Turkey)
Istanbul pogrom

Sabri Yirmibeşoğlu


The Humboldt Volunteers, or Humboldt Dragoons, were a militia company formed by residents of the Eel River Valley, at Hydesville, Humboldt County, California in early February 1860. Seman Wright was elected captain, and E. D. Holland was elected First Lieutenant of this unit. This company had several clashes with bands of Indians in the Eel River Valley during February 1860. They were said to have perpetrated the Indian Island Massacre on the night of February 26, 1860 and others at other sites around the Bay and on the Eel River. News of these massacres brought a storm of criticism that compelled the Humboldt Volunteers to disband in the latter part of 1860.

See also
List of California State Militia civil war units

References

Further reading
Rohde, Jerry,  Genocide and Extortion: 150 years later, the hidden motive behind the Indian Island Massacre, North Coast Journal, 25 February 2010, accessed 11 January 2013.

Military history of California
Native American history of California
Bald Hills War
Ethnic cleansing in the United States
1860 in California
Militias
History of Humboldt County, California
Wars between the United States and Native Americans
Military units and formations established in 1860
1860 establishments in California

Humboldt Volunteers


Portrait of a Man (c. 1460–1470) is a painting attributed to the Italian   Renaissance artist Andrea Mantegna. It is housed in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States.

History
The work is generally dated to the same years of the Camera degli Sposi, or anyway from the 1460s-1470s, due to the similarities of the subject with one of the characters portrayed there.

The panel is documented for the first time in 1906, in a private collection at Gaál, Hungary. Later it was part of collections in Budapest, Paris and then New York City. In 1950 it was acquired by the Samuel H. Kress, becoming part of the National Collection.

It has been attributed also to Giovanni Bellini or to an unknown pupil of Mantegna.

Sources

External links
Page at museum's official website

Paintings by Andrea Mantegna
1460s paintings
Collections of the National Gallery of Art
Man, Mantegna

Portrait of a Man (Mantegna)


Strasbourg Cathedral or the Cathedral of Our Lady of Strasbourg (, or Cathédrale de Strasbourg,   or Straßburger Münster), also known as Strasbourg Minster, is a cathedral. The cathedral was built in Gothic style. The belltower is 142 m high. It was the highest building in the world from 1647 to 1874. It is currently the second-highest cathedral in France, after Rouen Cathedral, which is 9m higher, at 151m. In 1880, Cologne Cathedral was finished (157m), and later Ulm minster (at 161m), the highest Cathedral in the World.

Considerable parts of it are still in Romanesque architecture. Nevertheless, it is widely considered to be among the finest examples of high, or late, Gothic architecture. Erwin von Steinbach is credited for major contributions from 1277 to his death in 1318.

Victor Hugo described it as a "gigantic and delicate marvel". The cathedral is visible far across the plains of Alsace and can be seen from as far off as the Vosges mountains or the Black Forest on the other side of the Rhine.

An Al-Qaeda plot to bomb the adjacent Christmas market was prevented in 2000 by French and German police.

References

Roman Catholic cathedrals
Cathedrals in France
Buildings and structures in Strasbourg
15th-century buildings and structures

Strasbourg Cathedral


Anotogaster sieboldii, as known as golden-ringed dragonfly, jumbo dragonfly, Siebold's dragonfly or  in Japanese, 無霸勾蜓 in Chinese and 장수잠자리("jang-su-jamjari", means 'General Dragonfly') in Korean is the largest species of dragonfly native to Eastern Asia, especially Japan, Taiwan, China, Korean Peninsula. It can grow between 95 and 100 mm in length.

Life cycle
 Eggs hatch within a month of being laid. Nymphs can live for three to five years, moulting as many as ten times and growing as large as five centimeters in length. Like adult dragonfly, nymphs are obviously predatory insects. Once nymphs' size bigger and bigger, they hunt tadpoles, aquatic insects and small fish. The adult dragonfly mate and lay eggs within one to two months of metamorphosis. After mating, females head toward small creeks or ponds, not fast-moving rivers or lakes, to lay eggs. They will sometimes fly perpendicularly to the water, laying their eggs in mud or sand under the surface.

Notes

References

Cordulegastridae
Insects described in 1854

Anotogaster sieboldii


A Goldendoodle is a type of dog that is mixed breed from a poodle and a golden retriever.

Appearance
A Golden doodle is a mixed breed between a poodle and a golden retriever, so the appearances may vary. An average Golden doodle is 23 to 29 inches in height. Golden doodles come out with long muzzles, and dark, oval shaped eyes which mostly come out brown, but can rarely be blue or green. Golden doodles have a curly coat. The coat can be golden, cream, white, or even red! A Golden doodle's coat often lightens with age.

Care and Maintenance
Golden doodles are a high-maintenance breed. They will need to be professionally groomed every 8 to 12 weeks. A Golden doodle needs at least 15 to 30 minutes of exercise three times a day. When a puppy, they tend to want to play interactive games like fetch, but as they grow older, they enjoy a gentle stroll. Haircuts are necessary for Golden doodles every six weeks. This will keep the fur from tangles or matting. Make sure to take your Golden doodle out every 45-60 minutes.

Feeding
Golden doodle puppies need to be fed 4 small meals a day. When your puppy grows up to 6 months old, you can feed the golden doodle larger meals twice a day.

Training
Golden doodles are an energetic breed, so training will be much harder. To sit: Hold a treat up in the air over the Golden's head until it sits. Reward the dog with the treat. To lay down: While the dog is sitting, hold a treat in your hand and wave your free hand up and down while beckoning the dog to lay down. Reward the Golden with the treat when it lays down.

Finances
Golden doodles usually cost around $500 to $4000 depending on where you pick up the pup. Basic dry kibble costs $100-$250 per year. Premium dog kibble will cost around $200-$400 per year. For maintenance, smaller golden doodles cost less than bigger golden doodles. For grooming, you will pay around $50 to $80 every 8 weeks.

Breed
Golden doodles live around 10-15 years. This life span is inherited from the poodle and golden retriever parents. Many Golden doodles die from a heart disease called sub valvular aortic stenosis, which can be avoided by working out your dog with cardiac exercises. Golden doodles were first bred in the United States. Golden doodles were at first meant to be guide dogs, but they gained popularity and became pets.

References

Dog breeds

Goldendoodle


Argo was part of a project to make the Internet accessible to scholars in the Humanities at the University of Groningen. The Argo web browser was created in August 1994 by Bert Bos.

There is presently no publicly available built version, although the source code is still available.

History
The Argo browser was able to handle its own style sheet language called Stream-based Style Sheet Proposal (SSP) rendered mostly by Xlib/Xrm. SSP was general enough to be able to be applied to other markup languages in addition to HTML. In the development process of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) Bos was one of the first people who decided to join Håkon Wium Lie. Although this early adoption SSP had other advanced features that could not be integrated in CSS1 and had to wait for CSS2. Arena and Argo were presented as a testbed at the World Wide Web Conference 3 on 10–14 April 1995 in Darmstadt

Functionality
Argo based on the W3A, an API for WWW browser applets. The browser featured plug-in modules, or "applets", which allowed for the addition of new functionality without recompilation. Examples of such functionality provided by the applets includes adding support for the following:

 Bookmarks/history
 Cache/proxy support
 Data formats (e.g. ASCII, GIF, HTML, JPEG, XBM, XPM)
 Email clients (e.g. Mutt, Pine)
 Protocols: FTP, gopher, HTTP, NNTP, WAIS, local files
 Graphical navigation

The browser's kernel depended on the modules to provide such functionality.

Technical
The browser was run on HP-UX and used dynamic loading to support its applets.

See also
Cascading Style Sheets

References

External links
The Argo source code

1994 software
Discontinued web browsers
Gopher clients
Usenet clients

Argo (web browser)


Springvale is a village and former census-designated place in the city of Sanford in York County, Maine, United States. The population was 3,292 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine metropolitan statistical area. The CDP was abolished when the town of Sanford reincorporated as a city.

Geography
Springvale is located at  (43.464053, -70.795608).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which  is land and , or 3.69%, is water. Springvale is drained by the Mousam River.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters.  According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Springvale has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 3,292 people, 1,402 households, and 828 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 1,552 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.6% White, 0.4% African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.7% Asian, 0.4% some other race, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population.

There were 1,402 households, out of which 28.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.0% were headed by married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.9% were non-families. 32.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.7% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33, and the average family size was 2.94.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 22.5% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 28.1% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.1 males.

For the period 2007–11, the estimated median annual income for a household in the CDP was $37,946, and the median income for a family was $49,554. Male full-time workers had a median income of $54,464 versus $27,273 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $19,965. About 9.3% of families and 14.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.0% of those under age 18 and 5.3% of those age 65 or over.

Points of interest
 Harvey Butler Memorial Rhododendron Sanctuary
 Southern Maine Veterans Cemetery

References

External links
 City of Sanford, Maine
 Springvale Public Library
 Sanford-Springvale Historical Society & Museum
 Southern Maine Sno-Goers Snowmobile Club

Former census-designated places in Maine
Portland metropolitan area, Maine
Sanford, Maine

Springvale, Maine


was a town located in Kagoshima District, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 11,729 and the density of 214.07 persons per km². The total area was 54.79 km².

On November 1, 2004 Yoshida, along with the towns of Kōriyama and Matsumoto (both from Hioki District), the town of Kiire (from Ibusuki District), and the town of Sakurajima (also from Kagoshima District), was merged into the expanded city of Kagoshima and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

External links
 Official website of the city of Kagoshima

Dissolved municipalities of Kagoshima Prefecture

ja:吉田町 (新潟県)

Yoshida, Kagoshima


Johann Sebastian Bach's chorale cantata cycle is the year-cycle of church cantatas he started composing in Leipzig from the first Sunday after Trinity in 1724. It followed the cantata cycle he had composed from his appointment as Thomaskantor after Trinity in 1723.

Bach's second cantata cycle is commonly used as a synonym for his chorale cantata cycle, but strictly speaking both cycles overlap only for 40 cantatas. Two further chorale cantatas may belong to both cycles: the final version of , and the earliest version of ; it is, however, uncertain whether these versions were first presented in Bach's second year in Leipzig. Bach composed a further 13 cantatas in his second year at Leipzig, none of them chorale cantatas, although two of them became associated with the chorale cantata cycle. After his second year in Leipzig, he composed at least eight further cantatas for inclusion in his chorale cantata cycle.

Around the start of the Bach Revival in the 19th century, almost no manuscripts of Bach's music remained in St. Thomas in Leipzig, apart from an incomplete chorale cantata cycle. In Leipzig the chorale cantatas were, after the motets, the second most often performed compositions of Bach between the composer's death and the Bach Revival. Philipp Spitta, in his 19th-century biography of the composer, praised the chorale cantatas, but failed to see them as a cycle tied to 1724–25. It took about a century after Spitta before Bach's cantata cycles were analysed in scholarly literature, but then Bach's ambitious project to write a chorale cantata for each occasion of the liturgical year was characterized as "the largest musical project that the composer ever undertook".

Development of the second cantata cycle and the chorale cantata cycle
Possibly the idea for writing a series of chorale cantatas was inspired by the bicentennial anniversary of the first publications of Lutheran hymnals (1524). The first of these early hymnals is the Achtliederbuch, containing eight hymns and five melodies. Four chorale cantatas use text and/or melody of a hymn in that early publication (BWV 2, 9, 38 and 117). Another 1524 hymnal is the Erfurt Enchiridion: BWV 62, 91, 96, 114, 121 and 178 are based on hymns from that publication. BWV 14, and 125 were based on hymns from Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn, also published in 1524.

Apart from some cantatas composed after Palm Sunday 1725, the chorale cantata cycle and the second cantata cycle overlap, and the two designations are often used interchangeably in scholarly literature. Otherwise the cycle is described as breaking off after Palm Sunday or Easter 1725. There are some cantatas that belong to one of both cycles, but not to the other, for instance the chorale cantata for Trinity 1727 replaces the Trinity cantata of the second cycle composed in 1725. Also, some cantatas traditionally seen as belonging to the chorale cantata cycle are not chorale cantatas in a strict sense, for instance the cantata for the Sunday between New Year and Epiphany added to the chorale cantata cycle in 1727. Neither the second cantata cycle, nor the chorale cantata cycle are complete annual cycles as extant. Even a merging of both cycles into one, with some occasions having two cantatas, which hardly can be seen as an intention of the composer, would still be missing a few cantatas (e.g. for Easter 3 and Trinity XXVI).

Chorale cantatas composed as part of the second annual cycle (Trinity I 1724 to Palm Sunday 1725)
All extant church cantatas Bach composed for occasions from 11 June 1724 (Trinity I) to 25March 1725 (Palm Sunday) are chorale cantatas. As such these cantatas have consecutive "K" numbers in the chronological Zwang catalogue for Bach's cantatas published in 1982. In the Zwang catalogue the cantata for Reformation Day Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott, BWV 80, is inserted between the cantatas for Trinity XXI and XII, as a cantata premiered in 1724. More recently, this cantata is, however, no longer considered to have been composed in 1724.

Bach's last newly composed chorale cantata in his second year in Leipzig was , for the feast of the Annunciation on 25March, which fell on Palm Sunday in 1725. Of the chorale cantatas composed up to Palm Sunday 1725 only K77, 84, 89, 95, 96 and 109 (BWV135, 113, 130, 80, 115 and 111) were not included in the chorale cantata cycle that was still extant in Leipzig in 1830.

Sundays after Trinity
In 1724 the period of the Sundays after Trinity included St. John's Day (24June), Visitation (2July, that year coinciding with Trinity IV), St. Michael's Day (29September) and Reformation Day (31October). That year the last Sunday after Trinity, that is the last Sunday before Advent, was Trinity XXV:
 Trinity I, 11 June 1724: O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort, BWV 20 (K 74).
 Trinity II, 18 June 1724:  (K 75).
 St. John's Day, 24 June 1724:  (K 76).
 Trinity III, 25 June 1724:  (K 77).
 Visitation, 2 July 1724 (that year coinciding with Trinity IV): Meine Seel erhebt den Herren, BWV 10 (K 78).
 Trinity V, 9 July 1724: Wer nur den lieben Gott läßt walten, BWV 93 (K 79).
 Trinity VI (no extant Bach cantata for this Sunday in 1724)
 Trinity VII, 23 July 1724: Was willst du dich betrüben, BWV 107 (K 80).
 Trinity VIII, 30 July 1724: Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält, BWV 178 (K 81).
 Trinity IX, 6 August 1724: Was frag ich nach der Welt, BWV 94 (K 82).
 Trinity X, 13 August 1724: Nimm von uns, Herr, du treuer Gott, BWV 101 (K 83).
 Trinity XI, 20 August 1724: Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut, BWV 113 (K 84).
 Trinity XII (no extant Bach cantata for this Sunday in 1724)
 Council election (no extant Bach cantata for this Monday in 1724)
 Trinity XIII, 3 September 1724: Allein zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ, BWV 33 (K 85).
 Trinity XIV, 10 September 1724: Jesu, der du meine Seele, BWV 78 (K 86).
 Trinity XV, 17 September 1724: Was Gott tut, das ist wohlgetan, BWV 99 (K 87).
 Trinity XVI, 24 September 1724: Liebster Gott, wenn werd ich sterben? BWV 8 (K 88).
 St. Michael's Day, 29 September 1724: Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir, BWV 130 (K 89).
 Trinity XVII, 1 October 1724: Ach, lieben Christen, seid getrost, BWV 114 (K 90).
 Trinity XVIII, 8 October 1724: Herr Christ, der einge Gottessohn, BWV 96 (K 91).
 Trinity XIX, 15 October 1724: Wo soll ich fliehen hin, BWV 5 (K 92).
 Trinity XX, 22 October 1724: Schmücke dich, o liebe Seele, BWV 180 (K 93).
 Trinity XXI, 29 October 1724: Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir, BWV 38 (K 94).
 Reformation Day: Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott, BWV 80 (K 95) – there is however uncertainty whether an early version of this cantata was composed for, or even performed at, 31 October 1724.
 Trinity XXII, 5 November 1724: Mache dich, mein Geist, bereit, BWV 115 (K 96).
 Trinity XXIII, 12 November 1724: Wohl dem, der sich auf seinen Gott, BWV 139 (K 97).
 Trinity XXIV, 19 November 1724: Ach wie flüchtig, ach wie nichtig, BWV 26 (K 98).
 Trinity XXV, 26 November 1724: Du Friedefürst, Herr Jesu Christ, BWV 116 (K 99).

Advent 1724 to Epiphany 1725

A new liturgical year starts with the first Sunday of Advent: when a cantata cycle is listed without taking the chronology of composition into account, this is where the list starts. The period from Advent 1724 to Epiphany 1725 included Christmas (25December), New Year (1January) and Epiphany (6January):
 First Sunday of Advent (Advent I), : Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 62 (K 100).

In Leipzig concerted music was not allowed for the second to fourth Sunday of Advent (silent time), so the next cantatas in the cycle are those for Christmas:
 Christmas Day (Feast of the Nativity of Christ), : Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ, BWV 91 (K 101).
 Second Day of Christmas (Christmas 2), : Christum wir sollen loben schon, BWV 121 (K 102).
 Third Day of Christmas (Christmas 3), : Ich freue mich in dir, BWV 133 (K 103).
 First Sunday after Christmas (Christmas I), : Das neugeborne Kindelein, BWV 122 (K 104).
 New Year (Feast of the Circumcision of Christ), : Jesu, nun sei gepreiset, BWV 41 (K 105).

In 1725 the next occasion was Epiphany, while there was no Sunday between New Year and Epiphany:
 Epiphany, : Liebster Immanuel, Herzog der Frommen, BWV 123 (K 106).

Sundays after Epiphany
There were six Sundays between Epiphany and Lent in 1725:
 Epiphany I, : Meinen Jesum laß ich nicht, BWV 124 (K 107).
 Epiphany II, : Ach Gott, wie manches Herzeleid, BWV 3 (K 108).
 Epiphany III, : Was mein Gott will, das g'scheh allzeit, BWV 111 (K 109).

The three last Sundays before Ash Wednesday are called Septuagesima, Sexagesima and Estomihi. In 1725 the feast of Purification (2 February) fell between the first and the second of these Sundays:
 Septuagesima, : Ich hab in Gottes Herz und Sinn, BWV 92 (K 110).
 Purification, : Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin, BWV 125 (K 111).
 Sexagesima, : Erhalt uns, Herr, bei deinem Wort, BWV 126 (K 112).
 Estomihi, : Herr Jesu Christ, wahr' Mensch und Gott, BWV 127 (K 113).

Lent up to Palm Sunday
In Leipzig there was no music during Lent (starting on Ash Wednesday), except for Annunciation (25March) and the Passion music on Good Friday. In 1725 Annunciation coincided with Palm Sunday:
 Annunciation — Palm Sunday, : Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern, BWV 1 (K 114).

After this cantata the consecutive set of chorale cantatas breaks off.

Continuation of the second annual cycle
Newly composed cantatas, to make the year cycle complete up to Trinity Sunday, were no longer in the chorale cantata format, possibly because Bach lost his librettist, likely Andreas Stübel, who died on 31January 1725.

Only three cantatas staged between Good Friday and Trinity of 1725 became associated with the chorale cantata cycle. Bach's second year cycle of cantatas is complete apart from the cantatas for ChristmasII, EpiphanyIV–VI, and TrinityIV, VI, XII and XXVI–XXVII. For most of the occasions that lack a cantata in the second cycle there are however extant chorale cantatas.

Good Friday and Easter
Bach did not present much newly composed music for the Good Friday and Easter services of 1725. The St John Passion, which was a repeat performance of the previous year, now in the St. Thomas church (where Bach had initially attempted to stage its premiere), did, however, contain four new movements (BWV 244/29, 245a, 245b and 245c).
 For Good Friday  Bach presented the second version of his St John Passion, the only version of that Passion opening with a chorale fantasia (BWV 244/29, based on Sebald Heyden's "O Mensch, bewein dein Sünde groß").

On Easter, , Bach had two cantatas performed:
 A revised version of the  chorale cantata , the first version of which had likely been composed 18 years earlier.
 Kommt, fliehet und eilet, in 1725 indicated as a cantata, is what in later versions would become Bach's Easter Oratorio. It was a parody of a secular cantata he had composed for : the Shepherd Cantata, possibly his first collaboration with Picander. Probably Picander was also the librettist who provided the parody text for the 1725 Easter cantata.

Easter Monday to the second Sunday after Easter
There are three extant Bach cantatas premiered in the period from Easter Monday to the second Sunday after Easter 1725. A shared characteristic of these cantatas is their structure: they start with a passage from the bible (vox Christi in the last of these cantatas), followed by an Aria, then a chorale for one or two voices, Recitative, Aria, and a concluding four-part chorale. The librettist of these cantatas is unknown, but is likely the same for all three.

The first Sunday after Easter, Quasimodogeniti, concludes the Octave of Easter, and the next Sunday is called Misericordias Domini:
 Easter Monday (Easter 2), : Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden, BWV 6. The third movement chorale (soprano soloist) has the first two stanzas of "", by Philipp Melanchthon and Nikolaus Selnecker respectively, as text. The closing chorale is a harmonisation of the second stanza of Luther's "".
 Easter Tuesday (Easter 3), : no extant cantata for this occasion in Bach's second cantata cycle. There's a small chance Der Friede sei mit dir, BWV 158 may have been intended for this occasion in 1725: the time of origin of that possibly incomplete cantata is however very uncertain.
 Quasimodogeniti (Easter I), : Am Abend aber desselbigen Sabbats, BWV 42. The cantata opens with an instrumental sinfonia. The text of the fourth movement (duet for soprano and tenor) is the first stanza of the chorale "" (1632) by  (also attributed to Johann Michael Altenburg). The closing four-part chorale consists of two stanzas added to Martin Luther's "": "", Luther's German version of  (Give peace, Lord, 1531), and "" (Give our rulers and all lawgivers), a stanza by Johann Walter paraphrasing  (1566), concluded with a final amen.
 Misericordias Domini (Easter II), : Ich bin ein guter Hirt, BWV 85. The chorale for the third movement (soprano soloist) is the first stanza of Cornelius Becker's hymn "" (1598), a paraphrase of Psalm 23. The closing chorale is "", the fourth stanza of Ernst Christoph Homberg's hymn ""

None of these cantatas were included in the chorale cantata cycle remaining at St.Thomas in 1830: the EasterII cantata retained in that incomplete cycle was a later composition.

Cantatas with a libretto by C. M. von Ziegler: third Sunday after Easter to Trinity 1725

All further second cycle cantatas had Christiana Mariana von Ziegler as librettist. These cantatas are also the only ones for which Bach appears to have collaborated with this librettist. The occasions for which these cantatas were written include Jubilate, Cantate, Rogate, Ascension, Exaudi, Pentecost, and Trinity:
 Jubilate Sunday (Easter III), : Ihr werdet weinen und heulen, BWV 103
 Cantate Sunday (Easter IV), : Es ist euch gut, daß ich hingehe, BWV 108
 Rogate Sunday (Easter V), : Bisher habt ihr nichts gebeten in meinem Namen, BWV 87
 Ascension, : Auf Christi Himmelfahrt allein, BWV 128
 Exaudi (Ascension I), : Sie werden euch in den Bann tun, BWV 183
 Pentecost, : Wer mich liebet, der wird mein Wort halten, BWV 74
 Pentecost Monday (Pentecost 2), : Also hat Gott die Welt geliebt, BWV 68
 Pentecost Tuesday (Pentecost 3), : Er rufet seinen Schafen mit Namen, BWV 175
 Trinity, : Es ist ein trotzig und verzagt Ding, BWV 176

None of the von Ziegler cantatas are chorale cantatas in the strict sense, although the Ascension cantata and the Pentecost Monday cantata open with a chorale fantasia. These two cantatas (BWV128 and 68) are sometimes associated with the chorale cantata cycle, especially the second one while it was included in the chorale cantata cycle that remained at St.Thomas until the 19th century.

Chorale cantatas composed after Trinity 1725
Bach continued to compose chorale cantatas after his second year in Leipzig, at least up to 1735. However, the chorale cantata cycle that survived the 18th century remains an incomplete cycle, primarily missing a few cantatas for the Easter to Trinity period.

BWV 80

The chorale cantata for Reformation Day (31 October) Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott, BWV 80, originated in several stages:
 The chorale cantata apparently retained most, if not all, movements of the Alles, was von Gott geboren cantata (BWV 80a), written in Weimar. The libretto of this early version of the BWV 80 cantata survives, but its music is only known from its subsequent versions. BWV 80a is neither a Reformation Day cantata, nor a chorale cantata, but it contains an extract of Luther's "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" hymn.
 BWV 80b, a.k.a. the first Leipzig version of the Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott chorale cantata for Reformation Day, is the only version of the cantata of which autograph pages survive: these autograph fragments, which are also the only evidence of this version, ended up in three libraries in two continents, and give a very incomplete picture of the version. Its first performance date is the object of scholarly informed guesses (31 October implied for the below dates):
1723: according to Christoph Wolff (1991). Thus BWV 80 may be the only other chorale cantata, apart from BWV 4, for which an early chorale cantata version preceded Bach's second year in Leipzig. In 1723 Reformation Day coincided with Trinity XXIII: a more conventional view is that in 1723 Bach probably chose for a repeat performance of his 1715 cantata for that occasion (BWV 163).
1724: The 1982 Zwang catalogue places the first performance of BWV 80's early chorale cantata version in 1724. In that case there would be 41 extant chorale cantatas with a first performance in Leipzig between Trinity Sunday 1724 and Easter 1725 (not included). Nonetheless, the chorale cantata qualifier is not entirely correct for the BWV 80 and 80b versions of the cantata, due to the inner movements of these versions largely deriving from a pre-existing libretto elaborating on other topics beside the Lutheran hymn.
The third cantata cycle years 1725 (BWV 79), 1726 and 1727 (mourning period without figural music) are usually not seen as possible dates for the first performance of the BWV 80b version.
 In 1728 Reformation Day again coincided with Trinity XXIII: a Picander libretto for that occasion may have been set by Bach. However, conventional scholarship assigns 1728–1731 as the period during which the BWV 80b version of the cantata was likely performed for the first time.
 Bach's ultimate BWV 80 version originated some time after the 80b version, and was completed before it was copied in the 1740s. As such, this version of the cantata is seen as a later addition to the chorale cantata cycle.
 Two movements of the BWV 80 version known from the BGA edition have an orchestration which the composer's son Wilhelm Friedemann extended with trumpets after his father's death.

Occasions without an extant second cycle cantata
Bach composed more cantatas for his chorale cantata cycle after Trinity 1725, apparently in an effort to have a complete standard year cycle consisting exclusively of such cantatas:
 Ach Gott, wie manches Herzeleid, BWV 58: cantata for New YearI (= ChristmasII). An early version of this cantata, for , is partially lost. The later extant version, premiered  or , was published by the Bach-Gesellschaft in their volume Vol.122, p. 133 ff. There had not been a Sunday between New Year and Epiphany in 1725: although the cantata is not completely consistent with the chorale cantata format it was intended as the chorale cantata cycle's New YearI cantata.
 Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit, BWV 14, composed for EpiphanyIV 1735 (there hadn't been an EpiphanyIV Sunday in 1725). This is the only chorale cantata of the chorale cantata cycle that was ostensibly composed after 1734, in contrast to Philipp Spitta's assumption in the 19th century that almost all chorale cantatas had been composed after 1734. It is however true that Bach revised some of his chorale cantatas in the last years of his life, and that these are the versions usually published.
 Ich ruf zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ, BWV 177, composed for TrinityIV 1732 (in 1724 TrinityIV had coincided with Visitation)
 Es ist das Heil uns kommen her, BWV 9, an Achtliederbuch chorale cantata, composed for Trinity VI 1732. There is no extant cantata composed for TrinityVI 1724.
 Lobe den Herren, den mächtigen König der Ehren, BWV 137, a per omnes versus chorale cantata, composed for TrinityXII 1725. There is no extant cantata composed for TrinityXII 1724.
 Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 140, composed for TrinityXXVII 1731: there had not been a TrinityXXVII Sunday in 1724.

All six of these chorale cantatas remained in the chorale cantata cycle kept at St.Thomas.

Replacing second cycle cantatas
Two chorale cantatas replacing other cantatas composed for occasions between Easter and Trinity 1725 also remained in the St.Thomas collection:
 Der Herr ist mein getreuer Hirt, BWV 112: chorale cantata for EasterII (Misericordias Domini) 1731.
 Gelobet sei der Herr, mein Gott, BWV 129: chorale cantata for Trinity Sunday 1727.

Other chorale cantatas
There is uncertainty regarding four additional extant chorale cantatas as to time of origin (narrowed down to late 1720s–early 1730s) and occasion, all of them using hymn text without modification, but none of them included in the chorale cantata cycle kept at St.Thomas:
 Sei Lob und Ehr dem höchsten Gut, BWV 117
 Nun danket alle Gott, BWV 192 (incomplete)
 Was Gott tut, das ist wohlgetan, BWV 100
 In allen meinen Taten, BWV 97
Some of these may have been intended for a wedding ceremony and/or as a generic cantata that could be used for any occasion.

Reception

Although we have no account of the reception of Bach's chorale cantatas by the congregation in Leipzig, we know that some of these cantatas were the only works that the city of Leipzig was interested in keeping alive after Bach's death: his successors performed several of them. After Doles, who was Thomaskantor until 1789, the practice of performing Bach cantatas in Leipzig was interrupted until Kantor Müller started to revive some of them from 1803.

Bach's early biographers (his son Carl Philipp Emanuel and Johann Friedrich Agricola in the Nekrolog and Forkel in his 1802 biography) gave little or no attention to individual cantatas, and confined themselves to mentioning that Bach had composed five complete cycles of church cantatas. Scholarship later indicated the chorale cantata cycle as Bach's second cycle of church cantatas. The performance parts of 44 chorale cantatas were about all that was left of Bach's music in the St.Thomas church by 1830. In 1878 Alfred Dörffel described this incomplete cantata cycle in the introduction of the thematic catalogue for the first 120 cantatas published by the Bach Gesellschaft.

Far from seeing a chorale cantata cycle tied to Bach's second year in Leipzig, Philipp Spitta, in the 1880 second volume of his Bach-biography, described the chorale cantata as a genre Bach only converged to in his later years. Like Spitta, Reginald Lane Poole (1882) and Charles Sanford Terry (1920) saw the chorale cantata as a development of the composer's later years, and failed to list more than a handful, let alone a cycle, of such cantatas premiered between Trinity 1724 and Easter 1725 in their chronological lists of Bach's cantatas. Questionable chronologies and minor differences aside, they followed in Spitta's footsteps praising Bach's so-called "later" chorale cantatas as an epitome of the composer's art.

The three editions of the Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (BWV) that appeared in the second half of the 20th century gave little attention to the cycles of Bach's cantatas: the principles for assigning BWV numbers, as laid down by Wolfgang Schmieder for the catalogue's first edition in 1950, didn't result in the chorale cantatas being identifiable as a group or cycle in the catalogue. In the New Bach Edition cantatas were grouped by liturgical function (occasion), so also in that edition the chorale cantatas did not come out as a group or cycle.

In the 21st century Klaus Hofmann has termed the cycle "the largest musical project that the composer ever undertook: the 'chorale cantata year. The bach-digital.de website, managed by, among others, the Bach Archive, provided the "chorale cantata" qualification for all compositions belonging to this group (all other church cantatas at that website being indicated as "sacred cantata"). It is the only cycle of Bach cantatas that is recognisable as a group on that website.

References

Further reading

German music history
Baroque music
Classical church music
Bach cantatas by period of composition
1720s in music

Chorale cantata cycle