A marine regression is a geological process occurring when areas of submerged seafloor are exposed above the sea level. The opposite event, marine transgression, occurs when flooding from the sea covers previously-exposed land.

Evidence of marine regressions and transgressions occurs throughout the fossil record, and the fluctuations are thought to have caused or contributed to several mass extinctions, such as the Permian-Triassic extinction event (250 million years ago) and Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (66 Ma). During the Permian-Triassic extinction, the largest extinction event in the Earth's history, the global sea level fell 250 m (820 ft).

A major regression could itself cause marine organisms in shallow seas to go extinct, but mass extinctions tend to involve both terrestrial and aquatic species, and it is harder to see how a marine regression could cause widespread extinctions of land animals. Regressions are, therefore, seen as correlates or symptoms of major extinctions, rather than primary causes. The Permian regression might have been related to the formation of Pangaea. The accumulation of all major landmasses into one body could have facilitated a regression by providing "a slight enlargement of the ocean basins as the great continents coalesced." However, that cause could not have applied in all or even many of the other cases.

During the ice ages of the Pleistocene, a clear correlation existed between marine regressions and episodes of glaciation. As the balance shifts between the global cryosphere and hydrosphere, more of the planet's water in ice sheets means less in the oceans. At the height of the last ice age, around 18,000 years ago, the global sea level was 120 to 130 m (390-425 ft) lower than today. A cold spell around 6 million years ago was linked to an advance in glaciation, a marine regression, and the start of the Messinian salinity crisis in the Mediterranean basin. Some major regressions of the past, however, seem unrelated to glaciation episodes, with the regression that accompanied the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous Period being one example.

A clear and certain understanding of major marine regressions has not yet been achieved. According to one hypothesis, regressions may be linked to a "slowdown in sea-floor spreading, leading to a generalized drop in sea level (as the mid-ocean ridges would take up less space)...." That view considers major marine regressions to be one aspect of a normal variation in rates of plate tectonic activity, which leads to major episodes of global volcanism like the Siberian Traps and the Deccan Traps, which in turn cause large extinction events.

See also

References

External links
 Marine Transgression and Marine Regression: World of Earth Science

Sedimentology
Plate tectonics
Extinction events
Coastal geography
Oceanographical terminology

Marine regression


Chil Zena ("Forty steps"), also Chilzina or Chehel Zina, is a mountainous outcrop at the western limit of the city of Kandahar. Forty stone steps lead to the top of the outcrop, hence its name. It gives a commanding view on the city of Kandahar. Chil Zena was located on the northern side of the old citadel of Old Kandahar, destroyed by Nadir Shah Afshar of Persia in 1738. The carving of the staircase was commissioned by the Emperor Babur. Chil Zena later received numerous inscriptions about the conquests of Babur (1526-1530), apparently carved by his son Humayun.

Chil Zena is well known for the discovery of the Indian Emperor Ashoka's Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription on the mountainside, which is still located on in an open-air compound on the mountainside. The presence of this inscription at Chil Zena helped confirm the presence of Greek populations in the vicinity in the 3rd century BCE, as well as the extent of Ashoka's control, which is therefore thought to have incorporated Kandahar and its region of Arachosia.

References

Kandahar

Chil Zena


The West Nordic Council (, , , ) is a cooperation forum of the parliaments and governments of Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and Iceland. It was initially founded in 1985 as the West Nordic Parliamentarian Council of Cooperation but the name was changed in 1997. The council comprises six MPs from each nation appointed by their respective parliaments. The annual general meeting of the council rotates between the members and is its highest authority. The work and activities of the council are organized by a three-member presidium of which the president of the council is a member. The August 2017 to September 2018 president was Kári P. Højgaard.

The nations of the Council share a somewhat common recent history: Greenland and the Faroes are autonomous territories of Denmark and Iceland is a former Danish possession. They also share a similar economic base, all being dependent on fisheries. The council's main objectives are:
 To promote West Nordic (North Atlantic) interests.
 To be guardians of north Atlantic resources and North Atlantic culture and to help to promote West Nordic interests through the West Nordic governments – not least with regards to the serious issues of resource management, pollution, etc.
 To follow up on the governments' West Nordic cooperation.
 To work with the Nordic Council and to be the West Nordic link in Nordic cooperation.
 To act as the parliamentary link for inter-West Nordic organisations, including Arctic parliamentary cooperation.

The West Nordic Council is separate from the Nordic Council, although all of the members of the West Nordic Council are also members of the Nordic Council and there is some cooperation between the two.

General meetings
This list is not complete
 31st general meeting: Runavík, Faroe Islands, August 2015; president Lars Emil Johansen
 30th general meeting: Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland, September 2014; president Bill Justinussen
 29th general meeting: Greenland; 2013; president Unnur Brá Konráðsdóttir
 28th general meeting: Faroe Islands; 2012; president Josef Motzfeldt
 27th general meeting: Bifröst University, August 2011; president: Kári P. Højgaard
 26th general meeting: Tasiilaq, August 2010; president: Ólína Þorvarðardóttir 2010–2011
 25th general meeting: Runavík and Tórshavn, August 2009; president: Josef Motzfeldt 2009–2010
 24th general meeting: Grundarfjörður, August 2008; president: Kári P. Højgaard 2008–2009
 23rd general meeting: Nuuk, August 2007; president: Karl V. Matthíasson 2007–2008
 22nd general meeting: Tórshavn, August 2006; president: Jonathan Motzfeldt 2006–2007
 21st general meeting: Ísafjörður, 2005; president: Henrik Old 2005–2006
 20th general meeting: Narsarsuaq, 2004; president: Birgir Ármannsson 2004–2005
 19th general meeting: Eiði, 2003; president: Jonathan Motzfeldt 2003–2004
 18th general meeting: Stykkishólmur, 2002; president: Jógvan á Lakjuni 2002–2003
 17th general meeting: Nuuk, 2001; president: Hjálmar Árnason 2001–2002
 16th general meeting: Tórshavn, 2000; president: Ole Lynge 2000–2001
 15th general meeting: Brjánsstaðir, Skeiðahreppur, 1999; president: Jógvan Durhuus 1999–2000
 14th general meeting: Ilulissat, 1998; president: Ísólfur Gylfi Pálmason 1998–1999
 13th general meeting: Øravík, 1997; president: Jonathan Motzfeldt 1997–1998
 12th general meeting: Vestmannaeyjar, 1996; president: Lisbeth L. Petersen 1996–1997
 11th general meeting: Qaqortoq, August 1995; president: Árni Johnsen 1995–1996
 1st general meeting: Nuuk, 1985; president: Jens K. Lyberth 1985–1986

Presidents
Bryndís Haraldsdóttir 2016–present
Lars Emil Johansen 2015–2016
Bill Justinussen 2014–2015
Unnur Brá Konráðsdóttir 2013–2014
Josef Motzfeldt 2012–2013
Kári P. Højgaard 2011–2012
Ólína Þorvarðardóttir 2010–2011
Josef Motzfeldt 2009–2010
Henrik Old 2005–2006
Birgir Ármannsson 2004–2005
Jonathan Motzfeldt 2003–2004
Jógvan á Lakjuni 2002–2003
Hjálmar Árnason 2001–2002
Ole Lynge 2000–2001
Jógvan Durhuus 1999–2000
Ísólfur Gylfi Pálmason 1998–1999
Jonathan Motzfeldt 1994–1995
Lisbeth L. Petersen 1993–1994
Steingrímur J. Sigfússon 1992–1993
Jonathan Motzfeldt 1991–1992
Karin Kjølbro 1990–1991
Friðjón Þórðarson 1989–1990
Preben Lange 1988–1989
Hans Jacob Debes 1987–1988
Páll Pétursson 1986–1987

See also
Hoyvík Agreement - an Iceland-Faroes free trade agreement that might be expanded to Greenland creating a West Nordic free trade zone.
Arctic cooperation and politics

References

External links

1985 establishments in Greenland
International organizations based in the Americas
Nordic government
Nordic organizations
Organizations established in 1985
Politics of the Faroe Islands
Politics of Greenland
Politics of Iceland
Political organisations based in Greenland
Political organizations based in Iceland

West Nordic Council


Adam Silver (born April 25, 1962) is an American lawyer and sports executive who serves as the fifth and current commissioner of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He joined the NBA in 1992 and has held various positions within the league, becoming chief operating officer and deputy commissioner under his predecessor and mentor David Stern in 2006. When Stern retired in 2014, Silver was named the new commissioner.

During Silver's tenure, the league has continued to grow economically and globally, especially in China. Silver made headlines in 2014 for forcing Donald Sterling to sell the Los Angeles Clippers, then banning Sterling for life from all NBA games and events following racist remarks.

Early life
Silver was born into a Jewish-American family. His father Edward Silver (1921–2004) was a lawyer who specialized in labor law and was a senior partner at the law firm Proskauer Rose. Silver grew up in Rye, New York, a northern suburb of New York City in Westchester County. He attended Rye High School and graduated in 1980.

After high school, Silver went to Duke University. He was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, and graduated in 1984 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science. He worked from 1984 to 1985 as a legislative aide to Les AuCoin, who was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives. Silver then attended the University of Chicago Law School, graduating in 1988 with a J.D. degree.

After law school, Silver spent one year as a law clerk for Judge Kimba Wood of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. He then joined the law firm of Cravath, Swaine & Moore as an associate.

NBA career
Prior to becoming commissioner, Silver was the NBA's deputy commissioner and chief operating officer for eight years. In that role, he was involved in the negotiation of the league's last three collective bargaining agreements with the National Basketball Players Association, the development of the WNBA and NBA Development League, the partnership with Turner Broadcasting to manage the NBA's digital assets, and the creation of NBA China.

Previously, Silver spent eight years as president and COO of NBA Entertainment. Since joining the NBA in 1992, Silver has also held the positions of senior VP and COO, NBA Entertainment, NBA chief of staff, and special assistant to the commissioner. During his time with NBA Entertainment, Silver was an executive producer of the IMAX movie Michael Jordan to the Max, as well as the documentary Whatever Happened to Micheal Ray? He also worked on the production side of Like Mike and The Year of the Yao.

Commissioner
On October 25, 2012, he was endorsed by David Stern to be the next NBA commissioner. On February 1, 2014, when Stern stepped down from his position, Silver was unanimously approved by the NBA owners to succeed him.

On April 25, 2014, TMZ Sports released a video of Los Angeles Clippers owner Donald Sterling holding a conversation with his girlfriend that included racist remarks. Silver responded on April 29, 2014, announcing that Sterling had been banned from the NBA for life. In addition, Silver fined Sterling $2.5 million, the maximum allowed under the NBA constitution. Silver stripped Sterling from virtually all of his authority over the Clippers, and urged owners to vote to expel Sterling from ownership of the Clippers. Sterling was disallowed from entering any Clippers facility as well as attending any NBA games. It was one of the most severe punishments ever imposed on a professional sports owner.

On November 13, 2014, Silver published an op-ed piece in The New York Times, where he announced that he is in favor of legalized and regulated sports betting, mentioning that it should be "brought out of the underground and into the sunlight where it can be appropriately monitored and regulated."

On October 4, 2019, Houston Rockets general manager Daryl Morey issued a tweet that supported the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests. Morey later deleted the tweet. On October 6, Morey and the NBA each issued separate statements addressing the original tweet; Morey said that he never intended his tweet to cause any offense while the NBA said the tweet was "regrettable". The statements drew attention and subsequent bipartisan criticism from several US politicians. On October 7, Silver defended league's response to the tweet, supporting Morey's right to freedom of expression while also accepting the right of reply from the government of and businesses from China. Soon after, Silver faced a rift between the partnership of China and the NBA. China responded negatively with decisions to possibly cut ties from the NBA. Silver publicly said, "It is inevitable that people around the world—including from America and China—will have different viewpoints over different issues. ... It is not the role of the NBA to adjudicate those differences." Chinese smartphone manufacturer Vivo responded to Silver's statements, stating, "Vivo has always insisted on the principle that the national interest is above all else and firmly opposes any remark and behavior that constitutes a challenge to the national sovereignty and territorial integrity. ... Starting today, Vivo will suspend all cooperation with the NBA."

On March 11, 2020, Silver made the decision to suspend the 2019–20 NBA season in reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic. On June 4, 2020, it was announced that the season would resume for 22 of the 30 teams in the NBA Bubble, a $170 million investment to protect the players, the coaches, and the successful completion of the season. Near the end of the regular season, Silver stated that the bubble was "better than what we had envisioned."

Honors and Philanthropy
In 2016, Sports Business Journal ranked Silver No. 1 on its list of the 50 Most Influential People in Sports Business. In 2015, Silver was named Executive of the Year by Sports Business Journal. That year he was also named one of Time 100 Most Influential People and one of Fortune 50 Greatest Leaders.

In 2014, Silver was named the Sports Illustrated Executive of the Year. He is on Duke University's Board of Trustees and received the 2016 Distinguished Alumnus Award from the University of Chicago Law School. He is also on the board of the Lustgarten Foundation for Pancreatic Cancer Research.

Silver has sat on the Board of Trustees of NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital since 2023.

Personal life
In 2015, Silver married interior designer Maggie Grise. They have two daughters, born in April 2017 and May 2020.

References

External links

 NBA.com profile

1962 births
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American lawyers
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American businesspeople
Businesspeople from New York City
Cravath, Swaine & Moore associates
Duke University Trinity College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Living people
National Basketball Association commissioners
New York (state) lawyers
People from Rye, New York
Sportspeople from New York City
Sportspeople from Westchester County, New York
University of Chicago Law School alumni

Adam Silver


Dean v. Utica Community Schools, 345 F. Supp. 2d 799 (E.D. Mich. 2004), is a landmark legal case in United States constitutional law, namely on how the First Amendment applies to censorship in a public school environment. The case expanded on the ruling definitions of the Supreme Court case Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, in which a high school journalism-oriented trial on censorship limited the First Amendment right to freedom of expression in curricular student newspapers.  The case consisted of Utica High School Principal Richard Machesky ordering the deletion of an article in the Arrow, the high school's newspaper, a decision later deemed "unreasonable" and "unconstitutional" by District Judge Arthur Tarnow.

Case overview

On March 8, 2002, Utica High School Principal Richard Machesky asked the Arrow advisor to cut student reporter Katy Dean's story about school bus diesel emissions along with the adjoining cartoon and editorial, at the time claiming it was based on "unreliable" sources and was "highly inaccurate." After a year of asking school officials to reconsider their decision, Dean filed a lawsuit against the Utica Community Schools in federal court.

On October 12, 2004, Judge Arthur Tarnow determined that "The Arrow" student newspaper was an example of a limited public forum after reviewing the degree of control school officials exercised over the paper, which ultimately separated this case from the decision expressed in Hazelwood. A limited public forum—in this context, a public forum created for use by student editors—can reasonably be regulated in terms of time, place, and manner of expression, but not on the substance of that expression.

Tarnow also examined Dean's article and determined that there was not a "significant disparity in quality between Dean's article in the Arrow and the similar articles in 'professional newspapers.'" In addition to these two factors, the Judge decided that the school had censored the article in its own interest, by preventing the expression of its viewpoint, and then claiming it was "inaccurate."

See also
 Environmental journalism
 Tinker v. Des Moines
 Bethel v. Fraser
 Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier

References

External links

National Scholastic Press Association:  Dean v. Utica FAQ

United States Free Speech Clause case law
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan cases
2004 in United States case law
2004 in education
2004 in Michigan
Education in Macomb County, Michigan
Air pollution in the United States
High school newspapers published in the United States
Student newspapers published in Michigan
Student rights case law in the United States
United States children's rights case law

Dean v. Utica Community Schools


Luciano Federico "Lucho" Acosta (born 31 May 1994) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a attacking midfielder for Major League Soccer club FC Cincinnati.

Club career

Boca Juniors
Acosta made his professional debut for Boca Juniors on 9 February 2014, when Boca tied against Newell's Old Boys, replacing Juan Manuel Martínez for the 2014 Final. Acosta appeared in the Xeneizes as a starter throughout the 2014 Torneo Final.

D.C. United
In 2016, Acosta went on a season-long loan to D.C. United of Major League Soccer. Acosta made his competitive debut on in a CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinal match against Queretaro. He scored his first goal for D.C. United in the 86th minute of a league game against the New England Revolution on April 23.

After the 2016 season, D.C. United purchased Acosta's contract outright for a club record fee. He scored his first professional hat-trick on 13 August 2018 when playing for D.C. United against Orlando City and the match ended 3–2 in favor of D.C. United. On 21 October 2018, Acosta provided an assist for Wayne Rooney following an outstanding dribble, and also scored himself in a 3–1 win over New York City FC which secured a play-off spot in the MLS Cup for D.C. United.

Since Wayne Rooney's arrival to D.C. United, Luciano and Wayne developed a good chemistry together in the field and provided goals and assists to each other. Their chemistry made them to be considered to one of the best duos in all of MLS. D.C. United fans nicknamed their duo "Luchoroo".

Before the 2019 season, Acosta was very close to sign for Paris Saint-Germain F.C. Sources said the offer to D.C. United was under US$10 million and Acosta was scheduled to arrive at Paris for his medical. In the 2019 MLS Season, Acosta's form was declining, and was starting to get pushed out of the first team. After the 2019 season, Acosta's contract with D.C. United ended. He played his last game for D.C. on October 19, 2019, in a MLS playoff game against Toronto FC. On November 12, 2019, Acosta told an Argentine radio channel, 'La Mano de Dios', that former D.C. teammate Wayne Rooney told him he wanted to bring him to Derby County, where Rooney was going to become player-coach in 2020.
Acosta left D.C. United at the end of the 2019 season when his contract expired.

Atlas
On 19 December 2019, it was announced that Acosta would join Liga MX side Atlas on 1 January 2020. Acosta scored his first goal for Atlas against Tijuana on January 31, 2020.

FC Cincinnati

On 17 March 2021, Acosta returned to Major League Soccer, joining FC Cincinnati on a three-year deal as a designated player. FC Cincinnati acquired his MLS rights from D.C. United in exchange for $250,000 in General Allocation Money plus potential future incentives. He made his debut for the club on 17 April 2021 in their opener against Nashville SC. He scored in the 8th minute as FC Cincinnati drew 2–2 away.

Career statistics

Honours
FC Cincinnati
Supporters' Shield: 2023

Individual
MLS Best XI: 2018, 2022
MLS All-Star: 2022, 2023
MLS Player of the Month: July 2023, August 2023

Personal
Acosta holds a U.S. green card, which qualifies him as a domestic player for MLS roster purposes.

References

External links

1994 births
Footballers from Buenos Aires
Men's association football midfielders
Boca Juniors footballers
D.C. United players
Atlas F.C. footballers
FC Cincinnati players
Argentine Primera División players
Major League Soccer players
Living people
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Argentine men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Designated Players (MLS)

Luciano Acosta


Him Loktantrik Morcha was a political front in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. HLM was formed ahead of the 2002 Shimla Municipal Corporation elections, as an alternative to both Indian National Congress and Bharatiya Janata Party. The convenor of HLM was Mohinder Singh Chaudhury. The front consisted of Communist Party of India (Marxist), the Janata Dal (Secular), the Lok Janshakti Party, the Samajwadi Party and a few secular regional parties.

Following dissatisfaction over Singh's move to make HLM into a political party, Samajwadi Party, Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya) and Janata Dal (Secular) formed the Himachal Jan Morcha (Himalyana People's Front) in October 2002.

Singh later registered Loktantrik Morcha (Himachal Pradesh) as a political party.

Political parties in Himachal Pradesh
Political parties established in 2002
2002 establishments in Himachal Pradesh

Him Loktantrik Morcha


Caller Name Presentation (CNAP) or Caller Name Delivery (CNAM) is used in US-based telephone networks to provide name identification of the calling party. The CNAM information is most often displayed in Caller ID. The information could be the person's name or a company name. The caller's name can also be blocked and display "restricted", or if technical failures occur "not available".

In Canada, the caller name information can be applied either by the client's own equipment (PBX), or by the originating carrier. The altering of caller ID information is allowed, provided it does not violate regulations in place regarding spoofing or fraud.

In the US, the caller's name, or CNAM information, is not sent during a call. Rather, the terminating carrier is responsible for providing the Caller ID information to its customer. The terminating carrier performs a database lookup using the caller's phone number to obtain the name information to display with Caller ID. If the data is with another carrier, then the terminating carrier must perform a lookup and pay a small "dip fee" to the carrier hosting the information. Wholesale rates for the fee are on the order of $0.002 to $0.006 per database dip ($200 to $600 per 100,000 calls).

Incorrect Caller ID information can be displayed under a variety of circumstances. The customer's carrier may not perform the database lookup and may supply old information. Or, the customer's carrier may perform the database lookup but get incorrect information from the database owner. In this case, the database owner has stale information (and not the terminating carrier). Or, the Caller ID information may be spoofed.

Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers (ILEC) usually provide the most correct information. ILECs have a huge database of their own CNAM data, and ILECs are willing to pay the CNAM database dip fee to another ILEC or a Competitive Local Exchange Carrier (CLEC) to obtain the CNAM data.

See also
 Caller ID
 Line Information Database
 Local number portability
 Location Routing Number
 Dip Fee Fraud
 Signalling System No. 7

References

External links
 the 3GPP, the standardisation body for GSM and UMTS

GSM standard
Telecommunications infrastructure

Calling Name Presentation


Víctor Víctor (born Víctor José Víctor Rojas; 11 December 1948 – 16 July 2020) was a Dominican guitarist, singer and composer. He was born in Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic. He was the founder of the Nueva Forma musical group in the 1970s.

He was also one of the first Dominican artists to travel to Cuba, when this type of travel was not allowed by the Dominican government.

In 2007 he recorded an album with social-themed songs titled Verde y Negro as a tribute to the freedom fighters of the Dominican people.

Víctor died of COVID-19 on 16 July 2020 at a hospital in Santo Domingo, aged 71.

References

1948 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic
Dominican Republic musicians
Guitarists
Singer-songwriters
Dominican Republic writers

Víctor Víctor


Baidar Khan, also known as Peta, was the sixth son of Chagatai Khan.
He participated in the European campaign ("The elder boys campaign" as it was known in Mongolia) with his nephew Büri from 1235-1241. He commanded the Mongol army assigned to Poland with Kadan and, probably, Orda Khan.

Baidar defeated many Poles, Russians, Germans and Moravians. On 13 February 1241 the Mongols crossed the frozen Vistula. The town of Sandomierz was taken and plundered. Further to the west, on 18 March Orda and Baidar met the Polish army under the command of Duke Bolesław V (not present at the battle) at the battle of Chmielnik. The Poles were heavily defeated and Boleslaw with a part of his troops fled to Moravia. On 22 March the Mongols stood before Kraków, many of whose inhabitants had already made their escape. On Palm Sunday the Mongols set the town on fire and took prisoner large numbers of the people who had remained. Moving further west, Orda and Baidar reached a place east of Opole, where they forced Duke Mieszko the Fat's army to retreat. Near Racibórz they crossed the Oder. Racibórz was burnt by its inhabitants when they left the town. Wrocław fell into the hands of the Mongols, although the citadel itself did not surrender. Their first assault against the fortress having failed, the Mongols wasted no time on a siege. They bypassed the citadel and pushed forward to the west.

After defeating a combined force of Poles, Czechs, and Templars at Legnica (see Battle of Legnica), Baidar camped for about two weeks in the neighbourhood of Otmuchów (between Opole and Kłodzko). Early in May 1241 they entered Moravia. Then continued via Brno, to join Batu Khan's main army in Hungary. Although Bohemia remained unmolested, Moravia had much to endure. The destruction in Poland, Silesia and Moravia was all much of the same kind.

Baidar participated in the election of Güyük Khan in 1246.

Children

Alghu, d. 1265 or 1266

References

13th-century Mongols
Generals of the Mongol Empire
Chagatai khans

Baidar


The Maharashtra government in India has launched a water conservation scheme named Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan to make Maharashtra a drought-free state by 2019. The  programme aims to make 5000 villages free of water scarcity every year.

The key aim of Jalyukta Shivar Abhiyan is to establish belief in a farmer that "every drop of rainwater is owned by me and it should percolate in my land".

The flagship programme launched by Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis, Jalyukta Shivar Abhiyan aims to bring water empowerment to 25,000 drought-affected villages in Maharashtra within next five years. The programme Jalyukt Shivar was initiated by Pankaja Munde. With the passing time, the scheme has been going strong with villages building infrastructure and making the programme one of the largest Government initiatives in terms of public participation.

Logo
The Water Conservation Department of Maharashtra government conducted a logo competition on the Maharashtra MyGov Portal with an objective to widen its scope of public participation in flagship program.

Mr Kishor Gaikwad received an award in Mumbai for best design by Hon. Chief Minister of Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis on 4 January 2018.

References

External links
 The World Bank's work and publications on water resources
https://web.archive.org/web/20160625203049/http://www.ctara.iitb.ac.in/tdsc/GR/JYS_GR_english.pdf
http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/taskforcemaha-agrarian-crisis-submits-report-to-govt_5477941.html
http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/govt-spends-rs-1400-crjalyukt-shivar-abhiyaan-so-far_3659501.html
http://indianexpress.com/article/india/maharashtra/wardha-and-nagpur-villagers-rejoice-as-jalyukt-shivar-projects-yield-results/

Water resource management in India
Environment of Maharashtra
Rural development in India
2015 in India
Government schemes in Maharashtra
Economy of Maharashtra

Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan


L'Accordée de Village is a painting by the French artist Jean-Baptiste Greuze, first exhibited at the 1761 Salon, where it was unanimously praised by the critics, notably by Diderot. It was the first example of the 'moral painting' genre, to which Greuze often returned. It is now in the Louvre Museum in Paris.

It was part of a series of 6 paintings. Caroline de Valory, a former pupil of Greuze, collaborated with the writer Alexandre Louis Bertrand Robineau to produce L'Accordée de Village, a one-act comedy based on the paintings.

Bibliography
Denis Diderot, Salon de 1765, Hermann, Paris, 1984
Denis Diderot, Héros et martyrs, Hermann, Paris, 1995
Denis Diderot, Essais sur la peinture, Salons de 1759, 1761, 1763, Hermann, Paris, 2007
Edgar Munhall, Jean-Baptiste Greuze 1728–1805, catalogue of an exhibition at the Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, 1977

Paintings in the Louvre by French artists
1761 paintings
Paintings by Jean-Baptiste Greuze

L'Accordée de Village


Messter Film was a German film production company which operated during the silent era. It was founded by the German film pioneer Oskar Messter who already owned a chain of cinemas. It was based in Berlin which had emerged as the centre of the German film industry. Messter quickly established itself as dominant force in German production, particularly during the boom years of the First World War when foreign films faced many restrictions in Germany. Messter played a prominent role in the development of the German feature film, moving away from the shorter running times which had been standard in the early years of cinema. Messter also produced its own newsreels.

In 1909 Messter Film took part in the Paris Film Congress, a failed attempt by Europe's leading producers to create a film cartel similar to that formed by the MPPC in the United States.

In 1917 the company became part of the large conglomerate Universum Film AG (UFA) which brought together many of the leading German companies in a single, powerful organisation. For several years after this Messter continued to produce films as an individual unit of the UFA umbrella.

UFA took over Messter's associated distribution partner Hansa Film.

References

Bibliography
 Bergfelder, Tim & Bock, Hans-Michael. The Concise Cinegraph: Encyclopedia of German. Berghahn Books, 2009.
 Hardt, Ursula. From Caligari to California: Erich Pommer's Life in the International Film Wars. Berghahn Books, 1996.
 Prawer, S.S. Between Two Worlds: The Jewish Presence in German and Austrian Film, 1910-1933''. Berghahn Books, 2005.

German film studios
Film production companies of Germany
Mass media companies disestablished in 1917
Mass media in Berlin
Mass media companies established in 1897
1917 disestablishments in Germany
1917 mergers and acquisitions
German companies established in 1897
Film production companies established in the 1890s

Messter Film


WBRE-TV (channel 28) is a television station licensed to Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States, serving Northeastern Pennsylvania as an affiliate of NBC. It is owned by Nexstar Media Group, which provides certain services to Scranton-licensed CBS affiliate WYOU (channel 22) under a shared services agreement (SSA) with Mission Broadcasting. The two stations share studios on South Franklin Street in downtown Wilkes-Barre, with a news bureau and sales office next to WYOU's former studios on Lackawanna Avenue in downtown Scranton. WBRE-TV's transmitter is located at the Penobscot Knob antenna farm near Mountain Top.

WBRE-TV operates a digital replacement translator on UHF channel 28 that is licensed to Waymart with a transmitter in Forest City. It exists because wind turbines run by NextEra Energy Resources at the Waymart Wind Farm interfere with the transmission of full-power television signals.

History
WBRE signed on New Year's Day 1953 becoming the first television station in the market. It was owned by the Baltimore family along with WBRE radio (1340 AM, now WYCK, and 98.5 FM, now WKRZ). Although it appears that the call letters stand for Wilkes-Barre, they actually refer to Baltimore Radio Exchange, the Baltimore family's company. The radio stations were sold off in 1980.

For much of its early history, channel 28 was unable to get a direct feed from NBC because AT&T microwave and wireline operations weren't available in northeast Pennsylvania. Station engineers were thus forced to switch to and from the signals of network flagship WNBT in New York City (now WNBC) and WPTZ in Philadelphia (now CBS owned-and-operated station KYW-TV) when NBC programming was airing. WPTZ was used as a backup. In efforts to improve the quality and reliability of the received signals, WBRE built its own relay site on Pimple Hill on the west side of Route 115, just south of Pocono Raceway. Reception of the New York stations is very clear and reliable from that site; indeed, it served as a microwave retransmission site for many of the area's cable systems well into the 1990s until fiber optics made microwave transmission obsolete.

In 1972, disaster struck at WBRE when its offices were flooded by Hurricane Agnes. Most of the station's equipment was moved above ground and survived but a film archive in the basement was destroyed. The Baltimore family sold the radio stations in 1980, but held onto channel 28 until selling it to New York-based Northeastern Television Investors in 1984, earning a handsome return on their original investment in WBRE radio in 1925. Northeastern Television Investors in turn sold it to Adams Communications in 1989. Current owner Nexstar Broadcasting Group acquired the station in 1997. Nexstar already owned WYOU but opted to keep WBRE and sold WYOU to Mission Broadcasting. However, Nexstar continues to control WYOU's operations through a joint sales agreement. On January 3, 2007, Nexstar named Louis J. Abitabilo as vice president and general manager for the two stations.

The station's news operation made a fictional appearance within the NBC comedy series The Office, set in Scranton, in the 6th-season episodes "The Chump" and "Whistleblower", interviewing Michael Scott about reports of malfunctioning printers.

In September 2011, the station was evacuated once again due to potential flooding by heavy rains from Tropical Storm Lee. For 48 hours, the station operated remotely out of the garage of the local Fox affiliate, WOLF-TV. They provided coverage for the entire duration of the evacuation period, nearly 63 hours. Luckily, the station and the majority of the city of Wilkes-Barre were protected by the levee system.

On January 19, 2012, Nexstar named Robert G. Bee as vice president and general manager of WBRE, with management responsibilities for WYOU. The station went full HD including news and production on April 2, 2012.

On December 3, 2018, Nexstar announced it would acquire the assets of Chicago-based Tribune Media—which has operated WNEP-TV through a shared services agreement with Dreamcatcher Broadcasting since December 2014—for $6.4 billion in cash and debt. Nexstar is precluded from acquiring WNEP directly or indirectly, as FCC regulations prohibit common ownership of more than two stations in the same media market, or two or more of the four highest-rated stations in the market. As such, Nexstar will be required to sell either WNEP or both WBRE and WYOU (separately as it would break the grandfathered LMA) to separate, unrelated companies to address the ownership conflict. On January 31, 2019, Nexstar announced that it would retain the WBRE/WYOU duopoly and sell WNEP to another buyer; it was announced on March 20, 2019, that WNEP would be sold to Tegna Media. Since Nexstar will keep the WBRE/WYOU virtual duopoly, the transaction will make them sister stations to MyNetworkTV affiliate WPHL-TV in Philadelphia and ABC affiliate WIVT in Binghamton; Nexstar could also not keep CW affiliate WPIX in New York City due to the company's ownership cap, and that station would be consequently sold to the E. W. Scripps Company in a separate deal (Nexstar announced that it would transfer an option to repurchase WPIX to WYOU owner Mission Broadcasting, who would exercise that option. The sale was competed on December 30, 2020, with Nexstar operating the station through a local marketing agreement.)

News operation
WBRE led the ratings for most of the 1950s until ABC affiliate WNEP-TV jumped ahead in 1959. During the 1950s and 1960s, mirroring the century-long rivalry between Scranton and Wilkes-Barre, WBRE ruled Wilkes-Barre while WDAU-TV (now WYOU) dominated Scranton. Channel 28 jumped back in the lead in the early-1960s and went back and forth for first place with WDAU until 1978 when WNEP took the lead. It fell to third for most of the 1980s, even with NBC's powerhouse prime time lineup. In the mid-1990s, the station briefly surpassed long-dominant WNEP, then fell again to second after the sale to Nexstar.

In 2002, WBRE and WYOU dropped their separate weekday morning and noon newscasts in favor of Pennsylvania Morning and Pennsylvania Midday which were jointly-produced and simulcast on both stations. Since the two have both trailed WNEP in the news ratings by a wide margin for most of the last thirty years, a major shakeup in format occurred in fall 2006. While WYOU went with a talk/debate format for its weeknight shows, WBRE News became more of the traditional news program. This set a more clear competition against WNEP. At the beginning of 2008, WYOU dropped the weekday shared productions and started airing the first hour of the nationally syndicated morning show The Daily Buzz at 6 while debuting its own noon news.

On June 9, 2008, there were several more changes made on the two stations. WBRE re-launched its news operation as WBRE Eyewitness News. It had previously used the Eyewitness News moniker from the mid-1980s until 2001. This coincided with news set, music package, graphics, and weather system upgrades. There were also some on-air personnel changes. Anchor Andy Mehalshick became a weeknight field anchor. Candice Kelly, who had been anchoring on WYOU, moved to the weeknight newscasts on WBRE back in mid-May and was joined by newcomer Drew Speier. In addition, WBRE and WYOU's midday shows switched anchors. Mark Hiller moved from WBRE to WYOU while Eva Mastromatteo switched over to this station. Hiller also debuted as anchor of WYOU News First at 4 on weeknights. That station became the first in the area to broadcast local news at that time. This was followed at 4:30 by The Insider which moved from its 7 o'clock slot. WYOU then dropped its 5 p.m. newscast and aired two episodes of Judge Judy. Finally weeknights at 6 o'clock, Lyndall Stout (who anchored on WBRE) joined Eric Scheiner for the half-hour WYOU Inter@ctive. That station also launched a new weeknight newscast, WYOU News at 7. WNEP already aired local news at that time on weeknights. All of the preceding changes were an attempt to better compete against WNEP and get more ratings.

On April 4, 2009, WYOU shut down its news operation resulting in the layoff of fourteen personnel while others were integrated with WBRE. Syndicated programming began airing in place of the newscasts. The station saved nearly $1 million a year as a result of closing down its news department.

Fox affiliate WOLF-TV (channel 56) dropped WNEP as their news supplier at the end of 2009. WOLF then went to WBRE to take over starting January 1, 2010. WBRE then took over production of nightly prime time broadcasts on WOLF-TV which expanded to an hour and were re-branded as Fox 56 News First at 10.

WBRE launched a new 4 p.m. show called PA Live! in the fall of 2011. It focuses on lifestyles news covering the greater Wilkes-Barre and Scranton area. Along with its main studios, WBRE operates four news bureaus: Scranton (on Lackawanna Avenue), Stroudsburg (Main Street), Williamsport (on Pine Street), and Hazleton (East 10th Street).

On April 2, 2012, WBRE began broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition, with a new news set, HD cameras and forecasting equipment. With the upgrade, the station began producing half-hour newscasts at noon and 7 p.m. on sister station WYOU, the first such newscasts on that station since WYOU's in-house news department folded in 2009; those newscasts are also broadcast in high definition; in addition, simulcasts of WBRE's weekday morning, and nightly 6 and 11 p.m. newscasts are also carried on WYOU. This is a similar operation to existing joint news operations formed by Nexstar/Mission stations the year prior, between WUTR and WFXV in Utica, New York, and WTVW and WEHT in Evansville, Indiana.

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

On June 15, 2016, Nexstar announced that it has entered into an affiliation agreement with Katz Broadcasting for the Escape, Laff, Grit, and Bounce TV networks (the last one of which is owned by Bounce Media LLC, whose COO Jonathan Katz is president/CEO of Katz Broadcasting), bringing the four networks to 81 stations owned and/or operated by Nexstar, including WBRE-TV and WYOU.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WBRE-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 28, on February 17, 2009, the original target date on which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 11. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 28.

Translator

Like other stations in the area, WBRE was forced to rely on repeaters to serve its coverage area for most of its history. The market is one of the largest (in land area) east of the Mississippi River and is very mountainous. In addition, Scranton/Wilkes-Barre was a "UHF island" before the digital transition because it is too close to Philadelphia and New York City for VHF analog service. During March 2010, in a cost-cutting move, all owned and operated translators were shut down after Nexstar determined that its VHF signal for WBRE is adequate enough to reach most of the market. VHF signals "bend" over rugged terrain more easily than UHF signals. According to nepahdtv.com, this move was met with some dismay from viewers in areas where reception of signals from Penobscot Knob is difficult if not impossible, leaving many people in rural areas unable to watch the station. Many of these areas are among the few in the country where cable and satellite aren't readily available. Despite this, no effort from Nexstar has been made to bring back any of the repeaters.

Out-of-market cable coverage
In New York State, WBRE is carried on Charter Spectrum in Monticello in Sullivan County, which is part of the New York City market.

As fill-in for other NBC affiliates during disputes
 During a retransmission dispute involving Smith Media station WKTV, WBRE-TV was seen on Time Warner Cable in the Utica, New York area from December 16, 2010, until January 8, 2011.
 At 11:59 a.m. on June 10, 2012, Time Warner Cable began broadcasting WBRE's programming in the Upstate NY region during a re-transmission dispute involving WPTZ, a station in Plattsburgh, New York owned by Hearst Television.
 On July 9, 2012, the dispute between Time Warner Cable and Hearst extended to other TWC systems; on TWC systems in the Piedmont Triad and Bright House Networks systems in Central Florida, WXII-TV and WESH, respectively, was replaced with WBRE; TWC and Bright House opted for such a distant signal like WBRE, as they do not have the rights to carry any NBC affiliate closest to them. However, Nexstar complained that Time Warner Cable has used their signals outside their markets without permission, while Time Warner Cable was within its rights to use their signals as replacements until a deal with Hearst is reached. The substitution of WBRE in place of WPTZ, WESH and WXII lasted until July 19, 2012, when the deal was reached between Hearst and TWC.

References

External links
PAHomepage.com – Official WBRE/WYOU-TV website

NBC network affiliates
Laff (TV network) affiliates
Grit (TV network) affiliates
True Crime Network affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1953
1953 establishments in Pennsylvania
BRE-TV
Nexstar Media Group

WBRE-TV


Guy Arnold (6 May 1932 – 4 January 2020) was a British explorer, travel writer, political writer and specialist in north-south relations, who wrote mainly in the areas of African history, politics, and international affairs. He was based in Marylebone, London.

Guy Arnold was one of five children by George Arnold and Rita Shaw; he also had two half siblings (one deceased). He was an older brother to Bruce Arnold, a novelist, non-fiction writer and journalist based in Dublin. Although born on Merseyside, he was brought up at the family home in Croydon and went to Kingham Hill School, a boarding school in Oxfordshire, thence to Chipping Norton Grammar School, before going on to St Peter's College, Oxford where he read History graduating in 1955.

Arnold was active in the Conservative Party at Oxford and in 1954 along with undergraduates Michael Heseltine, Julian Critchley and Martin Morton canvassed workers at the gates of the Vickers Shipyard in Barrow-in-Furness as part of the 1955 General Election campaign. On leaving Oxford, in 1955, with three other Oxford graduates Colin Campbell, Tom Chavasse and Gordon Pickles, he undertook an exploration of the Usun Apau Plateau and the Plieran River in Sarawak, Borneo. He subsequently wrote a number of articles including "Economic Needs of Sarawak" for New Commonwealth Magazine, 'Music in Sarawak' for the Times Educational Supplement and "Prehistory of Usun Apau" for the Sarawak Museum Journal; these led to the writing of his first travel book 'Longhouse and Jungle'.

In 1958, he moved to Canada for five years and taught first at Pickering College and then at Ryerson Polytechnical Institute; during this period he was instrumental in setting up the Canadian University Service Overseas (CUSO). In 1988, his contribution to the establishment of CUSO was recognised with an award for his 25 years of service to the organisation.

In 1964, he travelled to Northern Rhodesia as an adviser to the leader of the United National Independence Party (UNIP), Kenneth Kaunda. He was regularly seen at regional UNIP offices in the yellow Packard car provided for him by Kaunda. During this period he met and stayed with Stewart Gore-Browne, later the subject of The Africa House by Christina Lamb; at the time Arnold was suffering from malaria which Gore-Brown treated with red wine. After independence in October 1964 and Kaunda's ascendancy as President, Arnold left the newly independent Zambia and drove from Lusaka to London in a newly acquired Land-rover, a journey of over 11,500 km; he was accompanied by Alan Leather who was finishing his stint with Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO). In London Arnold rented a flat in Seymour Place which was to become his home for the next 53 years, the Landrover parked outside until parking restrictions were introduced. His flat was directly above that of the photographer Deste who became a life long friend and colleague until her death in 1986.

Over the course of his career, he also worked with the Overseas Development Institute, created a National Youth Service in Zambia in the period before its independence in 1964, and was Director of the Africa Bureau (a non-governmental lobby group) from 1968 to 1972, as well as working as a consultant in the field. He was the author of more than 50 books including travelogues and educational books for children.

He lectured and taught courses on international affairs for over thirty years, at the Workers' Educational Association and the University of Surrey.

While most government officials on both sides of the Atlantic have supported the Special Relationship between Britain and the United States, Arnold was a critic. In 2014, he described it as a "sickness in the body politic of Britain that needs to be flushed out." Instead he called for closer relationship with Europe and Russia so as to rid "itself of the US incubus."

Guy Arnold died on 4 January 2020.

Bibliography
 Longhouse and Jungle: an expedition to Sarawak (1959)
 Towards Peace and a Multiracial Commonwealth (1964)
 Economic Co-operation in the Commonwealth (1967)
 Rhodesia, Token Sanctions or Total Economic Warfare (1972)
 Sanctions against Rhodesia, 1965 to 1972 (1972)
 Kenyatta and the politics of Kenya (1974)
 The last bunker: a report on white South Africa today (1976)
 Modern Nigeria (1977)
 Strategic highways of Africa (1977)
 Statistical guide to the Nigerian market (1978)
 Britain's oil (1978)
 Aid in Africa (1979)
 Held fast for England: G. A. Henty, imperialist boys' writer (1980)
 Modern Kenya (1981)
 The unions (1981)
 Datelines of world history (1983)
 Coal (1985)
 Gas (1985)
 Aid and the Third World: the North/South divide (1985)
 Journey round Turkey (1989)
 Book of Dates: A Chronology of World History (1989)
 Britain since 1945: choice, conflict and change (1989)
 Down the Danube: The Black Forest to the Black Sea (1989)
 Facts on water, wind, and solar power (1990)
 Facts on nuclear energy (1990)
 Revolutionary and dissident movements: an international guide (1991)
 The world trade system (1991)
 Brainwash: the cover-up society (1992)
 South Africa: crossing the Rubicon – Volume 1992, Part 2 (1992)
 The End of the Third World (1993)
 Political and economic encyclopaedia of Africa (1993)
 The Third World handbook (1994)
 Wars in the Third World since 1945 (1995)
 The maverick state: Gaddafi and the New World Order (1996)
 Historical Dictionary of Aid and Development Organizations (1996)
 The resources of the Third World (1997)
 World Government by Stealth: The Future of the United Nations (1997)
 Mercenaries: The Scourge of the Third World (1999)
 The new South Africa (2000)
 World Strategic Highways (2000)
 Guide to African political and economic development (2001)
 Historical Dictionary of the Crimean War (2002)
 Africa: a modern history (2005)
 The international drugs trade (2005)
 Historical dictionary of the non-aligned movement and Third World (2006)
 In the footsteps of George Borrow: a journey through Spain and Portugal (2007)
 Historical dictionary of civil wars in Africa (2008)
 The A to Z of Civil Wars in Africa (2009)
 Morocco in the 21st Century (2009)
 Matter of Opinion (2011)
 Migration: Changing the World (2012)
 America and Britain: Was There Ever a Special Relationship? (2014)
 Travel Tales: Fifty Tales from a Life of International Travel (2015)
 Africa: a Modern History New edition with Afterword: The New Colonialism 2000–2015 (2017)

References

1932 births
2020 deaths
British non-fiction writers
Place of birth missing
British male writers
People educated at Kingham Hill School
Presidents of the Oxford University Conservative Association
Workers' Educational Association
Alumni of St Peter's College, Oxford
Male non-fiction writers

Guy Arnold


Waldemar, Lord of Rostock (before 1241 – 9 November 1282) was the ruling Lord of Rostock from 1278 until his death.

He was the second eldest son of Hernry Borwin III and his wife Sophia (d. before 24 June 1241), the daughter of King Erik X of Sweden.  His elder brother John died before his father, so after his father's death, Waldemar inherited Rostock and ruled alone.  He died on 9 November 1282, or possibly one day later.  He was buried in the Doberan Minster.

According to some sources, he went blind some time before his death and divided his territory between his sons.  His sons ruled under the regency of their mother until 1284.  From 1286, his youngest son Nicholas ruled alone.

Marriage and issue
Waldemar was married with Agnes, a daughter of Count John I of Kiel.  They had three sons:
 Henry Borwin IV (d. before 1285)
 John (d. before 1285)
 Nicholas I (before 1262 – 1314), Lord of Rostock from 1282 to 1312.

External links
 Genealogical table of the House of Mecklenburg

Lords of Mecklenburg
Lords of Rostock
13th-century births
1282 deaths
Year of birth unknown
13th-century German nobility

Waldemar, Lord of Rostock


Prospero Colonna (1452–1523), sometimes referred to as Prosper Colonna, was an Italian condottiero in the service of the Papal States, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Kingdom of Spain during the Italian Wars. Along with his rival Bartolomeo d'Alviano, he is considered the best Italian general of his time.

Biography
A member of the ancient noble family of the Colonna, he was born in Civita Lavinia, near Velletri (Lazio), in 1452. He was a cousin of Fabrizio Colonna.

His first notable action as a military leader was in 1484 when he defended the family castle of Paliano against an assault by the rival Orsini and Riario families. After some other battle deeds, Prospero, who had joined Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere's party, was imprisoned in Castel Sant'Angelo (Rome) by Pope Alexander VI. Once freed, he was soon imprisoned again for his allegiance to Charles VIII of France during his invasion of Italy. In the end, the King of France was victorious against the Pope and entered Rome, backed by Prospero and Fabrizio Colonna, in 1495.

During the brief French rule over the Kingdom of Naples, Prospero obtained the duchy of Traetto and the county of Forlì. However, when Charles returned beyond the Alps, Prospero helped King Ferdinand II of Naples to evict the French viceroy from Naples.

The situation changed again with the new French invasion of Louis XII. While the Neapolitan king Frederick IV fled to the island of Ischia, Fabrizio and Prospero Colonna tried to defend the kingdom. They were defeated and imprisoned in the Castel Nuovo of Naples. They were also excommunicated by Alexander VI, who took their castles in the Lazio. Eventually ransomed, both cousins then entered the service of the Spanish general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, viceroy of Naples.

Prospero Colonna had an important role in the Spanish victory at Cerignola (1503), which gave Spain the keys to Naples. After Alexander VI's death, he was also able to take back his territories in the Lazio. He commanded the light cavalry at the Battle of Garigliano. His relationship with Córdoba soured after Bartolomeo d'Alviano, a condottiero from the rival Orsini family, entered his service around this time, leading Colonna to become their political enemy.

Prospero added Itri, Sperlonga, Ceccano, and Sonnino to his fiefs, becoming once again a great feudal lord in southern Italy. He married Covella di Sanseverino, who gave him an heir, Vespasiano.

In 1515, he was commander of the forces of Pope Leo X in north-western Italy near Villafranc when the army of Francis I, King of France, crossed the Alps preparatory to the Battle of Marignano. In a surprising and humiliating raid, Colonna and his staff were captured by a French cavalry force led by the Chevalier Bayard.  As he was taken, he said of France, "It is a country I have always wanted to visit."

Continuing in the service of the Pope, Colonna gained a decisive victory against France in northern Italy in 1522 (Battle of Bicocca).

His health was declining, however, and he died in 1523 in l'Hôtel Clemenceau at Milan.

References

1452 births
1523 deaths
People from Lanuvio
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
Prospero
16th-century condottieri
Military leaders of the Italian Wars
15th-century condottieri
Papal States military personnel

Prospero Colonna


Glucose syrup, also known as confectioner's glucose, is a syrup made from the hydrolysis of starch. Glucose is a sugar. Maize (corn) is commonly used as the source of the starch in the US, in which case the syrup is called "corn syrup", but glucose syrup is also made from potatoes and wheat, and less often from barley, rice and cassava.p. 21

Glucose syrup containing over 90% glucose is used in industrial fermentation, but syrups used in confectionery contain varying amounts of glucose, maltose and higher oligosaccharides, depending on the grade, and can typically contain 10% to 43% glucose. Glucose syrup is used in foods to sweeten, soften texture and add volume. By converting some glucose in corn syrup into fructose (using an enzymatic process), a sweeter product, high fructose corn syrup can be produced.

Glucose syrup was first made in 1811 in Russia by Gottlieb Kirchhoff using heat and sulfuric acid.

Types
Depending on the method used to hydrolyse the starch and on the extent to which the hydrolysis reaction has been allowed to proceed, different grades of glucose syrup are produced, which have different characteristics and uses.  The syrups are broadly categorised according to their dextrose equivalent (DE). The further the hydrolysis process proceeds, the more reducing sugars are produced, and the higher the DE.  Depending on the process used, glucose syrups with different compositions, and hence different technical properties, can have the same DE.

Confectioner's syrup
The original glucose syrups were manufactured by acid hydrolysis of corn starch at high temperature and pressure. The typical product had a DE of 42, but quality was variable due to the difficulty of controlling the reaction.  Higher DE syrups made by acid hydrolysis tend to have a bitter taste and a dark colour, due to the production of hydroxymethylfurfural and other byproducts.p. 26 This type of product is now manufactured using a continuous converting process and is still widely used due to the low cost of acid hydrolysis.  The sugar profile of a confectioner's syrup can also be mimicked by enzymatic hydrolysis. A typical confectioner's syrup contains 19% glucose, 14% maltose, 11% maltotriose and 56% higher molecular mass carbohydrates.p. 464 A typical 42 DE syrup has about half the sweetness of sugar,p. 71 and increasing DE leads to increased sweetness, with a 63 DE syrup being about 70%, and pure dextrose (100 DE) about 80% as sweet as sugar.p. 71

High-maltose glucose syrups

By using β-amylase or fungal α-amylase, glucose syrups containing over 50% maltose, or even over 70% maltose (extra-high-maltose syrup) can be produced.p. 465 This is possible because these enzymes remove two glucose units (i.e. one maltose molecule) at a time from the end of the starch molecule. High-maltose glucose syrup has a great advantage in the production of hard candy: at a given moisture level and temperature, a maltose solution has a lower viscosity than a glucose solution, but will still set to a hard product. Maltose is also less humectant than glucose, so candy produced with high-maltose syrup will not become sticky as easily as candy produced with a standard glucose syrup.p. 81

Commercial preparation
Irrespective of the feedstock or the method used for hydrolysis, certain steps are common to the production of glucose syrup:

Preparation
Before conversion of starch to glucose can begin, the starch must be separated from the plant material. This includes removing fibre and protein (which can be valuable by-products, for example wheat or maize glutenp. 22). Protein produces off-flavours and colours due to the Maillard reaction, and fibre is insoluble and has to be removed to allow the starch to become hydrated.  The plant material also needs to be ground as part of this process to expose the starch to the water.

Soaking
The starch needs to be swelled to allow the enzymes or acid to act upon it.  When grain is used, sulfur dioxide is added to prevent spoilage.

Gelatinization
By heating the ground, cleaned feedstock, starch gelatinization takes place: the intermolecular bonds of the starch molecules are broken down, allowing the hydrogen bonding sites to engage more water. This irreversibly dissolves the starch granule, so the chains begin to separate into an amorphous form.  This prepares the starch for hydrolysis.

Hydrolysis
Glucose syrup can be produced by acid hydrolysis, enzyme hydrolysis, or a combination of the two.  Currently, a variety of options are available.

Formerly, glucose syrup was only produced by combining corn starch with dilute hydrochloric acid, and then heating the mixture under pressure. Currently, glucose syrup is mainly produced by first adding the enzyme α-amylase to a mixture of corn starch and water.  α-amylase is secreted by various species of the bacterium Bacillus; the enzyme is isolated from the liquid in which the bacteria are grown. The enzyme breaks the starch into oligosaccharides, which are then broken into glucose molecules by adding the enzyme glucoamylase, known also as "γ-amylase". Glucoamylase is secreted by various species of the fungus Aspergillus; the enzyme is isolated from the liquid in which the fungus is grown. The glucose can then be transformed into fructose by passing the glucose through a column that is loaded with the enzyme D-xylose isomerase, an enzyme that is isolated from the growth medium of any of several bacteria.

Clarification
After hydrolysis, the dilute syrup can be passed through columns to remove impurities, improving its colour and stability.

Evaporation
The dilute glucose syrup is finally evaporated under vacuum to raise the solids concentration.

Uses
Its major uses in commercially prepared food products are as a thickener, sweetener, and humectant (an ingredient that retains moisture and thus maintains a food's freshness). Glucose syrup is also widely used in the manufacture of a variety of candy products.

In the United States, domestically produced corn syrup and high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) are often used in American-made processed and mass-produced foods, candies, soft drinks and fruit drinks to increase profit margins.

Glucose syrup was the primary corn sweetener in the United States prior to the expanded use of HFCS production.  HFCS is a variant in which other enzymes are used to convert some glucose into fructose. The resulting syrup is sweeter and more soluble. Corn syrup is also available as a retail product.

Glucose syrup is often used as part of the mixture that goes into creating fake blood for films and television. Blood mixtures that contain glucose syrup are very popular among independent films and film makers, as it is cheap and easy to obtain.

See also
High-fructose corn syrup
 List of syrups
Mizuame
Molasses

References

External links
 How corn is turned into corn syrup.
 Oregon State University Food Resource: Corn Syrup

Corn-based sweeteners
Starch
Syrup

Glucose syrup


The Polish Home Army Museum in Orchard Lake, Michigan is dedicated to the memory of the brave men and women of the Armia Krajowa during World War II. The museum tells the story of the struggle for the freedom and independence of Poland during World War II. On September 1, 1939, without declaring war, the Nazi German Army, Navy, and Air Forces invaded Poland from the north, west and south. Sixteen days later, on September 17, the Soviet Union also attacked Poland from the east. For Europe, the Nazi invasion of Poland marked the beginning of World War II; for Poland, the Soviet invasion also marked the beginning of a 50-year struggle against communism.

Dedication of the museum
The Polish Home Army Museum was dedicated on November 12, 1989. It was founded by members of the Michigan Chapter of the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa) Association in the United States and the Detroit chapter of the Polish Resistance (AK) Foundation, with the generous support of the National Executive Committees of these organizations, and of the Polonia. Space for the museum was provided by Monsignor Stanislaw Milewski, the Chancellor of the St. Mary's Seminary and College in Orchard Lake, Michigan and Rev. Roman Nir, Director of Archives.

The rooms were completely renovated and adapted for display purposes, including the installation of a new lighting system. The Museum Committees and a few dedicated members donated much of their time to make this ambitious project a reality. Exhibits were donated by many veterans of the Home Army and their families. The Master plan for the display of the exhibits was developed by Dr. Thaddeus Malinski, the curator and implemented under the leadership of Julius Przesmycki, former chairman of the Museum Committee.

The Poles in World War II
The Poles were beaten, but not conquered. The fight against the Germans continued, uninterrupted, for almost six years. After the war, when Poland was abandoned by her western allies and left under Soviet domination, resistance against communism continued for another 45 years. Finally, largely because of the Solidarity movement, freedom for Poland was regained in 1989.

The entrance
Facing the entrance to the museum is the symbol of 'Polska Walcząca': Fighting Poland, as seen in the title above. It was the mark of the Armia Krajowa, emblazoned on walls throughout German-occupied Poland. Symbol of resistance, sign of defiance, emblem of freedom, and declaration of unwavering intent - an important part of Polish history. Behind the 'Polska Walcząca' is displayed the standard of the Michigan chapter of the Polish Home Army (AK) Veterans Association.

The first room
The first room contains exhibits from the beginning of World War II, including the front pages of the Detroit newspapers dated September 1, 1939, with the headlines crying out: "War!". The first room also depicts the history of the secret Polish Underground State and its fighting forces, the Home Army (Armia Krajowa). The Polish Home Army organized the most effective partisan and espionage forces of any allied nation. At its peak, in 1943, the AK numbered over 380,000 men and women. All were volunteers. One of the major accomplishments of the Home Army was the capture of an entire V-2 rocket, which was disassembled and flown to Britain.

Examples of the Secret underground press, which continued publishing almost until the day the Soviet Army marched into Poland, are also displayed, as are the numerous memorabilia donated by veterans of the AK and their families. All descriptions are in English.

The second room
The second room of the museum is dedicated to the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 and the suffering of the Polish people under the German and Soviet occupation of Poland. The Nazi concentration camps built by the Nazis on Polish territory were first occupied by Christian Poles, many of whom perished and later by the Jewish population, most of whom perished. The work of 'Zegota', a secret department of the Polish Underground State, dedicated to saving thousands of Jews, especially children, from the Nazi persecution, is described.

The Warsaw Uprising
On August 1, 1944, the Home Army in Warsaw rose against the Germans as they were retreating under pressure from the Soviet offensive. The Red Army was only 15 miles away at the time. However; a few days after the uprising started, Joseph Stalin ordered his armies to stop and wait until the Germans had brutally suppressed the uprising and destroyed the city. Stalin wanted the Home Army and Polish leadership destroyed in order to make it easier for the Soviets to set up a planned puppet communist regime. After 63 days of fighting with insufficient arms against three German Divisions, including the elite Hermann Göring SS Panzer Division and the German Luftwaffe, the Home Army was forced to surrender. After the surrender and evacuation of POWs, as well as the remaining civilian population, the Germans blew up or burnt whatever buildings were left standing.

Exhibits
The exhibits include several photographic displays, examples of arms and uniforms used by the Home Army, many documents and decorations, a few 1944 street plans of Warsaw showing Home Army and German positions at various stages of the battle, and many other sorts of memorabilia. There is also a display of memorabilia from POW and Nazi concentration camps.

Location
The Polish Home Army Museum in Orchard Lake, Michigan is located in the St. Mary's Preparatory Ark Building (#9), 3535 Indian Trail, Orchard Lake, MI 48324. To make an appointment or for information, contact 248-683-0412.

References

Home Army
Ethnic museums in Michigan
Museums in Oakland County, Michigan
Military and war museums in Michigan
Polish-American culture in Metro Detroit
World War II museums in the United States
Polish-American museums
Museums established in 1989
1989 establishments in Michigan

Polish Home Army Museum, Orchard Lake, Michigan


Tropical Storm Chris was the fourth tropical storm of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season. Forming on July 31 in the Atlantic Ocean east of the Leeward Islands from a tropical wave, Chris moved generally to the west-northwest, skirting the northern fringes of the Caribbean islands. Chris was a relatively short-lived storm, reaching a peak intensity with winds at 65 mph (100 km/h) on August 2, while positioned north of St. Martin. The storm gradually weakened before finally dissipating on August 5, near eastern Cuba.

Overall impact was minimal, amounting to moderate amounts of rainfall throughout its path. No deaths were reported.

Storm history

A tropical wave moved westward off the coast of Africa on July 27. At first, deep convection was spread throughout the wave axis, though dry air greatly decreased the convection on July 28. The wind field remained well-defined as it continued westward, and deep convection increased two days later along the northern end of the wave axis. Dvorak classifications began on July 30 in response to an increase in vertical depth and organization of the convection. On July 31 a buoy recorded a change of wind direction from northeast to west, indicating a small low pressure area formed. Convective organization rapidly increased as it turned to the northwest, and the system developed into Tropical Depression Three on August 1 while located about 235 miles (375 km) east-southeast of Barbuda.

Forecasters originally predicted wind shear from an upper level low would prevent strengthening and cause dissipation within three days. However, the depression continued to organize as deep convection continued to develop near the circulation despite moderate amounts of wind shear, and the system strengthened into Tropical Storm Chris six hours after developing. The convection slowly covered the entire system, and by late on the 1st Chris reached winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) while passing 50 miles (80 km) north of the northern Leeward Islands. The structure of Chris continued to improve and become more symmetrical, and an upper level eye feature developed early on August 2. Outflow improved in all quadrants, as well, and the storm reached a peak intensity of 65 mph (100 km/h) shortly thereafter while located 120 miles (195 km) east of St. Thomas. Ins pite of the initial predictions of Chris intensifying to a hurricane as a ridge of high pressure forced it west-northwestward, upper level shear dissipated the well-defined inner core of the storm, and Chris started to weaken.

Early on August 3, strong wind shear over Chris removed the deep convection from the low level circulation, while a building ridge to its north turned the storm towards the west into an area of drier air. By mid-day on the 3rd the circulation was devoid of any convection within 85 miles (135 km), while the deeper convection spread across Puerto Rico and Hispaniola. Late on August 3, deep convection developed over the center of circulation again, though persistent vertical shear weakened Chris to a tropical depression on August 4. Because of computer models predicting lesser amounts of shear, forecasters mentioned the possibility of moderate strengthening in the Gulf of Mexico to a 60 mph (95 km/h) storm. However, convection remained minimal, and Chris degenerated into a remnant area of low pressure late on August 4. Late on August 5, convection increased in the remnants of the storm, and forecasters indicated the potential for slow development over the Gulf of Mexico due to marginally favorable conditions. The redevelopment never happened, and the remnant circulation dissipated near Havana, Cuba on August 6.

Preparations

When the National Hurricane Center published its first advisory on Tropical Depression Three, the governments of Antigua and Barbuda, Anguilla, Saint Kitts and Nevis, and the British Virgin Islands also gave out Tropical Storm Warnings for their respective territories. When the depression strengthened to Tropical Storm Chris, Tropical Storm Warnings were also issued for Saba, Sint Eustatius, Saint-Barthélemy, and Saint Martin. Three Royal Caribbean cruise ships changed their paths to avoid the storm. FEMA representatives coordinated with local emergency management officials in the United States Virgin Islands to determine if preparation necessities would be needed, such as hospital usage, shelters, and sand bags. In St. Thomas, all jet flights were cancelled in and out of the island, though small airlines were permitted to fly during the storm. Ferry service from Saint Martin to Anguilla was cancelled for a short period of time. Saint Martin officials recommended citizens to secure all loose items, for coastal residents to prepare for high surf, and for construction sites to secure all loose equipment. A small craft advisory was also issued for coastal waters of Saint Martin due to strong waves from the storm.

On August 1, officials in Puerto Rico issued a tropical storm warning for the island. The next day, approximately 600 tourists evacuated the islands of Vieques and Culebra. Citizens in Puerto Rico prepared for the storm by stocking up on supplies and visiting gas stations. On August 2, the government of the Bahamas issued a Hurricane Watch for the Turks and Caicos Islands, the Acklins and Crooked Islands, Ragged Island, Inagua, and Mayaguana. In response to the threat, officials urged citizens to stock up on hurricane supplies, while boat owners in Staniel Cay secured their boats in preparation for the storm.

In response to the storm's projected path into the Gulf of Mexico, prices for crude oil rose on the New York Mercantile Exchange at branch offices in London. Natural gas prices rose considerably in New York Mercantile Exchange electronic trading on August 2. Anticipation of a threat to supply by a potential Hurricane Chris coupled with high demand during an ongoing heat wave were cited as part of the reasons in the price move. In New Orleans, officials including Mayor Ray Nagin prepared for a possible evacuation of the city if Chris entered the Gulf of Mexico as a hurricane. The evacuation plan included moving all residents out of the city as a worst-case scenario, intended to avoid a re-occurrence of Hurricane Katrina around 1 year prior. Florida Emergency Management requested 10 mobile recovery centers, and placed hospitals in the Florida Keys on standby for evacuation. Officials in Mississippi identified the need for 110 to assist in an evacuation process in case of a possible landfall. Both Louisiana and Texas emergency operation centers monitored the progress of the storm, though did not execute any preparation action.

Impact
Damage caused by Tropical Storm Chris was minor and limited to just local flooding.

St. Thomas received brief amounts of heavy rain, with totals of over 3 inches (75 mm). Anguilla reported light rain and wind gusts of up to 21 mph (34 km/h). In St. John the storm caused peak wind gusts of 23 mph (37 km/h) along with moderately heavy rainfall of nearly 3 inches (75 mm), along with reports of lightning near the storm's center. Though impact was minimal in Saint Martin, Governor Franklyn Richards recognized the storm preparations served as a wake up call for citizens who were not ready for the hurricane season. In San Juan, Puerto Rico, the storm caused very little wind or rain. Convection dissociated from the center of the storm produced 30 mph (48 km/h) wind gusts and over 1.3 inches (33 mm) of rain in Culebra. Rainfall peaked at 3.09 inches (78 mm) in Fajardo. Rainfall from the storm caused the Fajardo River to overflow its banks. The overflown waters temporarily closed a highway in the northeastern portion of the island.

Rainfall reached up to 2 inches (50 mm) across portions of Hispaniola, the Turks and Caicos, the Bahamas, and eastern Cuba, and reached 4 inches (100 mm) in some mountainous areas. In Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic, heavy rainfall caused severe flooding. Las Américas reported 5.01 inches/127 mm of rainfall from Chris. Several people were left temporarily homeless from the flood waters entering their households. The flooding left many roads impassable near the capital city, and also resulted in landslides. The flooding also covered rice fields in the northeastern portion of the country. The National Office of Meteorology issued flood warnings for residents in low-lying areas and near rivers in the northeast and southeast portions of the country. Despite the flooding, overall damage was minor, and there are no casualties associated with Chris.

Related pages
 2006 Atlantic hurricane season

References

Other websites

 National Hurricane Center's archive on Tropical Storm Chris

2006 Atlantic hurricane season
Atlantic tropical storms

Tropical Storm Chris (2006)