Mauricio "Baboo" Da Silva (born November 28, 1967) is a Brazilian kyokushin kaikan full contact karate practitioner and former professional  kickboxer and mixed martial artist.  He is a professional coach and trainer of K-1 and MMA (Mixed Martial Arts), who has trained a number of world class fighters including Francisco Filho (martial artist), Glaube Feitosa, Andrews Nakahara, Ewerton Teixeira, Ray Sefo, Aleksandr Pitchkounov, Takumi Sato, Jan Soukup, Kou Tasei (aka Hong Tae Seong),  Jan Nortje, Doug Viney, Mighty Mo (kickboxer) and Akebono Taro.  From 1998 to  2004 he worked as the trainer and sparring partner for Francisco Filho.  He lived in Tokyo, Japan from 2005 to December 2010 and trained fighters from the IKO1 Kyokushin - Team Ichigeki and other fighters from visiting teams at the Ichigeki Plaza. He fought in the K-1 PREMIUM 2003 Dynamite!! and also in the Ichigeki events in Japan.

Biography and Career
Mauricio was born in Ivaipora Parana, Brazil on November 28, 1967.  At the age of 17 he started Kyokushin studying under Shihan Seiji Isobe in São Paulo along with other students such as Francisco Filho (martial artist).  Mauricio lived in the dojo as an uchi-deshi under Shihan Isobe who was responsible for introducing Kyokushin to Brazil.  Mauricio holds a 1st Dan Black belt in Kyokushin karate and trained together with the Brazilian Kyokushin World Cup team as a sparring partner for fighters such as Francisco Filho and Glaube Feitosa.  Francisco Filho became the Kyokushin world champion in 1999.

After this Mauricio became Filho's sparring partner and trainer for kickboxing.  During this time he practiced Muay Thai, Kickboxing, Submission wrestling and other forms of Mixed martial arts.  He also holds a purple belt in Brazilian Jiu-jitsu

In 2000 he helped Francisco Filho (martial artist) become the Champion at K-1 World Grand Prix 2000 in Yokohama by beating Cyril Abidi.  In 2001 Filho was the Repechage A Tournament Champion at K-1 World Grand Prix 2001 in Fukuoka, after beating Sergei Ivanovich and then Lloyd van Dams in the final, and in 2001 he was the Runner-up at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2001 Final after beating Peter Aerts and Alexey Ignashov and then being beaten by Mark Hunt in the final.  In 2004 they trained together in the Vos Gym in Amsterdam, the Netherlands to prepare for Filho's fight against Remy Bonjasky which Filho won.

After Filho retired in 2004 Mauricio began to work more with Glaube Feitosa and they both relocated to Tokyo, Japan where they joined Team Ichigeki.  The training team based at Ichigeki plaza in Ebisu, Tokyo was made up of 3 trainers. Mauricio was the only trainer directly from Kyokushin. Mauricio concentrated on kickboxing and MMA fighting.

 The other two trainers are Jayson Vemoa a professional Muay Thai World Champion and Fai Falamoe a professional boxer - Muhammed Ali Cup Boxing Champion.

 In 2003 and 2005 he was the sparring partner for the Brazilian Kyokushin World Cup Team.  In 2003 Glaube Feitosa placed fourth at the 8th Kyokushin World Open Tournament Championship and in 2005 he was the MVP at the Kyokushin Karate World Cup in Paris.

In K-1 fights Mauricio helped Glaube for the K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Tokyo Final where he won his quarter final fight by knocking out Ruslan Karaev in the first round but was beaten by Peter Aerts in the semi-final.  He also made the quarter-finals of the  K-1 World Grand Prix 2007 Final,  the final 16 at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 in Seoul Final 16 and the K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 in Seoul Final 16.

From 2005 Mauricio helped train Ray Sefo at the Ichigeki Plaza in Tokyo.  Some of Ray Sefo's notable titles and accomplishments while working with Mauricio include his fight in 2007 at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2007 in Yokohama against four-time World Grand Prix Champion Semmy Schilt for the new Super Heavyweight title. In Round 1, Sefo knocked Schilt down to become one of only three fighters in K-1 history to ever knock down Semmy Schilt.  However, he would go on to lose by KO in round 2. Others wins include fights against Melvin Manhoef in the K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Tokyo Final,
against Ruslan Karaev K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Seoul and against Hong man choi K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 Final held in Yokohama.

After becoming the 9th Kyokushin World Champion in 2007 Ewerton Teixeira entered K-1 in 2008 and joined Team Ichigeki in Tokyo, Japan where he was trained by Mauricio.  In his first year Ewerton won the Japan K-1 WGP Tournament Championship Title Belt by defeating Keijiro Maeda in the final at the K-1 World GP 2008 in Fukuoka.  Ewerton qualified for the top 8 at  K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 Final after defeating Musashi (kickboxer) but in the quarter-final ended up losing a close fight against Errol Zimmerman by decision. In 2009 he again made the top 8 at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final after beating Jerome Le Banner and Singh Jaideep.  He was knocked out in the quarter-final by Alistair Overeem  At the K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 Final in Tokyo Ewerton defeated Errol Zimmerman.

Other Team Ichigeki fighters who Mauricio trained for K-1 and MMA events include Aleksandr Pitchkounov whose notable achievements include gaining 2nd place in K-1 World Grand Prix 2007 in Hawaii, he was also the runner up at K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 in Taipei and gained 3rd place K-1 World Grand Prix 2007 in Las Vegas. Takumi Sato who gained 3rd place in K-1 World GP 2008 in Fukuoka and was also 3rd at K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 in Seoul. Kou Tasei (aka Hong Tae Seong) who was placed 3rd at the KOK World GP 2010 in Chisinau an 8-man -85 kg tournament.  Jan Soukup who fought in K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 in Bucharest and K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final Opening match and Kengo Shimizu  who beat Shunsuke Inoue at the S-Cup World Tournament Final 2010 -super fight- Shootboxing.

Mauricio trained a number of visiting fighters at the Ichigeki Plaza including Jan Nortje who Mauricio trained in MMA and kickboxing for fights against fighters such as  Peter Aerts at K-1 World GP 2008 in Fukuoka, Gary Goodridge at K-1 Hero's 8, Tom Erikson for the Gladiators/Deep event in Okayama  which Jan won and against Rameau Thierry Sokoudjou at the Dream 9 -Super hulk Grand Prix 2009. He helped prepare Doug Viney for fights against Badr Hari and Zabit Samedov, Rony Sefo against Dushiko Basrak, Jordan Tai against Mafio Canoletti, Mighty Mo (kickboxer) who beat Kim Min-Soo at Hero's 8 in Nagoya, Japan, Fabiano Da Silva who beat Jan Kaszuba at K-1 World MAX 2010 -70kg World Championship Tournament Final and fought Zabit Samedov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 in Seoul Final 16, and Akebono Taro for his K-1 PREMIUM 2005 Dynamite!! Hero's MMA fight against Bobby Ologun.

Mauricio fought Sylvester Terkay (aka The Predator) at the K-1 PREMIUM 2003 Dynamite!! in Nagoya, Japan under K-1 MMA rules and lost the fight by TKO.  He fought Nobuaki Kakuda in the K-1 Andy Memorial 2001 Japan GP Final.  He took part in the Ichigeki Professional Kickboxing Events  winning his fight in January, 2002 at "1.11 Ichigeki" by 1R KO.  at "8.10 Ichigeki" in August 2002, he and also won by 1R KO against Tiger.  In February, 2003 he lost by a 2R KO against Nishda at "2.22 Ichigeki".

Coaching Championship Titles

 2010 Ewerton Teixeira K-1 WGP Final 8 (defeated Errol Zimmerman)
 2010 Ewerton Teixeira K-1 WGP Oceania ( defeated Alex Roberts)
 2009 Ewerton Teixeira K-1 WGP Final 8 (lost to Alistair Overeem)
 2009 Ewerton Teixeira K-1 WGP Final 16 (defeated Singh Jaideep)
 2009 Ewerton Teixeira K-1 WGP Super Fight Champion ( defeated Jerome Le Banner)
 2009 Takumi Sato K-1 WGP Asia - 3rd place (lost to Taiei Kin)
 2008 Takumi Sato K-1 WGP Japan - 3rd place (lost to Keijiro Maeda)
 2008 Ewerton Teixeira K-1 WGP Final 8 (lost to Errol Zimmerman)
 2008 Ewerton Teixeira K-1 WGP Final 16 (defeated Musashi (kickboxer))
 2008 Ewerton Teixeira K-1 WGP Winner Japan Champion ( defeated Keijiro Maeda)
 2008 Aleksandr Pichkunov K-1 WGP Asia - 2nd place ( lost to Ruslan Karaev)
 2008 Aleksandr Pichkunov K-1 WGP USA - 2nd place ( lost to Mighty Mo (kickboxer))
 2007 Glaube Feitosa K-1 WGP Final 8 (lost to Semmy Schilt)
 2006 Glaube Feitosa K-1 WGP Final 8 - 3rd place (lost to Peter Aerts)
 2005 Glaube Feitosa K-1 WGP Final 8 - 2nd place (lost to Semmy Schilt)
 2001 Francisco Filho K-1 WGP Final 8 - 2nd place ( lost to Mark Hunt)
 2001 Francisco Filho K-1 WGP Repechage A Champion (defeated Lloyd van Dams)
 2000 Francisco Filho K-1 WGP in Yokohama Winner (defeated Cyril Abidi)

References

External links
 http://www.k-1.co.jp/en/

1967 births
Living people
Brazilian male kickboxers
Brazilian male karateka
Kickboxing trainers
Karate coaches

Baboo Da Silva


Femundsmarka National Park () is a national park in Innlandet and Trøndelag counties in Norway.  The landscape is largely marshes and lakes (it lies adjacent to Norway's second largest natural lake, Femunden).  It is a popular destination for canoeing and fishing.  The park was formed in 1971 to protect the lake and the forests stretching eastwards to Sweden. Indeed, the landscapes here are more Swedish in appearance than recognisably Norwegian. The forest is sparse and consists of craggy pine and birch.

The park has long been a source of falcons for use in the European and Asian sport of falconry and several places in the park are known as Falkfangerhøgda, or "falcon hunters' height".  There are also wild reindeer grazing in the heights and, in summer, a herd of around 30 musk oxen roam the area along the Røa and Mugga Rivers (in winter they migrate to the Funäsdalen area). This group split off from an older herd in the Dovrefjell area and migrated here.

The National Park influenced the name of the album Femundsmarka of the German black metal band Waldgeflüster.

Name
The first element is the genitive of the lake name Femund and the last element is the finite form of mark which means "woodland" or "forest".

References

External links
 National Parks of Norway - Femundsmarka
 Official website - Femundsmarka National Park

National parks of Norway
Protected areas established in 1971
Protected areas of Hedmark
Protected areas of Trøndelag
Tourist attractions in Hedmark
Tourist attractions in Trøndelag
Røros
1971 establishments in Norway
Engerdal

Femundsmarka National Park


The Love of the Nightingale is a play by Timberlake Wertenbaker, commissioned for the Royal Shakespeare Company and first performed in 1988 at The Other Place, Stratford. It is an adaptation of the Ancient Greek legend of the rape of Philomela by her brother-in-law Tereus, and the gruesome revenge undertaken by Philomela and her sister Procne. The play takes a feminist look at the ancient tale.

Synopsis
The King of Athens, Pandion I, fights a war with Thebes over land. The King of Thrace, Tereus, helps out Pandion, and in return, Pandion allows Tereus to marry Procne, one of his two daughters.  Procne obeys reluctantly.  She is not attracted to her taciturn soldier of a husband, and she dreads being parted from her beloved and spirited sister Philomele.  When she reaches Thrace, she struggles to adjust to life, as the women assigned to her have none of the cultural interests she has grown up with in Athens.  She asks Tereus to return to Athens and bring her sister, Philomele, to come and see her, as she is the only one who understands her.

Tereus travels to Athens and takes Philomele on his ship. From an early stage, there are danger signals that Tereus is sexually attracted to his sister-in-law.  Though Philomele herself is initially unaware of his interest, both her older servant and chaperone Niobe and the sailors can see the warning signs.  After a while, Tereus starts finding ways to slow down their journey, to give him more time to try to seduce Philomele.  As she finally realizes his intentions, she desperately reaches out to the Captain of the ship, a quiet, gentle man, in hopes of escape.  But when Tereus finds them together, he angrily kills the Captain.  In order to make her weak and vulnerable, Tereus now informs Philomele untruthfully that Procne has died during his absence. When Philomele continues to resist his advances, he rapes her.  Later, due to her determination to rebel and inform her sister, who she has worked out by now is not dead, he cuts out her tongue.

On his return home, Tereus informs Procne that Philomele was drowned on the journey. Five years pass.

Philomele has in fact been living in isolation for 5 years, and has seen nobody except the king (who initially visited her occasionally), Niobe and Niobe's servant. Niobe takes her to the annual Bachann/Dionysian festival, which is the only day of the year in which the women can drink and run wild.  Using large dolls she has made, Philomele performs a re-enactment of the rape in order to inform Procne that she is alive and of what Tereus has done. In revenge, Procne kills her own young son with Tereus, Itys. As Tereus begins to chase the women, his intent being to kill them, the gods turn Procne into a swallow, Tereus into a hoopoe and Philomele into a nightingale.

Productions
In 2012, Progress Theatre put on a youth production of the play. Several songs were written specifically for the production. The production was most praised for the way it involved youths in the conversation on rape culture and allowed them to explore adult themes that are conventionally tabooed.  A 2014 production by Constellation Theatre Company of Washington DC featured an original musical score by Tom Teasley, which has been recorded and issued on CD.

In 2021, Theatreworks (Melbourne) put on a production of the play. The audience was seated in small groups in Perspex boxes around a central stage, due to the COVID-19 restrictions in place in Melbourne at the time.

Adaptations
The 2007 opera of the same name by Australian composer Richard Mills is based on this play.

References

1989 plays
British plays
Plays based on works by Sophocles
Plays adapted into operas

The Love of the Nightingale


In psychology, false memory syndrome (FMS) is a proposed condition in which a person's identity and relationships are affected by what are believed to be false memories of psychological trauma, recollections which are strongly believed but factually contested by the accused. Peter J. Freyd originated the term partly to explain what he said was a false accusation of sexual abuse made against him by his daughter Jennifer Freyd and his False Memory Syndrome Foundation (FMSF) subsequently popularized the concept. The principle that individuals can hold false memories and the role that outside influence can play in their formation is widely accepted by scientists, but there is debate over whether this effect can lead to the kinds of detailed memories of repeated sexual abuse and significant personality changes (i.e. cutting off family members) typical of cases that FMS has historically been applied to. However FMS has not been recognized as a psychiatric illness in any medical manuals including the ICD-10, ICD-11, or the DSM-5.

False memory syndrome is argued to be the result of recovered memory therapy, a highly contested term defined by the FMSF in the early 1990s which is not widely accepted among psychologists or psychiatrists, that groups together a wide range of commonplace therapeutic practices with fringe therapy methods, all of which FMS proponents argue are prone to creating confabulations. The most influential figure in the genesis of the theory is psychologist Elizabeth Loftus.

Definition
False memory syndrome is a proposed condition in which a person's identity and interpersonal relationships center on a memory of a traumatic experience that the accused claims never happened but which the purported victim strongly believes occurred.

The FMS concept is controversial, and neither the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders nor the International Classification of Diseases include it. FMSF member Paul R. McHugh, among other supporters of the False Memory Syndrome construct, has suggested that the term was not adopted into the fourth version of the manual because the pertinent committee was, according to McHugh, being headed by believers in recovered memory.  Those involved in the process of editing and publishing DSM-IV have rejected this accusation and characterized McHugh's claim as conspiratorial, noting that the most recent edition of the  International Classification of Diseases similarly chose not to include False Memory Syndrome while including Dissociative Amnesia.

Recovered memory therapy

Recovered memory therapy is a term coined by skeptics of the accuracy of previously  dissociated memories to describe the therapeutic processes and methods that they believe create false memories and false memory syndrome. These methods include hypnosis, sedatives, journaling, asking a client about potential childhood abuse, group therapy, looking at childhood photos, probing questions and any kind of psychoanalytically oriented therapy, especially where the therapist believes repressed memories of traumatic events are the cause of their client's problems. The term is not listed in DSM-V or used by any mainstream formal psychotherapy modality, which has led to accusations that the term is little more than a pejorative.

That such techniques have been used in the past is undeniable. However, both the appropriateness of some of the techniques and the extent to which they caused a supposed epidemic of false memories is highly contested.

Evidence for false memories
Human memory is created and highly suggestible, and can create a wide variety of innocuous, embarrassing, and frightening memories through different techniques—including guided imagery, hypnosis, and suggestion by others. Though not all individuals exposed to these techniques develop memories, experiments suggest a significant number of people do, and will actively defend the existence of the events, even if told they were false and deliberately implanted. Questions about the possibility of false memories created an explosion of interest in suggestibility of human memory and resulted in an enormous increase in the knowledge about how memories are encoded, stored and recalled, producing pioneering experiments such as the lost in the mall technique. In Roediger and McDermott's (1995) experiment, subjects were presented with a list of related items (such as candy, sugar, honey) to study. When asked to recall the list, participants were just as, if not more, likely to recall semantically related words (such as sweet) than items that were actually studied, thus creating false memories. This experiment, though widely replicated, remains controversial due to debate considering that people may store semantically related items from a word list conceptually rather than as language, which could account for errors in recollection of words without the creation of false memories. Susan Clancy discovered that people claiming to have been victims of alien abductions are more likely to recall semantically related words than a control group in such an experiment.

The lost in the mall technique is a research method designed to implant a false memory of being lost in a shopping mall as a child to test whether discussing a false event could produce a "memory" of an event that did not happen. In her initial study, Elizabeth Loftus found that 25% of subjects came to develop a "memory" for the event which had never actually taken place. Extensions and variations of the lost in the mall technique found that an average of one third of experimental subjects could become convinced that they experienced things in childhood that had never really occurred, even traumatic or impossible events.

Experimental researchers have demonstrated that memory cells in the hippocampus of mice can be modified to artificially create false memories.

Sexual abuse cases
The question of the accuracy and dependability of a repressed memory that someone has later recalled has contributed to some investigations and court cases, including cases of alleged sexual abuse or child sexual abuse (CSA).  The research of Elizabeth Loftus has been used to counter claims of recovered memory in court and it has resulted in stricter requirements for the use of recovered memories being used in trials, as well as a greater requirement for corroborating evidence.  In addition, some U.S. states no longer allow prosecution based on recovered memory testimony. Insurance companies have become reluctant to insure therapists against malpractice suits relating to recovered memories.

Supporters of recovered memories argue that there is "overwhelming evidence that the mind is capable of repressing traumatic memories of child sexual abuse." Whitfield states that the "false memory" defense is "seemingly sophisticated, but mostly contrived and often erroneous." He states that this defense has been created by "accused, convicted and self-confessed child molesters and their advocates" to try to "negate their abusive, criminal behavior." Brown states that when pro-false memory expert witnesses and attorneys state there is no causal connection between CSA and adult psychopathology, that CSA doesn't cause specific trauma-related problems like borderline and dissociative identity disorder, that other variables than CSA can explain the variance of adult psychopathology and that the long-term effects of CSA are non-specific and general, that this testimony is inaccurate and has the potential of misleading juries.

Malpractice cases
During the late 1990s, there were multiple lawsuits in the United States in which psychiatrists and psychologists were successfully sued, or settled out of court, on the charge of propagating iatrogenic memories of childhood sexual abuse, incest, and satanic ritual abuse.

Some of these suits were brought by individuals who later declare that their recovered memories of incest or satanic ritual abuse had been false. The False Memory Syndrome Foundation uses the term retractors to describe these individuals, and has shared their stories publicly. There is debate regarding the total number of retractions as compared to the total number of allegations, and the reasons for retractions.

Injuries resulting from malpractice
Sexual abuse of children and adolescents can lead to severe negative consequences. Child sexual abuse is a risk factor for many classes of psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders, affective disorders, dissociative disorders and personality disorders. Failure to meet recognized medical standards by psychiatrists causes injury to patients and the accused. Ramona v. Isabella was a prominent case of malpractice in 1994. A California jury awarded $500,000 to Gary Ramona, whose daughter Holly had falsely accused him of sexual abuse as a child, based on false memories retrieved by therapists during treatment for bulimia. Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Burton Bach dismissed Holly Ramona's civil case against her father, holding that the outcome of her father's malpractice suit had resolved the issue of whether any abuse took place. The Washington Post titled the article Sex Abuse Suit Dismissed in False-Memory Case on December 14, 1994. There were numerous cases brought to trial in the 1990s. Most included combinations of the misuse of hypnosis, guided imagery, sodium amytal, and anti-depressants.

The term "false memory syndrome" describes the phenomenon in which a mental therapy patient "remembers" an event such as childhood sexual abuse, that never occurred. The link between certain therapy practices and the development of psychological disorders such as dissociative identity disorder comes from malpractice suits and state licensure actions against therapists. These cases demonstrate the ease with which an individual can be led to exhibit dissociative symptoms, especially when hypnosis, sodium amytal, strong medications, or readings involving traumatic imagery magnify the effect of therapist suggestions or expectations. These cases also show that once the symptoms become established, the standard treatment modality often leads to a deterioration of the mental and emotional well-being of the patient.

In popular culture
False Memory Syndrome has become so widely known that television shows and movies have been made about the phenomenon, such as the USA Network series The Sinner, which touches on the idea of recovering forgotten memories. The show focuses on a woman who kills a seemingly random man on the beach one day for playing a song that triggered a traumatic event from her past, which she has temporarily forgotten. Throughout the first season detectives try to trigger her memory and find a motive for her actions.

See also
 Alien abduction
 False allegation of child sexual abuse
 McMartin preschool trial
 Memory bias
 Memory conformity
 Memory implantation

Footnotes

External links

 Memory Wars is a website with information from all sides of the issue.  Primary resources include an extensive bibliography / abstract database and pre-print archive.  Also available are sections for criminal investigation, criminal defense and many other useful resources.
 False Memory Syndrome, Child & Woman Abuse Studies Unit of London Metropolitan University. Argues that "false memories" are real memories.
 False Memory Syndrome Foundation
 The false memory archive
  The false memory archive: did that really happen?

Memory biases
Memory disorders

False memory syndrome


42 is a 2013 American biographical sports film about baseball player Jackie Robinson, the first black athlete to play in Major League Baseball (MLB) during the modern era. Written and directed by Brian Helgeland, the film stars Chadwick Boseman as Robinson, alongside Harrison Ford, Nicole Beharie, Christopher Meloni, André Holland, Lucas Black, Hamish Linklater and Ryan Merriman in supporting roles. The title of the film is a reference to Robinson's jersey number, which was universally retired across all MLB teams in 1997.

The project was announced in June 2011, with principal photography taking place in Macon, Georgia and Atlanta Film Studios Paulding County in Hiram as well as in Alabama and Chattanooga, Tennessee.

42 was theatrically released in the United States on April 12, 2013. The film received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the performances of Boseman and Ford, and it grossed $97.5 million on a production budget of $31–40 million.

Plot

In 1945, Brooklyn Dodgers owner Branch Rickey meets with sportswriter Wendell Smith regarding wanting to recruit a black baseball player for his team; Wendell suggests Jackie Robinson of the Kansas City Monarchs. Robinson accepts, but is warned by Rickey that he must control his temper despite the adversities he will face while breaking the color line. Robinson proposes to his girlfriend, Rachel, and she accepts.

Robinson earns a spot with the Montreal Royals, the AAA affiliate of the Brooklyn farm system. After performing well his first season, he advances to the Dodgers and is trained as a first baseman. Some of the Dodgers draft a petition refusing to play with Robinson, but manager Leo Durocher rebuffs them. However, Durocher is suspended by Baseball Commissioner Happy Chandler due to his extramarital affair. Burt Shotton takes over as manager. Robinson and Rachel have their first child.

In a game against the Philadelphia Phillies, manager Ben Chapman taunts Robinson with racial epithets. With encouragement from Rickey, Robinson scores the winning run. When Chapman's behavior toward Robinson generates negative press for the team, Phillies' general manager Herb Pennock requires him to pose with Robinson for Life magazine.

Later, Pee Wee Reese comes to understand what kind of pressure Robinson is facing, and makes a public show of solidarity, standing with his arm around Robinson's shoulders before a hostile crowd at Crosley Field in Cincinnati, silencing them.

In a game against the St. Louis Cardinals, Enos Slaughter spikes Robinson on the back of the leg with his cleats. The Dodgers want revenge, but Robinson calms them and insists they focus on winning the game.

Robinson's home run against Pittsburgh Pirates pitcher Fritz Ostermueller, who had earlier hit him in the head, helps the Dodgers clinch the National League pennant, sending them to the World Series.

A series of texts is shown in the epilogue of the film regarding Robinson and his teammates' future involvements, as well as others.

Cast

 Chadwick Boseman as Jackie Robinson
 Harrison Ford as Branch Rickey
 Nicole Beharie as Rachel Robinson
 Christopher Meloni as Leo Durocher
 Ryan Merriman as Dixie Walker
 Lucas Black as Pee Wee Reese
 André Holland as Wendell Smith
 Alan Tudyk as Ben Chapman
 Hamish Linklater as Ralph Branca
 T. R. Knight as Harold Parrott
 John C. McGinley as Red Barber
 Toby Huss as Clyde Sukeforth
 Max Gail as Burt Shotton
 Brad Beyer as Kirby Higbe
 James Pickens Jr. as Mr. Brock
 Gino Anthony Pesi as Joe Garagiola Sr.
 Brett Cullen as Clay Hopper
 Jesse Luken as Eddie Stanky
 Dusan Brown as young Ed Charles
 Linc Hand as Fritz Ostermueller
 Matt Clark as Luther
 Peter MacKenzie as Happy Chandler
 C. J. Nitkowski as Dutch Leonard
 Mark Harelik as Herb Pennock
 Peter Jurasik as Hotel Manager
 Jeremy Ray Taylor as Boy
 Colman Domingo as Lawson Bowman

Former minor league player Jasha Balcom served as a stuntman for Boseman in some of the film's scenes.

Production

Development
Spike Lee planned to write and direct Jackie Robinson based on the life of Robinson and had it set up at Turner Pictures under his 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks in 1995. The studio wanted to release it in 1997 to coincide with the 50th anniversary of Robinson's breaking of the color barrier, and courted Denzel Washington to star, but the project fell apart in 1996 over creative differences. In March 1997, Lee found favor with Columbia Pictures, who signed him to a three-year first-look deal. Columbia President Amy Pascal reflected that it would bring "enormous potential for Spike to reach audiences that are not traditionally associated with Spike Lee movies." The project eventually fell apart, but in 2004 Robert Redford set up a separate biopic as producer with Deep River Productions, as well as his own production company, Wildwood Productions. Redford also intended to co-star as Branch Rickey, and Howard Baldwin joined as producer the following year. In June 2011, it was announced that Legendary Pictures would develop and produce a Jackie Robinson biopic with Brian Helgeland on board to write and direct, under a distribution deal with Warner Bros. Legendary collaborated with Robinson's widow, Rachel Robinson, to ensure the authenticity of her husband's story. She had previously been involved with Redford's project.

Filming
42 was filmed primarily in Macon, Georgia, Birmingham, Alabama, and Chattanooga, Tennessee. Some interior scenes were shot at Atlanta Film Studios Paulding County in Hiram, Georgia.

Most of the interior stadium shots were filmed in Engel Stadium in Chattanooga, Tennessee, while some were shot at historic Rickwood Field in Birmingham, Alabama, which also served as the set for games-action scenes at Forbes Field, Roosevelt Stadium, Shibe Park, as well as itself in the film's opening. Utilizing old photographs and stadium blueprints, Ebbets Field, Shibe Park, The Polo Grounds, Crosley Field, Sportsman's Park, and Forbes Field were recreated for the film using digital imagery.

Reception

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, 42 holds an approval rating of 81% based on 197 reviews, with an average rating of 6.90/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "42 is an earnest, inspirational, and respectfully told biography of an influential American sports icon, though it might be a little too safe and old-fashioned for some." On Metacritic, the film holds a weighted average score of 62 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare "A+" grade.

Richard Roeper stated, "This is a competent but mostly unexceptional film about a most extraordinary man." Lisa Kennedy, of the Denver Post, lauded the film, saying "This story inspires and entertains with a vital chapter in this nation's history." Conversely, Peter Rainer, of The Christian Science Monitor, criticized the film as "TV-movie-of-the-week dull.... Robinson's ordeal is hammered home to the exclusion of virtually everything else in his life."

The film's actors were generally praised, with Owen Gleiberman saying of Ford, "He gives an ingeniously stylized cartoon performance, his eyes atwinkle, his mouth a rubbery grin, his voice all wily Southern music, though with that growl of Fordian anger just beneath it". The Hollywood Reporter commented that Boseman "has the necessary appeal, proves convincing as an athlete and is expressive in spite of the fact that the man he's playing must mostly keep his true feelings bottled up."

Jackie Robinson's widow, Rachel Robinson, was involved in the production of the film and has praised the end result, saying, "It was important to me because I wanted it to be an authentic piece. I wanted to get it right. I didn't want them to make him an angry black man or some stereotype, so it was important for me to be in there. ... I love the movie. I'm pleased with it. It's authentic and it's also very powerful."

In a 2023 interview with James Hibberd of The Hollywood Reporter, Ford cited his role as Branch Rickey as one of his roles he is most proud of.

Box office
42 grossed $95 million in the United States and $2.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $97.5 million, against a production budget of $40 million.

The film earned $27.3 million for its opening weekend, the best-ever debut for a baseball-themed film. It then made $17.7 million and $10.7 million on its second and third weekends, finishing second and third, respectively.

Following Chadwick Boseman's death in August 2020, several theater chains, including AMC and Regal, announced they would be re-releasing the film in September.

Home media
42 was released on DVD and Blu-ray on July 16, 2013 in the United States and on February 3, 2014 in the U.K.

Historical inaccuracies
Robinson and Rachel Isum became engaged in 1943, while he was still in the United States Army and before he began his professional baseball career, unlike in the film, where he proposes after signing the contract with the Dodgers.

The Dodgers 1947 spring training was in Havana, Cuba, not in Panama, as shown in the film.

The suspension of Leo Durocher was not directly as a result of his affair with Laraine Day, but largely because of his association with "known gamblers."

The scene of Robinson breaking his bat in the dugout tunnel is not based in fact. Both Rachel Robinson and Ralph Branca, film consultant and Dodger pitcher in the dugout that day, say it did not happen. Director Helgeland concurs, explaining that his justification for including the scene was that he felt "there was no way Robinson could have withstood all that abuse without cracking at least once, even if it was in private."

Red Barber would not have broadcast Dodger away games from the opposing team's ballpark in Philadelphia and Cincinnati, as shown in the film. Radio broadcasts of away games in this era were recreated back at the studio from a pitch-by-pitch summary transmitted over telegraph wire from the stadium where the game was being played.

In the film, Wendell Smith is said to have been the first black member of the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA). In reality, Sam Lacy was the first, having joined in 1948.

Pirates pitcher Fritz Ostermueller threw left-handed, not right-handed as in the film. His first-inning pitch hit Robinson on the left wrist, not his head, and he claimed it was a routine brushback pitch without racist intent. There was no fight on the mound afterwards. The climactic scene in which Robinson hit a home run to clinch the National League pennant for the Dodgers came in the top of the fourth inning of the game and did not secure the victory or the pennant (it made the score 1–0, and the Dodgers eventually won 4–2). The Dodgers achieved a tie for the pennant on that day, before winning the pennant the next day.

See also
 List of black films of the 2010s
 List of sports films
 List of baseball films

References

External links

 42 at Beyond Chron

Cultural depictions of Jackie Robinson
2013 films
2013 biographical drama films
2010s sports drama films
African-American biographical dramas
American baseball films
American sports drama films
African-American films
Biographical films about sportspeople
Brooklyn Dodgers
2010s English-language films
Films about racism in the United States
Films directed by Brian Helgeland
Films produced by Thomas Tull
Films scored by Mark Isham
Films set in 1945
Films set in 1946
Films set in 1947
Films set in New York City
Films set in Manhattan
Films set in Brooklyn
Films set in California
Films set in Florida
Films set in Philadelphia
Films set in Pittsburgh
Films set in Cincinnati
Films set in St. Louis
Films set in Panama
Films shot in Alabama
Films shot in Georgia (U.S. state)
Films shot in Tennessee
Legendary Pictures films
Films with screenplays by Brian Helgeland
Warner Bros. films
2013 drama films
2010s American films
Films about Major League Baseball

42 (film)


Nicholas Irwin (1833 – April 19, 1896) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay.

Born in 1833 in Denmark, Irwin immigrated to the United States and was living in New York when he joined the U.S. Navy. He served during the Civil War as a seaman on the . At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864, he "fought his gun with skill and courage" despite heavy fire. For this action, he was awarded the Medal of Honor four months later, on December 31, 1864.

Irwin's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
On board the U.S.S. Brooklyn during action against rebel forts and gunboats and with the ram Tennessee, in Mobile Bay, 5 August 1864. Despite severe damage to his ship and the loss of several men on board as enemy fire raked her decks from stem to stern, Irwin fought his gun with skill and courage throughout the furious battle which resulted in the surrender of the prize rebel ram Tennessee and in the damaging and destruction of batteries at Fort Morgan.

Irwin died on April 19, 1896, at age 62 or 63 and was buried at Marion National Cemetery in Marion, Indiana.

References

External links

1833 births
1896 deaths
Danish emigrants to the United States
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Union Navy sailors
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Foreign-born Medal of Honor recipients
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor

Nicholas Irwin


Astri Sverdrup Rynning (born 19 May 1915 in Sandefjord, died 17 November 2006) was a Norwegian judge and politician representing the Conservative Party. She served as a Member of Parliament 1965–1969; originally elected as a deputy member, she became an MP when Kåre Willoch was appointed to Cabinet. She was a member of the Standing Committee on Justice during her term.

Rynning obtained the cand.jur. in 1940 and worked as an assistant advocate and assistant judge. In 1945, she was employed at the Ministry of Justice, where she became Principal in 1956. She was appointed judge at Oslo District Court in 1963, and judge at Eidsivating Court of Appeal in 1969. She was appointed to the higher office of Lawspeaker in 1978 and Principal Lawspeaker in 1980. She retired from the bench in 1985, but occasionally served as a judge until she reached the age of 75 years.

She presided over the 1974 trial of the Israeli agents who were convicted of the Lillehammer murder. In 1985, she presided over the trial of Arne Treholt, who was convicted of spying for the Soviet Union and sentenced to 20 years in prison.

She was chairman of the Norwegian National Women's Council 1959–1968, Chairman of the Norwegian Women's Voluntary Defence Association and the Norwegian Female Lawyers' Association 1952–1956, and Chairman of the Norvegian Association of Judges 1978–1985.

Both her father and her grandfather represented the Conservative Party in the Parliament of Norway.

Honours
Commander of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav (1984)

References

Norwegian women's rights activists
1915 births
2006 deaths
Members of the Storting
Women members of the Storting
Norwegian feminists
Norwegian judges
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
University of Oslo alumni
20th-century Norwegian politicians
20th-century Norwegian women politicians

Astri Rynning


The Khongjom War Memorial Complex is a war memorial site of the Anglo-Manipuri War, fought at Khongjom, Thoubal district of Manipur. The war memorial complex has the tallest sword statue of the world. The sword statue symbolizes the courage, dedication and patriotism of the freedom fighters of Manipur, who fought against the three sides of the charging attacks of the British Army, from Kohima, Silchar and Myanmar on the 23rd of April, 1891.

References

History of Manipur

Khongjom War Memorial Complex


Johannes Willibrordus Maria "Jan" Hendriks is the current bishop of Roman Catholic Diocese of Haarlem-Amsterdam, appointed 1 June 2020.

Biography
Hendriks was born on November 17, 1954 in Leidschendam, in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rotterdam. He studied philosophy and theology at the Higher Institute of Theology in Amsterdam, Netherlands and at the major seminary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Roermond in Rolduc, Netherlands. He was ordained a priest on September
27, 1979, for the Diocese of Rotterdam. From 1979 to 1981 he was the Deputy Rector in Den Haag, Netherlands. He then continued his studies at the Pontifical Gregorian University, obtaining his Doctorate in Canon Law (J.C.D.). During this period, he lived at the Pontifical Dutch College. From 1987 to 1997, he was pastor in Haastrecht, Netherlands. In 1997, he was appointed Vice-Rector, and in 1998, Rector, of the Seminary of the Diocese of Haarlem-Amsterdam, where he also teaches Canon Law. In 2005, he was awarded the title "Chaplain of His Holiness", the lowest grade of Monsignor. He is also the Canon of the Cathedral Chapter of Haarlem-Amsterdam and a member of the Diocesan Council of Priests. He is also a consultant to the Sacred Congregation for the Clergy in the Roman Curia.

He was appointed as Auxiliary Bishop of Diocese of Haarlem–Amsterdam and Titular Bishop of Arsacal (Algeria), and being ordained bishop on December 10, 2011.  On September 30, 2017, Pope Francis appointed him a member of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura. On December 22, 2018, he was appointed as Coadjutor Bishop of the same diocese, with the right of succession. On 1 June 2020,  he succeeded as Bishop upon the retirement of Jozef Marianus Punt.

See also

References

1954 births
Living people
21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in the Netherlands
People from Leidschendam

Johannes Hendriks


Princess Caroline Elizabeth of Great Britain (10 June 1713 – 28 December 1757) was the fourth child and third daughter of King George II of Great Britain and his wife Caroline of Ansbach.

Early life
Princess Caroline was born at Herrenhausen Palace in Hanover, Germany, on 10 June 1713 (New Style Gregorian calendar). Her father was George Augustus, Hereditary Prince of Hanover, the eldest son of George Louis, Elector of Hanover. Her mother was Caroline of Ansbach, daughter of Johann Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach. As a granddaughter of the Elector of Hanover, she was styled Princess Caroline of Hanover at birth. Under the Act of Settlement 1701, she was seventh in the line of succession to the British throne. She was baptised the day after her birth at Herrenhausen Palace.

Great Britain
In 1714, Queen Anne died and Caroline's grandfather became George I and her father Prince of Wales. At the age of one year, Caroline accompanied her mother and elder sisters, the Princesses Anne and Amelia, to Great Britain, and the family resided at St James's Palace, London. She was then styled as a Princess of Great Britain. A newly attributed list from January–February 1728 documents her personal expenses, including charitable contributions to several Protestant groups in London.

In 1722, at the direction of her mother, she was inoculated against smallpox by variolation, an early type of immunisation popularised by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and Charles Maitland.

Princess Caroline was her mother's favourite, and became known as "the truth-telling Caroline Elizabeth" (or "the truth-loving"). When any disagreement took place among the royal children, her parents would say, "Send for Caroline, and then we shall know the truth!" According to Dr. John Doran, "The truth-loving Caroline Elizabeth was unreservedly beloved by her parents, was worthy of the affection, and repaid it by an ardent attachment. She was fair, good, accomplished and unhappy."

Later life

According to popular belief, Caroline's unhappiness was due to her love for the married courtier Lord Hervey. Hervey, who was bisexual, may have had an affair with Caroline's elder brother, Prince Frederick, and was romantically linked with several ladies of the court as well. When Hervey died in 1743, Caroline retired to St. James's Palace for many years prior to her own death, accessible to only her family and closest friends. She gave generously to charity.

Princess Caroline died, unmarried and childless, on 28 December 1757, aged 44, at St James's Palace. She was buried at Westminster Abbey.

Horace Walpole, of the death of Princess Caroline, wrote: "Though her state of health had been so dangerous for years, and her absolute confinement for many of them, her disorder was, in a manner, new and sudden, and her death unexpected by herself, though earnestly her wish. Her goodness was constant and uniform, her generosity immense, her charities most extensive; in short, I, no royalist, could be lavish in her praise."

Arms
On 31 January 1719, as a grandchild of the sovereign, Caroline was granted use of the arms of the realm, differenced by a label argent of five points, each bearing three roses gules. On 30 August 1727, as a child of the sovereign, Caroline's difference changed to a label argent of three points, each bearing three roses gules.

Ancestors

See also
List of British princesses
House of Hanover

Notes

References

Sources

External links

1713 births
1757 deaths
18th-century British people
18th-century British women
British princesses
Nobility from Hanover
House of Hanover
Burials at Westminster Abbey
German people of Scottish descent
Children of George II of Great Britain
British people of German descent
Daughters of kings

Princess Caroline of Great Britain


Daniel Nuñez Hernandez (born June 11, 1977), better known by his ring name Cancerbero, is a Mexican luchador (or professional wrestler), currently working for the Mexican wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). Cancerbero is a member of Los Cancerberos del Infierno ("The Infernal Cerberusses"), under the leadership of Virus. Cancerbero previously worked as Messala for many years, forming the team Los Romanos along with Caligula (who was later known as Raziel). The name Cancerbero is Spanish for Cerberus, the three-headed hound, which according to Greek mythology, guards the entrance to Hell.

Professional wrestling career
Hernandez began his wrestling career using the ring name El Potro ("The Colt") and later on wrestled as El Monstruo I, teaming with El Monstruo II. El Monstruo I was unmasked by Gran Cuchillo on December 8, 2002 when he lost a Lucha de Apuesta, bet match.

Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (2002–present)

Los Romanos (2005–2009)
In 2005 he began working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and was teamed up with another recent CMLL signee. CMLL gave Hernandez a new identity as Messala, the ring persona was that of a Roman soldier complete with a mask designed to look like a Roman soldier's helmet. His teammate was named Caligula and given a similar Roman inspired gimmick and collectively they became known as Los Romanos ("The Romans"). The team worked as low ranked Rudos (bad guys) who mainly worked with young wrestlers to give them in-ring experience and to assess their talent. On June 15, 2008 Los Romanos participated in a tournament for the vacant CMLL Arena Coliseo Tag Team Championship but the experienced team lost to the makeshift team of Ángel Azteca Jr. and Máscara Purpura in the first round. Los Romanos remained firmly placed in the opening or low card position throughout 2008 and into 2009.

Los Cancerberos del Infierno (2009–present)

On November 18, 2009 CMLL presented a new Rudo group that they had formed, Los Cancerberos del Infierno ("The Infernal Cerberus") a team led by veteran mid-carder Virus and consisted of rookies Pólvora and Euforia as well as two new characters never used before - Raziel and Cancerbero. It was later revealed that Raziel and Cancerbero were not two new wrestlers CMLL brought in but actually the repackaged Los Romanos with Caligula changing his name to Raziel and Messala being turned into Cancerbero. In late 2009 Los Cancerberos participated in a tournament to crown new Mexican National Trios Champion, Virus, Pólvora and Euforia represented the group and defeated Los Ángeles Celestiales (Ángel Azteca Jr., Ángel de Plata and Ángel de Oro) in the first round. Following the tournament loss Los Ángeles Celestiales and Los Cancerberos del Infierno have developed a rivalry between the two groups, facing off on various CMLL shows, including their Friday night CMLL Super Viernes show. In May, Cancerbero competed in a qualifying match for the 2015 version of En Busca de un Ídolo as one of 16 wrestlers in a torneo cibernetico, elimination match where the last eight wrestlers would qualify for the tournament. He competed against Akuma, Blue Panther Jr., Canelo Casas, Delta, Disturbio, Esfinge, Flyer, El Gallo, Guerrero Maya Jr., Joker, Pegasso, Raziel, Sagrado, Stigma and Boby Zavala. He was the fourth wrestler eliminated, pinned by Delta. On December 25, 2015 as part of CMLL's annual Infierno en el Ring show Cancerbero was one of twelve men risking their mask in the main event steel cage match. He was the fourth man to leave the cage, keeping his mask safe in the process.

Championships and accomplishments
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
CMLL World Trios Championship (1 time) – with Raziel and Virus
Mexican National Trios Championship (1 time) – with Raziel and Virus
Mexican Independent Circuit
Arena Nueva Aragon Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with El Monstruo II

Luchas de Apuestas record

References

1977 births
Mexican male professional wrestlers
Living people
Masked wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from Mexico City
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
Mexican National Trios Champions
CMLL World Trios Champions

Cancerbero


In enzymology, an anthranilate 3-monooxygenase (deaminating) () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

anthranilate + NADPH + H+ + O2  2,3-dihydroxybenzoate + NADP+ + NH3

The 4 substrates of this enzyme are anthranilate, NADPH, H+, and O2, whereas its 3 products are 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate, NADP+, and NH3.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is anthranilate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating, deaminating). Other names in common use include anthranilate hydroxylase, anthranilate 2,3-dioxygenase (deaminating), anthranilate hydroxylase (deaminating), anthranilic hydroxylase, and anthranilate 2,3-hydroxylase (deaminating).  This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: benzoate degradation via hydroxylation, carbazole degradation, and nitrogen metabolism.

References

EC 1.14.13
NADPH-dependent enzymes
Enzymes of unknown structure
Anthranilates

Anthranilate 3-monooxygenase (deaminating)


An epidemic (from Greek ἐπί epi "upon or above" and δῆμος demos "people") is the rapid spread of disease to a large number of hosts in a given population within a short period of time. For example, in meningococcal infections, an attack rate in excess of 15 cases per 100,000 people for two consecutive weeks is considered an epidemic.

Epidemics of infectious disease are generally caused by several factors including a change in the ecology of the host population (e.g., increased stress or increase in the density of a vector species), a genetic change in the pathogen reservoir or the introduction of an emerging pathogen to a host population (by movement of pathogen or host). Generally, an epidemic occurs when host immunity to either an established pathogen or newly emerging novel pathogen is suddenly reduced below that found in the endemic equilibrium and the transmission threshold is exceeded.

An epidemic may be restricted to one location; however, if it spreads to other countries or continents and affects a substantial number of people, it may be termed a pandemic. The declaration of an epidemic usually requires a good understanding of a baseline rate of incidence; epidemics for certain diseases, such as influenza, are defined as reaching some defined increase in incidence above this baseline. A few cases of a very rare disease may be classified as an epidemic, while many cases of a common disease (such as the common cold) would not. An epidemic can cause enormous damage through financial and economic losses in addition to impaired health and loss of life.

Definition

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines epidemic broadly: "Epidemic refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area." The term "outbreak" can also apply, but is usually restricted to smaller events.

Any sudden increase in disease prevalence may generally be termed an epidemic. This may include contagious disease (i.e. easily spread between persons) such as influenza; vector-borne diseases such as malaria; water-borne diseases such as cholera; and sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS. The term can also be used for non-communicable health issues such as obesity.

The term epidemic derives from a word form attributed to Homer's Odyssey, which later took its medical meaning from the Epidemics, a treatise by Hippocrates. Before Hippocrates, , , , and other variants had meanings similar to the current definitions of "indigenous" or "endemic". Thucydides' description of the Plague of Athens is considered one of the earliest accounts of a disease epidemic. By the early 17th century, the terms endemic and epidemic referred to contrasting conditions of population-level disease, with the endemic condition a "common sicknesse" and the epidemic "hapning in some region, or countrey, at a certaine time, ....... producing in all sorts of people, one and the same kind of sicknesse".

The term "epidemic" is often applied to diseases in non-human animals, although "epizootic" is technically preferable.

Causes
There are several factors that may contribute (individually or in combination) to causing an epidemic. There may be changes in a pathogen, in the population that it can infect, in the environment, or in the interaction between all three. Factors include:

Antigenic Change

An antigen is a protein on the virus' surface that host antibodies can recognize and attack. Changes in the antigenic characteristics of the agent make it easier for the changed virus to spread throughout a previously immune population. There are two natural mechanisms for change - antigenic drift and antigenic shift. Antigenic drift arises over a period of time as an accumulation of mutations in the virus genes, possibly through a series of hosts, and eventually gives rise to a new strain of virus which can evade existing immunity. Antigenic shift is abrupt - in this, two or more different strains of a virus, coinfecting a single host, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of characteristics of the original strains. The best known and best documented example of both processes is influenza. SARS-CoV2 has demonstrated antigenic drift and possibly shift as well.

Drug resistance
Antibiotic resistance applies specifically to bacteria that become resistant to antibiotics. Resistance in bacteria can arise naturally by genetic mutation, or by one species acquiring resistance from another through horizontal gene transfer. Extended use of antibiotics appears to encourage selection for mutations which can render antibiotics ineffective. This is especially true of tuberculosis, with increasing occurrence of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) worldwide.

Changes in transmission

Pathogen transmission is a term used to describe the mechanisms by which a disease-causing agent (virus, bacterium, or parasite) spreads from one host to another. Common modes of transmission include: -

 airborne (as with influenza and COVID-19),
 fecal-oral (as with cholera and typhoid),
 vector-borne (malaria, Zika) and
 sexual (syphilis, HIV)

The first three of these require that pathogen must survive away from its host for a period of time; an evolutionary change which increases survival time will result in increased virulence.

Another possibility, although rare, is that a pathogen may adapt to take advantage of a new mode of transmission

Seasonality
Seasonal diseases arise due to the change in the environmental conditions, especially such as humidity and temperature, during different seasons. Many diseases display seasonality, This may be due to one or more of the following underlying factors: -

 the ability of the pathogen to survive outside the host - e.g. water-borne cholera which becomes prevalent in tropical wet seasons, or influenza which peaks in temperate regions during winter.

 The behaviour of people susceptible to the disease - such as spending more time in close contact indoors.

 Changes in immune function during winter - one possibility is a reduction in vitamin D, and another is the effect of cold on mucus membranes in the nose.

 Abundance of vectors such as mosquitoes.

Human behaviour

Changes in behaviour can affect the likelihood or severity of epidemics. The classic example is the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, in which a cholera outbreak was mitigated by removing a supply of contaminated water - an event now regarded as the foundation of the science of epidemiology. Urbanisation and overcrowding (e.g. in refugee camps) increase the likelihood of disease outbreaks. A factor which contributed to the initial rapid increase in the 2014 Ebola virus epidemic was ritual bathing of (infective) corpses; one of the control measures was an education campaign to change behaviour around funeral rites.

Changes in the host population
The level of immunity to a disease in a population - herd immunity - is at its peak after a disease outbreak or a vaccination campaign. In the following years, immunity will decline, both within individuals and in the population as a whole as older individuals die and new individuals are born. Eventually, unless there is another vaccination campaign, an outbreak or epidemic will recur.

It's also possible for disease which is endemic in one population to become epidemic if it is introduced into a novel setting where the host population is not immune. An example of this was the introduction European diseases such as smallpox into indigenous populations during the 16th century.

Zoonosis

A zoonosis is an infectious disease of humans caused by a pathogen that can jump from a non-human host to a human. Major diseases such as Ebola virus disease and salmonellosis are zoonoses. HIV was a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans in the early part of the 20th century, though it has now evolved into a separate human-only disease. Some strains of bird flu and swine flu are zoonoses; these viruses occasionally recombine with human strains of the flu and can cause pandemics such as the 1918 Spanish flu or the 2009 swine flu.

Types

Common source outbreak
In a common source outbreak epidemic, the affected individuals had an exposure to a common agent. If the exposure is singular and all of the affected individuals develop the disease over a single exposure and incubation course, it can be termed a point source outbreak. If the exposure was continuous or variable, it can be termed a continuous outbreak or intermittent outbreak, respectively.

Propagated outbreak
In a propagated outbreak, the disease spreads person-to-person. Affected individuals may become independent reservoirs leading to further exposures.Many epidemics will have characteristics of both common source and propagated outbreaks (sometimes referred to as mixed outbreak).

For example, secondary person-to-person spread may occur after a common source exposure or an environmental vector may spread a zoonotic diseases agent.

Preparation

Preparations for an epidemic include having a disease surveillance system; the ability to quickly dispatch emergency workers, especially local-based emergency workers; and a legitimate way to guarantee the safety and health of health workers.

Effective preparations for a response to a pandemic are multi-layered. The first layer is a disease surveillance system. Tanzania, for example, runs a national lab that runs testing for 200 health sites and tracks the spread of infectious diseases. The next layer is the actual response to an emergency. According to U.S.-based columnist Michael Gerson in 2015, only the U.S. military and NATO have the global capability to respond to such an emergency. Still, despite the most extensive preparatory measures, a fast-spreading pandemic may easily exceed and overwhelm existing health-care resources. Consequently, early and aggressive mitigation efforts, aimed at the so-called "epidemic curve flattening" need to be taken. Such measures usually consist on non-pharmacological interventions such as social/physical distancing, aggressive contact tracing, "stay-at-home" orders, as well as appropriate personal protective equipment (i.e., masks, gloves, and other physical barriers to spread).

See also

 List of epidemics
 Epidemiology
 Endemic (epidemiology)
 Pandemic
 Syndemic
 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Mathematical modelling of infectious disease
 Epidemic model
 Biosecurity
 Pathogen transmission

References

Further reading

 Brook, Timothy; et al. "Comparative pandemics: the Tudor–Stuart and Wanli–Chongzhen years of pestilence, 1567–1666" Journal of Global History (2020) 14#3 pp 363–379 emphasis on Chinese history, compared to England

 Eisenberg, Merle, and Lee Mordechai. "The Justinianic Plague and Global Pandemics: The Making of the Plague Concept." American Historical Review 125.5 (2020): 1632–1667.

 McKenna, Maryn, "Return of the Germs: For more than a century drugs and vaccines made astounding progress against infectious diseases. Now our best defenses may be social changes", Scientific American, vol. 323, no. 3 (September 2020), pp. 50–56. "What might prevent or lessen [the] possibility [of a virus emerging and finding a favorable human host] is more prosperity more equally distributed – enough that villagers in South Asia need not trap and sell bats to supplement their incomes and that, low-wage workers in the U.S. need not go to work while ill because they have no sick leave." (p. 56.)
 Quammen, David, "The Sobbing Pangolin: How a threatened animal may be linked to the [Covid-19] pandemic's beginnings", The New Yorker, 31 August 2020, pp. 26–31. "More field research is needed [...]. More sampling of wild animals. More scrutiny of genomes. More cognizance of the fact that animal infections can become human infections because humans are animals. We live in a world of viruses, and we have scarcely begun to understand this one [ COVID-19 ]. (p. 31.)

External links

Biological hazards

Epidemic


Ace Books is an American specialty publisher of science fiction and fantasy books. The company was founded in New York City in 1952 by Aaron A. Wyn and began as a genre publisher of mysteries and westerns. It soon tried other genres. Ace published its first science fiction (SF) book in 1953. This was successful, and Ace soon published more science fiction books than both mysteries and westerns. Ace became known for the tête-bêche publishing format used for many of its early books. But, it did not invent the format. Most of the early books were published in this "Ace Double" format, and Ace continued to publish books in several genres, in tête-bêche format, until 1973.

Ace, along with Ballantine Books, was one of the leading science fiction publishers for its first ten years. The death of owner A. A. Wyn in 1967 created problems for the publisher. That was delayed several years by the Ace Science Fiction Specials series, prominent in science fiction awards and nominations for novels published from 1968 to 1970. Two leading editors, Donald A. Wollheim and Terry Carr, left in 1971, and in 1972 Ace was sold to Grosset & Dunlap. Despite financial troubles, there were more successes, particularly with the third Ace Science Fiction Specials series, for which Carr came back as editor. Several sales of the company resulted in the company becoming part of Berkley Books. Ace later became an imprint of Penguin Group (USA).

History

1952: Ace Doubles concept
Editor Donald A. Wollheim was working at Avon Books in 1952, but disliked his job. While looking for other work, he tried to persuade A. A. Wyn to begin a new paperback publishing company. Wyn was already a well-established publisher of books and pulp magazines under the name A. A. Wyn's Magazine Publishers. His magazines included Ace Mystery and Ace Sports.  Ace Books may have got its name from these magazines. Wyn liked Wollheim's idea but waited for several months; meanwhile, Wollheim was applying for other jobs, including assistant editor at Pyramid Books. Pyramid mistakenly called Wyn's wife Rose for a reference, thinking Wollheim had worked for her. When Rose told her husband that Wollheim was applying for another job, Wyn made up his mind: he hired Wollheim immediately as an editor.

The first book published by Ace was a pair of mysteries bound tête-bêche: Keith Vining's Too Hot for Hell, backed with Samuel W. Taylor's The Grinning Gismo, for 35 cents, with serial number D-01. A tête-bêche book has the two titles bound in opposite directions, so that there are two front covers and the two texts meet in the middle (sometimes with advertising pages in between). Ace did not invent this format even though they are well-known for it. Ace published hundreds of titles bound this way over the next twenty-one years. Books by established authors were often bound with those by lesser-known writers, so that this would help new writers gain readers. The main drawback of the "Ace Double" format was that the two books had to fit a fixed page length (usually totalling between 256 and 320 low-height pages); thus one or both novels might be cut or revised to fit. Despite the tag "Complete and Unabridged" on the cover, books so labeled were sometimes still abridged.

Some important titles in the early D-series novels are D-15, which features William S. Burroughs's first novel, Junkie (written under the pseudonym "William Lee"), and many novels by Philip K. Dick, Robert Bloch, Harlan Ellison, Harry Whittington, and Louis L'Amour, including those written under his pseudonym "Jim Mayo".

The last Ace Double in the first series was John T. Phillifent's Life with Lancelot, backed with William Barton's Hunting on Kunderer, issued August 1973 (serial #48245). Although Ace started using the "Ace Double" name again in 1974, the books were arranged conventionally, not tête-bêche.

1953–1963: Genre focus
Ace's second title was a western (also tête-bêche): William Colt MacDonald's Bad Man's Return, bound with J. Edward Leithead's Bloody Hoofs. Mysteries and westerns alternated regularly for the first thirty titles, with a few books not in either genre, such as P. G. Wodehouse's Quick Service, bound with his The Code of the Woosters. In 1953, A.E. van Vogt's The World of Null-A, bound with his The Universe Maker, appeared; this was Ace's first foray into science fiction. (Earlier in 1953, Ace had released Theodore S. Drachman's Cry Plague!, with a plot that could be regarded as SF, but the book it was bound with—Leslie Edgley's The Judas Goat—was not SF.) Another SF double followed later in 1953, and SF quickly became an important part of Ace's business. By 1955, the company released more SF books each year than in either of the other two genres, and from 1961 onward, SF titles outnumbered mysteries and westerns combined. Ace also published some juvenile delinquent novels in the 1950s. Collectors want these books, such as D-343, The Young Wolves by Edward De Roo and D-378, Out for Kicks by Wilene Shaw.

By the late 1950s, Ace's was publishing almost one hundred titles a year. Almost all the books were 35 cents, though some slim single volumes were 25 cents. A few were 50 cents. In the early '60s, rising costs finally forced an increase in the price of the books, and more books appeared at 40 cents, 45 cents and higher. A few thick volumes, such as the 1967 paperback of Frank Herbert's Dune, were priced at 95 cents. With Ballantine Books, Ace was the dominant American science fiction paperback publisher in the 1950s and 1960s. Other publishers followed their example and sold books to the increasing audience for SF. But, no other publisher had as much the influence as Ace or Ballantine.

Market dominance was not only how many books Ace published, but also the first novels of authors such as Philip K. Dick (Solar Lottery, 1955, D-103, bound with Leigh Brackett's The Big Jump); Gordon R. Dickson (Alien from Arcturus, 1956, D-139, bound with Nick Boddie Williams' The Atom Curtain), Samuel R. Delany (The Jewels of Aptor, 1962, F-173, bound with James White's Second Ending), Ursula K. Le Guin (Rocannon's World, 1966, G-574, bound with Avram Davidson's The Kar-Chee Reign), Roger Zelazny (This Immortal, 1966, F-393),
and R. A. Lafferty's Past Master (1968, H-54).

1964–1970: Financial problems
In 1964, science fiction author Terry Carr joined the company. In 1967, he started the Ace Science Fiction Specials line, publishing critically acclaimed original novels by such authors as R. A. Lafferty, Joanna Russ and Ursula K. Le Guin. Carr and Wollheim also co-edited an annual Year's Best Science Fiction anthology series; and Carr also edited Universe, a well-received original anthology series. Universe was initially published by Ace, although when Carr left in 1971 the series moved elsewhere.

In 1965, Wollheim argued that there was a copyright loophole in the American edition of The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien. The Houghton Mifflin edition had been bound using pages printed in the United Kingdom for the George Allen & Unwin edition, and as a result, U.S. copyright law might not protect the text. Based on this view, Ace Books published the first-ever paperback edition of Tolkien's work, featuring cover art and hand-drawn title pages by Jack Gaughan. After considerable controversy and the release of a competitive authorized (and revised) edition by Ballantine Books (the back covers of which included a message from Tolkien urging consumers to buy the Ballantine edition and boycott any "unauthorized" versions – referring directly to the Ace editions), Ace agreed to pay royalties to Tolkien and let its still-popular edition go out of print.

Wyn died in 1967, and the company grew larger than its budget. It did not pay its authors reliably. Without money to pay the signing bonus, Wollheim did not want to send signed contracts to authors. At least once, a book without a contract went to the printer. Wollheim later found out that the author, who was owed $3,000 by Ace, had to picking fruit for a living.

1971–2015: Ace becomes a subsidiary

Both Wollheim and Carr left Ace in 1971. Wollheim planned to start a separate paperback house with New American Library. He set up DAW Books. Carr became a freelance editor. Both Carr and Wollheim then edited competing Year's Best Science Fiction anthology series.

By the early 1970s, Ace Books became a major division of the old publisher, Charter Communications. It was in the Hippodrome Building, 1120 Avenue of the Americas, in New York City. In 1972, Grosset & Dunlap bought Ace, and in 1982, Grosset & Dunlap was bought by G.P. Putnam's Sons. Ace was likely the only profitable part of Grosset & Dunlap by this time. Ace soon became the science fiction imprint of its parent company.

Carr returned to Ace Books in 1984 as a freelance editor, launching a new series of Ace Specials devoted entirely to first novels. This series was even more successful than the first: it included, in 1984 alone, William Gibson's Neuromancer, Kim Stanley Robinson's The Wild Shore, Lucius Shepard's Green Eyes, and Michael Swanwick's In the Drift. All were first novels by authors now regarded as major figures in the SF genre. Other prominent SF publishing figures who have worked at Ace include Tom Doherty, who left to start Tor Books, and Jim Baen, who left to work at Tor and who eventually founded Baen Books. Writers who have worked at Ace include Frederik Pohl and Ellen Kushner.

In 1996, Penguin Group (USA) bought the Putnam Berkley Group, and kept Ace as its SF imprint.  As of December 2012, recently published authors included Joe Haldeman, Charles Stross, Laurell K. Hamilton, Alastair Reynolds, and Jack McDevitt. Penguin joined together with Random House in 2013 to become Penguin Random House, which continues to own Berkley. Ace's editorial team is also responsible for the Roc Books imprint, although the two imprints have a separate brand identity.

People
These people have worked at Ace Books as editors. The list is in order by the date they started working at Ace, if that is known. It includes editors who are notable and the most recent editors at Ace.
 A. A. Wyn, owner (1952–1967)
 Donald A. Wollheim, editor (1952–1971)
 Terry Carr, editor (1964–1971); freelance editor (1983–1987)
 Pat LoBrutto, mail room (1969–1972); science fiction editor (1974–1977)
 Frederik Pohl, executive editor (December 1971 – July 1972)
 Tom Doherty, publisher (1975–1980)
 Jim Baen, complaints department (c. 1973–1974); gothics editor (c. 1974); SF editor (c. 1977–1980)
 Ellen Kushner
 Terri Windling, editor (1979–1987)
 Harriet McDougal, editorial director
 Susan Allison, editor (1980–1982); editor-in-chief (1982–2006); vice president (1985 – July 2015)
 Beth Meacham, editorial assistant (1981–1982); editor (1982–1983)
 Ginjer Buchanan, editor (1984–1987); senior editor (1987–1994); executive editor, SF and fantasy (1994 – January 1996); senior executive editor and marketing director (January 1996 – 2006); editor-in-chief (2006–2014).
 Peter Heck (c. 1991–1992)
 Laura Anne Gilman (c. 1991)
 Lou Stathis, editor (? – c. 1994)
 Anne Sowards, editorial assistant/associate editor (1996–2003); editor (2003 – February 2007), senior editor (from February 2007), executive editor (by September 2010)

Ace names for series of books
Until the late 1980s, Ace titles had two main types of serial numbers: letter series, such as "D-31" and "H-77", and numbers, such as "10293" and "15697". The letters told the price. This is a list of letter series with their dates and prices.
 D-series: 35¢, 1952 to 1962.
 S-series: 25¢, 1952 to 1956.
 T-series: 40¢. This series is listed in Tuck's Encyclopedia, but he gives no examples in his index and there are none cited in other bibliographic sources. This series may, therefore, not exist.
 F-series: 40¢, 1961 to 1967.
 M-series: 45¢, 1964 to 1967.
 G-series: 50¢, 1958 to 1960 (D/S/G series); 1964 to 1968 (later series).
 K-series: various prices, 1959 to 1966.
 H-series: 60¢, 1966 to 1968.
 A-series: 75¢, 1963 to 1968.
 N-series: 95¢, 1968.

The first series of Ace books began in 1952 with D-01, a western in tête-bêche format: Keith Vining's Too Hot for Hell backed with Samuel W. Taylor's The Grinning Gismo. That series continued until D-599, Patricia Libby's Winged Victory for Nurse Kerry, but the series also included several G and S serial numbers, depending on the price. The D and S did not indicate "Double" (i.e., tête-bêche) or "Single"; there are D-series titles that are not tête-bêche, although none of the tête-bêche titles have an S serial number.  Towards the end of this initial series, the F series began (at a new price), and thereafter there were always several different letter series in publication simultaneously. The D and S prefixes did not appear again after the first series, but the G prefix acquired its own series starting with G-501. Hence the eight earlier G-series titles can be considered part of a different series to the G-series proper. All later series after the first kept independent numbering systems, starting at 1 or 101.  The tête-bêche format proved attractive to book collectors, and some rare titles in mint condition command prices over $1,000.

References

Further reading

 Corrick, James A. Double Your Pleasure: The Ace SF Double, Gryphon Books, 1989. . A historical article, followed by a checklist of the SF Doubles, giving prior publication history for the contents of each one.
 Thiessen, J. Grant Science Fiction Collector #1, Pandora's Books, 1976. Includes checklist of all Ace singles and doubles in the science fiction, fantasy, and horror fields.
 Thiessen, J. Grant Science Fiction Collector #2, Pandora's Books, date unknown. Includes errata for checklist in #1.
 Tuck, Donald H. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Volume 3, Advent: Publishers, Inc., 1982. . Lists all Ace SF titles, single and double, published through 1968.
 Jaffery, Sheldon Double Trouble: A Bibliographic Chronicle of Ace Mystery Doubles, Starmont Popular Culture Series #11, Borgo Press, 1987. .
 Jaffery, Sheldon Double Futures: An Annotated Bibliography of the Ace Science Fiction Doubles, Borgo Press, 1999. .
 Peters, Harold R. Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror in the Ace Letter-Series Editions: A Collector's Notebook, Silver Sun Press, 1996.

Other websites

 Ace Image Library. Contains images of most covers for the doubles in all genres, as well as many of the single titles.
 History on the Penguin Group website

1952 establishments in the United States
Science fiction books
Publishing companies of the United States
Companies based in New York City

Ace Books


Oets Kolk Bouwsma (November 22, 1898 – March 1, 1978) was an American analytic philosopher.

Education and early career
Bouwsma was born of Dutch-American parents in Muskegon, Michigan. He was educated at Calvin College and at the University of Michigan.  In his early years he was an advocate of idealism, but later found the work of G. E. Moore's common sense counters to skepticism more appealing to his inclinations.  Nonetheless, he was critical of Moore.  He developed his own technique of analysis that focused on uncovering hidden analogies driving Moore's ways of speaking about sense data.  He worked intensely on Moore, publishing a significant paper, "Moore's Theory of Sense-Data," which was eventually included in the Library of Living Philosophers volume on Moore.  The essay reflected the beginnings of a method of philosophical analysis that was soon to be forged by his reading of Ludwig Wittgenstein.

Later career
Engaged in Moore's philosophy, Bouwsma sent students from the University of Nebraska, most notably Morris Lazerowitz, to study with Moore at Cambridge.  Lazerowitz's wife Alice Ambrose, a student of Wittgenstein as well as Moore, introduced Bouwsma to Wittgenstein's revolutionary ideas in The Blue Book.  Norman Malcolm, another of Bouwsma's students, became a prominent interpreter and presenter of Wittgenstein's ideas in America, after studying with Wittgenstein at Cambridge.  Malcolm, who later taught at Cornell, was able to persuade Wittgenstein to visit there.  Simultaneously, Malcolm arranged for Bouwsma to teach at Cornell during Wittgenstein's visit.  By that time, in 1949, Bouwsma had absorbed the implications of Wittgenstein's philosophy in The Blue Book.  With a leave from the University of Nebraska and a Fulbright Fellowship, he was able to spend much of the next two years discussing philosophy with Wittgenstein at Cornell, Smith College, and Oxford.  Through Wittgenstein, Bouwsma developed an understanding of what he had been groping for in his work on Moore.

After the personal influence of Wittgenstein and much hard work on The Blue Book and Philosophical Investigations, Bouwsma emerged with a unique method of philosophical analysis that he applied to a variety of philosophical problems.   He continued to attack the skepticism of Descartes that reflected the idealism from which Bouwsma fought to free himself.  Applying Wittgenstein's radical turn of displaying the nonsense in place of refuting a philosophical theory, he turned to Berkeley's idealism where he teased the failure to make sense of ideas as entities in the mind out into the open.  With a focus on the opening question of The Blue Book on meaning, he wrote tirelessly on the idea of "meaning as use," until he shook himself loose of the notion that Wittgenstein was presenting another philosophical theory of meaning.  He came to understand and appropriate the idea that Wittgenstein had developed a set of techniques to arm the philosopher in the struggle against the "bewitchment of his intelligence by means of language."  This understanding culminated in Bouwsma's accomplished article, The Blue Book, which described the aims of the new method of philosophical analysis.  With such perennial conceptually puzzling concepts as "time," "truth," and "thinking," he carefully and often humorously compared sentences of philosophers with   actual sentences of daily life – earning Bouwsma a notable place in what came to be called "ordinary language philosophy."  With this reputation, Gilbert Ryle asked Bouwsma to deliver the first of the famous John Locke Lectures at Oxford University.

With a lifelong attachment to the Christian Reformed Church, Bouwsma philosophically engaged the concepts of Christianity.  Applying his acquired techniques of philosophical analysis, he carefully distinguished the uses of the word "belief" in religious settings from uses in non-religious settings.  When called upon in philosophy to illuminate puzzling Christian concepts, he drew on his lifelong participation in the community of faith and on his reading of the Scriptures to dramatically bring to life their meaning.  In addition to Wittgenstein, his work on Kierkegaard was the other great influence in Bouwsma's philosophical development.  He came to understand the significance of Kierkegaard's concept of "subjectivity" for thinking philosophically about Christianity.  On the one hand, "subjectivity" points to understanding the language of religion in the context of particular religious communities – an idea parallel to Wittgenstein's idea of understanding words and sentences in language-games and forms of life.  On the other hand, "subjectivity" makes clear that Christianity is an invitation to new life and not an objective system of metaphysics.  His papers in the philosophy of religion are collected separately in a volume with the title, Without Proof or Evidence, published by the University of Nebraska Press.

With a fine ear for expression, Bouwsma fastened on poetry, James Joyce's Ulysses and Finnegans Wake, Shakespeare, Dickens, and novelists who artistically capture the expressions of ordinary language.  In this regard he reflected often on the writing and reading of literature.  He wrote and lectured on the "truth" of poetry, emphasizing its aesthetic value as opposed to its moral value.  He also wrote on the puzzling relationship of words to music in "The Expression Theory of Art."  Extensive marginal notes filling his copies of Ulysses and Finnegans Wake indicate how consumed he was by Joyce's word play and how he appropriated a sensitivity to word play in his own writing style.

Bouwsma taught philosophy at the University of Nebraska from 1928 until 1965 and the University of Texas from 1965 until 1977.  His greatest influence came, not so much through his humorously and finely written essays, but through the many graduate students he trained in his unique style of exploring the borderlands of sense and nonsense in philosophical sentences.  Although he wrote incessantly and presented numerous papers, he published only one book toward the end of his career – a collection of essays titled Philosophical Essays.  He died in 1978 in Austin, Texas.  His papers and daily notebooks, the latter filling hundreds of legal pads, are housed in the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at The University of Texas, Austin.  J.L. Craft and Ronald E. Hustwit Sr. co-edited and published two additional volumes of his papers and selections of his commonplace book.  His notebooks recording his discussions with Wittgenstein, published with the title, Wittgenstein Conversations, 1949-51, have become a primary source for Wittgenstein studies.

Publications
 Philosophical Essays. University of Nebraska Press, 1965.

Posthumous Publications
(Collected and edited by J.L. Craft and R.E. Hustwit Sr.)
 Toward a New Sensibility: Essays of O.K. Bouwsma. University of Nebraska Press, 1982.
 Without Proof or Evidence: Essays of O.K. Bouwsma. University of Nebraska Press, 1984.
 Wittgenstein Conversations, 1949-1951. Hackett Publishing, 1986.
 The Flux: O.K. Bouwsma's John Locke Lectures at Oxford University, 1951. The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio, 1990.
 Bouwsma's Notes on Wittgenstein's Philosophy, 1965-1975. Edwin Mellen Press, 1995.
 O.K. Bouwsma's Commonplace Book – Remarks on Philosophy and Education. Edwin Mellen Press, 1999.

See also
American philosophy
List of American philosophers

References

Further reading
 Remembering O.K. Bouwsma: An Interview with Charles and Gretchen Emmons Bouwsma. C& C Video Productions, 2002. Produced by R.E. Hustwit Sr.
 An Annotated Bibliography of O.K. Bouwsma's Published Writings. 2005. Assembled and annotated by R.E. Hustwit Sr.
 Something About O.K. Bouwsma. The University Press of America, 1991. By R.E. Hustwit Sr.
 "O.K. Bouwsma." R.E. Hustwit. The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Ed. By Robert Audi. Cambridge University Press, 1995.

External links
Philosophy Department web page of Ronald E. Hustwit Sr

1898 births
1978 deaths
American male essayists
American people of Dutch descent
20th-century American philosophers
American philosophy academics
Analytic philosophers
Calvin University alumni
Christian philosophers
Epistemologists
Ontologists
Ordinary language philosophy
Philosophers of education
Philosophers of language
Philosophers of mind
Philosophers of religion
University of Michigan alumni
Wittgensteinian philosophers

Oets Kolk Bouwsma


Call Me Kuchu is a 2012 American documentary film directed by Malika Zouhali-Worrall and Katherine Fairfax Wright. The film explores the struggles of the LGBT community in Uganda, focusing in part on the 2011 murder of LGBT activist David Kato.

The film jointly received the 2014 GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Documentary alongside Bridegroom.

Title
At the beginning of the film, it is explained that "Kuchu", a word of Swahili origin, is a way to refer to homosexuals in Uganda; Sylvia Tamale documented the usage of the word by homosexual Ugandans as a catch-all self-description.

Summary
In Kampala, two men are having a ninth anniversary party together with friends. However, it is a very quiet event and everyone is dressing casually to avoid attracting attention. Meanwhile, we see footage of pastors and politicians describing homosexuality as a Western and sinful activity.

Outside his home, David Kato (1964-2011) recounts how he found out about "gay life" when he was living in South Africa ten years earlier. He picked up a gay escort and had sex for the first time, at the age of 28. He then decided to return to his home country of Uganda and spread gay rights there. At the headquarters of Sexual Minorities Uganda, the LGBT non-profit organization he runs, he explains he is the first openly gay man in Uganda. He adds his job is to track all instances of homophobia in Uganda. Next a man from Mbale explains he was arrested and humiliated by police officers. Then Naome Ruzindana, a lesbian activist with two children, is introduced. In 2004, she founded the Coalition of African Lesbians.

Gilles Muhame, managing editor of the weekly Ugandan tabloid Rolling Stone, talks about his decision to publish pictures of homosexuals with a quotation from a pastor: "Hang them!" He adds he would like to raid their homes and take their pictures in their own bedrooms, and thus "ignore the right of privacy in the interest of the public." Meanwhile, Naome reveals she became a target for homophobia after her picture was published in the newspaper. Later, David sees a copy of Rolling Stone falsely accusing homosexuals of aiding and abetting terrorist organizations such as the Lord's Resistance Army, Allied Democratic Forces and Al-Shabaab during the July 2010 Kampala attacks. David then talks to his lawyer, who advises him not to sue over every homophobic article published. Next Long Jones discusses another article in Rolling Stone, suggesting they have a list of 100 homosexuals who are spreading AIDS in Uganda. At a trial over the articles, Gilles Muhame does not present a defense and the ruling is adjourned; Pastor Solomon Male is present.

A friend of Naome and fellow activist Stosh then recounts being raped by a man who wanted to turn her straight by doing so. He gave her AIDS and her family did not believe it was unconsensual. When she got pregnant five months later, she had an abortion. Next introduced is Bishop Christopher Senyonjo, who says Paul the Apostle does not discriminate against homosexuals in Galatians 3:28, and wants to build a safe center for them.

Meanwhile, we learn that politician David Bahati has proposed the Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Bill, widely condemned by the international community. However, residents of Jinja, Uganda protest in favour of the bill, organized by Pastor Martin Ssempa, falsely accusing homosexuals of "raping children". We then hear from Dr Sylvia Tamale who explains that in March 2009, the Family Life Network invited evangelical leaders from the United States to warn Ugandans about an alleged homosexual threat from overseas. Similarly, another pastor called HM Nyanzi says homosexuality is against the word of God because it is against reproduction. Meanwhile, Rolling Stone published part two of pictures and Gilles boasts about it as an accomplishment. David appeals to the local bureau of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Bishop Senyonjo claims that he is dismissed from the Church of Uganda for his support of homosexuals, though the church claims that it was because of his participation in the consecration of a man to be a bishop of a church with which the Church of Uganda is not in communion. In another twist, there is a second trial, and the judge rules that the newspaper is not allowed to publish pictures, names and addresses of homosexuals. David and his friends have a party–a fashion show where they crossdress to celebrate their victory.

David is murdered in a devastating homophobic attack. Anti-gay protesters disrupt the funeral. Still, his friends have a party in his honour after the funeral. In New York City, LGBT activists honour his death too, condemning pastors Lou Engle and Scott Lively for allegedly promoting homophobia in Uganda. Meanwhile, Gilles of Rolling Stone is unrepentant and does not take the blame for his death. David's friends fear the worst for their lives. Still, due to international pressure, the anti-gay law is not passed.

Critical reception
The film premiered at the 2012 Berlin International Film Festival, and won the Teddy Award for Best Documentary.

Distribution
Distribution rights for the film were acquired by Cinedigm Entertainment Group in October 2012, with plans for a theatrical release in early 2013, followed by on-demand, premium digital, DVD and V releases.

References

External links

2012 documentary films
2012 LGBT-related films
2012 films
LGBT in Uganda
Documentary films about violence against LGBT people
Documentary films about Uganda
Ugandan LGBT-related films
LGBT rights in Uganda
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
American LGBT-related documentary films

Call Me Kuchu


James Bremner (25 September 1784 – August 1856), a notable Scottish naval architect, harbour builder and ship-raiser.

Life and work

James, the youngest of the nine children of Janet and James Bremner, was born in Stain, near Keiss, in the parish of Wick, Caithness, in Scotland.

His only education was the Bible. At the age of 16, he was apprenticed for six years to the shipbuilders "Robert Steele & Sons" of Greenock. After he had completed his apprenticeship he returned to Wick and started his own shipbuilding yard in Pulteneytown, near Wick Harbour, where he built 56 or more vessels, ranging in size from 45 tons to 600 tons. At this time, he also became well known throughout the United Kingdom for his skills in rescuing sunken and stranded vessels. When there was an insurrection in Wick he treated the injuries of combatants from both sides and was tried for Sedition as a consequence. His peers found him Not Guilty and he was carried from the court on the shoulders of the cheering local populace.

When, in 1846, Brunel's SS Great Britain went aground on the sands of Dundrum Bay, Ireland, it is to his son, Alexander Bremner, that Brunel turned for help after various leading salvage experts had either declared the salvage impossible or failed in an attempt. Alexander called in his father to develop a successful methodology. The method used by Bremner was later used to refloat her off a beach in South Georgia over a century later, after which she was brought back to her final resting place as a tourist attraction in Bristol. He frequently corresponded with Thomas Telford and was employed by Brunel as an engineering consultant when he built the Thames Tunnel under the Thames.

His career involved the rescue of perhaps 236 or more stricken vessels. As well as building and rescuing ships, he worked on 19 harbour structures in Scotland, not least an extension to Telford's harbour in Wick Bay. He had watched Winter gales destroy harbour walls by lifting and working loose the horizontally laid stones. When he rebuilt the walls he simply relaid them on their ends to eliminate this structural weakness.

Bremner became a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1833, and he was awarded the Telford Medal for several of his papers on engineering.

Bremner married early in his life and had numerous sons and daughters. His wife died in 1856 and Bremner himself died in the August of the same year. In 1903 a tall obelisk was erected to his memory on high ground overlooking Wick Harbour, where it stands to this day.

References

1784 births
1856 deaths
British naval architects
Scottish civil engineers
People from Caithness
Harbour engineers
19th-century British businesspeople

James Bremner


Robert Fokkens is a South African classical music composer. He is among a new generation of younger composers in post-apartheid South Africa. He was educated in Cape Town at Rondebosch Boys' School.

He currently teaches composition at Cardiff University School of Music.

His works are frequently performed in the UK, Europe and South Africa, including performances at the Wigmore Hall, the Purcell Room, the Holland Music Sessions, the Spitalfields Festival, the South African National Arts Festival in Grahamstown, and the Royal Festival Hall. He had works performed in Japan, Australia and the USA, and his music has been broadcast on BBC Radio 3. His music is included on a 2005 CD of South African choral music, Towards the Light, recorded by the Commotio choir.

Fokkens previously studied at the South African College of Music at the University of Cape Town with Peter Klatzow, and at the Royal Academy of Music, where he held the Manson Fellowship in 2001–2. He has received many awards and scholarships and completed his PhD, supervised by Michael Finnissy at the University of Southampton  in 2006.

The composer explored writing contemporary music theatre which escapes both 'opera' and 'music theatre' traditions, and aims at a wider audience than most contemporary music. His dramatic work is in the growing field of 'physical theatre', inspired by companies like Frantic Assembly, Gecko, Complicité, Theatre O and Ridiculusmus.

Current musical interests are in South African traditional musics, particularly Xhosa and Zulu bow music, and jazz and electronica.

Since 2008 Fokkens has been vice-president of NewMusicSA, the South African section of the International Society for Contemporary Music.

Selected compositions
 Vocal and choral
In Times Like These [Moore, Donnelly, Shaw, Carson, Yeats] (tenor and piano, 2005)
Four Colonizations (soprano, clarinet/bass clarinet and cello, 2005)
Dulce et Decorum Est [Wilfred Owen] (counter-tenor and four trombones, 2002; counter-tenor and organ, 2005)
About the Ninth Hour (SATB choir, 2004)
Age Unknown [Fokkens] (soprano and chamber ensemble, 2001)
Jesu Dulcis Memoria (SATB choir, 2000)

 Orchestral
And Eventful Morning Near East London [Violin Concerto] (violin and chamber orchestra, 2006)
Uhambo Olunintsi [Journeys] (2002)
Soshunguve Dances (Free State Youth Orchestra, 24 May 2012)
Strobe (1999)

 Large Ensemble
To Hell and Back (string ensemble, 2000)

 Instrumental
9 Solitudes (piano, 2006)
Tracing Lines (quarter-tone alto flute and cello, 2006)
On Disruption and Displacement (cello and piano, 2004; string quartet, 2005)
Relational Study (bass clarinet, violin, cello, piano, 2003)
Irreconcilable Truths (violin and piano, 2002)
Black (wind quintet and piano, 2000)
Running Out (piano, 1999)
The True Confessions of Bonzo the Clown (clarinet and piano, 1997)

 Incindental Music
The Syringa Tree (Pamela Gien) (solo double bass, 2005)

References

External links

African Composers
 Grahamstown Festival
 New MusicSA

South African composers
South African male composers
21st-century classical composers
Alumni of Rondebosch Boys' High School
South African College of Music alumni
Living people
Male classical composers
21st-century male musicians
Year of birth missing (living people)

Robert Fokkens