WKY (930 AM) is a commercial radio station in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, owned by Cumulus Media. It is the oldest radio station in Oklahoma and among the oldest in the nation. WKY airs a sports format which is simulcast with its sister station WWLS-FM.  The studios and offices are in northwest Oklahoma City.

WKY's transmitter and its single tower are located on NE 91st Street in Oklahoma City. WKY is powered at 5,000 watts by day, using a 961 foot (293m) non-directional antenna that is the tallest AM radio tower in the United States. It once broadcast at night with a 5,000-watt directional signal, using a multiple tower array.  Ownership decided to switch to non-directional nighttime operation, which allows WKY to need only one antenna, but required the station to drop to 510 watts at night.

History

Early years

Although Federal Communications Commission (FCC) records list WKY's "date first licensed" as March 16, 1922, station histories have generally traced its founding to earlier activities, beginning as early as January 1920 according to WKY co-founder Earl Clement Hull.

After the end of World War One, Hull was posted at Fort Sill in Oklahoma, where he taught radio communication classes. Using a supply of scarce vacuum tubes he described as being "borrowed" from the Signal Corps, he constructed a radio transmitter that was operated from his home at 1911 Ash Street in Oklahoma City. In June 1921, Hull was issued a license for amateur station 5QP, located at his residence.

In the spring of 1921, Hull founded the Oklahoma Radio Shop, initially located at Hull's home, as a partnership with Sherwood Richards. In the fall of 1921, the Oklahoma Radio Shop was issued a license for an experimental station, 5XT.

Eventually the Daily Oklahoman newspaper teamed up with the Oklahoma Radio Company to provide a daily series of broadcasts, from 8:00 to 9:00 p.m., beginning on March 5, 1922. A March 8 broadcast of Alma Gluck singing at the First Christian Church was described by the newspaper as its "first big broadcast", although the microphone had to be hidden behind a curtain, because the singer had refused to consent to making the broadcast.

Beginning in late 1912, radio communication in the United States was regulated by the Department of Commerce. Initially there were no formal standards for which stations could make broadcasts intended for the general public, and after World War One stations under a variety of license classes, most commonly Amateur and Experimental, began making regularly scheduled programs on a limited basis. In order to provide common standards for the service, the Commerce Department issued a regulation effective December 1, 1921, that stated that broadcasting stations would now have to hold a Limited Commercial license that authorized operation on two designated broadcasting wavelengths: 360 meters (833 kHz) for "entertainment", and 485 meters (619 kHz) for "market and weather reports". WKY's first license, as Oklahoma's first broadcasting station, was issued on March 16, 1922, to the Oklahoma Radio Shop in Oklahoma City, for operation on both wavelengths.

The WKY call sign was randomly assigned from a list of available call letters. Currently most stations west of the Mississippi River have call letters beginning with "K". However, WKY was licensed before the government changed the dividing line between W and K call signs. Prior to the January 1923 establishment of the Mississippi River as the boundary, call letters beginning with "W" were generally assigned to stations east of an irregular line formed by the western state borders from North Dakota south to Texas, with calls beginning with "K" going only to stations in states west of that line.

On November 1922, WKY announced a "silent night" policy, meaning the station would broadcast only four, and later three nights a week. This was so listeners could have a chance to tune into other stations in neighboring states.

Richards and Hull struggled to keep WKY on the air. In late 1925, Richards left the radio business, but Hull continued to keep WKY going by selling shares of the station to radio dealers in Oklahoma City. The dealers paid Hull a small fee to keep the station broadcasting, but over time, they decided the financial drain had become too much. In 1928, WKY was purchased by the Oklahoma Publishing Company, which also owned the Daily Oklahoman newspaper.  The price was $5,000 (about $75,000 today).

The formal opening of the new WKY was set for November 11, 1928, but the station went on the air several days earlier to carry the presidential election returns as Herbert Hoover won in a Republican landslide.

That December, the station became an NBC Red Network affiliate and began carrying the network's programs.  During the "Golden Age of Radio" that included dramas, comedies, news, sports, soap operas, game shows and big band broadcasts.  By the following year, WKY was attempting to operate like the powerhouse stations in the East. Aside from NBC network shows, everything broadcast by WKY originated locally.

WKY operated from the Skirvin Hotel in downtown Oklahoma City from 1936 to 1951, and was contracted to broadcast live from the Venetian Room from 11:00 to midnight every evening. The opening night performance cost $15 a couple for dinner and dancing.

From November 1941, through June 1942, WKY broadcast its own original supernatural thriller series called Dark Fantasy. All 31 episodes can still be heard today.

WKY-FM and -TV
WKY-FM was launched on July 1, 1947, at 98.9 MHz, programming mostly classical music. An effort was made to minimize duplication of WKY AM programs and make WKY-FM a true second station. In 1949, a TV station, WKY-TV (now KFOR-TV) was added, as the first television outlet in Oklahoma.

Few people owned FM radios in the early 1950s.  By 1952, WKY management had to make a decision about keeping the FM station on the air or increasing the power of the company's new television tower.  Since WKY-FM was not showing a profit, it lost out. The station shut down, and its transmitter and associated equipment were donated to the Oklahoma City Public School District. The discontinuation received only one letter of protest, from a music lover in Norman, Oklahoma. In 1969 the vacated 98.9 MHz frequency was assigned to a new station, KBYE-FM, which is now sister station KYIS.

Top 40 years
WKY has featured many formats over the years, including Contemporary Hits, Oldies, Country music, Adult Contemporary, Easy Listening, Christian talk and teaching, Talk, Hot Talk, Sports and Regional Mexican as a simulcast of then-sister station KINB.

In 1958, WKY became the second Top 40 station in Oklahoma City after KOCY (now KGHM). During the 1960s and 1970s, WKY fended off serious challenges from 50,000 watt rival KOMA. Although KOMA was very famous outside Oklahoma City, due to its large nighttime signal, WKY was usually the ratings leader in the city itself. WKY continued to top many Arbitron ratings sweeps into the 1970s, even as young people began seeking hit music from the FM dial. Ironically, WKY's top disc jockeys during that time, Danny Williams, Ronnie Kaye and Fred Hendrickson, later became "KOMA Good Guys" when KOMA flipped from adult standards to oldies.

Country music
WKY changed its format to country music in the early 1980s, shortly after station owner Edward Gaylord purchased Nashville radio powerhouse WSM and the Grand Ole Opry. WKY simulcasted live Grand Ole Opry broadcasts from WSM for a short time.

Easy listening
WKY dropped its country format to become an easy listening station on June 30, 1990, shortly after longtime FM easy listening station KKNG moved to Soft Adult Contemporary music.  Bus benches throughout Oklahoma City had the purple and white logo declaring "Easy Listening is back, 930 WKY."

Although it took a bit of time to grow the format, within a year, WKY had beaten KKNG in the ratings. As a result, KKNG shifted to Mainstream AC and rebranded as "Mix 92.5," which barely lasted a year.

Ironically, WKY's taking stewardship of the easy listening format ended up helping former rival KOMA, as its oldies format took over the 92.5 frequency in the summer of 1992.  Despite getting high ratings, the easy listening format on WKY had trouble getting advertisers to buy in.

Talk radio
WKY switched to a talk radio format in 1994.  In the process of flipping, it hired back many of the news staff it let go when it became an easy listening station in 1990.

The station stumbled out of the starting gate and struggled to compete against Clear Channel Communications' KTOK.  KTOK already has the top names in syndicated conservative talk on its schedule, including Rush Limbaugh and Sean Hannity.  Often, WKY had to choose lesser national talk hosts to compete with KTOK for ratings.  In its first year, WKY failed to cover its operational costs.  In 1995, OPUBCO turned over operation of WKY to Clear Channel, who operated the station through a local marketing agreement (LMA) after several continued months of operating in the red.

Finally, in 2002, OPUBCO sold the station to Citadel Broadcasting after 74 years of ownership. WKY, along with WSM-AM-FM in Nashville, had been the last vestiges of the once-vast Gaylord broadcasting empire, which at its height included eight radio stations and seven television stations.

From 1994 to 2002, WKY was a talk station. It flirted with an all-sports format, with two local sports talk shows in the drive time periods. "SuperTalk 930 WKY" was launched in March 2003. The format featured local-oriented talk shows throughout the day with some syndicated talk during the evening and weekend.

WKY en español
"SuperTalk" ended in January 2006.  In an effort to target Oklahoma City's growing Hispanic population, WKY began airing a simulcast of KINB. Because KINB was divested as part of the Citadel–ABC Radio merger, the simulcast on WKY was dropped June 12, 2007, and the station began stunting for several days.

On June 20, 2007, at 9:01 a.m., Oklahoma City Mayor Mick Cornett, a former sports, and later news anchor on KOCO-TV, signaled the start of "JOX 930 WKY."  It was the fifth station in the market with a sports radio format.

After struggling in the ratings, WKY announced on December 22, 2008, that it would change formats from sports programming. On January 7, 2009, WKY flipped back to "La Indomable." From February 2017 to September 8, 2019, WKY was a full-time affiliate of ESPN Deportes Radio, offering all sports programming in Spanish.  After that network ended operations, WKY returned to sports in English, simulcasting sister station WWLS-FM. WKY was the  home of Bishop McGuinness Catholic High School Football for several seasons.

Sale to Cumulus
On March 10, 2011, Cumulus Media announced that it would purchase Citadel Broadcasting. After receiving conditional regulatory approval from the Department of Justice and the Federal Communications Commission, the deal was approved by Citadel shareholders on September 15, 2011. The merger of the two companies closed on September 16, 2011, and Citadel became an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Cumulus Media.

Notable alumni
 Phil Boyce, Program Director, Salem Communications.
 CBS Evening News anchor Walter Cronkite (1916–2009) served as play-by-play commentator for University of Oklahoma football games during the 1937 season.
 TV Show host Mike Douglas (1926–2006) started his career as a staff singer on WKY before joining the Navy during World War II and serving on a munitions ship.
 Chuck Dunaway, Houston native who worked his way to Oklahoma City and eventually landed in New York at WABC 770.  He had two stints at WKY and went on to own radio stations in Lexington, Kentucky, and Joplin, Missouri.
 Syndicated disc jockey Steve Goddard.
 Ernest Istook, a former Republican member of the United States House of Representatives for the 5th District of Oklahoma. Istook was a member of the Appropriations and the Homeland Security committees. He was the Republican gubernatorial nominee in 2006, running against incumbent Democrat Gov. Brad Henry. Istook lost the gubernatorial race. During the 1970s, Istook worked as a radio news reporter at WKY.  Istook also worked at KOMA.
 Ronnie Kaye was heard on WKY from 1961 to 1980. From 1966 to 1974 he hosted "The Scene," a dance program on WKY-Channel 4 (now KFOR).
 Frank McGee (1921–1974) Co-Anchor, NBC Nightly News, NBC's Today Show.
 Kevin Metheny (1954–2014) using the name "Kevin Michaels" during his 1971 stint at WKY, was portrayed by Paul Giamatti under the name Kenny "Pig Vomit" Rushton in the movie Private Parts, starring Howard Stern. Metheny was the program director at WNBC-AM 660 in New York City during the early 1980s. He went on to work at MTV as Vice President for Production and Programming. At the time of his death, Metheny was Program Director for Cumulus Media in San Francisco.
 Jack Mildren (1949–2008) All-American Quarterback at the University of Oklahoma from 1969 to 1971. During that time, he earned the title of "Godfather of the Wishbone." Mildren played in the NFL from 1972 through 1974 for the Baltimore Colts and the New England Patriots. In 1990, Mildren became the 22nd Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma. In 1994, he ran unsuccessfully as a Democratic candidate for Governor of Oklahoma, losing to Republican Frank Keating. In addition to his drive-time show on WKY, Mildren was also a regular contributor on sister station WWLS.
 Jimmy O'Neill (1940–2013) Host of ABC's Shindig! TV program from 1964–66; longtime DJ in Los Angeles.
 Russell Pierson (1911–2015) farm broadcaster from 1959 to 1983, known for closing every program with a rhyme.
 Danny Williams (1927–2013) Program Director during WKY's years as a Top 40 station. Williams began the Oklahoma portion of his career in 1950, and would stay at WKY until his first "retirement" in 1979. At the age of 81, he retired from 92.5 KOMA-FM on August 29, 2008, after spending 16 years as the morning drive personality.

Previous logo

References

External links

FCC History Cards for WKY (covering 1927-1980)
 WKY historical review (okcradio.wordpress.com)
 2004 review of WKY's former transmitter building and studios (fybush.com)
 Voices of Oklahoma interview with Danny Williams. First person interview conducted on June 18, 2009, with Oklahoma broadcast legend, Danny Williams. Original audio and transcript archived with Voices of Oklahoma oral history project. (voicesofoklahoma.com)
 Website of the late Danny Williams, former WKY personality (dddynamo.com)

µWKY
Radio stations established in 1922
Sports radio stations in the United States
ESPN Radio stations
Cumulus Media radio stations
Oklahoma City Thunder
1922 establishments in Oklahoma

WKY


In the United States government, the Bureau of African Affairs (AF) is part of the U.S. Department of State and is charged with advising the Secretary of State on matters of Sub-Saharan Africa. The bureau was established in 1958. It is headed by the Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs who reports to the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs. Molly Phee is the current Assistant Secretary.

Organization
The offices of the Bureau of African Affairs direct, coordinate, and supervise U.S. government activities within the region, including political, economic, consular, public diplomacy, and administrative management issues.

Office of East African Affairs – Oversees policy for the East African Region, and liaises with the U.S. Embassies in Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, Somalia, Somaliland, Tanzania, and Uganda
Office of Sudan and South Sudan - Oversees policy for the Republic of the Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan. Ambassador Donald Booth has been the U.S. Special Envoy to Sudan since June 12, 2019.
Office of Central African Affairs – Oversees policy for the Central African Region, and liaises with the U.S. Embassies in Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, and São Tomé and Príncipe
Office of Southern African Affairs – Oversees policy for the South African Region, and liaises with the U.S. Embassies in Angola, Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe
Office of West African Affairs – Oversees policy for the West African Region, and liaises with the U.S. Embassies in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo
Office of Economic Policy and Staff
Office of the Executive Director – Coordinates logistics, management, budget, and human resources for the bureau
Office of Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs – Coordinates public outreach and digital engagement, and prepares press guidance for the Department Spokesperson in the Bureau of Public Affairs
Office of Regional Peace and Security – Coordinates policy regarding the African Union and other regional multilateral and security-focused issues

References

External links

AF
Government agencies established in 1958
United States diplomacy
1958 establishments in the United States
International development in Africa
United States–African relations
Angola–United States relations
Benin–United States relations
Botswana–United States relations
Burkina Faso–United States relations
Burundi–United States relations
Cameroon–United States relations
Central African Republic–United States relations
Cape Verde–United States relations
Chad–United States relations
Comoros–United States relations
Democratic Republic of the Congo–United States relations
Djibouti–United States relations
Eritrea–United States relations
Eswatini–United States relations
Ethiopia–United States relations
Equatorial Guinea–United States relations
Gabon–United States relations
The Gambia–United States relations
Ghana–United States relations
Guinea–United States relations
Guinea-Bissau–United States relations
Ivory Coast–United States relations
Kenya–United States relations
Lesotho–United States relations
Liberia–United States relations
Madagascar–United States relations
Malawi–United States relations
Mali–United States relations
Mauritania–United States relations
Mauritius–United States relations
Mozambique–United States relations
Namibia–United States relations
Niger–United States relations
Nigeria–United States relations
Republic of the Congo–United States relations
Rwanda–United States relations
São Tomé and Príncipe–United States relations
Senegal–United States relations
Seychelles–United States relations
Sierra Leone–United States relations
Somalia–United States relations
Somaliland–United States relations
South Africa–United States relations
Sudan–United States relations
South Sudan–United States relations
Tanzania–United States relations
Togo–United States relations
Uganda–United States relations
United States–Zambia relations
United States–Zimbabwe relations

Bureau of African Affairs


William Lumbergh is a fictional character, who appeared initially in the Milton animated shorts, and later was portrayed by Gary Cole in the 1999 film Office Space as the film's main antagonist. A caricature of corporate management, Lumbergh is a division vice president of the software company Initech, based in Texas, and serves as the main antagonist of the film. He drives a blue Porsche 911 SC with a vanity license plate "MY PRSHE". He wears formal, solid-color day dress shirts with Winchester collars and suspenders with a belt—a fashion faux pas—as well as an MIT college class ring. According to his Initech employee's personnel file, Lumbergh graduated from MIT with a BS in physics.

Lumbergh is a micromanager who is focused on busy work and paperwork, notably TPS reports. He has been described as "the antithesis of the motivational management leadership ideal". He greets subordinates with an unenthusiastic "What's happening?", and when asking an employee to do an unpleasant task, starts the sentence with, "I'm gonna need you to", or "If you could go ahead and", as well as ending these requests with "that'd be great/terrific" and "mmmkay?" A Wharton Journal article said that the character "brilliantly exposed the emptiness of linguistic conventions at work." Social historian Joe Moran writes that Lumbergh's "non-confrontational" communication style "masks the reality of management coercion".

Role in the film
In the film, Lumbergh is presented as a micromanager, whose favourite targets are programmer Peter Gibbons (the main protagonist, played by Ron Livingston) and collator Milton Waddams (Stephen Root). He makes Peter work nearly every weekend and belittles Peter for not including a new-design cover sheet on a TPS report, and assigns Milton an ever-increasing number of menial tasks and constantly makes him move his desk, farther and farther from the window.

After Peter sleeps throughout the weekend after being hypnotised into not caring about his job, Lumbergh leaves seventeen messages on Peter's answering machine.

Despite being a vice-president, Lumbergh is shown to be spineless when business consultants Bob Slydell and Bob Porter are brought in to help with downsizing Initech, and eventually start questioning Lumbergh after his poor management comes to their attention. He also does not know how to respond to Peter's flippant attitude when he comes to work while hypnotised; Peter's actions include removing a door handle that constantly gives him static shocks, preparing fish at his desk, playing Tetris, and messily knocking down a cubicle wall blocking his view out the window. Furthermore, when Milton is revealed to have been made redundant five years earlier, but still receives pay and comes to Initech (as neither he nor the accounting department were told), the consultants tell accounting to stop paying Milton without telling him and Lumbergh laughs, as well as confiscating Milton's beloved red Swingline stapler and eventually moving him and his desk downstairs to the basement storage areas, where he is told to tackle the cockroach problem.

After this, Lumbergh's fate is never elaborated on, though the deleted scenes reveal the filmmakers considered having him die in a fire started by Milton in revenge for being mistreated, and Peter, alongside coworkers Michael and Samir, discuss attending his funeral. In deleted scenes Peter's boss at his new construction job behaves exactly like Lumbergh.

References

External links
 Best Bosses from Hell discussing Lumbergh, from NPR's Talk of the Nation (July 27, 2006)

Comedy film characters
Fictional managers
Fictional business executives
Television characters introduced in 1991
Internet memes
Male characters in film
Fictional Massachusetts Institute of Technology people

Bill Lumbergh


Valley Heights Secondary School (in French, "L'École Secondaire Valley Heights") is a two-story rural high school located near Walsingham, Ontario, Canada. The official initials for this high school are VHSS.

History
Opened in 1971, Valley Heights sits on a property that spans  and includes fields, Carolinian forests, rivers and marshy areas.  During the 2000–01 school year there were approximately 700 students. However, a Roman Catholic school based out of Simcoe opened in 2001, which offered students newer equipment and more course choices (even though it was the closest to Simcoe Composite School). This, with the elimination of grade thirteen in Ontario, resulted in a decrease in student population down to 500.

Mrs. Jody Hevesi runs the Hidden Valley Cafe, which has been a staple at Valley Heights Secondary school since its establishment in the year 2000. As a "healthy" school, energy drinks have been banned from the premises in September 2011 along with non-baked foods and breaded foods. A similar ban was enforced at school in Hove, England; where Headteacher Malvina Sanders states that "consuming high-energy drinks can have a detrimental impact on the ability of young people to concentrate in class."

A roof fire occurred on July 25, 2012 on top of the gymnasium as a result of a botched roofing job. It cost the school $25,000 in overall damages and the damaged areas were secured before the thunderstorms that occurred early the next morning. Repairs were officially completed on July 31; not affecting any classes or activities that started in September 2012.

VHSS has beefed up their academics programs to entice possible transfer students. Plans to close down Port Dover Composite School came into reality on the night of January 31, 2013.

Campus
This school is the only high school in the entire Haldimand-Norfolk-Brant region to receive top marks for stewardship of the environment, minimizing the waste of natural resources, and conserving energy for future generations of Valley Heights students. The idea was started in 2008 and was deemed successful in 2011. Even though a sizeable number of students who attend Valley Heights are not Mennonites, the location of the school makes it ideal for Mennonites to attend as it is adjacent to the farmland that their parents work on.

Valley Heights Secondary School is partially powered by solar energy coming from solar panels installed in the immediate vicinity.

Possible futures
As attendance continues to decline throughout the secular Grand Erie District School Board, one of the solutions would be to close down Simcoe Composite School and Waterford District High School while keeping Valley Heights Secondary and Delhi District Secondary School open. The students from the Simcoe high school and the Waterford high school would be consolidated into a giant secular high school spanning  somewhere in Norfolk County. Both VHSS and DDSS have the government funding and student enrolment figures to remain open on an indefinite basis. By 2017, every school in Norfolk County (excluding Holy Trinity Catholic High School) will have a grand total of 1000 empty classroom seats.

See also
List of high schools in Ontario

References

External links

VHSS Bears - Contact Us

Educational institutions established in 1971
High schools in Norfolk County, Ontario
1971 establishments in Ontario

Valley Heights Secondary School


Shanghai Detention Center (SDC) (Chinese: 上海市看守所; Pinyin: shànghǎishì kānshǒusuǒ) is located in Pudong, Shanghai, about  outside of downtown Shanghai.  The facility houses serious domestic criminals and all foreigners suspected of infractions.

Overview

The facility's primary housing unit is a 3-story building.  The building is segregated into East- and West-wing on each floor. Each floor is supervised by a cadre of around 6 guards around the clock aided by a "counselor" from 9 – 5. Each floor is divided into roughly 14 units of cell.  Each cell is about 6 meters by 2.5 meters; Latrine and toilet are on one side of the wall while open bars sit on the other end of the wall.   In the middle of the room is a massive cubby board that has a dual top.  The top portion is opened and folded back flat to form an 8-men sleeping space.  Nominal capacity of 10 people means 2 other people will sleep on the walk way uncovered by the top board.  All detainees are kept in this close quarter 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.  Occasionally, they are released to the "exercise court" that measures about 4 x 4 (meters) with no view of outside.  Hot water showers are provided once in week during winter time, but detainees typically take daily showers inside the cell.  Males and females occupy different floor.

Morning bell rings at 6:00 a.m.  Breakfast is served around 7:30 a.m.  Chinese pop song morning drive program is on from 6:30 to around 8:00 a.m. during weekdays.  Lunch and Dinner are served at 11:30 a.m. and 5:30 p.m., respectively. Meal carts are rotated around each cell and each cell is allocated adequate eating utensils.

SDC houses two kinds of people: Chinese nationals who are suspected of or being prosecuted for major infraction and foreigners regardless of nature of infraction.  The typical legal process starts when local police makes determination if a person is to be sent to SDC.  Once a person arrives at SDC, police has 7 days to determine if the person will be officially arrested; such determination may take up to 7 – 9 days.  Empicially very few are ever released from SDC once arrived; typically, a person is moved to "investigation" stage and the law provides another 30-day detention period until police has completed such investigation.  This phase can theoretically be extended twice for a total of another 60 days.

Only when a case is moved to prosecution can the suspect speak to his/her attorney.  Attorney meeting need to be approved and accompanied by prosecutors; individuals can speak to attorneys privately but such private meeting is monitored.   The prosecution phase is another 30-day window that can be further extended.

Sanitation

Detainees generally are subject to a daily shower convention: shower takes place by the sink in each cell (sink provides only cold water).  Showers are typically allowed after dinner without regard for seasonality.  This daily shower is considered a "cell" rule.  The detention center provides weekly hot shower but such showers are at the mercy of the furnace.

Communication with outside world

International detainees can be visited by home country consular.  Such visit is the only venue whereby detainees can communicate with family and friends—detainees do not have phone privileges at all.  Such visits must be approved by either the Police department or the district attorney, depending on case progression, and could be accompanied by a Chinese translator.  Detainees are not allowed to provide written communication to visitors.  Visitors are allowed to bring some outside cooking (or juices) to detainees.

Lawyer visitations are allowed but require prior approval by police or district attorneys.  Any other visitation is strictly prohibited.  There are charlatan "brokers" who profit from promises of visitations that are never delivered.

Daily living

Each detainee could receive a monthly family stipend.  The Center keeps pretty detailed and precise ledger of each detainees' account.  Each detainee is allowed to use up to x dollar of its stipend balance to procure food supplements, including candies, sweets, snacks, fruits, and extra clothing, once a month.  At the time of discharge, unused balance is returned.  Unfortunately, most international detainees have not the means to obtain such stipend.

References

Prisons in Shanghai
Pudong

Shanghai Detention Center


Gary Grainger (born 20 October 1950) is an English rock, blues, jazz and pop songwriter and guitarist, most known for his work with Rod Stewart.

Career

1970–1999
Gary Grainger's professional career took off with the formation of Strider. After two albums – Misunderstood and Exposed and two extensive tours with The Faces in 1974, Grainger got his big break with Rod Stewart in 1976. The formation of the Rod Stewart group, including Jim Cregan, Phil Chen, Carmine Appice and Billy Peek, saw Grainger write key songs for the albums Foot Loose & Fancy Free, Blondes Have More Fun, and Foolish Behaviour.

Throughout 1986 and 1987, Grainger worked with Roger Daltrey, with UK TV appearances on No. 73 and Saturday Live. He played on Daltrey's 1987 album, Can't Wait to See the Movie. When Daltrey resumed  activity with The Who and suspended solo work, Grainger formed a band with Jimmy Copley and Jaz Lochrie.

Grainger performed live and on TV appearances with Nick Lowe in support of Lowe's Party of One album in 1990. He also appeared on Lowe's 1994 album The Impossible Bird.

In 1991, Grainger formed The Humans with Jess Roden, Jim Capaldi, Bill Burke and Nick Graham. The Humans recorded their first batch of songs at John Entwistle's Hammerhead studios, with Bob Pridden as producer and engineer, with Steve Winwood on Hammond Organ. Only "Railroad of Desire" was released from these recordings on 1995's self-titled album. The band performed regularly throughout the UK and Europe until the late 1990s.

In the mid-nineties Grainger was recruited to produce and play guitar for the Brit Pop band The Face at the request of The Who's long-time crew member Bob Pridden. He played on the original recordings, during which time he recommended Zak Starkey for the sessions. For live shows, Grainger opted out and The Face used Gary Nuttall, who went on to become long-time guitarist for Robbie Williams.

In 1998 Grainger formed Blues Club with Alan Rogan. Peter Hope-Evans of Medicine Head was on mouth organ and Kinks drummer Mick Avery joined. They were initially recorded and produced by Pete Townshend with Jess Roden on vocals. When Avery had other commitments, Chris Slade (AC/DC) joined on drums up until 2000. It was this line-up of Blues Club that appeared on BBC TV's Casualty programme. Blues Club continued for another decade, with Grainger's son Chris replacing Avery and Slade on drums.

2000–present
In 2000, Grainger received a call to work with Kenney Jones. Initially collaborating for some charity gigs, the band proved popular and formed a more solid line-up featuring Boz Burrell on bass, Robert Hart on vocals. Formula One racing champion Damon Hill joined the band on many of the early gigs. Their first recording was the charity single "It's All About the Children" and was produced by the legendary Chris Kimsey. The single also featured Paul Young on vocals.

Grainger played at the Ronnie Lane 2004 Tribute at the Royal Albert Hall onstage with Kenney Jones, Sam Brown, Ronnie Wood and Pete Townshend.

In 2007, Roger Daltrey played corporate shows in Canada. Grainger was asked to join, playing Townshend's parts along with The Who's touring band of Zak Starkey, John "Rabbit" Bundrick, Simon Townsend and Phil Spalding played bass.

From 2010 to 2012, Grainger resumed working with Rod Stewart bandmate Jim Cregan in a project called "Apart From Rod". Touring the UK and Europe, Apart From Rod was a presentation of duo's large catalogue of hits that they had written for Stewart, including Grainger's songs "Hot Legs", "Passion", and "I Was Only Joking".

Musicians
Gary Grainger has worked with B.A. Robertson, Damon Hill, Rod Stewart, Danny Bowes, Jess Roden, Jim Capaldi, John Entwistle, Kenney Jones, Nick Lowe, Paul Carrack, Paul Young, Pete Townshend, Ringo Starr, Robert Hart, Roger Daltrey, Ronnie Wood, Sam Brown, and Strider.

Personal life
Grainger was born in London and grew up in London's Kilburn area. He has one son, Chris Grainger, who is a drummer.

Discography
With Strider
 Exposed (1973)
 Misunderstood (1974)

With Rod Stewart
 Foot Loose & Fancy Free (1977)
 Blondes Have More Fun
 Greatest Hits Vol. 1 (1979)
 Foolish Behaviour (1980)
 The Rod Stewart Sessions 1971–1998 (2009)

With Roger Daltrey
 Can't Wait to See the Movie (1987)

With Jess Roden and the Humans
 Jess Roden and the Humans (1995)
 Live at the Robin 1996 (2004)

With Nick Lowe
 The Impossible Bird (1994)
 Quiet Please The New Best of Nick Lowe

With the Jones Gang
 Any Day Now (2005)

See also

 List of British blues musicians
 List of blues rock musicians
 List of guitarists
 List of people from Brent
 List of people from Camden

References

External links

1950 births
20th-century births
20th-century English musicians
21st-century English musicians
Blues rock musicians
English blues guitarists
English male guitarists
English pop guitarists
English rock guitarists
English male songwriters
Living people
Music in West Sussex
Musicians from London
People from Kilburn, London
Rock songwriters
Musicians from Hastings
20th-century British guitarists
21st-century British guitarists
20th-century British male musicians
21st-century British male musicians

Gary Grainger


TI Connect is an application available from Texas Instruments (TI) that allows users to transfer files between a TI graphing calculator and a computer via a link cable. While all models that are capable of linking are supported with the macOS version of TI-Connect, the TI-82 and TI-85 are not currently supported with the Windows version. It has been superseded with TI Connect CE.

TI Connect is the successor of the TI-Graph Link software and contains similar functionality.  Even though TI Connect was released 6 years after Windows 95 came out, this was TI's first attempt to move out of the 16-bit software paradigm made prevalent in Windows 3.1. One feature which TI Connect did not retain from TI-Graph Link was the ability to edit TI-BASIC on a computer, but unlike TI-Graph Link, does not require a software version specific to each calculator.

Many slowdowns are experienced with the software, usually resulting from the slow USB connection between the computer and calculator. Unexplained errors sometimes occur with the software, preventing users from transferring programs over. One solution is to use the TI SendTo sub-application, which is more stable than the Device Explorer.

References

External links
 http://education.ti.com/educationportal/sites/US/productDetail/us_ti_connect.html

Graphing calculator software
Texas Instruments calculators

TI Connect


Cephaeline is an alkaloid that is found in Cephaelis ipecacuanha and other plant species including Psychotria acuminata.  Cephaeline induces vomiting by stimulating the stomach lining and is found in commercial products such as syrup of ipecac.  Chemically, it is closely related to emetine.

Poison treatment
Cephaeline in the form of syrup of ipecac was once commonly recommended as an emergency treatment for accidental poisoning, but its use has been phased out due to its ineffectiveness.

References

Isoquinoline alkaloids
Phenols
Norsalsolinol ethers
Emetics
Drugs with no legal status

Cephaeline


Black Canary (also known as Sara Lance) is the name of two fictional superheroines appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics: Dinah Drake and Dinah Laurel Lance along with rebooted amalgam version within The New 52. The original version was created by the writer-artist team of Robert Kanigher and Carmine Infantino. The character debuted in Flash Comics #86 (August 1947).

One of DC's earliest super-heroines, Black Canary has appeared in many of the company's flagship team-up titles including Justice Society of America and Justice League of America. Since the late 1960s, the character has been paired with archer superhero The Green Arrow professionally and romantically.

Black Canary has been adapted into various media. In Birds of Prey she was played by Rachel Skarsten, and in Smallville she was played by Alaina Huffman. In Arrow and the Arrowverse shows the characters Dinah Laurel Lance, Sara Lance, and Dinah Drake are portrayed by Katie Cassidy, Caity Lotz, and Juliana Harkavy. Dinah Lance made her cinematic debut in the DC Extended Universe film Birds of Prey, portrayed by Jurnee Smollett-Bell.

IGN rated her its 81st-greatest all-time comic book hero. She was number 26 on Comics Buyer's Guide's "100 Sexiest Women in Comics" list.

References

DC Comics superheroes

Black Canary


Halethorpe is an unincorporated community in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. The community is considered to be a sub-section of Arbutus by the United States Census Bureau. It is bordered by the main portion of Arbutus to the north, Baltimore to the North East, Elkridge to the South West, and Linthicum to the East. It is southeast of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County.

Fire protection
Halethorpe is home to the Baltimore County Fire Department's Station 5, located on the corner of Washington Boulevard and Halethorpe Farms Road.

Economy
There is a large Alcoa aluminum extrusion plant in Halethorpe that used to be part of Kaiser Aluminum.

The Clipper City Brewing Company, the brewer of Heavy Seas Beer, is located on Hollins Ferry Road in Halethorpe.

Education
Halethorpe has one public school, Halethorpe Elementary.
Halethorpe has one non-denominational school, Lamb of God School.

Public transportation

The Halethorpe community is served by the no. 77 bus line operated by the Maryland Transit Administration.

A stop on the MARC Penn Line on Southwestern Boulevard serves the Halethorpe-Arbutus community. The Maryland Transit Administration and the University of Maryland, Baltimore County provide bus service to the station.

Fair of the Iron Horse (1927)
Halethorpe was the site of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's 1927 centenary celebration, the Fair of the Iron Horse.

References

External links

 Community of Halethorpe

Unincorporated communities in Baltimore County, Maryland
Unincorporated communities in Maryland

Halethorpe, Maryland


Llywarch ap Hyfaidd (died ) was a king of Dyfed from  until its conquest around 904 by King Cadell of Ceredigion / Seisyllwg and his son Hywel.

Upon Llywarch's death, the kingdom passed briefly to his brother Rhodri, but Hywel soon consolidated his rule, eventually merging Dyfed with his paternal inheritance as the new kingdom of Deheubarth. Later Welsh tradition held that Hywel inherited Dyfed peacefully through his supposed marriage to Llywarch's daughter Elen in a manner similar to the stories told about his great-grandfather Merfyn's acquisition of Gwynedd, his grandfather Rhodri's acquisition of Powys, and his father's acquisition of Ceredigion, all of this despite female inheritance of land having no place in the Welsh law of the period. However, the repeated attacks of Cadell and Hywel were recorded in Asser's Life of King Alfred, where it states Hyfaidd was replaced by his brother Rhodri, although the cause of his death is unknown.

See also
Kings of Wales family trees

References

10th-century Welsh monarchs
9th-century Welsh monarchs
Monarchs of Dyfed
9th-century births
900s deaths
Year of birth unknown

Llywarch ap Hyfaidd


The National Gallery of Iceland ( ) is an art museum in Reykjavík which contains a collection of Icelandic art. The gallery features artwork of famous Icelandic artists and artwork that helps explain the traditional Icelandic culture.

History

The National Gallery of Iceland was founded in 1884 in Copenhagen, Denmark, by Björn Bjarnarson. The collection consisted of donated artwork, mainly by Danish artists.

The museum remained an independent institution from its inception in 1884 until 1916 when the Althing (the Icelandic Parliament) decided to make it a department of the National Museum of Iceland. In 1928 a law was passed in the Althing on the Council of Culture, and under that law the National Gallery came under the supervision of the council.

The collection was on display at the Alþingishús (the House of Parliament) from 1885 until 1950 when it was transferred to the building of the National Museum of Iceland on Suðurgata in Reykjavík. There the collection was formally opened to the public in 1951, and in 1961 a law was passed making the museum fully independent.

In 1987 the collection was moved again to Fríkirkjuvegur 7. The main building was erected as a freezing plant in 1916, designed by Icelandic architect Guðjón Samúelsson. A later addition to the building is the work of architect Garðar Halldórsson.

Exhibitions

National Gallery of Iceland holds rotating exhibitions that reflect its collection or display work by individual artists, Icelandic as well as foreign ones. A variety of pieces from the National Gallery's collection are displayed in the first phase of the exhibition Millenium at the Culture House.

The National Gallery's building at Fríkirkjuvegur 7 houses several exhibition halls on three floors, an art store, and a café.

The National Gallery's offices are situated on Laufásvegur 12, adjacent to the exhibition halls. The same building houses a restoration laboratory and a specialist library containing archives, documentation, and photographs.

The National Gallery's library is a research library that emphasizes the preservation and the dissemination of material that relates to Icelandic art.

See also
 List of national galleries

External links
 Gallery website

Art museums and galleries in Iceland
National museums of Iceland
Museums in Reykjavík

National Gallery of Iceland


Street Smart is a 1987 American crime thriller film directed by Jerry Schatzberg and starring Christopher Reeve, Morgan Freeman and Kathy Baker. It was shot in New York City and Montreal, Quebec.

Despite being well-received by audiences and critics (especially being Morgan Freeman's first Oscar-nominated performance), the film was a commercial failure.

Plot
Jonathan Fisher, a struggling magazine reporter based in New York City, is having difficulty pitching a story to his editor, Ted Avery. Frustrated and worried about his career prospects, he finally pitches a profile on a real-life street pimp, which Ted finds intriguing but gives him a very narrow deadline to meet. Jonathan pays a prostitute for her time, an upbeat former beautician nicknamed Punchy, but finds himself stonewalled by her fear-based loyalty to her pimp, Leo "Fast Black" Smalls, Jr. Across town, Smalls beats up a patron assaulting one of his girls; the patron has a fatal heart attack and Smalls is indicted for second-degree murder.

After an attempt by his girlfriend, Alison, to help approach the nightlife goes disastrously wrong, Jonathan invents the story of a pimp named Tyrone. The story is exceptionally well-received by Ted and the magazine's readership; Jonathan is lured into TV stardom as a result, hosting a news segment called "Street Smart," about people using their "street smarts" on the streets of New York City. However, Jonathan soon comes under pressure from Ted, who is eager to meet "Tyrone" and publish more stories about him, and from an Assistant District Attorney named Leonard Pike, who visits Jonathan at home, angry that his story is granting Smalls' celebrity just when he is going before the court. Jon denies that Tyrone and Smalls are the same person, but Pike does not believe him, and even Smalls' own legal team believes that Smalls is the subject, so strong are the parallels. Smalls' lawyer subpoenas the notes of Jonathan's article, knowing that Ted, Jonathan and the magazine will refuse, and that their refusal to cooperate will imply to a jury that Smalls should be exonerated of the murder. Meanwhile, Smalls, Punchy, and Smalls' lieutenant, Reggie, start hanging around with Jonathan, even attending a magazine fundraiser in Ted's home as the guests of honour. Jonathan and Punchy have in the meantime become romantically involved, causing Alison to break up with Jonathan.

Despite his often charming exterior, Smalls is a violent and unpredictable man; he nearly cuts up the face of his favorite prostitute, Darlene, when he believes she is skimming from her earnings. Smalls, who knows that the magazine article isn't about him, asks Jonathan to create notes that show that their interview coincided with the time of the murder, therefore giving him an alibi. Jonathan is subpoenaed to appear at Smalls' trial and ordered to hand over said notes (which only Jonathan and Alison know for certain do not exist). Jonathan declines to comply, is found in contempt of court and summarily held in custody. Jonathan makes bail, and then admits to the magazine's lawyer representing him that he made up the entire story, that the similarities between the Tyrone character of the story and the circumstances of Smalls' life are purely coincidental and tries to back out, but the judge on the case shows him photos Pike had taken of Smalls and Jonathan eating together during their first public meeting, and is held in contempt and remanded into custody once again. Pike then approaches Punchy, who initially refuses to answer his questions and unsuccessfully tries to seduce him, but when she later tries to tell Smalls she wants to stop turning tricks for him, Smalls threatens to cut out her eye and he makes Punchy choose which eye he will take. After she tearfully chooses her left eye, Smalls relents and lets her go. Punchy runs straight back to Pike and tells him Smalls wants Jonathan to fabricate the aforementioned notes, but Smalls kills her shortly after she leaves Pike's apartment. Pike, having identified Punchy's body at the morgue, visits Jonathan in jail to inform him of her murder, and also tells him that he knows about what Smalls wants Jonathan to do, angrily advising him not to do it. Meanwhile, on Smalls' orders, Reggie stabs Alison as she goes shopping and puts her in the hospital.

Trapped and with nothing left to do, Jonathan changes his story again and declares that he will produce the notes and is released. He meets Smalls and agrees to give him the alibi he needs. Smalls is found not guilty, and a furious Pike tells Jonathan that he'll be pursuing him for fabricating evidence. When Jonathan asks what he would get out of that, Pike replies "satisfaction". Despite the criminal charges hanging over his head, Jonathan's journalistic reputation remains intact and he and Alison get back together. In revenge for Alison's stabbing, Jonathan entraps Reggie by videotaping him accepting $200 from Darlene (which was given to her by Jonathan who asked her to tell Reggie it came from Smalls), which makes it look as if Reggie is the one skimming from Smalls. Jonathan then warns a terrified Reggie that he should skip town before Jonathan shows the videotape to Smalls.

Smalls, unaware of the videotape, has been looking for the recently absent Reggie. He finally locates him, but Reggie, convinced that Smalls is coming to kill him, takes off running. As Smalls gives chase, Reggie trips and falls. Confused by Reggie's behavior, Smalls approaches, and Reggie, afraid for his life, shoots Smalls dead. As Reggie is taken away in handcuffs, Jonathan reports on Smalls' execution for his latest "Street Smart" segment.

Cast
Christopher Reeve as Jonathan Fisher
Morgan Freeman as Leo Smalls, Jr. a.k.a. Fast Black
Kathy Baker as Punchy
Mimi Rogers as Alison Parker
Andre Gregory as Ted Avery
Jay Patterson as A.D.A. Leonard Pike
Anna Maria Horsford as Harriet
Erik King as Reggie
Shari Hilton as Darlene
Rick Aviles as Solo

Production
Street Smart was a long-time pet project of Christopher Reeve, but he was having difficulty getting the film financed. When the Cannon Group acquired the rights to Superman IV: The Quest for Peace, Reeve agreed to do the film partly because Cannon promised to give Street Smart the financial backing it needed.

Miles Davis and Robert Irving III recorded the complete soundtrack.

Reception
The film gained positive reviews. It currently holds a 67% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 15 reviews.

The film performed poorly at the box office, primarily attributed to Cannon Films' failure to properly market the theatrical release.

Awards and nominations
Morgan Freeman was nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role. Despite having appeared in The Electric Company during the 1970s, Freeman considered Fast Black to be his breakthrough role. He also considers the role to be his favorite Oscar-nominated performance.

References

External links

1987 films
American crime drama films
1980s English-language films
1980s crime drama films
Films about journalists
Golan-Globus films
Films directed by Jerry Schatzberg
Films set in New York City
Films shot in Montreal
Films shot in New York City
1987 drama films
Films produced by Menahem Golan
Films produced by Yoram Globus
1980s American films

Street Smart (film)


Artur Jakubiec (born 3 December 1973) is a Polish chess Grandmaster, a title he was awarded in 2002.

Chess career
A twice Polish Junior Chess Championship winner, he won the U15s in 1988 and the U18s in 1991. In 1988/1989 he came 4th in the U16s at the European Youth Chess Championship in Saltsjöbaden and in 1991 he finished 9th in the U18s at the World Junior Chess Championship in Guarapuava, Brazil. In 1993 he made his debut in the Polish Chess Championship. He achieved his best result in the competition in 2004, finishing 6th.
Artur Jakubiec has also competed successfully in several Polish Team Chess Championships, winning silver in 1991, 1994, 1995 and 2000. In 2003 was second (behind Hannes Stefánsson) in the Chess Summer tournament in Aarhus. In 2005 he was second in the Polish Blitz Chess Championship in Polanica-Zdrój. In 2006/2007 he won the Cracovia A open tournament, held in Kraków. In 2013 he shared first place in the International Championship of Malopolska.
Since September 2007 Artur Jakubiec has been the coach of the Polish national men's team.

Personal life
In 2008 he married Edyta Jakubiec (born 1981) who is a Woman's International Master (WIM, 2005).

References

External links

1973 births
Polish chess players
Chess grandmasters
Living people

Artur Jakubiec


Porcia is an oil-on-panel painting of Brutus' wife Porcia painted c. 1490–1495 by the Italian artist Fra Bartolomeo, now in the Uffizi in Florence. It forms a pair with Minerva, now in the Louvre.

The painting left the Uffizi during the First World War to be stored safely elsewhere. From 1925 onwards it was displayed in the Italian Embassy in Washington, DC, Finally it was returned to Italy in 1992 to be exhibited in the Hall of Michelangelo the Florentines of the early 16th century, in the Uffizi.

Description and style
From a niche appears Porcia, the daughter of Cato the Younger. She can be recognized by the burning coals at her feet, because she killed herself by swallowing hot coals after the defeat of her husband, Marcus Junius Brutus, at the Battle of Philippi on 42 BC. The painting was meant to be part of a series dedicated to illustrious women, perhaps destined to decorate the room of a private palace.

The figure sways to the left, pointing to a probable pendant to the right. The large drapery, which falls with large and solemn folds, increases the sense of volume, as does the placement in the niche, usually reserved for statuary.

References

1490s paintings
Paintings in the Uffizi
Paintings by Fra Bartolomeo
Portraits of women

Porcia (Fra Bartolomeo)


Michael G. Inay (1944–2000) was the founder of the Filipino martial art of Inayan Eskrima.

He studied privately under the tutelage of two great Eskrima masters, Max Sarmiento and Angel Cabales. It was Mike Inay who proposed to Angel Cabales the formation of an organization to preserve and promote the Cabales Serrada style of Eskrima. It was this and many other contributions that made Mangisursuro Mike Inay a prominent figure in the Stockton, California Eskrima scene. With Mr. Inay's help, Mr. Cabales formed the first Cabales Serrada association. Mr. Inay also developed a ranking structure for the system.

He later co-founded the West Coast Eskrima Society with its first chairman, Max Sarmiento, in 1979. The West Coast Eskrima Society was formally inaugurated in Los Gatos, California in Mr. Inay's home. The West Coast Eskrima Society was founded in the hopes of preserving, propagating, and promoting the Filipino martial arts. The society was able to unite several Filipino masters under one organization. Among the notable Eskrima masters who joined it were: Max Sarmiento, Mike Inay, Jimmy Tacosa, Jeffrey Elliott, Sam Tendencia, Dentoy Revillar, Gilbert Tenio, Leo Giron, Narrie Babao, Dan Inosanto, and Richard Bustillo.

Inay began teaching law enforcement throughout the United States and became known in the law enforcement community. He also traveled abroad to conduct seminars and clinics on his personal style, Inayan Eskrima, in England, Germany, France, Norway, Sweden, Canada and Australia.

At the request of a large Midwest law enforcement organization, he developed a law enforcement knife defense program called "Spontaneous Knife Defense" or "Reactive Knife Defense". He also appeared on Law Enforcement Television Network (LETN).

During this period, he also developed and refined the Inayan System of Eskrima. Inayan Eskrima comprises seven distinct styles of Eskrima. Each of these styles has a complete set of basic, intermediate, and advanced techniques and concepts that make them viable independent of one other.

Inay placed a learning structure over these styles and a ranking system for grading. He elected to call all of the styles he teaches "Inayan" to avoid confusion with other teachers and styles that might have the same or similar names. This also reduced the amount of controversy and claims of validity others could or could not profess with regard to "Inayan" Eskrima.

Inay developed several courses dealing with pressure-sensitive nerve areas, riot baton, and advanced knife training. He also developed the use of the knife as an alternative weapon for executive protection in instances where a firearm is not warranted or safe to use.

Mike Inay died in 2000 teaching Inayan Eskrima. While alive and head of the system he was referred to by his unofficial title Suro; since his death he is referred to as Mangisursuro, his official title.

Sources
 Mangisursuro Mike Inay's Inayan (Inayan System of Eskrima and Inayan Training Organization)
The Inayan School of Eskrima
Inayan Systems International
Inayan Eskrima & Martial Arts
The FMA FAQ
Inayan System III Eskrima
Eskrima International

Filipino eskrimadors
Filipino male martial artists
1944 births
2000 deaths

Mike Inay


"Garden of Eden" is a song by American hard rock band Guns N' Roses (written by Axl Rose and Slash), which appears on the album Use Your Illusion I.

According to Slash, the song was written while the band was rehearsing for an extended period of time in Chicago.

Music videos
There is a music video of the song, which consists of one continuous shot which features a close-up of Rose with the band playing in the background, while keyboardist Dizzy Reed and Teddy Andreadis (who played the harmonica for the band during the Use Your Illusion Tour) are seen dancing in the background.

There are two versions of the video, both made in 1992, one has paper flying through the air  (this is the one mostly found on music video sites like Yahoo Music). The other version has lyrics, complete with a "follow-the-bouncing-ball", but with no paper flying around. This is the version that is on the Guns N' Roses music video compilation Welcome to the Videos.

This video was used as music video fodder for the MTV re-airing of the pilot episode of Beavis and Butthead. Additionally, Rolling Stone ranked it 7th best out of 17 in its ranking of Guns N' Roses music videos.

Garden of Eden: Strictly Limited Edition

Garden of Eden: Strictly Limited Edition is a VHS video single released in 1992, featuring music videos by the American hard rock group Guns N' Roses recorded between 1992 and 1993.

The videos for "Garden of Eden" and "Dead Horse" received rotation on video networks to promote their releases as radio promos in 1993 and were both later included on the collection Welcome to the Videos in 1998. The live performance of "Yesterdays" was originally broadcast on the American Music Awards in 1992 prior to this release. The audio recording was made available on the "Yesterdays" single in 1992 and Live Era: '87-'93 in 1999.

Track listing
 "Garden Of Eden"
 "Dead Horse"
 "Yesterdays" (Live: Las Vegas, USA; January 25, 1992)

References

Guns N' Roses songs
1991 songs
Songs written by Axl Rose
Songs written by Slash (musician)
Guns N' Roses video albums
1993 video albums
1993 singles

Garden of Eden (Guns N' Roses song)


Dorogobuzhsky District  () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-five in Smolensk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the center of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Dorogobuzh. Population: 29,077 (2010 Census);  The population of Dorogobuzh accounts for 36.9% of the district's total population.

Sights
The 18th-century estate of Aleksino used to be reputed for its stud-farm of Orlov stallions. The Boldin Monastery, dating from the 15th century, was renovated by the Godunov family in the late 16th century. The Godunovs commissioned a five-domed cathedral, a tented refectory, and a pillar-like bell-tower to be built there. According to Pyotr Baranovsky, the abbey represented the best-preserved 16th-century monastery complex in Eastern Europe. It was blown up by the retreating Germans in 1943 but was partly rebuilt in the 1990s.

References

Notes

Sources

Districts of Smolensk Oblast

Dorogobuzhsky District


Carrot chips are carrots that have been fried or dehydrated. Some carrot manufacturers also refer to bagged, sliced carrots as carrot chips. The fried version of carrot chips is often referred to as carrot fries, especially when the chips are made in the shape of french fries. Fried carrot chips have an oil content of 35-40%.

Carrot chips are considered a healthy alternative for potato chips, as the two items have similar consistencies and uses.

Carrot chips may, in fact, become a very important food in some developing countries. University of Nebraska Scientists Ahmad Suleiman and Judy Driskell have been working with carrot chip recipes because they believe that the chips might help to combat vitamin deficiencies in children who are growing up in impoverished circumstances.

See also
 List of carrot dishes
 Vegetable chips

References

External links

Snack foods
Deep fried foods
Carrot dishes

Carrot chip


Raffaello Giovagnoli (13 May 1838 in Rome – 15 July 1915 in Rome) was an Italian writer, patriot and politician.

Biography

Early life and career
Raffaello's mother, Clotilde Staderini, died from childbirth when Raffaello was only eleven. Because of this, much of his education came from the cultural and moral guidance of his father Francesco. A native magistrate of Monterotondo, of secular and reformist culture, Francesco Giovagnoli became involved in the revolutionary experience of the Roman Republic, and when he fell he was sent to confinement by pontifical tribunals. Meanwhile, the young man had already shown very precocious signs of intellectual curiosity: introduced to Ancient Roman history, at just ten years of age he had finished reading the classic historians, which was followed by studies of philosophy and Italian and Latin literature in the decade 1850–59, in Monterotondo, where his father was confined. This broad cultural background allowed him to make his debut in journalism, but his patriotic impetus prompted him to volunteer and set off with his three brothers Ettore, Mario, and Fabio. On the occasion of the untimely death of the latter, the four Giovagnoli brothers were described by Giuseppe Garibaldi as "".

After a training course, from 1862 and for five years, Giovagnoli was a professor of literary subjects at the School for non-commissioned officers, an activity that he interrupted in 1866 to take part in Third War of Independence; resigned from the army, together with his brothers he joined the Garibaldian ranks in the unfortunate Campaign of the Roman Agro for the liberation of Rome, an enterprise of the Roman Agro.

Cultural commitment
Alongside the military occupations, Raffaello Giovagnoli did not fail to cultivate his literary, historical and artistic passions. He broadened his literary horizons by studying foreign authors – Shakespeare, Schiller and Béranger; resumed his work as a journalist, working for the  Whistle , the Spirit, and then for the  Century and Gazzetta di Firenze, newspaper which hosted the serial publication of Evelina, his first novel which reached some degree of popularity among readers. Equally successful they had had two previous works of his, the comedies  Un caro giovane  of 1866, and  The widow of Putifarre  of the following year; and the same consensus of the public had  Audacity and shyness  of 1870.  Spartaco , published in installments on the  Fanfulla  in 1873–4, reconstructs the rebellion led by Spartacus, the Thracian slave, and emphasizes the brutality of human enslavement. Giovagnoli wrote the novel at the café of Valle theater, where a group of intellectuals gathered, including Luigi Arnaldo Vassallo and Pietro Cossa, with whom the scholar formed the League of spelling. He was also the author of historical essays:  Ciceruacchio and don Pirlone. Historical recollections of the Roman revolution from 1846 to 1849 ,  Pellegrino Rossi and the Roman revolution ,  The Italian Risorgimento from 1815 to 1848 , works that highlight the wide popular participation in revolutionary movements.

Returning to the press, he fervently engaged in various journalistic activities: he helped found the newspaper  La Capitale  which he directed for a few months but which he disagreed with the publishing property passing to  Il Diavolo rosa . Even this newspaper had a similar political coloring of the 'Capital', and was also sensitive to the aspirations of the First International. He also collaborated in  Universal Suffrage  and was editor of 'La Stampa' in Rome and  Don Pirloncino , which through the satire hit the line-up of the Right and the clergy. In the eighties he was responsible for the literary page of the  Capitan Fracassa , then he ventured into the political satire of the  Don Quixote della Mancha  and finally wrote for  La Tribuna . It was finally in the mid-nineties, in the board of  Parliament , a newspaper that supported Giovanni Giolitti.

Giovagnoli worked as a journalist as a journalist. Professor of Letters in Rome in 1874, four years later he was in Venice as a teacher at Liceo Foscarini, then again in Rome. Here since 1903 he taught History of the Risorgimento at the university, and after a period of waiting by parliamentary term he closed his career as director of the faculty of the Magisterium.

Political activity
Convinced anticlerical and advocate of a secular society and not conditioned by material or cultural interventions of religious order, Raffaello Giovagnoli militated in the ranks of the Left. He manifested his radical ideas through the writings in the press, with attacks on Alfonso La Marmora accused of giving in to the Church, and raising criticism of the corruption of Bettino Ricasoli politics. . He also held the office of municipal and provincial councilor in the decade between the seventies and eighties, elected in the districts of Rome and Tivoli, fighting in favor of the farmers and people of Lazio affected by the consequences of the earthquake of 1892.

Over time, his radical political positions were diluted until they became contiguous with the conservatism of Francesco Crispi, to whom Giovagnoli, associating him with Cavour, attributed wisdom in restoring action, ability to know how to interpret the needs of the moment, skill and intelligence in the work of colonialism; as well as, in contradiction with previous positions, it ended with the hope of a recomposition of the civil sphere with the religious one.

Freemason, he was a member of the Loggia  Tito Vezio  of Rome, in which it was begun around 1875; in 1877 he represented the Loggia  The Light of the Balkans  of Belgrade, belonging to the Great East of Italy, to the Masonic General Assembly of Rome.

He died on July 15, 1915, in Rome.

Works
 Realistic novels:
 Evelina, 1868;
 Natalina. I drammi del lusso, 1878.
 I racconti del maggiore Sigismondo, 1908.
 Historical novels:
 Spartaco, 1874;
 Opimia, 1875;
 Plautilla, 1878;
 Saturnino, 1879;
 Faustina, 1881;
 La guerra sociale. Aquilonia, 1884;
 Messalina, 1885;
 Benedetto IX, 1899;
 Publio Clodio, 1905;
 Poetry:
 Peccata juventutis meae, 1883

References

Italian male writers
Italian historical novelists
Writers of historical fiction set in antiquity
1838 births
1915 deaths
Italian politicians

Raffaello Giovagnoli


Apparent retrograde motion is the apparent motion of a planet in a direction opposite to that of other bodies within its system, as observed from a particular vantage point. Direct motion or prograde motion is motion in the same direction as other bodies.

While the terms direct and prograde are equivalent in this context, the former is the traditional term in astronomy. The earliest recorded use of prograde was in the early 18th century, although the term is now less common.

Etymology
The term retrograde is from the Latin word  – "backward-step", the affix  meaning "backwards" and  "step". Retrograde is most commonly an adjective used to describe the path of a planet as it travels through the night sky, with respect to the zodiac, stars, and other bodies of the celestial canopy. In this context, the term refers to planets, as they appear from Earth, stopping briefly and reversing direction at certain times, though in reality, of course, we now understand that they perpetually orbit in the same uniform direction.

Although planets can sometimes be mistaken for stars as one observes the night sky, the planets actually change position from night to night in relation to the stars. Retrograde (backward) and prograde (forward) are observed as though the stars revolve around the Earth. Ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy in 150 AD believed that the Earth was the center of the Solar System and therefore used the terms retrograde and prograde to describe the movement of the planets in relation to the stars. Although it is known today that the planets revolve around the Sun, the same terms continue to be used in order to describe the movement of the planets in relation to the stars as they are observed from Earth. Like the Sun, the planets appear to rise in the East and set in the West. When a planet travels eastward in relation to the stars, it is called prograde. When the planet travels westward in relation to the stars (opposite path) it is called retrograde.

Apparent motion

From Earth
When standing on the Earth looking up at the sky, it would appear that  the Moon travels from east to west, just as the Sun and the stars do. Day after day however, the Moon appears to move to the east with respect to the stars. In fact, the Moon orbits the Earth from west to east, as do the vast majority of manmade satellites such as the International Space Station. The apparent westward motion of the Moon from the Earth's surface is actually an artifact of its being in a supersynchronous orbit. This means that the Earth completes one sidereal rotation before the Moon is able to complete one orbit. As a result, it looks like the Moon is travelling in the opposite direction, otherwise known as apparent retrograde motion. A person standing on Earth "catches up" to the Moon and passes it because the Earth completes one rotation, before the Moon completes one orbit.

This phenomenon also occurs on Mars, which has two natural satellites,  Phobos and  Deimos. Both moons orbit Mars in an eastward (prograde) direction; however, Deimos has an orbital period of 1.23 Martian  sidereal days, making it supersynchronous, whereas Phobos has an orbital period of 0.31 Martian  sidereal days, making it subsynchronous. Consequently, although both moons are traveling in an eastward (prograde) direction, they appear to be traveling in opposite directions when viewed from the surface of Mars due to their orbital periods in relation to the rotational period of the planet.

All other planetary bodies in the Solar System also appear to periodically switch direction as they cross Earth's sky. Though all stars and planets appear to move from east to west on a nightly basis in response to the rotation of Earth, the outer planets generally drift slowly eastward relative to the stars. Asteroids and Kuiper Belt objects (including Pluto) exhibit apparent retrograde motion. This motion is normal for the planets, and so is considered direct motion. However, since Earth completes its orbit in a shorter period of time than the planets outside its orbit, it periodically overtakes them, like a faster car on a multi-lane highway. When this occurs, the planet being passed will first appear to stop its eastward drift, and then drift back toward the west. Then, as Earth swings past the planet in its orbit, it appears to resume its normal motion west to east. Inner planets Venus and Mercury appear to move in retrograde in a similar mechanism, but as they can never be in opposition to the Sun as seen from Earth, their retrograde cycles are tied to their inferior conjunctions with the Sun. They are unobservable in the Sun's glare and in their "new" phase, with mostly their dark sides toward Earth; they occur in the transition from evening star to morning star.

The more distant planets retrograde more frequently, as they do not move as much in their orbits while Earth completes an orbit itself.  The retrograde motion of a hypothetical extremely distant (and nearly non-moving) planet would take place during a half-year, with the planet's apparent yearly motion being reduced to a parallax ellipse.

The center of the retrograde motion occurs at the planet's opposition which is when the planet is exactly opposite the Sun. This position is halfway, or 6 months, around the ecliptic from the Sun. The planet's height in the sky is opposite that of the Sun's height. The planet is at its highest at the winter solstice, and at its lowest at the summer solstice, on those (rare) occasions when it passes through the center of its retrograde motion near a solstice. Note particularly that the hemisphere the observer is in is critical to what they observe. The December Solstice will place the planet high in the northern hemisphere sky where it is winter and place it low in the southern hemisphere sky where it is summer. The opposite is true if this happens at the June Solstice.

Since the planet's opposition retrograde motion is when the Earth passes closest, the planet appears at its brightest for the year.

The period between the center of such retrogradations is the synodic period of the planet.

This apparent retrogradation puzzled ancient astronomers, and was one reason they named these bodies 'planets' in the first place: 'Planet' comes from the Greek word for 'wanderer'. In the geocentric model of the Solar System proposed by Apollonius in the third century BCE, retrograde motion was explained by having the planets travel in deferents and epicycles. It was not understood to be an illusion until the time of Copernicus, although the Greek astronomer Aristarchus in 240 BCE proposed a heliocentric model for the Solar System.

Galileo's drawings show that he first observed Neptune on December 28, 1612, and again on January 27, 1613. On both occasions, Galileo mistook Neptune for a fixed star when it appeared very close—in conjunction—to Jupiter in the night sky, hence, he is not credited with Neptune's discovery. During the period of his first observation in December 1612, Neptune was stationary in the sky because it had just turned retrograde that very day. Since Neptune was only beginning its yearly retrograde cycle, the motion of the planet was far too slight to be detected with Galileo's small telescope.

From Mercury

From any point on the daytime surface of Mercury when the planet is near perihelion (closest approach to the Sun), the Sun undergoes apparent retrograde motion. This occurs because, from approximately four Earth days before perihelion until approximately four Earth days after it, Mercury's angular orbital speed exceeds its angular rotational velocity. Mercury's elliptical orbit is farther from circular than that of any other planet in the Solar System, resulting in a substantially higher orbital speed near perihelion. As a result, at specific points on Mercury's surface an observer would be able to see the Sun rise part way, then reverse and set before rising again, all within the same Mercurian day.

See also

 Deferent and epicycle
 Retrograde and prograde motion
 Hipparchus
 Ptolemy
 Shen Kuo
 Spherical astronomy
 Wei Pu

References

External links

 Animated explanation of the mechanics of a retrograde orbit of a planet , University of South Wales
 NASA: Mars retrograde motion
 Double sunrises, 3DS Max Animation – illustrating the case of Mercury (the animation of an imaginary apparent retrograde motion of the Sun as seen from Earth begins at 1:35)
 Mars Looping – The Retrograde Motion of Mars – 2018

Astrodynamics
Dynamics of the Solar System

Apparent retrograde motion


"I'm a Rat" is the fifth single by punk rock band Towers of London. It was taken from their debut album Blood, Sweat and Towers.

Overview
Released on February 12, 2007 via independent label TVT Records, the single follows the theme of typical British Saturday night drinking culture. This single is also their first to be released in the United States. It reached number 46 on the UK Singles Chart.

Notably it is the Towers of London's first single since front man Donny Tourette emerged further into the spotlight as a pop culture star via appearances on Celebrity Big Brother and Never Mind the Buzzcocks.

Prior to release, author Stephen King named it as the 7th best song of 2006, "There is something to be said for straight puke-on-your-Dingo-boots rock & roll. Towers of London are mostly a joke, but this track — beginning with the shrieking air-raid siren — is... the real deal".

Music video
The video for I'm a Rat was directed and edited by Living TV's award-winning promo maker Scott Russell, using stop motion photography.

Different versions
The single has been released in various formats such as compact disc, vinyl, picture disc and mp3. Each format has a different track list, with unreleased songs on each one.

For the standard compact disc version, which featured the Tourette brother's faces on the cover, special features include  the previously unreleased b-side track "The Women I Love". Along with two promotional videos, one for "I'm a Rat" and the other is "Faster Than The Fastest Car", another previously unreleased track. The vinyl variation (which has the same cover) featured unreleased bonus track "The Popscene - Original Demo".

A limited edition picture disc was also released, it featured guitarist The Rev and bassist Tommy Brunette on the cover instead, it also has a previously unreleased bonus; "The Boy Who Found A Girl".

Track list

Compact disc
 "I'm a Rat"
 "The Women I Love"
 "Faster Than the Fastest Car" [Video]
 "I'm a Rat" [Video]

Vinyl record
 "I'm a Rat"
 "The Popscene" (Original Demo)

Picture disc
 "I'm a Rat"
 "The Boy Who Found a Girl" (Exclusive Recording)

Notes

External links
Official eCard for "I'm a Rat"

2007 singles
TVT Records singles
2007 songs
UK Independent Singles Chart number-one singles
British punk rock songs
Towers of London songs

I'm a Rat


Dorothea Maria Lösch (1730 – 2 February 1799), was a Swedish master mariner, known for the incident during the Russo-Swedish War (1788–90) in which she commandeered a Swedish ship during a crisis. She was the first female in Sweden to be given the rank of Kapten in the Swedish Navy (approximately the equivalent of lieutenant commander in the British Navy). Her name has also been spelled Losch and Läsch.

Dorothea Maria Lösch was the daughter of the goldsmith Henrik Jakob Losch from Stockholm and Dorothea Maria Beyms and married in 1756 to the Finnish sea captain Mårten Johan Thesleff: her spouse's name was also spelled Theslöf or Theslef. She had eleven children during her marriage. She was the author of a medical book of how to treat smallpox, Beskrivning af et bepröfvat medel emot Kopp-ärr (Stockholm, 1765).

Dorothea Maria Lösch took over and commanded the ship Armida to safety after its officers had been killed or abandoned it during the Battle of Svensksund on 9 July 1790. For this act, she was awarded with the rank of a master mariner of the Swedish fleet, something unique for a woman of this period. Although this was a purely honorary, ceremonial title, she was nevertheless the first woman in such a position.

See also
 Brita Hagberg
 Margareta von Ascheberg

References
 Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor
 Wilhelmina Stålberg: Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor (Notes on Swedish women) (Swedish)
 Ann Öhrberg (2001). Vittra fruntimmer. Författarroll och retorik hos frihetstidens kvinnliga författare. Stockholm: Gidlunds Förlag.
 Kvinnan inom svenska litteraturen intill år 1893. En bibliografi /
 https://web.archive.org/web/20140220210415/http://www.mesterton.net/~d637989/juusten/t5368.htm

Swedish military officers
1730 births
1799 deaths
Women in 18th-century warfare
Women in war in Sweden
18th-century Swedish scientists
18th-century Swedish military personnel
People of the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
18th-century Swedish women scientists
18th-century Swedish writers

Dorothea Maria Lösch


PIH Health Good Samaritan Hospital is a hospital in Los Angeles, California. The hospital has 408 beds. In 2019 Good Samaritan joined the PIH Health network.

History
In 1885, Sister  Mary Wood opened a care facility with 9 beds. The hospital was historically affiliated with the Episcopal Church, but currently pastoral care services are available for all religions and denominations. The current hospital was built in 1976.

Prominent American suffragist Inez Milholland died at the hospital on November 25, 1916. Actress Jean Harlow died of kidney disease at the hospital at age 26 at 11:37 AM on June 7, 1937.

Presidential candidate United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy died at the hospital early in the morning of June 6, 1968, 25 hours after he was shot at the Ambassador Hotel.

In 1996, the hospital's neonatal intensive care unit was featured in Visiting... with Huell Howser Episode 401.

In 2011, Becker's Hospital Review listed Good Samaritan Hospital under 60 Hospitals With Great Orthopedic Programs.

In 2019 the hospital joined the PIH Health network becoming the third hospital in the network which includes PIH Health Hospital-Whittier and PIH Health Hospital-Downey.

Controversies
Since 2020, Good Samaritan Hospital has been accused of poor, unsafe work conditions for its nursing staff, with workers reporting shortages of PPE and unsafe recycling of masks and gloves. These unsanitary and poor working conditions have led to multiple strikes by nurses affiliated with the California Nurses Association/National Nurses Organizing Committee (CNA/NNU). Chief Nurse Union Representative Alejandro Cuevas said that Good Samaritan Hospital has put patients at risk just to save money in the process. Good Samaritan Hospital was later accused of engaging in Union busting by CNA/NNU when Union Representative Alejandro Cuevas was fired from his position.

Good Samaritan has also been accused of violating California's safe staffing law due to its chronic short-staffing, which has led to nurses assigned too many patients to care for and that means they are unable to take breaks during their 12-hour shifts, forcing them to work overtime and take extra shifts.

See also

 Elizabeth McMaster

References

Hospitals in Los Angeles
Keck School of Medicine of USC
Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
Hospitals established in 1885
1885 establishments in California
19th century in Los Angeles

Good Samaritan Hospital (Los Angeles)


Ricardo Becher (1930–2011) was an Argentine film director, screenwriter and journalist. He directed twelve films 1955 and 2006. His 1969 film Coup de Grâce was entered into the 19th Berlin International Film Festival.

He worked as Leopoldo Torre Nilsson's assistant director on four films. During the 1970s he made a living in advertising and publicity. Since 1990 he made a career as a filmmaking teacher and he has published two novels.

In 2006 he screened his last feature film in the VI BAFICI (Buenos Aires Festival Internacional de Cine Independiente) where a retrospective of his films was made. He is the founder of the N.E.D Neo expresionismo digital, a way of transforming the video footage (imagen mundo) by postproduction filters in the search of its essence.

Selected filmography
 The Female: Seventy Times Seven (1962 – writer)
 The Terrace (1963 – writer)
 Coup de Grâce (1969)
 Back Long Ago (1969)

References

External links

1930 births
2011 deaths
Argentine film directors
Argentine journalists
Argentine male journalists
Argentine screenwriters
Argentine male screenwriters
Writers from Buenos Aires

Ricardo Becher


The art of the Low Countries consists of painting, sculpture, architecture, printmaking, pottery , and other forms of visual art produced in the Low Countries, and since the 19th century in Belgium in the southern Netherlands and the Netherlands in the north.

From the late Middle Ages until about 1700 the Low Countries were a leading force in the art of northern Europe, thereafter becoming less important. In the earlier High Middle Ages Mosan art, from an area partly in the Low Countries, had had a similar role.

The art of the Low Countries includes the traditions of Early Netherlandish painting and the Renaissance in the Low Countries, before the political separation of the region.  After the separation, a protracted process lasting between 1568 and 1648, Dutch Golden Age painting in the north and Flemish Baroque painting, especially the art of Peter Paul Rubens, were the cornerstones of art.

Early Netherlandish

Early Netherlandish art, traditionally called Flemish Primitives, flourished during the 15th and early 16th centuries in the Low Countries, especially in the flourishing cities of Bruges and Ghent. It begins approximately with the careers of Robert Campin and Hubert and Jan van Eyck around 1400 and ends with Gerard David about 1520. Other major figures include Rogier van der Weyden, Hugo van der Goes, and Petrus Christus.

Renaissance and Mannerism

The 16th century was a period of response to Italian Renaissance art and the development of several distinctly Netherlandish themes. At the start of the century, Hieronymus Bosch painted fantastic images, often for courtly viewers, that left a long legacy. Jan Mabuse, Maarten van Heemskerck , and Frans Floris were all instrumental in adopting Italian models and incorporating them into their artistic language. The spread of Mannerism throughout Europe produced important forms of Northern Mannerist art in the Low Countries. Finally, Joachim Patinir was a recognized innovator of landscape painting, while Pieter Bruegel the Elder and Pieter Aertsen helped establish genre painting as a popular subject matter.

Baroque and classicism

The 17th century was a period dominated by the distinct individuals Peter Paul Rubens in the Southern Netherlands and Rembrandt van Rijn in the newly independent Dutch Republic. Dutch and Flemish painters both followed many of the same themes, including still life, genre, landscape, portraiture and classicism. Other artistic tendencies clearly differentiated art in the south from the north: the Counter-Reformation, which spurred on patronage for large altarpieces in the south, was absent from the Dutch Republic, while Flemish painting did not see the development of the types of calm, single-figure genre paintings championed by the likes of Jan Vermeer.

1700–1830

The most famous painter from the region in the late 17th and early 18th century is Antoine Watteau, whose hometown of Valenciennes had been annexed by France a decade before he was born. Otherwise, few painters from about 1700 until the end of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1830 have been incorporated into the art historical discourse. Dutch painters such as Jacob de Wit adopted a lofty Rococo style, indebted somewhat to Rubens, for ceiling decorations, but there was little work available. Other painters, such as Cornelis Troost, looked to England and especially the works of William Hogarth, for inspiration.

After 1830

Art after 1830 in Belgium and the Netherlands follow separate paths as the countries further develop their own identities. James Ensor is an important figure from Belgium, while Vincent van Gogh, from the Netherlands, posthumously reached the level of modern superstar painter.

References

Further reading

 Koldeweij, A. M., Alexandra Hermesdorf, Paul Huvenne, et al.. De Schilderkunst der Lage Landen. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2006.

Baroque art
Medieval art
Renaissance art
Dutch painters

Art by country

Art of the Low Countries