Bennett Cockayne House is a historic home located at Glen Dale, Marshall County, West Virginia. It was built about 1850, in a vernacular I-house style. It is a two-story, wood-frame building with wooden clapboard siding and a slate roof. Also on the property are a contributing supply shed (c. 1900) and water pump (c. 1900). It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

Built by Moundsville postmaster Bennett Cockayne c. 1850, the Cockayne house served as the first school house in what would later be known as the town of Glen Dale, WV. During the era of Bennett's son, Samuel A. J. Cockayne, whose footprints and initials are imprinted in the stone hearth of the farmhouse, the farm on which the home stood became well known worldwide for its merino wool. Samuel A. J. purchased sheep, cattle, hogs and other livestock from distant farms in order to produce the finest product.

In 1877, the farm was published in what some historians now consider to be "the most extraordinary 'county atlas' produced in the Nineteenth-Century" when a lithograph of the farm was included in the Illustrated Atlas of the Upper Ohio River Valley from Pittsburgh to Cincinnati. Samuel A. J. and his wife, Hannah Jane Alexander, whom he married in 1863, continued to work the farm for the rest of their lives and by the time their son, Samuel A., inherited the farmhouse and most of the farm in 1917, it had been renamed Glendale Farm.

Samuel A. carried on the farming tradition of the family and earned the designation of "county wool dealer" in 1917. He gathered wool from local farmers and, combined with his own wool, distributed products to eastern markets. In 1924, Samuel A. oversaw the naming of the town of Glen Dale in honor of the farm and, in the 1930s, he became a member of the Washington District board of education and postmaster of the city of Glen Dale.

Samuel A.'s son, Samuel A. J., took over the running of the family farm after serving in the military in World War II. After the war, and following the death of his parents, Samuel A. J. became increasingly reclusive. Although he continued to farm the land, until he sold part of it in order to make way for John Marshall High School in 1965, he chose to spend the majority of his life in only two rooms of the mansion. The house remained in the nineteenth century style, and now features over 1,500 family relics such as photographs and oil paintings of early descendants, a square grand piano complete with original bill of sale issued in 1881, books dating from the 1700s, handwritten letters from the 1800s and handmade furniture from over 200 years ago.

Samuel A. J. donated the house and its contents upon his passing in 2001. The city immediately began a partnership with the Marshall County Historical Society, aiding and expediting the efforts of the community to document, preserve and restore the Cockayne properties. The first major accomplishment of the Cockayne Historical Preservation Committee, which works within the Marshall County Historical Society, was the induction of the Cockayne Property into the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

See also
 Cockayne Farm Preservation Project

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
Houses completed in 1850
Houses in Marshall County, West Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Marshall County, West Virginia
I-houses in West Virginia
U.S. Route 250

Bennett Cockayne House


was a Japanese Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) catcher and manager. During his over 26-season playing career mostly spent with the Nankai Hawks (now the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks), he became one of NPB's greatest offensive catchers. He was awarded the Pacific League MVP Award five times, became the first NPB batter to win the Triple Crown in 1965, and holds the record for second-most home runs and RBIs in NPB history.

Nomura was a player-manager for the last eight years he was with the Hawks, leading them to the Pacific League title in 1973. After playing, he became a full-time manager and served led the Yakult Swallows to four league titles and three Japan Series championships from 1990 to 1998. Later, he managed the Hanshin Tigers for three seasons and the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles for four seasons until his retirement in 2009. As a manager, Nomura recorded 1,565 wins, the fifth-most wins of any manager in NPB history. He was elected to the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame in 1989.

Biography

Early life
Nomura was born in the coastal fishing village of Amino (now Kyōtango) in Kyoto Prefecture. When he was three years old, his father died of disease while serving in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Nomura grew up in poverty with his mother and older brother. With the help of his brother, he was able to attend high school.

Playing career
After graduating from Mineyama High School, Nomura joined the Nankai Hawks after a tryout in 1954. The team's manager at the time believed he'd at least be useful as a catcher for pitching practice. That year, Nomura played in nine games and went hitless for the season. The Hawks discussed cutting him from the team, however, he was given another chance reportedly after Nomura offered to play for free and even threatened to throw himself in front of a train if he was let go.

During a career that spanned four decades from 1954 to 1980, Nomura hit 657 home runs and led the Pacific League in homers eight straight seasons. (However, it should be taken into consideration that his home park, Osaka Stadium, measured only 276 feet down the lines until 1972, and 300 feet from 1972 onward, and 380 feet to straightaway center—tiny dimensions by Major League Baseball standards.) He finished his career with 2901 hits.

In 1965, Nomura won the league's first Triple Crown. He was a player-manager between 1970 and 1977. He played for 26 years, the longest NPB playing career until Kimiyasu Kudo pitched in his 27th season in 2008; Kudo retired in 2010 having played 29 seasons.

Managerial career
Nomura began his 24-year managerial career as player-manager of the Hawks in 1970. During his eight year stint as Hawks manager, he led the team to the Pacific League title in 1973. After his playing career, Nomura went on to become a full-time manager. From 1990 to 1998, he managed the Yakult Swallows, leading them to four league titles and three Japan Series championships. While managing the Swallows, Nomura mentored the team's catcher, Atsuya Furuta. Under Nomura, Furuta flourished and became a hall of fame catcher in his own right.

Following his role as Yakult manager, Nomura joined the Hanshin Tigers and managed the team from 1999 to 2001. The team finished last in the Central League all three seasons. On December 5, 2001, his wife, television personality Sachiyo Nomura, was arrested for tax evasion. Nomura resigned from his managerial position the next day. His wife was accused of hiding ¥45 million of his income, however Nomura was not accused of any criminal responsibility.

After the scandal, Nomura managed the amateur corporate league team Shidax from 2003 to 2005. He left after three seasons to return to NPB. The Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles had a poor showing during their inaugural 2005 season. It was the first PL club in 40 years to lose at least 90 games in one season. They finished with a 38-97-1 record. Hoping to improve for their second season, the team hired Nomura to manage the club because of his experience. Over the next four season, he helped turn Rakuten around. By his final season with the team, the Eagles finished the regular season in with their best-ever showing up to that point in time, second place, securing them a position in the Climax Series. After losing in the final stage of the 2009 Pacific League Climax Series, Nomura retired from managing at the age of 74. As a manager, Nomura recorded 1,565 wins, the fifth-most wins of any manager in NPB history.

Legacy
During his playing time, Pacific League games were rarely televised. Because of this, Nomura was often overshadowed by his Central League  contemporaries such as superstars Sadaharu Oh and Shigeo Nagashima of the Yomiuri Giants. He openly resented this and felt he never received the attention that he deserved as a player. Over 26-season playing career, however, Nomura amassed a number of awards, titles and records. During his time with the Hawks, he won five Pacific League MVP Awards – the most of any PL player and second-most all-time. Nomura also led the PL in home runs for nine seasons, eight of which were consecutive and won 19 Best Nine Awards for best catcher in the league. He accumulated 657 home runs, 1,988 RBIs and 2,901 hits in 3,017 games, all of which are 2nd in the all-time rankings. He was elected into the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame by the Selection Committee for Players in 1989.; his copper plaque depicts him wearing his cap backwards with no team logo visible.

Personal life
While married to his first wife from 1960, Nomura started dating Sachiyo in 1971 after his divorce from his first wife, cohabited in 1972. became pregnant and gave birth to future NPB player Katsunori Nomura in 1973.  Nomura remarried Sachiyo after divorced the first wife in 1978. The two remained married until her death in 2017 at age 85. Note that, The first wife died of Subarachnoid hemorrhage in 1982. Sports agents Kenny and Don Nomura, Sachiyo's children from her previous marriage, are Nomura's step-children.  Nomura died of heart failure on February 11, 2020, at age 84.

See also
 List of top Nippon Professional Baseball home run hitters
 List of Nippon Professional Baseball players with 1,000 runs batted in

References

External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference or NPB (in Japanese)

1935 births
2020 deaths
Baseball people from Kyoto Prefecture
Japanese baseball players
Nippon Professional Baseball catchers
Nankai Hawks players
Lotte Orions players
Seibu Lions players
Managers of baseball teams in Japan
Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks managers
Tokyo Yakult Swallows managers
Hanshin Tigers managers
Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles managers
Baseball player-managers
Nippon Professional Baseball MVP Award winners
Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame inductees

Katsuya Nomura


Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall is a metro station on the Tamsui-Xinyi Line and Songshan-Xindian Line in Taipei, Taiwan. The station code of the Tamsui-Xinyi line station is R08 and the station code of the Songshan-Xindian line station is G10. When Phase 1 of the Wanda-Zhonghe-Shulin Line has been completed in 2025, this station will become an interchange station between the three metro lines. The station code of the Wanda-Zhonghe-Shulin line station will be LG01.

Station layout information
Both station platforms are located underground. The Tamsui-Xinyi line platforms are stacked on top of each other, which is the same for the Songshan-Xindian line platforms. This allows you to walk straight ahead to the front platform when transferring without having to walk long distances. Platform 1 is served by the Tamsui-Xinyi line and is for Tamsui or Beitou. Platform 2 is served by the Songshan-Xindian line and is for Songshan. Platform 3 is served by the Tamsui-Xinyi line and is for Xiangshan or Daan. Platform 4 is served by the Songshan-Xindian line and is for Xindian or Taipower Building. When Phase 1 of the Wanda-Zhonghe-Shulin line has been completed, the Wanda-Zhonghe-Shulin line platforms will be located underground as well. This station will be a terminal station on the Wanda-Zhonghe-Shulin line.

Around the station
 Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall

Railway stations in Taipei

Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall metro station


Bukit Bintang (; stylised as Bintang Walk or Starhill, the latter being a translation of the Malay name) is the shopping and entertainment district of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It encompasses Jalan Bukit Bintang (Bukit Bintang Road in English) and its immediate surrounding areas. The area has long been Kuala Lumpur's most prominent retail belt that is home to many landmark shopping centres, al-fresco cafés, bars, night markets, food street, mamak stalls as well as hawker-type eateries. This area is popular among tourists and locals, especially among the youths.

Since June 2021, the local municipal and authority, Kuala Lumpur City Hall (DBKL), has created a Shibuya-style pedestrian crossing at the junction of Bukit Bintang, located in front of the iconic 'Mekdi' Bukit Bintang outlet, just below the KL Monorail Line. This was done to increase the walkability in the area.

Location
Located within Kuala Lumpur's Golden Triangle, the Bukit Bintang district begins with Bukit Bintang Road, starting at Raja Chulan Road and ending at Pudu Road. The two other roads that border the Bukit Bintang district are Sultan Ismail Road, intersecting it and Imbi Road at the south. Walter Grenier Road, Bulan Road, Changkat Bukit Bintang and Alor Road are considered part of the entertainment district.

Bukit Bintang borders Pudu and Cheras to the south, Petaling Street (Chinatown) to the west, Bukit Nanas to the north, Kuala Lumpur City Centre (KLCC) to the northeast as well as Tun Razak Exchange and Maluri district to the east.

History
The name Jalan Bukit Bintang was taken in conjunction with a hill about 50m high that was located near Kampung Dollah which was a Malay village that now no longer exists and is now replaced with Jalan Changkat Thambi Dollah and Jalan Barat. Jalan Bukit Bintang is a 3.4 km long road starting from the intersection of Jalan Raja Chulan and ending at Jalan Pudu. In the past, Bukit Bintang was a residential area.

In 1945, Jalan Bukit Bintang was the only street that had entertainment, shops and hawker food. Back then, the street featured a famous cabaret, cultural shows, Malay joget, Chinese opera shows, wayang, ballroom dances like rhumba, foxtrot and tango, and amusement fun fair elements like a merry-go-round and ferris wheel. Low Yow Chuan built the Capitol Hotel in 1948, which was later sold and is now called the Malaysia Hotel. In 1947, Hong Kong media mogul Shaw built the famous and popular Bukit Bintang Amusement Park. This entertainment centre was where Sungai Wang Plaza is located today.

Around the 1980s and 1990s, Bukit Bintang experienced problems with prostitution and illegal human trafficking. So the government took the initiative to enforce the areas of Bukit Bintang, Changkat Bukit Bintang, Changkat Thambi Dollah, Imbi and Jalan Alor to be raiding areas for prostitutes and now prostitution activities are reduced. In the late 1980s, Yeoh Tiong Lay proposed a rejuvenated retail cluster in Kuala Lumpur. He started retail developments through a conglomerate YTL Corporation and branded the area as Bintang Walk.

Bintang Walk
Bintang Walk refers to the more developed stretch along the main Bukit Bintang Road and Sultan Ismail Road roads, with the intersection of these two roads as its axis. This place has been transformed over the last five years to become one of the city's most trendy and busiest shopping clusters. Street furniture lines the pavements here. Upscale cafes, restaurants and clubs continue to make their presence felt here. On weekends, thousands of locals and tourists throng Bintang Walk and its shopping centres. Many major nightlife events take place here, such as the New Year's countdown, Merdeka eve celebrations, street concerts and parties. The annual Malaysian F1 Grand Prix pit stop and Guinness St Patrick's Day celebrations are held here too.

There are two major annual fashion events held here annually. The STYLO Fashion week as well as the glitzy annual Malaysia International Fashion Week.

Shopping

Bukit Bintang is one of the city's shopping districts. Many of the city's major retail malls are located in this area, including Berjaya Times Square, Imbi Plaza, Fahrenheit 88, Low Yat Plaza, Starhill Gallery, Sungei Wang Plaza, Lot 10, Pavilion Kuala Lumpur and LaLaport Bukit Bintang City Centre.

Imbi is a commercial area located near Bukit Bintang and being a popular tourist spot, the district is especially crowded during public holidays and peak hours. The Berjaya Times Square shopping complex and hotel is located in Imbi. Imbi Road is the main road running through this area.

List of shopping malls

 Berjaya Times Square - The 13th biggest shopping mall in the world boasting 12 levels of retail with a total of  floor area. Although it was initially aimed at the upper-echelon of society, it is currently positioned as a middle-class shopping mall offering youth fashion targeted at the younger crowds. Berjaya Times Square Theme Park is the largest indoor theme park in Malaysia, located on the 5th and 7th floors of the building.
 The Starhill - Refurbished in 2021, it houses some of the most luxurious brands alongside Suria KLCC. The first Eslite Bookstore and Eslite Spectrum in Southeast Asia as well as a Louis Vuitton flagship outlet flanks the exterior facade of this grand structure. Luxury fashion houses such as Christian Dior, Kenzo and Valentino and luxury watch boutiques such as Rolex, Bedat & Co, Hublot, Audemars Piguet and Jaeger-Le Coultre have an outlet here. JW Marriott Kuala Lumpur is connected to the mall through a "Time Tunnel" while a link bridge connects Ritz-Carlton Kuala Lumpur.
 Pavilion Kuala Lumpur (Pavilion KL) - Built-in late 2007, it is targeted at the middle-upper segment of society. It offers a diverse tenant mix which makes it one of the more popular malls in Kuala Lumpur. Dadi Cinema and Parkson are the anchor tenants of this mammoth 7-storey retail podium. A plethora of luxury boutiques ranging from Hermes, Celine, Ermenegildo Zegna, Diane von Fürstenberg to Italian fashion doyens like Furla, Gucci, Miu Miu, Fendi and Prada are also located there. Former Prime Minister Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad had opened his very own bakery, The Loaf, located strategically next to the main entrance until its closure in 2023.
 Fahrenheit 88 - Renamed and refurbished in September 2010, the mall is the successor of the deteriorating KL Plaza. It consists of  of lettable space spread over 5 levels of zoned shopping space. A designated zone for IT gadgets is similar to Low Yat Plaza, named Signature@IT. This mall caters largely to homegrown, middle-priced retailers despite being anchored by Japanese retailers Uniqlo.
 Lot 10 (Chinese: 乐天购物中心) - When it was opened in 1989, it was considered the Harrods-equivalent of Malaysia housing designer outlets like Aigner and Versace. Nowadays it is widely reckoned as a mid-range retail destination as most outlets have shifted due to competition and degradation. Widespread refurbishment to the mall was done at a cost of RM20 million. Existing anchor Isetan has undergone a facelift. The entrance is flanked by Jonetz by Don Don Donki, and H&M, popular Swedish multinational retail-clothing outlet.
 Low Yat Plaza - The ultimate one-stop centre for electronic gadgets. The ratio between IT outlets and F&B outlets are 70:30.
 Sungei Wang Plaza () - Despite opening in 1977 and being the oldest mall in the area, it remains a popular destination for gamers and thrifty shoppers. The plaza features low-cost items, service businesses, Giant grocery store and was formerly anchored by Parkson.
 LaLaport BBCC (Officially known as Mitsui Shopping Park LaLaport Bukit Bintang City Centre) - It is the first LaLaport to open in Southeast Asia by Mitsui Fudosan Co. Ltd. The mall is named after the Bukit Bintang City Centre (BBCC) development where it was built. It consist of 1.4 million square feet across 6 levels of retail with anchor tenants namely Jaya Grocer supermarket, Metrojaya department store, Nitori furniture store, Nojima, Rollerwa skating rink, and Jonetz by Don Don Donki grocery store. LaLaport BBCC was opened to the public on 20 January 2022 as a soft opening. The Malaysia Grand Bazaar is located right beside of the mall which forms part of the BBCC, dubbed as the first artisanal mall to open in Kuala Lumpur.
 118 Mall - An upcoming 7-storey shopping mall with a glass dome roof featuring of more than 300 stores and 12 cinema halls. The mall is currently under construction at the base of Merdeka 118, the second-tallest building in the world. Slated to fully open in late 2022.
 The Exchange TRX - Upcoming luxury shopping mall within the Tun Razak Exchange located along Jalan Tun Razak. The mall will be anchored by GSC Cinemas, Seibu department store and Dairy Farm supermarket.
 Imbi Plaza - located right opposite of Berjaya Times Square.

Food

Bintang Walk
Restaurants dedicated to Arabian gastronomy have been sprouting along with the core of the Bintang Walk of late due to a recent general initiative to lure Arab tourists to this region. Popular Maghreb and Lebanese alongside Iranian delicacies are increasingly served by restaurants. However, plenty of trendy restaurants cater to international fare, especially in the BB park area.

"Hutong" on Lot 10

Hutong ( is referred to as Malaysia's first gourmet heritage village, a food court inspired by the Old China influences. The term Hutong is commonly associated with narrow alleys in Beijing's oldest neighbourhoods. Located on the lower ground floor of Lot 10, this newly revamped food court features 25 street food stalls selling locally renowned and established Chinese eateries scoured across Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. It is directly connected to Bintang Walk via an escalator.

BB Park

Previously an entertainment park owned by Low Yat Plaza and Sons Realty, BB Park has been extensively revamped to keep abreast with changing times. Its axis is located along the lower section of Bintang Walk, and its concept revolves around social dining and cultural themes. It hosts themed restaurants in a semi-open-air setting that serves up mainly foreign foods, including French and German cuisines. The park features live entertainment in live bands and cultural shows and are held during some weekdays alongside during weekends. Besides food joints, some of BB Park's tenants include local art galleries.

Changkat Bukit Bintang
Changkat Bukit Bintang is located perpendicular to Bintang Walk and Alor Street. This is the upmarket gastronomy district of Bukit Bintang. Fine dining joints line the street. It boasts pre-war, colonial buildings which have been refurbished into upmarket restaurants and pubs, serving up Western dining. Changkat Bukit Bintang is also home to one of Kuala Lumpur's hippest and happening party venues. The street is also home to brothels as well as massage parlors offering "happy endings", it is best known as one of Kuala Lumpur's red light districts.

Alor Street

Alor Street, or Jalan Alor in Malay, is an entire street dedicated to cheap hawker food of mainly local Chinese cuisines. Located within walking proximity of Bintang Walk, it is popular among the locals for offering food served in a traditional open-air atmosphere, with chairs and tables dotting the curbs and road-sides. This is a place burgeoning with activity both during night and day. While some hawkers erect stalls along curbs, others operate food stalls from utilitarian restaurants. The food served in local hawker stalls is generally cleaner than their counterparts in Malaysia's less-developed neighbouring countries. For local and foreign Muslim, most of the stalls are non-halal which served pork, frog and beer.

Indoor theme park

Berjaya Times Square Theme Park is a theme park located between level 5 and 7 of Berjaya Times Square. It is Malaysia's largest indoor theme park, measuring . It features both children rides and thrill rides.

Spa and foot reflexology
The Bintang Walk district is famous for its specialist foot/body massages and spas-related services. There are numerous shops along the district offering different types of massages inspired by Chinese traditions. These stores also provide exotic foot treatments. These incorporate reflexology, which stimulates acupressure points on foot. Among the claimed benefits of the foot, massages are better blood circulation, cures to specific ailments and a balanced, detoxified body. In these shops, patrons sit on reclining long chairs and spend up to an hour or more getting their feet treated to a thorough massage. Duration and types of massages measure charges. The shops are usually open till the wee hours of the morning, which is when the bulk of the business comes.

Accessibility

Public transport

Monorail

Bintang Walk is accessible via  Bukit Bintang Monorail station, which is located at the intersection of Sultan Ismail Road and Bukit Bintang Road (between Lot 10 and Sungei Wang Plaza); further south is the  Imbi Monorail station which is connected by a pedestrian bridge to Berjaya Times Square. The  Raja Chulan Monorail station is connected to Pavilion Kuala Lumpur and an elevated pedestrian walkway links it to Suria KLCC (and ultimately the  KLCC LRT station).

Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)

The underground  Bukit Bintang MRT station, part of the MRT Kajang Line, opened on 17 July 2017 as part of Phase 2 of the system. Early proposals envisioned two stations- Bukit Bintang East and Bukit Bintang West (alternately Bukit Bintang 1 and Bukit Bintang 2) which were later combined into one, and made into a connecting station (without paid zone integration) with the eponymous Monorail station. The MRT station features five exits, serving the nearby shopping malls.

Other access
In 2011, Petronas spent RM100 million under its social contribution programme to build an elevated, air-conditioned walkway from Suria KLCC shopping centre to Pavilion shopping centre in Bukit Bintang. The walkway includes a 562m long and five-metre wide elevated walkway that traverses through the busy areas of Pinang Road, Perak Road and Raja Chulan Road with escalator and staircase entry and exit points at strategic and convenient locations as well as security guards for the safety of the pedestrians. The walkway is also linked to the Raja Chulan Monorail station, Impiana Hotel and Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre. An average walk from Suria KLCC to Pavilion through the elevated walkway would take approximately 15 minutes.

See also
 Bukit Bintang Girls' School, a previously colonial school, the site of the present Pavilion KL.
Bukit Bintang City Centre, an integrated development located within KL's Golden Triangle.
 Orchard Road, Singapore's premier shopping haven.
 Fifth Avenue, New York's retail strip.

References

External links

 Tourism Malaysia: Bintang Walk

 Cosmo's World Indoor Theme Park

Suburbs in Kuala Lumpur
Retailing in Kuala Lumpur
Tourism in Malaysia
Entertainment districts in Malaysia
Shopping districts and streets in Malaysia
Restaurant districts and streets in Malaysia

Bukit Bintang


Horace Austin (October 15, 1831November 2, 1905) was an American politician. He served as the sixth Governor of Minnesota from January 9, 1870, to January 7, 1874. He was a Republican.

A reputation for clearheaded objectivity and disdain for contentious party politics enhanced the appeal of Judge Horace Austin as a gubernatorial candidate in 1869. Minnesota's sixth governor was determined to bring legislative power to bear against the railroad barons. His advocacy of strictly regulated passenger and freight rates and his opposition to the wholesale allocation of state lands to railroad development earned him a second term. But he was unable to resolve completely the problems inherent in controlling a booming transportation industry and curbing the excesses of its owners.

Born in 1831 in Canterbury, Connecticut, the son of a prosperous Connecticut farmer and graduate of a private academy, Austin taught school briefly before studying law. He was 25 when he moved to Minnesota and began practicing law in St. Peter. Six years later he joined the local Frontier Guards at the outbreak of the Dakota War of 1862. In 1869, while judge of the Sixth Judicial District, Austin impressed state Republican leaders with his fair-mindedness and won the gubernatorial nomination.

Remaining in the public sphere after leaving the governor's office, Austin served as third auditor of the U.S. Treasury in Washington, as register of the U.S. Land Office in Fargo, North Dakota, and finally as a railroad commissioner. He devoted his last 16 years to travel and relaxation at his Lake Minnetonka home. He died in 1905 in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

References
Biographical information and his  gubernatorial records are available for research use at the Minnesota Historical Society.

1831 births
1905 deaths
People from Canterbury, Connecticut
Republican Party governors of Minnesota
People from Mendota, Minnesota
North Dakota Republicans

Horace Austin


Anthony Joseph Principi (born April 16, 1944) is the former United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs. He was appointed by President George W. Bush on January 23, 2001, and resigned on January 26, 2005. He Chaired the 2005 Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission, BRAC  and is currently serving as a Consultant & Board member of several diverse Foundations & Corporations.

Early life
Principi was born in the East Bronx on April 16, 1944. He grew up in Teaneck, New Jersey and attended St. Anastasia School there during his younger years. He graduated from Mount Saint Michael Academy in 1962 as the school's top athlete and student council president. In 1967, Principi graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. He first saw active duty aboard the destroyer USS Joseph P. Kennedy. Principi later served in the Vietnam War, commanding a River Patrol Unit in the Mekong Delta.

Principi earned his Juris Doctor degree from Seton Hall in 1975, transferred from the Unrestricted Line as a Surface Warfare Officer to the Judge Advocate General Corps (JAGC) and was assigned to the United States Navy's JAGC office in San Diego. In 1980, he was transferred to Washington as a legislative counsel for the Department of the Navy.  He left active duty in 1980 after 14 years of commissioned service to serve as Republican counsel to the Senate Armed Services Committee at the invitation of Senator John Tower of Texas.

Career

Principi has worked on national policy issues and has held several executive-level positions in federal government throughout his career. He chaired the Federal Quality Institute in 1991, and was chairman of the Commission on Servicemembers and Veterans Transition Assistance established by Congress in 1996.

Principi served as Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs, VA's second-highest executive position, from March 17, 1989, to September 26, 1992, when he was named Acting Secretary of Veterans Affairs by President George H. W. Bush. He served in that position until January 1993.  Following that appointment, he served as Republican chief counsel and staff director of the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services.

From 1984 to 1988, he served as Republican chief counsel and staff director of the Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs. He was the Veterans Administration's assistant deputy administrator for congressional and public affairs from 1983 to 1984, following three years as counsel to the chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee.

On March 15, 2005, President George W. Bush appointed nine members to serve on the 2005 BRAC Commission, with Principi to serve as the chairman.  In October 2015, Principi was elected to the board of directors of Imprimis Pharmaceuticals.

References

External links

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1944 births
21st-century American politicians
United States Navy personnel of the Vietnam War
California lawyers
California Republicans
George W. Bush administration cabinet members
Lawyers who have represented the United States government
Living people
People from Teaneck, New Jersey
Seton Hall University School of Law alumni
United States Deputy Secretaries of Veterans Affairs
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy officers
United States Secretaries of Veterans Affairs

Anthony Principi


Monk is an American comedy-drama detective mystery television series. It was written for TV by Andy Breckman. It stars Tony Shalhoub. The show was on the air from July 2002 to December 2009. The last episode before the series was cancelled was one of the most-watched in cable television history. Other actors in the show were Bitty Schram, Jason Gray-Stanford, Ted Levine and Traylor Howard.

Storyline
Adrian Monk (Tony Shalhoub) had been a good detective for the San Francisco police department. After his wife Trudy was killed by a car bomb, Monk had a nervous breakdown. He was too upset and afraid to work. He was then let go by the police department.

After that he stayed inside his house for many years. He finally began to go outside his house; but only with the help of his nurse, Sharona Fleming (Bitty Schram). He could only go places when she went with him to protect him from his fears. This let him do some work as a private detective. He still has a severe case of  obsessive-compulsive disorder. Sometimes, the obsessive-compulsive disorder helps him figure out the answers to clues in cases. He has a great memory for details. Since he was a child, Monk has been able to notice small things that others miss.

Monk has to have everything clean and spends a lot of his day cleaning over and over. He also has a fear of germs. He cleans his toothbrush with boiling water. He vacuums his walls and ceilings in his home.

Captain Leland Stottlemeyer (Ted Levine) and Lieutenant Randall "Randy" Disher (Jason Gray-Stanford) ask Monk for detective help when they can't figure out a crime scene. Stottlemeyer is usually frustrated by Monk's idiosyncrasies. But he respects Monk's amazing crime solving abilities.

When Monk is not working, he tries to solve his wife's murder. He often works on cases that involve women or bombs, because it reminds him of his wife.

In the middle of Season 3, Monk's nurse, Sharona Fleming, decides to move back to New Jersey. Monk then hires another assistant. Her name is Natalie Teeger (played by Traylor Howard). Natalie has a daughter named Julie Teeger. Her husband was in the United States Navy and was killed in combat years earlier.

Other websites
 Official website
 Monk on IMDb

References

2002 American television series debuts
2009 American television series endings
2000s American television series
2000s comedy television series
2000s drama television series
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American comedy-drama television series
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American mystery television series
Mental disorders in fiction
Television series set in San Francisco
English-language television programs

Monk (TV series)


The Indo-Pacific sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) is a sailfish native to the Indian and Pacific Oceans and is naturalized in the Atlantic where it has entered the Mediterranean Sea via the Suez Canal as a Lessepsian migrant. It is dark blue on top, brown-blue laterally, silvery white underbelly; upper jaw elongated in the form of a spear; first dorsal fin greatly enlarged in the form of a sail, with many black cones, its front squared off, highest at its midpoint; pelvic fins very narrow, reaching almost to the anus; body covered with embedded scales, blunt at end; lateral line curved above pectoral fin, then straight to base of tail. They have a large and sharp bill, which they use for hunting. They feed on tuna and mackerel, some of the fastest fish in the Ocean. Most authorities only recognise a single species of sailfish, I. platypterus.

It is theorized by marine biologists that the 'sail' (dorsal fin array) of the sailfish may serve the purpose of a cooling and heating system for this fish; this due to a network of a large number of blood vessels found in the sail and because of "sail-raising" behaviour exhibited by the sailfish at or near the surface waters after or before high-speed bursts.

The IUCN recognizes this species as the cosmopolitan sailfish, where FishBase recognizes two species.

Fisheries

Common and widespread in the tropical and sub-tropical Atlantic and Indo-Pacific oceans, ranging into temperate waters.

Although targeted in some areas, the species is mostly taken as bycatch by tuna longliners. Sailfish are not as highly valued as marlin, and are usually released. They are considered a hard-fighting game fish by recreational anglers.

References

Indo-Pacific sailfish
Fish of the Indian Ocean
Fish of the Pacific Ocean
Indo-Pacific sailfish

Indo-Pacific sailfish


The general classification of the Tour de France is the most important classification of the race and determines the winner of the race. Since 1919, the leader of the general classification wears the yellow jersey ( ).

History

For the first two Tour de France races, the general classification standings were decided based on the lowest cumulative time. The winner of the first several Tour de France races wore a green armband instead of a yellow jersey. After the second Tour de France, the rules were changed, and the general classification was no longer calculated by time, but by points. This points system was kept until 1912, after which it changed back to the time classification.

There is doubt over when the yellow jersey began. The Belgian rider Philippe Thys, who  won the Tour in 1913, 1914 and 1920, recalled in the Belgian magazine Champions et Vedettes when he was 67 that he was awarded a yellow jersey in 1913 when the organiser, Henri Desgrange, asked him to wear a coloured jersey. Thys declined, saying making himself more visible in yellow would encourage other riders to ride against him. He saidHe then made his argument from another direction. Several stages later, it was my team manager at Peugeot, (Alphonse) Baugé, who urged me to give in. The yellow jersey would be an advertisement for the company and, that being the argument, I was obliged to concede. So a yellow jersey was bought in the first shop we came to. It was just the right size, although we had to cut a slightly larger hole for my head to go through.Chany, Pierre: La Fabuleuse Histoire de Cyclisme, Nathan, France

He spoke of the next year's race, when "I won the first stage and was beaten by a tyre by Bossus in the second. On the following stage, the maillot jaune passed to Georget after a crash."

The Tour historian Jacques Augendre called Thys "a valorous rider... well-known for his intelligence" and said his claim "seems free from all suspicion". But: "No newspaper mentions a yellow jersey before the war. Being at a loss for witnesses, we can't solve this enigma."

According to the official history, the first yellow jersey was worn by the Frenchman Eugène Christophe in the stage from Grenoble to Geneva on July 19, 1919. Christophe disliked wearing it and complained that spectators imitated canaries whenever he passed.  There was no formal presentation when Christophe wore his first yellow jersey in Grenoble, from where the race left at 2 am for the 325 km to Geneva. He was given it the night before and tried it on later in his hotel.

The colour was chosen either to reflect the yellow newsprint of the organising newspaper, L'Auto, or because yellow was an unpopular colour and therefore the only one available with which a manufacturer could create jerseys at late notice. The two possibilities have been promoted equally but the idea of matching the colour of Desgrange's newspaper seems more probable because Desgrange wrote: "This morning I gave the valiant Christophe a superb yellow jersey. You already know that our director decided that the man leading the race [de tête du classement général] should wear a jersey in the colours of L'Auto. The battle to wear this jersey is going to be passionate."

In the next Tour de France in 1920, the yellow jersey was initially not awarded but after the ninth stage, it was introduced again.

After Desgrange's death, his stylized initials were added to the yellow jersey, originally on the chest. They moved in 1969 to the sleeve to make way for a logo advertising Virlux. A further advertisement for the clothing company Le Coq Sportif appeared at the bottom of the zip fastener at the neck, the first supplementary advertisement on the yellow jersey. Desgrange's initials returned to the front of the jersey in 1972. They were removed in 1984 to make way for a commercial logo but Nike added them again in 2003 as part of the Tour's centenary celebrations.  One set of initials is now worn on the upper right chest of the jersey.

In 2013, a nighttime finish on the Champs-Élysées for the final stage was done to commemorate the race's 100th edition.  Race leader Chris Froome wore a special yellow jersey covered in small translucent sequins into Paris as well as on the podium to allow him to be more visible under the lights.

The original yellow jerseys were of conventional style. Riders had to pull them over their head on the rostrum. For many years the jersey was made in only limited sizes and many riders found it a struggle to pull one on, especially when tired or wet. The presentation jersey is now made with a full-length zip at the back and the rider pulls it on from the front, sliding his hands through the sleeves. He then receives three further jerseys each day, plus money (referred to as the "rent") for each day he leads the race.

The yellow jersey on the first day of the Tour is traditionally permitted to be worn by the winner of the previous year's race; however, wearing it is a choice left to the rider, and in recent years has gone out of fashion. If the winner does not ride, the jersey is not worn.
The previous year's winner traditionally has race number "1" (with his teammates given the other single-digit racing numbers), with subsequent sets of numbers determined by the highest classified riders for that team in the previous Tour. The lead riders for a particular team will often wear the first number in the series (11, 21, 31 and so forth), but these riders are not necessarily contenders for the general classification — teams led by sprinters will often designate the points classification contender as their lead rider.

There is no copyright on the yellow jersey and it has been imitated by many other races, although not always for the best rider overall: in the Tour of Benelux yellow is worn by the best young rider. In professional surf, the current male and female leaders of the World Surf League wear a yellow jersey on all the heats of a tour stop.

In American English it is sometimes referred to as the mellow johnny, a play on its French name maillot jaune, originally by Lance Armstrong, who wore it many times while riding in the 1999–2005 races. Armstrong also uses the name "Mellow Johnny" for his Texas-based bike shop. The Lance Armstrong Foundation donated a yellow jersey from the 2002 Tour de France to the National Museum of American History.

On 19 July 2019, on the occasion of the centenary, a plaque was unveiled on the scene of delivery of the first yellow jersey in Grenoble.

Rules
The Tour de France, and other bicycle stage races, are decided by totalling the time each rider takes on the daily stages. Time can be added or subtracted from this total time as bonuses for winning individual stages or being first to the top of a climb or penalties for rule infractions. The rider with the lowest overall time at the end of each stage receives a ceremonial yellow jersey and the right to start the next stage of the Tour in the yellow jersey. The rider to receive the yellow jersey after the last stage in Paris is the overall winner of the Tour.

Similar leader's jerseys exist in other cycling races, but are not always yellow. The Tour of California used gold, the Giro d'Italia uses pink and the Tour Down Under uses an ochre-coloured jersey. Until 2009 the Vuelta a España used gold; since 2010 the leader's jersey is red.

Exceptions

More than one rider leading the general classification
In the early years of the Tour de France the time was measured in minutes although cyclists were usually seconds apart, which meant several cyclists sometimes shared the same time. In 1914 this happened with the two leaders Philippe Thys and Jean Rossius.

After the introduction of the yellow jersey in 1919, the general classification leaders shared the same time twice. First in 1929 three riders had the same time when the race reached Bordeaux. Nicolas Frantz of Luxembourg and the Frenchmen Victor Fontan and André Leducq all rode in yellow for Stage 18.
In 1931, Charles Pélissier and Rafaele di Paco led with the same time for Stage 6.

The organisers solved the problem of joint leaders by awarding the jersey to whichever rider had the best daily finishing places earlier in the race. The introduction of a short time trial at the start of the race in 1967 created distinctions down to a fraction of the second between riders' overall times, except for races which did not start with a time-trial, such as the 2008, 2011 and 2013 editions. According to the ASO rules,
"In the event of a tie in the general ranking, the hundredth of a second recorded by the timekeepers during the individual time trial stages will be included in the total times in order to decide the overall winner and who takes the yellow jersey. If a tie should still result from this, then the places achieved for each stage are added up and, as a last resort, the place obtained in the final stage is counted."

No riders in yellow
Multiple riders who became race leader through the misfortune of others have ridden next day without the yellow jersey.
 In 1950, Ferdi Kubler of Switzerland rode in his national jersey rather than yellow when the race leader, Fiorenzo Magni abandoned the race along with the Italian team in protest at threats said to have been made by spectators.
 In 1971 Eddy Merckx declined the jersey  after the previous leader, Luis Ocaña, crashed on the col de Mente in the Pyrenees.
 In 1980 Joop Zoetemelk did not wear the yellow jersey that passed to him when his rival, Bernard Hinault, retired with tendonitis.
 In 1991 Greg LeMond rode without the jersey after a crash eliminated Rolf Sørensen.
 In 2005 Lance Armstrong refused to start in the yellow jersey after the previous owner, David Zabriskie, was eliminated by a crash, but put it on after the neutral zone on request of the race organizers.
 In 2015 there was no yellow jersey in Stage 7 after Tony Martin crashed in the previous stage.  Martin had finished the previous stage after the crash (and officially retained the yellow jersey as a result), but had broken his collarbone in the crash and did not start Stage 7.  Chris Froome became the overall leader with Martin's non-start.

In 2007 there was neither a yellow jersey at the start of the race nor a number 1; the winner from the previous year, Floyd Landis of the United States, failed a doping control after the race, and organisers declined to declare an official winner pending arbitration of the Landis case. On September 20, 2007, Landis was officially stripped of his title following the arbitration court's guilty verdict, and the 2006 title passed to Óscar Pereiro. In 2008, the runner-up from the previous year, Cadel Evans, was given the race number "1" when the 2007 winner, Alberto Contador was unable to defend his title due to a dispute between the organisers ASO and his new team Astana barring that team from riding the Tour.

Doping violations
In 1978 the Belgian rider Michel Pollentier became race leader after attacking on the Alpe d'Huez. He was disqualified the same day after trying to cheat a drug test.

In 1988, Pedro Delgado of Spain won the Tour despite a drug test showing he had taken a drug that could be used to hide the use of steroids. News of the test was leaked to the press by the former organiser of the Tour Jacques Goddet. Delgado was allowed to continue because the drug, probenecid, was not banned by the Union Cycliste Internationale.

The 1996 winner Bjarne Riis revealed in 2007 that he used drugs during the 1996 race. He was asked to stay away from the 2007 Tour in his role as directeur sportif of the Danish Team CSC.

The 2006 winner Floyd Landis was disqualified more than a year after the race. After he failed a doping control test following his stunning Stage 17 victory, an arbitration panel declared him guilty of doping in September 2007; the official title for the 2006 Tour passed to Óscar Pereiro. Landis appealed his case to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, but lost this appeal at the end of June 2008 allowing Óscar Pereiro to start the 2008 edition of Le Tour de France as the unqualified 2006 Tour champion.

In 2007, the Danish rider Michael Rasmussen was withdrawn from the race by his team after complaints that he had not made himself available for drug tests earlier in the year. Rasmussen said that he was in Mexico, but there were reports that he was seen training in Italy. He later admitted doping for more than a decade.

Maurice Garin won the Tour de France before yellow jerseys were awarded; but in 1904, he was disqualified as winner after complaints that he and other riders cheated. The allegations disappeared with the Tour de France's other archives, when they were taken south in 1940 to avoid the German invasion. But a man, who knew Garin as a small boy, recalled that Garin admitted catching a train part of the way.

In 2012, Lance Armstrong was stripped of his seven Tour de France titles by UCI, following a report by the United States Anti-Doping Agency revealing that Armstrong had systematically used performance-enhancing drugs for much of his career, including all seven Tour victories.

Record days in yellow
The rider who has most worn the yellow jersey is the Belgian Eddy Merckx, who wore it 96 days. Only four other riders have worn it more than 50 days: Bernard Hinault, Miguel Induráin, Chris Froome and Jacques Anquetil. Until his records were revoked in 2012 Lance Armstrong was in 2nd with 83.

Greg LeMond won the tour three times, Laurent Fignon won it twice and Joop Zoetemelk won it once, each of them have spent 22 days in the race lead.

Among active riders Froome is in the lead with 59, Tadej Pogačar and Jonas Vingegaard have 21, Julian Alaphilippe, 18 and Geraint Thomas, 15.

The rider to wear the Jersey in the most tours is Hinault with 8, which was every Tour he entered. Merckx, André Darrigade and Fabian Cancellara wore it in 6 and Indurain, Anquetil and Zoetemelk wore it in 5 Tours.

The greatest number of riders to wear the jersey in a single edition of Le Tour de France is eight, which happened in 1958 and 1987.

Refusal of synthetic materials
The yellow jersey was made for decades, like all other cycling jerseys, from wool. No synthetic fibres existed which had both the warmth and the absorption of wool. Embroidery was expensive and so the only lettering to appear on the jersey was the H.D. of Desgrange's initials. Riders added the name of the team for which they were riding or the professional team for which they normally rode (in the years when the Tour was for national rather than sponsored teams) by attaching a panel of printed cloth to the front of the jersey by pins.

While synthetic material did not exist in a way to create whole jerseys, synthetic thread or blends were added in 1947, following the arrival of Sofil as a sponsor. Sofil made artificial yarn. Riders, especially the Frenchman Louison Bobet (Louis Bobet as he was still known), believed in the pureness of wool. Bobet insisted that cyclists needed wool for their long days of sweating in the heat and dust. It was a matter of hygiene. Artificial fabrics made riders sweat too much. And, in his first Tour de France, he refused to wear the jersey with which he had been presented.

Goddet recalled:

"It produced a real drama. Our contract with Sofil was crumbling away. If the news had got out, the commercial effect would have been disastrous for the manufacturer. I remember debating it with him a good part of the night. Louison was always exquisitely courteous but his principles were as hard as the granite blocks of his native Brittany coast."

"Elegance in yellow"
For the veteran writer and television broadcaster Jean-Paul Ollivier, the woollen yellow jersey...

"...gave the riders a rare elegance, even if the way it caught the air left something to be desired. In wool, then in Rhovyl — a material used for making underwear — it entered into legend for the quality of those who wore it. Those were the years of national teams. In 1930 Henri Desgrange, the organiser, decided that commercially-sponsored teams were contriving to spoil his race and opted instead for teams representing countries. The Tour de France stayed that way until 1962, when it reverted to commercial teams with the exception of 1967 and 1968 and the riders knotted on their jerseys a spare tyre [across the shoulders] A narrow slip of white cotton placed on the chest showed discreetly the name of the sponsor outside the Tour: La Perle, Mercier, Helyett..."

The advent of printing by flocking, a process in which cotton fluff is sprayed on to stencilled glue, and then of screen printing, combined with the domination of synthetic materials to increase the advertising on jerseys: the domination which Ollivier regrets. "All sorts of fantasies such as fluorescent jerseys or shorts", he said. Such was the quantity of advertising when Bernard Thévenet accepted the yellow jersey when the Tour finished for the first time on the Champs-Élysées in 1975 that the French sports minister counted all the logos and protested to broadcasters. Since then the number of people with access to the podium has been restricted.

Sponsorship
The French bank Crédit Lyonnais has sponsored the maillot jaune since 1987. The company has been a commercial partner of the Tour since 1981. It awards a toy lion - le lion en peluche - to each day's winner as a play on its name. In 2007, sponsorship of the jersey was credited to LCL, the new name for Crédit Lyonnais following its takeover by another bank, Crédit Agricole.

The jersey has been produced by a variety of manufacturers – Nike from 1996 to 2011, Le Coq Sportif from 2012 to 2021 and Santini from 2022.

References

External links

Tour de France classifications and awards
Cycling jerseys

General classification in the Tour de France


Santissima Trinità a Via Condotti or Santissima Trinità degli Spagnoli is a church in Rome at the start of via Condotti in the Campo Marzio district. It is one of the national churches of Spain in Rome.

History
The church and its adjoining convent were built by the Spanish Trinitarians between 1741 and 1746 under pope Benedict XIV. They were designed by the Portuguese architect Emanuele Rodriguez dos Santos, assisted by Giuseppe Sardi. It was on the site of the former palazzo Ruccellai, bought in 1733 for 25474 Roman scudi by Father Lorenzo of the Trinitarian Order, in the name of the provinces of Castiglia, Leone and Navarre. Shortly afterwards the foundation was placed under the protection of the Spanish crown.

The church has a concave facade with statues of the order's two founders saint John of Matha and saint Felix of Valois and the coat of arms of Philip V of Spain.

Interior
Its interior has a vestibule and then an elliptical plan with seven inter-communicating chapels (four to the right and three to the left), housing the original paintings placed in them in the 18th century.

The high altarpiece of 'The Most Holy Trinity and the freeing of a slave' is by Corrado Giaquinto. Above it are two smaller works by Antonio González Velázquez showing 'Abraham and the three angels' and 'Abraham and Sarah'. The main ceiling painting shows Saint John of Matha in glory (Gregorio Guglielmi) and those in the side chapels are by Andrea Casali.

The community had shrunk by 1880, when its superiors decided to turn the convent into a Dominican college for missionaries to the Far East.

Bibliography

 M. Armellini,  Le chiese di Roma dal secolo IV al XIX, Roma 1891, p. 337
 C. Rendina, Le Chiese di Roma, Newton & Compton Editori, Milano 2000, p. 362
 M. Quercioli, Rione IV Campo Marzio, in AA.VV, I rioni di Roma, Newton & Compton Editori, Milano 2000, Vol. I, pp. 264–334

National churches in Rome
Baroque architecture in Rome
Trinitarian Order
Dominican churches
Trinita

Santissima Trinità a Via Condotti


Lytchett Bay is located close to the town of Upton, Dorset, United Kingdom.

It is possible to walk from Lytchett Bay to Rockley Park via the shoreline path that borders the Turlin Moor estate. The most interesting part of Lychett Bay can however, only be accessed via the Turlin Moor estate and consists of areas of saltmarsh and tiny beaches. Walking from the beach where boats are moored it takes nearly 40 minutes to walk the shoreline to the far side which has a population of adders. The walk goes through a small wooded area where deer can sometimes be seen and a meadow that is managed with a short spell along a very quiet road. The water can be reached at two separate spots on the far side of Lychett Bay and gives a much better view of the swans and other birds that frequent the bay at different times of the year.

Lytchett Bay was a popular children's haunt during the 1980s and 1990s.  It was common for boats to wash up on the shore of Lytchett Bay during spells of bad weather.  The boats would be hidden away in the reeds, then brought out during the summer months.

See also
Lytchett Minster

Bays of Dorset
Poole Harbour

Lytchett Bay


Sewage farms use sewage for irrigation and fertilizing agricultural land. The practice is common in warm, arid climates where irrigation is valuable while sources of fresh water are scarce. Suspended solids may be converted to humus by microbes and bacteria in order to supply nitrogen, phosphorus and other plant nutrients for crop growth. Many industrialized nations use conventional sewage treatment plants nowadays instead of sewage farms. These reduce vector and odor problems; but sewage farming remains a low-cost option for some developing countries. Sewage farming should not be confused with sewage disposal through infiltration basins or subsurface drains.

Advantages
Sewage farming allows use for irrigation of water which might otherwise be wasted. Some of the nutrients and organic solids in wastewater can be usefully incorporated into soil and agricultural products rather than fouling natural aquatic environments. Pumping to the point of application may be the only requirement if the village is not at a higher elevation than the sewage farm.

Disadvantages
Polluted runoff may occur from sewage irrigation of fields when entering wastewater and precipitation exceed evaporation and percolation capacity.

Sewage is usually generated at a relatively constant rate, but irrigation is required only during dry weather, and is useful only while temperatures are high enough to promote plant growth. Over-irrigation causes soils to become septic, sour, or sewage-sick. Arid climates may allow temporary storage of sewage in holding ponds while the soils dry out during non-growing seasons, but such storage may cause odor and aquatic insect problems, including mosquitoes.

It may be impractical to protect the crops being grown from sewage contact. Even optimum situations like irrigating fruit trees with flow in surface ditches may involve some risk of pathogen transfer from the sewage to the edible fruit by birds, insects, and similar vectors.  Pathogen transfer is more likely with ground crops, and practically unavoidable with spray irrigation.

Similar wastewater systems
Subsurface distribution piping is problematic since it is vulnerable to root blockage and to damage during soil cultivation. Also obstruction of distribution piping by sewage solids discourages sewage farming when wastewater is not pre-treated as it is typically the case in a septic drain field.

Sewage farming should not be confused with wastewater disposal through infiltration basins or subsurface drains.

Plows or harrows may be used to periodically break up vegetation mats which are slowing surface disposal.

Subsurface disposal typically uses pipes placed deep enough to minimize root penetration and often manages overlying vegetation to avoid growth of plants with deep root systems.

History

As a predecessor to modern sewage treatment systems, household sewage was collected from towns and cities and transported to nearby farm lands. During the Middle Ages this was accomplished with hand-carried buckets, but as local populations grew, during the Industrial Revolution sanitary sewer systems were built. These used a network of pipes and pumps to transport sewage beyond the city boundaries to large rented grasslands, into which the sewage trickled down. Berlin once operated 20 sewage farms occupying about 10,000 hectares.

In Wales, it was the common means of sewage treatment when cess-pits became unusable as the population grew in towns during the industrial revolution. The initial response to overloaded local disposal was often a trunk sewer conveying sewage to the nearest river but as populations increased further, sewage farms were established.

Some of these farms remained in use until the end of the 20th century, at which point it became apparent that as it was usually contaminated with infectious pathogens and sometimes with industrial waste, sewage was not always suitable for use as a fertilizer. Therefore, sewage plants began to replace sewage farms. Modern sewage farms are usually combined with such plant, so that they irrigate the land with treated sewage (reclaimed water). Some types of untreated sewage can be used on a sewage farm, or filtered through a constructed wetland.

Examples
 A small-scale example of a sewage farm exists at Chester Zoo, where water fouled with elephant droppings and urine is filtered through a reedbed.
Western Treatment Plant in Melbourne.

See also
On-site sewage system
Reuse of excreta

References

Sewerage infrastructure

Sewage farm


Cavendish is a township in the Shire of Southern Grampians in the Western District of Victoria, Australia, on the Wannon River. At the 2006 census, Cavendish and the surrounding area had a population of 454.

The township was settled in the early 1850s, the Post Office opening on 1 April 1853. A railway line linking the town to Hamilton was opened on 2 November 1915 and closed on 1 July 1979.

The mobile library from Hamilton makes regular visits, and there is also a Men's Shed. The local pub, The Bunyip Hotel is situated on the banks of the Wannon River. The Bridge Cafe is also a small general store, with gas bottle exchange available, and clean and welcoming dine-in facilities. There is a walk (Settlers Walk) along the Wannon River, with views of waterbirds and other birds, as well as sheep, which, along with cattle, are a major local industry.

Four churches service the community.  There is also a caravan/camping area, a police station, and some accommodation.  The town has a kindergarten and a primary school. It has a football team playing in the South West District Football League. Former AFL player Shannon Watt is from Cavendish but played football for Hamilton.

References

External links

Towns in Victoria (state)

Cavendish, Victoria


Particle is an American jam band formed in Los Angeles in 2000.

History
The band formed in 2000 and the original members were Dave Simmons (guitar), Steve Molitz (keyboard), Eric Gould (bass), and Darren Pujalet (drums).  Simmons died shortly after the formation of the band due to a sudden illness.  Guitarist Charlie Hitchcock joined shortly thereafter. Along with The Disco Biscuits, Sound Tribe Sector 9, and Lotus the group was among the first to blend rock, jazz, funk, and electronica into the milieu of what has been dubbed livetronica (a subgenre of the jam band movement where live bands blend the structures of DJ-produced sequenced electronic music into a more traditional live band setting). Prior to 2006, the band's repertoire consisted entirely of instrumental material.

The group made a name for itself and built an enthusiastic fan base, known as Particle People, by performing energetic late-night sets at festivals such as Bonnaroo, where they played a set of over five hours to 20,000 people. They played up to 140 shows a year, often to large audiences. Reliance on word of mouth from fans, rather than advertising, allowed this group to sell out venues such as the Bowery Ballroom in New York City before they finally released their much anticipated first album, Launchpad, in early 2004, on which they worked with producer Tom Rothrock. In April and May 2005 the group toured with former Grateful Dead drummer Mickey Hart as Hydra; the tour received mixed reviews from many Deadheads who were unaccustomed to Particle's electronic-based approach. Bassist Phil Lesh, also of the Grateful Dead, sat in with the band that summer.

They followed Launchpad with the EP Launchpad Remixes, featuring tracks from the album remixed by members of Groove Armada and Sugar Daddy. In 2005 the band toured Europe for the first time.

Following their performance on the Xingolati Cruise in late 2005 the band dismissed Hitchcock from the group.  This was a source of controversy in the months that followed, because the band's website stated that the departure was a mutual decision. Hitchcock, however, vehemently disagreed and went public by stating that he was summarily fired and was never able to overcome a "hired hand" stigma from the other bandmembers despite joining a mere six performances after the group's formation.

Replacing Hitchcock were Ben Combe and Scott Metzger on guitars and vocals. Their first two performance with the group in February 2006 was recorded, filmed, and released as Transformations: Live for the People that July. Featuring guest appearances by experimental rap duo Blackalicious, Robby Krieger of The Doors, guitarist Joe Satriani, and DJ Logic, the album showcased the band exploring vocal-based music as well as incorporating more overt rock and hip hop influences.

In late July 2006 Scott Metzger had to leave Particle due to a family emergency that required his long-term attention.

In October 2007 Ben Combe announced his departure from Particle and pursued a Biotech degree until April 2012.  A July 2008 side project, PUJA, brought together Combe and Darren Pujalet of Particle, as well as Melvin Seals of The Jerry Garcia Band and Cristian Basso of Leo Nocentelli and Little Hercules.

In 2008 Molitz also played in the supergroup Agents of Mayhem.

Particle shows since 2008 have featured Josh Clark of Tea Leaf Green, Michael Kang of The String Cheese Incident, Dan Lebowitz of Animal Liberation Orchestra, Lucas Bingham of Free Band Radio, Pete Wall (sax) of The Motet as well as former Particle members Ben Combe and Charlie Hitchcock.

Musical style
The band is regarded as a jam-band with progressive rock roots. They have described their music as "space porn funk", a term coined by one of their early fans, and "funktronic". Allmusic writer Hal Horowitz, reviewing Launchpad described their music as having "a loose '70s feel that mixes elements of Pink Floyd's prog rock and Return to Forever-styled jazz fusion with insistent dance beats that shift from funk to near disco". Philip Booth, reviewing Launchpad for CMJ New Music Monthly described their music as "fusion in the non-jazz sense", commenting on the "trance, house, and drum 'n' bass rhythms heard throughout", and calling the album an "unstoppable blast of gritty electronic jam". A review by Nicole Keiper in The Tennessean described the band's sound as " jam-rock standards that make smart use of dance music's lush textures and well-placed, good-and-solid dancefloor thumps". Chris Nelson of The New York Times described them as "disco-flavored, instrumental jam music".

Discography

Albums
Launchpad (2004), Or Music
Transformations Live For The People (2006), Shout! Factory
Live at Wanee Festival 2012 (2012), MunckMix
Accelerator (2018), Particle Records

Videos

 Transformations Live For The People (2006) (DVD-V), Shout! Factory

Singles
"The Track Inside" (February 3, 2004 United States)
Launchpad Remixes (November 9, 2004 United States)

References

External links

 Particle collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive

Rock music groups from California
Electronic music groups from California
Jam bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Livetronica music groups
Musical groups established in 2000
2000 establishments in California

Particle (band)


Robert Harth (June 13, 1956, Louisville, Kentucky – January 30, 2004, New York, New York) was Carnegie Hall's executive and artistic director. He had become the head of Carnegie Hall September 8, 2001 mere days before September 11, 2001. He died of a massive heart attack at home in his apartment in Carnegie Towers at the age of 47.

He was the son of violinist and conductor Sidney Harth and violinist Teresa Testa Harth. At age 23 he became executive director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, and alter spent 12 years as director of the Aspen Music Festival and School.

References
Robin Pogrebin. " Robert Harth, 47, Dies; Ran Carnegie Hall" New York Times. Feb 1, 2004.

1956 births
2004 deaths

Robert Harth


Gregor Hayter (born 13 August 1976 in Scotland) is a Scottish former rugby union player who played for Glasgow Warriors at the Lock position. He also previously played for Caledonia Reds and Edinburgh Rugby.

He also spent five years in Italy playing for Crociati Parma Rugby FC and Rugby Viadana.

He also played for Newbury, Rotherham Titans and played and coached Sheffield Tigers.

He played for England Counties XV and Scotland at age grade.

He now works as an Electrical Technician.

References

External links

Gregor Hayter signs for Glasgow

1976 births
Alumni of the University of Dundee
Living people
Glasgow Warriors players
Scottish rugby union players
Rugby Viadana players
Watsonians RFC players
Caledonia Reds players
Dundee HSFP players
Edinburgh Rugby players
Stirling County RFC players
Rugby union locks

Gregor Hayter


Jean-Joseph Chapuis (June 6, 1765 – February 10, 1864) was a French cabinetmaker of the 18th and 19th centuries.

Biography
Jean-Joseph Chapuis was born in Brussels in 1765. He was trained in Paris, where he became a master craftsman, entitling him to use a personal mark (estampille) on his work. He had set up his workshop in his home town by 1795 and kept it active to 1830, regularly applying his mark on the pieces of furniture that he made. When the first reference guides on the history of French furniture in the 18th century appeared in Paris, this mark was attributed to Claude Chapuis, who was in fact only a simple trader, of whom little if anything is known. This deprived Jean-Joseph Chapuis of his fame and explains why pieces of furniture by Jean-Joseph Chapuis are rarely found in public collections outside France. The museum of Vleeshuis in Antwerp is an exception. Only single pieces made by Chapuis, not collections, have ever been found, so it is impossible to give a precise account of everything he produced during his lifetime. The museum of Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, Brussels, Belgium, is the only one to possess several marked pieces of Chapuis's furniture. They were collected by Joseph Adolph Van Cutsem, a collector of Empire furniture, who in 1865 supplemented his collection with two significant purchases made during Chapuis's funeral sale. However, these pieces do not reflect the full range of styles used by this cabinetmaker.

Creative work
For a long time, the Belgian Musées royaux d'Art et d'Histoire had only a single piece of furniture stamped by Chapuis, a commode chair bequeathed to the Belgian State by Isabel and Helen Godtschalck in 1915. In the 18th century, as today, there were various euphemisms for this type of chair, such as chaise de commodité (commodity chair), chaise d'aisances (facilities chair), and chaise d'affaire (business chair). This class of furniture was usually made by carpenters rather than cabinetmakers. In 1805, Chapuis was charged with an appraisal of the furnishings of the royal castle of Laeken.  In his appraisal, Chapuis called it a chaise de garde (caregiver's chair), a rare term also occurring in the estate inventory of the Empress Josephine at the Château de Malmaison. Both uses refer to an annex to the bedroom, found only in wealthy residences, in which there is specific furniture.

References

External links
 Past sale results of Chapuis furniture at Christie's auction house
 Chapuis chair in the collection of the Carnegie Museum of Art
 Musées royaux d'Art et d'Histoire
 Parcel-gilt decorated japanned chair by Jean-Joseph Chapuis

1765 births
1864 deaths
Belgian furniture designers

Jean-Joseph Chapuis


Eric Peter Ho Hung-luen, CBE, JP (; 30 December 1927 – 25 March 2015) was a Hong Kong government official. He was the Secretary for Social Services in the 1970s, becoming one of the first Chinese policy secretaries.

Biography
Ho was born in Hong Kong on 30 December 1927 to the prominent Sir Robert Ho Tung family. Eric's grandfather Ho Fook was a prominent Eurasian compradore and philanthropist. He was the chief compradore to the Jardine, Matheson & Co. and unofficial member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. Eric's father Ho Sai Ki was the compradore of trading firm E. D. Sassoon. Eric's mother Doris Lo was sister of Sir Lo Man-kam, unofficial member of the Executive and Legislative Councils.

Eric Peter Ho was educated at the St. Joseph's College but his education was interrupted during the Pacific War and the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong. He attended the Wah Yan College, Hong Kong and then studied Economics at the University of Hong Kong. He also joined the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps in 1948.

He was appointed Cadet Officer by the Hong Kong government in 1957. He worked as the Assisting Secretary for Chinese Affairs and then was appointed Assisting Secretary for the Office of the Unofficial Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils. In 1963, he was appointed Assisting Financial Secretary and official Justice of the Peace.

In 1968, Ho was appointed Deputy Director of Commerce and Industry and acted as Director of Commerce and Industry in 1973. On that capacity, he was also an official member of the Legislative Council. He became the Director of Home Affairs in 1973 and Secretary for Social Services in 1976. In 1981, he was awarded Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE).

He was appointed Secretary for Commerce and Industry in 1983 and unofficial member of the Executive Council in 1985. He was also a British representative in the Sino-British Liaison Group on the negotiation process the after the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration. He retired from the civil service in 1987. After his retirement, he was appointed chairman of the Public Service Commission until 1991.

He moved to the United Kingdom before 1997 and wrote a few books, including Times of Change and Tracing My Children's Lineage. On 25 March 2015, he died at the Hethersett Hall Care Home in Norwich, Norfolk, England. His wife, Grace Irene Tsin-kiu Young who died in 2007 was also a public figure, businesswoman of Yaumati Ferry and appointed member of the Urban Council.

See also
 Four big families of Hong Kong

References

1927 births
2015 deaths
Alumni of the University of Hong Kong
Government officials of Hong Kong
Members of the Executive Council of Hong Kong
Members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong
Hong Kong emigrants to England
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire

Eric Peter Ho


William Temple (15 October 1881 – 26 October 1944) was an English Anglican priest, who served as Bishop of Manchester (1921–1929), Archbishop of York (1929–1942) and Archbishop of Canterbury (1942–1944).

The son of an Archbishop of Canterbury, Temple had a traditional education after which he was briefly a lecturer at the University of Oxford before becoming headmaster of Repton School from 1910 to 1914. After serving as a parish priest in London from 1914 to 1917 and as a canon of Westminster Abbey, he was appointed Bishop of Manchester in 1921. He worked for improved social conditions for workers and for closer ties with other Christian Churches. Despite being a socialist, he was nominated by the Conservative government for the Archbishopric of York in 1928 and took office the following year. In 1942 he was translated to be Archbishop of Canterbury, and died in post after two and a half years, aged 63.

Temple was admired and respected for his scholarly writing, his inspirational teaching and preaching, for his constant concern for those in need or under persecution, and for his willingness to stand up on their behalf to governments at home and abroad.

Early years
Temple was born on 15 October 1881 in Exeter, Devon, the second son of Frederick Temple and his wife Beatrice, née Lascelles. Frederick Temple was Bishop of Exeter, and later (1896–1902) Archbishop of Canterbury. Despite the considerable age gap – the bishop was 59 years old when Temple was born (Beatrice Temple was 35) – they had a close relationship. Sixty years later Temple referred to his father as "among men the chief inspiration of my life". In a centenary appraisal Frederick Dillistone wrote:

After a preparatory school, Colet Court, Temple went to Rugby School (1894–1900), where his godfather, John Percival, was headmaster. Temple later wrote a biography of him. At Rugby, Temple began lifelong friendships with the future historian R. H. Tawney and J. L. Stocks, who became a philosopher and academic.

In 1900 Temple went up to Balliol College, Oxford, where he obtained a double first in classics and served as president of the Oxford Union. The master of Balliol was the philosopher Edward Caird; the biographer Adrian Hastings comments that Caird's neo-Hegelian idealism provided the philosophical inspiration for many of Temple's academic writings. Temple learned to search for a synthesis in apparently conflicting theories or ideals, and later wrote of "my habitual tendency to discover that everybody is quite right – but I was brought up by Caird and I can never get out of that habit". In Dillistone's view, Temple did not make "any radical distinction between Christianity and the World, the Church and the State, Theology and Philosophy, Religion and Culture".

While an undergraduate Temple developed a deep concern for social problems, involving himself in the work of the Oxford and Bermondsey Mission, which brought material and spiritual help to the poor of the East End of London. Another enduring interest that began in this period was his concern to make higher education available to intellectually able students from all social and economic backgrounds.

Oxford and Repton: 1904–1914
After taking his degree in 1904 Temple received numerous job offers – one biographer says as many as 30 – and he opted for a fellowship at Queen's College, Oxford, where he went into residence as fellow and lecturer in philosophy in October 1904, remaining there until 1910. According to Hastings his lectures were ostensibly on Plato's Republic but in reality were on his own mix of Greek and Christian themes. His tutorial duties were light, and he had leisure to visit mainland Europe and meet philosophers and theologians such as Rudolf Christoph Eucken, Hans Hinrich Wendt, Adolf von Harnack and Georg Simmel.

For as long as he could remember, Temple had aimed to be ordained, and in January 1906 he approached the Bishop of Oxford, Francis Paget, seeking admission to the diaconate. Paget declined, expressing regret that he could not ordain anyone with such theological views as those of Temple, who was hesitant about accepting the literal truth of the Virgin birth or the bodily resurrection of Christ. After further study, and guidance from the Oxford theologians Henry Scott Holland and Burnett Hillman Streeter, Temple felt ready to try again and in March 1908 he obtained an interview with his father's successor as Archbishop of Canterbury, Randall Davidson. After an exchange of letters between Davidson and Paget, the Archbishop made Temple a deacon on 20 December 1908 in Canterbury Cathedral, and ordained him priest on 19 December 1909.

In 1908 Temple became the first president of the newly formed Workers' Educational Association, a charity dedicated to making the best educational opportunities available to all. In 1910 he published his first book, The Faith and Modern Thought. The Athenaeum took issue with some of his contentions, but considered that writers like him demonstrated that "a fresh presentation of doctrine may be helpful to religion, and not injurious". The Saturday Review enjoyed the book's "vigorous and exuberant healthiness" and predicted, "Matured experience will enable the author to give the world some remarkable work".

In June 1910 Lionel Ford, the headmaster of Repton School, moved to the headship of Harrow, and Temple was appointed to succeed him at Repton. The biographer George Bell quotes a Repton colleague on Temple:

Temple shared his colleague's reservations about his suitability for the post; in late 1910, during his first term at Repton, he wrote "I doubt whether headmastering is really my line". On 1 January 1913 it was announced that he had been appointed vicar of St Margaret's, Westminster, a post that carried with it one of the canonries of the adjacent Westminster Abbey, but it then emerged that the Abbey statutes required all canons to have served at least six years in holy orders. Temple remained at Repton for another 18 months, and then accepted the benefice of St James's, Piccadilly in the West End of London. He was happy to be succeeded as headmaster by Geoffrey Fisher.

Piccadilly and Westminster Abbey: 1914–1920
The Piccadilly parish was undemanding, and left Temple free to write and to work on national issues during the early part of the First World War, especially for the National Mission of Repentance and Hope, an initiative designed to renew Christian faith nationwide. He served as editor of The Challenge, a non-party Church newspaper, which foundered after two and a half years. He was more successful with the Life and Liberty Movement, a campaign for a measure of independence for the Church of England, which was at that time wholly under the control of Parliament for its laws and rules. In 1916 he married Frances Gertrude Acland Anson (1890–1984). They had no children. The following year Temple gave up the rectorship of St James's to make himself free to tour the country campaigning for Life and Liberty. In the same year he completed his largest philosophical work, Mens Creatrix (The Creative Mind). In 1918 he joined the Labour Party, and remained a member for eight years.

Temple's appointment as a canon of Westminster in June 1919 further raised his public profile. The Abbey was crowded whenever he preached. Hastings writes that it was clear to Archbishop Davidson that so able and influential a man as Temple should be found a suitably important role. Towards the end of 1920, when Temple was 39, the Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, offered him the post of Bishop of Manchester.

Bishop of Manchester: 1921–1929
Temple was consecrated bishop at York Minster on 25 January 1921 and enthroned at Manchester Cathedral on 15 February.  The Church Times later commented, "None of his friends doubted that if he would stick to his new job, and not be lured into a hundred-and-one other activities, he would make a big success". In the view of the same writer':

Temple came as a sharp contrast with his predecessor, Edmund Knox. Knox had been staunchly evangelical and autocratic. He had refused to countenance the division of his over-large diocese; Temple saw that division was essential and founded the separate Diocese of Blackburn in 1926. Hastings comments that while "showing himself a thoroughly pastoral bishop, for whom parish visiting had a high priority", Temple had wider social and ecumenical agendas. Manchester was a better fit than Piccadilly for his social concerns. It gave him scope for his interest in industrial relations and how Christian philosophy could help improve them. In 1926, after the BBC vetoed Davidson's proposed broadcast to help mediate in the General Strike, Temple took a leading part with other bishops in trying to bridge the gulf between the miners and coal owners. He co-operated with other Christian bodies, and as a member of the Council of Christian Congregations in his diocese he took an active part in promoting measures of social improvement. He pursued a policy of inclusiveness among Christians, and invited several nonconformist ministers to preach in the Manchester diocese, which prompted the anti-ecumenical Bishop Weston of Zanzibar to withdraw in protest from the Lambeth Conference.

As well as social concerns, Temple played a role in humanitarian and religious concerns. He was a leading figure in missionary conferences, led missions to undergraduates at Cambridge, Oxford and Dublin, and revitalised the annual Blackpool sands mission. In retrospect (1944) The Manchester Guardian expressed reservations about Temple as a diocesan bishop: "he was doing too many things outside his diocese … he was not really interested in humdrum details of administration". Nonetheless, The Church Times said, "No aspect of life in his diocese was without his touch, whether it were in college, factory, conference hall or theatre. And all the time the flow of books from his pen continued, most of the work being done in the odd snatches of time between interviews and engagements, which lesser men fritter away with a cigarette".

Archbishop of York: 1929–1942

In 1928 Davidson retired, succeeded at Canterbury by Lang, to whom Temple was widely seen as one of six likely successors. He had support from all sections of the Church although there was some concern that the Prime Minister, Stanley Baldwin, a Conservative, would not nominate a prominent Labour supporter. Temple was appointed, and was enthroned at York Minster on 10 January 1929.

Hastings writes that Temple's thirteen years at York were "by far the most important and effective in his life". As Archbishop, Temple was in a position to exercise "the sort of national and international leadership for which he was naturally suited". Hastings gives examples ranging from local and national – preaching, lecturing, presiding in parishes, university missions, ecumenical gatherings and chairing the General Advisory Council of the BBC – to international – lecturing in American universities, speaking at the 1932 disarmament conference in Geneva and becoming the recognised leader of the international ecumenical movement. He was one of the instigators of the World Council of Churches as well as the British Council of Churches.

While Archbishop of York, in addition to his pastoral work Temple wrote what Hastings regards as his three most enduringly important books: Nature, Man and God (1934), Readings in St John's Gospel (1939 and 1940), and Christianity and Social Order (1942). The first of these was compiled from his Gifford lectures given in Glasgow between November 1932 and March 1934; The Manchester Guardian called it "a fine example of [Temple's] astonishing vigour and versatility" and quoted Dean Inge's comment, "It would be a great achievement for a university professor; for a ruler of the Church it is astonishing". Christianity and Social Order sought to marry faith and socialism and rapidly sold around 140,000 copies.

Temple's  contributions in the social field during his time as Archbishop of York included working with a specialist committee and the Pilgrim Trust to produce a report on unemployment, Men without Work (1938), and convening and chairing the Malvern conference (1941) on church and society. The latter proposed six requisites for a society based on Christianity: every child should find itself a member of a family housed with decency and dignity; every child should have an opportunity for education up to maturity; every citizen should have sufficient income to make a home and bring up his children properly; every worker should have a voice in the conduct of the business or industry in which he works; every citizen should have sufficient leisure – two days' rest in seven and annual holiday with pay; every citizen should be guaranteed freedom of worship, speech, assembly, and association.

Archbishop of Canterbury: 1942–1944

Lang retired as archbishop in March 1942. There had been right-wing political attempts to block Temple's succession; he was well aware of this: "some of my recent utterances have not been liked in political circles". But the overwhelming expectation and desire that Temple should succeed Lang prevailed. His biographer Frederic Iremonger cites Lang's strong recommendation together with Temple's "reputation at home, in the Anglican communion overseas, and in the continental Churches; his prophetic leadership; his wide and massive knowledge … his immense powers of concentration; the personal devotion of his life". The Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, who was responsible for nominating the new archbishop, was well aware of Temple's political views, but accepted that he was the outstanding candidate: "the only half a crown article in the sixpenny bazaar". Temple was enthroned in Canterbury Cathedral on 23 April 1942.

In March 1943, Temple addressed the House of Lords, urging action to be taken on the atrocities being carried out by Nazi Germany. He drew criticism in 1944 from his numerous Quaker connections for writing an introduction to Stephen Hobhouse's book Christ and our Enemies that did not condemn the Allied carpet bombing of Germany; he said that he was "not only non-pacifist but anti-pacifist". He did not deny pacifists' right to refuse to fight, but maintained that they must take responsibility for their renunciation of the use of force. He said that people are responsible not only for what they intend, but for the foreseen results of their activity: if Adolf Hitler remained unopposed and conquered Europe, pacifists had to be willing to accept responsibility for this, in that they had not opposed him.

Temple was able to complete the work of Davidson, who had striven unsuccessfully for reform of Britain's fragmented and inadequate primary education systems. Davidson had been impeded by nonconformists' resistance in defence of their own church schools, but by the 1940s the sectarian divide was less rigid, and nonconformist leaders trusted Temple's sense of justice and honesty so that he was able to help negotiate the place of all church schools within the system agreed in the 1944 Education Act.

In the war years Temple travelled continually around England, often speaking several times in a single day. He suffered all his life from gout, which under the burdens of his workload grew steadily worse and early in October 1944 he was taken by ambulance from Canterbury to rest at a hotel in Westgate-on-Sea, where he died of a heart attack on 26 October. His funeral service was held in Canterbury Cathedral on 31 October and was led by Lang, together with Cyril Garbett, Archbishop of York, and Hewlett Johnson, Dean of Canterbury. Temple was the first Archbishop of Canterbury to be cremated. His ashes were buried in the cloister at Canterbury Cathedral, next to the grave of his father.

Reputation and legacy
Temple's death was followed by tributes not only from within the Church of England but also from the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster, Bernard Griffin, from nonconformist leaders, and from the Chief Rabbi, Joseph Hertz, who said, "Dr Temple was  a great power for good far beyond the borders of the national church. Israel has lost a true friend and humanity a valiant champion. We shall all bitterly miss him." President Roosevelt wrote to George VI on Temple's death expressing the sympathy of the American people, saying, "As an ardent advocate of international co-operation based on Christian principles he exerted a profound influence throughout the world". Lang was greatly distressed by his successor's death. He wrote, "I don't like to think of the loss to the Church and Nation... But 'God knows and God reigns'".

In a biographical essay, Bishop George Bell wrote:

Among several enduring memorials to Temple is the William Temple Foundation (formerly the William Temple College) in Manchester, a research and resource centre for those developing discipleship and ministry in an urban industrial society.

William Temple is honoured in the Church of England and in the Episcopal Church on 6 November.

Works
The Faith and Modern Thought (1910)
The Nature of Personality (1911)
The Kingdom of God (1914)
Studies In The Spirit And Truth Of Christianity: Being University And School Sermons (1914)
Church and Nation (1915)
Mens Creatrix (1917)
Fellowship with God (1920)
Life of Bishop Percival (1921)
Plato and Christianity, three lectures (1916)
Personal Religion and the Life of Fellowship (1926),
Christus Veritas (1924)
Christianity and the State (1928)
 Christian Faith and life (1931).
Nature, Man and God Gifford Lectures (1934)
Men Without Work (1938)
Readings in St John's Gospel (1939/1940. Complete edition 1945.)
Christianity and Social Order (1942)
The Church Looks Forward (1944).

Notes, references and sources

Notes

References

Sources

Books

Journals

External links

 Archives of William Temple at Lambeth Palace Library

1881 births
1944 deaths
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
People educated at Colet Court
People educated at Rugby School
Presidents of the Oxford Union
Bishops of Manchester
Archbishops of York
Archbishops of Canterbury
20th-century Anglican archbishops
Fellows of The Queen's College, Oxford
Headmasters of Repton School
Honorary Chaplains to the King
English Anglican theologians
Anglican saints
Canons of Westminster
Clergy from Exeter
Annihilationists
Burials at Canterbury Cathedral
Anglican socialists
English Christian socialists
Christian socialist theologians
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Public theologians
20th-century Anglican theologians
William

William Temple (bishop)


Stephen T. Moskey is an American author and editor specializing in scholarly works on cultural history and American biography. He has occasionally published under the name Skip Moskey.

He attended Georgetown University (BS 1972; MS 1975; PhD 1978). Early in his career, he taught as an adjunct instructor at Northern Virginia Community College, University of Saint Joseph (Connecticut), Trinity College (Connecticut), and University of Hartford. His principal career from 1978 to 2010 was in scholarly publishing, corporate communications, and public affairs. From 1987 until 1996, he served as the coordinator of HIV/AIDS policy and programs for Aetna Life & Casualty (now Aetna, Inc.) in Hartford, Connecticut. From 1988 to 1994 he served on the board of directors of the National Leadership Coalition on AIDS and was chair of its program committee for four of those years.

In 2010 he retired from corporate communications and public affairs work to pursue a new career as an independent researcher, writer, and editor focusing on American cultural and social history between 1865 and 1950. He has written social histories of the Edward Everett Hamlin House (now the Embassy of Turkey, Washington, D.C.) designed by George Oakley Totten Jr.; the Larz Anderson House designed by Arthur Little and Herbert W.C. Browne of Boston; and "Weld" (Anderson Estate), the former summer home of Larz and Isabel Anderson in Brookline, Massachusetts, designed by Edmund M. Wheelwright, with later additions by Little and Browne. He has given lectures on Larz and Isabel Anderson in Washington, DC; Brookline, MA; Paris, France; and Brussels, Belgium.

His published books are: Semantic Structures and Relations in Dutch: An Introduction to Case Grammar (Georgetown University Press, 1979); Domestic Violence in the Workplace: A Checklist for Employers and Unions (Kettle Cove Press, 1996); The Workplace Responds to Domestic Violence – A Resource Guide for Employers, Unions, and Advocates (co-authored with Donna Norton and Elizabeth Bernstein, Family Violence Prevention Fund, 1998); The Turkish Ambassador's Residence and the Cultural History of Washington, DC (co-authored with Caroline Mesrobian Hickman and John Edward Hasse, Istanbul Kültür University Press, 2013); and Larz and Isabel Anderson: Wealth and Celebrity in the Gilded Age (iUniverse 2016).

From 2012 to 2013 he served as a historical research consultant to the Town of Brookline, Massachusetts and conducted research into the historical and cultural significance of the Larz Anderson Park, the former estate (1899–1948) of Larz Anderson III and Isabel Weld Perkins, in Brookline. His findings, along with plans for an interpretive walking tour of the Park, were presented as a resource manual: Reinterpreting Larz Anderson Park: A Docent Manual and Historical Research Guide (Town of Brookline, Department of Parks and Open Space, 2013).  In 2016, he was a member of an international research team that worked to reconstruct the early history of the American Hospital of Paris using archival materials from the U.S. and France.

His mother was the Irish-American poet Helen Curtin Moskey.

References

External links
 Presentation on Edward Hamlin Everett at the Turkish Ambassador's Residence, Washington, DC, June 10, 2013
 Wealth and Celebrity in the Gilded Age – A Film by Joel Urbina

21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
American architecture writers
American male non-fiction writers
Living people
Georgetown University alumni
American gay writers
Year of birth missing (living people)

Stephen T. Moskey


Royal City Avenue or RCA is one of Bangkok's largest entertainment and clubbing areas.
Located on in Huai Khwang district, RCA is a long street located between Rama IX Road and Phetchaburi Road. It contains a multitude of bars, nightclubs and live music venues. RCA, a government designated Entertainment Zone, is frequently visited by young people.

Notable clubs
 Route 66
 Flix
 Slim
 Hobb
 Ezze
 The Overtone Music Cave
 Nospace
 808
 Inch
 JazzIt
 Baroque Club
 Love Boat Club
 Dude Nightclub
 T.D.C. club

Places
Among the entertainment venues there are the UMG RCA cinemas, which include the House art film cinema, as well as a go-kart racing track, a bowling alley, restaurants and a Tops supermarket. RCA is also known for the nightclubs and discothèques located there.

Tourist attractions in Bangkok
Streets in Bangkok
Entertainment districts
Huai Khwang district

Royal City Avenue


The Palazzo Bocella is a Renaissance style palace located on Via della Fratta #36, near the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro, in central Lucca, region of Tuscany, Italy. The palace in 2015 houses the Lucca Center of Contemporary Art, or nuovo Museo di Arte Contemporanea Lu.C.C.A.

The palace is a museum and gallery for contemporary exhibits and performances.

References

Palaces in Lucca
Renaissance architecture in Lucca
Modern art museums in Italy

Palazzo Boccella