Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient". Censorship can be conducted by governments, private institutions and other controlling bodies.

Governments and private organizations may engage in censorship. Other groups or institutions may propose and petition for censorship. When an individual such as an author or other creator engages in censorship of their own works or speech, it is referred to as self-censorship. General censorship occurs in a variety of different media, including speech, books, music, films, and other arts, the press, radio, television, and the Internet for a variety of claimed reasons including national security, to control obscenity, pornography, and hate speech, to protect children or other vulnerable groups, to promote or restrict political or religious views, and to prevent slander and libel.

Direct censorship may or may not be legal, depending on the type, location, and content. Many countries provide strong protections against censorship by law, but none of these protections are absolute and frequently a claim of necessity to balance conflicting rights is made, in order to determine what could and could not be censored. There are no laws against self-censorship.

History

In 399 BC, Greek philosopher, Socrates, while defying attempts by the Athenian state to censor his philosophical teachings, was accused of collateral charges related to the corruption of Athenian youth and sentenced to death by drinking a poison, hemlock.

The details of Socrates's conviction are recorded by Plato as follows. In 399 BC, Socrates went on trial and was subsequently found guilty of both corrupting the minds of the youth of Athens and of impiety (asebeia, "not believing in the gods of the state"), and as a punishment sentenced to death, caused by the drinking of a mixture containing hemlock.

Socrates' student, Plato, is said to have advocated censorship in his essay on The Republic, which opposed the existence of democracy. In contrast to Plato, Greek playwright Euripides (480–406 BC) defended the true liberty of freeborn men, including the right to speak freely. In 1766, Sweden became the first country to abolish censorship by law.

Rationale and criticism
Censorship has been criticized throughout history for being unfair and hindering progress. In a 1997 essay on Internet censorship, social commentator Michael Landier explains that censorship is counterproductive as it prevents the censored topic from being discussed. Landier expands his argument by claiming that those who impose censorship must consider what they censor to be true, as individuals believing themselves to be correct would welcome the opportunity to disprove those with opposing views.

Censorship is often used to impose moral values on society, as in the censorship of material considered obscene. English novelist E. M. Forster was a staunch opponent of censoring material on the grounds that it was obscene or immoral, raising the issue of moral subjectivity and the constant changing of moral values. When the 1928 novel Lady Chatterley's Lover was put on trial in 1960, Forster wrote:

Proponents have sought to justify it using different rationales for various types of information censored:
 Moral censorship is the removal of materials that are obscene or otherwise considered morally questionable. Pornography, for example, is often censored under this rationale, especially child pornography, which is illegal and censored in most jurisdictions in the world.
 Military censorship is the process of keeping military intelligence and tactics confidential and away from the enemy. This is used to counter espionage.
 Political censorship occurs when governments hold back information from their citizens. This is often done to exert control over the populace and prevent free expression that might foment rebellion.
 Religious censorship is the means by which any material considered objectionable by a certain religion is removed. This often involves a dominant religion forcing limitations on less prevalent ones. Alternatively, one religion may shun the works of another when they believe the content is not appropriate for their religion.
 Corporate censorship is the process by which editors in corporate media outlets intervene to disrupt the publishing of information that portrays their business or business partners in a negative light, or intervene to prevent alternate offers from reaching public exposure.

Types

Political

State secrets and prevention of attention

In wartime, explicit censorship is carried out with the intent of preventing the release of information that might be useful to an enemy. Typically it involves keeping times or locations secret, or delaying the release of information (e.g., an operational objective) until it is of no possible use to enemy forces. The moral issues here are often seen as somewhat different, as the proponents of this form of censorship argue that the release of tactical information usually presents a greater risk of casualties among one's own forces and could possibly lead to loss of the overall conflict.

During World War I letters written by British soldiers would have to go through censorship. This consisted of officers going through letters with a black marker and crossing out anything which might compromise operational secrecy before the letter was sent. The World War II catchphrase "Loose lips sink ships" was used as a common justification to exercise official wartime censorship and encourage individual restraint when sharing potentially sensitive information.

An example of "sanitization" policies comes from the USSR under Joseph Stalin, where publicly used photographs were often altered to remove people whom Stalin had condemned to execution. Though past photographs may have been remembered or kept, this deliberate and systematic alteration to all of history in the public mind is seen as one of the central themes of Stalinism and totalitarianism.

Censorship is occasionally carried out to aid authorities or to protect an individual, as with some kidnappings when attention and media coverage of the victim can sometimes be seen as unhelpful.

Religion

Censorship by religion is a form of censorship where freedom of expression is controlled or limited using religious authority or on the basis of the teachings of the religion. This form of censorship has a long history and is practiced in many societies and by many religions. Examples include the Galileo affair, Edict of Compiègne, the Index Librorum Prohibitorum (list of prohibited books) and the condemnation of Salman Rushdie's novel The Satanic Verses by Iranian leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Images of the Islamic figure Muhammad are also regularly censored. In some secular countries, this is sometimes done to prevent hurting religious sentiments.

Educational sources

The content of school textbooks is often an issue of debate, since their target audiences are young people. The term whitewashing is commonly used to refer to revisionism aimed at glossing over difficult or questionable historical events, or a biased presentation thereof. The reporting of military atrocities in history is extremely controversial, as in the case of the Holocaust (or Holocaust denial), Bombing of Dresden, the Nanking Massacre as found with Japanese history textbook controversies, the Armenian genocide, the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, and the Winter Soldier Investigation of the Vietnam War.

In the context of secondary school education, the way facts and history are presented greatly influences the interpretation of contemporary thought, opinion and socialization. One argument for censoring the type of information disseminated is based on the inappropriate quality of such material for the younger public. The use of the "inappropriate" distinction is in itself controversial, as it changed heavily. A Ballantine Books version of the book Fahrenheit 451 which is the version used by most school classes contained approximately 75 separate edits, omissions, and changes from the original Bradbury manuscript.

In February 2006, a National Geographic cover was censored by the Nashravaran Journalistic Institute. The offending cover was about the subject of love and a picture of an embracing couple was hidden beneath a white sticker.

Economic induced censorship
Economic induced censorship is a type of censorship enacted by economic markets to favor, and disregard, types of information. Economic induced censorship, is also caused, by market forces which privatize and establish commodification of certain information that is not accessible by the general public, primarily because of the cost associated with commodified information such as academic journals, industry reports and pay to use repositories.

The concept was illustrated as a censorship pyramid that was conceptualized by primarily Julian Assange, along with Andy Müller-Maguhn, Jacob Appelbaum and Jérémie Zimmermann, in the Cypherpunks (book).

Self-censorship

Self-censorship is the act of censoring or classifying one's own discourse. This is done out of fear of, or deference to, the sensibilities or preferences (actual or perceived) of others and without overt pressure from any specific party or institution of authority. Self-censorship is often practiced by film producers, film directors, publishers, news anchors, journalists, musicians, and other kinds of authors including individuals who use social media.

According to a Pew Research Center and the Columbia Journalism Review survey, "About one-quarter of the local and national journalists say they have purposely avoided newsworthy stories, while nearly as many acknowledge they have softened the tone of stories to benefit the interests of their news organizations. Fully four-in-ten (41%) admit they have engaged in either or both of these practices."

Threats to media freedom have shown a significant increase in Europe in recent years, according to a study published in April 2017 by the Council of Europe.
This results in a fear of physical or psychological violence, and the ultimate result is self-censorship by journalists.

Copy, picture, and writer approval
Copy approval is the right to read and amend an article, usually an interview, before publication. Many publications refuse to give copy approval but it is increasingly becoming common practice when dealing with publicity anxious celebrities. Picture approval is the right given to an individual to choose which photos will be published and which will not. Robert Redford is well known for insisting upon picture approval. Writer approval is when writers are chosen based on whether they will write flattering articles or not. Hollywood publicist Pat Kingsley is known for banning certain writers who wrote undesirably about one of her clients from interviewing any of her other clients.

Reverse censorship
Flooding the public, often through online social networks, with false or misleading information is sometimes called "reverse censorship". American legal scholar Tim Wu has explained that this type of information control, sometimes by state actors, can "distort or drown out disfavored speech through the creation and dissemination of fake news, the payment of fake commentators, and the deployment of propaganda robots."

By media

Books

Book censorship can be enacted at the national or sub-national level, and can carry legal penalties for their infraction. Books may also be challenged at a local, community level. As a result, books can be removed from schools or libraries, although these bans do not typically extend outside of that area.

Films

Aside from the usual justifications of pornography and obscenity, some films are censored due to changing racial attitudes or political correctness in order to avoid ethnic stereotyping and/or ethnic offense despite its historical or artistic value. One example is the still withdrawn "Censored Eleven" series of animated cartoons, which may have been innocent then, but are "incorrect" now.

Film censorship is carried out by various countries. Film censorship is achieved by censoring the producer or restricting a state citizen. For example, in China the film industry censors LGBT-related films. Filmmakers must resort to finding funds from international investors such as the "Ford Foundations" and or produce through an independent film company.

Music

Music censorship has been implemented by states, religions, educational systems, families, retailers and lobbying groups – and in most cases they violate international conventions of human rights.

Maps

Censorship of maps is often employed for military purposes. For example, the technique was used in former East Germany, especially for the areas near the border to West Germany in order to make attempts of defection more difficult. Censorship of maps is also applied by Google Maps, where certain areas are grayed out or blacked or areas are purposely left outdated with old imagery.

Art
Art is loved and feared because of its evocative power. Destroying or oppressing art can potentially justify its meaning even more.

British photographer and visual artist Graham Ovenden's photos and paintings were ordered to be destroyed by a London's magistrate court in 2015 for being "indecent" and their copies had been removed from the online Tate gallery.

A 1980 Israeli law forbade banned artwork composed of the four colours of the Palestinian flag, and Palestinians were arrested for displaying such artwork or even for carrying sliced melons with the same pattern.

Moath al-Alwi is a Guantanamo Bay prisoner who creates model ships as an expression of art. Alwi does so with the few tools he has at his disposal such as dental floss and shampoo bottles, and he is also allowed to use a small pair of scissors with rounded edges. A few of Alwi's pieces are on display at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York. There are also other artworks on display at the College that were created by other inmates. The artwork that is being displayed might be the only way for some of the inmates to communicate with the outside. Recently things have changed though. The military has come up with a new policy that will not allow the artwork at Guantanamo Bay Military Prison to leave the prison. The artwork created by Alwi and other prisoners is now government property and can be destroyed or disposed of in whatever way the government choose, making it no longer the artist's property.

Around 300 artists in Cuba are fighting for their artistic freedom due to new censorship rules Cuba's government has in place for artists. In December 2018, following the introduction of new rules that would ban music performances and artwork not authorized by the state, performance artist Tania Bruguera was detained upon arriving to Havana and released after four days.

An example of extreme state censorship was the Nazis' requirements of using art as propaganda. Art was only allowed to be used as a political instrument to control people and failure to act in accordance with the censors was punishable by law, even fatal. The Degenerate Art Exhibition was a historical instance of this, the goal of which was to advertise Nazi values and slander others.

Internet

Internet censorship is control or suppression of the publishing or accessing of information on the Internet. It may be carried out by governments or by private organizations either at the behest of the government or on their own initiative. Individuals and organizations may engage in self-censorship on their own or due to intimidation and fear.

The issues associated with Internet censorship are similar to those for offline censorship of more traditional media. One difference is that national borders are more permeable online: residents of a country that bans certain information can find it on websites hosted outside the country. Thus censors must work to prevent access to information even though they lack physical or legal control over the websites themselves. This in turn requires the use of technical censorship methods that are unique to the Internet, such as site blocking and content filtering.

Furthermore, the Domain Name System (DNS) a critical component of the Internet is dominated by centralized and few entities. The most widely used DNS root is administered by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). As an administrator they have rights to shut down and seize domain names when they deem necessary to do so and at most times the direction is from governments. This has been the case with Wikileaks shutdowns and name seizure events such as the ones executed by the National Intellectual Property Rights Coordination Center (IPR Center) managed by the Homeland Security Investigations (HSI). This makes it easy for internet censorship by authorities as they have control over what should or should not be on the Internet. Some activists and researchers have started opting for alternative DNS roots, though the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) does not support these DNS root providers.

Unless the censor has total control over all Internet-connected computers, such as in North Korea or Cuba, total censorship of information is very difficult or impossible to achieve due to the underlying distributed technology of the Internet. Pseudonymity and data havens (such as Freenet) protect free speech using technologies that guarantee material cannot be removed and prevents the identification of authors. Technologically savvy users can often find ways to access blocked content. Nevertheless, blocking remains an effective means of limiting access to sensitive information for most users when censors, such as those in China, are able to devote significant resources to building and maintaining a comprehensive censorship system.

Views about the feasibility and effectiveness of Internet censorship have evolved in parallel with the development of the Internet and censorship technologies:
 A 1993 Time magazine article quotes computer scientist John Gillmore, one of the founders of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, as saying "The Net interprets censorship as damage and routes around it."
 In November 2007, "Father of the Internet" Vint Cerf stated that he sees government control of the Internet failing because the Web is almost entirely privately owned.
 A report of research conducted in 2007 and published in 2009 by the Beckman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University stated that: "We are confident that the [censorship circumvention] tool developers will for the most part keep ahead of the governments' blocking efforts", but also that "...we believe that less than two percent of all filtered Internet users use circumvention tools".
 In contrast, a 2011 report by researchers at the Oxford Internet Institute published by UNESCO concludes "... the control of information on the Internet and Web is certainly feasible, and technological advances do not therefore guarantee greater freedom of speech."

A BBC World Service poll of 27,973 adults in 26 countries, including 14,306 Internet users, was conducted between 30 November 2009 and 7 February 2010. The head of the polling organization felt, overall, that the poll showed that:
Despite worries about privacy and fraud, people around the world see access to the internet as their fundamental right. They think the web is a force for good, and most don't want governments to regulate it.

The poll found that nearly four in five (78%) Internet users felt that the Internet had brought them greater freedom, that most Internet users (53%) felt that "the internet should never be regulated by any level of government anywhere", and almost four in five Internet users and non-users around the world felt that access to the Internet was a fundamental right (50% strongly agreed, 29% somewhat agreed, 9% somewhat disagreed, 6% strongly disagreed, and 6% gave no opinion).

Social media
The rising use of social media in many nations has led to the emergence of citizens organizing protests through social media, sometimes called "Twitter Revolutions". The most notable of these social media-led protests were the Arab Spring uprisings, starting in 2010. In response to the use of social media in these protests, the Tunisian government began a hack of Tunisian citizens' Facebook accounts, and reports arose of accounts being deleted.

Automated systems can be used to censor social media posts, and therefore limit what citizens can say online. This most notably occurs in China, where social media posts are automatically censored depending on content. In 2013, Harvard political science professor Gary King led a study to determine what caused social media posts to be censored and found that posts mentioning the government were not more or less likely to be deleted if they were supportive or critical of the government. Posts mentioning collective action were more likely to be deleted than those that had not mentioned collective action. Currently, social media censorship appears primarily as a way to restrict Internet users' ability to organize protests.  For the Chinese government, seeing citizens unhappy with local governance is beneficial as state and national leaders can replace unpopular officials. King and his researchers were able to predict when certain officials would be removed based on the number of unfavorable social media posts.

Research has proved that criticism is tolerable on social media sites, therefore it is not censored unless it has a higher chance of collective action. It is not important whether the criticism is supportive or unsupportive of the states' leaders, the main priority of censoring certain social media posts is to make sure that no big actions are being made due to something that was said on the internet. Posts that challenge the Party's political leading role in the Chinese government are more likely to be censored due to the challenges it poses to the Chinese Communist Party.

In December 2022 Elon Musk, owner and CEO of Twitter released internal documents from the social media microblogging site to journalists Matt Taibbi, Michael Shellenberger and Bari Weiss. The analysis of these files on Twitter, collectively called, the Twitter Files, explored the content moderation and visibility filtering carried out in collaboration with the Federal Bureau of Investigation on the Hunter Biden laptop controversy.

On the platform TikTok, certain hashtags have been categorized by the platform's code and determines how viewers can or cannot interact with the content or hashtag specifically. Some shadowbanned tags include: #acab, #GayArab, #gej due to their referencing of certain social movements and LGBTQ identity. As TikTok guidelines are becoming more localized around the world, some experts believe that this could result in more censorship than before.

Video games

Since the early 1980s, advocates of video games have emphasized their use as an expressive medium, arguing for their protection under the laws governing freedom of speech and also as an educational tool. Detractors argue that video games are harmful and therefore should be subject to legislative oversight and restrictions. Many video games have certain elements removed or edited due to regional rating standards.
For example, in the Japanese and PAL Versions of No More Heroes, blood splatter and gore is removed from the gameplay. Decapitation scenes are implied, but not shown. Scenes of missing body parts after having been cut off, are replaced with the same scene, but showing the body parts fully intact.

Impact of surveillance

Surveillance and censorship are different. Surveillance can be performed without censorship, but it is harder to engage in censorship without some form of surveillance. Even when surveillance does not lead directly to censorship, the widespread knowledge or belief that a person, their computer, or their use of the Internet is under surveillance can have a "chilling effect" and lead to self-censorship.

Implementation

The former Soviet Union maintained a particularly extensive program of state-imposed censorship. The main organ for official censorship in the Soviet Union was the Chief Agency for Protection of Military and State Secrets generally known as the Glavlit, its Russian acronym. The Glavlit handled censorship matters arising from domestic writings of just about any kindeven beer and vodka labels. Glavlit censorship personnel were present in every large Soviet publishing house or newspaper; the agency employed some 70,000 censors to review information before it was disseminated by publishing houses, editorial offices, and broadcasting studios. No mass medium escaped Glavlits control. All press agencies and radio and television stations had Glavlit representatives on their editorial staffs.

Sometimes, public knowledge of the existence of a specific document is subtly suppressed, a situation resembling censorship. The authorities taking such action will justify it by declaring the work to be "subversive" or "inconvenient". An example is Michel Foucault's 1978 text Sexual Morality and the Law (later republished as The Danger of Child Sexuality), originally published as La loi de la pudeur [literally, "the law of decency"]. This work defends the decriminalization of statutory rape and the abolition of age of consent laws.

When a publisher comes under pressure to suppress a book, but has already entered into a contract with the author, they will sometimes effectively censor the book by deliberately ordering a small print run and making minimal, if any, attempts to publicize it. This practice became known in the early 2000s as privishing (private publishing). an OpenNet Initiative (ONI) classifications:

By country

Censorship for individual countries is measured by Freedom House (FH) Freedom of the Press report, Reporters Without Borders (RWB) Press freedom index and V-Dem government censorship effort index. Censorship aspects are measured by Freedom on the Net and OpenNet Initiative (ONI) classifications. Censorship by country collects information on censorship, internet censorship, press freedom, freedom of speech, and human rights by country and presents it in a sortable table, together with links to articles with more information. In addition to countries, the table includes information on former countries, disputed countries, political sub-units within countries, and regional organizations.

Australia

Canada

Very little is formally censored in Canada, aside from "obscenity" (as defined in the landmark criminal case of R v Butler) which is generally limited to pornography and child pornography depicting and/or advocating non-consensual sex, sexual violence, degradation, or dehumanization, in particular that which causes harm (as in R v Labaye).  Most films are simply subject to classification by the British Columbia Film Classification Office under the non-profit Crown corporation by the name of Consumer Protection BC, whose classifications are officially used by the provinces of British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Ontario, and Manitoba.

Cuba

Cuban media used to be operated under the supervision of the Communist Party's Department of Revolutionary Orientation, which "develops and coordinates propaganda strategies". Connection to the Internet is restricted and censored.

China

The People's Republic of China employs sophisticated censorship mechanisms, referred to as the Golden Shield Project, to monitor the internet. Popular search engines such as Baidu also remove politically sensitive search results.

Eastern Bloc

Strict censorship existed in the Eastern Bloc. Throughout the bloc, the various ministries of culture held a tight rein on their writers. Cultural products there reflected the propaganda needs of the state. Party-approved censors exercised strict control in the early years. In the Stalinist period, even the weather forecasts were changed if they suggested that the sun might not shine on May Day. Under Nicolae Ceauşescu in Romania, weather reports were doctored so that the temperatures were not seen to rise above or fall below the levels which dictated that work must stop.

Possession and use of copying machines was tightly controlled in order to hinder the production and distribution of samizdat, illegal self-published books and magazines.  Possession of even a single samizdat manuscript such as a book by Andrei Sinyavsky was a serious crime which might involve a visit from the KGB. Another outlet for works which did not find favor with the authorities was publishing abroad.

France

Amid declining car sales in 2020, France banned a television ad by a Dutch bike company, saying the ad "unfairly discredited the automobile industry".

India

The Constitution of India guarantees freedom of expression, but places certain restrictions on content, with a view towards maintaining communal and religious harmony, given the history of communal tension in the nation. According to the Information Technology Rules 2011, objectionable content includes anything that "threatens the unity, integrity, defence, security or sovereignty of India, friendly relations with foreign states or public order". Notably many pornographic websites are blocked in India.

Iran

Iraq

Iraq under Baathist Saddam Hussein had much the same techniques of press censorship as did Romania under Nicolae Ceauşescu but with greater potential violence.

Japan

During the GHQ occupation of Japan after WW2, any criticism of the Allies' pre-war policies, the SCAP, the Far East Military Tribunal, the inquiries against the United States and every direct and indirect references to the role played by the Allied High Command in drafting Japan's new constitution or to censorship of publications, movies, newspapers and magazines was subject to massive censorship, purges, media blackout.

In the four years (September 1945–November 1949) since the CCD was active, 200 million pieces of mail and 136 million telegrams were opened, and telephones were tapped 800,000 times. Since no criticism of the occupying forces for crimes such as the dropping of the atomic bomb, rape and robbery by US soldiers was allowed, a strict check was carried out. Those who got caught were put on a blacklist called the watchlist, and the persons and the organizations to which they belonged were investigated in detail, which made it easier to dismiss or arrest the "disturbing molecule".

Malaysia

Under subsection 48(3) and (4) of the Penang Islamic Religious Administration Enactment 2004, non-Muslims in Malaysia are penalized for using the following words, or to write or publish them, in any form, version or translation in any language or for use in any publicity material in any medium:
"Allah", "Firman Allah", "Ulama", "Hadith", "Ibadah", "Kaabah", "Qadhi, "Illahi", "Wahyu", "Mubaligh", "Syariah", "Qiblat", "Haji", "Mufti", "Rasul", "Iman", "Dakwah", "Wali", "Fatwa", "Imam", "Nabi", "Sheikh", "Khutbah", "Tabligh", "Akhirat", "Azan", "Al Quran", "As Sunnah", "Auliya, "Karamah", "False Moon God", "Syahadah", "Baitullah", "Musolla", "Zakat Fitrah", "Hajjah", "Taqwa" and "Soleh".

North Korea

Russia

On 4 March 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed into law a bill introducing prison sentences of up to 15 years for those who publish "knowingly false information" about the Russian military and its operations, leading to some media outlets in Russia to stop reporting on Ukraine or shutting their media outlet. Although the 1993 Russian Constitution has an article expressly prohibiting censorship, the Russian censorship apparatus Roskomnadzor ordered the country's media to only use information from Russian state sources or face fines and blocks. As of December 2022, more than 4,000 people were prosecuted under "fake news" laws in connection with the war in Ukraine.

Novaya Gazeta editor-in-chief Dmitry Muratov was awarded the 2021 Nobel Peace Prize for his "efforts to safeguard freedom of expression". In March 2022, Novaya Gazeta suspended its print activities after receiving a second warning from Roskomnadzor.

Serbia

According to Christian Mihr, executive director of Reporters Without Borders, "censorship in Serbia is neither direct nor transparent, but is easy to prove."  According to Mihr there are numerous examples of censorship and self-censorship in Serbia  According to Mihr, Serbian prime minister Aleksandar Vučić has proved "very sensitive to criticism, even on critical questions," as was the case with Natalija Miletic, a correspondent for Deutsche Welle Radio, who questioned him in Berlin about the media situation in Serbia and about allegations that some ministers in the Serbian government had plagiarized their diplomas, and who later received threats and offensive articles on the Serbian press.

Multiple news outlets have accused Vučić of anti-democratic strongman tendencies. In July 2014, journalists associations were concerned about the freedom of the media in Serbia, in which Vučić came under criticism.

In September 2015 five members of United States Congress (Edie Bernice Johnson, Carlos Curbelo, Scott Perry, Adam Kinzinger, and Zoe Lofgren) have informed Vice President of the United States Joseph Biden that Aleksandar's brother, Andrej Vučić, is leading a group responsible for deteriorating media freedom in Serbia.

Singapore

In the Republic of Singapore, Section 33 of the Films Act originally banned the making, distribution and exhibition of "party political films", at the pain of a fine not exceeding $100,000 or imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years. The Act further defines a "party political film" as any film or video

(a) which is an advertisement made by or on behalf of any political party in Singapore or any body whose objects relate wholly or mainly to politics in Singapore, or any branch of such party or body; or
(b) which is made by any person and directed towards any political end in Singapore

In 2001, the short documentary called A Vision of Persistence on opposition politician J. B. Jeyaretnam was also banned for being a "party political film". The makers of the documentary, all lecturers at the Ngee Ann Polytechnic, later submitted written apologies and withdrew the documentary from being screened at the 2001 Singapore International Film Festival in April, having been told they could be charged in court. Another short documentary called Singapore Rebel by Martyn See, which documented Singapore Democratic Party leader Dr Chee Soon Juan's acts of civil disobedience, was banned from the 2005 Singapore International Film Festival on the same grounds and See is being investigated for possible violations of the Films Act.

This law, however, is often disregarded when such political films are made supporting the ruling People's Action Party (PAP). Channel NewsAsia's five-part documentary series on Singapore's PAP ministers in 2005, for example, was not considered a party political film.

Exceptions are also made when political films are made concerning political parties of other nations. Films such as Michael Moore's 2004 documentary Fahrenheit 911 are thus allowed to screen regardless of the law.

Since March 2009, the Films Act has been amended to allow party political films as long as they were deemed factual and objective by a consultative committee. Some months later, this committee lifted the ban on Singapore Rebel.

Soviet Union

Independent journalism did not exist in the Soviet Union until Mikhail Gorbachev became its leader. Gorbachev adopted glasnost (openness), political reform aimed at reducing censorship; before glasnost all reporting was directed by the Communist Party or related organizations. Pravda, the predominant newspaper in the Soviet Union, had a monopoly. Foreign newspapers were available only if they were published by communist parties sympathetic to the Soviet Union.

Spain

Turkey

Online access to all language versions of Wikipedia was blocked in Turkey on 29 April 2017 by Erdoğan's government.

Article 299 of the Turkish Penal Code deems it illegal to "Insult the President of Turkey".  A person who is sentenced for a violation of this article can be sentenced to a prison term between one and four years and if the violation was made in public the verdict can be elevated by a sixth. Prosecutions often  target critics of the government, independent journalists, and political cartoonists. Between 2014 and 2019, 128,872 investigations were launched for this offense and prosecutors opened 27,717 criminal cases.

United Kingdom

United States

In the United States, most forms of censorship are self-imposed rather than enforced by the government. The government does not routinely censor material, although state and local governments often restrict what is provided in libraries and public schools. In addition, distribution, receipt, and transmission (but not mere private possession) of obscene material may be prohibited by law. Furthermore, under FCC v. Pacifica Foundation, the FCC has the power to prohibit the transmission of indecent material over broadcast. Additionally, critics of campaign finance reform in the United States say this reform imposes widespread restrictions on political speech.

Uruguay

In 1973, a military coup took power in Uruguay, and the State practiced censorship. For example, writer Eduardo Galeano was imprisoned and later was forced to flee. His book Open Veins of Latin America was banned by the right-wing military government, not only in Uruguay, but also in Chile and Argentina.

See also

 Streisand effect

References

Works cited

Further reading

 Abbott, Randy. "A Critical Analysis of the Library-Related Literature Concerning Censorship in Public Libraries and Public School Libraries in the United States During the 1980s." Project for degree of Education Specialist, University of South Florida, December 1987.
 Biltereyst, Daniel, ed. Silencing Cinema. Palgrave/Macmillan, 2013.* Birmingham, Kevin, The Most Dangerous Book: The Battle for James Joyce's Ulysses, London (Head of Zeus Ltd), 2014,
 Burress, Lee. Battle of the Books. Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press, 1989.
 Butler, Judith, "Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative"(1997).
 Darnton, Robert,
 Demm, Eberhard. Censorship and Propaganda in World War I: A Comprehensive History (Bloomsbury Academic, 2019) online review
 Foucault, Michel, edited by Lawrence D. Kritzman. Philosophy, Culture: Interviews and Other Writings 1977–1984 (New York/London: 1988, Routledge, ) (The text Sexual Morality and the Law is Chapter 16 of the book).
 Gilbert, Nora. Better Left Unsaid: Victorian Novels, Hays Code Films, and the Benefits of Censorship. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2013.
 Hoffman, Frank. Intellectual Freedom and Censorship. Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press, 1989.
 Mathiesen, Kay Censorship and Access to Information Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics, Kenneth E. Himma, Herman T. Tavani, eds., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2008
 National Coalition against Censorship (NCAC). "Books on Trial: A Survey of Recent Cases." January 1985.
 Parker, Alison M. (1997). Purifying America: Women, Cultural Reform, and Pro-Censorship Activism, 1873–1933, University of Illinois Press.
 Ringmar, Erik A Blogger's Manifesto: Free Speech and Censorship in the Age of the Internet (London: Anthem Press, 2007)
 Terry, John David II. "Censorship: Post Pico." In School Law Update, 1986, edited by Thomas N. Jones and Darel P. Semler.

 Silber, Radomír. Partisan Media and Modern Censorship: Media Influence On Czech Political Partisanship and the Media's Creation of Limits to Public Opposition and Control of Exercising Power in the Czech Republic in the 1990s. First edition. Brno: Tribun EU, 2017. 86 stran. Librix.eu. .
 Silber, Radomír. (2018) On Modern Censorship in Public Service Broadcasting. Cultural and Religious Studies, Volume 3, 2018, .
 Wittern-Keller, Laura. Freedom of the Screen: Legal Challenges to State Film Censorship, 1915–1981. University Press of Kentucky 2008

Anti-intellectualism
Historical negationism
Propaganda techniques

Censorship


Dave Chisnall (born 12 September 1980) is an English professional darts player who plays in Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) events. He began his career in the British Darts Organisation (BDO) and was the runner-up in their World Championship in 2010. He switched to the PDC a year later where he has since reached six major TV finals and won 21 PDC ranking events. Since his switch to the PDC, Chisnall has been a staple in the top 20 of the rankings, appearing in the Premier League five times, and representing England at the PDC World Cup on three occasions.

Career

Early career
Chisnall was brought up in St Helens and played for a local football team until he was 17 when he broke his foot. He switched to darts and first played in a friend's bedroom, throwing 180 on his first ever visit to the board. His nickname ("Chizzy") actually originates from his work as a carpenter rather than his surname.
His debut in BDO events came at the 2004 Welsh Open, losing in the last 32 to Alan Tabern. In 2007 he won the BDO Gold Cup, beating Scotland captain Mike Veitch in the semi-finals, and Welshman Matthew Quinlan in the final. Chisnall then fell two games short of qualifying for the 2008 BDO World Championship, losing to Robert Thornton. A few days later Chisnall was again beaten by Thornton in the Winmau World Masters.

In 2008, Chisnall won the Isle of Man Open, beating Ted Hankey in the quarter-finals and Gary Robson in the semis before defeating Robert Hughes in the final. After his match against Hankey, the 2000 BDO World Champion advised Chisnall to turn professional. He later went on to win the England National Championship.

Chisnall won one of five qualification spots for the 2009 BDO World Championship, beating Stewart Rattray to qualify. The next day he took part in the 2008 Winmau World Masters but lost in the first round to fellow Lakeside qualifier Daryl Gurney of Northern Ireland. In the World Championship, Chisnall gave Martin Adams a tough match, losing 3–5 in the deciding set to the number 3 seed.

BDO Breakthrough
In September 2009, Chisnall won back-to-back titles claiming the Welsh Masters with a 5–1 victory over Tony O'Shea, and the British Open, knocking out BDO World Champion Ted Hankey in the earlier rounds before beating Martin Atkins 2–0 in the final. These successes helped him finish top of the BDO International Grand Prix Series.

He competed in the qualifying rounds for the 2010 BDO World Championship but was beaten by Stuart Kellett. He did, however, qualify through the BDO Invitational Rankings (ironically, Kellett himself failed to qualify).

He produced an outstanding run to reach the final of the 2010 World Championship beating number four seed Darryl Fitton in the opening round and Tony West in the second round. Having been 4–1 down to defending champion and number five seed Ted Hankey, Chisnall produced a comeback to reach the semi-finals 5–4. After losing the first two sets in the semi-final against top seed Tony O'Shea, he came back again to win 6–3 and reached his first World Championship final, where he was defeated 7–5 by number three seed, and Masters champion, Martin Adams.

Chisnall qualified for the 2010 Grand Slam of Darts as a result of his World Championship final, winning his first match against Simon Whitlock before subsequent defeats by Robert Thornton and Colin Osborne saw him exit the tournament. In the 2011 BDO World Darts Championship he lost 4–1 in sets in the second round to Gary Robson.

PDC career
Chisnall entered the Professional Darts Corporation Q School in January 2011. He won a PDC tour card on the first day by defeating Terry Temple 6–2 in his final match. He played in his first PDC event in Halle, Germany and hit a nine-dart finish but went on to lose to Vincent van der Voort 6–5 in the last 64. In the Derby Pro Tour events he reached the quarter-finals on both days of the weekend but was defeated by Jamie Caven 6–3 and Wes Newton 6–4 respectively. A month later at the second UK Open Qualifier of the year Chisnall reached his first PDC final where he was edged out 6–5 by Michael Smith in the final, but the result did ensure him spot at the  UK Open. He hit his second nine-darter of the season in the seventh UK open qualifier.
In the Eddie Cox memorial Players Championship in Barnsley he reached the semi-finals after defeating Dennis Ovens, Mark Walsh and John Part before a subsequent defeat by Paul Nicholson 6–5 after missing five darts for the match.
The following day in the Bobby Bourn Memorial Players Championship he got to the final before being beaten by Andy Smith by 6 legs to 2. Despite the loss he had done enough to qualify for the World Matchplay in his debut season on the tour.

At the UK Open he entered the competition in the third round and defeated Richard North 9–2 and Ronnie Baxter 9–7 whilst hitting a 102 average. He went on to defeat John Bowles in the fifth round 9–4, before losing to eventual runner-up Wes Newton 10–8 in the quarter-finals.
Chisnall lost in the first round of the 2011 World Matchplay 10–3 against Mark Walsh, but still broke into the top 50 in the order of merit for the first time. He defeated Jelle Klaasen in the first round of the European Championship, but then lost 10–5 against Adrian Lewis in a match where both players averaged over 100. In September, Chisnall reached the final of the fourth Dutch Players Championship of the year and lost 6–4 to Richie Burnett. Chisnall was defeated 2–1 in the first round of the 2011 Grand Prix by Alan Tabern after missing 13 darts at doubles to win the match, a television record which stood until 2013.

He won his first PDC title at a Players Championship event in Crawley by defeating Justin Pipe 6–4 in the final. He then reached the quarter-finals of the Players Championship Finals after avenging his loss to Alan Tabern at the World Grand Prix, beating Co Stompé before losing 9–8 to Mark Webster in a tight game.

2012
Chisnall defeated Mark Dudbridge 3–0 to make the perfect start to his first PDC World Championship in the 2012 playing of the event. He played 15-time World Champion Phil Taylor in the second round and produced a stunning performance to win 4–1 and set up a last 16 meeting with Andy Hamilton. The only other players to have beaten Taylor in the PDC World Championship outside of the final, Wayne Mardle and Mark Webster, both went on to lose their following matches, and Chisnall joined this club as he was whitewashed 4–0 by Hamilton.
His exploits in 2011 and in the World Championship saw him named PDC Best Newcomer at the annual awards ceremony on 3 January.

Chisnall began the year with an exceptional start on the tour reaching the final of the second UK Open qualifier, where he lost 6–1 to Michael van Gerwen, who hit a nine-dart finish during the match. He then reached the final of the fourth Players Championship after whitewashing Andy Hamilton in the quarter-finals and defeating Steve Beaton in the semi to face Phil Taylor in a repeat of their World Championship clash. He defeated Taylor 6–5 to maintain his 100% record against him and claimed his second professional PDC title. He won the next Players Championship too, defeating the likes of Raymond van Barneveld and Terry Jenkins, before sealing the title with a 6–2 win over Ian White. The very next day, Chisnall won the third title of his season at the sixth Players Championship event with a 6–4 success over Justin Pipe in the final.
During the European Tour Event 1 in Austria, Chisnall scored eight maximums, and four 140s to hit a 113.09 average in a 6–3 win over Kevin Painter, before losing to James Wade in the semi-finals.

Chisnall enjoyed comfortable wins over Mark Layton, Dennis Smith, Simon Whitlock and Raymond van Barneveld to reach his first PDC major event semi-final at the UK Open. He faced Robert Thornton, but with the scores level at 2–2 early on Chisnall lost seven of the next eight legs and would bow out of the event with a 10–4 defeat. In the second European Tour event of the season Chisnall reached the final having earlier posted a 108.35 average in his second round match against Michael Rosenauer. He also beat Terry Jenkins, Mervyn King and Whitlock to play Taylor in the final. There Chisnall suffered his first defeat by Taylor, losing 6–2. The performance saw him break into the top 16 on the PDC Order of Merit for the first time, meaning he gained automatic qualification into the World Matchplay. Chisnall then won his fourth Players Championship of the year in Crawley with a 6–4 victory over Ronnie Baxter. He lost his second successive European Tour final at Event 3 in Düsseldorf following a 6–4 defeat by van Barneveld. His average of 82.16 in the final was the lowest of his tournament by over 10 points. Chisnall then suffered a 10–7 first round defeat by Baxter in the first round of the World Matchplay, and lost 3–1 in sets in the second round of the World Grand Prix to Mervyn King. Chisnall qualified from Group 6 of the Championship League and finished fourth in the Winners Group to reach the play-offs on leg difference over Justin Pipe and Baxter who, like Chisnall, had won three of their seven league games. In the semi-finals he faced Taylor and was whitewashed 6–0 with his opponent averaging 112.73. But he then beat Taylor 6–3 in the final of the 19th Players Championship, with Chisnall this time scoring the higher average of 111.80 to Taylor's 105.57. He also beat the in-form Michael van Gerwen in the semi-finals, with the title securing his place atop the ProTour Order of Merit and therefore he was the number one seed for the Players Championship Finals, where he was surprisingly whitewashed 6–0 by Wayne Jones in the first round. Chisnall was later named the Best PDC Pro Tour Player for his five tournament victories in 2012.

2013
Chisnall lost in the last 16 of the World Championship for the second successive year in 2013. He came from a set down three times against Simon Whitlock to force a deciding set which he led 3–2, before Whitlock took out a crucial 152 finish and then won two successive legs to knock Chisnall out. He reached the final of the first UK Open Qualifier of the year, but lost 6–2 to Michael van Gerwen. At the UK Open itself he lost 9–2 to James Wade in the fourth round, and at the European Championship he was whitewashed 6–0 by Jamie Caven in the first round who averaged 106. At the World Matchplay he saw off Paul Nicholson 10–8 and gained revenge over Caven by defeating him 13–10 to reach the quarter-finals of the event for the first time. He played Michael van Gerwen and had chances to move 7–3 ahead but missed and even though he took out a finish of 144 and had an 11 dart leg he was beaten 16–11. In September, Chisnall won his first title since November last year at the German Darts Championship. He required deciding legs to advance through each of his first four matches, before beating Steve Beaton 6–4 in the semi-finals with an average of 106.30 and Peter Wright 6–2 in the final. He called the title the highlight of his career to date and moved up to a career high seventh on the Order of Merit. Chisnall faced Wright in a final for the second consecutive tournament at the seventh Players Championship of the season in Barnsley and won again, this time by a 6–5 scoreline.

At the World Grand Prix Chisnall reached his first PDC major final in the event where every leg must be started and finished by hitting a double. He beat Ian White 2–1 and Wayne Jones 3–1 in the first two rounds. In the quarter-finals Chisnall produced the match of his career to date against Michael van Gerwen. He led the Dutchman 2–0 and missed a dart to win 3–1 as the match was levelled at 2–2. However, Chisnall kept his composure to win the deciding set with a match total of ten 180s to Van Gerwen's two. Chisnall played the slow-paced Justin Pipe in the semi-finals and struggled for rhythm early on as he trailed 2–1. From there he only conceded two more legs as he won 5–2 and faced ten-time winner of the event Taylor in the final. Chisnall had a disaster as he lost each of the five opening sets without winning a leg. He finally won his first leg of the match at the start of the sixth set when Taylor could not hit an opening double. The usually prolific 180 hitter Chisnall scored his first two legs later but it was not enough as Taylor won the match 6–0. Afterwards Chisnall called it the best and worst night of his career. His run did earn him a spot in the Grand Slam of Darts, but he lost all three of his games against Michael Smith, Ted Hankey and Scott Waites to finish bottom of Group H. Later in the month, Chisnall won his third title of the year at the 15th Players Championship by beating Robert Thornton 6–3.

2014
Chisnall fought back from 2–0 down in the first round of the 2014 World Championship against John Henderson to level at 2–2. However, he missed a total of four darts to win the match during the deciding set to suffer a shock defeat. Despite his early exit, Chisnall played in his first Premier League this year as he was awarded a PDC wildcard for the event. He won his opening night's match 7–5 against Robert Thornton, but only won a total of two more after this and finished the season with five successive losses to be placed seventh in the table. At the World Matchplay Chisnall defeated Dean Winstanley 10–4 and Andy Hamilton 13–10 to set up a quarter-final clash with Michael van Gerwen which he led 3–0, however he lost 16–12 in a tight game.
At the Singapore Darts Masters, Chisnall beat Phil Taylor 10–6, before losing 11–6 to Simon Whitlock in the semi-finals. Chisnall was knocked out in the quarter-finals of successive major events the European Championship and the Masters by Van Gerwen.

At the Grand Slam, Chisnall topped his group to earn a place in the knockout stages where he beat former roommate Robbie Green 10–3 and youngster Keegan Brown 16–14 having been 8–2 and 12–6 behind to set up a semi-final clash with Kim Huybrechts. In a match which Chisnall led 4–1 and trailed 14–12, he won four of the last five legs to play in his second major PDC final. He faced the same opponent as the first in Phil Taylor and got off to a bad start as he lost each of the opening five legs. Chisnall fought back to level at 10–10, but Taylor pulled away again to lead 15–10 and went on to win 16–13. Chisnall played in the final of the 19th Players Championship a week later and lost 6–2 against Ian White.

2015
Chisnall was beaten by a lower ranked player at the World Championship for the second year in a row as world number 50 Benito van de Pas eliminated him 4–2 in round two, with Chisnall missing one dart to level at 3–3. At the UK Open he fell 7–0 behind Stephen Bunting in the fourth round, before pulling the gap back to 8–6. Chisnall missed one dart to further reduce the deficit in the next leg and would lose 9–6.

In successive Premier League weeks, Chisnall averaged 107.01 in beating Kim Huybrechts 7–4 and then set his highest televised average of 110.78 during a 7–2 win over Gary Anderson. He then went on to smash his own personal record by defeating James Wade 7–1 with an average of 114.17 in week 10. Chisnall went into the final round of fixtures needing a win over Michael van Gerwen to top the table, but drew 6–6.
He had a 7–4 advantage over Gary Anderson in the semi-finals, but the match went into a deciding leg in which Chisnall missed three match darts to be beaten 10–9. Chisnall lost in the final of the 10th Players Championship 6–4 to Joe Murnan. He won his first title in 18 months in the next event by beating Ian White 6–1. Chisnall was knocked out in the quarter-finals of the World Matchplay for the third year in a row, this time 16–8 to Taylor. He reached the final of the European Darts Matchplay, but lost 6–4 to Van Gerwen. Chisnall forced a deciding leg against White from 5–1 down in the final of the 17th Players Championship but lost it to be edged out 6–5. Wins over Mensur Suljović and Stephen Bunting saw Chisnall reach the quarter-finals of the European Championship for the second year in a row, but he was beaten 10–4 by Van Gerwen. He hit his first televised nine-dart finish during a group stage match 5–2 victory over Peter Wright at the Grand Slam. Chisnall went on to be eliminated in the second round of the event 10–7 by Michael Smith. His fifth major quarter-final of the year followed at the Players Championship Finals with Van Gerwen again beating him, this time 10–7 despite Chisnall averaging 105.51.

2016
Chisnall's third round 2016 World Championship game with Peter Wright went to a deciding set. Chisnall missed one match dart, but then took out a 130 checkout to save the game after Wright had missed a match dart of his own. However, Wright broke once more and, after Chisnall missed double top to complete a 125 finish, he won the match 4–3. The defeat meant that Chisnall is yet to reach a quarter-final in a PDC World Championship. Chisnall recovered from an 8–0 deficit in the first round of the Masters to beat Robert Thornton 10–9 and then came past Kim Huybrechts 10–5 and James Wade 11–6 to reach the final. However, he would lose his third PDC major final 11–6 to Michael van Gerwen. He lost 9–7 to Gary Anderson in the third round of the UK Open after being 7–5 up. After whitewashing Thornton 7–0 on the opening night of the Premier League, Chisnall could not pick another win from his next eight matches to finish 9th in the table and be relegated from the competition.

Chisnall was beaten in the final of back-to-back European Tour events, 6–2 by Van Gerwen at the Gibraltar Darts Trophy and 6–5 by James Wade at the European Matchplay (missed one match dart after coming back from 4–1 down). His first title of the year came at the 10th Players Championship courtesy of defeating Steve Beaton 6–2. Chisnall was eliminated in the quarter-finals of the World Matchplay for the fourth year in a row this time 16–9 to Van Gerwen and the world number one was also the victor when they met in the final of the Perth Darts Masters, overcoming Chisnall 11–4. Another meeting with Van Gerwen came in the semi-finals of the World Grand Prix and, with Chisnall 2–1 up in sets, the fourth set went to a deciding leg in which Van Gerwen threw a double start 10-darter and went on to win 4–2. He lost in the final of the last Players Championship 6–1 to Benito van de Pas. After not getting out of his group at the Grand Slam, Chisnall won through to the final of the Players Championship Finals, surviving three match darts from Jelle Klaasen along the way. It was his fourth defeat in a major final as Michael van Gerwen triumphed 11–3.

2017
Jelle Klaasen was 3–1 down to Chisnall in the third round of the 2017 World Championship, before winning the next set and the first two legs of the sixth. Chisnall then took three legs in a row to win 4–2 and reach the quarter-finals of a PDC World Championship for the first time, where he faced reigning two-time champion Gary Anderson. Chisnall took the first two legs of the seventh set with the match at 3–3, but missed four darts to win it and Anderson would go on to triumph 5–3. Chisnall threw 21 180s, the joint highest ever in a PDC match and 33 were hit in total, one short of the record. Chisnall lost 6–3 in the final of the fifth Players Championship to Adrian Lewis.
Chisnall made his first appearance at the 2017 World Cup as he was the second highest English player on the Order of Merit behind Lewis. They made it through to the semi-finals, but were unable to win either of their singles matches against the Dutch team of Michael van Gerwen and Raymond van Barneveld.

Personal life
He met his wife Michaela, who also plays darts, at the St. Anne's Open in 2008. They married on Saturday 14 January 2017 in Morecambe. In September 2011, she gave birth to their first daughter, Lexie Rose. In October 2021 they welcomed their son Parker Owen. Chisnall is originally from St Helens but now lives in Morecambe.

Career finals

BDO major finals: 1 (1 runner-up)

PDC major finals: 6 (6 runners-up)

PDC world series finals: 2 (2 runners-up)

World Championship performances

BDO
 2009: First round (lost to Martin Adams 2–3)
 2010: Runner up (lost to Martin Adams 5–7)
 2011: Second round (lost to Gary Robson 1–4)

PDC
 2012: Third round (lost to Andy Hamilton 0–4)
 2013: Third round (lost to Simon Whitlock 3–4)
 2014: First round (lost to John Henderson 2–3)
 2015: Second round (lost to Benito van de Pas 2–4)
 2016: Third round (lost to Peter Wright 3–4)
 2017: Quarter-finals (lost to Gary Anderson 3–5)
 2018: First round (lost to Vincent van der Voort 0–3)
 2019: Quarter-finals (lost to Gary Anderson 2–5)
 2020: Third round (lost to Jeffrey de Zwaan 3–4)
 2021: Semi-finals (lost to Gary Anderson 3–6)
 2022: Third round (withdrew – COVID-19)
 2023: Third round (lost to Stephen Bunting 2–4)

Performance timeline
BDO

PDC

PDC European Tour

Nine-dart finishes

High averages

References

External links

Dave Chisnall's official website

1980 births
English darts players
Living people
Sportspeople from St Helens, Merseyside
Professional Darts Corporation current tour card holders
British Darts Organisation players
PDC ranking title winners
Darts players who have thrown televised nine-dart games
PDC World Cup of Darts English team

Dave Chisnall


The , also known as Nambokuchō or the period of Northern and Southern Courts, started in 1333 or 1336 and ended 1392.

History
[[File:Nanbokucho-capitals.svg|thumb|left|130px|In the Nanboku-chō period, there were two rival Imperial courts and two rival capitals of Japan.  They were:Northern capital : KyotoSouthern capital : Yoshino.]]
During 60+ years of the 14th century, Kyoto was the seat of an pretender Imperial group known as the Northern Court.  The series of pretender emperors in Kyoto were supported by the Ashikaga shogunate, but some disputed whether they were true monarchs.

During these years, a Southern Court was established in  the Yoshino District of what is today Nara Prefecture.  The series of emperors in Yoshino were rejected by the Ashikaga shoguns and their supporters.

Forces loyal to the two rival courts fought for more than six decades.  This period of rivalry is sometimes identified as the early part of the Muromachi period of the History of Japan.

In 1392, the Southern court stopped fighting; and the Northern Court seemed to have won the long struggle. However, the claims of the Kyoto pretenders were undermined by scholars and historians.  The so-called "emperors" in Kyoto did not have of the essential Imperial regalia until after 1392.  The succession (senso) was not passed to them from Emperor Go-Daigo.  The pretenders were not confirmed with valid ceremonies (sokui).

In 1911, an Imperial decree confirmed that the only legitimate reigning monarchs of this period were the Southern Court emperors.

Northern Court pretenders
 Emperor Kōgon, 1331–1333
 Emperor Kōmyō, 1336–1348
 Emperor Sukō, 1348–1351
 Emperor Go-Kōgon, 1352–1371
 Emperor Go-En'yū, 1371–1382
 Emperor Go-Komatsu, 1382–1412

Southern Court emperors
 Emperor Go-Daigo, 1318–1339
 Emperor Go-Murakami, 1339–1368
 Emperor Chōkei, 1368–1383
 Emperor Go-Kameyama, 1383–1392

Related pages
 Northern Court
 Southern Court
 List of Japanese eras
 Muromachi period
 Sengoku period

References

Other websites

Periods in Japanese history
1330s establishments in Japan
1390s disestablishments in Japan
1392 disestablishments

Nanboku-chō period


Bryan Sarkinen is an American cinematographer, best known for shooting documentaries such as The First Monday in May (2016).

Life and career
Sarkinen graduated from NYU in 1999 where he produced a movie interview show called The Final Cut. He talked to filmmakers and actors such as Danny Boyle, Wong Kar-Wai, Jim Jarmusch, Leonardo DiCaprio and Christian Bale about their advice for students. He even went to the Cannes Film Festival in 1998 to conduct interviews. His classmates at school included Sam Esmail and Peter Sollett.

In 2003 though a connection made while interning at The Today Show, Sarkinen shot The Pact which would be his first documentary for Spark Media. Spark would also send him to Bangladesh, Yemen and Burkina Faso to cover a story of early childhood marriage for the UNFPA.

In 2005, Sarkinen was brought into Bad Boy by Anthony Maddox where he would serve as Puff Daddy's personal cameraman for 3 years. He traveled all of Europe on the 2007 Snoop/Diddy tour as well as vacations in St. Tropez and Ibiza along with the behind the scenes of 2006's Press Play album.

In 2013 he shot Ivory Tower for CNN Films with director Andrew Rossi. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and was released in cinemas in 2014 by Samuel Goldwyn Films and Participant Media. The film was nominated for a News & Documentary Emmy for outstanding business and economic reporting. His work has appeared on Bravo, MTV, HBO, Court TV, AXS-TV, CNN, and Discovery Channel, including Moonshiners which Sarkinen has lensed since 2012.

In 2014 Sarkinen shot Thought Crimes: The Case of the Cannibal Cop for director Erin Lee Carr. The film premiered on HBO in 2015. It was even on the list of things Steven Soderbergh watched that year.

Sarkinen's latest work, The First Monday in May (2016), follows the story of Andrew Bolton and Anna Wintour as they put together the 2015 Met Gala and China: Through the Looking Glass exhibit. The film was released by Magnolia Pictures in 2016 and is on the top of the documentary charts on iTunes and Amazon.

He also worked on Mommy Dead and Dearest which was on HBO in March 2017.

Andrew Rossi called Sarkinen,"A cinematographer who knows no limits" at this year's Tribeca Film Festival's Opening Night of The First Monday in May.

Films
 The First Monday in May (2016) (cinematographer)
 Thought Crimes: The Case of the Cannibal Cop (2015) (cinematographer)
 Ivory Tower (2014) (cinematographer)
 Altina (2014) (cinematographer)
 No Evidence of DiseaseNo Evidence of Disease (2013) (cinematographer)
 Reject (2013) (cinematographer)
 Page One: Inside the New York Times (2011) (additional camera)
 The Pit (2009) (additional camera)
 Allah Made Me Funny (2008) (cinematographer)
 Le Cirque: A Table in Heaven (2007) (additional camera)
 The Pact (2006) (cinematographer)

Television
 Moonshiners (2012–present)
 Gotham Comedy Live (2012–present)
 CNBC's American Originals (2009)
 Around the Block (2008)
 Under Fire (2006)

References

External links

Tisch School of the Arts alumni

Bryan Sarkinen


Mine, mines, miners or mining may refer to:

Extraction or digging
 Miner, a person engaged in mining or digging
 Mining, extraction of mineral resources from the ground through a mine

Grammar
 Mine, a first-person English possessive pronoun

Military
 Anti-tank mine, a land mine made for use against armored vehicles
 Antipersonnel mine, a land mine targeting people walking around, either with explosives or poison gas
 Bangalore mine, colloquial name for the Bangalore torpedo, a man-portable explosive device for clearing a path through wire obstacles and land mines
 Cluster bomb, an aerial bomb which releases many small submunitions, which often act as mines
 Land mine, explosive mines placed under or on the ground
 Mining (military), digging under a fortified military position to penetrate its defenses
 Naval mine, or sea mine, a mine at sea, either floating or on the sea bed, often dropped via parachute from aircraft, or otherwise lain by surface ships or submarines
 Parachute mine, an air-dropped "sea mine" falling gently under a parachute, used as a high-capacity cheaply-cased large bomb against ground targets

Places
 The Mine, Queensland, a locality in the Rockhampton Region, Australia
 Mine, Saga, a Japanese town
 Mine, Yamaguchi, a Japanese city
 Mine District, Yamaguchi, a former district in the area of the city

People

Given name
 Mine Ercan (born 1978), Turkish women's wheelchair basketball player
 Miné Okubo (1912–2001), American artist and writer

Nickname
 Mine Boy, nickname of Alex Levinsky (1910–1990), NHL hockey player

Surname
 Kazuki Mine (born 1993), Japanese football player
 George Ralph Mines (born 1886), English cardiac electrophysiologist

Arts, entertainment, and media

Films
 Mine (1985 film), a Turkish film
 Mine (2009 film), an American documentary film
 Mine (2016 film), an Italian-American film
 Abandoned Mine or The Mine, a 2013 horror film
 The Mine (1978 film), Turkish film

Literature
 Mine (novel), a 1990 novel by Robert R. McCammon
 The Mine (novel), 2012 novel by Arnab Ray

Music

Albums
 Mine (Kim Jaejoong EP), 2013
 Mine (Dolly Parton album), 1973
 Mine (Phoebe Ryan EP), 2015
 Mine (Li Yuchun album), 2007
 Mines (album), a 2010 album by indie rock band Menomena
 Mine!, a 1994 album released by musical duo Trout Fishing in America

Songs
 "Mine" (Alice Glass song), 2018
 "Mine" (Bazzi song), 2017
 "Mine" (Beyoncé song), 2013
 "Mine" (Taylor Swift song), 2010
 "Mine" (The 1975 song), 2018
 "Mine", a song from the 1933 Broadway musical Let 'Em Eat Cake
 "Mine", a song by Bebe Rexha from the album Expectations
 "Mine", a song by Dolly Parton from In the Good Old Days (When Times Were Bad)
 "Mine", a song by Everything but the Girl from Everything but the Girl
 "Mine", a song by Ghinzu from Blow
 "Mine", a song by Jason Webley from Only Just Beginning
 "Mine", a song by Krezip from Days Like This
 "Mine", a song by Mustasch from Mustasch
 "Mine", a song by Sepultura from Roots
 "Mine", a song by Taproot from Welcome
 "Mine", a song by Christina Perri from lovestrong
 "Mine", a song by Disturbed from The Lost Children
 "Mine", a song by M.I from the album The Chairman
 "#Mine", a song by Lil' Kim from Lil Kim Season
 "Mine, Mine, Mine", a song from the soundtrack for the 1995 Disney film Pocahontas

Television
 Mine (2021 TV series), a South Korean television series

Organizations and enterprises
 MINE, a design office in San Francisco, US, of which Christopher Simmons is principal creative director
 Colorado School of Mines or "Mines", a university in Golden, Colorado, US
 Mine's, a Japanese auto tuning company

Science and technology
 MINE (chemotherapy), a chemotherapy regimen
 Mine or star mine, a type of fireworks
 MinE, a bacterial protein
 Data mining, the computational process of discovering patterns in large data sets
 Leaf mine, a space in a leaf
 Mina (unit), or mine, an ancient Greek unit of mass

Mine (disambiguation)


In electronics, steady state is an equilibrium condition of a circuit or network that occurs as the effects of transients are no longer important. Steady state is reached (attained) after transient (initial, oscillating or turbulent) state has subsided. During steady state, a system is in relative stability.

Steady state determination is an important topic, because many design specifications of electronic systems are given in terms of the steady-state characteristics. Periodic steady-state solution is also a prerequisite for small signal dynamic modeling. Steady-state analysis is therefore an indispensable component of the design process.

Calculation methods
Steady state calculation methods can be sorted into time-domain  algorithms (time domain sensitivities, shooting) and frequency-domain algorithms (harmonic balance) methods, are the best choice for most microwave circuits excited with sinusoidal signals (e.g. mixers, power amplifiers).

Time domain methods
Time domain methods can be further divided into one step methods (time domain sensitivities) and iterative methods (shooting methods). One step methods require derivatives to compute the steady state; whenever those are not readily available at hand, iterative methods come into focus.

See also
 Frequency response
 Stiff circuits
 Harmonic balance
 Time domain sensitivities
 Shooting method
 Transient response

Further reading
 Jan Ogrodsky - Circuit Simulation and Algorithms. CRC Press

Electrical engineering

Steady state (electronics)


The Atlanta Student Movement was formed in February 1960 in Atlanta by students of the six colleges in the Atlanta University Center (AUC). The Committee on the Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR) led the Atlanta Student Movement. It was part of the Civil Rights Movement. Its goal was to end segregation, the laws that separated African-American people from white people. In Atlanta, and other places in the United States, segregation gave African-American people fewer rights than white people.

The Beginning of the Movement
On February 3, 1960, Atlanta University Center (AUC) senior, Lonnie King, read about the sit-in at the Woolworth Store in downtown Greensboro, North Carolina. A sit-in is a kind of protest. People sit someplace and will not leave until they get what they want. The people sitting-in at the Woolworths store restaurant were African-American college students. They wanted to be able to eat at the store's restaurant along with white people. King also thought it was fair for African-American people in Atlanta to be able to eat at the same restaurants as white people. King talked to other students, Joseph Pierce and Julian Bond. They decided to organize a Student Movement in the four colleges at the Atlanta University Center. Their goal was to convince all restaurants in Atlanta to serve food to all people.

On February 5, 1960, approximately fifteen students attended the first meeting. The first sit-in did not have enough people. The students' universities called a meeting with the Atlanta University Center's college Presidents. Each president explained their opinion of the sit-in movement. The four presidents asked students not to have sit-ins. The presidents wanted lawyers to make changes by asking courts to force restaurants to change. They asked students to work hard on their school work. The presidents suggested the students write an advertisement for the newspapers about what they wanted restaurants to do. The presidents paid to put the advertisement in the newspaper.

Lonnie King asked Roslyn Pope, Morris Dillard, Albert Brinson, Julian Bond, and Charles Black to write the advertisement. It was called "An Appeal for Human Rights." It explained why it was bad for African-American people and white people to have different rights. It asked for changes. On March 9th, 1960, An Appeal for Human Rights was published as a full-page ad in Atlanta Constitution, Atlanta Journal, and Atlanta Daily World. It was also published in the New York Times, Harvard Crimson, and Nation magazine. New York Senator Jacob Javits read it out loud in Congress so that the words would be saved in the Congressional Record.

On March 16th, 1960, the representatives from all the colleges in the Atlanta University Center met. Students started a new group, called the "Committee on Appeal for Human Rights" (COHAR). All the students agreed to start a committee to lead the group. They also agreed that each college should have three students on the committee. The people on the committee were:

 Atlanta University: John Mack, Johnny Parham, and Willie Mays;
 Spellman College: Mariean Wright, Josephine Jackson, Roslyn Pope;
 Clark Atlanta University: James Felder, Benjamin Brown and Lydia Tucker;
 Morehouse College: Donald Clarke, Albert Brinson, and Julian Bond;
 Morris Brown College: William Hickson, MaryAnn Smith, Robert Schley;
 Interdenominational Theological Center: Otis Moss, James Wilborn, Marion Bennett.

Lonnie King was the Chairman, or leader; John Mack was theCo-Chairman, or second leader.

Sit-ins, Protests, and Boycotts
The students wanted to make more changes. On March 15th, 1960, more than two hundred Atlanta University Center students had sit-ins. They went to eleven restaurants in downtown Atlanta. Seventy-seven students were arrested for sitting-in. The six students who signed "An Appeal for Human Rights" were also arrested.

After their summer vacation, students started protesting again. Lonnie King was still the Chair of COHAR. Herschelle Sullivan was the new Co-Chair of COHAR. She was studying in France when COHAR started. In September she returned to Spelman. She wanted to protest, too.

In fall of 1960, Lonnie King and Herschelle Sullivan requested that Dr. Martin Luther King protest with them. There was a presidential election that year. John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon both wanted to be president of the United States. But neither Nixon nor Kennedy was talking about the African-American student protests. They believed that Dr. King could help get attention from Nixon or Kennedy.

On October 19th, 1960, hundreds of students had sit-ins in Atlanta restaurants. Dr. King went with them. The police arrested many students. The police also arrested Dr. King. The next day, even more people protested. Three days later, Atlanta Mayor Hartsfield met with COHAR. COHAR asked everyone to stop protesting. The students got out of jail. The students, Mayor Hartsfield, and restaurant owners tried to talk to each other about segregation.

The talks did not fix the problem. Students protested more. Arrested students would stay in jail. Staying in jail was another protest. The jails had too many people. The city government had a hard time.[5] Before Christmas the African-American adults protested with the students. They would not buy Christmas presents from stores in Atlanta that were owned by white people. Stores in Atlanta sold $10 million fewer presents. It hurt the stores. The owners were more willing to talk to COHAR leaders, but no one could agree to end segregation. In February, 1961, COHAR decided no one would shop at stores owned by white people until April, 1961.

On March 6th, 1961, adults called Lonnie King and Herschelle Sullivan to a meeting. White adults and African-American adults were at the meeting. Those adults agreed to wait six months to end segregation in restaurants. The United States government said Atlanta needed to let African-Amerian children go to the same schools as white children. The adults decided that restaurants could be segregated until after schools fixed their problem. Lonnie King and Herschelle Sullivan refused this agreement. However, both the African-American and white adults said they must agree. King and Sullivan felt angry that African-American adults agreed to wait. They finally agreed, too.

On March 10th, 1961, COHAR had a big meeting about this agreement. The agreement to wait made students very angry. They felt angry at the adults, not angry at Lonnie King or Herschelle Sullivan. Dr. Martin Luther King Sr. spoke to the meeting. He asked people to follow the agreement and said: "If anyone breaks this contract, let it be the white man."

Achievements
Restaurants in Atlanta department stores began serving African-American customers September 28, 1961. In 1964 other restaurants ended segregation.

References

Civil rights
History of Atlanta

Atlanta Student Movement


Gateway is a 1977 science-fiction novel by American writer Frederik Pohl. It is the opening novel in the Heechee saga, with four sequels that followed (five books overall). Gateway won the 1978 Hugo Award for Best Novel, the 1978 Locus Award for Best Novel, the 1977 Nebula Award for Best Novel, and the 1978 John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.  The novel was adapted into a computer game in 1992.

Publishing history
Gateway was serialized in Galaxy prior to its hardcover publication. A short concluding chapter, cut before publication, was later published in the August 1977 issue of Galaxy.

Plot summary
Gateway is an asteroid hollowed out by the Heechee, a long-vanished alien race. Humans have had limited success understanding the left-behind bits of Heechee technology found there and elsewhere. The Gateway Corporation administers the asteroid on behalf of the governments of the United States, the Soviet Union, the New People's Asia, the Venusian Confederation, and the United States of Brazil.

Nearly a thousand small, abandoned starships are located at Gateway. By extremely dangerous trial and error, humans have partially learned how to operate them. The controls for selecting a destination have been identified, but nobody knows where a particular setting will take the ship, how long the trip will last, or even if enough fuel is available to get back. Those who choose to risk their lives cram the limited space with equipment and hopefully enough food for the trip, but sometimes it is not enough, and they have to resort first to cannibalism, and if that is not enough, to suicide. Attempts at reverse engineering to find out how the ships work have ended only in disaster, as has changing the settings in midflight. Most settings lead to useless or lethal places. A few, however, result in the discovery of new Heechee artifacts and habitable planets in other star systems, making the crews extremely wealthy. The vessels were made in three standard sizes, which can hold a maximum of one, three, or five people. Some "threes" and many "fives" are armored. Each ship includes a lander to visit a planet or other object if one is found.

Despite the risks, many people on impoverished, overcrowded Earth dream of going to Gateway. Robinette Stetley Broadhead is a young food shale miner who wins a lottery, giving him enough money to purchase a one-way ticket to Gateway. Once there, he is frightened of the danger and puts off going on a mission as long as he can. In the meantime, he becomes romantically involved with two different women, eventually settling on Gelle-Klara Moynlin, his co-enabler in fearful delaying. Eventually, he starts running out of money, and although still terrified, he goes out on three trips. The first, with Klara and three others, is unsuccessful, and afterwards tension rises between them until he gives her a vicious beating. On the second trip, he goes by himself and inadvertently makes a discovery through unauthorized experimentation when he becomes infuriated after reaching Gateway Two, a smaller version of Gateway with only about 150 ships. He is awarded a sizable bonus because his route saves about 100 days of travel time; the windfall is partially offset by the large penalty for incapacitating his ship. On his third trip, the Gateway Corporation tries something different - sending two armored fives, one slightly behind the other, to the same destination, one rejected by most ships' computers; each crewmember is promised a million-dollar bonus. Bob signs up in desperation, along with Klara, with whom he has reconciled.

When the ships arrive, their crews find to their horror that they are in the gravitational grip of a black hole without enough power to break free. One person devises a desperate escape plan: Move everyone into one ship and thrust the other toward the black hole with an explosion in a lander, thus gaining enough of a boost to escape. They work frantically to transfer unnecessary equipment to make room for everyone in one ship, but Broadhead finds himself alone in the wrong ship when time runs out. He closes the hatch so that the plan can proceed. However, his ship is the one that breaks free.

Broadhead returns to Gateway and is awarded all the mission bonuses. He feels such enormous survivor guilt for dooming his crewmates, especially Klara, that he suppresses his memories of what happened, but he is very disturbed and miserable, though he does not understand why, so back on Earth as a wealthy man, he seeks therapy from an artificial intelligence Freudian therapist program, which he names Sigfrid von Shrink.

The narrative alternates in time between Broadhead's experiences on Gateway and his sessions with Sigfrid, converging on the traumatic events near the black hole and Broadhead finally remembering them so he can begin to heal. Sigfrid helps him realize that due to the gravitational time dilation of the black hole's immense gravity field, time is passing much more slowly for his former crewmates and none of them have actually died yet. Broadhead, however, concludes that this means that they will still be alive when he dies, with Klara still believing that he betrayed them to save himself.

Also embedded in the narrative are various mission reports (usually with fatalities), roster openings, technical bulletins, and other documents Broadhead might have read on Gateway, adding to the verisimilitude.  The economic side of living at Gateway is presented in detail, commencing with the contract all explorers must enter into with the Gateway Corporation, and including how some awards are determined.

Reception
C. Ben Ostrander reviewed Gateway in The Space Gamer No. 12. Ostrander commented, "I loved this book. I like books that don't solve big problems, but take care of the characters."

Reviews
Review by Lester del Rey (1977) in Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact, February 1977
Review by David Johns (1977) in Galileo, July 1977
Review by Charles N. Brown (1977) in Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine, Fall 1977
Review by David Samuelson (1977) in Locus, #203 August 1977
Review by Jeff Frane (1978) in Delap's F & SF Review, February 1978
Review by Algis Budrys (1978) in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, March 1978
Review by Chris Morgan (1978) in Vector 86
Review by Ed Naha (1978) in Future, April 1978
Review [French] by Denis Guiot (1978) in Fiction, #291
Review by Philip Stephensen-Payne (1978) in Paperback Parlour, August 1978
Review by Andrew Kaveney (1978) in Foundation, #14 September 1978
Review by Richard Lupoff (1978) in Algol, #33, Winter 1978-1979
Review by Bruce Gillespie (1980) in SF Commentary, #60/61
Review [German] by uncredited (1982) in Reclams Science Fiction Führer
Review [French] by Michel Levert (1983) in Proxima [France], #0
Review by Gene DeWeese (1985) in Science Fiction Review, Fall 1985
Review by M. H. Zool (1989) in Bloomsbury Good Reading Guide to Science Fiction and Fantasy
Review by Stuart Carter (1999) in Vector 207
Review [Spanish] by José Miguel Pallarés (2001) in Las 100 mejores novelas de ciencia ficción del siglo XX
Review by Darrell Bain (2005) in My 100 Most Readable (and Re-Readable) Science Fiction Novels
Review by Graham Sleight (2006) in Locus, #551 December 2006
Review by Rob Weber (2014) in Big Sky, #3: SF Masterworks 1

Television adaptation attempts
In 2015 Variety announced that a Gateway TV series was going to be written and produced by David Eick and Josh Pate for Syfy, although it failed to enter production. In 2017 Skybound Entertainment made an agreement with the Pohl estate for another attempt at making a TV series but it failed to begin production as well.

References

External links

 Gateway as serialized in Galaxy Science Fiction parts one, two, and three, at the Internet Archive

1977 American novels
1977 science fiction novels
Fiction about asteroids
John W. Campbell Award for Best Science Fiction Novel-winning works
Hugo Award for Best Novel-winning works
Nebula Award for Best Novel-winning works
Novels by Frederik Pohl
St. Martin's Press books
Novels about extraterrestrial life
Fiction about black holes
Novels about artificial intelligence
Space opera novels
Novels adapted into video games

Xenoarchaeology in fiction

Gateway (novel)


The Fishing Party (TFP) was a minor Australian political party whose primary support base is found among recreational fishers. The party was founded by Robert Smith in July 2000 and it had branches in several Australian states. It was headquartered in Singleton, New South Wales (NSW).

The party's major platform was the challenging of laws which it considers to be inappropriate to recreational fishing practices. The party's motto is 'I fish I vote'. TFP has protectionist leanings, in that it wishes to control risk to flora and fauna from infections carried by imports. It sees itself as an 'environmentalist' group with a priority on management and access rather than preservation. It therefore seeks to promote sustainable recreational fishing, with an emphasis on humans as being part of the eco-system, not apart from it.

After enlisting 500 members, the party achieved federal official party status on 25 September 2001. On enlisting 750 members, it achieved NSW official party status on 29 January 2002. On 10 March 2004 the Queensland branch was launched, and on 13 May 2004 the Victorian branch came into being. The Fishing Party (Queensland branch) (TFPQ) achieved party registration in 2006, but not until after the 2006 Queensland State election. Nevertheless, the TFP(Qld) endorsed four candidates as independents, and they averaged 8% of the vote, within their respective electorates. The Qld party broke away from the NSW based Federal organisation, using the deregistration of all small parties to register a new name and attempt to widen its appeal and voter base and is now registered with the AEC as Australian Fishing & Lifestyle Party and no longer has any connection with the Fishing Party. This registration is a current matter before the Administrative Appeals Tribunal and the federal court.

The federal party membership comes from NSW, Queensland, Victoria, South Australia, Australian Capital Territory, Western Australia and Tasmania.

The Fishing Party contested their first NSW election in 2003 and in March 2007 campaigned heavily with their preferences responsible to oust the Australian Liberal Party in the seat of Port Stephens on Marine Park regulations. The party contested both those Upper House elections and gained 1.5% of votes for the Legislative Council (Upper House). The party has not achieved parliamentary representation. The party has also contested the federal elections of 2001, 2004 and 2007 in the House of Representatives and the Senate, and local government council ballots

Founder Robert Smith is a past Australian Anglers Association President General, and is the President of the NSW Fishing Clubs' Association.

Robert Smith contested the 2008 Lyne by-election, receiving about 3.5 per cent of the vote.

See also
 List of Australian political parties

External links
www.thefishingparty.info
Core policies
Policy detail

Defunct political parties in Australia
Political parties established in 2000
Recreational political parties
2000 establishments in Australia

Fishing Party (Australia)


Richard Louis Murphy (November 6, 1875July 16, 1936) of Dubuque, Iowa was a Democratic U.S. Senator from Iowa.  Elected with President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932, as only the second Democratic Senator from Iowa elected since 1858, Murphy's service was cut short by his accidental death in 1936, with over two years remaining in his only term.

Louis Murphy was born to John and Anna Murphy in Dubuque, Iowa, on November 6, 1875. His father was the publisher of the Dubuque Telegraph-Herald.  Louis attended the public schools in Dubuque, including two years of high school, but his earnings were needed at home, so his formal education ended.  He began a career in journalism at age 15, by serving as a reporter for the Galena, Illinois, Gazette from 1890 to 1892.  Returning to Dubuque in 1892, he worked at the Dubuque Times-Journal as a reporter then as a city editor.  Upon his father's death in 1902, he became the editor of the Dubuque Telegraph-Herald, serving in that position until 1914.   He was appointed by the Woodrow Wilson Administration to serve as collector of internal revenue for Iowa from 1913 to 1920.  After the end of that administration, he worked as an income tax counselor from 1920 to 1931, when he retired from active pursuits.

In 1932, he ran as the Democratic nominee for the U.S. Senate seat then held by Smith W. Brookhart.  Henry Field seized the Republican nomination from Brookhart. In the general election, Murphy defeated Field by a wide margin, as part of the Democratic landslide that accompanied the election of Roosevelt and defeat of Herbert Hoover. A chief plank of Murphy's platform was the restoration, as an agricultural relief measure, of the legality of beer.

Murphy served from March 4, 1933, until his death in an automobile accident near Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, on July 16, 1936.  He and his wife, Ellen, were returning to Dubuque from a week's vacation in Hayward, Wis., with Fred W. Woodward, publisher of the Dubuque Telegraph Herald, and his wife, Elsie, according to the Telegraph Herald (July 16, 1936). Murphy's wife, one of three passengers injured in the crash, reported that the accident occurred when a tire blew out while Murphy was driving at low speed, causing it to plunge off an embankment. He was buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery, in Key West, Iowa (a suburb of Dubuque).

With Murphy's death, the Roosevelt Administration lost a reliable ally in the Senate.  Although Murphy was replaced by another Democrat, (Guy M. Gillette), Gillette was often at odds with the president, opposing his plan to expand the Supreme Court, and opposing, until late 1941, Roosevelt's support for Great Britain.

At the time of the accident, Mr. and Mrs. Murphy were the parents of five children—Mary, Elinor Ann, Imelda, Ellen and Charles. A sixth child had died in infancy.

See also
 List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)

References

External links

1875 births
1936 deaths
Politicians from Dubuque, Iowa
Road incident deaths in Wisconsin
Democratic Party United States senators from Iowa
Iowa Democrats
20th-century American politicians
19th-century American journalists
20th-century American newspaper publishers (people)

Louis Murphy (American politician)


Uphill Cliff () is a 19.8 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest near the village of Uphill, North Somerset, although it is in the Avon Area of Search used by English Nature which is based on the 1974-1996 county system.

The site was notified as an SSSI in 1952 and the area increased in a 1984 Revision. The site excludes Uphill Church and grounds.

It consists of species-rich calcareous grassland and rock-face situated on Carboniferous Limestone. Steeper banks and knolls in the grassland have a flora which includes orchids Somerset Hair Grass (Koeleria vallesiana), and Honewort, (Trinia glauca) and the Goldilocks Aster (Galatella linosyris) along with several species of butterfly and Weevil (Curculionoidea).

The site is approximately co-terminus with two local nature reserves, Uphill Hill and Walborough Common.

References

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in North Somerset
Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1952
Weston-super-Mare
Cliffs of England

Uphill Cliff