Apollo 5 (launched January 22, 1968), also known as AS-204, was the uncrewed first flight of the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) that would later carry astronauts to the surface of the Moon. The Saturn IB rocket bearing the LM lifted off from Cape Kennedy on January 22, 1968. The mission was successful, though due to programming problems an alternate mission to that originally planned was executed.

Like Apollo 4, this flight was long delayed, due in part to setbacks in development of the LM, manufactured by Grumman Aircraft. The original Saturn IB rocket that was to take the first LM (LM-1) to space was taken down during the delays and replaced with the one that would have launched Apollo 1 if the spacecraft fire that killed three astronauts had not taken place. LM-1 arrived at the Kennedy Space Center in June 1967; the following months were occupied in testing and placing the LM atop the Saturn IB. After final delays due to equipment trouble, the countdown began on January 21, 1968, and the space vehicle was launched the following day.

Once the craft reached orbit and the LM separated from the S-IVB booster, the program of orbital testing began, but a planned burn was aborted automatically when the Apollo Guidance Computer detected the craft was not going as fast as planned. Flight Director Gene Kranz and his team at Mission Control in Houston quickly decided on an alternate mission, during which the mission's goals of testing LM-1 were accomplished. The mission was successful enough that a contemplated second uncrewed mission to test the LM was cancelled, advancing NASA's plans to land an astronaut on the Moon by the end of the 1960s.

Background

In 1961, United States President John F. Kennedy challenged his nation to land an astronaut on the Moon by the end of the decade, with a safe return to Earth.  After considerable debate, NASA (the US government's spaceflight agency) decided in late 1962 that lunar missions would use a lunar orbit rendezvous in which the complete Apollo spacecraft would be propelled towards lunar orbit by the Saturn V launch vehicle's third stage (called the S-IVB). Once in lunar orbit, those astronauts who would land on the Moon would enter what was then called the lunar excursion module (LEM) (later called the lunar module (LM)). This craft would separate from the Apollo's command and service module (CSM) and land on the Moon. When the astronauts were ready to return, they would enter the LM, take off, and re-dock with the CSM. Once the crew reentered the CSM, they would discard the lunar module and return to Earth in the CSM. In 1962, NASA invited eleven companies to bid for the contract to construct the LM. On November 7, 1962, NASA announced that it had awarded the contract to Grumman in Bethpage, New York.

Delays
As with Apollo 4, there were significant delays for Apollo 5. The primary cause of the Apollo 5 delays was the LM, which was behind schedule. Apollo Program Manager Major General Samuel C. Phillips had originally hoped that the uncrewed test flight of LM-1, the first lunar module, would launch in April 1967. Anticipating six months for checkout and testing of the vehicle, NASA asked Grumman to have LM-1 delivered to Kennedy Space Center in Florida by September 1966, but due to difficulties in manufacturing LM-1, delivery was repeatedly delayed. The delivery date was still uncertain when AS-206, the Saturn IB launch vehicle planned to boost LM-1 to orbit, was erected at Launch Complex 37 in January 1967. After the fire that month that killed the Apollo 1 crew, the launch vehicle planned for Apollo 1, AS-204, was moved from Launch Complex 34 to Launch Complex 37 and replaced AS-206.  This was done because AS-204 was the last Saturn IB with full research and development instrumentation, and, with crewed flight on hold, NASA wanted to use that booster for the first flight of the LM.

With no LM yet available, Grumman built a plywood mockup of one at Launch Complex 37 to aid in facilities verification. On May 12, 1967, Apollo Program Spacecraft Manager George M. Low informed NASA headquarters that Grumman was committed to a June 28 delivery of LM-1, though Low noted that the goal would be hard to meet. On June 23, LM-1 arrived at Cape Kennedy on board Aero Spacelines' Super Guppy; the stages were mated to each other four days later. A 400-person team under John J. Williams, a veteran of launch operations for both Mercury and Gemini, checked to see that LM-1 met specifications, after which they supervised Grumman technicians, who tested and modified the vehicle. Due to leaks in the LM's ascent stage, the two stages were demated in August, and after these were fixed and the stages remated, another leak developed and the stages were demated again in September. During this time, several pieces of equipment were removed for repair by Grumman; the stages were remated again in October.

As of September 6, 1967, Apollo 5 was running about 39 days behind the plan established on July 18, but all known issues were being dealt with, with the exception of some leaks from the propulsion system. Most mission documents were ready by late 1967; Mission Director William C. Schneider issued mission rules on November 18, 1967. The following day, LM-1 was mated to its launch vehicle, and the space vehicle readiness test was completed in December. In early January 1968, the office of NASA Administrator James E. Webb announced that Apollo 5 would be launched no earlier than January 18, 1968. Minor faults such as clogged filters led to some additional delays. The countdown demonstration test concluded on January 19 and an abbreviated 22-hour countdown began on January 21.

Objectives

Apollo 5 was intended to verify the operation of the subsystems of the LM. During the flight, the ascent and descent engines would be fired. A "fire in the hole" test would be conducted to verify that the ascent stage could still fire while attached to the descent stage, a procedure that would be used on the lunar surface and in the event of an aborted lunar landing. It involved shutting down the descent stage, switching control and power to the ascent stage, and starting the ascent engine while the two stages were still mated. The term "fire in the hole" derived from a term used in mining when explosives are about to be used. Additional testing was to check that the LM engines could be restarted after initial use. In addition to testing LM systems, Apollo 5 was to test the Instrument Unit in its Saturn V configuration.

It was expected that the ascent stage of LM-1 would remain in orbit for about two years before re-entering the atmosphere and disintegrating, and the descent stage for about three weeks.

Equipment

Apollo 5 was launched into orbit by the Saturn IB, designated SA-204R, which had been assigned to Apollo 1. Originally brought to Cape Kennedy in August 1966, it had survived the fire unscathed, having been inspected after the fire for corrosion or other damage. Ignition weight for the launch vehicle, including the spacecraft and propellant, was .

The space vehicle for this mission was  tall but had a stubby appearance since it had neither a CSM nor a launch escape system. Instead, the LM was housed within the spacecraft-lunar module adapter (SLA) at the top of the vehicle stack. The SLA, numbered as SLA-7, was just below the nose cap in the stack, and had four panels that would open once the nose cap was jettisoned in orbit, allowing the LM room to separate and move away.

The LM, designated as LM-1, was the first flight-ready Apollo lunar module. To save weight, and because they would not be necessary during the test mission, LM-1 had no landing legs.

After one of the windows of LM-5 (which would fly on Apollo 11) broke during testing in December 1967, NASA officials decided to replace the windows of LM-1 with aluminum plates out of concern a window might fail in flight. Since there would be no astronauts aboard, LM-1 had a mission programmer installed, which could control the craft remotely. Not all LM-1 systems were fully activated nor was it given a full load of consumables: for example, its primary batteries were partially discharged to avoid over-voltage complications, and the oxygen tanks for the environmental control systems were only partially full.

Flight
On January 22, 1968, Apollo 5 lifted off from Launch Complex 37B at Cape Kennedy Air Force Station at 17:48:08 Eastern Standard Time (22:48:08 UTC). The Saturn IB worked perfectly, inserting the second stage and LM into an  orbit. The nose cone was jettisoned, and after a coast of 43 minutes 52 seconds, the LM separated from its adapter, in a  orbit.

After two orbits, the first planned 39-second descent-engine burn was started, but this was aborted after only four seconds by the Apollo Guidance Computer, which detected that the spacecraft was not going as fast as expected. This happened because one of the engine's valves was suspected of being leaky and was not armed until it was time to ignite the engine, in orbit, which meant that the propellant took longer to reach the engine, leading to the lag. Programmers could have adjusted the software to account for this, but were not told. In addition, the tanks were only half full, and this contributed to the slowness of the ship. Had this occurred on a crewed mission, the astronauts would have been able to analyze the situation and decide whether the engine should be restarted.

Gene Kranz was the flight director for Apollo 5. Mission Control, under Kranz's command, decided on a plan to conduct the engine and "fire-in-the-hole" tests under manual control. There were communication problems with the spacecraft, and omitting these tests would have meant the mission was a failure. Despite this, Kranz's team accomplished every burn. The ascent stage spun out of control eight hours into the mission, after completion of the engine burns, due to a problem with the guidance system.

The stages were left in a low enough orbit that atmospheric drag would soon cause their orbits to decay and re-enter the atmosphere. The ascent stage re-entered on January 24 and burned up; the descent stage re-entered on February 12, falling into the Pacific several hundred miles southwest of Guam. Simulations showed that the S-IVB stage of the launch vehicle (1968-007B) re-entered about 15.5 hours into the flight.

Apollo Spacecraft Program Manager George M. Low said that Apollo 5's success "was due to the fact that we had a good piece of hardware; it was due to the fact that we had outstanding flight control teams under Gene Kranz' able leadership." Despite the trouble during the descent-engine burn, NASA deemed the mission a success in demonstrating the LM systems, and a second uncrewed flight test using LM-2 was cancelled. The first crewed LM flight took place on Apollo 9 in March 1969.

Notes

References

Sources

External links

U.S. Registry of Objects Launched into Outer Space

Apollo 05
1968 in the United States
Spacecraft launched in 1968
January 1968 events
Spacecraft launched by Saturn rockets

Apollo 5


Proto-Indo-Aryan (sometimes Proto-Indic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Indo-Aryan languages.

Features
It is intended to reconstruct the language of the Proto-Indo-Aryans. Being descended from Proto-Indo-Iranian (which in turn is descended from Proto-Indo-European), it has the characteristics of a Satem language.

Further reading

 Morgenstierne, Georg. "Early Iranic Influence upon Indo-Aryan." Acta Iranica, I. série, Commemoration Cyrus. Vol. I. Hommage universel (1974): 271-279.

Languages of Asia

Proto-Indo-Aryan


Hikayat Panca Tanderan (حكاية ڤنچا تندران) is a hikayat in Malay language written by Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir. The hikayat was an adaptation of Panchatantra which was translated from Tamil language in 1835 with the help of a friend of Abdullah named Tambi Mutu Birapattar. Abdullah himself is a Muslim of mixed Tamil, Arab and Malay  ancestry.

The contents of the story are similar to the Hikayat Khalila dan Damina, a Malay text translated from the work of Persian scholar Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa, Kalilah wa-Dimnah (كليلة و دمنة), which in turn a translation from the Syriac version, Kalilag and Damnag which was also an adaptation of Panchatantra. The Abdullah's version however is considered closer to the original one in Sanskrit because it was directly translated from the Tamil version, which was written within the circle of Hindu culture itself.

Story
In Padalipurwan country, the land of Hindustan, there was a king named Sukadarma. He has four princes who are very dumb and did not obey their parent's advice. Their behavior made the king feel extremely sad.

So one day, when the king received an audience from his ministers and nobilities, there was a Brahmin named Sumasingha that voluntarily offered to educate his princes. The king gratefully accepted the offer so he gave the Brahmin his royal presents and rewards.

The Brahmin taught the four stupid princes with five (Sanskrit: pancha) stories that are divided based on their knowledge (Sanskrit:tantra) and supplemented with animal fables.

The titles of the five stories are:

Matrapanam (in Sanskrit: Mitrabheda).
Sakralaum (in Sanskrit: Mitraprâpti).
Sandi Bikraum (in Sanskrit: Sandhi Vigraha).
Artanasam (in Sanskrit: Labdhanâśa).
Sambi Rica Karium (in Sanskrit: Aparîksitakâritva).

References

Malay-language literature
Works by Munshi Abdullah

Hikayat Panca Tanderan


Ernst Heinrich Krenek (, 23 August 1900 – 22 December 1991) was an Austrian, later American, composer. He explored atonality and other modern styles and wrote a number of books, including Music Here and Now (1939), a study of Johannes Ockeghem (1953), and Horizons Circled: Reflections on my Music (1974). Krenek wrote two pieces using the pseudonym Thornton Winsloe.

Life
Born Ernst Heinrich Křenek in Vienna (then in Austria-Hungary), he was the son of a Czech soldier in the Austro-Hungarian army. He studied there and in Berlin with Franz Schreker before working in a number of German opera houses as conductor. During World War I, Krenek was drafted into the Austrian army, but he was stationed in Vienna, allowing him to go on with his musical studies. In 1922 he met Alma Mahler, widow of Gustav Mahler, and her daughter, Anna, to whom he dedicated his Symphony No. 2, and whom he married in January 1924. That marriage ended in divorce before its first anniversary.

At the time of his marriage to Anna Mahler, Krenek was completing his Violin Concerto No. 1, Op. 29. The Australian violinist Alma Moodie assisted Krenek, not with the scoring of the violin part, but with getting financial assistance from her Swiss patron Werner Reinhart at a time when there was hyper-inflation in Germany. In gratitude, Krenek dedicated the concerto to Moodie, and she premiered it on January 5, 1925, in Dessau. Krenek's divorce from Anna Mahler became final a few days after the premiere. Krenek did not attend the premiere, but he did have an affair with Moodie, which has been described as "short-lived and complicated". He never managed to hear her play the concerto, but he did "immortalize some aspects of her personality in the character of Anita in his opera Jonny spielt auf". This 'jazz opera', completed in 1926, was an enormous success across Europe and made Krenek a household name for several years; there is even a brand of cigarettes, still on the market today in Austria, named "Jonny". Krenek himself became uncomfortable with this success though, as his musical colleagues criticised the commercialisation of his music, and shortly afterwards changed his compositional direction radically.

The jazz-influenced score of Jonny spielt auf and its central character of a black jazz musician (who is also seen womanising and stealing a priceless violin) brought Krenek the opprobrium of the nascent Nazi Party; the image of Jonny was distorted to form the centrepiece of the poster advertising the Entartete Musik exhibition of so-called 'degenerate' music in 1938. Krenek was frequently named as a Jewish composer during the Third Reich, although he was not, and was intimidated by the regime until his emigration; on March 6, 1933, one day after the last semi-free election of March 1933, Krenek's incidental music to Goethe's Triumph der Empfindsamkeit was withdrawn in Mannheim, and eventually pressure was brought to bear on the Vienna State Opera, which cancelled the commissioned premiere of Karl V.

In 1938 Krenek moved to the United States, where he taught music at various universities, the first being Vassar College. He later taught at Hamline University in Saint Paul, Minnesota from 1942 to 1947. There he met and married his third wife, the composer Gladys Nordenstrom, who was his student at the time. He became an American citizen in 1945. He later moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where he taught at The Royal Conservatory of Music during the 1950s. His students included Milton Barnes, Lorne Betts, Roque Cordero, Samuel Dolin, Robert Erickson, Halim El-Dabh, Richard Maxfield, Will Ogdon, George Perle, Virginia Seay, and Hsiung-Zee Wong. Later he moved to Tujunga, before moving to Palm Springs, California in 1966. He died there in 1991, aged 91, but was buried at the Vienna Central Cemetery. In 1998 Gladys Nordenstrom founded the Ernst Krenek Institute; in 2004 the private foundation moved from Vienna to Krems an der Donau, Austria.

Completions of other composers' unfinished works
After meeting Krenek in 1922, Alma Mahler asked him to complete her late husband's Symphony No. 10. Krenek assisted in editing the first and third movements but went no further. More fruitful was Krenek's response to an approximately contemporary request from his pianist and composer friend Eduard Erdmann, who wished to add Schubert's Reliquie piano sonata to his repertoire, for completions of that work's fragmentary third and fourth movements. Krenek's completion, dated to 1921 in some sources but to 1922 in his own memory, later found other champions in Webster Aitken in the concert hall and Ray Lev; Friedrich Wührer; and, more recently, Stanislav Khristenko on records.

In his notes to the Lev recording, dated July 1947, Krenek offered insights into the challenges of completing another composer's works in general and the Schubert sonata in particular.

Completing the unfinished work of a great master is a very delicate task. In my opinion it can honestly be undertaken only if the original fragment contains all of the main ideas of the unfinished work. In such a case a respectful craftsman may attempt, after an absorbing study of the master's style, to elaborate on those ideas in a way which to the best of his knowledge might have been the way of the master himself. The work in question will probably have analogies among other, completed works of the master, and careful investigation of his methods in similar situations will indicate possible solutions of the problems posed by the unfinished work. Even then the artist who goes about the ticklish task will feel slightly uneasy, knowing from his own experience as a composer that the creative mind does not always follow its own precedents. He is more conscious of the fact that unpredictability is one of the most jealously guarded prerogatives of genius. ... However, scruples of this kind may be set aside once we are certain that the author of the fragment has put forth the essential thematic material that was expected to go into the work. If this is not the case, I feel that no one, not even the greatest genius, should dare to complete the fragments left by another genius.

As an example, Krenek explains that a careful student of Rembrandt's style might be able to complete a painting lacking one or two corners but could never supply two entirely missing paintings from a four-painting series; such an attempt would result only in "more or less successful fakes". Turning to a musical example, Krenek, evidently unaware of the surviving sketch of a third movement, avers that Schubert's own "Unfinished" Symphony "was left by its creator with only two of its four movements written; of the other two there is no trace. It would be possible to write two or more movements to the symphony in the manner of Schubert, but it would not be Schubert."

Musical style
Krenek's music encompassed a variety of styles and reflects many of the principal musical influences of the 20th century. His early work is in a late-Romantic idiom, showing the influence of his teacher Franz Schreker, but around 1920 he turned to atonality, under the influence of Ernst Kurth's textbook, Grundlagen des linearen Kontrapunkts, and the tenets of Busoni, Schnabel, Erdmann, and Scherchen, amongst others.

A visit to Paris, during which he became familiar with the work of Igor Stravinsky (Pulcinella was especially influential) and Les Six, led him to adopt a neo-classical style around 1924. Shortly afterward, he turned to neoromanticism and incorporated jazz influences into his opera Jonny spielt auf (Jonny Strikes Up, 1926) and one-act opera Schwergewicht (1928). Other neoromantic works of this period were modeled on music of Franz Schubert, a prime example being Reisebuch aus den österreichischen Alpen (1929).

Krenek abandoned the neoromantic style in the late 1920s to embrace Arnold Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique, the method exclusively employed in Krenek's opera Karl V (1931–33) and most of his later pieces. His most uncompromising use of the twelve-tone technique was in his Sixth String Quartet (1936) and his Piano Variations (1937). In the Lamentatio Jeremiae prophetae (1941–42) Krenek combined twelve-tone writing with techniques of modal counterpoint of the Renaissance. He used motifs composed by his student Virginia Seay in his works Hurricane Variations for Piano, opus 100 (1944) and Tricks and Trifles 1945), also for piano.

In 1955 he was invited to work in the Electronic Music Studio at WDR in Cologne, and this experience motivated him to develop a total serial idiom. Beginning around 1960 he added to his serial vocabulary some principles of aleatoric music, in works such as Horizon Circled (1967), From Three Make Seven (1960–61), and Fibonacci-Mobile (1964).

In his later years his compositional style became more relaxed, though he continued to use elements of both twelve-tone and total serial techniques.

Works

Decorations and awards
 1951: Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
 1955: City of Vienna Prize for Music
 1960: Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver (Grosses Silbernes Ehrenzeichen)
 1960: Gold Medal of the City of Vienna
 1963: Grand Austrian State Prize for Music
 1965: Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Großes Verdienstkreuz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland)
 1966: Bach Prize of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg
 1970: Honorary Ring of the Vienna
 1975: Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
 1978: Goethe Medal of Hesse
 1980: Honorary Citizen of the City of Vienna
 1984: Honorary Citizen of the City of New Orleans
 1990: Grand Decoration of Salzburg

On Krenek's 85th birthday, the City of Vienna donated the Ernst Krenek Prize.

Honorary doctorates
 1944: Hamline University, St. Paul
 1953: Chapman College, Los Angeles
 1965: University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
 1976: New England Conservatory, Boston
 1977: Philadelphia Musical Academy, Philadelphia

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading
 Bowles, Garrett H. (comp.) (1989). Ernst Krenek: A Bio-Bibliography. New York and London: Greenwood Press.
 Dreyfus, Kay (2003). "Alma Moodie and the Landscape of Giftedness". Australasian Music Research 7:1–14. (Subscription access)
 Lawson, Colin (1995). The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.  (cloth)  (pbk)
 Purkis, Charlotte (1992b). "Krenek, Ernst". The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie, 4 vols. London: Macmillan.
 Taylor-Jay, Claire (2004). The Artist Operas of Pfitzner, Krenek and Hindemith: Politics and the Ideology of the Artist. Aldershot, Hants, England; Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate.
 Tregear, Peter John (2001). "Musical style and political allegory in Krenek's Karl V". Cambridge Opera Journal, 13, 55–80.

External links

 Orel Foundation Ernst Krenek – biography, bibliography, works and discography
 Art of the States: Ernst Krenek
 Ernst-Krenek-Institut site contains an English-language discography, worklist, and details of each work, so only some works and information have been given above
 Krenek page at Lexikon verfolgter Musiker und Musikerinnen der NS-Zeit
 Interview with Ernst Krenek, January 18, 1986
 Ernst Krenek Letters to Mildred Kayden MSS 713.
 NAMM Oral History Interview with Gladys Krenek March 25, 2010
 Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library
 Ernst Krenek's Buchla synthesizer, GreatSynthesizers.com

1900 births
1991 deaths
20th-century classical composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century Austrian composers
20th-century Austrian male musicians
American opera composers
American male classical composers
Austrian opera composers
Austrian male classical composers
Austrian people of Czech descent
Austrian emigrants to the United States
Czech opera composers
Czech male classical composers
Ballet composers
Expressionist music
Male opera composers
String quartet composers
Twelve-tone and serial composers
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Grand Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Recipients of the Grand Austrian State Prize
Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
Classical musicians from California
Musicians from Palm Springs, California
Vassar College faculty
People from Währing
Pupils of Arnold Schoenberg
Pupils of Franz Schreker
Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery
Pseudonymous artists

Ernst Krenek


Flyball is a dog sport in which teams of dogs race against each other from the start to the finish line, over a line of hurdles, to a box that releases a tennis ball to be caught when the dog presses the spring-loaded pad, then back to their handlers while carrying the ball.

Flyball is run in teams of four dogs, as a relay. The course consists of four hurdles placed  apart from each other, with the starting line  from the first hurdle, and the flyball box  after the last one, making for a  length. The hurdle height is determined by the ulna's length or the smallest dog's shoulder height on the team (depending on the association). For example, under current North American Flyball Association (NAFA) rules, this should be  below the withers height of the smallest dog, to a height of no less than  and no greater than .

United Kingdom Flyball League (UKFL) uses a patented ulna measuring device, measuring the distance between the 'elbow' and bone of the stopper pad with a minimum height of  and a maximum of . Current EFC (European Flyball Championship) rules limit the height to no less than 17.5 cm and no greater than 35 cm. Each dog must return its ball all the way across the start line before the next dog crosses. Ideal running is nose-to-nose at the start line. The first team to have all four dogs cross the finish line error free wins the heat. Penalties are applied to teams if the ball is dropped or if the next relay dog is released early.

History

Flyball started as a dog sport in the late 1960s and early 1970s in Southern California. Some dog trainers combined scent hurdle racing with the dogs bringing back a tennis ball to the finish line. Then a tennis ball-launching apparatus was added, and the first flyball box was born. Herbert Wagner is credited with making the first real flyball box, and he also demonstrated flyball on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.

The first flyball tournament was held in 1983 in the United States.

Flyball has now expanded into many countries, including Australia, Canada and South Africa, and in European countries such as Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Austria, Hungary, France and the United Kingdom have national flyball tournaments and also hold joint annual European championships.

The European championships, which are the largest international Flyball championships, were held in the United Kingdom in 2007 and 2012, the Czech Republic in 2008; Poland in 2018; Belgium in 2009, 2010 and 2013; Germany in 2011, 2015 and 2019; and France in 2014.

Nature of the sport

Flyball provides an entertaining and active way to interact with one's dog and other dog enthusiasts in an enjoyable environment while allowing the dogs exercise and enjoyment. It is an especially effective way to burn off dogs' energy with a high drive to work, such as Border Collies and Staffordshire Bull Terriers.

A large part of flyball's popularity stems from the fact that it is one of the competition activities available to mixed-breed dogs, allowing rescued mutts and non-pedigree dogs to shine alongside their purebred canine counterparts. Though herding dogs currently dominate the courses, many champion teams have mutts on them. Dogs earn titles and awards based on points earned by their team in racing.

As the sport has developed, better dog training regimes have been introduced as knowledge has increased within the sport. Specific training has been developed to promote the dogs using the 'swimmers' type turns on the Flyball box when catching the ball and turning.

Flyball is not limited to the breed's size, as smaller dogs such as Patterdale Terriers, Jack Russell Terriers, Whippets and even miniature poodles, often compete with great success in mixed-breed teams (teams consisting of dogs of various sizes and breeds). Smaller dogs are often prized as the hurdle height is based on the height of the smallest dog in the team, commonly known as a height dog. Their only limitation is whether they can trigger the release pad, and small dogs often have to fully jump on it to do so.

Flyball is one of the non-hunting dog sports in which dogs and people work as a team. Many casual pet owners use their flyball time more as a way to relax and socialize with other dog owners than as a competition, and many champion flyball dogs are essentially pet dogs with a hobby, rather than dedicated sporting or working dogs. On the other hand, modern flyball has become the fastest-growing team sport, a sport for dogs, handlers and coaches. First division teams have well-trained dogs and handlers and are trained and coached to perform. Some teams use dedicated specially bred sport dogs.

Competitions

Competitions are usually hosted by a specific local flyball club but under the sanction of a national governing body. The host club may be devoted solely to flyball or to many other types of dog sports. The host flyball club uses Head judges who are licensed by the national sanctioning organization and the club will apply to the national sanctioning organization for permission to hold a competition on a specific date or weekend; most competitions are two-day weekend events.

Although competitions may vary, teams are normally seeded into divisions against other teams of similar speed. This allows the races to be closer and much more exciting. Each team in the division will usually race against all the other teams in a round robin format. The overall winner is the team with the most wins in a race.

In competitions all teams will also be trying to improve their own individual team's best race time. Teams that underestimate their speed may "break out" of their division in competition. The break-out time for a division is typically set at 1 second faster than the top seeded team in each division. The break-out rule is intended to encourage teams to seed themselves accurately, as any heats where a team breaks out do not count and are recorded as losses.

The largest single regularly held flyball competition is the North American Flyball Championships which is called the CanAm Classic. In the 2009 Championships there were about 300 teams competing held over a 3-day event.

U-Fli hosts their Tournament of Champions at Purina Farms. A slightly smaller scale to NAFA's CanAm Classic, it hosts over 100 teams and runs 3 to 4 rings of races over the course of 3 days.

Technology
While flyball tournaments can be run manually utilizing stopwatches and line judges, electronic systems to facilitate accurate judging are the norm. NAFA refers to their system as the Electronic Judging System. U-FLI refers to their system as the Digital Scoring System.

These systems are similar in nature, with the following primary components: A light tree to indicate the countdown to race start, optical gates positioned at the start/finish line to detect line faults, and a high-precision digital clock to time the race.

Pass Calling
Flyball teams with fast dogs and tight passes run into the limits of human perception when it comes to accurate estimation of the distance between the dogs when the returning dog passes through the plane of the start/finish line.

Some teams use digital video cameras to record the pass, and then review frame-by-frame to develop an estimate of distance, but the traditional frame rate of 30 frames per second (FPS) can present a problem in that it is unlikely to capture a frame of the exact moment the returning dog breaches the plane of the start/finish line. More recently, high-speed consumer cameras such as the Casio Exilim EX-FH100 have been used to record video at much higher frame rates.

Some teams have started using software designed for other sports, such as the cSwing Golf Analysis tool, to aid in the capture and review of high speed camera footage of flyball passes.

Fastest recorded singles time

Wire (owned and trained by Jayne McQuillen) from Skidmarkz flyball team from Iowa City, Iowa, USA recorded a time of 3.386 seconds at Jefferson, Wisconsin on September 2, 2023.

Fume (owned and trained by Barbara Bunday) from Paws on the Run flyball team from Leicestershire UK recorded a time of 3.40 seconds, recorded at Horseley Fen 31 December 2021.

National Record Times

Australian

 The current AFA record is 15.987 seconds and is held by Norwest Thunderdogs 1 (set at Canberra show on 26 February 2022). The Norwest Thunderdogs 1 team consisted of Ivy (Australian Kelpie), Link (Koolie), Inferno (Border Collie), and 9 inch height dog Swift (Koolie) .

British

 The current BFA record is 14.62 seconds and is held by F.O.C.U.S Flyball Team (set in Warrington on 18th March 2023) which they have broken 3 times!
 The current UKFL record is 14.45 seconds and is held by Tails We Win set on 11th February 2023.
 The current multi-breed record is held by Tails We Win flyball team who set the record of 15.42 in may 2023
 The current Crufts Flyball record is 14.27 seconds and is held by Roadrunners Beep Beep, set 11 March 2023. They are also the first non-UK team to win the Crufts flyball tournament, and on their first attempt.

Belgian

 The current Belgian record is 14.16 seconds and is held by Roadrunners Flyball Team based at Zonhoven. It was set at Beersel on 16 july 2023. Roadrunners Beep Beep, part of The Roadrunners flyball team, attained the record using a height dog, jump height 27.5cm. The record was set outdoors at a Super Cup competition.

Poland

 The current Polish record is 14.84 seconds and is held by Fractal Flyball Team based at Gdańsk. It was set in Gdańsk on 19 September 2021.

EFC
 The current record by European Flyball Championships ruling is 15.31 seconds and is held by Roadrunners flyballteam from Zonhoven, Belgium and was set at EFC 2018 in Poland. The EFC tournament is an outdoor competition.

North American

 The current U-FLI record is 14.182 seconds and is held by Touch N Go. It was set on 12 April 2014 in Hurricane, Utah.
 The current NAFA Regular record is 14.433 seconds and is held by Border Patrol. It was set on 5 June 2016 in Rockton, ON.

Governing bodies
 USA and Canada: The first flyball organization, the North American Flyball Association (NAFA), was created to design uniform competition rules and to promote the sport.
 USA and Canada: North American Flyball Association (NAFA) United Flyball League International (U-FLI).
 Canada: The main flyball organization is the North American Flyball Association (NAFA).
 United Kingdom. There are 2 organisations in the UK : - The British Flyball Association (BFA) formed in 1994.-The UK UK flyball league (UKFL) which was formed in December 2017.
 Australia: The sport is overseen by the Australian Flyball Association (AFA).
 Belgium: The main flyball organization is the Belgische Flyball Belge (BFB).
 South Africa: The main flyball organization is the South African Flyball Dog Association (SAFDA).

See also
 Championship (dog)
 Dog sports

References

External links

Australian Flyball Association
 British Flyball Association
 Flyball Teams and Information
 Guinness World Records Largest Flyball Tournament

Dog sports

Flyball


A placebo is a treatment for a disease or condition which is deliberately ineffective. The motive usually is that if a person believes that a medicine, diet, or other treatment is good for them, then it is good for them.

Sometimes sick people who receive a placebo feel like they are getting better, and sometimes their bodies actually do get better. When patients have that response, it is called the "placebo effect". The term placebo effect (or placebo response) was introduced in 1920. It is the response of the subject which causes the observed effect, not the substance,.

Origins
John Haygarth tested a placebo effect in the 18th century. It showed "to a degree which has never been suspected, what powerful influence upon diseases is produced by mere imagination".

Émile Coué, a French apothecary, working  between 1882 and 1910, discovered what later came to be known as the "Placebo effect". He reassured his clients by praising each remedy's efficiency and leaving a small positive notice with each medication. In 1901 Coué began to study under hypnosis. In 1913, Coué and his wife founded La Société Lorraine de Psychologie appliquée. His book Self-mastery through conscious autosuggestion was published in England (1920) and in the United States (1922).

Placebos and blind trial
Placebos are used as part of blind trials. Blind trials work like this: Some people are given the medicine or treatment being tested, and others are given the placebo. No one knows who gets the real treatment and who gets the placebo. They are "blind" to their treatment.

If researchers notice that the "treatment group" is different from the "placebo group" they will know that the difference is because of the treatment. Without a "placebo group" then researchers cannot know if those changes would have happened anyway, no matter which medicine people had taken.

Genuine effects of placebos
Placebos can have real effects on patients: that is what "placebo effect" means. Since a landmark paper in 1955 the placebo effect has been recognised and accepted by some, and denied by others. However, there is no doubt that for certain conditions, the placebo effect does exist. Examples are:

Relief of pain. Studies of acupuncture have been positive. The placebo effect is mediated by "top-down" processes from neocortex areas that influence expectations. "Diseases lacking major 'top-down' or cortically based regulation may be less prone to placebo-related improvement".

 Parkinson's disease: Placebo relief is associated with the release of dopamine in the brain.

 Depression: Placebos reducing depression affect many of the same areas that are activated by antidepressants with the addition of the prefrontal cortex

 Caffeine: Placebo-caffeinated coffee causes an increase in bilateral dopamine release in the thalamus.
 Glucose: The expectation of an intravenous injection of glucose increases the release of dopamine in the basal ganglia of men (but not women).
 Methylphenidate: The expectation of intravenous injection of this drug in inexperienced drug users increased the release of dopamine in the ventral cingulate gyrus and nucleus accumbens, with this effect being largest in those with no prior experience of the drug.

Related pages

 Belief
 Medication
 Optimism
 Pessimism
 Pharmacology
 Scientific method

References

Drugs

Placebo


《博茲札記》(Sketches by Boz),英國作家狄更斯的第一部散文集,1836年出版,當時他還是英國《晨報》的國會記者,專門採訪英國下議院的政策辯論,也時常採訪各種選舉活動。這段時間他經常在期刊上發表文章、短篇作品,並以"博茲"為筆名,文章筆調輕鬆,內容詼諧的風格,後來兩次結集出版為「博茲札記」,第一版由政治連環漫畫家克魯克香克(George Cruikshank)插圖。博茲札記雖未讓狄更斯名躁一時,但引起一家出版商的青睞,請他為"運動員畫冊月刊"寫說明文字,他原本不懂玩球、獵狐,但期間因原畫家猝逝,使得狄更斯反客為主、掌握主動,騁馳想像空間,於是出現後來的「匹克威克外傳」(The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club)。

內容
博茲札記(Sketches by Boz)的內容:
 Our parish
 The beadle. The parish engine. The schoolmaster.
 The curate. The old lady. The half-pay captain
 The four sisters
 The election for beadle
 The broker's man
 The ladies' societies
 Our next-door neighbour
 Scenes
 The streets - morning
 The streets - night
 Shops and their tenants
 Scotland Yard
 Seven Dials
 Meditations in Monmouth-Street
 Hackney-coach stands
 Doctors' commons
 London recreations
 The river
 Astley's
 Greenwich fair
 Private theatres
 Vauxhall Gardens by day
 Early coaches
 Omnibuses
 The last cab-driver, and the first omnibus cad
 A parliamentary sketch
 Public dinners
 The first of may
 Brokers' and marine-store shops
 Gin-shops
 The pawnbroker's shop
 Criminal courts
 A visit to Newgate
 Thoughts about people
 Thoughts about people
 A Christmas dinner
 The New Year
 Miss Evans and the eagle
 The parlour orator
 The hospital patient
 The misplaced attachment of Mr. John Dounce
 The mistaken milliner. A tale of ambition
 The dancing academy
 Shabby-genteel people
 Making a night of it
 The prisoners' van
 Tales
 The boarding-house; Chapter the first.
 Chapter the second.
 Mr. Minns and his cousin
 Sentiment
 The Tuggses at Ramsgate
 Horatio Tparkins
 The black veil
 The steam excursion
 The great Winglebury duel
 Mrs. Joseph Porter
 A passage in the life of Mr. Watkins Tottle
 Chapter the first
 Chapter the second
 The Bloomsbury christening
 The drunkard's death

外部連結
 Sketches by Boz - Easy to read HTML

英國文學
查爾斯·狄更斯的小說

博兹札记


In the history of mathematics, the generality of algebra was a phrase used by Augustin-Louis Cauchy to describe a method of argument that was used in the 18th century by mathematicians such as Leonhard Euler and Joseph-Louis Lagrange, particularly in manipulating infinite series. According to Koetsier, the generality of algebra principle assumed, roughly, that the algebraic rules that hold for a certain class of expressions can be extended to hold more generally on a larger class of objects, even if the rules are no longer obviously valid.  As a consequence, 18th century mathematicians believed that they could derive meaningful results by applying the usual rules of algebra and calculus that hold for finite expansions even when manipulating infinite expansions.

In works such as Cours d'Analyse, Cauchy rejected the use of "generality of algebra" methods and sought a more rigorous foundation for mathematical analysis.

Example
An example is Euler's derivation of the series

for .  He first evaluated the identity

at  to obtain

The infinite series on the right hand side of () diverges for all real .  But nevertheless integrating this term-by-term gives (), an identity which is known to be true by Fourier analysis.

See also
 Principle of permanence
 Transfer principle

References

Mathematical analysis
History of calculus

Generality of algebra


Marie Balian, née Alexanian, (January 25, 1925 in Marseille, France – September 13, 2017 in East Jerusalem) was an Armenian artist and ceramic painter, especially known for her distinctive and impressive ceramic tile murals.

Her family originally came from the small Turkish town Kutahya. They fled Turkey on foot to Greece in 1917. From there, they took ship for France. Marie grew up in Lyon, France. As a six-year-old girl she began drawing and at ten she was doing portraits. She studied at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Lyon but had to drop out for financial reasons. In 1953 she met her distant cousin Setrak on his way to study ceramic technology with Ray Finch and Bernard Leach in England. They married in 1954 in Bethlehem.

Her contribution to Middle Eastern art was to introduce more Armenian elements, such as trees, animals and birds in a primitive style and elevate the craft to fine art and therewith brought her own cachet. She added movement to what had traditionally been static compositions and reminded us of the glorious beauty of nature. Suddenly, gazelles were prancing, peacocks were preening, garlands were flowing. The concept known as the Gardens and Views of Paradise of Marie Balian developed. She referred to 13th century after Christ when Persian artists were favoring garden scenes for their painted ceramic tiles. Symmetry gave way to dynamic asymmetry. At a later age she herself becomes aware she is a link in an ancient chain, and that she has played a crucial role in rescuing one branch of a centuries-old tradition from oblivion. "It's very easy for me. It's as if I had already done this in an earlier age, like the fourth, fifth or sixth century." She became the master painter of the Balian atelier in East Jerusalem, the Palestinian Pottery and a renowned artist.

In the introduction of the documentary "The Glimps of Paradise" about her life and art and worldwide recognition Marie is described as one of the icons of the Jerusalem art world. The book "Birds of Paradise" further documents her fine art. In recent years, her work has received attention via social media on the Internet.

Balian Family

In the 1600s, Armenian artisans in a small Turkish town named Kutahya developed a distinctive "Islamic" style in decorative ceramics, while also developing a series of  unique and instantly recognizable local styles including playful figures, ceramic eggs, coffee cups, rosewater jars and various types of votive ware. In late 1918, the British authorities invited David Ohannessian (commons), a renowned ceramicist who had established a workshop in Kutahya in 1907 and had developed an international clientele there, but had been deported to Aleppo in 1916, to travel to Jerusalem to consult on the planned British renovation of the tiling of the Dome of the Rock. After some experiments with the existing 19th century kiln and local materials, Ohannessian returned to Kutahya to obtain the needed clays and other minerals and recruit the remaining Armenian ceramicists to join him in Jerusalem. Ohannessian brought 8-10 Kutahya artisans to Jerusalem in 1919, including the expert wheel potter Nishan Balian, and the accomplished painter Mgrditch Karakashian. Balian and Karakashian worked for Ohannessian until 1922, when they struck out on their own, opening a second Armenian ceramics atelier in Jerusalem, located on Nablus Road. In 1966 the Balian and Karakashian families split their businesses and established separate workshops. The Balian atelier was known as the Palestinian Pottery and Marie was the master painter. Neshan, Marie's son feels compelled to continue the family tradition. He studied ceramic engineering in the United States

Fame and recognition
Marie Balian came to world attention in 1992 when the Smithsonian Institution, the national museum of the United States, paid tribute to her work with a six-month show. The exhibition "Views of Paradise" included more than 20 wall-size panels that together presented the artist's conception of the ultimate garden. The exhibition was so well-received that the gallery extended its stay Further exhibitions followed in Boston MA (ALMA Museum), Israel (Eretz Israel Museum) and Alicante, Spain. Balian's work is shown on a stamp and many publications followed Balian's work is widely spread on the internet, and in museums such as the Victoria & Albert Museum in London, England

Works from the "Views of Paradise" exhibition were installed in the Persian Garden in Wassenaar, The Netherlands.

Gallery

Notes

1925 births
2017 deaths
Armenian ceramists
Armenian women ceramists
20th-century Armenian artists
20th-century Armenian women artists
French emigrants

Marie Balian


USS General H. F. Hodges (AP-144) was a  for the U.S. Navy in World War II. The ship was crewed by the U.S. Coast Guard until decommissioning. She was named in honor of U.S. Army general Harry Foote Hodges. She was transferred to the U.S. Army as USAT General H. F. Hodges in 1946. On 1 March 1950 she was transferred to the Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) as USNS General H. F. Hodges (T-AP-144). She was later sold for commercial operation under the name SS James, before being scrapped in 1979.

Operational history
General H. F. Hodges (AP-144) was launched 3 January 1945 under Maritime Commission contract (MC #711) by Kaiser Co., Inc., Yard 3, Richmond, California; sponsored by Mrs. Hodges Dickson; acquired by the Navy and commissioned 6 April 1945.

After shakedown training, General H. F. Hodges sailed from San Francisco 10 May 1945 with over 3,000 troops and a contingent of Army nurses. In the ensuing two months, she steamed to Hollandia, Manila, Leyte, and Biak in support of the accelerating push toward Japan before returning to San Francisco on Independence Day 1945. The transport departed 8 July for New York via the Panama Canal; and, after stopping there briefly, departed 5 August for Naples on a troop rotation voyage. While at sea she received word of the Japanese capitulation.

She returned to Boston 31 August with passengers from Naples. General H. F. Hodges then made two long voyages through the Suez Canal to India bringing home American troops, ending the second cruise when she reached New York Christmas Eve. The transport departed New York 31 January 1946 for Ceylon and India, continuing by way of the Pacific Islands to the United States, arriving 28 March 1946. She remained at Seattle until decommissioned 13 May 1946 and was returned to the Maritime Commission for transfer to the Army Transport Service. She was used to transport troops from Japan to the US by way of Korea in March 1947.

Reacquired by the Navy 1 March 1950, General H. F. Hodges was assigned to the MSTS under a civil service crew. In the years that followed, the ship sailed between New York and Latin American and European ports, as a passenger ship and supporting American ground units helping to deter Communist aggression in Europe, and transporting refugees from Bremerhaven to New York. From 22 to 28 March 1950, the ship left Cristobal, Canal Zone in the Republic of Panama and arrived in New York carrying passengers immigrating to the United States. She carried troops, their dependents, and supplies to most of the ports in northern Europe and the Mediterranean. In 1958, the versatile ship took time out from her busy schedule of voyages to participate in a giant amphibious exercise on the North Carolina coast, demonstrating the ease with which MSTS ships could be integrated into regular navy combat operations when and where the need arises. After two more passages to Europe, General H. F. Hodges was returned to the Maritime Administration 16 June 1958, and was placed in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, Hudson River, New York.

The transport was sold in 1967 to James River Transport, Inc. of New York who had Todd Shipyard, Brooklyn rebuild her to SS James, a 10,530-ton cargo ship. James entered commercial service in February 1968 and was scrapped at Taiwan in 1979.

References

External links

 Interview with Clyde Allen, USCG (Ret.), a World War II veteran interviewed as part of the U.S. Coast Guard Oral History Program
 Photographs of USS General H. F. Hodges, 1945-1946, taken by crew member Leonard Rudoff, Apprentice Seaman, 3rd Class.

H. F. Hodges
Transport ships of the United States Army
Korean War auxiliary ships of the United States
Cold War auxiliary ships of the United States
Ships built in Richmond, California
1945 ships
Hudson River Reserve Fleet

USS General H. F. Hodges


The Australian Medical Association (AMA) is an Australian public company by guarantee formed as a professional association for Australian doctors and medical students. The association is not run by the Australian Government and does not regulate or certify doctors, a responsibility which lies with the  Medical Board of Australia and the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency. The association's national headquarters are located in Barton, Australian Capital Territory, in addition to the offices of its branches in each of the states and territories in Australia.

The organisation aims to lead health policy debate.  It is based on a structure of state branches and committees. The AMA supports patient care and uses a variety of mechanisms that promote and protect the interests of doctors in Australia.  It has around 30,000 members forming the largest voluntary association of doctors in Australia. The AMA has traditionally been a conservative (rather than progressive) body. The AMA officially endorses trials to use pill testing.

The AMA offers an Indigenous Medical Scholarship. It has formed an Equity, Inclusion and Diversity Committee.  The current president is Steve Robson. The BMA Branches of the Australian states and territories formally merged into the Australian Medical Association in 1962.

Aims and objectives
The AMA has a range of representative and scientific committees. One of its stated aims is "leading the health policy debate by developing and promoting alternative policies to those government policies that the AMA considers poorly targeted or ill-informed; responding to issues in the health debate through the provision of a wide range of expert resources; and commissioning and conducting research on health issues.".

Organisation structure
The AMA uses a representative structure involving state branches and committees to work with members to promote and protect the interests of doctors in Australia.

The mechanisms that allow this include:
 working with governments to maintain and increase provision of world-class medical care to all Australians;
 tracking and reporting government performance on health;
 challenging government on policy that potentially harms the interests of patients;
 providing a resonant and authoritative expert medical commentary on health issues;
 responding to issues in the health debate through provision of a wide range of expert resources; and
 commissioning and conducting research on health issues.

The AMA supports patient care by serving the medical profession across a broad range of services, including:
 protecting the academic, professional and economic independence and the well-being of medical practitioners;
 promoting and advancing ethical behaviour by the medical profession and protecting the integrity and independence of the doctor/patient relationship; and
 preserving and protecting the political, legal and industrial interests of medical practitioners.

Membership and demographics
The AMA with slightly fewer than 30,000 members is the largest voluntary association of doctors in Australia.  When compared to Royal Colleges in membership, it is the second largest association of Australian doctors, behind the RACGP, but slightly bigger than the RACP. However, the AMA does not have the regulatory role that the Colleges have as part of the Ahpra and Australian Medical Council system.

The AMA represents slightly fewer than 30% of all Australian doctors, down from previous levels of 95% in 1962 and 50% in 1987. The rate of membership amongst Australian GPs is lower than for other doctors, with approximately 6,000 out of 45,000 GPs being AMA members. Engagement of GPs by the AMA is lower than for the RACGP and ACRRM. In 2020, the incoming AMA President Omar Khorshid claimed in an interview that the AMA could still advocate on behalf of all doctors, even though only 30% of doctors supported the AMA through membership.

There are 15 officially recognised specialty medical Colleges in Australia. The AMA offers only the 11 largest out of the 15 representation on AMA Federal Council with the smaller Colleges currently ineligible for representation. The official Australian medical colleges that do not have representation within the AMA are Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians, Australian College of Rural and Remote Medicine, College of Intensive Care Medicine and the Royal Australasian College of Medical Administrators.

The AMA offers an Indigenous Medical Scholarship. It has called upon the Federal government to spend more on Indigenous Health in a number of areas. However, the AMA lobbied against equitable time-tiered Medicare consultation rebates for different specialists, which was proposed by the MBS Review Taskforce. Inability to access equitable time-tiered MBS rebates for Sport & Exercise Medicine specialists under Medicare is an important issue for Indigenous Australians. In 2020, the AMA President Tony Bartone criticized attendees at the Black Lives Matter rallies in Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic for attending a large gathering, although AMA (WA) President Andrew Miller was supportive.

The AMA formed an Equity, Inclusion and Diversity Committee (EIDC) in 2016, which produced an anti-racism statement in 2018 . The AMA held a Gender Equity Summit in 2019 and set targets to improve female representation on AMA Boards and Committees, aiming for >=40%. The AMA has only had two female Presidents in its history. In early 2020, less than 20% of members on AMA Federal Council were female. After elections in mid-2020, this had increased to 27% of members on Federal council being female. In 2017, 42% of doctors were female in Australia.

History

Colonial medical associations

New South Wales

The Medico-Chirurgical Association of Australia was formed in 1844 aiming to "maintain and secure the dignity and the privileges of the medical and surgical profession in this colony". Prominent surgeon and former convict William Bland was a founding member, but the organisation was short-lived. In 1850, Irish-trained physician Henry Douglass revived the Australian Philosophical Society (later the Royal Society of New South Wales), which included Charles Nicholson and a number of other doctors as members.

In 1858, English-trained physician James Robertson established a body called the Australian Medical Association (AMA), whose members were primarily from Sydney but also included some Queenslanders. Bland was elected as the organisation's president and it recorded over 110 members in its early years. However, it did not survive Robertson and Bland's subsequent deaths and was wound up in 1869.

Following the demise of the original AMA, unsuccessful attempts at revival were made by Frederick Milford and Charles Nathan. In 1876, Nicholson established a medical section of the Royal Society with the aid of Normand MacLaurin and Philip Sydney Jones. A New South Wales branch of the BMA was established in 1880, receiving official recognition on the same date as the South Australian branch.

Queensland
The Queensland Medical Society was established in 1871 with Kearsay Cannan as president and Joseph Bancroft as secretary. Following conflict between members, it was replaced by the Medical Society of Queensland (MSQ) in 1882 with Kevin Izod O'Doherty as inaugural president, later replaced by Bancroft. The society was complemented by the Queensland Medico-Ethical Association led by surgeon John Thomson. After Bancroft's death in 1894, Queensland followed the other colonies in establishing a branch of the BMA, with ophthalmologist William Frederick Taylor as inaugural branch president.

South Australia
The South Australian Medical Association was established in 1872 with surgeon William Gosse as president, but it was wound up in 1881. Many physicians were also prominent in the Royal Society of South Australia, including Joseph Verco, George Mayo and Edward Charles Stirling. South Australia was the first colony to establish a branch of the British Medical Association, doing so in 1879 with Gosse as president and Thomas Wilson Corbin as secretary. The South Australian branch of the BMA proved to be the most active in Australia, lobbying for the creation of a medical school at the University of Adelaide, organising the first Intercolonial Medical Congress in 1887, and encouraging other colonies to also affiliate with the BMA.

Tasmania
Several physicians were prominent in the Royal Society of Tasmania, established in 1843, including state premiers James Agnew and William Crowther. However, it was not until 1896 that Agnew established a medical section of the Royal Society, which functioned as the main medical organisation in Tasmania for 15 years. Attempts to establish a branch of the BMA were made as early as the 1880s, driven by Victorian-trained doctors. In 1897 a sub-branch of the Victorian BMA was formed in Launceston, which lasted until 1904. A Tasmanian branch of the BMA was eventually established in 1911, but was marked by conflict between groups from Launceston and Hobart. The branch was split into northern and southern sections in 1925.

Victoria
The Port Phillip Medical Association was established in 1846 with a membership drawn from the Port Phillip District of New South Wales. It was disbanded in 1851, the same year that the district became the separate colony of Victoria, but the following year was replaced by a new Victorian Medical Association (VMA) with David Elliot Wilkie as president. A rival Medical-Chirurgical Association of Victoria (MCA) was established in 1853 by William McCrea, joined by a number of independent bodies in gold rush districts such as Castlemaine, Mount Alexander, Bendigo and Ballarat.

The VMA and MCA merged in 1855 to form the Medical Society of Victoria (MSV). With James Edward Neild as honorary secretary, the MSV established a medical library and began publishing the Australian Medical Journal. However, it suffered from a series of internal conflicts between members and in 1868 was joined by a rival Medical Association of Victoria (MAV), publishing an alternative Australian Medical Gazette. In 1879, Neild resigned from the MSV over its failure to support him in a lawsuit and led moves to establish Victorian branch of the BMA, with surgeon William Gilbee as president. The MSV and BMA alternated between periods of enmity and cooperation until 1906, when they formally merged. Surgeon George Adlington Syme and Harry Brookes Allen were prominent supporters of the merger.

Western Australia
Due to its small population and distance from the other colonies, no serious attempts to establish a medical association in Western Australia were made until the 1880s. The Western Australian Medical Association was established in 1897, but lasted less than a year before a local branch of the BMA was set up with Alfred Waylen as inaugural president.

Later history

In 1911, the South Australian branch of the BMA resolved that a federal committee be established to co-ordinate activities with the other Australian branches. The motion was made by William Thornborough Hayward.

The BMA Branches of the Australian states and territories formally merged into the Australian Medical Association in 1962.

Presidents

 Cecil Colville (1962–1964)
 Sir Angus Murray (1964–1967)
 Clarence Rieger (1967–1970)
 Roderick Macdonald (1970–1972)
 Gavin Johnson (1972–1973)
 Sir Keith Jones (1973–1976)
 Rupert Magarey (1976–1979)
 Lionel Wilson (1979–1982)
 Lindsay Thompson (1982–1985)
 Trevor Pickering (1985–1988)
 Bryce Phillips (1998–1990)
 Bruce Shepherd (1990–1993)
 Brendan Nelson (1993–1995)
 David Weedon (1995–1996)
 Keith Woollard (1996–1998)
 David Brand (1998–2000)
 Kerryn Phelps (2000–2003)
 Bill Glasson (2003–2005)
 Mukesh Haikerwal (2005–2007)
 Rosanna Capolingua (2007–2009)
 Andrew Pesce (2009–2011)
 Steve Hambleton (2011–2014)
 Brian Owler (2014–2016)
 Michael Gannon (2016–2018)
 Tony Bartone (2018–2020)
 Omar Khorshid (2020–2022)
 Steve Robson (2022–present)

Other personnel
 Natalia Centellas, Secretary General (2022-)
 Martin Laverty, Secretary General (2019-2022)
 Dr M.T Schaper (2018)
 Anne Trimmer, Secretary General (2013-2018)
 Francis J. Sullivan, secretary general (2008–2012)
 Kerry Gallagher, secretary general (2007–2008)
 Ralph Howard, assistant general secretary (1964–1965)

Coat of arms

Positions
The AMA has traditionally been a conservative (rather than progressive) body, often opposing change rather than lobbying for change within medicine. For example, the AMA released a press release in early 2019 claiming an "Advocacy breakthrough" which in fact was to "oppose changes" being considered under a wide-ranging review of the Medicare Benefits Schedule. Historically the AMA has tended to oppose "government interference in the practice of medicine" advocating on behalf of the service-providers (doctors) rather than the consumers (patients). The AMA has been recently criticised for accepting the Australian Federal Government's JobSeeker subsidy during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia despite being profitable during 2020.

Climate change

The AMA acknowledges the scientific consensus that climate change is real and anthropogenic. In September 2019, the AMA officially declared climate change a public health emergency, stating that "The scientific reality is that climate change affects health and well-being by increasing the situations in which infectious diseases can be transmitted, and through more extreme weather events, particularly heatwaves."

Tony Bartone, AMA President, noted that climate change will cause "higher mortality and morbidity from heat stress; injury and mortality from increasingly severe weather events; increases in the transmission of vector-borne diseases; food insecurity resulting from declines in agricultural outputs; a higher incidence of mental-ill health".

The AMA has agreed with Doctors for the Environment Australia (DEA) that the healthcare sector in Australia should aim for a 80% reduction in emissions by 2030, but the AMA is still supportive of medical procedures with a poor evidence-base that could be considered wasteful and a source of excess emissions. For example, the AMA lobbied the Australian government to continue to fund spinal fusion as a surgical treatment under Medicare, even when there was substantial evidence that spinal fusion is an ineffective procedure and plans were in place to de-fund this surgery.

The AMA has called on the Australian Government to:
 Adopt mitigation targets within an Australian carbon budget
 Promote the health benefits of addressing climate change
 Develop a National Strategy for Health and Climate Change
 Promote an active transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy
 Establish a National Sustainable Development Unit to reduce carbon emissions in the healthcare sector.

Community pill-testing
The AMA officially endorses trials to use pill-testing at community events such as festivals. AMA President Dr Tony Bartone publicly declared his support for pill-testing at festivals, stating that it would provide "an opportunity to try and inform [drug users] about the dangerous consequences and try to get an opportunity to give them education and access to rehabilitation in terms of trying to reduce their drug dependency." NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian rejected the AMA's call for pill testing.

COVID-19
In June 2021, AMA President Omar Khorshid advocated for the construction of "purpose-built quarantine facilities" across each state and territory in Australia, particularly areas with significant international travel.

See also

 Australian Medical Students' Association
 Medical Journal of Australia
 AMA House, Sydney

References

Further reading

External links
 AMA – National site
 AMA – New South Wales Branch site
 AMA – Victoria Branch site
 AMA – South Australia Branch site
 AMA – Queensland Branch site
 AMA – Western Australia Branch site
 AMA – Tasmania Branch site

Organizations established in 1962
1962 establishments in Australia
Medical and health organisations based in Australia
Medical associations based in Australia

Australian Medical Association


Robert Schostak  is a political consultant and former chairman of the Michigan Republican Party, having replaced Ron Weiser.

In 2011, Schostak was first elected Party Chairman for the Michigan Republican Party, and invested heavily in new campaign technologies, including the MI Team Dashboard and a more user-friendly migop.org.

In 2013, Schostak was re-elected as Chairman of the Michigan Republican Party, defeating Tea Party activist Todd Courser.

During the 2014 election cycle, Schostak served as Michigan Republican Party Chairman, raising more than $30 million to support Republican candidates across Michigan. Schostak helped re-elect Governor Snyder, Secretary of State Johnson and Attorney General Schuette. Schostak's vision helped achieve historic Republican majorities in the Michigan State Senate and State House, and helped maintain a conservative majority on the Michigan Supreme Court.

In 2015, Schostak founded the Templar Baker Group.

Schostak attended Hillel Day School.
He and his wife Nancy were married in 1978; together they have three children, and four grandchildren.

Political influence
Schostak, along with billionaire Dick DeVos and former MIGOP Chairman Ron Weiser, was one of the primary architects of the so-called right to work legislation that was enacted by the Michigan legislature in a lame duck session in December 2012.

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Michigan Republican Party chairs

Bobby Schostak


Molly Cheek (born March 2, 1950) is an American actress. A Connecticut College graduate she worked in 'dinner-theater productions and summer stock'  before finding television and film work.

Cheek is best known for her roles in the television sitcoms as Nancy Bancroft on It's Garry Shandling's Show (1986–1990), and as Nancy Henderson on Harry and the Hendersons (1991–1993). She also had main roles in a number of short-lived television shows, and guest starred on St. Elsewhere, Diagnosis Murder, Family Ties, Murder, She Wrote, Once and Again, and Cold Case.

Cheek played the mother of main character Jim Levenstein in the 1999 film American Pie and in its sequels. She also has appeared in films Purple People Eater (1988), April's Shower (2003), A Lot like Love (2005), Good Time Max (2007), and Drag Me to Hell (2009).

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1950 births
Actresses from New York (state)
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
Living people
People from Bronxville, New York
Connecticut College alumni

Molly Cheek


An electrical cable is an assembly of one or more wires running side by side or bundled, which is used as an electrical conductor, i.e., to carry electric current.
One or more electrical cables and their corresponding connectors may be formed into a cable assembly, which is not necessarily suitable for connecting two devices but can be a partial product (e.g. to be soldered onto a printed circuit board with a connector mounted to the housing). Cable assemblies can also take the form of a cable tree or cable harness, used to connect many terminals together.

Etymology

The original meaning of cable in the electrical wiring sense was for submarine telegraph cables that were armoured with iron or steel wires.  Early attempts to lay submarine cables without armouring failed because they were too easily damaged.  The armouring in these early days (mid-19th century) was implemented in separate factories to the factories making the cable cores.  These companies were specialists in manufacturing wire rope of the kind used for nautical cables.  Hence, the finished armoured cores were also called cables.  The term was later extended to any bundle of electrical conductors (or even a single conductor) enclosed in an outer sheath, whether or not it was armoured.  The term is now also applied to telecommunications cables with fibre-optic cores within the outer sheath rather than copper conductors.

Uses

Electrical cables are used to connect two or more devices, enabling the transfer of electrical signals or power  from one device to the other. Long-distance communication takes place over undersea communication cables. Power cables are used for bulk transmission of alternating and direct current power, especially using high-voltage cable.  Electrical cables are extensively used in building wiring for lighting, power and control circuits permanently installed in buildings. Since all the circuit conductors required can be installed in a cable at one time, installation labor is saved compared to certain other wiring methods.

Physically, an electrical cable is an assembly consisting of one or more conductors with their own insulations and optional screens, individual covering(s), assembly protection and protective covering(s). Electrical cables may be made more flexible by stranding the wires. In this process, smaller individual wires are twisted or braided together to produce larger wires that are more flexible than solid wires of similar size. Bunching small wires before concentric stranding adds the most flexibility. Copper wires in a cable may be bare, or they may be plated with a thin layer of another metal, most often tin but sometimes gold, silver or some other material. Tin, gold, and silver are much less prone to oxidation than copper, which may lengthen wire life, and makes soldering easier. Tinning is also used to provide lubrication between strands.  Tinning was used to help removal of rubber insulation. Tight lays during stranding makes the cable extensible (CBA – as in telephone handset cords).

In the 19th century and early 20th century, electrical cable was often insulated using cloth, rubber or paper. Plastic materials are generally used today, except for high-reliability power cables.  The first thermoplastic used was gutta-percha (a natural latex) which was found useful for underwater cables in the 19th century.  The first, and still very common, man-made plastic used for cable insulation was polyethylene.  This was invented in 1930, but not available outside military use until after World War 2 during which a telegraph cable using it was laid across the English Channel to support troops following D-Day.

Cables can be securely fastened and organized, such as by using trunking, cable trays, cable ties or cable lacing. Continuous-flex or flexible cables used in moving applications within cable carriers can be secured using strain relief devices or cable ties.

At high frequencies, current tends to run along the surface of the conductor. This is known as the skin effect.

Characteristics

Any current-carrying conductor, including a cable, radiates an electromagnetic field. Likewise, any conductor or cable will pick up energy from any existing electromagnetic field around it. These effects are often undesirable, in the first case amounting to unwanted transmission of energy which may adversely affect nearby equipment or other parts of the same piece of equipment; and in the second case, unwanted pickup of noise which may mask the desired signal being carried by the cable, or, if the cable is carrying power supply or control voltages, pollute them to such an extent as to cause equipment malfunction.

The first solution to these problems is to keep cable lengths in buildings short since pick up and transmission are essentially proportional to the length of the cable. The second solution is to route cables away from trouble. Beyond this, there are particular cable designs that minimize electromagnetic pickup and transmission. Three of the principal design techniques are shielding, coaxial geometry, and twisted-pair geometry.

Shielding makes use of the electrical principle of the Faraday cage. The cable is encased for its entire length in foil or wire mesh. All wires running inside this shielding layer will be to a large extent decoupled from external electrical fields, particularly if the shield is connected to a point of constant voltage, such as earth or ground. Simple shielding of this type is not greatly effective against low-frequency magnetic fields, however - such as magnetic "hum" from a nearby power transformer. A grounded shield on cables operating at 2.5 kV or more gathers leakage current and capacitive current, protecting people from electric shock and equalizing stress on the cable insulation.

Coaxial design helps to further reduce low-frequency magnetic transmission and pickup. In this design the foil or mesh shield has a circular cross section and the inner conductor is exactly at its center. This causes the voltages induced by a magnetic field between the shield and the core conductor to consist of two nearly equal magnitudes which cancel each other.

A twisted pair has two wires of a cable twisted around each other. This can be demonstrated by putting one end of a pair of wires in a hand drill and turning while maintaining moderate tension on the line. Where the interfering signal has a wavelength that is long compared to the pitch of the twisted pair, alternate lengths of wires develop opposing voltages, tending to cancel the effect of the interference.

Fire protection

Electrical cable jacket material is usually constructed of flexible plastic which will burn. The fire hazard of grouped cables can be significant. Cables jacketing materials can be formulated to prevent fire spread . Alternately, fire spread amongst combustible cables can be prevented by the application of fire retardant coatings directly on the cable exterior, or the fire threat can be isolated by the installation of boxes constructed of noncombustible materials around the bulk cable installation.

Types

Coaxial cable – used for radio frequency signals, for example in cable television distribution systems.
Direct-buried cable
Flexible cables
Filled cable
Heliax cable
Non-metallic sheathed cable (or nonmetallic building wire, NM, NM-B)
Armored cable (or BX)
Multicore cable (consist of more than one wire and is covered by cable jacket)
Paired cable –  Composed of two individually insulated conductors that are usually used in DC or low-frequency AC applications
Portable cord – Flexible cable for AC power in portable applications
Ribbon cable – Useful when many wires are required. This type of cable can easily flex, and it is designed to handle low-level voltages.
Shielded cable – Used for sensitive electronic circuits or to provide protection in high-voltage applications.
Single cable (from time to time this name is used for wire)
Structured cabling
Submersible cable
Twin and earth
Twinax cable
Twin-lead – This type of cable is a flat two-wire line. It is commonly called a 300 Ω line because the line has an impedance of 300 Ω. It is often used as a transmission line between an antenna and a receiver (e.g., TV and radio). These cables are stranded to lower skin effects.
Twisted pair – Consists of two interwound insulated wires. It resembles a paired cable, except that the paired wires are twisted

CENELEC HD 361 is a ratified standard published by CENELEC, which relates to wire and cable marking type, whose goal is to harmonize cables. Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN, VDE) has released a similar standard (DIN VDE 0292).

Hybrid cables

Hybrid optical and electrical cables can be used in wireless outdoor fiber-to-the-antenna (FTTA) applications. In these cables, the optical fibers carry information, and the electrical conductors are used to transmit power. These cables can be placed in several environments to serve antennas mounted on poles, towers or other structures. Local safety regulations may apply.

See also

References

Further reading
 R. M. Black, The History of Electric Wires and Cables, Peter Pergrinus, London 1983
 BICC Cables Ltd, "Electric Cables Handbook", WileyBlackwell; London 3rd Edition 1997,

External links

Electrical cable


The 2017 No Mercy was the 13th No Mercy professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event produced by WWE. It was held exclusively for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw brand division. The event took place on September 24, 2017, at Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. No Mercy was discontinued after the 2017 event as following WrestleMania 34 in 2018, WWE discontinued brand-exclusive PPVs, resulting in the reduction of yearly PPVs produced. In 2023, however, No Mercy was revived for WWE's developmental brand, NXT.

Eight matches were contested at the event, including one on the Kickoff pre-show. In the main event, Brock Lesnar defeated Braun Strowman to retain the Universal Championship. In another marquee match, Roman Reigns defeated John Cena. In other prominent matches, Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins defeated Cesaro and Sheamus to retain the Raw Tag Team Championship and Alexa Bliss defeated Bayley, Emma, Nia Jax, and Sasha Banks in a fatal five-way match to retain the Raw Women's Championship.

Production

Background

No Mercy was first held by WWE as a United Kingdom-exclusive pay-per-view (PPV) in May 1999. A second No Mercy was then held later that same year in October, but in the United States, which established No Mercy as the annual October PPV for the promotion until 2008. No Mercy was discontinued in 2009 but it was reinstated in October 2016 following the reintroduction of the brand extension. On May 11, 2017, the 2017 event was moved up to September and held on September 24 at Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. It was the 13th No Mercy and in addition to airing on traditional PPV, it was available to livestream on the WWE Network. Tickets went on sale on July 15. While the 2016 event featured wrestlers exclusively from the SmackDown brand division, the 2017 event was Raw-exclusive.

Storylines
The event comprised eight matches, including one on the Kickoff pre-show, that resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw brand, while storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television shows, Monday Night Raw and the cruiserweight-exclusive 205 Live.

At SummerSlam, Brock Lesnar defeated Braun Strowman, Roman Reigns, and Samoa Joe in a fatal four-way match to retain the Universal Championship. The following night on Raw, Lesnar's victory celebration with his advocate Paul Heyman was interrupted by Strowman, who attacked Lesnar with a Chokeslam and two Running Powerslams. Later on the show, a Universal Championship title match between the two was scheduled for No Mercy. The following week, Lesnar and Heyman issued a warning to Strowman. On the September 4 episode, after Strowman defeated Big Show in a Steel Cage match, Strowman also warned Lesnar before throwing Big Show through the cage. In a confrontation the following week, Lesnar attacked Strowman with a German Suplex but Strowman quickly performed a Chokeslam and Running Powerslam on Lesnar, hoisting the title over Lesnar. In a split-screen interview on the final Raw before No Mercy, Lesnar thanked Strowman for being a "great challenge", stating that is when he is at his best.

On the August 21 episode of Raw, John Cena made his return to the Raw brand due to his status as a free agent and called out Roman Reigns, who was the reason Cena came to Raw. Reigns came out to confront Cena, but they were interrupted by The Miz and Samoa Joe, resulting in a tag team match, in which Cena and Reigns defeated Miz and Joe. The following week, Cena and Reigns had a contract signing for a match at No Mercy. Cena immediately signed the contract while Reigns was more reluctant. After a heated worked shoot argument about Reigns being the new "John Cena" and the two not respecting each other, Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson interrupted and challenged Reigns and Cena to an impromptu tag team match which Cena and Reigns won. The following week, Reigns confronted Cena, who had just defeated Jason Jordan, and wondered why a rookie gave the sixteen-time world champion a hard time. Reigns tried to goad Cena into a fight, but Cena refused and Reigns left, claiming that Cena did not back up his own words. The following week, Reigns defeated Jordan. Cena confronted Reigns, stating that Reigns also had a hard time defeating Jordan. On the final Raw before No Mercy, Reigns insulted Cena for being absent and compared him to The Rock, whom Cena had criticized for leaving WWE for Hollywood several years ago.

At SummerSlam, Sasha Banks defeated Alexa Bliss to win the Raw Women's Championship for a record tying fourth time. The following night on Raw, Bliss interrupted Banks' victory celebration to demand a rematch for the following week and teased Banks by pointing out that Banks had lost all her previous three championships in her first title defense. In the rematch, Bliss recaptured the championship. After the match, Nia Jax congratulated Bliss, but then attacked her, indicating her desire for a title match. The following week, Banks invoked her rematch clause for No Mercy. Jax and Emma, however, both confronted and demanded from General Manager Kurt Angle a championship match. Angle scheduled Jax and Emma to face Bliss and Banks in a tag team match where if they won, they would be added to the title match at No Mercy. Jax and Emma subsequently defeated Bliss and Banks to make the Raw Women's Championship match at No Mercy a fatal four-way match. The following week, Banks defeated Emma with Bliss and Jax on commentary. On the final Raw before No Mercy, Jax faced Bliss in a non-title match. Bliss tried to leave the ring, but was stopped by Banks and Jax defeated Bliss. After the match, Banks, Bliss, and the returning Bayley attacked Jax. Later that night, Bayley was added to the championship match, making it a fatal five-way match at No Mercy.

At SummerSlam, Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins captured the Raw Tag Team Championship from Cesaro and Sheamus. The following night on Raw, The Hardy Boyz (Jeff Hardy and Matt Hardy) congratulated Ambrose and Rollins and challenged them to a non-title match that Ambrose and Rollins won. The following week, Cesaro defeated Rollins after being distracted by Sheamus, and Ambrose defeated Sheamus after Rollins got involved. Cesaro and Sheamus then invoked their rematch clause for No Mercy.

At SummerSlam, Finn Bálor, wrestling in his "Demon King" persona, defeated Bray Wyatt. A couple of weeks later on Raw, Wyatt, who was not involved in the match, caused Bálor's elimination from a battle royal to determine the number one contender for the Intercontinental Championship. The following week, Bálor addressed Wyatt's interference before he was confronted by Wyatt, who said that it was not Bálor, but the Demon King who defeated him at SummerSlam, and challenged "the real Finn Bálor" to a match at No Mercy, which Bálor accepted. On the September 11 episode, after Wyatt defeated Goldust, he attempted to wipe off Goldust's face paint, but Bálor came to the rescue and Wyatt retreated. The following week, Goldust, as Dustin Rhodes, was granted a rematch with Wyatt, but was unsuccessful. Afterwards, Bálor appeared on the TitanTron. He said that man had created demons, and asked Wyatt which one was more dangerous, and said Wyatt would find out at No Mercy.

On the SummerSlam Kickoff pre-show, Neville defeated Akira Tozawa to recapture the WWE Cruiserweight Championship. On the following episode of 205 Live, Tozawa was unsuccessful in a championship rematch. After the match, Enzo Amore, who was moved to the cruiserweight division, debuted on 205 Live and confronted Neville. After Amore, Cedric Alexander, and Gran Metalik won a six-man tag team match against Noam Dar, Drew Gulak, and Tony Nese, Neville informed the winners that they had qualified for a fatal five-way elimination match, which also included Nese and The Brian Kendrick, the following night on 205 Live. Amore won the match after last eliminating Alexander, and earned a title opportunity at No Mercy. The following week on Raw, after Braun Strowman attacked Amore, Neville came out and performed the Red Arrow on Amore. The following night on 205 Live, a confrontation between Amore and Neville ended with Amore attacking Neville with a low blow.

On the September 18 episode of Raw, Intercontinental Champion The Miz interrupted General Manager Kurt Angle, who was advertising No Mercy's two headlining matches. Miz complained that he was without a title defense for the second straight pay-per-view. Angle then scheduled a fatal four-way match involving Jeff Hardy, Matt Hardy, Elias, and Angle's (storyline) son Jason Jordan to determine Miz's challenger for No Mercy. Miz criticized Jordan's entry into the match, calling Angle a poor father and demanded for The Miztourage (Bo Dallas and Curtis Axel) to be added as well. After Jordan also insisted on this, Angle agreed, making it a six-pack challenge that Jordan ultimately won. After the match, The Miztourage and Miz attacked Jordan.

On September 22, a match between Apollo Crews and Elias was scheduled for the No Mercy Kickoff pre-show.

Event

Pre-show
During the No Mercy Kickoff pre-show, Elias faced Apollo Crews. Elias performed "Drift Away" on Crews to win the match.

Also during the pre-show, it was advertised that NXT's Asuka would make her main roster debut at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs.

Preliminary matches
The actual pay-per-view opened with The Miz (accompanied by Curtis Axel and Bo Dallas) defending the Intercontinental Championship against Jason Jordan. In the end, Dallas distracted the referee, allowing Axel to attack Jordan. Miz then executed the "Skull Crushing Finale" on Jordan to retain the title.

Next, Bray Wyatt fought Finn Bálor. Before the match, Wyatt attacked Bálor. As officials tendered to Bálor, Wyatt called him a coward, which prompted Bálor to return to compete and the match began. In the end, Bálor executed the "Coup de Gráce" on Wyatt for the win.

After that, Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins defended the Raw Tag Team Championship against Cesaro and Sheamus. During the match, Cesaro accidentally hit his mouth on the ring post, damaging his front two teeth. In the end, Sheamus attempted the "Brogue Kick" on Ambrose, but Ambrose avoided and Sheamus accidentally performed the "Brogue Kick" on Cesaro. Rollins then performed the "Ripcord Knee" on Sheamus, which was followed by Ambrose performing "Dirty Deeds" on Sheamus to retain the titles.

In the fourth match, Alexa Bliss defended the Raw Women's Championship in a fatal five-way match against Nia Jax, Sasha Banks, Emma, and Bayley. During the match, Jax dominated, including performing a Samoan drop on Bliss and Banks at the same time. Jax was then taken out momentarily following a powerbomb by Bayley and Emma from the ring apron onto the floor. In the closing moments, after more back and forth action, Jax returned and performed a leg drop on Banks, but Bliss and Emma broke up the pin. Bliss sent Jax into the ring post, sent Bayley into Emma, and performed a Snap DDT on Bayley to retain the title.

Afterwards, John Cena fought Roman Reigns. Cena performed an "Attitude Adjustment" on Reigns for a near-fall. Reigns performed a "Superman Punch" on Cena for a near-fall. Cena executed a Super "Attitude Adjustment" on Reigns for another near-fall. Reigns performed a Spear on Cena through an announce table and scored a near-fall. Cena performed two consecutive "Attitude Adjustments" on Reigns for another near-fall. In the climax, Reigns executed a "Superman Punch" and a Spear on Cena to win the match. Afterwards, Cena showed respect and endorsed Reigns.

In the penultimate match, Neville defended the WWE Cruiserweight Championship against Enzo Amore. In the end, Amore retrieved the title and acted as if he was going to use it as a weapon, but the referee confiscated the belt. As the referee was returning the belt to ringside officials, Amore performed a low blow on Neville and pinned Neville with a roll up to win the title.

Main event
In the main event, Brock Lesnar (accompanied by Paul Heyman) defended the Universal Championship against Braun Strowman. Lesnar performed a German Suplex on Strowman, but Strowman immediately performed a Chokeslam and a Running Powerslam on Lesnar for a near-fall. Lesnar applied a "Kimura Lock" but Strowman touched the ropes to break the hold. Strowman performed two Running Powerslams on Lesnar for a near-fall. Lesnar then performed an "F-5" on Strowman to retain the title.

Reception
The event received mixed critical reception, with general praise being directed at the matches, in particular the tag team match, with criticism being directed towards the booking of Lesnar/Strowman, in addition to the conclusion of Neville's title reign. Cesaro in particular received critical praise from both fans and fellow wrestlers for his toughness after losing his two front teeth, and reportedly received a standing ovation upon returning backstage after his match.

Dave Meltzer, speaking on the Wrestling Observer Radio, called the main event "a huge disappointment", and said that the match went against Strowman's character and performance strengths, referring to his SummerSlam and Great Balls of Fire matches in particular. Despite the negative aspects of the show, including partner Bryan Alvarez comparing the Lesnar/Strowman "wrestling match" to their well received "car crash" Summerslam encounter, Meltzer called No Mercy "a good show".

Aftermath
WWE released a statement on Cesaro's medical condition, stating "Cesaro's teeth were pushed up into his upper jaw by about 3 to 4mm... the next step is most likely removing the teeth and then having some implants made".

Immediately after No Mercy on Raw Talk, John Cena said that Roman Reigns had earned his respect and it was now up to Reigns to continue his momentum forward. He also confirmed that he would be taking some time off. The following night's Raw opened with a segment of Miz TV with Reigns as The Miz's guest where Reigns also said that Cena had earned his respect. Miz said that despite Reigns' victory, he was the one with a championship as he retained his Intercontinental Championship against Jason Jordan. After some arguing, a match between the two was scheduled where Reigns defeated Miz, but after the match, Miz and The Miztourage attacked Reigns. Also that night, Jordan teamed with Matt Hardy in a winning effort over The Miztourage. Dean Ambrose, Seth Rollins, Cesaro, Sheamus, and Braun Strowman were then intertwined in this new rivalry between Reigns and Miz, resulting in The Shield reuniting and taking on the team of The Miz, Strowman, Cesaro, and Sheamus at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs in a 4-on-3 handicap Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match. Kane returned and was added as the fifth member of The Miz's team at TLC.

Enzo Amore had General Manager Kurt Angle sign a no-contact clause, which meant that if any cruiserweight laid their hands on Amore, they could not challenge for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship. Later, Amore's championship celebration was interrupted by the entire cruiserweight division. Amore claimed that he made 205 Live relevant, supported by the fact that they were being featured for the first time as the main event of Raw. Neville said that Amore had made a joke out of the entire division and attacked Amore in spite of the no-contact clause. Immediately after Raw on the WWE Network, Braun Strowman came out and powerslammed Amore and let the entire cruiserweight division each take a shot at him. On 205 Live, Amore said that due to the no-contact clause, none of the cruiserweights could challenge him for the title. Neville also explained that he knew that he risked his title rematch, but did not care and would do it again. Neville then faced Ariya Daivari, who tried to befriend Amore, and Neville won by disqualification after Amore attacked Neville with his crutch and continued to attack him after the match.

Also on Raw Talk, Alexa Bliss said that she had retained the Raw Women's Championship against the entire women's division with the exception of Alicia Fox and Mickie James, who she felt were not worthy to be considered title contenders, especially James, who she said was too old. She also said she looked forward to ending Asuka's undefeated streak. The following night on Raw, James confronted Bliss about her comments on Raw Talk. After Bliss restated her comments, James attacked her and a Raw Women's Championship match between the two was scheduled for TLC. Also in the women's division, Sasha Banks and Bayley teamed up and defeated Emma and Nia Jax. Emma then earned the right to face Asuka at TLC.

Finn Bálor was interviewed backstage. He thanked Bray Wyatt for their No Mercy match and said he would now focus on regaining the Universal Championship. However, later in the show after a match with Goldust, as Bálor stood in the center of the ring celebrating, the lights went out and a child began singing Wyatt's song, "He's Got the Whole World in His Hands". A rematch between Bálor as his newly created demon and Wyatt, embodying "Sister Abigail", was made for TLC. However, Bálor was pulled from the match due to a viral infection, and was replaced by SmackDown's AJ Styles.

Following WrestleMania 34 in 2018, brand-exclusive PPVs were discontinued, resulting in WWE reducing the amount of yearly PPVs produced, thus No Mercy was discontinued. After six years, however, No Mercy was reinstated in 2023 for WWE's developmental brand, NXT.

Results

References

External links

2017
2017 in Los Angeles
2017 WWE Network events
Professional wrestling in Los Angeles
Events in Los Angeles
2017 WWE pay-per-view events
September 2017 events in the United States
WWE Raw

No Mercy (2017)