The Bay of Biscay is a gulf of the northeast Atlantic Ocean south of the Celtic Sea. It is along the western coast of France from Brest south to the Spanish border, and the northern coast of Spain west to Cape Ortegal.  It is named in English after the province of Biscay, in the Spanish Basque Country.

The average depth is  and maximum depth is .

The Bay of Biscay is home to some of the Atlantic Ocean's worst weather. Large storms occur in the bay, especially during the winter months. Until recently ships would be wrecked in Biscay storms, and many lives were lost. Improved ships and weather prediction have helped to reduce these problems.

Rivers
The main rivers that empty into the Bay of Biscay are:
 France (north to south): Loire, Charente, Garonne, Dordogne, Adour, Nivelle.
 Spain (east to west): Bidasoa, Oiartzun, Urumea, Oria, Urola, Deba, Artibai, Oka, Nervión, Agüera, Asón, Miera, Pas, Saja, Nansa, Deva, Sella,  Nalón, Navia, Esva, Eo, Landro, Sor.

Main cities
The main cities on the shores of the Bay of Biscay are:
 France: Brest, Nantes, La Rochelle, Bordeaux, Bayonne, Biarritz.
 Spain: Donostia-San Sebastián, Bilbao, Santander, Gijón, Avilés.

Wildlife

Many species of whales and dolphins can be seen in this area.  It is one of the few places where the beaked whales such as the Cuvier's beaked whale have been seen frequently. This is the best study area for beaked whales in the world. The best areas to see the larger cetaceans are in the deep waters beyond the continental shelf.

Other websites

Bays
Atlantic Ocean
Geography of France
Geography of Spain

Bay of Biscay


Rome is a city in Oneida County, New York, United States, located in the central part of the state. The population was 32,127 at the 2020 census. Rome is one of two principal cities in the Utica–Rome Metropolitan Statistical Area, which lies in the "Leatherstocking Country" made famous by James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales, set in frontier days before the American Revolutionary War. Rome is in New York's 22nd congressional district.

The city developed at an ancient portage site of Native Americans, including the historic Iroquois nations. This portage continued to be strategically important to Europeans, who also used the main 18th and 19th-century waterways, based on the Mohawk and Hudson rivers, that connected New York City and the Atlantic seaboard to the Great Lakes. The original European settlements developed around fortifications erected in the 1750s to defend the waterway, in particular the British Fort Stanwix (1763) built in New York.

Following the American Revolution, the settlement began to grow with the construction of the Rome Canal in 1796, to connect Wood Creek (leading from Lake Ontario) and the headwaters of the Mohawk River. In the same year the state created the Town of Rome as a section of Oneida County. For a time, the small community next to the canal was informally known as Lynchville, after the original owner of the property, the prominent wine merchant Dominick Lynch.

The New York State Legislature converted the Town of Rome into a city on February 23, 1870. The residents have called Rome the City of American History.

History

Oneida Carrying Place
Rome was founded along an ancient Native American portage path known as the Oneida Carrying Place, Deo-Wain-Sta, or The Great Carrying Place to the Six Nations (Iroquois), or the Haudenosaunee in their language. These names refer to a portage road or path between the Mohawk River to the east, which flows east to the Hudson River; and Wood Creek to the west, which flows into Oneida Lake and, eventually, Lake Ontario via the Oneida and Oswego Rivers. Now located within the modern Rome city limits, this short portage path was the only overland section of a water trade route stretching more than 1,000 miles between Lake Ontario and the lower Hudson. Travelers and traders coming up the Mohawk River from the Hudson had to transfer their cargo and boats and transport them overland between 1.7 and six miles (depending on the season) to continue west on Wood Creek to Oneida Lake which was drained by the Oswego River that ultimately flowed into Lake Ontario. This ancient trade route joined the Great Lakes and Canada via the Mohawk River to the Hudson River and the Atlantic Ocean.

During the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years' War, this region was the scene of much fighting. The British colonists had erected several small forts to guard the Oneida Carrying Place and the lucrative fur trade against French incursions from Canada; however, a combined French regular army, Canadian, and allied Native American force overwhelmed and massacred a British force here in the Battle of Fort Bull. Later in 1758, after several abortive attempts to fortify the area, the British sent a very large force to secure the Oneida Carry and build a stronger rampart complex, which they named Fort Stanwix.

Following defeat by the English during the war, the French ceded their territory in North America east of the Mississippi River to England. The English signed the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768) with the Iroquois, under the terms of which they promised to preserve areas west of the Appalachian Mountains as an Indian reserve and to prohibit colonial settlement. It has been described as "one of the worst treaties in the History of Anglo-Indian relationships". The treaty has also been described as "the last desperate effort of the British to create order west of the Appalachians. The British were unable to enforce their promise, as Anglo colonists continued to move west of the Appalachians, causing conflicts with native tribes. The British abandoned Ft. Stanwix after that war; it deteriorated and was eventually torn down, its parts and materials used by settlers for other structures.

Revolutionary War and Fort Stanwix

At the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, American Continental forces took control of the Fort Stanwix site, rebuilding and improving the fort. The installation survived a siege by the British in the Saratoga Campaign of 1777, and it became renowned as "the fort that never surrendered". Patriot militia, regulars, and their Oneida Nation allies under the command of Col. Peter Gansevoort, successfully repelled a prolonged siege in August 1777 by British, German, Loyalist, and Canadian troops and warriors from several Native American nations, all commanded by British Gen. Barry St. Leger. The failed siege, combined with the battle at nearby Oriskany as well as the battles of Bennington, and Saratoga, thwarted a coordinated British effort to take the northern colonies. Following this success, the Americans were able to gain alliances with France and the Netherlands, as both countries were becoming more confident that the rebels had a chance to win.

After the repulsion of the British at Fort Stanwix, bloody fighting erupted along the American northern frontier and throughout the Mohawk Valley. There were heavy losses for both American settlers and the people of the Six Nations, as each side made retaliatory raids against the other in a round of violence. Because many of the Oneida were fighting with the rebels and against the four nations allied with the British, especially the Mohawk and Seneca, the Iroquois had members attacking each other, which they had avoided doing earlier in this century.

The Americans used Fort Stanwix as the primary staging point for attacks against British loyalist units and their Haudenosaunee allies. The Sullivan Expedition of 1779 was launched from here as a scorched earth campaign against villages of Iroquois nations that were allied with the British. Commander George Washington ordered the campaign in retaliation for the fierce frontier attacks in New York, such as the Cherry Valley Massacre by Loyalist irregulars led by Mohawk Chief Joseph Brant and John Butler. The Sullivan campaign destroyed nearly 50 Iroquois villages and their food stores, leading to starvation of many people of these nations during the following winter. Many Iroquois went to Upper Canada for refuge but struggled with starvation there, too.

The American forces abandoned the fort in 1781. After the war, as the area became settled, pioneers took materials to use in constructing their own homes and barns. They built the Rome Canal along Wood Creek, to connect it to the Mohawk River and enable continuous passage by water from Lake Ontario via the Mohawk and Hudson rivers to New York City.

After completion of the Erie Canal in 1825, development of Rome increased. The city became an industrial and trade center in the western Mohawk Valley. The fort site was reduced to a mound of dirt, with bushes and grasses growing over it. During the Great Depression in the early 20th century, Congress passed the Fort Stanwix Act of 1935 to establish the fort as a National Monument because of the site's historic importance. The site was administered by the National Park Service (NPS).

In 1973, the NPS began reconstruction of Fort Stanwix, based on historical evidence related to 18th-century construction and occupation. It was completed in 1976. The fort is operated by the National Park Service as a museum.

On July 2, 2005, the Marinus Willet Center opened on the grounds of the monument. It provides audio-visual programs to orient visitors, as well as secure storage space for the museum's collection of artifacts and related historic materials.

Commercial growth: Erie Canal
The critical east/west American trade route through the frontier was improved by construction of the Erie Canal. On July 4, 1817, construction on the canal began in Rome. The Erie Canal reaches a summit in Rome, attaining an elevation of 420 feet. The first phase was completed in 1825, connecting the Hudson River by waterway to the Great Lakes. It resulted in an increase in trade and traffic between communities around the Great Lakes and New York City, stimulating development all along the route.

Copper City

In 1851, Jesse Williams founded the first cheese factory in the United States at Rome. Williams also developed the process used today for large-scale cheese manufacturing. During the later 19th century, there were numerous dairy farms in the area and throughout the Mohawk Valley. Many shipped their milk and cheese to customers in New York City.

The City of Rome was incorporated in 1870.

Revere Copper Products, Inc., founded in Rome during 1928 and 1929, is one of the oldest manufacturing companies in the United States. It developed from a series of mergers between several companies, including Revere Copper Company located in Canton, Massachusetts. The first president of Revere Copper Products, Inc, George H. Allen, was formerly the president of Michigan Copper and Brass Company, which was one of the companies included in the merger. The early history of Revere Copper Products, Inc is detailed in the book Copper Heritage: The Story of Revere Copper and Brass, Inc. by Isaac F. Marcosson. At one time, 10 percent of all copper products used in the United States were manufactured in Rome.

Cold War and technology role
From 1951 to 1991, the military Rome Air Development Center (RADC) was located at Griffiss AFB. In 1991, the RADC was redesignated as Rome Laboratory. It has remained active as the Griffiss AFB was closed as part of the Base Realignment and Closure process in 1993. In 1997, Rome Laboratory was made part of the Air Force Research Laboratory and renamed the Rome Research Site. The RADC has been responsible for some of the United States Air Force's major technological accomplishments, especially in the area of radio communications.

Griffiss Air Force Base consists of 3,552 acres. The Eastern Air Defense Sector (EADS) is also located in Rome, on the site of the former Griffiss Air Force Base.

Woodstock 1999 was held in Rome, at the former Griffiss Air Force Base site. The three-day rock festival was held over the weekend of July 23–25, and drew a crowd of about 200,000 people. Cable network MTV covered the concert extensively, and live coverage of the entire weekend was available on pay-per-view. The festival featured acts including Metallica, Kid Rock, DMX, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Rage Against the Machine, Korn, Limp Bizkit, Alanis Morissette and Wyclef Jean; early reviews for many of the acts were positive. Critics particularly praised performances by George Clinton, Jamiroquai, James Brown, Sheryl Crow, and Rage Against the Machine. However, the festival ended in a violent riot, with bonfires being lit in the crowd, brawls with police, and looting.

In July 2005, New York City developers, Park Drive Estates, purchased the Woodhaven Housing, formerly the base housing for Griffiss Air Force officers and enlisted military members, with the goal of re-developing the property as a resort-style active adult community. Redevelopment stalled. The property was ceded to the City of Rome in 2015. Demolition of the area finished in 2018.

Geography
Rome is the second-largest city by area in New York State, and the 140th largest city in the United States. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which  is land and  (0.99%) is water.

Rome averages over  of snowfall each winter, mostly due to its proximity to Lake Ontario and the lake-effect snow that it produces.

New York State Route 26, New York State Route 46, New York State Route 49 and New York State Route 69 converge in downtown Rome and are part of two separate triplexes. New York State Route 233 becomes part of a duplex with NY 69 south of the inner district before meeting its northern terminus at the Utica-Rome Expressway (NY 49). New York State Route 365 passes through the eastern portion of the outer district before becoming part of the Utica-Rome Expressway at an interchange.

Demographics
The city had its peak of population in 1960, with declines caused by restructuring of industry and loss of jobs. Later in the 20th century, the closure of the Air Force base also drew away jobs and residents. The city has worked to develop a new economy. Elements of the base have been redeveloped for new uses, while high-quality research continues.

As of the census of 2000, there were 34,950 people, 13,653 households, and 8,328 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 16,272 housing units at an average density of . The quoted racial makeup of the city was 87.85% white, 7.58% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.88% Asian American, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.35% from other races, and 2.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 4.72% of the population.
Like other cities in the region, Rome has numerous Italian-Americans, who maintain a concentration in the Little Italy in the vicinity of East Dominick Street.

There were 13,653 households, out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.6% were married couples living together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.0% were non-families. 33.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.1% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 17.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $33,643, and the median income for a family was $42,928. Males had a median income of $31,635 versus $23,899 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,604. About 12.0% of families and 15.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.4% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
Rome is headquarters to AmeriCU Credit Union, which serves members in Central and Northern New York.

Rome Memorial Hospital is another major local employer. Rome Hospital opened in 1884. In 1940 it combined with the 1920-founded Murphy Memorial Hospital. The resultant Rome Memorial Hospital is licensed for 129 beds.

Sports

One of Rome's most popular venues is the John F. Kennedy Civic Arena. The facility hosts multiple ice hockey and figure skating events, as well as roller derby bouts. The arena was constructed in 1963–1964. It was fully renovated in 2008.

Between 1964 and 1988, the Rome Knights and later the Copper City Chiefs played their home games on Saturday evenings at the Kennedy Arena. The Chiefs were a semi-professional ice hockey club that competed against Senior and Intermediate level teams from the province of Ontario, Canada; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Newark, New Jersey; New England, and cities from the State of New York. The Chiefs were known for a physical and aggressive style of ice hockey, the team roster being built around team toughness. In its 25 years, the Chiefs never had a losing season.

The professional sports franchise, the Rome Frenzy of the Federal Hockey League, made Rome its base and began play in November 2010 at the Kennedy Civic Arena. In February 2011, citing poor attendance, the Frenzy suspended operations and cancelled the last three weeks of the season in Rome.

Rome is also the headquarters of Hamilton College Men's and Women's Rowing. Their boathouse, completed in 2022, is located in Bellamy Harbor Park off the Erie Canal.

Government
The city government consists of a mayor and a common council. The mayor is elected at large. The common council consists of seven members elected from single member districts.

Education
Most of Rome is located in the Rome City School District. Other parts are in the Oriskany Central School District, Sherrill City School District, and Westmoreland Central School District. The first district operates Rome Free Academy.

New York State School for the Deaf is in Rome.

Transportation

Rome's primary road connection is the Utica-Rome Expressway, a freeway section of New York State Route 49. The expressway runs 14 miles from Rome to Utica where it meets I-90, I-790, NY 5, NY 12, and NY 8 in a massive cloverleaf interchange.

Rome's Amtrak station is served by Amtrak's Empire Service, with two daily trains in each direction between Niagara Falls and New York City. The daily Maple Leaf serves locations between Toronto and New York.

Griffiss Air Force Base closed in 1995 and was converted into Griffiss International Airport. It has general aviation as well as military use. No scheduled commercial service uses the airport.

CENTRO buses run six routes in Rome, two of which serve the Amtrak station.

Climate

Notable people

See also
 Capitol Theatre (Rome, NY)
 Gansevoort-Bellamy Historic District

References

Further reading
  Booklet for prospective residents. Has some facts on major employers, climate, etc..

External links

  Official City Website.
  Local history links.

Cities in New York (state)
Erie Canal
Utica–Rome metropolitan area
Cities in Oneida County, New York
Populated places on the Mohawk River

Rome, New York


Alexander I (14 August 1876 – 11 June 1903) was the King of Serbia from 1889 to his death in 1903.

Life and death
Prince Alexander was born on 14 August 1876 to King Milan I and Natalie of Serbia. In 1889, King Milan abdicated and proclaimed Alexander as the King but under a regency until he was 18.

At the age of 16, Alexander dismissed the regents and their government and took authority into his own hands. In May 1894 King Alexander arbitrarily abolished his father's liberal constitution and restored the conservative one of 1869. He also made Milan the commander-in-chief of the military.

In the summer of 1900, King Alexander married Draga Mašin so that he could produce an heir. Soon after, a conspiracy began among a group of Army officials and politicians aiming to replace King Alexander with Prince Peter of the Karađorđević dynasty, the rivals of Alexander's family.

On 11 June, 1903 the conspirators invaded King Alexander's palace and killed him and the Queen.

1876 births
1903 deaths

Alexander I of Serbia


Appaloosa is a 2008 American Western film based on the 2005 novel Appaloosa by crime writer Robert B. Parker. Directed by Ed Harris and co-written by Harris and Robert Knott, Appaloosa stars Harris alongside Viggo Mortensen, Renée Zellweger and Jeremy Irons. The film premiered at 2008 Toronto International Film Festival and was released in selected cities on September 19, 2008, then expanded into wide-release on October 3, 2008. This movie has won four different awards, including the Western Heritage Award in 2009.

Plot
In 1882, the small town of Appaloosa, New Mexico, is being terrorized by local rancher Randall Bragg, who killed the town's marshal, Jack Bell, and two deputies when they came to Bragg's ranch to arrest two men. The town hires lawman and peacekeeper Virgil Cole and his deputy Everett Hitch to protect and regain control of the town. The pair agrees on one condition: that the town follow Cole's law and essentially cede control to him. The lawmen begin by confronting four of Bragg's men who are causing a disturbance in the saloon. Three men refuse to allow themselves to be arrested, forcing Cole and Hitch to kill them. The fourth man surrenders and leaves the saloon. Bragg has a meeting with Cole and Hitch, initiating a standoff.

Hitch sees a woman, Allison "Allie" French, a young widow, who just came to the town and immediately takes an interest in her. He follows her to the diner where Cole is having a breakfast. They make acquaintance with her and observing Cole and Allie are getting together well, Hitch keeps his silence. Soon, Cole and Allie begin a romantic relationship and buy a house together. However, Allie attempts to seduce Hitch when they are alone but Hitch refuses her advances out of his loyalty to Cole.

When one of Bragg's men tells Cole and Hitch that he will testify against Bragg on the triple murder case, they arrest Bragg and keep him locked up until the trial in spite of the attempts of Bragg's gang to free him. The trial finds him guilty and sentences him to death. Cole and Hitch are joined by Sheriff Clyde Stringer and a deputy before transporting Bragg via train to the prison where he is to be hanged. When the engine makes a water stop over a bridge, hired guns Ring and Mackie Shelton, old acquaintances of Cole, appear with Allie as a hostage. At gunpoint, they force Cole to release Bragg to them.

Cole and Hitch catch up with the outlaws and see Allie and Ring Shelton frolicking naked together in a stream. When the outlaws are attacked by Chiricahua Apache, Cole and Hitch force the Native Americans away. Hitch tells Cole that Allie's promiscuity is the result of her insecurity and she really likes Cole. They then turn Bragg over to the sheriff of Beauville; unbeknownst to Cole, the sheriff is a cousin of the Shelton brothers. Knowing that Cole is determined to bring Bragg to the gallows, the Sheltons and the sheriff free Bragg and engage Cole and Hitch in a gunfight. Cole and Hitch are wounded but manage to kill Ring, Mackie and the sheriff. Bragg escapes on horseback and Cole and Hitch return to Appaloosa with Allie.

After some time, Bragg is granted a full pardon by President Chester Arthur (whom he previously claimed to have known) and returns to Appaloosa in an attempt to publicly reform himself. He buys the hotel and ingratiates himself with the locals. Privately he brags before Cole and Hitch to infuriate them over their failure to hang him. Cole tells Hitch that he still wants to be with Allie, despite her fickleness. Hitch decides to leave the town to make some money and resigns as deputy. Later he discovers that Allie is having a relationship with Bragg and challenges Bragg to a duel. Cole attempts to stop him, but Hitch remains steadfast and asks Cole to permit the gunfight to occur. Hitch manages to fire first, hitting Bragg in the chest, killing him. Hitch leaves town, seeing that Allie and Cole are together; his parting thoughts express his hope that Cole can find happiness with Allie and for him, he gladly walks into uncertainty in hope of finding adventure and fortune.

Cast

Bob Harris, Ed Harris's father, has a small role as Judge Elias Callison.

Production
Appaloosa marks Ed Harris's second outing as director, following the 2000 biopic Pollock, which he also starred in; Harris co-wrote and co-produced Appaloosa with Robert Knott. The budget for Appaloosa was $20 million and filming took place from October 1, 2007, to November 24, 2007, around Albuquerque and Santa Fe, New Mexico, and Austin, Texas. Harris was drawn to Robert B. Parker's bestselling novel because it was constructed like a classic Western, but included crime themes still relevant to contemporary society. He purchased the rights to the novel and hired Parker to adapt his book into a screenplay. Harris, who also stars as Virgil Cole, wanted to make the film in the old-fashioned style of such films as 3:10 to Yuma, My Darling Clementine and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, rather than a revisionist approach. Harris also acknowledged the challenge of making a successful Western movie, saying, "You can count on one hand, or maybe half a hand, the number of Westerns that were box office successes in the recent past." Production of Appaloosa slowed when New Line Cinema and producers became concerned with the box office prospects of a Western during a season with such anticipated blockbusters as The Dark Knight. Diane Lane originally signed on to play Allie French, but left the project when the film stalled. The movie got back on track due to the success of the Deadwood series on HBO and the film remake of 3:10 to Yuma. Renée Zellweger was signed to replace Lane.

Harris enjoyed working with Viggo Mortensen in A History of Violence and had him in mind for the part of Everett Hitch. While publicizing A History of Violence at the Toronto International Film Festival, Harris handed Mortensen a copy of the novel and asked him to read it and consider playing the part. Harris said it was "a totally awkward proposition, handing another actor a book like that," but Mortensen agreed to take the part after responding well to the character and the relationship dynamic between the two characters. Harris said he wanted to make the film because he was drawn to the "unspoken comradeship" of Virgil Cole and Everett Hitch. "Though they've been hanging out for years, they're not too intimate, but they know each other. Aside from in sports, or being a cop, I can't think of any other situation where a friendship like that is called for." Mortensen felt similarly, saying, "I like to ride horses, and I like Westerns, but there are a lot of bad ones. What set this one apart is just how the characters are a little more guarded." Mortensen studied Frederic Remington drawings and other images of the American Old West to get into character and master the proper way to stand during a gunfight.

The DVD includes a number of bonus extra featurettes, including "Dean Semler's Return to the Western." Although cinematographer Semler has been a pioneer in shooting digital movies, he was glad for this special opportunity to shoot a traditional old-fashioned Western using classic film stock technology.

Soundtrack

The soundtrack to Appaloosa was released on  September 30, 2008.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, Appaloosa has an approval rating of 76% based on 164 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The consensus reads, "A traditional genre western, Appaloosa sets itself apart with smart psychology, an intriguing love triangle, and good chemistry between the leads."

Early reviews of Appaloosa from the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival were lukewarm. Brad Frenette of the National Post said "the film feels double its 114-minute running time, but Appaloosa redeems itself through unexpected moments of levity, Harris's steady direction and the God amongst men, Lance Henriksen." Frenette also said Renee Zellweger is "mostly a bust" and Viggo Mortensen "oozes cool." Popjournalism reviewer Sarah Gopaul said Harris and Mortensen spend too much time talking and discussing their feelings, which she said made the film too light for the gritty Western genre. Gopaul said Ed Harris and Viggo Mortensen delivered decent performances and that Renee Zellweger's character has more depth than the traditional romantic interest in a Western.  The New Yorker's David Denby called it "a well-made, satisfying, traditionalist Western with some odd quirks and turns."

The film appeared on some critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2008. Ray Bennett of The Hollywood Reporter named it the 8th best film of 2008, and Mike Russell of The Oregonian named it the 10th best film of 2008.

References

External links

2008 films
2008 Western (genre) films
American Western (genre) films
2000s English-language films
Films based on American novels
Films shot in New Mexico
Films shot in Texas
Films directed by Ed Harris
Films scored by Jeff Beal
Films set in New Mexico
Films set in 1882
2000s American films

Appaloosa (film)


is a Japanese swimmer, who specialized in freestyle events. She represented her nation Japan at the 2008 Summer Olympics, and has won a career total of two medals (one silver and one bronze) in a major international competition, spanning the Summer Universiade and the Pan Pacific Championships. She set a Japanese record of 54.43 in the 100 m freestyle at the 2009 Japan National Sports Festival in Nagaoka, Niigata. Yamaguchi is a student at Kinki University in Fukuoka.

Yamaguchi competed as an eighteen-year-old and a member of the Japanese team in two freestyle relay events at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Despite missing out the individual spot in the 200 m freestyle, she managed to place fourth at the Olympic trials in Tokyo (2:01.64) to earn an outright selection on the relay squad. Teaming with Haruka Ueda, Maki Mita, and Emi Takanabe in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay final, Yamaguchi swam the second leg with a split of 1:58.51, but the Japanese team had to settle for seventh place in 7:57.56. Yamaguchi also participated in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay, along with Ueda, Mita, and Asami Kitagawa, but missed out the top 8 final by 0.08 of a second in a prelims time of 3:39.25.

In 2009, Yamaguchi earned a silver medal for the Japanese team in the 400 m freestyle relay at the Summer Universiade in Belgrade, Serbia with a final time of 3:42.60.

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Olympic swimmers for Japan
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Japanese female freestyle swimmers
People from Nagasaki
Asian Games medalists in swimming
Swimmers at the 2014 Asian Games
Universiade medalists in swimming
Asian Games silver medalists for Japan
Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games
Universiade silver medalists for Japan
Medalists at the 2009 Summer Universiade

Misaki Yamaguchi


Pharmakoi/Distance-Crunching Honchos with Echo Units is the only album by the Australian alternative rock band The Refo:mation, released in 1997.

The Refo:mation was a de facto reunion of the Australian psychedelic rock band The Church with their original guitarist Peter Koppes, but without other guitarist Marty Willson-Piper.

Koppes had left the band in 1992 but had played as a guest on their 1996 album Magician Among the Spirits. Following that album's commercial failure however, the members of The Church had turned their attention to other projects and Willson-Piper had left Australia in order to collaborate with other artists and write new solo material.

In his absence, singer/bassist Steve Kilbey, drummer Tim Powles and the returning Koppes spent some studio time together and quickly wrote and recorded an album. Loose in feel, but rich in atmosphere, the eccentrically-titled Pharmakoi/Distance-Crunching Honchos With Echo Units saw a greater focus on concise, guitar-dominated songs, in contrast to the experimentation of Magician Among the Spirits.

The trio had initially thought of calling themselves "The Reformation", but this was altered, on Powles' suggestion, as a courtesy to the absent Willson-Piper.

Track listing
All songs by The Refo:mation

"1:07"  – 1:08
"Don't Move"  – 4:21
"Traitor"  – 5:21
"She Comes In Singing"  – 3:39
"All See It Now"  – 4:42
"Trying to Get In"  – 5:38
"Florian Trout"  – 4:35
"5:28"  – 3:29
"Who Is the One?"  – 5:34
"Get Over It"  – 3:45
"Take Your Place"  – 3:46
"Towards Sleep"  – 5:22
"The Moon and the Sea"  – 4:56
"Stop"  – 4:51

Personnel

Steve Kilbey – lead vocals, bass guitar, keyboards, guitar
Peter Koppes – guitars, keyboards, bass guitar
Tim Powles – drums, percussion, bass guitar, lead vocal on "Take Your Place"
with
Sandy Chick – vocals
Chris Campbell – guitar on "5:28"

Recorded at Karmic Hit Studios, Rozelle, Sydney, Australia
Engineered & mixed by Tim Powles
Assistant Engineer Chris Campbell
Album artwork by Julien Klettenberg

1997 albums
The Church (band) albums


Titicut Follies is a 1967 American direct cinema documentary film produced, written, and directed by Frederick Wiseman and filmed by John Marshall. It deals with the patient-inmates of Bridgewater State Hospital for the Criminally Insane, a Massachusetts Correctional Institution in Bridgewater, Massachusetts. The title is taken from that of a talent show put on by the hospital staff. Titicut is the Wampanoag name for the nearby Taunton River.

The film won accolades in Germany and Italy. Wiseman went on to produce many more such films examining social institutions (e.g. hospitals, police, schools, etc.) in the United States.

In 2022, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Synopsis
Titicut Follies portrays the occupants of Bridgewater State Hospital, who are often kept in barren cells and infrequently bathed. It also depicts inmates/patients required to strip naked publicly, force feeding, and the indifference and bullying by many of the hospital's staff.

The film employs methods of direct cinema, which emphasizes observation, limited stylization, and non-intervention by filmmakers.

Production

Development
Titicut Follies was the beginning of the documentary career of Frederick Wiseman, a Boston-born lawyer turned filmmaker. He had taken his law classes from Boston University to the institution for educational purposes and had "wanted to do a film there". He began calling the facility superintendent, seeking permission to film a year prior to production. Wiseman had previously produced The Cool World (1964), based on Warren Miller's novel of the same name, an experience that informed his desire to direct.

Filming
Wiseman drafted a proposal that was verbally agreed to by the superintendent, which later came into question when the film began distribution. Following that agreement, filming began, with corrections staff following Wiseman at all times and determining on the spot whether the subjects filmed were mentally competent, adding further confusion to an already fraught process. While on location, Wiseman recorded the sound and directed the established ethnographic filmmaker John Marshallvia microphone or by hand.

Post-production
Twenty-nine days were spent documenting the conditions at Bridgewater and 80,000 feet of film were shot. Wiseman spent approximately a year editing the footage into the final 84-minute narrative. Wiseman edited the film in secret, working after hours in the editing rooms at WGBH-TV.

Release

Censorship
Just before the film was to be shown at the 1967 New York Film Festival, the Massachusetts government tried to procure an injunction banning its release, claiming that the film violated the patients' privacy and dignity. Despite Wiseman having received permission from all the people portrayed or that of the hospital superintendent (the inmates' legal guardian), Massachusetts claimed that this permission could not take the place of release forms from the inmates. Wiseman was also accused of breaching an "oral contract", giving the state government editorial control over the film. A New York state court allowed the screening, but in 1968, Massachusetts Superior Court judge Harry Kalus ordered the film to be recalled from distribution and all copies destroyed, once more citing the state's concerns about violations of the patients' privacy and dignity.

Wiseman appealed to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, which in 1969 allowed it to be shown only to doctors, lawyers, judges, health-care professionals, social workers, and students in these and related fields. Wiseman appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which refused to hear the case.

Wiseman believes that the government of Massachusetts (concerned that the film portrayed a state institution in a bad light) intervened to protect its reputation. The state intervened after a social worker in Minnesota wrote to Massachusetts governor John Volpe, expressing shock at a scene involving a naked man being taunted by a guard.

The dispute was the first known instance of a film being banned from general American distribution for reasons other than obscenity, immorality, or national security. It was also the first time that Massachusetts recognized a right to privacy at the state level. Wiseman has said, "The obvious point that I was making was that the restriction of the court was a greater infringement of civil liberties than the film was an infringement on the liberties of the inmates."

Little changed until 1987, when the families of seven inmates who had died at the hospital sued the hospital and state. Steven Schwartz represented one of the inmates, who was "restrained for 2½ months and given six psychiatric drugs at vastly unsafe levels—choked to death because he could not swallow his food." Schwartz has said "There is a direct connection between the decision not to show that film publicly and my client dying 20 years later, and a whole host of other people dying in between," "... in the years since Mr. Wiseman made Titicut Follies, most of the nation's big mental institutions have been closed or cut back by court orders" and "the film may have also influenced the closing of the institution featured in the film."

In 1991, Superior Court judge Andrew Meyer allowed the film's release to the general public, saying that as time had passed, privacy concerns had become less important than First Amendment concerns. He also said that many of the former patients had died, so there was little risk of a violation of their dignity. The state Supreme Court ordered that "A brief explanation shall be included in the film that changes and improvements have taken place at Massachusetts Correctional Institution Bridgewater since 1966." The film was shown on PBS on September 4, 1992, its first American television airing. Before, a narrative warning and an introduction by Charlie Rose were played. Following the broadcast, a message was shown stating that improvements had been made since the time of production.

The film is now legally available through its distributor, Zipporah Films Inc., for purchase or rental on DVD and for educational and individual license. Zipporah released the DVD to the home market in December 2007.

In 2020, the film was shown on Turner Classic Movies.

In 2022, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Accolades
 Mannheim-Heidelberg International Filmfestival: Mannheim Film Ducat, Frederick Wiseman; 1967.
 Festival Dei Popoli: Best Film Dealing with the Human Condition; Florence, Italy; 1967.

Reception
Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 100% of 12 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 7.9/10.

See also
List of American films of 1967
Cocksucker Blues, documentary of a Rolling Stones tour, largely unseen due to legal restrictions related to privacy issues

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Carolyn Anderson and Thomas W. Bensson. Documentary Dilemmas: Frederick Wiseman's Titicut Follies (Southern Illinois University Press, 1991, )
 Barry Keith Grant and Frederick Wiseman. Five Films by Frederick Wiseman – Titicut Follies, High School, Welfare, High School II, Public Housing (University of California Press, 2006, )

External links
 Titicut Follies Official Web-site

  Titicut Follies film review by Roger Ebert

1967 films
1967 documentary films
American documentary films
Works subject to a lawsuit
Anti-psychiatry
Bridgewater, Massachusetts
Black-and-white documentary films
Human rights abuses in the United States
Documentary films about forensic psychiatry
Documentary films about Massachusetts
Documentary films about mental disorders
Films directed by Frederick Wiseman
Films set in psychiatric hospitals
American black-and-white films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films
United States National Film Registry films

Titicut Follies


Nephelium xerospermoides, the hairless rambutan, is a species closely related to the rambutan. The drupe fruit has a flavor similar to rambutan. The fruit does not have any hair-like spines, hence its common name. They can be eaten freshly picked from the tree. They are not commonly grown or harvested for commercial use.

References

xerospermoides
Edible fruits

Nephelium xerospermoides


Battle of Łomża (7–10 September 1939) was a series of armed engagements during the Nazi German and Soviet Invasion of Poland. The battle took place in and around the town of Łomża, on both sides of the Narew River.  Polish forces successfully held a series of pre-First World War forts from repeated German attack before being forced to withdraw due to the position becoming untenable following their losses at the Battle of Wizna and Battle of Nowogród.

Background
The Narew River formed a natural barrier close to the southern borders of East Prussia. The town of Łomża is located on the southern bank of the river, on a high escarpment. The lower, northern bank is mostly flat and swampy.  During the 1939 invasion of Poland, the line of the river was manned by forces of Independent Operational Group Narew (SGO Narew), a corps-sized unit of two infantry divisions and two cavalry brigades. The Polish unit was tasked with defending the Narew river line with important bridgeheads at Różan, Ostrołęka, Osowiec Fortress, Nowogród, Łomża and Wizna, and to cover the right flank of the Modlin Army. The cavalry was tasked with organising delaying actions along the Polish-German border and the Biebrza River further to the north-east from Łomża.

Among the most important positions in the region was a fortified bridgehead of Łomża, the so-called Łomża Fortress. The position, consisting of three large forts in Piątnica (Forts I, II and III), on the northern side of the Narew, and two additional isolated forts (Fort IV and V) on the southern bank, was constructed by Imperial Russian Army between 1896 and 1914. Although outdated and unsuitable for modern warfare, the forts in Piątnica were upgraded with trenches, barbed wire obstacles, chevaux de frise and 12 reinforced concrete bunkers in 1939. Similarly the southern bank around Łomża was reinforced with 9 more bunkers, though shortly before the war their machine guns were moved to Piątnica. The forts were manned by 1st Battalion of the 33rd Infantry Regiment (under Maj. Stanisław Wyderko), part of 18th Infantry Division. The machine gun bunkers were manned by 1st MG Company, 1st Battalion, 42nd Infantry Regiment under Lt. Franciszek Zaręba while the trenches around them were manned by two rifle companies of the 33rd regiment. The frontal positions were supported by 1st platoon of 33rd regiment's anti-tank company (under Lt. Zygmunt Olkowski) and a platoon of outdated 76 mm wz. 1902 guns. The southern side of the river was manned by 3rd Rifle Company, 1st Battalion, 33rd Regiment (under Lt. Aleksander Siejak), supported by 3rd battalion, 18th Light Artillery Regiment (under Capt Stanisław Krug) and a howitzer detachment of 18th Heavy Artillery Regiment (Lt. Col. Władysław Brzozowski).

Initially the Germans did not attack from East Prussia during the first week of World War II the front of SGO Narew was mostly stable. After 3 September the town of Łomża was bombarded by the Luftwaffe several times and was set on fire, but the Polish forces suffered only negligible losses. However, after the Battle of the Border and the defeat of Polish forces in the Polish Corridor, elements of Nazi Army Group North broke through to East Prussia and were prepared to push southwards.

Battle
On 7 September, shortly after noon, the 21st Infantry Division of XXI Army Corps (Germany) (under Gen. Nikolaus von Falkenhorst) reached the forward outposts of the Polish positions in front of Łomża. The German commander tried to take the Polish positions by a frontal unprepared attack, aimed towards forts I and II. The attack, carried out by 24th Infantry Regiment of the 21st Division reinforced with tanks of the 8th Panzer Regiment, 10th Panzer Division and artillery, was repelled by Polish machine gun crews and well-placed 37 mm Bofors anti-tank guns. The attacking infantry was repelled with significant losses, the Germans also lost 6 tanks.

Several repeated attacks were repelled by the 1st Battalion, 33rd Infantry Regiment. In the evening the 21st Division tried to outflank the Łomża bridgehead by fording the Narew, but the Germans were pushed back across the river by vigorous Polish counterattack. By the end of the day the Germans suffered significant losses, the Poles took 57 German soldiers prisoner. The 21st Division withdrew to the north, leaving only a small detachment in front of Polish positions. The following morning after a short artillery barrage the screening detachment surrendered. Overnight Lt. Col. Lucjan Stanek, the commanding officer of the 33rd Regiment, departed the Łomża position to confer with SGO Narew's commanding officer, Gen. Czesław Młot-Fijałkowski.

Before noon the following day the Germans returned, this time attacking forts II and III. Four consecutive assaults were repelled by the defenders. Unable to take the forts, around 14:00 the German commander summoned Luftwaffe close air support. The air bombardment caused significant losses within fort II, it also damaged the bridge across Narew.

However, the Polish positions remained impregnable and repeated German attacks in the afternoon were repelled by the defenders long before the German tanks could reach the vicinity of the bridge. Around that time a large part of the attacking force was withdrawn towards Wizna and Nowogród to force the river crossing there, while the remainder tried to attack Fort I under cover of artillery barrage and air strikes. Although this time Polish losses were higher, this renewed attack was also repelled.

On 10 September the Germans repeated their attacks, again against forts no. II and III. Around noon German bombers arrived, yet the attack stalled. Despite repeated attempts, until the end of the day the Germans did not manage to destroy a single Polish bunker and had to retreat from within the range of Polish artillery.

Polish withdrawal

Despite three days of repeated German attacks and significant losses (roughly 30% in dead and wounded), Polish morale was still high. However, soon after 21:00 Col. Stefan Kossecki, commanding officer of the 18th Infantry Division, ordered the Łomża position to be abandoned. The reason was that the Germans were victorious in the Battle of Nowogród and the Poles failed to retake the town. Around the time the Germans also broke through at Wizna and the Narew river line was untenable. The 33rd Regiment withdrew towards Bacze Mokre, the last unit crossed the Narew around 22:00. The following day the German forces captured Łomża unopposed and on 29 September the town was handed over to their Soviet allies.

See also

 List of World War II military equipment of Poland
 List of German military equipment of World War II

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Battles of the Invasion of Poland
Łomża
Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)––
September 1939 events

Battle of Łomża (1939)


Helicobacter heilmannii sensu lato refers to a group of bacterial species within the Helicobacter genus. The Helicobacter genus consists of at least 40 species of spiral-shaped (also described as corkscrew-shaped) flagellated, Gram-negative bacteria of which the by far most prominent and well-known species is Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). H. pylori is associated with the development of gastrointestinal tract diseases such as stomach inflammation, stomach ulcers, duodenal ulcers, stomach cancers that are not lymphomas, and various subtypes of extranodal marginal zone lymphomas, e.g. those of the stomach, small intestines, large intestines, and rectumn. H. pylori has also been associated with the development of bile duct cancer and has been associated with a wide range of other diseases although its role in the development of many of these other diseases requires further study.

The H. heilmannii sensu lato species of bacteria take as part of their definition a similarity to H. pylori in being associated with the development of stomach inflammation, stomach ulcers, duodenal ulcers, stomach cancers that are not lymphomas, and extranodal marginal B cell lymphomas of the stomach. It is important to recognize and diagnose the association of H. heilmannii sensu lato with these upper gastrointestinal tract diseases, particularly extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of the stomach, because many of them have been successfully treated using antibiotic-based drug regimens directed against the instigating H. heilmannii sensu lato bacterial species.

Taxonomy
The current taxonomy of Helicobacter bacteria is a bit complex and incomplete, with new species currently being considered as possibly belonging to this genus. Within the Helicobacter genus, H. heilmannii s. l. is a group of Helicobacter species that are distinguished from H. pylori by being two- to three-fold larger in size (they are 4-10 micrometers in length and 0.5-0.8 micrometers in width, while H. pylori is 2.5-4.0 micrometers in length and 0.5-1.0 micrometers in width) as well as in the position and number of their flagella (they have 4-23 flagella that are located at only one of their ends, while H. pylori has 4-8 flagella divided between both of their ends). The Helicobacter heilmannii grouping of bacteria is further divided into two groups: H. heilmannii sensu stricto (H. heilmannii s.s.) and H. heilmannii sensu lato (H. heilmannii s.l.). H. heilmannii s.l. is Helicobacter heilmannii bacterial species that have been isolated from the stomachs of humans and animals, but identified only on the basis of their histopathological appearance, electron microscopic appearance, and/or other crude taxonomic data: in most studies, the species of these H. heilmannii bacteria is not defined other than that they are non-H. pylori isolated from the stomachs of humans and animals. H. heilmanni s.l. is a clinically useful designation indicating unidentified H. pylori species of H. heilmannii that, like H. pylori, can cause upper gastrointestinal tract diseases in humans, and are sensitive to a common set of antibiotic regimens. H. heilmanni s.s., in contrast, is Helicobacter heilmannii isolates whose species have been clearly defined, typically by unambiguous molecular biology methods.

Epidemiology and transmission to humans
Most clinical studies have not identified the exact species of H. heilmannii associated with upper gastrointestinal tract disease and therefore designated these bacterial species as H. heilmanni s.l. However, investigative studies have identified these species in some patients with H. heilmanni s.l.-associated stomach diseases. The H. heilmanni s.s. species identified to date in the stomachs of humans with these upper gastrointestinal tract diseases, the natural hosts for these species, the sites these species colonize in their natural, nonhuman hosts, and each species prevalence as a percentage of all H. heilmannii s.s. species isolated from humans are given in the following table.

 H. heilmannii s.s. is a species in the H. heilmannii group; the appended "s.s." abbreviation is used to indicate that it refers to a specific species rather than the group.

Many reports suggest that individuals, including children, acquire H. heilmanni s.l. infections by close contact with cats, dogs, pigs, and other farm animals, as well as by eating raw pork contaminated by H. suis. The H. heilmanni s.s. species listed in the above table have been isolated from these animals, while H. suis has been isolated from fresh raw pork (H. suis remains viable up to 72 hours in fresh raw pork). Furthermore, a higher rate of H. heilmanni s.l.-associated infections occurs in rural areas. These findings suggest that the H. heilmanni s.l.-associated diseases are zoonotic diseases, i.e., infectious diseases that are caused by pathogen that spread from animals to humans.

H. heilmanni s.l.-associated diseases
H. heilmanni s.l. has been detected in the stomach of patients with acute and chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease of the stomach and duodenum, nonlymphoma types of stomach cancers, and extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of the stomach. Based on the ability of antibiotic-based drug regimens to improve and cure some of these diseases in humans and animal models, H. heilmanni s.l. infections are considered to be key contributors in their development and/or progression. H. pylori is far more often involved in these diseases: H. heilmanni s.l. is typically associated with <1% of all Helicobacter-induced upper gastrointestinal tract diseases, while H. pylori is associated with the remaining cases. In certain Asian countries, however, H. heilmanni s.l. appears to be associated with higher percentages of upper gastrointestinal tract diseases; for example, it is associated with 4% and 6.2%, respectively, of all Helicobacter-associated diseases in China and Thailand.

Treatment of H. heilmanni s.l.- associated diseases
The treatment of patients with H. heilmanni s.l.-associated diseases has employed the same antibiotic-based drug regiments that have been successfully used to treat and cure H. pylori-associated diseases. These regimens have eradicated the H. heilmanni s.l. bacterium in the stomach to achieve symptomatic relief and total regression of some of the infection-associated nonmalignant, as well as malignant diseases, particularly extranodal marginal B-cell lymphoma. Drug regimens of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, plus a proton pump inhibitor or metronidazole, clarithromycin, plus a proton pump inhibitor have been used to treat ''S. heilmannii s.l.-associated upper gastrointestinal tract diseases successfully.

References

Gram-negative bacteria
Pathogenic bacteria
Campylobacterota
Infectious causes of cancer
Carcinogenesis
Lymphoma

Helicobacter heilmannii sensu lato


Charulata ( Cārulatā; in English also known as The Lonely Wife) is a 1964 Indian drama film written and directed by Satyajit Ray based upon the 1901 novella Nastanirh ("The Broken Nest") by Rabindranath Tagore. It features Soumitra Chatterjee, Madhabi Mukherjee and Sailen Mukherjee. The film is considered one of Ray's highest achievements.

Both the first and the last scenes are critically acclaimed. The first scene, with almost no dialogues shows Charu's loneliness and how she looks at the outside world through the binoculars. In the last scene when Charu and her husband are about to come closer and hold their hands the screen freezes. This has been described as a beautiful use of freeze frame in cinema.

Plot
Charulata is based on a story by Rabindranath Tagore, Nastanirh (the Broken Nest) and set in Calcutta in the late nineteenth century. The Bengali Renaissance is at its peak and India is under British rule. The film revolves around Charulata (Charu) (Madhabi Mukherjee), the intelligent and beautiful wife of Bhupati (Sailen Mukherjee). He edits and publishes a political newspaper. Bhupati is an upper-class Bengali intellectual with a keen interest in politics and the freedom movement.

Charu is interested in the arts, literature and poetry. Though Bhupati loves his wife, he has no time for her. She has little to do in the house run by a fleet of servants. Sensing her boredom, Bhupati invites Charu's elder brother Umapada and his wife Manda to live with them. Umapada helps in running the magazine and the printing press. Manda, with her silly and crude ways, is no company for the sensitive and intelligent Charulata.

Amal (Soumitra Chatterjee), Bhupati's younger cousin, comes to visit. Bhupati asks him to encourage Charu's cultural interests. Amal is young, handsome and in the same age group as Charu. He has literary ambitions and shares her interests in poetry. He provides her with much needed intellectual companionship and attention. An intimate and teasing friendship develops between Charulata and Amal. There is a hint of rivalry when she publishes a short story on her own without his knowledge, following his publishing of a poem that she had forbidden him from getting published. He realizes that Charulata is in love with him but is reluctant to reciprocate due to the guilt involved.

Meanwhile, Charu's brother and sister-in-law swindle Bhupati of his money and run away. It destroys Bhupati's newspaper and the press. The episode shatters Bhupati who admits his hurt to Amal. He tells Amal that now Amal is the only one he can trust.

Amal is overcome with the guilt of betraying his cousin. He is also uncomfortable with Charu's higher intellect that he has helped nurture. He leaves unannounced to marry and go to England for higher studies. He leaves behind a letter to Charu.

Charu is heartbroken but hides her disappointment. Bhupati accidentally enters her room and finds her crying over Amal. Bhupati realizes Charu's feelings for Amal. He is broken, shocked and bewildered by it.

He rushes out of the house and wanders aimlessly in his carriage. On his return, Charu and Bhupati make a hesitant gesture to reach out, but their extended hands remain frozen in a tentative gesture.

Cast
 Madhabi Mukherjee - Charulata
 Soumitra Chatterjee - Amal
 Shailen Mukherjee - Bhupati Dutta
 Shyamal Ghoshal - Umapada
 Gitali Roy - Manda
 Bholanath Koyal - Braja
 Suku Mukherjee - Nishikanta
 Dilip Bose - Shashanka
 Joydeb - Nilotpal Dey
 Bankim Ghosh - Jagannath

Production
Charulata is based on the 1901 novella Nastanirh (The Broken Nest) by Bengali author Rabindranath Tagore. Ray later said that he liked the novella because "it has a western quality to it and the film obviously shares that quality. That's why I can speak of Mozart in connection with Charulata quite validly." Ray decided to set the film in the 1880s instead of in 1901 and spent many months researching the historical background. For the first time in his career he worked without a deadline both during pre-production and during the shooting. Ray worked closely with art director Bansi Chandragupta and no interior scene was shot on location. All sets were either built or remodeled to accurately portray India in the 1880s. Ray cast Indian actress Madhabi Mukherjee in the role of Charulata, but had difficulty with her owing to her addiction to chewing paan, which stained her teeth black. Because of this Ray had to be careful about what camera angles he used to film her. Ray once called Charulata his favourite of his own films.

Reception
Charulata holds one of the highest ratings for an Indian film in Rotten Tomatoes, a 96% rating based on 26 reviews with an average rating of 9.2/10. It has been widely regarded as one of the finest films made in Indian cinema history, and has won wide critical acclaim overseas as well.

In Sight and Sound, Penelope Houston praised the film, stating that "the interplay of sophistication and simplicity is extraordinary". A review in The New York Times said that the film "moved like a majestic snail, as do all Ray films". In 1965, The Times of London remarked upon the film's depiction of values that seemed influenced by the English, stating that "this stratum of Indian life was more English than England".

Much to Ray's dismay, the film was rejected at Cannes, a move which was protested by the likes of David Lean and Ingmar Bergman. The film is, supposedly, also an all-time favourite of Jean-Luc Godard.

It was shown as part of the Cannes Classics section of the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. It was awarded Best Director by the Berlin Film Festival.

On the occasion of birth centenary of Ray, senior journalist B.M.Hanif of  Prajavani newspaper had reported on 21 May 2020 that speculations were rife at the time of release that the story was based on the life of Rabindranath Tagore, his brother Jyotirindranath Tagore (who was 12 years elder to him) and his sister in law Kadambari Devi (who was 2 years elder to him) considering the fact that the story takes place in 1879-80 when Rabindranath was 19 years old and that Kadambari Devi committed suicide four months after Rabindranath was married at the age of 23 in 1883 to the 9 or 11 year old Mrinalini Devi.

Preservation
The Academy Film Archive preserved Charulata in 1996.

Awards
 Silver Bear for Best Director at the 15th Berlin International Film Festival in 1965.
 Golden Lotus Award for Best Film at the National Film Awards (India) in 1965.

Tribute

The film contains a famous scene in which Charu (Madhabi Mukherjee) sings Rabindranath Tagore's song "Fule Fule Dhole Dhole" on a swing, while looking at Amal (Soumitra Chatterjee). The scene is referenced in the Bollywood film Parineeta during the song sequence, Soona Man Ka Aangan. Indeed, Parineeta 's Lalita (Vidya Balan) is dressed to resemble Nastanirh/Charulata 's Charu. Furthermore, Parineeta is based upon the novel Parineeta by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay who was a noted contemporary of Tagore (and who also wrote novels concerned with social reform).

Home media
In 2013, The Criterion Collection released a restored high-definition digital transfer and new subtitle translations.

References

Further reading
 Antani, Jay.  "Charulata review." Slant Magazine, April 2004.
 Biswas, Moinak. "Writing on the Screen: Satyajit Ray's Adaptation of Tagore"
 Chaudhuri, Neel. "Charulata: The Intimacies of a Broken Nest"
 Cooper, Darius.The Cinema of Satyajit Ray:Between Tradition and Modernity Cambridge University Press, 2000.
 Nyce, Ben. Satyajit Ray : A Study of His Films. New York: Praeger, 1988
 Seely, Clinton B. "Translating Between Media: Rabindranath Tagore and Satyajit Ray"
 Sen, Kaustav "Our Culture, Their Culture:Indian-ness in Satyajit Ray and Rabindranath Tagore explored through their works Charulata and Nashtanir"

External links
 Official website

 Charulata: "Calm Without, Fire Within" an essay by Philip Kemp at the Criterion Collection

Films directed by Satyajit Ray
Bengali-language films
ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට
Films set in Kolkata
Films based on works by Rabindranath Tagore
Films based on Indian novels
Fictional Indian people
1964 drama films
Indian black-and-white films
Films about women in India
Memorials to Rabindranath Tagore
Best Feature Film National Film Award winners
Films with screenplays by Satyajit Ray
Films set in the 1870s
Films about writers
1960s Bengali-language films
Films scored by Satyajit Ray

චාරුලතා


In mathematics, topological Galois theory is a mathematical theory which originated from a topological proof of Abel's impossibility theorem found by V. I. Arnold and concerns the applications of some topological concepts to some problems in the field of Galois theory. It connects many ideas from algebra to ideas in topology. As described in Khovanskii's book: "According to this theory, the way the Riemann surface of an analytic function covers the plane of complex numbers can obstruct the representability of this function by explicit formulas. The strongest known results on the unexpressibility of functions by explicit formulas have been obtained in this way."

References

Galois theory
Topology

Topological Galois theory


Geoffrey Roberts (born 1952) is a British historian of World War II working at University College Cork. He specializes in Soviet diplomatic and military history of World War II. He was professor of modern history at University College Cork (UCC) in Ireland and head of the School of History at UCC.

Early life and career
Roberts was born in Deptford, South London, in 1952. As undergraduate, he studied international relations at North Staffordshire Polytechnic and was a postgraduate research student at the London School of Economics. Roberts is a fellow of the Royal Historical Society, and taught history and international relations at University College Cork.

A commentator on history and current affairs, Roberts has been a regular speaker in Britain, Ireland, Russia, and the United States and a contributor to the History News Service. He has appeared on radio and television and has acted as an historical consultant for documentary series such as Simon Berthon's Warlords, which was broadcast in 2005 on Channel 4. Academic awards won by Roberts include a Fulbright Scholarship to Harvard University and a Government of Ireland Senior Research Fellowship.

In 2013, the Society for Military History awarded the Distinguished Book Award to his Stalin's General: The Life of Georgy Zhukov (2012), a work which Jonathan Yardley for The Washington Post described as "what is likely to stand for some time as the most comprehensive biography of Zhukov."

In 2015, Roberts' Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953, which was first published in 2006 by Yale University Press, was apparently banned from Sorbonne University because of alleged neutrality issue after an online petition asked the university to stock the French version of the work. Roberts was surprised by it, and commented, "It's never happened before. It's a work of scholarship. It has some very strong opinions, not everyone agrees with it, but to characterise it the way they've characterised it is completely wrong.... There can be no reason for an academic library to prohibit the purchase of Les Guerres de Staline, except political prejudice."

Views
In an interview with George Mason University's History News Network following the publication of Stalin's General: The Life of Georgy Zhukov, Roberts said: "As I argued in Stalin's Wars and again in Stalin's General, it was (ironically) Stalin and the Soviets who helped saved  liberal democracy, as well as the communist system, from the Nazis."

About the Soviet Union, of which he was a critic in his youth, he commented "I retain the liberal and democratic ethos that informed my critique of Soviet authoritarianism." Roberts stated that it was "responsible for some of the most epic achievements and most gross misdeeds of our age" and said he had "no difficulty in joining the condemnation of the Soviet system's violence, terror and repression."

Roberts said he was "a great admirer of much of [Timothy D.] Snyder's work" and commended Bloodlands for telling "an important part of the story, but I don't see it as the whole picture." Expressing disagreement with Snyder's equating Nazi Germany with the Soviet Union, Roberts commented, "It's a pity Snyder's work has become associated with the recent revival of Cold War ideological polemics in which Hitler and Stalin and the Soviet and Nazi systems are depicted as being equivalent and as bad as each other."

Reception
In a review for Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953, the history professor Jonathan Haslam wrote that Cold War politics and historical revisionism "caused historians to emphasize Stalin's ruthlessness and paranoia while downplaying his contribution to the war effort." Roberts posited that "the contemporaneous view of Stalin as a great war leader was largely justified. Without minimizing Stalin's mistakes or his paranoia, the author maintains that the dictator was a key factor in the Soviet victory."

Roberts also wrote: "Without him the efforts of the [Communist] party, the people, the armed forces and their generals would have been considerably less effective."

In a 1996 article for The Journal of Modern History, Haslam criticized Roberts for relying too heavily on edited Soviet archival documents and for going too far in his conclusions, positing that this made his accounts somewhat one sided and by no means telling a full story.

In a review about the same work for The National Interest, the historian Andrew Bacevich described it as "a model of scholarship" but criticized the depiction of Stalin "as great statesman and man of peace" and posited that Roberts was being overly sympathetic towards Stalin, taking the word of the Soviet leadership uncritically in his writings, presenting a biased view, and significantly undermining the usefulness of his scholarship. Roberts described Stalin as "the dictator who defeated Hitler and helped save the world for democracy."

Published works
  See also the 1990 edition via Internet Archive.

Notes

References

External links
 Official website
 Articles by Geoffrey Roberts

1952 births
Academics of University College Cork
Alumni of the London School of Economics
British historians
Harvard University alumni
Living people
People educated at Addey and Stanhope School
Fulbright alumni

Geoffrey Roberts


In computer operating systems, a process (or task) may wait for another process to complete its execution. In most systems, a parent process can create an independently executing child process. The parent process may then issue a wait system call, which suspends the execution of the parent process while the child executes. When the child process terminates, it returns an exit status to the operating system, which is then returned to the waiting parent process. The parent process then resumes execution.

Modern operating systems also provide system calls that allow a process's thread to create other threads and wait for them to terminate ("join" them) in a similar fashion.

An operating system may provide variations of the wait call that allow a process to wait for any of its child processes to exit, or to wait for a single specific child process (identified by its process ID) to exit.

Some operating systems issue a signal (SIGCHLD) to the parent process when a child process terminates, notifying the parent process and allowing it to retrieve the child process's exit status.

The exit status returned by a child process typically indicates whether the process terminated normally or abnormally. For normal termination, this status also includes the exit code (usually an integer value) that the process returned to the system. During the first 20 years of UNIX, only the low 8 bits of the exit code have been available to the waiting parent. In 1989 with SVR4, a new call waitid has been introduced that returns all bits from the exit call in a structure called siginfo_t in the structure member si_status. Waitid is a mandatory part of the POSIX standard since 2001.

Zombies and orphans

When a child process terminates, it becomes a zombie process, and continues to exist as an entry in the system process table even though it is no longer an actively executing program. Under normal operation it will typically be immediately waited on by its parent, and then reaped by the system, reclaiming the resource (the process table entry). If a child is not waited on by its parent, it continues to consume this resource indefinitely, and thus is a resource leak. Such situations are typically handled with a special "reaper" process that locates zombies and retrieves their exit status, allowing the operating system to then deallocate their resources.

Conversely, a child process whose parent process terminates before it does becomes an orphan process. Such situations are typically handled with a special "root" (or "init") process, which is assigned as the new parent of a process when its parent process exits. This special process detects when an orphan process terminates and then retrieves its exit status, allowing the system to deallocate the terminated child process.

If a child process receives a signal, a waiting parent will then continue execution leaving an orphan process behind. Hence it is sometimes needed to check the argument set by wait, waitpid or waitid and, in the case that WIFSIGNALED is true, wait for the child process again to deallocate resources.

See also
 exit (system call)
 fork (system call)
 Spawn (computing)
 Wait (command)

References

Process (computing)
C POSIX library
System calls

Wait (system call)


Jordan have competed at all-but-one Asian Games since their first participation in 1986, with the exception of the 1990 edition in Beijing. Jordan has won 53 medals, including five gold, 21 silver and 27 bronze medals. These have been won in seven sports: Taekwondo (27), Karate (13), Jujitsu (five), Boxing (five), Basketball (one), Bodybuilding (one) and Wrestling (one).

Seoul 1986
Jordan's first participation came at the 10th Asian Games, hosted by the South Korean capital Seoul in 1986. Jordan sent athletes to compete football, basketball, athletics, taekwondo, and archery and succeeded in winning four medals in taekwondo. Three silver medals were won by Ahmed Ali, Tawfiq Nuweiser and Samer Kamal and a bronze was won by Tariq Al-Lababidi. The taekwondo national team ranked third overall, level with Indonesia, in the standings behind South Korea, who won seven gold medals, and Iran, who won two medal including a gold. Overall, Jordan came in 16th out of 22 countries that won medals and fifth out of eight Arab nations that won medals.

Hiroshima 1994
After missing Beijing 1990, Jordan returned to the 12 edition in the Japanese city of Hiroshima from October 2–16, 1994. Over 7,000 athletes representing 42 National Olympic Committees competed in 34 sports with Jordan taking 13 athletes in five sports: Equestrian, Athletics, Taekwondo, Archery and Karate. The Jordanian delegation won two Taekwondo silver medals through Mohammed Al Zu'bi and Ammar Fahed, with Tawfiq Twaiser becoming the first Jordanian to win at two editions by repeating his Seoul bronze in Hiroshima. Yousef Abu Zaid also received a Taekwondo bronze. Jordan ranked 24th overall on the medal table out of 32 countries that won at least one medal, and fifth in the Arab world.

Bangkok 1998
Jordan took part in the 13th edition of the Asian Games held in Bangkok from December 6–20, the third time that Thailand has hosted the event after 1966 and 1970. More than 6,000 athletes representing 41 National Olympic Committees competed in 36 sports. Jordan took 38 athletes in 11 sports: Taekwondo, Archery, Bowling, Boxing, Weightlifting, Squash, Judo, Karate, Swimming, Gymnastics and Athletics. Five medals were won with Alaa Kotkot becoming the first Jordanian woman to win a medal, with her Taekwondo silver. There were further Taekwondo silvers for Hussein Al-Tahla and Ibrahim Aqil and a bronze for Mohammed Al-Fararjah. Boxer Mohammed Abu Khadija won Jordan's first non-Taekwondo medal with a bronze. Jordan finished 25th on the medals table out of 32 countries that won at least one medal, and third in the Arab world behind Kuwait and Qatar. China ranked first with 274 medals, including 129 golds.

Busan 2002
Jordan participated in the 14th edition of the Asian Games which returned in 2002 to South Korea for the second time, in Busan. A total of 7,711 athletes competed from 44 National Olympic Committees. A delegation of 23 athletes competed in 12 sports: Swimming, Gymnastics, Athletics, Taekwondo, Fencing, Table Tennis, Boxing, Weightlifting, Squash, Shooting, Wrestling and Karate. Jordan's haul of two Taekwondo bronze medals represent their lowest won at an Asian Games with only Eyad Saifi and Ali Asmar successful, leaving Jordan 34th on the medals ladder from the 39 countries that won at least one medal.

Doha 2006
Jordan participated in the 15th edition of the Asian Games held in Doha from December 1–15. The Jordanian delegation consisted of 98 athletes competing in 13 sports including Football, Gymnastics, Athletics, Taekwondo, Basketball, Bodybuilding, Boxing, Weightlifting, Billiards, Equestrian, Wrestling, Chess and Karate. The event also brought Jordan's first gold medal when Mohammed Al Bakhit clinched a Taekwondo title. Seven further medals were won including three silver medals by Yahya Abu Tabikh (Wrestling), Alaa Kett (Taekwondo) and Jamil Al Khafash (Taekwondo). Four bronze medals were won by Amer Abu Afifah (Karate), Talaat Khalil (Karate), Mutasim Billah Kheir (Karate) and Ahmad Al-Saafin (Bodybuilding). The Jordanian team ranked 25th on the medals table out of 38 countries that recorded at least one medal.

Guangzhou 2010
Manar Shaath created history by becoming the first Jordanian woman to win gold at the Asian Games at the 16th edition in the Chinese city of Guangzhou from November 12–27, 2010. She, and fellow Taekwondo fighter Nabil Talal, won golds out of a total of six medals won by the Kingdom. Dana Haider (Taekwondo) and Bashar Al Najjar (Karate) won silver medals and Nadeen Dawani (Taekwondo) and Mu'tasim Khair (Karate) clinched bronze medals. Jordan was one of the 45 National Olympic Committees to participate with 42 sports held, including 28 Olympic and 14 non-Olympic sports. Jordan sent 86 players to compete in 11 sports: Football, Taekwondo, Boxing, Fencing, Wrestling, Squash, Karate, Basketball, Chess, Kung-Fu and Swimming.

Incheon 2014
The 17th edition of the Asian Games was held in Incheon, South Korea, from September 19 – October 4, 2014, the third time South Korea has hosted the event after 1986 and 2002. More than 9500 athletes representing 45 National Olympic Committees competed in 36 sports. Jordan sent 97 athletes to play in 12 sports: Boxing, Karate, Taekwondo, Football, Wrestling, Judo, Squash, Basketball, Triathlon, Weightlifting, Wushu and Cycling. Four medals were won with Karate fighter Abdul Rahman winning silver medal the -60 kg weight. Boxer Odai Al-Hindawi took silver the 75 kg event, while fellow boxers, Obadah Al Kissbeh and Ehab Matbouli also won bronze medals. Jordan ranked 31st on the medals table from 37 countries that had won at least one medal.

Indonesia 2018
The 18th edition of the Asian Games was held in Jakarta and Palembang, Indonesia, from August 18 – September 2, 2018. Jordan sent 35 representatives to compete in Taekwondo, Swimming, 3x3 Basketball, Boxing, Ju-Jitsu, Athletics, Karate and Judo. The event saw Jordan clinch a record haul of 12 medals, including two gold, one silver and nine bronze medals. Taekwondo fighter Juliana Al-Sadiq won Jordan's first gold medal and Ju-Jitsu athlete Haidar Al-Rasheed won the second.  Zaid Sami Jarandouqa (Ju-Jitsu)  won silver. The nine bronze medals were won by Hamza Qattan (Taekwondo), Saleh Sharbati (Taekwondo), Ahmed Abu Ghaush (Taekwondo), Yara Qaqish (Ju-Jitsu), Fraih Harahsheh (Ju-Jitsu), Abdul-Karim Al-Rasheed (Ju-Jitsu), Abdul Rahman Masatfa (Karate), Bashar Najjar (Karate) and Ziad Ishaish (Boxing). Jordan ranked 23rd on the medals table from 45 countries, and fifth in the Arab world.

Medal tables

Medals by Asian Games

References

Jordan at the Asian Games


The American Bulldog is a large breed of dog.  It comes from the Old English Bulldog. They are now used on animal farms, in dog sports, and for showing. They are part of American culture and history. They are shown as strong and tough. In November 2019, the American Bulldog was added to the American Kennel Club (AKC) Foundation Stock Service (FSS).

Dog breeds originating in the United States

American Bulldog


Francis Hartwell Henslowe (1811–1878) was a British-born  civil servant, business manager and composer who worked in England, Australia and India.

Born in England, Henslowe was the son of Edward Prentis Henslowe (1772–1857) and Cecilia Maria Barthelemon. In 1839, he emigrated to Sydney, then moved in 1841 to Hobart in Tasmania.

In Tasmania, Henslowe was appointed private secretary to Sir John Franklin and then became the Police Magistrate at Campbell Town, Tasmania in 1843. In 1851, Henslowe was appointed Clerk of the Executive and Legislative Councils of the Parliament of Tasmania.  As described by a contemporary. "from his amiable and obliging disposition secured the esteem of the members of the House." Henslowe retired from his government post due to bad health and weak eyesight in 1864.

Henslowe then moved to the Madras area of India, where he worked as the manager of a large irrigation company.  He held this job for ten years with a salary of 1,500 pounds a year. Around 1874, Henslowe returned to England, where he retired permanently.

Henslowe died in England in 1878.

Henslowe married the daughter of Canon Allwood, a resident of New South Wales.  The couple had two sons and two daughters. Both sons held appointments in the Madras Survey Department.

References

External links
 http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010492b.htm

1811 births
1878 deaths
19th-century composers
Australian male composers
Australian composers
19th-century male musicians

Francis Hartwell Henslowe


Harry Abend, OFM (5 May 193718 January 2021) was a Polish-born Venezuelan sculptor and architect. With his parents, Polish Jews from Jarosław, he left Poland and immigrated to Venezuela at the age of 11 in 1948. Abend embarked on his sculpture practice in 1958 under the guidance of Miguel Arroyo while also studying architecture at the Universidad Central de Venezuela. In 1963, at the age of 26, Abend received the National Sculpture Prize of Venezuela for his work "Forma" 1961. In 1964, he participated in a three-month workshop led by British sculptor Kenneth Armitage. In 1976 Abend moved to London where he continued developing his work and exhibited in galleries such as the Roundhouse Gallery and the Hayward Gallery. Around this time Abend began to receive commissions to stage interventions in urban and architectural environments, such as the cement mural on the façade of the Teatro Teresa Carreño, and the interior design of the Sala Plenaria in the east tower of Parque Central, both in Caracas. A selection of his solo shows include Esculturas, Museo de Arte Moderno, Río de Janeiro (1968); three exhibitions at Sala Mendoza, Caracas (1973, 1980 and 1995); Electrum Gallery, London (1977); Saint James Piccadilly Festival, London (1981); a retrospective at the Museo de Arte Moderno Jesús Soto, Ciudad Bolívar (2002); Museo de Arte Acarigua Araure, Acarigua (2003); Museo Kern Unión Israelita de Caracas (2012); Galería GBG ARTS, Caracas and Henrique Faria, New York (both 2014). He lived and worked in Caracas.

Work

Between 1965 and 1970, Abend was the professor of tridimensional composition at the Neumann Institute of Design, where other renowned artists such as Gego, Gerd Leufert, Nedo, Manuel Quintana Castillo, Guillermo Meneses, and Luisa Zuloaga de Palacios taught similar courses. He established himself in London for six years, then returned to Caracas to continue his artistic work. In the next following decades, his style developed and matured as he engaged in numerous projects, installations, art exhibitions and collectives. Abend's sculptures are done mainly in wood, bronze, and concrete; he is also known for designing high-scale architectural elements of important buildings, such as the façade of the Teatro Teresa Carreño, the ceiling of the Caracas Israeli Union synagogue, and the new perimeter fence of the Court of Supreme Justice in Venezuela. Abend was a skilled engraver and illustrator; he also engaged in jewelry making, working primarily with gold, silver and precious gems. The elegant nature of his jewels is such that he was commissioned by the Venezuelan Government several times to craft pieces as gifts for important diplomatic personalities (e.g., he produced a complete jewelry set for Patricia Nixon while she was the First Lady of the United States).

His first solo exhibition (Museo de Bellas Artes, Caracas, 1962) included fused bronze pieces of polished surfaces and wooden sculptures. The works from one of his first series, Formas, earned him the Premio Nacional de Escultura (1963). Abend participated in the Taller de Quebrada Honda, organized on the occasion of British sculptor Kenneth Armitage's visit, and the works produced during the workshop were shown at the exhibition by Kenneth Armitage and eight Venezuelan sculptors (Museo de Bellas Artes, 1964). By that time, he had abandoned polished surfaces and made, for his second solo exhibition (Museo de Bellas Artes, 1965), bronze reliefs of abrupt geometric volumes and works influenced by Informalismo, in which his interest in the medium prevailed.

After this phase, Abend adhered to geometric constructivism, through which he developed reliefs integrated with architecture, as seen in several buildings in Caracas, including the Sinagoga de la Unión Israelita (1969), the Hotel Caracas Hilton (today Hotel Alba, 1973), the Sala Plenaria de Parque Central (1974), the Sinagoga de la Asociación Beth-El (1974–1975), and the Teatro Teresa Carreño (1980–1982). A selection of similar works, of smaller scale and made out of concrete, was displayed at the Sala Mendoza (Caracas, 1973). Between 1976 and 1982, Abend resided in London. Wood become his favored medium. He created different types of constructive-geometric assemblages, some by means of thick strips whose structural severity contrasted with their irregular reliefs, others combining small pieces arrayed in a rigorous and, at the same time, delicate order, and presented them in the exhibition Puertas, ventanas y relieves at the Sala Mendoza (1980).

After returning to Venezuela in the mid 1980s, Abend's work took on an organic character. At the outset, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic forms were suggested through wood pieces. Soon thereafter, the medium of wood and sculpting, as process, became the dynamic elements of his work. His large pieces looked like totems constructed of ovoid volumes with clear textures and placed on columns or beams that created the appearance of a megalith. These works were shown for the first time in the Museo de Bellas Artes (1989).

In later pieces, Abend used wood from trunks of trees that had been cut to make space for urban expansion. He cut these in cylindrical sections. He also recovered the trees' bark. These works, gathered in sculpture sets, were displayed at the Galería de Arte Nacional (Caracas, 1992) and the Sala Mendoza (1995). He also produced a series of conceptual works in which he placed leftover shavings of his woodwork in boxes, giving birth to a sort of "esculturas en negativo" (sculptures in negative).

Exhibitions
Abend exhibited in numerous galleries, museums and art events around the world, some of which are:

 Museum of Fine Arts, Houston.
 Museum of Modern Art, Rio de Janeiro.
 Museum of Fine Arts, Venezuela.
 Museo Alejandro Otero, Venezuela.
 Jesus Soto Museum of Modern Art, Ciudad Bolivar.
 Museum of Contemporary Art Sofia Imber.
 National Art Gallery of Venezuela.
 Museum of Contemporary Art Francisco Narvaez, Porlamar, Nueva Sparta.
 Museum of Contemporary Art of Zulia.
 Biennial of Guayana.
 São Paulo Biennial.
 Salon D'Empaire, Maracaibo (Shell Award winner for sculpture).
 Henrique Faria Fine Art, New York.
 Goldsmith's Hall, London.
 Electrum Gallery, London.
 Roundhouse Gallery, London.
 Trasnocho Cultural Center.
 Jewelry Showcase: The Work of Harry Abend, Milwaukee.
 Kleinplastik Exhibition, Madurodam, The Hague (Prize winner).

Recognitions

His life's work, which spans over sixty years (1958-2021), has been exemplified in projects of varying nature and importance. His career as a sculptor started at an early age; in 1963, when he was only 26, he was awarded the prestigious Venezuelan National Award in Sculpture (Premio Nacional de Escultura) for the work "Forma 1961". Later in his career, he was awarded the Order of Francisco de Miranda, First Class, in 1990. He was shown homage by the Latin American Art Fair (Feria de Arte Latinoamericana), in 2009.

References

Literature
 Guevara, Roberto. "Construcción y naturaleza". In Harry Abend: Obras recientes, 1988–89. Caracas: Museo de Bellas Artes, 1989
 Guevara, Roberto. "Para encontrar el árbol". In Abend. Caracas: Galería de Arte Nacional, 1992
 Guevara, Roberto. Ver todos los días. Caracas: Monte Ávila Editores, 1981
 Harry Abend. 1970–2002. Ciudad Bolívar: Museo de Arte Moderno Jesús Soto, 2002
 Jiménez, Ariel. "Entrevista con Ariel Jiménez". In Esculturas y xilografías. Caracas: Sala Mendoza, 1995
 Mena, Marisa. Harry Abend. Colección Arte Venezolano, n° 56. Caracas: IARTES, 2008
 Palomero, Federica. Harry Abend: Obras recientes, 1988–89. Caracas: Museo de Bellas Artes, 1989

External links
 Interciencia – Revista Interciencia
 Museo Virtual

Venezuelan artists
20th-century Polish sculptors
Polish male sculptors
Venezuelan sculptors
Polish architects
Venezuelan architects
1937 births
2021 deaths
Venezuelan people of Polish descent

Harry Abend


R. Bruce Hoadley (1933 – October 15, 2019) was Professor Emeritus of Building and Construction Materials in the Department of Environmental Conservation at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

His main research interests were wood identification and dimensional changes due to wood-moisture relationships.  He is known to the general public primarily as the author of popular books on the anatomy, properties and processing of wood, and for his work as a contributing editor and technical consultant for Fine Woodworking magazine. His expertise in wood identification has been utilized in analysis of antique furniture and art objects for Sotheby's and major museums.

His book Identifying Wood: Accurate results with simple tools is an accessible introduction to the topic, and his Understanding Wood is a comprehensive treatment of wood technology.  The first edition of this work sold over 130,000 copies.

Publications

References

External links
 Faculty profile at U Mass Amherst

Forestry academics
American woodworkers
1933 births
2019 deaths
University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty
Wood sciences

R. Bruce Hoadley


The Harold B. Lee Library (HBLL) is the main academic library of Brigham Young University (BYU) located in Provo, Utah. The library started as a small collection of books in the president's office in 1876 before moving in 1891. The Heber J. Grant Library building was completed in 1925, and in 1961 the library moved to the newly constructed J. Reuben Clark Library where it stands today. That building was renamed to the Harold B. Lee Library in 1974.

The library was significantly expanded in the 1990s, providing new individual and group study rooms and a special vault area for the L. Tom Perry Special Collections Library. In 2016, the library contained over 4.7 million books, 10.6 million total materials, and served over 10,000 patrons each day. The library was ranked by the Princeton Review within the top three university libraries in the United States four times: in 2004, 2007, 2012, and 2023.

History

A collection of books in Karl G. Maeser's office served as the first library at Brigham Young Academy. In 1891, the library moved to a room in the Education Building in the lower campus, which expanded to include Room D about 1906. George Q. Cannon and Reed Smoot helped to acquire documents from the U.S. Department of the Interior and congressional documents. A fire in 1884 destroyed at least forty volumes of the collection. Students rarely checked out books in the early 1900s, generally studying books in the library instead. The Dewey Decimal Classification system was introduced to the library in 1908.

English professor Alice Louise Reynolds helped raise funds to purchase over 1,000 books for the library. She was the faculty chair of a committee to establish the library from 1906 to 1925. The library contained 29,592 volumes by 1923—almost half of them donated—and students had to stand in the library for lack of study space Reynolds' fan club donated over 10,000 volumes in the 1930s. By 1946, the library contained 138,500 volumes of books.

The Heber J. Grant Library was completed in 1925. In the Grant Library, reference books were placed on shelves surrounding the study area, with the rest of the library's holdings on shelves in the book room. Students would find books they wanted in the catalog, and library pages would retrieve them.

The library increased the volume of acquisitions during the 1930s and 1940s, and gifts of books were indiscriminately accepted. This policy changed in 1958, when gifts became subject to a consultation with the Director of Libraries, S. Lyman Tyler. In his time as director from 1954 to 1966, Tyler met Keyes Metcalf at a seminar for library administrators. Metcalf was the former director of the Harvard Library, and consulted with Tyler about the plans for BYU's new library. BYU commissioned Lorenzo Snow Young to make the plans for addition.

The J. Reuben Clark Library was completed in 1961. The library's collection reached 500,000 volumes in 1965, and one million volumes by 1971. The name of library changed in 1974 from the J. Reuben Clark Library to the Harold B. Lee Library to avoid confusion with the J. Reuben Clark Law School. Harold B. Lee was the 11th president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

A six-story addition was completed in 1976, doubling the library's physical space and increasing the library's seating capacity from 2,500 to 4,500. The addition had moveable walls, integrated student study spaces into the stacks, added group study rooms, and included a vault for archival materials. Art professor and artist Franz M. Johansen created four cast stone panels used to decorate the south entrance of the library and representing four areas of human knowledge.

The HBLL was again expanded and remodeled in the mid– and late–1990s using donated funds, adding , technology classrooms, an auditorium, and a digitization center. After the expansion, parts of the old library were remodeled, and the south entrance was closed. A new south entrance was opened in 2015.

From 2001 to 2011, the Interlibrary Loan program processed 500,000 requests. The library contained over 4.7 million books and served an average of 10,191 patrons a day during 2016. Single-user study rooms were added in 2017, and construction started on a family-friendly study room.

Technological improvements
The HBLL started offering a dial-up access system in 1969 for patrons to access music, lectures, and foreign language recordings, and access to the Library Information Network Center (LINC) was offered in 1974. Through a keyword search, patrons could use the system to search bibliographic resources of articles and recent books from ProQuest Dialog and Orbit II. The library adopted 3M Tattle-Tape in 1975 to detect if patrons were removing books from the library that had not been checked out. The library renamed their NOTIS cataloging system in 1984 to the Brigham Young University Information Network (BYLINE), and ran it on a mainframe computer located in the James E. Talmage Building.

The library collection began being re-catalogued in 1995 from the Dewey Decimal Classification system to a modified Library of Congress Classification. A word processing center in the library made 25 computers available to students at the rate of $1 per hour in 1996. In 1997, the library switched from using the DOS-based BYLINE to the Windows-based Horizon Automated Library Systems. The Horizon system allowed users to access online catalogs from other libraries, and used a client-server model.

The library contained 200 computers but only a portion of them had internet access in 1997. The library launched an online library catalog in 1998 after integrating the search system, providing online renewals and extending undergraduate checkout times. An electronic reserve system with an additional server was added in 1999. The library added wireless internet access points to its study spaces in 2003.

Library instruction

The HBLL instituted a summer program to certify students as school librarians in 1938, later offering the program during the school year. A class on bookbinding was taught during the 1940s. The BYU School of Library and Information Science was established in 1966 and re-accredited in 1978. It had about 50 graduates a year. Prior to this program, Mary Elizabeth Downey taught a six-week class on the use of libraries. The School of Library and Information Science was closed in 1993, despite the program being in high demand. The closure occurred after the administration announced a renewed focus on undergraduate studies.

Collections

The HBLL includes a family history library, the Primrose International Viola Archive, the International Harp Archives, and serves as a designated depository of government documents. The juvenile literature department opened its Lloyd Alexander Collection in January 2010, featuring items  from the author's home office for students and researchers to access.

Special collections
The library's special collections began in 1957 with 1000 books and 50 manuscript collections. A special vault and cold storage facility were built in 2000 and the collection was formally named the L. Tom Perry Special Collections Library. The collection at the time contained over 8000 manuscript collections, 500,000 photographs, and 280,000 books. Notable items from the collection include a 1967 Bible illustrated by Salvador Dalí, a 13th-century Vulgate, a first edition Book of Mormon, and the papers of Cecil B. DeMille and Helen Foster Snow.

Foreign language collections
The HBLL houses collections in many foreign languages. The collection includes a Welsh library originally sponsored in 1951 by the National Gymanfa Association of the United States and Canada. The Icelandic Library Association of Spanish Fork donated their collection of Icelandic books in 1951.

Religious influence on collections
Starting in 2004, R-rated movies were placed in the Faculty Use collection. The Romance section includes a guide with ratings for the amount of sexual content in the books, and novels with explicit sexual material are not included in the collection.

Awards and recognition
In 2004, the Princeton Review ranked the HBLL as the number one college library, and as number three in 2007 and 2012. The American Library Association awarded the HBLL with the Library Instruction Round Table 2017 Innovation in Instruction Award.

See also
Education in Zion Gallery

References

External links

Scholars Archive, an open repository for BYU theses, dissertations, and journals
Backstage documentary about HBLL

University and college academic libraries in the United States
BYU Library
Libraries in Utah
Library, Harold B. Lee
Libraries established in 1925
Library buildings completed in 1961
Library buildings completed in 1976
Library buildings completed in 2000
Brigham Young University buildings
1961 establishments in Utah
Harold B. Lee Library-related articles

Harold B. Lee Library