Oksana Pečeny (born April 23, 1983) is a Ukrainian violinist.

Biography

Early life and education
Oksana Pečeny was born April 23, 1983, in Kiev, Ukraine. She received her first musical education at the Special school for talented children in Kiev and continued her studies at the secondary school in Maribor in the class taught by her father, Taras Peceny. She then continued a three semester study with Boris Kusnir in Graz and since 2002, has been a student of Primož Novsak at the Music Academy in Ljubljana, where she is graduated in December 2007.

Career
As a soloist she performed with every orchestra in Slovenia: the Slovenian Philharmonic Orchestra, RTV Slovenia Symphony Orchestra, Symphony Orchestra of Music Academy from Ljubljana, SNG Opera and ballet Ljubljana, the Maribor philharmonics, Solisti Piranesi orchestra, Chamber orchestra of Slovenian soloists and the Zagreb symphonic orchestra.

Since she was 15, Oksana has performed in all the Slovenian professional orchestras. She has been employed by the Slovenian Philharmonic as the second concertmaster, for the past two years she has been playing as the solo violin and the second concertmaster in the Solisti Piranesi orchestra, led by Primoz Novsak, she is the first concertmaster of the ladies chamber and symphonic orchestra Musidora, and has been the only concertmaster of the chamber and symphonic orchestra of the Music Academy of Ljubljana for the past three years. Oksana has led the 5th symphony by Tchaikovsky, the 1st symphony by Mahler, the 5th symphony by Shostakovich and the 7th symphony by Beethoven.

In 2006 she was invited to join the Animato Fundacion International Youth Orchestra as the concertmaster, conducted by Ralph Weikert. In October and November 2006, she had the honour of performing with the Tonhalle Orchester Zurich as the 2nd concertmaster, conducted by David Zinman.

Awards
She received the Student Preseren Award in 2004 for the Violin Concerto by Sibelius with the Slovenian Philharmonic, and is the winner of several national and international competitions in Slovenia, Italy and the Netherlands.

References

External links
Oksana Pečeny on Myspace

1983 births
Living people
Musicians from Kyiv
Ukrainian classical violinists
Ukrainian women violinists
Slovenian classical violinists
Slovenian women violinists
University of Ljubljana alumni
21st-century classical violinists
Women classical violinists

Oksana Pečeny


Lumphanan ( ; ) is a veelage in Aiberdeenshire, Scotland locatit 25 mile frae Aiberdeen an 10 mile frae Banchory. Thare is ane pub in the veelage cried "The MacBeth Arms", thare wis anither bar (a umwhile hotel) locatit three mile frae the veelage centre namit "The Crossroads Hotel".  Kent in the local aurie as "The Cross" this closed in 2011.

Lumphanan is documentit tae be the steid o the Battle o Lumphanan o 1057, whaur Malcolm III o Scotland defeatit Macbeth o Scotland.  Macbeth wis mortally woondit on the north side o the Mounth in 1057, efter retreatin wi his men ower the Cairnamounth Pass tae tak his last staund at the battle at Lumphanan. The Prophecy of Berchán haes it that he wis woondit at Lumphanan an dee'd at Scuin, saxty mile tae the sooth, some days later. Mac Bethad's stepson Lulach mac Gille Coemgáin wis instawed as king suin efter. The nearbi Peel o Lumphanan wis built in the early 13t century, an is a guid survivin example o a yirdwirk castle.

The ruins o Corse Castle, the auncient seat o the Forbes faimily, staund some three mile tae the north.

Alang wi a short, but challengin, nine hole gowf course, Lumphanan haes a recently refurbished multi sports court maintained bi the Lumphanan Community Recreation Association (LCRA) an aw. Furthermair thare is a flood lit sports trainin aurie situatit in the lairge play pairk, which is available for uise bi request. Lumphanan's simmer league fitbaa team are elk-namit "The Wildcats".

The LCRA members organise Scotland's first 10 km run o the year an aw, kent as the "Detox", that haes been runnin syne 2004 on 2 Januar. The race stairts an feenishes in Lumphanan, but the mainly road route passes throu the local kintraside includin a hill climb oot o the veelage at the stairt an a section o ferm track runnin next tae the auld Deeside Railway Line.

The primar schuil haes recently been extendit.

References

Freemit airtins
airticle
LCRA
Lumphanan Info

Veelages in Aiberdeenshire
Places o Scotland

Lumphanan


1992 Deluxe is the second studio album by Princess Nokia. It was released on September 8, 2017. It is an expanded version of her 2016 mixtape, 1992. The title derives from her birth year. It peaked at number 25 on Billboards Heatseekers Albums chart.

Critical reception

At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, 1992 Deluxe received an average score of 77% based on 8 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Ben Beaumont-Thomas of The Guardian gave the album 4 stars out of 5, saying, "Her flow has the freewheeling energy of the battle freestyle, and often forgoes narrative in favour of a stream of boastful non-sequiturs about Mortal Kombat and Blue's Clues, but, through sheer force of charisma, her blunt edges still cause major damage." Writing for Noisey, Robert Christgau gave the album a grade of "A", calling her "the most complete New Yorker to hit hip-hop since Heems if not Nas."

NME listed it as the 32nd best album of 2017.

Track listing

Notes
  signifies a co-producer.

Charts

References

External links

2017 debut albums
Rough Trade Records albums
Princess Nokia albums

1992 Deluxe


New World Development Company Limited (NWD), is a Hong Kong-based company focused on  property,  hotels, infrastructure and services and department stores. It was established on 29 May 1970 by Cheng Yu-tung. The company is publicly listed on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited (SEHK: 17) since 23 November 1972 and is a constituent stock of Hong Kong Hang Seng Index.

Over the last four decades, the group has also actively participated in various businesses in Mainland China and established itself as one of the largest foreign direct investors in the country. The group's existing investments in Mainland China has exceeded US$16.5 billion, spreading across four municipalities and over 19 provinces.

History

Launch and rapid growth

The New World Development (NWD) Company Limited was established on 29 May 1970 to venture into property development. Dr Ho Sin Hang was elected Chairman of the company, while Dr. Cheng Yu-tung was appointed Director and General Manager. Chow Tai Fook Enterprises Limited was the company's largest shareholder. Cheng Tu Yung had bought large properties during the 1960s, and consolidated his real estate assets in NWD.

In October 1972, NWD (current ticker symbol: SEHK:17) was listed on the Hong Kong stock exchanges, raising over HK$193 million.

On 21 October 1986, Queen Elizabeth II officiated at the foundation stone laying ceremony of the HKCEC.

Reorganization

In February 1992, New World Development (China) was set up. In October 1995, New World Infrastructure Limited (NWI) (Hong Kong stock code: 301) was formed to consolidate all of NWD's infrastructure projects in Hong Kong and Mainland China, and was listed on HKSE the same month. In April 1997, New World Services Limited (NWS) was established to consolidate all the services-related units within the group. In July 1999, New World China Land Limited (NWCL) (Hong Kong stock code: 917) was formed to consolidate all of NWD's property projects in Mainland China, and was listed on HKSE the same month.

In September 2000, the group acquired New World Insurance Services Limited. In September 2001, NWS acquired the entire issued share capital of Ngo Kee Construction Company Limited. In October 2002, Pacific Ports Company Limited (PPC) acquired the traditional infrastructure assets from NWI, and acquired NWS from NWD.

In January 2003, the reorganization of New World Group was completed. NWS Holdings Limited, after changing its name from Pacific Ports Company Limited, became the group's service flagship with diversified operations in service, infrastructure and ports in Hong Kong, Macau and Mainland China. All the group's shares were consolidated under the new name NWS Holdings Limited which began trading on The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited.

In May 2005, NWD and Shanghai Industrial jointly invested US$3million into Shinhint Acoustic Link Holdings Ltd., a Hong Kong-based integrated manufacturing services provider for ODM/OEM production of electro-acoustic consumer products. Then it sold Riverside South, a luxury condominium project in New York City on land acquired from Donald Trump, for $1.8 billion – then the largest residential real estate transaction in the history of the city.

Recent developments

In July 2007, New World Department Store China Limited (Hong Kong stock code: 0825) was listed on HKSE. The Guangzhou Dongxin Expressway, in which NWS Holdings held 40.8% equity interest, was officially opened on 31 December 2010. In August 2011, New World Group announced its full support to New World Harbour Race, a sporting event organised by the Hong Kong Amateur Swimming Association after a 33-year hiatus.

In December 2013, NWS Holdings Limited acquired equity shares in Beijing Capital International Airport to become its second largest shareholder. In April 2015, New World Development Company Limited and HIP Company Limited (HIP), a wholly owned subsidiary of The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA), established a new joint venture company that own the Grand Hyatt Hong Kong, the Renaissance Harbour View and Hyatt Regency TST (the "Hotels"). The total consideration for the sale and transfer of the Hotels is HK$18,500 million, out of which approximately HK$10,082 million was received by NWD. In 2016, the company decided to shift its strategy towards the country's main cities and move away from second-tier agglomerations.

In November 2018, NWD launched the new healthcare brand Humansa. In December 2018, NWS Holdings bought in cash the entire issued capital of the Hong Kong insurer FTLife.

In September 2019, the group donated 3 million square feet of its farmland reserves towards building social housing.

Organization
The head office is in the  in Central, Hong Kong.

New World Development owns listed companies NWS Holdings and New World Department Store China. New World China Land Limited is wholly owned by New World Development. The company also owned former listed company New World Hotels (Holdings). Rosewood Hotel Group, an hotel management company, is a former subsidiary of NWD group.

New World Development and sister listed company Chow Tai Fook Jewellery Group are both majority owned by privately owned Chow Tai Fook (Holding).

New World Development Company Limited is one of the Hong Kong companies who have a large landbank. As at 31 December 2014, the group had a landbank of around 9.25 million sq ft, of which around 5.3 million sq ft was residential property. The group had a total of approximately 18.3 million sq ft of attributable agricultural land reserve pending for conversion.

Governance

 Chairman: Henry Cheng (since 2012)
 Chief Executive: Adrian Cheng (since 2017)

Former Chairmen

 Ho Sin-hang (1970–1982)
 Cheng Yu-tung (1982–2012)

Former Chief Executives
This position was formerly known as Managing Director (until 2012) and General Manager (until 2020)

 Cheng Yu-tung (1970–1989)
 Henry Cheng (1989–2012)
 Adrian Cheng and Chen Guanzhan (2012–2017)

Controversies

Hung Hom Peninsula

The Hung Hom Peninsula was sold for a below-market land premium of HK$864 million to New World Development, who subsequently sold off half share to Sun Hung Kai Properties. In 2004, the consortium announced the demolition of these buildings to make way for luxury apartments, to be faced with huge popular outcry about the needless destruction of "perfectly good buildings" to satisfy "corporate greed". In an unprecedented about-turn, the developers withdrew the plan on 10 December 2004.

Leung Chin-man

In 2008, New World was the subject of controversy when it announced it had hired former Permanent Secretary for Housing, Planning and Lands Leung Chin-man as deputy managing director and executive director of its China subsidiary, New World China Land Ltd. The Secretary for the Civil Service Denise Yue Chung-yee, signed off on the approval for him to take up the job within three years of leaving, failing to take into account the appearance of conflict of interest resulting from the Hung Hom Peninsula affair. New World argued that they hired Leung in good faith, after the government had given clearance. New World announced in the early hours of 16 August that the parties had agreed to rescind the contract.

Avenue of Stars

The company has managed the  Avenue of Stars for 11 years, and its contract is due to expire. It was announced that the  Leisure and Cultural Services Department of the Hong Kong government would redevelop and expand the avenue jointly with the company. The Hong Kong government declared that the enhancement project would contain limited commercial appeal, and no luxury shops or high-end restaurants would be added. The walkway, very popular with tourists, was closed off for three years while the expansion was undertaken.

The decision to award the contract for the redevelopment to the company without putting it out to tender, on the justification that the project was non-profit, sparked controversy locally. Residents' groups and other development companies owning properties adjacent to the walk expressed discontent, whilst the LCSD claimed that consultations with the local district council had been favourable. In an apparent attempt to de-fuse the public furore at the apparent collusion between government and big business, the government promised a public consultation.

See also
 New World Centre
 New World First Bus
 New World First Ferry
 Citybus (Hong Kong)
 New World Telecommunications
 K11 (Hong Kong)
 List of companies in Hong Kong

References

External links

Conglomerate companies of Hong Kong
Land developers of Hong Kong
Conglomerate companies established in 1970
1970 establishments in Hong Kong
Companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange
Companies in the Hang Seng Index
Family-owned companies of Hong Kong

New World Development


Theobald II (6/7 December 1239 – 4/5 December 1270) was King of Navarre and also, as Theobald V, Count of Champagne and Brie, from 1253 until his death. He was the son and successor of Theobald I and the second Navarrese monarch of the House of Blois. After he died childless, the throne of Navarre passed to his younger brother, Henry I.

Biography

Early years

Theobald was the eldest son of Theobald I of Navarre and his third wife, Margaret of Bourbon. He succeeded to his father's titles on his death at only fourteen years of age. His mother acted as regent with James I of Aragon until 1256, when Theobald came of age. On 27 November, he affirmed the Fueros of Navarre, which limited his power by putting him under the counsel of a tutor from among the aristocracy. He could not make judgements without a council of twelve (a jury) of noblemen. Theobald was not content, however, to be so restricted in royal prerogative before his twenty-first birthday. He received the rites of unction and coronation from Pope Alexander IV in 1257 and 1259 respectively and tried to justify his divine right to rule, a concept foreign until that point in Navarrese politics.

Domestic policy

In order to counter the tendency to decentralisation, diminish the power of the nobility, and evade the control of the fueros on him, Theobald turned to the bourgeoisie. He exacted extraordinary taxes and imposts from them, but they supported him nevertheless because he granted them rights, prestige, and political clout. He extended the fueros of Pamplona to Lantz and Estella to Tiebas—nowadays in ruins and depopulated—and Torralba Del Río. He founded Espinal (Aurizberri, near Roncesvalles) in 1269.

Theobald continued the power struggle with the bishop of Pamplona started during his father's reign. The former stood by his native Basque parishioners of the Navarreria borough, while Theobald championed the Saint Nicolas borough of Pamplona, made up of Occitans hailing from southern France. Eventually he tried to put an end to the fights between boroughs in 1266, pushing an agreement among the councils of the three Pamplonese boroughs—not that it avoided ultimately the destructive war of the Navarreria in 1276.

In other affairs, Theobald continued the policies of his father. He improved the royal administration, of incomes and expenditures, and administered the first census. The count of 1266 indicated a population of 150,000 inhabitants in Navarre. Approximately 6.75% of royal revenues were spent on a bureaucracy, 33.84% on the military, and 59.6% to the maintenance of the monarch and his household and duties.

French alliance

Theobald found support in Louis IX of France, who supported his fellow kings against their vassals with consistency. Theobald married Isabella, Louis's daughter, on 6 April 1255. Theobald acted as an advisor of Louis and Louis as an arbiter in Navarre's internal problems. When Alfonso X of Castile's daughter Berengaria was betrothed to Louis IX of France's son Louis, Castile ceded the use of the ports of Fuenterrabía and San Sebastián to Navarre on 1 January 1256.

In July 1270, Theobald embarked with his father-in-law on the Eighth Crusade to Tunis. Louis died of dysentery at the siege. Theobald died childless at Trapani in Sicily while returning that same year. He was succeeded by his younger brother, Henry I. His widow Isabella returned home to France, where she died a few months later and was buried at Provins.

See also
Ciampolo, a soul found by Dante in the Inferno who defrauded Theobald

Notes

References

Sources

1239 births
1270 deaths
13th-century Navarrese monarchs
13th-century peers of France
Counts of Champagne
Christians of the Eighth Crusade
House of Blois

Theobald II of Navarre


Nazi zombies are a horror trope found in films, video games, and comic books. Nazi zombie narratives usually feature undead Nazi soldiers resurrected to fight for the Third Reich. The book Nazisploitation!: The Nazi Image in Low-Brow Cinema and Culture described the  genre as a small theme of horror films.

The first Nazi zombies films King of the Zombies and Revenge of the Zombies were produced during World War II. Nazisploitation began to appear concurrently in other film subgenres.  These include a mini-invasion of Nazi zombie films such as Shock Waves, Night of the Zombies, Zombie Lake and Oasis of the Zombies. The increased popularity of the zombie film in the 2000s increased interest in the Nazi zombie subgenre, with films such as Horrors of War, Dead Snow, and Frankenstein's Army.  More modern films such as Overlord, continue the Nazi zombie film genre.  Nazi Zombies also feature in the Wolfenstein series, Call of Duty series, and Sniper Elite series of video games.

Selected media featuring Nazi zombies

Films

See also
 Nazi exploitation
 Zombie film

References

Nazis in fiction
Zombies and revenants in popular culture
Fictional Nazis
Stock characters
Fictional zombies and revenants

Nazi zombies


The pith helmet, also known as the safari helmet, salacot, sola topee, sun helmet, topee, and topi is a lightweight cloth-covered helmet made of sholapith. The pith helmet originates from the Spanish military adaptation of the native salakot headgear of the Philippines.

It was often worn by European travellers and explorers in the varying climates found in Southeast Asia, Africa, and the tropics, but it was also used in many other contexts. It was routinely issued to European military personnel serving overseas in hot climates from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century.

Definition
Typically, a pith helmet derives from either the sola plant, Aeschynomene aspera, an Indian swamp plant, or from Aeschynomene paludosa. In the narrow definition, a pith helmet is technically a type of sun helmet made out of pith material.  However, the pith helmet may more broadly refer to the particular style of helmet.  In this case, a pith helmet can be made out of cork, fibrous, or similar material.  It was designed to shade the wearer's head and face from the sun.

History

Origin

The origin of the pith helmet is the traditional Filipino headgear known as the salakot (Spanish salacot, a term still also used for pith helmets). They are usually dome-shaped or cone-shaped and can range in size from having very wide brims to being almost helmet-like. The tip of the crown commonly has a spiked or knobbed finial made of metal or wood. It is held in place by an inner headband and a chin strap. These were originally made from various lightweight materials like woven bamboo, rattan, and bottle gourd; sometimes inlaid with precious metals, coated with water-proof resin, or covered in cloth.

Salacots were used by native Filipino auxiliaries in the Spanish colonial military as protection against the sun and rain during campaigns. They were adopted fully by both native and Spanish troops in the Philippines by the early 18th century. The military versions were commonly cloth-covered and gradually took on the shape of the Spanish cabasset or morion.

19th century

The salacot design was later adopted by the French colonial troops in Indochina in the 19th century (who called it the salacco or salacot, a term also later applied to the native Vietnamese cone-shaped or disk-like nón lá) due to its effectiveness in protecting from damp and humid weather. French marines also introduced the early version of the salacot to the French Antilles, where it became the salako, a cloth-covered headgear still mostly identical to the Filipino salakot in shape. British and Dutch troops, and other colonial powers in nearby regions followed suit and the salacot became a common headgear for colonial forces in the mid-19th century.

While this form of headgear was particularly associated with the British Empire, all European colonial powers used versions of it during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The French tropical helmet was first authorised for colonial troops in 1878. The Dutch wore the helmet during the entire Aceh War (1873–1904), and the United States Army adopted it during the 1880s for use by soldiers serving in the intensely sunny climate of the Southwest United States. It was also worn by the North-West Mounted Police in policing North-West Canada, 1873 through 1874 to the North-West Rebellion and even before the stetson in the Yukon Gold Rush of 1898.

European officers commanding locally recruited indigenous troops, as well as civilian officials in African and Asian colonial territories, used the pith helmet. Troops serving in the tropics usually wore pith helmets. However, on active service, they sometimes used alternatives such as the wide-brimmed slouch hat worn by US troops in the Philippines and by British Empire forces in the later stages of the Boer War.

Within the British Empire
The salacot was most widely adopted by the British Empire in British India, who originally called them "planters' hats". They began experimenting with derivative designs for a lightweight hat for troops serving in tropical regions. This led to a succession of designs, ultimately resulting in the "Colonial pattern" pith helmet and later designs like the Wolseley pattern.

Originally made of pith with small peaks or "bills" at the front and back, the British version of the helmet was covered by white cloth, often with a cloth band (or puggaree) around it, and small holes for ventilation.  Military versions often had metal insignia on the front and could be decorated with a brass spike or ball-shaped finial. Depending on the occasion, the chinstrap would be either leather or brass chain. The base material later became the more durable cork, although still covered with cloth and frequently referred to as a "pith" helmet.

During the Anglo-Zulu War, British troops dyed their white pith helmets with tea, mud, or other makeshift means of camouflage. Subsequently, khaki-coloured pith helmets became standard issue for active tropical service.

Colonial pattern
Sun helmets made of pith first appeared in India during the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars  of the 1840s. Adopted more widely during the Indian Mutiny of 1857–59, they were generally worn by British troops serving in the Ashanti War of 1873, the Zulu War of 1878–79, and subsequent campaigns in India, Burma, Egypt, and South Africa. This distinctively shaped early headwear became known as the Colonial pattern helmet.

The British Colonial pattern pith helmet, in turn, influenced the designs of other European pith helmets, including the Spanish and Filipino designs, by the latter half of the 19th century and the early 20th century.

Wolseley pattern

The Wolseley pattern helmet is a distinctive British design developed and popularised in the late 19th and early 20th century. It was the official designation for the universal sun helmet worn by the British Army from 1899 to 1948 and described in the 1900 Dress Regulations as "the Wolseley pattern cork helmet". It is named after Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley. With its swept-back brim, it provided greater protection from the sun than the old Colonial pattern helmet. Its use was soon widespread among British personnel serving overseas and some Canadian units. It continues to be used by the Royal Marines, both in full dress as worn by the Royal Marines Band Service and in number 1 dress ('blues') on certain ceremonial occasions.

Home Service helmet
At the same time, a similar helmet (of dark blue cloth over the cork and incorporating a bronze spike) had been proposed for use in non-tropical areas. The British Army formally adopted this headgear, which they called the Home Service helmet, in 1878 (leading to the retirement of the shako).  Most British line infantry (except fusilier and Scottish regiments) wore the helmet until 1902, when the khaki Service Dress was introduced. It was also worn by engineers, artillery (with a ball rather than a spike), and various administrative and other corps (again with a ball rather than a spike). The cloth of the helmet was generally dark blue, but a green version was worn by light infantry regiments and grey by several volunteer units. With the general adoption of khaki for field dress in 1903, the helmet became purely a full dress item, being worn as such until 1914.
 It returned to use by regimental bands and officers attending levees in the inter-war period and is worn by regimental bands of British Army line infantry regiments to the present day.
The design of the Home Service helmet closely resembles the traditional custodian helmet worn since 1869 by several police forces in England and Wales. Black helmets of a similar shape were also part of the uniform of the Victoria Police during the late 19th century. The US Army also wore blue cloth helmets of the same pattern as the British model from 1881 to 1901 as part of their full-dress uniform. The version worn by cavalry and mounted artillery included plumes and cords in their respective service branches' colours (yellow or red).

20th century

Military use
Before the First World War, the Royal Navy and other navies had sometimes provided pith helmets for landing parties in tropical regions.   Pith helmets were widely worn during the First World War by British, Belgian, French, Austrian-Hungarian, and German troops fighting in the Middle East and Africa. A white tropical helmet was issued to personnel of the French Navy serving in the Red Sea, Far Eastern waters, and the Pacific between 1922 and the 1940s.

During the 1930s, the locally recruited forces maintained in the Philippines (consisting of the army and a gendarmerie) used sun helmets mostly made out of compressed coconut fiber called "Guinit". The Axis Second Philippine Republic's military, known as the Bureau of Constabulary, and guerrilla groups in the Philippines also wore this headdress.

Before the Second World War, Royal Navy officers wore the Wolseley helmet when in white (tropical) uniform; the helmet was plain white, with a narrow navy-blue edging to the top of the puggaree. Pith-styled helmets were used as late as the Second World War by Japanese, European and American military personnel in hot climates. Included in this category are the sun helmets worn in Ethiopia and North Africa by Italian troops, the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army, Union Defence Force, and Nazi Germany's Afrika Korps, as well as similar helmets used to a more limited extent by U.S. and Japanese forces in the Pacific Theater.

In the British Army, a khaki version was frequently worn, ornamented with a regimental cap badge or flash. The full-dress white helmet varied from regiment to regiment: several regiments had distinctive puggarees or hackles. On ceremonial occasions, the helmet was topped with a spike (for infantry and cavalry regiments, for the Army Ordnance Corps and the Royal Engineers) or a ball (for the Royal Artillery and other corps); and general officers staff officers and certain departmental officers, when in full dress, wore plumes on their helmets, similar to those worn on their full-dress cocked hats.

George Orwell, commenting on the unproblematical use of slouch hats by Second World War British troops rather than the "essentially superstitious" use of pith helmets, wrote, "When I was in Burma I was assured that the Indian sun, even at its coolest [even in the early morning, and the sunless rainy season], had a peculiar deadliness which could only be warded off by wearing a helmet of cork or pith. 'Natives', their skulls being thicker, had no need of these helmets, but for a European, even a double felt hat was not a reliable protection." The British Army formally abolished the tropical helmet (other than for ceremonial purposes) in 1948.

The Ethiopian Imperial Guard retained pith helmets as a distinctive part of their uniform until the overthrow of Emperor Haile Selassie I in 1974. Imperial Guard units serving in the Korean War often wore these helmets when not in combat.

American naval officers could wear a pith helmet with the tropical khaki uniform.  Most often, the pith helmet was worn by the U.S. Navy's Civil Engineer Corps.

Public use

Through the first half of the 20th century, the Wolseley pattern helmet was routinely worn with civil uniform by British colonial, diplomatic, and consular officials serving in 'hot climates'. It was worn with a gilt badge of the royal arms at the front. When worn by governors and governors-general, the helmet was topped by a 10-inch red and white swan-feather plume. British diplomats in tropical postings, governors-general, governors and colonial officials continued to wear the traditional white helmets as part of their ceremonial white uniforms until Foreign and Commonwealth Office officials ceased to wear such dress in the late 20th century as an economy measure. The ceremonies marking the end of British rule in Hong Kong in 1997 featured the Royal Hong Kong Police Aide-de-camp to the Governor in a white Wolseley pith helmet with black and white feathers. It was the last occasion on which this style of headdress appeared as a symbol of the Empire.

Civilian use

Due to its popularity, the pith helmet became common civilian headgear for Westerners in the tropics and sub-tropics from the mid-19th century. The civilian pith helmet usually had the same dimensions and outline as its contemporary military counterpart but without decorative extras such as badges. It was worn by men and women, old and young, on formal and casual occasions, until the 1940s. Both white and khaki versions were used. It was often worn together with civilian versions of khaki drill and bush jackets.

At the turn of the 20th century, there was a widespread assumption that wearing this form of head-dress was necessary for people of European origin to avoid sunstroke in the tropics. By contrast, indigenous peoples were assumed to have acquired relative immunity. Modern medical opinion holds that some form of wide-brimmed but light headwear (such as a Panama hat, etc.) is highly advisable in strong sunlight for people of all ethnicities to avoid skin cancers and overheating.

Pith helmets began to decline in popularity in the mid-1950s. For example, they had become relatively uncommon in Francophone African colonies by 1955, despite their former conspicuous popularity among European visitors and expatriates there during the previous decade.

Modern uses

Military and public uses

Netherlands
A dark blue pith helmet, similar to the British Home Service helmet, is worn with the ceremonial uniforms of the Garderegiment Fuseliers Prinses Irene and the Netherlands Marine Corps.

United States

Throughout the Second World War, the U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Navy, and the U. S. Army developed a cheaper, similar-looking alternative to the pith helmet, called the American fiber helmet, which was made from pressed fiber. Some of the helmets were printed with a camouflage pattern. The two main producers of the US military fiber pressed pith helmet were the International Hat Company and Hawley Products Company. Both companies had originally designed and manufactured several civilian models made from pressed fiber with a foil lining in the 1930s, aimed to be used by laborers who worked in the hot sun, from farms to road construction to other manual labor.

The U.S. Marine Corps pith helmet (officially "Helmet, sun, rigid, fiber") has been used as a form of identification by rifle range cadres; similarly, rifle range instructors and drill instructors wear the campaign hat. The U.S. Navy also authorized a plastic khaki sun helmet for wear by officers in tropical regions during the mid-20th century. It was decorated with a full-size officer's hat crest on the front.

White or light blue helmets of plastic material but traditional design are official optional uniform items worn today by letter carriers of the U.S. Postal Service to protect against sun and rain.

Vietnam

After the Second World War, the communist Viet Minh in French Indochina, and later the People's Army of Vietnam of the North, based their helmet design, called , on the French pith helmet. Today it is still widely worn by civilians in Vietnam (mainly in the North, but its use declined sharply in 2007 when the motorbike helmet became mandatory for motorbike riders). In design, the Vietnamese model was similar to the pre-Second World War civilian type but covered in jungle green cloth or other colors depending on the army's branches (for example, blue for the Air Force), usually with a metal insignia at the front. It is considered a symbol of the Vietnamese Army.

Kenya
After the struggles for independence, including the Mau Mau Uprising, Kenya gained its independence from Britain in December 1963, riding the 'winds of change'. In the following year, after President Jomo Kenyatta's election in 1964, the pith helmet became a regulated hat of the uniform for provincial administrators and commissioners, who acted as representatives of the central government overseeing local management.

Originally, in Kenya and other African regions, the pith helmet was perceived as a product of reporters' exaggerations and misunderstood by readers. Travel books and magazines advised Europeans not to engage in outdoor activities without head coverings, claiming that exposure to direct tropical sunlight could cause their brains to deteriorate. While the articles may have been somewhat exaggerated, the pith helmet indeed protected against intense direct sunlight on the savanna, and its sturdy shell and liner shielded the head from collisions with branches in the jungle rainforest. The brim, resembling an eave, also served to prevent raindrops from entering the eyes or forming on glasses. Now, in addition to that, it has been left as a symbol of authority for free Africans.

Commonwealth realms
Several military units still use the pith helmet throughout the Commonwealth.

In the United Kingdom, the Royal Marines wear white Wolseley pattern helmets of the same general design as the old pith helmet as part of their number 1 or dress uniform. These date from 1912 in their present form and are made of natural cork covered in white cloth on the outside and shade green on the inside. Decoration includes a brass ball ornament at the top (a detail inherited from the Royal Marine Artillery), helmet plate, and chin chain.

The Home Service helmet is still worn by line infantry regiments in the United Kingdom today as part of full dress uniform. Although these units' wearing of full dress uniform largely ceased after the First World War, it continues to be worn by regimental bands, Corps of Drums, and guards of honour on ceremonial occasions. Such personnel are likewise directed to wear the Foreign Service helmet (either colonial pattern or Wolseley pattern according to regimental specification) when full dress uniform is worn "in hot weather overseas stations such as Cyprus".

Within the British Overseas Territories, a white Wolseley helmet with red and white swan-feather plume is occasionally worn by colonial governors when in white tropical uniform. Since 2001, such dress has been provided only at the expense of the territory concerned and is no longer paid for by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.

The Royal Gibraltar Regiment routinely wear the white pith helmet with a white tunic (in summer) and scarlet tunic (in winter).

The pith helmet is used by Australian military bands, such as the Army Band and the Band of the Royal Military College, Duntroon, as well as the New South Wales Mounted Police, and the Band of the South Australia Police.

A white Wolseley helmet forms a part of the Canadian Army's universal full-dress uniform, although specific units wear different headgear owing to authorized regimental differences. In addition, the pith helmet is also worn by cadets at the Royal Military College of Canada for certain parades and special occasion.

In the Bahamas, pith helmets are worn by the Royal Bahamas Police Force Band. A khaki or white pith helmet is part of the standard summer uniform of traffic officers in specific police departments in India. The pith helmet is also used by the Sri Lankan Police as part of their dress uniform.

Other countries
In the Dominican Republic, pith helmets with black pugarees were the standard duty headgear used by transit officers of the national police in the 1970s until the beginning of the 21st century, when these units were replaced by the creation of the Autoridad Metropolitana de Transporte (AMET) corps, which were issued dark green stetson hats instead.

In Greece, the Hellenic Navy band uses the pith helmet during its appearances (ex., at parades, when inspected by officials outside of churches, both events held during national feasts, etc.), with the Wolseley type one being used worn with full dress. It was possibly introduced at the beginning of the 20th century when the Hellenic Armed Forces were organized according to the French Army (the Hellenic Army) and the British Royal Navy (the Hellenic Navy).

Modern Italian municipal police wear a helmet modeled on the Model 1928 tropical helmet of the Royal Italian Army for foot patrols in summer. These are made from white plastic with cork or pith interior lining and resemble the British Custodian helmet, though taller and narrower.

Pith helmets are worn by the Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince of Monaco.

In the Philippines, some ceremonial units such as the Presidential Security Group and the guard of honor of the National Police use pith helmets.

They are also used by the King's Guards of the Royal Thai Army when on guard duty; a similar helmet but with plumes is used when in the full dress uniform with the plumes in uniform facings (similar to the bearskin).

White Wolseley helmets are worn by mounted Presidential Guard members in Harare, Zimbabwe, during the State Opening of the first session of Parliament each year.

Civilian and commercial uses
The pith helmet has had a limited comeback in recent years, with their now novel appearance and genuine functionality making the headdress increasingly popular for gardening, hiking, safari, and other outdoor activities. Today's helmets are generally available in four basic types (see below). These have changed little since the early 1900s, except that for more effortless adjustment; the inner headband utilises hook-and-loop fasteners (e.g., Velcro) instead of the earlier brass pins. They can also be soaked in water to keep the wearer's head cool in hot weather and feature an adjustable chinstrap towards the front.

(i) French pith helmet. This is the most functional of the helmets, with its wide brim providing more sun protection than the narrow-brimmed variations. This helmet is mostly made in Vietnam, where the design was inherited from French colonial patterns.

(ii) Indian pith helmet. The Indian model is almost the same as the French one but with a slightly narrower brim and a squarer dome. It shares with other helmets the ventilation "button" atop the dome.

(iii) African pith helmet, or safari helmet, is a variation mainly used in savanna or jungle regions of Africa. It is generally a khaki-grey colour with the same dimensions and shape as the Indian helmet described above.

(iv) Wolseley pith helmet. This variation of the helmet was named after (but not designed by) Field Marshal The 1st Viscount Wolseley, an Anglo-Irish military commander, and widely used by the British Army and Colonial civil service from 1900. The Wolseley helmet differs from other pith helmets in having a more sloping brim with an apex at the front and back. The dome is also taller and more conical than the other more rounded variations. It is the helmet often portrayed as being worn by stereotypical "Gentleman Explorers".

In popular culture

Over the last century and a half, the helmet has become an iconic piece of apparel identified with western explorers, big game hunters, archaeologists, paleontologists, biologists, botanists, soldiers, and colonists throughout Africa, southern Asia and South America. It was popularized by Theodore Roosevelt in the first half of the 20th century, and by cinema in the second.
Examples include:
 Many characters in Edgar Rice Burrough's Tarzan franchise. Among them is Jane Porter in the 1931, 1981, and 1999 films.
 Mr. Pompous (Dr. Mustache), an ecologist and animal caretaker in Jungle Emperor Leo, 1989.
 Dr. Schweitzer, a medical volunteer and Nobel Peace Prize winner from the biographical film Albert Schweitzer, 2009
 The Marvel Comics mad scientist and mercenary Klaw on Fantastic Four and Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes.
 Van Pelt, a big game hunter, in Jumanji and the TV series based on it.
 Jack Black playing Professor Sheldon Oberon in Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle and Jumanji: The Next Level.
 Members of the British Army in the 1994 version of Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book, the war film Zulu and its prelude Zulu Dawn, and the Doctor Who episode Empress of Mars.
 Captain Cook on the Doctor Who episode The Greatest Show in the Galaxy.
 The poacher Betty on Widget the World Watcher
 The hammerhead shark-themed poacher and temple robber known as the Collector on Atomic Betty.
 Twilight Sparkle, Rainbow Dash, Fluttershy, Rarity, Pinkie Pie, List of My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic characters#The Cutie Mark Crusaders, and Daring Do on My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic and My Little Pony: Equestria Girls.
 The title characters on Yin Yang Yo on the episodes Scary Scary Quite Contrary and Carl of the Wild.

See also
 Custodian helmet
 List of headgear
 Military uniform

Notes

References

External links

1840s fashion
1850s fashion
1860s fashion
1870s fashion
1880s fashion
1890s fashion
1900s fashion
1910s fashion
1920s fashion
1930s fashion
1940s fashion
19th-century fashion
20th-century fashion
Helmets
Military uniforms
Hats
Wood products
Colonialism
North-West Mounted Police
Military hats

Pith helmet


The Burnet County Courthouse is an historic courthouse located in Burnet, Burnet County, Texas, United States. The Moderne style building was constructed in part with Works Progress Administration funds and is the third building to serve as the Burnet County Courthouse. Lewis Milton Wirtz of Columbus designed the structure. It was completed August 1, 1937 at a cost of approximately $135,000.

The first Burnet County Courthouse was a one-story frame building containing a courtroom, a jail and offices.  In 1874, the courthouse, located on the southwestern corner of the present courthouse square, burned down. The second courthouse was constructed of limestone in 1875 and also housed a jail. When the 1875 courthouse fell into disrepair, the county decided to build a new courthouse.

The need for a new courthouse had long been evident in Burnett County, with various county offices having to be housed outside the courthouse due to space constraints.

The need for a new courthouse came to the forefront in 1934. In June of that year, a report of the Burnet County Grand Jury found that "the Tax Assessor and the Tax Collector are without a vault to protect the records of their offices," and noted that a fire could destroy valuable records. The grand jury recommended, since the two offices were set to be combined in to one in 1935, moving a men's restroom in the courthouse to accommodate the need for larger office space. In December of that year, Burnet Mayor W.C. Galloway proposed using government match-funding programs to construct a new courthouse.

The last week of November, 1935, the Works Progress Administration announced that $74,000 had been allocated for the construction of a new courthouse and jail repairs in Burnett County.

Because the courthouse was proposed as a Works Project Administration project, the local government of Burnet County was required to bear a portion of the costs. The county was required to come up with $74,000 to match with federal funds of $61,000. In order to raise these funds, the Burnet County Commissioners Court voted to hold an election to allow voters to decide if the county should sell bonds to come up with its portion of the funds necessary for the courthouse project. It was projected that the additional five-cent maintenance tax required to pay off the bonds would cost a property owner with $1,000 worth of property an additional fifty cents per year in taxes. The Burnett Bulletin editorialized in favor of the bonds.

The bond election for voters to approve $74,000 in bonds to be matched with federal funding of $61,000 for a total of $135,000 to build the new courthouse was conducted December 21, 1935.

The bond election passed by 81 votes, 401-320. 721 votes were cast. The box for the city of Burnett voted in favor of the bonds 236-30.

County offices moved out of the old courthouse, and crews began tearing it down during the week of February 13, 1936.

County Judge O.B. Zimmerman received the first installment check of $33,750 from the federal government for the courthouse project the week of April 2, 1936.

Southern Office Furniture Company was awarded an $8,49.53 bid to outfit the courthouse with furniture and equipment in early February, 1937.

The current Burnet County Courthouse is two-story and finished in polished pink granite veneer with scenes of Burnet County history and commerce etched in panels. The pink granite is the same material that was used on the Texas State Capitol.

An addition designed by Willis Environmental Engineering of Marble Falls was constructed on the rear of the courthouse in 1974. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 15, 2000.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Burnet County, Texas
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Burnet County
List of county courthouses in Texas

References

County courthouses in Texas
Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas
Buildings and structures in Burnet County, Texas
Works Progress Administration in Texas
National Register of Historic Places in Burnet County, Texas

Burnet County Courthouse


Blank slate, or tabula rasa (which means the same thing) was a philosophical idea of John Locke. It had, like much of philosophy, a history which went as far back as Aristotle, but it was Locke who made it known to our modern world:
"Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper void of all characters, without any ideas. How comes it to be furnished? ... To this I answer, in one word, from EXPERIENCE".

Humans, when born, are thought not have mental experience or knowledge, and that everything is learned after they grow. In particular, Locke thought all knowledge came from sense data, and the mind is empty at the beginning. By 'sense data' is meant the process of hearing, seeing, touching etc.

Locke's idea was immediately picked up by others:
"Children are a sort of raw material put into our hands... [Their minds are] like a sheet of white paper".
"Our virtues and our vices may be traced to the incidents which make the history of our lives, and if these incidents could be divested of every improper tendency, vice would be extirpated [cut out] from the world".—The economist and social liberal William Godwin (1756–1836), who argued for human perfectibility and enlightenment.

Many have held similar views. The founder of behaviourism, John B. Watson (1878–1938):
"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors".

Throughout the 20th century the influence of evolution and genetics ran against these liberal ideas. Ethology proved that much animal behaviour was inherited, instinctual, (innate and permanent). Konrad Lorenz argued that the aggression so obvious in the history of mankind was a playing out of behaviour which had evolutionary advantage in our past. The field of evolutionary psychology set out to examine the role played by evolution on our mental life. If humans share a common evolutionary history with the other animals, it is likely that we inherit mental traits from our evolution. The human ability to learn a language is inherited, and is of huge practical importance. Very important also (though less obvious) is the way that our unconscious mind helps us get through life. The apparatus which performs that mental activity is certainly inherited. These are some reasons why a number of recent publications have rejected Locke's idea.

Related pages
Adaptive unconscious
Behaviourism
Empiricism
Human nature
Nature versus nurture
Psychological nativism
Sociobiology

References

Psychology
Philosophical anthropology

Blank slate


Podao or pudao () is a Chinese single-edged infantry weapon that is still used primarily for training in various Chinese martial arts. The blade of the weapon is shaped like a Chinese broadsword, but the weapon has a longer handle, usually around one to two meters (about three to six feet) which is circular in cross-section. It looks somewhat similar to the guandao.

The pudao is sometimes called a "horse-cutter sword" since it is speculated to have been used to slice the legs out from under a horse during battle (like the zhanmadao). It is somewhat analogous to the Japanese nagamaki, although the nagamaki sword may have been developed independently. The pudao also resembles the Korean hyeopdo.

Gallery

Popular culture
 Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings features locations in Ta Lo as well as Razor Fist using podaos of dragon scales to fight the Dweller-in-Darkness.

Blade weapons
Chinese melee weapons
Chinese swords
Polearms
Weapons of China

Podao


Green building in Israel refers to the practice and regulation of green building in Israel.

History
Israel has had its own voluntary Green Building Standard, for buildings with reduced environmental impact, IS-5281 since 2005. The standard is based on a point rating system, awarding up to 5 stars based on the number of points achieved (55 – 100) in 8 categories.

While the 2005 version covered only new residential and office buildings,a significantly revised and updated new version was approved in 2011, following pressure from professionals and market players. The new standard written with the help of BRE, the British office that wrote BREEAM, the UK Green Building tool, covers new buildings and buildings under significant renovation.
This version was revised in August 2014.

A number of Israeli municipalities are currently using the standard as a mandatory part of their building licensing process. Together with complementary standards 5282 [classification of buildings according to energy use] and 1738 for sustainable products provides a system for evaluating the environmental sustainability of buildings.

United States Green Building Council LEED rating system has been implemented on some building in Israel including the Intel Development Center in Haifa.

Standard 5281
The Israeli Green Building Standard ('Buildings of Lesser Environmental Harm'), Standard 5281, was upgraded and expanded in 2011 in cooperation with the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the Standards Institute of Israel, the Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Building and Housing and the Israeli Green Building Council. While the old standard only applied to residential and office buildings, the revised version defined seven standards for seven types of buildings: residential, offices, healthcare institutions, public, commercial, education and tourism buildings.

The 5281 standard encompasses issues pertinent to every green building: energy, land, water, building materials, health and welfare of building users, waste, transportation, building site management and innovation. Each issue is divided into sub-categories that include rating and assessment criteria, and the score is determined in accordance with the project's compliance with the requirements.

A building is deemed a 'green building' if it meets the minimal requirements for each of the categories, as well as additional preconditions to minimize the building's "environmental footprint." The standard has five levels, ranging from one star to five stars.

The Israeli Green Building Council (ILGBC) publishes general and technical manuals that provide information on these standards and their implementation.

See also
 Architecture of Israel
 Ministry of Environmental Protection (Israel)
 Environmental issues in Israel
 Energy in Israel

References

Israel
Building engineering
Sustainable architecture
Low-energy building
Buildings and structures by type
Sustainable urban planning
Architecture in Israel by period or style

Green building in Israel


Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi () (5 May 1914 Shiraz, Iran – 14 July 1986, Tehran, Iran) was an Iranian poet and university professor.

works

 Šokufahā yā naḡmahā-ye jadid, a selection of poems, Shiraz, 1938 (collections of poetry)
 Baʿd az yak sāl, Shiraz, 1940  (collections of poetry)
 ʿEšq-e dar ba dar, 3 vols., Shiraz, 1940-52  (collections of poetry)
 Ašk-e maʿšuq (The tears of the beloved), Shiraz, 1942  (collections of poetry)
 Sālhā-ye siāh (on the colonial policy of Great Britain, the communist takeover of Azerbaijan, and the tribal uprising in Fārs after World War II), Tehran, 1946 (suppressed) (collections of poetry)
 Šāʿer dar āsmān, Shiraz, 1942
 Zamzama-ye behešt
 Fonun o anvāʿ-e šeʿr-e fārsi, Tehran, 1973a
 Dah farmān, collection of poems, Tehran, 1965
 Fereštagān-e zamin (Angels of the earth), prose, 1942
 Sabok-sarihā-ye ghalam (The frivolities of the pen), prose, Tehran, ca. 1943
 Ṭelesm-e šekasta, 1945
 Šāhkārhā-ye Ferdowsi, Tehran, 1947
 Daryā-ye gowhar, an anthology of contemporary prose, poetry and translations, 3 vols., Tehran, 1950-59 (vol. 3 reviewed by Iraj Afšār, in Yaḡmā 9/2, 1954, pp. 94–95)
 Behešt-e soḵan, a select anthology of classical Persian poetry with critical commentaries, 2 vols., Tehran, 1958–59
 ʿAruż-e Ḥamidi, on Persian prosody, Tehran, 1963
 ʿAṭṭār dar maṯnavihā-ye gozida-ye u wa gozida-ye maṯnawihā-ye u, Tehran, 1968
 "Taṣvir-e šeʿr-e ghadim dar masir-e šeʿr-e jadid", Armaḡān 40, 1971, pp. 361–64, 442-45, 514-16, 589-91, 680-83
 "Baḥṯ-i dar bāra-ye Saʿdi," in Manṣur Rastgār Fasāʾi, ed., Saʿdi, Shiraz, 1973b, pp. 70–127; "ʿElm-e bayān," Ḵerad wa kušeš, no. 1, 1978, pp. 95–114;
 Fonun-e šeʿr va kālbodhā-ye pulādin-e ān, a collection of poems, Tehran, 1984
 Šeʿr dar ʿaṣr-e Qājār, Tehran, 1985; Divān, Tehran, 1988. His major translation is of W. Somerset Maugham's The Moon and Sixpence, as Māh wa šeš peni, Tehran, 1950.

References

1914 births
1986 deaths
20th-century Iranian poets
Iranian scholars
Iranian male poets
20th-century male writers

Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi


The Black Seminoles or Afro-Seminoles are black Indians associated with the Seminole people in Florida and Oklahoma. They are mostly blood descendants of the Seminole people, free blacks and of escaped slaves (called maroons) who allied with Seminole groups in Spanish Florida. Many have Seminole lineage, but due to the stigma of having dark skin, they all have been categorized as slaves or freedmen.
Historically, the Black Seminoles lived mostly in distinct bands near the Native American Seminole. Some were held as slaves, particularly of Seminole leaders, but the Black Seminole had more freedom than did slaves held by whites in the South and by other Native American tribes, including the right to bear arms.
Today, Black Seminole descendants live primarily in rural communities around the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma. Its two Freedmen's bands, the Caesar Bruner Band and the Dosar Barkus Band, are represented on the General Council of the Nation. Other centers are in Florida, Texas, the Bahamas, and northern Mexico.

Ethnic groups in the United States
African-American people
Native Americans

Black Seminoles


The Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL) is a comprehensive collection of ancient Latin inscriptions. It forms an authoritative source for documenting the surviving epigraphy of classical antiquity. Public and personal inscriptions throw light on all aspects of Roman life and history. The Corpus continues to be updated in new editions and supplements.

CIL also refers to the organization within the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities responsible for collecting data on and publishing the Latin inscriptions. It was founded in 1853 by Theodor Mommsen and is the first and major organization aiming at a comprehensive survey.

Aim
The CIL collects all Latin inscriptions from the whole territory of the Roman Empire, ordering them geographically and systematically. The earlier volumes collected and published authoritative versions of all inscriptions known at the time—most of these had been previously published in a wide range of publications. The descriptions include images of the original inscription if available, drawings showing the letters in their original size and position, and an interpretation reconstructing abbreviations and missing words, along with discussion of issues and problems. The language of the CIL is Latin.

Beginnings
In 1847 a committee was created in Berlin with the aim of publishing an organized collection of Latin inscriptions, which had previously been described piecemeal by hundreds of scholars over the preceding centuries. The leading figure of this committee was Theodor Mommsen (who wrote several of the volumes covering Italy). Much of the work involved personal inspections of sites and monuments in an attempt to replicate the original as much as possible. In those cases where a previously cited inscription could no longer be found, the authors tried to get an accurate reading by comparing the versions of the published inscription in the works of previous authors who had seen the original. The first volume appeared in 1863.

Current status
The CIL presently consists of 17 volumes in about 70 parts, recording approximately 180,000 inscriptions. Thirteen supplementary volumes have plates and special indices. The first volume, in two sections, covered the oldest inscriptions, to the end of the Roman Republic; volumes II to XIV are divided geographically, according to the regions where the inscriptions were found. The other volumes cover other topics. Volume XVII, for instance, is entirely devoted to milestones. A volume XVIII is planned, which will contain the Carmina Latina Epigraphica (Latin verse inscriptions). A two-volume "Index of Numbers", correlating inscription numbers with volume numbers, was published in 2003.

The Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (BBAW) continues to update and reprint the CIL.

Index
List of volume with the date of first publication.

 Vol. I: Inscriptiones Latinae antiquissimae ad C. Caesaris mortem (1893)
 Vol. II: Inscriptiones Hispaniae Latinae (1892)
 Vol. III: Inscriptiones Asiae, provinciarum Europae Graecarum, Illyrici Latinae (1873)
 Vol. IV: Inscriptiones parietariae Pompeianae, Herculanenses Stabianae (1871)
 Vol. V: Inscriptiones Galliae Cisalpinae Latinae (1872)
 Vol. VI: Inscriptiones Urbis Romae Latinae (1876)
 Vol. VII: Inscriptiones Britanniae Latinae (1873)
 Vol. VIII:  Inscriptiones Africae Latinae (1881)
 Vol. IX: Inscriptiones Calabriae, Apuliae, Samnii, Sabinorum, Piceni Latinae (1883)
 Vol. X: Inscriptiones Bruttiorum, Lucaniae, Campaniae, Siciliae, Sardiniae Latinae (1883)
 Vol. XI: Inscriptiones Aemiliae, Etruriae, Umbriae Latinae (1888)
 Vol. XII: Inscriptiones Galliae Narbonensis Latinae (1888)
 Vol. XIII: Inscriptiones trium Galliarum et Germaniarum Latinae (1899)
 Vol. XIV: Inscriptiones Latii veteris Latinae (1887)
 Vol. XV: Inscriptiones Urbis Romae Latinae. Instrumentum domesticum (1891)
 Vol. XVI: Diplomata militaria (1936)
 Vol. XVII: Miliaria Imperii Romani (1986)

See also
 Epigraphy
 Inscriptiones Graecae
 Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae
 Corpus Inscriptionum et Monumentorum Religionis Mithriacae
 Prosopographia Imperii Romani
 Codex Inscriptionum Romanorum

References

Bibliography

External links

Arachne CIL Open Access Project Retrieved 25 January 2021.

Latin inscriptions
Latin epigraphy
Archaeological corpora
Textual scholarship

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum


The War of the Mantuan Succession (1628–1631) was a conflict related to the Thirty Years' War and was caused by the death in December 1627 of Vincenzo II, the last male heir in the direct line of the House of Gonzaga and the ruler of the Duchies of Mantua and Montferrat. Those territories were key to control of the Spanish Road, an overland route that allowed Habsburg Spain to move recruits and supplies from Italy to their army in Flanders. The result was a proxy war between France, which supported the French-born Duke of Nevers, and Spain, which backed a distant cousin, the Duke of Guastalla.

Fighting centred on the fortress of Casale Monferrato, which the Spanish besieged twice, from March 1628 to April 1629 and from September 1629 to October 1630. French intervention on behalf of Nevers in April 1629 led Emperor Ferdinand II to support Spain by transferring Imperial troops from Northern Germany, who captured Mantua in July 1630. However, French reinforcements enabled Nevers to retain Casale,  while Ferdinand withdrew his troops in response to Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War, and both sides agreed a truce in October 1630.

The June 1631 Treaty of Cherasco confirmed Nevers as Duke of Mantua and Montferrat in return for minor territorial losses. More importantly, the treaty left France in possession of Pinerolo and Casale, key fortresses that controlled access to passes through the Alps and protected its southern borders. The diversion of Imperial and Spanish resources from Germany allowed the Swedes to establish themselves within the Holy Roman Empire and was one reason that the Thirty Years' War continued until 1648.

Background
Since 1308, the Duchy of Mantua had been ruled by the House of Gonzaga, who also acquired the Duchy of Montferrat in 1574 by marriage. Both territories were part of the Holy Roman Empire and were also of strategic importance to the area known as Lombardy, dominated by the Spanish-governed Duchy of Milan. Control of this region allowed the Habsburg rulers of Spain and Austria to threaten France's restive southern provinces of Languedoc and the Dauphiné, as well as protecting the overland supply route known as the Spanish Road.

Spanish possessions in Lombardy and the Kingdom of Naples were a key source of recruits and supplies for their military and formed the basis of "Spanish power in Europe throughout the 17th century". In recent decades, their position had been strengthened by the acquisition of Finale, and control over the independent Principalities of  Piombino and Monaco, as well as fortresses in Modena and Mirandola. However, this expansion was viewed with increasing concern by their regional rivals, the Republic of Venice and Pope Urban VIII, ruler of the Papal States.

In February 1627, Vincenzo II, last Gonzaga male in the direct line, became Duke of Mantua and Montferrat, and conscious of his poor health, tried to resolve the succession internally. The legal position was complicated since Montferrat allowed female inheritance while Mantua did not; in addition, while the duchies had effectively been ruled as independent states, technically their status as Imperial fiefs gave the Holy Roman Emperor a measure of control over the succession. Notwithstanding these issues, the strongest contender was Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers, cousin of Vincenzo II and a French peer.

Legalities were less important than the perceived threat to Spanish interests if the Duchies fell under French influence and Córdoba, governor of Spanish Lombardy, began discussions with Madrid on potential military action to prevent this. Alternatives included Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, whose claim extended primarily to Montferrat, and Ferrante II Gonzaga, Duke of Guastalla, another distant Gonzaga cousin and Imperial General Commissar in Italy. To cement his position, Charles of Nevers arranged for his son Charles II Gonzaga to marry Vincenzo's niece Maria Gonzaga, heiress of Montferrat; the ceremony was performed on 23 December 1627, three days before Vincenzo died. Nevers arrived in Mantua on 17 January and sent an envoy to Emperor Ferdinand II requesting Imperial recognition.

Strategic objectives

Historian Peter H. Wilson argues "none of the major powers ... was looking for a fight in Italy" and conflict was caused by a combination of events, including miscommunication between Córdoba and Madrid, as well as Nevers' refusal to compromise. Despite their family connections, the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs did not necessarily share the same objectives. While Spain was always seeking to strengthen its position in northern Italy, Ferdinand wanted to avoid diverting resources from Germany, as well as to assert Imperial authority by deciding the succession question himself. He agreed to confirm Nevers as duke in return for the newly built fortress of Casale Monferrato, capital of Montferrat, a compromise suggested by his wife Empress Eleonora, sister of the recently deceased duke Vincenzo II.

This solution appeared acceptable, especially as French chief minister Cardinal Richelieu viewed Nevers as a Habsburg client and was fully occupied with the Siege of La Rochelle. However, it was undermined by the combined ambition of Córdoba and Charles Emmanuel, who from 1613 to 1617 had fought for possession of Montferrat. Shortly before Vincenzo's death, they agreed to partition the duchy, most of it going to Savoy while Spain took Casale, a deal approved by Philip IV of Spain and his chief minister Olivares. On 26 January, Ferdinand ordered Córdoba not to send troops into Mantua or Montferrat and on 1 April confiscated both territories pending a final decision on the succession. By then, it was too late to stop the fighting.

Since even large states like France struggled to fight simultaneously in multiple theatres, 17th century diplomacy focused on opening new fronts by building alliances against opponents, or freeing resources by ending an existing conflict. The same principle applied to the Habsburgs; lacking his own army, Ferdinand relied on support from his often reluctant German allies, or expensive mercenaries like Albrecht von Wallenstein. While the huge resources of the Spanish Empire meant they were better able to replace their losses, funding an offensive in Italy required suspending operations in Flanders. By forcing the Habsburgs onto the defensive in Germany, the conflict over the Mantuan succession had a disproportionate impact on the Thirty Years' War.

Phase I; January 1628 to June 1629

In giving their approval, both Olivares and Philip assumed Casale would be quickly taken but Córdoba took several months to mobilise 12,000 troops for operations in Montferrat, along with 8,000 supplied by Savoy. They joined 11,000 troops already assembled in the Duchy of Milan, while another 6,000 soldiers were used to screen the strategic town of Cremona and block the Alpine passes. Siege operations only began in March and since Casale was one of the largest and most modern fortifications in Europe, taking it would be a lengthy operation, giving Nevers time to recruit an army. Including militia and French mercenaries, he managed to raise a force of 14,000, including 2,000 cavalry, a significant number for a duchy with a population of only 300,000. In addition to support from Empress Eleonora, Venice and the Pope, Nevers was also backed by Ferdinand's military commander Wallenstein, who wanted his army to focus on capturing Stralsund in Northern Germany. These factors ultimately delayed any Imperial intervention until September 1629.

Led by Charles Emmanuel, Savoyard forces captured Trino in April, then Nizza Monferrato in June, but the siege of Casale dragged on. The diversion of money and men from the war against the Dutch Republic weakened the Spanish position in Flanders and forced them onto the defensive. Philip later admitted attacking Casale was the one political act he regretted, but once committed Spanish prestige made it impossible to withdraw. Although Olivares accepted 'the duke of Nevers is the legitimate heir to all the Mantuan territories', Spain now recognised Guastalla as Duke of Mantua.

Nevers raised another 6,600 men   by mortgaging his French estates, most of whom were ambushed and destroyed by Charles Emmanuel while crossing the Alps. The surrender of La Rochelle in October 1628 allowed France to intervene directly and in March 1629, an army led by Louis XIII of France stormed barricades blocking the Pas de Suse. By the end of the month, they had lifted the siege of Casale and taken the strategic Savoyard fortress of Pinerolo.

In April, France, England and Savoy signed the Treaty of Susa, facilitated by Cardinal Mazarin, the papal Nuncio. It consisted of two separate agreements, the first ending the Anglo-French War (1627–1629), the second making peace between France and Savoy. In return for Trino, Charles Emmanuel allowed French troops to garrison Casale and Pinerolo, as well as providing free passage across his territory to reinforce Mantua. Louis XIII and the bulk of the French army then returned to Languedoc to suppress the latest in a series of Huguenot rebellions.

Phase II; June 1629 to October 1630
Philip was determined to reverse the Susa treaty and replaced Córdoba with Spinola, a native of Genoa and former commander in the Spanish Netherlands. Nevers unwisely led 2,500 troops in an attack on Spanish-held Cremona, which his Venetian allies refused to support. Combined with the withdrawal of the main French army, this left him vulnerable to a counter-offensive. Richelieu positioned 18,000 troops on the Savoyard frontier to deter Imperial intervention, but Ferdinand viewed opposing the French in Italy as  a higher priority than supporting Spain against the Dutch. The June 1629 Treaty of Lübeck that ended his war with Denmark-Norway allowed Ferdinand to send 30,000 troops from Germany under the Mantuan exile Ramboldo, Count of Collalto.

Hoping to overwhelm Casale and prevent interference by Charles Emmanuel, Spinola sought to expand his existing force of 16,000 with another 12,000 mercenaries and 6,000 reinforcements from Naples. He also invoked treaties with Tuscany and Parma to supply 4,000 and 2,000 men respectively but despite its size, his army contained many poor quality troops. Although Ferdinando II undertook  to provide 6,000 men for two years along with use of the Tuscan navy, he ultimately avoided doing so. The siege of Casale and its French garrison of 2,500 resumed in June;  in late October, Collalto dispersed a Venetian force of 7,000 before moving onto Mantua, held by a garrison of 4,000.

Neither siege made much progress; Mantua was protected by two artificial lakes which made it difficult to position siege artillery and Collalto withdrew after an unsuccessful assault in late November. As Collalto fell ill, he left command to his deputies Gallas and Aldringen. Casale continued to hold out, while the Spanish were unable to pay or support so many men and large numbers were lost to desertion and disease. Charles Emmanuel switched sides again and in December joined Spinola at Casale with 6,500 men, leaving 12,500 to guard Piedmont and another 6,000 in Savoy, while Tuscany, Parma and other Spanish allies provided additional recruits and money. A French army of 18,000 under Henri II de Montmorency overran Savoy, before invading Piedmont in February 1630; on 10 July, he defeated a combined Savoyard-Spanish force at Avigliana.

Both sides were badly affected by an outbreak of bubonic plague, allegedly brought from Germany by French and Imperial soldiers. The "worst mortality crisis to affect Italy during the early modern period", approximately 35% of the population of Northern Italy died between 1629 and 1631. The increasing brutality of the war led to a number of massacres, most notably at Ostiglia in April 1630, when local bandits, or "Formigotti", cut off an Imperial foraging party and assaulted the nearby garrison in Ostiglia. After its defeat, Imperial troops retaliated by attacking the civilian population, with contemporary sources estimating the number killed as around 600, including women and children.

When the siege of Mantua resumed in May 1630, its defenders had been reduced by disease to under 2,000, while a hastily assembled and poorly equipped relief force of 17,500 Venetian auxiliaries was routed by the Imperials at Villabuona. With the mutinous and unpaid garrison down to only 700 effectives, it surrendered to Gallas and Aldringen on 18 July; the sack that followed reportedly produced booty worth over 18 million ducats. Plague and the sack combined to reduce the population of Mantua by over 70% between 1628 and 1631 and it took decades to recover.

Despite this, the retention of Casale meant Nevers' cause remained alive; on 26 July, Charles Emmanuel died and was succeeded by his son Victor Amadeus, who was married to Christine of France, Louis XIII's younger sister. On 6 August, Montmorency defeated the Savoyards at Carignano; losses from disease and desertion left him too weak to relieve Casale, but reinforcements under Charles de Schomberg reached the fortress in early October. The siege works were flooded by heavy rain while the besiegers had been reduced by plague to under 4,000, their casualties including Spinola; on 29 October, the Spanish finally withdrew and the two sides agreed a truce, negotiated by the papal representative Mazarin.

Peace and its aftermath

In June 1630, Richelieu dispatched his close aide Father Joseph and Nicolas Brûlart to open peace talks with Ferdinand at Regensburg, where he was attending a meeting of the Imperial Diet. At the same time, Gustavus Adolphus landed in Pomerania with 18,000 troops, beginning the Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War. Father Joseph also had secret instructions to seek an alliance with Ferdinand's main Catholic supporter, Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria.

However, the loss of Mantua on 18 July appeared to jeopardise the French position in Italy, while Maximilian had no interest in an alliance. Seeing an opportunity, Ferdinand offered to confirm Nevers as Duke of Mantua, in return for France agreeing to cede Casale and Pinerolo to Spain, and withdraw support for Ferdinand's opponents within the Empire, ending French backing for both the Swedes and the Dutch. The offer coincided with Louis falling seriously ill and a concerted attack on Richelieu by his internal enemies, effectively paralysing the government. Unable to get a response to requests for further instructions, on 13 October Father Joseph reluctantly signed the Treaty of Ratisbonne.

Such an agreement compromised the entire basis of French foreign policy, which was to weaken the Habsburgs wherever possible, and threatened their alliance with the Pope, for whom liberating Italy from the "Spanish yoke" was a primary objective. Having recovered from his illness, Louis refused to ratify the treaty, while Richelieu outlasted his opponents and resumed control over French policy, which lasted until his death in 1642. In January 1631 Louis provided Gustavus with financial backing in the Treaty of Bärwalde, allowing the Swedes to establish themselves in the Empire, where they would remain until 1648. It was followed in May by the Treaty of Fontainebleau, an eight-year pact of mutual assistance between France and Maximilian of Bavaria.

The need to transfer Imperial troops from Italy to face the Swedish threat forced Ferdinand to sign the Treaty of Cherasco with France on 19 June 1631, which confirmed Nevers as Duke of Mantua and Montferrat, in return for minor concessions to Savoy. Although both sides agreed to withdraw their armies, Nevers and Victor Amadeus allowed French garrisons to remain in Casale and Pinerolo, which meant despite the expenditure of 10 million escudos and thousands of men, Spain gained nothing from the conflict. The war proved a major foreign policy success for Richelieu by strengthening the French position in Northern Italy, disrupting the Spanish Road and permanently souring relationships between Spain and Austria. Of even greater long term significance was the split it created between the Habsburgs and the papacy, making it acceptable for France to employ Protestant allies against fellow Catholics.

Notes

References

Sources

External links
Map of the Territories Involved
Chronology: Louis XIII (1610–1643)

1630 in law
1631 in law
Mantuan
Mantuan Succession, War of the
Mantuan Succession, War of the
Mantuan Succession, War of the
Conflicts in 1628
Conflicts in 1629
Conflicts in 1630
Conflicts in 1631
Mantua
1628 in Italy
1629 in Italy
1630 in Italy
1631 in Italy
Mantuan Succession
Wars involving Spain
Duchy of Mantua
Cardinal Richelieu
Louis XIII
Thirty Years' War

War of the Mantuan Succession


Pi-HaHiroth ( Pī haḤīrōṯ),  is the fourth station of the Exodus mentioned in . The fifth and sixth stations Marah and Elim are located on the Red Sea. The biblical books Exodus and Numbers refer to Pi-HaHiroth as the place where the Israelites encamped between Migdol and the sea, opposite Baal Zephon, while awaiting an attack by Pharaoh, prior to crossing the Red Sea. Reaching Pi-HaHiroth involved turning back from the direction they had been traveling and going south directly opposite of God's preferred proximate destination of Kadesh Barnea at the entrance to the Philistine territory, which was done in order to gain time to boost the morale of the Israelites; their ultimate destination was the Abrahamic city of Hebron, east of the Philistine capital Gaza.

Etymology
Some Egyptologists think the name reflects the Egyptian pr-ḥwt-ḥrt, a place mentioned in Papyrus Anastasis III. In fact, part of the mystery can be resolved by understanding the initial syllable ′Pi,′ which corresponds to the Egyptian word Pr or Pi, as House of such as in ′Pithom′ or ′Pi-Ramesses′. The next literary fragment ′Ha′ (ḥwt) would indicate the ′temple′, representing an Egyptian convention beginning with the hieroglyphic pr-ḥwt, "estate of the temple", while the fact that the name ends with the goddess determinative indicates that the final element, ḥrt, is theophoric.

The Revised Version of the Bible at the first use of the name Pi-HaHiroth has a link to a footnote that says "Or, where the desert tracks begin".

Identification
The Egyptologist David A. Falk suggests that Pi-HaHiroth was located somewhere on the way from the Sea of Reeds (pȜ ṯwfy) towards Pi-Ramesses, based on the description of the site's location in Papyrus Anastasis III. Strong's Concordance simply locates Pi-HaHiroth as 'a place on the eastern border of Egypt'.

The physicist Colin Humphreys believes that Pi-HaHiroth was along the Gulf of Aqaba.

References

Egypt in the Hebrew Bible
Book of Exodus
Book of Numbers

Pi-HaHiroth


In the Shadow of the Glen, also known as The Shadow of the Glen, is a one-act play written by the Irish playwright J. M. Synge and first performed at the Molesworth Hall, Dublin, on October 8, 1903.  It was the first of Synge's plays to be performed on stage. It is set in an isolated cottage in County Wicklow in what was then the present day (c.  1903).

Important Characters
Daniel Burke, an elderly farmer
Nora Burke, his young wife
Michael Dara, a youthful shepherd
A Tramp, a tramp

Plot synopsis

A tramp seeking shelter in the Burkes' isolated farmhouse finds Nora tending to the corpse of Dan. Nora goes out to find Michael, and Dan reveals to the tramp that his death is a mere ruse. He plays dead again when Nora and Michael return, but leaps up in protest when Michael proposes to Nora. Dan kicks Nora out to wander the roads and she leaves with the tramp, who promises her a life of freedom.

Quotes
"... isn't a dead man itself more company than to be sitting alone, and hearing the winds crying, and you not knowing on what thing your mind would stay?" — Nora

"Maybe cold would be no sign of death with the like of him, for he was always cold, every day since I knew him — and every night, stranger" — Nora

"For what good is a bit of a farm with cows on it, and sheep on the back hills, when you do be sitting looking out from a door the like of that door, and seeing nothing but the mists rolling down the bog, and the mists again, and they rolling up the bog, and hearing nothing but the wind crying out in the bits of broken trees were left from the great storm, and the streams roaring with the rain." — Nora

References
Synge, J. M. The Complete Plays. 1st. New York: Vintage Books, 1935.
In the Shadow of the Glen in The Literary Encyclopedia
 Stevens, Bernard. Opera 'The Shadow of the Glen'

External links

1903 plays
Plays by John Millington Synge
Plays adapted into operas
One-act plays

In the Shadow of the Glen


Jaroslav Malina (born 11 April 1945, in Dolní Bučice near Čáslav, Czech Republic) is a Czech archaeologist, anthropologist, publishing editor, head of the Department (Institute) of Anthropology of the Faculty of Science of Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic, and founder and head of Universitas (Masarykiana) Foundation.

Biography
Malina has had a great interest in archaeology and anthropology since childhood. After finishing secondary education he enrolled for a study of archaeology at the Faculty of Arts of Masaryk University, graduating in 1967. In 1969 he performed (with his colleagues) his first archaeological experiment. With this experiment and his consequent work in experimental archaeology he became a founder of this scientific discipline in (former) Czechoslovakia and this discipline also led him to pursuing his goals in anthropology.

Anthropology

Leadership
Through experimental archaeology Malina came to understand the complexity of human nature and shifted his research and occupational interests to anthropology. In the beginning of the 1990s, together with Jan Beneš and Vladimír Novotný, he co-founded the Department of Anthropology of the Faculty of Science of Masaryk University, which directly picked up on Vojtěch Suk's Anthropological Institute which was, due to ideological reasons, strictly limited and reduced during the years 1948–19891. Together with his colleagues, Malina strongly supported (and supports) the idea of anthropology as a holistic, integral (biological – social – cultural) scientific disciplines, which studies man from every possible point of view.

After the passing of the first head of the Department Jan Beneš in 1999, Malina became the head of department1.

Academic and scientific degrees, duties
Malina was awarded the PhD in 1968, and in 1993 he was awarded the degree docent – associate professor of anthropology.

In 1994 Jaroslav Malina was awarded the scientific degree Doctor Scientiae (DrSc.), and in 1995 the academic degree professor of anthropology at the Masaryk University2.

He teaches several courses: Introduction to Anthropology, Anthropology of Ethnicity, Anthropology of Antiquity, Anthropology of Sexuality and others. He also manages the Anthropological Seminar, where invited specialists present the newest or the most interesting concepts or findings in anthropology and related disciplines.

During the years 2001–2009 twelve post-gradual doctoral students graduated under his supervision; currently he supervises fifteen doctoral students and several bachelor and masters-level students.

Scientific work and publications
In his scientific work Malina deals with the subjects concerning experimental and sociocultural anthropology and archaeology, petroarchaeology and philosophy of science.  He has published many scientific studies, essays and books, both in former Czechoslovakia and in the Czech Republic as well as abroad.  Among his writings are:

 Archeologie: Jak a proč? ["Archaeology: How and Why"], 1975
 Základy petroarcheologie ["Basics of Petroarchaeology"], 1975 (co-author Jindřich Štelcl)
 Metody experimentu v archeologii ["Methods of Experiment in Archaeology"], 1980
 Archaeology Yesterday and Today, 1990 (in English, co-author Zdeněk Vašíček)
 Kámen a hlína jako ekofakt a artefakt ve vývoji životního prostředí ["Stone and Clay as Ecofact and Artifact in the Development of Environment"], 1991
 První císař ["The First Emperor"], 1994
 Čína z antropologické perspektivy ["China from the Anthropological Perspective"], 2005 (co-author Josef Kolmaš)
 Slovník antropologie občanské společnosti ["Dictionary of Civic Society"], 2006 (co-author Marie Dohnalová)
 Slovník pro studenty antropologie ["Dictionary for the Students of Anthropology"], 2008 (with a team of authors),
 Antropologický slovník (s přihlédnutím k dějinám literatury a umění) aneb co by mohl o člověku vědět každý člověk ["Dictionary of Anthropology (with Respect to the History of Literature and Art)"] 2009, with a team of authors

In 1993 he initiated an extensive scientific and artistic project to produce a book in five volumes and an associated exhibition titled Kruh prstenu: Světové dějiny sexuality, erotiky a lásky od počátků do současnosti v reálném životě, krásné literatuře, výtvarném umění a dílech českých malířů a sochařů inspirovaných obsahem této knihy ["The Circle of the Ring: The World History of Sexuality, Eroticism and Love from the Beginnings up to the Present Day in Real Life, Belle-Lettres, Visual Art and in the Works of Czech Painters and Sculptors Inspired by the Content of this Book"]. After the preprints of the four volumes published in 1999–2003 the work started to be published in its final form in 2007. In 2000 the long-time scientific and educational project Panoráma biologické a sociokulturní antropologie: Modulové učební texty pro studenty antropologie a "příbuzných" oborů ["Panorama of Biological and Sociocultural Anthropology: Module Textbooks for Students of Anthropology and Related Specialisations"] in the framework of which and under his editorial leadership with the contributions of many significant specialists 40 volumes were published.

He also edited scientific-educational books going back to the mysteries of the distant past and human creativity:

 Vzpomínky na minulost aneb Experimenty odhalují tajemství pravěku ["Memories of the Past or Experiments Reveal the Secrets of Prehistory"], 1982, 1992
 Zasáhli mimozemšťané a katastrofy do vývoje lidstva? ["Did the Extraterrestrials and Disasters Affect the Evolution of Mankind?"], 1988
 Obdivuhodný člověk: Úvahy o lidské tvořivosti ["The Admirable Man: Reflections on Human Creativity"], 1991
 Dvacet nejvýznamnějších archeologických objevů dvacátého století ["The Twenty Most Significant 20th-Century Archaeological Discoveries"], 1991
 Jak vznikly největší monumenty dávnověku ["How the Biggest Monuments of Prehistory Arose"], 1994 (co-author Pavel Pavel)
 Adolf Born, 1995 (with a team of authors)
 Olbram Zoubek, 1996 (with a team of authors)
 Alois Mikulka, 2001
 Vincenc Makovský, 2002 (with Jiří Hlušička and Jiří Šebek)
 Vladimír Preclík, 2002 (with a team of authors)
 Zdeněk Macháček, 2005 (co-author Nina Dvořáková)
 Nadace Universitas Masarykiana: 1993–2004 ["Universitas Masarykiana Foundation: 1993-2004"]: 2005
 Bohumír Matal, 2006 (co-authors Ludvík Kundera and Kateřina Svobodová)
 Erotikon sochaře Zdeňka Macháčka ["Sculptor Zdeněk Macháček and his Eroticon"], 2008 (co-author Jaroslav Zvěřina)
 Vladimír Svoboda, 2008 (co-author Nina Dvořáková)

His scientific and educational monographs (30) were published both in this country and abroad (Academia, Cambridge University Press, Editura Artemis, Electa, Mysl', Progress etc.) in the total printing of more than half a million copies.

Works of fiction
He also penetrated beyond the borders of scientific and educational activity and entered the field of fiction:
 Amor: Počítačový systém k automatickému generování milostných scén ["Amor: The Computer System for the Automatic Generation of Love Scenes'], 1993
 První pozemšťan ["The First Terrestrial"], 1995
 Světová katastrofa a jiné povídky s neblahým koncem ["The World Disaster and Other Stories with an Ominous End"], 1996
 Smrt profesora a jiné příběhy z univerzitního prostředí ["The Death of a Professor and other Stories from the University Environment"], 1997

Philanthropy, fine arts
In 1993 he co-founded the Universitas Masarykiana Foundation (currently Universitas Foundation), became its president4 and also president of the Karel Engliš Prize Committee and that of the Universitas Masarykiana Foundation Prize Committee. The Foundation supports the following six foundation editorial lines5, which Malina founded and serves as an editor:
 Beletrie (Fiction)
 Heureka
 Miscellanea
 Osobnosti (Personalities)
 Scientia
 Scintilla

The Universitas Masarykiana Foundation, working in this framework, has produced more than sixty volumes. Within these editions not only accomplished authors can publish, it also gives an opportunity to starting authors, works on the history of fine arts and other publications which otherwise would otherwise not have a chance to be published.

Awards and acknowledgements
Malina was awarded the Rector of Masaryk University Prize for the outstanding scientific work (1995, 1997), the City of Brno Prize (1997), 3rd prize and Recognition of Honor at the 18th book fair Libri in Olomouc for the books Vladimír Preclík a Vincenc Makovský (2003), The CERM Academic Publishing House Prize for the book of the year - První císař: Tvůrce Číny a osmého divu světa (2005) and Kruh prstenu (2008), professor Josef Hynie Prize for the best publication in the scientific discipline in the year 2007 (2008) and others.

Memberships
Malina is a member of several academic and institutional commissions (including habilitation and professorate commissions) for biology and anthropology at the Faculty of Science, Masaryk University3. He is also a member of domestic and international panels and institutions (Scientific council of the Prague National Gallery, Scientific council of the Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, The Society for Support of University Activities in Brno and Prague etc.).

References

External links
 Kruh prstenu 1 | Přírodovědecká fakulta Masarykovy univerzity
 Antropologický slovník | Přírodovědecká fakulta
 PřF - Ústav antropologie
 prof. PhDr. Jaroslav Malina, DrSc.3
 prof. PhDr. Jaroslav Malina, DrSc. – Životopis2
 PřF - Ústav antropologie4
 PřF - Ústav antropologie5
 1

Czech archaeologists
Czech anthropologists
1945 births
Living people
Masaryk University alumni
Academic staff of Masaryk University

Jaroslav Malina (anthropologist)


The Lewis and Clark National Historical Park (including the former Fort Clatsop National Memorial), located in the vicinity of the mouth of the Columbia River, commemorates the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Administration of the park, which includes both federal and state lands, is a cooperative effort of the National Park Service and the states of Oregon and Washington. The National Historical Park was dedicated on November 12, 2004.

After reaching the Pacific Ocean, the Corps of Discovery camped at Fort Clatsop in the winter of 1805–1806. The park features a replica of the fort and a nearby visitor center. Also included in the park are several sites on the north bank of the river in Washington and other sites in Oregon.

Lewis and Clark National Historical Park
The federal park began as Fort Clatsop National Memorial which was established on May 29, 1958.  The memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.  On October 30, 2004, it was redesignated Lewis and Clark National Historical Park with expanded jurisdiction over multiple sites, including:

 Fort Clatsop
 Fort to Sea Trail (dedicated on November 14, 2005)
 Netul Landing
 Salt Works
 Station Camp/Middle Village
 Clark's Dismal Nitch

Oregon State Parks

Ecola State Park
Ecola State Park was the site of the Corps of Discovery's 1806 trek over difficult terrain to see a beached whale. Today, it features several miles of hiking trails through old-growth forest and several beaches. Haystack Rock and the Needles are visible from many sites in the park.

Fort Stevens State Park
Fort Stevens, with its  park, offers exploration of history, nature, and recreational opportunities. The fort was the Oregon component of the three-fort Harbor Defense Command area at the mouth of the Columbia River (Fort Canby and Fort Columbia were the other two).

Sunset Beach State Recreation Site
Sunset Beach is the terminus of the Fort To Sea Trail, which begins in Fort Clatsop. Sunset Beach also provides visitors with direct access to the Pacific Ocean with expansive views from Cape Disappointment to the north and Tillamook Head to the south.

Washington State Parks

Cape Disappointment State Park
Cape Disappointment State Park, formerly known as Fort Canby State Park, is a  camping park on Cape Disappointment on the Long Beach Peninsula, fronted by the Pacific Ocean. The park offers  of ocean beach, two lighthouses, an interpretive center, hiking trails, and the remains of Fort Canby. The Cape Disappointment Historic District was listed on the National Register on August 15, 1975.

Fort Columbia State Park
Fort Columbia State Park preserves Fort Columbia, a coastal artillery post along the north side of the Columbia river outlet. At , the park includes an interpretive center focused on the fort and regional history.

Chinook Point, the site from which an American captain, Robert Gray, first saw the Columbia River, is part of the park. His explorations gave the United States a strong position in its later territorial contests with Great Britain. Chinook Point was named a National Historic Landmark in 1961.

See also
 Columbia Bar

Notes

References

External links

"Writings of Lewis and Clark", broadcast from Fort Clatsop National Memorial from C-SPAN's American Writers

Historical Parks
National Historical Parks of the United States
State parks of Oregon
State parks of Washington (state)
Parks in Clatsop County, Oregon
Parks in Pacific County, Washington
National Register of Historic Places in Clatsop County, Oregon
National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
Protected areas established in 1958
Protected areas established in 2004
National Park Service areas in Oregon
National Park Service areas in Washington (state)
Columbia River
National Register of Historic Places in Pacific County, Washington
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)