María de las Mercedes Bernardina Bolla Aponte de Murano (20 May 1930 – 26 April 2014), better known as Yiya Murano, and also referred to as The Poisoner of Monserrat was an Argentinian serial killer and swindler. Convicted of three murders, she was imprisoned for 16 years before being sent to an elderly care facility to serve out the remainder of her sentence, due to her advanced age.

Murders
Nilda Gamba, a neighbor of Murano's suddenly died on 10 February 1979. On 19 February, Murano's friend, Leila Chicha Formisano de Ayala, died in the same way. Murano owed money to both women, and both bodies showed signs of cyanide poisoning.

On 24 March 1979, Murano's cousin, Carmen Zulema del Giorgio de Venturini, fell and died on the stairs of a building on Hipólito Yrigoyen Street, where she lived.  Zulema's death was initially attributed to cardiac arrest. Zulema's daughter found that a promissory note worth 20 million Argentine peso ley was missing from her mother's belongings. The building's doorman said that Murano arrived for a visit carrying a mysterious package (which was later discovered to contain petit four), and had casually asked for a copy of the keys to Zulema's apartment keys, saying, "I need her notebook to warn her relatives".  Murano entered her cousin's apartment and left quickly, carrying papers and a jar. She complained loudly: "My God, it's my third friend to die in a short time!" During the autopsy, examiners discovered cyanide in Zulema's body. Investigators discovered the poison in the jar mentioned by the doorman, and in the petit four.

Arrest
On 27 April 1979, the police arrested Murano at her home at Mexico Street. In 1980, she was found unconscious in the prison where she was being held; later, Murano underwent a surgery and had one of her lungs removed.

Murano was convicted in 1985, incidentally at the same time than the Trial of the Juntas. She insisted upon her innocence, saying: "I never invited anyone to eat."

Murano was released from prison after 16 years. It was learned that she sent the judges who released her a box of chocolates as a token of her appreciation.

Media
Argentinian writer  included Murano in her book Mujeres Asesinas (Killer Women). In 2006, an episode of the Canal 13 television series of the same name featured a recreation of Murano's crimes. At the end of the episode, the real Yiya Murano appeared and proclaimed her innocence, citing evidence.

The second season of Mujeres Asesinas, the Mexican adaptation of the series, featured an episode based on Murano entitled "Tita Garza, Swindler," starring Patricia Reyes Spindola.

See also
 List of serial killers by country

References

1930 births
2014 deaths
Argentine female murderers
Argentine female serial killers
People from Corrientes
Place of death missing
Poisoners

Yiya Murano


Alfred Brown aka Gogga Brown (26 April 1834 Cirencester - 29 June 1920 Aliwal North) was an English-born South African palaeontologist, archaeologist and naturalist whose contributions to science were considerable. Brown discovered 21 new species of fossil reptiles and dinosaurs, a large number of which were described by Robert Broom and Harry Seeley. The defunct genus Browniella and some ten fossil species were named in his honour. Brown's fossils included 7 new species of Triassic fishes, some found by other collectors, three of which were named after him. Brown published a solitary article on his finds - "The Dicynodon", appearing in the Cape Monthly Magazine (2nd series, 1874, Vol. 9, pp. 83–89).  Despite having had no formal training in palaeontology, archaeology or natural history, Brown possessed an enquiring and orderly mind.

Alfred Brown was born on 26 April 1834 in Cirencester, England. Very little is known of Brown's early years. Though he kept a detailed journal that covered most of his life, the portion that presumably described his youth was deliberately removed. Alfred Brown was educated at the Borough Road Normal College, London, and taught at Thrapstone and Penrith during 1857 and 1858. He was well-read in the sciences with a good command of Latin and Greek.

He arrived at Port Elizabeth in 1858, having survived a bout of confluent smallpox on the voyage, and set off to teach in Bloemfontein, but found the post already filled, so that he moved to Aliwal North, remaining there for the rest of his life. In February 1859 he started teaching, often waiving a fee from poverty-stricken parents. In 1860 he took up a post as the town's first librarian, a duty he discharged for 41 years. He filled the role of postmaster and postman from about 1863 to 1882, and in 1865 was appointed as clerk to the resident magistrate; the income from these minor offices amounted to a pittance and Brown remained poor all his life.

Brown's consuming interest in fossils was sparked by the surveyor and anthropologist, Joseph Millerd Orpen. The Burgersdorp Formation and the Stormberg Series proved to be a rich source of material, and an undemanding work schedule left Brown with ample time to pursue his interest in natural history. He soon possessed thousands of fossils specimens and archaeological artefacts, and boasted a library of some 2000 books on a wide variety of topics. Some 350 specimens were sent to the comparative anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley, including parts of what seemed like a megalosaurus and eventually named Euskelosaurus browni in Brown's honour. Specimens also went to the geologist Roderick Murchison, but neither Huxley nor Murchison sent Brown copies of the journals in which his finds were described. Still undeterred, Brown sent specimens to the National Museum of Natural History in Paris and in return received some geology and palaeontology books and a collection of 47 fossil shells which he donated to the Albany Museum in 1873. Fossils to the Imperial Natural History Museum in Vienna were ignored.  In 1889 the British palaeontologist Harry Seeley visited South Africa, called on Brown and borrowed a substantial number of fossils which were never returned - consequently, some fifteen years later, Brown gifted them to the British Museum of Natural History.

He also collected fossil plants from near Aliwal North, some 500 specimens laying the groundwork of the Burgersdorp Formation palaeoflora. His collection was studied by the naturalist Edgar Leopold Layard who named one of the species Odontopteris browni. After his intestate death his fossil collection was put up for auction and acquired by the South African Museum. Broom regarded it as most valuable since it included several type specimens and an outstanding set of South African fossil fish. Brown also made detailed notes on the stratigraphy of the Stormberg Series, though these were never published.

He had an enduring interest in the life history and habits of the Cape monitor, Varanus albigularis, keeping some 40 of the animals. He felt that studying the extant reptile would provide a valuable insight into the interpretation of reptile fossils. His observations and thoughts were published in the Anglo-African in May 1869 and in the Cape Monthly Magazine (2nd series, Vol. 3, pp. 24–34) in July 1871.

His interest in archaeology may be traced back to 1870 when he contributed to an article on Stone implements in South Africa by Langham Dale, in the Cape Monthly Magazine (2nd series, Vol. 1, pp. 366–367) in which he described rock shelters from near Zastron and other sites. He gathered a large number of stone artefacts and excavated several caves, but refused to give Louis Péringuey access to the collection. These artefacts were not marked and careless transporting after his death by the South African Museum resulted in a jumbled pile of little value to science.

Brown was short, had an unkempt appearance, was a teetotaller and non-smoker, and had firm religious convictions. His unusual interest in natural history led to his being dubbed "Gogga" Brown by the local people. He had a retiring nature, shunned intimacy and adopted the lifestyle of a hermit, but at the same time valued his friendship with Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer, a fellow palaeontologist and collector from nearby Burgersdorp. He maintained a meticulous journal which ran to some 17 volumes, comprising a rich source of information on his life.

References

1834 births
1920 deaths
South African paleontologists
British emigrants to South Africa

Alfred Brown (palaeontologist)


Israel Abuhatzeira (), known as the Baba Sali (, , lit. "Praying Father") (1889–1984) was a leading Moroccan Sephardic rabbi and kabbalist who was renowned for his alleged ability to work miracles through his prayers. His burial place in Netivot, Israel has become a shrine for prayers and petitioners.

Early life and family

Israel Abuhatzeira was born on Rosh Hashanah 5650 (1889). He was the scion of the distinguished Abu Hasira/Abuhatzeira family of Sephardic Torah scholars and tzadikim who were also known as baalei mofet (miracle workers). He is the grandson of Yaakov Abuhatzeira. The patriarch of this family was Shmuel Abuhatzeira. Born in the land of Israel, Shmuel lived in Damascus for a while, where he studied Torah together with Chaim Vital. In Shem Hagedolim, Chaim Joseph David Azulai described Shmuel as "an ish Elohim kadosh (a holy man of God). Wise people speak of his might and wonders in saving the Jewish community from many difficulties."

Shmuel and his family eventually moved to the city of Tafilalt, Morocco, where Shmuel's son Mas'ud (Moshe in Hebrew) became the rabbi of the city. Mas'ud's son, Yaakov, known as the Avir Yaakov, succeeded his father as rabbi of Tafilalt. Yaakov's eldest son, Mas'ud, became an av beit din in the same city, and it was here that his son, Israel, was born.

Abuhatzeira's family lived on a large estate which included a yeshiva where young scholars studied night and day. The beit din (rabbinical court) of his father, Mas'ud, was also located on the premises. His older brother, David, studied by himself in an attic. On the rare times that Mas'ud traveled, he would cover his eyes with his cape to avoid seeing inappropriate sights.

As a child, Abuhatzeira was a diligent Torah scholar, studying day and night. At the age of 12, he began to fast during the six weeks of Shovavim. Knowing his parents would not let him continue, he hid his fasting from them, but his brother, David, noticed how weak and pale he was. Though David urged him to stop, Yisrael continued his fasting.

After his bar mitzvah, he entered his family's yeshiva, where the students rose at midnight for Tikkun Chatzot and then studied Kabbalistic works until dawn, when they would go to the mikveh, pray the morning service, and eat breakfast. This was followed by in-depth gemara study, the afternoon prayers, and a shiur in Shulchan Aruch.

Later years
In 1951, Abuhatzeira immigrated to Israel and settled in Lod where he tried to conceal himself from the public. However, he was soon discovered and offered the position of Chief Rabbi of Lod, which he declined. He then moved to Baka, Jerusalem where he managed to keep a low profile for a while, without his neighbors even knowing who he was. Again, he was eventually "discovered" and after the death of Chief Rabbi of Israel, Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel in 1953, he was offered the position, which he also turned down.

Several years after his arrival in Israel, the news reached Abuhatzeira that Jewish life in Morocco had spiritually deteriorated greatly, so he returned to his country of birth to lead and inspire the community there. In 1964, he returned to Israel again and soon settled in Netivot, a city in the Negev. He received visitors from all over, asking him for blessings and advice.

Funeral and tomb
Abuhatzeira died in 1984 (4 Shevat 5744). His funeral was attended by an estimated 100,000 people. His gravesite in Netivot has become a popular pilgrimage site in Israel. On the anniversary of his death, thousands come to visit his tomb and pray.

References

External links
Baba Sali Foundation

Portrait of the baba Sali
Stories of Baba Sali

1890 births
1984 deaths
Kabbalists
Moroccan emigrants to Israel
20th-century rabbis from the Ottoman Empire
Sephardic Haredi rabbis in Israel
20th-century Israeli rabbis
Abuhatzeira family
People from Tafilalt
People from Rissani

Baba Sali


Tuni̱siya, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is the northernmost country in Africa. It is a part of the Maghreb region of North Africa, bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. It features the archaeological sites of Carthage dating back to the 9th century BC, as well as the Great Mosque of Kairouan. Known for its ancient architecture, souks and blue coasts, it covers , and has a population of 12.1 million. It contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert; much of its remaining territory is arable land. Its  of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin. Tunisia is home to Africa's northernmost point, Cape Angela. Located on the northeastern coast, Tunis is the capital and largest city in the country. Tunisia is named after Tunis.

Beginning in early antiquity, Tunisia was inhabited by the indigenous Berbers. Phoenicians began to arrive in the 12th century BC, establishing several settlements, of which Carthage emerged as the most powerful by the 7th century BC. Carthage was a major mercantile empire and a military rival to the Roman Republic until 146 BC, when it was defeated by the Romans who occupied Tunisia for most of the next 800 years. The Romans introduced Christianity and left architectural legacies like the Amphitheatre of El Jem. In the 7th century AD, Arab Muslims conquered all of Tunisia (finally succeeding in 697 after several attempts starting in 647) and settled with their tribes and families, brought Islam and Arab culture to the local inhabitants, and since then Arabs became the majority of the population. Then, in 1546, the Ottoman Empire established control there, holding sway for over 300 years, until 1881, when the French conquered Tunisia. In 1956, Tunisia gained independence as the Tunisian Republic under the leadership of Habib Bourguiba with the help of activists such as Chedly Kallala, Farhat Hached and Salah Ben Youssef. Today, Tunisia's culture and identity are rooted in this centuries-long intersection of different cultures and ethnicities.

In 2011, the Tunisian Revolution, which was triggered by dissatisfaction with the lack of freedom and democracy under the 24-year rule of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, overthrew his regime and catalyzed the broader Arab Spring movement across the region. Free multiparty parliamentary elections were held shortly thereafter; the country again voted for parliament on 26 October 2014, and for president on 23 November 2014. From 2014 to 2020, it was considered the only democratic state in the Arab world, according to the Democracy Index (The Economist). After a democratic backsliding Tunisia is rated a hybrid regime. It is one of the few countries in Africa ranking high in the Human Development Index, with one of the highest per capita incomes on the continent, ranking 129th in GDP per capita income.
 A̱gba̱ndang nwap a̱byin Tuni̱siya wu wa yet Modern Standard Arabic. The vast majority of Tunisia's population is Arab and Muslim. Vernacular Tunisian Arabic is the most spoken, and French also serves as an administrative and educational language in some contexts, but it has no official status.

Tunisia is well integrated into the international community. It is a member of the United Nations, , the Arab League, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the African Union, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, the Non-Aligned Movement, the International Criminal Court, and the Group of 77, among others. It maintains close economic and political relations with some European countries, particularly with France, and Italy, due to their geographical proximity. Tunisia also has an association agreement with the European Union and has attained the status of a major non-NATO ally of the United States.

Tuni̱siya


Paul Warnock Evans is a retired English footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Burton Albion in the 1980s. His time with Neil Warnock at Burton began a more than 10-year relationship with Warnock in football. He would spend time as Assistant Manager at Scarborough, then coach at Notts County and Huddersfield Town. Evans was also known at these clubs as "Warnock's mate" and was seen many times in the dressing room calming Warnock down when he became angry.

Playing career
Evans played in goal for Burton Albion in the 1980s and was part of Northern Premier League Challenge Cup winning team.

In 1985, while playing in an FA Cup clash with Leicester City, Evans was struck by a plank of wood thrown from the away end and was knocked out cold. As Evans partially recovered, Neil Warnock's protests for the game to be abandoned were ignored, and Evans had to return to the goal to finish the match. Becoming physically sick at one point, it was clear that he was not right, giving up 6 goals as City won 6–1.

Subsequently, the FA reviewed the game and a replay was played. Evans played in the rematch, and Burton was defeated again, albeit by a much more modest 1–0 score.

Evans left Burton Albion in 1986 to become assistant manager at Scarborough.

With Neil Warnock

Burton Albion
When Neil Warnock became the Manager of Burton Albion in January 1981, Evans was his goalkeeper and was part of the Northern Premier League Challenge Cup winning team of the 1982–83 season, this is the first time that Evans worked for Warnock. Little did he know that by 1997 he would have worked at Scarborough, Notts County, Huddersfield Town and Plymouth Argyle and won promotion 5 times and won 1 trophy and come runner up in an Autoglass Trophy Final.

Scarborough
In 1986, Neil Warnock went to Scarborough as Manager and he took Evans, his former goalkeeper at Burton Albion, with him as his Assistant Manager. Warnock and Evans arrived at Scarborough and quickly signed Cec Podd, Barry Gallagher and Paul Kendell from Halifax Town, Mike Brolly and Tommy Graham from Scunthorpe United, David Kaye from Chester City and Andy Harrison and Steve Richards from Kettering Town. Warnock also added Stuart Mell who was with Warnock and Evans at Burton Albion. The season started pretty average so Warnock signed Ian Bennyworth and Mitch Cook. With the season still going pretty average; Warnock signed Kevin Blackwell on a months loan from Barnet in November 1986 and this started an upturn in fortunes. After the months loan ended Warnock paid Barry Fry's Barnet £2,000 for Blackwell's services. On 13 December Scarborough went top of the league following Barnet's loss to Maidstone United. However, a week after this the club was knocked sideways as the chairman; Barry Adamson died of a heart attack at an FA Trophy game against Morecambe. At one point in April, Scarborough were seven points clear at the top of the GM Vauxhall Conference, and due to Barnet losing at Stafford Rangers Scarborough won the title and were subsequently promoted to the Fourth Division. Basically, Warnock and Evans had brought instant success with Scarborough winning the Football Conference in 1987. Warnock and Evans remained at Scarborough until they moved on to Notts County in 1989 after Warnock had fallen out with chairman Geoffrey Richmond.

Notts County
In January 1989, Warnock arrived at Notts County and Warnock took Evans, physio Dave Wilson and Kevin Blackwell with him to Meadow Lane and would signal a start to a very exciting and successful era at Notts County. Evans joined as part of Warnock's backroom staff which consisted of Johnny Newman(Assistant Manager) and Dave Wilson (Physiotherapist). Then at the end of the 1988–89 season, Johnny Newman left Notts County and Mick Jones joined as Warnock's assistant. County won the 3rd Division Play-off Final in 1990 at Wembley, and as always Evans was on the bench with Warnock.

Then the 2nd Division Play-off Final was won in 1991 and Notts County were subsequently promoted to Division 1 (now The Premiership). However, after only one season County were relegated and Warnock was sacked in January 1993 after two play-off wins.

Huddersfield Town
Warnock took over at Torquay United in March 1993 and it wasn't until Warnock left Plainmoor in May and then in July 1993 Warnock take over at Huddersfield Town and Evans, Jones (Assistant Manager), Blackwell (Youth Development Officer/Sub Goalkeeper) and Wilson (Physiotherapist) joined him.
However the 1993–94 season was a relegation battle from the start but a trip to Wembley Stadium was ensured thanks to the Associate Members Cup where Town appeared in the Final against Swansea City, however Town lost 3–1 on penalties. This season was also the last ever season at Town's stadium Leeds Road and Evans was a small part of this historic season. and the following season (1994–95) Town won two trophies. Early on in the 1994–95 season Town beat Hull City to claim the Yorkshire Electricity Cup which became the first silverware to be lifted at The Kirklees Stadium and the first since Town had won the 1979–80 Fourth Division Championship. Then Warnock's men won the Play-off Final at Wembley on 28 May 1995 against Bristol Rovers with a 2–1 scoreline with Andrew Booth and Chris Billy scoring.
However, Warnock resigned 8 days later, so Jones, Blackwell and Evans followed him to Devon, but Dave Wilson stayed on as physiotherapist at Huddersfield Town. Wilson died in 1996 after a long illness that had already forced him to retire earlier on in 1996. Wilson had worked with Warnock and Evans since 1986 when he was physiotherapist with Scarborough, then after Warnock tracked him down in Hong Kong Warnock recruited him to the backroom staff at Notts County and then in 1993 at Huddersfield.

Warnock's spat with Bean
On the last game of the 2006–07 season, Sheffield United had just been relegated, when Evans's best friend Neil Warnock was manager. He was waiting in Warnock's office with Warnock's tearful wife and son, caused by Sean Bean bursting into Warnock's office, and shouting and swearing at them. When Warnock found out he was livid and wanted to go and find him, but Evans told him not to waste his time, again calming Warnock down.

Current life
Paul Evans now works as a solicitor in Worksop. Evans is still Neil Warnock's best friend.

Honours

As a player
1982–83: Northern Premier League Challenge Cup winner – Burton Albion

As a coach
1986–87: Conference winners (promotion to Division 4) – Scarborough (Assistant Manager)
1989–90: Division 3 Playoff winners (promotion to Division 2) – Notts County (Coach)
1990–91: Division 2 Playoff winners (promotion to Division 1) – Notts County (Coach)
1994–95: Division 2 Playoff winners (promotion to Division 1) – Huddersfield Town (Coach)
1993–94: Football League Trophy finalist – Huddersfield Town (Coach)
1994–95: Yorkshire Electricity Cup winners – Huddersfield Town (Coach)
1995–96: Division 3 Playoff winners (promotion to Division 2) – Plymouth Argyle (Coach)

References

External links
 http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_conf/6475419.stm

Living people
English men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Burton Albion F.C. players
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. non-playing staff
Notts County F.C. non-playing staff
Plymouth Argyle F.C. non-playing staff
English solicitors
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)

Paul Evans (football manager)


Joshua Adam Donaldson (born December 8, 1985) is an American professional baseball third baseman for the Milwaukee Brewers of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the Oakland Athletics, Toronto Blue Jays, Cleveland Indians, Atlanta Braves, Minnesota Twins, and New York Yankees.

The Chicago Cubs drafted Donaldson in the 2007 MLB draft after he had played college baseball at Auburn University. He made his MLB debut with the Athletics in 2010 as a catcher, progressing with the team, switching positions to third base, and eventually becoming an All-Star in the 2014 MLB season.

Donaldson was traded to the Blue Jays after the 2014 season. He was named as a starter to the 2015 MLB All-Star Game, earning the most fan votes obtained by a player in the process, and was voted the American League's Most Valuable Player for the 2015 MLB season. Donaldson also won the Silver Slugger Award and led the American League in RBIs (runs batted in) and runs scored.

He was traded to the Indians in August 2018, and then signed a one-year contract with the Braves for 2019. After a successful year with the Braves, Donaldson agreed to a four-year deal with the Twins, before being traded to the Yankees for the 2022 season.

Early life
Born in Pensacola, Florida, Donaldson attended Pace High School in Pace, Florida for his sophomore year and played varsity baseball, before his mother, Lisa, moved him to Faith Academy in Mobile, Alabama to reunite him with his friend, P. J. Walters, at the academy. At Faith, Donaldson competed in football, basketball, and baseball. As a shortstop and pitcher, Donaldson was the Alabama Gatorade Player of the Year as a senior, batting .515 on the season, and led Faith Academy to a state title. Donaldson set four Faith Academy single-season records in baseball, hits (55), triples (6), doubles (21), and RBIs (54). In football, Donaldson was a wide receiver, defensive back, and punter, setting a school record with 11 interceptions in one season as a senior.

College career
Donaldson enrolled at Auburn University, where he played college baseball as a catcher and third baseman for the Auburn Tigers baseball team in the Southeastern Conference. During his freshman season in 2005, Donaldson started 39 games at third base, hitting .294 with seven home runs, and also began learning to play catcher. In his sophomore season, Donaldson hit .276 and led the team with ten home runs; he also threw out 15 of 38 base stealers and had seven pickoffs. In the summer of 2006, Donaldson played for the Harwich Mariners of the Cape Cod Baseball League where he was an All-Star and hit .302. In 2007, Donaldson was named a Louisville Slugger Preseason All-American.

Professional career

Draft and minor leagues
The Chicago Cubs drafted Donaldson as a catcher in the first round (48th overall) of the 2007 Major League Baseball draft. In his first minor league season Donaldson played 53 games for the Rookie Arizona League Cubs and Short Season-A Boise Hawks, batting a combined .335 with nine home runs and 25 RBIs. He also walked more than he struck out, with 39 and 38 respectively. In 2008, he played 63 games with the Class-A Peoria Chiefs, where he hit .217 with six home runs and 23 RBIs.

In July 2008, the Cubs traded Donaldson, Matt Murton, Eric Patterson, and Sean Gallagher to the Oakland Athletics for Rich Harden and Chad Gaudin. He played 47 games with the Advanced-A Stockton Ports, where he batted .330 and had nine home runs and 39 RBIs. Donaldson then played the entire 2009 season with the Double-A Midland RockHounds, and recorded a batting average of .270 with nine home runs and 91 RBIs.

Oakland Athletics (2010, 2012–2014)
Donaldson was called up to the majors for the first time on April 30, 2010, filling in for injured catcher Kurt Suzuki. He made his debut that night as a pinch hitter, and struck out. The next day, he recorded his first major league hit, a two-run home run on the first pitch by Toronto Blue Jays pitcher Dana Eveland. In 14 games played during the 2010 season, Donaldson made 34 plate appearances and recorded five hits. After returning to the minor leagues, he spent the season with the Triple-A Sacramento River Cats and hit .238 with 18 home runs and 67 RBIs for the season. Donaldson played the entire 2011 season in Sacramento, improving his average to .261, and hit 17 home runs and 70 RBIs.

Donaldson officially converted to third base from catching in the beginning of the 2012 season during spring training.  He started the regular season as the everyday third baseman for the A's for the first half, but due to struggles he was sent to the Triple-A Sacramento River Cats for much of the season.  The A's recalled him in mid August after everyday third baseman Brandon Inge was placed on the 15-day disabled list with an injured arm. Donaldson helped the A's into making the postseason, and finished the 2012 season with nine home runs, 33 RBIs and a .241 average.

Against Detroit Tigers reliever Brayan Villarreal, Donaldson hit his first career walk-off home run on April 12, 2013. It was the A's first walk-off win in 2013.  He hit his first career grand slam on June 7 against Chicago White Sox starter Chris Sale.  Major League Baseball named Donaldson the American League Player of the Month for September after batting .337 with 20 runs scored, eight doubles, five home runs and 16 RBIs in 25 games.  He played 158 games and finished the season with 24 home runs, 93 RBIs and a .301 average and placed fourth in AL MVP voting.

Donaldson was elected to his first All-Star appearance in 2014 as the starter at third base for the American League. Donaldson hit a three-run walk-off home run in the ninth inning against the Baltimore Orioles on July 17 to lead the A's to a 5–4 victory.  Donaldson won his first career Fielding Bible Award for his work at third base. During the 2014 season, Donaldson hit 98 RBIs, 29 home runs, and 93 runs scored, beating out his career highs with Oakland. However, Donaldson's batting average went down to .255. Donaldson would end up finishing 8th in the AL MVP voting.

Toronto Blue Jays (2015–2018)

2015
On November 28, 2014, the Athletics traded Donaldson to the Toronto Blue Jays for Brett Lawrie, Kendall Graveman, Sean Nolin, and Franklin Barreto.  The following February, he lost his salary arbitration case against the Blue Jays after seeking $5.75 million.  Instead, he was awarded the Blue Jays' offer of $4.3 million for the 2015 season.

On June 1, Donaldson was named the American League Player of the Week for the second time in his career. From May 25–31, he batted .440 with 11 runs scored, six home runs, and 11 RBIs. A campaign was launched in early June to elect Donaldson as a starter to the 2015 MLB All-Star Game, which was led by Don Cherry and Stephen Amell. At the time the campaign began, Mike Moustakas of the Kansas City Royals led voting for third basemen. It was announced in a voting update on June 29 that Donaldson had surpassed Moustakas, and on July 5, was announced as the starting third baseman for the All-Star game, with a record 14,090,188 votes. He participated in the Home Run Derby on July 13, losing in the semi-finals to eventual winner Todd Frazier.

From August 3–9, he batted .385 (10 hits in 26 at bats) with two doubles, five home runs, eight RBIs and nine runs scored as the Blue Jays won eight games in a row.  This performance led to his second AL Player of the Week Award of the season.

By the end of August, observers began referring to Donaldson's season as one of the best in Blue Jays' history. Several members of the media wrote articles naming him as the American League Most Valuable Player Award frontrunner over Mike Trout, and fans attending both home and away games began chanting "M-V-P! M-V-P!" when he would bat.  On September 7, Donaldson hit his 100th career home run. He hit his 40th home run of the season on September 25, and in doing so, joined Shawn Green and Carlos Delgado as the only players in franchise history to have 40 doubles and 40 home runs in the same season. Donaldson finished the 2015 regular season with a .297 batting average, 122 runs scored, 41 doubles, 41 home runs, and 123 RBIs. According to Baseball-Reference.com, his 8.8 Wins Above Replacement (WAR) in 2015 ranked as the highest single-season total in club history, surpassing José Bautista's previous record of 8.1 in 2011.

Sporting News announced on October 29, 2015, that Donaldson had won their MLB Player of the Year Award. Other awards included the American League Hank Aaron Award, the American League third baseman's Silver Slugger Award, and Players Choice Awards for both Major League Player of the Year and American League Outstanding Player. On November 19, 2015, Donaldson was named the 2015 American League Most Valuable Player (AL MVP), finishing ahead of Mike Trout and Lorenzo Cain.  On December 5, 2015, Donaldson was revealed as the cover athlete for MLB The Show 16.

2016
In February 2016, Donaldson and the Blue Jays appeared to be heading to salary arbitration for the second consecutive year. Donaldson had asked for $11.8 million for the 2016 season, while the Blue Jays had countered at $11.35 million. On February 10, Donaldson signed a two-year, $28.65 million extension that paid him $11.65 million in 2016 and $17 million in 2017.

In the first half of 2016, Donaldson resumed the high level of play from his MVP season.  He won the June 19 Player of the Week Award after hitting three home runs, four doubles, one triple and nine runs driven in with 12 hits in 27 at bats. He led the league in total bases (27), extra-base hits (8) and tied for first in slugging percentage (1.000).  On July 7, he was announced as a reserve for the American League in the 2016 All-Star Game. Heading into the All-Star break, Donaldson was batting .304 with 23 home runs and 63 RBIs. He had also scored 80 runs, which made him the first player in Blue Jays history to do so before the All-Star break. On August 28, Donaldson hit three home runs in a game for the first time in his career, leading the Blue Jays to a 9–6 win and a sweep of the Minnesota Twins. Donaldson finished the 2016 regular season with a .284 batting average, 37 home runs, and 99 RBI.

Despite struggling with a hip injury late in the season, Donaldson played very well in the Jays' division series with the Texas Rangers, the second consecutive season Toronto faced Texas in the playoffs.  In the three game sweep, he hit for a .500 batting average, five doubles, .526 on-base percentage, .778 slugging percentage, four runs scored and three RBI. He also scored the series-winning run in the tenth inning in dramatic fashion, scampering home from second base on a heads-up base running play following a throwing error by Rangers' second baseman Rougned Odor. Donaldson was awarded his second consecutive Silver Slugger Award on November 10. He finished fourth in American League MVP voting.

2017

On April 13, 2017, Donaldson left the game after straining his right calf, and was placed on the 10-day disabled list the following day. He returned to the lineup in late May. From August 1 to the end of the 2017 season, Donaldson hit .302 with 22 home runs in 227 plate appearances.

2018
On January 12, 2018, Donaldson avoided salary arbitration with the Blue Jays by agreeing to a one-year, $23 million contract for the 2018 season.

On March 30, it was revealed that Donaldson was diagnosed with dead arm syndrome, in which he was criticized for his awkward throws on opening day. Although the issue was not too serious, the Blue Jays decided to use Donaldson temporarily as a designated hitter. On April 13, he was placed on the 10-day disabled list for shoulder inflammation. His return to action was cemented with a two-RBI double which was critical in ensuring a 13–9 win over the Cleveland Indians. However, Donaldson returned to the 10-day disabled list on June 1 after suffering a calf strain. While on rehab assignment on June 26, he re-aggravated the calf strain and was eventually transferred to the 60-day disabled list.

Cleveland Indians (2018)
On August 31, 2018, the Blue Jays traded Donaldson to the Cleveland Indians for a player to be named later, later revealed to be pitching prospect Julian Merryweather. Donaldson wore the number 27 as number 20 is retired in honor of Frank Robinson. On September 3, he was placed on the 10-day disabled list due to a left calf strain, and sent to the Triple-A Columbus Clippers on a rehab assignment, where he hit a grand slam in his first rehab game. The Indians activated Donaldson from the disabled list on September 11, 2018. Donaldson made his Indians debut that evening, starting at third base and batting fifth.

Atlanta Braves (2019)
On November 26, 2018, Donaldson signed a one-year, $23 million contract with the Atlanta Braves. Donaldson batted .259/.379/.521 with 37 home runs and 94 RBIs in 2019. He made contact with the lowest percentage of pitches he swung at in the strike zone (76.6%) of all NL batters. On defense in 2019, he had a 15 Defensive Runs Saved (DRS) rating, the best in the National League among third basemen. He was named the 2019 NL Comeback Player of the Year.

Minnesota Twins (2020–2021)
On January 22, 2020, Donaldson signed a four-year $92 million contract with the Minnesota Twins. In his first season with the Twins, Donaldson was limited to 28 games in the shortened 60-game season because of injury. He hit .222 with six home runs and 11 RBIs. In October 2020, Donaldson tweeted his opinion that umpire John Tumpane was a "Top 3 worst ump in the game," adding "Trust me this guy has no idea what the zone is in the rule book."

On January 31, 2021, Donaldson changed his number from 24, which he used in his first year in Minnesota, to his customary 20, vacated by the recently departed Eddie Rosario. On May 29, Donaldson scored the 2,000,000th run in MLB history when he scored on a ground-rule double hit by Nelson Cruz off Kansas City Royals pitcher Ervin Santana.

New York Yankees (2022–2023)
On March 13, 2022, the Twins traded Donaldson, Isiah Kiner-Falefa, and Ben Rortvedt to the New York Yankees in exchange for Gary Sánchez and Gio Urshela. On May 23, MLB suspended Donaldson for one game for making what they determined to be a "disrespectful" comment made "in poor judgement" toward Tim Anderson, after Donaldson called him "Jackie" in reference to a 2019 Anderson interview.
On August 17, Donaldson hit a walk-off grand slam in the tenth inning during a game against the Tampa Bay Rays, winning the game 8–7. He became only the third Yankees player with a walk-off ultimate grand slam in Yankees franchise history, following Babe Ruth (1926) and Jason Giambi (2002).

In 2022, he batted .222/.308/.374 with 15 home runs and 62 RBIs, and made contact with only 75.5% of all pitches he swung at in the strike zone, the lowest percentage in the major leagues.

In 2023, Donaldson hit .142 with 10 home runs and 15 RBIs across 33 games before he was placed on the injured list with a right calf strain on July 16. The next day, it was reported that Donaldson could miss the remainder of the season with the injury, and he was transferred to the 60–day injured list on July 21 before being released on August 29.

Milwaukee Brewers (2023–present)
On August 31, 2023, Donaldson signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers organization and was assigned to the Triple–A Nashville Sounds. After hitting .177 in 5 games for Nashville, Donaldson was selected to Milwaukee's major league roster on September 11.

Awards and accomplishments
Awards
 American League Most Valuable Player Award (2015)
 Hank Aaron Award (2015)
 2× Home Run Derby participant (2014, 2015)
 Fielding Bible Award (2014)
 3× MLB All-Star (2014–16)
 MLB Player of the Month (September 2013)
 4× MLB Player of the Week (April 28, 2013; May 31, 2015; August 9, 2015; June 19, 2016)
 Players Choice Awards for American League Outstanding Player (2015)
 Players Choice Awards for Major League Player of the Year (2015)
 2× Silver Slugger Award at third base (2015, 2016)
 Sporting News Major League Player of the Year (2015)

Accomplishments
 Blue Jays' record for highest single-season total WAR (8.8 in 2015)
 Blue Jays' record for most runs scored before All-Star break (80 in 2016)
 3-home run game (August 28, 2016)
 MLB's 2 millionth run scored (May 29, 2021)

Personal life
Donaldson was raised by his mother, Lisa French, while his father, Levon Donaldson, was imprisoned for most of his childhood.  His father, a construction worker, was sentenced in 1992 on charges of sexual battery, false imprisonment, and aggravated battery, and he was released from prison in 2007.

His father watched him play baseball in person for the first time on September 13, 2013, against the Texas Rangers in Arlington, Texas. Donaldson walked twice and hit a home run as well as a double in three at-bats as the Athletics won, 9–8.

Donaldson grew up an Atlanta Braves fan. Aside from playing baseball, Donaldson has also been a lifelong avid golfer. When he was 18 months old he appeared on a local TV station showing off a "picture perfect" golf swing. He appeared on the Golf Channel during the 2014 season and hit a ball an estimated 309 yards in a simulator. He found out he was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays while watching the Golf Channel, as well as playing Mortal Kombat.

Donaldson is a fan of the History channel series Vikings, and in January 2016, it was announced he would have a guest appearance in the fourth season of the show as "Hoskuld". Donaldson's nickname "The Bringer of Rain" was inspired by the "Shadow Games" episode of Spartacus: Blood and Sand.

Donaldson and his fiancé, Briana Miller, had their first child, a daughter, in November 2020.

See also

 List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career OPS leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career slugging percentage leaders
 List of Toronto Blue Jays team records
 Toronto Blue Jays award winners and league leaders

References

External links

Auburn Tigers bio
Josh Donaldson IMDb

1985 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American League All-Stars
American League Most Valuable Player Award winners
American League RBI champions
Arizona League Cubs players
Atlanta Braves players
Auburn Tigers baseball players
Baseball players from Pensacola, Florida
Boise Hawks players
Cleveland Indians players
Columbus Clippers players
Dunedin Blue Jays players
Harwich Mariners players
Leones del Escogido players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball third basemen
Midland RockHounds players
Milwaukee Brewers players
Minnesota Twins players
New York Yankees players
Oakland Athletics players
Peoria Chiefs players
Phoenix Desert Dogs players
Sacramento River Cats players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders players
Silver Slugger Award winners
Somerset Patriots players
Stockton Ports players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Nashville Sounds players

Josh Donaldson


Kozarnika or Peshtera Kozarnika () is a cave in northwestern Bulgaria that was used as a hunters' shelter as early as the Lower Paleolithic (1.6-1.4 million BP). It marks an older route of early human migration from Africa to Europe via the Balkans, prior to the other currently suggested route - the one across Gibraltar. The cave probably keeps the earliest evidence of human symbolic behaviour and the earliest European Gravette flint assemblages came to light here.

Kozarnika cave is located  from the town of Belogradchik in northwestern Bulgaria, on the northern slopes of the Balkan Mountains, close to the Danubian Plain. It is opened to the south, at  above the valley. With its length of , the cave is among the small-sized in the Belogradchick karst region. Studies over the course of two decades uncovered 21 geological layers there, containing (bottom to top) archaeological complexes of Early Lower Paleolithic (layers 13 - 11a), Middle Paleolithic (layers 10b - 9a), Early Upper Paleolithic (layer 6/7), a sequence of an original Paleolithic bladelets industry with backed pieces that scholars called Kozarnikian (layers 5c - 3a), Early Neolithic, Late Copper Age, Late Bronze Age, Medieval and Late medieval periods.

The Kozarnika cave project started in 1984. Since 1996, it has been headed by Dr. Prof. Nikolay Sirakov (Archaeological Institute and Museum of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria) and Dr. Jean-Luc Guadelli (IPGQ-UMR5199 of French National Center for Scientific Research, Bordeaux-France).

In the ground layers, dated to 1.6–1.4 million BP (using palaeomagnetism, which determines age using past patterns of reversals in the Earth's magnetic field and analyses of both the microfauna and the macrofauna), archaeologists have discovered a human molar tooth (considered to be the earliest human—Homo erectus/Homo ergaster—traces discovered in Europe outside Caucasian region), lower palaeolithic assemblages that belong to a core-and-flake non-Acheulian industry, and incised bones that may be the earliest example of human symbolic behaviour.

The findings from Middle Paleolithic layers (East Balkan Levallois cores and side-scrapers as well as East Balkan Levallois and Le Moustier points), rather bifacial points, dating from 300,000–50,000 BP prove presence of hunters' groups possibly of Homo neanderthalensis. Upper Paleolithic layers consist flint assemblages from the earliest European Gravette complex dating from 43,000 up to 39,000 BP belonging to Homo sapiens.

In fieldwork since 2015, researchers have started to investigate the nature and impact paleo-human presence had on local fauna in order to establish a more accurate chronology of the occupation periods. In this context the research team also attempts to get a better understanding on the relationship between the Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption and its consequences on human occupation in the Kozarnika cave.

See also
 Magura Cave
 Bacho Kiro cave
 Sićevo Gorge
 Peștera cu Oase
 Vértesszőlős
 Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption

References

Further reading

Prehistoric sites in Bulgaria
Geography of Vidin Province
Landforms of Vidin Province
History of Vidin Province
Caves of Bulgaria
Neanderthal sites
Limestone caves

Kozarnika, Dimovo Municipality


"Gemini" is a song by the Filipino rock band Sponge Cola.  It is the twelfth track from their debut album, Palabas. It reached and became #1 in Filipino music charts.  It is also the theme song of the Filipino version (Metropolitan Theater Guild) of William Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet, as seen in its music video.  The song was nominated for Song of the Year in the 2006 MYX Music Awards.

The song begins with metronome by drummer Chris Cantada, then goes to the verse.  During the verse, its signature mellow guitar riff is played by lead guitarist Erwin Armovit.  This continues until the end of the first chorus.  Then, in the second verse, both guitars become heavily distorted, however, in the second chorus, it settles back to its original slow and mellow style.  The instrumental segment of the song is then played, until it finally fades out.

Music video
The music video was directed by Marie Jamora and produced by Steven Uy. It shows Romeo, played by Yan Yuzon (brother of Sponge Cola frontman and lead singer Yael Yuzon); Juliet, played by Ina Feleo (daughter of actor Johnny Delgado and director Laurice Guillen), and the narrator played by Ricky Abad. The music video was entirely shot in the Henry Lee Irwin Theatre, Ateneo de Manila University.

Like the original Romeo & Juliet, it shows the story between Juliet and his Romeo, and features its original quotes and catchphrases. The band is playing in a theater, but not in the same place where Yan Yuzon and Ina Feleo are performing.

The video was soon nominated for Favorite Music Video in the 2006 MYX Music Awards, but it lost to Rivermaya's "You'll Be Safe Here".

Versions
The song has two versions: version one is the version used in the music video, and version two being the album version.  Some differences are the intro and outro - version one begins with a melodic piano piece, followed by the song, then an outro riff that is different from the album version.

References

2004 singles
Sponge Cola songs
2004 songs
English-language Filipino songs

Gemini (Sponge Cola song)


The Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta, often simply abbreviated as "LUMSA", is a private Roman Catholic university founded in 1939 in Rome. It is the second-oldest university in Rome after Sapienza.

LUMSA was privately founded but belongs to the national Italian network of universities and is therefore able to confer recognised degrees and diploma titles which have full legal force. The principal aspects of LUMSA are to be found in its humanist vocation and Catholic orientation. It has a humanist vocation because, in a society which is scientifically and technologically advanced, there is a growing awareness of the need for 'wise knowledge' which is rooted in an authentic idea of man and is able to promote progress for the real good of man and the human community. LUMSA belongs to the national and international scientific research network and has research programmes which operate within certain specific areas: education, the social services, the philosophical, philological, and literary sciences, mass communications, juridical sciences, economics, computer science, and data science.

Organization
The university began its life as the "Istituto Superiore di Magistero Maria Ss. Assunta", an educational institute for nuns founded in 1939 by Luigia Tincani (Royal Decree No. 1760 of 26 October 1939). In 1989, it was reconstituted as "Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta" (LUMSA), a university for women. The university was opened to men in 1991.

LUMSA is a private Catholic institution with autonomy at all levels of the university. As an Italian-accredited institution, its degrees are considered equivalent to those issued by Italian public universities.

The university is governed by a council which includes a President, a Rector, two Pro-Rectors, a Director General, and general council members. Since 2017, the President has been Cardinal Giovanni Lajolo.

University teaching is distributed across three departments:
 Department of Law, Economics, Politics, and Modern languages (Rome)
 Department of Law (Palermo)
 Department of Human Studies, Communication, Education, and Psychology (Rome)

Research
Research and study activities, which are the vital lymph source of every university system, are always characterised in LUMSA by involvement in cultural and scientific dialogue about the great subjects of contemporary debate. Over the years, the research activities of the faculties of the university have given rise to a great deal of individual and group research, which has been flanked over time by inter-university and international research financed by public and private agencies, by structures providing such services, and by funds provided by the university itself. At the present time, research activity is organised around the various research centres of the three faculties.

Teaching
LUMSA University is characterised by the duality of tradition and modernity because it integrates humanistic and classical knowledge with economics, information technology, and management. Another characteristic of this university is the emphasis it places on students deserving of financial help. Indeed, the overall level of fees for the first income band has been made almost the same as that at state universities.

The educational structure of LUMSA is arranged around four divisions. The university offers, through the divisions, undergraduate degrees (Italian laurea) in various social science fields and in data science. In post-graduate education, LUMSA offers several graduate programs and two long-cycle programs in law and education sciences, as well as four PhDs (Italian dottorato di ricerca).

Notable people and alumni
 Joseph Ratzinger (future Pope Benedict XVI), honorary degree in Law, 1999
 Liliana Segre, honorary degree in International relations, 2020
 Sergio Cotta, honorary degree in law, 1999
 Liliana Cavani, honorary degree in Communication sciences, 1999
 Carlo Lizzani, honorary degree in Media studies, 2009
 Giuseppe Pizzardo, co-founder
 Luigi Traglia, president
 Mario Luigi Ciappi, president
 Antonio María Javierre Ortas, president
 Carlo Furno, president
 Attilio Nicora, president
 Cornelio Fabro, director
 Conte Giuseppe Dalla Torre del Tempio di Sanguinetto, rector between 1991 and 2014

See also
 List of Italian universities
 BioGeM consortium

References

External links

LUMSA University Website
LUMSA Guidance and tutoring
LUMSA professional masters in English

Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta
Universities and colleges established in 1939
1939 establishments in Italy

Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta


Oslo City Museum (Oslo Bymuseum) is a department of Oslo Museum  in Oslo, Norway since 2006. The museum  is located at Frogner Manor (Frogner Hovedgård)  in Frogner Park (Frognerparken).

The museum was first founded in 1905 as the association Det gamle Christiania. Initiator and committee leader until 1912 was architect Fritz Holland (1874-1959).  A  committee members included Bishop of Oslo Anton Christian Bang,  architects  Torolf Prytz and  Harald Olsen, artist Eilif Peterssen and  military officer Thomas Heftye. The museum moved into the main building at Frogner Manor in 1909.

Oslo City Museum was a private association until the end of 2005. In 2006 it became part of the newly established Oslo Museum, together with two other museums; the Intercultural Museum and the Theatre Museum. Oslo Museum  is now headquartered at Frogner Manor.

Oslo City Museum has an extensive library with the purpose of documenting the history of the City of Oslo, as well as the former municipality Aker. Particularly valuable is the museum's art collection and photo collection with Oslo motifs and portraits. The museum  has one of the largest and most important photo collections in Norway. Additionally the museum has an art collection which contains around 1,000 paintings and around 6,000 other works.

References

External links
Oslo City Museum - Official site

Museums in Oslo
Photography archives in Norway
City museums in Norway
Local museums in Norway
Art museums and galleries in Norway

Oslo City Museum