Lee Tze-fan Memorial Art Gallery () is a gallery located in East District, Hsinchu City, Taiwan and dedicated to the Taiwanese painter Lee Tze-fan.

The gallery was established on August 6, 1994, and the building was reconstructed from Lee's former residence. The owner of this gallery is Lee Tze-Fan Memorial Foundation for Art Education. The foundation has been received the donation from Lee's family and students, and focus on researching, collecting and digitizing Lee's paintings and belongings, so they can operate the gallery without selling paintings and fundraising.

One of the gallery's feature is exhibiting Lee's original studio, diaries, letters and painting tools.

References

1994 establishments in Taiwan
Art museums and galleries in Taiwan
Art galleries established in 1994
Buildings and structures in Hsinchu

Lee Tze-fan Memorial Art Gallery


Emek Movie Theater (Turkish: Emek Sineması) was a historical movie hall located in the Beyoğlu district of İstanbul, Turkey.

History
The movie theater began construction in 1884 under the name "Club des Chasseurs de Constantinople" (Hunters Club of Constantinople), and first opened its doors in 1924 under the name Melek Sineması (Angel Cinema) because of the Art Nouveau style angel figures on the screen. The inner walls and the top of the movie theater have baroque and rococo style figures. The building has since been known under different names such as  The Greek Gym of Strangali in 1909, then as "Nouveau Cirque" (New Circus). In 1918 the building was known as "Yeni Tiyatro" (New Theater), and "Emek Cinema" in the 1940s. Latterly the building had been used as a skating palace.

Destruction
In 2010, plans were made to demolish the movie theater as part of a shopping mall construction. Several protests were organized to prevent the demolition from taking place.
In 2013, the building was completely demolished.

References

Cinemas in Turkey
Theatres in Istanbul
Theatres completed in 1924
Beyoğlu
Buildings and structures demolished in 2013
Demolished buildings and structures in Istanbul
Art Nouveau architecture in Istanbul
Art Nouveau theatres
1924 establishments in Turkey
2013 disestablishments in Turkey
Entertainment venues in Turkey
Former cinemas

Emek (movie theater)


Mirza Muhammad Siraj ud-Daulah, more commonly known as Siraj ud-Daulah (1733 – July 2, 1757), was the last independent Nawab of Bengal. The end of his reign marked the start of British East India Company's rule over Bengal and later almost all of South Asia.
Before all these he was the one who helped Alivardi Khan resist all the 5 invasions of Maratha Confederacy, and 1 invasion of Durrani Empire, he also helped Alivardi in 3 tackle attack on Maratha Confederacy, and 1 tackle attack on Durrani Empire. His reign of just 1 year extended the control of  the Nawab of Bengal from Chhattisgarh to Parts of Thailand.

Biography of Siraj-ud-Dllah Dallah Wala Muslim
•Mirza Muhammad Siraj-ud-Daulah was born in Murshidabad,Bengal on 1733 to Zain-Ud-Din-Ahmed-Khan(Father), and Amina Begum(Mother) to a Sunni Muslim family.
•His father was the Diwan of Bihar under the Nawab of Bengal Alivardi Khan.
•His mother was the youngest daughter of Nawab of Bengal Alivardi Khan(Father), and Sharf-Un-Nissa Begum(Mother).
•He was very brave since His childhood, and educationally strong, and intelligent too. He was the scholar of 9 languages, and was really good at Maths, and Science. Because Alivardi Khan wanted him to do so. He studied with his two childhood friend Mir Madan, and Mohanlal.
•His first war in his whole life was at The age of 9 years with Alivardi Khan at the age of 71 years with just 2,500 soldiers against the army of Raghoji Bhonsle, and Bhaskar Pandit with 20,000 soldiers.
•He has killed an Asian Lion without any weapons at age of just 13 years.
•During The Third Battle of Katwa, he defeated 32,000 soldiers of Sikh with just 5,000 specialised cavalry soldiers.
•During the First Battle of Siliguri He, and Alivardi Khan together with just 45,000 soldiers attacked, and defeated the 92,850 soldiers of Durrani Empire under Emperor Jahan-Bakht-Khan.
•During The Second Battle of Haldigram Commander Manikchand of Banga Jala Bahini (Bengal Navy) under Siraj with 45 vessels attacked, and defeated The East India Company Navy with 52 vessels, because of the technological advancement of the Bengal Navy.
•During The Seige of Calcutta Siraj, and Mohanlal took just 50 soldiers, attacked, and defeated the 4,000 soldiers of East India Company in Fort William, Calcutta.

Reign as Nawab Advik
Siraj ud-Daulah received the title of Mansur-ul-Mulk, Seraj-ud-Daulla, Ghaseti Begum"(Victory of the Country, Light of the State, Horror in War). He was to succeed as the Nawab of Bengal in April 1756 AD at the age of twenty seven. Siraj ud-Daulah's nomination to the nawabship caused jealousy and enmity of Mehar-un-nisa Begum or Ghaseti Begum(eldest sister of Siraj's Mother Amina Begum), Raja Rajballabh, Mir Jafar Ali Khan and Shaukat Jang(Siraj's Cousin). Ghaseti Begum possessed huge wealth, which was the source of her influence and strength. On Perceiving serious opposition from her, Siraj ud-Daulah seized her wealth from Moti Jheel Palace and placed her in confinement. The nawab'' also made certain changes in high government positions giving them to his own favorites.

1733 births
1757 deaths
People of British India
Indian monarchs
18th century in India

Siraj ud-Daulah


The Lahore Resolution (Urdu=Qarardad-e-Lahore قرارداد لاھور), commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution (Urdu=قرارداد پاکستان Qarardad-e-Pakistan) was a political resolution, or statement drafted between 22nd to 24th March 1940, by the 25-member Working Committee of the All-India Muslim League, and then formally adopted by the Muslim League membership at its general session on 23 March 1940, held at Lahore. This resolution asked for greater Muslim autonomy of Muslim majority states such as Punjab, Bengal, Sindh and NWFP within British India. However, later on most people thought of this as a call for a separate Muslim state, Pakistan. The resolution was presented at Minto Park (now renamed 'Iqbal Park'), in Lahore, by Maulvi A.K. Fazlul Huq on the instructions of the Working Committee.

In fact, from the declaration made in this resolution in 1940 onwards, the goals of the Muslim League became increasingly fixed upon achieving an independent nation-state.

Today, the resolution's importance is remembered in Pakistan, by the Minar-e-Pakistan structure that stands in the Greater Iqbal Park, Lahore.
So fair ideas of Muslims separated had been floating in Indian political atmosphere.

Committee

The following is the full list of the 25 original, formally designated members of the Special Working Committee of the All India Muslim League, 1940, which met between 21 and 24 March 1940, and which largely drafted the Lahore Resolution.

 Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
 Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan
 Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan
 Sir Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot
 Amir Ahmed Khan Raja Sahib of Mahmudabad
 Sher-e-Bangla A.K. Fazlul Huq
 Sir Abdullah Haroon
 Al-Hajj Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin
 Amjadi Bano Begum
 Molana Muhammad Akram Khan
 Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman
 Nawab Muhammad Ismail Khan
 Sir Currimbhoy Ebrahim
 Ali Muhammad Khan Dehlvi
 Qazi Muhammad Isa
 Sardar Aurangzeb Khan
 Abdul Mateen Chauhdry
 Ashiq Mohamed Warsi
 Haji Abdus Sattar Essak Saith
 S.M. Sharif
 Syed Abdul Rauf Shah
 Mohammad Latif ur Rahman
 Abdul Rehman Siddiqui
 Malik Barkat Ali
 Sadullah Khan Umarzai

References

1940
1940s in Asia
20th century in Bangladesh
1940s in Pakistan
Lahore
Muslim League
National symbols of Pakistan
Pakistan Movement

Lahore Resolution


Johann Christian Dieterich (1722–1800) was the founder of the  publishing house and a close friend of Georg Christoph Lichtenberg. He published the first Musen-Almanach.

Early years
Dieterich was born in Stendal.  He began his career as proprietor of a silk shop in Berlin, which he moved to Gotha. In 1749 he married the daughter of the bookseller Mevius and began running his shop for him.

Career
In 1760 he started a new bookshop in Göttingen, printed a few books, and in 1770 established a publishing house. Among the most famous authors whose works he published are Gottfried August Bürger and Georg Christoph Lichtenberg. He was a close friend of the latter, and between 1776 and his death in 1799, Lichtenberg lived in the Dieterich family's house. On his travels he wrote many long letters to the Dieterichs.

Death
Dieterich died in Göttingen.  His son Heinrich (1761-1837) continued running the business himself until 1824.

Works published by Dieterich before 1850
 Almanach de Gotha or Gothaischer genealogischer Kalender, Göttingen 1763. The German equivalent of Burke's Peerage, it was taken up by a different publisher (C. W. Ettinger) in 1775, then by Justus Perthes in 1815, and was published continuously until 1944. From 1951 a different company continued it as Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels (GHdA).
 Systema vegetabilium, by Carl Linnaeus in 1784.
 Göttinger Taschen Calender, which contained, from 1784 to 1796, Lichtenberg's commentaries on the work of William Hogarth. These were republished between 1794 and 1799.
 Jacob Grimm's Deutsche Grammatik, Weisthümern, and others
 Works by Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann, Gottfried Müller, Heinrich Albert Zachariä, Konrad Johann Martin Langenbeck, Carl Friedrich Gauss, Georg Friedrich Benecke, Ernst Ludwig von Leutsch and Friedrich Wilhelm Schneidewin

Bibliography
 Elisabeth Willnat: Johann Christian Dieterich. ein Verlagsbuchhändler und Drucker in der Zeit der Aufklärung. Buchhändler-Vereinigung, Frankfurt am Main 1993.  (Dissertation)
 Johann Christian Dieterich, Ludwig Christian Lichtenberg, Ulrich Joost (eds): Der Briefwechsel zwischen Johann Christian Dieterich und Ludwig Christian Lichtenberg. Vandehoek und Rupprecht, Göttingen 1997
 Gottfried August Bürger, Ulrich Joost (eds): Mein scharmantes Geldmännchen: Gottfried August Bürgers Briefwechsel mit seinem Verleger Dieterich. Wallstein, Göttingen 1988
 Eduard Grisebach (ed): G. C. Lichtenberg's Briefe an Dieterich 1770–1798. Dieterich'sche Verlagsanstalt Leipzig 1898.

Notes

1722 births
1800 deaths
German publishers (people)

Johann Christian Dieterich


The Right to Be Lazy (French: Le Droit à la paresse) is a book by Paul Lafargue, published in 1883. In it, Lafargue, a French socialist, opposes the labour movement's fight to expand wage labour rather than abolish or at least limit it. According to Lafargue, wage labour is tantamount to slavery, and to fight as a labour movement for the extension of slavery is preposterous. In the book Lafargue proposes the right to be lazy, in contrast to the right to work, which he deems bourgeois.

Introduction
After an initial quote from Gotthold Ephraim Lessing ("Let us be lazy in everything, except in loving and drinking, except in being lazy"), the book's introduction reads: "A strange delusion possesses the working classes of the nations where capitalist civilization holds its sway. This delusion drags in its train the individual and social woes which for two centuries have tortured sad humanity. This delusion is the love of work, the furious passion for work, pushed even to the exhaustion of the vital force of the individual and his progeny. Instead of opposing this mental aberration, the priests, the economists and the moralists have cast a sacred halo over work."

Content
According to Lafargue, it is sheer madness that people are fighting for the right to an eight-hour working day. In other words, eight hours of servitude, exploitation and suffering, when it is leisure, joy, and self-realisation that should be fought for, and as few hours of slavery as possible. Automation, which had already come a long way in Lafargue's time, could easily reduce working hours to three or four hours a day. This would leave a large part of the day for the things we really want to do, such as to spend time with friends, relax, enjoy life, and be lazy. Lafargue argues the machine is the saviour of humanity only if the working time it frees up becomes leisure time. The time that is freed up is usually converted into more hours of work, which he compares to more hours of toil and drudgery. Working too many hours a day is often degrading, while working very few hours can be very refreshing and enriching, leading to general advancement, health, joy, and satisfaction. He is also polemical against human rights, and instead prefers the right to be lazy.

References

External links
 The Right To Be Lazy - Available at marxists.org

1883 books
Books about automation
Literature critical of work and the work ethic
Marxian critique of political economy
Socialist works

The Right to Be Lazy


The James Marshall House, also known as Marshall Hall, Marshall-Myers-Byron House and Windward is a property near Shepherdstown, West Virginia. The house was built circa 1835 by James Marshall and was known as "Marshall Hall" until about 1914.  It became known as "Windward" in 1966.

Windward is a two-story L-shaped house in with Greek Revival elements. The brick structure features a small one story Greek Revival pedimented porch on a relatively plain facade. The flush cornices and simplified detailing are characteristic of an understated application of the Greek Revival style. The slate roof is a clipped hip form that follows the L shape of the plan.

The interior features Greek Revival detailing with plain surfaces. The center hall plan features a large parlor to the left of the hall, with a small parlor and library to the right.  A kitchen and dining room are located in the rear extension, with a galleried porch aligning with the center hall. Three bedrooms and a bathroom are upstairs in the main section, with two chambers over the kitchen wing.

The foundation of a barn that burned in the early 1900s are visible, as well as the outline of what is believed to be a now-vanished log kitchen, noted in the Jefferson County deed book as having living quarters above.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

References

Houses in Jefferson County, West Virginia
Greek Revival houses in West Virginia
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
Houses completed in 1835
National Register of Historic Places in Jefferson County, West Virginia

James Marshall House (Shepherdstown, West Virginia)


Beth Ehlers  (born 1968) is an American actress. She is known for playing Harley Cooper, between 1987 and 2008, on CBS's daytime drama Guiding Light.

Career
Ehlers grew up in New York City and begin appearing in television commercials at the age of nine.  As a child actress, her first role was in the 1981 television film Family Reunion starring Bette Davis. She was cast in several other television films, including "In Defense of Kids" and "Mystery at Fire Island". Her big screen debut was in the film The Hunger with David Bowie and Catherine Deneuve. She was also featured in the feature film Hiding Out and the NBC TV series The Best Times which was in the vein of Fast Times at Ridgemont High, and the later, Beverly Hills 90210.

To date, Ehlers' role of note has been her portrayal of Harley Cooper on Guiding Light, a role she originally played from 1987 to 1993. The character of Harley was a bad girl with a heart of gold — the character was introduced giving birth to her illegitimate daughter in the back seat of a car — and Ehlers' portrayal won her praise and many fans, eventually making the character of Harley a linchpin character.

Ehlers left the show in 1993, along with co-star Mark Derwin, to relocate to California. After her relationship with Derwin ended, Ehlers worked as a production assistant on commercials and music videos. On January 17, 1997, she returned to Guiding Light for the soap's 60th anniversary. Fan response was so overwhelmingly positive that the producers asked Ehlers to return as a contract player. During her time on Guiding Light, she was nominated five times for a Daytime Emmy (for Outstanding Younger Actress, in 1992 and 1993; Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series, in 1999 and 2002; and, in 2006, for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series). She was the first daytime actress to ever be nominated in all three categories.

In 2005, fans voted Ehlers and former co-star Ricky Paull Goldin, as their characters Harley and Gus, the top couple in  "The Most Irresistible Combination" contest (which was partially sponsored by Procter & Gamble, the company that produces Guiding Light).

In 2006, Ehlers became part of a collaboration between the show and Marvel Comics when her character was tagged to appear on a special fantasy episode of the show as a superheroine, named "The Guiding Light" after the show itself.

In 2007, in an episode celebrating the 70th anniversary of Guiding Light, the current cast portrayed actors and behind-the-scenes personnel from the early years of the series (both in radio and television). Ehlers had a central role in the episode with her portrayal of Irna Phillips. Phillips was the creator of Guiding Light and many other soap operas; she was often credited with creating the soap opera genre.

In June 2008, Ehlers left Guiding Light to join the cast of All My Children in the newly created role of Taylor Thompson, an Army lieutenant of the Iraqi war who believed she had lost her fiancé, Brot Monroe (portrayed by real-life war veteran and now actor/spokesman J.R. Martinez), in action.  The move from Guiding Light to All My Children led to an onscreen reunion with her former Guiding Light co-star Ricky Paull Goldin, who had also moved to All My Children to portray Dr. Joseph "Jake" Martin.

In 2010 Ehlers was announced to be in the cast of The SFN's television series River Ridge. In 2020, she joined the cast of the serial drama podcast Forever and a Day.

Filmography

References

External links

American soap opera actresses
1968 births
Actresses from New York (state)
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women

Beth Ehlers


Richmond is a city in the coastal Lower Mainland region of British Columbia, Canada. It occupies almost the entirety of Lulu Island (excluding Queensborough), between the two estuarine distributaries of the Fraser River. Encompassing the adjacent Sea Island (where the Vancouver International Airport is located) and several other smaller islands and uninhabited islets to its north and south, it neighbours Vancouver and Burnaby on the Burrard Peninsula to the north, New Westminster and Annacis Island to the east, Delta to the south, and the Strait of Georgia to the west.

The indigenous Coast Salish peoples were the first people to inhabit the area of modern-day Richmond, with the Musqueam Band naming the site near Terra Nova "" or "boiling point". Today, Asian Canadians make up a majority of the population in the city, at almost three-fourths. As a member municipality of Metro Vancouver, Richmond is composed of eight local neighbourhoods: Sea Island, City Centre, Thompson, West Richmond, Steveston, South Arm, East Richmond and Hamilton. As of 2022, the city has an estimated population of 230,584 people.

During the 2010 Winter Olympics, the Richmond Olympic Oval was a venue for long track speed skating events.

History
Coast Salish bands had temporary camps on the island, to fish and collect berries, which were scattered and moved from year to year. Certain Coast Salish summer camps were located at Garry Point, and Woodward's Landing, along with the site of the Terra Nova cannery, which had at one time been a Musqueam village.

There is no definitive historical account as to how Richmond was named. There are several possibilities that have been proposed, including:
 The first family to settle in Richmond, that of Hugh McRoberts, had formerly lived in Australia. Their home there was called "Richmond View" and that is what they named their homestead in Richmond.
 W.D. Ferris drafted the original petition for the incorporation of The Township of Richmond. He was originally from Richmond, Surrey, England.
 Another early settler was Hugh Boyd. He was also the first Reeve of the township. His wife had been born in Richmond, Yorkshire, England.

The Township of Richmond, British Columbia was incorporated on 10 November 1879. The Township of Richmond was modeled after Ontario's political townships – an incorporated municipality, consisting of communities that are united as a single entity with a single municipal administration. Each community was represented on the municipal council through a ward electoral system with five wards until 1946 when the ward electoral system was replaced with the at large electoral system that is currently in place.

On 3 December 1990, Richmond was designated as a City.

The first Town Hall, the Agricultural Hall and the Methodist Church (now Minoru Chapel), were built at the corner of No. 17 (River) Rd and No. 20 (Cambie) Rd near the main settlement on the northwestern tip of Lulu Island at North Arm.

The old fishing village of Steveston on the southwestern tip of Lulu Island is now home to several museums and heritage sites, as well as a working harbour for fishing boats. Currently, London Heritage Farm, the Gulf of Georgia Cannery and the Britannia Shipyard National Historic Site in Steveston highlight these parts of Richmond's diverse history.

Geography
Richmond is made up of most of the islands in the Fraser River delta, the largest and most populated island being Lulu Island. The city of Richmond includes all but a small portion of Lulu Island (the Queensborough neighbourhood at the far eastern tip is part of the city of New Westminster). The next largest island, Sea Island, is home to the Vancouver International Airport (YVR). In addition to Lulu and Sea Islands, 15 smaller islands make up the city's  land area, including:
 Mitchell Island, an industrial island accessed via the Knight Street Bridge, a bridge which connects Richmond and Vancouver.
 Richmond Island, a former sand bar that has been turned into a peninsula that can only be reached from Vancouver, but technically is within Richmond's city limits.
 Shady Island, an uninhabited island covered with trees, which can be reached over land by foot at low tide from near Steveston.

The city also includes the fishing village of Steveston, located in the far southwest corner of the city, and Burkeville, which shares Sea Island with the airport. Both Steveston and Burkeville were independent villages until they were annexed by Richmond.

Since all of Richmond occupies islands in a river delta, the city has plenty of rich, alluvial soil for agriculture, and was one of the first areas in British Columbia to be farmed by Europeans in the 19th century. The drawback of Richmond's geographical location was that since all the land averages just one metre above sea level, it was prone to flooding, especially during high tide. As a result, all the major islands are now surrounded by a system of dykes, which, although not as massive as those in the Netherlands or the levees of New Orleans, serve to protect the city from anticipated sources of flooding. There is a possibility that, during an earthquake, the dykes could rupture, and the alluvial soil may liquefy, causing extensive damage. Richmond is also at risk of a major flood if the Fraser River has an unusually high spring freshet. Recreational trails run along the tops of many of the dykes, and Richmond also supports about  of parkland.

Because of the high groundwater table, very few houses in Richmond have basements and until the late 1980s, very few buildings were above 3 storeys high. Also, because of proximity to the airport, current building codes limit the height of buildings to .

Climate
Richmond has an oceanic climate (Cfb). Because it is not as close to the mountains, it actually receives 30% less rain than neighbouring Vancouver. It rarely snows in winter, and the summer temperatures are mild to warm. Richmond is also very cloudy in the cooler months.

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Richmond had a population of 209,937 living in 81,080 of its 85,035 total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of 198,309. The average age of the population was 43.3 years old, and the median age of the population was 43.6. Of the population, 13.3 percent was 0 to 14 years of age, 20 percent was 65 years and over, 2.4 percent was 85 years and over, and 66.7 percent was the age 15 to 64 years old. Richmond's 2021 population of 209,937 makes it the fourth-largest city in British Columbia, after Vancouver (662,248), Surrey (568,322) and Burnaby (249,125).

Richmond has a land area of  and a population density of  in 2021. The average size of a household in Richmond is 2.6 persons. Most households have a household size of 2 persons, and the least households have 5 or more persons. Apartment buildings are the most common structural type of dwellings, made up of 18,590 apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys, 15,475 apartment in a building that has five or more storeys, and 4,990 apartment or flat in a duplex. Single-detached houses are also popular with 24,435 single-detached houses located in Richmond. Other types of buildings include 1,585, semi-detached houses 15,945 row houses, 20 other single-attached houses, and 45 movable dwellings.

The average price of a detached home in Richmond is $1,581,600.

Richmond has an immigrant population of 60%, the highest in Canada.

Richmond is also home to two of the largest Buddhist temples in North America, the International Buddhist Temple and the Ling Yen Mountain Temple.

Ethnicity
Approximately half of Richmond residents identify as having Chinese ethnic or cultural origins, with the BBC calling it "North America's most Asian city" in 2012. Almost three quarters of its population is of Asian descent, many of whom immigrated in the late 1980s, mostly from Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Mainland China. Other Asian Canadians in Richmond include Indian Canadians, Filipino Canadians and Japanese Canadians.

Richmond's Japanese community has a long history in Steveston dating back to the 1800s. Following Japan's 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, the Anti-Japanese sentiment grew, and this community was devastated as residents of Japanese descent were relocated to internment camps in the BC Interior and Alberta and their property sold at auction.

Languages
The 2021 census found that English was spoken as mother tongue by 31.31% of the population. The next most common mother tongue language was Cantonese, spoken by 21.52% of the population, followed by Mandarin at 21.08%.

Religion
According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Richmond included:
Irreligion (111,140 persons or 53.3%)
Christianity (64,405 persons or 30.9%)
Buddhism (11,590 persons or 5.6%)
Islam (7,630 persons or 3.7%)
Sikhism (6,985 persons or 3.4%)
Hinduism (2,605 persons or 1.3%)
Judaism (2,515 persons or 1.2%)
Indigenous spirituality (40 persons or <0.1%)

Economy

Richmond supports about 100,000 jobs in various areas, including services, retailing, tourism, light manufacturing, airport services and aviation, agriculture, fishing, and government. Richmond also is a leading centre in the region for high-technology companies, including Norsat and Sierra Wireless.

Pacific Coastal Airlines has its headquarters in the South Terminal of Vancouver International Airport. Air Canada Jazz operates a regional office in Richmond.

Before its dissolution, Canadian Airlines operated an office in Richmond. Before it merged into Air Canada Jazz, regional airline Air BC was headquartered in Richmond. Prior to its dissolution, Harmony Airways, Pacific Western Airlines and Canadian Pacific Air Lines were all headquartered in Richmond.

The first McDonald's restaurant outside of the United States was opened in Richmond in June 1967.

Agriculture
The Agricultural Land Reserve preserves 4,916 hectares within the city as farmland, an area that makes up most of east Richmond. Of this area, 3,012 hectares are farmed by 247 farms; the rest is either vacant or occupied by non-farm uses. Cranberries and blueberries are the dominant crops grown. Other crops grown include strawberries, corn, and potatoes. In 2001, Richmond had approximately 47% of BC's cranberry acreage.

Shopping malls
Richmond Centre, Lansdowne Centre, McArthurGlen Vancouver, Parker Place and Aberdeen Centre are some of the most prominent malls in Richmond. There is also Steveston Village.

The Seafair Plaza commercial center is near Steveston, in Seafair, a different neighbourhood and planning area.

The success of these malls has created significant economic growth in Richmond. Richmond Centre has become Canada's 12th most profitable mall. Offices, apartment buildings, and transportation hubs have sprung up around the mall. While McArthurGlen Vancouver has been given the Best Outlet Centre 2015 award at MAPIC.

Richmond is also home to many Chinese-oriented shopping malls, most of them along No. 3 Road from Alderbridge Way to Capstan Way. This area is officially termed as the "Golden Village" by Tourism Richmond and includes malls such as Aberdeen Centre, Continental Centre, Union Square, President Plaza, Parker Place, and Yaohan Centre. The strip malls located on Alexandra Road are famous for their restaurants, and the area is more commonly known as "food street".

Development
Richmond city planners are one year into their update of its official plan, passed in fall 2019, for the city centre. The plan is anchored by the Canada Line and includes the development of nine transit-oriented village centres. The population of the area is expected to grow from about 40,000 to 120,000 residents.

According to a senior planner for the city, the goal of the plan is to "turn the middle arm of the Fraser River into a focus instead of an edge." A Richmond parks manager said that for "too long residents have felt contained by the river, seen it as being to their backs. Now, they want people to face the river and embrace the waterfront."

Lansdowne
Lansdowne Centre will be closing in 2025 to make way for 24 towers. Within this development plan, there will be mixed housing, large public spaces with a Civic Plaza slated to be placed in the corner of Lansdowne Road and No 3 Road. The property owner, Vanprop Investment Inc., has plans for Lansdowne to be a pedestrian-friendly area with shops and services lined within its block.

The Olympic Oval

Aspac Developments Ltd purchased  of land adjacent to the Fraser River and the finished $178 million Richmond Olympic Oval. The $1 billion plan includes 16 high-density towers, up to 14 stories in height. The towers will be stepped toward the waterfront and will include trees and green space. Aspac's plans are for "probably the highest-end development Richmond has seen to date" said Mayor Brodie. A $2.3 million hard-surfaced path will be constructed along the river to link the project to Aberdeen Centre. Aspac's initial plan includes constructing the development in four phases, with the first phase consisting of  of residential development, and  of ground-level commercial space. Some construction will not begin until after 2010, and will take up to 12 years to complete. The warehouses and commercial parks near the development are also slated for redevelopment.

The John M.S. Lecky boathouse
The University of British Columbia constructed the John M.S. Lecky boathouse along River Road. It draws crowds from rowing regattas and dragon boat races.

Cambie Road pedestrian bridge
A possible pedestrian bridge where Cambie Road reaches the river is also being included in a future vision of the area. It would link nature trails on the north and south banks, and make Aberdeen Centre within walking distance for BCIT's aerospace campus students.

Capstan Way

Developer Pinnacle International is planning a 16-building development on a  property near Capstan Way and No 3 road. The mixed-use development would include over 2,100 residential units, various commercial uses, and a hotel.

The Canada Line is considered critical to the project. A fifth Richmond station at Capstan Way (No. 3 Road and Capstan Way) was originally planned, but was cancelled in March 2009. This station was considered so critical to the development that the City of Richmond has received $19 million from developers for the station to be built. TransLink, the Canada Line operator, has started designing this station in November 2017. On 2 September 2021, construction started on Capstan station.

Also included will be 100 affordable housing units, a 25-space daycare, and a  park. The developers are also proposing live-work dwellings, where shop owners would live above their ground-level operations.

Aberdeen Square
Fairchild Developments built a six-floor expansion to its Chinese-oriented shopping centre, Aberdeen Centre. The plan includes an office building and a link to the Canada Line's Aberdeen station. The new complex was completed and opened up to the public in 2014.

Bridgeport Station
The River Rock Casino Resort is located near the Canada Line Bridgeport station and has built a 12-story hotel. The casino has added an addition above the newly added six-story car park and SkyTrain Bridgeport Station. TransLink (the Canada Line owner) gave the Great Canadian Casino Corporation land worth $9.5 million, and $4.5 million in cash in return for building the park-and-ride facility. Transit users are charged $3.00 per day to use the facility (up from an initial $2.00 charge).

Garden City Lands

The  parcel known as the Garden City Lands was leased by the federal government for decades and was formerly used as a transmitter site for program requirements of the Canadian Coast Guard. The property is bounded by Westminster Highway, Garden City Road, Alderbridge Way and No. 4 Road and has been within the Provincial Agricultural Land Reserve (ALR) since 1973. In 2005, the Federal Government of Canada deemed the land as "surplus" to its needs and sold the site to the Canada Lands Company, a federal Crown corporation.

The City of Richmond, Canada Lands Company, and the Musqueam Indian Band entered a 2005 agreement with the federal government that included the intent to remove the land from the ALR for the purposes of high-density development. In April 2008, an application to exclude the land from the Agricultural Land Reserve was made to the Agricultural Land Commission. The application was rejected on 10 February 2009.

On 8 March 2010, Richmond City Council announced a deal had been approved whereby the city would purchase the entire parcel of land from the Musqueam Band and Canada Lands Company for $59.2 million.

The Musqueam band has since brought a lawsuit against the City of Richmond, claiming they sold it under duress. The lawsuit remains dormant and it is the understanding of Coun. Harold Steves that the lawsuit will remain dormant unless the city wants to develop the lands into anything that is not related to ALR use.

Arts and culture
On Canada Day, Richmond has an annual festival in Steveston called the Steveston Salmon Festival. This event includes a parade, and a huge barbecued salmon sale in front of the Steveston Community Centre. Locally based municipal, provincial and federal politicians frequently show up at this event, usually as part of the parade and/or to hand out Canadian flags.

An annual Richmond Maritime Festival has been held at the Britannia Shipyard, National Historic Site every August since 2004. It is a family event that celebrates the region's maritime heritage with live entertainment, ships, exhibits and demonstrations.

In 2002, Richmond hosted a tall ships festival, which attracted an estimated 400,000 people to Steveston. The success of this event surpassed many expectations and caused traffic congestion in the usually quiet area. There was insufficient parking in the area, which gave locals the idea of selling "parking space" by using their driveways and front yards. Despite the event's popularity, there was a revenue shortfall and the city decided not to host the event again.

Many indoor and outdoor art exhibitions are hosted by Richmond Arts Coalition (RAC) throughout the year. The Richmond Arts Strategy, passed in July 2004 by the City of Richmond, includes a proposal to promote communication between arts organizations and develop the Richmond arts community. In January 2005, a Board, mission, and mandate was established. On 1 November 2005, artists, art organizations, and patrons of the arts formed the Richmond Arts Coalition. The RAC hosts Richmond arts events, connects the public to artists and events, provides artist opportunities, nominate awards, funds performers to specific events, stimulates arts projects, and advocate for arts issues, performances, education, creation, and exhibition activities.

During the summer weekends, an annual Richmond Night Market is held. Toys, clothes, cell phones, and food are available along with live entertainment. It is very popular and is usually crowded.

Richmond also hosted the 2006 Gemini Awards, which were held at River Rock Casino. This marked the first time the ceremony had taken place on the West Coast, as it traditionally takes place in Toronto.

Parks and recreation

There are 140 public parks and 14 public recreation facilities in Richmond, including but not limited to:

An extensive trail system provides 136 kilometres of recreational trails in parks and 87 kilometres of on-road cycling paths.

Sports
Richmond is home to the Richmond Sockeyes Junior B hockey team. It also hosts the BC Thunder of the National Ringette League. Richmond also has two swim clubs: the Kigoos summer swimming club and the Richmond Rapids Swim Club. Richmond also has multiple soccer teams, under the name Richmond FC, ranging in ages and skill levels, from U4's to U18's, and from house divisions to elite programming. As of 1 October 2006, the middle arm of Richmond's Fraser River became home to both the UBC Thunderbirds varsity rowing program and St. George's School rowing program, with the completion of the new $6 million CAD John M.S. Lecky UBC Boathouse. In addition, this facility will also function to enhance participation in the sports of rowing and dragon boating for the greater community, including youth, adults, and rowing alumni. Richmond also has their own short track speed skating club, the Richmond Rockets and their own rugby union club, the Richmond Rugby Football Club.

The 2010 Winter Olympics

For the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, the City of Richmond constructed an 8,000-seat speed-skating oval near the No. 2 Road Bridge, just across (the middle arm of) the Fraser River from Vancouver International Airport. The final construction cost (paid for by the city, the provincial government and the federal government) is around $178 million CAD. Since the completion of the Games, the oval has served as a recreational structure for local residents. The Richmond Oval officially opened on 12 December 2008. The city received $141 million CAD from ASPAC Developments for city-owned land next to the Oval. The sale more than covers the unfunded portion of the Oval's price tag.

Government

Richmond votes regularly for conservative or centrist parties, and is a stronghold for the BC Liberal Party.

Municipal
Richmond's municipal council is elected using an at-large electoral system.

Like Vancouver, but unlike most cities in British Columbia, Richmond runs on a political system of locally based political parties, or slates. For the most part, however, their organization is weak, and they may collapse or change names from one election to another.

Local government includes a 9-member city council and a 7-member school board. City council consists of a mayor and 8 councillors. The current mayor of Richmond is Malcolm Brodie, who is serving his 6th term as mayor. The last elections were held in October 2018.

In the 2018 city elections, the RCA (Richmond Citizen's Association) party, the Richmond First party, and the RITE Richmond party all won 2 seats, the Richmond Community Coalition won one seat, and there is one independent. On the Richmond Board of Education, the Richmond Education Party won three seats, the Richmond First Party won two seats, and there are two independents.

Provincial
In the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, Richmond was previously a stronghold of the BC United Party. In the most recent provincial election in 2020, the BC NDP flipped three of Richmond's four electoral districts (Richmond South Centre, Richmond-Queensborough, and Richmond-Steveston).

Federal
In the House of Commons of Canada, Richmond is divided between two electoral districts: Richmond Centre, which encompasses the city's centre and west, and Steveston—Richmond East, which encompasses the south and east. In the 2021 federal election, the Liberal Party won Richmond Centre and Steveston—Richmond East.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Richmond is connected by a system of bridges and tunnels to Vancouver and Delta, and through the New Westminster suburb of Queensborough (on eastern Lulu Island) to the "mainland" portion of New Westminster. Three bridges (one of them twinned) connect Lulu Island to Sea Island and the Vancouver International Airport; one bridge connects Sea Island and the Vancouver International Airport to Vancouver; two bridges connect Lulu Island to Vancouver; one bridge connects Queensborough (on eastern Lulu Island) to New Westminster; one bridge connects Queensborough to Annacis Island in Delta; one twinned bridge connects Richmond to Annacis Island; and one of the few underwater tunnels in British Columbia connects Richmond to Delta.

Two freeways serve Richmond: Highway 99, which connects to Interstate 5 at the border with the United States, and Highway 91, which connects Delta, New Westminster, and Richmond.

Railway bridges connect Lulu Island to Vancouver, New Westminster, and Annacis Island, and serve the Canadian National and Canadian Pacific Railways, as well as the Southern Railway of British Columbia (although the latter railway's Lulu Island trackage is entirely within Queensborough).

Public transportation in Richmond is provided by TransLink, the regional transit authority for Metro Vancouver. The system provides bus and rail service from Richmond to Vancouver, Surrey, New Westminster, Burnaby, and Delta. The Canada Line is a SkyTrain rail line, connecting both Richmond and the airport to Downtown Vancouver and to points in between, opened on Monday, 17 August 2009. The Canada Line provides travel to Downtown Vancouver in 25 minutes with a frequency of 3 to 12 minutes, 20 hours per day. Major transit hubs include Richmond–Brighouse station, which serves as a hub for many Richmond bus routes, and Bridgeport station which serves as a hub for bus routes connecting to other municipalities. After the Canada Line closes at night, late-night service is provided by the N10 Nightbus every day of the week. The bus runs every 30 minutes, with the exception of one northbound trip (2am3am), during which service is at 60 minutes; service returns to 30 minutes after the northbound trip at 3am.

A dockless bicycle-sharing system, consisting of e-bikes and e-scooters, was launched in the City Centre area in May 2022 by Lime
.

Vancouver International Airport (YVR), located on Sea Island, which is part of Richmond, to the north of Lulu Island, provides most of the air access to the region. Several float plane companies (including Salt Spring Air, Harbour Air and Seair Seaplanes) operate from the south terminal, providing service to the Gulf Islands and Vancouver Island. The airport is the second busiest in Canada and one of the busiest international airports on the West Coast of North America.

Health care
Health care in Richmond is overseen by the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, which also covers the City of Vancouver, District of West Vancouver, City of North Vancouver, and District of North Vancouver as well as coastal regions of British Columbia.

Richmond Hospital, located on the southeast corner of Westminster Highway and Gilbert Road, is undergoing redevelopment. In 2018, the Ministry of Health approved an 8-floor acute care tower redevelopment plan to replace the aging north tower. On 2 July 2020, the provincial government announced the acute care tower concept plan was being updated, with an additional floor (9 total) and announcement of expanded and renewed ER, ICU, Pharmacy, along with renovations to the south tower to include more inpatient psychiatric beds along with a psych ER.

The city is known internationally as the headquarters of the Canadian Hemochromatosis Society, and also as the city where the National Annual Hemochromatosis Awareness Month was initiated by former Mayor G. H. Blair in 1987.

Emergency services

The Richmond Fire-Rescue Department, established in 1897, is responsible for providing both fire and extrication services in Richmond. The department has seven fire halls and responds to fire rescue calls and medical emergencies. It also provides emergency services at Vancouver International Airport. There are fire stations located in City Centre, Steveston, Cambie, Sea Island, Hamilton, Shellmont, and Crestwood.

The City of Richmond utilizes the Royal Canadian Mounted Police as its primary form of municipal law enforcement, with their main detachment located on No. 5 Road in the Ironwood area. The Richmond RCMP also has community police stations located in City Centre, South Arm, and Steveston.

The British Columbia Ambulance Service provides the city with emergency medical response.

Education

Richmond is home to a campus of Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Sprott Shaw College and Trinity Western University. The British Columbia Institute of Technology also runs an aerospace technology campus in Sea Island near Vancouver International Airport.

School District 38 Richmond oversees 10 public secondary schools and 38 public elementary schools, including three Montessori schools, two late French immersion schools, and six early French immersion schools.  The district also hosts two International Baccalaureate programs, located at Richmond Secondary School and Hugh Boyd Secondary School.

The Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique, headquartered in Richmond, operates one Francophone primary school in that city: école des Navigateurs.

Richmond is also home to a number of private schools providing K-12 education, including Richmond Christian School, Muslim School of British Columbia, St. Paul's Elementary School, St. Joseph the Worker Elementary School, Richmond Jewish Day School, Choice School for the Gifted and Exceptional, Cornerstone Christian Academy, and Pythagoras Academy.

Media

Radio production
The Indo-Canadian radio station Sher-E-Punjab has its headquarters in Richmond.

Two Chinese-Canadian radio stations providing news, traffic, and music are headquartered in Richmond. Fairchild Radio, headquartered in Aberdeen Centre, is a radio station with programming for both Mandarin and Cantonese speakers. CHMB AM1320, a radio station for Cantonese speakers, is headquartered in East Richmond.

Z95-3's studio is located in the Ironwood area of Richmond. The radio station provides Metro Vancouver listeners with hot adult contemporary, incorporating a mix of older songs with Top 40 hits.

Film and television production
Steveston Village has played home to several major American movies such as Blade II and The 6th Day, and television series such as The X-Files, Supernatural, The Secret Circle, The Outer Limits, Killer Instinct, Smallville, Stargate SG-1, the Final Destination series and the Scary Movie series. It is also the location for the fictitious town of Storybrooke in the ABC TV series Once Upon a Time.

Fantasy Gardens (an old amusement park which is relocated now) served as Halloweentown in the popular Disney Channel television movie Halloweentown II: Kalabar's Revenge and was also featured in the TV series Killer Instinct and Stargate SG-1. The television series Aliens in America and Life Unexpected also made use of Cambie Secondary School in the northern part of the city.

The exterior of the Workers' Compensation Board building (now the WorkSafeBC building) was used for the hospital in Stephen King's Kingdom Hospital. These exteriors can now be seen on the CBS series Eleventh Hour.

Vancouver International Airport on Richmond's Sea Island has also been featured in numerous films and television series, commonly standing in for Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (as it does in The Cleaner and Dead Like Me). It is also featured as stand-ins for other airports in films such as Final Destination, The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants, The L Word, The Lizzie McGuire Movie, Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer and Are We There Yet?

The Aerospace Technology Campus of BCIT, located just next to Vancouver International Airport, was used as a military academy mess hall for the live-action prequel series for the popular console game Halo 4 in Halo 4: Forward Unto Dawn. In addition, many other films, such as Rise of the Planet of the Apes and This Means War, were filmed there due to the directors taking a liking to the cement structure of the building, which makes for very official-looking sets.

Richmond serves as the Vancouver headquarters for the Fairchild Media Group which broadcasts Cantonese and Mandarin television channels from Aberdeen Centre. Their channels include Fairchild TV, Fairchild TV 2, and Talentvision.

Sister cities
Richmond's sister cities are:
 Pierrefonds-Roxboro (Montreal), Canada (since 1967)
 Wakayama, Japan (since 1973)
 Xiamen, China (since 2012)

Since 2008, Richmond also has a friendship city relationship with Qingdao, China.

Notable people

See also
Architecture of Greater Vancouver
Flag of Richmond, British Columbia

Notes

References

External links

Cities in British Columbia
Populated places in Greater Vancouver
Populated places on the British Columbia Coast
Populated places on the Fraser River

Richmond, British Columbia


Antonio Mario La Pergola (13 November 1931 – 19 July 2007) was an Italian jurist, Advocate General and later Judge of the European Court of Justice of the European Union in Luxembourg, President of the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg.

Biography

University career
La Pergola always used his legal expertise, and the experience he has acquired in various public service posts, in the cause of European integration. He wrote extensively on issues in this field, and was professor of constitutional and public law at Padua University, and subsequently at the University of Bologna and Rome ("La Sapienza"). He was also  visiting professor at foreign Universities, [including University College (Dublin), Johns Hopkins, University of Texas (Austin), University of California (Los Angeles), Harvard University (Boston), Externado de Colombia (Bogotà)], had honorary degrees conferred on him (Universidad Complutense and Universidad Carlos Tercero in Madrid, Lisbon and Bucharest), was made honorary professor (Johns Hopkins, Salamanca, Externado de Colombia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, the Universidad Nacional de La Plata and the Universidad del Litoral de Belgrano in Argentina), and received other forms of international recognition (International Rome-Brasília prize) for his contribution in respect of, among other things, the legal problems of supra-national integration.

Institutional offices

La Pergola was director of the Institute of regional studies at the National Research Centre; member of the Supreme Council of the Judiciary (1976-1978); a judge at the Constitutional Court, acting as rapporteur for significant judgments in the field of relations between Community law and domestic law (1978-1986), then President of that Court (1986-1987); Minister for coordinating Community policies (1987-1989), and sponsor of the law on fulfilment of the obligations resulting from Italy's membership of the European Communities (1986-1989); Member of the European Parliament and Chairman of the Committees on scientific research and culture (1989-1994). As Advocate-General and judge of the Court of Justice of the European Communities (1994-2006), he has been able to deal with a very broad range of issues concerning compliance with and interpretation of the Treaties establishing the Communities and the Union, and the relevant secondary legislation.

In the Council of Europe and other international fora, he was a member of a number of expert bodies looking into studying legal matters (Badinter Commission for the establishment of the Court of Arbitration and Conciliation; the Kissinger and Carrington Commission of constitutional mediators dealing with the end of apartheid in South Africa; the Committee of Wise Persons on the restructuring of the Council of Europe).

From 1990 he chaired the Council of Europe Commission on Democracy through Law, known as the Venice Commission, which has assisted all countries in central and eastern Europe on their path to democratic transition and today comprises all European states and many non-European states.

La Pergola was president of the Italian Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato.

See also
List of members of the European Court of Justice

References

External links

1931 births
2007 deaths
20th-century Italian jurists
Academic staff of the University of Padua
Academic staff of the University of Bologna
Harvard University staff
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Advocates General of the European Court of Justice
European Court of Justice judges
Council of Europe people
Italian judges of international courts and tribunals
Italian officials of the European Union

Antonio Mario La Pergola


Melissa Stark is an American television personality and sportscaster, best known as the current sideline reporter for NBC Sunday Night Football and the former sideline reporter for Monday Night Football.

Currently a reporter for the NFL Network, she is in her fifth season as host of NFL 360. She previously worked with NBC, primarily at its MSNBC subsidiary and as a correspondent for NBC's The Today Show. In the summer of 2008, she anchored MSNBC's coverage of the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Prior to NBC, she was a reporter for ESPN.

Stark has been described as a "trailblazer" who paved the way for women in sportscasting, which had fewer women broadcasters at the beginning of her career.

Biography

Early life and career
Stark is the daughter of Walter Stark, an eye surgeon at the Wilmer Eye Clinic at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. Growing up in Baltimore, her interest in sports began during her childhood, when she attended Baltimore Colts games with her father, who treated players for eye injuries. She graduated from the Roland Park Country School, a women's prep school in Baltimore, where she was class valedictorian.

Stark graduated magna cum laude from the University of Virginia with a degree in Foreign Affairs and Spanish. She was also a member of the Kappa Alpha Theta sorority.

In 1991, she became a news intern on the assignment desk at WMAR-TV in Baltimore. Stark was a news intern for the CBS Evening News with Dan Rather in 1993 and 1994 where she wrote scripts and assembled background information on investigative pieces for health correspondent Bob Arnot.

Prior to joining ESPN, from 1994–95, Stark was a production assistant and reporter with Virginia Sports Marketing in Charlottesville for the University of Virginia's Coach's TV Show, with George Welsh and Jeff Jones. The series aired in all major markets in Virginia.

ESPN
Stark joined ESPN in 1996 as the host of the weekly program Scholastic Sports America, where she traveled across the United States covering high school and college sports focusing on human interest and issue-related stories.

From 1996–2003, Stark reported for ESPN's SportsCenter, where she served as a regular contributor to Sunday NFL Countdown and the Emmy Award-winning show, Outside the Lines. Stark was also the SportsCenter on-site host for the NBA Finals and World Series, and covered national stories including Major League Baseball, National Hockey League, golf, and NCAA basketball for the network.

ABC Sports
Stark joined ABC Sports in June 2000. She was the lead sideline reporter for ABC Sports' Monday Night Football for three seasons, from 2000–2003, which included ABC's coverage of Super Bowl XXXVII in San Diego. Stark also served as a reporter for ABC Sports' coverage of figure skating, the NFL Pro Bowl, and celebrity golf events.

In addition to her sportscasting career, Stark has appeared as a guest host on The View and was the co-host of ABC Entertainment's 2001 pilot presentation of The Runner, a prime-time reality-based program conceived by Matt Damon and Ben Affleck.

NBC News and Sports
In July 2003, Stark joined NBC News as a National Correspondent for The Today Show and would also anchor MSNBC Live. She covered the Opening Ceremony as well as the swimming and diving events at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

She made her NBC Sports debut in 2004 contributing reports and interviews for the network's coverage of the Triple Crown and other big horse racing events for the network.

In 2005, Stark participated as a reporter for NBC's New Year's Eve coverage, hosted by Carson Daly. She left MSNBC Live and The Today Show in November 2006.

Stark covered the Opening Ceremony and speed skating event during NBC's coverage of the 2006 Winter Olympics. She worked her third Olympic Games for NBC Sports serving as an anchor for MSNBC's coverage of the 2008 Summer Olympics.

In 2022, Stark returned to NBC as the new sideline reporter of Sunday Night Football, replacing Michele Tafoya.

NFL Network
Stark has also done field work for NFL Network shows NFL Total Access and Around The League Live. She hosted the NFL Network gameday show First on the Field and the on-site pre-game show, GameDay Kickoff (renamed GameDay First) at primetime designations along with Shaun O'Hara, Sterling Sharpe, and Brian Billick for five years beginning in 2012.

Stark is currently in her fifth season as host of the Emmy Award-winning series NFL 360. As host and reporter for NFL Network, she is most known for interviewing players on stage at the draft and hosting red carpet events for the draft and Super Bowl as well the NFL Honors.

Personal life
Stark resides in Rumson, New Jersey with her four children and husband Mike Lilley.

References

External links

Living people
American horse racing announcers
American television sports announcers
American television reporters and correspondents
Figure skating commentators
Golf writers and broadcasters
NBC News people
National Football League announcers
National Hockey League broadcasters
NFL Network people
Mass media people from Baltimore
People from Rumson, New Jersey
People from Sea Bright, New Jersey
University of Virginia alumni
Women sports announcers
Olympic Games broadcasters
American women television journalists
Year of birth missing (living people)

Melissa Stark


Bushy Bride (in ) is a Norwegian fairy tale collected by Asbjørnsen and Moe.  It is Aarne-Thompson type 403 (The Black and the White Bride). It is included in Andrew Lang's Red Fairy Book.

Synopsis

A widower with a son and a daughter married a widower with a daughter, and the stepmother maltreated the children until the boy left home.  The stepmother sent the stepdaughter to the pool for water one day, and three heads popped up to demand, in turn, that she wash, brush, and kiss them.  When she did this, they talked among themselves and decreed that she would be the most beautiful woman in the world, that gold would drop from her hair when she brushed it, and from her mouth when she spoke.  When her stepsister saw this, she wanted to go as well, but she was rude to the three heads, and they decreed that her nose would be four ells long, she would have a snout three ells long and a pine-bush in her forehead, and ashes would drop from her mouth when she spoke.

Meanwhile, the stepson worked as a groom for the king.  Every day, he took out a picture of his sister and prayed for her.  The other grooms told the king, who insisted on seeing, and declared that no woman could be so beautiful.  The king resolved to marry her.  The brother came to fetch her, and the stepmother and her daughter came as well.  At sea, her brother called down as the journey went on, and the stepmother persuaded the sister to throw overboard a casket and a dog her mother had left her, and then herself.

The king was outraged by the sight of the stepsister, thinking this was his promised bride.  He had to keep his word and marry her, but he threw the brother into a snake pit.

A lovely woman came into the kitchen, brushed her hair, producing gold, and sang of the wickedness of the Bushy Bride, and said she would come twice more. A kitchen maid told the king, but the Bushy Bride sang him to sleep the next night.  The third night, the king set two men to keep him awake, but they were unable to do so.  When the woman turned to leave, saying she would never come again, they put a knife in his hand and guided it to cut her finger.  This freed her and woke the king, who took the brother from the snake pit, where the snakes had not harmed him, and threw in the stepmother and the Bushy Bride.  Then he married the true bride.

See also
Brother and Sister
Brother and Sister (Greek fairy tale)
Diamonds and Toads
Fair, Brown and Trembling
Maiden Bright-eye
The Enchanted Maiden
The Enchanted Wreath
The Three Heads in the Well
The Three Little Men in the Wood
The White and the Black Bride
The Wonderful Birch

External links
SurLaLune Fairy Tale site Bushy Bride
Buskebrura : Original text in Norwegian (Project Runeberg)

Norwegian fairy tales
Scandinavian folklore
Works about marriage
Female characters in fairy tales
Fiction about magic
ATU 400-459
Asbjørnsen and Moe
False hero

Bushy Bride


Shell money is a medium of exchange similar to coin money and other forms of commodity money, and was once commonly used in many parts of the world. Shell money usually consisted of whole or partial sea shells, often worked into beads or otherwise shaped. The use of shells in trade began as direct commodity exchange, the shells having use-value as body ornamentation. The distinction between beads as commodities and beads as money has been the subject of debate among economic anthropologists.

Shell money has appeared in the Americas, Asia, Africa and Australia. The most familiar form may be the wampum created by the Indigenous peoples of the East Coast of North America, ground beads cut from the purple part of marine bivalve shells. The shell most widely used worldwide as currency was the shell of Cypraea moneta, the money cowry. This species is most abundant in the Indian Ocean, and was collected in the Maldive Islands, in Sri Lanka, along the Malabar coast, in Borneo and on other East Indian islands, and in various parts of the African coast from Ras Hafun to Mozambique. Cowry shell money was an important part of the trade networks of Africa, South Asia, and East Asia.

North America

On the east coast of North America, Indigenous peoples of the Iroquois Confederacy and Algonquian tribes, such as the Shinnecock tribe, ground beads called wampum, which were cut from the purple part of the shell of the marine bivalve Mercenaria mercenaria, more commonly known as the hard clam or quahog. White beads were cut from the white part of the quahog or whelk shells. Iroquois peoples strung these shells on string in lengths, or wove them in belts.

The shell most valued by the Native American tribes of the Pacific Coast from Alaska to northwest California was Dentalium, one of several species of tusk shell or scaphopod. The tusk shell is naturally open at both ends, and can easily be strung on a thread. This shell money was valued by its length rather than the exact number of shells; the "ligua", the highest denomination in their currency, was a length of about 6 inches.

Farther south, in central California and southern California, the shell of the olive snail Olivella biplicata was used to make beads for at least 9,000 years. The small numbers recovered in older archaeological site components suggest that they were initially used as ornamentation, rather than as money. Beginning shortly before 1,000 years ago, Chumash specialists on the islands of California's Santa Barbara Channel began chipping beads from olive shells in such quantities that they left meter-deep piles of manufacturing residue in their wake; the resulting circular beads were used as money throughout the area that is now southern California. Starting at about AD 1500, and continuing into the late nineteenth century, the Coast Miwok, Ohlone, Patwin, Pomo, and Wappo peoples of central California used the marine bivalve Saxidomus sp. to make shell money.

Africa

In Africa shell money was widely used as legal tender up until the mid 19th century. The shells of Olivella nana, the sparkling dwarf olive sea snail were harvested on Luanda Island for use as currency in the Kingdom of Kongo. They were even traded north as far as the Kingdom of Benin. In the Kongo they were called nzimbu or zimbo. The shell of the large land snail, Achatina monetaria, cut into circles with an open center was also used as coin in Benguella.

In West Africa the cowrie shell was widely used, including regions far from the coast. By the early 16th century European traders were importing thousands of pounds of cowries to trade for cloth, food, wax, hides, and other goods as well as slaves. These currency flows were instrumental in the development of the powerful states of Benin, Ouidah and others along the coast.- Between 1500 and 1875 at least 30 billion cowries were imported to the Bight of Benin, accounting for 44% of the total value of trade. Around 1850 the German explorer Heinrich Barth found it fairly widespread in Kano, Kuka, Gando, and even Timbuktu. Barth relates that in Muniyoma, one of the ancient divisions of Bornu, the king's revenue was estimated at 30,000,000 shells, with every adult male being required to pay annually 1,000 shells for himself, 1,000 for every pack-ox, and 2,000 for every slave in his possession.

The shells were fastened together in strings of forty or one-hundred each, so that fifty or twenty strings represented a dollar.

As the value of the cowrie and the nzimbu was much greater in Africa than in the regions from which European traders obtained their supply, the trade was extremely lucrative. In some cases the gains are said to have been 500%. As these currency imports increased, however, inflation took hold and damaged the local economies.

The shells were used in the remoter parts of Africa until the early 20th century, but then gave way to modern currencies.

Asia

In China, cowries were so important that many characters relating to money or trade contain the character for cowry: 貝. Starting over three thousand years ago, cowry shells, or copies of the shells, were used as Chinese currency. The Classical Chinese character radical for "money/currency", , originated as a pictograph of a cowrie shell.

Cowries or kaudi were used as means of exchange in India since ancient times up to around 1830. In Bengal, where they were exchanged at a rate of 2560 to a rupee, the annual importation in early 19th century Bengal from the Maldives was valued at about 30,000 rupees. A single slave would sell for 25,000 cowries. In Orissa, India, the use of the kaudi was abolished by the British East India Company in 1805 in favor of silver. This was one of the causes of the Paik Rebellion in 1817.

In Southeast Asia, when the value of the Siamese tical (baht) was about half a troy ounce of silver (about 16 grams), the value of the cowrie ( bia) was fixed at  baht.

Oceania and Australia

In northern Australia, different shells were used by different tribes, one tribe's shell often being quite worthless in the eyes of another tribe.

In the islands north of New Guinea the shells were broken into flakes. Holes were bored through these flakes, which were then valued by the length of a threaded set on a string, as measured using the finger joints. Two shells are used by these Pacific islanders, one a cowry found on the New Guinea coast, and the other the common pearl shell, broken into flakes.

In the South Pacific Islands the species Oliva carneola was commonly used to create shell money. As late as 1882, local trade in the Solomon Islands was carried on by means of a coinage of shell beads, small shells laboriously ground down to the required size by the women. No more than were actually needed were made, and as the process was difficult, the value of the coinage was satisfactorily maintained.

Although rapidly being replaced by modern coinage, the cowry shell currency is still in use to some extent in the Solomon Islands. The shells are worked into strips of decorated cloth whose value reflects the time spent creating them.

On the Papua New Guinea island of East New Britain, shell currency is still used and can be exchanged for the Papua New Guinean kina.

Middle East
In parts of West Asia, Cypraea annulus, the ring cowry, so-called because of the bright orange-colored ring on the back or upper side of the shell, was commonly used. Many specimens were found by Sir Austen Henry Layard in his excavations at Nimrud in 1845–1851.

See also
 Commodity money
 Olivella (gastropod), used as a currency by indigenous peoples of California
 Marginella, used as a currency by indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands
 Spondylus, used as a currency by indigenous peoples of the Andes and Gulf of Mexico

Notes

References

 Allibert, C., 2000 "Des cauris et des hommes. Réflexion sur l'utilisation d'une monnaie-objet et ses itinéraires", in Allibert C; et Rajaonarimanana N. (eds), L'extraordinaire et le quotidien, variations anthropologiques. Paris, Karthala, pp. 57–79
 Arnold, J. E. and A.P. Graesch. 2001. The Evolution of Specialized Shellworking among the Island Chumash. In The Origins of a Pacific Coast Chiefdom: The Chumash of the Channel Islands., J.E. Arnold, ed., pp. 71–112. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
 Chagnon, Napoleon A. 1970. Ecological and Adaptive Aspects of California Shell Money. Annual Reports of the University of California Archaeological Survey 12:1–25. University of California at Los Angeles.
 Davies, Glyn. 1994. A History of Money, from Ancient Times to the Present Day. University of Wales.
 Hughes, Richard D. and Randall Milliken 2007. Prehistoric Material Conveyance. In California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity Terry L. Jones and Kathryn A. Klar, eds. pp. 259–272. New York and London: Altamira Press. .
 Mauss, Marcel. 1950. The Gift. English translation in 1990 by W.W. North.
 Milliken, Randall, Richard T. Fitzgerald, Mark G. Hylkema, Randy Groza, Tom Origer, David G. Bieling, Alan Leventhal, Randy S. Wiberg, Andrew Gottsfield, Donna Gillete, Viviana Bellifemine, Eric Strother, Robert Cartier, and David A. Fredrickson. 2007. "Punctuated Culture Change in the San Francisco Bay Area." In California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity Terry L. Jones and Kathryn A. Klar, eds. pp. 99–124. New York and London: Altamira Press. .

 Vayda, Andrew. 1967. Pomo Trade Feasts. In Tribal and Peasant Economies, G. Dalton, ed., pp. 494–500. Garden City, NY: Natural History Press.

Further reading
 Pratt W. H. 1877–1880. Shell Money and Other Primitive Currencies. Proceeding Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, volume II. page 38-46.

External links

 Cowry Shells, a trade currency , Museum of the National Bank of Belgium.
The wealth of Africa; Money in Africa Money in Africa, The British Museum

Cultural anthropology
Alternative currencies
Gastropods and humans
Bivalves and humans
Scaphopods
History of money

cs:Kauri

Shell money


Edward Lamb (April 23, 1901 – March 23, 1987) was an American businessman, broadcasting executive and labor lawyer. He is best known for having defended striking workers during the Auto-Lite Strike in 1934 and for successfully resisting the federal government's attempt to strip him of his broadcasting licenses during the McCarthy era.

Background
Lamb was born to British-born Clarence and Mary (Gross) Lamb in 1901 in Toledo, Ohio. He was one of ten children. Clarence Lamb was a commercial fisherman on Lake Erie, and Mary Lamb a housekeeper.

Lamb entered Dartmouth College in 1920. He received a juris doctor degree from Western Reserve University (now Case Western Reserve University) in 1927. He was admitted to the Ohio bar the same year.

Career

Government
In 1928, he became assistant counsel for the city of Toledo.  He quit public life in 1929 and opened a private practice.

Labor lawyer
In 1934, Lamb turned from corporate to labor law after workers at the Auto-Lite auto parts manufacturer asked him to represent them during the Auto-Lite Strike. "I knew it would finish me with the corporations I represented, but those workers were in the right and I took their case." Lamb became deeply involved in the negotiations which ended the violent Auto-Lite strike, and helped to successfully negotiate a collective bargaining agreement.

Lamb remained active in labor law through the 1930s and 1940s, representing more than 75 unions. He was jailed several times for contempt of court during labor union strikes. Other notable instances where Lamb represented workers were the "onion fields strike" in McGuffey, Ohio, in 1934; the Little Steel Strike in Ohio in 1937; the shoe workers' strike in Portsmouth, Ohio, in 1937; and the strike against the U.S. Gypsum Company in Port Clinton, Ohio, in 1938. During the shoe workers' strike, corporate attorneys initiated disbarment proceedings against Lamb for his aggressive defense of trade union members. The disbarment proceeding was unsuccessful.

Lamb won a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case in 1946.  In Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co., 328 U.S. 680 (1946), the Supreme Court held that workers were entitled to pay for required preliminary duties after arriving at the places of work, if the employer made them wait before and after the shift periods, and for time spent in walking from time clocks to their places of work.  The decision subsequently became known as the "portal to portal case."

Associations
In the 1930s, Lamb was a member of the International Juridical Association.

Broadcasting
Increasingly wealthy from a series of stock investments, Lamb began buying newspapers and television and radio stations in the 1940s.  Picture Waves, Inc., a Lamb-owned affiliate, was awarded the license for WTVN-TV (now WSYX) in Columbus, Ohio and the station began broadcasting in 1949. He also owned several media interests in Erie, Pennsylvania; including the now-defunct Erie Dispatch Herald newspaper and WICU-AM-TV.  He nearly lost his Erie stations in a bitter legal battle with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). When the station's license came up for renewal in 1954, the FCC tried to get Lamb to surrender his broadcasting license on grounds that he associated with communists. Lamb fought for the right to hold the license, and won his case in 1957.

Investments
Lamb also owned more than 55 manufacturing and financial concerns (including Nevada National Bancorporation, later part of Security Pacific Bank).  One of his largest businesses was the Seiberling Rubber Co.  Lamb fought a losing proxy fight for control over the company in 1956, but seized control after another shareholder battle in 1962.

Trustee

In his later years, Lamb was a trustee of the United Nations Association chapter in the United States, and participated in peace and civil rights demonstrations in the 1960s.  He was also a trustee of the Fund for the Republic, a civil rights organization which was absorbed by the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions in 1979.  He was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto.

Lamb's company changed its name to Great Lakes Communications after selling off all of his interests outside of Erie.  He continued to serve as president and chairman until his death in 1987.

Personal and death

Lamb and his wife, Prudence had two children:  Priscilla Lamb Schwier and Edward Lamb.

He died on March 23, 1987, at his home in Maumee, Ohio.

Legacy

His wife and children survived him, and continued to operate WICU-TV until selling it in 1996.
His estate endowed the Edward Lamb Foundation of Maumee, Ohio (also listed as Perrysburg, Ohio).

References

External sources
Bernstein, Irving. The Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941. Paperback edition. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Co., 1970.  (Originally published 1969.)
Brown, Jr., Ralph S. "Character and Candor Requirements for FCC Licensees." Law and Contemporary Problems. 22:4 (Autumn 1957).
"Edward Lamb." The Nation.  April 1987.
"Edward Lamb is Dead at 84; Millionaire and Labor Lawyer." New York Times. March 25, 1987.
French, Michael. "Structure, Personality, and Business Strategy in the U.S. Tire Industry: The Seiberling Rubber Company, 1922-1964." Business History Review. 67:3 (Summer 1993).
"Innocent Lamb?" Time. November 29, 1954.
Kelly, Frank K. Court of Reason: Robert Hutchins and the Fund for the Republic. New York: The Free Press, 1981.
Lamb, Edward. No Lamb for Slaughter. New York: Harcourt, Brace World, 1963.
Lamb, Edward. Trial By Battle: The Case History of a Washington Witch-Hunt. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, 1964.
Reeves, Thomas C. Freedom and the Foundation: The Fund for the Republic in the Era of McCarthyism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969.
"Shorn Lamb." Time. May 7, 1956.
Chapman, Roger. "American Progressivism and the Cold War: The Case of Edward Lamb of Toledo, Ohio, 1901-1987." Ph.D. diss., Bowling Green State University, 2004.
WTVN-TV History Page at the Early Television Foundation
Edward Lamb Papers, Center for Archival Collections, Jerome Library, Bowling Green State University
Full text of Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. courtesy of Findlaw.com
Fund for the Republic archives, Princeton University
"Program 75: No Lamb for Slaughter," Audio Archive, Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, Davidson Library, University of California-Santa Barbara, September 26, 1963 (Interview with Edward Lamb)

1901 births
1987 deaths
American people of English descent
Lawyers from Toledo, Ohio
American television executives
American labor lawyers
Dartmouth College alumni
Case Western Reserve University alumni
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American businesspeople
People from Maumee, Ohio

Edward Lamb


Avraham Marek Klingberg (7 October 1918 – 30 November 2015), known as Marcus A. Klingberg, was an Israeli scientist and the highest ranking Soviet spy ever caught in Israel. The case of Klingberg is regarded as one of the most destructive spy scandals in the history of the State of Israel.

Biography

Early life
Klingberg was born in Warsaw, Poland, in 1918, to a Hasidic Jewish family of rabbinical lineage. In his youth, he lived for a time with his grandfather, Rabbi Moshe Chaim Klingberg. His parents sent him to a cheder, or religious primary school. As a teenager, he turned his back on religious life and enrolled in a mainstream high school.

In 1935, Klingberg began studying medicine at the University of Warsaw. In 1939, when World War II started with the German invasion of Poland, Klingberg escaped to the Soviet Union. There, he completed his medical studies in Minsk.

World War II

On 22 June 1941, the first day of the German invasion of the Soviet Union, he volunteered for the Red Army, and served as a medical officer on the front lines until October 1941, when he was wounded in the leg by shrapnel. He recovered, and was then assigned to Perm in the Urals as an epidemiologist.

In 1943, he attended the postgraduate course in epidemiology in Moscow at the Central Institute for Advanced Medical Training and finished it with distinction. That same year, he was part of a team that stopped an epidemic in the Urals. He also made a contribution into research toward typhoid fever. Toward the end of December 1943, the first parts of Byelorussia were retaken by the Red Army and Klingberg became Chief Epidemiologist of the Byelorussian Republic.

At the end of the war, Klingberg was discharged from the Red Army with the rank of captain, and returned to Poland. There he found out that his parents and his only brother died on 19 August 1942 in the Treblinka extermination camp. In Warsaw he served as Acting Chief Epidemiologist at the Polish Ministry of Health.

While living in post-war Poland, Klingberg met Adjia Eisman, who went by the name Wanda Yashinskaya. A microbiologist by profession, she was a survivor of the Warsaw Ghetto. She had escaped and managed to survive the war due to her Aryan appearance. They married, and in 1946, they decided to emigrate to the West. They moved to Sweden shortly afterward, where their daughter Sylvia was born in 1947. It is believed that Klingberg first came into contact with Soviet intelligence while living in Sweden.

Life in Israel

In November 1948, Klingberg immigrated to the newly formed state of Israel, which was in the closing stages of its War of Independence, with his wife and daughter. Within the Israeli intelligence community, and especially among those with close knowledge of the case, it is believed that the MGB told him to emigrate to Israel so he could spy for them, but he strongly denied this in an interview.

Although Klingberg said that he was not a Zionist, he claimed that he moved to Israel because he was a Jew and because the Soviet Union supported Israel at that time. He was drafted into the Israel Defense Forces, and served in the Medical Corps. In March 1950, he advanced to the rank of lieutenant colonel (Sgan Aluf). He served as Head of the Department of Preventive Medicine and afterward he founded and chaired the Central Research Laboratories for Military Medicine.

In 1957, he joined the top-secret Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR) in Ness Ziona (south of Tel Aviv), where he served as Deputy Scientific Director (until 1972). He also served as Head of the Department of Epidemiology until 1978. In 1969, Klingberg joined the Sackler Faculty of Medicine of Tel Aviv University, and was Professor of Epidemiology and Head of the Department of Preventive and Social Medicine from 1978 to 1983.

Klingberg's academic career and research papers earned him an international reputation in his field, and he was invited to take part in conferences by the World Health Organization. He was president of the European Teratology Society (1980–1982); and a co-founder and chairman (1979–1981) of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Monitoring Systems (ICBDMS). He also served as president of the International Steering Committee for the Seveso Accident (Italy) from 1976 to 1984. In 1981, he co-founded the International Federation of Teratology Societies and in 1982 at the congress of the International Epidemiological Association that was held in Edinburgh, Scotland, he was elected to its council.

Klingberg spent his sabbaticals at the Henry Phipps Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States, from 1962 to 1964; at the National Institute for Public Health, Oslo, Norway (1972); at the Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (1973); at the Department of Social and Community Medicine, University of Oxford and became a Visiting Fellow of Wolfson College, Oxford (1978).

At the time of his arrest, Klingberg served as series editor: Contributions to Epidemiology and Biostatistics. S. KARGER –
Basel-Paris-London-New York, and as co-chief editor: Public Health Reviews (an International Quarterly. International Scientific
Publications, Tel Aviv, Israel).

Klingberg's daughter, Sylvia, became a left-wing activist in Israel and member of the socialist anti-Zionist movement Matzpen. In 1975, she married Ehud Adiv, an Israeli political activist serving a prison sentence on charges of spying for Syria, in a ceremony held in Ayalon Prison. They divorced after three years. Sylvia Klingberg later emigrated to France, where she became a communist activist and married French philosophy professor Alain Brossat. Their son, Ian Brossat, is since 2008 a member of the Paris City Council for the French Communist Party. Sylvia died in October, 2019.

Espionage and capture
Klingberg renewed his contacts with Soviet intelligence and began spying in the 1950s. According to his indictment, which was based on his confession, he began spying in 1957. From then to 1976, Klingberg passed information about the activities in Israel's chemical and biological fields. Israel's foreign and domestic intelligence agencies, Mossad and Shin Bet, began to suspect Klingberg of espionage in the 1960s, but shadowing brought no results. While at the Institute for Biological Research, he was twice summoned by the authorities due to suspicions of him being a foreign agent. Klingberg refuted these claims, and in 1965 he passed a polygraph test, reportedly due to the fact that his interrogators simply asked the wrong questions, as they suspected he was spying for Polish rather than Soviet intelligence.

In the 1950s, Klingberg was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour in recognition of his service to the Soviet Union.

In 1982, a Soviet Jew who immigrated to Israel after being granted an exit visa approached the Israeli security services and told them that the KGB had recruited him as a spy. Shin Bet subsequently ran him as a double agent, and through him, obtained strong circumstantial evidence that Klingberg was a Soviet spy. Despite this, the Shin Bet had not obtained solid evidence that would be admissible in court, and decided to elicit a confession out of him. In January 1983, Shin Bet officers informed Klingberg they wanted to send him to Singapore where a chemical plant allegedly blew up. After leaving home with his suitcase, he was taken not to the airport but to an apartment in some undisclosed location where he was interrogated harshly and put under psychological pressure to confess. After ten days, Klingberg admitted to being a Soviet mole and signed a confession. He claimed that he had provided information to the Soviet Union only for ideological reasons.

Klingberg was tried in secret and sentenced to 20 years in prison. For the first 10 years of his 20-year sentence he was held in solitary confinement, in a high security prison, under a false name and a fabricated profession. After he was removed from solitary confinement, his cellmate was Shimon Levinson, another Israeli who spied for the Soviet Union.

In September 1990, Klingberg's wife Wanda died. In accordance with her wishes, she was cremated. Her ashes were buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

Klingberg's motives for spying are not definitively known. Klingberg claimed that he spied out of ideological reasons, and that he was never paid. However, he told his interrogators that he had not completed his medical studies and lacked a diploma, and that the KGB had blackmailed him by threatening to expose this.

In an interview after his release, Klingberg maintained that he had spied out of ideological reasons, but had lied to his interrogators and said he had been blackmailed so he would receive a lighter sentence. In an interview in 2014 he said that he also felt he owed the Russians a debt for saving the world from the Nazis. He said he had always been a communist, and had recruited his wife Wanda and two friends.

In 1988-89, Israeli attorney Amnon Zichroni, representing the State of Israel, worked out a deal in which Klingberg would be released, and the Soviet Union would release Ron Arad, an Israeli fighter pilot believed to be captured in Lebanon. The deal fell apart.

In 1997, Amnesty International appealed to the Israeli government to release Klingberg on medical grounds. Because of his failing health (he had several strokes), he was released to house arrest in October 1998. At his expense, a camera was installed in his apartment, which was hooked up to the offices of MALMAB (Ministry of Defense Security Authority) at the Kirya, Tel Aviv. His telephone was wiretapped, with his knowledge. Special guards who were working for the MALMAB were assigned to him, and Klingberg had to pay their salaries. Klingberg also signed a commitment not to speak about his work.

In order to pay the guards and for the camera in his home, Klingberg took loans, and eventually had to sell his apartment to repay them.

Release and later life
On 18 January 2003, Klingberg was released from house arrest. He immediately left for Paris to live with his daughter Sylvia and grandson Ian.

Klingberg lived in a one-room apartment in Paris, but did not take French citizenship. He frequently lectured on medicine at universities. He helped establish the Ludwik Fleck Center of the Collegium Helveticum - a university center in Zürich, and delivered the opening lecture. He received an officer's pension from the Israeli government, which in France amounted to around € 2,000 a month. Klingberg continued to have medical problems after his release, and was frequently hospitalized. He continued to take an interest in events in Israel, and read Hebrew newspapers.

Klingberg published his memoirs, HaMeragel Ha'akharon ("The Last Spy"), written together with his lawyer, Michael Sfard in 2007.

Klingberg died in Paris on 30 November 2015, aged 97. He was cremated, and his ashes were buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery.

References

Sources
 Marcus Klingberg - Marcus Klingberg - Hameragel Ha'akharon ("Marcus Klingberg - The Last Spy" (Marcus Klingberg and Michael Sfard), Maariv Books; 2007.
 Marcus Klingberg, last KGB Spy to be Released in Israel
 "East Side Story": On Being an Epidemiologist in the Former USSR. An Interview with Marcus Klingberg. by Alfredo Morabia. Epidemiology. Volume 17, Number 1, January 2006.
 An Epidemiologist's Journey from Typhus to Thalidomide, and from the Soviet Union to Seveso. by Marcus Klingberg. J.R.Soc.Med. 2010: 103: 418-423. DOI 10. 1258/jrsm. 2010.

External links
 Medical Letter Writing Action dated 6 June 1997, by Amnesty International( urging Israel for him to be transferred to a less stressful environment or else released)
 IIBR official website

1918 births
2015 deaths
Israeli biologists
Israeli Ashkenazi Jews
Israeli military doctors
Israeli people convicted of spying for the Soviet Union
Israeli people of Polish-Jewish descent
Physicians from Warsaw
Polish emigrants to Israel
Polish expatriates in the Soviet Union
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Soviet military doctors
People granted political asylum in the Soviet Union
Polish Ashkenazi Jews
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery

Marcus Klingberg