Saint Croix Island (), long known to locals as Dochet Island (), is a small uninhabited island in Maine near the mouth of the Saint Croix River that forms part of the Canada–United States border separating Maine from New Brunswick. The island is in the heart of the traditional lands of the Passamaquoddy people who, according to oral tradition, used it to store food away from the dangers of mainland animals. The island was the site of an early attempt at French colonization by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons in 1604. In 1984 it was designated by the United States Congress as Saint Croix Island International Historic Site. There is no public access to the island, but there is a visitor contact station on the U.S. mainland and a display on the Canadian mainland opposite the island.

The  island measures approximately  and is located approximately  upstream from the mouth of the river on Passamaquoddy Bay.

History

Names
The Passamaquoddy Nation, who had lived around and used the island for numerous centuries before European discovery used several names for the island including Muttoneguis, Muttoneguamus, Metanegwis, and Metnegwis.

St. Croix became known as Bone Island in the 18th century after many of the graves were exposed by erosion. Twenty-three sets of remains were removed in 1969 and subsequently reburied in 2003. Analysis showed that many of them had indications of scurvy, confirming the cause of the deaths described by Champlain. One skull showed signs of having been autopsied, which Champlain wrote that he had ordered to try to discover the cause of their illness.

The island was neutral territory in the War of 1812, leading it to be sometimes called Neutral Island.

Named by the French, Ile Ste-Croix, the island has also been called Demont's Island,  Doucett Island, and Docea's Island, which became Dochet Island.

Settlement by Europeans

The French noble Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons, established a settlement on Saint Croix Island in June 1604 under the authority of Henry IV, King of France. This outpost was one of the first attempts by France at year-round colonization in the territory they called l'Acadie. Earlier attempts at Charlesbourg-Royal in 1541 by Jacques Cartier, at Sable Island in 1598 by Marquis de La Roche-Mesgouez, and at Tadoussac, Quebec in 1600 by François Gravé Du Pont, had failed.

Cartographer Samuel de Champlain was part of the Dugua expedition and settlement on the small river island in 1604. During the first winter there more than half the settlers had perished due to a "land-sickness" believed to be scurvy. The following spring, Champlain and François Gravé Du Pont moved the settlement to a new location on the southern shore of the Bay of Fundy Champlain had found during a shoreline reconnaissance there for a more suitable site. Called Port-Royal, it became the first European settlement in New France. In 1607 Champlain left for France, never to return to Acadia again. However, in 1608, Champlain set sail in his third voyage from France to establish a settlement on a site on the Saint Lawrence River that later became Québec; it became the first permanent European settlement in New France.

In October 1613, after having burned the French mission at Mount Desert Island, Samuel Argall went on to burn the old French buildings that remained on Sainte-Croix before he moved on to raid Port Royal.

Boundary dispute

During a boundary dispute between Britain and the U.S. in 1797, the island was deemed to be under U.S. sovereignty by a survey of the river which determined it to be on the western side of its main channel.

Canada issued a nationally circulating twenty-five cent piece in 2004 that commemorated the island and the beginnings of Acadia there.

International historic site

The United States Congress designated the island Saint Croix Island National Monument in 1949. The monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. It was given its current International Historic Site designation by Congress on September 25, 1984, unique in the national park systems of both the United States and Canada. Since 1968, the island has been managed by the National Park Service from offices at Acadia National Park, the nearest staffed U.S. national park unit, in consultation with Parks Canada, which maintains a viewing and interpretation site on the New Brunswick side of the river.

Visitors are prohibited from the island to protect historical remains. A statue of Champlain and interpretive facilities on shore depict its history. In Canada, the island was first recognized in 1958 by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board (HSMB) as having national historic significance. It recommended creation of Dochet Island National Historic Site, but this was rejected by the government on the basis that its location fell outside national jurisdiction. A decade later, in 1968, the HSMB reiterated the site's significance, suggesting Parks Canada "cooperate with the United States National Parks  Service in the development of the island as an Historic Park." This was approved, and today Parks Canada operates St. Croix Island International Historic Site at Bayside, Charlotte County, a site overlooking the island, similar to the U.S. approach to the site's interpretation.

The two nations routinely cooperate on commemorative activities and promotions. Special commemorations by the two nations in 2004 marked the 400th anniversary of French settlement in North America. In 2009, the site started offering a full French translation of its U.S. website, offered by teen volunteer Olivier Fontenelle. Its Parks Canada website, like all others in its network, has been offered in French since first appearing online.

The HSMB designates three categories of commemoration: nationally significant Sites, Events, and Persons. While the HSMB had recommended Dochet Island National Historic Site in 1958, it was unclear whether the HSMB's later recommendation, in 1968, was to name it a Site or an Event. This was clarified in 2008. Relying on a 1960 HSMB decision that naming national historic sites outside Canada should be avoided, and in light of policy that Events and Persons outside the country may be designated, it decided that Dochet Island had been designated a national historic event in 1968.

However, since the 1968 designation was approved under the name "St. Croix Island", and this was the name used in the international agreement, the HSMB's Status of Designations Committee confirmed the official name of the designation which had referred to Dochet Island would be "Ste. Croix Island".

See also

 Popham Colony
 Habitation at Port-Royal
 List of islands of Maine
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Maine

References

 National Park Service (U.S.), Saint Croix Island brochure, 1990.
 National Park Service (U.S.), Saint Croix Island International Historic Site brochure, 2002.

External links

 Parks Canada: Saint Croix Island International Historic Site
 National Park Service: Saint Croix Island International Historic Site
 Sainte-Croix 2004
 Île Sainte-Croix
 St. Croix Island History (From the Internet Archive)
 St-Croix: 1604-2004
 Life After Ile Ste-Croix

Uninhabited Atlantic islands of the United States
Islands of Washington County, Maine
International Historic Sites in Maine
Acadian history
Peace parks
Parks in New Brunswick
Protected areas of Washington County, Maine
National Park Service areas in Maine
Transboundary protected areas
Heritage sites in New Brunswick
1949 establishments in Maine
Canada–United States border disputes
National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Maine
Islands of Maine
1604 establishments in the French colonial empire

Saint Croix Island, Maine


The LP (from "long playing" or "long play") is an analog sound storage medium, a phonograph record format characterized by: a speed of  rpm; a 12- or 10-inch (30- or 25-cm) diameter; use of the "microgroove" groove specification; and a vinyl (a copolymer of vinyl chloride acetate) composition disk. Introduced by Columbia Records in 1948, it was soon adopted as a new standard by the entire US record industry. Apart from a few relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound, it remained the standard format for record albums, during a period in popular music known as the album era. Beginning in the late 1970s, LP sales began to decline because of the increasing popularity of Compact Cassettes, then in the 1980s of compact discs. By 1988, the latter format began to outsell LPs.

Beginning in the late 2000s, the LP has experienced a resurgence in popularity.

Format advantages
At the time the LP was introduced, nearly all phonograph records for home use were made of an abrasive (and therefore noisy) shellac compound, employed a much larger groove, and played at approximately 78 revolutions per minute (rpm), limiting the playing time of a 12-inch diameter record to less than five minutes per side. The new product was a 12- or 10-inch (30 or 25 cm) fine-grooved disc made of PVC ("vinyl") and played with a smaller-tipped "microgroove" stylus at a speed of  rpm. Each side of a 12-inch LP could play for about 22 minutes.

History

Despite some earlier experiments and attempts at commercial marketing, the Long Play format did not begin to enjoy commercial popularity until the early 1950s.

Predecessors
Starting in 1926, the Edison Records company experimented with issuing Edison Disc Records in long play format of 24 minutes per side. The system and playback system (still mostly wind-up phonographs) proved unreliable and was a commercial failure.

Soundtrack discs

By mid-1931 all motion picture studios were recording on optical soundtracks, but sets of soundtrack discs, mastered by dubbing from the optical tracks and scaled down to 12 inches to cut costs, were made as late as 1936 for distribution to theaters still equipped with disc-only sound projectors.

Radio transcription discs
Unless the quantity required was very small, pressed discs were a more economical medium for distributing high-quality audio than tape, and CD mastering was, in the early years of that technology, very expensive, so the use of LP-format transcription discs continued into the 1990s. The King Biscuit Flower Hour is a late example, as are Westwood One's The Beatle Years and Doctor Demento programs, which were sent to stations on LP at least through 1992.

RCA Victor

In September 1931, RCA Victor launched the first commercially available vinyl long-playing record, marketed as "Program-Transcription" records. These revolutionary discs were designed for playback at  rpm and pressed on a 30 cm diameter flexible plastic disc, with a duration of about ten minutes playing time per side. Victor's early introduction of a long-playing record was a commercial failure for several reasons including the lack of affordable, consumer playback equipment and consumer rejection during the Great Depression.

These "Program Transcription" discs, as Victor called them, played at  rpm and used a somewhat finer and more closely spaced groove than typical 78 rpm records. They were to be played with a special "Chromium Orange" chrome-plated steel needle. The 10-inch discs, mostly used for popular and light classical music, were normally pressed in shellac, but the 12-inch discs, mostly used for "serious" classical music, were pressed in Victor's new vinyl-based "Victrolac" compound, which provided a much quieter playing surface. These records could hold up to 15 minutes per side. Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra under Leopold Stokowski, was the first 12-inch recording issued. Compton Pakensham, reviewing the event in The New York Times wrote, "What we were not prepared for was the quality of reproduction...incomparably fuller."

Columbia
CBS Laboratories head research scientist Peter Goldmark led Columbia's team to develop a phonograph record that would hold at least 20 minutes per side. Although Goldmark was the chief scientist who selected the team, he delegated most of the experimental work to William S. Bachman, whom Goldmark had lured from General Electric, and Howard H. Scott.

Research began in 1939, was suspended during World War II, and then resumed in 1945. Columbia Records unveiled the LP at a press conference in the Waldorf Astoria on June 21, 1948, in two formats:  in diameter, matching that of 78 rpm singles, and  in diameter. The initial release of 133 recordings were: 85 12-inch classical LPs (ML 4001 to 4085), 26 10-inch classics (ML 2001 to 2026), eighteen 10-inch popular numbers (CL 6001 to 6018), and four 10-inch juvenile records (JL 8001 to 8004). According to the 1949 Columbia catalog, issued September 1948, the first twelve-inch LP was Mendelssohn's Concerto in E Minor by Nathan Milstein on the violin with the New York Philharmonic, conducted by Bruno Walter (ML 4001). Three ten-inch series were released: 'popular', starting with the reissue of The Voice of Frank Sinatra (CL 6001); 'classical', numbering from Beethoven's 8th symphony (ML 2001), and 'juvenile', commencing with Nursery Songs by Gene Kelly (JL 8001). Also released at this time were a pair of 2-LP sets, Puccini's La Bohème (SL-1) and Humperdinck's Hansel & Gretel (SL-2). All 12-inch pressings were of 220 grams vinyl. Columbia may have planned for the Bach album ML 4002 to be the first since the releases came in alphabetical order by composer (the first 54 LPS, ML 4002 thru ML 4055, are in order from Bach to Tchaikovsky)  Nathan Milstein was very popular in the 1940s, however, so his performance of the Mendelssohn concerto was moved to ML 4001.

Public reception
When the LP was introduced in 1948, the 78 was the conventional format for phonograph records. By 1952, 78s still accounted for slightly more than half of the units sold in the United States, and just under half of the dollar sales. The 45, oriented toward the single song, accounted for just over 30% of unit sales and just over 25% of dollar sales. The LP represented not quite 17% of unit sales and just over 26% of dollar sales.

Ten years after their introduction, the share of unit sales for LPs in the US was almost 25%, and of dollar sales 58%. Most of the remainder was taken up by the 45; 78s accounted for only 2% of unit sales and 1% of dollar sales.

The popularity of the LP ushered in the "Album Era" of English-language popular music, beginning in the late 1950s, as performers took advantage of the longer playing time to create coherent themes or concept albums. "The rise of the LP as a form—as an artistic entity, as they used to say—has complicated how we perceive and remember what was once the most evanescent of the arts", Robert Christgau wrote in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981). "The album may prove a '70s totem—briefer configurations were making a comeback by decade's end. But for the '70s it will remain the basic musical unit, and that's OK with me. I've found over the years that the long-playing record, with its twenty-minute sides and four-to-six compositions/performances per side, suits my habits of concentration perfectly."

Although the popularity of LPs began to decline in the late 1970s with the advent of Compact Cassettes, and later compact discs, the LP survives as a format to the present day. Vinyl LP records enjoyed a resurgence in the early 2010s. Vinyl sales in the UK reached 2.8 million in 2012. US vinyl sales in 2017 reached 15.6 million and 27 million for 2020. In 2022, US vinyl sales reached 41 million units, surpassing sales of the Compact Disc for the first time since 1987, once again making the vinyl the highest selling physical format there.

Competing formats
Reel-to-reel magnetic tape recorders posed a new challenge to the LP in the 1950s, but the higher cost of pre-recorded tapes was one of several factors that confined tape to a niche market. Cartridge and cassette tapes were more convenient and less expensive than reel-to-reel tapes, and they became popular for use in automobiles beginning in the mid-1960s. The LP was not seriously challenged as the primary medium for listening to recorded music at home until the 1970s, however, when the audio quality of the cassette was greatly improved by better tape formulations and noise-reduction systems. By 1983, cassettes were outselling LPs in the US.

The Compact Disc (CD) was introduced in 1982. It offered a recording that was, theoretically, completely noiseless and not audibly degraded by repeated playing or slight scuffs and scratches. At first, the much higher prices of CDs and CD players limited their target market to affluent early adopters and audiophiles; but prices came down, and by 1988 CDs outsold LPs. The CD became the top-selling format, over cassettes, in 1992.

Along with phonograph records in other formats, some of which were made of other materials, LPs are now widely referred to simply as "vinyl". Since the late 1990s there has been a vinyl revival. Demand has increased in niche markets, particularly among audiophiles, DJs, and fans of indie music, but most music sales as of 2018 came from online downloads and online streaming because of their availability, convenience, and price.

Playing time
With the advent of sound film or "talkies", the need for greater storage space made  rpm records more appealing. Soundtracks – played on records synchronized to movie projectors in theatres – could not fit onto the mere five minutes per side that 78s offered. When initially introduced, 12-inch LPs played for a maximum of about 23 minutes per side, 10-inch records for around 15. They were not an immediate success, however, as they were released during the height of the Great Depression, and seemed frivolous to the many impoverished of the time. It was not until "microgroove" was developed by Columbia Records in 1948 that Long Players (LPs) reached their maximum playtime, which has continued to modern times.

Economics and tastes initially determined which kind of music was available on each format. Recording company executives believed upscale classical music fans would be eager to hear a Beethoven symphony or a Mozart concerto without having to flip over multiple, four-minute-per-side 78s, and that pop music fans, who were used to listening to one song at a time, would find the shorter time of the 10-inch LP sufficient. As a result, the 12-inch format was reserved solely for higher-priced classical recordings and Broadway shows. Popular music continued to appear only on 10-inch records. However, by the mid-1950s, the 10-inch LP, like its similarly sized 78 rpm cousin, lost the format war and was discontinued.

Groove
The close spacing of the spiral groove that allowed more playing time on a  rpm microgroove LP also allowed a faint pre-echo of upcoming loud sounds. The cutting stylus unavoidably transferred some of the subsequent groove's signal to the previous groove. It was discernible by some listeners throughout certain recordings, and a quiet passage followed by a loud sound would allow anyone to hear a faint pre-echo of the loud sound 1.8 seconds ahead of time.

Fidelity and formats

The following are some significant advances in the format:

 Helium-cooled cutting heads that could withstand higher levels of high frequencies (Neumann SX68); previously, the cutting engineer had to reduce the HF content of the signal sent to the record cutting head, otherwise the delicate coils could burn out
 Elliptical stylus marketed by several manufacturers at the end of the 1960s
 Cartridges that operate at lower tracking forces (2.0 grams / 20 mN), beginning from the mid-1960s
 Half-speed and one-third-speed record cutting, which extends the usable bandwidth of the record
 Longer-lasting, antistatic record compounds (e.g.: RCA Dynaflex, Q-540)
 More advanced stylus tip shapes (Shibata, Van den Hul, MicroLine, etc.)
 Direct metal mastering
 Noise-reduction (CX encoding, dbx encoding), starting from 1973
 In the 1970s, quadraphonic sound (four-channel) records became available in both discrete and matrix formats. These did not achieve the popularity of stereo records due to the expense of consumer playback equipment, competing and incompatible quad recording standards, and a lack of quality in quad-remix releases.

The composition of vinyl used to press records (a blend of polyvinyl chloride and polyvinyl acetate) has varied considerably over the years. Virgin vinyl is preferred, but during the 1970s energy crisis, it became commonplace to use recycled vinyl. Sound quality suffered, with increased ticks, pops, and other surface noises.

In 2018, an Austrian startup, Rebeat Innovation GmBH, received 4.8 million in funding to develop high definition vinyl records that purport to contain longer play times, louder volumes and higher fidelity than conventional vinyl LPs. Rebeat Innovation, headed by CEO Günter Loibl, has called the format 'HD Vinyl'. The HD process works by converting audio to a digital 3D topography map that is then inscribed onto the vinyl stamper via lasers, resulting in less loss of information. Many critics have expressed skepticism regarding the cost and quality of HD records.

In May 2019, at the Making Vinyl conference in Berlin, Loibl unveiled the Perfect Groove software for creating 3D topographic audio data files. This is a critical step in the production of HD Vinyl stampers, as they provide the map for subsequent laser-engraving.  The audio engineering software was created with mastering engineers Scott Hull and Darcy Proper, a four-time Grammy winner. The demonstration offered the first simulations of what HD Vinyl records are likely to sound like, ahead of actual HD vinyl physical record production. Loibl discussed the Perfect Groove software at a presentation titled "Vinyl 4.0 The next generation of making records" before offering demonstrations to attendees.

See also

 Album cover
 Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs

References

External links

 "Dreams of Vinyl: The Story of the LP Record" by Jac Holzman

1948 in music
1948 in technology
Album types
Audio storage
Audiovisual introductions in 1948
Products introduced in 1948
Recorded music

LP record


Harmony Heights is an unincorporated area in central Yadkin County, North Carolina, United States, located west of Yadkinville. It is located along Old US 421 (West Main Street), from the intersection of Booger Swamp Road westward about one-half mile.

Originally a thriving small community, the area was home to Harmony Heights Lumber Company, Harmony Heights Animal Hospital, Welborn Chevrolet, Jabe Joyner's Barber Shop, and an Esso gas station.

Yadkin Valley Telephone Membership Corp. moved here in the 1960s from downtown Yadkinville. In August 1980, YVTMC moved to its current location in Courtney and Duke Power moved into the site. Duke Power moved operations to Jonesville in the early 1990s and the property is now owned by the Yadkin Valley Economic Development District Inc.

Harmony Heights Animal Hospital moved in the 1990s to a new facility at 220 Pollywood Lane Yadkinville, the only business in current operation maintaining the original name of the community where it began.

Unincorporated communities in Yadkin County, North Carolina
Unincorporated communities in North Carolina

Harmony Heights, North Carolina


Natalia Abello Vives (born 30 May 1967) is a Colombian lawyer and politician currently serving as the 13th Minister of Transport of Colombia in the Administration of President Juan Manuel Santos Calderón.

A Pontifical Xavierian University lawyer and member of the Radical Change Party, Abello was serving as secretary general of the City of Barranquilla in the Administration of Mayor Elsa Noguera De la Espriella when she was appointed by President Santos as Minister of Transport, taking office on 19 August 2014.

Abello was born on 30 May 1967 in Barranquilla, Atlántico to former governor, minister, and Congressman, Antonio Abello Roca and his wife Yolanda Vives Vengoechea. She is married and has three children.

References

1967 births
Living people
People from Barranquilla
Pontifical Xavierian University alumni
20th-century Colombian lawyers
Radical Change politicians
Ministers of Transport of Colombia
Colombian women lawyers
Women government ministers of Colombia
21st-century Colombian women politicians
21st-century Colombian politicians
20th-century women lawyers

Natalia Abello Vives


Theobald of Bar (French: Thibauld/Thiebaut de Bar), Seigneur of Pierrepont. He was one of six children born to Erard of Bar, Seigneur de Pierrepont et d'Ancerville (himself son of Theobald II of Bar), and Isabelle of Lorraine (daughter of Theobald II, Duke of Lorraine).

In 1340, he married Marie de Namur (daughter of John I, of Dampierre and Marie of Artois), after her first husband Henry II, Graf of Vianden was murdered at Famagusta three years before. His wife, Marie gave birth to two daughters, Yolande and Elisabeth. When Theobald, died (between 2 August 1353 and 6 July 1354) he had no legitimate male heir, thus his daughter Elisabeth became the heiress of Bar-Pierrepont.

Issue
 Yolande de Bar (b. c. 1343 - d. c. 1410) married before 1360 with Eudes VII, Sire de Grancey, Louvois, Pierrepont.
 Elisabeth (Isabel) de Bar (b. c 1345 - d. before 11 May 1411) married before 18 Oct 1360 with Otto, Lord of Arkel.

References

1314 births
1354 deaths
Theobald
Bar

Theobald of Bar, Seigneur de Pierrepont


Rumtek Monastery (), also called the Dharma Chakra Centre, is a gompa located in the Indian state of Sikkim near the capital Gangtok. It is the seat-in-exile of the Gyalwang Karmapa, inaugurated in 1966 by the 16th Karmapa. It is also a focal point for the sectarian tensions within the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism that characterize the 17th Karmapa controversy.

History
Originally built under the direction of Changchub Dorje, 12th Karmapa Lama in the mid-18th century, Rumtek served as the main seat of the Karma Kagyu lineage in Sikkim for some time. But when Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, 16th Karmapa, arrived in Sikkim in 1959 after fleeing Tibet, the monastery was in ruins. Despite being offered other sites, the Karmapa decided to rebuild Rumtek. To him, the site possessed many auspicious qualities and was surrounded by the most favorable attributes. For example, flowing streams, mountains behind, a snow range in front, and a river below. With the generosity and help of the Sikkim royal family and the local folks of Sikkim, it was built by the 16th Karmapa as his main seat in exile.

After four years, construction of the monastery was completed. The sacred items and relics brought out from Tsurphu Monastery, the Karmapa's seat in Tibet, were installed. On Losar in 1966, the 16th Karmapa officially inaugurated the new seat, called "The Dharmachakra Centre, a place of erudition and spiritual accomplishment, the seat of the glorious Karmapa.

The monastery is currently the largest in Sikkim. It is  home to the community of monks and where they perform the rituals and practices of the Karma Kagyu lineage. A golden stupa contains the  relics of the 16th Karmapa. Opposite that building is a college, Karma Shri Nalanda Institute for Higher Buddhist Studies.

Rumtek is located  from Gangtok, the capital of Sikkim, at an altitude of about .

Controversy
Rumtek is in the centre of the Karmapa controversy, with a lengthy battle being played out in the Indian courts. Two rival organisations, each supporting a different candidate for the 17th Karmapa, claim stewardship of the monastery and its contents. The two organisations are the Tsurphu Labrang (supporting Ogyen Trinley Dorje) and the Karmapa Charitable Trust (supporting Trinley Thaye Dorje). Since 1992, the monastery has been the site of pitched battles between monks supporting one candidate or the other.

Neither candidate resides, nor has been enthroned, at Rumtek. Ogyen Trinley Dorje was enthroned at Tsurphu Monastery. Monks supporting Trinley Thaye Dorje (the minority) were thrown out of Rumtek by Indian security forces in order to quell violence between the two factions. Armed Indian soldiers still patrol the monastery to prevent further sectarian violence.

Gallery

See also
 Tourism in North East India

References

External links

 Rumtek details at Kaguoffice.org - Supporters of Ogyen
 Rumtek Monastery's Official Website - Supporters of Ogyen Trinley Dorje
 Information on the Rumtek case in the Indian courts - Supporters of Trinley Thaye Dorje

Buddhist monasteries in Sikkim
Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India
Karma Kagyu monasteries and temples
1740 establishments in India
Religious organizations established in the 1740s
Gangtok
Tourism in Northeast India

Rumtek Monastery


Tullio De Mauro (31 March 1932 – 5 January 2017) was an Italian linguist and politician. De Mauro was Professor Emeritus of General Linguistics at the Sapienza University of Rome, and held the post of Italian Minister of Education from 2000 to 2001.

Career
Born in Torre Annunziata, De Mauro was the younger brother of the journalist Mauro De Mauro, who was kidnapped and killed in September 1970, while investigating the Sicilian Mafia.

In 1963, De Mauro published the monumental Storia linguistica dell'Italia unita ("Linguistic History of Unified Italy"). Two years later De Mauro published L'introduzione alla semantica ("Introduction to Semantics") and, in 1971, Senso e significato. After preparing the entries on semiotics of the Treccani encyclopedia and publishing the short volume Minisemantica (1982), De Mauro turned to the problem of language education.

De Mauro was a professor at the D'Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara, and was director of the Department of Linguistic Science at the University of Rome La Sapienza, where his students included the noted linguist Gennaro Chierchia.

In 1975 he was elected to the Regional Council of Lazio in the lists of PCI. In 1976 he has been appointed commissioner for culture, position he held until 1978.

He served as Minister of Education during the second Government of Prime Minister Guliano Amato.

From 2001 to 2010 he chaired digital world, the foundation of the city of Rome.

His newspaper and magazine writing included: from 1956 to 1964 in the weekly Il Mondo, from 1966 to 1979 in the newspaper Paese Sera, and from 1981 to 1990 regular columns on schooling (1981–85) and language (1986 onward) in the weekly L'Espresso. He made occasional contributions to L'Unità, La Stampa, La Repubblica, Il Manifesto, Il Sole-24 Ore, and Il Mattino. He wrote a regular column for  Internazionale under the rubrics "The word" starting in 2006 and "Schools" from 2008.

From 1960 to 1973 he often appeared on radio and television RAI, an activity he resumed in 1997-2000. From 1978 onward he also worked on various RTSI (Swiss Italian Radio and Television) radio and TV broadcasts.

On Esperanto
As a linguist, De Mauro also took an interest in Esperanto, writing about the language in his works. He was especially interested in the likely advantages of Esperanto for the EU legislative system, as a witness or reference version of European laws and official documents. He also edited a foreword for the Esperantic manual of Bruno Migliorini (Cooperativa Editoriale Esperanto, Milan, 1995).

Conferences
De Mauro delivered lectures and gave seminars at universities in several countries:
Albania (Tirana, 2005),
Argentina (1995, Buenos Aires),
Belgium (1968: UL Brussels 1974: Leuven and Louvain visiting UC),
Brazil (1995 and Fluminense Federal Rio de Janeiro),
Canada (1988 Quebec; 1993 Montreal),
Chile (1995: State, Santiago),
China (1988: Peking Bedo;, 2005: Faculty of languages),
France (1969: Aix-en-Provence; 1972: Paris VII),
West Germany (1987: Heidelberg, Tübingen, 1990: Köln, Hamburg),
Germany (1994: Freie Universitaet Berlin, Potsdam, 2008 Freie Universitaet Berlin and Humboldt, Stuttgart 2009),
Japan (1980: Waseda University and University of Tokyo Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka, 1987, visiting Waseda University Tokyo, 1988, Waseda University Tokyo, Kyoto, 1990: Waseda University, Sophia University, Tokyo, 1995, Waseda University, as a guest of the Japan Foundation;, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008: Tokyo Waseda),
Great Britain (1979: Reading, London 2004),
Greece (2009: Panteion University of Athens),
Hungary (1985: Budapest, Szeged),
Netherlands (1975: Amsterdam),
Norway (1978: Oslo, Bergen),
Romania (Bucharest, 2009),
Spain (1969: Madrid, 1985.1989, 2003 Barcelona, 1993, Cordoba, Málaga, 1994: Zaragoza),
Sweden (1966: Stockholm, Uppsala, Gothenburg, 1978: Uppsala, 1989, Stockholm, 2005 Stockholm),
Switzerland (1968: Geneva, Zürich, Basel, 1972: Geneva, 1977 Geneva, Bern, 1987, Geneva, 1991: visiting Bern),
United States (New York University 1992).
He held single guest lectures at numerous Italian universities and Italian cultural institutes abroad. Among his most noteworthy lecture series were those held at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa in 1973, the Scuola Superiore Studi Pavia IUSS as visiting professor in 2007, the University of Tübingen in 2009, and the online Università telematica internazionale Uninettuno in 2009.

Honors
Rome 1 June 2007 - Medal meritorious of science and culture (From the Italian President Giorgio Napolitano)
Rome 11 June 2001 - 1st Class / Knight Grand Cross (From the Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi)
Rome 2 May 1996 - 2nd Class / Grand Officer (From the Italian President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro)

He received the Giambattista Vico Foundation of Naples and Vatolla international prize in 2009.
On 23 June 2006, in recognition of lifetime research and scholarship, the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei awarded him the Prize of the President of the Republic, which was presented by Italian President Giorgio Napolitano in October.

He was granted numerous honorary degrees, including:
1999 he was nominated honorary doctor philosophiae et litterarum by the Catholic University of Louvain
2005 doctor honoris causa ENS (École Normale Supérieure)
1 April 2008, the Waseda University in Tokyo nominated doctor honoris causa in humanities
27 February 2009 the University of Bucharest named him an honorary doctor
10 November 2010 by the University Sorbonne Nouvelle.

Bibliography
Storia linguistica dell'Italia unita (prima edizione 1963, Laterza)
Introduzione alla semantica (prima edizione 1965, Laterza)
Introduzione, traduzione e commento del Corso di linguistica generale di Ferdinand de Saussure (prima edizione 1967, Laterza; dal 1972 l'apparato di De Mauro correda l'edizione originale francese)
Senso e significato (raccolta di saggi, 1971, Adriatica, Bari)
Ludwig Wittgenstein: his Place in the Development of Semantics (1966, Dordrecht)
Parlare italiano (1973)
Scuola e linguaggio (1977, 1978)
Guida all'uso delle parole (prima edizione 1980, Editori Riuniti)
Minisemantica (prima edizione 1982, Laterza)
Capire le parole (raccolta di saggi, prima edizione 1994, Laterza)
Direzione del Grande Dizionario Italiano dell'Uso, 6 voll. (1999, Utet)
Prima lezione sul linguaggio (2002, Laterza)
La cultura degli italiani a cura di Francesco Erbani (2004, Laterza)
La fabbrica delle parole (2005, Utet)
Introduzione, traduzione e commento degli Scritti inediti di linguistica generale di Ferdinand de Saussure (2005, Laterza)
Parole di giorni lontani (2006, il Mulino)
Lezioni di linguistica teorica (2008, Laterza)
Che cosa è una lingua
In principio c'era la parola? (2009, Il Mulino)
Parole di giorni un po' meno lontani (2012, il Mulino)
La lingua batte dove il dente duole (2013, Laterza; scritto con Andrea Camilleri)

Notes

External links

1932 births
2017 deaths
People from Torre Annunziata
Education ministers of Italy
Linguists from Italy
Italian male writers
Academic staff of the D'Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara
Translators of Ferdinand de Saussure

Tullio De Mauro


Claw is a 2D side-scroller platform video game published by Monolith Productions in 1997 about an anthropomorphic pirate cat who sets on a quest to find an ancient amulet while fighting enemies and solving puzzles. It is Monolith's second release after Blood, which was released that same year in May.

Plot
A famous cat pirate, Captain Nathaniel Joseph Claw, is imprisoned by the Cocker-Spaniards (a dog species, a pun on Cocker Spaniel) after they attack and sink his ship. In the prison cell, waiting for his execution, he finds a note and a piece of a map hidden in the wall. The note tells of the Amulet of Nine Lives—a mystical artifact that grants its wearer near-immortality. Breaking out of his cell, Claw sets out to collect all 9 gems of the amulet and retrieve it for himself.

The game begins with Claw outside his cell. As he progresses through the prison, he eventually gets to the outer wall and escapes to the forest after defeating the warden, Le Rauxe. In the forest, he encounters a gang of thieves, headed by his former love interest, Katherine. He manages to defeat them and finds his way out of the forest, and into the nearby port town of El Puerto del Lobo, where he is hunted down by the magistrate, Wolvington, and the city guards. After running through the city, escaping the guards, and defeating Wolvington himself, the Captain stumbles into a bar and overhears a conversation between two of the crew of Captain Red Tail, a lion who is Claw's arch enemy. He learns that Red Tail is looking for the gems of the amulet as well, and that Red Tail's first mate, Gabriel, has one of them in his possession. He also hears that Red Tail might have more himself.

Claw quickly makes his way through the port and jumps on Red Tail's ship, where he defeats the seamen (Gabriel among them) and hides in the ship until it sets port near the Pirate's Cove. Claw goes through the rickety wooden structures of the pirate cove, defeating the pirates and their leader, Marrow, Claw's former friend. Claw descends into the caves, where he discovers his old crew, presumed dead after the attack on his ship. The crew informs Claw that they were given three gems by a merchant in the tavern, but were forced to give two of them to Red Tail; they managed to keep the third as Red Tail believed there were only two in their possession. The crew then reveals that Red Tail has set sail for Tiger Island, a legendary place most doubted even existed, including Claw. Claw takes the crew's gem as well as a piece of the map, which shows a path to Tiger Island through the labyrinth of underwater caverns. The crew offers to accompany him through the caves to Tiger Island, but Claw insists on going alone, telling his crew to acquire a ship and meet him there. The Captain takes the shortcut through the caverns, where he fights through a race of merpeople, who fight him in order to defend their king: a giant frog-like creature called Aquatis. Claw manages to defeat Aquatis with explosives.

Claw resurfaces to face Red Tail and his crew on Tiger Island. Claw manages to bring Red Tail down and acquire the final two gems, yet Red Tail escapes. Claw enters the Tiger Temple at the heart of the island to claim the amulet. There he fights the highly trained tiger guards, avoids the many death traps in the lava-filled temple, and defeats Omar, the captain of the tiger guard, who holds the final gem. Claw places the gems on a pedestal, and Princess Adora appears. She gives Claw the amulet, granting him 9 lives, after summarizing his adventure. Omar is sworn to defend the holder of the Amulet, thus becoming Claw's bodyguard. The game ends with Claw on his ship with the amulet, alongside his crew and Omar.

Gameplay

Captain Claw is a 2-D sidescrolling platformer, with simple melee combat. The objective for Claw is to reach the end of each level, fighting through various enemies and obstacles along the way. Claw's main weapon is his sword, though he can also punch or kick when close enough to an enemy. Claw also has a pistol, dynamite and a spell called "Magic Claw". These items are limited-use, and the player can refill these by collecting spare bullets, dynamite sticks and magic in levels. Also scattered throughout levels are health items, power-ups, and treasure, the last of which awards points. Many hidden or more treacherous areas contain high-value loot, power-ups and bonus lives. Some of these areas are only accessible with a high jump from a power-up, while others are only accessible through portals. Bonus lives are also awarded for reaching certain milestones in total points. In single player, each level has two save points in addition to the game saving at each level's completion.

Captain Claw has three types of gameplay modes: single player, custom levels, and multiplayer. The single player mode contains the main storyline.

At the end of each level the player will either collect a piece of the map or defeat a boss to receive a gem from the Amulet; odd-numbered levels have map pieces, while even-numbered levels have boss fights and gems. The exception is level 13, which has a boss fight and rewards the player with two gems. Receiving gems also triggers a cutscene.

The custom level loader allows the player to run custom content made by the player or others, but does not provide a method for editing levels in-game. The multiplayer mode allows the player to connect to the Internet and play with up to 64 other people. In the multiplayer mode, the player has to kill as many enemies as possible and gain loot for points to rank up. It also allows for players to race each other to finish a level as quickly as possible.

Development
Monolith Productions CEO Jason Hall intended Claw to be an entertaining and family-friendly game, saying that non-violent games were rare to find in the contemporary gaming market.

Claw was one of the first games to utilize an online multiplayer gaming network jointly created by Microsoft and the National Amusement Network, Inc. (NANI) and, according to GamePro, was originally supposed to feature 16 levels and support 256 players through the NANI network.

A special DVD edition of the game was released. The release contained extra content, such as fully animated cutscenes, and more detailed graphics. It was also included in the Creative PC DVD Encore Dxr2 set.

Reception

Claw received mixed-to-positive reviews. Allgame gave Claw a highly positive review, comparing its enjoyment value to the Super Mario and Crash Bandicoot franchises. GameSpot gave Claw a score of 7.7, stating that it is "easily the finest modern side scroller available for the PC". Colin Williamson of PC Gamer praised the graphics and 64-player mode, but criticized the game for being too similar to other side-scrollers. Craig Majaski of WorldVillage praised the game and gave it a score of 4/5. Gamasutra's Daniel Bernstein cited the game's use of sound as an example of immersive environments in gaming. PC Powerplay gave the game a mixed score of 62%; reviewer David Wildgoose criticized Monolith's decision to release a 2D platformer in the late 1990s, mentioning the contemporary release of 3D games such as Super Mario 64 and Tomb Raider, and concluded that Claw "might have been an excellent 3D platformer". Despite its success, the game is known for its high difficulty. It is considered a cult classic for its unique style, sense of adventure and beautiful graphics.

In a retrospective positive review, Anthony Burch of Destructoid wrote that Claw is "accessible" and "fun", but cited the game's high difficulty.

Legacy
Around 1999, work on a sequel to Captain Claw called Captain Claw 2 in 3D was in development by Monolith using the first incarnation of LithTech. However, due to copyright issues with the character Captain Claw, Monolith dropped the project, and passed all codes and assets of the unreleased sequel to a Polish game developer called Techland.
Techland announced that a sequel to Captain Claw was going to be released in November 2007 under the name of Captain Claw 2. The release date was delayed to 2008 and the game was renamed to Jack, the Pirate Cat. The game was later renamed to Nikita: The Mystery of the Hidden Treasure and a trailer was released on YouTube. The game was released later that year and became a stand-alone game that had nothing to do with the original game.
The engine for Claw, internally known as the Windows Animation Package 32 (after the original 16 bit Windows Animation Package first written by Brian Goble for his shareware game The Adventures of Microman), was also used by Monolith in Get Medieval and Gruntz.

References

External links

Original website (archived)

1997 video games
Fantasy video games
Monolith Productions games
Platformers
Windows games
Windows-only games
Video games about cats
Video games developed in the United States
Video games scored by Daniel Bernstein
Video games set on fictional islands
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games about pirates
WizardWorks games

Claw (video game)


Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures is an encyclopedia edited by Helaine Selin and published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1997, with a second edition in  2008, and third edition in 2016.

Summary
From the Preface:
The purpose of the Encyclopaedia is to bring together knowledge of many disparate fields in one place to legitimize the study of other cultures' science... The Western academic divisions of science, technology and medicine have been united in the Encyclopaedia because in ancient cultures these disciplines were connected.
The first edition (1997) has 600 articles by a range of experts. The arrangement is alphabetical from "Abacus" to "Zu Chongzi". It includes an index from page 1079 to page 1117. K. V. Sarma contributed 35 articles, Greg De Young 13, Boris A. Rosenfeld 12, and Emilia Calvo and Ho Peng Yoke 11 each. Fabrizio Pregadio contributed 10 articles, Julio Samo wrote 9, and Richard Bertschinger, Radha Charan Gupta and David A. King wrote 8 each. Dozens of other contributors wrote fewer articles.

In 2008 the Encyclopaedia was split into two volumes and extended to 1000 articles for a second edition.

Reviews
 Toby E. Huff (1999) Review: EHSTMNC, Isis 90(2):410,1
 "A splendid piece of joint scholarship, and some would say long overdue."
 Huff counts nineteen entries on maps and map making, five on geometry, eleven on environment, four on city planning, five on east-west issues, six on colonialism, six on textile technology, ten on weights and measures
 Jensine Andresen (1999) Review: EHSTMNC, Zygon
 Dispels the illusion that "members of non-Western cultures have offered only marginal contributions to the rigorous investigation of the natural world".
 "Catalyzes a thorough reconsideration of the scope of the ideational nexus influencing the interaction between religion and science in the West."
 Andresen characterizes the contributors an "iconoclastic bunch".
 Sujit Sivasundaram (2010) Review: EHSTMNC second edition, The British Journal for the History of Science
 "Turning points in the European historical narrative are being contextualized within other senses of chronology and space, and so decentralized from their mythic status as events in the birth of modern science."
 The second edition shifts "from advocacy to analysis". The reviewer considers the term Non-Western to be outdated, particularly as ethnobotany regions proliferate, and Europe is excluded except as the colonizer.

References

External links
 Google Books
 Scribd
 WorldCat

Encyclopedias of science
1997 non-fiction books
History books about science
Historiography of technology
History books about medicine


ADSB-FUB-187 is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor with a binding affinity of Ki = 0.09 nM and an EC50 of 1.09 nM. It was originally developed by Pfizer in 2009, being example 187 from patent WO 2009/106982. While it is the most tightly binding compound from this patent in terms of Ki, it is not the most potent compound at producing a CB1 mediated pharmacological effect, with at least 17 other compounds from the patent having lower EC50 values.

Legality
Sweden's public health agency suggested classifying ADSB-FUB-187 as hazardous substance on November 10, 2014, following its use as an ingredient in grey-market synthetic cannabis products.

See also
 AB-FUBINACA
 ADB-FUBINACA

References

Cannabinoids
Designer drugs
Indazolecarboxamides
Fluoroarenes

ADSB-FUB-187


Lakeview Junior-Senior High School is a rural junior and senior high school located near Lake Babcock and Lake North in unincorporated Platte County, Nebraska, near Columbus, United States. It is a part of Lakeview Community Schools.

The Lakeview school district was formed in 1968 in response to Columbus Public Schools deciding for financial reasons to no longer admit non-resident tuition students. Lakeview High School opened in the fall of 1969 and graduated its first class in 1970. In 2009, the district moved seventh- and eighth-graders to the Lakeview High School building and added six classrooms in order to alleviate crowding at its two feeder schools, Shell Creek Elementary and Platte Center Elementary, following the closure and sale of another school, Sunrise Elementary, to Archer Daniels Midland.

Athletics
The men's basketball team won the class C-1 state championship in 2001 and got runner-up in 2002.

Notable alumni
 Lucas Cruikshank, creator of Fred Figglehorn

References

External links
 Lakeview High School

Public middle schools in Nebraska
Public high schools in Nebraska
Schools in Platte County, Nebraska

Lakeview Junior-Senior High School (Nebraska)


The Tejano Music Award for Song of the Year is an honor presented annually at the Tejano Music Awards, whose mission is to recognize the most talented performers of the genre. Songs nominated for the category are also eligible to be nominated for Single of the Year, and genre-specific categories Tejano Crossover, Mexican Regional Song, and Tejano Country Song of the Year. The only English-language recording to have won the award (and to be nominated) was "Oh Girl" by La Mafia in 1983, which was included on Honey, which also won Album of the Year.

Mazz is the most awarded group with nine wins, while Elida Reyna is the most awarded female singer with seven wins.

Recipients

See also

Music of Texas

References

General

Specific

External links
Official site of the Tejano Music Awards

S
Regional Mexican songs
Awards established in 1981

Tejano Music Award for Song of the Year


Johann Heinrich Roos (29 September 1631, Otterberg – 3 October 1685, Frankfurt) was a German Baroque era landscape painter and etcher.

Biography
Roos was born in Otterberg, a town in the Palatinate in 1631. His family had emigrated to Amsterdam due to the Thirty Years' War in 1640. He trained with Guilliam du Gardijn, Cornelis de Bie and Barent Graat, but the landscape painters Nicolaes Berchem and Karel Dujardin were more of an influence on him. In 1653 the Roos family returned to Germany, where Johann and his brother Theodor Roos worked together on a commission for a cloister in Mainz.

Between 1654 and 1659, Johann worked for Ernst, Landgrave of Hesse-Rheinfels (son of Maurice, lived 1623–1693), where he painted a portrait of A Prince (1654, Heidelberg, Kurpfälzisches Museum) and religious scenes. In 1664 he was invited to paint at the court of Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine. Due to unsatisfactory working conditions, he moved with his family to Frankfurt in 1667 and was very successful, but lost everything in a fire in 1685. He died trying to save his belongings. Four sons and a daughter survived to become good painters.

Though not registered as a pupil of Rembrandt, he made a copy of a painting by Rembrandt that he saw presumably in Amsterdam while he trained there from 1647 to 1653:

Works

Roos specialized in pastoral idylls, idealized landscapes with ancient ruins. He found inspiration in engravings. These pastoral scenes represent the longing of Roos for harmony between men and animals with nature. Among biblical, historical and genre scenes, Roos preferred subjects involving animals: the shepherds of the nativity, Venus and Adonis.
Roos was also one of the finest German portrait painters of his time. He painted princes, noble ladies and officers, but also Frankfurt middle classes.
Roos worked too from many individual drawings (Albertina, Vienne), mostly of domestic animals. He intensified the individuality of each species.

Gallery of animals (ca. 1668–1670)

Public collections
Roos is represented in the following collections : Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna; Städelsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt; Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin, Ohio; Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco; Detroit Institute of Arts, Michigan; Dulwich Picture Gallery, London; Crocker Art Museum, California; Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indiana; Dallas Museum of Art, Texas; Palazzo Bianco, Genoa, amongst others.

Family
His sons Philipp Peter Roos (Rosa di Tivoli) and Johann Melchior Roos were also renowned painters.  Their works are represented in museums at Frankfurt, Cologne, Dessau, Darmstadt and Stuttgart.

Notes

References
 Bolton, Roy (2009). Old Master Paintings & Drawings, London, Sphinx Books, p. 388.

External links

Artcyclopedia info
Columbia Encyclopedia entry
Roos at the Kunsthistorisches Museum
Roos at the Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco
Roos at the Detroit Institute of Arts
Roos at the Dulwich Picture Gallery

1631 births
1685 deaths
17th-century German painters
German male painters
German Baroque painters
People from Kaiserslautern

Johann Heinrich Roos


Dee Hartford (born Donna Higgins; April 21, 1928 - October 21, 2018) was an American television actress. She was married to Howard Hawks from 1953 to 1959. Her sister was actress Eden Hartford; her former brother-in-law was comedian Groucho Marx.

Early years
Born  in Salt Lake City, Utah, Hartford is the daughter of Edgar Higgins and Beatrice Higgins (née Thomas). She attended East High School in Salt Lake City and LDS Business College before becoming a model.

Career
Hartford initially achieved fame in the late 1940s as a model for Vogue.

Her screen debut was in A Girl in Every Port (1952), directed by Chester Erskine.  In 1964-65, she made three guest appearances on Perry Mason; as Leslie Ross in "The Case of the Accosted Accountant," as Lois Gray in "The Case of the Missing Button", and she played Rhonda Coleridge in "The Case of the Baffling Bug". In 1964, she also appeared in "The Bewitchin' Pool", (the last original episode of The Twilight Zone to be broadcast, but not the last one to be filmed).

Hartford also guest-starred in Gunsmoke, Burke's Law, The Outer Limits, The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, The Cara Williams Show, Batman (two episodes), Time Tunnel, Land of the Giants and Lost in Space (three episodes). She appeared as the android Verda in the 1966 Lost in Space episode "The Android Machine" and in a sequel, "Revolt of the Androids". She also appeared in a third episode of Lost in Space as Nancy Pi Squared in the "Space Beauty" episode about an intergalactic beauty pageant.

Personal life
Hartford married Howard Hawks on February 20, 1953, at his home in Hollywood, California.  They divorced in 1959. In 1972, she married Stuart Cramer III.

She was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, sometimes referred to as the Mormons.

References

External links

1928 births
2018 deaths
American film actresses
American television actresses
Actresses from Salt Lake City
20th-century American actresses
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Latter Day Saints from California
21st-century American women

Dee Hartford


The Aga Khan Museum () is a museum of Islamic art located at 77 Wynford Drive in the North York district of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The museum is dedicated to Islamic art and objects, and it houses approximately 1,200 rare objects assembled by His Highness the Aga Khan and Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan. As an initiative of the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, an agency of the Aga Khan Development Network, the museum is dedicated to sparking wonder, curiosity, and understanding of Muslim cultures and their connection with other cultures through the arts. In addition to the Permanent Collection, the Aga Khan Museum features several temporary exhibitions each year that respond to current scholarship, emerging themes, and new artistic developments. The Museum Collection and exhibitions are complemented by educational programs and performing arts events.

History

Development and construction

For many years, His Highness the Aga Khan, spiritual leader of Shia Ismaili Muslims, was planning to build a major museum for Islamic art and artifacts that aligned with the Ismaili community's mission to offer new perspectives into Islamic civilizations by weaving together cross-cultural threads throughout history. The location in Don Mills, Toronto, Canada, was confirmed in 2002, after protests blocked a $60-million offer for a site on the River Thames across from the British Houses of Parliament. The Aga Khan then chose Canada as a tribute to the country's pluralism.

The Aga Khan bought the former Bata Shoes Head Office, a building that was adjacent to the Ismaili Centre, which was already under construction. Designed by modernist architect John B. Parkin, the building was demolished in 2007 after it was determined to be unsuitable for the museum. The new structure was designed by Pritzker Prize winner Fumihiko Maki. It also shares the 6.8 hectare space with public gardens created by Lebanese landscape architect Vladimir Djurovic.

The foundation-laying ceremony for the project was performed by Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and the Aga Khan on May 28, 2010.

European tour
While a permanent home was being built for the collection, selected items went on tour in Europe.  Exhibitions took place at the following institutions:

 Palazzo della Pilotta in Parma
 Ismaili Centre in London
 Louvre in Paris
 Calouste Gulbenkian Museum in Lisbon
 CaixaForum Madrid
 CaixaForum Barcelona
 Martin-Gropius-Bau in Berlin
 Sakıp Sabancı Museum in Istanbul
 The Hermitage in St. Petersburg

The exhibits received wide international acclaim. The exhibit conveys both Dīn and Dunya, which can be translated as 'Spirit' and 'Life'—the religious and secular aspects of life which are inextricably linked in Muslim cultures. The first exhibitions were organized in two parts: The Word of God consisting of sacred texts and related objects and The Power of the Sovereign reflecting Muslim courts and their figures.  More recent exhibitions have been organized as The Word of God and The Route of the Travellers showing the geographic breadth of the Islamic world.

Opening

The Aga Khan Museum was open to the public on September 18, 2014. Michael Brand  served as the museum's first Director and CEO, followed by Henry Kim from 2012 to 2020. Prince Amyn Aga Khan was appointed the new chairman of the Board effective May 18, 2016. The role was previously held by his brother, the Aga Khan, who still maintains a close connection to the museum as the sole Member of the Organization.

In 2016, RGD InHouse Design presented the Award of Distinction to the Aga Khan Museum for the exhibition Home Ground: Contemporary Art from the Barjeel Art Foundation (July 25, 2015 - January 3, 2016).

The Director of Collections and Public Programs, Dr. Ulrike Al-Khamis began her appointment on September 1, 2017. Dr.  Al-Khamis was appointed Director and CEO in 2021. In 2017, the Aga Khan Museum Shop also launched an online shopping platform. Most items online and onsite were commissioned exclusively for the Aga Khan Museum. In many instances, the items — jewellery, books, clothing, artwork, and more — are connected to the Aga Khan Museum's temporary exhibitions as well as its Permanent Collection.

The Aga Khan Museum was recognized as one of the best museums in Toronto by Conde Nast Traveler in 2018. In the same year, the Aga Khan Museum's exhibition, The World of the Fatimids, received a Global Fine Art Award in the Ancient Art (BC – 1200) category, and an honourable mention in the Global Humanity category for the 2017 exhibition, Skate Girls of Kabul. In June 2018, Sri Lankan-born chef Shen Ousmand launched a new menu at the Aga Khan Museum's restaurant Diwan. The McEwan Group, led by Chef Mark McEwan, has been at the helm of the Museum's food services since 2016.

In 2024, Line 5 Eglinton, a new line that is part of the Toronto subway system will open an Aga Khan Park & Museum stop.

Architecture

Designed by  Pritzker Prize-winning architect Fumihiko Maki, the Aga Khan Museum shares a 6.8-hectare (17-acre) site with Toronto's Ismaili Centre, which was designed by Indian architect Charles Correa. The surrounding landscaped park was created by landscape architect Vladimir Djurovic and is a contemporary interpretation of the Islamic courtyard—the Charbaag.

The Museum is home to galleries, exhibition spaces, classrooms, a reference library, auditorium and restaurant. It houses a permanent collection of over 1,000 objects including rare masterpieces of broad range of artistic styles and materials representing more than ten centuries of human history and geographic area.

Commissioned by the Aga Khan, the museum building and the spaces around were designed to be seen as a celebration and mysteries of light. The rectilinear building is oriented forty-five degrees to solar north where all its sides are exposed to the sun. The form has been chiseled to create a concaved angular profile that is also a natural expression of the two level building. Clad in sandblasted white Brazilian granite, the surfaces of the building are set in motion in a constant interplay with the sun in light and deep shadows. The effect is similar to a sundial.

Within the building, there's a fully glazed courtyard intended as a permanent peaceful sanctuary. The courtyard's glass walls are imprinted with a double-layered pattern that creates a three dimensional effect recalling the traditional Islamic Jali screens. The light from the courtyard moves patterned shadows on the soffits, walls and floor of the grand cloister. Up above on the second level, four large openings overlook the public spaces through a cast zinc screen in the form of a contemporary Musharabiya, an Islamic bay window. Within the galleries, large aluminum paneled skylights perforated with small hexagonal openings emit soft natural light into the exhibition areas.

Collection

The Aga Khan Museum is dedicated to the acquisition, preservation, display and interpretation of artifacts relating to the intellectual, cultural, artistic and religious traditions of Muslim communities, past and present. Artifacts include ceramics, metalwork, and paintings covering all periods of Islamic history. Manuscripts in the collection include the earliest known copy of Avicenna's Qanun fi'l-Tibb ("The Canon of Medicine") dated 1052.

The museum will become a repository of historical materials related to the Ismaili community and house research programs related to each one of the aspects of its institutional mission. It will also provide a space for permanent exchanges between the Islamic and the Western worlds on educational, cultural and socio-economic issues.

The collection, which comprises some 1,000 objects, includes several superb examples of Qur'an manuscripts that demonstrate the variety of script, media and decorative styles that evolved in the Muslim world. Among them, an eighth century North African folio demonstrates the earliest style of Kufic script written on parchment. A page from the well known Blue Qur'an provides an example of gold kufic script on indigo-dyed parchment. The Blue Qur'an is considered one of the most extraordinary Qur'an manuscripts ever created; its origins are 9th-tenth century North African, and it was likely created for the Fatimid caliphs ruling from Qayrawan.

Located on the main floor of the museum, the Bellerive Room displays a selection from the ceramics collection of the late Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan and Princess Catherine Aga Khan. The room is a recreation of the "La Chambre Persane," or "Persian Salon," in their home, Château de Bellerive in Geneva, Switzerland, where part of the collection was originally on display. There are approximately 60 ceramic objects on view in the Bellerive room. They date from the early Islamic periods through to the 17th century. Their styles reflect the innovative technological and aesthetic contributions of Islamic potters through the ages, which were often in dialogue with influences from as far afield as China and Europe.

Selected temporary exhibitions

 Home Ground: Barjeel Art Foundation Modern Arab Art Collection (15 July 2015 - 3 January 2016)
 Abbas Kiarostami: Doors Without Keys (November 21, 2015 - March 28, 2016)
 Syria: A Living History (October 15, 2016 - February 26, 2017)
 Rebel, Jester, Mystic, Poet: Contemporary Persians (February 4, 2017 - June 4, 2017)
 Syrian Symphony: New Compositions in Sight and Sound (May 20, 2017 - August 13, 2017)
 Here: Locating Contemporary Canadian Artists (July 22, 2017 - January 7, 2018)
 The World of the Fatimids (March 10, 2018 - July 2, 2018)
 The Moon: Voyage Through Time (March 9, 2019 - August 18, 2019)
 Caravans of Gold, Fragments in Time: Art, Culture, and Exchange Across Medieval Saharan Africa (September 21, 2019 - February 23, 2020)
 Don't Ask Me Where I'm From (February 25, 2020 - October 11, 2020)
 Sanctuary (March 21, 2020 - October 25, 2020)
 50 Years of Migration (January 24, 2023 - February 12, 2023)
 Rumi (May 13, 2023 - October 1, 2023)
 Cultured Pallets (May 2, 2023 - November 5, 2023)The exhibition titled 'Don't Ask Me Where I'm From' is in partnership with Fondazione Imago Mundi. The project channels the experiences of artists who are first, second, and third-generation immigrants–a growing body of people raised in a culture other than their parents–in a series of several works exploring cross-cultural artistic realities.

The exhibition titled 'Sanctuary' showcases immigrants' experience using rugs as a medium to share narratives to demonstrate stories, histories, place, and purpose. The exhibition comprises the work of thirty-six artists from twenty-two countries creating rug designs. The designs were woven into the rugs by artisans in Lahore, using traditional techniques to create each piece of art. Artists of this exhibition include Ai Wei Wei.

The exhibition titled '50 Years of Migration' commemorates over 50 years of immigration of Shi'a Imami Ismaili Muslims to Canada, the people for which His Highness the Aga Khan serves as spiritual leader. The travelling exhibition integrates family photographs, first-hand accounts, historical documents, and personal interviews that "showcase the courage and resilience of the countless Ismaili Muslims who fled their homelands in search of refuge." With stories of Canadian Ismailis from Uganda, Afghanistan, Syria, Tajikistan, India, Pakistan and elsewhere, it is presented by the Aga Khan Council for Canada in collaboration with award-winning Canadian artist Aquil Virani.

In popular culture
The museum appeared in the Star Trek: Discovery episode "Lethe", where it was used as a filming location for scenes on the planet Vulcan.
The scientific conference in the 2017 American science fiction comedy film  Downsizing was filmed at the museum.
The museum appeared in the 2022 American comedy action film The Man from Toronto.

See also
Aga Khan Park
The Ismaili Centre, Toronto
Aga Khan Trust for Culture
Aga Khan Development Network
List of museums in Toronto

References

Notes

External links

 Aga Khan Museum on TOBuilt

2014 establishments in Ontario
Museum
Art museums established in 2014
History museums in Ontario
Islamic culture
Islamic museums
Museums in Toronto
North York
Fumihiko Maki buildings
Religious museums in Canada
Museums established in 2014
21st-century religious buildings and structures in Canada

Aga Khan Museum


Hell is a 2011 German-Swiss post-apocalyptic film directed by Tim Fehlbaum in his directorial debut. The German-language screenplay was written by Fehlbaum, Oliver Kahl and Thomas Woebke. The experienced director Roland Emmerich, known for films such as Independence Day and 2012, acted as executive producer, with Gabriele Walther and Wöbke acting as producers.

The film is about a young woman named Marie (Hannah Herzsprung), her boyfriend Phillip (Lars Eidinger) and her younger sister Leonie (Lisa Vicari) who are driving through the blighted wasteland of Germany after a climate crisis has destroyed society. Parched by thirst, the trio scavenge for water, gas and supplies. The trio are joined by a male survivor, Tom (Stipe Erceg), who they encounter in the ruins. Later, after the group is ambushed by carjackers who abduct Leonie and take the vehicle, all of the group end up being captured by a farming family who hold survivors in the farm's former slaughterhouse to use them as a source of food.

Plot
The film tells the story of a small group of survivors in post-apocalyptic Germany in the year 2016. Solar flares have destroyed the earth's atmosphere, and global temperatures have risen by ten degrees Celsius. The sun is so hot that traveling outside during daylight hours is dangerous. Crops have failed, little water or food is available, and social order is broken. The film tells the story of a young woman named Marie, her younger sister Leonie, and Phillip, a young man who is also romantically connected with Marie. The trio travels through the dry wasteland in a Volvo station wagon with metal mesh on the windows. To avoid the sun's harsh rays, newspaper and cardboard have been taped over the inside of the windows, except for a narrow strip for the driver to see. They are heading for the mountains, where rumor has it that water can still be found. They scavenge wrecked cars and gas stations for extra gas, water (from heating pipes and toilets), and food, always alert for hostile survivors who might attack them.

When the trio finds a ruined gas station, Phillip tries to obtain gasoline from the station's underground tanks and abandoned vehicles while the women scavenge for supplies in the buildings. While the trio are working away, a hooded man steals food and water from their car and then holds Leonie as a hostage. After Phillip and the attacker fight and the aggressor is subdued, they agree to a truce of sorts. The attacker, Tom, tells them he is a mechanic. Phillip agrees to bring Tom along as a passenger in the car, on their search for water, if Tom will repair the heat-damaged engine. The quartet drive along through the roads towards the mountains until they stop due to a huge metal structure that is blocking the roadway. The group work together to move the blockage and then three of the group climb down a hill to look at a wrecked car for items to scavenge, leaving Leonie in the car alone.

Suddenly, the group hear Leonie's screams, and they realize the blocked road was a trap. Leonie is abducted by carjackers. Although the others try to help her, it is too late. When the trio of remaining survivors reunite in the woods, Tom convinces them to try to free Leonie. Tom spots smoke in the distance and encourages the group to investigate. The smoke is coming from a large fire at a survivors' encampment, where Leonie and other hostages are kept chained up. Tom convinces Marie and Phillip, who are both terrified of the abductors, that they should throw a Molotov cocktail to create a diversion so that Marie can take the car back and rescue Leonie. The rescue attempt misfires; Marie manages to get the car started and escape with Phillip, but Phillip could not break Leonie's chains so the pair leave without her; moreover, Phillip's foot is badly injured during the escape after fighting off one of the abductors. Phillip encourages Marie to consider Leonie a lost cause, but Marie insists on trying to rescue her. Marie leaves alone to search for Leonie. Marie falls asleep in a ruined church, and is awakened by a middle-aged woman named Elisabeth. Elisabeth offers Marie water and invites her to come to her family farm as a guest.

Marie sleeps in Elisabeth's barn, only to awake to find herself locked in. Peering out the slats of the barn, she sees what looks like abducted captives being led about. Elisabeth opens the locked door and tells Marie that Phillip will be used like livestock, in the absence of other food and that Marie and Leonie will be forced to marry the sons of the farmers. When Elisabeth's son Micha opens the door, Marie engages in kissing with him, but then strikes him with a large piece of wood. Injured, Micha tries to choke her, but then Leonie smashes a heavy object on him, knocking him out. Leonie escapes from the barn and hides in the woods, but Marie is bound and put in the slaughterhouse after refusing to eat human flesh during dinner. Marie witnesses Phillip's execution, but manages to cut her ziplock cuffs and escape. She opens a locked door in the barn, where she finds many captives, including Tom. The captives flee from the farm, with the family in pursuit. Tom fights with and dispatches several of the farmers. Marie manages to escape and runs through the woods in search of Leonie. When she finds her, Leonie is being bound by one of Elisabeth's adult sons. Elisabeth confronts Marie, who kills her with a captive bolt pistol she stole from the slaughterhouse. While the adult son mourns Elisabeth, Marie releases Leonie. The two sisters and Tom flee to the mountains, where they find water. Up in the sky, they see birds. Looking over the ridge at a chain of hills in hope of a better fate there, they can see nothing but even more blighted wasteland down in the valley.

Cast

 Hannah Herzsprung as Marie
 Stipe Erceg as Tom
 Angela Winkler as farmer Elisabeth
 Michael Kranz as Micha (voice)
 Yoann Blanc as Micha
 Lars Eidinger as Phillip
 Lisa Vicari as Leonie
 Anne Hartung as Sophia
 Lilo Baur as Frenchwoman
 Marco Calamandrei as Frenchman
 Ellen Schweiger as Grandma
 Christoph Gaugler as farmer Brückner

Release
Hell opened in September 2011 in Germany.  On 10 July 2012, it was released on video-on-demand, and on 21 August 2012, it was released on DVD.

Reception
Jay Weissberg of Variety described it as "a tightly crafted post-apocalyptic survival tale that makes up in conviction what it lacks in originality."  Karsten Kastelan of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "And while this Swiss-German co-production's straightforward storytelling and white-knuckle suspense are commendable, its success will in large part depend on how much agony and human deceit audiences are willing to take."  Paul Mount of Starburst rated it 7/10 stars and wrote that though it lacks originality, it is a "stark and powerful film".  Dan Geary of Total Film rated it 1/5 stars and criticized the cinematography.  Mike Ferraro of Bloody Disgusting rated it 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "Hell does a great job of creating atmosphere and suspense. Sure, most of these things we have seen before, but the performances here really help guide it through the clichés in a captivating fashion."  Scott Weinberg of Fearnet wrote, "what Hell lacks in originality, it makes up for in gritty intensity, strong performances, and a visual presentation that's both a workout for the eyeballs, but also strangely beautiful to look at."  Gerard Iribe rated it 3.5/5 stars and called it "a very decent picture" that should have had more science fiction elements.  David Johnson of DVD Verdict called it "slick and tense in moments" but ultimately too derivative.

Awards
The film won the award for Best Film at Fantasporto. At the German Academy Awards, it won the award for Best Film Music and was nominated for Best Film.  At Sitges Film Festival, it won Best Cinematography and Special Mention.

References

External links

2011 films
2011 horror films
2010s science fiction horror films
2011 directorial debut films
Films set in 2016
Films set in Germany
2010s German-language films
German science fiction horror films
German post-apocalyptic films
Swiss science fiction horror films
Films about cannibalism
Climate change films
2010s survival films
2010s German films
Paramount Pictures films

Hell (2011 film)


Ipi Tombe (foaled 10 October 1998 in the Marondera District of Mashonaland East, Zimbabwe) is a champion Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. She was bred by Peter J. Moor, chairman of the board of directors of the Thoroughbred Breeders Association of Zimbabwe. With that country in a state of turmoil and near economic collapse following implementation of the government's land reform law that resulted in confiscation and redistribution of horse farms, the granddaughter of Mr. Prospector was sold at the annual Zim Nation yearling auction in Harare for the equivalent of US$30 (thirty dollars). Purchased by a four-man partnership, she was given the name Ipi Tombe which in the Xhosa language (actually: "ipi ntombi") translates as "Where is the girl?"

Racing in Zimbabwe
Conditioned by Zimbabwe's leading trainer, Noelene Peech, Ipi Tombe began her racing career at age three. She made five starts at Borrowdale Park Racecourse in Harare, earning four wins and a second. Her demonstrated abilities were such that her handlers were able to syndicate her to a group of twenty-two South African investors who brought her to race there where stronger competition for higher purse money was available.

Racing in South Africa
Racing under the syndicate's Sunmark Stable banner, Ipi Tombe joined the stable of trainer Noelene Peech and won four races from five starts in her native Zimbabwe. Showing the potential she did, owners Henk Leyenaar, Stephen Tomlinson and Dave Coleman secured half a share for R250 000, the other half remaining with the Sunmark Syndicate, of which Rob Davenport was the nominee,
She was sent across the border to Mike de Kock in South Africa., Ipi Tombe's conditioning was entrusted to Mike De Kock, one of South Africa's leading trainers. She made her debut on 9 March 2002, finishing second in the South African Triple Tiara at Turffontein Racecourse in Johannesburg. She would never lose another race in her career.

After her initial defeat, Ipi Tombe then won the South African Oaks, the South African Fillies Guineas, and the Woolavington Stakes but her most important win in 2002 was in the country's most prestigious race, the Durban July Handicap at Greyville Racecourse in Durban. In this Group One race she would be up against the best horses from all over the country, including many older male horses. Ridden by jockey Kevin Shea, Ipi Tombe came from a difficult number eighteen outside post position to put on a powerful stretch drive that made her the first three-year-old filly to win the race in fifty years. Her performances that year earned her South African Champion Three-Year-Old Filly honors.

Racing in Dubai
Ipi Tombe's performances also brought her to the attention of Barry Irwin, head of the Team Valor racing operation based in Versailles, Kentucky whose business acquires racing stock by selling individual horse partnerships to the public. In August 2002, a deal was struck that resulted in Henk Leyenaar, Stephen Tomlinson, Dave Coleman Sunmark Synidcate retaining twenty-five percent interest in the horse with Team Valor also holding twenty-five percent and prominent Kentucky breeder WinStar Farm the owner of the remaining fifty percent.

Shipped to winter at trainer Mike De Kock stables at Nad Al Sheba Racecourse in Dubai, Ipi Tombe made her 2003 debut in March, winning the Group II Haafhd Jebel Hatta in stakes record time. She then defeated male rivals while capturing the Group One Dubai Duty Free Stakes in track record time. Ipi Tombe's outstanding performances would earn her 2003 Dubai Horse of the Year honors.

Racing in the United States
Following her success in Dubai, in April 2003 Ipi Tombe was shipped to Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky where her race conditioning was taken over by Elliott Walden. Ridden by Pat Day in her American debut, Ipi Tombe won the Grade III Locust Grove Handicap at Churchill Downs, making her the first horse bred in Zimbabwe to ever win at the historic Churchill Downs track.

Stud career
A training injury that never healed properly resulted in Ipi Tombe being retired on 22 November 2003 and sent to the renowned Coolmore Stud in Ireland for broodmare duty. In foal to the Champion sire, Sadler's Wells, she was sold at a Tattersalls auction in England in November 2004 for £850,000 to Americans Richard Santulli and Barry Weisbord. , she has produced the following named foals:
 Monastic Springs (colt, 2005) by Sadler's Wells. 1 win in 4 starts.
 Pin Turn (filly, 2006) by Pivotal. 1 win in 11 starts.
 Go For Two (gelding, 2009) by Giant's Causeway, foaled in Kentucky. 1 win in 22 starts.
 Hug Doc (filly, 2010) by Medaglia d'Oro. unraced.
 Dance Marathon (gelding, 2011) by Medaglia d'Oro. winless in 2 starts.
 Bad Call (colt, 2013). winless after 1 start.

References

 Ipi Tombe's official website
 Ipi Tombe's pedigree and partial racing stats

1998 racehorse births
Thoroughbred family 12-e
Racehorses bred in Zimbabwe
Racehorses trained in South Africa
Racehorses trained in the United States

Ipi Tombe


"Who's Your Daddy?" is a song by Finnish rock/heavy metal band Lordi. It was released in 2006, as part of the album The Arockalypse, the same album as their Eurovision Song Contest-winning song "Hard Rock Hallelujah".

Music video
The video begins in an old fashioned, abandoned roller disco. A college boy and his date begin to roller blade. However, the girl pushes him onto the stage and takes her top off revealing a silvery bra. As the boy leans in to kiss her she disappears and the band appears. Mr Lordi resurrects 12 vampire girls all dressed in the same outfit as the girl in the start. The vampires begin to dance in front of Lordi, hoisting Amen above their heads as he plays. The vampires eventually swarm the boy on Mr Lordi's signal at the end of the song.

Track listings
Finnish edition:
 "Who's Your Daddy? (Decapitated Radio Edit)"
 Whos Your Daddy? (Neutered Version)"
 "Devil Is a Loser (Live)"

GSA edition:
 "Who's Your Daddy? (Decipated Radio Edit)"
 "Devil Is a Loser (Live)"

GSA special limited edition:
 "Who's Your Daddy? (Decipated Radio Edit)"
 "Evilove" (previously unreleased track)
 "They Only Come Out at Night" (album version, feat. Udo Dirkschneider)
"Devil Is a Loser (Live)"

Chart
"Who's Your Daddy?" peaked in the Finnish single chart at #1 on September 9, 2006 but quickly fell out of the Top 20. It hit #14 in Sweden on August 22, 2006 and #21 in Austria on August 23, 2006. It reached #33 in Germany on August 26, 2006.

References

External links
Watch the video on Google Video

2006 singles
Lordi songs
Sony BMG singles
2006 songs

Who's Your Daddy? (Lordi song)


Ed Peck (March 26, 1917 – September 12, 1992) was an American actor. He is best known as Officer Kirk in Happy Days (1975–1983).

Early life
Peck was born in New York City on March 26, 1917.

Career
Peck played a captain in the Broadway production of No Time for Sergeants (1955). He was active in television and in films from 1951 to 1983, specializing in playing either police officers or military officers.

In 1951, Peck replaced Eric Fleming in the title role of Major Dell Conway of the Flying Tigers on the DuMont Television Network. In 1969 Peck appeared as the Hotel Manager on the TV Series The Virginian in the episode titled "Journey to Scathelock."  One of his highest profile parts was among his last, in the television series Happy Days, in the recurring role as police officer Kirk from 1975 to 1983. He also played a police officer similar to Officer Kirk in at least one episode of the television series All in the Family and two episodes of Barney Miller as patrolman (later officer) Frank Slater.

Peck was an announcer on The Jack Carson Show, a variety program on NBC-TV in 1953–1954. He also was a member of the cast of the summer 1972 television situation comedy The Super, portraying Officer Clark, a tenant in a New York City apartment building. He also guest-starred on dozens of television series including The Untouchables, Perry Mason, The Fugitive, Kentucky Jones, Get Smart, Star Trek ("Tomorrow Is Yesterday", 1967), Cannon, and Bonanza, as well as films such as Heaven Can Wait, Bullitt, Cheech and Chong's Next Movie, and The Prisoner of Second Avenue. He played the Governor's director of security, Captain McDermott, on several episodes of Benson. He played a rabbi in an episode of The Dick Van Dyke Show.

After leaving the Happy Days series in 1983, he retired from acting.

Personal life
On January 20, 1952, Peck married advertising copywriter Phyllis Houston in New York.

Death
Peck died of a heart attack on September 12, 1992, in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 75.

Filmography (partial)

References

External links

1917 births
1992 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
Male actors from New York (state)

Ed Peck


Kanfarande, Guinea or  Saint Eugenie  or Victoria is a small village located in the Boke Prefecture in the Republic of Guinea. The village has a population of 3062 and was historically ruled by local chiefs who became chiefs hereditarily. The Thomases or "Towel" or "Camaras" family (who were originally from Guinea-Bissau) ruled from the 19th century onwards, and one of the most famous Thomases in the region was Sheku Thomas (whose grandfather was from Guinea-Bissau).

Reaching Kanfarande
There are three primary means of reaching the village of Kanfarande:

-A road vehicle may be taken from nearby Boke or Kamsar to Kolabui to a small port Katounou (45 min).  From Katounou a dugout canoe will cross the ocean inlet either to Kanfarande or to nearby Kounsougou depending on the direction of the current and the tide (30-60 min).  This is the most preferred means of entering or leaving the village by most Guineans.

-A motor boat can sometimes be chartered directly from Kamsar (60 min).  This option is much more expensive and not reliable.

-During the dry season a road vehicle can sometimes be taken from Boke to Kanfarande (120 min).  The road is very poor and vomiting is frequent among passengers if airflow in the vehicle is poor.  This option should not be attempted during the rainy season as most of the roads become covered in water and sometimes fast moving streams up to 1.5 meters deep cross the roads.

Education
Kanfarande is home to the central middle school or "college" for the sub-prefecture, teaching 7th-10th grades. No high school or "lycee" is present in the sub-prefecture.  As of recent years, the college has taught in excess of 300 students annually.  Most of the students come from neighboring villages, a very large number from villages in the "islands" of the area.  These students typically live with host families in Kanfarande and return to their home villages during breaks and holidays.  In recent years, the number of students had drastically increased with Sine Magassouba as principal of the school.  Under Magassouba's direction, a new school building was constructed with the financial aide of the Canadian Embassy.  Most students graduating from 10th grade and passing the nation exam, the Brevee, attend high school at either Kolabui, Kamsar, Boke, or Conakry.

A much larger number of elementary schools exist in villages throughout the sub-prefecture.

Economy
As a coastal city, fishing is critical to the economy of Kanfarande.  The fish can typically be preserved through smoking and sold locally or in larger markets in Kamsar, Boke or Kolabui.  The original colonial port has recently been restored.

There is a weekly, small market in Kanfarande where very basic products and produce can be purchased.  The market is generally not the primary place of commerce for most inhabitants, however.  Instead villagers typically visit each other's homes directly to purchase goods or commute to a market at a larger outside city.  Common boutiques also exist, but are not numerous.

Chiefs of Kanfarande
The Thomases

References
http://www.fallingrain.com/world/GV/3/Kanfarande.html

http://www.tageo.com/index-e-gv-v-03-d-m1741237.htm

Populated places in the Boké Region

Kanfarandé, Guinea