Herbie, the Love Bug is a sentient 1963 Volkswagen Beetle, who has been featured in several Walt Disney motion pictures starting with the 1969 feature film The Love Bug. He has a mind of his own, is capable of driving himself, and is often a serious contender in auto racing competitions. Throughout most of the franchise, he is distinguished by red, white, and blue racing stripes from the front to the back bumper, a pearl white body, a racing-style number "53" on the front luggage compartment lid, doors, engine lid, and a yellow-on-black 1963 California license plate with the registration "OFP 857".

History

In The Love Bug (1968), Herbie is bought from the showroom of Peter Thorndyke (David Tomlinson) by San Francisco socialite Mrs. Van Luit for her upstairs maid, but returns him shortly afterward due to reliability problems. He is then purchased by race driver Jim Douglas (Dean Jones) after Douglas was falsely accused of stealing him. Tennessee Steinmetz (Buddy Hackett), Jim's best friend, mechanic, and housemate, names him "Herbie" after his Uncle Herb, a middleweight boxer whose nose became shaped like the hood of a Volkswagen Beetle. Jim notices his unnatural performance levels and decide to use him in auto racing, to great success. In addition, Jim pursues a romantic relationship with Carole Bennett (Michelle Lee), an assistant in Thorndyke's showroom who eventually sides with Jim, Tennessee, and Herbie. In the final El Dorado road race, Herbie is damaged and splits in two, but wins when his rear half (with Tennessee inside) beats Thorndyke's Apollo GT. Fully repaired, he takes the newlywed Jim and Carole on their honeymoon.

In Herbie Rides Again (1974), Herbie is retired from racing and has been left to Tennessee's widowed aunt, Mrs. Steinmetz (Helen Hayes). Jim has entered foreign racing circuits while Tennessee now resides in Tibet. Mrs. Steinmetz and her displaced neighbor, Nicole Harris (Stefanie Powers), try to save her house from being bulldozed by real estate developer Alonzo Hawk (Keenan Wynn) with the help of Herbie, and Willoughby Whitfield (Ken Berry), Hawk's nephew.

In Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo (1977), Jim is reunited with Herbie and enters the Trans-France Race with his mechanic friend, Wheely Applegate (Don Knotts). Herbie soon falls in love with a sentient Lancia Scorpion named Giselle while Jim develops a relationship with her driver, Diane Darcy (Julie Sommars). Herbie is also pursued by a pair of jewel thieves who have hidden the stolen Etoile de Joie diamond in his gas tank. After rescuing Diane and Giselle from a crash into a river, Jim drives Herbie to victory after overtaking their main rival on the roof of the Monaco tunnel.

In Herbie Goes Bananas (1980), Jim has retired from racing and leaves Herbie to his nephew, Pete Stancheck (Stephen W. Burns), who plans to enter him in the Brazil Grand Primeo. In the interim, he befriends an orphan named Paco (Joaquin Garay, III) who gives him the nickname "Ocho" (due to the two digits in his number "53" adding to 8), and they both wreak havoc on board the cruise ship Sun Princess, prompting the overzealous Captain Blythe (Harvey Korman) to throw Herbie overboard. Having fallen into the ocean, he is rescued by Paco and disguised as a taxi, whilst they work to stop a gang of con artists from stealing a source of ancient Inca gold.

After returning from Mexico, Herbie is taken back by Jim, who opens a driving school in the TV series Herbie, the Love Bug. There, he meets a woman named Susan MacLane and her three kids, Julie, Matthew, and Robbie, who become friends with him and Herbie, while a businessman named Randy Bigelow aims to get rid of them in order to get Susan back after they broke up during their wedding. His schemes come to nought, as Jim and Susan are married in the series finale.

Hank Cooper (Bruce Campbell) becomes the owner of Herbie in the 1997 made-for-television movie The Love Bug. In it, it is revealed that Herbie's origins come from a German engineer named Dr. Gustav Stumpfel. He was building him when a picture of his wife fell into a vat of molten metal, giving Herbie life. Stumpfel is duped into building Horace, an evil Volkswagen counterpart to Herbie, from a sample of his original metal. Influenced by the narcissism of his former owner, Simon Moore, a rival of Hank's, Horace crushes him in an alleyway. Hank buries him, but Jim's return sets Hank and his friends to rebuild him (with the help of the repentant Dr. Stumpfel) to take on Simon and Horace in a final, one-on-one showdown race.

In the years leading up to Herbie: Fully Loaded (2005). Herbie is found in an abandoned garage and carried to Crazy Dave's scrapyard where he is to be junked until he is bought by Maggie Peyton (Lindsay Lohan), who dreams of racing in NASCAR. She quickly discovers that he is sentient, upgrades his engine and bodywork, and takes him in various races, from a demolition derby to the final race of the Nextel Cup Series. In the end of the film, she becomes a NASCAR driver and Herbie builds a relationship with his new love interest, a Volkswagen New Beetle (which is revealed to be sentient as well).

Appearance in media

Herbie has been the central character of five theatrical-release films, a made-for-TV movie, and a short-lived television series.

Film series

Television series
A television series, Herbie, the Love Bug, was aired in 1982 on CBS. Dean Jones reprised his role as Jim Douglas for it. Five episodes were made.

Other official appearances
 In 1990, Herbie made an appearance in the second season of the 1980s revival of The Mickey Mouse Club.
 An animated version of Herbie made a brief cameo in two episodes of House of Mouse.
 Two racing video games starring Herbie were released by Disney Interactive Studios: Disney's Herbie: Fully Loaded (2005) and Herbie Rescue Rally (2007).
 Herbie used to make an appearance in the Lights, Motors, Action!: Extreme Stunt Show at Disney theme parks, but was later replaced by Lightning McQueen.
 Herbie has had numerous appearances in Disney parades, and has taken part in Disney on Ice and Disney on Parade, usually in the latter two with painted-on eyes and teeth, along with a moving tongue. This Herbie model has been moved to Disney's All-Star Movies Resort at Walt Disney World and is the centerpiece of "The Love Bug" themed area.
 Herbie appears in a Disneyland 50th Anniversary TV commercial in which he is used for transportation by Mickey, Goofy, Huey, Dewey, and Louie to get to Disneyland.
 Herbie made a cameo in 2009 Boom! Studios Cars: Radiator Springs comic series as a character in the background.

Unofficial appearances
 Herbie has an unofficial appearance along with Ray Peyton, Jr. (portrayed by "Fully Loaded" actor Breckin Meyer) in a segment of Robot Chicken titled Horny Robot Redux. In the segment, he is a New Beetle rather than an original one and has animated eyes and a mouth. He also appears in the Kingdom Hearts segment of a Season 11 episode.
 Herbie has a brief cameo in Episode 195 of American Dad!, "Stan Smith as Keanu Reeves as Stanny Utah in Point Breakers", in which he helps Stan Smith escape from poachers and wolves. In the episode, he has incorrect stripes and different "53" font.
 The Herbie film series spawned a knockoff series of Superbug films. A white Beetle, split in half and numbered "53", makes a cameo in the first film, even though its name is never mentioned.
 Herbie had a cameo in The Simpsons episode "Beyond Blunderdome" in the Movie Car Museum.
 Herbie makes an appearance in Forza as a paint job for the 1960s Beetle.
 Two of the liveries available for the "BF Weevil" (the Grand Theft Auto equivalent of the Beetle) in Grand Theft Auto Online are based on Herbie.
 Herbie makes appearances during a race and other scenes of the "First" music video by Lindsay Lohan, a song featured on her debut album and the Herbie: Fully Loaded soundtrack.
 A futuristic version of Herbie appears among the crashed vehicles in Futurama Comics #82.
 Detroit Red Wings defenseman Moritz Seider chose jersey #53 after watching The Love Bug with his parents the night before.

Future
In 2017, it was reported that a new Herbie series was in development at Disney XD. The plot revolved around a child named Lili or Landon Reed, "part scientist, part entrepreneur, part daredevil" who realizes, "when his or her parents go missing, that they've secretly been working on a government project: a talking car named Herbie. He is the key to helping the kid reunite with his or her parents, but a gang of criminals also wants to get its paws on the state-of-the-art vehicle." The concept of this planned series was later developed into Fast Layne without any Herbie references, making his future uncertain.

Guises and paint schemes
Herbie's appearance remained consistent throughout the first four film entries as well as the 1982 television series. There were only minor, subtle changes. The 1997 TV movie and Herbie: Fully Loaded featured major overhauls in his appearance, as there were different production crews working for Disney by this time.

To create the effect of Herbie driving himself, Disney concocted a detailed system of sprockets and pulleys connected to a second steering column under the front seat for a rear seat driver. There was also a second set of pedal assemblies, clutch cables and a shifter extension. In The Love Bug, the rear seat driver sat low enough to see over the windshield but still out of the view of the camera. For Herbie Rides Again and Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo, Disney installed a hood-mounted Carello fog light that concealed a small camera which allowed the rear seat driver to view the street and sit lower.

The Love Bug (1968)

In the original film, The Love Bug, the racing stripes differ from those in later movies; they do not cover Herbie's valances or louvers and the blue is a lighter shade. Also, Herbie features color-keyed running boards, while in later films the running boards are standard black.

During the film, depending on the scene, the wheels change from standard VW wheels (although fitted with plain hubcaps with no VW logo) to specially widened wheels on the racing Herbies. During one scene (when Tennessee is hanging out of the window), the number "53" (a.k.a. "gumball") on the passenger-side door is missing. The door is also cut along the lower edge at an angle to enable the car to tilt over to the right on two wheels.

One of the modified racing Herbies featured a Porsche 356 engine, brakes, and KONI shock absorbers. All Herbies in The Love Bug had the VW badges removed from the hood and featured plain non-VW hubcaps. The hood-mounted VW logo was replaced with a plain disc of the same diameter, colored to match the body. All VW logos were removed to avoid any trademark conflicts.

Herbie Rides Again (1974)
In Herbie Rides Again, Herbie features revised racing stripes, with the original blue switched to a dark navy. In addition, they were applied over the valances and louvers, and the front hood was recycled for the 1982 television series Herbie, the Love Bug. Herbie also received a hood-mounted Carello fog light, and his running boards were now the more conventional black.

Additionally, Herbie was running on standard wheels yet again. Volkswagen also promoted the film by having a Type 1 Beetle, complete with Herbie livery, in every showroom. There are various model errors in this film, such as the later "big window" (post-1964) Beetles being used. Also of note is the "cut-n-shut" engine cover after the warehouse break-in. The Beetle used was a late model, having a more bulbous flat-bottomed lid with an earlier rounded bottom edge welded on.

After the success of The Love Bug, it was heavily endorsed by Volkswagen, which was in financial trouble at the time, when Beetle sales in North America were considerably lower than in previous decades. As such, the company insisted that the VW logos appear on Herbie. Both the hub cap VW logo and hood-mounted VW logo were reinstated at the company's request.

Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo (1977)

In Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo, Herbie is again fitted with wide racing wheels (Goodyear GT radials), and has an external fuel filler cap. Post-1967 Beetles did feature the fuel tank accessible on the right side behind the fender; the silver cap itself, however, was fake and added for the film's storyline. With the addition of the fuel filler, the antenna is now a retractable unit fitted on the front cowling, near the windshield wipers. Herbie has a roll cage again, and Monte Carlo racing stickers on his windows (one on the front window, two on the left back window, and one on the rear window). He still sports the hood-mounted Carello fog light with an added black cover sporting the company name. He now has gray bucket seats instead of stitched seats. Throughout this film, he has an asymmetrical door mirror. There were a total of 9 VWs used in Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo. Many of them were recycled for use in Herbie Goes Bananas.

Herbie Goes Bananas (1980)
In Herbie Goes Bananas, the hood-mounted light, the grey roll cage bar, the Monte Carlo racing stickers, and the silver gas cap were removed. Herbie still had his gray bucket seats, asymmetrical door mirror and his Goodyear GT Radial racing tires and rims, and his sunroof was the original light gray rather than the dark gray from Monte Carlo. The rust seen on the car in the movie was painted on some of the Herbies. The car that "walks the plank" in the movie was never recovered from the sea. It was tossed overboard from the "M.N. Coromuel" ferry ship (not The Sun Princess cruise ship). The car is somewhere between La Paz and Baja California. The car thrown overboard was not a proper car and had many wooden parts.

Herbie Goes Bananas also featured the same later model door mirror as Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo. Herbie set a Guinness World Record as the first car to go through the Panama Canal during filming in 1979. His name is only mentioned three times in the film by the garage owner, apart from the two times he honks his horn at Paco trying to say his name when Paco couldn't understand what he was saying.

Some of these Herbie cars were recycled for Herbie, the Love Bug in 1982.

One of the actual film cars used with its flip wheel chassis in the bullfighting scenes now resides in Sydney, Australia. Another one was displayed in the Cars of the Stars Motor Museum until its closure in 2011. Since then, its location remains unknown.

Volkswagen ceased the sale of Beetles in the USA one year before the film's release.

The Love Bug (1997)

In The Love Bug television film there were some significant changes. The graphics used were copied from the 1974 Volkswagen of America decal kit, and the position on the front hood number "53" was higher up. The racing stripes were different sizes, and the shade of blue reverted to the lighter version used in the original 1968 movie. The sunroof was a solid white (vs. gray) and missing the racing stripes. The wheels were standard Beetle wheels, instead of the wider GoodYear GT Radial racing tires used in Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo and Herbie Goes Bananas, and the seats were regular instead of the gray bucket seats he had previously had.

Herbie: Fully Loaded (2005)

In Herbie: Fully Loaded, Herbie, who in this film seemed to be able to show emotions through anthropomorphized expressions mimicking a face, went through several "costume changes" throughout the movie, changing his style dramatically from scene to scene.

 The font of the number "53" is different, and slightly bigger and lower down on the front hood. The racing stripe is missing from the sunroof and the stripes are painted the way they were in the first four Herbie movies. The front license plate is not present on his front bumper anymore.
 For the "street racer" look, Herbie has brighter white paint, a whale-tail rear spoiler, air intakes in the front of his rear fenders, lowered suspension, no rear bumper, wider tires, and a windowed rear engine cover through which blue LED lighting show. He is also shown to have a nitrous oxide system to boost his speed during the race against Trip Murphy.
 During the demolition derby, Herbie is stripped down with no vehicle interior panels, vehicle racing seats or special street racing body parts. His sunroof cover has been removed, although the cutout remains to play important roles during the demolition derby. He still retains the same number "53" on the sides that he wore in his street race look except with Targets or Bullseyes Sprayed over the Logos and the white paint and all vehicular modifications in his Street Racer Version were all dismantled and completely thrown away for good. He later gets red Bull's-eye targets spray-painted on his front doors and hood by Crash.
 For the "NASCAR" look, Herbie gets a new, more off-white paint job, NASCAR sponsor decals, a different duck-tail rear spoiler, a roll cage, Goodyear Eagle NASCAR tires, wider fenders, no front turn signals, no back bumper, no passenger seat, and no back seat.

More than 30 different Herbies were used during the shooting of this film, and three original cars are known to be on display. There is one at the Volo Auto Museum in Illinois and two other vehicles in California: one fully motorized version preserved at the Peterson Automotive Museum and a "personality car" at the hobby store Electric Dreams. Both California cars were used during the NASCAR racing segment of the film.

References

Disney characters originating in film
Anthropomorphic vehicles
Fictional German American people
Fictional racing cars
Fictional racing drivers

Volkswagen vehicles
Film characters introduced in 1968
Volkswagen Beetle
Cars designed and produced for films
Films adapted into television shows
Cars powered by boxer engines

it:Un maggiolino tutto matto

Herbie


Havilah is a land mentioned a few times in the Bible. No one is sure where it is located, although some suggestions include southern Saudi Arabia, Armenia, and even as far as India.

In the Book of Genesis (Chapter 2), one of the rivers that flows out of the Garden of Eden, the Pishon river, flows through Havilah, which is described as having gold and other precious stones.

It is said to be populated by Ham's grandson and a son of Joktan, both of whom are named Havilah.

Bible

Havilah


The Yankee Candle Company, Inc., doing business as Yankee Candle, is an American manufacturer and retailer of scented candles, candleholders, accessories, and dinnerware. Its products are sold by thousands of gift shops nationwide, through catalogs, and online, and in nearly 50 countries around the world. The company operates just over 260 small-box format stores, located in malls across 43 U.S. states and Ontario, and is the largest candle manufacturer in the United States. The company is headquartered in South Deerfield, Massachusetts.

The Jarden Corporation agreed to buy Yankee Candle for $1.75 billion in the fall of 2013. In 2015, Newell Rubbermaid announced that it would acquire Jarden for over $15 billion of cash and stock.

History

Yankee Candle Company was started in South Hadley, Massachusetts when Michael Kittredge, originally from Holyoke, Massachusetts, created his first scented candle, Christmas 1969, from melted crayons as a gift for his mother. Neighbors began expressing interest in buying his creations, and Kittredge began producing them in larger quantities. The company itself was founded with help from Donald MacIver and Susan Obremski, who were high school friends with Kittredge. MacIver helped fund the start-up business with earnings from his part-time job. Candle production grew considerably after Obremski's father devised a "heated room", which enabled cost-saving liquid wax deliveries at the first factory site in Holyoke. Obremski's invention of a turntable taper wheel allowed production to double, while at the same time decreasing the need for more labor hours. In 1975, she managed the first Yankee Candle Shop located where the Village Commons in South Hadley now stands.

The company slowly expanded and moved to South Deerfield in 1983.

After a cancer scare in 1993, Kittredge started handing the company over to a friend and employee. In 1998, he sold the company to New York-based private equity company Forstmann Little for $500 million. Forstmann took the company public in 1999, and in 2001, hired Craig Rydin as a CEO. Rydin launched a major advertising campaign and the line was picked up by mass retailers Linens-N-Things and Bed Bath & Beyond, pushing sales to their highest levels yet. Kittredge remained the company's chairman emeritus.

During the summer of 2006, Yankee Candle purchased Illuminations, a Petaluma, California-based, multi-channel retailer of high quality candles and home accessories. Although the two companies were similar, the names were separated, with Illuminations being aimed at a different demographic. The Illuminations brand and web store were phased out in early 2009.

On February 6, 2007, the company was acquired by the private equity group of Madison Dearborn Partners LLC for approximately $1.6 billion.

The founder, Michael Kittredge, in a return to high quality manufacturing created Kringle Candle, with his son Michael (Mike).

In October 2012 Yankee Candle Europe launched their Consumer Direct website offering their products direct to consumers.

In 2013, Jarden acquired Yankee Candle. A further merger in 2016 saw Jarden purchased by Newell Rubbermaid and combined into the new company Newell Brands.

In 2017 Newell Brands acquired Smith Mountain Industries, makers of the Woodwick brand of candles.  Woodwick candles are now a premium brand sold by Yankee Candle. The candles have a wooden wick that crackles when burned, and use a blend of paraffin and soy wax to reduce spatter and residue.

Flagship store

Yankee Candle's flagship store, which opened in 1982, is located in South Deerfield, Massachusetts. It features all available Yankee Candles as well as kitchen and home accessories, New England crafts, gifts and collectibles, a toy shop, picnic grounds and a "Bavarian Christmas Village" filled with decorated Christmas trees and a toy train that runs through to Santa's Workshop, where animated elves and an 'assembly line' for wooden vehicles surround Santa Claus's desk. Visitors can dip their own candles in a specially equipped area, make wax molds of their hands, or create their own unique candle. There is also a candle making museum and a Hillside Pizza cafe on site. The store was a beautiful place for a child to visit, where they could make their own candles, choose their own scents to mix and match.

A second flagship store was opened in Williamsburg, Virginia, in 2005. At , it was a popular tourist destination. The Williamsburg store closed for good in April 2021.

Outlet stores
Yankee Candle has a total of 55 outlet stores in the United States.

Products
Yankee Candle Company markets an array of products, including candles of various scents and sizes, scented wax tarts, candle accessories, votive candles (samplers), votive candle holders, tart warmers, jar toppers (for use with the Housewarmer line of candles), reed diffusers, Electric Home Fragrance units (scented wall plug-ins), car scents, room sprays, Good Air products and more. They also periodically release a range of limited edition candles such as 'Chocolate Layer Cake'.

COVID-19
Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, social media users observed a correlation between increases in reported COVID-19 cases and negative reviews of Yankee Candle products. Individuals scraping review data of both scented and unscented candles on Amazon.com found an increase in negative reviews for scented candles, with the proportion of reviews complaining of a lack of aroma also growing. In comparison, unscented candles did not exhibit this pattern.

As one of the symptoms of COVID-19 is loss of smell, this suggests that the increase in positive cases is causing more consumers to be unable to smell their scented candles. This correlation has been called the "Yankee Candle Index".

See also
Yankee Candle Co. v. New England Candle Co.

References

External links

Candles
Newell Brands
Manufacturing companies based in Massachusetts
Companies based in Franklin County, Massachusetts
Deerfield, Massachusetts
Manufacturing companies established in 1969
1969 establishments in Massachusetts
Madison Dearborn Partners companies
Private equity portfolio companies
American brands
2013 mergers and acquisitions

Yankee Candle


Ox (オックス, Okkusu) is a Japanese GS band formed in 1968 to 1971. They were well known with their albums and songs, but they changed members throughout the late 1960s and early 70s.

History
The band was created in November 1967, led by Toshio Fukui and Yuji Iwata, who were former members of The Kings (ザ・キングス), another GS band. Members were Toshio Fukui and Yuji Iwata, as well members from other music shops such as Shiro Okada and Norio Sugiyama at the McCoys, Ai Akamatsu at Hataris, and Atsushi Kuriyama at Sanders. On December 1, the group will take the first stage at "Number Ichiban" in Osaka. Hideto Noguchi, who was enrolled in the backbone at the time of formation, officially joined the group on December 28.

In January 1968, Norio Sugiyama and Atsushi Kuriyama left the group to pursuit their job career, but they still played an active role in the Kansai performance of the Swedish instrumental band "The Spotnicks" who had came to Japan in January. The Ox's "Goodbye Performance", which was decided to move to Tokyo on March 17, was so popular in Kansai that it was held at a club in Umeda, Osaka. After moving to Tokyo, they were camp at the 2DK apartment in Shibuya.

Before their debut, the group performed at a jazz cafe in Tokyo. With the performance of them falling off the stage and fainting because they were o enthusiastic during the show, it quickly became popular, especially fan girls. In May 1968, they made their record debut with "Girlfriend" (6th on the Oricon chart). The group became poplar as Hideto Noguchi's sweet singing voice (who had joined the band in January) and Ai Akamatsu's fairy tale atmosphere attracted many girls and their popularity soared. Later, they released their many hit songs such as "Dancing Seventeen" (28th on the Oricon chart), "Tears of Swan" (7th on the Oricon chart) and "I'm On Fire" (18th on the Oricon chart) were skipped one after another, becoming a super popular group alongside The Tigers and The Tempters.

The use as a concert venue was often refused by theaters and local governments due to protests by the PTA and the Jijoren, as well as by the media and the educational community. (Ai Akamatsu later revealed that his fainting was just acting. Ai Akamatsu then suddenly disappeared on May 5, 1969, and after appeared a month latter, he left the band after getting a call from a music distributor. To find a new replacement, Hideto and Toshio meet Yûsuke Natsu (later became a TV and film actor) and he joined the band who was planning to participate in the formation of another GS band, Olive, on May 10, but the GS gere was already sluggish around this time, and the popularity of Ox was beginning to fade. On May 31, 1971, when the GS boom came to an end, they perforce their last concert the at Ikebukuro's jazz cafe "ACB" and was finally disbanded in mid-1971.

Members

 Toshio Fukui - band leader, bass (born January 29, 1947 - );  Real name: same; (Nickname: Toshio)
 Hideto Noguchi - vocal (born November 27, 1950 - );  Real name: Masayuki Nouchi; Stage name: Hideto Maki;  (Nickname: Hideto)
 Ai Akamatsu - keyboard, vocal (born February 14, 1951 - );  Real name: Yoshinobu Akamatsu;  Disappeared in May 1969 and appeared a month later to tell the group that he want to leave the band to took over his family business and is now a company owner. (Nickname: Ai-chan)
 Yuji Iwata - drums (born April 15, 1946 in - );  Real name: same (Nickname: Yuji)
 Shiro Okada - guitar (born June 9, 1949 in - ); Real name: same (Nickname: Shiro)
 Yusuke Taura - keyboard (born October 30, 1950 - died January 27, 2010); Joining as Akamatsu's replacement, he started his solo singer debut and acting activities under the stage name of Yusuke Natsu in 1970, and after the dissolution, he completely turned into an actor for Toho and Toei companies. Real name: Hisayuki Taura (Nickname: Yuki)

Former members

 Norio Sugiyama (guitar)
 Jun Kuriyama (vocals)

Major hit songs

 Girlfriend (ガールフレンド, Gāru furendo) / Hana no Yubiwa (花の指環, Hana no yubi wa); (1968.5.5); 6th on the Oricon chart.
 Dancing Seventeen (ダンシング・セブンティーン, Danshingu sebuntīn) / Please Have My Heart (僕のハートをどうぞ, Boku no hāto o dōzo); (1968.9.5); Oricon 28th.
 Tears of Swan (スワンの涙, Swan no namida) / Ox Cry (オックス・クライ, Okkusu kurai); (1968.12.10); 7th on the Oricon chart.
 I'm On Fire (僕は燃えてる, Boku wa moe teru) / Ox At Dawn (夜明けのオックス, Yoake no okkusu); (1969.3.25); Oricon 18th.
 Rosario Forever (ロザリオは永遠に, Rozario wa eien ni) / Midsummer Flamenco (真夏のフラメンコ, Manatsu no furamenko); (1969.6.25); Oricon 32nd.
Against God (神にそむいて, Kami ni somuite) / Light of Dawn (夜明けの光, Yoake no hikari); (1969.10.10); Oricon 41st.
Forgive Me (許してくれ, Yurushite kure) / Just A Little Love (ジャスト・ア・リトル・ラブ, Jasuto a ritoru rabu);  (1970.2.5); Oricon 64th.
I'll Give You (僕をあげます, Boku o agemasu) / Flower Time (花の時間, Hana no jikan) ; (1970.5.5); Oricon 91st.
Nothing Can Be Done (もうどうにもならない, Mō dōnimo naranai)  / Don't Turn Around (ふりむきもしないで, Furimuki mo shinaide) ;  (1970.12.5);  Oricon 100th place out of range.

Appearance
Televisions:
 July 12, 1968 - "Young 720" *Semi-regular appearance (broadcast: TBS TV)
 October 1968 - "LOL Young Pops" *Guest appearance (broadcast: Nippon TV)
 October 1968 - "Let's Go! Young Sounds" *Guest appearance (broadcast: Fuji TV)
 January - March 1969 - "Din Don Dunn" *Regular appearance and starring Akiko Wada (broadcast: Nippon TV)
Movies:
July 20, 1968 - "An Angel's Temptation" (Starring Jun Mayuzumi & directed by Kogi Tanaka) (Distributed by: Shochiku)
 March 29, 1969 - "Fallen Leaves And Kiss" (Starring Village Singers, Nana Ozaki, and Hiroshi Fujioka, directed by Kōichi Saitō) (Distributed by: Shochiku)
 May 2, 1970 - "Alleycat Rock: Female Boss" (Starring Meiko Kaji, Akiko Wada & The Mops, directed by Yasuharu Hasebe) (Distributed by: Nikkatsu)

Musical groups from Tokyo
1967 establishments in Asia
1971 disestablishments

Ox (GS band)


A television pilot (also known as a pilot or a pilot episode and sometimes marketed as a tele-movie) in United Kingdom and United States television, is a standalone episode of a television series that is used to sell a show to a television network or other distributor. A pilot is created to be a testing ground to gauge whether a series will be successful. It is, therefore, a test episode for the intended television series, an early step in the series development, much like pilot studies serve as precursors to the start of larger activity.

A successful pilot may be used as the series premiere, the first aired episode of a new show, but sometimes a series' pilot may be aired as a later episode or never aired at all. Some series are commissioned straight-to-series without a pilot. On some occasions, pilots that were not ordered to series may also be broadcast as a standalone television film or special.

A "backdoor pilot" is an episode of an existing series that heavily features supporting characters or guest stars in previously unseen roles. Its purpose is to introduce the characters to an audience before the creators decide on whether or not they intend to pursue a spin-off series with those characters.

Television networks use pilots to determine whether an entertaining concept can be successfully realized and whether the expense of additional episodes is justified. A pilot is best thought of as a prototype of the show that is to follow, because elements often change from pilot to series. Variety estimates that only a little over a quarter of all pilots made for American television proceed to the series stage.

Pilot season
Each summer, the major American broadcast television networks – including ABC, CBS, NBC, Fox, PBS, Univision, and Telemundo – receive about 500 brief elevator pitches each for new shows from writers and producers. That fall, each network requests scripts for about 70 pitches and, the following January, orders about 20 pilot episodes. Actors come to Los Angeles from within the area or elsewhere in the United States and around the world to audition for them. By spring, actors are cast and production crews assembled to produce the pilots.

Casting is a lengthy and very competitive process. For the 1994 pilot of Friends, casting director Ellie Kanner reviewed more than 1,000 actors' head shots for each of the six main roles. She summoned 75 actors for each role to audition, and she then chose some to audition again for the show's creators. Of this group, the creators chose some to audition again for Warner Bros. Television executives, who chose the final group of a few actors to audition for NBC executives; as they decide whether to purchase a pilot, network executives generally have ultimate authority over casting. Since the networks work on the same shared schedule, directors, actors and others must choose the best pilot to work for with the hopes that the network will choose it. If it is not chosen, they have wasted their time and money and may have missed out on better career opportunities.

Once they have been produced, the pilots are presented to studio and network executives, and in some cases to test audiences; at this point, each pilot receives various degrees of feedback and is gauged on its potential to advance from one pilot to a full-fledged series. Using this feedback, and factoring in the current status and future potential of their existing series, each network chooses about four to eight pilots for series status. The new series are then presented at the networks' annual upfronts in May, where they are added to network schedules for the following season (either for a fall or "mid-season" winter debut), and at the upfront presentation, the shows are shown to potential advertisers and the networks sell the majority of the advertising for their new pilots. The survival odds for these new series are low, as typically only one or two of them survive for more than one season.

Types of pilots

Premise pilot
A premise pilot introduces the characters and their world to the viewer; it is structured so that it can be run as the first episode of the series if substantial changes are not made between the pilot and greenlighting. In the event the changes being made are so substantial that they would cause confusion to viewers, the pilot (or portions of it) is often re-shot, recast, or rewritten to fit the rest of the series.

The pilot for Gilligan's Island, for instance, showed the castaways when they had just become stranded on the island. However, three roles were recast before going to series, with the characters either modified or completely altered to the point where the pilot could no longer be used as a regular episode. As a result, CBS aired Gilligan's second produced episode, which opened with the same scene of the characters just stranded on the island (showing only those not re-cast), first; the story from the pilot from that point onward was largely reworked into a flashback episode which aired later (with several key scenes re-shot). Even Gilligan's theme song, which was originally done as a calypso number, was rewritten and recomposed to be completely different.

Another example is Star Trek, where footage from the unaired original pilot, "The Cage", was incorporated into the two-part episode, "The Menagerie", with the story justification that it depicts events that happened several years earlier. Conversely, the second pilot for Star Trek, "Where No Man Has Gone Before", aired as the third episode of the show's first season, even though it included some casting and costuming differences that set it apart from the preceding episodes.

If a network orders a two-hour pilot, it will usually broadcast it as a television film to recoup some of its costs even if the network chooses to not order the show. Sometimes, a made-for-TV-movie is filmed as a pilot, but because of actors not being available, the series intro is reshot for the first aired episode. The original Cagney & Lacey movie co-starred Loretta Swit (of M*A*S*H fame) as Chris Cagney, but when she could not get out of her contract, they reshot it with Meg Foster, who after the first season was replaced with Sharon Gless; therefore, the original movie is not considered part of the television series, and is not included in the series collections on DVD. In some cases, this does not hamper broadcast, such as Jackie Cooper playing the role of Walter Carlson in the TV movie pilot of the 1975 series The Invisible Man, but being replaced by Craig Stevens for the remainder of the series; the pilot is still considered part of the series and released to DVD as such. Likewise, The Homecoming: A Christmas Story had an almost entirely different cast from the series it was intended to pilot (The Waltons), but both have been rerun for many years.

Proof of concept
A proof of concept pilot usually takes place chronologically further into a series run than a premise pilot, to give network executives a better feel for how a typical episode would appear (since a premise pilot may have to deviate from a typical episode in order to properly introduce characters). Remington Steele used both a proof of concept and a premise pilot. Proofs of concept were particularly common for game shows; in such cases, the pilot may be entirely or partially scripted (and thus, due to regulations passed after the 1950s quiz show scandals, illegal to broadcast in many jurisdictions) and use fake contestants and "returning champions" to demonstrate those concepts. The adventure series Lassie had both a premise pilot, "The Inheritance", designed specifically to air as the series' first episode, showing how Lassie's series owner, Jeff Miller, came to acquire her; and a proof of concept pilot, "The Well", showcased situations typical to the series, which aired well on into the first season of the series.

Backdoor pilot
A backdoor pilot is a film or miniseries that serves as a proof of concept for a full series, but may be broadcast on its own even if the full series is not picked up.  The term may also be used for an episode of an existing television show that serves to introduce a spin-off. Such backdoor pilots commonly focus on an existing character or characters from the parent series who are to be given their own show.

For example, to introduce A Different World, built around The Cosby Show character Denise Huxtable (Lisa Bonet), the Cosby Show episode "Hillman" was devoted to Denise's visit to the college that would become the new show's setting, and her encounters with some of the new show's supporting characters. A 2018 episode of ABC's 1980s-set sitcom The Goldbergs, titled "1990-Something", heavily featured teachers who were recurring characters on the series and served as the backdoor pilot to Schooled, which debuted in early 2019.

In other cases, an episode of the parent show may focus on one or more guest characters who have not previously appeared in the show. For example, the JAG season eight episodes "Ice Queen" and "Meltdown" introduced the characters for what would become NCIS, while the NCIS season six two-part episode "Legend" introduced the characters for what would become the NCIS spin-off series NCIS: Los Angeles, and the NCIS season 11 two-part episode "Crescent City" introduced the characters for what would become NCIS: New Orleans. NCIS: Los Angeles itself also included a backdoor pilot for a potential further spin-off – NCIS: Red – but the series was not picked up.

Similarly, the backdoor pilot for the television sitcom Empty Nest was an episode of The Golden Girls, which relegated that show's regular stars to supporting characters in an episode devoted to new characters who were introduced as their neighbors. Feedback on the episode resulted in Empty Nest being extensively reworked before its debut; while the concept and the "living next to the Golden Girls" setting was retained, the series ended up featuring different characters from those in the original Golden Girls episode.

A 2011 episode of the TV Land original sitcom Hot in Cleveland focused on the wedding of the character Elka (played by Betty White). Boyce Ballentine (Cedric the Entertainer), an R&B singer-turned-preacher, was introduced as the pastor for the wedding, with the intention of Boyce eventually having his own series on the network. That came to fruition in 2012, when TV Land introduced The Soul Man.

A historically important venue for backdoor pilots has been the anthology series. They have variously been used as a place to show work still being actively considered for pickup, and as a venue for completed work already rejected by the network. With the decline of anthology series, backdoor pilots have increasingly been seen as episodes of existing series, one-off television films, and miniseries. As backdoor pilots have either failed to sell or are awaiting audience reception from its one-time broadcast, networks will not advertise them as pilots, only promoting them as a "special" or "movie". It is thus often unclear to initial viewers of backdoor pilots that they are seeing a pilot of any kind, unless they have been privy to knowledgeable media coverage of the piece.

Not all backdoor pilots lead to a series. The Star Trek episode "Assignment: Earth" was a backdoor pilot for a spin-off of the same name, featuring a human named Gary Seven (played by Robert Lansing), taken from Earth's far past and raised by aliens to be sent to watch over Earth in the 1960s; while the series was not picked up, its characters have appeared in numerous non-canon Trek productions set in the 20th century. The third season two-part episode "Terra Firma" of Star Trek: Discovery is generally regarded as a backdoor pilot for a series featuring the character Philippa Georgiou. The final two episodes of the CBS sitcom Green Acres (1965–71) were both backdoor pilots. With CBS being pressured by advertisers to develop more urban-themed shows (ultimately at the expense of the network's rural-themed programs), Green Acres creator Jay Sommers was given an opportunity to develop two series ideas, both of which were rejected.

ABC attempted to create a spin-off of Charlie's Angels in 1980 called Toni's Boys. The backdoor pilot that aired near the end of season four was simply titled "Toni's Boys" and guest starred Barbara Stanwyck as Antonia "Toni" Blake, a wealthy widow and friend of Charlie Townsend's who ran a detective agency she inherited from her late husband. The agency was staffed by three handsome male detectives: Cotton Harper (Stephen Shortridge), Bob Sorensen (Bob Seagren), and Matt Parrish (Bruce Bauer). The three took direction from Toni and solved crimes in a manner similar to the Angels. The show was not picked up as a regular series for the following season.

The series finale of One Day at a Time in May 1984 served as a backdoor pilot to a spin-off featuring Pat Harrington, Jr.'s character Dwayne Schneider in a new setting, but CBS ultimately passed on the potential series. Similarly, the 1988 two-part series finale of The Facts of Life ("The Beginning of the End" and "The Beginning of the Beginning") also served as a backdoor pilot that focused on the decision Blair Warner (Lisa Whelchel) made in using her trust fund to purchase the financially troubled Eastland Academy. Blair became headmistress and opened enrollment to male students for the first time in Eastland history. Up-and-coming actors Juliette Lewis, Mayim Bialik, Seth Green, and Meredith Scott Lynn were featured as some of Eastland's new students. NBC did not pick up the new series.

The Dukes of Hazzard aired two episodes, named "Jude Emery" and "Mason Dixon's Girls", which served as a backdoor pilot complete with the Dukes cast interacting with the new characters. Ultimately, CBS passed on the two series in favor of a series starring Hazzard County deputy Enos Strate. Another example within sitcoms would be a season 2 episode of The Nanny called "The Chatterbox", which centered around a struggling actress who gets a job at a barbershop owned by a single father.

A pair of Married... with Children episodes aired as backdoor pilots that would not be picked up. The first, Radio Free Trumaine, featured Keri Russell as a college student who winds up working at the campus radio station, with David Garrison set to reprise his role as Steve Rhoades. The other was Enemies, which was intended as an antithesis to Friends in the same way the flagship Married... with Children was for The Cosby Show. The pilot featured a guest appearance by Alan Thicke.

In June 2010, Lifetime pursued a spinoff procedural drama of Army Wives featuring Brigid Brannagh's character, police officer Pamela Moran. The fourth-season episode "Murder in Charleston" was intended to serve as a backdoor pilot for the proposed spin-off. The episode sees Moran teaming up with an Atlanta-based detective on a murder that is related to a case she has been working on for the past three years. At the end of the episode, the detective encourages Moran to take a detective's exam, and to look for her if she is in Atlanta. In September 2010, however, Lifetime declined to pick up the project to series.

In 2013, The CW announced there was a spin-off of their genre hit Supernatural in the works. The 20th episode of season nine titled "Bloodlines", served as a back-door pilot, revealed in January 2014 to have been titled Supernatural: Bloodlines. The series was set to explore the "clashing hunter and monster cultures in Chicago". The show was not picked up by the CW for the 2014–2015 season due to dismal overall reception by viewers. The Gossip Girl episode "Valley Girls" was supposed to be a backdoor pilot for a prequel spin-off series starring Brittany Snow as a young Lily van der Woodsen, however the show was not picked up. "The Farm" was an episode of NBC's The Office that was supposed to act as a backdoor pilot for a spin-off series starring Rainn Wilson and focusing on his character, Dwight Schrute. Upon review, the spin-off was not picked up by NBC and the original version was never aired; instead it was reworked with additional material shot later, as the original version contained "certain aspects that were appropriate for a pilot of a new show".

The Arrow episode "The Scientist" served as a backdoor pilot for the spinoff series The Flash, introducing Barry Allen as a CSI searching for super-powered people in an attempt to find his mother's murderer. This episode also created the Arrowverse, a shared universe of interconnected DC Comics superhero TV series. The "Heroes Join Forces" crossover was a two-part backdoor pilot for another spinoff series set in the Arrowverse called Legends of Tomorrow, featuring a team of heroes and villains originally introduced in Arrow and The Flash. The series finale of Arrow, "Green Arrow & The Canaries" served as an unsuccessful backdoor pilot for a series of the same name. The 100 episode "Anaconda" also served as an unsuccessful backdoor pilot for a prequel series.

Put pilot
A put pilot is a pilot that the network has agreed to broadcast either as a special or series; if it does not, it will have to pay substantial monetary penalties to the studio. This usually guarantees that the pilot will be picked up by the network.

Unsold pilot
An unsold pilot or "busted pilot" is a produced episode that is never broadcast or made into a television series. Variety estimates that only a little over a quarter of all pilots made for American television proceed to the series stage.

Test run
Instead of a single pilot episode, an alternative is a test run, a small number of episodes that air as a short-run series with the potential to go into full production if successful. This is particularly common among shows that are intended to be stripped (airing five days a week).

Talk shows occasionally use test runs. Metromedia and its successor Fox Corporation were particularly associated with using test runs for talk shows, with examples including The Wendy Williams Show, The Huckabee Show (a spin-off of Huckabee that aired for six weeks in summer 2010), the final version of The Jerry Lewis Show, and The Kilborn File, an unsuccessful comeback vehicle for Craig Kilborn.

In 2021, Fox Alternative Entertainment utilized a test market approach for its new reality talent competition format The Big Deal, producing a season of the series for Irish broadcaster Virgin Media One with the intent to use it as a pitch for Fox and other broadcasters.

10/90
In a 10/90 production model, a network broadcasts ten episodes of a new television program without ordering a pilot first. If the episodes achieve a predetermined ratings level, the network orders 90 more to bring the total to 100 episodes, immediately enough to rerun the show in syndication. Series that used the 10/90 model include Tyler Perry's House of Payne, Meet the Browns, For Better or Worse, Debmar-Mercury's Anger Management, and Are We There Yet?. Byron Allen's sitcoms followed a similar model, with Mr. Box Office and The First Family airing 26-episode first seasons with the intention of following them up with a full 104-episode order if successful; both series failed to reach the threshold Allen sought, though they remained in limited production (three to four new episodes a year, mixed in with the first season) for a few years afterward.

Other examples
An earlier variant was the 13-episode pilot run; in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Disney Channel notably gave a 13-episode pilot order to two series it never picked up, but would go on to longer runs on other networks: Good Morning, Miss Bliss (which also had a traditional pilot on NBC and would be revived by that network as Saved by the Bell) and the Canadian drama Hillside (which would move to Nickelodeon, Disney Channel's primary rival, and air as Fifteen).

As distinguished from the series premiere

A successful pilot is often used as the series premiere, the first aired episode of a new show, or it may be aired as a later episode or never aired at all. For the Canadian supernatural drama Lost Girl, the pilot that sold the series to Showcase, "Vexed", was used as the eighth episode of the first series. In the case of Firefly, the original pilot ("Serenity") which was intended to serve as the series premiere was rejected by the network, and a new first episode, "Train Job", was shot specifically for broadcast.

Sometimes, too, viewers will assign the word "pilot" to a work that represented the first appearances of characters and situations later employed by a series – even if the work was not initially intended as a pilot for the series. A good example of this is "Love and the Television Set" (later retitled "Love and the Happy Days" for syndication), an episode of Love, American Style that featured a version of the Cunningham family. It was in fact a failed pilot for the proposed 1972 series New Family in Town, but was recycled as a successful pilot for 1974's Happy Days. So firmly embedded is the notion of it as a Happy Days pilot, that even series actress Erin Moran (who did not appear in the episode) viewed it as such, as well as its creator, Garry Marshall, since Happy Days itself did not have a separate pilot of its own. In a similar situation, the 1962 pilot Howie was resurrected 13 years later to form the basis of The Paul Lynde Show.

The original Star Trek TV series had two pilots, neither of which became the premiere episode when the series was picked up.  The first, titled The Cage, didn't sell, but Desilu head Lucille Ball convinced NBC executives to allow shooting of a second pilot, Where No Man Has Gone Before, which was accepted by the network.  The Cage was edited and expanded into a two-part story, shown as The Menagerie.  This turned out to be an auspicious decision, because of various challenges which bogged down series production during the first season. The second pilot was also shown during that first season, as the third episode.  The only major character to appear in both pilots was Spock.

On other occasions, the pilot is never broadcast on television at all. Viewers of Temple Houston, for example, would likely have considered "The Twisted Rope" its pilot because "The Man from Galveston" was only publicly exhibited in cinemas four months later. Even then, "The Man from Galveston" had an almost entirely different cast, and its main character was renamed to avoid confusion with the then-ongoing series.

Some television series are commissioned "straight-to-series" where a network orders a season without viewing any produced episodes, hence no episode is considered a pilot. For instance, "Invasion of the Bane", the first episode of The Sarah Jane Adventures, is not a pilot because the BBC had committed to the first season before seeing any filmed content – yet it is routinely referred to as a pilot. The straight-to-series model is usually used when established talent is attached to a series, or it is based on an established property or franchise. Amazing Stories (1985) is credited as being one of the first series commissioned without a pilot. The model has seen a rise since Netflix popularized it.

Theatrical release
A number of unsold pilots have been reworked into theatrically-released feature films, including Lum and Abner Abroad (1956), which wove together three pilot episodes for a 1956 series that would have starred the comedy duo of Lum and Abner; Agent for H.A.R.M. (1966); and Mulholland Drive (2001), which was composed of an unsold pilot episode appended with an ending shot specifically for the film.

In addition, a number of unsuccessful pilot episodes have been released as direct-to-video films, including Belle's Magical World (1998), Cruel Intentions 2 (2001) and Atlantis: Milo's Return (2003).

See also
 Series premiere
 Season premiere
 Series finale
 Season finale

References

Further reading

External links
 NYTimes: No Smooth Ride on TV Networks' Road to Diversity  (2009)
 Television Obscurities – Unsold Pilots on Television, 1956–1966
 Television Obscurities – Unsold Pilots on Television, 1967–1989
 Pilot Season Secrets: Are You Ready?

Pilot

Television pilot


Colorimetric analysis is a method of determining the concentration of a chemical element or chemical compound in a solution with the aid of a color reagent. It is applicable to both organic compounds and inorganic compounds and may be used with or without an enzymatic stage.  The method is widely used in medical laboratories and for industrial purposes, e.g. the analysis of water samples in connection with  industrial water treatment. The equipment required is a colorimeter, some cuvettes and a suitable color reagent.  The process may be automated, e.g. by the use of an AutoAnalyzer or by Flow injection analysis.

Analytical chemistry

Colorimetric analysis


Ian James Walker (born 25 February 1970 in Worcester, Worcestershire) is one of Britain's most successful sailors, with two Olympic silver medals to his name.  He is a member of Northampton Sailing Club and Warsash Sailing Club.

Career

Early life
Walker, together with Chris Fox, won the 1993 International 14 World Championship.

Olympic sailing

At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Savannah, Walker received the silver medal in the 470 class along with his sailing partner, John Merricks. At the 1996 470 European Championships he won the bronze medal with his partner John Merricks. On 15 October 1997, both Walker and Merricks were passengers in a minivan in Italy when the driver lost control, and Merricks was killed.

In 1999, Walker began sailing with Mark Covell. At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Walker and Covell won the silver medal in the Star class.

Walker also coached Shirley Robertson and her Yngling team to gold at the 2004 Athens Olympics.

America's Cup

When Great Britain launched its first bid for the America's Cup for 14 years in 2000, Walker was named as the skipper. Then, in the 2007 America's Cup he joined fellow Olympic medallist Iain Percy as the tactician of the Italian team +39 Challenge. His America's Cup commitments were combined with the highly successful TP52 campaign as skipper of Patches, owned by Eamon Conneely.

Volvo Ocean Race

2008–09 Volvo Ocean Race
In the 2008–09 Volvo Ocean Race, he was the skipper of the boat Green Dragon. the boat finished fifth in this race out of eight competitors.

2011–12 Volvo Ocean Race
In the 2011–12 Volvo Ocean Race, Walker skippered Abu Dhabi's first entry in the Volvo Ocean Race – Abu Dhabi Ocean Racing. Overall the team finished fifth out of the six competitors.

2014–15 Volvo Ocean Race
Ian Walker was also appointed as skipper of Abu Dhabi's next entry, Azzam into the 2014–15 Volvo Ocean Race, sailing the new VO65 class. He successfully lead the team to victory, securing an insurmountable point lead over the other teams on the second to last leg. During this race the team also won the in-port race series and set a 24-hour distance record of  while approaching Cape Horn.

Records held
 Fastest circumnavigation – Isle of Wight – 2 hours 21 minutes (Foncia) August 2012. Ratified by the World Sailing Speed Record Council
 Fastnet Monohull Race record – 42hrs 39min, (Volvo Open 70 Abu Dhabi) in August 2011

References

External links

 Green Dragon Racing Team
 Interview with Ian Walker, Green Dragon skipper, May 2009
 Abu Dhabi Ocean Racing 2011-12

1970 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Worcester, England
English male sailors (sport)

Olympic sailors for Great Britain
Sailors at the 1996 Summer Olympics – 470
Sailors at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Star
Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain
Olympic medalists in sailing
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics

2007 America's Cup sailors
2003 America's Cup sailors
2000 America's Cup sailors

Volvo Ocean Race sailors

International 14 class world champions
World champions in sailing for Great Britain

Ian Walker (sailor)


Aristeguietia gayana, or asmachilca, is a bush that grows up to 1 meter in height. It grows in the west-facing mountainsides and interandean valleys between 3600–4000 meters in altitude.

Asmachilca is only found in Peru. It was traditionally used by the Incas for respiratory system complaints.  Today, it is used in cooking, but tea is the most common preparation.

References

External links

gayana
Flora of Peru

Aristeguietia gayana


How to Live Forever is a 2009 documentary film about longevity, written by Mark Wexler and Robert DeMaio. It is also directed by Wexler, and the film follows him on a three-year pilgrimage to discover the best practices and philosophies to help mitigate "the uncool trappings of old age." With the death of his mother (artist Marian Witt-Wexler) and the arrival of an AARP card, Wexler begins to wonder if one can truly achieve immortality. He interviews an eclectic group of celebrities, health care professionals, centenarians, followers of Laughter Yoga, and scientists contemplating technology's impact on the average lifespan in an attempt to conquer death.

Interviews
Wexler visits the home of fitness legend Jack LaLanne and his wife Elaine for a personal training session and a raw food smoothie. Often called the "godfather of fitness", Jack LaLanne was among the first to publicly preach the health benefits of regular exercise and a good diet. In 1936, when LaLanne was 21 years old, he opened one of the nation's first fitness gyms, and in the 1950s he filmed a series of television exercise programs. LaLanne invented several exercise machines, was inducted to the California Hall of Fame in 2008, and has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

In the documentary, Suzanne Somers speaks to the International Congress on Anti-Aging Medicine in Las Vegas. She describes the array of hormones that she takes daily, explaining why she is a supporter of bioidentical hormone replacement therapy. Author of numerous diet books and autobiographies, Somers also wrote Ageless: The Naked Truth About Bioidentical Hormones. Somers is an actress, author, and businesswoman, best known for her role as Chrissy Snow on Three's Company.

Aubrey de Grey is a British author and theoretician in the field of gerontology. His studies focus on researching and developing tissue-repair strategies intended to prolong lifespans. De Grey is the editor-in-chief of the academic journal Rejuvenation Research, author of The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging, and co-author of Ending Aging.  Wexler, as well as news sources like The New York Times, the BBC, and Fortune, have interviewed de Grey to learn more about his theories on anti-aging.

Also featured in the documentary is celebrated American writer Ray Bradbury, who is best known for his books Fahrenheit 451, The Martian Chronicles, and Something Wicked This Way Comes. The Pulitzer board recognized Bradbury "for his distinguished, prolific, and deeply influential career as an unmatched author of science fiction and fantasy." Many of his works have been adapted into television shows or films. When asked if he's afraid of getting old, Bradbury replies, "No, I've never had that fear; I knew that I was collecting truths along the way."

Comedian Phyllis Diller had maintained the stage presence of a boisterous, eccentric housewife with an unusual laugh in stand-up and sitcoms since 1952. She guest-starred in dozens of television shows and also voiced the Queen in Disney's A Bug's Life, Jimmy's grandmother in Nickelodeon's Jimmy Neutron, and Peter Griffin's mother in Family Guy. In the documentary, Diller states she believes comedy is important to health, maintaining that "laughter fluffs up every cell in the body."

Claiming to have been born in 1906, Pierre Jean Buster Martin was a 104-year-old beer drinking and chain-smoking marathon runner. He did not include fish, dairy, tea, or water in his diet. Buster smoked since he was seven-years-old and followed a diligent regimen of beer, cigarettes, and red meat.  In 2008, Buster successfully finished the London Marathon. When Buster was not training for marathons, he cleaned vans for Pimlico Plumbers in southeast London. On April 12, 2011, Buster finished work, had a beer, and went home. He died that night, at age 104.

Jonathan Gold, a food critic who writes for LA Weekly, shares an Oki Dog and his philosophy of food with Wexler. Gold claims that "eating is one of the great pleasures of life", and believes that those with diet restrictions are missing out on a lot that life has to offer. He is the author of Counter Intelligence and has written for several magazines throughout his lifetime. In 2007, Gold became the first critic to win the Pulitzer Prize.

Dr. Madan Kataria gives viewers of the documentary a prescription for longevity: "Laugh ten minutes every day for no reason." Known as the "Guru of Giggling", Kataria researched the physiological and psychological benefits of laughter and started a Laughter Yoga club in 1995 with just five people in a public park in Mumbai. The unusual exercise routine combines yoga breathing with laughter exercises, and it has grown to more than 6,000 Laughter Yoga clubs in over 60 countries.

In the documentary, Eleanor Wasson reveals that being a vegetarian and drinking vodka every night are a few secrets to her 100-year lifespan. Throughout her life, Wasson was a volunteer, an activist, and a devotee to social and political causes of various kinds. She was the founder of WomenRise for Global Peace and had been a long-time fighter against the spread of nuclear weapons. For thirty years, Wasson was the Coordinator of Volunteer Services for UCLA. She died April 6, 2008.

Pico Iyer, a British-born novelist, essayist, and travel writer, also makes an appearance in the documentary. He regularly contributes to Time, National Geographic, and the New York Times on various subjects. Iyer is a close friend of the director and is, Wexler claims, "the sanest person I know." He turns the camera on Wexler, asking the director to examine his own hopes and intentions for making the documentary. He asserts that like the ending of books and films, "death makes sense of everything that comes before it."

The documentary, contrary to its title, is not a how-to guide to eternal life. Rather, it is an examination of different philosophies and perspectives on life, offering viewers a glimpse into the science and commercialism in fields like funeral planning, cryonics, and anti-aging practices. Meanwhile, the film challenges viewers to examine their own notions of whether to combat or accept the inevitability of aging; it is this dilemma that drives Wexler's search both around the world and within himself, asking the question, "If you could take a pill to live 500 more years, would you?"

Production
How to Live Forever premiered at the 17th Annual Hamptons International Film Festival in 2009. It was also screened at the Palm Springs International Film Festival in January 2011 and the Gasparilla International Film Festival in March 2011.

In addition to How to Live Forever, Mark Wexler directed Tell Them Who You Are (2004), about his father, cinematographer Haskell Wexler, and Me and My Matchmaker (1996). He also co-produced Air Force One (2002). Me and My Matchmaker won an Audience Award for Best Documentary at the 2006 Slamdance Film Festival.

Robert DeMaio, director of the 1983 TV series Against the Odds and writer of TV documentary Reversal of Fortune (2005), co-wrote Tell Them Who You Are and Me and My Matchmaker with Wexler. Mark Luethi is co-producer of How to Live Forever and associate producer of Tell Them Who You Are. Stephen Dypiangco, producer of marketing and distribution for 2011 Oscar-winner God of Love, is also producer of marketing and distribution for How to Live Forever.

Featuring
The following people are featured in How to Live Forever :

Dolores Bates
Ray Bradbury
Aubrey de Grey
Brian M. Delaney
Phyllis Diller
Mordecai Finley
Sebastien Gendry
Jonathan Gold
Rathyna Gomer
Brian Harris
Pico Iyer
Marge Jetton
Tanya Jones
Madan Kataria
Ronald Klatz
Tricia Kurunathan
Ray Kurzweil
Elaine & Jack LaLanne
Thomas Lynch
Buster Martin
Shinei Miyagi
Kelly Morton
Al Mott
Samm Mullins
Scott Mullins
Zenei Nakamura
Sherwin Nuland
Ushi & Kikue Okushima
Don & Edna Parker
John Robbins
Randall Roberts
Linda Salvin
Lisa Schoonerman
Diana Schwarzbein
Willard Scott
Takanori Shibata
Suzanne Somers
Shigeo Tokuda
Ellsworth Wareham
Eleanor Wasson
Craig Willcox
Jessica L. Williams
Marianne Williamson
Tyrus Wong
Heather Yegge
Akimitsu Yokoyama
Robert O. Young

References

External links

 Mark Wexler on How to Live Forever

2009 films
2009 documentary films
American documentary films
Documentary films about old age
Aurealis Award-winning works
Variance Films films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
English-language documentary films

How to Live Forever


Welbeck Publishing Group, formerly Carlton Publishing Group, is a London-based independent book publisher of fiction, narrative and illustrated non-fiction, as well as gift and children's books. Established in 2019 by Executive Directors Mark Smith and Marcus Leaver, the business specialises in commercial publishing in 30 languages and in more than 60 countries around the world, across all genres and categories.

Welbeck's imprints include Welbeck (Fiction and Non-Fiction), Balance (Lifestyle and MBS), Orange Hippo! (gifts), Welbeck Children's, Flame (Middle-Grade Fiction) and Mountain Leopard Press (Literary and Translations).

Notable authors include Paul McKenna, Jessie Cave, Linda Calvey, Ruby Wax, Freya North, Dr Hilary Jones and Simon Thomas.

References

External links
Official website

Book publishing companies based in London
British companies established in 2019
Publishing companies established in 2019

Welbeck Publishing Group


Glenville State University (GSU) is a public college in Glenville, West Virginia.

History
Glenville State University was founded in 1872 as a branch of West Virginia Normal School. It became known as Glenville State Normal School. It served the higher education needs of Central West Virginia. By 1910, the college enrollment had exceeded the population of Glenville and grew into a full four-year college by 1931.

The Glenville State College Alumni Center, known as the John E. Arbuckle House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.

On February 22, 2022, Glenville State College attained university status.

Academics
The college awards bachelor's degrees, associate degrees, master's degrees, and certificates.

Athletics

In athletics, the school's sports teams are known as Pioneers and Lady Pioneers, and they compete in the Mountain East Conference. They have teams in football, basketball, track and field, softball, golf, baseball, cross country running, acrobatics & tumbling, and volleyball. The women's basketball team won the NCAA Division II National Championship in 2022. After the women's basketball team won the 2022 championship, their head coach Kim Stephens was named the Women's Basketball  Coaches Association (WBCA) National Coach of the Year in Division II. Stephens was also selected as the 2022 recipient of the Fufari Award which recognizes the college coach of the year for the state of West Virginia, an award which she also won in 2019. They previously competed in the West Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, which disbanded following the 2012–13 season.

References

External links
 Official website

Public universities and colleges in West Virginia
Education in Gilmer County, West Virginia
Universities and colleges established in 1872
Buildings and structures in Gilmer County, West Virginia
Tourist attractions in Gilmer County, West Virginia
1872 establishments in West Virginia

Glenville State University


Mohsin Charania (born February 27, 1985) is a professional poker player from Chicago, Illinois who has won titles at the World Series of Poker, the World Poker Tour, and the European Poker Tour.

Charania briefly worked as a financial analyst for J.P. Morgan. His first major poker title came in 2012 at the EPT Grand Final in Monte Carlo, where he won €1,350,000. On the WPT Charania has 25 cashes and made five final tables. In 2013, he won his first WPT title at the Grand Prix de Paris. His second WPT win came in 2014 at the Five Diamond World Poker Classic, earning $1,477,000.

Charania first cashed at the WSOP in 2009. In total he has 43 cashes and made three final tables. In 2017 he won his first WSOP bracelet in a $1,500 No Limit Hold'em event. The win allowed him to complete poker's Triple Crown, becoming the sixth player to accomplish the feat.

Playing under the names "chicagocards1" and "sms9231", Charania has online winnings of nearly $6,000,000. In 2010 he won a Spring Championship of Online Poker event.

As of 2017, Charania's total live winnings exceed $5,618,000. His WSOP cashes account for $807,000 of those earnings.

World Series of Poker bracelets

References

External links
Hendon Mob profile
WSOP.com profile

1985 births
American poker players
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
World Poker Tour winners
European Poker Tour winners
People from Chicago
Living people

Mohsin Charania


John Williams (born 1736) was an English politician. He was MP for Saltash in 1772.

He was the son of John and Sarah Williams, of Nevis, and was baptised on 21 November 1736. He is recorded as being a resident of Brook Street, London, and as having married Charlotte Mary Thornhill on 9 October 1766. He stood for the constituency of Saltash in May 1772, defeating Thomas Bradshaw, who contested the result. Horace Walpole wrote that Williams was a "West Indian", who had been elected by bribery. He held the seat for only two months, before Bradshaw's petition against him succeeded. During this time he spoke twice in the Commons, once to assert his readiness to submit the election to an investigation, and again to speak on the subject of African trade.

A John Williams unsuccessfully contested the seat of Fowey in 1768, and Poole in 1774, though this may have been a different person.

References

1736 births
British MPs 1768–1774
Year of death missing
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for constituencies in Cornwall

John Williams (born 1736)


The International Children Assistance Network (ICAN) is a non-profit organization providing help for parents, caregivers and the general population in promoting the healthy development of children from before birth to the age of five. The activities of ICAN are mainly dedicated to the Vietnamese-American community. It was founded in 2000 by Thich Phap Chon, Ivy Vuong and Quyen Vuong and is based in Milpitas, California.

The organization implemented a project in Vietnam called "Strategy to Promote Public Awareness of Vietnamese Children's Health and Safety Issues". This project resulted in total spending of about $25,000 USD in 2004.

See also
List of non-governmental organizations in Vietnam

References

 "California Ballot Measures Would Have Negative Effect On Health Care Access For Children, Immigrants, Minority Advocacy Groups Say" - Medical News Today
 "ADAPT: Mekong Delta Alliance to Prevent Human Trafficking" - New America Media
 "Smoothing Paths in Two Countries" - Stanford Business
 "$1.2 Million in Grants to Promote Health, Well Being of Local Children" - Lucile Packard Foundation
 "NON-PROFIT CHARGES GRANT LIMITS ARE UNFAIR,  CITY SAYS TOBACCO-SETTLEMENT FUNDS DOWN" - San Jose Mercury News
 "Glitches remain in Census count" - USA Today
 "10 finalists for ExCEL Awards to be recognized during KU homecoming events" - KU
 "Young Vietnamese Americans giving back to their home country" - Nguoi Viet 2
 "Anti-Trafficking Initiative" - East Meets West Foundation
 "Asian American Groups Thank Census Bureau for Corrected Census 2010 Translation" - Asian American Justice Center

External links
 ICAN Official web page

Charities based in California
Children's charities based in the United States
2000 establishments in California
Organizations established in 2000
Vietnamese-American culture in California


Zeng Guofan, Marquis Yiyong (; 26 November 1811 – 12 March 1872), birth name Zeng Zicheng, courtesy name Bohan (), was a Chinese statesman and military general of the late Qing dynasty. He is best known for raising and organizing the Xiang Army to aid the Qing military in suppressing the Taiping Rebellion and restoring the stability of the Qing Empire. Along with other prominent figures such as Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang of his time, Zeng set the scene for the Tongzhi Restoration, an attempt to arrest the decline of the Qing dynasty. Zeng was known for his strategic perception, administrative skill and noble personality on Confucian practice, but also for his ruthlessness in repressing rebellions.

Early life

Born Zeng Zicheng in Xiangxiang, Hunan Province in 1811, Zeng was the grandson of Zeng Yuping, a farmer with social and political ambitions. He was also a descendant of the philosopher Zengzi, a student of Confucius. He studied in Yuelu Academy in Changsha Prefecture, where he passed the prefectural examination in 1833, only a year after his father, Zeng Linshu. He passed the provincial examination (juren) a year later, and by 1838, at age 27, he had passed the imperial examination, a prestigious achievement in China. He had earned the jinshi degree, the highest level in the civil service examinations, which led to his appointment to the Hanlin Academy, a body of outstanding Chinese literary scholars who performed literary tasks for the imperial court. It was at the Hanlin Academy where Zeng changed his given name to "Guofan", which sounded more prestigious. Zeng served in Beijing for more than 13 years, and remained devoted to the interpretation of the Confucian classics. He moved relatively quickly up the ranks with the aid of his teacher, Mujangga; within five years, he had become a second-grade official.

Entry into imperial politics
In 1843, Zeng was appointed as the chief literary examiner in Sichuan Province. Six years later, he was made Senior Deputy Secretary of the Board of Rites. When holding the office of Military Examiner (1851), he was compelled by the death of his mother to return to Hunan Province to carry out filial mourning, which is supposed to last three years. Around the time, the Taiping rebels had overrun Hunan Province and captured the cities and strongholds on both shores of the Yangtze River. By a special decree, Zeng was ordered to assist the provincial governor in raising a volunteer force, and, on his own initiative, he built a fleet of war junks and multiple arsenals, with which he attacked the rebels. This force eventually became known as the Xiang Army (a.k.a. Hunan Army or Chu Army). In training and commanding the Xiang Army, Zeng emphasized "family ties, individual responsibility, flexible yet responsible discipline, enhanced military pay, respect for intellectuals serving in the army, and a strong bond between officers and soldiers."  In his first engagement with the rebels, Zeng was defeated, but his lieutenants were more successful. They recovered the provincial capital, Changsha, and destroyed the rebel fleet. Following up these victories of his subordinates, Zeng recaptured Wuchang and Hanyang, near Hankou, and was rewarded for his success by being appointed vice-president of the Board of War. The Xiang Army under Zeng contained some integrated Hangzhou drill groups.

Fame and military campaigns

In 1853, other triumphs led to Zeng being made a baturu, and to his being decorated with a yellow riding-jacket. Meanwhile, in his absence, the rebels retook Wuchang and burnt the protecting fleet. The tide quickly turned, however, on May 1, 1854, Zeng defeated the Taiping at Xiangtan and in July at Yuezhou. Zeng succeeded in clearing the country round Poyang Lake, and subsequently in ridding Jiangsu Province of the rebels. In January–February 1855 the Xiang Army sufferers a disastrous defeat at Jiujiang, Jiangxi, leading to Zeng attempting suicide. His father died in 1857, and after a brief mourning he was ordered to take supreme command in Zhejiang Province, and to cooperate with the governor of Fujian Province in defence.

Subsequently, the rebels were driven westwards, and Zeng would have started in pursuit had he not been called on to clear Anhui Province of rebel forces. In June 1860, he was appointed Viceroy of Liangjiang (covering Jiangxi, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces) and Imperial Commissioner, overseeing military affairs. At this time, and for some time previously, he had been fortunate in having the active support of Zuo Zongtang, who at a later period recovered Kashgar for the Qing Empire, and of Li Hongzhang. Like all true leaders of men, Zeng knew how to reward good service, and when occasion offered he appointed the former to the governorship of Zhejiang and the latter to that of Jiangsu. In 1862, he was appointed Assistant Grand Secretary of State. At this time, the Qing imperial forces, assisted by the Ever Victorious Army, had checked the progress of the Taiping Rebellion, and Zeng was able to carry out a scheme which he had long formulated of besieging Tianjing, the rebel capital. While Charles George Gordon of the Ever Victorious Army was clearing the cities on the lower waters of the Yangtze River with support from Li Hongzhang, Zeng drew closer his besieging lines around the city.

In July 1864, Tianjing fell into Zeng's hands, and he was rewarded with the noble peerage "First Class Marquis Yiyong" () and the right to wear the double-eyed peacock's feather. He, Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang were collectively called "Zeng, Zuo, Li" – the military leaders who suppressed the Taiping Rebellion. After the suppression of the rebellion, the Nian Rebellion, closely related to the former Taiping movement, broke out in Shandong Province, and Zeng was sent to quell it.

Success did not, however, always attend him on this campaign, and by imperial order he was relieved of his command by Li Hongzhang, who in the same way succeeded him as the Viceroy of Zhili, where, after the Tianjin Massacre (1870), Zeng failed to carry out the wishes of the imperial court. Instead of the desired policy towards foreigners, Zeng took on a more diplomatic stance. After this rebuff, he retired to his viceroyalty at Nanjing, where he died in 1872 mysteriously in Hong Xiuquan's former mansion.

Personal life
Zeng was a voluminous writer. His papers addressed to the throne and his literary disquisitions are held in high esteem by Chinese scholars, who treasure the edition of his collected works in 156 books, which was edited by Li Hongzhang in 1876, as a memorial of a great and incorruptible statesman. Zeng enjoyed reading and held a special interest in the Twenty-Four Histories and other Chinese classics.

Zeng called Hakka females "big foot hillbilly witches" during the Taiping Rebellion after encountering them for the first time.

Unlike his contemporaries, who had multiple wives or kept concubines, Zeng was officially married only once, to a woman of the Ouyang family when he was in his late teens. He had three sons and five daughters with her, and two of his eldest children died young. His eldest son, Zeng Jize, who inherited his noble peerage "First Class Marquis Yiyong", went on to become a famous diplomat in the late Qing dynasty.

Zeng's ninth brother, Zeng Guoquan, was an ambitious general in the Xiang Army. He was later appointed Viceroy of Liangjiang in 1884. Zeng's great-granddaughter, Zeng Baosun, was a feminist, historian, and Christian educator.

Zeng is said to be a descendant of Zengzi, who in turn was said to be a descendant of King Shao Kang of the Xia Dynasty.

Legacy
Zeng's legacy in history is twofold. On one hand he is criticised as a staunchly conservative traitor, but on another he is seen as a hero in preserving order and stability. Many in China and abroad admire his ability to successfully survive in the ruthless bureaucracy of the late Qing dynasty. Many have blamed Zeng for all the civilian losses and damages done during the Taiping Rebellion, while others criticise him for being too friendly with certain foreign ideas. Much Chinese language historiography, including numerous biographies, has questioned what made him fight for an essentially foreign dynasty.

Since the Cultural Revolution, criticism of Zeng gradually began to disappear. Tang Haoming published in 1992 his three-book trilogy Zeng Guofan, a novelisation of Zeng's life during and after the Taiping Rebellion. This trilogy characterised Zeng as a common person, but had adopted a much more positive view of Zeng. Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-shek also praised Zeng's ability in military and political affairs.

In recent years, Zeng's life and his works have been widely celebrated, especially as an example of local pride in Hunan Province. Zeng's leadership and military skills had been used by many as a new field of thought aiding in business or bureaucratic dealings, as in the "self-help" 99 Strategems from Zeng Guofan.

Succession of the First Class Marquis Yiyong peerage

See also
 List of unsolved deaths
 Former Residence of Zeng Guofan
 Tomb of Zeng Guofan
 Taqibu

Notes

References

Porter, Jonathan. Tseng Kuo-Fan's Private Bureaucracy. Berkeley: University of California, 1972.
Wright, Mary Clabaugh. The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism: The T'ung-Chih Restoration, 1862 -1874. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1957.

External links
 Tang Haoming's Three-Book Trilogy of Zeng Guofan's life 《曾国藩》

1811 births
1872 deaths
Burials in Changsha
Chinese nobility
Generals from Hunan
People from Xiangtan
Qing dynasty generals
Grand Secretaries of the Qing dynasty
Assistant Grand Secretaries
Viceroys of Liangjiang
Viceroys of Zhili
Xiang Army personnel
Unsolved deaths
19th-century Chinese philosophers

Zeng Guofan


The Vienne (; , ) is a major river in south-western France. It is  long. It is a significant left tributary of the lower Loire. It supports numerous hydroelectric dams, and it is the main river of the northern part of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.

Two French departments are named after the Vienne: Haute-Vienne (87) in the Limousin region and Vienne (86) both in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.

Course
The Vienne rises as a spring in the department of Corrèze, at the foot of Mont Audouze, on the Plateau de Millevaches, near Peyrelevade. It then flows roughly west to the city of Limoges where it once played a major role in the famous Limoges porcelain industry.  A little way after Limoges it takes a turn to the north.  En route to its confluence with the Loire, the Vienne is joined by the rivers Creuse and Clain. Finally, after a journey of  372 km it reaches the Loire at Candes-Saint-Martin in the department of Indre-et-Loire.

The Vienne flows through the following departments and towns:

Corrèze: Peyrelevade
Creuse
Haute-Vienne: Eymoutiers, Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat, Limoges, Aixe-sur-Vienne, Saint-Junien
Charente: Chabanais, Confolens
Vienne: L'Isle-Jourdain, Lussac-les-Châteaux, Chauvigny, Châtellerault
Indre-et-Loire: L'Île-Bouchard, Chinon

Tributaries include:
 The Creuse, which joins the Vienne north of Châtellerault
 The Clain, which flows through the city of Poitiers, and joins the Vienne in Châtellerault
 The Briance, which joins the Vienne in Condat-sur-Vienne
 The Taurion, which joins the Vienne north of Saint-Priest-Taurion

References

Vienne

Rivers of Haute-Vienne
Rivers of Vienne
Rivers of Nouvelle-Aquitaine

Vienne (river)


An N battery (or N cell) is a standard size of dry-cell battery. An N battery is cylindrical with electrical contacts on each end; the positive end has a bump on the top. The battery has a length of 30.2 mm and a diameter of 12.0 mm, and is approximately three-fifths the length of a AA battery.

Overview
The N-cell battery was designed by Burgess Battery Company and was part of a series of smaller batteries including the Z battery (AA) and the Number 7 battery (AAA).

A zinc–carbon battery in this type is designated as R1 by IEC standards; likewise, an alkaline battery in this type is designated as LR1. ANSI designates this battery as 910A and 910D for alkaline and zinc–carbon chemistries, respectively. Energizer calls this type E90.

Mercury batteries of the same dimensions are no longer manufactured because of their toxicity. Former mercury cells, such as the  Mallory RM401, Duracell RM-401, IEC-MR1, etc., were supplanted by the alkaline Kodak KN.

Rechargeable N-size batteries are also available, in nickel-cadmium (KR1) and nickel-metal hydride (HR1) chemistries. However, these are far less common than other rechargeable sizes. Rechargeable  N-Series batteries may be charged in an AA charger using a makeshift adapter (such as a small metal slug or a spring). Some universal battery chargers (with spring-loaded contacts) are also able to charge N size batteries.

Common uses for this size of battery include some small flashlights, radio pocket pager receivers, remote control door chimes, glucose meters, small desk clocks, wireless microphones, laser pointers, some vintage calculators, some slot cars, film cameras, and small vibrators. However, as technology has improved, many of these devices now run on button batteries.

An N-cell battery has a similar size to the A23 battery, which has a 12 V output.

See also
 Battery recycling

References

External links
 Brand-neutral drawing of alkaline N battery based on ANSI specifications

Battery shapes

N battery