Spotted Tail (Siŋté Glešká  pronounced gleh-shka; birth name T'at'aŋka Napsíca "Jumping Buffalo" ; born c. 1823 – died August 5, 1881) was a Sichangu Lakota tribal chief. Famed as a great warrior since his youth, warring on Ute, Pawnee and Absaroke ("Crow"), and having taken a leading part in the Grattan Massacre, he led his warriors in the Colorado and Platte River uprising (Spotted Tail's War) after the massacre performed by John M. Chivington's Colorado Volunteers of the peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho camping on Sand Creek (November 29, 1864), but declined to participate in Red Cloud's War.

After his almost two years time as a prisoner in Fort Leavenworth's following Grattan affair, Spotted Tail was able to speak well English language, and to deal with the "Wasichu" (white men) without an interpreter, whom he didn't trust. He had become convinced of the futility of making war to oppose the white incursions into his homeland; he became a statesman, speaking for peace and defending the rights of his tribe by using his knowledge of "wasichu" language and system to increase his political capability to hinder their tricks and deceptions.

He made several trips to Washington, D.C. in the 1870s to represent his people, and was noted for his interest in bringing education to the Sioux. General Anson Mills, who knew Spotted Tail well, called him "a fine-looking man, with engaging manners, perfectly loyal to the government, a lover of peace, knowing no good could come to his people from war," a man who had both a high respect for and confidence in U.S. Army officers as well as a good sense of humor.
He was shot in the back and killed by Crow Dog, a Sichangu Lakota subchief, in 1881 for reasons which have been disputed.

Early years
Spotted Tail was born about 1823 in the White River country west of the Missouri River in present-day South Dakota. He was given the birth name of Jumping Buffalo. Two of his sisters, Iron Between Horns and Kills Enemy, were married to the elder Crazy Horse (later known as "Worm"), in what was traditional Sioux practice for elite men. Spotted Tail may have been the maternal uncle of the famous warrior Crazy Horse, which meant he was a relative of the notable Touch the Clouds as well. The young man took his warrior name, Spotted Tail, after receiving a gift of a raccoon tail from a white trapper; he sometimes wore a raccoon tail in his war bonnet.
During the previous 40 years, the Lakota or Teton Sioux had moved from present-day Minnesota and eastern South Dakota to areas west of the Missouri. They had differentiated into several sub-tribes or bands, including the Saône (including the Sihasapa, his father's sub-tribe, the Minneconjou, the Itazipcho, the Hunkpapa, the Oohenonpa), Sichangu ("Brulé") and Oglala. During this time the people adopted the use of horses and expanded their range in hunting the buffalo across their wide grazing patterns.

Marriage and family

Spotted Tail married and had children. He gained his first wife in 1842, after a deadly fight against chief Mahto Wakuwa ("Running Bear"), and, being the killed chief a famous warrior, young (not even twenty years old) Spotted Tail's reputation probably grew greatly increased. Eugene Fitch Ware, a Fort Laramie army officer, wrote that Spotted Tail's daughter, Ah-ho-appa (Wheat Flour) named also Hinzinwin (Fallen Leaf) or even Monica, "... was one of those individuals found in all lands, at all places, and among all people; she was misplaced." He suggested that she adopted some European-American practices, and that she was thought to be secretly in love with one of the officers at the fort. When she was dying in 1866, Fallen Leaf made her father promise that she would be buried on a hillside overlooking Fort Laramie.  The entire garrison at the post helped Spotted Tail to honor her request by arranging for a ceremonial funeral, including a Christian service and Sioux ceremony. Many years later, Spotted Tail had her remains transported to the Rosebud Indian Agency in South Dakota and re-interred.

Grattan and Ash Hollow battles

In the late summer of 1854, about 4,000 Sichangu and Oglala were camped near Fort Laramie, in accordance with the terms of the Treaty of 1851. On August 17, a cow belonging to a Mormon traveling on the nearby Oregon Trail strayed and was killed by a visiting Miniconjou Lakota warrior named High Forehead.
Lt. Hugh Fleming, the senior officer of the small garrison, consulted with the chief, Matȟó Wayúhi or Scattering Bear, to discuss the loss of livestock, the officer was evidently unaware, or chose to ignore, that such matters were, by the terms of the Treaty of 1851, to be handled by the local Indian Agent, in this case John Whitfield, who was due to arrive within days with annuities with which restitution could be made.
Aware that the matter was not under the purview of the military, Scattering Bear still attempted to negotiate, offering a horse from his personal herd or a cow from the tribe's herd but the cow's owner persisted in demanding $25 instead. Lt. Fleming asked the Sioux to arrest High Forehead and deliver him to the fort, which Conquering Bear refused; he had no authority over the Miniconjou and did not want to violate his people's tradition of hospitality. The day's talk ended in stalemate.

On August 19, 1854, Second Lieutenant John Lawrence Grattan, of the U.S. 6th Infantry Regiment, a recent graduate of West Point and supernumerary waiting for a vacancy in the regiment, led an armed detachment into the Indian encampment to take custody of High Forehead and bring him back to the fort. The aspiring Grattan, eager to gain a military reputation, was inexperienced and described as contemptuous of the Lakotas' ability as warriors. This was his first (and only) encounter with the Sioux.
By the time the detachment reached the encampment (osting some 1,200 warriors among the total 4,800 population), Lucian Auguste, Grattan's interpreter, was intoxicated from drinking along the way, as he feared the encounter; the Lakotas disliked him and he disliked them, moreover he spoke only broken Dakota, and had little grasp of other dialects. As they entered the encampment, he began to taunt the Sioux, calling their warriors women, and saying the soldiers were not there to talk, but to kill them all, and failed to fully or accurately translate Conquering Bear and Grattan's comments; according to the trader James Bordeaux, Lt. Grattan began to realize the risk and stopped to discuss the situation with the trader; Bordeaux advised him to talk directly with Conquering Bear and let him handle the situation, and Grattan seemed to not understand and continued on into the encampment, going first to the lodge of High Forehead, shom he ordered to surrender to the US forces. High Forehead said he would die first.
Then Grattan went to Conquering Bear, saying the Sioux should arrest the guilty party and turn him over; but Conquering Bear refused and tried to negotiate, offering a horse as compensation for the cow. Conquering Bear asked for the trader Bordeaux to act as interpreter, as the Sioux trusted him and his language ability.  Called by the Sioux, Bordeaux rode to the meeting place; later he said he could see the situation was out of hand; as Grattan persisted in pressing Conquering Bear, numerous Sioux warriors moved into flanking positions around the soldiers.
Ending the discussion, Grattan while was walking back to his column, but a nervous soldier fired his gun, shooting a Sioux, and the warriors started shooting arrows while leaders tried to take control. Conquering Bear was mortally wounded and died nine days later near the Niobrara River. The Sichangu Lakota warriors, led by Spotted Tail, then a rising war chief within his people, quickly killed Grattan, 11 of his men, and the interpreter. A group of some 18 soldiers retreated on foot trying to reach some rocks for defense, but they were cut off and killed by overcoming warriors led by Red Cloud, a rising war chief within the Oglala Sioux. One soldier survived the massacre but later died of his wounds.
Conquering Bear was the only Lakota who was killed.  The Sioux spared Bordeaux, both because he was married to a Sichangu Sioux woman, and because he had a friendly relationship with the tribes. The enraged warriors "rampaged throughout the night, swearing to attack other whites." They rode against Fort Laramie the next morning but withdrew; they looted the trading post but did not harm Bordeaux.  On the third day after the US attack, the Sichangu and Oglala abandoned the camp on the North Platte River and returned to their respective hunting grounds.  On the fourth day, the military asked Bordeaux to arrange a burial party and found that the slain soldiers had been ritually mutilated.

The U.S. press called the event the "Grattan Massacre", and reports generally ignored the US soldiers' instigation of the event by their failure first, to leave it up to the Indian agent to settle, as called for in the treaty, and second, shooting chief Conquering Bear in the back; punctually, when news of the fight reached the War Department, officials started planning retaliation to punish the Sioux.  Secretary of War Jefferson Davis characterized the incident as "the result of a deliberately formed plan.

Col. William S. Harney was recalled from Paris in April 1855 and sent to Fort Kearny, where he assembled a command of 600 troopers, consisting of men from the 6th Infantry, 10th Infantry, 4th Artillery, and his own 2nd US Dragoons. In all he had four mounted companies led by Lt. Col. Philip St. George Cooke and five companies of infantry under Maj. Albemarle Cady.  They set out on August 24, 1855, to find the Sioux and exact retribution. Harney was quoted as saying, "By God, I'm for battle—no peace."

Warned by the Indian agent Thomas S. Twiss that the army had put a force in the field, half of the Lakota camped north of the Platte went into Fort Laramie for protection as "friendlies". The other half, generally led by Conquering Bear's successor Little Thunder, remained at large. They considered themselves peaceful but knew that Harney was out with a force. They continued to harbor warriors sought by the Army.  Harney engaged them in the Battle of Ash Hollow (also known as the Battle of Bluewater Creek) on September 3, 1855. U.S. soldiers killed 86 Sichangu Sioux, half of them women and children, in present-day Garden County, Nebraska. The New York Times and other newspapers recounted the battle as a massacre because so many women and children were killed. The village of 230 persons was caught between an assault by the infantry and a blocking force by the cavalry. Spotted Tail, principal war chief of the Sichangu, surprised unarmed while taking part in the parley, was seriusly wounded four times and twuo bullets passed through his chest, but he was anyway the hero of the fight killing or wounding 13 "long knives"

Harney returned to Fort Laramie with 70 prisoners, most of them women and children, including Spotted Tail's mother, wife and three children and Iron Shell (Maza Pangeska)' wife. To make the Sichangu Women and children free, Harney claimed the delivery of the leaders of Grattan Fight, and Spotted Tail, Red Leaf (Waba Sha), Long Chin (Iku Hanska) and, some days later, Standing Elk (Hehaka Najin) and Red Plume (Wiyaka Sha) went to Fort Pierre esorted by Iron Shell and the whole Sichangu crowd. On October 25 the three warriors sought by the expedition surrendered, were held for a year at Fort Leavenworth (where Spotted Tail was reached by his wife several months later), and were released.  Harney ordered the tribes to send representatives to a treaty council at Fort Pierre in March 1856, where a treaty was signed on terms dictated by the War Department. Twiss tried to undermine the treaty, and Harney had him removed from office, although he did not have the authority to do so.  Commissioner of Indian Affairs George W. Manypenny successfully lobbied the Senate to reject the treaty, and Twiss was reinstated. Harney's actions against the Lakota restrained them for nearly ten years.
The US Army was soon involved in the American Civil War, and did not have resources to fight on the Great Plains. The Lakota could concentrate on their wars against old enemies as the Pawnee (favored Sichangu target) and Absaroke (favored Oglala target)-
In the spring-summer 1860 (April 10, May 19, May 21, June 22, July 5, July 11, September 1, September 14), Lakota (mostly Spotted Tail's Sichangu), Cheyenne and Arapaho repeatingly assaulted the Pawnee villages on Loup Fork (three villages, two of them inhabited by the Skidi and the third jointly by Chawi, Kitkehahki and Pitahuerat, placed on a cliff and protected  o the other side by a wall of clay); the Pawnee asked the Army for protection, and, in August 1860, capt. Alfred Sully reached the Agency with a small detachment and a howitzer, which was placed overstanding north the villages; when, being temporarily on duty at Fort Kearny capt. Sully, on September 14, 250 Lakota braves (likely Spotted Tail's Sichangu) attacked one of the villages, the Pawnee stood at defence and receiving reinforcements from the other two villages and from the Army encampment, suffering  an unknow number of losses, but killing 13 Teton. In the summer and fall 1862 Spotted Tail at least three times led his Sichangu braves against the hated Pawnee, two times (June - on the Chawi, Kitkehahki, Pitahurat -  and august – on the Skidi –) attacking.their encampments, and fighting a company of 2nd Nebraska Volunteers Cavalry, and the third time (September) attacking the Pawnee agency too. .

Spotted Tail's war and Indian uprising: Background
On June 8, 1864, US Government representatives met several Teton chiefs, who were called in at Cottonwood by Maj. George N O'Brien speaking for Gen- Robert B. Mitchell, the new military commander along the Overland Road, pretending them to leave the Platte River, where the Cheyenne and the US Army were clashing, but Sinte Galeshka (who was to succeed Wakinyan Chika as Sichangu principal chief) and Nomkahpa (Two Strike), speaking for the Sichangu, and Owa Shicha (Bad Wound), Owa Chika [*] (Little Wound) e Zoolah (Whistler), speaking for the Oglala, did not accept the proposal, who claimed that the Platte River was Teton country.

During the summer, several raids were performed by young Teton warriors along North Platte and Sweetwater Creek against white intruders. In July, a wagon train was attacked by the Oglala near the Platte River, kidnapping a woman. In August, a Cheyenne and Teton Dakota party, including Nomkahapa and his Sichangu, attacked another train, killing 11 men, burning the wagons and kidnapping a woman and a child, and, in the Little Blue Creek Valley, an Indian party (likely Teton Dakota) raided farms and wagons, kidnapping two women and three children at Liberty Farm. He Isnala and his son Mahpiua Icahtagya led a Minneconjou party of 30 men against Fort Laramie, stealing the whole stock. After the Little Blue Valley raid many settlers left the Nebraska border and General Mitchell went upstream of the Platte River and the Republican River leading a strong military column, but he did not find the Indians, camping all together in a large village on the Solomon River. Between August 15 to September 24, the way to Denver was interrupted, making Latham Station the last stop of the coach on the South Platte. This led mail having forced to be shipped through the Panama Channel or California, and even wagon trains carrying supplies dared to enter Indian country but only forming large convoys. Before wagoners were forced to give out, while the Teton Dakota were ravaging Nebraska roaming the countries east of Fort Kearny, the Cheyenne were roaming the countries west of Fort Kearny and the Arapaho those farther west and the South Platte River to Denver. Governor Evans asked for the 2nd Colorado Volunteers Cavalry, then busy in Kansas, to enroll a new 3rd Colorado Volunteers Cavalry, whose soldiers subscribed for 100 days, commanded by Colonel John Chivington. On August 18, Captain Mussey and his detachment engaged a party of Teton buffalo hunters but were routed by overcoming Cheyenne and Teton warriors, who reached and killed two soldiers. On October 22, Colonel R. R. Livingston sent cavalry patrols to set fire to a 200-mile long strip of prairie along the Platte River, unsuccessfully trying to keep the Indians out of the area.

Spotted Tail's war and Indian uprising in Colorado

The Cheyenne and Arapaho massacre performed by John Chivington at Sand Creek (November 29, 1864) provoked the former's fury and their allies the Teton, who, in December united their camps on the Cherry Creek and called the war on the wasi'chu. In January 1865, Sinte Galeshka, Nomkahpa, Palani Wicakte, Tatanka Yotake and other Teton leaders joined the Cheyenne to avenge the Sand Creek massacre on Julesburg (January 7) scalping those who didn't put themselves in safety, and attacking again, sacking and burning the town, several weeks later (February 2), keeping to raid the country along the South Platte River destroying farms and stagecoach stations and plundering so many horses and cows to decide to hold only the best of them and free the others.

The Sand Creek survivors had joined the Cheyenne camping near the Smoky Hill River, and had called the Teton, Dakota and the Northern Arapaho to take part in the war against the wasi'chu. The Cheyenne, Northern Arapaho, Sichangu Teton Dakota (led by Sinte Galeshka and Nomkahpa) and southern Oglala Teton Dakota (led by Palani Wicakte and Mahto Yotake) had camped together on Cherry Creek, while General Sibley's troops were getting together near Fort Lyon: after several raids along the Platte River the Indians had collected a force of about 1,000 warriors, led by Sinte Galeshka, and others. On January 5 (or 6th) 1865, they started moving to Julesburg, reaching the city's vicinities at night on January 6. On January 1 a small party of Cheyenne warriors assailed some soldiers outside Fort Rankin's (later named Fort Sedgwick) palisades, about one mile from Julesburg, garrisoned by a company of the 7th Iowa Volunteers Cavalry, attracting a detachment led by Captain N. J. O'Brien and some civilians (altogether 60 men including 38 troopers) outside the fort to an ambush and missing the complete success due to the excessive haste of some young warriors to charge before the encirclement had been closed. O'Brien and his men tried to retreat, losing 14 troopers and four civilians. A coach filled with crew and passengers entered the fort just before the Indians reached the palisades. The Cheyenne and their allies sacked Julesburg, then went back to Cherry Creek in the evening, triumphally reaching their camps on January 10. General Mitchell immediately collected the available troops (500 men and several artillery guns) at Camp Cottonwood, calling them back from the stagecoach trail, and on January 16 marched on the Republican River, as far as the Cherry Creek, already deserted.

On January 19 the Indians, having already moved on White Butte Creek, started again on January 26 to the South Platte River, crossing it on January 28 near Harlow's Ranch, planning a big raid (after a sequence of raids along the South Platte River on farms and stagecoach stations, the warriors crossed the river having plundered so meny horses and cows that they decided to keep only the best and relinquish the other stock) before moving towards the Powder River on February 2, and joining Northern Cheyenne and other Oglala Teton Dakota; Motavato, with 80 Cheyenne tepee, went to the Arkansas River. On January 16 Mitchell left Camp Cottonwood (about 100 miles from Julesburg) to search for Indian encampments on the Republican Fork, but returned on January 26, having useless weakened troopers and horses without having found the village on the White Butte Creek; Mitchell dispersed his troops along the trails to protect farms and stagecoach stations, and finally was replaced by General G. M. Dodge, who ordered Col. R. R. Livingston to collect his forces again and move against the "hostiles". The "Ohio Volunteers", under General Patrick E. Connor, were ordered to counter the Cheyenne and Arapaho and their allies Teton Dakota, Kiowa and Comanche in Colorado due to the lack of regular troops, busy on the Civil War battle grounds, while the warehouses of Fort Benton, Fort Lincoln, Fort Laramie, Fort Harker, Fort Leavenworth, Fort Supply, Fort Union were massively filled of supplies, weapons and ammunitions. Sinte Galeshka and the other chiefs decided to move on the Powder River and join the "hostile" northern Teton divisions, procuring at wasichu expenses what necessary to deal with a long and extraordinary winter walking of a column numbering 1,000 families, including women children and older people, who much hardly could get supplies along the way: farms and warehouses of the white intruders should provide all the necessary.

The balance of Indian revenge in January to March 1865, was heavy to white people as for human losses (at least 24 soldiers and 36 civilians were killed, and at least two women and one child were kidnapped), and very heavy as for material damages and lost stock. Allied to Arapaho and Cheyenne, the Sichangu Teton Dakota, under Sinte Galeshka and Nomkahpa, and the Oglala Teton Dakota under Palani Wicakte, terrified white intruders along the South Platte River, attacking wagon trains, stagecoach stations and military outposts, razed to the ground Julesburg, left just in time by its inhabitants to corral themselves in Fort Rankin, and isolated Denver for months.

In little more than one month occurred: killing 15 soldiers and four civilians at Julesburg on January 7; destruction of Beaver Creek stagecoach station, attack to Godfrey's Ranch, destruction of Wisconsin Ranch on January 14; destruction of Morrison's American Ranch, with the killing of seven white men and disappearing and presumable kidnapping of a woman and a child on January 15; burning of Gittrell's Ranch on January 25; burning of Lillian Springs Ranch, attack on Washington Ranch on January 27 with the burning, the killing of two civilians and a kidnapping of a woman at Harlow's Ranch, as well as destruction of the Buffalo Springs Ranch and of Spring Hill Station occurred on January 28; burning and destruction of 100 tons of hay, stealing of mules and about 500 cows at Moore's Ranch, near Valley Station – garrisoned by a Cavalry company – and wounding of two troopers of a patrol left to recover some animals on January 28–29; killing, by a party of young Cheyenne warriors, of nine troopers belonging to the 3rd Colorado Volunteers Cavalry at Prairie on January 29; destruction of the stagecoach station at Beaver Creek on February 1; burning of Buler's Ranch, burning of Julesburg with the demolition of a telegraph line, capture of a 22 wagon train on February 2: killing of three civilians at Washington Ranch on February 4, killing of four civilians at Lillian Springs Ranch on February 7; killing of three civilians at Gittrell's Ranch on February 9; killing of one civilian at Moore's Ranch and attack on three wagon trains on February 11; killing of nine civilians in various places on March 2; killing of three civilians and burning of the town at Julesburg on [March 16]).

On February 2, the Indians left the South Platte to the North Platte and a party of about 1,000 warriors (including Tashunka Witko), a time again, was led by Sinte Galeshka, with Nomkahpa and Palani Wicakte, to Julesburg: useless they managed to attract to the open ground the soldiers, showing the usual decoy parties, then, undisputed masters of the ground, sacked again and burned the town, camping in front of Fort Rankin and Cheyenne and Arapaho capturing two large wagons (loaded the one with minery machinery and the other with liquors) near Gittrell's Ranch ruins, nine miles away Julesburg.

On February 3, Cheyenne and Arapaho left Julesburg to go back to the village on the Lodgepole Creek, but the Teton Dakota remained feasting in front of Fort Rankin, breaking down the telegraph line and raiding 1,500 heads of stock between Julesburg and Washington Ranch; on February 4 the Cheyenne stole the cows and 20 horses at Mud Springs Station, on Muddy Spring Creek, where was a small military garrison who asked for help, telegraphically, to Camp Mitchell, 55 miles away, and Fort Laramie; lt. William Ellsworth left Camp Mitchell leading 36 troopers of 11th Ohio Volunteers Cavalry, reaching Mud Springs on February 5, but, charged by the Indians and forced to fortify in the corral, the detachment, perhaps short of ammunitions, escaped his doom by making the horses and mules to run away and attract the warriors' attention and distract them from the soldiers.

On February 6 arrived at Mud Springs the regiment's commander, Col. William O. Collins, who had left from Fort Laramie leading 25 men and 100 more after them: the Indians charged on the vanguard and then engaged the bulk of the overcoming column, forcing the troops to repair inside the ranch and the corral while about 200 warriors were trying to clear off hitting the troopers with swarms of arrows from the hills, finally the soldiers succeeded in reaching the top of a hill and entrenching themselves, and the Indians went away and moved the camp to the other side of the Platte River. Collins followed the track of the Cheyenne advancing in the Platte Valley, where they attacked the troops on February 7. Having entrenched in the wagon circle, the cavalry tried a sortie, loosing about half of the troop in front of the Indian warriors and repairing inside the wagon circle again, fighting until the evening, when the Indians went away, satisfied for the hard defeat imposed on the "Ohio Volunteers". Livingston and his troops reached Julesburg after the Indians had destroyed the town and had left to go back to their large camp, ready to move to the Powder River. Dodge tried to take credit for the Teton "withdrawal" as a consequence of the Livingston column approaching, but this false claim did not avert him to be replaced by General Patrick E. Connor.

Trust and betrayal
In April 1865 Sinte Galeshka, camped with his Sichangu on the Tongue River jointly with the Northern Arapaho, contacted by Government emissaries (in the meanwhile, on March 3, Vital Jerrott had replaced the disliked John Loree as Indian agent for the Upper Platte), appeared at Fort Laramie with 60 tepee (April 14) and settled near th fort, collecting a camp of 185 tepee jointly with Waba Sha's and I Tanka's Waglukhe and a fraction of Mahto Ohanko's Wagmezayuha Sichangu, while the other Wagmezayuha fraction, led by Blotahunka Tanka, went to join Tashunka Kokipapi's [*] and Mahpiua Luta's Oglala on the Powder River; an abnormal treaty subscribed by Genn. W. S. Harney and J. B. Sanborn granted to Dakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho the country between the Black Hills, the Rocky Mountains and the Yellowstone River, and forbid white people even the mere transit through that country; but a new chrisis was triggered because of the arrival into the Indian territory  of a column of 500 cavalrymen led by Col. Thomas Moonlight, with several artillery guns; in may Moonlights troops, scouting for them Jim Bridger, trespassed the Platte River reaching the Wind River, but, not having followed Bridger's directions they came into boundless snowy spaces and harsh snow storms, so they went back to the Platte River being watched over by a party of Teton warriors led by Tashunka Witko, and the Oglala stole 22 horses loosing some men. On May 30, 1865, Gen. Connor was put in command of the newly established Plains Military District, having arrived at Julesburg on may 15, after conferred with gen. H. Dodge and immediately beginning to prepare an expedition into the Powder River and Yellowstone River country: a column led by col. Nelson Cole coming rom Columbus, Nebraska, should pass north of the Black Hills, another one led by col. Samuel Walker, from Fort Laramie with about 600 men and 16° Kansas Volunteers Cavalry's baggage train, should pass through the Black Hills, and the last one, with a 7° Iowa Volunteers Cavalry's unit, 2° California Volunteers Cavalry, a signal unit, maj. Frank North and capt. Luther North "Pawnee Battalion", with a company of 95 scouts, a unit of about a hundred Omaha and Winnebago scouts, came to Fort Laramie waiting to enter the Indian territory. In the late spring a Mrs. Lucinda Eubanks and her son, captured in August 1864 on the Little Blue River, Kansas, were ransomed by Ite Nonpa (Two Faces), a friendly Oglala Teton chief who, on advisement of I Tanka (Big Mouth), chief of the Waglukhe Sichangu/Oglala ("Laramie Loafers"), went to Fort Laramie to free the two captives in the hands of the military authorities; along the way Ite Nonpa's folk were token over by I Tanka's Indian Police, which, along the way again, captured Si Sapa  (Black Foot)'s Oglala band too, and the Waglukhe policemen drove both groups to Fort Laramie; being absent col. Moonlight, fort's commander, the officer in charge, fully drunk, made the two Teton chiefs hanged. While the summer was beginning military authorities decided to transfer the Teton Dakota peacefully camped near Fort Laramie, and deport them to Fort Kearny, and ordered to arrest many chiefs and warriors; deported Teton (1.500 o 2.000 people, including Ite Nonpa' and Si Sapa', I Tanka', Mahto Ohanko and Wakinyan Chika' bands, object - especially the girls and young women – of every kind of abuses by the military escort) and the troops  assigned to their surveillance along the trail (a 130 men detachment of the 7° Iowa Cavalry under capt. William D. Fouts) reached Horse Creek on July 11 and camped on the two opposite shores: led by Sinte Galeshka and Wakinyan Chika's and Ite Nonpa's sons, and secretly provided of weapons, deprted Sichangu and Oglala mutinied assailing Fouts and the guarding troopers and killing the officer, then Sinte Galeshka and his warriors rose facing the detachment led by capt. J. Wilcox, which was trying to cross Horse Creek, and allowed the families to ford the Platte River and regain their liberty; only a few families remained in the hands of the Iowa Volunteers and were used as human shields until the warriors gave up and left; Fouts and four more troopers were killed and seven were wounded, and Indian Police, led by Charlie Elliston, defected; according to the military report, four traditionally friendly chiefs should have been killed in a fight among Lakota warriors just before the uprising, but truly one only Teton was killed, a crippled prisoner slaughtered and scalped py the soldiers after the fight. The freed Lakota went to the Powder River, where they were furnished with horses, cows, tepee and everything necessary, and where they spent winter forming a camp of more than 1,000 tepee; Moonlight with his troops, cautiously and leisurely, kept their trail until the White Earth River, where the Teton stampeded cavalry horses and stepped away undisturbed while the soldiers, compacted their ranks, were standing at defense.

Warring again from Powder to Platte Rivers: summer 1865

In the summer 1865 gen. Connor decided to expel the Indians from the territory north of the Platte River, therefore organizing his troops in three columns: (Cole, marching from Nebraska to the Black Hills; Walker, marching from Fort Laramie to the Black Hills; Connor, marching towardsl Montana along the Bozeman Trail); Connor's orders were "to kill every male indian older then 12 years" (and it's doubtful that officers and troopers woul ask for any Indian identity documents); from east, along the Powder River, was approaching, on the way to Montana, a column of gold seekers, mostly vetererans of the Civl War, organized by col. Sawyers. Pawnee auxiliaries were authorized to hunt every Dakota and keep for themselves his horses, therefore they killed several "Loafers" Lakota, provoking Sinte Galeshka's and the Sichangu's – who had returned recently again some Pawnee women captured some time before, giving with the women horses and other gifts -, and they threatened a fierce and bloody vengeance. In July a party of 50 Minneconjou braves, led by Kanku Wakantuya ("Long Backbone") raided for horses an Absaroke village; then the same Kanku Wakantuya, with 50 warriors, went raiding the Bozeman Trail, assailing an Omaha patrol scouting for the Army, killing three and stealing some horses of the military encampment. And in July ordered his troops to go into the Indian ruled cuntry: received the order to start, the 16° Kansas Volunteers Cavalry mutinied, and Walker to set down the rebellion, had to line up other troops ready to fire on the rebels, therefore the column left Fort Laramie on July 5; Connor crossed the Platte River on august 2, with 675 men, moving to the Powder River, where  he stopped on august 11 and began to establish Camp Connor (later replaced with Fort Reno) 25 miles from the mouth of Crazy Woman's Fork; a further column, composed by civilians goldseekers, mostly veterans, led by James A. Sawyers was moving towards Montana from east; gen. Sully, with his troops, reached Fort Rice on July 13 (greeting cannon-shots fired by col. Dimon made the 250 Hunkpapa, Sihasapa and Yanktonai camping along the river near the fort panic-striken; hardly they were persuaded the troops had no hostile intentions, but 130 mre families - including Tatanka Yotanka's group – who were approaching the fort turned back to their villages). During ten months (May–December) Powder River country was impassable to white people: 47 sevicemen and 109 civilians were killed and 16 women were captured. On July 26, 1865 about 1,000 (or, according other statement, 3,000) Teton Lakota, Northern Cheyenne and Hotamitaniu ("Dog Soldiers") Cheyenne, (led by Woquini, Tahmelepashme, Mahpiua Luta, Tashunka Kokipapi, - credited as present by the Cheyenne half-breed George Bent - and several others among the most important chiefs, as Sinte Galeshka - who, coming to Fort Laramie on a peace parley in the spring 1866, would deny to have taken part in the battle -,  Kanku Wakantuya,  Maza Pangeska, Nomkahpa, Palani Wicakte, Wahacanka Sapa, Mixaso Ska, Hehaka Galeshka, Mahpiua Icahtagya, [Young] Tashunkakokipapi, Shunka Bloka, Tashunka Witko, Chancu Tanka) attacked Platte Bridge Station, a post on the North Platte River garrisoned by a 11° Ohio Volunteers Cavalry battalion under maj. Martin Anderson; having uselessly tried to attract the troops outside the palizades, the warriors fell back on a five wagons military train and its escort of 25 troopers belonging to 11° Kansas Volunteers under sgt. Amos Custard, moving to the outpost, and a platoon of 25 more troopers belonging to the same 11° Kansas Volunteers (including a detachment of 12 men under cpl. Henry Grimm escorting the mail delivery) under lt. Caspar Collins (11° Ohio Volunteers) was sent to the rescue: before being rejected by the outpost howitzer, the Indians (whose final losses altgether amounted to eight killed and many more wounded) destroyed Custard's detachment, killing 23 troopers while only two escaped, and overwhelmed Collins' and Grimm's, killing the officer and four troopers and wounding nine; therefore the Lakota turned back to the Powder River.

Treaty of Fort Laramie

In the fall 1865 Spotted Tail and Red Cloud rejected two peace messages sent to them by Dakota Territory Governor Newton Edmunds and Gen. Henry H. sibley by way of Kawawesna Tanka (Big Ribbs) and, later, I Tanka (Big Mouth), two friendly chiefs campng near Fort Laramie, but the winter 1865-1866 was a hard one, supplies in the villages went low and many horses died, so several bands began to be better inclined towards peace proposals; In March 1866 Spotted Tail communicated his daughter was sick and he was to come and carry her to Laramie. Spotted Tail arrived on march 9 and Red Cloud on march 14; Fallen Leaf died along the way to the fort, and when she was dying, the girl made her father promise that she would be buried on a hillside overlooking Fort Laramie: the entire garrison at the post helped Spotted Tail to honor her request by arranging for a ceremonial funeral, including a Christian service and Sioux ceremony. Many years later, Spotted Tail had her remains transported to the Rosebud Indian Agency in South Dakota and re-interred. The two great chiefs and their people received gifts and were ready for peace, scheduling a meeting with Government Commisary N.G. Taylor for June 5 ad then, waiting for more Lakota and Cheyenne bands, for June 16,  but, on June 16, col. Henry B, Carrington's arrival, with the 700 men of his 18° Infantry, moving to the Bozeman trail and camping at 5 miles from the fort, provoked Red Cloud and Old Man Feared-for-his-Horses to leave the council; Spotted Tail and other chiefs subscribed a treaty on June 27.
In may, while waiting for Taylor, Spotted Tail, now at peace with the wasichu, left to make war on the Pawnee, from 1865 hunting again in Lakota country, provoking frantic appeals for troops to protect them and the Pawnee Agency white employees; therefore he led the Sichangu braves to clean out the Pawnee in the Republican River country.
Spotted Tail didn't join the new uprising along the Bozeman Trail promoted and led by Red Cloud, but other important leaders, as Tashunka Kokipapi (Old Man Feared-for-his-Horses), Palani Wikakte (Pawnee Killer), He Isnala (Lone Horn), He Napin Wanica (No Horn), Pezi (Grass), Tatoka Inyanka (Running Proghorn) were not convinced supporters of a new war on the wasichu, and would have disengaged as soon as possible.
After Red Clud's war Spotted Tail agreed to the treaty, which in 1868 established the Great Sioux Reservation in West River, west of the Missouri River. In 1871, the senior Spotted Tail, by then the principal war chief and leader of the Sichangu Lakota, visited Washington, D.C. to meet the Commissioner of Indian Affairs Ely S. Parker and President Ulysses S. Grant. While there, he met with Red Cloud, the principal war chief and leader of the Oglala Lakota, and they agreed to work together on preserving Sioux rights and land.
Spotted Tail succeeded in manteining almost balanced relations with the wasichu, visiting
Washington several times and gaining the esteem of many high officers and Government civil servants, so much that, in January 1872, Gen. Philip Sheridan and lt. col. George A. Custer presented him with 25 wagons loaded with supplies to be shared among his Sichangu to be host to Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich (son of Russian Emperor Alexander II) and, with his warriors, to accompany the imperial prince to a buffalo hunting together with Custer, "Buffalo Bill" Cody and scout Charley Reynolds and an honor military escort including a unit of "Buffalo Soldiers", with full satisfaction of the imperial guest and the US Government.
The Sichangu went back to Whetstone agency in the spring, and in June 1872 Spotted Tail, with Two Strike (Nomkahpa), Swift  Bear (Mahto Ohanko) and a large Sichangu delegation, went to Washington, and so did Red Cloud too with an Oglala delegation, to discuss the Government proposal of assignment to their people of a new reservation, and ask to move the agency from the Missouri to White River; there, Spotted Tail's and Red Cloud's agencies should be settled.

Prelude to the Great Sioux War of 1876-77

In 1874, George Armstrong Custer led a reconnaissance mission into Sioux territory that reported gold in the Black Hills, an area held sacred by the local Indians. Formerly, the Army tried to keep miners out but did not succeed; the threat of violence grew. In May 1875, delegations headed by Spotted Tail, Red Cloud, and Lone Horn traveled to Washington, D.C. in a last-ditch attempt to persuade President Grant to honor existing treaties and stem the flow of miners into their territories. The Indians met with Grant, Secretary of the Interior Delano, and Commissioner of Indian Affairs Smith, who informed them that Congress wanted to resolve the matter by giving the tribes $25,000 for their land and resettling them into Indian Territory.  The Indians rejected such a treaty, with Spotted Tail's reply to the proposition being as follows:

My father, I have considered all the Great Father told me, and have come here to give you an answer.... When I was here before, the President gave me my country, and I put my stake down in a good place, and there I want to stay.... I respect the Treaty (doubtless referring to the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie) but the white men who come in our country do not.  You speak of another country, but it is not my country; it does not concern me, and I want nothing to do with it. I was not born there.... If it is such a good country, you ought to send the white men now in our country there and let us alone....

The chiefs organized a general council at Lone Tree (halfway between Red Cloud's and Spotted Tail's agencies) and it confirmed the general hostility against any cession, but, in the summer Custer's 7° Cavalry was sent to the Black Hills and a Government Commission (Sen. William B. Allison, rev. Samuel D. Hinman, gen. A. Terry, John Collins - trader at Laramie -) was sent to negotiaie the transfer of the region: Red Cloud didn't appear and Spotted Tail rejected the Commission proposal.

While Sitting Bull (Tatanka Yotanka) was organizing a general uprising in the north to defend Lakota sovereignty on the Black Hills, and Red Cloud (Mahpiua Luta) was growing more and more angry, Spotted Tail (Sinte Galeshka) went for a reconnaissance mission for his own, finding gold eichness in the hills, and then went again for an other reconnaissance missin with other chiefs and Indian Agent Edwin A. Howard to show them his discovery and have a real esteem of the economic worth of the country, then asked for a price ten times greater and Government men refused, as he had foreseen.

When the Black Hills' campaign started, both Rosebud (Spotted Tail's Sichangu) and Pine Ridge (Red Cloud's Oglala) reservations were put under strict military control, weapons and horses were seized by the army and the two great chiefs were cautiously arrested.

After Little Bighorn battle and Sitting Bull's withdrown to Canada, many hostile bands decided  or were forced to turn back to Spotted Tail's and Red Cloud's, where the majority of Sichangu and Oglala had stayed anyway; the two great chiefs were active in missions to call back the scattered bands, including Tashunka Witko (Crazy Horse)'s and, later, Piji (Gall)'s; Spotted Tail was able to gain the surrender to gen. George Crook of ten times the hostiles who surrendered to col. Nelson Miles; the horses belonging to these bands were given to the reservation chiefs, but Spotted Tail turned back to them their horses (1200 horses were returned to Mahpiua Icahtagya 'Touching-the-Cloud'' 's Minneconjou and Mahto Hanska ''Tall Bear'' 's and Mahto Sha ''Red Bear'' 's Itazipcho), as he used (being the only Lakota chief to receive, as thanks by Crook, a government salary or as head chief of the Lakota or as honorary major of the Army) to distribute the whole amount of his govermen's money, which he had asked to get in one-dollar banknotes, to the needy Lakota families in the reservation.

Death in 1881
In 1881, while he was still carrying on his struggle to defend the reservations and Lakota's life on their soil, and to counter the power of Government Indian agents over the reservation of Lakota people following the Black Hills War, Spotted Tail was killed by Crow Dog for reasons that have been disputed. Luther Standing Bear claimed Spotted Tail was murdered by Crow Dog, accusing him for having sold land not belonging to him and for taking the wife of a crippled man (but never Spotted Tail sold lakota land, nor it exist any evidence of his "affair" and of the stelin of a crippled man's wife). Although these actions are said (without any evidence) to have angered many Sioux leaders, Spotted Tail refused to give the woman back, claiming the United States government stood behind him. Several men would have decided to kill Spotted Tail but, before they could act, he was killed by Crow Dog (his old opponent, said to be Scattering Bear's nephew aspiring to replace Spotted Tail in his head chieftaincy, former chief of the Indian police appointed by the corrupted Agent Cicero Newell and dismissed because of the lacking respect for him of the Sichangu) on August 5, 1881. According to historian Dee Brown: "White officials...dismissed the killing as the culmination of a quarrel over a woman, but Spotted Tail's friends said that it was the result of a plot to break the power of the chiefs."

On August 5, 1881, after a long simmering feud, Crow Dog shot and killed Chief Spotted Tail on the Rosebud Indian Reservation. Crow Dog was arrested and tried in a territorial court in Deadwood, Dakota Territory, and found guilty of murder and sentenced to hang. In the case of Ex parte Crow Dog, the United States Supreme Court overturned the verdict because the Deadwood Court had no jurisdiction in a case of one Indian killing another on reservation lands. Crow Dog was released and returned to the Rosebud.

Spotted Tail is buried in Rosebud, South Dakota. A tribal university (Sinte Gleska University) on the Rosebud Indian Reservation in South Dakota was named for him in 1971.

Impact on Indian legal jurisprudence
Spotted Tail's death influenced critical Indian law principles, long after his death. The case of Ex parte Crow Dog established that Indian tribes retain their sovereignty. The case also motivated the immediate creation, starting in 1885 of a series of federal statutes laying out the division of power between federal courts and Indian tribal courts to try Indian and non-Indian persons, in different circumstances for different crimes on Indian reservations. However Ex parte Crow Dog also established the plenary powers doctrine, giving Congress the power to pass any law they choose (including laws altering treaties that had been previously entered into), even over the opposition of the tribe or tribes affected.

See also
 Black Hills
 Ex parte Crow Dog

Notes

References

Sources

1820s births
1881 deaths
Brulé people
Murdered Native American people
People of the Great Sioux War of 1876
Lakota leaders
Native American leaders
American frontier
People murdered in South Dakota
Date of birth unknown
Place of death missing
People from Rosebud Indian Reservation, South Dakota
1881 murders in the United States
Deaths by firearm in South Dakota

Spotted Tail


The Town of Sherry is located in Wood County, Wisconsin, United States. The population of the town was 809 at the 2000 census. The  unincorporated community known as Sherry is located at the junction of County Highways N and F  west-southwest of Milladore., within the Town of Sherry.

History
In June 1851 the six mile (10 km) square which later became the town of Sherry was surveyed by crews working for the U.S. government. They found the section corners with chain and compass and marked them. When done, the deputy surveyor filed this general description:
This Township is heavily Timbered with Maple Oak Birch & Pine Maple Oak & Birch being the prevailing Kinds - along the Border(?) of Mill Creek there is some good scattering Pine - along the Border(?) of the small stream (?) almost invariably(?) find alder thickets caused by Beaver dams. - the streams are fed by the swamp, and are subject to very sudden rise & fall - the soil is a dark loam is well adapted for the purpose of agriculture. the Surface is generally level & is covered with stone the stone being of a reddish color

A post office called Sherry was established in 1884, and remained in operation until 1968.

The town of Sherry was established in 1885, taking its name from the community located within its borders.

The unincorporated community known as  Sherry was platted in 1899, and named after Henry Sherry, proprietor of a local sawmill, and the owner of the Sherry Lumber Company which began operations around 1880.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 35.4 square miles (91.6 km2), of which, 35.3 square miles (91.3 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.3 km2) of it (0.34%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 809 people, 270 households, and 217 families residing in the town. The population density was 22.9 people per square mile (8.9/km2). There were 280 housing units at an average density of 7.9 per square mile (3.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.79% White, 0.25% Native American, 1.36% Asian, 0.49% from other races, and 1.11% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.99% of the population.

There were 270 households, out of which 44.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.7% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.3% were non-families. 14.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.00 and the average family size was 3.36.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 30.8% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $52,143, and the median income for a family was $53,036. Males had a median income of $33,250 versus $25,341 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,728. About 1.8% of families and 2.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.9% of those under age 18 and 2.6% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 Herman Finger, entrepreneurial lumberman who worked for the Sherry Lumber Company
 Jacob J. Iverson, farmer, politician, and businessman, lived in the town
 Henry Sherry, the namesake of the town, and the owner of Henry Sherry House and the Sherry Lumber Company

References

External links
 1852 plat map of Sherry
1896 plat map
1909 plat map
1928 plat map
1928 plat map of Sherry Station
1956 plat map

Towns in Wood County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin
Unincorporated communities in Wood County, Wisconsin
Unincorporated communities in Wisconsin

Sherry, Wisconsin


Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction is a platform game developed by Insomniac Games. It is the sixth game in the Ratchet & Clank series of video games. It was released on October 23, 2007 in North America and on November 9, 2007 in Europe.

In this game, Ratchet & Clank save the universe from the Cragmites. Ratchet's species, who were called Lombaxes, disappeared and Ratchet is the last of the Lombaxes.The Lombax secret is the last opportunity to save the universe from the Cragmites emperor Tachyon. Ratchet's planet is called Fastoon. Fastoon has a lot of advanced technology. The dimensionator (or Lombax secret) is the most important part of Lombax technology. In the Big War it shot the Cragmites to another dimension. This is the reason why Tachyon wants to destroy Ratchet and all the Lombaxes. In their runaway from Polaris Galaxy, Clank meets the Zoni, some extraterrestrial beings who have magical powers. On many occasions Ratchet & Clank meet the pirates. The pirates are robots, but they can do what they like. They've got a captain who has a lot of space stations and lots of space ships.

Other websites
Official website

2007 video games
3D platform games
PlayStation 3-only games
Ratchet & Clank


Collision Course is a collaborative EP from American rapper Jay-Z and rock band Linkin Park, released on November 30, 2004, by Roc-A-Fella, Machine Shop, Warner Bros. and Def Jam. From Linkin Park's catalog, Collision Course features three songs from Meteora and four from Hybrid Theory. From Jay-Z's catalog, it features three songs from The Black Album, one from Vol. 3: Life and Times of S. Carter, one from Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life and one from The Blueprint. Before the album, Jay-Z had released collaborations with The Roots and R. Kelly, and Linkin Park had collaborated with various artists on their remix album Reanimation.

The album was inspired by The Grey Album by Danger Mouse, which was a mash-up album between Jay-Z and The Beatles. MTV had originally planned on mashing up only one or two songs, but the project was eventually expanded to a six-song album. The production on the album was mostly handled by Mike Shinoda and Jay-Z, and it was recorded between July 16 and July 19. The album spawned one single, "Numb/Encore" which won Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the 48th Grammy Awards. The album received generally mixed reviews from music critics but despite that was a commercial success. It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 368,000 copies in its first week.

Overview
Due to its short running time at 21:18, with six tracks in total included on the disc, the release has been identified as an EP. All of the tracks included are mashups combining songs by both artists.

The DVD contains behind-the-scenes new footage of the making of the album, as well as the second take of all of the Collision Course songs at The Roxy Theatre on July 18, 2004. Also included are the five scenes from the concert shown on MTV Ultimate Mash-Ups and a picture gallery.

The first single released from the EP, "Numb/Encore", achieved significant airplay on the charts, and stayed on 6 months after its release. "Points of Authority/99 Problems/One Step Closer" was also released to the radio in the US, but was never featured on the Billboard Charts – the videos for both that track and "Jigga What/Faint" were also seen on Kerrang! in the UK. "Izzo/In the End" was also heavily promoted on the official Linkin Park websites.

Background and production
Mike Shinoda revealed in his 2004 Grammy acceptance speech that he would be mashing up with Jay-Z for a record under MTV's Mash Ups show.

The network allowed Jay-Z to choose a group or artist for the mash-up. Jay contacted Shinoda, who began experimenting with mixing the tracks before sending some examples to him. As a result, Jay-Z began working with Shinoda through email. The two decided that instead of combining the existing tracks for the live performance on MTV, they wanted to re-work and re-record parts of the songs to make them fit better. Shinoda explains, "Jay and I realized it's better to re-perform the rap vocals if you're gonna do it to a new beat because the vibe changes and you have to deliver your verse a little differently." Shinoda asked his bandmates to re-record instrumental and vocal tracks as well, and ultimately both parties decided they wanted to release the studio tracks. The entire album was put together within four days.

Sometimes, behind-the-scenes audio can be heard within the album, such as Jay-Z saying "You're wasting your talent, Randy!" before "Big Pimpin'/Papercut", or Shinoda saying "This is fun" before "Izzo/In the End".

Collision Course was the first album of Linkin Park that contained a Parental Advisory sticker, since most of Jay-Z's verses contain profanity (although Shinoda and Chester Bennington are also heard using vulgar language on the album). This album was also made in an edited/censored version. However, the clean version of the album left the words "bitch", "ass", and "hoes" uncensored, which means that "Izzo/In the End" is the same on the clean and explicit versions.

A year after the release of Collision Course, Jay-Z was the executive producer on Mike Shinoda's solo effort Fort Minor's The Rising Tied. Also, the song "High Road" from the same record talks about how some critics negatively received Collision Course.

Critical reception

Collision Course received generally mixed reviews from music critics. David Jeffries of AllMusic praised the album, calling it "awesomely fun". K.B. Tindal of HipHopDX also equally praised the album, saying that the project "will open a passageway for artists who want to dare to be different as well as those who want to work hard to maintain that difference." Steve Juon of RapReviews called the album "an experiment which bodes well since for the most part these two artists  each other."

Meanwhile, Raymond Fiore of Entertainment Weekly, gave a negative review of the album, saying that the pairing of Linkin Park and Jay-Z "comes off like a sanitized nonevent." At the 48th Grammy Awards, the song "Numb/Encore", a mash-up of "Numb" by Linkin Park and "Encore" by Jay-Z, won the Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration.

Commercial performance
Collision Course debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 368,000 copies in its first week, according to Nielsen Soundscan. This became Jay-Z eighth US number one album and Linkin Park's second.  It also became the first EP ever to top the chart since Alice in Chains' Jar of Flies in 1994. In its second week, the EP dropped to number nine on the chart, selling an additional 186,000 copies. In its third week, the EP dropped to number ten on the chart, selling 236,000 more copies. In its fourth week, the EP climbed to number eight on the chart, selling 283,000 more copies. As of August 2009, the EP has sold 1,934,000 copies in the US. On August 15, 2017, the EP was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over two million units in the United States.

Track listing

Enhanced content on CD
"Links to Bonus Content"
"Photos"

DVD track listing
Intro
In the Studio
Jay-Z Arrives
Rehearsal
Sound Check
Dirt Off Your Shoulder/Lying from You (Live)
Big Pimpin'/Papercut (Live)
Jigga What/Faint (Live)
Numb/Encore (Live)
Izzo/In the End (Live)
Points of Authority/99 Problems/One Step Closer (Live)
End Credits

"Special Features":
"MTV Ultimate Mash-Ups"
It's Goin' Down
Dirt Off You Shoulder/Lying from You
Jigga What/Faint
Numb/Encore
Points of Authority/99 Problems/One Step Closer

"Photo Gallery"
"5.1 Surround Sound"

Personnel

Linkin Park
 Chester Bennington – vocals (1, 3 & 6), backing vocals (2, 5), lead vocals (4)
 Mike Shinoda – vocals (1, 3 & 4), lead vocals (2, 5 & 6), additional guitar (3), keyboard, piano (4)
 Brad Delson – guitar
 Dave Farrell – bass guitar
 Joseph Hahn – turntables, sampling, programming
 Rob Bourdon – drums

Jay-Z
 Shawn Carter – lead vocals

Production

 Produced and mixed by Mike Shinoda
 Arranged by Brad Delson and Mike Shinoda
 Engineered by Mike Shinoda, John Ewing and Mark Kiczula
 Mastered by Brain "Big Bass" Gardner at Bernie Grundman Mastering
 Executive producers: Shawn Carter and Linkin Park
 A&R: Tom Whalley
 A&R coordination for Warner Bros. Records: Marny Cameron
 Marketing director: Peter Standish
 A&R coordinator: Michael "Stick" Stefrin
 Production coordinator: Ryan DeMarti
 Sample clearance: Eric Weissman for Sample Clearance Limited
 Executive producers: Rob McDermott and John Meneilly
 Creative direction for Warner Bros. Records: Ellen Wakayama
 Project art direction: THE FLEM and Mike Shinoda
 Cover art direction and design: THE FLEM
 Cover and all interior line art illustrations: David Choe
 Digipak and booklet art direction and design: Lawrence Azerrad for LAD
 Photography: Greg Watermann

DVD

 Director: Kimo Proudfoot
 Producer: Matt Caltabiano
 Editor: Kevin McCullough
 Live audio engineer: Guy Charbonneau
 Live audio mix: Mike Shinoda
 Executive producer: Janet Haase
 Head of production: Joby Barnhart
 Post production supervisor: Jason Cohon
 For Sunset Editorial: Nazeli Kodjoian, Sin Halina Sy
 Additional footage produced by Lenny Santiago
 5.1 mixed of Roxy Performance
 DVD post producer: David May
 Associate producer: Raena Winscott
 Menu design: Sean Donelly
 5.1 mix producer: David May
 5.1 mix engineer: Ted Hall
 Assistant engineer: Bruce Balestier
 Audio mix: Mix Magic
 Colorist: Dave Hussey
 Title graphics: Carlos
 Authoring: Cinram
 Live performance filmed July 18, 2004 at The Roxy Theatre, West Hollywood, CA
 Original concept by Michele Megan Dix and Jesse Ignjatovic

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

Albums produced by Mike Shinoda
Linkin Park EPs
Jay-Z EPs
Linkin Park video albums
Mashup albums
Collaborative albums
2004 EPs
2004 live albums
Live video albums
Remix EPs
Def Jam Recordings EPs
Def Jam Recordings remix albums
Def Jam Recordings video albums
Def Jam Recordings live albums
Roc-A-Fella Records video albums
Roc-A-Fella Records live albums
Roc-A-Fella Records EPs
Roc-A-Fella Records remix albums
Warner Records remix albums
Warner Records video albums
Warner Records live albums
Warner Records EPs
2004 video albums
Rap rock albums by American artists
Albums produced by Jay-Z

Collision Course (EP)


Edward Terry Sanford (July 23, 1865 – March 8, 1930) was an American jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1923 until his death in 1930. Prior to his nomination to the high court, Sanford served as a United States Assistant Attorney General under President Theodore Roosevelt from 1905 to 1907, and as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee and the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee from 1908 to 1923. As of 2023, he is the last sitting district court judge to be elevated directly to the Supreme Court.

A graduate of Harvard Law School, Sanford practiced law in his hometown of Knoxville, Tennessee, during the 1890s and the first decade of the 20th century. As Assistant Attorney General, he rose to national prominence as lead prosecutor during the high-profile trial of Joseph Shipp in 1907, which to date is the only criminal trial conducted by the Supreme Court.

Sanford is typically viewed as a conservative justice, favoring strict adherence to antitrust laws, and often voted with his mentor, Chief Justice William Howard Taft. Sanford's most lasting impact on American law is arguably his majority opinion in the landmark case Gitlow v. New York (1925). This case, which introduced the incorporation doctrine, helped pave the way for many of the Warren Court's decisions expanding civil rights and civil liberties in the 1950s and 1960s.

Early life and legal career

Sanford was born in Knoxville, Tennessee in 1865, the eldest son of prominent Knoxville businessman Edward J. Sanford (1831–1902) and Swiss immigrant Emma Chavannes. Sanford's father, as president or vice president of nearly a dozen banks and corporations, was one of the primary driving forces behind Knoxville's late-19th century industrial boom. His maternal grandfather, Adrian Chavannes, was the leader of a group of Swiss colonists who arrived in Tennessee in the late 1840s and his uncle, Albert Chavannes, was a noted author and sociologist. In 1891, Sanford married Lutie Mallory Woodruff, the daughter of Knoxville hardware magnate W. W. Woodruff.

Sanford received a Bachelor of Arts degree and a Bachelor of Philosophy degree from the University of Tennessee in 1883, a Bachelor of Arts degree from Harvard University in 1885, a Master of Arts degree from the same institution in 1889, and a Bachelor of Laws from Harvard Law School in 1889. He was in private practice in Knoxville from 1890 to 1907, and was a lecturer at the University of Tennessee School of Law from 1898 to 1907.

One of Sanford's earliest appearances before the Supreme Court came as an attorney representing the appellant Knoxville Iron Company, in Knoxville Iron Company v. Harbison (1901). The Court ruled in favor of Harbison and upheld states' right to ban companies from paying employees in scrip rather than cash.

Assistant Attorney General

Sanford first served in the government as a special assistant to the Attorney General of the United States from 1905 to 1907, and then as Assistant Attorney General in 1907 under President Theodore Roosevelt.

United States v. Shipp

As an Assistant Attorney General, he was the lead prosecutor in the high-profile trial in United States v. Shipp (1907). This case involved a sheriff, Joseph Shipp, who was convicted of allowing a condemned black prisoner, who was the subject of a United States Supreme Court writ of habeas corpus, to be lynched. Sanford's conduct of the trial, particularly his exemplary closing argument, are said to be part of a "Great American Trial." It is the only criminal trial conducted before the United States Supreme Court in which the court exercised original jurisdiction (the court typically only hears criminal cases on appeal). It was widely followed in the newspapers. Shipp and several others were later convicted.

District court service

Sanford was nominated by President Theodore Roosevelt on May 14, 1908, to a joint seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee and the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee vacated by Judge Charles Dickens Clark. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 18, 1908, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on February 5, 1923, due to his elevation to the Supreme Court.

Supreme Court

President Warren Harding nominated Sanford as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States on January 24, 1923, to succeed Mahlon Pitney. Sanford was confirmed by the Senate by a voice vote on January 29, 1923. Sanford took the judicial oath of office on February 19, 1923. He was Circuit Justice for the Fifth Circuit throughout his tenure on the Court.

Notable opinions
Sanford wrote 130 opinions during his seven years on the Court. His most well-known was the majority opinion in Gitlow v. New York. While upholding a state law banning anarchist literature, the opinion in Gitlow implied that some provisions of the Bill of Rights (here the First Amendment's free speech provisions) apply with equal force to the states via the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (commonly called "incorporation"). That had "extraordinary consequences for the nationalization of the Bill of Rights during the era of the Warren Court," which later used similar reasoning to incorporate other amendments and expand civil liberties. Gitlow has been cited as precedent in cases such as Near v. Minnesota (1931), which incorporated the guarantee of freedom of the press, Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), which recognized the constitutional right to privacy, and more recently, McDonald v. Chicago (2010), which incorporated the right to bear arms.

Sanford authored the majority opinion in Okanogan Indians v. United States, commonly called the "Pocket Veto Case," which upheld the power of the President's "pocket veto." Other noteworthy opinions by him are Corrigan v. Buckley, 271 U.S. 323 (1926), which upheld the right of property sellers to discriminate based on race, Taylor v. Voss, 271 U.S. 176 (1926) and Fiske v. Kansas, 274 U.S. 380 (1927).

Sanford voted with the majority in Myers v. United States (1926), which upheld the President's authority to remove executive branch officials without the Senate's consent, and in Ex parte Grossman (1925), which recognized the President's pardoning power to extend to conviction for contempt of court. Sanford concurred with Taft's dissent in Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923).

Chief Justice Taft is considered by some to have been Justice Sanford's mentor. They routinely sided together in decisions and were a part of the Court's conservative "inner club" that regularly met at the Chief Justice's house for libations and conviviality on Sundays.

Death
Justice Sanford unexpectedly died on March 8, 1930, of uremic poisoning following a dental extraction in Washington, D.C., just a few hours before Chief Justice William Howard Taft, who had retired five weeks earlier. As it was customary for members of the Court to attend the funeral of deceased members, that posed a "logistical nightmare" because of the immediate travel from Knoxville for Sanford's funeral to Washington for Taft's funeral. As had been the case in their careers, Taft's death overshadowed Sanford's demise. Sanford is interred at Greenwood Cemetery in Knoxville.

Legacy
In 1894, Sanford was chosen to deliver the centennial address at his alma mater, the University of Tennessee. The address, which discussed the institution's history, was published the following year as Blount College and the University of Tennessee: An Historical Address. Sanford's papers are located at various institutions in Tennessee. Sanford was an active member of Civitan International. He is one of six Tennesseans who have served on the Supreme Court.

See also

Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 8)
List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office
United States Supreme Court cases during the Taft Court

Publications
Sanford, Edward Terry.  (18 June, 1895) Blount College and the University of Tennessee: An Historical Address at Google books.

Notes

Further reading

External links

 Edward T. Sanford Papers, University of Tennessee Knoxville Libraries

 Bibliography, Justice Edward Terry Sanford at 6th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals.

1865 births
1930 deaths
20th-century American judges
American people of Swiss descent
Harvard Law School alumni
Judges of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee
Judges of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee
Lawyers from Knoxville, Tennessee
Tennessee Republicans
United States Assistant Attorneys General
United States district court judges appointed by Theodore Roosevelt
Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
United States federal judges appointed by Warren G. Harding

Edward Terry Sanford


"Oh Captain, My Captain" is the 3rd episode of season 6 of the supernatural drama television series Grimm  and the 113th episode overall, which premiered on January 20, 2017, on the cable network NBC. The episode was written by Thomas Ian Griffith and was directed by series regular David Giuntoli, making his directional debut. In the episode, Nick decides that in order to stop Renard, he needs to become him to finally destroy what he was looking for.

The episode received positive reviews from critics, who praised Giuntoli's direction and the character development.

Plot
Opening quote: "You will face yourself again in a moment of terror..."

Nick (David Giuntoli), Hank (Russell Hornsby), Monroe (Silas Weir Mitchell), Eve (Bitsie Tulloch), Wu (Reggie Lee) and Rosalee (Bree Turner) discuss their next move against Renard (Sasha Roiz), who is also demanding Hank's and Wu's resignations. The next day, Hank and Wu present their resignation letters to Renard, although Wu nearly loses control of his form. Nick decides to stop Renard from his inauguration as mayor by asking Eve to get him the witch's hat so he can transform into Renard.

Renard is visited by Jeremiah (M. Ben Newman), who is angry after discovering that he had an affair with Rachel and is also a suspect in her murder and gives him 24 hours to give him money to not reveal the information. Renard then has a Löwen, Lt. Grossante (Chris McKenna), kill Jeremiah but the killing reminds him of him murdering Meisner (Damien Puckler). Renard then has Grossante promoted as captain. Adalind (Claire Coffee) retrieves hair from Renard's clothes and gives it to Monroe, who barely escapes the house when Renard arrives early. In the spice shop, Nick begins to inhale from the potion and after a painful progress, he becomes Renard.

Adalind distracts Renard from attending his inauguration speech and Renard watches as Nick impersonating him, announces his resignation from the mayor office and states that Nick was part of an undercover investigation to bring "the real killer" to justice, planning to resume his career as police captain. After the speech, Nick (still as Renard) and Hank arrive at the precinct to retrieve items from him. Nick is confronted by Grossante, who is angry that he broke his deal and he will pay for it. The real Renard arrives and briefly confronts Nick before he leaves. Renard then arranges a meeting with Nick on his loft.

The gang is confused as to why Nick is still Renard and find that due to his Grimm powers, he may be Renard forever. Adalind arrives with Diana (Hannah R. Lloyd) and Kelly and works on another potion to reverse the shift. Nick and Renard fight in the roof but as they have the same powers, none can beat the other. Nick proposes to frame Bonaparte for the attack in the North station and that his involvement was the cause of his resignation. Renard accepts and gives Nick, Hank and Wu their old jobs. He also adds that he will raise Diana and threatens that something will happen if he dies and if he finds another shiftier like him, the deal will end. Nick returns to the spice shop but finds that no potion has been discovered. Diana arrives and after seeing that he isn't her dad, she uses her powers to push him away, making him go back to his normal body. Renard returns to his house and discovers someone sitting on the couch, waiting for him. He stares in shock when he finds Meisner (Damien Puckler) there, telling him that "he chose the wrong side".

Production

Development
In July 2016, it was announced that the third episode of the season would be called "Oh Captain, My Captain" and was to be written by Thomas Ian Griffith and directed by series regular David Giuntoli. The episode marks David Giuntoli's directional debut in the series. The episode was the first episode of the season to be filmed but it was the third to be released so as to give time for Giuntoli to prepare. As Giuntoli was directing the episode, he didn't appear in most of the episode but his character appeared throughout a personification. He commented that "Everybody was nervous about me directing because I'm a goofball on the set and don't have a long attention span. But I was ready. I did a ton of homework. I didn't want to let anybody down. It was the best time I've ever had professionally — without doubt and without exception. If you had put me in an MRI machine, you would have seen my entire brain light up!" On the last day of shooting, the cast and crew threw a party for Giuntoli, giving him also a clapper board with his name written on it.

Reception

Viewers
The episode was viewed by 4.29 million people, earning a 0.8/3 in the 18-49 rating demographics on the Nielson ratings scale, ranking second on its timeslot and fourth for the night in the 18-49 demographics, behind 20/20, a rerun of Shark Tank, Dr. Ken, Hawaii Five-0, Blue Bloods, and Last Man Standing. This was a massive slight increase in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 4.24 million viewers with a 0.8/3. This means that 0.8 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode, while 3 percent of all households watching television at that time watched it. With DVR factoring in, the finale was watched by 6.21 million viewers and had a 1.4 ratings share in the 18-49 demographics.

Critical reviews
"Oh Captain, My Captain" received enormous praise. Les Chappell from The A.V. Club gave the episode a "A" rating and wrote, "'Oh Captain, My Captain' is an episode that clears up the vast majority of those concerns, because all of that's present. It's easily the best episode of season six and a contender for one of the show's top ten, finding a way to both get our characters out of the hole they're in and break up the bleakness with some body-swap levity. It's an encouraging step for the show's final act, one that proves even after 112 episodes it still has a way to surprise us."

Kathleen Wiedel from TV Fanatic, gave a 4.4 star rating out of 5, stating: "Oh, the sweet taste of revenge. Nick finally got some long-delayed payback, and Renard got no less than he deserved in Grimm Season 6 Episode 3. Dear me, but revenge is a dish best served cold. And boy was it satisfying to see Renard's schemes brought to nothing by one brief impersonation!"

Lindi Smith from EW gave the episode an "A" rating and wrote, "Okay, I cannot emphasize enough how much pure enjoyment 'Oh Captain, My Captain' provides. Not only did it move the plot along — Nick's no longer a fugitive, the action can refocus on police matters, Adalind's free of Renard's clutches — but it offered some pitch-perfect light moments, too. Let's hope this momentum continues as the show returns to its monster-of-the-week roots."

TV.com, wrote, "Overall, 'My Captain' wasn't a romp or a huge comedy episode. But it seemed a tad more light-hearted than the last two weeks. Not as much as, say, 'The Grimm Who Stole Christmas.' And even with Jeremiah Rogers getting brutally murdered. So long, M. Ben Rogers! But there were some elements of farce going on. The bit with Monroe panicking and hiding in Renard's closet, and Adalind's over-the-top attempts to keep Renard there, seemed a bit like a French bedroom farce."

Christine Horton of Den of Geek wrote, "Who doesn't love a bit of body swap fun and games? Presumably that's what the writers were thinking when they penned Captain, My Captain, where they neatly find a way to get Nick out of the corner they have painted him into."

References

External links

Grimm (season 6) episodes
2017 American television episodes

Oh Captain, My Captain (Grimm)


Marysville Swedesburg Lutheran Church is a historic church in Marysville Township, Minnesota, United States, built in 1891.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 for having local significance in the themes of architecture, exploration/settlement, and religion.  It was nominated as one of Wright County's finest examples of a brick Gothic Revival parish church and for its association with the area's Swedish immigrants.

The community got its start with the arrival of Swedish settlers in 1869.  On February 25, 1873, the parish was organized, and the following year they built a church of hewn logs.  The community constructed its present building starting in 1891, with donated brick on a donated lot, and it was finished in 1893.  The community worshipped in this building until 1950, when they voted to dissolve the congregation and merge with Zion Lutheran Church (formerly known as Carlslund Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church) in Buffalo.  The community continued to worship in the Marysville church while a new church building was built in Buffalo.  In 1973 the community restored the Marysville church to celebrate the centennial of the building's founding.  The community continues to hold worship services on Monday evenings during June, July, and August.

See also
 List of Lutheran churches
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Wright County, Minnesota

References

External links
 Marysville Church

Buildings and structures in Wright County, Minnesota
Churches completed in 1891
Gothic Revival church buildings in Minnesota
Lutheran churches in Minnesota
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Swedish-American culture in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Wright County, Minnesota

Marysville Swedesburg Lutheran Church


IIICD meteorites are a group of primitive achondrites. They are classified in a clan together with the IAB meteorites and the winonaites.

Description
IIICD meteorites consists dominantly of meteoric iron with silicate inclusions. The silicate inclusions are almost identical to the IAB meteorite inclusions. They contain low-Ca pyroxene, high-Ca pyroxene, olivine, plagioclase, troilite, graphite, different phosphates, meteoric iron and traces of  daubréelite and chromite.

Parent body
It has been established that IAB meteorites and winonaites originated from the same parent body. The same is not yet clear for IIICD meteorites, that originated from the same or a very similar asteroid.

Classification
The IIICD meteorites are classified as primitive achondrites because they have silicate inclusions and show signs of partial melting. The silicate inclusion are almost identical to silicate inclusions in IAB meteorites, and both are very similar to winonaites. For this reason all three are grouped into the IAB-IIICD-Winonaite clan.

See also
 Glossary of meteoritics

References

Achondrite meteorites

IIICD meteorite


The U.S. Army Transportation Museum is a United States Army museum of vehicles and other transportation-related equipment and memorabilia. It is located on the grounds of Fort Eustis, Virginia, in Newport News, on the Virginia Peninsula.

History
The museum was established in 1959, in a warehouse using items initially collected for a recruiting exhibit. A main building opened in 1976, and in 1987, an open-air pavilion was opened for aviation exhibits. The buildings, built at a total cost of US$765,000, and other capital improvements are funded by the Army Transportation Museum Foundation (ATMF). Since the foundation is prohibited by law from obtaining state or federal grants, private donations are the only funding source.

Museum mission
The museum reflects the history of the Army, especially of the United States Army Transportation Corps, and includes close to 100 military vehicles such as aircraft, wheeled vehicles, watercraft and rolling stock, including stock from the Fort Eustis Military Railroad. It is officially dedicated to General Frank S. Besson, Jr., who was the first four-star general to lead the transportation command, and extends over  of land, air and sea vehicles and indoor exhibits. The exhibits cover transportation and its role in US Army operations, including topic areas from the American Revolutionary War through operations in Afghanistan.

Exhibits

The museum features a  main building and four outdoor parks. The exhibits inside the museum building include representative transportation-related materials, presented in a series of dioramas in chronological order. Outside (see map, below) there is a vehicle yard to the south, with road vehicles, amphibious craft, and the aircraft pavilion, and a rail exhibit to the north. Although material is presented on 18th- and 19th-century topics, over half the indoor exhibit space and almost all of the outdoor exhibits are 20th-century- related.

Early truck developments are given coverage with the Mexican Punitive Expedition, Liberty truck, and Transcontinental Motor Convoy exhibits. The extensive Liberty Truck exhibit covers the development and production of the Army's first standardized truck design, a 5-ton cargo hauler produced using interchangeable parts. Also included are letters from soldiers about their experiences with the trucks.

World War II receives coverage with several exhibits including Operation Mulberry which was an operation to construct two artificial harbors on the Normandy coast to support the invasion. This operation used 158 tugboats including 74 of the Army's "small tugs" to tow 59 Gooseberry derelict ships to be sunk as breakwalls and the Phoenix caissons and Lobnitz floating piers. Another exhibit focuses on the Red Ball Express, the massive supply operation that supported Patton's advance after D-Day. The exhibit includes photos and paintings of the trucks as well as a diorama of a rest stop/repair depot featuring cargo trucks and a wrecker. Additional materials address the massive fuel and oil consumption needs as well as soldier experiences.

The museum has an extensive Vietnam War exhibit, including a large diorama with the gun truck Eve of Destruction (believed the only surviving Vietnam era gun truck, and named after a protest song), an exhibit depicting a downed UH-1 Iroquois in a rice paddy, as well as bicycles used by the Viet Cong. The museum has an extensive collection of gun truck images, organised by the truck name, which are also on the museum's web site.

Outdoor exhibits include the vehicle park with a selection of representative vehicles used in the transport command including a DUKW. A marine park has Army water vessels such as a tugboat, J-Boat, and various sized amphibious craft including landing craft and wheeled barges.

The aviation pavilion exhibits aircraft, fixed wing and helicopter, from the Korean War to the present, including a HZ-1 Aerocycle, an OH-23 Raven helicopter and a vertical take-off/landing plane. An unrestored Avrocar is kept in storage.

The rail section has several significant artifacts including the railway cars used in the Berlin duty train as well as standard issue tank switchers, and a collection of typical rolling stock including cranes, freight cars and maintenance of way equipment.

Visiting the museum

Since the museum is on an active military installation, a check-in at the guard station, a possible vehicle search, and a visitor's pass are required (driver's license, car insurance and car registration, citizens of other nations need their passport). The museum has a gift shop, and a reference library where research may be undertaken with advance request.
The museum's hours of operation are 9:00 AM to 4:30 PM, Monday-Saturday.

References

Transportation
Maritime museums in Virginia
Military and war museums in Virginia
Railroad museums in Virginia
Transportation museums in Virginia
Museums in Newport News, Virginia
Museums established in 1959
1959 establishments in Virginia
Military transport

U.S. Army Transportation Museum


A Gerber multitool is a compact Multi-tool made by Gerber Legendary Blades, part of the Fiskars Corporation.

There are similarities and differences between the Gerber multitool and tools made by Leatherman. Some of the Gerber tools are accessed by opening the handles, but no longer unique to Gerber is a system in which the pliers slide straight out from the end. The sliding Safe-T-Loc system (similar to the Blackie Collins "Bolt Action" lock) locks each tool securely in place.

Different sizes of Gerber tool are available, with various combinations of components from the mundane (screwdrivers) to the esoteric (demolition detonator crimps), and from the key-chain sized, like the "Shortcut" to hefty,  models like the "Diesel".

The company is based in Portland, Oregon, USA. It was acquired by Fiskars in 1986.  Portland remains the headquarters of the Finnish company's outdoor recreation group.

Gallery

See also
 Leatherman
 Victorinox
 Wenger

References

External links
 Official Gerber Legendary Blades website

Mechanical hand tools

Gerber multitool