József Haller (January 24, 1935 – March 2, 2017) was an ethnic Hungarian painter, illustrator and scenic designer from Satu Mare, Romania.

Career

József Haller attended the School of Fine Arts in Cluj between 1949 and 1953 with a specialization in painting. He continued his studies at the Cluj-Napoca Academy of Arts during 1953–1959 with a specialization in sculpture under the masters Ion Irimescu, Artúr Vetró and András Kós. He was a member of the Romanian Fine Arts Union, the Barabas Miklós Guild as well as the National Association of Hungarian Artists. From 1959 until retirement, for 40 years, he was the scenic designer for the Youth and Puppet Theater Ariel, where he designed the scenery, the costumes and the puppets for more than 120 plays.

Solo exhibits
 Târgu Mureș (1970, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1990, 1995, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015);
 Satu Mare (1975, 1981);
 Siegen (1979);
 Cluj-Napoca (1981);
 Miercurea Ciuc (2003);
 Budapest: Újpest Gallery (2005);
 Budapest: Vármegye Gallery (2005).

International group exhibits

 Barcelona (Spain): Juan Miro International Graphic Exhibition, 1975;
 Mannheim (Germany): Contemporary Romanian Fine Art, 1979;
 Maastricht (The Netherlands): Romanian Graphics, 1982;
 Kraków (Poland): International Biennale of Graphic Work, 1985;
 Budapest (Hungary): Exhibit of Hungarian Fine Artists from Romania, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1995;
 Washington (USA): Exhibit of Hungarian Fine Artists from Transylvania, 1990;
 Stockholm (Sweden), 1994, 1996;
 Frankfurt (Germany): "Kaddisch", 1995;
 Debrecen, Szarvas, Nyíregyháza (Hungary): 12 artists from Transylvania (1993);
 Budapest (Hungary), 1996;
 Kecskemét (Hungary): Contemporary Fine Arts from Tîrgu Mureș, 2000;
 Budapest (Hungary), ERNST Museum: Half-life (2002);
 Millenary tracks - 10 graphic artists from Romania: Rome, Paris, Berlin, Stockholm, Moscow, Bucharest, Budapest, 2005.

Creation camps: Iserlohn - Germany (1984, 1989, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2003), Lăzarea - Romania (1988), Cătălina – Romania (1992), Marcali - Hungary (1992), Zalaegerszeg – Hungary (1993), Bolyai creation camp in Tîrgu Mureș - Romania (2009).

Illustrations
József Haller published a volume of illustrations under the title Arany alapra arannyal. Furthermore, he illustrated several volumes of poems from contemporary artists, such as Emese Egyed, Sándor Kányádi, András Ferenc Kovács, Béla Markó, Attila Nagy. He also frequently published illustrations on the pages of the literary magazine Igaz Szó.

Awards
 Ordinul "23 August" (Romania, 1964);
 A Magyar Köztársasági Érdemrend kiskeresztje (Hungary, 1995);
 Diplomă de Onoare al Ministerului Culturii din România (Romania, 1995);
 Ordinul Meritul Cultural "Cavaler" al Ministerului Culturii din România (Romania, 2004);
 Several awards as puppet and scenic designer, including a Lifetime Achievement Award in 2004.

Bibliography
Cebuc A, Florea V., Lăptoiu. N.: Enciclopedia Artiștilor Români Contemporani. Editura ARC 2000 (2001).
Banner Zoltán: Haller József. Marosvásárhely, Mentor Kiadó (2002).
Barbosa, Octavian: Dicționarul artiștilor români contemporani, Editura Meridiane (1976).
Pepino, Cristian (coord.): Dicționarul teatrului de păpuși, marionete și animație din România, Editura Alma (2000).

References

External links
 Works of József Haller

20th-century Romanian painters
Romanian scenic designers
20th-century Hungarian painters
People from Satu Mare
1935 births
2017 deaths
Romanian people of Hungarian descent
Hungarian male painters
20th-century Hungarian male artists

József Haller


John Thelwall (27 July 1764 – 17 February 1834) was a radical British orator, writer, political reformer, journalist, poet, elocutionist and speech therapist.

Life

Thelwall was born in Covent Garden, London, but was descended from a Welsh family which had its seat at Plas y Ward, Denbighshire. He was the son of a silk merchant, Joseph Thelwall, who died in 1772 leaving the family in economic distress. He attended Highgate school between 1774 and 1777 but had to leave school to help his mother, who had decided to keep the silk business running.

Thelwall's fondness for books showed up at an early age, earning him the scorn of his mother. It also made it impossible for him to fulfill an apprenticeship as a tailor. Young Thelwall also tried to make a living in an attorney office, but his morals and eccentricity made him quit the job and try to depend on his writing as a journalist and editor.

Thelwall also developed a significant interest in medical science and attended lectures at Guy's and St Thomas hospitals in London; he was friends with Astley Cooper, a renowned surgeon in London. Thelwall's particular interest lay in understanding and participating in topical debates concerning cognition and 'vitality'. Jasmin Solomonescu argues that "Thelwall's medical training became compounded with his radical politics and developing theories of language and the imagination to provide a model and a lexicon for his vision of reform". In 1793, Thelwall presented a paper at the Physical Society in London in which he debated the subject of 'animal vitality'; the paper was subsequently published as An Essay Towards a Definition of Animal Vitality (1793). Considering the views of several well-known sources, Thelwall proposed that vitality or life was a combination of 'specific organisation' and 'proper stimuli'; blood is the means by which the 'stimuli' is conveyed to different parts of the body: 'I consider the blood independent of its nutritive power, as the specific medium by which the stimuli must be conveyed to the different parts of the organised frame, so as to produce the Vital Action. This Blood in its passage through the Lungs, collects a something, which generates a specific heat....But what is this something, this vivifying principle?...Something that is contained in the atmosphere, something of a powerful and exquisitely subtile nature'. Thelwall's views formed part of a larger debate concerning the relationship between the emerging scientific understandings and traditional views regarding the divine nature of creation.

Thelwall's career as an editor and journalist was quite successful, but the highlight of this period was his political activism. In the wake of the French Revolution, he became "intoxicated in the French doctrines of the day". He started to hold talks in London's radical societies and, having made acquaintance with fellow radical John Horne Tooke, and in 1792 co-founded the federation of radical clubs and societies, the  London Corresponding Society.

In 1794 he, Horne Tooke and Thomas Hardy were tried for treason following lectures protesting at the arrest of other political activists. After spending some time at the Tower and at Newgate, the three were acquitted. Government officials who considered him to be the most dangerous man in Britain continued to hound him even after his acquittal. In 1795, after prime minister William Pitt the Younger's Gagging Acts (the Treason Act and Seditious Meetings Act) received Royal Assent, Thelwall's lectures had a shift in theme, from contemporary political comment to the history of Rome to dodge censorship.

Still, loyalists stormed Thelwall's public outings, forcing him to leave London and tour England. At King's Lynn, Wisbech and many of the other lectures in eastern England angry mobs impeded the hearings and in 1798 Thelwall decided to retire from politics.

Thelwall also wrote poetry and in the second half of the 1790s associated with Romantic poets such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth. Coleridge praised Thelwell as "intrepid, eloquent, and honest; perhaps the only acting democrat that is honest". Through his correspondence and meetings with these poets Thelwall would forge a link between the Romantic movement in poetry and radical politics. Thelwall built himself a "hermitage" at Llyswen Farm, Brecknockshire, during his exile in Wales. His friends William and Dorothy Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge visited him there in August 1798.

In 1800 Thelwall reappeared as an elocution teacher, which in practice was a combination of speech therapist and rhetoric teacher.

His career was very successful, and by 1818 he had earned enough money to buy a journal, The Champion, through which he called for parliamentary reform and in which he "denounced the government's actions in the Peterloo massacre, and voiced scepticism about the Cato Street conspiracy". His volcanic style and political views, though, were not fitting for the middle-class public of the journal, which ended up in considerable losses. Thelwall therefore resumed his lecture touring and died in Bath during one of those tours.

Personal life
Thelwall married twice. He married Susannah Vellum at Oakham in 1797. She died in 1816, leaving him four children to support. In 1837 his second wife, Cecil, wrote a biography on the early life of her husband.

Thelwall's eldest son was the clergyman and scholar Algernon Sidney Thelwall and his lesser-known younger son was called John Hampden Thelwall or Hampden Thelwall. Both sons were named after 17th-century republicans.

Legacy
In the field of politics Thelwall promoted "democratic reform, universal suffrage and freedom of speech". Steve Poole has argued: "Thelwall's was perhaps the most important individual voice in the history of British radicalism... Nobody was better than Thelwall at communicating the Rights of Man to a wide audience."

In the field of speech therapy, he was the "first to make speech correction a profession" and the first to write a book on the subject and to establish a school.

In the film Pandaemonium (2000), Thelwall was played by Andy Serkis.

A restoration project on Thelwall's grave in St Swithin's burial ground in Walcot, Bath was launched in 2006 by the Regional History Centre at University of the West of England (UWE).

In October 2009, the Dalhousie University Theatre Department produced the first staging of Thelwall's 1801 melodrama The Fairy of the Lake, as a complement to the John Thelwall conference being hosted at the time by the University's English Department.

A blue plaque was erected in 2018 by English Heritage at 40 Bedford Place, Bloomsbury, London, where he lived and worked, 1806–1813.

Works

Poems on Various Subjects (1787)
Incle and Yarico (1787)
The Incas (1792)
An essay towards a definition of animal vitality (1793)
The Peripatetic; or, Sketches of the Heart, of Nature and Society; in a Series of Politico-Sentimental Journals (1793)
Poems written in close confinement in the Tower and Newgate (1795)
The Natural and Constitutional Right of Britons to Annual Parliaments, Universal Suffrage, and the Freedom of Popular Association (1795)
The Tribune (1795–96)
The Rights of Nature Against the Usurpations of Establishments (1796)
Sober Reflections on the Seditious and Inflammatory Letter of the Rt. Hon. Edmund Burke to a Noble Lord (1796)
Poems chiefly written in retirement … with a prefatory memoir of the life of the author (1801)
The Fairy of the Lake (1801)
The Daughter of Adoption (1801)
Selections, and original articles, read and recited, in illustration of Mr. Thelwall's lectures on the science and practice of elocution (1802)
Poem and Oration on the Death of Lord Nelson (1805)
Vestibule of Eloquence (1808)
Letter to Henry Cline (1810)
Selections for the illustration of a course of instructions on the rhythmus and utterance of the English language: with an Introductory essay on the application of rhythmical science to the treatment of impediments, and the improvement of our national oratory; and an elementary analysis of the science and practice of elocution, composition, &c. (1812)
Treatment of Cases of Defective Utterance (1814)
The poetical recreations of the Champion and his literary correspondents; with a selection of essays, literary & critical, which have appeared in the Champion newspaper (1822)
John Thelwall: Selected Poetry and Poetics (New York City, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015) . Judith Thompson, ed.

See also
1794 Treason Trials

References

Further reading
 Boyle, C., The Life of John Thelwall, London, 1837.
 Claeys, Gregory (ed.), The Politics of English Jacobinism: Writings of John Thelwall, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995. .
 Cestre, Charles, John Thelwall, a Pioneer of Democracy and Social Reform in England During the French Revolution, London, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., and New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1906 (Social Science Series).
 Felsenstein, F. and Scrivener, M. (eds.), Incle and Yarico and The Incas: Two Plays by John Thelwall, Farleigh Dickinson University Press, Madison 2006.
 Newton, John, The trial at large of Thomas Hardy for high treason..., London, H. D. Symonds, 1794. Includes: Trial at large of John Horne Tooke, Esq., for high treason / John Newton -- Trial at large of John Thelwall for high treason / John Newton -- Trial of Thomas Paine.
 Poole, S. (ed.), John Thelwall: Radical Romantic and Acquitted Felon, London, Pickering & Chatto, 2009.
 Rockey, Denyse, "John Thelwall and the Origins of British Speech Therapy", in: Medical History, 1979, 23:156-175.
 Rockey, Denyse,"The Logopaedic thought of John Thelwall, 1764-1834: First British Speech Therapist", in: British Journal of Disorders of Communication, Volume 12, 1977, Issue 2.
 Rockey, Denyse, Speech Disorder in Nineteenth Century Britain: The History of Stuttering. London: Groom Helm, 1980.
 Scrivener, Michael, Seditious Allegories: John Thelwall and Jacobin Writing, Penn State Press, 2001. .
 Smith, Edward, The Story of the English Jacobins : Being an Account of the Persons Implicated in the Charges of High Treason, 1794. London: Cassell, Petter, Galpin, 1881.
 Solomonescu, Y., John Thelwall and the Materialist Imagination. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. .
 Thompson, E. P., The Making of the English Working Class, especially Chapter 5.
 Thompson, Judith, John Thelwall in the Wordsworth Circle: The Silenced Partner, Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012 (Nineteenth-Century Major Lives and Letters). .

External links

John Thelwall Society
Thelwall, John (1764-1834) - blue plaque location and biography
John Thelwall - extracts from political speeches
 THELWALL, JOHN (1764 - 1834), reformer, lecturer and poet at Welsh Biography Online
 The Art and the Act: John Thelwall in Practice - conference, Dalhousie University, October 16–18, 2009

1764 births
1834 deaths
People from Covent Garden
English people of Welsh descent
People acquitted of treason
British journalists
British poets
British political writers
British reformers
Elocutionists
British political activists
Rhetoricians
Speech and language pathologists
Romantic poets

John Thelwall


Wayne Grimditch (b. 1955?) is an American water skier. He competed for the United States in the 1972 Summer Olympics in Germany, winning two silver medals in the water skiing (though as water skiing was a demonstration sport in 1972, they are not included in the medal tables). Grimditch would go on to establish 10 U.S. national jumping records and four world marks in the sport. He earned 16 national titles and was the first skier to earn jumping records in the Junior Boy's, Boy's and Men's divisions simultaneously. Grimditch was known as a child prodigy qualifying for his first national tournament in slalom at just nine years old and winning the world jumping title in Copenhagen, Denmark at age 14. Due to a concussion, he began wearing a helmet which became common to the sport—though not a requirement—thereafter.

Grimditch holds the world record for longest ski jump, breaking his thrice-held previous records by jumping 180 feet in the air in 1975.

Though inducted into the American Water Ski Hall of Fame in 1986  and the International Water Ski Federation Hall of Fame in 2005, one of Grimditch's most well-known legacies was when he competed and won the 1978 ABC's Superstars competition. It was the first and only time that a water skier won the competition. Grimditch went on to place fourth in ABC's World Superstars competition. "Winning the Superstars was one my greatest emotional highs," Grimditch said. The Superstars multi-sport training regimen may have altered Grimditch's water skiing career, however, and injuries associated with participation in Superstars would limit his contributions to the sport on the water in subsequent years. Grimditch moved to television color commentary to give analysis of water skiing events after his skiing career was concluded. Trademarked water skis and helmets bore his name, he provided consulting advice to ski and boat manufacturing companies to provide guidance in the sports' development, and it was said that half of the skiers competing in national competitions in the late 1970s used skis based on his designs.   Since leaving the water skiing field, Grimditch began his own fitness company in Florida.

References

External links

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American water skiers
Water skiers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Summer Olympics competitors for the United States

Wayne Grimditch


Spanair was an airline based in Catalonia which is in Spain. It's main base of operations or hub is at Barcelona Airport but it also flew many flights from Madrid Airport and Palma de Mallorca Airport. The airline was a member of the major airline alliance Star Alliance. Spanair stopped its flight operations the 27th of January, 2012, when its closure was announced.

Destinations
Spanair flew mainly to destinations in Europe with only a very limited number of flights to the north of Africa. They also had charter flights for holiday companies.

Fleet
This is a summary of the Spanair fleet:

19x Airbus A320
5x Airbus A321
4x Boeing 717
2x McDonnell Douglas MD-82
5x McDonnell Douglas MD-83
8x McDonnell Douglas MD-87

The entire fleet was sold to different airlines in 2012.

References

Airlines of Spain

Spanair


The English Amateur Dancesport Association (EADA) Ltd is a volunteer-led organisation which represents the interests of Amateur Dancers (including Ballroom, Latin American, Sequence dancing and Freestyle) within England.  EADA provides support and training for Amateur dancers and acts as the voice of English Amateur dancers amongst other dance organisations both in the UK and overseas.  EADA also aims to get the younger audience involved and on the dance floor. EADA hopes to increase the profile of dancesport.

History
EADA was formed in 1985 when the British Amateur Dancesport Association split into its constituent countries for representation on the International Dancesport Federation (IDSF). On May 29, 2008 EADA was registered as a company limited by guarantee (EADA Ltd).

Organisation
EADA Ltd is run entirely by volunteers: up to five directors and five or more Council members. The current President of EADA is Mr Tony Clipstone.

As from January 2017 EADA is a Corporate Member of the British Dance Council.

The membership of EADA includes Amateur dancers of all ages and standards – from beginner through to international competitor.  Typically EADA has 400 members each year.  Members have to pay an annual registration fee which allows them to compete in competitions run by the British Dance Council, the largest national competitions being the British closed championships (Ballroom and Latin) and the British Sequence Championships (sequence dance).  Joining also entitles members to various benefits.

Responsibilities
Responsibilities are to represent English Amateurs at meetings of other dance organisations such as the BDC. EADA is also responsible for providing training days for their members, administering the Amateur coaching scheme, supporting and advising members on issues such as child protection, and keeping the membership informed about issues in the dance world through their website.

Membership in other organisations
EADA is a UK Dancesport Association that is recognised by Sport England, UK Sport, the National Olympic Committee and WADA (the World Anti Doping Agency). EADA also has a child protection policy approved by the NSPCC and an equity policy approved by Sport England.

As of November 2010, EADA is no longer a member of WDSF and has no association with Dancesport England.

See also
Dancesport

References

External links

Sports clubs and teams in Berkshire
Dancesport organizations
Dance in the United Kingdom
Ballroom dance
Dancesport in the United Kingdom
1985 establishments in England
Sports organizations established in 1985
Amateur sport in the United Kingdom

English Amateur Dancesport Association


Rachael Elizabeth Beck (born 9 February 1971) is an Australian stage and television singer-actress. From 1991 to 1994 Beck had a major role on the popular sitcom, Hey Dad..!, as Samantha Kelly. From 2006 to 2008, Beck appeared on all three seasons of Seven Network's celebrity singing competition It Takes Two, as a singing coach successively for Mark Furze, Ernie Dingo and Mark Wilson. She has appeared in the Australian musical theatre productions of Cats (1985), Disney's Beauty and the Beast (1995–96), Les Misérables (1995–96), The Sound of Music (August 2000 to February 2001), Cabaret, Singing in the Rain and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. Beck released her first solo album This Girl on 7 March 2014.

Biography
Beck grew up in Sydney, and her father John Beck directed her in school musicals. She has a brother and sister. At nine years old, Beck was performing at Eisteddfods where she sang "The Count" (from Sesame Street). She attended SCECGS Redlands school in Sydney.

Beck was married to Australian actor, Ian Stenlake.

Beck is an ambassador for the Australian Children's Music Foundation, a non-profit organisation which aims to provide musical instruments to children in disadvantaged, remote and indigenous communities in Australia.

Television

Following a guest stint on soap Home and Away in 1990, Rachael was cast in the regular role of Claudia Rossi in the serial Family and Friends.

From 1991 to 1994 she had a major role on the popular sitcom, Hey Dad..!, as Samantha Kelly. Her other television credits include brief stints on Home and Away and as a reporter for Postcards WA.

From 2006 to 2008, Beck appeared on all three seasons of Seven Network's celebrity singing competition It Takes Two. In 2006 she earned third place with Home and Away actor Mark Furze. In 2007 she partnered Ernie Dingo, finishing fourth overall. In 2008 she partnered Mark Wilson from Dancing with the Stars.

In October 2007 Beck appeared on Nine Network's practical joke series, Surprise Surprise Gotcha, where a prank was played on her. In 2020 Beck voiced the character of Azaria Chamberlain in the animated Australian TV show, Regular Old Bogan.

Theatre

At the age of 13 she auditioned for the Sydney premiere of Cats but was considered too young, she took the role of Rumpleteazer for its Melbourne premiere in 1985.

Beck has starred in a number of Australian theatre productions. In 1992 she performed the title role in Young Judy – a one-woman show on the early life of Judy Garland – written by her father, John. She appeared in the Australian stage productions of Disney's Beauty and the Beast (1995–1996) as Belle opposite Hugh Jackman, (the cast recording of which won an ARIA Music Award for best cast album of 1996) Les Misérables as Fantine (1997–98), The Sound of Music (August 2000 to February 2001), taking over from Lisa McCune as Maria for the Perth and Adelaide productions), Cabaret as Sally Bowles, Singing in the Rain as Kathy Selden. In 2006, Beck (as Gladys Hotchkiss) appeared alongside her husband Ian Stenlake (as Sid Sorokin) in a stage production of The Pajama Game at Melbourne's State Theatre.

In September 2007 Beck undertook the role of Beth in the Australia and New Zealand live concert tour of Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of The Worlds – Alive on Stage. She was cast opposite Michael Falzon (Artilleryman) and Shannon Noll (Parson) as well as album alumni Chris Thompson, and Justin Hayward in their original roles. The cast performed with the holographic head of narrator Richard Burton, as well as musical talents of the 48-piece ULLAdubULLA Strings and 10-piece Black Smoke Band, conducted by composer Jeff Wayne.

During January and February 2012, Beck appeared in the role of Claire in Squabbalogic's premiere of Adam Gwon's chamber musical Ordinary Days at Sydney's Darlinghurst Theatre with Michael Falzon (Jason), Erica Lovell (Deb) and Jay James Moody (Warren).

She appeared in Enda Markeys April gala concert Side by Side by Sondheim in Sydney featuring Ruthie Henshall before joining Falzon again in September in the touring company of Side by Side by Sondheim. The touring production, which saw Beck perform in Canberra included Geraldine Turner and Jessica Rowe.

In November she originated the role of Truly Scrumptious in Australia for the national premiere of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at the Capitol Theatre, Sydney. Beck remained with the tour throughout 2013.

Beck appeared with fellow Ordinary Days co-star Michael Falzon for A Swingin' Christmas Proms 2014 for Adelaide Festival Centre on 12 and 13 December 2014. Also performing were the Adelaide Art Orchestra under the direction of Timothy Sexton. She teamed up with Falzon again in 2016, as well as Alexandra Flood, Luke Kennedy and Queensland Symphony Orchestra for Queensland Ballet's season of Strictly Gershwin.

Discography
The Australian cast album of Beauty and the Beast
 "Belle" with Zachary McCay, Hugh Jackman, Kelly Aykers, Laura Hamilton, Kerry Peters, Ensemble
 "No Matter What" with Ernie Bourne
 "Me" with Hugh Jackman
 "Belle" (Reprise)
 "Home"
 "Something There" with Michael Cormick, Robyn Arthur, Grant Smith, Bert Newton
 "Transformation" with Michael Cormick
 "Beauty and the Beast" (Reprise) – Cast

The Martin King Project with Ian Stenlake; released on 31 December 2010 through Austep Records
 "The Ocean"
 "The Beach"
 "The River"
 "My War"
 "Dream Within a Dream"

Stars of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang Present Hit Songs from the Musical Chitty Chitty Bang Bang with David Hobson and Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra conducted by Guy Noble; released on 14 May 2013 through ABC Music
 "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang"
 "Truly Scrumptious"
 "Hushabye Mountain"

Beck released her first solo album through ABC Music in March 2014. This Girl featured the songs:
 "Send in the Clowns"
 "Only Girl (in the World)"
 "State of the Heart" (duet with Ross Wilson)
 "Running Up That Hill"
 "Sun & Moon" (duet with David Campbell)
 "Love is Everything"
 "Bluebird"
 "One Hand One Heart"
 "Make You Feel My Love"
 "Perfect Day"

My Baby Just Cares For Me with David Hobson; released through ABC Music on 4 April 2014
 "Get Happy"
 "Baby, It's Cold Outside"
 "Almost Like Being in Love"
 "I Got Rhythm"
 "Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered"
 "You Stepped Out of a Dream"
 "Let's Call the Whole Thing Off / Let's Do It"
 "The Sound of Music medley"
 "Stranger in Paradise"
 "My Baby Just Cares for Me"
 "But Not for Me"
 "Truly Scrumptious"

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Biography at It Takes Two, archived copy here from 23 July 2008

1971 births
Actresses from Sydney
Australian television actresses
Living people
Australian musical theatre actresses
People educated at Redlands, Cremorne

Rachael Beck


Nathan Lane (born Joseph Lane; February 3, 1956) is an American actor. In a career spanning over 40 years he has been seen on stage and screen in roles both comedic and dramatic. Lane has received numerous awards, including three Tony Awards, six Drama Desk Awards, an Olivier Award, three Emmy Awards, and a Screen Actors Guild Award. Lane received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2006 and was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 2008. In 2010, The New York Times hailed Lane as "the greatest stage entertainer of the decade".

Lane made his professional theatre debut in 1978 in an off-Broadway production of A Midsummer Night's Dream. During this time he also briefly appeared as one half of the comedy team of Stack and Lane, until he was cast in the 1982 Broadway revival of Noël Coward's Present Laughter directed by and starring George C. Scott. This led to an extensive career onstage, where he had a long friendship and fruitful collaboration with the playwright Terrence McNally which started in 1989 with the Manhattan Theater Club production of The Lisbon Traviata.

A six-time Tony Award nominee, Lane has won three times, for portraying Pseudolus in Stephen Sondheim's A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1996), Max Bialystock in Mel Brooks' The Producers (2001), and Roy Cohn in Tony Kushner's Angels in America (2018). His other Tony-nominated roles were for Nathan Detroit in Guys and Dolls (1992), Chauncey Miles in The Nance (2013), and Walter Burns in The Front Page (2016). Lane is also known for his theatre roles in The Man Who Came To Dinner (2000), The Odd Couple (2005), Butley (2006), The Addams Family (2010), It's Only a Play (2014), Gary: A Sequel to Titus Andronicus (2019), and Pictures from Home (2023).

Lane has appeared in over 35 films, including The Lion King (1994), The Birdcage (1996), Mouse Hunt (1997), The Producers (2005), and Beau is Afraid (2023). He received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for the Hulu mystery comedy series Only Murders in the Building in 2022. His other Emmy-nominated roles were for Frasier, Mad About You, Modern Family, and The Good Wife. He has also been seen in The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story (2016), Penny Dreadful: City of Angels (2020), and The Gilded Age (2022).

Early life and education
Nathan Lane was born Joseph Lane in Jersey City, New Jersey, on February 3, 1956. His father, Daniel Joseph Lane, was a truck driver and an aspiring tenor who died in 1967 from alcoholism when Lane was eleven. His mother, Nora Veronica (Finnerty), was a housewife and secretary who suffered from bipolar disorder and died in 2000. He has two older brothers, Daniel Jr. and Robert. Lane's parents were Catholics, and all of his grandparents were Irish immigrants. He was named after his uncle, a Jesuit priest. Lane attended Catholic schools in Jersey City, including Jesuit-run St. Peter's Preparatory School, where he was voted Best Actor in 1974, and years later received the 2011 Prep Hall of Fame Professional Achievement Award.

Career

1978–1993: Rise to prominence

Accepted to Saint Joseph's University in Philadelphia on a drama scholarship, Lane was accompanied on what was supposed to be his first day there by his older brother Dan. Discovering that the scholarship would not cover enough of his expenses, he decided to leave, and work for a year to earn some money. His brother said, "I remember him saying to me, 'College is for people who don't know what they want to do.'"

Because there already was a Joseph Lane registered with Actors' Equity, he changed his name to Nathan after the character Nathan Detroit from the musical Guys and Dolls. He moved to New York City where, after a long struggle, his career began to take off, first with some brief success in the world of stand-up comedy with partner Patrick Stack, and later with Off-Broadway productions at Second Stage Theatre, the Roundabout Theatre, and the Manhattan Theatre Club. He made his Broadway debut in a 1982 revival of Noël Coward's Present Laughter as Roland Maule (Drama Desk nomination) with George C. Scott, Kate Burton, Dana Ivey, Bette Henritze, Elizabeth Hubbard, Jim Piddock, and Christine Lahti.

His second Broadway appearance was in the 1983 musical Merlin, starring Chita Rivera and magician Doug Henning. This was followed by Wind in the Willows as Mr. Toad, Some Americans Abroad at Lincoln Center, and the national tour of Neil Simon's Broadway Bound.

Off-Broadway productions included Love (the musical version of Murray Schisgal's Luv), Measure for Measure directed by Joseph Papp in Central Park, for which he received the St. Clair Bayfield Award, The Common Pursuit, The Film Society, In a Pig's Valise, She Stoops to Conquer,  The Merry Wives of Windsor and A Midsummer Night's Dream.  He also appeared at the Williamstown Theatre Festival in The School for Scandal and John Guare's Moon Over Miami. His association with Stephen Sondheim began with the workshop reading of Assassins in 1989 where he played Samuel Byck, the would be murderer of Richard Nixon. Lane also appeared in the television shows Miami Vice and The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd.

In 1991, Lane appeared with George C. Scott again in a revival of Paul Osborne's On Borrowed Time at the Circle in the Square Theatre on Broadway. In 1992, he starred in the hit revival of Guys and Dolls, playing Nathan Detroit, the character who lent him his name, opposite Peter Gallagher and Faith Prince. For this performance, he received his first Tony nomination, as well as Drama Desk and Outer Critics Circle Awards.  In 1992, he won an Obie Award for Sustained Excellence of Performance. His professional association with his close friend the playwright Terrence McNally, whom he met in 1987, includes roles in The Lisbon Traviata (Drama Desk and Lucille Lortel Awards, and Outer Critics Circle nomination), Bad Habits, Lips Together, Teeth Apart, Love! Valour! Compassion! (Obie, Drama Desk, and Outer Critics Circle Awards), Dedication or the Stuff of Dreams, which opened in 2005 (Drama Desk nomination), The Last Mile on PBS' Great Performances, and the film version of Frankie and Johnny.

The early 1990s began a stretch of successful Broadway shows for Lane. In 1993, he portrayed Sid Caesar-like Max Prince in Neil Simon's Laughter on the 23rd Floor, inspired by Simon's early career writing sketches for Your Show of Shows.  In 1996, he starred in the hit revival of Stephen Sondheim's A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum. For his performance he won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical as well as the Drama Desk and Outer Critics Circle Awards. In 1998, he appeared Off-Broadway in Jon Robin Baitz's revised 1984 comedy, Mizlansky/Zilinsky or 'Schmucks'.

1994–2009: Breakthrough and acclaim
In 1994, Lane voiced Timon, the meerkat, in Disney's blockbuster animated film The Lion King and reprised the role in its sequels. In 1995, Lane voiced the meerkat in the early episodes of Timon & Pumbaa. In 1995, he played the Cowardly Lion in The Wizard of Oz in Concert at Lincoln Center to benefit the Children's Defense Fund. The performance was originally broadcast on Turner Network Television (TNT).

In 1996 Lane appeared in the film The Birdcage, for which he received his first Golden Globe nomination. The film, an American remake of the classic French farce La Cage aux Folles, was directed by Mike Nichols with a screenplay by Elaine May, and starred Robin Williams, Lane, and Gene Hackman, and went on to be a big success. The Stephen Sondheim song "Little Dream" in The Birdcage was supposedly written especially for him. In 1999, he appeared with Victor Garber in the workshop of the Sondheim musical Wise Guys (later retitled Road Show). His collaboration with Sondheim would continue when Lane revised the original book for and starred in the Broadway debut of the composer's The Frogs at Lincoln Center in 2004.

Lane appeared in the 1997 dark comedy Mouse Hunt, one of the first films to come out of the newly formed DreamWorks Studios, in which he co-starred with British comedian Lee Evans and Christopher Walken. In 1999, he appeared in the Encores! concert revival of Do Re Mi at City Center. That same year he also voiced the role of Snowbell in the family film Stuart Little, opposite his Life With Mikey co-star Michael J. Fox.

He is known for his voice work in two Disney animated series, Teacher's Pet and Timon & Pumbaa, as well as George and Martha on HBO. He received Daytime Emmy Awards for his voice performances in Teacher's Pet and Timon & Pumbaa, as well as a nomination for George and Martha. He hosted Saturday Night Live in 1997, and the Tony Awards (once as host for the 50th anniversary telecast, and three times as co-host, with Glenn Close and Gregory Hines; Rosie O'Donnell; and Matthew Broderick respectively). From 1998 to 1999 he starred in the NBC sitcom Encore! Encore! alongside Joan Plowright and Glenne Headly. The New York Times gave a very positive review to the show's debut, writing it possessed the "most accomplished, high-powered cast on television." Despite the positive reviews the series was cancelled. Lane also received Emmy Award nominations for his guest appearances on Frasier and Mad About You in 1995 and 1998, respectively.

Lane starred in the Roundabout revival of The Man Who Came to Dinner as Sheridan Whiteside, with Jean Smart and Harriet Harris in 2000. Charles Isherwood of Variety praised Lane's performance writing, "Nathan Lane, an actor who makes virtually every role he plays seem like a role he was born to play, is the splendidly seething, delightfully acerbic center of Jerry Zaks' splashy production of the 1939 comedy". The production was taped and shown on PBS. That same year he starred in Kenneth Branagh's film adaptation of William Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost (2000). He also acted in the comedy Isn't She Great (2000) opposite Bette Midler, the crime drama Trixie (2000), and voiced a character in the animated science fiction film Titan A.E. (2000).

In 2001, he starred as Max Bialystock in the blockbuster musical version of Mel Brooks's The Producers. He acted alongside Matthew Broderick. Chris Jones of Variety wrote "Lane's greatest contribution, though, is this performer's innate sense of pace. He's constantly propelling the show forward and giving all this nonsense a necessary sense of urgency." Ben Brantley of The New York Times praised Lane's performance describing it as his "most delicious performance". He also complimented Lane's and Broderick's chemistry adding "Mr. Lane and Mr. Broderick, have the most dynamic stage chemistry since Natasha Richardson met Liam Neeson in Anna Christie. The role earned him his second Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical as well as Drama Desk and Outer Critics Circle Awards.

The following year he would go on to reprise his role as Snowbell in Stuart Little 2 (2002). He then appeared as Vincent Crummles in a film adaptation of Nicholas Nickleby, for which the cast received the Ensemble Acting award from the National Board of Review. In 2003 he starred Off-Broadway in Trumbo: Red, White, and Blacklisted. In 2004, Lane revised the libretto and portrayed Dionysus in the revival of Stephen Sondheim's musical The Frogs which opened at the Vivian Beaumont Theater at Lincoln Center on Broadway. That same year he replaced Richard Dreyfuss in The Producers in the West End. Dreyfuss was let go just a week before the show's first preview at London's Theatre Royal Drury Lane. Lane went on to win the Olivier Award as Best Actor in a Musical.  His performance in the film version, opposite Broadway co-star Matthew Broderick as Leo Bloom, earned him his second nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy.

In 2005, Lane rejoined Broderick for a successful limited run of The Odd Couple. In 2006, he took on a primarily dramatic role in a revival of Simon Gray's Butley, having played the role to great success at The Huntington Theater Company in Boston in 2003. He and Broderick received adjacent stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in a joint ceremony on January 9, 2006, and were immortalized in wax as Max and Leo at Madame Tussauds Museum in New York City on January 16, 2009. In 2008, he played the President of the United States in the David Mamet political satire, November, directed by Joe Mantello. This was followed by the critically acclaimed 2009 revival of Waiting for Godot (Outer Critics Circle nomination) in which he played Estragon opposite Bill Irwin's Vladimir. He was a 2008 American Theatre Hall of Fame inductee. In the 2000s Lane also made guest appearances on Sex and the City, Curb Your Enthusiasm, Absolutely Fabulous, and 30 Rock.

2010–2019: Established actor
In 2009, Lane starred in the musical version of The Addams Family as Gomez in Chicago, a role he reprised on Broadway the following year, receiving Drama Desk and Outer Critics Circle nominations. That year he also received a Drama League Award for Distinguished Achievement in Musical Theater. Committed to starring in a revival of the Eugene O'Neill play The Iceman Cometh at Chicago's Goodman Theatre in 2012, Lane assumed the role of Hickey, with Brian Dennehy playing the role of Larry Slade in a production directed by the Goodman's Artistic Director, Robert Falls.  Receiving rave reviews, it won six Jeff Awards, including Best Ensemble, Director, and Production, and is the most successful play to date in the theater's history.

From 2010 to 2019, Lane portrayed Pepper Saltzman in the ABC sitcom Modern Family for which he received three Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series nominations. From 2012 to 2014 he played Clarke Hayden in the legal series The Good Wife receiving a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series. In the spring of 2013, Lane returned to Broadway in The Nance, a Lincoln Center production of a new play by Douglas Carter Beane that was directed by Jack O'Brien. David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter praised his performance writing, "Lane is masterful, finding new depths in a well-worn sad clown persona" adding, "[The production] at the very least it provides a tremendous vehicle for Lane". He went on to receive Tony and Drama Desk Award nominations and won the Outer Critics Circle Award and the 2013 Drama League Award for Distinguished Performance. The play aired on PBS Live From Lincoln Center in 2014.

In autumn 2014, he appeared in an all-star ensemble of Terrence McNally's revised and updated It's Only a Play, with F. Murray Abraham, Matthew Broderick, Stockard Channing, Rupert Grint, Megan Mullally, and Micah Stock. The show became one of the biggest hits of the season. In February 2015 he reprised the role of Hickey in the Robert Falls production of The Iceman Cometh to great acclaim at the Brooklyn Academy of Music. Elizabeth Vincentelli of The New York Post wrote of his performance, "Lane, one of his generation's most brilliant comic actors...[hits] the sweet spot between pretend perkiness and self-loathing". He later returned to the Broadway run of It's Only a Play. In 2015, he received the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center Monte Cristo Award for his body of work. In March 2016, he opened the play White Rabbit, Red Rabbit Off-Broadway.

Lane played F. Lee Bailey in The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story, the first season of American Crime Story, which premiered on the FX channel in February 2016. Daniel Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter described his performance as "understatedly Machiavellian". Emily St. Jones of Vox declared Lane as "hugely enjoyable" in the series.
It received 22 Emmy nominations and went on to win the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series. In fall of 2016, he returned to Broadway to rave reviews in an all-star revival of Hecht and MacArthur's The Front Page, directed by Jack O'Brien and produced by Scott Rudin. He played the ruthless editor Walter Burns opposite John Slattery as Hildy Johnson and John Goodman as Sheriff Hartman, for which he received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play. He also received nominations for Drama Desk and Outer Critics Circle Awards. During this time he also guest starred on series such as Difficult People (2016) and The Blacklist (2018).

Following that he played Roy Cohn with Andrew Garfield as Prior Walter in the revival of Angels in America, directed by Marianne Elliott at the Lyttlelton Theatre of the National Theatre of Great Britain. Lane reprised his acclaimed portrayal on Broadway at the Neil Simon Theatre, and won the Tony, Drama Desk, and Outer Critics Circle Awards for Best Featured Actor in a Play. In March 2019, Lane starred in Taylor Mac's absurdist black comedy Gary: A Sequel to Titus Andronicus at the Booth Theatre directed by George C. Wolfe. The play received seven Tony Award nominations, including Best Play.

2020–present
Lane played the role of Lewis Michener on Showtime's Penny Dreadful: City of Angels which premiered April 26, 2020 and ran for one season. He has a recurring role in the Hulu series Only Murders in the Building, starring Steve Martin, Martin Short and  Selena Gomez, for which he received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series. This was Lane's first Primetime Emmy Award after a record-breaking seven nominations in the guest actor categories, making him the most nominated guest actor in Emmy history, a record he still holds after receiving his eighth nomination in 2023 in the same category. He also plays the recurring role of Ward McAllister in the HBO period series, The Gilded Age, written by Julian Fellowes.

In 2023, Lane returned to the Broadway stage, marking his 25th Broadway show, in Pictures from Home, a play adapted from the photo memoir by Larry Sultan. Lane portrayed the father and former razor blade salesman to his son a photographer, played by Danny Burstein, who's remembering his visits with his family. Lane's wife in the play was portrayed by Zoë Wanamaker. The production was directed by Bartlett Sher and was helmed at the Studio 54 theatre. The play received mixed reviews but praise for Lane's performance with Marilyn Stasio of Variety writing, "Lane and Burstein are consummate pros, and there are considerable sparks of familial communication between the father and son they play with such warmth and understanding."
That same year Lane co-starred in Ari Aster's new A24 film, Beau Is Afraid alongside Joaquin Phoenix, Amy Ryan and Patti LuPone. Max Ceo of Esquire praised Aster on the casting of Lane writing, "There's a palpable sense that the director had seasoned character actors such as Nathan Lane in his mind while writing. He milks every dad-ish 'My dude' the script hands him".

He is also co-starring in another A24 film, Dicks: The Musical, formerly known as Fucking Identical Twins, directed by Larry Charles and written by Aaron Jackson and Josh Sharp based on their Upright Citizens Brigade musical stage show which is a twisted take on The Parent Trap. Jackson and Sharp will play the twins with Lane and Megan Mullally as the parents. It also stars Bowen Yang and Megan Thee Stallion. The film premiered at the 2023 Toronto International Film Festival to positive reviews and won the Midnight Madness People's Choice Award. Kristy Puchko of Mashable wrote, "[Lane] who stole scenes earlier this year as a plucky papa in another A24 movie Beau is Afraid — gives his all, committing to bit after bit" adding "In a career of superb comedy, he's in top form here".

Upcoming projects
He will also be part of the voice cast for Spellbound, a new animated film from Skydance.

Personal life
Lane says that when he told his mother at age 21 that he was gay, she said, "I'd rather you were dead," to which he replied, "I knew you'd understand." He then joked that "Once I got her head out of the oven, everything went fine."

Lane came out publicly in 1999 after the killing of Matthew Shepard, and has been a long-time board member of and fundraiser for Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS. He was honored with the Human Rights Campaign Equality Award, the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation Vito Russo Award, The Trevor Project Hero Award, and the Matthew Shepard Foundation Making A Difference Award for his work in the LGBT community in 2015.

Lane has made several critical statements against Republican Party figures. He jokingly compared Paul Ryan to the Wicked Witch of the West, due to Ryan's lack of support for Medicaid. In a 2018 interview about playing Roy Cohn in the Broadway revival of Angels in America, Lane pointed out that Donald Trump is a liar, stating: "Really, what you learn is what [Trump] learned from Roy Cohn: There are certain tactics that are very familiar, that Trump picked up from him. You know, always go on the attack. The counterattack. Hit the accuser ten times harder and deflect. Never admit defeat. And outright lying if all else fails." Lane was an active supporter of Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama, hosting fundraisers for the Democratic Party.

On November 17, 2015, he married his partner of 18 years, theater producer and writer Devlin Elliott. They reside in Manhattan and East Hampton.

Acting credits

Lane has had an extensive career in film, television and the theatre. He has appeared in such films as The Lion King (1994), The Birdcage (1996), Mouse Hunt (1997), Nicholas Nickleby (2002), and the film adaptation of the Broadway musical The Producers (2005). He is also known for numerous guest roles including Frasier, Mad About You, 30 Rock, Absolutely Fabulous, Curb Your Enthusiasm, The Blacklist and recurring roles on Modern Family and The Good Wife. He has also received critical praise for his roles as F. Lee Bailey in the limited series The People v. O.J. Simpson (2016) and in the 2020 Showtime series Penny Dreadful: City of Angels as Det. Lewis Michener.  His roles in theatre range from musical comedies, Guys and Dolls (1992), A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1996), The Producers (2001) and The Addams Family (2010) to dramatic roles in the work of Terrence McNally, Jon Robin Baitz, and Simon Gray, as well as revivals and new plays such as The Odd Couple (2005), November (2008), Waiting for Godot (2009), The Nance (2013), It's Only a Play (2015), The Iceman Cometh (2015), The Front Page (2016), Angels in America (2018), Gary: A Sequel to Titus Andronicus (2019), and Pictures From Home (2023).

Awards and honors

Lane has received six Tony Award nominations for his work on Broadway, winning three times for A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1996), The Producers (2001), and Angels in America (2018). Also for his work in theatre he has received six Drama Desk Awards, six Outer Critics Circle Awards, two Obies, the Lucille Lortel Award, the Drama League Award for Outstanding Achievement in Musical Theater, the Drama League Award for Distinguished Performance for The Nance, the Theatre World John Willis Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theater, the Eugene O'Neill Monte Cristo Award, the  New Dramatists Career Achievement Award, the Sir Peter Ustinov Comedy Award, and the Laurence Olivier Award.

Lane has received two Golden Globe Award nominations for The Birdcage and The Producers, the National Board of Review Award for Ensemble Acting for Nicholas Nickleby and two Screen Actors Guild Award nominations for Best Supporting Actor and for Best Performance by a Cast for The Birdcage, winning the latter. For his work on television Lane has received eight Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his work in guest starring roles on Frasier, Mad About You, Modern Family, and The Good Wife and won for Only Murders in the Building. He has received two Daytime Emmy Awards for his voice work in Timon & Pumbaa and Teacher's Pet, as well as a nomination for George and Martha for HBO. He has also received the People's Choice Award for Favorite New Actor in a Comedy and an American Comedy Award for The Birdcage and a nomination for Jeffrey.

See also
 LGBT culture in New York City
 List of LGBT people from New York City

References

External links

1956 births
Living people
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American LGBT people
21st-century American male actors
21st-century American LGBT people
American male film actors
American male musical theatre actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American male Shakespearean actors
American gay actors
American people of Irish descent
LGBT people from New Jersey
Daytime Emmy Award winners
Disney people
Drama Desk Award winners
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Tony Award winners
Obie Award recipients
Laurence Olivier Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
American LGBT rights activists
St. Peter's Preparatory School alumni
Male actors from Jersey City, New Jersey

Nathan Lane


Epulafquén Lake () is a lake in Neuquén Province, Patagonian Argentina. This glacial lake is located in the Andean mountains in Lanín National Park. Hydrologically it forms one lake together with Huechulafquen Lake and is then considered an arm of it. It is separated from Huechulafquen Lake by a small channel formed due to the emergence of a small volcanic cone during the Holocene. One if the lake's most prominent features is a large delta-formed lava flow from Huanquihue volcano on its southern shore.

References

Lakes of Neuquén Province
Glacial lakes of Argentina

Epulafquén Lake


AFC Fylde is a professional football club based in Wesham in the Borough of Fylde, Lancashire, England. They are currently members of the  and play at Mill Farm.

Originally known as Kirkham & Wesham following a merger of Kirkham Town and Wesham in 1988, the club adopted its current name in 2008 after winning the FA Vase. In 2007, the club announced the goal of reaching the Conference National by 2017 and the Football League by 2022, the latter objective being printed on club shirts. The club won four promotions between 2007 and 2017 to earn promotion to the fifth tier of English football for the first time. The club experienced two play-off campaigns in their first two seasons in the National League, with the second seeing Fylde miss out on promotion to the Football League after losing to Salford City at Wembley Stadium in the play-off final. However, the Coasters returned to Wembley a week after their defeat for the 2019 FA Trophy final as they managed to beat Leyton Orient. Although Fylde were relegated back to the National League North after finishing second-from-bottom of the National League the following season, they were National League North champions in 2022–23 and promoted straight back to the National League. They are the first and so far only club to win both the FA Vase and the FA Trophy.

History

The club was formed by the amalgamation of Kirkham Town and Wesham in 1988, adopting the name of a previous club that had played in the West Lancashire League in the years immediately before World War I. The new club assumed Kirkham Town's place in Division One of the West Lancashire League. In 1989–90 they finished bottom of the division and were relegated to Division Two. After three seasons in Division Two they were promoted in the 1992–93 season after finishing third, only to be relegated again in 1994–95. The following season they finished as runners-up in Division Two, losing only two league games all season, and were promoted back to Division One.

The West Lancashire League was re-structured in 1998 with Division One renamed the Premier Division. After finishing fourth in successive seasons in 1997–98 and 1998–99, the club then dominated the Premier Division for a number of years, finishing as champions in seven out of the eight seasons between 1999 and 2000 and 2006–07, the only blip being 2002–03 when they were runners-up. In the 21 months between January 2003 and October 2004, the club did not lose a match in any competition. The run finally ended when they lost a league match, 1–0 to Dalton United. In April 2006 the club completed a hat-trick of consecutive victories in the Lancashire Amateur Shield cup final when they beat fellow West Lancashire League side Charnock Richard 2–0 at the County Ground in Leyland, the club's fourth Shield victory in six years. As the nominated representatives of the Lancashire FA, the club also won the Northern Counties Cup in 2004–05, 2005–06, and 2006–07.

North West Counties League
Following their West Lancashire League championship success in 2006–07, the club were accepted into Division Two of the North West Counties League for the 2007–08 season. At the club's annual general meeting (AGM) in July 2007, a 15-year plan was put forward with the stated aim of reaching the Conference National by 2017, and the Football League by 2022. The club's first match in the North West Counties League was a home game on 11 August 2007, against Darwen in front of 101 fans, which they won 5–0. The following Tuesday they played their first ever home match under floodlights, winning 2–0 at home to Holker Old Boys On 8 September the club played their first ever match in the FA Vase, beating Northern Counties East League Division One club Worsbrough Bridge Athletic 3–0. The club had also arranged for the FA Vase trophy to be on display before the game. On 26 January 2008 the club reached the last sixteen of the FA Vase when they beat Studley 3–0. On 9 February they reached the quarter-final after they beat Sussex County League leaders, Crowborough Athletic 2–0 in front of a record crowd of 772 at Crowborough's Alderbrook Recreation Ground. They subsequently defeated Midland Football Alliance club Coventry Sphinx 1–0 in a replay after a 3–3 draw. In the two-legged semi-final against Eastern Counties League Premier Division club, Needham Market, Kirkham & Wesham won 4–2 on aggregate. On 11 May, Kirkham & Wesham won the FA Vase in their first season in the competition, beating Lowestoft Town 2–1 in the final at Wembley Stadium in front of a crowd of 19,537, with about 14,000 from Lowestoft and about 3,500 Kirkham & Wesham supporters. A goal down for most of the game, Kirkham & Wesham scored twice in the last six minutes, both goals coming from seventeen-year-old substitute Matt Walwyn, son of former Blackpool player Keith Walwyn, who only played the last 11 minutes of the game. Kirkham & Wesham secured prize money of £20,000 for their win, although the total amount the club earned was expected to be around £75,000. The season also saw the club win the Division Two knockout trophy with a 1–0 win over Bootle, as well as securing promotion to the Premier Division when they beat Castleton Gabriels 3–1 on 26 April.

For the start of the 2008–09 season, the club changed their name to AFC Fylde. They won the Premier Division at the first attempt, finishing above New Mills on goal difference and earning promotion to Division One North of the Northern Premier League.

Northern Premier League
Long-serving manager Mick Fuller was moved upstairs in September 2010 and Kelham O'Hanlon was brought in as first team coach. The club finished in mid-table with a high turnover of playing staff. The following season the club finished fifth, qualifying for the promotion play-offs. After beating Skelmersdale United 1–0 in the semi-final, they lost 2–1 to Chorley in the final.

In the 2011–12 season they were installed as early promotion favourites, but O'Hanlon was replaced as manager in November 2011 after a poor run of results and was quickly replaced by a new management team of Dave Challinor and Colin Woodthorpe. Challinor left Conference North side Colwyn Bay to drop two divisions to join the Coasters, pointing to the club's ambition and plans for the future as the factor that made them move to the Fylde Coast. The club were 16 points off the top of the table when the new management duo arrived at the club but claimed the title with a 1–0 win over Salford City, earning promotion to the Premier Division.

In 2012–13 the club finished fifth, qualifying for the play-offs. However, following a 3–3 draw, they lost out 3–1 on penalties to Hednesford Town in the semi-final. The 2013–14 season saw the club win the Lancashire FA Challenge Trophy (beating Chorley 4–1 at the Reebok Stadium), the Northern Premier League Challenge Cup (with a 1–0 win against Skelmersdale United at Edgeley Park) and gain promotion to the Conference North via the play-offs. After beating Worksop Town 3–1 at home in the play-off semi-final, they defeated Ashton United 4–3 on penalties after a 1–1 draw.

National League
AFC Fylde finished their first season in the Conference North in second place with 85 points, losing to Guiseley 3–1 on aggregate in the subsequent play-off semi-final. Three Fylde players, Ben Hinchcliffe, Josh Langley and Brad Barnes, were selected in the Conference North Team of the Season at end of season AGM awards. Fylde finished the 2015–16 season in third place in the renamed National League North. After beating Harrogate Town 2–1 on aggregate in the two-legged semi-final, they lost 2–1 to North Ferriby United after extra time. In 2016–17 they won the National League North, earning promotion to the National League. In their first season in the National League the club reached the second round of the FA Cup for the first time after beating Kidderminster Harriers 4–2 in the first round. In the second round Fylde drew 1–1 at home to Wigan Athletic before losing the replay 3–2. They went on to finish seventh in the league, qualifying for the expanded play-offs, but lost 2–1 by Boreham Wood in the quarter-final.

In 2018–19 Fylde finished fifth in the National League. They defeated Harrogate Town in the play-off quarter-final and Solihull Moors in semi-final to qualify for the final at Wembley against Salford City. Although the final saw them lose 3–0, the club returned to Wembley a week later in the FA Trophy final and won the competition with a 1–0 victory over Leyton Orient. In October 2019, after eight years with the club, Dave Challinor was sacked with Fylde in the relegation zone. The 2019–20 FA Cup saw the club reach the third round of the FA Cup for the first time; after beating Nantwich Town 1–0 in the first round and Kingstonian 2–0 in the second, they lost 2–1 at Sheffield United in the third round. In 2019–20 Fylde finished second-from-bottom of the division, resulting in their relegation back to the National League North after the season had been cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic. They finished third in the National League North in 2021–22 before losing 2–0 to Boston United in the play-off semi-finals. However, in 2022–23 the club were National League North champions, earning another promotion to the National League.

Stadium
Between 2006 and 2016 the club played home games at Kellamergh Park in the village of Warton, having previously played at the council-owned Coronation Road in Kirkham. In 2005 the club purchased land in Kellamergh and began to develop the facilities at a cost of £150,000 in order to meet the requirement for playing in the North West Counties League.

The new ground was officially opened on 5 August 2006, with a £30,000 200-seat main stand with four rows of seating and a designated press box area. Further improvements were made to the stadium in March 2009 to achieve Ground Grading Grade E (step 4), including additional covered seating and a new directors' box. Kellamergh Park eventually had 533 covered seats and could hold just over 3,000 spectators, having been upgraded during the latter part of the 2014–15 season to meet the Football Conference requirement of 500 covered seats, which were installed in late March 2015 and situated at the south end of the ground behind the goal.

On 19 January 2008, the club announced plans for a further move to yet another new stadium at an unnamed  site. In February 2010, a charitable trust called the Haythornthwaite Sports Foundation unveiled plans for a new Community Sports Complex in Wrea Green, comprising outdoor sports facilities catering for local junior football, cricket and other sports plus a new 2,500 capacity stadium for AFC Fylde. Consultations took place in 2011 but a planning application was rejected by Fylde Borough Council in spring 2012.

On 3 September 2013 it was announced that plans had been drawn up for a new £18m development, Mill Farm Sports Village, on the outskirts of Wesham, close to junction 3 of the M55. This included a distribution centre, an Aldi supermarket, a hotel, a restaurant, a petrol station, community sports pitches, sports science facilities, and a 6,000-capacity Football League standard football stadium. The stadium plans include a 2,000 capacity all-seater main stand with a supporters' bar, executive boxes and a function room. The planning application for the stadium and associated facilities was accepted by Fylde Borough Council on 4 June 2014, and the ground opened on 13 August 2016 for the club's first National League North match of the season against Brackley Town.

Players

Coaching staff

Honours
National League
National League North champions 2016–17, 2022–23
Northern Premier League
Division One North champions 2011–12
Challenge Cup winners 2013–14
President's Cup winners 2013–14
North West Counties League
Premier Division champions 2008–09
West Lancashire League
Premier Division champions 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07
FA Trophy
Winners 2018–19
FA Vase
Winners 2007–08
Lancashire FA Challenge Trophy
Winners 2010–11, 2012–13, 2013–14
Northern Inter Counties Cup
Winners 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07
Lancashire Amateur Shield
Winners 2000–01, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06
Richardson Cup
Winners 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2004–05, 2005–06
Presidents Cup
Winners 1995–96

Records
Best FA Cup performance: Third round, 2019–20
Best FA Trophy performance: Winners, 2018–19
Best FA Vase performance: Winners, 2007–08
Record attendance: 3,858 vs Chorley, National League North, 26 December 2016
Biggest victory: 10–0 vs Droylsden, Northern Premier League Premier Division, 29 October 2013

See also
List of AFC Fylde seasons
AFC Fylde players
AFC Fylde managers
AFC Fylde Women

References

External links

Football clubs in England
AFC Fylde
Association football clubs established in 1988
Football clubs in Lancashire
1988 establishments in England
West Lancashire Football League
North West Counties Football League clubs
Northern Premier League clubs
Fylde

AFC Fylde


Giovanni Quirici (1824–1896) was an Italian composer.

Quirici was born in Arena Po, a small town between Pavia and Piacenza. He died in 1896 in Turin. Unknown in biographic dictionaries, only some of his life details are known through Prospero Succio, keeper of the musical archives of the cathedral of Turin, who probably knew the composer personally. Succio writes that G. Quirici's parents wanted him to become a notary public, but he elected to study music at the age of 14. He studied music theory in Milan with Boniforti, Manusardi and Padre Moro. He arrives in Turin about 1878, where he is a composition teacher and probably an organist in an unknown place.

Quirici was prolific: not only light pieces, romances and dances for piano but a big amount of vocal and organ religious music He is published by Perosino, Borriero, Blanchi, Bibliografia Salesiana in Turin. In Milan, besides Ricordi, Mariani, Carisch, his main publisher is Martinenghi. His catalog contains no less than 15 Masses for organ solo, in addition to series of verses and vocal pieces. Two of these Masses, in G and in C have been re-edited by Carrara and Armelin publishers, and are often performed and recorded.

References

Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian Romantic composers
1824 births
1896 deaths
People from the Province of Pavia
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Italian male musicians

Giovanni Quirici


Kickboxer 4 (stylized on-screen as Kickboxer 4: The Aggressor) is a 1994 American direct-to-video martial arts film directed by Albert Pyun. The film is the fourth entry in the Kickboxer film series. This was the last film to star Sasha Mitchell, who reprises his role as David Sloan.

Plot
The film opens with a recap of earlier events in the series as David Sloan writes a letter to his wife, Vicky. After being framed for murder by Tong Po, David has spent the last two years in prison, while his wife has become the sexual captive of his old nemesis, who has since become one of the most powerful drug lords in Mexico.

After receiving explicit photos from Po of his kidnapped wife, David takes his frustrations out on a fellow prisoner before meeting with a DEA official, Casey Ford, who briefs David about their situation. He reveals that the agency has been unable to apprehend Po by their own means, and that Po intends to host a martial arts tournament at his private compound, with the winner earning a match against Po and a $1,000,000 cash prize. Knowing the history between them, Casey offers to release David if he will enter the tournament and eliminate Po himself. David readily accepts, using the alias "Jack Jones" to conceal his identity. His first stop is a street fight, where he easily dispatches two fighters earning him a necessary invitation from a man named Brubaker, who scouts fighters and invites them to Po's tournament.

On his way to the border, David enters a roadside bar and confronts a group of thugs harassing a young woman named Megan Laurence. David defeats them with ease and saves the woman, who is ungrateful for his help and reveals that she is entering the tournament as well. David arrives at the compound and is greeted by Darcy Cove, one of Po's many female sex slaves, who tells him that he must compete in the qualifying matches. David witnesses Thomas, a brutal fighter, take out another young fighter. Then, David is chosen to face Megan. Reluctant to harm the young woman despite her taunting, David passively subdues her. He also meets up with an old acquaintance named Lando Smith, a talented fighter who turns out to be his backup on the mission.

At the party of the tournament's seventh anniversary, Bill, Po's right-hand man, introduces Po to the crowd. David leaves the party soon after to search for his wife but finds the entire compound to be heavily guarded. Meanwhile, Po offers Megan a second chance to compete, but places a bounty on her head inciting all the other fighters to attack her at once. Megan holds her own until Po attacks her, prompting Lando to intervene. After a brief standoff with Po, Lando escorts Megan back to her room.

That night, David searches the compound and manages to locate his wife but is unable to free her before the alarm sounds. On Po's orders, the guards try to apprehend him, but David escapes. The next morning, he befriends Megan and offers his help for the upcoming tournament.

The tournament begins with several matches taking place. David witnesses Thomas incapacitate a female judoka fighter, while Lando and Megan both win their respective matches. When David is called up to fight, Lando approaches Darcy to divert Po's attention away from him. David wins his fight quickly and escapes Po's notice.

In an effort to gain more intelligence about David's wife, Lando enters a romance with Darcy and presses her for information while offering to help her escape from Po. Darcy provides him with the necessary intel which he passes on to David before being caught by Bill and his guards. Po tortures Lando to learn why he has come to the tournament, but unable to get a satisfactory answer, he brings forth Darcy and tortures her in front of Lando, forcing him to admit that he is a DEA agent. Lando pleads for Darcy's life, but Po tortures her to death.

Meanwhile, David seeks to free his wife but is unable to find her since Po had her moved from her original cell as a result of his previous intrusion. David is then captured by Po, who is surprised to see his old rival. On the final day of the tournament, Po declares that all fights will be to the death and dismisses several fighters who are unwilling to risk their lives, but shoots them all dead as they depart. The tournament proceeds with even more fighters killed at the hands of their opponents, until both Lando and David are dragged into the arena.

Po announces that the tournament is a memorial to his late wife, Sian, who was killed five years prior when the DEA invaded his home. He blames David for her death and offers a $500,000 bonus to whoever is able to defeat David. Thomas accepts the challenge, but David is able to defeat him. Po calls for more challengers, and the other two remaining fighters step forward. One after the other, David proves to be more than a match for them. In frustration, Po orders Megan to fight him, but she refuses, calling him a coward. Po threatens to kill them all if she does not fight, but Megan asserts there was never any prize money, and that Po intends to kill them all regardless, her words prompting the other fighters to rally against him. As one, the men rise up to fight for their lives against Po's armed guards.

The fighters seem to have a strong advantage, until Po himself enters the fray and begins to subdue them. Though he fights bravely, Lando is easily bested by the Muay Thai master. In the end, only David and Po are left standing. After a brutal fight, David conquers his rival once again, but Bill takes Vicky at gunpoint, giving Po the opportunity to escape. David dispatches Bill with a well-aimed knife throw before he and Vicky exit the compound along with Lando and Megan.

Cast
 Sasha Mitchell as David Sloane
 Nicholas Guest as DEA Agent Casey Ford
 Brad Thornton as Lando Smith
 Thom Mathews as Bill
 Kamel Krifa as Tong "The Tiger" Po
 Michele Krasnoo as Megan Laurence
 Deborah Mansy as Vicky Sloane
 Jill Pierce as Darcy Cove
 Nicholas Anthony as Brubaker
 Derek Partridge as Bob "Mexican Bob"
 Burton Richardson as Thomas
 Terri Conn as Eliza
 Jackson D. Kane as The Warden

Reception

Critical response
TV Guide rated it 2/5 stars and wrote: "Kickboxer 4 does proud by the franchise that gave the world Jean-Claude Van Damme". Adam Arseneau of DVD Verdict called it an improvement over the third film but still bad. In 2012, Brian Tremml of Paste included it their list of "The 25 Most Awesomely Bad Movies on Netflix Instant".

References

External links

1994 films
1990s action films
1994 martial arts films
American martial arts films
Films shot in New Mexico
Films directed by Albert Pyun
Direct-to-video sequel films
Kickboxer (film series)
American sequel films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films

Kickboxer 4


Geoffrey Walter Edelsten (2 May 1943 – 11 June 2021) was an Australian businessman and former physician known for founding the health care company Allied Medical Group.

Edelsten was a general practitioner whose unconventional clinics and luxurious lifestyle attracted media attention in the 1980s. He owned mansions, helicopters, and a fleet of Rolls-Royces and Lamborghinis with license plates such as Macho, Spunky and Sexy. His multidisciplinary clinics – the forerunners of modern corporate medical practices – were open 24 hours, and were fitted with chandeliers, grand pianos, and mink-covered examination tables.

Edelsten was struck off the medical registry in New South Wales in 1988 and later in Victoria. In 1990, he was jailed for perverting the course of justice and soliciting Christopher Dale Flannery to assault a former patient.

In 2005, Edelsten and a business partner founded Allied Medical Group, which by 2010 administered 17 medical centres and employed around 250 general practitioners. Edelsten was not, however, a shareholder or owner of the company.

Edelsten was the first private owner of a major Australian football team, the Sydney Swans, which he bought in 1985.

Early life
Edelsten was born in Carlton, an inner suburb of Melbourne, on 2 May 1943. His parents, Hymie and Esther, established Linda Leigh, a lingerie retail chain. His grandparents on both sides were Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe. Edelsten attended Princes Hill Public School and, in 1960, matriculated at Mount Scopus Memorial College, Australia's first Jewish co-educational school.  He went on to study at the University of Melbourne, graduating with a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery degree in 1966.

Music career
In the 1960s, Edelsten owned a Melbourne-based record company, Hit Productions, which worked with music publishers Festival Records. During the same period, his family owned the Edels record retail chain.

In 1966, Edelsten was credited with co-writing the songs "I Can't Stop Loving You, Baby" and "A Woman Of Gradual Decline" for the group the Last Straws, whose singles were released on his short-lived Scope label.

In 1967, Hit Productions signed the group Cam-Pact, whose debut single, "Something Easy"/"Michael", charted in Melbourne in early 1968. Later in 1968, Edelsten co-produced the single "Love Machine" for the studio group Pastoral Symphony, comprising Glenn Shorrock and his band the Twilights, Ronnie Charles of the Groop and various other musicians.

Early medical career
Following his graduation in 1966, Edelsten practised as a resident medical officer at the Royal Melbourne Hospital before entering general practice. As a general practitioner, he worked in remote rural regions of New South Wales and Queensland, including the towns of Wauchope, Aramac and Walgett, where he bought his first private practice. He obtained a private pilot's licence in order to provide medical services to remote communities – often at no cost to patients when they could not afford to pay.

In 1969, he and a colleague set up a new medical practice in the Sydney suburb of Coogee. After training an assistant doctor to perform the work in Walgett, Edelsten devoted more time to the Sydney practice, which soon expanded to Liverpool.

In 1971, Edelsten and a colleague, Tom Wenkart, launched Preventicare, a Sydney-based company providing diagnostic tests and computerised history-taking for doctors throughout Australia, using new equipment from the United States which could quickly and cheaply process pathology specimens. Preventicare quickly incurred debts, because some of its operations were economically unsound, and because of the slow payment of patients' accounts totalling far more than the company's debts. In July 1971, the Equity Court appointed a provisional liquidator to act as a temporary business manager to put the company's financial affairs in order. Later that year, the General Manager of Preventicare, Brian Wickens, reported that the organisation was on a sound financial footing. By 1975 – and under the new name of Morlea Pathology Services – it recorded annual profits of $2.5 million to $3 million. Macquarie Professional Services is the successor to Preventicare. During this period, Edelsten and his colleagues established eight practices in the Sydney area, and performed obstetrics at three western Sydney hospitals. After three years in Los Angeles, California, Edelsten returned to Australia in 1978 to resume his general practice, surgical and obstetric commitments.

Following the establishment of Medicare by the Hawke government in February 1984, Edelsten began to run innovative and multi-disciplinary 24-hour medical centres which were the forerunners of modern corporate medical practices. Decorated with chandeliers, white grand pianos and mink-covered examination tables, the clinics attracted considerable media attention. Edelsten's clinics were the first in Australia to bulk-bill patients to Medicare so that they incurred no direct cost. Within four months of opening, the first clinic was dealing with 2,000 patients every week. Edelsten eventually owned thirteen medical centres, in which approximately 20,000 patients consulted 200 doctors every week.

Sydney Swans
On 31 July 1985, Edelsten became the first private owner of a major Australian football team, the Sydney Swans. A year later, Edelsten, on behalf of the Sydney Swans, tried to lure Essendon player Simon Madden with an offer of a three-year contract for a total of $550,000, although Madden chose to remain with Essendon for his entire career. Madden said that he never regretted his decision.

In July 1986, Edelsten tried to buy the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks rugby league team, but his offer was refused by the game's administrators.

Edelsten was a long-term benefactor of the Carlton Football Club and in March 2013 the club awarded him life membership.

De-registration and conviction
In 1988, New South Wales removed Edelsten from its medical register for using unqualified staff for laser surgery.

In 1990, he was convicted of perverting the course of justice and soliciting Christopher Dale Flannery to assault a former patient. The evidence used to convict Edelsten included a taped telephone conversation in which he and his wife discussed Flannery. Edelsten had provided a medical certificate in 1984 stating that Flannery was unfit to stand trial because of an infection following tattoo removal surgery, leading to the trial being adjourned and Flannery's case not being heard by a particular judge. Edelsten and Flannery's wife testified at a Victorian Medical Board hearing that Flannery was ill and in hospital and that he had no contact with Edelsten before or at the time of the assault. However, Edelsten was jailed for one year for perverting the course of justice and soliciting an assault.

In 1992, New South Wales politician Fred Nile told Parliament that since Edelsten's deregistration in the state, he had relocated to Victoria where he could practise medicine. Edelsten was subsequently removed from the Victorian medical register.

In 2001, Edelsten launched "Gene E", a company offering paternity testing by mail order. The service advertised on late-night television. Customers telephoned for a testing kit, which the company mailed to them. In five working days of receiving the completed test, the company returned the results to the customer by post.

Edelsten sought readmittance as a medical practitioner in New South Wales. In 2003, he told the NSW Medical Tribunal that he regretted his conduct and expressed remorse. Referring to his doctorate in philosophy from Pacific Western University, counsel assisting the Tribunal claimed that people could be misled by the words "professor" and "doctor" into thinking Edelsten could practise medicine. Edelsten told the commission that he would no longer use the doctor honorific if necessary. In 2004, the same tribunal banned Edelsten from applying again for four years.

Later career

In 2005, Edelsten and a business partner founded Allied Medical Group. Allied Medical Group employs approximately 250 general practitioners, and runs seventeen "Superclinics" in Victoria, three in Queensland, and one in South Australia. The clinics offer extended opening hours and bulk-billing for patients to Medicare for most services, so that the patient incurs no direct cost. Following the Australian government's 2008 decision to open "GP Super Clinics" in 31 locations across the nation, Edelsten challenged the Department of Health's use of the word "superclinic", which he claimed to be a registered trademark belonging to Allied Medical Group. In 2011, Allied Medical Group was sold to Sonic Healthcare, in a deal worth up to $200 million.

In January 2014, Edelsten filed for bankruptcy in the United States. His Australian lawyers said this was a strategy to "better realise the investments made in the US".

In 2015, Edelsten was a contestant in the fourth season of The Celebrity Apprentice Australia.

Personal life

Edelsten met and married his first wife, Leanne Nesbitt, in the early 1980s. She was 19 years old and working as a model. During this period, his flamboyant lifestyle attracted media attention – he owned mansions, a football team, a fleet of Rolls-Royces and Lamborghinis with license plates such as Macho, Spunky and Sexy, and was associated, in the media, with a pink helicopter (although Edelsten and his wife insisted, in later interviews, that their helicopter was in fact blue and white). The couple was divorced after three years of marriage.

In January 2009, Edelsten announced his intention to marry Brynne Gordon, a 25-year-old fitness instructor from California. They were married on 29 November 2009, in Melbourne's Crown Casino. The wedding was alleged to have cost approximately $3 million and featured a helicopter, a Bentley, 550 guests, circus performers and performances by Tom Burlinson and other headline acts. Guests received a pre-wedding DVD about Edelsten and Gordon featuring narration by actor Jason Alexander, who gave an address at the wedding. Actress Fran Drescher also attended – although neither Alexander nor Drescher knew the couple.

Edelsten requested that guests attending his 2009 wedding not give wedding presents, but donate to the Great Expectations Foundation, a non-profit organisation he founded in 2008, which claimed to provide funds to charities including beyondblue, the Royal Children's Hospital and Magen David Adom. More than three years on, many of the charities once linked to Great Expectations had received no funds and, in at least one case, took moves to sever ties with Edelsten's foundation. A Fairfax Media investigation found that at least three charitable and not-for-profit groups had either never received money from Edelsten's foundation, or were unaware their names were being used to fund-raise from the public and wedding guests. They include the Royal Children's Hospital, the Lighthouse Foundation and the American Women's Auxiliary.

In June 2012, thieves stole luxury cars belonging to Edelsten, worth more than $1.4 million. Among them was a Lamborghini Aventador worth approximately $800,000 – one of only a handful of Aventadors in Australia.

In January 2014, it was announced that Edelsten's marriage to Brynne was over. Brynne said she was unable to forgive "her publicity-obsessed husband for a reported dalliance with another woman more than 18 months ago".

In July 2014, it was announced that Edelsten intended to marry Gabi Grecko, who is 46 years younger. Edelsten and Grecko married on 11 June 2015.

Death
Edelsten was found dead at his Melbourne apartment on 11 June 2021, aged 78.

He was buried in a small service at Springvale Cemetery on 16 June 2021.

References

External links

1943 births
2021 deaths
Australian chief executives
Australian general practitioners
Australian male criminals
Australian Jews
Businesspeople from Melbourne
Businesspeople in the health care industry
Jewish physicians
Medical doctors from Melbourne
Melbourne Medical School alumni
Sydney Swans administrators
The Apprentice Australia candidates
People educated at Mount Scopus Memorial College

Geoffrey Edelsten


In mathematics, the Weierstrass function is an example of a real-valued function that is continuous everywhere but differentiable nowhere. It is an example of a fractal curve. It is named after its discoverer Karl Weierstrass.

The Weierstrass function has historically served the role of a pathological function, being the first published example (1872) specifically concocted to challenge the notion that every continuous function is differentiable except on a set of isolated points. Weierstrass's demonstration that continuity did not imply almost-everywhere differentiability upended mathematics, overturning several proofs that relied on geometric intuition and vague definitions of smoothness. These types of functions were denounced by contemporaries: Henri Poincaré famously described them as "monsters" and called Weierstrass' work "an outrage against common sense", while Charles Hermite wrote that they were a "lamentable scourge". The functions were difficult to visualize until the arrival of computers in the next century, and the results did not gain wide acceptance until practical applications such as models of Brownian motion necessitated infinitely jagged functions (nowadays known as fractal curves).

Construction

In Weierstrass's original paper, the function was defined as a Fourier series:

where ,   is a positive odd integer, and

The minimum value of  for which there exists  such that these constraints are satisfied is . This construction, along with the proof that the function is not differentiable over any interval, was first delivered by Weierstrass in a paper presented to the Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften on 18 July 1872.

Despite never being differentiable, the function is continuous: Since the terms of the infinite series which defines it are bounded by ±an and this has finite sum for 0 < a < 1, convergence of the sum of the terms is uniform by the Weierstrass M-test with Mn = an. Since each partial sum is continuous, by the uniform limit theorem, it follows that f is continuous. Additionally, since each partial sum is uniformly continuous, it follows that f is also uniformly continuous.

It might be expected that a continuous function must have a derivative, or that the set of points where it is not differentiable should be countably infinite or finite. According to Weierstrass in his paper, earlier mathematicians including Gauss had often assumed that this was true. This might be because it is difficult to draw or visualise a continuous function whose set of nondifferentiable points is something other than a countable set of points. Analogous results for better behaved classes of continuous functions do exist, for example the Lipschitz functions, whose set of non-differentiability points must be a Lebesgue null set (Rademacher's theorem). When we try to draw a general continuous function, we usually draw the graph of a function which is Lipschitz or otherwise well-behaved.

The Weierstrass function was one of the first fractals studied, although this term was not used until much later. The function has detail at every level, so zooming in on a piece of the curve does not show it getting progressively closer and closer to a straight line. Rather between any two points no matter how close, the function will not be monotone.

The computation of the Hausdorff dimension D of the graph of the classical Weierstrass function was an open problem until 2018, while it was generally believed that D = . That D is strictly less than 2 follows from the conditions on  and  from above. Only after more than 30 years was this proved rigorously.

The term Weierstrass function is often used in real analysis to refer to any function with similar properties and construction to Weierstrass's original example. For example, the cosine function can be replaced in the infinite series by a piecewise linear "zigzag" function. G. H. Hardy showed that the function of the above construction is nowhere differentiable with the assumptions 0 < a < 1, ab ≥ 1.

Riemann function
The Weierstrass function is based on the earlier Riemann function, claimed to be differentiable nowhere. Occasionally, this function has also been called the Weierstrass function.

While Bernhard Riemann strongly claimed that the function is differentiable nowhere, no evidence of this was published by Riemann, and Weierstrass noted that he did not find any evidence of it surviving either in Riemann's papers or orally from his students.

In 1916, G. H. Hardy confirmed that the function doesn't have a finite derivative in any value of  where x is irrational or is rational with the form of either  or , where A and B are integers. In 1969, Joseph Gerver found that the Riemann function has a defined differential on every value of x that can be expressed in the form of  with integer A and B, or rational multipliers of pi with an odd numerator and denominator. On these points, the function has a derivative of . In 1971, J. Gerver showed that the function has no finite differential at the values of x that can be expressed in the form of , completing the problem of the differentiability of the Riemann function.

As the Riemann function is differentiable only on a null set of points, it is differentiable almost nowhere.

Hölder continuity
It is convenient to write the Weierstrass function equivalently as

for .  Then Wα(x) is Hölder continuous of exponent α, which is to say that there is a constant C such that

for all x and y. Moreover, W1 is Hölder continuous of all orders  but not Lipschitz continuous.

Density of nowhere-differentiable functions

It turns out that the Weierstrass function is far from being an isolated example: although it is "pathological", it is also "typical" of continuous functions:
 In a topological sense: the set of nowhere-differentiable real-valued functions on [0, 1] is comeager in the vector space C([0, 1]; R) of all continuous real-valued functions on [0, 1] with the topology of uniform convergence.
 In a measure-theoretic sense: when the space C([0, 1]; R) is equipped with classical Wiener measure γ, the collection of functions that are differentiable at even a single point of [0, 1] has γ-measure zero. The same is true even if one takes finite-dimensional "slices" of C([0, 1]; R), in the sense that the nowhere-differentiable functions form a prevalent subset of C([0, 1]; R).

See also
Blancmange curve
Koch snowflake
Nowhere continuous function

Notes

References

English translation:

External links
  (a different Weierstrass Function which is also continuous and nowhere differentiable)
 Nowhere differentiable continuous function proof of existence using Banach's contraction principle.
 Nowhere monotonic continuous function proof of existence using the Baire category theorem.

 Weierstrass function in the complex plane Beautiful fractal.
 SpringerLink - Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications, Volume 16, Number 1 Simple Proofs of Nowhere-Differentiability for Weierstrass's Function and Cases of Slow Growth
 Weierstrass functions: continuous but not differentiable anywhere
 The Weierstrass Function by Brent Nelson at Berkeley, showing non differentiable

Theory of continuous functions
Measure theory
Real analysis
Fractal curves
Types of functions

Weierstrass function