Right-wing politics is the range of political ideologies that view certain social orders and hierarchies as inevitable, natural, normal, or desirable, typically supporting this position based on natural law, economics, authority, property or tradition. Hierarchy and inequality may be seen as natural results of traditional social differences or competition in market economies.

Right-wing politics are considered the counterpart to left-wing politics, and the left–right political spectrum is one of the most widely accepted political spectrums. The term right-wing can generally refer to the section of a political party or system that frequently emphasizes in the defense of free enterprise and private property, and generally favors socially conservative ideas.

The right includes social conservatives and fiscal conservatives as well as right-libertarianism (fiscally laissez-faire). "Right" and "right-wing" have been variously used as compliments and pejoratives describing neoliberal, conservative, and fascist economic and social ideas.

Positions
The following positions are typically associated with right-wing politics.

Anti-communism

The original use of the term "right-wing", relative to communism, placed the conservatives on the right, the liberals in the centre and the communists on the left. Both the conservatives and the liberals were strongly anti-communist. The history of the use of the term right-wing about anti-communism is a complicated one.

Early Marxist movements were at odds with the traditional monarchies that ruled over much of the European continent at the time. Many European monarchies outlawed the public expression of communist views and the Communist Manifesto, which began "[a] spectre [that] is haunting Europe", and stated that monarchs feared for their thrones. Advocacy of communism was illegal in the Russian Empire, the German Empire, and Austria-Hungary, the three most powerful monarchies in continental Europe before World War I. Many monarchists (except constitutional monarchists) viewed inequality in wealth and political power as resulting from a divine natural order. The struggle between monarchists and communists was often described as a struggle between the Right and the Left.By World War I, in most European monarchies the divine right of kings had become discredited and was replaced by liberal and nationalist movements. Most European monarchs became figureheads, or they yielded some power to elected governments. The most conservative European monarchy, the Russian Empire, was replaced by the communist Soviet Union. The Russian Revolution inspired a series of other communist revolutions across Europe in the years 1917–1923. Many of these, such as the German Revolution, were defeated by nationalist and monarchist military units. During this period, nationalism began to be considered right-wing, especially when it opposed the internationalism of the communists.
The 1920s and 1930s saw the decline of traditional right-wing politics. The mantle of conservative anti-communism was taken up by the rising fascist movements on the one hand and by American-inspired liberal conservatives on the other. When communist groups and political parties began appearing around the world, their opponents were usually colonial authorities and the term right-wing came to be applied to colonialism.

After World War II, communism became a global phenomenon and anti-communism became an integral part of the domestic and foreign policies of the United States and its NATO allies. Conservatism in the post-war era abandoned its monarchist and aristocratic roots, focusing instead on patriotism, religious values, and nationalism. Throughout the Cold War, postcolonial governments in Asia, Africa, and Latin America turned to the United States for political and economic support. Communists were also enemies of capitalism, portraying Wall Street as the oppressor of the masses. The United States made anti-communism the top priority of its foreign policy, and many American conservatives sought to combat what they saw as communist influence at home. This led to the adoption of several domestic policies that are collectively known under the term McCarthyism. While both liberals and conservatives were anti-communist, the followers of Senator McCarthy were called right-wing and those on the right called liberals who favored free speech, even for communists, leftist.

Economics

In post-revolutionary France, the Right fought against the rising power of those who had grown rich through commerce, and sought to preserve the rights of the hereditary nobility. They were uncomfortable with capitalism, the Enlightenment, individualism, and industrialism, and fought to retain traditional social hierarchies and institutions. In Europe's history, there have been strong collectivist right-wing movements, such as in the social Catholic right, that have exhibited hostility to all forms of liberalism (including economic liberalism) and have historically advocated for paternalist class harmony involving an organic-hierarchical society where workers are protected while class hierarchy remains.

In the nineteenth century, the Right had shifted to support the newly rich in some European countries (particularly England) and instead of favouring the nobility over industrialists, favoured capitalists over the working class. Other right-wing movements—such as Carlism in Spain and nationalist movements in France, Germany, and Russia—remained hostile to capitalism and industrialism. Nevertheless, a few right-wing movements—notably the French Nouvelle Droite, CasaPound, and American paleoconservatism—are often in opposition to capitalist ethics and the effects they have on society. These forces see capitalism and industrialism as infringing upon or causing the decay of social traditions or hierarchies that are essential for social order.

In modern times, "right-wing" is sometimes used to describe laissez-faire capitalism. In Europe, capitalists formed alliances with the Right during their conflicts with workers after 1848. In France, the Right's support of capitalism can be traced to the late nineteenth century. The so-called neoliberal Right, popularised by US President Ronald Reagan and UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, combines support for free markets, privatisation, and deregulation with traditional right-wing support for social conformity. Right-wing libertarianism (sometimes known as libertarian conservatism or conservative libertarianism) supports a decentralised economy based on economic freedom and holds property rights, free markets, and free trade to be the most important kinds of freedom. Political theorist Russell Kirk believed that freedom and property rights were interlinked.

Conservative authoritarians, as well as fascists, have supported corporatism, a political ideology which advocates the organization of society by corporate groups—such as agricultural, labour, military, scientific, or guild associations—based on their common interests.

Nationalism

In France, nationalism was originally a left-wing and republican ideology. After the period of boulangisme and the Dreyfus Affair, nationalism became a trait of the right-wing. Right-wing nationalists sought to define and defend a "true" national identity from elements which they believed were corrupting that identity. Some were supremacists, who in accordance with scientific racism and social Darwinism applied the concept of "survival of the fittest" to nations and races. Right-wing nationalism was influenced by Romantic nationalism, in which the state derives its political legitimacy from the organic unity of those who it governs. This generally includes the language, race, culture, religion, and customs of the nation, all of which were "born" within its culture. Linked with right-wing nationalism is cultural conservatism, which supports the preservation of the heritage of a nation or culture and often sees deviations from cultural norms as an existential threat.

In the 21st century Neo-nationalism came to prominence in the post-cold war western world. This ideology is typically associated with cultural conservatism, populism, anti-globalization, and nativism and is opposed to immigration. Neo-nationalism takes historical association in determining membership in a nation, rather than racial concepts.

Natural law and traditionalism

Right-wing politics typically justifies a hierarchical society based on natural law or tradition.

Traditionalism was advocated by a group of United States university professors (labelled the "New Conservatives" by the popular press) who rejected the concepts of individualism, liberalism, modernity, and social progress, seeking instead to promote what they identified as cultural and educational renewal and a revived interest in concepts perceived by traditionalists as truths that endure from age to age alongside basic institutions of western society such as the church, the family, the state, and business.

Populism

Right-wing populism is a combination of civic-nationalism, cultural-nationalism and sometimes ethno-nationalism, localism, along with anti-elitism, using populist rhetoric to provide a critique of existing political institutions. According to Margaret Canovan, a right-wing populist is "a charismatic leader, using the tactics of politicians' populism to go past the politicians and intellectual elite and appeal to the reactionary sentiments of the populace, often buttressing his claim to speak for the people by the use of referendums".

In Europe, right-wing populism often takes the form of distrust of the European Union, and of politicians in general, combined with anti-immigrant rhetoric and a call for a return to traditional, national values. Daniel Stockemer states, the radical right is, "Targeting immigrants as a threat to employment, security and cultural cohesion."

In the United States, the Tea Party movement stated that the core beliefs for membership were the primacy of individual liberties as defined by the Constitution of the United States, preference for a small federal government, and respect for the rule of law. Some policy positions included opposition to illegal immigration and support for a strong national military force, the right to individual gun ownership, cutting taxes, reducing government spending, and balancing the budget.

Religion

Philosopher and diplomat Joseph de Maistre argued for the indirect authority of the Pope over temporal matters. According to Maistre, only governments which were founded upon Christian constitutions—which were implicit in the customs and institutions of all European societies, especially the Catholic European monarchies—could avoid the disorder and bloodshed that followed the implementation of rationalist political programs, such as the chaos which occurred during the French Revolution. Some prelates of the Church of England–established by Henry VIII and headed by the current sovereign—are given seats in the House of Lords (as Lords Spiritual), but they are considered politically neutral rather than specifically right- or left-wing.

American right-wing media outlets oppose sex outside marriage and same-sex marriage, and they sometimes reject scientific positions on evolution and other matters where science tends to disagree with the Bible.

The term family values has been used by right-wing parties—such as the Republican Party in the United States, the Family First Party in Australia, the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom, and the Bharatiya Janata Party in India—to signify support for traditional families and opposition to the changes the modern world has made in how families live. Supporters of "family values" may oppose abortion, euthanasia, and birth control.

Outside the West, the Hindu nationalist movement has attracted privileged groups which fear encroachment on their dominant positions, as well as "plebeian" and impoverished groups which seek recognition around a majoritarian rhetoric of cultural pride, order, and national strength.

In Israel, Meir Kahane advocated that Israel should be a theocratic state, where non-Jews have no voting rights, and the far-right Lehava strictly opposes Jewish assimilation and the Christian presence in Israel. The Jewish Defence League (JDL) in the United States was classified as "a right wing terrorist group" by the FBI in 2001.

Many Islamist groups have been called right-wing, including the Great Union Party, the Combatant Clergy Association/Association of Militant Clergy, and the Islamic Society of Engineers of Iran.

Social stratification

Right-wing politics involves, in varying degrees, the rejection of some egalitarian objectives of left-wing politics, claiming either that social or economic inequality is natural and inevitable or that it is beneficial to society. Right-wing ideologies and movements support social order. The original French right-wing was called "the party of order" and held that France needed a strong political leader to keep order.

Conservative British scholar R. J. White, who rejects egalitarianism, wrote: "Men are equal before God and the laws, but unequal in all else; hierarchy is the order of nature, and privilege is the reward of honourable service". American conservative Russell Kirk also rejected egalitarianism as imposing sameness, stating: "Men are created different; and a government that ignores this law becomes an unjust government for it sacrifices nobility to mediocrity". Kirk took as one of the "canons" of conservatism the principle that "civilized society requires orders and classes". Italian scholar Norberto Bobbio argued that the right-wing is inegalitarian compared to the left-wing, as he argued that equality is a relative, not absolute, concept.

Right libertarians reject collective or state-imposed equality as undermining reward for personal merit, initiative, and enterprise. In their view, such imposed equality is unjust, limits personal freedom, and leads to social uniformity and mediocrity.

In the view of philosopher Jason Stanley in How Fascism Works, the "politics of hierarchy" is one of the hallmarks of fascism, which refers to a "glorious past" in which members of the rightfully dominant group sat atop the hierarchy, and attempt to recreate this state of being.

History
According to The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought, the Right has gone through five distinct historical stages:
 The reactionary right sought a return to aristocracy and established religion.
 The moderate right distrusted intellectuals and sought limited government.
 The radical right favored a romantic and aggressive form of nationalism.
 The extreme right proposed anti-immigration policies and implicit racism.
 The neo-liberal right sought to combine a market economy and economic deregulation with the traditional right-wing beliefs in patriotism, elitism and law and order.

The political terms Left and Right were first used in the 18th century, during the French Revolution, referencing the seating arrangement of the French parliament. Those who sat to the right of the chair of the presiding officer (le président) were generally supportive of the institutions of the monarchist Old Regime. The original "Right" in France was formed in reaction to the "Left" and comprised those supporting hierarchy, tradition, and clericalism. The expression  ("the right") increased in use after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815, when it was applied to the ultra-royalists.

From the 1830s to the 1880s, the Western world's social class structure and economy shifted from nobility and aristocracy towards capitalism. This shift affected centre-right movements such as the British Conservative Party, which responded supporting capitalism.

The people of English-speaking countries did not apply the terms right and left to their politics until the 20th century. The term right-wing was originally applied to traditional conservatives, monarchists, and reactionaries; a revision of this which occurred sometime between the 1920s and 1950s considers the far-right to denote fascism, Nazism, and racial supremacy.

Rightist regimes were common in Europe in the Interwar period, 1919–1938.

France

The political term right-wing was first used during the French Revolution, when liberal deputies of the Third Estate generally sat to the left of the presiding officer's chair, a custom that began in the Estates General of 1789. The nobility, members of the Second Estate, generally sat to the right. In the successive legislative assemblies, monarchists who supported the Old Regime were commonly referred to as rightists because they sat on the right side. A major figure on the right was Joseph de Maistre, who argued for an authoritarian form of conservatism.

Throughout the 19th century, the main line dividing Left and Right in France was between supporters of the republic (often secularists) and supporters of the monarchy (often Catholics). On the right, the Legitimists and Ultra-royalists held counter-revolutionary views, while the Orléanists hoped to create a constitutional monarchy under their preferred branch of the royal family, which briefly became a reality after the 1830 July Revolution.

The centre-right Gaullists in post-World War II France advocated considerable social spending on education and infrastructure development as well as extensive economic regulation, but limited the wealth redistribution measures characteristic of social democracy.

Hungary
The dominance of the political right of inter-war Hungary, after the collapse of a short-lived Communist regime, was described by historian István Deák:
Between 1919 and 1944 Hungary was a rightist country. Forged out of a counter-revolutionary heritage, its governments advocated a "nationalist Christian" policy; they extolled heroism, faith, and unity; they despised the French Revolution, and they spurned the liberal and socialist ideologies of the 19th century. The governments saw Hungary as a bulwark against bolshevism and bolshevism's instruments: socialism, cosmopolitanism, and Freemasonry. They perpetrated the rule of a small clique of aristocrats, civil servants, and army officers, and surrounded with adulation the head of the state, the counterrevolutionary Admiral Horthy.

India
Although freedom fighters are favoured, the right-wing tendency to elect or appoint politicians and government officials based on aristocratic and religious ties is common to almost all the states of India. Multiple political parties however identify with terms and beliefs which are, by political consensus, right or left wing. Certain political parties such as the Bharatiya Janata Party, identify with conservative and nationalist elements. Some, such as the Indian National Congress, take a liberal stance. The Communist Party of India, Communist Party of India (Marxist), and others, identify with left-wing socialist and communist concepts. Other political parties take differing stands, and hence cannot be clearly grouped as the left- and the right-wing.

United Kingdom

In British politics, the terms right and left came into common use for the first time in the late 1930s during debates over the Spanish Civil War.

United States

In the United States, following the Second World War, social conservatives joined with right-wing elements of the Republican Party to gain support in traditionally Democratic voting populations like white southerners and Catholics. Ronald Reagan's election to the presidency in 1980 cemented the alliance between the religious right in the United States and social conservatives.

In 2019, the United States populace leaned center-right, with 37% of Americans self-identifying as conservative, compared to 35% moderate and 24% liberal. This was continuing a decades long trend of the country leaning center-right.

The United States Department of Homeland Security defines right-wing extremism in the United States as "broadly divided into those groups, movements, and adherents that are primarily hate-oriented (based on hatred of particular religious, racial or ethnic groups), and those that are mainly anti-government, rejecting federal authority in favor of state or local authority, or rejecting government authority entirely. It may include groups and individuals that are dedicated to a single issue, such as opposition to abortion or immigration."

Types
The meaning of right-wing "varies across societies, historical epochs, and political systems and ideologies." According to The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, in liberal democracies, the political right opposes socialism and social democracy. Right-wing parties include conservatives, Christian democrats, classical liberals, and nationalists, as well as fascists on the far-right.

British academics Noël O'Sullivan and Roger Eatwell divide the right into five types: reactionary, moderate, radical, extreme, and new. Chip Berlet wrote that each of these "styles of thought" are "responses to the left", including liberalism and socialism, which have arisen since the 1789 French Revolution.

 The reactionary right looks toward the past and is "aristocratic, religious and authoritarian".
 The moderate right, typified by the writings of Edmund Burke, is tolerant of change, provided it is gradual and accepts some aspects of liberalism, including the rule of law and capitalism, although it sees radical laissez-faire and individualism as harmful to society. The moderate right often promotes nationalism and social welfare policies.
 Radical right is a descriptive term that was developed after World War II and it was applied to groups and ideologies such as McCarthyism, the John Birch Society, Thatcherism, and the Republikaner Party. Eatwell stresses that this usage of the term has "major typological problems" because it "has also been applied to clearly democratic developments." The radical right includes right-wing populism and various other subtypes.
 The extreme right has four traits: "1) anti-democracy, 2) ultranationalism, 3) racism, and 4) the strong state."
 The New Right consists of the liberal conservatives, who stress small government, free markets, and individual initiative.

Other authors make a distinction between the centre-right and the far-right.
 Parties of the centre-right generally support liberal democracy, capitalism, the market economy (though they may accept government regulation to control monopolies), private property rights, and a limited welfare state (for example, government provision of education and medical care). They support conservatism and economic liberalism and oppose socialism and communism.
 By contrast, the phrase "far-right" is used to describe those who favor an absolutist government, which uses the power of the state to support the dominant ethnic group or religion and criminalize other ethnic groups or religions. Typical examples of leaders to whom the far-right label is often applied are: Francisco Franco in Spain, Benito Mussolini in Italy, Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany, and Augusto Pinochet in Chile.

See also

 1955 System
 Alt-right
 Christian right
 Conservative revolutionary movement
 Dark Enlightenment
 List of right-wing political parties
 New Right
 Old Right
 Organicism
 Paleoconservatism
 Paternalistic conservatism
 Radical right (Europe)
 Radical right (United States)
 Right-wing authoritarianism
 Right-wing terrorism
 Structural functionalism
 Trumpism

References

Further reading

 Bacchetta, Paola, and Margaret Power, eds. 2002. Right-Wing Women: From Conservatives to Extremists around the World. New York: Routledge.
 Berlet, Chip. 2006. "When Alienation turns Right." In The Evolution of Alienation: Trauma, Promise, and the Millennium, edited by Langman, Lauren, and Kalekin-Fishman.  Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ,
 Davies, Peter. 2002. The Extreme Right in France, 1789 to the Present: From De Maistre to Le Pen. New York, NY: Routledge. , .
 Eatwell, Roger. 1999. "Conclusion: The 'End of Ideology'." In Contemporary Political Ideologies, edited by R. Eatwell and A. Wright. Continuum International Publishing Group. , .
 —— 2004. "Introduction: the new extreme right challenge." In Western Democracies and the new Extreme Right Challenge, edited by R. Eatwell and C. Muddle. London: Routledge. ,
 Fielitz, Maik, and Laura Lotte Laloire, eds. 2016. Trouble on the Far Right. Contemporary Right-Wing Strategies and Practices in Europe. Bielefeld: transcript.
 Gottlieb, Julie, and Clarisse Berethezéne, eds. 2017. Rethinking right-wing women: Gender and the Conservative Party, 1880s to the present.

External links

Political spectrum
Political terminology

Right-wing politics


Laki ( ) is a small town in Laki Municipality in Plovdiv Province, southern Bulgaria. As of 2006 it has 2,615 inhabitants. It is located in the Rhodope mountains, 54 km to the south of the province capital Plovdiv, and 88 km to the north of Smolyan. There is a lead-zinc flotation factory, several textile plants and timber workshops.

Towns in Bulgaria
Cities and towns in the Rhodopes
Populated places in Plovdiv Province

Laki, Plovdiv Province


Nivada is a Swiss watch manufacturing company, founded in the town of Grenchen, Switzerland in 1879 by Jacob Schneider. The company gained attraction after World War II, producing a series of successful watches before succumbing to the Quartz crisis.

In 1926, Nivada was operational in Grenchen as Wüllimann Schneider Nivada S.A. The company relied on proven movements from ETA and Phénix S.A., as was typical at the time, and the company was known for quality mass-produced watches. Nivada celebrated its 100th anniversary in 1979, at which point it was run by Max Schneider, the son of the founder, who took over the business in 1976.

Nivada was prevented from using its name during the 1960s and 1970s due to its phonetic similarity with Movado, so the products were labeled "Nivada Grenchen". In the United States, Croton (formed in 1878 in Italy, later headquartered in New Jersey) became a U.S. distributor for Nivada products, so many were sold under the "Croton Nivada", "Croton Nivada Grenchen", and simply "Croton" names, avoiding the issues with the similarity to the Movado name.

The Nivada brand was also used in South Korea by the Kim Suk Keun Watch Company from 1985 through the 2000s but appears to be defunct now.

As of 2022, Nivada is still incorporated in Grenchen, Switzerland and the brand continues in some markets, notably in Mexico.

Products
 Rollamatic (also "Rollador") using Phenix 200 movements.
 Reglavit was a water-resistant watch with an external regulator screw.
 Antarctic was a long-running series of watches initiated in 1958 in celebration of the International Geophysical Year (IGY), and using the ETA 1256 or 2472 movements, as well as the A. Schild 1673.
 Depthmaster was a diving watch, water-resistant up to 1,000 meters.
 Depthomatic was another diving watch, water-resistant to 200 M, and using the ETA 2472 movement.
 Alertamatic was an alarm watch using the Lemania 2980 movement.
 Ultramatic 36000 (1975) used the rare 36,000 A/h ETA 2734 movement. Due to their close relation to Phenix/MSR, Nivada sold the Vulcain Cricket alarm watch under their brand as the Wanderer.

References

External links

Nivada Grenchen
Nivadaswiss.com

Companies established in 1879
Watch manufacturing companies of Switzerland
Swiss watch brands
Companies based in the canton of Solothurn
Grenchen

Nivada


Ben Asdale was a Scottish trawler that was wrecked in December 1978 near Falmouth, Cornwall.

On the evening of 30 December 1978, the freezer trawler Ben Asdale was off-loading fish into the hold of the Russian factory ship Antarktika (Антарктика), which was anchored in Falmouth Bay. A force eight gale was blowing and heavy snow was falling. When the Ben Asdale had finished discharging her cargo of mackerel, she cast off her stern rope in preparation to move away from the anchored Antarktika. The rope fouled her rudder and she would not respond to her helm. The skipper, Albert "Barty" Coe from North Shields - latterly Chief Fishery Officer at Northumberland Sea Fisheries Committee until his retirement on grounds of "ill health" - tried to get the Russians to re-secure the stern of his vessel, but by now the fierce gale was dragging both boats. The Russians sent over two officers to assist in getting the steering working. Shortly afterwards, the bow rope parted and the Ben Asdale was adrift.

The skipper let go an anchor but it failed to hold, and as they were swept towards Maenporth beach, a Mayday was sent. With the wind now gusting force ten and the waves breaking over the trawler, she was out of control, and soon piled onto the rocks at the bottom of Newporth Head. As the boat struck the rocks, one of the crew jumped over the side, gravely injuring himself, and others threw out anything to act as life rafts.

By now, word of the trawler's troubles had spread, and the three Billcliffe brothers, who owned the Crag Hotel by the beach, rushed to the scene and waded into the surf and during that night dragged three of the crew to safety. Up on Newporth head, the Coastguard had arrived and was setting up a breeches buoy. With visibility almost at zero due to the blizzard, searchlights were rigged. As the breeches buoy was connected to the stricken trawler, she lurched and rolled onto her side, jamming all the gear. By now the rescue helicopter had arrived from RNAS Culdrose (HMS Seahawk) but could not see what was going on down on the hulk of the trawler because of the swirling blizzard.

The Coastguard set up a radio link with the pilot, to guide the helicopter, which had to fly backwards over the wreck because of the winds and the nearness of the Headland. Over a period of about one and a half hours the helicopter lowered its winch eight times and successfully lifted off eight crewmen. Whilst all this was happening, three of the crew despaired and tried to swim to a shore that looked temptingly near. In the end eleven people were saved, but in spite of all the efforts of the emergency services and the Billicliffe brothers, three men (two Britons and a Russian) were drowned, their bodies washed up the next day on Maenporth Beach.  The crew of the helicopter were awarded two Air Force Crosses and three Queen's Commendations for one of the most dangerous rescues of modern times.

References

Trawlers
Ships built in France
Shipwrecks in the English Channel
1972 ships
Maritime incidents in 1978
Cornish shipwrecks

Ben Asdale


Adam Mair (born February 15, 1979) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Toronto Maple Leafs, Los Angeles Kings, Buffalo Sabres and the New Jersey Devils. He is currently a player development coach for the Buffalo Sabres.

Playing career
Mair was drafted 84th overall by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft. He joined the Maple Leafs for five games in the 1999 Stanley Cup Playoffs, recording a goal and 14 penalty minutes. However, he spent the majority of the 1999–2000 season in the AHL with the St. John's Maple Leafs. The Leafs traded Mair at the Trade Deadline in 2001, acquiring defenseman Aki Berg from the Los Angeles Kings.

Mair split time in the 2001–02 season between the AHL and NHL, and was hurt for a good amount of the season.  In a December 20, 2001, game against the Ottawa Senators, Mair was assessed 47 penalty minutes after he left the Kings bench to join a fight that had broken out between the two teams behind Kings goaltender Felix Potvin.  As the two teams fought, Mair's teammate Mikko Eloranta squared off with Senator's enforcer Chris Neil.  Seeing that Eloranta was at an obvious disadvantage, Mair left the Kings bench and tackled Neil.  The next day it was announced that Mair had received an automatic 10-game suspension for leaving the bench to join a fight.  The Kings decided to trade Mair to the Buffalo Sabres on July 24, in exchange for former first round draft pick Erik Rasmussen. Mair has become a popular player, with his effort and his aggression.

Mair set a personal high in games played and assists and tied a personal record in goals in 2003–04. His 2005–06 season was plagued by concussions. He missed a total of 31 regular season games due to concussion symptoms after a collision with Tyson Nash of the Phoenix Coyotes on January 12, 2006. He missed the remainder of the 2006 regular season, as well as the first two rounds of the playoffs, and did not appear for his first playoff game until game five of the third round versus the Carolina Hurricanes. Mair was named an alternate captain on February 4, 2008, under the Sabres 2007–08 rotating captains and alternate captains system.

On November 9, 2009, the Buffalo Sabres placed Adam Mair on waivers. The 24-hour deadline passed with no team claiming Mair. The Sabres did have the option of sending him to the AHL Portland Pirates, but head coach Lindy Ruff decided to keep him up with the Sabres instead.

On September 17, 2010, Mair was invited by the New Jersey Devils on a tryout contract for the team, he eventually signed with New Jersey on October 12, 2010.

After his final professional season with the Springfield Falcons of the AHL in 2011–12, Mair announced his retirement and accepted the role of Director of Player Development at Canisius College on October 22, 2012.

On June 17, 2015, Mair was hired by the Buffalo Sabres as a player development coach.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Buffalo Sabres coaches
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Los Angeles Kings players
Manchester Monarchs (AHL) players
New Jersey Devils players
Owen Sound Platers players
St. John's Maple Leafs players
Ice hockey people from Hamilton, Ontario
Springfield Falcons players
Toronto Maple Leafs draft picks
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Canadian ice hockey coaches

Adam Mair


Nasar is 9th-century Byzantine admiral.

Nasar may also refer to:

 Nasar (Pashtun tribe), Pashtun tribe

Surname
 Mustafa Setmariam Nasar (born 1958), suspected al-Qaeda member and writer
 Sardar Yaqoob Khan Nasar (born 1947), Pakistani politician
 Syed Abu Nasar (1932–2012), Professor of Electrical Engineering
 Sylvia Nasar (born 1947), German-born American economist and author

Places
 Nasar, Iran, a village in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran
 Nasar Rural District, an administrative subdivision of Khuzestan Province, Iran

See also
 Hajar an-Nasar, archeological site
 Nassar (born 1958), Indian actor mainly in Tamil films

Arabic-language surnames

Nasar (disambiguation)


Henri Emile Anatole Menier (July 14, 1853 – September 6, 1913) was a French businessman and adventurer and a member of the Menier family of chocolatiers. Born in Paris, he was the son of Emile-Justin Menier and grandson to Antoine Brutus Menier who founded the Menier Chocolate company. On his father's death in 1881, Henri Menier became mayor of Noisiel, an office he held for 32 years until his death in 1913. The beneficiary of a substantial fortune, and having a large annual income from the family business, Henri Menier spent a great deal of his time and money pursuing various leisure interests, notably yachting and auto racing. As the eldest son, Henri Menier was the titular head of the company but the day-to-day management would mostly be left to his very capable brother Gaston.

A member of the governing council of the Yacht Club de France, Menier studied naval architecture and yacht design. He owned several large sailing and steam powered yachts and journeyed to numerous European ports and with his a group of friends including René Waldeck-Rousseau, sailed north to Iceland and Norway. Menier undertook a three-year-long voyage through the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas, the Suez Canal and the Red Sea. He also sailed across the Atlantic Ocean several times to visit Anticosti Island that he owned in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

When automobiles made their debut, Henri Menier was one of the few who could afford them. He became a racing enthusiast and helped found the Automobile Club de France which would organize the 1906 French Grand Prix, the world's first Grand Prix motor racing event, at the Circuit de la Sarthe, in Le Mans. Menier took part in the 1902 Gordon Bennett Cup Paris to Innsbruck auto race and won the silver medal in the touring car category.

Avid hunters of deer on horseback, Henri Menier and his brothers acquired more than 13,000 acres (53 km²) of forested land in the Picardy region as well as in the Val-d'Oise département where Henri owned a château in the town of  Vauréal. In April 1913 Henri Menier also bought the Château de Chenonceau in France's Loire Valley which today is still owned by family members and is a major tourist attraction.

Anticosti Island development
In 1895, Henri Menier bought Anticosti Island at the mouth of the St. Lawrence River in Canada from a British logging company. Originally granted to Louis Jolliet as a seigniory by King Louis XIV, it is a large and heavily forested island and at 217 km in length and 16–48 km wide is one-quarter the size of the country of Belgium.

Menier used it for business as well as a private game reserve, bringing in a variety of wild animals native to Canada including foxes, fishers, reindeer, bison and moose. One of the other species Menier introduced was a herd of 220 white-tailed deer who, because there were no natural predators, thrived. The island's deer population is now estimated at well over 100,000. Along with its 24 rivers and streams bountiful with salmon and trout, it is today a paradise for paleontologists, bird watchers, hikers, and a major draw for anglers and hunters, particularly those from the United States.

Henri Menier named the  Vauréal Falls on Anticosti Island after the town of Vauréal in France where he owned a home. At Anticosti, he hoped to set up a seigniory that could be self-supporting. He first established a settlement at Bay Sainte-Claire in 1895 but the bay proved too shallow for the large ships he would need. In 1900, he moved the settlement to Ellis Bay and established Port-Menier along the waterfront with a 1,000 meter wharf. He invested a substantial amount of money to construct a sawmill to service the logging operations that harvested softwood timber for building lumber and Wood pulp for the manufacture of paper products. The community was centered around a new cannery business designed to take advantage of the abundant supply of fish and lobsters. The town had its own hospital, school, Roman Catholic church, general store, bank,  bakery, hotel, plus homes and rooming houses for the workers, and 30-room Scandinavian-style mansion for himself. Once completed, the island was home to 800 permanent residents, most of whom were French Canadians. Residents and businesses obtained supplies from a sailing ship Menier operated between Quebec City and the Gaspé, and obtained coal from the mines at Sydney, Nova Scotia.

In June 1911, Henri Menier married Hélène Thyra Seillière who shared his love of the outdoors. However, a diabetic, he died childless a little more than a year after his marriage. He was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery. His brother Gaston became the owner of Anticosti Island. He used and maintained it for a time but eventually decided it was not an economically viable proposition and sold it to the Wayagamack Pulp and Paper Company in 1926. Many of the original houses still stand today.

Rue Henri Menier in Sept-Îles, Quebec was named in his honor.

References

Additional sources
 Extensive information and photographs on the Menier family in the French language
 Lionel Lejeune. Époque des Menier à Anticosti, 1895-1926. (1987) Éditions JML,  Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec.
 1999 Documentary film by Jean-Claude Labrecque entitled Anticosti, au temps des Menier (Anticosti, in the time of Menier)''.
 Government of Quebec website on Henri Menier and Anticosti Island

1853 births
1913 deaths
Businesspeople from Paris
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Henri

Henri Menier


Derek Lawrence Keller (born 1971) is an American composer, guitarist, vocalist, and teacher. Keller previously served as a visiting assistant professor of music composition at Oberlin Conservatory of Music, and he currently curates the music series for St. Paul's Episcopal Church, focusing on highlighting original avant-garde and improvisational music. He also works as an adjunct professor at William Jessup University.

Keller earned a B.Mus. in music composition and guitar as well as an M.M. in music composition at the University of Georgia. He holds a Ph.D. in music composition from University of California at San Diego, where he studied under the direction of Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Roger Reynolds. He has also studied composition with Anthony Davis, Chaya Czernowin, Rand Steiger, George Crumb, Jean-Luc Hervé, Brian Ferneyhough, David Lang, and Charles Wuorinen.

Keller has received many commissions, including from John Zorn, RedFishBlueFish, Groundworks Dance Theater, Cappella Gloriana, Athens Master Chorale, Truman State University, and MACRO Analysis Creative Research Organization.

Keller was born in Philadelphia. He has lived in St. Louis, Atlanta, and La Jolla. He currently resides in Sacramento, California.

Discography
Impositions and Consequences (2007). Tzadik 8032. Featuring original works for chamber orchestra, voice, solo electric guitar, and percussion quartet performed by the world-renowned RedFishBlueFish.

Remedy (2006), Morris Palter. Centaur CRC 2742. Featuring works by Derek Keller, Attitudes...Assumptions Shattered; Karlheinz Stockhausen, Matthew Burtner, James Dillon, Thomas DeLio, David Lang, and Jean-Charles François.

Colin McAllister and Derek Keller: Solos and Duos for Guitar (2004). Old King Cole OKCD2006. Featuring works by Steve Reich, Franco Donotoni, Tristan Murail, Chris Mercer, Derek Keller, and Helmut Lachenmann.

Channel Crossings (2002), Cappella Gloriana. Old King Cole OKCD005. Choral music.

Compositions
Fear Ego Love (2003–2004) for amplified mixed quartet, rock band and chamber choir.
Attitudes…Self-reflection (Spring 2003) for electric guitar and interactive computer accompaniment.
Eruptive Plains (1999) for winds, percussion and piano.
Triaxis (1998) for violin, b-flat clarinet doubling bass clarinet, and guitar.
Holtranix II: an interactive improvisation for solo MIDI controller and computer (1997).
Holtranix I: an improvisation for soloist and computer (1996–1997).
Three Pieces for Piano (1996).
Character Piece (1996) for brass quintet.
Night of Hell: a mini musical drama for computer sound and baritone/tenor voice (1995–96).
Sonus in Contiuum: Breach, Core, Edge (1994) for electric, percussion, and soprano saxophone.
Four Pieces (1994) for cello and piano.
Psyche (1993) for flute, clarinet, oboe, amplified guitar, violin, cello, and soprano.

External links
 Derek Keller Music for complete list of compositions and performances
 Tzadik for latest recording
 "Sound Chaser: Local Guitarist-Composer Derek Keller Launches his Latest Hybrid Vehicle," by Edward Dunn for Sacramento News and Review, November 1, 2007.
 Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique (IRCAM)
 "An Aural Carnival Ride," by Edward Ortiz for Sacramento Bee, May 20, 2007
 [ AllMusicGuide.com by Stephen Eddins, May 2007]
 "Distinguished Composer, Truman Musicians to Perform at 2006 New Music Festival," Truman Today, vol. 11, no. 9, October 24, 2006

University of Georgia alumni
University of California, San Diego alumni
American male classical composers
American classical composers
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Living people
1971 births
Tzadik Records artists
Oberlin Conservatory of Music faculty
Musicians from Philadelphia
Pupils of George Crumb
Pupils of Brian Ferneyhough
Pupils of Charles Wuorinen
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from Pennsylvania
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians

Derek Keller


James Bibb Hughes (October 12, 1805 – August 11, 1873) was an American newsman, politician, and abolitionist.

Early life and education
James was born October 12, 1805, in Prince Edward County, Virginia to Simon Hughes and Betsy Colman Bigger. He was raised just outside Farmville near Hampden-Sydney. He studied at Hampden-Sydney College as a youth until he moved to Richmond where he studied law under the guidance of William Wirt, the ninth US Attorney General.

Ohio and Minnesota
He moved to Jackson County, Ohio in 1835 until 1849, publishing successively the Jackson Standard and the Meigs County Telegram, both Whig papers. He also served in the Ohio House of Representatives in 1836 - 1838, and served as Colonel in the local militia. He met and married Elizabeth Mather in Jackson County, Ohio, September 4, 1838. Elizabeth was born in Brooklyn, Connecticut April 27, 1816. She was the daughter of Eleazer Mather and L. Williams and a direct descendant of Rev. Richard Mather.

A book published about the history of Jackson County, Ohio lists him along with his brother in-law William Mather as one of the three most important individuals to come from the county. The book also lists James as the first Governor of Minnesota which is inaccurate. He was actually sent to St. Paul, Minnesota in 1849 as a Whig agent by President Zachary Taylor. He brought with him the first printing press and outfit in that city, and established the Minnesota Chronicle, which subsequently united with the Register; the first number bears the date June 1, 1849. In November of the same year he sold his interest in the Chronicle and Register and removed to Hudson, Wisconsin where he established the St. Croix Banner the first paper printed and issued in the St. Croix valley.

Wisconsin
While living in Hudson, Wisconsin he raised his family of 12 children with his wife and ran the newspaper until a fire destroyed everything. In 1851 he was picked to join the Whig Ticket as Lieutenant Governor and lost in a close election. As an attorney in Wisconsin he practiced law at State and Federal Courts, and once he presented a case in front of the U.S Supreme Court. Four of his sons (Eleazer, George R., James, and Edwin) served in the Union Army during the Civil War.

On August 11, 1873, James Hughes died of natural causes. His legacy still lives on in the Hudson Star-Observer newspaper according to editor and historian Willis Miller.

Notes

Sources
http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/hughes.html#01F0GAUHF
http://apps.ohiohistory.org/ondp/index.php/Jackson_Standard
Book: Mid-West Pioneers: Fifty Years in the Northwest
Col. James Hughes  Pages (CHAPTER VI. page 146, HUDSON CITY. page 155, BIOGRAPHICAL. page 165)

Ohio lawyers
Wisconsin lawyers
1805 births
1873 deaths
Ohio Whigs
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American newspaper editors
Hampden–Sydney College alumni
People from Prince Edward County, Virginia
People from Jackson County, Ohio
People from Hudson, Wisconsin
Members of the Ohio House of Representatives
People from Farmville, Virginia
American male journalists
19th-century American male writers
Journalists from Virginia
Journalists from Ohio
19th-century American lawyers

James B. Hughes


Sam Alexander (ca. 1920s-1997) was a 20th-century sideshow attraction. His stage name was The Man with Two Faces. As a young man and an employee of the Schubert Theater in Chicago, Illinois, his carelessness with a lit cigarette caused a gasoline explosion that burned off his face.

After a year in hospital and then a stay in a nursing home, Alexander began wearing a mask and joined a Peter Kortes sideshow. Alexander would tell his story to the audience then remove his mask. It was a shocking exhibition. Alexander was made the blow off for the show.

Alexander went on to work with Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey. At Madison Square Garden in the 1960s, ladies were so shocked by his face he was ordered off the stage. He later worked with the Clyde Beatty Circus. He later started his own sideshow company. Alexander had 72 operations throughout his life to repair his face, all were unsuccessful. Eventually, he decided the remaining years of his life were not best spent behind the mask. He died in 1997.

References
 Hartzman, Marc. 2006. American Sideshow Penguin. pp. 112-113.
 Sideshows: Sam Alexander
 The Human Marvels: Sam Alexander
 Top 10 Famous Side Shows & Peculiar Performers: Sam Alexander

1920s births
1997 deaths
American sideshow attractions

Sam Alexander


Steve Weiner is a Canadian writer and animator. He was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1947, and grew up in Wausau, Wisconsin where his father taught chemistry at the Wausau campus of the University of Wisconsin. Steve Weiner later studied writing at the University of California. In 1970 he married Deborah Blacker. Blacker. He continued to live and work in California for most of the 1970s, including a period working for Frank deFelitta, the film director and screenwriter. He is a citizen of the United States and Canada and a Permanent Resident of the UK.

Weiner's exposure to the film industry, and his interest particularly in contemporary animated film from Eastern Europe --- particularly the work of Jan Lenica, Daniel Szczechura and Walerian Borowczyck --- as well as the Brothers Quay has been a marked influence on his work. He has published three novels.

Published works

Weiner's 1993 debut novel The Museum of Love was published by Bloomsbury UK and subsequently by Kodansha in Japan, The Overlook Press in the United States and Canada, and Belfond in France. It earned comparisons to William S. Burroughs, Céline, Jean Genet, David Lynch and Todd Haynes for its blend of surrealism and dark eroticism, and was a nominee for the inaugural Giller Prize.

His second novel, The Yellow Sailor, was published in 2001 by the Overlook Press of Woodstock & New York. The novel consists almost entirely of curt, sardonic dialogue interrupted by terse descriptions of a grotesque world of anti-semitism and nationalism that surrounds its merchant-sailor protagonists in the Europe of World War I. The novel's title is also the name of their ship, which sails from Hamburg in 1914. The cover of the North American hardcover and paperback editions is illustrated with a painting by Otto Dix, "Abschied von Hamburg," dated 1921.

Weiner's third novel, Sweet England, was published in 2010 by New Star Books, a Vancouver-based literary press. It tells the story of a man of no known origin and unstable personality and his efforts to re–enter society after a long and unexplained absence. The man, who is given the name Jack by another character he encounters, falls into a relationship with a woman named Brenda Lee, and much of the novel concerns the relationship between Jack and Brenda, whose death is the occasion for a Coroner's Inquest that provides the action for the last third of the novel. The novel's action takes place against a backdrop of post-Thatcher London, rendered by Weiner into a dark and phantasmagorical dreamscape. The cover illustration is also by the Brothers Quay, the London-based animated filmmakers Stephen and Timothy Quay.

Weiner's writing is characterised by its exceptionally bold telegraphic style, one that has a truly cinematic feel in the sheer convulsive power of the images that are evoked and their deeply unsettling visionary tone. He would even seem to defy the cinema (unless one were to think of the more theatrical and stylized approach of certain animators and graphic artists). He is, however, also able to achieve in his phantasmagorical and often violent universe an exceedingly delicate and fragile realm of characters despite their being inhabited by a world all too overwhelmingly hostile and mad.

Bibliography

The Museum of Love, London: Bloomsbury, 1993
The Yellow Sailor, New York: Overlook Press, 2001
Sweet England, Vancouver: New Star Books, 2010

References

1947 births
Canadian male novelists
20th-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian novelists
Living people
20th-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian male writers

Steve Weiner


The M46 Patton was an American tank. It was developed in 1948 and 1949. It was an improved version of the M26 Pershing. 168 tanks were made, manufactured between 1949 and 1952. They were one of the main tanks used in the Korean war.

Tanks

M46 Patton


Mehan Garden is an open space in Manila, Philippines. It was established in 1858 by the Spanish colonial authorities as a botanical garden, called the Jardín Botánico, outside the walled city.

History

Botanical garden
The garden established by Governor Fernándo Norzagaray y Escudero was one of a number of botanical gardens established in Asia by European colonial powers (for example, Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden in 1787 and Bogor Botanical Gardens in 1817).

Sebastián Vidal was the best known director of the garden. He came to the Philippines in 1871 to work in the forestry service (Inspección General de Montes). He was director between 1878 and his death in 1889. His obituary in Popular Science Monthly described him as "practically a pioneer in the investigation of the Philippine flora". (In fact, a flora of the archipelago had been published by Francisco Manuel Blanco, but it was unsatisfactory).  For his publications on Philippine flora, Vidal not only collected specimens, but also studied Malesian flora held in European herbaria, such as the Kew herbarium.

Public park
The American occupiers of Manila decided that the site was not suitable for a botanical garden and was more suitable for a public park.
In 1913 it was renamed after John C. Mehan, who was in charge of Manila's parks and sanitation. The Mehan Garden was declared a historical site by the National Historical Institute in 1934.

The Garden is the open space off Liwasang Bonifacio (across the Philippine Post Office Main Building), bounded by Taft Avenue, LRT 1 Central Terminal station, the Metropolitan Theater, and Manila City Hall. Inside the Garden are structures such as the Lawton Park n' Ride building and the Universidad de Manila.

Boy Scouts of the Philippines Headquarters
Following World War II, Boy Scouts of the Philippines (BSP) co-founder Don Gabriel Daza established the first BSP national office in the garden. The office was in a quonset hut. In 1949, the BSP relocated after receiving a land grant from Republic Act No.397.

Gallery

See also
 List of parks in Manila

References

Parks in Manila
Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Metro Manila
Botanical gardens in the Philippines
Landmarks in the Philippines
History of Manila
Spanish colonial infrastructure in the Philippines
Buildings and structures in Ermita
National Historical Landmarks of the Philippines

Mehan Garden


Bohemia in London (1907) was Arthur Ransome's seventh published book, and his first success. The book is about literary and artistic London in the 1900s, and the area of London covered is Chelsea, Soho, and Hampstead. He had moved to London in 1901, and first lived in Chelsea. It was published by Chapman and Hall in late September 1907. An American edition was published by Dodd, Mead of New York in 1907, who also published it in Canada under the imprint of the Musson Book Co of Toronto. A "slightly bawdy" ballad had to be omitted for North America. A second edition was published by his new publisher Stephen Swift Ltd (Charles Granville) in 1912, before Granville absconded. A new edition was published by the Oxford University Press in 1984.

Ransome himself wrote that it was his first book that "was not altogether a makeshift". In 1906 he was approached by Stefana Stevens a "clever young woman" who worked for Curtis Brown, a London literary agency founded in 1899. She was later an authority on Middle Eastern folklore, and as E. S. Stevens a popular romantic novelist. He was having tea with Cecil Chesterton at the St George's in St Martin's Lane, when she leant across the table and said:
There's a book that ought to be written, and you are the one that ought to write it, a book on Bohemia in London, an essayistical sort of book, putting Bohemia of today against a background of the past. Think it over, I've got a publisher waiting for it.
It did not take much thinking about; he sketched a synopsis the next day and two days later Curtis Brown had a contract for him with the publisher Chapman and Hall, whose office was also in Henrietta Street; and to his "further amazement" the unwritten book was also sold to Dodd, Mead in New York, for "respectable royalties" in both countries. He worked in Chelsea and the London Library. He went off to Cartmel with crates of books and had more sent by the London Library, and "settled down at Wall Nook to be Hazlitt, Lamb and Leigh Hunt all rolled into one." As illustrator he selected Fred Taylor, impressed by his black-and white poster of a newsboy used to advertise the bookseller W. H. Smith.

Critical reaction
Hugh Brogan calls it "Ransome's first real book" and with drawings by Fred Taylor "easily the best-looking Ransome volume ever produced." It is a long discourse and a guide to Bohemian London in the early twentieth century, between the eras of Enoch Soames and Ezra Pound. Earlier inhabitants are included, particularly William Hazlitt and also Dr. Johnson, Charles Lamb and John Dryden. Ben Jonson sings drinking songs. Brogan finds the picture of artistic London convincing if sometimes overblown, and a foreshadowing of his journalism. With good reviews, it was his first success.

Roland Chambers said that Ransome had "made his most sustained effort to date", and that the book "was nostalgically reviewed by Ransome himself in the Onlooker six years later, and even at the time was written in a style suggesting a kindness for days distilled and softened by the distant past".

References

External links
 Bohemia in London (American edition online by archive.org)
 Bohemia in London (Canadian edition online by openlibrary.org)
 About Bohemia in London by the Arthur Ransome Trust

1907 non-fiction books
Works by Arthur Ransome
Books about London
Bohemianism

Bohemia in London


Uno (stylized on usual branding as UNO) is an American card game that was made by Merle Robbins in 1971. It has since been bought by a company named Mattel. It uses 108 special cards that are made just to play Uno. It is similar to Crazy Eights.

The cards are put into 4 different groups: Red cards, green cards, blue cards and yellow cards. There are also some other cards called "Special Cards". Skip, Reverse, Draw +2(This card can be canceled by Reverse card which changes the way), Wild, and Wild +4 cards allow you to do something you cannot normally do, such as pick up two more cards.

Each player starts off with 7 cards, randomly assigned. A card from the main deck is then placed in the center for everyone to see. The first player must put down a card that is either the sane color or number, or a wild card. When a player puts down a regular card, the next person has to put down another card of the same color or number, and it keeps on going in order. When a skip card is placed, the next person's turn is skipped. A reverse card reverses the order of the game. A wild card can be placed above any color, and the player chooses what color they want everyone to continue with until someone puts down a card with the same number but a different color or a wild card. +2 cards force the next player to draw 2 cards, but +4 cards force the next player to draw 4 cards and the current player gets to pick a new color of their choice.

Card games

Uno (card game)


La leggenda di Sakùntala (titled Sakùntala in its revised version) is a three-act opera by Franco Alfano, who wrote his own libretto, basing his work on Kālidāsa's 5th-century BC drama Shakuntala.

Première, loss, reconstruction, rediscovery
It was first performed at the Teatro Comunale di Bologna on 10 December 1921. The full score and orchestral materials were believed to have been destroyed when an Allied bomb damaged the archives of Alfano's publisher Ricordi during World War II, so Alfano reconstructed the opera and it was performed at the Teatro dell'Opera in Rome on 5 January 1952 with the shortened title of Sakùntala. During preparations for a revival in Rome in April 2006, a copy of the original 1921 score was discovered in the Ricordi archives, and the opera was performed for the first time in its original form in modern times under its original name, La leggenda di Sakùntala. Critically regarded as Alfano's best work, though seldom staged in recent years, the opera was performed seven times for Italian radio between its premiere and 1979. These broadcasts featured such sopranos as Magda Olivero, Anna de Cavalieri, and Celestina Casapietra in the title role. The opera was also revived at the Wexford Opera Festival in 1982, and in concert on November 19, 2013, by Teatro Grattacielo in New York.

Roles

Synopsis

Act 1
The King encounters Sakùntala while hunting with his men near the remote woodland monastery where she lives. The King woos her, and overcoming her initial fear, promises that he will return, giving her a ring by which to remember him.

Act 2
Daydreaming about the King, Sakùntala fails to hear the hermit Durvasas's entreaties to open the monastery's gate to admit him.  Angered, he curses Sakùntala, proclaiming that the King would not remember her.  Sakùntala begs a cloud to carry a message to the King.  Harita returns to the monastery, and tells Sakùntala that she is with child.

Act 3
The King is restless, and not entertained by the dancing girls who perform for him.  Sakùntala arrives with her entourage, but when she attempts to present her ring of remembrance to the King, she realizes that she has lost it.  The curse is fulfilled, and Sakùntala rushes out of the palace to drown herself in a lake.  However, belatedly, a fisherman arrives, having found the ring, and presents it to the King, who suddenly remembers Sakùntala.  Servants enter, bearing Sakùntala's infant child, and the King cries out in anguish.  But Sakùntala's voice descends from heaven (having been taken up into the heavens by a cloud of fire), and tells the King not to despair, for their child will become the hero of the future age.  All the people kneel and worship the infant.

References
Notes

Sources

Jürgen Maehder (1992), Sakùntala in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London)

External links
 Synopsis
 Libretto in Italian and English

Operas by Franco Alfano
Italian-language operas
Verismo operas
Operas
1921 operas
1952 operas
Operas set in India
Operas set in antiquity
Operas based on plays
Works based on Shakuntala (play)

Sakùntala


John Bostock, Jr. FRS (baptised 29 June 1773, died 6 August 1846) was an English physician, scientist and geologist from Liverpool.

Life
Bostock was a son of Dr. John Bostock, Sr. He spent some time at New College at Hackney where he attended Joseph Priestley's lectures on chemistry and natural philosophy, before graduating in Medicine at the University of Edinburgh and practising medicine in Liverpool. He moved to London in 1817 where he concentrated on general science. In 1819, Bostock was first to accurately describe hay fever as a disease that affected the upper respiratory tract.

He lectured on chemistry at Guy's Hospital and was President of the Geological Society of London in 1826 when that body was granted a Royal Charter and Vice President of the Royal Society in 1832.

Bostock died of cholera in 1846; He is buried in the Kensal Green Cemetery, London.

Works
Bostock was one of the first chemical pathologists. He was the first to realise the relationship between the diminution of urea in urine as it rose in the blood, while the albumin in the blood fell as that in the urine increased. His most noted book, System of Physiology, appeared in 1824. His only geological work was On the Purification of Thames Water which appeared in 1826. He also collaborated with Henry Thomas Riley on a translation and annotation of Pliny the Elder's Natural History, which was published posthumously.

Family
He married Anne Yates and they had a daughter named Elizabeth Anne Bostock in 1817. She devoted her life to improving the supply of women's education. His wife outlived him and died in 1863.

References

1773 births
1846 deaths
19th-century English medical doctors
English geologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Deaths from cholera
Presidents of the Geological Society of London
Scientists from Liverpool
English scientists
Committee members of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge

John Bostock (physician)


David B. Allison (born 27 September 1948) is an English former football referee, who operated in the English Football League and Premier League. During his time on the List he was based in Lancaster and was by profession a teacher.

Career
He became a Football League linesman in 1977 and three years later achieved promotion to the referees' list at the age of thirty-one. He made steady progress in his early years but by the late 1980s was becoming a regular top division referee, often handling Lancashire derby games including those involving the big Manchester and Liverpool clubs.

He became one of the first Premier League referees in 1992,† shortly after taking charge of his most senior cup appointment - a League Cup semi-final first leg between Nottingham Forest and Tottenham Hotspur. His first match in that competition was the 4–1 home win by Middlesbrough against Leeds United at Ayresome Park on 28 August.

Over the next two years he handled a large number of matches in the new League. However, in 1994 the Premier League moved to a rather smaller list of officials who would handle its matches and he was not selected.

He reverted to exclusive duty in the Football League, where his appointments included the 1996 Division One play-off final between Leicester City and Crystal Palace, which he rated his most memorable match. He retired at the end of the following season (1996–97). In his seventeen years as a referee he controlled 463 matches in the Football and Premier Leagues.

He later became a Football League regional co-ordinator and referees' coach, before being appointed National Group Manager in charge of the 57 top referees for Professional Game Match Officials Limited on 10 August 2007.

David is also the Training Officer for the Lancaster & Morecambe Referees' Society

Personal life

David has two daughters, Penelope Anne and Lucy. He currently lives with his partner Sheila and has two step-grandchildren named Heather and Emma.
David was a much respected teacher of languages but he retired a few years back because of family reasons.

References

Print
Football League Handbooks, 1977–1979
Rothmans Football League Yearbooks, 1980–1997
†Bateson, Bill; Albert Sewell (1992). News of the World Football Annual 1992/93. Harper Collins, p45.

Internet

External links
David Allison Referee Statistics at soccerbase.com

1948 births
Living people
People from Lancaster, Lancashire
English football referees
English Football League referees
Premier League referees

David Allison (referee)


Heinrich Steinfest (born 10 April 1961 in Albury, Australia) is a multiple award-winning Austrian writer of crime novels. Two years after his birth, his emigrant parents moved back to their native Vienna, where he lived until the late 1990s. He then moved to Stuttgart, where he lives today.

His novels contain bizarre examples of events that seemingly confound analysis. His most formidable character is Cheng, a Viennese detective with no clear ties to China, born in Vienna to Chinese parents driven there by their enthusiasm for the Viennese waltz.

Awards he has won include the Deutscher Krimi Preis in 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2009. His novel Der Allesforscher was shortlisted for the German Book Prize in 2014. Steinfest dedicated this novel to his brother who, like the sister of the novel's protagonist, was killed in a mountaineering accident.

References

Living people
21st-century Austrian novelists
1961 births

Heinrich Steinfest


Palakkad District is one of the 14 districts of the Indian state of Kerala. Also, it is the largest district in kerala from 2006. The city of Palakkad is the district headquarters. Palakkad is bordered on the northwest by the Malappuram District, on the southwest by the Thrissur District, on the northeast by The Nilgiris District and on the east by Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. The district is 24.4% urbanised according to the census of 2011. The district is nicknamed "the granary of Kerala" and "Rice bowl of Kerala".

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Palakkad district has a population of 2,810,892, roughly equal to the nation of Jamaica or the US state of Utah. This gives it a ranking of 138th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 7.39%. Palakkad has a sex ratio of 1067 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 89.32%. Palakkad city has a literacy rate of 94.20%

Languages
The official language Malayalam is predominantly and widely spoken in the district, while Tamil forms the main language of over 6% of the district's population.

References

Satellite Images
 Satellite image of Palakkad
 Road map of Palakkad

Other websites

 Official website for Palakkad
 Palakkad District Tourism-Information

Districts of Kerala

Palakkad district