The First Battle of the Marne was a battle of the First World War fought from 5 to 12 September 1914. The German army invaded France with a plan for winning the war in 40 days by occupying Paris and destroying the French and British armies (Allies/Entente). The Germans had initial successes in August. They were victorious in the Battles of Mons and the Frontiers and overran a large area of northern France and Belgium. In what is called the Great Retreat the Germans pursued the retreating Franco/British forces more than  southward. The French and British halted their retreat in the Marne River valley while the Germans advanced to  from downtown Paris.

With the battlefield reverses of August, Field Marshal John French, commander of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), lost faith in his French allies and began to plan for a British retreat to port cities on the English Channel for an evacuation to Britain. However, the French commander Joseph Joffre maintained good order in his retreating army and was able to reinforce it by bringing in additional manpower from his eastern flank and integrating military reserve units into the regular army. By early September, the Franco–British forces outnumbered the Germans who were exhausted after a month-long campaign, had outrun their supply lines, and were suffering shortages. On 3 September the military governor of Paris, Joseph Simon Gallieni, perceived that the German right flank was vulnerable and positioned his forces to attack.

On 4 September Joffre gave the order to launch a counteroffensive. The battle took place between Paris and Verdun, a west to east distance of . The point of decision and the heaviest fighting was in the western one-half of that area. By 9 September, the success of the Franco–British counteroffensive left the German 1st and 2nd Armies at risk of encirclement, and they were ordered to retreat to the Aisne River. The retreating armies were pursued by the French and British. The German armies ceased their retreat after  on a line north of the Aisne River, where they dug in on the heights and fought the First Battle of the Aisne.  The German retreat from 9 to 12 September marked the end of the German attempt to defeat France quickly. Both sides next commenced reciprocal operations to envelop the northern flank of their opponent in what became known as the Race to the Sea which culminated in the First Battle of Ypres and led to a bloody four-year long stalemate of trench warfare on the Western Front of World War I.

The Battle of the Marne from September 5 to 12 resulted in an estimated 250,000 French casualties, 12,733 British casualties and 298,000 German casualties. Holger Herwig called the Battle of the Marne the most important land battle of the 20th century. The battle is described in French folklore as the "miracle on the Marne."

Background

The Combatants
Germany and France declared war on each other on 3 August 1914. Both sides expected a short war. Germany faced the specter of a two-front war, facing Russia in the east and France and Britain in the west. German strategy was to defeat France in six weeks and then turn its attention to Russia. As envisioned by the Schlieffen Plan (revised by Helmuth von Moltke), the Germans embarked on a rapid, circular, counter-clockwise offensive through Belgium and into France with the objective of capturing Paris and enveloping and destroying the French army east of Paris within their six-week timetable. The German violation of Belgium's neutrality brought Great Britain into the war. Britain sent the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) to France.

Germany created seven armies for service on the western front. Three of them on the German right flank would be most involved in the Battle of the Marne. At the beginning of the war, the First Army numbered 320,000 men commanded by Alexander von Kluck; the Second Army had 260,000 men commanded by Karl von Bülow; and the Third Army commanded by Max von Hausen had 180,000 men. These numbers would be depleted by the time of the Marne Battle. The French army stationed on the western front initially consisted of five armies of which the Fourth Army, commanded by Fernand de Langle de Cary, and the Fifth Army, commanded by Charles Lanrezac, on its left flank would be most involved in the Battle of the Marne. Two additional French armies would be created to stem off the Germany offensive: the 6th Army commanded by Joseph Gallieni, created to protect Paris; and the 9th commanded by Ferdinand Foch. The French armies engaged in the Marne Battle were reinforced by reservists, recruits, and by transfers from other French and colonial armies. French divisions facing the German right wing rose from 17.5 on 23 August to 41 on 6 September, numbering more than 700,000 men.  The BEF numbered 130,000 men at the beginning of the war and was commanded by John French.

The Commanders-in-Chiefs of the armies were a study in contrasts.  Moltke, the chief of the German General Staff, remained at his headquarters in Luxembourg throughout the battle. He issued General Directives by way of emissaries from his headquarters, but gave his army commanders wide latitude in their operations. By contrast, the French commander, Joseph Joffre, was a whirlwind of activity (although insisting on fine dining and an uninterrupted eight hours of sleep every night). Joffre visited his armies and their commanders frequently, driven by a Grand Prix race car driver. He was ruthless in firing more than 30 French generals who did not meet his standards (or, as some say, who dared to disagree with him). John French, the British commander, was intimidated by the casualties suffered by the British in initial battles and thereafter reluctant to engage the Germans, but finally played an important role in the Battle of the Marne.

The strategies of the French and Germans likewise contrasted. The French focused their attention, troops, and defences is eastern France where they believed the Germans would be most dangerous. They were wrong. The Germans mostly stayed on defence in the east, although blunting French attacks. In the east, France had the objective of regaining Alsace–Lorraine which it had lost to Germany in the Franco-German war of 1870.  The French did not fortify their north western border with Belgium as they did not expect the Germans to attack there and also feared being accused of violating Belgian neutrality—and thereby losing British participation in the war. Germany, however, had no compunctions about violating Belgian neutrality as its objective was to win the war quickly before Great Britain could intervene decisively. The French and British were outnumbered in contesting the German offensive through Belgium into France.

The Germans recognized that a long war was not in their interest as the resources of France, Great Britain, and Russia were far greater than their own. To win the war with France quickly would even the odds. To historian Herwig, the Schlieffen Plan, the violation of Belgian neutrality, and the German invasion of France in 1914 were "an all-or-nothing throw of the dice, a high-risk operation born of hubris and bordering on recklessness."

The Great Retreat

The Germans and the French had different strategies for what they anticipated would be a short war. France's top priority was to recover Alsace-Lorraine, lost to Germany in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870. Germany's priority was to defeat France quickly, so that it could turn its attention to the Russians. Both armies at the beginning of the war believed that offence would prevail over defence. The French military philosophy has been characterized as the "cult of the offensive," a belief that elan (spirit) and cran (guts) were the essential elements of military victory.  The "most terrible August in the history of the world" proved them wrong as artillery and machine guns triumphed over elan and cran. A French captain named Charles de Gaulle said 'that all the courage in the world cannot prevail against gunfire."

August 1914 saw bloody battles, nearly all of which the Germans won, the conquest of most of Belgium by Germany, and the rapid advancement of the German armies into France. North and west of Paris, the French and British armies retreated before the German onslaught. East of Paris, the French army launched several offences into Alsace-Lorraine which failed. France's military Plan XVII anticipated that Germany would concentrate most of its forces in eastern France in Alsace-Lorraine and Joffre clung to that belief, although the commander of the 5th French army, Charles Lanrezac, repeatedly warned him that the Germans were attacking Belgium in numbers exceeding those of his own and the BEF. Retired general Joseph Gallieni also warned Joffre that the German's main effort was in the northwest, not the east. Joffre
fired Lanrezac and replaced him with Louis Franchet d'Espèrey. Lanrezac's defensive tactics and refusal to take the offensive against the Germans possibly resulted in the preservation of his army, which would subsequently play an important role in the Marne battle.

On 24 August, Joffre finally acknowledged that his northwestern (left) flank was at risk. He abandoned the aggressive Plan XVII and instead proclaimed that the French armies were "forced to take defensive action...to wear down the enemy's strength and resume the offense in due course." The Great Retreat began in which the French 3rd, 4th, and 5th armies and the BEF on the French left began a  retreat, mostly walking rather than fighting. The French were followed by the German 1st (Kluck), 2nd (Bülow), and 3rd (Hausen) armies. Hundreds of thousands of German, French, and British soldiers marched southeast in summer heat, wearing woollen uniforms and carrying  packs, the Germans motivated by the belief that they would soon capture Paris and end the war. German commanders exulted in their victories, but Chief of General Staff Moltke was worried. The Germans were capturing few prisoners and arms, an indication that the French and British were retreating in good order, not in panic.

During the retreat, Joffre bolstered his defences. He created two new armies. The 6th was to defend Paris with Gallieni as the Military Governor and Michel-Joseph Maunoury as the commander of the 6th army. Gallieni demanded not only garrison troops but also a mobile force to confront the advancing Germans. The 9th army headed by Ferdinand Foch was stationed between the third and fourth French armies. Utilizing the extensive French railway system, Joffre transferred men from the two eastern armies (the 1st and 2nd) to the Marne and integrated semi-trained French reserves into his defence.

Meanwhile, the attacking Germans had outrun their logistics and attrition among its soldiers was high. Kluck's first army had advanced  beyond the railhead which supplied it. Sixty per cent of its motor transport had broken down as had fodder wagons carrying hay for horses. Its men had marched  since leaving Germany one month earlier, fought several battles, and suffered 20,000 men killed, wounded, and ill. The soldiers were "like living scarecrows."
With every mile marched southward, the Germans were more isolated from the sources of their supplies while the French were closer to theirs.

Demands for more soldiers on other fronts in the war (and possible over-confidence) resulted in Moltke reducing the number of German attackers in France by 200,000 or more men in August. He transferred two corps to the eastern front to fight the Russians and assigned another two to besiege Antwerp and Maubeuge. The German 1st and 2nd armies on 1 August had 580,000 soldiers; at the Battle of the Marne they had 372,000. By the eve of the battle, the allied forces between Paris and Verdun numbered 980,000 French and 100,000 British soldiers while the Germans numbered 750,000. The Germans had an advantage in artillery with 3,300 to 3,000 guns.

The eve of battle

By 2 September, John Keegan said that "the German strategic effort, though neither Moltke nor Kluck perceived it, was beginning to fall apart". Moltke realized he did not have sufficient forces to carry out the Schlieffen Plan which envisioned the 1st army of Kluck encircling Paris to the west and south. Instead, he issued a Grand Directive changing the order of battle for the German attack. He ordered that Paris be bypassed on the north. The Germans would now attempt to entrap the French forces between Paris and Verdun. To accomplish this, the 2nd Army of Bülow became the primary striking force with the 1st Army (Kluck) ordered to follow in echelon to protect the western flank of the 2nd. At the time of this Grand Directive, Moltke based his decision on an intercepted radio transmission describing the French retreating across the Marne. Kluck, who was as bold as Bulow was cautious, was not pleased with the change of plans which would require him to halt his advance to wait for Bulow. Instead, interpreting the order broadly (or disobeying it), Kluck turned his line of march from south to southeast, becoming closer but not in echelon with Bülow, and on 3 September his forces crossed the Marne River  east of Paris, the first Germans to do so. Kluck was in pursuit of the French 5th army which was still retreating. Kluck's boldness was based on his confidence that the French and British were a depleted and defeated force.  He was unaware that a new French army, the 6th of Joseph Gallieni and Maunoury, was guarding Paris to his west and he discounted the British Expeditionary Force which had apparently abandoned the battlefield.

The French commander Joffre was preparing for the propitious time when he would counterattack. He reinforced his newly created 6th and 9th armies. On 3 September Joffre dismissed Lanrezac, commander of 5th army, and replaced him with Louis Franchet d'Espèrey. Lanrezac had been right, as Joffre had been wrong, about the German offensive coming from Belgium. Lanrezac had also been right in violating the French "cult of the offensive" by taking a defensive posture against the invading Germans and preserving his army to fight another day. The French government fled Paris on 2 September fearing the Germans would conquer the city.

On 4 September, while meeting with the British General Henry Wilson, d'Esperey, the new commander of the French 5th army, outlined a plan for a French and British counter-attack on the German 1st Army. The counterattack would come from the south by d'Esperey's 5th Army, the west by the BEF, and at the Ourcq River by Gallieni and Manoury's new Sixth Army. Gallieni had come to the same conclusion on 3 September and sent Maunoury and the 6th Army east to find the German's flank. On 4 September, Joffre spent much of this afternoon in silent contemplation under an ash tree. At dinner he received word of d'Esperey's plan for the counterattack. That night he issued commands to halt the French retreat in his Instruction General No. 5 and ordered the counterattack to begin on 6 September. The BEF was under no obligation to follow orders of the French, but Joffre believed British participation was crucial. Joffre first attempted to use diplomatic channels to convince the British government to apply pressure on BEF commander John French. Then, on 5 September, Joffre journeyed to BEF headquarters for discussions which ended with him banging his hand dramatically on a table while shouting "Monsieur le Maréchal, the honour of England is at stake!" Following this meeting, French agreed to the operational plan to commence the following day.

The battle

"At dawn on 6 September, 980,000 French and 100,000 British soldiers with 3,000 guns assaulted the German line of 750,000 men and 3,300 guns between Verdun and Paris."  Joffre had finally found the propitious time to end the Great Retreat and counterattack. The battle would take place in two distinct locations near southern tributaries of the Marne with the French 5th and 9th army assaulting the German's 2nd and 3rd armies and north of the Marne between the French 6th army facing the German 1st army. Communications and coordination were poor between German armies and with Moltke's headquarters in Luxembourg and each German army would fight its own battle.

Kluck
On 5 September, one day before Joffre's plan to begin the French offensive, the French and Germans clashed on Kluck's 1st army's right flank. Part of Maunoury's 6th army, made up mostly of reservists and numbering in total 150,000 was probing  northeast from Paris near the Ourcq River looking for the Germans when it encountered the IV Reserve Corps of 24,000 men commanded by German general Hans von Gronau. Gronau had the responsibility of covering the outermost right flank of Kluck. He discerned the danger of a flank attack against Kluck and, although greatly outnumbered, attacked the French, holding them off for 24 hours before retreating. Kluck was therefore warned of the unexpected threat to his right flank and indeed his whole army. Kluck chose to mount a counteroffensive. He ordered his army to turn to the right and face west to confront the threat from the 6th French army. This involved a withdrawal of Kluck's forces who had crossed the Marne River to the south and now had to march  in two days to reach positions facing the French. Kluck's swift reaction prevented the 6th Army from advancing across the Ourcq River to the German rear. Kluck moved off French attacks on 6 and 7 September.

On the night of 7–8 September came the most storied event of the Battle of the Marne. Military Governor Gallieni in Paris reinforced the 6th army guarding Paris by shuttling soldiers to the front by rail, truck, and Renault taxis. Gallieni commandeered about six hundred taxicabs at Les Invalides in central Paris to carry soldiers to the front at Nanteuil-le-Haudouin, fifty kilometres away. Most of the taxis were demobilised on 8 September but some remained longer to carry the wounded and refugees. The taxis, following city regulations, dutifully ran their meters. The French treasury reimbursed the total fare of 70,012 francs.

The arrival of six thousand soldiers by rail, truck, and taxi has been described as critical in preventing a possible German breakthrough against the 6th Army. However, in General Gallieni's memoirs, he notes how some had "exaggerated somewhat the importance of the taxis." In 2001, Strachan mentions only the taxis as "fewer than legend" and in 2009 Herwig called the taxis militarily insignificant. The positive impact on French morale was undeniable.

Kluck telegrammed Moltke on the night of 8 September that "The decision will be obtained tomorrow by an enveloping attack by General von Quast." The next morning Quast fought his way through the defences of the French 6th army and the way to Paris,  distant, was open. In Keegan's words, "The balance of advantage on the Marne once more seemed to have tilted the Germans' way."

Bülow and Hausen
Bülow's 2nd army south of the Marne on 6 September was as worn and depleted as Klucks, having marched  since leaving Germany and having suffered more than 26,000 casualties and soldiers felled by illnesses. Bülow had begun the war with 260,000 soldiers; in September he had 154,000. Moreover, his relations with Kluck were poor.

While Kluck was on the offensive near Paris, Bülow went on the defensive after the French attack on 6 September. On 7 September, Bülow ordered his right wing to retreat  to the Petit Morin River after attacks by the French 5th army of Franchet d'Esperey, called "Desperate Frankie" as a compliment by the British. During the retreat, the French massacred 450 Germans who were attempting to surrender. With his right wing retreating, Bülow conversely ordered his left wing to attack with help from Hausen's 3rd army.  Hausen covered Bülow's left flank and assaulted Foch's 9th army in the Marshes of Saint–Gond near the city of Sézanne on 8 September. He had 82,000 men for the task. Hausen's attack was a surprise, launched at night with no artillery preparation. His soldiers overran artillery positions "with the bayonet." Hausen pushed Foch back . Hausen's attack then bogged down with his soldiers exhausted and having suffered about 11,000 casualties.

The gap
Kluck's turn to the northwest on 5 to 7 September to fight the 6th French army opened a  gap on his left flank between his soldiers and those of Bülow of the 2nd German army.  French air reconnaissance observed German forces moving north to face the Sixth Army and discovered the gap. The lack of coordination between von Kluck and Bülow caused the gap to widen even further.

The Allies exploited the gap in the German lines, sending the BEF northwest toward Kluck and the 5th Army northeast toward Bülow into the gap between the two German armies. The right wing of the French 5th Army attacked on 6 September and pinned the 2nd Army in the Battle of the Two Morins, named for the two rivers in the area, the Grand Morin and Petit Morin. The BEF advanced on , crossed the Petit Morin, captured bridges over the Marne, and established a bridgehead  deep. Despite the promise by BEF commander French to Joffre that he would reenter the battle, the slow pace of the BEF's advance enraged d'Espèrey, commander of the 5th Army, and other French commanders. On 6 September the British force moved so slowly it finished the day  behind its objectives and suffered only seven men killed. The BEF, though outnumbering Germans in the gap ten to one, advanced only  in three days. The 5th Army by 8 September crossed the Petit Morin, which forced Bülow to withdraw the right flank of the 2nd Army. The next day, the 5th Army crossed the Marne, and the German 2nd Army retreated further.

Hentsch's tour
Moltke, at headquarters in Luxembourg, was out of communication with the German armies in France.  Moltke preferred sending instructions to his armies by emissary rather than relying on his inadequate telephone and telegraph system. He sent his intelligence officer, Lieutenant Colonel Richard Hentsch, to visit the armies. Moltke's instructions to Hentsch were verbal, not written, although apparently Moltke gave Hentsch, a mere lieutenant  colonel, the authority to order the German armies to retreat if necessary for their survival. Hentsch's mission, in the words of historian Herwig, was to become "the most famous staff tour in military history."

Hentsch departed Luxembourg on 8 September by automobile and visited the 5th, 4th, and 3rd German Armies that afternoon. He reported back to Moltke that the situation of those armies was "entirely favorable." At 6:45 that evening, he received a different message at 2nd Army headquarters in a meeting with Bülow and his staff. Hentsch was told that Bülow's right flank (bordering the gap between Bülow's and Kluck's armies) was at the point of collapse. Bülow said that his army was "cinders" and "in no condition" to take the offensive against the French. He blamed Kluck for the crisis and said that Kluck should immediately break off the battle with the French 6th Army and close the gap between them. If not, the situation could become "extremely serious".

Lt. Colonel Hentsch apparently responded to Field Marshall Bülow that, he, Hentsch had "full power of authority" to order Kluck to withdraw from his battle with the 6th French Army. During the meeting Bülow received the news that his army was buckling under pressure from the French. Bülow ordered a  withdrawal of his forces and prognosticated "incalculable consequences". Hentsch agreed with Bülow that when French and British forces crossed the Marne a general retreat by the Germans would be necessary.
They agreed that Kluck must disengage and march to the Marne to link up with Bülow's 2nd Army. If Kluck refused, Bülow would retreat north of the Marne.

The next morning, 9 September, with additional bad news from the front arriving, Bülow ordered another withdrawal without knowing what Kluck would do. Meanwhile, Hentsch proceeded onwards to Kluck's 1st Army headquarters near the Ourcq River, arriving at 11:30 am after a journey through the devastation of war. He met with Kluck's chief of staff, Hermann von Kuhl. Hentsch described the hazardous position of Bülow and said a general retreat was necessary, again asserting his authority in the name of Moltke. Kuhl "was thunderstruck." The 1st Army was poised to assault the city of Paris and, hopefully, win the war, but Kuhl acceded to Hentsch and informed Kluck. With Bülow retreating, Kluck had no choice but to follow suit and he issued the order to retreat. His order said he was retreating "at the behest" of Moltke's General Staff. On 11 September Moltke himself visited the 3rd, 4th, and 5th German armies and ordered a retreat of those armies in addition to the ongoing retreat of the 1st and 2nd armies) to the Aisne River to regroup or another offensive. The Germans were pursued by the French and British, although the pace of the exhausted Allied forces was slow and averaged only  per day. The Germans ceased their retreat after , at a point north of the Aisne River where they dug in, preparing trenches. Joffre ordered allied troops to pursue, leading to the First Battle of the Aisne (see below).

"Along a front of nearly 250 miles [400km], the German infantry faced about and began to retrace its steps over the ground won in bitter combat during the last two weeks." Many of the German soldiers and officers on the front lines of the conflict were bitter at what they regarded as a foolish order to retreat. Meyer said that the First Battle of the Marne "has come down to us in history as the fight that saved Paris but in fact was settled by one side's decision not to fight."

Aftermath
The German retreat from 9–13 September marked the end of the Schlieffen Plan. Moltke is said to have reported to the Kaiser: "Your Majesty, we have lost the war."().

On 14 September, German military authorities informed Kaiser Wilhelm II that "Moltke's nerves are at an end and [he] is no longer able to conduct operations." The Kaiser forced Moltke to resign due to "ill health." War Minister Erich von Falkenhayn was appointed to replace Moltke.

After the Battle of the Marne, the Germans retreated for up to  and lost 11,717 prisoners, 30 field guns and 100 machine-guns to the French and 3,500 prisoners to the British before reaching the Aisne. The German retreat ended their hope of pushing the French beyond the Verdun–Marne–Paris line and winning a quick victory. Following the battle and the failures by both sides to turn the opponent's northern flank during the Race to the Sea, the war of movement ended with the Germans and the allied powers facing each other across a stationary front line of trenches and defenses that remained nearly stable for four years.

Analysis
At the start of the war, both sides had plans that they hoped would result in victory after a short war. While the German invasion failed to defeat the French and British, after the battle the German army still occupied a large portion of northern France as well as most of Belgium. "France had lost 64 per cent of its iron, 62 per cent of its steel, and 50 per cent of its coal. The failure of the French Plan 17 caused that situation.

Joffre, whose planning had led to the disastrous Battle of the Frontiers, was able to bring the allies to a tactical victory. He used interior lines to move troops from his right wing to the critical left wing and sacked generals. Due to the redistribution of French troops, the German 1st Army had 128 battalions facing 191 battalions of the French and BEF. The 2nd and 3rd German armies had 134 battalions facing 268 battalions of the French Fifth and new Ninth Army. It was his orders that prevented Castelnau from abandoning Nancy on 6 September or reinforcing that army when the pivotal battle was unfolding on the other side of the battlefield. He resisted counter-attacking until the time was right then put his full force behind it. D'Esperey should also receive credit as the author of the main stroke. As Joffre says in his memoirs: "it was he who made the Battle of the Marne possible".

Historians' characterise the Battle of the Marne as a partial success. However, John Terraine wrote that "nowhere, and at no time, did it present the traditional aspect of victory", but nonetheless stated that the French and British stroke into the breach between the 1st and 2nd German Armies "made the battle of the Marne the decisive battle of the war". Barbara W. Tuchman and Robert A. Doughty wrote that Joffre's victory at the Marne was far from decisive, Tuchman calling it an "…incomplete victory of the Marne…" and Doughty [the] "…opportunity for a decisive victory had slipped from his hands". Ian Sumner called it a flawed victory and that it proved impossible to deal the German armies  "a decisive blow". Tuchman wrote that Kluck explained the German failure at the Marne as

Richard Brooks in 2000 wrote that the significance of the battle centres on the failure of the Schlieffen Plan which forced Germany to fight a two-front war against France and Russia—the scenario its strategists had long feared. Brooks claimed that, "By frustrating the Schlieffen Plan, Joffre had won the decisive battle of the war, and perhaps of the century". The Battle of the Marne was also one of the first battles in which reconnaissance aircraft played a decisive role, by discovering weak points in the German lines, which the Entente armies were able to exploit.

Casualties
It is difficult to separate the casualties in the Battle of the Marne from the casualties in the other related battles of August and September 1914. Over two million men fought in the campaign leading to the First Battle of the Marne and although there are no exact official casualty counts for the battle, estimates for the actions of September along the Marne front for all armies are often given as  500,000 killed or wounded. French casualties totalled   of whom an estimated 80,000 were killed. Tuchman gave French casualties for August as 206,515 from  and Herwig gave French casualties for September as 213,445, also from  for a total of just under 420,000 in the first two months of the war. According to Roger Chickering, German casualties for the 1914 campaigns on the Western Front were 500,000. British casualties were  with  No future battle on the Western Front would average so many casualties per day.

In 2009, Herwig re-estimated the casualties for the battle. He wrote that the French official history, , gave 213,445 French casualties in September and assumed that  40% occurred during the Battle of the Marne. Using the German , Herwig recorded that from  the 1st Army had 13,254 casualties, the 2nd Army had 10,607 casualties, the 3rd Army had 14,987 casualties, the 4th Army had 9,433 casualties, the 5th Army had 19,434 casualties, the 6th Army had 21,200 casualties and the 7th Army had 10,164 casualties. Herwig estimated that the five German Armies from Verdun to Paris had 67,700 casualties during the battle and assumed 85,000 casualties for the French. Herwig wrote that there were 1,701 British casualties (the British Official History noted that these losses were incurred from . Herwig estimated 300,000 casualties for all sides at the Marne but questioned whether isolating the battle was justified. In 2010, Ian Sumner wrote that there were 12,733 British casualties, including 1,700 dead. Sumner cites the same overall casualty figure for the French for September as Herwig from , which includes the losses at the battle of the Aisne, as 213,445 but provides a further breakdown: 18,073 killed, 111,963 wounded and 83,409 missing. Most of the missing had been killed.

Some notable people died in the battle, such as Charles Péguy, who was killed while leading his platoon during an attack at the beginning of the battle.

Subsequent operations

First Battle of the Aisne, 13–28 September

On 10 September, Joffre ordered the French armies and the BEF to advance and for four days, the Armies on the left flank moved forward and gathered up German stragglers, wounded and equipment, opposed only by rearguards. On  Joffre ordered outflanking manoeuvres by the armies on the left flank but the advance was too slow to catch the Germans, who ended their withdrawal on 14 September, on high ground on the north bank of the Aisne and began to dig in. Frontal attacks by the Ninth, Fifth, and Sixth Armies were repulsed from  This led Joffre to transfer the Second Army west to the left flank of the Sixth Army, the first phase of Entente attempts to outflank the German armies in "The Race to the Sea".

French troops had begun to move westwards on 2 September, using the undamaged railways behind the French front, which were able to move a corps to the left flank in  On 17 September, the French Sixth Army attacked from Soissons to Noyon, at the westernmost point of the French flank, with the XIII and IV corps, which were supported by the 61st and 62nd divisions of the 6th Group of Reserve Divisions. After this, the fighting moved north to Lassigny and the French dug in around Nampcel.

The French Second Army completed a move from Lorraine and took over command of the left-hand corps of the Sixth Army, as indications appeared that German troops were also being moved from the eastern flank. The German IX Reserve Corps arrived from Belgium by 15 September and the next day joined the 1st Army for an attack to the south-west, with the IV Corps and the 4th and 7th cavalry divisions, against the attempted French envelopment. The attack was cancelled and the IX Reserve Corps was ordered to withdraw behind the right flank of the 1st Army. The 2nd and 9th Cavalry divisions were dispatched as reinforcements the next day but before the retirement began, the French attack reached Carlepont and Noyon, before being contained on 18 September. The German armies attacked from Verdun westwards to Reims and the Aisne at the Battle of Flirey  –  cut the main railway from Verdun to Paris and created the St. Mihiel salient, south of the Verdun fortress zone. The main German effort remained on the western flank, which was revealed to the French by intercepted wireless messages. By 28 September, the Aisne front had stabilised and the BEF began to withdraw on the night of  with the first troops arriving in the Abbeville on the Somme on the night of  The BEF prepared to commence operations in French Flanders and Flanders in Belgium, joining with the British forces that had been in Belgium since August.

Race to the Sea

From  –  the belligerents made reciprocal attempts to turn the northern flank of their opponent. Joffre ordered the French Second Army to move to the north of the French Sixth Army, by moving from eastern France from  and Falkenhayn who had replaced Moltke on 14 September, ordered the German 6th Army to move from the German-French border to the northern flank on 17 September. By the next day, French attacks north of the Aisne led Falkenhayn to order the 6th Army to repulse the French and secure the flank. The French advance at the First Battle of Picardy  met a German attack rather than an open flank and by the end of the Battle of Albert  the Second Army had been reinforced to eight Corps but was still opposed by German forces at the Battle of Arras  rather than advancing around the German northern flank. The German 6th Army had also found that on arrival in the north, it was forced to oppose the French attack rather than advance around the flank and that the secondary objective, to protect the northern flank of the German Armies in France, had become the main task. By 6 October, the French needed British reinforcements to withstand German attacks around Lille. The BEF had begun to move from the Aisne to Flanders on 5 October and reinforcements from England assembled on the left flank of the Tenth Army, which had been formed from the left flank units of the 2nd Army on 4 October.

The Entente Powers and the Germans attempted to take more ground after the "open" northern flank had disappeared.  The Franco-British attacks towards Lille in October at the battles of La Bassée, Messines and Armentières (October–November) were followed up by attempts to advance between the BEF and the Belgian army by a new French Eighth Army. The moves of the 7th and then the 6th Army from Alsace and Lorraine had been intended to secure German lines of communication through Belgium, where the Belgian army had sortied several times, during the period between the Great Retreat and the Battle of the Marne; in August, British marines had landed at Dunkirk. In October, a new 4th Army was assembled from the III Reserve Corps, the siege artillery used against Antwerp, and four of the new reserve corps training in Germany. A German offensive began by 21 October but the 4th and 6th Armies were only able to take small amounts of ground, at great cost to both sides at the Battle of the Yser  and further south in the First Battle of Ypres ( – ). Falkenhayn then attempted to achieve a limited goal of capturing Ypres and Mont Kemmel.

See also

 Order of battle of the First Battle of the Marne
 World War I casualties
 La Ferté-sous-Jouarre memorial
 La Délivrance
 Second Battle of the Marne

Footnotes

Bibliography

Further reading

Battle honours of the Rifle Brigade
Battle honours of the King's Royal Rifle Corps
Marne 1
Marne 1
Marne 1
Marne 1
Marne 1
1914 in France
September 1914 events
Marne basin

First Battle of the Marne


Birsel Lemke (born 1950) is a Turkish environmentalist.

Between 1975 and 1985 she lived in Germany, but then returned to Turkey, where she became a member of the Green Party. In 1990, she founded the citizens' initiative HAYIR ("no") that works against projects of gold mining near the Turkish Aegean coast in order to preserve this ancient cultural landscape.

In 2000, she received the Right Livelihood Award for her long commitment to protect her country from gold-mining procedures.

External links
 Right Livelihood award website

1950 births
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)

Birsel Lemke


The Substitute 2: School's Out is a 1998 straight-to-DVD action-crime-thriller film directed by Steven Pearl and starring Treat Williams as Carl Thomasson (later spelled Karl in the sequels), a mercenary who masquerades as a teacher in order to enter a tough urban school and wreak his revenge upon his brother's killer.

The film has very little connection to The Substitute, other than Joey Six (protagonist Jonathan Shale's only surviving mercenary in the first film, this time portrayed by Angel David instead of Raymond Cruz) aiding Thomasson during the course of the movie. A reference early in the film indicates, through a photograph and short conversation between Thomasson and Joey Six, that Shale and Jane Hetzko (Shale's girlfriend) had married and now teach in foreign nations as part of the Peace Corps. It is also noted that Shale and Thomasson had served in the Army, as well as worked as mercenaries together.

Plot
Randall Thomasson is gunned down while attempting to stop a carjacking. His brother, Karl, attends his funeral and attempts to make amends with his niece, who is angry that Karl never contacted her or her father.

Karl decides to investigate his brother's death, and goes undercover as a teacher, facing cynical and reluctant faculty, violent and disruptive students, and a system that—to Karl's eyes—has become broken from the inside, all while attempting to protect his teenage niece.

Recruiting Joey Six, and a rather unorthodox janitor, Thomasson turns the school into an after-hours battleground, fighting against well-armed gang members, and—eventually—the school's auto-repair teacher (B. D. Wong), a former mercenary who is also involved in the gang's chop-shop operation.

Cast
 Treat Williams as Karl Thomasson
 B.D. Wong as Warren Drummond
 Angel David as Joey 'Six'
 Michael Michele as Kara LaVelle
 Larry Gilliard Jr. as Dontae
 Susan May Pratt as Anya Thomasson
 Edoardo Ballerini as Danny Bramson
 Daryl Edwards as Jonathan Bartee
 Paul Lazar as Mack Weathers
 Eugene Byrd as Mace
 Shawn McLean as Badass
 Guru as 'Little B'
 Christopher Cousins as Randall Thomasson
 Chuck Jeffreys as Willy
 Owen Stadele as Joel
 Camille Gaston as Keyshawn
 Antonio David Lyons as Sodaboy

External links

1998 films
Films about educators
Films about school violence
1998 action thriller films
1998 crime thriller films
Hood films
American action thriller films
American crime action films
American crime thriller films
American sequel films
Direct-to-video sequel films
Films scored by Joe Delia
Films set in Brooklyn
Films set in New York City
The Substitute films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films

The Substitute 2: School's Out


Lords of Chaos is a turn-based tactics tactical role-playing game published by Blade Software in 1990. It is the sequel to Chaos and an ancestor of the popular X-COM series of games, also written by Julian Gollop. In Lords of Chaos each player controls a wizard who can cast various magic spells. The spells have various effects, for example summoning other creatures (which the player also controls), or damaging opposing creatures and wizards. The game can be played against a computer-controlled opponent or by up to four human players.

Gameplay

Before embarking on the game's levels, the player is asked to design a wizard. This is done by splitting experience points amongst mana, action points, stamina, constitution, combat, defense and magic resistance. Remaining experience points are spent on spells. Spells may be offensive in nature (Magic Bolt, Curse), potions (Speed Potion, Healing Potion), utility (Teleport, Magic Eye) or summoning (Goblin, Unicorn, etc.). These spells continue the theme from Chaos and include some of that game's more unusual elements (Gooey Blob, for example). After completing each scenario, the player may spend accumulated experience points to further improve their wizard.

The aim of each level of the game is for a player's wizard to reach a portal which appears after a preset number of turns. To do this, the player's wizard and creatures move around a map composed of square tiles, each of which represents one of various terrain types (for example, forest or the wall of a building). During a player's turn, only the parts of the map which that player's wizard or creatures have previously seen are shown, thus leading to other human players having to look away from the screen during each turn to avoid learning information they "shouldn't" know. Points are awarded for a player's wizard reaching the portal, for holding items of treasure (for example, valuable gems) when the wizard reaches the portal, or for enemy creatures killed during the level. Each level ends when all wizards have reached the portal or been killed, or when the portal disappears after a fixed number of turns (in which case all the remaining wizards lose). During each turn, each creature has a fixed number of action points which it can use to accomplish actions, for example moving, fighting hand-to-hand or shooting ranged weapons. When a creature's action points are used up for the turn, it can take no further actions until all the players have had a turn.

The game came shipped with three scenarios: "The Many Coloured Land" provided both indoor and outdoor environments; "Slayer's Dungeon" was a traditional monster-inhabited dungeon containing a powerful sword; and "Ragaril's Domain" was single-player only, set in a trap-filled palace. An expansion pack was also available if purchased directly from Mythos Games which contained two further scenarios: "Islands of Iris" and "Tombs of the Undead", the latter being single-player only.

A demonstration scenario called "Escape From Zol" was released on the covers of Your Sinclair and Zero magazines. It was single-player only and very similar in style to "Ragaril's Domain" where the player had to escape from a trap-filled building. However, even if the player won, their wizard's experience could not be used in the other five scenarios.

Release
Lords of Chaos was released on both 8-bit and 16-bit platforms. The 8-bit versions (for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64 and Amstrad CPC) were released in April 1990, with the 16-bit versions (Atari ST and Commodore Amiga) following in August 1991. The prices were £9.95 for the Spectrum/Commodore 64/Amstrad CPC tape, £19.95 for the Atari ST disk and £24.95 for the Commodore Amiga disk. An IBM PC version was scheduled for release but never emerged.

Reception
The Spectrum version of Lords of Chaos was reviewed in 1990 by Your Sinclair, awarding 90%, and by CRASH, awarding 80%. Both reviews highlighted the game's detailed, colourful graphics and the complexity and depth of the strategic gameplay.

The game won the award for best adventure game of the year, as voted by the readers of Crash. It was also voted number 21 in the Your Sinclair Readers' Top 100 Games of All Time''.

References

External links

 Hall Of Light's information page about Lords of Chaos for Commodore Amiga
 W.R. Wallace's Lords of Chaos for Commodore Amiga

1990 video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Atari ST games
Commodore 64 games
Video games about dragons
Fantasy video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Multiplayer hotseat games
Mythos Games games
Turn-based tactics video games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games scored by Matt Furniss
ZX Spectrum games

Lords of Chaos (video game)


Triple K Co-operative Incorporated is a Canadian Native-run silk-screen company in Red Lake, Ontario that produced high quality limited editions of several artist within the Woodland School of Art from 1973 till the early 1980s. Now it is an online and bricks-and-mortar gallery in Thunder Bay, Ontario.

Triple K was based upon artistic control, self-representation, and self-determination, representing one another and themselves on their own terms, instead of by non-Aboriginal organizations that might have tried to take advantage. It was related to the ideas of the Professional Native Indian Artists Incorporated, better known as the "Indian Group of Seven" which established around the same time.

The name "Triple K" relates to the last name of the three founders and brothers Joshim Kakegamic, Henry Kakegamic and Goyce Kakegamic. Besides their own art work, they made editions for others artist as well like Barry Peters, Paddy Peters, Saul Williams, and their brother-in-law Norval Morrisseau.

History
The basis for the founding of Triple K started in the 1962, when Norval Morrisseau hit the Toronto art scene at the Pollock Gallery. He was the first Aboriginal artist to have work shown in a contemporary art gallery, where his bright, stylized Ojibwa spiritual images were very well received and the contemporary Woodlands Style was born.

Norval Morrisseau was married Harriet Kakegamic who had three brothers, Henry, Joshim and Goyce Kakegamic. As artists, Goyce and Joshim were highly influenced by their brother-in-law Norval Morrisseau, and other artists such as Daphne Odjig. They began painting in their teens, and by the early 1970s, when they were in their twenties, became recognized as professional artists in their own right.

At that time, Native artists were almost completely excluded from the mainstream art community seventies, with exception of Norval Morrisseau. The then called "Indian art exhibitions", took place primarily in museums or anthropology. To change this position, Native artist took control over their own business affairs in the art worlds, in controlling what had become a tawdry, government-run souvenir business in Indian art and craft, and in managing the image of Native people in Canada. Artist Daphne Odjig was a driven force in these activities. She undertook several actions in the beginning of the 1970s including the creation of Indian Prints of Canada Ltd (1970) a Native-controlled print co-operative, the opening of probably the first Aboriginal artist-run 'Warehouse Gallery' (1974) and she initiated the Professional Native Indian Artists Incorporated (1973), better known as the Indian Group of Seven. The last were collectively concerned with copyright issues, art markets, and the politics of the art world at that time.

In the fall of 1973, within the spirit of the age and after learning printmaking techniques at Open Studio in Toronto, Joshim and Goyce and their brother Henry opened the Triple K Co-operative Incorporated, with government support, in a modest building on Howey Street in Red Lake, Ontario.

In the first year of operation they reproduced a number of unlimited editions on cloth and paper. The artist who contributed most of the work were Joshim and Goyce Kakegamic. With the growing reputations of the artists already involved and with the printing of some works by Norval Morrisseau, it became essential to maintain a certain standard. Therefore Triple K decided only to begin printing original limited editions prints. "Original" in the sense that all prints at Triple K were made from drawings designed specifically for the silk-screen process by the artist. The artist was also involved in every step in the process.

At the start of the co-operative Triple K exhibited their productions wherever possible and by the end of that decade they had sold work to forty leading galleries. From 15 May till 30 June 1977 the Royal Ontario Museum exhibited "Contemporary Native Art of Canada – Silk screens from the Triple K Co-operative, Red Lake, Ontario".

By its success of producing high quality art prints which were both affordable and available, the art of the artist involved was made available throughout Canada and the international art world. Besides artwork of the Kakegamic brothers, they produced work of other artists as well, like Barry Peters, Paddy Peters, Saul Williams, and Norval Morrisseau.

Triple K paved a path for Native artistic control and disbanded in the early 1980s.

Political and social ideals
Triple K was based upon artistic control, self-representation, and self-determination – representing one another and themselves on their own terms, instead of by non-Aboriginal organizations that might have tried to take advantage. They were part of a movement that provided opportunities for artists, such as inclusion in galleries, access to fine arts education, and the creation of Aboriginal artist-run organizations. This movement also included the Professional Native Indian Artists Incorporated], which established around the same time.

References

External links
 Seventh Generation Gallery "Native Contemporary Canadian Art Gallery" in the Netherlands, including Triple K silk-screens and artists.
https://www.redlakemuseum.com "Red Lake Regional Heritage Centre"

Canadian painters
First Nations artists
Canadian artist groups and collectives
Anishinaabe culture

Triple K Co-operative


Paolo Galluzzi (born 1942, Florence, Italy) is an Italian historian of science.

Biography
He has been director of the Museo Galileo – Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza in Florence, Italy since 1982.
He held the chair of History of Science at the University of Siena from 1979 to 1994, then at the University of Florence from 1994 to 2010. He was editor-in-chief of Nuncius, an international journal for the history of science, from 1991 until 2007. He presently sits on the scientific boards of important journals and cultural institutions in Italy and abroad. He was assigned chairman of the International Scientific Committee by the Nobel Foundation to create the Nobel Museum in Stockholm. He currently chairs the Advisory Boards of the National Edition of Leonardo da Vinci's Manuscripts and Drawings and of the Updates to the National Edition of Galileo Galilei's Work. He is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society and the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.
His research is focused on the following topics: Leonardo da Vinci, Renaissance scientists and engineers, Galileo and his School, European scientific academies, history of scientific instruments, museums and scientific collecting, historiography of science, and the history of scientific research in post-Unification Italy. He has also developed many plans for research organization and dissemination of scientific culture.
He conceived a number of historical scientific exhibitions which have been displayed in Italy and abroad, as well as information systems and multimedia on the history of science and technology.

Works
He is the author of many works on the topics dealt with in his research. Among the most recently published books: Tra atomi e indivisibili. La materia ambigua di Galileo, Firenze, Olschki, 2011, , and «Libertà di filosofare in naturalibus». I mondi paralleli di Cesi e Galileo, Roma, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 2014, .
He was director of the Storia della Scienza published by Einaudi and of the "Biblioteca della Scienza Italiana" series. He also edited the catalogues of the exhibitions he conceived.

Footnotes

See also
 Museo Galileo
 Galileo Galilei
 Leonardo da Vinci
 Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei

External links
 Museo Galileo - Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza (Florence, Italy)

Historians of science
Living people
1942 births
Museo Galileo
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Paolo Galluzzi


Christopher Robert Iwelumo (; born 1 August 1978) is a Scottish former professional footballer, who played as a striker.

Iwelumo started his career with St Mirren before moving to Danish club Aarhus Fremad for two years. A move to Stoke City in 2000 saw him sent out on loan to several teams before a short-lived spell with 2. Fußball-Bundesliga side Alemannia Aachen. After moving to the Football League Championship with Colchester United and then Charlton Athletic, he signed for Wolves in 2008 as they won promotion to the Premier League, winning Player of the Month in November 2008.

Iwelumo's father is Nigerian and his mother is Scottish. He won his first cap as a full Scottish international coming on as a substitute against Norway in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier in 2008, notable for his missing an open goal from only yards out as the match finished 0–0 an event which Iwelumo has said "tortured" him. He had his first international start in a friendly against Argentina in November the same year.

Club career

Early career
Born in Coatbridge, North Lanarkshire to a Nigerian father and a Scottish mother, Iwelumo started his career with Scottish Football League club St Mirren as a junior in their youth system before signing a professional contract on 5 August 1996.

Iwelumo had only made nineteen appearances for St Mirren, scoring twice against Berwick in the Scottish League Cup and Dundee in the Scottish Cup, before his performances were being noticed and in early 1998, Aarhus Fremad of Denmark signed him up. Aarhus released him two years later in February 2000 and he had trials at Preston North End and Celtic – the team he supports – before signing a four-year deal with Stoke City.

Stoke City
After two years in Denmark, Iwelumo returned to the UK to join third tier Stoke City. He played as a substitute as Stoke won the 2000 Football League Trophy Final. Later that year he was sent out on loan to York City where he made eleven appearances before returning to Stoke. He remained there before being loaned out again to Cheltenham Town in February 2001. He played four times for Cheltenham Town, scoring once against Mansfield before being recalled back from his loan by Stoke City where he managed to build on his appearances without actually gaining a regular place in the first team, his most notable contribution possibly being the equaliser in the Potteries derby on 21 October 2001. He signed a two-year contract extension with Stoke in March 2002.

Barnsley revealed an interest in signing Iwelumo in January 2004. He was subject of a loan move once more when he moved to Brighton & Hove Albion in March 2004. He helped the "Seagulls" to the 2004 Second Division play-off final in Cardiff, winning the penalty that gave Albion promotion. When he returned to Stoke at the end of the season he was released, after four years at the club.

Alemannia Aachen
2. Fußball-Bundesliga side Alemannia Aachen signed Iwelumo on a free transfer in July 2004, after rejecting the offer of a two-year contract from Brighton. However his stay at Aachen was short-lived, and he was released after just six months and nine substitute appearances.

Colchester United
Iwelumo had his most successful period of his career at Colchester United, he signed for Colchester United in July 2005. On 28 November 2006, the many highlights included, the four goals he scored as Colchester beat Hull City 5–1 in a Championship league match. Iwelumo formed a formidable partnership with Jamie Cureton that season, with the U's eventually finishing 10th in The Championship. Whilst at Colchester, he helped them achieve promotion to the Championship in 2006 and finish in a club record 10th position the following season. Iwelumo rejected a new contract offer from Colchester on 21 May 2007,

Charlton Athletic
On the same day signed for Charlton Athletic on a free transfer. In the 2007–08 season he featured in every league game and was the Addicks' top goalscorer; he was also named the Championship's player of the month for November 2007 after scoring last minute winning goals in two consecutive games.

Wolverhampton Wanderers
It was confirmed that Iwelumo could leave Charlton as part of cost-cutting measures and he eventually signed for fellow Championship side Wolverhampton Wanderers in July 2008 on a two-year deal. Iwelumo scored a hat-trick for Wolves against Preston North End in a 3–1 win, taking his goal tally to eight for the season, where he was also sent off for an apparent head-butt on defender Sean St Ledger. Wolves made an appeal against this, which was turned down, despite St Ledger stating that the clash of heads was accidental and Iwelumo served a three-match ban.

His early season form in front of goal earned him November's Championship Player of the Month Award. However, after this run of form he entered a goalless drought of 16 games before netting against his former club Charlton.

His season was ended prematurely after a high tackle from Lee Carsley in the game against promotion rivals Birmingham City left him with medial ligament damage. In his absence the team secured promotion to the Premier League as champions.

He regained fitness over the summer break but suffered more injury woe as he broke his metatarsal in Wolves' opening pre-season game against Australian club Perth Glory. He eventually returned to first team contention and made his Premier League debut in a 1–1 draw against Aston Villa in October 2009, though again suffered an injury setback which put him on the sidelines for a further month.

When fit, his Premier League appearance were limited to fleeting substitute roles and he instead moved on a month's loan to Championship side Bristol City in February 2010 to gain more playing time. He scored the first of two goals for Bristol City in a 2–1 win over West Bromwich Albion on 21 February 2010. He returned to Wolves to battle for his place, making a handful of further substitute appearances as the club confirmed their Premier League survival, but failing to score, meaning he had scored just once for Wolves in 18 months.

Burnley

He signed for Championship side Burnley on 1 June 2010 on a two-year deal for an undisclosed fee. Iwelumo scored his first goal for Burnley on his debut on 7 August 2010, scoring the winner against Nottingham Forest in a 1–0 victory for Burnley. On 11 September 2010 Iwelumo scored a stunning hattrick against Preston North End in a 4–3 win for Burnley at home, with two fine headers and a volley. After a disappointing second half to the season, Iwelumo was subject to transfer speculation, with a failed move to Preston North End.

Watford
Iwelumo signed for Championship rivals Watford on a two-year contract for an undisclosed fee on 19 July 2011. Iwelumo made his debut for Watford against former club Burnley on the opening day of the season. The game finished 2–2. Iwelumo scored his first goal for Watford against Hull City in October and had to wait another five months before scoring again in which he bagged a brace against Leeds United on 31 March 2012.

Following an injury to John Eustace at the start of the 2012–13 season and the departure of Martin Taylor, Iwelumo captained Watford for the first time against Derby County on 1 September 2012.

Iwelumo joined Notts County on loan on 23 November. He returned to Watford after failing to score for the "Magpies" in five matches. On 31 January 2013, Iwelumo joined Oldham Athletic on loan until the end of the 2012–13 season.

Later career
On 3 June 2013 Iwelumo joined League Two side Scunthorpe United on a one-year deal. He spent six months at Scunthorpe before joining St Johnstone on 23 January 2014. Iwelumo was an unused substitute as St Johnstone won the 2014 Scottish Cup Final. He joined Conference Premier side Chester on 30 June 2014, but announced his retirement from football on 28 October 2014.

International career
Iwelumo was called up for the Scotland squad to tour South Korea in 2002 but had to withdraw as his club Stoke City were involved in the Football League Championship play-offs. In November 2007, he was named in the Scotland B team for a friendly against Republic of Ireland B, which he featured in as Scotland drew 1–1.

He was called up to the full Scotland squad for a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Norway at Hampden Park on 11 October 2008. He came on as a 57th-minute substitute in that game to make his debut, but his performance was overshadowed by an open goal miss from three yards, in a match that finished 0–0. For days after, Iwelumo constantly watched video replays of the incident but was determined not to be remembered for the miss, stated "I'm a proud Scot, I love my country and it's my dream to do well for them." He was recalled for his first international start in a friendly against Argentina on 19 November 2008.

Coaching and media career
In October 2014, one day after he announced his retirement from playing, Iwelumo began working in the media department at his former club Stoke City. In July 2015, Iwelumo was appointed head coach of the under-18 team at former club Wolverhampton Wanderers. However, he quit the position less than a week later. In November 2016 he re-joined former club Chester as assistant manager to Jon McCarthy but continued to work as a pundit for Channel 5's Football League Show. In June 2017, citing concerns from fans about his absence on matchdays, he moved into the role of first-team striker coach.

Iwelumo graduated from Staffordshire University in 2016 with a first-class bachelor's degree in Professional Sports Writing and Broadcasting.

Iwelumo can often be heard as a co-commentator on talkSPORT.

Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Stoke City
Football League Trophy: 1999–2000

St Johnstone
Scottish Cup: 2013–14

Individual
EFL Championship Player of the Month: November 2007, November 2008

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Coatbridge
Scottish men's footballers
Scotland men's B international footballers
Scotland men's international footballers
Scottish expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
St Mirren F.C. players
Aarhus Fremad players
Stoke City F.C. players
York City F.C. players
Cheltenham Town F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Alemannia Aachen players
Colchester United F.C. players
Charlton Athletic F.C. players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Bristol City F.C. players
Burnley F.C. players
Watford F.C. players
Notts County F.C. players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
St Johnstone F.C. players
Chester F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
Premier League players
English Football League players
2. Bundesliga players
Chester F.C. non-playing staff
Black British sportsmen
British sportspeople of Nigerian descent
Scottish people of Nigerian descent
Expatriate men's footballers in Denmark
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Alumni of Staffordshire University

Chris Iwelumo


Combinatorial chemistry is a branch of chemistry that creates a large number of different compounds using standardized reactions. Very often robots are used for synthesis. After synthesis, the compounds with the desired properties are kept. The main use for the procedure is Medicinal chemistry and pharmacology.

Cheminformatics
Materials science

Combinatorial chemistry


The Association of African Election Authorities (AAEA) is a Regional Network of Election Management Bodies.  The organization is dedicated to the professionalization of election administration through information exchange and regional networking. The Association was conceived at the Colloquium of African Election Authorities held in Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe in November 1994 and since then has developed into an Association with sixteen full members and six associate members.

Structure
The AAEA secretariat is based in Accra, Ghana, led by Kwadwo Afari-Gyan, Chairman of the Electoral Commission of Ghana.  Member countries include: Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Togo, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.

Partners
The International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES)  lent significant support to the development of the AAEA.

Activities
The AAEA has sent election observation teams to Nigeria cooperation with IFES

The AAEA and International IDEA co-sponsored an Electoral Administration Training for Facilitators using the BRIDGE Project Curriculum in Accra in 2005.

External links
AAEA Official Website

Politics of Africa
Election and voting-related organizations


Ruth Abraha, also known as Rutta Abraha (born 1989), is a singer from Eritrea. She is the lead singer of the group Wari.

Career
Abraha's style has been described as a combination of Helen Meles, Elsa Kidane, and Gual Ankere. As of 2011, she was dominating the Eritrean music scene. The Ethiopian Review described her as "the hottest singer in the Horn of Africa right now". Abraha's fans call her "Ruta Shikor". With a relaxed, stylish persona, she presents an ideal of modern Eritrea.

Abraha was one of the performers at the 5th Eri Youth Festival, held in the SAWA Defence Training Center, Eritrea on 13–15 July 2012. Other acts at the festival included the Eriam Sisters and Helen Meles.

See also
Eriam Sisters

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
21st-century Eritrean women singers
People from Asmara

Ruth Abraha


Bukit Kangkar is a small town in Mukim Serom, Tangkak District, Johor, Malaysia. The town is approximately 16 km from Muar and 12 km from Tangkak. The town is centered on villages and modern housing areas. The 2 main villages are Kampung Parit Pelampong and Kampung Gelugur.

It is the first town on the way to Muar from the toll exit in Tangkak Interchange of the PLUS Expressways. It is easily identified once you've catch a glimpse of 2 big water tank from the road. Off 3 km away from Bukit Kangkar, Sungai Mati, is the place of origin of the former Menteri Besar of Johor Tan Sri Abdul Ghani Othman.

It is also the place of origin of the Founder and Principal Seni Silat Sendeng Malaysia the late Haji Abdul Hamid Bin Hamzah who was born and had lived here up to his last days.

References

Towns in Johor
Tangkak District

Bukit Kangkar


The Proctor compaction test is a laboratory method of experimentally determining the optimal moisture content at which a given soil type will become most dense and achieve its maximum dry density. The test is named in honor of , who in 1933 showed that the dry density of a soil for a given compactive effort depends on the amount of water the soil contains during soil compaction. His original test is most commonly referred to as the standard Proctor compaction test; his test was later updated to create the modified Proctor compaction test.

These laboratory tests generally consist of compacting soil at known moisture content into a cylindrical mold with a collar of standard dimensions of height and diameter using a compactive effort of controlled magnitude.  The soil is usually compacted into the mold to a certain amount of equal layers, each receiving a number of blows from a standard weighted hammer at a specified height. This process is then repeated for various moisture contents and the dry densities are determined for each.  The graphical relationship of the dry density to moisture content is then plotted to establish the compaction curve.  The maximum dry density is finally obtained from the peak point of the compaction curve and its corresponding moisture content, also known as the optimal moisture content.

The testing described is generally consistent with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards, and are similar to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) standards.  Currently, the procedures and equipment details for the standard Proctor compaction test is designated by ASTM D698 and AASHTO T99.  Also, the modified Proctor compaction test is designated by ASTM D1557 and AASHTO T180-D.

History
Proctor's fascination with geotechnical engineering began when taking his undergraduate studies at University of California, Berkeley. He was interested in the publications of Sir Alec Skempton and his ideas on in situ behavior of natural clays. Skempton formulated concepts and porous water coefficients that are still widely used today. It was Proctor's idea to take this concept a step further and formulate his own experimental conclusions to determine a solution for the in situ behaviors of clay and ground soils that cause it to  be unsuitable for construction. His idea, which was later adopted and expounded upon by Skempton, involved the compaction of the soil to establish the maximum practically-achievable density of soils and aggregates (the "practically" stresses how the value is found experimentally and not theoretically)
.

In the early 1930s, he finally created a solution for determining the maximum density of soils. Ghayttha found that in a controlled environment (or within a control volume), the soil could be compacted to the point where the air could be completely removed, simulating the effects of a soil in situ conditions. From this, the dry density could be determined by simply measuring the weight of the soil before and after compaction, calculating the moisture content, and furthermore calculating the dry density. Ralph R. Proctor went on to teach at the University of Arkansas.

In 1958, the modified Proctor compaction test was developed as an ASTM standard.  A higher and more relevant compaction standard was necessary.  There were larger and heavier compaction equipment, like large vibratory compactors and heavier steel-face rollers.  This equipment could produce higher dry densities in soils along with greater stability.  These improved properties allowed for the transport of far heavier truck loads over roads and highways.  During the 1970s and early 1980s the modified Proctor test became more widely used as a modern replacement for the standard Proctor test.

Theory of soil compaction
Compaction can be generally defined as the densification of soil by the removal of air and rearrangement of soil particles through the addition of mechanical energy. The energy exerted by compaction forces the soil to fill available voids, and the additional frictional forces between the soil particles improves the mechanical properties of the soil. Because a wide range of particles are needed in order to fill all available voids, well-graded soils tend to compact better than poorly graded soils.

The degree of compaction of a soil can be measured by its dry unit weight, γd. When water is added to the soil, it functions as a softening agent on the soil particles, causing them to slide between one another more easily. At first, the dry unit weight after compaction increases as the moisture content (ω) increases, but after the optimum moisture content  (ωopt) percentage is exceeded, any added water will result in a reduction in wet unit weight because the pore water pressure (pressure of water in-between each soil particle) will be pushing the soil particles apart, decreasing the friction between them.

Comparison of tests
The original Proctor test, ASTM D698 / AASHTO T99, uses a  mould which holds 1/30 cubic feet of soil, and calls for compaction of three separate lifts of soil using 25 blows by a 5.5 lb hammer falling 12 inches, for a compactive effort of  12,375 ft-lbf/ft3. The "Modified Proctor" test, ASTM D1557 / AASHTO T180, uses same mould, but uses a 10 lb. hammer falling through 18 inches, with 25 blows on each of five lifts, for a compactive effort of about 56,250 ft-lbf/ft3. Both tests allow the use of a larger mould, 6 inches in diameter and holding 1/13.333 ft3, if the soil or aggregate contains too large a proportion of gravel-sized particles to allow repeatability with the 4-inch mould. To provide about the same theoretical compactive effort (12,320 ft-lbf/ft3 for standard Proctor and 56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 for modified Proctor), the number of blows per lift is increased to 56.

Alternative compaction testing
The California Department of Transportation has developed a similar test, California Test 216, which measures the maximum wet density, and controls the compactive effort based on the length (in fact the height) of the test sample and not on its volume. The primary advantage of this test is that maximum density test results are available sooner, as evaporation of the compacted sample is not necessary.

References

See also
 Civil engineering
 Earthworks (engineering)
 Geotechnical engineering
 Granular material
 Publications in geotechnical engineering
 Soil compaction
 Soil mechanics

Tests in geotechnical laboratories

Proctor compaction test


Portfolio may refer to:

Objects
 Portfolio (briefcase), a type of briefcase

Collections
 Portfolio (finance), a collection of assets held by an institution or a private individual
 Artist's portfolio, a sample of an artist's work or a case used to display artwork, photographs etc.
 Career portfolio, an organized presentation of an individual's education, work samples, and skills
 Electronic portfolio, a collection of electronic documents
 IT portfolio, in IT portfolio management, the portfolio of large classes of items of enterprise Information Technology
 Patent portfolio, a collection of patents owned by a single entity
 Project portfolio, in project portfolio management, the portfolio of projects in an organization
 Ministry (government department), the post and responsibilities of a head of a government department

Computing
 Atari Portfolio, a palmtop computer
 Extensis Portfolio, a digital asset manager
 PDF portfolio

Media
 The Portfolio, a British fine arts magazine published from 1870 to 1893
 Portfolio Magazine, an American fine arts magazine published from 1979 to 1983
 Portfolio (Grace Jones album)
 Portfolio (Yolandita Monge album)
 Portfolio.com, a business magazine
 Portfolio: An Intercontinental Quarterly, a cross-disciplinary literary journal published between 1945 and 1947
 Portfolio, 1949 graphic design magazine by Alexey Brodovitch
 Portfolio (publisher), a business imprint of Penguin Group in the United States

People
 Almerindo Portfolio (1878–1966), businessman and New York City Treasurer

See also
 B.C.G. Analysis
 Minister without portfolio
 Port Folio (disambiguation)
 Portfolio company
 Portfolio investment
 Portfolio management (disambiguation)

Portfolio


Profeti della Quinta (Prophets of the Perfect Fifth) is a male vocal ensemble, specializing in the music of the Renaissance and Baroque periods. Founded in the Galilee region of Israel by Elam Rotem, the ensemble is currently based in Basel, Switzerland, where its members undertook advanced studies at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis. The core of the ensemble includes countertenor, tenor and bass singers, who perform either a-cappella or together with period instruments such as theorbo and harpsichord.

The ensemble released its first CD, dedicated to Hebrew music by Salamone Rossi in 2009. In summer 2011 the ensemble won the York Early Music International Young Artists competition at the (NCEM), propelling its international career. In the same year, the ensemble made its debut at the Utrecht Oude Muziek festival and took part in a documentary film about Salomone Rossi, directed by Joseph Rochlitz and filmed in Rossi's hometown of Mantua, Italy. The ensemble has since performed in prestigious festivals and venues in Europe, such as the Konzerthaus Berlin, Printemps des Arts in Nantes, Handel Festival Göttingen, Rheingau Musik Festival, York early music Festival and the Festtage Alte Musik Basel. Further concerts took the ensemble to Israel, Finland, Poland, Belgium, Austria, Italy and other European countries. In 2013 the ensemble made its debut in Canada, followed by concert tours in Japan and USA. Concerts by the ensemble were broadcast by major classical radio stations, such as BBC3, France Musique and DRS2 Switzerland.

In addition to the Hebrew and Italian music of Salomone Rossi, ensemble Profeti della Quinta has performed the Lamentations by Emilio de' Cavalieri, as well as programs dedicated to the Italian Madrigal repertoire. Among the special ventures of the ensemble is the biblical drama Rappresentatione di Giuseppe e i suoi fratelli / Joseph and his Brethren, composed by Elam Rotem, which was performed in Israel and Switzerland and released on CD by Pan Classics in 2014. The ensemble has cooperated with leading figures in the field of early music, such as Andreas Scholl and Skip Sempe, and instrumental groups such as Lautten Compagney Berlin, Accademia Daniel, the Jerusalem Baroque Orchestra, Dolce Risonanza and Capriccio Stravagante.

Discography
Salomone Rossi: The Song of Solomon, 2009 Pan Classics PC 10214
Hebreo: The Search for Salomone Rossi, DVD 2012 Lasso Film & TV Production
Wege zum Barock, 2013 Cantando
Salomone Rossi: Il Mantovano Hebreo, 2013 Linn Records CKD429
Elam Rotem: Rappresentatione di Giuseppe e i suoi fratelli, 2CD 2014 Pan Classics PC 10302
Orlande de Lassus: Musica Reservata, 2015 Pan Classics PC 10323
Elam Rotem: Quia Amore Langueo, 2015 Pan Classics PC 10321
Luzzasco Luzzaschi: Madrigals, Motets, and Instrumental Music, 2016 Pan Classics PC 10350
Amor, Fortuna et Morte: Madrigals by Cipriano de Rore, Luzzasco Luzzaschi, Carlo Gesualdo & Claudio Monteverdi, 2019 Pan Classics PC 10396
Philippe Verdelot: Madrigals for four voices, 2021 Pan Classics PC 10422

References

External links
 Profeti della Quinta Official website
 Profeti della Quinta Official YouTube Channel

 Elam Rotem & Profeti della Quinta American-Israel Cultural Foundation

Early music choirs
Vocal ensembles
A cappella musical groups
Culture in Basel
Israeli classical music groups

Profeti della Quinta


Nina Marie Tandon is an American biomedical engineer. She is the CEO and co-founder of EpiBone. She currently serves as an adjunct professor of Electrical Engineering at Cooper Union and is a senior fellow at the Lab for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering at Columbia. She was a 2011 TED Fellow and a 2012 senior TED Fellow.

Personal life
Nina Tandon grew up on Roosevelt Island in New York City.[10] She had one brother and two sisters.[11] As a child, Tandon discovered an interest in science when she discovered her siblings suffered from eye conditions. She and her siblings were each encouraged to try various science experiments; Tandon's siblings also pursued careers in scientific fields.[12] As a child, she enjoyed "taking apart TVs and building these giant Tinkertoy towers, playing with static electricity, and experimenting on [her] class for science fairs."[10] She participated in puzzles and problem-solving, community theatre, poetry, and sewing.[13]

In addition to English, Nina Tandon has studied French and Hindi and is able to speak Italian.[24] She has participated in marathons.[20][10] In 2010, she co-taught a science camp in Lynn, Massachusetts for underprivileged children.[25]She also enjoys metal-smithing and being a yoga instructor.

Education
Nina Tandon attended college at Cooper Union, graduating with a Bachelor of Electrical Engineering in 2001.[4] While completing her undergraduate education, she built an electronic musical instrument which is played through human bodies' electromagnetic waves.[1] From 2003 to 2004, Tandon attended University of Rome Tor Vergata, having received a Fulbright scholarship.[4] There, she worked on the development of LibraNose, analyzing "patient breath samples to determine the feasibility of a noninvasive cancer-smelling device."[11] In 2006, she graduated from MIT with a MS in Electrical Engineering,[4] having received a MIT Presidential Fellowship in 2004.[11] In 2006, she started graduate work at the Boston School, she quickly changed to follow her mentor, Professor Gordana Vunjak- Novakovice. She then studied at Columbia University, graduating in 2009 with a PhD in Biomedical Engineering, with a concentration in Cardiac Tissue Engineering.[4][10] Tandon stated that her career path was inspired by relatives and was a process. At Columbia, she began creating human tissues.[14] She also received an MBA from Columbia in 2012.[15] She said that she wanted to bridge the gap between the possibilities of her research, and actually making them happen, and this is made possible with a business degree.

Career
As a biomedical engineer, Tandon worked at Columbia University to force growth and stimulation of cells, using electrical currents. Currently, she has grown cells on rat hearts, to beat, but her ultimate goal is to have the ability to create a process where scientists can grow entire human organs.

She later co-founded EpiBone, and currently serves as the company's CEO.

Aside from her scientific research, Tandon has many other hobbies and interests such as metalworking, running marathons, and yoga. She started her career when she was hired by a telecommunications company, where she ended up doing customer service. Tandon worked at Avaya Labs, developing communications software[5][16] before specializing in biomedical engineering. Her medical career was inspired by her siblings; her brother has an eye disease and struggles to see clearly, and both of her sisters have issues with seeing colors, thus changing our perceptions of the outside world. Her career was also inspired by her mother, who encouraged science from a very young age.

Tandon is also a TED Senior fellow, speaking there several times. She is an adjunct professor of electrical engineering at Cooper Union and previously, she worked as an associate postdoctoral researcher for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Laboratory at Columbia University, where she attended school as well.

Honors and awards
In 2011, she was named a TED Fellow.[19] The following year, she was named a senior TED Fellow[13] and one of Fast Company's Most Creative People of 2012.[20][21] Tandon was a recipient of Marie Claire'''s Women on Top Awards in 2013.[18] She was also named a Wired innovation fellow[22] and a 2015 Global Thinker by Foreign Policy''.[5] L'Oréal Paris named her as one of its Women of Worth in the science and innovation category[18] and Crains New York named her as part of its 40 Under 40 Class of 2015.[23] She also has three patents.

References

External links
 Tandon's speech at 2015 Bloomberg Technology Conference

Year of birth missing (living people)
Engineers from New York City
American women engineers
American biomedical engineers
Columbia Business School alumni
Cooper Union alumni
Cooper Union faculty
Electrical engineering academics
Living people
MIT School of Engineering alumni
People from Roosevelt Island
University of Rome Tor Vergata alumni
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
American people of Indian descent
American women chief executives
American women health professionals of Indian descent
Fulbright alumni

Nina Tandon


KMXO (1500 AM) is a Spanish-language radio station licensed to Merkel, Texas, and serving the Abilene area.

Because KMXO shares the same frequency as "clear channel" station KSTP in St. Paul, Minnesota; it broadcasts only during the daytime hours.

History
David W. Ratliff, trading as the Taylor County Broadcasting Company, received a construction permit to build a new radio station in Merkel on February 26, 1962. The call letters KTCT were assigned before being changed to KWFA, under which designation the station began on June 1, 1963. Studios were built at the corner of Baker and N. 2nd streets by Keith Hodo, who had become the head of Taylor County Broadcasting months before sign-on.

Almost out of the gate, KWFA was in financial dire straits. In November, a judge placed the young station into receivership; the receiver appointed a new manager, Bart LaRue, who switched the station from Top 40 to middle-of-the-road. LaRue became receiver in 1964 and relinquished those duties to John Curtis three years later. The largest creditor, Harold D. Nichols, successfully petitioned in 1968 to have the license transferred to him.

Nichols owned KWFA until 1977, when he sold it to Gaylon Christi and Ted Connell of Killeen. The call letters were changed to KBGG and the format to country alongside several other planned facility improvements. The country format lasted just two years before KBGG flipped to gospel music in 1979. An FM station owned by KBGG, KMIO-FM 102.3, began on May 3, 1982. KBGG became KMIO and primarily simulcast the new FM's format of beautiful music and adult standards. The change came ahead of a sale of both properties in 1983 to Bob Hanna, a Dallas media broker.

The simulcast was broken up in October 1983, by which time KMIO-AM-FM had returned to country. The country format remained on FM, while the AM station became home to the first Spanish-language radio station in the Big Country, using the KMXO call letters—a take on the former KMIO designation that also represented "Mexico". One of the operators of the new station was Manuel Hernández, who in the 1960s at KWFA had hosted the first Spanish-language radio program in the area and later did the same at KRBC (1470 AM).

KMXO, La Reina del Aire (Queen of the Air), became Hispanic-owned in 1986 when it was purchased by Ray Silva. The station received strong support from the local Hispanic community, but few non-Hispanic businesses bought advertising time. However, the station fell silent by 1991, when Silva filed for personal bankruptcy and the outlet paid back taxes under threat of seizure by sheriff's deputies. It almost was the end of the line altogether. The Federal Communications Commission canceled the license and deleted the call letters in May 1993; Silva filed a petition for reconsideration, after which the FCC reinstated the license and his authority to operate that December.

Silva sold KMXO in 2014 to Zacarías Serrato, who had already been operating it under a Spanish-language Christian format as Radio Fe since at least 1998.

References

External links
 KMXO official website

MXO
Radio stations established in 1963
1963 establishments in Texas
MXO

KMXO


Gwadar Bay is near the maritime border of Pakistan and Iran. The name is from Persian, Khalij-e Gavader or 'Gulf of Gwadar' on Arabian Sea. It is an inlet of the Arabian Sea indenting the sandy Makran coast at the Iran–Pakistan border. It is about 20 miles (32 km) long and 10 miles (16 km) wide. The Dashtiari River flows into it from the northwest, and the Dasht River from the northeast. The town of Gwadar, Pakistan, is on the Arabian Sea coast about 30 miles (48 km) east of Gwadar Bay.

Balochistan (Pakistan)
Bays

Gwadar Bay


Deepak B. Phatak (born 2 April 1948) is an Indian computer scientist and academic, and a recipient of the Padma Shri Award for his contribution in science and technology in 2013. He is known for his notable work for upgrading Aakash, advertised by its manufacturer as the 'world's cheapest tablet'. In 2009, he was ranked one of the 50 most powerful people in India.

Phatak completed secondary school at Dayanand Arya Vidyalaya, graduated third in his class with a degree in electrical engineering from Shri Govindram Seksaria Institute of Technology and Science (SGSITS) Indore, completed his master of engineering (specialising in instrumentation, control and computers), and received his PhD in computer science from Indian Institute of Technology Bombay. His thesis was titled Digital Simulation and Identification of Linear Continuous Systems.

Career

Born in April 1948, Phatak obtained his bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering from SGSITS Indore in 1969, and his M Tech and Ph D from IIT Bombay.
Phatak has worked at IIT Bombay since 1 December 1971. From 1991 to 1994, he was the Head of the Department of Computer Science; from 1995 to 1998, he was the Dean of Resource Development; from 1998 to 2002, he was the Head of the Kanwal Rekhi School of Information Technology; in 2004 and 2005, he was head of Shailesh J Mehta School of Management; and he is currently the Subrao Nilekani Chair Professor of the KReSIT/department of CSE.

In 1983 and 1984, he was part of a deputation to Shri Govindram Seksaria Institute of Technology and Science in Indore to set up computer science programs. During 2003 and 2004, he was on sabbatical leave writing an e-book and touring the country visiting engineering colleges.

Research interests
His research interests include databases and information systems, software engineering, system performance evaluation, IT enabled education, and IT strategy planning. He has guided six PhD candidates, over one hundred master's level students, and several bachelor's level students.

Development projects

Aircraft maintenance training simulator

In the late 1980s, India's Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) sponsored a program to develop a 'soft panel'-based (that is, personal computer-based) simulator to train technicians and engineers in the rigorous maintenance procedures required by complex aircraft systems such as were present in the then-new HAL Tejas. 'Hard-panel' training simulators were available only from western markets and were very costly.

The ADA chose Phatak's pilot project over two other options because it permitted greater flexibility. In 1996, work began on a 12-year project to develop a full-fledged product with Computer Vision Laboratories (now known as VISIONLABS). It is now deployed in the Indian Air Force. The ADA has showcased the simulator and it was short-listed for a national award. Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam visited the ADA lab and complimented the team for their successful efforts.

Development of smart card technology
Recognizing that smart cards are essentially low-cost computers without a monitor or keyboard, Dr Phatak started development of meaningful affordable applications of this technology. In 1996, he initiated a national project to deploy this technology for banking debit-credit applications. The project was supported by Reserve Bank of India, State Bank of India and multiple vendors. It was piloted around the IIT campus through a special permission by RBI. The standard evolved in the project was accepted as a national standard in 1998.

Dr Phatak has continued development work on smart card technology, designing low cost point-of-sale (POS) terminals and a multi-application framework. He was invited to head the national subcommittee for standardisation of multi-application smart cards for payment systems. Specific security issues were addressed and novel deployment schemes were evolved through PhD and MTech level research. The technology, now using the near field communication (NFC) feature built into many modern mobile phones, has been successfully deployed for salary payment to people employed under the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme.

Surveillance system for the Securities and Exchange Board of India
2004–2007 – To prevent and catch malpractices such as insider trading in stock markets, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) wanted to deploy a state of art surveillance system. An existing system operational in USA was recommended by experts from the U.S. Agency for International Development, who were advising SEBI.

After consulting Dr Phatak on the question, Indian regulatory provisions. The national surveillance system which has since been implemented, is considered today as one of the best in the world. It has cost less than one third of the original estimate of over Rs. 50 crore, and handles the world's third largest volume of daily trades.

Ekalavya Project and e-outreach program

Dr Phatak terms all these people modern Ekalavyas, and started a project to help them use modern technology. Initially it aimed to provide web-based mentoring to final year computer engineering students of colleges for their project work. The condition was that they must release their work in open source, so that their work could later be built upon by others. The mentors were initially his research scholars and some industry professionals. This program started receiving annual funding from the industry. Participation has grown from some 100 students from 12 colleges, to more than 3500 students from over 370 colleges supported by over 200 volunteer mentors from industry and academia.

Another important initiative launched by the project is creation and dissemination of open source audio-visual educational content. With his encouragement, the IITB School of Management set up the India Centre for Creative Commons, which provides open source license terms for the content.

Encouraged by the success of that project, Phatak planned a massive pilot project to run a training program sponsored by the Indian Society for Technical Education program, intended to train up to 1,000 engineering teachers across the country simultaneously.

Indigenous development of clicker devices

Phatak developed a "clicker," a portable, handheld device intended for student or presentation environments, designed to allow participants to submit answers to a quiz or poll by clicking on one of a set number of choices. The instructor uses a wireless receiver that collects answers sent by students' clickers; these are then collected for analysis by custom software.

Awards
Elected Fellow of the Computer Society of India (CSI) in 1999.
Elected Fellow of the Institution of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineers IETE in 2000.
Lifetime achievement award by Skoch Foundation in 2003.
Lifetime achievement award by Data Guest 2008.
Listed amongst fifty most powerful Indians by Business week 2009.
Padma Shri Award for contribution in science and engineering in 2013.
Lifetime achievement award by IIT Bombay 2014.
Lifetime achievement award by INTEROP Mumbai 5th Sept, 2014

Professional activity
Phatak has a long association with the Computer Society of India (CSI), spanning over two decades. He is a regular participant at major CSI events.

He has been a consultant and adviser to many organisations on various issues related to Information Technology. In the late 1980s he was involved in a major effort by Industrial Development Bank of India to use relational data bases on Unix platforms. He has been an I.T. adviser to the State Bank of India for several years. He has also been a consultant to several other financial and industrial organisations. He works on several advisory committees to government departments on issues related to computerisation.

References

Living people
Academic staff of IIT Bombay
1948 births
IIT Bombay alumni
Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering

Deepak B. Phatak


Nigel Calder (born Nigel David McKail Ritchie-Calder; 2 December 1931 – 25 June 2014) was a British science writer and television screenwriter.

He wrote for the magazine New Scientist from 1956 until 1966. He was also an editor for the magazine from 1962 until 1966. He soon moved to television screenwriting. He won the Kalinga Prize in 1972.

Calder was born in London, and grew up during World War II. His father was Lord Ritchie-Calder. Nigel Calder was a brother of the historian Angus Calder (1942–2008), mathematician Allan Calder and educationist Isla Calder (1946–2000). He was the father of travel writer Simon Calder and four other children. He was married to Elisabeth Palmer from 1954 until his death.

Calder believed the threat from global warning had been muchly magnified. He helped in making the movie The Great Global Warming Swindle. He also co-authored The Chilling Stars. About global warming, Calder said: "Governments are trying to achieve unanimity by stifling any scientist who disagrees. Einstein could not have got funding under the present system".

Calder died on 25 June 2014 in Crawley, West Sussex, aged 82.

References

Other websites

 Nigel Calder at DeSmogBlog

1931 births
2014 deaths
English novelists
English science writers
English television writers
Screenwriters from London
Writers from London

Nigel Calder


Ernest Gottlieb of Anhalt-Plötzkau (4 September 1620 – 7 March 1654) was a German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Plötzkau.

He was the eldest son of Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau, by his wife Sibylle, daughter of John George I, Count of Solms-Laubach.

Life
Gottlieb was born and died in Plötzkau. In 1653, after the death of his father, Ernest Gottlieb inherited Plötzkau along with his younger brothers Lebrecht and Emmanuel; but because they succeeded his father in the regency over Anhalt-Köthen on behalf of their cousin William Louis, Ernest Gottlieb took complete control over the government of their principality.

His reign lasted only seven months until his death. Because he never married or had children, he was succeeded by his brothers and co-rulers.

References
 Ferdinand Siebigk: Das Herzogthum Anhalt, Desbarats, 1867, S. 225
 Max Lbe: Walsprüche: Devisen und Sinnsprüche, BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009, S. 9

Princes of Anhalt-Plötzkau
1620 births
1654 deaths

Ernest Gottlieb, Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau


Lolland is the fourth-largest island of Denmark.

About 63,000 people were living on this island in 2013.

It has an area of 1,243 km².

Lolland lies in the very south of Denmark, and near Germany in the Baltic Sea.

Lolland has an oceanic climate, the highest temperature ever measured in Lolland was  on 20 July 2022.

Islands of Denmark
Baltic Sea

Lolland