A pressure regulator is a valve that controls the pressure of a fluid to a desired value, using negative feedback from the controlled pressure. Regulators are used for gases and liquids, and can be an integral device with a pressure setting, a restrictor and a sensor all in the one body, or consist of a separate pressure sensor, controller and flow valve.

Two types are found: The pressure reduction regulator and the back-pressure regulator.

A pressure reducing regulator is a control valve that reduces the input pressure of a fluid to a desired value at its output. It is a normally-open valve and is installed upstream of pressure sensitive equipment.

A back-pressure regulator, back-pressure valve, pressure sustaining valve or pressure sustaining regulator is a control valve that maintains the set pressure at its inlet side by opening to allow flow when the inlet pressure exceeds the set value. It differs from an over-pressure relief valve in that the over-pressure valve is only intended to open when the contained pressure is excessive, and it is not required to keep upstream pressure constant. They differ from pressure reducing regulators in that the pressure reducing regulator controls downstream pressure and is insensitive to upstream pressure. It is a normally-closed valve which may be installed in parallel with sensitive equipment or after the sensitive equipment to provide an obstruction to flow and thereby maintain upstream pressure.

Both types of regulator use feedback of the regulated pressure as input to the control mechanism, and are commonly actuated by a spring loaded diaphragm or piston reacting to changes in the feedback pressure to control the valve opening, and in both cases the valve should be opened only enough to maintain the set regulated pressure. The actual mechanism may be very similar in all respects except the placing of the feedback pressure tap. As in other feedback control mechanisms, the level of damping is important to achieve a balance between fast response to a change in the measured pressure, and stability of output. Insufficient damping may lead to hunting oscillation of the controlled pressure, while excessive friction of moving parts may cause hysteresis.

Pressure reducing regulator

Operation
A pressure reducing regulator's primary function is to match the flow of gas through the regulator to the demand for fluid placed upon it, whilst maintaining a sufficiently constant output pressure. If the load flow decreases, then the regulator flow must decrease as well.  If the load flow increases, then the regulator flow must increase in order to keep the controlled pressure from decreasing due to a shortage of fluid in the pressure system. It is desirable that the controlled pressure does not vary greatly from the set point for a wide range of flow rates, but it is also desirable that flow through the regulator is stable and the regulated pressure is not subject to excessive oscillation.

A pressure regulator includes a restricting element, a loading element, and a measuring element:

The restricting element is a valve that can provide a variable restriction to the flow, such as a globe valve, butterfly valve, poppet valve, etc.
The loading element is a part that can apply the needed force to the restricting element.  This loading can be provided by a weight, a spring, a piston actuator, or the diaphragm actuator in combination with a spring.
The measuring element functions to determine when the inlet flow is equal to the outlet flow.  The diaphragm itself is often used as a measuring element; it can serve as a combined element.

In the pictured single-stage regulator, a force balance is used on the diaphragm to control a poppet valve in order to regulate pressure. With no inlet pressure, the spring above the diaphragm pushes it down on the poppet valve, holding it open.  Once inlet pressure is introduced, the open poppet allows flow to the diaphragm and pressure in the upper chamber increases, until the diaphragm is pushed upward against the spring, causing the poppet to reduce flow, finally stopping further increase of pressure.  By adjusting the top screw, the downward pressure on the diaphragm can be increased, requiring more pressure in the upper chamber to maintain equilibrium. In this way, the outlet pressure of the regulator is controlled.

Single stage regulator

High pressure gas from the supply enters the regulator through the inlet port. The inlet pressure gauge will indicate this pressure. The gas then passes through the normally open pressure control valve orifice and the downstream pressure rises until the valve actuating diaphragm is deflected sufficiently to close the valve, preventing any more gas from entering the low pressure side until the pressure drops again. The outlet pressure gauge will indicate this pressure.

The outlet pressure on the diaphragm and the inlet pressure and poppet spring force on the upstream part of the valve hold the diaphragm/poppet assembly in the closed position against the force of the diaphragm loading spring. If the supply pressure falls, the closing force due to supply pressure is reduced, and downstream pressure will rise slightly to compensate. Thus, if the supply pressure falls, the outlet pressure will increase, provided the outlet pressure remains below the falling supply pressure. This is the cause of end-of-tank dump where the supply is provided by a pressurized gas tank. The operator can compensate for this effect by adjusting the spring load by turning the knob to restore outlet pressure to the desired level.  With a single stage regulator, when the supply pressure gets low, the lower inlet pressure causes the outlet pressure to climb. If the diaphragm loading spring compression is not adjusted to compensate, the poppet can remain open and allow the tank to rapidly dump its remaining contents.

Double stage regulator

Two stage regulators are two regulators in series in the same housing that operate to reduce the pressure progressively in two steps instead of one. The first stage, which is preset, reduces the pressure of the supply gas to an intermediate stage; gas at that pressure passes into the second stage. The gas emerges from the second stage at a pressure (working pressure) set by user by adjusting the pressure control knob at the diaphragm loading spring. Two stage regulators may have two safety valves, so that if there is any excess pressure between stages due to a leak at the first stage valve seat the rising pressure will not overload the structure and cause an explosion.

An unbalanced single stage regulator may need frequent adjustment. As the supply pressure falls, the outlet pressure may change, necessitating adjustment. In the two stage regulator, there is improved compensation for any drop in the supply pressure.

Applications

Pressure reducing regulators

Air compressors
Air compressors are used in industrial, commercial, and home workshop environments to perform an assortment of jobs including blowing things clean; running air powered tools; and inflating things like tires, balls, etc.  Regulators are often used to adjust the pressure coming out of an air receiver (tank) to match what is needed for the task.  Often, when one large compressor is used to supply compressed air for multiple uses (often referred to as "shop air" if built as a permanent installation of pipes throughout a building), additional regulators will be used to ensure that each separate tool or function receives the pressure it needs. This is important because some air tools, or uses for compressed air, require pressures that may cause damage to other tools or materials.

Aircraft
Pressure regulators are found in aircraft cabin pressurization, canopy seal pressure control, potable water systems, and waveguide pressurization.

Aerospace
Aerospace pressure regulators have applications in propulsion pressurant control for reaction control systems (RCS) and Attitude Control Systems (ACS), where high vibration, large temperature extremes and corrosive fluids are present.

Cooking
Pressurized vessels can be used to cook food much more rapidly than at atmospheric pressure, as the higher pressure raises the boiling point of the contents. All modern pressure cookers will have a pressure regulator valve and a pressure relief valve as a safety mechanism to prevent explosion in the event that the pressure regulator valve fails to adequately release pressure.  Some older models lack a safety release valve. Most home cooking models are built to maintain a low and high pressure setting.  These settings are usually .  Almost all home cooking units will employ a very simple single-stage pressure regulator.  Older models will simply use a small weight on top of an opening that will be lifted by excessive pressure to allow excess steam to escape.  Newer models usually incorporate a spring-loaded valve that lifts and allows pressure to escape as pressure in the vessel rises.  Some pressure cookers will have a quick release setting on the pressure regulator valve that will, essentially, lower the spring tension to allow the pressure to escape at a quick, but still safe rate.  Commercial kitchens also use pressure cookers, in some cases using oil based pressure cookers to quickly deep fry fast food. Pressure vessels of this sort can also be used as autoclaves to sterilize small batches of equipment and in home canning operations.

Water pressure reduction

A water pressure regulating valve limits inflow by dynamically changing the valve opening so that when less pressure is on the outside, the valve opens up fully, and too much pressure on the outside causes the valve to shut. In a no pressure situation, where water could flow backwards, it won't be impeded.  A water pressure regulating valve does not function as a check valve.

They are used in applications where the water pressure is too high at the end of the line to avoid damage to appliances or pipes.

Welding and cutting
Oxy-fuel welding and cutting processes require gases at specific pressures, and regulators will generally be used to reduce the high pressures of storage cylinders to those usable for cutting and welding. Oxygen and fuel gas regulators usually have two stages: The first stage of the regulator releases the gas at a constant pressure from the cylinder despite the pressure in the cylinder becoming less as the gas is released. The second stage of the regulator controls the pressure reduction from the intermediate pressure to low pressure. The final flow rate may be adjusted at the torch. The regulator assembly usually has two pressure gauges, one indicating cylinder pressure, the other indicating delivery pressure.  Inert gas shielded arc welding also uses gas stored at high pressure provided through a regulator. There may be a flow gauge calibrated to the specific gas.

Propane/LP gas
All propane and LP gas applications require the use of a regulator. Because pressures in propane tanks can fluctuate significantly with temperature, regulators must be present to deliver a steady pressure to downstream appliances. These regulators normally compensate for tank pressures between  and commonly deliver 11 inches water column  for residential applications and 35 inches of water column  for industrial applications. Propane regulators differ in size and shape, delivery pressure and adjustability, but are uniform in their purpose to deliver a constant outlet pressure for downstream requirements. Common international settings for domestic LP gas regulators are 28 mbar for butane and 37 mbar for propane.

Gas powered vehicles
All vehicular motors that run on compressed gas as a fuel (internal combustion engine or fuel cell electric power train) require a pressure regulator to reduce the stored gas (CNG or Hydrogen) pressure from 700, 500, 350 or 200 bar (or 70, 50, 35 and 20 MPa) to operating pressure.)

Recreational vehicles
For recreational vehicles with plumbing, a pressure regulator is required to reduce the pressure of an external water supply connected to the vehicle plumbing, as the supply may be a much higher elevation than the campground, and water pressure depends on the height of the water column.  Without a pressure regulator, the intense pressure encountered at some campgrounds in mountainous areas may be enough to burst the camper's water pipes or unseat the plumbing joints, causing flooding.  Pressure regulators for this purpose are typically sold as small screw-on accessories that fit inline with the hoses used to connect an RV to the water supply, which are almost always screw-thread-compatible with the common garden hose.

Breathing gas supply

Pressure regulators are used with diving cylinders for Scuba diving. The tank may contain pressures in excess of , which could cause a fatal barotrauma injury to a person breathing it directly.  A demand controlled regulator provides a flow of breathing gas at the ambient pressure (which varies by depth in the water). Pressure reducing regulators are also use to supply breathing gas to surface-supplied divers, and people who use self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) for rescue and hazmat work on land. The interstage pressure for SCBA at normal atmospheric pressure can generally be left constant at a factory setting, but for surface supplied divers it is controlled by the gas panel operator, depending on the diver depth and flow rate requirements. Supplementary oxygen for high altitude flight in unpressurised aircraft and medical gases are also commonly dispensed through pressure reducing regulators from high-pressure storage.

Supplementary oxygen may also be dispensed through a  regulator which both reduces the pressure, and supplies the gas at a metered flow rate, to be mixed with ambient air. One way of producing a constant mass flow at variable ambient pressure is to use a choked flow, where the flow through the metering orifice is sonic. For a given gas in choked flow, the mass flow rate may be controlled by setting the orifice size or the upstream pressure. To produce a choked flow in oxygen, the absolute pressure ratio of upstream and downstream gas must exceed 1.893 at 20°C. At normal atmospheric pressure this requires an upstream pressure of more than 1.013 × 1.893 = 1.918 bar. A typical nominal regulated gauge pressure from a medical oxygen regulator is , for an absolute pressure of approximately 4.4 bar and a pressure ratio of about 4.4 without back pressure, so they will have choked flow in the metering orifices for a downstream (outlet) pressure of up to about 2.3 bar absolute. This type of regulator commonly uses a rotor plate with calibrated orifices and detents to hold it in place when the orifice corresponding to the desired flow rate is selected. This type of regulator may also have one or two uncalibrated takeoff connections from the intermediate pressure chamber with diameter index safety system (DISS) or similar connectors to supply gas to other equipment, and the high pressure connection is commonly a pin index safety system (PISS) yoke clamp. Similar mechanisms can be used for flow rate control for aviation and mountaineering regulators.

Mining industry
As the pressure in water pipes builds rapidly with depth, underground mining operations require a fairly complex water system with pressure reducing valves. These devices must be installed at a certain vertical interval, usually . Without such valves, pipes could burst and pressure would be too great for equipment operation.

Natural gas industry
Pressure regulators are used extensively within the natural gas industry.  Natural gas is compressed to high pressures in order to be distributed throughout the country through large transmission pipelines.  The transmission pressure can be over  and must be reduced through various stages to a usable pressure for industrial, commercial, and residential applications.  There are three main pressure reduction locations in this distribution system.  The first reduction is located at the city gate, whereas the transmission pressure is dropped to a distribution pressure to feed throughout the city.  This is also the location where the odorless natural gas is odorized with mercaptan.  The distribution pressure is further reduced at a district regulator station, located at various points in the city, to below 60 psig.  The final cut would occur at the end users location.  Generally, the end user reduction is taken to low pressures ranging from 0.25 psig to 5 psig.  Some industrial applications can require a higher pressure.

Back-pressure regulators

Maintain upstream pressure control in analytical or process systems
Protect sensitive equipment from overpressure damage
Reduce the pressure difference over a component which is not tolerant of large pressure differences.
Gas sales lines
Production vessels (e.g., Separators, heater treaters or free water knockouts)
Vent or flare lines

Hyperbaric chambers
Where the pressure drop on a built-in breathing system exhaust system is too great, typically in saturation systems, a back-pressure regulator may be used to reduce the exhaust pressure drop to a safer and  more manageable pressure.

Reclaim diving helmets
The depth at which most heliox breathing mixtures are used in surface-supplied diving is generally at least 5 bar above surface atmospheric pressure, and the exhaust gas from the diver must pass through a reclaim valve, which is a back-pressure valve activated by the increase in pressure in the diver's helmet caused by diver exhalation. The reclaim gas hose which carries the exhaled gas back to the surface for recycling must not be at too great a pressure difference from the ambient pressure at the diver. An additional back-pressure regulator in this line allows finer setting of the reclaim valve for lower work of breathing at variable depths.

See also

References

External links
 Pressure Animations

Plumbing valves
Hydraulics
Pneumatics

Pressure regulator


The Truce (), titled The Reawakening in the US, is a book by the Italian author Primo Levi. It is the sequel to If This Is a Man and describes the author's experiences from the liberation of Auschwitz (Monowitz), which was a concentration camp, until he reaches home in Turin, Italy, after a long journey. He describes the situation in different displaced persons camps after the Second World War.

Summary

The historian Fritz Stern, in a brief review on Foreign Affairs, wrote that The Reawakening "charts Levi's incredibly circular return to Italy via Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Here people and landscapes come vividly alive in a bizarre, often comical series of events and human encounters; a truly remarkable tale."

Levi himself reminisces a bit about a character in the book in his The Paris Review interview:  "Have you read my book The Reawakening? You remember Mordo Nahum? I had mixed feelings toward him. I admired him as a man fit for every situation. But of course he was very cruel to me. He despised me because I was not able to manage. I had no shoes. He told me, 'Remember, when there is war, the first thing is shoes, and second is eating. Because if you have shoes, then you can run and steal. But you must have shoes.' 'Yes', I told him, 'well you are right, but there is not war any more'. And he told me, 'Guerra es siempre'. There is always war."

Plot

The book starts with the departure of the Germans from the camp. The sick   were left on their own after the healthy ones were taken on a death march away from the approaching Red Army. As all the services have left the camp, exploration journeys begin in search for food and essential items.

When they arrive the Red Army is shocked by the state of the people in the camp and they provide basic medical aid. All remaining inmates are taken to a hospital in the main camp.

After the protagonist has regained some strength, he starts a long journey, first to Kraków, then to Katowice where he stays for some time and works as a pharmaceutic assistant.

The journey continues after weeks eastwards to Tarnów, Rzeszów, Przemyśl and into Ukraine: Lviv, Ternopil, Proskurov, Zhmerynka. The plan was to go south to Odesa but instead he had to take the train northwards and arrives at Slutsk (Belarus). From there he walks and rides in a horse cart to Starye Dorogi where he lives inside Krasny Dom ("Red House") and works as a medical assistant.

Then, after weeks, a Russian Marshal, Semyon Timoshenko, came to the displaced persons camp and declared that they can make their way back home now. By train the journey continues southwards and then westwards: Hungary, Slovakia, Austria and Germany. After 35 days of travel since leaving Krasny Dom he arrives in his home town Turin, which he had last seen 20 months before.

Adaptions
This book was adapted as a screenplay by Tonino Guerra for a film directed by Francesco Rosi, also titled The Truce (1997).

References

Personal accounts of the Holocaust
Books by Primo Levi
Giulio Einaudi Editore books
1963 non-fiction books
1963 in Italy
Aftermath of World War II in the Soviet Union
Aftermath of World War II in Poland
1945 in Poland
1945 in the Soviet Union
Italian memoirs

The Truce


The Matt and Jo Show was a breakfast radio show broadcast on Fox FM in Melbourne, Australia. Matt Tilley and Jo Stanley were hosts, along with Troy Ellis as anchor and Adam Richard as gossip reporter. It was broadcast live 6–9am weekday mornings from Austereo's South Melbourne studios, and it was replayed on Saturday mornings from 6–8am.

History
The show was founded late in 2003 after Tracy Bartram left Fox FM. Jo Stanley, who had been working at Fox FM on the show Jodie and Jo, then moved to Triple M to host The Shebang. Once Tracy Bartram officially left Fox FM, Jo joined the breakfast show, initially named Matt, Jo and Benno with the Fabulous Adam Richard.

Chris Bennett left a couple of months into the year and it was renamed The Matt & Jo Show with the Fabulous Adam Richard. Soon after, the show introduced anchor Troy Ellis and it was renamed to simply The Matt and Jo Show. The show was known for holding the highest ratings for over a number of years. News updates were presented by Krystal Keller.

In 2009, whilst Stanley was away on maternity leave, her position was filled by Michala Banas (McLeod's Daughters and Neighbours). Comedian Dave Thornton was a regular fill in presenter for Matt Tilley.

The Matt and Jo Show was the number 1 breakfast show in Melbourne, with more listeners than any other breakfast show. It has led the FM share in Melbourne for more than 40 surveys (five years).

It was announced on 4 October 2013 that the show would finish at the end of the year. The final show aired on Friday 29 November 2013 on the Fox FM rooftop.

In November 2013, Fifi Box and Dave Thornton were announced as the new Fox FM breakfast team, Fifi & Dave.

In October 2020, Fox FM celebrated 40 years, and Matt Tilley, Jo Stanley, Troy Ellis and Adam Richard reunited after seven years for a special one-hour show.

Segments
Matt Tilley's Gotcha Calls
Gotcha Calls were a series of prank calls done by Matt Tilley. Each week Matt received emails from listeners of the show who set up a friend or a colleague for a Gotcha Call. The calls involved Matt Tilley projecting a strange voice and cornering the victim in a tough situation in the call, often involving embarrassing or angering the person. The calls were then broadcast on air around 7.50am weekdays. This segment produced three Gold-selling CDs and made over $500,000 for Melbourne charities. Released through the late Michael Gudinski's Liberation record label, The Double Album (2006) and Three's A Crowd (2007) were both nominated for ARIA Awards.

Scoopla with The Fabulous Adam Richard
Scoopla with The Fabulous Adam Richard was a segment where Adam Richard presented his updated daily gossip and news about celebrities. This segment happened daily at 7.30am and 8.30am after the news.

Fox To The Rescue
Fox To The Rescue was a segment that received thousands of emails a year from the people of Melbourne wanting to do something kind for people in need or people wanting to say thanks to a friend or family member. The breakfast team would then choose people to ring up from the emails submitted, talk to them about their issue and help them by giving them something, such as a gift voucher or money.

Jobe's Footy Tips
Jobe's Footy Tips was a segment where the breakfast team was joined by the Essendon Football Club's Jobe Watson, who discussed the latest football controversies and also gave his footy tipping for the week live on-air. The segment aired on Friday mornings.

External links
Official website

References

2000s Australian radio programs
2010s Australian radio programs

The Matt and Jo Show


Rock Aid Armenia, also known in earlier stages as Live Aid Armenia, was a humanitarian effort by the British music industry to raise money to help those affected by the 1988 Armenian earthquake.

Initiated by the international charity campaigner Jon Dee, the project comprised a number of singles, compilations and a documentary. A special record label Life-Aid Armenia Records was established for producing and distributing the releases by Rock Aid Armenia.

All of the Rock Aid Armenia projects were coordinated by Jon Dee. Dee started the project after overseeing the satellite transmission of footage from the Armenian earthquake zone which he distributed to TV newsrooms worldwide. Other key members of the team included film producer Paul Lovell (who produced and edited the Smoke on the Water documentary and who was co-executive producer of "Smoke on the Water"), Phil Banfield (manager of Ian Gillan who assisted on the track) and Rock Aid Armenia's Peter Welles-Thorpe, David Highton, Isobel Sarkissian and Sarah Kaye.

"What's Going On" single
The first project was credited to Life Aid Armenia, and was a remake of "What's Going On" that featured Aswad, Errol Brown, Richard Darbyshire, Gail Ann Dorsey, Boy George, David Gilmour, Nick Heyward, Mykaell S. Riley, Labi Siffre, Helen Terry, Ruby Turner, Elizabeth Westwood and the Reggae Philharmonic Orchestra.

The B-side was "A Cool Wind Is Blowing", a piece of Armenian duduk music played by Djivan Gasparyan.

The record was produced by Steve Levine and the executive producers were Fraser Kennedy and Jon Dee. This was released as a single on Island Records.

"Smoke on the Water" single

The project is most remembered for a re-recording of Deep Purple's famous hit song, "Smoke on the Water", with different vocalists singing each verse. The single made it to the UK Top 40 Singles Chart. The track was recorded by an elite group of contemporary progressive rock, hard rock and heavy metal musicians who gathered at the historic Metropolis Studios in Chiswick, London. Recording began on July 8, 1989 and was completed over 5 different sessions.

The rock musicians involved in the recording of the song included:

Vocals:
 Ian Gillan
 Bruce Dickinson
 Paul Rodgers
 Bryan Adams

Guitars:

 Brian May
 David Gilmour
 Tony Iommi
 Ritchie Blackmore
 Alex Lifeson

Bass:

 Chris Squire

Keyboards:

 Geoff Downes
 Keith Emerson

Drums:

 Roger Taylor

John Paul Jones and Jon Lord were credited as "helping" behind the scenes with the track. Due to Brian May's arm injury, session guitarist Geoff Beauchamp stepped in to fill in the guitar tracks while he makes a recovery. The track's producers were Gary Langan and Geoff Downes. Talent co-ordination for the record was overseen by Jon Dee, with David Gilmour being the first to join up after a call from Dee. Ian Gillan's manager Phil Banfield also helped out with talent recruitment. "Paranoid" by Black Sabbath was used as a B-Side for the releases.

In 1990, the song was released again with an alternate mix, one example of which was released by Dino Music, which unlike the rest, had "Black Night" also by Deep Purple as a B-side and had Tony Iommi's name incorrectly spelt on the front of it as "Tommy Iommi."

Rock Aid Armenia: The Making of Smoke on the Water documentary

The recording sessions for the re-recording of "Smoke on the Water" were filmed and released in the same year on video as Rock Aid Armenia: The Making of Smoke on the Water, along with interviews and a video clip for the single. Film producer Paul Lovell produced and edited the final extended version of the documentary which was released on Laser Disc and VHS in Japan in 1991. The organization has since been made available for viewing via YouTube.

The Earthquake Album

The other successful parts of the project were The Earthquake Album (which was the first UK charity album to go gold) and the accompanying The Earthquake Video. These compilations consisted of donated tracks by Pink Floyd, Bon Jovi, Iron Maiden, Led Zeppelin, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Gary Moore, Black Sabbath, Asia, Mike + The Mechanics, Rush, Deep Purple, Foreigner, Yes, Whitesnake and others. Rock Aid Armenia: The Earthquake Album was released in 1990.

The Earthquake Album track list
Rock Aid Armenia – Smoke on the Water '90 (4:07)
Free – All Right Now  (4:15)
Rush – The Spirit of Radio  (4:58)
Rainbow – Since You Been Gone  (3:18)
Black Sabbath – Headless Cross  (5:03)
Genesis – Turn It On Again  (3:45)
Yes – Owner of a Lonely Heart  (4:27)
Emerson, Lake & Palmer – Fanfare for the Common Man  (2:57)
Whitesnake – Fool for Your Loving  (4:17)
Asia – Heat of the Moment  (3:50)
Starship – We Built This City  (4:51)
Foreigner – Jukebox Hero  (4:05)
Iron Maiden – Run to the Hills  (3:54)
Deep Purple – Black Night  (3:27)
Mike + The Mechanics – Silent Running  (4:09)

Certifications

The Earthquake Video
The release of the video Rock Aid Armenia: The Earthquake Video being a video compilation was released in 1990 concurrently with the release of The Earthquake Album.

''The Earthquake Video'' track list
Emerson, Lake & Palmer – Fanfare for the Common Man
Bon Jovi – Livin' on a Prayer
Gary Moore – After the War
Iron Maiden – Run to the Hills
Black Sabbath – Headless Cross
Led Zeppelin – Dazed and Confused
Asia – Heat of the Moment
Foreigner – Hearts Turn to Stone
Mike + The Mechanics – Silent Running
The Firm – Satisfaction Guaranteed
Deep Purple – Perfect Strangers
Genesis – Mama
Pink Floyd – One Slip
Rush – The Spirit of Radio
Yes – I've Seen All Good People
Rock Aid Armenia – Smoke on the Water '90

"Rock and Roll" by McEnroe & Cash

The final project in the original Rock Aid Armenia releases was a remake of the Led Zeppelin song "Rock and Roll". Released in 1991, the track was recorded by tennis players John McEnroe and Pat Cash playing guitar, and featured featured Roger Daltrey from the Who on lead vocals, Steve Harris and Nicko McBrain from Iron Maiden on bass and drums, and Andy Barnett as third guitar.

References

External links
Rock Aid Armenia Official website
YouTube
Aid Armenia

Musical advocacy groups
Heavy metal concerts
British hard rock musical groups
All-star recordings
Charity supergroups
British supergroups

Rock Aid Armenia


A scrollerwheel is a mechanical device composed of a number of rollers (four or more) and connective bands under tension, which wrap around and weave between the rollers forming a self-supporting cluster possessing a central roller. The cluster of rollers is bound by the connective bands in such a way that the static friction between the rollers and bands prevent the rollers from slipping as they roll and orbit the central roller. Scrollerwheels are related in operational principle to rolamite linear bearings (developed at Sandia National Labs in the late 1960s), and like them, they display only rolling friction, and not the kinetic friction inherent in most mechanical bearings.

The rollers can have a cross section in a variety of shapes other than circular, such as: ovals (which with a single oval roller as the central roller, or one of the outer rollers, results in a cammed motion), various varieties of superellipses and Reuleaux polygons.

Advantages

Unlike conventional rolling-element bearings, they do not require lubrication. Consequentially, they can be employed in environments hostile to lubricants: underwater, in a vacuum (where grease will boil) and at elevated temperatures.

They can be constructed from a wide variety of materials, have zero backlash, and they are not fouled by gritty particulates.

Disadvantages

Scrollerwheels cannot have an aspect ratio (diameter compared to thickness) as high as conventional mechanical bearings.

See also

Rolamite

References

External links
U.S. Patent #5,462,363
ScrollerWheel Details

Simple machines
Rolling-element bearings
Wheels

Scrollerwheel


Solomon Halbert Snyder (born December 26, 1938) is an American neuroscientist who has made wide-ranging contributions to neuropharmacology and neurochemistry. He studied at Georgetown University, and has conducted the majority of his research at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Many advances in molecular neuroscience have stemmed from Snyder's identification of receptors for neurotransmitters and drugs, and elucidation of the actions of psychotropic agents. He received the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 1978 for his research on the opioid receptor, and is one of the most highly cited researchers in the biological and biomedical sciences, with the highest h-index in those fields for the years 1983–2002, and then from 2007 to 2019.

Biography

Personal life
Solomon Snyder was born on December 26, 1938, in Washington D.C. He is one of five children. Snyder and his wife Elaine, who died in 2016, have two daughters and three grandchildren. He lives in Baltimore, Maryland.

Education and early career
Snyder attended Georgetown University from 1955 to 1958 and received his M.D. degree from Georgetown University School of Medicine in 1962. After a medical residency at the Kaiser Hospital in San Francisco, he served as a research associate from 1963 to 1965 at the National Institutes of Health, where he studied under Julius Axelrod. Snyder moved to the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine to complete his residency in psychiatry from 1965 to 1968. He was appointed to the faculty there in 1966 as Assistant Professor of Pharmacology. In 1968 he was promoted to associate professor of Pharmacology and Psychiatry and in 1970 to full professor in both departments.

His laboratory is noted for the use of receptor binding studies to characterize the actions of neurotransmitters and psychoactive drugs.

He is also known for his work identifying receptors for the major neurotransmitters in the brain, and in the process explaining the actions of psychoactive drugs, such as the blockade of dopamine receptors by antipsychotic medications. He has described novel neurotransmitters, such as the gases nitric oxide and carbon monoxide and the D-isomers of amino acids, including D-serine.

Later career
Snyder is University Distinguished Service Professor of Neuroscience, Pharmacology, and Psychiatry at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. In 1980, he founded the Department of Neuroscience, and served as its first director from 1980 to 2006. In 2006, the department was renamed as The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience in his honor. Snyder is also the Director of Drug Discovery at the Lieber Institute for Brain Development in Baltimore, MD.

In 1980, he served as the president of the Society for Neuroscience. He is also associate editor, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. He helped start the companies Nova Pharmaceuticals and Guilford Pharmaceuticals, and has been an active philanthropist.

He is listed by the Institute for Scientific Information as one of the 10 most-often cited biologists and he also has the highest h-index of any living biologist.

Awards
 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research (1978): In 1973, he co-discovered the opioid receptor and later identified the existence of normally occurring opiate-like peptides in the brain.
 Wolf Prize (from the President of Israel) (1983)
 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1986)
 Bower Award of the Franklin Institute (1992)
 National Medal of Science (2003)
 Perl-UNC Prize (2006)
 Albany Medical Center Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research (2007)
 NAS Award in the Neurosciences (2013)
 He is the recipient of nine honorary doctorates and has been elected to honorific societies including the US National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society.

References

Further reading
 Johns Hopkins page
 Lieber Institute for Brain Development
 Biography of Solomon Snyder from the NIH Foundation
 Biography of Solomon Snyder from The National Academies
 Money for Brains

1938 births
Living people
American neuroscientists
Georgetown University School of Medicine alumni
National Medal of Science laureates
Wolf Prize in Medicine laureates
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Jewish American scientists
Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
Members of the American Philosophical Society
American psychiatrists
21st-century American Jews
Members of the National Academy of Medicine

Solomon H. Snyder


WREG-TV (channel 3) is a television station in Memphis, Tennessee, United States, affiliated with CBS and owned by Nexstar Media Group. The station's studios are located on Channel 3 Drive near the Mississippi River on the west side of Memphis, and its transmitter is located near Bartlett, Tennessee.

History
The station first signed on the air on January 1, 1956, as WREC-TV, and began regular broadcasts the following day on January 2. It was originally owned by electrical engineer and radio dealer Hoyt Wooten (who had applied for one of the first television licenses in the country in 1928), along with WREC radio (600 AM and 102.7 FM, now WEGR). The call letters stood for Wooten's radio store, the Wooten Radio-Electric Company, where he had founded WREC radio in 1922. It took the CBS affiliation from WHBQ-TV (channel 13, which had been a CBS affiliate since it started in September 1953), as WREC-AM had been a CBS Radio affiliate since 1929. WREC-TV's original studios were located inside the Peabody Hotel, a noted tourist attraction, in downtown Memphis.

For its first six years, WREC-TV was the only locally owned station in Memphis (WHBQ-TV was owned by General Tire and NBC affiliate WMC-TV was owned by Scripps-Howard). However, in 1963, Wooten sold WREC-AM-FM-TV to Cowles Communications, earning a handsome return on his original investment of 40 years earlier. In turn, Cowles sold WREC-TV to The New York Times Company in 1971, marking their first foray into television broadcasting outside of its home city in New York City. Cowles later sold the radio stations to other interests.  With the new owners came a slightly modified call sign, WREG-TV.

Four years later, the Times Company built new studio facilities for WREG on one of the highest points on Chickasaw Bluff, overlooking the Mississippi River.  The station had long since outgrown the Peabody Hotel, and management felt that building a new studio near the Mississippi would be appropriate since Memphis has long been identified with the river. On March 2, 1975, channel 3 signed off from the Peabody Hotel for the last time, and returned to the air 45 minutes later from the new studios on Channel 3 Drive. Years later, the station also maintained studio space in the Peabody Place shopping center, adjacent to the Peabody Hotel, marking a partial return of sorts to the WREC-TV years. However, the studio was shut down in 2011 when Peabody Place closed.

On September 12, 2006, The New York Times Company announced its intention to sell its nine television stations. On January 4, 2007, the company entered into an agreement with private equity group Oak Hill Capital Partners to sell the stations to the Oak Hill-operated holding company Local TV, the sale was finalized on May 7. On July 1, 2013, Local TV announced that it would sell its stations to Tribune Broadcasting (which formed a management company that operated both Tribune and Local TV's stations in 2008) for $2.75 billion. The sale was completed on December 27.

Aborted sale to Sinclair; sale to Nexstar

Sinclair Broadcast Group entered into an agreement to acquire Tribune Media on May 8, 2017, for $3.9 billion, plus the assumption of $2.7 billion in Tribune debt. The deal received significant scrutiny over Sinclair's forthrightness in its applications to sell certain conflict properties, prompting the FCC to designate it for hearing and leading Tribune to terminate the deal and sue Sinclair for breach of contract.

Following the Sinclair deal's collapse, Nexstar Media Group of Irving, Texas, announced its purchase of Tribune Media on December 3, 2018, for $6.4 billion in cash and debt. As Nexstar already owned ABC affiliate WATN-TV (channel 24) and CW affiliate WLMT (channel 30), the company agreed on March 20, 2019, to divest the WATN/WLMT duopoly to Tegna Inc. as part of a series of transactions with multiple companies that totaled $1.32 billion. The sale was completed on September 19, 2019.

Programming
WREG is the only CBS affiliate that preempts CBS Saturday Morning since its September 1997 debut, airing a three-hour Saturday morning newscast in its place. The station also preempts the Sunday edition of the CBS Weekend News in order to air an hour-long 5 p.m. newscast. WREG is one of the few stations that preempts a big three network evening newscast (the hour-long early evening newscast inventories of Norfolk NBC affiliate WAVY-TV, Grand Rapids NBC affiliate WOOD-TV and Scranton ABC affiliate WNEP-TV are also limited in a similar fashion with the latter airing local programming in place of the network's evening newscast). Over the years, WREG has produced many local programs, such as News Channel 3 Knowledge Bowl and Mid-South Outdoors (later known as News Channel 3 Outdoors). The station also currently produces Live at 9, a weekday morning program that maintains a talk show-style format and the public affairs program Informed Sources, which airs on Saturday evenings and sometimes Sunday nights and discusses current local issues.

Throughout the early 1960s into the late 1980s, WREC/WREG claimed to possess the largest feature film library of any television station in the United States, which was evidenced in its daily (late afternoons and late nights) and weekend programming lineup at the time. The station used some of those features for theme weeks (such as "Godzilla Week" and "John Wayne Week"), which proved to be very popular with viewers. However, like most major network affiliates in the early 1980s, WREG-TV began cutting back on the large number of movies that occupied much of its off-network schedule, a move prompted by the presence of cable, VCRs, and the emergence of then-independent competitors WPTY (channel 24, now ABC affiliate WATN-TV) in 1978 and WMKW (channel 30, now CW affiliate WLMT) in 1983.

News operation
The station presently broadcasts  hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with  hours each weekday,  hours on Saturdays and  hours on Sundays). For more than two decades, WREG has been in a Nielsen ratings war for first place with longtime powerhouse WMC-TV. WREG did not actually win a ratings period, however, until February 2006 after it paired former WHBQ anchor Claudia Barr and former WMC morning anchor Richard Ransom as its main evening anchors. Since that time, WREG has gradually built on its wins in the all-important 10 p.m. slot and now consistently dominates that time period. Since the February 2014 sweeps period, the station's newscasts have placed first in all time slots.

On June 13, 2011, beginning with the 10 p.m. newscast, WREG-TV became the third station in the Memphis market (behind WMC-TV and WHBQ-TV) to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition. The switch came with a refresh of the newsroom set and new graphics, however major technical glitches occurred during the week following the conversion. In mid-2011, the WREG news studio received a major overhaul with the unveiling of a "newsplex" set (designed by FX Group) that occupies a large studio with loft areas and continues into a smaller newsroom area in the back and includes numerous live areas and a set for the Live at 9 program.

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

The station became a charter affiliate of Antenna TV upon its launch on January 1, 2011, and is carried on digital subchannel 3.3.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WREG-TV discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 3, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 28, using PSIP to display WREG-TV's virtual channel as 3 on digital television receivers.

Out-of-market coverage
WREG-TV, along with Little Rock's KTHV, previously served as the default CBS affiliates for the Jonesboro, Arkansas, area. WREG's signal can reach at least the Jonesboro area, and it is available on Suddenlink cable, as well as the cable system of Paragould Light Water and Cable in the Paragould area. This ended on August 1, 2015, when Jonesboro-based Fox affiliate KJNB-LD signed on the Jonesboro market's first locally based CBS affiliate on its second digital subchannel. This has resulted in the displacement of KTHV from Suddenlink cable, and may also result in the removal of WREG-TV.

WREG-TV also previously served as the default CBS affiliate for the Jackson, Tennessee, media market, along with Nashville's WTVF. This ended on January 1, 2012, when ABC affiliate WBBJ-TV converted its third subchannel into a primary CBS affiliate and secondary MeTV affiliate for that area. In spite of this, both WREG and WTVF remain on Jackson Energy Authority's E-Plus Broadband Cable system.

References

External links
 WREG.com - WREG-TV official website
 WREG.AntennaTV.tv - Antenna TV Memphis official website

REG-TV
CBS network affiliates
Antenna TV affiliates
Nexstar Media Group
Television channels and stations established in 1956
1956 establishments in Tennessee

WREG-TV


Carlos Modesto "Botong" Villaluz Francisco (November 4, 1912 – March 31, 1969) was a Filipino muralist from Angono, Rizal.

Early life
Francisco was a most distinguished practitioner of mural painting for many decades and best known for his historical pieces. He was one of the first Filipino  modernists along with Galo Ocampo and Victorio C. Edades who broke away from Fernando Amorsolo's romanticism of Philippine scenes. According to restorer Helmuth Josef Zotter, Francisco's art "is a prime example of linear painting where lines and contours appear like cutouts."

Later career
Francisco served as the production designer for the 1961 film adaptation of José Rizal's Noli Me Tángere.

He was responsible for the discovery of the now famous Angono Petroglyphs in 1965. He was also involved in Costume Design in Philippine cinema.

His great works include portrayals of the Blood Compact, First Mass at Limasawa, The Martyrdom of Rizal, Bayanihan, Magpupukot, Fiesta, Bayanihan sa Bukid, Sandugo, Portrait of Purita, The Invasion of Limahong, Serenade, and Muslim Betrothal.  Some of his murals have suffered big damage over the years. The "Pageant of Commerce" emerged from several years of restoration in 2000.

His murals, The Progress of Medicine in the Philippines,  was restored for the 3rd time in 2007 and is currently residing in the National Art Gallery of the Philippines. A high-quality replica of the mural is also located at its previous location at the lobby of the Philippine General Hospital.

Francisco's last work is the Camote Diggers which was left unfinished.

Death
Botong died on March 31, 1969, in Angono, Rizal,  Philippines.

Gallery

References

1912 births
1969 deaths
20th-century Filipino painters
Burials at the Libingan ng mga Bayani
Artists from Rizal
Filipino portrait painters
Modern artists
Muralists
National Artists of the Philippines

Botong Francisco


is a public company established in 1936 and based in Nagoya, Japan. Formerly known as NGK Spark Plug Co. Ltd., the company's automotive business (with its brands NGK Ignition Parts and NTK Vehicle Electronics) revolves around the manufacturing and the sale of spark plugs and related products for internal combustion engines, as well as vehicle electronics and ceramics for a wide range of applications in the original equipment and aftermarket industries.

Niterra is a coined word, which combines the Latin words 'niteo' meaning 'shine' and 'terra/earth'. It expresses the Group's desire to be a company that not only contributes to a sustainable society, but also one that makes the earth shine: a goal formulated in its 2040 Vision.

As of April 2023, the company employs around 16,200 people and the company's automotive and technical ceramics activities generate a total annual turnover of around 4.33 billion euros worldwide. It operates a network of 69 group companies, 34 production plants, five Technical Centres and three Venture Labs worldwide. In 2021, Niterra moved its global headquarters to the N-Forest Building located at its Komaki Plant in Japan.

Operations

United States
Established in 1966, Niterra North America, Inc. (formerly NGK SPARK PLUGS (USA) was founded as a subsidiary of Niterra Co., Ltd. (formerly NGK SPARK PLUG Co., Ltd.), of Japan. Its corporate headquarters was first located in California and then moved to its current location in Wixom, Michigan. The company produces both spark plugs and oxygen sensors in Sissonville, West Virginia.

Europe

Niterra established its first European subsidiary, NGK SPARK PLUG (U.K.) Ltd. in 1975. In 1979, its second European subsidiary, NGK SPARK PLUG DEUTSCHLAND GmbH, was founded in Germany. Ten years later, it was renamed NGK SPARK PLUG EUROPE GmbH when it took charge of operations in Europe. In 2017, its remit further expanded across the EMEA region. In April 2023, the English-language name of the company was renamed Niterra.

Niterra EMEA has been run by Damien Germès, President & CEO of Niterra EMEA GmbH, Regional President EMEA and Corporate Officer of the Global Headquarters in Japan, since April 2019 and it employs approximately 800 people in the EMEA region.

Niterra EMEA has six regional companies, one production plant in South Africa and a Technical Centre in Germany. Its EMEA sales accounted for 23% of the Group's global turnover in 2023. In its plant in South Africa, 22 million spark plugs are produced annually.

The European division has been operating a dedicated R&D unit since 1990. As well as designing and testing new prototype automotive products, the unit develops technologies to combat issues such as vehicle exhaust emissions. It also provides technical support to car manufacturers in the EMEA region.

In 2017, the company opened a new European Regional Distribution Centre in Duisburg, Germany. It covers 21,000 m² of shelf space, has a team of around 100 employees and supplies customers in 44 European countries.

In 2018, the company became a shareholder of the automotive Aftermarket data firm TecAlliance.

Products
Niterra supplies ignition and vehicle electronics products for 4-wheel, 2-wheel, ATV/SSV, snowmobile, agriculture, gardening, marine and industry applications. In the Aftermarket, these products are supplied to parts wholesalers and distributors.

The company's ignition product range includes spark plugs, glow plugs, ignition coils and ignition leads & caps, which are supplied under the NGK Ignition Parts brand.

Niterra's range of vehicle electronics includes oxygen sensors, EGTS, MAP/MAF sensors, engine speed & position sensors, EGR valves and exhaust gas & differential pressure sensors (EDPS), all supplied under the NTK Vehicle Electronics brand.

Additionally, the company's Technical Ceramics business unit produces semiconductor products, fine ceramics and products for the medical industry under NTK Technical Ceramics.

Future
Since 2018, Niterra has created three 'Venture Labs' – innovation hubs designed to prepare the company for the future. They focus on three areas: Smart Health, Smart Mobility and Utility and are located in Tokyo, Japan; Silicon Valley, USA; and Berlin, Germany.

With the goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050, Niterra has established 'Eco Vision 2030'. Based on the United Nations' 'Sustainable Development Goals', this vision sets the milestones for the company until the end of the 2020s and the following ten years leading up to 2040.

Currently, the company is transforming its organisation and business portfolio in a more sustainability-driven direction. Four business fields have been identified for this purpose: Mobility, Medical, Environment & Energy and Communications.

As part of this transformation, the company launched a $100 million Corporate Venture Capital Fund in April 2021 to pursue new opportunities in these areas. Additionally, the company is expanding into new business fields through mergers and acquisitions of enterprises e.g., in the medical field, as well as start-ups, which contribute to this aim with additional digital automotive services.

Motorsports involvement
Niterra is also a supplier of the Scuderia Ferrari Formula 1 team. Niterra was the exclusive spark plug supplier for the IndyCar Series from 2007 to 2011. Since 2012, the company has only supplied Honda-powered IndyCar Series teams. Furthermore, Niterra supports a couple of teams in racing categories such as MotoGP, Moto2, Moto3, the World Rally Championship, the Motocross World Championship, the FIM Trial World Championship and the Superbike World Championship. In 2022, Niterra became the official technical partner to the X-raid motorsport team for the Dakar Rally.

See also
 Insulator Museum

References

External links

Auto parts suppliers of Japan
Ceramics manufacturers of Japan
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Japanese brands
Manufacturing companies based in Nagoya
Manufacturing companies established in 1936
Multinational companies headquartered in Japan
Swiss companies established in 1936

Niterra


Robert Asher (1915 – 1979) was a British film and television director, the brother of British cinematographer Jack Asher.

Robert Asher began his career as an assistant director in 1934, working with Anthony Pelissier, Robert Hamer, Maurice Elvey and Roy Ward Baker among others. During World War II he worked on such films such as When We Are Married (1943), Medal for the General (1944) and Waltz Time (1945).

Asher became a solo director with the Norman Wisdom vehicle Follow a Star (1959). He followed John Paddy Carstairs as the overseer of the Wisdom films, concluding with Press for Time (1966). The Morecambe and Wise film The Intelligence Men (1965), Wisdom's The Early Bird (also 1965) and the crime caper farce Make Mine Mink (1960) are among his other credits.

In the late 1960s, Asher began working in television, directing episodes of ITC Entertainment productions including The Champions, The Saint, The Prisoner and The Avengers.

Filmography
 Follow a Star (1959)
 Make Mine Mink (1960)
 The Bulldog Breed (1960)
 She'll Have to Go (1962)
 On the Beat (1962)
 A Stitch in Time (1963)
 The Intelligence Men (1965)
 The Early Bird (1965)
 Press for Time (1966)

References

External links

1915 births
1979 deaths
British film directors
British television directors

Robert Asher (director)


The 2010–2011 Israeli Basketball Super League (Also known as Ligat Loto) was the 57th season of the top basketball league in Israel. The season began on 17 October 2010 and ended on 26 May 2011.

Format

Each of the 10 participating teams play 18 regular league games, one home game and one away game against each other team. After that, there is 3rd round in which every team play against each other team once. The top eight teams advance to the playoff, where they play best-of-5 series decided by the rankings at the end of the regular season (first against eighth, second against seventh and so on). The series winners play in the Final Four to determine the championship.
The two 9th and 10th ranked teams compete in a best-of-5 series relegation playoff, and the loser will be relegated to Liga Leumit 2010–2011.

Team information

Stadia and locations

Head coaches

Regular season

Pld – Played; W – Won; L – Lost; PF – Points for; PA – Points against; Diff – Difference; Pts – Points.

Rounds 1-2

The home team is listed on the left-hand column.The rightmost column and the bottom row list the teams' home and away records respectively.
1The match between Maccabi Haifa and Maccabi Rishon LeZion was postponed because of the Mount Carmel forest fire. It was played on January 13.
2The match between Maccabi Haifa and Hapoel Holon was postponed at Maccabi Haifa's request. It was played on January 27.

Round 3

1st Week

2nd Week

3rd Week

4th Week

5th Week

6th Week

7th Week

8th Week

9th Week

Playoff

The higher ranked team hosts games 1, 3 and 5 (if necessary). The lower ranked team hosts games 2 and 4 (if necessary).

Final four

Relegation Playoff

The higher ranked team hosts games 1, 3 and 5 (if necessary). The lower ranked team hosts games 2 and 4 (if necessary).

Ironi Ashkelon was relegated to Liga Leumit.

2011 BSL All-Star Game

On December 8, the BSL League Administration announced the re-establishment of the BSL All-Star Game, which played on January 12, 2011. The main event was the game between the Israeli All-Stars (coached by Effi Birnbaum and Oded Kattash) and the International All-Stars (coached by David Blatt and Dan Shamir). The players were chosen by online voting.

Stats Leaders
As of March 21

Efficiency

Points

Rebounds

Assists

Game records

Awards

See also
 Israeli Basketball State Cup 2010-11
 Israeli Basketball League Cup 2010

References

External links
 IBA's official website (Hebrew)

Israeli Basketball Premier League seasons
Israeli
League

2010–11 Israeli Basketball Super League


Richard Clifford (died 1421) was a Bishop of London who had previously been Bishop of Worcester, Bishop-elect of Bath and Wells, and Lord Privy Seal.

Clifford's brother was the politician Robert Clifford, who was member of parliament (MP) first for Northumberland and later for Kent.

Clifford was appointed Lord Privy Seal on 14 November 1397 and resigned on 4 November 1401. He was Keeper of the Great Wardrobe from 1390 to 1398.

Clifford was elected to the see of Bath and Wells on 12 May 1400, but not consecrated, as he was instead translated to the see of Worcester. Clifford was elected to the see of Worcester on 19 August 1401 and consecrated on 9 October 1401.

Clifford was translated to the see of London on 22 June 1407. He planned to found a college of the University of Oxford which he intended to name London College. However, he died on 20 August 1421 and his plan did not survive him.

Citations

References

External links

Year of birth unknown
1421 deaths
14th-century births
15th-century English Roman Catholic bishops
Bishops of Bath and Wells
Bishops of London
Bishops of Worcester
Deans of York
Lords Privy Seal

Richard Clifford


Titus is a 1999 epic surrealist historical drama film directed and written by Julie Taymor in her directorial debut. Adapted from William Shakespeare's revenge tragedy Titus Andronicus, the movie stars Anthony Hopkins as the titular Roman general, chronicling his downfall after returning victorious from war. The film was co-produced with Jody Patton and Conchita Airoldi. The film was a co-production of the United States, the United Kingdom, and Italy; produced by Overseas Filmgroup and Clear Blue Sky Productions and released by Fox Searchlight Pictures.

Plot
A boy eating lunch in a 1950s-style kitchen plays war with his surrounding toys. A bomb blast outside the window frightens him under the table from where he is rescued and taken to an Amphitheatre, where an invisible audience cheers. The boy finds himself in the role of Young Lucius and watches as an army resembling the Terracotta Army enters; Romans under the command of Titus Andronicus, the general at the center of the play, return victorious from war. They bring back as spoils Tamora, Queen of the Goths, her sons, and Aaron the Moor. Titus sacrifices Tamora's eldest son, Alarbus, so the spirits of his 21 dead sons might be appeased. Tamora eloquently begs for the life of Alarbus, but Titus refuses her plea.

Caesar, the Emperor of Rome, dies. His sons Saturninus and Bassianus squabble over who will succeed him. The Tribune of the People, Marcus Andronicus, announces the people's choice for new emperor is his brother, Titus. He refuses the throne and hands it to the late emperor's eldest son Saturninus, much to the latter's delight. The new emperor states he will take Lavinia, Titus' daughter, as his bride, to honor and elevate the family. She is already betrothed to Saturninus' brother, Bassianus, who steals her away. Titus' surviving sons aid in the couple's run for the Pantheon, where they are to marry. Titus, angry with his sons because in his eyes they're being disloyal to Rome, kills his son Mutius as he defends the escape. The new emperor, Saturninus, dishonors Titus and marries Tamora instead. Tamora persuades the Emperor to feign forgiveness to Bassianus, Titus and his family and postpone punishment to a later day, thereby revealing her intention to avenge herself on all the Andronici.

During a hunting party the next day, Tamora's lover, Aaron the Moor, meets Tamora's remaining sons, the sadistic Chiron and Demetrius. The two argue over which should take sexual advantage of the newly-wed Lavinia. Aaron easily persuades them to ambush Bassianus and kill him in the presence of Tamora and Lavinia, in order to have their way with her. Lavinia begs Tamora to stop her sons, but Tamora refuses. Chiron and Demetrius throw Bassianus' body in a pit, as Aaron directed them, then take Lavinia away and rape her. To keep her from revealing what she saw and endured, they cut out her tongue as well as her hands, replacing them with tree branches. When Marcus discovers her, he begs her to reveal the identity of her assailants; Lavinia leans towards the camera and opens her bloodied mouth in a silent scream.

Aaron frames Titus' sons Martius and Quintus and for the murder of Bassianus with a forged letter outlining their plan to kill him. Angry, the Emperor arrests them. Later on, Marcus takes Lavinia to her father, who's overcome with grief. He and his remaining son Lucius begged for the lives of Martius and Quintus, but the two are found guilty and are marched off to execution. Aaron enters, and tells Titus, Lucius, and Marcus the emperor will spare the prisoners if one of the three sacrifices a hand. Each demands the right to do so. Titus has Aaron cut off his (Titus's) left hand and take it to the emperor. Aaron's story is revealed to have been false, as a messenger brings Titus the heads of his sons and his own severed hand. In Renaissance semiotics, the hand is a representation of political and personal agency.  With his hand chopped off, Titus has truly lost power.  Desperate for revenge, Titus orders Lucius to flee Rome and raise an army among their former enemy, the Goths.

Titus' grandson (Lucius' son and the boy from the opening), who helped Titus read to Lavinia, complains she will not leave his books alone. In the book, she indicates to Titus and Marcus the story of Philomela, in which a similarly mute victim "wrote" the name of her wrongdoer. Marcus gives her a stick to hold with her mouth and stumps. She writes the names of her attackers on the ground. Titus vows revenge. Feigning madness, he ties written prayers for justice to arrows and commands his kinsmen to aim them at the sky so they may reach the gods. Understanding the method in Titus' "madness", Marcus directs the arrows to land inside the palace of Saturninus, who is enraged by this added to the fact Lucius is at the gates of Rome with an army of Goths.

Tamora delivers a mixed-race child, fathered by Aaron. To hide his affair from the Emperor, Aaron kills the nurse and flees with the baby. Lucius, marching on Rome with an army of Goths, captures Aaron and threatens to hang the infant. To save the baby, Aaron reveals the entire plot to Lucius, relishing every murder, rape and dismemberment.

Tamora, convinced of Titus' madness, approaches him along with her two sons, dressed as the spirits of Revenge, Murder, and Rape. She tells Titus she (as a supernatural spirit) will grant him revenge if he will convince Lucius to stop attacking Rome. Titus agrees, sending Marcus to invite Lucius to a feast. "Revenge" offers to invite the Emperor and Tamora and is about to leave, but Titus insists "Rape" and "Murder" stay with him. She agrees. When she leaves, Titus' servants bind Chiron and Demetrius. Titus cuts their throats, while Lavinia holds a basin with her stumps to catch their blood. He plans to cook them into a pie for their mother.

The next day, during the feast at his house, Lavinia enters the dining room. Titus asks Saturninus whether a father should kill his daughter if she is raped. When the Emperor agrees, Titus snaps Lavinia's neck, to the horror of the dinner guests, and tells Saturninus what Tamora's sons did. When Saturninus demands Chiron and Demetrius be brought before him, Titus reveals they were in the pie Tamora enjoyed, and kills Tamora. Saturninus kills Titus after which Lucius kills Saturninus to avenge his father's death.

Back in the Roman Arena, Lucius tells his family's story to the people and is proclaimed Emperor. He orders his father Titus and sister Lavinia to be buried in the family monuments, Saturninus be given a proper burial, Tamora's body to be thrown to the wild beasts, and Aaron be buried chest-deep and left to die of thirst and starvation. Aaron is unrepentant to the end. Young Lucius, who appears to have lost his taste for violence after witnessing the bloody cycle of revenge, picks up Aaron's child and carries him away into the sunrise.

Cast

 Anthony Hopkins as Titus Andronicus, victorious Roman General who declines a nomination for Emperor upon his return to Rome. Following a post-war ritual of executing the proudest warrior of his enemy, the vanquished Goths, Titus draws the ire of Tamora, unaware of her inevitable appointment as the Queen of Rome.
 Jessica Lange as Tamora, defeated Queen of the Goths, who swears revenge against Titus and the Andronicus family for the atrocities visited upon her eldest son, an executed prisoner of war, using her newly claimed powers as Queen of Rome.
 Alan Cumming as Saturninus, older brother to Bassianus and newly crowned Emperor of Rome. Spurned by his attempts at claiming Lavinia as his new bride, he forsakes the Andronicus family and turns instead to Tamora as his new bride.
 Colm Feore as Marcus Andronicus, Roman Senator and staunch ally of his brother, the ailing Titus.
 James Frain as Bassianus, one of the deceased emperor's sons and younger brother to Saturninus.
 Laura Fraser as Lavinia, daughter of Titus and fiancée of Bassianus.
 Harry Lennix as Aaron, servant and illicit lover to Tamora, and the chief architect of her vengeful plans against the Andronicus family.
 Angus Macfadyen as Lucius, Titus' eldest son and loyal soldier. Following his failed attempts at freeing his condemned brothers, Lucius is banished from Rome and defects to the Goths, where he rallies a sizable army to challenge Saturninus.
 Osheen Jones as Young Lucius, Titus' grandson and a key character who observes most of the key events.
 Matthew Rhys as Demetrius, one of Tamora's sons.
 Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Chiron, one of Tamora's sons.
 Kenny Doughty as Quintus, one of Titus' sons.
 Colin Wells as Martius, one of Titus' sons.
 Blake Ritson as Mutius, one of Titus' sons.
 Raz Degan as Alarbus, Tamora's eldest son who is sacrificed, setting the events of the play into motion.
 Geraldine McEwan as the Nurse, who brings Aaron his son.
 Bah Souleymane as Aaron's infant child
 Mary Costa as Mourner

Differences from the original text
Apart from the deliberate anachronisms, the film follows the play quite closely. One of the experimental concepts in the film was that the character of Young Lucius (Titus' grandson) is initially introduced as a boy from the present who finds himself transported to the fantastical reality of the film. At the beginning of the film, his toy soldiers turn into Titus' Roman army. At the end, when Titus' son Lucius avenges his father by condemning the villainous Aaron to a painful death, the boy takes pity on Aaron's infant son, carrying him away from the violence as he walks slowly into the sunrise. This ending is perhaps more positive than the ending of other productions of the play, including Taymor's stage production, in which Young Lucius is fixated upon the "tiny black coffin" holding the dead infant.

Production

Development
Julie Taymor took Shakespeare's script, added various linking scenes without dialogue (while cutting some of the text) and set the play in an anachronistic fantasy world that uses locations, costumes and imagery from many periods of history, including Ancient Rome and Mussolini's Italy, to give the impression of a Roman Empire that survived into the modern era. The opening scenes commence with a heavily choreographed triumphal march of the Roman troops, complete with motorcycle outriders. The selection of music is similarly diverse.

Filming
Principal photography took place at the Cinecittà studios in Rome and on location at various historic monuments. The arena that appears at the beginning and ending of the film is the Arena in Pula, Croatia. The Emperor's palace is represented by the Fascist Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana in Rome. Some shots of tunnels and ruins were filmed at Hadrian's Villa in Rome. The forest scenes were shot at Manziana, near Rome. Titus' house is represented by an old house near an aqueduct in Rome, and the streets where he rounds up his conspirators are the Roman Ghetto.

Soundtrack

The score to the film was created by Taymor's long-time friend and partner Elliot Goldenthal and is a typical Goldenthal soundtrack with an epic, inventive and dissonant feel.

Reception

Box office
The film was a box office bomb, earning only $22,313 on its opening weekend due to its limited release in only two theaters, ranking number 57 in the box office. Its widest release in the US was only in 35 theaters, causing the film to earn only $2,007,290 in North America. Overseas, the film grossed $252,390 in Chile, Mexico, and Spain, culminating in a worldwide total of $2,920,616.

Critical response
Titus received a mixed response from critics. It holds a 57% score on Metacritic based on reviews from 29 critics indicating "Mixed or average reviews". Rotten Tomatoes reports a 68% approval rating based on 75 reviews with a weighted average of 6.54/10. The site's consensus reads: "The movie stretches too long to be entertaining despite a strong cast."

Stephen Holden of The New York Times gave the film a positive review, making it a "Critic's Pick". Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times also praised Titus and gave it three and a half out of four stars, referring to the source material as "the least of Shakespeare's tragedies" and concluding, "Anyone who doesn't enjoy this film for what it is must explain: How could it be more? This is the film Shakespeare's play deserves, and perhaps even a little more."

Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club wrote that "Titus strikes a near-impossible balance between magnificently cracked high camp and a more serious statement about corruption and the cycle of violence" and that "[Taymor's] forceful adaptation builds to a glorious payoff and Cumming's flamboyant performance alone—he's a sort of fascist Pee-wee Herman—seems enough to ensure Titus lasting cult status."

Robin Askew wrote in a 2016 article for Bristol24-7 that the film is "brilliant and daring if under-appreciated."

Awards
The film received one nomination at the 72nd Academy Awards for Best Costume Design, but lost to Topsy-Turvy.

See also
 List of William Shakespeare screen adaptations
 Rape and revenge film

References

Bibliography

External links

Titus Andronicus
1999 films
Italian drama films
British drama films
Latin-language films
Fox Searchlight Pictures films
Films scored by Elliot Goldenthal
Films based on Titus Andronicus
Films directed by Julie Taymor
Filicide in fiction
Films set in ancient Rome
Films set in the Roman Empire
Films shot in Croatia
Films shot in Florida
Films shot in Rome
Films about cannibalism
Adultery in films
Rape and revenge films
1999 directorial debut films
American films based on plays
British films based on plays
Italian films based on plays
Films shot at Cinecittà Studios
1990s English-language films
1990s British films

Titus (film)


Thomas Garrett Askwith (24 May 1911 – 16 July 2001) was a British Olympic rower and a colonial administrator in Kenya during the Mau Mau Uprising.  He was Permanent Secretary in the British Ministry of African Affairs, and an Olympic rower in the 1932 Summer Olympics and the 1936 Summer Olympics.

Early life
Tom Askwith was born in Cheam, Surrey. He was educated at Haileybury and matriculated at Peterhouse, Cambridge, in 1929, where he read Engineering. His father worked in insurance, but was killed at Ypres in 1917.

Cambridge and Rowing
Askwith joined Peterhouse Boat Club (PBC) in the Michaelmas term of 1929, and was Treasurer in 1930–31, and Captain the following year and part of the next. He was Secretary of the Cambridge University Boat Club in 1933. Askwith was a prolific oarsman, and in the Michaelmas term of 1931 became the first PBC oarsman since Lord Kelvin to win the Colquhoun sculls. In the Lent term of 1932 he rowed at 3 in the winning Blue boat in the University Boat Race. This crew won the Grand Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta rowing as Leander Club, and was subsequently chosen to represent Great Britain at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. In 1933, Askwith again represented the winning Cambridge crew in the Boat Race, later that year winning the Diamond Challenge Sculls at Henley Royal Regatta by two lengths from H L Warren of Trinity Hall, choosing to race under Peterhouse colours over those of Leander Club. After this victory, The Observer remarked that Tom would surely be a 'Pothouse Immortal'. Askwith was again selected to represent Great Britain at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, finishing fourth in the VIII again.

Colonial Service
After going down from Cambridge, Askwith worked briefly for Whitbread in London, before entering the British Colonial Service in 1935. Posted to Kenya in 1936, he was District Commissioner for Isiolo, and then Machakos.

From 1945 Askwith became the Municipal African Affairs Officer in Nairobi. Four years later, Tom was appointed Commissioner of Community Development and Principal of Jeanes School, Kabete – a training institution for African colonial development officers.

With his keen sporting background, Askwith chaired the Kenya Sports Association and was involved in promoting Kenyan participation in the Commonwealth and Olympic games.

Askwith was appointed to organise the rehabilitation of those imprisoned during the 1952 Mau Mau uprising, but was later relieved of his duties when he suggested that the Kenyan government should be more humane, and rely less upon force and harsh conditions to impose order in the camps. His stance was vindicated after the 1959 inquiry into the deaths of 11 detainees, who were beaten to death at Hola Camp (see Hola massacre).

Later life
Askwith finished his career as Permanent Secretary to Beniah Ohanga, the first African incumbent at the Ministry of African Affairs, retiring in 1961. Tom spent the next year working as a community development officer in Afghanistan, and worked in a similar role for the British government in Turkey from 1964 until 1966.

Askwith recorded his memoirs in three volumes, From Mau Mau to Harambee (1995), Getting My Knees Brown (1996) and Eyeball to Eyeball (1998).

Family
Askwith married Patricia Noad (died 1999) in 1939; they had two sons and a daughter.

See also
List of Cambridge University Boat Race crews

References

1911 births
2001 deaths
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
English male rowers
British male rowers
People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College
Olympic rowers for Great Britain
Members of Leander Club
Cambridge University Boat Club rowers
Rowers at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 1936 Summer Olympics
British expatriates in British Kenya

Tom Askwith