Sjeng Schalken (; born 8 September 1976) is a former professional tennis player from the Netherlands.

Playing style
A right-handed baseliner with a single-handed backhand, Schalken's game is characterised by his consistency of both wings and his continental technique on both the forehand and backhand. The latter is his major weapon, a rallying shot that is also capable of being struck for winners either cross-court or down the line. The player he admired most while growing up was Ivan Lendl.

Schalken is known for his placid on-court demeanour, seemingly reacting in the same manner whether trailing or leading. But as a junior and a young pro he had an explosive temper that, he has stated, hindered him in many matches and caused him to lose through not thinking clearly. Only in 1999 did he manage to suppress his emotional side while on court and develop a more level-headed temperament, although he was disqualified from the Nasdaq-100 Open in 2004 for verbally abusing the umpire.

Career

Juniors
Schalken was an outstanding junior, winning the US Open junior event in 1994, turning professional the same year.

Junior Grand Slam results – Singles:

Australian Open: A (-)
French Open: 3R (1993, 1994)
Wimbledon: SF (1994)
US Open: W (1994)

Junior Grand Slam finals

Singles: 1 (1 title)

Pro tour
He won his first career title on clay in Valencia at the age of 19, defeating Gilbert Schaller in the final. He was the youngest winner on tour for that year, 1995, and the next year as well when he defeated Younes El Aynaoui in the final in Jakarta for his second title. Schalken managed to win at least one ATP tournament eight out of nine years from 1995 to 2003, the sole exception being 1998.

Schalken won his fourth title against Tommy Haas in Auckland in January 1999, exactly three years after his younger brother died of cancer, and dedicated the victory to him. He overcame Marcelo Ríos to win the event in Boston in 1997.

During the 1990s Schalken's Grand Slam record was meagre, amassing a win/loss total of only 4–14 up until the start of 1999. It took him until his 29th major to finally get past the third round. At Wimbledon he suffered final-set defeats three years in a row, losing in 1998 to Jan-Michael Gambill 8–6 in the fifth, in 1999 to Jim Courier 13–11 in the fifth, and in 2000 in a 5-hour, 5-minute marathon to Mark Philippoussis 20–18 in the deciding set, the longest ever final set in Wimbledon men's singles history at the time (his record was later beaten by John Isner and Nicolas Mahut in 2010). Afterwards he was moved to comment, "I think Wimbledon doesn't want to have me in the fourth round."

It was at the very same tournament two years later that Schalken made his Grand Slam breakthrough. He came into Wimbledon on the back of an outstanding grass-court season, in which he had made the semifinals at Queen's Club losing to eventual champion and world No. 1 Lleyton Hewitt before going on to win the title the following week in 's-Hertogenbosch, his first title on home soil and his first trophy on grass. Benefiting from a draw that opened up, he progressed past unseeded big servers Jeff Morrison and Jan Vacek in straight sets to reach a quarterfinal encounter with Hewitt, where he once again came undone in five sets. From being 6–2, 6–2 down, he squeezed out a third set tiebreak, ran away with the fourth 6–1 and was twice up a break early in the deciding set, as well as having a chance to serve for the match at 5–5, but his advantage was always short-lived; Hewitt broke to take the contest 7–5 in the fifth. However, Schalken remained the only man to take any sets off Hewitt for the entire fortnight, and finished with a grass-court record of 12–2, second only to the world No. 1 (14–0).

Buoyed by this success, he very soon surpassed his quarterfinal achievement at the US Open, where he benefited in the opening round from a retirement by Mark Philippoussis when the Australian reinjured his troublesome knee, having led two sets to love. Schalken moved through to the second week beating Ivan Ljubičić and Sargis Sargsian, where on the Arthur Ashe Stadium, he bested former world No. 1 Gustavo Kuerten in the last 16 and Fernando González in the quarters. Both matches were littered with tiebreaks and decided upon them too, with Schalken proving the steadier man in the end; however, he still lost as many as he won, and this proved to be his undoing in the semifinals against eventual champion Pete Sampras, coming out on the wrong end of two close tiebreaks before falling 6–2 in the third set.

2003 proved to be Schalken's most solid year, in which he compiled a best-ever 41–24 win–loss record and once again turned in good Slam performances at Wimbledon and the US Open. In early May 2003, he reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 11 and stood one more outstanding result away from the top 10, but a quarterfinal loss in Munich to Yevgeny Kafelnikov scuppered his chances. Nevertheless, he once more excelled on grass, defending his 's-Hertogenbosch title with a repeat win over Frenchman Arnaud Clément in the final, before matching the previous year's quarterfinal at Wimbledon. Again he lost to the eventual champion, but this time the outcome was never in doubt, as he lost 6–3, 6–4, 6–4 to Roger Federer for the fourth time that year in straight sets.

After an unremarkable summer hardcourt season, Schalken arrived at the US Open and successfully defended the majority of his semifinalist points; for the fourth time in a little over a year he lost to the future champion, this time a straight-sets demolition at the hands of Andy Roddick in the quarters. However, he got over the loss quickly; the following week he flew south to the tournament in Costa do Sauipe, Brazil, held on hardcourt for the last time, and captured the title with a 6–2, 6–4 win over Rainer Schüttler, his third win over the German that year after Wimbledon and US Open victories. With the title Schalken became only the second active player after Andre Agassi to win tournaments on five different continents.

Schalken won just one match in a series of indoor tournaments that October, but other things were on his mind; he married his fiancée Ricky Pfennings on 21 November. The following year, 2004, began promisingly enough with a semifinal showing in Chennai followed by a first ever run to the second week in Australia, where he was defeated by Andy Roddick. But his form then took a sharp downturn and he managed only one quarterfinal in the next five months, a period that reached its lowest point when he was defaulted from his match with Guillermo Cañas at the Masters Series event in Miami for verbally abusing the umpire. There were other dramatic moments too; the weekend before the Rome Masters tournament, a fire broke out in the hotel where many players were staying including Schalken and his wife. They were both trapped in their room and had to jump down from their balcony to the one below, which happened to be occupied by Andy Roddick who helped them to land safely.

Only when Schalken had to pull out of Roland Garros, ending a sequence of 35 straight majors played, did it become clear that something was wrong physically. At the end of the year he was diagnosed with mononucleosis, a debilitating virus that limited his strength; his one achievement was to reach a third consecutive Wimbledon quarterfinal, where for the third time in the space of a year he fell in straight sets to Andy Roddick in a 7–6, 7–6, 6–3 defeat.

Having to miss the US Open, Schalken returned in the autumn without success and then played at the Australian Open the following January, where he lost to big-serving Swede Joachim Johansson in straight sets. His 2005 season proved as limited as the second half of 2004 had been, his most notable results being two five-set victories against Swiss players Marco Chiudinelli and Stanislas Wawrinka in the Netherlands' Davis Cup win over Switzerland. He injured his right Achilles tendon in the spring and was forced off the tour in July, since then his only tournament at any level to date has been a semifinal showing in the Bergamo Challenger in Italy in February 2006.

ATP career finals

Singles: 12 (9 titles, 3 runner-ups)

Doubles: 9 (6 titles, 3 runner-ups)

ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals

Singles: 4 (3–1)

Doubles: 1 (0–1)

Performance timelines

Singles

Doubles

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
Dutch expatriates in Monaco
Dutch male tennis players
People from Monte Carlo
Sportspeople from Weert
US Open (tennis) junior champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles

Sjeng Schalken


Vehicle recycling is the dismantling of vehicles for spare parts. At the end of their useful life, vehicles have value as a source of spare parts and this has created a vehicle dismantling industry. The industry has various names for its business outlets including wrecking yard, auto dismantling yard, car spare parts supplier, and recently, auto or vehicle recycling. Vehicle recycling has always occurred to some degree but in recent years manufacturers have become involved in the process. A car crusher is often used to reduce the size of scrapped vehicles for simplified transportation to a steel mill.

Approximately 12-15 million vehicles reach the end of their useful life each year in just the United States alone. These automobiles, although no longer roadworthy, can still have a purpose by giving back the metal and other recyclable materials that are contained in them. The vehicles are shredded and the metal content is recovered for recycling, while in many areas, the rest is further sorted by machine for recycling of additional materials such as glass and plastics. The remainder, known as automotive shredder residue, is put into a landfill.

The shredder residue that is not recovered for metal contains many other recyclable materials; 30% of it may be polymers, and 5-10% of it residual metals. Modern vehicle recycling attempts to be as cost-effective as possible in recycling those residual materials. Currently, 75% of the materials can be recycled, with the remaining 25% ending up in landfill. As the most recycled consumer product, end-of-life vehicles provide the steel industry with more than 14 million tons of steel per year.

Process

The process of recycling a vehicle is extremely complicated, as there are many parts to be recycled and many hazardous materials to remove. Briefly, the process begins with incoming vehicles being inventoried for parts. The wheels, tires, battery, and catalytic converter are removed. Fluids, such as engine coolant, oil, transmission fluid, air conditioning refrigerant, and gasoline, are drained and removed. Certain high value parts such as electronic modules, alternators, starter motors, infotainment systems - even complete engines or transmissions - may be removed if they are still serviceable and can be profitably sold in either "as-is" used condition or to a remanufacturer for restoration. The high value rare-earth magnets in electric car motors are also recyclable.

This process of removing higher value parts from the lower value vehicle body shell has traditionally been done by hand. As the process is labor intensive, it is often uneconomical to remove many of the parts. Self-serve junkyards address this in part by having customers remove parts from vehicles themselves. In this business model, cars often sit in a dedicated yard for anywhere from a few weeks to several months, and patrons can bring their own tools and remove any parts they want to buy. Once a vehicle has been in the yard for a sufficient period of time, the facility will proceed with the end-of-life vehicle scrapping and recycling process.

A technique that is on the rise is the mechanical removal of these higher value parts via machine based vehicle recycling systems (VRS). An excavator or materials handler equipped with a special attachment allows these materials to be removed quickly and efficiently. Increasing the amount of material that is recycled and increasing the value the vehicle dismantler receives from an end-of-life vehicle (ELV). Other hazardous materials such as mercury and sodium azide (the propellant used in air bags) may also be removed.

After all of the parts and products inside are removed, the remaining shell of the vehicle is sometimes subject to further processing, which includes removal of the air conditioner evaporator and heater core, and wiring harnesses. The remaining shell is then crushed flat, or cubed, to facilitate economical transportation in bulk to an industrial shredder or hammer mill, where the vehicles are further reduced to fist-sized chunks of metal. Glass, plastic and rubber are removed from the mix, and the metal is sold by multiple tons to steel mills for recycling.

Benefits
Recycling steel saves energy and natural resources. The steel industry saves enough energy to power about 18 million households for a year, on a yearly basis. Recycling metal also uses about 74 percent less energy than making metal. Thus, recyclers of end-of-life vehicles save an estimated 85 million barrels of oil annually that would have been used in the manufacturing of other parts. Likewise, car recycling keeps 11 million tons of steel and 800,000 non-ferrous metals out of landfills and back in consumer use.
Before the 2003 model year, some vehicles that were manufactured were found to contain mercury auto switches, historically used in convenience lighting and antilock braking systems. Recyclers remove and recycle this mercury before the vehicles are shredded to prevent it from escaping into the environment. In 2007, over 2,100 pounds of mercury were collected by 6,265 recyclers.  Consumers can also financially benefit from recycling certain car parts such as tires and catalytic converters.

Policies

European Union
In 1997, the European Commission adopted a Proposal for a Directive which aims at making vehicle dismantling and recycling more environmentally friendly by setting clear targets for the recycling of vehicles. This proposal encouraged many in Europe to consider the environmental impact of end-of-life vehicles. In September 2000, the End of Life Vehicles Directive was officially adopted by the EP and Council. Over the next decade, more legislation would be adopted in order to clarify legal aspects, national practices, and recommendations.

A number of vehicle manufacturers collaborated on developing the International Dismantling Information System to meet the legal obligations of the End of Life Vehicles Directive.

In 2018 the EC published a study Assessment of ELV Directive with emphasis on the end of life vehicles of unknown whereabouts. This study demonstrates that each year the whereabouts of 3 to 4 million ELVs across the EU is unknown and that the stipulation in the ELV Directive are not sufficient to monitor the performance of single Member States for this aspect. The study proposed and assessed a number of options to improve the legal provisions of the ELV Directive.

United States
On 2 July 2009 and for the next 55 days, the Car Allowance Rebate System, or "Cash for Clunkers", was an attempt at a green initiative by the United States Government in order to stimulate automobile sales and improve the average fuel economy of the United States. Many cars ended up being destroyed and recycled in order to fulfill the program, and even some exotic cars were crushed. Ultimately, as carbon footprints are of concern, some will argue that the "Cash for Clunkers" did not reduce many owners' carbon footprints. A lot of carbon dioxide is added into the atmosphere to make new cars. It is calculated that if someone traded in an 18 mpg clunker for a 22 mpg new car, it would take five and a half years of typical driving to offset the new car's carbon footprint. That same number increases to eight or nine years for those who bought trucks.

If a vehicle is abandoned on the roadside or in empty lots, licensed dismantlers in the United States can legally obtain them so that they are safely converted into reusable or recycled commodities.

Canada
In early 2009, a voluntary program, called Retire Your Ride, was launched by the Government of Canada to encourage motorists across the country to give up their old vehicles that emit pollutants. A total of 50,000 vehicles manufactured in 1995 or in years prior were targeted for permanent retirement.

Recyclers offer $150- $1000 for the cars with an original catalytic convertor. These prices are influenced by metal rates, location, make/model of the vehicle.

United Kingdom
Between 2009–10, the United Kingdom introduced the scrappage incentive scheme that paid GBP2,000 in cash for cars registered on or before 31 August 1999. The high payout was to help old-vehicle owners purchase new and less-polluting ones.

In the United Kingdom the term cash for cars also relates to the purchase of cars immediately for cash from car buying companies without the need of advertising. There are however legal restrictions to level of cash that can used within a business transaction to buy a vehicle. The EU sets this at 10,000 euros or currency equivalent as part of its Money Laundering Regulations.

In the UK it is no longer possible to purchase scrap cars for cash with the introduction of the Scrap Metal Dealers Act in 2013. As a result, firms in the scrap my car industry can no longer pay cash for cars. Instead, these firms now pay by bank transfer.

Australia
In Australia, the term cash for cars is also synonymous with car removal. Only in Victoria, companies must acquire a LMCT and other relevant processing licenses before the procurement of vehicles. Some time it takes to check every vehicles history and After that It can be processed for wrecking and recycling purposes. Both Cash For Cars and Car Removals services are asked for cars coming to the end of their road life.

New Zealand
New Zealand motor vehicle fleet increased 61 percent from 1.5 million in 1986 to over 2.4 million by June 2003. By 2015 it almost reached 3.9 million. This is where scrapping has increased since 2014. Cash For Cars is a term used for Car Removal/Scrap Car where wreckers pay cash for old/wrecked/broken vehicles depending on age/model.

See also
Automotive oil recycling
Automotive shredder residue
Car battery recycling
Circular economy#Automotive industry
Transport and the environment
Vehicle recovery (military)

References

External links

End of Life Vehicles page at the European Commission
End of Life Vehicle Solutions (United States)
Motor Vehicle Dismantlers Association (United Kingdom) - Vehicle Recycling & the environment
The European Umbrella Association for Automotive Recyclers European Group of Automotive Recycling Associations
The Romanian Association for Automotive Dismantlers ANSDAR
Vehicle Recycling Partnership (United States) - part of the United States Council for Automotive Research
Vehicle Recycling (Canada) - Located in Hamilton, ON for Junk Removal

Transport economics
Water conservation

Vehicle recycling


Santo Domingo de Guzmán, or just Santo Domingo, is the capital of the Dominican Republic and is its largest city. It is the oldest European city in the Americas where people have been living since it was founded at the end of the 15th century.

Geography
The city is at the mouth of the Ozama River, on the Caribbean coast. The city has the Santo Domingo province to the east, north and west. To the south is the Caribbean Sea.

The eastern limit of the city is the Ozama River and the northern limit is the Isabela River, a tributary of the Ozama. The western limit is a long street, Gregorio Luperón Avenue.

The average temperature (25.7 °C) varies little in the city. December and January are the coolest months and July and August are the warmest. Some years, hurricanes affect the city because it is in the Caribbean where hurricanes are common from June to November.

Population
In 2010, the municipality had a total population of 965,040: 460,903 men and 504,137 women. The urban population was 100% of the total population.

Santo domingo has a very diverse population, but it is mainly composed of  mulattoes, whites and blacks.

History

The city was first founded on the east side of River Ozama by Bartholomew Columbus, brother of Christopher, with the name of La Nueva Isabela (The New Isabela); La Isabela was a town founded on the northern coast of the island by Christopher Columbus. The name was soon changed to Santo Domingo.

After a hurricane in 1502 destroyed the city, the new governor of the island Nicolás de Ovando built it again but on the west side of the river and with the new name of Santo Domingo.

Santo Domingo was the first capital of the Spanish colonies in the Américas. It became the starting point of most of the Spanish expeditions of exploration and conquest of the other Caribbean islands and the adjacent lands in the continent. There are still many buildings from that time (16th century) and part of the old walls.

In 1930, the city of Santo Domingo was almost completely destroyed by a hurricane called San Zenón. Rafael Trujillo rebuilt the city and named it Ciudad Trujillo after himself. After his assassination in 1961, Ciudad Trujillo became again Santo Domingo. The 1966 constitution named the city Santo Domingo de Guzmán.

In 2001, the Santo Domingo Province was created with much of the area of the old Distrito Nacional ("National District"). With that division, many parts of the old city are now part of the Santo Domingo Province and not of the city of Santo Domingo de Guzmán. But they are still part of the metropolitan area of the city (the Greater Santo Domingo). The people that live in this Greater Santo Domingo are capitaleños (women are capitaleñas), even if they do not live in the National District.

Places of interest

Zona Colonial

The old section of the city is known as Zona Colonial ("Colonial Zone") or Ciudad Colonial ("Colonial City"). The Colonial Zone, bordered by the Ozama River, was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1990. Some of the old buildings in this zone are
 Cathedral of Saint Mary, the first cathedral in America.
 Alcázar de Colón ("Diego Columbus' Palace") where Diego Columbus, son of Christopher, lived when he was governor of the Spanish colony.
 Monasterio de San Francisco ("St. Francis Monastery"), an church and place where monks lived (monastery); now is partially destroyed.
 Hospital de San Nicolás de Bari ("St. Nicholas of Bari Hospital"), the first hospital in the Americas; now is partially destroyed.
 Palacio del Gobernador y de la Audiencia ("Palace of the Governor and the Court"); now is a museum, Museo de las Casas Reales ("Museum of the Royal Houses").
 Fortaleza Ozama ("Ozama Fortress"), the oldest fort in America.

Museums
Santo Domingo has several museums, many of them in the Zona Colonial.

 Alcázar de Colón ("Diego Columbus' Palace")
 Naval Museum of the Atarazanas
 Museum of the Casas Reales (colonial period)
 Museum of Duarte
 National Museum of Natural History
 Museum of the Dominican Man
 World of Amber Museum
 Modern Art Gallery
 National Museum of History and Geography

Parks and recreational areas

Santo Domingo has various parks as the National Botanical Garden, the National Zoo and the Mirador Sur Park.

There are also many small squares as the Parque Colón ("Columbus Park"), in the Zonal Colonial and on the northern side of the cathedral; and the Parque Independencia ("Independence Park"), just outside of the old western wall and where the Founding Fathers of the country (Juan Pablo Duarte, Francisco del Rosario Sánchez and Matías Ramón Mella) are buried.

Education
There are eighteen universities in Santo Domingo. Established in 1538, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (UASD) was the first university founded in the continent; it is also the only public university in the country and has campuses all over the country.

Sports
Santo Domingo is home to the Leones del Escogido and Tigres del Licey baseball clubs of the Dominican Winter League. Estadio Quisqueya is the home stadium for both teams. Centro Olimpico Juan Pablo Duarte is the central sports complex of the city, at the center of the city.

Photo gallery

Sister cities
Santo Domingo has sister relationships with many cities worldwide:

References

National capitals in North America
Cities in the Caribbean
Settlements in the Dominican Republic
1496 establishments
14th-century establishments in North America

Santo Domingo


(Philemon and Baucis) is an opera in three acts by Charles Gounod with a libretto by Jules Barbier and Michel Carré. The opera is based on the tale of Baucis and Philemon as told by La Fontaine (derived in turn from Ovid's Metamorphoses Book VIII). The piece was intended to capitalize on the vogue for mythological comedy started by Offenbach's Orpheus in the Underworld, but Philémon et Baucis is less satirically biting and more sentimental.

Originally intended as a two-act piece for the music festival at Baden-Baden, it was instead first performed at the Théâtre Lyrique, Paris, on 18 February 1860 because of the political situation in 1859. The new version added a middle act with chorus depicting Jupiter's destruction of the impious neighbours (by fire instead of flood) .

Roles

Synopsis

Act 1
Jupiter comes to Philémon's hut, accompanied by Vulcain, to seek refuge from a storm which the god himself has caused. He had come to earth to verify Mercury's tale of the people's badness, and finding this only too true, being received discourteously by people around, he is glad to meet with a kindly welcome at Philémon's door. This worthy old man lives in poverty but contentedly with his wife Baucis, with whom he has been married for sixty years. Jupiter, seeing at once that the old couple form an exception to the evil rule, resolves to spare them, and to punish only the bad people. The gods partake of the kind people's simple meal, and Jupiter, changing the milk into wine, is recognized by Baucis, who is much struck by this discovery. But Jupiter reassures her and promises to grant her only wish, which is to be young again with her husband, and to live the same life. The god sends them to sleep. There follows an intermezzo.

Phrygians are resting after a festival, bacchants rush in and wild orgies begin afresh. The divine is mocked and pleasure praised as the only god. Vulcain comes, sent by Jupiter to warn them, but they only laugh at him, mocking Olympus and the gods. Jupiter himself appears to punish the sinners, and a tempest arises, sending everything to rack and ruin.

Act 2
Philémon's hut is now a palace; he awakes to find himself and his wife young again. Jupiter, seeing Baucis' beauty, orders Vulcain to keep Philémon away while he courts her. Baucis, though determined to remain faithful to Philémon, nevertheless is flattered at the god's attentions, and dares not refuse him a kiss. Philémon witnesses it, and violently reproaches her and his guest; though Baucis suggests who the latter is, the husband does not feel inclined to share his wife's love, even with a god. The first quarrel takes place between the couple, and Vulcain hearing it, consoles himself with the reflection that he is not the only one to whom a fickle wife causes sorrow. Philémon bitterly curses Jupiter's gift; he wishes to go back to how he was, with peace of mind. Throwing down Jupiter's statue, he leaves his wife to the god. Baucis, replacing the image, which happily is made of bronze, repents her behavior towards her husband. Jupiter finds her weeping and praying that the gods may turn their wrath upon herself alone. The god promises to pardon both, if she is willing to listen to his love. She agrees to the bargain on the condition that Jupiter shall grant her a favour. He consents, and she entreats him to make her old again. Philémon, listening behind the door, rushes forward to embrace the true wife and joins his entreaties to hers. Jupiter, seeing himself caught, would fain be angry, but their love conquers his wrath. He does not recall his gift, but giving them his blessing, promises never more to cross their happiness.

References

 Annesley, Charles. The standard opera glass : containing the detailed plots of one hundred and thirty celebrated operas. Sampson Low, Marston, London, Lemcke & Buechner, New York, 1901
 Huebner, Steven, The Operas of Charles Gounod (Oxford 1990)
Holden, Amanda (Ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001.

Operas
1860 operas
French-language operas
Operas by Charles Gounod
Operas based on classical mythology
Libretti by Jules Barbier
Libretti by Michel Carré
Operas based on Metamorphoses

Philémon et Baucis


Paddy O'Brien (born 1979) is an Irish hurler who played as a left corner-forward for the Tipperary senior team.

O'Brien joined the team during the 2000 championship and was a member of the team until he left the panel after the 2006 championship. An All-Ireland medalist in the minor grade, he later won a senior All-Ireland winners' medal on the field of play.

At club level O'Brien is a two-time Munster medalist with Toomevara. In addition to this he has also won eight county club championship medals.

References

1979 births
Living people
Toomevara hurlers
Tipperary inter-county hurlers
Munster inter-provincial hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners

Paddy O'Brien (Tipperary hurler)


Jovan Đorđević (13 November 1826 – 9 April 1900) was a Serbian writer, dramatist, Minister of Education and the co-founder of the Novi Sad Serbian National Theatre in 1861, the National Theatre in Belgrade in 1868 and the Academy of Dramatic Art () in 1870. He is most famous for writing the lyrics to the Serbian National anthem Bože pravde in 1872. He was also a member of Matica Srpska.

Biography
Jovan Đorđević was born in Senta, a town on the bank of the Tisa river in the region which eventually became Serbian Vojvodina, on 13 November 1826 (Julian Calendar) to merchant Filip and Ana (née Malešević) Đorđević. Jovan was baptized on 17 November of that year in the Serbian Orthodox Church of Archangel Michael, officiated by Very Reverend Georgije-Đuka  Popović, one of the most erudite clerics of his day in that region of Potisje, and author of Put u raj (The Road to Heaven), a book in praise of moral principles. The acting bug bit hard when he first appeared as a teenager in Hungarian and Serbian amateur theatricals in his hometown of Senta. He started his schooling in Senta, Novi Sad, Szeged, Temisvar, and Pest, where he was a Tekelijanum scholar (having received a stipend from the Sava Tekelija Endowment). Throughout high school (gymnasium) and university he pursued his chosen career as a professional actor and manager, appearing in hundreds of plays he himself organized in which he received a reputation of high versatility and originality. The 1848 Revolution interrupted his university education and he left Pest for Sombor where Grand Zupan Isidor Nikolić Dzaver (1806–1862) of Bačka first appointed him secretary of the town's municipal court house, and then a position of judicial clerk at Lugos. In 1852 he was appointed professor of a high school in Novi Sad. There Đorđević came to loggerheads with the school's administrators, who were against Vuk Karadžić's language reforms, and left his teaching post to become secretary of the Matica Srpska and editor of the learned society's magazine Letopis Matice Srpske in 1857. Two years later (1859), Danilo Medaković appointed Đorđević to position of co-editor (with Đorđe Popović) of Srpski Dnevnik. He eventually relinquished his position to Svetozar Miletić in 1861 and joined Dr. Jovan Andrejević Joles on their long, overdue project – the construction of the Serbian National Theatre in Novi Sad. With the new theatre Đorđević showed his interest in Serbian drama through the productions of plays by Đorđe Maletić, Jovan Sterija Popović, Matija Ban, Joakim Vujić, and others. In 1868 he founded the Serbian National Theatre in Belgrade, where he offered increasingly elaborate contemporary productions of Serbian and foreign playwrights and dramatists, like Stevan Sremac, Milorad Popović Šapčanin, Milovan Glišić, Svetislav Vulović, Kosta Trifković, Branislav Nušić, Imre Madách, József Katona, György Bessenyei, Schiller, Henrik Ibsen, Oscar Wilde, Émile Augier, Jules Sandeau, Eugène Marin Labiche, Victorien Sardou, Ivan Turgenev, Gogol, Maksim Gorky and other.

Belgrade at the time had a competing theatre, the Theatre on Đumruk, where Jovan Sterija Popović first produced his play "Death of Stephen Uroš III Dečanski of Serbia" in 1841. Đorđević also established the prestigious Academy of Dramatic Art (Glumačka akademija) first at the Serbian National Theatre before the school eventually moved to its present location, now accredited by the University of Belgrade's Faculty of Dramatic Arts. The teaching staff at its inception was composed of Jovan Đorđević and Aleksa Bačvanski, an international actor who also went by the name of Šandor Varhidi. Today it is regarded as one of the most renowned drama schools in Eastern Europe, and one of the oldest drama schools in the Balkans, having been founded in 1870.

Later, Đorđević became a professor of general history at Belgrade's Grandes écoles. In 1893 he served for a short time as
Serbia's Minister of Culture under the Jovan Avakumović Administration, and Alexander I  of Serbia's tutor. He wrote poetry and translated and adapted many plays for the theatre. He compiled and prepared a Latin-Serbian, Serbian-Latin Dictionary, which he had worked on from 1882 to 1886. His best work is a theatrical
allegory Markova sablja (Marko's Sword) and the text (lyrics) to the hymn Bože pravde, with music by Davorin Jenko.

He died in Belgrade on 9 April 1900.

Selected works
 Đorđević, J. (1881) Narodno pozorište u Beogradu. Pozorište, vol. 8, br. 8. pp. 30
 Đorđević, J. (1882) Srpska himna, Složio u note za prvi glas sa pratnjom klavira Davorin Jenko. Srbadija, vol. II, sv. 3
 Đorđević, M. J. (1884) Lira : sa 800 pozorišnih pesama. Pozorišna lira, Belgrade, (Zadruga štamparskih radenika),

See also
 Kosta Manojlović
 Petar Krstić
 Miloje Milojević
 Stevan Hristić
 Stevan Mokranjac
 Isidor Bajić
 Davorin Jenko
 Josif Marinković
 Nenad Barački
 Tihomir Ostojić
 Stefan Stratimirović
 Branko Cvejić
 Stefan Lastavica
 Stanislav Binički

References

External links

1826 births
1900 deaths
National anthem writers
Members of the Serbian Learned Society
People from Senta
Matica srpska
19th-century Serbian people
Serbian writers
Serbian educators

Jovan Đorđević


The Battle of Apros occurred between the forces of the Byzantine Empire, under co-emperor Michael IX Palaiologos, and the forces of the Catalan Company, at Apros on July 1305.

The Catalan Company had been hired by the Byzantines as mercenaries against the Turks, but despite the Catalans' successes against the Turks, the two allies distrusted each other, and their relationship was strained by the Catalans' financial demands. Eventually, Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos and his son and co-ruler Michael IX had the Catalan leader, Roger de Flor, assassinated with his entourage in April 1305.

In July, the Byzantine army, comprising a large contingent of Alans as well as many Turcopoles, confronted the Catalans and their own Turkish allies near Apros in Thrace. Despite the Imperial Army's numerical superiority, the Alans withdrew after the first charge, whereupon the Turcopoles deserted en bloc to the Catalans. Prince Michael was injured and left the field and the Catalans won the day.

The Catalans proceeded to ravage Thrace for two years, before moving west and south through Thessaly, to conquer the Latin Duchy of Athens in 1311.

References

Bibliography

Apros
Apros
Apros
Catalan Company
History of Tekirdağ Province
1300s in the Byzantine Empire
1305 in Europe

Battle of Apros


The Museo de la Lealtad Republicana (Museum of the Republican Loyalty), also known as the Museo Casa Juárez, is a 19th-century building in the city centre of Chihuahua, Mexico.  It housed the constitutional government of President Benito Juárez during his stay in Chihuahua while Maximilian of Habsburg reigned as Emperor of Mexico, supported by the French, and was thus the de facto National Palace of Mexico.

History
In 1826 the location was purchased by the state government to serve as the Palace of Government, a role it fulfilled until the new palace was inaugurated in 1892. On October 12, 1864, President Benito Juárez, fleeing from the French invasion, arrived in the city where he established his government-in-exile.

Juárez lived in and ran the constitutional government from the palace through December 1866. He left Chihuahua when the French forces and the Second Mexican Empire had been almost totally defeated. After that the building reverted to being the Government Palace for the state administration. However, when the new palace was constructed a few blocks away, the Casa Juárez was turned into an educational institution, first as the Escuela Municipal Nro 3 for girls, redesignated as Escuela Oficial Nro 140, and then renamed Escuela Benito Juárez, a name it retained from 1926 to 1967, when it was closed.

In 1972, during the observance of the centenary of the death of Benito Juárez, the authorities decided to turn the building into a museum. Many objects and furniture original to the house had been lost long since; however, the state government was, during the years-long planning stage, able to recover original furnishings as well as period pieces similar to those that Juárez had used.

In 2000 the restoration was complete and the renamed Museo de la Lealtad Republicana was opened to the public.

Sources

See also

Chihuahua City
Museums of Chihuahua

Museums in Chihuahua (state)
History museums in Mexico
Historic house museums in Mexico
Museums established in 1972
Museo Casa Juarez
Benito Juárez

Museo Casa Juárez


Judgment at Nuremberg is a 1961 American epic courtroom film that was both directed and produced by Stanley Kramer. It features Spencer Tracy, Burt Lancaster, Richard Widmark, Maximilian Schell, Werner Klemperer, Marlene Dietrich, Judy Garland, William Shatner, and Montgomery Clift. Ernest Laszlo served as the cinematographer and Abby Mann as the screenwriter. Set in Nuremberg, Germany, in 1948, the film depicts a fictionalized version of the Judges' Trial of 1947, one of the twelve Nuremberg Military Tribunals conducted under the auspices of the U.S. military in the aftermath of the Second World War.

The film centers on a military tribunal led by Chief Trial Judge Dan Haywood (Tracy), before which four judges and prosecutors (as compared to sixteen defendants in the actual Judges' Trial) stand accused of crimes against humanity due to their senior roles in the judicial system of the Nazi German government. The trial centers on questions regarding Germans' individual and collective responsibility for the Holocaust, with the backdrop of a tense international situation including the onset of the Cold War, the Berlin Blockade, and the geopolitical ramification of the later Nuremberg Trials upon German support for the Western Bloc, placing great pressure on Haywood's efforts to reach a just verdict. In addition, the Judge faces emotional challenges in his relationships with German people outside the courtroom who consistently claim ignorance of Nazi atrocities, but whom the Judge suspects knew more than they admit.

An earlier version of the story was broadcast as an episode of the same name of the television series Playhouse 90 in 1959. Popular interest in this effort caused an expanded focus on its dramatic elements. Schell and Klemperer played the same roles in both productions.

In 2013, Judgment at Nuremberg was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". The production's presentation of historical events has attracted interest over decades before and since then due to its place in the narrative portrayals of the Holocaust in film.

Plot
Judgment at Nuremberg centers on a military tribunal convened in Nuremberg, Germany, in which four German judges and prosecutors stand accused of crimes against humanity for their involvement in atrocities committed under the Nazi regime.

Judge Dan Haywood (Spencer Tracy) is the chief judge of a three-judge panel of Allied jurists who will hear and decide the case against the defendants. Haywood is particularly interested in learning how the defendant Ernst Janning (Burt Lancaster), a respected jurist and legal scholar, could have committed the atrocities he is accused of, including sentencing innocent people to death.

Haywood seeks to understand how the German people could have been deaf and blind to the Nazi regime's crimes. In doing so, he befriends the widow (Marlene Dietrich) of a German general who had been executed by the Allies. He talks with other Germans who have varying perspectives on the war.

Other characters the judge meets are US Army Captain Harrison Byers (William Shatner), who is assigned to assist the American judges hearing the case, and Irene Hoffmann (Judy Garland), who is afraid to provide testimony that may bolster the prosecution's case against the judges. (Hoffman's character bears resemblance to Irene Seiler, a key figure in the notorious Nazi kangaroo court case, the Katzenberger Trial.)

German defense attorney Hans Rolfe (Maximilian Schell) argues that the defendants were not the only ones to aid or ignore the Nazi regime. He claims the United States has committed acts just as bad or worse than the Nazis, such as US Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.'s support for the first eugenics practices; the German-Vatican Reichskonkordat of 1933, which the Nazi-dominated German government exploited as an implicit early foreign recognition of Nazi leadership; Joseph Stalin's part in the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939, which removed the last major obstacle to Germany's invasion and occupation of western Poland, initiating World War II; and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in the final stage of the war in August 1945.

Janning, meanwhile, testifies for the prosecution, admitting he is guilty of condemning to death a Jewish man of "blood defilement" charges—namely, that the man had sex with a 16-year-old Gentile girl—when he knew there was no evidence to support such a verdict. Janning explains that well-meaning people like himself supported  Adolf Hitler's anti-Semitic, racist policies out of patriotism even though they knew it was wrong, and that all of Germany bears some measure of responsibility for the atrocities committed by the Nazi regime.

Haywood must weigh considerations of geopolitical expediency against his own ideals of justice. The trial is set against the background of the Berlin Blockade, and there is pressure to let the German defendants off lightly to gain German support in the growing Cold War against the Soviet Union.

While the four defendants maintain their pleas of "not guilty" in their closing statements, Janning and fellow defendant Werner Lampe (Torben Meyer) show clear remorse for their actions, while a third, Friedrich Hofstetter (Martin Brandt) claims they had no choice but to execute the laws handed down by Hitler's government. Only the fourth defendant, Emil Hahn (Werner Klemperer) remains unrepentant, telling the Americans that they will live to regret not allying with the Nazis against the Soviet Union. Ultimately, all four defendants are found guilty and sentenced to life in prison.

Haywood visits Janning in his cell. Janning affirms to Haywood that his verdict was a just one, but asks him to believe that, regarding the mass murder of innocents, he never knew that it would come to that. Judge Haywood replies it came to that the first time Janning condemned a man he knew to be innocent.

Haywood departs; a title card informs the audience that of 99 defendants sentenced to prison terms in Nuremberg trials that took place in the American Zone, none were still serving a sentence when the film was released in 1961.

Cast

Production

Background
The film's events relate principally to actions committed by the German state against its own racial, social, religious, and eugenic groupings within its borders "in the name of the law" (from the prosecution's opening statement in the film), from the time of Hitler's rise to power in 1933. The plot development and thematic treatment question the legitimacy of the social, political, and alleged legal foundations of these actions.

The real Judges' Trial focused on 16 judges and prosecutors who served before and during the Nazi regime in Germany, and who embraced and enforced laws—passively, actively, or both—that led to judicial acts of compulsory sexual sterilization and to the imprisonment and execution of people for their religions, racial or ethnic identities, political beliefs, and physical handicaps or disabilities.

A key thread in the film's plot involves a "race defilement" trial known as the Feldenstein case. In this fictionalized case, based on the real life Katzenberger Trial, an elderly Jewish man had been tried for having a "relationship" (sexual acts) with an Aryan (German) 16-year-old girl, an act that had been legally defined as a crime under the Nuremberg Laws, which had been enacted by the German Reichstag. Under these laws, the man was found guilty and was put to death in 1942. Using this and other examples, the movie explores individual conscience, collective guilt, and behavior during a time of widespread societal immorality.

The film is notable for its use of courtroom drama to illuminate individual perfidy and moral compromise in times of violent political upheaval; it was the first mainstream drama film to not shy from showing actual footage filmed by American and British soldiers after the liberation of the Nazi concentration camps. Shown in court by prosecuting attorney Colonel Tad Lawson (Richard Widmark), the scenes of huge piles of naked corpses laid out in rows and bulldozed into large pits were considered exceptionally graphic for a mainstream film of the time.

According to numerous sources, Tracy's climactic monologue was filmed in one take using multiple cameras. Clift had trouble remembering his lines, so Kramer told him to do the best he could, correctly figuring that Clift's nervousness would be central to his character's mental state. (Clift was so eager to do the film that he worked just for expenses.) Lancaster speaks only three lines (none in the courtroom) until his lengthy monologue roughly 135 minutes into the film. Meanwhile, Garland was so happy to be working in a motion picture again after seven years away that it took her a while to get into the proper frame of mind to break down and cry.

Soundtrack
 "Lili Marleen"
 Music by Norbert Schultze (1938)
 Lyrics by Hans Leip (1915)
 "Liebeslied"
 Music by Ernest Gold
 Lyrics by Alfred Perry
 "Wenn wir marschieren"
 German folk song (ca. 1910)
 "Wenn die Soldaten"
 German folk song (ca. 1840)
 "Care for Me"
 By Ernest Gold
 "Notre amour ne peur"
 By Ernest Gold
 "Du, du liegst mir im Herzen"
 German folk song, arrangement by Ernest Gold
 "Piano Sonata No. 8 in C minor, Op. 13"
 By Ludwig van Beethoven

Reception
The world premiere was held on December 14, 1961, at the  in West Berlin, Germany. 300 journalists from 22 countries were in attendance, and earphones offering the soundtrack dubbed in German, Spanish, Italian, and French were made available. The reaction from the audience was reportedly subdued, with some applauding at the finish, but most of the Germans in attendance leaving in silence.

Kramer's film received positive reviews from critics and was lauded as a straight reconstruction of the famous trials of Nazi war criminals. The cast was especially praised, including Tracy, Lancaster, Schell, Clift, and Garland. The film's release was perfectly timed, as its subject coincided with the trial and conviction in Israel of Nazi SS officer Adolf Eichmann.

Bosley Crowther of The New York Times declared it "a powerful, persuasive film" with "a stirring, sobering message to the world". Variety wrote: "With the most painful pages of modern history as its bitter basis, Abby Mann's intelligent, thought-provoking screenplay is a grim reminder of man's responsibility to denounce grave evils of which he is aware. The lesson is carefully, tastefully and upliftingly told via Kramer's large-scale production." Harrison's Reports awarded its top grade of "Excellent", praising Kramer for employing "an ingenious device of fluid direction" and Spencer Tracy for "a performance of compelling substance".

Brendan Gill of The New Yorker called the film "a bold and, despite its great length, continuously exciting picture", which asks questions that "are among the biggest that can be asked and are no less fresh and thrilling for being thousands of years old". Gill added that the cast was so loaded with stars "that it occasionally threatens to turn into a judicial Grand Hotel. Luckily, they all work hard to stay inside their roles." Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post declared it "an extraordinary film, both in concept and handling. Those who see this at the Warner will recognize that the screen has been put to noble use."

The Monthly Film Bulletin of Britain dissented, writing in a mostly negative review that "this large-scale trial film undermines faith in its philosophical and historical merit by colouring the better part of its message with hackneyed court-room hysteria", explaining that "in a series of contrived scenes ... the point is hammered home right down to the last shock-cut. The same specious technique (zoom-lens shots and camera-circlings predominant) and showmanship turn the trial into little more than a travesty—notably in the melodramatic switch in the character of Janning."

The film grossed $6 million in the United States and $10 million in worldwide release.

The television network premiere of the film was shown on ABC on 7 March 1965; it was interrupted to show news footage of the violence on "Bloody Sunday" during the Selma to Montgomery marches. The juxtaposition of the film about Nazi atrocities and the news footage of violence against African-American people resulted in sympathy and greater support for the civil-rights cause.

Awards and nominations

In June 2008, the American Film Institute revealed its "Ten Top Ten" after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. Judgment at Nuremberg was acknowledged as the tenth best film in the courtroom drama genre. Additionally, the film had been nominated for AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies.

Release
Judgment at Nuremberg was released in American theatres on December 19, 1961.

CBS/Fox Video first released the film as a two-VHS cassette set in 1986. MGM re-released the VHS version in 1991, while the 1996 and 2001 reissues were part of the Vintage Classics and Screen Epics collection respectively. In addition, the special edition DVD was released on September 7, 2004.

Three Blu-ray versions of the film were also produced. A limited edition Blu-ray was released by Twilight Time on November 14, 2014. Kino Lorber re-released the Blu-ray as a standard release in 2018. The BFI released a 2-disc Blu-ray on January 20, 2020.

The Australian Blu-ray was released as part of The Hollywood Gold Series.

Adaptations
In 1985, a Soviet stage adaptation of the film under the title Judgment was produced for Baltic House Festival Theatre, with Gennady Egorov as director.

In 2001, another stage adaptation of the film was produced for Broadway, starring Schell (this time in the role of Ernst Janning) and George Grizzard, with John Tillinger as director.

See also

 German Concentration Camps Factual Survey, British and American army film of the camps
 List of Holocaust films
 Message picture
 Nuremberg Trials (a Soviet film on the trials)
 Spencer Tracy filmography
 Trial films
 War crimes trials
 Nuremberg, a 2000 TV miniseries about the actual Nuremberg Trials

Notes

References

External links

1961 films
1961 drama films
1961 war films
American black-and-white films
American legal drama films
American courtroom films
American docudrama films
1960s English-language films
Films scored by Ernest Gold
Films about capital punishment
Films about lawyers
Films about Nazi Germany
Films based on television plays
Films directed by Stanley Kramer
Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award-winning performance
Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance
Films produced by Stanley Kramer
Films set in Germany
Films set in the 1940s
Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe
Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award
Films about the aftermath of the Holocaust
Nuremberg in fiction
United Artists films
United States National Film Registry films
United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals
Nuremberg trials
World War II war crimes trials films
1960s American films

Judgment at Nuremberg


Thurlton is a small village in South Norfolk, located 14 miles (22 km) south-east of the city of Norwich, and 9 miles (15 km) west of the Suffolk coastal town of Lowestoft.

The villages name means 'Thorferth's farm/settlement'.

Thurlton is on the edge of the Broadland marshes to the south of the River Yare, and is bordered by Norton Subcourse to the west of the river. The population of the parish at the 2001 census was 720, increasing to 779 at the 2011 Census. The area around the village is mainly agricultural.

Thurlton is home to the Great Goliath Mill, a brick built windmill. The village has basic amenities, including a pub, shop and post office. Thurlton Primary School has about 100 pupils, including a 'classroom of the future' extension, complete with a wind turbine.

See also
 Clavering hundred

Governance
An electoral ward in the  same name exists. This ward stretches south east to Aldeby with a total population of 2,726.

References

External links

Villages in Norfolk
Civil parishes in Norfolk

Thurlton


Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 8 (subtitled The South) is a compilation album in the Highs in the Mid-Sixties series, featuring recordings that were released in the South excluding Texas (which is covered in 5 separate volumes).  Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 22 is a later volume in the series that features bands from these Southern states.

Release data
This album was released in 1984 as an LP by AIP Records (as #AIP-10014).

Notes on the tracks
In their remarkable 30th year reunion album GONN with the Wind, the Iowa garage rock band GONN included a cover of "Found Love".

Track listing

Side 1

 Ravin' Blue: "Love" (A. Christopher, Jr./R. Bernard/L. Nix)
 Gunga Dins: "Rebecca Rodifer" (M. King/S. Staples)
 The Midknights: "Pain" (Jerry Wallace)
 Fly by Nites: "Found Love" (Fly-by-Nites)
 The Original Dukes: "Ain't About to Lose My Cool" (Hickman/Sonday/Best)
 Skeptics: "Turn It On" (Wayne Carson)
 The Moxies: "I'm Gonna Stay" (G. Coryell/C. Cummings)
 The Rogues: "I Don't Need You" (McDiarmid)

Side 2
 The Hazards: "Hey Joe" (Billy Roberts) — rel. 1966
 The Vikings: "Come on and Love Me" (C. Putman/C. Nettles)
 The Surrealistic Pillar: "I Like Girls" (Ed Futch/Eddie Smith)
 The Rugbys: "Walking the Streets Tonight" (Doug Sahm)
 The Sants: "Leaving You Baby" (Cirrincione/Wimberley)
 Ravin' Blue: "It's Not Real" (R. Bernard)
 The Guilloteens: "Crying All Over My Time" (Dickinson/Hutcherson)
 Gunga Dins: "No One Cares" (M. King./S. Staples)

Pebbles (series) albums
1984 compilation albums

Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 8


Back Off Cupids was the name of a solo musical project by the San Diego, California musician John Reis. The project took place in 1994, in between sessions with Reis' bands Drive Like Jehu and Rocket from the Crypt. Rocket from the Crypt horn players Jason Crane and Paul O'Beirne were also involved in the project, though the vast majority of the recording was conducted by Reis. Recording took place with friend and fellow musician Gar Wood in his garage.

The music produced by Back Off Cupids was significantly different from Reis' other musical endeavors. While his previous groups had explored genres such as rock and roll, post punk, and post-hardcore in an aggressive fashion, Back Off Cupids was slower, mostly instrumental, and to a certain degree free-form. It most closely resembles Drive Like Jehu in its complexity and intricate song structures, but lacks the aggression and raspy vocals of that group.

Recording of the Back Off Cupids material was completed in 1994, but with the exception of a few songs that appeared on compilations it remained mostly unreleased for several years. Reis left the material shelved for the most part, occasionally mixing and tweaking the arrangements in between touring and recording with Rocket from the Crypt. In 1999, during a period in which Rocket from the Crypt were not as active, Reis completed mixing the material and released it as an album through Drunken Fish Records under the title Back Off Cupids. Of Reis' many musical endeavors, Back Off Cupids remains the most obscure.

Band members
 John Reis – vocals, guitar, bass guitar, drums, other instruments
 Jason Crane – drums, trumpet
 Paul O'Beirne – saxophone

Discography

Albums

Compilation appearances

Musical groups from San Diego
Drunken Fish Records artists

Back Off Cupids


Matías González (6 August 1925  – 12 May 1984) was a Uruguayan footballer, who played for C.A. Cerro. He was known as a complete defender who stood out for his leadership, man-marking, toughness tackling and pace. Commonly considered as one of the finest Uruguayan defenders of all time. He won the 1950 FIFA World Cup with Uruguay, he was in the starting lineup for the Uruguayan national team at Maracanaço, where he had a defensive performance described as "impeccable", sticking to top scorer Ademir and also annulling Friaça in the first half.

Club career
González only defended Cerro, a small club from Montevideo that never won the Uruguayan championship. The team rose in 1946 back to the tournament's first division, from which it had been absent since relegation in 1929. From there until González officially stopped playing for the club, aged 35, the most common placement was fifth place, as in 1949, 1950 and 1951, achieving third place as the best position precisely in 1955 and 1956. He won the Torneo Cuadrangular in 1953 and 1956. He was known as a fan favourite of the club and is recognized one of the most successful players.

International career

Because of good performances at Cerro, González debuted for the Uruguayan national team on April 13, 1949. The date corresponded to Celeste's debut in the 1949 Copa América. He was the only Cerro player called up to the competition; the club was last in the Uruguayan league the previous year when it ended, after the first round of the second round.

The Uruguayan championship of 1948 was interrupted by a strike that would only end in April 1949, when Copa America took place. Thus, it was decided that the home title would go to the then leader Nacional, and that there would be no relegation.

The strike meant that secondary players were called to the Copa América, with youth, athletes from the interior or anyone who had not joined the protest - this was the case of González. In the campaign that yielded only a sixth place out of eight participants, González was in the starting line-up, as well as the only man called up for the 1950 FIFA World Cup.

He, Rubén Morán and Héctor Vilches became Cerro's first players called up to a FIFA World Cup. Of them, González was the first to debut, participating in all of the team's games in the tournament. Morán was only in the Maracanaço, enough to make Cerro the third most represented team in the decision against Brazil, behind only Nacional (with three) and Peñarol (six).

Uruguay came into the World Cup in a turbulent environment; Obdulio Varela even reported that the players were close to not going to Brazil, in protest against reprisals by leaders against the recent strike. In addition, coach Juan López had been chosen just a month before the tournament, after Celeste Olímpica got bad results against the Brazilians themselves, which, in addition to the defeats for the Copa Rio Branco, also included a defeat for Brazil in Pelotas and, in Montevideo, two draws against Fluminense; Uruguayan players found themselves out of shape after two months of inactivity. Before López chose the Uruguayan Football Association, Peñarol even vetoed the call up of its players: the AUF despised the coach of the aurinegra team, the Hungarian Emérico Hirschl, desired by the fans and the media. With little time to put the team together, López called exactly the players who played in the Copa Rio Branco weeks before the world cup.

The Río Branco Cup unfolded in three matches, with Matías González playing all of them, repeating in the first two the defense duo with Vilches, later replaced by Eusebio Tejera,  who would be González 's partner in the world cup. González's presence in the team was favored by the intervention of Obdulio Varela, as González had been boycotted by colleagues for not having joined the 1948 strike. González was a hero in a complicated game against Spain, already in the final quadrangular. The South Americans started winning, but suffered the comeback and needed a risky long-distance shot by Obdulio Varela to equalize in the last twenty minutes. The defender saved at the top of the line what could have been the Spanish victory in the last bid and he was named hero of the match. At Maracanazo, González was the most defensive Uruguayan player,  not coming out much beyond the half moon. He was in charge of personally marking top scorer Ademir, sticking to him with support from Rodríguez Andrade on the left, Gambetta on the right and Tejera in the center. González also annulled Friaça in the first half, in which the Uruguayan tactics worked to prevent the tables between Ademir, Zizinho and Jair, key moves for the routs imposed by the Brazilians in the matches prior to the decision. González was the absolute starting Uruguayan defender also in the Copa América in 1953, with William Martínez being his most frequent partner. Uruguay finished third;  González ended up not being called up for the 1954 FIFA World Cup, he was called up for the 1955 Copa América, but played in just one game, precisely in the 6-1 defeat suffered by champion Argentina. The Uruguayans were fourth. González last played for the national team on October 10, 1956, date of the 2-1 defeat by Argentina in Paysandú. He had been left out of that year's Copa América, held in January in Uruguay and won by the country.

Later life and death
González went on to work as a civil servant for the National Congress, earning a good salary without much work. He developed problems with alcoholism and died on May 12, 1984.

Honours

Club
Cerro

Torneo Cuadrangular: 1953, 1956

International
Uruguay

FIFA World Cup: 1950
Copa Río Branco Runner-up: 1950
Copa América third place: 1953
Copa América fourth place: 1955

Individual
FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1950

References
World Cup Champions Squads 1930 - 2002
A primeira grande zebra do Mundial (in Spanish)
Uruguay - Record International Players

1925 births
1984 deaths
Uruguayan footballers
1950 FIFA World Cup players
Association football defenders

Matías González


Gustav Herglotz (2 February 1881 – 22 March 1953) was a German Bohemian physicist best known for his works on the theory of relativity and seismology.

Biography
Gustav Ferdinand Joseph Wenzel Herglotz was born in Volary num. 28 to a public notary Gustav Herglotz (also a Doctor of Law) and his wife Maria née Wachtel. The family were Sudeten Germans. He studied mathematics and astronomy at the University of Vienna in 1899, and attended lectures by Ludwig Boltzmann. In this time of study, he had a friendship with his colleagues Paul Ehrenfest, Hans Hahn and Heinrich Tietze. In 1900 he went to the LMU Munich and achieved his Doctorate in 1902 under Hugo von Seeliger. Afterwards, he went to the University of Göttingen, where he habilitated under Felix Klein. In 1904 he became Privatdozent for Astronomy and Mathematics there, and in 1907 Professor extraordinarius. In 1908 he became Professor extraordinarius in Vienna, and in 1909 at the University of Leipzig. From 1925 (until becoming Emeritus in 1947) he again was in Göttingen as the successor of Carl Runge on the chair of applied mathematics. One of his students was Emil Artin.

Work
Herglotz worked in the fields of seismology, number theory, celestial mechanics, theory of electrons, special relativity, general relativity, hydrodynamics, refraction theory.

In 1904, Herglotz defined relations for the electrodynamic potential which are also valid in special relativity even before that theory was fully developed. Hermann Minkowski (during a conversation reported by Arnold Sommerfeld) pointed out that the four-dimensional symmetry of electrodynamics is latently contained and mathematically applied in Herglotz' paper.

In 1907, he became interested in the theory of earthquakes, and together with Emil Wiechert, he developed the Wiechert–Herglotz method for the determination of the velocity distribution of Earth's interior from the known propagation times of seismic waves (an inverse problem). There, Herglotz solved a special integral equation of Abelian type.

The Herglotz–Noether theorem stated by Herglotz (1909) and independently by Fritz Noether (1909), was used by Herglotz to classify all possible forms of rotational motions satisfying Born rigidity. In the course of this work, Herglotz showed that the Lorentz transformations correspond to hyperbolic motions in , by which he classified the one-parameter Lorentz transformations into loxodromic, parabolic, elliptic, and hyperbolic groups (see Möbius transformation#Lorentz transformation).

In 1911, he formulated the Herglotz representation theorem which concerns holomorphic functions f on the unit disk D,  with Re f ≥ 0 and f(0) = 1, represented as an integral over the boundary of D with respect to a probability measure μ. The theorem asserts that such a function exists if and only if  there is a μ such that

 The theorem also asserts that the probability measure is unique to f.

In 1911, he formulated a relativistic theory of elasticity. In the course of that work, he obtained the vector Lorentz transformation for arbitrary velocities (see History of Lorentz transformations#Herglotz (1911)).

In 1916, he also contributed to general relativity. Independently of previous work by Hendrik Lorentz (1916), he showed as to how the contracted Riemann tensor and the curvature invariant can be geometrically interpreted.

Selected works
 Gesammelte Schriften / Gustav Herglotz, edited for d. Akad. d. Wiss. in Göttingen by Hans Schwerdtfeger. XL, 652 p., Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1979, .
 Vorlesungen über die Mechanik der Kontinua / G. Herglotz, prepared by R. B. Guenther and H. Schwerdtfeger, Teubner-Archiv zur Mathematik; vol. 3, 251 p.: 1 Ill., graph. Darst.; 22 cm, Teubner, Leipzig 1985.
 Über die analytische Fortsetzung des Potentials ins Innere der anziehenden Massen, Preisschriften der Fürstlichen Jablonowskischen Gesellschaft zu Leipzig, VII, 52 pages, with 18 Fig.; Teubner, Leipzig (1914).
 Über das quadratische Reziprozitätsgesetz in imaginären quadratischen Zahlkörpern, Ber. über d. Verh. d. königl. sächs. Gesellsch. d. Wissensch. zu Leipzig, pp. 303–310 (1921).

See also
 Acceleration (special relativity)
 Möbius transformation
 Spherical wave transformation
 Squeeze mapping
 Rindler coordinates

References

External links

 Herglotz, Gustav (1881–1953) at the MathWorld
 Gustav Herglotz by Joachim Ritter and Sebastian Rost

1881 births
1953 deaths
20th-century German mathematicians
Austrian mathematicians
German geophysicists
Seismologists
Science teachers
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
German Bohemian people
German people of German Bohemian descent
People from Volary
Mathematicians from Austria-Hungary
Sudeten German people

Gustav Herglotz


David Möller (also spelled Moeller, born 13 January 1982) is a German former luger who competed from 2001 to 2014. He won six medals at the FIL World Luge Championships with four golds (Men's singles: 2004, 2007; Mixed team: 2004, 2007), one silver (Men's singles: 2008), and one bronze (Men's singles: 2005)

Möller also won four medals at the FIL European Luge Championships with one gold (Mixed team: 2006), one silver (Men's singles: 2004), and two bronzes (Men's singles: 2006, 2008).

He also finished fifth in the men's singles event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino and won the silver medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver .

Möller's best Luge World Cup overall finish was second three times (2005-6, 2006-7, 2007-8).

On 18 January 2009, Möller suffered a cruciate ligament rupture while training in Oberhof. He underwent surgery for the rupture in Munich at the end of February. Möller underwent physical rehabilitation in early 2009 to prepare for the 2009-10 Luge World Cup and Winter Olympics in Vancouver to which he qualified.

After he competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, his third Games, he announced his retirement from competition.

Outside of luge, he works for the German Federal Police.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
German male lugers
Olympic lugers for Germany
Olympic silver medalists for Germany
Olympic medalists in luge
Lugers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
People from Sonneberg
People from Bezirk Suhl
Sportspeople from Thuringia

David Möller


Walter Davy Cowan, D.D.S., (December 31, 1865 – September 28, 1934) was a Canadian politician in Saskatchewan and Ku Klux Klan member. Cowan served as Mayor of Regina and served as Conservative-Unionist Member of Parliament for Regina from 1917 to 1921 and then as the Conservative MP for Long Lake from 1930 until his death.

A dentist by profession, Cowan was born in Guelph, Canada West, to Scottish immigrants. After his early schooling in Guelph, Cowan attended the University of Maryland, graduating with a degree in dentistry in 1888.

In 1889 he moved to Regina in what was then the Northwest Territories and was one of the first dentists in the region. He organized the first dental association in Canada, the Dental College of the Northwest Territories (later the Dental College of Saskatchewan) and served as its president until 1913.

In 1890, Dr. Cowan was elected to the town council and served for one year. In 1891, he became associated editor of the Dominion Dental Journal. He helped form the National Dental Association in 1904 and served as the organization's president.

Cowan ran for parliament in the 1911 federal election as a Conservative but was defeated in the Regina electoral district.

Cowan was elected Mayor of Regina in 1916 and held that office for two years, deciding not to run for a third term after he was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1917 federal election as a Unionist MP supporting the wartime government of Sir Robert Borden. He did not run for re-election in the 1921 federal election.

He also served during World War I as commanding officer of the Dental Corps, District No.12, with the rank of major.

Cowan returned to the House of Commons after being elected as the Conservative MP for Long Lake in the 1930 federal election. During this time, he was also the provincial treasurer ("Klabee") for the Saskatchewan chapter of the Ku Klux Klan. He died in office in 1934.

In 1918, Cowan published a book on post-war reconstruction called After Hell, what?.

References

Walter Davy Cowan, DDS, Saskatchewan And Its People

1865 births
1934 deaths
Mayors of Regina, Saskatchewan
Unionist Party (Canada) MPs
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Saskatchewan
Canadian dentists
Canadian military personnel of World War I
Canadian Ku Klux Klan members

Walter Davy Cowan


The Prussian Thaler (sometimes Prussian Reichsthaler) was the currency of Prussia until 1857. In 1750, Johann Philipp Graumann implemented the Graumannscher Fuß with 14 thalers issued to a Cologne Mark of fine silver, or 16.704 g per thaler.

Gold coins were called as Fredrickd'or from 1750 to 1857 except for 1797 (Ducant in 1797), and silver coins were called as Thalers. The weight, and finesse of coins had changed as the kings changed.

Until 1821, the thaler was subdivided in Brandenburg into 24 Groschen, each of 12 Pfennige. In Prussia proper, it was subdivided into 3 Polish Gulden = FL = Zloty , each of 30 Groschen (each Groschen = 18 Pfennige) or 90 Schilling. Prussia's currency was unified in 1821, with the Thaler subdivided into 30 Silbergroschen, each of 12 Pfennige.

While the predominant North German thaler used in other North German states from 1750 to 1840 was issued 13 to a Mark and appeared in denominations of  and 1 thalers, the Prussian thaler was issued 14 to a Mark and appeared as a 1-thaler coin.

From the 1840s, several states set the value of the North German thaler to parity with the Prussian thaler, also 14 to a Mark. In 1857, these North German and Prussian thalers were replaced by the Vereinsthaler, having become the standard across much of Germany.

References

Economy of Prussia
Currencies of Germany
1857 disestablishments in Germany
Early Modern currencies
Coins of the Holy Roman Empire

Prussian thaler


The Naval Defence Act 1889 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It received royal assent on 31 May 1889 and formally adopted the "two-power standard" and increased the United Kingdom's naval strength. The standard called for the Royal Navy to maintain a number of battleships at least equal to the combined strength of the next two largest navies in the world, which then were France and Russia. An extra £20 million over the following four years were provided for ten new battleships, thirty-eight new cruisers, eighteen new torpedo boats and four new fast gunboats. The two-power standard was maintained until disarmament began during the interwar period.

Background
It was passed under the government of Lord Salisbury and facilitated spending £21,500,000 over five years toward fleet expansion. Initially, Parliament opposed the increase in naval expenditures for several reasons.

Expert naval opinions presented to Parliament in December 1888 and February 1889 rendered critical views on the state of the navy. The buildup of the French and Russian navies was another factor pointing to purported British weakness. As a result, public support for proposed naval growth grew and placed further pressure on Parliament to support the act.

In reality, the two-power standard had been informally used over the past seventy years and during the 1850s, Britain had briefly met it. Britain already enjoyed international naval superiority. The Act reasserted the standard by its formal adoption and signalled an ambition to improve British naval supremacy to an even higher level.

Naval expansion
The expansion came in the form of ten battleships, forty-two cruisers and eighteen torpedo gunboats. The battleships were the centrepiece of the legislation. Eight first-class battleships – seven of the Royal Sovereign class along with a half-sister, HMS Hood – and two second-class battleships, HMS Centurion and HMS Barfleur were ordered. The Royal Sovereign class was the most formidable capital ship of its day, fulfilling the role of a larger and faster battleship unmatched by those of Russia and France. The cruisers were aimed at protecting British supply lines.

Nine first-class cruisers of the Edgar class, twenty-nine second-class cruisers of the Apollo and Astraea classes and four third-class cruisers of the Pearl class were provided. The other eighteen torpedo gunboats served to support and protect the main battle fleet.

Rationale
The primary rationales were military and economic. The First Lord of the Admiralty, Lord George Hamilton, argued that the size and scope of the new building programme would deter the naval ambitions of other powers. By deterring other powers' naval growth at present, the British would be able to spend less on shipbuilding in the future.

The large and quickly-generated funds voted by Parliament and guaranteed over a five-year period offered immediate economic incentives as well. Previous shipbuilding efforts had been halted due to an insufficient annual allowance. Without the funds to complete the warships, production took longer and cost more. By financing the expansion over a five-year period, residual balances from one year could be transferred over to the next, allowing production to continue uninterrupted, at greatly reduced costs. That also aimed for the British completion of her warships more quickly than its rival powers. In theory, the scope and the speed of production would not only cut costs but also deter other powers from hoping to match British production.

Aftermath
In practice, there was a limited economic success but failed as a deterrent. The financing of the warships over five years allowed production to continue uninterrupted with low cost overruns and limited delays. A coinciding demand for merchant vessels, built in the same private shipyards as some of the warships, led to minimal increases in the cost of labour and material. Lord George Hamilton's hopes of reducing future naval expenditures however, were dashed as the increased British production was soon matched by France and Russia. While Britain had completed 10 battleships and had another 3 either under construction or projected, the French and Russians had begun the construction of a combined 12 battleships, with another 3 projected. Another British expansion, known as the Spencer Programme, followed in 1894 aimed to match foreign naval growth at a cost of over £31 million. Instead of deterring the naval expansion of foreign powers, the act probably contributed to a naval arms race. Other powers including Germany and the United States bolstered their navies in the following years as Britain continued to increase its own naval expenditures.

See also
 History of the Royal Navy

References

Sources
 Lambert, Nicholas A. Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution, (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2002), 3-4, 29-30.
 Marder, Arthur. The anatomy of British sea power : a history of British naval policy in the pre-dreadnought era, 1880-1905 (1976) ch 8
 Parkinson, Roger. The Late Victorian Navy: the Pre-Dreadnought Era and the Origins of the First World War, (Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2008)
 James Levy, review of The Late Victorian Navy, by Roger Parkinson, Journal of Military History, January 2008, 293-294.

External links
 British Naval Policy 1890-1920
 Royal Navy Website: Maintaining Naval Supremacy 1815-1914

United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1889
19th-century history of the Royal Navy
1889 in military history
May 1889 events
19th-century military history of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom military law
British defence policymaking
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury

Naval Defence Act 1889


Erik Røring Møinichen Lie (23 November 1869 – 1943) was a Norwegian writer.

He was born in Kristiania as the youngest son of the cousins, writer Jonas Lie (1833–1908) and Thomasine Henriette Lie (1833–1907). He was a brother of Michael Strøm Lie and writer Mons Lie. On the maternal side he was a nephew of Erika (Nissen) and Ida Lie, and a first cousin of Erika Lie, Karl Nissen, painter Jonas Lie and Eyolf Soot and a first cousin once removed of Botten Soot. On the paternal side he was a first cousin of Bernt Lie and Vilhelm Lie, and a first cousin once removed of Emil Lie and Nils Lie. Together with Kathrine Elisabeth Dons (1876–1947) he was the father of writer, police officer and Nazi politician Jonas Lie. Through his wife Erik Lie was also an uncle of Helge Thiis and Ragna Thiis Stang.

Erik Lie wrote both fiction: Tolv procent (1902), Direktør Lyngs hjem (1903) and Den nye lykke (1911); and non-fiction. He wrote literary historic books such as Honoré de Balzac (1893) and Den europæiske litteratur i kulturhistoriske billeder (1896), and the more biographical Jonas Lie; oplevelser (1908), Arne Garborg (1914) and Erindringer fra et dikterhjem (1928). He has been credited with taking the initiative to found the Norwegian Authors' Union in 1893. From 1901 to 1905 he was a librarian at the Bibliothèque Nordique in Paris, a part of the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève.

References

1869 births
1943 deaths
19th-century Norwegian novelists
20th-century Norwegian novelists
Norwegian non-fiction writers
Norwegian librarians
Norwegian expatriates in France

Erik Lie (writer)


The Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India (BRAI) is a proposed regulatory body in India for uses of biotechnology products including genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The institute was first suggested under the Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India (BRAI) draft bill prepared by the Department of Biotechnology in 2008. Since then, it has undergone several revisions.

The bill has faced opposition from farmer groups and anti-GMO activists.

Overview
On 23 January 2003, India ratified the Cartagena Protocol which protects biodiversity from potential risks of genetically modified organisms, the products of modern biotechnology. The protocol requires setting up of a regulatory body. Currently, the Genetic Engineering Approvals Committee, a body under the Ministry of Environment and Forests (India) is responsible for approval of genetically engineered products in India. If the bill is passed, the responsibility will be taken over by the Environment Appraisal Panel, a sub-division of the BRAI.

According to the bill, BRAI will have a chairperson, two full-time members and two part-time members; all will be required to have expertise in life sciences and biotechnology in agriculture, health care, environment and general biology. The bill also proposes setting up an inter-ministerial  governing body, to oversee the performance of BRAI, and a National Biotechnology Advisory Council of stakeholders to provide feedback on the use of  biotechnology products and organisms in the society. The regulatory body will be an autonomous and statutory agency to regulate the research, transport, import, and manufacture biotechnology products and organisms.

Criticism

Suman Sahai, founder of the Gene Campaign, has called the bill flawed. According to her, the bill is proposing new institutes without clearly defining their powers and responsibilities. She has also stated that the bill was introduced without consulting the people who will be affected by the bill.

P. M. Bhargava, founder of the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, has also opposed the bill. He has called the bill unconstitutional, as agricultural policy is the domain of state governments. He pointed out that the bill proposes formation of several subdivisions and has argued that they will consist of bureaucrats with no scientific knowledge. He has accused the Department of Biotechnology, which will be involved in selection of members, as a promoter of genetic technology in India. He has pointed out that the broadly defined term "confidential commercial information" has been kept outside the purview of the Right to Information Act. He had stated that the bill uses vague wordings which would criminalize sequencing or isolation of DNA and PCR techniques, requiring approval for each usage. Thus, hindering research and education. He pointed out the bill has no provision for mandatory labelling of GM foods. He criticized giving the body power to punish parties making false or misleading statements about GM crops, calling it unprecedented.

In September 2010, Jairam Ramesh, then Environment Minister, pointed out that the body is only deals with safety and efficacy of biotechnology products. The issue of commercialization has been left unaddressed. The decisions regarding commercialization can fall under the purview of Ministry of Environment and Forests, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture, or Department of Science and Technology.

On the other hand, Association of Biotechnology Led Enterprises (ABLE) has supported the bill. J.S. Rehman, an entomologist and a former member of the Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation, has stated that most protesters associate genetic engineering with Monsanto, as a result development of Indian biotech is being hindered.

See also
 Regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms
 Bt brinjal
 Genetically modified food controversies
 BT cotton
 Anti GM v/s Pro GM

References

Further reading

Proposed laws of India
Biotechnology in India
Regulators of biotechnology products
Life sciences industry
Regulatory agencies of India


The Church of St George, Chester Road, Hulme, Manchester, is an early Gothic Revival church by Francis Goodwin, built in 1826–8.  It was restored in 1884 by J. S. Crowther.  It was designated a Grade II* listed building on 3 October 1974.

The church was a Commissioners' church, (built to celebrate the victory at the Battle of Waterloo) who allotted the sum of £15,000 for construction. Goodwin was an obvious choice for architect having already undertaken a number of churches in the Midlands and the North West, as well as the original Manchester Town Hall.  Sir Nikolaus Pevsner considers that Goodwin's inspiration was Nicholas Hawksmoor's St Michael, Cornhill and that "the whole makes a lively and memorable picture". A six-bay nave with "high three-light Perpendicular windows" concludes with a tall tower at the west end, and two high pinnacles at the east. Porches are set at the northwest and southwest corners.

Drawing from Pevsner, the English Heritage inspectors who listed the building in 1974, without an internal inspection, stated that the interior was "reported as having: galleries; Perpendicular arcades; [and a] wall monument to The Hon. George Berkeley Molyneux (d.1841), by Edward Physick, in form of soldier mourning beside urn."

A declining inner-city population in the post-war period, combined with the increasing isolation of the church caused by major road construction in its vicinity, led to St George's closure in 1984. The last Rector Revd Derek Seber worked with Brian Redhead to try to find a long term use for the building including as a museum for Rolls-Royce and as a Museum of Sport . The transformation into such was planned under the then governments Community Programme offering skill training in conservation and building skills. A change in policy brought this initiative to an end. There followed a "twenty-year search for a use which would preserve the interior … proved fruitless and the building was converted to flats (in) 2000–2.  The interior can no longer be read as a whole." In 2015, the flat occupying the church tower was on the market for £1 million.

See also

Grade II* listed buildings in Greater Manchester
Listed buildings in Manchester-M15
List of churches in Greater Manchester
List of works by Francis Goodwin
List of works by J. S. Crowther
List of churches dedicated to St. George

References

Grade II* listed churches in Manchester
Church of England church buildings in Greater Manchester
Former churches in Greater Manchester
Churches in Manchester
Gothic Revival church buildings in Greater Manchester
Commissioners' church buildings


"Mine" is a song written and recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. The song was produced by Nathan Chapman and Swift. The song tells of running away from relationships due to observing heartache and breakups. The song was released August 4, 2010. It got good reviews from the music critics.

2010 songs
Taylor Swift songs

Mine (song)


Dolph (also known as Dolph Junction) is an unincorporated community in Tillamook County, Oregon, United States, near the Yamhill County line. It lies at the junction of Oregon Route 22 and Oregon Route 130 between Grande Ronde and Hebo, on the Little Nestucca River. It is within the Siuslaw National Forest in the Northern Oregon Coast Range.

Dolph was named for U.S. Senator Joseph N. Dolph. The original site of the community was at a toll gate and traveler's rest stop at the summit of the stagecoach road from the Willamette Valley to the Oregon Coast on the Tillamook-Yamhill county line. The county line was later moved west, so that the old town was in Yamhill County. The Dolph Toll Road, built by Jordan Fuqua between 1878 and 1882, went from Grand Ronde to Woods. Dolph post office opened there in 1886, and a school was started in 1889. At one time the community at the summit also had a hotel, a store, a sawmill, a barrel and stave factory, a livery stable, a blacksmith shop, and a campground.

About a half mile from the current site of Dolph at the junction of OR 22 and OR 130, there was another toll gate and the blacksmith shop of George Baxter, who maintained the road that followed the Little Nestucca River. Baxter also was the proprietor of a sulphur springs resort there.

In 1916–1917, a new public road was built from the Little Nestucca road over Sourgrass Summit to join the old road at the summit at Dolph. Because the new route to the coast was free, there was no longer a need to collect tolls and the town no longer had a reason to exist. As a result, the school was moved to west of OR 22 near Baxter's hot springs resort. The post office closed in 1921. Dolph school closed in 1930 when it was combined with the Castle Rock school to form Hebo School District. By the 1970s, nothing remained at the old town site but an apple orchard and a small cemetery on a hilltop a half a mile away.

Today there is also nothing left at the new town site at the junction, although as of 1940, there was still a hot springs resort near there. Photos show a store and hotel building at the highway junction as recently as the mid-1960s; it is now demolished.

Polk County
There is also a historic locale named Dolph in Polk County; it was a station on the Southern Pacific Railroad. The station was also known as "Brown".

References

External links
1909 image of Dolph from the Oregon Postcard Index
Historic images of Dolph from Salem Public Library

Historic images of South Tillamook County from the Headlight Herald; the first three images are of Dolph
Location of Dolph in Polk County:

Historic American Engineering Record in Oregon
Unincorporated communities in Tillamook County, Oregon
Spa towns in Oregon
1886 establishments in Oregon
Populated places established in 1886
Unincorporated communities in Oregon

Dolph, Oregon


The zero-curtain effect occurs in cold (particularly periglacial) environments where the phase transition of water to ice is slowed due to latent heat release. The effect is notably found in arctic and alpine permafrost sediments, and occurs where the air temperature falls below 0°C (the freezing point of water) followed by a rapid drop in soil temperature.

Because of this effect, the lowering of temperature in moist, cold ground does not happen at a uniform rate. The loss of heat through conduction is reduced when water freezes, and latent heat is released. This heat of fusion is continually released until all the subsurface water has frozen, at which point temperatures can continue to fall.

Therefore, for as long as water is available to the system (for example, through cryosuction/capillary action) the temperature of the sediment will remain at a constant temperature.

References

Geography of the Arctic
Geomorphology
Phase transitions

Zero-curtain effect


Louis Rothman (1869–1926) was the founder of Rothmans International, one of the United Kingdom's largest tobacco businesses.

Career
Apprenticed at the age of fourteen to an uncle's tobacco factory near Kiev in Ukraine, Louis Rothman emigrated to the United Kingdom with very little money in 1887.

He started to earn his living in London as a hand made cigarette maker and then used the money that he had saved to set up his own business selling cigarettes, which he rolled himself.

In 1893, he married Jane Weiner and at about the same time opened a small kiosk at 55a Fleet Street (reputed to have been the smallest shop in the City of London) from where he sold the cigarettes he had rolled the previous night.

'Among his customers were the Lords Rothermere and Northcliffe and Sir James Wilcox.  The business of this little shop grew until, in a comparatively short time there were six Rothman shops in the city.' He subsequently opened a number of other shops in the City and in about 1902 rented a half shop in the West End of London (5a Pall Mall). This was marked by the launch of the Pall Mall brand of cigarettes. After the First World War had ended, he had to use the name  Rothmans of Pall Mall to distinguish his business from a shop in Regent Street that had been started by his brother, Marx, and subsequently sold to someone else.

In 1912 or 1913, Louis merged his business with that of Markus Weinberg to form the Yenidje Tobacco Company Limited.  As a result of a disagreement between the two owners, the arrangement was dissolved in 1916.

In 1919, Louis went into partnership with his son, Sydney.  In 1922, they started to sell cigarettes by mail order through the Rothman's Direct-to-Smoker service. Overseas demand also expanded and taking advantage of incentives from the UK Government to promote the importing of tobacco from British Commonwealth countries, they expanded the business into an international concern.

A lifelong smoker, Louis Rothman died in 1926 of lung cancer.

References

1869 births
1926 deaths
English Jews
Ukrainian-Jewish emigrants to the United Kingdom
Tobacco in the United Kingdom
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United Kingdom
British company founders

Louis Rothman


The Law on Higher Education and Research of July 22, 2013 replaced laws promulgated by the previous French government in 2006 and 2007 (for example the law on Liberties and Responsibilities of Universities) regarding the organization and autonomy of universities and other research and higher education institutions in France.

During the 2012 French presidential election, François Hollande promised to review and improve conditions for undergraduate and graduate education and research in French universities. Shortly after the election, Geneviève Fioraso, minister for higher education and research, launched an assessment process led by an independent committee in dialogue with the university community. The committee presented a report on December 17, 2012 containing 135 recommendations. Some of the proposals received criticism, but these formed the basis for the new law presented to the National Assembly (France) in March 2013, and adopted into law July 22, 2013. Other than a dispute over the introduction of English into university courses there was little public debate.

Contents of the Law
The first title of the new law concerned general principles such as teaching in the French language, or the use of Free software. Ministers in charge of Higher Education and Research would be responsible for 5-year strategic national plans.

The law describes national limits on general professional degrees and minimal percentages on professional graduates and technological graduates. Students have a right to access more selective university programs if they have sufficiently high grades on their baccalauréat (high school graduation exam).

Geographic coordination

The law provides that "coordination is organized by only one establishment of higher education for a given territory [academic or interacademic]".

Every institution of higher education needed to plan for the following to establish this coordination:
 merging with one or more other institutions
 participating in an association of universities and higher education institutions,
 associating in another form of public scientific, cultural or professional establishment (EPSCP).

The Association of universities and higher education institutions (communauté d'universités et établissements) is a new type of EPSCP created by this law; at the same time, the  pôles de recherche et d'enseignement supérieur (PRES), the réseaux thématiques de recherche avancée (RTRA) and the établissements publics de coopération scientifique (EPCS), created by the 2006 law on research coordination are discontinued.

Now there are Communities of universities and institutions (COMUE).

See also
 , PRES (2007−2013)
 Communities of universities and institutions, Communautés d'Universités et Établissements (COMUE) (est. 2013)

References

Text of the law

Education policy in France
France
2013 in France
2013 in education
Higher Education and Research
2013 establishments in France
Universities and colleges in France
Higher education law

Law on Higher Education and Research (France)


The Rainbow Bridge is an old bridge over Brush Creek approximately two miles west of Riverton, Kansas on former U.S. Route 66 (US-66), now a county road. The bridge is a single-span concrete Marsh arch bridge and is the sole surviving bridge of this type on the entire length of the former highway. Two other Marsh arch bridges were also located on US-66 in Kansas, both over the Spring River. It was built in 1923.

The bridge has often been covered with graffiti, but was recently re-painted white. The bridge has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places (as the Brush Creek Bridge) on March 10, 1983, due to its connection with US-66 and is also a Kansas state landmark. In 2014, Kansas Rt. 66 Historic Byway nominated a bypassed  section of original 1926 highway, which ran south from the Brush Creek to the Willow Creek bridge near Baxter Springs, for an NRHP listing.

The bridge is fairly narrow, and due to traffic on the road, a replacement bridge has been built. The road curves toward the new bridge toward Baxter Springs, but a short, one-way road carries traffic to the Rainbow Bridge, which may still be crossed. This was part of a compromise after a disagreement between the county and the Kansas Route 66 Association as federal funds used for construction of the new bridge required demolition of the old. The bridge had been listed with the National Register, which prohibited condemnation of the old bridge.

In the year 2000, country singer Brad Paisley performed "Route 66" on the bridge for the TLC special, "Route 66: Main Street America".

See also

 List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Kansas
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Cherokee County, Kansas

References

External links

Bridges completed in 1923
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Kansas
Bridges on U.S. Route 66
Buildings and structures in Cherokee County, Kansas
Through arch bridges in the United States
Concrete bridges in the United States
U.S. Route 66 in Kansas
Bridges of the United States Numbered Highway System
National Register of Historic Places in Cherokee County, Kansas
1923 establishments in Kansas

Rainbow Bridge (Kansas)