General John Howard, 15th Earl of Suffolk, 8th Earl of Berkshire, FSA (7 March 1739 – 23 January 1820) was a British soldier and nobleman.

Howard was the third (but second surviving) son of Capt. Philip Howard of the Royal Marines, grandson of Philip Howard. His father died in 1741. John was a Page of Honour to the Duke of Cumberland from 1745 to 1748, and in 1756, was commissioned an ensign in the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards. He was promoted Lieutenant and Captain in 1760; his eldest brother Thomas held the same rank in the same regiment at the time. He was promoted Captain-Lieutenant in March 1773, and Captain and Lieutenant-Colonel in May 1773. He married Julia, daughter of Rev. John Gaskarth, Esq. of Hutton Hall, Penrith, Cumberland on 2 July 1774. They had five children:
Charles Nevinson Howard, Viscount Andover (13 May 1775 – 11 January 1800), married Elizabeth Coke, daughter of Thomas Coke by his first wife, without issue
Thomas Howard, 16th Earl of Suffolk (1776–1851)
Hon. John Howard (30 November 1777 – 1787)
William Philip Howard (27 November 1779 – 20 April 1780)
Lady Catherine Howard (27 November 1779 – 30 March 1850), married Rev. George Bisset, without issue

Both John and Thomas were Captains and Lieutenant-Colonels of the Guards in 1776, at the commencement of the American Revolution. Thomas was among the detachment first detailed for service in America, and was killed in 1778 in a fight with a privateer while returning home. John was sent to America in April 1779, and was present for the various skirmishing campaigns the Guards undertook that year. He was promoted Colonel in 1780, and succeeded Edward Mathew as Brigadier-General, temporarily commanding the Brigade of Guards in February 1780. Under his command, the two battalions of Guards embarked from New York and joined Lord Cornwallis in Charleston, South Carolina in December 1780, where Charles O'Hara returned from England and took over command of the Brigade.

Howard served in Cornwallis' southern campaign, and was wounded at Guilford Court House. Sent home with despatches on 14 June 1781, he arrived in England a month later, thus escaping the surrender at Yorktown. In 1783, he succeeded a distant cousin as Earl of Suffolk. Later that year, he was appointed colonel of the 70th (Surrey) Regiment of Foot, which he held until 1814. He was made a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1785, and was promoted major-general in 1787, lieutenant-general in 1789, and general in 1802.

Appointed Governor of Londonderry and Culmore in 1806, he became Colonel of the 44th (East Essex) Regiment of Foot in 1814, and died in 1820. He was succeeded by his son Thomas.

References

1739 births
1820 deaths
British Army generals
British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
John
John
East Surrey Regiment officers
Essex Regiment officers
Grenadier Guards officers
John Howard, 15th Earl of Suffolk

John Howard, 15th Earl of Suffolk


The Radio Reader is a daily half-hour radio program that was heard on 100 public radio stations in the United States. It was hosted and produced by Dick Estell from 1964 to 2016 and claimed an audience of 1.5 million listeners. Starting after Estell's retirement from Michigan State University in 1986, the show was recorded and produced in his home studio in Haslett, Michigan, near East Lansing.

The program actually dated back to 1934 and was initially called The Radio Reading Circle at WKAR, Michigan State's public radio station. Broadcasts were 15 minutes and had no regular reader. Station manager Robert Coleman became the first regular reader and changed the name to its current one. Larry Frymire became the regular reader in 1944, and continued until he retired and was succeeded by Estell, hired by WKAR in 1952. Until the Estell era, it was heard only in Michigan markets and read an array of books ranging from classics such as Pride and Prejudice to modern works.

With permission from authors, Estell only read recently released books, often selecting best-sellers. The shows began with a minimal introduction and brief summary of the book so far and the previous day's reading, transitioning into the direct reading of a portion of the book. As of May 2006, he had read over 500 books over the air. About 12 books were read each year.

The show was first recorded on an Ampex 601, a practice that continued into the 1980s. The recordings were mailed by WKAR in Michigan to other stations for broadcast. In 1979 NPR stations became connected by satellite, and the show began to be distributed that way. Until the mid-1990s the show was recorded onto reel-to-reel tape, but as that became obsolete the switch was made to Digital Audio Tape and then Mini-Discs.

In 2006, the recordings began to be distributed by FTP and e-mail and via streaming over the internet by certain radio stations.

Due to failing health, Estell's final broadcast was in March 2016. He died two months later.

References

NPR programs
1964 radio programme debuts
2016 radio programme endings

The Radio Reader


Heliconius melpomene, the postman butterfly, common postman or simply postman, is a brightly colored butterfly found throughout Central and South America. It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. Its coloration coevolved with a sister species H. erato as a warning to predators of its inedibility; this is an example of Müllerian mimicry. H. melpomene was one of the first butterfly species observed to forage for pollen, a behavior that is common in other groups but rare in butterflies. Because of the recent rapid evolutionary radiation of the genus Heliconius and overlapping of its habitat with other related species, H. melpomene has been the subject of extensive study on speciation and hybridization. These hybrids tend to have low fitness as they look different from the original species and no longer exhibit Müllerian mimicry.

Heliconius melpomene possesses ultraviolet vision which enhances its ability to distinguish subtle differences between markings on the wings of other butterflies. This allows the butterfly to avoid mating with other species that share the same geographic range.

Description
The postman butterfly is predominately black with either red or yellow stripes across the forewings. The postman butterfly has large long wings (35–39 mm). It is poisonous and the red patterns on its wings are an example of aposematism. They look similar to H. erato. Two features found on the underside help to distinguish H. erato from H. melpomene—H. erato has four red dots where the wing attaches to the thorax while H. melpomene has three and the yellowish-white stripe on the underside reaches the margin of the hindwing in H. erato but ends before reaching the margin in H. melpomene.

There are many morphs of this butterfly throughout Central and South America. The geographical variation in patterns has been studied using linkage mapping and it has been found that the patterns are associated with a small number of genetic loci called genomic "hotspots". Hotspot loci for color patterning have been found homologous between co-mimics H. erato and H. melpomene, strengthening evidence for parallel evolution between the two species, across morph patterns.

Geographic range and habitat
Heliconius melpomene is found from Central America to South America, especially on the slopes of the Andes mountains. It most commonly inhabits open terrain and forest edges, although it can also be found near the edges of rivers and streams. It shares its range with other Heliconius species, and H. melpomene is usually less abundant than other species.

Origins
A recent study, using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and mitochondrial DNA datasets, places the origin of H. melpomene to 2.1 million years ago. H. melpomene shows clustering of AFLPs by geography suggesting that the species originated in eastern South America.

Food resources

Caterpillars
Caterpillars of Heliconius exhibit a behavior known as monophagy, meaning they feed on only one kind of plant, specifically the genus Passiflora. In H. melpomene, the host plants are limited to Passiflora oerstedii and Passiflora menispermifolia. Species of the genus Passiflora have evolved many chemical defenses, but Heliconius caterpillars have developed adaptations that allow them to continue to feed on the plants and actually incorporate the toxic compounds into their systems and make them unpalatable to predators. These interactions make Heliconius and Passiflora a model system for studies of coevolution.

Adults

Diet
Unlike most other butterflies, several Heliconius species have been observed eating pollen as well as nectar. The exact mechanism by which the butterfly digests the pollen is uncertain; it was originally thought that once the pollen was soaked in nectar after ingestion, it would then be able to be digested by the butterfly. Recently, however, the enzyme protease was discovered in the butterfly's saliva, which implies an adaptation for breaking down pollen. This enzyme was found in higher concentrations in the saliva of female butterflies, likely due to the greater need of nutrition associated with reproduction. These adaptations allow the butterflies to extract important amino acids from the pollen, which, in addition to general nutrition benefits, allows H. melpomene to have brighter colors and be more distasteful to predators than their non-pollen-foraging counterparts. It is thought that this foraging adaptation and subsequent enhancement of coloration contributed to the speciation of Heliconius.

Pollination
Pollen is a rarely utilized but efficient protein source for Lepidoptera species. While foraging for pollen, adults accumulate pollen on the end of their proboscis and the grains stay there for long periods of time. These pollen grains are transferred to the stamen of another plant the butterfly visits while foraging. While there are many plants in H. melpomene range that provide suitable nutrients, only a few of these are visited by the butterfly. This makes the butterfly an efficient pollinator for the flowers it visits as there is a low likelihood of a plant receiving the wrong kind of pollen.

Parental care
By foraging for pollen while developing eggs, female H. melpomene butterflies provide valuable amino acids and proteins to their offspring. This reduces the amount of time that the offspring must spend foraging during the larval stage, and thus decreases the chances of larval predation. While this extra foraging behavior on the part of the female increases her likelihood of being eaten, the warning colors highlighting her distaste protect her from would be predators.

Oviposition
Female H. melpomene butterflies recognize host plants by identifying the corresponding chemical compound using chemoreceptors located on her forelegs. When searching for a plant, the butterfly will drum her legs on the plant in order to detect the chemical compounds the plant releases. Once she has found the correct host plant, she will lay eggs singly on separate young leaves. Finding the correct host plant is crucial as H. melpomene larvae are adapted to only feed on certain Passiflora plants.

Life cycle
The eggs of H. melpomene are yellow and approximately 1.5 x 1 mm. They are mostly laid singly or rarely in small clusters on the young leaves of Passiflora plants. Caterpillars live in groups of two to three individuals and are white with black spots. Pupae are spiny and dark brown in color. The adults have black bodies with bright yellow or orange patterns on the wings. Female H. melpomene produce oocytes continuously throughout their life; this is due to the high nutrient diet the butterfly obtains from eating pollen. Closely related Heliconius species have been reported to have a maximum life span of six months, and it is likely that H. melpomene lives for a similar length of time.

Protective coloration and behavior

Mimicry
Heliconius melpomene coevolved with its sister species, H. erato, each developing similar bright color patterns. The H. melpomene patterns correspond to at least 20 of the 27 H. erato subspecies. This coloration warns potential predators that the butterflies are distasteful and should be avoided; this is an example of aposematism. Since both species possess this acrid taste, they display what is known as Müllerian mimicry. Despite their easily confused coloration, these two species are able to exist in the same habitat range because they are reproductively isolated due to adaptations in the eyes of the butterflies that allow for better distinction between individuals.

Chemical defense
Both males and females release a strong odor detectable even to humans when handled in order to deter predation. Additionally, H. melpomene butterflies render themselves unpalatable to predators such as birds by producing cyanogenic glycosides in both the larval and adult stages. These glycosides are incorporated into the insect's system by feeding on host plants that produce the compounds as a defense against herbivory.

Communal roosting
Individuals of the genus Heliconius form large communal roosts which they return to each night after foraging. The reason for this behavior was not well characterized until recently when it was determined that the large aggregations of butterflies provided protection from predators. Butterflies fare better in these groups for two reasons. First, the prey dilution effect lowers the likelihood that one particular individual will be eaten because of the large number of other individuals that are in the area. Second, the congregation of the brightly colored individuals is more likely to deter predators by making the warning coloration more prominent.

Genetics

Hybridization
Due to its overlapping range with many closely related species, H. melpomene sometimes hybridizes in nature despite adaptations meant to counteract this. Females resulting from the cross of H. melpomene and H. cydno are sterile. While hybrid males are not sterile, they exhibit patterns that are intermediate between the crossed species and thus the males are unlikely to be recognized as mates by either species. Furthermore, the patterns on both sexes will be non-mimetic, meaning they will not be recognized by predators as displays of distaste. Therefore, the hybrids resulting from the cross of H. melpomene with other Heliconius species have low fitness and are not likely to persist.link does not provide access

Subspecies
Subspecies of H. melpomene include:
 H. m. aglaope (C. & R. Felder, 1862)
 H. m. amandus (Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1892)
 H. m. amaryllis (C. & R. Felder, 1862)
 H. m. cythera (Hewitson, 1869)
 H. m. euryades (Riffarth, 1900)
 H. m. malleti (Lamas, 1988)
 H. m. melpomene (Linnaeus, 1758)
 H. m. meriana (Turner, 1967)
 H. m. modesta (Riffarth, 1900)
 H. m. nanna (Stichel, 1899)
 H. m. penelope (Staudinger, 1894)
 H. m. plesseni (Riffarth, 1907)
 H. m. sticheli (Riffarth, 1907)
 H. m. rosina (Boisduval, 1870)
 H. m. thelxiope (Hübner, [1806])
 H. m. unimaculata (Hewitson, 1869)
 H. m. vicinus (Ménétriés, 1847)
 H. m. vulcanus (Butler, 1865)
 H. m. xenoclea (Hewitson, [1853]

Mating

Mate searching
When searching for mates, males of H. melpomene exhibit patrolling behavior, which involves searching for potential mates while flying around the range that the species inhabits. This requires the ability to distinguish H. melpomene females from those of other species, a key adaptation of the butterfly.

Female/male interactions
Male H. melpomene possess abdominal claspers that are used to grasp females for forced copulations. During mating, the male passes nutrients in a spermatophore; the female can use this nuptial gift to nourish the fertilizing eggs inside her. In addition to the spermatophore, males also deliver a pheromone to the female that is an antiaphrodisiac to other males. This increases the likelihood of the male's reproductive success by preventing the female from mating with any other males, which ensures that only the original male's sperm will be used to fertilize the female's eggs.. The pheromone is produced only by males and is secreted to identify themselves to other males, so the antiaphrodisiac works by making the female smell like a male. After a period of time the pheromone wears off and the female is able to mate again, which she will do several times throughout her life.

Physiology

Vision
Due to a duplication in a gene for UV light detection, H. melpomene individuals are capable of distinguishing between a wider range of yellow shades than other butterfly species. Additionally, when looking for mates, the butterflies distinguish conspecifics from hybrids and heterospecifics by detecting subtle changes in marking patterns on wings. These adaptations allow the butterflies to avoid genetically costly mates, as hybrid females are sterile and hybrid males in this system are less fit due to disruptive sexual selection.

Gustation/tasting
While both sexes of H. melpomene possess taste receptors on their hindlegs, only the female butterflies have the receptors on the forelegs; this is an example of sexual dimorphism. The taste receptors are used by both sexes in order to find food and mates, but the female also uses the sense to find suitable host plants for her eggs. These taste receptors are highly specialized due to the coevolution with the Passiflora plant.

Gallery

References

Further reading

External links

 Heliconius melpomene  at the Tree of Life Web Project

 "Heliconius Kluk, 1780" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms

melpomene
Butterflies of Central America
Nymphalidae of South America
Butterflies of North America
Lepidoptera of Brazil
Lepidoptera of Colombia
Lepidoptera of Venezuela
Fauna of the Amazon
Butterflies described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Heliconius melpomene


Aytaç Yalman (29 July 1940 – 15 March 2020) was a Turkish general.

Biography
He was the Commander of the Turkish Army (2002–2004) and previously General Commander of the Gendarmerie of Turkey (2000–2002). He was commissioned in an Artillery unit fielding M114 155 mm howitzers, and for the rest of his career below the rank of Colonel, he served in and commanded MGR-1 Honest John Ballistic Missile units. He served as a Gun Position Officer as well as a Fire Direction Officer in a Surface-to-Surface Tactical Ballistic Missile Regiment in the 1970s. Then he served in the Aegean Army and Turkish military forces in Northern Cyprus in the early 1980s. He later commanded an Infantry Division. In 1998, he was promoted to the rank of General and was appointed the Commander of the Second Army. In the same year, he represented Turkey at the Adana Agreement, which regulated the Turkey-Syria relations. Later on, he was appointed the Commander of the Gendarmerie General Command on 24 August 2000, and the Turkish Land Forces on 24 August 2002, respectively. He retired in 2004 due to the army's age limit.

According to General Levent Ersöz, it was Yalman who informed Chief of the General Staff Hilmi Özkök of key military figures' membership of Ergenekon. In 2012, Yalman talked about his role in preventing the "Sledgehammer" coup plan in 2003.

In 2008, Yalman wrote the libretto for "Şehitler Oratoryosu" (Oratorio for the Martyred).

Yalman died from complications of COVID-19 on 15 March 2020, aged 79, three weeks after he had been in Iran, where the disease was prevalent.

Positions held
Command Post Officer for M114 155 mm howitzer platoon 1961–62
Gun Position Officer for M114 155 mm howitzer platoon 1962–63
Assistant Fire Direction Officer for M114 155mm howitzer company 1963–64
Company second-in-command of Infantry Rifle Company (mandatory 6 month infantry attachment) 1964
Battery Captain (BK) for M114 155 mm howitzer Battery 1964–1966
Gun Position Officer for MGR-1 Honest John Ballistic Missile platoon 1966–68
Assistant Fire Direction Officer for MGR-1 Honest John Ballistic Missile battery 1968–1970
Fire Direction Officer for MGR-1 Honest John Ballistic Missile battery 1970–71
Battery Commander of M114 155mm howitzer Battery 1971–73
Battery Commander of MGR-1 Honest John Ballistic Missile Battery 1973–1975
Executive Officer (XO) of Gendarmerie Borderguards' Battalion (on lien) 1975–77
Executive Officer (XO) of MGR-1 Honest John Tactical Ballistic Missile Regiment 1977–80
Commander of MGR-1 Honest John Ballistic Missile Regiment 1980–1983
Deputy Instructor in Faculty of Rocketry & Missiles, TSK School of Artillery 1983–1985
Commander of Field Artillery Brigade, 2nd Corps 1985–1988
Executive Officer (XO) of 39th Infantry Division 1988–1990
Commander of 28th Infantry Division 1990–1993
Chief Staff Officer, 5th Corps (Tekirdag) 1993–1995
Chief Staff Officer (Heavy Firepower) in General Staff HQ 1995–1996
Commander, 9th Corps (Elazig), 1996–1998
Commander of Second Army 1998–2000
Commander of Gendarmerie General Command 2000–2002
Commander of Turkish Land Forces 2002–2004

References

1940 births
2020 deaths
Commanders of the Second Army of Turkey
Commanders of the Turkish Land Forces
General Commanders of the Gendarmerie of Turkey
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey
Turkish Army generals

Aytaç Yalman


Gosnell: The Trial of America's Biggest Serial Killer is a 2018 American drama film based on real life events about Kermit Gosnell, a physician and abortion provider who was convicted of first degree murder in the deaths of three infants born alive, involuntary manslaughter in the death of a patient undergoing an abortion procedure, 21 felony counts of illegal late-term abortion, and 211 counts of violating a 24-hour informed consent law.  He was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.

The film was announced in 2014. Funds for its production were raised via crowdfunding, in which $2.4 million was raised for the creation of the film. The film was directed by Nick Searcy, from a screenplay by Andrew Klavan which was in turn based on the book of the same name written by Irish filmmakers Ann McElhinney and Phelim McAleer. It stars Earl Billings and Dean Cain. After difficulties finding a distributor willing to carry the film and a lawsuit by a judge who objected to his portrayal in the film, the producers signed a distribution deal with GVN Releasing. It was released in approximately 650 theaters across the United States on October 12, 2018.

Plot

The film focuses on the police investigation and trial of Kermit Gosnell. The film draws from the book Gosnell: The Untold Story of America's Most Prolific Serial Killer.

During an investigation into a prescription pill mill run by Dr. Kermit Gosnell, Detective James "Woody" Wood learns that a woman had died at the clinic after being administered narcotics without a doctor on the premises. Woody believes that the woman, Karnamaya Mongar, is a homicide victim who deserves justice. He and his partner, Detective Stark, accompany the Drug Enforcement Administration and Federal Bureau of Investigation on a raid of Gosnell's clinic.

The officers are shocked by conditions inside the clinic, where cats roam and defecate freely and Gosnell is nowhere to be seen although the patients are drugged up for their abortions. As Woody and Stark search the clinic for evidence regarding Karnamaya Mongar, they discover the frozen remains of babies, not fetuses.

Woody engages the support of Assistant District Attorney Lexy McGuire. They uncover a disturbing truth: Gosnell had been performing illegal late-term abortions by having his untrained staff drug patients into a stupor then administer drugs to induce labor. The patients would deliver live babies that Gosnell and his staff would then kill by snipping their spines with surgical scissors. Most shocking of all, Lexy learns that health officials for years deliberately turned a blind eye to the goings-on in Gosnell's clinic.

The trial hinges on the difference between late abortions performed legally and the abortions Gosnell performed. The prosecution focuses on the fact that the babies that Gosnell killed were not aborted while in the womb; they were delivered alive and then killed. Lexy enters a photo of "Baby Boy A," the largest of those babies, into evidence. Gosnell's defense attorney focuses on the gruesome and shocking nature of legally performed late abortions and asserts that Gosnell is a victim of a racist Catholic crusade against a black man performing legal services to minority women.

At the trial's conclusion, the jury finds Gosnell guilty of most of the charges against him, including the murder of Baby Boy A.

Cast
Dean Cain as Detective James Wood
Janine Turner as Dr. North
Sarah Jane Morris as Assistant District Attorney, Lexy McGuire
Michael Beach as District Attorney, Dan Molinari
Nick Searcy as Gosnell's defense attorney, Mike Cohan
Earl Billings as Kermit Gosnell
Cyrina Fiallo as Molly Mullaney
Alfonzo Rachel as Detective Stark
Dominique Deon as Betty Goodwin

Production

Development and crowdfunding
The film was announced in 2014, less than a year after Gosnell was tried and sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. The filmmakers sought to raise funds for the production of the film through crowdfunding, but encountered resistance from Kickstarter, which the filmmakers said censored the project from their website. According to email exchanges released by McAleer, Kickstarter requested that the phrases "'1000s of babies stabbed to death" and '1000s of babies murdered'...be removed or modified to comply with the spirit of our Community Guidelines." Kickstarter's CEO denied that they censored the project and said the filmmakers blew an editorial exchange out of proportion.

The filmmakers switched to Indiegogo and launched their crowdfunding effort on March 28, 2014, with a goal of $2.1 million, which was reached less than two weeks later on April 9, 2014. It quickly became the highest-funded film on Indiegogo, and is currently one of the highest-funded crowdfunding projects of all time.

Casting
The film was originally intended to be a made for TV movie, but the filmmakers later decided to make it into a feature film. John Sullivan was announced as the executive producer of the film in December 2014. Nick Searcy was announced as the director of the film in March 2015. Searcy said in a statement, "I am both excited and humbled by the opportunity to have a part in bringing this important American story to the screen. It is a story that many in Hollywood were unwilling to tell, and I am grateful to Ann, Phelim and Magdalena for having the courage to tell it." He also said, "There are three aspects to this story that are fascinating. What happened; why it was allowed to happen; and why no one wanted to talk about it after it happened." Searcy later wrote in a September 2018 op-ed in National Review that he knew taking on a controversial project would cause him to be shunned by some in Hollywood but agreed to direct after reading the script. Searcy says he sought to make a film that "would inform and benefit people on both sides of this issue, no matter how passionate" and that would treat the politics of the case "objectively in an honest and compelling film."

Earl Billings was cast to play Kermit Gosnell, and Dean Cain was cast as Detective James Wood, one of the detectives who investigated Gosnell.

Musician John Ondrasik, also known by his stage name Five for Fighting, recorded a song entitled "The Song of Innocents" for the end credits of the film. The film was shot in Oklahoma rather than the Pennsylvania locations of the crimes.

Distribution difficulties
Filming was completed in October 2015, and release was expected in 2016, but a distribution deal was not secured until June 2018.

The film faced additional delays when, days before a distribution was set to be announced in June 2017, the Philadelphia judge who presided over Gosnell's trial, Jeffrey Minehart, filed a defamation lawsuit against the filmmakers for $50,000, stating the book and film portrayed Minehart "'as a villain in their story of the righteous versus the wicked' when in fact he's a "former prosecutor with an impeccable reputation for honesty, integrity and fairness.'" The lawsuit was settled out of court and the filmmakers were allowed to resume negotiations with distributors.

Release
The film premiered in Hollywood on October 9, 2018 at the Saban Theatre. It was released in approximately 650 theaters across the United States on October 12, 2018.

Marketing
A Washington Times article reported that the filmmakers were anticipating a lack of interest from the left-leaning media and that they would instead utilize social media, word-of-mouth, and reaching out to non-media influencers to garner support for the film. Executive producer John Sullivan said their marketing budget would focus on women 35 and older living within 15 miles of a theater showing the film. Sullivan said they were "not naïve" about the increased public conversation about Roe v. Wade sparked by the nomination of Brett Kavanaugh to the United States Supreme Court and that they would "embrace it in a way and have a discussion about it."

The producers attempted to purchase airtime on National Public Radio (NPR) to promote the film, but NPR responded that the announcements could not use the terms "abortionist" or "abortion doctor."  The producers declined to agree to NPR's stipulations and thus did not go through with the purchase.

Reception
Upon its release, the film received only three reviews from large media sources:  the Los Angeles Times, Forbes and NBC News. Michael Rechtshaffen, writing for the LA Times, called the film sensationalistic and sanctimonious; he also criticized McElhinney's involvement and the general tone of conservative bias, writing that "the film never loses sight of the choir to which it is plainly preaching." Robin Marty, writing for NBC News, questioned the claim raised by the film's title, as Gosnell was only convicted on three murder charges. She also criticized the film for comparing Gosnell to George Tiller, writing that comparing "an experienced doctor who legally performed third trimester abortions, usually for women victimized by sexual assault or who learned that their child had fatal fetal anomalies, to a man who stabbed live babies in the neck to sever their spinal cords isn't just disingenuous, it's disrespectful (and potentially slanderous). There is no defense of what Gosnell did... there is also no comparison between what he did and what a legitimate, trained abortion provider does — and that is where the film becomes purposefully misleading." The Seattle Times noted in its October 12 new-release coverage that no advance press screening was held for the film, which might explain why there were so few reviews from mainstream media outlets. Other media such as the Washington Times reported without a review, focusing instead on the production's relation to the real-life story on which it is based. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a score of , based on  reviews, with an average rating of .

The film's producers alleged that most of the media was refusing to publish reviews to avoid giving it publicity. Columnist George Will said "The critics' boycott of the film continued the journalists' indifference toward Gosnell's trial."

In its first week of release, Gosnell earned $1.8M, ranking 11th highest earner. The second week earned $1M, ranking 15th. The film ran for 10 weeks.

Producer McAleer is quoted as saying, "We have been banned, blocked, and attacked. The mainstream media refused to review the film despite a national release of a movie about a subject [abortion] that is a major political issue. NPR refused our advertising, Facebook has blocked our ads, and theaters yanked our film, even though it was a success."

The film was released on DVD in early 2019 on Amazon, Redbox and Netflix.

References

External links

2018 films
Films about abortion
Drama films based on actual events
American drama films
Media bias controversies
Crowdfunded films
2018 independent films
Anti-abortion movements
Films about murderers
Films shot in Oklahoma
Films about lawyers
2010s English-language films
2010s American films


During and following the First World War, several people ran in Canadian elections as soldiers.  They had themselves listed on the ballot as Soldier Party, "Soldier-Farmer Party", "Soldier-Labour Party", or "Independent Soldier".

One such candidate, Joseph McNamara, was elected in the riding of Riverdale (in Toronto) in the 1919 Ontario election. His mandate lasted from October 20, 1919 to May 10, 1923 and he generally supported the United Farmers of Ontario-Independent Labour Party government of Ernest C. Drury in the legislature.

Politics in the interwar period were hugely influenced by the societal impacts of veterans, in Canada as in other countries that were participants from the start in that war.

See also
 Veterans Coalition Party of Canada, founded 2019

References

Canadian soldiers
Veterans' affairs in Canada
Defunct political parties in Canada
Defunct provincial political parties in Ontario

Soldier (party)


David Crabb (December 13, 1974 - ) is an American actor and writer.  He was born in San Antonio, Texas and lived there until the middle of high school, when he moved to Seguin, Texas.  His experiences of being a "gay Goth teen in South Texas" were chronicled in his 2011 autobiographical one-man show, Bad Kid.  Bad Kid ran for several weeks at the Axis Theater in New York City in November 2011 and garnered critical praise. It made a second run from February 17, 2012, to March 10, 2012, and garnered more positive reviews from the New York theater community. Bad Kid was published as a memoir by Harper Perennial in 2015.

His second one-man show, $1800, premiered in New York City in November 2015 and chronicles finding $1800 on the street, his moral dilemma about what to do with it, along with life as a struggling actor in New York and chronic health issues.

Crabb graduated from Texas State University–San Marcos in 1997 and then got an MFA in Photography and Performance from Cranbook Academy of Art in 1999. He is two-time winner of The Moth storytelling slam and has appeared on stage and screen, and has also worked as a sound engineer. He was a regular member of the off-Broadway theater company Axis Company NYC as well as a producer and performer for Ask Me Stories and RISK! Show.

As of 2016, he resides in Los Angeles, CA with his husband, actor Jack Perry, and their dog.

References

External links

American male stage actors
American gay actors
1975 births
Living people
21st-century American LGBT people

David Crabb


Judith Fetterley (born 1938) is a literary scholar known for her work in feminism and women's studies. She was influential in leading a reappraisal of women's literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, and the contributions of women writing about women's experience, including their perspectives on men in the world.

Early life and family
Judith Fetterley was born in New York City, New York, although she was raised in Toronto, Ontario, Canada for several years.  Her family moved to Franklin, Indiana when she was ten.  She studied in public schools, then earned her B.A. degree at Swarthmore College.  She did graduate work at Indiana University, where she earned her Ph.D. in English in 1969.

Career
Fetterley began her academic career at the University of Pennsylvania, where she taught from 1967 to 1973.  She moved to the State University of New York at Albany, New York in 1973 where she taught English and women's studies.  She left the University at Albany in 2004, having earned the rank of Distinguished Teaching Professor.

Fetterley helped formulate the concept of resistant reading in her 1978 book, The Resisting Reader: A Feminist Approach to American Fiction. In addition, she led a reappraisal of women's literature of the 19th century and the American canon. She pointed out that American literature had been defined as about men and by men, thus excluding half of the world: women's experience and perspective.

In a series of analyses of works by Faulkner, Fitzgerald, Hawthorne, Hemingway, Irving, James, and Mailer, Fetterly in The Resisting Reader places readerly experience at the forefront and argues that American literature—both past and present—has "immasculated" women readers by compelling them to identify with a so-called universal maleness. This immasculation "burns away" [sic] "the merely personal, the purely subjective" and therefore creates in woman readers a "confusion of consciousness" (xi) in which they cannot read as themselves. Citing John Keats's complaint that poetry exerts a "palpable design" upon readers, Fetterley writes that American literature does something far more insidious: its designs are "impalpable," so women readers fail to recognize its effects (xi). Calling on women readers to intervene, to resist this hailing, Fetterley calls feminist criticism a political act to "to make available to consciousness that which has been left largely unconscious" (xii) and to "change [sic] the consciousness of those who read and their relation to what they read" (vii).

Now recognized as a classic of feminist literary criticism, The Resisting Reader generated both praise and critique upon publication. Reviewers were quick to point out that in approach, style, and tone, Fetterley echoed Kate Millett, whose Sexual Politics had preceded The Resisting Reader by almost a decade. For many feminist commentators, this continuity suggested the growth of feminist literary criticism, as well as the continued need for "naming the felt reality of American fiction." As a review in the Women's Studies International Quarterly puts it, "Fetterley's questions are so often crucial, her observations repeatedly so acute, that they force us to ask how we avoided them in the past." Still others admired the book's feminist heart while expressing discomfort with the vehemence of Fetterley's "tone and emphasis." The book also saw its share of anti-feminist response, most of which faulted Fetterley—and by extension, feminism—for an overly narrow and repetitive focus on sexism and gender. Her arguments around resistant readings in this book have since been challenged by Timothy Bewes, a literary critic associated with postcritique, who proposes an approach that involved "reading with the grain."

In 1980, Fetterley began the project of reading and writing about 19th century American women writers.  This resulted in three major publications and a series of articles.  Provisions: A Reader from 19th Century American Women appeared in 1985 and American Women Regionalists, co-edited with Marjorie Pryse, appeared 1992.  Writing Out of Place: Regionalism, Women and American Literary Culture, written with Marjorie Pryse, appeared in 2003.

Since leaving the academic world, Fetterley has become a semi-professional gardener, with a small perennial garden design business called Perennial Wisdom (perennialwisdom.net).  She is currently writing a memoir about her experience as a gardener.

Works
- The Resisting Reader: A Feminist Approach to American Fiction, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press
- Provisions: A Reader from 19th-Century American Women, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press

References

Sources
David H. Richter, ed., The Critical Tradition: Classic Texts and Contemporary Trends, 3rd ed., Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007.
 The University at Albany, State University of New York  Faculty Website

1938 births
Living people
Educators from New York City
American women writers
Indiana University alumni
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Swarthmore College alumni
Feminist studies scholars
University at Albany, SUNY faculty
Postmodern feminists
People from Franklin, Indiana
American women academics
21st-century American women

Judith Fetterley


The Battle of Gonzales was the first military engagement of the Texas Revolution. It was fought near Gonzales, Texas, on October 2, 1835, between rebellious Texan settlers and a detachment of Mexican army soldiers. On October 2, 1835, the growing tensions between Mexico and Texas erupt into violence when Mexican soldiers attempt to disarm the people of Gonzales, sparking the Texan war for independence. Texas or Tejas as the Mexicans called it–had technically been a part of the Spanish Empire since the 17th century.

1830s in Texas
1835
Gonzales
October events

Battle of Gonzales


Traditional Korean medicine (known in North Korea as Koryo medicine) refers to the forms of traditional medicine practiced in Korea.

History
Korean medicine traditions originated in ancient and prehistoric times and can be traced back as far as 3000 BCE when stone and bone needles were found in North Hamgyong Province, in present-day North Korea. Korean medicine originated from Korea. In Gojoseon, where the founding myth of Korea is recorded, there is a story of a tiger and a bear who wanted to reincarnate in human form and who ate wormwood and garlic. In Jewang Ungi (제왕운기), which was written around the time of Samguk Yusa, wormwood and garlic are described as 'edible medicine', showing that, even in times when incantatory medicine was the mainstream, medicinal herbs were given as curatives in Korea. Medicinal herbs at this time were used as remedial treatment such as easing the pain or tending injury, along with knowing what foods were good for health.
In the period of the Three Kingdoms, traditional Korean medicine was mainly influenced by other traditional medicines such as ancient Chinese medicine. There was important trade with foreign countries during the period of the Three Kingdoms. "In particular, medical knowledge from China and India supplemented the foundation of traditional medicine that had been handed down from the Old Joseon period." In Korea, this has "spurred further developments."

Medicine flourished in the period of the Joseon. For example, the first training system of nurses was instituted under King Taejong (1400–1418), while under the reign of King Sejong the Great (1418–1450) measures were adopted to promote the development of a variety of Korean medicinal ingredients. These efforts were systematized and published in the Hyangyak Jipseongbang (향약집성방, 1433), which was completed and included 703 Korean native medicines, providing an impetus to break away from dependence on Chinese medicine. The medical encyclopaedia named Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions (醫方類聚, 의방유취), which included many classics from traditional chinese medicine, written by Kim Ye-mong (金禮蒙, 김예몽) and other Korean official doctors from 1443 to 1445, was regarded as one of the greatest medical texts of the 15th century. It included more than 50,000 prescriptions and incorporated 153 different Korean and Chinese texts, including the Concise Prescriptions of Royal Doctors (御醫撮要方, 어의촬요방) which was written by Choi Chong-jun (崔宗峻, 최종준) in 1226. Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions has very important research value, because it keeps the contents of many ancient Korean and Chinese medical books that had been lost for a long time.
After this, many books on medical specialties were published. There are three physicians from the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910) who are generally credited with further development of traditional Korean medicine—Heo Jun, Saam, and Yi Je-ma. After the Japanese invasion in 1592, Dongeui Bogam (동의보감) was written by Heo Jun, the first of the major physicians. This work further integrated the Korean and Chinese medicine of its time and was influential to Chinese, Japanese and Vietnamese medicine. In the late period of Joseon, Yi Je-ma's "unique system of constitutional medicine" illustrates the "nature of" the medicine that has been traditionally developed in Korea by example. Medical treatments were based upon yin and yang principles "and the five elements." A warm treatment would treat a person who is a yin. On the other hand, a cold treatment would treat a person who is a yang.

The next major influence to traditional Korean medicine is related to Sasang typology (사상의학). Yi Je-ma and his book, The Principal of Life Preservation in Oriental Medicine (東醫壽世保元, 동의수세보원) systematically theorized with the influence of Korean Confucianism and his clinical experiences in Korea. Yi Je-ma said that even if patients suffer the same illness, patients need to use different herbal applications to treat the same illness due to the pathophysiologies of individuals. He stresses that the health of human body had a close relationship with the state of mind. He believed that the human mind and body were not separate and they closely reflected each other, and the aspect of mind needed to be considered when examining the causes of disease. Thus, not only food and natural environment but also emotional changes in humans can be another major reason for illness. He believed that medical diagnosis and treatment should be based on person's typology rather than on symptoms alone and each person should be given different prescriptions depending on the constitution of the individual. Sasang typology (사상의학) focuses on the individual patients based on different reactions to disease and herbs. Treat illness by the treatment of the root cause through proper diagnosis. Key to this diagnosis is to first determine the internal organs or pathophysiology of each patient.

The next recognized individual is Saam, a priest-physician who is believed to have lived during the 16th century. Although there is much unknown about Saam, including his real name and date of birth, it is recorded that he studied under the famous monk Samyang. He developed a system of acupuncture that employs the five element theory.

In the late Joseon dynasty, positivism was widespread. Clinical evidence was used more commonly as the basis for studying disease and developing cures. Scholars who had turned away from politics devoted themselves to treating diseases and, in consequence, new schools of traditional medicine were established. Simple books on medicine for the common people were published.

Yi Je-ma classified human beings into four main types, based on the emotion that dominated their personality and developed treatments for each type:
 Tae-Yang (태양, ) or "greater yang"
 So-Yang (소양, ) or "lesser yang"
 Tae-Eum (태음, ) or "greater yin"
 So-Eum (소음, ) or "lesser yin"
The Japanese took control of Korea, which made the Korean traditional medicine fall on difficult times. Colonial rule of the Japanese started since 1910. The continuance of developing Korean medicine was suspended for 40 years due to the Japanese rule. Academic research of this medicine was suspended as well. The suppression lasted until 1945. Korea was freed from the Japanese rule at this time. In 1951, the enactment of the National Medical Treatment Law established an organized framework for skillful practitioners who use the medicine that has been traditionally developed to treat patients. Koreans and their government supported this medicine. In 1970s, Korean traditional medicine including acupuncture was generally acknowledged by healthcare clinics because of its value.

Originally, Korean traditional medicine was called "medicine of symptoms." "Principles of traditional medicine call for an assessment of eight symptoms." These symptoms are categorized "into four pairs: cold/hot, deficiency/sufficiency, large/small, and yin/yang." Korean traditional medicine is ineffective when used alone in some situations. The medicine from the West can be used with Korean medicine, which is more effective. In Korea, this widespread practice occurs for a long time. Currently, Korean Traditional Medicine is under challenges to undergo scientific examinations such as clinical trials to counter growing distrust. Survey has shown that younger generations of Koreans tend to not trust Korean Traditional Medicine.  The meme '한무당'(Hanmudang), a neologism that relates Korean Traditional Medicine to shamanism has become too prevalent among young generations that there the association of Korean Traditional Medicine Protectionists had to take measures to stop the meme from auto-completing in internet searches.

Methods

The most common applications of Korean traditional medicine are acupuncture, herbal medicine, and moxibustion. They describe a combination of natural and medical sciences research. In Korea, adherents of the medicine that has been traditionally developed advise that acupuncture comes first. Moxibustion comes second and herbal medicine comes third. Depending on physical state and particular condition of the individual, these practices can be prescribed in separate ways.

Herbal medicine

Herbalism is the study and practice of using plant material for the purpose of food, medicine, or health. They may be flowers, plants, shrubs, trees, moss, lichen, fern, algae, seaweed or fungus. The plant may be used in its entirety or with only specific parts.

Herbal medicines may be presented in many forms including fresh, dried, whole, or chopped. Herbs may be prepared as infusions when an herb is soaked in a liquid or decocted—simmered in water over low heat for a certain period. Some examples of infusion are chamomile or peppermint, using flowers, leaves and powdered herbs. Decocting examples may be rose hips, cinnamon bark, and licorice root consisting of fruits, seeds, barks, and roots. Fresh and dried herbs can be tinctured where herbs are kept in alcohol or contained in a vinegar extract. They can be preserved as syrups such as glycerites in vegetable glycerin or put in honey known as miels.

Non-oral herbal uses consist of creams, baths, oils, ointments, gels, distilled waters, washes, poultices, compresses, snuffs, steams, inhaled smoke and aromatics volatile oils.

Many herbalists consider the patient's direct involvement to be critical. These methods are delivered differently depending on the herbal traditions of each area.  Nature is not necessarily safe; special attention should be used when grading quality, deciding a dosage, realizing possible effects, and any interactions with herbal medications.

An example of herbal medicine is the use of medicinal mushrooms as a food and as a tea. A notable mushroom used in traditional Korean medicine is Phellinus linteus known as Song-gen.

Acupuncture

Acupuncture is used to withdraw blood or stimulate certain points on humans and animals by inserting them on specific pressure points of the body. Traditional acupuncture involves the belief that a "life force" (qi) circulates within the body in lines called meridians. Scientific investigation has not found any histological or physiological evidence for traditional Chinese concepts such as qi, meridians, and acupuncture points, and many modern practitioners no longer support the existence of life force energy (qi) flowing through meridians, which was a major part of early belief systems. Pressure points can be stimulated through a mixture of methods ranging from the insertion and withdrawal of very small needles to the use of heat, known as moxibustion. Pressure points can also be stimulated by laser, massage, and electrical means. Constitutional acupuncture, medicinal acupuncture, Sa-am acupuncture, and single-needle acupuncture are unique methods of acupuncture.

Moxibustion
Moxibustion is a technique in which heat is applied to the body with a stick or a cone of burning mugwort. The tool is placed over the affected area without burning the skin. The cone or stick can also be placed over a pressure point to stimulate and strengthen the blood.

A Cochrane Review found moderate certainty evidence for the use of moxibustion plus usual care for reducing the chance of  breech presentation of babies but uncertainty about the need for ECV.  Moxibustion has also been studied for the treatment of pain, cancer, stroke, ulcerative colitis, constipation, and hypertension. Systematic reviews of moxibustion show that there is a need for further research about these other therapeutic applications to reduce risk of publication bias.

Education

Graduate School of Korean Medicine
The South Korean government established a national school of traditional Korean medicine to establish its national treasure on a solid basis after the closing of the first modern educational facility (Dong-Je medical school) one hundred years ago by the Japanese invasion.

In 2008, the School of Korean Medicine was established inside Pusan National University with the 50 undergraduate students on the Yangsan medical campus. The new affiliated Korean Medical Hospital and Research Center for Clinical Studies are under construction.

Compared with common private traditional medicine undergraduate schools (6 years), this is a special graduate school (4+4).

General Hospital of Koryo Medicine
Koryo medicine is a form of traditional medicine used in North Korea and promoted by the North Korean government, providing half of the reported healthcare in the country. It is largely practised in the General Hospital of Koryo Medicine, Pyongyang. Examples of Koryo medicine sold commercially are Kumdang-2 and Royal Blood-Fresh, sold by the Pugang Pharmaceutic Company, both of which are popular with Chinese tourists to North Korea.

See also
 Dongui Bogam
 Ginseng
 Kampo
 Korean philosophy
 Kyung-ok-ko
 List of forms of alternative medicine
 List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
 Pharmacognosy
 Sasang typology
 Traditional Chinese medicine
 Traditional Vietnamese medicine
 Yakchim

Notes

References

External links

Traditional Korean medicine


Michael Robert Marrus  (February 3, 1941December 23, 2022) was a Canadian historian of the Holocaust, modern European and Jewish history and international humanitarian law. He is the author of eight books on the Holocaust and related subjects.

Education
He received his Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree at the University of Toronto in 1963. He then studied at the University of California, Berkeley, graduating with a Master of Arts (MA) degree in 1964 and a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in 1968. He also received a master's degree in law from the University of Toronto in 2005. Marrus was Professor of History and Dean of Graduate Studies at the University of Toronto and served for nineteen years as Governor of the institution. He was a senior fellow of Massey College until 2017 and was the Chancellor Rose and Ray Wolfe Professor Emeritus of Holocaust Studies.

Career

Publications

In 1981 Marrus co-authored with Robert Paxton Vichy France and the Jews which demonstrated that the anti-semitism of Vichy France was endogenous to the region rather than imposed from without and that the Vichy government, which was spared occupation for a time, could sometimes be even more brutal than states which, unlike Vichy, were actually under Nazi occupation, especially in its role in organizing the deportation of Jews to death camps.

Among Marrus' best-known books, The Holocaust in History (1987) applies the tools of historiographic analysis to the vast literature on the topic, attempting to elucidate such issues as the problems of the uniqueness and universalism of the Holocaust; public opinion regarding the Jews in Nazi Europe; anti-semitism as a factor in the origins of the Holocaust; Jewish resistance; the role of the Judenräte; bystanders; and role of the churches in the Holocaust. He has also written on the history of European refugee movements in the twentieth century, and the Holocaust-era restitution campaign of the 1990s.

Marrus' most recent work, Lessons of the Holocaust, published in 2015, deals with the historical and moral controversies which infuse the interpretation of the Holocaust and its significance. In it, Marrus denies there can be any definitive set of lessons to be learned from the destruction of the European Jews and instead affirms that there are many ever-evolving questions that need to be continually studied and re-interpreted. His works have been translated into French, German, Polish, Hebrew, Portuguese, and Japanese.

Role in historical investigative commission
In October 1999 Marrus was one of three Jewish scholars appointed to the International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission to investigate the role of the Pope Pius XII during the Holocaust.

The commission was supposed to review and discuss the previously published Vatican records pertaining to the World War II period and report on their assessment. In October 2000 the commission issued a preliminary report with 47 questions about the Vatican's response to the Holocaust. Thereupon, in 2001, the Vatican rebuffed the commission's efforts to access Vatican archives of the Pontificate of Pius XII and the wartime period, and it subsequently disbanded amid controversy. In an interview in the Jerusalem Post Marrus expressed regret that the commission had run "up against a brick wall" on the question of opening Vatican archives.

Massey College controversy
On September 26, 2017, at a lunch at Massey College, Hugh Segal, who then had the title of Master of Massey College, joined Marrus and other students at the table, including a black student.  Marrus then remarked, "You know this is your 'Master,' eh? Do you feel the lash?" Marrus apologized for the comment and resigned from his position as a Senior Fellow of the college on October 1, 2017, in a letter to Segal, the head of the college, stating his "deepest regrets to all whom I may have harmed." He added, "I am so sorry for what I said, in a poor effort at jocular humour... I want to assure those who heard me … that while I had no ill-intent whatsoever I can appreciate how those at the table and those who have learned about it could take offence at what I said."

Personal life
Marrus was born in Toronto, Canada on February 3, 1941. In 1971, Marrus married Carol "Randi" Greenstein; the couple had three children.

He died on December 23, 2022, at the age of 81.

Honors and awards
Marrus' books have received many prizes and distinctions, including the 1982 National Jewish Book Award in the Holocaust category for Vichy France and the Jews and more recently, a Canadian Jewish Literary Award for Lessons of the Holocaust. He has been a research fellow or has taught at St. Antony's College, Oxford, at Israel Institute for Advanced Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, at UCLA, and at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. He was a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and the Royal Historical Society. In 2008 he became a member of the Order of Canada.

Selected works

The Politics of Assimilation: The French Jewish Community at the Time of the Dreyfus Affair, 1971; second ed. 1980 (book publication of Ph.D. dissertation).
Coauthored with Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France and the Jews, 1981.

The Unwanted: European Refugees in the 20th Century, 1985.
The Holocaust in History, 1987.
The Nazi Holocaust: Historical Articles on the Destruction of European Jews, 9 volumes, 1989. Editor.
"Three Roads From Nuremberg"; Tablet magazine; Nov. 20, 2015.
Samuel Bronfman: The Life and Times of Seagram's Mr. Sam, 1991.

 Lessons of the Holocaust. Foreword by Margaret MacMillan. University of Toronto Press, 2015.

References

External links
The Holocaust at Nuremberg – an article by Marrus
French Protestant Churches and the Persecution of the Jews in France – an article by Marrus
Understanding the Vatican During the Nazi Period – an article by Marrus
An interview with Prof. Marrus Jerusalem 1997
Understanding the Vatican during the Nazi Period- an article by Marrus
Michael Marrus archival papers held at the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services

1941 births
2022 deaths
Historians of Nazism
20th-century Canadian historians
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Historians of France
Jewish Canadian writers
Jewish historians
Historians of the Holocaust
Historians of Vichy France
Members of the Order of Canada
Writers from Toronto
21st-century Canadian historians

Michael Marrus


Solomon is a figure from Abrahamic religions. He was a King of Israel, the son of King David. His name means "Peace". He is written about in the Qur'an, the Bible (2 Samuel) and other scriptures. He is said to be the author of several Old Testament books. He wrote Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs and much of Proverbs. He is famous for building the First Temple, having lots of wisdom, being very rich, and having many wives. Because of his wives, his kingdom became divided right after his death. His wives worshipped idols of gods because many of them were not of Jewish lineage.

Related pages
 Solomonid dynasty

Other websites

Kings of ancient Judah
Kings of ancient Israel
Old Testament people
10th-century BC people

Solomon


The Captain Benjamin Allyn II House, also known locally as the Thomas Allyn House, is a historic house at 119 Deerfield Road in Windsor, Connecticut.  Built in the mid-18th century or possibly earlier, it is a well-preserved example of a Colonial era brick house.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

Description and history
The Allyn House stands on the west side of Deerfield Road, historically the main road along the west bank of the Connecticut River, in southern Windsor.  It is  stories in height, with a side gable roof.  Its walls are built out of brick laid in common bond, with differing shapes indicating different periods of construction.  Ground-floor openings in the five-bay facade have segmented-arch headers, with the entrance at the center, while second-floor windows are in rectangular openings butting against the eave.  The interior has a center-hall plan, with parlors on either side and a kitchen and small extra chamber in the rear.  Period woodwork is found in each of these rooms, and floors are wide pine.

The house's construction date is traditionally given as 1670, based on a partial carving (of which only the "1" and "0" survive legibly) on its main beams.  It is possible that the house was built at this early date, but a date of 1760 is also plausible.  Documentary records for the property are unclear whether this house or another was standing at the earlier date.  The house was originally built as a saltbox, and was only raised to have a full second floor at a later date, evidenced by changes in the brick used.  Even with a 1760 construction date, this house stylistically prefigures the later Federal period brick houses that are more numerous in Windsor.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Windsor, Connecticut

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in Hartford County, Connecticut
Houses completed in 1760
Houses in Windsor, Connecticut

Capt. Benjamin Allyn II House


In the Red is a three-part BBC Two black comedy-crime drama 1998 series featuring Warren Clarke as BBC Reporter George Cragge and Alun Armstrong as Police Superintendent Frank Jefferson, investigating a series of murders of London bank managers, a small political party contesting a by-election, and a plan to overthrow the Director-General of the BBC.

The series was adapted by Malcolm Bradbury from Mark Tavener's novel of the same name (Hutchinson, 1989), which had been inspired by the writer's early experiences working for the BBC and the Liberal Party.

Following the conclusion of the series, the characters of Charles Prentis, played by Stephen Fry, and Martin McCabe, played by John Bird, who also appeared in the radio adaptation of the book (BBC Two, 1995-1999), were featured in their own spin-off series Absolute Power (BBC Radio 4, 2000-2006/BBC Two, 2003-2005), which was also created and written by Tavener.

References

External links

1998 British television series debuts
1998 British television series endings
1990s British comedy-drama television series
British political satire
1990s British television miniseries
1990s black comedy television series
1990s British crime television series
Political satirical television series
Television shows based on British novels
English-language television shows
Television shows set in London
1990s British satirical television series
1990s British political television series

In the Red (TV series)


Klara Mikhailovna Rumyanova (; 8 December 1929 – 18 September 2004) was a Soviet and Russian actress, voice actress and singer. She was active from 1951 to 1999.

Her childlike and endearing voice was easily recognized by generations of Soviet people from their early childhood, because she voiced numerous Russian animated films and sang countless children's songs. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union her songs have been heard even more, because of numerous releases of compact discs and tapes of children's songs from cartoons of the Soyuzmultfilm studio. She played roles in several films.

Biography
Klara Rumyanova was born on 8 December 1929 in Leningrad. In 1947, Klara moved to Moscow and on the first attempt she entered VGIK, where she studied at the course of Sergei Gerasimov and Tamara Makarova.

In childhood and adolescence, Klara had a completely different voice, a contralto. The ability to speak with her famous children's voice, she found only in her student years after a serious illness. Klara, like all the students of VGIK, toured with concerts on the Moscow Oblast and once she was very cold and almost died of croupous inflammation of the lungs. After lying in the hospital for more than a month, Klara lost her voice. The continued study at the VGIK was in jeopardy. Sergei Gerasimov showed her to a phoniatrician, but he explained that Klara has very rare vocal cords and he does not guarantee that she will be able to properly practice vocal after recovery. For half a year Gerasimov forbade Rumyanova to talk even in a whisper, and they communicated through writing. When her voice recovered, Rumyanova suddenly discovered that she could now speak in a very high voice, which came to be familiar to millions of moviegoers. In 1953, Klara graduated from VGIK and became an actress of the National Film Actors' Theatre.

As a student she started acting in film, her cinematic debut took place as an episodic role in the film The Rural Doctor (1951), by the same Gerasimov. However, in the future Klara played only supporting or episodic roles, never playing the main ones. Her notable roles were in the films The Rural Doctor (Lena), They Were the First (Varya), Four (nurse), Life first (Zoya), Resurrection (Bogodukhovskaya), Time, Forward! (Lushka) and The Twelve Chairs (Katerina Aleksandrovna). Gradually, she was less likely to be offered roles, and she practically stopped filming, which was allegedly caused by a conflict with Ivan Pyryev. For six years (from 1965 to 1970), Klara Rumyanova did not act in film at all, until the Minister of Culture Ekaterina Furtseva dismissed Pyryev from the post of the general director. A year before his death, Pyryev phoned Rumyanova and apologized to her for his behavior.

For the first time, Klara applied her "children's" voice in her debut film The Rural Doctor, where she played a woman in childbirth. While the scene was being prepared, the baby, who was supposed to represent the newborn, fell asleep, and at first could not be awaken for a long time, and then it was found that it was impossible to make him cry. Then Klara volunteered herself on the set to voice the scene. After that, Rumyanova secretly became famous at the whole Mosfilm, as an actress, able to scream in any child's voice, so that, she combined acting in film and voicing, where her voice was often used for young children. Then she began to receive the first invitations from the film studio Soyuzmultfilm, but Klara rejected them, considering her acting potential as higher than merely voicing cartoons. However, she was rarely invited to act in feature films which eventually forced her to do voice work. Her debut in animation was the cartoon The Wonderful Garden (1962). Gradually during this period, Klara began to cooperate more actively with Soyuzmultfilm, and as a result, at a time when she was no longer shooting, she became very popular as an actress and began to record on the radio and perform on the stage with children's songs and romances.

She became the only actress of the USSR to be awarded Honored Artist of the RSFSR for her work in animation. Despite this, she was very worried because she could not play in live action films, because she always considered herself a dramatic actress.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the subsequent economic crisis, Rumyanova, like many actors, gradually became unemployed (she was dismissed from the National Film Actors' Theatre) and only occasionally took part in the recording of audio and audio concerts and the production of radio plays. However, even during this period, she was very selective – the general director of the studio "VOX-Records" Viktor Trukhan recalled that Rumyanova basically refused to record for audio advertising. Without work, she wrote several plays, in 2000 she published the book "My Name is a Woman" – an author's collection of her plays about significant female characters of Russian history (Nadezhda Durova, Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova, Evdokiya Rostopchina).

Klara negatively spoke about Gorbachev's perestroika, the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the policies of President Yeltsin; remained a convinced supporter of communism for the rest of her life.

She died at the age of 74 on 18 September 2004 in Moscow from breast cancer. She was buried at the Donskoye Cemetery.

Selected filmography

Actress
A Groom from the Other World (Жених с того света, 1958) as Klava, nurse
Resurrection (Воскресение, 1960) as Bogodukhovskaya
Time, Forward! (Время, вперёд!, 1965) as Lushka
Anna Karenina voice only
The Twelve Chairs (Двенадцать стульев, 1971) as Katerina Aleksandrovna
How Czar Peter the Great Married Off His Moor (Сказ про то, как царь Пётр арапа женил, 1976) as Gavrilo Rtishchev's wife
Air Crew (Экипаж, 1979) as passenger with son
Dead Souls (Мёртвые души, 1984) as Chichikov's mother

Voices
A Little Frog Is looking for His Father (Лягушонок ищет папу, 1964) as Grasshopper
Cheburashka, from Cheburashka animated film series
The Kid Who Counted to Ten (Козленок который считал до десяти, 1968) as Little Goat
 Hare from Well, Just You Wait! animated cartoon series (Episodes 1–18, slight uncredited archive recording in 19)
 Hare from The Hare and the Leader (2021 Workprint)
 Junior (Malysh) from the animated cartoons of Karlsson-on-the-Roof
The Boy from Umka (1969)
 Алиса в стране чудес / Alice in Wonderland (1977) [2 vinyls] Musical play, an adaptation of Alice in Wonderland, with Klara Rumyanova, Vladimir Vysotsky, V. Abdulov. Lyrics and music: Vladimir Vysotsky
 Romashka (Daisy) from the Russian animated cartoon Dunno on the Moon (1997–1999)
Grand Duke's children from Andrei Rublev (1966)

Notes

References

External links

1929 births
2004 deaths
20th-century Russian actresses
20th-century Russian women singers
21st-century Russian actresses
21st-century Russian women singers
Actresses from Saint Petersburg
Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography alumni
Honored Artists of the RSFSR
Russian film actresses
Russian voice actresses
Russian women singers
Soviet film actresses
Soviet voice actresses
Soviet women singers
Deaths from breast cancer
Deaths from cancer in Russia
Burials at Donskoye Cemetery

Klara Rumyanova


Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of stereoisomers most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy of stereoisomers is a chemical analysis method that uses NMR spectroscopy to determine the absolute configuration of stereoisomers. For example, the cis or trans alkenes, R or S enantiomers, and R,R or R,S diastereomers.

In a mixture of enantiomers, these methods can help quantify the optical purity by integrating the area under the NMR peak corresponding to each stereoisomer.  Accuracy of integration can be improved by inserting a chiral derivatizing agent with a nucleus other than hydrogen or carbon, then reading the heteronuclear NMR spectrum: for example fluorine-19 NMR or phosphorus-31 NMR.  Mosher's acid contains a -CF3 group, so if the adduct has no other fluorine atoms, the 19F NMR of a racemic mixture shows just two peaks, one for each stereoisomer.

As with NMR spectroscopy in general, good resolution requires a high signal-to-noise ratio, clear separation between peaks for each stereoisomer, and narrow line width for each peak.  Chiral lanthanide shift reagents cause a clear separation of chemical shift, but they must be used in low concentrations to avoid line broadening.

Methods
Karplus equation
Chiral derivatizing agent
Mosher's acid
Chiral solvating agent
Chiral lanthanide shift reagent (e.g. Eufod)
NMR database method

References

See also
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy of stereoisomers

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy


The Seven Cities of Gold is a legend from the Spanish conquest of South America. It led to several expeditions by adventurers and conquistador during the 16th century. The legend originated in New Spain, about the lost cities of Quivira and Cíbola.

The location of the golden cities appear to have been in the mountains (Cibola) of the Inca. Quivira was the location of the fabulous source of mineral wealth but it was located in Kansas and it was the Flint fire stone (Quay-Vi-ra).  Well known  to the Indians of North America but not the gold the Spanish lusted for.
Now famous as the Flint Hills of Kansas.

Fictional locations
Exploration
History of North America

Seven Cities of Gold


Escort West is a 1959 American Western film directed by Francis D. Lyon, and starring Victor Mature, Faith Domergue, and Elaine Stewart. The movie is set after the U.S. Civil War, when a former Confederate officer, played by Victor Mature, and his daughter help some survivors of an Indian massacre. The film was released by United Artists on January 23, 1959.

It was the second of two co-productions between Batjac and Romina Productions. Their first was China Doll (1957).

The movie was filmed largely on the Iverson Movie Ranch in Chatsworth, California, with additional footage shot on the nearby Bell Moving Picture Ranch. The site of the Bell Ranch location shoot remained a mystery for decades until it was discovered on an expedition by film location researchers in early 2015. The researchers found the location by using information from "Escort West" and the first Elvis Presley movie, Love Me Tender, which filmed its climactic sequence at the same site, known as the "Rocky Hill."

Plot
Now that the Civil War is over, former Confederate officer Ben Lassiter and his 10-year-old daughter ride west to Nevada, where they stop off briefly at a stagecoach rest station. There they encounter sisters Beth and Martha Drury, who greet them in different ways. Beth is cordial to Ben, whereas Martha makes no secret of her dislike for rebel soldiers.

Beth is engaged to an army captain, Poole, and plans to travel to Oregon with her sister, whose husband was a Union officer killed in the war. Indians attack the rest station after Ben and his daughter ride off. When he sees warriors with liquor from the way station, Ben doubles back. He finds the Drury sisters safe, hidden in a cellar, plus an Army payroll that the Indians neglected to take.

Ben escorts the women west and intends to deliver the payroll to Poole, who is fighting off Indian attacks himself. Ben's bravery repeatedly impresses Beth, but with each passing hour Martha becomes more unstable. She panics, flees and the Indians kill her. Ben copes with a pair of Army deserters and a renegade scout named Tago along the way, ultimately leading Beth and his daughter to safety.

Cast
Victor Mature as Ben Lassiter
Reba Waters as Abbey Lassiter
Elaine Stewart as Beth Drury
Faith Domergue as Martha Drury
Noah Beery Jr. as Lt. Jamison
William Ching as Capt. Howard Poole
Harry Carey Jr. as  Trooper Travis
Slim Pickens as  Corporal Wheeler
Rex Ingram as Nelson Walker
Leo Gordon as Trooper Vogel
Ken Curtis as Trooper Burch
X Brands as Tago
Roy Barcroft as Sgt. Doyle
John Hubbard as Lt. Weeks
Claire Du Brey as Mrs. Kate Fenniman
Syd Saylor as Elwood Fenniman
Chuck Hayward as Indian
Charles Soldani as Indian
Eddie Little Sky as Indian (uncredited)

Production
Francis Lyon originally bought the story for his own Leo Productions. He eventually set up the movie with Batjac.

See also
 List of American films of 1959

References

External links

 Iverson Movie Ranch: History, vintage photos.
The "Rocky Hill", the Bell Ranch shooting location for Escort West and Elvis Presley's first movie, Love Me Tender

1959 films
1959 Western (genre) films
American Western (genre) films
Batjac Productions films
Films produced by John Wayne
Films directed by Francis D. Lyon
1950s English-language films
1950s American films
English-language Western (genre) films

Escort West


Constance of Babenberg (; 6 May 1212 – before 5 June 1243), a member of the House of Babenberg, was Margravine of Meissen from 1234 until her death, by her marriage with Margrave Henry the Illustrious.

Life
Constance was a younger daughter of Duke Leopold VI of Austria and his wife, the Byzantine princess Theodora Angelina, daughter of Emperor Isaac II Angelos. In 1225 her elder sister Margaret married the 14-year-old Henry (VII), King-elect of Germany and eldest son of the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II. Upon her father's death in 1230, the Babenberg duchies of Austria and Styria passed to her brother Frederick the Quarrelsome.

On 1 May 1234 Constance married the Wettings margrave Henry the Illustrious. The wedding took place in an open field near Vienna rather than in the newly erected Hofburg residence of the Babenberg's. It is believed that the conversion of the castle had not been completed, or perhaps it was too small. There are three sources for information about the wedding itself. Two of them report that the wedding happened , in other words, in Stadlau. The third source reports that the wedding took place in , a name which has fallen into disuse and was used instead of today's Floridsdorf.

The two sources reporting the location as Stadlau also published a list of wedding guests. Present at the wedding were King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia and Prince Béla IV of Hungary, the Archbishop of Salzburg as well as the bishops of Passau, Bamberg, Freising and Seckau. The secular princes were represented by Margrave Přemysl of Moravia, Duke Albert of Saxony, Duke Carinthia, the Carinthian duke Bernhard von Spanheim, and the Landgrave of Thuringia. This guest list suggests the importance of the Babenberg dukes within the Holy Roman Empire.

Constance bequeathed a True Cross relic to the Dresden parish, housed by a chapel which later became known as the Kreuzkirche. Her husband, who had inherited both the Margraviate of Meissen and the March of Lusatia from his father, the late Margrave Theodoric I, participated in a Prussian Crusade of the Teutonic Order soon after their wedding. In 1239 he entered into the Teltow and Magdeburg Wars with the Ascanian margraves of Brandenburg. He remained a loyal supporter of Emperor Frederick II, who betrothed his daughter Margaret of Sicily with Henry's and Constance's first-born son Albert.

After Constance's death in 1243, Margrave Henry secondly married Agnes of Bohemia, a daughter of King Wenceslaus I. When Constance's brother Duke Frederick was killed in the 1246 Battle of the Leitha River, he claimed the Austrian duchy for himself; nevertheless, it was seized by Emperor Frederick II.

Issue
Henry and Constance had two sons:
Albert II, Margrave of Meissen (1240 – 20 November 1314)
Theodoric of Landsberg (1242 – 8 February 1285).

In 1910, a street in Donaustadt (the 22nd district of Vienna), was named after her: .

1212 births
1243 deaths
13th-century German nobility
Austrian duchesses
Margravines of Meissen
House of Wettin
13th-century German women
Burials at Altzella Abbey
Daughters of monarchs

Constance of Austria, Margravine of Meissen


The Complete Guide to Parenting is a British television comedy drama series broadcast on ITV in 2006. Created and written by Paul Smith, the series stars Peter Davison as George Huntley, Professor of Child Psychology at London University, best-selling author of Hey Mum & Dad, Get Your Act Together and LBC resident parenting guru. He finds this purported parenting expertise put to the test, when his wife Phoebe (Josie Lawrence) takes a job based in Paris. George has to hold the fort and look after his 7-year-old son Jamie (Noah Hedges), for the very first time, whilst juggling the rest of his busy life.

Whilst scenes are filmed at UCL, which is one of the universities that make up the University of London, it is unclear whether this show's 'London University' is meant to be the University of London.

References

External links

2006 British television series debuts
2006 British television series endings
2000s British comedy-drama television series
British comedy-drama television shows
ITV television dramas
2000s British television miniseries
Television series by Fremantle (company)
English-language television shows
Television shows set in London

The Complete Guide to Parenting


Rice and curry is a popular dish in the Indian Subcontinent, as well as in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.

Rice and curry dinner has these dishes:

 A vegetable curry, such as green beans, jackfruit or leeks.
 A curry of meat, often chicken or fish; occasionally goat or lamb
 Dhal, a dish of spiced lentils... and many more delicious varieties of this oriental cuisine respectively.

The Southern cuisines use ingredients like dried fish which are local to the area. The spicier preparations are believed to be among the world's hottest in terms of chilli content (second only to Sylheti).

While natives are born into this cuisine and develop a tolerance to spicy food, many visitors and tourists to the country often find the spiciness excessive. As a result, many local restaurants in developed and tourist areas offer special low-spice versions of local foods to cater to foreign palates, or have an alternative "western" menu for visitors and tourists.

Indian food
Sri Lankan culture

Rice and curry


Timmo Niesner (born November 5, 1971 in Berlin) is a German actor and voice actor.

Biography
Timmo Niesner had his breakthrough as a 12-year-old when he appeared on television.

Timmo Niesner is the Official German dub-over artist of Elijah Wood, as well as dubbing over the roles of Tom Welling, Peter Sarsgaard and Topher Grace in German.

Since 1999, Timmo voice dubbed over Elijah Wood's roles on Media, in German.

In videogames, He also gave the German dubbing voice to Spyro the Dragon in The Legend of Spyro trilogy, in which his original English voice was also performed by Elijah Wood. He was also the German voice of WALL-E in WALL-E and Chappie in Chappie. Most recently his served as the voice of Arno Dorian in the video game Assassin's Creed: Unity.

External links

1971 births
Living people
Male actors from Berlin
German male child actors
German male voice actors
German male film actors
German male television actors

Timmo Niesner


K-Space are a British-Siberian experimental electroacoustic improvisation music ensemble comprising Scottish percussionist Ken Hyder, English multi-instrumentalist Tim Hodgkinson, and Siberian percussionist and throat singer Gendos Chamzyryn. The trio was formed in Tuva, Siberia in 1996. They have played in concerts in Asia and Europe, and released four CDs, including Infinity (2008), which was a new type of CD that is different every time it is played.

In a review of K-Space's second album, Going Up (2004), François Couture of AllMusic described their music as a mixture of "psychedelic shamanism" and "the strangest Krautrock you ever heard".

History
Tim Hodgkinson, co-founder of the English avant-rock group Henry Cow, and Ken Hyder, founder of the Celtic/jazz band Talisker, first began collaborating in 1978. After one of Hodgkinson's concerts in Moscow in 1989, Hodgkinson asked Hyder if he would like to play "all of Russia". Hodgkinson, a social anthropology graduate, was interested in making contact with rural Russian musicians and ritual specialists. In 1990 and under the banner "Friendly British Invasion: in Search for the Soviet Sham(an)s", Hodgkinson and Hyder toured seven Soviet cities covering Siberia and Soviet Far East as well as Moscow and Leningrad, requiring (quite regular for foreigners at the time) separate registration (KGB) clearance for every city they performed in. They were the first British musicians to play in Vladivostok since the Russian Revolution.

This was the first of a series of study trips Hodgkinson and Hyder made to Siberia to explore shamanic culture. At the time shamanism had been suppressed by the Soviets but was still practised in secret by the locals. Initially little interest was shown in the duo, but soon they started to meet shamans and experience first hand shamanic rituals in which the shaman enters a trance state using drum and voice. This had a profound effect on Hyder and Hodgkinson. What interested them was the improvisational and musical aspects of the ritual, because it raised questions as to whether the psychological state of a performer is more important than musical technique. They began working with shamans from Tuva, Altay and Khakassia, and meet the musicians of Biosintes, "a kind of Tuvan Sun Ra band" which included Gendos Chamzyryn. Chamzyryn, a shaman from Tuva, played a variety of traditional Tuvan instruments and used the deep-vocal Kargiraa style of overtone-singing. Hyder and Hodgkinson invited Chamzyryn to join them on a tour of Altay villages in 1996. During this tour Chamzyryn took the unusual step of "shamanising" on stage, which had never been done before because the use of voice and drum by shamans is not primarily musical. But their performances were well received and the success of this experiment prompted the trio to form a group they called K-Space.

From 1999 K-Space began touring Siberia and later Western Europe, which included concerts in France, Germany, Austria and Italy. In 2005 they returned in Tuva and performed with local musicians and shamans.

Recordings
K-Space's first CD, Bear Bones (2002) contains recordings made by the trio between 1996 and 2001. For their next CD, Going Up (2004) they took K-Space performances recorded in Siberia and Europe, plus field recordings of shamanic rituals, and manipulated and superimposed them on one another to produce a sound collage of what Hyder called "total music". In 2008 K-Space broke new ground when they released Infinity, a new type of CD that is different every time it is played. It was created with the help of programmer Andy Wilson, and uses software to remix source material located on the disc to produce an "infinite" number of different musical pieces.

In 2013 a live album, Black Sky was released, which was recorded in Catania, Sicily.

Name
K-Space is short for Kozyrev-Space and refers to a space/time warp supposedly created by Russian astrophysicist Nicolai Kozyrev. Kozyrev believed that time was a channel for energy and built a device known as Kozyrev's Mirrors to prove his theory. When Hodgkinson and Hyder were in Akademgorodok, the educational and scientific centre of Siberia, they experienced first-hand the effects of Kozyrev's Mirrors.

Hyder has said that their second album, Going Up (2004) was directly influenced by the "esoteric theories" of Kozyrev.

Members
Ken Hyder – drums, vocals, amplified ektara, sampling, electronics
Tim Hodgkinson – lap steel guitar, clarinet, electronics, alto saxophone
Gendos Chamzyryn – vocals, percussion, amplified doshpulur, piano, cello

Discography
Bear Bones (2002, CD, Slam Records, UK)
Going Up (2004, CD, Ad Hoc Records, US)
Infinity (2008, CD, Ad Hoc Records, US)
Black Sky (2013, CD, Setola Di Maiale Records, Italy)

Footnotes

References
. (reproduced in full here)
.

External links
.

Further reading
"Improvised Music and Siberian Shamanism". An essay by Tim Hodgkinson.
"The Road to Erzin". One of Hodgkinson and Hyder's trips to Siberia, including their experiences with Kozyrev's Mirrors.

British experimental musical groups
Russian experimental musical groups
Electroacoustic improvisation
Musical groups from Tuva
Throat singing
Musical groups established in 1996

K-Space (band)


"What Jesus Said" is the third episode of the fifth season of the American period crime drama television series Boardwalk Empire. It is the 51st overall episode of the series and was written by Christine Chambers and executive producer Howard Korder, and directed by Ed Bianchi. It was released on HBO on September 21, 2014.

The series is set in Atlantic City, New Jersey, during the Prohibition era of the 1920s. The series follows Enoch "Nucky" Thompson, a political figure who rises to prominence and interacts with mobsters, politicians, government agents, and the common folk who look up to him. In the episode, Nucky meets with Kennedy for a potential partnership, while Chalky and Milton reach a house, where they hold a mother and daughter hostage.

According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 2.11 million household viewers and gained a 0.9 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the performances and directing, but criticized Chalky's subplot.

Plot

1884
Nucky now works as a bellboy at the Corner Hotel. Part of his duties involve making deliveries, for which he needs to drive a pony cart. One day, he delivers flowers to a client, and discovers a woman killed in his bedroom and Sheriff Lindsay and the Commodore inside. Nucky finds a postcard from a girl he met earlier that day, inviting him to visit her. The girl is revealed to be Mabel Jeffries, his future first wife.

1931
In Maryland, Chalky and Milton arrive at a house, discovering a woman, Fern, who lives with her mother Marie. The women have no money, but Milton knows they have a safe as he was visited the house years ago. They claim the safe was taken by the father to a bank, so Milton and Chalky debate on what to do. When Milton forces Fern to try a new dress in front of him, Marie finally reveals they simply moved the safe to another section of the house. Milton becomes aggressive when he believes the safe is not the same as the one he saw years ago. Threatening Fern's life, he forces Marie to open it. However, it only contains liberty bonds, which are worthless for them. When Milton prepares to kill Fern, Chalky kills him with a hammer to the head. Fern retrieves Milton's gun and orders Chalky to leave, giving him just $9.

In New York City, Margaret is questioned about Abe Redstone, as the lawyers are aware that it was Rothstein. Despite his death, the account is still active and they suspect insider trading. Margaret later visits Rothstein's widow, Carolyn, for help, but Carolyn knows she was very involved with Rothstein and demands Rothstein's investments. In Harlem, Luciano and Siegel meet with Narcisse. Maranzano wants to respect Narcisse's deal with Masseria, but Narcisse refuses to comply, even under threat of repercussions. Later, they kill many of his henchmen and prostitutes at his brothel.

Nucky returns to Atlantic City. He finds that Mickey took ownership of the Onyx Club and rebranded it as Old Rumpus. He calls Sally to tell her that while Senator Lloyd is no longer involved in their business, he will talk with Joe Kennedy about a potential partnership. Kennedy is curious about Nucky's lack of family, which makes him hesitate about their partnership. Later, Nucky awakens from sleeping at his office, finding Margaret alongside him. They both exchange a smile.

Production

Development
In August 2014, HBO confirmed that the third episode of the season would be titled "What Jesus Said", and that it would be written by Christine Chambers and executive producer Howard Korder, and directed by Ed Bianchi. This was Chambers' second writing credit, Korder's 20th writing credit, and Bianchi's sixth directing credit.

Reception

Viewers
In its original American broadcast, "What Jesus Said" was seen by an estimated 2.11 million household viewers with a 0.9 in the 18-49 demographics. This means that 0.9 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode. This was a 16% increase in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 1.81 million household viewers with a 0.7 in the 18-49 demographics.

Critical reviews
"What Jesus Said" received generally positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 85% approval rating for the episode, based on 13 reviews. The site's consensus states: "Boardwalk Empire continues to explore Nucky's past with satisfying results, though an extended hostage subplot feels a bit superfluous this late in the game."

Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a "great" 8.3 out of 10 and wrote in his verdict, "'What Jesus Said' was a fine episode, though it still focused heavily on Nucky tying to hammer out that Bacardi deal - this time, however, with a famous historical figure. Still, it was good to see Nucky back home, and to get confirmation that the theater was still running. Narcisse returned, but briefly. And Chalky still seems to be a beaten down character with no official plan in place. Is he headed toward something or is he to remain in 'survival' mode for a while more still? By default, Margaret's big world change offered up the best part of the episode, as well as a passing farewell to Rothstein."

Alan Sepinwall of HitFix wrote, "With the return of Dr. Narcisse – about to be at war with Luciano's crew – it's tempting to just root for a rematch of season 4's Narcisse/Chalky hostilities. And I'm sure we'll get a reunion before the end. But they're not the only two with unfinished business to be dealt with over the remaining five episodes, and I look forward to whatever the Nucky/Margaret team-up brings." Genevieve Valentine of The A.V. Club gave the episode a "B+" grade and wrote, "Sometimes you get an episode of TV that both does just what it sets out to do and manages to encompass several of the show's head-scratchers in the process. This has always been a show unafraid to introduce new people, but five episodes from the end of the entire series, we spend most of 'What Jesus Said' with guest stars, and in the closing minutes, writers Cristine Chambers and Howard Korder even manage to introduce a third newcomer, as if afraid to run out. There's the objectification and victimization of women that the show must, at this point, consider a quota; certainly the episode approaches both the titillation and the violence with a sense of begrudging duty."

Sarene Leeds of Entertainment Weekly wrote, "It sounds crazy, but we're now more than one-third of the way through Boardwalk Empires final season. The question is, will the next five episodes be enough to resolve all of the loose subplots still flailing around from Chicago to New York to Atlantic City to Cuba to wherever the hell Chalky White is? Already it feels like certain characters are being sacrificed for the greater good of giving Nucky a Walter White or Don Draper-worthy send-off." Craig D. Lindsey of Vulture gave the episode a 3 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "As satisfactory as most of the ep was, I couldn't help thinking the whole Chalky and Buck subplot was suspenseful but superfluous."

Rodrigo Perez of IndieWire wrote, "A slower episode than last, Boardwalk Empire is getting back into a familiar groove and rhythm, and I'm again reminded why this show is worthwhile. For one, it just doesn't deign to spoonfeed you any information. You either catch it or you don't and really its full of rewards for the hardcore viewer who's paying close attention. But I also wonder if the show has been too smart for its own good and this is why it's lost viewers. Regardless, the storytelling is intelligent, subtle and elegant, even when the pace is leisurely." Chris O'Hara of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 4.5 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "It was good to have Chalky back, but to have him spend an entire episode in that house with Milton was regrettable. Milton did surprise me with how observant he was to notice the lack of any male presence in the home, but far too much screen time was given to a character who would eventually meet his end after being featured in only two episodes."

Tony Sokol of Den of Geek gave the episode a 4.5 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "Hello and goodbye to Buck. This was an intense character, a shooting star on Boardwalk Empire. Buck started out as the happy singing stripie, all chuckles and dented head. Making the boss man smile, but shit. Once he got himself a gun, that man was gone, off and running with a sidekick who knew how to use a telephone in tow." Paste gave the episode a 7.3 out of 10 rating and wrote, "Boardwalk Empire has never felt like a terribly self-aware series. You always get the sense that its creators have absolute confidence in their work, even as it's going horribly wrong, week after week. However, 'What Jesus Said' seemed interested in addressing the show's central problem, the thing that's kept it from ever rising above a certain level. Unfortunately, it did so by drawing attention to the problem, without actually resolving it."

References

External links
 "What Jesus Said" at HBO

2014 American television episodes
Boardwalk Empire episodes
Television episodes directed by Ed Bianchi
Television episodes written by Howard Korder
Television episodes set in Maryland
Television episodes set in Cuba
Television episodes set in New York City
Fiction set in 1884

What Jesus Said


Henry Rider Haggard (1856–1925) was an English writer. He is best known for his adventure novels. His novels were notable for their unusual invention and stories that kept people interested. His best novels were very popular in his lifetime. They made the genre of adventure fiction popular again. Haggard also wrote books about farming and emigration.

Haggard lived in South Africa for six years when he was a young man. Many of his novels were set in Africa, including King Solomon's Mines (1886), Allan Quatermain (1887) and She (1887).

In 1919, Haggard was knighted for his services to the British Empire. Haggard's autobiography, The Days of My Life, was published in 1926 after he died.  Morton Cohen's biography of Haggard was published in 1960.

References

English novelists
1856 births
1925 deaths

H. Rider Haggard