Anthony Famiglietti (nickname: Fam; born November 8, 1978 in Medford, New York) is an American track and field athlete who competes professionally for Skechers Performance and Reckless Running.  He was formerly sponsored by Adidas. He has competed for the U.S. in the 3000 meter steeplechase at the 2004 Athens Olympic Games and the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. In December 2019 he ran a World Record treadmill mile of 3:55. He has the first known recorded sub-4 mile ever run on a treadmill. In January 2020 he followed up his mile with a World Record 2 mile run of 8:24 at the Endurance Exchange hosted by USA Triathlon. He is current training to make his 5th Olympic trials and 3rd Olympic team. In spring 2020 he is hoping to become the fourth human being ever to break 4-minute mile on the track at 40 years old.

He has competed in a variety of middle and long distance events, ranging from the 1500 meters/mile to the 10,000 meters. He is also famous for having trained alone in New York City for many years but currently trains in Davidson, North Carolina.

Famiglietti is the subject of the independent documentary Run Reckless, which was released at the Running Movie Festival in Eugene, Oregon, at the Olympic Trials EugeneFest.

Collegiate career
After graduating from Patchogue-Medford High School on Long Island, New York, Famiglietti attended Appalachian State University and the University of Tennessee, where he graduated in 2000. At Appalachian State, Famiglietti was 1996 Southern Conference Freshman of the year in Cross Country and 1997 Southern Conference XC Runner of the Year runner-up. On the track, he was 1998 Southern Conference Champion in both the steeplechase and the 5000 meters. In 1998, he transferred to Tennessee, where he placed 11th at the SEC Cross Country Championships and 75th at the NCAA Cross Country Championships. In 1999, he was 6th at the NCAA Outdoor Championships in the steeplechase, and 8th in his heat at the U.S. Championships. In 2000, his final year of college, Fam was 2nd at the SEC Championships, 4th at the NCAA Championships, and 7th at the U.S. Olympic Trials, where he ran an 8:25.37.

Late career
In May 2018, Famiglietti announced that he would attempt to become the fourth master's runner to break the four-minute mile barrier. On February 9, 2019, he ran a 3:59 mile while tied to a dog named Bailey. It was run on a wheel measured cement course through a green space.

Achievements

 2009 USA 15 km ROAD Championship – 1st Place
 2008 USA 5 km ROAD Championships – 1st Place
 2008 Beijing Olympic Games – 13th Place (final round), 3000 meter steeplechase
 2008 USA Olympic Trials – 1st Place, 3000 meter steeplechase
 2007 Adidas Track Classic – 1st Place, 3000 meters
 2007 USA 8K Championships – 1st Place, 8 kilometers
 2006 USA Outdoor Championships – 4th Place, 10,000 meters
 2006 Reebok Grand Prix – 3rd Place, 1 mile
 2005 USA Outdoor Championships – 2nd Place, 3000 meter steeplechase
 2005 Adidas Track Classic – 1st Place, 3000 meter steeplechase
 2004 Athens Olympic Games – 8th Place (opening round), 3000 meter steeplechase
 2004 USA Olympic Trials – 2nd Place, 3000 meter steeplechase
 2004 Penn Relays – 1st Place, 3000 meter steeplechase
 2003 Pan Am Games – 3rd Place, 3000 meter steeplechase
 2002 USA Outdoor Championships – 1st Place, 3000 meter steeplechase
 2001 World University Games – 1st Place, 3000 meter steeplechase
 2001 USA Outdoor Championships – 2nd Place, 3000 meter steeplechase
 2001 USA Indoor Championships – 4th Place, 3000 meters
 2000 NCAA Outdoor Championships – 4th Place, 3000 meter steeplechase
 1999 NCAA Outdoor Championships – 6th Place, 3000 meter steeplechase
 '''2012 Inducted into the Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame on Long Island in the Track & Field Category

Personal bests

References

External links
 Official Website of Anthony Famiglietti
 Running Company of Anthony Famiglietti
 Anthony Famiglietti at USATF

1978 births
Living people
American male long-distance runners
American male middle-distance runners
American male steeplechase runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 2003 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
American people of Italian descent
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
People from Medford, New York
Sportspeople from Brookhaven, New York
People from Davidson, North Carolina
Sportspeople from Mecklenburg County, North Carolina
FISU World University Games gold medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 2001 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 2003 Pan American Games

Anthony Famiglietti


The National Museum of Ratnapura is one of the national museums of Sri Lanka. It is located in Ratnapura, Sri Lanka and it was opened on 13 May 1988. The museum building is called "Ehelepola Walauwa", as it once belonged to Ehelepola Nilame, a courtier of the Kingdom of Kandy, who was the 1st Adigar (1811 - 1814) under the reign King Sri Vikrama Rajasinha, the last king of Sri Lanka, for whom he served as the Disawe (local Governor) of Ratnapura.

The museum includes exhibits on prehistoric archaeological inventions, natural heritage, geological, anthropological, zoological artifacts and models relating to the Sabaragamuwa Province. The weaponry on display include Sinhala swords of the late medieval era including a sword alleged to have belonged to Ehelepola, and a collection of old guns including a Vickers machine gun used during the First World War. The cooking utensils of the region include a tripod pan with three moulds for preparing rice flour cakes known as kiri roti. Traditional Kandyan jewellery includes necklaces, bangles, anklets and earrings. The grounds of the museum contain a palaeobiodiversity park, with life-sized animal sculptures of species believed to have existed in the region.

See also

List of museums in Sri Lanka

References

External links
Image Gallery : Ratnapura National Museum
Government Information Centre

Museums in Ratnapura District
Sri Lanka
Archaeological protected monuments in Ratnapura District
History museums in Sri Lanka

National Museum of Ratnapura


The Supreme Court of Chile is the highest court in Chile. It also administers the lower courts in the nation. It is located in the capital Santiago.

In the Chilean system, the court lacks the broader power of judicial review—it cannot set binding precedent or invalidate laws. Instead, it acts on a case-by-case basis. Trials are carried out in salas, chambers of at least five judges, presided over by the most senior member.

Membership
The members of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President from a list of five choices prepared by the sitting members of the court. Two of the choices must be senior judges from appellate courts; the other three may have no judicial experience. The president's choice must then be ratified by a two-thirds majority of the Senate.

Supreme Court justices must be at least 36 years old. Once appointed, a Chilean Supreme Court justice is entitled to remain on the Court until the compulsory retirement age of 75. The only exception is if a justice can be removed by "notorious abandonment of duty," as deemed by a majority of both chambers of Congress.

Current Supreme Court members
The Supreme Court has twenty-one members, called ministers (ministros). One member is selected to serve a two-year term as President of the Supreme Court. The composition of the Supreme Court changes relatively quickly, as judges attain the retirement age of 75. This list was last updated on the 21st of August 2023.

Notable decisions

Augusto Pinochet

The Chilean Supreme Court has been involved in many important human rights cases regarding the former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet.
 In July 2002, it dismissed a case against Pinochet, saying that he was unfit to stand trial due to dementia.
 In August 2004, it confirmed a lower court's decision that Pinochet should lose his automatic immunity he acquired from being a former senator.
 In March 2005, it reversed a lower court's decision stripping Pinochet of immunity in the case of the assassination of Carlos Prats.
 In August 2007, it upheld a life sentence for Hugo Salas Wenzel, the first senior official to receive a life term for human rights violations conducted during the reign of Pinochet.

Gay rights

The Chilean Supreme Court has made controversial decisions in the area of gay rights.
 In 2004, it confirmed a lower court's decision that stripped former judge Karen Atala of custody of her three daughters because she is a lesbian. In 2012, the case was overturned by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
 In January 2004, it removed judge Daniel Calvo from his position on the Santiago Court of Appeals, after media reports that he visited a sauna frequented by gay men. (See Spiniak Case.)

Women's health
 In November 2005, the Chilean Supreme Court ruled that the sale of contraceptive morning-after pill Postinor 2 is constitutional.

Alberto Fujimori
On September 21, 2007, the court accepted Peru's request to extradite former president Alberto Fujimori, on human rights and corruption charges.

References

External links
  Chilean Judiciary website
  Supreme Court of Chile in Tamizh

1823 in Chilean law
Government of Chile
Chile
Judiciary of Chile
1823 establishments in Chile
Courts and tribunals established in 1823

Supreme Court of Chile


In astronomy, axial tilt, also known as obliquity, is the angle between an object's rotational axis and its orbital axis, which is the line perpendicular to its orbital plane; equivalently, it is the angle between its equatorial plane and orbital plane. It differs from orbital inclination.
At an obliquity of 0 degrees, the two axes point in the same direction; that is, the rotational axis is perpendicular to the orbital plane.

The rotational axis of Earth, for example, is the imaginary line that passes through both the North Pole and South Pole, whereas the Earth's orbital axis is the line perpendicular to the imaginary plane through which the Earth moves as it revolves around the Sun; the Earth's obliquity or axial tilt is the angle between these two lines.

Over the course of an orbital period, the obliquity usually does not change considerably, and the orientation of the axis remains the same relative to the background of stars. This causes one pole to be pointed more toward the Sun on one side of the orbit, and more away from the Sun on the other side—the cause of the seasons on Earth.

Standards
There are two standard methods of specifying a planet's tilt.  One way is based on the planet's north pole, defined in relation to the direction of Earth's north pole, and the other way is based on the planet's positive pole, defined by the right-hand rule:

 The International Astronomical Union (IAU) defines the north pole of a planet as that which lies on Earth's north side of the invariable plane of the Solar System; under this system, Venus is tilted 3° and rotates retrograde, opposite that of most of the other planets.
 The IAU also uses the right-hand rule to define a positive pole for the purpose of determining orientation. Using this convention, Venus is tilted 177° ("upside down") and rotates prograde.

Earth

Earth's orbital plane is known as the ecliptic plane, and Earth's tilt is known to astronomers as the obliquity of the ecliptic, being the angle between the ecliptic and the celestial equator on the celestial sphere. It is denoted by the Greek letter ε.

Earth currently has an axial tilt of about 23.44°. This value remains about the same relative to a stationary orbital plane throughout the cycles of axial precession. But the ecliptic (i.e., Earth's orbit) moves due to planetary perturbations, and the obliquity of the ecliptic is not a fixed quantity. At present, it is decreasing at a rate of about 46.8″ per century (see details in Short term below).

History
Earth's obliquity may have been reasonably accurately measured as early as 1100 BCE in India and China. The ancient Greeks had good measurements of the obliquity since about 350 BCE, when Pytheas of Marseilles measured the shadow of a gnomon at the summer solstice. About 830 CE, the Caliph Al-Mamun of Baghdad directed his astronomers to measure the obliquity, and the result was used in the Arab world for many years. In 1437, Ulugh Beg determined the Earth's axial tilt as 23°30′17″ (23.5047°).

During the Middle Ages, it was widely believed that both precession and Earth's obliquity oscillated around a mean value, with a period of 672 years, an idea known as trepidation of the equinoxes. Perhaps the first to realize this was incorrect (during historic time) was Ibn al-Shatir in the fourteenth century and the first to realize that the obliquity is decreasing at a relatively constant rate was Fracastoro in 1538. The first accurate, modern, western observations of the obliquity were probably those of Tycho Brahe from Denmark, about 1584, although observations by several others, including al-Ma'mun, al-Tusi, Purbach, Regiomontanus, and Walther, could have provided similar information.

Seasons

Earth's axis remains tilted in the same direction with reference to the background stars throughout a year (regardless of where it is in its orbit) due to the gyroscope effect. This means that one pole (and the associated hemisphere of Earth) will be directed away from the Sun at one side of the orbit, and half an orbit later (half a year later) this pole will be directed towards the Sun. This is the cause of Earth's seasons. Summer occurs in the Northern hemisphere when the north pole is directed toward the Sun. Variations in Earth's axial tilt can influence the seasons and is likely a factor in long-term climatic change (also see Milankovitch cycles).

Oscillation

Short term

The exact angular value of the obliquity is found by observation of the motions of Earth and planets over many years. Astronomers produce new fundamental ephemerides as the accuracy of observation improves and as the understanding of the dynamics increases, and from these ephemerides various astronomical values, including the obliquity, are derived.

Annual almanacs are published listing the derived values and methods of use. Until 1983, the Astronomical Almanac's angular value of the mean obliquity for any date was calculated based on the work of Newcomb, who analyzed positions of the planets until about 1895:

where  is the obliquity and  is tropical centuries from B1900.0 to the date in question.

From 1984, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's DE series of computer-generated ephemerides took over as the fundamental ephemeris of the Astronomical Almanac. Obliquity based on DE200, which analyzed observations from 1911 to 1979, was calculated:

where hereafter  is Julian centuries from J2000.0.

JPL's fundamental ephemerides have been continually updated. For instance, according to IAU resolution in 2006 in favor of the P03 astronomical model, the Astronomical Almanac for 2010 specifies:

These expressions for the obliquity are intended for high precision over a relatively short time span, perhaps  several centuries. J. Laskar computed an expression to order  good to 0.02″ over 1000 years and several arcseconds over 10,000 years.

where here  is multiples of 10,000 Julian years from J2000.0.

These expressions are for the so-called mean obliquity, that is, the obliquity free from short-term variations. Periodic motions of the Moon and of Earth in its orbit cause much smaller (9.2 arcseconds) short-period (about 18.6 years) oscillations of the rotation axis of Earth, known as nutation, which add a periodic component to Earth's obliquity. The true or instantaneous obliquity includes this nutation.

Long term

Using numerical methods to simulate Solar System behavior over a period of several million years, long-term changes in Earth's orbit, and hence its obliquity, have been investigated. For the past 5 million years, Earth's obliquity has varied between  and , with a mean period of 41,040 years. This cycle is a combination of precession and the largest term in the motion of the ecliptic. For the next 1 million years, the cycle will carry the obliquity between  and .

The Moon has a stabilizing effect on Earth's obliquity. Frequency map analysis conducted in 1993 suggested that, in the absence of the Moon, the obliquity could change rapidly due to orbital resonances and chaotic behavior of the Solar System, reaching as high as 90° in as little as a few million years (also see Orbit of the Moon). However, more recent numerical simulations made in 2011 indicated that even in the absence of the Moon, Earth's obliquity might not be quite so unstable; varying only by about 20–25°. To resolve this contradiction, diffusion rate of obliquity has been calculated, and it was found that it takes more than billions of years for Earth's obliquity to reach near 90°. The Moon's stabilizing effect will continue for less than two billion years. As the Moon continues to recede from Earth due to tidal acceleration, resonances may occur which will cause large oscillations of the obliquity.

Solar System bodies

All four of the innermost, rocky planets of the Solar System may have had large variations of their obliquity in the past. Since obliquity is the angle between the axis of rotation and the direction perpendicular to the orbital plane, it changes as the orbital plane changes due to the influence of other planets. But the axis of rotation can also move (axial precession), due to torque exerted by the Sun on a planet's equatorial bulge. Like Earth, all of the rocky planets show axial precession. If the precession rate were very fast the obliquity would actually remain fairly constant even as the orbital plane changes. The rate varies due to tidal dissipation and core-mantle interaction, among other things. When a planet's precession rate approaches certain values, orbital resonances may cause large changes in obliquity. The amplitude of the contribution having one of the resonant rates is divided by the difference between the resonant rate and the precession rate, so it becomes large when the two are similar.

Mercury and Venus have most likely been stabilized by the tidal dissipation of the Sun. Earth was stabilized by the Moon, as mentioned above, but before its formation, Earth, too, could have passed through times of instability. Mars's obliquity is quite variable over millions of years and may be in a chaotic state; it varies as much as 0° to 60° over some millions of years, depending on perturbations of the planets. Some authors dispute that Mars's obliquity is chaotic, and show that tidal dissipation and viscous core-mantle coupling are adequate for it to have reached a fully damped state, similar to Mercury and Venus.

The occasional shifts in the axial tilt of Mars have been suggested as an explanation for the appearance and disappearance of rivers and lakes over the course of the existence of Mars. A shift could cause a burst of methane into the atmosphere, causing warming, but then the methane would be destroyed and the climate would become arid again.

The obliquities of the outer planets are considered relatively stable.

Extrasolar planets

The stellar obliquity , i.e. the axial tilt of a star with respect to the orbital plane of one of its planets, has been determined for only a few systems. But for 49 stars as of 2012, the sky-projected spin-orbit misalignment  has been observed, which serves as a lower limit to . Most of these measurements rely on the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect. So far, it has not been possible to constrain the obliquity of an extrasolar planet. But the rotational flattening of the planet and the entourage of moons and/or rings, which are traceable with high-precision photometry, e.g. by the space-based Kepler space telescope, could provide access to  in the near future.

Astrophysicists have applied tidal theories to predict the obliquity of extrasolar planets. It has been shown that the obliquities of exoplanets in the habitable zone around low-mass stars tend to be eroded in less than 109 years, which means that they would not have seasons as Earth has.

See also
 Axial parallelism
 Milankovitch cycles
 Polar motion
 Pole shift
 Rotation around a fixed axis
 True polar wander

References

External links
 National Space Science Data Center

 Obliquity of the Ecliptic Calculator

Precession
Planetary science

Axial tilt


Sohane Benziane (1984 – October 4, 2002) was a French girl of Algerian ancestry who was killed at the age of 17.

On October 4, 2002 in Vitry-sur-Seine, Val-de-Marne, Île-de-France, 17-year-old Sohane Benziane was burned alive in front of her friends in a cellar by her former boyfriend, a local caid (gang leader). While a watch was kept outside, the killer, nicknamed Nono, who had bought the bottle of gasoline a day before, poured gasoline over Sohane and set her on fire with a lighter.

As Sohane, engulfed in flames, managed to run out screaming in agony, her death was witnessed by a dozen other students that were coming out of class.

The incident captured the attention of the French and international press and sparked outrage throughout France. It led to the founding of the feminist rights movement Ni Putes Ni Soumises.

Despite trial testimony that Sohane's death was intended by the accused, a local Maghrebi gang leader, Jamal Derrar, was convicted of torture and barbarity leading to unintentional death. A second defendant, Tony Rocca, was sentenced to eight years for barring the door of the depot as Sohane screamed for help.

A commemorative plaque in her memory was later desecrated. On 4 October 2005 a platform was inaugurated in her memory, in the presence of her sister Kahina Benziane.

See also

Ni Putes Ni Soumises
Samira Bellil

Additional sources
Liberation article on Sohane in French
L'humanite: Article on Sohane in her sister's words in French
Time Europe: Acting on the outrage
Time Magazine: Sisters In Hell
CNN Transcript: Muslim Women Rebel In France
Book review: Review of Ni Putes ni Soumises (Neither Whores nor Submissive) by Fadela Amara, which discusses the case
Vanity Fair: Daughters of France, Daughters of Allah
Newsweek: Sexism in the cites
BBC News: French man jailed in torture case

2002 crimes in France
2002 deaths
2000s in Île-de-France
2000s trials
Crime in Île-de-France
French Muslims
French people of Algerian descent
French victims of crime
October 2002 crimes
October 2002 events in France
Trials in France
Val-de-Marne
Violence against women in France
1984 births

Killing of Sohane Benziane


X-Quisite was an R&B Canadian girl group. The trio made up of Nicole Holness, Melanie Fiona Hallim, Andreena Mill and later in 2003 new member, Nirvana Savoury was signed to Linus Entertainment (Then distributed by Warner Music Canada) soon after the group was established in 2002. The group released their self-titled debut studio album X-Quisite in 2003. In 2004, the album earned the group a Juno Award nomination for "R&B/Soul Recording of the Year". The group had a number of singles from their debut album, most notably "Bad Girl", "No Regrets" and "Sassy Thang". The group disbanded in 2005, with all three members moving on to pursue solo music careers.

After break-up

Nicole Holness

Nicole Holness (born April 13, 1984, in Toronto, Ontario) became a television host as one of the original seven co-hosts of MTV Canada and their flagship series MTV Live. On March 1, 2011, she released her debut solo album Unreleased. The album was preceded by her debut single, "Epic" (May 5, 2009) and "Pop Yo Bottles" (June 29, 2010). She has also been a model in several Canadian national print advertisement campaigns.

Melanie Fiona Hallim

Melanie Fiona Hallim (born July 4, 1983, in Toronto, Ontario) with Guyanese immigrant parents, of mixed African, Indian, and Portuguese descent. followed a very lucrative musical career. After a brief period in another group called The Renaissance with rapper Drake, and recorded a reggae song "Somebody Come Get Me" under the stage name Syren Hall. The song was included in the Reggae Gold 2008 compilation album.

She went solo with her debut album The Bridge released in 2009, having collaborated with Future Cut, Vada Nobles, Stereotypes, J. Phoenix and Peter Wade Keusch. The debut single "Give It to Me Right" (February 28, 2009) was a hit on Canadian Hot 100 chart and reached number 41 on the UK Singles Chart. The second single, "It Kills Me", became her breakout song on the Billboard Hot 100 where it entered the Top 50, along with topping the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The song earned her a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance. The song "Monday Morning" is her biggest hit in Europe to date. The Bridge also earned her a NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding New Artist. In 2012, Hallim won two Grammy Awards for Best Traditional R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for the song "Fool for You" with Cee Lo Green. In 2011, Hallim began recording her second studio album The MF Life. She has co-written songs for recording artists Rihanna and Kardinal Offishall, working with, amongst others, super producer Mike City.

Andreena Mill
Mill has released several solo singles, and has worked as a backing or guest vocalist for R&B and hip hop artists, including Drake, DMX, Saukrates, Tre Mission, Aaron A, Jazzfeezy, Tone Mason and Kardinal Offishall. Andreena Mill is a singer who has collaborated with Drake. Her father, also a musician and recording artist, realized her musical potential at age 3 and enrolled her in piano lessons the next year. By the age of 11, Andreena began recording and writing her own material.

As Andreena began high school in 2001, her life would drastically change, as she became a member of popular Canadian female trio X-Quisite, alongside MTV Canada host, Nicole Holness and Melanie Fiona (Universal Motown).

In 2002, the group reached notoriety with the release of two successful singles "No Regrets", which was followed by "Don't Say". The songs landed the group Canadian Urban Music Awards and Juno Award Nominations in 2003. The singles achieved domestic success, while giving the girls a taste of fame.

In 2004, Andreena decided to pursue her own solo career, and signed a publishing deal with Universal Music Publishing New York in late 2010.

Today, the high energy, intense styling of Andreena's tracks and depth of writing provide the perfect ingredients for her musical magic, which she refers to as 'Electric Rock'n Soul'.

Andreena lent her distinct and euphoric sound to rapper Drake for his critically acclaimed mixtape "Comeback Season", which quickly became an international success. Andreena has also worked with artists such as The Bizness (Chris Brown, "No Bullshit"), Brian Michael Cox (Mary J. Blige, "Be Without You"), James Fauntleroy (Jordin Sparks, "No Air"), Kevin McCall (Keri Hilson, "One Night Stand", Chris Brown "Deuces") and Needlz (Bruno Mars, "Just The Way You Are") to name a few.

As Andreena gears up for her Fall 2011 debut album release "All Eyes On Me", she still finds time to write for artists – "I keep it simple, I love what I do and do what I love, it never feels like work". For the immediate future, it seems all eyes will be on Andreena Mill.

Nirvana Savoury
Nirvana Savoury quit music for a while after her brother died in 2008. He had been suffering for many years of Ataxia telangiectasia. She also came out some time later as a lesbian. She has made a comeback in the 2010s, with release of a single "Lipstick Lover" in 2011 in addition to a dance mixtape version with Jester and Kid Kut from Toronto. The mixtape also contains three original tracks, "Ambulance", "Flavors" and "Throb". Savoury also appeared in Karl Wolf's 2012 album Finally Free with the track "Tell Me" featuring Nirvana Savoury. She is working on a solo album for release in 2013.

Discography

Albums
2003: X-Quisite
Track list
"Colors" (1:00)
"Sassy Thang" (4:10)
"Bad Girl" (3:36)
"Don't Say" (2:58)
"No Regrets" (3:22)
"How We Swing"  (3:31)
"Best Friends"  (3:47)
"Who's the Man" (3:32)
"Showing Love" (4:20)
"Why You Do" (3:42)
"Ex-Girlfriend" (3:13)
"Foolio" (1:13)
"Through the Week" (5:21)
"Bad Girl"
"No Regrets"  (4:30)
"Don't Say"  (2:57)
"No Regrets"  (3:26)

Singles

"No Regrets"(2002)
"Bad Girl" (2003)
"Sassy Thang" (2004)

References

External links
 X-Quisite at Last.fm

Black Canadian musical groups
Canadian contemporary R&B musical groups
Canadian girl groups
Musical groups from Toronto
Musical groups established in 2002
2002 establishments in Ontario

X-Quisite


Lower Lusatia (; ; ; ; ) is a historical region in Central Europe, stretching from the southeast of the German state of Brandenburg to the southwest of Lubusz Voivodeship in Poland. Like adjacent Upper Lusatia in the south, Lower Lusatia is a settlement area of the West Slavic Sorbs whose endangered Lower Sorbian language is related to Upper Sorbian and Polish.

Geography

This sparsely inhabited area within the North European Plain (Northern Lowland) is characterised by extended pine forests, heathlands and meadows. In the north it is confined by the middle Spree River with Lake Schwielochsee and its eastern continuation across the Oder at Fürstenberg to Chlebowo. In the glacial valley between Lübben and Cottbus, the Spree River branches out into the Spreewald ("Spree Woods") riparian forest. Other rivers include the Berste and Oelse tributaries as well as the Schlaube and the Oder–Spree Canal opened in 1891.

In the east, the Bóbr River from Łagoda via Krzystkowice down to the historic town of Żary forms the border with the lands of Lower Silesia. In the west the course of the upper Dahme River down to Golßen separates it from the former Electoral Saxon lands of Saxe-Wittenberg. Between Lower and Upper Lusatia is a hill region called the Grenzwall (literally "border dike", although it is in fact a morainic ridge), the eastern continuation of the Fläming Heath. In the Middle Ages this area had dense forests, so it represented a major obstacle to civilian and military traffic. Today it is roughly congruent of the border between Brandenburg and the state of Saxony.

In the course of much of the 19th and the entire 20th century, Lower Lusatia was shaped by the lignite (brown coal) industry and extensive open-pit mining, by which more than 100 of the region's villages—many of them within the Sorbian settlement area—were damaged or destroyed, especially by order of East German authorities. While this process is still going on, most notably around Jänschwalde Power Station, run by EPH, some now exhausted open-pit mines are being converted into artificial lakes, in the hope of attracting tourism, and the area is now referred to as the Lusatian Lake District (Lausitzer Seenland).

Today the area comprises the Brandenburg districts of Oberspreewald-Lausitz and Spree-Neiße with the unitary authority of Cottbus, as well as parts of Elbe-Elster, Dahme-Spreewald, and Oder-Spree. Important towns beside Cottbus and the historic capitals Lübben and Luckau include Calau, Doberlug-Kirchhain, Finsterwalde, Forst, Guben/Gubin, Lauchhammer, Lübbenau, Senftenberg, Spremberg, Vetschau, and Żary in present-day Poland.

Since 1945, when a small part of Lusatia east of the Oder–Neisse line was incorporated into Poland, Żary has been touted as the capital of Polish Lusatia.

History
The area of Lower Lusatia roughly corresponds with the eastern March of Lusatia or Saxon Eastern March between the Saale and Bóbr rivers, which about 965 was severed from the vast Marca Geronis, conquered by the Saxon count Gero in the course of his campaigns against the Polabian Slavs from 939 onwards. Odo I became the first margrave; his successor Gero II from 1002 onwards had to face several attacks by Polish duke Bolesław I Chrobry, which did not end until the 1018 Treaty of Bautzen, which ceded large parts of eastern Lusatia to Poland. Emperor Conrad II reconquered the territories in 1031.

In 1136 Conrad the Great of the House of Wettin, margrave of Meissen, also received the March of Lusatia. In the early 13th century, Lower Lusatia was either entirely or partly, reintegrated with Poland under Henry the Bearded. Later on, it was once again lost to the Wettin dynasty, who ruled it until in 1303 it was acquired by the Ascanian margraves of Brandenburg. For centuries, from as early as the Middle Ages, trade flourished, and several important trade routes ran through Lower Lusatia, connecting German states in the west, Poland in the east and Bohemia in the south.

In 1319, the southern portion of Lower Lusatia with the towns of Żary and Komorów Zły (now , ) became part of the Duchy of Jawor, the southwesternmost duchy of fragmented Piast-ruled Poland. In the northern part, in 1319, Gubin was unsuccessfully besieged by King John of Bohemia, and eventually fell to the Dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg. In 1324, the northern part passed to the House of Wittelsbach. From 1364, entire Lower Lusatia was ruled by the Duchy of Jawor-Świdnica, and after the death of Duke Bolko II the Small it passed to the Kingdom of Bohemia (Czechia).

In 1367 Elector Otto V sold it to Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg who incorporated Lower Lusatia into the Bohemian Crown. Charles' father King John of Bohemia had already acquired the adjacent territory to the south around Bautzen and Görlitz, which became known as Upper Lusatia. The former Lordship of Cottbus was acquired by Brandenburg in 1455 and remained an exclave within the Bohemian kingdom.

Both Lusatias formed separate Bohemian crown lands under the rule of the Luxembourg, Jagiellon and—from 1526—Habsburg dynasties. In the course of the Reformation the vast majority of the population turned Protestant. The Bohemian era came to an end when Emperor Ferdinand II of Habsburg ceded the Lusatias to Elector John George I of Saxony under the 1635 Peace of Prague in return for his support in the Thirty Years' War; thus the lands returned to the House of Wettin.

One of the two main routes connecting Warsaw and Dresden ran through the region in the 18th century and Kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland often traveled the route. Numerous Polish dignitaries also traveled through Lower Lusatia on several occasions, and some Polish nobles owned estates in Lusatia. A distinct remnant of the region's ties to Poland are the 18th-century mileposts decorated with the coat of arms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth located in various towns in the region. Polish-Sorbian contacts increased in that period. With the Age of Enlightenment, the Sorbian national revival began and resistance to Germanization emerged.

As the Kingdom of Saxony had sided with Napoleon it had to cede Lower Lusatia to Prussia in the 1815 Congress of Vienna, whereafter the territory became part of the Province of Brandenburg and the Province of Saxony. One of the main escape routes for insurgents of the unsuccessful Polish November Uprising from partitioned Poland to the Great Emigration led through Lübben and Luckau.

In the interbellum, the Poles and Sorbs in Germany closely cooperated as part of the Association of National Minorities in Germany, established at the initiative of the Union of Poles in Germany in 1924. There were still notable Polish communities in Lower Lusatia, such as Klettwitz (, ).

During World War II, the Germans established and operated the Stalag III-B, Oflag III-C and Oflag 8 and prisoner-of-war camps for Polish, French, Belgian, Serbian, British, Australian, New Zealander, Soviet, American, Dutch and Italian POWs with several forced labour subcamps in the region, several Nazi prisons with multiple forced labour subcamps, including in Luckau and a prison solely for women in Cottbus, and several subcamps of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp, the prisoners of which included Jewish women and Polish, French, Soviet, Croatian and Czech men.

During the war, the Poles postulated that after the defeat of Germany, the Sorbs should be allowed free national development either within the borders of Poland or Czechoslovakia, or as an independent Sorbian state in alliance with Poland.

With the implementation of the Oder–Neisse line by the 1945 Potsdam Conference, the lands east of the Neisse river became again part of Poland, and the remaining German population was expelled by the Soviet-installed Communist authorities in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement, whereas the western part became part of also Communist East Germany.

Coat of arms
The Lower Lusatian bull is first documented in 1363. In 1378, upon the death of Emperor Charles IV, it appeared in gules on a field argent (red on silver), similar to the coat of arms of Luckau, in which the bull has gold horns and hooves, and turns his head to look at the viewer. After over 600 years it is still used today as Lower Lusatia's coat of arms.

Culture

Main museums dedicated to the history of the region include the Sorbian museum in Cottbus (Serbski muzej Chóśebuz) and the Muzeum Pogranicza Śląsko-Łużyckiego ("Museum of Silesian-Lusatian Borderland") in Żary.

Cuisine
Żary is the origin place of kiełbasa żarska, a local type of kiełbasa, whereas the Gubin area is the place of cultivation of the gubinka plum, both traditional foods officially protected by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland.

Nature reserves and parks
Spreewald biosphere reserve
Lusatian Lake District
Lower Lusatian Heath Nature Park
Lower Lusatian Ridge Nature Park

See also
List of regions of Saxony

References

Geography of Lusatia
Historical regions in Germany
Regions of Brandenburg
Historical regions in Poland
Regions of Saxony
Former duchies of the Kingdom of Bohemia
Lands of the Bohemian Crown

Lower Lusatia


Susan Miller,  recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship in Playwriting, is perhaps best known as the author/performer of the critically acclaimed one woman play, My Left Breast and as Executive Producer and writer for the award-winning web series Anyone But Me. For her work on the web series she (and creative partner Tina Cesa Ward) won the first Writers Guild of America Award for Outstanding Achievement in Writing Original New Media.

Career

Miller is a writer for stage, screen and new media. She has received playwriting fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts as well as a Rockefeller Grant and a residency at Yaddo. Miller won her first Obie Award for Nasty Rumors And Final Remarks. A Map Of Doubt And Rescue  won the Susan Smith Blackburn Prize and the Pinter Prize for Drama. She won a second Obie Award, as well as a shared Blackburn Prize, for her one-woman play, My Left Breast which she performed all over the country.

Her plays have been produced by The Public Theater, The Mark Taper Forum, Second Stage, Naked Angels, Actors Theatre of Louisville's Humana Festival, New York Stage & Film, Trinity Rep, The O'Neill Playwrights Conference, Ojai Playwrights Conference, Plan B Theatre, Hampstead Theatre, among others. Her articles have appeared in O: The Oprah Magazine, American Theatre, The Dramatist,  "Ms Magazine," Girlfriends," and "The Bark."

Miller co-ran the Dramatists Guild Fellows program from 2006 until 2012. She served for three years as the director of the Legacy Project, a writing workshop for people with life-threatening illness, with a grant from the Lila Wallace Fund.  She has taught in the Dramatic Writing Program at New York University; The Writer's Voice at the Westside Y; Rutgers University; Penn State University and UCLA

Activism
In 1977, Miller became an associate of the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press (WIFP). WIFP is an American nonprofit publishing organization. The organization works to increase communication between women and connect the public with forms of women-based media.

Awards
She won a Robert Chesley Award in 1996.

Works

Plays
 Sweeping The NationReading List"
The Grand Design
Map Of Doubt And Rescue
It's Our Town, Too
Backstory
My Left Breast
For Dear Life
Repairs
Arts And Leisure
FLUX
Nasty Rumors And Final Remarks
Cross Country,
Confessions Of A Female Disorder
Denim Lecture
Silverstein & Co
Daddy, And A Commotion Of Zebras
No One Is Exactly 23
20th Century Blues

Screenplays
The Last Thing We Ever Do, for Disney;
Blessing In Disguise for Warner Bros.;
The History Of Us for Caravan;
Becoming The Smiths, for Fox 2000,
Lady Beware, starring Diane Lane.

Teleplays
Thirtysomething (Story Editor)
Trials Of Rosie O'Neill (Story Supervisor)
LA Law
Urban Anxiety (Producer/Head Writer)
The L Word, (Consulting producer/writer)
 Dynasty (Wrote 2 episodes)
 Family

Webseries
 "Anyone But Me" (Executive Producer/Writer)
 "Bestsellers" (Creator/Writer)
 "Suite 7" (Writer, "Good In Bed")

References

External links
"Playwright Susan Miller is Bringing New Generation of Drama to the Net", Joan Lipkin, The Vital Voice, January 19th, 2009
Author's website

Susan Miller, doollee
http://www.AnyoneButMeSeries.com

American women dramatists and playwrights
American web producers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Pennsylvania State University alumni
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American dramatists and playwrights
21st-century American women writers
National Endowment for the Arts Fellows
Obie Award recipients
New York University faculty
Rutgers University faculty
Pennsylvania State University faculty
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
American women academics

Susan Miller (playwright)


Aleksandar Stipčević (10 October 1930 – 1 September 2015) was a Croatian archeologist, bibliographer, librarian and historian. He was best known for studying the Illyrians. He wrote several works on the Illyrians. He was a full professor at the University of Zagreb from 1987 until his retirement in 1997.

Stipčević was born in the village of Arbanasi near Zadar (then Zara, Kingdom of Italy). He was of Albanian ancestry.

Stipčević died on 1 September 2015 in Zagreb, aged 84.

Works
 Gli Iliri ("Illyrians"; 1966)
 Arte degli Illiri ("The Illyrian Art"; 1963)
 Iliri: povijest, život, kultura (1974)
 Bibliografija antičke arheologije u Jugoslaviji (I–II, 1977)
 Kultni simboli kod Ilira ("The Illyrian Cult Symbols"; 1981)
 Povijest knjige ("The History of Books"; 1985, extended edition in 2006)
 Cenzura u knjižnicama ("Censorship and Libraries"; 1992)
 O savršenom cenzoru (1994)
 Sudbina knjige (2000)
 Socijalna povijest knjige u Hrvata (I–III, 2004–08)
 Tradicijska kultura zadarskih Arbanasa (2011)
Some of them are translated to other languages.

He was the editor-in-chief of the second volume of the Croatian Biographical Lexicon (1983–1989).

References

1930 births
2015 deaths
Archaeologists
Croatian writers
Yugoslavian historians
Croatian scientists
Librarians

Aleksandar Stipčević


The Naval Academy Preparatory School or NAPS is the preparatory school for the United States Naval Academy (USNA). NAPS is located on Naval Station Newport, Rhode Island. The mission of the Naval Academy Preparatory School is "To enhance Midshipman Candidates' moral, mental, and physical foundations to prepare them for success at the United States Naval Academy".

History
The Naval Academy Preparatory School is the Navy's fourth oldest school; only the Naval War College, the Naval Postgraduate School, and the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland are older. Informal preparatory classes began as early as 1915.

In 1918, the Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels signed a provision to have up to 100 sailors from the fleet to be eligible for entry to the Academy. Due to the difficult nature of the Naval Academy's entrance examination, then Undersecretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt (future 32nd President) also allowed for a school to be founded to prepare Sailors and Marines for entry.

The first official classes were established at Naval Station, Newport in Rhode Island and Naval Station Treasure Island / San Francisco in California in 1920. A year later the schools were moved to Norfolk, Virginia and San Diego, California. San Diego classes were later disestablished and NAPS classes remained solely in Norfolk until 1942, when the new Naval Academy Preparatory School opened in Newport, Rhode Island.

In early 1943, NAPS moved to the United States Naval Training Center Bainbridge, a facility of several hundred acres located above the Susquehanna River in Port Deposit, Maryland at the former Tome School campus, some  northeast of Baltimore, Maryland. NAPS returned to Newport while the Bainbridge Center was temporarily inactive during 15 months around 1950. When Bainbridge was reactivated in 1951 because of the Korean War, the preparatory school returned to Maryland. In August 1974, NAPS returned to its permanent home in Newport and in 2006, named their newly built dormitory in honor of alumnus Colonel John Ripley

From 1915 to 1968 NAPS was exclusively for Sailors and Marines who were of "Officer Caliber" but lacked the academic foundation for the rigors at the USNA. In 1968, the first male "Direct Entries" were admitted to NAPS. Following the congressional authorization of women to attend all military service academies, women were admitted in 1976.

Although NAPS primarily serves as an institution to prepare midshipman candidates to attend the USNA; from the years 1958 to 2008 and it also began to prepare cadet candidates for the United States Air Force Academy (1958–1961) and the United States Coast Guard Academy (1979–2008, 2016–present) and, midshipman candidates for the United States Merchant Marine Academy (1991 to 2004).

Admissions
To gain admission to their respective academies upon graduation, midshipman/cadet candidates must have a grade point average (GPA) above 2.2, no failing grade in any subject, meet the body fat standards, pass the USNA's Physical Readiness Test (PRT), improving or sustained course grades and SAT scores, favorable conduct and honor aptitude, and get a favorable recommendation from the Commanding Officer.

Midshipman candidates who might be below the standard, particularly if they are football players, may still have a chance of admission to the USNA. After finals are over, their fate is decided on a day known as Black Monday.

Organization

The student body, organized as a battalion, is divided into three companies, which are then divided into two platoons. Each platoon is divided into four squads in order to carry out orders with effective results. While attending NAPS, all midshipman candidates, affectionately known as "NAPSters", are on active duty military status, holding the rank of Midshipman Candidate, equivalent to the Navy's Seaman Recruit, at the enlisted pay grade of E-1, although this is significantly reduced in an effort to allocate funds into the Battalion Activity Fund (BAF) and to pay off all debts owed due for issued uniforms and miscellaneous items. The BAF is used to pay for physical fitness clothing and equipment, textbooks and various student activity expenses, such as the Army-Navy game, Graduation Ball and the like.

Within the battalion there exists a midshipman candidate-led chain of command. Those holding positions of authority are called "stripers", because they wear collar devices with the number of stripes that are assigned to each position. Stripers are selected by the senior military staff and serve the term of one marking period, after which they rotate out with new midshipmen candidates. The responsibilities of stripers are: delegating orders from the senior military staff to the students, taking accountability of the battalion, writing the watchbill for other students, organizing their respective companies and platoons for each event the midshipmen candidates attend, and maintaining general cleanliness of Ripley Hall. The head of the entire battalion is the Battalion Commander, Battalion Executive Officer (XO), and MA. The Battalion XO is in charge of Taps sheets, a nightly process that ensures all midshipman/cadet candidates are accounted.

Athletics
NAPS athletics consist of football, lacrosse, men's and women's basketball, baseball, wrestling, men's and women's track & field, and men's and women's cross country running. Most of the athletes will move on to their respective sports at either the USNA or the USCGA after successful completion of their year at NAPS. Midshipmen candidates that are not on any of the school teams, as well as athletes during their sports off-season, must participate in daily physical training. Each midshipman candidate will take the USNA's Physical Readiness Test (PRT), four times throughout the school year. The midshipman candidate must pass the PRT in order to move on to the USNA or the USCGA.

In 1998, a NAPS platoon created the chant I believe that we will win! and used it at NAPS sporting events. Those NAPSters then brought the chant with them to the USNA where the cheer team adopted it for its sporting events.

Notable Alumni
 Commander Ernest E. Evans, USN (KIA) - NAPS 1927, USNA 1931, commander USS Johnston, posthumous Medal of Honor recipient
 Captain William Lederer, USN (ret.) - 1930/1931 NAPS, USNA 1936, author, former special assistant, United States Indo-Pacific Command
 Colonel John Ripley, USMC (ret.) - NAPS 1958, USNA 1962, 2nd Force Reconnaissance Company, Navy Cross recipient
 Captain Lance Sijan, USAF - NAPS 1961, USAFA 1965, Vietnam War POW, posthumous Medal of Honor recipient
 General Michael J. Williams, USMC (ret.) - NAPS 1963, USNA 1967, former Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps
 General John R. Allen, USMC (ret.) - NAPS 1972, USNA 1976, former commander, ISAF and Operation Resolute Support
 Admiral Samuel J. Locklear, III, USN (ret.) - NAPS 1973, USNA 1977, former commander, United States Indo-Pacific Command
 Vice Admiral Robert Harward, USN (ret.) - NAPS 1975, USNA 1979, SEAL Team 3, former deputy commander, United States Central Command
 Lieutenant Commander Montel Williams USN/USMC (ret.) - NAPS 1976, USNA 1980, former naval cryptologic officer, television host
 Rear Admiral Peter Gumataotao, USN (ret.) - NAPS 1977, USNA 1981, former commander, Naval Surface Force Atlantic
 Vice Admiral Tim Szymanski, USN (ret.) - NAPS 1981, USNA 1985, former deputy commander, United States Special Operations Command
 Lieutenant General Matthew G. Glavy, USMC - NAPS 1982, USNA 1986, Deputy Commandant for Information
 Major General Austin E. Renforth, USMC (ret.) - NAPS 1984, USNA 1988, former commanding general, Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center
 Captain Christopher J. Cassidy, USN (ret.) - NAPS 1989, USNA 1993, SEAL Team 3, NASA astronaut
 First Lieutenant Malcolm Perry, USMC - USNA 2020, retired NFL player, aircraft maintenance officer

Notable Past Military Staff
 General James Mattis, USMC (ret.) - Executive Officer, 1981-1983

References

External links
Naval Academy Preparatory School's official website
United States Naval Academy's official website
United States Coast Guard Academy's official website

Military high schools in the United States
Newport, Rhode Island
United States Naval Academy
United States Coast Guard Academy
United States Merchant Marine Academy
1915 establishments in Rhode Island

Naval Academy Preparatory School


Teddy Benavídez is a Filipino actor who made his film debut on 1936's Mga Kaluluwang Napaligaw aka Unguided Spirit.  His first screen name is Teodoro Benavidez and changed it to Teddy when he first made his movie under Sampaguita Pictures in 1937's Bituing Marikit starring Elsa Oria & Rogelio dela Rosa.

After World War II he made his comeback movie where he is the Philippine version of Tarzan's Tani: Lord of the South Seas under Leyte Motion Pictures.

Filmography
1936 -Mga Kaluluwang Napaligaw

1937 -Mga Pusong Dakila

1937 -Milagro ng Nazareno sa Quiapo

1937 -Bituing Marikit  [Sampaguita]

1938 -Inang Mahal  [Sampaguita]

1938 -Tigre (Ang Taong Halimaw)  [Sampaguita]

1938 -Paru-Parong Bukid  [Sampaguita]

1938 -Himagsikan ng Puso  [Sampaguita]

1938 -Madaling Araw  [Sampaguita]

1941 -Balatkayo  [Sampaguita]

1941 -Tarhata  [Sampaguita]

1941 -Sa Iyong Kandungan  [Sampaguita]

1941 -Tampuhan  [Sampaguita]

1941 -Balatkayo  [Sampaguita]

1942 -Landas na Ginto  [Sampaguita]

1947 -Tani (Lord of the South Seas)  [Leyte Motion Pic]

1948 -Krus ng Digma  [X'Otic]

1948 -Pag-ibig at Patalim  [GLM]

1948 -Malaya (Mutya sa Gubat)  [Lvn]

1950 -Pedro,  Pablo,  Juan at Jose  [Luis F. Nolasco]

1951 -Tatlong Birhen  [Liwayway]

1952 -Kalbaryo ni Hesus  [Lebran]

1957 -Objective: Patayin si Magsaysay  [Champion]

References

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Filipino male film actors

Teddy Benavídez


Lucile Stewart Carter Brooke (née Polk; October 8, 1875 – October 26, 1934) was an American socialite and the wife of William Ernest Carter, an extremely wealthy American who inherited a fortune from his father. The couple and their two children survived the RMS Titanic disaster after the ship struck an iceberg and sank on April 15, 1912. She was said to be one of the heroines of the tragedy as she, with some of the other socially elite women, assisted in the rowing of one of the Titanic lifeboats.

Early life

Lucile Stewart Polk was born in 1875 in Baltimore, Maryland. Her father was William Stewart Polk (1828–1917) and her mother was Louisa Ellen (née Anderson). Carter's father was a partner in the very successful insurance brokerage firm Hopper Polk and Purnell of Baltimore and was fairly wealthy. Many of the newspaper reports noted that he was a descendant of President James K. Polk.

Before her marriage, Carter was mentioned often in the social pages of the Baltimore newspapers. The picture on the left is a sketch of her in the newspaper Baltimore American in 1892 when she was aged 17.

Marriage
On January 29, 1896, she married William Ernest Carter. He was the son of William Thornton Carter (1827–1893) who had made a vast fortune in the coal industry and was said to be "one of the most extensive and successful coal operators in America". Carter's husband inherited much of this fortune and the couple led a very privileged lifestyle. They had two children, Lucile Polk Carter born in 1897 and William Thornton Carter II born in 1900, who were also passengers on the Titanic and survived.

After their marriage, the couple was frequently mentioned in the social pages. Lucile was often noted for her striking clothes. The following is an extract from one of the newspapers.

Mrs William E Carter of Philadelphia, a beauty of pronounced type, has been startling Newport with flaming costumes. In an accordion plaited Eton suit of red and with a red hat, a red parasol, red slippers and silk stockings of the same shade her Dresden china colouring seems even lovelier than when she wears less striking costumes.

Carter was also very athletic and quite daring. One newspaper commented that "she was the first woman to play polo riding astride and the first woman to drive a four-in-hand (which is a carriage with four horses) through crowded Thames Street in Baltimore.

In about 1907, the Carter family went to live in Europe. They annually returned to the United States and lived in their mansion in Bryn Mawr during the summer with visits to Newport. It was on one of those return trips that they booked their passage on the RMS Titanic.

On board the Titanic

The Carters boarded the Titanic at Southampton. Accompanying the couple were their two children, Lucile Carter's maid Auguste Serepeca, William Carter's manservant Alexander Cairns, and the chauffeur Charles Aldworth. On the voyage, William Carter brought on board his  25 horsepower Renault Towncar. They occupied First Class Cabins B96/98.

The original story told in the press regarding the Carter family's experience of their ordeal was that William Carter came to the cabin and escorted his family to lifeboat 4. He then left this area with the other men who had taken their wives to this boat. These men were John Astor, George Widener and John Thayer. William Carter escaped from the Titanic on collapsible lifeboat C (along with Bruce Ismay) but the other three men were lost on the liner.

Carter gave details of what happened when she and her two children boarded Lifeboat 4. Her statement was as follows.

When I went over the side with my children and got in the boat there were no seamen in it. Then came a few men, but there were oars with no one to use them. The boat had been filled with passengers, and there was nothing else for me to do but to take an oar. We could see now that the time of the ship had come. She was sinking, and we were warned by cries from the men above to pull away from the ship quickly. Mrs. Thayer, wife of the vice-president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, was in my boat, and she, too, took an oar. It was cold and we had no time to clothe ourselves with warm overcoats. The rowing warmed me. We started to pull away from the ship. We could see the dim outlines of the decks above, but we could not recognize anybody.

She was acclaimed by the press later to have been one of the heroic women who rowed the heavy lifeboats.

Later years
Following their rescue by the RMS Carpathia, the family returned to "Gwenda", their mansion in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. Less than two years later, in January 1914, Carter filed for divorce. The divorce was granted on May 30, although no details were made public at the time. The following year it was sensationally revealed by the newspapers that the grounds for the divorce had been "cruel and barbarous treatment." Carter's sworn statement revealed that William Carter had not accompanied her and the children to Lifeboat 4 to ensure their safety:

We sailed for America on the Titanic. When the Titanic struck my husband came to our stateroom and said: 'Get up and dress yourself and the children'. I never saw him again until I arrived at the Carpathia at 8 o'clock the next morning, when I saw him leaning on the rail. All he said was that he had had a jolly good breakfast and that he never thought I would make it.

Second marriage
At a Philadelphia dinner party given by Mr. & Mrs. Edward Brooke, Carter met the host's brother, George Brooke Jr., a wealthy banker and steel manufacturer, and a bachelor in his mid-40s.

With her divorce finalized, Carter and her daughter departed for Europe in June 1914, intending to stay for a year. Edward Brooke, his wife and four children also spent that summer in Europe; brother George was to join them in August. When World War I broke out at the end of July, Carter and her daughter were caught in Paris. George Brooke arrived in London and tried to get to Paris, but wartime travel restrictions made it impossible. Instead, he arranged passage for Carter and her daughter to England. Rather than waiting until they returned to the United States, the couple married in London on August 16, 1914, with Brooke's brother and family and Carter's daughter in attendance. The whole group sailed almost immediately back to the United States on board the Olympic, the sister ship of the Titanic.

For the first two years of their marriage, the couple divided their time between a city house in Philadelphia; a country house in Birdsboro, Pennsylvania, "Brookewood", that Brooke had inherited from his late parents; and a rented summer cottage in Newport, Rhode Island. In fall 1916, they rented a Radnor, Pennsylvania, mansion, "Rock Rose". Carter's daughter Lucile made her Philadelphia society debut while they were living at "Rock Rose", but their stay was marred by a December 12 fire. The following December, the Brookes gathered in Birdsboro to celebrate Christmas. In the early hours of Christmas Day 1917, Brooke, Carter and the children were roused from their beds by a fire that destroyed "Brookewood". The couple bought a country house outside Birdsboro, "Clingan", that had belonged to a Brooke cousin; and "Isle Field" in Ithan, Pennsylvania, on Philadelphia's Main Line, which they renamed "Almondbury House".

Brooke and Carter had one child together, a daughter named Elizabeth Muhlenberg Brooke, born April 14, 1916. Later known as Elizabeth "Betty" Brooke Blake, she was living in Dallas, Texas, as of April 2012, and died in Newport, Rhode Island, on August 8, 2016.

Death
Carter died of a heart attack on October 26, 1934, at Almondbury House. George Brooke sold the mansion and moved to an apartment in Haverford, Pennsylvania. He died twenty-nine years later. They are buried together in St. Michael's Cemetery in Birdsboro.

Gallery

See also
Passengers of the RMS Titanic

References

External links
Lucile Carter at Encyclopedia Titanica

1875 births
1934 deaths
American socialites
Burials in Pennsylvania
People from Baltimore
Socialites from Philadelphia
People from Berks County, Pennsylvania
RMS Titanic survivors
20th-century American women
20th-century American people

Lucile Carter


John Mandt Nelson (October 10, 1870 – January 29, 1955) was a U.S. Representative from Wisconsin.

Early life
John Mandt Nelson was born on October 10, 1870, in Burke, Wisconsin. Nelson attended the public schools and graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1892. He graduated from the law department of the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1896, and pursued a postgraduate course from 1901 to 1903.

Career
He was the superintendent of the schools in Dane County from 1892 to 1894. He worked as a bookkeeper in the office of the secretary of state from 1894 to 1897. He worked as editor of The State, published in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1897 and 1898. Nelson then worked as correspondent in the state treasury from 1898 to 1902.

Nelson was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-ninth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Henry C. Adams. He replaced Adams as the representative of Wisconsin's 2nd congressional district and was reelected for the next three congresses in the same role from September 4, 1906 till March 3, 1913. From the 63rd Congress he represented Wisconsin's 3rd congressional district and was reelected to the following 64th and 65th Congresses as well from March 4, 1913 till March 3, 1919. On April 5, 1917, he voted against declaring war on Germany. He was an unsuccessful candidate during the 1918 Congressional election.

After missing one term in congress, Nelson was elected once again as Wisconsin's 3rd congressional district representative to the Sixty-seventh and to the five succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1921 – March 3, 1933). He served as chairman of the Committee on Elections No. 2 Sixty-eighth Congress. He served on the Committee on Invalid Pensions (Seventy-first Congress). He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1932 to the Seventy-third Congress. He retired from business and political activities.

Personal life
Nelson died on January 29, 1955, in Madison, Wisconsin following a long illness. He was interred in Forest Hill Cemetery in Madison.

References

External links

1870 births
1955 deaths
People from Burke, Wisconsin
Editors of Wisconsin newspapers
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
University of Wisconsin Law School alumni
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Wisconsin

John M. Nelson


Duncan R. Derry, OC (1906–1987) was an internationally known English-Canadian economic geologist. He was largely responsible for the creation of the World Atlas of Geological and Mineral Deposits.

Education
Derry was born in England. He obtained an honor science degree from University of Cambridge before moving to Canada. He attended the University of Toronto and obtained his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in geology.

Career
In 1935, he started work at Ventures Ltd., which later became Falconbridge Ltd. Derry worked closely with Thayer Lindsley. He supervised exploration and mining programs in Canada and many other countries, including South Africa, Greece, Guyana, Chile, Peru, and Greenland. His work at Venture was interrupted by World War II. He enlisted and served as a squadron leader navigation training officer.

In 1950, he compiled a tectonic map of Canada with John Sinclair Stevenson. It was the first time in Canada that structural data from government, university, and industry sources were combined and synthesized.

In 1954, Derry became president of Rio Tinto Exploration. He was a part of the acquisition and development of the Rio Algom's bit uranium mines in the Elliot Lake area of Ontario. In 1960, he left Rio to be a founding partner of the consulting firm Derry Michener Booth & Wahl.

Dr. Derry spent three years researching, compiling, funding and publishing the World Atlas of Geological and Mineral Deposits. In reference to his work on this textbook and his induction, the representative of the Canadian Mining Hall of Fame expressed that he, "added immeasurably not only to the advancement of the geological sciences and their practical application to mining development in Canada and elsewhere, but to the publication of world literature in the field."

Dr. Derry was a past-president of the Society of Economic Geologists. He was a part of founding Geological Association of Canada, the Canadian Geological Foundation, and the Canadian Geoscience Council.

Honours
 1970, awarded the Logan Medal by the Geological Association of Canada
 Bestowed an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Toronto
 1974, awarded the Selwyn G. Blaylock Medal by the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum
 Since 1980, the Geological Association of Canada has awarded the Duncan R. Derry Medal annually to the outstanding economic geologist who has made significant contributions in the field in Canada.

External links
Mining Hall of Fame
The Duncan R. Derry Medal
 Memorial of John Sinclair Stevenson
Selwyn G. Blaylock Medal

1906 births
1987 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
20th-century Canadian geologists
Canadian military personnel of World War II
University of Toronto alumni
Economic geologists
Logan Medal recipients
British emigrants to Canada
Officers of the Order of Canada

Duncan R. Derry


A billing descriptor refers to how a company's name appears on a credit card statement and is established when the merchant account is created. It is intended for credit card customers to identify the recipient of a payment for a specific transaction.

Typically, the billing descriptor uses the business's trading name rather than its legal name to ensure easy recognition by the customer. In some cases, a soft or dynamic descriptor may be used, incorporating the name of the service provided. This approach is commonly employed by large companies offering multiple services, where the service brand is more familiar to customers than the company name itself.

Choosing a clear billing descriptor is crucial for merchants to prevent chargebacks, as it helps customers recognize and associate the transaction with the intended recipient.

Static descriptors
If the company provides a single service or product, a simple billing descriptor like "ZXC Services & Products 800-123-4567" would be adequate.

Dynamic descriptors
Dynamic descriptors offer the flexibility to modify the description field on the cardholder's statement, providing additional details about the transaction. In many cases, the merchant's name is abbreviated to three letters, followed by an asterisk (*) and a brief description of the service or product provided. This field usually allows up to 25 characters, including the phone number. For example, a dynamic descriptor could be "ZXC* Site Access 800-123-4567."

See also
 Merchant services
 Credit card terminal
 Credit card fraud
 Chargeback insurance

References

Credit card terminology

Billing descriptor


Stella (or Estela) Inda (June 28, 1924 – December 7, 1995) was a Mexican film actress. She was the star of notable Mexican films, including Los olvidados by Luis Buñuel in 1949.

Biography
Inda started her career as extra in the successful film La Mujer del Puerto (1934), which starred Andrea Palma. Also, she participated in Mexican films such as The Night of the Mayas (1939), Santa (second sound version, 1943), Bugambilia (1944, with Dolores del Río), Amok (1945, with María Félix), and the success films Los olvidados (1949, directed by Luis Buñuel and El Rebozo de Soledad (1955, directed by Roberto Gavaldón). In the later years, she was an acting teacher in the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes in Mexico, and directed a folkloric dance group called "Stella Inda y su Conjunto".

In 1947 she had a prominent but uncredited role as the historical personage La Malinche in the Hollywood epic Captain from Castile, opposite Cesar Romero as Hernán Cortés.

Partial filmography
 La Mujer del Puerto (1934)
 Mujeres sin Alma (1934)
 The Blood Stain (1937)
 The Night of the Mayas (1939)
 Santa (1943)
 The Escape (1944)
 Bugambilia (1944)
 Amok (1945)
 Tragic Wedding (1946)
 Captain from Castile (1947)
 Los olvidados (1949)
 El Rebozo de Soledad (1952)
 The Aztec Mummy (1957)
 Fé, Esperanza y Caridad (1973)

External links

1924 births
1995 deaths
Ariel Award winners
20th-century Mexican actresses
Mexican film actresses
Actresses from Michoacán
People from Pátzcuaro

Stella Inda


Mars: War Logs is a cyberpunk role-playing video game developed by Spiders and published by Focus Home Interactive. The game is set on Mars and was released on April 26, 2013. It features a character who can specialize in stealth, combat or 'technomancy'. Spiders CEO Jehanne Rousseau has described the game as featuring a variety of companions and side-quests, as well as a world which reacts to the moral choices made by the player. On June 18, 2013 a new English localization was released for the game, containing rewritten game text and rerecorded dialog. A sequel, The Technomancer, was released on June 28, 2016.

Plot
The game is set on Mars, a century after a great upheaval. Powerful guilds battle over water, which has become a valuable resource. Two of the most powerful of these are Aurora and Abundance. The player takes on the role of Roy Temperance, an escaped prisoner of war who finds himself caught between a variety of powerful factions, and must also battle a variety of creatures created by the planet's radioactive environment.

Reception

Mars: War Logs has received mixed reception, with PC version scoring 59 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 32 reviews, and 59.50% on GameRankings, based on 20 reviews, Xbox 360 version scoring 61 out of 100, based on 6 reviews, and 61.67%, based on 6 reviews, while PlayStation 3 version scored 60.00%, based on 2 reviews.

IGN praised the game as one that "shoots for the moon", saying it is "an attempt to pull off an epic in the style of Mass Effect or The Witcher 2 on a fraction of the budget." However they criticized the game's clumsily handled story line, silly "virtue" names like Morality or Charity, stiff characters and a lack of focus but stated that while it "isn't a great RPG, it is at least the seed of one – and a seed with some surprisingly green shoots sticking out of it." PC Gamer bemoaned the need to constantly "wrestle with an exuberant camera" and joked that the "combat can't remember if this is a third-person game or one where you don't really need to see anything at all." They also criticized the UI design, "stance" gimmick, uncanny valley facial animation, subtlety-free script, and a rushed final act. PC Gamer recommended the game however, saying "you should consider Mars: War Logs – a budget title that's more entertaining than all my complaints about it would seem to imply. There's also a B-movie charm. It's clumsily goodhearted, and has a couple of great moments where you feel like you're affecting the world. Every bit of it needs more time and money, but it's something of a surprise to find that I left the game genuinely fond of its big, fractionally-realised ambition."

References

External links
 Official website

2013 video games
Action role-playing video games
Cyberpunk video games
Hack and slash role-playing games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation Network games
Role-playing video games
Science fiction video games
Single-player video games
Stealth video games
Video games developed in France
Video games set on Mars
Windows games
Focus Entertainment games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
Video games using PhysX
PhyreEngine games
Spiders (company) games

Mars: War Logs


St. Stephen's Basilica ( ) is a Roman Catholic basilica in Budapest, Hungary. It is named in honour of Stephen, the first King of Hungary (c. 975–1038), whose right hand is housed in the reliquary.

Since the renaming of the primatial see, it has been the co-cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Esztergom-Budapest. Today, it is the third largest church building in present-day Hungary. It is the largest church in Budapest and a World Heritage Site.

History
The site was the location of the Hetz-Theater, noted for hosting animal fights. János Zitterbarth of the newly formed district built a temporary church there. In the late 1810s, about a thousand people formed the Lipótváros Parish and began fundraising and making plans for the future church. During a devastating flood in 1838 the high ground here provided a measure of safe refuge to the residents, who, in thanksgiving, subsequently donated toward the construction of the church.

At first, the building was supposed to be named after Saint Leopold, the patron saint of Austria, but was later changed to honor Saint Stephen I of Hungary, the first King of Hungary (c. 975–1038), whose mummified right hand is housed in a reliquary. In 1931, Pope Pius XI awarded it the title of basilica minor; and served as the main venue for the 34th International Eucharistic Congress in May 1938.

Although the church suffered serious damage during World War II the cellar provided shelter for many refugees and a valuable collection of the Hungarian National Archives.

Architecture
The church was designed in neo-classical style by József Hild. In 1858 the collapsed, which required complete demolition of the completed works and rebuilding from the ground up. Upon Hild's death in 1867, the project passed to Miklós Ybl, who modified Hild's initial plan to a more neo-Renaissance style. Construction commenced in 1851 and continued for fifty-four years.  Work was completed in 1905 by József Kauser. The keystone was placed in the presence of the Emperor Franz Joseph I.

Equal with the Hungarian Parliament Building, it is one of the two tallest buildings in  Budapest at  - this equation symbolises that worldly and spiritual thinking have the same importance. Regulations prohibited for a long period the construction of any building taller than  in Budapest. It has a width of , and  length of .

The tympanum over the main entrance holds an 1893 mosaic designed by Mór Than, Our Lord on the Throne with Angels by Salviati of Venice. On the main facade, below the tympanum, is an inscription of Christ's words: "Ego Sum Via, Veritas et Vita" (I am the way the truth and the life).

Interior
The basilica has a Greek cross ground plan.

In the lobby of the main entrance you can see the Saint Stephen's relief of Károly Senyei, and mosaics by Bertalan Székely. The dome above the sanctuary shows the representation of the Lord God, and the tambourine shows Christ as well as the prophets and evangelists (built by Károly Lotz). The sanctuary vault features allegories of the Holy Mass on mosaics by Gyula Benczúr and highlights the important stages of St. Stephen's life in the bronze relief series by Ede Mayer. The canopy altarpiece designed by József Kauser is decorated with the statue of St. Stephen by Alajos Stróbl.

The pulpit is also work of József Kauser. The glass painting works were made by Miksa Róth, and the pipe organ of the church is the product of the factory of Pécs and József Angster recognized in the era. He carried out the painting and, in particular, the gilding of the interior decoration.

Other works of art inside the basilica (builders in parentheses):

Present day
Saint Stephen's is the most important church building in Hungary, one of the most significant tourist attractions and the third highest church in Hungary. The dome can be accessed either by elevator or 364 steps for a panoramic view.

A Christmas fair is held in the square in front of the basilica during the Advent season, and at that time of the year the façade is decorated with special light paintings in the evenings.

Part of the 2016 movie Inferno was filmed in St. Stephen Square in front of the basilica.

Concerts in the basilica
The Saint Stephen Basilica has played an active role in the musical community since its consecration in 1905. Organ concerts are performed in the basilica every Monday. The head organists of the church have always been very highly regarded musicians.

In the past century the Basilica has been home to choral music, classical music as well as contemporary musical performances. The Basilica choir performs often in different parts of Europe as well as at home. In the summer months they perform every Sunday. During these months you can see performances from many distinguished Hungarian and foreign organ players alike.

One of the most famous Hungarian organists is Miklós Teleki;
along with András Virágh, he is among some of the best organ players in Hungary. The concerts include arias, which are sung by Kolos Kováts, one of the most famous concert and oratorio singers in Hungary; among numerous prizes, in 1992 he received also the highest prize Hungarian artists can acquire: the Kossuth Prize. The flute is played by Eleonóra Krusic, who is already known for her performances with different orchestras, from Barcelona to Zürich, Granz and Viena. These concerts take place on Thursday evenings and last  a little over an hour. There are other performances available, such as the 15 minute "mini concerts" on Fridays, performed by András Virágh.

Bells of the basilica
The façade is anchored by two large bell towers. In the southern tower is Hungary's biggest bell, weighing over . Its predecessor had a weight of almost , but it was used for military purposes during World War II.

The two towers have six bells altogether: five small bells in the north tower and a single bourdon in the south tower.  The bourdon called the Great St. Stephan bell is the biggest bell in Hungary with its 9250 kilograms and its diameter of 252 centimeters. Usually it is used twice a year, at 5pm on August 20, which is the date it was consecrated while the four smaller bells were consecrated three years later on the same day. It also tolls at midnight on New Year's Eve and some special events when it tolls like the death of a Prime Minister or tragic events like the 9/11, but it is quite rare. The four smallest bells are founded in Passau in 1993.

Great St. Stephan bell:

The largest bell in the church and in Hungary. Located in the south tower, it weighs 9250 kg and has a diameter of 240 cm. It was made by the Perner bell foundry in Passau, Germany in 1990, this bell chimes the hour.

Blessed Virgin Mary bell:

The 2nd largest and oldest bell in the church, founded by Ferenc Walser in 1863 in Pest. It weighs 3100 kg and has a diameter of 178,5 cm, this bell chimes the quarter hours and has a unique looking clapper.

St. Henry II. bell:

It weighs 2150 kg and has a diameter of 150 cm.

Blessed Gizella bell:

It weighs 1250 kg and has a diameter of 117,8 cm.

Saint Emeric bell:

The 2nd smallest bell in the church, weighing 750 kg.

Saint Erzsébet (Elizabeth) from the House of Árpád bell:
The smallest bell in the church, weighing 500 kg.

Gallery

See also
 Pest
 Roman Catholicism in Hungary
 List of cathedrals in Hungary
 List of tallest domes

References

External links

 Official website of Saint Stephen's Basilica in Hungarian
 Choir of the Saint Stephen Basilica
 Interior view of Saint Stephen's Basilica
 Organ concert tickets online reservation

Roman Catholic churches in Budapest
Roman Catholic cathedrals in Hungary
Basilica churches in Hungary
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1905
Catholic Church in Hungary
Church buildings with domes
Landmarks in Hungary
1810s establishments in the Austrian Empire
19th-century establishments in Hungary
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Hungary

St. Stephen's Basilica


Barbara Firth (1928-2013) was a British illustrator of children's books, best known for her work on Martin Waddell's Little Bear books. She won the 1988 Kate Greenaway Medal.

Early life
Firth was born in Cheshire on 20 September 1928. She enjoyed drawing as a child but had no formal art education. She qualified in pattern cutting at the London College of Fashion.

Career
She worked for 15 years for Vogue as production director on books on crochet, knitting and dressmaking. She moved to Marshall Cavendish and worked on their partworks, and there met Amelia Edwards who commissioned her to illustrate some non-fiction work including Margaret Lane's The Spider. This led to work on David Lloyd's Great Escapes books and subsequently to her work with Waddell.

She won the 1988 Kate Greenaway Medal, awarded by the then Library Association (now CILIP) for "distinguished illustration in a book for children", for her work on Martin Waddell's Can't You Sleep Little Bear? (Walker, ), which has been called "as perfect a picture-book as anyone could hope to make". The book was also the overall winner of the 1988 Nestlé Smarties Book Prize.

She illustrated four further Little Bear books by Waddell, and his The Park in the Dark which won the 1989 Kurt Maschler Award.

She also illustrated books by other authors, including Sarah Hayes (The Grumpalump), and books by Charles Causley and Jonathan London.

Personal life and death
Barbara Firth lived much of her life in Harrow, with her sister Betty. She had a household full of pets including Waldo the tortoise, who featured in Lloyd's Waldo the Tortoise, which she illustrated.

She died on 18 February 2013 and was survived by her sister Betty and the centenarian Waldo.

References

1928 births
2013 deaths
People from Cheshire (before 1974)
English children's book illustrators
Kate Greenaway Medal winners
British women illustrators

Barbara Firth


was a village located in Shimajiri District, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 10,486 and a density of 621.58 persons per km2. The total area was 16.87 km2.

On January 1, 2006, Tamagusuku, along with the town of Sashiki, and the villages of Chinen and Ōzato (all from Shimajiri District), was merged to create the city of Nanjō.

In Tamagusuku, to the south-east of Naha, the Gyokusendo cave with a total length of five kilometers is known for its beautiful stalagmites and stalactites. 850 metres of these caves are open to tourists.

See also

 Tamagusuku Castle

Dissolved municipalities of Okinawa Prefecture

Tamagusuku, Okinawa


The Teutonic Cemetery (, "Camposanto of the Teutons and the Flemish") is a burial site in Rome adjacent to St. Peter's Basilica. Burial is reserved for members of the Confraternity of Our Lady of the German Cemetery, which owns the cemetery. It is a place of pilgrimage for many German-speaking pilgrims.

The cemetery lies entirely outside the borders of Vatican City; it is an extraterritorial property of the Holy See as designated under the Lateran Treaty of 1929.

History
Located where the Circus of Nero once stood, during the period of the Roman Empire, it was the site of the martyrdom of many of the early Christians of the city. The cemetery chapel of Our Lady of Sorrows marks the spot where St. Peter was killed.

It is reported that Pope Leo III gave the land to Charlemagne in 799 for a hospice, called the "Schola Francorum", for German pilgrims. In connection with the hospice was a church dedicated to the Saviour and a graveyard for the burial of the subjects of Charlemagne who died in Rome. Since the fifteenth century the soil of this cemetery has been held to be sacred earth from Jerusalem. This tradition, in connection with the immediate vicinity of the graves of the Apostles and with the memory of the first martyrs under Nero, explains the name of campus sanctus, "holy field". The cemetery is owned by the "Archconfraternity of Our Lady", formed in 1454 to preserve the grounds.

On 6 May 1527, it was the site of the Stand of the Swiss Guard when the Pope's Swiss Guards held off mutinous German troops long enough for Pope Clement VII to escape over the Passetto di Borgo to Castel Sant'Angelo.

There are now two institutes of study and two chapels attached to the cemetery, one being the burial place of the Swiss Guards who fell in defense of the city against the forces of the new Kingdom of Italy in 1870. The Collegio Teutonico del Campo Santo replaced the hospice in 1876 to receive priests belonging to the German Empire or German provinces of Austria, who remained there for two or, at the most, three years pursuing their studies and officiating in the Church of Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici.

The cemetery is reserved for the burial of members of the Santa Maria della Pietà Confraternity (a confraternity originally with membership only for citizens of the Holy Roman Empire) and members of the German colleges and religious houses in Rome.

The cemetery can be visited by citizens of the countries on the territory of the former Holy Roman Empire, so also for Belgians and Dutch citizens. When requested in German or upon presentation of a Dutch or Belgian passport, the Swiss Guards will give access to the cemetery.

In February 2015, Willy Herteleer, a homeless Flemish man, was buried in the cemetery with the assistance of Paul Badde, a German journalist and a member of the Archconfraternity, after approval by Pope Francis and reflecting his maxim that he wanted "a poor church, for the poor".

Burials
 Johann Baptist Anzer S.V.D.
 Ludwig Curtius, archaeologist
 Gustav Adolf, Cardinal Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
 Willy Herteleer, homeless Flemish pilgrim
 Engelbert Kirschbaum SJ, archaeologist
 Joseph Anton Koch, landscape painter
 Xavier de Mérode

Duchess Charlotte Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin first wife of Christian VIII of Denmark was allegedly buried here. Her tomb was opened on 11 July 2019 due to investigations related to the disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi case, but was found to be empty.

See also
 Collegio Teutonico
 Index of Vatican City-related articles
 Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici

References

Sources

 R. Walpen, Die Päpstliche Schweizergarde (2006), 64–71.

Cemeteries and tombs in Rome
Cemeteries in Vatican City
Roman Catholic cemeteries in Italy
Properties of the Holy See
Catholic Church in Germany
Catholic Church in Austria

Teutonic Cemetery


Ïnanch Sonqur (Turkic) (in ) or Husam al-Din Sunqur Inanj (in ) (died 1169) was the Seljuk amir of Ray from 1160 at the latest until his death. During his eight years in power he played a major role in the events that occurred in northern Iran.

Career

Before the decline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Merv, the city of Ray had been part of Sultan Sanjar's territories. After Sanjar's capture in 1153 by bands of rebellious Oghuz Turks, his empire fell into chaos. In the midst of this confused situation, Ïnanch Sonqur was able to take Ray with assistance from the Bavandids.

Ïnanch soon began meddling in the affairs of the Seljuks of Hamadan. After the death of Sultan Muhammad ibn Mahmud in 1159, the amirs of the surrounding provinces disagreed on who should succeed him. In the end, Ïnanch's candidate Suleiman-Shah won out. For the duration of Suleiman Shah's reign Ïnanch lent him support, but the sultan's incompetence eventually led the amirs to overthrow him and ask the Atabeg of Azerbaijan, Shams al-Din Eldigüz, to replace him with Arslan.

Arslan was accordingly installed in Hamadan in 1161. Eldigüz was able to gain Ïnanch's approval of the affair after arranging a marriage between his son Pahlavan and Ïnanch's daughter, Ïnanch Khatun. Arslan, however, ran into problems of his own, and eventually Ïnanch and a coalition of other amirs revolted and marched against Hamadan. Arslan, Eldigüz and Gird-Bazu defeated them in battle, forcing Ïnanch to flee.

After his defeat, Ïnanch made his way to the territories of the Bavandids. He then went to the court of the Shah of Khwarezm, Il-Arslan, who supplied him with an army and sent him back to northern Iran. Ïnanch invaded the area around Qazvin and Zanjan in 1166/7, but was unable to make any headway against the Seljuks or Eldigüz, and the loosely disciplined Khwarezmian troops were hated by the local people. Ïnanch retreated to Gurgan, but was able to enlist the support of the Bavandids and with their help managed to regain Ray.<ref>'Ala'-al-Dawla Hasan</ref>

Ïnanch's victory in reasserting his position was short lived. In 1169 Eldigüz invaded and besieged Ïnanch. Soon afterwards, he convinced some of Ïnanch's ghulams to murder him. Ray was taken by Eldigüz, who granted it to his son Pahlavan and left his vizier to administer the city.

Notes

References
"Al-E Bavand." Encyclopaedia Iranica Online. Encyclopædia Iranica. 2 February 2008. <http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/al-e-bavand>
"'Ala'-al-Dawla Hasan." Encyclopaedia Iranica Online. Encyclopædia Iranica. 2 February 2008. <http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ala-al-dawla-hasan-b>
Bosworth, C.E. "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000-1217)." The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods.'' Edited by J.A. Boyle. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press, 1968.

1169 deaths
Year of birth unknown
People of the Nizari–Seljuk wars
Ray County, Iran
Government officials of the Seljuk Empire

Ïnanch Sonqur