The Emperor Taizong of Tang (r. 626–649), the second emperor of the Tang dynasty, early in his reign, had allied with Xueyantuo, a vassal of the powerful Eastern Turkic Khaganate, against Eastern Turks, who Tang defeated in 630. Upon Eastern Turks' defeat, Xueyantuo's Zhenzhu Khan Yi'nan took over Eastern Turks' former territory, and while he was formally submissive to Tang, he was expanding his own strength. When Emperor Taizong tried to restore Eastern Turks in 639 under the Qilibi Khan Ashina Simo (also known as Li Simo) to counteract the rise of Xueyantuo power, Xueyantuo engaged in multiple battles with the newly restored Eastern Turks, in order to prevent this return. The major Tang general Li Shiji temporarily came to protect Eastern Turks against Xueyantuo and defeated the Xueyantuo forces in 641. But in 644, with Emperor Taizong occupied with a campaign against Goguryeo, Xueyantuo forces launched a new campaign, defeated Eastern Turks, forcing Ashina Simo to flee back to Tang. Subsequently, Goguryeo sought aid from Xueyantuo, but Yi'nan avoided further conflict, wanting to avoid direct battle with Tang. After Yi'nan's death in 645, however, his son Duomi Khan Bazhuo began heavily battling Tang forces. In 646, Tang forces counterattacked, and after they defeated Bazhuo, Xueyantuo's vassal Huige rose and killed him. His cousin, the Yitewushi Khan Duomozhi, surrendered to Tang forces, ending Xueyantuo.

Cooperation between Tang and Xueyantuo under Yi'nan

Xueyantuo had been long been a member tribe of the Chile confederation, which had in turn been submissive to Göktürks, both before and after the division of Göktürks into Western Turks and Eastern Turks, and in the 600s, the Chile had rebelled against Western Turks' Heshana Khan Ashina Daman, declaring independence under the leadership of Qibi () chieftain Geleng () (with the title Yiwuzhenmohe Khan ()) and the Xueyantuo chieftain Yishibo (with the title Yiedie Khan), but later resubmitted to Western Turks' Shekui Khan.

At some point, the Chile became submissive to Eastern Turks instead, and as of the reign of the Jiali Khan Ashina Duobi, the Xueyantuo were ruled by Yishibo's grandson Yi'nan. However, Ashina Duobi was said to be a poor ruler, and by 627, several members of the Chile-Xueyantuo, Huige, and Bayegu () had rebelled. Ashina Duobi tried to send his nephew Ashina Yugu against Huige, but Ashina Yagu was defeated by the Huige chieftain Pusa (), while Xueyantuo defeated four other Eastern Turks generals, and Ashina Duobi was not able to resubjugate the Chile rebels. Still, in 628, when these Chile tribes offered the title of khan to Yi'nan, Yi'nan did not initially dare to accept it. However, Emperor Taizong of Tang, hearing this and wanting to establish an alliance with Xueyantuo against Eastern Turks, sent his general Qiao Shiwang () to Xueyantuo to create Yi'nan the Zhenzhupieqie Khan (or Zhenzhu Khan in short), and subsequently, a large number of Chile and Turks tribes came under Yi'nan's rule. Subsequently, Tang and Xueyantuo often exchanged emissaries, and Xueyantuo grew stronger at Eastern Turks' expense.

In 629, Emperor Taizong commissioned the general Li Jing to lead a major expedition against Eastern Turks, and in 630, Li Jing captured Ashina Duobi and effectively destroyed Eastern Turks. Much of the Eastern Turks people surrendered to Xueyantuo, and some surrendered to Tang. After this event, Xueyantuo was the predominant power north of China, but remained formally submissive to Tang. In 638, Emperor Taizong, with Yi'nan's concurrence, further created Yi'nan's sons Bazhuo and Jialibi () as subordinate khans under Yi'nan-ostensibly to honor them, but hoping to create dissension between them. In 639, when Emperor Taizong commissioned the general Hou Junji to launch a campaign against Gaochang, Yi'nan offered to attack Gaochang at the same time, although Hou's quick conquest of Gaochang appeared to involve no actual Xueyantuo aid.

Conflict of 641
Also in 639, however, a Tang action would begin to lead to a deterioration of the relationship between Tang and Xueyantuo. After Ashina Duobi's capture, Emperor Taizong had settled the Eastern Turkic people who surrendered to Tang within Tang borders, without creating a new khan to govern them. However, after he (Emperor Taizong) was nearly assassinated by Ashina Duobi's nephew Ashina Jiesheshuai () in 639, Emperor Taizong changed his mind and created an Eastern Turks prince loyal to Tang, Ashina Simo as Qilibi Khan (not to be confused with Yi'nan's son Qilibi), to serve as the new khan of Eastern Turks, intending to settle his state south of the Gobi Desert to serve as a buffer between Tang and Xueyantuo. Yi'nan was distressed by the development, but initially indicated that he accepted it.

As of 641, Ashina Simo had finally marched north of the Great Wall and settled in at Dingxiang (, in modern Hohhot, Inner Mongolia). Meanwhile, Yi'nan had heard that Emperor Taizong was about to offer sacrifices to heaven and earth at Mount Tai and, believing that the Tang troops would all be with Emperor Taizong, had his son Dadu () launch a major attack on Eastern Turks, intending to destroy Ashina Simo before Tang could render aid. Ashina Simo withdrew within the Great Wall and took up position at Shuo Prefecture (roughly modern Shuozhou, Shanxi) and sought emergency aid from Tang. Emperor Taizong sent the general Li Shiji, assisted by the generals Zhang Jian (), Li Daliang, Zhang Shigui (), and Li Xiyu (), to attack Xueyantuo. Li Shiji engaged Dadu first and defeated him, forcing him to flee. Meanwhile, Yi'nan had sent an emissary to Emperor Taizong to offer peace with Eastern Turks, and Li Shiji prevailed over Dadu, Emperor Taizong sent the emissary back with a rebuke for Yi'nan but did not further take actions against Xueyantuo, and thereafter, the relationship between Tang and Xueyantuo officially remained that of lord and vassal, but appeared to be no longer as strong as it had been.

Later years of Yi'nan reign

In 642, Yi'nan began an attempt to cement his relationship with Tang by sending his uncle Nishou () to Tang to request marriage with one of Emperor Taizong's daughters, offering tributes of horses, mink coats, and a mirror made of amber. Meanwhile, with the Tang general Qibi Heli () -- the chief of the Qibi tribe, a constituent tribe of the Chile as well—being detained in Xueyantuo after he, on a visit back to his tribe, was seized by his own subordinates and taken to Xueyantuo (as his subordinates wanted to submit to Xueyantuo rather than Tang), Emperor Taizong, concerned about Qibi Heli's safety (as Qibi Heli had refused to submit to Xueyantuo, cutting off an ear to show his resolve, causing Yi'nan to nearly execute him), agreed to the marriage proposal, sending the official Cui Dunli to negotiate with Yi'nan the terms, under which Emperor Taizong's daughter Princess Xinxing would marry Yi'nan, in exchange for Qibi Heli's release.

In 643, Yi'nan again sent his nephew Tuli () to offer tributes of 50,000 horses, 10,000 cattle or camels, and 100,000 goats, to serve as bride price. Emperor Taizong welcomed Tuli in a grand ceremony, and Tuli held a great banquet in Emperor Taizong's honor, which Emperor Taizong and his officials personally attended. However, at Qibi's urging, Emperor Taizong was considering renouncing the marriage-initially ordering Yi'nan to personally meet him and Princess Xinxing at Ling Prefecture (, roughly modern Yinchuan, Ningxia) to marry her, believing that Yi'nan would refuse and that he would then have a good excuse to break off the marriage. When Yi'nan agreed to go to Ling Prefecture, Emperor Taizong found another excuse—that the bride price offered had not been all collected (as, in order to gather the livestock making up the bride price, Yi'nan had to collect them from subordinate tribes, and it was taking longer than thought, and the livestock were also dying from having to go through the Gobi) -- to cancel the marriage treaty, despite strong opposition from his official Chu Suiliang, who pointed out that, effectively, he was devaluing his own words. Emperor Taizong rationalized his decision by arguing that if Yi'nan had married a Tang princess, he would have greater legitimacy over the Chile tribes and would be more difficult to control.

Meanwhile, Yi'nan was continuing to attack Eastern Turks periodically. When Emperor Taizong sent emissaries to try to stop him from doing so, Yi'nan responded:

By the end of 644, the Eastern Turkic people, who were not whole-heartedly supportive of Ashina Simo in the first place, collapsed in light of Xueyantuo threat, fleeing back to Tang territory, and were again settled there. Ashina Simo also went back to Tang and again became a Tang general, ending Tang's attempt to recreate Eastern Turks as a vassal state. This caused Emperor Taizong to be displeased, and when Yi'nan subsequently sent an emissary to offer tribute to Emperor Taizong, who was at that time deeply into preparation to attack Goguryeo, Emperor Taizong responded, "Go back and tell your khan: My son and I are now about to attack Goguryeo. If he thinks that he can take advantage of this, he is welcome to come!" Yi'nan, fearful of Emperor Taizong's anger, sent another emissary to apologize and offering to assist in the operation against Goguryeo, an offer that Emperor Taizong declined. In 645, after Emperor Taizong had defeated the main Goguryeo forces at Mount Zhubi (), near the fortress of Anshi (, in modern Anshan, Liaoning), Goguryeo's mangniji (regent) Yeon Gaesomun requested that Yi'nan attack Tang, offering great tributes to him if he did. Yi'nan, fearful of Tang power, did not do so. (However, Emperor Taizong was eventually forced to abandon the campaign anyway after being stymied in his siege of Anshi.)

Yi'nan's death and Xueyantuo's collapse
Yi'nan died in 645. It was described that at this time, Bazhuo, born of Yi'nan's wife, was governing the western part of Xueyantuo, over the Xueyantuo people, while another son of Yi'nan, Yemang (), who was older but was not born of Yi'nan's wife, was governing the eastern part of Xueyantuo, governing the various tribes. Yemang was said to be violent and disturbed, and also having a bad relationship with Bazhuo. After the funeral, Yemang, fearing that Bazhuo would harm him, left suddenly to return to the eastern part of the khanate. Bazhuo chased him down and killed him, and then took the throne with the title of Jialijulixueshaduomi Khan (or Duomi Khan for short).

Bazhuo, after he took the throne, decided to attack Tang, believing that with Emperor Taizong then on campaign against Goguryeo, that Tang borders would be undefended. However, Emperor Taizong, anticipating the possibility of a Xueyantuo attack, had had the general Zhishi Sili () command Turkic soldiers to defend Xia Prefecture (, roughly modern Yulin, Shaanxi). Once Bazhuo attacked, Zhishi Sili and another general, Tian Renhui (), set a trap to induce Bazhuo to attack Xia Prefecture, and dealt him a defeat once he was at Xia Prefecture. Bazhuo withdrew, but soon attacked Xia Prefecture again.

Briefly after the new year 646, Emperor Taizong ordered, in addition to Zhishi and Tian's troops, for troops to be mobilized under the generals Li Daozong the Prince of Jiangxia, Xue Wanche (), Ashina She'er (), Song Junming (), and Xue Guwu (), to defend against Bazhuo's attack, which Bazhuo called off after reaching the Great Wall and realizing that Tang forces had been mobilized. In turn, in spring 646, Zhishi and Qiao Shiwang counterattacked, defeating Bazhuo and forcing him to flee, throwing Xueyantuo into a state of confusion.

Meanwhile, it was said that Bazhuo was intolerant and ill-tempered, as well as suspicious. He removed Yi'nan's chief advisors and replaced them with people close to him, which led to the nobles despising him—and he responded by killing a large number of them, throwing the Xueyantuo court into terror. Yaoluoge Tumidu (), the chieftain of Huige, then a Xueyantuo vassal, rebelled along with the Pugu () and Tongluo () tribes and dealt Bazhuo a great defeat. Emperor Taizong took the chance to order a major assault against Xueyantuo proper by Li, Ashina, Zhishi, Qibi Heli, Xue Wanche, and Zhang Jian. As the assault was beginning, by chance a Tang officer, Yuwen Fa (), was serving as an emissary to the Wuluohu () and the Mohe and returning toward Tang, when he encountered the Xueyantuo general Abo (). Yuwen attacked Abo with the Mohe troops with him at the time and defeated Abo—which led to even greater confusion for Xueyantuo, whose people believed that the main Tang army had already arrived. In panic, Bazhuo fled to the vassal Ashide () tribe, and when Huige forces heard this, they attacked and killed Bazhuo, slaughtering the Xueyantuo imperial clan members that they could find. Many Xueyantuo generals surrendered to Tang.

The remaining Xueyantuo people briefly supported Yi'nan's nephew Duomozhi as Yitewushi Khan to try to revive Xueyantuo, but neither Tang nor the Chile tribes welcomed this development, and Emperor Taizong sent Li Shiji with an army toward Duomozhi's location—with the instruction to accept Duomozhi's surrender if he wanted to surrender, and to attack if Duomozhi did not. Li Shiji soon arrived at the Khangai, and Duomozhi's assistant Tizhen () surrendered. Duomozhi fled to the south into the canyon. Li Shiji sent his subordinate Xiao Siye () to comfort him, and he surrendered to Xiao. Not all of his subordinates were willing to surrender, however, and Li Shiji attacked them, killing and capturing many of them. Duomozhi was taken to the Tang capital Chang'an and made a Tang general, and Xueyantuo was at its end.

Notes

Sources

 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198.

630s conflicts
640s conflicts
Wars involving the Tang dynasty
Military history of the Göktürks
Xueyantuo
7th-century conflicts
Chinese Central Asia
7th century in China
Emperor Taizong of Tang

Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo


Hogarth's Servants is an oil painting by William Hogarth. It was painted between 1750 and 1755. It shows the faces of six of his servants. It measures 62 × 75 cm (24.4 × 29.5 in). It hangs in the Tate Gallery, London.

The painting shows three men and three women, of different ages. Each person looks in a different direction. The three women all look young, not children but also not old. The men are different ages, from a boy (at the top center), to an adult man (at the bottom center), to an elderly man (at the top right). Ronald Paulson thinks the servants could be a coachman (coach driver), valet (helper), messenger, housekeeper (top housemaid), and two housemaids. The servants are shown in their normal look, in their normal clothes. The painting was painted with love and sensitivity, showing Hogarth's affection for his servants.

1750s paintings
Paintings by William Hogarth

Hogarth's Servants


The Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF; ), is a cabinet-level organization of the Government of the Republic of Korea. It takes overall responsibilities for maritime and fisheries sectors in general, ranging from the promotion of maritime safety and security, the protection of the marine environment, the development of port and fishing ports, the research and development on polar issues to the management and sustainable use of fishery resources and the promotion of marine leisure activities. Its headquarters is located at 94 Dasom-2 ro, Sejong City. Before the merger in 2008, the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries was located in 140-2 Kye-Dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul City.

MOF was established as part of a general cabinet reorganization in 1996. For the preceding 35 years, maritime functions had been divided among various departments.  From 1955 to 1961, under the First Republic, a Ministry of Marine Affairs existed, and the current ministry traces its origin to that body.

In 2008, with the merging of the Ministry of Construction and Transportation and MOMAF, the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs was established. In 2013, the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries was reestablished with government reorganization.

See also

Fishing industry of South Korea

References

External links
 Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries

Oceans and Fisheries
Fishing in South Korea
South Korea
South Korea, Maritime Affairs And Fisheries
South Korea
Transport organizations based in South Korea

Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries


In hospitals or health care areas, isolation is one of the many measures that can be taken to stop the spread of certain diseases as it would lower the amount of people being infected by it. The most recent case are people being forced by law to stay at home as schools and jobs are closed due to the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. This is different than quarantine as this is for people who have not been infected.

What is it?
According to the CDC, isolation is the act of separating a sick individual with a contagious disease from healthy individuals without that contagious disease in order to protect the public from getting the contagious disease.

Why is it important?
Contagious diseases can spread to others through many forms. Four types of infectious disease transmission can happen: (1) contact transmission, which can be through direct physical contact (2) vehicular transmission, which involves contaminated objects, (3) airborne transmission, which involves spread of infectious particles through air, and (4) vector transmission, which is spread through insects or animals. Since diseases can spread through many forms of transmission it is important for people who are not infected to stay at home so that they won't get sick. For those who are sick then it is important for them to quarantine to make sure they don't spread the disease.

Related pages
 Quarantine
 Social distancing

References

Other websites
Chart showing recommendations for various forms of isolation

Nursing

Isolation (health care)


Test data is the data that is used in tests of a software system.

In order to test a software application you need to enter some data for testing most of the features. Any such specifically identified data which is used in tests is known as test data.

Some test data is used to confirm the expected result, i.e. when test data is entered the expected result should come and some test data is used to verify the software behaviour to invalid input data.

Computer science

Test data


Ross Piper is a British zoologist, entomologist, and explorer.

Biography
Piper's fascination by animals began at a young age through early encounters with a violet ground beetle and the caterpillar of an elephant hawk moth. This early interest led to a degree in zoology from Bangor University and a PhD in insect ecology from the University of Leeds. Piper has travelled widely in Europe, the Americas, Africa and Southeast Asia, searching for interesting and elusive beasts. Although his focus is arthropods, the sheer diversity of animal forms and lifestyles is a continual source of fascination.

In 2015 he was awarded the Alumnus of the Year award by Bangor University and has since become a member of their alumni advisory board. He is also a student mentor for the University of Leeds and a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. He is currently a visiting research fellow at the University of Leeds and a visiting fellow at the University of Essex. His current projects include authoring additional books exploring insects as a source of novel pharmaceuticals and biomaterials  and planning further expeditions.

Science
Piper's interest in communicating the staggering diversity of animals beyond vertebrates led to his latest book, Animal Earth, which has so far been translated into German and Japanese. This book explores animal diversity.

In documenting the arthropod life he finds during expeditions Piper contributes to our knowledge of these areas. In addition to these two broad areas Piper is also interested in the ecology of beetles and solitary wasps, how ecology, morphology and molecular data can be integrated to reveal the true complexity of animal diversity and the interactions between arthropod assemblages and agricultural landscapes.

Exploration
Piper is always keen to stress how little we know about life on Earth, which is a continuing theme in his books and talks. His own contribution to addressing this is exploration, mostly in the tropics. During his time in Myanmar Piper explored and searched for insects in areas where few if any scientists had been before. Tamanthi Wildlife Reserve was one such place. The specimens from this forest have so far yielded a new genus and several new species.

Media
Piper is enthusiastic to share his fascination for the incredible living things that surround us with anyone who will listen. In terms of TV this has led to an expedition to Myanmar (Burma) with the BBC Natural History Unit as the on-screen entomologist the product of which was broadcast as the three part series – Wild Burma: Nature's Lost Kingdom – on BBC 2. Many of the clips from this series have become YouTube hits. Piper has also featured as a presenter/on-screen expert on the CBBC series, Wild (live and recorded segments), the Sky 1 series, Extreme Fears, Extreme Cures where he helped ten arachnophobes overcome their fear and I have recently done some filming as an on-screen expert for a World's Weirdest Events. Piper has been invited to give talks around the world, including World Minds  and EG. His work has been widely covered in the media and he has written opinion pieces for the BBC, The Conversation and Geographical. Piper is also a keen macrophotographer and a dabbling Wikipedia editor.

Books

References

British zoologists
British writers
Alumni of Bangor University
Alumni of the University of Leeds
Date of birth unknown
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century births

Ross Piper


The Guardians of Scotland were regents who governed the Kingdom of Scotland from 1286 until 1292 and from 1296 until 1306. During the many years of minority in Scotland's subsequent history, there were many guardians of Scotland and the post was a significant constitutional feature in the course of development for politics in the country.

Guardians of Scotland during the First Interregnum 1286–1292
The First Interregnum began upon the death of Alexander III of Scotland in 1286. Alexander's only surviving descendant was Margaret, Maid of Norway, who was a young child and living in Norway where her father Eric II was king. She was finally sent to Great Britain in 1290, but she died before arriving in Scotland. The next king of Scots was not determined until completion of an arbitration in 1292.

The following persons served as guardians during the First Interregnum:

 William Fraser, Bishop of St Andrews
 Robert Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow
 John Comyn II of Badenoch
 James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland
 Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan
 Donnchadh III, Earl of Fife

In a letter (written in Old French) from the Scots Parliament of 1290, sitting at Birgham, confirming the Treaty of Salisbury, the guardians of Scotland are listed as:
"... Guillaume de Seint Andreu et Robert de Glasgu evesques, Johan Comyn et James Seneschal de Escoce, gardeins du reaume de Escoce..."

English translation: "William [Fraser] of St Andrews and Robert [Wishart] of Glasgow bishops, John Comyn and James the Steward of Scotland, guardians of the kingdom of Scotland".

 Bryan FitzAlan, Lord FitzAlan (13 June 1291 – ????)

Guardians of Scotland during the Second Interregnum 1296–1306

Guardians during the minority and reign of David II
The Guardians during the minority and reign of David II were:
 Sir Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray (1329–1332), appointed by the Act of Settlement of 1318.
 Donald, Earl of Mar (1332, for ten days)
 Sir Andrew Moray of Bothwell (1332 until captured by the English at Roxburgh Bridge in October).
 Sir Archibald Douglas (1332 until killed at the Battle of Halidon Hill in July 1333)
 Sir Andrew Moray of Bothwell for the second time (1335–1338, when he died following a brief illness)
 Robert the Steward, nephew (older in years) to David and future king of Scotland. Robert was guardian on four occasions, sometimes jointly, and latterly twice during the eleven years of the king's enforced absence as a prisoner in England after the Battle of Neville's Cross (1346–1357). He used these years to build a large power base in the country, especially north of the Forth.

Guardians during the reign of Robert II
Guardians during the infirmity of King Robert II
 John Stewart, Earl of Carrick (November 1384–December 1388)
 Robert Stewart, Earl of Fife (December 1388 – 1390)

See also
Competitors for the crown of Scotland
List of regents in Scotland
History of Scotland
Politics of Scotland

References

Sources
 Mack, James Logan (1926). The Border Line. Pub. Oliver & Boyd. pp. 317–322.
 McNaught, Duncan (1912). Kilmaurs Parish and Burgh. Pub. A.Gardner. p. 9.

External links
Cast of the seal of the Guardians of Scotland (NAS reference RH17/1/17)  and Saint Andrew seals Scotland's independence; at the National Archives of Scotland
Seal impression (cast), of Guardians of Scotland; at the National Museums of Scotland

Wars of Scottish Independence
1290s in Scotland

Lists of Scottish people
1300s in Scotland

Guardian of Scotland


Landry of Sées (Landericus) was a French saint and bishop. The earliest record found of a person named Landry was in the 5th century ca. 450 in the person of St. Landry, third Bishop of Sées who died on March 4, 480 and whose feast day is July 16.

Landry was the successor of Saint Sigibold, himself successor of Saint Latuin (Latuinus, Lain, or Latuin), first occupant of the episcopal see (from 400 to 440). He lived in great sanctity and was responsible for great progress of Christianity in his diocese.

It appears that this was done in spite of great resistance, because in his legend, it is said that he was placed in a barrel filled with flax combs and rolled from the top to the bottom of a mountain. Nevertheless, this fact is not ascertained and he died at a great age on March 4, 480, in the arms of Saint Contest, Bishop of Bayeux, who happened to be in Seez at the time.

Veneration
He was buried in his cathedral dedicated to the Virgin. It is not the magnificent gothic building that can still be seen, because the one in which Saint Landry rested was destroyed in 878, during the invasion by the Saxons.

His name appears in the Martyrology of Ainon and as soon as the eleventh century there was a saint's day for him on July 16. Focoal inserted in a Breviary a double service in his honor. This office has been recited in the diocese until 1864. In all the churches, the following prayer was said:

Sources
Life of the Saints of the Diocese of Seez (Volume 1, 178)

Bishops of Sées
5th-century Christian saints
Gallo-Roman saints
480 deaths
Year of birth unknown

Landry of Sées


Love Is All You Need (, Lit.: The Bald Hairdresser) is a 2012 Danish Swedish French Italian German romantic comedy movie directed by Susanne Bier and starring Pierce Brosnan, Trine Dyrholm, Kim Bodnia, Paprika Steen, Micky Skeel Hansen, Line Kruse and Bodil Jørgensen.

Other websites

2012 romantic comedy movies
2010s LGBT movies
Danish romance movies
Danish comedy movies
Danish LGBT movies
Swedish romance movies
Swedish comedy movies
Swedish LGBT movies
French romance movies
French comedy movies
French LGBT movies
Italian romance movies
Italian comedy movies
Italian LGBT movies
German romance movies
German comedy movies
German LGBT movies
Cancer in movies
Movies about weddings
Movies directed by Susanne Bier
Movies set in Copenhagen
Movies set in Italy

Love Is All You Need


Rick Bolus High Potential "Blue-Chip" Basketball Camp is a youth basketball camp organization that holds camps annually during the summer months. The camp was created by basketball scout Rick Bolus who is based out of Kentucky.

History

The "Blue-Chip" Basketball Camp began in 1980 for the purpose of providing exposure and evaluation for middle and high school level basketball players during the summer offseason. Bolus has served as a basketball scout since 1973 when he started the High Potential recruiting service.  The camp was created particularly to help provide awareness for talented "sleepers" that could otherwise go unnoticed by college recruiters and coaches. "Blue-Chip" camps have been held primarily at colleges and universities in the state of Kentucky which include Northern Kentucky University, Bellarmine University, Campbellsville University, and Georgetown College.

"Blue-Chip" camps have been featured in USA Today and the Louisville Courier-Journal.

References

External links

Summer camps in Kentucky
Basketball in Kentucky


Thomas William "Tom" Graveney OBE (16 June 1927 – 3 November 2015) was a leading English cricketer. He represented his country in 79 Test matches and scoring over 4,800 runs. In a career lasting from 1948 to 1972, he was the 15th person to score one hundred first-class centuries, and the first post-war player to do so.

Early life
Graveney was born in Riding Mill, Hexham, Northumberland on 16 June 1927. His brother was Ken Graveney, also a cricketer. Graveney studied at the Bristol Grammar School.

Career
He played for Gloucestershire and Worcestershire, and helped Worcestershire win the county championship for the first time in their history. His achievements for England after being recalled in 1966 have been described as "the stuff of legend." Graveney was a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1953, captained England on one occasion and was awarded the OBE while still playing.

In later life he worked as a cricket commentator for BBC Television and was the first former professional to be President of the Marylebone Cricket Club.  He was one of the first 55 players inducted to the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame in 2009.

Personal life
Graveney was married to Jackie Graveney from 1952 until her death of Alzheimer's disease in 2013. Graveney's brother, Ken, died on 25 October 2015. A week after his brother's death, Graveney died on 3 November 2015 from Parkinson's disease at the age of 88.

References

Other websites

 ESPN Cricket biography
 Cricket Archive biography

1927 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
English cricketers
Sportspeople from Northumberland

Tom Graveney


Lieutenant General Sir Carl Herman Jess,  (16 February 1884 – 16 June 1948) was an Australian Army officer who served in the First and Second World Wars.

Early life and career
Carl Herman Jess was born on 16 February 1884 in the city of Bendigo, Victoria, to George Jess, a master German painter, and his wife, Mary, , an immigrant from Ireland. One of nine children, he was educated at Violet Street State School in Bendigo. From 1899 to 1906, he worked at the school as a teacher.

In 1899, Jess joined the First Victorian Volunteer Cadets, rising to the rank of sergeant. In February 1902, he enlisted in the 5th Battalion of the Victorian Infantry, again rising quickly through the enlisted ranks to lance corporal and then in 1903, lance sergeant and then sergeant in 1904. On 7 June 1906, he resigned from the militia and the Victorian Education Department in order to take up a position with the Instructional Staff of the permanent forces.

Jess was promoted to sergeant major on 1 January 1907. On 1 July 1909, he was commissioned as a full lieutenant. On 1 January 1911 he was sent to New South Wales as brigade major of the 5th Infantry Brigade with the rank of temporary captain, the rank became permanent on 1 July 1912. While there, he studied the Diploma of Military Science at the University of Sydney. He returned to Victoria as brigade major of the 15th Infantry Brigade. On 13 December 1911 he became staff officer in charge of administering the Universal Training scheme in Victoria. Then on 1 July 1914, he became Deputy Assistant Adjutants General of the 4th Military District (South Australia).

First World War
On the outbreak of the First World War, Jess was involved in the mobilisation of the Australian Military Force (AMF) in South Australia, and then of the preparation of the South Australian contingent, the 10th Infantry Battalion and the 2nd Squadron, 3rd Light Horse Regiment. He joined the Australian Imperial Force himself in Melbourne on 23 September 1914, having been selected for the post of staff captain with the 4th Infantry Brigade by Colonel John Monash.

Jess landed at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915 and served throughout the Gallipoli Campaign. He became brigade major of the 2nd Brigade on 23 May 1915 with the rank of major, serving with distinction in the front line, most notably alongside Lieutenant Colonel Bennett in the attack on the German Officers' Trench on 7 August 1915. He was well known by Australian Diggers for his courage at Gallipoli and his cool head in the face of extraordinary circumstances. For his service at Gallipoli, he was Mentioned in Despatches and 1916 was awarded the Order of the White Eagle by the King of Serbia.

Jess returned to Egypt on 7 January 1916. On 28 February 1916 he was given command of the 7th Battalion, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 12 March 1916. At Pozières in July 1916 he again distinguished himself as a front-line leader. He was gassed at Pozières and refused to leave his post and for this he was twice Mentioned in Despatches and awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) on 1 January 1917.

On 19 November 1916 Jess was appointed first commandant of the I Anzac Corps School but on 27 November he was recalled to temporarily command 2nd Brigade. From 13 March 1917 to 8 September 1917, he was an instructor at the School for Commanding Officers at Aldershot, England, the first Australian officer to hold such an appointment.

On 8 September 1917, Jess was appointed the task of GSO2 at I Anzac Corps Headquarters. Then on 7 January 1918 he became GSO1 at 2nd Division Headquarters. On 20 January 1918, he transferred to the 3rd Division Headquarters. Jess was promoted to major in the AMF on 1 January 1918, lieutenant colonel on 3 June 1918, colonel and temporary brigadier general on 7 October 1918, taking over the 10th Infantry Brigade. For his service on the Western Front in the final year of war, he was again mentioned in despatches and appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1919 New Year's List.

Jess took over the AIF Training Depot at Codford, England in March 1919 and in July, he became Commandant of the AIF Administrative Headquarters in London. Jess replaced Monash as Director General of Repatriation, and then General Sir William Birdwood as General Officer Commanding AIF, he finally completed the AIF's affairs overseas in January 1920. For this work, he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE).

Between the wars
On termination of his AIF appointment on 21 January 1920, Jess reverted to his permanent rank of lieutenant colonel. He attended the Staff College at Camberley, and after the birth of his first son, Carl McGibbon Jess in 1921, he returned to Australia, receiving a civic welcome from his home town of Bendigo.

Jess became a staff officer with the 4th Division in May 1921. His second son, John David Jess (Member House of Representatives and Federal Member for Latrobe Victoria 1960–1972) was born in Melbourne in 1922. In 1925, he became Commandant of the 6th Military District (Tasmania). He was promoted to  full colonel in 1926 and became commandant of the 5th Military District (Western Australia) in August 1927. He was promoted to brigadier in January 1929 and was aide-de-camp to the Governor General from 1931 to 1935. Jess was involved in organising the centennial celebrations in Western Australia and then in 1933 in Victoria. For this he was created a Knight Bachelor in the 1935 New Year's List.

In December 1934, Jess was appointed adjutant general, and became a member of the Military Board. He was promoted to the rank of major general in July 1935.

Second World War
With the outbreak of the Second World War, Jess was awarded the Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in June 1939, and promoted to lieutenant general on 12 December 1939. As Adjutant General, Jess had been appointed chairman of the Department of Defence's Manpower Committee in September 1938 and was responsible for greatly increasing the size of the militia. he relinquished this post to Major General Blamey. When Blamey was appointed to command the 6th Division in September 1939, Jess transferred from Adjutant General to this post.

Jess retained the post until March 1944. He became Director of Women's National Services (AWAS) in 1943 and organised the Australian Women's Land Army. With a strength of over 3,000, this organisation employed women on jobs throughout Australia.

Later life
After leaving the Department of Labour and National Service in March 1944, Jess became involved in a survey and classification of army records, compiling a report of the activities of the AMF from 1929 to 1939. His work was unfinished when he went on sick leave in July 1945. On 1 April 1946 he was placed on the retired list. He died at the Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital in Melbourne on 16 June 1948 and was cremated with full military honours.

Jess was also a prolific artist; when he joined the Victorian Volunteer Cadets in 1899, he started making artworks of the uniforms of various units. Shortly before his death, Jess' watercolour paintings of 19th- and 20th-century Australian and British military uniforms were purchased by the Australian War Memorial in Canberra. His hand carved and painted models of military figures were exhibited and housed at the Royal Military College, Duntroon. They were subsequently shown at the Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne and are now in private collections in Melbourne.

References

Further reading

External links

Generals of World War II

1884 births
1948 deaths
Australian generals
Australian military personnel of World War I
Australian Army personnel of World War II
Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Australian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Australian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Australian Companions of the Order of the Bath
Knights Bachelor
People from Bendigo
Australian people of German descent
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Infectious disease deaths in Victoria (state)
Tuberculosis deaths in Australia
Military art
Military personnel from Victoria (state)
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley

Carl Jess


A capital market is a financial market in which long-term debt (over a year) or equity-backed securities are bought and sold, in contrast to a money market where short-term debt is bought and sold. Capital markets channel the wealth of savers to those who can put it to long-term productive use, such as companies or governments making long-term investments. Financial regulators like Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), Bank of England (BoE) and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) oversee capital markets to protect investors against fraud, among other duties.

Transactions on capital markets are generally managed by entities within the financial sector or the treasury departments of governments and corporations, but some can be accessed directly by the public. As an example, in the United States, any American citizen with an internet connection can create an account with TreasuryDirect and use it to buy bonds in the primary market. However, sales to individuals form only a small fraction of the total volume of bonds sold. Various private companies provide browser-based platforms that allow individuals to buy shares and sometimes even bonds in the secondary markets. There are many thousands of such systems, most serving only small parts of the overall capital markets. Entities hosting the systems include investment banks, stock exchanges and government departments. Physically, the systems are hosted all over the world, though they tend to be concentrated in financial centres like London, New York, and Hong Kong.

Definition
A capital market can be either a primary market or a secondary market. In a primary market, new stock or bond issues are sold to investors, often via a mechanism known as underwriting. The main entities seeking to raise long-term funds on the primary capital markets are governments (which may be municipal, local or national) and business enterprises (companies). Governments issue only bonds, whereas companies often issue both equity and bonds. The main entities purchasing the bonds or stock include pension funds, hedge funds, sovereign wealth funds, and less commonly wealthy individuals and investment banks trading on their own behalf. In the secondary market, existing securities are sold and bought among investors or traders, usually on an exchange, over-the-counter, or elsewhere. The existence of secondary markets increases the willingness of investors in primary markets, as they know they are likely to be able to swiftly cash out their investments if the need arises.

A second important division falls between the stock markets (for equity securities, also known as shares, where investors acquire ownership of companies) and the bond markets (where investors become creditors).

Versus money markets

The money markets are used for the raising of short-term finance, sometimes for loans that are expected to be paid back as early as overnight. In contrast, the "capital markets" are used for the raising of long-term finance, such as the purchase of shares/equities, or for loans that are not expected to be fully paid back for at least a year.

Funds borrowed from money markets are typically used for general operating expenses, to provide liquid assets for brief periods. For example, a company may have inbound payments from customers that have not yet cleared, but need immediate cash to pay its employees. When a company borrows from the primary capital markets, often the purpose is to invest in additional physical capital goods, which will be used to help increase its income. It can take many months or years before the investment generates sufficient return to pay back its cost, and hence the finance is long term.

Together, money markets and capital markets form the financial markets, as the term is narrowly understood. The capital market is concerned with long-term finance. In the widest sense, it consists of a series of channels through which the savings of the community are made available for industrial and commercial enterprises and public authorities.

Capital market versus bank loans
Regular bank lending is not usually classed as a capital market transaction, even when loans are extended for a period longer than a year. First, regular bank loans are not securitized (i.e. they do not take the form of a resaleable security like a share or bond that can be traded on the markets). Second, lending from banks is more heavily regulated than capital market lending. Third, bank depositors tend to be more risk-averse than capital market investors. These three differences all act to limit institutional lending as a source of finance. Two additional differences, this time favoring lending by banks, are that banks are more accessible for small and medium-sized companies, and that they have the ability to create money as they lend. In the 20th century, most company finance apart from share issues was raised by bank loans. But since about 1980 there has been an ongoing trend for disintermediation, where large and creditworthy companies have found they effectively have to pay out less interest if they borrow directly from capital markets rather than from banks. The tendency for companies to borrow from capital markets instead of banks has been especially strong in the United States. According to the Financial Times, capital markets overtook bank lending as the leading source of long-term finance in 2009, which reflects the risk aversion and bank regulation in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis.

Compared to in the United States, companies in the European Union have a greater reliance on bank lending for funding. Efforts to enable companies to raise more funding through capital markets are being coordinated through the EU's Capital Markets Union initiative.

Examples

Government on primary markets

When a government wants to raise long-term finance it will often sell bonds in the capital markets. In the 20th and early 21st centuries, many governments would use investment banks to organize the sale of their bonds. The leading bank would underwrite the bonds, and would often head up a syndicate of brokers, some of whom might be based in other investment banks. The syndicate would then sell to various investors. For developing countries, a multilateral development bank would sometimes provide an additional layer of underwriting, resulting in risk being shared between the investment bank(s), the multilateral organization, and the end investors. However, since 1997 it has been increasingly common for governments of the larger nations to bypass investment banks by making their bonds directly available for purchase online. Many governments now sell most of their bonds by computerized auction. Typically, large volumes are put up for sale in one go; a government may only hold a small number of auctions each year. Some governments will also sell a continuous stream of bonds through other channels. The biggest single seller of debt is the U.S. government; there are usually several transactions for such sales every second, which corresponds to the continuous updating of the U.S. real-time debt clock.

Company on primary markets
When a company wants to raise money for long-term investment, one of its first decisions is whether to do so by issuing bonds or shares. If it chooses shares, it avoids increasing its debt, and in some cases the new shareholders may also provide non-monetary help, such as expertise or useful contacts. On the other hand, a new issue of shares will dilute the ownership rights of the existing shareholders, and if they gain a controlling interest, the new shareholders may even replace senior managers. From an investor's point of view, shares offer the potential for higher returns and capital gains if the company does well. Conversely, bonds are safer if the company does poorly, as they are less prone to severe falls in price, and in the event of bankruptcy, bond owners may be paid something, while shareholders will receive nothing.

When a company raises finance from the primary market, the process is more likely to involve face-to-face meetings than other capital market transactions. Whether they choose to issue bonds or shares, companies will typically enlist the services of an investment bank to mediate between themselves and the market. A team from the investment bank often meets with the company's senior managers to ensure their plans are sound. The bank then acts as an underwriter, and will arrange for a network of brokers to sell the bonds or shares to investors. This second stage is usually done mostly through computerized systems, though brokers will often phone up their favored clients to advise them of the opportunity. Companies can avoid paying fees to investment banks by using a direct public offering, though this is not a common practice as it incurs other legal costs and can take up considerable management time.

Secondary market trading

Most capital market transactions take place on the secondary market. On the primary market, each security can be sold only once, and the process to create batches of new shares or bonds is often lengthy due to regulatory requirements. On the secondary markets, there is no limit to the number of times a security can be traded, and the process is usually very quick. Transactions on the secondary market do not directly raise finance, but they do make it easier for companies and governments to raise finance on the primary market, as investors know that if they want to get their money back quickly, they will usually be easily able to re-sell their securities. Sometimes, however, secondary capital market transactions can have a negative effect on the primary borrowers: for example, if a large proportion of investors try to sell their bonds, this can push up the yields for future issues from the same entity. An extreme example occurred shortly after Bill Clinton began his first term as President of the United States; Clinton was forced to abandon some of the spending increases he had promised in his election campaign due to pressure from the bond markets . In the 21st century, several governments have tried to lock in as much as possible of their borrowing into long-dated bonds, so they are less vulnerable to pressure from the markets. Following the financial crisis of 2007–08, the introduction of quantitative easing further reduced the ability of private actors to push up the yields of government bonds, at least for countries with a central bank able to engage in substantial open market operations.

A variety of different players are active in the secondary markets. Individual investors account for a small proportion of trading, though their share has slightly increased; in the 20th century it was mostly only a few wealthy individuals who could afford an account with a broker, but accounts are now much cheaper and accessible over the internet. There are now numerous small traders who can buy and sell on the secondary markets using platforms provided by brokers which are accessible via web browsers. When such an individual trades on the capital markets, it will often involve a two-stage transaction. First they place an order with their broker, then the broker executes the trade. If the trade can be done on an exchange, the process will often be fully automated. If a dealer needs to manually intervene, this will often mean a larger fee. Traders in investment banks will often make deals on their bank's behalf, as well as executing trades for their clients. Investment banks will often have a division (or department) called "capital markets": staff in this division try to keep aware of the various opportunities in both the primary and secondary markets, and will advise major clients accordingly. Pension and sovereign wealth funds tend to have the largest holdings, though they tend to buy only the highest grade (safest) types of bonds and shares, and some of them do not trade all that frequently. According to a 2012 Financial Times article, hedge funds are increasingly making most of the short-term trades in large sections of the capital market (like the UK and US stock exchanges), which is making it harder for them to maintain their historically high returns, as they are increasingly finding themselves trading with each other rather than with less sophisticated investors.

There are several ways to invest in the secondary market without directly buying shares or bonds. A common method is to invest in mutual funds or exchange-traded funds. It is also possible to buy and sell derivatives that are based on the secondary market; one of the most common type of these is contracts for difference – these can provide rapid profits, but can also cause buyers to lose more money than they originally invested.

Size
All figures given are in billions of US$ and are sourced to the IMF. There is no universally recognized standard for measuring all of these figures, so other estimates may vary. A GDP column is included as a comparison.

Forecasting and analyses
A great deal of work goes into analysing capital markets and predicting their future movements. This includes academic study; work from within the financial industry for the purposes of making money and reducing risk; and work by governments and multilateral institutions for the purposes of regulation and understanding the impact of capital markets on the wider economy. Methods range from the gut instincts of experienced traders, to various forms of stochastic calculus and algorithms such as Stratonovich-Kalman-Bucy filtering algorithm.

Capital controls

Capital controls are measures imposed by a state's government aimed at managing capital account transactions – in other words, capital market transactions where one of the counter-parties involved is in a foreign country. Whereas domestic regulatory authorities try to ensure that capital market participants trade fairly with each other, and sometimes to ensure institutions like banks do not take excessive risks, capital controls aim to ensure that the macroeconomic effects of the capital markets do not have a negative impact. Most advanced nations like to use capital controls sparingly if at all, as in theory allowing markets freedom is a win-win situation for all involved: investors are free to seek maximum returns, and countries can benefit from investments that will develop their industry and infrastructure. However, sometimes capital market transactions can have a net negative effect: for example, in a financial crisis, there can be a mass withdrawal of capital, leaving a nation without sufficient foreign-exchange reserves to pay for needed imports. On the other hand, if too much capital is flowing into a country, it can increase inflation and the value of the nation's currency, making its exports uncompetitive. Countries like India employ capital controls to ensure that their citizens' money is invested at home rather than abroad.

See also
Bank
Center for Audit Quality (CAQ)
 Committee on Capital Markets Regulation (United States)
 Credit union
 Financial market
 Financial regulation
 Stock exchange
Capital Markets Union

Notes

References

Financial markets
Financial services

Capital market


Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley  (22 November 191730 May 2012) was an English physiologist and biophysicist. He was born into the prominent Huxley family. After leaving Westminster School in central London, he went to Trinity College, Cambridge on a scholarship, after which he joined Alan Lloyd Hodgkin to study nerve impulses. Their eventual discovery of the basis for propagation of nerve impulses (called an action potential) earned them the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1963. They made their discovery from the giant axon of the Atlantic squid. Soon after the outbreak of the Second World War, Huxley was recruited by the British Anti-Aircraft Command and later transferred to the Admiralty. After the war he resumed research at the University of Cambridge, where he developed interference microscopy that would be suitable for studying muscle fibres.

In 1952, he was joined by a German physiologist Rolf Niedergerke. Together they discovered in 1954 the mechanism of muscle contraction, popularly called the "sliding filament theory", which is the foundation of our modern understanding of muscle mechanics. In 1960 he became head of the Department of Physiology at University College London. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1955, and President in 1980. The Royal Society awarded him the Copley Medal in 1973 for his collective contributions to the understanding of nerve impulses and muscle contraction. He was conferred a Knight Bachelor by the Queen in 1974, and was appointed to the Order of Merit in 1983. He was a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, until his death.

Early life and education

Huxley was born in Hampstead, London, England, on 22 November 1917. He was the youngest son of the writer and editor Leonard Huxley by Leonard Huxley's second wife Rosalind Bruce, and hence half-brother of the writer Aldous Huxley and fellow biologist Julian Huxley, and grandson of the biologist T. H. Huxley.

When he was about 12, Andrew and his brother David were given a lathe by their parents. Andrew soon became proficient at designing, making and assembling mechanical objects of all kinds, from wooden candle sticks to a working internal combustion engine. He used these practical skills throughout his career, building much of the specialized equipment he needed for his research. It was also in his early teens that he formed his lifelong interest in microscopy.

He was educated at University College School and Westminster School in Central London, where he was a King's Scholar. He graduated and won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, to read natural sciences. He had intended to become an engineer but switched to physiology after taking the subject to fulfill an elective.

Career
Having entered Cambridge in 1935, Huxley graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1938. In 1939, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin returned from the US to take up a fellowship at Trinity College, and Huxley became one of his postgraduate students. Hodgkin was interested in the transmission of electrical signals along nerve fibres. Beginning in 1935 in Cambridge, he had made preliminary measurements on frog sciatic nerves suggesting that the accepted view of the nerve as a simple, elongated battery was flawed. Hodgkin invited Huxley to join him researching the problem. The work was experimentally challenging. One major problem was that the small size of most neurons made it extremely difficult to study them using the techniques of the time. They overcame this by working at the Marine Biological Association laboratory in Plymouth using the giant axon of the longfin inshore squid (Doryteuthis (formerly Loligo) pealeii), which have the largest neurons known. The experiments were still extremely challenging as the nerve impulses only last a fraction of a millisecond, during which time they needed to measure the changing electrical potential at different points along the nerve. Using equipment largely of their own construction and design, including one of the earliest applications of a technique of electrophysiology known as the voltage clamp, they were able to record ionic currents. In 1939, they jointly published a short paper in Nature reporting on the work done in Plymouth and announcing their achievement of recording action potentials from inside a nerve fibre.

Then World War II broke out, and their research was abandoned. Huxley was recruited by the British Anti-Aircraft Command, where he worked on radar control of anti-aircraft guns. Later he was transferred to the Admiralty to do work on naval gunnery, and worked in a team led by Patrick Blackett. Hodgkin, meanwhile, was working on the development of radar at the Air Ministry. When he had a problem concerning a new type of gun sight, he contacted Huxley for advice. Huxley did a few sketches, borrowed a lathe and produced the necessary parts.

Huxley was elected to a research fellowship at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1941. In 1946, with the war ended, he was able to take this up and to resume his collaboration with Hodgkin on understanding how nerves transmit signals. Continuing their work in Plymouth, they were, within six years, able to solve the problem using equipment they built themselves. The solution was that nerve impulses, or action potentials, do not travel down the core of the fiber, but rather along the outer membrane of the fiber as cascading waves of sodium ions diffusing inward on a rising pulse and potassium ions diffusing out on a falling edge of a pulse. In 1952, they published their theory of how action potentials are transmitted in a joint paper, in which they also describe one of the earliest computational models in biochemistry. This model forms the basis of most of the models used in neurobiology during the following four decades.

In 1952, having completed work on action potentials, Huxley was teaching physiology at Cambridge and became interested in another difficult, unsolved problem: how does muscle contract? To make progress on understanding the function of muscle, new ways of observing how the network of filaments behave during contraction were needed. Prior to the war, he had been working on a preliminary design for interference microscopy, which at the time he believed to be original, though it turned out to have been tried 50 years before and abandoned. He, however, was able to make interference microscopy work and to apply it to the problem of muscle contraction with great effect. He was able to view muscle contraction with greater precision than conventional microscopes, and to distinguish types of fiber more easily. By 1953, with the assistance of Rolf Niedergerke, he began to find the features of muscle movement. Around that time, Hugh Huxley and Jean Hanson came to a similar observation. Authored in pairs, their papers were simultaneously published in the 22 May 1954 issue of Nature. Thus the four people introduced what is called the sliding filament theory of muscle contractions. Huxley synthesized his findings, and the work of colleagues, into a detailed description of muscle structure and how muscle contraction occurs and generates force that he published in 1957. In 1966 his team provided the proof of the theory, and has remained the basis of modern understanding of muscle physiology.

In 1953, Huxley worked at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, as a Lalor Scholar. He gave the Herter Lectures at Johns Hopkins Medical School in 1959 and the Jesup Lectures at Columbia University in 1964. In 1961 he lectured on neurophysiology at Kiev University as part of an exchange scheme between British and Russian professors.

He was an editor of the Journal of Physiology from 1950 to 1957 and also of the Journal of Molecular Biology. In 1955, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and served on the Council of the Royal Society from 1960 to 1962.

Huxley held college and university posts in Cambridge until 1960, when he became head of the Department of Physiology at University College London. In addition to his administrative and teaching duties, he continued to work actively on muscle contraction, and also made theoretical contributions to other work in the department, such as that on animal reflectors. In 1963, he was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his part in discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms of the nerve cell. In 1969 he was appointed to a Royal Society Research Professorship, which he held in the Department of Physiology at University College London.

In 1980, Huxley was elected as President of the Royal Society, a post he held until 1985. In his Presidential Address in 1981, he chose to defend the Darwinian explanation of evolution, as his ancestor, T. H. Huxley had in 1860. Whereas T. H. Huxley was defying the bishops of his day, Sir Andrew was countering new theories of periods of accelerated change. In 1983, he defended the Society's decision to elect Margaret Thatcher as a fellow on the ground of her support for science even after 44 fellows had signed a letter of protest.

In 1984, he was elected Master of Trinity, succeeding his longtime collaborator, Sir Alan Hodgkin. His appointment broke the tradition that the office of Master of Trinity alternates between a scientist and an arts man. He was Master until 1990 and was fond of reminding interviewers that Trinity College had more Nobel Prize winners than did the whole of France. He maintained up to his death his position as a fellow at Trinity College, Cambridge, teaching in physiology, natural sciences and medicine. He was also a fellow of Imperial College London in 1980.

From his experimental work with Hodgkin, Huxley developed a set of differential equations that provided a mathematical explanation for nerve impulses—the "action potential". This work provided the foundation for all of the current work on voltage-sensitive membrane channels, which are responsible for the functioning of animal nervous systems. Quite separately, he developed the mathematical equations for the operation of myosin "cross-bridges" that generate the sliding forces between actin and myosin filaments, which cause the contraction of skeletal muscles. These equations presented an entirely new paradigm for understanding muscle contraction, which has been extended to provide understanding of almost all of the movements produced by cells above the level of bacteria. Together with the Swiss physiologist Robert Stämpfli, he evidenced the existence of saltatory conduction in myelinated nerve fibres.

Awards and honours
Huxley, Alan Hodgkin and John Eccles jointly won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane". Huxley and Hodgkin won the prize for experimental and mathematical work on the process of nerve action potentials, the electrical impulses that enable the activity of an organism to be coordinated by a central nervous system. Eccles had made important discoveries on synaptic transmission.

Huxley was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1955, and was awarded its Copley Medal in 1973 "in recognition of his outstanding studies on the mechanisms of the nerve impulse and of activation of muscular contraction." Huxley was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1961. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II on 12 November 1974. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1975 and the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1979. He was appointed to the Order of Merit on 11 November 1983. In 1976–77, he was President of the British Science Association and from 1980 to 1985 he served as President of the Royal Society. In 1986 he was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering then known as the Fellowship of Engineering.

Huxley's portrait by David Poole hangs in Trinity College's collection.

Personal life
In 1947, Huxley married Jocelyn "Richenda" Gammell (née Pease), the daughter of the geneticist Michael Pease (a son of Edward R. Pease) and his wife Helen Bowen Wedgwood, eldest daughter of the first Lord Wedgwood (see also Darwin–Wedgwood family). They had one son and five daughters – Janet Rachel Huxley (born 20 April 1948), Stewart Leonard Huxley (born 19 December 1949), Camilla Rosalind Huxley (born 12 March 1952), Eleanor Bruce Huxley (born 21 February 1959), Henrietta Catherine Huxley (born 25 December 1960), and Clare Marjory Pease Huxley (born 4 November 1962).

Death
Huxley died on 30 May 2012. He was survived by his six children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren. His wife Richenda, Lady Huxley died in 2003, aged 78. A funeral service was held in Trinity College Chapel on 13 June 2012, followed by a private cremation.

Publications
 Huxley, A. F., 1980. Reflections on muscle. The Sherrington Lectures XIV. Liverpool.

Popular culture
Huxley was mentioned in S11 E6 of Archer: "The Double Date".

See also
 Hodgkin–Huxley model
 Huxley family
 List of presidents of the Royal Society

References

External links

Andrew Huxley interviewed by Alan Macfarlane, 5 October 2007 (video)
Sir Andrew Huxley obituary The Guardian, 31 May 2012.
Physicist discovered key to brain science  The Sydney Morning Herald, 6 June 2012, reprinted from The New York Times.

1917 births
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Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
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Andrew Huxley


Saluga and Ghazal protected area is one of the nature reserves in southern Egypt and is considered the smallest, as its area does not exceed half a kilometer in the form of islands groups  in the Nile River.

The reserve is located in Aswan Governorate, specifically at the first waterfall, about 3 km north of Aswan Reservoir. In south of it, there is the island of Suhail, and to the north there are the islands of Esposarte, Amun and the Botanical Garden (El Nabatat Island).

The name is taken from the two most important islands in the reserve. Saluja Island, which means (waterfall) in Nubian language, while the name Ghazal Island seems to refer to one of the ancient plants that were growing on these islands.

The region declared a nature reserve by decision of the Prime Minister of Egypt in 1986. With the aim of preserving the biological diversity of endangered animals, plants and mammals.

The Environment

The reserve contains a variety of living creatures from the animal and plant kingdoms despite the small size of the reserve and its presence in the middle of the Nile. Among the most famous animals in the reserve are camels, goats, wild donkeys, hyenas, and the red fox (the Egyptian fox) which, although it does not live mainly in the islands of the reserve but lives in the West Bank of the Nile and crosses the river by swimming to build a hole on the islands of the reserve. Sixty species of resident and migratory birds live in the reserve as well, some of which are threatened with extinction. The most famous of these rare birds is the black ibis, which became the symbol of the reserve. The plant life in the reserve is more varied and clear, as there are more than 90 different types of plants. The reserve is characterized by stunning landscapes that combine the often quiet vegetation with the water surface of the Nile, which made it an important tourist attraction.

Saluga_and_ghazal.jpg

References

Protected areas
Aswan Governorate

Saluga and Ghazal protected area


Laurent Hugues Emmanuel Ruquier (; born 24 February 1963) is a French television presenter, radio host and comedian. He is also a lyricist, writer, columnist and impresario; he has been co-owner and general manager of Théâtre Antoine-Simone Berriau in Paris since 2011. He is best known for hosting the On n'est pas couché show on France 2 every Saturday evening from 2006 to 2020.

Early years
Ruquier grew up in a large family of modest means, the second of five siblings. His father, Roger Ruquier, now deceased, was a boilermaker at construction sites in Le Havre and his mother, Raymonde Ruquier (1924-September 2015), was a housewife.

In high school, Laurent entertained his friends by publishing his first satires in the school newspaper. At first he studied accounting (he obtained a DEUG in Economic and Social Administration (AES) at the Le Havre site of the University of Rouen and a Diploma from the Institute of Technology (DUT) in Business Management and Training administration (GEA).

He also attended a course in Constitutional Law given by Patrice Gélard. Upon the advice of the latter, he finally turned to humour. In 1986, he did 21 months of military service as a conscientious objector at the Regional Directorate of Cultural Affairs.

His mentor was Pierre Doris, whose black humour he was particularly fond of.

Career

Debut on radio and television (1983-1990)

Between 1983 and 1986, he made his debut on the local radio stations in Le Havre: Radio Force 7, Ocean Gate Radio, and Radio FMR in Rouen. At first, he mainly presented the show "The Little Heads", using the concept of the show "The Big Heads" on RTL with local comedians and other entertainers from the station.

In 1987, encouraged by his aunt, he contacted the radio presenter and journalist Jacques Mailhot, then host of Ear in the Area broadcast on France Inter, who was captivated by his texts. Thanks to Mailhot, Laurent Ruquier had his first experience of television on the show "Paris Kiosk" that Jacques Mailhot presented for three months on FR3 Île-de-France, and he was offered the opportunity to perform in Paris in a scene of the show "Vault of the Republic", a golden opportunity for the humourist to make himself known beyond the limits of his native region.

Soon after, in 1988, and for two years he wrote irreverent stories for Jean Amadou and Maryse, as part of their daily morning show on Europe 1.

In 1989, he proposed his candidacy to Jacques Martin who had put forward an idea for a program in the style of the "Newshound", a satirical news show that ran from 1975 to 1976 on TF1. Jacques Martin accepted and took him on as a writer on "So do, do, do ..."  which was released in 1989 on France 2.

In 1990, he was hired by France Inter to collaborate on the "True-False Journal"  show presented by Claude Villers.

Radio host

France Inter (1991–1997)
In 1991, Laurent Ruquier became host of the summer radio show Close the window for mosquitoes. This appeared to be a conclusive test because the program was repeated at the start of September with the same format but called Nothing Polished. This ran successfully on France Inter and featured young comedians such as Pascal Brunner, Anne Roumanoff, Chraz, Sophie Forte, Virginie Lemoine, Jean-Jacques Vanier, Patrick Font, Didier Porte, Laurence Boccolini, Christophe Alévêque, Frédéric Lebon, Patrick Adler and Laurent Gerra.

In 1996, he founded his own production company RUQ Productions and hosted the show Nothing Polished on France Inter. When it ended, Laurent Ruquier took on Change Management. In 1997, he hosted the show In Every Sense on France Inter.

Europe 1 (1999–present)
In 1999, Laurent Ruquier appeared on Europe 1 with two daily programmes: a morning chronicle with Julie Leclerc and Get in the way (On va s'gener) which he directed daily from 4:30p.m. to 6p.m., changing to 4p.m. from 2006, then 4p.m. to 6:30p.m. from 2009 and 3:30p.m. to 6p.m. from September 2010.

He commented on the news with a group of commentators including, Gérard Miller, Isabel Alonso, Pierre Bénichou, Claude Sarraute, Fabrice Eboué, Christophe Alévêque, Steevy Boulay, Jérémy Michalak, Jean-Luc Lemoine, François Renucci, Olivier de Kersauson, Christine Bravo, Patrice Leconte, Jean-Marie Bigard, Titoff, Motrot Isabelle, Monique Pantel for the cinema section, Serge Llado for the "Eternal Music" section, as well as Paul Wermus for the enquiry section. The following also made appearances: Arno Klarsfeld, Valérie Payet, Bernard Rapp, Jacques Martin, Jean Yanne, Philippe Bouvard himself between his dismissal and reinstatement at RTL, Pierre Palmade among others.

On 4 May 2007, Jean-Marc Morandini announced on his blog that Laurent Ruquier would stop his daily broadcast on Europe 1 at the end of the 2006–2007 season 2006. The host was to "take a break" in his radio activities to focus on television: he was hosting a daily radio show and a weekly show on France 2. Laurent Ruquier also wanted to spend more time in theatre and in writing. Jean-Pierre Elkabbach, President of Europe 1, reacted by saying: "I regret the personal decision of Laurent Ruquier. I understand that his many activities have given him the desire to dominate his field. I wish to thank Laurent for his eight years of successful collaboration with Europe 1."

According to the blog of Jean-Marc Morandini, Laurent Ruquier was going to join RTL at the beginning of September 2007 to host a weekly show every weekend. The presenter was also in contact with Europe 1, France Inter, and RMC.

Laurent Ruquier went finally to Europe 1: he announced to Axel Duroux, that the President of RTL would allow him to retain his slot from 4pm – 6pm on Europe 1, after discussions with Jean-Pierre Elkabbach, the president of the station. The latter expressed his satisfaction: "I am above all happy for Europe 1 and for the Group. For me, Laurent can not be elsewhere. He lives in Rue François 1er.  ! This is a child of Europe 1."

In September 2010, as he had now returned to his daily show on France 2, Get in the Way now started at 3:30pm and finished at 6pm.

At the start of 2011, Laurent Ruquier retained his program Get in the Way. In addition to this daily program, he joined the station's morning show, replacing Guy Carlier, to broadcast a humour section at 7:55am and calling himself the "Clipboard". This novelty in the program schedule reflected the fact that the presenter must be present during the presidential year, according to the agreement with the President of the station, Denis Olivennes. So he returned to the station's morning show as it was a few years ago. In early December 2011 his schedule was overloaded, the host was tired and decided to leave Europe 1 Morning.

On 25 April 2012, Laurent Ruquier announced in an interview in Paris that he had re-enlisted for (at least) two years in Europe 1. As for each year, some minor changes are in preparation for the show.

In September 2013, Get in the Way now started at 4p.m. and finished at 6:30p.m.

In September 2014, Laurent Ruquier replaced Philippe Bouvard on RTL's radio program Les Grosses Têtes.

Programmes on France 2, TF1 and Canal+ (1994–2000)
His first experience as a television host was catastrophic. The television adaptation of Nothing Polished in 1994 on France 2 did not attract viewers and Les Niouzes in 1995 on TF1 survived only five days. These programmes included Mergault Isabelle, Isabelle Motrot, Frédéric Lebon, Jacques Ramade and Christophe Alévêque alongside Ruquier.

In 1998, he attempted a return to television with the show Tout le monde en parle, produced and co-hosted with Thierry Ardisson. This time, the public was won over, but Laurent Ruquier changed his employer next season to rejoin the ranks of Canal+. He co-hosted Un an de plus with Marc-Olivier Fogiel where he brought his sense of humour.

Regular broadcasts on France 2 (2000–present)
In September 2000, Thierry Ardisson and Catherine Barma proposed that he host On a tout essayé on France 2 in the late evening every second Tuesday.

As a result of the programme's success, in September 2001 France 2 offered him a daily spot between 7p.m. and 8p.m. With him, there were his commentator friends from Europe 1, especially: Philippe Geluck, Peri Cochin, Isabelle Alonso, Caroline Diament, Christophe Alévêque, Elsa Fayer, Annie Lemoine, Steevy Boulay, Pierre Bénichou, and Florence Foresti among others.

In 2001, this talk show received a Golden 7 in the Best comedy show category. In 2006, On a tout essayé was given a new look with more intimate tones and less garish colours than before. New writers made their appearance: Jérémy Michalak, Mustapha El Atrassi, Virginia Clausade, Roger Zabel and Mamane.

On 16 September 2006, Laurent Ruquier resumed his Saturday night slot in the late evening, replacing the programme All the World Talking by Thierry Ardisson with a talk show entitled On n'est pas couché, still produced by Catherine Barma and directed by Serge Khalfon. Jonathan Lambert and Jean-Luc Lemoine would do the humour section with The Mediator and The Childhood Friend. Critics Éric Zemmour and at first Michel Polac then Éric Naulleau would do the political and literary sections respectively. In May 2011 Ruquier announced a reshuffle of his team. He decided to replace Zemmour and Naulleau with two women, Natacha Polony and Audrey Pulvar; soon thereafter, Zemmour and Naulleau started their own weekly programme on Paris Première, Zemmour et Naulleau. In addition to this change, Jonathan Lambert decides to stop work with the program. On 28 July 2011, Arnaud Tsamere and Jérémy Ferrari (two comedians from the show On n'demande qu'à en rire) announced on their Facebook account that they will participate in a humour sketch together on the show. Two episodes later, the comedy duo preferred to withdraw to focus on their respective solo careers. They are replaced by Florian Gazan, taking the role of mentalist.

Preferring to remain on France Télévisions who impose an exclusivity clause, in 2006 he left the presentation of the magazine he hosted on Paris Première called Ça balance à Paris leaving his place to Pierre Lescure.

On 21 October 2006, Christine Bravo recovered "her" slot on Saturday primetime for a version of On a tout essayé without Laurent Ruquier who was too busy with all of his other activities: On a tout essayé... sans le patron. During the week from 18 to 22 December 2006, Philippe Geluck replaced Laurent Ruquier, who was absent for personal reasons.

From September 2007 to July 2008, he presented On n'a pas tout dit, a daily talk show which replaced On a tout essayé. He then stopped his daily program to focus on On n'est pas couché.

In December 2009, he resurrected On a tout essayé with a show called On a tout révisé, with that show's crew.

By February 2010, Laurent Ruquier was presenting a monthly television adaptation of his show on Europe 1, Get in the Way (On va s'gêner), broadcast on France 4. In November 2010, France 4 decided to stop broadcasting the show following the wish of France Télévisions to prevent presenters from working on multiple channels in the group. The last episode was broadcast on 1 December 2010.

From 6 September 2010, he presented a new program On n'demande qu'à en rire, from Monday to Friday at 5:55pm to 6:50pm on France 2. The program is recorded every Monday and Tuesday at the Moulin Rouge in Paris.

During the program, comedians (solos, duoes, trios, etc.) virtually unknown to the general public appear in the episodes. Every sketch is written by the candidate (with or without authors) based on a chosen topic a few days before the recording of the program, among a list of subjects. Since 15 March 2011, comedians (who have made more than 10 appearances) have not chosen the topic, as they are chosen for them by Laurent Ruquier.

At the beginning, the jury was composed of Laurent Ruquier, two guests having cultural knowledge and a member of "Ruquier's Band", the last three jurors changed every day.

As of October 18, 2010, the juror Chantal Goya was eliminated as according to Ruquier, she "did not play the game", Laurent Ruquier decided to replace this "temporary" jury with a "recurrent" jury consisting of himself and three specialists of the world of show business. Now there are: Jean Benguigui, Isabelle Mergault, Catherine Barma, Patrice Leconte, Michèle Bernier, Eric Metayer, Jean-Luc Moreau, Philippe Gildas, and Virginie Lemoine.

The program has been compared to the Petit Théâtre de Bouvard, because it also allowed unknown artists to quickly get a "name". The 100th episode of the show was broadcast on 16 February 2011. During the summer of 2011, the program was broadcast weekly on Saturdays from 7pm to 8pm. In April 2012, he announced his intention not to host this program next season: it is now hosted by Jérémy Michalak since September 2012.

France 4
In February 2010, he hosted a television adaptation of his monthly radio program. He stopped this program in December 2011.

Other programs
Laurent Ruquier commented live on France 3 on the Eurovision Song Contest with Isabelle Mergault in 2003, then again with Elsa Fayer in 2004. In 2005, he presented the French preselection for Eurovision with Elsa Fayer but the duo did not comment on the final selection.

On 6 June 2006, Laurent Ruquier presented a variety show, 36 songs in the early evening on France 3. This program was followed by 1967 the sexual revolution in song presented by Michèle Bernier on 13 February 2007 and "The Presidential Elections in Songs" presented by Christophe Hondelatte on 26  March 2007.

On 27 December 2008, he presented on France 2 in the early evening Stars and Comedy, a show in which eight people mount the stage of the Palace for their first show. Since 2008, he also presented All at the theatre.

On 26 September 2009, he presented Vos chanteurs préférés in the early evening on France 2 with Michael Gregorio who imitated the singers' favorite personalities, sometimes in duets with them.

On 29 December 2009, he presented On a tout révisé in prime time on France 2 with all the "band" that accompanied all these different programs for many years. In that evening, the former writers revisited the news for the 2009 year through games. Four teams of four writers. A second episode was scheduled for 13 July 2010, and a third for late September.

His radio show Get in the Way celebrated its tenth anniversary on 21 October 2009 during a special evening and three hours free at the Olympia and aired Wednesday 25 November and 2 December on France 4. All the writers who participated in the program since its inception were present.

On 31 May 2011, a fourth edition of On a tout révisé was broadcast. During this program, in addition to regular commentators, Laurent Ruquier decided to integrate his new comedians from the show On n'demande qu'à en rire, who make "song gags" or who had passed the "office assistant" test.

In June 2011, a survey by PureMédias, with more than 120,000 voters, voted Laurent Ruquier second class in the "presenter of the year" category behind Nagui who remained first by a large margin. His programs On n'est pas couché and On n'demande qu'à en rire also took the second and third place in the category "Entertainment of the Year".

On 8 February 2013, he presented the 2013 Victoires de la musique live with Virginie Guilhaume.

TV programs
1994: Rien à cirer (France 2), a television adaptation of his radio show
1995: Les Niouzes (TF1)
1998: Tout le monde en parle with Thierry Ardisson (France 2)
1999-2000: Un an de plus (Canal+)
2000-2007: On a tout essayé (France 2)
2001: 7 d'or (France 2)
2002-2005: La nuit des Molières (France 2)
2002-2005: Juste pur rire (France 2)
2003: Eurovision Song Contest 2003 (France 3) with Isabelle Mergault
2003: Drôles de dames (France 3)
2004: Eurovision Song Contest 2004 (France 3) with Elsa Fayer
2004: Ruquier allume la télé (France 2)
2005: French preselection for Eurovision Song Contest 2005 (France 3) with Elsa Fayer
2005-2006: Ça balance à Paris (Paris Première)
2005-2006: Vos imitations préférées (France 2)
Since 2006: On n'est pas couché (France 2)
2006: 36 songs (France 3)
2007-2008: On n'a pas tout dit (France 2)
2008: Stars et Comédie (France 2)
2008: Tous au théâtre (France 2)
2009: Merci d'être venu! (France 2)
2009: Vos chanteurs préférés (France 2)
2009: On va s'gêner, 10 years (France 4) television adaptation of his radio show
2009-2011: On a tout révisé (four episodes to date) (France 2)
2010-2012: On n'demande qu'à en rire (presenter) (France 2)
Since 2012: On n'demande qu'à en rire (Jury) (France 2)
2013: Victoires de la musique with Guilhaume Virginia (France 2)
2013: Season 3 of On n'demande qu'à en rire, producer (France 2)
2013: C à vous (France 5)
2014: L'émission pour tous, producer (France 2)

Co-producer
Since 2006: On n'est pas couché (France 2)
Since 2010: On n'demande qu'à en rire (France 2)

One-man shows and theatre
From 1997 to 2000, he took to the stage with two performances written by Pascal Légitimus and produced by Just for Laughs: Finally Sweet and Sweet Again. At this occasion, he made a "coming out" and revealed his homosexuality.

Laurent Ruquier is the author of several works:
2003  : The press is unanimous (La presse est unanime) staged by Agnes Boury, with Isabelle Mergault (later Marie Laforêt), Gérard Miller (then Jean-François Derec) Steevy Boulay, Raphaël Mezrahi (later Julien Cafaro), Claude Sarraute (later Annie Lemoine), and Isabelle Alonso.
2004  : Heat Wave (Grosse Chaleur) staged by Patrice Leconte, with Pierre Benichou (later Gérard Hernandez), Jean Benguigui, Brigitte Fossey (later Danièle Evenou), Catherine Arditi, Annick Alane, and Benoît Petitjean. A French adaptation of the musical Chicago with, among others, Stéphane Rousseau (later Anthony Kavanagh) in the role of the lawyer Billy Flynn.
2005-2006  : If it is to be redone (Si c'était à refaire)  from September 2005 to April 2006, Variety Theatre, staged by Jean-Luc Moreau, with Isabelle Mergault, Pierre Palmade, Claire Nadeau, and Laurence Badie.
Landru, from December 2005 to April 2006 at the Théâtre Marigny, staged by Jean-Luc Tardieu with Regis Laspalès (available on DVD from September 2006, dir. Roberto Maria Grassi)
2006  : repeat of the play If it is to be redone from September, Théâtre de la Renaissance, with Virginie Lemoine, Francis Perrin, and Bernadette Lafont.
2008  : Open Bed by David Serrano, staged by Charlotte de Turckheim, adaptation of Laurent Ruquier with Titoff, Elisa Tovati, Bouffes-Parisiens Theatre in February 2008.
2008-2009 : I already see myself (J'me voyais déjà) from 2 October 2008 to 4 January 2009 at the Theatre Gymnasium in Paris, staged by Alain Sachs, with Diane Tell and a troupe of young actors including the Jonatan Cerrada, Arno Diem, and Pablo Villafranca. Comedy musical based on the songs of Charles Aznavour.
2011  : Because I fly it well! (Parce que je la vole bien), staged by Jean-Luc Moreau, with Ariel Wizman then replaced by Arnaud Gidoin also Armelle and Catherine Arditi, from February, at the Théâtre Saint-Georges Paris.
2013  : A Magic Couple (Un couple magique), directed by Patrice Leconte, in June, at the Theatre Tete d'Or  with Danièle Evenou, Julien Boisselier, and Virginie Hocq.

Documentaries
Do not Ask what is known, directed by Gérard Miller (broadcast 27 December 2012)

Theatre management
On 28 July 2011,  Ruquier acquired a 50% stake in the management company of the Théâtre Antoine located in the 10th arrondissement of Paris. He became director-general alongside managing director Jean-Marc Dumontet. For the playwright, it was a "childhood dream" come true.

For their first choice of actress, the organiser offered Line Renaud. She agreed to play one of the title roles in the play Harold and Maude, written by Jean-Claude Carrière in 1970.

According to Fabrice Luchini, then promoting his film "In the house" in October 2012,  Ruquier invested 5 million euros in the acquisition of his theatre.

Production of shows
In 2005, Laurent Ruquier launched into producing shows. He managed to persuade Marie Laforêt to sing again after more than 30 years of absence from the stage. "The Girl with Golden Eyes" was first produced in Montreal, then in Paris (sold out) and later toured the provinces.

Laurent Ruquier also managed a return to the stage by Véronique Rivière and Pauline Ester in 2006.

Since 2006, he has produced the singer-impersonator Michael Gregorio.

Since 2010, he has produced the comedian Gaspard Proust.

Political positioning

He has stated many times that he is "left" and "socialist", mainly because of "family tradition". He supported Ségolène Royal during the Socialist primary for the 2007 French presidential election. In 2012, he also voted for Jean-Luc Mélenchon at the first round and for François Hollande at the second round of the French presidential elections, although he revealed he was disappointed by the latter's first two years at the helm of the country.

Bibliography
1994: Nothing Polished (Rien à cirer), Calmann Levy.
1995: All the Good in Laurent Ruquier (Le Tout Bon de Laurent Ruquier), Michel Lafon.
1996: Nothing Polished: five years (Rien à cirer : les cinq ans) in collaboration with Jean-François Recreated, Michel Lafon.
1997: Le Mois par moi. Le Débloque notes, Volumes 1 and 2, Michel Lafon.
1998:
- Delighted to welcome you (Ravi de vous recevoir), Michel Lafon.
- Faces of €uros (Gueules d'€uros), drawings by Eleouet Gerard, L'Archipel.
1999: One must know how to change certainties (Il faut savoir changer de certitudes), Plon.
2000: I will not be in my way (Je ne vais pas me gêner), Plon.
2001:
- Seen on radio (Vu à la radio), Plon.
- Faces of €uros (Gueules d'€uros), new edition, L'Archipel.
2002:
- My Best of (Mon Best of), Plon.
- It is chronic (C'est Chronique), Plon.
2003: Insolent Chronicles (Chroniques insolentes), Hors collection.
2004: Do not harm health (Ne nuit pas à la santé), Plon.
2005: Get in the Way. The best moments (On va s'gêner. Les meilleurs moments), Plon.
2009: Before you forget everything! (Avant que t'oublies tout!), in collaboration with Claude Sarraute, Plon.

Personal life

Laurent Ruquier announced openly his homosexuality in the late 1990s.

He entered into a civil union on 28 January 2012 with the actor Benoît Petitjean, whose life he has shared since 2002. In March 2021, he announced that he and Petitjean separated in 2018.

Laurent Ruquier is currently in a relationship with Hugo Manos (real name Hugo Skliris), a Franco-Greek personal trainer and influencer. Manos, became famous after his participation to the reality-tv show Les Vacances des Anges 2 : Bienvenue chez les Grecs. The two met in 2018.

Notes

External links
 Site of the Bande à Ruquier

1963 births
Living people
French television presenters
French radio presenters
French satirists
French gay writers
French LGBT broadcasters
20th-century French dramatists and playwrights
21st-century French dramatists and playwrights
French LGBT dramatists and playwrights
People from Le Havre
Eurovision commentators

Laurent Ruquier


Franz Burda (24 February 1903 – 30 September 1986) was a German publisher. He inherited his father's publishing business, which he developed into what is now the Hubert Burda Media conglomerate.

Early life and family

Burda was born in Philippsburg. He received his doctorate in 1927, at the University of Erlangen with an economic history of the development work of the Baden-products markets. He married fashion publisher Aenne Burda ne Lemminger on 9 July 1931 and was the father of three sons, Franz, the art collector Frieder, and Hubert, the heir to the publishing empire.

Business during World War II

From 1934 to 1937 Burda was a member of the paramilitary National Socialist Motor Corps. His biographer has characterised his involvement with Nazism as essentially commercial and pragmatic, rather than ideological. In 1933 he stated publicly that his business did not have any Jewish employees or co-owners, although he would have privately known that statement to be untrue, having intervened on behalf of the Jewish wife of one of his employees.

He developed his family's small printing business into a large media conglomerate. He benefited from "Aryanization" of Jewish property by the Nazi government when in 1938 Burda and partners acquired Großdruckerei, Papiergroßhandlung und Papierwarenwerk Akademiestraße Gebrüder Bauer in Mannheim. Its owner Berthold Reiss and fellow shareholders were Jews, and so they were forced to sell the business under Nazi "Aryanization" laws.

After the acquisition, Burda invited Reiss to stay on at the company to help manage the transition. Reiss's son Hans would later write that the pair established a good working relationship, despite the circumstances of the acquisition. Burda interjected on Reiss' behalf when the latter was interned as part of Kristallnacht. The Burda and Reiss families developed a friendship after 1945.

Burda avoided military service himself by obtaining a contract printing maps for the military and using his connections. His antisemitic views were evident also in the 1950s.

Postwar era
After 1945, Burda was allowed to publish again. For the French occupation authorities, he printed stamps and school books. In 1948, against the will of many French officers, he managed to bring on the market the magazine Das Ufer ('The shore' or 'The river bank'), the forerunner of the popular magazine later called Bunte. It helped him that he was friends with a particular officer, Raymond Schmittlein, the press chief of the zone, who arranged for the license to be issued in the name of a female friend of Schmittlein's – a 'straw woman,' as it were.

Burda died in Offenburg at the age of 83 after relinquishing control of Hubert Burda Media to his three sons.

References

1903 births
1986 deaths
German magazine founders
German publishers (people)
Franz
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg
Nazi Party members
National Socialist Motor Corps members

Franz Burda


The rinkhals (Hemachatus haemachatus) is a species of venomous snake found in parts of southern Africa. It is in the family Elapidae. It is not a true cobra in that it does not belong to the genus Naja, but instead belongs to the monotypic genus Hemachatus. While rinkhals bear a great resemblance to true cobras they also possess some remarkable differences from these, resulting in their placement outside the genus Naja.

Reptiles of Africa
Elapidae

Rinkhals