A windcatcher, wind tower, or wind scoop () is a traditional architectural element used to create cross ventilation and passive cooling in buildings. Windcatchers come in various designs, depending on whether local prevailing winds are unidirectional, bidirectional, or multidirectional, on how they change with altitude, on the daily temperature cycle, on humidity, and on how much dust needs to be removed. Despite the name, windcatchers can also function without wind.

Neglected by modern architects in the latter half of the 20th century, the early 21st century saw them used again to increase ventilation and cut power demand for air-conditioning. Generally, the cost of construction for a windcatcher-ventilated building is less than that of a similar building with conventional heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. The maintenance costs are also lower. Unlike powered air-conditioning and fans, windcatchers are silent and continue to function when the electrical grid power fails (a particular concern in places where grid power is unreliable and expensive, such as India).

Windcatchers rely on local weather and microclimate conditions, and not all techniques will work everywhere; local factors must be taken into account in design. Windcatchers of varying designs are widely used in North Africa, West Asia, and India. A simple, widespread idea, there is evidence that windcatchers have been in use for many millennia, and no clear evidence that they were not used into prehistory. The "place of invention" of windcatchers is nonetheless intensely disputed; Egypt, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates all claim it.

Windcatchers vary dramatically in shape, including height, cross-sectional area, and internal sub-divisions and filters.

Windcatching has gained some ground in Western architecture, and there are several commercial products using the name windcatcher. Some modern windcatchers use sensor-controlled moving parts or even solar-powered fans to make semi-passive ventilation and semi-passive cooling systems.

Windscoops have long been used on ships, for example in the form of a dorade box. Windcatchers have also been used experimentally to cool outdoor areas in cities, with mixed results; traditional methods include narrow, walled spaces, parks and winding streets, which act as cold-air reservoirs, and takhtabush-like arrangements (see sections on night flushing and convection, below).

Location

The construction of a windcatcher depends on the prevailing wind direction at that specific location: if the wind tends to blow from only one side, it may have only one opening, and no internal partitions. In areas with more variable wind directions, there may also be radial internal walls, which divide the windtower into vertical sections. These sections are like parallel chimneys, but with openings to the side, pointing in multiple directions. More sections reduce the flow rate, but increase the efficiency at suboptimal wind angles. If the wind hits the opening square-on, it will go in, but if it hits it at a sufficiently oblique angle, it will tend to slip around the tower, instead.

Windcatchers in areas with stronger winds will have smaller total cross-sections, and areas with very hot wind may have many smaller shafts in order to cool the incoming air. Windtowers with square horizontal cross-sections are more efficient than round ones, as the sharp angles make the flow less laminar, encouraging flow separation; suitable shaping increases suction.

Taller windcatchers catch higher winds. Higher winds blow stronger and cooler (and in a different direction). Higher air is also usually less dusty.

If the wind is dusty or polluted, or there are insect-borne illnesses such as malaria and dengue fever, then air filtering may be necessary. Some dust can be dumped at the bottom of the windcatcher as the air slows (see diagram below), and more can be filtered out by suitable plantings or insect mesh. Physical filters generally reduce throughflow, unless the flow is very gusty. It may also be possible to fully or partially close the windcatcher off.

The short, wide right-triangle-prism  are usually bidirectional, set in symmetrical pairs, and are often used with a  (evaporative cooling unit) and a  (roof lantern vent). Wide s are more often used in damper climates, where high-volume air flow is more important compared to evaporative cooling. In hotter climates, they are narrower, and air is cooled on its way in. They are more commonly used in Africa. , on the other hand, are multisided (usually 4-sided), and they are typically tall towers (up to 34 meters tall) which can be closed in winter. They are more common in the Persian Gulf region and in areas with dust storms. Taller windcatchers also have a stronger stack effect.

Cooling methods

Night-flushing cools the house by increasing ventilation at night, when the outdoor air is cooler; windtowers can assist night flushing.

A windcatcher can also cool air by drawing it over cool objects. In arid climates, the daily temperature swings are often extreme, with desert temperatures often dipping below freezing at night. The thermal inertia of the soil evens out the daily and even annual temperature swings. Even the thermal inertia of thick masonry walls will keep a building warmer at night and cooler during the day. Windcatchers can thus cool by drawing air over night- or winter-cooled materials, which act as heat reservoirs.

Windcatchers that cool by drawing air over water use the water as a heat reservoir, but if the air is dry, they are also cooling the air with evaporative cooling.  The heat in the air goes into evaporating some of the water, and will not be released until the water re-condenses. This is a very effective way of cooling dry air.

Simply moving the air also has a cooling effect. Humans cool themselves using evaporative cooling when they sweat. A draft disrupts the boundary layer of body-warmed and water-saturated air clinging to the skin, so a human will feel cooler in moving air than in stagnant air of the same temperature.

Airflow forces

The windcatcher can function in two ways: directing airflow using the pressure of wind blowing into the windcatcher, or directing airflow using buoyancy forces from temperature gradients (stack effect). The relative importance of these two forces has been debated. The importance of windpressure obviously increases with increasing wind speed, and is generally more important than buoyancy under most conditions in which the windcatcher is working effectively.

Airflow speed is also important, especially for evaporative cooling (since it only works on dry air, and humidifies the air). It is possible for a windtower-ventilated building to have very high flow rates; 30 air changes per hour were measured in one experiment. Uniform, stable flow with no stagnant corners is important. Turbulent flow should therefore be avoided; laminar flow is more effective at maintaining human comfort (for an extreme example, see Tesla valve).

Other elements are often used in combination with the windcatchers to cool and ventilate: courtyards, domes, walls, and fountains, for instance, as integral parts of an overall ventilation and heat-management strategy.

Wind pressure

If a windcatcher's open side faces the prevailing wind, it can "catch" it, and bring it down into the heart of the building. Suction from the lee side of a windtower is also an important driving force, usually somewhat more constant and less gusty than the pressure on the upwind side (see Venturi effect and Bernoulli's principle).

Routing the wind through the building cools the people in the building interior. The air flows through the house, and leaves from the other side, creating a through-draft; the rate of airflow itself can provide a cooling effect. Windcatchers have been employed in this manner for thousands of years.

The windtower essentially creates a pressure gradient to draw air through the building
. Windtowers topped with horizontal airfoils have been built to enhance these pressure gradients. The shape of the traditional  roof also creates suction as wind blows over it.

Convection

Buoyancy is usually not the main effect driving windcatcher air circulation during the day.

In a windless environment, a windcatcher can still function using the stack effect. The hot air, which is less dense, tends to travel upwards and escape out the top of the house via the windtower.

Heating of the windtower itself can heat the air inside (making it a solar chimney), so that it rises and pulls air out of the top of the house, creating a draft. This effect can be enhanced with a heat source at the bottom of the windtower (such as humans, ~80 Watts each), but this heats the house and makes it less comfortable. A more practical technique is to cool the air as it flows down and in, using heat reservoirs and/or evaporative cooling.

A takhtabush is a space similar to the ancient Roman tablinum, opening both onto a heavily shaded courtyard and onto a rear garden court (the garden side being shaded with a  lattice). It is designed to capture a cross-draft. The breeze is at least partly driven by convection (since one court will generally be warmer than the other), and may also be driven by wind pressure and evaporative cooling, so the garden and courtyard are used as windcatchers.

Buoyancy forces are used to cause night flushing.

Night flushing (colder air)

The diurnal temperature cycle means that the night air is colder than the daytime air; in arid climates, much colder. This creates appreciable buoyancy forces. Buildings may be designed to spontaneously increase ventilation at night.

Courtyards in hot climates fill with cold air at night. This cold air then flows from the courtyard into adjacent rooms. The cold night air will flow in easily, as it is more dense than the rising warm air it is displacing. But in the day, the courtyard walls and awning shade it, while the air outside is heated by the sun. The cool masonry will also chill the nearby air. The courtyard air will become stably stratified, the hot air floating on top of the cold air with little mixing. The fact that the openings are at the top will trap the cool air below, though it cannot cause the temperature to drop below the nightly minimum temperature. This mechanism also works in windtowers.

Subterranean cooling

A windcatcher can also cool air by bringing it into contact with cool thermal masses. These are often found underground.

Below approximately 6m of depth, soil and groundwater is always at about the annual mean-average temperature (MATT)  (it is this depth which is used for many ground-source heat pumps, often loosely referred to as "geothermal heat pumps" by laypeople). The thermal inertia of the soil evens out the daily and even annual temperature swings. In arid climates, the daily temperature swings are often extreme, with desert temperatures often dipping below freezing at night. Even the thermal inertia of thick masonry walls will keep a building warmer at night and cooler during the day; in hot-arid climates, thick walls with high thermal mass (adobe, stone, brick) are common (though thinner walls with high resistance against heat transmission are more modernly sometimes used). Windcatchers can thus cool by drawing air over night- or winter-cooled materials, which act as heat reservoirs.

Windcatchers are also often used to ventilate lower-level indoor spaces (e.g. shabestans), which maintain frigid temperatures in the middle of the day even without windcatchers. Ice houses are traditionally used to store water frozen overnight in desert areas, or over winter in temperate areas. They may use windcatchers to circulate air into an underground or semi-underground chamber, evaporatively cooling the ice so that it melts only slowly and stays fairly dry (see lede image). At night, the windcatchers may even bring sub-freezing night air underground, helping to freeze ice.

Evaporative cooling

In dry climates, the evaporative cooling effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates.

Windcatchers are used for evaporative cooling in combination with a qanat, or underground canal (which also makes use of the subterranean heat reservoir described above). In this method, the open side of the tower faces away from the direction of the prevailing wind (the tower's orientation may be adjusted by directional ports at the top). When only the leeward side is left open, air is drawn upwards using the Coandă effect. This pulls air into an intake on the other side of the building. The hot air brought down into the qanat tunnel is cooled by coming into contact with the cool water and / or cool earth (the soil below ground level stays cool by virtue of being several meters below the surface. The insulation and heat capacity of the overlying earth maintains the same stable temperature day and night, and as nights in arid climate are quite cold, often below freezing, that stable temperature is quite cool) and the cool water running through the qanat. The air is also evaporatively cooled when some of the water in the qanat evaporates as the hot, dry surface air passes over it; the heat energy in the air is absorbed as energy of vaporization. The dry air is thus also humidified before entering the building. The cooled air is drawn up through the house and finally out the windcatcher, again by the Coandă effect. On the whole, the cool air flows through the building, decreasing the structure's overall temperature.

A  is a type of fountain with a thin sheet of flowing water, shaped to maximize surface area and thus evaporative cooling. Windcatchers are often used with salasabils may be used to maximize the flow of unsaturated air over the water surface and carry the cooled air to where it is needed in the building.

Wetted matting can also be hung inside the windcatcher to cool incoming air. This can reduce flow, especially in weak winds. However, it can also produce a downdraft of cool air in windless conditions. The evaporative cooling within a windtower causes the air in the tower to sink, driving circulation. This is called passive downdraught evaporative cooling (PDEC). It may also be generated using spray nozzles (which have a tendency to get blocked if the water is hard) or cold-water cooling coils (like hydronic underfloor heating in reverse).

Windcatchers and climate change
Windcatchers can be used for mitigation of climate change as they can "reduce the buildings energy consumption and carbon footprint" and for adaptation to climate change because they facilitate cooling in a warmer climate. Windcatchers can reduce temperature inside the house by  in comparison to the outdoor temperature.

A window windcatcher can reduce the total energy use of a building by 23.3%.

Regional use

Africa

Egypt

In Egypt windcatchers are known as , pl. . They are generally shaped as right triangular prisms with the vertical side left open and facing directly up or down wind (one of each per building). They work best if oriented within 10 degrees of wind direction; larger angles allow the wind to escape. Windcatchers were used in traditional ancient Egyptian architecture, and only started to fall out of use in the mid-1900s C.E.. Their use is now being re-examined, as air conditioning accounts for 60% of Egypt's peak electrical power demand (and thus the need for 60% of its generating capacity).

Windcatchers in Egypt are often used in conjunction with other passive cooling elements.

Middle East and Asia

Windcatchers are common feature across many Middle Eastern countries influenced by the spread of culture under Islamic rule.

Iran

In Iran, a windcatcher is called a bâdgir, bâd "wind" + gir "catcher" (). The devices were used in Achaemenid architecture. They are used in the hot, dry areas of the Central Iranian Plateau, and in the hot, humid coastal regions.

Central Iran shows large diurnal temperature variation with an arid climate. Most buildings are constructed from thick ceramic with high insulation values. Towns centered on desert oases tend to be packed very closely together with high walls and ceilings, maximizing shade at ground level. The heat of direct sunlight is minimized with small windows that face away from the sun.

The windcatcher's effectiveness had led to its routine use as a refrigerating device in Iran. Many traditional water reservoirs (ab anbars), which are capable of storing water at near freezing temperatures during summer months, are built with windcatchers. The evaporative cooling effect is strongest in the driest climates, such as on the Iranian plateau, leading to the ubiquitous use of windcatchers in drier areas such as Yazd, Kerman, Kashan, Sirjan, Nain, and Bam.

Windcatchers tend to have one, four, or eight openings. In the city of Yazd, all windcatchers are four- or eight-sided. The construction of a windcatcher depends on the direction of airflow at that specific location: if the wind tends to blow from only one side, it is built with only one downwind opening. This is the style most commonly seen in Meybod, 50 kilometers from Yazd: the windcatchers are short and have a single opening.

Windcatchers in Iran may be quite elaborate, due to their use as status symbols.

A small windcatcher is called a shish-khan in traditional Persian architecture. Shish-khans can still be seen on top of ab anbars in Qazvin and other northern cities in Iran. These seem to function more as ventilators than as the temperature regulators seen in the central deserts of Iran.

Australia

Council House 2 in Melbourne, Australia, has 3-story-tall "shower towers", made of cloth kept wet by a showerhead trickling at the top of each one. Evaporative cooling chills the air, which then descends into the building.

Europe

The Saint-Étienne Métropole's Zénith is a multi-purpose hall built in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (inland southern France). It incorporates a very large aluminium windcatcher, which is much lighter than the equivalent masonry windcatcher would be. The size of the windcatcher allows it to work in any wind direction; the cross-sectional area perpendicular to the wind flow remains large.

The Bluewater Shopping Centre in the UK uses windcatcher towers. The Queen's Building of DeMontfort University uses stack-effect towers to ventilate.

Americas

A windcatcher has been used in the visitor center at Zion National Park, Utah, where it functions without the addition of mechanical devices in order to regulate temperature.

See also

References

Further reading

External links

 G.R Dehghan Kamaragi (January 2016). "Badgirs, Persian Gulf".
  (free fulltext)

Cooling technology
Architecture in Iran
Islamic architectural elements
Islamic architecture
Low-energy building
Architectural elements
Appropriate technology
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Sustainable building
Architecture in the United Arab Emirates
Passive cooling
Passive ventilation

Windcatcher


Weerwater  is a small artificial lake in Almere Stad, the central district of Almere in the province Flevoland, Netherlands. The water and shores are used for recreation.

On and around Weerwater a cable ski track, a watersportscenter, watchtower, marina, campsite and four beaches:
 Atlantisstrand (South shore)
 Fantasiestrand (southwestern shore)
 Lumièrestrand (eastern shore)
 Stedenwijkstrand (west shore)

The lake started off as a borrow pit, caused by excavations for Almere Haven and is situated north of Rijksweg 6. Because these excavations caused a new body of water to form, within a polder, this name "Weerwater" ("water again") was adopted.

The actual city center of Almere is situated directly to the north shore and the city theatre Kunstlinie Almere Flevoland 'hovers' over the water.

The perimeter of the Weerwater is approximately .

In 2009, the idea surfaced to let three locally well known writers tell the story about the city of Almere, due to the report 'Almere, stad met verbeelding' ('Almere, city with imagination'). The writers were invited to live in Almere with the task to write about their new residence. The second writer Renate Dorrestein named her novel: Weerwater

In the year 2022 horticultural exhibition Floriade 2022 is held on the south side of the het Weerwater, on both sides of Rijksweg A6.

References

Almere
Lakes of the Netherlands
Tourist attractions in Flevoland

Weerwater


HNLMS Jacob van Heemskerck was the second and last of the  light cruisers of the Royal Netherlands Navy, named after Admiral Jacob van Heemskerk (1567–1607).

Originally designated as a flotilla leader and a torpedo cruiser in Decker's Fleet Plan of 1931, she was hastily commissioned on 10 May 1940, when Germany invaded the Netherlands. However, as she was not armed she escaped to the United Kingdom, where she was refitted as an air defence cruiser, since these were the only type of gun available, and there was a growing need for this type of ship to protect the convoys. During the Second World War the crew felt that their ship was blessed and gave her the nickname Oude Jacob (Old Jacob). She received the reputation for proficiency, and not a single convoy ship would be lost when she was on duty.

Service history

The ship was meant to commence trials on the day the Germans invaded, and to prevent her capture the Heemskerck was immediately pressed into service. Since she had no armament she left port for the United Kingdom with only a skeleton crew. Once she had arrived in Portsmouth attempts were made to give her weaponry of some sort. She received depth charge equipment from the old torpedo boats G13 and G15. On 18 May 1940, Queen Wilhelmina paid the ship a visit. At the end of the month, Heemskerck and the cruiser  received the assignment to transport Princess Juliana and her two children (including the later Beatrix of the Netherlands) to Canada. The ships put to sea on 2 June and arrived on 11 June at Halifax.

Heemskerck returned alone to England and arrived at Portsmouth in July where her re-arming programme began. The British Admiralty decided to convert her to an anti-aircraft ship. Work was completed on 17 February 1941, and after sea trials, which lasted till 29 February, the ship was assigned as a convoy escort in the Atlantic Ocean as part of the Irish Sea Escort.

She was removed from escort duty in January 1942 and sent to the Dutch East Indies to reinforce the defence fleet assembled there. The ship arrived too late to take part in the battle of the Java Sea and was reassigned to the Eastern Fleet in 1942. In September 1942 the ship took part in operations 'Stream' and 'Jane', both aimed at the retaking of Madagascar. On 25 October Heemskerck arrived at Fremantle, Australia, and came under the command of Allied Naval Forces Western Australia, where she performed convoy duties.

On 28 November 1942, Heemskerck, in the company of the Australian cruiser , identified and damaged the German supply vessel and blockade runner Ramses, which was subsequently scuttled by her own crew in the Indian Ocean.

On 1 December 1943, the ship returned to the Eastern Fleet and on 27 December, she set sail for the Mediterranean Sea where she, again, performed convoy duties till she was recalled to England for maintenance in June 1944.

On 26 July 1945 Jacob van Heemskerck arrived at Amsterdam, the first Dutch warship to do so after Liberation Day. In September of that year she set sail for the Dutch East Indies, where she performed patrol duties until 22 July 1946. She returned to the Netherlands in August of that year.

Post-war
From 12 March 1951 she served as a barracks ship for naval trainees in Vlissingen. She served in this capacity in several other locations. The cruiser was decommissioned on 20 November 1969, and was struck from the Naval Registry on 27 February 1970. On 23 June 1970 the ship was sold for scrap.

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

References

Ships built by Nederlandsche Scheepsbouw Maatschappij
1939 ships
World War II cruisers of the Netherlands
Cold War cruisers of the Netherlands
Tromp-class cruisers

HNLMS Jacob van Heemskerck (1939)


The sidecar is any cocktail traditionally made with cognac, orange liqueur (Cointreau, Grand Marnier, dry curaçao, or a triple sec), plus lemon juice. In its ingredients, the drink is perhaps most closely related to the older brandy crusta, which differs both in presentation and in proportions of its components.

Description

Like the daiquiri, the sidecar evolved from the original sour formula, but sidecars are often drier than sours, combining liqueurs like curaçao with citrus. Sidecars are considered more of a challenge for bartenders because the proportion of ingredients is more difficult to balance for liqueurs of variable sweetness.

Origin

The exact origin of the sidecar is unclear, but it is thought to have been invented around the end of World War I in either London or Paris. The drink was directly named for the motorcycle attachment, which was very commonly used at the time.

The Ritz Hotel in Paris claims origin of the drink. The first recipes for the sidecar appear in 1922, in Harry MacElhone's Harry's ABC of Mixing Cocktails and Robert Vermeire's Cocktails and How to Mix Them.  It is one of six basic drinks listed in David A. Embury's The Fine Art of Mixing Drinks (1948).

In early editions of MacElhone's book, he cites the inventor as Pat MacGarry, "the popular bartender at Buck's Club, London", but in later editions he cites himself. While Vermiere states that the drink was "very popular in France. It was first introduced in London by MacGarry, the celebrated bartender of Buck's Club." Embury credits the invention of the drink to an American army captain in Paris during World War I and named after the motorcycle sidecar that the captain used.

Journalist O.O. McIntyre reports in his 1937 summary of a visit to New York City that bartenders there attributed the drink to American expatriates Erskine Gywnne and Basil Woon.

Both MacElhone and Vermiere state the recipe as equal parts cognac, Cointreau, and lemon juice, now known as "the French school". Later, an "English school" of sidecars emerged, as found in the Savoy Cocktail Book (1930), which call for two parts cognac and one part each of Cointreau and lemon juice.

According to Embury, the original sidecar had several ingredients, which were "refined away". Embury also states the drink is simply a daiquiri with brandy as its base rather than rum, and with Cointreau as the sweetening agent rather than sugar syrup. He recommends the same proportions (8:2:1) for both, making a much-less-sweet sidecar. However, Simon Difford, in his book Encyclopedia of Cocktails, notes Harry Craddock's ratio of 2:1:1 in The Savoy Cocktail Book, and then suggests a middle ground between Craddock's recipe and the "French school" equal parts recipe of 3:2:2, calling Embury's daiquiri formula "overly dry" for a sidecar.

The earliest mention of sugaring the rim on a sidecar glass is 1934, in three books: Burke's Complete Cocktail & Drinking Recipes, Gordon's Cocktail & Food Recipes, and Drinks As They Are Mixed (a revised reprint of Paul E. Lowe's 1904 book).

See also
 List of cocktails
 Margarita
 White lady

References

External links

 December 2005 "Cocktail of the Month"  at Epicurious
 Drinkboy recipe

Cocktails with brandy
Cocktails with triple sec or curaçao
Sour cocktails
Three-ingredient cocktails

Sidecar (cocktail)


The term "phantom social workers" (also known as "bogus social workers") arose in the United Kingdom and United States following sporadic reports to police and media about people claiming to be social workers and attempting to abduct children from their parents. Police investigations into these reports failed to find any substantial evidence or locate any suspects.

The phenomenon was initially and most frequently reported in the early 1990s.

Media coverage

In the early 1990s, reports emerged in the UK media concerning the purported conduct of persons claiming to be social workers. Most witnesses reported being visited by one or two women in their late twenties to early thirties who were dressed professionally. In some versions of the story, the visits included a woman accompanied by a man who seemed to be acting in a supervisory role. Visits consisted of an inspection of the children in the household, during which the "social workers" displayed strange behaviour. Claims about the nature of the "examinations" fed concerns that children were being sexually abused.

Police investigation

Police in South Yorkshire launched a major investigation into the phantom social worker phenomenon in 1990, known as "Operation Childcare." The investigation became one of the largest in UK history, with 23 separate police forces participating. After a year of investigating, police had gathered 250 reports – of these, police believed only two cases were genuine and 18 deserved to be taken seriously. Criminologists speculated that even genuine cases may have involved self-appointed child abuse investigators, or individuals seeking to make false accusations, rather than child sexual abusers. No arrests were made and Operation Childcare has since been disbanded.

Lothian and Borders Police set up a special unit to investigate the subject, but disbanded it in 1994 with no arrests.

Speculated origins

It is thought that reports of unidentified "social workers" attempting to take children away from their parents were merely scare stories or urban legends fuelled by the story of Marietta Higgs, a paediatrician from Cleveland, England who diagnosed 121 children as being victims of sexual abuse from their parents without any evidence or reason.

Police believe some of the visits were made by vigilante citizens conducting their own child abuse investigations. Other reported visits can be explained by the misidentification of door-to-door salesmen, canvassers, and religious missionaries.

See also
Satanic ritual abuse
Khapper
Men in black
Black Volga
 Child abduction scare of 2002

Footnotes

1990 controversies
1990 establishments in England
Conspiracy theories in the United Kingdom
Conspiracy theories in the United States
Child abduction in England
Child abduction in the United States
Urban legends
Social workers

Phantom social workers


The First Family was the name of three professional wrestling stables led by Jimmy Hart, first in the late 1970s and early 1980s in the Memphis-based Continental Wrestling Association, then in the late 1980s in World Wrestling Federation (now WWE), and finally in the late 1990s in World Championship Wrestling.

Incarnations

CWA stable
The original First Family was founded in the late 1970s by Hart to take the CWA title from his former protégé, Jerry Lawler. The group extensively feuded with Lawler into the 1980s, a time particularly remembered for comedian Andy Kaufman's rivalry with Lawler.

Members

Norvell Austin
Ox Baker
King Kong Bundy
Dennis Condrey
Sabu the Wildman
Chick Donovan
Bobby Eaton
Wayne Ferris
Buddy Landel
Austin Idol
Masao Ito
Kamala
Andy Kaufman
Larry Latham
Kendo Nagasaki
Jim Neidhart
Lanny Poffo
The Iron Sheik
Kevin Sullivan
Russian Invader
Len Denton
The Bruise Brothers (Porkchop Cash and Dream Machine)
Tony Anthony
Koko Ware
Rick Rude
Randy Savage
Eddie Gilbert
Tommy Rich

WWF stable
In 1985, When Hart got hired by WWF, he began becoming a manager of wrestlers including Greg Valentine and King Kong Bundy. He briefly co-managed The Dream Team (Beefcake and Valentine) until he was phased out and gave full control to Johnny Valiant. In September 1985, Hart traded Bundy to manager Bobby Heenan in exchange for Adrian Adonis and The Missing Link.
Members
Greg Valentine
King Kong Bundy
Brutus Beefcake
Adrian Adonis
The Missing Link
Terry Funk
Hoss Funk
Bret Hart
Jim Neidhart
Danny Davis
The Honky Tonk Man
The Glamour Girls (Leilani Kai and Judy Martin)
Jacques Rougeau/The Mountie
Raymond Rougeau
Dino Bravo
Earthquake
Brian Knobbs
Jerry Sags
Typhoon
Ted DiBiase
Irwin R. Schyster
Hulk Hogan

WCW stable
Many years later, after the demise of the Dungeon of Doom in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in 1997, Hart resurrected the First Family concept the following year, bringing together several mid-card performers. This short-lived group featured entirely different wrestlers than the Memphis version of the '70s and included former Dungeon members.

They frequently appeared on WCW programs including Monday Nitro and primarily feuded with Fit Finlay. Hugh Morrus and Brian Knobbs often tagged together, defeating members of Revolution at 1999's Fall Brawl and making a losing effort in a 3-way Tag Team Championship contest at Halloween Havoc.

With an instrumental version of "The Zoo" as their entrance theme, the stable featured a variety of colorful wrestling personalities with unique ring styles: Jerry Flynn demonstrated martial arts strikes and submissions while Brian Knobbs utilized a rougher brawling style. Considering publicity photos were taken of the group, WCW's First Family was likely intended for a substantial run; however, according to Hart, the group quickly disbanded due to injuries sustained by numerous members as well as new bookers hired by WCW. In the aftermath of The First Family, Knobbs and Hart pursued WCW's hardcore scene that was on the rise in late 1999.

Members
Barbarian
Jerry Flynn
Brian Knobbs
Hugh Morrus

Championships and accomplishments
Continental Wrestling Association
AWA International Heavyweight Championship (7 times) – Tommy Rich (1), Eddie Gilbert (2), Austin Idol (4)
NWA Mid-America Heavyweight Championship (14 times) – Tommy Rich (1), Bobby Eaton (10), Randy Savage (3)
AWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (12 times) – Tommy Rich (5), Jimmy Hart (1), Chick Donovan (1), King Kong Bundy (1), Austin Idol (3), Rick Rude (1)
AWA Southern Tag Team Championship (1 time) – King Kong Bundy and Rick Rude
AWA Southern Tag Team Championship (2 times) Porkchop Cash and Dream Machine
CWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) Dennis Condrey and Norvell Austin

Notes

Independent promotions teams and stables
World Championship Wrestling teams and stables
1998 in professional wrestling

First Family (professional wrestling)


Richard Johann Kuhn (; 3 December 1900 – 1 August 1967) was an Austrian-German biochemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1938 "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins".

Biography

Early life
Kuhn was born in Vienna, Austria, where he attended grammar school and high school. His interest in chemistry surfaced early; however he had many interests and decided late to study chemistry. Between 1910 and 1918 he was a schoolmate of Wolfgang Pauli, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1945. Beginning in 1918, Kuhn attended lectures at the University of Vienna in chemistry. He finished his chemistry studies at University of Munich and received his doctoral degree in 1922 with Richard Willstätter for a scientific work on enzymes.

After graduating, Kuhn continued his scientific career, first in Munich, then at the ETH Zurich and from 1929 onwards at the University of Heidelberg, where he was head of the chemistry department beginning in 1937. In 1928 he married Daisy Hartmann and the couple subsequently had two sons and four daughters.

Research

Kuhn's areas of study included: investigations of theoretical problems of organic chemistry (stereochemistry of aliphatic and aromatic compounds; syntheses of polyenes and cumulenes; constitution and colour; the acidity of hydrocarbons), as well as extensive fields in biochemistry (carotenoids; flavins; vitamins and enzymes). Specifically, he carried out important work on vitamin B2 and the antidermatitis vitamin B6.

In 1929 he became Principal of the Institute for Chemistry at the newly founded Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research (which, since 1950, has been renamed the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg).  By 1937 he also took over the administration of this Institute.

In addition to these duties he also served as of Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Heidelberg, and for one year he was at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, as a Visiting Research Professor for Physiological Chemistry.

He was subsequently awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1938 for his "work on carotenoids and vitamins," but rejected the prize as Hitler had forbidden German citizens to accept it. In a hand-written letter, he even described the awarding of the prize to a German as an invitation to violate a decree of the Führer. He received the award after World War II. Kuhn is also credited with the discovery of the deadly nerve agent Soman in 1944.

Kuhn was editor of Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie from 1948.

Kuhn died in 1967 in Heidelberg, Germany, aged 66.

Nazi era
Kuhn collaborated with high-ranking Nazi officials and denounced three of his Jewish co-workers in 1936.

In 2005, the Society of German Chemists (Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker, GDCh) declared their intention to no longer award the Richard Kuhn Medal: "The board of the GDCh intends to discontinue awarding the Medal named after the organic chemist, Nobel Prize laureate of the year 1938 and President of the GDCh in 1964–65, Richard Kuhn. The board thereby draws the consequences out of research on Richard Kuhn's behaviour during National Socialism. Even though the question of whether Kuhn was a convinced National Socialist or just a career-oriented camp follower is not fully answered, he undisputably supported the Nazi-regime in administrative and organizational ways, especially by his scientific work. Despite his scientific achievements, Kuhn is not suitable to serve as a role model, and eponym for an important award, mainly due to his unreflected research on poison gas, but also due to his conduct towards Jewish colleagues."

Honours and awards
 1938: Nobel Prize in Chemistry
 1952: Wilhelm Exner Medal
 1960: Honorary doctorate from the University of Vienna
 1961: Austrian Decoration for Science and Art

References

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External links

 1938 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

1900 births
1967 deaths
Austrian biochemists
Austrian Nobel laureates
Nobel laureates from Austria-Hungary
Academic staff of ETH Zurich
German biochemists
German Nobel laureates
Scientists from Vienna
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
University of Vienna alumni
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
Vitamin researchers
Presidents of the German Chemical Society
Max Planck Institute directors
Austrian Nazis

Richard Kuhn


ABC  was an Italian weekly news and political magazine published between 1960 and 1977.

History and profile
The magazine was founded by the former Il Giorno director  in Milan in 1960 as a weekly political, cultural and literary magazine. The first issue appeared in June 1960. Baldacci also directed the magazine.

The graphic of the magazine was curated by the artist , and was inspired by the popular British newspapers, while contents were often controversial, provocative and polemic. Collaborators of the magazine included Italo Calvino,  Luciano Bianciardi, Carlo Levi, Alberto Bevilacqua, Giuseppe Berto, Marco Pannella, Gian Carlo Fusco,  Marcello Marchesi  and Callisto Cosulich. In June 1963 it introduced the insert ABC dei ragazzi, a supplement comics magazine which lasted 97 issues and ended its publications in October 1965.

In the second half of the 1970s the circulation started to decline, and ABC eventually closed in 1977, after over 800 issues. Occasional attempts of resurrecting the magazine, in 1980 and in 2001, lasted only a few issues.

See also
 List of magazines in Italy

References

1960 establishments in Italy
1977 disestablishments in Italy
Defunct political magazines published in Italy
Italian-language magazines
News magazines published in Italy
Weekly magazines published in Italy
Magazines established in 1960
Magazines disestablished in 1977
Magazines published in Milan

ABC (magazine)


Etjoia is an extinct genus of traversodontid cynodonts that lived during the Middle Triassic or Late Triassic period in southern Africa. This medium-sized omnivorous cynognathian provides important information on the dental evolution of early diverging gomphodonts and traversodontids.

Discovery and etymology
Etjoia was discovered in the upper beds of the Omingonde Formation of Namibia (dated to the Ladinian to Carnian) by American paleontologist Charles Schaff in 1996. The specimen was unearthed on the south-eastern side of the Etjo Mountain, in the Waterberg Basin of the Otjozondjupa region, in central north-west Namibia. The holotype is deposited in the Geological Survey of Namibia of Windhoek with the specimen number GSN F1591. The generic name refers to Mount Etjo from which the new genus was unearthed. The type species, E. dentitransitus, refers to the possession of a transitional dentition with sub-circular upper postcanines and a large number of sectorial teeth representing the diademodontid/trirachodontid postcanine pattern, and with sub-rectangular lower postcanines with a mesially positioned transverse crest, which is the classical morphology of lower traversodontid postcanines.

Description
Etjoia is a medium-sized non-strictly herbivorous gomphodont represented by an almost complete skull and a few cervical vertebrae. It was estimated to have a body length ranging from 40 to 55 cm and a body mass of 3.2 kg. This cynodont mainly differs from other gomphodonts by the morphology of its gomphodont postcanines and the high number of its sectorial teeth.

Skull
 The cranial material of Etjoia consists of an almost complete skull only missing the right zygoma. The cranium, which has a basal skull length of 88.5 mm, is characterized by the absence of a labial shelf in the maxilla.

Dentition
The dentition comprises four upper and three lower incisors, one upper and one lower canine, and nine upper and eight to nine lower postcanines. The lower incisors bear large apically inclined denticles whereas the upper incisors only have minute denticles. Longitudinal ridges are present in the upper canines. Both upper and lower postcanine teeth include one conical, four gomphodont, and four sectorial postcanines, which is the highest number of sectorial teeth among all traversodontids. Unlike other gomphodonts, the upper gomphodont postcanines are subcircular to elliptical whereas the lower gomphodont teeth are subrectangular and mesiodistally (anteroposteriorly) elongated. The third lower gomphodont postcanine has the particularity of having a low ridge (known as a mesial cingulum) anterior to the prominent transverse crest. The last upper sectorial postcanines are also strongly offset lingually (medially).

Postcranial skeleton
The postcranial skeleton is only represented by the first five cervical vertebrae.

Environment
The environment in which Etjoia was living in was characterized by meandering streams on a semi-arid loessic floodplain with shallow saline lakes. The floodplain was subject to short, wet winters with heavy thunderstorms followed by long, warm, and dry summers during which dust storms occurred frequently. Etjoia was coexisting with small herbivorous kannemeyeriid dicynodonts and the apex predator Cynognathus, a large carnivorous cynognathian.

Classification
Below is a cladogram from Hendrickx et al. (2020) showing the phylogenetic relationships of Diademodontidae, Trirachodontidae (here recovered as paraphyletic), and early diverging Traversodontidae:

See also
 List of therapsids

References

External links
Etjoia dentitransitus 3d model of the holotype on the site Morphomuseum.

Traversodontids
Prehistoric cynodont genera
Middle Triassic synapsids of Africa
Late Triassic synapsids
Middle Triassic genus first appearances
Middle Triassic genus extinctions
Late Triassic genus first appearances
Late Triassic genus extinctions
Triassic Namibia
Fossils of Namibia
Omingonde Formation
Fossil taxa described in 2020

Etjoia


Bernard Olabinjo "Bobby" Benson (11 April 1922 – 14 May 1983) was an entertainer and musician who had considerable influence on the Nigerian music scene, introducing big band and Caribbean idioms to the Highlife style of popular West African music.

Life

Bernard Olabinjo Benson was born on 11 April 1921 in Ikorodu, Lagos State, into an aristocratic family.
His older brother T. O. S. Benson (1917–2008) would become a successful politician.
While at secondary school he also learned tailoring, but after leaving school he became a boxer for a brief period, and then a sailor in the Merchant Navy.
In 1944, he left his ship in London, where he made his entertainment debut with the Negro Ballet, touring several European capitals.
He met his wife, Cassandra (half-Scottish and half-Caribbean in origin), while in Britain, and on return to Nigeria in 1947 they established the Bobby Benson and Cassandra Theatrical Party.

Their performances included serious music, where he played guitar and saxophone while his wife danced. Based on the popularity of his music, he formed the Bobby Benson Jam Session, a dance band that played swing, jive, sambas and calypsos. In the 1950s, he expanded his band to 11 members, including a trumpet section, and began playing in the popular highlife style. Their first big hit was "Taxi Driver", followed by several others.

Benson was an entertainer and a comedian as well as a singer, a great performer. He had a show on NTA in the 1970s, where he performed as a stand-up comedian and magician, as well as playing and singing. He became a friend of B.B. King and Hugh Masekela.
Benson established the Caban Bamboo, a popular nightclub later converted into the Hotel Bobby. He had several wives, and 10 children.
Benson died in Lagos on Saturday, 14 May 1983.

Music

Bobby Benson started by playing standard big-band music, but later introduced African themes, as a pioneer of Highlife music in Nigeria. His song "Taxi Driver" became a classic hit in West Africa, covered by several other musicians, blending Caribbean and jazz styles. Other hits were "Gentleman Bobby" and "Iyawo se wo lose mi", "Mafe", "Nylon Dress" and "Niger Mambo".

Legacy

Various prominent musicians started out playing in Benson's band, including Roy Chicago, Sir Victor Uwaifo, Bayo Martins and Zeal Onyia.
Victor Olaiya started as a trumpeter with Bobby Benson's band, and became one of the first Nigerian musicians to play highlife with his group the "Cool Cats". Another player with Benson's band who moved into highlife was Eddie Okonta, with his "Lido Band".
Benson's innovations in musical style also influenced the evolution of popular Jùjú music.

"Taxi Driver", his biggest hit, and "Niger Mambo", an African melody with the Latin beat, were covered with different interpretations by American artists such as Stanley Turrentine and Jackie McLean.
Randy Weston covered "Niger Mambo" in a solo performance on his 1978 album Rhythms-Sounds Piano, describing the piece as representing exactly what is called "high life style" in West Africa.

Benson also had musical collaborations with the internationally acclaimed and musical legend Eddy Grant, who stayed in Lagos and performed at the Hotel Bobby for many years. This collaboration lasted for many years, allowing Grant to be able to acclimatise himself to the Nigerian culture. Consequently, Grant was able to speak and record many successful songs and albums in Yoruba and Pidgin English.

References

20th-century Nigerian male singers
1922 births
1983 deaths
Yoruba musicians
Musicians from Lagos
Yoruba-language singers
English-language singers from Nigeria
Benson family (Lagos)
British Merchant Navy personnel of World War II

Bobby Benson


Hungary significantly decreased the manufacturing of buses but found a large assembly capacities of foreign brands (such as Mercedes-Benz, Suzuki, Audi, BMW, Skoda, SEAT, Volkswagen, Fiat, Ford, Chevrolet, Citroën, Peugeot, Renault and Opel) with annual production of more than 800 000 cars.

History
Some original car production in the Hungarian part of Austro-Hungary at the beginning of the 20th century was lost.

Post World War II socialist Hungary widely imported cars and trucks from Soviet Union and other countries. At the same time Hungary produced small number of heavy trucks (Rába) and had strong specialization in Soviet block in manufacturing of buses (Ikarus), that made it one of the largest bus producers and exporters (including outside Soviet block and Europe). The Ganz Works, also a long lived Hungarian company, has been manufacturing engines, wagons specialized for electric railway equipment.

Active manufacturers

Audi Hungaria Zrt.

Csepel Holding

Csepel is a manufacturer of Electric Buses and EV Ready Series Hybrid buses.

Csepel Autógyár

Csepel is a manufacturer of trucks for industrial use.

Credo

Ikarus

Ikarus is a bus manufacturer based in Budapest. It was established in 1895 as Uhri Imre Kovács- és Kocsigyártó Üzeme (roughly: "Imre Uhri's Blacksmith Workshop and Coach Factory").

Magyar Suzuki

Magyar Suzuki Corporation is an automobile manufacturing plant, subsidiary of Suzuki, located in Esztergom and founded in 1991.

Mercedes-Benz Manufacturing Hungary

Rába

RÁBA Automotive Group,  commonly known as Rába, is a public limited company. It was founded in 1896 and produce military trucks, trucks, rail cars, trains, bridges steel structure.

Defunct manufacturers

Csonka

Fejes

Hódgép

Magomobil

MARTA

Alfabusz
Closed in April 2011

References

Hungary
Industry in Hungary

Automotive industry in Hungary


Ádria Santos (born 11 August 1974) is a former Brazilian Paralympic sprinter. She competed in category T11 events at six consecutive Paralympics from 1988 to 2008 and won at least one medal on each occasion. She was a final torch bearer at the 2016 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony.

She won Gold medals at the 1992 Summer Paralympics in the 100 meters, the 2000 Summer Paralympics in the 100 meters, and 200 meters, and 2004 Summer Paralympics in the 100 meters.

Life
She lost her sight entirely in 1994.
She started her career as a sprinter in 1987, at the age of 13, at Instituto São Rafael, a special school for the visually impaired in Belo Horizonte .
Throughout her career, Adria accumulated 13 medals in the Paralympic Games, four of which were gold and eight silver and one bronze. In addition to this achievement, she won about 73 medals in international competitions, and 542 medals in national competitions, including the third championship by the International Amateur Athletics Federation.

References

1974 births
Living people
Brazilian athletes
Blind sportspeople
Brazilian Paralympic bronze medalists
Paralympic gold medalists
Paralympic silver medalists
Sprinters

Ádria Santos


is a type of pornography most commonly found in Japan which integrates traditional pornography with elements of bestiality, fantasy, horror, and science-fiction. It is found in some horror or hentai titles, with tentacled creatures (usually fictional monsters) having sexual intercourse, predominantly with females or, to a lesser extent, males. Tentacle erotica can be consensual but mostly contains elements of rape.

The genre is well known enough in Japan that it is the subject of parody. In the 21st century, Japanese films of this genre have become recognized in the United States and Europe, although it remains a small, fetish-oriented part of the adult film industry. While most tentacle erotica is animated, there are also a few live-action films that depict it.

History

Some of the earliest examples of tentacle erotica were woodblock prints depicting women being violated by octopuses, such as Kitao Shigemasa's Programme of Erotic Noh Plays (1781) and Shunshō Katsukawa's Lust of Many Women on One Thousand Nights (1786).

Among the most famous of the early instances is an illustration from the 1814 Hokusai book , known as The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife. It is an example of shunga (Japanese erotic woodblock art) and has been reworked by a number of artists, such as Masami Teraoka, who brought the image up to date with his 2001 work "Sarah and Octopus/Seventh Heaven", which was part of his Waves and Plagues collection.

Although Western audiences often interpret Hokusai's famous design as rape, Japanese audiences of the Edo period would have viewed it as consensual, recognizing the print as depicting the legend of the female abalone diver Tamatori. In the story, Tamatori steals a jewel from the Dragon King. During her escape, the Dragon King and his sea-life minions (including octopuses) pursue her. The dialogue in the illustration shows the diver and two octopuses expressing mutual enjoyment.

Contemporary censorship in Japan dates to the Meiji period. The influence of European Victorian culture was a catalyst for legislative interest in public sexual practices. After World War II, the Allies imposed a number of reforms onto the Japanese government including anti-censorship laws. The legal proscriptions against pornography, therefore, derive from the nation's penal code. Presently, "obscenity" is still prohibited. How this term is interpreted, however, has not remained constant. While exposed genitalia (and, until recently, pubic hair) is illegal, the diversity of permissible sexual acts is now fairly wide, relative to other liberal democracies.

Leaders within the tentacle porn industry have stated that much of their work was initially directed at circumventing this policy. According to the mangaka Toshio Maeda:

Culture

Animation
The earliest animated form of tentacle erotica was in the 1985 original video animation (OVA) Dream Hunter Rem, though the scene in question was excised when the OVA was re-released in a non-hentai form. The first purely non-hentai anime portraying a tentacle assault would be 1986 anime OVA Guyver: Out of Control, where a female Chronos soldier named Valcuria is enshrouded by the second (damaged) Guyver unit that surrounds her in tentacle form and assaults her.

Numerous animated tentacle erotica films followed the next couple decades. Popular titles like 1986's Urotsukidoji, 1992's La Blue Girl and 1995's Demon Beast Resurrection became common sights in large video store chains in the United States and elsewhere. The volume of films in this genre has slowed since the peak years in the 1990s but continue to be produced to the present day.

Manga
While manga has featured stories of heroes being attacked by monsters with tentacles since its early days, the earliest examples of tentacle erotica in manga belong to "real life" erotic comedy manga magazines, which predate ero-gekiga. Multiple scenes were found in the March 12, 1968 issue of Weekly Manga Q, where several creatures with tentacles attack women. Another early example belonged to Osamu Tezuka's sci-fi story The Returnees (1973), where a scene depicts a woman being assaulted and impregnated by a space creature.

Toshio Maeda's Urotsukidōji was a pioneer in the tentacle rape genre with its mix of sex,  and tentacles. Maeda's depiction of tentacles was more creature-like and possessed at will, imitating male genitalia. However, six years prior to Urotsukidōji in 1976, Maeda created his first tentacle work in an experimental short story called SEX Tearing, which is considered the origin for Urotsukidōji as well as the earliest work depicting sex between women and tentacles.
In 1989, Maeda's manga Demon Beast Invasion created what could be considered the modern Japanese paradigm of tentacle porn, in which the elements of sexual assault are emphasized. Maeda explained that he invented the practice to get around strict Japanese censorship regulations, which prohibit the depiction of the penis but did not prohibit showing sexual penetration by a tentacle or similar appendages.

Live action
The use of sexualized tentacles in live action films, while much rarer, started in American B-movie horror films and has since migrated to Japan. B-movie producer Roger Corman used the concept of tentacle rape in a brief scene in his 1970 film The Dunwich Horror, a film adaptation of the H. P. Lovecraft short story of the same name. Vice magazine identifies this as "perhaps cinema history's first tentacle-rape scene".

A decade later, Corman would again use tentacle rape while producing Galaxy of Terror, released in 1980. Corman also directed a scene in which actress Taaffe O'Connell, playing an astronaut on a future space mission, is captured, raped, and killed by a giant, tentacled worm. The film borrows the concept of the "Id Monster" from the 1950s film Forbidden Planet, with the worm being a manifestation of O'Connell's character's fears. The scene was graphic enough that the film's director, B. D. Clark, refused to helm it, and O'Connell refused to do the full nudity required by Corman, so Corman directed the scene himself and used a body double for some of the more graphic shots. Initially given an X-rating by the Motion Picture Association of America, small cuts were made to the scene which changed the film's rating to "R".

Sam Raimi's The Evil Dead includes a scene where actress Ellen Sandweiss' character is attacked by the possessed woods she walks through. The evil spirit inhabiting the woods uses tree limbs and branches to ensnare, strip, and rape her, possessing her through the sexual acts in a way reminiscent to that in which tentacles are depicted in other pieces of media. The scene was repeated in a shorter version in the sequel, Evil Dead II, released in 1987.

The 1981 Japanese film Edo Porn, about the life of artist Katsushika Hokusai, featured the Dream of the Fisherman's Wife painting in a live action depiction. In the 1981 film Possession, a woman copulates with a tentacled creature, although the tentacles themselves are never explicitly shown to penetrate her.

The popularity of these films has led to the subsequent production of numerous live action tentacle films in Japan from the 1990s to the present day. The theme rarely appears in adult American cinema and art; one example is American artist Zak Smith, who painted several works featuring octopuses and porn stars in various stages of intercourse. In 2016, Amat Escalante directed the art house film The Untamed, which depicts a live-action scene between the female protagonist and a tentacled space alien.

See also
 Censorship in Japan
 Monster erotica
 Pornography in Japan

References

External links
Manga Artist Interview Series Part I, Sake-Drenched Postcards—interview with Toshio Maeda.

Fictional octopuses
Hentai
Japanese pornography
Japanese sex terms
Rape in fiction
Sexuality in Japan
Zoophilia in culture

Tentacle erotica


Ferdows Garden ( ) is a historical complex located in the district of Tajrish in Shemiran (northern Tehran), Iran.

The complex dates back to the reign of the Qajar dynasty, and includes a mansion which houses the Cinema Museum of Iran since 2009.

Etymology

By the time of the Achaemenid Empire, the term pairidaēza (Avestan) referred to extensive gardens built all over the empire. It derived from Proto-Iranian paridaiźa, literally meaning "circular boundary". Modern Persian ferdows () and pardis () are derivatives of the same word, which occurred in Greek as parádeisos () and entered English as paradise.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, as well as the Dehkhoda Dictionary, this word entered Hebrew as pardēs (), following the arrival of the Jews in Babylon in the 5th century BC. In the sections of the Old Testament that predate this arrival, the notions of "heaven" and "hell" are not specific; only later has pārdēs, originally meaning "garden" and "orchard", been endowed with the spiritual meaning that is signified by this word.

Dehkhoda notes that pardēs has been used as a synonym for the Hebrew word gān, meaning "the Garden of Eden". He also states that the word firdaws, used twice in the Quran, has its root in Judaism and Christianity.

History
The origin of complex dates back to the reign of Mohammad Shah (1808–1848) of the Qajar dynasty, who ordered the construction of a mansion named Mohammadie in Tajrish. He died in September 1848, and the unfinished structure was subsequently disused.

Later on, Hossein Ali Khan (Moayyer ol Mamalek), a courtier close to Mohammad Shah, followed up the construction of a two-floor Qajar-style mansion within the same area. During the reign of Naser ed Din Shah (1848–1896), the ownership of the enclosure was transferred to Dust-Ali Khan (Nezam od Dowle), the son of Hossein Ali Khan. He refurbished the complex and renamed it Ferdows. Afterwards, Dust-Mohammad Khan, the son of Dust-Ali Khan and the son-in-law of Naser ed Din Shah, built a new mansion to the south of the enclosure. He used the workmanship of architects from Isfahan and Yazd, and named it Rašk e Behešt, meaning "the Envy of Heaven".

The complex changed several hands, and the older mansion was eventually destroyed. The remaining structure was then bought by Mohammad-Vali Khan Tonekaboni, who was the leader of the Constitutionalist Revolutionary Forces from Iran's northern regions of Gilan and Mazandaran. He added new pools and fountains to the complex, and regenerated the aqueduct that, in earlier years, had fed the garden with fresh water. The current gate of the garden also dates from this time.

The complex was leased to various ministries over years. In 1937, the Ministry of Education housed the primary and secondary school of Shapur in this compound. After the 1979 Revolution, until 2002, Ferdows Garden served as a training center for filmmaking. Since 2002, it houses the Cinema Museum.

In Iranian cinema
Ferdows Garden, 5 o'Clock in the Afternoon (2005), an Iranian film written, produced and directed by Siamak Shayeghi, with Reza Kianian, Ladan Mostofi and Azita Hajian in the principal roles, refers to the public park from where the main mansion is in view.

Gallery

See also

 Persian gardens
 Paradise garden
 Bagh (garden)
 Cinema of Iran

References

External links
 Official website of the Cinema Museum of Iran
 Slide show of the Cinema Museum of Iran
 Ferdows Garden on Flickr
 Sean Penn Visits the Cinema Museum of Iran

Museums in Tehran
Palaces in Tehran
Persian gardens in Iran
Persian words and phrases
Cinema museums
Palaces in Iran

Ferdows Garden


Mazaces, also Mazakes  (Old Iranian: Mazdāka, Aramaic: 𐡌𐡆𐡃𐡊  MZDK), was the last Achaemenid satrap of ancient Egypt during the late reign of Darius III of the 31st Dynasty of Egypt.

Mazaces succeeded Sabaces after the latter's death at the battle of Issus (333 BCE). His office lasted less than a year: when Alexander the Great invaded Egypt in late 332 BCE, Mazaces did not have enough military force to put up a resistance. Counselled by Amminapes, who knew Alexander well, Mazaces handed the country to the Macedonian without a fight, along with a treasure of 800 talents of gold. This event marked the end of the short–lived second Egyptian satrapy (343–332 BCE).

It is unknown what happened to Mazaces after this event, but Alexander assigned the role of satrap of Egypt to the Greek Cleomenes of Naucratis before leaving for the East.

Mazakes may have been nominated as satrap of Mesopotamia in reward for his submission, as coins in his name and in a style similar to his Egyptian predecessor Sabakes, are found in this region, and the satrap of Mesopotamia at that time is otherwise unknown.

The next satrap of Mesopotamia was Bleitor.

References

Achaemenid satraps of Egypt
Year of birth unknown
4th-century BC Iranian people
4th century BC in Egypt
Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt

Mazaces


Stephen Cochran (born September 17, 1979) is an American country music singer and songwriter.   In 2009 Stephen was named as a spokesman for the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Research and Development.  The VA and Cochran collaborated to produce a music video for veterans who need help.

History and music career
Stephen Cochran was primarily raised by his single mother Janey Cochran, however when Cochran was four years old, he began spending summers with his grandparents Charles and Lois Maynard in Waterford, Michigan.  Some of Stephens closest friends are from that time in his life and considers Michigan just as much a hometown as Kentucky and Tennessee.  After moving from Eastern, Kentucky, to Tennessee, he was raised in Nashville's songwriting and recording community.  He watched his father, Steve Cochran, wrestle with the machinery of Music Row as a struggling songwriter and artist. Country greats Bobby Bare and the late Del Reeves are just a few of the characters that influenced Cochran's early music home life. Cochran cultivated an interest in music beginning at Hunters Lane Comprehensive High School in Nashville, Tennessee.  Later, he honed his craft in his college days at Western Kentucky University with a development deal.  He worked his way through school writing songs and playing guitar. While at WKU he also helped found and played lacrosse.  After September 2001 he joined the United States Marine Corps and served his country as a Marine in Iraq and Afghanistan.  He was a part of the 2nd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion; 1st Marine Expeditionary Force. While on convoy security Cochran was injured, leaving his back broken and without the use of his legs for some time.  Stephen was told he may never walk without pain again and he was sent home to the United States.  Once he arrived home the search for a solution began.  Finally, after a long struggle, Cochran's ability to walk without pain was restored when doctors at the Nashville VA Medical Center performed an experimental procedure called kyphoplasty.  After an extensive rehabilitation Stephen was able to return to an active lifestyle.  As part of his recovery, Cochran refocused his energy on country music.

He teamed up with other country music artists and began performing with John Rich and the MuzikMafia around Nashville.  He wrote with his friend from the band Trailer Choir Vinny Hickerson and eventually, they started their own writers' group.  In 2007 he began Armed Forces Entertainment tours of the Middle East, scores of benefit appearances on behalf of his fellow veterans, and constant roadwork in support of his acclaimed, self-titled debut album.  In November 2008 Cochran appeared on ABC's Good Morning America to promote the second annual "Salute to the Troops" benefit concert.

In 2009 the VA asked Stephen to be the face of their research and development.  Cochran and Mark Melloan wrote "Hope," which the VA used as a theme song in its national campaign to help veterans.  The VA hospitals and patients are the backdrops for the video.

In 2012, Cochran signed a production contract with New Voice Entertainment.

In 2013, Stephen formed the live-music group titled "Stephen Cochran Project" including bandmate "Smitty" Byrne (BGV/Bass)

The Stephen Cochran Project released their first self-titled album in 2015.

In 2014 Stephen and fellow veterans Daniel Dean, Sam Tate, Sal Gonzalez, Jonathon Wells, Wynn Taylor, Micha Howard, Tyler Jay,Chris Turner, Doc Malicious Michael Hamilton,Daniel Brodeick and a slew of other Vets turned music makers formed and began touring in support of their not for profit Stop22 tour which then linked to Romans Warrior foundation forming Romans Warrior foundation- Stop22Tour. They use their songs and songwriting to help other's understand the Veterans plight as well as the suicide epidemic that plagues the Veteran Community. "It also helps our fellow veterans heal through our music", said Dean at a concert in 2017 at the Fonanel. Look for their "in the round" style concerts in several parts of the country and overseas.

Stephen then teamed up with fellow veteran and longtime friends Michael Hamilton and Daniel Broadrick to put out a non-genre EP titled "American Loser", it includes 6 new tracks all written or co-written by Cochran and Hamilton directed at helping other veterans heal and educate civilians about the veteran lifestyle.  Cochran, Hamilton and Broderick continue to make music and  are hoping to help many veterans navigate the songwriting maze in Nashville.

Personal Life: Stephen is Married to Megan Rae Cochran; together they have one dog named CoCo. They have five kids, Aaron Ryder, Addy Rae, Stephen Eugene III (Tripp), Katherine Ann and  Charles Caswell.
In August 2021 Stephen's longtime best friend and service dog Semper Fi died due to complications with cancer. At the end of that month Stephen's mother Janey Cochran and his grandmother Lois Maynard contracted the novel Coronavirus.
Stephen's grandmother died on September 5 followed by his mother's death October 9. The three of them were Stephen's biggest support and best friends; he always referred to them as "His Ladies".

Discography

Albums
 Stephen Cochran (2007)
 "Leaving Louisiana" (Walmart Flowers) (2010)
 "Pieces" (2012)
 "Stephen Cochran Project" (2015)
 "American Loser" {Americana}(2017)

Singles
"Friday Night Fireside" (2007)
"Everything We Knew" (2008)
"Thinkin I'm Drinkin" (2008)
"Wal-Mart Flowers" (2009)
"Alone on Christmas" (2010)
"Hope" (2011)
"Pieces" (2012)
"Gasoline on a Goodbye" (2014)
"She'll thank me Later" (2015)
"Whiskey Lies" (2016)
"American Loser"(2017)

Music Videos
"Friday Night Fireside" (2007)
"Pieces" (2012)

Collaborations
Lindsey Cardinale's 2009 single, "Always on My Mind"
Annabelle Bainum's 2010 single,  "Alone on Christmas"

References

External links

American country singer-songwriters
1979 births
Living people
American male singer-songwriters
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Iraq War
United States Marine Corps personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Western Kentucky University alumni
American country guitarists
American male guitarists
American humanitarians
People from Pikeville, Kentucky
Place of birth missing (living people)
United States Marines
Country musicians from Kentucky
Musicians from Appalachia
People from Waterford, Michigan
Singers from Nashville, Tennessee
Singer-songwriters from Kentucky
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee
Singer-songwriters from Michigan
Guitarists from Kentucky
Guitarists from Michigan
Guitarists from Tennessee
21st-century American singer-songwriters
Country musicians from Tennessee
Country musicians from Michigan
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American male singers

Stephen Cochran


Visual inspection is a common method of quality control, data acquisition, and data analysis.
Visual Inspection, used in maintenance of facilities, mean inspection of equipment and structures using either or all of raw human senses such as vision, hearing, touch and smell and/or any non-specialized inspection equipment.
Inspections requiring Ultrasonic, X-Ray equipment, Infra-red, etc. are not typically regarded as visual inspection as these Inspection methodologies require specialized equipment, training and certification.

Quality control
A study of the visual inspection of small integrated circuits found that the modal duration of eye fixations of trained inspectors was about 200 ms. The most accurate inspectors made the fewest eye fixations and were the fastest. When the same chip was judged more than once by an individual inspector the consistency of judgment was very high whereas the consistency between inspectors was somewhat less. Variation by a factor of six in inspection speed led to variation of less than a factor of two in inspection accuracy. Visual inspection had a false positive rate of 2% and a false negative rate of 23%.

Humorous terminology
To do an eyeball search is to look for something specific in a mass of code or data with one's own eyes, as opposed to using some sort of pattern matching software like grep or any other automated search tool. Also known as vgrep or ogrep, i.e., "visual/optical grep", and in the IBM mainframe world as IEBIBALL. The most important application of eyeball search / vgrep in software engineering is vdiff.

In various disciplines it is also called the "eyeball technique" or "eyeball method" (of data assessment).

"Eyeballing" is the most common and readily available method of initial data assessment.

Experts in pattern recognition maintain that the "eyeball" technique is still the most effective procedure for searching arbitrary, possibly unknown structures in data.

In the military, applying this sort of search to real-world terrain is often referred to as "using the Mark I Eyeball"  device (pronounced as Mark One Eyeball), the U.S. military adopting it in 1950s. The term is an allusion on military nomenclature, "Mark I" being the first version of a military vehicle or weapon.

See also
Automated optical inspection
Inspection
Inspection (medicine)
Statistical graphics
Visual search
Visual comparison

References

Quality control
Data analysis
Vision
Computer humor
Computer jargon
Military humor
Nondestructive testing

Visual inspection


Cyril James Fox (1889 – November 16, 1946) was a lawyer, judge and political figure in Newfoundland. He represented St. John's East in the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly from 1919 on.

He was born in St. John's and educated at Saint Bonaventure's College. Fox studied law with William R. Warren and was called to the Newfoundland bar in 1916. He served as speaker for the Newfoundland assembly from 1924 to 1928. Fox retired from politics and returned to his law practice in 1928. He was named a King's Counsel in the same year. In 1944, he was named a justice in the Newfoundland Supreme Court. Fox served as the first chairman for the Newfoundland National Convention but died suddenly before the end of the convention.

Fox married Mary Cashin, the daughter of Michael Patrick Cashin.

References

External links

1889 births
1946 deaths
Dominion of Newfoundland judges
Politicians from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Speakers of the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly
20th-century King's Counsel

Cyril J. Fox


Arthur Anthony Macdonell, FBA (11 May 1854 – 28 December 1930) was a Sanskrit scholar.

Biography
Macdonell was born at Muzaffarpur in the Tirhut region of the state of Bihar in British India, the son of Charles Alexander Macdonell, of the Indian Army. He was educated at Göttingen University, then matriculated in 1876 at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, gaining a classical exhibition and three scholarships (for German, Chinese, and the Boden Scholarship for Sanskrit). He graduated with classical honours in 1880 and was appointed Taylorian  Teacher of German (language) at Oxford. In 1883 he obtained his PhD from the University of Leipzig, and then became Deputy Professor of Sanskrit at Oxford in 1888, and Boden Professor of Sanskrit in 1899 (a post that carried with it a fellowship of Balliol College, Oxford).

Macdonell edited various Sanskrit texts, wrote a grammar, compiled a dictionary, and published a Vedic grammar, a Vedic Reader, and a work on Vedic mythology; he also wrote a history of Sanskrit.

Selected works

References

External links

   Sanskrit Grammar, by Arthur Anthony Macdonell

1854 births
1930 deaths
British Indologists
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Fellows of Balliol College, Oxford
Boden Professors of Sanskrit
Chess historians
Sanskrit scholars from Uttar Pradesh
People from Muzaffarpur
Fellows of the British Academy
British people in colonial India

Arthur Anthony Macdonell


Sir Alexander Gray  (6 January 1882 – 17 February 1968) was a Scottish civil servant, economist, academic, translator, writer and poet.

Life and work
He was born at 1 Marshall Street in Lochee near Dundee the son of John Young Gray, an art teacher at the High School of Dundee, and his wife, Mary Young.

Gray spent his childhood in Dundee, and was educated at the High School of Dundee, going on to study mathematics and economics at the University of Edinburgh, graduating MA in 1902. This was followed by periods of study at Göttingen University and at the Sorbonne in Paris. During the First World War he worked in the civil service, employing his linguistic skills to produce anti-German propaganda.

In 1921 he was appointed professor of Political Economy at Aberdeen University, and whilst there he published one of his most important economic works, The Development of Economic Doctrine, in 1931. In 1934 he took up the equivalent post at Edinburgh University's School of Economics, which he held until his retirement in 1956. During the Second World War he returned to work for the civil service, returning to his professorship at Edinburgh after the war. In 1948 he published a study of the life and doctrines of Adam Smith.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1942. His proposers were Edmund Taylor Whittaker, Sir Ernest Wedderburn, James Pickering Kendall, and James Ritchie. He served as the Society's Vice-President 1948 to 1951.

In addition to his economic writings, Gray was an active composer and translator of poetry. His work consisted of original poems written in English, and translations of the folk and ballad poetry of Germany and Denmark into Scots. Some of his work featured in Northern Numbers, a periodical founded and edited by Hugh MacDiarmid. Of his English poems, Scotland is internationally renowned, the third stanza being frequently quoted. This quote features on the Canongate Wall at the new Scottish Parliament building:

This is my country,
The land that begat me.
These windy spaces
Are surely my own.
And those who toil here
In the sweat of their faces
Are flesh of my flesh,
And bone of my bone.

His translations into Scots constitute the greater part of his work, and is the main basis for his reputation. His translations include a collection of ballads, Arrows, from German, and Historical Ballads of Denmark and Four and Forty from Danish. He translated many German poets, including von Kotzebue, Müller, Uhland, Herder but, above all, Heine.

He died in Edinburgh on 17 February 1968.

Family

In 1909 he married Alice Gunn.

Bibliography
 Adam Smith (1948)
 The Socialist Tradition: Moses to Lenin (1946)
 Any man's life: A book of poems (1924)
 Arrows. A book of German ballads and folksongs attempted in Scots. (1932)
 The Development of Economic Doctrine: An Introductory Survey. (1931, second edition 1980)
 Economics : yesterday and to-morrow. (1949)
 Family endowment: a critical analysis. (1927)
 Four-and-forty. A selection of Danish ballads presented in Scots (1954)
 Gossip: A new book of poems (1928)
 Historical ballads of Denmark (1958)
 New Leviathan: some illustrations of current German political theories. (1915)
 Poems. (1925)
 Robert Burns, man and poet. Address to the Scottish Arts Club ... 1944. (1944)
 Scottish staple at Veere. (1909)
 Sir Halewyn. Examples in European balladry and folk song. (1949)
 Some aspects of national health insurance. (1923)
 Songs and ballads, chiefly from Heine. (1920)
 Songs from Heine (Schumann's "Dichterliebe") (1928)
 Timorous civility a Scots miscellany
 True pastime: some observations on the German attitude towards war. (1915)
 Upright sheaf: Germany's intentions after the war. (1915)

See also

Golden Treasury of Scottish Poetry
Scottish literature

References

External links
Literary Encyclopedia article on Gray – gives some examples of his poetry.
History of the School of Economics at Edinburgh – deals with Gray's time at Edinburgh.
The National Library of Scotland (National Library of Scotland) holds Gray's papers.

1882 births
1968 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
People educated at the High School of Dundee
Scots language
Scottish economists
Scottish scholars and academics
Scottish civil servants
Scottish translators
Translators from Danish
Translators from German
Academics of the University of Aberdeen
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
University of Paris alumni
Scottish anti-communists
Place of birth missing
20th-century Scottish poets
Scots-language poets
Scottish male poets
20th-century British translators
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Poets from Dundee
People from Lochee
20th-century British male writers
Scottish Renaissance
British expatriates in France

Alexander Gray (poet)


Thomas Peter Ruffell Laslett  (18 December 1915 – 8 November 2001) was an English historian.

Biography
Laslett was the son of a Baptist minister and was born in Bedford on 18 December 1915. Although he spent much of his childhood in Oxford, he was educated at the Watford Grammar School for Boys. He began a degree course in history at St John's College, Cambridge, in 1935 and graduated with a double first in 1938. He stayed in Cambridge for some time, conducting historical research, then in 1940 joined the Fleet Air Arm. After a period working on protection of Arctic convoys, Laslett then learned Japanese at the School of Oriental and African Studies, joined the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve as a lieutenant and worked on decoding Japanese naval intelligence. He was stationed first at Bletchley Park and later, after VE Day, in Washington, DC. It was at Bletchley Park that he met his future wife, Janet Crockett Clark, whom he married in 1947.

Laslett was demobilised in 1945 and returned to Cambridge, initially spending time at Peterhouse as a protege of Herbert Butterfield. In 1948, he was awarded a research fellowship at St John's College, based on his pre-war postgraduate research into Robert Filmer. His editing of Filmer's political writings resulted in the 1949 publication titled Patriarcha and Other Political Writings that, according to historian J. G. A. Pocock, was the work by which Laslett provided the initial inspiration for the "Cambridge School" of the history of political thought, the methods of which are now widely practised. Laslett combined such academic activity with a lifelong concern to engage a wider audience. He worked simultaneously as a BBC radio producer for the Third Programme. One product of this desire to reach a wider audience was his pathbreaking and highly popular book The World We Have Lost: England Before the Industrial Age (1965; US edition, 1966), issued in a second edition in 1971 and in a retitled third revised edition, The World We Have Lost: Further Explored (1983; US edition, 1984). Simon Mitton credits Laslett with having launched in 1948 the radio broadcasting career of the astronomer Fred Hoyle.

In 1953, having earlier discovered and begun research into a substantial proportion of the library of John Locke, privately held at a shooting lodge in the Scottish Highlands, Laslett earned an appointment as a university lecturer in history at Cambridge and was elected a fellow Trinity College; thereafter, his involvement with the BBC declined and in 1960 ended. He worked with the philanthropist Paul Mellon and various institutions to negotiate the purchase and transfer of the library to the more suitable and accessible environs of the Bodleian in Oxford. He continued work in the history of political theory, arguing (against the accepted account) that Locke's Two Treatises of Government had been written to justify the English Glorious Revolution of 1688–9, but instead that it was written to justify Whig activity during the Exclusion Crisis remarking that the "Two Treatises is an Exclusion Tract, not a Revolution Pamphlet." He published an edition of the treatises in 1960, subsequently reprinted many times, which is now recognised as the definitive account of these pillars of modern liberal democracy. From 1957 he founded and co-edited Philosophy, Politics and Society, a series of collections on political philosophy.

Laslett took up an entirely different line of historical research from the early 1960s. Trying to understand 17th-century listings of the inhabitants of Clayworth and Cogenhoe, Northamptonshire, he became persuaded of the need to pursue historical demography more systematically. In 1964, Laslett and Tony Wrigley co-founded the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure. With funding from the Social Science Research Council, the Cambridge Group worked alongside amateur volunteers on local records, and established the journal Local Population Studies.

Laslett's practical reformism found an outlet from the 1960s in his efforts, together with Michael Young, to develop the Open University. In 1963 he ran a series of five programmes on Anglia Television, the "Dawn University", which attracted a great deal of attention although the funding had to wait two more years until Harold Wilson took up the idea.

Laslett was Reader in Politics and the History of Social Structure at Cambridge University (the title reflecting his own unusual mix of historical interests) from 1966 until retirement in 1983. At this point, his interests turned to the historical understanding and practical betterment of the elderly. Laslett played a pivotal role in founding the University of the Third Age in 1982.

He died on 8 November 2001, aged 85, and was buried in Wolvercote Cemetery in Oxford, and was survived by his wife, Janet, and two sons. His library of early printed books by and about Filmer, Locke, and political thought (including political economy) was sold by Quaritch in 2006.

Works
 The World We Have Lost: England Before the Industrial Age (London, 1965; New York, 1966; 2nd ed., 1971, 3rd ed., 1984; re-issued and updated 2000)
 An Introduction to English Historical Demography: From the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century (with David Edward Charles Eversley and Edward Anthony Wrigley, London and New York, 1966)
 Household and Family in Past Time (ed. with the assistance of Richard Wall, Cambridge, 1972)
 Family Life and Illicit Love in Earlier Generations: Essays in Historical Sociology (Cambridge, 1977)
 Statistical Studies of Historical Social Structure (with Kenneth W. Wachter and Eugene A. Hammel, London, 1978)
 Bastardy and its Comparative History: Studies in the History of Illegitimacy and Marital Nonconformism (co-edited with Karla Oosterveen and Richard M. Smith, Cambridge, 1980)
 The World We Have Lost: Further Explored (London, 1983; New York, 1984; 3rd ed., 2000, 4th ed., 2004)
 Family Forms in Historic Europe (edited by Richard Wall in collaboration with Jean Robin, Cambridge, 1983)
 A Fresh Map of Life: The Emergence of the Third Age (London, 1989; Cambridge, 1991; 2nd ed., 1996)
 Justice Between Age Groups and Generations (co-edited with James S. Fishkin, New Haven and London, 1992)
 Aging in the Past: Demography, Society, and Old Age (co-edited with David Kertzer, Berkeley, 1995)

Also The World We Have Gained: Histories of Population and Social Structure, Essays presented to Peter Laslett on his seventieth birthday (edited by Lloyd Bonfield, Keith Wrightson, Oxford, 1996)

References

Further reading

1915 births
2001 deaths
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
British demographers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English male non-fiction writers
English non-fiction writers
English political philosophers
Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
Members of the University of Cambridge faculty of history
Bletchley Park people
People educated at Watford Grammar School for Boys
People from Oxford
20th-century English historians
Fellows of the British Academy
Historians of political thought
Royal Navy officers
Military personnel from Bedford
Burials at Wolvercote Cemetery
Royal Navy officers of World War II
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Locke scholars

Peter Laslett


Monika Linkytė (born 3 June 1992) is a Lithuanian singer who has represented Lithuania in the Eurovision Song Contest several times.

She took part in the selection for the Lithuanian entry for the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007 but did not succeed.

Linkytė first represented Lithuania in 2015, where she finished 18th. She returned in 2023, where she finished 11th.

1992 births
Living people
Lithuanian people
Singers
Eurovision Song Contest entrants

Monika Linkytė


"King Arthur and King Cornwall" is an English ballad surviving in fragmentary form in the 17th-century Percy Folio manuscript. An Arthurian story, it was collected by Francis James Child as Child Ballad 30. Unlike other Child Ballads, but like the Arthurian "The Boy and the Mantle" and "The Marriage of Sir Gawain", it is not a folk ballad but a professional minstrel's song. It is notable for containing the Green Knight, a character known from the medieval poems The Greene Knight and the more famous Sir Gawain and the Green Knight; he appears as "Bredbeddle", the character's name in The Greene Knight.

Synopsis
"King Arthur and King Cornwall" occurs in a damaged section of the Percy Folio; about half of each page was ripped out to start fires. As such, the ballad is missing about half of its content, though some of the missing material can be deduced from context. Apparently after bragging about the excellence of his famed Round Table, King Arthur is told by Guinevere that another king has an even better one. Arthur and his company leave their kingdom (here Brittany rather than Great Britain) in disguise searching for this king, and eventually come to Cornwall, where the resident monarch offends them with a series of boasts about his magical items, the child he fathered on Guinevere, and Arthur's comparative mediocrity. All go off to bed, and the Knights of the Round Table make a series of vows against Cornwall's boasts, such as Gawain's declaration that he will make off with Cornwall's daughter.

Arthur's men discover Cornwall has sent a seven-headed monster, a sprite named Burlow Beanie, to spy on them. Sir Bredbeddle, the Green Knight, wages a long battle against him with a sword from Cologne, a Milanese knife, a Danish axe, and finally a sacred page from the Christian Bible gives him the upper hand. As a test of his control over the creature, he orders him to fetch a horse. Though Burlow Beanie obeys, he rebels when another knight, Marramile, tries to control him, and the Green Knight is called in to help. A missing section likely described Arthur's men taking possession of Cornwall's other magical objects and learning the secret of their use from the sprite. The remaining text describes Arthur beheading King Cornwall with his own sword; the final missing half page likely described his triumph.

Analysis
The story resembles Geoffrey Chaucer's "The Squire's Tale" from the Canterbury Tales, the English romance Sir Launfal and especially the Carolingian romance Pèlerinage de Charlemagne, in which Charlemagne and his paladins visit the Byzantine Emperor, superior to Charlemagne in looks according to Charlemagne's wife. They make a series of boasts about their abilities, and are called out on them by the emperor's spy, but are eventually able to fulfill them with help from God. Making chivalric vows is a central theme in the medieval English tale The Avowing of Arthur, while the importance of keeping one's pledges is important to tales like Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle.

"King Arthur and King Cornwall" may be a version of a lost medieval story, but it is also possible that it is a product of the 17th century, taking hints from older chivalric romance. The character of Bredbeddle makes the author's knowledge of The Greene Knight obvious; whether made in the 16th century or before, the ballad relies on the audience's knowledge of the Gawain romances popular since the 12th century. Gawain's promise to have his way with Cornwall's daughter is in accordance with his womanizing portrayal in certain Old French works.

The magician-king of Cornwall does not appear in other Arthurian romance. In other stories, Cornwall is ruled by either Arthur's cousin Cador, or by King Mark, the uncle of Tristan and husband of Iseult. Equally unique is Cornwall's daughter, whom he had fathered on Guinevere behind Arthur's back. Several Arthurian staple characters do make appearances, such as Guinevere, Gawain, and Tristan.

See also
List of the Child Ballads
List of legendary rulers of Cornwall

Notes

References
Child, Francis James (1965). The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. Dover Publications, New York 1965
(Modern English translation)

Noble, James (1991). "King Arthur and King Cornwall". In Norris J. Lacy (Ed.), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, p. 262. New York: Garland. .

External links

17th-century poems
Arthurian literature in English
British songs
Child Ballads
History of Cornwall
Lost poems
Poems set in Brittany

King Arthur and King Cornwall


Cantabria Central Library () is a library in the city of Santander, in Cantabria, Spain. It was known as the State Public Library of the city of Santander, although on March 23, 1999, it was declared by decree as the Cantabria Central Library of Cantabria.

History
The State Public Library began as a school library when in 1839 it was created for the Instituto Cántabro para la Enseñanza de Náutica y del Comercio. Five years later, during the first change of name of the institute, the Provincial Library was established with funding for the lessons that were taught in the educational institution. It received content from the libraries of the convents of Santa Clara, Santa Catalina de Monte Corbán and San Francisco Santander and some important books from the Las Caldas del Besaya monastery.

Later, the collection increased with subsidies for the purchase of books given to the Provincial Council, and donations from individuals. The Provincial Library was incorporated into Corps Archivists and Librarians in August 1898.  When the library passed to the Corps Archivists and Librarians it had less than 5000 volumes; by 1960 it had 25,000.

In 1960 under the agreement signed between the Municipality of Santander and the Ministry of Education, the library was merged with the City Library of Santander, moving their funds and services to the premises of this. Both libraries have served since then working in unison, sharing premises, services, personnel, etc.

Since 23 March 1999, the State Public Library in Santander was declared by decree Cantabria Central Library and the official main library of Cantabria.

In 2009 funds, furniture and workers moving to the building of the former General Deposit in Branch Snuff Tobacco, in an area rehabilitated by the Ministry of Culture, at the Ruiz de Alda street in an area near the port of Santander. On August 3, units of the Central Library in the Gravina road closed its doors.

The new building was inaugurated on December 16 with the presence of the authorities of the region and the Minister of Culture Angeles Gonzalez-Sinde, opening its doors on January 11, 2010.

Building
In 1900, it was built on the sands of Maliaño dock in the port area of Santander, the building now houses the BCC. Built on an area of 12,000 square meters and it was neo-Mudejar. Its proximity to the port facilitated the transport and storage, with half of the snuff imported into Spain was received and stored in the warehouse, distributed by coasting vessels, rail or road to the national eleven factories Tabacalera.

During the civil war, there was a hiatus, turned into a prison for republican prisoners. After this period resumed its original use as a warehouse until 1986.

The rehabilitation of the property is an example of industrial architecture reused to house a cultural institution and the architects in charge of the project were Alejano Eduardo de la Torre, Luciano Moreno Feu and Ricardo Miguel A. Aguilar, being the project coordinator Manuel Martín-Rabadan Caballero.

Mission and functions
BCC's mission is to promote reading, training, research and collect, catalog, store and disseminate bibliographic heritage and print production, sound and visual of Cantabria or make reference to it.

Cantabria Central Library / State Public Library in Santander has a dual function:

It Cantabria Central Library, so it is at the head of the Library System of Cantabria.
State Public Library is, therefore, exercising the functions designated by the Regulations of the State Public Library System and Library Spanish.

Collections
In 2009 the library has 144,613 bibliographic background documents distributed in the following collections:

 Comicteca
 Legal Deposit
 Old Fund, special and valuable
 Adult General Fund
 Children & Youth Fund
 Local Fund
 Travel Guides
 Newspaper Archive and Media Library
 Reference

Services
 Bibliographic information and reference
 Loan (individual, collective and ILL)
 Reading room of the collections
 Internet access and electronic information
 Bureau of Legal Deposit and Intellectual Property
 User training
 Facilities: research offices, group rooms and assembly hall
 Cultural activities
 Reproduction of documents

References

External links
 Official Website of Cantabria Central Library

Buildings and structures in Cantabria
Education in Cantabria
Libraries in Spain
1839 establishments in Spain
Transport infrastructure completed in 1900

Central Library of Cantabria


Teremoana Tapi Taio is a Cook Islands politician and former Cabinet Minister. He is a member of the Cook Islands Democratic Party.

Taio was elected to the Cook Islands Parliament for the electorate of Akaoa at the 1999 election.  He served in the cabinet of Robert Woonton, and was responsible for the Finance portfolio following the resignation of Deputy Prime Minister Terepai Maoate from the Cabinet in 2003. He lost his seat at the 2004 election, and did not contest it in 2006 for family reasons.

Taio is managing director of Taio Shipping.  He was appointed a director of the Cook Islands Investment Corporation in 2003. He is partly of Norwegian descent.

In September 2010 he resigned from the Cook Islands Investment Corporation board in order to stand for election.  He ran for the seat of Akaoa in the 2010 elections, but was unsuccessful.

References

Members of the Parliament of the Cook Islands
People from Rarotonga
Living people
Democratic Party (Cook Islands) politicians
Government ministers of the Cook Islands
Cook Island businesspeople
Year of birth missing (living people)

Teremoana Tapi Taio