A border outpost, border out post, border observation post or BOP is an outpost maintained by a sovereign state on its border, usually one of a series placed at regular intervals, to watch over and safeguard its border with a neighboring state with which it may or may not have friendly relations.  Such posts are staffed by border guards and are at all times connected by radio communication with ongoing border patrols in their region and the force headquarters in the interior of the country for their day-to-day functioning, passing on intelligence and for requesting supplies and any needed reinforcements in emergencies.

Depending on the length and breadth of a country's borders and geography, they could be located in a wide variety of terrain, including the inhospitable areas that often mark political boundaries.

Layout
Border outposts, where available, are built on strategic locations which are usually elevated at the highest points in the local terrain and where possible on hilltops along the border.

Depending upon international relations with the neighboring country and local strategic needs, BOPs are sometimes built with an assortment of a few administration and residential buildings or tents, an armory, trenches, bunkers, wire obstacles and fortified machine gun positions with a watchtower.

A flagpole flying the country's national flag may be located on the premise along with a Wireless Communication Antenna and a designated clearing as a make-do helipad.

Peacetime function
Border outposts are staffed in peacetime by the border guard to check smuggling, infiltration by spies of untrusted neighboring countries, insurgents bent on smuggling weapons and explosives for terrorist attacks and subversive activities, illegal immigration and human trafficking etc.. They usually have watchtowers where soldiers are posted day and night on Sentry duty looking for intruders and illegal cross-border activity of any kind. Patrols go out regularly to patrol the international border to check illegal crossings and track any footprints of those who may have crossed over illegally or attempted to. In case intrusion by foreign elements is confirmed, it is the responsibility of the Border guard based on the BOP to trace the intruders by checking the nearby settlements, villages and towns and inform the law enforcement agencies, Customs and Police authorities.

Wartime function
During wartime however the Border guard, the special forces tasked with patrolling the border in peacetime, withdraw from the Border outposts and provide assistance in a limited capacity to the country's regular Army which then comes and mans all the border outposts at the international border facing the enemy neighboring country. Wartime assistance of the Border guard to the Army is essential as they are familiar with the local terrain having patrolled it on a daily basis during peacetime. During wars these BOPs are reworked into well fortified dug-in positions from where regular Army units can operate to defend the territorial integrity of the country.

See also
 Border checkpoint
 Blockhouse
 Outpost (military)
 Observation post
 Border guard

Non-military:
 Human outpost (artificially created controlled human habitat)

References

Borders
Border guards
Fortifications by type
Military strategy
Military science
International relations theory
Military intelligence collection

Border outpost


The African Charter for Popular Participation in Development and Transformation was adopted in February 1990 at the "International Conference on Popular Participation in the Recovery and Development Process in Africa", Arusha, Tanzania.

The Charter was officially adopted at the Twenty-fifth session of the Economic Commission for Africa and Sixteenth meeting of the Economic Commission for Africa Conference of Ministers responsible for Economic Planning and Development.

The Charter was adopted in the context of a deterioration of social and economic conditions in African countries in the 1980s and ratifying parties thought that the lack of "full appreciation of the role popular participation (see public participation plays in the process of recovery and development" was partly to blame.

The Charter was initiated by NGOs, grass-roots organisations and African Governments. The Charter emerged NGO suggestions the 1988 mid-term review of the United Nations Programme of Action for African Economic Recovery and Development, 1986-1990 (UN-PAAERD), which established a framework co-operation between Africa and the international community.

The then UN Secretary-General, Javier Perez de Cuellar stated, in a message to the "International Conference on Popular Participation in the Recovery and Development Process in Africa" that "The continent needs to enter the 1990s with a clean slate, economically speaking, if it is to grasp the opportunities offered by the profound changes of the 1980s", calling for diversification of African national economies, the creation of larger markets, investment in social and economic infrastructure, "and the page needs to be turned on its external indebtedness". Cuellar underlined that in the long run, the recovery and development must be determined by Africa itself and by "the vibrant cultures of its peoples".

See also
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Right to development

References

International development in Africa
Development economics
1990 in Tanzania


Naoroji Furdunji (1817–1885) was a Parsi reformer from Bombay.

He was born at Bharuch and educated at Bombay, becoming a teacher.

During the 1840s, he defended the Zoroastrianism of the Parsis, at that time under pressure from Christian missionary activity, in Fam-i-Farshid which he edited. He was a founder of the Student's Literary and Scientific Society in 1845, with Dadabhai Naoroji, Bhau Daji Laad, Jagannath Shankar Shet, Vishwanath Mandlik and Sorabji Shapurji Bengali. In 1851, with backing from K. N. Kama and in company with other like-minded Parsis, he founded the Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha, becoming its president for the rest of his life. As secretary of the Parsi Law Association from 1855 to 1864 he worked for legal codification.

When the Bombay Association was set up in 1852, Naoroji Furdunji took the major part in drafting its petition, made in 1853, to the British Parliament. He was one of the Association's secretaries, with Bhau Daji, whose investigative activities directed at British governance caused alarm, and a withdrawal of support by the Association's leadership at the time of the petition.

Naoroji Furdunji visited Europe three times, being sent in 1873 by the Sabha and the Bombay Association to London, to give evidence to a parliamentary committee on Indian finance. He worked with the British authorities as an interpreter, for a period from 1836 with Alexander Burnes, and for the Bombay court from 1845 to 1864.

Notes

1817 births
1885 deaths
Parsi people from Mumbai
Scholars from Mumbai
Indian Zoroastrians
19th-century Indian lawyers

Naoroji Furdunji


The Shadow of Night is a long poem written by George Chapman; it was first published in 1594, in an edition printed by Richard Field for William Ponsonby, the prestigious publisher of Edmund Spenser and Sir Philip Sidney.

The poem was Chapman's first significant literary work; it is furnished with abundant notes and references to classical Greek and Roman authors (41 in total, drawn from the Mythologiae of Niccolo Conti). The title page of the first edition gives the title in both English and Greek (Σκία νυκτός, "Skia nyktos"). The poem's reception as an important development in English verse established Chapman's initial literary reputation, which he would later expand and deepen with his subsequent poems, plays, and translations.

Chapman dedicated the work, which he calls a "poor and strange trifle," to fellow poet Matthew Roydon. The dedication contrasts superficial readers, who read verse to "curtail a tedious hour," with those few who "entertained learning in themselves, to the vital warmth of freezing science...." He names three prominent noblemen of the day, "ingenious Darby, deep-searching Northumberland, and skill-embracing heir of Hunsdon...." These were Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby, well known as the patron of the acting company Lord Strange's Men; Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland, the so-called "Wizard Earl;" and George Carey, who succeeded his father as Lord Hunsdon in 1596 and as Lord Chamberlain of England in 1597. Carey served as the patron of the Lord Chamberlain's Men, the acting company of William Shakespeare.

The three noblemen and their associates, like Sir Walter Raleigh, John Dee and Thomas Harriot among others, have been interpreted as members of a clique of advanced thinkers called The School of Night, who were interested in promoting new ideas like the Copernican and Galilean view of a heliocentric solar system, and the spirit of open inquiry that underlay it. Chapman has been seen by some as the Rival Poet of Shakespeare's sonnets.

The work as a whole treats the theme of inspired melancholy, the concept that "melecholia" is not merely a negative state, but rather allows for deep and searching thought, self-examination, and study of the world. While humans often devote their daylight hours to trivial distractions, the night allows serious contemplation. Critics have linked the poem to a strain of abstruse and esoteric Renaissance thought on "Saturnian" melancholy. "No pen can anything eternal write, / That is not steep'd in humor of the night" (lines 376-7).

The poem is divided into two parts, the Hymnus in Noctem and the Hymnus in Cynthiam. The first section of the poem appeals to Night as a primordial goddess, in the spirit of the hymns of Orpheus. In the poem's second half, the portrait of the moon goddess Cynthia represents Queen Elizabeth I, and comprises the type of hagiographic personification that was common in the later Elizabethan era.

Algernon Charles Swinburne noted that though it is his first published poem, The Shadow of Night already expresses Chapman's sense of rejection; Swinburne described the poem as  "full of loud and angry complaints of neglect and slight, endured at the hands of an unthankful and besotted generation." The poem appears to contain an autobiographical reference, indicating that Chapman served in a military campaign in the Dutch Republic under Sir Francis Vere, in the 1591-2 period. Part of the poem was written about the siege of Knodsenburg just outside of Nijmegen that took place between 15–25 July 1591. There Vere helped defeat the Spanish force under the Duke of Parma:

The modern composer Harrison Birtwistle composed an orchestral piece (2001) which he titled The Shadow of the Night after Chapman's poem.

See also
 1594 in poetry

References

External links
 Text of The Shadow of Night included in "The works of George Chapman"
 Guy, Kimberly. Agrippan and Christian Cabbalistic Influences in the Poetics of George Chapman.
 Huntington, John. Virtues Obscured: George Chapman's social strategy.

16th-century poems
British poems
Poetry by George Chapman
1594 poems

The Shadow of Night


Henry Fairfield Osborn, Sr. FRS (August 8, 1857 – November 6, 1935) was an American  paleontologist, and geologist. He was the president of the American Museum of Natural History for 25 years.

Osborn was one of the great dinosaur fossil hunters of the late 19th century, and a eugenist.

Osborn got a Sc.D. in paleontology from Princeton, and was Professor of Comparative Anatomy there from 1883–1890. In 1891, Osborn was hired by Columbia University as a professor of zoology. At the same time, he got a position at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. He served there as the curator of the newly formed Department of Vertebrate Paleontology.

Osborn led the American Museum expedition to Mongolia in 1922–25.

Osborn named and wrote the first descriptions of Tyrannosaurus rex and Velociraptor, and many other dinosaurs. The historian Edward J. Larson described Osborn as "a first-rate science administrator and a third-rate scientist." This seems rather an extreme view: some of the problems he faced are still problems today. For example, he studied Struthiomimus, which is a lightweight running dinosaur. Its lifestyle is still not very clear today.

Under his leadership, staff of the American Museum of Natural History worked on displays. The museum became one of the top exhibitions in the early twentieth century. As a result, the murals, habitat dioramas, and dinosaur mounts attracted millions of visitors, and inspired other museums to imitate. His decision to invest heavily in exhibitions angered curators who hoped to spend more time on their own research.

References

1857 births
1935 deaths
American geologists
American paleontologists
Eugenics
People from Connecticut
Princeton University alumni
Fairfield, Connecticut

Henry Fairfield Osborn


The Dayton Marcos were a Negro league baseball team based from Dayton, Ohio that played during the early twentieth century.

Founding and early years

The Dayton Marcos history predates the formal organized leagues of Negro league baseball. As an independent team, and also as the only black team in the Ohio-Indiana League  they played black and white teams all over the country throughout the 1910s. Early newspaper accounts mention the team as early as 1909, billing them as "one of the strongest Dayton semi-professional teams."

The team was started by Daytonian Moses Moore, a real estate agent.  Moore owned the New Marco Hotel and apparently named his team after that enterprise.  The team was to be entertainment for Dahomey Park, the first black-owned and operated amusement park in the United States. They set up shop in West Side Park, later renamed Westwood Field and located 2 blocks west of Dahomey Park. Local newspapers sometimes referred to the team as "Moses Moore's Marcos."

The flood of 1913
The region suffered a devastating flood in the spring of 1913. Marcos star pitcher Bill Sloan leapt to action, commandeering a boat and rescuing as many as 317 Dayton citizens. In 2013, an anonymous Good Samaritan donated a headstone memorializing Sloan's heroic act.

Negro National League years

1920

The Marcos were founding members of the Negro National League when it was founded on February 13, 1920. They were managed by Candy Jim Taylor, who also played Third Base. With his managerial career spanning three decades, Taylor would go on to be the winningest manager in Negro League history, including winning two Negro League World Series with the Homestead Grays. The Marcos National Negro League home opener was on June 12, 1920 at Westwood Field (present day James H. McGee Blvd. and Rosedale), a 5-4 victory over the Chicago Giants. Local Koke Alexander led the team in hitting with a .350 batting average, while rookie George "Chippy" Britt was the Marcos' workhorse on the mound. Britt would play for 21 more seasons. The Marcos finished the 1920 campaign in seventh place with a 16-36 record, 23 games behind the pennant winning Chicago American Giants.

"Sale" and franchise split
The league's winter meetings kicked off on December 4 with owner John Matthews present as representative of the Marcos. Early accounts announced the sale of the Marcos to businessmen in Columbus, Ohio, where it was rechristened as the Columbus Buckeyes. However, a 1943 column in The Pittsburgh Courier written by Hall of Fame player, manager, and executive Cum Posey detailed the true story: "Mathews[sic] of the Dayton Marcos went to sleep in the league meeting. When he awoke "Rube" had taken his franchise and divided his players among the other clubs." While the press billed the move as a transfer and several former Marcos joined the Buckeyes, Matthews continued to operate the Marcos as an independent team. In April, the club hosted the Buckeyes in a 10-5 loss at Westwood Field.

1926
John Matthews, still owner of the Marcos, was present at NNL winter meetings and the Marcos were slated to rejoin the NNL in 1923. However, the team would not rejoin league play until 1926. The Marcos made agreements with local clubs to once again using Westwood Field with plans to renovate their old home including additional seating. Local star catcher Eddie Huff was signed as field manager. The 1926 Marcos were a revolving door of names and faces, with as many as 43 different men wearing a Dayton uniform in league play. In June the Marcos made headlines by grabbing former star shortstop Joe Dewitt from the St. Louis Stars, purchasing him outright along with 4 other players. Hewitt struggled in his new home, hitting .079 in league play. Hewitt was briefly backed up by 20 year old rookie shortstop Alex Radcliff, who would later garner 11 All-Star selections with the Chicago American Giants. On July 13, the Marcos travelled to Schorling Park in Chicago to face the American Giants. The day ended in the Marcos landing on the wrong side of a 13-0 no-hitter by Rube Currie in the second game of a doubleheader. Just six days later, the team withdrew from league play. The Marcos ended the year in last place with a 6-36 record.

Independent
After leaving the NNL, the Marcos returned to independent play and participated in the integrated Indiana-Ohio League, winning the championship in 1932. Pitcher Ray Brown got his start with the team in 1930 before embarking on a career that led to the Hall of Fame.

Final years
Long time owner Matthews died at home in Dayton in spring of 1942, and his Marcos were remembered as "the means of keeping semi pro ball alive" in Dayton. By 1943, the Marcos had rebranded at least twice as the independent Dayton Monarchs and Dayton Elks. By 1947, the Marcos name had returned and the team was a member of the minor Western American Association. Newspaper coverage of the Marcos fades after 1950, and in 1952 Westwood Field (then known as Sucher's Park) was sold for redevelopment.

Legacy
In 2011, the entire Marcos franchise was honored with a permanently installed marker in the Dayton Walk of Fame, located in the historic Wright-Dunbar Business District in the city. From 2016-2019, Sinclair Community College the Negro Leagues by wearing replicas of Marcos and other jerseys for several games. On June 12, 2021, the City of Dayton celebrated "Dayton Marcos Day."

Notable players
 Chippy Britt
 Ray Brown
 Joe Dewitt
 Dizzy Dismukes
 Alex Radcliffe
 Candy Jim Taylor

See also
 :Category:Dayton Marcos players
1920 Dayton Marcos season

References

External links
 Franchise history at Seamheads.com
 1920 Dayton Marcos Calendar
 Dayton Baseball History

Negro league baseball teams
Baseball in Dayton, Ohio
1910s establishments in Ohio
Defunct baseball teams in Ohio
Baseball teams disestablished in 1942
Baseball teams established in 1910

Dayton Marcos


This is a partial list of herbs and herbal treatments with known or suspected adverse effects, either alone or in interaction with other herbs or drugs.  Non-inclusion of an herb in this list does not imply that it is free of adverse effects.  In general, the safety and effectiveness of alternative medicines have not been scientifically proven and remain largely unknown. Beyond adverse effects from the herb itself, "adulteration, inappropriate formulation, or lack of understanding of plant and drug interactions have led to adverse reactions that are sometimes life threatening or lethal."

Most of the adverse effects stated in this list are associated with only a small percentage of cases; they should be understood as potential risks rather than as certainties.

Herbs, treatments, and constituents with known or suspected adverse effects

Herbs with adverse drug interactions

Herbal plants associated with allergic reactions

See also
 Alternative medicine
 Herbalism
 List of branches of alternative medicine
 List of plants used in herbalism
 List of poisonous plants

References

Herbalism

List of herbs with known adverse effects


Inter-professional associations are state-recognized private organizations that group together participants from all stages of the same agricultural commodity chain ( in French), with the objectives of elaborating policies, guaranteeing equity among the members, facilitating the improvement of the performance of the chain and defending the interests of the members. There are around sixty such associations in France and several in Francophone countries of Africa. A particular feature of inter-professional associations is that the membership is made up of associations that represent the individual chain professions. This is in contrast, for example, to commodity associations in the United States, where membership is largely of individuals and companies. Many developing countries have few or no associations that cover an entire commodity chain and there would appear scope for the development of such organizations to promote improved liaison with governments.

Inter-professional associations in developing countries
In developing countries, inter-professional associations are becoming an increasingly important form of participatory development.
Factors influencing the importance of these associations in the development of the agro-food sector include:
 A clear definition of the mandate of the association;
 The level of resources at its disposal;
 The skills of its management and directors;
 The level of support and commitment from members towards the association.

The main functions of an association are to define, represent, defend and promote the interests of its members. Inter-professional associations are much more prevalent in Latin America than in other developing regions, although French and Canadian government support has led to development of such associations in Francophone Africa, based on the models from those two countries. In Asia, the concept is even rarer. A notable exception is Vietnam, where the government has encouraged the development of inter-professional organizations to help structure those sectors whose products have export potential, such as tea, coffee, and fruit.

References

Trade associations
Types of organization

Inter-professional association


The 2001 Houston Cougars football team, also known as the Houston Cougars, Houston, or UH represented the University of Houston in the 2001 NCAA Division I-A football season.  It was the 56th year of season play for Houston, and the only winless season in the school's history. The team was coached by Dana Dimel.  The team played its home games at Robertson Stadium, a 32,000-person capacity stadium on-campus in Houston.

Schedule

References

Houston
Houston Cougars football seasons
College football winless seasons
Houston Cougars football

2001 Houston Cougars football team


Lucretia is a 1664 history painting of Roman noblewoman Lucretia, historically attributed to the Dutch Golden Age painter Rembrandt in the collection of the National Gallery of Art. In 2015, Ernst van de Wetering of the Rembrandt Research Project said that "the formal properties and execution of [this] painting, I am convinced, exclude the possibility that it could be an autograph work by Rembrandt", and that the painting recalls Aert de Gelder. The painting is not included in the project's 2015 Rembrandt corpus (while the 1666 Lucretia is).

Painting
This painting was documented by Hofstede de Groot in 1915, who wrote:218. LUCRETIA. Sm. 192; Bode 375; Dut. 114; Wb. 357; B-HdG. 595. Seen in full face with the lips parted. She inclines her head slightly to the left, in which direction she is looking. With her right hand she points a dagger at her breast; her uplifted left hand is stretched out. She wears a rich dress of greenish gold with wide sleeves and a laced bodice. Round her throat are a pearl necklace and a string with a pendant; in her ear is a pearl. Life size, more than half-length. Signed on the left, "Rembrandt f. 1664"; canvas, 46 inches by 39 inches. Exhibited at the British Institution, London, 1832, No. 44; at the Hudson-Fulton Celebration, Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1909, No. 105 [lent by M. C. D. Borden]; [in London, June 1913, by M. Knoedler and Co.]; at Amsterdam, 1913. Etched by W. Koepping in L' Art, and in the Demidoff sale-catalogue. Mentioned by Vosmaer, pp. 367, 564; by Bode, pp. 524, 608; by Dutuit, p. 58; by Michel, pp. 489, 563 [380-82, 435].

Sales. Lapeyriere, Paris, April 19, 1825 (1300 francs). London, 1826 (£199 : 10s., bought in). Michael Zachary, London, 1828 (£115 : 10s., Sir T. Lawrence for Munro). H. A. J. Munro of Novar, London, March 26, 1859. Prince Paul Demidoff, San Donato, near Florence, March 15, 1880, No. 1146 (14,700 francs). In the possession of the Paris dealer S. Bourgeois.
Sale. M. C. D. Borden, New York, February 13, 1913 (26,000, M. Knoedler and Co.). In the possession of Fred. Muller and Co., Amsterdam. In the collection of August Janssen, Amsterdam."

Before him, Smith wrote:192. The Death of Lucretia, The Roman heroine is represented in a loose and neglected attire, standing in a front view, her countenance, indicating the firm resolve of her injured honour, is slightly raised, while her right hand plunges the dagger in her bosom. Colour, effect, and dexterous execution, are the chief qualities of this production, which, according to the date, 1664, must have been one of his last works.
3ft. 6 in. by 3ft.— C. Collection of M. Lapeyriere, Paris, 1825. . 1300 fs. 52l.
In a sale at Mr. H. Phillips, . . 1826. . (bt. in.) 190 gs. Collection of Michael Zachary, Esq., . . 1828 110 gs.
Exhibited in the British Gallery in 1832. Now in the collection of J. H. Munro, Esq.

Two years later Rembrandt made another painting of Lucretia, depicting the moment after she stabs herself:

See also
List of paintings by Rembrandt

References

 Lucretia in the Demidov sale catalog on archive.org
 Lucretia in the RKD

External links
 At the National Gallery of Art

Mythological paintings by Rembrandt
1664 paintings
Rembrandt
Works of uncertain authorship
Collections of the National Gallery of Art

Lucretia (Rembrandt, 1664)


Percy d'Aguilar Banks (9 May 1885 – 26 April 1915) played first-class cricket for Somerset in 1903 and 1908. He was born at Bath, Somerset and died in the First World War fighting at the Ypres salient, Belgium.

Banks was educated at Cheltenham College and as a schoolboy cricketer he made 103 in the annual Cheltenham match against Haileybury College at Lord's in 1902. A right-handed batsman, he appeared in a single match for Somerset in  1903 and then returned for six more games in 1908, batting mostly in the middle- or lower order but on occasion opening the batting. He made some runs in most games, but his highest score in first-class cricket was only 30, made against Yorkshire in his last first-class game.

Graduating from the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, in 1903, Banks became an officer in the Duke of Edinburgh's Wiltshire Regiment. In 1906, he was promoted from second lieutenant to full lieutenant and was attached to the Queen's Own Corps of Guides, one of the British India regiments. He was further promoted to be captain in 1912. At the time of his death in the First World War, he was attached to the 57th Wilde's Rifles, an Indian Army regiment that was transferred back to Europe to join the fighting in and around Ypres. During the war, he had been mentioned in dispatches. His death is commemorated on the Menin Gate in Ypres.

References

1885 births
1915 deaths
English cricketers
Indian Army personnel killed in World War I
British Indian Army officers
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Cricketers from Bath, Somerset
Somerset cricketers
Wiltshire Regiment officers
Corps of Guides (India) officers
Military personnel from Somerset

Percy Banks


हे एक आंतरजाल-आधारित सहयोग, विकी सॉफ्टवेर व मॅशप प्लॅटफॉर्म आहे. त्याचे दोन भाग पडतात: फ्रंटएंड (पीएचपीमध्ये लिहलेले) व एक एपीआय (सी# मध्ये लिहलेले). डेकी फ्रंट-एंड व बॅक-एंड हे ग्नू जीपीएल परवान्याअंतर्गत वितरित झाले आहेत तर ड्रीम सर्व्हिस लेयर अपॅचे परवान्याअंतर्गत प्रकाशित झाले आहे. त्यामुळे ते मुक्त-स्रोत व मोफत सॉफ्टवेर बनले आहे.

MindTouch packages some proprietary connectors on top of the open source edition to provide a commercial version of Deki, currently branded 'MindTouch 2009', which is commercially supported.

As of 5 February 2009, Deki was the 2nd-ranked project on the open source hosting site SourceForge, where it was Project of the Month in May 2008.

इतिहास

MindTouch originally developed Deki as a fork of मीडियाविकी, replacing wikitext with XHTML, adding a WYSIWYG editor, adding page and file search using Lucene, adding page hierarchies, and wrapping it all in a new UI.

For the "Hayes" release in July 2007, the backend was completely reimplemented in C#, resulting in an API built as web services on top of the new Dream server and toolset.

The most recent major release, "Lyons" (release in March 2009), and the associated commercial version MindTouch 2009, introduces push notifications on content change, key/value properties on page, user and file objects, and the "JEM" (Javascript Events & Messages) framework, which provides event coordination and message passing. JEM integrates with the jQuery library and PageBus, a JavaScript event and message bus, to build rich internet applications.

स्थापत्य

डेकी एपीआय

Deki differs from other wikis by decoupling the frontend and the business logic. The web frontend interacts with the services via a REST API. This separation means that users can easily interact with the wiki in any language of their choice, using a web services architecture. The Deki API is commonly deployed, and fully supported on लिनक्स using Mono, as well as Windows on the .NET framework.

Each wiki page is automatically exposed as an XML Web Service, which can be operated on using standard HTTP verbs.

ड्रीम तंत्रज्ञान
The Deki API is built on a service layer called Dream (Distributed REST Application Manager), a REST framework for building web services on the .NET platform..

वेब फ्रंट-एंड

The most common interface to the Deki API is its PHP frontend. This frontend provides users with a full-featured wiki, built using a WYSIWYG editor.

इतर फ्रंट-एंड

Other frontends to the Deki API available in the form of "connectors"; a Desktop Connector allows publishing from Microsoft Windows, while an Outlook Connector allows publishing of documents from Microsoft Outlook. A plugin for Microsoft Word is under development.
An open-source iPhone interface named DekiMobile was released in November 2008.

मुख्य भाग

Content authoring

All information in Deki pages is stored as XML, rather than wikitext. Pages are edited using a GUI editor, and can be manipulated as an XML web service. The frontend supports embedding rich media and has a built-in image gallery.

Deki supports internal and external authentications. Permissions can be applied to individual pages or page hierarchies.

डेकीस्क्रिप्ट

मध्ये डेकीस्क्रिप्ट नावाची पूर्ण स्क्रिप्टिंग भाषा आहे. DekiScript, a light-weight, interpreted programming language, allows users to add dynamic content to wiki pages. It can be embedded directly into wiki pages or used in XML extensions.

उदाहरण

DekiScript is inserted using double curly braces. Hello World can be written easily:

{{ 'Hello World' }}

Dynamic content can be added using DekiScript functions. this example will display the name of the current user, and the text of the current day (e.g. Wednesday):

Hi {{ User.Name }}, it's {{ Date.DayName(Date.Now) }}.

वेब २.० व मॅशप

A primary benefit of MindTouch Deki is the ability to use DekiScript to perform mashups. The open source edition of Deki ships with extensions allowing connection to over 100 web services, including systems such as Dapper , Flickr, Google Maps, Windows Live and Yahoo.

A commercial license enables features such as connectors to SugarCRM, Salesforce, LinkedIn, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server and Microsoft Access.

LinuxInsider describes this feature as "let[ting] site admins rope in applications -- legacy systems, CRM and ERP apps, databases and Web 2.0 tools -- and hand them over to business users to create mashups, templates, dynamic reports and dashboards."

भाषा

Multi-language support (named polyglot by MindTouch) allows hosting content in multiple languages on a single site. Language can be specified by user, site, section and pages, adapting the UI to the specified language. Search is available across all languages and results are prioritized by the user's default language. MindTouch cite the 8.05 release of Deki as the first polyglot application on the web.

Deployment

Deki is available as a package for Ubuntu, Debian, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Fedora, CentOS, and SUSE, in both open source  and commercial editions. The source code is available for each release on Sourceforge, and a public SVN repository is available .

Users of the Commercial edition are also offered a Windows Installer (.MSI) package.

A popular deployment option is a VMware virtual machine; the VMware appliance is certified.

Public deployments

One of the highest profile deployments of Deki is at Mozilla's developer wiki, where over 25,000 pages were migrated from MediaWiki to Deki.. Deki also powers WhoRunsGov.com, a community site launched in January 2009 by the Washington Post.

References

विकी सॉफ्टवेअर

माइंडटच डेकी


The Kyle Petty Charity Ride Across America is an annual, cross-country motorcycle ride that travels to raise awareness and funds for Victory Junction, a camp created to enrich the lives of children with chronic or life-threatening medical illnesses. One of the most successful and popular charity events in the country, the Ride engages celebrities, sponsors, motorcycle enthusiasts, fans and local communities. The Ride was founded in 1995 by NASCAR driver Kyle Petty.

About

The Kyle Petty Charity Ride Across America is a week-long motorcycle trek through various cities nationwide. Since the Ride began in 1995, more than 7,950 riders have logged 11.6 million cumulative motorcycle miles and raised $17.5 million for Victory Junction and other children's charities.

Beneficiaries

Victory Junction

Since its inception by Kyle in 2004 in honor of his late son Adam, Victory Junction has served as the Ride's primary beneficiary. Located on 84 acres in Randleman, North Carolina, Victory Junction exists to enrich the lives of children with chronic or life-threatening illnesses by creating camping experiences that are memorable, fun, empowering, physically safe and medically sound. As a result of the Ride, 7,985 children have attended Victory Junction at no cost to their families. Every week of summer, up to 120 kids can go to the camp for 5 days.

History

The inspiration for the Ride came in 1994, when Petty and three friends rode their motorcycles from North Carolina to a NASCAR race at Phoenix International Raceway. Friends joined the ride along the way, and by the time the group reached Phoenix, it had grown to 30 riders. The turnout inspired Petty, and he decided to nurture the event into something bigger; thus the Kyle Petty Charity Ride Across America was born.

Over the years, many celebrities have participated in the ride, including many NASCAR legends and personalities like Richard Petty, Donnie Allison, Harry Gant, Hershel McGriff, Tony Stewart and Matt Kenseth. Other notable riders have included John Boy and Billy, Paul Teutul Sr., Rutledge Wood, Davis Love III, Herschel Walker, and Brad Daugherty.

There was one event casualty: in 2020 when the Ride was cancelled on COVID-19 pandemic grounds.

References

External links
 Official website
 Victory Junction website

1995 establishments in the United States
Children's charities based in the United States
Health-related fundraisers
Kyle Petty
Recurring events established in 1995

Kyle Petty Charity Ride Across America


The Bethania Historic District encompasses the historic planned center of the town of Bethania, North Carolina.  A National Historic Landmark District, it is a rare example of a Moravian linear agricultural village in the United States, planned and founded in 1759.  Land use and road patterns of the original plan are still discernible in the community.  It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2001, and is at  the largest historic district in Forsyth County.

Description and history

Bethania is located on the outskirts of Winston-Salem, North Carolina, in the northwestern part of Forsyth County.  The area that is now Forsyth County was sold to members of the Moravian Church, who called the area Wachovia.  In 1753 they established a temporary community at Bethabara, with the intent of establishing permanent settlements elsewhere on the tract.  Planned by Christian Philip Gottlieb Reuter, Bethania was the first permanent settlement laid out and established in 1759 on  of the nearly  Wachovia tract.  Reuter's plan called for a compact village settlement near Muddy Creek, with agricultural areas near the creek and in the uplands above the village.  The settlement had four defined areas, each of which was divided into 24 parcels: Residential Lots, Orchard Lots, Bottom Lots, and Upland Lots, reflecting their locations and intended uses.  A network of roads was laid out to provide access to these parcels.  This basic plan was enlarged as the threat of Native American attack subsided, with new lots allocated into the 19th century.
The original road layout and usage of a significant portion of the original layout of the community is still visible in Bethania today.  The principal through roads and access roads are Main Street, Bethania Road, Bethania-Rural Hall Road, and Loesch's Lane, with the village center further served by Town Lot Drive.  Many of the agricultural lots continue to see agricultural use, although some have been developed into residential subdivisions.  Some of the buildings lining Main Street date to the 1760s and 1770s, representing the early development of the town.

Historic Bethania operates a visitor center, and provides a map for self-guided walking tours of the town.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places listings in Forsyth County, North Carolina

References

External links
Visit Historic Bethania, North Carolina's First Planned Moravian Settlement

Geography of Forsyth County, North Carolina
Moravian settlement in North Carolina
National Historic Landmarks in North Carolina
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Forsyth County, North Carolina

Bethania Historic District


The Hermitage was a large residence situated in Ancaster, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, which now exists as ruins and is part of The Hermitage and Gatehouse Museum maintained by the Hamilton Conservation Authority. The location is a popular destination for hikers and people interested in the paranormal.

History
The Hermitage was originally built in 1830 by the Reverend George Sheed. The property is about two miles west of Ancaster, in the Dundas Valley.

Otto Ives (1801–1835) was the third land owner. He was an English officer who had fought in the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire. He met Magdalene Diamanti, a daughter of the Governor of an Aegean island. They married in Corfu in 1824, and had arrived in Ancaster by 1833. They brought her sister or niece with them to act as a companion for Mrs Ives. It was here that Otto Ives purchased the Hermitage from the heirs of George Sheed. Ives had hired a coachman by the name of William Black. Although it is said that Black was also a tutor in the English language, evidence exists that this post was filled by Mary Rosebeury (later Mrs Peter Filman of Hamilton).

The ladies of the household spoke only Greek, and it is said that Black fell in love with the sister or niece. Black asked Otto Ives for his niece's hand in marriage, but Ives was very upset by the thought, and rejected the proposal. The next morning, Ives and his wife were due to go out for the day, but the coachman was not at the front door with the carriage as planned. Ives went out to the barn to see why the coachman had not appeared, and discovered Black's body hanging from the rafters in the barn near the first Hermitage.

Although this story has become legend in Ancaster, and although Otto Ives owned the Hermitage in the 1830s, there is little other information from the time to substantiate the legend of the coachman and the niece's love affair. There is also a note appended to deeds of sale, mentioning that a family friend had hanged himself from a tree in the bush, because of love for the niece.

In 1853, the Hermitage was purchased by George Gordon Browne Leith (1812–1887) and his wife Eleanor Ferrier (1814–1900). Over the next several years, a large stone house, attendant outbuildings, a farmhouse, barns, and entrance lodge were constructed.

After Mrs Leith's death, the property was purchased by her youngest daughter, Eleanor Alma Dick Lauder (1854–1942). She lived here until the house was destroyed by fire in 1934, and afterwards, in a small house constructed inside the ruins.

Museum
Today the property is part of the Hermitage and Gatehouse Museum, maintained by the Hamilton Conservation Authority, and affiliated with the Canadian Museums Association, Canadian Heritage Information Network, and Virtual Museum of Canada.

References

External Links/Media
The Ancaster Hermitage: Historical Fiction Novel and Screenplay by Canadian author Betty Greiser

Museums in Hamilton, Ontario
1830 establishments in Upper Canada

The Hermitage (Hamilton, Ontario)


In computing and computer programming, exception handling is the process of responding to the occurrence of exceptions – anomalous or exceptional conditions requiring special processing – during the execution of a program. In general, an exception breaks the normal flow of execution and executes a pre-registered exception handler; the details of how this is done depend on whether it is a hardware or software exception and how the software exception is implemented.

Exception handling, if provided, is facilitated by specialized programming language constructs, hardware mechanisms like interrupts, or operating system (OS) inter-process communication (IPC) facilities like signals. Some exceptions, especially hardware ones, may be handled so gracefully that execution can resume where it was interrupted.

Definition

The definition of an exception is based on the observation that each procedure has a precondition, a set of circumstances for which it will terminate "normally". An exception handling mechanism allows the procedure to raise an exception if this precondition is violated, for example if the procedure has been called on an abnormal set of arguments.

The exception handling mechanism then handles the exception.
The precondition, and the definition of exception, is subjective. The set of "normal" circumstances is defined entirely by the programmer, e.g. the programmer may deem division by zero to be undefined, hence an exception, or devise some behavior such as returning zero or a special "ZERO DIVIDE" value (circumventing the need for exceptions). Common exceptions include an invalid argument (e.g. value is outside of the domain of a function), an unavailable resource (like a missing file, a hard disk error, or out-of-memory errors), or that the routine has detected a normal condition that requires special handling, e.g., attention, end of file.

Exception handling solves the semipredicate problem, in that the mechanism distinguishes normal return values from erroneous ones. In languages without built-in exception handling such as C, routines would need to signal the error in some other way, such as the common return code and errno pattern.

Taking a broad view, errors can be considered to be a proper subset of exceptions, and explicit error mechanisms such as errno can be considered (verbose) forms of exception handling. The term "exception" is preferred to "error" because it does not imply that anything is wrong - a condition viewed as an error by one procedure or programmer may not be viewed that way by another.

Even the term "exception" may be misleading because its typical connotation of "outlier" indicates that something infrequent or unusual has occurred, when in fact raising the exception may be a normal and usual situation in the program. For example, suppose a lookup function for an associative array throws an exception if the key has no value associated. Depending on context, this "key absent" exception may occur much more often than a successful lookup.

A major influence on the scope and use of exceptions is social pressure, i.e. "examples of use, typically found in core libraries, and code examples in technical books, magazine articles, and online discussion forums, and in an organization's code standards".

History

The first hardware exception handling was found in the UNIVAC I from 1951.
Arithmetic overflow executed two instructions at address 0 which could transfer control or fix up the result.
Software exception handling developed in the 1960s and 1970s. Exception handling was subsequently widely adopted by many programming languages from the 1980s onward.

Hardware exceptions

There is no clear consensus as to the exact meaning of an exception with respect to hardware. From the implementation point of view, it is handled identically to an interrupt: the processor halts execution of the current program, looks up the interrupt handler in the interrupt vector table for that exception or interrupt condition, saves state, and switches control.

IEEE 754 floating-point exceptions

Exception handling in the IEEE 754 floating-point standard refers in general to exceptional conditions and defines an exception as "an event that occurs when an operation on some particular operands has no outcome suitable for every reasonable application. That operation might signal one or more exceptions by invoking the default or, if explicitly requested, a language-defined alternate handling."

By default, an IEEE 754 exception is resumable and is handled by substituting a predefined value for different exceptions, e.g. infinity for a divide by zero exception, and providing status flags for later checking of whether the exception occurred (see C99 programming language for a typical example of handling of IEEE 754 exceptions). An exception-handling style enabled by the use of status flags involves: first computing an expression using a fast, direct implementation; checking whether it failed by testing status flags; and then, if necessary, calling a slower, more numerically robust, implementation.

The IEEE 754 standard uses the term "trapping" to refer to the calling of a user-supplied exception-handling routine on exceptional conditions, and is an optional feature of the standard. The standard recommends several usage scenarios for this, including the implementation of non-default pre-substitution of a value followed by resumption, to concisely handle removable singularities.

The default IEEE 754 exception handling behaviour of resumption following pre-substitution of a default value avoids the risks inherent in changing flow of program control on numerical exceptions. For example, the 1996 Cluster spacecraft launch ended in a catastrophic explosion due in part to the Ada exception handling policy of aborting computation on arithmetic error. William Kahan claims the default IEEE 754 exception handling behavior would have prevented this.

In programming languages

In user interfaces

Front-end web development frameworks, such as React and Vue, have introduced error handling mechanisms where errors propagate up the user interface (UI) component hierarchy, in a way that is analogous to how errors propagate up the call stack in executing code. Here the error boundary mechanism serves as an analogue to the typical try-catch mechanism. Thus a component can ensure that errors from its child components are caught and handled, and not propagated up to parent components.

For example, in Vue, a component would catch errors by implementing errorCapturedVue.component('parent', {
    template: '
<slot></slot>
',
    errorCaptured: (err, vm, info) => alert('An error occurred');
})
Vue.component('child', {
    template: '
{{ cause_error() }}
'
})When used like this in markup:<parent>
    <child></child>
</parent>The error produced by the child component is caught and handled by the parent component.

See also
 Triple fault
 Data validation

Notes

References

External links
 A Crash Course on the Depths of Win32 Structured Exception Handling by Matt Pietrek - Microsoft Systems Journal (1997)
 Article "C++ Exception Handling" by Christophe de Dinechin
 Article "Exceptional practices" by Brian Goetz
 Article "Object Oriented Exception Handling in Perl" by Arun Udaya Shankar
 Article "Programming with Exceptions in C++" by Kyle Loudon
 Article "Unchecked Exceptions - The Controversy"
 Conference slides Floating-Point Exception-Handling policies (pdf p. 46)  by William Kahan
 Descriptions from Portland Pattern Repository
 Does Java Need Checked Exceptions?

Control flow
Software anomalies

Exception handling


The Capt. John Gunnison House is a historic house on Goshen Center Road in Goshen, New Hampshire.  Built in 1812, it is one of the town's finer examples of Federal architecture.  It was the childhood home and likely birthplace of John Williams Gunnison, a military officer who led exploratory expeditions in Colorado.  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

Description and history
The Captain John Gunnison House is located in a rural setting of central Goshen, on the north side of Goshen Center Road about  east of New Hampshire Route 31.  It is a two-story wood-frame structure, with a hip roof and clapboarded exterior.  Its main facade has five bays, with the door centered, with flanking sidelight windows and a false fanlight above.  A single-story porch extends across the center three bays, supported by round columns.  Two interior chimneys rise behind the main roof ridge, and only one of its original four fireplaces survives.  The interior includes a number of 19th-century features, including stencilwork and feather painting.

The house was built in 1812 on an  parcel that was one of the first to be granted in the town, to Samuel Gunnison.  Explorer John Williams Gunnison was born in 1812, so this may have been the place of his birth. Gunnison was killed by Native Americans in 1853 during an exploratory expedition in what is now Utah. Geographic features in Colorado, where he also led expeditions, bear his name. The house was sold out of the Gunnison family by 1890.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Sullivan County, New Hampshire

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Federal architecture in New Hampshire
Houses completed in 1812
Houses in Goshen, New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Sullivan County, New Hampshire
1812 establishments in New Hampshire

Capt. John Gunnison House


Derby is the county town of Derbyshire. It may also refer to:

Places
In Australia:
 Derby, Tasmania
 Derby, Western Australia

In South Africa:
 Derby, South Africa

In the United Kingdom:
 Derby Road railway station, Ipswich, England
 West Derby, Liverpool, England

In the United States:
 Derby, Colorado
 Derby, Connecticut
 Derby, Iowa
 Derby, Kansas
 Derby, New York
 Derby, Vermont
 Derby Line, Vermont

Sport
 Derby County F.C., a football club currently playing in the Premier League
 Derby (horse race), a race usually restricted to three year old horses
 Epsom Derby
 German Derby
 Kentucky Derby
 New Zealand Derby
 Victoria Derby

 Local derby, a game between two neighbouring teams
 Demolition derby
 Roller derby
 Soap Box Derby
 Bike derby
 Fishing derby
 Home Run Derby

Other meanings
 Apache Derby, a Java relational database management system from Apache Software Foundation (ASF)
 Earl of Derby, a title in the peerage of England
 Derby hat, another name for a bowler hat
 Derby shoe
 Derby cigarettes, a brand of cigarettes sold in some parts of Latin America
 Royal Crown Derby, a pottery factory in Derby, England
 Derby Missile, a beyond-visual-range (BVR) air-to-air missile developed by RAFAEL Armament Development Authority.
 Derby Records, a record label.
 Sage Derby cheese, a kind of cheese.

Derby (disambiguation)


Omar Mokhtar El-Hariri ( – 2 November 2015) was a leading figure of the National Transitional Council of Libya who served as the Minister of Military Affairs in 2011, during the Libyan Civil War. He controlled the National Liberation Army and the Free Libyan Air Force from March to May 2011. He served on the council Executive Board before being replaced by Jalal al-Digheily, and he headed Military Affairs in the unicameral National Transitional Council legislature.

El-Hariri was involved in the initial 1969 coup against the monarchy that began Muammar Gaddafi's 42-year rule of Libya. He organised a plot to overthrow Gaddafi in 1975. When the coup was uncovered, 300 men were arrested, four of whom died during interrogation. Of the remainder, 21 were sentenced to death, including El-Hariri. He was imprisoned for 15 years from 1975 to 1990 under a death sentence, with four and a half years in solitary confinement. Gaddafi commuted the sentence in 1990 and El-Hariri was subsequently placed under house arrest until the Libyan civil war broke out in 2011. After breaking free of his detention, El-Hariri eventually became the political head of the National Transitional Council's armed forces.

In an interview with The Globe and Mail, El-Hariri said of Libya's future, "They will elect a new president and he will serve for a limited time. He could be removed if he does not serve the people. And, of course, we will need a parliament, and a multiparty system."

On 19 May 2011, The Economist reported Jalal al-Digheily had been appointed "defense minister". Al Jazeera and The Jamestown Foundation later confirmed that Digheily had replaced El-Hariri. Unlike El-Hariri, Digheily was reportedly given a seat on the Executive Board of the National Transitional Council, while the "military affairs" department that El-Hariri had headed was afforded a seat on the council itself.

He died in a road accident on 2 November 2015 on the road between Al Bayda and Al Qubbah.

References

Year of birth missing
2015 deaths
Libyan prisoners sentenced to death
Prisoners sentenced to death by Libya
People of the First Libyan Civil War
Libyan military personnel
Members of the National Transitional Council
National Liberation Army (Libya)
Libyan Sunni Muslims
Road incident deaths in Libya

Libyan politicians convicted of crimes

Omar El-Hariri


The Song of Life is a 1922 American silent drama film directed by John M. Stahl and starring Gaston Glass, Grace Darmond, and Georgia Woodthorpe.

Plot
As described in a film magazine, Mary Tilden (Woodthorpe) finds life as the wife of a railroad track foreman merely a treadmill of dirty dishes, and even her little baby brings no peace. One day, unable to stand it no longer, she boards an eastbound train that has stopped for water and runs away from it all. The same train had killed her husband on a nearby trestle. Twenty-five years later Mary, worn and tired by her fruitless struggle for the "pretty things" always just beyond her grasp, is still washing dishes. Chance brings her young neighbor David (Glass) to her door in the nick of time, and Mary finds her niche living in his home and doing the housework for him and his young wife Aline (Darmond). Aline, like Mary so long ago, is wild for the pretty things and loathes the round of housework. With her new freedom, Aline persuades her husband to let her return to work in a music shop. An attractive young publisher, Richard Henderson (Nowell), gives her a ride home one rainy night. When David goes to discuss selling the story he has been working on, he finds his wife's picture on the publisher's desk, and his jealousy is aroused. When his wife leaves for a weekend, he starts out with a pistol. Meanwhile, Mary, reading the story David has written, actually the story of his life, discovers that David is her son. She is disturbed reading of the violence of his hatred towards the mother who deserted him, so does not reveal what she knows. Mary goes to Henderson's apartment and pleads with him to send Arline home. David comes in and fires at Henderson, felling him. Mary tries to assume the blame for the shooting, and as the authorities learn more of the relationships and David tells his story, they believe that David is attempting to shield her from the crime. However, Henderson recovers from his wounds and decides not to prosecute, leading to a reunion among the husband, wife, and mother.

Cast
 Gaston Glass as David Tilden
 Grace Darmond as Aline Tilden
 Georgia Woodthorpe as Mary Tilden
 Richard Headrick as Neighbor's Boy
 Arthur Stuart Hull as District Attorney
 Wedgwood Nowell as Richard Henderson
 Edward Peil Sr. as Amos Tilden
 Fred Kelsey as Police Inspector
 Claude Payton as Central Office Man
 Miriam Bellah as Little Girl

References

Bibliography
 Munden, Kenneth White. The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States, Part 1. University of California Press, 1997.

External links

1922 films
1922 drama films
Silent American drama films
Films directed by John M. Stahl
American silent feature films
1920s English-language films
First National Pictures films
American black-and-white films
1920s American films

The Song of Life (1922 film)


Eustace I, of Boulogne, was a Frankish nobleman and Count of Boulogne. He held the county of Boulogne from 1042 until his death.

Career

He was the oldest son of Count Baldwin II of Boulogne and Adelina of Holland. Eustace became count in 1042. Eustace I was also the count of Lens.

During the minority of Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders, Eustace's grandfather, Arnulf III, Count of Boulogne, broke free of control by the count of Flanders. Both Eustace's father and Eustace himself remained independent. In 995, having reached his majority, Baldwin IV of Flanders tried to take back several of the independently held castles. He also expanded the Flemish borders. This had caused considerable enmity between Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders and Eustace's father. When Baldwin IV's son Baldwin V succeeded him in 1035 Eustace I and Baldwin V of Flanders cooperated on several ventures including several charters. Eustace also signed charters of Baldwin V which limited the powers of the advocates.

Eustace I was allied to the house of Normandy. This was through the marriage of his son Eustace II to Goda, niece of Richard II. Under Eustace I the counts of Boulogne rose to great prominence in Northern France. He was apparently a patron of Samer Abbey near Calais and he is said to have been buried there. In 1028 Eustace I confirmed the foundation of a college of canons at his castle at Lens  Eustace I died in 1049.

Family

Eustace I was married to Matilda of Leuven. She was the daughter of Lambert I, Count of Leuven. Together they had:

 Eustace II of Boulogne.
 Godfrey, Bishop of Paris (1061–1095).
 Lambert II, Count of Lens.
 Gerberga, married Frederick, Duke of Lower Lorraine.

Notes

References

1049 deaths
Year of birth unknown

Eustace I, Count of Boulogne


The Heinkel HD 32 was a trainer developed in Germany in the 1920s, a derivative of the HD 21. Like that aircraft, it was a conventional, single-bay biplane, but had only two cockpits rather than the three that the HD 21 had. The other significant change was the use of a Siemens radial engine in place of the inline units that powered most of the HD 21 family.

A number of HD 32s participated in the 1925 Deutscher Rundflug, including one powered by a Bristol Lucifer engine.

Specifications (variant)

References

1920s German military trainer aircraft
HD 32
Aircraft first flown in 1926

Heinkel HD 32


Google Blog Search was a specialized service of Google used to search blogs. It was discontinued in May 2011. The Blog Search was "the first major search engine to offer full-blown blog and feed search capabilities". It was released in 2005. The bots appeared to be faster than the standard Googlebot, because updates to blogs often become available within hours instead of weeks taken by Googlebot default. The Blog Search searches were done identically to the Google Search by typing your search terms in the search field and seeing the most relevant results related to the topic. The Blog Search looked at various services in the world of blogs like Blogger, LiveJournal, and Weblog. For some time it was possible to force Google to access and search the Blogsearch database by manually formatting the URL in your browser's address bar. But in March 2016, Google also took away this access.

Critical response
The following aspects of the Google Blog Search service were met with praise: its ability to index new posts quickly, the option to sort results both "by date" and "by relevance", and the "Advanced search" options which allows for more specific searches. The "Frequently-Asked Questions list" was seen as covering the basics quite well. On the other hand, the "related blogs" service was criticized due to it omitting some of the more prominent niche blogs from searches, including defunct blogs, and spam blogs. Filtering spam was cited as a challenge for the technology, as there have been cases of spam posts appearing in the blogs and posts that the technology located and identified. In a review by Duncan Riley of the Blog Herald, the service was critiqued based on different criteria: search (which was given a "B"), numbers (which was given a "C−"), and size (which was given a "D"). Although the version tested was a beta test, the reviewer was disappointed as "you'd expect something really good from Google". He compared the usefulness of the technology to Technorati, except "with half as many results but without the error messages". In other reviews, the service's speed was commented on in a favourable light, one such review describing it as "freaking fast".

Deprecation
On May 26, 2011, Google announced that Google Blog Search API would be deprecated, along with several other APIs.  As per the deprecation policy, Google Blog Search was shut down on May 26, 2011.

As of February 9, 2017, Google's blog search was still available. Access to Google blog search required the user be on a Google search page, then to click on "News" and then click the "Tools" button. A new menu bar then appeared below the  "Tools" button, and to the left. Clicking the "All news" option made a dropdown menu appear, with the options of "All news" and "Blogs". The user could then select "Blogs".

By February 2021, the "Blogs" option appeared to have completely disappeared from Google's search options. However, users of Google Alerts were still able to select "blogs" as the source for a particular custom alert. To search blogs on Google, search operators "blog" can be used when it is indexed by Google.

See also
 Search as a service

References

Blog Search
Blog Search
2005 software
Blog search engines

Google Blog Search


Stewart Lynell Gordon is an American musician, teacher, writer, editor, composer, and impresario. Gordon is Professor of Keyboard Studies at the USC Thornton School of Music of the University of Southern California as well as the music faculty at the Claremont Graduate University.

As a student, Stewart Gordon studied with a number of prominent pedagogues and concert artists including Olga Samaroff, Walter Gieseking, Cécile Staub Genhart, and Adele Marcus. As a performing pianist, Gordon toured extensively throughout Europe, Asia and the Americas. Gordon's commercially issued recordings include works by Beethoven, Schubert, Schumann, Chopin, Scriabin, Ellis Kohs, Luis de Frietas-Branco, and the complete Rachmaninoff Preludes, although almost all of these are long out of print and only obtainable secondhand. He is officially a Steinway Artist, and he serves on the board of directors of the Steinway Society of Riverside County.

His academic career has included posts at Wilmington College in Ohio, the University of Maryland, where he served as Dean of the Music School, and Queens College, City University of New York, where he served as a Provost and a Vice-President in the Academic Affairs department.

Recordings
Schubert Sonata Op. 143 and Schumann Sonata Op. 11. Washington Records, WR 425, 1965
The Complete Preludes of Rachmaninoff, Vol. I, Op. 23 and Op. 3. Washington Records, WR 426, 1967
The Complete Preludes of Rachmaninoff, Vol. II Op. 32 and 2 early preludes. Washington Records 427, 1966
Schubert German Dances, Washington Records, WR 441, 1968
Stewart Gordon Plays Piano Favorites Beethoven, Scriabin, Debussy, DeFalla. Reformation Records, RR1011, 1968
The Preludes of Freitas-Branco. Gulbenkian Foundation, 1971

Composer
As a composer Gordon has primarily channeled his efforts into musical theater, and his shows have been successfully produced in New York City, Washington, D.C., Savannah, Hollywood, and Hawaii. His musical Libby generated renewed national interest in the historic cabaret performer Libby Holman. Earlier in his career he also wrote the music for the historic pageant "Spirit of the Navy", a project initiated by the Chief of Naval Operations to celebrate the US Navy's 200th birthday. He is involved with book writer Robert Weller in creating a new musical based on the history of Palm Springs, California.

Competitions
He founded the William Kapell International Piano Competition and acted as its director for 15 years. In New York City he founded the Cultural Heritage Competition and the Great Gospel Competition. He is a past President of the Virginia Waring International Piano Competition, and holds the title of Director of International Outreach.  In Savannah, Georgia, he founded the Savannah Onstage Music Festivals, as well as its American Traditions Competition, and acted as their artistic director for 14 years. He has served as an adjudicator for many international competitions, including the Gina Bachauer, William Kapell, Rosa Ponselle, Virginia Waring and the finals of the Canadian Music Competitions, and Music Teachers National Competitions at the regional and national levels.

Entrepreneurial projects
1967– 1985 Founder and Director of University of Maryland International Piano Festival and William Kapell International Piano Competition
1986–1988 Established the Cultural Heritage Competitions in New York City, a competitive festival event for pre-college students featuring special categories of literature: European, Black, Latin, Jewish, East European (piano, strings, winds, voice).
1988–2002 Founder and Director of the Savannah Onstage music festival and the American Traditions Competition

Music
Music through midi Dennis Alexander and Dennis Thurmond, 36 teaching pieces in three volumes for digital keyboard programmed to general midi, Alfred Music Publications, Van Nuys, California, 1994

Publications
The Well Tempered Keyboard Teacher, Schirmer Books, New York: First edition, 1991, co-authors Marienne Uszler and Elyse Mach; Second Edition, 2000, co-authors Marienne Uszler and Scott McBride Smith.
Etudes for Piano Teachers, Reflections on the Teacher's Art, Oxford University Press, New York; Hardcover edition, 1995 paperback edition, 2001.
A History of Keyboard Literature for the Piano and its Forerunners], Schirmer Books, New York; Hardcover edition 1996; paperback edition, 2002.
Mastering the Art of Performance, Oxford University Press, New York, 2005

External links
University of Southern California
Etudes for Piano Teachers: Reflections on the Teacher's Art
Personal Webpage

American classical pianists
American male classical pianists
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
USC Thornton School of Music faculty
Queens College, City University of New York faculty
1930 births
Living people
Wilmington College (Ohio)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Musicians from Kansas
20th-century American pianists
21st-century classical pianists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American pianists

Stewart L. Gordon


The two Spains () is a phrase from a short poem by Spanish poet Antonio Machado. The phrase, referring to the left-right political divisions that later led to the Spanish Civil War, originated in a short, untitled poem, number LIII of his Proverbios y Cantares (Proverbs and Songs).

Antonio Machado himself is an example of this split.
While he wrote a poem to honor the Communist General Enrique Líster, his brother Manuel Machado dedicated another poem to the saber of the rebel Generalissimo Francisco Franco.

The idea of a divided Spain, each half antagonistic to the other half, dates back at least to 19th-century Spanish satirist Mariano José de Larra, who, in his article "All Souls' Day 1836" ["Día de difuntos de 1836"] wrote "Here lies half of Spain. It died of the other half." Later, philosopher Miguel de Unamuno, Machado's contemporary, developed the idea through the Biblical story of Jacob and Esau struggling for dominance in their mother's womb, as in the article "Rebeca" (1914), which may pre-date Machado's quatrain. But historians trace the idea still further back, to the 17th and 18th centuries and the formation of the Spanish character.

Historian Charles J. Esdaile describes Machado's "two Spains" as "the one clerical, absolutist and reactionary, and the other secular, constitutional and progressive," but views this picture of the first Spain as "far too simplistic", in that it lumps the enlightened absolutism of the 18th century Bourbon monarchs with the reactionary politics that simply wanted to restore the "untrammeled enjoyment" of the privileges of the Church and aristocracy. In addition, he states that the populacho—the mass of the common people "pursuing a dimly perceived agenda of their own"—were not loyal to any of these on any long term basis.

See also
Corruption in Spain
:es:¡Vivan las cadenas!

References

External links

Original Spanish-language text of Machado's poem

Historiography of Spain
Phrases
Political history of Spain
Spanish Civil War poems

The two Spains


Tarzan II (also known as Tarzan 2 and Tarzan 2: The Legend Begins) is a 2005 American direct-to-video musical animated film, and the third Disney Tarzan film after Tarzan and Jane, though it chronologically takes place during the events of the original film set during Tarzan's childhood, years before he met Jane. It was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and DisneyToon Studios Australia, with animation outsourced to Toon City Animation. Taking place during Tarzan's youth and before his adulthood, the film follows Tarzan's adventure to discover who he really is. Glenn Close and Lance Henriksen reprise their roles as Kala and Kerchak from the first film while Harrison Chad, Brenda Grate, and Harrison Fahn are the new voices for the younger versions of Tarzan, Terk, and Tantor, replacing Alex D. Linz, Rosie O'Donnell, and Taylor Dempsey. They are joined by new characters voiced by George Carlin, Estelle Harris, Brad Garrett, and Ron Perlman.

Tarzan II was released on VHS and DVD on June 14, 2005.

Plot
During the events of original film as a human orphan being raised by a family of gorillas after his parents were killed in an African jungle, Tarzan is worried that a fabled monster known as the Zugor will someday attempt to capture him. He is disappointed that he can't run as quickly as the other young apes in his family, and his attempts to prove himself keep resulting in chaos, hurting the baby gorillas and disappointing the mother apes and his adoptive father, Kerchak.

That night, when Tarzan fears that the Zugor will capture him, still, after feeling sympathy, his ape mother, Kala, shows him the family tree at the end of the ravine. The next morning, when an accident leads Kala to think Tarzan has died after the gorillas have crossed a ravine, the other apes feel that Tarzan has reached a fitting end. Tarzan believes it is best for everyone involved if he runs away.

Alone in the jungle, Tarzan gets chased by Sabor the leopard to a rocky place known as the Dark Mountain. When the echo of the monster calls, Sabor runs away just as Tarzan is encountered by two hulking, spoiled gorilla brothers, Kago and Uto, and their controlling, over-protective mother Mama Gunda. They fear the Zugor as much as Tarzan does, and when the booming call of the monster again echoes through the valley, the trio flee and Tarzan is able to escape Dark Mountain. He encounters a crotchety old gorilla who at first keeps the boy distant, but Tarzan discovers this gorilla is actually named Zugor and was pretending to be the monster. He uses hollow trees as megaphones to amplify his voice and pretend to be a monster, scaring other jungle creatures away from his territory and food. Tarzan uses this discovery to blackmail Zugor into letting the boy stay with him. Thanks to Tarzan's cheerfulness and helpfulness, Zugor begins to warm up to him. Tarzan continues to try to figure out what he is along with Zugor, but they both promise not to tell anyone.

Meanwhile, Tarzan's two best friends, the young gorilla Terk and the young elephant Tantor, come looking for him, and Kala also finds out that Tarzan is alive, so she goes looking for him as well, but allows the baby gorillas to join her. Terk and Tantor encounter trouble in Dark Mountain in the form of Mama Gunda, Uto, and Kago, but they are able to escape. Terk and Tantor eventually reunite with Tarzan, and the three become best friends once again. They leave Dark Mountain, and Mama Gunda, Uto, and Kago follow them. Tarzan does not want to return home with them but he reveals that there is no monster. Mama Gunda, Uto, and Kago overhear their conversation and learn it was Zugor who was pretending to be the monster; he gets himself into trouble. Uto and Kago wreck Zugor's treehouse in retaliation for scaring them. Zugor accuses Tarzan for breaking his promise and runs away, refusing to help him face the brothers. Terk and Tantor run to go and warn Kerchak. Kala and the baby gorillas arrive near Dark Mountain and also encounter trouble with Mama Gunda, Uto and Kago. Tarzan finally realizes what he is supposed to be: a "Tarzan", with his own special tricks that no one else can do in the jungle, Zugor comes to a similar realization, at which he returns to Tarzan and reconciles with him.

Tarzan is able to use tricks and traps to defeat Uto and Kago as Terk and Tantor try to save Kala and the baby gorillas from falling off a cliff; Tarzan saves Kala just in time. where as Zugor holds Mama Gunda hostage, but due to their connection and Zugor accidentally telling Mama Gunda that she has "beautiful eyes", they both fall in love. Uto and Kago return and are shocked to see them together. Tarzan tells Kala that she was right before and he is a part of her gorilla family.

As the movie ends, Tarzan, Kala, Terk, Tantor and the baby gorillas return to the gorilla troop. Kala gives Tarzan a hug and tells him how proud she is of him for rescuing her from the fall and from Uto and Kago. Mama Gunda punishes her sons for destroying Zugor's treehouse and tells them that there won't be any more fighting or wrecking things. Tarzan, Terk, and Tantor decide to play a monster game; Tarzan is now happy and proud of himself, as he now knows what he is supposed to be. Like the original movie, Tarzan stands on a tree and closes the movie by letting out the typical Tarzan yell.

Voice cast
 Harrison Chad as Tarzan, a young human orphan raised by gorillas in the jungle. Tarzan was a socially awkward kid struggling to fit in with his ape family. When he was growing up, Tarzan had a childhood fear of the Zugor, a mythical monster said to live on Dark mountain. His second fear was that his mother Kala would get hurt because of him.
 Glenn Close as Kala, Tarzan's adoptive gorilla mother loves her son more than anything. Kala is caring and patient unless provoked, or if her family is in danger.
 Brenda Grate as Terk, Tarzan's mischievous, quick-witted and sardonic "cousin". Her full name is Terkina, but she actually goes by Terk.
 Harrison Fahn as Tantor, a germophobic and neurotic elephant, whose best friends are Terk and Tarzan despite these impediments.
 Lance Henriksen as Kerchak, Kala's mate and the leader of the gorilla family in the jungle who holds a dislike on Tarzan because of his human appearance.
 George Carlin as Zugor, an old hermit gorilla living in a hollow tree on Dark Mountain. He is the "monster" feared by Tarzan and almost all the animals, even Sabor before she was killed by the adult version of Tarzan in the first film.
 Estelle Harris as Mama Gunda, an intimidating, loud, physically short and short-tempered mother of Kago and Uto.
 Ron Perlman as Kago, an aggressive, hot-headed gorilla, and an all around bully. A running gag is that he always gets the hiccups when he gets poked around. He is Uto's older brother.
 Brad Garrett as Uto, a cowardly, immature and slow-witted gorilla who likes to throw any creature he finds off a cliff to see if they can fly. He is Kago's younger brother.
 Frank Welker as Animals' vocal effects.
 Connor Hutcherson as Tonka

Reception
The movie was nominated at the 33rd Annie Awards for Best Home Entertainment Production. The film received negative reviews from critics, and holds a score of 33% on Rotten Tomatoes based on six reviews.

Music

Mark Mancina, the first movie's composer, returned to compose the score for the film, joined by Dave Metzger. "Leaving Home" later became the song "I Need to Know" for the Broadway musical version of Tarzan. Phil Collins, who performed the songs for the first film, returns to write new songs for the sequel while reusing the ones from the previous film.

References

External links

2005 films
2005 animated films
2005 direct-to-video films
2000s American animated films
2000s adventure comedy films
2005 fantasy films
American adventure comedy films
American children's animated comedy films
Animated adventure films
Animated films about gorillas
Animated films about elephants
Direct-to-video prequel films
Tarzan (franchise)
Disney direct-to-video animated films
DisneyToon Studios animated films
Animated films about orphans
Animated films set in the 1890s
Animated films set in Africa
Tarzan films
Films scored by Mark Mancina
Films with screenplays by Jim Kammerud
2005 comedy films
2000s children's animated films
Films with screenplays by Noni White
Films with screenplays by Bob Tzudiker
2000s English-language films
American prequel films

Tarzan II


The lowland copperhead or lowlands copperhead (Austrelaps superbus) is a venomous  snake species in the family Elapidae, found in southeastern Australia and Tasmania. It is commonly referred to as the copperhead, but is not closely related to the American copperhead, Agkistrodon contortrix.  If provoked, the lowland copperhead is a dangerous snake with neurotoxic venom, which can kill an adult human if correct first aid is not applied promptly.

Description
The lowland copperhead is generally 1-1.5 m (3–5 feet) long. Their colour varies a great deal, from a coppery mid-brown to yellowish, reddish, grey or  black. The copper head colouring that gave rise to the common name is not always present. Its venom has been measured at 0.5 mg/kg subcutaneous.

Distribution and habitat
It is found in southeastern Australia, including Tasmania. A. superbus has a preference for areas of low vegetation near water bodies where it hunts for frogs, lizards and snakes, including smaller specimens of its own species. It has been found in sandstone ridgetop woodland in the Blue Mountains, west of Sydney, where it is becoming rare, due to increasing fires and the spread of urban settlements.

Venom
The venom of lowland copperhead contains postsynaptic neurotoxins. There have been a dozen reported bites from this species, with one fatality.

References

Austrelaps
Reptiles of Tasmania
Reptiles described in 1858
Taxa named by Albert Günther
Reptiles of Victoria (state)
Snakes of Australia
Reptiles of New South Wales

Lowland copperhead


Pran Krishan Sikand Ahluwalia  (12 February 1920 – 12 July 2013), better known by his mononym, Pran, was an Indian actor, known as one of the greatest villain ever in the history of Indian cinema and character actor in Hindi cinema from the 1940s to the 1990s. He has been one of the most highly successful & respected veteran actors in the history of Indian cinema. He was also one of the highest-paid actors of his time.

He played hero roles from 1940 to 1947, negative characters from 1942 to 1991, and played supporting and character roles from 1967 to 2007. The late 1940s, 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s were the peak periods of Pran's stint as a hostile character actor, especially 1950s & 1960s. Pran was the first true personification of "evil" on the Indian screen. The intensity of his portrayal of negative/villainous characters on the screen was effective enough to desist the Indian people from naming their children "Pran" in the 1950s & 60s & subsequently thereafter (when Pran was at the peak of his villainy).
In a long and prolific career, Pran appeared in over 362 films. He played the leading man in works such as Khandaan (1942), Pilpili Saheb (1954) and Halaku (1956). He is known for his roles in Madhumati (1958), Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai (1960), Shaheed (1965), Upkar (1967), Ram Aur Shyam (1967), Aansoo Ban Gaye Phool (1969), Purab Aur Paschim (1970), Johny Mera Naam (1970), Victoria No. 203 (1972), Be-Imaan (1972), Zanjeer (1973), Majboor (1974), Amar Akbar Anthony (1977), Don (1978), Sharaabi (1984) and Duniya (1984).

Pran has received many awards and honours in his career. He won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1967, 1969 and 1972 and was awarded the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997. He was awarded the "Villain of the Millennium" by Stardust in 2000. The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 2001 for his contributions to the arts. He was honoured in 2013 with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, the highest national award for cinema artists, by the Government of India. In 2010, he was named on the list of CNN's Top 25 Asian actors of all time.

Pran died on 12 July 2013 at the age of 93 of old age after suffering from a prolonged illness in Mumbai's Lilavati Hospital.

Early life and education

Pran was born on 12 February 1920 in Ballimaran, Old Delhi, into Punjabi Hindu family from Hoshiarpur. His father, Kewal Krishan Sikand Ahluwalia, was a civil engineer and a government civil contractor, his mother was Rameshwari Ahluwalia. Pran was one of seven children; four sons and three daughters.

Pran was academically gifted, especially in mathematics. His father had a transferable job, and so Pran studied in various places, including Dehradun, Lahore, Kapurthala, Meerut and Unnao (Uttar Pradesh), finally completing his matriculation from Hamid School, in Rampur (U.P.). After that, he joined A. Das & Co., Delhi as an apprentice to become a professional photographer. He travelled to Shimla and played Sita in a local staging of "Ramlila". Madan Puri enacted the role of Rama in this play.

Career

Early career (1940–1967)
Pran got his first role in Dalsukh M. Pancholi's Punjabi film Yamla Jat (1940) because of an accidental meeting with writer Wali Mohammad Wali at a shop in Lahore. Directed by Moti B. Gidwani, the film featured Noor Jehan and Durga Khote. This was followed by small roles in the film Chaudhary and Khajanchi, both in 1941. Pancholi cast him again in Khandaan (1942), which was Pran's first Hindi-language film. It featured him as a romantic hero, opposite Noor Jehan, who had acted with him in Yamla Jat as a child artist. In Khandaan, she was under 15 years old and compensated for the difference in their heights in close-up shots by standing on top of bricks. In the pre-independence era, director Gidwani cast Pran in more films like Kaise Kahoon (1945) and Khamosh Nigahen (1946).

Pran had acted in 22 films from 1942 to 1946 in Lahore; 18 were released by 1947. Due to India's partition in 1947, his career had a brief break. His films from 1944 to 1947 were made in undivided India, but Taraash (1951) and Khanabadosh (1952) (both co-starring Manorama) were released only in Pakistan after Partition. He left Lahore and arrived in Bombay. For a few months, he looked for acting opportunities while doing other jobs. He worked in Delmar Hotel, Marine Drive for eight months, after which he got a chance to act in 1948.

Because of help from writer Saadat Hasan Manto and actor Shyam, he got a role in the Bombay Talkies' film, Ziddi which starred Dev Anand and Kamini Kaushal and was directed by Shaheed Latif. The movie launched Pran's career in Bombay. Incidentally, it proved to be Dev Anand's big break as a hero. By 1950 he had been gradually established as a premier villain in Hindi cinema. Within a week of Ziddis success, he had signed three more films – S M Yusuf's Grihasti (1948), which became a diamond jubilee hit, Prabhat Films's Apradhi (1949) and Wali Mohammad's Putli (1949). By then, Wali Mohammad, who was responsible for Pran's first role, had come to Bombay and became a producer, setting up an office at Famous Studios, near Mahalaxmi Racecourse. In the 1940s, romantic duets featuring him, like the songs "Tere Naaz Uthane Ko Jee Chahta Hai" from Grihasti, opposite Shardha, and from Khandaan (1942), with Noor Jehan, became popular in the 1940s. The way he expressed his dialogues in films such as Sheesh Mahal (1950), a series of disguises he made in Adalat (1958), and the rapport he shared with vamps like Kuldip Kaur in Jashan (1955) showcased his versatility in the 1950s.

As a villain, Pran's initial successful films were Ziddi and Bari Behan (1949). Pran's trademark blowing of smoke rings first appeared in the latter film. He was regularly offered the role of the main villain or of a negative character in films with Dilip Kumar, Dev Anand and Raj Kapoor as the lead hero in the 1950s and 60s. From the 1950s directors like M. V. Raman, Nanabhai Bhatt, Kalidas, Ravindra Dave, I. S. Johar and Bimal Roy repeatedly cast him. Similarly in the 1960s, he was frequently in the directorial ventures of A. Bhim Singh, Shakti Samanta, Bhappi Sonie, K. Amarnath, Nasir Hussain and others. In the 1970s, newer, younger directors and producers cast him in their films even though Pran asked for the highest price among supporting actors from 1968 to 1982.

Pran's performance as the negative character was appreciated especially in Dilip Kumar starrers such as Azaad (1955), Devdas (1955), Madhumati (1958), Dil Diya Dard Liya (1966), Ram Aur Shyam (1967) and Aadmi (1968); and films with Dev Anand as the lead man such as Ziddi (1948), Munimji (1955), Amar Deep (1958), Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai (1961); and with Raj Kapoor in Aah (1953), Chori Chori (1956), Jagte Raho (1956), Chhalia (1960), Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai (1960) and Dil Hi Toh Hai (1963). Films with him as the lead hero, Pilpili Saheb (1954) and then Halaku in 1956, were big hits too. He had roles in several genres, like as a pirate in Sindbad the Sailor (1952) and Daughter of Sindbad (1958); in action-packed thrillers like Azad (1955); historicals like Aan (1952) and Raj Tilak (1958); social themes like Baradari (1955); and light romances like Munimji (1955) and Asha (1957). In the 1960s and early 1970s, despite being in his 40s, he continued to play pivotal roles as a character in the age range of 25 to 30 in films with Shammi Kapoor, Joy Mukherjee, Rajendra Kumar and Dharmendra as the lead heroes. From the early 1950s to the early 1970s, Pran gained particular notoriety due to his frequent roles as a villain. From 1964, with Pooja Ke Phool and Kashmir Ki Kali, he also brought a comical side to his negative characters. While Dilip Kumar and Raj Kapoor's careers as the young hero started to decline in the late 1960s and Rajendra Kumar and Shammi Kapoor stopped playing the lead by 1973, Pran continued with his roles. His association with Dev Anand, begun in 1948, continued even during the 1970s and the 1980s with Johny Mera Naam (1970), Yeh Gulistan Hamara (1972), Joshila (1973), Warrant (1975) and Des Pardes (1978).

Pran played roles in comedy films starring Kishore Kumar and Mehmood Ali in the lead. His collaborations with Mehmood include Sadhu Aur Shaitaan (1968), Lakhon Me Ek (1971) and with Kishore Kumar include Chham Chhama Chham (1952), Aasha (1957), Bewaqoof (1960), Half Ticket (1962) and Man-Mauji (1962).

Later career (1967−retirement)
In the late 1960s, Pran played Malang Chacha, a veteran war hero, in Manoj Kumar's film Upkar (1967). The Kalyanji Anandji song "Kasme Waade Pyaar Wafaa" was picturised on him. In this film, Pran played a more sympathetic role. He received his first Filmfare Award for Upkar. Kumar continued to cast him in pivotal roles in films such as Purab Aur Paschim (1970), Be-Imaan (1972), Sanyasi (1975) and Dus Numbri (1976).

From 1967 onward he also acted in Bengali films, beginning with Ashim Banerjee's Sonai Dighe, where Joy Mukherjee was the hero.

Pran played the supporting role in several of these, which replaced his image as the villain with that of a character actor. After 1969, he was offered the lead role in films like Nanha Farishta (1969), Jangal Mein Mangal (1972), Dharma (1973), Ek Kunwari Ek Kunwara (1973) and Rahu Ketu (1978).

Pran and Ashok Kumar were very close friends in professional and real life. They acted in 27 films together from 1951 to 1987 starting with Afsana (1951). Their other films include Mr. X (1957), Adhikar (1971), Victoria No. 203 (1972), Chori Mera Kaam (1975) and Raja Aur Rana (1984). Sung by Kishore Kumar, the songs "Hum Bolega To Bologe Ke Bolta Hai" from Kasauti (1974) and "Micheal Daru Peeke Dandha Kartha Hai" from Majboor (1974), picturised on Pran, were very popular.

From 1969 to 1982, Pran was one of the highest-paid actors in Bollywood. He played the lead role in the film Aurat (1967) paired opposite Padmini, with Rajesh Khanna in a supporting role. Pran and Khanna worked in five more films — Maryada (1971), Jaanwar (1983), Souten (1983), Bewafai (1985) and Durgaa (1985). In 1973, he recommended Amitabh Bachchan to Prakash Mehra for the character of Vijay in Zanjeer, a role earlier offered to Dev Anand and Dharmendra. Pran's role as Sher Khan, with his red wig and beard and Pathan I style was well appreciated. Pran acted with Bachchan in about 14 films with notable ones being Zanjeer (1973), Majboor (1974), Don (1978), Amar Akbar Anthony (1977), Dostana (1980), Kaalia (1981), Naseeb (1981) and Sharaabi (1984).

Pran occasionally accepted antagonistic roles from 1971 to 1992. He appeared as a villain in films like Maryada, Naya Zamana, Jawan Muhabat, Aan Baan, Roop Tera Mastana, Yeh Gulistan Hamara, Gaddar, Rahu Ketu, Andha Kanoon (1983), Duniya (1984), Insaaf Kaun Karega, Durgaa, Bewafai, Hoshiyar, Dharm Adhikari and Azaad Desh Ke Ghulam. Pran had dual roles in Khoon Ka Rishta, Insaaf and Jangal Mein Mangal.

He produced the movie Lakshmanrekha in 1991, the only one he produced in his Bollywood career, and played Kishan Lal Sharma in the movie.

In 1998, at the age of 78, Pran suffered a heart attack, after which he started rejecting film offers due to age-related problems. But in the 1990s, Amitabh Bachchan requested Pran to do roles in his home productions Tere Mere Sapne (1996) and Mrityudata (1997). Pran made an exception by acting in them to help Bachchan through a difficult time in his career. In 1997, his character in Mrityudaata was modified to compensate for Pran's shaking legs in real life and in Tere Mere Sapne, his shots were taken with him seated. After 2000, he made a few guest appearances.

Personal life
Pran married Shukla Ahluwalia in 1945 and has two sons, Arvind Ahluwalia and Sunil Sikand Ahluwalia, and a daughter, Pinky Ahluwalia.

Illness and death
He was treated at the Lilavati Hospital and died on 12 July 2013. He had been admitted to hospital a few times in the last few months for deteriorating health; at some point he was battling pneumonia. Pran's death was widely noted by statesmen and his fellow entertainers. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh paid his condolences on his death and called him "an icon". Veteran actor Amitabh Bachchan tweeted his feelings about his death calling him a "magnificent pillar" of the film industry.

Legacy
Pran had a six-decade career in Hindi cinema and is one of the most celebrated actors in the industry. His acting is said to have been effective enough to desist people from naming their children "Pran" because of his negative roles, while the industry had started calling him "Pran Sahab". His favourite line "Barkhurdaar" became immensely popular.

In 2000, Bunny Reuben, a film journalist, authored a biography on Pran, titled "...and Pran". The name of this book arises from the fact that in the majority of Pran's movies, his name was credited in the last after all the other actors, "....and Pran". His biography, "...and Pran", was a tribute to about 250 of his 350 movies that had his name at the end of the credits, usually with the words "...and Pran" and sometimes "...above all, Pran".

In 2012, he gave his handprint for "Legend's Walk", a waterfront promenade in Bandra.

Filmography

Awards and honours
Pran has been honoured with awards for his portrayal of negative characters. He has received three Filmfare Awards in the Best Supporting Actor category for Upkar, Aansoo Ban Gaye Phool and Be-Imaan. However, in 1973 when he was awarded for his role of constable Ram Singh in Be-Imaan, he refused to accept the award stating that the Filmfare Award for Best Music Director should have gone to Ghulam Mohammed for Pakeezah and not to the musical duo Shankar Jaikishan for Be-imaan. He was awarded three Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards for his supporting roles.

For his vast contributions to Indian cinema, Pran has been honoured with Lifetime Achievement awards, including those of Filmfare, Star Screen Awards and Zee Cine Awards. In 2001, the Government of India conferred the Padma Bhushan on him. In April 2013, he was announced to be the winner of the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, the most prestigious award of Indian cinema, presented by the Government of India. The award was presented to him at the 60th National Film Awards for his lifetime of work in the film industry. He could not attend the 60th National Film Awards in May 2013 where he was to be presented the Dadasaheb Phalke Award. Instead, Information and Broadcasting minister Manish Tewari presented the award at Pran's home in Mumbai. Celebrities congratulated him on this occasion with Amitabh Bachchan calling him "a large pillar of the Indian Film Industry" on Twitter. He was a contender of the award for the previous year with Manoj Kumar and Vyjayanthimala, but Soumitra Chatterjee was chosen as the awardee.

Civilian Award
 2001 – Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian award from the Government of India.

National Film Awards

 2013 – Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest national award for cinema artists, presented by the Government of India, for lifetime achievement.

Filmfare Awards
 1967 – Best Supporting Actor for Upkar
 1969 – Best Supporting Actor for Aansoo Ban Gaye Phool
 1972 – Best Supporting Actor for Be-Imaan
 1997 – Special Award

Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards
 1961 – Best Actor in a Supporting Role: Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai
 1966 – Best Actor in a Supporting Role: Shaheed
 1973 – Best Actor in a Supporting Role: Zanjeer

Other awards and recognitions
 1972–73 – Chitrlok Cine Circle Ahmedabad: "Best Character Artiste Award".
 1975–76 – Bombay Film Award: Most Versatile Actor.
 1977–78 – Bombay Film Award: Most Versatile Actor.
 1978 – North Bombay Jaycees: Best Character Actor.
 1984 – "Extra Ordinary Special Award as Wizard of Acting" by Bombay Film Award.
 1984 – Filmgoers Award: Reigning "Abhinay Samrat".
 1985 – Kala Bhushan Award presented by Punjabi Kala Sangam.
 1987 – North Bombay Jaycees: Outstanding Performance of Decade.
 "Viyayshree Award" presented for Enriching Human Life and Outstanding Attainments India Int. Friendship Society).
 "Ars Gratia Artis" for excellence in emotive Art.
 1990 – Kala Rattan Award presented by Punjabi Kal Sangam for 50 glorious Years.
 1990 – Punjab Association: an Award for 50 years in the Industry.
 1990 – Southall Lion's Club London: "In recognition of Invaluable Services to Charity at the Celebration of Golden Jubilee of his services to the Film Industry.
 1991 – Cinegoers Award: "Abhinay Samrat Golden Jubilee Award".
 1992 – Outstanding contribution to Indian Film Industry, Indian Motion Pictures Producers' Association.
 2000 – Screen Lifetime Achievement Award
 2000 – Zee Cine Award for Lifetime Achievement
 2000 – "Villain of the Millennium" by the Stardust Awards.
 2004 – Lifetime Achievement Award instituted by the Maharashtra Government.

References

Further reading
 ...and PRAN, a Biography, by Bunny Ruben. HarperCollins, India, 2004. .
 The Life of A Villain-Pran by Chobay Gill (2005), HarperCollins New Delhi, 446 pages.

External links

 PRAN – The legend of Hindi Cinema – Official Website

 Interview with Pran Kishen Sikand at Rediff.com
 92 Facts You Didn't Know About Pran

Indian male film actors
Male actors in Hindi cinema
1920 births
2013 deaths
Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award winners
Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients
Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts
Hindkowan people
Punjabi Hindus
Male actors from Delhi
Male actors from Mumbai
Punjabi people
Filmfare Awards winners

Pran (actor)