Original War is a real-time strategy video game developed by Czech company Altar Interactive and released by Virgin Interactive on June 15, 2001. It was re-released in the United Kingdom under the budget Sold Out label in 2004, and was later re-released again by Good Old Games in 2008.

In North America, the game was part of a $20 budget range from Titus Interactive which was branded using the Virgin Interactive name alongside Screamer 4x4, Codename: Outbreak and Nightstone.

The game received a PEGI 18 rating, citing discrimination.

Plot
The game's story revolves around an extraterrestrial mineral, Siberite, that can catalyze cold fusion and serve as fuel for an alien artifact. Siberite and the artifact – named EON – are discovered by an American expedition to Russia during World War I. EON is revealed to be a time machine capable of sending objects into the past, but by the time of the discovery, Siberite stocks are exhausted and research stops. Then in the new millennium vast deposits of the mineral are found in Siberia, and Americans are able to extract enough of it for small-scale time-travel.

The U.S. comes up with a plan to send a small force two million years back in time. There it will mine the Siberite and transport it over the Bering Land Bridge to Alaska, into what will one day be in American hands. The best troops are selected, briefed, and told that it is a one-way trip back through time.

This results in a new time line with the mineral located in Alaska and the U.S. being the only undisputed superpower thanks to the inexhaustible source of energy. Here the time machine wasn't found by the U.S. but the Russians instead. The Soviet Union fumes under American supremacy. Frustration turns to outrage when Soviet scientists find traces of American settlement and Alaskite, the source of U.S. power, in remote Siberia. A Soviet expedition is sent through the EON, here called TAWAR, to repel the American thieves and preserve what is rightfully theirs.

The game story is loosely based on the sci-fi novel The Last Day of Creation (1981) by Wolfgang Jeschke.

Gameplay

Original War is an RTS: the player builds a base, finds resources, builds vehicles, and destroys the enemy. Its distinguishing feature is the way the game mechanics reflect the backstory's scarcity of resources and isolation.

It is not possible to train new men. Moreover, the same units who fight are needed for resource gathering and the bases' functions. Production facilities, research labs, vehicles and base defenses are all useless unmanned. The local apemen can be trained to do simple tasks, and with the right research it is possible to use remote control and AIs, but all are generally worse in combat than humans. Losses in personnel are otherwise irreplaceable.

Units do not fight to the end. Critical damage causes humans and apemen to collapse, and vehicles and buildings to eject their occupants and catch fire. They can be saved if they are healed or repaired before they bleed out or explode, respectively. Units give lower priority to incapacitated targets, and the player's units will not attack them unless ordered to. Vehicles without drivers belong to no one, so hijacking is easy and even desirable.

Original War is "almost as much an RPG as a RTS". Each human or apeman unit has its own name and portrait, speed, firepower and defense scores, and experience levels in each of the game's four classes. Humans can change class (or "kit") in seconds by ducking into an appropriate building. Soldiers deal and withstand much more damage, can crawl, and receive huge bonuses while in emplacements. Engineers can haul resources, initiate the construction of new buildings, and repair and dismantle buildings. Mechanics can construct and repair vehicles, and receive equally huge bonuses while driving them. Scientists are researchers, healers, and apeman tamers. Units gain XP and level up in a skill by performing actions associated with the skill. XP gain is faster for units with the associated kit.

The game has three types of resources: Crates, oil and Crystals. Supply crates sent from the future are the foundation of all construction. Small piles of crates appear on the map with a thunderclap at random intervals. Most maps in the game have regions where crates appear the most often. American optoelectronics enable them to pinpoint the exact locations of the crates as they arrive, while the Soviets, who have focused on time-based technology, are able to predict a perimeter where the crates will arrive a few seconds before they materialise.

Oil and the varyingly named mineral power bases and vehicles. Scientists can locate their deposits, and constructing a tower or mine on a deposit generates a steady stream of the resource. This may be the only base function that works automatically. Oil is used mostly early- and midgame as a cheap yet readily available power source. Oil-burning vehicles have fuel meters. They can be refueled at a base or by transporting oil to them, and the driver can get out and push. The crystal allows vehicles to run indefinitely, and opens up several advanced research topics. Solar power is also available. Solar-based fuel reserves are pitiful, but they regenerate.

Original War has an American and a Soviet campaign. The game recommends playing the American one first. Missions on both sides tend to contain scripted events, multiple-choice situations and sidequests. Human units persist between missions, so that each loss is a loss for the rest of the game. Mission design keeps the ranks from becoming too thin or too thick: for instance, the player might be ordered to choose eight men altogether from veterans of previous missions and other members of the side, go defend an outpost, and return after the mission. Units also gain XP for completing missions. The XP gained increases farther into the game, and is affected by the player's success in completing the various demands (often sidequests) in each mission. The player chooses one class for each unit to receive 50% of the xp, and the other three skills gain the remaining 50% between them.

A third campaign was in development, featuring an Arab-German faction. As it included kamikaze units, it was scrapped as being politically incorrect in the wake of the September 11 attacks.

History

Community support
In January/February 2005 a member of the game's community, Stuart "Stucuk" Carey, asked Altar Interactive (now known as Altar Games) for permission to maintain Original War with patches. Altar Interactive agreed and gave access to the source code. Later in June, work began on the first patch v1.03, which primarily added basic Mod support to Original War.

Multiplayer
Originally the only way to play Original War over the internet was through GameSpy Arcade. In 2007, starting with version 1.09 however, the game features a working master server hosted by Original War Support, and an IRC based chat system that allows people to set up or join multiplayer matches from an ingame menu. In July 2011 the community website Original-war.net released a working version of a multiplayer ranking system that records the outcomes of matches and displays them online.

Reception
The Finnish Pelit magazine gave Original War a score of 82% in a two-page review. Reviewer Aleksi Stenberg wrote that the plot and the unusual gameplay made the game more interesting than a dozen Red Alerts. He warmed up to Original War at a time when he had grown weary with the genre. He also complimented the interface. He criticized overspecialized character classes, the vehicles' designs, and the voice acting.

The Finnish general computing magazine MikroBITTI awarded the game 91%. Its review praised the game's playability and mentioned voice acting as the only clearly negative feature.

The reviewer for the Polish game portal GRYOnline noted that the game sold well in Poland and Czechia, and in both countries developed a cult following.

References

External links
 Official website
 Original War Support

2001 video games
Alternate history video games
Real-time tactics video games
Video games with Steam Workshop support
Temporal war fiction
Titus Software games
Video games about time travel
Video games based on novels
Video games developed in the Czech Republic
Video games set in Alaska
Video games set in Russia
Video games set in the United States
Virgin Interactive games
War video games
Windows games
Windows-only games

Original War


Tryptophan (Trp or W) is encoded by the codon UGG. It is an α-amino acid used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

Tryptophan has an α-amino group (which is in the –NH3+ form under biological conditions), and an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated –COO− form under biological conditions). It also has a side chain indole, which makes it a non-polar aromatic amino acid. Tryptophan is essential to humans: the body cannot synthesize it, so it must be got from the diet.

Tryptophan is also a precursor to the neurotransmitters serotonin and melatonin.

People get tryptophan by eating protein-rich foods like meat, eggs, and dairy products.

References

Amino acids

Tryptophan


Katharine Drexel, SBS (born Catherine Mary Drexel; November 26, 1858 – March 3, 1955) was an American Catholic heiress, philanthropist, religious sister, and educator. In 1891, she founded the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament, a religious order serving Black and Indigenous Americans.

Canonized by Pope John Paul II in 2000, Drexel was the second person born in what is now the United States to be made a saint and the first who was born a U.S. citizen.

Early life
Katharine Mary Drexel was born Catherine Marie Drexel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 26, 1858, to Francis Anthony Drexel and Hannah Langstroth. She had an older sister, Elizabeth. Her family owned a considerable banking fortune, and her uncle Anthony Joseph Drexel was the founder of Drexel University in Philadelphia. She was a distant cousin of former first lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis on her father's side.

Langstroth died five weeks after Katharine's birth and Anthony Joseph and his wife Ellen cared for Katharine and Elizabeth for the next two years. Her father married Emma Bouvier in 1860, brought his older children home, and had a third daughter, Louise, in 1863.

The girls grew up in a wealthy and religious household with charitable principles. Emma would regularly distribute food and clothing at her home to people.

The family lived on a 90-acre estate in Torresdale named St. Michel in honor of St. Michael the Archangel. Rev. James O'Connor was pastor of St. Dominic's in nearby Holmesburg, Philadelphia and served as chaplain to the Society of the Sacred Heart at their motherhouse at Eden Hall in Torresdale where Katharine's maternal aunt was mother superior. In 1876, he was appointed vicar apostolic of Nebraska, an area that covered Nebraska, northeastern Colorado, Wyoming, and parts of Utah, Montana and the Dakotas. He was consecrated titular Bishop of Dibona at the chapel at Eden Hall. Katharine was awakened to the plight of indigenous American people during a family trip to the Western United States.

Religious work
In these early years, she traveled extensively, both in this country and abroad. In 1886, during an audience with Pope Leo XIII, she was urged to become a missionary and to realize her desire to assist the Indian and African American population in the country. In 1889, Katharine Drexel fulfilled that wish by entering a convent of the Sisters of Mercy and in February 1891, she founded the Congregation of the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament for Indians and Colored People. Drexel decided to establish the congregation to address the needs of Native Americans and African Americans in the southern and western United States, as well as the poor black communities. She served as first Superior General of the congregation and held that position until 1937, when illness made it necessary that she retire from active administration of her flock.

An appeal by the late Archbishop James H. Blenk brought Mother Katharine to New Orleans in 1915 to open the way for the education of the black youth in the city. This led to the purchase of the old Southern University site, and establishing Xavier High School, later known as Xavier Preparatory School. She financed more than 60 missions and schools around the United States, as well as founding Xavier University of Louisiana – the only historically Black and Catholic university in the United States. She financed Mother Loyola, the blood sister and successor of foundress Lucy Eaton Smith of the Dominican Sisters of St. Catherine de' Ricci, to care for Afro-Cuban children in Havana, Cuba during and after the Spanish–American War. The children had been orphaned by the war, and no other church or government entity was willing to support them because they were children of color. In 1942, the Republic of Haiti acknowledged her with the Honneur et Merite Medal and the following year, she was recipient of the Sienna Medal for the most distinctive contribution to Catholic life in the United States.

Other honors included the DeSmet Medal from Gonzaga University, Spokane, Wash., 1938; the Catholic Action Medal from the Knights of Columbus, Santo Domingo Council, Philadelphia, 1938; and an award and scroll by the Catholic Committee of the South, 1942.

Sainthood
Drexel is one of only a few American saints and the second American-born saint (Elizabeth Ann Seton was a natural-born US citizen, born in New York City in 1774 and canonized in 1975).

Drexel was beatified by Pope John Paul II on November 20, 1988, when her first miracle through prayer—healing the severe ear infection of teenage Robert Gutherman in 1974—was accepted. She was canonized on October 1, 2000, when her 1994 miracle of reversing congenital deafness in 2-year old Amy Wall was recognized.

The Vatican cited a fourfold legacy of Drexel:
 A love of the Eucharist and perspective on the unity of all peoples;
 courage and initiative in addressing social inequality among minorities;
 her efforts to achieve quality education for all;
 and selfless service, including the donation of her inheritance, for the victims of injustice. (She is known as the patron saint of racial justice and of philanthropists.)

Her feast day is observed on March 3, the anniversary of her death. She was buried in Cornwells Heights, Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania.

The "Saint Katharine Drexel Mission Center and National Shrine" was formerly located at St. Elizabeth's Convent in Bensalem, Pennsylvania. The Mission Center offered retreat programs, historic site tours, days of prayer, presentations about Saint Katharine Drexel, as well as lectures and seminars related to her legacy. The convent was subsequently sold and in August, 2018, Drexel's remains were transferred to a new shrine at the.Cathedral Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul in Philadelphia.

A second-class relic of Drexel can be found inside the altar of the Mary chapel at St. Raphael the Archangel Catholic Church in Raleigh, North Carolina, and in the Day Chapel of Saint Katharine Drexel Parish  in Sugar Grove, Illinois.

Namesakes

Numerous Catholic parishes, schools, and churches bear the name of St. Katharine Drexel.

Parishes
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Maple, North Carolina
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Ione, California
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Martell, California
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Cape Coral, Florida
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Venice, Florida
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Weston, Florida
 St. Katharine Drexel Mission of Trenton, Georgia
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Cascade, Idaho
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Springfield, Illinois
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Sugar Grove, Illinois
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Frederick, Maryland
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Roxbury, Massachusetts
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Ramsey, Minnesota
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Alton, New Hampshire
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Burlington, New Jersey
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Buffalo, New York
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Bentleyville, Pennsylvania
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Chester, Pennsylvania
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Lansford, Pennsylvania
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Pleasant Mount, Pennsylvania
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Sioux Falls, South Dakota
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Hempstead, Texas
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Beaver Dam, Wisconsin
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of Kaukauna, Wisconsin
 St. Katharine Drexel Parish of New Orleans, f/k/a Holy Ghost Parish
 St. Joseph's Shrine of St. Katharine Drexel, Columbia, Virginia
 St. Katharine Drexel Mission of Haymarket, Virginia
 Our Lady of the Assumption Catholic Church's shrine of St. Katharine Drexel, Carencro, Louisiana

Schools
Schools St. Katharine Drexel founded or funded include (but are not limited to):

 Xavier University of Louisiana
 St. Benedict the Moor School
Blessed Sacrament Catholic School, Beaumont, Texas
 Sacred Heart Catholic School, Port Arthur, Texas.
 St. Joseph Indian Normal School, now called Drexel Hall, on the campus of St. Joseph's College, Rensselaer, Indiana. The Indian Normal School operated from 1888 to 1896. A school for boys, the Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative indicates children were "taken" from reservations in order to matriculate here. See page 350 of cited source.
 St. Michael Indian School, serving grades K–12 in St. Michaels, Arizona
 St. Mark School, the first in New York City for African-American Catholic children
 Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church and School, Founded 1912, Atlanta, Georgia
 St. Vincent De Paul Catholic Church and School, Founded 1932, Nashville, Tennessee
 St. Ignatius of Loyola Parish was founded in 1893. St. Katharine Drexel and the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament opened St. Ignatius of Loyola School in 1926. The school moved to its current facility in 1967 in Philadelphia.
 St. Emma's Industrial and Agricultural Institute (later St. Emma Military Academy for Boys) founded on the Belmead Plantation near Powhatan, Virginia in 1897
 St. Frances de Sales School for Girls founded on the Belmead Plantation near Powhatan, Virginia in 1899
 St. Peter Claver Catholic School in Macon, Georgia, in 1913 with the help of Bishop Benjamin Kiely and Father Ignatius Lissner.
 Kate Drexel Industrial Boarding School, on the Umatilla Reservation in Pendleton, Oregon. Operated from 1847 to at least as late as 1929. See page 185 of cited source.
 St. John's School for Osage Indian Boys, Blackburn, Oklahoma. Operated from 1888 to 1913, reportedly at the request of the Osage Nation. See page 347 of cited source.
 St. Mary's Indian Industrial School, on the Turtle Mountain Reservation in Belcourt, North Dakota. Operated from 1884 to 1910.  See page 359 of cited source.

Schools named in her honor include:

 Katharine Drexel Elementary School of Broussard, Louisiana
 St. Katharine Drexel School of St. Cloud and Sauk Rapids, Minnesota
 St. Katharine Drexel School of St. Louis
 St. Katharine Drexel School of Philadelphia
 St. Katharine Drexel School of Sioux Falls, South Dakota
 St. Katharine Drexel School of Beaver Dam, Wisconsin
 St. Katharine Drexel Regional Catholic School of Holland, Pennsylvania
 St. Katharine Drexel Preparatory High School New Orleans
 St. Katharine Drexel School of Wichita, Kansas
 St. Katharine Drexel Adult Learning Center at Catholic Charities of Tulsa, Oklahoma
 St. Theresa's Institute, the predecessor of Holy Family School and Holy Family Classical School of Holy Family Cathedral (Tulsa, Oklahoma)
 St. Katharine Drexel Preparatory – Catholic Diocese of Richmond, Virginia
 St. Katharine Drexel School (previously St. Germaine School) of Pittsburgh
 St. Katharine Drexel Academy in San Diego, California
 St. Edward School New Iberia, Louisiana

Churches and chapels
 Katharine-Drexel Kapelle, Dornbirn, Austria—the birthplace of Drexel's grandfather Francis Martin Drexel
 St. Katharine Drexel Chapel and Retirement Center, El Reno, Oklahoma
 St. Katharine Drexel Catholic Church, New Orleans
 St. Katharine Drexel Catholic Mission, Maple, North Carolina
St. Katharine Drexel Catholic Church, Martell, California
 St. Katharine Drexel Summer Chapel, Harpswell, Maine
 St. Katharine Drexel Chapel Drexel university campus Philadelphia, PA
 St. Katharine Drexel Chapel (on the campus of Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans)
The choir loft window in the Chapel of Our Lady of the Sioux, Saint Joseph's Indian School, Chamberlain, South Dakota, was donated by the Drexel Family.

Streets
 Drexel Road, Tucson, Arizona
 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA
Drexel Street, Nashville, TN
Drexel Avenue, Oak Creek, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. (Drexel Towne Centre, Oak Creek, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin.)

Other
 The St. Katharine Drexel Region of the Secular Franciscan Order
 Katharine Drexel library located on Knights Road in Philadelphia, PA.

See also

 Saint Katharine Drexel, patron saint archive
 Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament
 Xavier University of Louisiana

References

Further reading
 Tarry, Ellen (1958). St. Katharine Drexel: Friend of the Oppressed. New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, Inc.
  - By a contributing writer.

External links
 Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament Website

 Recipient of the Saint Katharine Drexel medal: Sr. Sandra Smithson, aka Sr. Maria Crucis, OSF, March 3, 2011.
 Bio from St. Katharine Drexel Mission
 David Leighton, "Street Smarts: Generous nun the namesake for Drexel Road," Arizona Daily Star, March 4, 2014
 "St. Katharine Drexel", Sisters Of The Blessed Sacrament

1858 births
1955 deaths
20th-century Christian saints
American people of Austrian descent
19th-century American Roman Catholic nuns
American Roman Catholic saints
Katharine
Educators from Philadelphia
American women educators
Founders of Catholic religious communities
Christian female saints of the Late Modern era
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
Canonizations by Pope John Paul II
Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II
Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania
Xavier University of Louisiana
Catholics from Pennsylvania
African-American Roman Catholicism
Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament
Roman Catholic missionaries in the United States
Roman Catholic activists
20th-century American Roman Catholic nuns

Katharine Drexel