Upper Hungary is the usual English translation of Felvidék (literally: "Upland"), the Hungarian term for the area that was historically the northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary, now mostly present-day Slovakia. The region has also been called Felső-Magyarország (literally: "Upper Hungary"; ).

During the Habsburg–Ottoman wars, Upper Hungary meant only the northeastern parts of the Hungarian Kingdom. The northwestern regions (present-day western and central Slovakia) belonged to Lower Hungary. Sometime during the 18th or 19th century, Upper Hungary began to imply the whole northern regions of the kingdom.
The population of Upper Hungary was mixed and mainly consisted of Slovaks, Hungarians, Germans, Ashkenazi Jews and Ruthenians. The first complex demographic data are from the 18th century, in which Slovaks constituted the majority population in Upper Hungary. Slovaks called this territory "Slovensko" (Slovakia), which term appears in written documents from the 15th century, but it was not precisely defined and the region inhabited by Slovaks held no distinct legal, constitutional, or political status within Upper Hungary.

Etymology

Historical usage

Historically there are different meanings:

 The older Hungarian term Felső-Magyarország (literally: "Upper Hungary"; ; ; ; ) formally referred to what is today Slovakia in the 16th-18th centuries and informally to all the northern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 19th century.
 There are some 16th-century sources which refer to the Slovak-inhabited territory of the Kingdom of Hungary as "Sclavonia" or "Slováky", names that distinguish the region ethnically as well as geographically.
 The Hungarian Felvidék (literally: "Upper Country", "Upland", "Highland", or perhaps more accurately "Upper Landscape" or "Upper Countryside"; ; ; ) has had several informal meanings:
In the parts of the 18th century and throughout the 19th century, it was usually used:
to denote the mountainous northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary as opposed to the southern lowlands
more generally, to denote regions or territories situated at a higher altitude than the settlement of the speaker
as a synonym for the then-meaning of Felső-Magyarország
After World War I, the meaning in Hungarian was restricted to Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia, and after World War II to Slovakia only.  At the same time, the word felvidék remains a common Hungarian noun applied to areas at higher elevations, e.g., Balaton-felvidék, a hilly region and national park adjacent to Lake Balaton.

Modern usage

After World War I, the meaning of Felvidék in Hungarian (Felső-Magyarország was not used anymore) was restricted to the Slovak and Carpathian Ruthenian parts of Czechoslovakia. Today the term Felvidék is sometimes used in Hungary when speaking about Slovakia, and it is exclusively (and anachronistically) used in Hungarian historical literature when speaking about the Middle Ages, i.e., before the name actually came into existence. The three counties of the region that remained in Hungary after World War I, however, are never called Upper Hungary today, only Northern Hungary (Észak-Magyarország). Any use of the word Felvidék to denote all of modern Slovakia is considered offensive by Slovaks, and inappropriate by some Hungarians, but it is now commonly used by the sizeable Hungarian minority in the southern border-zone of Slovakia to identify the Hungarian-majority areas where they live. Some of them call themselves felvidéki magyarok, i.e. the "Upland Hungarians."  The word felvidék is also used as a component of the toponym Balaton-felvidék, describing the hilly area north of Lake Balaton, with no connection to the historical Upper Hungary.

History

Middle Ages
The term Upper Hungary often occurs in publications on history as a somewhat-anachronistic translation of other, earlier (then Latin) designations denoting approximately the same territory. Some of the other terms were Partes Danubii septentrionales (Territories to the north of the Danube) or Partes regni superiores (Upper parts of the Kingdom). The actual name "Upper Hungary" arose later from the latter phrase.

In the 15th century, the "Somorja (Šamorín), Nagyszombat (Trnava), Galgóc (Hlohovec), Nyitra  (Nitra), Léva (Levice), Losonc (Lučenec), Rimaszombat (Rimavská Sobota), Rozsnyó (Rožňava), Jászó (Jasov), Kassa (Košice), Gálszécs (Sečovce), Nagymihály (Michalovce)" line was the northern "boundary" of the Hungarian ethnic area.

Affiliation to Hungary
The Principality of Nitra emerged in the 8th century and developed into an independent Slavic state; although the polity may have lost its independence when it was still at the stage of development. In the early 9th century, the polity was situated on the north-western territories of present-day Slovakia.

16th - 17th centuries

The term emerged approximately after the conquest of today's Hungary by the Ottomans in the 16th century when Felső-Magyarország (German: Oberungarn; Slovak: Horné Uhorsko) referred to present-day eastern Slovakia and the adjacent territories of today's Hungary and Ukraine that were not occupied by the Ottoman Empire. That territory formed a separate military district (the "Captaincy of Upper Hungary" (1564–1686) headquartered in Kassa/Kaschau/Košice) within Royal Hungary. At that time, present-day western Slovakia, and sometimes also the remaining territories of Royal Hungary to the south of it, were called Lower Hungary (Hungarian: Alsó-Magyarország; German: Niederungarn; Slovak: Dolné Uhorsko).

It was briefly a separate vassal state of the Ottoman Empire under Imre Thököly in the 1680s.

This usage occurs in many texts up to around 1800 – for example, the renowned mining school of Schemnitz/Selmecbánya/Banská Štiavnica in present-day central Slovakia was founded in "Lower" Hungary (not in "Upper" Hungary) in the 18th century and Pozsony (today's Bratislava) was also referred to as being in "Lower" Hungary in the late 18th century.

18th century - early 20th century

From the 18th century (in many texts however only after around 1800) until 1920, the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary north of the Tisza and the Danube, which comprised present-day Slovakia, Carpathian Ruthenia, and approximately the Northern Hungary region (Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Heves, and Nógrád Counties), was informally called either "Upper Hungary" or "Upland" (Felső-Magyarország or Felvidék). Although not strictly defined, the name Felvidék became commonplace to the point that at least one publication concerning the area used it as its title. Other  nations used the terms "Upper Hungary" (for the northern part of the Kingdom), "Slovakia" (only for the territory predominantly inhabited by the Slovaks), and "Ruthenia" (the territory predominantly inhabited by the Ruthenians) in parallel. The Slovaks themselves called the territories of the Kingdom of Hungary to the south of Slovakia Dolná zem ("Lower Land").

In the course of the creation of Czechoslovakia at the end of World War I, Czechoslovakia originally demanded that all of Upper Hungary be added to Czechoslovak territory (i.e. including the territory between the Tisza River and present-day Slovakia). The claim for its acquisition, however, was not based on the whole area having a single common name, "Upper Hungary", but on the presence of a Slovak minority in the region.

Demographics

Population in the 18th century
In 1720 of the 63 largest towns on the territory of present-day Slovakia with at least 100 taxpaying households 40 had Slovak majority, 14 German and 9 Hungarian majority.

Population in the 19th century
The first ethnic data of whole Hungarian Kingdom by county was published in 1842. According to this survey the total population of the counties in Upper Hungary exceeded 2.4 million, with the following ethnic distribution: 59.5% Slovaks, 22% Magyars, 8.3% Ruthenians, 6.7% Germans and 3.6% Jews.

Population in the 20th century
Upper Hungary included the counties of Pozsony, Nyitra, Bars, Hont, Trencsén, Turóc, Árva, Liptó, Zólyom, Gömör és Kis-Hont, Szespes, Abaúj-Torna, Sáros and Zemplén. In the last census of 1910 in the Kingdom of Hungary, which was based on native language, Slovak speakers were a majority in many of these counties.

See also
 Carpathian Germans
 Oberlander Jews
Felvidék national football team

References

Historical regions in the Kingdom of Hungary
Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
History of Hungary
History of Slovakia

Upper Hungary


Belleville () is a neighbourhood of Paris, France, parts of which lie in four different arrondissements. The major portion of Belleville straddles the borderline between the 20th arrondissement and the 19th along its main street, the Rue de Belleville. The remainder lies in the 10th and 11th arrondissements.

It was once the independent commune (municipality) of Belleville which was annexed by the City of Paris in 1860 and divided between two arrondissements. Geographically, the neighborhood is situated on and around a hill which ties with Montmartre as the highest in Paris. The name Belleville literally means "beautiful town".

History
Historically, Belleville was a working-class neighborhood. People living in the independent village of Belleville played a large part in establishing the Second French Republic through their actions during the Revolution of 1848. In 1871, residents of the incorporated neighborhood of Belleville were some of the strongest supporters of the Paris Commune. When the Versailles Army came to reconquer Paris in May of that year, it faced some of the toughest resistance in Belleville and in neighboring Ménilmontant. The bloody street fighting persisted in the two eastern districts, and the last of the barricades is said to have been in the Rue Ramponeau in Belleville.

During the first half of the 20th century, many immigrants settled there: German Jews fleeing the Third Reich in 1933, and Spaniards in 1939. Many Algerians and Tunisian Jews arrived in the early 1960s.

Belleville is home to one of the largest congregations of the Reformed Church of France. The Église Réformée de Belleville has been in the area  since shortly before World War I.

Culture

Today, Belleville is a colourful, multi-ethnic neighbourhood and also home to one of the city's two Chinatowns, the other located in the 13th arrondissement near the Place d'Italie. Since the 1980s, an important Chinese community has been established there. There are many restaurants and associations and stores offering Chinese products. A fairly large and popular outdoor market is held there every Tuesday and Friday along the Boulevard de Belleville, where many local Île-de-France farmers sell their produce.

During the 1980s Parisian artists and musicians, attracted by the cheaper rents, the numerous vacant large spaces, and the old Paris charm of its smaller streets (Belleville was ignored, perhaps spared, during much of the architectural modernisation efforts and reparations of the 1960s and 1970s, the greatest exception being the area around the Place des Fêtes), started moving there. Many artists now live and work in Belleville and studios are scattered throughout the quartier. Some abandoned factories have been transformed into art squats, where several alternative artists and musicians, such as the band Les Rita Mitsouko began their careers.

Belleville is one of the most important neighbourhoods in Paris when it comes to Street Art. For example, Rue Denoyez or Place Frehel are a changing display of wall covering street art.

The demographics of the neighbourhood have undergone many changes throughout the decades.  While Armenians, Greeks, and Ashkenazi Jews were once the predominant ethnic groups, North Africans, and more recently, sub-Saharan Africans have been displacing these others.

Within the neighbourhood there is a cemetery and park, the Parc de Belleville, which ascends the western slope of the hill and offers, in addition to a panoramic view of the Paris skyline, a strikingly modern contrast to the classical gardens of the city centre and the eccentric nineteenth century romanticism of the nearby Parc des Buttes Chaumont. A School of Architecture is also located in Belleville.

The iconic French singer Édith Piaf grew up there and, according to legend, was born under a lamppost on the steps of the Rue de Belleville. A commemorative plaque can be found at number 72. A true Bellevilloise, Piaf sang and spoke the French language in a way that epitomised the accent de Belleville, which has been compared to the Cockney accent of London, England, although the Parisian dialect is nowadays rarely heard. Belleville is prominently featured in the 2007 biographical film of her life, La Vie En Rose.

Other famous Bellevillois include film director Maurice Tourneur, legendary French can-can dancer Jane Avril and popular singer and actor Eddy Mitchell. The filmmaker Maïwenn grew up in Belleville and lives there now.

In popular culture
Belleville is the subject of several French songs, including Eddy Mitchell's "Belleville ou Nashville?" and Serge Reggiani's "Le Barbier de Belleville." Belleville was also the location of the book La Vie Devant Soi by Romain Gary.

Belleville was named one of the unique neighborhoods in the world in 2016.

Belleville is also commemorated as the title of one of the most famous of the works of Django Reinhardt.

In Puccini's opera "Il Tabarro" (first part of the triple bill "Il Trittico") the lovers sing of their shared longing for the place where they both grew up, "Belleville è il nostro suolo e il nostro mondo! Noi non possiamo vivere sull'acqua!" (Belleville is our own soil and all our world! We cannot live forever on the water!) in comparison to the dreary nomadic life of working on a river barge.

A popular animated film, The Triplets of Belleville, was released in 2003. It received an Academy Award nomination.

Transportation
Belleville is served by the Metro stations Belleville, Pyrénées and Jourdain.

Films shot in Belleville

 Monsieur Ibrahim (Monsieur Ibrahim et les fleurs du Coran), 2003, directed by François Dupeyron
 The Bourne Identity, 2002, 'Hotel de la Paix' scene, directed by Doug Liman
 Madame Rosa (La Vie Devant Soi), 1975, directed by Moshé Mizrahi
 The Red Balloon (Le Ballon Rouge), 1956, directed by Albert Lamorisse
 Rue des Cascades (a.k.a. Un Gosse de la Butte), 1964, directed by Maurice Delbez
 Golden Helmet (Casque d'or), 1951, directed by Jacques Becker
 Polisse, 2011, directed by Maïwenn

References

External links

 Website of a Belleville business association

Districts of Paris
19th arrondissement of Paris
20th arrondissement of Paris
Chinatowns in Europe
Ethnic groups in France
Former communes of Seine
Squatting in France

Belleville, Paris


is a shōjo manga by Chitose Yagami.  It was serialized in Ciao magazine, published by Shogakukan in Japan. The series has been licensed in North America by Viz Media and was released on October 2, 2007. The sequel, , was released on October 1, 2004, also published by Shogakukan, and it was released in English under the title Fall in Love Like a Comic! vol. 2 on January 1, 2008, again by Viz Media.

The chapters in Zoku Manga Mitaina Koi Shitai (released in English under the title Fall in Love Like a Comic! vol. 2) were stand alone one-shots involving the characters from Manga Mitaina Koi Shitai and were serialized at irregular intervals in the manga magazines Chuchu and Ciao.

A preview of the first chapter was included in the September 2007 issue of Shojo Beat magazine.

Plot
The story centers around the relationship between Rena and Tomoya. Rena is a high school student and also a popular manga artist. While drawing love scenes, she bumps into the popular boy Tomoya. She quickly runs away from him but forgets her draft in the process. But when her publisher mentions that she doesn't put enough feeling into her works, she decides that she wants to improve her manga artist career by getting some hands-on experience in love.  She goes back to find her work and discovers that Tomoya now knows she is a manga artist.  While there, she asks him to become her boyfriend to help her with her manga.  Tomoya agrees and a few days later a jealous girl tries to hurt Rena when Tomoya takes her out for a date.  He rescues her and takes her to his house.  Later on, Rena sees him with another girl and thinks Tomoya doesn't want to be her boyfriend anymore, not realizing that the girl is his older sister.  She starts avoiding him and soon Tomoya is becoming annoyed.  A few days later he demands to know what happened.  She then publicly professes her love to him.  A few weeks after that, one of Rena's manga has the opportunity to be a drama on television.  Her manager asks Rena to ask Tomoya about being an actor in the movie.  He agrees to have a look, and ends up securing the role. In the middle of the filming, Rena becomes upset that Tomoya is being intimate with another girl, even though it's only acting.  Tomoya assures her that he will never leave her.

A few months later, Rena and Tomoya go on a trip together.  Rena starts pressuring Tomoya about sex, but Tomoya refuses her pleads rather coldly.  Later he goes to her room and assures her that he will have sex with her one day in the future.  After a few weeks, Rena tries calling Tomoya, only to hear a girl on the phone saying she is going to take a shower with Tomoya.  Worried, Rena rushes over to Tomoya's house.  There she meets Shiori, a relative of Tomoya.  Shiori says that she will marry Tomoya in the future, which makes Rena extremely jealous.  When Rena brings up the subject of Tomoya and her next date, Tomoya agrees to Shiori's pleading to come along.  Rena objects to this loudly and then runs home.  The next day Tomoya and Rena go on their date as planned, but Shiori cries when she is ignored.  When Tomoya tries to calm her down, Shiori's father arrives and invites Shiori to go home with him.  After some persuading from Tomoya, Shiori leaves with her father.  A few days after that incident, Rena's parents get her a tutor who turns out to be Tomoya's ex-girlfriend.  Rena soon becomes jealous and when Tomoya tries to calm her down, she shoves him away and runs off.  Later Tomoya visits her and brings her to a chapel where he proposes to her.  Rena says yes and they get married in the chapel, bringing the story to an end.  There is also a chapter featuring them as adults with children.

Characters
Rena Sakura
The main protagonist of the story. She has a secret that she is a professional manga artist who draws shōjo manga. After an accident at school, Tomoya finds out her secret, and remembering some advice from her editor, she asked him for a date so that she could learn more and improve her work. However, throughout the series, she is easily embarrassed by having any contact with boys (especially Tomoya) and often turns either extremely red or melts into goo.  Later on, she falls in love with Tomoya although she questions their relationship.  She becomes jealous when Tomoya shoots a kissing scene with an actress (who is also a fan of Rena's works). Rena is very shy toward boys but enjoys the help. In the future, Rena marries Tomoya and they have a son named Hiroki.

Tomoya Okita
Rena's boyfriend and the one she shared her first kiss with. He is extremely popular at school with the girls, and even though many have asked him out, his reply was always no. It is hinted that his older sister, who is a famous manga artist, influenced his personality. When Rena asked him why he didn't have a girlfriend, this was his reply: "I'm only going to date someone I'm interested in."  The truth was that he was talking about Rena.  Tomoya became mad when Rena told him that he seems to be a main hero of a shōjo manga because he wants her to see him as a real person. He also confesses his love to Rena. In the future, Tomoya marries Rena and they have a son named Hiroki.

Yun
Rena's closest friend who knows about her secret and supports her. She usually pushes Rena and is supportive of Rena's relationship with Tomoya. Yun always cares for Rena and has her best interest in mind, often offering Rena advice when needed. In the future, Yun marries Sunahara and they have a daughter named Sana.

Sunahara
Sunhara is one of Tomoya's friends. He is calm and does not talk a lot in the manga. In the future, Sunahara marries Yun and they have a daughter named Sana.

Yamase
A childhood friend of Tomoya who is the reason why Rena ran accidentally into Tomoya. He usually questions the relationship between Rena and Tomoya. At their school, he is actually the second most popular boy after Tomoya. In the future chapter, Yamase is working at a kindergarten, which Hiroki and Sana attend.

Media

Volume listing

Reception

Jason Thompson, writing for the appendix to Manga: The Complete Guide, praised the lead character for being "one of the all-too-few really eager careerwomen in shojo manga for this age group".

References

External links
 Viz Media's ''Fall in Love Like a Comic! page

2002 manga
2003 manga
Manga creation in anime and manga
Romantic comedy anime and manga
Shōjo manga
Viz Media manga

Fall in Love Like a Comic!


Laura J. Alber (born 1968) is an American businesswoman who in 2010 became the CEO of Williams-Sonoma, Inc.

Early life
Alber earned a B.A. in psychology from the University of Pennsylvania.  While attending Penn, Alber had a small business selling velvet floppy hats.  She said she got the idea after observing the floppy hat trend while a student at the University of Edinburgh. As a student, she took a wide range of classes, which she has said later served her well as a business executive. After graduation from Penn, Alber drove to California with no plan and took a series of odd jobs until taking an entry-level job at Gap Inc.

Career
She joined Williams-Sonoma in 1995 as a senior buyer in the Pottery Barn subsidiary brand.  Alber was promoted several times. She has said that her most important job, prior to becoming CEO of Williams-Sonoma, was serving as director of the Pottery Barn catalog, giving her the opportunity to "own" a business line from start to finish. She later became president of Pottery Barn, serving in that capacity from 2002 to 2006.

Alber moved to the newly created role of president of Williams-Sonoma in 2006, where she continued her lead of Pottery Barn and the company's global supply chain, distribution, and worldwide logistics.

In 2010, she was elected to the company's board and named as CEO, replacing retiring W. Howard Lester.

In September 2011, she was ranked the 10th highest paid woman in U.S. business by Fortune magazine, with an estimated compensation of $13,555,412.

She has said she enjoys the intellectual challenge of understanding the changing trends and global influences on the home. After being pregnant with her first daughter, Alber said she was inspired to create Pottery Barn Kids, providing home furnishings for children's spaces. Alber also led the creation of the Pottery Barn Bed+Bath, PBteen, and Threads brands.
In 2011, the San Francisco Business Times named her one of the most influential women in San Francisco.

Under Alber's leadership, Williams-Sonoma became one of the largest U.S. e-tailers, selling about half of its $5 billion annual sales online in 2014. During her tenure, Williams-Sonoma launched its first app - "Recipe of the Day" - and partnered with YouTube to offer shoppable online videos. Alber has also promoted in-store events at Williams-Sonoma, including book signings and panini-making classes.
In 2014 and 2015, Fortune magazine named Alber a "Business Person of the Year."

In 2014, Alber wrote a Harvard Business Review article, advocating for blending art and science in business by informing creative ideas with analytics.

Personal life
Laura is married with three children.  She was a member of the advisory board of the Richardson Bay Audubon Center.

She is on the board of overseers for the College of Arts & Science at The University of Pennsylvania.  She and her husband also created the Alber-Klingelhofer Endowed Scholarship at Penn. In 2014, Alber was the graduation speaker at the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Pennsylvania, where she encouraged "present mindedness"  which she defined as focusing on doing what you love, rather than only planning for it.

She became a member of the board of directors of Fitbit in 2016.

References

Businesspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area
American retail chief executives
American corporate directors
University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences alumni
American women chief executives
Women corporate directors
Williams-Sonoma people
1968 births
Living people
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American businesswomen
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesswomen

Laura J. Alber


The Composite UI Application Block (or CAB) is an addition to Microsoft's .NET Framework for creating complex user interfaces made of loosely coupled components. Developed by Microsoft's patterns & practices team, CAB is used exclusively for developing Windows Forms. A derivative version of CAB exists in both the Web Client and Mobile Client Software Factories as well. It encourages the developer to use either the Model-View-Controller or Model-View-Presenter architectural pattern, to encourage reuse of the individual User Controls (referred to in CAB as "SmartParts") by not coupling them with their underlying data elements or presentation code.

It is part of the foundation of the Smart Client Software Factory, another patterns & practices deliverable. It is also part of the Mobile Client Software Factory which is a version of the Smart Client Software Factory for use with the .NET Compact Framework 2.0.

See also
 Software Factories

External links
 CAB Home page
 Smart Client Software Factory Home page

Microsoft software factories
Software architecture

Composite UI Application Block


《神奇小蛛網2》()係一部由美國嘅派拉蒙電影公司製作、2003年3月18號以錄影帶首映方式發行嘅動畫戲電影。佢係1973年電影《神奇小蛛網》嘅續集,由Mario Piluso執導。電影由派拉蒙,環球影業同尼克國際兒童頻道製作。派拉蒙電影公司負責喺北美發行,環球影業負責喺其它地區發行。

故仔
The film opens in springtime, the year after Charlotte has died. Her three daughters, Nellie, Aranea, and Joy, are now in the stages of adolescence, with Wilbur serving as a companion and mentor. Templeton has his own children to look after, and Gwen the Goose has just hatched new goslings.

During this time, Wilbur befriends a newborn lamb named Cardigan, who is ostracized by the other animals because he has black wool. Wilbur takes Cardigan under his wing and shows him the farm, the ways of animal life, and dangers to avoid.

A few months later, the county fair arrives. Farmer Zuckerman loads Wilbur and Cardigan into crates before heading to the fair. There, Zuckerman sells Cardigan to another farmer, Mr. Hirsh, much to Wilbur's chagrin. Fern, knowing that Wilbur and Cardigan are friends, begs for Zuckerman to reconsider, but Zuckerman sells Cardigan anyway.

Wilbur becomes worried about Cardigan, and resolves to go visit him to make sure he is doing alright at his new home. As she was born there, Gwen gives Wilbur directions to Mr. Hirsh's farm. Wilbur, knowing that he will get lost on the way to Cardigan's new farm, requests that Templeton guide him there, under the promise that Wilbur will babysit Templeton's bratty child. Templeton declines, believing it is far too late at night. However, Templeton soon changes his mind, in exchange for the promised babysitting days.

During the journey to visit Cardigan, Wilbur becomes hungry. He finds some blackberries to eat, which cause his face to turn purple. He then gets his foot tangled in some brambles, from which Templeton frees him in exchange for two more weeks of babysitting. Some bark from the trees falls and lands on Wilbur's head, making him look like a wild pig. A near hit by a truck then reveals that two other men have now seen Wilbur, and they resolve to warn everyone about the "wild pig".

The following morning, Wilbur makes it to Cardigan's, and they are happy to see each other. After Cardigan tells Wilbur that Mr. Hirsh plans to shear him, Wilbur promises Cardigan that he will stay until his wool is shorn.

Meanwhile, an evil fox named Farley comes and steals a hen from the barn, and Nellie encourages Wilbur to stop him. However, Wilbur is unsuccessful, as Farley flees from the barn, leaving Wilbur there to be framed for the attack. When Mrs. Hirsh arrives, she sees Wilbur and thinks he was the one after the chickens. Fern notices that Wilbur has disappeared and alerts Zuckerman, while Wilbur requests that Nellie, Aranea, and Joy spin a message in their webs like Charlotte did. However, their efforts are unsuccessful, and Wilbur is chased off by Mrs. Hirsch once again. Wilbur is forced to abandon his promise to stay with Cardigan, much to their dismay.

Immediately after, Farley returns and attempts to raid the chicken coup once again, but it has been fenced. Farley then sees Cardigan and steals him from the barn, planning to eat him. Wilbur manages to trap Farley in a "pig web", while Nellie, Aranea, and Joy spin the word "fox" in their webs and Fern arrives just in time to save Wilbur. Aranea and Joy decide to stay with Cardigan, and Wilbur fulfills his promise to babysit Templeton's children, to his dismay.

電影歌曲
 "It's Not So Hard To Be A Pig"
 "Watch Out Wilbur the Pig!"
 "It's Good To Be Me"
 "Charlotte's Kids"

出面網頁

美國電影

神奇小蛛網2


The 1974 FA Cup final was an association football match between Liverpool and Newcastle United on Saturday, 4 May 1974 at Wembley Stadium, London. It was the final match of the 1973–74 FA Cup, the 93rd season of England's primary cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup, better known as the FA Cup. Liverpool were appearing in their fifth final and Newcastle in their eleventh, which was a record at the time. Liverpool had won the FA Cup once, in 1965, and Newcastle six times, most recently in 1955.

Both teams entered the competition in the third round. Liverpool and Newcastle had scares in the third and fourth rounds, in all cases drawing home ties against much smaller clubs and then winning the replays. Both had good wins in the fifth round and Liverpool won away in the sixth (quarter-final) round. Newcastle's sixth round home tie against Nottingham Forest was declared void after a riot on the field by Newcastle fans when their team was losing 1–3. The game was delayed until order was restored and Newcastle won it 4–3. Forest made a written protest to the Football Association (the FA) and Newcastle were very close to being disqualified from the competition. The FA relented and ordered that the match must be replayed at a neutral venue. Two replays were needed before Newcastle won through. In the semi-finals, Newcastle defeated Burnley 2–0 at Hillsborough and Liverpool defeated Leicester City 3–1 in a replay at Villa Park, following a 0–0 draw at Old Trafford.

The final, televised live, was watched by a crowd of 100,000 and Liverpool won a one-sided match 3–0 with goals by Kevin Keegan (2) and Steve Heighway. After the third goal, BBC TV's match commentator David Coleman said that Newcastle's defence had been "stripped naked" by Liverpool. When the score was 0–0, Liverpool left back Alec Lindsay had a goal disallowed for offside, but replays later showed that the final pass to Lindsay came from a Newcastle defender and therefore the goal should have stood. Liverpool won the FA Cup for the second time.

The team managers Bill Shankly (Liverpool) and Joe Harvey (Newcastle) sat next to each other all through the match. It was Shankly's last game in charge of Liverpool as he retired in July and was succeeded by coach Bob Paisley – though Shankly led the team out for the Charity Shield match in August. Harvey retired at the end of the 1974–75 season. Two Newcastle players, Terry McDermott and Alan Kennedy, became Liverpool players in later years and both scored goals for Liverpool in European Cup finals. Kevin Keegan joined Newcastle as a player in 1982 and was their manager in the 1990s.

Background

The FA Cup, known officially as The Football Association Challenge Cup, is an annual knockout association football competition in men's domestic English football. Organised by and named after The Football Association (The FA), the tournament was first played during the 1871–72 season and is the world's oldest association football competition. The 1974 match at Wembley was the 93rd FA Cup Final.

The match was Liverpool's fifth appearance in the final. They had won the competition once, defeating Leeds United 2–1 after extra time in the 1965 final. Liverpool had been runners-up in 1914, when they lost 1–0 to Burnley; in 1950, beaten 2–0 by Arsenal; and in 1971, beaten 2–1 after extra time by Arsenal.

Newcastle were appearing in a then record eleventh final. They had won the competition six times and been runners-up four times. Their first appearance was in the 1905 final at Crystal Palace which they lost 2–0 to Aston Villa. They reached the 1906 final too but were again beaten, this time 1–0 by Everton. Newcastle's third final was in 1908, again at Crystal Palace. They had finished fourth in the First Division that season, after winning the league in 1906–07 and, in the semi-final, they had beaten Fulham 6–0. Their 1908 final opponents were Wolverhampton Wanderers ("Wolves") who had just finished ninth in the Second Division. Newcastle were therefore strong favourites to win their first FA Cup but, in a major shock, Wolves won the final 3–1. Newcastle's first win was in the 1910 final when they defeated Barnsley 2–0 in a replay at Goodison Park after the first match at Crystal Palace had ended 1–1. Newcastle reached the final again in 1911 and another replay was necessary, following a goalless draw at Crystal Palace against Bradford City, but they lost the replay at Old Trafford, Bradford winning 1–0. Newcastle appeared in two inter-war finals, winning both. They defeated Aston Villa 2–0 in the second Wembley final, nicknamed the "Rainy Day Final"; and in 1932 they defeated Arsenal 2–1 in the "Over The Line Final". Newcastle enjoyed tremendous success in the early 1950s when the great Jackie Milburn was their centre forward. They won the FA Cup three times from 1951 to 1955: defeating Blackpool 2–0 in 1951, Arsenal 1–0 in 1952 and Manchester City 3–1 in 1955.

Route to the final

Liverpool

Liverpool entered the competition in the third round and were drawn at home against Doncaster Rovers, who were struggling in the bottom half of the Fourth Division, eventually finishing 22nd and therefore 90th of the 92 Football League clubs. At Anfield, Doncaster were close to achieving a major shock but Liverpool managed to secure a 2–2 draw and then won the replay 2–0 at Belle Vue. Liverpool struggled again in the fourth round, unable to score at Anfield against Second Division Carlisle United, who were promoted to the First Division at the end of the season. As in the previous tie, Liverpool won the replay 2–0, played at Brunton Park.

In the fifth round, Liverpool were drawn at home again and were in a "tie of the round" situation against one of their main rivals Ipswich Town, who had won at Old Trafford in the fourth round to knock out Manchester United. This time, despite facing strong opposition, Liverpool achieved victory at the first attempt and qualified for the quarter-final stage with a 2–0 win. In the sixth round, they were drawn away for the first time in the tournament against Second Division Bristol City and won 1–0 at Ashton Gate. In the previous round, Bristol City had beaten the First Division leaders Leeds United at Elland Road.

Liverpool now faced their sometime "bogey team" Leicester City in the semi-final at Old Trafford. After a goalless draw, the replay took place at Villa Park and Liverpool won 3–1.

Newcastle United

Newcastle United entered the competition in the third round and were drawn at home against non-league Hendon, who were the reigning champions of the regional Isthmian League. Hendon came close to a major upset and held Newcastle 1–1 at St James' Park. Newcastle recovered to win the replay 4–0 at Vicarage Road, Watford. A similar situation arose in the fourth round when Newcastle were drawn at home against struggling Fourth Division side Scunthorpe United, who also achieved a 1–1 draw at St James' Park. In the replay at the Old Showground, Newcastle won 3–0.

In the fifth round, Newcastle won 3–0 away to Second Division West Bromwich Albion. This set up a sixth round home tie against Nottingham Forest who, like West Brom, were a mid-table Second Division team. Newcastle won the match 4–3 after trailing 3–1, but The Football Association ordered a replay as Newcastle supporters had rioted and invaded the pitch in the second half. This ended in a 0–0 draw after extra time, and Newcastle finally won the tie 1–0 in a second replay at Goodison Park.

In the semi-final at Hillsborough, Newcastle faced Burnley who were above them in the First Division table. Newcastle nevertheless won the match 2–0 with two second half goals by Macdonald.

Match

First half
Liverpool had more of the play in the first half but, with few clear chances, the match was goalless at half-time.

Second half
Liverpool dominated the second half despite having a goal by Alec Lindsay disallowed for offside. Many considered this decision incorrect as Television replays showed that Newcastle's Alan Kennedy inadvertently played the final pass to Lindsay, however, the prior ball was played to Kevin Keegan while he was in an offside position, making the decision a correct one.  Kevin Keegan opened the scoring with a volley after Tommy Smith had passed the ball into the penalty area from the right. With half an hour to go, Ray Clemence became a virtual spectator. The second goal was scored by Steve Heighway, who had scored Liverpool's only goal in the 1971 final. He ran onto a header by John Toshack and placed the ball wide of Liam McFaul. Near the end, a passing move by several Liverpool players ended with Smith playing another right field pass, this time across the front of the goalmouth, that was turned into the net by Keegan from close range.

Details

Post-match
After the match ended, some Liverpool supporters ran onto the pitch and bowed down at Shankly's feet. He said afterwards: "These are the people, who came on the field and bowed down, these are the people I'm pleased for, more than anybody else, more than myself".

References
Specific

General

External links

FA Cup finals
Final
FA Cup Final 1974
FA Cup Final 1974
Events at Wembley Stadium
FA Cup Final
FA Cup Final

1974 FA Cup final


George Partridge Colvocoresses (April 3, 1847 – September 10, 1932) was a United States Navy rear admiral. He was the son of Captain George M. Colvocoresses, the adopted son of Captain Alden Partridge, founder of Norwich University in Vermont. George P. was a graduate of the Norwich University class of 1866 and led a distinguished military career.

Life and career
He was born in Norwich, Vermont, on April 3, 1847, to Greek immigrant George M. Colvocoresses and Adeline Maria Swasey. He was named for his father's benefactor, Alden Partridge. He served under his father on the  on South Atlantic blockade duty.

The younger Colvocoresses eventually rose to the rank of rear admiral and was Commandant of Cadets at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis. He eventually served under then-Commodore George Dewey with the Asiatic Squadron at the battle of Manila Bay.

He entered the United States Naval Academy, then located in Newport, Rhode Island, in 1864, during the American Civil War, and graduated in 1869.

Colvocoresses served on most of the foreign naval stations, and in the Hydrographic Office at Washington, and in 1886 was assistant instructor in drawing at the United States Naval Academy, where he was an instructor in 1893–96 and commandant of midshipmen in 1905–1909.

In 1890, the officers and men of the United States Navy dedicated a granite-and-marble monument to the memory of Lieut. George W. De Long and the crew of the . Lieutenant George P. Colvocoresses designed the monument—a cross with carved icicles hanging from it that sits atop a cairn. The -high structure is in the U.S. Naval Academy Cemetery overlooking the Severn River.

He distinguished himself in service as executive officer on the cruiser  at the Battle of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898, in the Spanish–American War, where the United States won a decisive victory over the Spanish Fleet, helping to end the Spanish naval threat and establish the United States as one of the world's military "super powers."

Commander Asa Walker, commander of the Concord, had the following to say: "Each and every one of my subordinates did his whole duty with an enthusiasm and zeal beyond all praise. I am particularly indebted to the executive officer, Lieut. Commander George P. Colvocoresses, for the cool, deliberate, and efficient manner with which he met each phase of the action, and for his hearty cooperation in my plans."

He participated in the capture of Manila on August 13, 1898, and shortly afterwards, became the executive officer of the cruiser .

In 1899, he became a Veteran Companion of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of Foreign Wars.  He also became a Companion of the California Commandery of Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.

He was promoted to captain in February 1905, and was retired in the rank of rear admiral on June 30, 1907.

In 1919, Rear Admiral Colvocoresses, whose name appears on the Centennial Staircase at Norwich, delivered an address about Captain Alden Partridge on the 100th anniversary of the founding of Norwich University.

Colvocoresses, married Minnie D. Van Nest she was the daughter of Theodore Eli Van Nest. They had one daughter and two sons: Edith B., Major Harold Colvocoresses U.S.M.C., and George M. (II) Colvocoresses. The son of George M. (II) Colvocoresses, Col. Alden Partridge Colvocoresses, USA (Ret.), went on to develop the first satellite map of the United States.

Awards
 Dewey Medal
 Civil War Campaign Medal
 Spanish Campaign Medal
 Philippine Campaign Medal

Dates of rank
 Midshipman – 28 September 1864
 Graduated – 4 June 1869
 Ensign – 12 July 1870
 Master – 18 June 1872
 Lieutenant – 1 July 1875
 Lieutenant commander – 4 June 1897
 Commander – 30 June 1900
 Captain – 21 February 1905
 Rear admiral on Retired List – 30 June 1907

Served two years and two months as Captain's Clerk during the Civil War.

References

External links

1847 births
1932 deaths
American people of Greek descent
Norwich University alumni
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Naval Academy faculty
United States Navy rear admirals
People from Norwich, Vermont
People of Vermont in the American Civil War
Artists from Vermont
19th-century Greek Americans

George Partridge Colvocoresses


Ardpatrick () is a village at the southwestern extremity of the Knapdale, Argyll, Scotland. The village is built along the north western shore of West Loch Tarbert.

Ardpatrick Point forms a headland at the north of West Loch Tarbert and looks south west to the island of Gigha.

History
A prehistoric standing stone stands in a field near Ardpatrick, known as Achadh chaorann.

The headland of Ardpatrick is according to legend, the landing place of St. Patrick, on his way from Ireland to Iona.

Upon the formation of the Clan MacAlister, becoming independent from Clan MacDonald in 1493, their chief, Iain Dubh (Anglicisation: Black John), created the seat of the clan at Ardpatrick. Ardpatrick House was built in 1769 for Angus MacAlester, 11th of Loup, by John Menelaws and Thomas Menelaws, from Greenock.

See also
Clan MacAlister

Footnotes

External links

Digital images of Ardpatrick House

Villages in Knapdale
Clan MacAlister

Ardpatrick, Argyll


The Battle for God: Fundamentalism in Judaism, Christianity and Islam is a book by author Karen Armstrong published in 2000 by Knopf/HarperCollins which the New York Times described as "one of the most penetrating, readable, and prescient accounts to date of the rise of the fundamentalist movements in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam". The Battle for God traces the history of the rise of fundamentalism in the three major monotheistic faiths. Armstrong's analysis starts with developments in Judaism and traces it through the creation of fundamentalism in Christianity to adoption of a similar approach to modernity in Islam.

Synopsis
Armstrong's central case rests on the confusion between mythos and logos, using these in the technical sense suggested by the philosopher Johannes Sløk. Myth concerns "what was thought to be timeless and constant in our existence... Myth was not concerned with practical matters but with meaning". By contrast "Logos was the rational, pragmatic and scientific thought that enabled men and women to function well in the world". In religion, logos appears in legal systems and practical action. By the eighteenth century, "people in Europe and America began to think that logos was the only means to truth and began to discount mythos as false and superstitious." Armstrong suggests that fundamentalists have turned their mythos into logos using the mindset of the modern scientific age.

The first part of the book, "The Old World and the New", compares the progression of the three monotheistic faiths between 1492, when Columbus landed in America, and 1870, when "The Franco-Prussian War had revealed the hideous effects of modern weaponry, and there was a dawning realisation that science might also have a malignant dimension." It traces the way Jews and Muslims modernized during this period.

This leads to the modern period described in part two, "Fundamentalism", when there was a growing adoption of a literalist interpretation of scripture in the United States, which eventually gave rise to The Fundamentals, a series of 12 volumes refuting modern ideas published shortly before and during the World War I, of which 3 million copies  were distributed to every pastor, professor and theological student across America by the largesse of oil millionaires. Though this led to a distinctive ideology, it was not till the 1980s that it emerged as a political force.

In Judaism, the growth of Zionism was given its biggest boost by the Holocaust which led to the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. Although many traditional Jews migrated there, the most conservative rejected the secular interpretation of Zionism and it wasn't until the emergence of Gush Emunim after the Yom Kippur War in 1974 that fundamentalism emerged in Israel as a political force.

In Islam, fundamentalism did not emerge until modernization had taken hold, first in Egypt with the creation of the Muslim Brotherhood by Hasan al-Banna. Armstrong traces the development of Sunni fundamentalism under Sayyid Qutb and Shia fundamentalism under Ayatollah Khomeini.

Response
After 9/11, Karen Armstrong became one of the best selling authors in the US, as people attempted to understand the culture of men capable of carrying out such acts. One reviewer points out that "9-11 holds a fresh irony. While Osama and Co. wouldn't exist without the hegemony of Western secularism to rally against, their most effective attack on the Great Satan has breathed new life into our own fundamentalist tendencies." In 2019, The Battle for God was ranked by Slate as one of the 50 best nonfiction books of the past 25 years.

References

2000 in religion
2000 non-fiction books
21st-century history books
Alfred A. Knopf books
Books about Islamic fundamentalism
Christian fundamentalism
English-language books
HarperCollins books
History books about religion
Religious studies books
Works by Karen Armstrong

The Battle for God


Napoleon Potyguara Lazzarotto, better known as Poty (Curitiba, March 29, 1924 – Curitiba, May 8, 1998) was a Brazilian artist. His murals - often made of ceramic tiles - can be seen in many localities of Brazil as well as in Portugal, France and Germany.

Nonetheless, most of Poty's works were done in his hometown: Curitiba. Therefore, the artist mosaics, spread out through the capital of Paraná, are among the main icons of the city.

Biography
Son of the Italians Issac Lazzarotto and Julia Tortato Lazzarotto, he began to be interested in drawing as a child. His father was a railroad worker and his mother ran a restaurant in the city, the "Wagon of the Armistice", much frequented by intellectuals from Paraná.

Poty's father lost one of his arms, due to an accident, and to help with the family budget he was looking for aluminum pieces that were modeled in paintings of the Holy Supper to sell. Poty and his childhood friends used to go to his father's shed to help move the bellows. The shed that his father built in front of his house, in Curitiba, was renamed "Wagon of Armistice", becoming a restaurant since 1937, under the care of his mother. The governor of Paraná, Manoel Ribas, frequented the restaurant and, in 1942, awarded Poty a scholarship at the National School of Fine Arts, in Rio de Janeiro.

In 1938, at the age of 14, Poty published in the newspaper Diário da Tarde the story "Haroldo, o Homem Relâmpago", in 6 chapters.

In 1943, Hermínio da Cunha César invited Poty to illustrate his book "Lenda da Herva Mate Sapecada", in Rio de Janeiro. It was the first book illustrated by Poty and published.

References

Sources

1924 births
1998 deaths
People from Curitiba
Brazilian artists
Brazilian muralists
Brazilian ceramists
Brazilian people of Italian descent
Brazilian printmakers
20th-century ceramists

Poty Lazzarotto


In applied mathematics, the starred transform, or star transform, is a discrete-time variation of the Laplace transform, so-named because of the asterisk or "star" in the customary notation of the sampled signals.
The transform is an operator of a continuous-time function , which is transformed to a function  in the following manner:

where  is a Dirac comb function, with period of time T.

The starred transform is a convenient mathematical abstraction that represents the Laplace transform of an impulse sampled function , which is the output of an ideal sampler, whose input is a continuous function, .

The starred transform is similar to the Z transform, with a simple change of variables, where the starred transform is explicitly declared in terms of the sampling period (T), while the Z transform is performed on a discrete signal and is independent of the sampling period. This makes the starred transform a de-normalized version of the one-sided Z-transform, as it restores the dependence on sampling parameter T.

Relation to Laplace transform

Since , where:

Then per the convolution theorem, the starred transform is equivalent to the complex convolution of  and , hence:

This line integration is equivalent to integration in the positive sense along a closed contour formed by such a line and an infinite semicircle that encloses the poles of X(s) in the left half-plane of p. The result of such an integration (per the residue theorem) would be:

Alternatively, the aforementioned line integration is equivalent to integration in the negative sense along a closed contour formed by such a line and an infinite semicircle that encloses the infinite poles of  in the right half-plane of p. The result of such an integration would be:

Relation to Z transform

Given a Z-transform, X(z), the corresponding starred transform is a simple substitution:

This substitution restores the dependence on T.

It's interchangeable,

Properties of the starred transform

Property 1:   is periodic in  with period

Property 2:  If  has a pole at , then  must have poles at , where

Citations

References

Phillips and Nagle, "Digital Control System Analysis and Design", 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall, 1995.

Transforms

Starred transform


The Quebra–Quilos revolt (Portuguese: revolta do Quebra-Quilos, literally, "revolt of the kilogram-breaker") was a three-month-long revolt in opposition to the proposed transition to the metric system in Brazil. The unrest took place from 31 October 1874 to January 1875 as part of wider anti-government protests.

Background
The metric system was first introduced in Brazil in 1862 as a rebellion against the monopoly established by foreign merchants. Slaves took part on occasions demanding emancipation. Through January the revolt died on its own, without any drastic intervention by the army. The spread of the revolt led to involvement of groups with different goals, such as slaves demanding emancipation, anti masonic clergy and conscientious objectors.

The revolt was caused by the implementation of a variety of provincial and municipal taxes, that rendered goods unaffordable for a large portion of the population.
The adoption of the metric system further increased prices, as merchants seized the opportunity to manipulate the prices, draft resistance also played a role in increasing tensions. Religion played a role in the uprising as the rebels often assembled in churches, praying before the patron saints before launching their raids, the rebel flag depicted effigies of the Virgin Mary and Christ on the Cross. The insurgents lacked central leadership, instead being led by local commanders who usually commanded small bands.

Revolt
On 31 October 1874, a marketplace in Fagundes, Paraíba was disturbed by the shouts of a group of people protesting the imposition of market taxes, requiring them to pay 200 reis for every quantity of purchased goods touching the ground. The protestors banished a local tax collector from the market, tearing down lists of municipal taxes. The peasants then pursued to destroy scales and measurements representing the metric system, as their use was also subject to taxation. Fagundese citizens and their supporters from the neighboring areas  continued to resist taxation organising riots on 7 and 14 November, the intervention of the district judge and vicar failed to bring any results.

On 21 November, a band of 800 armed men attacked the town of Ingá, burning the archives of the town's council and destroying all records related to taxation, later forcing a police commander to sign a declaration cancelling all the new taxes. Unrest spread through the region affecting the towns of Campina Grande, Alagoa Grande, Alagôia Nova, Arara, Areia, Bananeiras, Espalhada and Independencia among others. On the same day the towns of Timbaúba and Itambé, Pernambuco were targeted by the rebels, prompting provincial president Lucena to send a force of 40 regular troops to the destroyed towns on 27 November. The troops under the command of Pedro de Alcantara Tiberia Capistrano, reached Itambé three days later but were ordered to remain inactive by the district judge. On 7 December, the troops patrolled the Itambé market, enabling officials to collect taxes. The deployment of soldiers proved insufficient, as riots resumed the following week engulfing Angelica, Alliança, Caruarú and Vicencia. A 400 man mob left Caruarú, marching to Bezerros and Bonita on 12 December and intimidating the local authorities.

Provincial president Lucena then reacted by dispatching a second force consisting of 40 national guardsmen and 20 regular troops. On 19 December, the rebels encountered the soldiers while raiding the house of the Bonita taxman. The two sides clashed, leaving one rebel and two soldiers dead and over three people wounded. News of the confrontation reached a nearby prison, with 10 prison guards and 4 soldiers reaching the destroyed house and repelling the mob. Rumors of a new tax to be imposed on combing one's hair led to the spread of the riots to the province of Alagoas, mobs broke scales, burned taxation and army recruitment documents, while ridiculing the police. Loyalist militias were summoned in several locations disrupting the riots.

The last major violent incident within the borders of Pernambuco took place on 25 December, when 500 rebels raided the house of a judge in Villa Bella, failing however to find any documents. On 3 January 1875, a group of merchants from Quebrangulo, Rio Grande do Norte unsuccessfully resisted the rebels who in turn killed 10 and injured many more of the traders.

See also
 Rebellions and revolutions in Brazil

References

 M.K. de Macêdo. Revoltas populares na Província do Rio Grande: o "Quebra-Quilos" e o "Motim das Mulheres". (1998). História do Rio Grande do Norte n@ WEB.

Conflicts in 1874
Conflicts in 1875
Rebellions in Brazil
Metrication opposition
1874 in Brazil
1874 in science
1875 in Brazil
1875 in science
19th-century rebellions

Quebra–Quilos revolt


Diaper fetishism, nappy fetishism, or diaperism is a type of garment fetish in which a person derives pleasure from wearing or using a diaper. Though separate and distinct, diaper fetishism can also be used as a component of various other kinks, such as ageplay or paraphilic infantilism, which together form a spectrum of practices colloquially referred to as "adult baby/diaper lover" or "AB/DL".

Behavior and attraction

Generally speaking, people who choose to wear diapers for recreational purposes (as opposed to medical need or situational convenience) may informally classify themselves as "diaper lovers" (DLs), yet vary widely in their motivation, interest and focus of attention.

While some use diapers to achieve or enhance sexual pleasure as part of a kink or fetish, others find diapers to be a source of non-sexual positive feelings, such as comfort, relaxation, nostalgia, as well as being loved or cared for. This is not a dichotomy, however, as many DLs experience both sexual and non-sexual gratification. (Strictly speaking, the term "diaper fetishism" may only apply to those who derive at least some degree of sexual arousal from the activity.) In other words, there is no singular or archetypal behavior and a wide range of thought patterns and activities exist, but all tend to be harmless forms of self-expression and/or an efficacious release from some kind of pressure.

Whether motivated mainly by sexual pleasure or feelings of comfort, many DLs find wearing diapers to be an intense multisensory experience in which touch (the soft, bulky or squishy feeling of wearing a diaper), sight (seeing themselves or another adult in a diaper), sound (the crinkle of the material), and in some cases smell (baby powder, wet wipes, urine or feces) are all stimulated. For some people with a diaper fetish, any one of these sensations may be enough stimulus to derive some level of erotic pleasure or sexual arousal, and may or may not represent a connection or overlap with other paraphilias.

While some DLs prefer to simply wear diapers without using them at all, others may experience increased arousal from "wetting" and/or "messing" in their diapers. Others still may prefer to "simulate" the feeling of a used diaper by saturating the polymer gel core with water, other liquids, blood, semen, or soft solids. Additionally, some people may choose to primarily stick within their particular comfort zone, while others may feel the occasional desire to explore or experiment with various types of play.

Like many other forms of sexual expression, diaper play can be performed either solo or with one or more consenting partners. Further, while some participants only wear diapers in certain private settings or for limited amounts of time, others might endeavor to "go 24/7" by wearing diapers under their clothes during the course of their daily lives and for a longer period of time. Crucially, because most in the broader AB/DL community subscribe to the notion of "safe, sane and consensual" expression of their kink, exposing others to unwanted sights or smells is highly frowned upon and most intentionally explore their fantasies in a way that would likely not be visible to or noticed by passersby on the street.

Ageplay

Diaper lovers (DLs), including those with a diaper fetish, are often associated with adult babies (ABs) and referred to under the umbrella term, "AB/DL".

While both may wear diapers for sexual arousal and positive feelings, a DL is someone whose interest lies mainly in the diaper itself, while an AB will use the diaper mainly as an element of ageplay; a prop which helps the person roleplay and imagine themselves as a child. In practice, however, AB/DL represents an entire spectrum of interests and behaviors, with some who might classify themselves as DLs being open to some degree of ageplay, and some who might classify themselves as ABs (or maybe "littles" or "middles", depending on their age roleplaying preference) being only marginally interested in diapers.

Over time, as ageplay in general has become more popular, better understood, and less stigmatized, an entire industry has developed around the production of goods for the community. Today, a wide variety of adult diapers (including cloth diapers and disposables with elaborate and colorful designs), cute or childish clothing in adult sizes, and other ageplay accessories are sold to members of the AB/DL community around the world. Furthermore, AB/DL products are becoming increasingly available at sex shops and even mainstream online retailers.

Finally, though less common, diapers may also be used as a prop during ageplay scenes in which a participant is playing as an older adult.

Omorashi

The Japanese-language term , which means "to wet oneself", has become a common colloquial term for the sub-genre of urolagnia involving the need to urinate, urinary desperation, and potentially wetting ones clothes or bed. While sexual interests in urine, desperation and incontinence are neither new nor exclusively Japanese, the categorization of "omorashi" as a specific fetish sub-culture in Japan has allowed the term to gain global recognition and predominance in the kink space. The word "omorashi" is also commonly shorted to just "omo" by people in the community.

For some people with an omorashi fetish, sexual climax may coincide with the moment of intense relief and embarrassment experienced when the desperate individual eventually loses bladder control.

Certain subsets of omorashi fandom utilize diapers, in which case it is referred to as "", or less commonly, "", both of which translate as "to wet oneself in a diaper."

BDSM

Diapers can also play a part in a variety of BDSM scenes, whether as a passive convenience during long bondage sessions where the bound participant may not be able to express or act upon their need to visit a toilet, or as an active element and focal point during a scene involving power dynamics like movement modification, bathroom restriction, diaper punishment, or humiliation.

Another dynamic that blends BDSM with ageplay is called "caregiver/little" (CG/L), in which one participant takes on the role of a caregiver (CG) or parental figure (often called "daddy", "mommy", etc.), and another participants takes on the childlike role of a "little". In some variations of this dynamic, CG/L can overlap significantly with AB/DL play, and diapers may be used.

Rubber fetishism

Some rubber and plastic fetishists have an affinity for diapers and rubber pants. In the case of disposable diapers, this attraction would be to their crinkly plastic backing. In the case of cloth diapers, it would be towards the latex or PVC of the pants worn over them.

Fetish diapers

Over time, many companies that make and sell adult diapers have begun to take notice of the fetish audience, creating new diapers and other products designed to appeal to kink community.

Also commonly called "ABDL diapers", adult diapers that primarily target the kink community often have increased absorbency as well as vibrant, cute or playful designs. While diapers marketed towards people with incontinence increasingly opt for "pull-up" designs and materials that prioritize discretion and mimic the look and feel of briefs, diapers made for the fetish community are typical "tape/tab" style and prioritize absorbency, aesthetics, feel, sound, eroticism and nostalgia. ABDL diapers may also have features like plastic backing material (popular for its distinctive crinkling sound), hook-and-loop tapes (allowing for improved fit and multiple adjustments), external wetness indicators, added scents, etc.

Though less popular than tabbed disposable diapers, adult cloth diapers, diaper covers and training pants designed and marketed towards the ABDL community also exist.

Finally, while medical diapers can be found at many supermarkets and drug stores, fetish diapers are typically only found online, at kink lifestyle conventions and specialty stores, or in some sex shops.

Clinical significance
Like all kinks, diaper fetishism can be considered an atypical sexual interest, but that alone is neither problematic nor indicative of poor mental health.

In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) published the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) which, among other things, draws a clear distinction between "atypical sexual interests" (otherwise known as kinks, fetishes, or paraphilias) and "paraphilic disorders". The APA states that "most people with atypical sexual interests do not have a mental disorder" and as such, in the vast majority of cases, kinks like diaper fetishism can simply be considered valid and harmless forms of human sexual expression.

However, it is possible for any fetish to become associated with a "paraphilic disorder", in which the behavior or underlying desire causes someone to "feel personal distress about their interest, [and] not merely distress resulting from society's disapproval".

While being forced to wear diapers as a form of humiliation was previously mentioned in the DSM-IV as an expression of sexual masochism, any reference to diaper fetishism has since been removed in the DSM-5 due to the declassification and depathologization of paraphilias (fetishes) in general.

An examination of changes in the DSM-5 discovered that it "distinguishes paraphilias from paraphilic disorders (allowing unusual sexual interests to be studied by researchers but only regarded as disorders when they cause distress or dysfunction)".

Cultural views
In September 2015, Huffington Post Arts & Culture published an interview on diaper fetishes. While this clothing fetish is obscure, diaper fetishists engage in the behavior privately or with a partner who shares a mutual interest in the fetish (sexual acts).

The South Korean public often views diaper fetishism in a negative light. A Naver cafe (similar to the Yahoo! Groups service) that is devoted to diaper fetishism was closed around September 2010 as the South Korean media outlets portrayed it negatively to the general public. Another incident occurred when a South Korean girl group, Girl's Day, were accused of wearing costumes that looked like oversized diapers, dubbed diaper fashion.

See also

References

Diapers
Paraphilias
Sexual fetishism
ABDL
Fashion-related fetishism
Fetish clothing

Diaper fetishism


The 2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with two peaks in activity in May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean. The season's first named storm, Pabuk, entered the basin on January 4, becoming the earliest-forming cyclonic storm of the North Indian Ocean on record.

The season currently contains 3 depressions, 3 deep depressions, 3 cyclonic storms and 2 very severe cyclonic storms.

Season summary

Due to the presence of an weak El Niño to continue through the season, the season's first named storm, Pabuk, entered the basin on January 4, becoming the earliest-forming cyclonic storm of the North Indian Ocean on record, tying with 2014 season. The second Cyclonic Storm of the season was formed, Fani on April 26. Fani became an extremely severe cyclonic storm on April 30, reaching an Category 4-equivalent tropical cyclone on the Saffir-Simpson Scale, then made landfall in India killing 89 people between Odisha and Bangladesh; Fani caused $1.812 billion in damages. In early June, a strong pulse of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), led to the development of the third cyclonic storm, Vayu, which formed June 10 in the Arabian Sea, near the Maldives. The storm subsequently intensified into a very severe cyclonic storm on June 12, after moving northwestward towards northwestern India and Pakistan.

Related pages
 2019 Atlantic hurricane season
 2019 Pacific typhoon season

North Indian Ocean cyclones
2019 in weather

2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season


Juraj Filas (5 March 1955 – 31 December 2021) was a Slovak composer. His work included more than 100 compositions: symphonies, cantatas, numerous compositions for chamber ensemble, as well as the prize-winning TV opera Memento Mori; a concerto grosso Copernicus; the opera Jane Eyre (2010); The Wisdom of the Wise Man, a cantata for choir, cello and organ; The Song of Solomon, a cantata for soli, choir and orchestra; and the requiem Oratio Spei, which was dedicated to the victims of terrorism.

Education
Filas graduated from the Prague Conservatory in 1976 in voice and composition, and received a diploma in composition in 1981 from professors Jan Zdeněk Bartoš and Jiří Pauer.

Career
His compositions have been performed by well known soloists including Joseph Alessi, principal trombone in the New York Philharmonic, Otto Sauter, international piccolo trumpet soloist, and ensembles and orchestras in Europe and in the U.S. – including the Beethovenfest in Bonn, Germany, at the Prague Spring Festival, by the ORF, Vienna, in the Tonhalle of Zurich, as well as in London, Glasgow, St. Gallen, Geneva, Fulda, Paris, Hong Kong, Taipei, Tokyo, Mexico City, and at Carnegie Hall, New York, and by the choir and orchestra of sacred music at Sacred Space, New York. Several of his works were broadcast by Czech and Slovak radio and television, and are recorded on CD. Rob Cameron on Radio Praha called him "one of the Czech Republic's most important contemporary classical composers".

Filas used a distinctly lyrical and emotional musical language with which he strove to maintain the distinct European musical traditions of some of the masters such as Verdi, Beethoven and Mahler.

Personal life and death
Filas lived in Prague and was an assistant professor at the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague where he taught composition. He died from COVID-19 on 31 December 2021, at the age of 66.

Selected works
Orchestral
 Palpito, Symphonic Drama (1981)
 Chamber Symphony No. 1 (1982)
 La feste amorose, Symphony No. 1 (1984)
 La vampa dell'amore, Symphony No. 2 (1985)
 Chamber Symphony No. 2 (1985)
 Popolosa, Symphonic Overture (1988)
 Hommage à Dvořák, Novosvětská fantazie (New World Fantasy) (1991)
 Symphonie nach Mass (1994)
 L'ultimo cavaliere (Poslední kavalír; The Last Knight), Symphonic Overture (1995)
 Byla cesta (There Was a Way...) for chamber orchestra, organ and timpani (2004)
 Trebbia, Symphonic Overture (2006)
 Dokonané stvoření, Symphony No. 3 for narrator, synthesizer and orchestra (2007–2008)

Concertante
 Salamandra immortale, Double Concerto for violin, cello and string orchestra (1996)
 Ztracené iluze, Concert Romance for bass trombone and orchestra (1998)
 Don Quijotte, aneb Autoportrét (Don Quixote, or Self-portrait) for tenor trombone and orchestra (2000)
 Ora pro nobis, Concert Fantasy for English horn and orchestra (2000)
 Concerto for euphonium and orchestra (2002)
 Concerto for horn and wind orchestra (2004)
 Concerto for tuba and wind orchestra (2006)
 Copernicus, Concerto grosso for brass quintet and wind orchestra (2008)

Wind orchestra
 Slunce a déšť (Sun and Rain) (1990)
 La cadenza (1990)
 Ohnivý anděl (The Fiery Angel) (1992)
 Kulhavý osel (Der hinkende Esel), Celebration March (1993)
 Poslední slovanský tanec (The Last Slavonic Dance; Der Letzter slavische Tanz) (1995)
 Freundschafts Polka for small wind ensemble (1996)
 Con brio e con calore (1998)

Chamber music
 Sonata No. 1 for viola and piano (1978)
 Sonata for trumpet and piano (1979)
 Sonata for viola and organ (1979)
 Sonata No. 1 "Helios" for violin and piano (1983)
 Elegie "In Memoriam" for oboe and piano (1985)
 Flautina for flute and piano (1986)
 Sonata for harp (1986)
 Elegie for oboe, English horn, bassoon and piano (1987)
 Sonata "Les adieux" for clarinet and piano (1987)
 Sonata for cello and piano (1985)
 Sonata No. 2 "In memoriam" for viola and piano (1988)
 Sonata for tuba and piano (1991–1992)
 Trio for oboe, English horn and bassoon (1992)
 Contrasti, Sonata for bass clarinet and piano (1994)
 No Comment for brass quintet (1995)
 Malá slovenská rapsodia (Short Slovak Rhapsody) for clarinet and piano (1995)
 At the End of the Century, Sonata for trombone and piano (1996)
 Du liebe gute Freiheit, Quartet for oboe, tenor oboe, English horn and bassoon (1996); adaptation of the 1992 Trio for oboe, English horn and bassoon
 Rhapsody in Dark Blue, Smyčcový kvartet památce G. Gershwina (String Quartet in Memory of George Gershwin) (1997)
 Portrét času (Portrait of Time; Porträt der Zeit) for oboe, horn and piano (1998)
 Trio d'amour "Třpyt zaniklé říše" (Glimmer of a Fallen Empire) for violin, cello and piano (1999)
 Obětem Satana (To the Victims of Satan; Satans Opfern) for trombone quartet (1999)
 A Very Short Love Story, Romance for trumpet and piano (2002)
 Celli, dolci celli, Sonata for 10 cellos and 2 double basses (2003)
 Les adieux, Romance for violin and piano (2003)
 Omaggio a Verdi for wind quintet (2003)
 Piano Quintet for oboe, English horn, tenor oboe (or English horn), bassoon (or cello) and piano (2003)
 A Kiss from the Mother, Trio for violin, viola and cello (2004)
 De profundis, Sonata for trombone and organ (2006)
 Panta rei, Trio-Sonata for trumpet, trombone and piano (2007)
 Sonata No. 2 "Mondfinsternis" for violin and piano (2007)
 Úsměvy a slzy (Smiles and Tears), Trio-Sonata for 2 clarinets and piano (2007)
 Notturno for bassoon and piano (2008)
 Elephant Song for bass trombone and piano (2009)

Piccolo Trumpet
 Concerto for piccolo trumpet and orchestra (2002)(dedicated to Otto Sauter)
 Appassionata, Sonata for piccolo trumpet and organ (2004)(dedicated to Otto Sauter)
 Adagio for piccolo trumpet and piano or organ (2004)(dedicated to Otto Sauter)
 Romance for piccolo trumpet and organ (2005)(dedicated to Otto Sauter)

Keyboard
 Amorosa, Sonata for piano (1981)
 Fresca, Sonata for organ (1989)

Vocal
 Regina coeli, Song for children's voice, flute and organ (2004)

Choral
 La canzone dell'amore – vocal drama for soprano, baritone, chorus, organ and orchestra (1982); words by Petrarch and Francesco Maria Piave
 Poslední sen starého dubu (The Old Oak Tree's Last Dream), Cantata after the fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen for children's chorus and orchestra (1983); words by the composer
 Jarný zpev (Spring Song), Cantata for mixed chorus and piano (1984); poem by Milan Rúfus
 Lauretti – Altre canzone amorose, Cantata for chamber chorus, 2 violins, cello and piano (1985); words by Petrarch
 Krvavé Te Deum "Obětem Gulagu" (The Bloody Te Deum) for soprano, chorus, synthesizer, tape and orchestra (1991)
 La canzone dell'ultimo addio, Chamber Cantata (1992); words by Petrarch
 La buona morte for chamber chorus a cappella (1995); words by Petrarch
 Requiem Oratio spei for soprano, tenor, baritone, chorus and orchestra (2002)
 Veni, Sancte Spitirus for chorus a cappella (2005)
 Hosanna for chorus and chamber chorus (2005)

References

Requiem's Premiere Is Conductor's Farewell, New York Times'', 15 September 2011

External links
 Juraj Filas at the Czech Music Information Centre
 Juraj Filas website
 Juraj Filas website

1955 births
2021 deaths
20th-century classical composers
20th-century male musicians
21st-century classical composers
21st-century male musicians
Slovak composers
Male composers
Musicians from Košice
Male classical composers
Prague Conservatory alumni
Academic staff of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic
Slovak male musicians

Juraj Filas


Julian Sprung (born 1966) is an American writer on marine aquarium fishkeeping. He is an alumnus of the University of Florida where he studied zoology, graduating in 1988.

Sprung has authored articles in aquarium hobby publications such as Freshwater And Marine Aquarium, Seascope, Advanced Aquarist Online, Aquarium Frontiers, Marine and Reef Aquarium USA, Practical Fishkeeping, Tropical Fish Hobbyist, and Coral. Sprung is one of the authors of The Reef Aquarium 3-volume book series (self-published), and is a frequent lecturer at reef aquarium hobby conventions and gatherings.

In 1991 Sprung, with fellow marine aquarium enthusiast Daniel Ramirez, co-founded the company Two Little Fishies, Inc., a manufacturer of marine aquarium supplements, media, and accessories.

References

External links
 Bio for The International Marine Aquarium Conference - 2005

21st-century American zoologists
Living people
University of Florida alumni
1966 births

Julian Sprung


Rajnagar Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in Birbhum district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It was reserved for scheduled castes.

Overview
As per order of the Delimitation Commission issued in 2006 Rajnagar Assembly constituency ceases to exist from 2011.

Rajnagar is a community development block

Election results

1977–2006
Bijoy Bagdi of the Forward Bloc won the 287 Rajnagar assembly (SC) seat from 1987 to 2006, defeating Sheuli Saha of Trinamool Congress in 2006, Ashima Dhibar of Trinamool Congress in 2001, Asesh Mondal of Congress in 1996, Panchanan Badyakar of BJP in 1991, and Anil Bouri of Congress in 1986. Siddheswar Mondal of Forward Bloc defeated Subhendu Modal of Congress in 1982 and Jiten Kumar Mondal in 1977.

1957–1972
Dwija Pada Saha of Congress won in 1972. Nanda Bauri of CPI(M) won in 1971. Siddheswar Mondal of Forward Bloc won in 1969, 1967 and 1962. In 1957 Rajnagar was a joint seat. It was won by Nishapati Majhi and Khagendranath Bandopadhyay, both of Congress. The Rajnagar seat did not exist in 1951.

References

Former assembly constituencies of West Bengal
Politics of Birbhum district

Rajnagar, West Bengal Assembly constituency


Pregnancy is when a woman or female mammal has an unborn baby inside her. During pregnancy, a female is called "pregnant". A human pregnancy is about 38 weeks long, from conception to childbirth.  Usually the mother has one baby at a time.  Sometimes the mother has two babies at one time.  Two babies are called twins.  The mother can have three or more babies at one time.  This does not happen very often in humans. Aboout one in 85 pregnancies are of twins, and about one in 7,000 are of triplets.

Start
Pregnancy usually starts after a woman has sexual intercourse with a man. Her ovum (or egg) and his sperm (seed) come together and form a zygote (fertilized egg) inside her.

Some people have trouble becoming pregnant.  This is called infertility.  Women and men with infertility may take drugs or have surgery to help a pregnancy start.  Some people use treatments that are not natural, like in vitro fertilization, to become pregnant with the help of a doctor.

Growth of the baby
When the woman's egg and the man's seed come together, it makes one cell called a zygote.  The zygote grows into an embryo, which grows into a fetus. When the fetus is ready, the baby is born.

Length
Human pregnancy is divided into three parts called trimesters. A trimester is about three months long. During the first trimester, the woman might feel ill in her stomach. She might have to urinate often. During the second trimester, the woman's abdomen starts to stick out. During the third trimester, her abdomen sticks out even more, and she becomes even heavier.

Birth

At the end of a full pregnancy, the woman's body pushes the baby out through her vagina. This is called delivering a baby or giving birth.  Mothers can get help for birth from a midwife, nurse, or doctor.  In some places, mothers give birth at home.  In other places, mothers give birth in a hospital.  Mothers who are ill or hurt may need to go to a hospital.

Giving birth can hurt a lot at the end.  In hospitals, a doctor or midwife can give drugs to the mother to reduce the pain.

If the baby cannot be pushed out, then a doctor can cut the mother open to take the baby out.  This operation is called a Caesarean section.

Social problems
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women says that pregnant women must be given time away from work or equal welfare for her baby without losing her job (Article 11).

Sometimes, people who are teenagers become pregnant. Teenage pregnancies have a set of problems, which need to be carefully considered.

Pregnancy problems
Sometimes there are problems with pregnancies. A miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) is when the baby dies before it is born.  A stillbirth is when the baby is dead when it is born.  There are also diseases caused by pregnancy.

Sometimes, women die from giving birth. In developed countries, this is much less common than it used to be.  Every year, about 500,000 women die from giving birth, while about 7,000,000 mothers have big problems from giving birth. For example, giving birth can tear the mother's body and cause an obstetric fistula.

Abortion

A pregnancy can also stop without the baby being born. This is called abortion. Doctors can do things that will stop a pregnancy. Such an abortion is called induced abortion. Countries have different laws about induced abortions. Some countries allow it, and others do not. In some countries, it is allowed, but only for certain reasons, such as the pregnancy resulting from rape, or a doctor saying that the pregnant woman might die if the pregnancy is not stopped. People also have different opinions about abortion. Often, these are influenced by religious beliefs.

There are a few diseases that can kill a woman or make her very ill if she has a baby.  Having abortions could save the lives or health of these mothers.

Pregnancy test

A pregnancy test is something that women use to tell whether they are pregnant. The woman urinates on the stick. If the woman is pregnant, a plus sign or two lines will appear on the stick. If the woman is not pregnant, then a minus sign or one line will appear on the stick.

Notes

Other websites
 What Is Prenatal Care?

Pregnancy


Wilmer McLean (May 3, 1814 – June 5, 1882) was an American wholesale grocer from Virginia. His house, near Manassas, Virginia, was involved in the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861. After the battle, he moved to Appomattox, Virginia, to escape the war, thinking that it would be safe. Instead, in 1865, General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in McLean's house in Appomattox. His houses were, therefore, involved in one of the first and one of the last encounters of the American Civil War.

American Civil War

First Battle of Bull Run

The initial engagement on July 21, 1861, of what would become the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) took place on McLean's farm, the Yorkshire Plantation, in Manassas, Prince William County, Virginia. Union Army artillery fired at McLean's house, which was being used as a headquarters for Confederate Brigadier General P. G. T. Beauregard, and a cannonball dropped through the kitchen fireplace. Beauregard wrote after the battle, "A comical effect of this artillery fight was the destruction of the dinner of myself and staff by a Federal shell that fell into the  of my headquarters at the McLean House."

McLean was a retired major in the Virginia militia but, at age 47 he was too old to return to active duty at the outbreak of the Civil War. He made his living during the war as a sugar broker supplying the Confederate States Army. He decided to move because his commercial activities were centered mostly in southern Virginia and the Union army presence in his area of northern Virginia made his work difficult. He undoubtedly was also motivated by a desire to protect his family from a repetition of their combat experience. In the spring of 1863, he and his family moved about  south to Appomattox County, Virginia, near a dusty, crossroads community called Appomattox Court House.

Appomattox Court House

On April 9, 1865, the war revisited McLean. Confederate General Robert E. Lee was about to surrender to Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant. He sent a messenger to Appomattox Court House to find a place to meet. On April 8, 1865, the messenger knocked on McLean's door and requested the use of his home, to which McLean reluctantly agreed. Lee surrendered to Grant in the parlor of McLean's house, effectively ending the Civil War. Later, McLean is supposed to have said, "The war began in my front yard and ended in my front parlor."

Once the ceremony was over, members of the Army of the Potomac began taking the tables, chairs, and various other furnishings in the house — essentially, anything that was not tied down — as souvenirs. They simply handed money to the protesting McLean as they made off with his property. Major General Edward Ord paid $ (equivalent to $ in today's dollars) for the table Lee had used to sign the surrender document, while Major General Philip Sheridan took the table on which Grant had drafted the document for $ (equivalent to $ in today's dollars) in gold. Sheridan then asked George Armstrong Custer to carry it away on his horse. The table was presented to Custer's wife and is now on exhibit at the National Museum of American History at the Smithsonian. An authentic recreation of McLean's second home is now part of the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park operated by the National Park Service of the United States Department of the Interior.

After the war

After the war, McLean and his family sold their house in 1867, unable to keep up the mortgage payments, and returned to their home in Manassas. They later moved to Alexandria, Virginia. He worked for the Internal Revenue Service from 1873 to 1876.

Wilmer McLean died in Alexandria and is buried there at St. Paul's Episcopal Cemetery.

Notes

References
Description of McLean's Appomattox house and biographical details
Yorkshire Plantation Historical Marker Text
U.S. War Dept., The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies Series 1, vol 2, Part 1 (First Manassas Campaign), U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.
Beauregard's report on the battle

External links

1814 births
1882 deaths
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
Businesspeople from Alexandria, Virginia
People from Appomattox, Virginia
People from Manassas, Virginia
American grocers
Coincidence
Burials in Virginia
19th-century American businesspeople
Internal Revenue Service people

Wilmer McLean


Margaret of Denmark (23 June 1456 – 14 July 1486) was Queen of Scotland from 1469 to 1486 by marriage to King James III. She was the daughter of Christian I, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, and Dorothea of Brandenburg.

Life
Margaret was born in Denmark to King Christian I and Queen Dorothea of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Not much is known about her upbringing. By the time she was four years old there were talks about her marriage to the Scottish Prince James. In 1468 Margaret was betrothed to James of Scotland as a means to stop a feud regarding the debt Scotland owed Denmark over the taxation of the Hebrides and Isle of Man. The marriage was arranged on the recommendation of king Charles VII of France. In July 1469, at the age of 13 she married James III at Holyrood Abbey. Upon their marriage all of the Scottish debt was cancelled. William Sinclair, 1st Earl of Caithness, was at that time the Norse Earl of Orkney. In 1472 he was made to exchange his Orkney fief for Ravenscraig Castle, so the Scottish throne took the earl's rights to the islands too.

Queen Margaret was given the largest jointure allowed by Scottish law in her marriage settlement - one third of the royal revenues, together with Linlithgow Palace and Doune Castle. She was interested in clothes and jewellery, and known for always being dressed in the latest fashions of the time. Following the birth of her son James, in 1473 she went on a pilgrimage to Whithorn and then rejoined the king at Falkland Palace. She may have taught her son James to speak Danish. She became a popular queen in Scotland and was described as beautiful, gentle, and sensible.

The relationship between Margaret and James III was not described as a happy one. Reportedly, she was not very fond of her husband and had Sexual intercourse with him only for procreation, though she did respect his position as a monarch. One reason for their estrangement was that James favoured their second son over their eldest. In 1476, James had decided that he wanted the Earldom of Ross for his second son and accused John MacDonald, the Earl, of treason.  Macdonald was then put on trial before the Parliament, but upon Margaret's request he was allowed to remain as Lord of Parliament. During the crisis of 1482, when James III was deprived of power by his brother for several months, Margaret was said to have shown more interest in the welfare of her children than her spouse, which led to a permanent estrangement. Politically, she worked for the reinstatement of her spouse in his powers as monarch during this incident. After the crisis of 1482, the couple lived apart: James III lived in Edinburgh, while queen Margaret preferred to live in Stirling with her children.

Death
Margaret died at Stirling Castle on 14 July 1486 after falling ill, and was buried in Cambuskenneth Abbey. Her husband, James III, was interred with her after his death in 1488. The abbey has mostly been reduced to ruins, apart from its bell-tower, which is still standing today. The grave was enclosed and restored in 1865 at the expense of their descendant, Queen Victoria.

A story told by her son claims that Margaret was killed by poison given to her by John Ramsay, 1st Lord Bothwell, leader of one of the political factions.  As he was still favoured by the royal family after her death, this is doubtful and maybe slanderous, although he did know poisons.

Jewels and costume
Records of costume and fabric bought for Margaret of Denmark survive in the accounts of the Lord Treasurers of Scotland. Fabrics and fur were bought by her chamber and wardrobe servants, Andrew Balfour, Caldwell, and Sandris Wardrop (Sanders of the Wardrobe), from merchants and shopkeepers in Edinburgh including Isobel Williamson, Thomas Yare, and Sandy Turing. Shoes were made by Hud, described as a "souter". A skinner in Stirling made leather gloves. Garments made in 1473 and 1474 include gowns of blue velvet and red satin, cloaks, a kirtle of green damask, a riding gown, "stomaks" made of satin lined with ermine, "bonnets of tire", "turrets" (veils), tippets and collars of velvet trimmed with fur. Gowns were also bought for the six gentlewomen of her chamber.

An inventory of a chest or "kist" and a coffer called a "gardeviant" from Stirling Castle containing some of the jewels of Margaret of Denmark was made in 1488 following the battle of Sauchieburn. The contents included belts of cloth of gold and crimson fabric with gold fittings. There were rosaries and gold chains, a collar of chalcedony with a pendant including a container of musk perfume, a pearl "fret" (a hair net), a swan collar, a small bag with nine unset precious stones, and a bag of lavender. There was a serpent tongue (a fossilized shark's tooth thought to be a safeguard against poison) and a piece of a unicorn horn set in gold, probably used to assay food at meals. She also owned a ring set with a "paddock stone", a toadstone also valued as an antidote to poison. There was a book of gold leaf for gilding, and purple bed curtains and a counterpane embroidered with thistles and unicorns. She had a pendant fashioned as her initial "M" set in diamonds with a great pearl.

Issue

James IV (17 March 1473 – 9 September 1513)
James Stewart, Duke of Ross (March 1476 – January 1504)
John Stewart, Earl of Mar (December 1479 – 1503).

Gallery

References

Attribution

 Marshall, Rosalind, Scottish Queens, 1034–1714
 Richard Oram: The Kings and Queens of Scotland
 Timothy Venning: The Kings and Queens of Scotland
 Mike Ashley: British Kings and Queens
 Elizabeth Ewan, Sue Innes and Sian Reynolds: The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women

External links

1456 births
1486 deaths
Danish princesses
Swedish princesses
House of Stuart
Scottish royal consorts
People associated with Orkney
Norwegian princesses
15th-century Scottish women
15th-century Scottish people
15th-century Danish women
15th-century Danish people
People of Stirling Castle
Children of Christian I of Denmark
Daughters of kings

Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland


Ranma ½ is an anime based on a manga by Rumiko Takahashi. It is 36 volumes long.

Story
Ranma Saotome is the main character, who is 16 and good at martial arts. He learned from his father, a martial artist. Ranma was training with his father, Genma Saotome, when he falls into a spring which turns him into a girl from then on whenever cold water is poured on him. Genma fell into the spring of the panda, so he turns into a panda. Hot water makes them turn back.

After this both visit Soun Tendo, Genma's friend from a long time ago and his fighting partner. Soun teaches at his martial arts school. Soun tells Genma that he needs a grandchild to carry on the school, so he needs his daughter, Akane Tendo, to marry to get a child, who would receive an inheritance from him. Genma then says that Akane could marry Ranma, and so they become engaged.

Ranma and Akane don't get along at first but they become more friendly.

Characters

Ryoga Hibiki
One of Ranma's enemies. He and Ranma went to same school when they were children, but never got
along.

References

Anime
Manga
1993 television series debuts
2002 television series endings

Ranma ½