L. Scott Caldwell (born Laverne Scott, 1950) is an American actress perhaps best known for her roles as Deputy U.S. Marshall Erin Poole in The Fugitive (1993) and Rose on the television series Lost.

Early life
Born the middle child in Chicago, Illinois, to working-class parents, Laverne Scott grew up in the Woodlawn neighborhood on the South Side. At a high enrollment elementary school, she attended the morning session, and her older siblings went to school in the afternoon. When the school released her at noon she was escorted to a neighborhood theater where she was minded by a friend of her mother. While attending Hyde Park High School, she joined the drama club.

Her class went to see a performance of A Day of Absence, featuring Douglas Turner Ward, a co-founder of The Negro Ensemble Company. It was the first time she saw professional black actors on stage. After graduating high school in 1967, she attended Northwestern University. She left after one year and went to work full-time as an operator at Illinois Bell. She got married and had a son. She transferred her credits to Loyola University-Chicago and earned a bachelor's degree in Theater Arts and Communications.

Career
Caldwell planned on a teaching career and taught at Chicago High School of the Performing Arts. She also worked a year for the Chicago Council on Fine Arts as an artist-in-residence. While in Chicago Caldwell performed in local theatrical productions at the Body Politic, Court Theater, and Eleventh Street Theater. She went to New York in 1978 to audition for Uta Hagen's school HB Studio. While waiting to audition she saw an ad for The Negro Ensemble Company. After her audition at Hagen's school, she took the subway to the NEC.

Caldwell was initially rebuffed by the person who interviewed her but she insisted on meeting with Ward. She used the three pieces she performed at her audition for Hagen. She was accepted by both Hagen and Ward. During her first season at NEC Caldwell performed in several plays. One of those plays, Home, by Samm Art Williams, took her to Broadway's Cort Theatre in 1980. The play was critically acclaimed and earned a Tony Award nomination for Charles Brown. After Home closed Caldwell worked in several regional theater productions including Boesman and Lena at Milwaukee Repertory Theatre and A Raisin in the Sun at Studio Arena Theatre in Buffalo, New York.

In December 1984, while working in Play of Giants, Caldwell was struck by a car while hailing a cab on Columbus Avenue in New York. She suffered a severe back injury and was unable to work for nearly two years. Her first audition after her recovery was for August Wilson's Joe Turner's Come and Gone. Her performance as Bertha Holly earned her a 1988 Tony Award. Soon after winning the Tony, she moved to southern California to work in television and film. She is extremely busy, working in several cities in the U.S., Canada, and South Africa, and continues to work in theater. She returned to Broadway in 1997 as the lead in Neil Simon's short-lived Proposals. After Proposals closed Caldwell performed the role of Leah, Little Augie's sister, in New York City Center's "Encores! Great American Musicals in Concert" production of St. Louis Woman.

In 2006, she made her Goodman Theatre debut in Regina Taylor's The Dreams of Sarah Breedlove. In 2011, she took on the role of Lena Younger in the Ebony Repertory Theatre production of the Lorraine Hansberry classic A Raisin in the Sun. The play was directed by Phylicia Rashad. Caldwell, along with the entire cast, was nominated for the LA Stage Alliance 2011 Ovation Award for her work as Lena, for which she won the 2011 Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award.

Caldwell is an active member of Unite For Strength, the Screen Actors Guild coalition in favor of joining with AFTRA. On September 19, 2008, she won a seat as an alternate on the national board of directors and the Hollywood division board of directors. Caldwell was elected to a second one-year term on September 24, 2009. She served on the Seniors, Legislative, Women, Holiday Host, Honors and Tributes, and EEOC committees. In September 2010, she was elected to a one-year term on the national board of directors. She served as the national chair of the Women's committee. In 2011, Caldwell is on the SAG national board of directors ballot for a fourth consecutive year. She won a three-year term on the national and Hollywood boards. She will serve as national chair of Women, and Healthcare Safetynet committees.

In 2016, she was part of the six-part PBS Civil War drama miniseries Mercy Street.

Personal life
In her early twenties, Scott married John Caldwell and had a son, Ominara. She was divorced in the early 1980s and was married again (on her birthday) in 2004 to artist/photographer/director Dasal Banks. Banks suffered from cancer and died in May 2005. Caldwell completed her husband's final film, My Brothers and Me, a documentary created to raise awareness about prostate cancer among black men.

Caldwell gives lectures and appears on panels concerning African American actors. In 2007, she participated in tributes to August Wilson at Goodman Theatre in conjunction with Congo Square Theatre Company in Chicago, and at St. Louis Black Repertory Company. In June 2008, she participated in the NAACP Theatre Awards Festival Actors on Acting panel. In June 2009, Caldwell moderated a panel of actors, directors, and casting directors discussing African American Images in Hollywood. In February 2010, she directed a staged reading of Standing On My Sisters' Shoulders for the Los Angeles chapter of Actors Equity Association.

Film

Television

Theatre
 2017 Gem of the Ocean as Aunt Ester Tyler
 2014 What I Learned In Paris as Eve Madison
 2014 The Wife's Story as She
 2011 A Raisin in the Sun as Lena Younger
 2011 The Circle as Donna
 2009 Reverse Transcription Staged Reading as Ottoline
 2006 The Dreams of Sarah Breedlove as Sarah Breedlove / Madam C.J. Walker
 2000–2005 Going to St. Ives (radio broadcast and recording) as May N'Kame
 1998 St. Louis Woman as Leah
 1997 Proposals as Clemma Diggins
 1997 Macbeth as Lady Macbeth
 1995 American Medea as Medea
 1991 The Piano Lesson as Berniece
 1990 From the Mississippi Delta as Miss Rosebud / Brother Pastor
 1987–1988 Joe Turner's Come and Gone as Bertha Holly
 1987 A Month of Sundays as Understudy Mrs. Baker
 1986 Elegies for the Fallen Staged Reading
 1984 A Play of Giants as Ambassador
 1983 About Heaven & Earth as Black Woman, The Redeemer / Raimy, Nightline
 1982 A Raisin in the Sun as Ruth Younger
 1982 Colored Peoples Time as Catherine / Addie / Nadine / Ida
 1982 Boesman and Lena as Lena
 1980–1981 Home as Pattie Mae Wells / Woman One (Broadway debut)
 1979 A Season to Unravel as Afrodite
 1979 Plays From Africa – Everyman & The Imprisonment of Obatala
 1979 Old Phantoms as Ruth
 1978Daughters of the Mock as Gail
 1977 The Thesmophoriazousae as Sosie (Chicago – Court Theatre)
 1975 The Other Cinderella (Chicago – Club Misty)
 1974 No Place to be Somebody: A Black-Black Comedy as Cora Beasley (Loyola University student production)
 A Raisin in the Sun Travis Younger (Hyde Park High School student production)

Director
 2009 My Brothers and Me Documentary
 2010 Standing On My Sisters' Shoulders Staged Reading

Commercials
 1989 The United Negro College Fund – Little Brother as Mother
 1992 McDonald's – Grapevine as Calvin's Mother

Radio
 1982 WBAI – Reena by Paule Marshall as The Narrator

Awards and nominations
Awards
 2011 Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award for Lead Performance and Ensemble Performance – A Raisin in the Sun
 2006 BTAA Award for Best leading actress in a play – The Dreams of Sarah Breedlove
 2005 Obie Award for Performance in a play – Going to St. Ives
 1998 Helen Hayes Award for Supporting actress in a non-resident production – Proposals
 1997 Drama-Logue Award for Performance in a play – Proposals
 1990 Drama-Logue Award for Ensemble performance – From The Mississippi Delta
 1988 Tony Award for Featured actress in a play – Joe Turner's Come & Gone

Nominations
 2011 Ovation Award for Best Acting Ensemble in a Play – A Raisin in the Sun
 2007 Gemini Award (Canadian television) for Best actress in a guest performance – Jozi-H
 2005 Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding actress in a play – Going to St. Ives
 1998 FANY (FAns of NY Theatre) Award for Outstanding actress in a play – Proposals

Further reading
Chicago Defender "Loyola Opens Season With Versatile Seasoned Cast", October 5, 1974, p. A5
 Chicago Defender "Other Cinderella Premieres at Club Misty", August 7, 1975, p. 15
 Kuchwara, Michael St. Louis Post-Dispatch Everyday Magazine "Tony Winner Knew It In Her Heart", July 1, 1988, p. 8F
 Weiss, Hedy Chicago Sun-Times, July 14, 1988, p. 39
 Mitchell, Ophelia DeVore The Columbus Times "Tony Award Winning Actress Puts Her Philosophy of Enriching Others' Lives to Practice" vol. XXVII issue 35, August 28, 1988, p. A1
 Jackson, Caroline Black Masks "L. Scott Caldwell: Laughter in One Hand; The Tony in the Other" vol. 4 issue 9, August 31, 1988, p. 4
 Bogle, Donald Black Arts Annual 1987–1988, 1989
 Hay, Samuel A. African American Theatre – An Historical and Critical Analysis, 1994, pgs. 142, 146, 158, 159, 161, 169
 Isherwood, Charles Variety, "Proposals", July 26, 1997
 Flatow, Sheryl Playbill, "Neil Simon Tells Love Stories in Proposals", November 18, 1997
 Kilian, Michael Chicago Tribune, "Serious Simon – Play Has Its Critics, But Its Leading Actresses Find Acclaim", November 30, 1997, Arts & Entertainment, p. 10
 Kuchwara, Michael The Plain Dealer "Sweet Role Entices Actress to Simon Play: Maid a Major Role in Proposals", December 14, 1997, Arts section p. 101
 Simon, Neil The Play Goes On: A Memoir, 2002 p. 318
 Oldenburg, Ann USA Today "Love Is No Longer Color-coded on TV", December 20, 2005
 Pietrusiak, Leah Time Out Chicago "5 Minutes With L. Scott Caldwell", June 22–28, 2006
 Woulfe, Molly The Times of Northwest Indiana "Lost Actress Recaps Life on the Island", June 30, 2006
 Lost: The Official Magazine "By The Fire: L. Scott Caldwell & Sam Anderson", Issue #5, July/August 2006, p. 30
 Vaughn, Kenya St. Louis American "Black Rep Goes Beyond August Wilson", March 28, 2007
 Hill, Anthony D. Historical Dictionary of African American Theater, 2009, p. 81
 Cairns, Bryan Lost The Official Magazine "By The Fire: Revolution Resolution", Issue #24, 2009 Yearbook Sep/Oct 2009, p. 70
 Donloe, Darlene LA Stage Times "Phylicia Rashad Takes the Direct Approach", March 23, 2011
 McCollester, Maggie Equity News "L. Scott Caldwell Welcomes New Members" Vol. 96 number 8, October/November 2011, p. 8

References

External links

Living people
1950 births
Actresses from Chicago
American film actresses
African-American actresses
Tony Award winners
American stage actresses
American television actresses
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Hyde Park Academy High School alumni
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American people
Date of birth missing (living people)

L. Scott Caldwell


A Woman Is a Risky Bet: Six Orchestra Conductors  (Swedish: Dirigenterna) is a 1987 Swedish documentary film about women orchestra conductors directed by Christina Olofson.

Description
In A Woman Is a Risky Bet we meet six women who have broken their way into a man's world – the world of conducting.

JoAnn Falletta and Victoria Bond from U.S.,  and  from Sweden, Veronika Dudarova and Camilla Kolchinsky from the USSR share a passion for music and the courage to break with existing values and face challenge. Christina Olofson takes us to New York City, Moscow, Stockholm and Oslo to meet them. The film covers preparations, rehearsals and parts of concerts. At home, alone with the conductor's score, they give us their account of the work of the conductor, of their convictions and their love for music.

The skepticism towards women conductors and musicians by some becomes obvious in a visit to the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra as well as in interviews with international impresarios. Conductors Sixten Ehrling and Jorge Mester make comments on what they believe is the prevailing conservative attitudes among colleagues.

The rehearsal and concert scenes in the film reveal the strengths and weaknesses of the featured conductors;  Falletta leading the Queens Philharmonic in Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring,  Dudarova with the Moscow State Symphony Orchestra and Choir rehearsing Mozart's Requiem, Nerbe conducting Mozart's Linz Symphony and Kolchinsky directing  von Weber's overture to the opera Euryanthe.

"Only poor soldiers don't want to be generals." – Veronika Dudarova

See also
 Antonia: A Portrait of the Woman, a 1974 documentary about the struggles of symphony conductor Antonia Brico against gender bias

References

External links

1987 films
Swedish documentary films

Documentary films about classical music and musicians
1987 documentary films
Documentary films about women in music
1980s Swedish films


Gunn-Rita Dahle Flesjå (born 10 February 1973) is a Norwegian cross-country and marathon mountain biker. She won the women's cross-country gold medal at the 2004 Olympic Games and is a multiple World Champion. She has won six World Championships and six European championships. Dahle has also won four UCI World Cup XC in a row. She was on the start list of 2018 Cross Country European Championships.

Biography
Gunn-Rita grew up in the village of Bjørheimsbygd in Strand, Rogaland. She had her first MTB ride in April 1995 at 22 years old .
Gunn-Rita has won a total of 18 Olympic, World- and European Championship Gold Medals. She currently rides for the German-based MTB Team, Multivan Mérida Biking Team. She has been riding on Mérida bikes since January 2002 and has been a professional cyclist for 20 years.
She has won the overall World Cup 4 consecutive years (2003–06) and has a total of 30 World Cup wins, beating Juliana Furtado's seemingly unbeatable record set in the 90s.
Some of her greatest achievements are the Olympic gold medal in 2004 in Athens, 9 World Championship Gold medals, 8 European Championship Gold medals, and many silver medals. The last rainbow jersey she won in 2013, Worlds Marathon in Kirchberg (AUS).

Personal information

Team information
Current team: Multivan Mérida Biking Team Discipline: Mountain Bike, Cross-Country Olympic Distance
Professional teams: American Eagle (Netherlands) 1995–1998, Øgland-DBS (Norway) 1998–2001, Multivan Mérida Biking Team (Germany/Taiwan), 2002–2016

Major wins
Olympic gold medal: Athens, Greece (2004)

World Champion XCO Gold Medals: Rotorua, New Zealand (2006), Livigno, Italy (2005), Les Gets, France (2004), Kaprun, Austria (2002).

World Champion Marathon Gold Medals: Selva Val Gardena, Italy (2015), Kirchberg, Austria (2013), Villabassa, Italy (2008), Oisans, France (2006), Lillehammer, Norway (2005), Bad Goisern, Austria (2004).

European Championship XCO Gold Medals: Moscow, Russia (2012), Dohnany, Slovakia (2011), Kluisbergen, Belgium (2005), Walbrzych Ksiaz, Poland (2004), Kaprun, Austria (2003), Zürich, Switzerland (2002)

European Championship Marathon Gold Medals: Tartu, Estonia (2009), Alpago, Italy (2006).

World Championship XCO Silver Medals: Leogang, Austria (2012), Mont-Sainte-Anne, Canada (1998).

World Championship Marathon Silver Medal: Ornans, France (2012)

European Championship XCO Silver Medals: Alpago, Italy (2006), Étalle, Belgium (1998).

European Championship XC Marathon Silver Medals: Montebelluna, Italy (2010), Kaprun, Austria (2003), Kaprun, Austria (2002).

European Championship XCO Bronze Medal: St. Wendel, Germany (2008).

Overall World Cup Winner:
2003, 2004, 2005, 2006.

Overall World Cup second place:
1996, 1999, 2012.

World Cup races 1st place:
1st place Vallnord, Andorra (2018), 1st place Lenzerheide, Switzerland (2015), 1st place Val-d'Isère, France (2012), 1st place La Bresse, France (2012), 1st place Madrid, Spain (2008), 1st place Curaçao, Venezuela (2006), 1st place Spa, Belgium (2006), 1st place Fort William, Scotland (2006), 1st place Madrid, Spain (2006), 1st place Willingen, Germany (2005), 1st place Madrid, Spain (2005), 1st place Santa Catarina, Brazil (2005), 1st place New Mexico, USA (2005), 1st place Houffalize, Belgium (2005), 1st place Livigno, Italy (2004), 1st place Calgary, Canada (2004), 1st place Mont-Sainte-Anne, Canada (2004), 1st place Fort William, Scotland (2004), 1st place Houffalize, Belgium (2004), 1st place Madrid, Spain (2004), 1st place Grouse Mountain, Canada (2003), 1st place Mont-Sainte-Anne, Canada (2003), 1st place Fort William, Scotland (2003), 1st place St. Wendel, Germany (2003), 1st place Kaprun, Austria (2003), 1st place Canmore, Canada (1999), 1st place Bromont, Canada (1998), 1st place St. Wendel, Germany (1998), 1st place Kristiansand, Norway (1996), 1st place Hawaii, USA (1996).

Awards

2007: Norwegian Sports Gala ceremony: award for Female Athlete of the Year ("Årets kvinnelige idrettsutøver").
2005: Nominated for Laureus World Sports Awards, "Alternative Sportsperson of the Year" category.
2005: "Aftenpostens gullmedalje", one of the most coveted awards within Norwegian sports since 1933.
2005: Norwegian Sports Gala ceremony: the Title for Endurance ("Utholdenhetsprisen"), Name of the Year ("Årets navn"), and The Athletes' Own Award ("Utøvernes egen pris").
2004: Norwegian Sports Gala ceremony: the Title for Endurance ("Utholdenhetsprisen"), Name of the Year ("Årets navn"), and The Athletes' Own Award ("Utøvernes egen pris").
2003: Tabuprisen (The Taboo Award), a Norwegian award for high-profile individuals, awarded for openness concerning psychological issues.

Professional career in detail

1995:
Gunn-Rita Dahle Flesjå entered the world mountain bike racing scene summer 1995 after having her first off-road training ever in April the same year. She got a 3rd place in her first World Cup race in Plymouth (GBR), and signed up with American Eagle, a Dutch bicycle team and manufacturer, in October -95.

1996:
In 1996 Gunn-Rita ended number 2 overall in the World Cup, winning her first WC race in Kristiansand, Norway, this season, as well as the World Cup Final in Haiway. She was also Nordic Champion in Finland this year. At the Atlanta Olympics she got 4th place. This all placed her firmly in the searchlight of the Norwegian media. 1996 was the first year that Mountain Biking was an Olympic discipline.

1997:
The season of 1997 was unfortunately ruined by a virus. She was more or less not racing this summer, but finished of the season at the World Championship with a 12th place (må sjekke dette da jet er litt usikker- mulig en 14 plass!!!)

1998:
In 1998 Gunn-Rita won a Grundig World Cup 1st place in Germany, and a Grundig World Cup 1st place in Canada. She also won the silver medal in the XCO (Cross-country Olympic distance) World Championships in Canada, and the silver medal in the XCO European championships in the Netherlands. She got 4th place overall in the World Cup series, which consisted of 12-14 races during the season these years, with 10 of them counting on the total WC score.
Gunn-Rita signed a contract with Øgland/DBS, a small Norwegian bicycle manufacturer which used to be located in Sandnes, Norway, where Gunn-Rita lives. DBS used to be one of the big brands on the Nordic market and were the main sponsors for the Norwegian national cycling teams.
Gunn-Rita also won one of the stages in the Tour de France Féminin road this year, and came in number 8 in a sprint at the women's Road Racing World Championships in Falkenburg, Belgium.

1999:
The autumn of 1999 was a fantastic season for Gunn-Rita. She won 1st place in the World Cup race in Canmore, Canada, and ended 2nd overall in the World Cup. Gunn-Rita was among the top 5 in every single World Cup race this year, and she was missing a mere 5 points to win the World Cup overall, which was won my Allison Sydor.
Gunn-Rita's efforts contributed enormously to qualifying the Norwegian Road National Team for the Sydney Olympics in 2000. In the autumn, she had an altitude simulation room built in the basement of her home, simulating 2500–3000 meters above sea level. She now embarked on a period of extremely hard training.
A whole range of different experts and coaches made their entry onto the scene, leading to what can only be described as an unfortunate degree of confusion. As autumn progressed, Gunn-Rita grew increasingly fatigued. As the preparations for the Olympic season started up (Sydney 2000), she was pressed into a training regime that was simply too extreme. Combined with her fatigue after the taxing season between road and MTB racing of 1999, it became too much.

2000:
The season of 2000 was an extremely tough one for Gunn-Rita as she struggled with the effects of overtraining. She ended in the top ten of the first WC race of the season in Mexico, but had to quit the second WC race as her legs simply weren't up to it. She became very ill after this. She made a huge effort to make it in time for the Sydney Olympics, but without luck. She was quite simply overtrained, which also ruined her winter training for 2000–01. She tried a range of different treatments to remedy the situation, and visited many experts to try to document what had happened. From being a contender for the Olympic gold medal, she went to a complete lack of energy, just sitting on the couch. The experience was very tough on her, mentally. DBS was experiencing financial problems at this time and was cutting down on positions, and this was difficult for Gunn-Rita too, because a lot of the DBS cycling team was built up around her. Many wondered what had become of Gunn-Rita, and wherever she went, people would ask her what was going on.
At this point in time, Gunn-Rita was dropped as an athlete. Everyone gave up on her, and it took a long time before her muscles started to work properly again.

2001:
In the spring of 2001, Kenneth Flesjå took over has Gunn-Rita's coach and trainer. He helped her to start right from scratch and slowly build things up again. His goal was first of all to have Gunn-Rita back on her bike smiling again.
Kenneth had to re-plan everything based on the way Gunn-Rita's body responded to the pressures. At the World Championship race in Vail in 2001, Gunn-Rita was leading by 45 seconds right until a short distance before the finish, but her tire was split open just before the finish, ruining her chances of the title. Without any results for almost 2 seasons, it was difficult to get a new contract for Gunn-Rita.
In the end she signed a small, one-year contract with a small German team called Mérida International. There wasn't a lot of money in it at the time, but they gave her good bonus deals. Sabine Spitz and Irina Kalientieva were also signed up with the Mérida team at this time. It was a small team, but it provided Gunn-Rita with the chance she needed. Kenneth and Gunn-Rita knew that they could win more. Gunn-Rita was still under the effects of the overtraining and was still weak, so they had to continue holding back for a period.

2002:
In 2002 Gunn-Rita won the gold medal in the European XCO Cross Country Championships (Olympic distance) at Zürich. One month later she became the World Champion XC for the first time (Kaprun, Austria).
2002 introduced the period in Gunn-Rita's career with the most wins. Even so, in 2002 Kenneth and Gunn-Rita had discussed seriously whether to cut out cycling and do something completely different – the life of a professional cyclist being as demanding as it is. However, they both had faith in Mérida, and they had friends who had faith in them, but it took a lot of guts. They even had to borrow money from Gunn-Rita's father to keep going. But the amazing results this year proved to them that her strength was on the return, and through the coming years she totally dominated the sport.
With this spectacular return after her unfortunate absence, several teams showed interest in signing Gunn-Rita up, but she decided to remain loyal to Mérida. At the start of 2002, Team Mérida had been the only team willing to sponsor her without pressurizing her, demonstrating a high level of faith in her abilities. And so, Gunn-Rita signed a new 3-year contract with Team Mérida.

2003:
2003 was the first year Gunn-Rita was the overall winner of the World Cup with 1st place at the WC races in Austria, Scotland, Canada twice, and Germany. She won many other international races also this year. She continued to win the overall World Cup every year from 2003 to 2006.
It had taken three years since the tough season of 2000 to return to the top, but now her musculature was capable of handling enormous strains. Her winter training through the following years was extremely effective.
In 2003, Gunn-Rita received Tabuprisen (the "Taboo Award"). This is a Norwegian award given to high-profile individuals who are open about various psychological issues. She received the award for having been open and honest about the tough period she had been through. Admitting to weakness or problems is very much a taboo area for athletes. Gunn-Rita had several nicknames, such as the Iron Woman (Jernkvinnen) for many years, but was open about having met the wall in 2000. The Norwegian Prime Minister, Kjell Magne Bondevik, has also received this prize, in 1999.

2004:
In 2004 Gunn-Rita won everything. She won the World Cup overall title with first places in the WC in Spain, Belgium, Scotland, Canada twice, and Italy. She became Olympic Champion (Gold medal) in Athens, Greece. She won the World Championship Gold medal XCO (Olympic distance) in France. She won the World Championship XCM Marathon distance gold medal in Austria. Moreover, she won Gold in the European Championship XC (cross country) Olympic distance in Poland. In other words, she took four titles this year and won two World Championship jerseys, in addition to winning many other races.
Through the 2004 season she gave the mountain biking sport enormous publicity in Norway. She won three awards at the annual Norwegian Sports Gala ceremony: the Title for Endurance ("Utholdenhetsprisen"), Name of the Year ("Årets navn"), and The Athletes' Own Award ("Utøvernes egen pris").
The season of 2004 was extremely busy for Gunn-Rita and Kenneth due to a lot of promotional work for various sponsors, in Japan and Taiwan and other places.

2005:
In 2005 Gunn-Rita was the overall winner of the World Cup, with 1st places in Belgium, USA, Brazil, Spain and Germany. By the end of 2005 she had won 11 WC races in a row, i.e. she had gone unbeaten for two whole seasons. She won the gold medal at the World Championship XCO (Olympic distance) in Italy. She won the gold medal at the World Championships Marathon distance in Lillehammer, Norway ("Birkebeinerrittet"). She also won the gold medal at the European World Championship XCO (Olympic distance) in Belgium, thus defending her European Championship title for the third year running.
Her goal for the season of 2005 had been to defend the titles from 2004, something she managed with style. It meant especially much to her to win the World Championship XC race in Lillehammer, Norway. But this was a particularly taxing season because the seasons of 2004 and 2005 overlapped each other, and her many victories from the year before laid a lot of pressure on her shoulders.
In Norway Gunn-Rita received the "Aftenpostens gullmedalje" gold medal award, one of the most coveted awards within Norwegian sports since 1933. She also received three prizes at this year's Sports Gala: "Utøverprisen", a prize voted by all of Norway's top professional athletes – a prize that really meant a lot to her – and the title for Endurance ("Utholdenhetsprisen") once again, and she was voted by the television viewers of the Sports Gala as Name of the Year ("Årets navn"). Gunn-Rita was also nominated for the Laureus World Sports Awards, in the category of "Alternative Sportsperson of the Year" in 2005.
In 2005 Gunn-Rita married her coach and trainer Kenneth Flesjå, in Stavanger, Norway. She signed a new 3-year contract with Mérida which doubled her wage, but put an upper limit on her bonus money for wins.

2006:
In 2006 Gunn-Rita was the overall winner of the World Cup, with 1st place in Spain, Scotland, Belgium and Venezuela. She won the World Championship XCO (Olympic distance) Gold medal in New Zealand. She also won the World Championship Marathon distance gold medal in France. She won the European Championship Marathon distance gold medal in Italy, and the European Championship XC Olympic distance silver medal in Italy. This was the first time she had won the European Championship XC Marathon distance, after two silver medals. She is the only mountain bike cyclist who has won all the gold medals.
The goal for 2006 was to defend all the titles from 2005. Athletically speaking, this was one of the very best seasons ever. At her height, she won a World Cup race by four and a half minutes. A margin of this magnitude should not be possible. In the World Cup race at Fort William, Scotland, she punctured and had to run all the way to the technical zone to get a new wheel, and even so finished number 4, only a few seconds behind the winner. She was riding unbelievably fast during this period.
Gunn-Rita performed much promotional work for sponsors this year, in Beijing, Estonia, Norway, etc., and took part in very many races in different time zones. For example, she won a races in Brazil and New Mexico, then took part in the European Championships XC Marathon in Italy, then the World Championships XC Marathon in France, then travelled to New Zealand and won the World Championship there, and then went back to Europe to the last World Cup race, where she ended number 2. This incredibly high level of activity led to another down-period in the season in 2007.

2007:
In 2007 the effect of the high tempo of 2006 made itself evident. Despite many victories, the season was affected by a viral attack on her stomach and digestive system. Even so, the main reason for the fatigue was simply her body's need for a break. Despite these factors, she often this year, too. She won many Bundesliga races, and she won the Gunn-Rita Marathon in Monte Belluna. At the second World Cup race of the year, in Offenburg, she started to notice stomach problems and her energy levels descended. She fought her way to a third place. But she desperately needed restitution, and more or less terminated racing activities for the rest of the season. She travelled home, took many tests, and the conclusion was this virus in her digestive system. But really she was suffering the effects of having pressed her body so hard for so long. Her body simply needed a break. All athletes meet the wall once in a while, and in 2007 it happened for Gunn-Rita.

In 2007 Gunn-Rita placed second in the first World Cup race, and third in the second World Cup race, and she won some Italian Cup and Bundesliga races. She tried to race more, but there was simply no more energy to be had. This was a somewhat special situation, because she was the reigning World Champion and had been dominating the sport. Suddenly disappearing like this caused various theories and rumours to abound. Still, not wanting to end up where she had been in 2000, she decided to terminate the season and focus all her attention on preparations for the season of 2008. It was simply a tough year all round.
In 2007 Gunn-Rita received the Norwegian Sports Gala award for "Female Athlete of the Year". Thus, she has received seven prizes from the Sports Gala. Very few athletes have received that many prizes from the Sports Gala. This was the last prize she received from the Sports Gala.

2008:
Gunn-Rita won the World Championship Marathon distance gold medal in Italy in 2008. She won the European Championship XCO (Olympic distance) Bronze Medal in Germany, and she got 1st place in the World Cup race in Spain.
They didn't achieve as much this year, since the season of 2007 had been ruined. Gunn-Rita was under the influence of the virus and fatigue throughout the winter and spring. She received a lot of help from experts to prepare form tops for big venues, and this led to less restitution.

The race season of 2008 was a partial comeback. Her first place in the World Cup race caused many to think that she was back on top again, but Kenneth and Gunn-Rita knew better. Gunn-Rita was struggling with injuries to her hip from a crash when racing in Houffalize, Belgium. Since the contract with Mérida was coming to an end, they decided to put all their energy into winning the World Championship Marathon. With almost a year without top level training and preparation, Kenneth and Gunn-Rita knew that top shape through the entire season would not be possible.

Gunn-Rita had to quit the race at the Olympics in Beijing due to a crash, in which she cracked her brake handle. However, she was feeling queasy due to the pregnancy, and prior to the race she had been involved in a crash and cracked a rib. She received a central anaesthetic right before the race. Her failure to win the race led to a storm of criticism back in Norway, from the media and various organizations. Gunn-Rita and Kenneth experienced very strongly that Norway turned its back on them, and they really learned whose support they could count on, and whose they could not.

2009:
In 2009 Gunn-Rita won the European Championship XC Marathon distance gold medal in Estonia.
Gunn-Rita and Kenneth got their first child, Bjørnar, in March this year. Gunn-Rita was keen to continue within the world of cycling, but perhaps mainly as an ambassador, as neither of them knew what it would be like to combine having a child with racing. However, only one week after the birth, they realized that racing was still an option. Therefore, Gunn-Rita went to Estonia six months after the birth to take part in the European Championships, a race track she knew well from before, and won the gold medal. She also won the Gunn-Rita Marathon in Italy, which was the Italian national championship, only three months after the birth. And she won Birkebeinerrittet in Norway.

It was a bit of a transition for the couple becoming parents. During the autumn of 2009 Gunn-Rita lost all her ranking points in the World Cup because of not having taken part, and thus she lost her good starting position in the races. The actual sport was undergoing changes during this period as well, with race time reduced by 45 minutes and shorter race tracks, in addition to more technically demanding elements in the races.

2010:
In 2010 Gunn-Rita took the silver medal in the European Championship XC Marathon distance in Italy. She started racing in the World Cup again, beginning in Darby Forest in the UK, but had naturally fallen to a ranking of number 150 due to not taking part for a year. So she had to start at the very back. Her aim was primarily to use the first part of the season as a part of her training. She was troubled by a lot of sickness during the winter preceding the race season, and Kenneth got mononucleosis.
The European Championships this year was the Gunn-Rita Marathon in Italy, an extremely demanding race track, and her foundation wasn't the best. Even so, she got the silver medal. She placed tenth in the European Championships XCO in Israel.
She took part in the World Championships in Canada and took part in many World Cup races during the season in order to get points for her World Cup ranking. She worked her way up from number 150 to number 19 of the World Cup ranking in 2010.
Many had given up on her this year. She was stamped as "too old", and was constantly bombarded by signals that she should give up her cycling career. The atmosphere amongst the riders within the Mérida team turned harshly against her, headed by two of the male riders. It was a tough year for Kenneth and Gunn-Rita.

2011:
In 2011 Gunn-Rita won the gold medal in the European Championship XC Olympic distance in Slovakia. However, due to many bouts of sickness, the foundation training during the winter preceding the cycling season was more or less totally lost. This was the year they started sending Bjørnar, their son, to a nursery, and as a result, they were bombarded by viruses and bacteria. The whole family was extremely ill for three months, and Gunn-Rita was unable to do any training of value. This meant they had to use the first part of the season to generate a fitness level good enough to reach their goals. They aimed for a fitness peak during the World Championship marathon, but Gunn-Rita got sick again. However, she won the Italian cup in the spring and continued her ascent up the rankings in the World Cup.

Then she won the European Championship XC in Slovakia, a race she completely dominated. She rode alone for the whole race. This was an enormous comeback for her. Her last European Championship victory was in 2005 in Belgium, six years earlier. This was also her first victory after becoming a mother. She placed sixth in the World Cup, thanks to the winter of sickness.

2012:
In 2012 Gunn-Rita was ranked number 2 in the World Cup overall. She won two WC races. She won the gold medal in the European Championship XC Olympic distance in Moscow. She got the silver medal in the World Championships XC Olympic distance in Austria. And she got the silver medal in the World Championships Marathon distance in France.
This winter, the couple took Bjørnar, their son, out of the nursery, and had a good winter of training. They had their fair share of illness this winter too, but the foundation was there even so. The national Norwegian athletic organization Olympiatoppen was not interested in supporting Gunn-Rita whatsoever. Nobody believed that she would have a comeback.
She won her last World Cup race two weeks before the Olympics in London. She dominated the race by two minutes. Then came the Olympics. Up the hill she had been number 7 or 8, then on the first descent she chose the B-line and her speed was too low, so she overbalanced and crashed, taking a very hard hit to the hip. She didn't want to show that this had happened, but she had lost sensation down her whole side, and lost the rhythm. Then she punctured and was forced to quit the race. The attitude from Norway was negative in the extreme, along the lines of "If you're racing for the nation in the Olympics, you do not quit the race," but the puncture happened a great distance from the technical assistance area, and there was no point continuing.
This was a huge downer for Gunn-Rita. She was in extremely good shape for the race. But she didn't let this experience stop her. She mobilized her strength and got Silver in the World Championship XCO. These were her first XCO World Championship medals since 2006, 6 years earlier. After this both she and Kenneth were reasonably deflated and got ill.
However, she gathered her strength once more for the World Championship Marathon race, despite great fatigue. Once again, the whole of Team Mérida got food poisoning, so her Silver Medal was a bitter experience.
This year she did a lot of promotional work for Mérida in Korea and Japan. She got a new contract – she still wanted to continue cycling. It had in many ways become a lifestyle, and she was managing to combine racing with being a mother. Her chosen lifestyle actually permits more time with her son and family than a normal 9-to-5 job would. She very often has her parents along when she travels, to look after Bjørnar when she's out training or racing.
In the Norwegian media, however, her season was summed up with her bad luck in the Olympics. This felt very unfair to her when she got the World Championship Silver after the Olympics, and had turned her bad luck into victory. Where other Norwegian athletes experienced a bad 2012 Olympics and stated that they were quitting sports careers, Gunn-Rita took the negative media like an adult.

2013:
In 2013 Gunn-Rita won the World Championship Marathon Gold medal, in Kirchberg, Austria. She had to do a lot of promotional work for Mérida, causing her to fall somewhat behind in her winter training regime. She turned her full focus on the World Championship and didn't take part in the European Championship XC race in Bern in order to be totally ready for the World Championships. In the World Cup she finished among the top five, three times, but didn't have the foundation necessary. However, she and Kenneth timed her fitness peak perfectly for the World Championship, and putting on the Rainbow Jersey once again was wonderful for her.
At the World Cup at Hafjell, Norway, this year, she had pneumonia, but her physical condition was so excellent that she ended number 5 even so.

2014:
Gunn-Rita was able to achieve an excellent fitness foundation during the winter preceding the season of 2014. She showed excellent shape and performance in the first WC race in Pietermaritzburg (SA) in April, finishing second, only a few seconds behind the winner, Jolanda Neff.

Gunn-Rita won many international races and scored top three in all WC races she participated in during the season 2014. She was one of the favorites for the European Championship in St. Wendel, but became sick the week before. She was also considered one of the favourites at the end of season World Championship XCO at Hafjell, Norway, but experienced one of these terrible days on the bike and only managed a top-ten place.

Gunn-Rita is definitely the cyclist in the world that has done most promotion work in Asia during the last 10 years, and the autumn of 2014 was no exception. First five days in China in September followed by a ten-day trip to Taiwan in the beginning of November.

2015:
Gunn-Rita has signed a new two-year contract with Mérida, building up to the Rio Olympic Games in 2016. She has her husband and coach, Kenneth, with her 100% and that means she is fully supported every day in her training and preparation for more successes on her bike. Gunn-Rita is motivated and passionate about her sport, she still loves winning, and she is still fully committed to working hard every day to perform at the highest level in international Mountain-biking for another two seasons.

Achievements

References

External links

 Official website

Cross-country mountain bikers
Marathon mountain bikers
Olympic cyclists for Norway
Cyclists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Norway
1973 births
Living people
Norwegian mountain bikers
Norwegian female cyclists
Sportspeople from Stavanger
Olympic medalists in cycling
UCI Mountain Bike World Champions (women)
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics

Gunn-Rita Dahle Flesjå


Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals is a 1975 book by Australian philosopher Peter Singer. It is widely considered within the animal liberation movement to be the founding philosophical statement of its ideas. Singer himself rejected the use of the theoretical framework of rights when it comes to human and nonhuman animals. Following Jeremy Bentham, Singer argued that the interests of animals should be considered because of their ability to experience suffering and that the idea of rights was not necessary in order to consider them. He popularized the term "speciesism" in the book, which had been coined by Richard D. Ryder to describe the exploitative treatment of animals.

A revised edition titled Animal Liberation Now was released on 23 May 2023.

Summary
Singer allows that animal rights are not the same as human rights, writing in Animal Liberation that "there are obviously important differences between humans and other animals, and these differences must give rise to some differences in the rights that each have."

In Animal Liberation, Singer argues against what he calls speciesism: discrimination on the grounds that a being belongs to a certain species. He holds the interests of all beings capable of suffering to be worthy of equal consideration and that giving lesser consideration to beings based on their species is no more justified than discrimination based on skin color. He argues that animals' rights should be based on their capacity to feel pain more than on their intelligence. In particular, he argues that while animals show lower intelligence than the average human, many severely intellectually challenged humans show equally diminished, if not lower, mental capacity and that some animals have displayed signs of intelligence (for example, primates learning elements of American sign language and other symbolic languages) sometimes on a par with that of human children. Therefore, intelligence does not provide a basis for giving nonhuman animals any less consideration than such intellectually challenged humans. Singer concludes that the most practical solution is to adopt a vegetarian or vegan diet. He also condemns vivisection except where the benefit (in terms of improved medical treatment, etc.) outweighs the harm done to the animals used.

Reception
Activist Ingrid Newkirk wrote of Animal Liberation, "It forever changed the conversation about our treatment of animals. It made people—myself included—change what we ate, what we wore, and how we perceived animals." Other activists who claim that their attitudes to animals changed after reading the book include Peter Tatchell and Matt Ball.

Singer has expressed regret that the book did not have more impact. In September 1999, he was quoted by Michael Specter in The New Yorker on the book's impact:
It's had effects around the margins, of course, but they have mostly been minor. When I wrote it, I really thought the book would change the world. I know it sounds a little grand now, but at the time the sixties still existed for us. It looked as if real changes were possible, and I let myself believe that this would be one of them. All you have to do is walk around the corner to McDonald's to see how successful I have been.

The book has also received a wide range of philosophical challenges to his formulation of animal rights. In a lengthy debate in Slate, published in 2001, Richard Posner wrote, among other things, that Singer failed to see the "radicalism of the ethical vision that powers [his] view on animals, an ethical vision that finds greater value in a healthy pig than in a profoundly intellectually challenged child, that commands inflicting a lesser pain on a human being to avert a greater pain to a dog, and that, provided only that a chimpanzee has 1 percent of the mental ability of a normal human being, would require the sacrifice of the human being to save 101 chimpanzees." Singer replied to and rejected this claim, engaging in a lengthy debate with Posner.

In addition, Martha Nussbaum has argued that the capability approach provides a more adequate foundation of justice than Utilitarianism can supply. Utilitarianism, Nussbaum argues, ignores adaptive preferences, elides the separateness of distinct persons, misidentifies valuable human/non-human emotions such as grief, and calculates according to "sum-rankings" rather than inviolable protection of intrinsic entitlements.

The moral philosopher Roger Scruton criticised Singer's works, including Animal Liberation, saying that they "contain little or no philosophical argument. They derive their radical moral conclusions from a vacuous utilitarianism that counts the pain and pleasure of all living things as equally significant and that ignores just about everything that has been said in our philosophical tradition about the real distinction between persons and animals."

Personal background
In an essay entitled "Animal Liberation: A Personal View", Singer describes the personal background that led to his adoption of the views he sets out in Animal Liberation. He writes of how he arrived in Oxford in October 1969, and in 1970 had lunch with a fellow graduate student, Richard Keshen, who avoided meat. This led Singer to inquire as to why and then to read Ruth Harrison's book, Animal Machines, as well as a paper by Roslind Godlovitch (who would later co-edit Animals, Men and Morals), which convinced him to become a vegetarian and to take animal suffering seriously as a philosophical issue.

Animal Liberation Now
A revised edition, titled Animal Liberation Now: The Definitive Classic Renewed, was released on 23 May 2023. It features a new foreword by Yuval Noah Harari and two-thirds of the book consists of entirely new material and it also documents changes in animal welfare since the book's original publication, along with other developments, such as the impact of meat consumption on climate and on the risk of spreading dangerous new viruses.

See also
 The Case for Animal Rights
 Tom Regan
 List of vegan media

References

1975 non-fiction books
Books about animal rights
Books about animal testing
Books by Peter Singer
English-language books
Ethics books
HarperCollins books
Vegetarian-related mass media
Works about utilitarianism

Animal Liberation (book)


Ommegang or Ommeganck (Dutch: "walk around" (the church, village or city), ) is the generic name for various medieval pageants celebrated in the Low Countries (areas that are now within Belgium, the Netherlands, and northern France).

Ommegang of Antwerp
The Ommegang in Antwerp originated in the 14th century and is held on 15 August.  There were two Ommegang processions held in Antwerp each year:

 the "Sinksenommegang": held on Pentecost Sunday
 the "Onze Lieve Vrouwommegang": the first Sunday after the Assumption of Mary (15 August).

In the 15th, 16th and 17th century the Ommegang of Antwerp was the most important in Flanders. The "Onze Lieve Vrouwommegang" consisted originally of two events: the first celebrated the religious feast of the Assumption of Mary.  The second was a large, opulent secular participation of the guilds, crafts and chambers of rhetoric, each of which contributed a float to a procession through the streets of Antwerp. Some floats contained references to events of the preceding year. There was considerable rivalry between the guilds in their efforts to provide the most splendid display.

In the 17th century the Ommegang of Antwerp comprised these elements in the following order:

 the 27 Trades of Antwerp;
 "de Zottekens", comprising the mentally ill from the madhouse of Saint Rochus. Their participation was intended to promote their acceptance in society and to encourage the spectators to pray for their own mental health;
 four trumpets and a drum;
 the ship, originally made by the Guild of the skippers for the Joyous Entry of Charles V in 1549, symbolised the wealth of Antwerp;
 three small foreign ships and seamen carrying goods of these nations;
 the whale, in memory of a whale that swam up the Scheldt river and was killed by Antwerp citizens who extracted the whale oil from it. On the whale's back sat a Cupid with a water spout, who sprinkled water on the crowd. In 1649 and 1662 Cupid was replaced by Orpheus, as can be seen in our painting; in 1685 and in 1698 by Neptune and in 1609 by Arion. The whale referred of course to the dangers at sea;
 two dolphins with two naked children sitting on top of them, referring to the dolphins habit of playing with children. Sabbe mentions that the bases of the whale and of the dolphins were decorated with paintings of fish (as can indeed be seen in our painting);
 the float of Neptune and Amphitrite;

 a sculpted elephant (remembering the first one that had arrived in Antwerp in 1563) with a sculpture of Fortuna on a globe, holding a veil. Just like the wind blowing the veil luck may change at any moment;
 the giant Druon Antigoon. the giant who according to Antwerp legend had his hand cut off by Antwerp's mythical hero Brabo;
 an entourage of childlike jumping male and female giants of foreign countries;
 Brabo and a group of young cavaliers;
 groups representing events that had occurred in the preceding year;
 a combination of Mount Parnassus with Apollo and of Mount Helicon with the Nine Muses and Pegasus;
 the float of the Virgins, originally representing Antwerp and the 17 Provinces of the Low Countries, later the beautiful young women of the town;
 a jumping, dancing blackamoor, holding a sword, leading a camel with a (Persian) prince;
 the important religious part of the procession with several floats;
 finally the clergy and the Guilds of the Fencers (in 1662 with Saint Michael holding the devil by a leach), of the Arquebusiers (with Saint Christopher carrying the infant Jesus), of the old and the young bow (with Saint Sebastian), of the old and the new crossbow (with Saint George and the dragon).

The Ommegang in Antwerp has been depicted in several paintings by Antwerp artists such as Erasmus de Bie, Alexander van Bredael, Alexander Casteels the Younger and Pieter van Aelst.

Ommegang of Brussels

The Ommegang of Brussels is celebrated every July in Brussels. According to legend, the origin of the Ommegang of Brussels goes back to a local devout woman named Beatrijs Soetkens. She had a vision in which the Virgin Mary instructed her to steal the miraculous statue of Onze-Lieve-Vrouw op 't Stocxken ("Our Lady on the little stick") in Antwerp, bring it to Brussels, and place it in the chapel of the Crossbowmen's Guild in the Sablon/Zavel district. The woman stole the statue, and through a series of miraculous events, was able to transport it to Brussels by boat in 1348. It was then solemnly placed in the chapel and venerated as the patron of the Guild. The Guild also promised to hold an annual procession, called an Ommegang, in which the statue was carried through Brussels.

Through the following decades, what was originally a religious procession took on gradually a more worldly outlook. The Ommegang of 1549 corresponds to a golden age of the procession. From the mid-16th century, the Ommegang not only celebrated the miraculous legend, but became intertwined with the Joyous Entry of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. The Ommegang thus developed into an important religious and civil event in Brussels' annual calendar.<ref name="sc">[http://historiek.net/onze-lieve-vrouw-ter-zavelkerk-in-brussel/8925/ Rudi Schrever, Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-ter-Zavelkerk in Brussel''']' </ref>

Other examples of Ommegang
Another famous Ommegang in Belgium is the Ros Beiaard Ommegang in Dendermonde. In this ommegang, which is held every ten years, a giant wooden horse is displayed in the town centre. Four boys from the same family of Dendermonde have the honour to 'ride' the horse while it is on display.

The most infrequent Ommegang, only held once every 25 years, is part of the Cavalcade of Hanswijck in Mechelen. The Ommegang element evolved from the annual procession around the city walls held since 1330 as a token of gratitude to Mechelen's patron Saint Rumbold who 'miraculously' ended a siege. A Ros Beiaard which is smaller but older than the one in Dendermonde is mounted in the same manner and the 'family' of six city giants stands out. As in other cities, the commemoration became located largely within its centre.

The annual Ducasse at Ath has one of the largest of city giants: Gouyasse (Goliath).

Many of these traditions in Belgium and (with only two exceptions, formerly Flemish northern) France are protected as an oral and immaterial cultural legacy by UNESCO, with reference to physical artefacts such as Giants and Dragons'' (the latter referring to any kind of mythical animals) carried by humans.

References

External links

Official website of the Brussels Ommegang

Belgian folklore
Catholicism in Belgium

fr:Ommegang

Ommegang


Karl Philipp, Fürst zu Schwarzenberg (or Charles Philip, Prince of Schwarzenberg; 18/19 April 1771 – 15 October 1820) was an Austrian Generalissimo and former Field Marshal. He first entered military service in 1788 and fought against the Turks. During the French Revolutionary War, he fought on the allied side against France and in that period rose through the ranks of the Imperial Army. During the Napoleonic Wars, he fought in the Battle of Wagram (1809), which the Austrians lost decisively against Napoleon. He had to fight for Napoleon in the Battle of Gorodechno (1812) against the Russians and won. During the War of the Sixth Coalition, he was in command of the allied army that decisively defeated Napoleon in the Battle of Leipzig (1813).
He participated in the Battle of Paris (1814), which forced Napoleon to abdicate.

Schwarzenberg is well-remembered for his participation in the wars against Napoleon from 1803 to 1815. During the War of the Sixth Coalition to defeat Napoleon, Schwarzenberg was a pioneer of the Trachenberg Plan which led to the success at the Battle of Leipzig and later the campaigns against Napoleon on French soil. During the latter stage of the war he won many victories that garnered him fame and reputation as a military commander, particularly during his campaigns in Germany, Switzerland, and France during the war in 1814. In the years following the war, Schwarzenberg served as a diplomat for the Austrian Empire and later went on to serve as Austrian ambassador to Russia and also represented Austria at the Congress of Vienna.

Background

Family
Karl Philipp was born 18/19 April 1771 in Vienna, the son of Johann Nepomuk Anton of Schwarzenberg, who was a member of the cadet branch of the Schwarzenberg princedom and Marie Eleonore Countess of Öttingen-Wallerstein, whose family ruled the region known as the County of Öttingen since the 11th Century. Their ancestor Ludovicus de Otingen who was a member of a family that is a relative of the imperial House of Hohenstaufen, who ruled the Holy Roman Empire during the Medieval Age. He was one of thirteen siblings, seven of whom did not reach adulthood. His family descends from the line of the Princes of the Schwarzenberg of the illustrious and noble House of Schwarzenberg, whose lineage could be traced back to at least the 16th Century. Their roots began with the Lords (Princes) of Seinsheim in the Middle Ages and they held land and fiefdoms in Franconia and Bohemia. When the founder of the Schwarzenberg line, Erkinger of Seisheim acquired the lands and the castle of Schwarzenberg in the Holy Roman Empire, Erkinger was later made Freiherr (Baron) of the region in 1429. They were at first were made imperial counts by the Holy Roman Emperor and later became counted among the German and Austrian nobility during the 18th Century. Later Emperor Francis I of Austria granted a Prince of Schwarzenberg title specifically for Karl Phillip, for his active  military service and contributions during Napoleonic Wars. His branch of the Schwarzenberg princedom still continues to this very day. During the early years of his life, Schwarzenberg underwent extensive military training from an early age. Due to his high birth, rank and his family's relationship with the House of Habsburg, he was enlisted in the Austrian army as a lieutenant in 1788 and that same year, he went on to experience war for the first time in his life.

Imperial service

Early military career

1788-1792

Karl Philipp entered the imperial cavalry in 1788, fought in 1789 under Austrian generals Franz Moritz Graf von Lacy and Ernst Gideon Freiherr von Laudon against the Ottoman Empire, during the Austro-Turkish War. That war was a result of Russian Empress Catherine the Great and the Russian Empire's aggression against the Ottoman Empire, and as Austria was an ally of Russia, it triggered Austria's open involvement in the conflict. In the war, he distinguished himself by his bravery, and became a major in 1792 and campaigned extensively in the Balkans.

French Revolutionary War

1792-1801

During the outbreak of the French Revolution, Europe experienced one of the most remarkable political incidents in history, during which the House of Bourbon, the French royal family and its members were executed or fled, which also led to dissolution of the French hierarchical system and also decentralization of power invested in the Church and the Nobility. This resulted in the establishment of a France that came under a republican government led by the revolutionaries. The major powers of Europe opposed the French Republic, fearing that such revolutions might happen in their respective countries, declaring war on France and subsequently invaded the country, thus beginning a conflict that lasted from 1792 to 1801.

In the French campaign of 1793, Schwarzenberg served in the advanced guard of the army commanded by Prince Josias of Coburg. At the battle of Le Cateau-Cambrésis in 1794, his impetuous charge at the head of his regiment, vigorously supported by twelve British squadrons, broke a whole corps of the French (of around 25,000 men), killed and wounded 3,000 men, and captured 32 of the enemy's guns. He was immediately decorated with the Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa for his conduct.

During the mid-stages of the war, after taking part in the Austrian victories at the battles of Amberg and Würzburg in 1796, he was raised to the rank of general-major, and, in 1799, he was subsequently promoted to Generalleutnant. At the Battle of Hohenlinden (3 December 1800), the Austrian forces under Archduke John of Austria engaged in a decisive battle with the French army under General Jean Moreau, whom the Austrians believed were "beaten". However, the French were not beaten but had laid an ambush for the Austrians and attacked as the Austrians were emerging from the Ebersberg forest. The Austrian left flank was attacked by General Antoine Richepanse's division, leading to a disastrous defeat. During the battle, Schwarzenberg led a division in the right wing. During the retreat, his promptitude and courage saved the right wing of the Austrian army from destruction, and the Archduke Charles of Austria afterwards entrusted him with the command of the rearguard.

After the battle, the Austrians suffered a major setback as well as another defeat at the Battle of Marengo (14 June 1800), which led to the conclusion of the War of the Second Coalition and also led to the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801. As a result of the treaty, the Austrians accepted French dominance up to the Rhine and recognized the French puppet republics in Italy. Two years prior, the French republican government, the Directory, was overthrown in the Coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799, under a certain brilliant and famous French general, Napoleon Bonaparte, who declared himself First Consul and later Emperor of the newly formed French Empire in 1803. In 1804 Prince Karl Philipp was created Fürst zu Schwarzenberg in a title identical to, but separate from, that of his brother, .

Napoleonic Wars

1805-1812
In the War of the Third Coalition he held command of a division under Mack and when Napoleon surrounded Ulm in October, Schwarzenberg was one of the band of cavalry under the Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este which cut its way through the hostile lines. Although Schwarzenberg and Archduke Ferdinand were able to extricate their units, the unfortunate army of General Mack had to surrender to Napoleon's army, which struck a blow to Austria's military morale and led to its eventual defeat. In the same year, Schwarzenberg received the Commander's Cross of the Order of Maria Theresa and in 1809 he was awarded the Order of the Golden Fleece.

In 1809, war once again broke out between Napoleon and Austria, due to Austria's frustration with their territorial concessions to Napoleon and to avenge the humiliations suffered by Austria during previous wars of the coalitions. During the early stages of the war, Austria was successful in defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Aspern-Essling ,under the command of Archduke Charles of Austria, and was confident in its victory. Schwarzenberg took part in the Battle of Wagram (July 1809), which the Austrians lost and in which he lead a cavalry division in the Reserve Corps and was soon afterwards promoted to general of cavalry.

In 1812, Schwarzenberg signed the Treaty of Paris, making Austria an ally of France. The Austrians were forced by Napoleon to send Schwarzenberg (whom Napoleon held in high esteem) to command an Austrian corps of around 30,000 men, to the Grande Armée for the French invasion of Russia. He had to show enough commitment to please Napoleon without angering Russia. In the end he failed to protect the Grande Armée from a flank attack at the Berezina. His troops fought bravely and with courage, and he led his armies to victory at Gorodetschna and Wolkowisk. In late November his soldiers withdrew into winter quarters at Bialystok under a verbal agreement with the Russians. Of the 30,000 soldiers who entered Russia under Schwarzenberg's command, 7,000 were killed in battle and another 4,000 died of disease and exposure.  Napoleon said in his memoirs, that Schwarzenberg, instead of advancing to Minsk, retreated to Warsaw and abandoned the French army thus allowing  to seize Minsk. Afterwards, under instructions from Napoleon, he remained for some months inactive at Pultusk.

1813-1815
In 1813, after Napoleon's disastrous invasion of Russia failed, the allied nations, which included Russia, Prussia, Sweden, and Britain, formed the Sixth Coalition against Napoleon. At first, Austria did not join the Coalition, instead trying to negotiate a peace treaty with Napoleon, with Klemens von Metternich the Austrian Foreign Minister being sent to personally meet the Emperor of the French. The conditions set by Austria were that the French puppet states, such as the Confederation of the Rhine and client kingdoms in Italy, be dissolved, Poland be re-partitioned, and the Illyrian Provinces and other French-occupied Austrian territories (since 1797) be given back to Austria. Napoleon refused the deal, considering it a "humiliation" rather than a peace treaty. When Austria, after many hesitations, then joined the coalition against Napoleon, Schwarzenberg, recently appointed to the supreme command the Austrian army, was appointed commander-in-chief of the allied Grand Army of Bohemia, numbering around 230,000 men. This was the first time Schwarzenberg held senior command of a large army in his career and he could now lead this army in ways that he deemed necessary, taking more decisions and deciding strategy for the allies.

As such, he was the senior of the allied generals who conducted the campaign of 1813–1814. The allies faced many odds, including Napoleon's bold tactics, so the allies were in a dilemma; either to face Napoleon in battle or retreat. The allied commanders then came up with an idea to defeat him in battle and Schwarzenberg was a major pioneer of this strategy, which is now known as the Trachenberg Plan. The idea was that rather than facing Napoleon directly, they would split their respective armies and attack where Napoleon wasn't or when they could combine their armies against him. The plan proved a success and led to several allied victories. Under his command, Schwarzenberg disobeyed the plan not to engage Napoleon directly in battle and the allied Army of Bohemia was mauled by Napoleon at the Battle of Dresden on 26–27 August and driven back into Bohemia. However, his army defeated pursuing French forces at the Second Battle of Kulm (17 September 1813). Returning to the fray, he led his army north again and played a major role in Napoleon's decisive defeat at the Battle of Leipzig, also known as the "Battle of the Nations" on 16–18 October. At the battle, together with the monarchs Emperor Alexander I of Russia, Emperor Francis of Austria, and Fredrich Wilhelm III of Prussia, Schwarzenberg directed the battle and because of the cooperation of the allies against Napoleon at Leipzig, this turned the tide of the war in the allies' favour.

After the Battle at Leipzig, during the invasion of France in 1814, he attacked through Switzerland and defeated a French force at the Battle of Bar-sur-Aube on 27 February. It marked the first in nearly 20 years that a foreign army had invaded the French homeland. He repelled an attack by Napoleon in the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube on 20–21 March and overcame the last barrier before Paris by winning the Battle of Fère-Champenoise on 30 March. Schwarzenberg's Austrian army, together with Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher's Prussian army and General  Barclay de Tolly's Russian army besieged the city of Paris on 26 March. After a day of fighting, the French Marshals Auguste de Marmont and Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey, realized that all hope was lost and sensing that Paris could not survive a siege by a superior army, surrendered the city to the allied army. The capture of the French capital on 31 March after the Battle of Paris resulted in the overthrow of Napoleon and subsequently his abdication at the Treaty of Fontainebleau signed on 11 April. This eventually led to Napoleon's brief exile in the island of Elba in 1814. The capture of Paris successfully ended Napoleon's rule and domination of Europe, and after, the Great Powers began the rebuilding of Europe's political and geographic structure at the Congress of Vienna.

The next year, during the Hundred Days, when Napoleon escaped from Elba and regained the French throne, Schwarzenberg commanded the Army of the Upper Rhine (an Austrian-allied army of about a quarter of a million men) in the hostilities that followed. However, as the allies amassed their forces, the Austrians did not have to fight a single battle, because the Anglo-Allied Army, under the Duke of Wellington and the Prussians under Field Marshal Blücher, jointly defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. Thus the twenty year period of instability and conflict in Europe came to an end and the Congress of Vienna was able to complete its work. The agreements and conditions of the congress led to the redrawing of the map of Europe and creating a new balance power between the Great Powers of the continent, aiming to prevent further major conflicts in Europe. This turned out to be successful and led to a period of relative calm and peace between the European nations for half a century.

Diplomatic career
During 1806–1809 Schwarzenberg served as the Austrian ambassador to Russia. He had previously served as the ambassador to France from 1809 to 1814.

In the aftermath of the War of the Fifth Coalition (1809), in which Austria suffered a crushing defeat and was forced give up lands in Illyria, Salzburg, and Galicia as recompense, Schwarzenberg participated in the signing of Treaty of Schönbrunn (14 October 1809). In 1810, he was sent to Paris as ambassador to negotiate the 1810 marriage between Napoleon and the Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria. The prince gave a ball in honour of the bride on 1 July 1810, which ended in a fire that killed many of the guests, including his own sister-in-law, wife of his older brother, Joseph.

Illness
After the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars ended, Schwarzenberg's health steadily declined. Shortly afterwards, in 1816, having lost his sister Caroline, to whom he was deeply attached, he fell ill. A stroke disabled him in 1817 and in 1820, when revisiting Leipzig (the scene of the "Battle of the Nations" that he had directed seven years before) he suffered a second stroke. He died there on 15 October. At the news of his death, the Austrian Empire held three days of mourning for the great general and Victor of Leipzig. Even Emperor Alexander I of Russia said that:
"Europe has lost a hero and I a friend, one that I would miss as long as I live."

Marriage and descendants

The Prince married the Countess Maria Anna von Hohenfeld (20 May 1767–1848), who was the widow of Prince Anton Esterhazy von Galantha. They had three sons:

 Friedrich, Prince of Schwarzenberg (1800–70), his eldest son, had an adventurous career as a soldier, and described his wanderings and campaigns in several interesting works, of which the best known is his Wanderungen eines Lanzknechtes (1844–1845). He took part as an Austrian officer in the suppression of the Kraków uprising in 1846, the First Italian War of Independence and Hungarian Revolution of 1848 in 1848, and as an amateur in the French conquest of Algeria, the Carlist Wars in Spain and the Swiss civil war of the Sonderbund. He became a major-general in the Austrian army in 1849, and died after many years of well-filled leisure in 1870.
 Karl II Borromäus Philipp (1802–1858), the second son, was a Feldzeugmeister, and Governor of Transylvania (1851-1858).
 Edmund Leopold Friedrich (1803–73), his third son, was a Field marshal in the Austrian army.
Of Schwarzenberg's nephews, Felix Schwarzenberg, the statesman, was also notable, and Friedrich Johann Josef Coelestin (1809–1885) was a cardinal and a prominent figure in papal and Austrian history. The modern Schwarzenberg family, stems from his branch, where to this day the family still holds the lands and the castle of Schwarzenberg in Bohemia, present day Czech Republic, where they continued to play a role in the country's politics and military.

Honours

By Country

Gallery

Coat of Arms and portraits

Ancestry

Notes

Bibliography

References

External links

Attribution
 Endnotes:
Anton von Prokesch-Osten: Denkwürdigkeiten aus dem Leben des Feldmarschalls Fürsten Carl zu Schwarzenberg. Vienna, 1823
Adolph Berger: Das Fürstenhaus Schwarzenberg. Vienna, 1866
and a memoir by Adolph Berger in Streffleur's Österreichische Militärische Zeitschrift Jhg. 1863.

1771 births
1820 deaths
Field marshals of Austria
Karl Philipp
Nobility from Vienna
Princes of Schwarzenberg
Military personnel from Vienna
Austrian generals
Austrian soldiers
Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Austrian Empire military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Austrian Empire commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Maria Theresa
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the First Degree
Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Max Joseph
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William

Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg


Edoardo Müller (June 16, 1938, in Trieste – June 24, 2016, in Milan) was an Italian conductor who was chiefly recognized for his interpretations of bel canto operas. A frequent guest conductor with opera houses internationally, he had a lengthy association with the San Diego Opera which spanned 31 years. He was also an accomplished pianist who accompanied several notable singers in recitals and concerts; including Carlo Bergonzi, Renato Bruson, Montserrat Caballé, José Carreras,  Leyla Gencer, Elena Obraztsova,  and Renata Tebaldi. His work is preserved on recordings made for the Philips, BMG, Bongiovanni, and Orfeo record labels. He served as conductor for Joyce DiDonato's 2009 CD Colbran, the Muse: Rossini Opera Arias.

Life and career
Born in Trieste, Italy, Müller began his career as a pianist before becoming assistant conductor to several well known conductors; including Karl Böhm, Carlos Kleiber, Claudio Abbado and Francesco Molinari-Pradelli. In 1973 he made his professional conducting debut leading a performance of Gioachino Rossini's Mosè in Egitto at the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino. In 1980 he joined the conducting staff at the San Diego Opera where his first assignment was leading the West Coast premiere of Giuseppe Verdi's Giovanna d'Arco. He remained with the company for 31 seasons; including serving as principal conductor of the company from 2005-2011.

In 1984 Müller  made his debut at the Metropolitan Opera conducting a performance of  Rossini's The Barber of Seville with Leo Nucci as Figaro and Julia Hamari as Rosina. He conducted a total of 146 performances for the Met over a 22-year period; including performances of I Puritani, La Cenerentola, La Fille du Régiment, La Traviata, L'elisir d'amore, and Roméo et Juliette. His final assignment for the Met was leading a production of Lucia di Lammermoor with Elizabeth Futral in the title role in 2006. Other companies for whom he conducted included the Bavarian State Opera, the Canadian Opera Company, the  Dallas Opera, the Houston Grand Opera, La Fenice, La Scala, the Liceu, the Lyric Opera of Chicago, Michigan Opera Theatre, Opéra de Nice,  Opera Philadelphia, the Seattle Opera, the Teatro Colón, the Teatro Comunale di Bologna, the Theatro Municipal in Rio de Janeiro, and the Washington National Opera among others.

Müller taught on the faculty of the American Institute of Musical Studies in Graz, Austria.

References

External links

1938 births
2016 deaths
Italian conductors (music)
Italian male conductors (music)
Music directors (opera)

Edoardo Müller


The 2008 Brut Sun Bowl, part of the 2008–09 NCAA Division I FBS bowl season, was played on December 31, 2008 at the stadium of the same name on the campus of the University of Texas at El Paso in El Paso, Texas. The 75th annual contest pitted the Pittsburgh Panthers against the Oregon State Beavers. Pittsburgh previously appeared in the Sun Bowl in 1975 and 1989. Oregon State previously appeared in the Sun Bowl only once, in 2006. Entering the contest, the teams had a combined 3–0 record in Sun Bowls.

Oregon State won 3–0, the lowest scoring bowl game since a 0–0 tie between Air Force and TCU in the 1959 Cotton Bowl Classic and the lowest-scoring Sun Bowl since a 0–0 tie between Arizona State and Catholic University on January 1, 1940. It was the first shutout loss for the Panthers since 1996.  This game, however, was special because the only points were scored on a field goal kicked off of a botched hold. The two teams combined for five turnovers and twenty punts while Victor Butler led the way with four sacks for the Beavers. Pittsburgh players would later refer to it as "the worst bowl game ever".

Oregon State opted to wear orange uniforms (while Pittsburgh wore blue), even though as the nominal visiting team they were required to wear white. As a result, they were docked a time out in lieu of a penalty that was assessed on the opening kickoff.

This game marked the 41st consecutive telecast by CBS Sports. No other network and bowl game has been paired for a longer period of time.

The halftime show included a performance by musical group The Village People as Sun Bowl officials broke the Guinness World Record for largest Y.M.C.A. dance.

Scoring summary

References

Sun Bowl
Sun Bowl
Oregon State Beavers football bowl games
Pittsburgh Panthers football bowl games
Sun Bowl
December 2008 sports events in the United States

2008 Sun Bowl


A poorhouse, alms house or poor farm was a facility that offered meals and living accommodation for people too poor to live on their own. Residents were often required to do manual labor to earn their keep and generally had few rights at all. These facilities were in existence and operation primarily from the medieval period to the early 20th century, after which point societal welfare programs and homeless shelters largely replaced them.

See also Workhouse
Housing

Poorhouse


Agoraphobia is a medical condition that causes anxiety. Sufferers are afraid of large open spaces, crowds, and new places. Many doctors believe that people with the condition are afraid of becoming anxious. Places that make them feel unsafe and increase their feelings of anxiety and panic. They may be afraid they might lose control and embarrass themselves. They worry that they may not be able to get away, or find help if they have a panic attack. The word agoraphobia means "fear of the market place". People with agoraphobia often believe that their home is the only safe place. Extreme sufferers may be unable to leave their homes for months or in some cases years.

Agoraphobia is sometimes treated successfully with medication and cognitive behavioral therapy, but some people never recover.

Symptoms
People with agoraphobia may show these signs and symptoms:
 Anxiety in "unsafe" places
 Being short of breath
 Sweating
 Dizziness
 Fast heartbeat
 Nausea
 Feelings of extreme fear
 Feeling anxious if they know they will have to leave their safe place (such as their home)
 Low self-esteem
 Loss of self-confidence
 Do not want to visit new places
 Depression

Causes of Agoraphobia

 Although the precise causes of agoraphobia are unknown, there are some risk factors that could raise your risk of getting this disorder. They consist of:

 Having a different anxiety disorder, such as social anxiety or generalized anxiety disorder.
 One more phobia.
 A history of agoraphobia in the family.
 Maltreatment or trauma in the past.
 Cognitive chemistry.
 Depression or low self-esteem.

 Moreover, learned associations may contribute to the emergence of agoraphobia.
 The concern that a panic attack may happen again in the future can develop after having one in a particular circumstance or place.
 In some circumstances, agoraphobia can be exacerbated by post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
 Following a traumatic experience, PTSD can develop and cause feelings of anxiety and hypervigilance, which can trigger the development of agoraphobia.
 The risk of acquiring agoraphobia may be increased by prolonged solitude.
 For instance, the terror brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic paired with the isolation brought on by social exclusion and quarantines has made many Americans more anxious.
 According to mental health professionals, the effects of these incidents could continue for years and affect both grown-up and children's well-being.

References

Phobias
Anxiety disorders

Agoraphobia


Making the Cut was a Canadian reality series that followed a group of amateur ice hockey players through a rigorous training session.

The first season was broadcast on CBC Television in 2004. In 2006, the second season was moved to Global where its name was expanded to Making the Cut: Last Man Standing.

Season 1
In the first season, 68 players participated in a grueling two-week training camp in Vernon, British Columbia to compete for one of six invitations to an NHL training camp, one for each Canadian team. Those 68 players were divided into two teams, "Team Blue" and "Team Gold". Former NHL coaches Mike Keenan and Scotty Bowman served as General Managers for this season, alongside a team of other hockey scouts and coaches. Scott Oake served as the host for this season.

The song "Big League" by Canadian rock musician Tom Cochrane was the theme song for the first season of the show.

The winners of that season were as follows:

Season 2
In the second season, one winner received a $250,000 endorsement contract and representation from a top NHL agent.

During the second season, Mike Keenan returned as the lone General Manager of the series.

Franklin MacDonald of Nova Scotia was the winner of that season, and earned a contract with the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League, playing three seasons with their American Hockey League affiliate at the time, the Rochester Americans.  , he was playing for EHC Black Wings Linz of the Austrian Hockey League.

David Brine became the first contestant from the series to make the NHL when he made his debut with the Panthers on February 2, 2008 against the Tampa Bay Lightning.

The song "Get Thru This" by Vancouver rock band Art of Dying was the theme song for the second season of the show.

References

External links
Making The Cut's YouTube channel

2004 Canadian television series debuts
Global Television Network original programming
2000s Canadian reality television series
National Hockey League on television
CBC Television original programming
2004–05 in Canadian ice hockey
2005–06 in Canadian ice hockey
2006–07 in Canadian ice hockey
2007 Canadian television series endings

Making the Cut: Last Man Standing


A Peep Behind the Scenes is a British novel by O.F. Walton, first published in 1877. It portrays the life of a travelling fair and in particular Rosalie, a girl who works as part of a theatre troupe under her domineering father. It was Walton's best-known work.

Film adaptations
The novel was twice turned into silent films. In 1918 Kenelm Foss directed A Peep Behind the Scenes starring Ivy Close and Gerald Ames. In 1929 Jack Raymond made a further version.

References

Bibliography
 Low, Rachael. History of the British Film, 1918-1929. George Allen & Unwin, 1971.

1877 British novels
Novels set in England
Novels by O.F. Walton
British novels adapted into films
Novels set in circuses

A Peep Behind the Scenes (novel)


The 1914 municipal election was held December 14, 1914 to elect a mayor and six aldermen to sit on Edmonton City Council and three trustees to sit on each of the public and separate school boards.

There were ten aldermen on city council, but four of the positions were already filled: Joseph Clarke, Rice Sheppard, J. A. Kinney, and Robert Douglas were all elected to two-year terms in 1913 and were still in office. Alexander Campbell had also been elected to a two-year term, but had resigned. Six were elected this year, with at least one having to be elected from the southside.  Accordingly, the top four plus the most popular southside candidate were elected to two-year terms. The fifth-place finisher from the north side of the North Saskatchewan River - W C Mcarthur - was elected to a one-year term to replace Campbell.

There were seven trustees on the public school board, but four of the positions were already filled: Walter Ramsey, Samuel Barnes, A E May, and J S Hill had been elected to two-year terms in 1913.  The same was true of the separate board, where D J Gilmurray, J O'Neill, Joseph Henri Picard, and E P O'Donnell were continuing.

Voter turnout

There were 10220 ballots cast out of 32246 eligible voters, for a voter turnout of 31.4%.

Results

 bold indicates elected
 italics indicate incumbent
 South Side indicates representative for Edmonton's South Side, with a minimum South Side representation instituted after the city of Strathcona, south of the North Saskatchewan River, amalgamated into Edmonton on February 1, 1912.

Mayor

William Thomas Henry - 8021
Joseph Adair - 1964

Aldermen

James Ramsey - 7286
Samuel Wallace Williamson - 5,905
Robert Neville Frith - 5836
Joseph Henri Picard - 5814
William Campbell McArthur - 5506
Hugh Alfred Calder - 4871 (South Side)
Archibald Menzies McDonald - 3,166
Joseph Driscoll - 2,546
Alexander Clubb - 2,049
James East - 1,908
Charles Gowan - 1,700
Isidore Tremblay - 1,114
John Hilton Treble - 844
Tom Fraser Mayson - 470

Public school trustees

Charles Gibbs, J J McKenzie, and William Rea were elected.  Detailed information is no longer available.

Separate (Catholic) school trustees

A H Esch, Joseph Gariépy, and M J O'Farrell were elected.  Detailed results are no longer available.

References

Election History, City of Edmonton: Elections and Census Office

1914
1914 elections in Canada
1914 in Alberta

1914 Edmonton municipal election