Borys Viktorovych Grynyov () (born 1 April 1956 in Kharkiv, Ukraine) is a Ukrainian scientist, public figure, member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NAS), Honored Science Worker of Ukraine, Doctor of Engineering Science, Professor and currently Director of the State Fund for Fundamental Research of Ukraine. Chief Researcher  of Institute for Scintillation Materials NAS of Ukraine

Biography

Borys Grynyov was born on 1 April 1956 in Kharkiv. Ukrainian, member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Doctor of Engineering Science, Professor.

Borys Grynyov obtained a Specialist degree in Physics from Kharkiv University in 1978.

He obtained his Candidate Dissertation in Physics and Mathematics in 1985 from Donetsk National University under the supervision of Volodymyr Semynozhenko, "On the theory of the normal and ferromagnetic superconductors in the strong electromagnetic fields".

In 1978–1987 he was a student and junior research worker in O.M. Gorky Kharkiv State University, Senior geophysical worker, sector manager in Tyumen Special Design and Technology Bureau with Research Production by "ZahSibNaftoGeoFizika" Department of Ministry of Oil Industry of the USSR.

In 1987 he started working at the Institute for Single Crystals (ISC) in Kharkiv, Ukraine. There he completed his Doctoral Dissertation in Technical Sciences on the subject of "Ionization detectors for extreme conditions" in 1994.

From 1996 to December 2002 he was Director of the Institute for Single Crystals (ISC) - General director of Scientific &Technology Concern «Institute for Single Crystals» NAS of Ukraine.

He became Corresponding-member of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 1997.

In 1997–1999 he was Deputy Minister for Science and Technology, First Deputy Head of the State Committee for Science & Intellectual Properties.

In 1998 was conferred on title of Honoured Scientist and Technician of Ukraine, he was awarded the Professor degree.

In 1998–2000 he was a member of National Ukrainian Committee in cases UNESCO.

In December 2002 he created the Institute for Scintillation Materials within the structure of the NAS of Ukraine and was its director from 2002 to 2011.

In 2006 became the Member (Academician) of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

Since 2007 he has been the Head of Department of Crystal Physics at Kharkiv National University.

From 2010 till 2015 was a member of Presidium of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

From April, 2010 he is the Scientific Director of Institute for Scintillation Materials NAS of Ukraine.

From April till July, 2010 he was the Chairman of State Committee Scientific and Technical Progress and Innovations of Ukraine.

B. Grinyov was a member of Committee of Ukraine State Prizes for Science and Technology in 2010-2015.

From 1997 to 2003 and since 2010 until 2022, he represented Ukraine in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia. Since 2008 - 2022 he was a Member of the JINR Scientific Council.

From 2011 to 2014 he was the First Deputy Head of the State Agency on Science, Innovation and Informatization of Ukraine.

Since 2014 until 2017 he was the Director of State Fund for Fundamental Research of Ukraine.

Since march 2017 representative of Ukraine to the CERN Council (Canton of Geneva, Switzerland)

Since 2017 untill present he is a Director of Institute for Scintillation Materials NAS of Ukraine

Scientific priorities

The scientific activities (Present)

The interaction processes of electromagnetic radiation with condensed matter.
Ceramic composite, single-crystal, film, liquid and plastic materials for various functional purposes.
Scintillation Materials, luminescence, radiation instrumentation.

R&D head

Methods' development of the organization scintillation properties for single crystals on the basis of rare earth oxides.
Elaboration and receiving low-background scintillation materials for double β-decay and dark matter researching

Scientific activities (History)

The main directions of scientific activities of Boris Grinyov are such as: the fundamental properties of scintillation materials studying, searching for new scintillators, instruments and devices developing based on new scintillators for applications in various fields. . B. Grinyov's works to a large extent, determine the level of modern world technologies for the production and processing of scintillation and luminescent materials.

Research conducted by B. Grinyov enabled to develop industrial automated technology of growing the large highly transparent optical crystal with a diameter up to 600 mm, ideal scintillation single crystals of up to 520 mm in diameter and weighing more than 500 kg. For the high-energy physics experiments the production technology of plastic scintillators were developed with weighing up to 1,000 kg with a high bulk transparency (up to 4 m), scintillator plates of up to 3.7 m, unique scintillation strips and combined complex shape detectors.

On the initiative and under the direction of B. Grinyov the production of very pure single crystals of salts was organized in Ukraine. And this production provided a stable export of high technology products such as scintillators based on alkali metal halides. He also directs the research which purpose is to search for new scintillation materials for experiments to search for "dark matter" and the double β-decay.

In recent years under the B. Grinyov's direction there were invented a number of new scintillator materials, which can find its application in the basis of new experiments in high-energy physics.

Given the intensification of the fight against international terrorism and the unauthorized movement of radioactive materials and goods, extreme urgency acquire developed a new organic and inorganic scintillators and processes for their preparation.  Custom introscopic systems and installations which the European Union are producing now are equipped by Ukrainian scintillators.

Thanks to B. Grinyov's scientific research in Ukraine in the 2000s was founded the such new direction of Instrument engineering as production of nuclear medical equipment.

In the period of 1997-2003 and from 2010 to present time B. Grinyov is Plenipotentiary Representative of Ukraine in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia. In 2008 he was elected a Member of the JINR Scientific Council.

Since 2007 he has been the Head of Department of Crystal Physics at Kharkiv National University.

There was developed the unique growing technology by which scientists obtained optically homogeneous single crystals with record luminous yield parameters for electromagnetic new generation colorimeters used in the Super Collider LHC, CERN (Switzerland).

B.Grinyov included in the 30 most cited scientists in Ukraine (according to the Scopus , Google Score ).

Scientific works

Professor B.V. Grinyov actively engaged in scientific and pedagogical activity.

Since 2007 he has been the Head of Department of Crystal Physics at Kharkiv National University.

He published 7 scientific manuals, textbooks for high school: "High algebra" (2003) (); "Vector algebra" (2003) (); "Analytic geometry" (2003) ().

He is the initiator of the creation of a new scientific journal "Functional Materials" (print: ISSN 1027-5495); online: ISSN 2218-2993).

There are 14 monographs, over 1200 scientific works, 178 inventions, some of which are patented abroad among B. Grinyov's scientific works. 8 PhD and 9 Doctoral Dissertation were made under his scientific supervision.

Organizational, scientific and social activities

 Member of European Association of Nuclear Medicine since 1997.
 Member of the US Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers since 2000.
 Member of the JINR Scientific Council.
 Member of the Interagency Council on Scientific Instrumentation.
 Member of the Coordinating Council for Cooperation NAS with CERN and JINR.
 Member of the Coordinating Scientific and Technical Council of the State Target Scientific and Scientific and Technical Program by the introduction and application of Grid technologies in 2009-2013.
 Member of the Scientific and Technical Council of the Target Complex Program of NAS of Ukraine "Astroparticle Physics" in 2010-2012.
 Member of the National Assembly of the Target Complex Program of NAS of Ukraine "Fundamental Problems of nanoconstructions systems, nanomaterials and nanotechnologies".
 Member of the Kharkiv Regional Public Humanitarian Council.
 The chief editor of the scientific and technical monographic book series "Functional materials for science and technology. State and perspectives of development ".
 Member of editorial boards of scientific journals such as "Functional Materials," "The issue of nuclear science and technology", "Science and Innovation", "Svіtoglyad".

Honors and awards

In 1996 Boris Grinyov was one of the recipients of the National Award of Ukraine in Science and Technology (uk) for "Development of technology for industrial production of large scintillation crystals for various applications".

He was conferred on title of Honored Scientist and Technician of Ukraine in 1998.

He was awarded an Order of Merit of the third degree in 2006, and the second degree in 2009, and the first degree in 2013.

In 2002 B. Grinyov was awarded Ukrainian Cabinet of Ministers' Charter.

He was awarded The First Award of Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in 2006.

He received the G. V. Kurdyumov award of the NAS of Ukraine in 2004 and its V. I. Trefilov Award in 2009.

In 2008 he was awarded the Honorary Doctorate of Science by Hanyang University (Seoul, South Korea) for his contribution in establishing scientific and technical cooperation between Ukraine and South Korea.

B. Grinyov was awarded the Friendship order of Russian Federation in 2011 (returned).

In 2016 he was awarded as Honorary Doctorate of Science of V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University (Kharkiv, Ukraine).

In 2016 Boris Grinyov was one of the recipients of the Prize of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine for the development and implementation of innovative technologies for "Development and implementation of advanced technologies for creating sophisticated detector modules based on key high-tech components with aluminum switching systems for detecting particles in high energy physics experiments".

Private life

Married, has two daughters.

Interests

One of the main Boris Grinyov's hobbies is collection of works of Ukrainian art. Boris Grinyov collection includes 15 well-known collections "Modern Art of Ukraine".

In 2004 in connection with the 150th anniversary of the famous artist S.I. Vasilkivskiy the action "On Vasilkivskiy ways: a look through the ages" was organized. The purpose of the action was to reproduce after 100 years the sights of the church and folk art, characteristic landscapes created in the time this master. For this purpose, it has been investigated S.I. Vasilkivskiy "geography" trips as works that are in the collection of the Kharkiv Art Museum, and in the pre-war documents that recorded the lost works of the artist (about 700).

Under the editorship of B.V. Grinyov was compiled reference book "The signatures and monograms of artists of Ukraine", which has been reprinted three times. The reference book contains a brief biographical information on contemporary Ukrainian artists and samples of their signatures. Ordering of such material is widely used throughout the world, and its necessity has been long overdue in Ukraine.

References

External links
 State Agency on Science, Innovation and Informatization of Ukraine
 National Academy of Science
 Institute for Scintillation Materials
 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
 State Fund for Fundamental Research of Ukraine
 Site of Grynyov Art Foundation

1956 births
Living people
20th-century Ukrainian physicists
National University of Kharkiv alumni
Research administrators
Rare earth scientists
People associated with CERN
21st-century Ukrainian physicists
Laureates of the State Prize of Ukraine in Science and Technology
Recipients of the Honorary Diploma of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine

Borys Grynyov


Jack William Szostak (London, November 9, 1952) is an Anglo-American biologist who was raised in Canada. Szostak is Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical School. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009 for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres. His co-winners were Elizabeth Blackburn and Carol Greider. Szostak is also credited with the construction of the world's first yeast artificial chromosome.

His lab has moved on to working on RNA. "By the year 2000, I started to pay more attention to fundamental questions related to the origin of life" (RNA world hypothesis). "Here the big question is whether RNA was in fact the first genetic polymer, or whether RNA was preceded by some simpler, easier to make or more robust genetic material". Recent work suggests that the RNA hypothessis is still alive.

References

1952 births
Living people
Scientists from London
American biologists
American Nobel Prize winners
British Nobel Prize winners

Jack Szostak


Caberfeidh Camanachd Club is a shinty team based in Strathpeffer, Ross and Cromarty, Scotland. Consisting of two teams, Caberfeidh currently play in the Marine Harvest Premiership having been promoted from the National Division after the 2017 season.

The Caberfeidh 2nd's currently play in the Marine Harvest North Division 2.

The name Caberfeidh comes from the Scots Gaelic for a stag's antlers, Cabar Feidh which is the symbol of Ross-shire.

History
The club was founded in 1886 in the Spa Pavilion in Strathpeffer, celebrating its 125th anniversary in 2011. It was an amalgamation of the Strathpeffer club and the Knockfarrel club Caberfeidh Shinty Club 125th Anniversary Celebrations « Shinty.   The name "Caberfeidh" was proposed by W.F. Gunn, who also represented the club at the inaugural AGM of the Camanachd Association.Caberfeidh Shinty Club's 125th Anniversary « Shinty

In the early 1920s, the club became a junior side for two years due to a dearth of experienced players after the Great War but in 1926 the club defeated Beauly in the MacGillivray Cup Final and this began a glory run which lasted until the Second World War.

The club won the Camanachd Cup in 1934 and 1939 and also lost in the final to Kyles Athletic in 1935.Caberfeidh Shinty Club's 125th Anniversary « Shinty  They also won the MacGillivray League ten years in succession, winning 11 in total.  They also appeared in eight MacTavish Cup finals, winning four.  Indeed, the club's domination of the sport was so complete that one newspaper used the headline "No Other Worlds Left To Conquer".Caberfeidh Shinty Club's 125th Anniversary « Shinty

After the war, the club was still successful although it never reached its intra-war heights again. The only comparable phase of domination was in the 1990s when the club won five successive Balliemore Cups, the intermediate championship.

2000s

In 2008, the club finished bottom of North Division One but were not relegated due to Fort William Seconds not being eligible for promotion to that league. In 2009, the club improved vastly and at one point looked to be making a push for promotion, however, they finished a satisfactory 5th place in the league as they bid farewell to their old clubhouse.

The club renovated their pavilion with assistance from Sportscotland.  The club opened its new clubhouse in 2010 with a gala day involving a Cabers Over 40s v A Rest of the World Select as well as a Rock concert by Achnasheen Airport and Fash Stewart.Caberfeidh Camanachd Club

In 2011, the club reached the Balliemore Final again, but lost 2–0 to Bute in Portree. They hosted the final in 2012 between Lochaber and Beauly.  A third-place finished saw them take the final North spot in the reseurrected National Division One.

Calum Macdonald of Runrig is a supporter. His son Donald is a past-player for the club.  Runrig song Clash of the Ash mentions Caberfeidh's Iain - Weed - McCall in the line, " Weed to the wing'.  Caberfeidh is the one shinty club in Scotland which groundshares with a cricket club, sharing Castle Leod with Ross County C.C. Another notable player of recent times is Kevin Bartlett. A top performer for the Scotland national side, Bartlett came through the Caberfeidh youth system and was a key player in the Cabers team until a move to Premier Division side Lovat for the 2013 season.  A recent player to follow in Bartlett's footsteps is Blair Morrison, who has played for the Scotland national side at different youth levels.

The club is a distinct but fraternal organisation from the Ross-shire Camanachd Association, which always holds its annual youth Six-A-Sides at Castle Leod.

References

External links
 Cabers Website
 Caberfeidh gain financial assistance
 Pictures of Caberfeidh Games
 More Pictures of Caberfeidh Games

Sport in Highland (council area)
Shinty teams
Sports clubs and teams established in 1886
1886 establishments in Scotland
Ross and Cromarty

Caberfeidh


Russell William Volckmann (October 23, 1911 – June 30, 1982) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point, a U.S. Army infantry officer and a leader of the Philippine Commonwealth military and guerrilla resistance to the Japanese conquest of the Philippines during World War II. After the war, he remained in the U.S. Army and helped create the U.S. Army Special Forces. Volckmann, together with Colonels Aaron Bank and Wendell Fertig are considered the founders of the U.S. Army Special Forces (the "Green Berets"). He eventually retired as a brigadier general.

Pre-war
Russell Volckmann was born 23 October 1911, in Clinton, Iowa, to Hattie May (Dodds) and William J. C. Volckmann. He attended high school at Shattuck Military Academy, Fairbault, Minnesota.

In 1930, he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry upon graduation in June 1934. Although he asked for assignment to the Philippines, a choice duty station requested by many officers, his below average performance at West Point resulted in assignment elsewhere. Volckmann received orders to Fort Snelling, Minnesota, where he was a rifle platoon leader and later a company executive officer with the 3rd Infantry Division. In 1937, he received orders to attend the Infantry Officer Advanced Course at Fort Benning, Georgia. After completing this school, he served at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, as a company commander with the 2nd Infantry Division. In 1940, he finally received orders for duty in the Philippines.

In the summer of 1940, 29-year-old Captain Volckmann loaded himself, his wife Nancy and their young son aboard a ship for duty in the Far East. Upon arrival in the Philippines, he became the commander of Company H, 31st Infantry Regiment.  In July 1941, he was transferred to the 11th Infantry Regiment, 11th Infantry Division, Philippine Army, as the regimental executive officer. This was unusual duty for a company-grade officer, but political tensions in the Pacific resulted in accelerated expansion and training for the Philippine Commonwealth Army.

In August 1941, Volckmann's wife and son, along with all other U.S. military dependents, were sent back to the United States due to war concerns. On 8 December 1941, the Japanese attacked the Philippines.

World War II
The 11th fought a delaying retreat from Lingayen Gulf to Bataan.  At the fall of Bataan in 1942, Volckmann refused to surrender and, accompanied by Donald Blackburn, began a trek to northern Luzon before the fall of Corregidor. Sometimes in the company of other fleeing American and Filipino soldiers, Volckmann and Blackburn headed to the cordillera in Northern Luzon. Once there, they hoped to assist in establishing an organized resistance against the Japanese. Volckmann strongly credits the assistance of Filipino civilians in making their journey a success, especially during their periods of illness, and time recovering at the American Fassoth Camp. On 20 August 1942, they reached Colonel Thorp's camp west of Fort Stotsenburg in the Zambales Mountains. Thorp had been sent out from Bataan in January to organize guerrillas. On 24 August, they were guided to Hukbalahap headquarters on Mount Arayat, which then had them guided north to La Paz, Tarlac.  They made their way north to Robert Lapham's camp, who then guided them further north to Charlie Cushing's camp, where Herb Swick joined them. On 9 September, they met Colonels Noble and Moses, Captain Parker Calvert, and Lieutenant Arthur P. Murphy in North Luzon.

Colonel Moses assumed command of guerrilla forces in North Luzon on 1 October 1942, and ordered coordinated attacks on Japanese forces starting on 15 October. Volckmann and Blackburn joined Lieutenant Rufino Baldwin, Philippine Army, in attacks on the Japanese garrisons in the Sanhiglo and Balatoc area. Volckmann then established a new camp in Kiangan, Ifugao on 8 December 1942. After being notified on 9 June 1943 of the capture of Colonels Moses and Noble, Volckmann took command of the two thousand man strong USAFIP-NL. His orders from Douglas MacArthur's SWPA, were to "...limit hostilities and contact with the enemy to the minimum...your present mission as intelligence units can be of utmost value".

On 24 November 1943, Volckmann organized his army into seven districts: 1st District under Major Parker Calvert, 2nd and 3rd Districts under Major George Barnett, 4th District under Major Ralph Praeger, 5th District under Major Romulo Manriquez, 6th District under Major Robert Lapham, and the 7th District under Volckmann and Blackburn. Volckmann's claim to command some of these units is questionable. For example, Robert Lapham rejected Volckmann's efforts to command his guerrilla group. In early 1944, Volckmann established USAFIP-NL headquarters in western Benguet, and in August 1944, received a radio set allowing direct contact with SWPA for the first time since March 1943. On 30 October 1944, Volckmann's forces rescued Mrs. Osmena and family from Baguio.  In November, Volckmann's forces were first supplied by submarine, the USS Gar.

After the start of the Battle of Leyte, Volckmann's forces eliminated those Philippine Constabulary units created by the Japanese who did not surrender.  Volckmann organized the Commonwealth military and guerrilla resistance among the Ifugao's 11th Infantry Battalion; they were led by 1st Lieutenants: Francisco Balanban, Alpha Company; Guinid Tuguinay, Bravo Company; Pedro Dulnuan Sr., Administration. Volckmann's forces operated in the western and northern coasts of Luzon, launching attacks against the Japanese occupiers. During the U.S. and Filipino invasion of the Philippines in January 1945, Volckmann's guerrillas cut key communication lines, bridges, and isolated enemy barracks. Once the invasion forces had landed, he led attacks against the retreating Japanese forces far behind the lines, capturing bases and air fields, thereby allowing the American advance to proceed at a much quicker pace.

Volckmann's guerrillas numbered about 8,000 men at the start of the Battle of Luzon, but grew to 18,000 when supplied by the Sixth United States Army. They consisted of five infantry regiments: the 11th, 14th, 15th, 66th, and the 121st, with Volckmann as the Commander, United States Armed Forces in the Philippines—Northern Luzon or USAFIP-NL (Military and Guerrillas).  His force played an instrumental role in the Battle of Bacsil Ridge, Battle of Bessang Pass, and Battle of Mayoyao Ridge.

Post-World War II

During December 1945, Colonel Volckmann briefly returned to the United States to reunite with his family. After two months of leave and medical treatment due to his exposure to various diseases in the Philippines, he returned to the Philippines to assist in unfinished business related to his command as the guerrilla leader of North Luzon. This included investigation of war crimes, payments to civilians of vouchers issued during the war, and confirmation of pay to local soldiers and guerrilla fighters. He did not return again to the United States until July 1946. Due to his illnesses and the stress of continual combat, Volckmann would not be released as a medical patient until early 1948.

After his official release as a patient, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, now Army Chief of Staff, ordered Volckmann to write what would become the Army's first official counterinsurgency doctrine. During 1948–1949, Volckmann was busy writing this new technical manual, based on his experiences in the Philippines. He also graduated from the Armed Forces Staff College in 1949. In September 1950, FM 31-20 Operations Against Guerrilla Forces was released. This was just in time, as the Korean War began when South Korea was invaded by the North Koreans in June 1950. The North Koreans made extensive use of guerrillas and regular U.S. Army doctrine was ineffective against them. General MacArthur requested that Colonel Volckmann be immediately assigned to Eighth Army Headquarters, and he appointed Volckmann as Executive Office of the Special Activities Group (SAG)-Far East Command, a combination of U.S. Army Rangers, U.S. Marines and South Korean troops. The unit was commanded by Colonel Louis B. Ely, a veteran of the OSS. As executive officer, Volvkmann's duties were to plan and conduct guerrilla activities behind North Korean lines. Less than six months into this new position, Volckmann was evacuated to the United States due to a relapse of a medical condition, most likely a severe stomach ulcer, he had incurred in the Philippines.

Upon his return, Volckmann began a new writing assignment, and, in 1951,  FM 31-21 Organization and Conduct of Guerrilla Warfare was released. Brigadier General Robert A. McClure, director of the Office of the Chief of Psychological Warfare (OCPW), asked Volckmann to become OCPW's Chief of Plans—Special Operations Division. Joining Volckman were Colonel Aaron Bank, a former OSS operative who served with the Jedburghs in Europe; Colonel Wendell Fertig, another major leader of guerrilla resistance in the Philippines; and Colonel Melvin Blair, a veteran of "Merrill's Marauders".

After attending the National War College, in Washington, D.C., during 1953–1954, Volckmann served as Chief of Special Operations Division, U.S. European Command, from 1954–1956.

In 1956, Volckmann completed the Basic Airborne Course at Fort Benning, Georgia. At that time, he was 45 years old and one of the oldest soldiers to take and complete that course. The course was required since he then served as assistant division commander, 82nd Airborne Division, at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, during 1956–1957.

Due to his service with irregular troops in the Philippines and loss of contact with the U.S. Army, Volckmann's promotions were also irregular. Though only a first lieutenant at the outbreak of hostilities, he had been made a temporary captain on 9 September 1940 and temporary major on 19 December 1941. Volckmann received a permanent promotion to captain on 12 June 1944 before receiving temporary promotions to lieutenant colonel on 9 October 1944 and colonel on 4 February 1945. However, he reverted to temporary lieutenant colonel on 1 July 1947, receiving his permanent promotions to major on 15 July 1948 and lieutenant colonel on 14 May 1951. Volckmann became a temporary colonel again on 29 June 1951. He received his final temporary promotion to brigadier general on 30 December 1956.

In July 1957, Volckmann retired from the Army after 27 years of military service, including his four years as a cadet at West Point.

The Special Forces Association lists Volckmann one of three men who "used their wartime experience to formulate the doctrine of unconventional warfare that became the cornerstone of SF [Special Forces]," Bank often receives credit for being the true founder, but this is because he created the Table of Organization for the Special Forces and commanded the first units.  In a letter dated 23 February 1969, Bank gives credit to Volckmann for "the development of position, planning and policy papers that helped see the establishment of Special Forces units in the active Army". Volckmann and Fertig both commanded corps-sized guerrilla units in World War II and organized them from the ground up. They had developed the doctrine of U.S. military guerrilla insurgency that guides the Special Forces today.

Later life
After retiring from the U.S. Army, Volckmann was president of Volckmann Furniture Manufacturing Company in Morrison, Illinois. He was also president of Zeffyr Industries and president of Volckmann Division of Ethan Allen Inc., from 1970 until his retirement in 1977.

Volckmann remained active in military matters following his retirement. For example, in 1962, he was asked by the U.S. Air Force to lead a Rand Corporation study panel on the feasibility of air support in counterinsurgency operations.

Volckmann moved to Harlingen, Texas in 1977. He was diagnosed with cancer in 1981 and died on 30 June 1982 in Iowa City, Iowa. Attending his funeral were several officials representing the Philippine government: Brigadier General Angel G. Kanapi, defense attache of the Philippine Embassy in Washington, D.C.;  Mr. Nick Nor Paynor Jr., aide to General Kanapi; and Mr. Esperanto Curaming, representing the Philippine Consul General of Chicago. Also in attendance was his old comrade, Brigadier General Donald Blackburn, who was then living in McLean, Virginia. Volckmann is buried in his family's plot at Springdale Cemetery in Clinton, Iowa.

Family
After graduating from West Point, Volckmann married Nancy Sorley in 1934. In 1936, a son, Russell Jr., was born. Although both accompanied him to the Philippines in 1940, they were forced to return to the United States with other military dependents in August 1941. In March 1942, his wife received a letter from him before the surrender of Bataan, It would be the last his family would hear from him until January 1945.

Upon Volckmann's second return to the United States in July 1946, his wife Nancy requested a divorce, which was finalized in August 1947.

On 28 August 1948, he married Helen Rich, and they had two sons, William (b. 1954) and Edward (b. 1961). They remained married until Volckmann's death in 1982.

Awards and decorations
His decorations include:

See also
List of American guerrillas in the Philippines
Donald Blackburn

References

Sources

External links

1911 births
1982 deaths
People from Clinton, Iowa
United States Military Academy alumni
Military personnel from Iowa
United States Army personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
American guerrillas of World War II
Philippine resistance against Japan
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Joint Forces Staff College alumni
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
Members of the United States Army Special Forces
National War College alumni
United States Army generals
People from Harlingen, Texas
Deaths from cancer in Iowa

Russell W. Volckmann


The Maude R. Toulson Federal Building is a historic federal government building in Salisbury, Maryland. It is a large  two-story brick building with Classical Revival styling. It has a nine-bay front facade, the center three projecting slightly, and is topped by a low balustrade punctuated by brick piers. The center bays have recessed arches, with windows in the outer of those bays flanking a center entrance. It was built in 1924–25 as a five bay building, with an enlargement in 1934–35; the original design was by the Office of the Supervising Architect under James A. Wetmore. The building initially housed the United States Post Office, and now houses other federal facilities, including the United States District Court for the District of Maryland.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Wicomico County, Maryland

References

Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Buildings and structures in Salisbury, Maryland
Neoclassical architecture in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Wicomico County, Maryland

Maude R. Toulson Federal Building


Foreign aid is a country helping another country by giving money or things or sending people. That is especially needed when a disaster happens in a poor country. The help is sometimes comes from a country's government, but the country's ordinary people sometimes give money. Foreign aid may help by giving food and clean water to people who need them. A charity usually donates to the developing countries. Some aid is for economic development.

The poorer countries are called LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries). The richer countries are called MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries).

The United Nations and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development also work for such aid for poorer countries.

References

International relations

Foreign aid


Downing College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1800 and has around 650 students.

The name comes from Sir George Downing, who left money and land in his will to build a college when he died in 1749. However, not everyone in the family agreed with this. So, for many years until 1800 there were fights in courts until the judges decided that the will should be followed.

Some very famous people have studied at Downing College, like Quentin Blake, John Cleese and Thandie Newton.

Further reading
Rawle, Tim, A Classical Adventure: The Architectural History of Downing College, Cambridge, Cantabrigia, Oxbridge Portfolio, 2015,

Other websites
Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge

Downing College, Cambridge


David Unaipon (born David Ngunaitponi; 28 September 1872 – 7 February 1967) was an indigenous Australian preacher, inventor, writer and activist. He was a member of the Ngarrindjeri nation. He was born at Point McLeay, a Lutheran mission located on the mouth of the Murray River southeast of Adelaide. He preached widely throughout South Australia, often travelling on foot. He became the first Aboriginal Australian to publish a written work in English.

Unaipon's portrait is featured on the Australian $50 bank note in commemoration.

He Had a quote: "As a full-blooded member of my race I think I may claim to be the first - but I hope, not the last - to produce an enduring record of our customs, beliefs and imaginings."

Early life
David Unaipon was born on 28 September 1872, at the Point McLeay mission in the Coorong region of South Australia. His father was James Ngunaitponi and his mother's name was probably Nymbulda. James and Nymbulda had nine children, and David was the fourth. He began his education at the age of seven at the Point McLeay Mission School and quickly became known for his intelligence. Unaipon left school at 13 to work as a servant for C. B. Young in Adelaide, where Young encouraged Unaipon's interest in literature, philosophy, science and music. In 1890, he returned to Point Mcleay, where he worked as an apprentice bootmaker. He was also chosen as the mission's organist. In the late 1890s, he travelled again to Adelaide to find work. He discovered, however, that his skin colour stopped him getting work in bootmaking and instead took a job as a bootmaker's storeman.

After returning to Point McLeay, Unaipon worked as a book-keeper in the local store. On 4 January 1902, he married Katherine Carter (née Sumner), a Ngarrindjeri woman of the Tangane tribe.

Work

Inventions
Unaipon took out provisional patents for 19 inventions, but he could not afford to get any of his inventions fully patented. His most successful invention was a shearing machine (provisional patent 15 624) that converted curvilineal motions into the straight-line movement that is the basis of modern mechanical shears. Unaipon never received any money from it, however. Apart from a newspaper report in 1910 acknowledging him as the inventor, he received no credit.

Unaipon became well-known as an inventor, and a recognised authority on ballistics. Other inventions of his included a centrifugal motor, a multi-radial wheel and a mechanical propulsion tool. He drew many of his ideas for mechanical inventions, including a helicopter design based on the principle of the boomerang. He also spent a large amount of time trying to achieve perpetual motion.

Preaching and activism
Unaipon was a Christian for all of his life. After he married, he worked for the Aborigines' Friends' Association as a deputationer, in which he travelled widely throughout South Australia preaching for the Point McLeay Mission. He modelled his teachings on the Bible-based style of the missionaries who had taught him. He believed that the traditional Aboriginal and Christian spiritualities were basically the same.

His travels brought him into contact with many people sympathetic with the cause of Aboriginal rights. Although Unaipon was much in demand as a public speaker, he was also often refused accommodation and hospitality due to his race. He gradually became well-known in public life as a spokesman for Aboriginal Australians. Between 1928 and 1929, he helped as a researcher and witness for the Bleakley Inquiry into Aboriginal welfare. In 1934, he lobbied the federal government to take over responsibility for Aborigines from its constituent states.

Unaipon retired from preaching in 1959 but continued working on his inventions into the 1960s.

Writing
Unaipon was the first Australian Aboriginal to publish a written work in English. He wrote many articles in newspapers and magazines, including The Daily Telegraph, in which he retold traditional Dreaming stories and argued for the rights of Aboriginal people. Some of Unaipon's traditional stories were published in book in 1930, called Myths and Legends of the Australian Aboriginals. It was published under the name of anthropologist William Ramsay Smith. They were republished in their original form in 2006, under the author's name, as Legendary Tales of the Australian Aborigines.

Unaipon was obsessed with correct English. When speaking, he tended to use classical English rather than using the common style of his time. His written language followed the style of John Milton and John Bunyan.

Later life and death
Unaipon returned to his Point Mcleay in his old age. He worked more on his inventions and tried to find the secret of perpetual motion. He died in the Tailem Bend Hospital on 7 February 1967, and was buried in the Raukkan (formerly Point McLeay) Mission Cemetery. David was the last full-blooded member of the Waruwaldi tribe.

Several things are named after him in commemoration:
 The David Unaipon College of Indigenous Education and Research at the University of South Australia.
 Unaipon Avenue in Ngunnawal, a suburb of Canberra.
 David Unaipon Literary Award, an award presented each year for the best writing by unpublished Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander authors.

References

More reading
 David Unaipon – Legendary Tales at the State Library of New South Wales
 David Unaipon (2001) Legendary Tales of the Australian Aborigines. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. .

1872 births
1967 deaths
Australian Christians
Australian writers
Indigenous Australian activists
Inventors
People from South Australia

David Unaipon


Sneaton is a village and civil parish in the Scarborough district of North Yorkshire, England. There is a church which is dedicated to St Hilda.

According to the 2011 UK census, Sneaton parish had a population of 178, a decrease on the 2001 UK census figure of 190.

Two miles from the village on the outskirts of Whitby is the 19th century  Sneaton Castle.  The castle adjoins St. Hilda's Priory, the Mother Church of the Order of the Holy Paraclete.

References

External links

Villages in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire

Sneaton


In situ is a Latin term, which means at the site, or in position. It is used in different fields of science, with slightly different meanings. Examples include:

In medicine, it usually means at the position where it is in the body. When talking about cancer a carcinoma in situ is an erly stage of cancer, that has not spread, and that is usually easy to treat.

In physics, an in usitu measurement' is a measurement in place.

In molecular biology in situ is short for in situ hybridization.

In chemistry it means that the (usually very reactive) mixture is directly used.

In archeology it means that the items are still at the position where they were found originally.

In situ


The Centre de recherche et de documentation sur Hegel (Research Center for the Writings of Hegel and Marx) was established at the Philosophy Department of the University of Poitiers in 1969. Its founding, under Professor Jacques D'Hondt, was a significant event in the French philosophical field. This center attempted to coordinate the research of an objective, scientific and philosophical nature on the origins and ideas of the theologian Hegel and the atheist Marx.

The idea for this Center appeared around a Seminar of Jean Hyppolite, Professor of the College of France, during conversations between Jean Hyppolite and Jacques D'Hondt. Their proposal was supported by George Canguilhem and materialized within a broader intent to decentralize French philosophical research between the College of France, the University of Paris and the University of Poitiers.

The death of Jean Hyppolite in 1969, however, deprived the Research Center of its Parisian anchor.

Its first convention in November, 1969 included Professors D'Hondt, Pucelle, Delhomme and Garaudy, of the Philosophy Department of University of Poitiers, and other notable researchers, including Mssrs. Dubarle, Bruaire, Sichirollo, Bess, Garniron, Guillaumaud, Hoffmann, Janicaud, Méthais, Planty, Ricci, Vadée, Mrs. Jalley and Miss Thomas. Other associates included Mssrs. Doz, Saintillan, Large, Wetzel, Bourdin, Draper, Gauvin, Olivier, Francisci, Fleischmann, Mrs. Königson and Mrs. Draper-Josa.

In 1975, the Professor Planty succèeded J. D'Hondt. J. D'Hondt's final seminar on Hegel and Marx was completed in 1981. Professor Jean-Louis L'Baron succeeded Professor Planty in 1991.

Around this timeframe the USSR had fallen, and Marxist studies significantly declined in the West. The Research Center for the Writings of Hegel and Marx ceased to exist in 1998, and was replaced by the Research center on Hegel and German Idealism.

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20061126120226/http://spip.univ-poitiers.fr/philosophie/article-imprim.php3?id_article=73

University of Poitiers
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Philosophy organizations
1969 establishments in France
Organizations established in 1969


Trinity Chapel  at the east end of Canterbury Cathedral forms part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It was built under the supervision of the master-masons William of Sens and William the Englishman as a shrine for the relics of St. Thomas Becket. The shrine became one of the most popular pilgrimage sites in England.

Origin
The chapel was constructed between 1179 and 1184, replacing a much smaller chapel of the same name destroyed by fire, along with much of the rest of the choir, in 1174. Its predecessor was where Becket celebrated his first mass following his installation as Archbishop of Canterbury.

Thomas Becket
 In 1220, Becket's remains were translated from his first tomb to the finished chapel. As a result of this event, the chapel became a major pilgrimage site, inspiring Geoffrey Chaucer to write The Canterbury Tales in 1387 and with routes (e.g. from Southwark (Chaucer's route) and the Pilgrim's Way to/from Winchester) converging on the cathedral. Becket's shrine stood until it was destroyed in 1540.  This was done on orders from King Henry VIII as vengeance for his ancestor, Henry II. The king also destroyed Becket's bones and ordered that all mention of his name be obliterated. The pavement where the shrine stood in the chapel is today marked by a lighted candle.  Modern day archbishops of Canterbury celebrate the Eucharist at this place to commemorate Becket's martyrdom and the translation of his body from his first burial place to this chapel.

The Black Prince
Over time other significant burials took place in this area such as Edward Plantagenet (the Black Prince), who was interred on the south side of  Becket's shrine. His tomb consists of a superb gilded copper effigy beneath a tester depicting the Holy Trinity, with his heraldic achievements hung over the tester. The achievements have now been replaced by replicas, though the originals can still be seen nearby, and the tester was restored in 2006.

King Henry IV
Also buried in the chapel are King Henry IV and his second wife, Joan of Navarre, Queen of England. Henry's tomb is on the north side of Trinity Chapel, next to the shrine of St Thomas Becket. It was unusual for a King of England not to be buried at Westminster Abbey, but Becket's cult was then at its height, as evidenced in the Canterbury Tales, and Henry seemed particularly devoted to it, or at least keen to be associated with it.  Reasons for his interment in Canterbury are debatable, but it is highly likely that Henry deliberately associated himself with the martyred saint for reasons of political expediency, namely, the legitimation of his dynasty after seizing the throne from his cousin, Richard II.  Significantly, at his coronation, he was anointed with holy oil which was said to have been given to Becket by the Virgin Mary shortly before his death in 1170; this oil was placed inside a distinct eagle-shaped container of gold.  According to one version of the legend, the oil had then passed to Henry's maternal grandfather, Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster.  Evidence of Henry's deliberate connexion to St Thomas lies in the structure of the tomb itself.  The wooden panel at the western end of his tomb bears a painting of the martyrdom of Becket, and the tester, or wooden canopy, above the tomb is painted with Henry's personal motto, 'Soverayne', alternated by crowned golden eagles.  Likewise, the three large coats of arms that dominate the tester painting are surrounded by collars of SS, a golden eagle enclosed in each tiret.  The presence of such eagle motifs most likely points directly to Henry's coronation oil and his ideological association with St Thomas.  Sometime after the King's death, an imposing tomb was built for him and his queen, probably commissioned and paid for by Queen Joan herself.  On top of the tomb chest lie detailed alabaster effigies of the King and Queen, crowned and dressed in their ceremonial robes.  Henry's body was evidently well-embalmed, as an exhumation in 1832 established, allowing historians to state with reasonable certainty that the effigies are accurate portrait.

The Corona Tower
The Corona Tower (sometimes known as "Beckets's Crown"), a circular structure at the east end of the Trinity chapel, is widely thought to have received its name from having been built to contain the relic of the crown of St. Thomas's head which was struck off during his murder. However, Robert Willis in his Architectural History of Canterbury Cathedral (1845) rejected this idea, saying that the  corona  was a word applied to the eastern apses of many churches in the medieval period.  In his account of a visit to the cathedral, before the destruction of the shrine, Erasmus said that the saint's head was displayed in the crypt.

Records of valuable gifts made there by pilgrims in the 13th century do, however, indicate that there were some relics of St Thomas Becket in the Corona. The shrines of St Odo and St Wilfred were also eventually placed there.

References

Bibliography

Buildings and structures completed in 1184
Culture in Canterbury
Trinity Chapel
12th-century church buildings in England
Buildings and structures in Canterbury
Gothic architecture in England
Church of England church buildings in Kent

Trinity Chapel


The Lazio regional election of 1980 took place on 8 June 1980.

Events
Christian Democracy became the largest party, ahead of the Italian Communist Party. After the election Giulio Santarelli, the incumbent Socialist President, continued to govern at the head of a coalition consisting of Christian Democracy. In 1983 Santarelli was replaced by Bruno Landi, who was succeeded by Gabriele Panizzi in 1984.

Results

Source: Ministry of the Interior

Elections in Lazio
1980 elections in Italy

1980 Lazio regional election


Folkington Manor (pronounced Fo'ington) is a grade II* listed country house situated in the village of Folkington two miles (3.2 km) west of Polegate, East Sussex, England.

History

Folkington Manor was built in 1843 by the architect W.J Donthorne, near the site of a manor that was recorded in the Domesday Book,. The previous manor was home to Viscount Monckton in the 14th century, advisor to King Edward III. The Place, as it was formerly called, is a site of some antiquity, having been the seat of the Culpepers in James I's reign and later of the Dobell family, from whom it was bought in about 1650 by Sir William Thomas, of West Dean with the adjoining manor of Wootton.

The old house was largely demolished circa 1820. In 1838, Folkington together with the manor at nearby Wootton were bought by Thomas Sheppard, M.P for Frome, who thereupon built the present manor at a new site slightly to the north.  Folkington Place, situated on the original manorial site, retains some architectural elements of the pre-1820 manor. After the death of Thomas Sheppard's son in 1875 both properties were sold to Mr J.E.A. Gwynne and in 1915 passed to the latter's son, Col. Rupert Gwynne, M.P for Eastbourne 1910-24. Rupert Gwynne was father of Elizabeth David, the pre-eminent British cookery writer of the mid 20th century, and brother of Violet Gordon Woodhouse, the influential and highly acclaimed musician. On his death the house passed into the hands of his younger brother Roland Gwynne, Mayor of Eastbourne 1928-31.

As noted in a Country Life editorial in 1958, Folkington has had a close connection with art for some time – a tradition which continues to this day with the Manor containing a number of galleries suitable for displaying large amounts of fine art. Indeed the well known Long Man of Wilmington stands in the distance on Windover Hill. The Stacy-Marks family bought the property in the late 1960s and the Flint Rooms were the core of the well-respected art business that has flourished for many years.  In Autumn 2010 the Manor was purchased by Dr Harry Brünjes and Mrs Jacqueline Brünjes and has recently undergone a complete restoration.

The herbalist Nicholas Culpeper lived in the village in the 17th century.

Gardens and Grounds
Folkington Manor stands in a secluded position at the foot of the South Downs in 85 acres of parkland. The main grounds lie principally to the north and east of the house, with sweeping lawns surrounding an ornamental pond with many spring bulbs, specimen trees including cedar, yew, horse chestnut and lime leading out to a large informal area of parkland fringed with semi-mature trees and flanked on the southern side by the gravelled drive. To the south of the drive are 3 large railed paddocks with parkland trees including pine and chestnut, as well as a grass gallop that extends for approximately 1.5 miles.
To the south of the house are yew hedges, shrub borders and steps leading up to a further area of mature wooded garden with two greenhouses and a sunken dell. There are 3 more paddocks and further woodland to the west.

A fine stone paved terrace runs along the east facade of Folkington Manor, overlooking a neatly clipped knot garden with flint paths surrounded by trimmed yew hedges, garden ornaments and a bank of spring bulbs.

Folkington Manor Stables

The main stable yard has 17 boxes, tack rooms and feed rooms and lies immediately west of the house. Folkington Manor Stables was formerly a horse racing training establishment. Today Folkington Manor Stables operates a small, exclusive, part livery service. An outdoor school measuring approximately 65 x 35m serves the stables as well as direct access to the stunning South Downs.

Notable owners
Former owners include Rupert Gwynne, MP for Eastbourne 1910–24 and father of food writer, Elizabeth David, who inherited the house from his father. On his death the house passed into the hands of his younger brother Roland Gwynne, Mayor of Eastbourne 1928–31, and the possible lover of suspected serial killer John Bodkin Adams.

Popular culture
The house was used as a location for the 1948 film version of the George Moore novel Esther Waters. The film, directed by Ian Dalrymple and Peter Proud, starred Kathleen Ryan (in the title role), Dirk Bogarde (as William Latch), Cyril Cusack, Ivor Barnard and Fay Compton. The story of an unmarried housemaid who becomes pregnant and is abandoned by her footman lover, Esther Waters was the most "English" of his novels. Moore had just returned to England after abandoning his brief interest in the Irish Renaissance theatre movement in 1901, in which he was a founder of the Irish Literary Theatre.

Accounts of life at Folkington Manor appear in the book Violet: The Life and Loves of Violet Gordon Woodhouse by
Jessica Douglas-Home. Violet Gordon Woodhouse was the sister of Rupert Gwynne and one of the century's most gifted musicians, her salon at Wooton Manor was a rural match for London's Bloomsbury gatherings. The first chapter of the book details the long and stormy engagement between Violet's parents, James Gwynne and the musical May Purvis, there was strong opposition from the Gwynnes to James marrying someone of "questionable" descent.  James and May set up house in Harley Street in London and at Folkington Manor in Sussex giving birth to Violet and her six brothers and sisters.

Footnotes

References
 Holmes, Michael The country house described: an index to the country houses of Great Britain and Ireland. Saint Paul's Bibliographies in association with the V&A, 1986. . Pressmark: 728.8 HOL
 Skilton, David (1983) "Introduction", in: George Moore: Esther Waters (Oxford World Classics) (OUP; vii-xxii)
 Woolf, Virginia: "A Born Writer. Review of Esther Waters, by George Moore", The Times Literary Supplement (July 29, 1920). Retrieved 17/8/07.
 Unknown Author. Catalogue of the library at Folkington Manor, Sussex, the property of Lieut.-Col. Roland Vaughan Gwynne, D.S.O., D.L., collected by his father, J. Eglinton A. Gwynne, Esquire, J.P., F.S.A, 1927. Open Library OL2576520M LC Control Number 85122400

Country houses in East Sussex
Gwynne family
Grade II* listed buildings in East Sussex
Wealden District

Folkington Manor


Sahara is the book that Michael Palin wrote to accompany the BBC television documentary series Sahara with Michael Palin.

This book, like the other books that Palin wrote following each of his seven trips for the BBC, consists both of his text and of many photographs to illustrate the trip. All of the pictures in this book were taken by Basil Pao, the stills photographer who was part of the team who did the trip (Basil Pao also produced a book, Inside Sahara, containing many more of his pictures).

This trip involved traveling all around and through the Sahara Desert, starting and ending at Gibraltar. The book contains 13 chapters: Gibraltar, Morocco, Algeria, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Niger, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Gibraltar. The reason Algeria is featured three times is that the trip first cut through part of western Algeria, then later up through south, central and eastern Algeria, and finally on the return trip followed the Mediterranean coast of northern Algeria. Some of these countries are huge; for example, Algeria is four times the size of France or three times the size of Texas. The Sahara Desert is roughly the same size as the United States, and the trip covered 10,000 miles (16,000 km.) and took three months.

The book is presented in a diary format; Palin starts each section of the book with a heading like "Day Forty-Two: Djenne". However, not all days are mentioned, a result of this trip being broken up into shorter trips, a fact that is not mentioned in the TV programme.

Audio edition
This book is available as an audiobook, read by Michael Palin. There are two versions available. The abridged version lasts 6 hours and the unabridged version 9 hours, 52 minutes.

External links
Full text of Sahara at Palin's Travels

British travel books
2002 non-fiction books
Books by Michael Palin
Books about the Sahara
Weidenfeld & Nicolson books
English non-fiction books

Sahara (Palin book)


Bale Grist Mill State Historic Park is a California state park located in Napa County between St. Helena and Calistoga.  The park is the site of a water-powered grist mill that was built in 1846 is one of only two water-driven mills remaining west of the Mississippi River.

History
The mill was established in 1846 by Dr. Edward Turner Bale on property in Rancho Carne Humana land grant.  Bale lived near the site until his death in 1849.

The gristmill and granary were built with local materials, Douglas firs and coast redwoods.  Some timbers were cut to length with the bark left on, while others were roughed out with hand tools. The timbers were notched and held in place with wooden pegs as well as nails and screws. The foundation of the structure is native stone. The mill was powered by a waterwheel, with water diverted from Mill Creek nearby. A ditch carried the water from a millpond to a wooden flume, which brought the water to the top of the waterwheel.  The first wheel did not provide enough power during dry summers and was replaced by a larger one, similar to the one at the mill today.

The mill was once the center of social activity as Napa Valley settlers gathered to have their corn and wheat ground into meal or flour. Farmers brought grain to the mill where it was placed into the boot of an elevator to be mechanically transported upstairs where it was cleaned by various types of equipment. The slow turning of the old grind stones and the dampness of the mill's site gave the meal a special quality for making cornbread, yellowbread, shortening bread and spoonbread.  As old timers put it, "When meal comes to you that way, like the heated underside of a settin' hen, it bakes bread that makes city bread taste like cardboard."

Theodore Benedict Lyman bought the mill and surrounding land in 1871 and passed ownership on to his son, William Whittingham Lyman.   The mill remained in operation until 1879.

Restoration
After William Lyman's death, his wife, the former Mrs. Sarah A. Nowland deeded the property to Native Sons of the Golden West, and through them the mill was restored during a period in the late 1960s and early 1970s through efforts of the Native Son Parlors of Napa County, under the leadership of past Grand President Bismarck Bruck, a grandson of Dr. Bale.

The mill and its 36-foot water wheel are protected as a state historic landmark and have been partially restored. A trail connects the historic park to Bothe-Napa Valley State Park. Additionally, the park includes the site of the first church in the Napa Valley as well as the Pioneer Cemetery.

Visitors can hike from the mill on the historic trail to Bothe-Napa Valley State Park, which features extensive picnic facilities and a number of trails. The round trip hike from Bale Grist Mill State Historic Park to Bothe-Napa Valley State Park is approximately two miles.

In 2011 during the California budget crisis, the mill and adjacent park were among those targeted to be closed due to lack of funding.  The Napa Valley State Park Association petitioned the state to operate the park in order to avoid closure. Milling demonstrations and tours of the historic mill are offered on weekends.  Legislation was passed in 2014 to allow sale of flour produced at the mill to the public starting January 1, 2016 in order to help defray maintenance costs and preserve the mill.

Gallery

References

External links
 California State Park webpage

1972 establishments in California
California Historical Landmarks
California State Historic Parks
Grinding mills in California
History of Napa County, California
Grinding mills on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Mill museums in California
Museums in Napa County, California
National Register of Historic Places in Napa County, California
Parks in Napa County, California
Protected areas established in 1972
St. Helena, California

Bale Grist Mill State Historic Park


Wiegand is a German surname. It originated from the Old High German verb wîgan, meaning to fight, through the past participle form wîgant, meaning the fighter.  The word comes from wîg (battle/war). The name was in use by the Middle Ages, also as a first name.

People with the name Wiegand or von Wiegand:

 Charmion Von Wiegand (1896–1983), American journalist and abstract artist
 Clyde Wiegand (1915–1996), American physicist
 Dave Wiegand (1974-), American Scrabble player
 David Wiegand (1947–2018), American journalist and critic
 Ernest H. Wiegand (1886–1973), American scientist
 Frank Wiegand (born 1943), German Olympic medallist in swimming
 Haike Beruriah Wiegand (born 1965), Oxford Lector in Hebrew and Jewish Studies
 Heinrich Wiegand (1855–1909), head of Norddeutscher Lloyd
 Joe Wiegand (born 1965), portrayer of Theodore Roosevelt
 John R. Wiegand
 Wiegand effect
 Wiegand wire
 Wiegand protocol, used in many kinds of card readers, both for Wiegand wire card readers and magnetic stripe card readers
 Karl Henry von Wiegand (1874–1961), German-born American journalist
 Karl McKay Wiegand (1873–1942), American botanist
 Krista E. Wiegand (born 1971), American political scientist
 Lisa Wiegand (born 1968), American cinematographer
 Theodor Wiegand (1864–1936), German archaeologist
 Thomas Wiegand (born 1970), German electrical engineer
 Wayne A. Wiegand (born 1946), American library historian, author, and academic
 William B. Wiegand, pioneer in carbon black technology
 Dick and Larry Wiegand, members of the rock band Crow

See also
 Weygand, Wigand, Weigand
 Wiegand Island

Surnames from given names

Wiegand


Sharon Hutchings (née McPeake, born 22 June 1962) is a former high jumper from Northern Ireland. She won a silver medal at the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh with a lifetime best of .

Career
McPeake was born in Ballymena, Northern Ireland and was a member of Ballymena and Antrim Athletics Club.  As a 17-year-old in 1979, she finished third at the AAA Championships with 1.73 metres. In 1981, she finished third at the UK National Championships with a clearance of 1.83m. In 1982, McPeake competed at her first Commonwealth Games in Brisbane, finishing ninth with 1.74m. In 1985, she finished second at the UK Championships, behind fellow Northern Irish athlete Janet Boyle.

The best season of McPeake's career came in 1986. She finished second behind Diana Davies at both the UK Championships and AAAs Championships with 1.80m. Then at the Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, representing Northern Ireland, she achieved her lifetime best of 1.90m to win the silver medal, defeating teammate Janet Boyle and England's Diana Davies on countback. The competition, which was won by Australia's Christine Stanton with 1.92m, remains one of the highest quality Commonwealth high jump competitions in history, with nine jumpers clearing 1.83 m or better. She also competed at the European Championships in Stuttgart, where she was eliminated in the qualifying round. She participated in Prince Edward's 1987 charity television special The Grand Knockout Tournament. Later in 1987, she again finished second at the AAAs Championships with 1.85m. Her season's best for the year was 1.89m.

In 1988, now competing as Sharon Hutchings, she narrowly missed Olympic selection for Seoul. At the AAAs Championships incorporating the Olympic trials, with the top two guaranteed selection, she was third, losing second place on countback. The competition was won by Janet Boyle with 1.91m, while both Hutchings and 19-year-old Jo Jennings cleared the Olympic qualifying standard of 1.88m. The third Olympic spot went to that years UK number one Diana Davies, who had cleared 1.9 m a month before the trials.

In 1989, she won the AAAs Indoor Championships title with 1.82m, to defeat Debbie Marti on countback.  She earned selection for the 1990 Commonwealth Games in Auckland in January, where she finished 13th with 1.80m. Auckland would prove to be the conclusion of her international career.
Her best of 1.90m from 1986 ranks her (as of 2017) 20th on the UK all-time list and second behind Janet Boyle on the Northern Irish all-time list.

Personal life
McPeake married fellow international athlete Tim Hutchings in 1987. Among his achievements is a fourth-place finish in the 5000 metres final at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, and winning silver medals at the World Cross Country Championships in 1984 and 1989. They have two children, Laura and Jamie.

Achievements
AAAs National Indoor Champion (1989)
2nd at the AAAs National Championships (1986, 1987)
2nd at the UK National Championships (1985, 1986)
6 Times Northern Irish Champion (1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1989)

References

External links

1962 births
Living people
Female high jumpers from Northern Ireland
Sportspeople from Ballymena
Athletes (track and field) at the 1982 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1990 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Northern Ireland
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Medallists at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Athletes from County Antrim

Sharon McPeake


Erin Cathleen Conaton (born September 26, 1970) is a former United States Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness. She previously served as Under Secretary of the Air Force.

Biography
Conaton was born in Hackensack, New Jersey and grew up in Rutherford, New Jersey. After graduating from Immaculate Heart Academy in the Township of Washington, Bergen County, New Jersey, Conaton was educated at Georgetown University, receiving a B.S. in foreign service in 1992. She spent 1992-93 as a financial analyst at Salomon Brothers in New York City, and then as a director of client services at Yield Enhancement Strategists, Inc. She then became a graduate student at Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, serving as a graduate fellow at the United States National Security Council in 1994, and received her Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy (MALD) from the Fletcher School in 1995. She spent 1995 as an associate at the Overseas Private Investment Corporation. From 1996 to 1997, she completed an International Security Studies Fellowship at Tufts University, and then completed a graduate fellowship at the Central Intelligence Agency in 1998.

Conaton worked as research staff director and research associate for the US Commission on National Security/21st Century from 1998 to 2001. From 2001 to 2005, she was a member of the professional staff of the United States House Committee on Armed Services. In 2005, she became the Armed Service Committee's Minority Staff Director, holding that position until 2007, when she became the full committee's staff director. In this position, Conaton served as primary adviser on defense matters to the Chairman and 61 other Members; directed overall operations, and strategic planning; and led the substantive agenda of the committee, to include drafting and overseeing the National Defense Authorization Act.

On November 10, 2009, President of the United States Barack Obama nominated Conaton to be United States Under Secretary of the Air Force, an office that had been vacant since the resignation of Ronald M. Sega on August 31, 2007. Conaton was confirmed by the Senate on March 4, 2010, and sworn into office on March 15. As Under Secretary of the Air Force, Conaton was responsible for the affairs of the Department of the Air Force including the organizing, training, equipping and providing for the welfare of its 680,000 members and their families. She also served as the Air Force Chief Management Officer, oversaw the Air Force's annual budget of more than $119 billion, and served as acting Secretary of the Air Force in the Secretary's absence.

On January 23, 2012, President Obama nominated Conaton to be Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, and she was appointed to the position on June 8, 2012, following her confirmation by the United States Senate. As Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, Conaton served as the senior policy advisor to the United States Secretary of Defense and Deputy Secretary of Defense on all matters concerning recruitment, career development, military health care, and pay and benefits for 1.4 million active duty military personnel, 1.3 million National Guard and Reserve personnel, and over 782,000 Department of Defense civilians. She was also responsible for overseeing the overall state of military readiness.

On December 31, 2012, Conaton resigned her position as Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness citing a desire to return to private life. She had been on medical leave since October. In her letter to her staff she said, "I believe this is a good moment for me to return to private life and to continue to contribute to our national security from outside government."

References

Profile from the United States Department of the Air Force
Profile from the Department of Defense Office of Personnel and Readiness

1970 births
Living people
People from Hackensack, New Jersey
People from Rutherford, New Jersey
Immaculate Heart Academy alumni
Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni
The Fletcher School at Tufts University alumni
United States Air Force civilians
Women in the United States Air Force
Obama administration personnel

Erin C. Conaton


Alwyne Jan Calinao Perez (; born 20 April 1981) is a Filipino blogger and motivational speaker who gained prominence as a blogger when his article, "Dear Ex ni Janine Tugonon" ("Dear Janine Tugonon's Ex (Boyfriend)") went viral. He is known for his humorous, fearless and witty writing style and his works are often about politics, current events, love and relationships, and life advice.

He is currently residing in Davao City where he spends majority of his time giving retreats and corporate seminars. He has also served as a consultant to various educational institutions. He is the 2013 Globe Tatt Pilipinas "Blogger Phenom" of the year for Davao City.

He is also a guest lecturer teaching social science subjects to pre-dentistry students from the Davao Medical School Foundation Inc (DMSFI).

Education
Perez went to the University of the Philippines Manila (UPM) where he studied in the Organizational Communication program. Prior to his stay in UPM, he earned some units in Philosophy while briefly staying in a seminary that is run by the Rogationist Fathers in Parañaque.

Blogging
Perez first gained prominence as a blogger when his article,"Dear Ex ni Janine Tugonon" went viral. This article was his humorous take regarding the relationship woes of Miss Universe 2012 first runner-up Janine Tugonon and her boyfriend Jaypee Santos. In just the span of two days, the article spread nationwide attention having 120,000 readers and was re-posted to various social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter and gained traction from there as well. This viral post was even posted by the Philippines' major TV networks, ABS-CBN and GMA Network.

A month later, Perez again made the news when his blog post, "Dear Kuyang Taiwanese" ("Dear Taiwanese Elder Brother") went viral over social media sites. This article was Perez' way to defend Filipino migrant workers who were abused in Taiwan as a result of the standoff between the two countries over a territorial dispute.

During the Social Media Day celebrations in the Philippines, Globe Telecom awarded Perez to be the first Globe Tatt Pilipinas Awards "Blogger Phenom" for Davao City.

His article "Because I Fell in Love Here in Davao" written as his homage for Davao City in time for the Kadayawan 2013 celebrations garnered much-acclaim from Davaoeños as the article went viral through social media. Also, during the height of the Priority Development Assistance Fund scam in the Philippines, many of Perez' articles that poked fun on those involved in the scam went viral on social media as well.

References

External links
 AJ Perez:Mga Kuwentong Istirero
 "Letter to Johnnie Walker." A Letter Writer.com

1981 births
Filipino bloggers
Filipino writers
People from Parañaque
People from Davao City
Filipino Roman Catholics
Living people
University of the Philippines Manila alumni
Filipino motivational speakers

AJ Perez (blogger)


Rev. Henry Holmes Stewart (8 November 1847 – 20 March 1937) was a Scottish clergyman who was a member of the Wanderers team which won the FA Cup in 1873. He also played for the Scottish team in 1872 in the last of the series of representative football matches against England.

Family and education
Stewart was born in Cairnsmuir, near Newton Stewart, Kirkcudbrightshire, the son of James Stewart and Elizabeth MacLeod. His brothers included James (1840–1938) and Ravenscroft (1845–1921), both of whom also attended Trinity College.

He attended Repton School and Loretto College, Edinburgh before going up to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1867. He graduated in 1871 with a BA and was awarded his MA in 1874.

On 28 July 1874, he married Lady Beatrice Diana Cecilia Carnegie, daughter of James Carnegie, 9th Earl of Southesk and Lady Catherine Hamilton Noel.

Cricket career
At Repton School, he was an outstanding cricketer and was in the school team from 1865 to 1867; in his final season, he was the school's best batsman. He also played cricket for Cambridge University although he did not play any first class matches. He also played for MCC and I Zingari.

Following his move to Glamorgan, he played village cricket, continuing well into the twentieth century.

Football career
After leaving university, he joined the Wanderers club. He made his debut for them on 4 March 1872 at Kennington Oval in the semi-final of the FA Cup against the Scottish team, Queens Park; this was the first time that a Scottish side had visited London and the Scots' travelling expenses were met by public subscription in Glasgow. The match ended in a 0–0 draw; as Queens Park were unable to raise the cost of a second trip to London, they withdrew from the competition, leaving Wanderers to go through to the final.

Two weeks before the FA Cup semi-final, Stewart was a member of the Scottish team that played England in what was to be the last of the series of representative matches between the two countries. The match ended with a 1–0 victory for the English. In a match report, Stewart was praised for his "untiring forward play throughout".

In the next season, Stewart played frequently for the Wanderers making eight appearances. He was variously described as "keeps well on the ball and never flags" and "sticks close to the ball and follows up hard; a very useful forward". As holders, Wanderers were given a "bye" to the Cup Final in which Stewart was selected as one of the eight forwards. The final, played against Oxford University at Lillie Bridge on 29 March 1873 ended in a 2–0 victory for the Wanderers.

Stewart played three more matches for the Wanderers in 1873–74 before his clerical career took him away from London.

Clerical career
Stewart was ordained as a deacon in London in 1872 and as a priest in 1873. He was curate at St. John's, Holborn from 1872 to 1874 and then vicar at East Witton, North Riding of Yorkshire from 1874 to 1878. He was then rector at Brington, Northamptonshire (1878–1898), vicar at Porthkerry with Barry, Glamorgan (1898–1914), vicar at St. Lythan's, Glamorgan (1914–1925) and, finally, rector at Michaelston-le-Pit, Glamorgan from 1925 to 1935.

He died on 20 March 1937, aged 89 years, at his home at Dinas Powys, Glamorgan.

References

External links
Cricket career details on Cricket Archive

1847 births
1937 deaths
19th-century Scottish clergy
20th-century Scottish clergy
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Men's association football forwards
Scotland men's representative footballers (1870–1872)
People educated at Loretto School, Musselburgh
People educated at Repton School
People from Newton Stewart
Scottish men's footballers
Wanderers F.C. players

Henry Stewart (footballer, born 1847)


Stephen Doyle (born 13 July 1981) is a South Australian Australian rules football player with the Sydney Swans of the Australian Football League (AFL).

Doyle was selected by the Swans under the father-son rule in the 1999 National Draft, as his father Robert had played 77 games for South Melbourne. The tall ruckman made his debut in 2000, but recurring ankle and knee injuries meant that he did not manage to play more than three games in a row in his first four seasons. He had a relatively injury-free season in 2004, but did not stand out greatly. A knee injury in the first round in 2005 ruled him out of the rest of the Swans' premiership-winning season.

In 2006, following the retirement of premier ruckman Jason Ball, Doyle arrived at the end of the season in working order. Partnering Darren Jolly in the Grand Final, Doyle was the Swans better ruckman in their narrow loss to the West Coast Eagles.

For the 2007 season, the Sydney Swans recruited experienced ruckman Peter Everitt from Hawthorn to partner Darren Jolly, leaving Doyle to play in the reserves.

Doyle retired on 31 October 2007, after playing 47 games.

External links

Sydney Swans site player profile

1981 births
Living people
Sydney Swans players
South Adelaide Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from South Australia

Stephen Doyle (footballer)


Green Lantern: Mosaic was an American comic book series published by DC Comics starring the fictional character superhero (John Stewart), a member of the intergalactic police force, the Green Lantern Corps. The series had its origin in a story arc of the same name in Green Lantern (vol. 3) #14–17, and was set up in earlier issues since that series' launch in 1990.

The ongoing series began in June of 1992 and ended in November of 1993, lasting 18 issues. It was written by Gerard Jones and primarily drawn by Cully Hamner.

Plot synopsis
Green Lantern Hal Jordan, investigating the disappearance of Evergreen City on Earth, discovers that Appa Ali Apsa, the lone remaining Guardian left behind after his brothers left our dimension, has been driven insane by loneliness. For companionship, Apsa has been uprooting cities from all the worlds he has visited and transporting them to the planet Oa, creating a patchwork known as the Mosaic World.

John Stewart, captured by Apsa, summons Jordan through their power rings and, together with Guy Gardner and the newly returned Guardians, defeat Apsa.

Believing that Apsa's experiment should be allowed to progress to its conclusion, the Guardians elected to maintain his strange mosaic of communities rather than return the inhabitants to their homeworlds. Accordingly, the Guardians assigned Stewart to act as the Green Lantern of the Mosaic world. Stewart was charged with maintaining the peace among the different communities as well as attempting to construct a cohesive society from the disparate races.

Initially distrustful of each other, the various communities sometimes came to battle, even leading to fatalities. Some of the cities had life-forms hostile to each other or to all other life. Stewart also dealt with less fatal problems, such as overpopulation and the fact one of the cities was inhabited by only two people. Assisting Stewart in his efforts are some of the citizens of Evergreen City, including several youngsters whose parents are suffering severe mental problems due to their unique situation. John gives these children less-powerful rings and they assist in future conflicts. John also tries to build roads between the cities. This, along with his other efforts, are hampered by visions of 'the red', which seem to be manifestations of Sinestro. During one of these vision flares, the Green Lantern known as Ch'p is struck and killed by a yellow truck on one of the connecting roads.

Not all the cities were dangerous. The 'Trendoids' were entities who avoided conflict by impersonating any visitors.

Through John's efforts, the cities of Mosaic World were eventually forged into a cohesive society. In return for his success, the Guardians granted Stewart the honor of becoming the first mortal Guardian.

Hal Jordan, possessed by the Parallax entity, destroyed the Central Power Battery and slew all but one of the Guardians of the Universe, leaving Oa and the Mosaic a barren wasteland.

Later it was revealed that The Mosaic World was evacuated by a multi-species coalition in anticipation of the battle between the corrupted Hal Jordan/Parallax and the Guardians. The survivors of the experiments were carried back to their homeworld.

Mosaic's abandoned remains were finally destroyed when Oa was obliterated by Kyle Rayner during a battle with Jordan.

Cancellation
In an unusual move, and although sales of the book were very strong, Green Lantern: Mosaic was cancelled early into its run. In an interview, Cully Hamner revealed the reasons behind the cancellation:
(A)s I was told at the time, it didn't fit with DC editorial vision (whatever that means). Sales didn't matter, fan support didn't matter; the first issue sold about 210,000 copies and my last issue sold about 70,000, so there was plenty of support for the book. It was marked for cancellation when issue #5 came out, and they allowed Gerry Jones a year to wrap it up, but there was no doubt that it was being cancelled because somebody upstairs just didn't care for it. So, I had a feeling after a while of creatively being against a brick wall, and got out before the end. You pay your money, you takes your chances. That's the biz.

Notes

References

External links
 Article on Green Lantern: Mosaic
 Fanzing interview with Gerard Jones

1992 comics debuts
Alien abduction in popular culture

Green Lantern: Mosaic


The stellar birthline is a line in the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram that relates the effective temperature and luminosity of pre-main-sequence stars on the start of their contraction. To this point, the objects are protostars, and are so deeply in the cloud of dust and gas from which they are forming that they radiate only in far infrared and millimeter wavelengths.

When stellar winds disperse this cloud, the star becomes visible as pre-main-sequence object. The set of locations on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram where these newly visible stars form is called the birthline and is found above the main sequence.

Location
Location of the stellar birthline depends on detail in the accretion rate onto the star and geometry of this accretion, i.e. whether or not it is happening through an accretion disk. This means that the birthline is not an infinitely thin curve, but has a finite thickness on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.

References

Astronomy

Stellar birthline


Wan Fulin (; 20 November 1880 – 15 July 1951) was the military governor of Heilongjiang province from 1928 and part of the Fengtian clique. On December 29, 1928, he along with Zhang Xueliang, son of the late Zhang Zuolin, together with Zhang Zuoxiang fought against Japanese threats and coercion declared in a public wire that the four provinces of Fengtian (Liaoning), Jilin, Heilongjiang and Rehe would change the flag to that of the Republic of China and obey the National Government.

During the Mukden Incident he was in Peking, cut off from his province of Heilongjiang by the Japanese invasion of Liaoning and Jilin provinces. Zhang Xueliang promoted Ma Zhanshan Governor of Heilongjiang Province in his place.
After the Northeastern Army retreated from the Japanese-occupied Northeast he commanded its 32nd Corps, including the 139th Division at Lengkou Pass during the Defense of the Great Wall in 1933. Afterwards, he commanded the 53rd Corps, retained in Northern China while most of the Northeastern Army was sent to Northwestern China to fight the Communists.

After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident he sent a brigade to reinforce 29th Corps during the Battle of Beiping-Tianjin. His 53rd Corps also fought in the Peking–Hankow Railway Operation and Tianjin–Pukou Railway Operation. He commanded the 26th Army in the Battle of Wuhan. During the war, he was chairman of the Liaoning province government in exile. From 1942 to 1945, he was a member of the National Military Council. He died in 1951 in Taichung county.

Career
 Jun 1928 - Aug 1928  Military governor Heilongjiang province
 Jan 1929 - Oct 1931  Chairman of the Heilongjiang province government
 Nov 1931 - 1933 Commanded 32nd Corps of Northeastern Army
 1935 - 1938 General Officer Commanding 53rd Corps
 Jul 1937 - Aug 1945  Chairman of the Liaoning (Fengtian) province government
 1937 Deputy Commander in Chief 20th Army Group
 1937 Deputy Commander in Chief 1st Army Group
 1938 General Commanding Officer 26th Army
 1942 - 1945 Member of the National Military Council

Sources
 Hsu Long-hsuen and Chang Ming-kai, History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) 2nd Ed., 1971. Translated by Wen Ha-hsiung, Chung Wu Publishing; 33, 140th Lane, Tung-hwa Street, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China.
  The Generals of WWII: Generals of China; Wan Fulin

National Revolutionary Army generals from Jilin
1880 births
1951 deaths
Republic of China politicians from Jilin
Politicians from Changchun
Taiwanese people from Jilin

Wan Fulin


Ronald L. Olson (born July 9, 1941) is an American attorney and a partner in the Los Angeles office of Munger Tolles & Olson LLP. He was the lead attorney representing the board of directors of Yahoo! in connection with Microsoft's proposed acquisition of Yahoo!, and was contemporaneously involved in Yahoo!'s Google outsourcing contract.

Education
Olson received his baccalaureate degree from Drake University, before studying law at Linacre College, University of Oxford, and completing a Juris Doctor from the University of Michigan Law School.

Career
In 1967, Olson worked as a civil rights attorney in the Civil Rights Division of the United States Department of Justice.  In 1968, he clerked for the Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, David L. Bazelon. Olson is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

In 1968, Olson joined the Los Angeles law firm now known as Munger, Tolles & Olson, and has practiced there since then. Olson's field of specialization is litigation and corporate counseling.  He counsels individual executives and boards of directors in a range of matters, including corporate governance.

In 1997, Olson became a director of Berkshire Hathaway.

Notable activities
As a member of the American Bar Association, Olson was formerly Chairman of the Standing Committee on Federal Judiciary (1991–92), Chairman of the Litigation Section (1981–82), and Chairman of the Alternative Dispute Resolution Committee (1976–86). He also served as Vice President of the Board of Governors of the State Bar of California (1986–87).  He is a fellow of the American College of Trial Lawyers.

Olson was elected to the American Law Institute in 1990 and served as an Adviser on the ALI's Federal Judicial Code project.

Olson is a director of Berkshire Hathaway, Edison International, City National Corporation, The Washington Post Company, and Western Asset Trusts.  He serves as a director of several non-profits, including the RAND Corporation (formerly chair), the Mayo Clinic, the Council of Foreign Relations, Southern California Public Radio (formerly chair), and the California Institute of Technology.  He was Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Claremont University Center and Graduate School from 1984 to 1994.

References

External links
Ronald L. Olson at mto.com

Living people
California lawyers
1941 births
University of Michigan Law School alumni
People associated with Munger, Tolles & Olson

Ronald Olson


Mother lode is a principal vein or zone of gold or silver ore. The term is also used colloquially to refer to the real or imaginary origin of something valuable or in great abundance.

Term
The term probably came from a literal translation of the Spanish veta madre, a term common in old Mexican mining. Veta madre, for instance, is the name given to an  silver vein discovered in 1548 in Guanajuato, New Spain (modern-day Mexico).

California Mother Lode
In the United States, Mother Lode is most famously the name given to a long alignment of hard-rock gold deposits stretching northwest-southeast in the Sierra Nevada of California, bounded on the east by the Melones Fault Zone. It was discovered in the early 1850s, during the California gold rush. The California Mother Lode is a zone from  wide and  long, between Georgetown on the north and Mormon Bar on the south.

The Mother Lode coincides with the suture line of a terrane, the Smartville Block. The zone contains hundreds of mines and prospects, including some of the best-known historic mines of the gold-rush era. Individual gold deposits within the Mother Lode are gold-bearing quartz veins up to  thick and a few thousand feet long. The California Mother Lode was one of the most productive gold-producing districts in the United States. Now it is known as a destination for tourism and for its vineyards.

As with most gold rushes, the California gold rush started with the discovery of placer gold in sands and gravels of streambeds, where the gold had eroded from hard-rock vein deposits. Placer miners followed the gold-bearing sands upstream to discover the source in the bedrock. This source was the "mother" of the gold in the river and so was dubbed the "mother lode".

See also
Alaska Gold Rush (disambiguation)
Gold Country
Placer mining

References

Gold mining
Silver mining
Metaphors referring to places

Mother lode


Liu Xia (; born 1 April 1961, Beijing, China) is a painter, poet, and photographer who resides in Beijing, China. She was married to 2010 Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo.

Biography
Liu used to be a civil servant in the Beijing tax bureau. She met her husband Liu Xiaobo while part of the Beijing literary scene in the 1980s. She married Liu Xiaobo while he was in prison in a Chinese labor re-education camp between the years of 1996 and 1999.

Ms. Liu prefers to lead the solitary life of an intellectual. However, she has been forced to act for her husband in public because of he is often in prison for his activism. She has been described as her husband's "most important link to the outside world." She also personally experiences pressures from the Chinese authorities for publicly voicing opinions because she is the wife of one of China's most prominent human rights advocates. Since his arrest,  the government watches her constantly. She speaks out on issues of human rights both for herself and  for her husband. Although she may not want always want to, she has continued to speak publicly all during their marriage and while her husband has been in prison Despite the pressures, she attempts to keep her life normal.

Liu Xiaobo's was sent to prison for 11 years after he helped write the political manifesto 2008 called Charter 08. Liu Xia begged her husband to not participate in writing the document. At first, he did as she asked. But later, he  spent much of his time  writing and re-writing the document which took three years. He later got more than 300 prominent workers, Chinese Communist Party members, and intellectuals, to sign the charter. 10,000 people added their names to a charter support list on the Internet.

After it was announced that her husband had won the Nobel Peace Prize, Liu Xia said that "For all these years, Liu Xiaobo has persevered in telling the truth about China and because of this, for the fourth time, he has lost his personal freedom." She also said that she would visit him in jail and "give him a big hug".  After visiting him, however, she was placed under house arrest and her mobile phone number was canceled. Liu Xiaobo died on 13 July 2017 from liver cancer complications.

Related pages
List of Chinese painters
Liu Xiaobo

References

1961 births
Living people
Chinese poets
Chinese painters
Photographers

Liu Xia (poet)


Pseudotricholoma umbrosum, commonly known as the amyloid tricholoma, is a species of fungus in the family Tricholomataceae, and the type species of the genus Pseudotricholoma. It was first described scientifically by mycologists Alexander H. Smith and Maurice B. Walters in 1943 as a species of Tricholoma. Rolf Singer transferred it to Porpoloma (subgenus Pseudotricholoma) in 1962. The mushroom is found in North America, where it fruits singly or in small groups under conifer trees. Although it resembles a Tricholoma species, it is distinguished from that genus by its amyloid spores.

References

External links

Fungi described in 1943
Fungi of North America
Tricholomataceae
Taxa named by Alexander H. Smith

Pseudotricholoma umbrosum


The Tamasaba or Sabao is an uncommon Japanese variety of goldfish with a body shape similar to a Ryukin or a Fantail, but with a long, flowing, single tail that is similar to that of a mackerel, hence its other name, Mackerel Tail. This attractive and strong goldfish variety makes a very suitable pond fish and aquarium fish. Usually white and red tamasaba is rarely seen with other colors.  It withstands the cold very well.  The Tamasaba originated from the Yamagata Prefecture in northern Japan, hence it is also known as Yamagata Kingyo or Yamagata Goldfish.

References

See also

Tamasaba


The .275 Holland & Holland Magnum is a semi-obsolete rifle cartridge similar to the 7mm Remington Magnum.  Essentially the .275 Holland & Holland Magnum is a necked down shortened variant of the .375 Holland & Holland Magnum. It was introduced by the British company Holland & Holland with the .375 Holland & Holland Magnum that was introduced in 1912 as the .375 Belted Rimless Nitro-Express.  The .375 Holland & Holland Magnum was intended for dangerous African game animals, while the .275 Holland & Holland Magnum was intended for longer range shooting of antelope in Africa and Red Stag in the highlands of Scotland.

History
Aside from the belted case, the .275 H&H was very similar to the .276 Enfield cartridge of the Pattern 1913 Enfield rifle then under development by the British military to replace the Lee–Enfield.  Cordite loadings gave both cartridges a reputation for unpleasant muzzle flash and short barrel life.  Western Cartridge Company offered United States loadings of the .275 H&H Magnum in 1925 with the .300 H&H and the .375 H&H.  The .275 H&H was omitted when Winchester Repeating Arms Company started chambering their Winchester Model 70 rifle for the other two in 1937.  The .275 H&H offered little ballistic advantage over the .270 Winchester with contemporary smokeless powders.  U.S. ammunition production ceased during 1939.

Subsequent developments
Following World War II, independent gunsmiths in the United States began exploring the ballistic possibilities of military surplus IMR 4831 powder salvaged from Oerlikon 20mm cannon cartridges and marketed by Hodgdon Powder Company.  The long range ballistics of wildcat cartridges resulted in commercial availability of the 7×61mm Sharpe & Hart in 1953, and the 7mm Remington Magnum in 1962.  The .275 H&H had been a cartridge ahead of its time.

Holland & Holland continue to supply factory loaded .275 ammunition and the cartridge is occasionally chambered in custom made modern "classic" rifles. 275 H&H enthusiasts have noted that the distinctive "H&H taper" of the case offers some advantages over the 7×61mm and 7mm Rem mag. Namely, more reliable and smoother feeding in bolt-action rifles, and more compact stacking in a box magazine allowing longer overall length of cartridge. With modern powders, the 275 H&H can be handloaded to equal any of the currently available 7mm Magnum chamberings, up to 2.5"(63mm) case length. Correctly headstamped empty brass cases are made by Quality Cartridge Co. USA.

See also
List of rifle cartridges

References

Pistol and rifle cartridges
British firearm cartridges
Holland & Holland cartridges

.275 H&H Magnum


The Yellow Dwarf () is a French literary fairy tale by Madame d'Aulnoy.  Andrew Lang included it in The Blue Fairy Book.

Synopsis

A widowed queen spoiled her only daughter, who was so beautiful that kings vied for the honor of her hand, not believing they could attain it.  Uneasy that her daughter would never marry, the queen went to visit the Fairy of the Desert for advice.  She made a cake to protect herself from the lions that guarded the fairy, but she lost it.  A yellow dwarf offered to save her in return for her daughter's hand.  She accepted, but when the dwarf showed the miserable home in which her daughter would live, she grew quite ill.

Her daughter, distressed, went to seek the same fairy.  The dwarf told her what her mother had promised, and when she was ready to reject it, the lions arrived.  She agreed if he would save her.  Back at the castle, she fell quite ill and agreed to marry the King of the Gold Mines.  However, at the wedding, the Fairy of the Desert and the Yellow Dwarf interrupted.  The dwarf carried off the princess, and the fairy fell in love with the king and carried him off.  She chained him in a cave and turned herself into a beautiful woman, but her feet being unchanged, the king was able to tell who she was.  He told her that he would hate the fairy as long as she kept him chained up, but would love her if she freed him.  The Fairy of the Desert freed him and brought him to her castle, carrying him by the castle where the princess lived; she saw them and became convinced that the king was unfaithful to her.

The king was kept more pleasantly, but was unable to escape.  He lamented his fate along the sea, and a mermaid left enchanted sea rushes behind to look like his body and freed him.  She gave him a sword to fight his way to the princess.

The fairy was entirely deceived by the sea rushes and did not pursue him.

The king fought his way through sphinxes and dragons to find his path blocked by maidens with garlands of flowers; he still pressed on, tearing apart their garlands, and reached the princess.  He persuaded her of his fidelity, but the Yellow Dwarf found them and killed him.  The princess died of grief.

The mermaid was only able to change their bodies to two palm trees.

Legacy
The tale was one of many from d'Aulnoy's pen to be adapted to the stage by James Planché, as part of his Fairy Extravaganza. He used it as a basis for his work The Yellow Dwarf, and The King of the Gold Mines.

Mary Diana Dods wrote a version of the story for her book Tales of the Wild and the Wonderful (1825).

References

External links
The Yellow Dwarf (archived)
The Yellow Dwarf, Andrew Lang's version

Works by Madame d'Aulnoy
Fictional dwarves
Novels about kidnapping
Fiction about regicide

The Yellow Dwarf