The short-toed treecreeper (Certhia brachydactyla) is a small passerine bird found in woodlands through much of the warmer regions of Europe and into north Africa. It has a generally more southerly distribution than the other European treecreeper species, the common treecreeper, with which it is easily confused where they both occur. The short-toed treecreeper tends to prefer deciduous trees and lower altitudes than its relative in these overlap areas. Although mainly sedentary, vagrants have occurred outside the breeding range.

The short-toed treecreeper is one of a group of four very similar Holarctic treecreepers, including the closely related North American brown creepers, and has five subspecies differing in appearance and song. Like other treecreepers, the short-toed is inconspicuously plumaged brown above and whitish below, and has a curved bill and stiff tail feathers. It is a resident in woodlands throughout its range, and nests in tree crevices or behind bark flakes, laying about six eggs. This common, unwary, but inconspicuous species feeds mainly on insects which are picked from the tree trunk as the treecreeper ascends with short hops.

Taxonomy
The short-toed treecreeper was first described by Christian Ludwig Brehm in 1820. The binomial name is derived from Greek; kerthios is a small tree-dwelling bird described by Aristotle and others, and brachydactyla comes from brakhus, "short" and dactulos "finger", which refers, like the English name, to the fact that this species has shorter toes than the common treecreeper.

This species is one of a group of very similar treecreeper species, all placed in the single genus Certhia. Eight species are currently recognised, in two evolutionary lineages, a  Holarctic radiation, and a Sino-Himalayan group south and east of the Himalayas. The former group has a more warbling song, always (except in C. familiaris from China) starting or ending with a shrill sreeh. The Himalayan species, in contrast, have a faster-paced trill without the sreeh sound. The short-toed treecreeper belongs to the northern group, along with the North American brown creeper, C. americana, the common treecreeper, C. familaris, of temperate Eurasia, and Hodgson's treecreeper, C. hodgsoni, from the southern rim of the Himalayas.

Subspecies
There are five subspecies of short-toed treecreeper, which are all very similar and often intergrade in areas where their ranges overlap. There is a general cline in appearance from west to east across Europe, with upperparts becoming a darker and colder brown. The currently recognised subspecies are as follows:

Description
All the treecreepers are similar in appearance, being small birds with streaked and spotted brown upperparts, rufous rumps and whitish underparts. They have long decurved bills, and long stiff tail feathers which provide support as they creep up tree trunks looking for insects.

The short-toed treecreeper is  long and weighs . It has dull grey-brown upperparts intricately patterned with black, buff and white, a weak off-white supercilium and dingy underparts contrasting with the white throat. The sexes are similar, but juveniles have whitish underparts, sometimes with a buff belly.

The call of this species is a repeated shrill tyt...tyt tyt-tyt and the song of the nominate subspecies is an evenly spaced sequence of notes teet-teet-teet-e-roi-tiit. There is some geographical variation; the song of Danish birds is shorter, that of the Cyprus subspecies is very short and simple, and the North African version is lower pitched. European birds do not respond to latter two song variants.

This species shares much of its range with the common treecreeper. Compared to the short-toed, that bird is whiter below, warmer and more spotted above, and has a whiter supercilium and slightly shorter bill. However, identification by sight may be impossible for poorly-marked birds. Vocal birds are usually identifiable, since Common has a distinctive song composed of twitters, ripples and a final whistle and a shree''' call rarely given by the short-toed; however, both species have been known to sing the other's song. Even in the hand, although the short-toed usually has a longer bill and shorter toes, 5% of birds are not safely identifiable.

The brown treecreeper has never been recorded in Europe, but would be difficult to separate from the short-toed treecreeper, which it much resembles in appearance. Its call is more like the common treecreeper's, but a vagrant brown treecreeper might still not be possible to identify with certainty given the similarities between the three species.

Distribution and habitat

The short-toed treecreeper breeds in temperate woodlands across Europe from Portugal to Turkey and Greece, and in north west Africa. It prefers well-grown trees, especially oak and avoids pure stands of conifers. Where it shares its European range with common treecreeper, the latter species tends to be found mainly in coniferous forest and at higher altitudes.

It is usually found in the lowlands, but breeds locally at up to  in Germany,  in France and  in Switzerland. In Turkey and North Africa it is a mountain species. The breeding areas have July isotherms between 17–18 °C and 26 °C (63–64 °F and 79 °F).

This treecreeper is essentially non-migratory but post-breeding dispersal may lead to vagrancy outside the normal range. It has occurred as a vagrant to England, Sweden, Lithuania and the Balearic Islands. Three birds on Corsica in 1969 appeared to be of the North African subspecies C. b. mauritanica''.

Behaviour and ecology

Breeding

The short-toed nests in tree crevices or behind bark flakes. Old woodpecker nests, crevices in buildings or walls, and artificial nest boxes or flaps are also used.

The nest has an often bulky base of twigs, pine needles, grass or bark, and a lining of finer material such as feathers, wool, moss, lichen or spider web. The eggs are laid between April and mid June (typical clutch 5–7 eggs); they are white with purple-red blotches,  in size. The eggs are incubated by the female alone for 13 – 15 days until the altricial downy chicks hatch; they are then fed by both parents, but brooded by the female alone, for a further 15 – 18 days to fledging. This species often raises a second brood. The male starts constructing a new nest while the female is still feeding the first brood, and when the chicks are 10–12 days old, he takes over feeding duties while the female completes the new nest.

A Spanish study suggests that forest fragmentation adversely affects the numbers of short-toed treecreepers present, as is also the case with the common treecreeper. Species that depend on relatively scarce resources, such as tree trunks, only occupy the larger forests, whereas those such as tits and common firecrests that exploit abundant, ubiquitous resources are distributed uniformly through woodlands of all sizes.

Feeding
The short-toed treecreeper typically seeks invertebrate food on tree trunks, starting near the tree base and spiralling its way up using its stiff tail feathers for support. Unlike a nuthatch, it does not come down trees head first, but flies to the base of another nearby tree. It uses its long thin bill to extract insects and spiders from crevices in the bark. Although normally found on trees, it will occasionally feed on walls or bare ground, or amongst fallen pine needles. It may add some seeds to its diet in the colder months.

Habits
As a small woodland bird with cryptic plumage and a quiet call, the short-toed treecreeper is easily overlooked as it hops mouse-like up a vertical trunk, progressing in short hops, using its stiff tail and widely splayed feet as support. Nevertheless, it is not wary, and is largely indifferent to the presence of humans. It has a distinctive erratic and undulating flight, alternating fluttering butterfly-like wing beats with side-slips and tumbles. It is solitary in winter, but in cold weather up to twenty or more birds will roost together in a suitable sheltered crevice, or in a star formation under eaves of buildings.

Status and conservation
This species has an extensive range of between 1–10 million square kilometres (0.4–3.8 million square mi). It has a large population, estimated at between 4.1–14 million individuals. Population trends have not been quantified, but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, the short-toed treecreeper is evaluated as Least Concern.

It is common through much of its range, but is rare in the  Caucasus and on the smaller Channel Islands. In the west of its range it is spreading north through Denmark, where it first bred in 1946.

References

External links
 Ageing and sexing (PDF; 0.78 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
 Feathers of Short-toed treecreeper (Certhia brachydactyla)
 Article on the identification of common and short-toed treecreepers (in German with an English summary)

short-toed treecreeper
Birds of Europe
short-toed treecreeper
short-toed treecreeper

Short-toed treecreeper


Leonard R. N. Ashley(born January 5, 1928, in Miami) is an American writer on the English language. He was for many years professor of English at Brooklyn College. He was formerly on the editorial board of various academic journals in the US and abroad.

He served as secretary of the International Linguistic Society (1980 - 1982)  and later was on its board, was vice-president of Amici Linguarum,  and participated in the International Conferences on Onomastic Sciences in Europe. He is a former member of the United States Board on Geographical Names.  is a president emeritus of The American Society of Geolinguistics. Aside from more traditional works on English drama, fiction, poetry, books on onomastics and geolinguistics, he is also known for his series of popular dictionaries of the occult. A recent installment in Dr. Ashley's series on the occult is the ultimate resource for information on the werewolf. He contributed a Chronicle (c. 35 pages each, thrice annually) of book reviews to Bibliothèque d'Humanuisme et Renaissance (Geneva) from the 1960s to the end of 2018 and published hundreds of book reviews in Names, Geolinguistics, etc., and articles in Names, Word Ways, Comments on Etymology, Etc., Journal of Popular Culture, Onomasica, Hamlet Studies, Points of View, and other academic journals in the US and abroad. Some of his books have been published in Dutch,  Italian, German, and Norwegian translations as well as in US and UK editions.

Publications

English literature and linguistics

 George Peele: The Man and His Work
 Colley Cibber
 Authorship and Evidence in Renaissance Drama
 Unhappy all the time": Religion in Anthony Burgess's Earthly Powers
 What I Know About You: 100 Lesbian & Gay New York Voices (novel and play)
 Cornish Names
 What's in a Name?: Everything You Wanted to Know (1989, revised 1995)
 Mexico: The Smart Traveler's Guide to All the Names
 George Alfred Henty and the Victorian Mind
 Spenser's Ideal of the Gentleman
 Geolinguistic Perspectives (ed., with Jesse Levitt & Kenneth H. Rogers)
 Ripley's "Believe It Or Not" Book of The Military
 Language and Modern Society
 Language and the New Technology
 Language in Action
 Living Language
 History of the Short Story
 Art Attack: Names in Satire
 A Garland of Names (with Wayne H. Finke, eds.)
 Names of Places
 Names in Literature
 Names in Popular Culture
 Animal Crackers (verse) and Poetry in Various Periodicals

Popular culture and the occult
 The Complete Book of Devils and Demons
 The Complete Book of Vampires
 The Complete Book of the Devil's Disciples
 The Complete Book of Spells, Curses and Magical Recipes
 The Complete Book of Ghosts and Poltergeists
 The Complete Book of Werewolves
 The Complete Book of Sex Magic
 The Complete Book of Magic and Witchcraft (2 German editions)
 The Amazing World Of Superstition
 The Complete Book of Superstition, Prophecy and Luck (also in Dutch)
 Ripley's Believe it Or Not! Book of the Military
 The Complete Book of Numerology (also in Italian)
 The Complete book of Dreams and What They Mean
 The Wonderful World of Superstition, Prophecy, and Luck
 Tales of Mystery and Melodrama
 Halloween
 Last Days: The Messiah, The Apocalypse, The Rapture, The Last Judgment

Folklore
 Elizabethan Popular Culture
 Nordic Folklore and Tradition (with Ola J. Holten) also published in Nynorsk in Sweden in a translation by Ola J. Holten and that some books on the occult are in UK as well as US editions and translations into Dutch, German, and Italian and some are reissued with new prefaces

Textbooks and translations
 Other People's Lives
 Mirrors for Man; 26 Plays of the World Drama
 6 Plays of World Drama (Taiwan)
 Nineteenth-Century British Drama (Scott, Foresman reprinted revised by University Press of America)
 British Short Stories: Classics and Criticism (with Stuart L. Astor, Tales of Mystery and Melodrama)
 America: Naming the Country and Its People, Allen Walter Read, ed. L. R. N. Ashley)
 Colonial American English (Richard Lederer, ed. Ashley)
 A Garland of Names (ed. with Wayne H. Finke)
 A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Charlotte Charke (ed.  Ashley)
 Ballad Poetry of Ireland (ed. Ashley)
 Phantasms of the Living 2 vols., Myers, Podmore, Gurney, ed. Ashley)
 Reliques of Irish Poetry (ed. Ashley)
 Shakespeare's Jest Book (ed. Ashley)
 Suhrab and Rustum (ed. Ashley)

Conference proceedings
 Geolinguistic Perspectives (ed. Ashley, Kenneth H. Rogers, Jesse Levitt)
 Constructed Language and Language Construction (ed. with Wayne H. Finke)
 Language across Border (ed. with Wayne H. Finke)
 Language and Communication in the New Century (ed. with Wayne H. Finke)
 Language and Identity (ed. with Wayne H. Finke)
 Language and Politics (ed. with Wayne H. Finke)
 Language and Popular Culture (ed. with Wayne H. Finke)
 Language in Contemporary Society (ed with Wayne H. Finke)
 Language in the Era of Globalization (ed. with Wayne H. Finke)
 Language under Controls (ed. with Wayne H. Finke)

References

1928 births
American non-fiction writers
Living people
Writers from Miami
Brooklyn College faculty

Leonard R. N. Ashley


A-Europa, also known as A-Eiropa, is a Europop band from Latvia. The name A-Eiropa originally stood for "Austrumeiropa" which means "Eastern Europe" in Latvian.

A quite unusual cultural phenomenon is the fact that the group most often releases two versions of songs - one in Latvian and another in Russian (same music, different verses) - or mixes both languages in the same song.

The originator and voice of the group is Artūrs Duboks, who lives in the city of Daugavpils in Latvia.

The group has several times ranked in the top of the hits list for national radio stations and abroad.  A-Eiropa's hits have included "Baltās rozes"/"Белые розы"  (White roses), "Jūrmala"/"Юрмала" (Jūrmala) and others.

References

Latvian musical groups

A-Eiropa


Striptease is a 1996 comedy-drama movie. Striptease is based on a novel by the same name, which was released three years prior to the movie. The stories in this movie are about an exotic dancer who gets involved in serious child custody matters and corrupt politics. Demi Moore is exotic dancer Erin Grant, who was earlier a Federal Bureau of Investigation secretary. Also in the movie is Burt Reynolds as Congressman David Dildeck and Rumer Willis (Moore's real-life daughter) as Erin's daughter Angela. Striptease got negative reviews similar to Showgirls the previous year. Unlike Striptease, however, Showgirls became a strong cult favorite within one decade after its release.

1996 comedy-drama movies
1990s sex comedy movies
American comedy-drama movies
American sex comedy movies

Striptease (movie)


Hylonomus is an extinct stem tetrapod which lived 312 million years ago (mya) during the Pennsylvanian.
The lack of skull openings behind the eyes makes it difficult to decide whether or not it is a sauropsid. Westlothiana is older, but may have been an amphibian, and Casineria is rather fragmentary.

Hylonomus was  long (including the tail) and probably would have looked rather similar to modern lizards. It had small sharp teeth and likely ate small invertebrates such as millipedes or early insects.

Fossils of Hylonomus have been found in the remains of fossilized club moss stumps in Joggins Fossil Cliffs, Nova Scotia, Canada. The theory is that, after harsh weather, the club mosses would crash down. The stumps eventually hollow out. Small animals such as Hylonomus, seeking shelter, might enter and become trapped, starving to death. Fossils of the basal pelycosaur Archaeothyris and the basal diapsid Petrolacosaurus are also found in the same region of Nova Scotia, higher up, dated about 6 million years later.

Some fossilized footprints, from about 315 mya, have been found in New Brunswick. They are attributed to Hylonomus.

References

Stem tetrapods
Reptiles

Hylonomus


Ian Johnston (Walter Ian Harewood Johnston, 16 February 1930 – 19 March 2001) was one of the true pioneers of reproductive medicine in Australia. He was a primary contributor to the development of human IVF (In vitro fertilisation) in Melbourne, Australia. He was the Head of the Reproductive Biology Unit at the Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne and was the founding President and Honorary Life Member of The Fertility Society of Australia. Ian was known as the 'founding father of IVF in Australia'

One of his greatest moments was the announcement of the first Australian IVF pregnancy and the third of such pregnancies in the world. The birth of the first
Australian IVF baby, Candice Reed on 23 June 1980 was a moment of great national pride. (Note: The world's fourth IVF baby was also born at the Royal Women's Hospital.)

On 26 January 2001, Ian was awarded with Member of the Order of Australia for service to medicine. He died of laryngeal cancer a few months later.

Quotes
 "His footprints are all over the pioneering technologies of IVF" – Alan Trounson, RBM Online, 2001
 "It's [IVF] part of my life. I wouldn't be here without it" - Candice Reed, The Sydney Morning Herald, 1 December 2005.

Education
 Scotch College, Melbourne
 University of Melbourne, graduating in medicine in 1954.
 Master of Gynaecology & Obstetrics, University of Melbourne, 1964.

Awards
 Founding President and Honorary Life Member of The Fertility Society of Australia
 Member of the Order of Australia (2001). For service to medicine, particularly in the areas of infertility and reproductive biology, through the development of treatment techniques, pioneering the use of laparoscopy as a diagnostic tool, and the establishment of support and counselling services for patients and their families.
 Royal Australian and New Zealand Collegeof Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. 2001 Honour Board

Appearances
Johnston appeared in the documentary Chasing God as a scientist.

Sources
 Reproductive BioMedicine Online, Volume 2, Number 3, May 2001, pp. 215–215(1). Author: Alan Trounson. Publisher: Reproductive Healthcare Ltd.
 The Fertility Society of Australia.
 Discovery Newsletter, (a publication of the royal women's hospital division of research & education), June 2001.

1930 births
2001 deaths
Australian obstetricians
Members of the Order of Australia
Medical doctors from Melbourne
Deaths from laryngeal cancer
People educated at Scotch College, Melbourne

Ian Johnston (doctor)


Cool Breeze is a 1972 American blaxploitation heist film directed by Barry Pollack and starring Thalmus Rasulala. It was released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film is loosely based on W. R. Burnett's 1949 novel The Asphalt Jungle. It is the fourth film adaptation of the novel, after The Asphalt Jungle (1950), The Badlanders (1958) and Cairo (1963). The film was released with the tagline: "He hit the Man for $3 million. Right where it hurts. In the diamonds. And baby, that's cold."

Plot
Sidney Lord Jones is a convicted felon who is granted an early release by the parole board in San Quentin. While imprisoned, he learns about the underworld diamond trade from reading and studying trade magazines. It motivates him to plan a heist to steal $3 million worth of diamonds from the largest diamond brokerage on the Pacific Coast.

After his release, Jones returns to Los Angeles and proposes the idea to 'the Money Man' Bill Mercer and "Stretch" Finian, in hopes that Mercer would provide the $50,000 seed money needed to set up the heist. Jones recommends using profits from the heist to start a community bank to support black-owned businesses, in addition the bank could be used to launder illegal business activities. Unbeknownst to Jones, Mercer is having financial difficulty and has little money. However, he agrees to provide the funds, but secretly plans to keep all the loot for himself. To accomplish the heist, Mercer and Jones assemble a group of men consisting of Travis Battle ('the Muscle Man') a well-known career criminal, Roy Harris ('the Box Man') an expert safe-cracker transformed into a Christian minister, and John Battle ('the Driver') an honest business man and half-brother of Travis. Unfortunately, after the successful robbery, the group finds themselves caught up in a string of unhappy accidents and double crosses.

Cast
 Thalmus Rasulala as Sidney Lord Jones
 Jim Watkins as Travis Battle
 Judy Pace as Obalese Eaton
 Lincoln Kilpatrick as Lieutenant Brian Knowles
 Sam Laws as "Stretch" Finian
 Raymond St. Jacques as Bill Mercer
 Margaret Avery as Lark
 Pamela Grier as Mona
 Paula Kelly as Martha Harris
 Wally Taylor as John Battle
 Rudy Challenger as Reverend Roy Harris
 Stewart Bradley as Captain Lloyd Harmon
 Ed Cambridge as The Bus Driver
 Royce Wallace as Emma Mercer
 Stack Pierce as "Tinker"
 Biff Elliot as Lieutenant Carl Mager
 John Lupton as Lieutenant Holster

Themes

Gender and sexuality in the film have been highly critiqued by film critics who noted the characters mistreatment of women. The director of the film very intentionally portrays the young women as sexy but lacking complexity. This is a common theme that can be noted in many black films in which "the sexual dimension of American racism is reflected in the motion picture portrayal of the black woman" as is stated by Edward Mapp in Black Women in Films (142).

Critics such as Roger Greenspun note that "Cool Breeze has rather a lot to say about sexy young girls, and about sex generally (much of it fairly brutal), and about whatever matters of practical philosophy happen to pass through the minds of its characters" (New York Times 1972).

Reception

The film received very poor reviews overall. Critics reported that the characters were dry and lack dimension and the climax ended with a plot that seemed to lose its momentum. Much of the issues that were introduced in the beginning of the film were left unresolved by the end. Critics note that the film had a talented cast however the plot and character development was lacking. Though this is true, there were a few good scenes that were noted by film reviewers.

Roger Greenspun of the New York Times opened his review by writing, "From M‐G‐M, the company that gave you 'Gone With the Wind,' there now comes 'Cool Breeze,' a mostly black remake of 'The Asphalt Jungle'—also given you by M‐G‐M. Actually, the quality of blackness is somewhat strained, embracing as it does much of the cast, and most of the attitudes, and virtually all the ad campaign—but none of the major technical credits, including Gene Corman as producer and Barry Pollack, who directed and wrote the screenplay."

He cited that the film "really has nowhere to take its observations, since it is neither militant nor pacifist, but only, sporadically, ironic. And the film seems at each moment to be diminished below its potential even when it attempts strong bravado. Pollack directs some sequences very well, but he seems unsure of what matters dramatically and what doesn't, and he is unevenly served by his cast. The cast is only good in its sadness, and especially with Raymond St. Jacques as Mercer, the high‐powered fence (the Louis Calhern role in 'The Asphalt Jungle') who loses every thing except an understanding that the best use of the substance of life is to support a style."

See also
 List of American films of 1972
 The Asphalt Jungle
 Hit Man - subsequent 1972 Blaxploitation film released by MGM
 The Slams - subsequent 1973 heist film released by MGM
 List of blaxploitation films

References

External links

1972 films
1972 crime drama films
American crime drama films
American heist films
Blaxploitation films
Films based on American novels
Films based on works by W. R. Burnett
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area
Films produced by Gene Corman
American neo-noir films
1972 drama films
1970s English-language films
1970s American films
English-language crime drama films

Cool Breeze (film)


Tyler Junior College (TJC) is a public community college in Tyler, Texas. It is one of the largest community colleges in the state, with an enrollment of more than 12,000 credit students and an additional 20,000 continuing education enrollments annually. Its West campus includes continuing education and workforce training programs and TJC North in Lindale, Texas offers general education classes, nursing programs, and the veterinary technician associate of applied science. The college also operates locations in Jacksonville and Rusk. TJC offers Associate of Science, Associate of Applied Science and Associate of Arts, specialized  baccalaureate degrees, and certificate programs.

History
The college operated as part of the Tyler public school system from its inception in 1926 until 1945, when voters supported the creation of an independent Tyler Junior College District. The junior college district now includes the Tyler, Chapel Hill, Grand Saline, Lindale, Van, and Winona school districts.

Campus

The independently operated Tyler Museum of Art is located on the school's main campus. The Earth and Space Science Center has a planetarium and exhibit hall offering public shows in its -diameter domed theater every day except Mondays, and sponsors a monthly astronomy lecture series. Additionally, Wagstaff Gymnasium is home to the TJC Apache volleyball and basketball teams.

Co-ed residence halls include Louise H. & Joseph Z. Ornelas Residential Complex, Crossroads, and Bateman Hall. Vaughn Hall houses women and Holley Hall is for men. Claridge Hall is co-ed for athletes. Sledge Hall houses members of female athletic teams, and Hudnall Hall houses members of the football team.

Athletics
The college competes in the National Junior College Athletic Association's Region XIV with soccer, football, basketball, baseball, tennis, and golf teams (men) and softball, volleyball, soccer, basketball, tennis, and golf teams (women). Tyler Junior College athletes have won 68 national junior college championships. Since 2000, championships include: women's basketball in 2000 and 2022; men's baseball in 2007, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2021; men's golf in 2003 and 2008; men's soccer in 2009, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2017; women's soccer in 2009, 2011, 2017, 2019 and 2021; men's tennis in 2002, 2003, 2004, 2010, 2013, 2018, 2019 and 2021; and women's tennis in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2017, 2018, 2021 and 2022.

In October of 2022, TJC debuted its new mascot, Harry the Hawk.  He is a Harris's Hawk.

Notable alumni
Derick Armstrong, professional football player
Mitch Berger, professional football player
Jimmy Butler, professional basketball player
Quincy Butler, professional football player
Earl Dotson, professional football player
Dom Dwyer, professional soccer player
Robert Ferguson, former college coach
Daniel E. Garcia, Bishop of the Diocese of Monterey
John Harvey - professional football player
Bill Herchman, professional football player
Bryan Hughes, Republican member of the Texas State Senate from Wood County since 2017 and previous member of the Texas House of Representatives
Will Jennings, Songwriter; Grammy, Golden Globe and Academy Award winner
Bill Johnson, professional football player
Johnny Knox, professional football player
Bill C. Malone, American musician, author and historian specializing in country music
Charles R. Moore (minister), Methodist minister and civil rights advocate
Ali Musse, professional soccer player
Robert Pack, professional basketball player and coach
Chuck Quilter, professional football player
Josh Reynolds, professional football player
Shaquille Murray-Lawrence, professional football player and bobsledder
Dominic Rhodes, professional football player
Craig Tiley, CEO of Tennis Australia and Director of the Australian Open
Byron M. Tunnell, Texas politician
Chris Tomlin, Christian Singer, Songwriter, Worship leader, Dove and Grammy Award winner
Jared Wells, professional baseball player
Shea Whigham, actor
Karl Williams, professional football player

References

External links

 Official website
 Official athletics website

Education in Tyler, Texas
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Community colleges in Texas
Education in Smith County, Texas
Tourist attractions in Smith County, Texas
Education in Cherokee County, Texas
Buildings and structures in Tyler, Texas
NJCAA athletics

Tyler Junior College


"Let's keep the Goan tradition and culture alive, worldwide"

Deranto Champo

In front of the house there stands a champak-tree

Type: Dulpod

Source: Lourdinho Barreto. Goemchem Git. Pustok 1,

Musical form: Binary

Literary form: Ethnological aspects

Translated by Lourenço de Noronha, Vienna, June 2005

Derant(u) champo,

In front of the house there stands a champo-tree,

Zonelar fulanchi dali.

On the window sill lies a flower basket.

Fulam molaitali,

She was bargaining for flowers,

Rê okol bai mhum rê amchi.

Our dear young bride.

Ful(u) gô rompeachem,

The flowers of the chilli-plant,

Bai tuka mautam funkeachem.

I shall give you free to wear, my Lady.

Ful(u) maula tallier,

If you wear the flower on the back of your head,

Bai tuca apoitai mallier.

My Lady, you will be called upstairs (to the loft).

Polleiat

Dulpod Goenche

Sondorbh

Konknni
Dulpod
Romi panam

Deranto Champo - Dulpod


Ventilation is a part of structural firefighting tactics, and involves the expulsion of heat and smoke from a burning building, permitting the firefighters to more easily and safely find trapped individuals and attack the fire. If a large fire is not properly ventilated, it is much harder to fight, and can build up enough poorly burned smoke to create a smoke explosion or enough heat to create a flashover. Poorly placed or timed ventilation can increase the fire's air supply, causing it to grow and spread rapidly. Flashover from inadequate ventilation can cause the temperature inside the building to peak at over .

Types of ventilation
In general, there are two types of ventilation; vertical and horizontal. Their names refer to the general locations of the intended exit points of the heat and smoke to be ventilated. Vertical ventilation takes place through holes cut in the roof, typically by truck companies during the early stages of a fire in a process known collectively as roof operations, while horizontal ventilation usually takes place through doors and windows.  The goal of each is to clear heat and smoke to increase chances of survival for trapped occupants, and/or so that water lines can be advanced into the structure, to more effectively battle the flames.  While their goals are similar, their applications are different; both require good timing and coordination so that increased air flow through a structure doesn't contribute to fire spread.

Methods

Mechanical fans can be used to provide positive pressure ventilation when used in tandem with either existing openings such as windows, skylights or heat/smoke vents on the roof; or by cutting new exhaust vents in the building.  If there is no suitable existing hole, firefighters may use their equipment to make one, such as specialized saws for cutting a large hole in the roof. A conical hose-stream aimed around an opening—of a window or door, etc.—entrains smoke and thus increases the exhaust rate of smoke from the space. This is a process called "hydraulic ventilation". This strategy might be used when the fire is small and protecting property from smoke damage can be achieved safely. It can also be used more aggressively when a structure is "fully involved" and the smoke is obstructing the nozzleman's view of the hotspots.

High-rise buildings sometimes also incorporate fans to produce a positive pressure in stairwells and elevator shafts to reduce smoke infiltration into those spaces.

When glass windows in a burning structure burst from internal pressure and heat, or the fire burns through the roof, it may be said to have "auto-ventilated" or "self-ventilated."

Negative pressure ventilation is another method of ventilation sometimes used in firefighting efforts. The method of negative pressure ventilation is a process of using smoke ejectors to remove the smoke from a building. Negative pressure ventilation is not used as much as positive pressure ventilation for the reason that positive pressure can move more air throughout the structure and clear out more smoke in a timely manner.

Hydraulic ventilation is another method of ventilation that is very useful if vertical ventilation or positive pressure ventilation is either unsafe or not a feasible strategy. Hydraulic ventilation is done by setting up a hose line on a fog stream and directing it out a window. The air that a fog stream draws in also draws out the smoke and ejects it outside. This method can be useful during overhaul operations as long as there is another hose line in place in the immediate area.

See also

 Glossary of firefighting

References

External links
 Ventilation Basics
The When and Why of Ventilation
Equipment Used in Ventilation

Firefighting

Ventilation (firefighting)


James Michael Maler (born August 16, 1958 in New York City) is a former first baseman in Major League Baseball who played for the Seattle Mariners from  to .

He was  tall and he weighed 230 pounds.

The draft and minor league career
Jim Maler was the "Miami Herald Athlete Of The Year" in 1976 while playing baseball, football and basketball at Coral Gables High School. He was the University of Miami "Athlete Of The Year" in 1977 while playing baseball and football at UM. His freshman hitting streak record lasted 30 years until it was broken in 2007. Maler was taken in the first round, fifth overall, in the  January Regular Phase draft by the Mariners out of Miami-Dade College (University of Miami).

Maler suffered a severe knee injury his first year in the minor leagues with Seattle, which slowed his career.

A power hitter in the minors, he hit as high as .310, hit as many as 24 home runs and drove in as many as 100 runs. Maler hit 97 home runs, 170 doubles, 27 triples and over 500 RBIs in his minor league career.

Major league career
On September 3, , at the age of 22, Maler made his big league debut, collecting 2 hits in 4 at-bats against the Boston Red Sox, with his first at-bat turning into a double off the "Green Monster" at Fenway Park against pitcher Tom Burgmeier. His debut game was a 19-inning contest, with the Mariners beating the Red Sox 8–7, that set the Fenway Park longest game record for innings played.

He played 12 games in the majors in 1981, hitting .348 in 23 at-bats.

In , he appeared in 64 games, batting .226 in 221 at-bats. One of the highlights of his 1982 season was a grand slam he hit on May 22 off of Randy Lerch of the Milwaukee Brewers. Perhaps the best game of his career came on April 6 - his first game of the year. Maler went 3 for 4 with a home run and five RBI in an 11–7 win over the Minnesota Twins. Maler had the first single ever hit in the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome.

In 1983 in 66 at-bats, he hit .182. In January 1984, he was traded to the New York Mets for minor leaguer John Semprini.

It seems that, just as quickly as Maler's promising young career began, it was over. He played his final big league game on July 24, . His big league career was over before his 25th birthday as he suffered another devastating knee injury in 1984 that ended his Major League career.

Career statistics
Maler hit .226 in 102 major league games. In 310 at-bats, he collected 70 hits (including five home runs), drove in 31 runs, scored 24 runs, walked 19 times and struck out 47 times. He posted a solid .994 career fielding percentage.

Other information
 Maler wore number 11 (1981) and 33 (1982 and 1983)
Maler is one of two first basemen to hold the American League record for most assists in an inning, with three. Dick Stuart is the other AL first baseman.

External links

Baseball Almanac
Venezuelan Professional Baseball League

1958 births
Leones del Caracas players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Living people
Major League Baseball first basemen
Miami Dade Sharks baseball players
Miami Hurricanes baseball players
Oklahoma City 89ers players
Portland Beavers players
Salt Lake City Gulls players
Seattle Mariners players
Baseball players from New York City
Spokane Indians players
Stockton Mariners players
Tidewater Tides players
Miami Hurricanes football players
Coral Gables Senior High School alumni

Jim Maler


A dungeon is a room or cell in a castle to keep prisoners. Most dungeons are underground, others are high up in towers.

An oubliette is a type of dungeon that can be entered by using a trapdoor in the ceiling. People were thrown into an oubliette from the ceiling and left there to starve or dehydrate to death, making it akin to immurement.

Castles
Rooms
Imprisonment and detention

Dungeon


The Xtra Factor (known as The Xtra Factor Live in 2016) is a companion show to the British television music competition The X Factor. It was broadcast on ITV2 and on TV3 in the Republic of Ireland, on Saturday and Sunday nights after the main ITV show from 4 September 2004 to 11 December 2016. It featured behind-the-scenes footage of The X Factor and shows the emotional responses of the contestants after the judges comment on their performances.

Background and overview
The commissioning of The Xtra Factor was prompted by the success of Big Brother's Little Brother, a former Big Brother companion show screened on E4.

The Xtra Factor featured extra auditions, bootcamp performances and judges' houses performances and behind-the-scenes footage. There were sometimes competitions and games featuring the judges and presenters. During the live shows the programme featured behind-the-scenes footage and answered live video and phone calls for the judges and contestants. Facebook statuses and tweets were read out as well. It also showed the emotional responses of the contestants after the judges comment on their performances. A celebrity panel was usually featured, who gave their opinions on the contestants.

Voiceovers from series 1–6 were done by Peter Dickson, and by Brian Blessed in series 7. Dickson returned in series 8 and continued his role until the show ended after series 13. Redd Pepper only featured in one episode – series 12's judges houses.

Broadcast
The Xtra Factor usually aired on ITV2 directly after the ITV broadcast of The X Factor. Therefore, from series 1 to 5, The Xtra Factor aired once a week. From Series 6, with the introduction of the Sunday results show, The Xtra Factor aired twice a week, during weeks that there were two episodes of The X Factor.

In series 12, initially The Xtra Factor aired directly after every show (Saturday and Sunday for the first four weeks during the auditions, then every Sunday for the next five weeks during bootcamp and the six-chair challenge, before returning to both Saturday and Sundays, live for judges' houses). From the live shows, the Saturday episode was replaced by a live episode on Thursdays for the remainder of the series, starting on 29 October 2015. For series 13, it reverted to airing directly after each ITV broadcast of The X Factor, though the episode after the live performance shows was 30 minutes long instead of an hour.

Up to the live shows, episodes of The Xtra Factor were pre-recorded, and during the live shows, they were broadcast live from the Fountain Studios, however, for series 13, The Xtra Factor became The Xtra Factor Live which aired live from The Hospital Club after every pre-recorded X Factor show. The live editions after the live shows were still filmed at the Fountain Studios

On 18 January 2017, it was announced that The Xtra Factor would be axed after 13 years and would be replaced by an online show instead.

Presenters
Until series 3, The Xtra Factor was hosted by Ben Shephard. Shephard did not return for series 4, and Fearne Cotton took over as presenter, for series 4 only, before leaving the show to concentrate on her career in America. For series 5, Cotton was replaced by presenter and close friend Holly Willoughby. Willoughby first presented The Xtra Factor on 9 August 2008, a week before series 5 was broadcast. Konnie Huq replaced Willoughby as the new Xtra Factor presenter for series 7. However, Huq decided to depart from the series in March 2011 because of work commitments.

On 31 May 2011, Caroline Flack and Olly Murs were confirmed as the new co-presenters for series 8 by The X Factor official Twitter page. Both Flack and Murs returned in 2012, however, due to touring in America with One Direction, Murs only presented the live shows though he did recorded interviews with the contestants earlier in the series, while guest presenters such as Jedward and Westlife helped Flack with the audition stages. In April 2013, it was confirmed that Murs would not be returning for series 10 as he wished to concentrate on his own music career. Comedian Matt Richardson was later announced to replace Murs. On 4 June 2014, it was announced that Richardson would not return as co-presenter for series 11. Flack confirmed on 11 June 2014 that she would not be returning to present the 11th  series of The Xtra Factor. The next day, it was confirmed that Sarah-Jane Crawford would replace Flack and Richardson as presenter. On 11 May 2015, Crawford confirmed via Twitter that she would not return for a second series in 2015.

On 18 June 2015, it was confirmed that The Saturdays singer Rochelle Humes and Kiss FM DJ Melvin Odoom would be the hosts. On 27 June 2016, it was confirmed that Matt Edmondson would be the host of The Xtra Factor. It was confirmed on 1 July 2016 that Rylan Clark-Neal would co-host alongside Edmondson. The same day, it was announced that Roman Kemp would join the show as the new digital online presenter and social media reporter.

Spin-offs and specials
Cameras follow the finalists during their day, and in early series some of the footage was aired in a spin-off show called The Xtra Factor: The Aftermath, which was broadcast in the middle of the week on ITV2. The Xtra Factor: Xcess All Areas was a live show in which there were interviews, games and trips around the contestants' homes. The show also let viewers know which songs the contestants would be singing in the next live show. Both shows were axed after series 3 due to ITV2 cutting back on spin-off programing. For the series 12 live shows, both formats were revived under a single Thursday night live edition of The Xtra Factor as a replacement for the Saturday edition.

Until Series 10, after the series has come to an end, The Xtra Factor has a week of special programmes titled Best and Worst, featuring the best and worst auditions from the previous series, ranging from one to five episodes each year.

A 60-minute special titled The Winner's Story is broadcast each year over the festive period, featuring the winner of that year's X Factor. Cameras follow the winner from the announcement of the result through the lead-up to the Christmas number one. As from 2010, one week before each series due to start, there features a special called X Factor Rewind looking back at the previous year's contestants and what happened to them during The X Factor and what has happened to them since the show ended. In Series 12, these programmes aired in late afternoon slots on weekends. They started two weeks before the show began, and finished the day the show started, for the first time on ITV. In 2016, the same format was used, but with only 2 episodes, and airing on ITV2.

References

External links

2004 British television series debuts
2016 British television series endings
2000s British reality television series
2010s British reality television series
2000s British music television series
2010s British music television series
ITV reality television shows
Television series by Fremantle (company)
English-language television shows
Xtra Factor

The Xtra Factor (British TV series)


Leonor Orosa Goquingco (24 July 1917 – 15 July 2005) was a Filipino national artist in creative dance, who was also known for breaking tradition within dance. She played the piano, drew art, designed scenery and costumes, sculpted, acted, directed, danced and choreographed. Her pen name was Cristina Luna and she was known as Trailblazer, Mother of Philippine Theater Dance and Dean of Filipino Performing Arts Critics. She died on July 15, 2005, of cardiac arrest following a cerebro-vascular accident at the age of 87.

Family

Leonor Orosa-Goquingco was born on July 24, 1917, in Jolo, Sulu. She was a Filipino national artist in creative dance. She played the piano, drew art, designed scenery and costumes, sculpted, acted, directed, danced and choreographed. Her pen name was Cristina Luna and she was known as Trailblazer, Mother of Philippine Theater Dance and Dean of Filipino Performing Arts Critics. She died on July 15, 2005, of cardiac arrest following a cerebro-vascular accident at the age of 87. Her parents were Sixto Orosa and Severina Luna, both physicians who graduated from the University of the Philippines. She was married to Benjamin Goquinco and had three children: Benjamin, Jr., Rachelle and Regina.

Education

Goquingco graduated Elementary in 1929 at Central Philippine University and as the top of her class as valedictorian in Negros Occidental Provincial High School. She moved to Manila and entered the Philippine Women's University (PWU) where she took an ACS course. She earned a diploma in education, majoring in English Literature from St. Scholastica's College Manila and graduated summa cum laude. The famous national artist also took graduate courses in theatre craft, drama and music at Columbia University and Teachers College in New York City, US. She also took professional and teacher courses at the Ballet de Monte Carlo.

Accomplishments

Dance
In 1939, Leonor Orosa-Goquingco was the only dancer sent on the first cultural mission to Japan, at the age of 19. She produced Circling the Globe (1939) and Dance Panorama in the same year. She created The Elements in 1940, the first ballet choreographed by a Filipino to commissioned music. She also created Sports during the same year, featuring cheerleaders, a tennis match and a basketball game. The first Philippine folkloric ballet, Trend: Return to the Native, was choreographed by Goquingco in 1941. After the Second World War, she organized the Philippine Ballet and brought the famous Filipino novel, Noli Me Tángere, to life.
The Noli Dance Suite consisted of several dances. Maria Clara and the Leper, Salome and Elias, Sisa, Asalto for Maria Clara and The Gossips are some of the dances found in the Noli Dance Suite.

Leonor Orosa-Goquingco also danced during her early years. She danced at the American Museum of Natural History, Theresa Kaufmann Auditorium, The International House and Rockefeller Plaza, just to name a few. She appeared in War Dance and Planting Rice. Other works she choreographed were "Circling the Globe", "Dance Panorama", "Current events", "Vinta!", "Morolandia", "Festival in Maguindanao", "Eons Ago: The Creation", "Filipinescas: Philippine Life, Legend, and Lore in Dance", "Miner's Song", "The Bird and the Planters", "Tribal", "Ang Antipos" (The Flagellant), "Salubong", "Pabasa" (Reading of the Pasyon) and "Easter Sunday Fiesta". As a choreographer, she is noted for her courage in breaking traditions in dance despite public indifference. These innovations inevitably revolutionized the folk dances.

She founded the Filipinescas Dance Company in 1958, and took it on a world tour in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1966, 1968 and 1970. This dance company, along with the Bayanihan Philippine Dance company and Francisca Reyes Aquino, are considered to be of the exponents in the development of contemporary Philippine folkloric dance.

Writing
She was also a writer, and her articles were published in Dance Magazine (New York City), Enciclopedia Della Spettacolo (Rome), Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians (London), Arts of Asia (Hong Kong) and the Philippine Cultural Foundation. She wrote Dances of the Emerald Isles and Filipinescas: Philippine Life, Legend and Lore in Dance. On Dances of the Emerald Isles, Teodoro A. Agoncillo called it "a towering contribution to Philippine cultural history."

Leonor Orosa-Goquingco also wrote a poem on the Japanese occupation, Lifted the Smoke of Battle. She is famous for her one-act play, Her Son, Jose Rizal which is set during the time Rizal was imprisoned and awaiting his execution. It reveals the emotions going through Rizal's mother at that time and the similarities between Rizal's life and that of Jesus Christ.

Goquinco was also a critic who wrote reviews. She critiqued works like Tony Perez' Oktubre, Ligaya Amilbangsa's Stillness and Tanghalang Pilipino's Aguinaldo: 1898.

Awards

 Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan Award alaiza gwapa in 1969 and 1964
 Rizal Centennial Award in 1962
 Republic Cultural Heritage Award in 1964
 Presidential Award of Merit in 1970
 Tandang Sora Award and the Columbia University Alumni Association Award in 1975
 National Artist for Dance on March 27, 1976

Positions

She was an Honorary Chairman of the Association of Ballet Academies of the Philippines, the founding member of the Philippine Ballet Theatre (PBT) and was known as a Zontian and a performing arts critic and columnist of the Manila Bulletin.

References

Further reading
Orosa, Rosalinda L. Above the Throng: Portraits and Profiles, Sketches and Silhouettes. 1980.
Orosa, Rosalinda L. "My Sister Leonor.", The Philippine Star. July 23, 2005.
Roces, Alejandro R. "Leonor Orosa Goquingco: National Artist in Dance.", The Philippine Star. July 19, 2005.
"Farewell to National Artist Leonor Orosa-Goquingco"., Manila Bulletin. July 18, 2005.

1917 births
2005 deaths
Filipino female dancers
Central Philippine University alumni
People from Sulu
Burials at the Libingan ng mga Bayani
St. Scholastica's College Manila alumni
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
Philippine Women's University alumni
Manila Bulletin people
Filipino columnists

Leonor Orosa-Goquingco


Confectionery or sweets is a type of food that has a lot of sugar in it and is very sweet. It often includes things that are rich in artificial sweeteners, flavours and colourings. The words candy (North America), sweets (UK and Ireland) and lollies (Australia and New Zealand) are also used for the many kinds of confections. Confections are usually low in nutrients but rich in calories. Sweets can come from anywhere.

Other websites

Desserts

Confectionery


In molecular biology, REBASE is a database of information about restriction enzymes and DNA methyltransferases. REBASE contains an extensive set of references, sites of recognition and cleavage, sequences and structures.  It also contains information on the commercial availability of each enzyme. REBASE is one of the longest running biological databases having its roots in a collection of restriction enzymes maintained by Richard J. Roberts since before 1980. Since that time there have been regular descriptions of the resource in the journal Nucleic Acids Research.

See also
 Restriction enzymes
 DNA methyltransferases

References

External links

 http://rebase.neb.com

Enzyme databases
Genetics databases
Restriction enzymes

REBASE (database)


XORKO Collaborative Arts Movement was a cultural and artists' movement based in Cyprus that began on November 15, 2011, originally by Evagoras Bekiaris and Nico Stephou. XORKO in Cypriot Greek translates to village. The word was used metaphorically as a way to promote the idea of an environment similar to one that can be found in a village; and hence to create a sense of belonging between the members of the movement. Artistic liberation being a main aim of XORKO, was seen by the movement as only possible within a framework that could facilitate a roof for Cypriot artists to collaborate in a "Do It Together" context, where XORKO acts as a platform/roof enabling all members to expand themselves in the context of art collaborations and not limit their art to just their personal forms of expression. XORKO promoted the notions of non-profiting and no sponsoring, opposing the "industrialization of music" implemented by multinational record labels and other companies that promote the commodification of art.

XORKO produced compilations with various music artists through this collaboration process, which it uploaded and distributed through SoundCloud. While XORKO had held various art events since its formation, it received wider coverage after holding two non-profit art festivals at Arminou village in July 2012 and August 2013, ran by volunteers.

References

Cypriot art
DIY culture
Lists of organisations based in Cyprus

XORKO Collaborative Arts Movement


Upswept Hare is a 1953 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies cartoon directed by Robert McKimson. The cartoon was released on March 14, 1953, and stars Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd.

Plot
The story opens at night with an unseen Bugs preparing to go to sleep. A highway is in the background and immediately after Bugs retires Elmer Fudd drives up because he has seen a rare desert flower next to Bugs' hole that he wants to put in his tropical garden. Elmer does not notice the rabbit hole and is unaware of Bugs' presence, but he is careful when digging up the flower to include much room so the flower can "prosper in its native soil". Elmer does not realize that he has unknowingly taken Bugs, as well as the flower back to his penthouse apartment.

The next scene has Bugs emerging from the hole still half-asleep. He obliviously goes into Elmer's penthouse thinking he is headed to his "bathing stream", which instead is a large Roman-styled bathroom with an indoor pool in the middle.  Bugs gets into the pool and realizes that he is not in his stream but thinks his surroundings are a mirage so he plays along by splashing around and singing "There's no place like home" but instead substituting Rome for home.  Bugs then sings the word "yearn" but, sensing that he might be singing out of tune, gets out of the pool and goes into the next room, where he plays a note on a piano and sings "yearn, fa la yearn" until he is in tune.  Elmer sees Bugs go back into the "bathroom" and wonders why Bugs is there.  Elmer then gets a shotgun and fires several shots into the pool.  Bugs submerges under the water as if he has been killed but then hops out and sneaks behind Elmer, whispering into his ear: "You better plug him again, Mac, just to be sure." Elmer then inserts the barrel of the shotgun into the water and shoots, which results in him blowing a hole in the floor which causes the water to spill into the apartment underneath him. Then a knock is heard on Elmer's door and it is his downstairs neighbor, who is twice Elmer's size and soaking wet.  The neighbor grabs the shotgun and ties the barrel around Elmer's head, then fires the gun before leaving.

Bugs then is seen in the patio area of the penthouse when Elmer tries to shoot him, but constantly misses. Bugs then asks if Elmer is trying to get rid of him and, when Elmer says that "rabbits don't belong in penthouses" accuses Elmer of thinking he is "better" than a rabbit and if Elmer can prove that he is better, Bugs will leave. Elmer accepts the challenge and Bugs fashions several contests around the penthouse that Elmer wins, but not before suffering large consequences. The first two events are a strength test and then a shooting test, both of which Bugs loses. He then says that there is one more event, the "jump test". Bugs fails his test, which involves jumping over an outdoor bench, and then sets up the bench for Elmer. However, Bugs positions the bench vertically and near the overlook of the penthouse so that when Elmer jumps over it, he is actually jumping off the edge of the building. Elmer flies over the edge and lands on the ground in a popcorn machine, and Bugs admits that Elmer is "a better man than I am, but only because I'm a rabbit" and then departs down the sidewalk with the flower that Elmer had dug up in the opening scene.

Home media
A remastered version is available on HBO Max with the original opening and ending titles restored. However, in this version, about a second of audio is cut in the opening titles. This error was later corrected when released on the Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection Blu-Ray in 2020.

References

External links

1953 films
1953 animated films
1953 short films
Depictions of Nero on film
Merrie Melodies short films
Films directed by Robert McKimson
Films scored by Carl Stalling
Bugs Bunny films
Elmer Fudd films
1950s Warner Bros. animated short films
1950s English-language films

Upswept Hare


Min-plus matrix multiplication, also known as distance product, is an operation on matrices.

Given two  matrices  and , their distance product  is defined as an  matrix such that . This is standard matrix multiplication for the semi-ring of tropical numbers in the min convention.

This operation is closely related to the shortest path problem.  If  is an  matrix containing the edge weights of a graph, then  gives the distances between vertices using paths of length at most  edges, and  is the distance matrix of the graph.

References
 Uri Zwick. 2002. All pairs shortest paths using bridging sets and rectangular matrix multiplication. J. ACM 49, 3 (May 2002), 289–317.
 Liam Roditty and Asaf Shapira. 2008. All-Pairs Shortest Paths with a Sublinear Additive Error. ICALP '08, Part I, LNCS 5125, pp. 622–633, 2008.

See also
 Floyd–Warshall algorithm
 Tropical geometry

Graph products
Graph distance

Min-plus matrix multiplication


Hours is a 2013 American thriller film directed and written by Eric Heisserer. The film stars Paul Walker, Genesis Rodriguez, TJ Hassan, Shane Jacobsen, and Judd Lormand, and follows a father who struggles to keep his newborn infant daughter alive after the electricity cuts off in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. The film premiered on March 10, 2013 at the South by Southwest Film Festival in the Topfer Theatre in Austin, Texas. It went on general release on December 13, 2013, two weeks after Paul Walker's death on November 30, 2013.

Plot
In 2005, before Hurricane Katrina strikes New Orleans, Nolan Hayes rushes his wife Abigail to the emergency room as she is in labor five weeks early. The doctor explains that his wife gave birth to a baby girl, but died of liver failure. Nolan refuses to accept her death and is in grief. He then learns that his newborn baby needs to be kept in a ventilator for the next two days before she can breathe on her own. The only problem is that the hurricane is beginning to flood the hospital and the ventilator cannot be moved.

When the hurricane becomes too strong, everyone evacuates the building, leaving only Nolan and his baby (whom he names Abigail, after her mother) in the empty hospital. A nurse promises to bring back help. The power then goes out and he is forced to find a way to keep his baby alive. He finds a hand-cranked generator in a storeroom and is able to manually charge the ventilator battery, but it only holds a charge for three minutes. He also finds some more IVs for the baby to keep her nourished, and some food and drinks for himself. With each charge, the battery life gets shorter. he juggles trying to get help and keeping the battery charged. Sometimes, he sits down with his baby and tells the story about how he met her mother. (The two met after stopping a bank robbery together.)

Nolan finds a stray dog hiding in the hospital and takes care of it. He names the dog Sherlock, while also having illusions of talking with his late wife. Nolan goes to the rooftop to find helicopters flying around the building. When he tries to signal one, criminals distract it by shooting at it, demanding to be rescued first. This leaves him furious, but he has to go charge the battery. He finds an ambulance on a flooded street and calls for help using its radio, but cannot wait for a reply.

Nolan searches for a spare battery, but has no luck. He does find a generator in a flooded basement room, but it is ruined from immersion and almost electrocutes him. He is barely in time to charge the battery again. Despite being awake for over 36 hours without power, running low on food, and having his hand cut from cranking the generator, he continues to come up with clever ways to charge the battery (e.g. using his foot and later a rod). He also plays with Sherlock and shares his lunch meat given to him by one of the hospital cooks.

Looters break into the hospital and steal food, drugs and saline water needed for the baby. One comes in Nolan's room and tries to steal food, but gets run off by Sherlock. Nolan later realizes that this man had robbed and killed the nurse who was bringing back supplies (as she promised earlier). Since Nolan has not slept in almost two days, he takes a shot of adrenaline to keep himself awake. Two more looters break in, looking for drugs. When Nolan finds that they both have guns, he takes two shots of the adrenaline and sneaks up on one, injecting him with it and giving him a fatal overdose. Nolan takes his rifle and surprises the other thug, who has discovered his baby. Nolan shakes his head "no" while holding the rifle on him. However, the man tries to shoot Nolan in revenge so Nolan shoots him in the head.

Nolan is now so exhausted, he has to use both his hands to slowly crank the handle, but breaks it off accidentally. His attempts to fix it fail, so he gives his child mouth-to-mouth resuscitation to keep her alive, but passes out from shock, stress, and exhaustion. He then hears the ventilator beeping; it is running out of power, but he is too weak to get up. He accepts that he has failed his child. Sherlock brings two paramedics, who drag him out. When he wakes up, the paramedics hear his baby crying. Abigail has finally learned to breathe on her own. The paramedics give Nolan his baby.

Cast
 Paul Walker as Nolan Hayes
 Genesis Rodriguez as Abigail Hayes
 TJ Hassan as Jeremy
 Shane Jacobsen as Marc
 Judd Lormand as Glenn
 Nancy Nave as Sandra
 Michelle Torres as Hurricane Katrina victim
 Kerry Cahill as Nurse Shelly
 Yohance Myles as Dr. Edmonds
 Natalia Safran as Karen
 Elton LeBlanc as Paramedic
 Tony Bentley as Doctor
 Emily D. Haley as Patient
 Christopher Matthew Cook as Lenny
 Cynthia LeBlanc as Head Nurse
 Lena Clark as Lucy

Reception

On Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, the film holds an approval rating of 61% with an average rating of 5.05/10, based on 33 reviews. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 55 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Variety film critic Joe Leydon wrote that Hours "ingeniously simple setup is cunningly exploited for maximum suspense."

References

External links

2013 films
2013 thriller films
American thriller films
2013 directorial debut films
Films set in 2005
Films set in New Orleans
Films shot in New Orleans
Films scored by Benjamin Wallfisch
Films about Hurricane Katrina
Films about tropical cyclones
Films set in hospitals
Films produced by Peter Safran
2013 drama films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Hours (2013 film)


Avengers: Infinity War is a 2018 American superhero movie based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers. The movie is produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to The Avengers (2012) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015) and the 19th movie in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). It premiered in Los Angeles on April 23, 2018 and was released in the United States on April 27. It was positively welcomed from audiences, fans and film critics alike which praised its directing, story, humor, characters dynamic, emotional weight, Alan Silvestri's musical score, Thanos's representation, CGI and the action scenes.  A sequel was made for it, titled Avengers: Endgame and was released on April 26, 2019.

Plot
The supervillain Thanos comes from a planet called Titan whose people are all dead because of overpopulation. To prevent the same thing from happening to other worlds, Thanos decides to kill half of all living beings on every planet in the entire Universe. To do that, Thanos tries to find six Infinity Stones and bring them together in a glove called an Infinity Gauntlet so that he can make anything he wants to happen with a snap of his fingers.

Thanos gets an Infinity Stone called the Power Stone by destroying the planet Xandar. He gets an Infinity Stone called the Space Stone by striking a deal with Loki in exchange for not killing Thor, killing Loki in the process, He steals the Reality Stone from the Collector; he gets the Soul Stone in exchange for killing his daughter Gamora. He strikes a deal with Dr. Strange to get the Time Stone in exchange for not killing Iron Man.

Because Thor lost his hammer to his half-sister, he, Rocket and Groot go to a dying star to make a new weapon that will stop Thanos. Thor creates Stormbreaker, the best weapon Thor has had in the MCU so far.

Thanos leads an alien invasion of Earth to get the Mind Stone from the robot superhero Vision by killing him. The Avengers, Spider-Man, Black Panther and the Guardians of the Galaxy (Rocket and Groot later help along with Thor who later joins) all work together to stop Thanos.

Thanos eventually steals the Mind Stone and snaps his fingers. He causes half of all living beings on every planet in the entire Universe to disappear from existence.

There is a scene after the credits where Nick Fury successfully tries to signal someone (later revealed to be Carol Danvers/Captain Marvel) who can do something about it but he gets killed by Thanos's snap.

References

2018 action movies
2018 adventure movies
2018 science fiction movies
2010s sequel movies
2010s superhero movies
American action movies
American adventure movies
American epic movies
American fantasy movies
American heist movies
American science fiction movies
American sequel movies
Avengers movies
Disaster movies
Disney movies
English-language movies
Marvel Cinematic Universe movies
Movies based on comics
Movies set in Africa
Movies set in New York (state)
Movies set in Scotland
American superhero movies
Movies about extraterrestrial life
Time travel movies
Apocalyptic movies
Movies set in 2018
Movies composed by Alan Silvestri

Avengers: Infinity War


Vatican City uses Italian in its official documents and as its main working language. However, many other languages are also used by institutions situated within the state, such as the Holy See and the Swiss Guard, as well as personally by its diverse population.

History
During the Roman Empire, Latin was the language spoken in the area corresponding to the present Vatican City. The subsequent Papal States also used Latin for official purposes during the first centuries of their existence. In 1870 the area became part of the Kingdom of Italy, whose official language was Italian.

In 1929 the Lateran Treaty established Vatican City as an independent state. The Fundamental Law of Vatican City State does not establish an official language, but its laws are published in Italian in a supplement to the  (official gazette of the Holy See), which is mainly in Latin.

Since the state came into existence in 1929, most of the buildings situated within it predated it by centuries. Inscriptions can be found in them mainly in Latin, but also in Italian, Greek, French and German.

Present languages
Many languages are spoken within the state, as its inhabitants come from many countries. Italian is the lingua franca of the Vatican and replaced Latin as the official language of the Synod of Bishops in 2014. The Holy See, the entity with authority over the state (yet legally distinct), uses Latin as its official language and Italian as its main working language in administrative and diplomatic affairs. French is also sometimes used as a diplomatic language. In the Swiss Guard, Swiss German is the language used for giving commands, but the individual guards take their oath of loyalty in their own languages: German, French, Italian or Romansh.

Since the state was established, the native languages of the popes have been Italian, German, Polish and Spanish.

Websites
The official website of Vatican City is in Italian. Previous versions of the website were also available in English, French, German and Spanish.

The official website of the Holy See is primarily in Italian, with versions in English, French, German, Portuguese and Spanish, and partial versions in Arabic, Chinese and Latin. Some content is also available in many other languages, such as Albanian, Belarusian, Croatian, Czech, Dutch, Hebrew, Hungarian, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Russian, Slovak, Slovene, Swahili and Ukrainian.

The Holy See's newspaper L'Osservatore Romano is published in Italian, English, French, German, Polish, Portuguese and Spanish. The Vatican News website is available in many languages: Albanian, Amharic, Arabic, Armenian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Chinese, Croatian, Czech, English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latvian, Lithuanian, Hindi, Hungarian, Malayalam, Macedonian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swahili, Swedish, Tamil, Tigrinya, Ukrainian and Vietnamese.

See also

Index of Vatican City-related articles
Ecclesiastical Latin, the form of Latin used by the Church in its documents.
Romanesco, the vernacular spoken in Rome around the Vatican City.

References

Vatican City
Culture in Rome

Languages of Vatican City


Adventures of Mowgli (; also spelled Maugli) is an animated feature-length story originally released as five animated shorts of about 20 minutes each between 1967 and 1971 in the Soviet Union. It is based on Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book. They were directed by Roman Davydov and made by Soyuzmultfilm studio. In 1973, the five films were combined into a single 96-minute feature film. The Russian DVD release of the restored footage, distributed by "Krupnyy Plan" and "Lizard", separates the animation into the original five parts.

An English-language version made jointly by Soyuzmultfilm (Russia) and Cyrillic Films (U.S.) was completed in 1996 and released direct-to-video on April 28, 1998 under the name Adventures of Mowgli. Charlton Heston is the narrator in the English version. Proceeds from the U.S. release were donated to The Audrey Hepburn Hollywood for Children Fund.

Style
This is the second film adaptation of Rudyard Kipling's work released in 1967. Even though the movie was not conceived as a reaction to the Disney adaptation, it proves an interesting contrast, being more faithful to the epic and primal content of Kipling's original work. The Soyuzmultfilm's adaptation appeared more adult and in spirit is closer to Kipling's book. There are scenes of mass fights and duels, blood and death are shown, there is charged atmosphere, suspense. Subjects of life and death, debt and feelings, heroism of the warrior and human essence arise:

Portrayal of characters

 In this version, Bagheera is female (following the Russian translation by Nina Daruzes and largely because the word panther itself in Russian is feminine, similar to the word fox and character in the local translation of The Adventures of Pinocchio). She is also less willing to spoil Mowgli, as she spanks him after he refuses to apologize for landing on Baloo, saying "Mind your manners!". This scene has inexplicably been deleted for the English-language version made by Films by Jove, though it appears uncut in the Cyrillic Films English-language adaptation. She is voiced by the famous Tamer of Tigers star, actress Lyudmila Kasatkina.
 Human characters like Messua and Buldeo are not present in this film.
 Bagheera has three cubs in this film, one black and two gold. They are only mentioned in the book while Bagheera's female mate is not.
 While it is uncertain as to what bear species Baloo may be in the books, here he is an Asiatic black bear.
 In this film, the king's ankus is replaced with a dagger, the Iron Tooth. This is the same departure as in Disney's later film The Jungle Book.
 Unlike most adaptations that show Tabaqui, this is loyal to the story and he is a golden jackal. In most adaptations like Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli, The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story and Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle, he is a hyena.
 One of Hathi's sons shows similarities to the baby elephant Junior, from the Disney adaptation.
 The ruins of the Forgotten City contain Buddha look-alike statues in Lotus position.
 White Hood, the white cobra guarding the treasures in an old cave, has also been changed into a female named Mother Cobra. She is also much more vicious than her book counterpart.
 Snake characters talk in a slow and hissy manner.
 Most instances of physical violence, brutality, and lethality are implied but not shown. The scenes of Shere Khan slaying numerous humans and animals are not portrayed, instead Bagheera is constantly accusing him of being a "Manhunter! Murderer! Baby snatcher!" and so on. Also his evil deeds are described verbally in brief by the Narrator. The scene of the Kaa's hunt is ended right at the moment when Kaa is about to proceed to feast on the hypnotized Bandar-log population. Baloo is taking Mowgli away, saying that "We'd better leave now. This is something you shouldn't see." Only scenes of actual violence, which are portrayed, occur when: 1) Baloo and Bagheera are fighting the Bandar-log crowd in order to free Mowgli, 2) Mowgli, triumphant after he obtained the Iron Tooth, wields and accidentally hurts a paw of his Grey Brother wolf with the dagger, and apologizes right thereafter, 3) the Pack confronts the Red dogs, 4) the final fight.
 Shere Khan escapes the stampede and is eventually killed by the grown-up Mowgli in a bare-handed manner similar to Samson slaying the lion. The death of Shere Khan at the hands of Mowgli is implied by the next scene, which depicts Mowgli with the tiger's skin.

Plot

Episode 1 - "Raksha"
The story starts with a golden jackal named Tabaqui walking towards his master, the dreaded tiger known as Shere Khan, who stretches himself and then walks to the spot of a camp with Tabaqui guiding him. Out of cruelty and hatred, Shere Khan leaps towards the campsite. Whilst doing so, he accidentally burns his right forepaw, forcing a young child, Mowgli, to wander into a wolf cave in the jungle. At that point, Shere Khan (accompanied by his servant Tabaqui) appears at the entrance and, unable to pass through the cave's aperture with his massive body, demands that the wolves give him his prey, but the wolf mother, Raksha refuses and drives him away. He taunts them and says that the wolf pack will decide as he skulks away, angered by her defiance. Meanwhile, Tabaqui runs around the whole jungle and tells all the animals that a wolf pack has adopted a human.

A moment later, Bagheera, the melanistic Indian leopard, is minding her business when Tabaqui appears to tell her the news. Bagheera scolds him for spreading malicious falsehoods, then puts up quite a display that causes Shere Khan to walk away with hatred.

The elders of the wolf pack watch a performance of the wolf cubs and Mowgli, with the protagonist matching the cubs' every step. The elders are evenly split about whether or not they should allow him to stay until they see Mowgli pinch the nose of Tabaqui, who came up to taunt him. However, at this point, Shere Khan appears and demands that he be given his prey. Akela, also known as the "Lone Wolf" and patriarch of the pack, refuses to listen, so Raksha and Baloo (the white-chested bear who instructs the young wolf cubs) come to his defence, but Shere Khan is undeterred until Bagheera also appears and offers the wolf pack a freshly killed bull in return for keeping Mowgli alive. Shere Khan is forced to admit defeat, but he vows that he will still eat Mowgli one day.

Episode 2 - "The Kidnapping"
Mowgli and Raksha's cubs are being taught to hunt by Baloo, who scolds Mowgli for running like a man, also teaches them the call of the jungle; "we be of one blood, thou and i" when they reached a watering hole infested with crocodiles. A bit earlier Bagheera appears and teaches Mowgli to climb and jump between trees. The Bandar-logs in the trees watch Mowgli free an Asian elephant calf from a pit trap set by hunters and decide that he is just like them but without a tail and that he could be useful.

A short while later, they kidnap him while he is sleeping and take him to their city. Baloo and Bagheera run after him but decide that they need the help of the Indian rock python Kaa. They don't know where to look until Chil the brahminy kite, flying above them, tells them that he saw him being taken to the abandoned city; Mowgli had used the call of the jungle as he was being carried away and asked him to help. Baloo and Bagheera arrive first and are both overwhelmed by the monkeys.

Once Kaa arrives, the monkeys go still and sit quietly on the city ruins around him. Kaa begins a hypnotizing dance, and every so often tells the monkeys to come one step closer. Bagheera and Baloo are nearly caught in the trap as well until they are pulled away by Mowgli, after which they leave the scene.

Episode 3 - "Akela's Last Hunt"
Mowgli has grown and to enable him to take his rightful place in the pack, he needs to arm himself. Python Kaa helps Mowgli find an "iron tooth", - a knife, in an abandoned cave guarded by an ancient white Indian cobra. This happens just in time, because the old enemy tiger Shere Khan raises havoc in the pack, intending to kill Mowgli since Akela has missed his kill. The intervention of Mowgli saves the pack leader from Shere Khan through the use of the Red Flower along with support from Bagheera and Baloo.

Episode 4 - "The Fight"
A terrible threat looms over the wolf tribe and all those living in the jungle. A large pack of dholes descends on the jungle, destroying everything in their path. However, Mowgli decides that he and Akela should prepare the wolf pack to battle the dhole tribes, with Baloo concurring with Akela's orders.

Tabaqui, nosy as always, reports the preparations for war to his master, Shere Khan; who muses the wolves forgot the rules of the jungle. Saying that it is every beast for themselves now, the big cat suggests heading north to wait for the battle to be over with, a suggestion his nosy majordomo agrees with.

Everyone evacuates for shelter while Bagheera relocates her three cubs (two yellow as gold and one the same color as Bagheera) to a safer spot where they remain until the war is over despite their earlier misbehavior.

At the river, Kaa suggests the aid of a huge horde of bees minding their business at the start of the waterfall. Mowgli delays the enemy horde for some time, and then, waiting for sunset, lures the dogs into the gorge by jumping from the cliff into the river. The dogs also end up in the river and are immediately attacked by bees. Some dogs are carried away by the fast current to the island, where they receive slaps from Bagheera. The main pack of dogs ends up on the river bank, where they enter into a terrible night battle with a wolf pack led by Akela. The bear Baloo and Mowgli, who climbed out onto the shore with the dogs, also take part in the battle. As a result, the young man and his friends, at the cost of huge losses, defeat the dholes, driving away the remnants of the dog pack. On the morning after the battle, Akela, who was seriously wounded in battle, dies, declaring Mowgli his successor before his death.

Episode 5 - "Return to Mankind"
Mowgli is the head of the wolf pack. He sees people by the village, gathering some water, but he is confused about why he feels so different than the jungle folk. Finally it is time to pay Mowgli's arch-enemy, tiger Shere Khan, who broke the peace truce during a drought, but to slay him, Mowgli must devise a plan to trap him and his bumbling majordomo Tabaqui in the ravine using the buffalo herds. The plan fails when Shere Khan leaps to a high platform, with Mowgli hot on his tail. After a short brawl, Mowgli is able to finally put Shere Khan's law-breaking habits to an end by dislocating his skull. In the jungle, the time comes to upgrade and the flowering of love. Mowgli says goodbye to all his friends who say they would be happy to aid him. It is time to leave the pack and go back to the people.

Crew
Note: Crew information for episodes 4 and 5 is incomplete.

Other companies

Other voice actors

Technical details
During the 1980s the animated film was released in the USSR on VHS by Videoprogramma Goskino. In the early nineties it was released on VHS by "Krupnyy Plan". In the mid-nineties the cartoon series was also released on VHS by "Studio PRO Video" with Hi-Fi Stereo sound in PAL format. Also, the Lizard Company released the cartoon on Video CD disks.

In 2002 the movie was restored and re-released on DVD by "Krupnyy Plan".

American/Canadian version
The dubbed English version was completed in 1996 and released in the US on VHS on April 28, 1998, renamed as "Adventures of Mowgli". The American/Canadian adaptation made numerous changes for which it was subjected to severe criticism by those familiar with the original. Some music was completely replaced or added, and the narrator and some of the characters were dubbed to have many new lines which were not in the original film.  Moreover, the film was subjected to some censorship: the scene in which Maugli chops off a tail of a wild dog was removed; during the battle with wild dogs shots in which Maugli stabs dogs were removed; during the final fight of Maugli versus Shere Khan, the blood-red final shots were cut.

Legacy
According to TV Center, the old animation story is still popular in Russian-speaking countries thanks to the distinctive voice of Bagheera, voiced by Lyudmila Kasatkina. In 2016, Patrick Smith from The Telegraph also specifically praised the panther character from the "golden age of Russian animation". Smith noted: "While her voice might not fit Kipling's description of being 'as soft as wild honey dripping from a tree', she is bold and severe: in one instance, she scares off the terrifying tiger Shere Khan".

The notorious use of Kaa's phrase by Vladimir Putin, then Russian prime-minister, considering his opposition, "Come closer to me, Bandar-logs!" () while adding, "I'm Kipling fan since childhood" (), is unmistakenly associated with the adaptation because Kipling's book doesn't have the exact quote.

See also
 History of Russian animation
 List of animated feature-length films
 List of Russian films
The Cat Who Walked by Herself, a later Soviet feature film based on a Kipling story

References

External links

 Maugli (series) at the Animator.ru
 Maugli (1973 film) at the Animator.ru

 Review of Krupnyy Plan DVD release
 A page of stills from the movie (linking to bigger versions)

1967 films
1967 animated films
1968 films
1968 animated films
1969 films
1969 animated films
1970 films
1970 animated films
1971 films
1971 animated films
1973 films
1973 animated films
Soviet animated films
Soyuzmultfilm
Animal adventure films
Jungle adventure films
Animated adventure films
Animated coming-of-age films
The Jungle Book films
Animated films about orphans
Animated films about cats
Animated films about bears
Animated films about snakes
Animated films about wolves
Animated films about tigers
Animated films about monkeys
Animated films set in India
Animated films set in jungles
Films set in 1881
Films set in 1889
Films set in 1899
Films set in 1905
Films set in 1908
Animated films set in the 1880s
Animated films set in the 1900s
Animated films set in the 1890s

Adventures of Mowgli


Indiana State Soldiers Home Historic District is a historic Soldiers Home and national historic district located in Tippecanoe Township and Wabash Township, Tippecanoe County, Indiana.  The district encompasses four contributing buildings on the campus of the former Soldiers Home.  They are the Post Exchange, Commandant's House, Library Building (formerly the Commissary), and the Administration Building.  Funding for the home was approved by the Indiana State Legislature in 1888, and building commenced in 1890.  Most of the original buildings were demolished in the 1950s.  The property continued to be administered by the Indiana Department of Veterans' Affairs as the Indiana Veterans' Home

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

References

Veterans' hospitals
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Historic districts in Tippecanoe County, Indiana
National Register of Historic Places in Tippecanoe County, Indiana
Military hospitals in the United States


Carlos Garnett (December 1, 1938 - March 3, 2023) was a Panamanian-American jazz saxophonist.

Biography
Garnett was born on December 1, 1938, in Red Tank, Panama Canal Zone.He became interested in jazz after hearing the music of Louis Jordan and James Moody in short films. He taught himself to play saxophone as a teenager and played with soldiers from the nearby United States Army base. In 1957 he started playing in calypso and latin music groups.

After moving to New York in 1962, he played in a rock 'n' roll group led by Leo Price. Around this time he also started learning music theory, being self-taught and having always played by ear. Jazz trumpeter Freddie Hubbard hired him in 1968 and introduced him to many New York musicians. Garnett's first recording was Hubbard's 1969 album A Soul Experiment, which contained two original compositions by him.

In the late 1960s and early 1970 Garnett also played with Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers, Charles Mingus and Miles Davis. His group recorded five albums for three years between 1974 and 1977 on Muse, notably Journey to Enlightenment, Black Love, and Let This Melody Ring On. In 1982, Garnett, suffering from depression and drug abuse, experienced a spiritual awakening and stopped playing music for almost a decade. He began performing again in 1991 and released the albums Fuego en mi alma (1996), Under Nubian Skies (1999) and Moon Shadow (2001). In 2000 he moved back to Panama.

Garnett performed at three editions of the annual Panama Jazz Festival. The 9th Annual Panama Jazz Festival in 2012, organized by Panamanian pianist Danilo Perez, was dedicated to Carlos Garnett in recognition of his contribution to music.

Garnett was invited to perform in Japan, where they were interested in his earlier "funk" music, and in Austria twice. His album Shekina's Smile was named after his daughter.

Garnett died on March 3, 2023, at the age of 84.

Discography

As leader
 Journey to Enlightenment (Muse, 1974)
 Black Love (Muse, 1974)
 Let This Melody Ring On (Muse, 1975)
 Cosmos Nucleus (Muse, 1976)
 The New Love (Muse, 1977)
 Resurgence (Muse, 1996)
 Fuego En Mi Alma (HighNote, 1996)
 Under Nubian Skies (HighNote, 1999)
 Moon Shadow (Savant, 2001)

As sideman
With Miles Davis
 In Concert: Live at Philharmonic Hall (Columbia, 1972)
 On the Corner (Columbia, 1972)
 Big Fun (Columbia, 1974)
 Get Up with It (Columbia, 1974)

With Norman Connors
 Dance of Magic (1972)
 Dark of Light (1973)
 Love from the Sun (Buddah, 1974)
 Slewfoot (1975)
 Saturday Night Special (1976)

With Pharoah Sanders
 Black Unity, (Impulse!, 1971)
 Live at the East (Impulse!, 1972)

With others
 A Soul Experiment, Freddie Hubbard (Atlantic, 1969)
 Jazz Messengers '70, Art Blakey (Catalyst, 1970)
 Lift Every Voice, Andrew Hill (Blue Note, 1970)
 Understanding, Roy Brooks (Reel to Real, recorded 1970)
 Terra Nova, Robin Kenyatta (1973)
 I'll Do Anything for You, Denroy Morgan (1991)
 Slammin' & Jammin, Charles Earland (1998)
 Jersey Blues, Woody Shaw (2004)
 Ghetto Child, Charley Anderson (2008)

See also
 List of jazz arrangers

References

External Links

1938 births
2023 deaths
American jazz tenor saxophonists
American male saxophonists
American jazz soprano saxophonists
American jazz alto saxophonists
The Jazz Messengers members
Muse Records artists
21st-century saxophonists
American male jazz musicians
HighNote Records artists
Zonians

Carlos Garnett


Georg Altmütter (6 October 1787, Vienna – 2 January 1858) was an Austrian technologist.

He was a student at the Universities of Vienna and Prague, afterwards serving as an assistant of physics at the Theresianum in Vienna. From 1816 until his death he was a professor of mechanical technology at the Polytechnic Institute in Vienna.

Altmütter is remembered for his technical innovations and inventions, such as improvements for the fabrication of playing cards, a casting process for pinheads, production of terrestrial and celestial globes, and development of new tools, to name a few. His extensive tool collection is now housed at the Technical Museum in Vienna.

Since 1892, the Altmüttergasse in the Alsergrund district of Vienna has been named in his honor. Altmütter was a good friend of playwright Franz Grillparzer (1791-1872).

Writings
His earlier scientific papers (from 1819) were published in the Annals of the Imperial and Royal Polytechnic Institute, and from 1830, his articles were included in Johann Joseph von Prechtl's Technologische Encyklopädie. Among his principal works is the foillowing:
 Beschreibung der Werkzeug-Sammlung des k.k. polytechnischen Institutes: nebst einem vollständigen Verzeichnisse der in derselben enthaltenen Stücke : für Gewerbsleute und Liebhaber der mechanischen Künste ; vorzüglich aber zum Gebrauche seiner Vorlesungen, 1825 -  Description of the tool collection of the Imperial Polytechnic Institute, etc.

References

1787 births
1858 deaths
Engineers from Vienna
Academic staff of TU Wien
Austrian mechanical engineers
19th-century Austrian engineers
Engineering academics

Georg Altmütter


In cryptography, a semantically secure cryptosystem is one where only negligible information about the plaintext can be feasibly extracted from the ciphertext. Specifically, any probabilistic, polynomial-time algorithm (PPTA) that is given the ciphertext of a certain message  (taken from any distribution of messages), and the message's length, cannot determine any partial information on the message with probability non-negligibly higher than all other PPTA's that only have access to the message length (and not the ciphertext). This concept is the computational complexity analogue to Shannon's concept of perfect secrecy. Perfect secrecy means that the ciphertext reveals no information at all about the plaintext, whereas semantic security implies that any information revealed cannot be feasibly extracted.

History
The notion of semantic security was first put forward by Goldwasser and Micali in 1982.  However, the definition they initially proposed offered no straightforward means to prove the security of practical cryptosystems.  Goldwasser/Micali subsequently demonstrated that semantic security is equivalent to another definition of security called ciphertext indistinguishability under chosen-plaintext attack.  This latter definition is more common than the original definition of semantic security because it better facilitates proving the security of practical cryptosystems.

Symmetric-key cryptography
In the case of symmetric-key algorithm cryptosystems, an adversary must not be able to compute any information about a plaintext from its ciphertext. This may be posited as an adversary, given two plaintexts of equal length and their two respective ciphertexts, cannot determine which ciphertext belongs to which plaintext.

Public-key cryptography

For an asymmetric key encryption algorithm cryptosystem to be semantically secure, it must be infeasible for a computationally bounded adversary to derive significant information about a message (plaintext) when given only its ciphertext and the corresponding public encryption key.  Semantic security considers only the case of a "passive" attacker, i.e., one who generates and observes ciphertexts using the public key and plaintexts of their choice.  Unlike other security definitions, semantic security does not consider the case of chosen ciphertext attack (CCA), where an attacker is able to request the decryption of chosen ciphertexts, and many semantically secure encryption schemes are demonstrably insecure against chosen ciphertext attack.  Consequently, semantic security is now considered an insufficient condition for securing a general-purpose encryption scheme.

Indistinguishability under Chosen Plaintext Attack (IND-CPA) is commonly defined by the following experiment:

 A random pair  is generated by running .
  A probabilistic polynomial time-bounded adversary is given the public key  , which it may use to generate any number of ciphertexts (within polynomial bounds).
 The adversary generates two equal-length messages  and , and transmits them to a challenge oracle along with the public key.
 The challenge oracle selects one of the messages by flipping a fair coin (selecting a random bit ), encrypts the message  under the public key, and returns the resulting challenging ciphertext  to the adversary.

The underlying cryptosystem is IND-CPA (and thus semantically secure under chosen plaintext attack) if the adversary cannot determine which of the two messages was chosen by the oracle, with probability significantly greater than  (the success rate of random guessing).  Variants of this definition define indistinguishability under chosen ciphertext attack and adaptive chosen ciphertext attack (IND-CCA, IND-CCA2).

Because the adversary possesses the public encryption key in the above game, a semantically secure encryption scheme must by definition be probabilistic, possessing a component of randomness; if this were not the case, the adversary could simply compute the deterministic encryption of  and  and compare these encryptions with the returned ciphertext  to successfully guess the oracle's choice.

Semantically secure encryption algorithms include Goldwasser-Micali, ElGamal and Paillier.  These schemes are considered provably secure, as their semantic security can be reduced to solving some hard mathematical problem (e.g., Decisional Diffie-Hellman or the Quadratic Residuosity Problem).  Other, semantically insecure algorithms such as RSA, can be made semantically secure (under stronger assumptions) through the use of random encryption padding schemes such as Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding (OAEP).

References

Theory of cryptography

Semantic security


The Outram Branch was a branch line railway near Dunedin, Otago, that operated from 1877 to 1953 and formed part of New Zealand's national rail network.

Construction

The line was built at the urgings of local residents in and around Outram, even though there was little promise of traffic to actually justify the line's construction.  There was an initial proposal to build a line from Allanton, near the site of Dunedin's current airport, but when landowners along a proposed route from Mosgiel agreed to make land available for free on the condition trains ran six days a week, their route was selected instead.

Construction commenced in September 1875 with the Main South Line junction located just north of Mosgiel station's yard, and although the line crossed mainly flat land, one engineering difficulty was presented by the Gladfield swamp.  A solid base could not be found even at a depth of twelve metres, and the problem was eventually solved by laying many layers of flax to provide a firm foundation for the line.  Two bridges were required during construction, the 67 metres Taieri River bridge near Outram, and a 42-metre bridge across the Silver Stream.  The line was remarkably straight: in its entire 14.5-kilometre length, it had a mere three curves.  Only one staffed station and goods shed were built on the line, both at the terminus in Outram. It was opened for service on 1 October 1877.

Operation

In its early years, Outram served as the railhead during the construction of the Taieri Gorge section of the Otago Central Railway (now preserved as the Taieri Gorge Railway). Trains ran six days a week as promised, and due to restrictions on the weight of locomotives allowed to cross the Taieri River bridge, the line was operated by small tank locomotives such as the F class, with the WF class being the heaviest class permitted.

In 1930, two services ran return daily, but this was seen to be excessive and trains were cut to run once daily. These services were mixed trains and they operated until 13 January 1950, when the passenger component was cancelled and the line became freight only. The line was proving uneconomic and the cessation of passenger services could not save its poor financial state. By the early 1950s, traffic was almost non-existent: 107 tonnes of agricultural lime and fertiliser were railed in a week, with a meagre seven tonnes of freight railed out. Outram was very adequately served by road transportation and the railway was overdue for maintenance - it was clear it would not be beneficial to keep it open any longer.  Accordingly, the line was closed to all traffic on 5 December 1953.

Today
It is typical for both nature and human activity to reduce or wholly destroy traces of closed railway lines, and little remains of the Outram Branch.  In Outram itself, the goods shed has been incorporated as part of a road transportation company's depot, and outside of the town, across the Taieri River, School Road uses the old route of the railway for nearly three kilometres. Concrete abutments at the location of a long-gone bridge over a small creek are still present, as are some traces of the line's formation at points along its former route, and the site of the Dukes Road station still possesses its concrete platform.

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Hermann, Bruce J; South Island Branch Lines p 27 (1997, New Zealand Railway & Locomotive Society, Wellington)

Railway lines in New Zealand
Transport in Otago
Mosgiel
Railway lines opened in 1877
Railway lines closed in 1953
Closed railway lines in New Zealand
1877 establishments in New Zealand

Outram Branch