Burnistoun is a Scottish comedy sketch show broadcast by BBC Scotland, written by comedians Iain Connell and Robert Florence. The show was produced by The Comedy Unit. and later in series 3 co-produced by Bold Yin

The series is set in a fictional Scottish town called Burnistoun in the greater Glasgow area and features a variety of odd and absurd characters. The town's name is derived from the Springburn and Dennistoun areas of Glasgow, where Florence and Connell, respectively, grew up.

Connell and Florence have previously written sitcoms such as Empty and Legit, and have created characters for Chewin' the Fat and The Karen Dunbar Show.

The show's third and final season ended in September 2012.

Broadcast
The pilot was broadcast by BBC Two Scotland on 25 February 2009 and rerun on 29 March 2010. On 20, 22, and 25 January 2010, audience reaction screenings were shown at the Odeon Cinema, Springfield Quay, Glasgow, where approximately 240 minutes of unfinalized sketches were shown to assist the production team in their choice of material for the forthcoming series. The first episode of series one aired on 1 March 2010 at 10 pm on BBC Two Scotland.

Burnistoun ran for three series from 2010 to 2012. Each series contained six episodes for a total of eighteen episodes. Each episode ran for thirty minutes, composed of various unconnected sketches with a few running gags and characters (see below). There have been further one-off episodes, including Burnistoun's Big Night aired on 17 July 2015, Burnistoun Goes to Work aired on Christmas 2016, and Burnistoun Tunes In, shown at the launch of the BBC Scotland channel on 24 February 2019, nearly 10 years to the day the first episode was broadcast.

Recurring characters and situations
Scott and Peter: A show-long staple, Scott (Florence) and Peter (Connell) are two friends who frequently bicker over Scott's mockery of Peter.
Kelly McGlade and the Sloppy Seconds: An aspiring girl band, led by the hot-tempered Kelly McGlade (Florence), and two other girls, Carly (Kirsty Strain) and Emma (Louise Stewart). Sketches usually involve Kelly getting into fights with her detractors bandmates. Kelly was killed in the final episode of the first series by the town's murderer, the Burnistoun Butcher.
DJ Jesus: A recurring gag in the first series, where Jesus (Connell) is a DJ, earning the disapproval of his father, God (Florence).
The Burnistoun Herald: The town's newspaper, headed by the bumbling, technologically challenged editor (Florence).
Paul and Walter: Paul (Connell) and Walter (Florence), two seventeen-year-old brothers who bicker whilst running an ice-cream van, often insulting their customers or getting into petty fights in front of them. After being featured extensively in series one, they were killed off in series two when their van rolled into the ocean.
 The Burnistoun Butcher: A local serial killer (Connell) frustrated with how he is portrayed by the media and is often confused with an actual butcher (Florence). He is last seen in the second series, locked in Doberman Man's holding cells and still being confused with the actual butcher.
MC Hottie Boxtrot: A local hip-hop artist who called Burnistoun a "shithole", played by Richard Rankin.
Burnistoun DJ: The town's DJ (Connell), who is frequently annoyed by the odd guests on his show.
Jolly Boy John: A young rapper (Connell) who makes videos of himself doing strange things in his room 'FOR REAL'.
Alex Ciderson: The head of a company that sells a variety of strange and pointless products, such as a scarecrow used for scaring away teenagers (which doubles as a sex toy) and clones of Alex himself.
Biscuity Boyle: A washed-up former athlete (Florence) whose sketches usually involve him attempting to advertise himself but accidentally farting in somebody's face, with his trousers falling shortly afterward.
The Quality Polis: MacGregor (Connell) and Toshan (Florence), two bumbling, immature policemen who refer to themselves as "quality polis" (Scots for "police").
 James Jumpstyle: An energetic dancer (Florence) who advertises various odd services to jumpstyle music.
Doberman Man: The local superhero, a man who was bitten by a Doberman as a child, turning him into a crime fighter (and parody of Batman). He is tormented by his high school bully and nemesis, Big Sanny Tolan's boy (Connell).
Joe and Barry: Two working-class men in a same-sex relationship who worry about doing non-stereotypical things.
Burnistoun Kilty Club: A parody of The White Heather Club. Harry MacLauderie (Florence) sings various songs in "braid Scots" before switching to standard English for the last line, which is always about a famous current celebrity or pop culture phenomenon.
Robert Clach: A documentary presenter (Connell) who frequently re-enacts Scottish battles, often attacking unsuspecting people admiring the local scenery. Due to his long hair and energetic style, Clach is often thought to be a parody of Scottish historical documentary presenter Neil Oliver.

Live show
In March 2015, Connell and Florence created a live stage show based on Burnistoun, entitled Burnistoun: Live and For Real. The show, held at the Kings Theatre in Glasgow, featured Connell and Florence, supported by series regulars Louise Stewart and Gerry McLaughlin, bringing to life sketches and beloved characters such as the Quality Polis and Jolly Boy John. The show generated a very positive response from both fans and critics, and due to its success, more shows were scheduled for August 2015. The show also played at the 2016 Edinburgh Festival Fringe.

References

External links

2009 Scottish television series debuts
BBC Scotland television sketch shows
Scottish television sitcoms
BBC Scotland television shows
2012 Scottish television series endings
2000s Scottish television series
2010s Scottish television series
Television series by Banijay
Television shows set in Glasgow
2000s British television sketch shows
2010s British television sketch shows
Scots-language mass media

Burnistoun


A police dog is a dog that is trained to assist police and other law enforcement officers, search and rescue, or the military. Their duties may include searching for drugs and explosives, locating missing people, finding crime scene evidence, protecting officers and other people, and attacking suspects who flee from officers. The breeds most commonly used by law enforcement are the German Shepherd, Belgian Malinois, Bloodhound, Dutch Shepherd, and Labrador Retriever. In recent years, the Belgian Malinois has become the leading choice for police and military work due to their intense drive, focus, agility, and smaller size, though German Shepherds remain the breed most associated with law enforcement.

Police dogs are used on a federal and local level for law enforcement purposes in many parts of the world. They are often assigned to a K-9 Unit with a specific handler, and must remember several verbal cues and hand gestures. Initial training for a police dog typically takes between eight months and a year, depending on where and how they are trained, and for what purpose. Police dogs often regularly take training programs with their assigned handler to reinforce their training. In many countries, intentionally injuring or killing a police dog is a criminal offense.

In some English-speaking countries, police dog units are referred to as K-9 or K9, which is a homophone of the word canine.

History

Early history
Dogs have been used in law enforcement since the Middle Ages. Wealth and money was then tithed in the villages for the upkeep of the parish constable's bloodhounds that were used for hunting down outlaws. The first recorded use of police dogs were in the early 14th century in St. Malo, France, where dogs were used to guard docks and piers. By the late 14th century, bloodhounds were used in Scotland, known as "Slough dogs" – the word "Sleuth", (meaning detective) was derived from this. Between the 12th and 20th centuries, police dogs on the British Isles and European continent were primarily used for their tracking abilities.

The rapid urbanization of England and France in the 19th century increased public concern regarding growing lawlessness. In London, the existing law enforcement, the Bow Street Runners, struggled to contain the crime on their own, and as a result, private associations were formed to help combat crime. Night watchmen were employed to guard premises, and were provided with firearms and dogs to protect themselves from criminals.

Modern era

One of the first attempts to use dogs in policing was in 1889 by the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police of London, Sir Charles Warren. Warren's repeated failures at identifying and apprehending the serial killer Jack the Ripper had earned him much vilification from the press, including being denounced for not using bloodhounds to track the killer. He soon had two bloodhounds trained for the performance of a simple tracking test from the scene of another of the killer's crimes. The results were far from satisfactory, with one of the hounds biting the Commissioner and both dogs later running off, requiring a police search to find them.

It was in Continental Europe that dogs were first used on a large scale. Police in Paris began using dogs against roaming criminal gangs at night, but it was the police department in Ghent, Belgium that introduced the first organized police dog service program in 1899. These methods soon spread to Austria-Hungary and Germany; in the latter the first scientific developments in the field took place with experiments in dog breeding and training. The German police selected the German Shepherd Dog as the ideal breed for police work and opened up the first dog training school in 1920 in Greenheide. In later years, many Belgian Malinois dogs were added to the unit. The dogs were systematically trained in obedience to their officers and tracking and attacking criminals.

In Britain, the North Eastern Railway Police were among the first to use police dogs in 1908 to put a stop to theft from the docks in Hull. By 1910, railway police forces were experimenting with other breeds such as Belgian Malinois, Labrador Retrievers, and German shepherds.

Training

Popular dog breeds used by law enforcement include the Airedale terrier, Akita, Groenendael, Tervueren, Malinois dog, Bernese Mountain Dog, Bloodhound, Border Collie, Boxer, Bouvier des Flandres, Briard, Cane Corso, Bullmastiff,Croatian Sheepdog, Doberman Pinscher, German Shepherd, German Shorthaired Pointer, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, Rottweiler and English Springer Spaniel.

Training of police dogs is a very lengthy process since it begins with the training of the canine handler. The canine handlers go through a long process of training to ensure that they will train the dog to the best of its ability. First, the canine handler has to complete the requisite police academy training and one to two years of patrol experience before becoming eligible to transfer to a specialty canine unit. This is because the experience as an officer allows prospective canine officers to gain valuable experience in law enforcement. However, having dog knowledge and training outside of the police academy is considered to be an asset, this could be dog obedience, crowd control, communicating effectively with animals and being approachable and personable since having a dog will draw attention from surrounding citizens.

For a dog to be considered for a police department, it must first pass a basic obedience training course. They must be able to obey the commands of their handler without hesitation. This allows the officer to have complete control over how much force the dog should use against a suspect. Dogs trained in Europe are usually given commands in the country's native language. Dogs are initially trained with this language for basic behavior, so, it is easier for the officer to learn new words/commands, rather than retraining the dog to new commands. This is contrary to the popular belief that police dogs are trained in a different language so that a suspect cannot command the dog against the officer.

Dogs used in law enforcement are trained to either be "single purpose" or "dual purpose". Single-purpose dogs are used primarily for backup, personal protection, and tracking. Dual-purpose dogs, however, are more typical. Dual-purpose dogs do everything that single-purpose dogs do, and also detect either explosives or narcotics. Dogs can only be trained for one or the other because the dog cannot communicate to the officer if it found explosives or narcotics. When a narcotics dog in the United States indicates to the officer that it found something, the officer has probable cause to search whatever the dog alerted on (i.e. bag or vehicle) without a warrant, in most states.

In suspect apprehension, having a loud barking dog is helpful and can result in suspects surrendering without delay.

Specialization
Police dogs can be specialized to perform in specific areas.

Apprehension and attack dogs – This dog is used to locate, apprehend, and sometimes subdue suspects.
 Detection dogs – Trained to detect explosives or drugs such as marijuana, heroin, cocaine, crack cocaine, or methamphetamines. Some dogs are specifically trained to detect firearms and ammunition.
 Dual purpose dog – Also known as a patrol dog, these dogs are trained and skilled in tracking, handler protection, off-leash obedience, criminal apprehension, and article, area and building search.
 Search and rescue dogs (SAR) – This dog is used to locate suspects or find missing people or objects. Belgian Malinois, German Shepherds, Golden Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers, and Bloodhounds can all be used.

Retirement

Police dogs are retired if they become injured to an extent where they will not recover completely, pregnant or raising puppies, or are too old or sick to continue working. Since many dogs are raised in working environments for the first year of their life and retired before they become unable to perform, the working life of a dog is 6–9 years.

However, when police dogs retire in some countries they may have the chance to receive a pension plan for their contribution to policing. In 2013, a pension scheme for police dogs in Nottinghamshire, England was introduced, wherein the police force offered £805 over the span of three years to cover any additional medical costs; the dogs were also allowed to be adopted by their original handler.

In many countries, police dogs killed in the line of duty receive the same honors as their human partners.

Usage by country and region

See also

 Detection dog
 Dogs in warfare
 Nosework
 Working dog

References

References

Works cited

External links

 National Police Canine Association (US)
 United States Police Canine Association
 The North American Police Work Dog Association
 Los Angeles County Police Canine Association  US
 Virginia Police Canine Association US
 American Working Dog Association

Working dogs
Dog, Police

Police dog


Perry Grimm (February 19, 1914 – September 11, 1971) was an American racecar driver who raced midget cars in California and Australia.

Midget car

Grimm drove midget cars for the Edelbrock dirt track racing team. He raced on the West Coast of the United States in the URA(United Midget Racing Association), and won the 1946 and 1949 Turkey Night Grand Prix at Gilmore Stadium, and place second and third in two others. Also, in 1949, he won the Pacific Coast Midget title, as well. After a few years of driving and several major crashes, racing in the Southern California circuit had begun to take a toll on him. He recommended to Vic Edelbrock that he replace him with a young driver named Rodger Ward. Ward took over for Grimm late in the 1949 season and went on to a glorious career, including 2 wins of the Indianapolis 500.

Australian midget car racing

Grimm is credited with transforming the scene of Australian midget car racing when his appearance with fellow racer Cal Niday forced the 1946 update to American standards. The performance of these two completely outstripped the competition when they arrived with their Kurtis-Kraft V8-60 cars. However, it was Grimm who is credited most and considered the patron of midget car racing in Australia. He allowed fame racer Stud Beasley to copy every aspect of his car and even arranged the delivery of the engines and Edelbrock components. Beasley then went on to dominate the local scene and lap the entire field in its first major feature race, the World Derby on December 6, 1941.

Other events

His third-place finish at  New York's Roosevelt Raceway open competition show in 1939 is still talked about as he drove the last 55 miles of the 150-miler with a flat tire. That race was watched by a crowd of 61,256.

He passed his drivers test for the Indianapolis 500 Mile Race in 1952 but never earned a spot in the starting field.

He died of a heart attack in Los Angeles at the age of 57.

He was inducted in the National Midget Auto Racing Hall of Fame in 2005.

Notes and references

1914 births
1971 deaths
American racing drivers

Perry Grimm


Rick G. Karr is a journalist and educator who reports primarily on media and technology's impact on culture.

He served as correspondent for the PBS series Bill Moyers Journal. Prior to that, he reported and co-wrote the documentary Net @ Risk, which aired in October 2006 as part of journalist Bill Moyers' series Moyers on America. The show examined the impact of legislation on net neutrality and the future of the U.S. internet, as well as broader issues involving telecommunications and democracy.

Karr was previously a correspondent for The Wall Street Journal'''s PBS series Journal Editorial Report; culture and technology correspondent for the public radio show Weekend America; and a longtime correspondent, host, and engineer for National Public Radio. In 2002 and 2003, he was the media correspondent for the PBS series NOW with Bill Moyers''. Karr began his career in journalism as a teenager, when he worked as a reporter and music critic for The Times of Northwest Indiana.

He has also produced and appeared in local New York City cable station CUNY TV on shows about the New York area tech economy.

He has been teaching as an adjunct faculty member at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism since 2004.

Karr is a recording engineer, record producer, songwriter and founding member of the musical collective Box Set Authentic.

He was born and raised in Highland, Indiana and attended Purdue University and the London School of Economics.

References

1965 births
Living people
American male journalists
Purdue University alumni
Columbia University faculty
American reporters and correspondents
People from Highland, Lake County, Indiana
Alumni of the London School of Economics

20th-century American journalists

Rick Karr


AoB Plants (AoBP) is a peer-reviewed open-access, non-profit scientific journal established in 2009 and publishing on all aspects of plant biology. The editor-in-chief is Tom Buckley (University of California, Davis) and the journal is published through Oxford University Press but owned and managed by the Annals of Botany Company a non-profit educational charity registered with the Charity Commission for England and Wales. AoBP was one of the first plant science journals to adopt a fully open access publishing model. AoBP is one of few plant science journals that use double-blind peer review (neither authors nor reviewers know one another's identities); its "sound-science ethos and mission" statement reads, "The mission of AoBP is to provide an outlet for plant-focused research without the biases that affect much of scientific publishing. These biases include the devaluing of confirmatory or negative results and prejudices against authors based on their personal characteristics (such as gender, ethnicity, affiliation, seniority and reputation). Thus, we base decisions to accept or reject papers solely on rigor, clarity and substance, and we use double-blind peer review, concealing the identities of authors and reviewers during the review process. We prefer to leave judgments about the wider importance of papers to the scientific community." An account of the thinking behind launching the journal and its progress over the first 10 years has been published. AoB Plants has two sister journals, Annals of Botany,  a subscription-based general botanical journal and in silico Plants, an open access journal devoted to all aspects of plant modelling.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 2.9.

References

External links

 AoB Plants at Botanical Scientific Journals

Creative Commons Attribution-licensed journals
English-language journals
Oxford University Press academic journals
Botany journals
Ecology journals
Academic journals established in 2009

AoB Plants


A khanate or khaganate is the name for a type of historic polity ruled by a khan, khagan, khatun, or khanum. Khanates were typically nomadic Turkic, Mongol and Tatar societies located on the Eurasian Steppe, politically equivalent in status to kinship-based chiefdoms and feudal monarchies. Khanates and khaganates were organised tribally, where leaders gained power on the support and loyalty of their warrior subjects, gaining tribute from subordinates as realm funding. In comparison to a khanate, a khaganate, the realm of a khagan, was a large nomadic state maintaining subjugation over numerous smaller khanates. The title of khagan, translating as "Khan of the Khans", roughly corresponds in status to that of an emperor.

Mongol khanates

Mongol Empire (1206–1368)

Mongol Empire was the largest steppe nomadic Khaganate as well as second largest empire and the largest contiguous empire in history. After Genghis Khan established appanages for his family in the Mongol Empire during his rule (1206–1227), his sons, daughters, and grandsons inherited separate sections of the empire. The Mongol Empire and Mongolian khanates that emerged from those appanages are listed below.
 List of Mongol khanates
 Chagatai Khanate (1226–1347), In 1226, the second son of Genghis Khan, Chagatai Khan established the Chagatai Khanate. At its height in the late 13th century, the khanate extended from the Amu Darya south of the Aral Sea to the Altai Mountains in the border of modern-day Mongolia and China, roughly corresponding to the defunct Qara Khitai Empire. Initially the rulers of the Chagatai Khanate recognized the supremacy of the Great Khan, but by the reign of Kublai Khan, Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq no longer obeyed the emperor's orders. By 1347 the khanate had splitted into the Moghulistan and West Chagatai Khanate.
Il-Khanate (1252–1335), In 1256, Il-Khanate was established by the grandson of Genghis Khan, Hulagu Khan. Its core territory lies in what is now part of the countries of Iran, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. At its greatest extent, the Ilkhanate also included parts of modern Iraq, Syria, Armenia, Georgia, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, part of modern Dagestan, and part of modern Tajikistan. Later Ilkhanate rulers, beginning with Ghazan in 1295, converted to Islam. In the 1330s, the Ilkhanate was ravaged by the Black Death. Its last khan Abu Sa'id died in 1335, after which the khanate disintegrated. The Ilkhanid rulers, although of non-Iranian origin, tried to advertise their authority by tying themselves to the Iranian past, and they recruited historians in order to present the Mongols as heirs to the Sasanians (224–651 AD) of pre-Islamic Iran.
  Golden Horde
 Blue Horde
 Great Horde
 Astrakhan Khanate
 Crimean Khanate
 Khanate of Kazan
 White Horde
 Nogai Horde
 Kazakh Khanate
 Khanate of Bukhara
 Khanate of Khiva
 Khanate of Sibir
 Yuan dynasty
 Northern Yuan dynasty
 Bogd Khanate (1911–1924), under rule of the Bogd Khan, the last Mongol khagan
 Dzungar Khanate, formed in 1634, covering Xinjiang region of China, Kyrgyzstan, eastern Kazakhstan and western Mongolia; 2 December 1717 – 1720, also styled Protector of Tibet; 1755 tributary to the Qing dynasty, 1758 annexed by Qing dynasty
 Kalmyk Khanate, established c.1630 by the Torghut branch of the Mongol Oirats, settled along the lower Volga River (in modern Russia and Kazakhstan), 1630-1771
 Kara Del
 Keraite Khanate
 Khamag Mongol Khanate
 Khoshut Khanate
 Khotgoid Khanate
 Mergid Khanate
 Naiman Khanate
 Tatar Khanate
 Moghul Khanate
 Yarkent Khanate
 Turpan Khanate
 Kumul Khanate – a vassal state to Qing dynasty and Republic of China, abolished in 1930

Turkic khanates

Possible Proto-Turkic or Turkic khaganates

 Xiongnu, mentioned in Chinese sources, were possibly of Proto-Turkic or Turkic origin (disputed) and are proposed as the possible ancestors of the Huns (who may have been Turkic, but whose language remains unclassified).
 Xueyantuo, mentioned in Chinese sources, were a Tiele tribe, related to the earlier Dingling people, who emerged after the disintegration of the Xiongnu confederacy (they were at one point vassals of the Göktürks, later aligning with the Tang dynasty against the Eastern Göktürks).

Turkic khaganates

  First Turkic Khaganate
 Eastern Turkic Khaganate
 Western Turkic Khaganate
 Avar Khaganate
 Second Turkic Khaganate
 Uyghur Khaganate
 Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
 Khazar Khaganate
 Turgesh Khaganate
 Kara-Khanid Khanate
 Kimek Khanate

 Cumania
 Pechenegs

  Old Great Bulgaria
 Volga Bulgaria, predecessor to the modern Chuvash Republic and the Chuvash people.
 First Bulgarian Empire, which started as a Turkic state, also known as Danube Bulgaria (in contrast to Volga Bulgaria, as both were established by members of the same Bulgar Turkic Dulo clan), but later became fully Slavicized and a Tsardom.
  Golden Horde
  Khanate of Kazan
  Crimean Khanate

Central Asian Turkic khanates
Keraite Khanate
Naiman Khanate
Tatar Khanate
Merkit Khanate
 Senior zhuz
 Middle zhuz
 Junior zhuz
  Nogai Khanate
 Astrakhan Khanate
 Besh Tau El
 Bukey Horde, Bokei or Buqei; also known as the Inner or Interior Horde –  This state founded in 1801 by Sultan Bukey under Russian suzerainty, and restyled as  the khanate of the Inner Horde in 1812. 5,000–7,500 families of Kazakhs from the Younger Kazakh Zhuz tribe settled between the Volga and Yaik (Ural) rivers. In 1845 the post of khan was abolished, and Russia took over the region.
 Khanate of Bukhara
 Khanate of Khiva

 Karluk Khanate
 Khanate of Kashgaria – Kashgaria was founded in 1514 as part of Chagatai Khanate; in the 17th century it was divided into several minor khanates without importance, with real power going to the so-called Khwaja, Arabic Islamic religious leaders. It became the Yarkent Khanate which was annexed by the Dzungar Khanate in the Dzungar conquest of Altishahr in 1680.

 Kazakh Khanate
  Kokand Khanate
 Kumul Khanate – a vassal state to Qing dynasty and Republic of China, abolished in 1930
 Maimana Khanate
 Oghuz Yabgu State
 Qasim Khanate (hence modern Kasimov) – named after its founder, a vassal of Moscovia/Russia
  Khanate of Sibir – source of the name Siberia, as the first significant conquest during Russia's great eastern expansion across the Urals
 The Khanate of Tuva near Outer Mongolia
 Uzbek Khanate
 Yarkent Khanate
 Turpan Khanate

Iranian khanates

 Ardabil Khanate
 Baku Khanate
 Derbent Khanate
 Erivan Khanate
 Ganja Khanate
 Gazikumukh Khanate
 Javad Khanate
 Karabakh Khanate
 Karadagh khanate
 Khalkhal Khanate
 Khoy Khanate
 Kura Khanate
 Maku Khanate
 Maragheh Khanate
 Marand Khanate
 Nakhchivan Khanate
 Nishapur Khanate
 Quba Khanate
 Sarab Khanate
 Shaki Khanate
 Shamakhy Khanate
 Shirvan Khanate
 Tabriz Khanate
 Talysh Khanate
 Urmia Khanate

Other khanates
 Rouran Khaganate
 Later Jin dynasty – Later evolved into the Qing dynasty
  Khanate of Kalat

See also
 Rus Khaganate (not an actual Khanate but so named retroactively)
 Afsharid dynasty
 Beg Khan
 Orda (organization)
 Safavid dynasty
 Timurid dynasty

References

External links

Political systems

Anthropology
Islamic monarchies

Khanate


Radiofrequency coils (RF coils) are the receivers, and sometimes also the transmitters, of radiofrequency (RF) signals in equipment used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

The MR signal in MRI is produced by the process of resonance, which is the result of radiofrequency pulses. They consist of two electromagnetic coils, the transmitter and receiver, which generate the field and receive the resulting signal. Atomic nuclei of interest in MRI studies have their own resonant frequencies, in the radiofrequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Although the electromagnetic fields produced by the transmitting coil are in the RF range of tens of megahertz (often in the shortwave radio portion of the electromagnetic spectrum) at powers usually exceeding the highest powers used by amateur radio, there is very little RF interference produced by the MRI machine. The reason for this is that the MRI is a very poor radio transmitter, and is without an antenna. The RF frequency electromagnetic field produced in the "transmitting coil" is a magnetic near-field with very little associated changing electric field component (such as all conventional radio wave transmissions have). Thus, the high-powered electromagnetic field produced in the MRI transmitter coil does not produce much electromagnetic radiation at its RF frequency, and the RF power is confined to the coil space and not radiated as "radio waves." Thus, the transmitting coil is a good EM near-field generator at radio frequency, but a poor EM radiation transmitter at radio frequency.

The receiver coil picks up the oscillations at RF frequencies produced by precession of the magnetic moment of nuclei inside the subject. The signal acquired by the coil is thus an induced emf, and is not the result of picking up radio waves. This is a common misconception, and unfortunately, has propagated through the literature. MRI scanners are generally situated in metal mesh lined rooms which act as Faraday cages.)

Types
RF coils for MRI can be grouped into two different classes: volume coils and surface coils.

Volume Coils
Volume coils are designed to provide a homogeneous RF excitation across a large volume. Most clinical MRI scanners include a built in volume coil to perform whole-body imaging, and smaller volume coils have been constructed for the head and other extremities.

Common designs for volume coils include Birdcage Coils, TEM Coils, and Saddle Coils. These coils require a great deal of RF power because of their size, so they are often driven in quadrature in order to reduce by two the RF power requirements.

The condition to attain a high RF magnetic field homogeneity is to approximate spatial cosine current distribution in radiofrequency coil. The RF homogeneity of volume coils is highly desirable for transmission, but is less ideal when the region of interest is small. The large field of view of volume coils means that they receive noise from the whole body, not just the region of interest.

Surface Coils
Surface coils are designed to provide a very high RF sensitivity over a small region of interest. These coils are often single or multi-turn loops which are placed directly over the anatomy of interest. The size of these coils can be optimized for the specific region of interest.

Surface coils make poor transmission coils because they have poor RF homogeneity, even over their region of interest. Their small field of view makes them ideal as receivers, as they only detect noise from the region of interest.

See also
MRI
 Radio frequency

References

Magnetic resonance imaging

Radiofrequency coil


Prime Time Soap () is a 2011 Brazilian drama film produced by João Queiroz and directed by Odilon Rocha. The feature is produced by Querosene Filmes, Cria Filmes, Geração Conteúdo and TC Filmes, co-produced and distributed by Universal Pictures. It stars Cláudia Ohana, Vanessa Giácomo, Mateus Solano, André Ramiro between other actors.

Is a tribute to the Brazilian drama, against the backdrop of the novel Dancin' Days, Gilberto Braga, who influenced the imagination of most of the Brazilians in terms of fashion, behavior and thinking. The director Odilon Rocha, told the press that "the film recreates the look of the club that appeared on TV, which is in the imagination of most Brazilians who lived through that time and also the youth who knows through novel scenes that can be seen on the internet. The intention is to take viewers to that colorful universe ".

The film debuted to the public at the Festival do Rio in 2011 for later, according to the plans of the director, be presented in international festivals and be released commercially in Brazil, by Universal films, on 30 March 2012.

Plot
Brazil, 1978, a group of people live their lives under the dictatorship, the euphoria of disco fever and the fantasy of "Dancin' Days", a prime time soap, which fictional drama is set on the homonymous night club in Rio de Janeiro. After a fatal incident, Amanda and Dora (a high-class prostitute addicted to the TV drama, and her "maid") are forced to run away from São Paulo to Rio de Janeiro with the fed Brandão in hot pursuit. While the excitement of visiting the disco "Dancin' Days" distracts Amanda from the danger of the situation she is in, Dora gets ready to confront her secret past. In a six degrees of separation manner, their destine will cross with João Paulo, a diplomat who feels like a foreigner in his own country, the revolutionary Vicente and his brother Pedro, and the teenager Caio, who was raised by his grandparents and counts with the support of his friend Mônica as he struggles to be accepted as a gay man. Both youngster are crazy about disco fever and fascinated by the soap "Dancin' Days".

Cast
 Cláudia Ohana as Dora Dias
 Vanessa Giácomo as Amanda Lima
 Mateus Solano as João Paulo
 André Ramiro as Sergio
 Paulo Lontra as Caio
 Thaís Müller as Mônica
 Aline Fanju as Flávia
 Camilla Amado as Maria
 Otto Jr. as Vicente
 Guilherme Duarte as Pedro

References

External links

2011 films
Brazilian drama films
2010s Portuguese-language films
Brazilian LGBT-related films
LGBT-related drama films
2011 drama films
Universal Pictures films
2011 LGBT-related films

Prime Time Soap


Hans Ludvig Smidth (2 October 1839, Nakskov – 5 May 1917, Frederiksberg) was a Danish painter. He is remembered above all for his paintings of Jutland and its local inhabitants.

Biography
Smidth was the son of the city bailiff of Skive, Edvard Philip Smidth, and the brother of Verner Frederik Læssøe Smidth who founded the cement concern F. L. Smidth & Co. After graduating from school, he began to study medicine but gave it up in favour of art. In 1861, he entered the Danish Academy where he studied under Niels Simonsen. In 1866, he began to experience financial difficulties and left the Academy to continue his studies himself, painting scenes of Limfjord and the moors of Jutland. He first exhibited at Charlottenborg in 1867 with two landscape paintings and continued to exhibit there over the years. His works depicted country life in Jutland, most of them with an emphasis on animals and local figures. He had a talent for form and detail but his use of colour was rather dry, diminishing the appeal of his paintings to the general public. In 1870-71, he studied under  Vilhelm Kyhn. As the years went by, Smidth's style developed considerably, earning him the Neuhausen Prize in 1877 for En fremmed spørger om Vej i Bondegaarden paa Heden which was not only technically impressive but showed a fineness of tone. His increasing acceptance as a master of painting in Jutland paved the way for his reputation at the national level.

In fact Smidth had to wait until the year 1900 before he experienced full recognition. That year the Danish Art Society arranged a special exhibition of the artist's work although he was now 60. Unexpectedly 290 of the 300 works sketches and drawings exhibited were sold. In retrospect, his paintings are free of historical or mythical figures, they do not interpret scenes along the lines of the Skagen Painters. They simply depict the views of the people and the countryside as he saw them. His paintings show he had the same respect for the land as the peasants themselves. He was awarded the Eckersberg Medal in 1906.

Gallery

References

19th-century Danish painters
Danish male painters
20th-century Danish painters
1839 births
1917 deaths
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni
Recipients of the Eckersberg Medal
19th-century Danish male artists
20th-century Danish male artists

Hans Smidth


The word canon may mean:
About the church:
Canon law, a rule or law of the church
A Canon (church), a member of the Chapter of a cathedral or other large church
Canon, a list of all saints
Canon (music), music in which two or more parts ("voices") imitate one another
Canon (fiction), in fiction, all the plots and events that are part of the narrative
Canon (company), a Japanese camera company
Canon, Georgia, a small city in northeast Georgia (USA)

Canon


Carrier's constraint is an observation about air-breathing vertebrates which flex their bodies sideways when moving. They find it very difficult to move and breathe at the same time. The sideways flexing expands one lung and compresses the other, shunting stale air from lung to lung instead of expelling it completely to make room for fresh air.

It was named, by English paleontologist Richard Cowen, after David R. Carrier, who wrote his observations on the problem in 1987.

Many amphibia and reptiles can and do move very fast over short distances. They do it by moving without breathing, which builds up an "oxygen debt". Humans sometimes do this when running very quickly. 100-metre sprinters do not breathe during a race. They collapse and recover afterwards. Many reptiles and amphibians are ambush predators, which fits that kind of life quite well. There is no reptile or amphibian equivalent to dogs or deer, with their huge capacity for running long distances.

There are, however, some reptiles which get round the Carrier constraint. Snakes, for example have only one lung. And, of course, dinosaurs were bipedal to start with, and most groups stayed bipedal to the end. Lizards run in short bursts with brief pauses. Carrier was able to show that they breathed in the pauses.

References

Tetrapods
Respiratory system

Carrier's constraint


The Orland E. White Arboretum (172 acres), also known as the State Arboretum of Virginia, is an arboretum operated by the University of Virginia as part of the Blandy Experimental Farm (700 acres). It is located at 400 Blandy Farm Lane, Boyce, Virginia, and open to visitors daily from dawn to dusk without fee.

Graham F. Blandy bequeathed 700 acres of his 900-acre estate known as Blandy Farm to Virginia to use horticultural research. The farm's first director, Orland Emile White, established the arboretum a year after Blandy's death and upon White's retirement in 1955 it was named in his honor. Early research focused on cytological reconstruction of plant phylogenies and the consequences of irradiation-induced mutations. It became the official State Arboretum in 1986.

Today the arboretum is maintained primarily for environmental research and education for university, K-12 and general audiences. It contains more than 8,000 trees and woody shrubs, representing over 1,000 species and cultivated varieties of plants in 50 plant families. Of particular interest are its collection  of boxwood cultivars (said to be the largest in North America) and its pine collection, representing over half of the world's species. Other arboretum features include a Ginkgo biloba grove (more than 300 trees), the Virginia Native Plant Trail (established 1997), extensive meadows, and plantings of azalea, beech, buckeye, catalpa, Cedar of Lebanon, crabapple, holly, lilac, linden, magnolia, maple, stuartia, and viburnum.

See also
 List of botanical gardens in the United States

External links
 Blandy Experimental Farm: The State Arboretum of Virginia
 Inside UVA Online: Blandy Farm

Arboreta in Virginia
White Research Arboretum
Protected areas of Clarke County, Virginia
University of Virginia

Orland E. White Research Arboretum


György (George) Spiró (born 4 April 1946 in Budapest) is a dramatist, novelist and essayist who has emerged as one of post-war Hungary's most prominent literary figures. He is a member of the Széchenyi Academy of Literature and Arts.

Life

The son of an engineer from Miskolc in eastern Hungary, he graduated in Hungarian and Slavic literature from the Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE) in 1970, and completed additional studies in journalism and sociology. His earlier career was spent in radio journalism. More recently, in addition to his writing, he has been employed as associate professor at the Department of World Literature and currently at the Institute of Art Theory and Media Studies at ELTE.

His plays have won numerous awards, including several for best Hungarian drama of the year. A few of them are available in English translation. The best known one is Csirkefej (Chickenhead, 1986), an earthy and bitter drama of a young delinquent's disillusionment at the longed-for reunion with his drunken father. Dramatic Exchange said it was "widely considered to be the most important Hungarian play of the last 20 years".

His avant-garde style, depicting coarse language and characters outside the pale of respectability, often dismayed more traditional Hungarian critics.

His book, Az Ikszek (The X-s), which appeared in 1981, is a historical novel about the National Theatre of Poland in the first years of the 19th  century, with Wojciech Bogusławski as the main character. The novel is about the fight of the artists against censorship.

In 2005, he published an 800-page novel, Fogság (Captivity). Set in the Roman Empire in the time of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, it follows the experiences of a Jewish wanderer named Uri. Spiró's earlier works eschewed Jewish themes, but in this work he returns to his ancestral roots.

In 2007, he published the rewritten Messiások (Messiahs), another historical novel, for which he was awarded the Angelus Award.

The hugely successful Tavaszi Tárlat (Spring Exhibition, 2010) describes the early days of the Kádár regime.

Selected bibliography

Novels

 Kerengő (1974)
 Az Ikszek (1981)
 A Jövevény (1990)
 A Jégmadár (2001)
 Fogság (2005). Captivity, trans. Tim Wilkinson (2015)
Messiások (2007)
 Feleségverseny (2009)
 Tavaszi Tárlat (2010)
 Diavolina (2015)
Kőbéka. Mesély (2017)

Plays

 1982 – A békecsászár (Hannibál; Balassi Menyhárt; Kőszegők; Káró király; A békecsászár)
 1987 – Csirkefej (Jeruzsálem pusztulása; Az imposztor; A kert; Esti műsor; Csirkefej)
 1997 – Mohózat (Ahogy tesszük; Legújabb Zrínyiász; Árpádház; Dobardan; Vircsaft; Kvartett)
 2002 – Honderű (Honderű, Fogadó a Nagy Kátyúhoz, Szappanopera, Elsötétítés)

Poetry

 História (1977)

References

External links
 An English translation of the play Chickenhead
 Home page with reviews of the novel Fogság, in Hungarian

1946 births
Living people
Writers from Budapest
Hungarian Jews
Translators to Hungarian

International Writing Program alumni
Members of the Széchenyi Academy of Literature and Arts

György Spiró


Bocage [boh-kahzh] is a Norman word which has found its way into both the French and English languages. It may refer to a small forest or a decoration that includes leaves. But most often it refers to pastures bordered by thick forest or hedges. The trees and hedges around the pastures or fields are planted in earth mounds. Between the planted mounds are sunken lanes. The word bocage forms part of the name for several towns in parts of Lower Normandy. The term Bocage Normandy refers to the area around Saint-Lô and Vire.

During World War II following the Allied Invasion of Normandy, the allies found themselves in 'hedgerow country' (bocage). It was ideal for German troops to hide in and not be seen until it was too late. The hedgerows were thick enough to hide tanks and artillery pieces. The final Allied breakout of the bocage into open country took over eight weeks of fighting.

Bocage landscape

References

Geography of France
Landforms

Bocage


Nashwauk Township is a township in Itasca County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 1,681 at the 2010 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 68.4 square miles (177.1 km), of which 65.9 square miles (170.8 km) is land and 2.5 square miles (6.3 km), or 3.58%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,666 people, 714 households, and 491 families residing in the township.  The population density was 25.3 people per square mile (9.8/km).  There were 814 housing units at an average density of 12.3/sq mi (4.8/km).  The racial makeup of the township was 98.56% White, 0.36% Native American, 0.06% Asian, and 1.02% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.30% of the population.

There were 714 households, out of which 27.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.6% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.2% were non-families. 28.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.82.

In the township the population was spread out, with 22.3% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 19.6% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.8 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.8 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $31,151, and the median income for a family was $37,269. Males had a median income of $32,708 versus $21,838 for females. The per capita income for the township was $16,118.  About 7.5% of families and 10.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.8% of those under age 18 and 9.0% of those age 65 or over.

References

Townships in Itasca County, Minnesota
Townships in Minnesota

Nashwauk Township, Itasca County, Minnesota


Juho Henrik Heiskanen (18 December 1889 Pielisensuu – 11 December 1950) was a Finnish major general during World War II.

Biography
Heiskanen joined the Jaeger Movement in 1915 and trained and fought in the Royal Prussian 27th Jäger Battalion. In 1916, he was arrested by Gendarmerie in Jyväskylä and sent to Petrograd. Heiskanen was released next year during the October Revolution, and he returned to Finland. During the Finnish Civil War, Heiskanen fought for the Whites.

Heiskanen commanded the IV Corps during first days of the Winter War. Heiskanen was removed from the office by C.G.E. Mannerheim due to failures. During the Continuation War, Heiskanen was the Commandant of Viipuri, and the General Inspector of the Military Training.

1889 births
1950 deaths
People from Joensuu
People from Kuopio Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Finnish major generals
German Army personnel of World War I
People of the Finnish Civil War (White side)
Finnish military personnel of World War II
Jägers of the Jäger Movement

References

Juho Heiskanen


Rudolph Altrocchi (October 31, 1882 – May 13, 1953) was a scholar of Italian language and literature and a university professor.

Life and work
Rudolph Altrocchi was born in Florence, Italy. Altrocchi's family emigrated to the United States when he was a child. He attended Harvard University, earning his Ph.D. in 1914. Between 1910 and 1928, he taught at Columbia University, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Chicago, and Brown University. From 1928 to his retirement in 1947, he served as chairman of the Italian department at the University of California, Berkeley.

He married in 1920. His wife, Julia Cooley Altrocchi, published a large number of children's books. They had two sons, John and Paul. Paul Hemenway Altrocchi became a renowned neurologist.

Altrocchi served in the American Expeditionary Force during World War I, managing propaganda and liaison functions in Rome and Lyon, France.

Active in academic organisations, Altrocchi served as president of the American Association of Teachers of Italian and the Philological Association of the Pacific Coast.

Altrocchi's 1944 book Sleuthing in the Stacks was a collection of irreverent essays in which Altrocchi deftly dissected such varied topics as forged marginal notes in an obscure Renaissance text, the literary and mythical predecessors of Tarzan, and the image of Dante in a minor painting in a church in Florence.

He died in Berkeley, California.

Bibliography
 Deceptive Cognates: Italian-English and English-Italian (1935)
 Sleuthing in the Stacks (1944)

References
 Rudolph Altrocchi Papers at the University of Chicago Library
 Guide to Rudolph Altrocchi papers at Houghton Library, Harvard University

1882 births
1953 deaths
Italian emigrants to the United States
Harvard University alumni
Columbia University faculty
Harvard University faculty
University of Chicago faculty
Brown University faculty
University of Pennsylvania faculty
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty

Rudolph Altrocchi


was a Japanese aircraft designer.
He designed many World War II fighter aircraft used by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force. His most important work was the , aka Kawasaki Ki-61  ("flying swallow") or "Tony".
Also he was one of the chief designers of the Nihon Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation (NAMC) YS-11.

Biography

Takeo Doi was born in Yamagata city, Yamagata prefecture, Japan in 1904.
He graduated from the Yamagata Higher School in 1924, and from the Department of Aeronautics, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Imperial University in 1927
.
Jiro Horikoshi and Hidemasa Kimura, who designed the Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter and the Koken (Tokyo Imperial University Aeronautical Research Institute) Long-range Research-plane, respectively, were his classmates at the department in the university.

In 1927 Doi started his career at the Aircraft Department of Kawasaki Dockyard Company Limited (Kobe, Japan), which later became Kawasaki Aircraft Company Limited in 1937. These are the predecessors of present Kawasaki Heavy Industries Aerospace Company reorganized in 1969.
At that time, Dr. Richard Vogt was also working for the Kawasaki Dockyard Company Limited. The company invited Vogt from Germany as a technical advisor to teach its engineers in the construction techniques of Dornier aircraft which Kawasaki was building under license. As a chief designer, Vogt trained Doi to be his successor. They worked jointly on several aircraft projects, including the (KDA-5 Army Type 92 biplane fighter, KDA-2 Army Type 88 reconnaissance biplane, KDA-3 single-seat fighter, and KDA-5 Army Type 92-I biplane fighter).

During this period, Doi was dispatched to Europe, where he worked for one and a half years.
In Europe he studied aircraft engineering.
While Doi was in the United Kingdom he paid attention to the technology of George Dowty, founder of Dowty Aviation.
As Dowty's technology in aviation hydraulic systems was state-of-the-art and met the requirement of the Japanese military, Doi chose Dowty equipment for the landing gear of the Army Type 92-I Fighter.
This decision helped Dowty to develop his company, Dowty Aviation, and became a milestone for the expansion of the Dowty Equipment group thereafter.
By strange coincidence, Dowty Rotol, descendant of the company, was the supplier of the propellers used on the NAMC YS-11 airliner.

After Vogt returned to Germany, Doi became the key person in the design bureau of Kawasaki Aircraft until the company ceased operations at the end of World War II.
His most important and outstanding work was the design of Army Type 3 Fighter Kawasaki Ki-61 "Hien".
Ki-61 Hien demonstrated surprising performance that surpassed the famous Mitsubishi A6M Zero.
A total of 3,159 Ki-61 Hien and its variants were built.

After WWII, Doi was forced to interrupt work on aircraft design until the Treaty of San Francisco came into force in 1952. During this period, he worked as a day laborer, while continuing to have faith that he would eventually return to aviation field. He continued to study the latest technology with Kimura who was the professor fired from the University of Tokyo.
Kimura was Doi's best friend.
When the treaty lifted the ban on designing and operating aircraft, Doi returned to his original work.
In 1956 the Ministry of International Trade and Industry of Japan announced a domestic production plan of middle-sized commercial aircraft, i.e. the YS-11.
The consortium of companies, the Nihon Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation (NAMC), was established. NAMC included Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and Fuji Heavy Industries, Shinmeiwa Manufacturing, Japan Aircraft, Showa Aircraft, and Kawasaki Heavy Industries (Kawasaki Aircraft). Doi was nominated the chief designer of equipment team.

Doi became a professor at Meijo University after he retired Kawasaki Heavy Industries.
He also served as a councilor of the Japan Society for Aeronautical Science, a trustee of Japan Aeronautic Association, and an advisor emeritus of Kawasaki Heavy Industries.

Details of his philosophy on aircraft design were written in his memoirs, regarding the designing policy, developmental history of the aviation technology, and his friends, published in Japan in 1989.

Aircraft of his design
 Kawasaki Ki-10 (Army Type 95 Fighter)
 Kawasaki Ki-45 "Toryu" (Army Type 2 Two-seat Fighter)
 Kawasaki Ki-48 (Army Type 99 Bomber)
 Kawasaki Ki-56 (Army Type 1 Transport Aircraft)
 Kawasaki Ki-61 "Hien" (Army Type 3 Fighter)
 Kawasaki Ki-100 (Army Type 5 Fighter)
 NAMC YS-11
 Kawasaki P-2J (customized Lockheed P-2 Neptune, anti-submarine warfare aircraft)

Writings
 航空機設計50年の回想 ("Fifty Years Recollections on Aircraft Design") by Takeo Doi (Kantosha, October 1989),
 軍用機開発物語 ("Story of Warplane Development") by Takeo Doi (Kojinsha, August 2007),

References

External links
 Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.
 Kawasaki Aerospace Division
 "Fifth Alumni of Department of Aeronautics, Tokyo Imperial University (Part 1)"in Airforum (in Japanese)
 "Fifth Alumni of Department of Aeronautics, Tokyo Imperial University (Part 2)"in Airforum (in Japanese)

Aircraft designers
Japanese aerospace engineers
1904 births
1996 deaths
People from Yamagata Prefecture
University of Tokyo alumni

Takeo Doi (aircraft designer)


A pocket cruiser is a sailboat designed for recreational cruising and club racing, under   in length.

Like the similar and usually smaller trailer sailer they have design features to make it possible to tow them with passenger vehicles, such as light weight, and short ballasted retractable shoal draft keels.

Being cruisers, they also include amenities that provide the comfort of larger boats, such as a cabin, with berths, a galley, a head, and cockpit.

Properly equipped, these style boats are capable of long offshore passages, as proven by circumnavigators Eric and Susan Hiscock, Lin and Larry Pardey, and Tania Aebi, among others.

The term was coined in the 1970s as fiberglass sailing yacht building took off.

See also
Day sailer

Notes

Sailboat types

Pocket cruiser


Olivier Gardon  is a French classical pianist and piano teacher born on 29 January 1950 in Nice, France.

Early life
The seven year old prodigy had come to the attention of the Hungarian pianist Lili Kraus, who had strongly encouraged him to pursue a career in music. When he first performed with an orchestra at the Opéra de Nice playing Bach's piano Concerto in D Minor, he was only ten years old.

He was trained by Madam Audibert-Lambert, a student of Alfred Cortot, and went on to study at the Conservatoire de Nice and at the Conservatoire de Paris with Pierre Sacan, a student of Yves Nat. He perfected his skills under the advisory of Jean Hubeau, Jean Fassina, Géza Anda, Lili Kraus, and György Sebök.

Career
He has been honored numerous awards in prestigious international competitions, including the Long-Thibaud-Crespin Competition (1973), the Queen Elisabeth Music Competition (1975), the Viotti International Music Competition, the Rina Sala Gallo International Piano Competition, the Senigallia Competition and the Alfredo Casella Piano Competition in Naples.

After that, he started his career as a soloist and as a chamber music player. He performed in the biggest venues of the world's musical capitals such as the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, the Salle Pleyel, and the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris, the Royal Festival Hall and the Barbican Center in London, the Carnegie Hall in New York, the Großes Festspielhaus in Salzbourg, the Tokyo Bunka Kaikan Hall in Tokyo, the Dvorak Hall in Prague, etc.

For his debut at Carnegie Hall in New York, the New York Times critic praised his  "full-bodied, clear, clean and refreshingly unsentimental" playing.

Discography (selected)
 l'Œuvre pour piano de Louis Vierne (Timpani 2C2023)
 Franz Liszt: Fantasie et Fugue sur le nom de BACH, etc. (BNL 112748)
 Mussorgsky: Tableau d'une exposition, etc. (BNL 112789)
 Ludwig van Beethoven: Les 3 dernières sonates, (BNL 112911)
 Alkan: La Musique de chamber, Olivier Gardon, Dong-Suk Kang, Yvan Chiffoleau (Timpani 1C1013)
 Brahms' Sonata in F minor and Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel (5 Diapasons)

References

External links
 Site du conservatoire à rayonnement régional de Paris
 Olivier Gardon pianist

1950 births
Living people
Musicians from Nice
21st-century French male classical pianists
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Long-Thibaud-Crespin Competition prize-winners
Prize-winners of the Queen Elisabeth Competition

Olivier Gardon


Society for the Publication of Albanian Letters () (Arvanitika: Σ̈oκ̇ε̰ρι ε τε̰ Σ̈τυπȣρι Σ̈κρoν̇α Σ̈κ̇ιπ) was a patriotic organization of Albanian intellectuals, promoting publications in Albanian, especially school texts, which were extremely important for the younger generation's education. It was founded on 12 October 1879 in  Istanbul, Ottoman Empire.

History
The society was founded by elite members of the Central Committee for Defending Albanian Rights, led by Sami Frashëri, Abdyl Frashëri, and other Rilindas as Jani Vreto, Pandeli Sotiri, Koto Hoxhi, Pashko Vasa, etc. Its members represented all Albanian territories and all religions. Not much is known on the discussions that took place during the seances, due to lack of Procès-verbals or specific memoirs on this event. All is known is that Hasan Tahsini proposed his own alphabet, a sui generis one derived out of geometrical lines and even printed later in few pages, while the final alphabet was accepted that of Sami Frashëri based on Latin script with some enrichment.
The pamphlet "Etudes sur l'Albanie et les Albanais", originally written in French and published in Istanbul in 1879 was one of the initial publications. Following the re-publication in French in Paris, the pamphlet was also published in English in London and in German in Berlin thanks to the Ottoman consul in Paris. The volume was later on translated into Albanian, Ottoman Turkish and Greek and finally into Arabic (1884) and Italian (1916).
In the summer of 1881, Jani Vreto opened in Bucharest the Romanian branch of the society. The Egyptian branch was founded by Spiro Dine from the town of Vithkuq near Korçë, in Shibin Al Kawm, during 1881 as well.
After its activities were banned, the society transferred in Bucharest were many publications in Albanian were to follow in so called Instambul Alphabet (see Albanian Alphabet). It was there where the textbooks of Sami Frashëri, like Abetarja e Shkronjëtoreja - Grammatical Work, 1886, and Abetare e gjuhësë shqip, 1886, etc. would come to life. The society gave huge contribute to education in Albanian back in the days, and emphasized the need for a unified Albanian alphabet.

Founders

The list of founders as appears in the statute printed in A. Zelici's print shop:

Istanbul Alphabet

The society came out with the so-called Istanbul Alphabet (), or "Frashëri" Alphabet in reference to Sami Frashëri, which was widely used by most of the Albanians for almost 30 years. It was one of the three candidate alphabets at the Congress of Monastir in 1908. The standard Albanian alphabet was based on it, with few modifications injected from the Bashkimi Alphabet of Gjergj Fishta's Union Society, reaching the form it still preserves today.

See also
Albanian alphabet
Central Committee for Defending Albanian Rights
Vaso Pasha
Sami Frashëri
Jani Vreto
Albanian National Awakening
Albanian Literature

References

Albanian writers' organizations
Albanian language
1879 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
Organizations of the Albanian National Awakening


Trump v. New York, 592 U.S. ___ (2020), was a United States Supreme Court case dealing with the 2020 United States Census. It centered on the validity of a July 2020 executive memorandum from President Donald Trump to the Department of Commerce, which conducts and reports the Census. The memo ordered the Department to exclude the no estimated counts of illegal immigrants from the results of the Census. The memo was challenged by a coalition of U.S. states led by New York along with several cities and other organizations suing to block action on the memo. The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York found for the states and blocked enforcement of the memo, leading Trump to seek emergency relief asking the Supreme Court to rule on the matter before the results of the Census were due on December 31, 2020. The Court issued a per curiam decision on December 18, 2020, vacating the District Court's ruling and dismissing the case because lack of standing and ripeness made the case premature. The same decision was reached by the court on December 18, 2020, for the similar Trump v. Useche case.

While multiple states vowed to bring the case back to the Supreme Court immediately after the required Census results were reported, thereby establishing standing and ripeness, the Trump Administration struggled immensely with implementation (due in part to the Supreme Court case Department of Commerce v. New York). Ultimately, Trump's successor after the 2020 election, Joe Biden, issued Executive Order 13986 which required non-citizens to be counted in the 2020 Census, both for the purposes of enumeration and determining congressional apportionment, thereby reversing the order issued by the Trump administration and ending the controversy.

Background

Article One, section 2, clause 3 of the United States Constitution directs the population be enumerated at least once every ten years and the resulting counts used to set the number of members from each state in the House of Representatives and, by extension, in the Electoral College.

During the debates surrounding the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, "many members of Congress urged that only citizens or voters should be counted in determining congressional representation, insisting that foreigners who had arrived in America should not count for purposes of apportioning representatives to Congress." After seven months of debate, this language was not adopted.

The 2020 Census is considered to have become a highly politicized event under President Trump. Trump ran on a platform to reduce the number of illegal immigrants in the United States. As preparations for the Census approached, the Department of Commerce, which manages the United States Census Bureau, announced its intention to reintroduce a question on the Census asking about one's immigration status within the Census' "short form" which would be sent to all households. The Department's intentions of this question were unclear, and many states, cities, and advocacy groups feared the question would lead some immigrants, including those with legal status in the country, to not answer the Census, undercounting populations and affecting government representation and federal funding over the next decade. These states and other groups sued, and in the Supreme Court case Department of Commerce v. New York, the Court ruled in June 2019 that the rationale provided by the Commerce Department was arbitrary and capricious, and forbid the Department from including the question unless they could provide a better explanation. The Department opted not to include the question on the final forms that went out.

Following the Supreme Court's decision, Trump stated he still planned to use other means to estimate the number of undocumented immigrants as part of the Census report. On July 21, 2020, he signed a memo to the Department of Commerce, "Memorandum On Excluding Illegal Aliens From the Apportionment Base Following the 2020 Census". The order instructed the Department to exclude the estimated number of undocumented immigrants (those not covered by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965) from the totals when they submit their report documenting the Census results by December 31, 2020. The administration argued that the apportionment clause of Article One of the Constitution does not define which "which persons must be included in the apportionment base" for the Census count. Since the Census has normally excluded immigrants that have only temporarily been in the country such as diplomats, the administration argued this gave Trump the freedom to exclude these undocumented immigrants.

At least three separate legal challenges against the memo were filed within the week of the memo's signing. One case was filed by Common Cause in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. Two others were filed in United States District Court for the Southern District of New York; one by a coalition of 22 states, the District of Columbia, 15 cities, and the United States Conference of Mayors, and another filed the American Civil Liberties Union and New York Civil Liberties Union. All three suits generally argued that the interpretation of "persons" from the Constitution as argued by the administration was gravely flawed given past case history and how the census has historically been conducted, and that the memo represented another arbitrary and capricious rulemaking decision. Analysis by the Pew Research Center based on population trends estimated that at least four states, California, Texas, Florida, and Arizona, could lose a Representative should illegal immigrants be discounted in the Census total, while Montana would be set to gain a seat.

The two cases in the Southern District of New York were combined, and its ruling was issued on September 10, 2020, blocking enforcement of the memo. The three-judge panel ruled that while the President has some discretion of how the Census results are reported, the authority to deviate from the Constitution statute, requiring "a statement showing the whole number of persons in each State", can only be set forth by Congress, and thus the memo exceeds the authority that the President has been given by Congress, ruling it invalid.

Supreme Court
Trump petitioned the Supreme Court for an expedited hearing given the nearness of the December 31 deadline following the District Court's ruling. The petition asks to challenge the standing of the states and cities to be able to take legal action against the memo, as well as to affirm the administration's interpretation of "persons" in the apportionment clause. The Supreme Court agreed on October 16, 2020 to hear the case, and it held oral arguments on November 30, 2020. Observers to the hearing said that the Court, including its conservative members, appeared to doubt the claims that the President could alter who was counted via the Census, but as there was yet no Census data to review, the Justices also appeared uncertain how to proceed. The court observers believed that the Justices were likely not to act quickly to stop the order and may wait for the results to be collected and how that could impact federal representation to judge how to handle the case.

The Court issued a per curiam decision on December 18, 2020, which vacated the District Court's ruling and remanded the case to that court with orders to dismiss it. The opinion stated that there were issues with both standing and ripeness to the case that made it premature. The Court stated they did not consider the constitutional merits of the case: "Consistent with our determination that standing has not been shown and that the case is not ripe, we express no view on the merits of the constitutional and related statutory claims presented. We hold only that they are not suitable for adjudication at this time."

Justice Stephen Breyer wrote a dissent, which was joined by Justices Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan. Breyer's dissent stated that the Court should have considered the case to evaluate the Executive Order since it was aimed to discount people from the Census count.

References

External links

2020 in United States case law
United States Constitution Article One case law
United States Constitution Article Three case law
United States ripeness case law
United States standing case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
United States Census Bureau
Trump administration controversies
Immigration to the United States
Donald Trump litigation

Trump v. New York


Ippitsusai Bunchō (, ) was a Japanese ukiyo-e artist, best known for his yakusha-e actor prints in narrow hosoban dimensions.  Bunchō and Katsukawa Shunshō are credited with having developed kabuki actor portraiture focuses on producing likenesses of the subjects, rather than stereotyped faces.

Little is known about Bunchō's life.  His birth surname was Mori, and he is believed to have studied painting under Ishikawa Yukimoto of the Kanō school.

The earliest known works attributed to Bunchō are the illustrations to Hachimonji Jishō II's Eiga asobi nidai otoko (1755).  Between 1766 and 1774 he made a large number of actor prints in the narrow vertical hosoban dimensions.  In 1770 he produced the three-volume Ehon butai ōgi (, "Picture-book of Stage Fans") with Katsukawa Shunshō, which depicts the leading kabuki actors of the day on ōgi hand fans; Bunchō handled the onnagata—male actors who portray female characters.  It was popular and went through multiple printings.

From 1769 he also made bijin-ga prints of female beauties that show the influence of Suzuki Harunobu.  These became his major subject, and in the An'ei era (1772–81) no actor prints of his are known.

Bunchō's last known work was an e-goyomi picture calendar from 1790.  He had few students, one of whom was Kishi Bunshō (1754–96).

References

Works cited

External links

 Ippitsusai Bunchō at ukiyo-e.org

1755 births
1790 deaths
Ukiyo-e artists

Bunchō


Barði Jóhannsson (born 10 September 1975) is an Icelandic musician, composer, writer, TV show host (of the surrealist Icelandic TV show Konfekt), clothing designer and film director. He is mostly known for his work with the groups Bang Gang, Lady & Bird (a side project with Keren Ann) and Starwalker, a collaboration with Jean-Benoît Dunckel.

In addition to these musical outlets, Barði has been involved in a number of other audio-visual projects. Most significantly, he has written music for commercials and for the National Theatre of Iceland and Centre Dramatique d'Orleans (Museum of the Sea by Marie Darrieussecq). He has appeared at the Festival Aix En Provence and he co-produced and co-directed short films.

Barði has also written scores for movies and documentaries, such as Haxan (performed by the Bulgarian symphony orchestra) and Óskar Jónasson's Reykjavik Rotterdam (2009), which won Best Original Film Score at the Icelandic Edda Film awards and was nominated for the Scandinavian Film Music Awards at Giff Film Festival (2010). He wrote the score for the film Would You Rather with Daniel Hunt, directed by David Guy Levy; and the score for the French film The Finishers directed by Nils Tavernier.

Barði has worked with many artists during his career. His co-writing credits include artists such as : Keren Ann, Anthony Gonzales (M83), JB Dunckel (AIR, Tomorrow's World), Daniel Hunt (Ladytron), Helen Marnie (Ladytron), Phoebe Killdeer (Nouvelle Vague), Sia Furler, Anggun and many more.

Early life
Barði started playing music at a young age, he studied the piano and guitar and had a track included on a children's album. He met the singer and musician Esther Talia Casey in his teens. She became the lead singer on the first album of his most notorious band, Bang Gang. Barði and his friend Henrik Baldvin Björnsson started Bang Gang, initially making surf rock music. Two years later, in 1996, Barði took the name for his own project.

Bang Gang

Bang Gang is a musical project of Barði Jóhannsson formed in 1996.

Lady & Bird

Lady & Bird is a collaboration between Keren Ann Zeidel and Barði Jóhannsson. They have released two albums and played special concerts with the Iceland Symphony Orchestra in Haskolabio (Reykjavík), Orchestre Lamoureux in Salle Pleyel (Paris) and a choir and harpist at the American Church in Paris. In 2011, Lady & Bird had a premier of their first opera, Red Waters in the French opera house Opéra de Rouen Normandie.

Starwalker
Starwalker is an electro-pop supergroup of the electro-pop icons, Jean-Benoit Dunckel (Air, Tomorrow's World) and the Icelandic composer Bardi Johannsson (Bang Gang, Lady & Bird). The title Starwalker – suitably spatial and curious – is an umbrella term for the duo's new work together. Their singles include "Bad Weather", "Blue Hawaii" and "Losers Can Win EP". A full-length self-titled album was released in April 2016.

Discography
Albums
 You (Bang Gang) (1998)
 Something Wrong (Bang Gang) (2003)
 Lady and Bird (Lady and Bird) (2003)
 Strakarnir Okkar Original Motion Picture Score (Minusbardi) (2005)
 Häxan (Barði Jóhannsson) (2006)
 Ghosts from the Past (Bang Gang) (2008)
 La Ballade of Lady & Bird, A project by Keren Ann Zeidel & Barði Jóhannsson (2009)
 Selected Film & Theater Works Of Bardi Johannsson (Barði Jóhannsson) (2011)
 W Y R Original Motion Picture Score (Daniel Hunt & Bardi Johannsson) (2013)
 Sacred Universe EP (Bardi Johannsson) (2014)
 Losers Can Win EP (Starwalker) (2014)
 The Wolves Are Whispering (Bang Gang) (2015)
Singles
 "Sleep" - Bang Gang (1998)
 "So Alone" - Bang Gang (1998)
 "Sacred Things" - Bang Gang (2000)
 "Stop In The Name of Love" - Bang Gang (2003)
 "Find What You Get" - Bang Gang (2003)
 "I Know You Sleep" - Bang Gang (2008)
 "The World Is Gray" - Bang Gang (2008)
 "Bad Weather" - Starwalker (2013)
 "Blue Hawaii" - Starwalker (2014)
 "Out of Horizon" - Bang Gang (2015)
 "Silent Bite" - Bang Gang (2015)
Feature film soundtracks
 Fíaskó (Fiasco) by Ragnar Bragason (2000)
 Eleven Men Out (in collaboration with Minus) by Róbert Douglas (2005)
 Haxan (from 1920), by Benjamin Christiansen (2006) – New score for the silent movie
 Reykjavík-Rotterdam by Óskar Jónasson (2009) – Winner of the Icelandic Edda Film awards for the best original film score (2009) – Nomination for the Scandinavian Film Music Awards at Giff Film Festival (2010)
 Would You Rather (in collaboration with Daniel Hunt) by David Guy Levy (2012)
 De Toutes Nos Forces by Nils Tavernier (2013)
Music for documentaries
 Íslenska Sveitin (The Commander), by Kristinn Hrafnsson and Friðrik Guðmundsson (2004)
 Viets et Morts d'Andy Warhol by Jean Michel Vecchiet. Music by Lady and Bird (2005)
 Africa United by Olaf de Fleur Johannesson (2005)
 Heilabilun/Alzheimer by Lárus Ýmir Óskarsson (2006)
 Ama Dablam Beyond the void by Ingvar Ágúst Þórisson. In collaboration with Eberg (2008)
 Stelpurnar Okkar by Þóra Tómasdóttir (2009)
 The Still Point by Taki Bibelas (2009)

Music for TV series
 Pressa 3 (6 Episodes) by Óskar Jónasson. Score.
 Heimsendir by Ragnar Bragason. Score.
 Pressa 2 (6 Episodes) by Óskar Jónasson. Score.
 Réttur 1 (6 Episodes) by Sævar Guðmundsson. Score.
 Réttur 2 (6 Episodes) by Sævar Guðmundsson. Score.
 Skjár Einn, main theme.
 Silfur Egils, theme.
 Svínasúpan, theme.
 Strákarnir, theme.
 Ríkið, theme and score.
 Mannamál, theme.
 Kóngur um stund, theme and score.
 Fóstbræður, arrangements
 Innlit útlit, theme.
 Pressa (6 Episodes) by Óskar Jónasson. Score in collaboration with Eberg.
Music for plays (as composer)
 Brennuvargarnir/Biederman and the Firebugs. The National Theater of Iceland.  (2009)
 Sædýrasafnið – Museum of the Sea. The National Theater of Iceland & Centre Dramatique National Orleans. (2009)
 Hedda Gabbler. The National Theater of Iceland. (2011)
 Red Waters – An Opera Written by Lady & Bird (2011).
Short films
 Who is Barði? by Ragnar Bragason and Barði Jóhannsson (2003)
 Red Death by Taki Bibelas and Barði Jóhannsson, premiered in Centre Pompidou, Paris (2004)
 Sacred Universe by Jeaneen Lund and Barði Jóhannsson, premiered in Centre Pompidou at ASVOFF, Paris (2013)

Books
 Lady and Bird Recording Diary (2003)  – Written by Barði Jóhannsson and Keren Ann Zeidel.
 Maley Maley, Niðurfold (1999)  – Written by Henrik B Björnsson and Barði Jóhannsson under a fake name.

Other work
 Daily Radio Show, Radio-FM and X-FM for 2 years. (2000)
 Konfekt – TV show (2001)  – With Henrik B Björnsson.
 Black Garden. Festival Aix Provance (2005) Music for a string quartet, clavier, and electronica.
 Dressing Ourselves. Triennale in Milan (2005) Clothes design for the exhibition.
 Epal. Designer Shop. (2005) Music for a children choir.
 Dream by Barði og Noemi Brosset for the TV show The L Word (2007)

See also

 List of Icelandic writers
 Icelandic literature

References

External links

Bardi Johannson
Bardi Johannson
Bardi Johannson
Bardi Johannson
1975 births
Living people

Barði Jóhannsson


Marc Christopher Munford (born February 14, 1965) is a former American football linebacker who played four seasons with the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Broncos in the fourth round of the 1987 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and attended Heritage High School in Littleton, Colorado. Munford was also a member of the Kansas City Chiefs for the 1991 season. He was inducted into the Nebraska Football Hall of Fame in 1997.

References

External links
Just Sports Stats

Living people
1965 births
American football linebackers
Nebraska Cornhuskers football players
Denver Broncos players
Players of American football from Lincoln, Nebraska

Marc Munford