Nigel Waymouth (born 1941) is a designer and artist, a co-partner in the boutique, Granny Takes a Trip, and one of the two-man team, Hapshash and the Coloured Coat, which designed psychedelic posters in the 1960s. He has since had a solo career, including portrait painting.

Life and work

Nigel Waymouth was born in India. His early childhood was spent in Argentina until he moved to England in 1953. He was educated at St Lawrence School and at Harrow Weald County Grammar School, under the tutelage of the future Home Secretary, Merlyn Rees. He graduated in economic history at University College London.

Following this, he attended art courses at various London art colleges. On leaving University college he also spent eighteen months working as a free-lance journalist, writing features on social issues for medical journals and editing an employment magazine. In January 1966 he and two partners, Sheila Cohen and John Pearse, opened the original rock-chic fashion boutique, Granny Takes a Trip.

Waymouth was responsible for the constantly changing shop fronts; he also designed the interior decor and many of the early clothes.  While still involved in Granny Takes a Trip, in 1967 he teamed up with fellow artist Michael English and together they began designing many of the quintessential British pop posters of that era.

Their partnership lasted nearly two years under the name, Hapshash and the Coloured Coat. Most of the originals of these graphic designs and  some of the clothes are now in the permanent collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum. In the fall of 2000, the museum held a large retrospective of the Hapshash and the Coloured Coat work. The Tate Gallery in Liverpool also included many of these designs in the "Summer of Love Psychedelic Art, 1967" exhibition in 2005, which traveled to Brooklyn in the summer of 2007.

Since 1970, Waymouth has pursued a career as a painter, and portraitist. His work has been exhibited in Fischer Fine Art, London (1977, 1978, 1979); Alex Reid & Lefevre, London (1984), Jonathan Clark Fine Art, London (1988), Keller & Greene, Los Angeles (2005), Jonathan Cooper Park Walk Gallery, London (2006). An exhibition entitled Haphash Takes a Trip: The Sixties Work of Nigel Waymouth was due to open at the Idea Generation Gallery in London in September 2011.

He has been included in the Royal Society of Portrait Painters group show. His works have been commissioned and collected by Mr. and Mrs.  Rupert Murdoch, The Duchess of York, The Duke of Devonshire, Mr. and Mrs. Tom Hanks, Mr. Dominick Dunne, Dame Diana Rigg, Mr. Peter Morton, Mr. & Mrs. Eric Idle, Dr. & Mrs. Mortimer Sackler.

Nigel Waymouth lives and works in London. He has two sons by his marriage to interior decorator Lady Victoria Waymouth (1947–2004): Louis Waymouth, who is a writer on The Late Late Show with James Corden, and art curator and sculptor, Adam Waymouth.

External links
Nigel Waymouth website
The Look Presents Nigel Waymouth

References

Album-cover and concert-poster artists
1941 births
Living people
Artists from Los Angeles
Alumni of University College London

Nigel Waymouth


The Constitution of the State of Tennessee defines the form, structure, activities, character, and basic rules of the U.S. State of Tennessee. It also contains how to change them.

History
The first constitution of Tennessee came into effect on June 1, 1796, concurrent with the state's admission to the Union. A second version of the constitution was adopted in 1835. A third constitution was adopted in 1870 and is the one still in use today, with new amendments.

On November 15, 1869 the Tennessee General Assembly called for an election to be held in December 1869 for two reasons. They are to determine if a constitutional convention should be called to amend or replace the 1835 constitution and to elect delegates to that convention if the voters determined that it was to be held.  The voters decided for the convention, which began on January 10, 1870. The convention was finished on February 23, 1870, after adopting the constitution and recommending its approval by the voters in a special election It was conducted on March 26, 1870.

Background
The document was mainly written as a response to the requirement for all ex-Confederate to adopt new constitutions clearly banning slavery. It contains many provisions that are holdovers from the two previous documents. It is much longer than the federal constitution but is not particularly long by the standards of state constitutions.  This 1870 document stood unamended until 1953, which, according to the Tennessee Blue Book, was the longest period that any such document had remained in effect without amendment anywhere in the world.

Other websites
 Text of Constitution

Government of Tennessee
Ten

Constitution of Tennessee


KWH Group Ltd (, ) is one of Finland's largest companies in abrasives, logistics services and plastics. It is headquartered in Vaasa, Finland.

From a modest start in the timber industry, KWH Group grew to be the biggest timber exporter in Finland by 1939, accounting for 26% of the country's total lumber exports and some 20% of pulpwood exports . The company was the world's largest fox and mink fur producer in the 1960s and 1970s, producing approximately 10% of all Finnish mink furs, equivalent to 2% of world production in 1973.

After expanding into plastics production in the 1950s, the company was the first in Finland to manufacture expanded polystyrene sheets with its brand name Styrox. Establishing a niche in plastic pipe manufacturing, the company was the first in the world to manufacture a  diameter pipe in 1964, thereby gaining international recognition.

Today, the Mirka Group (previously KWH Mirka Group until 2016) is one of the largest manufacturers of "flexible abrasives materials" in the world. It is headquartered in Vaasa, Finland.

History

Wiik & Höglund
 and Edvin Wiik were both in the timber business. Emil Höglund worked as a clerk and Edvin Wiik worked as an independent buyer of timber for the Hellnäs sawmills. As the sawmill was expected to foreclose, both were faced with unemployment. Discussing their options, they decided to establish their own company, Wiik & Höglund, which was founded on 28 August 1929. The company was to engage in trade in round timber, pit props and pulpwood. Wiik acted as a buyer, and Höglund, having studied at a commercial college and spent some time in England in 1928, was responsible for sales and bookkeeping.

Though they had a prosperous first year in business the company also faced periodic difficulties, for example during the Depression years of 1930–1933. However, in the late 1930s, the company expanded fast, and became one of the major round timber exporters in Finland, with Emil Höglund travelling as a salesman to Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, France and Britain. By 1939, Wiik & Höglund was the biggest timber exporter in Finland, accounting for 26% of the country's total lumber exports and some 20% of pulpwood exports.

Their commercial success allowed them to make investments outside their own company operations, and in 1937 they become a major shareholder in the Jakobstads Cellulosa Ab pulp company (majority owned by Oy Wilh. Schauman Ab), and in 1939 they took a significant stake in the Vasa Rederi Ab shipping company, later buying up the entire stock. Their holding in Jakobstads Cellulosa Ab also increased, and in the 1960s Wiik & Höglund and Keppo jointly held 15% of Oy Wilh. Schauman Ab, making them the biggest private shareholder.

During the war years, Wiik & Höglund exports were virtually halted, and other products were produced to compensate for the loss of exports. Firewood and woodchips now became the most important products, and were mainly purchased by the German and Finnish armies, as well as Finnish State authorities.

After the war, exports of round timber started up again and the company's previous customers in West Germany, France and the Netherlands again became the biggest trading partners. Profitability was good and profits were re-invested into fixed assets, mainly forest. The most important investment came in autumn 1951, when the plastics company Holmsund AB in Umeå, Sweden, one of Wiik & Höglund's customers, offered them the sole manufacturing rights in Finland. The production started in Vaasa in 1951, and moved to new premises in 1952, where KWH Group's and Uponor's joint venture plastic pipe plant, Uponor Infra Ltd, is still located today.

Wiik & Höglund made major investments and acquisitions to expand their plastics business. In 1954, the Vaasa firm Lars Berts was purchased, and in 1955 the first plastic pipes were produced. Wiik & Höglund was also the first company in Finland to make expanded polystyrene sheets, which were marketed under the brand name Styrox, a name that is synonymous today in Finland with all products made of this raw material.

Other companies that were acquired were Forss & Govenius and Nars, both from Jakobstad, which have developed into KWH Plast. In 1969, Wiik & Höglund and Oy Finlayson Ab jointly purchased a rival polyethylene pipe company Muovitehdas Oy in Ulvila, becoming a Wiik & Höglund subsidiary in 1986 during a restructuring of the pipe business.

In the 1970s, Wiik & Höglund embarked on several large international projects, later to be formed into the WH Pipe International division. Pipe projects in Brazil, Iraq, South Korea and Thailand increased the company's familiarity with these markets. Restructuring and concentration on certain products continued in the 1980s, while the company continued to expand abroad. Factories making polyethylene pipes were set up in Denmark, Thailand, Canada, and in 1990 in Malaysia and Portugal. Industrial piping was added to the production programme when Oy Muotekno Ab, Oy Sul-Mu Ab, Laurolon Oy, Plastilon Oy and the French company Sipap Pipe Systems S.A. joined the Group. As a result of restructuring in the Group, the complete pipe manufacturing was transferred to KWH Pipe, which today is a part of Uponor Infra Ltd, a joint venture between Uponor's and KWH Group's infrastructure businesses.

Keppo
The site of the Keppo mansion has been characterized by small-scale industrial activities for several centuries. With the Keppo rapids providing access to water power, and in combination with the close proximity to the shipping port in Nykarleby, alderman Samuel Lithovius recognized a business opportunity for processing timber from the surrounding forests, and setup up a water-powered sawmill at the site in about 1740. Subsequent owners developed the site further with a tobacco plantation, spinning mill, pitch works and a linen-, cotton- and textile-mill until 1829 when Keppo was acquired by Carl Otto von Essen.

During the time of Otto von Essen, the sawmill experienced a boom in business. Peter Malm from Jakobstad, a well-known shipowner and industrialist, became a corporate member at the sawmill in 1840. He financed the sawmill and sold the finished products, while von Essen worked as saw inspector and timber purchaser. In the 1860s, the annual production exceeded ten thousand logs. A fire in 1893 destroyed the sawmill, and no saw mill has been operational at the Keppo rapids since. The von Essen family owned the Keppo mansion until 1899 when Hugo Grönlund acquired it, who then sold it to the Wilhelm Schauman Ab company in Jakobstad in 1906.

Viktor Schauman, the son of Wilhelm Schauman, bought the Keppo Mansion in 1918, and after a renovation, lived at the mansion with his wife until 1930, when the mansion was again sold. The main building then became an evangelical High School, and was owned by the guarantee association during 1930–1942. After a period as army accommodation during World War II, the house was again bought and restored by the Viktor Schauman family, who lived at the mansion until 1954.

In parallel with his activities within the Wiik & Höglund company,  had been active in mink farming already since 1937, first together with Karl Johan Stuns from Vörå until 1944, and later with Karl-Johan Tidström. Their farming activities expanded rapidly over the following decades and in 1953, the systematic breeding programmes had resulted in a unique mutation, the Finlandia Topaz, which gained worldwide recognition. In 1954, Emil Höglund and Karl-Johan Tidström bought the Keppo mansion with the accompanying 37 hectares of cultivated land and 418 hectares of forest, establishing the company Keppo Ltd. All their mink farming activities were now owned by Keppo Ltd, and a new mink farm was established next to the old mansion. This farm also experienced rapid growth and became the biggest mink farm in the world by 1962. Peak production was reached in the 1970s, when approximately 130,000 skins were produced at the Keppo farm, while the production of all of the Keppo owned farms together were approximately 480,000 mink- and 150,000 fox-skins.

KWH Group
KWH Group was formed in 1984, when Oy Keppo Ab purchased the remaining half of Oy Wiik & Höglund Ab's shares that it did not already own, from the Wiik family. Oy Keppo Ab had already purchased half of the company from the Höglund family in 1981.

The conglomerate was restructured in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and several divestitures were made, most notable the selling of approximately 13,000 hectares of forest and the share holdings in Oy Wilh. Schauman Ab, as well as the gradual selling of all activities related to the mink and fox farming business.

According to the new strategy, the Group's resources were to be focused on developing its core operations, which were defined as KWH Pipe, KWH Plast and KWH Mirka. All other aspects of the operations were gathered together within KWH Invest. In the beginning, KWH Pipe received the lion's share of new investments. A new production facility was opened in 1990 in Portugal, output in Canada was doubled and new and expanded production facilities were opened in Malaysia and Thailand, while operations in India began in 1992 in the form of a joint venture. Additional investments were made in Sweden, Poland and Germany. However, due to changing market conditions, the operations in China, Germany, the US and India have since closed. KWH Pipe is part of Uponor Infra since 2013.

A second area of investment was KWH Mirka (Mirka since 2016), working in manufacturing and marketing of abrasives, polishing compounds, and sanding machines for e.g. manufacture of composite parts, automotive refinishing (ART) and production, metal processing, and furniture production. In volume terms, Mirka is one of the five biggest operators globally in the coated abrasives sector.

In 1984, KWH Group becomes a co-owner of a water trap manufacturer Prevex that later in 2003 became a fully owned subsidiary.

Divisions

Mirka
Mirka (KWH Mirka until 2016) manufactures coated and non-woven abrasives and electric sanding machines in its locations in Jeppo, Oravais, Jakobstad and Karis, all in Finland. The core business segments are automotive refinishing and industrial finishing. Mirka exports about 96% of the production mainly to Europe, the US and Far East.

The product range includes abrasive materials, polishing compounds and sanding machines for different types of abrasive processes in automotive refinishing and production (OEM), the manufacture of composite parts, furniture production, metal processing and for sales via the hardware, paint and machinery trades. Sales are increasingly in the form of systems sales, for which reason the product programme has been augmented by products such as sanding discs, backing pads, sanding and polishing machines, vacuum cleaners and other accessories.

Mirka is one of the global market leaders in its largest business segment, Surface Finishing (including automotive refinish (ART)), automobile manufacturing (OEM) including subcontractors), marine and composite. In the Wood market segment, focus has been on small and medium-sized users. The Power Tools business unit is formed for the manufacture and developing of sanding machines and accessories. The development unit Engineered Surface Finishing develops microproducts for the OEM sector and searches for new attractive market areas.

KWH Logistics
KWH Logistics consists of three business units: Port & Sea, Freight Forwarding and Industrial Services: port operations, freight forwarding and international transport.
Present in 16 ports in Finland. Port & Sea, Freight Forwarding and Industrial Services belong to Backman-Trummer Group, which is a subsidiary to KWH Group.

KWH Freeze
KWH Freeze offers cold storage for food in Vantaa, Finland.

KWH Invest
Prevex: water traps for kitchen and bathrooms, and customer specified products. The market leader in Scandinavia for kitchen sinks. Factory in Nykarleby, Finland. Exports 88%.

Strategic holdings – Uponor Infra Ltd, 44.7%: different plastic pipe systems.

References and footnotes

External links

Manufacturing companies established in 1929
Logistics companies of Finland
Manufacturing companies of Finland
Finnish brands
Companies based in Vaasa
Conglomerate companies established in 1929
1929 establishments in Finland
Bathroom fixture companies
Forest products companies
Fur trade
Kitchen manufacturers
Plastics companies
Tool manufacturing companies of Finland

KWH Group


Idse is an island in Strand municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The  island lies between the Idsefjorden and Høgsfjorden, about  west of the town of Jørpeland.  The island of Idsal lies immediately to the south and the island of Heng lies a short distance to the north of Idse.  There is a bridge connecting Idse to neighboring Idsal, which in turn is connected to the mainland.

Description
There are about 40 farms on the south and east sides of the island, but in recent years there has been a significant decline with only three active dairy farmers remaining. The other farms grow potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, strawberries, blueberries, and Christmas trees.  The north and west sides of the island are more hilly and forested and that area is populated with many holiday cabins. At Tangane and Kjeksevåg, there are cabins that date back to the 1940s. There were families from the Stavanger area who fled the city during World War II and built cottages on Idse. In recent years, the cottage development has been very expansive, which probably has to do with good location near the cities of Stavanger and Sandnes. There are currently between 300 and 400 condos on the island.  Historically, there was a grocery store and post office on the pier at Idse, but both are now closed. In 1917, a telephone line was built between Jørpeland and Idse.

Notable residents
Tore Thorsen  Idsøe, founder of the renowned butcher shop A. Idsøe Holding,  was born in 1796 in Idse. He was married in 1826 with Siri Ådnesdatter Selvik, born 1802 at Selvik in Høle. The business they established in 1828 is currently Stavanger's oldest firm. It is commonly considered one of Stavanger's better
butcher shops and meat markets.

See also
List of islands of Norway

References

External links
Idse Map from Norgeskart.no
A. Idsøe AS website
Islands of Rogaland
Strand, Norway

Idse


Arnaldo Antunes (, born Arnaldo Augusto Nora Antunes Filho, September 2, 1960) is a Brazilian musician, writer, and composer. He was a member of the rock band Titãs, which he co-founded in 1982 and left ten years later. After 1992, he embarked on a solo career. He has published poetry and had his first book published in 1983. He has worked with Marisa Monte, Tribalistas, and Carlinhos Brown.

Childhood
Arnaldo was born on September 2, 1960, to Arnaldo Augusto Nora Antunes and Dora Leme Ferreira. He was the fourth of seven children. In 1967, he enrolled in Luís de Camões school and studied there until 1972. During the following year, he attended PUC SP, where he first got involved with the local art scene. In 1975 he met Paulo Miklos, a classmate at Colégio Equipe. In 1978, he went to study Portuguese and literature at USP.

Career with Titãs
In 1979, Antunes formed his first band, Banda Performática, with his then-wife. In 1982, Titãs do Iê-Iê was formed, with Antunes as a founder. In 1984, they release their self-titled debut album. In 1992, Antunes decided to leave Titãs, after recording seven albums with the band, due to musical differences. His departure was announced on 15 December 1992.

In November 1985, he was arrested for heroin trafficking after the police found 128 mg of the drug in his apartment in São Paulo. The officers arrived there after arresting his Titãs bandmate Tony Bellotto, who was found with 30 mg in a taxi after leaving Antunes's place. Due to the quantity that Antunes had at home, he was accused of trafficking while Bellotto was only charged with possession. At the precinct, he was put in an individual cell, since the sheriff considered imprudent to put him among 90 dangerous robbers.

Solo career

In 1993 he released his solo debut album Nome, a "multimedia project associating poetry and music", featuring João Donato, Marisa Monte and Arto Lindsay as guest stars, and short computer animation features (produced in collaboration with Celia Catunda, Kiko Mistrorigo and Zaba Moreau). The Nome video was shown in art venues and festivals in Brazil, Italy, Argentina, Australia, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, France, Spain (where it received a Jury recommendation at the Festival International de Video Cidade de Vigo 1995), Netherlands, Monaco, Uruguay, Cuba, Chile, Colombia and the US (receiving an honorable mention at the first annual New York Video Festival).

As a solo artist, Arnaldo Antunes later released Ninguém (1995), O Silêncio (1996), Um Som (1998), Paradeiro (2001) and Saiba (Rosa Celeste/BMG 2004). He also released other albums in special projects, such as O Corpo (1999), a specially produced soundtrack for Grupo Corpo, a dance company from Minas Gerais, and the album Os Tribalistas (EMI/Phonomotor 2002), a collaborative project with Marisa Monte and Carlinhos Brown.

His compositions have been used in the soundtrack of several films, including Blue in the Face, directed by Wayne Wang and Paul Auster; Bicho de Sete Cabeças, directed by Lais Bodanzki; Dois Perdidos Numa Noite Suja, adapted from a novel by Plínio Marcos and directed by José Joffily; and Benjamim, adapted from a novel by Chico Buarque and directed by Monique Gardenberg.

His album A Curva da Cintura, a collaboration with Ira! guitarist Edgard Scandurra and Toumani Diabaté from Mali, achieved a number 5 in the World Music Charts Europe in August 2012.

His album RSTUVXZ was ranked as the 16th best Brazilian album of 2018 by the Brazilian edition of Rolling Stone magazine.

In 2020, humoristic group Porta dos Fundos released a new version of "A Marcha do Demo" by Vestidos de Espaço (supergroup of which Antunes was a part of) with Antunes on vocals in order to promote their Christimas special Teocracia em Vertigem. The version received a video in which Antunes is seen singing in studio and the Porta dos Fundos members are seen singing under social distancing. Making-of footage is also shown.

Personal life
From 1980 to 1987, he was married to Go. Right after they broke up, he married Zaba Moreau, with whom he had four children: Rosa, born in 1988, Celeste, born in 1991, Brás, born in 1997, and Tomé, born in 2001.

Discography

With Titãs

Titãs (1984)
Televisão (1985)
Cabeça Dinossauro (1986)
Jesus não Tem Dentes no País dos Banguelas (1987)
Õ Blésq Blom (1989)
Tudo Ao Mesmo Tempo Agora (1991)
Titanomaquia (1993, only on "Disneylândia", "Hereditário" and "De Olhos Fechados", as a guest songwriter)
Domingo (1995, only on "Tudo em Dia", as a guest songwriter)
Acústico MTV (1997, only on "O Pulso", as a guest singer)
Volume Dois (1998, only on "Senhora e Senhor" and "Era Uma Vez", as a guest songwriter)
A Melhor Banda de Todos os Tempos da Última Semana (2001, only on "Cuidado Com Você", as a guest songwriter)
Como Estão Vocês? (2003, only on "Esperando Atravessar a Rua", as a guest songwriter)
Paralamas e Titãs Juntos e Ao Vivo (2008, only on "Comida" and "Lugar Nenhum", as a guest singer)
Sacos Plásticos (2009, only on "Problema", as a guest songwriter)
Nheengatu (2014, only on "Cadáver Sobre Cadáver", as a guest songwriter)

Solo
Nome (1993)
Ninguém (1995)
O Silêncio (1996)
Um Som (1998)
 (1999)
O Corpo (2000)
Paradeiro (2001)
Saiba (2004)
Qualquer (2006)
Ao Vivo em Estúdio (2007)
Iê Iê Iê (2009)
Pequeno Cidadão (2009)
Acústico MTV – Arnaldo Antunes (2012)
Disco (2013)
Já é (2016)

Collaborations
A Curva da Cintura (with Edgard Scandurra and Toumani Diabaté) (2011)

Guest appearances
 Golpe de Estado – Forçando a Barra (1988)
 Theo Werneck – Leite Materno (1990)
 Various artists - Rock de Autor (1991)
 Péricles Cavalcanti – Sobre as Ondas (1995)
 Various artists – O Triângulo Sem Bermudas (1996)
 Edgard Scandurra – Benzina (1996)
 Tom Zé and Zé Miguel Wisnik – Parabelo – Grupo Corpo (1997)
 Tom Zé – Com Defeito de Fabricação (1998)
 Onda Sonora: Red Hot + Lisbon (1998)
 João Donato – Songbook (1999)
 Various artists – Tributo a Cazuza (1999)
 Chico Buarque – Songbook (1999)
 Suba – São Paulo Confessions (2000)
 Zé Miguel Wisnik – São Paulo Rio (2000)
 Marisa Monte – Memórias, Crônicas e Declarações de Amor (2000)
 Walter Franco – Tutano (2001)
 Lula Queiroga – Aboiando a Vaca Mecânica (2001)
 Unknown artist – Só Um é Muito Só (2001)
 Glauco Matoso – Melopéia – Sonetos Musicados (2001)
 Cid Campos – No Lago do Olho (2001)
 Aguilar e Banda Performática – Aguilar e Banda Performática (2001)
 Various artists – Superfantástico – Quando eu Era Pequeno (2002)
 Ortinho – Ilha do Destino (2002)
 João Donato – O Melhor de João Donato (2002)
 Aldo Brizzi – Brizzi do Brasil (2002)
 Various artists – Maysa Esta Chama Que Não Vai Passar (2007)
 Various artists – Pequeno Cidadão (2009)
 Nando Reis - Jardim-Pomar (2016, vocals on "Azul de Presunto")
 Paulo Miklos - A Gente Mora no Agora (2017, songwriting on "Deixar de Ser Alguém")

Bibliography as a writer
 Ou e (visual poem album) (1983)
 Psia (1986)
 Tudos (1990)
 As coisas (1992), Winner of the 1992 Jabuti Awards for Poetry
 2 ou + Corpos no mesmo Espaço (1997)
 Doble Duplo (selection, translation and art by Ivan Larraguibel), (2000)
 40 Escritos (organized by João Bandeira) (2000)
 Outro (2001)
 Palavra Desordem (2002)
 ET Eu Tu (2003)
 Antologia (Portugal only) (2006)
 Frases do Tomé aos Três Anos (a collection of illustrations of the first sentences said by his son) (2006)
 Como É que Chama o Nome Disso (2006)

References

 Arnaldo Antunes's biography at his official site
 Arnaldo Antunes's bibliography at his official site
 Arnaldo Antunes's discography at his official site

External links
 Arnaldo Antunes Official Website
 Titãs Official Website
 Tribalistas
 Yahoo music bio
 Banda Performática's Official Website

 Interview with Arnaldo Antunes (Sounds and Colours)
 Arnaldo Antunes auf culturebase.net

1960 births
Living people
20th-century Brazilian male singers
20th-century Brazilian singers
Musicians from São Paulo
Titãs members
21st-century Brazilian male singers
21st-century Brazilian singers
Brazilian male guitarists
Música Popular Brasileira singers
Música Popular Brasileira guitarists
Brazilian rock musicians
University of São Paulo alumni
Brazilian male poets
Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro alumni
20th-century Brazilian poets
20th-century Brazilian male writers
Latin music songwriters

Arnaldo Antunes


Alenka Puhar (born 4 February 1945) is a Slovenian journalist, author, translator, and historian. In 1982, she wrote a groundbreaking psychohistory-inspired book "The Primal Text of Life" (in Slovene: Prvotno besedilo življenja) about the 19th century social history of early childhood in Slovene Lands, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The book was in 2010 the subject of a television documentary that was in 2010 televised on the national RTV Slovenija. Her grandfather was the photographer and inventor Janez Puhar, who invented a process for photography on glass.

Life
Alenka Puhar was born in Črnomelj to father France Mihelič, Slovene modernist painter, and mother Helena Puhar, a renowned pedagogue (an elementary school in Kranj was named after her). She was born in a south-eastern area of Slovenia liberated then by Slovene partisans, which her parents were members of, during World War II. She never lived with her father because he was later married to a writer Mira Mihelič, albeit they have been keep in contact. She is the half-sister of Gregor Tomc, a notable sociologist and punk rock musician, who was born from Helena Puhar's later marriage.

After finishing the Poljane Grammar School in Ljubljana, Puhar enrolled in the University of Ljubljana, where she studied English language and comparative literature. Among her professors was also the renowned philosopher and literary historian Dušan Pirjevec Ahac. After graduation, she worked as a journalist for the daily newspaper Delo, the most widespread newspaper in Slovenia at the time.

Critical thought, psychohistory, and civic activism
In the 1970s, she started frequenting the intellectual circles of younger Slovenian dissidents, including the writer Drago Jančar, philosophers Spomenka Hribar and Tine Hribar, publicist and author Viktor Blažič and others.

In 1980, she became acquainted with psychohistory, while studying at City University of New York under the supervision of Lloyd deMause. Before and during breakup of Yugoslavia Alenka Puhar collected magazine covers, illustrations, newspapers cartoons from different members of then Yugoslavia to analyze fantasies that eventually led to breakup and war. And her article on "Yugoslav childhood" written by Alenka Puhar was published in Journal of Psychohistory a decade later in which she traced historical differences in early childhood between Slovenia and other more traditionalistic cultures, portraying individual and collective case studies, including Serbian traditionalistic ridiculing of Slovenia for not being as masculine as Serbia and analyzing what led Serbian traditionalistic men to rape 20000 to 50000 women during war in Bosnia.

In the 1980s, she became an active member of several civil society movements that challenged the official policies of the Titoist regime. In 1983, she was among the signers of a petition demanding the abolition of death penalty in Yugoslavia. Next year, she organized a petition of solidarity with Serbian intellectuals that were trialed in Belgrade for opposing the government policies. She became one of the co-editors of the alternative journal Nova revija. In 1987, she was among the co-founders of the Yugoslav section of the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights. During the JBTZ-trial in 1988, when four Slovenian journalist were arrested by the Yugoslav People's Army and accused of revealing military secrets, she was elected on the board of the Committee for the Defense of Human Rights, which soon became the biggest civil society platform in Yugoslavia, with more than 100,000 individual members. The Committee organized the first free mass demonstration in Slovenia after 1945, held in May 1988 on the central Congress Square of Ljubljana.

She was active in several civil activities throughout the Slovenian Spring, a process of political democratization between 1988 and 1990, which led to the independence of Slovenia in 1991. Afterwards, Puhar returned to journalist work and started writing extensively on the history of Slovenian and Yugoslav dissidents between 1945 and 1990. Since 1994, she is member of the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), sponsored by the Council of Europe. She later described the emergence of democratic movements, punk and art groups, feminist, lesbian and gay rights groups in Slovenia as causing traditionalists in other members of then Yugoslavia calling Slovenia 'selfish, greedy, separatist, fascists, Germans' etc. deserving to be punished.

Work
Alenka Puhar first gained recognition as a translator. In 1967 her translation of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four was published by a major publisher in Ljubljana: it was one of the first official editions of the novel in any of the Communist countries. She also translated works by Gore Vidal, Frederick Forsyth and Wole Soyinka to Slovene.

In 1982, she published her most well-known book, "The Primary Text of Life" (Prvotno besedilo življenja). The book, the title of which is taken from one of Ivan Cankar's short stories, was a combination of psychohistory and social history, in which she analyzed the condition of children in the Slovene Lands in the 19th century. The book raised delicate issues of sexual abuse, child abuse, and psychological terror in traditional Slovene rural society. It also produced a thorough psychological analyses of the texts of some major Slovene authors of the 19th and early 20th century, such as Josip Jurčič and Prežihov Voranc, and their representation of childhood. The book could not find a publisher in Slovenia and was issued in Zagreb. When it was published, it raised a controversy, in which Puhar was accused of portraying the history of Slovene family life in a terrible light. The book was however praised by many Slovenian scholars, including the prominent sociologist of family Katja Boh.

In 2004, Puhar edited and published the memories of Angela Vode, one of the major activists of the feminist movement in Slovenia in the 1920s and 1930s who was condemned in the so-called Nagode trial, a show trial staged by the Communist regime in 1947. In 2007, she was one of the authors of the volume "The Forgotten Half" (Pozabljena polovica), a comprehensive overview of notable Slovene women of the 20th century, edited by the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

In 2010, she appeared in a documentary film on the history of childhood in Slovenia, together with Alenka Rebula Tuta. The film, entitled "Childhood" (Otroštvo), was produced by the Slovenian National Television Broadcast and aired during prime time in April 2010.

Major works
Prvotno besedilo življenja ("The Primary Text of Life". Zagreb: Globus, 1982);
Peticije, pisma in tihotapski časi ("Petitions, Letters and Times of Smuggling". Maribor: Obzorja, 1985);
Slovenski avtoportret 1918-1991 ("The Slovene Self-Portrait, 1918-1991. Ljubljana: Nova revija, 1992);
Pozabljena polovica ("The Forgotten Half", co-edited with Marta Verginella et al.. Ljubljana: Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts).

Sources
Slovenska pomlad. (A webpage on the Slovenian Spring, run by the National Museum of Modern History in Ljubljana)

References

External links
Alenka Puhar's article in Psychohistory on Yugoslav Childhood

1945 births
Living people
20th-century Slovenian historians
21st-century Slovenian historians
Members of the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance
People from Črnomelj
Slovenian feminists
Slovenian journalists
Slovenian women journalists
Slovenian translators
English–Slovene translators
University of Ljubljana alumni
City University of New York alumni
Slovenian women writers
Slovenian women historians

Alenka Puhar


Christian Estrosi (born 1 July 1955) is a French politician and former motorcycle racer. He has been the mayor of Nice since 2017, having also served in this role from 2008 to 2016. He was president of the Regional Council of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur from 2015 to 2017. He also served as Deputy Minister of Planning of the Territory (2005–07), Deputy Minister of Overseas France (2007–08) and Deputy Minister of Industry (2009–10).

Estrosi was a professional motorcycle racer and competed at the world championship level in Grand Prix motorcycle racing. His best results were a fourth-place finish at the 1978 French Grand Prix and the 1979 Spanish Grand Prix.

Estrosi was born in Nice. He was married to Dominique Estrosi Sassone from 1995 to 2016. He has three children. In March 2020, during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, Estrosi tested positive for COVID-19.

References

1955 births
Living people
French mayors
Motorcycle racers
Politicians from Nice
Sportspeople from Nice

Christian Estrosi


The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (, Yäityop'ya ortodoks täwahedo bétäkrestyan) is the largest of the Oriental Orthodox Churches. One of the few Christian churches in sub-Saharan Africa originating before European colonization of the continent, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church dates back to the acceptance of Christianity by the Kingdom of Aksum in 330, and has between 36 million and 49.8 million adherents in Ethiopia. It is a founding member of the World Council of Churches. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church is in communion with the other Oriental Orthodox churches (the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, the Armenian Apostolic Church, and the Syriac Orthodox Church).

The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church had been administratively part of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria from the first half of the 4th century until 1959, when it was granted autocephaly with its own patriarch by Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria, Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church.

Tewahedo (Geʽez: ተዋሕዶ) is a Geʽez word meaning "united as one". This word refers to the Oriental Orthodox belief in the one perfectly unified nature of Christ; i.e., a complete union of the divine and human natures into one nature is self-evident in order to accomplish the divine salvation of mankind, as opposed to the "two natures of Christ" belief commonly held by the Latin and Eastern Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, Lutheran, and most other Protestant churches. The Oriental Orthodox Churches adhere to a miaphysitic Christological view followed by Cyril of Alexandria, the leading protagonist in the Christological debates of the 4th and 5th centuries, who advocated mia physis tou theou logou sesarkōmenē, or "one (mia) nature of the Word of God incarnate" (μία φύσις τοῦ θεοῦ λόγου σεσαρκωμένη) and a hypostatic union (ἕνωσις καθ' ὑπόστασιν, henōsis kath hypostasin). The distinction of this stance was that the incarnate Christ has one nature, but that one nature is of the two natures, divine and human, and retains all the characteristics of both after the union.

Miaphysitism holds that in the one person of Jesus Christ, divinity and humanity are united in one (μία, mia) nature (φύσις - "physis") without separation, without confusion, without alteration and without mixing where Christ is consubstantial with God the Father. Around 500 bishops within the patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem refused to accept the dyophysitism (two natures) doctrine decreed by the Council of Chalcedon in 451, an incident that resulted in the second major split in the main body of the Catholic-Orthodox Church in the Roman Empire.

Name

Tewahedo ( täwaḥədo) is a Ge'ez word meaning "being made one" or "unified". This word refers to the Oriental Orthodox belief in the one composite unified nature of Christ; i.e., a belief that a complete, natural union of the divine and human natures into one is self-evident in order to accomplish the divine salvation of humankind. This is in contrast to the "two natures of Christ" belief (unmixed, but unseparated divine and human natures, called the hypostatic union) which is held by the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.

The Oriental Orthodox Churches are known as "non-Chalcedonian", and, sometimes by outsiders as "monophysite" (meaning "One Single Nature", in allusion to Jesus Christ). However, these churches themselves describe their Christology as miaphysite, meaning "one united nature" in reference to Jesus (the Greek equivalent of "Tewahedo").

History

Origins

Early Christianity became the established church of the Ethiopian Axumite Kingdom under king Ezana in the 4th century when priesthood and the sacraments were brought for the first time through a Syrian Greek named Frumentius, known by the local population in Ethiopia as "Selama, Kesaté Birhan" ("Father of Peace, Revealer of Light"). As a youth, Frumentius had been shipwrecked with his brother Aedesius on the Eritrean coast. The brothers managed to be brought to the royal court, where they rose to positions of influence and baptized Emperor Ezana. Frumentius is also believed to have established the first monastery in Ethiopia, named Dabba Selama after him.  In 2016, scientists excavated a 4th-century AD basilica (radio-carbon dated) in northeastern Ethiopia at a site called Beta Samati. This is the earliest known physical evidence of a church in sub-Saharan Africa.

Middle Ages

Union with the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria continued after the Arab conquest of Egypt. Abu Saleh records in the 12th century that the patriarch always sent letters twice a year to the kings of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and Nubia, until Al Hakim stopped the practice. Cyril, 67th patriarch, sent Severus as bishop, with orders to put down polygamy and to enforce the observance of canonical consecration for all churches. These examples show the close relations of the two churches throughout the Middle Ages. In 1439, in the reign of Zara Yaqob, a religious discussion between Giyorgis and a French visitor led to the dispatch of an embassy from Ethiopia to the Vatican.

Jesuit interim
The period of Jesuit influence, which broke the connection with Egypt, began a new chapter in church history. The initiative in Roman Catholic missions to Ethiopia was taken not by Rome, but by Portugal, in the course of a conflict with the Muslim Ottoman Empire and the Sultanate of Adal for the command of the trade route to India via the Red Sea.

In 1507, Mateus, or Matthew, an Armenian, had been sent as an Ethiopian envoy to Portugal. In 1520, an embassy under Dom Rodrigo de Lima landed in Ethiopia. An interesting account of the Portuguese mission, which lasted for several years, was written by Francisco Álvares, its chaplain.

Later, Ignatius Loyola wished to take up the task of conversion, but was forbidden to do so. Instead, the pope sent out João Nunes Barreto as patriarch of the East Indies, with Andre de Oviedo as bishop; and from Goa envoys went to Ethiopia, followed by Oviedo himself, to secure the king's adherence to Rome. After repeated failures some measure of success was achieved under Emperor Susenyos I, but not until 1624 did the Emperor make formal submission to the pope. Susenyos made Roman Catholicism the official state religion but was met with heavy resistance by his subjects and by the authorities of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, and eventually had to abdicate in 1632 in favour of his son, Fasilides, who promptly restored Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity as the state religion. He then in 1633 expelled the Jesuits, and in 1665 Fasilides ordered that all Jesuit books (the Books of the Franks) be burned.

Recent history

In more modern times, the Ethiopian Church has experienced a series of developments. The 19th century witnessed the publication of an Amharic translation of the Bible. Largely the work of Abu Rumi over ten years in Cairo, this version, with some changes, held sway until Emperor Haile Selassie ordered a new translation which appeared in 1960/1. Haile Selassie also played a prominent role in further reforms of the church, which included encouraging the distribution of Abu Rumi's translation throughout Ethiopia, as well as his promotion of improved education of clergy, a significant step in the Emperor's effort being the founding of the Theological College of the Holy Trinity Church in December 1944. A third development came after Haile Selassie's restoration to Ethiopia, when he issued, on 30 November, Decree Number 2 of 1942, a new law reforming the church. The primary objectives of this decree were to put the finances of the church in order, to create a central fund for its activities, and to set forth requirements for the appointment of clergy—which had been fairly lax until then.

The Coptic and Ethiopian churches reached an agreement on 13 July 1948, that led to autocephaly for the Ethiopian Church. Five bishops were immediately consecrated by the Coptic Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa, empowered to elect a new patriarch for their church, and the successor to Qerellos IV would have the power to consecrate new bishops. This promotion was completed when Coptic Orthodox Pope Joseph II consecrated an Ethiopian-born Archbishop, Abuna Basilios, 14 January 1951. Then in 1959, Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria crowned Basilios as the first Patriarch of Ethiopia.

Basilios died in 1970, and was succeeded that year by Tewophilos. With the fall of Emperor Haile Selassie in 1974, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church was disestablished as the state church. The new Marxist government began nationalizing property (including land) owned by the church. Tewophilos was arrested in 1976 by the Marxist Derg military junta, and secretly executed in 1979. The government ordered the church to elect a new Patriarch, and Takla Haymanot was enthroned. The Coptic Orthodox Church refused to recognize the election and enthronement of Tekle Haymanot on the grounds that the Synod of the Ethiopian Church had not removed Tewophilos and that the government had not publicly acknowledged his death, and he was thus still the legitimate Patriarch of Ethiopia. Formal relations between the two churches were halted, although they remained in communion with each other. Formal relations between the two churches resumed on July 13, 2007.

Tekle Haymanot proved to be much less accommodating to the Derg regime than it had expected, and so when the patriarch died in 1988, a new patriarch with closer ties to the regime was sought. The Archbishop of Gondar, a member of the Derg-era Ethiopian Parliament, was elected and enthroned as Abuna Merkorios. Following the fall of the Derg regime in 1991, and the coming to power of the EPRDF government, Merkorios abdicated under public pressure. The church then elected a new Patriarch, Paulos, who was recognized by the Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria. The former Merkorios then fled abroad, and announced from exile that his abdication had been made under duress and thus he was still the legitimate Patriarch of Ethiopia. Several bishops also went into exile and formed a break-away alternate synod. The Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church granted autocephaly from the Ethiopian Orthodox Church on 28 September 1993 following ratification by Coptic church Patriarch Shenouda III. The schism has met opposition from dissent that saw it as a disintegration of Ethiopia's spiritual heritage.

As of 2005, there are many Ethiopian Orthodox churches located throughout the United States and other countries to which Ethiopians have migrated (Archbishop Yesehaq 1997).

Paulos died on 16 August 2012. On 28 February 2013, a college of electors assembled in Addis Ababa and elected Mathias to be the 6th Patriarch of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.

On 25 July 2018, delegates from the Patriarchate in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and those in the United States, declared reunification in [[Washington, D.C.]. Declaring the end of a 26-year-old schism, the church announced that it acknowledges two Patriarchs, Merkorios, Fourth Patriarch of Ethiopia and Mathias I, Sixth Patriarch and Catholicos of Ethiopia, Archbishop of Axum and Ichege of the See of Saint Taklehaimanot.
On 22 January 2023, an attempt to overthrow Abune Mathias was failed following a secret formation of new 26-made bishop Synod led by Abune Sawiros in Oromia Region diocese, such as in Haro Beale Wold Church in Woliso, and nine bishops of diocese outside the region. The Patriarchate responded as "illegal appointment", where Abune Mathias decried it as "great event that has targeted the church".
On 26 January, the Holy Synod excommunicated three Archbishops that illegally ordinated, where Abune Sawiros, Abune Ewostatewos and Anune Zena Markos ordered deadline to present apology for their action. On 31 January 2023, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed convened a discussion surrounding the incident where he responded he is ready to resolve the conflict. The speech led backlash from the Holy Synod and accused his government of meddling in the Church in reference to separation of church and state in the Article 11 of the FDRE Constitution.

On 4 February, three people reportedly killed in Shashemene by the Oromia Special Forces. According Tewahedo Media Center (TMC), two Orthodox youth killed and four other injured by the Oromo Special Forces. Abune Henok, Archbishop of Addis Ababa Diocese described it as "shameful and heart-wrenching". In response to grievance, numerous celebrities expressed their solidarity to the Church via social media and other platforms, as well as ordered to don black clothes during three-days Fast of Nineveh. On 9 February, the government imposed restriction on social sites targeted to Facebook, Messenger, Telegram and TikTok. On the next day, the delegation of Synod held urgent meeting with Abiy at his office, which resulted in condemnation of the proclaimed Oromia Synod from Abiy. On 12 February, a nationwide protest was postpended, where Abune Petros, the Secretary of the Holy Synod announced that the demonstration postponed following peaceful talk with the Prime Minister and the government agreement to solve the problem. On 15 February, the Church reached agreement with the illegally ordinated synod. The government lifted the internet ban after five months on 17 July.

Traditions

The faith and practice of Orthodox Ethiopian Christians include elements from Miaphysite Christianity as it has developed in Ethiopia over the centuries. Christian beliefs include belief in God (in Ge'ez / Amharic, ′Egziabeher, lit. "Lord of the Universe"), veneration of the Virgin Mary, the angels, and the saints, besides others. According to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church itself, there are no non-Christian elements in the religion other than those from the Old Testament, or Higge 'Orit (ሕገ ኦሪት), to which are added those from the New Testament, or Higge Wongiel (ሕገ ወንጌል). A hierarchy of Kidusan/ቅዱሳን (angelic messengers and saints) conveys the prayers of the faithful to God and carries out the divine will, so when an Ethiopian Christian is in difficulty, he or she appeals to them as well as to God. In more formal and regular rituals, priests communicate on behalf of the community, and only priests may enter the inner sanctum of the usually circular or octagonal church where the tabot ("ark") dedicated to the church's patron saint is housed. On important religious holidays, the tabot is carried on the head of a priest and escorted in procession outside the church. It is the tabot, not the church, which is consecrated. At many services, most parish members remain in the outer ring, where debteras sing hymns and dance.

The Eucharist is given only to those who feel pure, have fasted regularly, and have, in general, properly conducted themselves. In practice, communion is mainly limited to young children and the elderly; those who are at a sexually active age or who have sexual desires generally do not receive the Eucharist. Worshipers receiving communion may enter the middle ring of the church to do so.

Ethiopian Orthodox believers are strict Trinitarians, maintaining the Orthodox teaching that God is united in three persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. This concept is known as səllasé (ሥላሴ), Ge'ez for "Trinity".

Daily services constitute only a small part of an Ethiopian Orthodox Christian's religious observance. Several holy days require prolonged services, singing and dancing, and feasting.

Fast days

An important religious requirement, however, is the keeping of fast days, during which adherents abstain from consuming meat and animal products, and refrain from sexual activity.  The Ethiopian Orthodox Church has 250 fasting days, 180 of which are obligatory for laypeople, not just monks and priests, when vegan food is eaten by the faithful. During the 40-day Advent fast, only one vegan meal is allowed per day.

Fast for Hudadi or Abiye Tsome [ሁዳዴ/ዓብይ ጾም] (Great Lent), 55 days prior to Easter (Fasika). This fast is divided into three separate periods: Tsome Hirkal (ጾመ ህርቃል), eight days commemorating Heraclius; Tsome Arba (ጾመ አርባ), forty days of Lent; and Tsome Himamat (ጾመ ሕማማት), seven days commemorating Holy Week.
Fast of the Apostles, 10–40 days, which the Apostles kept after they had received the Holy Spirit. It begins after Pentecost.
The fast Tsome Dihnet (ጾመ ድህነት), which is on Wednesdays in commemoration of the plot organized to kill Jesus Christ by Caiaphas and the members of the house of the high priest and Fridays in commemoration of the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ (starts on Wednesday after Pentecost and spans up to Easter, in other words all Wednesdays and Fridays except during 50 days after Easter).
The fast of Dormition, 16 days.
The fast preceding Christmas, 40 days (Advent). It begins with Sibket on 15th Hedar and ends on Christmas Eve with the feast of Gena and the 29th of Tahsas and 28th if the year is preceded by leap year.
The Fast of Nineveh, commemorating the preaching of Jonah. It comes on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday of the third week before Lent.
The gahad of Timkat (Epiphany), fast on the eve of Epiphany.

In addition to standard holy days, most Christians observe many saints' days. A man might give a small feast on his personal saint's day. The local voluntary association (called the maheber) connected with each church honours its patron saint with a special service and a feast two or three times a year.

Monasticism

Exorcism
Priests intervene and perform exorcisms on behalf of those believed to be afflicted by demons or buda. According to a 2010 Pew Research Center study, 74% of Christians in Ethiopia report having experienced or witnessed an exorcism.  Demon-possessed persons are brought to a church or prayer meeting. Often, when an ill person has not responded to modern medical treatment, the affliction is attributed to demons. Unusual or especially perverse deeds, particularly when performed in public, are symptomatic of a demoniac. Superhuman strength — such as breaking one's bindings, as described in the New Testament accounts — along with glossolalia are observed in the afflicted.  Amsalu Geleta, in a modern case study, relates elements that are common to Ethiopian Christian exorcisms:
It includes singing praise and victory songs, reading from the Scripture, prayer and confronting the spirit in the name of Jesus. Dialogue with the spirit is another important part of the exorcism ceremony. It helps the counsellor (exorcist) to know how the spirit was operating in the life of the demoniac. The signs and events mentioned by the spirit are affirmed by the victim after deliverance.

The exorcism is not always successful, and Geleta notes another instance in which the usual methods were unsuccessful, and the demons apparently left the subject at a later time. In any event, "in all cases the spirit is commanded in no other name than the name of Jesus."

Biblical canon

The Orthodox Tewahedo Church Canon contains 81 books. This canon contains the books accepted by other Orthodox Christians.
 The Narrower Canon also includes Enoch, Jubilees, and I II III Meqabyan. (These are unrelated to the Greek I, II, III Maccabees with which they are often confused.) The canonical Enoch differs from the editions of the Ge'ez manuscripts in the British Museum and elsewhere (A-Q) used by foreign scholars (OTP), for example in the treatment of the Nephilim of Genesis 6. The current 81-book version, published in 1986, contains the same text as previously published in the Haile Selassie Version of the Bible, only with some minor modifications to the New Testament translation.
 Some sources speak of the Broader Canon, which has never been published as a single compilation but is said to include all of the Narrower Canon, as well as additional New Testament books said to have been used by the early church: two Books of the Covenant, four Books of Sinodos, an Epistle of Peter to Clement — also known as "Ethiopic Clement" — and the Ethiopic Didascalia. These may not all bear close resemblance to works with similar titles known in the West. An eight-part Ethiopic version of the history of the Jewish people written by Joseph ben Gorion, known as the 'Pseudo-Josephus', is considered part of the broader canon, though it would be considered an Old Testament work.

Language

The divine services of the Ethiopian Church are celebrated in Geʽez, which has been the liturgical language of the church at least since the arrival of the Nine Saints (Pantelewon, Gerima (Isaac, or Yeshaq), Aftse, Guba, Alef, Yem'ata, Liqanos, and Sehma), who are believed to have fled persecution by the Byzantine Empire after the Council of Chalcedon (451). The Greek Septuagint was the version of the Old Testament originally translated into Ge'ez, but later revisions show clear evidence of the use of Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic sources. The first translation into a modern vernacular was done in the 19th century by a man usually known as Abu Rumi (died 1819). Later, Haile Selassie sponsored Amharic translations of the Ge'ez Scriptures during his reign (1930–1974): one in 1935 before World War II and one afterwards (1960–1961). Sermons today are usually delivered in the local language.

Architecture

There are many monolithic (rock-hewn) churches in Ethiopia, most famously eleven churches at Lalibela. Besides these, two main types of architecture are found—one basilican, the other native. The Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion at Axum is an example of the basilican design, though the early basilicas are nearly all in ruin. These examples show the influence of the architects who, in the 6th century, built the basilicas at Sanʻā' and elsewhere in the Arabian Peninsula. There are two forms of native churches: one oblong, traditionally found in Tigray; the other circular, traditionally found in Amhara and Shewa (though either style may be found elsewhere). In both forms, the sanctuary is square and stands clear in the centre, and the arrangements are based on Jewish tradition. Walls and ceilings are adorned with frescoes. A courtyard, circular or rectangular, surrounds the body of the church. Modern Ethiopian churches may incorporate the basilican or native styles and use contemporary construction techniques and materials. In rural areas, the church and outer court are often thatched, with mud-built walls. The church buildings are typically surrounded by a forested area, acting as a reservoir of biodiversity in otherwise de-forested parts of the country.

Ark of the Covenant

The Ethiopian Church claims that one of its churches, Our Lady Mary of Zion, is host to the original Ark of the Covenant that Moses carried with the Israelites during the Exodus. Only one priest is allowed into the building where the Ark is located, ostensibly due to biblical warnings of danger. As a result, international scholars doubt that the original Ark is truly there.

Throughout Ethiopia, Orthodox churches are not considered churches until the local bishop gives them a tabot, a replica of the tablets in the original Ark of the Covenant. The tabot is at least six inches (15 cm) square, and it is made of either alabaster, marble, or wood (see acacia). It is always kept in ornate coverings on the altar. Only priests are allowed to touch the tabot. In an elaborate procession, the tabot is carried around the outside of the church amid joyful song on the feast day of that particular church's namesake. On the great Feast of T'imk'et, known as Epiphany or Theophany in Europe, a group of churches send their tabot to celebrate the occasion at a common location where a pool of water or a river is to be found.

Similarities to Judaism and Islam

The Ethiopian Church places a heavier emphasis on Old Testament teachings than one might find in Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic or Protestant churches, and its followers adhere to certain practices that one finds in Orthodox or Conservative Judaism. Ethiopian Christians, like some other Eastern Christians, traditionally follow dietary rules that are similar to Jewish Kashrut, specifically with regard to the slaughter of animals. Similarly, pork is prohibited, though unlike Rabbinical Kashrut, Ethiopian cuisine does mix dairy products with meat, which in turn makes it even closer to Karaite and Islamic dietary laws (see Halal). Women are prohibited from entering the church temple during menses; they are also expected to cover their hair with a large scarf (or shash) while in church, as described in 1 Corinthians, chapter 11. As with Orthodox synagogues, men and women sit separately in the Ethiopian church, with men on the left and women on the right (when facing the altar). (Women covering their heads and separation of the sexes in churches officially is common to few other Christian traditions; it is also the rule in some non-Christian religions, Islam and Orthodox Judaism among them).

Before praying, the Ethiopian Orthodox wash their hands and face, in order to be clean before and present their best to God; shoes are removed in order to acknowledge that one is offering prayer before a holy God. Ethiopian Orthodox worshippers remove their shoes when entering a church temple, in accordance with Exodus 3:5 (in which Moses, while viewing the burning bush, was commanded to remove his shoes while standing on holy ground). Furthermore, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church upholds Sabbatarianism, observing the seventh-day Sabbath (Saturday), in addition to the Lord's Day (Sunday), although more emphasis, because of the Resurrection of Christ, is laid upon Sunday.

The Ethiopian Orthodox Church calls for male circumcision, with near-universal prevalence among Orthodox men in Ethiopia. The  Ethiopian Orthodox practice circumcision as a rite of passage, and they circumcise their sons "anywhere from the first week of life to the first few year".

The Ethiopian Orthodox Church prescribes several kinds of hand washing and traditionally follow rituals that are similar to Jewish netilat yadayim, for example after leaving the latrine, lavatory or bathhouse, or before prayer, or after eating a meal. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church observes days of ritual purification. People who are ritually unclean may approach the church but are not permitted to enter it; they instead stand near the church door and pray during the liturgy.

Rastafarian and other sectarian movements

Emperor Haile Selassie was himself a member of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, and refuted the heretical claims of the Rastafarian new religious movement that had begun independently of him in the African diaspora of the Americas. A chief exponent of the movement, Bob Marley, was baptised into the Ethiopian Orthodox church in 1980 shortly before his death.

Debtera

A debtera is an itinerant lay priest figure (not a member of the priesthood) trained by the Ethiopian Church to function principally as a scribe or cantor. But often he is also a folk healer, who may also function in roles comparable to a deacon or exorcist. Folklore and legends ascribe the role of magician to the debtera as well.

Music

The music of Ethiopian Orthodox Church traced back to Saint Yared, who composed Zema or "chant", which divided into three modes: Ge'ez (ordinary days), Ezel (fast days and Lent) and Araray (principal feasts). It is important to Ethiopian liturgy and divided into fourteen Anaphoras, the normal use being of the Twelve Apostles. In ancient times, there were six Anaphoras used by many monasteries.

Patriarch-Catholicoi, archbishops and bishops

Patriarch-Catholicos

Since 1959, when the church was granted autocephaly by Cyril VI, Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, an Ethiopian Patriarch-Catholicos of Eritrea also carrying the title of Abuna is the head of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The Abuna is officially known as Patriarch and Catholicos of Ethiopia, Archbishop of Axum and Ichege of the See of Saint Taklahaimanot. The incumbent head of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church is Mathias who acceded to this position on 28 February 2013.

Archbishops and bishops
Ethiopia:
 Mathias, Patriarch and Head of all Archbishops of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church

Canada:
 Demetrios, archbishop of Eastern Canada
 Mathias, archbishop of Western Canada

Middle East:
 Dimetros, Archbishop of the United Arab Emirates and its surrounding areas
Kewestos, Archbishop of Jerusalem

South America:
 Thaddaeus, archbishop of the Caribbean and Latin America

United States:
 Fanuel, archbishop of Washington, D.C
 Markos, archbishop of New York and its surrounding areas.
 Philipos, archbishop of Pennsylvania and Head of Eyesus Church in Baltimore
 Yaekob, archbishop of Georgia and its surrounding areas (Southeastern States)
 Ewesatewos, archbishop of Minnesota and its surrounding areas.
 Natnael, archbishop of Colorado and surrounding areas
 Selama, archbishop of Ohio
 Sawiros, archbishop of Texas
 Michael, archbishop of Northern California
 Barnabas, archbishop of Southern California

Western Europe:
 Yosef, Archbishop of Europe, in Rome.

Eparchies
The current eparchies of the church include:

See also

 Abuna
 Biblical law in Christianity
 Christianity and Judaism
 Christian observances of Jewish holidays
 Christianity in Ethiopia
 Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
 Ethiopian Catholic Church
 Ethiopian chant
 Ethiopian Orthodox Church in Exile
 Judaizers
 List of abunas of Ethiopia
 List of calendar of saints in the Orthodox Tewahedo
 Oriental Orthodox Church

Further reading

References

Bibliography

Archbishop Yesehaq. 1997. The Ethiopian Tewahedo Church: An Integrally African Church. Winston-Derek Publishers.

Mikre-Sellassie Gebre-Amanuel. 1993. "The Bible and its canon in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church." The Bible Translator 44/1:111-123.

External links

Divine Liturgy of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church
Ethiopian Religions – Christianity, Islam, Judaism & Paganism
Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -the oldest site)
CNEWA article by Ronald Roberson: Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
Historical Evolution of Ethiopian Anaphoras
Abbink, J. A Bibliography on Christianity in Ethiopia. Leiden: African Studies Centre, 2003 (PDF)

Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
Members of the World Council of Churches

Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church


Shinzan Miyamae (宮前 心山, 1935-2021) was a Rinzai Zen Buddhist rōshi (teacher). He restored Gyokuryuji, the hermitage of Edo-period Zen Master Bankei Yotaku Zenji in Gifu, Japan and taught there from 1990 to his death.

Biography
Miyamae was born Niigata, Japan, in 1935. He obtained an economics degree from Doshisha University with a degree in economics, and after a failed business and suicidal thoughts turned to religion was later ordained a Zen monk by Mitsui Daishin Rōshi (1903–1992).

Later he founded Zendo Kyodan (禅道教団 – Zenways Sangha), a primarily lay-based Rinzai organization and restored Gyokuryuji, the hermitage of Bankei Yōtaku (1622–1693) with the intention of focusing on what he believed to be the true orientation of the Rinzai School, the development of spiritual insight.

The Buddhist establishment in Japan considers him a maverick over his willingness to teach former members of the Doomsday Cult Aum Shinrikyo

Long critical over the system of charges for funerals that help to support Rinzai temples and train monks, by mutual agreement with Myoshinji, he withdrew from the Myoshinji branch of the Rinzai Zen sect in 2005 and taught as an independent monk. In May 2007 he named Julian Daizan Skinner Rōshi as a teacher, presenting him with inka In November 2009 he named Melody Cornell Eshin Rōshi as a teacher and in June 2017 he also named Matt Shinkai Kane as a teacher, presenting them both with inka (transmission). In May 2018 he confirmed his Dharma transmission to Tomio Yugaku Ameku and Barbara Jikai Gabrys, naming them both as a teacher and presenting them with inka.

He died on 27 May 2021 in Japan.

References

1935 births
People from Niigata Prefecture
Living people
Zen Buddhist spiritual teachers

Shinzan Miyamae Roshi


Peter Schreier (29 July 1935 – 25 December 2019) was a German tenor and conductor. He was born in Meissen, Germany.

Schreier made his professional debut in August 1959, playing the role of the First Prisoner in Fidelio by Beethoven. In 1963, he was employed by the Berlin State Opera at Unter den Linden. In 1969, he starred as The Witch in Engelbert Humperdinck's Hansel and Gretel.

Schreier died on 25 December 2019 in Dresden, Germany at the age of 84.

References

Other websites
Peter Schreier biography on Bach-Cantatas
documentary film on DVD about the last year of Peter Schreier as a singer
Peter Schreier Page the fanpage about Peter Schreier
Interview with Peter Schreier, March 10, 1997
Mozart REQUIEM
Singing Schubert

1935 births
2019 deaths
German conductors
Tenors

Peter Schreier


The National Roofing Contractors Association is one of the US construction industry's trade associations and a voice in the roofing industry for information, education, technology, and advocacy. Founded in 1886, the NRCA is a nonprofit association that represents all segments of the roofing industry, including contractors; manufacturers; distributors; architects; consultants; engineers; building owners; and city, state, and government agencies. "The association has more than 3,500 members from all 50 states and 53 countries and is affiliated with 97 local, state, regional and international roofing contractor associations"

Professional Roofing is NRCA's monthly publication. Reid Ribble is the current Chief Executive Officer.

References

External links

Trade associations based in the United States


Jump London is a documentary first broadcast by Channel 4 about parkour and free running in September 2003, directed by Mike Christie and produced by Optomen Television.  It later spawned a sequel, Jump Britain that first aired in January 2005. Both feature documentaries were directed by Mike Christie.

Jump London followed three French traceurs, Sébastien Foucan, Jérôme Ben Aoues, and Johann Vigroux, as they run around many of London's most famous landmarks, including Royal Albert Hall, Shakespeare's Globe Theatre, HMS Belfast, and many others.

Music
The music used in the film for each location was as follows:

"Ordinary Day" by Bent (from The Everlasting Blink) - Somerset House
"Jump Main Theme" by Ian Masterson - The Mall, Royal Albert Hall
"Jumping" by Ian Masterson - HMS Belfast, Redjacket
"Noctuary" by Bonobo (from Dial 'M' for Monkey) - City of London School, Globe
"London" by Pet Shop Boys / Felix da Housecat (from Disco 3) - Globe, Big Ben shots
"Break My Head" by Thomas Beach - Old County Hall, Saatchi & Saatchi, Soho
"What Your Soul Sings" by Massive Attack (from 100th Window) - National Theatre, Tate Modern

External links
 Jump London page on Channel 4's website

Parkour in film
British sports documentary films

Jump London


William Kunstler: Disturbing the Universe is a documentary film about the late American civil rights attorney William Kunstler directed by daughters Emily Kunstler and Sarah Kunstler that premiered at the 25th Sundance Film Festival in January 2009.

William Kunstler was a famous 20th-century lawyer whose clients included Martin Luther King Jr., the Chicago Seven, Larry Davis, Malcolm X, Phillip and Daniel Berrigan, Abbie Hoffman, H. Rap Brown, Stokely Carmichael, Adam Clayton Powell Jr., Filiberto Ojeda Ríos and Leonard Peltier. The New York Times called him "the most hated and most loved lawyer in America". Kunstler served as the negotiator for inmates at the prison uprising at Attica State Prison in New York in 1971.

This film is a co-production of the Independent Television Service (ITVS) and was broadcast on the PBS television series P.O.V. in June 2010. The film was an official selection of the 2009 Sundance Film Festival. It also received a 2008 grant from the Foundation for Jewish Culture's Lynn and Jules Kroll Fund for Jewish Documentary Film. Arthouse Films released the film theatrically in North America in 2009.

Reception
The film has generally received favorable reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 79% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on 28 reviews.

Stephen Holden of The New York Times described the film as a "refresher course on the history of American left-wing politics in the 1960s and '70s as well as an affectionate personal biography of Kunstler."

In 2009, the film was nominated for the Documentary Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival.

In 2010, the film was among 15 films shortlisted for an Academy Awards for Best Documentary Feature for the 83rd Academy Awards.

References

Articles
 IFC.com: Disturbing the Universe with Michael Moore
Review in Arts of War on the Web, Dec. 9, 2009
Feature about Emily and Sarah Kunstler and William Kunstler: Disturbing the Universe in The New York Times
Feature about Emily and Sarah Kunstler and William Kunstler: Disturbing the Universe in the Los Angeles Times
Article written by Emily and Sarah Kunstler in The Huffington Post
Interview with Emily and Sarah Kunstler in indieWIRE
Interview with Emily and Sarah Kunstler in Gothamist
Review by Alec Baldwin in The Huffington Post
Review in San Francisco's BeyondChron
Review on Hamptons.com
Review in the Missoula Independent
Review in the NYC Independent
Review in The Hollywood Reporter
Review from Le Monde
Review on écrans.fr
indieWire reports of sale of Kunstler movie to Arthouse Films
indieWire interviews Emily and Sarah Kunstler
Review in The Indypendent
Roundtable interview of Sarah and Emily Kunstler, Margaret Ratner Kunstler, Michael Ratner, and Yusef Salaam, in Revolution
Review in The Stranger
Review in Variety
Full Frame Award Winners Press Release
Traverse City Award Winners Press Release

External links
Film web site
ITVS page
filmmaker web site
Film Facebook Fan page
The William Moses Kunstler Fund for Racial Justice

Chicago Daily Law Bulletin
StoptheDrugWar.org
IFP Market
Sundance's slate shows film's global reach

American biographical films
Films about activists
Films about the Chicago Seven
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


Clicker Heroes is a free-to-play video game. Playsaurus made it. It is an idle game.

Clicker Heroes is a spinoff of the Playsaurus game Cloudstone.

Clicker Heroes was released in 2014 for web browsers. It was also released for phones in 2015. In 2017, it was released for the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 gaming consoles.

Gameplay
Players play Clicker Heroes by clicking on creatures (known as "monsters") to kill them. Monsters give gold when the player kills them. Players can use gold to buy heroes. These automatically kill monsters. Clicker Heroes works without the need for the player to do anything.

Release

Clicker Heroes was released on the gaming website Kongregate in August 2014. It was also released on Armor Games in September 2014.

Clicker Heroes was released onto the Steam platform in May 2015 for Microsoft Windows and OS X. On August 20, 2015, it was also released for iOS and Android.

Reception

Critics quite liked Clicker Heroes. Nathan Grayson of Kotaku called it "[a] perfect office space distraction". Christian Donlan, a writer for Eurogamer, said that the game was his "office secret" and that it was very addictive. Sammy Barker of Push Square gave Clicker Heroes a score of 5/10.

Because Clicker Heroes was well-liked on Steam, there are now many other idle games on that platform.

Second game
Playsaurus made a second Clicker Heroes game called Clicker Heroes 2. Unlike the first Clicker Heroes, Clicker Heroes 2 is not free-to-play.

Legal issues
Clicker Heroes was removed for a short time from the Apple App Store in May 2019. This was because a Chinese company made a clone of Clicker Heroes. They then asked Apple to take the original version of the game off the app store.

Related pages
Cloudstone

References

Other websites

Video games
Xbox One games
PlayStation 4 games
2014 video games

Clicker Heroes


A point particle, ideal particle or point-like particle (often spelled pointlike particle) is an idealization of particles heavily used in physics. Its defining feature is that it lacks spatial extension; being dimensionless, it does not take up space. A point particle is an appropriate representation of any object whenever its size, shape, and structure are irrelevant in a given context. For example, from far enough away, any finite-size object will look and behave as a point-like object. Point masses and point charges, discussed below, are two common cases.  When a point particle has an additive property, such as mass or charge, it is often represented mathematically by a Dirac delta function.

In quantum mechanics, the concept of a point particle is complicated by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, because even an elementary particle, with no internal structure, occupies a nonzero volume. For example, the atomic orbit of an electron in the hydrogen atom occupies a volume of ~. There is nevertheless a distinction between elementary particles such as electrons or quarks, which have no known internal structure, versus composite particles such as protons, which do have internal structure: A proton is made of three quarks.
Elementary particles are sometimes called "point particles" in reference to their lack of internal structure, but this is in a different sense than discussed above.

Point mass
Point mass (pointlike mass) is the concept, for example in classical physics, of a physical object (typically matter) that has nonzero mass, and yet explicitly and specifically is (or is being thought of or modeled as) infinitesimal (infinitely small) in its volume or linear dimensions.
In the theory of gravity, extended objects can behave as point-like even in their immediate vicinity.  For example, spherical objects interacting in 3-dimensional space whose interactions are described by the Newtonian gravitation behave in such a way as if all their matter were concentrated in their centers of mass. In fact, this is true for all fields described by an inverse square law.

Point charge

Similar to point masses, in electromagnetism physicists discuss a , a point particle with a nonzero electric charge. The fundamental equation of electrostatics is Coulomb's law, which describes the electric force between two point charges. Another result, Earnshaw's theorem, states that a collection of point charges cannot be maintained in a static equilibrium configuration solely by the electrostatic interaction of the charges. The electric field associated with a classical point charge increases to infinity as the distance from the point charge decreases towards zero, which suggests that the model is no longer accurate in this limit.

In quantum mechanics

In quantum mechanics, there is a distinction between an elementary particle (also called "point particle") and a composite particle. An elementary particle, such as an electron, quark, or photon, is a particle with no known internal structure. Whereas a composite particle, such as a proton or neutron, has an internal structure (see figure).
However, neither elementary nor composite particles are spatially localized, because of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The particle wavepacket always occupies a nonzero volume. For example, see atomic orbital: The electron is an elementary particle, but its quantum states form three-dimensional patterns.

Nevertheless, there is good reason that an elementary particle is often called a point particle. Even if an elementary particle has a delocalized wavepacket, the wavepacket can be represented as a quantum superposition of quantum states wherein the particle is exactly localized. Moreover, the interactions of the particle can be represented as a superposition of interactions of individual states which are localized.  This is not true for a composite particle, which can never be represented as a superposition of exactly-localized quantum states. It is in this sense that physicists can discuss the intrinsic "size" of a particle: The size of its internal structure, not the size of its wavepacket. The "size" of an elementary particle, in this sense, is exactly zero.

For example, for the electron, experimental evidence shows that the size of an electron is less than . This is consistent with the expected value of exactly zero. (This should not be confused with the classical electron radius, which, despite the name, is unrelated to the actual size of an electron.)

See also
 Test particle

 Brane
 Charge (physics) (general concept, not limited to electric charge)
 Standard Model of particle physics
Wave–particle duality

Notes and references

Notes

Bibliography

Further reading

Concepts in physics
Classical mechanics

Point particle