Eva Persaki ( is a Greek painter. She was born in Paris and was raised in an artistic environment as she was the daughter of the painter Gianna Persaki and the Hungarian French sculptor László Szabó. Her stepfather was the Greek sculptor Costas Koulentianos and she was a student of painter Panos Sarafianos.

Eva Persaki studied literature at the University of Sorbonne and graduated from the Greek Fine Arts School first as a student of the painter George Mavroidis and then of Kostas Xinopoulos professor of Vyzantine Hagiography. During her studies she was granted of a two-year scholarship from the Greek government.

While in Paris, she did lessons with Hayter who was Pablo's Picasso teacher in engraving and then she also studied at the Academy of Grande Chaumiere. In 1978, under a scholarship of the Indian Embassy she went to Benares to study miniatures and following she studied Tibetan Painting lessons Tang-ka, in Nepal for three years.

Her work is mainly diversified in portraits, landscapes and hagiography and can be recognised  from the vibrant colours.
Paintings are located in Paris, United States, England, Italy, Japan, Switzerland, Ireland, Greece and in private collections including Collection Cagellari in Athens.

She is a founding member of the Picturial Association in Syros island and lives and works between Athens, Syros and London.

Group exhibitions

2013 Syros Open Art Studios

2012 Municipal Art Gallery, Piraeus

2011 Scala Shop, Mykonos

2011 Art Centre, Vasilisis Sofias, Athens

2008 Gallery Cafe, Athens

2008 Culture Organisation Athens Town

2007 Milo Gallery, Athens

2007 Aenaon Gallery, Athens

2006 Centre of Arts and Human Rights, Athens

2005 Centre of Arts and Human Rights, Athens

2002 Gallery Skoufa, Athens

2001, Apothiki Gallery, Syros

1994 Epipeda Gallery, Athens

1993 Epipeda Gallery, Athens

1986 "Women Artists", Sillogi Gallery, Athens

1985 Art Organization of Greece, Athens

1977 Luxembourg Museum, Paris

1975 Library Plethron

Individual exhibitions

2010 Ermoupoleia 2010, Syros

2008 Ermoupoleia 2008, Syros

2007 Milo Gallery, Athens

2007 Pontoporos Gallery, Paros

2006 Pontoporos Gallery, Paros

2007 Christina Karela Gallery, Athens

2007 Cosmos Gallery, Hermoupolis, Syros

2005 Art Gallery Lavyrinth, Katerini

2003 Ermoupoleia 2003, Syros

1998 Culture Organisation, Athens Townhall

1997 Aenaon Gallery (Bulgarian Embassy)

1994 Epipeda Gallery, Athens

1990 Cultural Centre, Syros

1988 Loulaki Gallery, Hydra

1985 Artistic Centre Ora, Athens

References

Date of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century French women artists
21st-century Greek women artists
Artists from Paris
University of Paris alumni
Portrait artists

Eva Persaki


Forvie was a village in what is now the Forvie National Nature Reserve, located at the modern location of Rockend some fourteen miles north of Aberdeen. It was one of several settlements in northeast Scotland that have been overcome by sand dunes.

There are visible remains of the 12th-century church of St Adamnan and other remains were found by a survey in the 1950s. Little is known of the village, which is believed to have been abandoned during the 15th century. There are records, however, of good oats harvests.

References

Former populated places in Scotland

Forvie


The New Zealand Law Society () is the parent body for barristers and solicitors in New Zealand. It was established in 1869, and regulates all lawyers practising in New Zealand. Membership of the society is voluntary, although any person wishing to practice law in New Zealand must obtain a practising certificate from the society. The society has 13 branch offices throughout the country. Each branch has a president and a council, which represent their members' interests on a regional and national level.

Structure
The New Zealand Law Society was established by statute in 1869. The current legislation is the Lawyers and Conveyancers Act 2006 (LCA), which came into force on 1 August 2008. The Act continues the Law Society and sets out its regulatory and representative functions and powers.

Previous legislation provided for 14 district law societies with their own statutory powers, operating in a federal structure with the Law Society. The statutory role of districts ceased on 31 January 2009 and, with the exception of Auckland, their assets and liabilities were transferred to the Law Society.
From 1 February 2009, branches of the Law Society were established in all former districts, including Auckland.

The Law Society's Constitution sets out the membership, election processes and meeting procedures for the Law Society's governing bodies. The Law Society is governed by a Council and managed by a Board.

The Council comprises the president, the four vice-presidents, one member from each branch of the Law Society, the chair or president of each of the Law Society's sections, the chair or president of the New Zealand Bar Association, and a representative of the large law firm corporation.
The Board acts as the executive body, managing the affairs of the Law Society and exercising most of the functions and powers of the Council under delegation. The Board comprises the president (and president-elect where applicable) and the four vice-presidents. The Board also has an independent, non-lawyer representative. It appoints members to the Law Society's law reform committees.

The Law Society is supported by its executive, under the leadership of the executive director.

Functions
The regulatory functions of the Law Society are set out in s 65 of the LCA. They include controlling and regulating the practice of the profession of law in New Zealand, and assisting and promoting the reform of the law (for the purpose of upholding the rule of law and the administration of justice).

Among the Law Society's regulatory activities are:

 issuing practising certificates;
 maintaining a register of lawyers;
 making practice rules;
 law reform activities, including submissions on legislation;
 managing the Lawyers Complaints Service;
 operating a Financial Assurance scheme;
 operating a Fidelity Fund.

All lawyers are regulated, and must pay the required regulatory fees and levies.

Membership

Full membership of the Law Society is voluntary, and is open to any lawyer with a current practising certificate. Membership includes access to the full range of the Law Society's representative services and the opportunity to have a say in the way the profession is regulated.

Sections

Property law section
The Property Law Section represents the interests of a large number of New Zealand's property lawyers by supporting its members in the development and practice of property law. The section is also active in property law reform activities.

Family law section
The Family Law Section has primary responsibility on behalf of the society in all areas of family law and has a strong and active voice in relation to such issues as Family Courts management, the independence of the Family Court, Lawyer for Child rates, legal aid rates, and education.

ILANZ
The In-house Lawyers Association of New Zealand provides advocacy, networking and education to lawyers working in private sector, public sector, academia, not-for-profit and other organisations.

Law reform
The Law Society makes submissions on many bills referred to select committee and on discussion papers from government agencies and the Law Commission. It also maintains open communication with the government on administration of justice and rule of law issues.

The Law Society's Law Reform Committee, with assistance from the specialist committees and the sections, prepares submissions on behalf of the legal profession and in the public interest.

Lawyers complaints service
The Service handles all complaints about lawyers or former lawyers; incorporated law firms or former incorporated law firms; people who are not lawyers but who are or were an employee of a lawyer or an incorporated law firm.

Communications
The society produces a monthly magazine, LawTalk, available in both print and digital versions, a weekly e-newsletter for all registered lawyers, LawPoints, a weekly newsletter for non-lawyers, NZLS Weekly, and Guides to the Law.

Presidents
Since 1897, the office of president was elected. The first holder of the office, from 1870 to 1875, was James Prendergast upon appointment by the government.
 Walter Scott Reid (1897–1902)
 Francis Bell (1902–1918)
 Charles Skerrett (1918–1926)
 Alexander Gray (1926–1934)
 Charles Herbert Treadwell (1934–1935)
 Humphrey O'Leary (1935–1946)
 Philip Cooke (1946–1950)
 William Cunningham (1950–1954)
 Timothy Cleary (1954–1957)
 Allan Bruce Buxton (1957–1959)
 David Perry (1959–1962)
 Denis Blundell (1962–1968)
 Denis McGrath (1968–1971)
 Stanley William Wilford Tong (1971–1974)
 William Guy Smith (1974)
 Lester John Castle (1974–1977)
 Laurie Southwick (1977–1980)
 Thomas Eichelbaum (1980–1982)
 Bruce Slane (1982–1985)
 Peter Clapshaw (1985–1988)
 Graham Mitchell Cowley (1988–1990)
 Judith Potter (1990–1993)
 Austin Forbes (1993–1996)
 Ian Leslie Haynes (1996–1999)
 Christine Grice (1999–2003)
 Christopher Robert Darlow (2003–2007)
 John Marshall (2007–2010)
 Jonathan Temm (2010–2013)
 Chris Moore (2013–2016)
 Kathryn Beck (2016–2019)
 Tiana Epati (2019–2022)
 Jacque Lethbridge (2022–2022)
 Frazer Barton (2022–present)

See also
 New Zealand Bar Association

References

External links

Bar associations
1869 establishments in New Zealand
Law societies
Professional associations based in New Zealand

New Zealand Law Society


Marta Moretto is an Italian operatic lyric mezzo-soprano, who was born in Padua.

A graduate of the Conservatorio "Cesare Pollini," in her native city, Moretto made her formal debut in 1990, as Maddalena in Rigoletto, in Mexico City.  She has appeared in Berlin (Verdi Requiem, 1990), Lucca (Santuzza in Cavalleria rusticana, and Suzuki in Madama Butterfly, 1991), Venice (in Busoni's Turandot, directed by Achim Freyer, 1994, and the Zia Principessa in Suor Angelica, 1996), Savona (Azucena in Il trovatore, 1995), Rouen (Ulrica in Un ballo in maschera, 1996), Marseille and Lyon (Fenena in Nabucco, 1996), Parma (Ortrud in Lohengrin, 2000, and Rigoletto, 2001), and Messina (Leokadja Begbick in Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny, 2001).

In 2001, the Centennial of Giuseppe Verdi's death, Moretto sang Amneris, in Aïda, in Pavia, Pisa, Rovigo, and Trento.  In 2003, her German debut took place in the title role of Bizet's Carmen, opposite the Don José of Fernando del Valle, in a production of the Loreley Klassik at the Balver Höhle.  She has also sung in Seoul and Monte-Carlo.  In Rome, in 2009, she was seen in Iphigénie en Aulide, conducted by Riccardo Muti, as well as in Pelléas et Mélisande (as Geneviève), which was produced by Pierre Audi.

In 1993, Moretto recorded the role of the Princesse de Bouillon, in Adriana Lecouvreur, opposite Magda Olivero in the name part.  Excerpts from the recording were released on the Bongiovanni label.

References

Sources
 Liner notes, Adriana Lecouvreur, Bongiovanni, 1993.

External links
  Marta Moretto in an excerpt from Un ballo in maschera (2005).

Italian operatic mezzo-sopranos
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Musicians from Padua
20th-century Italian women  opera singers
21st-century Italian women  opera singers

Marta Moretto


Environment is a 1917 American silent drama film directed by James Kirkwood and starring Mary Miles Minter. As with many of Minter's features, it is believed to be a lost film. It is one of ten Minter films to also feature her older sister Margaret Shelby in a supporting role.

Plot

As described in film magazines, Elizabeth "Liz" Simpkins (Minter) is the motherless daughter of John Simpkins (Clark), the town drunk. Despite the challenges of her home life, Liz manages to graduate with honours from the village high school, even though she has to make her own graduation dress and attend the ceremony alone. She then attempts to support her father and herself by taking in laundry. The village minister, Henry Pennfield (Fisher), takes an interest in Liz and develops an attraction to her, which she reciprocates.

Meanwhile, Mildred Holcombe (Shelby), a rich society girl of the village, has fallen in love with Arnold Brice, who claims to be a travelling artist but is in fact selling forgeries. When her disapproving brother Arthur is about to catch Mildred in a clandestine tryst with Brice, Liz hurries to warn the other girl. Mildred is able to flee but Brice traps Liz in his quarters, and when Arthur Holcombe arrives he misinterprets the situation and accuses Liz of having an affair with Brice.

Liz is unwilling to divulge Mildred's secret, and so the village authorities meet to decide what to do with her. Meanwhile, Liz's father has grown increasingly ill through drinking, and he passes away, leaving Liz an orphan. The authorities decide that Liz must be sent to an institution on account of her supposed inappropriate behaviour.

Liz pleads with Mildred to tell the truth and clear her good name, but Mildred refuses. Pennfield, however, has overheard this conversation. He reveals the truth to Arthur Holcombe, sees that Brice leaves town, resigns his position as minister, and announces that he will wed Liz Simpkins.

Cast

References

External links

1917 films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
1917 drama films
Silent American drama films
Films directed by James Kirkwood Sr.
1910s American films

Environment (1917 film)


Barbara Visser (born May 20, 1966 in Haarlem) is a Dutch artist, who works as conceptual artist, photographer, video artist, and performance artist.

Biography
Visser studied at the Gerrit Rietveld Academy in Amsterdam from 1985 to 1991, and in this period at the Cooper Union University in New York in 1989, and later at the Jan van Eyck Academy in Maastricht in 1998.

After her graduation, she settled in Amsterdam as independent artist. Since 1998 Visser has exhibited her work at various exhibitions at home and abroad in solo and group exhibitions, most recently at the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art in Gateshead (England). In 2006 Museum The Pavilions in Almere presented a retrospective her work. That year the monograph was published, entitled "Barbara Visser is not there" (Barbara Visser is er niet).

Work by Visser is present in museums, such as the Netherlands Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, the Gemeentemuseum Den Haag in The Hague, the Museum of Modern Art Arnhem, the Frans Hals Museum in Haarlem, and the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in Rotterdam. In addition to her work at the Museum of Modern Art, Antwerp (Belgium) and the FRAC - Nord-Pas de Calais to Dunkirk (France).

Visser received the Charlotte Köhler Prize by the Prince Bernhard Culture Fund in 1996, and was granted the David Roell Price in 2007. She won the Young Belgian Painters Award in 1999, the Friedrich-Gildenwart Vordemberge Preis in 2000, and Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Art in 2008.

Work
In 1995 Visser was a guest at her own request in the Lithuanian television Gimines, where in four episodes she plays the artist by the name of Barbara Visser and wife of the Lithuanian-American surgeon Steve.

A 2001 article on Barbara Visser in the NRC Handelsblad, discloses that Visser not only seeks to introduce confusion, putting spectators on the wrong foot, but also nestles in the reality, switching back and forth between different realities to tamper with clichés and entrenched frames.

In 2006, TPG Post published a series of postage stamps with the theme 'Dutch' pictures'. Barbara Visser designed herein the stamp with a picture of one in Japan reconstructed Dutch windmill.

References

External links
 Barbara Visser, homepage at barbaravisser.net

Dutch performance artists
Dutch video artists
1966 births
Living people
Dutch women artists
Dutch women photographers
Women performance artists
Women video artists
Gerrit Rietveld Academie alumni
Artists from Haarlem
20th-century Dutch artists
21st-century Dutch artists
20th-century Dutch photographers
21st-century Dutch photographers
20th-century women photographers
21st-century women photographers
20th-century Dutch women

Barbara Visser (artist)


Roger Blackwell is an American marketing expert and public speaker.  He was described in the New York Times as one of America's top speakers on business and marketing, along with Daniel Burrus and Tom Peters. He has served on the board of directors for multiple companies, most prominently Max & Erma's Restaurant, Inc., Abercrombie & Fitch, and Worthington Foods. Blackwell was a long-time marketing professor at Ohio State University, and has also taught at Stanford University, Cape Town University in South Africa, and Guelph University in Canada.  Prior to his retirement, Sales and Marketing Executives International named him Outstanding Marketing Professor in America. He is known for his model of the consumer decision-making process.

Blackwell has published more than twenty-five books and research reports. His most notable publications include Consumer Behavior, 10th edition (he is a co-author), a textbook used in several languages internationally. He also wrote Brands That Rock on the interaction of rock and roll and branding strategy, From Mind to Market, which discusses transforming supply chains into demand chains, Customers Rule!, which contains suggestions and solutions for online businesses, and From the Edge of the World on global marketing strategies.  He published a major report with Dr. Tom Williams, Consumer Driven Health Care, describing how to use HSAs to reduce health care costs, and has published over 100 articles in multiple scholarly and trade journals.

In 1999, Worthington Foods, on whose board Blackwell served, discussed a possible merger with the Kellogg Company.  During the time the merger was discussed, the stock price of Worthington dropped to half its eventual sale price and 6,000 people bought shares, including hundreds of associates of Worthington directors and employees.  Two included an employee of Roger's consulting firm and her husband, who bought additional shares in the IRA accounts.  Roger and the Two employees were convicted of insider trading. Blackwell received a six-year prison sentence and a fine of one million dollars.  Blackwell maintains his innocence, believing his policy of not commenting about board meetings was the appropriate response to people who asked about the company.  Today, Blackwell is a frequent speaker to corporate seminars and university classes on behavioral economics, marketing and ethics.

Notes

External links
Worthington Foods
Columbus Dispatch Article
Kellogg Company

Ohio State University faculty
Marketing speakers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Roger Blackwell


Pierre Brûlart, lord of Genlis and Crosne (c. 1535 – 12 April 1608) was a French statesman of the sixteenth century.

Offices
 Secretary of State under Charles IX of France and Henri III
 Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from 8 June 1569 to 1588.

Family
He was the son of Noel Brulart, Lord of Crosne 1557 and Isabeau Bourdin, lady Chapet (1589).
He married Madeleine Chevalier (1610 / 1611) on 10 September 1571, with children:
 Gilles
 Charles
 + Christmas
 Peter
 + Louis / 1646
 Magdalena
 Nicolas 1659
 Mary 1631
 Elizabeth

He belonged to a house from St Martin at Blois.
He was Secretary to the King in 1557, and commandments of Queen Catherine de' Medici in 1564. At the death of Florimond III Robertet d'Alluye, King Charles IX appointed him Secretary of State from 8 June 1569.
He was at the king's marriage with Elizabeth of Austria, was reading the contract and signed the ratification.

1535 births
1608 deaths
French Foreign Ministers
16th-century French diplomats

Pierre Brûlart, seigneur de Genlis


Earthsea is a fictional place made by Ursula K. Le Guin for her short story "The Word of Unbinding" in 1964, but that became more famous in her book A Wizard of Earthsea, first written in 1968. The books that follow A Wizard of Earthsea are The Tombs of Atuan, The Farthest Shore, Tehanu, Tales from Earthsea and The Other Wind. These are all set in the world of Earthsea

Earthsea books
 A Wizard of Earthsea (1968)
 The Tombs of Atuan (1972)
 The Farthest Shore (1974)
 Tehanu: The Last Book of Earthsea (1990)
 Tales from Earthsea (2001)
 The Other Wind (2001)

Earthsea books

Earthsea


The Liberal Party of Canada ran 262 candidates in the 1968 federal election, and elected 154 members to form a majority government. Many of the party's candidates have their own biography pages; information about others may be found here. This page also includes information about Liberal Party candidates in by-elections between 1968 and 1972.

By-elections

Nanaimo—Cowichan—The Islands, 10 February 1969: Eric W. Winch
Eric W. Winch was from a prominent political family in British Columbia. His father, Ernest Winch, was a prominent member of the British Columbia Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, and his brother Harold Winch led the same party in the 1940s and 1950s and was later a New Democratic Party parliamentarian in the House of Commons of Canada. Winch broke with his family's political background, and ran as a candidate of the Liberal Party in 1969. He was forty-five years old and had several years of experience as a senior magistrate and family court judge; it was his first bid for political office. He was endorsed by Larry Giovando, a former Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. He received 12,897 votes (37.28%), finishing second against New Democratic Party leader Tommy Douglas.

References

1968

Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1968 Canadian federal election


The 1774 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 14th Parliament of Great Britain to be held, after the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707. Lord North's government was returned with a large majority. The opposition consisted of factions supporting the Marquess of Rockingham and the Earl of Chatham, both of whom referred to themselves as Whigs. North's opponents referred to his supporters as Tories, but no Tory party existed at the time and his supporters rejected the label.

Summary of the constituencies
See 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.

Dates of election
The general election was held between 5 October 1774 and 10 November 1774. North's ministry pushed for elections to occur in 1774 (instead of the originally planned 1775) in part due to wanting to avoid having an election coincide with increasing tensions in the American colonies.

At this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see husting for details of the conduct of the elections).

Results

Seats summary

See also
List of parliaments of Great Britain
List of MPs elected in the 1774 British general election

References

 British Electoral Facts 1832–1999, compiled and edited by Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher (Ashgate Publishing Ltd 2000). (For dates of elections before 1832, see the footnote to Table 5.02).
  (1964). The House of Commons, 1754–1790. New York, Published for the History of Parliament Trust by Oxford University Press

1774 in politics
1774 in Great Britain
1774

1774 British general election


Melaleuca recurva, commonly known as Tinaroo bottlebrush, is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to higher areas of far northern Queensland in Australia. (Some Australian state herbaria continue to use the name Callistemon recurvus). It is a shrub with spikes of red flowers tipped with yellow in most months of the year and which often has leaves with their edges curled under.

Description
Melaleuca recurva is a shrub or small tree growing to  high with hard, fibrous bark. Its leaves are arranged alternately and are  long,  wide, flat and narrow egg-shaped with the end tapering to a point. The leaves have indistinct veins and randomly distributed oil glands. The young leaves and branches have fine, silky hairs pressed against their surfaces.

The flowers are bright red tipped with yellow and are arranged in spikes on the ends of branches that continue to grow after flowering, sometimes also in the upper leaf axils. The spikes are  in diameter. The petals are  long, fall off as the flower ages and there are 26-36 stamens in each flower. Flowering occurs throughout the year but mainly in the cooler months and is followed by fruits that are woody capsules,  long.

Taxonomy and naming
Melaleuca recurva was first named in 2006 by Lyndley Craven in Novon when Callistemon recurvus was moved to the present genus. Callistemon recurvus was first formally described in 1990 by Roger David Spencer and Peter Lumley in Muelleria from a specimen collected on Mount Stewart, east of Herberton. The specific epithet (recurva) is a Latin word  meaning "recurved", referring to the leaves often being slightly bent backwards.

Callistemon recurvus is regarded as a synonym of Melaleuca recurva by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Distribution and habitat
Melaleuca recurva occurs in the higher districts in Queensland from the Atherton Tableland south to the Bowen district where it grows in dense scrubland and on rocky outcrops near rivers.

Use in horticulture
Melaleuca recurva is often cultivated due to the presence of flowers through most of the year.

References

recurva
Flora of Queensland
Plants described in 1990

Melaleuca recurva


The Bangkok Plot, also known as the Dap Chhuon Plot, was a late 1950s international conspiracy in Cambodia. The goal being to topple Prince Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia, it was allegedly initiated by the right-wing politicians Sam Sary and  Son Ngoc Thanh, the regional Cambodian warlord and governor Dap Chhuon, and the governments of Thailand and South Vietnam with possible involvement of US intelligence services. The Bangkok Plot and its politics still influence Cambodian politics.

Plot
According to the account later given by Sihanouk, the coup was to be carried out by Thanh's Khmer Serai irregulars, largely from the Khmer Krom minority of southern Vietnam. The Khmer Serai were massed in the southern border areas. Chhuon, who had for a few years been a trusted associate of Sihanouk, was to start an uprising in the north-east. In early February 1959, Admiral Harry Felt, General Lawton Collins and Colonel Edward Lansdale all visited Chhuon's base in Siem Reap.

Sihanouk's intelligence services discovered details of the plot and on February 21, 1959, they dispatched a battalion of troops to arrest Chhuon. A US citizen and alleged CIA radio operator Victor Matsui was captured. Chhuon who had fled, was later apprehended, interrogated, and died "of injuries" in somewhat murky circumstances before he could be properly interviewed. Sihanouk later alleged that Defence Minister Lon Nol had Chhuon shot to prevent him from being implicated in the coup.

Sihanouk arranged for pictures of Chhuon's corpse to be posted on a main Phnom Penh thoroughfare. Of the other main plotters, Sary disappeared in 1962, and Thanh went on to have involvement in Lon Nol's post-1970 government before leaving for Vietnam. Chhuon's brother Slat Peou, a member of Sihanouk's delegation at the United Nations and a friend of Matsui, was executed for treason.

Sihanouk, an amateur film director, later used the plot as the basis for his film Ombre sur Angkor ("Shadow over Angkor") from 1968. He regarded it as conclusive evidence that the US intended to destabilise his regime, which had established relations with Communist China.

Literature

References

External links
 Public link to Sihanouk's film.

Bangkok
Political history of Cambodia
Attempted coups d'état in Asia
Conspiracies
1950s coups d'état and coup attempts
1959 in Thailand
1959 in Cambodia

Bangkok Plot


The Symphony No. 4 in E-flat major, Op. 48, was written by Alexander Glazunov in 1893. The symphony was a departure from Glazunov's three earlier symphonies, which were based on nationalistic Russian tunes and, according to the composer, allowed him to give "personal, free, and subjective impressions of myself."

History
The symphony is dedicated to Anton Rubinstein, a fellow composer and pianist, and has three movements compared to Glazunov's regular four. Glazunov finished the symphony on 4 December 1893, and it was premiered at the Third Russian Concert at the Hall of Nobility on 22 January 1894. The premiere was conducted by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, another eminent Russian composer, who declared the work "marvellous, noble, expressive". Later, Glazunov's daughter, Elena Glazunova-Gunther, would tell her biographer that the Fourth Symphony was the favorite Glazunov symphony in Europe, while the Fifth was favored in America.

Structure
Three movements make up the work:

External links

1893 compositions
Symphonies by Alexander Glazunov
Compositions in E-flat major

Symphony No. 4 (Glazunov)


Nathaniel Greene Foster (August 25, 1809 – October 19, 1869) was an American politician, lawyer, and military officer.

Foster was born near Madison in Morgan County, Georgia in 1809. He graduated from the University of Georgia in Athens in 1830 with a Bachelor of Arts (AB) degree. Foster studied law, gained admittance to the state bar in 1831, and began practicing law in Madison.

During the Seminole War, Foster served as the captain of a company of men. On March 3, 1838, he was elected the solicitor general of the Ocmulgee circuit and served in that position until his resignation on October 3, 1840. Foster was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in 1840 and the Georgia Senate from 1841 through 1843. He was re-elected to that latter body two additional times in 1851 and 1852.

Foster was elected to U.S. House of Representatives in 1854 as a member of the American Party and served one term. During that time, he became ordained pastor in the Baptist Church. After his congressional service, he served as a judge in the Ocmulgee circuit from September 30, 1867, until his resignation in 1868 due to poor health. Foster died the next year on October 19, 1869, in Madison and was buried in that city's Madison Cemetery.

References

External links
Nathaniel Greene Foster entry at The Political Graveyard

1809 births
1869 deaths
People from Morgan County, Georgia
Baptist ministers from the United States
Know-Nothing members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)
Members of the Georgia House of Representatives
Georgia (U.S. state) state senators
Georgia (U.S. state) lawyers
Georgia (U.S. state) state court judges
American people of the Seminole Wars
University of Georgia alumni
Burials in Georgia (U.S. state)
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers
19th-century American clergy
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)
Members of the United States House of Representatives who owned slaves

Nathaniel Greene Foster


Bronisław Komorowski (25 May 1889 – 22 March 1940) was a Polish Roman Catholic priest, active in the interwar period in the predominantly German Free City of Danzig. Komorowski, a Polish patriot and educator, was murdered by the Nazi occupiers at Stutthof concentration camp, together with a number of Polish activists captured during the Polish September Campaign. On 13 June 1999, Komorowski was among 108 Polish martyrs of World War II, beatified in Warsaw by Pope John Paul II.

Youth
Komorowski was born in Barloschno (today known as Barłożno), a village located some 65 kilometers south of Danzig (Gdańsk). His parents were Jan Komorowski (1840–1892) and Katarzyna née Gencza (1859–1925). The father, who was a widower with seven children, after the death of his first wife, Joanna Dluzewska, married Gencza in 1888, a widow with one child. They had three children – Bronisław, Wacław (1890–1891), and Anna (1892-?).

In 1892, after the death of Jan Komorowski, Katarzyna married a wealthy farmer Jan Fankidejski (1866–1934), with whom she had three more children. Bronisław Komorowski was raised with the Fankidejski family, and among his stepfather's friends, there were local Polish activists of Eastern Pomerania, patriotic Roman Catholic priests, Jakub Fankidejski (1844–1883), who also was a historian and teacher at Collegium Marianum in Pelplin, and Feliks Bolt (1864–1940), who became a senator in the Second Polish Republic. Komorowski attended a high school in Culm, and after graduation (1910), he joined a seminary in Pelplin. He was ordained in 1914, and sent to a parish in the village of Langenau, near Praust.

Priesthood
In 1915, he was transferred from Langenau to St. Nicolaus, one of the oldest churches in Danzig. The young vicar, apart from his church activities, helped Polish community of the city, teaching the children Polish history and Polish language. Since 1919, all his sermons were in Polish. In 1923, together with a group of activists, he founded Association of Construction of Polish Churches (Towarzystwo Budowy Kosciolw Polskich), which was a counterbalance to local churches, where German priests were in the majority. Due to his efforts, in 1924, local Poles received former military complex in Langfuhr, where St. Stanislaus Church was opened in May 1925. The church quickly became one of the most important centers of Polish community of the Free City of Danzig, where numerous celebrations took place.

Activities in the Free City of Danzig
Between 1933 and 1934, Komorowski was the only Polish member of the 54-person City Council of the city. He ran in the 1933 election to the Popular Assembly (Volkstag), but lost.  For a few weeks in 1935, Komorowski served in the Assembly, for Erazm Czarnecki, who had temporarily left Danzig, after that, he ran in the 7 April 1935 election, losing again. Later on, he founded Gmina Polska Association of Poles, and was a very active member of the Polish community. On 10 October 1937, the Bishop of Danzig, Edward O'Rourke, nominated Komorowski to the post of a parish priest of the so-called personal parishes, which served Polish minority of the city. However, under pressure of Danzig's national socialists, O'Rourke's decision was cancelled by the authorities of the Free City of Danzig. As a result, the Bishop resigned from his post, and was replaced by Karol Maria Splett, who did not give permission to create Polish personal parishes.

Komorowski, who also served Polish students in Danzig, supported and protected them on several occasions. On 25th anniversary of his service, 2 April 1939, a special mass took place in St. Stanislaus Church, which turned into a patriotic demonstration. Among the faithful, there was General Commissioner of Poland in Danzig, Marian Chodacki.

Death
On 1 September 1939, Komorowski together with other Polish priests, was arrested, beaten, and sent to a prison in Danzig's Victoriaschule. Soon afterwards, the Germans placed him in Stutthof concentration camp. Polish World War II survivor Roman Chrzanowski wrote in his book "Gdańsk 1939": "I remember when a week after my arrival, Father Komorowski was taken out of some basement. He was led to the middle of a field, where he was knocked unconscious. Covered in blood, he did not look like a human being. After having been thrown into a barrel with water, he was sent back to the basement".

Komorowski, together with a number of Polish activists, was murdered on Good Friday, 22 March 1940 in the woods near the camp. After the war, all bodies were exhumed, and buried at a cemetery in the Gdańsk district of Zaspa. On 13 June 1999, Komorowski was among 108 Polish martyrs of World War II, blessed in Warsaw by Pope John Paul II. Named after him was elementary school number 49 in Gdańsk-Wrzeszcz, as well as a square in the same district of the city.

See also
 Stutthof Trial
 Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles
 Soap made from human corpses
 List of Nazi-German concentration camps
 List of subcamps of Stutthof
 Rescue of Stutthof victims in Denmark
 Maximilian Kolbe

References

1889 births
1940 deaths
20th-century Polish Roman Catholic priests
Roman Catholic activists
108 Blessed Polish Martyrs
People who died in Stutthof concentration camp
Polish civilians killed in World War II
People from Starogard County
Polish people executed in Nazi concentration camps
People from West Prussia
Executed people from Pomeranian Voivodeship
Catholic saints and blesseds of the Nazi era
People executed by Nazi Germany occupation forces
Roman Catholic priests executed by Nazi Germany

Bronisław Komorowski (priest)


The Tulkarm Subdistrict was one of the subdistricts of Mandatory Palestine. It was located around the city of Tulkarm. After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the subdistrict disintegrated, the western part became part of the Central District of Israel and the eastern part, became a part of the Jordanian annexation of the West Bank  from 1948 to 1967). Most of the eastern part is today the Tulkarm Governorate, part of the State of Palestine.

Depopulated towns and villages

(current localities in parentheses)

 Khirbat Bayt Lid (Nordia)
 Bayyarat Hannun
 Fardisya (Sha'ar Efraim on nearby lands)
 Ghabat Kafr Sur (Beit Yehoshua, Kfar Neter, Tel Yitzhak)
 al-Jalama (Lahavot Chaviva)
 Kafr Saba (Beyt Berl, HaKramim (neighborhood in Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut), Neve Yamin)
 Khirbat al-Majdal (Sde Yitzhak)
 al-Manshiyya (Ahituv, Ein HaHoresh, Givat Haim)
 Miska (Mishmeret, Sde Warburg)
 Qaqun (Gan Yoshiya, Haniel, HaMa'apil, Olesh, Ometz, Yikon)
 Raml Zayta (Sde Yitzhak)
 Tabsur (Batzra, Ra'anana suburbs)
 Umm Khalid  (Netanya suburbs)
 Wadi al-Hawarith (Geulei Teiman, Kfar Haroeh, Kfar Vitkin)
 Wadi Qabbani
 Khirbat al-Zababida
 Khirbat Zalafa (Givat Oz)

Subdistricts of Mandatory Palestine

Tulkarm Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine


The Bunurong Marine National Park () is a protected marine national park located off the coast of Cape Paterson in the South Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia. The  marine national park is located about  southwest of  and about  off the coastline. The coastal waters protect a range of habitats including intertidal reefs, subtidal rocky reefs, algal gardens and seagrass beds. The waters are cool, akin to Victoria's central and western coasts. However, they are relatively protected from south-westerly swells due to the location of far away King Island, Tasmania.

The Bunurong Marine National Park is an outstretching middle section of the Bunurong Marine Park. Both parks draw their name from the Australian Aboriginal Bunurong people who are the traditional owners of the land and water in the region.

Etymology

The Bunurong parks are named after the Bunurong Aboriginal people whom were custodians of this stretch of coast for thousands of years prior to white settlement. The Boakoolawal clan lived in the Kilcunda area south of the Bass River, and the Yowenjerre were west of the Tarwin River along what is now the Bunurong Marine and Coastal Parks near Wonthaggi. Middens containing charcoal and shellfish mark the location of their campsites along the coast.

Features
The principal features of the park are the striking rock formations including the large rock structure called Eagles Nest, located adjacent to the coastline at the eastern end of the marine national park. Eagles Nest also resembles the top half of a map of Australia. Other attractions include Flat Rocks where there are large rockpools for rockpool rambling and direct access from Cape Paterson-Inverloch Road. The Bunurong Marine National Park is accessed at many different points along this coast, a popular one being near Cape Paterson caravan park on Surf Beach Road as it has a modified rockpool for swimming. Direct and more difficult access to the marine national park is via car parks off Cape Paterson-Inverloch Road. Exploring, snorkelling and scuba diving are popular. There are boat launching facilities at Inverloch on Anderson Inlet.

Australia's first dinosaur bone, the Cape Paterson Claw, was discovered in 1903 by William Ferguson at what is now Bunurong Marine Park at Eagles Nest beach in Inverloch. Since then more than  bones and teeth of small dinosaurs, mammals, birds, turtles and fish have been excavated. There is a dinosaur exhibition at the Inverloch Shell Museum.

Ecology
Together with the Bunurong Marine Park, the Bunurong Marine National Park supports many marine animals including seastars, featherstars, crabs, snails, 87 species of fish, whales and seals. It has the highest recorded diversity of intertidal and subtidal invertebrates in eastern Victoria. The range of seaweed species is large.

Restrictions
It is prohibited to kill or take any matter (i.e., catch fish, collect seashells or kill or take any sea or land creature, living or dead) from the Bunurong Marine National Park, but fishing (only with a rod) is permitted in the Bunurong Marine Park, which is located adjacent to the marine national park.

See also

 Protected areas of Victoria

References

External links

Parks of Gippsland (region)
Marine parks in Victoria (state)
Coastline of Victoria (state)
Protected areas of Bass Strait

Bunurong Marine National Park


Shirak (, ) is a province () of Armenia. It is located in the north-west of the country, bordering the provinces of Lori to the east and Aragatsotn to the south and southeast, and the countries of Turkey to the west and Georgia to the north. Its capital and largest city is Gyumri, which is the second largest city in Armenia. It is as much semi-desert as it is mountain meadow or high alpine. In the south, the high steppes merge into mountain terrain, being verdant green in the spring, with hues of reddish brown in the summer. The province is served by the Shirak International Airport of Gyumri.

Etymology

Shirak Province is named after the Shirak canton of the historical Ayrarat province of Ancient Armenia. The early medieval Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi writes that the name Shirak derives from Shara, who was the great-grandson of Hayk, the legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenian nation. Modern scholars connect Shirak with the name of the Siraces (), a North Caucasian people who may have settled in Shirak and given it its name. According to another view, Shirak derives from /, which is the name given to the region in a cuneiform inscription of the Urartian king Argishti I.

Geography

Shirak Province is located in the north-west of Armenia and covers an area of  (9% of the total area of Armenia). It borders Lori Province to the east, Aragatsotn Province to the south, the Kars and Ardahan provinces of Turkey to the west and the Samtskhe-Javakheti and Kvemo Kartli regions of Georgia to the north.

Historically, the current territory of the province mainly occupies the Shirak canton of Ayrarat province of Ancient Armenia.

Shirak is mainly dominated by the Ashotsk Plateau (1900 to 2100 meters height) in the north and the Shirak Plain (1400 to 1800 meters height) in the centre and south of the province. The vast plains of the province are surrounded with the Bazum and Pambak mountains from the east, Javakheti Range and Yeghnakhagh mountains from the north and the Aragats mass from the south. Akhurian River at the east, separates Shirak from the Kars Province of Turkey.

The Akhurian River with its reservoir is the main water resource in the province. Lake Arpi at the northwest of Shirak is the only lake of the province. The area is protected by the government as the Lake Arpi National Park.

Shirak is rich with tufa, pumice and limestone.

Climate
Shirak is the coldest province of Armenia, with the air temperature sometimes reaching under -30 °C in the Shirak Plain and -46 °C on the Ashotsk Plateau. The climate is characterized by extremely cold, snowy winters and mild summers. Precipitation is abundant, with the annual precipitation level reaching up to . In the northern part of the province, winters are long (7 to 8 months) and snow coverage can reach up to a meter.

History

Classical antiquity and Urartu period

Many ancient human settlements have been found in the Akhurian valley dating back to around 9000 BC. The territory of Shirak has been settled since the early Stone Age. At the higher areas that are above 2000 meters, many remains have been found from the early Bronze Age. Other remains from the 2nd millennium BC, revealed that a civilization was founded between the 20th and 12th centuries BC. With the start of the Iron Age during the 12th century BC, relations among the various ethnic groups of Armenian Highland were developed. Soon after the establishment of the Urartu Kingdom of Van at the end of the 9th century BC, Shirak became part of the kingdom. Two cuneiform inscriptions have been found in Shirak left by King Argishti I () of Urartu, where he wrote about the invasion of the land of Eriakhi (the name that Shirak is derived from, according to many historians). According to the inscriptions, the region was home to a well developed civilization based on agriculture and cattle-breeding.

in 720 BC, the Cimmerians conquered the region and probably founded the Kumayri settlement (now Gyumri), which bears a phonetic resemblance to the word used by ancient Armenian in reference to Cimmerians. Historians believe that Xenophon passed through the territories of Shirak during his return to the Black Sea, a journey immortalized in his Anabasis.

Achaemenids and the ancient Armenian Kingdom

By the second half of the 6th century BC, Shirak became part of the Achaemenid Empire. The remains of a royal settlement found near the village of Beniamin dating back to the 5th to 2nd centuries BC, are an example of the Achemenid influence in the region. By the beginning of the 5th century BC, Shirak became part of the Satrapy of Armenia under the rule of the Orontids. Later in 331 BC, the entire territory was included in the Ayrarat province of Ancient Armenian Kingdom as part of the Shirak canton.

During the 1st century AD, Shirak was granted to the Kamsarakan family, who ruled the region during the Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia.

Sasanians and Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia

Following the partition of Armenia in 387 AD between the Byzantines and the Persians, and as a result of the fall of the Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia in 428, the region of Shirak became part of the Sasanian Empire of Persia.

However, Shirak is home to many early examples of the Armenian church architecture dating back to the 5th century, including the Yererouk, the Saint Mariné Church of Artik, and the Hokevank Monastery.

In 658 AD, during the height of the Arab Islamic invasions, Shirak -along with the rest of the Armenian territories- was conquered during the Muslim conquest of Persia, as it was part of Persian-ruled Armenia. It became part of the Emirate of Armenia under the Umayyad Caliphate. However, the Kamsarakan family continued to rule the region under the Arab Islamic rule of Armenia.

By the foundation of the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia in 885, Shirak entered a new era of growth and progress, particularly when the city of Ani of Shirak became the capital of the kingdom in 961. By the second half of the 10th century, Shirak was under the influence of the Armenian Pahlavuni family, who were descendants of the Kamsarakans. The Pahlavunis had a great contribution in the progress of Shirak with the foundation of many fortresses, monastic complexes, educational institutions, etc. The monasteries of Khtzkonk, Harichavank, Marmashen and Horomos were among the prominent religious and educational centres of medieval Armenia.

Seljuk period, Zakarid Armenia and Turkmen rule

After the fall of Armenia to the Byzantine Empire in 1045 and later to the Seljuk invaders in 1064, the region entered an era of decline in all social, educational and cultural aspects.

However, with the establishment of the Zakarid Principality of Armenia in 1201 under the Georgian protectorate, the Eastern Armenian territories, mainly Lori and Shirak, entered a new period of growth and stability, becoming a trade centre between the east and the west. After the Mongols captured Ani in 1236, Armenia turned into a Mongol protectorate as part of the Ilkhanate, and the Zakarids became vassals to the Mongols. After the fall of the Ilkhanate in the mid-14th century, the Zakarid princes ruled over Lori, Shirak and Ararat plain until 1360 when they fell to the invading Turkic tribes.

By the last quarter of the 14th century, the Aq Qoyunlu Sunni Oghuz Turkic tribe took over Armenia, including Shirak. In 1400, Timur invaded Armenia and Georgia, and captured more than 60,000 of the survived local people as slaves. Many districts including Shirak were depopulated. In 1410, Armenia fell under the control of the Kara Koyunlu Shia Oghuz Turkic tribe. According to the Armenian historian Thomas of Metsoph, although the Kara Koyunlu levied heavy taxes against the Armenians, the early years of their rule were relatively peaceful and some reconstruction of towns took place.

Iranian and Russian rule
In 1501, most of the Eastern Armenian territories including Shirak were conquered by the emerging Safavid dynasty of Iran led by Shah Ismail I. Soon after in 1502, Shirak became part of the newly formed Erivan Beglarbegi, a new administrative territory of Iran formed by the Safavids. During the first half of the 18th century, Kumayri became part of the Erivan Khanate under the rule of the Afsharid dynasty and later under the Qajar dynasty of Persia.

In June 1804, the Russian Empire took control of Shirak region at the beginning of the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813. The region became officially part of the Russian Empire at the Treaty of Gulistan signed on 1 January 1813. During the period of the Russian rule, the region witnessed a swift growth and the town of Gyumri became one of the developing cities in Transcaucasia. In 1829, in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War, there was a big influx of an Armenian population, as around 3,000 families who had migrated from territories in the Ottoman Empire - in particular from the towns of Kars, Erzurum, and Doğubeyazıt- settled in Shirak.  The Russian poet Alexander Pushkin visited the region during his journey to the Caucasus and eastern Turkey in 1829.

In 1837 Russian Tsar Nicholas I arrived in Shirak and re-founded the city of Gyumri as Alexandropol. The name was chosen in honour of Tsar Nicholas I's wife, Princess Charlotte of Prussia, who had changed her name to Alexandra Fyodorovna after converting to Orthodox Christianity. A major Russian fortress was built in Alexandropol in 1837. The city was completely rebuilt by 1840 to become the centre of the newly established Alexandropol Uyezd, experiencing rapid growth during its first decade. The Alexandropol Uyezd included the northern Armenian territories of Shirak, Lori and Tavush.

In 1849, the Alexandropol Uyezd became part of the Erivan Governorate, and Shirak became an important outpost for the Imperial Russian armed forces in the Transcaucasus where their military barracks were established.

During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 Shirak became one of the major centres of the Russian troops. After the establishment of the railway station in Alexandropol in 1899, Shirak witnessed a significant growth as centre of trade and industry, becoming the most developed region within eastern Armenia.

20th century

After the October Revolution of 1917 and the Russian withdrawal from Transcaucasia, the First Republic of Armenia was proclaimed on 28 May 1918, which included Shirak. On 10 May 1920, the local Bolshevik Armenians aided by the Muslim population, attempted a coup d'état in Alexandropol against the Dashnak government of Armenia. The uprising was suppressed by the Armenian government on May 14 and its leaders were executed. However, during another Turkish invasion, Turkish troops again attacked Shirak and occupied Alexandropol on 7 November 1920. Armenia was forced to sign the Treaty of Alexandropol on December 3 to stop the Turkish advance towards Yerevan, however a concurrent Soviet invasion led to the fall of the Armenian government on December 2. The Turkish forces withdrew from Alexandropol after the Treaty of Kars was signed in October 1921 by the unrecognized Soviet and Turkish governments.

Under the Bolsheviks, Alexandropol was renamed Leninakan in 1924, after the deceased Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin. Shirak became a major industrial region within the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. Leninakan was the second largest city, after the capital Yerevan. However, Shirak, and particularly Leninakan, suffered major damage during the 1988 Armenian earthquake which devastated many parts of northern Armenia. The earthquake occurred along a known thrust fault with a length of . Its strike was parallel to the Caucasus range and dipped to the north-northeast.

From 1930 until 1995, modern-day Shirak was divided into 5 raions (districts) and 1 city of republican subordination within the Armenian SSR: Amasia, Ghukasyan (Ashotsk), Akhurian, Ani, Artik and the city of Leniankan. With the territorial administration reform of 1995, the 5 raions and the city of Gyumri (Leninakan) were merged to form the Shirak Province.

Demographics

Population
According to the 1989 Soviet census, the districts that would later make up Shirak Province (the Amasia, Ani, Artik, Akhuryan, and Ashotsk districts) had a population of 261,217, 147,713 or 56.55% of which was urban, distributed in the cities of Artik (25,126) and Leninakan (122,587), and 113,504 or 43.45% were rural, distributed in the districts of Amasia (6,342), Ani (23,877), Artik (33,665), Akhuryan (38,952), and Ashotsk (10,668).
According to the 2011 official census, Shirak had a de jure population of 251,941 (121,615 men and 130,326 women), forming around 8.3% of the entire population of Armenia. The urban population is 146,908 (58.3%) and the rural is 105,033 (41.7%). The province has 3 urban and 116 rural communities. The largest urban community is the provincial centre of Gyumri, with a population of 121,976. The other urban centres of Artik and Maralik have a population of 19,534 and 5,398 respectively. With a population of 4,838, the village of Azatan is the largest rural municipality of Shirak.

The dialect of Armenian spoken in Shirak is a variant of the Karin dialect, closely related to Western Armenian.

Ethnic groups and religion

The majority of the Shirak Province population are ethnic Armenians who belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church. The northern and middle parts of Shirak are under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Shirak headed by Bishop Mikayel Ajapahyan of the Cathedral of the Holy Mother of God in Gyumri, while the southern part is under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Artik headed by Vardapet Narek Avagyan of the Saint Gregory Cathedral in Artik.

There is a significant minority of Armenian Catholics in Shirak. The number of the Catholic population in the province is around 30,000. Gyumri is home to around 20,000, while the rest are found in the surrounding rural settlements. The villages of Arevik, Arpeni, Bavra, Ghazanchi, Marmashen, Mets Sepasar, Panik and Sizavet have a majority of Armenian Catholics, while the village of Azatan has around 1,500 Catholics (30% of village's population). As of 2016, Shirak is home to 9 catholic operating churches. The Cathedral of the Holy Martyrs in Gyumri is the seat of the Armenian Catholic Ordinariate of Eastern Europe headed by Archbishop Raphaël François Minassian.

The presence of the small Russian Orthodox community along with the Russian military base personnel in Gyumri is marked with the Saint Alexandra the Martyr's Church, Saint Michael the Archangel's Church and the church of Saint Arsenije.

The small village of Shirakavan has around 30 Yazidi residents.

Prior to the outbreak of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in 1988 and the departure of Azerbaijanis from Armenia, Shirak also had an Azerbaijani minority population, almost entirely concentrated in the former Amasia District, where, in 1972, Azerbaijanis constituted 70% of a population of 19,724 people.

Administrative divisions
Following the administrative reform of 2021, Shirak Province is divided into six municipalities:

In recent years, many rural settlements in Shirak have become abandoned, including the villages of Akhuryan Kayaran, Aravet, Lorasar and Yerizak.

Culture

Fortresses and archaeological sites
 Horom Citadel of the Bronze Age-Urartian eras,
 Vahramaberd Fortress of the Urartian era dating back to 730-714 BC,
 Kumayri historic district of the early 19th century,
 Sev Berd fortress of the 1840s.

Churches and monasteries
 Yererouk Basilica, 4th-5th centuries,
 Saint Marine Church of Artik of the 5th century,
 Hogevank Monastery of the 5th century,
 Surb Gevorg Church of Artik, 6th-7th th-centuries,
 Tiravor Church of Mayisyan of the 7th century,
 Lmbatavank Church of the 7th century,
 Harichavank Monastery of the 8th century,
 Makaravank Church of Pemzashen of the 10th century,
 Marmashen Monastery of the 10th century,
 Saint Paul and Peter Church of Bardzrashen, 10th-13th centuries,
 Church of the Holy Saviour, Gyumri of 1872,
 Cathedral of the Holy Mother of God, Gyumri of 1884.

Media
Shirak is home to many TV stations:
Tsayg TV, based in Gyumri, operating since 1991.
Shirak Public TV, based in Gyumri, operating since 1992.
Gala TV, based in Gyumri, operating since 2005.

Shrjapat weekly, published in Gyumri, is a notable local newspaper of Shirak.

Transportation

Air transportation

Shirak is served by the international Shirak Airport, about  to the southeast of the Gyumri city centre. It was inaugurated in 1961 and is the second largest airport in Armenia. It is considered an alternative hub for the Zvartnots International Airport in Yerevan.

At the beginning of 2017, the government of Armenia focused on revitalizing the airport. Multiple new airlines began operating flights to the airport, including Taron Avia, a new Armenian airline based in Gyumri, and Pobeda which is a Russian low-cost airline and a wholly owned subsidiary of Aeroflot. In order to attract more customers, the Ministry of Nature Protection made meteorological services free for all airlines flying to Gyumri, lowering ticket costs. The Gyumri Technology Center also participated in helping revitalize the airport by adding interior design details to improve the airport's look.

Railway

The railway junction of Gyumri is the oldest and the largest one in Armenia. It was formed in 1897 and the first railway link to Alexandropol that connected the city with Tiflis was completed in 1899. The rail line was then extended from Alexandropol to Yerevan (in 1902), Kars (in 1902), Jolfa (in 1906), and Tabriz. As a result, Alexandropol became an important rail hub.

, the Gyumri Railway Station operates regular trips to Yerevan and Batumi. The South Caucasus Railway CJSC, is the current operator of the railway sector in Armenia. The Gyumri-Yerevan railway trip has many stops in Shirak Province, including the stations of Bayandur, Shirakavan, Isahakyan, Aghin kayaran, Jrapi, Bagravan and Aniavan.

Public vans and taxis
Public transport is available in the provincial centre Gyumri. It is mainly served by public vans, locally-known as marshrutka. The central station of the city serves as bus terminal for inter-city transport, serving outbound routes towards the villages of Shirak, as well as major cities and towns in Armenia and neighbouring Georgia.

The M-7 Motorway passes across the province from east to west, connecting the city of Gyumri with the rest of Armenia.

Economy

Agriculture

The economy of the province is mainly based on agriculture, including farming and cattle-breeding. It has a share of 11.6% in the annual total agricultural product of Armenia. Around 80% (2,145.5 km2) of the total area of the province are arable lands, out of which 36.7% (787 km2) are ploughed.

The fertile Shirak plain is the largest producer of grains and potato in Armenia. The irrigation system in the province is highly developed. 9 water reservoirs of different sizes -with a total capacity of  are able to irrigate around  of farmlands.

Shirak is the first among the Armenian provinces in cattle breeding. There are also fish farming ponds near Gyumri and many rural communities.

Industry

During the Soviet period, the region was a major industrial hub within the Armenian SSR. After independence, the industrial sector of the region drastically declined. Currently, the province contributes 3.5% of the annual total industrial product of Armenia. Shirak is the largest producer of building materials in Armenia, mainly tufa stones and pumice.

The industrial sector in the provincial centre Gyumri includes the production of building materials (tufa and basalt), hosiery and textile manufacturing, food processing and dairy products, alcoholic drinks, electronic machines, etc. The largest industrial plant in Gyumri is the Gyumri-Beer Brewery opened in 1972. The factory produces a variety of lager beer under the brands Gyumri, Ararat and Aleksandrapol. The city is also home to the "Factory of Bending Machinses" opened in 1912, the "Arshaluys" hosiery manufacturing enterprise established in 1926, the "Karhat" machine tools plant opened in 1959, the "Chap Chemical LLC" since 1999, the "Armtex Group" clothing factory since 2000, and the "Lentex" hosiery manufacturing plant is operating since 2001. Other industrial firms of the city include the "Aleqpol" factory for dairy products, the "Anusharan" confectionery plant, and the "Gold Plast" plant for building materials.
The town of Artik is famous for its tufa stones. It is home to many stone-processing plants that produce travertine, tufa and basalt, including the "ArtikTuf" form established in 1928, the "TufaBlocks Factory" founded in 1997, and the "Karastgh" stone-processing factory operating since 2005. Artik is also home to the "Vartan-Anahit LLC" for metal-plastic products, the Artik Cheese Factory, the "Eliz Group" for dairy products, the "Artik Factory for Vacuum Stoves", and the "Artik Steklomash" metal casting factory.
During the Soviet period, the town of Maralik had many large industrial firms with a lights and electronics factory and 3 plants for building materials production. Currently, the only surviving plant in the town is the Maralik cotton-spinning factory.
Factories for dairy products are also found in Shirak, with the largest two firms located in the villages of Azatan (Igit Dairy Factory since 1993) and Musayelyan (Ashotsk Cheese Factory since 1996). The village of Akhuryan is home to the "Lusastgh-Sugar" factory (opened in 2010), the largest sugar producer in the Southern Caucasus region. The village of Shirakavan is home to the "Shirak Wine Factory" opened in 2009.

Education

Gyumri is the main educational centre of the province. The city is home to 3 universities:
 Shirak State University named after M. Nalbandian
 Progress University
 Imastaser Anania Shirakatsi University

Branches of the National Polytechnic University of Armenia, Armenian State University of Economics, Yerevan Komitas State Conservatory, Yerevan State Academy of Fine Arts, Yerevan State Institute of Theatre and Cinematography, European Regional Educational Academy and Haybusak University of Yerevan also operate in Gyumri.

As of the 2015-16 educational year, Shirak had 167 schools.

The Turpanjian Theological High School of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin has been operating since 1881 within the Harichavank monastic complex in Shirak.

Sport

Football, basketball and chess are the most popular sports in the province. However, other Olympic sports including wrestling and weightlifting are also popular, mainly in Gyumri. Shirak is home to many former and current World, Olympic and European champions in several types of sports who competed under the flag of Soviet Union and later under the Armenian flag.

The city is represented by the FC Shirak at the Armenian Premier League competition. Aragats FC were the second football club in Gyumri, but they were dissolved in 2002 due to financial difficulties.

FC Tufagorts (dissolved in 1995) and FC Sipan (dissolved in 1993), both from the town of Artik, had also represented the province in the football competitions of Armenia.

The largest sport venue of the province is the Gyumri City Stadium. Gyumri is also home to the FFA Football Academy. The towns of Artik and Maralik have a football stadium each with minor capacities.

Gyumri is also famous for winter sports. The Gyumri school of winter sports, renovated in 2015–16, is named after Ludvig Mnatsakanyan. The area of Ashotsk has a modern skiing trail hosting an international tournament for cross-country skiing.

Gallery

See also

 1988 Armenian earthquake
Avetik Isahakyan
Hovhannes Shiraz
Frunzik Mkrtchyan
Gyumri
Gyumri Technology Center

References

External links

 Shirak guide with detailed descriptions, by Rick Ney
 Shirak Marz Tourist Guide
 Shirak Regional Museum

Provinces of Armenia

Shirak Province


Erlebacher's was a high-fashion ladies specialty store that operated in Washington, D.C. The location at 1222 F. Street, NW, opened on October 14, 1907, as G. Erlebacher. The owners, Mr. and Mrs. Gustav Erlbacher were buyers for the Hecht Company in Baltimore before opening the store in Washington. It was described as follows:

Opening - Tomorrow G. Erlebacher throws open the door of his handsome new store. We enter our bid for your favor, giving every assurance that it will be fully earned and eminently appreciated. Our stock consists of exclusive models in women's suits and gowns for afternoon and evening, dainty waists, smart tailor-made skirts, and fine furs. While the styles and goods are exclusive and of the highest class, we have made our prices well within reason, and offer you garments of distinct merit at figures that will be thoroughly appreciated.

In 1914, the store moved to 1210 F. Street, NW. Gustav Erlbacher died in 1924 and Mrs. Erlbacher remarried in 1934 to David Frank. In 1938, the Franks sold the store to Jules Winkelman. In 1949, Erlebacher's opened its store at 1133 Connecticut Avenue, NW, at the corner of Desales Street. The F Street location closed in 1953. The store changed hands in 1970, when Jacob Epstein Katz purchased it from Jules Winkelman. In 1971, Erlebacher's moved to a new location at 5512 Wisconsin Avenue in Friendship Heights, Maryland. Its former location was occupied by Raleigh's. The Friendship Heights location was innovative in that its  were occupied by a number of boutique specialty stores including Jandel Furs, Pampillonia Jewelers, and I. Miller shoes. The location was also known as the Holiday Inn Plaza shopping mall.

The store became nationally famous when Jacqueline Bouvier bought much of her trousseau there prior to her marriage to John Fitzgerald Kennedy. In the early 1970s the store garnered widespread publicity by being featured in Time magazine for its innovative display, in the front store windows, of the Time portraits of famous first ladies and American women who had previously graced the pages of that magazine. This was the inspired brainstorm of then store owner Jacob E. (Buddy) Katz.
Source: son of Jacob E. (Buddy) Katz

In 1972, Erlebacher's was purchased by New York-based Sara Fredericks, Inc. The store closed in 1974.

References

Defunct companies based in Washington, D.C.
Defunct department stores based in Washington, D.C.
Retail companies established in 1907
Retail companies disestablished in 1974
1907 establishments in Washington, D.C.
1974 disestablishments in Washington, D.C.
Women in Washington, D.C.

Erlebacher's


Freedom flag may refer to:

 The Freedom of Speech flag documenting the AACS encryption key controversy.
 Any number of national or institution flags, including:
 The Flag of the United States
 The Flag of South Vietnam
 The French Tricolore
 The LGBT movement Rainbow flag
 The Four Freedoms Flag of the United Nations.

See also

Freedom Flag


Jonah Lomu was an international rugby union winger who played for New Zealand between 1994 and 2002. He scored a total of 37 tries in 63 international appearances, which makes him the sixth highest try scorer for New Zealand and the eighteenth highest on the all-time list. Lomu held alone the record for the most tries scored in the Rugby World Cup (15 in 11 matches at the 1995 and 1999 tournaments), until South Africa's Bryan Habana equalled his tally at the 2015 tournament.

Lomu made his debut for New Zealand in June 1994 against France. He scored his first international try in his third appearance, scoring twice against Ireland in New Zealand's opening game of the 1995 Rugby World Cup. This was followed with a try against Scotland in the quarter-finals and four tries against England in the semi-finals—the most Lomu would score in a single match. He was, however, unable to score a try in the final, as South Africa beat New Zealand to win the trophy. Lomu played 13 times against South Africa during his career, but failed to score a try against them. The only other "Tier 1" national team against which Lomu did not score a try was Wales. Lomu finished 1995 with 12 international tries, his highest tally in a single year.

After two tries in 1996, including one in the inaugural Tri Nations Series, Lomu was unable to score in three appearances during 1997. At the 1999 Rugby World Cup, he scored in each of New Zealand's group stage matches against Tonga, England and Italy. He followed this with a try against Scotland in the quarter-finals and two tries in the semi-finals, as New Zealand lost to France. Lomu's tally of eight tries in this tournament is a World Cup record, although it has since been equalled by Habana in the 2007 tournament and Lomu's countryman Julian Savea in the 2015 tournament.

Lomu scored four tries in 2000, including a hat-trick against Scotland at Carisbrook and a try against Australia in the Tri Nations. This was followed by five tries in 2001, once again with a try against Australia in the Tri Nations. Lomu's final international tries came in November 2002, when he scored twice against England at Twickenham. Two weeks later, he made his last international appearance against Wales at the Millennium Stadium.  Lomu retired from professional rugby in 2007 due to a chronic kidney disorder. After suffering a heart attack on 18 November 2015 that was associated with his kidney condition, Lomu died at the age of 40.

International tries
In the Score column, New Zealand's score is given first.

References

Lomu
International tries by Lomu
International tries by Lomu

List of international rugby union tries by Jonah Lomu


Jan Strelau (May 30, 1931 – August 3, 2020) was a Polish psychologist. He was born in Free City of Danzig, now Gdańsk, Poland. Strelau was best known for his studies on temperament.

He was professor of psychology at Warsaw University from 1968 to 2001.

In 2001, he became a professor at Warsaw School of Social Sciences and Humanities, where he took the positions of Vice-rector for Research and International Affairs from 2002 to 2010 and Vice-rector for Research from 2010 to 2012. He was the Chairman of the Board of Trustees from 2012 to 2016.

Strelau died in Warsaw on August 3, 2020 at the age of 89.

References

1931 births
2020 deaths
Polish psychologists
Polish academics
People from Gdańsk

Jan Strelau


is a Japanese term for an ancient division of the country and the main road running through the region.

History
Hokurikudō was one of the main circuits of the Gokishichidō system. It was first established during the Asuka period. Over centuries, the government functions of the Gokishichido became less important. However, the traditional eight regions, including Hokurikudō, remained cultural markers.

The Hokurikudō road connected the capitals of the provinces in this region.

Geography
When the Gokishichidō system was initially established after the Taika reforms, the region consisted of just two provinces: Wakasa and Koshi. During the reign of Emperor Temmu, Koshi was divided into three provinces: Echizen, Etchū and Echigo and Sado Island was added as a fifth province. Later, Noto and Kaga were carved out of Echizen.

Hokurikudō has parts of seven ancient provinces.

Related pages
 Tōhoku region
 Comparison of regions of Japan

References

Tōhoku region

Hokurikudō


The Austin, Nichols and Company Warehouse, also known as 184 Kent Avenue and Austin Nichols House, is a historic warehouse building on the East River between North 3rd and North 4th Streets in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York City.  The structure, measuring , was built in the Egyptian Revival style; it is one of the city's few buildings in that style. The building was designed by architect Cass Gilbert and erected by general contractor Turner Construction with the help of structural engineer Gunvald Aus.

The warehouse was built in 1914–1915 to a design by Gilbert, and was one of several commercial and industrial buildings along the East River waterfront. The land was originally owned by the Havemeyer family, and leased to Austin, Nichols & Company, at one point the world's largest grocery wholesaler. Austin, Nichols & Company occupied 184 Kent Avenue from 1915 until the mid-1950s, after which the structure was occupied by several manufacturers. Starting in the 2000s, the building was used as a residential structure, and a 2010s renovation added residential condominiums.

The warehouse was designated a New York City Landmark in 2005, though the designation was controversial and was overturned by the New York City Council in 2006. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007, a less restrictive designation that allowed for the warehouse's redevelopment into condominiums.

History

Context
The industrial waterfront of Brooklyn was developed in the 19th century with the construction of major shipping hubs such as Red Hook's Atlantic Basin, the Brooklyn Navy Yard, and Industry City. The village of Williamsburg in northern Brooklyn was incorporated on the bank of the East River in 1827, with much of the commercial enterprises located on the waterfront, and after becoming a part of the city of Brooklyn in 1855, Williamsburg grew quickly. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the future warehouse's site was owned by Henry Osborne Havemeyer, founder of Havemeyers & Elder and later the American Sugar Refining Company. The Havemeyer family also operated the Brooklyn Eastern District Terminal and the Domino Sugar Refinery just to the north.

The grocery wholesalers Austin, Nichols & Company, founded in 1879, had moved their headquarters to several increasingly large spaces before erecting a ten-story building on 55-61 Hudson Street in Tribeca, Manhattan. The company also operated eight smaller locations in Manhattan. In June 1912, Austin, Nichols & Company vice president Harry Balfe announced his intention to consolidate all operations in a single building on the Brooklyn waterfront. The consolidated headquarters would save money and allow easier accessibility from the nearby waterfront and rail terminal, as well as from surrounding streets. In April 1913, the company confirmed that it would build a new headquarters.

Planning and construction
Henry's son Horace Havemeyer commissioned architect Cass Gilbert to design the Austin, Nichols and Company Warehouse. Gilbert's office began the design process in late 1912 or early 1913. At the time of the building's construction, the Real Estate Record and Guide magazine stated that previous warehouses had been designed "exclusively from the point of view of the engineer", so it was unusual to see the plans being prepared by such a renowned architect as Gilbert. There was some urgency in constructing the Brooklyn warehouse, as the Hudson Street building's lease was set to expire in 1914, but nevertheless, Horace insisted that he wanted the building to be of top quality.

Some of the site's preexisting structures had been razed by mid-1913 in preparation for the warehouse's construction. Gunvald Aus was hired as a structural engineer and asked to create separate plans dealing with the building's concrete and steel. Austin, Nichols & Company signed a long-term lease agreement with Havemeyer & Elder in November 1913. The contract stipulated that Havemeyer & Elder would build a factory for Austin, Nichols & Company, who would then be the lessee. The same week, the construction contract was given to Turner Construction. At the time, it was predicted that Austin, Nichols & Company would be the first of several wholesale companies to relocate to Williamsburg.

The Brooklyn Bureau of Buildings received the plans for the Austin, Nichols and Company Warehouse in January 1914 and approved them that April. Concrete construction had started in March 1914, and peaked that June with 672 men employed in the construction process. By September, the building structure was essentially completed. The first operations at the Austin, Nichols & Company warehouse started in January 1915, immediately following the expiration of the Hudson Street building's lease, and the company had completed its relocation to its new headquarters by March. Shortly afterward, contracts were awarded for the construction of a pier on the waterfront. Engineering News reported that "the remarkable progress made in its construction is indicative of what can be done in reinforced concrete with proper organization and supervision."

Use as warehouse

Austin, Nichols & Company continued to grow, with an annual sales income of $40 million by 1920. Its chief activity was the production and export of foods under the Sunbeam Foods brand. At its peak, the company was among the world's largest wholesale grocers. In 1923 Austin, Nichols & Company acquired the large wholesale department of Acker, Merril & Condict. The Federal Trade Commission sued Austin, Nichols & Company, alleging that the acquisition would result in a monopoly, but later dropped the charges. By the mid-1920s, Austin, Nichols & Company suffered from decreasing sales, due to either the lawsuit or to the rise of chain stores. The company had closed its other locations by the late 1920s, selling off its packing subsidiary as well.

After Austin, Nichols & Company's other locations closed, the Williamsburg warehouse was used solely for importing and manufacturing products for the company. Starting in the 1930s, after Prohibition in the United States was repealed, the company started handling liquor. Austin, Nichols & Company's lease was renewed in 1934, and a distillery was subsequently installed. After the company's grocery business was sold to Francis H. Leggett & Co. in 1938 or 1939, the company's focus turned exclusively to liquor sales.

The Lehigh Warehouse and Transportation Company leased three floors of the building in 1939, but Austin, Nichols & Company continued to occupy the building through the 1950s. Austin, Nichols & Company bought a new structure in Maspeth, Queens, in 1955 and subsequently moved all of their operations there. The warehouse, now known as 184 Kent Avenue, continued to be used by small manufacturers for the next three decades, until 184 Kent Avenue Associates bought the building in 1986. However, by the 1990s, the warehouse was dilapidated. In 1999, the New York City Board of Standards and Appeals granted a variance to allow the renovation of the interior for residential use.

Conversion to residential building
The family of businessman Louis Kestenbaum paid $4 million for 184 Kent Avenue in 2000, with Kestenbaum using part of the building for his company and leasing the remainder. The Kestenbaums rented the building out as studio apartments. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated 184 Kent Avenue as an official city landmark in September 2005. Twenty-seven people and organizations spoke in favor of landmark designation at the LPC's public hearing on the matter, but the Kestenbaums and New York City Council member David Yassky opposed it. The Kestenbaums, who called the structure an "eyesore", wanted to demolish or significantly modify the building's exterior to create new rental apartments. In November 2005, a majority of City Council members voted to overturn the landmark designation, a rare move, as such revocations had occurred only four times in the previous fourteen years. Council member Simcha Felder said, "This is a piece of trash. We should knock it down and put something nice up." Yassky said that "it's a nondescript white box of a building" that was similar to many other structures on the waterfront. Mayor Michael Bloomberg vetoed the vote in December 2005, but the City Council voted to override his veto. Yassky claimed that Bloomberg had only vetoed the Council's decision to "curry favor with preservationists", following the LPC's refusal to consider designating 2 Columbus Circle as a landmark the same year.

The renters were evicted in 2006. Early the same year, shortly after the City Council vote, the Kestenbaums sold 184 Kent Avenue to Jason Halpern's JMH Development. Halpern successfully advocated to get the structure listed on the National Register of Historic Places, which did not restrict the future use of the building as much as a New York City landmark status did. JMH's plans called for the preservation of the exterior, and in December 2008, the company announced that 184 Kent's exterior would be preserved in perpetuity. JMH Development completed the conversion of 184 Kent Avenue into 338 rental apartments in 2010. A for-profit nursery school leased space in the building the next year.

Kushner Companies, LIVWRK and Rockpoint Group bought the property in April 2016, intending to turn the rental units into condominium units. Morris Adjmi Architects led the redesign. The former warehouse was rebranded the "Austin Nichols House" and sales in the building began in 2016. There were several controversies involving 184 Kent Avenue following its conversion to luxury apartments. In 2016, several fires of unexplained origin were started at the building, though no one was injured. Another controversy involved an alleged infestation of rodents. A 2018 lawsuit alleged that Kushner Companies imposed hazardous conditions or otherwise harassed the building's rent-regulated residents in an attempt to get these tenants to move away. Records showed that when Kushner Companies had bought the building in 2015, it had 316 rent-regulated tenants, a number that had declined to 71 when the lawsuit was filed three years later. In mid-2021, Rockpoint and Kushner sold the retail condominium to Regal Acquisitions for $11.7 million. The retail condo included  of storefronts and a , three-level parking garage.

Architecture

The Austin, Nichols and Company Warehouse was among the earlier buildings to use reinforced concrete on a huge scale. The building measures  and takes up a lot bounded by Kent Avenue on the east, North 3rd Street on the south, the East River on the west, and North 4th Street on the north. The facade rises to a height of  on Kent Avenue and  on the river, and the building is located on a lot of about . The interior contains  of floor area.

The structure, built in the Egyptian Revival style, is one of the city's only Egyptian Revival buildings. Its primary construction material is reinforced concrete. Gilbert used the material to increase the building's maximum load weight and to make the structure fireproof.

Facade
The reinforced concrete facade is relatively simplistic and painted in shades of white. The facade is divided into numerous architectural bays, which generally contain groupings of three narrow, slightly-recessed windows on each floor. The western facade is divided into eight bays, all of which contain 3 windows on each floor, except for the southernmost bay, which only contains 2 windows. The eastern facade is divided into nine bays; the northernmost and southernmost bays contain 2 windows while the remaining seven bays contain 3 windows. A similar pattern can be found on the longer northern and southern facades, where most of the bays contain 3 windows, while the end bays and two of the center bays contain 2 windows. Loading docks, now sealed, were located on the western, northern, and southern facades.

Little ornamentation was used on the facade. A concrete marquee was located along the western half of the southern facade, above the loading docks. Other features of the facade included a concrete cornice at the top of the building, as well as inward-sloping walls and long uninterrupted wall sections. In a letter to Gilbert dated April 3, 1913, Turner Construction wrote that "Concrete, for grocery warehouses, has become almost the standard form of construction throughout the century." Gilbert later said, "The nature of the materials dictates the form of all its parts, and assuming that the purpose of the structure is kept in mind, as it should be, this purpose is necessarily expressed in very simple terms."

Gilbert chose to place emphasis on the scale of the building's dimensions, saying that a building's "principal claim to beauty" was derived from its proportion instead of its decoration. Havemeyer had originally asked Gilbert to design the western facade on the riverfront so that it would appear as massive as possible. While the initial proposals featured three different variants of window fenestration, the final plans simplified the design to the extent that the facades were all nearly identical. To save money, the windows' recessions were reduced in depth, but Havemeyer agreed to add rounded mullions between the two or three window panes in each bay. This serves to unite the "various levels of fenestration" on the building.

Features

Upon its completion, the Austin, Nichols and Company Warehouse included four tracks with 68 freight cars, a freight-loading system with several large derricks, and a telegraph service to instantly duplicate orders that were made in the Manhattan sales building. Loading bridges took railcars from car floats, unpowered barges with rail tracks on them. The building was used to process various foodstuffs, import European groceries, as well as manufacture and export dry goods. Material was carried through the factory via a system of chutes, conveyors, and pneumatic tubes. Upon the building's completion in 1915, the Brooklyn Daily Eagle stated that the facilities could accommodate 100 freight cars or 400 lighters a day, and that the number of required freight trucks had been cut from 100 to 35 per day. The warehouse employed 1,500 workers and nearly all of the floor space was being used.

Each floor was designed for a different purpose. The basement contained storage rooms for fish and olives, as well as an engine room, while the first floor contained administrative offices and the receiving and shipping divisions. Restrooms, as well as a restaurant and lockers for employees, were located in the mezzanine. The second floor included the exports and olive departments; storage and processing of dry foods, fruit, and canned foods; and the laundry room. The third floor contained the departments of extract & syrups, dried fruit, and small-scale coffee packing. The fourth floor contained more dry food/ingredient storage and large-scale coffee packing. The fifth floor contained storage of dry foods and other non-food products, as well as administrative offices and another employee restaurant. The sixth floor was used for roasting and storing coffee, as well as cutting and grinding spices.

184 Kent Avenue, now a residential building, contains a green wall in its lobby. The interior includes 338 luxury condominium apartments, which range from studio apartments to three-bedroom suites. There is also  of rentable commercial space on the first floor. A cafe area and enclosed courtyard are located within the building. Other residential amenities include a musicians' room, a movie room, a riverfront gym, a children's play space, and shared rooftop space.

Impact

In September 1914, Austin, Nichols & Company vice president Balfe said "The work of the architects, contractors and all connected with it, has in our opinion simply been wonderful." Likewise, an anonymous writer in the Engineering News stated in November 1914 that the warehouse is "a good example of a modern reinforced-concrete building of the concrete type" and that Gilbert's design was "somewhat unique". When the plant was finished in March 1915, the Brooklyn Daily Eagle wrote a sub-headline declaring that the building was a "Model of Modern Construction and Efficiency". In 1921, as reinforced concrete structures were becoming more popular, Arthur S. McEntee wrote in Architecture magazine, "The Austin-Nichols Warehouse, Brooklyn, is an excellent example of the modern adaptation of Egyptian architecture to the present-day requirements of commercialism." The similarities of reinforced-concrete buildings to Egyptian design were also observed by European critics such as Le Corbusier and Wilhelm Worringer.

Gilbert went on to design other reinforced-concrete industrial buildings such as the Brooklyn Army Terminal, built in 1919 in Sunset Park, Brooklyn, and the R. C. Williams Warehouse, built in Chelsea, Manhattan, in 1927. The Brooklyn Army Terminal was also built by Turner Construction and involved more complex infrastructure, including its own rail yard. The later Williams Warehouse, built for a competitor of Austin, Nichols & Company, contained its own direct rail connection. Both the Williams Warehouse and the Brooklyn Army Terminal were built with recessed architectural window bays in their facades. In a 1928 drawing, Gilbert cited the Brooklyn Army Terminal and the Austin, Nichols & Company Warehouse as being among his best works.

References

Notes

Sources

External links

 Rental website
 The Struggle to Save the Austin, Nichols and Co. Warehouse from the Museum of the City of New York Collections blog

1915 establishments in New York City
Cass Gilbert buildings
Commercial buildings completed in 1915
Former New York City Designated Landmarks
Industrial buildings and structures in Brooklyn
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in New York City
National Register of Historic Places in Brooklyn
Williamsburg, Brooklyn

Austin, Nichols and Company Warehouse


John Torrence Tate Jr. (March 13, 1925 – October 16, 2019) was an American mathematician distinguished for many fundamental contributions in algebraic number theory, arithmetic geometry, and related areas in algebraic geometry. He was awarded the Abel Prize in 2010.

Biography
Tate was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. His father, John Tate Sr., was a professor of physics at the University of Minnesota and a longtime editor of Physical Review. His mother, Lois Beatrice Fossler, was a high school English teacher. Tate Jr. received his bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1946 from Harvard University and entered the doctoral program in physics at Princeton University. He later transferred to the mathematics department and received his PhD in mathematics in 1950 after completing a doctoral dissertation titled "Fourier analysis in number fields and Hecke's zeta functions" under the supervision of Emil Artin. Tate taught at Harvard for 36 years before joining the University of Texas in 1990 as a Sid W. Richardson Foundation Regents Chair. He retired from the Texas mathematics department in 2009 and returned to Harvard as a professor emeritus.

Tate died at his home in Lexington, Massachusetts on October 16, 2019, at the age of 94.

Mathematical work
Tate's thesis (1950) on Fourier analysis in number fields has become one of the ingredients for the modern theory of automorphic forms and their L-functions, notably by its use of the adele ring, its self-duality and harmonic analysis on it; independently and a little earlier, Kenkichi Iwasawa obtained a similar theory. Together with his advisor Emil Artin, Tate gave a cohomological treatment of global class field theory using techniques of group cohomology applied to the idele class group and Galois cohomology. This treatment made more transparent some of the algebraic structures in the previous approaches to class field theory, which used central division algebras to compute the Brauer group of a global field.

Subsequently, Tate introduced what are now known as Tate cohomology groups. In the decades following that discovery he extended the reach of Galois cohomology with the Poitou–Tate duality, the Tate–Shafarevich group, and relations with algebraic K-theory. With Jonathan Lubin, he recast local class field theory by the use of formal groups, creating the Lubin–Tate local theory of complex multiplication.

He has also made a number of individual and important contributions to p-adic theory; for example, Tate's invention of rigid analytic spaces can be said to have spawned the entire field of rigid analytic geometry. He found a p-adic analogue of Hodge theory, now called Hodge–Tate theory, which has blossomed into another central technique of modern algebraic number theory. Other innovations of his include the "Tate curve" parametrization for certain p-adic elliptic curves and the p-divisible (Tate–Barsotti) groups.

Many of his results were not immediately published and some of them were written up by Serge Lang, Jean-Pierre Serre, Joseph H. Silverman and others. Tate and Serre collaborated on a paper on good reduction of abelian varieties. The classification of abelian varieties over finite fields was carried out by Taira Honda and Tate (the Honda–Tate theorem).

The Tate conjectures are the equivalent for étale cohomology of the Hodge conjecture. They relate to the Galois action on the ℓ-adic cohomology of an algebraic variety, identifying a space of "Tate cycles" (the fixed cycles for a suitably Tate-twisted action) that conjecturally picks out the algebraic cycles. A special case of the conjectures, which are open in the general case, was involved in the proof of the Mordell conjecture by Gerd Faltings.

Tate has also had a major influence on the development of number theory through his role as a Ph.D. advisor. His students include George Bergman, Ted Chinburg, Bernard Dwork, Benedict Gross, Robert Kottwitz, Jonathan Lubin, Stephen Lichtenbaum, James Milne, V. Kumar Murty, Carl Pomerance, Ken Ribet, Joseph H. Silverman, Dinesh Thakur, and William C. Waterhouse.

Awards and honors
Tate was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1941. In 1956 Tate was awarded the American Mathematical Society's Cole Prize for outstanding contributions to number theory. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1958. He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1969. In 1992 he was elected as Foreign Member of the French Academie des Sciences. In 1995 he received the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Lifetime Achievement from the American Mathematical Society. He was awarded a Wolf Prize in Mathematics in 2002/03 for his creation of fundamental concepts in algebraic number theory. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

In 2010 the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, of which he was a member, awarded him the Abel Prize, citing "his vast and lasting impact on the theory of numbers". According to a release by the Abel Prize committee, "Many of the major lines of research in algebraic number theory and arithmetic geometry are only possible because of the incisive contributions and illuminating insights of John Tate. He has truly left a conspicuous imprint on modern mathematics."

Tate has been described as "one of the seminal mathematicians for the past half-century" by William Beckner, Chairman of the Department of Mathematics at the University of Texas at Austin.

Personal life
Tate married twice. His first wife was Karin Artin, his doctoral advisor's daughter. Together they had three daughters, six grandchildren, and a great-grandson. One of his grandchildren, , currently works as a mathematics Professor at Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques. After Tate divorced, he married Carol MacPherson.

Selected publications
, Princeton University Ph.D. thesis under Emil Artin. Reprinted in

Collected Works of John Tate: Parts I and II, American Mathematical Society, (2016)

See also
 Mumford–Tate group
 Local Tate duality
 Tate topology
 Tate vector space

References

Milne, J, "The Work of John Tate"

External links

Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine:
Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine:
Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine:

1925 births
2019 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Abel Prize laureates
Harvard University Department of Mathematics faculty
Harvard University faculty
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Harvard College alumni
Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
Mathematicians from Minnesota
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Nicolas Bourbaki
Arithmetic geometers
Princeton University alumni
Scientists from Minneapolis
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Wolf Prize in Mathematics laureates
Members of the American Philosophical Society

John Tate (mathematician)


Monsieur Linh and His Child is a novella by French author Philippe Claudel, originally published in French in 2005.

Monsier Linh is a South-East Asian — probably Vietnamese — refugee to France. His son and daughter-in-law were killed in an unspecified war, and he has fled to France with his infant granddaughter, Sang Diû.  Despite the language barrier, he befriends the widower Monsieur Bark, whom he meets on a park bench.

References

External links
 Official page at Maclehose's website

2005 French novels
Novels by Philippe Claudel

Monsieur Linh and His Child


Murray Arnold Dron (born 23 January 1975) is a British journalist and television presenter working for ITN on London Tonight and ITV News.

Background
Dron was born in Perth, Scotland, but grew up in Jersey from a young age. He was educated at Elizabeth College, Guernsey and graduated from Edge Hill University with a degree in Media.

Broadcasting career
Murray began his career in the Channel Islands as presenter of Channel Television's nightly regional news programme Channel Report alongside Kristina Moore. He also presented the weekly sports show Report Sport.

From 2007 Dron was a freelance sports reporter for ITV News, covering a wide range of events, including Formula One, Premier League football, the cricket and rugby World Cups and the Tour de France.

He was a launch presenter on Setanta Sports News, co-hosting Lunchtime Live alongside Charlotte Jackson until the channel ceased broadcasting in June 2009.

In August 2009 Murray started reporting for London Tonight and ITV News.

Personal life
Dron plays volleyball for Jersey and has competed at the Island Games three times.

References

ITN newsreaders and journalists
1975 births
Living people
Alumni of Edge Hill University

Murray Dron