Albert Einstein conducted several unsuccessful investigations. These pertain to quantum mechanics, superconductivity, and his details on his own theory of relativity.

Special relativity

Transverse mass

In one of his three Annus mirabilis papers of 1905, on special relativity, Albert Einstein noted that, given a specific definition of the word "force" (a definition which he later agreed was not advantageous), and if we choose to maintain (by convention) Newton's second law of motion  (mass times acceleration equals force), then one arrives at  as the expression for the transverse mass of a fast moving particle. This differs from the accepted expression today, because, as noted in the footnotes to Einstein's paper added in the 1913 reprint, "it is more to the point to define force in such a way that the laws of energy and momentum assume the simplest form", as was done, for example, by Max Planck in 1906, who gave the now familiar expression  for the transverse mass.

As historian Arthur I. Miller points out, this is equivalent to the transverse mass predictions of both Einstein and Hendrik Lorentz. Einstein had commented already in the 1905 paper that "With a different definition of force and acceleration, we should naturally obtain other expressions for the masses. This shows that in comparing different theories... we must proceed very cautiously."

Minkowski's work

Einstein did not immediately appreciate the value of Hermann Minkowski's four-dimensional formulation of special relativity, although within a few years he had adopted it within his theory of gravitation.

General relativity and cosmology

Black holes

Einstein denied several times that black holes could form. In 1939 he published a paper that argues that a star collapsing would spin faster and faster, spinning at the speed of light with infinite energy well before the point where it is about to collapse into a Schwarzchild singularity, or black hole.

Einstein's argument itself only shows that stable spinning objects have to spin faster and faster to stay stable before the point where they collapse. But it is well understood today (and was understood well by some even then) that collapse cannot happen through stationary states the way Einstein imagined. Nevertheless, the extent to which the models of black holes in classical general relativity correspond to physical reality remains unclear, and in particular the implications of the central singularity implicit in these models are still not understood.

Closely related to his rejection of black holes, Einstein believed that the exclusion of singularities might restrict the class of solutions of the field equations so as to force solutions compatible with quantum mechanics, but no such theory has ever been found.

Cosmological constant
Einstein himself considered the introduction of the cosmological constant in his 1917 paper founding cosmology as a "blunder". The theory of general relativity predicted an expanding or contracting universe, but Einstein wanted a static universe which is an unchanging three-dimensional sphere, like the surface of a three-dimensional ball in four dimensions.

He wanted this for philosophical reasons, so as to incorporate Mach's principle in a reasonable way. He stabilised his solution by introducing a cosmological constant, and when the universe was shown to be expanding, he retracted the constant as a blunder. This is not really much of a blunder – the cosmological constant is necessary within general relativity as it is currently understood, and it is widely believed to have a nonzero value today.

Quantum mechanics

Heisenberg's work
Finding it too formal, Einstein believed that Werner Heisenberg's matrix mechanics was incorrect. He changed his mind when Erwin Schrödinger and others demonstrated that the formulation in terms of the Schrödinger equation, based on wave–particle duality was equivalent to Heisenberg's matrices.

Einstein also tried to show that Heisenberg's uncertainty principle was not valid. By 1927 he had become convinced of its utility, but he always opposed it.

EPR paradox
In the EPR paper, Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen argued that quantum mechanics cannot be a complete realistic and local representation of phenomena, given specific definitions of "realism", "locality", and "completeness". The modern consensus is that Einstein's concept of realism is too restrictive.

Superconductivity

Einstein published (in 1922) a qualitative theory of superconductivity based on the vague idea of electrons shared in orbits. This paper predated modern quantum mechanics, and today is regarded as being incorrect. The current theory of low temperature superconductivity, BCS theory (by John Bardeen, Leon Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer) was only worked out in 1957, thirty years after the establishing of modern quantum mechanics. However, even today, superconductivity is not well understood, and alternative theories continue to be put forward, especially to account for high-temperature superconductors.

Unified field theory
Einstein spent many years pursuing the unified field theory of physics, and published many papers on the subject spanning from 1918 up until his passing in April of 1955. Einstein was never able to prove the unified field theory. Theoretical physicists have not yet formulated a widely accepted, consistent theory that combines general relativity and quantum mechanics to form a theory of everything. Trying to combine the graviton with the strong and electroweak interactions leads to fundamental difficulties and the resulting theory is not renormalizable. The incompatibility of the two theories remains a key unsolved problems in physics.

References

Albert Einstein
History of astronomy

Einstein's unsuccessful investigations


Kelly Errin Herndon (born November 3, 1976) is a former American football cornerback. He was originally signed by the San Francisco 49ers as an undrafted free agent in 1999. He played college football at Toledo. Although he entered his first NFL camp in 1999, Herndon waited until 2002 to play in his first NFL game.  The wait included two training camps with the San Francisco 49ers, one with the New York Giants, one season in the XFL, a spring in Barcelona with NFL Europe and one season serving on the Giants' and Denver Broncos practice squads.

Herndon has been a member of the Las Vegas Outlaws, Barcelona Dragons, New York Giants, Denver Broncos, Seattle Seahawks and Tennessee Titans in his career.

Early years
Herndon graduated from Chamberlin High School in Twinsburg, Ohio.

Professional career
His most notable performance was in Super Bowl XL playing for the Seattle Seahawks, Herndon intercepted a Ben Roethlisberger pass, returning it 76 yards, establishing a new Super Bowl record.  The record was subsequently broken by James Harrison.

Personal
In Twinsburg, Ohio (population approx. 17,000), a small town about 45 minutes from Cleveland, there is a sign that reads, "Home of NFL Player Kelly Herndon."  The sign was erected in 2004.
Was a classmate and teammate on Chamberlin High School's basketball team with James Posey of the New Orleans Hornets.
Was a defensive back on the XFL's Las Vegas Outlaws in 2001 during the league's one and only season.
Girlfriend gave birth to his sons, KJ in June 2006 and Kyson in 2010.

External links
Denver Broncos bio
Las Vegas Outlaws Bio

1976 births
Living people
People from Twinsburg, Ohio
Sportspeople from Summit County, Ohio
American football cornerbacks
Toledo Rockets football players
San Francisco 49ers players
Barcelona Dragons (NFL Europe) players
New York Giants players
Denver Broncos players
Seattle Seahawks players
Tennessee Titans players
Las Vegas Outlaws (XFL) players

Kelly Herndon


The California State University (CSU) is a public university system established in 1857 in California. It is one of three public higher education systems in the state, the other two being the University of California system and the California Community College system. The California State University system headquarters are in Long Beach, California.

The CSU system is composed of 23 campuses and has over 417,000 students supported by 47,000 faculties and staff.
It is the largest senior system of higher education in the United States.

CSU prepares about 60 percent of the teachers in the state, 40 percent of the engineering graduates, and more graduates in business, agriculture, communication studies, health, education and public administration than all other California universities and colleges combined. Altogether, about half the bachelor's degrees and a third of the master's degrees awarded annually in California are from the CSU.

Since 1961, nearly 2.5 million alumni have received a bachelor's, master's or doctoral degree from the CSU system which offers more than 1,800 degree programs in 240 subject areas.

Campuses
The California State University has 23 colleges. They are listed in order from oldest to newest.

References

1857 establishments in California

California State University


Joint Task Force (JTF) Shining Hope was the United States contribution to Operation Allied Harbor in 1999. The mission of JTF Shining Hope was to conduct foreign humanitarian assistance operations in support of US government agencies and non-governmental and international organizations engaged in providing humanitarian relief to Kosovar refugees in Albania and Macedonia. JTF Shining Hope was commanded by Major General William S. Hinton Jr., United States Air Force.

Background
The United States continued to work closely with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and other relief organizations to ensure a comprehensive and adequate response to the humanitarian crisis caused by the ethnic cleansing and atrocities being conducted by Serb forces.

United States and other NATO military forces provided support for humanitarian operations in a variety of ways, to include air and surface transportation of relief supplies and equipment, camp preparation, shelter construction, security, and other tasks uniquely suited to military forces. The Department of Defense pledged over $25 million in humanitarian assistance, which, in addition to the above, also included food (humanitarian daily rations), shelter (tents), bedding, medical supplies, and vehicles.

For the JTF's efforts, the unit was awarded the Joint Meritorious Unit (JMUA) in August 1999 by Hugh Shelton, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Inclusive dates for the award are 3 April 1999 to 1 July 1999.

References
Bruce Nardulli, Walter L. Perry, Bruce R. Pirnie, John IV Gordon, John G. McGinn, Disjointed War: Military Operations in Kosovo, 1999, Rand Corporation, 2002

Humanitarian military operations

Operation Shining Hope


Wings of the Falcon is a thriller, historical romance novel by Barbara Michaels published originally in 1977.

The novel tells the story of Francesca who becomes entangled with the mysterious Il Falcone in a political plot in midst of Italian Revolution of 1860.

Synopsis

Set during  Italian Risorgimento  of  1860, Francesca Fairbourn arrives in Italy after she becomes an orphan to live with her mother's family.
Her aristocratic Italian mother and English father had eloped which resulted in her getting disowned by her family. Francesca's mother died during her birth which left Francesca's father to raise her all alone. When she left school at 18 she lost her father and was in desperate situation until her dashing young cousin Andrea del Tarconti rescues her and sends her to Italy to the aristocratic home of Tarconti Castle. Once there Francesca finds herself intertwined in web of political intrigue as a local disguised hero named Il Falcone is helping peasants fight against tyrant rulers. Francesca realizes that the 'Il Falcone' is closer to her family than she thinks.

Characters

Francesca Fairbourn - 18-year-old Francesca who comes to live with her mother's family in Italy. There she becomes entangled in the Italian Revolution and with the mysterious Il Falcone. The protagonist and narrator.
Stefano del Tarconti - Francesca's second half-cousin who is limp due to horse accident. Elder twin brother of Andrea, he is direct in line to Tarconti title and estate.
Alberta "Miss P" Perkins - The Governess who accompanies Francesca from England to Italy. Extremely chatty but it is all a facade as she is actually an English Spy who has come to Italy to help Il Falcone fight against tyrant rulers.
Miss Rhoda - Stefano and Andrea's Grandmother's sister. She raised Stefano and Andrea since they were children.
Andrea del Tarconti - Stefano's younger twin brother who is dashing and impulsive.
Conte del Tarconti - Grandfather of Franceca, Stefano and Andrea who is current Prince Tarconti.
Galiana Fosilini - young but spoiled Galiana is daughter of Constessa Fosilini.  Becomes good friend of Francesca.
Contessa Fosilini - Wife of late Count Fosilini who was to be married to Franceca's mother until she ran away with Franseca's father Charles. Contessa is usually quiet, frail and very religious person.
Raoul De Merode - The local captain soldier and novel's main antagonist. Obsessed with want to defeat Il Falcone.
Francesca del Tarconti - Francesca's mother who died during her birth. She was disowned by her rich aristocrat Italian Family when she ran away with Charles to England. Francesca's is named after her.
Charles Fairbourn - Franceca's English father who is extremely handsome. He loves his daughter very much and provides her with every happiness.
Teresa - Franceca's maid who is generally helpful and brave.

References
Wings of Falcon Harper Collins Edition

1977 novels
Historical novels
American thriller novels
Fiction set in 1860
Italian unification
Novels set in Italy
Dodd, Mead & Co. books
American romance novels

Wings of the Falcon


Pioneer is the name of the first railroad locomotive to operate in Chicago, Illinois.  It was built in 1837 by Baldwin Locomotive Works for the Utica and Schenectady Railroad (U&S) in New York, then purchased used by William B. Ogden for the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad (G&CU, the oldest predecessor of Chicago and North Western Railway). The locomotive arrived in Chicago by schooner on October 10, 1848, and it pulled the first train westbound out of the city on October 25, 1848.

History

When the locomotive was built by Baldwin #184 in 1837 for the U&S which gave it the name Alert.  It worked almost a decade before it was sold in 1848 to the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad.  The G&CU renamed the locomotive Pioneer and used it in the construction of the G&CU until 1850, at which time the locomotive was loaned to the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad for work laying the first track in Chicago that summer. The Pioneer was returned and became its road work locomotive. After the G&CU was merged into the Chicago and North Western (C&NW), the locomotive remained in service, until it was retired in 1875 at West Chicago, IL

The locomotive has been preserved and is on display at the Chicago History Museum.

References

 Chicago Historical Society, History Lab Collections - Riding the Rails.  Retrieved October 25, 2005.
 Rivanna Chapter, National Railway Historical Society (2005), This Month in Railroad History - October. Retrieved October 25, 2005.
 SteamLocomotive.com (November 1, 2004), Chicago Area Steam.  Retrieved October 25, 2005.
  History Channel, Deep Sea Detectives. Retrieved July 3, 2008.

Individual locomotives of the United States
4-2-0 locomotives
Chicago and North Western Railway locomotives
Early steam locomotives
History of Chicago
Preserved steam locomotives of Illinois

Pioneer (locomotive)


The M1297 Army Ground Mobility Vehicle (A-GMV or AGMV), previously just GMV, and formerly called the Ultra Light Combat Vehicle (ULCV), is a U.S. Army airdroppable light off-road vehicle for light infantry brigades. The A-GMV is produced by General Dynamics. The design is closely based on the M1288 GMV 1.1, which is itself based on the Flyer 72.

In March 2015, the Army changed the name of the Ultra Light Combat Vehicle to the Ground Mobility Vehicle. A-GMV is intended to be carried internally in a CH-47 Chinook or externally by a UH-60 Black Hawk. In order to be survivable but transportable, the GMV would be lightly armored and use speed, maneuverability, and off-road mobility to avoid major threats. The A-GMV is configured to carry an airborne infantry combat squad of nine paratroopers, and their gear – a payload capacity of over . The vehicle has an open design, modifiable into flexible configurations, by remote and manned turrets, armor, or arctic kits.

The AGMV was a limited purchase through USSOCOM's GMV 1.1 program. The Infantry Squad Vehicle will be purchased in greater numbers.

Background

A-GMV is meant to be light and fast and deliver soldiers from a drop zone far from enemy air defenses or indirect fire systems. Five vehicles would carry a platoon headquarters, three rifle squads, and a weapons squad. The vehicle is seen as a "21st century jeep" to move troops around during an initial attack faster than the enemy can counter them with heavy weapons. Both the GMV and LRV are to replace sling-loaded Humvees in this role (but not for other units). Interest in the effort is expected on the scale of the U.S. Special Operations Command program to replace the Ground Mobility Vehicle, which also sought to replace a Humvee-based vehicle with a lighter and more air-mobile design. Airborne infantry brigades would use the vehicles to rush forces from their airborne insertion point to seize an objective, which would become a forward airfield for reinforcing and deploying heavier follow-on forces. After follow-on forces arrive and set up positions, the ULCV would not be as useful, but could potentially allow troops to operate for up to a week without support.

Army officials consider the GMV a needed addition to a global response force like the 82nd Airborne Division.  Currently, airdropped infantry would be flown to a target area or driven there by trucks.  Either way, they then need to dismount and walk the distance to their destination, sometimes for many miles while carrying heavy gear.  The GMV would allow light infantry to be driven right to their destination, allowing them to be airdropped further away from potential enemy fire and use mobility to find an off-road avenue of approach an adversary isn't expecting, and not be fatigued once they need to fight.  The idea was to acquire up to 300 vehicles by the end of 2016 at a unit cost of $149,000, which could decrease if a second increment was bought and stationed at installations for training; predicted dates were not certain as the entire effort remains subject to funding availability. Ability to be carried under a UH-60 Black Hawk in high/hot conditions is particularly important because battalion commanders cannot always get control of a CH-47 to carry heavier up-armored Humvees.

History
In January 2014, the Army issued a notice to industry for a commercial-off-the-shelf air-droppable "Ultra Light Combat Vehicle" (ULCV). The information collated was used to examine the benefit of an ULCV to support mobility for Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT) soldiers. The information received was used by the MCOE to screen COTS solutions for a potential follow-on static display and proof of principal event.

A Platform Performance Demonstration (ULCV-PPD) was subsequently held at Fort Bragg in June 2014 to allow potential contractors to demonstrate the capability of their vehicles.

The PPD had vehicles demonstrate a range of threshold requirements including being driven onto and out of a CH-47 with a full nine-man squad and their equipment on board, ability to operate on various forms of terrain, be rigged and de-rigged by two soldiers within two minutes for sling-load operations, and others. Threshold requirements identify the maximum curb weight of the vehicle at 4,500 lb with a range of . Six vendors took part in the technology demonstration and compared their vehicles to the Humvee as part of a global response force mission.

Candidates
The following is a list of vehicles provided at the Platform Performance Demonstration:
 General Dynamics with the M1288 GMV 1.1, A (US)SOCOM vehicle based on the Flyer 72.
 Vyper Adamas, Inc. proposed their V3X Tactical Vehicle.
 Polaris Defense proposed its Deployable Advanced Ground Off-road (DAGOR) vehicle.
 Boeing-MSI Defense with its Phantom Badger
 Hendrick Dynamics with its Commando Jeep.
 Lockheed Martin with its High Versatility Tactical Vehicle.

In March 2015, the Army changed the name of the ULCV to the Ground Mobility Vehicle (GMV). This created confusion, as the name is the same as the USSOCOM Humvee-based Ground Mobility Vehicle, and its replacement, the M1288 GMV 1.1, a vehicle also based on the Flyer 72.

The Army acknowledged General Dynamics' potential advantages because of the SOCOM contract but stated it was considering all options and would not sole-source their award.

In May 2015 the Army issued a ULCV (GMV) market questionnaire. A second RfI was issued in September.

As a "new start" program in its fiscal year (FY) 2017 budget request the Army requested US$4.9 million in FY 2017 for the program. According to the latest program-related documents, the service hopes to find a vehicle that "provides enhanced tactical mobility" for an IBCT infantry squad of nine personnel and their equipment. The vehicle must be capable of moving "quickly around the battlefield, including the ability to execute medium-distance insertion operations," using UH-60 Black Hawk utility helicopters, according to the document.

A-GMV's concept is to provide flexibility for entry operations in permissive and non-permissive environments 'to counter threat anti-access strategies by using multiple austere entry points via air-drop, air-land, and/or air-insertion to bring in combat configured units." The Army said it plans to develop GMV to fulfil requirements "using a commercial off-the-shelf or non-developmental item vehicle," for which a firm fixed-priced contract is to be awarded through an open competition. FY 2017 funding could be used for a contract award for "GMV test vehicles for destructive testing" and initial production could be considered as soon as the fourth quarter of FY 2017 and full-rate production in the third quarter FY 2019.

The Army never formalized a competitive bid process, but in the interim, opted to purchase a limited number of GMVs through SOCOM's Ground Mobility Vehicle 1.1. In its 2018 budget request, the Army split the GMV into two phases. The second phase, called the Infantry Squad Vehicle program, was initiated to acquire 1700 additional vehicles.

In May 2018, the Army awarded General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems (GD-OTS) a $33.8 million contract for the production of 118 A-GMVs and associated kits. The vehicles will outfit three airborne brigades.

The A-GMV shares some 90 percent parts commonality with the GMV 1.1.

GD-OTS delivered the first A-GMV to the US Army, marking the First Unit Equipped (FUE), delivered within four months of contract award and consisted of vehicles, spares and training. Estimated completion of the contract is March 2019.

References

All-wheel-drive vehicles
Post–Cold War armored fighting vehicles of the United States
Military trucks
Off-road vehicles
Military light utility vehicles

M1297 Army Ground Mobility Vehicle


"Your Feet's Too Big" is a song composed in 1936 by Fred Fisher with lyrics by Ada Benson.  It has been recorded by many artists, notably the Ink Spots and by Fats Waller in 1939.  The song became associated with Waller who ad-libbed his own lyrics such as "Your pedal extremities are colossal, to me you look just like a fossil" and his catchphrase, "You know, your pedal extremities really are obnoxious. One never knows, do one?"  It was performed in the 1978 revue of Waller tunes, Ain't Misbehavin'.

The TV comedy series Harry and the Hendersons used Leon Redbone's version of the song as its theme tune.

The film Be Kind Rewind used Fats Waller's version of the song, although Mos Def recorded his own rendition of the song as recorded by Waller for the film.

Notable recordings

 Kenny Ball
 The Beatles (officially unreleased)
 Kevin Bowyer
 Chubby Checker (For Twisters Only)
 J. Lawrence Cook (piano roll)
 Freddy Gardner
 Steve Gillette
 The Hot Sardines
 The Ink Spots
 Alastair McDonald
 George Melly
 Ken Page
 Leon Redbone
 Ruben Studdard
 Aki Takase
 Fats Waller
 Michael-Leon Wooley
 The Captain Matchbox Whoopee Band
 Mos Def

References

1936 songs
Songs written by Fred Fisher
1930s jazz standards

Your Feet's Too Big


Johan Ludvig Runeberg (; 5 February 1804 – 6 May 1877) was a Finnish priest, lyric and epic poet. He wrote exclusively in Swedish. He is considered a national poet of Finland. He is the author of the lyrics to  (Our Land,  in Finnish) which became an unofficial Finnish national anthem. Runeberg was also involved in the modernization of the Finnish Lutheran hymnal and produced many texts for the new edition.

Background

Childhood
Runeberg was born into a Swedish-speaking family in Jakobstad, Finland, on the shores of the Gulf of Bothnia. His parents were sea captain Lorentz Ulrik Runeberg (1772–1828) and Anna Maria Malm (1782–1834). Paternal grandfather Ludvig had moved to Finland from Sweden, and Anna Maria Malm was born to the merchant family from Jakobstad, which probably also had their roots in Sweden.

As a child, Runeberg suffered from scrofula, which led to glandular swelling. His physical development slowed down due to illness so that he did not learn to walk until he was three or four years old. From his father, Johan inherited a manly and brisk character, and from his mother, he inherited sensitivity and artistic talent.

Education
At the age of eight, Runeberg was sent to live with his uncle and attend school in Oulu.  Runeberg studied in the city of Vaasa and later on at the Imperial Academy of Turku, where he befriended Johan Vilhelm Snellman and Zacharias Topelius. His studies concentrated mainly on the classical languages of Latin and Greek. He earned a Master of Philosophy during 1827. He served as a tutor (1822–1826), docent at the Imperial Alexander University (1830) and teacher at the Swedish-language Helsingfors Lyceum (1831–1836).

From 1837, he lived in Porvoo, where he served as professor of Latin literature in the Borgå gymnasium. Runeberg was the tutor of Carl Henrik Alopaeus, who would later become the bishop of Porvoo and an educator of the deaf. Runeberg also supported Carl Oscar Malm's school for the deaf in Porvoo (at which Alopaeus taught) as well as serving on its school board. Finnish salon hostess Natalia Castrén (1830–1881) was a member of Runeberg's cultural circle.

Poetry
Many of his poems deal with life in rural Finland. The best known of these is , (Farmer Paavo,  in Finnish), about a smallholding peasant farmer in the poor parish of Saarijärvi and his determination, sisu (guts) and unwavering faith in providence in the face of a harsh climate and years of bad harvests. Three times, a frosty night destroys his crops. Every time, he mixes double the amount of bark into his bark bread to stave off starvation and works ever harder to dry off marsh into dryer land that would not be as exposed to the night frost. After the fourth year, Paavo finally gets a rich crop. As his wife exults, thanks God and tells Paavo to enjoy full bread made entirely out of grain, Paavo instructs his wife to mix bark into grain once more, because their neighbour's crop has been lost in a frost and he gives half of his crop to the needy neighbour.

Selected works
Runeberg's main works included the idealist poem "" (Elk Hunters, 1832) and the epic  (King Fjalar, 1844). The heroic poem  (The Tales of Ensign Stål,  in Finnish) written between 1848 and 1860 is considered the greatest Finnish epic poem outside the native Kalevala tradition and contains tales of the Finnish War of 1808–09 with Russia. In the war, Sweden ignominiously lost Finland, which became a Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire. The epic, which is composed episodically, emphasizes the common humanity of all sides in the conflict, while principally lauding the heroism of the Finns. The first poem  (Our Land,  in Finnish) became the Finnish National Anthem.

Personal life
He was married to his second cousin Fredrika Runeberg, née Tengström, who wrote poems and novels. They were the parents of eight children, including the sculptor Walter Runeberg, who was their eldest son. He also had several emotional affairs throughout his life, most notably with Maria Prytz and the younger poet Emilie Björkstén.

Johan Ludvig Runeberg met Fredrika Wenman at a school in Vaasa. Runeberg dedicated his poem to Frigga. However, the courtship ended when Runeberg left to study at the Royal Academy of Turku in 1823.

Legacy

Runeberg Day (Finnish: ) is celebrated annually on 5 February, the day of Runeberg's birth.  A pastry flavored with almonds called Runeberg's torte (Finnish: ; Swedish: ) is generally available in stores from the beginning of January until 5 February.

There is a statue of Johan Ludwig Runeberg by his son Walter Runeberg on Esplanadi in the heart of Helsinki. Runeberg Township in Becker County, Minnesota was also named after Runeberg.

The Runeberginkatu street in central Helsinki is named after him.

Runeberg was selected as the main motif of the Finnish commemorative coin, the €10 Johan Ludvig Runeberg and Finnish Poetry commemorative coin. It was minted in 2004 celebrating the 200th anniversary of his birth. The obverse of the coin features a stylized portrait of Runeberg's face. The reverse features an 1831 font sample from the Swedish-language newspaper , since Runeberg wrote most of his work in Swedish.

See also

 List of Swedish-language writers
 MS J. L. Runeberg
 Project Runeberg
 Runeberg Prize
 Runeberg torte
 Sven Dufva

References

External links
Vårt land (Maamme)
Works by Runeberg at Project Runeberg
Johan Ludvig Runeberg at Swedish Wikisource

Recipe for Runeberg Torte (Finnish: Runebergintorttu; Swedish: Runebergstårta)
Runeberg translations by Charles Wharton Stork, pp. 56–80
Anthology of Swedish lyrics from 1750 to 1915 at the Internet Archive

1804 births
1877 deaths
19th-century Lutherans
People from Jakobstad
Writers from Ostrobothnia (region)
Finnish Lutherans
Finnish poets in Swedish
Finnish writers in Swedish
Finnish Lutheran hymnwriters
Swedish Lutheran hymnwriters
Lutheran poets
Lutheran writers
National anthem writers
National symbols of Finland
Swedish-speaking Finns

Johan Ludvig Runeberg


San Miguel Corporation, abbreviated as SMC, is a Philippine multinational conglomerate headquartered in Mandaluyong, Metro Manila. The company is one of the largest and most diversified conglomerates in the Philippines. Originally founded in 1890 as brewery in the Philippines, San Miguel has ventured beyond its core business, with investments in various sectors such as food and drink, finance, infrastructure, oil and energy, transportation, and real estate.

Its flagship product, San Miguel Beer, is one of the largest selling beers in the world. San Miguel's manufacturing operations have extended beyond its home market to Hong Kong, China, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, and Australia, and its products are exported to 60 markets around the world.

History

In 1889, a well-known Manila businessman, Enrique María Barretto de Ycaza y Esteban, applied for a royal grant from Spain to establish a brewery in the Philippines. He was awarded the grant for a period of twenty years. On September 29, 1890 (Michaelmas, or the feast day of Saint Michael the Archangel), La Fábrica de Cerveza San Miguel was declared open for business. Located at 6 Calzada de Malacañan (later renamed Calle conde de Avilés and presently Jose Laurel Street), the brewery took its name from the arrabal (suburb or district) where it was located, San Miguel, Manila. The facility had two sections: one devoted to the production of ice with a daily capacity of 5 tons, and the other to beer production. The brewery was the first in Southeast Asia using the most modern equipment and facilities of the day. With 70 employees, the plant produced 3,600 hectolitres (about 47,000 cases) of lager beer during the first year and subsequently produced other types of beer, notably Cerveza Negra, Eagle Extra Stout and Doble Bock.

Early success led to the expansion of the business and Barretto decided to incorporate his brewery. On June 6, 1893, the company was incorporated and registered with a capital of P180,000. Those forming the corporation were Barretto, Pedro Pablo Róxas y Castro, Gonzalo Tuasón y Patiño, Vicente D. Fernández y Castro, Albino Goyenechea, Benito Legarda y Tuáson and the heirs of Don Mariano Buenaventura y Chuidan.

Pedro Pablo Róxas was soon appointed manager, playing a prominent role in the development of the firm. He was the active member of the firm until 1896, when he left for Europe. Prior to his departure, he acquired Barretto's shares in the company worth P42,000.  After Barretto retired in May 1896, Róxas acquired the rest of Barretto's stake in the business. In 1895, San Miguel Beer won the first of its many awards as a product of the highest quality at the Exposición Regional de Filipinas. By 1896, San Miguel Beer was outselling by more than five-to-one all imported beers in the country.

The 1900s ushered in a period of prosperity after the Philippine Revolution and the beginning of the American Occupation. Demand for beer increased, and for San Miguel, still under Róxas' leadership, modernization of their operations included installation of electric conveyors and automatic machines, with the brewery's equipment modernised by 1910.

San Miguel Brewery, Inc. (1913–1963)
By 1913, imported beer represented only 12% of the total consumption in the Philippines; San Miguel held an 88% share of the industry. Róxas died in Paris in 1913. Soon after, Benito Legarda and Gonzalo Tuasón made it advisable to change the form of the company from a firm of co-participants to a corporation (San Miguel Brewery, Inc.). Róxas's son, Antonio Róxas de Ayala, was appointed president, with Enrique Brías de Coya and Don Ramón J. Fernández as managers.

By 1914, San Miguel began to export, with its products finding ready markets in Hong Kong, Shanghai and Guam.  When the First World War broke out, exports came to a temporary halt due to difficulties such as shortage of raw materials and the consequent rise in manufacturing costs. It was not until Prohibition was repealed in the United States that San Miguel was able to resume exports to Guam and later to Honolulu. By the end of 1914, Enrique Brías, after seeing that his efforts and industry had resulted in a progressive and prosperous business, retired from active business life in favour of his son, Antonio Brías y Róxas.  In 1918, Antonio Róxas resigned from his position as president.

Andrés Soriano Sr.: 1918–1964

Andrés Soriano (a grandson of Don Pedro Pablo Róxas and a nephew of Don Antonio Róxas) joined San Miguel as a clerk in the accounting department. In 1918, after the resignation of Antonio Róxas, Ramón J. Fernández assumed the presidency and Soriano was made acting manager. In 1923, Soriano was appointed manager and managed San Miguel together with Antonio Brías y Róxas with constantly increasing success.

Diversification into new lines of business began in the 1920s.  The company opened in 1922 the Royal Soft Drinks Plant in Manila producing Royal Tru-Orange, other Royal products and aerated water. (In 1919, the company acquired the Oriental Brewery and Ice Company and transformed the building into an ice plant and cold storage; later the Royal Soft Drinks Plant.) Five years later, the company secured the rights to bottle and distribute Coca-Cola in the Philippines.  In 1925, San Miguel went into the ice cream business with the purchase of the Magnolia Plant on Calle Avilés which was transferred a year later to a new site on Calle Echague (now, C. Palanca Sr. Street) in Quiapo District, Manila.  The new site used to house the Fábrica de Hielo de Manila which was bought by San Miguel in 1924.  To achieve greater self-sufficiency in its operations, the firm opened a new plant in 1930 to produce carbon dioxide for its soft drinks products and dry ice for the refrigeration needs of its ice cream products.  In 1932, a plant was set up to produce compressed yeast for bakeries and medical use. The following year, the company leased the Insular Ice Plant from the government for a period of ten years.

During the 1930s, San Miguel began investing in businesses overseas.  The company set up a short-lived dairy business in Calcutta, India and Singapore (Cold Storage Creameries, Singapore), and invested in breweries in the United States (a stake in the George Muehlebach Brewing Company and majority holding in the Lone Star Brewing Company located in San Antonio, Texas).

In 1939, the management structure of the company was reorganized along the lines of American corporations.  San Miguel's management team was made up of the board of directors (president, vice-president, treasurer and nine directors and the executive officers of the corporation).  Ramón J. Fernández was elected president of the board of directors and Antonio Róxas y Gargollo (a son of Antonio Róxas) was elected vice-president. Soriano was elected president of the corporation, with Antonio Brías y Róxas as vice president.  Eduardo Róxas y Gargollo (another son of Don Antonio Róxas) and Jacobo Zóbel y Róxas were appointed directors. Expanding and modernizing the company, however, meant diluting family control. San Miguel became the first Filipino company to be owned by thousands of shareholders. To retain control, Soriano relied on alliances with his Róxas relatives and associates.

Before World War II broke out, San Miguel built a glass factory in Paco and the Cebu Royal plant, its first installation outside Luzon. When the war reached the Philippines, Soriano was commissioned as a colonel and served as an aide to General Douglas MacArthur. One of the first Filipino brewmasters was Dominador San Diego Santos, a chemist from Obando, Bulacan.

After the war, San Miguel rebuilt and mounted a large scale expansion program. It acquired and modernized a second brewery in Polo, Bulacán (now part of Valenzuela City) in 1947. Two years later, five other plants were opened: the Farola glass plant and power plant (San Nicolas, Manila), a carbon dioxide plant in Otis Street (Paco, Manila), a carton plant and the Iloílo Coca-Cola plant. Exports of San Miguel Pale Pilsen resumed. New soft drink plants followed in Davao and Naga.

In 1953, Soriano signed the Manila Agreement which allowed the Spanish company La Segarra S.A. to brew and sell San Miguel Beer in Spain. La Segarra S.A., renamed San Miguel, Fábricas de Cerveza y Malta (now Mahou-San Miguel Group) in 1957, was a separate, independent company that had exclusive rights to use the San Miguel brand in Europe.

San Miguel Corporation (1964–present)

Andrés Soriano Jr.: 1964–1984
In 1964, the company's name was changed to San Miguel Corporation (SMC) and moved to a new head office along Ayala Avenue in Makati.

Andrés Soriano died on December 30, 1964. At the time of his death, Soriano had parlayed his family's vast San Miguel fortune into mining, dairies, factories, a newspaper and a radio station. He had investments in Philippine Airlines, held the largest Coca-Cola franchise, and owned five insurance agency distributorships, a Kansas City brewery that made Lone Star and Colt 45, gold mines in British East Africa and a development company in Spain.

Following Soriano's death, Antonio Róxas y Gargollo was elected chairman and Andrés Soriano Jr. became president. Soriano Jr. would become chairman in 1967 and was credited with instituting modern management, including decentralization along product lines.

The Mandaue, Cebu complex was inaugurated in 1967 – its brewery and glass plant commenced operations a year later. Soriano Jr. continued to diversify the food business, building an ice cream plant in 1970 and expanding into poultry production in 1973 (it later added shrimp processing and freezing in 1984). By 1973, SMC sales exceeded a billion pesos for the first time and profits topped the hundred-million-peso mark.

A new corporate logo was adopted in 1975. The San Miguel escudo (seal), symbol of the royal grant, was retained as the logo San Miguel Beer, its original grantee.

SMC encountered its first major competitor in the Philippine beer market in 1982 with the entry of Asia Brewery, Inc. The rivalry between Asia Brewery and SMC came to a head in 1988, when Asia Brewery cannily introduced a bargain-priced brand called simply, "Beer" (also known as Beer Pale Pilsen and "Beer na Beer"). The product looked and tasted like San Miguel Beer, playing upon the fact that in the Philippines, the San Miguel brand was synonymous with beer. It was a creative counter to SMC's notoriously aggressive and sometimes cutthroat competitive strategy, which had reportedly included "attempts to sabotage Asia Brewery's sales network and smash its empty bottles." Asia Brewery even hired away San Miguel's brew master.

At that time, the original San Miguel Brewery buildings in San Miguel, Manila were demolished upon transfer of ownership to the Philippine Government, and became part of the Malacañang Palace grounds. The site became a park while some became part of the government complex (as the new executive building).

In 1983, SMC sold its remaining minority interest in the Spanish company (San Miguel, Fábricas de Cerveza y Malta, S.A.). The Philippine and Spanish companies have been operated independently of one another. The Spanish company enjoyed success with San Miguel in its home market and throughout Europe.

Eduardo Cojuangco Jr.: 1983–1986
Soriano's administration also witnessed the battle for corporate control. A thorny issue of management transparency broke Soriano's longstanding alliance with his Zóbel de Ayala relatives. This historical corporate battle resulted in the loss of effective control by the Sorianos, the Róxas de Ayalas and the Zóbel de Ayalas.

In 1983, Enrique J. Zóbel, president of Ayala Corporation and vice chairman of the SMC board, instigated a takeover of SMC. The seeds of the family feud lay in the refusal of the Soriano management to share corporate information with Zóbel, particularly regarding contracts that SMC management was entering into with ANSCOR, a Soriano company. Soriano viewed his third cousin Zóbel as a rival, while Zóbel (holding nearly 20% of SMC stake) viewed Soriano (with about 7%) as mismanaging the company and engaging in sweetheart deals. Unable to oust Soriano, Zóbel sold his group's 19.5% stake to businessman Eduardo Cojuangco Jr., an associate of then President Ferdinand Marcos. Cojuangco's Coconut Industry Investment Fund (a.k.a., United Coconut Planters Bank) accumulated an additional 31% of SMC, giving him effective control of SMC and leaving the Soriano family with a mere 3%. Funds used by Cojuangco to acquire Zóbel's stake came from levies imposed by the Marcos dictatorship on coconut farmers. The Supreme Court has declared such levies to be public funds and therefore any assets bought using these funds are owned by coconut farmers. In the 1970s, then Philippine President, Ferdinand Marcos imposed a tax on the production of coconuts, a major Philippine cash crop, with the proceeds supposed to fund that industry's development. It was alleged, however, that the money was funneled into United Coconut Planters Bank, controlled by Eduardo Cojuangco Jr., which Cojuangco then used much of the funds to help him purchase his controlling stake in San Miguel in 1983. The controlling interest carried nine of SMC's 15 directors seats with it.

After Soriano's death from cancer on March 19, 1984, Cojuangco became the chairman of SMC. That same year, SMC moved to its new head office in Mandaluyong. Cojuangco brought coconut oil milling and refining operations into SMC's portfolio. His reign, however, was cut short when Marcos was toppled in 1986.

Andrés Soriano III: 1986–1998

After the People Power Revolution in 1986, Corazón Aquino, Cojuangco's estranged cousin, became president of the Philippines. Aquino rode on the crest of widespread public outrage over the assassination of her husband, Benigno Aquino Jr., in 1983. One of the people blamed for her husband's death was Cojuangco, who fled on the same aircraft as Marcos to Hawaii in 1986. The Aquino administration sequestered Cojuangco's stake in SMC and agreed to let Andrés Soriano III, son of the late Soriano, run the company in spite of the Soriano family's holdings in San Miguel being a mere 1%.

Soriano launched a campaign to reclaim the family legacy, but when he tried to buy back the abandoned shares, he was blocked by the Aquino administration's Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG). The PCGG assumed control (but not legal ownership) of the 51.4-percent stake and refused to relinquish it. The government asserted that the stake had been illegally obtained. The PCGG continued to tend its SMC stake into the early 1990s, but it acceded de facto control of the conglomerate to Soriano via a management contract with ANSCOR. Soriano continued the company's program of expansion, acquiring majority control of La Tondeña, Inc., the leading producer of hard liquor in the Philippines, in 1987 and adding beef and pork production (Monterey Meats) to the company's food operations in 1988.

Soriano embarked on an ambitious internationalization program, hoping to expand into other countries and mitigate the effects of the Philippines' unstable economy. He also wanted to head off encroaching competition from the world's biggest breweries, namely Anheuser-Busch and Miller of the United States, Kirin of Japan, and BSN of France.

Soriano allocated $1 billion to a five-year strategic internationalization program that focused on shaping up domestic operations, then progressing to licensing and exporting, overseas production, and finally to distribution of non-beer products.

A subsequent decentralization created a holding company structure, with 18 non-beer operations positioned as subsidiaries. This corporate reorganization freed the spun off businesses from the bureaucratic shackles of a large conglomerate. In the course of this multifaceted effort to attain optimum efficiency, SMC reduced its workforce by more than 16%, from a 1989 high of 39,138 to 32,832 by 1993.

With its domestic "ducks in a row," SMC turned to the next stage in its internationalization, beer licensing and exporting initiative. Although the company had exported beer for most of its history, this effort was intensified dramatically in the late 1980s. SMC's beer exports grew by 150% from 1985 to 1989 alone, and the brand was soon exported to 24 countries, including all of Asia's key markets as well as the United States, Australia, and the Middle East. Once the core brand was established in a particular market, SMC would begin to create production facilities, sometimes on an independent basis and sometimes in concert with an indigenous joint-venture partner. By 1995, SMC had manufacturing plants in Hong Kong, China, Indonesia, Vietnam, and had licensing partners in Taiwan, Guam and Nepal.

Thus, in spite of the overarching legal dispute over SMC's ownership (not to mention other problems endemic to operating in the Philippines), the company's sales quintupled from P12.23 billion in 1986 to P68.43 billion by 1994. Net income increased twice as fast, from P1.11 billion to P 11.86 billion over the same period, although its overseas operations (as a whole) were not yet profitable.

In 1996 SMC purchased full control of its Hong Kong arm, San Miguel Brewery Hong Kong Ltd. In April of the following year, SMC's domestic soft-drink bottling unit, Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc., was merged into the Australia-based Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd. (CCA). In effect, SMC exchanged its 70-percent interest in a Philippine-only operation for a 25-percent stake in CCA, which had operations in 17 countries. CCA soon demerged the latter operations into a UK-based firm called Coca-Cola Beverages plc (resulting in a reduction of SMC's stake in CCA to 22 percent).

From 1995 through 1997, SMC suffered a downturn in its main domestic businesses, while overseas operations were still in the red. Profits plummeted. In response, a major restructuring of the company's loss-making food businesses was undertaken. SMC's Magnolia ice cream and milk business was merged with the Nestlé Philippines group, to form Magnolia-Nestlé Corporation. By late 1998, SMC's stake in this business was acquired by Nestlé. SMC also exited from the ready-to-eat meal sector and curtailed the operations of its shrimp farming business. By late 1997, the company was also beginning to feel the effects of the Asian economic crisis.

The Cojuangco-Ang era: 1998–2020
Following the assumption of Joseph Estrada as President of the Philippines on June 30, 1998, Andrés Soriano III resigned in July 1998 and Eduardo M. Cojuangco Jr. was elected chairman of SMC.  Francisco C. Eizmendi Jr. stayed as president and chief operating officer and Ramón S. Ang was elected vice-chairman in January 1999. Ang was appointed president and chief operating officer following the retirement of Eizmendi in 2002.

Confronted by greater competitive pressures as a result of the 1997 financial crisis, the pace of change quickened for San Miguel upon Cojuangco's return.  Amid an extremely difficult operating environment, working toward configuring the corporation to have better response to the highly competitive climate of the time.  The immediate goals upon assuming leadership was to ease the burden of the spiraling interest expense, pursue new strategic alliances to strengthen the business—particularly in the international arena—and strengthen its profitability and financial standing to position the company for new opportunities.  Progress was made on reducing costs, improving productivity and generating cash flow.

Having installed a critical mass of brewing capacity in China, Indonesia and Vietnam, the new management decided to continue the company's investments in these areas, aggressively focusing on brand and volume building initiatives, most especially in China.  SMC revamped the selling and distribution organization resulting in higher distribution efficiency, improved coverage of key accounts, greater pricing stability and reduced overall costs.  In China, the company chose to focus on growth markets while still reaching close to 30 cities.  Where in the past, it had primarily concentrated on the premium market it then aggressively pushed its medium and low-end brands.

By the end of 1998, Cojuangco sold SMC's stake in Coca-Cola Beverages plc (Coca-Cola Amatil's bottler in Europe), along with SMC's 45% stake in Nestlé Philippines.

In May, the San Miguel Brewing International (SMBIL) regional headquarters was transferred from Hong Kong to Manila and to reduce overhead expenses, the employees of SMBIL were repatriated. The group-wide logistics and purchasing functions were realigned at the corporate level.  The food, liquor and international operations were recapitalized.  Metro Bottled Water Corporation, manufacturer of Wilkins Distilled Water, was acquired. In February 2001, SMC re-acquired control of Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc. Shortly after, SMC acquired Pure Foods Corporation, becoming the undisputed market leader in the Philippines' food industry, owning two-thirds of the refrigerated and processed meat market, and over a third of the poultry and feeds industries.

For the next three years, SMC bought six companies in four neighboring countries. Its first major acquisition was Australian boutique brewer J. Boag and Son for A$96 million in 2000. To shore up its war chest, SMC took in Japanese brewer Kirin Brewery Co. Ltd., which acquired a 15-percent stake in SMC, for $540 million in 2002. SMC continued its international acquisitions, paying $97 million for Thai Amarit Brewery Ltd. and $35.5 million for food processor TTC (Vietnam) Co. in 2003. In 2004, it bought 51 percent of Berri Ltd., Australia's top juicemaker, for $97.9 million. By 2004, international sales comprised 13 percent of total revenues from 10 percent the previous year. In 2005, the company made its biggest overseas acquisition with the takeover of National Foods Ltd., Australia's largest publicly traded dairy, which it bought for P80.38 billion. That was followed later in the year with its $420-million purchase of Singapore-based Del Monte Pacific Ltd., the region's largest pineapple canner. San Miguel merged National Foods' operation with Berri.

In 2006, SMC has sold its 65% stake in Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc. (including its subsidiaries Cosmos Bottling and Philippine Beverage Partners) to The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC) for $590 million. In November 2007, SMC sold Boag's to Lion Nathan for A$325 million. The same month, SMC also sold National Foods to Kirin for ¥294 billion.

In 2010, SMC acquired majority control of Petron Corporation.

In April 2012, SMC bought a 49% minority stake in Philippine Airlines (PAL) Holdings, worth US$500 million, to revitalize PAL and Air Philippines. On September 15, 2014, SMC sold its stake in PAL holdings for approximately $1.3 billion and relinquished management control back to the group of Lucio Tan.

SMC has also expanded its oil and energy business with the purchase of Esso Malaysia Berhad (65%), ExxonMobil Borneo Sdn Bhd (100%) and ExxonMobil Malaysia Sdn Bhd (100%) for US$577.3 million.

In October 2012, SMC bought back the 24% of SMC shares held by the government through Coconut Industry Investment Fund (CIIF) companies by paying CIIF P57.6 billion.

By 2017, Iñigo Zóbel, son of Enrique J. Zóbel, became the largest common stock shareholder of SMC owning 66.1% through his holding company, Top Frontier Investment Holdings, Inc.

On November 6, 2017, SMC announced the consolidation of its beverage businesses into San Miguel Pure Foods Company, Inc. through a $6.6-billion share swap deal. San Miguel Pure Foods Company will acquire 7.86 billion shares in  San Miguel Brewery Inc. and 216.97 million shares in Ginebra San Miguel Inc. from SMC. After the consolidation, San Miguel Pure Foods Company will be renamed San Miguel Food and Beverage, Inc.

Ramon S. Ang: 2020–present
On June 16, 2020, Cojuangco passed away at the age of 85 due to heart failure and pneumonia.

On April 15, 2021, ten months following the death of Cojuangco, SMC amended its by-laws to unify the role, functions and duties of chief executive officer (CEO) to that of the president. Based on the PSE disclosure following the 2021 annual stockholders' meeting of SMC, Ang remains as vice-chairman, president (CEO) and COO of the company. As of the June 8, 2021, organizational meeting, the position of chairman of the board of directors remains vacant.

From August to September 2022, Iñigo U. Zobel sold a total of 86.432 million shares, this reduced his ownership to 1.487 billion shares or 62.36 percent.

Subsidiaries

San Miguel Food and Beverage

San Miguel Food and Beverage (formerly San Miguel Pure Foods Company) is the largest food and beverage company in the Philippines. The company was incorporated in 1956 as Pure Foods Corporation, a manufacturer of processed meats marketed under the Purefoods brand name. In 2001, SMC acquired Pure Foods Corporation from Ayala Corporation and renamed as San Miguel Pure Foods Company, Inc. The entire food division of SMC was consolidated under San Miguel Pure Foods Company, Inc. Its integrated operations range from breeding, contract growing, processing and marketing of chicken, pork and beef to the manufacture of refrigerated, canned and ready-to-cook meat products, ice cream, butter, cheese, margarine, oils and fats, as well as animal and aquatic feeds. It holds in its portfolio some of the most formidable brands in the Philippine food industry, among them, Magnolia, Purefoods, Monterey, Star and Dari Creme. Its B-Meg and Pure Blend brands are market-leaders in the animal feeds industry. Sixty per cent of sales for San Miguel Pure Foods comes from poultry, feeds and meats; branded businesses, processed meats, coffee and dairy; and flour. As of July 16, 2013, San Miguel Pure Foods has a market share of over 40 per cent, and is the Philippines' leading poultry producer.

On November 6, 2017, SMC announced the consolidation of its beverage businesses into San Miguel Pure Foods through a $6.6-billion share swap deal. San Miguel Pure Foods would acquire 7.86 billion shares in  San Miguel Brewery Inc. and 216.97 million shares in Ginebra San Miguel Inc. from SMC. After the consolidation, San Miguel Pure Foods was renamed San Miguel Food and Beverage, Inc.

San Miguel Properties

San Miguel Properties was established in 1990 as SMC's corporate real estate arm, its current projects include mixed-use developments, with economy to middle-income housing as its core products. Among its real estate development projects are Makati Diamond Residences (Makati); Emerald 88 (Pasig), Bel Aldea, Maravilla, and Muralla (General Trias, Cavite); Dover Hill (San Juan); One Dover View and Two Dover View (Mandaluyong); and Wedgewoods (Santa Rosa, Laguna).

San Miguel Yamamura Packaging Corporation

San Miguel Yamamura Packaging Corporation (SMYPC) provides packaging solutions to food, beverage, pharmaceutical, chemical and personal care manufacturers. SMYPC serves clients in the United States, Europe, Japan, and Australia among other foreign markets. SMYPC also manufactures corrugated cartons, flexible packaging, plastic crates and pallets, metal closures and two-piece aluminum cans. In China, the company produces glass containers and plastic crates, pallets and metal crowns for the domestic and export markets. SMYPC also manages a plastic crate plant in Indonesia and a glass and metal crown facility in Vietnam. In Malaysia, SMYPC operates four facilities that produce flexible packaging, plastic films, woven products and radiant barriers for higher-value and high-tech industries such as electronics, health care and logistics firms.

Petron Corporation

SMC Global Power Holdings Corporation

SMC Global Power serves as the power arm of San Miguel Corporation. To be the largest power company, with the biggest generation capacity, and a key player in Southeast Asia. To give every Filipino the power to celebrate life.
 Sual Power Station (coal) 1,000 MW
 Ilijan Combined Cycle Power Plant (natural gas) 1,200 MW
 San Roque Dam (hydroelectric) 345 MW
 Masinloc Power Station (coal) 1,019 MW
 Limay Power Plant (coal) 600 MW
 Malita Power Plant (coal) 300 MW
 Angat Hydroelectric Power (hydroelectric) Plant 218-MW

SMC Infrastructure

San Miguel Holdings Corporation, doing business as SMC Infrastructure, is the infrastructure arm of San Miguel, managing several infrastructure projects in the Philippines.

Expressways
 Alloy Manila Toll Expressways, Inc.
 Atlantic Aurum Investments B.V.
 Citra Metro Manila Tollways Corporation (Metro Manila Skyway I & II)
 Skyway O&M Corporation
 Stage 3 Connector Tollways Holdings Corporation
 Citra Central Expressway Corporation (Metro Manila Skyway III)
 Cypress Tree Capital Investments, Inc.
 Star Infrastructure Development Corporation (Southern Tagalog Arterial Road)
 Private Infra Development Corporation (Tarlac–Pangasinan–La Union Expressway)
 Manila Toll Expressways Systems, Inc. (MATES)
 MTD Manila Expressways, Inc
 Rapid Thoroughfares, Inc.
 SMC SLEX Inc. (South Luzon Expressway)
 Terramino Holdings, Inc.
 Vertex Tollways Development, Inc. and Optimal Infrastructure Development, Inc. (NAIA Expressway)

Airports
 San Miguel Aerocity Inc., the operator of the New Manila International Airport
 Trans Aire Development Holdings Corporation (Godofredo P. Ramos Airport)

Other
 ULCOM Company, Inc.
 Luzon Clean Water Development Corporation (Bulacan bulk water supply project)
 Manila North Harbor Port, Inc. (Manila North Harbor)

Bank of Commerce

Bank of Commerce is a universal bank in the Philippines. Founded in 1963, SMC acquired the bank in 2008. The bank is the 16th largest bank in the country in terms of total assets.

Other subsidiaries
 Anchor Insurance Brokerage Corp.
 ArchEn Technologies Inc.
 Autosweep Post Corporation
 Challenger Aero Air Corporation
 Northern Cement Corporation (35% equity held under San Miguel Yamamura Packaging Corporation)
 Petrogen Insurance Corporation
 San Miguel Equity Securities, Inc.
 San Miguel Equity Investments, Inc.
 SMC Asia Car Distributors Corporation (BMW Philippines)
 SMC Shipping & Lighterage Corporation
 SMC Stock Transfer Service Corporation
 SMITS, Inc.
 Southern Concrete Industries Corporation
 SMC Repairs and Maintenance Inc.
 SMC Integrated Farm Specialists Inc.

Legal issues
SMC shares are also involved in the controversial Coco Levy Case (Sandiganbayan Civil Case No. 33), which is actually subdivided into a total of eight cases involving different parties and properties. Arguably the most important case is Case No. 33-F, which involves 51% of the shares of SMC. This majority stake at SMC has been further subdivided into three separate litigations, each of which reaching the Supreme Court in highly contentious proceedings.

The first case involved 4% of SMC shares, which, in the case of San Miguel Corporation vs. Sandiganbayan, was awarded by the Supreme Court to the government. The second case, Republic of the Philippines vs. Sandiganbayan and Eduardo Cojuangco Jr., involved a 20% block that the Supreme Court, voting 7–4, awarded to Cojuangco. The most recent High Court pronouncement came early this year, Philippine Coconut Producers Federation, Inc. (COCOFED) vs. Republic of the Philippines, where the Court, voting 11–0, declared that the remaining 27% of SMC is owned by the government. (Note: The 27% had been diluted to 24% due to the government's failure to subscribe to the increased authorized capital stock of SMC)

Sports teams

Basketball
SMC has long been involved in commercial basketball in the Philippines beginning with the Manila Industrial and Commercial Athletic Association (MICAA) founded in 1938, where SMC organized its first basketball team, playing under the name San Miguel Brewery. After the company changed its name to San Miguel Corporation, the team's name was changed to San Miguel Corporation Braves (or the San Miguel Braves). SMC remained with the MICAA until the league's dissolution in 1982.

In 1975, SMC organized its second basketball team, when the company became a founding member of the Philippine Basketball Association, the first professional basketball league in Asia. The team is currently playing as the San Miguel Beermen and is currently the PBA franchise with the most championships (28).

SMC also owns two more PBA teams, Barangay Ginebra San Miguel and the Magnolia Hotshots, as a result of corporate acquisitions.

After the dissolution of the MICAA in 1983, the Philippine Amateur Basketball League, later renamed Philippine Basketball League, was formed in 1983 to take its place as the major amateur basketball league in the Philippines. SMC was one of the league's founding members and remained until the league became dormant in 2010. Its franchise, the Magnolia Purewater Wizards won a total of nine championships.

SMC also participated in the ASEAN Basketball League, playing as the San Miguel Beermen (ABL) from 2011 to 2013, winning one ABL championship.

On February 1, 2018, SMC became the name sponsor of Alab Pilipinas.

On February 1, 2018, moments after its partnership with ABL team Alab Pilipinas was formally announced, SMC forged another tie up but this time with Colegio de San Juan de Letran and vowed to support its sports program. In the summer of 2019 the Knights joined the PBA D-League as Petron-Letran to prepare for the upcoming NCAA Season 95 tournament and on November 19, 2019, they took home the school's 18th Men's Basketball championship by beating the defending champions San Beda Red Lions.

Volleyball
 Petron Blaze Spikers

Football
 Davao Aguilas F.C. (2017–present; sponsor only)

See also
 Grupo Mahou-San Miguel

References

External links

Dairy products companies of the Philippines
Food and drink companies of the Philippines
Multinational breweries
Multinational companies headquartered in the Philippines
Conglomerate companies of the Philippines
Holding companies of the Philippines
Companies based in Manila
Companies based in Mandaluyong
Coca-Cola bottlers
Drink companies of the Philippines
Food and drink companies established in 1890
1890 establishments in the Philippines
Companies listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange
Philippine brands

San Miguel Corporation


"Sunday" is a song by Schiller, with vocals by Despina Vandi. It is the first single and included on the Schiller's album Breathless, the international version of Schiller's album Atemlos. The song is written and produced by both Phoebus and Schiller. It is the second international collaboration between Despina Vandi and German band Schiller. The first one was the song Destiny, in 2008.

Release history
Until now the album Breathless has already released in Czech Republic and Slovakia. Also, it released in Russia on the end of May and later is going to be released in England, USA and China. In May 2010 the album released in Greece. The song is also included on Despina Vandi's album C'est La Vie. An exclusive version of Sunday by Schiller is also included on the revised edition of the C'est La Vie album in Greece. That version will also included in the revised version of the album Breathless on January 4, 2011. On October 2, 2010, announced that the Sunday will also included on the new Schiller's album Lichtblick, which will be released on November 26, 2010. The album Breathless reached until number 10 in the chart of IFPI in Greece.

References

2010 singles
Despina Vandi songs
Songs written by Phoebus (songwriter)
2010 songs
Songs written by Christopher von Deylen

Sunday (Schiller song)


The Joseph McDowell House is a historic house and museum located in Marion, McDowell County, North Carolina. It was the home of Colonel Joseph "Pleasant Gardens" McDowell, the founder and namesake of McDowell County. It is currently undergoing extensive renovations, and is closed to the public.

History
The McDowell House was built in 1787, and is one of the oldest surviving frame houses in western North Carolina. Along with the nearby Carson House, it is an important piece of McDowell County history, and is currently in the process of major restoration.

Built by Colonel Joseph McDowell, an American Revolutionary War hero who fought at the Battle of Kings Mountain. Joseph McDowell was a member of the Overmountain Men, traveling with Col. Charles McDowell's regiment to the Watauga settlements in September, 1780 and on to Kings Mountain in pursuit of British Major Patrick Ferguson's Loyalist regime. McDowell County is named in his honor. It is the last standing home place in North Carolina for which a county was named. In addition to fighting at the Battle of Kings Mountain, Colonel McDowell served in the 3rd U.S. Congress of 1793-95. He was a son of "Hunting" John McDowell, who received a Royal Land Grant from Governor Tryon on December 22, 1767 for  on the Catawba River, a portion of which is the site of this home.

The McDowell House was identified in the 1982 Comprehensive Management Plan for the Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail as one of only 34 non-federal historical resources which are directly or indirectly related to the Trail. In early 2008, the home and grounds were purchased and steps are being taken to create a restoration and use plan. Also in 2008, the McDowell House was officially added to the Overmountain Victory Historic Trail. Upon completion of the home restoration, this historic home will continue to serve to interpret the McDowell family history, and the history of McDowell County.

Joseph McDowell Historical Catawba Greenway
Construction of the Joseph McDowell Historical Catawba Greenway was completed in Summer 2010 and Phase I opened to the public in September 2010. Phase I of the Greenway offers a one-mile recreational trail, picnic area, fishing pier, wildlife observation deck, and access to the Little Round Hill Trail. In 2014, the McDowell Trails Association completed the paving of the 0.5 mile Little Round Hill Loop Trail located off of Phase I of the Greenway. Phase II of the Greenway was completed in March 2015 and extends an additional 0.7 miles to the Joseph McDowell House on US Highway 70 West and beyond. Phase II includes a paved greenway trail, paved driveway and parking lot at the McDowell House property, an amphitheater, fitness stations and a canoe launch off of US Highway 221 North Business. If you start on one end of the Greenway, walk to the other end, walk once around the Round Hill Loop and come back to the beginning, you will have walked approximately 3.2 miles and have completed a 5K.

References

External links
McDowell Chamber of Commerce – Marion, North Carolina
City of Marion, NC
McDowell County Tourism

Houses in McDowell County, North Carolina
Proposed museums in the United States
Plantation houses in North Carolina
Houses completed in 1787

Joseph McDowell House


Rio Grande () is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Middle Township and Lower Township in Cape May County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

Though for the 1990 to 2010 U.S. censuses the CDP was entirely located within Middle Township, a small section at the southern edge of the community, located in Lower Township, is sometimes called Rio Grande. For the 2020 U.S. Census the boundary was redrawn so that portions of Lower Township were included in the Rio Grande CDP.

It is part of the Ocean City Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 2,670.

History
According to Jeffrey M. Dorwart, Rio Grande was founded in the mid-nineteenth century around a country store owned by the Hildreth family.  The community was originally called Hildreth for that reason.

George F. Boyer and J. Pearson Cunningham explain that, during the colonial period, Aaron Leaming, the Hildreths and the Cresses had plantations in that area.  Where the King's Highway crossed the road coming from Dennisville and Goshen a stage coach terminal was set up, and the spot became the center for trade for the local farming families.  Boyer and Cunningham say that the area was known as "Leamings," for the prominent landholders, or as "Hildreth," the family who ran the local store.  (p. 121-122)  They continue, "The name, Rio Grande, was suggested by the seventh Aaron Leaming who thought this southern United States river had an attractive sound."

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 2.490 square miles (6.450 km2), including 2.459 square miles (6.369 km2) of land and 0.031 square miles (0.081 km2) of water (1.26%).

Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters.  According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Rio Grande has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Demographics

2010 census

The 2010 United States census counted 2,670 people, 1,115 households, and 730 families in the CDP. The population density was . There were 1,489 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup was 86.44% (2,308) White, 5.54% (148) Black or African American, 0.26% (7) Native American, 2.51% (67) Asian, 0.04% (1) Pacific Islander, 3.22% (86) from other races, and 1.99% (53) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.68% (205) of the population.

Of the 1,115 households, 20.8% had children under the age of 18; 45.4% were married couples living together; 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present and 34.5% were non-families. Of all households, 29.1% were made up of individuals and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.85.

18.4% of the population were under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 22.3% from 25 to 44, 31.0% from 45 to 64, and 20.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45.9 years. For every 100 females, the population had 97.6 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 96.4 males.

2000 census
As of the 2000 United States Census there were 2,444 people, 1,029 households, and 658 families living in the CDP. The population density was 399.8/km2 (1,036.8/mi2). There were 1,294 housing units at an average density of 211.7/km2 (548.9/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 90.79% White, 4.50% African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.94% Asian, 1.10% from other races, and 2.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.03% of the population.

There were 1,029 households, out of which 25.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them; 46.6% were married couples living together; 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present; and 36.0% were non-families. 30.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the CDP the population was spread out, with 21.6% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 19.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.8 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $28,424, and the median income for a family was $38,007. Males had a median income of $32,935 versus $19,643 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,792. About 20.9% of families and 21.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.5% of those under age 18 and 17.9% of those age 65 or over.

Education
The areas within Middle Township, including Rio Grande CDP, are in the Middle Township Public Schools; it operates its campuses in Cape May Court House, including Middle Township High School.

The areas within Lower Township are in the Lower Township School District for elementary grades and the Lower Cape May Regional School District for secondary grades. The elementary school district operates Douglass School (PreK and Kindergarten) in Villas CDP and three schools in Cold Spring: Mitnick School (1-2), Abrams School (3-4), and Sandman School (5-6). The secondary school district Teitelman Middle School and Lower Cape May Regional High School in the Erma area.

Countywide schools include Cape May Technical High School (for technical school students) and Cape May County Special Services School District (for special needs students) in the Cape May Court House area.

In the era of de jure educational segregation in the United States, a school for white children in grades 1-6 was maintained in Rio Grande and a school for black children was maintained in Whitesboro in grades 1-8. White children in Rio Grande were sent to West Cape May School District for grades 7-12.

Transportation
Rio Grande is situated at the junction of U.S. Route 9 and Route 47. U.S. Route 9 runs south to Cape May and north toward the Atlantic City area while Route 47 runs southeast to Wildwood and north to Millville and the Camden area. Rio Grande is accessible from the Garden State Parkway at exit 4 northbound and exit 4B southbound.

NJ Transit offers bus service from Rio Grande to Cape May and Philadelphia on the 313, 315 and 316 (seasonal only) routes, to Cape May and the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan on the 319 route, to Wildwood on the 510 route, and to Cape May and Atlantic City on the 552 route.

The Great American Trolley Company operates trolley service from North Wildwood and Wildwood to shopping centers in Rio Grande on Mondays through Fridays in the summer months.

Cape May Airport, established in 1941 as NAS Rio Grande, is located in the area, in adjacent Lower Township.

Notable people

People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Rio Grande include:
 Jane Moffet (1930–2018), utility player who played for four seasons in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League

Gallery

References

External links

 The Cape May County Gazette Local community newspaper
 The Beachcomber
 Cape May County Herald

Census-designated places in Cape May County, New Jersey
Census-designated places in New Jersey
Middle Township, New Jersey
Lower Township, New Jersey

Rio Grande, New Jersey


Ivor Ernst Slaney (born 27 May 1921 in West Bromwich, d. 20 March 1998, Southampton) was a British composer and conductor, notable for his work in film, television and radio.

Slaney's father Ernst Wallace Slaney was the principal 'cellist in the Bournemouth Municipal Orchestra in the 1920s and 1930s under Sir Dan Godfrey. His mother was Grace Elizabeth Arney (b 22 April 1893, died July 1988). She married Ernst in Bristol in 1920. As a youngster Ivor joined the choir of St Stephen's Church, Bournemouth where he was also taught by Percy Whitlock, the church's Director of Music and a colleague of Ernst Slaney at the Bournemouth Pavilion. According to Whitlock's diary, Ivor was known as 'Tiny'.

In 1935, aged 14, Ivor entered the Royal Artillery in Woolwich and gained a scholarship to the Royal College of Music, where he studied oboe with Léon Goossens and made friends with Malcolm Arnold. During the war he joined up as a musician in the Royal Army Ordnance Corps, and afterwards worked for a time as an orchestral player with the London Philharmonic, the Covent Garden Opera House Orchestra and the Boyd Neel Orchestra. He married pianist Mary D Ludlow (known by her stage name Dolores Ventura) in 1948, divorcing her in 1969 and remarrying in 1974.

In later life Ivor Slaney lived in Milford on Sea, Hampshire. Ivor Slaney's son, Adrian E Slaney, was born in 1950. A daughter was born in 1979.

Composition and arrangements
Slaney was the uncredited arranger for many recordings by the 101 Strings in the early 1960s, and was a prolific contributor to the recorded music libraries, particularly DeWolfe. His best-known works include Top Dog, which was used as the theme music for the BBC radio comedy series The Men from the Ministry and  Carlos' Theme (from The Sentimental Agent) for which he won an Ivor Novello award. But there are also numerous short orchestral light music pieces, such as the suite Three Village Greens, the Sighing Waltz" and Window Gazing.

He also wrote the music for several Hammer Films, including 36 Hours (1953), The Gambler and the Lady (1953), Spaceways (1953), and The House Across the Lake (1954), as well as the scores to The Strange Case of the End of Civilization as We Know It (1977), Prey (1977), Terror (1978), and Death Ship (1980).

Slaney arranged 'Non Stop', the theme tune for Independent Television News by John Malcolm, used from 1955 for over thirty years. He was also composer and musical director for the British Children's Film Foundation cinema movie series The Magnificent Six and 1/2 from 1968–69, as well as the TV series Here Come the Double Deckers (1970–71) which followed it. He also composed the theme to the "Harry Worth" TV show which showed the famous "window routine". Some of his Dramatic Impacts'' were featured in The Simpsons, The Ren and Stimpy Show, Bill Nye the Science Guy, SpongeBob SquarePants, and Camp Lazlo.

References

External links
Biography of Slaney by David Noades
Ivor Slaney music (full excerpts) at www.dewolfe.co.uk

 Window Gazing, De Wolfe

1921 births
1998 deaths
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century English composers
Easy listening musicians

Ivor Slaney


The Faraday cup electrometer is the simplest form of an electrical aerosol instrument used in aerosol studies. It consists of an electrometer and a filter inside a Faraday cage. Charged particles collected by the filter generate an electric current which is measured by the electrometer.

Principle
According to Gauss' law, the charge collected on the Faraday cup is the induced charge, that means that the filter does not need to be a conductor. It is typically used to measure particles of unipolar charge, which are particles with a net charge concentration that equals the charge concentration of positively or negatively charged particles.

With an aerosol electrometer the transportation of charge by electrical charged aerosol particles can be measured as electric current.

In a metal housing (Faraday cup) a particle filter is mounted on an insulator. A Faraday cup is a detector that measures the current in a beam of charged (aerosol) particles. Faraday cups are used e.g. in mass spectrometers being an alternative to secondary electron multipliers. The advantage of the Faraday cup is its robustness and the possibility to measure the ion or electron stream absolutely. Furthermore, the sensitiveness is constant by time and not mass-dependent. The simplest form is the following: A Faraday detector consists of a metal cup, that is placed in the path of the particle beam. The aerosol has to pass the filter inside the cup. The filter has to be isolated. It is connected to the electrometer circuit which measures the current.

See also
 Michael Faraday
 Faraday cup

Experimental physics
Aerosol measurement

Faraday cup electrometer


A snow bridge is an arc formed by snow across a crevasse, a crack in rock, a creek, or some other opening in terrain. It is typically formed by snow drift, which first creates a cornice, which may then grow to reach the other side of the opening.

Dangers

A snow bridge may completely cover the opening and thus present a danger by creating an illusion of unbroken surface under which the opening is concealed by an unknown thickness of snow, possibly only a few centimetres.

Snow bridges may also form inside a crevasse, making it appear shallow.

A snow bridge is thicker and stronger at the edge of a crevasse; therefore, a fall through a bridge usually happens at some distance from the edge.

See also
Ice bridge

References

Glaciology
Snow
Bridges
Ice bridges

Snow bridge


Walter Augustus Abercrombie (born September 26, 1959) is a former professional American football running back and kick returner who played in the National Football League. He was selected in first round (12th overall) of the 1982 NFL Draft by the Pittsburgh Steelers after playing college football for Baylor.
Abercrombie was born and raised in Waco, Texas and was a standout running back at Waco University High School before moving down the street to Baylor University.

As a standout running back for Baylor during the Grant Teaff era, Walter Abercrombie would leave a legacy unmatched by future Bears. As a two-time consensus All-Southwest Conference selection and the school's all-time leading rusher, Abercrombie would lead Baylor to a 26-15 record on the field during his standout career that stretched from 1978-81. During his first collegiate game in 1978 against No. 12 Texas A&M, Abercrombie set the standard for what was to be expected by rushing for 207 yards, establishing an NCAA record for rushing yards in a first contest. He went on to earn 1978 Southwest Conference freshman of the year honors, despite playing in just six games. During his career, he would lead Baylor to the 1979 Peach Bowl, the 1980 Southwest Conference title and an appearance in the 1981 Cotton Bowl. Abercrombie finished atop the Baylor record books in many offensive categories including yards rushed (3,665), rushing attempts (732), career 100-yard games (19) and yards per game (94). Following a remarkable career at Baylor, Abercrombie was a first-round draft pick (12th selection overall) by the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1982. He played for the Steelers from 1982-87 before spending his final two seasons with the Philadelphia Eagles from 1988-89. Abercrombie currently serves as the executive director of the Baylor "B" Association, the school's 700-member organization of former letterwinners

Abercrombie and his family still reside in Waco, Texas.

NFL career statistics

References

American football running backs
Baylor Bears football players
Players of American football from Waco, Texas
Philadelphia Eagles players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
1959 births
Living people

Walter Abercrombie


Rodolfo Valentino "Rudy" Padilla Fernandez, screen name Rudy Fernandez (born Rodolfo Padilla Fernandez; March 3, 1952 – June 7, 2008) also known as Daboy,  was a multi-awarded Filipino actor and producer.  He came to prominence as an action star in the Philippine cinema during the 1980s up to the early 1990s.

Career
Fernandez was born at 8:36 PM on March 3, 1952 at Mary Johnston Hospital in Tondo, Manila, He Is Eldest the son of the late film director Gregorio Fernandez. Both his parents were from Lubao, Pampanga, which he considered his hometown.   He made his film debut at the age of three, appearing in Luksang Tagumpay (1956), which was directed by his father. He also appeared in another film of his father's, Emily (1960).

Fernandez started his active film career while a student at the University of Santo Tomas, when he was signed to a contract by Sampaguita Pictures in 1970. He was first featured by Sampaguita Pictures in For Your Mama (1970), then paired with Connie Angeles in Sweet Matutina (1970). Fernandez spent the next few years in teenage parts until he made his breakthrough as an action star with Bitayin si Baby Ama (1976). His viability as an action star was further enhanced with the box-office success of Ang Leon, Ang Tigre at ang Alamid (1979).

Beginning with ..Baby Ama, a biopic of a well-known Filipino criminal, Fernandez specialized in portraying true-to-life characters. One of his notable action films is Markang Bungo (Skull Mark), a film based on a true story, where he portrayed the well-known Baguio City police officer Bobby Ortega, was released in 1992.  From this film came a signature line of Fernandez's, "Walang personalan, trabaho lang" ("Strictly business, nothing personal"), which has since been cited as among the most memorable quotes in Philippine cinema by QTV's Ang Pinaka television program. Iligpit si Bobby Ortega, Markang Bungo 2 (Execute Bobby Ortega, Skull Mark 2) is a sequel that was released in 1995.  Aside for portraying a real police officer, he was cast in the lead roles for the biopics of Filipino politicians Alfredo Lim, Vincent Crisologo, and Ping Lacson. In the film Lagalag: The Eddie Fernandez Story, he starred as Eddie Fernandez, a Filipino actor during the 1970s and the father of Pops Fernandez.

With the decline of production of Filipino action films during the 2000s, Fernandez turned to television roles. In the short-lived GMA Network sitcom Da Boy, en Da Girl, he starred opposite Rosanna Roces.  He also played as a supporting role in other TV series in GMA like Twin Hearts and Atlantika. He was also the host of the docu-drama "Kasangga".

Awards
Fernandez has won two FAMAS Best Actor awards for the action films Batuigas...Pasukuin si Waway (Batuigas...Make Waway to Surrender) (1984) and Operation: Get Victor Corpuz, The Rebel Soldier (1988). In addition to these wins, FAMAS has also nominated Rudy Fernandez an additional 13 times from 1976 to 1998. He also won two FAP Best Actor awards for Batuigas... and for Birador (1998).

The Philippine Movie Press Club (PMPC) bestowed the 2008 Ulirang Artista Lifetime Achievement Award to Rudy Fernandez, at the 24th Star Awards for Movies. He  was also the recipient of the Film Academy of the Philippines FPJ Lifetime Achievement Award.
In 2007, FAMAS awarded him the Fernando Poe, Jr. Memorial Award.

Personal life
Fernandez hometown is Lubao, Pampanga.  He came from famous Padilla showbiz clan in his maternal side. Robin Padilla, Rustom Padilla, Gino Padilla, are his cousins and Zsa Zsa Padilla is a niece . He has one son, Mark Anthony Fernandez, with former partner Alma Moreno and two sons, Raphael and Renz Marion Fernandez with Lorna Tolentino, his wife. his grandson Grae (son of Mark Anthony) joined showbiz

Politics
During the 2001 elections, Fernandez ran for mayor of Quezon City under the banner of the Puwersa ng Masa. Although he garnered most of the votes in District 2 where the voters were composed mostly of indigent citizens, he lost in the remaining three districts and was defeated by then-House Speaker Sonny Belmonte of the People Power Coalition.

Illness and death
In 2007, it was revealed by Lorna Tolentino on Startalk that her husband had been diagnosed with periampullary cancer. Fernandez underwent treatment in Tokyo, Japan. After a  healing Mass on May 10, 2008 by several friends at the Christ the King Church, Quezon City, he was rushed to a San Juan City hospital for back pains. The Sun Star reported that Fernandez was actually suffering from pancreatic cancer, instead.

Fernandez died from periampullary cancer at his home in Quezon City on the morning of June 7, 2008.
 His remains were brought to The Heritage Park in Taguig City, and his interment took place on June 12, 2008 at 3 p.m. for his burial.

Filmography

Movies

References

Deng Kapampangan

Rudy Fernandez (actor)


Gintaras Beresnevičius (July 8, 1961 in Kaunas – August 6, 2006 in Vilnius) was a Lithuanian historian of religions specializing in Baltic mythology. He together with Norbertas Vėlius is considered to be the best specialist in Lithuanian mythology.

In 1984 he graduated from Vilnius University, Faculty of History. Since 1986 he worked at various universities. In 1993 he received his Ph.D. He published over 100 scientific articles. Beresnevičius worked with journal "Naujasis Židinys" (English:The New Hearth) and weekly "Šiaurės Atėnai" (English: Northern Athens). In 2001 he received an award from the President of Lithuania for his collection of essays on history of Lithuania called "Ant laiko ašmenų." In 2003 he published textbooks on religious studies for high schools.

Besides scientific work, Beresnevičius was also a writer and a publicist. He published novels, several poems, and numerous essays (many of them under various pseudonyms such as Antanas Sereda). His short stories were influenced by Daniil Kharms.

In 2004 he rallied for Kazimira Prunskienė when she ran in the Presidential elections.

Major works

Dausos: pomirtinio gyvenimo samprata senojoje lietuvių pasaulėžiūroje (Dausos: Concept of Afterlife in Ancient Lithuanian Worldview) (1990).
Baltų religinės reformos (Reforms of Baltic Religions) (1995).
Religijų istorijos metmenys (Outline of History of Religions) (1997).
Religijotyros įvadas (Introduction to Religious Studies) (1997).
Trumpas lietuvių ir prūsų religijos žodynas (Short Dictionary of Lithuanian and Prussian Religion) (2001).
Ant laiko ašmenų (eseistika). Vilnius: Aidai, 2002.
Imperijos darymas: Lietuviškos ideologijos metmenys (Making Empire: Outline of Lithuanian Ideology) (2003).
Eglė žalčių karalienė ir lietuvių teogoninis mitas (Eglė The Queen of Grass-Snakes and Lithuanian Theogonic Myth) (2003).
Palemono mazgas. Palemono legendos periferinis turinys (Palemonas' Knot. Periferal Content of Palemonas Legend) (2003).
Lietuvių religija ir mitologija: sisteminė studija (Lithuanian Religion and Mythology: Systematic Study) (2004).

References
Gintaras Beresnevičius, Lietuviškos knygos (Books from Lithuania). Accessed August 14, 2006.
Vilniuje mirė rašytojas G.Beresnevičius (Writer G. Beresnevičius died in Vilnius), Delfi.lt, BNS, August 7, 2006. Accessed August 14, 2006.

1961 births
2006 deaths
Lithuanian short story writers
Lithuanian novelists
Lithuanian male poets
Lithuanian mythology researchers
Lithuanian essayists
Vilnius University alumni
Academic staff of Vilnius University
Writers from Vilnius
20th-century Lithuanian poets
20th-century novelists
20th-century short story writers
20th-century essayists

Gintaras Beresnevičius