The Unborn Victims of Violence Act of 2004 (Public Law 108-212) is a United States law that recognizes an embryo or fetus in utero as a legal victim, if they are  injured or killed during the commission of any of over 60 listed federal crimes of violence.  The law defines "child in utero" as "a member of the species Homo sapiens, at any stage of development, who is carried in the womb."

The law is codified in two sections of the United States Code: Title 18, Chapter 1 (Crimes), §1841 (18 USC 1841) and Title 10, Chapter 22 (Uniform Code of Military Justice) §919a (Article 119a). The law applies only to certain offenses over which the United States government has jurisdiction, including certain crimes committed on federal properties, against certain federal officials and employees, and by members of the military. In addition, it covers certain crimes that are defined by statute as federal offenses wherever they occur, no matter who commits them, such as certain crimes of terrorism. Due to the principles of federalism embodied in the United States Constitution, federal criminal law does not apply to crimes prosecuted by the individual U.S. states, although 38 states also recognize the fetus or "unborn child" as a crime victim, at least for purposes of homicide or feticide.

The legislation was both hailed and vilified by various legal observers who interpreted the measure as a step toward granting legal personhood to human fetuses, even though the bill explicitly contained a provision excepting abortion, stating that the bill would not "be construed to permit the prosecution... of any person for conduct relating to an abortion for which the consent of the pregnant woman, or a person authorized by law to act on her behalf", "of any person for any medical treatment of the pregnant woman or her unborn child" or "of any woman with respect to her unborn child". The reluctance of a federal law to authorize federal prosecution of a particular act committed under federal jurisdiction does not prevent states from passing their own laws against the act committed under their jurisdiction. Meanwhile, the definition of all unborn babies as "members of the species homo sapiens" in section (d) says what proposed "personhood" laws say. Sponsors of such proposals say such legal language will trigger the collapse clause in Roe v. Wade, by establishing what they suggest Roe said must be established for legal abortion to end. Several state supreme courts have ruled that sections (a) through (c) are not threatened by Roe, but no court has addressed whether Roe can survive the suggested triggering of its collapse clause by section (d).

The legislation was originally advocated by Senator Lindsay Graham, then later on the legislation was introduced in the house as H.R. 1997 by Melissa Hart in May 7, 2003. The enactment of the legislation was found to be essential, since it would make it a separate offense to harm a fetus.

The legislation contained the alternate title of Laci and Conner's Law after the California mother (Laci Peterson) and fetus (Conner Peterson) whose deaths were widely publicized during the later stages of the congressional debate on the bill in 2003 and 2004. Her husband Scott Peterson was convicted of double homicide under California's fetal homicide law.

Background
Bill H.R. 1997 was sponsored by then-representative Lindsey Graham who first sponsored the bill in the 106th Congress. Lindsey Graham is now a U.S. senator. Graham was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1993 until 1995. He served South Carolina's 3rd congressional district, which is located in western South Carolina and borders Georgia and North Carolina, from 1995 to 2002. Graham was elected to the United States Senate in 2002 and was re-elected to a fourth term in 2020. His next reelection is being held in 2026 in which will serve until January 2027. Graham serves as a member of the Republican Party.

The past experiences Lindsey Graham that has given his expertise on this topic is his long anti-abortion rights voting record which includes record of Partial-Birth Abortion Ban, Unborn Victims of Violence Act, and Born-Alive Abortion Survivors Protection Act. Graham's record of achievements include being named Legislator of the Year twice for the South Carolina Citizens for Life, receiving an 'A' rating from the Susan B. Anthony List National Pro-Life scorecard and receiving a 100% rating from the National Right to Life Committee. Lindsey Graham was indicated to have worked for over five years to criminalize those who assault pregnant women and those who cause harm to an unborn child.

Prior to enactment of the federal law, the fetus in utero was, as a general rule, not recognized as a victim of federal crimes of violence. Thus, in a federal crime that injured a pregnant woman and killed the fetus in utero, no homicide was recognized, in most cases.

Legislative History

The Unborn Victims of Violence Act was first introduced in Congress in 1999 by then-Congressman (later Senator) Lindsey Graham (R-SC).  It passed the House of Representatives in 1999 and 2001, but not the Senate.  In 2003, the bill was reintroduced in the House as H.R. 1997 by Rep. Melissa Hart of Pennsylvania.

House Committee Action
The House Judiciary Committee approved the legislation known as HR 1997 on January 31, 2003. During the debate the Committee rejected an 11-9 vote on an amendment that that was to create a separate offense for federal crimes against pregnant women but without recognizing fetuses as separate entities. The Committee also rejected an 11-20 amendment to specify that nothing in the bill "shall be constructed as undermining a women's right to choose an abortion as guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution or limiting in any way the rights and freedoms of pregnant women." Furthermore, the Committee also rejected by voice vote two amendments in which would have directed the federal sentencing commission to amend sentencing guidelines for crimes that injury or death to a pregnant women  and a rejection against deleting language in the bill that would have allowed convictions in cases where prosecutors did not show a defendant knew the victim or had the intention to cause death or injury to a fetus.

House Floor Action
The House passed the bill, 254-163 on February 26, 2004. Prior to this, the House rejected a substitute that did not include language that defined an "unborn child." This would have also required that the defendant to be convicted of a federal crime against a pregnant woman prior to receiving additional consequences for harming a fetus. The legislation was co-sponsored by 136 other members of the House before it passed by a vote of 254 in favor to 163 against on February 26, 2004.

Senate Floor Action
The senate cleared the House Bill, 61-38, on March 25, 2004 after the Republicans succeeded in defeating two Democratic amendments. Bill Frist, Majority Leader, attempted to acknowledge a similar legislation to the Senate floor in July 2003 prohibiting amendments, however, the Democratic party objected.  After several amendments were rejected, it was passed in the Senate by a vote of 61-38 on March 25, 2004. Following the Senate hearing, President George W. Bush signed the Legislation, which then became law on April 1, 2004.

Signing

At the signing ceremony, the President was joined on stage by men and women who had lost family members in two-victim crimes, including Laci Peterson's mother, Sharon Rocha. During his remarks at the ceremony, Bush said, "Any time an expectant mother is a victim of violence, two lives are in the balance, each deserving protection, and each deserving justice. If the crime is murder and the unborn child's life ends, justice demands a full accounting under the law."

Support
Anti-abortion organizations strongly supported the act. On July 3, 2003, the U.S. Judiciary Committee heard testimony for and against passage of the UVVA. Feminists for Life president Serrin Foster submitted her own testimony, as well as that of Sharon Rocha. In addition, Foster argued against passage of an alternative bill by Rep. Zoe Lofgren, which would have provided "additional punishment for certain crimes against women when the crimes cause an interruption in the normal course of their pregnancies" but not treated the unborn child as a second victim. "We are asking our elected representatives to honestly answer the question in the case of Laci Peterson and baby Conner," Foster asked. "Was there one victim or two? Those who support the single-victim substitute would deny women justice."

Opposition
The Unborn Victims of Violence Act was strongly opposed by most abortion-rights organizations, on grounds that the U.S. Supreme Court's Roe v. Wade decision said that the human fetus is not a "person" under the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, and that if the fetus were a Fourteenth Amendment "person", then they would have a constitutional right to life. The laws of 38 states also recognize the human fetus as the legal victim of homicide and often, other violent crimes during the entire period of prenatal development (27 states) or during part of the prenatal period (nine states). Legal challenges to these laws, arguing that they violate Roe v. Wade or other Supreme Court precedents, have been uniformly rejected by both the federal and the state courts, including the supreme courts of California, Pennsylvania, and Minnesota.

Senator John Kerry, who was a main opponent of President George W. Bush in the 2004 presidential election, voted against the bill, saying, "I have serious concerns about this legislation because the law cannot simultaneously provide that a fetus is a human being and protect the right of the mother to choose to terminate her pregnancy."

Some prominent legal scholars who strongly support Roe v. Wade, such as Walter Dellinger of Duke University Law School, Richard Parker of Harvard, and Sherry F. Colb of Rutgers Law School, have written that fetal homicide laws do not conflict with Roe v. Wade.

A principle that allows language in law to not conflict with Roe, which logically should trigger Roe's "collapse" clause, was explained in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492 US 490 (1989). Until such language becomes the basis for laws that specify penalties for abortion, the issue is not even before the court, of whether or not such language conflicts with Roe, and if so, which should be struck down.

Representative Jerrold Nadler made a statement in voicing his opposition to a proposed federal law giving prenatal entities certain legal rights. The bill appears to contradict an important premise behind the constitutional right to seek an abortion: prenatal entities are not persons.

Provisions
The Unborn Victims of Violence Act of 2004 protects unborn infants against violence and murder, and any individual responsible for the death or harm of a child in utero is charged separately from the offense towards the pregnant woman.

The operative portion of the law, now codified as Title 18, Section 1841 of the United States Code, reads as follows:

Section 1841 Addresses the protection of unborn children
Anyone who participates in activity that violates any of the provisions of law and causes the death or bodily harm as defined in section 1365 of a child who is in utero at the time the conduct occurs is guilty of a separate crime under this section. Provides that persons who commit certain Federal violent crimes conduct that violates specified provisions of the Federal criminal code, the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, or the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, or specified articles of the Uniform Code of Military Justice and thereby cause the death of, or bodily injury to, a child who is in utero shall be guilty of a separate offense.

 protection of unborn children which describes that any harm to a child in utero is an offense
 the punishment is the same for the conduct occurring to the unborn child's mother. Requires the punishment for that separate offense to be the same as provided under Federal law for that conduct had that injury or death occurred to the unborn child's mother
 It is not necessary to show that the offender meant to damage the unborn child or that they knew or should have known that the victim of the underlying conduct was pregnant
 A person cannot be prosecuted under this Act for:
 engaging in conduct related to an abortion for which the pregnant woman's consent has been obtained or is implied by law;
 engaging in conduct related to the pregnant woman's or her unborn child's medical treatment.

Section 919a

 The law is enforced for any individual who causes death or injury of an unborn child in the utero at the time the conduct takes place, is to be guilty of a separate offense.
 Bars prosecution: of any person for conduct relating to an abortion for which the consent of the pregnant woman (or a person authorized by law to act on her behalf) has been obtained or is implied by law or for conduct relating to any medical treatment of the pregnant woman or her unborn child.

See also
Born alive rule
Fetal rights
Feticide
Murder of pregnant women

References

External links
Details on consideration of bill by Congress in 2003–2004
Remarks by the President at Signing of the Unborn Victims of Violence Act of 2004
"Crimes That Claim Two Victims."  Case studies that figured in the congressional debate over the bill.

Acts of the 108th United States Congress
United States federal abortion legislation
United States federal criminal legislation
Legal issues in pregnancy

Unborn Victims of Violence Act


Rod Beattie (1959) is an American swimwear designer. His swimsuit designs are sold at stores throughout the United States.  Beattie designed for La Blanca and Anne Cole Collection for 25 years. He launched his own swimwear label, "Bleu/Rod Beattie", in the summer of 2011.

Early life and education
Beattie was born in California. Before he attended Otis College of Art and Design,  he was part of his high school's swim team.

Career
After graduation in 1986, Beattie designed sportswear at several contemporary houses in Los Angeles, including Theodore and Max Studio. In 1988 he began to design swimwear for La Blanca, helping the company to increase sales to about $30 million.

After six years with La Blanca, Beattie began on to design swimwear for the Anne Cole Collection, which at the time was a division of Warnaco.  In March 1999, Beattie left Anne Cole Collection, joining La Blanca as head designer with his name now on the label. For the next ten years, La Blanca by Rod Beattie was the top-selling retail swimwear label in the United States.

At the end of 2010, Beattie collaborated with swimwear manufacturer A. H. Schreiber to create a new swimwear brand "Bleu/Rod Beattie", with sales beginning in 2011.

In 2014 Beattie sold the Bleu/Rod Beattie line to Amerex Group.

Special Projects

Beattie mentors students at Otis College of Art and Design, helping them develop swimwear designs during a semester long swimwear assignment which are showcased at an annual fashion show.

References

External links
Bleu/Rod Beattie website. (http://www.bleurodbeattie.com/)

1959 births
Living people

Rod Beattie (swimwear designer)


Show Boat is a 1929 American pre-Code romantic drama film based on the 1926 novel Show Boat by Edna Ferber. The film initially did not use the 1927 stage musical of the same name as a source, but scenes were later added into the film incorporating two of the songs from the musical as well as other songs. This version was released by Universal in two editions, one a silent film for movie theatres still not equipped for sound, and one a part-talkie with a sound prologue.

The film was long believed to be lost, but most of it has been found and released on LaserDisc and shown on Turner Classic Movies. A number of sections of the soundtrack were found in the mid-1990s on Vitaphone records, although the film was made with a Movietone soundtrack. Two more records were discovered in 2005.

Plot
The eighteen-year-old Magnolia meets, falls in love with, and elopes with riverboat gambler Gaylord Ravenal.

After her father Captain Andy dies, Magnolia, Ravenal, and their daughter Kim leave the boat and go to live in Chicago, where they live off Ravenal's gambling earnings and are alternately rich and poor. Finally, Parthy announces she is coming to visit at a time when Ravenal is completely broke, and, fearing her wrath, he abandons Magnolia and Kim, after which Magnolia finds a job singing at a local club and eventually becomes famous. Years later, Parthy dies, and Magnolia, who had long been estranged from her because of her attitude toward Ravenal, returns to the show boat. Magnolia and Ravenal are reunited on the show boat at the end of the film, and after Parthy's death, Magnolia gives her own inheritance money to her daughter Kim.

Cast and crew

The film stars:
 Laura La Plante as Magnolia Hawks
 Joseph Schildkraut as Gaylord Ravenal
 Emily Fitzroy as Parthenia 'Parthy' Ann Hawks
 Otis Harlan as Capt'n Andy Hawks and the Master of Ceremonies in Prologue
 Alma Rubens as Julie Dozier
 Jack McDonald as Windy
 Jane La Verne as Magnolia as a Child/Kim
 Neely Edwards as Schultzy
 Elise Bartlett as Elly
 Stepin Fetchit as Joe
 Gertrude Howard as Queenie

Sound adaptation
These were the years in which film studios were making a transition from silent films to sound films and this version of Show Boat was made as a silent film. The studio panicked when they realized that audiences might be expecting a sound version of Show Boat because sound films had become so popular, and the film was temporarily withheld from release.

Subsequently, several scenes were then reshot to include about 30 minutes of dialogue and singing. At first, the songs recorded for the film had nothing to do with the Broadway score. However, Universal began to fear that audiences might instead be expecting, rather than just the Ferber novel, a film version of the stage musical, which had become a smash hit and was still playing on Broadway at the same time that the 1929 film premiered. So, a two-reel sound prologue, featuring original Broadway cast members Helen Morgan (Julie), Jules Bledsoe (Joe), Tess Gardella (Queenie) and the Jubilee Singers singing five songs from the show, was added, and the movie was released both as a part-talkie and as a silent film without the prologue.

Otis Harlan, who played Cap'n Andy in the film, served as Master of Ceremonies in the prologue, which featured legendary impresario Florenz Ziegfeld, producer of the stage musical version of Show Boat, and Carl Laemmle, the producer of the film, as themselves.  In the actual storyline of the film, Laura la Plante, with a dubbed singing voice, performs five songs, two of them from the stage musical -  "Ol' Man River" (which Magnolia does not sing at all in any other version of Show Boat), and "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man". Both of these songs were sung in circumstances entirely different from any version of the musical. The other songs that Ms. La Plante sang in the film were traditional spirituals such as "I Got Shoes" and (it is believed) "Deep River",  as well as a coon song of the early 1900s entitled "Coon, Coon, Coon". Her singing voice was dubbed by soprano Eva Olivetti.

It was long believed that an entirely new score was written by Billy Rose for the film, but according to Miles Kreuger in his book Show Boat: The Story of a Classic American Musical, this turns out to not be true. Rose wrote only one new song for the film, and the Broadway score was not dropped because of any suggestion by him, as is often claimed.

The singing voice of Stepin Fetchit, who played Joe in the film, was provided by Jules Bledsoe, the original Joe of the 1927 stage production of the musical. Fetchit mouthed the lyrics to a popular song of the time entitled "The Lonesome Road", which, as sung on the soundtrack by Bledsoe, served as the film's finale instead of a final reprise of Ol' Man River, as in the show.

The entire stage score, except for "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man", "Bill", "Ol' Man River", and the little-known songs "C'mon Folks! (Queenie's Ballyhoo)" and "Hey Feller!", was replaced in the 1929 film by several spirituals and popular songs written by other songwriters, and largely because of this, the movie was not a success. Most of the songs taken from the stage version were heard only in the prologue and in the film's exit music, not the film itself. It is likely though that the fact that it was a part-talkie may have played a part in its failure. The then-recent 1929 film version of The Desert Song, an all-sound film almost literally faithful to the stage musical of the same name, had been a huge success, and audiences were no longer willing to accept part-talking musical films.

Several of the extant parts of the 1929 Show Boat have been combined and occasionally shown on Turner Classic Movies. Fragments of the prologue not included in the TCM showings, both sound and picture, were shown as part of A&E's biography of Florenz Ziegfeld, and have turned up on YouTube. However, in the TCM version, the visual print of the prologue sequence has been replaced with an "Overture" card.

See also
 List of early sound feature films (1926–1929)

References

External links

1929 films
1929 romantic drama films
American musical drama films
American romantic drama films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Harry A. Pollard
Transitional sound films
Universal Pictures films
Films based on works by Edna Ferber
1920s rediscovered films
Rediscovered American films
1920s English-language films
1920s American films
Silent romantic drama films
Silent American drama films
English-language romantic drama films

Show Boat (1929 film)


Le Libertin (The Libertine) is a French comedy film directed by Gabriel Aghion and released in 2000.  It is an adaptation of a 1997 play by Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt.

Synopsis

The philosopher Denis Diderot, one of the modernists of the French 18th-century Age of Enlightenment movement, is a guest at the château of the Baron d'Holbach. The film depicts the Baron (in reality a major sponsor of Diderot) as a benign host and inventor of amusing machines, including a piganino. Diderot's banned Encyclopédie is being secretly set up, printed and bound in a crypt beneath the chapel, where the noise of the presses is masked by the playing of an organ.

Madame Therbouche, a purported portrait painter and intrigante, arrives from Berlin. She has made a painting of Diderot's idol, Voltaire, and convinces him to be more daring and to pose for her in the nude, leading to an animated row with his wife Antoinette. This unsavoury event is witnessed by a feared visitor, Baron d'Holbach's brother, the Cardinal, who is hunting for the illegal Encyclopédie printers. To divert him from entering the chapel, the Baroness confesses to him her real and imagined sins and sends every woman in the castle to do the same. Most notably her guest, the depraved Madame de Jerfeuil, is having a lesbian affair with her cousin. The couple is later joined spontaneously by her husband the Chevalier de Jerfeuil, who has been seduced by two other male guests.

Diderot's romantic adventures oblige him to constantly revise his article on the subject of morality. Eventually, secret agenda are disclosed and the painter is revealed as a spy in the Cardinal's service.  However, she finally defects to Diderot's material and sensual causes, and the Cardinal fails to find the clandestine publishing operation which has been transplanted to Amsterdam.

Cast

 Denis Diderot - Vincent Pérez
 Antoinette Diderot - Françoise Lépine
 Madame Therbouche - Fanny Ardant
 Julie d'Holbach - Audrey Tautou
 Baroness d'Holbach - Josiane Balasko
 Baron d'Holbach - François Lalande
 The Cardinal - Michel Serrault
 Chevalier de Jerfeuil - Christian Charmetant
 Madame de Jerfeuil - Arielle Dombasle
 Marquis de Cambrol - Bruno Todeschini
 Marquis de Lutz - Arnaud Lemaire
 The cousin of Madame de Jerfeuil - Véronique Vella
 Abraham - Yan Duffas

References

External links

2000 films
French historical comedy films
2000s historical comedy films
Films directed by Gabriel Aghion
Films set in the 18th century
2000s French-language films
2000s French films

The Libertine (2000 film)


The Jeopardy! Battle of the Decades was a special tournament held during the 30th season of the American television game show Jeopardy! It featured 45 contestants who won or competed in the Tournament of Champions in the past. The field of contestants were broken up into three decades (1984-1993, 1994-2003, and 2004-2013), and contestants from their respective decade competed against one another. There were five matches per decade, deciding who advances to the quarterfinal round of the tournament to compete for $1,000,000. The first decade aired in February 2014. The second one aired in March 2014. And the third aired in April 2014. The rest of the tournament (quarterfinals, semifinals, and finals) aired May 5-16, 2014.

The finals featured Ken Jennings against Brad Rutter and Roger Craig. At the time, Jennings was the biggest money winner on a game show. However, Rutter won the two-day final and the $1,000,000 top prize, reclaiming the game show record.

Related pages
Jeopardy! Tournament of Champions

Jeopardy!

Jeopardy! Battle of the Decades


In telecommunications, a user is a person, organization, or other entity that uses the services provided by a telecommunication system, or by an information processing system, for transfer of information.
A user functions as a source or final destination of user information, or both. A user may also be the subscriber, i.e. the customer paying for the service.

User is also a person or process accessing an AIS by direct connections (e.g., via terminals) or indirect connections. "Indirect connection" relates to persons who prepare input data or receive output that is not reviewed for content or classification by a responsible individual.

See also
 User (computing)

References

 National Information Systems Security Glossary

Telecommunication theory

User (telecommunications)


Merelim (São Paio), Panoias e Parada de Tibães is a civil parish in the municipality of Braga, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Merelim (São Paio), Panoias and Parada de Tibães. The population in 2011 was 5,363, in an area of 5.36 km².

The parish is situated on the south bank of the river Cávado, northwest of Braga city centre. Agriculture is very important in Merelim São Paio, a village full of fields of maize and little plantations. However, the agriculturists in Merelim São Paio are getting older and there are few young people following the same way.

Gallery

References

Freguesias of Braga


Young Liberals of Norway () (NUV) is the youth league of the Norwegian political party Venstre. Young Liberals was founded on 27 January 1909, with Anders Kirkhusmo as the first leader. The current president is Sondre Hansmark, since 2017. Vice presidents are Ane Breivik and Lars Brandsås, and the International Officer is Idun Gulla Dyrnes. It advocates a more liberal version of the mother party's social liberalist ideology.

Young Liberals of Norway is a member of the international liberal youth organizations:
 European Liberal Youth (LYMEC)
 International Federation of Liberal Youth (IFLRY)

Name
The Norwegian name 'Unge Venstre' has historical reasons, and although it literally translates as 'Young Left' in English, Young Liberals of Norway are not socialists, but in fact liberals. To avoid confusion, the official English-language name of the party is 'Young Liberals of Norway'. Proposals to change the name of Unge Venstre to 'Liberal Ungdom' ('Liberal Youth') have been defeated in successive congresses.

Policies of Young Liberals of Norway
 The Young Liberals are strongly in favour of fighting climate change, calling it "the greatest threat of our time" on their website. As a result, the Young Liberals are in favour of helping renewable energy become competitive through subsidies, but believe that the market rather than politicians should determine which technology is best. The Young Liberals oppose the construction gas power stations without Carbon capture and storage, and opposes subsidies for polluting industries. The Young Liberals are also in favour of other types of environmental protection, such as hindering oil exploration of the coast of Lofoten due to the fragility of the environment.
 The Young Liberals are in favour of free trade, especially the removal of tariffs on the products of developing nations. This is seen as an integral part of achieving global economic justice rather than a threat to it.
 The Young Liberals are arguably the most pro-immigration political group in Norway, and advocate free labour immigration. The Young Liberals supports compulsory classes in Norwegian as a prerequisite for gaining citizenship.
 The Young Liberals are in favour of Norwegian membership in the European Union, and criticise the European Economic Area agreement as undemocratic because Norway is not represented when decisions regarding it are taken.
 The Young Liberals have recently become especially prominent in the debate on drug policy, and is advocating harm reduction policies. It is calling for legalization and regulation of all drugs. The youth party also advocates administration of clean heroin to drug addicts who have not succeeded in other means of rehabilitation. Furthermore, the party stresses that more resources must be spent on rehabilitation, health care and follow-ups for both previous and existing drug addicts.

Relationship with Venstre
Young Liberals of Norway are independent of Venstre but co-operates closely with them, for example the leader of Young Liberals is automatically a member of the central governing body (Sentralstyret) of Venstre. Venstre and Young Liberals have different opinions on some matters, most prominently in that Young Liberals of Norway supports Norwegian entry into the European Union while Venstre opposes this. The Young Liberals of Norway failed to make Venstre pro-EU during Venstre's party congress in April 2009.

The Young Liberals are generally more liberal in their views than the mother party, both on social and economic issues. They aim to influence Venstre views so that they accords more with those of the Young Liberals. Notable recent victories include convincing Venstre to support heroin prescription in the treatment of addiction, to consider drug decriminalization and to support intellectual property reform.

Organisation
Young Liberals of Norway is organized into 19 regional branches, with local clubs in about 50 municipalities. The highest decision-making body of the organisation is the yearly national congress. Between the national congresses, the organisation is governed by a national board and an executive board.

The executive board members of the Norwegian Young Liberals are:

 Sondre Hansmark (President)
 Ane Breivik (1. Vice President)
 Lars Øye Brandsås (2. Vice President)
 Idun Gulla Dyrnes (International officer)
 Amelia Aune
 Ole Kristian Sandvik
 Benedicte Bjørnås
 Timo Nikolaisen
 August Simonsen

Deputies:
 Johan Malvik
 Simon Seland

Secretary General: Linn Skyum

Leaders of Young Liberals of Norway

References

External links
 Website of Unge Venstre
 The Young Liberals of Norway

Youth wings of political parties in Norway
Youth wings of liberal parties
1909 establishments in Norway

Young Liberals of Norway


Pleasant Grove is an area located in the southeastern portion of Dallas, Texas, United States.

The Pleasant Grove area is bounded by Bruton Road to the North, Marvel Dr. on the south, Prairie Creek (the creek, not the road) on the east and the Trinity Forest on the west.

History
The first settlers in the Pleasant Grove area in the 1840s included W. B. Elam, who held one of the original land grant, Richard Bruton, and Cornelius Cox. By 1875 a wooden building was used as a union church and school. An early teacher at one of the schools built in the 1880s was Don Lebow, who named the school Pleasant Grove after its location in a grove of cottonwood trees. The name was then applied to both the school and the community.

In 1900 Sam Street's map of Dallas County showed Pleasant Grove as a small community with a store. In 1916 the first brick schoolhouse was built.

In 1937 Pleasant Grove formed its own school district, which by the late 1940s had fourteen buildings.

Due to a post-World War II housing boom, the population grew from 120 to 3,500 between 1943 and 1952. By the late 1940s, Pleasant Grove had seven businesses, including a new bank. Businesses remained less important than the residential areas, but in 1952, Pleasant Grove Shopping Center, a major retail center, was built.

Pleasant Grove twice fought incorporation movements and remained unincorporated till June 1954 when Pleasant Grove was annexed by Dallas and the Pleasant Grove school district merged with the Dallas Independent School District.

In 1962 the Greater Pleasant Grove Chamber of Commerce was formed to promote business in the area. This organization was later expanded to cover surrounding communities, and became the Southeast Dallas Chamber of Commerce.

Education

Primary and secondary schools
It is within the Dallas Independent School District (DISD).

DISD Middle schools that serve Pleasant Grove students:
S. S. Conner Junior High (1953 - 1963)
John B. Hood Junior High School (1955 - 2016)
Fred F. Florence Middle School (1963 - 2018)
Ann Richards Middle School in Pleasant Grove (2012 - Present)
Piedmont G.L.O.B.A.L. Academy (formerly John B. Hood Junior High) (Oct. 2016 - Present)
Young Men's Academy at Fred Florence (2018 - Present)

DISD High schools that serve or served Pleasant Grove students:
Pleasant Grove High School (1937-1956)
W. W. Samuell High School (1956 - Present)
H. Grady Spruce High School (1963 - Present)
Skyline Center Magnet School (1971 - Present)

The charter school operator Life's Beautiful Educational Centers Inc. (closed 1999) operated the school P.O.W.E.R. in Pleasant Grove.

Charter schools that serve Pleasant Grove students:

 A+ Academy Secondary School
 Inspired Vision Elementary School
 Inspired Vision Secondary School
 Golden Rule Pleasant Grove
 KIPP Pleasant Grove
 Nova Charter School
 Texas Can Academy
 Inspired Vision Intermediate
 Henry W. Longfellow Career Exploration Junior High School Academy
Cristo Rey Dallas College Prep work-study school (2015 - Present)

DISD operates the Pleasant Grove Stadium.

Colleges and universities
Pleasant Grove has a satellite Branch of Eastfield College of the Dallas County Community College District, in Pleasant Grove/Southeast Dallas at 802 N Buckner Boulevard.

Libraries
The Pleasant Grove area is served by two public libraries.

1.Pleasant Grove Library Branch - Dallas Public Library
Address: 7310 Lake June Rd. ~ in Pleasant Grove/Southeast Dallas

2.Prairie Creek Library Branch - Dallas Public Library
Address: 9609 Lake June Rd., in Lake June/Southeast Dallas

Notable people

 Maceo Baston grew up in the Pleasant Grove area and attended Nancy Moseley Elementary School. He played for the Toronto Raptors in the NBA.
 John Ford Coley — partner in musical duo with Dan Seals; hits include "I'd Really Love to See You Tonight"
 Larry Johnson; former NBA player grew up in the Pleasant Grove area and attended John B. Hood Middle School and Skyline High School.
 Michael Johnson also attended Skyline High School, gaining fame as a US Olympic Gold Medalist, setting numerous world records in Men's Sprinting.
 Joe Kendall — Adam federal judge (1992–2002)
 Russ Martin — Host of The Russ Martin Show, a radio program in Dallas.
 C.J. Miles of the Utah Jazz grew up in Pleasant Grove and attended Skyline Career Development Center. As a senior in high school he was named to the McDonald's all-high school team.
 Carl Mitcham — philosopher of technology and engineering, now at Colorado School of Mines
 Steve Ramsey — Punter/Quarterback New Orleans Saints 1970, Denver Broncos (1971–76)
 Lulu Roman — Former Hee Haw TV show personality.
 Dan Seals — country and pop musician

Further reading
Pleasant Grove Historical Society ~ https://www.facebook.com/groups/156970454468433/
Pleasant Grove & Proud Group ~ https://www.facebook.com/PleasantGroveAndProudGroup
Miss Adas Pleasant Grove Community by Carothers, Meredith
Pleasant Grove, yesterday and today by Samuell (W.W.) High School. 1979 English 501-503 Class

References

Geography of Dallas

Pleasant Grove, Dallas


Decameron Nights is a 1924 British-German silent drama film directed by Herbert Wilcox and starring Lionel Barrymore, Ivy Duke and Werner Krauss. It is based on the novel Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio.

Cast
 Lionel Barrymore as Saladin
 Ivy Duke as Perdita
 Werner Krauss as Soldan
 Bernhard Goetzke as Torello
 Randle Ayrton as Ricciardo
 Xenia Desni as Lady Teodora
 Jameson Thomas as Imliff
 Hanna Ralph as Lady Violante
 Albert Steinrück as King Algarve

Production
Herbert Wilcox had previously made Chu Chin Chow in Germany with Eric Pommer. Pommer invited Wilcox back to make another film. UFA would provide the story, screenplay and cast plus 50% of the finance. Wilcox would produce and direct, bring in American and British stars and 50% of the finance. Wilcox signed Ivy Duke from Britain and Lionel Barrymore from the US. They arrived in Berlin a few days before filming was to start. Wilcox loved the sets and the story but felt the script "stank to high heaven". Wilcox would only proceed if they could move forward without a script and write scenes from day to day.

Critical reception
Wilcox later wrote that "I got through the film on schedule, and whatever faults could be found with Decameron Nights they were not in the screenplay or continuity. The critical acclaim was extraordinary and in my view out of proportion to the merits of the film."

In The New York Times, Mordaunt Hall  wrote, "Decameron Nights, as it comes to the screen, is a tedious pictorial story with some good scenic effects and at least two good performances. The whole subject, however, lacks any suggestion of dramatic value, and one may therefore find time to ponder on many things that are not in the least connected with the picture...Werner Krauss figures as the Soldan and Lionel Barrymore plays the Soldan's son, Saladin. The narrative includes a slothful account of the Soldan's wish, or, rather, his command, that Saladin marry the daughter of the King of Algrave. Saladin, who, although he is begemmed and turbaned, does very much the same thing that sons do in this day—he falls in love with another girl, Perdita, and the old Soldan is so furious that, after kissing his son, he stabs the young man. And that ends the yarn. Mr. Barrymore does what he is able in the circumstances, but his work is not brilliant. Mr. Krauss acts exceedingly well, but most of his manoeuvrings are far from interesting."

See also
Lionel Barrymore filmography

References

Wilcox, Herbert, Twenty Five Thousand Sunsets, 1967

External links

1924 films
1920s English-language films
Films based on works by Giovanni Boccaccio
Films of the Weimar Republic
Films directed by Herbert Wilcox
Films set in the Middle Ages
British silent feature films
German silent feature films
UFA GmbH films
1920s historical drama films
German historical drama films
British historical drama films
British black-and-white films
The Decameron
Films produced by Erich Pommer
German black-and-white films
1924 drama films
English-language German films
1920s British films
Silent historical drama films
1920s German films

Decameron Nights (1924 film)


Patrick R. Cleburne Confederate Cemetery is a memorial cemetery located in the city of Jonesboro, Georgia, United States. It was named in honor of General Patrick Cleburne. This cemetery was a burial site for Confederate soldiers who died in the Battle of Jonesboro in 1864. This cemetery is open daily until dusk. It is one of six Confederate cemeteries maintained by the Georgia Building Authority.

After the Battle of Jonesboro, fallen soldiers under leadership of Stephen D. Lee and William J. Hardee were buried as unknown soldiers where they initially died at. In 1872, after the American Civil War ended, the Georgia General Assembly funded $1,000 so that the soldiers could be relocated and reburied in a general area. Initially, each grave was marked with a tin marker; however, by the 1930s, the markers were gone.  The Patrick R. Cleburne Confederate Cemetery has 712 headstones with only three marked headstones. The three known soldiers in this cemetery are Agnatius Brooke, Robert Lindsay and Abner Joel Yancey. The headstones are patterned in the shape of the Confederate Flag. The walkways are shaped in the letter X and graves fill in the triangles of the X.

It is estimated that 600–1000 Confederate soldiers are buried here. The history behind this cemetery and other confederate cemeteries in Georgia is a mystery and continues to be researched today. Organizations continue to preserve historic documents and present new information to understand the history of Georgia and its confederate soldiers during the American Civil War.

Events and traditions
 In 1934, a granite monument, stone and metal fence, and stone archway were added.  The ceremonies were attended by the last two survivors of the battle.
 In 1971, Georgia governor Jimmy Carter assigned the upkeep of the six Georgian Confederate cemeteries to the Georgia Building Authority.
 A grave-marking ceremony was held in honor of twice named Roll of Honor, Ensign Robert Lindsey, a fallen confederate soldier, from Company D, 4th Kentucky Infantry during May 1992 at the Patrick R. Cleburne Confederate Cemetery. He died in Clayton County, Georgia while carrying the company colors to the line. The exact grave site is unknown; however, the 4th Regiment Kentucky Volunteer Infantry and the Frankie Lyle chapter of United Daughters of the Confederacy placed a marker in his honor at the cemetery.
 On Sunday, April 24, 1999 the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Sons of Confederate Veterans held the annual Confederate Memorial Day ceremony at the cemetery with re-enactors of the Civil War led by a bagpiper. The re-enactors performed the 21-gun salute in confederate uniforms. Scott Gilbert, relative of the last confederate living in Henry County, Georgia, Judge A.G. Harris, spoke to the crowd.

References

External links

Confederate States of America cemeteries
Cemeteries in Georgia (U.S. state)
Protected areas of Clayton County, Georgia
1872 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)


The Battle of Los Ángeles was a military action fought on 22 March 1880 between the Chilean and Peruvian armies during the Tacna and Arica Campaign of the War of the Pacific. The Chilean forces under Commander in chief Manuel Baquedano assaulted and defeated the Allied stronghold guided by Andrés Gamarra garrisoned at Los Angeles hill top.

Preliminary moves
After a successful scouting mission to discover the allied strength in the area, a massive landing took place at Ilo between 18 and 25 February, disembarking 9,500 men on the Peruvian shore.

Expedition to Mollendo
The Chilean command decided to launch a second operation against Mollendo, so on 8 March were shipped the 3rd Line Regiment, the Navales and Zapadores battalions, 10 engineers and 30 riders, all under Col. Orozimbo Barboza. The goal was to fix the Peruvian 1st Division keeping it from aiding the second one which were to be attacked by Baquedano's main force and destroy the docking facilities of Mollendo to obviate future blockading of the port.

Along with Barboza, the engineer Federico Stuven was sent to repair the rail road broke by Zapata on February. Performing this task a fierce skirmish was held by soldiers of the "Buin" 1st Line Regiment and the Peruvian Gendarmes. Meanwhile, a Navales Regiment detachment was unshipped at Islay and took Mollendo on 9 March without any resistance. The Peruvians reacted quickly concentrating troops in order to counterattack. Barboza took Mejia on 10 March, disabling the rail road and several freight wagons. When he returned to Mollendo saw that great part of his army was looting and burning the port committing abuses against the population. Barbosa re-embarked his troops and left Mollendo on the 13. This event caused considerable embarrassment to the administration in Santiago and to the army; according to private letters of Lieutenant Rafael Torreblanca, some soldiers were condemned to capital punishment.

Expedition to Moquegua
In the meantime, on 12 March under the command of, General Cavalry Commander Gen. Manuel Baquedano, the 2nd Division was ordered to march over Mollendo. This force was formed by the "Buin" 1st Line and Santiago regiments, the Atacama and Bulnes battalions, two artillery batteries and the Cazadores a Caballo and Granaderos a Caballo cavalry regiments.

At 03:00 hrs, Baquedano marched with 800 riders and a company of the 1st Line Regiment, only to rest the next day at the Ilo river valley, abundant in food and water. Here was to wait for the rest of the division, which started to move on 15 March. The operations line extended alongside the rail road from Ilo to Moquegua The region was extremely arid, so in order to supply the men with water, a train was set with a water wagon. Baquedano reached Hospicio, were in a lack of calculation, the entire water supply were consumed. When the rest of the division reached Hospicio and found no water, a discipline issue arose but it was quickly resolved with another water cargo sent by train. Meanwhile, Baquedano continued his march to Conde, reaching Moquegua on 20 March.

Meanwhile, acknowledging he was outnumbered,  Col. Andrés Gamarra with the 1st Division of Montero's Southern Army withdrew to the defensive position at Los Angeles hill. Following him, Baquedano marched over Los Angeles on 20 March.

Chilean Army

The Chilean task force led by Manuel Baquedano was formed by the 2nd Line and Santiago regiments, the Atacama and Bulnes battalions, two artillery batteries and 300 riders from the Granaderos and Cazadores cavalry regiments; in total about 4,500 men.

Chilean strategy
Baquedano made several scout missions to the Peruvian positions, thinking a bold plan to take them. Colonel Muñoz with twelve companies of the 2nd Line and Santiago regiments, an artillery battery and 300 riders was commissioned to attack the Peruvian left flank sited at El Pulpito. On the night of 21 March, Juan Martinez' Atacama Battalion would outflank the Peruvian positions marching along the Torata river's creek and later to climb the Guaneros slope covered by the darkness. Baquedano with three companies of the Santiago and the Bulnes Battalion and two batteries were to frontally charge the Peruvians.

Peruvian Army
Col. Gamarra had the Grau, Cazadores de Cuzco, Canas and Canchis infantry battalions, under the command of Col. Julio Chocano, Col. Manuel Gamarra, Col. Martin Alvarez and Col. Manuel Velasco, plus a column of Gendarmes of Moquegua led by Col. Manuel Jimenez, gathering up around 1,400 soldiers.

Peruvian strategy
Gamarra's plan was to use the terrain to his advantage, and to wait the Chilean assault on Los Angeles hill summit, considered by that time as unbeatable, due to its location over a hill that could only be assaulted on the front of the same name slope, and has to be taken with an assail in ascension and under fire, enhancing the attacking difficulties. The only weak spot was the Tumilaca river creek, but it was very easy to defend from El Pulpito. On the Pampa del Arrastrado, on the upper Los Angeles plateau, must be attacked by climbing huge and very even rocks forming a vertical  stone wall.

The Grau Battalion were stationed on Los Angeles summit in front of Tarmolambo, covering the road to Alto de la Villa, and the Granaderos de Cuzco Battalion was set on the Quilin Quilin heights with two companies forwarded to El Pulpito. The right flank was not defended with any unit since it was believed it was impossible to climb. On the rear, on the Pampa del Arrastrado were placed the Canchis and Canas battalions, as a reserve. These two were to relieve the other two units every 24 hours.

The battle

On the night of 21 March, 20 soldiers of the Grau Battalion led by Col. Chocano attacked the positions of the Cazadores a Caballo Regiment, killing three soldiers and capturing four horses. On their retreat, Chocano's men were engaged by the Atacama Battalion rearguard. Despite being discovered, Baquedano ordered Martinez to proceed as planned. In the meantime, Muñoz' column marched in a narrow path formed by the Tumilaca river's creek, with a company of the 2nd Line Regiment and a Santiago battalion on the vanguard. Baquedano's force forwarded whilst the Chilean wings were deploying, assuming positions in the front line.

By 04:00 hrs of 22 March, the battle started when Muñoz' troops were sighted by the soldiers at El Pulpito, being engaged by a company of the Granaderos de Cuzco Battalion immediately, reinforced later by another one of the Canchis Battalion. These two companies successfully detained Muñoz's advance since his men were trapped in the narrow corridor and shot from the heights. Also, the troops at Tambolambo were contained by the Peruvian fire.

Gamarra sent the Granaderos de Cuzco and Canas battalions to reinforce the position on his left flank, but the Atacama Battalion reached the summit, assailing the astonished Peruvian soldiers and routing their lines with a bayonet charge.

Ending
With the terrain advantage lost, the rest of Gamarra's soldiers began to refold. On Quilin Quilin, the 2nd Line Regiment successfully extracted one company out of the gorge, and set one cannon on the heights in front of the Peruvians. With this support, the Chileans made out of the entrapment and threw the defenders out of their positions. The rest of the Allied forces realized the magnitude of the defeat and joined the bulk of the army marching to Torata. On the site, the notice of the Chilean persecution reached them, and a company of the Granaderos de Cuzco was left to cover the retreat, until the rest of the army reached Chuculay, meanwhile Laiseca's men retreated to Carumas.

Aftermath
The Chilean Army lost 50 men, while the Peruvians lost around 145 men. The victory raised Chilean morale, since the position was considered unbeatable. For this action, the Atacama Battalion won a commendation and Baquedano was promoted to Commander in Chief of the Chilean Operations Army, replacing Erasmo Escala after the latter resigned.

References

Bibliography

Conflicts in 1880
Battles involving Chile
Battles involving Peru
Battles of the War of the Pacific
History of Moquegua Region
1880 in Chile
1880 in Peru
1880 in Bolivia
March 1880 events

Battle of Los Ángeles


Iranian/Persian traditional music (also known as mūsīqī-e sonnatī-e īrānī or mūsīqī-e aṣīl-e īrānī) is now modernly classified into the Dastgāh system. This system is a modal system, in the fact that it utilizes distinct modes of music, in this case seven. Each of these seven modes, referred to as Dastgāh, are then classified into smaller units (usually only one), each called an āvāz. Every āvāz consists of short pieces and melodies of music called the gousheh that, although each has its own characteristics, share one central characteristic in the āvāz.

The seven main Dastgāh of Iranian music are modernly known as Shour, Māhour, Homāyoun, Segāh, Chāhārgāh, Rāstpanjgāh, and Navā. Each of these seven is considered to be its own āvāz. Yet, Dastgāh-e Shour also contains the four āvāz-e Abou'atā, āvāz-e Bayāt-e-Tork, āvāz-e Afshāri, and āvāz-e Dashti along with its own āvāz-e Shour. Similarly, Dastgāh-e Homāyoun contains both āvāz-e Homāyoun and āvāz-e Esfahān. Shour is mainly considered the mother of all Dastgāh.

The classification is as below:

Dastgāh-e Šur (mother of all Dastgāh)
Āvāz-e Dashti
Āvāz-e Abou'atā
Āvāz-e Bayāt-e Tork
Āvāz-e Bayāt-e Kord
Āvāz-e Afshāri
Dastgāh-e Homāyoun
Āvāz-e Bayāt-e Esfahān
Dastgāh-e Segāh (third place)
Dastgāh-e Chāhārgāh (fourth place)
Dastgāh-e Rāstpanjgāh (fifth place)
Dastgāh-e Māhur
Dastgāh-e Navā
A complete book in Iranian traditional music is called the radif, which consists of all seven Dastgāh. Such a radif would traditionally be written by the master, the ostād, and then played, learned, and thoroughly memorized by the apprentice before he could become a master. Each radif consists of approximately 200–400 gousheh.

References
Lashgari, Manouchehr. Radif of Iranian Music. Chang Publications, 2003, p. 3.

Iranian music

Dastgah music


Kristi Marie Capel  (born July 7, 1983) is a television newscaster from Springfield, Missouri.

Pageants and education
Capel is a native of Florence, Kentucky who later moved to Missouri.  She competed in the Miss Missouri USA pageant in late 2005 and won.  She had placed in the top fifteen of the Miss Kentucky USA pageant the year previous. Capel represented Missouri in the Miss USA 2006 pageant in Baltimore, Maryland in April 2006, in which she did not place.

Capel graduated from Heritage Academy (a parochial school affiliated with the Assemblies of God) in Kentucky in 2001.  She won a volleyball scholarship to Evangel University, a religious school affiliated with the Assemblies of God, where she completed a Bachelor of Science degree in Broadcasting and Public Relations with honors in 2005.

Career
She was recently employed as a television reporter, co-anchor and weekend weather anchor on ABC affiliate KSPR Springfield 33 News. Capel also worked as a radio personality at 99 Hit FM and 1340 AM KADI during much of 2006.

In January 2008, Capel accepted a job as a weather forecaster for the television station WBRE-TV in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.  She moved to WJW (TV) in Cleveland on January 7, 2011.  In January 2012, Capel was named Morning Co-Anchor of Fox 8 News in Morning, she replaced Tracy McCool who went to anchor Fox 8 News at 5PM.

On February 23, 2015, Capel made headlines for using the term "jigaboo" in reference to Lady Gaga's performance at the 87th Academy Awards. Lady Gaga performed a tribute to Julie Andrews and The Sound of Music, with a medley of songs from the film.  Of Lady Gaga's performance, Capel remarked, "Lady Gaga surprising a lot of people last night with this tribute to Sound of Music," and added that actress Julie Andrews called it "wonderful."  Capel went on to say "It's hard to really hear her voice with all the jigaboo music — whatever you want to call it — jigaboo." "She has a gorgeous voice. I never knew."  After the nature of the term as a racial slur was noted online, Capel apologized.  She claimed ignorance of the word, later tweeting, "I apologize if I offended you, I had no idea it was a word or what it meant. Thank you for watching."

Fox 8 news director Andy Fishman responded to the controversy saying, "Kristi apologized on the air shortly after making the remark. She did not know what the word meant but that is no excuse for using it,"  Fishman also said, "We have spoken with her and are confident nothing like this will happen again."

References

External links
Missouri pageant winners crowned, The Kansas City Star, 5 December 2005 (accessed 1 May 2006)
TV reporter has chance at Miss USA, News Leader, 5 December 2005 (accessed 1 May 2006)
WBRE-TV, 2008 (accessed 31 March 2008)

Miss Missouri USA website
Miss USA Official Profile

1983 births
Living people
Miss USA 2006 delegates
People from Florence, Kentucky
Evangel University alumni

Kristi Capel


Bill's Lake Tahoe was a casino located in Stateline, Nevada owned and operated by and connected to next-door Harrah's Lake Tahoe.

History
Bill's opened during the 50th Anniversary of Harrah's in 1987 and was named in honor of William F. Harrah. There was no hotel, although there was an on-site tattoo parlor. Bill's also hosted UFC pay per view fights at all of its bars. In January 2007, Bill's became the only non-smoking casino in Tahoe. After years of business decline, Bill's Casino closed its doors for good January 4, 2010.

The site and surrounding parcels of land were purchased by attorney Michael Laub in March 2010 for US$5.22 million with the intention of turning the location into a large strip club. It was later reported that the site would be transformed into a mall including a pharmacy, a jewellery store, a tattoo studio, a Pilates studio, a clothing store, another casino and a restaurant and bar.

The Tahoe Daily Tribune reported on a safe was discovered behind a false wall during renovations during August 2011.

On August 23, a posting on reddit by the son of the purchaser of Bill's casino prematurely stated the opening of the safe will be documented on reddit. The Oprah Winfrey Network gained exclusive access to the opening of the safe for the TV show Found, that is in development and the broadcast date is not known. The safe was opened September 14, 2011, in the presence of the Douglas County Sheriff's Office investigator, but did not find anything relevant to an investigation.

References

External links
 Bill's Casino Lake Tahoe
 Bill's Casino review
 Tahoe Tattoo

1987 establishments in Nevada
2010 disestablishments in Nevada
Harrah's Entertainment
Casinos completed in 1987
Casinos in Stateline, Nevada
Defunct casinos in Nevada

Bill's Casino Lake Tahoe


Ledikeni () or Lady Kenny is a popular Bangladeshi and Indian sweet consumed in West Bengal, India and Bangladesh. It is a light fried reddish-brown sweet ball made of Chhena and flour, soaked in sugar syrup. Ledikeni is named after Lady Canning, the wife of Charles Canning, the Governor General of India during 1856–62.

History

The sweet originated in Kolkata in the middle of the 19th century. There are various legends regarding the origin of the sweet. According to the most popular legend, a special sweetmeat was prepared by Bhim Chandra Nag in the honour of Lady Canning at some point during her stay in India from 1856 till her death in 1861. In some versions of the tale, the sweetmeat was prepared to commemorate her visit to India in 1856, while in other versions, it was prepared on the occasion of her birthday. Some variations of the tale state that it became her favourite dessert, which she would demand on every occasion. According to yet another legend, the sweet was prepared by the confectioners of Baharampur in 1857, after the mutiny, to commemorate the visit by Canning and his wife.

Lady Canning died in 1861. Since then the sweetmeat has gained popularity in Bengal. No grand feast was considered complete if the sweetmeat was not offered to the guest. The manufacturer was said to have made a lot of money by selling the sweetmeat although some have claimed that its popularity is due to the name rather than the taste. As it gained popularity, the sweetmeat came to be known as "Lady Canning" which gradually got corrupted to "ledikeni".

A sweet very similar to the modern pantua and ledikeni, but made of rice flour, is mentioned in the 12th century Sanskrit-language text Manasollasa.

See also
 Pantua
 Gulab Jamun

References

Indian desserts
Sweets of West Bengal

Ledikeni


Dadu was a first-class cricket team in Pakistan from the city of Dadu in the north-west of Sindh province. They played one season of first-class and List A cricket in 2002-03.

Background
Dadu finished second to Multan in the second division (non-first-class) of the Quaid-i-Azam Trophy in 2001-02. Their captain, Shahid Qambrani, was the highest scorer in the competition, with 576 runs at an average of 82.28. Dadu and Multan were promoted to the top level of the Trophy for 2002-03.

First-class matches
Dadu lost their first four matches then drew their fifth, finishing last in their group. In their first match, against Public Works Department, their wicket-keeper Wasim Ahmed took 11 catches, equalling the Pakistan record, and Athar Laeeq took 4 for 39 and 6 for 35, which remained Dadu's best innings and match figures. Shahid Qambrani, who again captained the team, was the leading run-scorer, with 257 at 25.70, but Rizwan Ahmed topped the batting averages with 213 runs at 42.60, and also took 13 wickets at 21.00. There were no centuries.

National Bank of Pakistan Patron's Cup
Dadu also took part in the national 50-over List A competition in 2002-03, winning one match and losing four, and finishing last in their six-team group. Abid Baloch captained the team. Shahid Qambrani was again the leading scorer, and also hit the team's only century, 112 not out off 108 balls, in the victory over Lahore Blues.

Current status
Dadu were one of six regional teams that were absorbed by stronger teams for the 2003-04 season. They merged with the neighbouring Hyderabad team.

Since Dadu lost first-class status they have continued to compete in the annual sub-first-class Inter-District Senior Tournament against other teams from the Hyderabad and Larkana regions.

Grounds
Dadu did not play any home games in 2002-03. They now play at the District Cricket Ground, Dadu.

Notable players
 Shahid Qambrani

References

External links
 Matches played by Dadu at CricketArchive

Pakistani first-class cricket teams
Former senior cricket clubs of Pakistan
Cricket Team
Cricket in Sindh

Dadu cricket team


Tarragona Amphitheatre is a Roman amphitheatre in the city of Tarraco, now Tarragona, in the Catalonia region of north-east Spain. It was built in the 2nd century AD, sited close to the forum of this provincial capital.

The amphitheatre could house up to 15,000 spectators, and measured .

History
It was built at the end of 1st century AD and the start of 2nd century AD, down from the walls and facing the sea. There are remains of a large inscription dating to the reign of Elagabalus (3rd century AD) and located in the podium.

In 259, during the persecution of Christians by Emperor Valerian, the city's bishop, Fructuosus, and his deacons, Augurius and Eulogius, were burned alive. After Christianity became the official religion of the empire, the amphitheatre lost its original functions. The following years some of the building's stones were used to build a basilica to commemorate the three martyrs. Tombs were excavated in the arena and funerary mausoleums were annexed to the church.

The Islamic invasion of Spain started a period of abandonment of the area, which lasted until the 12th century, when a church was built over the remains of the Visigothic church, in Romanesque style. This was demolished in 1915.

In 1576, it became the convent for the order of the Trinity until 1780 when it became a prison for prisoners who were constructing the port. After closing the prison, it was abandoned up to the mid-20th century when work was started to recover the theatre, funded by the Bryant Foundation.

See also
 List of Roman amphitheatres

Notes

Buildings and structures completed in the 2nd century
Roman amphitheatres in Spain
Ancient Roman buildings and structures in Catalonia
Amphitheatre

de:Tarraco#Das Amphitheater

Tarragona Amphitheatre


Salomon Moos (15 July 1831 – 15 July 1895) was a German otologist born in Randegg, a village in the Grand Duchy of Baden.

He studied medicine at the University of Heidelberg, and following graduation worked as an assistant at the medical clinic of Karl Ewald Hasse. Afterwards, he continued his education in Prague and Vienna, and in 1859 became privat-docent at Heidelberg. In 1866 he was an associate professor, later being appointed director and chief surgeon of the otology clinic at the University of Heidelberg.

His better known research involved diseases of the inner ears' labyrinth. Moos is credited with being the first physician to point out that in certain infectious diseases, micro-organisms within the labyrinth negatively affect hearing and equilibrium.

Publications
In 1869 he co-founded the Archiv für Augen- und Ohrenheilkunde ("Archives of Ophthalmology and Otology") with Hermann Jakob Knapp, a journal that was published in German and English, with Moos being director of the otological department of the German edition. In 1878 the ophthalmological and otological departments separated into independent entities, with Moos being editor of the Zeitschrift für Ohrenheilkunde until his death in 1895.

Among his better known written works was a translation of Joseph Toynbee's  "Diseases of the Ear" as Lehrbuch der Ohrenkrankheiten (1863). Other publications by Moos include:
 Klinik der Ohrenkrankheiten (Clinic for ear diseases), (1866)
 Anatomie und Physiologie der Eustachisehen Rohre (Anatomy and physiology of the Eustachian tubes), (1874)
 Uber Meningitis cerebrospinalis Epidemica, (1881)
 Uber Pilzinvasion des Labyrinths im Gofolge von Masern (Concerning fungal infection of the labyrinths in association with measles), (1888)
 Histologische und bakterielle Untersucliungen Uber Mittelohrerkrankungenbei den verschiedenen Fonnen Diphtherie, (1890)

References
 Archives of Otology (biography)
  biography @ Jewish Encyclopedia

External links

German otolaryngologists
People from the Grand Duchy of Baden
Academic staff of Heidelberg University
Heidelberg University alumni
1831 births
1895 deaths

Salomon Moos


Sometimes, after a person commits suicide (kills themself), other people will copy them and also kill themselves. This is called copycat suicide. People may commit copycat suicide after a person they know commits suicide, or after hearing about a suicide through television or other media.

After a famous suicide, there may be more copycat suicides. This is called the Werther effect. Sudden rises in copycat suicides can spread through a home, schools, or even across an entire country. These are called cluster suicides.

Suicide

Copycat suicide


"Tiger" is a song by the Swedish pop band ABBA. The song was released on the 1976 album Arrival.

History
"Tiger" is written from the perspective of a threatening entity warning the listener of the dangers of the city: "People who fear me never come near me, I am the tiger". The exact meaning behind "Tiger" is debated, although most speculators agree "tiger" is used as a metaphor for dangerous aspects of city life. Some hypothesize the tiger represents a stalker or serial killer, while others believe the tiger symbolizes the harmful nature of illicit drugs.

The vocals for the song were sung by Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad.

Performance
In the 1977 concert tours, the song was preceded by "the sound of helicopters booming over the speakers". ABBA also performed the song in the film ABBA: The Movie.

At the ABBA tribute band concert Live Music of Abba by the Arrival from Sweden, "Tiger" was the show opener.

Music video
The music video for "Tiger" features all four members of ABBA dressed in denim clothing riding in a Chevy at nighttime. It was aired on the "ABBA-Dabba-Dooo!" TV special.

Critical reception
Bright lights, dark shadows: the real story of Abba described the song as "rocky". The Guardian described the song as "gripping".

References

1976 songs
ABBA songs
Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus

Tiger (ABBA song)


The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA ; ) serves as the Philippines' Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) authority. As a government agency, TESDA is tasked to both manage and supervise the Philippines' Technical Education and Skills Development (TESD). Its goals are to develop the Filipino workforce with "world-class competence and positive work values" and to provide quality technical-educational and skills development through its direction, policies, and programs.

History

Predecessor
Technical-Vocational Education was first introduced to the Philippines through the enactment of Commonwealth Act No. 3377, or the "Vocational Act of 1927." On June 3, 1938, the National Assembly of the Philippines passed Commonwealth Act No. 313, which provided for the establishment of regional national vocational trade schools of the Philippine School of Arts and Trades type, as well as regional national vocational agricultural high schools of the Central Luzon Agricultural High School Type, effectively providing for the establishment of technical-vocational schools around the country.

On June 22, 1963, Republic Act. No. 3742, or "An Act Creating A Bureau of Vocational Education, Defining its Functions, Duties, and Powers, and Appropriating Funds Therefor" was passed, which provided for the creation of a Bureau of Vocational Education (BVE). The creation of the BVE led to the abolishment of the Vocational Education Division of the Bureau of Public Schools. The BVE was created with the purpose of "strengthening, promoting, coordinating, and expanding the programs of vocational education now being undertaken by the Bureau of Public Schools." It was also created "for the purpose of enhancing the socio-economic program of the Philippines through the development of skilled manpower in agricultural, industrial and trade-technical, fishery and other vocational courses."

The Manpower Development Council (MDC) was created by virtue of Executive Order No. 53 on December 8, 1966, which was issued by President Ferdinand Marcos. The MDC was tasked with "developing an integrated long-term manpower plan as a component of the overall social and economic development plan." Targets which were to be established by the said manpower plan were to be "used by the Department of Education and the Budget Commission in programming public investments in education and out-of-school training schemes."

The MDC was eventually replaced by the National Manpower and Youth Council (NMYC), which was created by virtue of Republic Act. No. 5462, or the Manpower and Out-of-School Youth Development Act of the Philippines. The NMYC was placed under the Office of the President, and was charged with establishing a "National Manpower Skills Center under its authority and supervision for demonstration and research in accelerated manpower and youth training." It was also tasked with establishing "regional and local training centers for gainful occupational skills," as well as adopting "employment promotion schemes to channel unemployed youth to critical and other occupations." Republic Act No. 5462 was eventually repealed by Presidential Decree No. 422, otherwise known as the Labor Code, on May 1, 1974.

President Marcos, on September 29, 1972, issued Presidential Decree No. 6-A, or the "Educational Development Decree of 1972," which highlighted the government's educational policies and priorities at the time. The decree also provided for the "establishment and/or operation, upgrading or improvement of technical institutes, skills training centers, and other non-formal training programs and projects for the out-of-school youth and the unemployed in collaboration with the programs of the National Manpower and Youth Council."

The 1975 reorganization of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports led to the abolishment of the Bureau of Vocational Education, along with the Bureau of Public Schools and the Bureau of Private Schools. In their place, the Bureau of Elementary Education, the Bureau of Secondary Education and the Bureau of Higher Education were established. The responsibilities of the Bureau of Vocational Education were absorbed by the newly established Bureau of Secondary Education.

Eventually, the Education Act of 1982 paved the way for the creation of the Bureau of Technical and Vocational Education (BTVE). The BTVE was tasked to "conduct studies, formulate, develop and evaluate post-secondary vocational-technical programs and recommend educational standards for these programs," as well as to "develop curricular designs and prepare instructional materials, prepare and evaluate programs to upgrade the quality of teaching and non-teaching staff, and formulate guidelines to improve the physical plant and equipment of post-secondary vocational-technical schools."

Establishment of TESDA

The Philippine Congress enacted Joint Resolution No. 2 in 1990, effectively creating the Congressional Commission for Education or EDCOM. The commission was tasked to review and assess the education and manpower training system of the country. Among the recommendations of the commission was the establishment of the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), a government agency tasked with developing and overseeing the country's vocational and technical education programs and policies. The commission further recommended that the new agency be created as a fusion of the following offices: the National Manpower and Youth Council (NMYC) of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE), the Bureau of Technical and Vocational Education (BTVE) of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS), and the Apprenticeship Program of the Bureau of Local Employment of DOLE. Subsequently, the enactment of Republic Act No. 7796, or the "Technical Education and Skills Development Act of 1994," authored by Senators Francisco Tatad and Edgardo Angara led to the establishment of the present-day TESDA. RA 7796 was signed into law by President Fidel Ramos on August 25, 1994.

The merger of the aforementioned offices was meant to reduce bureaucratic oversight on skills development activities initiated by the private and the public sector and to provide a single agency that will take charge of the country's technical vocational and training (TVET) system. Hence, a major thrust of TESDA is the formulation of a comprehensive development plan for middle-level manpower based on the National Technical Education and Skills Development Plan. This plan provides for a reformed industry-based training program that includes apprenticeship, dual training system and other similar schemes.

Further reforms
The National Training Center for Technical Education and Staff Development (NTCTESD) and its administration were transformed from the authority of the then-Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) to TESDA by virtue of Executive Order No. 337, which was issued by President Fidel V. Ramos on May 17, 1996. The transfer was done in accordance with R.A. 7796, which effectively transferred the DECS' responsibility of administering the technical-vocational education and training to TESDA. This necessitated the transfer of the administration of the NTCTESD from the DECS to TESDA.

On September 15, 2004, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo issued Executive Order No. 358, which provided for the "institutionalization ladderized interface between Technical-Vocational Education and Training (TVET) and Higher Education (HE)." It further mandates that TESDA and the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) "develop and implement a unified national qualifications framework that establishes equivalency pathways and access ramps for easier transition and progression between TVET and higher education. The framework shall include the following mechanisms:"

Executive Order No. 75, issued by President Benigno Aquino III on April 30, 2012, designated the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC) as the "single administration in the Philippines responsible for oversight in the implementation of the 1978 International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers." Prior to the executive order, TESDA had the power to issue the Certificate of Competence for Ratings by virtue of Executive Order No. 242, s. 2000.

President Rodrigo Duterte's Executive Order No. 1, issued on June 30, 2016, effectively placed TESDA and other government agencies under the supervision of the Cabinet Secretary. The executive order mandates that the agencies mentioned "shall primarily evaluate existing poverty reduction programs and, if deemed necessary, formulate a more responsive set of programs complementing existing ones, channeling resources as necessary to reduce both the incidence and magnitude of poverty." Other duties and responsibilities have also been ascribed to the concerned agencies by this executive order.

Through an order by President Duterte, it was placed under the Department of Trade and Industry on October 31, 2018, following the reorganization of the Office of the Cabinet Secretary. In September 2022, it was reverted to the Department of Labor and Employment as an attached agency through an executive order by his successor Bongbong Marcos.

Benefits
Graduating from the programs given by TESDA will ensure the trainee a National Certificate from TESDA Assessment that comes with benefits that include a quality assurance that the graduate has acquired proper knowledge and an understanding of the task at hand from undergoing a series of practical and hands-on demonstrations, positive attitudes from interviews with people who contribute to the job and work projects. Not only that, but the certificate will also guarantee that the graduate has acquired the values that can help his/her skills needed for the said occupation and for future opportunities that can follow from the success of the current project.

Current labor force
The labor force participation rate (LFPR) of TVET graduates accounted for 74.5% of all graduates. Graduates of scholar programs, though, had an LFPR of 75.9% than the 71.9% LFPR of regular TVET-program graduates. In terms of delivery mode, enterprise-based program graduates had the highest LFPR (89.1%) while community-based programs had the lowest LFPR (71.7%).

The overall employment rate of TVET graduates was 60.9% in 2011. The region having the highest employment rate is CAR (82.8%), followed by Region VII (74.1%) and IV-B (71.4%). Also, TVET graduates of scholarship programs had an employment rate of 61.7% as compared to TVET graduates of regular programs (59.1%). Again, in terms of delivery mode, enterprise-based programs had the highest employment rate (83.1%) while community-based programs had the lowest (56.4%). Out of all training providers, TESDA's graduates had the highest employment rate (67.9%). 39.8% of the employed TVET graduates had an average monthly income of 5000-9999 pesos while 27.7% are earning more than 10000 pesos. 21.5% are earning less than 5000 pesos a month.

Recently, the unemployment rate among young aged 25–29 years old with tertiary education has been increasing, especially in European countries like Slovenia. This has been coupled with an increase in the enrolment rate in vocational and technical education. This has also led to the decreasing share of unemployed young people with secondary education from 58.0% in 2007 to 51.1% in 2012 along with the increasing share of unemployed young people with tertiary education from 13.1% to 19.5% in the same time period. Still, a majority of the people who have completed secondary education move on to tertiary education. It should also be noted that the percentage of unemployed young people who have completed vocational education stands at 18.1% while that of those who have completed secondary technical or general education stands at 33%. Thus, many professionals believe that there is a greater need for employees with technical or vocational education in the labor market rather than those with general tertiary education. As it stands, some even say that these people have a greater likelihood of attaining success in their careers than those with just a college degree.

Programs and services offered

Technical-Vocational Education and Training (TVET)

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) defines Technical-Vocational Education and Training (TVET) as the education or training process which involves, in addition to general education, the study of technologies and related sciences and acquisition of practical skills relating to occupations in various sectors of economic life and social life that comprises formal (organized programs as part of the school system) and non-formal (organized classes outside the school system) approaches.

TESDA is mandated to provide Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in the Philippines. TVET provides education and training opportunities for students and clients in preparation for employment. It is also offered to those part of the labor market looking to improve or develop new competencies to enhance employability in their chosen fields.

Training systems
TVET is classified into two main systems: the formal system and the non-formal system. The formal system is a post-secondary technical education of six months to three years which entitles a student or trainee to a certificate in a specialized field. Programs under the formal system are delivered by both private and public vocational-technical schools. The non-formal system, on the other hand, consists of a variety of short-term programs usually up to six months targeting a special group of clientele. This includes those seeking employment in the government, special-interest organizations, services and salesmanship, farming, and forestry and fishing.

Clientele
TVET clientele is primarily composed of high school graduates, secondary school dropouts, and college graduates and undergraduates looking to gain the necessary skills in various sectors. TVET also considers part of their targeted clientele those who are unemployed but actively looking for work, Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) returning to the Philippines permanently to work, and those currently employed wanting to enhance or acquire new skills.

Delivery modes
TESDA undertakes direct training provisions in order to provide TVET clients access to the various Technical Education Skills Development (TESD) programs offered. The following are the four training modalities:

 School-based: Formal delivery by the schools of TVET programs of varying duration of at least a year but not exceeding three years.
 Centre-based: Provision of short duration non-formal training undertaken in TESDA Regional and Provincial Training Centers.
 Community-based: Training programs specifically designed to answer the needs for skills training in the community to facilitate self-employment.
 Enterprise-based: Training programs like apprenticeship, learnership, and dual training which are carried out within the firms or industries.

Delivery networks

There are more than 4,500 TVET providers in the country, around 62% (2,786) of which are private and 38% (1,714) public. The Public TVET institutions include 126 Technology Institutes nationwide. Other public TVET providers include state-owned universities and colleges and local colleges offering non-degree programs; Department of Education-supervised schools; and local government units and other government agencies providing skills training programs. TVET funding would depend on the type of provider. In private TVET institutions, students or trainees pay fees. Public TVET institutions, on the other hand, are subsidized by the government so the trainees pay only a minimal or no amount for the training.

Training programs
TESDA provides direct training programs which are divided into four distinct training modalities: School-Based Programs, Center-Based Programs, Community-Based Programs, and Enterprise-Based Programs.

School-based programs
School-based programs are TVET programs that are directly delivered  or provided by TESDA-administered schools. Currently, there are 57 TESDA-administered schools, 19 of which are agriculture schools, 7 are fishery schools and 31 are trade schools. School based programs include post-secondary offerings of varying duration not exceeding three years.

Center-based programs
These are training provisions or programs that are being offered in TESDA Regional and Provincial Centers throughout the country. There are fifteen Regional Centers and forty-five provincial centers, adding up to 60 centers that provide center-based programs. Such programs are offered under selected trade areas in the different regions and provinces of the country.

The TESDA Training Center Taguig Campus Enterprise (TTCTCE) provides advanced technology training programs that are registered under the Unified TVET Program Registration and Accreditation System (UTPRAS). The TTCTCE conducts these training programs in partnership with industry organizations under a co-management scheme in response to a given industry's training requirements.

TESDA is also the implementing agency of three grant assistance projects from the Government of the Republic of Korea. The Korea-Philippines Information Technology Training Center (KPITTC), located at the Polytechnic University's Quezon City compound in Novaliches provides training on computer graphics and animation. Another grant assistance project from the Republic of Korea's government that is under the implementation of TESDA is the KPITTC located at the Regional Skills Development Center in Guiguinto, Bulacan.

Enterprise-based programs
Enterprise-based programs are training programs that are being implemented within companies or firms. There are several programs being offered by TESDA that fall under enterprise-based programs.

The Apprenticeship Program is a training and employment program that involves a contract between an apprentice and an employer in an occupation that has been approved for apprenticeship. The period of apprenticeship covers a minimum of four months and a maximum of six months. Only companies with approved and registered apprenticeship programs under TESDA can hire apprentices.

The Learnership Program, on the other hand, involves practical on-the-job training for pre-approved learnable occupations, as determined by TESDA. The program must not exceed three months. Only companies with TESDA approved and registered learnership programs can hire learners.

The Dual Training System involves an instructional mode of delivery for technology-based education and training in which learning takes place alternatively in two venues: the school or training center, and the company. One of the strategic approaches on this program is the conversion of selected industry practices/ programs registered under the apprenticeship program into DTS modality. Schools or training centers and business establishments interested in adopting the dual training system must apply for accreditation with TESDA.

Community-based programs
TESDA also provides community-based programs, which are primarily offered to those belonging to marginalized groups. These are intended to expand educational access to those who are unable to access, or are not accessible, by formal training provisions and programs. The program is also designed to assist partner agencies such as LGUs, NGOs, people organizations and other agencies and organizations with regard to their poverty-alleviation and livelihood programs.

Scholarship programs

These are programs created to give help and financial assistance to deserving TVET enrollees and trainees in the country.

Private Education Student Financial Assistance (PESFA)
The program offers educational scholarships and benefactions to college who are not only qualified but also deserving of financial assistance. In publicizing and also promoting TVET, it also guides the enrolees/ beneficiaries on what choice of career they plan on pursuing and the skills needed to be successful in these jobs which are a hot pick in the economy. Established through Section 8 of Republic Act No. 8545, the PESFA also gives assistance to institutions and establishments that gave a respectable amount of effort in the program by supplying a fair amount of enrolees to their respective courses.

Training for Work Scholarship (TWSP)
Launched in May 2006 by the Office of the President, the Training for Work Scholarship (TWSP) aims to give out solutions to the where the lack in skills in sectors that relate with one another such as metals and engineering, along with construction, tourism many more. Beginning in 2008 as a part of the regular budget, this program also looks to give out more opportunities for employees through incentives and proper training programs that link both jobs internationally and domestically. Also, its goal is to reinforce TVET institutions in making the quality of their delivery programs better in order to meet the requirements of a certain job.

Bottom-up Budgeting (BUB)
The program seeks to increase access to local service delivery taking into consideration the development needs of municipalities through a budget planning process that focuses on demands. It also aims to strengthen the government's accountability in public services. Participating agencies are expected to ensure implementation of priority through the BuB planning and budgeting processes.

Special Training for Employment Program (STEP)
The Special Training for Employment Program (STEP) plans to focus on the specific skills needed by the communities in order to promote employment. This tackles self-employment and service-oriented activities to be more specific. In this program, the objective is to provide skills and training opportunities to not only enhance the enrolees in the barangay area but to also make the enrolees more adept and keen of their skills needed to be ready for the job. Those who are a part of this program receive free training, competency assessments, tool kits and training allowance worth sixty pesos per day during the training period.

Other functions

Job matching
TESDA show and trains people for employment. It seeks jobs by identifying specific job requirements through the use of international market intelligence reports. For jobs in partnership with non-government organizations, social welfare agencies and institutions, school community and organizations, TESDA finds people who it deemed suitable to be trained. TESDA then trains these people through the TVET program. TESDA developed this matching process to find the best job-skills fit, as well as increase productivity of training programs by assisting those who wish to go into micro business, small and medium enterprises of entrepreneurship.

TESDA core business
Programs and services are created and designed to provide direction for TVET in the Philippines. Some of these include the creation of plans and policies through the generation and dissemination of reliable information and research for the TVET sector.

TESDA's plans and policies include the following:

Organizational structure

TESDA Board
The following are mandated by Republic Act No. 7796 to serve as the members of the TESDA Board:
 The Secretary of Labor and Employment as Chairperson
 The Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports (now the Secretary of Education) and the Secretary of Trade and Industry as Co-Chairpersons
 The Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of Interior and Local Government, and the Director-General of the TESDA Secretariat as members.

R.A. 7796 also provides additional guidelines pertaining to the TESDA Board's membership:

"In addition, the President of the Philippines shall appoint the following members from the private sector: two representatives, from the employer/industry organization, one of whom shall be a woman; three representatives, from the labor sector, one of whom shall be a woman; and two representatives of the national associations of private technical-vocational education and training institutions, one of whom shall be a woman. As soon as all the members of the private sector are appointed, they shall so organize themselves that the term of office of one-third (1/3) of their number shall expire every year. The member from the private sector appointed thereafter to fill vacancies caused by expiration of terms shall hold office for three years."
Additionally, the President of the Philippines is authorized "to revise membership of the TESDA Board, whenever the President deems it necessary for the effective performance of the Board's functions through an administrative order."

TESDA Board as of June 2023:
Chairman: DOLE Sec. Bienvenido E. Laguesma
Co-Chairman:
DepED Sec. and Vice Pres. Sara Z. Duterte
Represented by: Usec. Gloria Jumamil-Mercado, DepED Usec. for Human Resource and Organizational Development
DTI Sec. Alfredo E. Pascual
Represented by: Usec. Rafaelita M. Aldaba, DTI Usec. for Competitiveness and Innovation
Members:
President and Agriculture Secretary Ferdinand Romualdez Marcos Jr.
Represented by: DA Senior Usec. Domingo F. Panganiban
DILG Sec. Benjamin C. Abalos Jr.
Represented by: Usec. Lord A. Villanueva, DILG Usec. for Operations
DOST Sec.  Renato U. Solidum Jr.
Represented by: Usec. Maridon O. Sagahun, DOST Usec. for Scientific and Technical Services
CHED Chairman J. Prospero E. De Vera III, DPA
TESDA Director General Sec. Suharto T. Mangudadatu
Members - Private Sector:
Labor Sector
Dr. Avelino S. Caraan Jr.
Ramon R. De Leon
Rogelio J. Chavez Jr.
Rene Luis M. Tadle
Shirley V. Yorong
Employer Sector
Dr. Leonida Bayani-Ortiz
Dr. Vivien Co Say
Business and Investment Sector
Mary G. Ng
Arturo M. Milan
Education and Training Sector
Rev. Fr. Onofre Gregorio Inocencio Jr., SDB

TESDA Secretariat

The TESDA Secretariat, by virtue of R.A. 7796, is tasked "to establish and maintain a planning process and formulate a national technical education and skills development plan in which the member-agencies and other concerned entities of the Authority at various levels participate;" among other duties and responsibilities. It is headed by a Director-General, who serves as the chief executive officer of the TESDA Secretariat. In this capacity, the Director-General exercises general supervision and control over TESDA's technical and administrative personnel. The current Director-General of TESDA is Secretary Suharto T. Mangudadatu, Ph.D.

According to R.A. 7796, the Director-General is assisted in his or her duties by two Deputy Directors-General who are appointed by the President of the Philippines upon the recommendation of the TESDA Board. One of the Deputy Directors-General is responsible for Vocational and Technical Education and Training, and one is responsible for Policies and Planning. Currently, however, TESDA has five Deputy Directors-General:
 Rosanna A. Urdaneta, Deputy Director General for Policies and Planning
 Josefino I. Torres, Deputy Director General for Administration and Finance
 Aniceto John D. Bertiz III, Deputy Director General for TESD Operations
 Vidal D. Villanueva III, Deputy Director General for Special Concerns

Aside from the Deputy Directors-General, the Director-General is also assisted by a Chief of Services for Administration who is appointed by the TESDA Board.

Aside from the aforementioned offices, there are also other offices under the TESDA Secretariat. Each office is headed by an Executive Director, who is appointed by the Director-General.

There are also Regional Offices, which are under the direct authority of the Director-General. These regional offices are headed by Regional Directors who are directly appointed by the President of the Philippines. The Regional Offices are further divided into the Provincial TESDA Offices, which are headed by Skill Development Officers.

See also
Technical and Vocational education in the Philippines

References

External links

TESDA Philippines official website
e-TESDA Philippines website
TESDA Course and Schools Directory

Vocational education in the Philippines
Department of Labor and Employment (Philippines)
Organizations established in 1994
Employment in the Philippines
Department of Trade and Industry (Philippines)