Sin is a first-person shooter video game developed by Ritual Entertainment and published by Activision in 1998. It uses a modified version of the Quake II engine. Sin is set in the dystopian future of 2037, where John Blade, a commander in a security force named HardCorps in the megacity of Freeport, is tasked to rid the city of a recreational drug that may be tied to the rival biotechnology megacorporation, SinTek.

Sin was released to generally positive reviews, with praise going towards its level design and premise, but criticism for technical issues that resulted from a rushed release. It sold poorly as a result of competition with Half-Life, but grew to have a cult following.

Nightdive Studios acquired the rights to Sin in 2020, and in March 2020 republished the game, along with the Wages of Sin expansion pack, as Sin: Gold. In September 2020, the studio announced plans to release a remastered version, titled Sin: Reloaded, originally for a 2021 release but currently delayed to an unknown time.

Gameplay
Sin introduced some new features to the first-person shooter genre, such as the ability to knock the weapon out of an opponent's hand and to take area-specific damage from enemies. Although driveable vehicles did not play a big part in the game, there are some sections and levels which require the player to drive certain vehicles, including an all-terrain vehicle, a patrol boat, a forklift, and a helicopter. There are three different types of body armor for the legs, for the torso and for the head, with each of them depleting separately according to where the player is hit.

Computer terminals can be manipulated through a DOS-like command prompt. Many levels have multiple ways in which to complete them, and actions can trigger changes in future levels. Some of these actions can force the player to go through an entirely different set of levels.

The enemies can run for cover, call for reinforcements, locate the player, and respond to specific scripts.

Plot
Set in the near future of 2037, many of the levels and locations are reminiscent of their current-day equivalents. Banks, building sites, sewage works and other everyday recognizable buildings form the basis of many of the levels in Sin. One major difference in the world of Sin is the lack of a police force. Ten years prior to the game, the police force collapsed due to corruption and ineffectiveness against the rising tide of crime. Private security companies have taken the police's place, with some of them patrolling the streets like the former police, some in charge of protecting their employer's assets.

One of the companies which employ their own armed security forces is SinTEK, a large multi-national biotechnology corporation specializing in medical and chemical research, owned by the beautiful and charismatic Elexis Sinclaire. Elexis took over the company following the mysterious disappearance of her father, Dr Thrall Sinclaire, who founded it in 2005.

The protagonist of the game, Colonel John R. ("Rusty") Blade, is the commander of one of the largest security forces in the city of Freeport, HardCorps. Prior to the beginning of the game, Blade is working to rid the streets of a potent new recreational drug named U4, which is rapidly gaining popularity in Freeport and is rumoured to be able to cause genetic mutations to its users. Yet the source of the drug is still unknown, and its effects not entirely studied. As the game begins, the player is placed into the shoes of John Blade as he responds to a full-scale bank heist and hostage situation perpetrated by a well-known Freeport criminal boss Antonio Mancini. But as the player progresses and pursues the criminal behind the heist, further questions are raised: Who is really behind the heist? And is this linked to the reported appearances of mutants in the city?

Throughout the missions, Blade is aided via radio link by a computer expert working at HardCorps: JC, a skilled hacker, capable of breaking into even the tightest of networks. In fact, Blade had first found out about JC when investigating a cracker who had broken into the HardCorps system. After tracking down the hacker, Blade, recognizing the perpetrator's talents, decided to make him a job offer at HardCorps instead of arresting him. Thus, JC became one of the HardCorps most valuable assets and the only one able to assist them in hacking-based missions.

As the game progresses, it is gradually revealed that the whole bank robbery is funded by Elexis Sinclaire, who in fact only wanted Mancini to steal a safety deposit box from the bank's vault. When she learns that he launched a full-scale bank heist instead, she injects him with concentrated U4 and turns him into a mutant, sending him after Blade. John manages to defeat the huge creature and afterwards learns that it was, in fact, Mancini himself. Blade also finds out that the substance found in Mancini's body after his death is only manufactured by one company: SinTEK. All these unavoidable facts force Blade to embark on an investigation into SinTEK's vast industrial area located in the outskirts of Freeport.

Later, Blade learns that Elexis Sinclaire's main goal is to contaminate the Freeport water system with vast quantities of U4, turning all of the city's inhabitants into mutants. He manages to thwart that plan, but it turns out to be just a diversion because, in the meantime, SinTEK's troops steal nuclear warheads from a U.S. military base. Elexis threatens to fill them with U4 and launch them at specific targets, turning the entire world's population into mutants. As Blade becomes aware of that, he heads to SinTEK's main base in order to stop Sinclaire. However, once Blade defeats the SinTEK's security and mutants at the base, he reaches Sinclaire, only for her to escape by transferring her entire body into a rocket that launches itself into the sky, splits and spreads everywhere. Sinclaire disappears through the rockets, JC is unable to locate them, and in Blade's fury at the escape, he smashes a button, causing the nuclear missiles to abort their launch.

Development
Development started in 1997, on the Quake engine. When the id Tech 2 engine was completed some months later, the developers switched to that engine.

A skeletal animation system was used for the characters.

The game demo was found to have a CIH virus infection in one of its mirror links. Activision had advised players only to download the game demo from their website. Due to the amount of patches which made the game more CPU-intensive, primary Amiga developer and later AmigaOS developer Hyperion Entertainment had to eventually cancel the AmigaOS version due to the lack of hardware at the time.

Voice actress Hannah Logan, who voiced Elexis, thought she did it well as she could do "a really low" voice and "do sexy vixens pretty well and it comes pretty easily." Logan commented on Elexis and Blade: "Love and hate are different sides of the same coin; I think they are in 'love' with hating each other.  Passion, pain, pleasure, winning, it's all the same in their cat and mouse game. ... I think Elexis is very much in touch with her 'feminine' side, but uses it in a masculine way, as a weapon. A bimbo is, ultimately, a victim. Elexis knows exactly what she is doing - she uses her sensuality to win, not that it always works, but it is definitely a major piece of ammo in her arsenal."

Reception

Sin received above-average reviews, according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. While PC Zone gave the game a "Classic" award, praising its inventive level design and engaging plot, most other publications did not have such a glowing view towards it. Next Generation said, "while we feel the game may be a little light in the originality department, it certainly shines where it counts – gameplay – and [is] definitely worth your time."

One common complaint was the long load times, which measured in the minutes between each level, death, or quickload. With later patches, the long load times were greatly shortened, although compatibility with old save games was lost, forcing players to play through the game from the beginning or use cheats to progress to their previous point in the game. Another major concern was the abundance of bugs and glitches littered throughout the game. Some of the more widely reported bugs include a total lack of sound in the game, an end of chapter boss which could not move, a level on one path through the game not being finishable and general game crashes. Although these bugs were quickly patched up, the damage of the negative publicity had already been done, especially with the majority of the press reviewing the unpatched version. The patch was exceptionally large; at the time it was normal to expect a game patch file to be up to 5 MB in size, whereas SiN first patch was over 31 MB. This was at a time when a substantial fraction of internet access was via dial-up, causing Activision to take the unusual step of offering to send CDs containing the patch to any owners of the game who did not have sufficient bandwidth to download it from the Internet. A likely explanation for the multitude of bugs is that the game may have been rushed to meet the 1998 Christmas season, possibly as an attempt to beat Half-Life to market.

Mark Asher of CNET Gamecenter wrote, "Sin had a good first month, but then tailed off sharply." Combined with the failure of competitors Shogo: Mobile Armor Division and Blood II: The Chosen, its performance led him to speculate that the first-person shooter genre's market size was smaller than commonly believed, as the "only FPS game that has done really well [over the Christmas 1998 period] is Half-Life". However, BBC News Alfred Hermida reported that the game had achieved "decent success" over the holiday shopping season, and wrote that he expected a sequel to emerge as a result.

The villain Elexis Sinclaire was received mostly very positively. According to Story-Driven Character Design, the "beautiful, sexy" Elexis Sinclair was in fact the main selling point of the first game. PC Ultra included her among the three best elements of the game "definitely the most innovative opponent seen in the latest first-person shooters." The character has also been often compared to Lara Croft from Tomb Raider, due to both characters being seen as sex symbols in gaming. A 1999 article about female video game characters in Polish magazine Gambler opined that Elexis was a "tremendous" challenger for Lara, as she was "even better built, with even greater bust and with a beauty mark like Cindy Crawford." However, Phaedra Boinodiris from WomenGamers.com, talking to GamesRadar in 2007, used Elexis as an example of game characters "sexualized to the point of deformity" as she looked "like she crawled out of an S&M club."

Sequels and other media
A mission pack was released for the game in 1999 by 2015, Inc., titled Sin: Wages of Sin. The player reprises the role of John Blade, and the story picks up after the conclusion of the main game, pitting the player against Gianni Manero, a notorious crime boss looking to take over Freeport city.

In 2000, ADV Films released a 60-minute anime film Sin: The Movie. Although loosely based on the game, with similar characters and plot elements, there are some differences. For example, a major character from the game is killed off in the first few moments of the film; also, it takes place in the 2070s, whereas the games take place in the late 2030s.

A sequel, Sin Episodes, was made by Ritual and was intended to be released episodically over Steam network. The only episode, titled "Emergence", was released on May 10, 2006.

An alternate reality game based in the Sin universe was launched in 2005 to promote the announcement of Sin Episodes. Various cryptic puzzles could be found on the website, and solving these would lead to new pieces of media and art. However, support for this piece of viral marketing by Ritual Entertainment did not last, although it has been claimed by Ritual that the final puzzles still remained unsolved.

Sin was re-released on the Steam platform on April 5, 2006, bundled together with Sin Episodes: Emergence. This version of Sin (version 1.12) includes fixes for audio and video playback problems, as well as integration with the Steam multiplayer server browser. It was reissued, along with its expansion pack SiN: Wages of Sin, on GOG.com on January 30, 2014, DRM-free and fixed for modern hardware.

Nightdive Studios, a team focused on bringing classic PC games to modern systems, acquired the rights to SiN in January 2020. On March 18, 2020, Nightdive re-released Sin on Steam and GOG as Sin Gold, an updated version of the game provided for free to accounts that already owned SiN. SiN Gold incorporates the Wages of Sin expansion pack, adds support for modern resolutions, restores the original game assets, and fixes many bugs.

Additionally, alongside the Gold edition, Nightdive announced plans for a remastered version of Sin to run on their Kex engine, scheduled for release in late 2020 or early 2021. It was announced during 3D Realms' Realms Deep digital event that the remastered version will be called Sin: Reloaded, and that it will see a release in 2021. However, as of September 2023 the title remains vaporware.

At Realms Deep 2022, an announcement for the game Phantom Fury, a sequel to Ion Fury, was shown. Close to the end, John Blade makes an appearance, and HardCorps is mentioned briefly, implying that the two franchises are connected.

References

External links
 Official website (archive.org)

1998 video games
3D Realms games
Activision games
Cyberpunk video games
First-person shooters
Helicopter video games
Id Tech games
Linux games
MacOS games
Ritual Entertainment games
Video games set in the 2020s
Video games with expansion packs
Windows games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games featuring black protagonists
Video games set in the 2030s
Biopunk
Video games developed in the United States
Cancelled Amiga games

Sin (video game)


Louisiane Saint Fleurant (11 September 1924 – 1 June 2005) was a Haitian female artist and painter. She was a founder of the peasant  Saint Soleil art movement.

Saint Fleurant's paintings often depict maternal scenes of females, children, trees, wildlife, and Haitian Vodou Loas. Her folk painting style is often colorful and vibrant and expresses a distinct female perspective on the Saint Soleil movement and Haitian Vodou art.

Biography
Louisiane Saint Fleurant was born on 11 September 1924, in Petit-Trou-de-Nippes, Haiti. She was not formally trained in art and began painting only in her late 40s.

In her fifties, Louisiane Saint Fleurant took a job as a cook for the Saint Soleil Group when she came to Soissons La Montagne. Here, she was discovered painting small pictures in her room by her employer, Maude Robbart. Along with Prospere Pierre-Louis, Dieuseul Paul, Denis Smith, and Levoy Exil, she formed the renowned Cinq Soleil (Five Suns) art movement. The Five Suns group formed out of the Saint Soleil movement, of which Saint Fleurant was the oldest and only female artist. In 1974, she joined Poisson Soleil, initiated by Tiga and Maude Guerdes Robart, in an inaugural exhibition at the Museum of Haitian Art. Saint Fleurant was originally introduced to the Saint Soleil art community as a peasant cook and after receiving some direction from Jean-Claude Garoute, she started her practice in painting and sculpture.

In 1965 she moved to Petion-Ville where she had a tiny shop of her own selling her work and that of her two sons, Ramphis and the late Stivenson Magloire. Aliciane Magloire (ceramic potter) and Magda Magloire (painter) were two of her daughters (she had a fifth child of which little information is unknown).  Saint Fleurant painted and sculpted for 30 years until the age of 80 when poor vision precluded her ability to continue in 2002. Saint Fleurant died in her home on 1 June 2005.

A second tragedy hit her family when the cemetery where she was buried was bulldozed following the 2010 Haiti earthquake to allow a bus station to be built.

Her work has been exhibited in Asia, Europe, and the United States and has recently been part of fundraising, relief, and awareness efforts following the 2010 Haiti earthquake. March 2007 the French Institute of Haiti paid her a posthumous tribute. Saint Fleurant's folk paintings  are well regarded by collectors for their unique manifestations of motherhood and her female perspective on Haitian and Vodou folk art. Characteristic of her paintings are flat pictures with a lack of linear perspective typically in crowded spaces. Women, children, houses, birds and animals are her preferred topics. She also sold her ceramic sculptures that showed her since of humor for example putting bird heads on human bodies.

Public collections
 Waterloo Center for the Arts
 27–29 May, 2004, the AfricAmericA Cultural Center presented "Generations/Genres", an exhibition which brought together the work of three female visual artists: Louisiane Saint-Fleurant, Valérie Christelle Saint-Pierre, and Barbara Prézeau

Bibliography
 Barbara Prézeau-Stephenson, Rachel Douglas, "Contemporary Art as Cultural Product in the Context of Haiti", Small Axe, Number 27 (Volume 12, Number October 2008, pp. 94–104 (Article).
 http://www.haiticulture.ch/Louisianne_Saint-Fleurant.html (accessed March 2018).
 Consentino, Donald J. In Extremis, Death and Life in 21st-Century Haitian Art, Los Angeles, CA: Regents of University of California 2012.
 Rodman, Selden. Where Art is Joy, Haitian Art: The First Forty Years. New York, NY: Ruggles de Latour, Inc., 1988.
 Russell, Candice. Masterpieces of Haitian Art, Seven Decades of Unique Visual Heritage, Atglen, PA 2013.

References

1924 births
2005 deaths
20th-century Haitian painters
Haitian women painters
20th-century women artists
People from Nippes
20th-century Haitian women

Louisiane Saint Fleurant


Matthew Mirones (born April 24, 1956) is a former Republican politician from New York City who represented parts of Brooklyn and Staten Island in the New York State Assembly.

Education and background
Mirones is the son of immigrants from the island of Chios in Greece. His father was a shoemaker. Mirones is Greek-American and lived in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn before relocating to the Grasmere section of Staten Island, both of which were located within his Assembly district.

Mirones received a B.S. in Prosthetics and Orthotics from New York University Medical School.

Political career
Mirones was elected in a special election on February 12, 2002, to fill the seat that was vacated by Democrat Eric Nicholas Vitaliano, who went on to become a civil court judge. His Democratic opponent was local plumber and union leader James Hart.

Mirones represented the 60th District of the New York State Assembly, which included mostly the Mid-Island area of Staten Island and later Staten Island's East Shore and Brooklyn's Bay Ridge sections after redistricting. In the Assembly he sat on the Oversight Committee, the Analysis and Investigation Committee, the Health and Aging Committees and the Corporations, Authorities, and Commissions Committee. He was appointed to serve as the ranking member of the Assembly Mental Health Committee, and also sat on the Transportation, and Cities committees. He was also a member of the state Assembly Legislative Task Force for People with Disabilities. He is a member of the Brooklyn and Staten Island Chambers of Commerce, and serves as a trustee of the Staten Island Institute of Arts & Sciences, and was formerly the president of the Grasmere Civic Association.

Mirones retired in 2006 from the New York State Assembly.

In 2008, Mirones was viewed as a potential Congressional candidate for New York's 13th Congressional district (map) which was being vacated by Vito J. Fossella.

Private sector career
Mirones owns ARIMED Orthotics and Prosthetics, a medical supply company with his brother Steven Mirones. Based in New York City with offices in Manhattan, Brooklyn, Staten Island and the Bronx, Arimed features American Board Certified orthotists, prosthetists and pedorthists, professional orthopedic fitters and technicians, and an on-site laboratory and technical staff, which enable the firm to quickly and effectively create and fine-tune patient care devices.

References

1956 births
Living people
American businesspeople in retailing
American health care businesspeople
American people of Greek descent
Businesspeople from New York (state)
Businesspeople in the pharmaceutical industry
Greek Orthodox Christians from the United States
Republican Party members of the New York State Assembly
New York University Grossman School of Medicine alumni
People from Bay Ridge, Brooklyn
Politicians from Staten Island

Matthew Mirones


A changing room or changeroom (American English) or change room or locker-room is a special room people use to change clothes. It is either for one person only, or it is separated by sex, that is there is one for men, and another one for women. At swimming pools and gymnasiums, showers or shower stalls (closets) are often in a changing room or there is a shower room nearby. Beach-style changing rooms are often large open rooms with benches against the walls. At beaches, some changing rooms do not have a roof. Stores that sell clothes often have changing rooms for one person to try on clothes. At stores, often there is a mirror. Some workplaces have changing rooms. Some cosplay events have changing rooms.

For live theater, opera, or on television and film sets, rooms for the actors to change costumes and put on makeup are usually called dressing rooms.

References

Rooms

Changing room


Olympia Brown (January 5, 1835 – October 23, 1926) was an American minister and suffragist. She was the first woman to be ordained as clergy with the consent of her denomination. Brown was also an articulate advocate for women's rights and one of the few first generation suffragists who were able to vote with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.

Early life and education
Olympia Brown was born on January 5, 1835, in Prairie Ronde Township, Michigan. Brown was the oldest of four children. Her parents, Lephia and Asa Brown, were farmers in what was then considered frontier land. They were the great-great-aunt and -uncle, respectively, of U.S. President Calvin Coolidge. Lephia raised her children in a household that regarded religion and education as very important. This is evident from the building of a schoolhouse on the Brown territory.

The drive for education instilled by Brown's mother had compelled her to finish high school and advance to the university level. Brown and her younger sister Oella decided to attend Mount Holyoke Female Seminary. Mount Holyoke and a college education were what Brown had hoped for. Her excitement was tempered by the restrictions placed on women at Mount Holyoke. These restrictions included a list of forty rules, the abolition of a literacy society founded by the Browns, and religious restrictions. Perhaps the best example of the school's thinking was the words of a Chemistry professor, "You are not expected to remember all of this, but only enough to make you intelligent in conversation." Brown, who already knew she could meet the challenges of a higher education, looked elsewhere.

Putting aside her experiences at Mount Holyoke, Brown enrolled at Antioch College.  Once Brown began her education at Antioch, she realized she had to catch up to higher standards. Brown also learned that despite the progressive nature at Antioch, there were still forms of discrimination.  For example, in Brown's English class, women were not required to have speeches memorized.  In a defiant act, Brown delivered her speeches from memory, just as the men had. Perhaps the crowning achievement of Brown's time at Antioch was her ability to persuade her hero, Antoinette Brown Blackwell, to speak at Antioch.

Once Brown finished her schooling at Antioch, she decided her calling was to be a minister. After countless rejections, she was accepted to the Theological School of St. Lawrence University, although the school's president, Ebenezer Fisher, made it clear he did not believe women should be ministers.  She arrived on campus in 1861 and graduated in 1863, becoming the first woman to graduate from an established theological school. Once again, Brown faced opposition from many sides. This included fellow students and the wives of the faculty. Brown took it all as a challenge. After her first year, Brown had gained acceptance and finished her schooling.

Career

Ordination and parish ministry
Despite finishing her schooling, and gaining a year of preaching experience with Congregations in Marshfield and Montpelier, Vermont, Brown still met opposition to her ordination.  The St. Lawrence faculty refused to ordain her. Brown decided to appeal to the Universalist Council, and traveled to nearby Malone, New York, to present her case to the Northern Universalist Association. Brown's appeal was a simple plea for equality.  One member of the Council had heard Brown's sermon the week prior, and left his support.  To the surprise of many, the council voted to ordain her.  Thus on June 25, 1863, Olympia Brown became the first woman to be ordained as a minister in the Universalist Church. Historians have debated the place she holds in the history of women's ordination.  Some consider her ordination, approved by her regional Association, to be of greater significance than that of Antoinette Brown Blackwell, ordained in 1853 by the Congregational Church in South Butler, NY. Brown Blackwell did not have formal support in her denomination beyond the local congregation.  Olympia Brown was the first woman to be ordained with official approval from a national denomination.

After her ordination, Brown went to Vermont, preaching in various churches.  She also spent some time at home with her family in Michigan, before beginning her first pastorate in Weymouth Landing, Massachusetts.  She was formally installed in July 1864, and ministered to the congregation for several years.  She went on to pastor a church in Bridgeport, Connecticut, being hired by the congregation despite initial reluctance by many parishioners who did not wish to have a woman pastor.  In 1878, she accepted a call to a church in Racine, Wisconsin, where she would serve as minister until 1887. In all her ministerial settings she was well respected as a preacher. She was described by a reporter for the Superior Daily Leader as "the female Beecher of the rostrum."  This was intended as a high compliment, as Henry Ward Beecher was widely considered to be the best preacher in the United States at the time.

Women's suffrage

From Brown's childhood and the abolition movement to Brown's own experiences with discrimination, Brown had always been aware of the quest for equal rights. Due to Brown's strong speaking skills and beliefs, Susan B. Anthony continually sought the involvement of Brown. With the encouragement of Lucy Stone and her husband,  Henry Blackwell, Brown decided to travel to Kansas in order to speak on women's rights. Over the course of the summer, Brown delivered more than 300 speeches despite facing many hardships. Even though this was a great experience, Brown decided to return to ministry, until a change of heart in 1887.

Now that Brown had dedicated her life to the movement, she looked to do all she could. This included forming the New England Women's Suffrage Association, leading the Wisconsin Suffrage Association and becoming the president of the Federal Suffrage Association from 1903 to 1920.

Despite all this action, Brown saw few changes take place. Brown believed that the second generation of suffragists suffered from poor leadership and erroneously focused their efforts at the state level. It was not until 1913 when Brown was invited to join the newly formed Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, which would later be called the National Woman's Party, by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns. This group looked to pass an amendment at the federal level and also vowed to use a more radical approach.

These new tactics led to the women's right to vote amendment being presented to Congress and marches in front of the White House. President Wilson met the two marches in front of the White House with displeasure. As a result, these women were to be jailed. The mistreatment of these women coupled with the massive press exposure led to more support for the movement.

Eventually, Congress passed the bill. However, with ratification still needed, Brown along with others hit the campaign trail one last time. Olympia Brown's last march was at the 1920 Republican National Convention. The 19th Amendment would finally be ratified on August 25, 1920, marking the first time that Olympia Brown along with countless other women were able to vote.

Personal life
Brown was married to John Henry Willis in 1873; she chose to keep her maiden name. They reared two children: Henry and Gwendolyn. Both of their children became teachers.

Brown spent her last years with her family in Racine, Wisconsin. She continued to support women's rights and the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.

Death and legacy
She died in Baltimore on October 23, 1926.

In 1963 to honor the centennial of Brown's ordination, the Theological School of St. Lawrence University mounted a plaque at the church she pastored at in Racine, Wisconsin. The inscription concludes, "The flame of her spirit still burns today." In 1989 the church was renamed the Olympia Brown Unitarian Universalist Church.

In the 1970s the Olympia Brown League was founded by Susan Hester and Fran Kaplan to help women's name rights in Milwaukee, in response to a court decision against women seeking to keep their maiden names upon marriage; Brown had kept hers upon her marriage. Specifically, the case with that court decision was Kruzel v. Podell (1975), in which the Supreme Court of Wisconsin decided that a woman upon marriage adopts the last name of her husband by customarily using that name after marriage, but also stated that no law required her to.

An elementary school in Racine was named in Brown's honor in 1975.

In 1999 she was inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame.

Olympia Brown's own papers and documents relating to her work are held at the Schlesinger Library in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, and in the papers of the National Woman's Party at the Library of Congress.

The Olympia Brown mystery series of books is named after her.

Selected works
Woman's Suffrage (1907)
Acquaintances, Old and New, Among Reformers (1911)
Democratic Ideals: A Memorial Sketch of Clara B. Colby (1917)
Suffrage and Religious Principle: Speeches and Writings of Olympia Brown (1988, posthumous)

See also

History of feminism
 List of peace activists
List of suffragists and suffragettes
List of women's rights activists
Ordination of women
Timeline of women's suffrage
Women's suffrage organizations

References

External links
  Olympia Brown, St. Lawrence University Chaplain's Office.
 Olympia Brown Papers. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
 Acquaintances, Old and New, Among Reformers, the reminiscences of Olympia Brown, self-published by Brown and printed by the S. E. Tate Printing Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1911.

1835 births
1926 deaths
19th-century Christian universalists
20th-century Christian universalists
American suffragists
Antioch College alumni
Mount Holyoke College alumni
People from Kalamazoo, Michigan
St. Lawrence University alumni
Clergy of the Universalist Church of America
Coolidge family
Theological School of St. Lawrence University alumni
Women's International League for Peace and Freedom people
Suffragists from Connecticut

Olympia Brown


Hector J. Peabody, or Mr. Peabody, is an cartoon dog.  Peabody appeared in the late 1950s and early 1960s television animated series The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, produced by Jay Ward. Peabody appeared in the "Peabody's Improbable History" parts created by Ted Key. Bill Scott did the voice for Mr. Peabody. In 2014, Mr. Peabody was in a computer-animated film, Mr. Peabody & Sherman. From 2015 to 2017, he was in a television series based on the film. Mr. Peabody's first name is never said in the cartoons, but it an animated promotion for the Rocky & Bullwinkle Saving Stamps Club he tells Sherman that it is "Hector."

Fictional dogs
Fictional characters introduced in the 1950s

Mister Peabody


The Gallery of Mariam and Eranuhi Aslamazyan Sisters (arm. Մարիամ և Երանուհի Ասլամազյան քույրերի պատկերասրահ) is a gallery in Armenia, exhibiting the complete collection of the painting, graphic, ceramic works of Mariam and Eranuhi Aslamazyan sisters. It holds the largest collection of the Aslamazyan sisters' paintings, prints, drawings, and ceramic works of any museum in the world. It is the only museum named after female artists and devoted to female artists in Armenia.

History and location

The Gallery was established in 1987 by the sisters themselves, and by the time of their deaths, they had donated about 620 of their original paintings, ceramics and graphic works, which are now proudly displayed there.

The Gallery is located off the central square of the Kumayri historic district of Gyumri. The building was constructed as a private residence in 1880 by the Qeshishovs family, who were known to be wealthy merchants. After the ruinous earthquake of 1988 the building of the gallery was given to the homeless people and was reopened in 2004.  This building has been protected by the Government since 1980 as a historical and cultural heritage site.

The Gallery has two floors: the first floor displays the works of Eranuhi, whereas the second floor displays works by Mariam. The Gallery has an inner courtyard and a wooden balcony and its style is typical of the 19th century urban architecture in Alexandrapol, which is a fusion of European and traditional Armenian architectural elements of that time.

Collections

Mariam and Eranuhi Aslamazyan were born in Bash-Shirak (present-day Yerazgavors village/Shirak marz) of Kars province in 1907 and 1910 respectively. They received their first painting education at the Alexandrapol Painting School – the first painting school in Transcaucasia, founded in 1905 – which played a very important role in securing painters' profession. Later, the sisters continued their painting education at the Yerevan Fine Arts College, Moscow's and Leningrad's High Schools of Art (nowadays Saint Petersburg Academy of Fine Arts).

Mariam Aslamazyan

Mariam Aslamazyan, as a female artist, has her own role and place in Armenian art. She dedicated her life to art and used her creativity to develop Armenian and international art. Mariam, through her cultural activities, succeeded in successfully overcoming one of the greatest challenges of her time: promoting the role of female artists in Soviet-Armenian society. In Mariam's art, we can see the artist developed a style that captured the spirit and essence of objects; she found beauty even in everyday household items. In her art, she tried to reconsider the Soviet and post-war years from her own point of view, expressing her attitude towards the consequences of those years. She created a flat decorative style in her portraits, still lives and nature scenes. Mariam's own life is presented in her work, which bears witness to her inner thoughts and feelings.

The works of Mariam Aslamazyan are conserved in numerous museums: Sofia, Berlin, Leningrad, Venice, Tokyo, Delhi, etc. The works devoted to India have been entitled to the laureate after G.Neru prize in 1970-1971, the prize of Hamal Abdenaser in 1976.

Mariam Aslamazyan died in 2006. Her body has been moved and buried in Yerevan.

Eranuhi Aslamazyan
The art of Eranuhi Aslamazyan, a talented artist and visionary creator who has left an impressive imprint on Armenian painting of the 20th century, is full of high taste: restrained, delicate color passages and rich aesthetic and ideological layers. Eranuhi Aslamazyan paid great attention to the human spirit and human values, and she believed in the importance of human creativity. She worked mainly in a realistic style in her portraits, paintings, and still-life genre scenes. Even though she repeated subjects, we see new creative issues continued to emerge in her art, the goal of which was not to provide conclusions for viewers, but rather to let them think.

The works of E.Aslamazyan are conserved in numerous museums: London, Sofia, Berlin, Leningrad, Venice, Tokyo, Delhi, etc.

Eranuhi Aslamazyan died in 1988 and was buried in Moscow.

Notes and References

External links
 Official website of the Gallery of Mariam and Eranuhi Aslamazyan Sisters

Art museums established in 1987
Buildings and structures in Gyumri
Museums in Armenia


Vidya Jyothi Arumugam Wisvalingam Mailvaganam, OBE (13 November 1906 – 25 March 1987) was a leading Ceylon Tamil physicist, academic and the dean of the Faculty of Science, University of Ceylon.

Early life and family
Mailvaganam was born on 16 November 1906. He was the son of Arumugam Wisvalingam from Suthumalai in northern Ceylon. He was educated at Jaffna Central College, St. Benedict's College, Colombo and Royal College, Colombo. After school he joined Ceylon University College, graduating in 1923 with first class BSc honours degree in science. He then joined Emmanuel College, Cambridge in 1924, obtaining an MA honours degree in Natural Science Tripos in 1928. He received a PhD from Cambridge in 1938.

Mailvaganam had a son, Gajanandan Nandakumar. Mailvaganam was a devout Hindu and worshipped at the temple in Bambalapitiya.

Career
After university Mailvaganam joined the Ceylon University College as a lecturer in physics in 1932. He became a professor of physics in 1939 and served Dean of the Faculty of Science, University of Ceylon between 1948 and 1954. He acted as vice chancellor on a number of occasions when Nicholas Attygalle was vice chancellor. He retired in 1966.

In the 1949 Birthday Honours Mailvaganam was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. He received the Vidya Jyothi honour in 1985.

Mailvaganam was president of the Ceylon Association for the Advancement of Science and a member of the University Grants Commission and Board of Governors of the Institute of Fundamental Studies. He received honorary DSc degrees from the University of Colombo (December 1980) and University of Jaffna. The University of Colombo has named one of its annual awards after Mailvaganam.

Death
Mailvaganam died on 25 March 1987.

References

1906 births
1987 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Ceylon
Academic staff of the Ceylon University College
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Alumni of Jaffna Central College
Alumni of St. Benedict's College, Colombo
Alumni of Royal College, Colombo
Alumni of the Ceylon University College
Ceylonese Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Northern Province, Sri Lanka
People from British Ceylon
Sri Lankan Hindus
Sri Lankan Tamil academics
Sri Lankan Tamil people
Sri Lankan physicists
Vidya Jyothi

A. W. Mailvaganam


(born February 23, 1952, Sapporo, Hokkaidō, Japan) is a Japanese singer-songwriter and radio personality. She has released 44 studio albums, 48 singles, 6 live albums and multiple compilations as of January 2020. Her sales have been estimated at more than 21 million copies.

In the mid-1970s, Nakajima signed to Canyon Records and launched her recording career with her debut single, "Azami Jō no Lullaby" (アザミ嬢のララバイ). Rising to fame with the hit "The Parting Song (Wakareuta)", released in 1977, she has since seen a successful career as a singer-songwriter, primarily in the early 1980s. Four of her singles have sold more than one million copies in the last two decades, including "Earthly Stars (Unsung Heroes)", a theme song for the Japanese television documentary series Project X.

Nakajima performed in experimental theater ("Yakai") every year-end from 1989 through 1998. The idiosyncratic acts featured scripts and songs she wrote, and have continued irregularly in recent years.

In addition to her work as a solo artist, Nakajima has written over 90 compositions for numerous other singers, and has produced several chart-toppers. Many cover versions of her songs have been performed by Asian (particularly Taiwan and Hong Kong) singers. She is the only musician to have participated in the National Language Council of Japan.

Early life
 was born in February 1952 in Sapporo, the capital city of Hokkaidō. Her grandfather, Buichi(武市), was a Hokkaido politician, and her father, Shinichiro(眞一郎), ran a clinic in obstetrics and gynecology. Her family moved to Iwanai when she was five, and lived there for six years. She spent most of her teenage years in the city of Obihiro, where she was one of the most eminent graduates of Obihiro Hakuyou High School, along with singer-songwriter Miwa Yoshida and television announcer Shinichiro Azumi. She graduated from Sapporo's Fuji Women's University in 1974.

Nakajima gave her first live performance during her third year in high school, playing a song she wrote titled "Tsugumi no Uta" onstage at a cultural festival.

In 1972, she played in a folk contest at the Hibiya Open-Air Concert Hall in Tokyo, winning the songwriting prize for her "Atashi Tokidoki Omouno."  The song, included in the contest album, became her first recorded material.

After graduating college, Nakajima continued to pursue a career as a professional musician for nearly a year.

Career as a recording artist

Early career (1975–1980)
In May 1975, her composition "Kizutsuita Tsubasa (Wings of Love – I Knew Nothing)" won a prize at the 9th Popular Song Contest organized by the Yamaha Music Foundation. After signing a contract with Yamaha and Canyon Records, she debuted with a single "Azami Jō no Lullaby," which was released in September 1975. In October, Nakajima entered the Popular Song Contest with another song, "Jidai", which won the prize.  The song also won the grand-prix of the 6th World Popular Song Festival, another award organized by Yamaha, which was held in December.

In May 1976, she released her first studio album, Watashi no Koe ga Kikoemasuka. In 1976, Nakajima composed her first number-one hit single, "Abayo," which was recorded by Naoko Ken, and sold more than 700,000 copies.

Throughout her over 40-year career, she has written over 100 songs for other artists, including "Shiawase Shibai" (recorded by Junko Sakurada), "Kamome wa Kamome" (a comeback single for Ken, released in 1978), and "If I Could Take to the Sky (Kono Sora wo Tobetara)" (performed by Tokiko Kato, released in 1978). Nakajima occasionally released retrospective albums, composed of songs written for other artists. The first one, Okaerinasai, released in 1979, has sold more than 500,000 units, and it became one of her best-selling albums.

Miyuki Nakajima's fifth single "Wakareuta (The Parting Song)", released in September 1977, became her commercial breakthrough as a singer. The song reached number one on the Oricon for one week in December 1977, knocking "Wanted (Shimei Tehai)" by Pink Lady from the top of the hit parade. "The Parting Song" has sold more than 700,000 copies.

Her fourth studio album, entitled Aishiteiru to Ittekure, reinforced her enduring popularity as a performer. The album, which featured "The Parting Song," also included a protest song entitled "Sejou (World's Context)," which became popular after it was used in the TV drama Kimpachi Sensei in 1981.

In addition to her career as a recording artist, Nakajima has appeared as a personality on radio programs. She hosted All Night Nippon, one of the longest-running programs aired by the Nippon Broadcasting System, from April 1979 through March 1987.

1980s: Commercial peak
Nakajima experienced her commercial heyday in the first half of the 1980s. Seven of her studio albums that were released during this time (from Ikiteitemo Iidesuka to Miss M.) reached number one on the Oricon Charts successively. "Akujo" was released as a single in autumn 1981 and became her first number one on the Oricon singles chart since "Wakareuta" in 1977. Kansuigyo, her eighth studio album, featured another interpretation of "Akujo," and was her most commercially successful LP. The album peaked at number one on the Oricon for six weeks, and reached the top of the Japanese year-end albums chart of 1982. In the same year, she produced a couple of top three charting singles, "Yuwaku" and "Unrequited Love."

As a composer and lyricist, Nakajima continued to write for other artists. "Suzume (Sparrow)," the first solo single for ex-Pink Lady member Keiko Masuda, led the performer to the top 10 spot once again. In 1983, Nakajima won the 25th Japan Record Award for her songwriting on "Haru na no ni," a song sung by then-teenage pop icon Yoshie Kashiwabara.

"Cold Farewell (Tsumetai Wakare)," released as a single in 1985, was the first song she produced in countries outside Japan. The top 10-charting song features a lengthy harmonica solo performed by Stevie Wonder. He also played the synthesizer on Nakajima's subsequent single "Atai no Natsuyasumi," released the following year.

In 1987, Nakajima contributed lyrics for a composition by Tsugutoshi Goto, a bassist and a record producer who had been a longtime collaborator with her.

Nakajima wrote lyrics for pop song "Fu-ji-tsu" in 1988. It was released as a fourth single by teen idol Shizuka Kudo, who was also well known as an ex-member of Onyanko Club. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Nakajima and Goto wrote 17 songs for Kudo, and some of them topped the chart, including "Dōkoku" (I Cried All Night) released in 1993 and certified quadruple platinum by the RIAJ for shipments of in excess of a million copies. Her songwriting partnership with Goto ended in 1993, but Nakajima has continued to write several songs for Kudo in later years.

Project with Ichizo Seo and Yakai
Nakajima worked with longtime co-record producer Ichizo Seo for the first time on the album Goodbye Girl, released in 1988.  Nakajima, highly satisfied with the recording of the album, considered Seo to the most appropriate musical partner for her, and she has been working with him since the end of the 1980s.

After enlisting a new collaborator, Nakajima launched the experimental musical Yakai at the Bunkamura Theatre Cocoon, in Shibuya, Tokyo. Yakai was composed of intricate story lines she wrote, and it started initially as jukebox music mainly comprising her previously released songs. Her idiosyncratic efforts gradually became stage performances which she performed every December for 10 years. Since the 7th act, entitled 2/2, in 1995, Yakai was composed of new songs she composed especially for the performance. Most of these performances have been released on DVDs.

1990s
Since the 1990s, Nakajima gradually began to appear on several television programs and commercials, although she continuously rejected offers to appear on the pop music television shows. In 1992, Nakajima appeared on the television drama Shin'ai Naru Mono e (titled after her 1979 studio album), performing a role as a doctor on the first and last episodes.

From 1993 through 2000, Nakajima appeared regularly on TV commercials for the Japan's Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. The commercials (most of them featuring a new rendition of her early song, "Time Goes Around," recorded in 1993) were aired during the Bon Festival and holiday seasons in Japan.

"Asai Nemuri (Shallow Sleep)," a theme song Nakajima wrote for the drama Shin'ai Naru Mono e, was released as a single and found success, selling more than a million copies and peaking on the charts at number two. It was included on her studio album East Asia released in October 1992. The album also featured "Ito (Tapestry)," one of her songs that has been covered by many artists, especially famous for the interpretation by Kazutoshi Sakurai and Takeshi Kobayashi's charity supergroup Bank Band.

In the middle of the decade, she wrote a couple of theme songs for Ienakiko, the TV drama series starring Yumi Adachi, which was aired on the NTV. The song, titled "Sora to Kimi no Aida ni (Between the Sky and You)," was released as a single in May 1994, and debuted at number one on the Japanese Singles Chart. The song became her most commercially successful record to-date, selling in excess of 1.4 million copies. The other song, her composition "Wanderers Song," was featured on the sequel of the drama series aired the following year.  It also gained similar success, reaching number one on the charts and selling over 1 million units.

In March 1996 she released a greatest hits compilation, Daiginjo, which reached number one on the Oricon album chart, making her the oldest female artist to produce a number one album on the Japanese music chart at that time (the record was overtaken by Yumi Matsutoya and Mariya Takeuchi in later years).

However, each of her studio albums released in the 1990s were commercially lackluster, and some of them failed to reach the top 10 on the charts. Sun: Wings and Moon: Wings released in 1999, were her lowest-selling albums.  Both albums have sold less than 50,000 copies.

She is known as the first and the only musician who was a participant of the National Language Council of Japan, in which she took part in the late 1990s.

2000s
A quarter of a century after her debut, Miyuki Nakajima left the Pony Canyon label and moved to the newly founded Yamaha Music Communications. There, she released a double A-side single "Earthly Stars (Unsung Heroes)"/"Headlight Taillight," which later became her most well-known songs.  She wrote the songs as theme songs for Project X, a television documentary program which premiered on NHK in March 2000. The single debuted at number 15 on the Oricon in July 2000, and it continued charting for over two years. To express her thanks for the unexpected commercial success of the theme songs of Project X, Nakajima decided to appear on the 53rd annual music program Kōhaku Uta Gassen, aired by the NHK on New Year's Eve of 2002, her first live performance on television since the late 1970s.

In 2006, Nakajima wrote the song "Sorafune (Ship in the Air)" for the boy band Tokio. The song was used as the closing theme for My Boss, My Hero, the TV drama starring the group's frontman Tomoya Nagase. It became the second most commercially successful material for the band, which followed their debut single, and remained on the Oricon chart for more than a year, selling approximately 480,000 copies. "Ship in the Air" was also the first chart-topper to which Nakajima contributed both lyrics and melody for other artists in 30 years, since "Abayo" was recorded by Naoko Ken in 1976. A month after the release of her studio album Lullaby Singer, which featured her own interpretation of "Ship in the Air," her contribution for the Tokio won "best lyrics" of the 48th Japan Record Award.

The studio album entitled I Love You, Do You Hear Me? was released on October 3, 2007. The album debuted at number four on the Oricon with in excess of 39,000 copies sold in its first week of release, and it provided Nakajima with her 34th top ten hit on the Japanese albums charts.

2010s

In 2012, Nakajima wrote and performed the closing song "Onshirazu" (恩知らず) for the Japanese television series Tokyo Zenryoku Shoujo. She also made a cameo appearance in the first episode.

In 2014, Nakajima wrote and composed the song "Naite mo Iin Da yo" for the Japanese idol group Momoiro Clover Z. It was released on May 8, 2014. The song was used as the theme song for the film Akumu-chan: The Movie.

Nakajima performed the opening theme song to the 2014 NHK morning drama Massan, entitled "Mugi no Uta" (Wheat Song). She performed this song at the 64th Kōhaku Uta Gassen in the same year.

Honors
In November 2009, Nakajima was awarded a Medal of Honor with purple ribbon by the Government of Japan.

Discography

Studio albums
  (1976)
  (1976)
  (1977)
  (1978)
  (1979)
  (1979)
  (1980)
 " (1981)
  (1982)
  (1983)
  (1984)
  (1985)
 miss M. (1985)
 36.5°C (1986)
  (1988)
  (1988)
 Kaikinetsu (1989)
  (1990)
  (1991)
 East Asia (1992)
  (1993)
 Love or Nothing (1994)
 10 Wings (1995)
  (1996)
  (1998)
  (1999)
 Moon: Wings (1999)
  (2000)
  (2001)
  (2002)
  (2003)
  (2004)
  (2005)
  (2006)
  (2007)
 Drama! (2009)
  (2010)
  (2011)
  (2012)
  (2014)
  (2015)
  (2017)
  (2020)
 (2023)

Filmography

Live performances

Tours
 1977 Spring Concert
 1977 Autumn Concert
 1978 Spring Tour
 1978 Autumn Tour
 1979 Spring Tour
 1979 Autumn Tour
 Miyuki Nakajima Concert (1980 Autumn Tour)
  (1981)
  (1982)
  (1982–83)
 Nakajima Miyuki Concert  (1982–83)
 Nakajima Miyuki Concert '84  (1984)
 Nakajima Miyuki Concert '84  (1984–85)
 Nakajima Miyuki Concert '85  (1985)
 Nakajima Miyuki Concert '85  Page 85" (1985)
 Nakajima Miyuki Concert '86  " (1986)
 Nakajima Miyuki Concert '86  Page 86 " " (1986)
 Miyuki Nakajima Concert '87 "Suppin Vol.1" (1987)
 Nakajima Miyuki Concert 1989  " (1989)
 Concert Tour '90 "Night Wings" (1990)
 Concert "Carnival 1992" (1992)
 Concert Tour '93 "East Asia" (1993)
 Concert '95 "Love or Nothing" (1995)
 Concert Tour '97 "Paradise Cafe" (1997)
 Concert Tour '98 (1998)
 XXIc. 1st. (2001)
 Concert Tour 2005
 Concert Tour 2007
 Nakajima Miyuki Tour 2010
 Nakajima Miyuki  2012-2013
 Nakajima Miyuki  VOL.1 (2013)
 Nakajima Miyuki Concert「」2015-2016
 Nakajima Miyuki  VOL.2 (2018)
 Nakajima Miyuki 2020

Yakai
 Yakai  (1989)
 Yakai 1990  (1990)
 Yakai Vol.3 Kan-Tan  (1991)
 Yakai Vol.4 Kinkanshoku (1992)
 Yakai Vol.5 "Hana no Iro wa Utsuri ni keri na Itazura ni Waga Mi Yo ni Furu Nagame Seshi Ma ni"  (1993)
 Yakai Vol.6 Shangri-La  (1994)
 Yakai Vol.7 2/2 (1995)
 Yakai Vol.8 Tou Onna  (1996)
 Yakai Vol.9 2/2 (1997)
 Yakai Vol.10 Kaishou  (1998)
 Yakai Vol.11 Winter Garden (2000)
 Yakai Vol.12 Winter Garden (2002)
 Yakai Vol.13 24-ji Chaku 0-ji Hatsu  (2004)
 Yakai Vol.14 24-ji Chaku 00-ji Hatsu  (2006)
 Yakai Vol.15 Ganso Konbanya  (2008–09)
 Yakai Vol.16 Honke Konbanya  (2009)
 Yakai Vol.17 2/2 (2012)
 Yakai Vol.18 Hashi no shita no Arukadia  (2014)
 Yakai Vol.19 Hashi no shita no Arukadia  (2016)
 Yakai Vol.20 Little Tokyo  (2019)

Awards

Kōhaku Uta Gassen Appearances

Video games
Nakajima Miyuki Namiromu (Sony PlayStation, October 15, 1998)

See also

 List of best-selling music artists in Japan

Notes and references

External links
 Official Site (Japanese)
 Nippop Profile | Miyuki Nakajima
Miyuki Nakajima Wikipedia (Japanese)

1952 births
Living people
Singers from Sapporo
Enka singers
Japanese women singer-songwriters
Japanese singer-songwriters
Winners of Yamaha Music Festival
Japanese radio personalities
20th-century Japanese women singers
20th-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese women singers
21st-century Japanese singers
Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon
Fuji Women's University alumni

Miyuki Nakajima