Hugo Mario Montenegro (September 2, 1925 – February 6, 1981) was an American orchestra leader and composer of film soundtracks. His best-known work is interpretations of the music from Spaghetti Westerns, especially his cover version of Ennio Morricone's main theme from the 1966 film The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. He composed the score for the 1969 Western Charro!, which starred Elvis Presley.

Biography
Montenegro was born in New York City in 1925. He served in the U.S. Navy for two years, mostly as an arranger for the Newport Naval Base band in Newport, Rhode Island. After the war he attended Manhattan College while studying composition and leading his own band for school dances.

In the middle 1950s, he was directing, conducting, and arranging the orchestra for Eliot Glen and Irving Spice on their Dragon and Caprice labels. It was he who was directing the Glen-Spice Orchestra on Dion DiMucci's first release when Dion was backed by Dragon recording artists, the Timberlanes. Released on Mohawk #105 in 1957, the songs were "Out In Colorado" and "The Chosen Few", which were soon issued on the Jubilee label for better distribution.

He was later hired by Time Records as a musical director producing a series of albums for the label, and moved to Los Angeles in the early 1960s where he began working for RCA Victor, producing a series of albums and soundtracks for motion pictures and television themes, such as two volumes of Music From The Man From U.N.C.L.E., an album of cover versions of spy music themes Come Spy With Me and an album of cover versions of Ennio Morricone's music for Sergio Leone's Dollars Trilogy that led to major chart hits.

Montenegro began scoring motion pictures with the instrumental music from Advance to the Rear in 1964. Following the success of his albums, he was contracted by Columbia Pictures where he scored such films as Hurry Sundown (1967), Lady in Cement (1968), The Undefeated (1969), Viva Max! (1969) and the Matt Helm films The Ambushers (1967) and The Wrecking Crew (1968). He composed the musical score and conducted the recording sessions for the 1969 Elvis Presley Western film Charro! (1969), and he provided some incidental music for the cult 1970 British film Toomorrow. His last film scores were for the exploitation film Too Hot to Handle and the cult action thriller The Farmer, in 1977.

The Farmer (1977) with Montenegro's chilling electronic music score earned an X rating until producer/director David Berlatsky had the review board review the film again without the music score and the rating was changed from X to R, which allowed Columbia Pictures to distribute the film for 17 years. The music rights in order to release a DVD sale could not be obtained as the estate could not be found, the score is considered "lost".

Montenegro was also contracted to Columbia's television production company Screen Gems where he is most famous for his theme from the second season of the television series I Dream of Jeannie, his theme song "Seattle" and music from Here Come the Brides and The Outcasts. He also composed the music for the long-running  The Partridge Family, (1970).  During the mid‑1960s he started producing some of the most renowned works from the space age pop era, featuring electronics and rock in albums such as Moog Power and Mammy Blue.

Montenegro's electronic works were decisive and influential for the future generations of electronic musicians, giving a retro/futuristic edge by the use of the Moog synthesizer, and helped to push its popularity. He will be also remembered by his versions of classics such as the main theme to Sergio Leone's film The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly, originally composed by Ennio Morricone. This was Montenegro's biggest pop hit, reaching #2 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, #3 in the Canadian RPM Magazine charts, and spending four weeks atop the UK Singles Chart in 1968. It sold over one and a quarter million copies and was awarded a gold disc.

His version of the main theme from Hang 'em High reached #59 in Canada. In 1968, his hit "Aces High" placed at #11 on the Billboard Year-End Chart of the Top Hits of 1968.

In the late 1970s severe emphysema forced an end to his musical career, and he died of the disease in 1981. He is buried at Welwood Murray Cemetery in Palm Springs, California.

Discography
 Loves Of My Life – Vik Records (RCA Victor) – 1957
 The 20th Century Strings Arranged And Conducted By Hugo Montenegro - Relax With Strings Again – 20th Century Fox Records – 1960
 The 20th Century Strings Volume 1 – 20th Fox – 1960
 Cha Chas For Dancing – Time Records – Series 2000 – 1960
 Bongos and Brass – Time Records – 1960
 Montenegro Plays Dixie – 20th Fox – 1961
 Boogie Woogie + Bongos – Time Records – Series 2000 – 1961
 Great Songs From Motion Pictures Vol. 2 (1938–1944) – Time Records (3) – S/2045 – 1961
 Great Songs From Motion Pictures Vol. 3 (1945–1960) – Time Records (3) – S/2046 – 1961
 Hugo Montenegro In Italy – Oriole – OTS 2040 – 1962
 Spain! – Time Records – 1963
 Overture–American Musical Theatre Vol. 2 – Time-52036/S-2036 – 196?
 Overture–American Musical Theatre Vol. 4 – Time-S/2038 – 1953-1960
 Russian Grandeur LP - RCA Victor - 1964
 Lush and Lovely Movietone - 1965
 Original Music From The Man From U.N.C.L.E. – RCA Victor LSP-3475 – 1965
 Come Spy with Me - RCA Victor LSP-3540 - 1966
 More Music From The Man From U.N.C.L.E. – RCA Victor LSP-3574 – 1966
 Music From Camelot – Mainstream Records	S/6101 – 1967
 Hurry Sundown (Original Soundtrack) – RCA Victor – LSO 1133 – 1967
 Montenegro Brand - 20th Century Fox Records 1967
   Music From A Fistful Of Dollars, For A Few Dollars More & The Good, The Bad And The Ugly – RCA Victor LSP-3927 – 1968
 Lady In Cement (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Album) – 20th Century Fox Records S4204 – 1968
 Magnificent Hugo Montenegro – Pickwick – SPC-3190 – 1968
 Music From The Good, The Bad and The Ugly – RCA Victor-LPM/LSP-3927 – 1968
 Hang 'Em High – RCA Victor-LPM/LSP-4022 – 1968
 Moog Power – RCA LSP-4170 – 1969
 Good Vibrations – RCA Victor-LSP-4104 – 1969
 Colours of Love – RCA Victor–LSP-4273 – 1970
 Hugo Montenegro's Dawn of Dylan – GWP Records–ST-2003–1970 Stereo
 This Is Hugo Montenegro – RCA Victor-VPS-6036 – 1971
 People... One To One – RCA Victor – LSP-4537 – 1971
 Mammy Blue – RCA – LSP-4631 – 1971
 Love Theme From The Godfather – RCA APD1-0001 – 1972
 Neil's Diamonds – RCA	APS1-0132 – 1973
 Scenes & Themes – RCA – APD1-0025 – 1973
 Hugo Montenegro Plays A Neil Diamond Songbook – RCA Victor – APD!-0132 – 1973
 Hugo In Wonder-Land – RCA APD1-0413 – 1974
 Others By Brothers – APL1-0784	US – 1975
   Movie scored, The Farmer, starring Gary Conway and Angel Tompkins, 1975
 Rocket Man (A Tribute To Elton John) – RCA Victor APL1-1024 – 1975
 Big Band Boogie – Bainbridge Records – BT 1009 – 1980

Digital releases
 Moog Power – BMG Music (Spain) – 1998
 Mammy Blue – BMG Music (Spain) – 1999
 Love Theme From The Godfather – BMG Music (Spain)  – 1999
 Hugo In Wonder-Land – BMG Music (Spain) – 2000
 Neil's Diamonds Fashioned By Hugo Montenegro  – BMG Music (Spain)  – 2002
 Colours Of Love – Sony BMG Music Entertainment (Philippines) – 2008
 Boogie Woogie Bongos – Smith & Co  – 2012
 Cha Chas For Dancing – Time Records – Series 2000 – 2014

References

External links

 Montenegro at Space Age Pop

1925 births
1981 deaths
20th-century American composers
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century American male musicians
American film score composers
American male conductors (music)
American male film score composers
American music arrangers
American people of Italian descent
American television composers
Burials at Welwood Murray Cemetery
Male television composers
Manhattan College alumni
RCA Victor artists
United States Navy personnel of World War II

Hugo Montenegro


Raffaella De Laurentiis (born 28 June 1952) is an Italian film producer. Films that she has produced include Conan the Barbarian, Conan the Destroyer, Dune, Prancer, Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story, all films in the Dragonheart series, The Forbidden Kingdom and Kull the Conqueror.

She is the daughter of film producer Dino De Laurentiis and actress Silvana Mangano.
She is the sister of Veronica De Laurentiis, who is the mother of Food Network chef Giada De Laurentiis. She appeared in eighteen episodes of Giada's show Giada at Home.

In 1989, she entered a long-term relationship with Universal Pictures whereas De Laurentiis would produce their projects for a 2-year production agreement.

References

External links

1954 births
Living people
Italian film producers
People of Campanian descent
Raffaella

Raffaella De Laurentiis


Google Duo is a deprecated proprietary voice over IP (VoIP) and videotelephony service developed by Google, available for Android, IOS and web browsers. It let users make and receive one-to-one and group audio and video calls with other Duo users in high definition, using end-to-end encryption by default. Duo could be used either with a phone number or a Google account, allowing users to call someone from their contact list.

Google Duo was announced at Google's developer conference on May 18, 2016, and began its worldwide release on August 16, 2016. Google announced in 2022 that the service would be merged into Google Meet, and it was shut down by the end of the year.

History

In December 2016, Google Duo replaced Hangouts within the suite of Google apps device manufacturers must install in order to gain access to the Google Play, with Hangouts instead becoming optional.

In August 2020, it was reported that Google was planning to eventually merge Google Duo with the business-oriented Google Meet. In December 2021 this objective had been dropped, but Duo continued to be available and updated. In June 2022, Google reversed course and announced that Duo and Meet would, in fact, be merged. The merger began in August, with the Duo mobile app renamed to Meet and the original Meet app renamed "Meet Original" and scheduled to be phased out. Google had said the Duo web app would redirected to the Google Meet web app, but as of April 2023, video calling and meetings are still separate on the web at duo.google.com and meet.google.com.

Technologies
Google Duo was optimized for low-bandwidth mobile networks through WebRTC and uses QUIC over UDP. Optimization was further achieved through the degradation of video quality through monitoring network quality. For packet loss concealment, Duo used Google DeepMind.

In February 2021, Google announced a new very low-bitrate codec for speech compression called "Lyra" that could operate with network speeds as low as 3kbps that avoided robotic voice audio and that was to be rolled out to Duo.

According to a technical study commissioned by Google from Signals Research Group in 2017 that compared degradation time over 3G,4G,5G and Wi-Fi, Duo provided the highest voice and video quality of any service or app.

Features
"Knock Knock" showed a live preview of the caller before the recipient picked up, which Google said was to "make calls feel more like an invitation rather than an interruption".

In March 2017, it was announced that Google Duo would let users make audio-only calls. The feature was first launched in Brazil, with a global rollout in April.

A year later in March 2018, video and voice messages were added to Duo. Users could leave messages up to 30 seconds long for contacts who were unavailable.

Support for eight-person video calls in both the iOS and Android versions of the app was added in May 2019. In line with similar group calling offerings from FaceTime, Skype, WhatsApp, and Messenger, participants could join or leave the conversation at any time. Google Duo increased the maximum group size to 12 at the end of March 2020, and to 32 by May 2022.

See also
 Google Meet
 Messages by Google
 List of video telecommunication services and product brands

References

External links

Duo
Android (operating system) software
IOS software
Cross-platform software
2016 software
Videotelephony

Google Duo


Philip Verdon (22 February 1886 – 18 June 1960) was a British rower who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics.

Verdon was born in Brixton, London. He was educated at Westminster School London and then at Jesus College, Cambridge. He was the strokeman in the coxless pair with George Fairbairn which won the silver medal for Great Britain rowing at the 1908 Summer Olympics.

In later life he became a consultant ophthalmologist and served in the Indian Medical Service.

References

External links
Philip Verdon at databaseOlympics.com

1886 births
1960 deaths
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
British male rowers
Olympic rowers for Great Britain
Rowers at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain
Olympic medalists in rowing
Indian Medical Service officers
British ophthalmologists
Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics

Philip Verdon


The Chamorro people (; also CHamoru) are the Indigenous people of the Mariana Islands, politically divided between the United States territory of Guam and the encompassing Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Micronesia, a commonwealth of the US. Today, significant Chamorro populations also exist in several U.S. states, including Hawaii, California, Washington, Texas, Tennessee, Oregon, and Nevada, all of which together are designated as Pacific Islander Americans according to the U.S. Census. According to the 2000 Census, about 64,590 people of Chamorro ancestry live in Guam and another 19,000 live in the Northern Marianas.

Etymology
Precolonial society in the Marianas was based on a caste system, Chamori being the name of the ruling, highest caste.

After Spain annexed and colonized the Marianas, the caste system eventually became extinct under Spanish rule, and all of the indigenous residents of the archipelago eventually came to be referred to by the Spanish exonym Chamorro. The name CHamoru is an endonym derived from the indigenous orthography of the Spanish exonym. The digraph ch is treated as a single letter, hence both characters are capitalized at the beginning of a sentence or proper noun, much like ij in Dutch.

Some people theorize that Spanish definitions of the word Chamorro played a role in its being used to refer to the island's indigenous inhabitants. Not only is "Chamorro" a Spanish surname; in Spanish it also means "leg of pork", "beardless [wheat]", "bald", "close-cropped", or "shorn/shaven/[hair or wool] cut close to the surface". Around 1670, a Catholic missionary reported that men were sporting a style in which their heads were shaven, save for a "finger-length" amount of hair at the crown. This hairstyle has often been portrayed in modern-day depictions of early Chamorros, but the first European descriptions of the physical appearance of the Chamorro people in the 1520s and '30s report that both sexes had long black hair, which they wore down to their waists or even further. Another description, given about 50 years later, reported that the natives at that time were tying up their hair into one or two topknots.

Chamorro institutions on Guam advocate for the spelling CHamoru, as reflected in the 2017 Guam Public Law 33-236. In 2018, the Commission on the CHamoru Language and the Teaching of the History and Culture of the Indigenous People of Guam announced CHamoru as the preferred standardized spelling of the language and people, as opposed to the conventional spelling Chamorro.

Language

The Chamorro language is included in the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Austronesian family. Because Guam was colonized by Spain for over 300 years, Chamorro has acquired many loanwords from Spanish. An example is how the traditional Chamorro number system was replaced by Spanish numbers.

Chamorro is often spoken in many homes, but this is becoming less common. However, a resurgence of interest in reviving the language has occurred, and all public schools on both Guam and the Northern Marianas are now required by law to teach the Chamorro language as part of the elementary-, middle-, and high-school curriculum.

A commonly spoken phrase in Chamorro is håfa adai, a greeting which approximates "hello" in English.

History

Early Chamorros

The Chamorros are commonly believed to have arrived in the Marianas Islands on . They are most closely related to other Austronesian aborigines, and peoples of the Caroline Islands to the south (in particular the outer islands of the Federated States of Micronesia state of Yap). Recent advanced DNA testing conducted on the remains of ancient Chamorros showed that the lineage of both the Unai and the Latte periods originated during the Holocene Epoch in eastern Indonesia, most likely Sulawesi, with no direct prehistoric connection to the Philippines. They were expert seafarers and skilled craftspeople familiar with intricate weaving and detailed pottery-making. The latte stone, a megalithic rock pillar topped with a hemispherical capstone, was used by early Chamorros as the foundation for buildings and has since been appropriated as a national symbol.

Chamorro society was based on what sociologist Lawrence J. Cunningham termed the "matrilineal avuncuclan", one characteristic of which is that the  of the female parent plays a more primary paternal role than biological male parent of a child.

Agriculture
Spanish colonial records show that Chamorro farmers planted seeds according to the phases of the moon. For example, farmers on Guam often plant tuber crops such as sweet potato and yams at full moon during low tide.

Culture

Cosmogony and religion

According to early Chamorro legend, the world was created by a twin brother and sister, Puntan and Fu'uña. As he lay dying, Puntan instructed his sister Fu'uña to make his body into the ingredients of the universe. She used his eyes to create the Sun and Moon, his eyebrows to make rainbows, and most of the rest of his parts into various features of the Earth. Once her work was complete, she descended on an island called "Guåhan", and transformed herself into a giant rock. This rock split, and from it emerged all human beings. Some believe that this rock was once located at the site of a church in Agat, while others believe it is the phallic-shaped Laso de Fua located in Fouha Bay in Umatac.

Ancient Chamorros engaged in ancestor veneration, but did not practice a formal "religion" in the sense of worshiping deities. At least one account by Christoph Carl Fernberger in 1623 holds that human sacrifice was practiced to placate a "great fish". This claim may be related to a Chamorro legend about why the island of Guam is narrow in the middle. According to the legend, a gigantic fish was gradually eating away at the island from both sides. Although the ancient Chamorros supposedly had magical abilities, the huge creature eluded them. When the men were unsuccessful in hunting it down, the women used their hair to weave a net, which grew larger as they sang. The singing enchanted the fish, and lured it into the giant net.

Castes and classes

Chamorro society was divided into two main castes, and continued to be so for well over a century after the Spanish first arrived. According to historical records provided by Europeans, such as Father Charles Le Gobien, apparent racial differences existed between the subservient Manachang caste, and the higher , the Manachang being described as shorter, darker-skinned, and physically less hardy than the Chamori. The Chamori caste was further subdivided into the upper-middle class Achoti/Acha'ot and the highest, the ruling Matua/Matao class. Achoti could gain status as Matua, and Matua could be reduced to Achoti, but Manachang were born and died as such and had no recourse to improve their station. Members of the Manachang and the Chamori were not permitted to intermingle. All three classes performed physical labor, but had specifically different duties. Le Gobien theorized that Chamorro society comprised the geographical convergence of peoples of different ethnic origins. This idea may be supportable by the evidence of linguistic characteristics of the Chamorro language and social customs.

Clothing and beauty practices
Prior to Spanish contact, Chamorro boys and men wore no clothing and went about fully nude at all times. Chamorro girls went nude until around the age of eight to ten, at which point they began to wear a small genital covering made either of bark, one or more leaves, a piece of a turtle shell or in some cases matting. Both sexes at times wore hats of woven leaves to protect themselves from the sun.

Father Pierre Coomans wrote of the practice among Chamorro women of teeth blackening/dental lacquering (also a widespread custom in ancient Maritime Southeast Asia, Japan, Southeastern China, and parts of Indochina), which they considered beautiful as a distinction apart from animals. Fernberger wrote in his account of the Chamorros that "penis pins" were employed as a chastity measure for young males, a type of genital piercing similar to those employed by inhabitants of precolonial maritime Southeast Asia.

Folklore

The Chamorro creation story revolves around two celestial siblings named Puntan and Fu'una. In time, this creation story underwent a series of modifications due to the complications in passing the story along from generation to generation. In this Chamorro creation story, Puntan and Fu'una create the world with their body parts and souls. Puntan's various body parts were turned into the land, his chest into the sky, his eyebrows into rainbows, and his eyes into the sun and moon. Fu'una having the ability to give life, brought the sun, soil, and waters to life, and with a final transformation, she turned into stone and gave birth to the Chamorro people. Evidence supporting this creation story can be seen through the names of the villages on Guam as they are named after body parts. Barrigada translates to flank, Tiyan translates to stomach, Hagatna translates to blood and Mongmong translates to a heartbeat.

Traditional beliefs among the Chamorros include tales of taotaomo'na and birak, as well as the Spanish-introduced concepts of duendes and hauntings in places such as in Yona, other old buildings, schools, hotel elevators, and the Ma'ina bridge. Taotaomo'na are spirits of ancient Chamorros. Birak is a broader term that may refer not only to the undead, but also to demons or general elemental types. Taotaomona essentially translates to "people of early times," referring to the ancestors of the Chamorro peoples. The Taotaomona is a supernatural ancestral spirit that Chamorros and some neighboring islanders from Rota and Saipan believe in. The Taotaomona possess a strength that far exceeds man and has the ability to cause sickness and death to those who offend them. The appearance of a Taotaomona can vary as they can be a female or male and can take an attractive form or a monstrous form.

Spanish rule

On March 6, 1521, Ferdinand Magellan and his men, after having crossed the Pacific Ocean, had encountered the first "Indios" since leaving South America. Later Spanish visitors named the inhabitants "Chamurres", derived from a local term for the upper caste; this was then converted to "Chamorros", an old Spanish term for "bald", perhaps in reference to the local habit to shave.

Over the centuries, the Mariana Islands have been occupied by several foreign countries (Spain, Germany, Japan, United States), and present-day Chamorro society is almost entirely multiethnic, with the inhabitants of Luta/Rota being the least so. The Chamorros are primarily of Austronesian ancestry, but began to significantly interact with Spanish and Filipinos during the Spanish colonial era (1521–1898 AD). Primarily since the late 19th century onward, many Chamorros have intermarried with other Pacific Islanders, mainland Americans, Filipinos, Chinese, and Japanese.

During the Spanish colonial era, the Chamorro population was greatly reduced by the introduction of European diseases and changes in society during the Spanish-Chamorro Wars. The Spanish killed many Chamorro men and relocated most others to Guam, where they lived in several parishes to prevent rebellion. An estimated 100,000 Chamorros may have populated the Marianas when Europeans first settled in 1667. By 1800, they numbered under 1,000.  Within the parishes, the Spanish eventually focused their efforts on converting the natives to Catholicism. Father Frances X. Hezel stated that Chamorros caught or reported engaging in pagan "sorcery" were publicly punished. Through this, they were given Spanish surnames through  Catálogo Alfabético de Apellidos or Alphabetic Catalog of Surnames. Spanish soldiers settled in Guam and all Chamorro have Spanish ancestry.

During the Spanish–American War, the United States captured Guam on June 21, 1898. Under the Treaty of Paris, signed on December 10, 1898, Spain ceded Guam to the United States effective April 11, 1899. Guam is among the 17 nonself-governing territories listed by the United Nations.

World War II

Before World War II, five American jurisdictions were in the Pacific Ocean: Guam and Wake Island in Micronesia, American Samoa and Hawaii in Polynesia, and the Philippines in Southeast Asia. On December 8, 1941, hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese forces from the Marianas launched an invasion of Guam. Chamorros from the Northern Marianas, who had been under Japanese rule for more than 20 years, were brought to Guam to assist the Japanese administration. This, combined with the harsh treatment of Chamorros during the two-and-a-half-year occupation, created a rift that would become the main reason Chamorros rejected the referendum on reunification approved by the Northern Marianas in the 1960s. During the occupation, Chamorros were subjected to forced labor, incarceration, torture, and execution. American forces recaptured the island on July 21, 1944; Liberation Day commemorates the victory.

After World War II, the Guam Organic Act of 1950 established Guam as an unincorporated organized territory of the United States, provided for the structure of the island's civilian government, and granted the people U.S. citizenship. The governor of Guam was federally appointed until 1968 when the Guam Elective Governor Act provided for the office's popular election. Since Guam is not a U.S. state, U.S. citizens residing in Guam are not allowed to vote for president and their congressional representative is a nonvoting member. They do, however, get to vote for party delegates in presidential primaries.

The increasing numbers of Chamorros, especially Chamorro youth, relocating to the U.S. mainland, has complicated both the definition and preservation of Chamorro identity. On Guam, a Chamorro rights movement has developed since the United States gained control of the island. Leaders of the movement seek to return ancestral lands to the Chamorro people, and attain self-determination.

Modern Chamorro culture

Chamorro culture has over the years acquired noticeable influences from Spanish, Mexican, American, Japanese, and Filipino cultures, as well as the presence of fellow Oceanic (mostly Micronesian) groups. Influence from the German era in the Northern Marianas is most visible in the form of certain given names and family surnames.

The prehistoric concept of inafa'maolek ("doing good for each other", often translated as interdependence) is a core value of traditional Chamorro culture. Respect for one's family, community, and the elderly (man åmko''') are major components, although this varies from person to person and family to family. The culture is now strongly influenced by American customs and values, largely because the Marianas archipelago (partitioned into Guam and the CNMI) is currently possessed by the United States of America, as organized but unincorporated territories; in addition, most people of Chamorro descent now live outside of the Marianas in the United States. The American military has a major cultural influence among the Chamorro; enlistment rates are higher in the Marianas than in any other place in the US. On Guam, the enlistment rate is around 14 people per 10,000; by contrast, the US state of Montana, which has the highest per capita enlistment, has a rate near half that, with about eight people per 10,000. (See the Guam page for more details about this topic.)

Cockfighting and cockfight-related gambling were introduced by the Spanish and have long been a significant pastime in Chamoru culture, especially among men. It is still popular among the members of older generations and with Filipino immigrants, who raise roosters for cockfighting purposes; however, mixed martial arts fighting competitions have grown in popularity as spectator sports, particularly among the members of more recent generations. Large-scale events are held throughout the year on Guam and Saipan, which feature local competitors and guest participants from abroad.

Chamorro life has long centered on one's matriarchal clan. The concept of a "clan" stemming from a common female ancestor is still observed. Large extended families remain central to life in the Marianas.

Diabetes and heart disease have become increasingly common among the indigenous population, as well as among nonindigenous Oceanic people living in the Marianas, particularly the Carolinian Refaluwasch.

Traditional healers called suruhånu (or suruhåna for women) are still greatly respected for their knowledge of herbal treatments and spirits.

Religion
Most Chamorros are Roman Catholic and few in the Marianas still maintain some customs and beliefs from the time before the first European conquests; some residents of the Marianas will still ask permission from ancestral spirits before entering parts of jungles.

Among the 56 states and territories of the United States, the Mariana Islands have the highest rate of religious self-identification, with a combined percentage of only 1.75% of the population (Guam at 2.5% and the CNMI at just 1%) not claiming membership in or affiliation with a particular religion.

Cuisine

Chamorro cuisine is influenced by various cultures. Examples of popular foods of foreign origin include various types of sweet or savory empanada, originally introduced by Spain, and pancit, a noodle dish from the Philippines. The Spanish settlement in the 17th century also introduced cattle, leading to dishes like tinala' katne.

Archeological evidence from islands in the Marianas reveals that rice was cultivated there since prehistory. Red rice made with achoti is a distinct staple food that strongly identifies Chamorro cuisine among the many dishes of fellow Pacific Island cultures. It is commonly served for special events, such as parties (gupot or "fiestas"), nobenas, and occasions such as a high-school or college graduations. The condiment fina'denne' accompanies most meals. Fruits such as lemmai, mangga, niyok, and bilimbines are consumed in various local recipes. In the Marianas, Korean, Chinese, Japanese, and American cuisine are also commonly available. Local cookies are known as guyuria.

Locally distinct foods include kelaguen, a dish in which meat is denatured in whole or in part by citric acid rather than heat; tinaktak, a meat dish made with coconut milk; and kå'du fanihi (flying fox/fruit bat soup). Fruit bats and local birds have become scarce in modern times primarily due to the World War II-era introduction of the brown tree snake, which decimated the populations of local birds and threatens the fanihi'' (fruit bat) population, as well. Illegal hunting of fruit bats also threatens existing populations.

Spam and other canned meats were introduced to the islands after World War II, leading to a dietary shift.

Diaspora in the United States

According to the 2010 census, 148,220 Chamorros are living in the United States, mostly from Guam, but also from the Northern Marianas and Saipan.

The early Chamorros who migrated to the US were Guamanians who moved in the first decade of the 20th century. In the following decades, small groups of Guamanians emigrated to Hawaii and the Western United States, where they worked as farmers. The population of Guam got the American citizenship in 1929. So, after the end of World War II, many more Guamanians emigrated to the US. Most of them were in the military or married with military people.

In 1950, the population of Guam gained the full American citizenship, which favoured Guamanian migration to the US. So, the first major Guamanian migration emerged and more of 160 Guamanians emigrated to the US in the '50s. Many of them moved to California. In 1952, Guamanian immigrants founded their first organization in US, the Guam Territorial Society (later renamed as the Guam Society of America), in Washington, D.C., where many worked for the Department of Defense and developing military operations.

In the 1960s, hundreds of Guamanians migrated to the United States, when the largest numbers emigrated to this country. Most of them were fleeing the Korean War and Typhoon Karen.

In the '70s, another wave of Guamanians arrived in the US. In 1986, the US acquired the Northern Marianas Islands, which favoured migration from islands to the US.

As of 2020, Pierce County, Washington, has the largest Chamorro population with 4,931 persons or 0.62% of the total population.

Notable Chamorros
 Pia Mia Perez (born 1996), singer/songwriter
 Theresa H. Arriola, a cultural anthropologist from the Northern Mariana Islands
Zach Banner (born 1993), American NFL football offensive tackle for the Pittsburgh Steelers
Manny Crisostomo (born 1958), Chamorro Pulitzer Prize winner
 Joe Duarte (born 1983), mixed martial artist
 Peter Gumataotao, first Chamorro two-star flag officer in the United States military
 Siobhon McManus, teacher & activist
Walt Nauta, aide to former US president Donald Trump
 Susan Pangelinan, Chamorro-American member of the United States Air Force
 Frank Camacho, martial artist
 Maria Anderson Roberto (born 1880), chaperone for the Navy's Native Nurses program
 Jon Tuck, martial artist
 Ron Schuler, ERM Insurance Chief Actuary of the year for Americas

See also
 History of Guam
 History of Oceania
 History of the Pacific Islands
 Guamanian citizenship and nationality
 Native Hawaiians

References

External links

 Chamorro census information from the Secretariat of the Pacific Community
 MyChamorroHeritage.com Another resource for Chamorros and those interested in the Chamorro people and culture. Useful for Chamorros interested in genealogy.

Chamorro
Indigenous peoples of Micronesia
Indigenous peoples in the United States
Micronesian American

Chamorro people


Goa Su-Raj Party is a political party in the Indian state of Goa. In the state elections 2002 GSRP launched eight candidates, who together mustered 1500 votes. As of 2006, the party has representation in the Goa legislative assembly as of 2016. The party is known to be active in taking a number of stands on issues affecting the state. It is also active through making its voice heard in cyberspace, and is known to campaign for votes on the grounds that as a "regional" (as contrasted to the national-level parties that dominate Goa's politics, such as the Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party) it would be better able to serve the needs of the electorate. It has not been successful in getting its candidates elected though, till August 2006.

Party leaders have explained its name, "Su-Raj", to mean "good governance". It has taken stands against corruption in the region. Its leaders include the Moira-based radio officer-turned-politician Floriano Lobo, Dr Dumo and others.

In early 2012, GSRP formed its youth wing with Jocelyn Pereira appointed as its youth president. Jocelyn Pereira, an active social worker from the island of Divar has been at the fore of many youth activities in the state and actively campaigns for youth of Goa.

On 31 December 2016, former Goa Vikas Party MLA Francisco Xavier Pacheco joined the GSRP.

References

External links
Party website

Political parties in Goa
2000 establishments in Goa
Political parties established in 2000

Goa Su-Raj Party


Tunstall Quarles ( – January 7, 1855) was a United States lawyer and politician, as well as one of the pioneer settlers of Somerset, Kentucky in Pulaski County.

Quarles was born in King William County, Virginia. He moved to Kentucky in 1786 with his parents, Tunstall and Susanna Edwards Quarles. He married Pamella Stranger and had ten children.

Quarles came to Somerset sometime before 1812, for in May 1812, he was one of a commission to supervise the building of a County Clerk's office.

Quarles was a lawyer and became a member of the state legislature in 1811 and 1812. In the War of 1812, he armed and equipped a company of the Second Regiment Kentucky Militia at his own expense and then commanded them.  After the war, he served as a circuit court judge. He was elected as a Democrat-Republican to be a member of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Congresses and served from March 1817 until his resignation in June 1820.

Quarles was appointed receiver of public moneys for the Cape Girardeau land district, with offices at Jackson, Missouri, and served from May 1821 to July 1824.

Quarles returned to Somerset in July 1824, where he resumed his law practice and agricultural pursuits.

Like so many other early figures of Pulaski County history, Quarles was an avid member of the Freemasons. Using funding from the National Freemason Association, he was able to organize the first bank in Somerset, the Farmers Bank, and served as president from 1825 to 1827. Little else is known about the role of Quarles in masonic lore.

In 1828, Quarles was again elected to the state House of Representatives, and was elector on the Democratic ticket of Jackson and Calhoun. He served a term in the state Senate in 1840.

References

1770s births
1855 deaths
Kentucky lawyers
Kentucky state court judges
Kentucky state senators
Kentucky Jacksonians
People from King William County, Virginia
People from Woodford County, Kentucky
People from Somerset, Kentucky
Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky
19th-century American politicians

Tunstall Quarles


Damien Steven Hirst (born 7 June 1965) is an English artist. He is one of the Young British Artists (YBAs). The YBAs became famous during the 1990s. He is reportedly the United Kingdom's richest living artist. In 2010 the Sunday Times estimated his wealth at £215 million. During the 1990s he worked together with famous art collector Charles Saatchi. Hirst and Saatchi had disagreements, and they ended their friendship in 2003.

Death is a central theme in Hirst's works. He became famous for a series of artworks in which dead animals are preserved in formaldehyde. The animals included a sheep, a cow and a shark. The best-known of these was The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living. This was a tiger shark immersed in formaldehyde in a transparent display case. He has also made "spin paintings". These were created on a rotating canvas. And "spot paintings", which are rows of randomly coloured circles created by his assistants.

In September 2008, Hirst sold all the artworks of a show during one auction at Sotheby's. This had never been done before by a living artist. The auction made him £111 million ($198 million), breaking the record for an auction by a single artist. It also broke Hirst's own record with £10.3 million for The Golden Calf, an animal with 18-carat gold horns and hooves, preserved in formaldehyde.

Since 1999 some of Hirst's works have been claimed to be plagiarised. It was discovered that his sculpture Hymn was closely based on a child's toy. Hirst was sued by the original creator of the toy, and the case was settled out-of-court.

References

1965 births
Living people
People from Bristol
People from Leeds
English artists
English painters

Damien Hirst


Karl Moritz Schumann (17 June 1851 – 22 March 1904) was a German botanist.

Schumann was born in Görlitz. He was curator of the Botanisches Museum in Berlin-Dahlem from 1880 until 1894. He also served as the first chairman of the Deutsche Kakteen-Gesellschaft (German Cactus Society) which he founded on 6 November 1892. He died in Berlin.

Karl Moritz Schumann participated as a collaborator in Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien by  Adolf Engler and K. A. E. Prantl and in Flora Brasiliensis by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius.

The genera Schumannianthus (Gagnepain), Schumanniophyton (Harms), Schumannia (Kuntze) and several species were named after him, including:

Bibliography
 Schumann, K. M., "Gesamtbeschreibung der Kakteen" (Complete description of cacti), 1898.
 Schumann, K. M., et al., "Kakteen (Iconographia Cactacearum) im Auftrage der Deutschen Kakteen-Gesellschaft", 1900–1921.
 Schumann, K. M., "Praktikum für morphologische und systematische Botanik", 1904.

References

External links

 Mexikon — brief biography and picture.
 Deutsche Kakteen Gesellschaft
 Harvard University Herbaria entry

1851 births
1904 deaths
19th-century German botanists
People from Görlitz
University of Breslau alumni
Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina

Karl Moritz Schumann


Alexander Milne (1742–1838) was a Scottish American entrepreneur and philanthropist and was born in Fochabers, Moray, Scotland.  He was employed as a footman by the Duke of Richmond and Gordon and when ordered by the duke to powder his red hair, Milne declined, left his employment and emigrated to the American colonies.  By 1776, Milne had moved to New Orleans in Louisiana (New Spain), where, after doing well in the hardware business, he set up a brick-making company using mainly slave labour—by the late 18th century most of the brick used in New Orleans was made at his works.

Appearance
Milne was said to be small in stature with a drooping head and his eyes continuously focused on the ground and apparently heedless of things going on around him. Although his dress was shabby causing him on occasion to be mistaken for a beggar he was well regarded by those who knew him.

Real estate investments
The Spanish Government granted Milne large tracts of swamp lands bordering on Lake Pontchartrain and seeing the potential for development continued to invest heavily in the area right up until his death.  He owned large quantities of land in his own establishment town of Milneburg (now a section of New Orleans) and according to Kendall, in the course of one week disposed of some of his landholdings realising $3,000,000.  He continued to invest in property in New Orleans and at his death, his real estate properties were worth more than $2,000,000.

Death and bequests
Milne died in October 1838 and was buried in Saint Louis No. 2 Cemetery, New Orleans having made his will only three years earlier.  In the will he bequeathed $30,000 to his relatives in his home town of Fochabers, Scotland; he freed his two house servants, gave them land on Esplanade Avenue and ensured that $10,000 would be provided to build two brick houses for them and until such time as the houses were built his executors would pay them $3 per day to support them.  The remainder of the will was sectioned into five parts; $100,000 was provided for the founding of a free school for the boys and girls in Fochabers and surrounding area; to the other four his will stated the following:

Dispute regarding legality of Fochabers bequest
Louisiana state law prohibited foreign legatees from being able to inherit if the laws of the country in which the legatee resided prevented a citizen of Louisiana from receiving a similar inheritance. Scots Law allowed only British citizens to inherit a legacy.  Lengthy litigation was brought by the Duke of Richmond and Gordon on behalf of the town of Fochabers. Louisiana courts twice ruled that the legacy could not be granted but eventually on appeal to the Supreme Court of Louisiana, the bequest was finally allowed.

See also
 Milne's High School
 Milneburg

References

Sources

External links

1742 births
1838 deaths
Businesspeople from New Orleans
People from Moray
Scottish businesspeople
British emigrants to the United States
American philanthropists
Scottish philanthropists

Alexander Milne (entrepreneur)


The Indian long-eared hedgehog (Hemiechinus collaris) is a small species of mammal native to northern India and Pakistan. It is insectivorous and nocturnal.

Description
The Indian long-eared hedgehog is a relatively small hedgehog (~17 cm, 200–500 grams). It is a nocturnal animal that is often found inhabiting burrows. Similar to most hedgehogs it has spines on its back, embedded into a muscle sheath.  This sheath forms a bag-like structure that the animal can hide inside for protection. It can also erect its spines to further protect from predators. The Indian long-eared hedgehog has a well developed set of senses because of its large ears, eyes and whiskers near its snout. These senses, especially smell, help them find food and/or a possible partner.

Diet
The Indian long-eared hedgehog is insectivorous, feeding on small insects. Because of their arid desert habitat they often receive most of the water they need from their food supply.

Distribution
The Indian long-eared hedgehog is found in India (Gujarat, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh) and Pakistan (North West Frontier Province, Punjab and Sindh). It experiences extreme heat in the months of May and June and very cold weather in December and January.

Reproduction
They are seasonal breeders. The males are active from March to August while the females are active from April to August.
It is notable for a quite complex mating ritual that involves "dancing" around females for several days before mating.

References

Indian long-eared hedgehog
Mammals of South Asia
Mammals of India
Mammals of Sindh
Indian long-eared hedgehog
Indian long-eared hedgehog

Indian long-eared hedgehog


The Jefferson, Washington, DC is a boutique hotel located at 1200 16th Street NW in Washington, D.C., in the United States. It has also been known as The Jefferson Hotel.  It was built from 1922 to 1923, and was initially an apartment building. After housing war workers during World War II, the structure was converted to a hotel in 1954. It became better known after a 1980 renovation, and became a Washington landmark. It was sold in 1989, 2000, and 2005, and underwent a two-year, multimillion-dollar renovation that revealed the building's original atrium skylight. It reopened in 2009.

Apartment building history
The F. H. Smith Corporation, a local real estate developer of apartment and office buildings, began construction on The Jefferson, an eight-story, 74-unit apartment building, in July 1922. Cost of construction was $900,000 ($ in  dollars), and the building was originally owned by The Jefferson Corporation. The architect was Jules Henri de Sibour, who designed the building in the Beaux-Arts architectural style. The building was named for Thomas Jefferson, the former President of the United States and Founding Father.

In April 1930, The Jefferson Corp. was forced into bankruptcy by its creditors. As the trial progressed, evidence emerged that the F. H. Smith Corp. had signed secret agreements to allow its chairman, G. Bryan Pitts, to occupy an entire floor of the building (17 rooms, including five baths) rent-free, which had caused The Jefferson Corporation's financial difficulties. Pitts and other F. H. Smith officers were charged with embezzlement. As the trial continued, a former Smith Corp. officer testified that he had destroyed evidence to cover up the crime. Pitts and several others were found guilty and sentenced to 23 years in  prison.

In 1931, Alfred Robinson Glancy, a General Motors executive, purchased the building from the bankrupt Jefferson Corp. for an undisclosed sum.

Hotel history

Glancy ownership
The Jefferson partially converted to a hotel in 1941 to serve workers mobilizing for a potential war with Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. It provided both short-term rentals (like a hotel) and residential needs. It eliminated its residential services and converted completely into a hotel in 1955.

Glancy died in 1959, and in 1960 his heirs purchased 1214 16th Street NW, a four-story building adjacent to the north side of the hotel, for use as office space. By 1963, The Jefferson's 74 rooms had been subdivided, creating 150 hotel rooms. The hotel's main floor sported a dining room and cocktail lounge named "The Elbow Room". The hotel was not considered luxurious by the standards of the day, but it had a great deal of cachet with artists, musicians, theater and movie stars, and top domestic and foreign government officials. Among those who stayed there in the 1950s were actress Helen Hayes, actor Tyrone Power and orchestra conductor Leopold Stokowski.

Williams ownership
In March 1963, Glancy's heirs sold The Jefferson to the American Realty Trust Co. of Arlington, Virginia, for $1 million ($ in  dollars). Famous guests at the hotel in the 1960s included comedian and pianist Victor Borge, actress Carol Channing, pianist Van Cliburn, actress Vivien Leigh, theatrical producer David Merrick, and writer Katherine Anne Porter. Neil Sheehan and colleagues at The New York Times used a room to organize the Pentagon Papers for publication in spring 1971.

American Realty Trust sold The Jefferson in January 1976 to attorney and sports team owner Edward Bennett Williams for $1.8 million ($ in  dollars). By this time, the hotel had created a number of large suites out of some of the smaller rooms, leaving the hotel with just 98 rooms and suites. Williams began to improve the hotel's luxuriousness, emphasizing its "European style" and immaculate rooms. In 1980, Williams began a multimillion-dollar, two-year renovation of the hotel. The renovation replaced most of the guest-room and public space furniture with antiques, and original American artwork from the past 200 years graced walls throughout the hotel. Williams also built an extensive collection of documents signed by the hotel's namesake, Thomas Jefferson.

Williams was a confidante of a number of presidents (Republican and Democrat), and The Jefferson became a favorite hotel of top officials in the Reagan administration. The hotel's reputation for discretion continued to attract some of the most famous visitors to the city, and in the 1980s actress Candice Bergen, writer William F. Buckley Jr., economist John Kenneth Galbraith, film director Louis Malle, and actor Jason Robards stayed there. Members of President George H. W. Bush's family stayed there prior to Bush's inauguration as President, and the president-elect chose most of his cabinet while staying at The Jefferson. The hotel was also the home of former Senator John Tower during confirmation hearings for his unsuccessful 1989 nomination as United States Secretary of Defense. Radio talk show host Larry King broadcast from the hotel the first Friday every month in the mid and late 1980s.

Value Enhancement Fund III ownership
Edward Bennett Williams died in August 1988, and his widow, Agnes Williams, sought to sell the hotel. Rose Narva, the hotel's long-time and popular managing director, organized a consortium of investors to purchase the hotel for $25 million ($ in  dollars) and retain her as the manager. Her bid was topped by the Aoki Corp., a Japanese construction and real estate investment company, which signed a letter of intent in February 1989 to purchase the "landmark" hotel for $30 million ($ in  dollars). The company subsequently backed out of the purchase agreement, apparently after real estate experts said the $30 million price would have been far too high.

In April 1989, Paine Webber Realty (a subsidiary of the Paine Webber stock brokerage firm) purchased the hotel from Agnes Williams for $28 million ($ in  dollars). This was a record per-room price for a hotel in Washington, D.C., at the time. Paine Webber Realty acted as the agent for Value Enhancement Fund III, a group of Japanese institutional investors. The fund subsequently hired the Lancaster Group, owner and manager of luxury hotels nationwide, to manage the hotel when Narva's contract expired in 1990. By this time, the hotel was charging anywhere from $175 ($ in  dollars) a night for a standard room to $1,000 ($ in  dollars) a night for its William French Smith Suite (which was named after the former U.S. Attorney General who once lived in the hotel). The expense of running the luxury property, however, was high, and The Jefferson generated just $550,000 ($ in  dollars) a year in earnings in 1989. A year after the Lancaster Group took over, rates for a standard room had risen to $200 ($ in  dollars) to $340 ($ in  dollars) a night. The hotel underwent another multimillion-dollar refurbishment about 1999. Each room now featured an extensive built-in mini-bar, two telephone lines, a built-in music center, Internet access, and a fax machine.

In November 2000, Value Enhancement Fund III hired Loews Hotels to manage The Jefferson. George W. Bush stayed in the hotel prior to his 2001 inauguration as President, and the fund renovated the hotel again later that year. As part of the refurbishment, each room now received its own unique set of furniture and furnishings. This included canopy beds and mahogany and hickory armoires with built-in mini-bars, and the wood-burning fireplaces (in those rooms equipped with them) were restored to operation. Each room was also outfitted with a  television, marble bathroom sinks, and new bed frames and mattresses.

The hotel continued to attract entertainers throughout the 1990s and 2000s, such as singer and actress Barbra Streisand (who stayed there in the early 1990s).

DC CAP Hotelier ownership

The Jefferson was purchased in June 2005 by DC CAP Hotelier, a New York-based real estate firm. Loews managed the hotel until July 2005, after which the owners hired Kor Hotel Group, a Los Angeles-based manager of luxury hotels, as the hotel's new overseer. By now, The Jefferson had 32 suites, and had created about  of meeting space. This space was divided among five rooms, which had occupancy limits ranging from 15 to 150 people.

Kor Hotel Group began a major redesign of the hotel in 2005, and The Jefferson closed in March 2007 to begin its overhaul. During the renovations, the building's skylight was uncovered for the first time in decades, and the lobby's dropped ceiling was removed to expose the original barrel vault. Many of the building's structural elements were repaired, strengthened, and upgraded, and the HVAC and mechanical systems gutted and replaced. The hotel was expected to reopen on September 1, 2008, but much more structural deterioration had occurred than was anticipated and the hotel did not reopen until August 2009. Renovated guest bathrooms now featured television screens embedded in the mirrors and deep "soaker" bathtubs, while guest living and sleeping spaces now featured individualized custom drapes and custom-designed beds covered in European linens featuring images of Jefferson's Virginia home, Monticello. The overall feel of guest-rooms was meant to reflect a Paris apartment. The hotel cocktail lounge was completely remodeled as well, and now featured an orange colored bar countertop of molded glass embedded with optical fibers that made it glow. The hotel retained its Federalist interior design style in its public spaces, including the unique antique furniture, artwork, and displays of Jefferson-signed documents. New amenities included a butler assigned to each guest-room, and room service trays containing microchips that alerted staff whenever the tray was deposited in a hallway. The cost of the renovation was not disclosed.

The Jefferson continued to emphasize its discretion and private nature after the 2008–2009 renovation.

The hotel increased its prices after the renovation by about $100 ($ in  dollars) a night. Off-season standard guest-room rates ran from $380 ($ in  dollars) to $450 ($ in  dollars) a night, while height-of-season rates ranged from $450 ($ in  dollars) to $650 ($ in  dollars). Suites went for $850 ($ in  dollars) a night. The new prices made The Jefferson one of Washington's priciest hotels, alongside the Four Seasons and The Ritz-Carlton.

Dining and amenities
The Jefferson has 99 rooms, which includes 20 suites. Rates for standard guest rooms began at $375 a night in January 2016. Some suites have small, private balconies with views of the Washington Monument. Two master suites, the Thomas Jefferson Suite and the Martha Jefferson Suite, occupy the top floors. The larger is the Thomas Jefferson Suite, which has five balconies and contains  of space.

The Jefferson's cocktail lounge is known as Quill, and Forbes Travel Guide said it is rumored to be President Barack Obama's favorite hotel space in Washington, D.C.

The Jefferson has two restaurants, the Plume and the less formal The Greenhouse. Several small private rooms, capable of seating two or three people, open onto Plume to accommodate more private discussions among guests. Plume received four stars from Forbes Travel Guide. Since 2014, Ralf Schlegel has been the executive chef at Plume, which received a  Michelin Star in the 2017 Michelin Guide for Washington, D.C.

The ground floor of the hotel also features the Book Room, a reading library stocked with books either printed in the late 1700s and early 1800s.

The hotel has four private, obscure entrances for its celebrity or security-conscious guests.

Rating
In 2010, The Jefferson was admitted into Relais & Châteaux, a global association of luxury hotels.

Forbes Travel Guide (formerly known as Mobil Guide) awarded the hotel four out of five stars in 2016.

In January 2016, U.S. News & World Report ranked The Jefferson Hotel the second-best hotel in the United States.  The hotel had ranked tenth in 2015 and 99th in 2014.

See also
 Sixteenth Street Historic District

References

Bibliography

External links

Hotels in Washington, D.C.
Hotel buildings completed in 1923
Hotels established in 1955
1923 establishments in Washington, D.C.
1955 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Beaux-Arts architecture in Washington, D.C.

The Jefferson


Bob Shoffner (April 4, 1900 – March 5, 1983) was an American jazz trumpeter.

Shoffner grew up in St. Louis, Missouri, and played drums and bugle before settling on trumpet at age eleven. He played trumpet in a military band while serving in the U.S. Army from 1917-1919, and then played with Charlie Creath and Tommy Parker in territory bands. He relocated to Chicago in 1921, and played with John H. Wickcliffe, Everett Robbins, and Mae Brady. He returned to St. Louis and duty under Creath briefly before heading back to Chicago to play under Honore Dutrey and then, in 1924, to replace Louis Armstrong in King Oliver's Creole Jazzband. He played with Oliver until 1927, and spent time with Dave Peyton and Lottie Hightower during this time as well.

Shoffner suffered a lip ailment in 1927, but returned after a few months to play with Charles Elgar (1928), Erskine Tate, Jerome Carrington, McKinney's Cotton Pickers (1931), and Frankie Jaxon (1932). He moved to New York City in 1934, and played there with Fess Williams, Fletcher Henderson, and Hot Lips Page (1938). He returned once more to Chicago around 1940, and took a job working for the state; he recorded with Richard M. Jones in the middle of the 1940s, but then took a hiatus from music until 1957 to play with Franz Jackson's Original Jazz All-Stars (1957-1963). Health concerns forced him into semi-retirement after this time.

Shoffner also recorded in the 1920s with Lovie Austin, Jimmy O'Bryant, Ida Cox, and Luis Russell.

References
Scott Yanow, [ Bob Shoffner] at Allmusic

1900 births
1983 deaths
American jazz trumpeters
American male trumpeters
20th-century American musicians
20th-century trumpeters
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
United States Army soldiers

Bob Shoffner


Joseph Astbury Warbrick (1 January 1862 – 30 August 1903) was a Māori rugby union player who represented New Zealand on their 1884 tour to Australia and later captained the 1888–89 New Zealand Native football team that embarked on a 107-match tour of New Zealand, Australia, and the British Isles.

Born in Rotorua, Warbrick played club rugby for Auckland side Ponsonby while boarding at St Stephen's Native School. In 1877, he was selected to play fullback for Auckland Provincial Clubs as a 15-year-old, making him the youngest person to play first-class rugby in New Zealand. He played for Auckland against the visiting New South Wales team, the first overseas side to tour the country, in 1882. Two years later, he was selected for the first New Zealand representative team, and playing mainly as a three-quarter, appeared in seven of the side's eight matches on their tour of New South Wales.

In 1888, Warbrick conceived of, selected, and led the privately funded New Zealand Native team. The squad, which included four of Warbrick's brothers, was originally envisaged to contain only Māori players, but eventually included several New Zealand-born and foreign-born Europeans. Although the team played 107 matches, including 74 in the British Isles, Warbrick took part in only 21 matches due to injury. The tour, the first from the Southern Hemisphere to visit Britain, remains the longest in rugby's history. In 2008, Warbrick and the Natives were inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame.

Warbrick effectively retired from rugby after returning from the tour, with the exception of an appearance for Auckland in 1894, and went on to work as a farmer and tourist guide in the Bay of Plenty. In 1903, he was killed along with several others by an eruption of the Waimangu Geyser.

Background and early career

Joseph Warbrick was born in Rotorua, New Zealand, on 1 January 1862, the third of five children. His father, Abraham Warbrick, was originally from England, while his mother, Nga Karauna Paerau, was Māori and the daughter of a Ngāti Rangitihi chief. After Joe Warbrick's mother died, his father remarried and had seven more children. Four of his brothersAlfred, Arthur, Fred, and Billywent on to tour with Joe as part of the 1888–89 New Zealand Native football team.

With his family still based in the Bay of Plenty, Joe Warbrick was sent to board at St Stephen's Native School in the Bombay Hills, where he started playing rugby union. While living in Bombay in 1877, he started playing club rugby with Ponsonby in Auckland, even though the club was based well north of Bombay. Warbrick played well enough for Ponsonby to earn selection for Auckland Provincial Clubs (now  Auckland) that year despite being only 15 years old. Playing at fullback for them against Otago, he became the youngest person to play first-class rugby in New Zealanda record he still holds .

By 1878 Warbrick had left both St Stephen's and Ponsonby and was employed as a public servant. The work required him to relocate regularly, and he moved throughout the North Island for the remainder of his rugby career. By 1879 he was living in Wellington, and represented the provincial team three times that season. He played three further matches for Wellington in 1880, including one against his old province of Auckland. The 1880 match, the first in Auckland for Wellington, was won by the visitors 4–0. Warbrick was renowned for his drop-kicking, and his goal in the match was the only score; many Aucklanders claimed that his performance was the difference between the two sides.

The Australian New South Wales colonial team became the first overseas rugby side to tour New Zealand in 1882 and played seven matches throughout the country. By this point Warbrick was back in Auckland, but this time playing for the North Shore club, and he again won selection for the provincial side. He appeared in both of Auckland's matches against the New South Welshmen: 7–0 and 18–4 victories over the tourists. Warwick remained in Auckland the following year when he toured with the province again, playing in away matches against Wellington, Canterbury and Otago.

1884 New Zealand team
In 1884 a team of New Zealanders, organised by the Canterbury player and administrator William Millton, and Dunedin businessman Samuel Sleigh, was selected to tour New South Wales. This is now officially regarded as the first New Zealand representative rugby side. Warbrick was included in a squad that was selected from throughout the country; the entire endeavour was performed without the oversight of a national body – several provincial rugby unions existed, but the New Zealand Rugby Football Union was not formed until 1892.

The squad's 19 players were expected to assemble in Wellington before disembarking for Sydney on 21 May, however Warbrick missed his ship from Auckland and so travelled to Sydney alone. Millton was elected captain, and Sleigh managed the team. The side won all eight of their matches on tour, including the three games against New South Wales. Warbrick appeared in seven matches and scored three drop goals; one of the goals was reportedly kicked from well inside his own half. He played at both fullback and three-quarter, and was noted for his good ball handling and speed, as well as his ability to drop kick.

Later provincial career
After returning from tour, Warbrick moved to Napier, and in 1885 represented Hawke's Bay provincially, including captaining them against Poverty Bay. By 1886 he was back playing for Auckland, and that year captained them in their wins over both Wellington, and also New South Wales – who were again touring the country. He returned to Hawke's Bay for the 1887 season, and played for them against Wellington, Poverty Bay, and Canterbury. Warbrick had returned to Wellington by the 1888 season when he again played for the province.

The first British Isles side (now known as the British and Irish Lions) toured New Zealand and Australia in 1888. The side was privately organised, without the sanction or prohibition of England's Rugby Football Union, and toured New Zealand in April and May that year where they played against a number of provincial sides. Although the team was not representative of the best British and Irish players, it did include three internationals with the rest predominantly county representatives. Warbrick was in the Wellington team that faced the tourists on 13 May. The match was ill-tempered, with each side accusing the other of rough play, and eventually finished as a 3–3 draw.

1888–89 New Zealand Native football team

Preparations

In early 1888 Warbrick announced plans to assemble a Māori side to face the visiting British during their tour, but he later revealed he wanted to take a team of Māori or part-Māori to tour the British Isles. His ambition was for "Māori football" to be as famous as Australian cricket, whose national side had already developed a strong rivalry with the English. It is not known exactly when Warbrick had conceived of the idea for this tour, but it was well before the arrival of the British Isles team in April 1888.

The touring British did help demonstrate the feasibility of Warbrick's proposal, which was dauntingno New Zealand side had ever toured the Northern Hemisphere. Hearing of Warbrick's plans, civil servant Thomas Eyton contacted him to offer help managing the tour, which Warbrick accepted. By May 1888, James Scott, a publican, had joined the partnership. The three men decided that Warbrick would be the team's captain, coach and selector, Scott its manager, and Eyton its promoter. Although Warbrick had chiefly sporting reasons for conducting the tour, for Eyton and Scott profit was the major motivation.

A New Zealand Māori side had never been selected – the first official side did not play until 1910 – but Warbrick's experience in provincial rugby ensured that he was well qualified to select the team. He travelled the country trying to find players who were talented and willing to spend a year on tour. The make-up of the team changed significantly between March 1888 and when the team departed New Zealand in August. Warbrick encountered challenges assembling the side; there was opposition from some players to including part-Māori in the squad, which prompted several early recruits to withdraw.

Initially, 20 players were selected for the side, named the "New Zealand Māori team". Some of these players had strong family and playing links to Warbrick (such as his four brothers). Warbrick was eventually compelled to add five Pākehā (European non-Māori) players to the squad, which resulted in the side being renamed the "New Zealand Native football team". Warbrick may have wanted a team of exclusively Māori or part-Māori players, but according to historian Greg Ryan, including the Pākehā players was "necessary to strengthen the Native team and create a more effective combination". A further player, Pie Wynyard, was added to the side after they arrived in Britain in November 1888.

Domestic tour and British Isles

The side's first match was against Hawke's Bay on 23 June 1888, with Warbrick playing in the backs. The match was won 5–0, and was followed by a second match a week later in which Warbrick contributed 10 points in an 11–0 victory.

The next match was against a strong Auckland side, who defeated the Natives 9–0. The heavy defeat was costly for the Native team, with Warbrick breaking several bones in his foot. It was his last game until November that year, and the loss prompted the addition of Patrick Keogh – one of the five Pākehā in the side – to the squad before its departure from New Zealand.

The team departed New Zealand on 1 August 1888, and sailed to England via Melbourne. After their six-week voyage from Australia, the Native team arrived in England on 27 September 1888. Their first match was against Surrey, on 3 October, but Joe Warbrick was still injured and did not play. The side played regularly – they averaged just over three games per week while in Britain – but Warbrick did not appear until 7 November when the team faced Tynemouth. The match was won 7–1, but Warbrick – who played at fullback – exacerbated his foot injury. He managed to play six matches between mid-December and early January before he was again injured. He appeared against Stockport, a match drawn 3–3, on 12 January, but despite being fit enough to play his form was poor.

Warbrick only played twice more in the following month, and was not fit enough to be selected for the team that faced England on 16 February. The match resulted in a controversial 7–0 loss for the Natives, and included the awarding of two dubious English tries by the referee George Rowland Hill – who was also Secretary of the English Rugby Football Union (RFU). The loss and aftermath soured the relationship between Warbrick's team and the RFU – who accused the Natives of poor sportsmanship after they had protested at the awarding of the controversial tries.

By the time the team departed for Australia in late March they had played 74 matches in Britain, winning 49, losing 20, and drawing 5. However, due to injury, Warbrick only appeared in 14 matches; in contrast David Gage featured in 68, and eight other members played more than 50. Warbrick was not the only player to experience injury; the taxing schedule of matches took a toll, and he frequently struggled to find a full complement of 15 fit players. On top of playing relatively few matches in Britain, Warbrick scored only once there – a conversion against Devon.

The high injury toll and congested schedule contributed to complaints about Joe Warbrick's behaviour. His comments to the English press – who directed much of their focus towards him – were viewed negatively by some members of the squad; he was accused of neglecting to acknowledge the contributions of players such as Thomas Ellison, Gage, Keogh, and Edward McCausland but to extol the efforts of himself and his brothers.

Warbrick said of his time in the British Isles: "My impression of England and its people during the tour was a very favourable one, more especially does this apply to private individuals. I found them everywhere very kind and attentive and apparently anxious to make one's visit as pleasant as possible". The term "private individuals" may have been used to exclude from praise both the RFU and London press.

Following the tour he also criticised the partiality of the English referees, and believed that the English administrators displayed a double standard in their treatment of the Natives; the RFU treated the Native team's motives for touring with suspicion, believing the enterprise to be speculative and criticising them for not upholding the amateur principles the RFU liked to espouse. Yet the RFU continued to select Andrew Stoddart for England, despite him touring with the speculative and unsanctioned 1888 British team that travelled to New Zealand and Australia.

Australia and return to New Zealand
Warbrick and the team sailed to Australia for a leg of their tour described by historian Greg Ryan as "little more than a testimony to the motives of Scott and Eyton as speculators." Their time in Australia started in Victoria, where the side mostly played Victorian Rules Football against Melbourne clubs. These matches were played for financial rather than sporting reasons, and the team had little success at the sport. While the side only played a single rugby match in Victoria, in New South Wales and Queensland they almost exclusively played rugby. Warbrick made few appearances in Australia – two in total – but continued functioning as team captain. The Natives had not lost a rugby match in Australia when they played their second match against the Queensland representative side. The first match was won 22–0, and the second – held on 20 July – was expected to be another comfortable victory for the Natives.

However, at half-time the scores were level, and with the exception of Billy Warbrick, the Natives had played poorly. There were rumours that four of the Natives had been paid by local bookmakers to throw the match. When Joe Warbrick spoke to the team at half-time, he threatened to expose the accused players; this was enough to prompt an improvement in the Natives' play, and the side recovered to win 11–7.

The team returned to New Zealand in August 1889, but the Queensland controversy still hung over the side. The Northern Rugby Union (later renamed the Queensland Rugby Union) did not take any action over the accusations, but the Otago Rugby Union (ORU) decided to conduct an inquiry. The matter was not resolved until after the team arrived in Dunedin when the ORU announced there was no evidence "justifying the accusations", and dismissed taking any further action. The team continued to travel north and to play fixtures throughout the country. Joe Warbrick had played an earlier match in Gore – against Mataura District XVI – where he again suffered injury.

The team's final match was against Auckland on 24 August. The fixture was lost 7–2, but by this point several Native's players had departed the team, including Keogh, Ellison and Gage. Despite the grueling schedule and high number of injuries, the loss to Auckland ended a remarkable streak that had started with a victory over Widnes on 9 March; the Natives had not lost a rugby game in 31 matches, winning 30 and drawing the other. The Natives played a total of 107 rugby matches, including 74 in the British Isles, and the tour remains the longest in the sport's history.

Retirement and later life
Warbrick retired from rugby at the conclusion of the Natives' tour. He moved to the Bay of Plenty to farm, and occasionally turned out for the Tauranga representative team. Five years after he retired he made a one-match first-class comeback when he played for Auckland against Taranaki in 1894. After this match, an Auckland newspaper wrote:

Warbrick married Harriet Burt with whom he had one daughter, and he later worked as a tourist guide in the Rotorua area, where his brother Alfred was the Chief Government Guide. On 30 August 1903, while working with his brother in the geothermal region of the area, Joe Warbrick was killed. The Waimangu Geyserthen the largest geyser in the worldunexpectedly erupted with Joe Warbrick and several tourists in the vicinity; four of them, including Warbrick, were killed instantly by the superheated water ejected during the eruption before they were swept towards Lake Rotomahana. Joe Warbrick had warned one of the tourists not to venture too close to the geyser; however, she insisted on moving closer to get a better photograph. Warbrick accompanied her, and barely two minutes later the geyser erupted and killed the entire party.

Impact and legacy
As the captain and instigator of the 1888–89 Nativesthe first New Zealand team to tour the British IslesWarbrick had a lasting impact on the development of rugby in his homeland. When the Natives returned from tour they introduced a style of rugby as good as any ever seen in the country. According to Ryan, "their brand of sensational running style and combined forward play had never been seen in New Zealand." The speculative nature of the tour, which was outside the control of an official authority, concerned many of the provincial unions and gave further momentum to efforts to form a national body. In 1892 the New Zealand Rugby Football Union was founded which would, among other things, organise any representative tours. Many of the Natives went on to contribute to rugby as representative players, administrators, or referees. Two players, Ellison and Gage, went on to captain New Zealand.

In 2008 Warbrick was inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame, and is a member of the Māori Sports Awards Hall of Fame. A short film, Warbrick, written and directed by brothers Pere and Meihana Durie, was released in 2009 and depicts Joe Warbrick preparing an injury-depleted Natives squad for a match. The film was played for the All Blacks during their preparations for a match against Australia in 2009.

See also
 List of 1888–89 New Zealand Native football team matches

Notes

References

Sources

Books and articles

News

Other

External links

New Zealand international rugby union players
World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees
New Zealand rugby union players
Rugby union players from Rotorua
1862 births
1903 deaths
Natural disaster deaths in New Zealand
Māori All Blacks players
Rugby union three-quarters

Joe Warbrick


A fazenda () is a plantation found throughout Brazil during the colonial period (16th - 18th centuries). They were concentrated primarily in the northeastern region, where sugar was produced in the engenhos, expanding during the 19th century in the southeastern region to coffee production. Nowadays fazenda denotes any kind of farm in Brazilian Portuguese and occasionally in other Portuguese varieties as well.

Fazendas created major export commodities for Brazilian trade, but also led to intensification of slavery in Brazil. Coffee provided a new basis for agricultural expansion in southern Brazil. In the provinces of Rio de Janeiro and then São Paulo, coffee estates, or fazendas, began to spread toward the interior as new lands were opened. By 1850 coffee made up more than 50% of Brazil's exports, which amounted to more than half of the world's coffee production.

Along with the expansion of coffee growing came an intensification of slavery as the country's primary form of labor. More than 1.4 million Africans were forced into slavery in Brazil in the last 50 years of the slave trade, and even after the trans-Atlantic slave trade ended, slavery continued in the country until 1888, when it was abolished by the so-called Golden Law.

Because of the increased profit from the coffee trade, the years after 1850 saw considerable growth and prosperity in Brazil.  Railroads, steamships and telegraph lines were introduced in Brazil, all paid for by the money the fazendas supplied from their coffee crop. In growing cities such as Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, a middle class consisting of merchants, lawyers and an urban working class grew, once again, paid for by the money coming from the fazendas.

Modern forced labour practices
More than 130 years after the end of slavery, forced labour practices in Brazil still occur in both rural and urban areas, mainly through debt bondage schemes. In rural areas, workers are detained on farms until they pay their debts, which are often fraudulently incurred. Their identity documents and work permits are often seized by the employer. They are often under surveillance of armed guards. Those who protest are physically threatened; if they try to escape, they may be killed.

See also

 Coffee cycle
Hacienda

References

Coffee production
Colonial Brazil
Debt bondage
European colonization of South America
History of agriculture in Brazil
Plantations
Slavery in Brazil

Fazenda


The John Watson House, also known as the Intervale Farm, is a historic house on Benny Babb Hill Road in Hiram, Maine.  Built in 1785 by one of Hiram's first settlers, it is now the oldest building in the town, and is a well-preserved example of late Georgian architecture.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

Description and history
John Watson, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War, arrived in the area that is now Hiram in 1778, and established a homestead on the east bank of the Saco River.  His first house was washed away by spring flooding in 1785, after which he built the present house on higher ground above the river.

The main block of the house Watson built is a large rectangular timber-frame structure, with a large central chimney, hip roof, and a cut granite foundation.  The combination of hip roof and central chimney is particularly rare for houses of this period in Maine.  The main facade is five bays wide, with a central entrance that has early 19th-century Federal style features, with sidelight windows above recessed panels, and a broad louvered fan above.  The main block was extended in the early 20th century with -story Colonial Revival wings on either side, each with four round-arch windows.  The wing on the right joins the house to a -story shed and garage, which were probably originally detached from the house.

The interior of the main block has retained much of its original material.  A narrow and winding staircase leads up the second floor between the entrance vestibule and the chimney, and there are large rooms on either side.  The kitchen, with a large open fireplace, is a long room that extends the width of the block behind the chimney.  There are four bedrooms on the second floor.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Oxford County, Maine

References

Houses completed in 1785
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Georgian architecture in Maine
Houses in Oxford County, Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Oxford County, Maine

John Watson House (Hiram, Maine)


Onitsha na one town wey dey for di Easta aria of Riva Niger wey dey inside Anambra Stet for Naija. Pipu wey dey live an du bizness for Onitsha plenti wel-wel an difren difren maket wey dem de make difren tins full Onitsha. Na inside Onitsha di main maket wey dem dey kol "Onitsha Main Maket" dey.

How Onitsha tek stat
Bifor bifor, dem no "Onitsha mmili" as "Onitsha Ado na Idu".Dis Igbo town don de dia for meni years bifor dem pak fom Riva Niger kom go live for inside Onitsha kommuniti. Wen dem rish di East-bank, dem kom stat to kom togeda an smol smol dem kom fom one kindom. Dem chenj fom pipul wey jost bi roya vilej to pipul wey odas pupil wey no bi loya vilej stil kom fit stey.

How Onitsha tek popula
Smol smol, Onitsha kom bi impotat tradin park for "Royal Niger Company " for mid-1980s. Afta dey stop to dey sel pipul as slave bikos of stim enjin wey dey transport pipul from Europe move into di hinterland.To sel an bai pam-kanel an pam-oil an odas plant kom inkris for di koast wey dey  kol "Bight of Biafra" halong di Riva side for 19th century. For di year 1857, British pam-oil trada fom dia stashion for di siti an di Kristen missionari join dem for di bizness. Di pipul wey dey lid di kristen missionari na Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowder an Reverend John Taylor. For year wey bi 1900, Onitsha kom bi pat of di aria wey British Govament dey protet. British government an Kristen missionari enta Igbo-land kom bi administrative for skul an choch araund Riva port inside Onitsha. For year wey bi 1965, dem build di Niger-Riva Bridge to riples di yuz of boat to kross di wota.Dis one kom mek bayii an Selina wit Westa Naija wasi an koneshion wit Binin siti an Legos kom dey posibu.Di Naija sivu war skata meni tins for Onitsha bikos na fom Onitsha Westa dorar tek enta Biafra.Di oil bizness wet hapun in di 1970 an earli 1980s mek meni pipul mov to Onitsha.As pipul dey plenti for Onitsha, dey kom stat to build enihow house for di town an dis one kom mek di livin kondishion for Onitsha bad wel wel.

Onitsha Pipul an díá Kolshor
Onitsha bin get nine vilej wey Dem no as "Ebo-Itenani".Dis pipul kom fom  Umuezechima wey get Isiokwe, Olosi, Umuezearoli, Okebunabo, Obikporo an Ogbeotu wey sey dia orijin na fom Igala for inside Kogi Stet, Awada (Ogbeozoma), Obamkpa wey stil get Umuasele, Iyiawu and Odoge-Ndugbe, an Odumegwu-Gbuagu, Ubulu na Ikem, Ulutu, Ubene, Ogboli-Eke, Obior and Ogbeotu. For di grup, dem get six Administrative wards wey dem dey kol: Okebunabo, Umuezearoli, Ogbeolu, Isiokwe na Ogboli Olosi, Obamkpa, and Eke na Ubeme.
Onitsha dey operate tradishonal sistem of govamet wey dia lida na Obi. Di Obi get pipul wey dey assist am wey dia taitu bi Ndi-Ichie, Red cap eldas or shifs. Amov di Ndi-Ichie, we get di Ndi-Ichie Ume wey bi di fest klass shifs. Dem put  Ndi-Ichie into six katigori, dem bi: Onowu Iyasele, Ajie Ukadiugwu, Odu Osodi, Onya Ozoma, Ogene Onira and Owelle Osowa. Onowu Iyasele na im bi di tradishional Prime Minista.
Dem stil get sekod klass Ndi-Ichie wey bi Ndi-Ichie Okwa an third klass Ndi-Ichie wey bi Ndi-Ichie Okwareze. Di Ndi-Ichie dey saf as kansu of advaisa   to di Obi.Enitime wey di Obi wan mek eni disison wey go konsain di kindom, e go kol di Ndi-Ichie for advais.
Wen Obi kpai, na di Onowu-Iyasele go tek control onti dey chuz anoda Obi.
Once every year for di month of October, di kingdom of Onitsha de hold one festival wey dem dey call Ofala Festival. Dis festival dey happen di same time wey many part of Igbo-land dey celebrate dia New yam festival. Dis na one way wey di pipu of Onitsha de take keep dia culture alive and e don become big festival as pipu from different-different part of di world de come see am.

Geography
Onitsha dey for di East-west crossing point of di Niger River and e still de cover di north part wey big-big ship de pass. For di past, na dis things make Onitsha a major centre for buying and selling between di coastal regions and di north and between di eastern and Western Nigeria. Onitsha get one of di few roads wey mile-wide Niger-River. Plan still dey on ground to create a second bridge near am.
Di fast growth for di number of pipu wey de move to Onitsha don get bad effect on di natural vegetation and di general view of di land-scape.

How di place take turn to city
For early 1960s, before the Nigerian Civil war( check Biafra war) the total number of pipu wey dey for Onitsha na 76,000 according to census record. Onitsha town dey different in many ways,the great Chinua Achebe ( wey Dem born and raised for the town of Ogede) describe Onitsha as town wey get "esoteric region from which creativity sallies forth at will to manifest itself" "a zone of occult instability"(check Onitsha matters). Onitsha don really play important role for the creative change of urban life for eastern Nigeria wey de known as the setting for Onitsha market literature and one of the financing centre and distributor of Nollywood films for Nigeria. As the number of pipu de increase, building and housing problem come dey. Pipu come de build any how without proper zoning and arrangements this one come make catacata and over crowding for house with lawlessness come plenty. According to the World Health Organization Global urban Ambient Air pollution record update of 2016, Onitsha na im get pollution pass for Africa.
For recent times, as Onitsha start to expand enter other community arround am,them don start to get land ownership dispute with pipu of Obosi and Nkweche Ezunka. Fegge, Woliwo, Odoakpu, Awada, and 3-3 na the Metropolitan areas Onitsha dey drag with the communities of Obosi and Nkwelle Ezunanka.

How biznes be for dia
For 2012, the state government form a joint Venture wey bring SAB Miller Brewery come invest for Onitsha Brewery wey start for August 2012. Na the first big investment for inside Onitsha since when them establish Premier Brewery wey be the maker of Premier beer for the early part of1980. For January they announce sey if them upgrade the brewery with $110million, production of beer and malt drinks go triple.

Religion and Politics
Na Christianity almost everybody for Onitsha dey practice. Some persons from northern and western Nigeria dey practice Islam. For February 2006,armed militant kill up 24 ethnic Hausa Fulani(Muslim) and burn some Muslim sites and two mosques building. Wetin cause this one na the riot wey happen for Maiduguri wey be Muslim city. For that riot them kill at least 18 Christian and na the cartoon controversy for Denmark na im cause the riot for Maiduguri.

Onitsha


Rahtree Reborn () (also known as Buppah Rahtree 3.1) is a 2009 Thai comedy-horror film written and directed by Yuthlert Sippapak. It is a sequel to the 2005 film, Buppah Rahtree Phase 2: Rahtree Returns.

Plot

Ten years passing by, Buppha is reincarnated as a young girl named Pla who is abandoned by her mother, leaving her with her barber stepfather, who often beats her in his anger. As a result, she becomes a problem child who is bullied by her classmates at school.

One day, she takes a razor from her stepfather's barbershop and starts attacking people at school, after which she leaves and goes to Buppha's apartment, where she unexpectedly encounters a man who is masturbating. Pla is murdered by him and becomes a ghost which also haunts Buppha's apartment. She awakes Buppha's ghost and uses her to take her revenge against all men.

After word gets out that the apartment block is haunted, the unoccupied flats become an illegal casino, and the good-looking Rung, who has a sixth sense which enables him to see ghosts, moves in after his girlfriend breaks up with him. The death toll in the apartment block rises, and Rung and his friends are also chased by the girl's ghost.

One day, Rung meets Buppha, who used to be his tutor when he was a kid, in the communal space in the building. Soon, he falls in love with her. However, Rung isn't aware that his crush indeed is the haunting and dangerous spirit that he needs to avoid. But he is too late and his sweet dream turns to nightmare as Buppha is now on the hunt again.

Cast
 Mario Maurer as Rung
 Laila Boonyasak as Buppah
 Santisuk Promsiri as Father
 Nudtawan Saksiri as Pla
 Somlek Sakdikul as Master Tong
 Chantana Kittiyapan as Sister Three
 Kristine Vongvanij as Ying
 Aang Terdterng as Security Guard (as Suton Vechkama)
 Saicheer Wongwirot as Neung
 Piya Chanasattu as Peud
 Supapit Kokphon as Moo
 Yosawat Sitiwong as Tee

References

External links

2009 films
2000s ghost films
Thai ghost films
Sahamongkol Film International films
Thai comedy horror films
Thai-language films
2009 comedy horror films
Thai sequel films
Films about reincarnation
Films about child abuse
Films about bullying
Haunted house films

Rahtree Reborn