TVP3 Warszawa (TVP3 Warsaw) is one of the regional branches of the TVP, Poland's public television broadcaster. It serves the entire Masovian Voivodeship with particular dedication to the Warsaw metropolitan area. From 1992 till 2003 it was branded WOT (Warszawski Ośrodek Telewizyjny, Warsaw Television Centre), then till 2007 TVP3 Warszawa and since October 2007 it has been using its current name.

Since the reorganisation of TVP's regional broadcasting in 2013, TVP3 Warszawa has been part of TVP Regionalna, a network of TVP's 16 regional branches. It has its own digital, free-to-air channel branded TVP3 Warszawa, but it produces only several hours of programming a day and the rest of the schedule is filled with network programming.

The main studios are located at the TVP news compound in central Warsaw and local bureaus are in Płock, Radom and Siedlce.

Programs
Some of the best known TVP Warszawa's programmes include:
Telewizyjny Kurier Warszawski (Warsaw Television Chronicle) - local news from the Warsaw area (the oldest news program in Poland)
Telewizyjny Kronika Mazowiecki (Mazovia Television Chronicle) - regional news from the voivodeship
Kronika Warszawy i Mazowsza (Warsaw & Masovia Chronicle) - combined news from Warsaw and the voivodeship
Raport na gorąco (Hot Report or translating less literally First Hand Report) - news from traffic accidents etc. gathered by reporters on motorbikes
Wywiad Kronika (The Chronicle's Interview) - local interview show, often with local political topics
Ratownicy (The Rescuers) - reports from the work of Warsaw's emergency services

References

External links

Telewizja Polska
Television channels and stations established in 1958
1958 establishments in Poland
Mass media in Warsaw

TVP3 Warszawa


Charles Robert Senhouse Pitman, DSO, MC (19 March 1890 – 18 September 1975) was a noted herpetologist, conservationist and friend of Joy Adamson.

Early life
Charles Pitman was born in Bombay and educated at the Royal Naval School, Eltham, at Blundell's School in Tiverton, and at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, which he left in 1909 having obtained a commission in the Indian Army.

Military career
After a brief initial posting, Pitman joined the 27th Punjabis with which he stayed from 1910 to 1921 when he retired from the army to take up farming in Kenya. During his army career, which spanned the First World War, Pitman fought in Mesopotamia (where he was awarded the DSO and MC), and also in Egypt and France.

Life in Africa
In 1924 Pitman was offered the position of Game Warden of the Uganda Protectorate. After his marriage to Marjorie Fielding Duncan, he assumed this post which he held from 1925 to 1951, interrupted only by three years (1931–1933) spent in Northern Rhodesia as Acting Game Warden and undertaking a faunal survey, and by five years (1941–1946) during which he was Director, Security Intelligence (Uganda).

Later life
After leaving Uganda in 1951, Pitman and his wife moved to London and during this time Pitman was very active with conservation and preservation groups such as the Elsa Foundation, the Fauna Preservation Society, and the Rare Breeds Survival Trust. He kept up an active correspondence with other naturalists such as Joy Adamson and C.J.P. Ionides.

Writings and research
Correspondence was one of the primary ways in which Pitman conducted his zoological, herpetological, and ornithological research, as he relied almost solely on his own observations or the first-hand observations of others for data. This is particularly apparent in his files relating to the second edition of his Guide to the Snakes of Uganda (1974). This book, which was originally published in serial form in the Uganda Journal (1936–1937), is the foundation for Pitman's reputation as a methodical and exhaustive herpetologist. The Ugandan forester and naturalist, William Julius Eggeling, supplied a large number of snakes to Pitman.
Pitman was not limited to one area of research, however, and planned to publish, and at the time of his death had completed the typescript of, a book on elephants. This was to have been illustrated with his own photographs, as were his other autobiographical books, A Game Warden Among His Charges (1931) and A Game Warden Takes Stock (1942). As well as books, Pitman published a plethora of articles, in scientific and popular journals, magazines and newspapers.

Pitman's work became known to the public through radio interviews and newspaper articles concerning East Africa and the need for game conservation.

Pitman's support of museum collections, especially the Hebrew University, Natural History Museum, Liverpool Museum, The Royal Albert Museum, Exeter, and the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, was generous and long-continued. For example, Pitman donated some three thousand meticulously documented clutches of eggs, to the Natural History Museum.

The Pitman Collection
Charles Pitman's papers were given to the Natural History Museum in 1975 by his wife shortly following her husband's death and The Pitman Collection is catalogued on URICA under BRN 299618 (shelf mark Z MSS PIT).

Two folders of notes and correspondence on Uganda had been deposited by Pitman at the Rhodes House Library (part of the main Bodleian Library in Oxford. Rhodes House also holds a complete set of Annual Reports of the Game Department in Uganda which Pitman wrote from 1925 to 1951. A 12-inch LP disc, Birds of the Drakensberg by Henley and Pooley published in 1970, and a 6-inch Bird Sounds and Songs by Stannard published in 1971, as well as two unpublished acetate discs bearing recordings of Pitman talking about his conservation work, have been deposited with the British Library Sound Archive.

Legacy
A species of lamprophiid snake, Prosymna pitmani, is named in honour of Charles Pitman.

Publications
A game warden among his charges. 1931. London: Nisbet & Co. Ltd. 336pp. LCCN: 32003884.
A report on a faunal survey of Northern Rhodesia with especial reference to game, elephant control, and national parks. 1934. Government Printer (Livingstone). LCCN: 36014685.
 Pitman, C.R.S. 1938. A Guide to the Snakes of Uganda. Kampala: Uganda Society, Kampala, 102pp.
A game warden takes stock. 1942. London: J. Nisbet. 287pp. LCCN: 43003441
A Guide to the Snakes of Uganda. 1974. London: Codicote, Wheldon & Wesley, Ltd. 102 pp. .

Sources

Obituary of Capt C. R. S. Pitman, The Times, Monday, 22 Sep 1975 (pg. 14; Issue 59507; col G)
The National Archives, Records of The Pitman Collection; (1876–1975) held by the Natural History Museum
History of the Herpetological Association of Africa, Donald G. Broadley, Published in African Herp News No. 25: October 1996
The Letters of Joy Adamson, Extracted 11 August 2009

1890 births
1975 deaths
People educated at the Royal Naval School
People educated at Blundell's School
British Indian Army officers
British naturalists
British herpetologists
Indian Army personnel of World War I
British conservationists
Recipients of the Military Cross
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Nature conservation in Uganda
20th-century British zoologists
20th-century naturalists

Charles Pitman (game warden)


African immigration to the United States refers to immigrants to the United States who are or were nationals of modern African countries. The term African in the scope of this article refers to geographical or national origins rather than racial affiliation. Between the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 and 2017 the African born population in the United States grew to 2.1 million people.

Immigration
African-American people


The George S. Patton slapping incidents refer to two events that involved an American general, George S. Patton. These happened during the World War II Allied campaign in Sicily. General Patton  slapped two soldiers he thought were cowards who were in hospitals for battle fatigue. The general lost his command. He was sent back to England and played no part in the D-Day landing in Normandy.

Background

George Patton believed it was part of a general's work to visit his wounded soldiers in hospitals. He did this more than other generals, even though he personally found it hard to do. His usual visit included talking to the soldiers and telling them how much he appreciated their courage. His aides followed him, pinning medals on soldiers as they went. General Omar Bradley, who knew Patton well, said that when it came to his men Patton was softhearted in spite of his gruff manner.

Growing up, Patton had serious doubts about himself. He came from a long line of military heroes and one of his greatest fears was that he might be a coward in battle. Through his own strength of will, he conquered his fear. He expected the same from all the men he commanded. Any display of fear reminded him of his own earlier problems with fear.

Incidents

On 3 August 1943, Patton was visiting the 15th Evacuation Hospital. He found a soldier sitting on a supply box. The General asked him what he was there for. The soldier, Private Charles H. Kuhl, said "I guess I just can't take it."  The general was immediately angry: he swore at the soldier and slapped him with his gloves. The soldier had malaria and dysentery.

A week later, at the 93rd Evacuation Hospital, the general came upon Private Paul G. Bennet lying on a bed.  In reply to Patton's usual question of what was wrong with him, the soldier replied "it's my nerves."  The general yelled "What did you say?" Bennet repeated himself. Then Patton angrily swore at the soldier, calling him a coward. He hit the soldier and told him he had to return to the front lines. He even reached for his pistol. Patton was still yelling when he left the hospital tent.

Effects

When Patton and his army entered Messina (16 August 1943), General Eisenhower wrote him, saying he had received word of the slapping incidents.  Eisenhower told Patton there was no excuse for losing his temper in front of his soldiers. He said there was no excuse for brutality of the sick and injured. He ordered Patton to publicly apologize to their divisions and to the two men personally. Patton wrote Eisenhower a note of apology, then he proceeded to address his troops as he was ordered. On 30 August, he was giving his public apology for the third and last time to the 3rd Division: Patton was giving his short speech when his troops sensed he was about to apologize. They started chanting "No general, no, no; General, no, no." They cut him off from his apology and would not let him give it. Overcome with emotion Patton left the stage.

The incidents were considered handled by Eisenhower and Army Chief of Staff George Marshall and news reporters were told not to file any stories on the incidents. In November 1943, however, one American columnist, Drew Pearson, filed the story anyway, accusing the Army of a cover-up. The American people, however, still mostly were behind Patton. The Germans were amused at the story and at the Americans: they saw nothing wrong with a general slapping a soldier. But Patton was too valuable to dismiss, so in early January 1944, Eisenhower sent him back to England. There he was placed in command of the First United States Army Group. It was an army that did not exist and was only intended to fool the Germans. The Germans thought Patton would lead the invasion of Europe, whenever it came. For the next six months, Patton was on his good behavior. After the D-Day landings, he was given command of the US 3rd Army in Normandy.

References

Other websites
 On This Day: George S. Patton Slaps Hospitalized Soldier, ''Finding Dulcinea

World War II

George S. Patton slapping incidents


is one of seven wards of Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan, located in the east-central part of the city. It is the second smallest of the seven wards of Hamamatsu in terms of area, after Naka-ku. It is bordered by Hamakita-ku, Kita-ku, Minami-ku, and Naka-ku.

Higashi-ku was created on April 1, 2007 when Hamamatsu became a city designated by government ordinance (a "designated city").

Higashi-ku is served by Tenryūgawa Station on the Tōkaidō Main Line, and by Jidōsha-Gakkō-Mae Station, Saginomiya Station, Sekishi Station and Enshū-Nishigasaki Station on the Enshū Railway Line.

Education

The Hamamatsu campus of Escola Alegria de Saber, a network of Brazilian international schools, is in Higashi-ku.

References

Wards of Hamamatsu

Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu


Girl with a Pearl Earring is a 2008 play.  Adapted by David Joss Buckley from the 1999 novel of the same title by Tracy Chevalier, it premiered at the Cambridge Arts Theatre.  It then received its London premiere at the Theatre Royal Haymarket on 29 September 2008, directed by Joe Dowling and designed by Peter Mumford.  Its London run had been scheduled to end on 1 November, but after largely poor reviews and in a poor financial climate it closed early on 18 October.

London cast
Niall Buggy - Van Ruijven
Adrian Dunbar - Johannes Vermeer
Jonathan Bailey - Pieter
Kimberley Nixon - Griet
Sara Kestelman - Maria Thins
Flora Spencer-Longhurst - Cornelia Vermeer

See also
Girl with a Pearl Earring, c. 1665 Vermeer painting

Notes

External links
Theatre's brush with painting - Guardian, 1 October 2008

2008 plays
Plays based on novels
Plays based on real people
American plays
Cultural depictions of Johannes Vermeer

Girl with a Pearl Earring (play)


Armando Allen, Jr. (born April 30, 1989) is a former American football running back. He played professionally for two seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the Chicago Bears. He was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent in 2011. Allen played college football at the University of Notre Dame. He was the Running Backs Coach and Recruiting Coordinator for Charleston Southern University from 2019–2021. Allen previously held the position of assistant coach at Texas Southern University.

Early years
Allen played high school football at Hialeah-Miami Lakes High School in Hialeah, Florida. A preseason fractured fibula ended his 2006 senior season before it ever began. However, he rushed for 1,095 yards and 12 touchdowns as junior in 2005, despite missing three games to injury. He was selected for 2007 U.S. Army All-American Bowl in San Antonio but did not participate because of his injury. Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Allen was listed as the No. 2 all-purpose back in the nation. He chose Notre Dame over offers from Tennessee, Duke and Florida.

College career
As a freshman, he started 4 games in which he recorded a team-best 1,176 all-purpose yards, averaging 98.0 yards per game. He was the second-leading rusher on the team with 348 yards on 86 carries. As a sophomore in 2008, he started 8 games in which he led the Irish in rushing with 585 yards on 134 carries (4.4 avg) and added three touchdowns. He also ranked second on the team with 50 receptions and tallied 355 receiving yards and two touchdowns. As a junior, he only played in 8 games (7 starts) because of injury, but he was still able to lead the Irish in rushing for second straight season with 697 yards and three touchdowns on 142 carries. In his final season as a senior, playing in only 8 games due to a hip injury, ranked second on the team in rushing with 514 yards on 107 carries (4.8) and added two touchdowns.

He finished his 4-year career at Notre Dame rushing for 2144 yards on 469 carries (4.6 Avg) and 8 touchdowns. He lived up to the hype as being an all-purpose back, by recording 4337 all-purpose yards, which is 5th most in school history. He graduated with a degree in sociology.

Professional career

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Allen was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent on July 27, 2011. However, he was waived during final cuts on September 3.

Chicago Bears
Allen was signed to the Chicago Bears practice squad on September 5, 2011. He was promoted to the active roster on December 19. Allen made his debut on Christmas Day against the Green Bay Packers and rushed for 40 yards on 11 carries. Allen lost the third running back battle to Lorenzo Booker, and was waived on August 31, 2012.

Allen scored his first career touchdown run against the Jacksonville Jaguars on October 7, 2012, the longest touchdown run by a Bears player since Matt Forte's 68-yard run in 2010. Though he became an exclusive rights free agent in 2013, Allen signed his tender on March 28. He was released on August 30, 2013.

References

External links
 Notre Dame bio
 ESPN.com bio
 Chicago Bears bio

1989 births
Living people
Players of American football from Miami-Dade County, Florida
Hialeah-Miami Lakes Senior High School alumni
American football running backs
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Chicago Bears players
Texas Southern Tigers football coaches

Armando Allen


Normative ethics is a branch of ethics, that looks to establish norms of how people ought to behave, and act in certain situations.  It also looks at how norms and values are formed in a society.  It looks at what is good, and right in a moral sense.

Philiospohers such as Aristotle and  Saint Thomas Aquinas looked at the question what virtue really is; from this a branch called virtue ethics develped.

People like Immanuel Kant, with his categorical imperative, John Rawls with his contractualism, or John Locke with his theory of natural rights are seen as advocating deontological ethics today.

Utilitarianism says that an action is right, if it makes more people happy.

These are common branches of normative ethics.

Ethics

Normative ethics


Noël Chiboust (October 4, 1909, Thorigny-sur-Marne - January 17, 1994, Pau) was a French jazz trumpeter and reedist.

Chiboust started out as a violinist, playing in Ray Ventura's orchestra from 1928 to 1931, but settled on trumpet soon after. He did a stint in the French army, then played trumpet in the mid-1930s with Freddy Johnson, Michel Warlop, Coleman Hawkins, and Guy Paquinet. By 1937, he had switched instruments again, this time to tenor saxophone; on this instrument, he worked with Bill Coleman, Joe Keyes, Serge Glykson, Raymond Wraskoff, and Fred Adison. He founded his own ensemble in 1941, which he led until 1969; he continued playing locally with his own big band even after retiring from active touring.

References
Michel Laplace, "Noël Chiboust". The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. 2nd edition, ed. Barry Kernfeld.

French jazz trumpeters
Male trumpeters
French jazz saxophonists
Male saxophonists
French jazz violinists
French jazz clarinetists
French jazz bandleaders
1909 births
1994 deaths
20th-century saxophonists
20th-century trumpeters
20th-century French male violinists
20th-century French male musicians
French male jazz musicians

Noël Chiboust


Kauhava is a town and municipality in Southern Ostrobothnia, Finland. It had 15,319 people living there on 31 December 2021. The municipalities next to it are Evijärvi, Isokyrö, Lappajärvi, Lapua, Nykarleby, Pedersöre, Seinäjoki and Vörå.

The bordering municipalities of Alahärmä, Kortesjärvi and Ylihärmä were merged with Kauhava on 1 January 2009.

Other websites

 Town of Kauhava — Official website

Towns in Finland
Municipalities of South Ostrobothnia

Kauhava


The Futures Industry Association (FIA) is a prominent global trade organization that represents the interests of the futures, options, and derivatives markets, including futures commission merchants and principal traders. Founded in 1955, the FIA has played a crucial role in shaping the futures industry, advocating for market participants, and fostering the growth of these markets worldwide. With a diverse membership comprising exchanges, clearinghouses, trading firms, banks, and other industry stakeholders, the FIA acts as a unified voice for the futures industry.

Walt Lukken is the president and CEO of the FIA, having succeeded John Damgard in 2012.

Mission and Objectives
The primary mission of the Futures Industry Association is to promote open, transparent, and competitive futures and derivatives markets. The association is committed to advancing the interests of its members and the broader financial community by advocating for sound policies, market integrity, and regulatory reforms. Key objectives of the FIA include:

Advocacy and Policy Development: The FIA engages with regulatory authorities, policymakers, and lawmakers on a global scale to provide expertise and insights into the futures and derivatives markets. It actively participates in the formulation of regulations and policies that impact the industry, ensuring that the interests of market participants are well-represented.

Market Integrity and Standardization: The association places significant emphasis on maintaining market integrity and instilling trust among market participants. It promotes best practices and standardization in the industry to foster a robust and resilient marketplace.

Education and Research: The FIA serves as a valuable educational resource for its members and the public by providing relevant research, publications, and training programs. By fostering knowledge and understanding, it helps market participants navigate the complexities of the futures and derivatives markets.

International Collaboration: Recognizing the global nature of the futures industry, the FIA actively collaborates with other industry associations and regulatory bodies around the world. This cooperation ensures that best practices are shared and implemented across different jurisdictions, contributing to a harmonized regulatory environment.

Market Growth and Innovation: The association supports innovation within the industry, encouraging the development of new products and technologies that enhance market efficiency while managing risks appropriately. It also works towards expanding the reach of the futures and derivatives markets to new geographies and customer segments.

Activities and Initiatives
The Futures Industry Association engages in various activities and initiatives to achieve its mission and objectives:

Advocacy Efforts: The FIA communicates regularly with regulatory bodies and policymakers, providing feedback on proposed regulations, advocating for improvements to existing rules, and presenting industry positions on critical issues.

Conferences and Events: The FIA organizes conferences, seminars, and forums that bring together industry experts, policymakers, and market participants. These events facilitate networking opportunities, knowledge sharing, and discussions on the latest developments in the industry.

Research and Publications: The association produces research reports, whitepapers, and educational materials on a wide range of topics, including market trends, risk management, and technological advancements.

Training and Certification: The FIA offers training programs and certification courses for professionals working in the futures and derivatives markets, supporting their career development and promoting a highly skilled workforce.

Collaboration with Regulators: The FIA actively collaborates with regulatory bodies to address industry challenges, enhance market infrastructure, and ensure that regulatory frameworks are well-suited to the evolving needs of the industry.

References

External links

Trade associations based in the United States

Futures Industry Association


The Magnus Theatre - The Dr. S. Penny Petrone Centre for the Performing Arts in Thunder Bay, Ontario was founded in 1971 and is Northwestern Ontario's professional theatre company.

History

Founded by British director Burton Lancaster, who had the idea to create a new theatre company with the help of Dusty Miller (the first Chair of the Arts and Heritage Committee of Thunder Bay, and former Mayor of Thunder Bay), and Carol Bell, (a former Hillcrest High School drama teacher), a citizen's coalition was formed.

The original building was across from the Slovakian Hall in the famous East End of Fort William, now Thunder Bay. Although it was small and run-down, it had charm, enough space to house the stage and the essential facilities and it was available for rent. Eventually, Lancaster transformed this small hall at 639 McLaughlin Street into the full-fledged professional theatre company that Magnus has become.

By 1977, it had become the only professional theatre company between Winnipeg and Sudbury, and it was supported by the Canada Council, Ontario Arts Council, the City of Thunder Bay, local businesses, and theatre patrons.

Building upon Lancaster's initial vision, each successive Artistic Director has taken the Magnus reigns and strengthened the theatre's local and national profile. From 1977 to 1982, Tibor Feheregyhazi created a community-focused company and built the local audience base for mainstage productions. Following Tibor, Brian Richmond took over from 1982 to 1987 and established a high national profile for Magnus by producing new Canadian plays. Other theatres subsequently produced many of these plays across the country, firmly placing Magnus on the Canadian professional theatre map. In 1987, Michael McLaughlin took over and shifted the focus back to the community as he further established the local audience base. McLaughlin also initiated the successful Theatre in Education program to further develop the strong ties that Magnus and the community share. From 1992 to 2016, Mario Crudo placed his focus on the following areas: strengthening and broadening ties with the community, partnerships, generating new interest in mainstage productions, advancing new play development, and solidifying adult regional touring and other outreach programs. Thom Currie is the current Artistic Director of Magnus Theatre.

Magnus inaugurated its 2001-2002 30th Anniversary Season in a newly built theatre attached to the historic Central School House, which houses Magnus' administrative offices, in Waverley Park heritage district. Central School was the first school in the City of Port Arthur. In 1884,  of Waverley Park land were granted by the Crown to the Public School Trustees and the original structure was built. The renovation of the school also included the preservation and enhancement of the Waverley Park Heritage Conservation District and Magnus Theatre was renamed in honor of one of their generous patrons, Dr. S. Penny Petrone Centre for the Performing Arts.

In 1998, Magnus received the Lieutenant Governor's Award for the Arts from the Ontario Arts Council Foundation. The award recognized the Organization's exceptional private sector and community support. This award certainly justified the dedicated work of the Organization's management and Board to supplementing the Company's operating support through innovative sponsorship initiatives and other fundraising campaigns.

External links

Official Website

References

Theatre companies in Ontario
Culture of Thunder Bay
Buildings and structures in Thunder Bay
Tourist attractions in Thunder Bay District

Magnus Theatre


Ace of Cups is a card used in Latin suited playing cards (Italian, Spanish and tarot decks). It is the Ace from the suit of Cups. In Tarot, it is part of what card readers call the "Minor Arcana", and as the first in the suit of Cups, signifies beginnings in the area of the social and emotional in life.

Tarot cards are used throughout much of Europe to play tarot card games.

In English-speaking countries, where the games are largely unknown, Tarot cards came to be used primarily for Tarot reading. Some people believe the card depicts the Holy Grail.

Symbolism
In Tarot reading, the Ace of Cups means joy and inner peace from friends and family. In the Rider–Waite–Smith deck, the five streams pouring out of the cup represent the five senses: sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch.

As a symbol of possibility in the area of deep feelings, intimacy, attunement, compassion and love, in divination, it shows that a seed of emotional awareness has been planted in your life, though you may not yet recognize it. When the seed sprouts, it could take almost any form. It might be an attraction, strong feeling, intuitive knowing, or sympathetic reaction. On the outside, it could be an offer, gift, opportunity, encounter, or synchronistic event.

Divination
This Ace requires the diviner to examine their life to see how creating love works there. This card often means that love is the essence of the situation, the heart of the matter. It may or may not be romantic love, and can depend on other cards around it. The inquirer may be guided to look for ways to connect with others at this level: is there someone to forgive, or is forgiveness even needed? Can anger be replaced with peace, division replaced with empathy? Is it necessary to let feelings show? Shared or kept secret, The Ace of Cups always indicates "your time" is coming or may be arriving presently.

This card also suggests inner attunement and spirituality. Cups are the suit of the heart, and the Ace stands for the direct knowing that comes from the heart. Suggestions for interpretation include: "Trust what your feelings are telling you," "Seek out ways to explore your consciousness, seek out paths that lead to your connections with Spirit," "Allow the power of your emotions to guide you in a new direction," and "Embrace the love that is the Ace of Cups."

Key meanings
According to one source, these are five key meanings associated with the Ace of Cups:

 Abundance
 Creativity
 Intense relationship
 Satisfaction
 Success

Function
The Ace of Cups represents issues of love, intimacy, deeper feelings, and compassion. It announces the new beginning of great possibility in this area of life. It can mark the start of a new relationship, or a deeper connection to an existing one. While this may be a romantic relationship, it can also signify a friendship. A seed has been planted and once it sprouts, it can take almost any form, from an attraction to an intuitive knowing. Trust in the feelings that are present. Furthermore, this card can signify a gift or opportunity. An offer may be forthcoming. If this card appears on a reading where a reader wants to understand a timeline for any situation, an ace of cup symbolizes a duration of one week. Reversed, this card indicates that the creation of a deeper connection to another is being blocked. This can be due to circumstances or because of a fear of intimacy. This is the time to consider how the past is connected to the present, and how it may be interfering with closeness to others. Examine circumstances in life to determine if time, other people, or work is getting in the way of developing new relationships.

References

External links

Suit of Cups

Ace of Cups


Cottii Regnum was a small independent kingdom in northwestern Italy. It included most of an important road over the pass of Mont Genevre and Mont Cenis into Gaul. The pass was in use by about 100 BC.

In 58 BC, Julius Caesar met with some resistance on crossing it, but seems afterwards to have entered into friendly relations with Donnus, the king of the district; he must have used it frequently, and referred to it as the shortest route. Donnus's son Cottius erected the triumphal arch at his capital Segusio, the modern Susa, in honour of Augustus.

The kingdom was included in the Roman Empire under Nero about AD 64, when it became a province under the title of "Alpes Cottiae," being governed by a procurator Augusti, though it still kept its old name also.

References

Attribution:

Italian states

Cottii Regnum


Hanle (also spelt Anle) is a large historic village in the Indian union territory of Ladakh. The revenue village of Hanle comprises six hamlets — Bhok, Dhado, Punguk, Khuldo, Naga and Tibetan Refugee habitation —within 1073 sq km Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary in Changthang plateau. It is the site of the 17th century Hanle Monastery (gompa) of the Drukpa Kagyu branch of Tibetan Buddhism. Hanle is located in the Hanle River valley on an old branch of the ancient Ladakh–Tibet trade route. Hanle is the home of Hanle observatory (ISO - Indian Astronomical Observatory), the tenth (see List of highest astronomical observatories) highest optical telescope in the world in India's first dark-sky preserve.

Geography

Hanle is in the valley of the Hanle River, which originates near the Imis La pass [5.290m or 17,355ft high saddle, south of Ukdungle Indian Military base, Zarsar & Tradole peak] on the India-Tibet border and joins the Indus river near Nowi and Loma north of Hanle village, close to the town of Nyoma. A road running through the Hanle valley from Loma is the quickest way to reach Hanle from Chushul and Pangong Tso side. In 2012, the road terminated near Hanle (see "Transport" section for new road connectivity), the traditional trade and pilgrimage corridor formerly ran up the Hanle valley to Imis La, crossed into the Indus valley via Charding La near Demchok and Dêmqog, and proceeded to Tashigang in Tibet. This traditional trade route to Tibet is now closed.

Hanle is also connected to Koyul river valley to the east via a winding mountain road that passes through the Photi La pass.

Demographics
The valley is home to approximately two thousand people, of whom about 300 people are living in Hanle village.

History
Hanle is mentioned by name in the settlement document of the kingdom of Maryul in , as forming one of its frontiers: "Wam-le (Hanle), to the top of the pass of the Yi-mig rock (Imis pass)". To the west of this frontier were the highlands of Rupshu and, beyond it, Zanskar.

Sengge Namgyal () built the prominent Hanle monastery in association with Tatsang Repa (Stag-tsang-ras-pa), the notable Buddhist priest of the Drukpa ("red hat") sect. Sengge Namgyal died here in 1642 after his return from an expedition against the Mongols who had occupied the Tibetan province of Tsang and were threatening Ladakh's possessions in Tibet.

Hanle Observatory
Hanle is home to the Indian Astronomical Observatory.  The location of the village and the observatory are highly sensitive due to the close proximity of the Tibetan / Chinese border.

India set up the Himalayan Chandra Telescope, a 2m gamma ray telescope at Hanle. The Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope (MACE), which is under construction in Hanle, will be the world's highest Cerenkov telescope and the second largest Cerenkov telescope in the world. It was originally scheduled to become operational by 2016, but plans were pushed back to begin operations in 2020.

Wildlife
Hanle is an important area for wild animals. It harbours the only population of the Tibetan gazelle in Ladakh.  The wetlands in the Hanle basin teem with migratory birds including Bar-headed Goose and the Black-necked Crane. One can easily see scores of Tibetan wild ass grazing on the sedge-meadows along the Hanle River.

Transport

Nyoma Air Base in northwest and Fukche Air Base in east are 74 km & 24 km away respectively, and Ukdungle town is in South. Hanle is important stopover from mainland India to Ukdungle, Chumar sector and Demchok sector.

Hanle-Kaza-Tabo Road is being constructed by the BRO under Indo-China Border Roads (ICBR) scheme.

See also

 Demchok sector
 Geography of Ladakh
 Tourism in Ladakh

References

Citations

Sources

External links

 Hanle Travel Info

Villages in Nyoma tehsil

Hanle (village)


Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 137 (P. Oxy. 137 or P. Oxy. I 137) is the fifth in a series of Oxyrhynchus papyri (133–139) concerning the family affairs of Flavius Apion, his heirs, or his son. This one is a receipt for a water wheel axle, written in Greek and discovered in Oxyrhynchus. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. The document was written on 11 January 584. Currently it is housed in the Egyptian Museum (10034) in Cairo.

Description
The document consists of an acknowledgement given by Aurelius Ptollion, a cultivator, to the heirs of Flavius Apion, of the receipt of an axle for a water wheel used in irrigation.  This is one of a number of similar such documents (P. Oxy. I 192-197).  There are some internal inconsistencies in the document which force Grenfell and Hunt to speculate slightly in order to arrive at a plausible date. The measurements of the fragment are 320 by 200 mm.

It was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus. The text was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1898.

Excerpt
Having lately had occasion to require an axle for the appliance belonging to the landlord under my charge which is called by the name of Gedius Anianus and supplies water to arable land, I went up to the city and asked your magnificence to order the axle to be provided for me. Whereupon your magnificence with due regard for the state of your property credited me in my accounts with the value of a new, proper, serviceable, and satisfactory axle, which I have received as the complement of all the machinery this fifteenth day of Tybi of the present second indiction for the water supply of the crops of the third indiction by God's help approaching. This axle is to serve the purposes of irrigation for a term of seven years, and the old one has been given to the porter.

See also
 Oxyrhynchus Papyri
 Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 136
 Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 138

References

137
6th-century manuscripts
Byzantine manuscripts
Apion family
Egyptian Museum

Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 137


The Story of Papworth (also known as The Story of Papworth, the Village of Hope) is a 1935 British short drama film directed by Anthony Asquith and starring Madeleine Carroll, Gordon Harker and C. Aubrey Smith. The screenplay concerns a consumptive (a tuberculosis sufferer) who is saved by the village of Papworth, which raises funds for his treatment.

The film shared its royal premiere before Queen Mary on 17 December 1935 at the Leicester Square Theatre with René Clair's The Ghost Goes West. The whole of the ticket proceeds was devoted to funding a nurses' home at Papworth Village Settlement.

References

External links

1935 films
British drama short films
1935 drama films
Films directed by Anthony Asquith
British black-and-white films
1930s English-language films
1930s British films

The Story of Papworth


Home Fires is a British period television drama about the life of Women's Institute members on the Home Front during the Second World War. Set in a rural Cheshire community called Great Paxford, the series is produced by ITV, and launched its first series in May 2015. The first series is set between September 1939 and early 1940.

The series was inspired by the book Jambusters by Julie Summers. With the first series having an average viewing ratings of 6.2 million ITV commissioned a second six-part series, aired in April 2016. The show focuses on a largely female cast, including notable actresses Francesca Annis, Samantha Bond, Claire Rushbrook, Fenella Woolgar and Leanne Best.

Series 2 of Home Fires premiered on 2 April 2016 and gained 5.2 million views with a 23.7% share. In May 2016 ITV announced it would not be renewing the show.

Cast and characters
Francesca Annis as Joyce Cameron. Joyce is a pillar of the community, and the historical leader of the Great Paxford Women's Institute. Joyce is sophisticated and serene, and even her ex-nemesis Frances observes that she is a natural leader. Even though she can appear stern, pompous and vindictive, she is actually quite sympathetic to other people and proves herself to be a substantially good person.
Daisy Badger as Claire Wilson (née Hillman). The former maid of Joyce Cameron and current maid of Frances Barden.
Mark Bazeley as Bob Simms. An aspiring author following the minor success of his first book. He was a journalist in the First World War and suffered injuries to his arm and leg from shrapnel, though he admits it was nowhere near combat. Volatile, self-centered and pathetic, Bob is physically and emotionally abusive to his wife Pat.
Leanne Best as Teresa Fenchurch. Great Paxford's new local teacher. She becomes a tenant in Alison Scotlock's home.
Samantha Bond as Frances Barden. Leader of the WI.
Clare Calbraith as Steph Farrow. A farming wife who comes to enthusiastically support the WI after some initial reluctance to join. Steph is very happy with her husband and only wants what is best for him; when he decides to enlist, she supports him through love rather than reason.
Chris Coghill as Stanley Farrow. The local farmer and Steph's husband. He is brave and wants to enlist in the war, despite having unpleasant memories of the last conflict in which he served. Stanley loves his wife and son (also named Stanley) and works hard to provide for them.
Ruth Gemmell as Sarah Collingborne. Frances Barden's sister and a member of the WI. She is the wife of the local vicar.
Frances Grey as Erica Campbell. Wife of Dr. Will Campbell and the local pharmacist.
Rachel Hurd-Wood as Kate Campbell. First daughter of Erica and Will Campbell. Vivacious and outgoing, she is more extroverted than her sister Laura.
Leila Mimmack as Laura Campbell. The second daughter of Will and Erica Campbell.
Mike Noble as Spencer Wilson. The local postman. Spencer takes a fancy to Claire after coming to her rescue in a bicycling accident. He is cheery and supports the WI's new form.
Claire Price as Miriam Brindsley. The wife of local butcher Bryn, and a member of the WI. The thought of war terrifies her, as she knows it will eventually take away her son David.
Claire Rushbrook as Pat Simms. A member of the WI. A battered wife, she has been a victim of her husband Bob's physical and verbal abuse for many years. She makes every effort to keep him happy, but remains with him out of fear, lying about and making apologies for his behavior.
Daniel Ryan as Bryn Brindsley. The local butcher and husband to Miriam. Bryn fought in the First World War and survived. However, he was scarred by the events and Miriam forbids him from enlisting again. He cares greatly for his family and offers advice to his son David, who is determined to enlist.
Fenella Woolgar as Alison Scotlock. Alison is a member of the WI. She lost her husband George during WWI, and his name can be seen on the memorial wall. Frances tells her husband that the WI is essential in Alison's case, because if she was not a member she would never leave the house and her life would revolve around looking at the memorial wall and caring for her dog, Boris.
Jodie Hamblet as Jenny Marshall. Jenny is the switchboard operator for Great Paxford and works alongside Pat.
Jacqueline Pilton as Cookie. An elderly member of the WI. Cookie is kind and worries for the WI when it becomes corrupt and selfish under Joyce's rule. However, she shows a lot of happiness when Frances takes over and happily supports the newly reformed WI's movements.
Alexandre Willaume as Marek Novotny.
Eileen Davies as Anne. The friend of Joyce and constant supporter of Mrs Cameron.
Anthony Calf as Peter Barden. Peter is a businessman. He is the husband of Frances and very supportive of her acts in the WI.
Mark Rowley as Stephen Banks.
Sarah Thom as Jan Wilson, Spencer Wilson's mother.

Episodes

Series overview

Summary
When the WI is reformed by Frances Barden (Samantha Bond), she makes the committee less exclusive and more egalitarian; she is later voted as the official President. Meanwhile, Pat (Claire Rushbrook), a member of the committee, is being abused by her husband Bob, upon whom she is forced to wait hand and foot.  Bob becomes increasingly abusive as Pat finds herself and begins to be noticed by the town and her fellow WI members, sparking increased jealousy and anger in her husband, who blames her for his lack of the success he feels he deserves as a writer.

The newly reformed WI's first project is the gathering of wild blackberries which they then use to make jam, as "every pound of jam we make is a pound of jam that doesn't have to come in on the ships".

When war is officially declared, the men of the town begin to consider what roles they might play. Miriam's son, David, is determined to enlist in the Navy, which terrifies her. However, after a talk with his father, who fought in WWI, he accepts the idea that in order to soothe his mother's fears and give her as much time as possible to overcome them he should wait to be "called up" or drafted.

However, such is Miriam's fear of losing her son to war that when the National Registry form comes from the government, she deliberately leaves David's name off with the intention of keeping him out of the draft. When David discovers what she has done, he enlists in the Navy anyway. Shortly thereafter the Navy delivers an official letter which Miriam hides in a panic, assuming it is a notice of his death. She cannot face opening the letter and having her fears turn into immutable reality. However, when Bryn finds the hidden and unopened letter, it turns out they are reporting that he is only missing in action.  Grasping at straws, Miriam sees this as actually hopeful as it means the Navy is not sure of his death and that he may still be alive, though lost.

Dr Campbell finds he has lung cancer, preventing him from enlisting. His wife, who had been wishing for something to keep him out of the armed services, is horrified.

Spencer is drafted but registers as a conscientious objector. His friends and neighbors almost unilaterally begin to vilify and torment him. A mob gathers and coats his bicycle, which he uses to deliver the post, with blood and chicken feathers.  With the villagers shunning him, Claire worries for him. She gently persuades him that she is not afraid of the reactions of the other villagers and convinces him to let her stand at his side.

Alison takes as a tenant the new schoolteacher, Teresa Fenchurch. Later Teresa reveals herself to Alison as a lesbian.  Initially Alison is shocked but she overcomes her initial shock and reassures Teresa that she wants her to stay as Teresa has become her best (and nearly only) friend.

Steph worries for her husband when she realizes he feels he must join and fight. Eventually she confronts him and tells him to go, as he is gradually tearing himself apart over this decision.

When war becomes even more certain, Frances and the WI decide it is time for a community air raid shelter to be installed in case of an attack. In order to intercept Joyce's interference with this plan, Frances enlists Claire in a plot to misdirect Joyce by making her think they are planning to use the church as the town's air raid shelter.  Thus Joyce's efforts at stymieing Frances and the "new" WI, of which she strongly disapproves, are totally misdirected and the plan for the actual shelter proceeds without interference.

Teresa realizes that neither Steph nor her son can read and is in danger of losing the farm because, since she can't read them, she is not complying with government regulations about wartime farming.  She teaches Steph to read in order to save the family farm from confiscation due to noncompliance with government farming regulations.

In the final episode of the first series, Bob leaves for London, leaving Pat relieved and happy to be away from him, whilst Joyce leaves for the coast. She speaks with Frances over the war effort and hands over the keys to her tennis courts so that they may be used for food production.  As the series finishes the final scene hints at the war taking its toll in Great Paxford.

Series 1 (2015)

(1939-1940)

Series 2 (2016)

(1940)

Reception

The first season had a consolidated average rating of 6.2 million viewers to date and a 24 per-cent share.[4] June 2015, ITV announced that it had ordered a second season of the programme. Samantha Bond was nominated for an award from the Satellite Awards. Season 2 met with similar success compared with Season 1 as the premiere episode gained 5.2 million overnight views, with the second episode reaching 4.7 million views.
Just days after the broadcast of the final episode of season 2, ITV announced it was cancelling the show and there would be no third season. A network spokesman said that despite the show's success, "the ITV commissioning team continues to refresh the channel's drama portfolio, hence the decision not to commission a further new season."

Fans gathered to protest against the cancellation, and a Change.org petition to bring the show back was signed by over 50,000 viewers, but the campaign was ultimately unsuccessful.

Novelisation
After the series' cancellation, the writer continued the story as a novelisation. Published initially in July 2017 as an ebook (in 4 parts) from Amazon, the complete novel in book-format (originally planned for release in October 2017 ) was published in May 2018.

Broadcast
Home Fires first aired on 3 May 2015 on ITV. Internationally, the series premiered in Australia on 10 October 2015 on BBC First. The series premiered in the United States on 4 October 2015 on PBS.

References

External links

2015 British television series debuts
2016 British television series endings
2010s British drama television series
English-language television shows
Lesbian-related television shows
ITV television dramas
Television series by ITV Studios
Television series set in the 1940s
Television shows set in Cheshire
World War II television drama series

Home Fires (British TV series)


Disposable email addressing, also known as DEA or dark mail or "masked" email, refers to an approach which involves a unique email address being used for every contact, entity, or for a limited number of times or uses. The benefit is that if anyone compromises the address or utilizes it in connection with email abuse, the address owner can easily cancel (or "dispose" of) it without affecting any of their other contacts.

Uses
Disposable email addressing sets up a different, unique email address for every sender/recipient combination. It operates most usefully in scenarios where someone may sell or release an email address to spam lists or to other unscrupulous entities. The most common situations of this type involve online registration for sites offering discussion groups, bulletin boards, chat rooms, online shopping, and file hosting services. At a time when email spam has become an everyday nuisance, and when identity theft threatens, DEAs can serve as a convenient tool for protecting Internet users.

Disposable email addresses can be cancelled if someone starts to use the address in a manner that was not intended by the creator. Examples are the accidental release of an email to a spam list, or if the address was procured by spammers. Alternatively, the user may simply decide not to receive further correspondence from the sender. Whatever the cause, DEA allows the address owner to take unilateral action by simply cancelling the address in question. Later, the owner can determine whether to update the recipient or not.

Disposable email addresses typically forward to one or more real email mailboxes in which the owner receives and reads messages. The contact with whom a DEA is shared never learns the real email address of the user. If a database manages the DEA, it can also quickly identify the expected sender of each message by retrieving the associated contact name of each unique DEA. Used properly, DEA can also help identify which recipients handle email addresses in a careless or illegitimate manner. Moreover, it can serve as a tool for spotting fake messages or phishers.

Advantages over traditional email
Ideally, owners share a DEA once with each contact/entity. Thus, if the DEA should ever change, only one entity needs to be updated. By comparison, the traditional practice of giving the same email address to multiple recipients means that if that address subsequently changes, many legitimate recipients need to receive notification of the change and to update their records — a potentially tedious process.

Additionally, because the access has been narrowed down to one contact, that entity then becomes the most likely point of compromise for any spam that account receives (see "filtering" below for exceptions). This allows users to determine first-hand the trustworthiness of the people with whom they share their DEAs. "Safe" DEAs that have not been abused can be forwarded to a real email account, while messages sent to "compromised" DEAs can be routed to a special folder, sent to the trash, held for spam filtering, or returned as undeliverable if the DEA is deleted outright.

Further, because DEAs serve as a layer of indirection between the sender and recipient, if the DEA user's actual email address changes, for instance because of moving from a university address to a local ISP, then the user need only update the DEA service provider about the change, and all outstanding DEAs will continue to function without updating.

Using "sub-addressing"
A number of email systems support "sub-addressing" (also known as "plus" or "tagged" addressing) where a tag can be appended to the "local part" of an email address — the part to the left of the "@" — but with the modified address being an alias to the unmodified address. For example, the address email@example.com denotes the same delivery address as firstname.lastname@example.com. The text of the tag may be used to apply filtering, or to create single-use addresses.

If available, this feature can allow users to create their own disposable addresses.

Multiple email aliases
Another approach is to register one main email address and many auxiliary email addresses, which will forward all mail to the main address, i.e., the auxiliaries are used as aliases of the main address. The advantage of this approach is that the user can easily detect which auxiliary email is 'leaking' with spam and block or dispose it.

Some services require additional time to set up forwarding, but others allow to create new addresses "on the fly" without registering them with the service in advance. However, this method allows storage and access of all emails from a single main account, although to manage forwarding for some services the user has to remember the password for each alias.

A variation is to use a catch-all address, then forward to the real mailbox using wildcards. Many mail servers allow the use of an asterisk (*), meaning "any number of characters". This makes the whitelist automatic and only requires the administrator to update the blacklist occasionally. In effect, the user has one address, but it contains wild cards, e.g., "firstname.lastname@example.com'", which will match any incoming address that starts with "me." and ends with "@my.domain". This is very similar to the "+" notation, but it may be even less obvious, since the address appears to be completely normal.

Concerns

Restrictions by site administrators
Some forum and wiki administrators dislike DEAs because they obfuscate the identity of the members and make maintaining member control difficult. As an example, Internet trolls, vandals and other users that may have been banned may use throwaway email addresses to get around the ban. Using a DEA provider only makes this easier; the same convenience with which a person may create a DEA to filter spam also applies to trolls. Website operators expecting to generate revenue by selling the user email addresses they gather may choose to ban DEAs as well, due to the low market value of such addresses. There are several free lists available to help detect DEA domains, as well as managed services.

See also
 Guerrilla Mail

References

Email

Disposable email address


Brian Oliver MacLeod (June 25, 1952 – April 25, 1992), nicknamed "Too Loud" MacLeod, was a Canadian musician, songwriter and music producer, best known as a member of the bands Chilliwack and Headpins.

History
Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, MacLeod appeared as a guitarist in the Canadian band Pepper Tree and was a member of Huski and Garrison Hill with best friend Denny Driscoll in St. John's, Newfoundland. While in Garrison Hill, he met Pam Marsh, who was leaving the band Everyday People after a Newfoundland tour.  Marsh and MacLeod recorded a demo in St. John's of some original tunes and went off to Toronto and formed the band "Surrender" with Paul "Boomer" Stamp on drums and Ken Morris on bass. In 1975, MacLeod released a solo single "You Know I Can't Do Anymore"/"Come By Chance". In 1978, while working the Ontario bar circuit with Stingaree (which included fellow guitarist Bernie LaBarge) he was invited to join Chilliwack and first appeared on their album Lights from the Valley. In addition to guitar, MacLeod occasionally contributed on vocals, drums, and keyboards—and he eventually co-produced the band's albums, notably Opus X (1982) for which he received a Best Producer Juno Award.

With bassist Ab Bryant, MacLeod initially formed Headpins as a side project to Chilliwack.  After Opus X MacLeod left Chilliwack to focus his efforts on Headpins (featuring Denise McCann and eventually Darby Mills on vocals) released on Solid Gold Records in Canada and MCA Records in the United States. MacLeod produced other albums for such artists as Kick Axe, Pretty Rough, D.O.A., Paul Dean, Holly Woods (Toronto), Tim Feehan, and Chrissy Steele and shares songwriting credits with Bryan Adams, Loverboy, Chicago, Jermaine Jackson and Nancy Nash. MacLeod also joined friends Denny Driscoll, Rick Livingstone and Ross Damude as the drummer for their band Montana with their co-written song "Lorelei".

Living exclusively on his prized boat Grand Marnier (with full recording studio onboard) with his "first mate" a dog named Sailor, MacLeod was a fixture at both Coal Harbour and Granville Island Marinas in Vancouver. He was also often spotted driving his beloved red and white classic Corvette convertible. MacLeod was also in training for his small aircraft pilot licence.

In 1990, MacLeod collapsed onstage and was diagnosed with brain cancer with a tumour in his upper chest cavity which metastasized into bone cancer. After his death in Vancouver, British Columbia in 1992, several friends organised the Brian MacLeod Benefit Concerts which featured some of the best musicians on the Canadian music scene and continued through 1997.

Discography

with Chilliwack
 Lights from the Valley (1978)
 Breakdown in Paradise (1979)
 Wanna Be a Star (1981)
 Opus X (1982)

with Headpins
 Turn It Loud (1982)
 Line of Fire (1983)
 Head Over Heals (1985)

References

External links
 CanConRox Memorial
 CanConRox Chilliwack page
 CanConRox Headpins page
 Chilliwack page at the Canadian Encyclopedia
 Sleazeroxx
 PNW Bands
 Metal Maidens
 NME
 Canoe Jam! Music
 Exclaim
 Tim Feehan

1952 births
1992 deaths
Canadian rock guitarists
Canadian male guitarists
Canadian male songwriters
Canadian record producers
Jack Richardson Producer of the Year Award winners
Musicians from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Deaths from cancer in British Columbia
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from brain tumor
20th-century Canadian guitarists
Chilliwack (band) members
20th-century Canadian male musicians

Brian MacLeod (Canadian musician)


WYLE (95.1 MHz), branded as Willie 95.1 & 97.5, is a classic country formatted FM radio station in Grove City, Pennsylvania. It is owned by Seven Mountains Media, through licensee Southern Belle Media Family, LLC. The station originates its programming from facilities it shares with WKST and WUZZ in New Castle, Pennsylvania.

WYLE is a station on the Pittsburgh Steelers Radio Network.

History

Beginnings as WEDA-FM
WYLE first signed on the air on September 10, 1962, as WEDA-FM, under the ownership of WEDA Inc. James V. Perry served as president and general manager. Studios were located at 125 S. Broad Street in Grove City. The station first broadcast at this frequency with a power output of 3,000 watts.

For much of its early history, the station broadcast a format of easy-listening and adult contemporary music until the early 1980s, when it adopted an urban contemporary format. However, it reverted to adult contemporary music by 1986 when the station went through its first ownership change in December of that year. Western Pennsylvania Radio was a division of Beta Broadcasting, a corporation headed by Bruce Simel.

As WRKU-FM
By the end of the 1980s, WEDA-FM underwent a substantial change. It changed its format from adult contemporary to AOR and adopted the call sign WRKU-FM, and the resulting position statement "K-Rock: We Will Rock You". The station was also granted a substantial transmitter power increase from 3,000 to 50,000 watts ERP, allowing it to relocate its studios and offices to the Churchill Square shopping center at 4531 Belmont Avenue in Youngstown, Ohio. Because there was no album rock station on the air in the Youngstown radio market at the time, WRKU-FM became the de facto rock station in that city, while still retaining its community of license as Grove City.

As WICT
In November 1994, WRKU-FM was sold for $1.4 million to Zapis Communications, which also acquired WHTX, a competing station licensed to Sharpsville, Pennsylvania and its sister, WRQQ in Farrell, Pennsylvania. The transaction occurred after FCC ownership rules were relaxed allowing owners the opportunity to acquire more than one FM and one AM in a single market.

The WRKU-FM format and call sign were spun off to WHTX, so that 95.1 could adopt a country music format and the call sign WICT-FM, following the lead of stations in other markets switching to country after a surge in that format's popularity. WRQQ was rechristened WICT, making it a full-time simulcast of its new FM sister. The new WICT-AM/FM then became known as "Cat Country", slowly evolving into its existing format. John Thomas the only remaining staff member of the WRKU demise was named Program Director. WICT-FM, along with the newly rechristened WICT and WRKU-FM, then moved its studios and offices to 4800 Belmont Avenue in Youngstown.

The station would make one final studio move during its time in Ohio, and that would be near Ohio Route 82 to 6874 Strimbu Drive SE in Brookfield, Ohio, after the station was acquired by GOCOM Communications in February 1998.

As WWGY
In February 2004, WICT was acquired by its former owner, Altoona, Pennsylvania-based Forever Media Inc., for $2.28 million. Upon purchasing the station, Forever Media Inc. moved the station's studios and offices back to Pennsylvania, co-located them with new dual AM sister stations WBZY and WKST at 219 Savannah-Gardner Road in New Castle, where it remains today. WICT's call sign was then changed to WWGY, and like the majority of country stations under the Forever umbrella, took the "Froggy" brand as "Froggy 95".

On September 30, 2017, the station changed to a classic country format known as "Willie 95.1" and changed its call sign to WYLE.

It was announced on October 12, 2022 that Forever Media was selling 34 stations, including WYLE, to State College-based Seven Mountains Media for $17.375 million. The deal closed on January 1, 2023.

References

External links

YLE (FM)
Radio stations established in 1962
1962 establishments in Pennsylvania
Classic country radio stations in the United States
YLE (FM)

WYLE (FM)


Chhotu Ram, or Sir Chotu Ram, born Ram Richpal (24 November 1881 – 9 January 1945) was a politician in British India's Punjab Province. He was a co-founder of National Unionist party that represented the punjab zamindar and farmers.

He was born in Sampla village in Rohtak.

He was also awarded the title of Rao bahadur, which was a title of honour bestowed during British rule in India to individuals for their service to the Empire.

1881 births
1945 deaths
Knights Bachelor

Chhotu Ram


SportPlus is a Greek language sports channel that airs the best sporting leagues and competitions from Greece. It is the first 24-hour sports channel in the world aimed at the Greek diaspora.

SportPlus airs live and tape delayed matches from Greek Super League, Football League and Basket League. It also airs news and highlights shows.

Availability
SportPlus originally launched on 24 August 2014 in the United States on Dish Network. It subsequently launched in Australia on the MySat platform. On 26 March 2015, SportPlus launched in Canada on Bell Fibe TV via a partnership with Odyssey Television Network.

External links
Official site

Television channels in Greece
Greek-language television stations
Television channels and stations established in 2014

SportPlus TV


Of the religions in Tunisia, Islam is the most prevalent. It is estimated that in 2022, approximately 99% of Tunisia's inhabitants identified themselves as Muslims.

The country also includes Christian, Jewish, and Bahá'í communities. While the Tunisian constitution declares Islam the state religion, it also provides for religious freedom, but the law places restrictions on that freedom.

Tunisia has a reputation for tolerance and openness to other cultures that have made the country's identity.

Faiths

Islam

The majority of Tunisians consider themselves to be Muslim, who according to the Pew Research Center 58% identify themselves as Sunni Muslims, while 40% say they are only Muslims without affiliation to any sect.

The government controls and subsidizes mosques and pays the salaries of prayer leaders. The President appoints the Grand Mufti of the Republic. The 1988 Law on Mosques provides that only personnel appointed by the Government may lead activities in mosques and stipulates that mosques must remain closed except during prayer times and other authorized religious ceremonies, such as marriages or funerals. Some people may be interrogated just for associating or being seen in the street with practicing Muslims. New mosques may be built in accordance with national urban planning regulations; however, upon completion, they become the property of the Government. The Government also partially subsidizes the Jewish community.

There is a small indigenous Sufi Muslim community; however, there are no statistics regarding its size. Reliable sources report that many Sufis left the country shortly after independence when their religious buildings and land reverted to the government (as did those of Orthodox Islamic foundations). Although the Sufi community is small, its tradition of mysticism permeates the practice of Islam throughout the country. In 2007 there was a small indigenous "Maraboutic" Muslim community that belonged to spiritual brotherhoods known as "turuq". The Muslim holidays of Eid al-Adha, Eid al-Fitr, and Mawlid are considered national holidays in Tunisia.

Christianity

The International Religious Freedom Report of 222 reported that the Christian community numbered 30,000 people, 24,000 of whom were Catholics. In the Annuario Pontificio of 2020, the number of Catholics is estimated to have risen to 30,440.

Christianity came in Tunisia during Roman rule. However, after the arrival of Islam, the population of Christians decreased in the country.

From the late 19th century to after World War II, Tunisia was home to large populations of Christian French, Italian and Maltese descent (255,000 Europeans in 1956).

Figures in 2007
In 2007, the Catholic Church in Tunisia, which comprises the Archdiocese of Tunis, operated 12 churches, 9 schools, several libraries, and 2 clinics; in addition to holding religious services, the Catholic Church opened a monastery, freely organizes cultural activities, and performs charitable work throughout the country.

According to church leaders, there are 2,000 practising Protestant Christians. The International Religious Freedom Report for 2007 estimated thousands of Tunisian Muslims have converted to Christianity. The Russian Orthodox Church has approximately 100 practising members and operates a church in Tunis and another in Bizerte. The Reformed Church of France maintains a church in Tunis, with a congregation of 140 primarily foreign members. The Anglican Church has a church in Tunis with several hundred predominantly foreign members. There are 50 Seventh-day Adventists. The 30-member Greek Orthodox Church maintained 3 churches (in Tunis, Sousse, and Djerba). Occasionally, Catholic and Protestant groups held services in private residences or other locations.

Scattered among the various churches, though mostly evangelical, are also a number of Christian believers from Muslim backgrounds. A 2015 study estimated some 500 such individuals in Tunisia.

In 2022, there was no accurate break-down of Christian denominations.

Judaism

Judaism is the country's fourth largest religion with 1,500 members. Three-quarters of them lived in Djerba and Zarzis; the Jewish community in Djerba dates back 2,600 years.

The government grants Jews freedom of worship and pays the salary of the chief rabbi. It partially subsidizes the restoration and maintenance of some synagogues. It also authorizes the Jewish community to run private religious schools and allows Jewish children on the island of Djerba to share their study day between secular public schools and private religious schools.

Baha'i faith

The Bahá'í Faith in Tunisia begins circa 1910 when the first Bahá'í arrived, possibly from Egypt. In 1963 a survey of the community counted 1 assembly and 18 organized groups (between 1 and 9 adults) of Bahá'ís in Tunisia. In 2001, the US State Department estimated the size of the Bahá'í community to be about 150 persons, but the corresponding report from 2022 stated there was no reliable information on the size of the community.  However Association of Religion Data Archives and several other sources have pointed to between 1,000 and 2,400 Bahá'ís in the country.

Religiosity
The percentage of Tunisians identifying themselves as non-religious increased from around 12% in 2013 to around 33% in 2018, which makes Tunisia the least religious country in the Arab world according to the survey. In the survey, nearly a half of the young Tunisians described themselves as non-religious. According to the same Arab Barometer Survey, in 2018, 99.4% of Tunisians Identified as Muslims, while 0.3% responded with no religion and 0.3% responded with other.

The Arab Barometer found that about 46% of the Tunisian youth said they were not religious.  However, as of July 2022, new surveys by the Arab Barometer say otherwise, particularly BBC's programme, The Newsroom journalists highlighting that the previously noted wave of those saying they were not religious has been, in fact, "reversed".

Freedom of religion

The Constitution of Tunisia provides for freedom of religion, belief and the freedom to practice the rites of one's religion unless they disturb the public order; however, the government imposes some restrictions on this right. The Constitution declares the country's determination to adhere to the teachings of Islam and stipulates that Islam is the official state religion and that the president must be Muslim. The government does not permit the establishment of political parties on the basis of religion and prohibits efforts to proselytize. Although changing religions is legal, there is great societal pressure against Muslims who decide to leave Islam.

In 2017, a handful of men were arrested for eating in public during Ramadan, they were convicted of committing "a provocative act of public indecency" and sentenced to month-long jail sentences. The state in Tunisia has a role as a "guardian of religion" which was used to justify the arrests.

The government allows a small number of foreign religious charitable nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to operate and provide social services.

In 2023, the country was scored 3 out of 4 for religious freedom. In the same year, it was ranked as the 36th worst place in the world to be a Christian.

Notes

References

Religion in Tunisia


Anton Sztáray de Nagy-Mihály (, 1732 or 1740, Kassa, Hungary – 23 January 1808, Graz, Austrian Empire) was a Hungarian count in the Habsburg military during Austria's Wars with the Ottoman Empire, the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.

He commanded an autonomous corps in the 1799 campaign in southwestern Germany, with which he protected the main Austrian army's right (northern) flank as it advanced across Swabia. At the first action of this campaign, the Battle of Ostrach, he led 10,000 men across Swabia, covering the northernmost flank of the Austrian and Imperial army.  Subsequently, his troops guarded the Neckar valley. At the Battle of Wiesloch, (3 December), he drove the French from the right bank of the Rhine and relieved Philippsburg fortress. After the Austrian defeat at Battle of Hohenlinden on 3 December 1800, Sztáray was given the task of raising the Bohemian-Moravian Legion. In 1801 he was appointed Commanding General in Inner Austria.  He was promoted to the rank of Feldzeugmeister, or commanding general of campaign, on 6 March 1800; he retired after the 1805 campaign against France. He received the Knights Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa on 21 December 1789, and the Commanders Cross on 18 September 1796.  He was the Colonel and Proprietor of the 33rd Infantry Regiment (Austria) from 1791 until his death on 23 January 1808.

External links
  Sztáray, Anton, Neue Deutsche Biographie
  Sztáray family, Kislexikon
  Antal Sztáray, Katolikus Lexikon

1740 births
1808 deaths
Austrian generals
Hungarian generals
Hungarian nobility
18th-century Hungarian people
19th-century Hungarian people
Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Austrian Empire military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Austrian Empire commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Commanders Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa
Military personnel from Košice

Anton Sztáray


A car attendant is a railroad employee placed in charge of a single coach, sleeping car, or lounge car on a medium-to-long-distance passenger train.

Their duties vary according to the type of car, but most typically include managing passenger seat assignments (in order to avoid separating parties of two or more), assisting the conductor with tickets, making announcements, opening and closing doors, assisting passengers with boarding and detraining, monitoring the safe operation of onboard systems, and generally ensuring the safe operation of the car. In addition, sleeping car attendants (formerly called "Pullman porters") typically convert the individual accommodations from "day" mode to "night" mode, rather than leaving that to the passengers, and set out coffee and juice for their passengers each morning. (Sleeping car attendants, however, typically have fewer passengers to serve than coach attendants). Lounge car attendants typically operate food and beverage service, sell souvenirs and other non-food items, operate onboard motion picture service, and keep tables clean.

On scenic trains, it is not unusual for car attendants to double as tour guides.

Full-service dining cars normally have a steward, supervising several waiters and a kitchen staff, rather than a single attendant; with the car attendants, these people form the onboard service crew, often supervised by a Chief of Onboard Services or "Train Boss," separate from and subordinate to the conductor.

References

LOUNGE-CAR ATTENDANT (r.r. trans.) alternate titles: sandwich seller; vendor  at www.occupationalinfo.org

Personal care and service occupations
Railway occupations

Car attendant


"Lijepa naša domovino" (; "Our Beautiful Homeland") is the national anthem of Croatia. Croatian poet Antun Mihanović wrote the words to it in 1835. Serbian composer Josif Runjanin made the music to it in 1846. The Croatian government made it a national anthem in 1972. Before that, it was often sung by the people as an anthem.

The anthem was first called "Horvatska domovina" ("Croatian homeland"). Some years later, people started calling it by how it's called today. The words of the anthem are also shorter today. Croatians often say the words "Lijepa naša" ("Our beautiful") instead of saying "Croatia".

The song has 4 stanzas but only the first two are usually sung.

Lyrics

References

1840s songs
Cro
National symbols of Croatia

National anthem of Croatia


Pricing is the creation of a price. In a market economy the price is made by supply and demand. The suppliers would like to get the price as high as possible and the consumers would like to pay as few as possible. Prices will be built if consumers and salesmen make an agreement of the exchange of goods.

Type of market

Oligopoly
There are many consumers but only a few suppliers.

Monopoly
There are many consumers but only one supplier.

Polypoly
Many suppliers are compared to many consumers. By the low market share of the individual supplier you call it "atomize market structure". You also call this market form competitive market.

Very important factors for

Suppliers
Cost of production
Amount of the market price
Speculation
Production facilities
Market position of the suppliers
engineering progress
national sanctions
quantity demanded

Consumers
Cost of production
Necessity
Available income
Quality of the product
Price of substitute (compensating) goods
Price of complementary (additional) goods
Quantity of supply

Law of supply
The supplier will offer more goods, if the market price is rising. (and backwards)

Law of demand
The consumer will demand more goods, if the market price drops. (and backwards)

Microeconomics

Pricing


Jonathan Kaye (born 1942) studied linguistics at Columbia University under Uriel Weinreich and Robert Austelitz, earning his Ph.D. in 1970.  He wrote his thesis on Desano, a South American language he studied through a year of field work in the Amazon.

In 1967 he took up his first teaching position at the University of Toronto.  While there he focused his studies on the Ottawa language, an Algonquian language spoken in Wikwemikong, Manitoulin Island, Ontario.  In 1974 he spent his sabbatical leave as a visiting professor at McGill University, and in 1975 he accepted a position at the Université du Québec à Montréal.  At UQAM he continued his studies on Ottawa and began to focus on the Algonquin language in Lac Simon, Québec as well.  As a result of his studies he co-edited the book Linguistic Studies of Native Canada with Eung-Do Cook.  Linguistic Studies was published in 1978 by the University of British Columbia Press.

By the early 1980s Kaye's focus moved to West African languages.  He was the primary editor of volume 2 of Current Approaches to African Linguistics, printed by Walter de Gruyter publishing house in 1983.

Kaye moved to the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London in 1988. It was there he published Phonology: A Cognitive View in 1989, considered to be his seminal work.

In 1999 he moved, this time to the Guangdong University of Foreign Studies. He stayed there until he moved to Girona, Spain in 2001. He left Girona and moved to Gorizia, Italy in August 2008. He is still active in research and PhD supervision. He has recently given courses at the University of Ljubljana and at the University of Nova Gorica. He now lives in Kent, England, and volunteers at numerous local libraries.

2003 saw the publication of Living on the Edge: 28 Papers in Honour of Jonathan Kaye, a book dedicated to his life and work.

Travels
Kaye traveled extensively, studying native languages in the area (Ex. languages of North and South America, the Ivory Coast, Slavic, Semitic, France, and others) and would frequently protest the idea that languages were radically different from one another:
From our point of view as English speakers, a language such as Chinese
might seem totally different from our own. In fact, these two languages as
well as all other human languages are nearly identical. The differences that
seem all important to us are relatively minor. (Jonathan Kaye 1989: 54).

References

Further reading
Living on the edge: 28 papers in honour of Jonathan Kaye Edited by Stefan Ploch.  Berlin; New York: M. de Gruyter, 2003
Review of Linguistic Studies of Native Canada by Eung-Do Cook and Jonathan Kaye. M. Dale Kinkade, Language, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Dec., 1980), pp. 891–893
Review of Current Approaches to African Linguistics, II by Jonathan Kaye. M. Lionel Bender. Language, Vol. 61, No. 2 (Jun., 1985), pp. 504–505
 Phonology: A Cognitive View, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

1942 births
Living people
Linguists from the United States
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Academic staff of the Université du Québec
Academic staff of the University of Ljubljana
Academic staff of the University of Nova Gorica

Jonathan Kaye (linguist)


The Shanghai History Museum (), or Shanghai Revolution History Museum, is a museum dedicated to the history of the city of Shanghai, China.

The museum's collections focus on the approximately a hundred years in the history of Shanghai from the opening of the port in 1843 to the communist take-over in 1949.
The museum's oldest relics are from 6,000 years ago. It features a cannon used in the first Opium War, a sedan chair, and two bronze lions that used to adorn the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation on the Bund. Other exhibits reveal the history of art, culture and industrialization in Shanghai. The neo-classical Shanghai Race Club building (1934) that houses the museum, has an imposing 10-storey tall tower which was long a landmark of central Shanghai.

History

The Shanghai History Museum was established in 1983 as the "Shanghai History and Artefacts Exhibition Hall". It first opened to the public on May 27, 1984, on the premises of the Shanghai Agriculture Exhibition. The museum was moved to a new location (1286 Hong Qiao Road) and renamed to the "Shanghai History Museum" in 1991. The main museum was closed due to land redevelopment in 1999, but "temporary" exhibitions of the museum's holdings continue to be mounted elsewhere. Since May 2001, the museum has maintained an exhibition room at the base of the Oriental Pearl Tower in Lujiazui, called the "Shanghai History and Development Exhibition", with select items from the museum's collection. The museum was reopened in its full and extended size in 2018 at the club house of the former Shanghai Race Club.

Collection

The collection of the Shanghai History Museum contains more than 30,000 items. Of these, about 18,000 items pertain to the modern history of the city, a portion of these items found its way into the museum from the governors of the Foreign Concessions. Notable items in the collection include: Gu Embroidery of flowers, insects, and fish by the Ming-Dynasty "needle saint" Han Ximeng (韩希孟); a scroll by Hou Tongceng; the Golden Sutras of the Qibao Temple; a bronze cannon called "General Zhen Yuan" that once belonged to Chen Huacheng (1776–1842), a Qing Dynasty general responsible for Shanghai's defenses during the First Opium War; a "big hua qian" coin issued by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom; a pair of bronze lions from the entrance of the former HSBC Building; and boundary markers from the French Concession and the Shanghai International Settlement (1893).

Location
The Shanghai History Museum's latest and permanent home since 2018 is the former Shanghai Race Club club house, which had been empty for several years after the Shanghai Art Museum moved out in 2012. After moving in, about four-fifths of the collection is on public display for the first time.
The museum didn't have a permanent location before. There have been repeated calls to build a new building for the museum for many years, but commercial considerations (as the exhibition room at the basement of the Oriental Pearl Tower contributed to the commercial success of the tower as a tourist attraction) and budgetary constraints prevented this from occurring for several years. Other parts of the collection had been on loan to specialist museums within Shanghai.

See also
Shanghai Museum

References

Notes

Further reading
Kirk A. Denton, Exhibiting the Past: Historical Memory and the Politics of Museums in Postsocialist China (University of Hawaii Press, 2014), pp. 88–92.

External links

Official website

1983 establishments in China
Museums established in 1983
Museums in Shanghai
History museums in China
City museums

Shanghai History Museum


Caritas is an oil on panel painting by German painter Lucas Cranach the Elder. The painting is kept in the Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp.

Background
Cranach, who has been has been credited as the most successful German artist of his time, was court painter to the Electors of Saxony for most of his career, and is known for his portraits of German princes, his collection of nudes, and his portraits of the leaders of the Protestant Reformation, whose cause he embraced with enthusiasm. He was a close friend of Martin Luther. Cranach also painted religious subjects, first in the Catholic tradition, and later trying to find new ways of conveying Lutheran religious concerns in art.  He continued throughout his career to paint nude subjects drawn from mythology and religion.

Cranch's paintings of mythological scenes which nearly always feature at least one slim female figure, naked but for a transparent drape or a large hat, produced early in his career, show Italian influences including that of Jacopo de' Barberi, who was at the court of Saxony for a period up to 1505. They then become rare until after the death of Frederick the Wise. The later nudes are in a distinctive style which abandons Italian influence for a revival of Late Gothic style.

Painting
A young mother — identified as Charity, the personification of benevolence — with her naked body covered only by a transparent gauze, breastfeeds a child. She is embraced by another child. A young boy is sitting on the ground in front of her and is touching her leg. She sits on a stone block beneath an apple tree. A  mountainous landscape is visible in the background around the bush behind the young mother.

Max J. Friedländer and Jakob Rosenberg mentioned six different variations of this work. They date the Antwerp painting to after 1537.

Interpretation
From 1529 onward, depictions of Charity on her own became part of Cranach's work. In these paintings, Cranach isolated (and monumentalized) a subject, which before then had usually been integrated into a series of virtues and vices. Cranach was also an innovator in that his Charity allegories were more or less nude figures, since the transparent veil offered nothing more than a symbolic fig leaf, at the same time helping to increase the visual pleasure.

By representing the naked Caritas, or Charity, surrounded by three children, the protestant Cranach suffused his subject and the painting with a quality of motherly love. Cranach, however, was more concerned with physical representation rather than symbolistic aspects of painting. Cranach's nudes, part of his series featuring the same female sitter, are easily recognizable, and he glorified them many times by making them appear in  mythological and biblical scenes.

References

1537 paintings
1530s paintings
Paintings in the Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp
Paintings depicting Greek myths
Paintings by Lucas Cranach the Elder

Caritas (Lucas Cranach the Elder)


William Burckhardt Barker (1810?–1856) was an English orientalist.

Life
Barker was born about 1810, at which time John Barker, his father, was consul at Aleppo. From both his parents he inherited a singular linguistic aptitude. He was the godson of John Louis Burckhardt, who, about the time of his birth, was for several months the guest of his father. He was brought to England in 1819, and educated there. From his early boyhood he prosecuted the study of oriental languages, and became at length as familiar with Arabic, Turkish, and Persian as he was with the chief languages of Europe. After his return to Syria Barker undertook a journey to the scarcely known sources of the Orontes, no account of which, until the communication of his 'Notes' to the Geographical Society of London in 1836, had ever been published.

Barker returned on 22 August 1835, to his father's residence at Suediah, near the mouth of the Orontes, and during part of the succeeding winter played chess almost every evening with Ibrahim Pasha, then governor of Syria and resident at Antioch. Barker was for 'many years resident at Tarsus in an official capacity'—in the list of members of the Syro-Egyptian Society of London for 1847–8 he is designated, probably by mistake, as 'H.B.M. Consul, Tarsus'.

Barker was for some time professor of the Arabic, Turkish, Persian, and Hindustani languages at Eton College, and he dedicated his Turkish grammar to Dr. Hawtrey, the provost. In the course of the Crimean war Barker placed his knowledge of the oriental languages and character at the disposal of the British government, in whose service he died on 28 January 1856, 'of cholera, at Sinope, on the Black Sea, aged 45', whilst employed as chief superintendent of the land transport depôt at that place.

Works

He accumulated materials for his major work Lares and Penates (1853), which was edited by William Francis Ainsworth. Before this Barker had produced a polyglot volume entitled 'Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations. The Speech of His Royal Highness Prince Albert translated into the principal European and Oriental Languages,' London, 1851. Other works were:

 'Turkish Tales in English;'
 'A Practical Grammar of the Turkish Language; with Dialogues and Vocabulary,' London, 1854;
 'A Reading Book of the Turkish Language, with Grammar and Vocabulary,' London, 1854;
 'Baitál Pachísí; or, Twenty-five Tales of a Demon; a new edition of the Hindí Text, with each Word expressed in the Hindústání Character immediately under the corresponding word in Nágarí, and with a perfectly literal English interlinear translation, accompanied by a free translation in English at the foot of each page, and explanatory notes,' Hertford, 1855. This work was edited by Edward Backhouse Eastwick, to whom it was dedicated.
 'Odessa and its Inhabitants, by an English Prisoner in Russia,' London, 1855;
 'A short Historical Account of the Crimea, from the Earliest Ages and during the Russian Occupation,' Hertford and London, the Preface of which is dated from 'Constantinople, 12 March 1855.'

References

External links

1810 births
1856 deaths
People from Aleppo
English orientalists
19th-century English people

William Burckhardt Barker


Koeltztown (KELTS'-town) is an unincorporated community in southern Osage County, Missouri, United States. It is located approximately seventeen miles southeast of Jefferson City and is one of the oldest settlements in Osage County. Founded in 1858, the community was named after its first postmaster, August Koeltze. While not Catholic, Koeltz donated land for a Catholic parish to encourage enough settlers to the area to establish a town around St. Boniface Catholic Church. A post office called Koeltztown has been in operation since 1862.

During the American Civil War, a few raiders passed through, but there were no major battles in the area. Most European settlers were German immigrants, who arrived in greatest number from the mid- to late-19th century.

References

Unincorporated communities in Osage County, Missouri
Jefferson City metropolitan area
Unincorporated communities in Missouri

Koeltztown, Missouri


Cementum is the hard outside layer of a tooth root. It is not present in the crown (part above the gums) portion of a tooth. Cementum allows periodontal ligaments to attach onto it, allowing tooth to be connected to the maxilla or mandible.

Composition

Cementum is made up of
 45% to 50% hydroxyapatite (mineral found in teeth and bones)
 50% to 55% collagen (mostly Type I collagen) and non-collagen organic matter

Development

The process of creating cementum is called cementogenesis. It is made by special type of cells known as cementoblasts. Cementoblasts are found on the surface of the cementum. When a cementoblast is no longer on the surface, or when it is found surrounded by cementum, it is then known as a cementocyte.

In contrast, cementoclasts are special cells that remove cementum instead of making cementum.

Cementoenamel junction

The cementoenamel junction, or the cervical line, is the where enamel and cementum meet. The cementum and enamel may meet in different ways.
 As a butt joint: This is when the enamel meets and touches the cementum.
 With a gap: The enamel and cementum do not meet and touch. The gap they leave exposes dentin underneath.
 Overlapping: Cementum overlaps over the enamel.

Types

Cementum can be divided into two main types based on its location and whether it has cells or not.

Acellular cementum. The term acellular means that it does not have any cells in it. It can be found on the surface of the entire tooth root. It allows the tooth to anchor to the maxilla or mandible. Since acellular cementum does not have any cells, it cannot make any new cementum.
Cellular cementum. Unlike acellular cementum, cellular cementum contains cells. It can be found on the lower third of a tooth root. Since cellular cementum contains cells in it, it is able to make more cementum and repair damages. Cellular cementum is less hard than acellular cementum.

References

Teeth

Cementum