Gary Keith Hogeboom (born August 21, 1958) is an American former football quarterback, real estate developer, and television personality. He played in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys, Indianapolis Colts, Phoenix Cardinals and Washington Redskins. Hogeboom played college football at Central Michigan University. He was a contestant on  the CBS reality TV show Survivor: Guatemala.

Early years

Hogeboom attended Northview High School, where he practiced football and basketball. He accepted a football scholarship from Central Michigan University.

As a junior in 1978, he became the starter at quarterback in a triple-option wishbone offense, registering 1,095 passing yards, 5 passing touchdowns, 329 rushing yards and 5 rushing touchdowns, while contributing to a 9–2 record. The next year, he posted 1,404 passing yards, 9 passing touchdowns, 417 rushing yards and 9 rushing touchdowns, leading his team to the school's first Mid-American Conference title with a 10–0–1 record.

He finished his career with 3,088 passing yards, 19 passing touchdowns, 957 rushing yards and 16 rushing touchdowns. He had a 19–2–1 records in his 2 seasons as a starter. In total he won 24 games in 28 starts. At the time, he was the school's All-time leader in touchdown passes (19), total offense yards (4,045 yards), pass completions (208), career passing yards (3,088) and was ranked third in passing yards for a season (1,404).

In 1989, he was inducted into the Central Michigan Athletics Hall Of Fame. In 1994, he was inducted into the Mid-American Conference Sports Hall of Fame. In 2000, he was inducted into the Grand Rapids Sports Hall of Fame.

Professional career

Dallas Cowboys
Hogeboom was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the fifth round (133rd overall) of the 1980 NFL Draft. As a rookie, he earned a roster spot following the retirement of Roger Staubach. He was the third-string quarterback in his first 2 seasons.

1982 season
In 1982, he passed Glenn Carano on the depth chart for the backup quarterback role behind Danny White. In the 1982 NFC title game against the Washington Redskins, he replaced a concussed White at the start of the second half and helped the team get back in the contest with 2 consecutive scoring drives, until making two critical interceptions, one returned by Darryl Grant for a touchdown that sealed the 31–17 loss. He completed 14 out of 29 attempts for 162 yards, 2 touchdowns and 2 interceptions. He began to garner attention and opened some eyes from Cowboys coaches and players alike with this performance.

1983 season
Prior to the 1983 season, the Cowboy players and fans began to lobby for Hogeboom to be the starting quarterback. White had led the team to three straight NFC Championship game appearances after taking over for Hall of Famer Roger Staubach, but couldn't win a Super Bowl. The players also felt that White had betrayed them because of his public support for the NFL team owners during the 1982 NFL players strike. Furthermore, White was seen as quiet and standoffish, unlike the more vocal and personable Hogeboom.

The team gave Hogeboom more playing time in the pre-season, where he completed 42 out of 74 attempts for 475 yards, 4 touchdowns, 3 interceptions and a 77.1 quarterback rating.

White responded to the criticism by having his best statistical season ever in 1983 and leading the Cowboys to a 12–2 record going into a home matchup against the Redskins. However, the Cowboys were beaten at home by a score of 31–10, and the Redskins would go on to finish the season at 14–2, and reach their second straight Super Bowl. The Cowboys, meanwhile, would lose soundly 42–17 the next week to the San Francisco 49ers on Monday Night Football, and then lose 24–17 in the wildcard playoff game at home against the Los Angeles Rams. The rumblings for White to be benched got stronger and Hogeboom also began demanding to be traded.

1984 season
In the 1984 pre-season, Hogeboom completed 18 out of 32 attempts for 255 yards, one touchdown and no interceptions, compared to White's
46 out of 83 attempts for 609 yards, 3 touchdowns and 4 interceptions.

On August 28, he was named the starter during a press conference where head coach Tom Landry began by announcing that offensive tackle Phil Pozderac would be the starter, only to catch the error and mispronounce the last name by saying "Hogenbloom".

Hogeboom started out well, completing 33 passes (club record) for 343 yards and one touchdown in a season opening win on Monday night on national TV against the Los Angeles Rams. However, in the next game against the New York Giants, linebacker Lawrence Taylor sacked him four times and the Cowboys lost, 28–7. Despite the Cowboys 5–3 record, White relieved Hogeboom three games in a row, so Landry went back to the more experienced White against the Indianapolis Colts and New York Giants.

After a poor performance by both quarterbacks against the Giants, Hogeboom regained the starting position. The constant change at quarterback didn't help to improve the team's inconsistent play, eventually resulting in a 14–3 loss to the previously winless Buffalo Bills. White would go on to start the last 4 games, putting an end to one of the most famous quarterback controversies in NFL history. Hogeboom produced a 6–4 record in 10 starts, posting 2,366 passing yards, 7 touchdowns and 14 interceptions.

1985 season
In 1985, he started 2 contests and played in parts of 3 others, substituting an injured White. Hogeboom lost 2 contests, completing 70 passes for 978 yards, 5 touchdowns and 7 interceptions.

On April 28, 1986, he was traded to the Colts in exchange for switching positions in the second round of the 1986 NFL Draft and a conditional draft choice (not exercised). With the Colts' 2nd-round pick, the Cowboys selected Darryl Clack, and with the Cowboys' 2nd-round pick, the Colts selected Jack Trudeau.

Indianapolis Colts

1986 season
After acquiring Hogeboom the Indianapolis Colts traded Mike Pagel, who had been the previous starter at quarterback, to the Cleveland Browns for a ninth round pick  (#247-Bob Ontko) in the 1987 NFL Draft.

The excitement was high at Hogeboom's arrival, as the franchise had not seen quality quarterback play since the days of Bert Jones. It was thought that giving head coach Rod Dowhower something to work with would yield great results, as he made his name with the St. Louis Cardinals where he helped develop Neil Lomax.

The Colts got off to a shaky start losing in New England 33–3. The next week against the Miami Dolphins, the Colts lost both the game and Hogeboom, when he was injured after picking up an Albert Bentley fumble and being tackled by Dolphin's safety Lyle Blackwood at the end of a 50-yard run. On the play Hogeboom had the opportunity to run safely out of bounds, but instead tried to gain additional yards. Blackwood physically picked Hogeboom up and drove him into the ground, causing a serious right (throwing) shoulder separation. Colts General Manager Jim Irsay had this to say of the tackle:  "The way it looked on TV, it was a malicious tackle," "If that's the case, I think a player should be suspended. You're talking about knocking out a team's starting quarterback."

Hogeboom was assumed to be lost for the season and rookie Jack Trudeau was forced into the starting lineup and the team struggled through the season with thirteen straight losses. After the last loss, Dowhower was fired and former Southern Methodist University and New England Patriots coach Ron Meyer was brought in.

Hogeboom surprised everyone by returning and starting for Meyer's first game as the Colts coach. They were matched against the Atlanta Falcons and were a heavy underdog, Hogeboom played a great game helping the Colts come from behind to win on a blocked punt at the end of the fourth quarter. The Colts shocked the league by winning the last three games of the season to finish up at 3–13 and generating optimism heading into the next season.

1987 season
With a potential player strike looming, the Colts started the 1987 season with two losses, one was with Jack Trudeau who was replacing an injured Hogeboom. At this point the NFL Players Association chose to call a work stoppage and Hogeboom was one of the handful of players who chose to cross the picket lines and keep playing. At issue was specific language in Hogeboom's contract which potentially could have cost him all his remaining salary.

The owners decided to field teams of replacement players to fulfill their obligation to the ticket holders and television networks.  Hogeboom led the Colts replacement players to a 2–0 record before being injured in the second game. This injury was caused by veteran defensive end Marty Lyons flagrantly spearing him on a quarterback sneak play, breaking a rib in his back and puncturing a lung. Although the Colts lost the last strike game with a new quarterback, the victories in the previous contests were crucial in securing the franchise's first playoff berth in ten years.

After the strike, Jack Trudeau started the next four games with a 2–2 record. After a win against the New England Patriots, the Colts made a blockbuster trade to get star running back Eric Dickerson. Since Hogeboom's injury had healed, he was re-inserted as the starter, helping the team win against the Miami Dolphins, but also lost against the New England Patriots. In the next game, he led the Colts to a rousing home win versus the Houston Oilers. However, Hogeboom was to again be injured in this game. On a 22-yard touchdown pass to Albert Bentley, Hogeboom was struck on the inside part of his throwing arm by a blitzing Jeff Donaldson. This blow drove his arm up in an unnatural way, dislocating his right shoulder and sending him to the injured reserve list.

Jack Trudeau would finish out the season as the starter, taking the Colts to their first playoff game since 1977, which they would lose  21–38 against the Cleveland Browns.

1988 season
Although he started in the season opener and completed 15 out of 20 passes, he was demoted to third-string quarterback with rookie Chris Chandler earning the starter job.

Against the San Diego Chargers, coach Meyer unveiled the wishbone offense, in which Hogeboom would be used on occasions during the season. He also came off the bench for an injured Chandler, to lead the team to a 17–14 win against the Buffalo Bills. At the end of the year, he was left unprotected—eligible to sign with any team that wanted him—under Plan B free agency.

Phoenix Cardinals
On March 3, 1989, he was signed as a Plan B free agent with the Phoenix Cardinals, reuniting with head coach and former Cowboys assistant Gene Stallings. He also was the highest signed player with four-year $3.27 million contract and a $250,000 signing bonus.

He was acquired because of Neil Lomax's problematic arthritic left hip, which eventually forced him to retire. Hogeboom was named the starter and posted career highs with 2,591 passing yards, 14 touchdowns and 19 interceptions, but finished with a 5–8 record. The next year Joe Bugel was hired as the new head coach and Hogeboom was waived on September 3, 1990.

Washington Redskins
On September 23, 1990, he signed as a free agent with the Washington Redskins for depth purposes after quarterback Mark Rypien was injured. He was released on December 28 to make room for defensive tackle Tracy Rocker.

Hogeboom played for eleven seasons (1980–1990) and passed for 9,346 yards, 49 touchdowns and 60 interceptions, along with 164 rushing yards and 4 rushing touchdowns.

Survivor

In 2005, Hogeboom was a contestant on Survivor: Guatemala, the 11th season of the CBS reality TV show Survivor.  He kept his professional sports past a secret and even claimed that he was a landscaper named Gary Hawkins.  He did this out of fear that he would be eliminated right away if the other competitors assumed he was already wealthy, being a former NFL quarterback.  Unfortunately for him, his plan failed when another contestant, Danni Boatwright, who worked in sports radio, recognized him immediately.  Despite this confrontation between the two, Danni would be Gary's closest ally throughout the game. In fact, post-show interviews from other contestants revealed that they actually all knew his real identity but didn't care, because he was a strong, well-liked player.

Hogeboom was eliminated on Day 30 and became the third jury member, after saving himself from elimination by using the hidden immunity idol at a previous Tribal Council; his elimination was unrelated to the issue of his true identity, simply coming down to the powerful alliance of Rafe Judkins, Stephenie LaGrossa, Cindy Hall, Lydia Morales, and Judd Sergeant voting off non-alliance members. After Hogeboom was voted out, he confessed in his final words that his name was Gary Hogeboom and he was an ex-NFL quarterback. He went down in Survivor history as the first person to ever find and play a hidden immunity idol at Tribal Council.

Personal life
Hogeboom is married with four children. He lives in Grand Haven, Michigan, where he is a private real estate developer. He also coaches the JV Girls basketball team at Grand Haven High School.

References

External links
MAC Hall of Fame bio

Official CBS biography

1958 births
Living people
Players of American football from Grand Rapids, Michigan
American football quarterbacks
Central Michigan Chippewas football players
Central Michigan University alumni
Dallas Cowboys players
Indianapolis Colts players
Phoenix Cardinals players
Survivor (American TV series) contestants
American people of Dutch descent
National Football League replacement players

Gary Hogeboom


A red supergiant (RSG) is a larger and brighter type of red giant star. Red supergiants are often variable stars. They are between 100 to 1,600 times bigger than the Sun. Examples of a red supergiant star include Antares, 119 Tauri, Betelgeuse, and VV Cephei A. Most red supergiant stars explode as supernovae. Some of the brightest become Wolf-Rayet stars before they explode.

Red supergiants are stars are some of the brightest stars. They are also the largest stars in the universe. Betelgeuse and Antares are the brightest and best known red supergiants. They are also the only first magnitude red supergiant stars.

References

Red giants
Types of stars

Red supergiant


is a Japanese adult visual novel, developed by Tactics, a brand of Nexton, released on May 29, 1998 playable on Windows PCs. The erotic content was later removed when the game was ported to the PlayStation. The story follows the life of Kōhei Orihara, a high school student who has fun spending time with several girls about his age, while at the same time he is gradually being drawn into a mystical alternate space known as the Eternal World.

The gameplay in One follows a branching plot line which offers pre-determined scenarios with courses of interaction, and focuses on the appeal of the six female main characters by the player character. The game ranked several times in the national top 50 for best-selling PC games sold in Japan. A sequel loosely based on One titled One 2: Eien no Yakusoku was produced by BaseSon, another brand under Nexton, and was released in April 2002. An enhanced remake will be released in December 2023, and it will also be available in English by Shiravune.

Much of the staff that created the game later became the founding members of the visual novel brand Key. KSS produced a four-episode all ages original video animation (OVA) series between 2001 and 2002 titled One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e. Cherry Lips produced a three-episode adult OVA series between 2003 and 2004 titled One: True Stories. One: True Stories was later licensed for English language distribution by Media Blasters. Comic anthologies and four novels were also published, as were audio dramas.

Plot

Setting and gameplay
The main part Ones story takes place at a Japanese high school, though little is shown except for Kōhei's classroom, the cafeteria, and a little of the surrounding area. The main school building is three-stories, and the roof is accessible, albeit with a sign on the roof's access door saying "No Entry", but the door is never locked regardless. Adjacent to the main building is another which houses club rooms. The school borders a forest on one side with a chain link fence. Beyond the forest is a park with a fountain and a flight of stairs on a hill. Other than the school, the shopping district in town and the usual path Kōhei takes to school are shown, but otherwise the only other place depicted is Kōhei's two-story house.

One is a romance visual novel in which the player assumes the role of Kōhei Orihara. Much of its gameplay is spent on reading the story's narrative and dialogue. One follows a branching plot line with multiple endings, and depending on the decisions that the player makes during the game, the plot will progress in a specific direction. There are six main plot lines that the player will have the chance to experience, one for each of the heroines in the story. Throughout gameplay, the player is given multiple options to choose from, and text progression pauses at these points until a choice is made. To view all plot lines in their entirety, the player will have to replay the game multiple times and choose different choices to further the plot to an alternate direction. In the adult versions of the game, there are scenes with sexual CGs depicting Kōhei and a given heroine having sex. Later, ports of the game were released without the erotic content.

Characters
Kōhei Orihara is a young man in high school living a normal life. He tends to tease the girls he knows, especially his childhood friend Mizuka Nagamori, but deep down he is generally nice to girls. Mizuka usually takes good care of him, and worries about Kōhei, wondering if he could suddenly get a girlfriend. She is constantly sighing, being made to go along with Kōhei's meaningless jokes. Kōhei meets a transfer student named Rumi Nanase early in the story whose goal is to become a "true maiden" and to that end, she behaves maidenly toward those around her, but she shows her true character just to Kōhei, who leaves a terrible first impression. Kōhei gets to know a quiet classmate named Akane Satomura who does not readily open her heart up to those around her, and refuses any help Kōhei may offer.

Kōhei also meets a blind upperclassman named Misaki Kawana who has a sociable personality where she can be unreserved with anyone. A mute underclassman girl named Mio Kōzuki meets Kōhei one day and uses a sketchbook to carry on written conversations. She belongs to the drama club, and despite not being able to speak, can still show emotion through various abundant expressions. The last girl Kōhei gets to know is a childish junior high school student named Mayu Shiina who refuses to go to school. Her one and only friend she could trust in life, a ferret named Myū, dies shortly before she meets Kōhei and the other main characters.

Story
The story revolves around Kōhei Orihara, the main protagonist. His father died when he was very young, followed by his younger sister Misao and finally his mother. Deeply depressed, he goes to live with his aunt Yukiko, his mother's younger sister, about ten years before Ones story begins on November 30, 1998. After he meets Mizuka Nagamori as a child, Kōhei begins to seclude himself in the Eternal World, a world within his mind. The game's main recurring motif is a focus on the Eternal World, a mystical alternate space which is never clearly explained, and the details of which are unknown. Shun Hikami's remarks in the original game are possible clues about the Eternal World.

The Eternal World is a place similar to the afterlife where a person's "other self" awaits. Anyone can access it, though it is only accessible once one has lost his or her grounding in the real world. It may be necessary to form a pledge with someone in the real world as a guide to the Eternal World, but one's memories surrounding the pledge become vague. A grace period can be granted between when the pledge is made and when someone goes to the Eternal World. Once the process has started, nothing can prevent someone from going to the Eternal World, and returning to the real world is difficult. Someone about to leave to the Eternal World starts to be forgotten approximately one week before going, and the amount of time before someone forgets differs based on how much someone thinks about the person leaving. However, he or she is remembered the moment that person returns. If a strong emotional bond is established in the real world before leaving, a person in the Eternal World can be returned after approximately one year.

Kōhei is living a normal life in high school with Mizuka, and gets to know five other girls throughout the story who he helps with their various personal problems. While Kōhei likes to joke and tease these girls, deep down he is nice to girls and genuinely wants to help them. In the story, Kōhei is able to form intimate relationships with the six heroines: Mizuka Nagamori, Rumi Nanase, Misaki Kawana, Mio Kouzuki, Mayu Shiina, and Akane Satomura. While a given relationship will start out well, before long those around him start to forget him as he begins to retreat further into the Eternal World. If Kōhei forms a strong bond with one of the girls, she alone remembers him even after he leaves to the Eternal World. This ensures his eventual return one year later when he and the girl reunite.

Development and release
One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e is Tactics' third title, after Moon and Dōsei. One'''s production was headed by YET11, the pseudonym of Tsutomu Yoshizawa, who also contributed to the music in the game. Planning was led by Jun Maeda, who worked on the scenario with fellow writer Naoki Hisaya. Maeda wrote the scenarios for Mizuka, Rumi and Mayu, while Hisaya wrote the routes for Misaki, Mio and Akane. Art direction was done by Itaru Hinoue who also worked on the computer graphics along with artists Miracle Mikipon and Shinory. In addition to YET11, the soundtrack was composed by Shinji Orito, OdiakeS, M.S. and Ishisan.One was first released on May 29, 1998 in regular and limited edition versions playable on Windows PCs in CD-ROM format; the limited edition included the game's first original soundtrack. Both the limited and regular editions of the original game contained no voice acting. A promotional video for the game is still available for download at Tactics' One website. On April 1, 1999, KID released an all ages version in regular and limited editions playable on the PlayStation under the title Kagayaku Kisetsu e; the PS version contained full-voice acting. On September 14, 2000, AI System released One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e Memorial Selection, which was essentially the original game, though the price was cheaper at a little less than half the original price. On January 1, 2003, a full voice version of the Windows game was released by Nexton. Kōhei was not voiced in any of the versions.

Kawamoto Industrial released a version playable on FOMA mobile phones on February 9, 2007. Magicseed released two versions without adult content: one playable on au mobile phones on March 1, 2007, and the other playable on SoftBank 3G mobile phones on July 2, 2007. The final release by Nexton was on June 1, 2007 as a Windows Vista compatible edition for the PC. Gyutto released the full-voice, Vista-compatible edition of One as a downloadable version on February 26, 2010, and DMM also made it available as a downloadable version on June 15, 2010. Regolith Innovation released a version playable on Android devices through their Drops! service and app on June 14, 2012.

Related media

Print
Four adult novels based on the series, written by Midori Tateyama, were published by Movic between August 1998 and April 2000. Each volume focused on one of the main heroines in the story; volumes one through four focused on Mizuka, Akane, Misaki, and Rumi, respectively. A 143-page official fan book, which focused on Moon and One, was released by the publisher Compass in October 1998, titled Tactics Moon & One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e Creation Image Collection. ASCII released a 95-page official fan book for the PlayStation version of One in October 1999.

Compass also released a manga anthology called Tactics Anthology Comic One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e Chapter in May 1999. Movic released a two-volume manga anthology called One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e Comic Anthology between October and December 1999. Ohzora released five volumes of manga anthologies: three in one series, and the last two as stand-alone volumes. The three-volume series is titled One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e Anthology Comics and were released between May 2002 and February 2003. The first stand-alone volume called One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e Dōjin Selection was released in September 2003, and the second stand-alone volume titled Hidamari One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e was released in January 2004.

AnimeOne was adapted twice into original video animation (OVA) series. The first was an all ages OVA titled One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e animated by Triple X and produced by KSS; four DVD volumes were released in Japan between August 10, 2001 and May 24, 2002. The all ages OVA is only loosely based on the original One visual novel and has a different setting. The second series, produced by Cherry Lips, was an adult OVA under the title One: True Stories, and adapted the visual novel much more closely. Three DVD volumes containing a single episode each were released between November 21, 2003 and May 28, 2004. One: True Stories was later licensed for English distribution by Media Blasters and the three episodes were released in a single volume on August 16, 2005.

Music and audio CDs
The visual novel's one main piece of theme music is the ending theme  composed by Shinji Orito. Five of the heroines have background music leitmotifs, excluding Mayu Shiina. Mizuka Nagamori's theme is ; Rumi Nanase's theme is ; Misaki Kawana's theme is ; Mio Kouzuki's theme is ; lastly, Akane Satomura's theme is . The first original soundtrack for the game was released on December 6, 1998, and a second followed on September 24, 1999 as a piano arrange album. A remix album titled Sea Roars came bundled with the full voice Windows edition of the game released on January 1, 2003.

Three drama CDs based on the original game were released by Movic between November 6, 1999 and January 30, 2000. Two drama CDs based on the all ages OVA series were released by KSS between November 2001 and July 2002. A soundtrack for the all ages OVA series titled One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e Music from the Animation (also known as One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e Vocal Mini album) was released on August 10, 2001 by KSS. An original soundtrack for One: True Stories was released by ChamberRecords/Hobirecords on November 21, 2003.

Reception
According to a national ranking of how well bishōjo games sold nationally in Japan, the One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e Memorial Selection Windows release ranked in on seven separate occasions. The game premiered at number six in the rankings during the first two weeks of September 2000. During the first two weeks of January 2001, the Memorial Selection ranked in at number 30, and a month later during the first two weeks of February 2001, ranked in at number 38. Memorial Selection ranked in again at 41 between the end of February and March 2001, and the following two weeks ranked in at 32. Memorial Selection ranked on the list again between May 7–20, 2001, ranking in at 47, and then for a final time during the first two weeks of July 2001, ranking in at 37. The One full-voice edition for Windows premiered at number 12 out of 50 in the ranking, and ranked the following two weeks at 40. In the month that followed, the One full voice edition ranked first in 60th place, and then again in the following ranking at 44. The PlayStation port in 1999 was reviewed by the Japanese video game magazine Famitsu, which gave it an overall score 27/40.

The all ages OVA series was given a negative review by Carlos Ross of THEM Anime Reviews. Despite looking "kinda cute", he criticized the characters as having "no personality beyond the standard cliches of [a] dating simulation." However, Ross did praise the art style, commenting that it was "rather nice, being in traditional analog style rather than CG." The One: True Stories adult OVA series was reviewed at Mania.com where the reviewer remarked, "One: True Stories is the perfect kind of entry level or couples type of show that focuses just as much on the story and emotions of the characters as the sex, if not more so." The characters were found to be "appealing", and the story is described as a "fantasy but it's a nice fantasy."

Legacy
Type-Moon co-founder Kinoko Nasu credits the PlayStation port of One as inspiring him to be a video game scenario writer. After he read a Famitsu review of the PlayStation port (in issue No. 538, dated April 9, 1999) that urged readers who normally dislike "orthodox romance video games" to try playing it because of its "science fiction elements," Nasu bought the game and became enthralled by its in-depth story. That made him realize that he could write an interesting story in a video game format, leading him to start writing Tsukihime and distribute a free promotional version of the game at Comiket 56 in August 1999. Nasu also preferred how the text in the One PlayStation port is overlaid across the entire game screen, which was the format he used in Tsukihime, as opposed to the Windows version of One that has the text in a dialogue box on the lower portion of the screen. Illustrator and Type-Moon co-founder Takashi Takeuchi was already a fan of One at the time, but he preferred the Windows version. Nasu also said in a 2001 interview that the influence from One was so strong in his work at the time that even the manner in which the protagonist of Tsukihime talks is very similar to how Kōhei talks in One.

After the release of One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e, the game's producer YET11 was the only staff member who worked on the game who was later credited for future titles produced by Tactics, such as Tactics' next visual novel Suzu ga Utau Hi in 1999. The rest of the main production staff for One, along with its predecessor Moon, were later credited with the creation of the visual novel Kanon under the brand Key attached to Visual Arts. Characters from One have appeared in other media  not directly based on the One series. The six heroines from One have appeared in the Eternal Fighter Zero dōjin games by Twilight Frontier. Additionally, Rumi Nanase can be seen as a background character in several episodes of the Kanon anime series by Kyoto Animation. Itaru Hinoue, the art director of One, included illustrations from One in her art book White Clover: Itaru Hinoue Art Works released in 2009.

A sequel loosely based on the One visual novel titled  was produced by the visual novel studio BaseSon, another brand under Nexton. One 2 was released first on April 26, 2002, and then again on April 25, 2003 with added voice acting, scenario, CGs and music. One 2 used the concept of the Eternal World established in One as a major motif as One had done. The Eternal World in One 2 is better explained than in One, though the two versions of the world differ to a certain extent due to the scenario writers that worked on One not being credited on the production staff of One 2.

Remake
An enhanced remake, simply titled One'', was announced in July 2022 for Windows and the Nintendo Switch to commemorate Nexton's 30th anniversary, with Itaru Hinoue returning as the main illustrator. It is scheduled for released on December 22, 2023, with support in English and Chinese by Shiravune. The remake is developed by  Novamicus, a brand of Nexton. Unlike the original, the remake will not feature adult content in any of its versions.

Notes

References

External links

Nexton's official One website

Nexton's official One remake website

1998 Japanese novels
1998 video games
2001 anime OVAs
2003 anime OVAs
Android (operating system) games
Bishōjo games
Drama anime and manga
Eroge
Fantasy anime and manga
Harem anime and manga
Japan-exclusive video games
Media Blasters
Mobile games
OVAs based on video games
PlayStation (console) games
Romance anime and manga
Romance video games
School life in anime and manga
Seinen manga
Tactics (brand) games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Shinji Orito
Visual novels
Windows games
Single-player video games

One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e


The Yamaha Music Foundation is an organization established in 1966 by the authority of the Japanese Ministry of Education for the purpose of promoting music education and music popularization. It continued a program of music classes begun by Yamaha Corporation in 1954. Its unique, systematic teaching method and teacher training programs are highly valued in Japan and other countries.

The Yamaha Grade Examination System has been developed to enable students and teachers to ensure their own progress and thereby obtain self-confidence in their own music studies.  The Yamaha Grade Examination System consists of nine grades, Grade 9 to Grade 1. The examination evaluates the performing ability of the music lovers in general; the performing ability and the musical knowledge and techniques required for the instructors of the fundamentals stage; and also the performing competence of the professional musicians.

The foundation is known for its organizing of the World Popular Song Festival which it organized from 1970 until 1989.

References

External links

Music Foundation
Music organizations based in Japan
Music education organizations
Arts organizations established in 1966
1966 establishments in Japan

Yamaha Music Foundation


Middleton is an unincorporated community in Simpson County, Kentucky, United States.  It lies along Routes 100 and 103 west of the city of Franklin, the county seat of Simpson County.  Its elevation is 640 feet (195 m), and it is located approximately halfway between Russellville and Franklin, Kentucky.  At first glance it appears to be unchanged in centuries, with the few homes spotting the countryside clearly dating from the 18th and 19th centuries.

References

Unincorporated communities in Simpson County, Kentucky
Unincorporated communities in Kentucky

Middleton, Kentucky


Samuel Sisulu (June 1956 - June 2003) was a South African anti-apartheid activist, Soweto uprising student leader and founder of South African Freedom Organisation (SAFO). He was jailed at various prisons including Robben Island in 1978, two years after the 1976 Soweto uprising. Samuel Sisulu was charged under the Terrorism Act. Reported in WIP 3. He was mentioned in the indictment of Paul Langa and found guilty of founding SAFO, attempting to cripple the economy of the country by bombing the apartheid government, inciting persons to persuade taxi drivers not to transport workers to place of work, aid strikes, unlawfully aid students in their fight against Bantu education and was also found guilty of recruiting people for military training.

Whilst in Robben Island, Samuel shared prison cells with his adopted father Walter Sisulu and Ahmed Kathrada (who became his daughter's godfather). Samuel Sisulu was later released from Robben Island in 1983, after serving 5 years. He married Pinky Pertunia Letsosa and continued to aid students and provide military training. Sisulu became instrumental in the 1994 election. He became a teacher and served under the new government.

References

http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/malepane-samuel sahistory
https://disa.ukzn.ac.za/

1956 births
2003 deaths
South African activists
Anti-apartheid activists

Samuel Sisulu


This article is about a transport agency. "Kolumbus" is also Elisa's GSM brand.

Kolumbus AS, formerly Rogaland Kollektivtrafikk FKF, is the public transportation administration in Rogaland, Norway and organised as a county agency. The agency is responsible for planning, marketing and organising the public transport in Rogaland, including buses and passenger ferries, but does not perform any transport itself. Instead it awards public service obligation (PSO) contracts to independent operators. The agency was created on January 1, 2002 and has 35 employees and offices at Byterminalen in Stavanger. All buses operated in Rogaland are branded as Kolumbus and painted green. Before Kolumbus was created, there was several smaller companies who was responsible for the transport in the different parts of Rogaland. However, because of complications with bus lines not overlapping with each other, the bus companies finally decided to unite and become Kolumbus, or Rogaland Kollektivtrafikk (Rogaland Public Transports) as it is also known as.

The companies that have contracts with Kolumbus are Tide Buss, Nettbuss, Norgesbuss and Boreal Norge (buses) and Stavangerske, Torghatten Trafikkselskap, L. Rødne og Sønner and John Arne Helgøy (ferries).

Trains are not within the responsibility of Kolumbus. Vy has the responsibility and sells tickets for almost all trains in Norway. But Kolumbus has negotiated validity for period passes for both trains and buses. There are local trains Stavanger - Sandnes and Stavanger - Egersund (Jæren Commuter Rail).

History
In 2003 the first PSO contracts were awarded to in Greater Stavanger. At the same time there was a number of changes in the routes and ticket zones, creating some confusion. In 2006 the routes in Jæren and Dalane were also changed to PSO contracts. The same year the new ticketing system was introduced, but this system has had major starting problems, resulting in many trips not being charged and loss of income for the companies.

On July 26, 2013, Kolumbus unveiled their new logo.

Kolumbus Card

The Kolumbus Card is an electronic ticketing system launched in 2006.  It allows all travels with bus, ferry and the Jæren Commuter Rail to be paid with the cards. Depending on the travel card a user purchases, the card is either personal or impersonal. If used as a prepaid card, it is impersonal and allows the user to charge the card like a prepaid card for a mobile telephone, giving the use a credit that can use to pay for travel. Prepaid ticket rates are cheaper than the cash fare. The card can also be charged with a monthly ticket. Depending on the monthly ticket, the card can be both personal or impersonal: The Flexipass which allows unlimited monthly travel by bus within one of four zones is impersonal. As long as the account is valid, the Kolumbus card can be used by anybody. The Periodic pass allows unlimited travel along a given route, with the options of used train, bus, and ferry. The Periodic pass is personal and can only be used by the person who owns the card. The Kolumbus Card uses non-contact smartcard technology so the card can stay in the wallet while it is swept by the reader.

The agency has sent the Kolumbus Card to all residents above 16 in Rogaland, but other people can get a new card at the Kolumbus office for a small fee of 50 Norwegian kroner. There has also been created a miniCard that allows users to pay for only single trips without the Kolumbus Card. There's a paper version of the Kolumbus Card which tourists can use for smaller (Less than 14 days) products.

Apps
Kolumbus has 3 different apps. The Kolumbus ticket app, the Kolumbus travel planner and the Kolumbus "sanntids" app.

In the ticket app, passengers can buy singular tickets and period tickets. It is cheaper to buy the ticket in the app than on board in the bus. The app is easy to use. It is mandatory to scan the ticket on board, in order for the bus driver to control that the passengers have a valid ticket.

In the travel planner it is possible to plan the travel from a specific address or a search in the map. The searches get saved in the app so it gets easier for the travellers. The app gives information about departure and arrival time for bus, train and boat.

The Kolumbus "sanntids" app shows where the bus is at any time. Travelers can see if the bus is delayed or ahead of expected arrival. The sanntids app is a helpful tool for travelers, as the bus can be delayed.

All of the apps can be downloaded from the App Store or Google Play

References

External links
Kolumbus

Public transport administrators of Norway
Bus transport brands
Norwegian brands
Public transport in Rogaland
Rogaland County Municipality

Kolumbus


The Graham Building is a 1926 Prairie style building on Stolp Island in Aurora, Illinois. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. Also, it is a contributing property in a historic district.

History
The Graham Building was designed by George Grant Elmslie, a leading student of Louis Sullivan. It was one of five buildings Elmslie designed in Aurora, Illinois. The Graham Building is the tallest of the buildings he designed for the city. William Graham was a contractor who commissioned the building. He immigrated from Nova Scotia, Canada in the 1890s. He owned this building until his death in the 1950s. The National Park Service listed it on the National Register of Historic Places on March 19, 1982. On September 10, 1986, it was listed as a contributing property to the Stolp Island Historic District.

Architecture
The eight-story building was designed the Prairie School architectural style. It is trapezoidal in shape, and is built with steel-reinforced concrete. The exterior is brick in a stretcher bond, with a polished granite first floor street facade. Casement windows with transoms are wood-framed. Windows on the side facades are standard double-hung windows. Little effort was put into the side facade because it was thought that other office buildings would soon be built adjacent to it. Entry doors are recessed  from the edge of the openings. The main facades at Stolp Avenue and the Fox River feature decorative terracotta and brick coursing designs below the second story windows.

References

National Register of Historic Places in Kane County, Illinois
Prairie School architecture in Illinois
Commercial buildings completed in 1926
Buildings and structures in Aurora, Illinois
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Historic district contributing properties in Illinois
George Grant Elmslie buildings

Graham Building (Aurora, Illinois)


The Abbotsford Heat were a professional ice hockey team that played five seasons in the American Hockey League (AHL) between 2009 and 2014. The team was based in Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada, and played its home games at the 7,046-seat Abbotsford Entertainment & Sports Centre. The franchise was the National Hockey League (NHL) affiliate of the Calgary Flames and arrived in Abbotsford in 2009 as a relocated franchise formerly known as the Quad City Flames. The team played five seasons in British Columbia before the Flames' lease agreement with the City of Abbotsford was terminated following the 2013–14 season.

On May 5, 2014, the AHL's Board of Governors approved the relocation of the franchise to Glens Falls, New York where the Adirondack Flames replaced the Adirondack Phantoms who had moved to Allentown, Pennsylvania.

History
The Flames moved their affiliate to the Fraser Valley after playing two seasons in Moline, Illinois as the Quad City Flames. The team's transfer was approved on April 28, 2009, and as a result, Abbotsford became the westernmost city in the AHL. The team closest to the Heat in distance, the Oklahoma City Barons, was  away, and the Heat was the only AHL team west of the Central Time Zone. To reduce travel costs, road teams sometimes played two consecutive games in Abbotsford, and in some cases, the Heat played consecutive road games at the same arena. The same scheduling was used for the St. John's IceCaps.

The organization held a "name the team" contest, and on May 14, 2009, Heat was announced as the team's new name.

On June 5, 2009, it was reported that Jim Playfair would debut as head coach of the Abbotsford Heat after spending two seasons with the Calgary Flames.

Relocation to Glens Falls
The team struggled financially and saw low attendance; talks eventually broke down between the city of Abbotsford, the Vancouver Canucks, and the Calgary Flames on a possible affiliation swap.

Upon the Vancouver Canucks' purchase of the Peoria Rivermen, the Heat's owners were petitioned from interested groups in Utica, New York. On June 14, 2013, the Vancouver Canucks and Mohawk Valley Garden, the managing partner based in Utica, signed a six-year affiliation agreement, and the Utica Comets became the new AHL affiliate of the Vancouver Canucks. The Canucks moved the team to Abbotsford in 2021, becoming the Abbotsford Canucks.

The city of Abbotsford terminated the contract with the Heat on April 15, 2014. The Heat finished the season and Calder Cup playoffs in Abbotsford, and on May 5, 2014, the AHL's Board of Governors announced at its spring meeting in Chicago that it approved the relocation of the team to Glens Falls for the 2014–15 season, with games to be played at the Glens Falls Civic Center as the Adirondack Flames.

Team information

Mascot
The Heat's mascot was Hawkey, an anthropomorphic red-tailed hawk, a species native to the Fraser Valley. Hawkey could be seen at home games wearing jersey No. 00.

Season-by-season results

Team captains
Garth Murray, 2009–10
Carter Bancks and Ben Walter 2009-10
Quintin Laing, 2010–13
Dean Arsene, 2013–14

References

Calgary Flames minor league affiliates
Sport in Abbotsford, British Columbia
Ice hockey clubs established in 2009
Ice hockey clubs disestablished in 2014
Defunct ice hockey teams in Canada
2009 establishments in British Columbia
2014 disestablishments in British Columbia

Abbotsford Heat


No Greater Love is a novel by Danielle Steel. It tells a fictional story based on the true event of the sinking of the . It is Steel's 28th novel.

Plot summary
In 1912, after visiting her aunt and uncle in England, Edwina Winfield, her parents, younger siblings and her fiancé, Charles, travel back to the United States on the maiden voyage of the . When the ship sinks, Edwina's fiancé and her parents die. After being rescued, Edwina and her siblings return to their home in San Francisco, where Edwina takes on the responsibility of raising her younger siblings. Some of her friends want Edwina to move on and find a new fiancé, and Ben, a family attorney, falls in love with her but Edwina doesn't want to marry, only raise her new family.

Edwina's father was the owner of a newspaper, and Edwina helps keep the newspaper running, expecting her oldest brother, Philip, to take over once he's finished his education at Harvard. However, Philip enlists in the army during World War I and dies in combat. A younger brother, George, tries to help but has no interest in the newspaper and eventually leaves for Hollywood, wanting to become a movie producer. Edwina sells the newspaper and also inherit money from the aunt in England. George finds success in Hollywood and the younger sister Alexis desperately wants to be a movie actress. She runs off with a much older man, to England. Edwina goes after her, stepping on a boat for the first time since the Titanic disaster more than a decade earlier. On the boat, she falls in love with a man who turns out to be a cousin of her fiancé Charles. They have a short love affair but he is (unhappily) married and can not divorce because he is a Catholic. When she returns to the US, Edwina realizes she is now over Charles and can move on with her life and that she is in love with Sam, George's father-in-law, a movie producer.

Adaptations
The novel was the basis for a made-for-TV movie, No Greater Love (1996), starring Kelly Rutherford.

Reception
Publishers Weekly called the novel "predictably sentimental."

References

1991 American novels
Novels by Danielle Steel
Novels about RMS Titanic
American novels adapted into films
American novels adapted into television shows
Delacorte Press books
American romance novels

No Greater Love (novel)


Robert Couth Mathis (July 3, 1927 – April 27, 2016) was a United States Air Force four-star general who served as Vice Chief of Staff, U.S. Air Force (VCSAF) from 1980 to 1982.

Biography
Mathis was born in 1927, in Eagle Pass, Texas, where he graduated from high school in 1944. He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1948 with a Bachelor of Science degree and a commission as second lieutenant. Later in his career he received advanced degrees from the University of Illinois and the University of Texas.

In November 1949, after pilot training at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas, and Williams Air Force Base, Arizona, he was assigned to the 51st Fighter Group on Okinawa, a unit equipped with the F-80 Shooting Star. During the Korean War Mathis served as an F-80 fighter pilot in the 16th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and as a forward air controller with the 6148th Tactical Control Squadron. In addition to the Purple Heart, he also received the Silver Star and Distinguished Flying Cross for his combat tour in Korea.

In August 1956, following a tour as an instructor at the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, he transferred to the Rome Air Development Center, Griffiss Air Force Base, New York, as the program director of the center's Trinidad Test Site. During this period he played a major role in the critical development phases of the Ballistic Missile Warning System, the Echo Satellite Program and the Project Mercury Downrange Tracking Program. After receiving his doctorate in Electrical Engineering from the University of Texas in 1963, he served as a project officer in the Development Division, Air Force Weapons Laboratory, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico, where he was responsible for the development of special weapons delivery systems.

Mathis completed the Industrial College of the Armed Forces at Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C., in August 1967 and was assigned as the senior U.S. adviser to the Vietnamese air force with IV Corps in the Mekong Delta. From October 1967 to November 1968, he flew more than 200 combat missions, including an air strike in the A-1 Skyraider for which he received his second Distinguished Flying Cross.

Mathis returned to the United States in November 1968 for duty in the Office of the Secretary of Defense. In August 1969 he was named commander of the Rome Air Development Center. Under his direction the center established one of the best flight safety and test aircraft utilization rates in the Air Force Systems Command.

In January 1971 Mathis transferred to the Aeronautical Systems Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, where he became system program director for the General Dynamics F-111 and later the F-15. During this tour of duty he also managed tactical reconnaissance, strike and electronic warfare programs.

Mathis served as deputy chief of staff, systems, at Air Force Systems Command headquarters, Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland., from October 1976 to May 1977, when he became vice commander of Air Force Systems Command. He became the vice commander of Tactical Air Command at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, in March 1979. He became the Air Force Vice Chief of Staff on March 1, 1980. On June 1, 1982, General Robert C. Mathis retired from the Air Force.

Upon retirement, Mathis and his wife, Greta, founded Eagle Mount, a nonprofit organization for therapeutic recreation in Bozeman, Montana. Eagle Mount provides recreational services for people of all ages with physical and developmental disabilities and summer camps for children with cancer. He died on April 27, 2016, in Billings, Montana. He was cremated and later interred at Sunset Hills Cemetery in Bozeman.

Awards and decorations

References

1927 births
2016 deaths
United States Air Force generals
Vice Chiefs of Staff of the United States Air Force
United States Air Force personnel of the Vietnam War
American Korean War pilots
American Vietnam War pilots
Military personnel from Texas
People from Eagle Pass, Texas
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Order (Vietnam)
United States Military Academy alumni
University of Texas at Austin alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni

Robert C. Mathis


Denis J. O'Connell (January 28, 1849 – January 1, 1927) was an Irish-born American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.  He served as bishop of the Diocese of Richmond in Virginia from 1912 to 1926.  He previously served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of San Francisco in California from 1908 to 1912.

Before becoming a bishop, O'Connell served as rector of the Pontifical North American College in Rome, then as rector of the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C.

Biography

Early life
O'Connell was born on January 28, 1849, in Donoughmore, County Cork to Michael and Bridget O'Connell. His family emigrated to the United States and settled in Columbia, South Carolina, where his father's two brothers, Jeremiah and Joseph O'Connell, were serving as missionary priests.

As a young man, O'Connell felt called to be a priest and entered St. Charles College in Ellicott City, Maryland, in 1868. In part due to the influence of his uncles, in 1871 he was sent to Rome to study at the Pontifical North American College.  "So brilliant was the young man that at his examination for the degree of Doctor of Divinity the cardinal prefect and examining professors accorded it to him by acclamation instead of by the usual method of balloting."

Priesthood
O'Connell was ordained in Rome for the Diocese of Richmond on May 26, 1877, by Cardinal Raffaele La Valletta.

When Bishop James Gibbons was appointed archbishop of the Archdiocese of  Baltimore, he sent O'Connell to Rome in November as his procurator to accept the bishop's pallium. In 1884, O'Connell became secretary to Gibbons, and was sent to Rome with the decrees of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore.

In 1885, O'Connell was appointed rector of the North American College a position he held until 1895. In 1887, he was given the papal honor of domestic prelate with the title of monsignor.Upon his return to Richmond, O'Connell was assigned to St. Peter's Parish. From 1903 to 1909, he served as the third rector of The Catholic University of America.

On December 16, 1907, O'Connell was appointed as titular bishop of Sebaste in Phrygia by Pope Pius X. O'Connell was consecrated at Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Baltimore by Cardinal Gibbons on May 3, 1908.

Auxiliary Bishop of San Francisco
On December 24, 1908, O'Connell was appointed by Pius X as an auxiliary bishop for the Archdiocese of San Francisco

Bishop of Richmond
On January 19, 1912,  O'Connell was appointed as the seventh bishop of the Diocese of Richmond by Pius X.

O'Connell's resignation due to health reasons as bishop of the Diocese of Richmond was accepted by the pope on January 15, 1926; he was named the titular bishop of Mariamme.

Denis O'Connell died on January 1, 1927, in Richmond at age 77. Bishop Denis J. O'Connell High School in Arlington, Virginia, founded when the location was still part of the Diocese of Richmond, is named for him.

References

1849 births
1927 deaths
19th-century Irish people
Christian clergy from County Cork
Irish emigrants to the United States
American Roman Catholic clergy of Irish descent
Pontifical North American College alumni
Pontifical North American College rectors
Presidents of the Catholic University of America
Roman Catholic bishops of Richmond
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
Burials at the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart (Richmond, Virginia)

Denis J. O'Connell


Daft Punk were a French electronic music duo formed in 1993 in Paris by Thomas Bangalter and Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo. They achieved popularity in the late 1990s as part of the French house movement, combining elements of house music with funk, disco, techno, rock and synth-pop. They garnered acclaim and commercial success and are regarded as one of the most influential acts in dance music.

Daft Punk formed after their indie rock band, Darlin', disbanded. Their debut studio album, Homework, was released by Virgin Records in 1997 to positive reviews, backed by the singles "Around the World" and "Da Funk". From 1999, Daft Punk assumed robot personas for public appearances, with helmets, outfits and gloves to disguise their identities; they made few media appearances. They were managed from 1996 to 2008 by Pedro Winter, the head of Ed Banger Records.

Daft Punk's second album, Discovery (2001), had further success, with the hit singles "One More Time", "Digital Love" and "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger". It became the basis for an animated film, Interstella 5555, supervised by the Japanese artist Leiji Matsumoto. Daft Punk's third album, Human After All (2005), received mixed reviews, though the singles "Robot Rock" and "Technologic" achieved success in the United Kingdom. Daft Punk directed an avant-garde science-fiction film, Electroma, released in 2006. They toured throughout 2006 and 2007 and released the live album Alive 2007, which won a Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album; the tour is credited for popularising dance music in North America. Daft Punk composed the score for the 2010 film Tron: Legacy.

In 2013, Daft Punk left Virgin for Columbia Records and released their fourth and final album, Random Access Memories, to acclaim; the lead single, "Get Lucky", reached the top 10 in the charts of 27 countries. Random Access Memories won five Grammy Awards in 2014, including Album of the Year and Record of the Year for "Get Lucky". In 2016, Daft Punk gained their only number one on the Billboard Hot 100 with "Starboy", a collaboration with the Weeknd. In 2015, Rolling Stone ranked them the 12th greatest musical duo of all time. They announced their split in 2021.

History

1987–1992: Early career and Darlin'

Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo and Thomas Bangalter met in 1987 while attending the Lycée Carnot secondary school in Paris. The two became friends and recorded demos with others from the school. In 1992, they formed a band, Darlin', with Bangalter on bass, Homem-Christo on guitar, and Laurent Brancowitz on guitar and drums. The trio named themselves after the Beach Boys song "Darlin", which they covered along with an original composition. Both tracks were released on a multi-artist EP under Duophonic Records, a label owned by the London-based band Stereolab, who invited Darlin' to open for shows in the United Kingdom.

Darlin' disbanded after around six months, having played two gigs and produced four songs. Bangalter described the project as "pretty average". Brancowitz formed another band, Phoenix. Bangalter and Homem-Christo formed Daft Punk and experimented with drum machines and synthesizers. The name was taken from a negative review of Darlin' in Melody Maker by Dave Jennings, who dubbed their music "a daft punky thrash". The band found the review amusing. Homem-Christo said, "We struggled so long to find [the name] Darlin', and [this name] happened so quickly."

1993–1996: First performances and singles

In September 1993, Daft Punk attended a rave at EuroDisney, where they met Stuart Macmillan of Slam, the co-founder of the Scottish label Soma Quality Recordings. They gave him a demo tape, which formed the basis for Daft Punk's debut single, "The New Wave", a limited release in 1994. The single also contained the final mix of "The New Wave" called "Alive", which appeared on Daft Punk's first album.

Daft Punk returned to the studio in May 1995 to record "Da Funk". After it became their first commercially successful single, they hired a manager, Pedro Winter, who regularly promoted them and other artists at his Hype nightclubs. They signed with Virgin Records in September 1996 and made a deal to license tracks through their production company, Daft Trax. Bangalter said that while they received numerous offers from record labels, they wanted to wait and ensure that they did not lose creative control. He considered the deal with Virgin more akin to a partnership.

In the mid-to-late nineties, Daft Punk performed live at various events, without the costumes they later became known for. In 1996, they made their first performance in the United States, at an Even Furthur event in Wisconsin. In addition to live original performances, they performed in clubs using vinyl records from their collection. They were known for incorporating numerous styles of music into their DJ sets.

1997–1999: Homework
Daft Punk released their debut album, Homework, in 1997. That February, the UK dance magazine Muzik published a Daft Punk cover feature and described Homework as "one of the most hyped debut albums in a long long time". According to The Village Voice, the album revived house music and departed from the Eurodance formula. The critic Alex Rayner wrote that it combined established club styles and the "burgeoning eclecticism" of big beat. In 1997, Daft Punk embarked on an international concert tour, Daftendirektour, using their home equipment for the live stage. On 25 May, they headlined the Tribal Gathering festival at Luton Hoo, England, with Orbital and Kraftwerk.

The most successful single from Homework was "Around the World". "Da Funk" was also included on The Saint film soundtrack. Daft Punk produced a series of music videos for Homework directed by Spike Jonze, Michel Gondry, Roman Coppola and Seb Janiak. The videos were collected in 1999 as D.A.F.T.: A Story About Dogs, Androids, Firemen and Tomatoes.

Bangalter and Homem-Christo created their own record labels, Roulé and Crydamoure, after the release of Homework, and released solo projects by themselves and their friends. Homem-Christo released music as a member of Le Knight Club with Eric Chedeville, and Bangalter released music as a member of Together with DJ Falcon and founded the group Stardust with Alan Braxe and Benjamin Diamond. In 1998, Stardust released their only song, the chart hit "Music Sounds Better With You".

1999–2003: Discovery
Daft Punk's second album, Discovery, was released in 2001. The duo said it was an attempt to reconnect with the playful, open-minded attitude associated with the discovery phase of childhood. The album reached No. 2 in the UK, and its lead single, "One More Time", was a hit. The song is heavily autotuned and compressed. The singles "Digital Love" and "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger" were also successful in the UK and on the US Dance Chart, and "Face to Face" hit number one on the US club play charts.

Discovery created a new generation of Daft Punk fans. It also saw Daft Punk debut their distinctive robot costumes; they had previously worn Halloween masks or bags for promotional appearances. Discovery was later named one of the best albums of the decade by publications including Pitchfork and Resident Advisor. In 2020, Rolling Stone included it at number 236 in its list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time". In 2021, Pitchfork cited Discovery as the centrepiece of Daft Punk's career, "an album that transcended the robots' club roots and rippled through the decades that followed".

Daft Punk partnered with the Japanese manga artist Leiji Matsumoto to create Interstella 5555, a feature-length animation set to Discovery. The first four episodes were shown on Toonami in 2001, and the finished film was released on DVD in 2003. That December, Daft Punk released Daft Club, a compilation of Discovery remixes. In 2001, Daft Punk released a 45-minute excerpt from a Daftendirektour performance as Alive 1997.

2004–2007: Human After All and Alive 2007

In March 2005, Daft Punk released their third album, Human After All, the result of six weeks of writing and recording. Reviews were mixed, with criticism for its repetitiveness and darker mood. "Robot Rock", "Technologic", "Human After All" and "The Prime Time of Your Life" were released as singles. A Daft Punk anthology CD/DVD, Musique Vol. 1 1993–2005, was released on 4 April 2006. Daft Punk also released a remix album, Human After All: Remixes.

On 21 May 2006, Daft Punk premiered a film, Daft Punk's Electroma, at the Cannes Film Festival sidebar Director's Fortnight. The film does not include Daft Punk's music. Midnight screenings of the film were held in Paris theaters starting from March 2007.

For 48 dates across 2006 and 2007, Daft Punk performed the Alive 2006/2007 world tour, performing a "megamix" of their music from a large LED-fronted pyramid. The tour was acclaimed and is credited for bringing dance music to a wider audience, especially in North America. The Guardian journalist Gabriel Szatan likened it to how the Beatles' 1964 performance on The Ed Sullivan Show had brought British rock and roll to the American mainstream.

Daft Punk's performance in Paris was released as their second live album, Alive 2007, on 19 November 2007. The live version of "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger" was released as a single, with a video directed by Olivier Gondry comprising audience footage of their performance in Brooklyn. In 2009, Daft Punk won Grammy Awards for Alive 2007 and its single "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger".

2008–2011: Tron: Legacy

Daft Punk made a surprise appearance at the 50th Grammy Awards on 10 February 2008, and appeared with rapper Kanye West to perform a reworked version of "Stronger" on stage at the Staples Center in Los Angeles. It was the first televised Daft Punk live performance.

In 2008, Daft Punk returned to Paris to work on new material. Winter also stepped down as their manager to focus attention on his Ed Banger Records label and his work as Busy P. He stated in a later interview that Daft Punk were working with an unspecified management company in Los Angeles. The duo held its Daft Arts production office at the Jim Henson Studios complex in Hollywood. In 2008, Daft Punk placed 38th in a worldwide official poll of DJ Mag after debuting at position 71 in the year before. Daft Punk provided new mixes for the video game DJ Hero, and appeared in the game as playable characters.

At the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con, it was announced that Daft Punk had composed 24 tracks for the film Tron: Legacy. Daft Punk's score was arranged and orchestrated by Joseph Trapanese. The band collaborated with him for two years on the score, from pre-production to completion. The score features an 85-piece orchestra, recorded at AIR Lyndhurst Studios in London. Joseph Kosinski, director of the film, referred to the score as a mixture of orchestral and electronic elements. Daft Punk also make a cameo as disc jockey programs wearing their trademark robot helmets within the film's virtual world. The soundtrack album was released on 6 December 2010. A music video for "Derezzed" premiered on the MTV Networks on the same day the album was released. The video, which features Olivia Wilde as the character Quorra in specially shot footage, along with images of Daft Punk in Flynn's Arcade, was later made available for purchase from the iTunes Store and included in the DVD and Blu-ray releases of the film. Walt Disney Records released a remix album, Tron: Legacy Reconfigured, on 5 April 2011.

In 2010, Daft Punk were admitted into the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, an order of merit of France. Bangalter and Homem-Christo were individually awarded the rank of Chevalier (knight). On October of that year, Daft Punk made a surprise guest appearance during the encore of Phoenix's show at Madison Square Garden in New York City. They played a medley of "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger" and "Around the World" before the song segued into Phoenix's song "1901". The duo also included elements of their tracks "Rock'n Roll", "Human After All", and "Together", one of Bangalter's releases as a member of Together. They produced N.E.R.D.'s 2010 song "Hypnotize U".

2011–2015: Random Access Memories
 In 2011, Soma Records released a previously unpublished Daft Punk track, "Drive", recorded while they were signed to Soma in the 1990s. The track was included in a twentieth anniversary multi-artist compilation of the Soma label. In October 2012, Daft Punk provided a 15-minute mix of songs by blues musician Junior Kimbrough for Hedi Slimane's Yves Saint Laurent fashion show. Daft Punk recorded their fourth studio album, Random Access Memories, with musicians including Julian Casablancas, Todd Edwards, DJ Falcon, Panda Bear, Chilly Gonzales, Paul Williams, Pharrell Williams, Chic frontman Nile Rodgers and Giorgio Moroder. Daft Punk left Virgin for Sony Music Entertainment through the Columbia Records label.

Random Access Memories was released on 17 May 2013. The lead single, "Get Lucky", became Daft Punk's first UK number-one single and the most-streamed new song in the history of Spotify. At the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards, Daft Punk debuted a trailer for their single "Lose Yourself to Dance" and presented the award for "Best Female Video" alongside Rodgers and Pharrell. In December, they revealed a music video for the song "Instant Crush", directed by Warren Fu and featuring Julian Casablancas.

At the 56th Annual Grammy Awards, Random Access Memories won the Grammy for Best Dance/Electronica Album, Album of the Year and Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical, while "Get Lucky" received the Grammy for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance and Record of the Year. Daft Punk performed at the ceremony with Stevie Wonder, Rodgers, and Pharrell, as well as Random Access Memories rhythm section players Nathan East, Omar Hakim, Paul Jackson, Jr. and Chris Caswell.

Daft Punk co-produced Kanye West's sixth studio album, Yeezus (2013), creating the tracks "On Sight", "Black Skinhead", "I Am a God" and "Send It Up" with West. They provided additional vocals for Pharrell's 2014 single "Gust of Wind". On 10 March 2014, an unreleased Daft Punk song, "Computerized", leaked online. It features Jay-Z and contains "The Son of Flynn" from the Tron: Legacy soundtrack; it was once intended to be a single promoting Tron: Legacy. In April 2015, Daft Punk appeared in a short tribute to Rodgers as part of a documentary on his life, Nile Rodgers: From Disco to Daft Punk. In June, a documentary, Daft Punk Unchained, was released.

2016–present: Final projects and disbandment

Daft Punk appeared on the 2016 singles "Starboy" and "I Feel It Coming" by Canadian R&B singer the Weeknd; "Starboy" topped the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Daft Punk's only US number-one song, and "I Feel It Coming" reached number four. In 2017, Soma Records released a previously unreleased remix of the Daft Punk track "Drive", as part of a compilation featuring various artists.

In February 2017, Daft Punk launched a pop-up shop in Hollywood, California, featuring memorabilia, artwork, and a display of the various costumes the duo has worn over the years. The duo also performed with the Weeknd at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards on 12 February 2017.

In the years following the Starboy collaborations, Bangalter and Homem-Christo worked solo as producers appearing on several projects. On 21 June 2017, the Australian band Parcels released the song "Overnight", produced and co-written by Daft Punk. It was written after Daft Punk saw Parcels perform and invited the members to their studio. This became Daft Punk's final production as a duo. Between April 9 and August 11, 2019, an electronic exhibition based on Daft Punk's song "Technologic" was displayed at the Philharmonie de Paris, featuring costumes, guitars and other elements.

On 22 February 2021, Daft Punk released a video on their YouTube channel titled "Epilogue". The video features a scene from their 2006 film Electroma, in which one robot explodes and the other walks away; a title card created with Warren Fu reads "1993–2021" while an excerpt of Daft Punk's song "Touch" plays. Later that day, Daft Punk's longtime publicist Kathryn Frazier confirmed that they had split, but did not give a reason. The news led to a surge in Daft Punk sales, with digital album purchases rising by 2,650 per cent. Their friend and collaborator Todd Edwards confirmed that Bangalter and Homem-Christo remained active separately. He later said that the duo were "going in different directions", and that Homem-Christo was more drawn to hip-hop and Bangalter was interested in film.

On 22 February 2022, one year after their disbandment, Daft Punk announced a 25th-anniversary edition of Homework. It included a remix album, Homework (Remixes), which was later released in physical formats. The same day as the anniversary announcement, Daft Punk broadcast a Twitch stream of their performance at the Mayan Theater in Los Angeles from their 1997 Daftendirektour. The video featured previously unreleased footage of the duo without costumes. Daft Punk released behind-the-scenes "archives" from the D.A.F.T. DVD and vinyl album reissues throughout 2022. On 22 February 2023, Daft Punk announced a 10th-anniversary reissue of Random Access Memories. The reissue was released on 12 May 2023 and contained 35 minutes of previously unreleased outtakes and demos. "Infinity Repeating (2013 Demo)", featuring Julian Casablancas and the Voidz, was released as a single. Later that year, the duo also announced a "Drumless Edition" of the album due for release on 17 November 2023, removing all drums and percussive elements from the original album's 13 tracks.

In April 2023, Bangalter released a solo work, the orchestral ballet score Mythologies. He gave interviews about the project and allowed himself to be photographed without a mask. He cited concerns about the progress of artificial intelligence and other technology as to why Daft Punk split, saying: "As much as I love this character, the last thing I would want to be, in the world we live in, in 2023, is a robot." Bangalter said Daft Punk had wanted to not "spoil the narrative" while they were active, but now felt more comfortable revealing parts of their creative process. Reflecting on the split, Bangalter said he was "relieved and happy to look back and say: 'Okay, we didn't mess it up too much.'" He and Homem-Christo still share a studio and equipment.

Artistry

Musical style
Daft Punk's musical style has mainly been described as house, French house, electronic, dance, and disco. Sean Cooper of AllMusic describes their musical style as a blend of acid house, techno, pop, indie rock, hip hop, progressive house, funk, and electro. The Guardian critic Alexis Petridis described their approach to music and art as "magpie"-like, with extensive sampling. Daft Punk saw their style as "retrofuturist", incorporating genres from earlier decades into what the New York Times described as "an increasingly grand vision of joyful populism".

In the early 1990s, Daft Punk drew inspiration from rock and acid house in the UK. Homem-Christo referred to Screamadelica by Primal Scream as the record that "put everything together" in terms of genre. In 2009, Bangalter named Andy Warhol as one of Daft Punk's early influences.  On the Homework track "Teachers", Daft Punk list musicians who influenced them, including the funk musician George Clinton, the rapper and producer Dr Dre, and Chicago house and Detroit techno artists including Paul Johnson, Romanthony and Todd Edwards. Homem-Christo said: "Their music had a big effect on us. The sound of their productions—the compression, the sound of the kick drum and Romanthony's voice, the emotion and soul—is part of how we sound today."

Discovery saw Daft Punk integrating influences from 70s disco and 80s crooners, and featured collaborations with Romanthony and Edwards. A major inspiration was the 1999 Aphex Twin single "Windowlicker", which Bangalter said was "neither a purely club track nor a very chilled-out, down-tempo relaxation track". The duo used vintage equipment to recreate sounds from older artists, such as the use of a Wurlitzer piano to evoke Supertramp on "Digital Love".

For the Tron: Legacy soundtrack, Daft Punk drew inspiration from Wendy Carlos, the composer of the original Tron film, as well as Max Steiner, Bernard Herrmann, John Carpenter, Vangelis, Philip Glass and Maurice Jarre. For Random Access Memories, Daft Punk sought a "west coast vibe", referencing acts such as Fleetwood Mac, the Doobie Brothers and the Eagles, and the French electronic musician Jean Michel Jarre.

Image
For most public and media appearances, Daft Punk wore costumes that concealed their faces. Bangalter said they wanted the focus to be on their music, and that masks allowed them to control their image while retaining their anonymity and protecting their personal lives. He said that the 1974 film Phantom of the Paradise, in which the title character prominently wears a mask, was "the foundation for a lot of what we're about artistically". Daft Punk were also fans of the 1970s band Space, known for wearing space suits with helmets that hid their appearance. The mystery of Daft Punk's identity and their elaborate disguises added to their popularity. The costumes have been compared to the makeup of Kiss and the leather jacket worn by Iggy Pop.

During promotional appearances in the 1990s, Daft Punk would conceal their faces with an assortment of masks. Although they allowed a camera crew to film them for a French arts program at the time, Daft Punk did not wish to speak on screen. According to  Orla Lee-Fisher, the head of marketing at Virgin Records UK, in their early career Daft Punk would only consent to photographs without masks while they were DJing. In 1997, Bangalter said they had a "general rule about not appearing in videos".

In 2001, Daft Punk began wearing robot costumes for promotional appearances and performances for Discovery, debuted in a special presentation during Cartoon Network's Toonami block. The helmets were produced by Paul Hahn of Daft Arts and the French directors Alex and Martin, with engineering by Tony Gardner and Alterian, Inc. They were capable of various LED effects. Wigs were originally attached to both helmets, but Daft Punk removed them moments before unveiling them. Bangalter said the helmets were hot but that he became used to this. Later helmets were fitted with ventilators to prevent overheating.

With the release of Human After All, Daft Punk wore simplified helmets and black leather jackets and trousers designed by Hedi Slimane. Bangalter said Daft Punk did not want to repeat themselves and were interested in "developing a persona that merges fiction and reality". On the set of Electroma, Daft Punk were interviewed with their backs turned, and in 2006 they wore cloth bags over their heads during a televised interview. They said the use of cloth bags had been a spontaneous decision, reflecting their willingness to experiment with their image. Daft Punk wore the robot costumes in their performances at the 2008, 2014, and 2017 Grammy Awards. During the 2014 ceremony, they accepted their awards on stage in the outfits, with Pharrell and Paul Williams speaking on their behalf.

Daft Punk used the robot outfits to merge the characteristics of humans and machines. Bangalter said that the personas were initially the result of shyness, but that they became exciting for the audience, "the idea of being an average guy with some kind of superpower". He described it as an advanced version of glam, "where it's definitely not you". After Daft Punk's split, Bangalter likened the robot personas to a "like a Marina Abramović performance art installation that lasted for 20 years". He denied that the robots represented "an unquestioning embrace of digital culture", and said: "We tried to use these machines to express something extremely moving that a machine cannot feel, but a human can. We were always on the side of humanity and not on the side of technology."

Media appearances

Daft Punk's popularity has been partially attributed to their appearances in mainstream media. The duo appeared with Juliette Lewis in an advertisement for Gap, featuring the single "Digital Love", and were contractually obliged to appear only in Gap clothing. In 2001, Daft Punk appeared in an advertisement on Cartoon Network's Toonami timeslot, promoting the official Toonami website and the duo's animated music videos for their album Discovery. The music videos later appeared as scenes in the feature-length film Interstella 5555: The 5tory of the 5ecret 5tar 5ystem, in which Daft Punk make a cameo appearance as their robot alter-egos. The duo later appeared in a television advertisement wearing their Discovery-era headgear to promote Sony Ericsson's Premini mobile phone. In 2010, Daft Punk appeared in Adidas advertisements promoting a Star Wars-themed clothing line. Daft Punk made a cameo in Tron: Legacy as nightclub DJs.

In 2011, Coca-Cola distributed limited edition bottles designed by Daft Punk. Daft Punk and Courtney Love were photographed for the "Music Project" of fashion house Yves Saint Laurent. The duo appeared in their new sequined suits custom-made by Hedi Slimane, holding and playing instruments with bodies made of lucite. In 2013, Bandai Tamashii released an S.H. Figuarts (SHF) action figure for Daft Punk coinciding with the release of Random Access Memories in Japan. Following a series of teaser trailers, Daft Punk made a rare public appearance at the 2013 Monaco Grand Prix in May on behalf of the Lotus F1 Team, who supported the duo by racing in specially-branded cars emblazoned with the band's logo.

Footage of Daft Punk's 2006 performance at the Coachella Festival was featured in the documentary film Coachella: 20 Years in the Desert, released on YouTube in April 2020. Daft Punk were scheduled to appear on the August 6, 2013 episode of The Colbert Report to promote Random Access Memories. They were unable to do so because of contractual obligations regarding their later appearance at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards. According to Stephen Colbert, Daft Punk were unaware of any exclusivity agreement and were halted by MTV executives the morning prior to the taping. In 2015, Daft Punk appeared alongside several other musicians to announce their co-ownership of the music service Tidal at its relaunch.

Eden, a 2014 French drama film, has as its protagonist a techno fan-turned-DJ-turned recovering addict. It features Daft Punk (portrayed by actors) during different stages of their careers. Daft Punk's helmets can be worn by the player in the 2022 video games Pokémon Scarlet and Violet.

Legacy
Daft Punk are regarded as one of the most influential dance acts in history. In 2015, Rolling Stone ranked them the 12th greatest musical duo of all time. The chief Guardian music critic Alexis Petridis named Daft Punk the most influential pop artists of the 21st century. Their collaborator Pharrell Williams said they were responsible for the rise of contemporary EDM, though Bangalter was noncommittal about this, saying only that other acts were using "gimmicks that at the time [Daft Punk used them] were not really gimmicks". The New York Times credited Daft Punk with helping make dance music "fully mainstream".

In "Losing My Edge", the first single by LCD Soundsystem, singer James Murphy jokingly bragged about being the first to "play Daft Punk to the rock kids". LCD Soundsystem also recorded the song "Daft Punk Is Playing at My House", which reached No. 29 in the UK and was nominated for Best Dance Recording at the 2006 Grammy Awards. The Soulwax remix of the song also contains samples of many Daft Punk tracks as well as tracks by Thomas Bangalter.

Daft Punk tracks have been sampled or covered by other artists. "Technologic" was sampled by Swizz Beatz for the Busta Rhymes song "Touch It". In a later remix of "Touch It" the line "touch it, bring it, pay it, watch it, turn it, leave it, start, format it" from "Technologic" was sung by R&B and rap artist Missy Elliott. Kanye West's 2007 song "Stronger" from the album Graduation borrows the melody and features a vocal sample of Daft Punk's "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger". Daft Punk's robotic costumes make an appearance in the music video for "Stronger". The track "Daftendirekt" from Daft Punk's album Homework was sampled for the Janet Jackson song "So Much Betta" from her 2008 album Discipline.

The track "Aerodynamic" was sampled for Wiley's 2008 single "Summertime". "Veridis Quo" from Discovery was sampled for the Jazmine Sullivan song "Dream Big" from her 2008 album Fearless. Daft Punk's "Around the World" was sampled for JoJo's 2009 song "You Take Me (Around the World)". The song "Cowboy George" by The Fall contains a clip of "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger". A cappella group Pentatonix performed a medley of Daft Punk songs, released as a YouTube video.  As of November 2021, the video had been viewed over 355 million times. The medley won for Best Arrangement, Instrumental or a Cappella of the 57th Grammy Awards.

A Daft Punk medley was played at the 2017 Bastille Day parade by a French military band, in front of French President Emmanuel Macron and his many guests, which included US President Donald Trump.

Baicalellia daftpunka, a species of flatworm, was named after Daft Punk in 2018 because part of the organism resembles a helmet.

Discography

Studio albums
 Homework (1997)
 Discovery (2001)
 Human After All (2005)
 Random Access Memories (2013)

Concert tours
 Daftendirektour (1997)
 Alive 2006/2007 (2006–07)

Awards and nominations
In October 2011, Daft Punk placed 28th in a "top-100 DJs of 2011" list by DJ Magazine after placing in the 44th position the year before. On 19 January 2012, Daft Punk ranked No. 2 on Mixmag's Greatest Dance Acts of All Time, with The Prodigy at No. 1 by just a few points.

Bibliography
Tony Gaenic, Daft Punk de A à Z, l'Étudiant, les guides MusicBook, 2002, p. 115,
Violaine Schütz, Daft Punk, l'histoire d'un succès planétaire, Scali, 2008,
Stéphane Jourdain, French Touch, le Castor Astral, Castormusic, 2005|p. 189,
Philippe Poirrier, Daft Punk, la Toile et le disco. Revival culturel à l'heure du numérique, French Cultural Studies, 2015, p. 381
Peter Shapiro, Modulations, une histoire de la musique électronique, éditions Allia, 2004, p. 340,
Pauline Guéna, Anne-Sophie Jahn, DAFT, Éditions Grasset, 2022, p. 216,

References

External links

 Daft Punk discography at MusicTea

 Daft Punk on Eurochannel

1993 establishments in France
2021 disestablishments in France
Ableton Live users
Bands with fictional stage personas
Brit Award winners
Club DJs
Columbia Records artists
Electronic dance music duos
Electronic music duos
French DJs
French electronic music groups
French house music groups
French musical duos
Grammy Award winners for dance and electronic music
Lycée Carnot alumni
Male musical duos
Masked musicians
Musical groups established in 1993
Musical groups disestablished in 2021
Musical groups from Paris
Parlophone artists
Remixers
Synthpop groups
Virgin Records artists
Walt Disney Records artists
Warner Records artists

Daft Punk


Glenn Sorensen (b. 1968) is an artist born in Australia who now lives and works in Sweden. He studied at the City Art Institute, Sydney, Australia between 1986 and 1988 and at the Academy of Fine Arts, Helsinki, Finland.Glenn has two sons, Bruno and Hugo.

References

Further reading
 "An Explanation" by Glenn Sorensen, Malmö, Sweden, 1998
 "Superiride, arte e ironia del profondo Nord" by Ela Caroli, Il Corriere del Mezzogiomo, Naples, December 1, 1999.
 "Mostra. Da Trisorio e da Raucci e Santamaria" by Stafania Zuliani, Il Mattino, November 30, 1999, p. 35.
 "Superiride" by Simona Barucco, Flash Art no. 219, December 1999 - January 2000.
 "Extended Painting - Monica de Cardenas" by Luca Beatrice, Flash Art Italia, no. 228, June/July 2001.
 "Glenn Soerensen" by Mark Wilsher, What's On, December 2001 .
 "Janssen e Sorensen" by D. Ricci, Il Mattino, Napoli, March 8, 2001.
 "Glenn Sorensen" by Jennifer Higgie (ed.), Artimo, 2001.
 "Twan Janssen - Glenn Sorensen" interview with the artist by Claudia Marfella, Le Pagine dell'Ozio no. 3, March 16–22, 2001.
 "Twan Janssen - Glenn Sorensen" by Filippo Romeo, Flash Art no. 227, April–May 2001.
 Mario Testino's Art Index, V. Magazine - Homme Boy - New York, May–June 2001.
 "Glenn Sorensen" by Roy Exley, Flash Art International no. 222, January–February 2002.
 "Focus Painting Part II", Flash Art International, November/December 2002.
 "Glenn Sorensen" by Bera Nordal and Glenn Sorensen, The Nordic Watercolour Museum, 2003.
 "Glenn Sorensen" by Jennifer Coates, Tema Celeste, March/April, Issue 96, 2003.
 "Händelser bland lego och vardagliga ting" by Anna Berglund, ST-Tidningen, June 4, 2003.
 "Fin Summerutställning på akvarellmuseet" by Nen Arnell, Bohusläningen med Dals Dagbladet. June 5, 2003.
 "Manliga Konstnärer?" by Ann-Charlotte Glasberg, Göteborg Posten, July 5, 2003.
 "Glenn Sorensen" by Joyce Korotkin, Gasser and Grunert. inc., M, January 2003.
 "Allvarligt men roligt på akvarellmuseet" by A.M. Ljungberg, GT, May 30, 2003.
 "Akvarell-stilar med tre ansikten" by U. Sundström, Göteborgs Posten, May 31, 2003.
 "Akvareller från tre olika världar" by M. Andersson, Stenungsunds Posten med Orust-Tjörn, June 13, 2003.
 "Glenn Sorensen" by Karen Rosenberg, Frieze, April 2003.
 "Glenn Sorensen" by Jessica Lack, The Guide - The Guardian, January 31 - February 6, 2004.
 "Glenn Sorensen" by Rebecca Geldard, Time Out London, February 25 - March 3, 2004.
 "Da Sorensen a Davide..." by S. De Stefano, Corriere del Mezzogiorno, March 26, 2004.
 "Glenn Sorensen" by Francesco Galdieri, Tema Celeste no. 103, Italian edition, 2004.
 "Glenn Sorensen, Suspension, isolation, anticipation; frozen moments, ghostly flowers and floodlit nights", by Jennifer Higgie, Frieze, Issue 129, March 2010, pp. 104–105.

Living people
Australian contemporary artists
Swedish contemporary artists
Year of birth missing (living people)

Glenn Sorensen


Justin Edward Spring (born March 11, 1984) is a retired American gymnast. He is a member of the bronze medal winning U.S. team at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing.  He was also a top gymnast in NCAA competition, where he represented the University of Illinois.

Personal life
Spring was born in Houston, Texas and raised in Burke, Virginia.  He graduated from  Lake Braddock Secondary School in Burke, VA in 2002.  His father Sherwood Spring is a retired NASA astronaut. His sister, Sarah, was also a highly decorated collegiate gymnast at The Ohio State University in Columbus, OH from 2000 to 2004.

On May 29, 2010, Spring married fellow Illinois alumna Tori Tanney.

Justin and Tori welcomed their first Child, Cody, in July 2012.

Competition career

High school and collegiate career
Spring began his coaching career in 2010 with the University of Illinois men's gymnastics program. Spring, one of the Illinois's most talented gymnasts, finished his competitive career in 2006, and since then he has led the Orange and Blue to Big Ten and NCAA Championship titles in his role as head coach.

In 2006, Spring strung together one of the best seasons in Illinois gymnastics' history, which culminated in earning the 2006 Nissen-Emery Award, an honor that goes to the top senior male gymnast in the nation. A double titlist at the 2006 NCAAs, Spring took home the crown in the high bar and defended his title in parallel bars. In addition, he carded five total All-America honors with a second-place finish in all-around, third on floor exercise and fourth on vault.

Along with his individual honors, Spring helped the Illini to runner-up finishes at the 2006 NCAA and Big Ten Championships. The finish at NCAAs came half-a-point shy of team-champion Oklahoma, and just short of the Orange and Blue's 10th national title.

Overall, the Burke, Va., native is a four-time NCAA Champion, winning a pair of titles on high bar in both 2004 and 2006 and back-to-back crowns on parallel bars in 2005 and 2006. Along with his national recognition, Spring earned 2006 Big Ten Gymnast of the Year accolades after winning the all-around crown at the Big Ten Championships. In all, Spring finished his illustrious career being named to the All-Big Ten first team three times, grabbed Big Ten Gymnast of the Week laurels six times and earned Inside Gymnastics' NCAA Gymnast of the Week honors three times.

During his four-year career, Spring garnered three Big Ten Championships with titles on parallel bars and all-around in 2006 and on the floor exercise in 2004. Spring is a two-time recipient of the Dike Eddleman Athlete of the Year award (2004, 2006), which goes to Illinois' top male and female athlete. A face and name that will forever be remembered in Illini record books, Spring left the Fighting Illini a 12-time All-American, the most since Abie Grossfeld earned 12 from 1957–59, and holds the Illinois record on the floor exercise, vault, parallel bars and high bar.

Overall in his collegiate career, he is
 2006 Nissen-Emery Award winner
 2006 NCAA Parallel Bars Champion
 2006 NCAA High Bar Co-Champion
 2006 Big Ten Gymnast of the Year
 2006 Big Ten Parallel Bars Champion
 2006 Big Ten All-Around Champion
 2005 U.S. National High Bar Champion
 2005 NCAA Parallel Bars Champion
 2004 NCAA High Bar Champion
 2004 Big Ten Floor Exercise Champion
 12-time All-American
 Three-time All-Big Ten Team Member
 Six-time Big Ten Gymnast of the Week
 Three-time Inside Gymnastics NCAA Gymnast of the Week
 Two-time UI Dike Eddleman Athlete of the Year (2004, 2006)
 Illinois School Record Holder (FX, VT, PB, HB)
 Two-Year Team Captain

International career
Spring has also competed internationally representing the United States.

He represented the U.S. at the 2005 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Melbourne, Australia on floor exercise, parallel bars and high bar as a member of the 2005 U.S. National Team. At 2005 World Championships, Spring finished 10th to qualify as a reserve on high bar and finished 12th on parallel bars. In 2005, Spring became the first Illini to ever win a U.S. National title with his two-day combined high bar score of 18.750, while also scoring a 9.500 on high bar at the 2005 American Cup to take home the silver medal behind Olympic champion Paul Hamm.

The Illini gymnast finished fourth on the high bar at the 2004 Visa U.S. Championships with scores of 9.600 and 9.650 in the two-day format, and competed for Team USA at the 2003 World University Games in Daegu, South Korea, advancing to the finals on floor. In 2006, Spring garnered a selection to the 2006 Men's World Championships team, but had to withdraw due to injury. Spring graduated from the University of Illinois in 2006 with a bachelor's degree in speech communication.

He is a three-time U.S. Senior National Team Member, a 2005 U.S. World Championships Team Member, the 2005 Visa U.S. Championships High Bar Champion, the 2005 Winter Cup High Bar Champion, the 2005 American Cup High Bar Silver Medalist, the 2003 World University Games Team Member

Spring tore his anterior cruciate ligament at the 2007 Visa Championships.

Spring was named to the U.S. Olympic Gymnastic team on June 22, 2008.  He performed very well at the Olympics, and was a key part of the United States Team's bronze medal victory, posting high scores on the vault, parallel bars, high bar, and the floor exercise.  His high-flying horizontal bar routine in team finals was particularly impressive, and included a stuck triple-back dismount and scored 15.675.

Spring's resemblance to Prince Harry has earned him the nickname Prince.

Retirement
In 2010 Spring was named Head Coach of the Illinois Fighting Illini men's gymnastics.  He has indicated that the new position will require him to retire from the sport.

Spring also became a spokesperson for the skincare line Proactiv.

Coaching career

Head coaching record

Following the 2009–10 season, Spring was named head coach for the Illinois men's gymnastics program after spending one year as an associate head coach. Spring handles all of the gym coaching duties along with assistant coaches Ivan Ivankov and 2010 graduate Luke Stannard.

In one season as associate head coach, Spring led Illinois to its second-straight Big Ten team title and a fourth-place finish at the NCAA Championships. Individually, five Illini earned All-America accolades, three took home Big Ten titles and Stannard became just the third Illini to win the prestigious Nissen-Emery Award, which is presented annually to the nation's top senior male gymnast.

Additionally, Spring helped guide Illinois to a 22–5 overall record and the top spot in the rankings on four separate occasions and never dropped out of the top five. For his efforts, Spring was honored as both Central Region Coach of the Year and Big Ten Coach of the Year.

Spring was promoted to associate head coach following the 2009 season after three years as an assistant under the legendary Yoshi Hayasaki. The promotion meant that Spring had to retire from competitive gymnastics to concentrate on coaching full-time.

In 2009, Spring was named Central Region Assistant Coach of the Year along with Ivankov after helping Illinois to the Big Ten Championship, a fifth-place finish at the NCAA Championships and three individual NCAA titles.

In 2012, Spring helped University of Illinois Fighting Illini win the NCAA national championship in Gymnastics.
https://web.archive.org/web/20120430011148/http://www.fightingillini.com/sports/m-gym/recaps/042012aaj.html

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
College men's gymnastics coaches in the United States
Gymnasts at the 2007 Pan American Games
Gymnasts at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in gymnastics
Sportspeople from Fairfax County, Virginia
Sportspeople from Houston
American male artistic gymnasts
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Illinois Fighting Illini men's gymnasts
Illinois Fighting Illini men's gymnastics coaches
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in gymnastics
People from Burke, Virginia
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games

Justin Spring