Escitalopram, sold under the brand names Lexapro and Cipralex, among others, is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. Escitalopram is mainly used to treat major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. It is taken by mouth, available commercially as an oxalate salt exclusively.

Common side effects include trouble sleeping, nausea, sexual problems, and feeling tired. More serious side effects may include suicidal thoughts in people up to the age of 24 years. It is unclear if use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe. Escitalopram is the (S)-enantiomer of citalopram (which exists as a racemate), hence the name es-citalopram.

Escitalopram was approved for medical use in the United States in 2002. Escitalopram is rarely replaced by twice the dose of citalopram, though escitalopram is safer and more effective. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2020, it was the fifteenth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 30million prescriptions.

Medical uses
Escitalopram has FDA approval for the treatment of major depressive disorder in adolescents and adults, and generalized anxiety disorder in adults. In European countries and the United Kingdom, it is approved for depression (MDD) and anxiety disorders; these include: general anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. In Australia it is approved for major depressive disorder.

Depression
Escitalopram is among the most effective and well-tolerated antidepressants for the short-term (acute) treatment of major depressive disorder in adults. It is also the safest one to give to children and adolescents.

Controversy existed regarding the effectiveness of escitalopram compared with its predecessor, citalopram. The importance of this issue followed from the greater cost of escitalopram relative to the generic mixture of isomers of citalopram, prior to the expiration of the escitalopram patent in 2012, which led to charges of evergreening. Accordingly, this issue has been examined in at least 10 different systematic reviews and meta analyses. , reviews had concluded (with caveats in some cases) that escitalopram is modestly superior to citalopram in efficacy and tolerability.

Anxiety disorders
Escitalopram appears to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder, with relapse on escitalopram at 20% rather than placebo at 50%, which translates to a number needed to treat of 3.33. Escitalopram appears effective in treating social anxiety disorder as well.

Other
Escitalopram is effective in reducing the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, whether taken continuously or in the luteal phase only.

Side effects
Escitalopram, like other SSRIs, has been shown to affect sexual function, causing side effects such as decreased libido, delayed ejaculation, and anorgasmia.

There is also evidence that SSRIs may cause an increase in suicidal ideation. An analysis conducted by the FDA found a statistically insignificant 1.5 to 2.4-fold (depending on the statistical technique used) increase of suicidality among the adults treated with escitalopram for psychiatric indications. The authors of a related study note the general problem with statistical approaches: due to the rarity of suicidal events in clinical trials, it is hard to draw firm conclusions with a sample smaller than two million patients.

Citalopram and escitalopram are associated with dose-dependent QT interval prolongation and should not be used in those with congenital long QT syndrome or known pre-existing QT interval prolongation, or in combination with other medicines that prolong the QT interval. ECG measurements should be considered for patients with cardiac disease, and electrolyte disturbances should be corrected before starting treatment. In December 2011, the UK implemented new restrictions on the maximum daily doses at 20 mg for adults and 10 mg for those older than 65 years or with liver impairment. There are concerns of higher rates of QT prolongation and torsades de pointes compared with other SSRIs. The US Food and Drug Administration and Health Canada did not similarly order restrictions on escitalopram dosage, only on its predecessor citalopram.

Very common effects
Very common effects (>10% incidence) include:
 Headache (24%)
 Nausea (18%)
 Ejaculation disorder (9–14%)
 Somnolence (4–13%)
 Insomnia (7–12%)

Common (1–10% incidence)
Common effects (1–10% incidence) include:

 Abnormal dreams
 Anisocoria
 Anorgasmia
 Anxiety
 Arthralgia (joint pain)
 Constipation
 Decreased or increased appetite
 Diarrhea
 Dilated pupils
 Dizziness
 Dry mouth
 Excessive sweating
 Fatigue
 Impotence (erectile dysfunction)
 Insomnia
 Libido changes
 Myalgia (muscular aches and pains)
 Paraesthesia (abnormal skin sensation)
 Pyrexia (fever)
 Restlessness
 Sinusitis (nasal congestion)
 Somnolence (sleepiness)
 Tremor
 Vomiting
 Yawning

Psychomotor effects
The most common effect is fatigue or somnolence, particularly in older adults, although patients with pre-existing daytime sleepiness and fatigue may experience paradoxical improvement of these symptoms.
Escitalopram has not been shown to affect serial reaction time, logical reasoning, serial subtraction, multitask, or Mackworth Clock task performance.

Discontinuation symptoms

Escitalopram discontinuation, particularly abruptly, may cause certain withdrawal symptoms such as "electric shock" sensations, colloquially called "brain shivers" or "brain zaps" by those affected. Frequent symptoms in one study were dizziness (44%), muscle tension (44%), chills (44%), confusion or trouble concentrating (40%), amnesia (28%), and crying (28%). Very slow tapering was recommended. There have been spontaneous reports of discontinuation of Lexapro and other SSRIs and SNRIs, especially when abrupt, leading to dysphoric mood, irritability, agitation, anxiety, headache, lethargy, emotional lability, insomnia, and hypomania. Other symptoms such as panic attacks, hostility, aggressiveness, impulsivity, akathisia (psychomotor restlessness), mania, worsening of depression, and suicidal ideation can emerge when the dose is adjusted down.

Sexual dysfunction
Some people experience persistent sexual side effects when taking SSRIs or after discontinuing them. Symptoms of medication-induced sexual dysfunction from antidepressants include difficulty with orgasm, erection, or ejaculation. Other symptoms may be genital anesthesia, anhedonia, decreased libido, vaginal lubrication issues, and nipple insensitivity in women. Rates are unknown, and there is no established treatment.

Pregnancy
Antidepressant exposure (including escitalopram) is associated with shorter duration of pregnancy (by three days), increased risk of preterm delivery (by 55%), lower birth weight (by 75 g), and lower Apgar scores (by <0.4 points). Antidepressant exposure is not associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion. There is a tentative association of SSRI use during pregnancy with heart problems in the baby. The advantages of their use during pregnancy may thus outweigh the possible negative effects on the baby.

Overdose
Excessive doses of escitalopram usually cause relatively minor untoward effects, such as agitation and tachycardia. However, dyskinesia, hypertonia, and clonus may occur in some cases. Therapeutic blood levels of escitalopram are usually in the range of 20–80 μg/L but may reach 80–200 μg/L in the elderly, patients with hepatic dysfunction, those who are poor CYP2C19 metabolizers or following acute overdose. Monitoring of the drug in plasma or serum is generally accomplished using chromatographic methods. Chiral techniques are available to distinguish escitalopram from its racemate, citalopram.

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Escitalopram increases intrasynaptic levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin by blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitter into the presynaptic neuron. Over time, this leads to a downregulation of pre-synaptic 5-HT1A receptors, which is associated with an improvement in passive stress tolerance, and delayed downstream increase in expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which may contribute to a reduction in negative affective biases.

Of the SSRIs currently available, escitalopram has the highest selectivity for the serotonin transporter (SERT) compared to the norepinephrine transporter (NET), making the side-effect profile relatively mild in comparison to less-selective SSRIs.

Escitalopram is a substrate of P-glycoprotein and hence P-glycoprotein inhibitors such as verapamil and quinidine may improve its blood brain barrier penetrability. In a preclinical study in rats combining escitalopram with a P-glycoprotein inhibitor, its antidepressant-like effects were enhanced.

Interactions
Escitalopram, similarly to other SSRIs, may increase bleed risk with NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen, mefenamic acid), antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulants, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, and garlic supplements due to escitalopram's inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation via blocking serotonin transporters on platelets. Escitalopram inhibits CYP2D6, and hence may increase plasma levels of a number of CYP2D6 substrates such as aripiprazole, risperidone, tramadol, codeine, etc. As escitalopram is only a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6, analgesia from tramadol may not be affected. Escitalopram should be taken with caution when using St. John's wort, ginseng, dextromethorphan (DXM), linezolid, tramadol, and other serotonergic drugs due to the risk of serotonin syndrome. Exposure to escitalopram is increased moderately, by about 50%, when it is taken with omeprazole. The authors of this study suggested that this increase is unlikely to be of clinical concern.

Bupropion has been found to significantly increase citalopram plasma concentration and systemic exposure;  the interaction with escitalopram had not been studied, but some monographs warned of the potential interaction.

Escitalopram can also prolong the QT interval, and hence it is not recommended in patients that are concurrently on other medications that also have the ability to prolong the QT interval. These drugs include antiarrhythmics, antipsychotics, tricyclic antidepressants, some antihistamines (astemizole, mizolastine), macrolide and fluoroquinolone antibiotics, some 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (except palonosetron), and some antiretrovirals (ritonavir, saquinavir, lopinavir). As an SSRI, escitalopram should not be given concurrently with MAOIs.

Chemistry
Escitalopram is the (S)-enantiomer (left-handed version) of the racemate citalopram, which is responsible for its name: escitalopram. The (R)-enantiomer (R-citalopram, the right-handed version).

History

Escitalopram was developed in cooperation between Lundbeck and Forest Laboratories. Its development was initiated in 1997, and the resulting new drug application was submitted to the US FDA in March 2001. The short time (3.5 years) it took to develop escitalopram can be attributed to the previous experience of Lundbeck and Forest with citalopram, which has similar pharmacology.

Society and culture

Legal status
The FDA issued the approval of escitalopram for major depression in August 2002, and for generalized anxiety disorder in December 2003. In May 2006, the FDA approved a generic version of escitalopram by Teva. In July 2006, the U.S. District Court of Delaware decided in favor of Lundbeck regarding a patent infringement dispute and ruled the patent on escitalopram valid.

In 2006, Forest Laboratories was granted an 828-day (2 years and 3 months) extension on its US patent for escitalopram. This pushed the patent expiration date from 7 December 2009, to 14 September 2011. Together with the 6-month pediatric exclusivity, the final expiration date was 14 March 2012.

Allegations of illegal marketing

In 2004, separate civil suits alleging illegal marketing of citalopram and escitalopram for use by children and teenagers by Forest were initiated by two whistleblowers: a physician named Joseph Piacentile and a Forest salesman named Christopher Gobble. In February 2009, the suits were joined. Eleven states and the District of Columbia filed notices of intent to intervene as plaintiffs in the action.

The suits alleged that Forest illegally engaged in off-label promotion of Lexapro for use in children; hid the results of a study showing lack of effectiveness in children; paid kickbacks to physicians to induce them to prescribe Lexapro to children; and conducted so-called "seeding studies" that were, in reality, marketing efforts to promote the drug's use by doctors. Forest denied the allegations but ultimately agreed to settle with the plaintiffs for over $313 million.

Brand names
Escitalopram is sold under many brand names worldwide such as Cipralex, Lexapro, Lexam, Mozarin, Aciprex, Depralin, Ecytara, Elicea, Gatosil, Nexpram, Nexito, Nescital, Szetalo, Pramatis, Betesda and Rexipra.

References

External links

AbbVie brands
Antidepressants
CYP2D6 inhibitors
Dimethylamino compounds
Enantiopure drugs
Fluoroarenes
Isobenzofurans
Nitriles
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Sigma agonists
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate

Escitalopram


North Billerica is an unincorporated village of the town of Billerica, Massachusetts, United States, one of the nine sections (hamlets) that make up the Town of Billerica. It is the home to Faulkner and Talbot mills and the North Billerica Train Depot.  The Middlesex Canal was built through the village in 1783 and the Boston and Lowell Railroad was put through in the 1840s.

North Billerica has its own ZIP Code (01862) and post office which also takes in the village of West Billerica and parts of River Pines.

History

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a building on Station Street, next to the depot, that served as the North Fire Station, Town Hall Annex, and Post Office.  The building was called Union Hall.  It served North Billerica as the local Social Club with dances and shows being held on the second floor.  It closed down in the 1960s after the Fire Station was relocated a mile away to Lowell Street and the Town Hall Annex was closed.  The Post Office was moved to the intersection of Old Elm Street, Lowell Street, and Talbot Avenue at the North Billerica Common.  This intersection is still referred to as 'Post Office Square' by the town's older residents.  The Union Hall was torn down and the land is now part of the train station parking lot.

The North Billerica station, built in 1867, was completely renovated in 1998.  It served as a flag stop on the Boston and Lowell Railroad's main line and was the starting point for the old narrow gauge Billerica and Bedford Railroad.  It still serves commuters today as a regular stop on the MBTA's Lowell Line. The area is also home to Iron Horse Park, a former train repair facility.

Modern era

The Concord River flows through North Billerica, and by the old Talbot and Faulkner Mills is the Mill Pond and Dam marking the area where the old Middlesex Canal crossed over the river – and provided the majority of the water to carry the canal from Lowell to Charlestown.  The Middlesex Canal Museum is located inside the old Faulkner Mills and plans are underway to build a Middlesex Canal Park along the Mill Pond from the Dam around to Canal bridge on Rogers Street.  The Billerica Mills Historic District lies entirely within the village's unofficial boundaries.

North Billerica is also home to the oldest remaining homestead in Billerica, the Manning Manse, built in 1696.  The Manse is located on Chelmsford Road (MA Rte 129) about a quarter mile east of US Route 3 and the Chelmsford town line.  It is the place where Minutemen from New Hampshire stayed before and after the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775.  It was nearly destroyed by a fire in 1994. Today, this tavern is rented by a private business operating a restaurant and lounge.

North Billerica also has the Chelmsford Forum Ice Rink on Rte 129 at the Chelmsford town line that is actually owned by the town of Chelmsford.  It was privately owned when first built in the 1960s and was owned by the University of Massachusetts Lowell ("University of Lowell") from the late 1970s to the early 1990s, when the school changed venues to the new Tsongas Arena in Lowell.  The school played its hockey games at the rink while still allowing high school and youth hockey teams to use the facilities.  It was sold to Chelmsford after the Commonwealth of Massachusetts passed a bill to allow a city or town to own land in another city or town.

North Billerica is the headquarters location of Potpourri Group Inc. (PGI), a multi-channel direct marketer which as of June 2018 includes 15 brands (e.g., Magellan's travel apparel and gear).

Government
North Billerica is governed by the Billerica Town Meeting Assembly and Board of Selectmen.  The town's second, along with portions of the eighth and eleventh voting precincts, make up most of North Billerica.

Education
Students from North Billerica are served by the Billerica Public Schools as well as the Shawsheen Regional Vocational Technical High School.  The only school located in North Billerica is the Hajjar Elementary School at Rogers and Call streets.  (The Dutile Elementary School has a North Billerica address but is located in the River Pines section of town.)

References

External links

Billerica, Massachusetts
Villages in Massachusetts
Villages in Middlesex County, Massachusetts

North Billerica, Massachusetts


A Special Sesame Street Christmas is a 1978 CBS Christmas special, made the same year as the better-known Christmas Eve on Sesame Street. The special was first broadcast on Friday, December 8, 1978, at 8 PM ET on CBS, pre-empting Wonder Woman that week, starring Leslie Uggams.

The special features only three of the Sesame Street Muppets: Oscar the Grouch, Big Bird, and Barkley the dog. Barkley is played by gymnast Toby Towson. The puppet used for the special was different from the one used for the series, making him five feet tall, or higher, at times in the special. Mr. Hooper, David, Bob, and Maria are the only humans from the regular cast to make appearances, while most of the regulars are replaced by a large, somewhat all-star cast.

The special features many plot elements that are very loosely tied together, the most important being Oscar as the "Ebenezer Scrooge" on Sesame Street, as a minor takeoff on Charles Dickens' 1843 novella A Christmas Carol. They include Leslie Uggams thinking lemonade was hot chocolate, singer Anne Murray and a magic eggnog container, Oscar adopting a kitten with a broken leg, and Ethel Merman calling Imogene Coca an idiot. Also appearing are Dick Smothers (only one half of the Smothers Brothers was hired for the special), Henry Fonda and Michael Jackson.

The special was mainly produced for CBS not by the Children's Television Workshop (now Sesame Workshop), but by Bob Banner Associates, notable for Perry Como's Christmas specials. The producers paid CTW for the use of the set, some of the adult characters, Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch, with everything else, including the script and the Barkley costume, provided by Banner staffers.

This program was nominated in the 31st Annual Emmy Awards (1979) under the category of Outstanding Children's Program, losing to Christmas Eve on Sesame Street. Both
specials are now available on DVD.

See also
List of Christmas films

References

External links
 A Blue Christmas Tough Pigs review of the special.
 A Muppety Christmas Overview of the special. Site also includes many other specials, movies, videos, albums and assorted cards and ornaments.
 Internet Movie Database entry

1970s American television specials
1978 in American television
1978 television specials
CBS television specials
Christmas television specials
Sesame Street features
Television shows based on A Christmas Carol

A Special Sesame Street Christmas


BBC Radio Ulster () is a Northern Irish national radio station owned and operated by BBC Northern Ireland, a division of the BBC. It was established on New Year's Day 1975, replacing what had been an opt-out of BBC Radio 4.

According to RAJAR, the station broadcasts to a weekly audience of 499,000 with a listening share of 16.1% as of September 2023.

Overview

It is the most widely listened to radio station in Northern Ireland, with a diverse range of programmes, including news, talk, features, music and sport. In the Q3 2021 RAJAR survey, the station had 517,000 weekly listeners, with total weekly listening hours of 5.5 million, beating its main local rivals (Cool FM, Downtown Radio, Downtown Country, U105, and Q Radio) on both of these metrics and, logically therefore, average weekly hours per listener (10.64). When taken together, the Bauer-owned stations (both Downtown stations and Cool FM) had higher total audience and listening hours per week, but lower average weekly hours per listener. The station had 135,000 more weekly listeners than its equivalent in Wales, BBC Radio Wales, despite serving a RAJAR population 1.1 million smaller. The station had the highest percentage reach and listening share, per corresponding survey area, of any BBC local, nations or national radio station, at 34% and 19.9% respectively.

It is broadcast from BBC Northern Ireland's Broadcasting House in Belfast. News bulletins are broadcast usually on the hour seven days a week from 6:30 am until midnight (on weekdays), from 6:45 am until midnight (on Saturdays) and from 7:00 am to midnight (on weekends, Christmas holidays, and Bank Holidays). It is available on 92-95 FM, DAB and Freeview in Northern Ireland and across the UK on BBC Sounds and satellite/cable television. It is also available in the Republic of Ireland via Virgin Media, on smart speakers or on FM in counties bordering Northern Ireland. The station was available on medium wave on 1341 kHz and 873 kHz until 6 May 2021.

An opt-out of the station exists in Derry, BBC Radio Foyle, carrying alternative programming and news between 7:00am and 4:00pm weekdays with opt-out news bulletins at the weekend. The station is also broadcast on DAB Digital Radio, digital television and on the Internet. During the station's downtime, BBC Radio Ulster simulcasts BBC Radio 5 Live programming.

Funding
The BBC reported in the Annual Report for 2017/18 that Radio Ulster and Radio Foyle operated on a budget of £17.6 million with a 38% reach of the population and that the cost per hour of output was 5.8p.

Programmes

Good Morning Ulster
The Nolan Show
Talkback
Evening Extra
Blas
Country Afternoon with Hugo Duncan
Gardener's Corner
Countryside
Vinny & Cate
Connor Philips Show
The Lynette Fay Show
Assume Nothing
Across the Line
Jazz Club
On Your Behalf
Sounds Classical
Sunday Sequence
Radio Ulster Folk Club
Ralph McLean (BBC Radio Ulster)
The John Toal Show
The Foodie (BBC Radio Ulster)
Kerry McLean
Your Place and Mine
The Blame Game
Thought for the Day

Notable presenters

 Joel Taggart
 Chris Buckler
Sarah Brett
Stephen Nolan
Connor Philips
William Crawley
Hugo Duncan
Lynette Fay
Nicola Weir
 Declan Harvey
 Tara Mills
 Richard Morgan
Sean Coyle
Sara Neil (business reporter)
Linda McAuley
Tim McGarry
Vinny Hurrell
Kerry McLean
Cate Conway
Brian D'Arcy
 Stephen McCauley
Ralph McLean
Rigsy
John Toal
 Anne-Marie Wallace
Mickey Bradley

Previous presenters

Gerry Anderson
Seamus McKee
Stephen Clements
Gerry Kelly
Wendy Austin
Karen Patterson
Conor Bradford
Sean Rafferty
Noel Thompson
Kim Lenaghan (died in 2022)

References

External links

Ulster
Radio stations in Northern Ireland
Mass media in Belfast
Radio stations established in 1975
BBC Northern Ireland
1975 establishments in Northern Ireland
Music in Belfast

BBC Radio Ulster


Julius Arigi (3 October 1895 – 1 August 1981) was a flying ace of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I with a total of 32 credited victories. His victory total was second only to Godwin von Brumowski. Arigi was considered a superb natural pilot. He was also a technical innovator responsible for engineering changes in the aircraft he flew.

Early life
Julius Arigi was born in Děčín (), Bohemia, to a Sudeten German family. Before joining the military, he was a waiter or an electrician (sources are unclear in that case). He volunteered in October 1913 for Fortress Artillery Regiment No. 1 of the Austro-Hungarian Army.

Aerial service
In March 1914, he transferred to the Luftfahrtruppen (air service). He trained as a pilot, passing final tests on 26 November 1914, to become Zugsführer (sergeant).

Initially during World War I, Arigi was assigned to Fliegerkompanie 6, based in southern Dalmatia, flying Lloyd Type LS 2 and Lohner biplane aircraft in operations against Serbian and Montenegrin forces. On 20 December 1914, Arigi and his observer, Leutnant Levak, crashlanded a Lohner 140 in the Adriatic Sea; fortunately for them, in the shallow water.

In October 1915, Arigi became a prisoner of war when he was forced down due to engine failure during a reconnaissance flight behind enemy lines in Montenegro. He escaped captivity on his sixth try in January 1916, however, by stealing an enemy staff car belonging to Prince Nicholas of Montenegro, and rejoining his unit which later moved to Albania.

While flying on the Albanian front, Arigi sank an Italian steamboat in the port of Valona (now Vlorë).

On 22 August 1916, Stabsfeldwebel (Staff Sergeant) Arigi ignored standing orders that an officer had to be aboard to command his plane. He took Feldwebel (Sergeant Major) Johann Lasi along to engage six Italian Farman aircraft over the Skumbi estuary in a Hansa-Brandenburg C.I aircraft. They shot five of the Farmans down, and Arigi became an ace in this one sortie.

Towards the end of 1916, he was transferred to the Isonzo front in Italy. There he mostly flew escort missions in a Hansa-Brandenburg D.I single-seat fighter. By May, 1917, his victory total was up to 12. He was unhappy with the tail assembly of this aircraft because he felt it lacked directional stability. He redesigned the horn-balanced rudder with a low aspect fin and a plain rudder. His redesign was later copied from his plane and became standard on the D1. He was awarded 500 kronen for his innovation.

He then spent a short time in Fliegerkompanie 41J, but clashed with its commanding officer, Hauptmann Godwin Brumowski. In August, he was transferred to newly formed Fliegerkompanie 55J at Haidenschaft. He would score 13 victories while with Flik 55J, running his total to 25. Ten of those victories were scored as he cooperated with two other Austro-Hungarian aces, Hauptmann (Captain) Josef von Maier and Lieutenant (Second Lieutenant) József Kiss.

In April, 1918, he was transferred back to Flik 6 on the Albanian front. In his short stay there, he scored 3 more kills while flying an Avatik D1. In summer, 1918, he was again transferred, to Flik 1J at Igalo in Dalmatia, and while there partook in the defence of the Austro-Hungarian Naval base in the Bocche di Cattaro from the British air raids by the Adriatic Group, Royal Air Force. In August 1918 Flik 1J was equipped with two new Avatik D1 fighters, which he used to score his final four victories.

His combat career extended over four years; his last victory was scored on 23 August 1918. He spent the last days of the war as a factory test pilot.

Although Arigi had not served on World War I's premier front (i.e. the Western one) for fighter aviation, his service was especially notable. He had flown mediocre aircraft in fronts notorious for changeable weather; mountainous terrain and over-water flights complicated matters. He had declined a personal offer from his emperor to work as a clerk in Vienna, with an accompanying promotion as a commissioned officer, to remain at the front.

Post World War I
After the war he became a citizen of newly established Czechoslovakia where he in 1919 co-founded Ikarus, one of country's pioneer civil aviation companies; two years later founded another company, air travel named Weltbäderflugverkehr ("World Spa Air Transport"), which operated on the line between the capital Prague and famous spa towns of Mariánské Lázně and Karlovy Vary etc. in western Bohemia. Also while in Czechoslovakia, he helped select sites for new airfields. Later, when he became an ardent National Socialist and joined (1928) the German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia), was involved in espionage for the Third Reich. In 1934 moved to Berlin and two years later he obtained Austrian citizenship.

In 1935, he partnered with a friend from World War I, fellow ace Benno Fiala von Fernbrugg, in forming the Wiener-Neustadt Airport Management Association.

He became a Luftwaffe fighter instructor beginning in 1938. Two of his students became some of the most successful aces of World War II: Walter Nowotny (258 victories) and Hans-Joachim Marseille (158 victories). Their ability to repeatedly shoot down multiple enemies on the same sortie can be traced to Arigi's teaching them to close to minimum range before firing. Arigi later noted that while both students were quietly eager, Nowotny was naturally talented but Marseille had to work for mastery.

Arigi died in his sleep of natural causes in Seewalchen am Attersee, Austria on 1 August 1981.

References

Further reading

1895 births
1981 deaths
People from Děčín
German Bohemian people
Austro-Hungarian Air Service personnel
Austro-Hungarian World War I flying aces
Austrian aviators

Julius Arigi


Cycloped was an early horse-powered locomotive, built by Thomas Shaw Brandreth of Liverpool, which competed unsuccessfully in the Rainhill trials of October 1829.

The Rainhill trials

The Cycloped was the only entry in the trials that did not rely on steam power, instead utilising a treadmill that was kept continually moving by a horse mounted on top.

Brandreth was one of the directors of the railway and some people believed that that gave the Cycloped an unfair advantage. But the Cycloped was a primitive idea and because of its failure to generate enough speed to equal its competitors—Burstall's Perseverance, Braithwaite's Novelty, Hackworth's Sans Pareil and Stephenson's Rocket—the Cycloped ultimately lost the competition in the trials. Stephenson's Rocket eventually won the trials, maintaining an average speed of  for a modest consumption of coal and water.

Dandy wagons

Horses had been used to pull wagons on coal and mineral tramways and plateways for some years before this. Many of these tramways and plateways were arranged so that the line ran downhill from the mine to a river or coastal port. Loaded trains would descend under the power of gravity, with horses used to haul the empty trains back uphill.

Early examples with just one or two wagons together were pulled downhill by the horse, the horse also acting as brakes. Once improved mechanical brakes were available, longer trains of wagons could be controlled during their descent. The horses were carried downhill in a special dandy wagon, usually attached to the end of the run of loaded wagons. These dandy wagons were simple unpowered wagons, often with no more adaptation for horses than special doors to load and unload the animals.

Other horse locomotives

Horse locomotives were only used for a brief period between the development of passenger-carrying public railways and the provision of viable steam locomotives. Other horse-powered locomotives include the Flying Dutchman of the South Carolina Canal and Railroad Company, used briefly in 1830, and the Impulsoria, exhibited at the Great Exhibition in 1851.

References

Rainhill Trials locomotives
Liverpool and Manchester Railway locomotives
Individual locomotives of Great Britain

Cycloped


The Scottish Rite Temple in Guthrie, Oklahoma, is a Masonic temple that serves as the home of the Scottish Rite in the Guthrie Valley, Oklahoma Orient, Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, Southern Jurisdiction, U.S.A. This is actually a complex consisting of two buildings on a  plot of ground on Oklahoma Avenue in downtown Guthrie that was originally named Capitol Park.

NRHP Assessment
The Scottish Rite Temple of Guthrie is architecturally and historically significant because it is one of the best examples of large scale, Neo-Classical Revival style in Oklahoma; it is the largest, most elaborately designed and constructed Masonic Temple in the state; and because of its importance historically to the Masonic fraternal organization in Oklahoma.

Also "it has been recognized as the center of state-level Masonic activities since 1923, when first used even before completion. It is ... the site of the Mason's statewide functions. ... "

Description

Original building and park
The original building in this complex, now named the East Annex, was constructed in 1908 by the city of Guthrie and called Convention Hall. It was intended as the meeting place for the Oklahoma State Legislature. It was a rectangular brick structure with two two-story wings flanking a two-story atrium having a gallery promenade. A basement completed the internal space.

The East Annex was used for one regular session of the Legislature in 1909 and one special session in 1910. After the Legislature agreed to move the state capital from Guthrie to Oklahoma City in 1910, the city of Guthrie offered to sell the Convention Hall complex, including Capitol Park, to the Scottish Rite Masons, who wanted to construct a temple in Guthrie. A deal was concluded with the Parr & Hawk, an Oklahoma City architectural firm, to design the western building (designated as the Temple), and the James Stewart Construction Company began construction in May 1920.

It is "one of the world's largest Masonic Centers".

The building was designed by architects and built in 1919 in Classical Revival style. It was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

From the NRHP nom:

It is located at 900 E. Oklahoma in Guthrie.

There is a museum, the Guthrie Scottish Rite Museum, there.

References

Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Oklahoma
Masonic buildings in Oklahoma
Neoclassical architecture in Oklahoma
Masonic buildings completed in 1919
Residential buildings completed in 1919
Buildings and structures in Logan County, Oklahoma
Guthrie, Oklahoma
National Register of Historic Places in Logan County, Oklahoma
1919 establishments in Oklahoma

Scottish Rite Temple (Guthrie, Oklahoma)


Rand Refinery (Pty) Limited is the largest integrated single-site precious metals refining and smelting complex in the world. It was established in 1920 to refine gold within South Africa which until that time had been refined in London.

History
It was established in 1920 in Germiston, South Africa, by the Chamber of Mines of South Africa to refine all the gold produced by South Africa's gold mines instead of in London. As of 1919, the Bank of England would receive consignments of raw gold from the producers and issue it to individual refineries, refined and then returned to the Bank for sale, and the hope was that after the Rand Refinery was built, the gold industry would still be financed in London and that the refined gold would be sold in the latter. On 27 November 1920, Rand Refinery Ltd was registered as a private company, the capital raised from shares of gold mining companies that were members of the Chamber of Mines. Building of the facilities commenced in August 1920. Low quality ingots would be received from the gold mines and then refined to 99.6% purity and then sold to the South African Reserve Bank for sale around the world on the London and Zurich bullion markets. By 1922, the supply of gold to London was almost nonexistent and impacted the two major UK refiners, Johnson Matthey and Rothschild. Rand Refinery is one of five companies accredited as Good Delivery Referees by London Bullion Market Association (LBMA).

Products
In recent years, Rand Refinery has evolved from a pure refiner of doré to a more rounded company with an emphasis on beneficiation. It facilitates a wide range of value-added products including:

 cast bars
 minted bars
 minted coins
 coin blanks and medallions
 semi-fabricated products for the jewellery manufacturing industry

By law the South African Mint Company is the only company allowed to manufacture South African legal tender coins such as the world famous Krugerrand.  All the gold used to manufacture the coins is supplied by Rand Refinery, who has been appointed the sole supplier of bullion Krugerrands to primary distributors both locally and internationally.

In addition to its smelting and refining services Rand Refinery offers metallurgical, logistics and vault services. It acts as an agent for its precious metal depositing customers and its global markets business unit markets all the precious metal produced by the refinery.

References

External links
Rand Refinery website
SAMINT website
Rand Refinery - world`s largest gold refinery

Metal companies of South Africa
Buildings and structures in Germiston
Gold industry
Companies based in Germiston

Rand Refinery


Christopher Hiley Ludlow Bathurst, 3rd Viscount Bledisloe, QC (24 June 1934 – 12 May 2009), was a British barrister and politician.

Bledisloe was the son of Benjamin Bathurst, 2nd Viscount Bledisloe. He was educated at Eton – having won a scholarship from Ludgrove – and Trinity College, Oxford, but left the latter after a year. He served in the army as a Second Lieutenant of the 11th Hussars from 1954 to 1955 and was called to the Bar at Gray's Inn in 1959, after placing fourth out of 500 candidates in the Bar exams. In 1978 he became a Queen's Counsel (QC).

He was one of the ninety hereditary peers elected by the other hereditary peers to take a seat in the House of Lords, which most hereditary peers lost by the House of Lords Act 1999. The Bledisloe seat is Lydney Park, Gloucestershire, from which the territorial designation of the peerage was taken. He sat as a crossbencher.

Bledisloe married Elizabeth Mary Thompson in 1962. They had two sons and one daughter and divorced in 1986. His elder son and successor, Rupert Bathurst, 4th Viscount Bledisloe, is a noted portrait artist. Bledisloe died on 12 May 2009.

Bledisloe was the President of the St. Moritz Tobogganing Club (SMTC), also known as the Cresta.

References

External links

Viscount Bledisloe – Daily Telegraph obituary

 http://www.thepeerage.com/p14421.htm#i144207

1934 births
2009 deaths
Viscounts in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
People educated at Eton College
English King's Counsel
11th Hussars officers
20th-century King's Counsel
Members of Gray's Inn
Christopher
21st-century King's Counsel
People educated at Ludgrove School
English barristers

Hereditary peers elected under the House of Lords Act 1999

Christopher Bathurst, 3rd Viscount Bledisloe


Color mixing means mixing two or more colors together. For example, mixing green and cyan makes the color spring green. It is not commonly taught to children, as it does not correspond to the mixing of physical substances which would correspond to subtractive mixing. Two beams of light that are superimposed mix their colors additively. The mixing of colored physical substances corresponds to an additive color and subtractive color mixing, hence it corresponds to our intuition about mixing colors.

How to mix colors

A closer look at mixing colors
To mix colors, you can use paint. For example, consider mixing red and yellow. Mixing the two colors makes the color orange. Orange is named after a species of citrus. When we mix blue and green, it makes the color teal. You can also mix red and purple, thus making magenta. However, if you mix red and magenta, they create the color crimson.

Guide to mixing colors

 When we mix cyan and blue, it makes azure.
 When we mix red and blue, it makes purple.
 When we mix red and yellow, it makes orange.
 When we mix blue and black, it makes navy blue.
 When we mix yellow and white, it makes cream.
 When we mix blue and yellow, it makes green.
 When we mix red and green, it makes brown.

Average mixing
Average mixing can be confused with subtractive mixing. For example, even though red and blue average to purple, an attempt to make a particular shade of purple by mixing red and blue paint may fail, since there is no purple spectrum between the red and blue spectra. Paint mixing can result in average wavelength. For example, mixing blue and yellow usually results in some shade of green despite them being complementary colors, because there is a green spectrum between the yellow spectrum and the blue spectrum. It's also one reason why mixing red and blue along with white can result in gray, because red and blue average to purple, but the average wavelength is green which is a complementary color of purple.
mixing
Light

Color mixing


Fish Hoek (, meaning either Fish Corner or Fish Glen) is a coastal town at the eastern end of the Fish Hoek Valley on the False Bay side of the Cape Peninsula in the Western Cape, South Africa. Previously a separate municipality, Fish Hoek is now part of the City of Cape Town. As a coastal suburb of Cape Town, Fish Hoek is popular as a residence for commuters, retired people and holidaymakers alike.  The traditional industries of 'trek' fishing and angling coexist with the leisure pursuits of surfing, although nearby Kommetjie is usually favoured, sailing and sunbathing. There is an active lifeguard community who utilise the beach and bay for training.

History
Fish Hoek, Vissers Baay or Visch Hoek appears on the earliest maps of the Cape.

Diplomat Edmund Roberts visited Fish Hoek in 1833. He described it as a "poor village" with a whaling industry.

The first grant of Crown land in Fish Hoek was granted to Andries Bruins in 1818. The land was sold several times before being bought by Hester Sophia de Kock in 1883.  She was then a spinster of 51 years old. In 1901, late in life, she married a local farmer, one Jacob Isaac de Villiers, who came to live with her on the farm. Although she farmed wheat and vegetables, she started providing accommodation for people who wanted to stay in Fish Hoek, and so became the first local tourist entrepreneur. Having realized that Fish Hoek was becoming popular, she left instructions in her will that the farm was to be surveyed and the land sold as building plots.

After the deaths of Hester and Jacob, the land was sold off, the first sale taking place in 1918. The oldest house on the bay, now named Uitkyk, was bought as a fisherman's cottage in 1918 by the Mossop family of Mossop Leathers, and is still in the Mossop family.  There had been a building on that site since the 1690s; a poshuis or post house and a whaling station office is all that is known of its history.

This was the beginning of the town of Fish Hoek. Initially people built holiday cottages, but as there was a good train service to Cape Town a more permanent community soon arose. By 1940 it was big enough to be declared a municipality and was administered by the Town Council until 1996.  Hester and Isaac de Villiers, with other members of their family, are buried in the small graveyard next to the NG Kerk (Dutch Reformed Church) in Kommetjie Road. The farmhouse on the site of the present Homestead Naval Mess near the railway crossing became a hotel. The original building subsequently burned down in 1947.

After being part of the transitional South Peninsula Municipality from 1996 to 2000, Fish Hoek now falls under the City of Cape Town. Today Fish Hoek is regarded as a suburb of greater Cape Town and lies on the railway line from the central business district of that city to Simon's Town in the south. Until recently, Fish Hoek was a "dry" area - one of the conditions placed by the owner who gave the land for development was that there be no alcohol sold there. Nowadays, alcohol is available in restaurants and bars, but only recently have there been bottle stores allowed.

Fish Hoek is also the site of the unfavorable protester Craig Peiser who ripped off a journalists mask during the COVID-19 lockdowns.

Geography

Fish Hoek is situated in a bay at the end of a broad, low valley, between two and three kilometres wide, which runs from east to west across the Cape Peninsula from Fish Hoek on the False Bay side to Noordhoek and Kommetjie on the Atlantic side. When sea levels were higher than they are today, the valley used to be a sea passage that separated the Cape Peninsula into northern and southern islands. The valley is generally sandy and the bedrock is Cape granite. In places this is deeply weathered and in the past the rotted granite was mined for pockets of the mineral kaolinite, which is used to make ceramic goods such as hand basins and bath tubs. The valley is famous for 12,000-year-old paleolithic skeletons discovered in a cave (now called Peers' Cave) by Bertie Peers and his father in 1927. Bertie Peers was a lover and explorer of the great outdoors, a fine amateur scientist and a dedicated naturalist but his enthusiasm eventually cost him his life, when he was fatally struck by a puff adder.

It is approximately 40 kilometres by road from Fish Hoek to Cape Town. Fish Hoek is connected to the city by two road routes: Main Road along the False Bay coast, and Ou Kaapse Weg which passes over the Steenberg mountains. Fish Hoek has a railway station which is served by Metrorail's Southern Line service, with journey times of about an hour to Cape Town and 15 minutes to Simon's Town.

Climate
Fish Hoek has a mild mediterranean climate and is spared over hot summer days by the south-easterly wind known locally as "the Cape Doctor". The mountains nearby are famous for large numbers of complex caves in sandstones of the Table Mountain Group. Caves are usually found in limestones and it is not common to find complex cave systems in pure sandstone.

Economy

Fish Hoek has become well known as a tourist resort and as a place where elderly people retire.

Parks and recreation

Fish Hoek beach

The beach is about  long and quite flat, and the bay is protected from the currents and stronger surf in the rest of False Bay. Swimming is allowed along the entire beach with lifesavers on duty during the summer peak season, and body surfing, boogie boarding, wind surfing and kayaking are popular. The water is far warmer than the Atlantic Seaboard, averaging between just under  annually (similar to Northern Mediterranean Waters like Monte Carlo or Nice, and peaking at  in summer months. Restaurants and children's play areas are situated at the southern end, and a path known as Jager Walk (also spelled Jaeger or Jagger, and known locally as the Cat Walk) runs past rock pools on the southern side of the bay.

Shark spotters are often on duty, especially during the summer tourist season. Despite this, there have been two fatal attacks on swimmers in the bay in recent years, one in November 2004 and one in January 2010. On September 28, 2011, a 44-year-old  British man Michael Cohen lost part of his leg after being mauled by a Great White shark, despite the beach being closed and shark flag flying. The northern parts of the beach are less developed, and are used by trek fishermen to launch their boats and clean nets. Seasonal visits from Southern Right Whales occur from June to November each year. There is also a shark net usually deployed in the early mornings.

Education

Schools include Bay Primary, Fish Hoek Primary, Fish Hoek High School and Paul Greyling Primary. Star of the Sea Convent School is a historic primary school established in 1908.

Media

Fish Hoek and its surrounding suburbs are served by the local False Bay Echo newspaper, originally the Fish Hoek Echo, and the Peoples Post.

Notable residents
 Colin Banton, cricketer
 Emile Baron, footballer
 Mike Bernardo, kickboxer and boxer
 Matthew Booth, footballer
 Fiona Coyne, actress and television presenter
 Paul Harris, cricketer
 Mavis Hutchison, Galloping Granny, long distance runner
 Sir Allan Mossop, Chief Judge of the British Supreme Court for China
 Richard Stanley, film director
 Roger Goode, 5FM Radio personality
 Lutcia Davis, Professional Surfer.
 Matthew Mole, singer, songwriter

Coat of arms
The Fish Hoek municipal council adopted a coat of arms, designed by R. McNee Tait, in April 1941.

The shield was gold, displaying a silver rampant lion behind a red horizontal stripe. The crest was an arm in armour, holding a sword, emerging from a coronet. The shield was supposed to represent Andries Bruins, while the crest was taken from the arms borne by some members of the De Villiers family.  Whether Andries Bruins or Jacob de Villiers ever used these designs is unclear.

References

Suburbs of Cape Town

Fish Hoek


The French Church of the Sacred Heart () is a Roman Catholic parish church located at 3 Gheorghe Demetriade Street, Bucharest, Romania. It is classified as a historic monument by the Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs.

In the spring of 1906, Monsignor Vladimir Ghika, working with Sister Elisabeta Pucci, whom he had called from Thessaloniki, began work on a building for the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul on land donated by Maria Pâcleanu. In 1922, work began on the Saint Vincent de Paul Sanatorium, inside of which there was a chapel where masses were held until 1930. Additionally, there was a chapel in Pâcleanu's adjacent residence. In 1930, next to the sanatorium's eastern wall, the Daughters of Charity built the parish church, with the altar facing north.

On November 12, 1946, the C. I. Parhon Endocrinology Institute was established in the building of the sanatorium. Thus, the area retained a charitable focus, but the church was closed in 1957, a decade into the Communist regime; all charitable activity "by superiors for the poor, orphans and the sick" had been outlawed. On rare occasions, services were held for foreign delegations passing through the country. On December 1, 1991, following the collapse of Communism, the church was reopened and the parish re-established. In 2004, fifty years after he died a political prisoner in Jilava Prison, a statue depicting Ghika was placed on a square near the church. As of 2009, the parish has nearly 2,000 members, and services are regularly held in Romanian, French, English, Latin and Arabic.

The church is in the style of a basilica, with three naves preceded by a small vestibule. The central nave is  wide and has a slightly vaulted ceiling. The others are lower, have flat ceilings, are 3 m wide and are each separated by four square-shaped pillars with Byzantine-style capitals. An extension of the central nave, marked by an arch, features the apse, which has stained-glass windows and a horizontal ceiling. The choir is above the entry into the nave, and there is a small organ to the right of the entrance. Light comes in through large, rectangular windows adorned in stained glass with floral Art Nouveau motifs. The walls and ceilings are painted without decoration. Fourteen bas-relief panels on the walls depict the Stations of the Cross.

The exterior is painted simply, in white. The roof has two slopes and is covered in terracotta tiles. Above the roof, behind the entrance facade, there is a small tower with square sides. This has four small, open three-lobed arches, and sharp-angled pediments on each side. On top is a cross and a Gallic rooster. The vestibule is lower, also has a two-sloped roof, and a rounded door. It is located on the southern side before the main facade and provides entry into the church. On either side are two niches surrounded by multiple arches in relief.

Notes

Churches in Bucharest
Historic monuments in Bucharest
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1930
Art Nouveau architecture in Bucharest
Art Nouveau church buildings
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Romania

French Church (Bucharest)


Västmanland is a historical Swedish province, or landskap, in middle Sweden. It borders Södermanland, Närke, Värmland, Dalarna and Uppland.

The name comes from "West men", referring to the people west of Uppland, the core province of early Sweden.

Provinces of Sweden

Västmanland


Post-capitalism is, in part, a hypothetical state in which the economic systems of the world can no longer be described as forms of capitalism. Various individuals and political ideologies have speculated on what would define such a world. According to classical Marxist and social evolutionary theories, post-capitalist societies may come about as a result of spontaneous evolution as capitalism becomes obsolete. Others propose models to intentionally replace capitalism, most notably socialism, communism, anarchism, nationalism and degrowth.

History

In 1993, Peter Drucker outlined a possible evolution of capitalistic society in his book Post-Capitalist Society. This states that knowledge, rather than capital, land, or labor, is the new basis of wealth. The classes of a fully post-capitalist society are expected to be divided into knowledge workers or service workers, in contrast to the capitalists and proletarians of a capitalist society. Drucker estimated the transformation to post-capitalism would be completed in 2010–2020. Drucker also argued for rethinking the concept of intellectual property by creating a universal licensing system.

In 2015, according to Paul Mason, several factors — the rise of income inequality, repeating cycles of boom and bust, and capitalism's contributions to climate change — led economists, political thinkers and philosophers to start seriously considering how a post-capitalistic society would look and function. Post-capitalism is expected to be made possible with further advances in automation and information technology – both of which are effectively causing production costs to trend toward zero.

Nick Srnicek and Alex Williams identify a crisis in capitalism's ability and willingness to employ all members of society, arguing that: "there is a growing population of people that are situated outside formal, waged work, with minimal welfare benefits, informal subsistence work, or by illegal means".

Variations

Heritage check system

Heritage check system is a socioeconomic plan that retains a market economy but removes fractional reserve lending power from banks and limits government printing of money to offset deflation. Money printed is used to buy materials to back the currency and pay for government programs in lieu of taxes, with the remainder to be split evenly among all citizens to stimulate the economy (termed a "heritage check", for which the system is named). The original author of the idea, Robert Heinlein, stated in his book For Us, The Living: A Comedy of Customs, that the system would be self-reinforcing and would eventually result in regular heritage checks able to provide a modest living for most citizens.

Economic democracy
Economic democracy is a socioeconomic philosophy that establishes democratic control of firms by their workers and social control of investment by a network of public banks.

Participatory economy

In his book Of the People, By the People: The Case for a Participatory Economy, Robin Hahnel describes a post-capitalist economy called the participatory economy.

Hahnel argues that a participatory economy will return empathy to our purchasing choices. Capitalism removes the knowledge of how and by whom a product was made: "When we eat a salad the market systematically deletes information about the migrant workers who picked it".

Socialism

Socialism often implies common ownership of companies and a planned economy, though as an inherently pluralistic ideology, it is argued whether either are essential features. In his book PostCapitalism: A Guide to our Future, Paul Mason argues that centralized planning, even with the advanced technology of today, is unachievable.

In UK politics, strands of Corbynism and the Labour party have adopted this 'post-capitalist' tendency.

Permaculture

Permaculture is defined by its co-originator Bill Mollison as: "The conscious design and maintenance of agriculturally productive systems which have the diversity, stability, and resilience of natural ecosystems".

PROUT

Progressive utilization theory (PROUT) is a socioeconomic and political philosophy created by the Indian philosopher and spiritual leader Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar in 1959. PROUT includes the decentralization of the economy; economic democracy; development of cooperatives; provision of all working members of society with five basic needs: food, clothing, shelter, education, medical care; and systematic solution of environmental problems through technological development and limitation of consumption.

Degrowth and MMT

Modern monetary theory (MMT) could enhance the degrowth movement in transitioning to a "post-growth, post-capitalist economy", according to economic anthropologist Jason Hickel. Towards this end, he suggests that the power of "the government's role as the issuer of currency" could be utilized to bring the economy back into balance with the natural world while at the same time reducing economic inequality by providing high quality universal basic services, implementing the rapid development of renewable energy infrastructure to completely phase out fossil fuels in a shorter period of time, and establishing a public job guarantee for 30 hours a week at a living wage doing decommodified, socially useful work in the public services sector, and also useful work in renewable energy development and ecosystem restoration. Hickel notes that providing a living wage at 30 hours a week also has the added benefit of shifting income from capital to labor. Furthermore, he adds that taxation can be used to "reduce demand in order to bring resource and energy use down to target levels," and specifically to reduce the purchasing power of the wealthy.

Technology as a driver of post-capitalism

Automation
Technological change that has driven unemployment has historically been due to 'mechanical-muscle' machines, which have reduced the need for human labor. Just as the use of horses for transport and other work was gradually made obsolete by the invention of the automobile, humans' jobs have also been affected throughout history. A modern example of this technological unemployment is the replacement of retail cashiers by self-service checkouts. The invention and development of 'mechanical-mind' processes or 'brain labor' is thought to threaten jobs at an unprecedented scale, with Oxford Professors Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael Osborne estimating that 47% of US jobs are at risk of automation.

Information technology
Post-capitalism is said to be possible due to major changes brought about by information technology in recent years. These changes have blurred the boundaries between work and free time and loosened the relationship between work and wages. Significantly, information is corroding the market's ability to form prices correctly. Information is abundant and information goods are freely replicable. Goods such as music, software or databases do have a production cost, but once made can be copied infinitely. If the normal price mechanism of capitalism prevails, then the price of any good which has essentially no cost of reproduction will fall towards zero. This lack of scarcity of those things is a problem in those models, which try to counter by developing monopolies in the form of giant tech companies to keep information scarce and commercial. But many significant commodities in the digital economy are now free and open-source, such as Linux, Firefox, and Wikipedia.

See also

 Anti-capitalism
 Capitalist realism
 Commons-based peer production
 Criticism of capitalism
 Degrowth
 Distributism
 Eco-communalism
 Economic history of the world
 Evolutionary economics
 Historical materialism
 Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work
 Late capitalism
 P2P economic system
 Post-democracy
 Post-industrial society
 Post-scarcity economy
 Post-work society
 Resource-based economy
 Sharing economy
 Social democracy
 Socialist calculation debate
 Sociocultural evolution
 Tang ping ("lying flat")

 The Venus Project
 The Zeitgeist Movement

References

Further reading
 Albert, Michael. Parecon: Life After Capitalism. London: Verso, 2003.
 Ankerl, Guy C. Beyond Monopoly Capitalism and Monopoly Socialism: Distributive Justice in a Competitive Society. Cambridge MA: Schenkman, 1978.
 The Associative Economy: Insights beyond the Welfare System and into Post-Capitalism.

 Gibson-Graham, J. K. (2006). A Postcapitalist Politics. University of Minnesota Press.

 Mason, Paul (2015). PostCapitalism: A Guide to our Future, London: Allen Lane. .

 Rifkin, Jeremy (2014). The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. St. Martin's Press.
 Shutt, Harry (2010). Beyond the Profits System: Possibilities for the Post-Capitalist Era. Zed Books. .

 Steele, David Ramsay (1999). From Marx to Mises: Post-Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. .
 Wright, Erik O. Envisioning Real Utopias. London: Verso, 2010.

Capitalism
Economic systems
Socialism
Schools of economic thought

Post-capitalism


Octagonal buildings and structures are characterized by an octagonal plan form, whether a perfect geometric octagon or a regular eight-sided polygon with approximately equal sides. Octagon-shaped buildings date from at least 300 B.C. when the Tower of the Winds in Athens, Greece, was constructed. Octagonal houses were popularized in the United States in the mid-19th century by Orson Squire Fowler and many other octagonal buildings and structures soon followed.

Octagonal buildings and structures in the United States, not including octagonal houses (which are covered at List of octagon houses) include the following. Many of these are on the National Register of Historic Places.

Barber shops
 Dickey's Octagonal Barbershop, Rives, Tennessee

Churches, chapels, synagogues, etc.
 Alberts Chapel, Sand Ridge, West Virginia
 Falcon Tabernacle, Falcon, North Carolina
 First Congregational Church, U.C.C. (Naponee, Nebraska)
 Follen Church Society-Unitarian Universalist, Lexington, Massachusetts
 Holy Ghost Catholic Church (Kula, Hawaii)
 McBee Methodist Church, Conestee, South Carolina
 Mercy Chapel at Mill Run, Selbysport, Maryland
 Seney-Stovall Chapel, Athens, Georgia
 Conference Point Chapel Williams Bay, Wisconsin
 Seventh Church of Christ, Scientist (Seattle, Washington), an irregular octagon
 St. Clare's Church (Staten Island, New York), an irregular octagon
 The Temple (Old Orchard Beach, Maine)
 Third Church of Christ, Scientist (Washington, D.C.) (demolished)
 Union Chapel (Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts)
 Cottage Grove Museum (Cottage Grove, Oregon) (formerly St. Mary's Catholic Church)

Farm buildings including barns

 Fobes Octagon Barn, Lanesboro, Iowa
 Kinney Octagon Barn, Burr Oak, Iowa
 Octagon Barn (Jamaica, Iowa)
 Bird Octagonal Mule Barn, Shelby County, Kentucky
 Octagonal Poultry House, Cold Spring, New Jersey
 Roberts Octagon Barn, Sharon Center, Iowa
 Secrest Octagon Barn, Downey, Iowa
 Tim Thering Octagon Barn (Plain, Wisconsin)

Forts
 Fort Edgecomb, Maine

Government buildings
 Navajo Nation Council Chamber, a National Historic Landmark, Window Rock, Arizona
 Octagon Building (Santa Cruz, California)

Halls
 Franklin County G. A. R. Soldiers' Memorial Hall, Hampton, Iowa
 Octagon Hall Museum, Franklin, Kentucky - built by Andrew Jackson Caldwell (NRHP)
 Chautauqua Auditorium, Waxahachie, Texas

High rises
 Tower Life Building, San Antonio, Texas
 Octagon Towers Condominium, Miami Beach, Florida

Hospitals and insane asylums
 The Octagon (Roosevelt Island, New York)

Hotels
 Brightwood Beach Cottage, Litchfield, Minnesota
 Octagon Hotel, Oyster Bay, New York

Houses

Jails

 Daviess County Rotary Jail and Sheriff's Residence, Gallatin, Missouri

Libraries

 Andover Public Library (Andover, Maine)
 Atlanta Public Library, Atlanta, Illinois
 Goodnow Library, Sudbury, Massachusetts
 Waring Library, on the former campus of Porter Military Academy, Charleston, South Carolina
 Red Hook Public Library, (Red Hook, New York)
 Ram Dass Library, Omega Institute (Rhinebeck, New York)

Lighthouses
 Eldred Rock Light, Alaska
 Cape Henry Light, Virginia
 Point Judith Light, Rhode Island
 Portland Observatory, Maine
 Blackwell Island Lighthouse, New York

Markets

 City Market (Petersburg, Virginia)

Park and fair buildings
Floral Hall, Lexington, Kentucky
 Highland Park Dentzel Carousel and Shelter Building, Meridian, Mississippi

Post offices
 Old Post Office (Liberty, Maine)

Schools and colleges

 Birmingham Friends Meetinghouse and Octagonal School (1819), Birmingham Township, Pennsylvania
Mount Washington Octagon (c.1855), Baltimore, Maryland, built for the Mt. Washington Female Academy, later used home of Mount St. Agnes College, a Baltimore City Landmark
 The "Bee Hive", a former schoolhouse built by Quakers in 1859 in Skaneateles, New York
 Charter Oak Schoolhouse (1873), Schuline, Illinois
 Diamond Rock Schoolhouse (1818), Tredyffrin Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania
 District No. 13 School (1898), Ortonville, Minnesota, NRHP-listed in Big Stone County
 District No. 92 School (1906), Jackson, Minnesota, NRHP-listed in Jackson County
 Florence Corners School, Florence, Ohio
 Cowles Hall, Elmira College, Elmira, New York
 Hood Octagonal School, Newtown Township (Delaware Co.), Pennsylvania
 Modern Times School, Brentwood, New York
 Malmborg School, Bozeman, Montana
 Octagonal Schoolhouse (Cowgill's Corner, Delaware)
 Octagonal Schoolhouse (Essex, New York)
 Octagon Stone Schoolhouse, South Canaan, Pennsylvania
 Sheldon Jackson School, Sitka, Alaska
 Sodom Schoolhouse, Montandon, Pennsylvania
 Wrightstown Octagonal Schoolhouse, Wrightstown, Pennsylvania
 Fairview Schoolhouse (1835), Knowlton Township, New Jersey
Former schoolhouse, later home of Egg Harbor Historical Society, 533 London Ave., Egg Harbor City, New Jersey. at

Stores
 Andrew Gildersleeve Octagonal Building, Mattituck, New York, combination residence and store

See also
 List of octagonal buildings and structures
 Octagon barn (disambiguation)
 Octagon Building (disambiguation)
 Octagon House (disambiguation)
 Octagonal Schoolhouse (disambiguation)

References

List of octagonal buildings and structures in the United States


was a Japanese architect and academic authority on the works of Frank Lloyd Wright. Known for the design of landmark structures such as the Setagaya Art Museum, Oita City Museum of Art, and the Fukiage Palace, the residence on the grounds of the Tokyo Imperial Palace for the Emperor of Japan.

Uchii was awarded the R.S Reynolds Memorial Prize in 1980 for his design of the Treasury building of the Kuon-ji Temple in Minobu, Yamanashi Prefecture.

Early life, education and career
Uchii was born in Tokyo on the 20 February 1933.  After graduating with both an undergraduate and master's degree from Waseda University in 1958, he started his architectural career in the offices of influential Metabolist pioneer Kiyonori Kikutake. Uchii started his own independent architectural practice, Shōzō Uchii Architect and Associates, in 1967.

Uchii earned a PhD degree in Engineering from Kyoto University in 1992.

From 1979 to 1981, Uchii served as President of the Japan Institute of Architects.

List of works
 Treasury building of the Kuon-ji Temple, Minobu, Yamanashi Prefecture (1976)
 Tokyo YMCA Nobeyama Youth Center, Minamimaki, Nagano Prefecture (1976)
 St. Hilda's School, Shinagawa, Tokyo, main classroom building and auditorium (1978)
 Setagaya Art Museum, Setagaya, Tokyo (1986)
 Urasoe Art Museum, Urasoe, Okinawa Prefecture (1990)
 Fukiage palace inside the Tokyo Imperial Palace, the Residence of the Imperial Family (1993)
 Nippon Sei Ko Kai, Nazareth Convent and retreat center, Mitaka, Tokyo (1993)
 Sunritz Hattori Museum of Arts, Suwa, Nagano Prefecture (1995)
 The University of Shiga Prefecture, master plan and main campus structures (1997)
 Motoazabu Hills, Forest Tower, Minato, Tokyo (2002)

Gallery

Honors and recognition
Uchii's awards and honors include:

 1980 – R.S. Reynolds Memorial Award for Kuonji Temple Treasury, Minobu, Yamanashi
 1986 – Mainichi Art Prize

References

Japanese architects
1933 births
2002 deaths
Artists from Tokyo
People from Chiyoda, Tokyo

Shōzō Uchii


The rue Molière is a short road in central Paris, in the 1st arrondissement. It begins at avenue de l'Opéra, near the Comédie-Française, and ends at the rue de Richelieu with the Fontaine Molière.

It has borne several names, including rue de la Fontaine-Molière, rue Traversière-Saint-Honoré before 1843, earlier the rue Traversine or Traversante, and in 1625 rue de la Brasserie or rue du Bâton-Royal. It is notable for collège Jean-Baptiste-Poquelin, named after the playwright Jean-Baptiste-Poquelin, the real name of Molière.

External links

Moliere

Rue Molière


Charles-François Galand (1832–1900) was a French gunsmith who worked in Liège, Belgium, and Paris, France.  He manufactured many revolvers for civilian and military use, including the Galand Revolver (also called the Galand-Sommerville or Galand-Perrin), the Tue Tue, and the tiny Le Novo.  The Velo-dog, developed from the Tue Tue and the Novo, was designed by Charles-François' son René in 1904.

The original Galand revolver was a double-action, open frame (no strap across the top of the cylinder) revolver patented in 1868.  Military versions were produced in 9 mm while civilian versions were made in 12 mm.  The gun is easily recognizable due to its long extraction lever, which stretches under the gun to form the trigger guard. Pulling the lever forward separates the barrel and cylinder from the rest of the gun.  At the same time the extractor plate is blocked which catches any cartridges in the cylinder, thereby extracting them.

The first model was manufactured both in Liège and in Birmingham, England by the British arms firm Braendlin and Sommerville, and is therefore sometimes referred to as the Galand-Sommerville.  Sommerville shared the patent for the case extracting system with Galand.  The Galand-Perrin is an identical model which uses the Perrin cartridge (7 mm, 9 mm, and most famously 12 mm).

The Galand's double-action mechanism allowed for rapid firing but the longer trigger pull made this less accurate than single-action fire.  The Galand's self-extracting system made loading the revolver much faster than contemporary gate-loaded pistols such as the Colt Peacemaker.

First distributed in October 1868, the Galand revolver sold briskly in France, at least in part due to fears over the looming Franco-Prussian War of 1870.

Despite France's loss to the Germans the Galand performed successfully and the Imperial Russian Navy adopted the Galand model 1870 revolver in 1871.  This revolver was manufactured under contract by Nagant and Goltiakoff in Russia in 1878. The Romanian Army also adopted the Galand.

In 1872 Galand improved the design with a closed frame, but failed to win a French military contract and began aiming most of his production at the civilian market.  In 1893 Galand introduced the 8 mm Tue Tue (kill kill) hammerless pocket revolver, which continued in production until about 1935. Later versions were also sold in .32 S&W and .38 ACP, and some had an external hammer.  The tiny Le Novo revolver, with a hinged trigger and no trigger guard, also featured a folding grip.

After Charles-François Galand's death in 1900 his son, René, continued the business until 1942.  He created the Velo-dog, a truly peculiar conceit in personal defence weapons.  The name is a contraction of vélocipède (bicycle) and dog. The weapon was originally marketed as a defence for bicyclists during the bicycle craze which started at the end of the 19th century. Like the Le Novo the Velodog originally used a 5.5 mm centerfire cartridge; it was also available in .22 caliber and 6.35 mm.

See also
 Revolver
 Handgun
 Pistol

1832 births
1900 deaths
Firearm designers
Defunct firearms manufacturers
Privately held companies of France
Defunct manufacturing companies of France

Charles-François Galand


The Virgin of Zesh & The Tower of Zanid is a 1982 collection of two science fiction novels by American writer L. Sprague de Camp. Both works are part of his Viagens Interplanetarias series and of its subseries of stories set on the fictional planet Krishna. The collection was first published in paperback by Ace Books in February 1983, and reprinted in April of the same year. It was issued as the fourth volume of the standard edition of the Krishna novels, and its component parts were at the time of publication the fifth and sixth Krishna novels, chronologically. Afterwards, publication of The Bones of Zora (1983) put The Tower of Zanid seventh in order of chronology.

As with all of de Camp's "Krishna" novels, the component parts of this collection have a "Z" in them, a practice he said he devised to keep track of them. Short stories in the series do not follow the practice, nor do Viagens Interplanetarias works not set on Krishna.

Contents

The Virgin of Zesh
Missionary Althea Merrick, fleeing from an unwanted marriage to a Viagens official, joins a scientist and poet en route to a utopian Terran colony on the island of Zesh, where she becomes embroiled in the affairs of some peculiarly intelligent aborigines. The story is notable for its satirization of contemporary pseudoscientific movements and for some parallels to Daniel Keyes's novel Flowers for Algernon, which it predates.

The Tower of Zanid

Adventurer Anthony Fallon, ex-ruler of the Krishnan kingdom of Zamba, has fallen on hard times. Currently he juggles dual roles as a respected member of the civic guard of Zanid, the capital of Balhib, and an undercover spy for the enemy horde of Qaathian nomads, all the while scheming to recover his lost throne. Recruited by Terran consul Percy Mjipa to yet another task, he helps an archaeologist penetrate the secrets of a forbidden temple as cover for investigating the disappearance of a number of Terran scientists. With all these irons in the fire, things cannot end well... The story features a favorable portrayal of an African character, the omnicompetent Mjipa, at a time when most science fiction still depicted such characters rarely and stereotypically.

Setting
The planet Krishna is de Camp's premier creation in the Sword and Planet genre, representing both a tribute to the Barsoom novels of Edgar Rice Burroughs and an attempt to "get it right", reconstructing the concept logically, without what he regarded as Burroughs' biological and technological absurdities.

References

1982 short story collections
Science fiction short story collections by L. Sprague de Camp
Ace Books books

The Virgin of Zesh & The Tower of Zanid


Johann Albert Heinrich Reimarus (11 November 1729 – 6 June 1814) was a German physician, natural historian and economist. He was the son of Hermann Samuel Reimarus, the brother of the writer Elise Reimarus and the father (by his first marriage) of Johanna Reimarius, who married Georg Heinrich Sieveking. He married twice, the second time to Sophia, sister of August Adolph von Hennings.

In 1755 he visited London and studied under the anatomists William Hunter and James Douglas. His achievements include introducing smallpox vaccination to Hamburg and introducing continental Europe to the idea of the lightning rod.

1729 births
1814 deaths
German anatomists
18th-century German physicians
German economists
German naturalists
Physicians from Hamburg

Johann Albert Heinrich Reimarus