François Armand Gervaise (1660–1761) was a French Discalced Carmelite and historian.

Life
Gervaise was born at Paris.  Having been nominated prior of a convent, he chanced to meet Bossuet, who recognized in him a learned writer, and an eloquent orator. He entered La Trappe in 1695, where he became the disciple of the Abbé de Rancé, and made his profession in 1696. In the same year Dom Zozime Foisil, who had succeeded the Abbé de Rancé after his resignation, died after a few months of administration, and de Rancé then asked the king, with the pressing recommendation of Bossuet, for Dom Gervaise as his second successor.

On 20 October 1696, he received the abbatial blessing. But his turbulent administration, which in several points was opposed to that of the Abbé de Rancé, soon made for him numerous enemies. Dom Gervaise resigned in 1698. Soon, however, he regretted this step and tried to withdraw his resignation, but without success. Under the abbot chosen to fill his place he left La Trappe and began a wandering life from monastery to monastery, exercising his talent as a writer.

The history of the Reform of Cîteaux caused his final disgrace. He was obliged to interrupt its publication, and was banished by order of the king to the monastery of the Reclus, in the Diocese of Troyes, where he died. Until the end of his life he remained faithful to the austerities of the life of La Trappe, observing in all its rigour the rule he had embraced.

Works

His style is always well-turned and flowing, but he is reproached for being sometimes wanting both in exactitude as to his information and in polemical moderation.

His works included:

the lives of several Fathers of the Church and ecclesiastical writers;
the life of Abélard;
the life of Joachim of Fiore;
the life of Abbot Suger;
a criticism on Marsolier's "Life of the Abbé de Rancé", in which he makes his own apology.

References

1660 births
1761 deaths
French abbots
Discalced Carmelites
18th-century French historians
Clergy from Paris
French male non-fiction writers

François Armand Gervaise


Dynamic Syntax (DS) is a grammar formalism and linguistic theory whose overall aim is to explain the real-time processes of language understanding and production, and describe linguistic structures as happening step-by-step over time. Under the DS approach, syntactic knowledge is understood as the ability to incrementally analyse the structure and content of spoken and written language in context and in real-time. While it posits representations similar to those used in Combinatory categorial grammars (CCG), it builds those representations left-to-right going word-by-word. Thus it differs from other syntactic models which generally abstract way from features of everyday conversation such as interruption, backtracking, and self-correction. Moreover, it differs from other approaches in that it does not postulate an independent level of syntactic structure over words.

DS emerged in the late 1990s and early 2000s through the work of prominent figures such as Ruth Kempson, Ronnie Cann, Wilfried Meyer-Viol and Dov Gabbay. The first monograph-length work in the framework was released in 2001 under the title Dynamic Syntax: the flow of understanding. It was embedded in wider trends in linguistic thinking of the 20th century, especially in syntax, semantics, pragmatics and phonology. The Dynamics of Language (2005) by Ronnie Cann, Ruth Kempson and Lutz Marten followed on from the 2001 title and expanded the discussion and empirical coverage of the framework.

Subsequent years saw an expansion of the empirical coverage of the framework to modelling structures in Japanese, Korean, dialects of Modern Greek, Medieval Spanish and a variety of Bantu languages including Swahili, Rangi and siSwati. More recent work has also explored the way in which the framework can naturally be expanded to model dialogue.

Theoretical assumptions
While most grammar formalisms characterise properties of strings of words, in Dynamic Syntax it is propositional structure which is characterised. Propositional structure is modelled through recourse of binary semantic trees. Propositional structure is built up on a strictly incremental manner on a left-to-right basis and is represented through processes of tree growth. Under this framework, syntactic knowledge is considered to be the knowledge to parse/process strings in context. A consequence of this is that it is not just the final tree that is important for representational purposes, but all of the intermediate stages of the parsing/production process. Similarly, since the trees represent propositions, the same tree represents the same proposition (albeit represented through different sentences) from different languages.

The framework assumes a single level of representation. This contrasts with frameworks such as Lexical Functional Grammar in which multiple structures are posited. Similarly, no movement operations are considered necessary, unlike in Minimalism or other Generative approaches.

Parts of the formalism

Dynamic Syntax constitutes several core components: semantic formulae and composition calculus (epsilon calculus within typed lambda calculus), trees (lambda application ordering), and tree building actions (lexical and computational actions).

Semantic formulae and compositional calculus

The semantic formulae which classical Dynamic Syntax generates are a combination of Epsilon calculus formulae and Lambda calculus terms (in recent years DS-TTR has been developed alongside DS where Record Types from the formalism Type Theory with Records (TTR)) are used - see Purver et al. (2011).

The formulae are either simple first order logic constants such as , predicate terms such as  or functions such as . Normal lambda calculus substitution (-reduction)  means a function can be applied to a simple term to return a predicate such that . The Epsilon calculus extension to first order logic is implemented in quantifiers, where , e.g. the string "a boy" may result in the formula  being generated.

Tree growth
One of the basic assumptions behind DS is that natural language syntax can be seen as the progressive accumulation of transparent semantic representations with the upper goal being the construction of a logical propositional formula (a formula of type t). This process is driven by means of monotonic tree growth, representing the attempt to model the way information is processed in a time-linear, incremental, word-to-word manner. Tree growth is driven by means of requirements (indicated by the question mark (?)).

Tree growth can take place in three ways: through computational rules, lexical input and pragmatic enrichment.

Computational rules involve an input and an output. These are considered to be universally available across languages. Given the right input the corresponding computational rule can – although need not – apply. This contrasts with lexical input which is lexically supplied and therefore language-specific.

The language of trees
The language of representation in Dynamic Syntax consists of binary trees. These trees are underpinned by the Logic Of Finite Trees (LOFT, Blackburn & Meyer-Viol 1994). LOFT is an expressive modal language that allows statements to be made about any treenode from the perspective of any treenode. LOFT uses two basic tree modalities, the up and down arrow relations. These correspond to the daughter and mother relations. Left nodes are addressed as 0 nodes and right nodes are 1 nodes. By convention, nodes on the left correspond to argument nodes, i.e. nodes in which arguments are represented, whereas right nodes correspond to the functor nodes, i.e. nodes in which all the various types of predicates are represented. The rootnode is given the treenode address 0 and it is defined as the sole node that does not have a mother node.

Conference series
The First Dynamic Syntax conference was held at SOAS University of London in April 2017. Prior to this there was a meeting of mainly Dynamic Syntax practitioners at Ghent University in Belgium. The Second Dynamic Syntax Conference was held at the University of Edinburg in 2018. The 3rd Dynamic Syntax conference was held at the University of Malta in May 2019. The 4th Dynamic Syntax conference was originally planned to be held at the University of Oxford in May 2020 but was postponed and converted into an online event held on June 1, 2021.

A Dynamic Syntax course was held at ESSLLI in 2019. A PhD course was supposed to take place at Bergen University in May 2020, but was converted into an online course that took place in 2021. Dynamic Syntax has been taught at institutions around the world including SOAS, King's College London, the University of Essex in the UK, as well as at institutions in China. Abralin also offered a course in Dynamic Syntax in 2022.

References

Sources
Blackburn, Patrick and Wilfried Meyer-Viol. 1994. Linguistics, Logic and Finite Trees. Logic Journal of the IGPL. 2(1): 3–29.
Cann R, R Kempson, L Marten (2005) The dynamics of language. Oxford: Elsevier.
Kempson R, W Meyer-Viol, D Gabbay (2001) Dynamic syntax. Oxford: Blackwell.
Kempson, Ruth M., Eleni Gregoromichelaki, and Christine Howes, eds (2011). The dynamics of lexical interfaces. CSLI Publications/Center for the Study of Language and Information.
Dynamic Syntax website

Grammar frameworks

Dynamic syntax


Judith A. Baer is an American political scientist. She is a professor of political science at Texas A&M University. Her research focuses on public law and feminist jurisprudence.

Life and career
Baer has been a professor at the University at Albany, SUNY, the California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, and Texas A&M University.

In Baer's 1978 book The chains of protection: The judicial response to women's labor legislation, she explored the implications of and political response to the United States Supreme Court's decision in the 1908 case Muller v. Oregon to limit the working hours of women in a way that had no parallel for men. Baer argues that a law which appeared to provide women with less exploitative working conditions was ironically upheld by the court for the wrong reasons, with the justification that women needed extra protections because of their inherent vulnerabilities rather than because they were put at extra risk by material conditions. Baer studies decades of subsequent legislation pertaining to the equality of women, and analyzes the competing perspectives on whether or not it has been helpful to women's rights to extend legal protections to women that are not extended to men, which is often done with the aim of reducing disparities that have advantaged men. Baer also analyzed the historical legal status of women in the United States in her 1991 book Women in American law: The struggle toward equality from the New Deal to the present. In Women in American law, she studied the legal improvements and setbacks in American women's rights from 1933 through the late 1980s.

In 1999, Baer published the book Our lives before the law: Constructing a feminist jurisprudence. This book is an attempt to develop a theory of feminist jurisprudence that would secure both equal rights and equal responsibilities for women and men, in contrast to jurisprudence that secures and supports men's dominance over women. Baer argues that much judicial reasoning which treats men and women differently has focused on differences between men and women that are assumed to be physiological and innate, whereas both the American legal system is both a cause and an effect of men's disproportionate power. Baer suggests a number of approaches to reduce legal gender bias, including shifting notions of personal responsibility away from their disproportionate burden on women and more onto the law and onto men, in order to address legal disparities like burdens of care that affect women's lives.  For Our lives before the law, Baer won the Victoria Schuck Award in 2000 for the best book on women and politics.

In 2013, Baer wrote Ironic freedom: personal choice, public policy, and the paradox of reform. In Ironic freedom, Baer examines a series of potential legal ironies largely occasioned by progressive legal advances that may actually produce regressive results; for example, a volunteer-only army may be largely populated by impoverished people who have less actual choice about whether or not to join the military, and the legalization of same-sex marriage may result in people being materially compelled to marry in certain situations. Baer also coauthored the undergraduate textbook The constitutional and legal rights of women: cases in law and social change with Leslie Goldstein.

Selected works
 The chains of protection: The judicial response to women's labor legislation (1978)
 Women in American law: The struggle toward equality from the New Deal to the present (1991)
 Our lives before the law: Constructing a feminist jurisprudence (1999)
 The constitutional and legal rights of women : cases in law and social change, coauthored with Leslie Goldstein (2006)
 Ironic freedom: Personal choice, public policy, and the Paradox of Reform (2013)

Selected awards
 Victoria Schuck Award (2000)

References

Living people
American women political scientists
American political scientists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
University at Albany, SUNY faculty
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona faculty
Texas A&M University faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women academics

Judith A. Baer


Capital punishment in Kazakhstan was abolished for all crimes in 2021. Until 2021, it had been abolished for ordinary crimes but was still permitted for crimes occurring in special circumstances (such as war crimes). The legal method of execution in Kazakhstan had been shooting, specifically a single shot to the back of the head.

The last known executions in Kazakhstan took place in 2003, when 17 men were executed by shooting between May and November. On 17 December 2003, President Nursultan Nazarbayev introduced a moratorium on executions, and later commuted the death sentences of some 40 inmates to life in prison. In 2007, Kazakhstan amended its Constitution, abolishing the death penalty for all crimes except terrorist acts that cause loss of human life and exceptionally grave crimes committed during wartime.

In 2014, Amnesty International classified Kazakhstan as "Abolitionist for ordinary crimes only". Additionally, women could not be sentenced to death under Kazakh law.

Since the moratorium was instituted, six people have been sentenced to death in Kazakhstan. All have since had their death sentences commuted.

In 2008 and 2016, Kazakhstan voted in favor of the UN Moratorium on the death penalty.

On 23 September 2020, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev announced that Kazakhstan had signed the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and  ratified it on March 24, 2022. The protocol requires all signatories to commit to abolishing the death penalty, with Tokayev adding that Kazakhstan signed it "[to] fulfill a fundamental right to life and human dignity," with the intention of soon abolishing the death penalty within its borders.

Notable death sentences since 2003

In 2006, former police officer Rustam Ibragimov was sentenced to death for masterminding the assassination of prominent politician Altynbek Sarsenbayuly. In 2014, Ibragimov's death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. Until 2016, Ibragimov was the last person to receive a death sentence in Kazakhstan.

In November 2016, a court in Kazakhstan sentenced mass-murderer Ruslan Kulikbayev to death for terrorism after he was convicted of killing ten people (including 8 policemen) in a shooting attack against police officers in Almaty. Kulikbayev's death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in 2021 after Kazakhstan abolished the death penalty for all crimes.

References

Kazakhstan
Human rights abuses in Kazakhstan
Kazakh criminal law

Capital punishment in Kazakhstan


Homelessness in New Zealand has been linked to the general issue of lack of suitable housing. The homeless population is generally measured through the country's census and by universities and other academic centres. In 2009, urban homelessness (rough sleepers or improvised dwellings) were estimated at less than 300, while rural homelessness (improvised dwellings) was estimated between 500 and 1000. An additional 8,000–20,000 live in "temporary accommodation unsuited for long-term habitation (caravans, campgrounds, substandard housing and boarding houses)."  Homelessness in New Zealand has traditionally been reduced by the provision of state housing, similar to Germany and other developed countries.

Definitions and services
Statistical authorities in New Zealand have expanded their definition of homelessness to include 'people living in improvised shelters', 'people staying in camping grounds/motor camps' and 'people sharing accommodation with someone else's household'. Services representing the sector include the New Zealand Coalition to End Homelessness (NZCEH).

History
The issue is believed to have become increasingly visible in recent years. Media in New Zealand have published an accusatory account of the presence of homeless people in public spaces, positioning homeless men as disruptive threats. Though community members have shown support though writing opinion pieces.

In late January 2019, the New York Times reported rising housing prices to be a major factor in the increasing homelessness in New Zealand so that "smaller markets like Tauranga, a coastal city on the North Island with a population of 128,000, had seen an influx of people who had left Auckland in search of more affordable housing. Average property values in Tauranga had risen to $497,000 from $304,000 in the last five years, and Demographia now rated it among the 10 least affordable cities in the world — along with famously expensive locales such as Hong Kong, San Francisco, Sydney and Vancouver, British Columbia."

In mid August 2019, the Associate Housing Minister Kris Faafoi and Social Development Minister Carmel Sepuloni announced that the Government would be launching a NZ$54 million program to tackle homelessness in New Zealand. This includes investing $31 million over the next four years for 67 intensive case managers and navigators to work with homeless people and a further $16 million for the Sustaining Tenancies Programme. This funding complements the Government's Housing First programme.

See also
Homelessness in Australia
Housing in New Zealand

References

New Zealand
Poverty in New Zealand
Housing in New Zealand

Homelessness in New Zealand


John Frank Tesh Jr. (born July 9, 1952) is an American pianist and composer of pop music and a radio host and television presenter. He hosts the Intelligence for Your Life radio show. In addition, since 2014, he has hosted Intelligence for Your Life TV with his wife Connie Sellecca.

Tesh has won six Emmys and has four gold albums, two Grammy nominations, and an Associated Press award for investigative journalism. Tesh has sold over eight million records. His live concerts have raised more than $7 million for PBS. He wrote the NBA on NBC basketball theme "Roundball Rock". He has co-hosted the television program Entertainment Tonight. He has previously worked as a sportscaster and host for the Olympic Games, Wimbledon, the US Open, the Tour de France, Ironman Triathlon, and as a news anchor and reporter. In 2018, Tesh was inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame.

Early life
Tesh was born in Garden City, New York, on Long Island, the son of Mildred (Bunny), a nurse, and John Frank Tesh Sr., a textile chemist, both from North Carolina. He graduated from Garden City High School in 1970. Playing piano and trumpet from the age of six, he was named to the New York State Symphonic Orchestra in high school, while also playing the organ in a rock band. Tesh studied communications and music at North Carolina State University. He was also a "walk on" with the varsity lacrosse and soccer teams.

While at North Carolina State, studying physics and chemistry, he took a TV and radio course. Tesh worked part-time reading later the news for Rick Dees at WKIX (AM) Raleigh in 1974. His roommate, Bill Leslie, anchor at WRAL-TV, helped him get into the radio and TV field. While in the area, Tesh worked as a news anchor in Raleigh, Orlando, Nashville, then moving to WCBS-TV in New York; this portion of his career spanned 12 years.

Career

Entertainment Tonight and television career
His television career included a stint as a news anchor and reporter at WSM-TV (now WSMV-TV) in Nashville, Tennessee, in the 1970s, where he often covered the same stories as Oprah Winfrey, who worked at a competing Nashville station. From Nashville, Tesh shuffled to WTVD in Durham, North Carolina, then down to WFTV in Orlando, and finally up to New York's WCBS-TV, where, at age 22, he was their youngest reporter. In the fall of 1978, Tesh was a roving reporter for CBS during the 1978 New York City Marathon, which he ran and completed in 3:51:56. However, he became more well known when he co-hosted the television show Entertainment Tonight from 1986 to 1996.

Tesh also served as a sportscaster for CBS and later NBC, anchoring events such as the Tour de France bicycle race from 1983 through 1986 (Tesh has the distinction of being the anchor for the first American broadcast of this event), the US Open, and gymnastics at the 1992 and 1996 Summer Olympics.

Tesh hosted the short-lived One on One with John Tesh talk show in 1991–92 on NBC daytime, and co-hosted the show John & Leeza From Hollywood with fellow Entertainment Tonight personality Leeza Gibbons from 1993 to 1994, also on NBC daytime. In 2014, Tesh returned to syndicated television in the series Intelligence for Your Life TV, based on his radio show.

Tesh appeared in "The Icarus Factor", an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, playing a Klingon warrior. He also appeared as himself in a 1987 episode of the daytime serial Santa Barbara.

Musical career
In 1987, Yanni was assembling his first touring band to promote his album Out of Silence, as well as selections from Keys to Imagination. Being good friends, Tesh asked Yanni if he could join the band as keyboardist along with Joyce Imbesi and drummer Charlie Adams, as he had never been onstage for a live performance, and he needed the experience. Despite already having a full-time job with Entertainment Tonight, and the long hours of rehearsal for the band, he performed exceptionally well, although he participated in only one tour with Yanni, playing in approximately twelve shows, including the "1988 Concert Series", before being replaced by Bradley Joseph. Later, Yanni assisted Tesh in signing his first recording contract with Private Music.

In the 1990s, Tesh was credited with the theme music to Bobby's World, hosted by Howie Mandel, and the NBA on NBC theme, known as "Roundball Rock". Tesh composed the NBA on NBC theme after an idea hit him while traveling. In order to recall his idea at a later juncture, Tesh recorded the initial beat vocally on his answering machine, by ringing his home phone and leaving a message for himself. The theme was used for the NBA on NBC before the network stopped carrying NBA games following the 2001–02 season (as well as an electric guitar-driven spinoff that was used on NBC's WNBA telecasts from 1997 to 2002), though NBC would revive the theme for its basketball coverage during the 2008 Summer Olympics. Tesh would later license the song to Fox Sports for its college basketball coverage.

In August 1994, John performed at the Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Morrison, Colorado, for his first Live at Red Rocks concert. Tesh performed with conductor John Bisharat and the 70-piece Colorado Symphony Orchestra. The concert featured Tesh playing grand piano, Charlie Bisharat playing electric violin, and Everette Harp playing alto saxophone. Also featured were Olympic gold medal-gymnasts Nadia Comaneci (1976) and Bart Conner (1984) performing gymnastic routines specially-choreographed to Tesh's music.

After Tesh left his ten-year job as co-host for Entertainment Tonight in 1996, he turned to his career as a contemporary keyboardist. This led to him starting The John Tesh Radio Show in 2003.

John Tesh Radio Show and spin-offs
Tesh currently has a nationally syndicated radio show called the John Tesh Radio Show, which typically airs on adult contemporary, classic hits, Christian and soft rock radio formats. The music is interspersed with various factoids and other information Tesh considers useful to listeners, often with topics such as health and well-being.

These factoids are called "Intelligence for Your Life", played on radio stations across the United States and Canada, and the Armed Forces Network. Select pieces of "Intelligence for Your Life" are broken up and distributed in vignette form to other radio stations (including talk radio formats) and for use on morning shows. There is also a three-hour weekend show, "Intelligence for Your Health", launched in 2010, hosted by Connie Sellecca.

Across all of its versions, Tesh's radio programs reach listeners across the United States, Canada, and United Kingdom, placing it on the list of most-listened-to radio programs. Tesh's main rival is Delilah, and these two shows are sometimes aired in the same market on competing stations, or occasionally on the same stations in differing time slots.

The show started as a weekend show in 2000 on Clear Channel's KKDJ-FM/Bakersfield and then a few other stations, expanding to a daily version in 2003. The program was originally syndicated by Westwood One under the name On the Air with John Tesh, albeit with a slightly different format. It is produced by Tesh with a staff of 35 and still distributed by syndicator Westwood One. In September 2016, the partnership with Westwood One was renewed in a new multi-year agreement. At the time, Westwood One indicated that it was airing on 280 radio stations. As of 2022, the programs are distributed through a partnership with Compass Media Networks.

In late 2014, a television version of these factoids, Intelligence for Your Life TV, debuted in syndication to local stations. In April 2016, the TV program was seen on 174 stations. The series also features health segments hosted by his wife, Connie Sellecca, based on her own radio program, "Intelligence for Your Health".

Tesh also authored a book, Intelligence for Your Life: Powerful Lessons for Personal Growth, in 2008, reprinted in 2012 (, publisher Thomas Nelson).

Personal life
Tesh has been married to actress Connie Sellecca since 1992. They have one daughter together named Prima. His wife also has a son named Gib, with actor Gil Gerard, who now appears on some of Tesh's radio and TV programs. Tesh and Sellecca reside in Los Angeles.
In the 1970s, he also briefly dated Oprah Winfrey.
Tesh is a Christian. He was raised a Baptist and was involved in the church during his youth. He played organ, sang in the choir, and went to church camp. He became inactive in the church during his adult life, but became involved again after his future wife introduced him to pastor Louis Lapides. Since then, he has written and performed Christian music.

Awards
During his early career as a television journalist in the 1970s, Tesh received an Associated Press award for investigative journalism.  In 2018 John Tesh was inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame. In 2019 he was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame. In 2007, Tesh won the Syndicated Personality/Show of the Year award by Radio & Records magazine for his radio show. Tesh was nominated in 2003 for the Grammy for "Best Pop Instrumental Album" for Power of Love. John has also earned three gold albums, six Emmys for his sports themes, and a Keyboard Magazine Award.

Discography

Studio albums
 1987: Music from the Tour de France, Vol. I (Tesh Music BMI)
 1988: Tour de France (Private Music)
 1989: Garden City (Cypress)
 1992: A Romantic Christmas (Decca)
 1992: Ironman Triathlon (GTSP)
 1992: Music in the Key of Love (GTSP)
 1992: The Games (GTSP)
 1993: Monterey Nights (GTSP)
 1993: Winter Song (GTSP)  1994: (Decca)
 1994: A Family Christmas (Decca)
 1994: Sax by the Fire (Decca)
 1995: Sax on the Beach (Decca)
 1996: Discovery (Decca)
 1996: Choirs of Christmas (GTSP)
 1997: Avalon (Decca)
 1997: Sax All Night (Decca)
 1998: Grand Passion (GTSP)
 1998: Guitar by the Fire (Decca)
 1998: Songs from the Road (BMG)
 1998: Pure Movies (GTSP)
 1999: One World (GTSP)
 1999: John Tesh & Friends (Columbia River)
 2000: Pure Hymns (Faith MD)
 2000: Pure Movies, Vol. 2 (Garden City)
 2001: Pure Orchestra (Garden City)
 2001: Pure Gospel (Faith MD)
 2001: Classical Music for an Intimate Mood (Garden City)
 2001: Classical Music for a Stress-Free World (Garden City)
 2001: Classical Music for Babies (and Their Moms) Vol. 1 & 2 (Garden City)
 2001: Classical Music for a Prayerful Mood (Garden City & Faith MD)
 2002: Awesome God (Garden City)
 2002: The Power of Love (Garden City)
 2002: Christmas Worship (Word)
 2002: A Deeper Faith (Garden City)
 2002: God of Wonders (Garden City)
 2002: Worship God (Garden City)
 2003: A Deeper Faith, Vol. 2 (Garden City)
 2007: A Passionate Life (Garden City)
 2008: Grand Piano Christmas (Garden City)
 2009: Grand Piano Worship (Garden City)
 2010: Grand Piano Romance (Garden City)
 2011: Big Band Christmas (Garden City)
 2012: Big Band (Garden City)

Live albums
 1995: Live at Red Rocks (Decca)
 2004: Worship at Red Rocks (live) (Garden City)
 2005: Red Rocks Platinum (live) (Garden City)
 2008: Alive: Music & Dance (Garden City)
 2020: Songs and Stories from the Grand Piano (Garden City)

Compilations and collections
 1990: Tour de France – The Early Years (Private Music)
 1993: Monterey Nights (Decca)
 1995: Anthology
 1997: Victory – the sports collection (GTSP)
 1999: Heart of the Sunrise - The Millennium Collection (John Tesh)
 1999: One Day (Unison)
 2000: Pure Hymns (Faith MD)
 2000: Forever More: The Greatest Hits of John Tesh (Decca)
 2003: Worship Collection: Awesome God (Garden City)
 2009: The Best of Christmas
 2009: John Tesh – Greatest Hits – Live in Concert Vol. 1 CD/DVD (Garden City)

Singles
 1988: A Thousand Summers (single)
 1989: You Break It (Atlantic) (single)

Other albums
 1995: Backstage with John Tesh (Digital Entertainment) (an interactive CD-rom)
 2005: Drive Time Intelligence (26 tracks of Intelligence For Your Life on the go, plus 3 bonus music tracks)
 2010: God of Wonders (Word)

Videography
 1993: A Romantic Christmas
 1995: Live in Monterey
 1995: Live at Red Rocks
 1997: The Avalon Concert
 2000: One World
 2002: Christmas Worship
 2004: Worship at Red Rocks
 2008: Alive: Music & Dance
 2009: Greatest Hits: Live in Concert, Vol. 1
 2012: Big Band Live
 2020: Songs and Stories from the Grand Piano

References

External links

 Official music website

 John Tesh at Allmovie

20th-century American pianists
North Carolina State University alumni
NC State Wolfpack men's lacrosse players
People from Garden City, New York
Living people
1952 births
American Christians
American male composers
20th-century American composers
Composers for piano
American radio personalities
New-age pianists
Olympic Games broadcasters
Promise Keepers
American television sports announcers
American performers of Christian music
American YouTubers
Video bloggers
American podcasters
Cycling announcers
Gymnastics broadcasters
Private Music artists
American male pianists
21st-century American pianists
American male bloggers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
Garden City High School (New York) alumni

John Tesh


The 1782 Edict of Tolerance (Toleranzedikt vom 1782) was a religious reform of Emperor Joseph II during the time he was emperor of the Habsburg monarchy as part of his policy of Josephinism, a series of drastic reforms to remodel Austria in the form of the ideal Enlightened state. Joseph II's enlightened despotism included the Patent of Toleration, enacted in 1781, and the Edict of Tolerance in 1782. The Patent of Toleration granted religious freedom to the Lutherans, Calvinists, and Serbian Orthodox, but it was not until the 1782 Edict of Tolerance that Joseph II extended religious freedom to the Jewish population.

1781 Patent of Toleration

The 1781 Patent of Toleration allowed certain rights and recognized the existence of non-Catholic religions in the Habsburg Empire. The Edict of Toleration allowed Protestants from other countries where religious tolerance was not enforced to immigrate to Austria and hold jobs such as pharmacists, carpenters and blacksmiths. The tolerated religions, however, were allowed to have congregations no larger than 100 people in a private home. If a certain sect had more than 100 families living in an area, they were allowed to build a church only if the church did not have a direct entrance from the street and had no visible appearance of being a church. When it came to the case of mixed marriages, there were also laws that had to be followed: if a Catholic man had children with a non-Catholic woman, all the children would be raised Catholic. In the case of a Catholic woman with a non-Catholic man, the girls would be raised Catholic while the boys would be raised non-Catholic.

Scrutiny from Catholic officials occurred in places, like Bohemia, where the officials attempted to preserve religious unity. In order to do this they had printed out all the pamphlets that described this edict in German. The population whom this would affect, however, generally could not speak or read German.

Serbian Metropolitan Mojsije Putnik translated and published the tolerance patent in Serbian. The patent meant that there were equal rights for members of the Serbian Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church in Sremski Karlovci.

Jewish community before the Edict
Long before the Jews had been granted religious freedom by Joseph II, they were treated rather harshly by his mother, Maria Theresa and had been ostracized by others. During the Middle Ages, Austrian Jews had lived apart from the Christians and had not been allowed by the government to own immovable property. Although this was not the case for the more affluent Jews, those who were wealthy and were able to establish factories were recipients of preferential treatment by Maria Theresa, but otherwise there were restrictions on the rest of the Jewish population. Joseph II was the first one who made an attempt to eliminate these attitudes and sanctions that were toward the majority of the Jewish population.

1782 Edict of Tolerance
The 1782 Edict of Tolerance was issued on January 2, 1782. The Edict was initially put into effect in Lower Austria. The prologue to the resolution stated "This policy paper aims at making the Jewish population useful to the state." This second edict allowed Jewish children to attend schools and universities. It allowed adults to engage in jobs such as being merchants or to open factories. Jews could learn trades, but were still not allowed to become master craftsmen. The Edict did eliminate some previous restrictions, which had forced the Jews to wear gold stars or to pay a tax that was only levied on the Jews and cattle. According to the edict, however, the Jewish languages, the written language Hebrew and the spoken language Yiddish, were to be replaced by the national language of the country. Official documents and school textbooks could not be printed in Hebrew. Also immigration of new Jews into Austria was severely restricted.

References

 Mendes-Flohr, Paul and Reinharz, Jehuda, ed. The Jew in the Modern World, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.

External links
 The Edict of Tolerance translated in English at the German Historical Institute

Edict Of Tolerance, 1782
Edict of Tolerance
Religion in the Holy Roman Empire
Jewish Austrian history
Christianity and law in the 18th century
Edicts of toleration
1782 in Christianity
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor

1782 Edict of Tolerance


Antonius Sanderus (Antwerp, 15 September 1586 – Affligem, 10 January 1664) was a Flemish Catholic cleric and historian.

Biography
Sanderus was born "Antoon Sanders", but like all writers and scholars of his time he Latinized his name. Having become master of philosophy at the University of Douai in 1609, he studied theology for some years under Johannes Malderus (Jan van Malderen) at the University of Leuven, and Willem Hessels van Est (Estius) at Douai, and was ordained priest at Ghent.

For some years he was engaged in parochial duties, and combated the Anabaptist movement in Flanders with great zeal and success. In 1625, he became secretary and almoner of Cardinal Alfonso de la Cueva, later becoming canon and scholaster of St Martin's Cathedral, Ypres. Publication of the first volume of his sumptuously illustrated Flandria illustrata (1641) nearly bankrupted him, and he was rescued from ruination by an award of 1,000 florins through the Lille Chamber of Accounts. Further such subventions in support of his work followed in 1645, 1651, 1655 and 1662.

In 1654, he was appointed penitentiary at Ypres. After three years, however, he resigned this office to devote himself entirely to scientific, and especially to historical studies. He soon found himself compelled to claim the hospitality of the Benedictine Abbey of Afflighem, since he had reduced himself to absolute poverty by the publication of numerous works.

Writings
He combined high intellectual gifts with great zeal, and left behind forty-two printed, and almost as many unprinted, works. The most important are the following:
 De scriptoribus Flandriae libri III (Antwerp, 1624)
 De Gandavensibus eruditionis fama claris (Antwerp 1624)
 De Brugensibus eruditionis fama claris libri II (Antwerp, 1624)
 Hagiologium Flandriae sive de sanctis eius provinciae liber unus (Antwerp, 1625; 2nd ed., Lille, 1639).

A general edition of these four works appeared under the title: Flandria illustrata (2 volumes, Cologne, 1641–44; The Hague, 1726).

Of his other works may be mentioned:
 Elogia cardinalium sanctitate, doctrina et armis illustrium (Louvain, 1625)
 Gandavium sive rerum Gandavensium libri VI (Brussels, 1627)
 Bibliotheca belgica manuscripta (2 parts, Lille, 1641–3)
 Chorographia sacra Brabantiae sive celebrium in ea provincia ecclesiarum et coenobiorum descriptio, imaginibus aeneis illustrata (Brussels, 1659; The Hague, 1726); this is his chief work.

References

External links

1586 births
1664 deaths
17th-century writers in Latin
Flemish priests
Flemish historians
Clergy from Antwerp
Old University of Leuven alumni
University of Douai alumni
Writers from Antwerp

Antoon Sanders


CPO may refer to:

Occupations
 Certified Professional Organizer
 Certified Protection Officer, a professional certification for security officers from the International Foundation for Protection Officers
 Chief people officer, a corporate official in charge of human resources
 Chief Performance Officer of the United States
 Chief petty officer, a naval military rank
 Chief privacy officer, an executive responsible for managing issues of privacy laws and policies
 Chief process officer, an executive responsible for defining processes rules and guidelines for an organization to follow
 Chief procurement officer, an executive responsible for supply management
 Chief product officer, or chief production officer, an executive responsible for product/production management and development
 Close Protection Operative/Officer (Bodyguard)
 Certified Prosthetists Orthotists, professionals working as a Prosthetist and Orthotist
 City Police Officer, the city police chief in Pakistan, previously referred to as the Superintendent of Police
Civil Police Officer, a rank in the Kerala Police

Orchestras
 Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra, in Calgary, Alberta, Canada
 Cape Town Philharmonic Orchestra, in Cape Town, South Africa
 China Philharmonic Orchestra, in Beijing, China
 Cleveland Philharmonic Orchestra, in Cleveland, Ohio

Other
 Chelsea Pitch Owners, owners of a football ground in London
 CPO (group), a 1990s rap duo from California
 CPO Commerce, Inc., an American online retail company
 Certified Pre-Owned, a qualification for a used vehicle
 Chamonate Airport (IATA airport code), Copiapó, Chile
 Charge Point Operator installs and maintains charge stations
 Chloride peroxidase, an enzyme
 Classic Produktion Osnabrück, a German classical music record label
 Code of Openness, or Code of PLM Openness, initiative of ProSTEP iViP Association for openness in the internet of things
 Commodity pool operator, a person of business that pools together investments for trading in commodity futures or commodity options
 Community post office, a type of post office in the United States Postal Service
 Complete partial order, a term used in mathematical order theory
 Compulsory purchase order, a legal function in the UK and Ireland whereby the government can appropriate real property
 Crude palm oil, unprocessed palm oil
 Crystallographic preferred orientation, see Texture (crystalline), the preferred orientation of crystal axes as a result of deformation

See also
 Central Post Office (disambiguation), the main post office located in every city of United Arab Emirates

CPO


Maurice Félix Charles Allais (31 May 19119 October 2010) was a French physicist and economist, the 1988 winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences "for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources", along with John Hicks (Value and Capital, 1939) and Paul Samuelson (The Foundations of Economic Analysis, 1947), to neoclassical synthesis. They formalize the self-regulation of markets, that Keynes refuted, while reiterating some of his ideas.

Born in Paris, France, Allais attended the Lycée Lakanal, graduated from the École Polytechnique in Paris and studied at the École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris. His academic and other posts have included being Professor of Economics at the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris (since 1944) and Director of its Economic Analysis Centre (since 1946). In 1949, he received the title of doctor-engineer from the University of Paris, Faculty of Science. He also held teaching positions at various institutions, including at the University of Paris X–Nanterre. His first works oriented him towards the sciences of the concrete and the experiments of fundamental physics, on which he will also publish numerous works, notably on pendular oscillations and the laws of gravitation. It's after a trip in 1933 to the United States during the Great Depression, that he decides to make the economy. Allais died at his home in Saint-Cloud, near Paris, at the age of 99.

Allais considered Léon Walras, Wilfredo Pareto, and Irving Fisher to be his primary influences. He was reluctant to write in or translate his work into English, and many of his major contributions became known to the dominant community only when they were independently rediscovered or popularized by English-speaking economists. At the same time, he claimed Keynes's liberalism and declared himself in favor of an important public sector. Allais attended the inaugural meeting of the Mont Pelerin Society, but he was alone among the attendees to refuse to sign the statement of aims because of a disagreement over the extent of property rights. He exerted an important influence, at the end of the war, on French economists such as Gérard Debreu, Jacques Lesourne, Edmond Malinvaud and Marcel Boiteux.

Paul Samuelson said "Had Allais earliest writings been in English, a generation of economic theory would have taken a different course", and felt the Nobel Prize should have been awarded to him much earlier. Assar Lindbeck, the chairman of the selection committee, considered Allais as "a giant within the world of economic analysis".

Economist
Author of several theoretical and applied economics studies, his work has focused on the development of mathematical economics, especially in the fields of general equilibrium theory, capital theory, decision theory, and monetary policy. A pioneer in macroeconomic monetary analyses, the economist has been authoritative for his theoretical studies of risk, illustrated by his famous paradox: "the less the risk is, the more speculators flee." He has also been a pioneer in various fields such as the role of central banks and the pricing of public services.

Inspired at first by Walras
His first book develops the microeconomic aspect. With Traité d'économie pure, which he wrote between January 1941 and July 1943, based on his contributions, along with Hicks and Samuelson, to the concept of neoclassical synthesis. He anticipates several of the propositions and theorems put forward by Hicks, Samuelson and others, sometimes giving them a more general and rigorous formulation. In particular, he demonstrates the equivalence theorems that Kenneth Arrow and Gerard Debreu will find in 1954: "Every equilibrium situation in a market economy is a situation of maximum efficiency, and reciprocally, every situation of maximum efficiency Is a equilibrium situation in a market economy. " The market thus ensures economic efficiency and optimal distribution of income in the nation. At the same time, Samuelson exposed the process of trial and error which leads to the equilibrium of markets.

In 1947, in the second part of his work Économie et Intérêt, Allais introduced time and currency and thus tackled the dynamics and growth of capitalist economies. Again, he made several proposals, that would be later attributed to other, better-known economists. He introduced the first overlapping generations model(OLG model) (later popularized and attributed to Paul Samuelson in 1958), introduced the golden rule of optimal growth before Trevor Swan and Edmund Phelps, show that an interest rate equal to the growth rate maximizes consumption. He also described the transaction demand for money rule before William Baumol and James Tobin

He was also responsible for early work in Behavioral economics, which in the US is generally attributed to Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky.
In the 1940s, Allais  worked on "decision theory" (or "theory of choice") under uncertainty and developed a theory of cardinal utility. Due to war conditions and his commitment to publish in French, his work was undertaken independently of Theory of games and economic behavior developed by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern. He formulated the Allais paradox in 1953, which questions the traditional model of rationality of choices and contradicts the expected utility hypothesis. It shows that when confronted with a lottery, an individual does not maximize his hoped-for gains, but rather aims at certainty.

Liberalism and socialism
Although he participated in the Mont Pelerin Society, Allais was convinced of an affinity between liberalism and socialism, stating: "'For the true liberal, as for the true socialist, it matters little whether the means of production are privately or collectively owned, so long as the essential goals they pursue, namely efficiency and justice, are achieved." He advocated "competitive planning" as a "possible synthesis of liberalism and socialism." In 1959, he and other French members of Mont Pelerin such as Jacques Rueff established an organization called  Mouvement pour une société libre which spoke readily of a social liberalism that would go "beyond laissez-faire and socialism."

Rejection of general equilibrium theory
Finally he criticizes the drifts of a discipline that privileges mathematical virtuosity at the expense of realism. With this "new scholastic totalitarianism" he moved away, in the 60s, from the analysis of the general equilibrium developed by Walras and  replace it with a study focusing on real markets rather than a  utopian market, favoring the study of imbalance and based on the idea of surplus. The economic dynamics are thus characterized by the research, the realization and the distribution of a surplus and there is a general equilibrium when there is no longer any realizable surplus.

Allais's Hereditary, Relativist and Logistic (HRL) theory of monetary dynamics contains an original theory of expectations formation that is a genuine alternative to both adaptive and rational expectations. It was praised by Milton Friedman in 1968 with the following words:
"This work [the HRL formulation] introduces a very basic and important distinction between psychological time and chronological time. It is one of the most important and original paper that has been written for a long time … for its consideration of the problem of the formation of expectations".
Allais's contribution has nevertheless been "lost": it has been absent from the debate about expectations.

Position against globalization
On the first page, he dedicates his book La mondialisation: destruction des emplois et de la croissance (1990), Globalization: destruction of jobs and growth, "To the countless victims worldwide of the free-trade ideology, ideology as fatal as it is erroneous, and to all those who are not blind to some partisan passion". Allais believes that Ricardo's theory is valid only in a steady state, but disappears when the specializations evolve and when the capital is mobile.

According to him, "Globalization can only bring everywhere instability, unemployment, injustices [...] and "widespread globalization is neither inevitable nor necessary nor desirable". He considers that "unemployment arise from the offshoring, themselves due to the excessive differences in wages"; "reasoned protectionism between countries with very different incomes, is not only justified but absolutely necessary"; and the absence of protection will destroy all industries of each country with higher incomes.

In his opinion, crisis and globalization are linked: "The financial and banking crisis which, is only the spectacular symptom of a deeper economic crisis: the deregulation of competition in the global labor market". "Current unemployment is due to this total liberalization of trade[...] As such, it constitutes a major foolishness, starting from an unbelievable contradiction. Just as attributing the crisis of 1929 to protectionist causes is a historical contradiction. The true origin was already in the careless development of credit in the years preceding it."

In 1992, Allais criticised the Maastricht Treaty for its excessive emphasis on free trade. He also expressed reservations on the single European currency. In 2005, he expressed similar reservations concerning the European Constitution.

Physics

Besides his career in economics, he performed experiments between 1952 and 1960 in the fields of gravitation, special relativity and electromagnetism, to investigate possible links between the fields. He reported three effects:
 An unexpected anomalous effect in the angular velocity of the plane of oscillation of a paraconical pendulum, detected during two partial solar eclipses in 1954 and 1959. The claimed effect is now called the Allais effect.
 Anomalous irregularities in the oscillation of the paraconical pendulum with respect to a sidereal diurnal periodicity of 23 hours 56 minutes and tidal periodicity of 24 hours 50 minutes.
 Anomalous irregularities in optical theodolite measurements, with the same lunisolar periodicities.

Over the years, a number of pendulum experiments were performed by scientists around the world to test his findings. However, the results were mixed.

Bibliography
 Les Lignes directrices de mon œuvre, Conférence Nobel prononcée devant l'Académie royale des Sciences de Suède;
 À la recherche d'une discipline économique (1943) ;
 Économie pure et rendement social (1945) ;
 Abondance ou misère (1946) ;
 Économie et intérêt, (1947) ;
 La Gestion des houillères nationalisées et la théorie économique (1949) ;
 Le Comportement de l'homme rationnel devant le risque: critique des postulats et axiomes de l'école américaine (1953) ;
 Les Fondements comptables de la macro-économique (1954) ;
 L'Europe unie, route de la prospérité (1959) ;
 Le Tiers monde au carrefour (1961) ;
 L'Algérie d'Evian (1962);
 The Role of Capital in Economic Development (Rôle du capital dans le développement économique) (1963) ;
 Reformulation de la théorie quantitative de la monnaie (1965) ;
 Growth Without Inflation (Croissance sans inflation) (1967) ;
 La Libéralisation des relations économiques internationales – Accords commerciaux ou intégration économique (1970) ;
 L'Inflation française et la croissance – Mythologies et réalité (1974) ;
 L'Impôt sur le capital et la réforme monétaire (1976) ;
 La Théorie générale des surplus (1978) ;
 Les Conditions monétaires d'une économie de marchés (1987) ;
 Autoportrait (1989) ;
 Pour l'indexation (1990) ;
 Les Bouleversements à l'Est. Que faire? (1990) ;
 La Théorie générale des surplus et l'économie de marchés (1990 – trois mémoires de 1967, 1971, 1988) ;
 Contributions à la théorie générale de l'efficacité maximale et des surplus (1990 – quatre mémoires de 1964, 1965, 1973 et 1975) ;
 Pour la réforme de la fiscalité (1990) ;
 L'Europe face à son avenir. Que faire? (1991) ;
 Erreurs et impasses de la construction européenne (1992) ;
 Combats pour l'Europe. 1992–1994 (1994) ;
 La Crise mondiale aujourd'hui (Clément Juglar, 1999) ;
 Nouveaux combats pour l'Europe. 1995–2002 (2002) ;
 L'Europe en crise. Que faire? (2005) ;
 La Mondialisation, la destruction des emplois et de la croissance, l'évidence empirique (Ed. Clément Juglar, 2007 – ) ;
 Lettre aux Français – Contre les Tabous Indiscutés (2009).

Notes

References
 R. S. Shankland, S. W. McCuskey, F. C. Leone, and G. Kuerti, "New analysis of the interferometric observations of Dayton C. Miller", Rev. Mod. Phys. 27, 167–178 (1955).
 R. S. Shankland, "Michelson's role in the development of relativity", Applied Optics 12 (10), 2280 (1973).

External links

 Eugene G. Garfield The 1988 Nobel Prize in Economics
 "Maurice Allais" – Allais' website
 Allais' CV, 1987
 IDEAS/RePEc
 Ideological profile from Econ Journal Watch
 Maurice Allais, Ten Notes published in the Proceedings of the French Academy of Sciences (Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences), dated 4/11/57, 13/11/57, 18/11/57, 13/5/57, 4/12/57, 25/11/57, 3/11/58, 22/12/58, 9/2/59, and 19/1/59, available in French at www.allais.info/alltrans/allaisnot.htm, some also in English translation. (These were, of course, peer-reviewed physics publications.)
 Allais's entry on the History of economic thought website
 Maurice Allais, "Should the Laws of Gravitation be Reconsidered?", Aero/Space Engineering 9, 46–55 (1959).

 Biography of Maurice Allais from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences

École Polytechnique alumni
Mines Paris - PSL alumni
Corps des mines
Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Academic staff of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies
French economists
General equilibrium theorists
Lycée Lakanal alumni
Historians of science
French physicists
Nobel laureates in Economics
Fellows of the Econometric Society
French Nobel laureates
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
1911 births
2010 deaths
Member of the Mont Pelerin Society
University of Paris alumni

Maurice Allais


Upper and Lower Egypt was a time period in Ancient Egypt. It was also known as the Two Lands. During this time the country was divided into Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. Upper Egypt was in the south from Aswan to Cairo. Lower Egypt was in the north from Cairo to the Mediterranean Sea. South of Aswan was the Nubian desert

Ancient Egypt

Upper and Lower Egypt


Scho-Ka-Kola is a German brand of chocolate consumed for its strong caffeine and kola nut mix. The chocolates have a caffeine content of about 0.2 percent, which is derived from the cocoa content of 58 percent and the addition of 2.6 percent roast coffee and 1.6 percent kola nut. The chocolate is divided into wedges held in a round metal canister. The red-and-white container design and recipe have changed very little since the original launch in 1936.

History
Scho-Ka-Kola (for Schokolade–Kaffee–Kolanuss) was created in 1935 and patented by the Hildebrand, Kakao- und Schokoladenfabrik manufacturer, established by chocolatier Theodor Hildebrand (1791-1854) in Alt-Berlin. It was introduced at the 1936 Summer Olympics as a performance-enhancing energy "Sport Chocolate" (German Sportschokolade). It was also produced by the chocolate manufacturer B. Sprengel & Co. in Hannover, who in 1936 was recognized as an important pre-war economy operation, as well as produced by other German chocolate manufacturers.

World War II German Wehrmacht-issue rations
In World War II, Scho-Ka-Kola was colloquially known as the "Aviator Chocolate" (German Fliegerschokolade), as it was commonly provided with Luftwaffe pilot and crew rations to induce or extend wakefulness and alertness, especially on night-bombing missions, and was also issued to flight crews in blue canisters as emergency sea-survival rations (German Seenotpackung).

Scho-Ka-Kola was also issued during World War II to German tank crews as well as German U-boat crews and the German Army. During the occupation period it was also distributed to the German population by the Allies. German Wehrmacht-issue Scho-Ka-Kola were designated 'Wehrmacht-Packung' on the container underside, issued in either the metal tin or cardboard container version.

Scho-Ka-Kola is mentioned three times in Johann Voss's World War II autobiography, Black Edelweiss. "Johann Voss", real name unknown, joins the Waffen-SS in 1943 at only 17. He ends up in Northern Finland as an SS mountain trooper in the 6th SS Mountain Division Nord, and participates in heavy fighting against the Russians. When things go particularly bad, round tin boxes of Scho-Ka-Kola are issued to the troops. He also claims that during  Operation Northwind (particularly, the town of Reipertsweiler, January 16, 1945 - January 20, 1945, in which Voss participated in a German victory), Scho-Ka-Kola was given to captured American troops as an act of respect for their bravery. Voss details Scho-Ka-Kola in the footnotes, calling the chocolate "pure luxury" and explains that each round tin contains two discs of dark chocolate, laced with caffeine from coffee beans.

Production ownership
In 1969, German chocolate producer Hans Imhoff took over the Hildebrand chocolate company, and in 1972 also bought the beleaguered Stollwerck chocolate manufacturer from Deutsche Bank for distribution. On July 1, 2005, the German Genuport company gained all brand and distribution rights to the product. Currently it is made by a subsidiary in Berlin and available across Germany and distributed in a limited number of foreign countries.

Additional facts

In addition to the usual bittersweet dark chocolate in a red-and-white container, there is also a milk chocolate variant in a blue-and-white container and a milk chocolate hazelnut variant in a green-and-white container.
Until recently, each container originally consisted of two individually stacked circular chocolate platters, embossed in a cakelike shape and portioning, where each individual embossed portion had to be broken off for consumption.
A container of 100 grams has a caffeine content of about 200 mg. Since each container contains 16 individual embossed portions, each portion has a caffeine content of about 12.5 mg.
Current containers indicate "6 portions of Scho-Ka-Kola contain about as much caffeine as a cup of coffee". This amount corresponds with about the caffeine content of energy drinks (80 mg per 250 ml). An earlier packaging label read: "4 portions of Scho-Ka-Kola contain about as much caffeine as a strong espresso" (approximately 50 mg).

Ingredients
Cocoa mass, sugar, cocoa butter, coffee (2.6%), whole milk powder, kola nut powder (1.6%), soy lecithin (emulsifier), E476 (emulsifier), flavor. May contain traces of hazelnuts, almonds and gluten.

US trademark dispute
On Friday, May 1, 1998, a United States federal trademark registration was filed for SCHO-KA-KOLA by Waldbaur GmbH. The United States Patent and Trademark office had given the SCHO-KA-KOLA trademark serial number 75477887. The current federal status of this trademark filing is abandoned after an inter-partes decision on Oct, 18th, 2001; The Coca-Cola Company filed the dispute for the trademark in proceeding number 91116244.

References

External links

Brand name chocolate
German confectionery
Cola
Caffeine

Scho-Ka-Kola


Rhapsody of Fire (aforesyne kent as Thundercross an, mair recent as Rhapsody) is a Symphonic pouer metal baund frae Italy.

History
Rhapsody of Fire pit oot their debut album, Legendary Tales unner the name o Rhapsody.  Co-foonders and componers Luca Turilli an Alex Staropoli creatit an epic soond wi this album, that jyned thegither clessical muisic wi pouer metal.  Legendary Tales wis the first in a cycle o albums cried the Emrald Sword Saga that telt a story o hie fantasy based natur, scrieven bi the baund's leeracist, guitarist Luca Turilli.
Ilka album frae Legendary Tales tae Power of the Dragonflame (2002) wis pairt o this "Saga" an developed the tale, whiles the albums onwarts frae Symphony of Enchanted Lands II: The Dark Secret (2004) is pairt o a seicont saga.  This wis the first album tae featur Alex Holzwarth on drums, tho he haed drummed for them on tours afore this.  Afore him, drums on the baund's albums wis creedit tae "Thunderforce" that some jaloused wis a drum machine, but wis in fact a drummer that coudna be named for contract relatit raisons.  This album featurt the wark o warld famous actor Christopher Lee narratin an singin backup tae singer Fabio Lione on the sang The Magic of the Wizard's Dream that wis recordit in fower deeferant leids (Inglis, German, Italian an French).  Their maist recent album, Triumph or Agony is the seicont album in the new saga, an shaws a progression tae mair clessical muisic bein incorporatit intae the baund's soond.

Chynge o Name
Due tae trademerk issues, the baund wis forced tae chynge their name frae Rhapsody tae Rhapsody of Fire efter nine year an sieven albums.  The baund made the best o the chynge, keybuirdist Alex Staropoli threapin: "The name Rhapsody of Fire better represents the energy that haes aye been forrit in this baund an its muisic."

Muisical Chairacteristics
Rhapsody is kenspeckle amang pouer metal fans for the wheen o clessical muisic that they eik tae their metal.  They jyne thegither the grandiose style o baroque muisic an melodic, aften fast an technically demaundin pouer metal.  They threap tift frae componers sic as Johann Sebastian Bach, Antonio Vivaldi, Niccolò Paganini as weel as metal acts sic as Manowar, Van Halen an Yngwie Malmsteem.
In the bygane, the baund haes uised fowk instruments sic as flute, but no tae the extent that onybody wad cry thaim a fowk metal baund.
Leericaly, the baund aften refers tae meethical lair frae the Middle ages, an aften centres on the heroic vailies aften portrayed as haen existit langsyne.

See Forbye
Luca Turilli
Pouer metal

Lineup

Current Members
 Fabio Lione - Vocals
 Luca Turilli - Guitar
 Alex Staropoli - Keybuirds
 Patrice Guers - Bass
 Alex Holzwarth - Drums

Umwhile Members
 Cristiano Adacher - Vocals
 Andrea Furlan - Bass
 Alessandro Lotta - Bass
 Daniele Carbonera - Drums

Gest Members
 Dominique Leurquin - Rhythm guitar (studio an live gest)
 Sir Jay Lansford - Narratin
 Christopher Lee - Narratin
 Thunderforce - Drums
 Sascha Paeth- Bass on Legendary Tales an Power of the Dragonflame
 Robert Hunecke Rizzo - Bass on Legendary Tales
 Paul Hendrick - Theremin on Legendary Tales
 Brandon Lavigne - Tin Whistle on Dawn Of Victory

Discography
 Legendary Tales (1997)
 Emerald Sword EP (1998)
 Symphony of Enchanted Lands (1998)
 Dawn of Victory (2000)
 Rain of a Thousand Flames EP (2001)
 Power of the Dragonflame (2002)
 The Dark Secret EP (2004)
 Symphony of Enchanted Lands II: The Dark Secret (2004)
 Live in Canada 2005: The Dark Secret, Live Album (2006)
 Triumph or Agony (2006)
 Visions from the Enchanted Lands, DVD (2007)
 The Frozen Tears of Angels, (2010)

Fremmit airtins
Offeecial Wabstaid
Discussion Board
Leerics an album reviews

Fabio Lione Official Site

Muisical groups established in 1993
Italian hivy metal muisical groups
Italian pouer metal muisical groups
Symphonic metal muisical groups

Rhapsody of Fire


Dagon is  a 2001 Spanish movie. This movie was directed by Stuart Gordon. It was written by Dennis Paoli.

Cast
 Ezra Godden as Paul Marsh
 Francisco Rabal as Ezequiel
 Raquel Meroño as Barbara
 Macarena Gómez as Uxía Cambarro
 Brendan Price as Howard
 Birgit Bofarull as Vicki
 Uxía Blanco as Ezequiel's Mother
 Ferran Lahoz as Priest
 Joan Minguell as Xavier Cambarro
 Alfredo Villa as Captain Orpheus Cambarro/captain Obed March
 José Lifante as Desk Clerk
 Javier Sandoval as Ezequiel's Father
 Victor Barreira as Young Ezequiel
 Fernando Gil as Catholic Priest
 Jorge Luis Pérez as Boy

Other websites

2001 horror movies
Spanish horror movies

Dagon (movie)


"Rusty Cage" is the third single off American rock band Soundgarden's third studio album Badmotorfinger. The song was released in 1992.

Lead singer Chris Cornell wrote the lyrics of the song. Lead guitarist Kim Thayil said of the song:
The tuning on that song was pretty nutty. It's recorded with a wah wah in the low position used as a filter. That was the first time we did anything like that. It was Chris's idea; he wanted to get that weird tone that you can't really dial in on an amp. But if you use the wah wah as a filter, it gets an incredibly weird sound. And if you listen to that riff, especially if you've heard the original demos of it, it almost sounds backward.

A popular cover version of the song was done by Johnny Cash, who included it on his 1996 album, Unchained. The album won a Grammy Award for Best Country Album and Cash's version of Rusty Cage earned him a nomination for Best Male Country Vocal Performance in 1998.

References

Other websites

1992 songs
Johnny Cash songs
Soundgarden songs

Rusty Cage


Google Checkout was an online payment processing service provided by Google aimed at simplifying the process of paying for online purchases. The web checkout service was combined with the NFC mobile payments app launched in September of 2011 called Google Wallet under a platform brand of the same name.  On November 20, 2013 and the web checkout part of the service was fully retired.

Users would store their credit or debit card and shipping information in their Google account, so that they could purchase at participating stores by clicking an on-screen button. Google Checkout provided fraud protection and a unified page for tracking purchases and their status. It is a checkout process that people would integrate into their online shops so that customers can quickly buy things by providing a simple username and password. Then, they could charge the customer's credit card and process their order.

Merchant Referral Program
The Merchant Referral Program was a program where you could earn cash by referring your sellers to use Google Checkout. You would earn $25 for every merchant that processes at least 3 unique customer transactions and $500 in sales by using Checkout.

History
Google Checkout service became available in the United States on June 28, 2006, and in the UK on April 13, 2007. It was free for merchants until February 1, 2008. From then until May 5, 2009 Google charged US merchants 2.0% plus $0.20 per transaction, and UK merchants 1.4% + £0.20. Google subsequently moved to a tiered cost structure, identical to that of PayPal. From that date, Google also discontinued its offer whereby merchants who advertised with an AdWords account were not charged fees on monthly transactions totaling less than ten times their monthly AdWords expenditure.

Google Checkout used to have a program allowing US IRS Certified 501(c)3 Non-Profit organizations to collect donations online without being charged the standard fee (2.9% + $0.30 per transaction under $3,000 monthly income, with lower rates for larger volumes).

In 2006, eBay, which owned PayPal at the time, added Google Checkout to its banned payment methods list, forbidding the use of Google Checkout to pay for eBay transactions. As of June 2011, eBay forbids the use of any external checkout system to pay for eBay transactions.

On November 20, 2013 it was discontinued.  The company offered a replacement solution for certain payments called Google Wallet.

Support
Google Checkout supported customers through multiple channels such as a Help Center, Help Forums, and email support. Google Checkout Buyers could find help at Google Checkout Buyer Help Center and Merchants could find help at Google Checkout Merchant Help Center and Google Checkout Merchant forum. This was subsequently only available for Google Grants recipients, and only through March 31, 2012.

See also
 Amazon Pay
 Electronic bill payment
 Electronic commerce
 Google Wallet
 List of online payment service providers
 Online banking
 PayPal
 Softcard (Isis Mobile Wallet)

References

External links
Google Checkout API
The Official Google Checkout Blog
Google Checkout's page on Facebook
Google launches payment service
Google unveils UK payments system

Payment systems
Checkout
Electronic funds transfer

Google Checkout


Border Report is an American news website owned by Nexstar Media Group. It was launched in the spring of 2019 and focuses on news reporting along the Mexico–United States border. At launch, its reporters included Sandra Sanchez, based in McAllen, Texas, and Julian Resendiz, a KTSM-TV reporter based in El Paso. News stories are published on the website and broadcast on Nexstar television stations across the border region.

In September 2021, while reporting for the Border Report on the Del Rio Bridge migrant surge in Texas, Sanchez was detained by Laughlin Air Force Base military police for 45 minutes after photographing signs outside the base's gates. In a live blog on the website, Sanchez said that military police claimed she had illegally entered federal property. Sanchez was later released without charges.

Border Report Tour
The Border Report Tour, a ten-day project covering news stories along the Mexico–US border, launched in September 2019. The series was anchored by Sanchez, Resendiz, and Nexstar Washington D.C. correspondent Anna Wiernicki. The tour started in San Diego on September 22 and ended in Brownsville, Texas on October 1. According to Chris Berg, content development director at Nexstar, the mission of the tour project was to "provide a daily look at the lives of the people who live and work along the U.S.-Mexico border." News content created on the tour was broadcast on some Nexstar TV stations, particularly those in the Southwest, and via online streaming.

Reception
Writing in the Columbia Journalism Review, Meaghan Winter described Border Report as having a clear mission for its journalists, contrasting with the guiding principle that Nexstar passes down to station managers—"commitment to localism"—which Winter describes as "amorphous and lackluster". Winter further noted that Border Report was able to reach more viewers than a single local newspaper or TV station could, by having its stories air on various TV stations near the border.

References

External links

2019 establishments in Texas
American news websites
Mexico–United States border
Internet properties established in 2019

Border Report


Earmuffs are objects that are made to cover and protect a person's ears. A plastic or metal band fits over the top of the head, and there are two pads at the ends that cover the ears warmly.

Invention

Chester Greenwood invented the earmuffs when he was 15. His ears would turn into unusual colors like red, white, purple, or blue and begin to hurt when it was cold (he lived in Maine).<ref>Harris, Harry. Good Old-Fashioned Yankee Ingenuity. Chelsea, Mich.: Scarborough House, 1990</ref> Because of this, he could not try the new ice skates he got for his fifteenth birthday. Chester had tried wrapping a scarf around his head, but it was too bulky. So Chester twisted some wire so that it went across the top of his head, and made a loop on each end near his ears. Then he asked his grandmother to sew some material on the end of each loop. She put black velvet on the inside of the ears, and beaver fur on the outside of each loop, then sewed the wire across Chester's hat to make it stay. Soon lots of people in his town wanted ear warmers like Chester's, and he opened a factory when he was 19 to make them.  Each year, his home town (Farmington) celebrates his invention with a parade on "Chester Greenwood Day."

 Types of earmuffs
There are two kinds of earmuffs: thermal earmuffs, which keep a person's ears warm, and acoustic earmuffs, also called ear defenders'', which block out a lot of sound and noise and can be used in construction (building) sites, for example, when jackhammering.

References

Headgear

Earmuffs


Let's Go started at CBC Vancouver as a summer musical series for teenagers, July 17, 1964, to Sept. 4, 1964. There were 8 Lets Go shows produced and broadcast locally on CBUT Vancouver, Friday evenings at 7:30 PM.  Fred Latremouille and Randi Conlin were Hosts, with the Classics as the house band.  Regular performers were Gillian Russell, Susan Pesklevits (Susan Jacks), Mike Campbell, Nancy Davis, Tom Northcott,  Howie Vickers, Marcel Chouinard, Stan Cayer, and Ed Whiting.  Produced and directed by Ain Soodor, script assistant Chris Paton, studio director Al Vitols.

The Classics band members were, Tom Baird (keyboard/writer), Claire Lawrence (sax), Brian Russell (guitar), Glenn Miller (bass), Gary Taylor (drums), and Howie Vickers (lead vocalist). On-air schedule was found in the CBC Times records for British Columbia.

Let's Go on September 28, 1964, became part of the CBC network series called Music Hop from 5 cities during the week at 5:30 to 6:00 PM.  Fred Latremouille and Red Robinson were Hosts for Vancouver''s Lets Go, which was seen on Mondays, Winnipeg's show on Tuesdays,  Toronto on Wednesdays, Montreal on Thursdays and on Fridays it was Halifax. Performers who joined Let's Go: Patty Surbey, Marty Gillan, Terry Jacks, Joanie Taylor, Bobby Faulds, and Bonnie Huber. The Music Hop series continued until 1967. Lets Go shows from CBC Vancouver, were produced and directed by Ain Soodor, (1964-1966), script assistant Chris Paton.  Al Vitols produced and directed Lets Go shows in 1966, script assistant was Patsy MacDonald.

Let's Go was a daily CBC Television entertainment series aired during the 1967–1968 season, featuring musical guests.  It was the successor to Music Hop, and the show's title was taken from the Vancouver segment of Music Hop.  Each day's episode featured local talent from a different city, moving across the country from east to west: Halifax (Monday), Ottawa  (Tuesday), Toronto (Wednesday), Winnipeg (Thursday) and Vancouver (Friday).  Anne Murray appeared on the Halifax show, before she achieved huge popularity with "Snowbird".  The Winnipeg show was hosted by Chad Allan, the former front man for The Guess Who.  The Guess Who, fronted by Burton Cummings, played as the house band in Winnipeg. Susan Jacks (Pesklevits) was a regular performer on the Vancouver show before becoming the lead singer of the Poppy Family.

Let's Go shows, starting in 1967 from Vancouver had a new host, Howie Vickers, followed by Mike Campbell, Terry Jacks, Tom Northcott and Terry Frewer, all taking turns. The new house band was named Probably Us, with Bob Buckley (sax), Terry Frewer (guitar), Bob Murphy (keyboard), Doug Edwards (bass), and George Ursan (drums).

In addition to the regular Let's Go performers, new singers were introduced each week,
Jayson Hoover, Lynn Brooks, Bruce Bissell, Ted Davis, Nancy Lester, Rik Salem,
The Raible Brothers, Rosalind Keene, Dave Sinclair, Kelly Christopher, Mark Middler,
Anne Attenborough, Tom & Barry Collins, PM Howard, and Rick McCartie.

A variety of pop-rock groups made appearances such as The Collectors, 3's a Crowd, The Wiggy Symphony, The Shockers, the Northwest Company, the Poppy Family, the Seeds of Time, My Indole Ring, Eric Burdon and the Animals, and the New Vaudeville Band.  Featured celebrity interviews included Jimi Hendrix, Stevie Wonder, the Everly Brothers, Moody Blues, The Righteous Brothers, the Beach Boys, the Monkees, the Yardbirds, Vanilla Fudge, and Creedence Clearwater Revival.

These Let's Go shows from Vancouver were produced and directed by Ken Gibson,
the script assistant was Patsy MacDonald.  The last Lets Go show aired on June 26, 1968.
CBC Vancouver and the CBC network continued in the same time slot with mostly bands and was titled "Where It's At" until it ended on June 20, 1969.

CBC Let's Go Show was different in Vancouver and Winnipeg. The Vancouver show was hosted by Red Robinson and Fred Latremouille. Winnipeg show was hosted by Chad Allan, of The Guess Who.

See also
 Music Hop
 Where It's At
 One More Time

References

External links
 Queen's University Directory of CBC Television Series (Let's Go archived listing link via archive.org)

1964 Canadian television series debuts
1968 Canadian television series endings
1960s Canadian music television series
1960s Canadian variety television series
Black-and-white Canadian television shows
CBC Television original programming

Let's Go (1964 TV series)


Cencio I Frangipane (also Cencius or Centius) was a Roman nobleman of the Frangipani family of the latter half of the eleventh century. He was a Roman consul

His parentage is cited first in 1066, when he appeared as Cencio vir magnificus filio quondam Johannes de Imperator. His father was Giovanni Sardo de Imperator. In 1039, three siblings, Leo, Bernard, and Bona made a donation to Santa Maria Novella as filii quondam Petri Frajapane de Imperator. Peter was the first known member of the family and he clearly carried two surnames. Leo, his son, had two sons, Robert and John, the latter being the father of Cencius. John and Robert were only known by their Imperator name, though Cencius used Frangipane.

Cencius began his career as a follower of the Gregorian reform. His seal appears on a document of Pope Nicholas II investing Abbot Bernard of Farfa with the castles of Tribuco and Arce. The militantly imperialist Benzone, Bishop of Alba, recorded in his Ad Heinricum imperatorem libri VII that Cencius worked to influence the election of Alexander II in 1061. However, despite all this, on 25 December 1075, Pope Gregory VII was kidnapped and imprisoned by Cencius while he was officiating in Santa Maria Maggiore. The pope was liberated by the people, but he accused the Emperor Henry IV of being behind the attempt. The event is often cited as the beginning of Investiture Controversy.

In the 1080s, the Chronica of Monte Cassino referred to Cencius as consul Romanorum or "consul of the Romans." In 1084, when Henry besieged the Eternal City, Cencius sustained Gregory in the Leonine City and negotiated with the Normans of Robert Guiscard, allowing the sack of the city as a reward for rescuing it from Henry, but preserving the pope's liberty and the papal city.

In the election of 1085, Cencius advanced Odo of Lagery, the cardinal-bishop of Ostia and future Pope Urban II, as a candidate. However, the electors selected Desiderius of Benevento as Victor III. Cencius and Victor had strained relations, but he participated in the Council of Capua, at which Victor was confirmed as pope, in March 1087 with the Normans.

Cencius was last mentioned in November 1102 assisting Matilda of Canossa with the distribution of her property.

Notes

Sources
Caravale, Mario (ed). Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani: L Francesco I Sforza – Gabbi. Rome, 1998.
Gregorovius, Ferdinand. Rome in the Middle Ages Vol. II. trans. Annie Hamilton. 1905.

11th-century births
12th-century deaths
Italian untitled nobility
Centius Frajapanis

Cencio I Frangipane


Middle Ground Theatre Company began in October 1988 and it is now one of the Midlands' most prolific and acclaimed production companies, with over thirty productions under its belt.

Past Productions
 Dial M for Murder
 Gaslight
 Spring & Port Wine
 Brief Encounter
 An Inspector Calls
 An Ideal Husband
 The Importance of Being Earnest
 The Railway Children
 Far From The Madding Crowd.

Middle Ground's artistic director and theatrical producer is founder member Michael Lunney.

External links
 Middle Ground Theatre Company

Amateur theatre companies in England

Middle Ground Theatre Company


The Max Stern Art Restitution Project was initiated as an effort to locate artworks lost by Dr. Max Stern during World War II.

Background information
Max Stern was a world-renowned art collector and gallery owner who died in 1987. During World War II, Stern was forced to flee the Nazi regime and relocate to Canada. While escaping, he lost his private collection of valued artworks through forced sale and confiscation. After the war, Stern sought restitution of these works. Unfortunately, he had limited success and only managed to recover several pieces. The majority of his property was never returned.

The project
The Max Stern Art Restitution Project was established by the executors and university beneficiaries of the Max Stern Estate. An official announcement outlining the initiation of the project and its goals was made on April 28, 2005. This announcement occurred in Quebec, and was given by Dr. Clarence Epstein of Concordia University. The project is seeking the restitution of art pieces originally owned by the late Max Stern. These pieces were either confiscated by the Nazi Party, or sold under duress in the 1930s. While project members realize that locating missing artwork is a great challenge, they decided that the moral and financial imperatives surrounding the cause make it worth the effort.

Concordia University has been a leader in the restitution movement, and is working closely with the Art Loss Register in London, the Commission of Looted Art in Europe, and the New York State Holocaust Claims Processing Office. Since Concordia launched its efforts, 250 artworks previously owned by Stern have been identified. These include pieces by Brueghel, Bosch, Carracci and Winterhalter. Five works have been located in the United States, England, the Netherlands or Germany.  As artworks are reclaimed and possession is acquired, estate executors plan to loan the pieces to museums and galleries. This decision was made based on Max Stern's ideals, as he was always encouraging art education and passion in Canada and around the world. Executors and beneficiaries have expressed their wish to avoid using the courts, and instead wish to utilize moral persuasion in convincing institutions and individuals to return works to the appropriate beneficiaries.

The Max Stern Art Restitution Project was not initiated only to find missing works. Rather, it was also created as an incentive to motivate governments, museums, collectors and the art trade towards resolving injustices caused by Nazi cultural policies. In order to commence this movement, the restitution project chose to spearhead the Auktion 392 exhibit.

Auktion 392
Launched in fall of 2006, Auktion 392 is a traveling exhibit surrounding the forced sale of Stern paintings in the Lempertz auction house during 1937. This exhibit was created by FOFA gallery coordinator Lynn Beavis and designer Andrew Elvish. It also accompanies the seminal research of Professor Catherine MacKenzie and MA students from Concordia's Department of Art History. The exhibition outlines the unique story of Max Stern, and the legal issues of art restitution stemming from anti-Semitic policies during World War II. There is historical meaning behind the name of this exhibit. In 1935, after Stern had his art trading license withdrawn, he was forced to sell his artworks under extreme duress. The sale was arranged by Lempertz auctioneers in Cologne, and the auction was titled Auktion 392. This exhibit is extremely valuable to the Max Stern Art Restitution Project, as it raises public awareness of art restitution matters.

Issues in restitution
Recovering the missing artwork has been no simple task. There have been several instances where pieces have been located, but a lack of cooperation keeps the works from being acquired. Take, for example, the issue surrounding two artworks originally sold under duress by Stern. The two paintings, Market Scene in the Piazza Navona and Market Scene in the Piazza del Quirinale, were created by a Dutch Baroque painter named Mathijs Naiveu. These paintings were discovered while being auctioned in the Van Ham auction house, which is located in Cologne. On November 8, 2006, it was requested that the artworks be removed from the upcoming auction. The Stern Estate had been pursuing the paintings for several years, ever since the possessor tried to sell them in Amsterdam. Unfortunately, the German possessor refused to acknowledge the forced sale that took place during the Nazi era. Consequently, the Van Ham sale was scheduled to proceed despite the tainted history.

In order to be reclaimed, each discovered artwork has to run through a legal process which varies depending on its located country. Some pieces present extreme challenges, like the Neufchatel portrait of Jan van Eversdijck. Upon discovery, this portrait was deemed part of the patrimony of the Illes Beleares province in Spain. This patrimony made difficult for project members to claim their right of ownership. Fortunately, the painting has since been restituted and is one of the 11 paintings reclaimed by the Max Stern Art Restitution Project. This particular portrait was easy to locate because it was posted on a museum website up until 2006. Other paintings are much more difficult to find. This difficulty stems from the fact that a large number of Stern's stock was not illustrated, and few of the given titles were likely to have remained over the years. Unfortunately, art galleries and auction houses are not required to provide background information on works of art in their possession. Dealers will often be in possession of the full story behind a specific painting, but choose to suppress this information for business reasons.

Research conducted has learned that upwards of forty paintings originally owned by Stern have since been re-offered on the market in the last two decades, usually through major auction houses in Germany. The Stern Estate continues to plead with German auction houses, hoping to make them recognize the validity of the estate's ownership regarding looted artworks.

Works recovered by the project
While facing a lot of difficulty in their endeavor to locate the missing Stern paintings, the Max Stern Art Restitution Project has also been presented with countless victories. To date, they have managed to recover the following works:
Scandinavian Landscape by Andreas Achanbach – Restituted October 2013
Virgin and Child by Master of Flemalle – Restituted March 2013
The Masters of the Goldsmith Guild in Amsterdam in 1701 by Juriaen Pool II – Restituted October 2011
Allegory of Earth and Water by Jan Brueghel the Younger – Restituted November 2010
St. Jerome by Lodovico Carracci – Restituted May 2009
Portrait of a Musician Playing a Bagpipe, 1632 by Northern Netherlandish School – Restituted April 2009
Flight into Egypt by Circle of Jan Wellens de Cock – Restituted December 2008
Girl from the Sabine Mountains by Franz Xaver Winterhalter – Restituted January 2008
Extensive Landscape with Travelers on a Track Near a Walled Town with a Castle and a Church, a Village Beyond by Jan de Vos I – Restituted December 2007
Portrait of Jan van Eversdyck by Nicolas Neufchatel – Restituted February 2007
Aimée, A Young Egyptian by Emile C.H. Vernet-Lecomte – Restituted October 2006

References

External links
Max Stern Art Restitution Project

Art and cultural repatriation after World War II
Jewish art collectors
Restitution
Concordia University
Subjects of Nazi art appropriations
2005 establishments in Quebec

Max Stern Art Restitution Project


Mysore Govinda Rao Venkata Raghavan  (born 14 May 1956) is an Indian Carnatic vocalist, playback singer, composer and actor. He was awarded the Rajyotsava Prashasthi, the highest civilian honour of the state of Karnataka, for his contribution towards Carnatic music.

Early life
Venkata Raghavan was born on 14 May 1956. His father was M.G. Govinda Rao, a schoolteacher, and his mother, P. S. Savithramma, was a musician from Mysore. His mother introduced him to Carnatic music at the age of four and he gave his first recital when aged nine. Three years later, he sang the 72 Melakartha Raagas (major scales) of Carnatic music.

Thereafter, he entered the traditional gurukula system, being tutored in Madras by M. Balamuralikrishna for nearly five years. The Madras Music Academy and Sangeet Natak Akademi provided him with merit scholarships.

While developing his musical talent, Raghavan also graduated in science and engineering.

Innovations
Raghavan has revived several rarely heard difficult raagas, such as Nishada, Gamanashrama, Vakulabharana, Kanakambari and Jhenkaaradhvani. He has also created or evolved new raagas, including Kusumdharani, Khadyotakaanthi, Komalanagi, Vageeshwari Laasaki and Pranayaraagini.

As a composer, he has created music for the Ashtapadias of Jayadeva, Daasa Saahithya, Vachanas of Shiva- Sharans, and the lyrics of many classical and modern poets in various languages, like, D. V. G, AdiShankaraacharya, Annamaacharya and Naareyanayathi of Kaivara. He has also transliterated and sang the Daasa Saahithya in Telugu, Malayalam and Tamil.

In addition, Raghavan has sung in films. These include Adi Shankara, the world's first Sanskrit movie, Madhwacharya, Ramanujacharya, Shanthala and Krishnavathara. Prabhath Kalavidaru's ballets like Krishna vijayanthi, Srinivas-kalyana and others.

Awards and honours
The state of Karnataka recognised Raghavan with its Rajyotsava award in 2008.

Other awards, medals and prizes won by Raghavan since his childhood include the Presidential National AIR award (1977) and titles such as Gaana Gandharva, Naada Hamsa, Gaana Vishradha, Gaana Kala Saraswathi and Basavanagudi Rathna,

The Government of India awarded Raghavan a Senior Fellowship and the Government of Karnataka appointed him as a Guru for Carnatic music under the Guru–Shishya Parampara in 2000. He has also been a guest lecturer at Bangalore University for eight years.

Raghavan has completed a work on the mathematical rhythmic patterns and is working on an exhaustive treatise on the raagas.

Selected compositions
Raghavan has produced several documentaries, related to music and culture for television. These include:

Mysore Vasudevacharya
Thyagaraja Manasa Rama
Devi and Dikshitar

He has produced, directed the music, sung and acted in his own serial ''Anthahpurageethegali" (the works of D.V. Gundappa). He also composed and sang the music to a documentary on the national television network, produced by the National Institute of Linguistic Studies, on the complete works and life of the national poet, D. V. Gundappa.

See also
List of Carnatic singers

References

  - The Hindu : Life Bangalore : An echo of his master's voice.

1956 births
Living people
Male Carnatic singers
Carnatic singers
Indian male playback singers
Male actors in Kannada cinema
Indian male film actors
Kannada playback singers
20th-century Indian male classical singers
Singers from Mysore
Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2008
21st-century Indian male classical singers

M. G. Venkata Raghavan