The Morris–Jumel Mansion or Morris House (also known as the Roger and Mary Philipse Morris House, "Mount Morris" and Morris–Jumel Mansion Museum) is an 18th-century Federal style museum home in upper Manhattan, New York City. It was built in 1765 by Roger Morris, a British military officer, and served as a headquarters for both sides in the American Revolution.

Located at 65 Jumel Terrace, in Roger Morris Park in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, it is the oldest house in the borough. The home and grounds were purchased as a museum home in 1903 and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961. The exterior was designated a New York City Landmark in 1967, with the interior following in 1975. The area around the Morris–Jumel Mansion, the Jumel Terrace Historic District, was also designated as a New York City historic district in 1970.

Site

The mansion is located atop a ridge, Coogan's Bluff, from which lower Manhattan, the Hudson River including the Palisades, the Bronx, Westchester, the Long Island Sound, and the Harlem River were once visible. It is located in Roger Morris Park, a public park within the boundaries of the Jumel Terrace Historic District, but is landmarked separately from the historic district.

The mansion overlooked Coogan's Hollow and the Polo Grounds, a baseball and football stadium built in 1890 and razed in 1964. The mansion is sometimes visible in old pictures of the ballfield that show Coogan's Bluff. Today the Polo Grounds Towers stand where the stadium once was.

History

Morris ownership
Roger Morris, a British military officer who was serving as a member of the Executive Council of the Province of New York, built the house in 1765 for himself and his American-born wife, Mary Philipse Morris. They lived in it for ten years, from 1765 until 1775, when the American Revolution began. Roger Morris held the position of captain in the British army during the French war, while his wife, Mary Phillipse, was daughter to speaker of the assembly Frederick Philipse II. She was often described as " beautiful, fascinating, and accomplished."

As British loyalists, Morris went to England at the start of the war, while his wife and family went to stay at the Philipse estate in Yonkers. Morris returned in 1777, after the city had been captured by the British. He became the Inspector of the Claims of Refugees until 1783, when he and his family left for England after the British defeat in the Revolution.

Between September 14 and October 20, 1776, General George Washington used the mansion as his temporary headquarters after his army was forced to evacuate Brooklyn Heights following their loss to the British Army under the command of General William Howe in the Battle of Long Island. During his stay there from September 14 to October 20, 1776, Washington made note of his experience there. It is claimed without foundation by those with a romantic inclination that Washington not only selected the house because of its location but also because Mary Philipse had been a love interest for him twenty years before.

The house is one of the major remaining landmarks of Battle of Harlem Heights, after which it became the headquarters of British Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton, and the Hessian commander Baron Wilhelm von Knyphausen.

Confiscation
Because the Morrises were Loyalists, the house and their jointly held one-third share of the massive  Philipse Patent immediately north of today's Westchester County border were confiscated in 1779 by the Revolutionary government of the Colony of New York's Commissioners of Forfeiture. They were sold off during the dark times of the Revolution for the Colonials to fund its Continental Army led by Washington. Despite assurance of restitution in the 1783 Treaty of Paris no compensation to the Morrises was ever forthcoming from either the state of New York or American government.

Following its confiscation, Mt. Morris served as a farmhouse and a tavern, "Calumet Hall", a popular stop along the Albany Post Road.

Jumel purchase

The mansion was bought in 1810 by Stephen Jumel, a rich French merchant who had immigrated to the United States, as a home for himself and his wife, and former mistress, Eliza Bowen Jumel, along with their adopted daughter Mary Bowen, who was thought to be the daughter of Eliza's stepsister. Throughout her adult life, Eliza Jumel lived richly and luxuriously. Eliza, who had come from poor beginnings, was known for being a woman who sought out a higher social position for herself as well as a life that encompassed having large amounts of wealth.

Thus, she was always seen around men of power and fortune. Anxious to be accepted into New York society, the Jumels remodeled the house, adding the Federal style entrance, and redecorated the interior in the Empire style. Because they were not accepted socially in New York, the Jumels went to France in 1815, although Eliza returned from 1817 to 1821. She returned for good in 1826 with Stephen Jumel's power of attorney, and he returned in 1828.

Eliza was subject to many accusations in both France and New York, one of them being her involvement in the unpleasant death of her first husband. After Stephen's death in 1832 from injuries he received in a carriage accident, Eliza, who was now one of the wealthiest women in New York City, married the controversial ex-vice president Aaron Burr in the front parlor of the house.

She filed for divorce in 1834, which was granted in 1836, shortly before his death. Eliza then divided her time among Saratoga, New York; Hoboken, New Jersey; and lower Manhattan. Her step-daughter's family lived with her in the mansion until 1862. Eliza Jumel – who became very eccentric, if not insane, in her later years – died in 1865. The care and love she had for the mansion helped it evolve into the representation of art and culture it has been for over two and one-half centuries within the New York City area.

In 1882, the Jumel heirs broke up the  of the estate into 1058 lots, upon which numerous row houses were built, some of which today make up the Jumel Terrace Historic District.

As a museum

The government of New York City purchased the house itself in 1903 from the owners at the time, the Earles, with the help of the Daughters of the American Revolution. It was converted into a museum run by the Washington Headquarters Association, formed by four chapters of the Daughters of the American Revolution. The Colonial Dames of America and the Daughters of the American Revolution announced conflicting plans to operate the house, and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation took over operation.  The museum opened in 1904, and was renovated and refurnished in 1945. The house is owned by the Department of Parks and Recreation, and is a member of the Historic House Trust.

The Morris–Jumel Mansion's exterior underwent an extensive renovation starting in 1990. In 2002, the house was repainted and the windows were replaced. The Historic House Trust announced in November 2021 that the house would be renovated again at a cost of $2.7 million.

During its history, the Morris–Jumel Mansion hosted many other distinguished visitors, including dinner guests John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and John Quincy Adams.

Architecture

The house was built as a summer villa on a parcel comprising an area of 130 acres. Thus, the Morris property covered some distance from Harlem all the way to the Hudson River. It is an early example of the Palladian style of architecture. Morris, whose uncle was a successful architect in England, was influenced by Palladio, a 16th-century Italian architect. His design included a double-height portico and triangular pediment – innovative features for 1765 – supported by grand Tuscan columns, and a two-story octagonal room at the rear of the mansion, which is believed to be the first of its kind in the country.

The remodeling by the Jumels c.1810 was in the Federal style current at the time, and included the entrance.

The house has been said to contain "some of the finest Georgian interiors in America." Today, the house is lavishly decorated with period furnishings and careful reproductions of period carpets and wallpaper. It features nine restored rooms, one of which was Washington's office. The dining room and Eliza Jumel's bedchamber, with a bed that supposedly belonged to Napoleon, are also open. Personal artifacts of Roger Morris, George Washington, Eliza Jumel, and Aaron Burr are part of the museum's collection. An archive and reference library is located in the house's third floor.

In literature and media

 On a rocky eminence overlooking one of the rivers, Fitz-Greene Halleck wrote his famous lines on the Greek patriot Marco Bozzaris.
 At the beginning of his historical novel Burr (1973), author Gore Vidal recreates the wedding of Eliza Bowen-Jumel and Aaron Burr, with a detailed description of the interior of the house circa 1833, which is still evident today.
 In 1996, the Morris–Jumel Mansion was featured in Bob Vila's A&E Network production Bob Vila's Guide to Historic Homes of America.
 Lin-Manuel Miranda wrote portions of his 2015 musical Hamilton at the Morris–Jumel Mansion.
 In 2014, the television show Ghost Adventures filmed an episode at the mansion to investigate reports of paranormal activity
 In 2015, Saturday Night Live filmed a skit called "Ghost Chasers" at the mansion.
 In 2019, the television show Broad City filmed a scene at the mansion to celebrate Abbi Jacobson's 30th birthday.
 In 2021, the television show Surviving Death featured the mansion in episode 5.
 Edward W. Hardy presented his 2021  Omnipresent Music Festival - BIPOC Musicians Festival at the Morris–Jumel Mansion.
In 2021, the house featured on Buzzfeed Unsolved: Supernatural

See also
 List of Washington's Headquarters during the Revolutionary War
 List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan above 110th Street
 List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan above 110th Street
 Whitehall (Annapolis, Maryland)

References
Explanatory notes

Citations

External links

Federal architecture in New York City
Historic house museums in New York City
Houses completed in 1765
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan
Military headquarters in the United States
Museums in Manhattan
National Historic Landmarks in Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
New York City interior landmarks
Washington Heights, Manhattan

Morris–Jumel Mansion


The Cellamare conspiracy of 1718 (French: Conspiration de Cellamare) was a conspiracy against the Regent of France, Philippe d'Orléans (1674–1723) that aimed to depose him of his position and place Philip V, then King of Spain, as the new regent of France. Concocted in Spain, the plot was the brainchild of Antonio del Giudice, Prince of Cellamare.

Background and plot
Antonio del Giudice was named the Spanish Ambassador to the French Court in 1715 during the reign of Louis XIV of France; Louis XIV died in September that year and his successor, Louis XV of France, aged five, was put under the care of the Duke of Orléans who was a nephew (as well as son-in-law) of the late Louis XIV. Antonio del Giudice went to France during the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans.

At the instigation of Guillaume Dubois, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, France formed the Quadruple Alliance between England, Holland and the Holy Roman Empire to combat the possible personal union between France and Spain, should the five-year-old Louis XV die; Spain was then ruled by Louis XV's uncle, Phillip V, who had been king of Spain since the death of Charles II in 1700. The War of the Spanish Succession had resulted in the Treaty of Utrecht of April 1713; that treaty underlined that neither Philip nor his descendants could inherit the French throne, he having agreed to this previously.

The Prince of Cellamare and his embassy wanted to depose Philippe d'Orléans from power and make Philip V the Regent for his nephew. The plan was greatly supported by some of Philippe d'Orléans's most notorious enemies, namely the duke and the duchess du Maine, Louis Auguste de Bourbon and his wife, Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon, who had entered into correspondence with Spanish Prime Minister Giulio Alberoni, a favourite of Queen Elisabeth Farnese, and was trying to place her husband, the languid Duke of Maine, on the throne.

With the support of the Spanish ambassador, a plot to carry out the transferral was soon woven into the entourage of the duchess. According to the memoirs of the duchess's lady-in-waiting, Baroness de Staal, Melchior de Polignac and the Duke of Richelieu were part of the plot.

The Duke of Richelieu was then having a romantic affair with one of the regent's daughters, Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans. The baroness's memoirs said that the duke and the duchess of Maine had wanted to call a meeting between the États généraux on the matter.

The correspondence between the duchess of Maine and Alberoni was later intercepted by the police and so was reported to the regent who acted swiftly; on 9 December, the Prince of Cellamare was arrested and sent back to Spain; Alberoni was arrested on 5 December 1718 at Poitiers. The duchess was exiled to Dijon while her husband was imprisoned in the fortress of Doullens in Picardy. The Duke of Richelieu was imprisoned in the Bastille where he was later visited by his lover, Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans, dressed in disguise.

However, the guilty members of the plot were all pardoned by 1720 and allowed to return to their residences.

On 9 January 1719, France declared war on Spain, following in the footsteps of England who had done so a couple of weeks earlier, on 27 December 1718.

Two years later, the aims of the Cellamare conspiracy were revived in the Pontcallec conspiracy, four leaders of which were executed.

Notes

Sources
The current information was taken from the present Conspiration de Cellamare on French Wikipedia.

Conspiracies
1710s in Spain
1710s in France
War of the Spanish Succession
House of Bourbon (France)
House of Bourbon (Spain)
House of Orléans
Ancien Régime
Law of the Ancien Régime
Events of the Ancien Régime
Foreign relations of the Ancien Régime
Political history of the Ancien Régime
France–Spain relations
1718 in Spain
1718 in France

Cellamare conspiracy


Farewell to the mountains or, in Italian, , is a famous passage of the VIII chapter of The Betrothed by Alessandro Manzoni.

The passage in the plot
Lucia and Renzo are escaping from their native village by barge because don Rodrigo wants to force the young woman to marry him; Lucia sees the place where she used to live and the suitor's castle, so she grieves and begins to cry. Manzoni reports Lucia's reflections and feelings.

Short analysis
This passage is the most lyrical of the entire novel: critics describe it as a poem in prose; in effect we can find some verses (decasyllables and hendecasyllables) hidden in the text. The register is high-level. The tone is idyllic, but don Rodrigo's presence in some measure darkens and fills with gloom the situation: because of him Lucia begins to cry and to reflect. This passage's purpose is to show character's and writer's feelings, so it is similar to the chorus in Manzoni's tragedies. In his novel the author always wants to control the narration, so he ends the idyllic pause very sharply and restarts narrating.

The theme of emigration is very important, but it is not the only one: the passage is also about religion and divine providence, that is The Betrothed's fil rouge (the author writes that God disturbs his sons' joy to donate them, at the end, a bigger joy).

See also
 The Betrothed
 Alessandro Manzoni

Bibliography
 Romano Luperini, Pietro Catadi, Lidia Marchiani, Franco Marchese, il nuovo La scrittura e l'interpretazione, volume 1, Palumbo editore,
 a cura di Piero Gallardo, Il tesoro della prosa e della poesia italiane, volume V, Selezione dal Reader's Digest S.p.A., Verona, 1964

External links
 The Betrothed in English
 The novel in Italian

Italian literature
Alessandro Manzoni

Farewell to the mountains


Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi (IIT BHU) is a public technical university located in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. Founded in 1919 as the Banaras Engineering College, it became the Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University in 1968. It was later designated an Indian Institute of Technology. IIT (BHU) Varanasi has 16 departments, 3 inter-disciplinary schools and 1 Humanities & Social Sciences Section. It is located inside the Banaras Hindu University Campus.

History
IIT (BHU) Varanasi has formerly been known as the Banaras Engineering College (BENCO), the College of Mining and Metallurgy (MINMET), the College of Technology (TECHNO) and the Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (IT-BHU). Its establishment is intimately linked with that of the Banaras Hindu University (BHU). The first convocation ceremony at BHU was held on 2 December 1920. BHU has the credit of first starting degree classes in Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Metallurgy and Pharmaceutics, thanks to the foresight of its founder, Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya.

The Department of Geology was started under BENCO in 1920. Courses in Mining and Metallurgy were introduced by the Geology Department. The Department of Industrial Chemistry was started in July, 1921. In 1923, Mining and Metallurgy were established as separate departments and in 1944, they were raised to the status of a college forming the College of Mining and Metallurgy (MINMET).

In 1968, BENCO, TECHNO and MINMET were merged and the Institute of Technology (IT-BHU) was established integrating the departments of Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Civil and Municipal Engineering, Mining Engineering, Metallurgical Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Technology, Silicate Technology and Pharmaceutics. The Department of Silicate Technology subsequently became the Department of Ceramic Engineering. A Department of Electronics Engineering was also established. The departments of Applied Physics, Applied Mathematics and Applied Chemistry were established in 1985.

The earlier system of regional admission based on merit lists was replaced in 1972 by admission through Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination (IIT-JEE) for undergraduate courses and Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) for postgraduate courses. In the tenth meeting of IIT Council in 1972, it was also proposed to convert the then IT-BHU into an IIT and a committee was appointed by IIT Council for the purpose but because of political reasons, the desired conversion could not be achieved then.

In 2003, Committees constituted by MHRD (Professors Joshi and Anand Krishnan Committees) had recommended for the conversion of the Institute into an Indian Institute of Technology (IIT). On 17 July 2008, the government of India issued a press release granting "In principle approval for taking over the Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University – a constituent unit of the Banaras Hindu University, a Central University, its conversion into an Indian Institute of Technology and integrating it with the IIT system in the country." The BHU Executive Council approved the proposal of the HRD ministry to convert IT-BHU to IIT (BHU) Varanasi, retaining academic and administrative ties to BHU.

On 4 August 2010 a bill seeking to amend the Institutes of Technology Act 1961 to declare IT-BHU an IIT was introduced in the Lok Sabha by Minister of State for HRD, D. Purandeswari. The Lok Sabha passed The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Act, 2011 on 24 March 2011 and the Rajya Sabha on 30 April 2012, thereby formalizing the IIT status of the Institute. The Bill was signed by the President of India on 20 June 2012 and notified in the gazette on 21 June.
The Department of Architecture, Planning and Design was set up in the Institute in collaboration with IIT Roorkee, beginning its academic activities from the session 2019-2020. The first cohort of students consisted of 20 students admitted into the five-year programme through the JEE Advanced exam.

The institute celebrated its centenary year in 2019-2020. It organized a global alumni meet and other cultural events during the celebration. The 80-year-old BENCO chimney was also re-erected to commemorate the institute's completion of a century.

Organisation and administration

Departments
Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) has 11 engineering departments, 3 science departments, 3 schools, and a humanities department:

Academics

Undergraduate programme
IIT (BHU) Varanasi offers four-year instructional programs for the degree of Bachelor of Technology (BTech) and five-year programs for Integrated Dual Degree (IDD). The IDD program offers both BTech and MTech degrees. Admission to all programs is expressly through the Joint Entrance Examination conducted by the Indian Institutes of Technology. Earlier half of the intake for Pharmaceutical sciences was through JEE and the other half through BHU-PMT. But after the college was converted into an IIT, intake for BTech and the IDD in Pharmaceutical sciences (now Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology) is exclusively through Joint Entrance Exam.

Postgraduate programme
Postgraduate courses offer Master of Technology (MTech) and PhD degrees. Admissions to the MTech program are made through the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) conducted jointly by Indian Institute of Science and Indian Institutes of Technology. For admission into the various PhD courses, one can apply through the official institute website. The application brochure is released on the same.

Admission
The admission of students to the institute is through JEE Advanced for undergraduate courses and Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) or Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT) for postgraduate courses. From 2013, admission to undergraduate programs is based on two tier test called (1) Mains and (2) Advanced. In addition, the students qualifying through JEE (Advanced) need to be in the top 20 percentile of the respective categories and/or have secured 75% or above in the qualifying exam conducted by the boards of their respective state/UT.

Rankings

Among engineering colleges, IIT (BHU) Varanasi was ranked 15 by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2023 and 31 overall.

Library facilities

IIT (BHU) Varanasi has a Main Library and five independent departmental libraries. The main library has a collection of books across streams in engineering, science, and technology, along with a host of books in humanities, social sciences, and literary fiction.

The library has about 1,38,000 volumes of books, journals, theses, reports, and pamphlets. Basic facilities like circulation, scanning, printing, photocopying amenities are also available in this Wi-Fi-enabled library. The library has a sitting capacity of more than 600 students. The faculty and students can have access to these facilities by registering themselves.

The library permits access to nearly 8000 e-journals, 25,000 standards and more than 30,000 electronic books and databases. It has an excellent collection of bound volumes of old (Since 1918) and new periodicals, codes and standards, etc. The library also maintains an online repository containing student thesis and publications, transcripts and event videos, available on the Institute intranet. Apart from this, students also enjoy access to the central and cyber library of Banaras Hindu University.

Student life

Gymkhana
The IIT (BHU) Gymkhana, housed in Kings' Pavilion, is the primary hub of all extracurricular activities in the Institute.

The Gymkhana functions through its five councils:

 Games and Sports Council
 Cultural Council
 Science and Technology Council
 Film and Media Council
 Social Service Council

These councils are headed by their respective Counsellors who work in close coordination with the Dean (Student Affairs). On the student side, each council has a General Secretary and two Joint General Secretaries, with each club being headed by a Secretary and two Joint Secretaries. The councils also organize different festivals in the college annually.

Festivals
IIT BHU has four main student-organised festivals:

 Technex is the annual techno-management festival of IIT BHU and Asia's oldest techno-management fest.
 Kashiyatra is the annual socio-cultural festival
 Spardha is the annual sports festival
 FMC Weekend is the annual film and media festival

Apart from these, there are several departmental festivals. IIT BHU also participates in Banaras Hindu University's Inter-college festival Spandan which is held annually in the month of February.

Institute Magazine
The institute newsletter, IIT BHU Connect is a bi-yearly magazine which features in-depth cover stories, recently organized events, adopted proposals, technical advances and helps promote the Institute beyond the boundaries of the university. Having been initiated in the year 2016, six editions have been published so far which received mostly positive reviews. It is run by a student team of around twenty students with one Student Editor.

MCIIE
Malaviya Centre for Innovation, Incubation and Entrepreneurship (MCIIE) was established in 2008. The objective of MCIIE is to produce successful firms that will leave the program financially viable. Incubator tenants not only benefit from business and technical assistance but also from official affiliation with the incubator, a supportive community with an entrepreneurial environment, direct link to entrepreneurs, and immediate networking and commercial opportunities with other tenant firms. The various programmes under MCIIE include:
 Open Learning Programme in Entrepreneurship (OLPE)
 Entrepreneurship Development and Awareness Programs
 Technology Business Incubator (TBI) sponsored by National Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board, DST, New Delhi.

Alumni

IIT (BHU) Varanasi has produced alumni who made a mark for themselves in the fields of technology, business, politics, and arts, among other fields. Alumni interactions are maintained by Student Alumni Interaction Cell (SAIC) under the aegis of the Dean of Resources and Alumni. IIT BHU has multiple alumni organisations including IIT BHU Global Alumni Association (IBGAA) and Association of IITBHU Alumni (AIBA).

Some notable alumni include:
Deepak Ahuja, Former CFO at Tesla, Inc.
Krishan Kant, former Vice-President of India.
Manoj Sinha, 2nd Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir and Former Minister of State, Railways and Communication.
Jay Chaudhry, CEO and Founder of ZScaler
Varun Grover, National Film Award-winning Lyricist and Songwriter. Famous for writing the songs of Gangs of Wasseypur.
 Thomas Anantharaman, one of the 3-member team at IBM who developed IBM Deep Blue supercomputer.
Kota Harinarayana, a Padma Shri awardee and distinguished scientist at DRDO
Nikesh Arora, CEO at Palo Alto Networks, Former President at Softbank, Ex-Senior Vice President and Chief Business Officer at Google.
Ram Charan, renowned management consultant and Economic Times Global Indian of the Year, 2010.
A B Pandit, Vice Chancellor Of Institute Of Chemical Technology Mumbai
Nikku Madhusudhan, Professor of Astrophysics and Exoplanetary Science of Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge

Alma Communiqué
The Alma Communiqué is the official alumni newsletter of IIT (BHU), Varanasi prepared by the Office of Dean (Resource and Alumni) and the Student Alumni Interaction Cell (SAIC). It is a monthly newsletter (previously bi-annual), which aims to apprise the alumni of the various happenings in IIT (BHU), Varanasi.

IIT (BHU) Chronicle
The IIT (BHU) Chronicle is a monthly e-magazine published by the IITBHU Global Alumni Association. It was first published in May, 2005. It provides an account of events at the institute as well as notable achievements of members of the alumni community. It also publishes news and articles, sourced from a number of published sources, stating recent developments around the world. The magazine is published around the 25th of each month. It is emailed to over 11,000 alumni, students and faculty of the institute.

See also
Indian Institutes of Technology
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, another IIT in Uttar Pradesh
List of educational institutions in Varanasi
Banaras Hindu University(B.H.U.)
Institutes of National Importance

References

53. NIRF Ranking 2020-Top 10 University list IISc, JNU, and BHU Best Universities

External links

Varanasi, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU)
Banaras Hindu University
Engineering colleges in Uttar Pradesh
Universities and colleges in Varanasi
Educational institutions established in 1919
1919 establishments in India

IIT (BHU) Varanasi


The fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox) is a cat-like, carnivorous mammal endemic to Madagascar. It is a member of the Eupleridae, a family of carnivorans closely related to the mongoose family (Herpestidae).

Its classification has been controversial because it looks like a cat. However, other traits suggest a close relationship with viverrids (most civets and their relatives). Its classification influenced thought about how many times mammalian carnivores had colonized Madagascar. Genetic studies now show that the fossa and all other Malagasy carnivores are closely related to each other: they are a clade, the family Eupleridae.
Carnivorans are now thought to have colonized the island once about 18 to 20 million years ago.

The fossa is the largest mammalian carnivore on the island of Madagascar and has been compared to a small cougar. Adults have a head-body length of  and weigh between . The males larger than the females. It has semiretractable claws and flexible ankles that allow it to climb up and down trees head-first, and they can jump from tree to tree.

The species is widespread, although population densities are usually low. It is found only in forested habitat, and hunts by day and night. Over 50% of its diet consists of lemurs, the endemic primates of the island. Tenrecs, rodents, lizards, birds, and other animals are also prey. Mating usually occurs in trees on horizontal limbs and can last for several hours. Litters range from one to six pups, which are born blind and toothless (altricial). Infants wean after 4.5 months and are independent after a year. Sexual maturity occurs around three to four years of age, and life expectancy in captivity is 20 years. The fossa is listed as "Vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. It is generally feared by the Malagasy people and is often protected by their taboo. The greatest threat to the species is habitat destruction.

References

Feliformia
Mammals of Africa

Fossa


Aeration turbines are designed to aerate and mix fluids industrially.  They are foremost used in brewing, pond aeration and sewage treatment plants.

Aeration turbines are designed for mixing gases, usually air, with a liquid, usually water. They can serve additional purposes like destratification, agitator or pump.

There are numerous design variations in use or newly entering the market.  Most are centrifugal, where fluid enters at the axis and exits around the perimeter of the rotor. Aeration turbines can run open or in a housing.  Some designs have bladed rotors which leads to more splashing and those need to run close to the surface, which is an obvious sign of lesser efficiency.

Generally the performance efficiency of aeration turbines is very high, the space requirement is compact, both at high reliability and all those factors reduce operational cost.

The use of aeration turbines in industry is still underdeveloped especially with waste water treatment.  With raising population and the growing strain on clean water supplies such environmentally friendly solutions are becoming more important.

The technology allows a more decentralized approach to waste water treatment as sewage can be oxygenised at pumping stations for bacteria to start breaking down the sewage before it even arrives at centralized processing plants.

Aeration turbines are more and more entering industry because of their significantly higher efficiency and reduced size of used gear compared to other methods of aeration. This means less investment into process infrastructure and substantial savings to both the overall cost but foremost running cost for electricity.

Reference List

Centrifuges

Aeration turbine


The Antikythera mechanism is a  mechanical calculator. It was an Ancient Greek  analogue computer and orrery. It was discovered in 1902 in a shipwreck off the coast of Antikythera, Greece.

A number of gears worked together, much like they do in a mechanical clock. The device could predict astronomical positions, eclipses, the motions of the sun, the moon and probably some of the planets. This makes it possible to use the device as a calendar. There were three big dials, and three small ones. Used as a calendar the main functions were:
A solar calendar showing days and months, as well as the Babylonian zodiac
A Lunisolar calendar showing the months
A calendar, showing eclipse cycles: past and future eclipses of the sun and the moon
A calendar, showing the years in which there would be panhelllenic games (or Olympics)

The device was found on a shipwreck, near the island of Antikythera, between the Peloponnese and Crete. Different coins were also found on the wreck. There are coins from Pergamon, dating between 86 BC and 67 BC, and coins from Ephesus, dating between 70 BC and 60 BC. This means that the ship sunk between 70 and 60 BC. This device is the most complex device known in Antiquity. Only in the 14th century did people again have the knowledge to build similar devices.

The device  is now on display in the Bronze Collection of the National Archaeological Museum of Athens.

When the mechanism was found, it consisted of corroded metal plates. Before x-rays could be used to show what was "inside", it was very difficult to judge what the mechanism did. Many of the parts that make up the mechanism were lost either during the roughly 2000 years it had laid on the sea floor, or shortly after discovery. Many gears have not "survived" in one piece. None of the scales is complete, and only one indicator survived as a fragment. The Antikythera Research project has produced a reconstruction; it added seven gears that were probably part of the device. There are 35 gears, and seven displays. There are many hints that the device was also used to calculate and show the movement of stars, even though none of the necessary gears or displays have been found.

Mechanism of operation

There were 82 parts in total. With the parts found it is not possible to get the mechanism with all displays and dials fully operational. It is also not possible to know how many parts have been lost. In total, 30 gears were found. One gear is probably part of a planetary display, that has been lost. To make the reconstructed displays work, another eight gears would be necessary, but they have been lost. There are two crown gears, all the other gears found are normal gears (that require a special alignment of the axes). The gear was a primitive one, and the transmission was not uniform. The mechanism was repaired at least once, which shows that it must have been used often.

References

Other websites
 The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project
Antikythera.org - Website with collected information

History of technology
1st-century BC works

Antikythera mechanism


Rhys John Lloyd (born 5 June 1982) is a former American football kickoff specialist. He was signed by the Baltimore Ravens as an undrafted free agent in 2005. He played college football at Minnesota.

Lloyd has also been a member of the Green Bay Packers, Frankfurt Galaxy, Carolina Panthers, Minnesota Vikings and New York Giants.

Early years
Lloyd began playing football after moving from England to the United States at 15 years old. He attended Eastview High School in Apple Valley, Minnesota and lettered in football and soccer.

College career
Lloyd was a two-time All-American placekicker for Rochester Community and Technical College. He was later the placekicker, kickoff man and punter for the Minnesota Golden Gophers from 2003 to 2004. He kicked the game-winning field goal in the 2003 Sun Bowl.

Professional career

Early NFL career
Lloyd entered the NFL draft, but had to sign as an undrafted free agent after the 2005 draft with the Baltimore Ravens, who released him before the start of the regular season. On 10 April 2006, he was signed by the Green Bay Packers; however, he was subsequently released on 1 May 2006.

NFL Europa
Rhys was signed by the Frankfurt Galaxy of the NFL Europa in 2007. He was named the NFL Europa special teams player of the week in week 3 by tying the league record for the longest field goal in League history with a 56 yarder. Lloyd had signed with the Frankfurt Galaxy at the conclusion of NFL Europa kicking camp in Tampa, Florida. He played the 2006-2007 season in Europe and then came back to the US.

Return to NFL
Lloyd signed with the Baltimore Ravens again as a free agent in 2007 and made an impressive 55-yard field goal in the Ravens preseason finale against Atlanta and, subsequently, survived the Ravens final cut and signed with the team for the regular season as a kicker. He went back and forth between being on the active roster, on the practice squad, and being a free agent.

Lloyd was claimed off waivers by the Carolina Panthers on 26 December 2007.  He signed a multi-year contract with the team in 2008.  The Panthers used Lloyd as a kickoff specialist, with veteran placekicker John Kasay handling the field goal duties. Lloyd led the NFL in 2008 in touchbacks on kickoffs with 30 on the season. Lloyd signed with the Minnesota Vikings on 8 March 2010. This deal put him back near his alma mater Eastview High School in Apple Valley, Minnesota. He was released by the Vikings on 4 September 2010.

Carolina signed Rhys Lloyd on 14 September 2010. Their previous kickoff starter, Todd Carter (who started the first game of the Panthers 2010 season) was suffering from back spasms, and was cut to allow roster space for Lloyd. On 16 August 2011, Lloyd signed with the New York Giants. He was released during final preseason cuts on 3 September 2011.

References

External links

Carolina Panthers bio
databaseFootball.com
Pro-Football-Reference.com

1982 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Dover, Kent
English players of American football
American football placekickers
Minnesota Golden Gophers football players
Baltimore Ravens players
Green Bay Packers players
Frankfurt Galaxy players
Carolina Panthers players
Minnesota Vikings players
New York Giants players

Rhys Lloyd (American football)


Ingram Bywater, FBA (27 June 1840 – 18 December 1914) was an English classical scholar.

He was born in Islington, London and first educated first at University College School and King's College School, then at Queen's College, Oxford. He obtained a first class in Moderations (1860) and in the final classical schools (1862), and became fellow of Exeter College, Oxford (1863), reader in Greek (1883), Regius Professor of Greek (1893–1908), and Student of Christ Church. He received honorary degrees from various universities, and was elected corresponding member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.

He is chiefly known for his editions of Greek philosophical works: Heracliti Ephesii Reliquiae (1877); Prisciani Lydi quae extant (edited for the Berlin Academy in the Supplementum Aristotelicum, 1886); Aristotle, Ethica Nicomachea (1890), De Arte Poetica (1898); Contributions to the Textual Criticism of the Nicomachean Ethics (1892).

Bywater was associated with the Oxford Aristotelian Society from its inception in the early 1880s and remained its principal guiding force until his retirement in 1908. Here he would discuss with scholars such as J.A. Smith, Harold Joachim, and W.D. (later Sir David) Ross the minutiae of Aristotelian philology, textual criticism, and translation. The Society's discussions led to the full translation of Aristotle's works, first under the joint editorship of J.A. Smith and W.D. Ross and later under Ross as sole editor, between 1912 and 1954.

Collection
Bywater was an expert bibliophile and bequeathed around 4,000 volumes of his collection to the Bodleian Library in Oxford in 1915. His collection illustrates the history of classical learning and contains the names of both great and obscure European humanists of the early 16th and 17th centuries, with most of the books dating before 1650. Aristotle and his commentators are also well represented in the collection. Around 50 books have MS marginalia by scholars, nearly 200 are autographed, and around 50 bear the arms of De Thou on the bindings. There are around 150 incunabula (31 of them Greek), and over 1,100 books (459 of them Greek) which were printed in the first half of the 16th century, a third of these by Parisian presses. The Bodleian Library also acquired some 64 volumes of MS material, including Bywater's correspondence with eminent European scholars. The collection also spans numerous languages including Latin, Greek, Italian and German.

Some of the collection is available to view via the Digital Bodleian website.

Notes

External links

English classical scholars
1840 births
1914 deaths
People educated at King's College School, London
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
Fellows of Exeter College, Oxford
Fellows of Christ Church, Oxford
People educated at University College School
Regius Professors of Greek (University of Oxford)
British scholars of ancient Greek philosophy
Fellows of the British Academy

Ingram Bywater


The House of Belosselsky-Belozersky is a Rurikid Russian princely family family that descends in a direct male line from the Earliest Kievan Rus rulers and later of the medieval sovereigns of the Principality of Beloozero.

Origins

The family of Belosselsky-Belozersky claims the descendance directly from the first Russian Princes, from the "Kiev Rus" period and specifically from Prince Rurik (of Swedish roots), who created their seat in Kiev around the years 870–890.

The family traces its patrimonic, father-to-son roots throughout the ruling houses of Russia until the mid 16th century, to Yuri Dolgoruky (founder of Moscow) and his grandsons who were grand-dukes/princes of Kiev as well as of Vladimir-Suzdal principality. After the ascendance of Ivan Kalita ("Moneybags") and the Romanov dynasty, the family were rulers of the Belozersk (White Lake) principality, north of Moscow. Gleb Vassilkovich was the first Belozersky prince to rule there.

While on one of the required annual visits to Sarai, the headquarters of the Golden Horde, near today's Astrakhan, to renew his patent (yarlik) received from the reigning Khan and ruler of the Golden Horde Sartak Khan, allowing thus Gleb to rule and tax his lands for another year. On this visit, Gleb married Feodora, Sartak's daughter Feodora Sartakovna, also granddaughter of the Mongol ruler Batu Khan and great-great-granddaughter of Genghis Khan. Gleb Vassilkovich thus consolidated the power of the dominant Tatar-Mongol rulers and the Belozersky clan.

The offspring of Gleb and Feodora Sartakovna, the current Belosselsky-Belozersky family, are thus descendants of Genghis Khan as well as of the founder of Russia, Prince Rurik. Subsequently, the family, after having lost the majority of its men in the historical "watershed" battle for Russia's independence, the battle of Kulikovo in 1380, against the Tatar-Mongol dominance, the few remaining Belozersky princes slowly lost the control of the lands in the Belo Ozero/Belozersk principality area (White Lake). The family was relegated thereafter to a more minor ruling role over the lands of "Belo Selo" south of Belozersk ("Belosselsky" - of White Village) when the Moscow principality led by Moscow Romanovs were slowly taking control over all the former semi-independent principalities of Russia.

After a period of lesser prominence, but still providing military and political leaders, it became a major factor in support to Peter the Great's reforms, in building the Russian navy and providing diplomats and military leaders. In early 1800 Alexander Mikhailovich Belosselsky-Belozersky, due to his significant contributions to Russia in diplomacy, science and culture, was granted the right to bear the double princely name of Belosselsky-Belozersky from Emperor Paul I, in recognition of the Belosselsky branch being the single remaining such branch of the princes having ruled Belo Ozero and being of the Belozersky dynasty.

On Krestovsky Island
The Belosselsky-Belozersky princes owned the island of Krestovsky after it was purchased by Prince Alexander Mikhailovich Belosselsky-Belozersky around 1800, then used mainly as a summer residence. Around 1885, they moved there from their Nevsky Prospect No. 41 "Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace", by the Fontanka canal and Anichkov Bridge, having sold their palace to Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich. Two of the last Belosselsky-Belozersky Princes to reside on Krestovsky Island were the sons of Konstantin Esperovich, Sergei Konstantinovich and Esper Konstantinovich Belosselsky-Belozersky. The "Krestovsky" was their estate in St. Petersburg until the Russian Revolution in 1917 forced them to leave Russia and all their possessions behind, including the Krestovsky Island and their estate on it.

The two young Belosselsky-Belozersky Princes were successful sportsmen and promoters of equestrian and sailing sports. Sergei Konstantinovich was the second representative of Russia on the International Olympic Committee and worked closely with Baron de Coubertin, who launched the modern Olympic movement. Sergei was invited to be a member of the Organizing committee of the Paris Olympics of 1900 and took part in the equestrian competitions. His younger brother, Esper Konstantinovich was an avid sailor who won a bronze medal for Russia in the 1912 Stockholm Olympics in the 10 meter class.

After the Russian Revolution (1917)
The Belosselsky-Belozersky/Belosselsky Belozersky family was forced to flee to the West during the 1917 revolution, leaving no one in Russia.

Prince Konstantin (1847–1920) and his wife Nadezhda Dimitrievna (died 1920; née Skobeleva; sister of General Mikhail Skobelev) had three daughters and two sons. The Russian Revolution split the family and their lives apart.

Prince Konstantin Esperovich and Princess Nadezhda Dimitrievna fled to Vyborg (Viipuri) in Finland during the late spring/summer of 1917. They had acquired a private multi-storey building by the Vyborg railway station where the family and their close relatives fled to from the unrest of Petrograd. Eventually, as it became obvious that the events in Petrograd were not "temporary" and as the Finnish Civil War had commenced as well, between the Reds and the Whites, they gave up hope in returning to Petrograd and moved to London and then to Paris. They never returned to Russia.

Their daughter Princess Olga Orlova, her son Prince Nicholas Vladimirovich with his wife Princess Nadejda Petrovna of Russia, a Romanov Princess and daughter Princess Irina Nicholayevna, fled via Crimea (from Yalta) to France in the company of Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna on the British warship . Olga Konstantinovna had married Prince, Lieutenant General, General Adjutant of His Majesty and Chief of Chancellery, Prince Vladimir N. Orlov; Valentin Serov painted her, main pieces currently in the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg.

The second daughter, sister of Princess Olga Konstantinovna, Princess Elena Konstantinovna left for France and Paris, with her husband Prince Victor Sergeievich Kotchoubey, their estate "Dikanka" famous Kotchoubey estate in Ukraine, steeped in the Ukrainian/Russian history, near Poltava; eulogized by Pushkin and Gogol in poems in Ukraine. The youngest daughter, sister of Olga and Elena Konstantinovna, Princess Maria Konstantinovna ended up living in Brussels, married to Major General Boris E.Hartmann, commander of the Russian Imperial Chevalier Guards/Horse Guards Regiment.

Of the two sons of Konstantin Esperovich and Nadezhda Dimitrievna, the older son Prince Sergei Konstantinovich (1867–1951), after a military career, including as a commanding officer of the Novorossiisk Dragoons, regiment of the Lancers of her Imperial Majesty, etc. fled with his family also to Vyborg at first (late 1917) and participated after this in the "White Movement" among other, as an advisor to General Yudenich, the commander of the Northwestern White Army and head of the Russian counter-revolutionary Northwestern "government", created with the help of Britain based at that time in Finland.

In this capacity, he spent considerable time in 1918 in Finland as an envoy and liaison to General, later Marshal, Gustaf Mannerheim, a fellow-General and friend from the Russian Imperial Army who was the head of the White Army of Finland. In the fall of 1913 Belosselsky-Belozersky and Mannerheim, as Russian imperial military officers, had been chosen by the Chief of Staff and Commander in Chief, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaievich as the two to attend the top French military cavalry riding school of L'école d'application de cavalerie in Saumur, on the Loire river. Mannerheim was often also a guest of the Belosselsky Belozersky family both on Krestovsky Ostrov, taking part there in polo matches on the Belosselsky-Belozersky polo grounds on their estate - including at the inauguration of the Belosselsky-Beloselsky polo grounds during summer of 1897 - as well as a frequent visitor to their homes in the city. A photo of this event, showing the winning team on horseback, including Gustaf Mannerheim the Krestovsky, Belosselsky-Belozersky polo grounds, is on display in the Mannerheim museum, in Helsinki Finland.

Sergei Konstantinovich's attempts to persuade Mannerheim and the White Army of Finland to join the Yudenich army's attempt to take back Petrograd/Saint Petersburg, failed, because of the key issue for Finns, centering on the recognition of Finland's independence; the Whites did not want change in "status quo" while the "Red" government recognized Finnish independence. Later he performed for the White Russian monarchists as well as Finns duties and services as a special envoy for London. When the Northwest armies led by Rozhdianko and Yudenich failed in their attempt to capture Petrograd he moved permanently to England late 1919, finally to Tonbridge in Kent where he died 20 April 1951 and where he and his wife Susan Carlovna, née Whittier are buried in the Tonbridge cemetery. Their youngest son Andre is buried nearby.

Prince Sergei Konstantinovich's older son Prince Sergei Sergeievich Belosselsky-Belozersky (1898–1978), fought with the Horse Guard in the WW I battles, returned to then Petrograd in 1918 and after having been arrested in Petrograd in mid-1918 by Red Guards and imprisoned in both the Peter and Paul Fortress and Kronstadt island naval base, but released on the orders of Moisei Uritsky (See the Memoirs of Prince Serge Sergeevich Belosselsky-Belozersky published by Jacques Ferrand; edited by Marvin Lyons) fled to Finland at first, where he joined his father, grandfather and others of the Belosselsky-Belozersky family members. In the summer of 1919 he went to Tallinn (former Reval) to join the Northwest white army in the final attempts to defeat the Reds and capture Petrograd. When this failed, they managed to return to Finland in late 1919 and in early January 1920 to move to London and Paris before finally moving to the United States prior to WW II.

Sergei Konstantinovich's younger, at this time eleven-year-old son Andrei Sergeievich had moved with his parents to London and Tonbridge. He died childless in 1961 in Reading. Surviving family of this Sergei Konstantinovich branch are daughters of Sergei Sergeievich and their families; Princess Marina Sergeievna (Kazarda) (1945-) and Princess Tatiana Sergeievna (Besamat) (1947-). No direct male Belosselsky-Belozersky descendants remain in this "Sergeievich" branch of the family.  However, in July 2012, the head of the current ruling Romanov family, HIH Maria Vladimirovna, as titular head of Russian Nobility, granted by decree the right to the eldest son of the elder daughter of Sergei Sergeievich Belosselsky-Belozersky, Peter Belosselsky-Blozersky Kasarda, the right to assume the name and title of his grandfather, along with all the heraldic and other rights of nobility tied to this. The rights passes to the eldest son of his family branch, for each future generation, in perpetuity.

The younger son of Prince Konstantin Esperovich Belosselsky-Belozersky, Prince Esper Konstantinovich, was an officer of the Baltic Fleet in the elite "Guarde-Marine" corps and had served as an officer on the imperial yachts "Alexandria" and the "Polar Star". Both yachts had served the Emperor and his family until the "Standart" was built, after which the more modern of the older two, the Polar Star served exclusively the Dowager Empress, Maria Feodorovna mother of Nikolai II. During the violent first mutinies by the Baltic Fleet's sailors, based in Kronstadt island naval base outside of Petrograd, Esper Konstantinovich barely avoided capture -and likely murder- by the sailors. Together with his two young sons Georges Esperovich, Paul Esperovich, their mother Madeleine Jakovlena, née Moulin with nannies and household servants he fled to Finland at first, during the summer of 1917. Together with the rest of the extended family at that time in Finland, they awaited the developments until it was clear that there was little hope to return to Russia. They made their way to Paris and France in late 1919. Meanwhile, Esper Konstantinovich' oldest son Konstantin Esperovich, a freshly promoted ensign of the Horse Guards in October 1917, an 18-year-old officer, was with his Horse Guards detachment in Kiev where he was murdered on January 28, 1918 by a red guardist sailor who shot him in the back of the head in the streets of Kiev in connection with the first revolutionary and nationalistic waves of fighting in Kiev, where Russian imperial officers were targeted by all. He is buried in Kiev in the "Pokrovsky" monastery.

Order of Malta
Stephane Georgevich currently represents the family in Russian associations and the Order of Malta, as the hereditary protector of the order, continuing a tradition started during the reign of Russian Emperor Paul I, when the Order of Malta was given refuge in St. Petersburg during the Napoleonic wars, after the Order was ousted from the island itself. Eight Russian families were invited to join as the original members of the Russian priory. Belosselsky-Belozerskys were one of these and Alexander Michailovich Belosselsky-Belozersky became the first hereditary protector in the Order in 1800.

References

 Maria Petrovna Zeliadt: "Dvoretz Belosselskikh Belozerskikh", Beloje i Chornoje, Saint Petersburg 1996
 Sergei Sergeievich Belosselsky-Belozersky: "Memoirs of Prince Sergei Sergeievich Belosselsky Belozersky", edited by Marvin Lyons; Jacques Ferrand, Paris 1989
 Jacques Ferrand: "Les Familles Princieres de l'ancien empire de Russie" Recueil Genealogique, .1., 2eme edition, Paris 1997
Leonid and Maria Vlasov: "Gustav Mannerheim and the White Emigrants, History in Letters", Schildts (Publisher) 2007,
Robert Brantberg: "Tsaarin Upseeri 1867-1914, Mannerheim", First edition, Gummerus, Jyvaskyla 2003,
Almanach de Gotha 2014
Род князей Белосельских-Белозерских - Dynastie des princes Belosselsky Belozersky

Russian noble families
Yurievichi family

Belosselsky-Belozersky family


Marcellinus (died 31 September 351 AD) was a Roman Empire officer under Roman Emperor Constans and usurper Magnentius.

Marcellinus was comes rerum privatarum of Emperor Constans. He played a major role in the election of Magnentius to the rank of Augustus at Augustodunum, on January 18, 350. Marcellinus organized a party for the birthday of his sons, and invited many of the superior officers: Magnentius, acting like interpreting a drama, vested the imperial robes, and was hailed Augustus by the officers; when the troops heard the cries, they supported Magnentius' election.

Magnentius raised Marcellinus to the rank of magister officiorum; after the usurpation of Nepotianus (3 June 350), Marcellinus was sent to Rome to deal with the matter, and he succeeded in suppressing the revolt (30 June), killing Nepotianus and his mother Eutropia, half-sister of Emperor Constantine I.

Marcellinus also met Emperor Constantius II's messenger, Flavius Philippus, and escorted him to Magnentius, in a failed embassy to avoid a battle between Constantius and Magnentius. Marcellinus disappeared in the following Battle of Mursa Major (28 September 351), in which Magnentius was defeated. Most likely, he was killed, and his body lost.

Notes

References

Primary sources
Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus.
Zosimus, Historia Nova.

Secondary sources

4th-century Romans
351 deaths
Magistri officiorum
Year of birth unknown

Marcellinus (magister officiorum)


"Good Times" is a single by London-based grime music collective Roll Deep, which features vocals by Jodie Connor. It was released for digital download on 25 April 2010 on Relentless / Virgin Records. The MCs who make an appearance in the song are Wiley, Breeze, Brazen and Scratchy. The song was produced by Takeover Entertainment producer David Dawood and the chorus topline was written by David Dawood, Jodie Connor & Charlotte. It has been parodied by Chris Moyles and Dave Vitty as "Good Rhyme" by artist Roll Deeper.

Critical reception
Nick Levine of Digital Spy gave the song a positive review stating:

2010 has already thrown up some pretty original pop hits (Plan B's 'She Said', Ellie Goulding's 'Starry Eyed'), some pretty classy ones Kelis's 'Acapella', Alicia Keys's 'Empire State of Mind Part II', and some that, though neither of these things, pretty much do the business regardless. 'Good Times', the new tune from London grime crew Roll Deep, falls firmly into that last category.

The urban clubby production owes a debt to Calvin Harris's recent Dizzee Rascal collaborations, the lyrics mine much the same party-on vibe as [the] Black Eyed Peas' 'I Gotta Feeling', and there are even a few GaGa-style "oh-oh-oh-oh"s chucked in for good measure. Desperately derivative it may be, but it's hard to take against a single that rhymes "late-night shopping" with "high street bopping", especially one with a socking great chorus like this. .

Track listings and formats

Chart performance
"Good Times" debuted on the Irish Singles Chart on 29 April 2010 at number 42, peaking at number 13.

On 2 May 2010, "Good Times" entered the UK Singles Chart at #1. This marked Roll Deep's first Top 10 hit, and their first ever number-one single in the UK. The single remained at the top spot for three consecutive weeks, being the second act to do so that year after Owl City spent 3 weeks at the top spot in February 2010 with "Fireflies".

Personnel
Wiley - vocals
Breeze - vocals
Brazen - vocals
Scratchy - vocals
With:

Jodie Connor - vocals (chorus)

Charts

Certifications

References

External links
UK Grime Group Roll Deep Scores U.K. No. 1 by Billboard

2010 singles
Roll Deep songs
Eurodance songs
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Songs written by Jodie Connor
Song recordings produced by David Dawood
Songs written by Wiley (musician)
2010 songs
Relentless Records singles
Number-one singles in Scotland
Songs written by Charlotte (singer)

Good Times (Roll Deep song)


The Fremont Hub is a regional outdoor shopping center in Fremont, California, United States, in the San Francisco Bay Area. It is located on Mowry Avenue in the city's Central District. The shopping center is anchored by Target, and it also includes major retailers such as Bed Bath & Beyond, Party City, Marshalls, Ross Dress for Less, Safeway and Trader Joe's.

The shopping center formerly had a movie theater called "GCC Fremont Hub 8 Cinemas," which opened in 1986, then closed in October 2004 after going out of business in 2003.

References

External links
 Official Website

Shopping malls in the San Francisco Bay Area

Fremont Hub


The cinematographer or director of photography (sometimes shortened to DP or DOP) is the person responsible for the photographing or recording of a film, television production, music video or other live action piece.

Societies and trade organizations
There are a number of national associations of cinematographers that represent members (irrespective of their official titles) for the advancement of cinematography, including:

the American Society of Cinematographers (A.S.C.)
the Brazilian Cinematographers Society (A.B.C.)
the International Collective of Female Cinematographers|International Collective of Women Cinematographers (ICFC)
the Canadian Society of Cinematographers (C.S.C.)
the Finnish Society of Cinematographers (F.S.C.)
the Guild of British Camera Technicians (G.B.C.T.)
the British Society of Cinematographers (B.S.C.)
the Australian Cinematographers Society (A.C.S.)
the Cinematographers Guild of Korea (C.G.K.)
the Filipino Society of Cinematographers (F.S.C.)
the French Society of Cinematographers (A.F.C.)
the Italian Society of Cinematographers (A.I.C.)
the Indian cinematographers|Western India Cinematographers Association (W.I.C.A.)
the Indian cinematographers|Indian Society of Cinematographers (I.S.C.)
the German Society of Cinematographers (BVK)
the Malaysian Society of Cinematographers (MySC)
the Netherlands Society of Cinematographers (NSC)
the South African Society of Cinematographers (S.A.S.C.)
the Spanish Society of Cinematography Works (A.E.C)
the International Federation of Cinematographers (IMAGO)
the Uruguayan Society of Cinematographers (S.C.U)
the Lithuanian Association of Cinematographers (LAC)
Cinematographers XX
Illuminatrix

Related pages
3D film
Cinematography
Filmmaking

References

Other websites
Cinematography.com
Cinematography Mailing List (CML)
International Cinematographers Guild
The History of the Discovery of Cinematography
American Society of Cinematographers
The Guild of British Camera Technicians
British Society of Cinematographers
Indian Society of Cinematographers (ISC)
European Federation of Cinematographers/IMAGO
Australian Cinematographers Society (ACS)
German Society of Cinematography, BVK
Italian Society of Cinematography, AIC (Autori Italiani della Cinematografia)
Netherlands Society of Cinematography, NSC
Lithuanian Association of Cinematographers, LAC

Director of photography


Tlillan-Tlapallan  'Place of the black and red colour' is a legendary place or region on the Gulf Coast of Mexico where king Quetzalcoatl went on his flight from Tollan in order to burn himself and change into the Morning Star.

The tale can be found in an important 16th-century manuscript (the Codex Chimalpopoca) containing the Annals of Quauhtitlan. Written in Nahua, the text basically translates a pre-Spanish book. The tale also occurs in Bernardino de Sahagún's General History of the Things of New Spain. The name "Tlillan-Tlapallan" has been interpreted as referring to writing and books.

References

External links
 Quetzalcoatl the Myth

Locations in Aztec mythology
Locations in Mesoamerican mythology

Tlillan-Tlapallan


Seeking Justice (also known as Justice, and formerly titled The Hungry Rabbit Jumps) is a 2011 action thriller film starring Nicolas Cage, January Jones and Guy Pearce. The film was directed by Roger Donaldson and produced by Tobey Maguire, Ram Bergman and James D. Stern. Filming took place in New Orleans. The first trailer was released in September 2011.

Plot
In New Orleans, Will Gerard is a humble English teacher at Rampart High School, where he also works with his best friend Jimmy. Will's wife Laura is a musician who is in a local orchestra. One night, after a performance, Laura is beaten and brutally raped by a stranger named Hodge.

At the hospital, while Will is waiting for news about Laura's condition, Jimmy tells a distraught Will that he is confident that the rapist will be found. A stranger who calls himself Simon tells Will that he represents an organization that deals with criminals the justice system has not. Simon describes his group as "a few citizens seeking justice." He says Hodge was paroled three weeks before his attack on Laura, that he has raped other women before, and that he will do it again.

Simon proposes an intriguing offer; in exchange for a favor from Will to be determined later, Simon will arrange to have a complete stranger make Hodge pay for Laura's rape. This would spare Will and Laura a drawn-out trial, which would make Laura suffer even more than she already has by repeatedly forcing her to relive the rape and to be traumatized by defense attorneys. Distraught and grief-stricken, Will consents to the deal. Hodge is killed, and a picture of Hodge's body, along with a necklace that Hodge took from Laura during the rape, are sent to Will as proof. The organization's code phrase is: "The hungry rabbit jumps."

Six months later, Simon returns. He wants Will to follow a woman and her two children to the zoo and to look out for a man. If Will sees this man, he must call a number attached to a picture. Will agrees, hoping this will fulfill his debt. Simon, however, continues to call Will, asking him to continue what he is doing, claiming the man is a sex offender. Having no choice, as Simon promises to exact revenge if he does not obey, a reluctant Will agrees. He is instructed to kill the man on a pedestrian walkway that is under a high overpass by "accidentally" bumping him off it to his death, making it look like suicide.

Instead of killing the man, Will decides to see if the man has any knowledge of Simon. The man, already paranoid, becomes suspicious that Will is there to kill him. He throws his bicycle at Will. As they struggle, the man falls off the walkway despite Will's efforts to save him. The man lands and is hit by a truck. Will goes home, where Detective Rudeski and Detective Green arrest him for murdering the man, whose name is Alan Marsh. At the station, Will is unable to convince Green and Rudeski to believe anything he says. The detectives' boss, Lieutenant Durgan, wants to talk to Will alone. Durgan wants to play a game, asking Will to complete sentences. After a few rounds, Durgan asks, "A hungry rabbit..." to which Will responds "Jumps. A hungry rabbit jumps", signifying his connection to Simon's organization. Durgan lets Will go free, giving him 24 hours to get out of the city before Simon and his henchmen Scar and Cancer come looking for him.

Will goes to a memorial for Alan and finds out that the man was not a sex offender but actually an award-winning investigative reporter for the New Orleans Post, who was investigating the vigilante organization. Will now knows why Simon wanted Alan dead. Simon, Scar, and Cancer suddenly turn up. Scar chases Will out onto a busy street, but is accidentally killed by an SUV that hits and drags him. Will goes to a storage facility that Alan used and finds a disc describing some of the people in the group, along with their missions. Will explains what is happening to Laura, who says she would have done the same had their situations been reversed. Will then tells Laura his whereabouts, advising her to stay away from the cops and anyone else who is asking questions.

Will learns that Simon's real name is Eugene Cook and that Jimmy joined the organization years ago after his brother was murdered and the cops were unable to find the killer. Will sends Cook a clip of a video by phone, showing that he has the disc and what it contains. Cook agrees to a trade where Will will receive the security camera footage proving his innocence in Alan's death, as he was acting out of self-defense, in exchange for the disc. Will agrees, and they agree to meet at the Louisiana Superdome, during a monster truck show.

At the dome, Will is told that Laura has been kidnapped and he is shown a photo of Laura gagged with tape as an extra incentive to make him give up the disc. They go to a nearby mall, abandoned since Hurricane Katrina. Jimmy, Cancer, and a man called Sideburns are holding Laura at gunpoint, with her hands tied and duct tape over her mouth. Will gives up the disc, but Cook reneges on the deal, saying that Will and Laura will both be killed to remove all threats to the organization. He orders them to be shot, only to be distracted by Will branding him a hypocrite. Cancer is about to pull the trigger on a bound and tapegagged Laura when he is fatally shot by Jimmy, after which Will forces Sideburns down an inactive escalator, then through the glass at the bottom of the escalator. Sideburns is killed when a chunk of the glass impales his neck.

Jimmy says that they did not get into the organization to kill innocent people, with Cook and Jimmy exchanging gunfire until Cook kills Jimmy with two shots to the chest (mockingly demanding that Jimmy is happy about their predicament). Laura removes the strip of duct tape gagging her mouth and flees with a gun in her hand. Cook catches her and throws her into a glass display case, causing her to drop the gun. Will arrives and begins beating up Cook, but both fall onto another escalator, rolling to the bottom. Laura, who has grabbed the gun that Cook forced her to drop, shoots Cook six times, killing him.

Happy to be alive, Will and Laura walk back up the escalator. Durgan arrives, asking who killed Cook. Will responds that it was him, but Durgan says that the way he sees it, they killed each other and there was no one else present. He leaves in order to arrange the evidence to prove this.

With the disc still in hand, Will is cleared of any wrongdoing. He decides to follow up on Alan's work by giving the disc to Gibbs, a reporter whom Will met at Alan's memorial. Thanking him, Gibbs says, "The hungry rabbit jumps, eh?" indicating to a surprised Will that Gibbs is also in the organization.

Cast
 Nicolas Cage as Will Gerard
 January Jones as Laura Gerard
 Guy Pearce as Simon/Eugene Cook
 Harold Perrineau as Jimmy
 Jennifer Carpenter as Trudy
 Xander Berkeley as Lieutenant Durgan
 IronE Singleton as Scar
 Cullen Moss as Jones
 Marcus Lyle Brown as Detective Green
 Dikran Tulaine as Sideburns

Release

Box office
The film opened at #27 at the US box office, taking $249,912 during its first weekend. Seeking Justice has currently grossed $12.4 million worldwide.

Critical reception
Seeking Justice has received mixed reviews from critics. , the film holds a 28% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 79 reviews with an average rating of 4.52/10. The consensus states: "Seeking Justice is nothing more than a typical potboiler with another phoned-in performance from Nicolas Cage."

Accolades
The film earned a Razzie Award nomination for Cage as Worst Actor.

References

External links

2011 films
2011 action thriller films
2011 crime action films
2011 crime thriller films
2010s mystery thriller films
2011 independent films
American action thriller films
American crime action films
American crime thriller films
American mystery thriller films
American independent films
American chase films
British action thriller films
British crime action films
British crime thriller films
British independent films
British chase films
Films about miscarriage of justice
Films directed by Roger Donaldson
Films shot in New Orleans
Films produced by Ram Bergman
Films produced by Tobey Maguire
Films scored by J. Peter Robinson
English-language Italian films
Italian crime action films
Italian action thriller films
American rape and revenge films
2010s vigilante films
British vigilante films
American vigilante films
British rape and revenge films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
2010s British films

Seeking Justice


Philip, also Phillip, is a male given name, derived from the Greek  (Philippos, lit. "horse-loving" or "fond of horses"), from a compound of  (philos, "dear", "loved", "loving") and  (hippos, "horse"). Prominent Philips who popularized the name include kings of Macedonia and one of the apostles of early Christianity.

Philip has many alternative spellings. One derivation often used as a surname is Phillips. It was also found during ancient Greek times with two Ps as Philippides and Philippos. It has many diminutive (or even hypocoristic) forms including Phil, Philly, Lip, Pip, and Pep or Peps. There are also feminine forms such as Philippine and Philippa.

Antiquity

Kings of Macedon
 Philip I of Macedon
 Philip II of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great
 Philip III of Macedon, half-brother of Alexander the Great
 Philip IV of Macedon
 Philip V of Macedon

New Testament
 Philip the Apostle
 Philip the Evangelist

Others
 Philippus of Croton (c. 6th century BC) Olympic victor and legendary hero
 Philip of Opus, one of Plato's students
 Philip of Acarnania, physician
 Philip (son of Antipater), general of Alexander the Great
 Philip (son of Machatas) builder of Alexandria on the Indus
 Philip (first husband of Berenice I of Egypt), son of Amyntas and first husband of Berenice I
 Philip, brother of Lysimachus and youngest son of Agathocles of Pella
 Philip, one of the sons of Lysimachus from his wife Arsinoe II
 Philip (satrap), Greek satrap of Sogdiana and governor of Parthia
 Philip I Philadelphus, ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid kingdom
 Philip II Philoromaeus, last ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid kingdom
 Lucius Marcius Philippus (disambiguation), multiple Roman statesmen
 Philippides of Paiania, Greek son of Philomelos, archon of nobility, basileus 293/2 B.C.
 Herod Philip I, son of Herod the Great and husband of Herodias
 Herod Philip II, "the Tetrarch", son of Herod the Great and ruler of Ituraea and Trachonitis
 Philippus of Thessalonica, epigrammatic Greek poet and compiler of an Anthology
 Philip the Arab, Roman emperor from 244 to 250
 Philip of Side, Byzantine historian of the early Christian church

Rulers and royalty

Papacy
 Antipope Philip (c. 701 – c. 800)

Byzantine Empire
 Philippikos Bardanes (r. 711–713), Byzantine emperor
 Philip of Courtenay, titular Latin Emperor of Constantinople (1273–1283)

King of Belgium
 Philip of Belgium

Kings of France
 Philip I of France
 Philip II of France
 Philip III of France, "the Bold"
 Philip IV of France, "the Fair"; also known as Philip I of Navarre
 Philip V of France, "the Tall"; also known as Philip II of Navarre
 Philip VI of France, "the Fortunate"

Kings of Navarre
 Philip I of Navarre, also known as Philip IV of France
 Philip II of Navarre, also known as Philip V of France
 Philip III of Navarre

King of Germany
 Philip of Swabia, King of Germany (r. 1198–1208) and Duke of Swabia

Counts and Dukes of Savoy
 Philip I, Count of Savoy (1207–1285)
 Philip II, Duke of Savoy (1438–1497)

Dukes of Burgundy
 Philip I, Duke of Burgundy
 Philip the Bold, also known as Philip II, Duke of Burgundy
 Philip the Good, also known as Philip III, Duke of Burgundy

Kings of Castile and Spain
 Philip I of Castile, "the Handsome"; also known as Philip IV, Duke of Burgundy
 Philip II of Spain, also known as Philip I of Portugal and Philip V of Burgundy
 Philip III of Spain, also known as Philip II of Portugal and Philip VI of Burgundy
 Philip IV of Spain, also known as Philip III of Portugal and Philip VII of Burgundy
 Philip V of Spain
 Philip VI of Spain

Kings of Portugal
 Philip I of Portugal, also known as Philip II of Spain and Philip V of Burgundy
 Philip II of Portugal, also known as Philip III of Spain and Philip VI of Burgundy
 Philip III of Portugal, also known as Philip IV of Spain and Philip VII of Burgundy

Others
 Philip of Sweden, a medieval king of Sweden
 Philip of Milly, seventh Grand Master of the Knights Templar
 Philip, Count of Flanders
 Philip of Artois (1269–1298), heir to the countship
 Philip of Artois, Count of Eu
 Philip I, Prince of Taranto
 Philip II, Prince of Taranto
 Philip of Burgundy, Count of Auvergne
 Philip of Poitou, Prince-Bishop of Durham
 Philip Simonsson, claimant to the throne of Norway
 Philip of Saint-Pol, Duke of Brabant
 Philip, Duke of Parma
 Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse
 Philip II, Duke of Pomerania (1573–1618)
 Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (1921–2021), consort of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms
 Philipp, Prince of Eulenburg, Prussian diplomat
 Prince Carl Philip, prince of Sweden and Duke of Värmland

First name
 Metacomet (1638-1676), nicknamed "King Philip", war leader of the Wampanoag in "King Philip's War"
 Phiiliip (born 1980), American musician, born Philip Guichard
 Phil Anselmo (born 1968), American heavy metal vocalist and musician
 Phil Barker (born 1932), American wargames designer
 Phil Coleman (athlete) (1931–2021), American runner
 Phil Coleman (footballer) (born 1960), English footballer
 Phil Collins (born 1951), English drummer and singer-songwriter
 Phil Cunningham (born 1960), Scottish accordionist
 Phil Farbman (1924–1996), American basketball player
 Phil Foden (born 2000), English footballer
 Phil Foglio (born 1956), print and online comic artist, creator of Girl Genius and XXXenophile
 Phil Goff (born 1953), New Zealand politician
 Phil Handler (1908-1968), American football player
 Phil Hartman (1948–1998), American actor and comedian
 Phil Haynes (born 1995), American football player
 Phil Hellmuth (born 1964), American poker player
 Phil Hill (1927-2008), American automobile racer
 Phil Ivey (born 1977), American poker player
 Phil Jackson (born 1945), American basketball coach
Phil Jurkovec (born 1999), American football player
 Phil Keoghan (born 1967), New Zealand-born television personality, known for hosting The Amazing Race
 Phil Kessel (born 1987), American ice hockey player
 Phil LaMarr (born 1967), American actor
 Phil Lester (born 1987), English YouTuber and BBC Radio 1 presenter
 Phil Lynott (1949-1986), Irish vocalist, bassist, and member of Thin Lizzy
 Phil Mahre (born 1957), American alpine skier
 Phil Marsh (born 1986), English footballer
 Phil McGraw (born 1950), American talk show host, also known as Dr. Phil
 Phil Mickelson (born 1970), American golfer
 Phil Murphy (born 1957), American politician
 Phil Neville (born 1977), English footballer
 Phil Ochs (1940-1976), American songwriter and protest singer
 Phil Oestricher (1931-2015), American test pilot
 Phil Palmer (born 1952), English jazz and rock guitarist
 Phil Plait (born 1964), American astronomer
 Phil Radford (born 1976), Greenpeace executive director
 Phil Read (1939–2022), English retired motorcycle racer, former world champion
 Phil Rudd (born 1954), Australian drummer for AC/DC
 Phil Spector (1939-2021), American record producer and songwriter
 Phil Taylor (born 1960), English darts player
 Phil Vickery (born 1976), English rugby player
 Phil Weintraub (1907–1987), American baseball player
 Philip Baldi (born 1946), American linguist and classical scholar
 Philip Carey (1925–2009), American actor
 Philip Chen Nan-lok (born 1955), Hong Kong businessman
 Philip P. Cohen (1908-1993), American chemist and researcher
 Philip Coppens (disambiguation), several people
 Philip Craven (born 1950), English sports administrator, president of the International Paralympic Committee
 Philip Dulebohn (born 1973), American figure skater
 Philip Ensler, member of the Alabama House of Representatives
 Philip Erenberg (1909–1992), American gymnast and Olympic silver medalist
 Philip Farkas (1914-1992), American horn player
 Philip Glass (born 1937), American composer
 Philip Glenister (born 1963), English actor
Philip Gudthaykudthay (died 2022), Aboriginal Australian artist
 Philip Gunawardena (1901-1972), Sri Lankan Sinhala Trotskyist
 Philip Guston (1913-1980), American painter
 Philip Hamilton (1782-1801), American poet and son of Alexander Hamilton
 Philip Hearnshaw, (1952–2012), Australian filmmaker
 Philip J. Ivanhoe (born 1954), American sinologist
 Philip Jalalpoor, (born 1993), German basketball player
 Philip K. Dick (1928–1982), American science fiction writer
 Philip Khuri Hitti (1886–1978), Lebanese academic and scholar of Islam
 Philip Langridge (1939–2010), English tenor
 Sir Philip Miles, 2nd Baronet (1825-1888), English politician and landowner
 Philip Napier Miles (1865-1935), English composer, philanthropist and landowner
 Philip of Montfort, Lord of Castres, French nobleman
 Philip of Montfort, Lord of Tyre, French nobleman
 Philip George Owston (1921–2001), English chemist and crystallographer, and namesake of the Owston Islands in Antarctica
 Philip Perry (born 1964), acting Associate Attorney General of the United States
 Philip Pullman, (born 1946), English writer
 Philip Rivers (born 1981), American football player
 Philip Roller (born 1994), Thai footballer
 Philip Roth (1933–2018), American novelist
 Philip Seymour Hoffman (1967–2014), American actor
 Philip van Ness Myers (1846–1937), American historian
 Philip Vellacott (1907–1997), English academic and classical scholar, known for his translations of Greek tragedy
 Philip Webster (born 1949), English journalist
 Philip Wilson (bishop) (1950–2021), English-Australian bishop and prisoner
 Philip Wong (1938–2021), politician in Hong Kong
 Philip Zimbardo (born 1933), American psychologist and professor emeritus at Stanford University
 Phill Jupitus (born 1962), English comedian
 Phillip Buchanon (born 1980), American football player
 Phillip Garrido (born 1951), American kidnapper
 Phillip Hagar Smith (1905–1987), American electrical engineer, inventor of the Smith chart
 Phillip Hughes (1988–2014), Australian cricketer
 Phillip Carl Jablonski (1946–2019), American serial killer and rapist
 Phillip Jack Brooks (born 1978), American wrestler, ring name CM Punk
 Phillip James Dodd (born 1971), English-American architect
 Phillip Johnson (disambiguation), multiple people
 Phillip Lindsay (born 1994), American football player
 Phillip Noyce (born 1950), Australian film director
 Phillip Phillips (born 1990), American Idol season 11 winner
 Phillip Schofield (born 1962), English broadcaster and television personality
 Phillip Walsh (disambiguation), multiple people
 Phillip Whitehead (1937–2005), English politician and member of the European Parliament
 Phillip Wilcher (born 1958), Australian classical music composer
 Punxsutawney Phil, Groundhog Day groundhog
 Pylyp Orlyk (1672-1742), writer of Ukraine's first constitution

Surname
 Arthur Phillip (1738–1814), Australian admiral and governor of New South Wales, Australia
 Cornelius Becker Philip (1900-1987), American entomologist
 Emanuel L. Philipp (1861–1925), American politician and governor of the US state of Wisconsin
 Grethe Philip (1916–2016), Danish politician
 John Philip (1775–1851), Scottish missionary in South Africa
 Mary Phillip (born 1977), English footballer
 Tarik Phillip (born 1993), English-American basketball player in the Israel Basketball Premier League

Country
The Philippines is a country that was part of the Spanish Empire and named after King Philip II of Spain.

Fictional characters
 Dr. Phillip Sherman, a dentist in the 2003 Pixar film Finding Nemo
 Phil, a character in the 1991 American comedy film What About Bob?
 Phil, a character in the 2000 American fantasy-comedy TV movie Life-Size
 Phil, a character in the 2009 American comedy film The Hangover
 Phil Dunphy, a character in Modern Family
 Phil Eggtree, a character from the Newgrounds game Riddle School
 Phillip Argyle, a character from South Park, and part of the comedic duo Terrence and Phillip
 Philip Banks, a character from The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
 Phil Blumburtt, a character in the 1986 American science fiction film Howard the Duck
 Phil DeVille, a character from the Nickelodeon series Rugrats
 Phil Diffy, from the Disney Channel sitcom Phil of the Future
 Phillip Drummond, a character in the American television sitcom Diff'rent Strokes
 Philip J. Fry, the protagonist of Futurama
 Phillip Enright, the main character from The Cay
 Philip Lenox, a character in the 2001 American independent comedy-drama film Little Secrets
 Phil Leotardo, a character from the HBO series The Sopranos
 Philip Bauer, the father of Jack Bauer in the series 24
 Philip Marlowe, a detective character created by Raymond Chandler
 Phil Miller, a character in the American television series The Last Man on Earth
 Phil Mitchell, a character from EastEnders
 Phil, the Prince of Insufficient Light, a character from Dilbert
 Prince Phillip, a character from the Disney film Sleeping Beauty
 Philip, one of the two main leads in Kamen Rider W
 Phillip Chancellor II, a character in the American soap opera The Young and the Restless
 Phillip Chancellor III, a character in The Young and the Restless
 Chance Chancellor, aka Phillip Chancellor IV, a character in The Young and the Restless
 Philip Kiriakis, a character in the American soap opera Days of Our Lives
 Philoctetes, a character from the Disney film Hercules
 Phil Coulson, a character from the Marvel Cinematic Universe
 Prince Phillip III, a character from Power Rangers Dino Charge
 Philip Mannering, one of the four children in Enid Blyton's The Adventure Series
 Phillip Schrute, Dwight Schrute's son in the American adaptation of The Office
 Phil Sultenfuss, a character in the American coming-of-age comedy-drama films My Girl and My Girl 2
 Philip Traum, Satan's adopted name in the Mark Twain novel The Mysterious Stranger
 Philip the Diesel Boxcab, a character from Thomas and Friends
 Phil Winkelstein, aka Frankencelery, from VeggieTales
 Philip Wittebane, a character from the animated television series The Owl House
 Coroner Phil and Eric, two coroners in Jason Goes to Hell
 Philip 'Lip' Gallagher, in Shameless U.K & U.S

Philip in other languages

 Afrikaans: Filip
 Arabic: فيلبس (Fīlibus), فيليبوس (Fīlībūs), فيليب (Fīlīb)
 Armenian: Փիլիպպոս (Pʿilippos)
 Asturian: Felipe
 Belarusian: Філіп (Filip), піліп (Pilip)
 Bengali: ফিলিপ (Philipa)
 Bosnian: Filip
 Bulgarian: Филип (Filip)
 Chinese(Cantonese): 腓立 (Fei4 laap6)
 Chinese(Mandarin): 腓力 (Féilì), 菲利普 (Fēilìpǔ)
 Catalan: Felip
 Celtic: Fulup
 Croatian: Filip
 Czech: Filip
 Danish: Filip
 Dutch: Philip, Filip, Filips
 English: Phillip Philip
 Esperanto: Filipo
 Filipino: Felipe, Pelipe
 Finnish: Vilppu
 French: Philippe
 Galician: Filipe
 Ganda: Filipu
 Georgian: ფილიპ (P'ilip)
 German: Philipp
 Greek: Φίλιππος (Phílippos, Philippides)
 Gujarati: ફિલિપ (Philipa)
 Hawaiian: Pilipo
 Hebrew: פיליפ (Filip)
 Hindi: फिलिप (Philip)
 Hungarian: Fülöp
 Irish: Pilib, Feidhlim
 Italian: Filippo
 Japanese: フィリップ (Firippu)
 Korean: 필립 (Pillip)
 Latin: Philippus
 Latvian: Filips
 Lithuanian: Pilypas
 Macedonian: Филип (Filip)
 Malayalam: ഫിലിപ്പൊസ് (Philippose)
 Maltese: Pinu
 Maori: Piripi
 Norwegian: Filip
 Occitan: Felip
 Persian: فیلیپ (Filip)
 Poitevin: Félipe
 Polish: Filip
 Portuguese: Filipe
 Portuguese (Brazilian): Felipe
 Romanian: Filip
 Russian: Филипп (Filipp)
 Samoan: Filipo
 Serbian: Филип/Filip
 Slovak: Filip
 Slovenian: Filip
 Spanish: Felipe
 Swahili: Felipo
 Swedish: Filip
 Turkish: Filipus
 Ukrainian: Пилип (Pylyp)
 Welsh: Ffilip

See also
Philippa, feminine given name
Saint Philip (disambiguation)
Emperor Philip (disambiguation)
King Philip (disambiguation)
Prince Philip (disambiguation)

References

Surnames from given names
Masculine given names
Given names of Greek language origin
English-language masculine given names
English masculine given names
Irish masculine given names
Scottish masculine given names
German masculine given names
Dutch masculine given names
Norwegian masculine given names
Swedish masculine given names
Icelandic masculine given names
Danish masculine given names
Given names derived from animals

Philip


A butterfly joint, also called a bow tie, dovetail key, Dutchman joint, or Nakashima joint, is a type of joint or inlay used to hold two or more pieces of wood together. These types of joints are mainly used for aesthetics, but they can also be used to reinforce cracks in pieces of wood, doors, picture frames, or drawers.

A dovetail key resembles two dovetails connected at the narrow part. A negative of the hole is cut out of the board the butterfly will be placed in and the butterfly is then fitted, keeping the joint together. The wood used for the butterfly is usually a contrasting wood, often walnut.

History

Dutchman Joint
The term Dutchman is used when a patch or inlay covers a miss-cut or an imperfect piece of wood. A Dutchman can also cover a knot in the wood. A Dutchman can be wood or metal. The name originated in San Francisco after the gold rush, when all types of European craftsmen came to California to earn a living. The term Dutchman is slang given to the woodworking process of inserting patches. The term has been found in the literature of John Russell Bartlett, in the Dictionary of Americanisms, and in Edward H. Knight's American Mechanical Dictionary.

Dovetail Key
In 1894, Jacques De Morgan discovered a group of boats at the pyramid complex of Khakaure Senwosret III at Dahshur. Butterfly, or dovetail, joints were recorded as being used. Some archaeologists argue that the dovetail joints were not originally fitted for the boats but were a modern replacement. The dovetail joints appear to have been set into the faces of the planks after the excavation, to provide strength so that they would not fall apart during transport. The craftsmanship of the joints was different than in the rest of the boats, and because they were not fixed in place, any type of force could cause the joint to fall out. There was also no mention of the joints in Morgan's  original notes, written when he first saw the boats. It is unlikely that he would have missed them if they were present. There have been reports of traditional Japanese boats using butterfly cramps but these were held in place by shellac.

Modern use
Contemporary decorative dovetail keys are commonly seen in and associated with the work of George Nakashima. George Nakashima, a Japanese-American woodworker, made the butterfly joint famous in the 1950s. He incorporated it into his nature-inspired woodworking pieces. Nakashima's idea was not to change the wood, but only to enhance its beauty.

Notes

External links
 A simple illustration of a butterfly joint

Joinery
Woodworking

Butterfly joint


Robert John Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh  (28 August 1875 – 13 December 1947) was a British peer and physicist. He discovered "active nitrogen" and was the first to distinguish the glow of the night sky.

Early life and education
Strutt was born at Terling Place, the family home near Witham, Essex, the eldest son of John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh and his wife Evelyn Georgiana Mary (). He was thus a nephew of Arthur Balfour and of Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick. He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he initially read mathematics, but changed after two terms to Natural Sciences. He became a research student in physics at the Cavendish Laboratory under J. J. Thomson, whose biography he subsequently wrote. His work at this time was on discharge of electricity through gases, including early work on x-rays and electrons.  He wrote one of the first books on radioactivity, The Becquerel rays and the properties of radium (E. Arnold, 1904). He was awarded the Coutts Trotter studentship in 1898 and was a Fellow of Trinity College 1900–1906. He received his M.A. in 1901.

Career
Strutt was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May 1905 when his candidature citation read: He delivered their Bakerian Lecture in 1911 and 1919. He was president of the British Association for the year 1937–1938.

Strutt's best known work in the period 1904–1910 was the estimation of the age of minerals and rocks by measurement of their radium and helium content. In 1908 he was appointed Professor of Physics at Imperial College, London where he followed up his father's work on light scattering, which is now known as Rayleigh scattering, resulting in some papers published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society. He published a biography of his father, the third Baron Rayleigh, with the title of "Life of John William Strutt, third Baron Rayleigh". Photographs of Robert John Strutt when he was young can be found in this book. Both the father and son's work on light scattering was discussed by Young in 1982. A sketch of Robert John Strutt when he was old can also be found in Young (1982). (Please see reference.)

In 1910 Robert Strutt discovered that an electrical discharge in nitrogen gas produced "active nitrogen", an allotrope considered to be monatomic. The "whirling cloud of brilliant yellow light" produced by his apparatus reacted with quicksilver to produce explosive mercury nitride.

In 1916, working with his colleague Alfred Fowler, Strutt was the first to prove the existence of ozone in the atmosphere by examining the ultra-violet spectrum of the setting sun. Strutt proved that the ozone was mainly located in the upper atmosphere, in what is now called the ozone layer.

Following the death of his father in 1919, Strutt resigned his chair at Imperial College but continued to experiment at home in the private laboratory that his father had established in an old stable block. His earlier work on gaseous discharge and fluorescence, led to further work on the luminosity of the night sky.  He was the first to differentiate between two types of light from the night sky, the aurora or "northern lights", and the airglow that prevents the sky ever being completely dark anywhere on earth. In 1929 he was the first to measure the intensity of the light from the night sky. This work led to his posthumous nickname "the Airglow Rayleigh". The importance of his unpublished data was such that the US Airforce Cambridge Research Laboratories acquired it in 1963, almost by accident, at the same time of many of his father's experimental notebooks. They are now housed in the McDermott Library of the US Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado.

The rayleigh, a unit of photon flux used to measure airglow, is named after him. A special issue of Applied Optics published in 1964 is devoted to the 3rd and 4th Barons Rayleigh.

Personal life
Strutt inherited his title on the death of his father in 1919, becoming the 4th Baron Rayleigh. He had married twice: firstly on 5 July 1905 Lady Mary Hilda Clements, daughter of Robert Clements, 4th Earl of Leitrim (she died 1919), and secondly, in 1920, Kathleen Alice, daughter of John Coppin-Straker of Northumberland. He had five children (including one who died in childhood) by his first wife, including his heir John Arthur Strutt, 5th Baron Rayleigh and the Hon. Charles Strutt; he had a sixth child by his second wife.
Violet Blanche Strutt (1906–1910)
John Arthur Strutt, 5th Baron Rayleigh (1908–1988); married Ursula Brocklebank, no issue
Hon. Charles Richard Strutt (1910–1981); married Hon. Jean Elizabeth Davidson (daughter of J. C. C. Davidson, 1st Viscount Davidson and Frances Davidson, Viscountess Davidson, herself the daughter of Willoughby Dickinson, 1st Baron Dickinson). Their only son John Gerald Strutt is the 6th Baron (current holder).
Hon. Daphne Strutt (1911–2003); notably converted to Roman Catholicism after marrying John Lyon-Dalberg-Acton, 3rd Baron Acton, 11 children including the 4th Baron Acton
Hon. Hedley Vicars Strutt (1915–2012); served in World War II with the Scots Guards
Hon. Guy Robert Strutt (1921–2007)

He died in Terling, Essex.

See also
Labradorite

References

Further reading

Andrew T. Young, "Rayleigh scattering", Physics Today, pp. 42–48 (January 1982).
 Lord Rayleigh's Active Nitrogen

External links

1875 births
1947 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
English physicists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Presidents of the British Science Association
Robert

Robert Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh