The Oxford Movement was a movement of high church members of the Church of England which began in the 1830s and eventually developed into Anglo-Catholicism. The movement, whose original devotees were mostly associated with the University of Oxford, argued for the reinstatement of some older Christian traditions of faith and their inclusion into Anglican liturgy and theology. They thought of Anglicanism as one of three branches of the "one, holy, catholic, and apostolic" Christian church. Many key participants subsequently converted to Roman Catholicism.

The movement's philosophy was known as Tractarianism after its series of publications, the Tracts for the Times, published from 1833 to 1841. Tractarians were also disparagingly referred to as "Newmanites" (before 1845) and "Puseyites" after two prominent Tractarians, John Henry Newman and Edward Bouverie Pusey. Other well-known Tractarians included John Keble, Charles Marriott, Richard Froude, Robert Wilberforce, Isaac Williams and William Palmer. All except Williams and Palmer were fellows of Oriel College, Oxford.

Origins and early period

In the early nineteenth century, many of the clergymen of the Church of England, particularly those in high office, saw themselves as latitudinarian (liberal). Conversely, many clergy in the parishes were Evangelicals, as a result of the revival led by John Wesley. Alongside this, the universities became the breeding ground for a movement to restore liturgical and devotional customs which borrowed heavily from traditions before the English Reformation as well as contemporary Roman Catholic traditions.

The immediate impetus for the Tractarian movement was a perceived attack by the reforming Whig administration on the structure and revenues of the Church of Ireland (the established church in Ireland), with the Irish Church Temporalities Bill (1833). The Act provided for merging of dioceses and provinces of the Church of Ireland, and the elimination of Vestry Assessment (church rates or "parish cess"), a cause of grievance in the Tithe War. The bill also made changes to the leasing of church lands, which some (including a number of Whigs) feared that the Church of England might be disestablished and lose its endowments. John Keble criticised these proposals as "National Apostasy" in his Assize Sermon in Oxford in 1833, in which he denied the authority of the British Parliament to abolish several dioceses in Ireland.

The Gorham Case in which secular courts overruled an ecclesiastical court on the matter of a priest with somewhat unorthodox views on the efficacy of infant baptism, was also deeply unsettling. Keble, Edward Bouverie Pusey, Newman, and others began to publish a series known as Tracts for the Times, which called the Church of England to return to the ways of the ancient and undivided church in matters of doctrine, liturgy and devotion. With a wide distribution and a price in pennies, the Tracts succeeded in drawing attention to the views of the Oxford Movement on points of doctrine, but also to its overall approach, to the extent that Tractarian became a synonym for supporter of the movement.

The Tractarians postulated the Branch Theory, which states that Anglicanism along with Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism form three "branches" of the historic pre-schism Catholic Church. Tractarians argued for the inclusion of traditional aspects of liturgy from medieval religious practice, as they believed the church had become too "plain". In the final tract, "Tract 90", Newman argued that the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, as defined by the Council of Trent, were compatible with the Thirty-Nine Articles of the 16th-century Church of England. Newman's eventual reception into the Roman Catholic Church in 1845, followed by Henry Edward Manning in 1851, had a profound effect upon the movement.

Publications
Apart from the Tracts for the Times, the group began a collection of translations of the Church Fathers, which they termed the Library of the Fathers. The collection eventually comprised 48 volumes, the last published three years after Pusey's death. They were issued through Rivington's company with the imprint of the Holyrood Press. The main editor for many of these was Charles Marriott. A number of volumes of original Greek and Latin texts were also published. One of the main contributions that resulted from Tractarianism is the hymnbook entitled Hymns Ancient and Modern which was published in 1861.

Influence and criticism

The Oxford Movement was criticised as being a mere "Romanising" tendency, but it began to influence the theory and practice of Anglicanism more broadly. The Oxford Movement was also criticised as both secretive and collusive.

The Oxford Movement resulted in the establishment of Anglican religious orders, both of men and of women. It incorporated ideas and practices related to the practice of liturgy and ceremony to incorporate more powerful emotional symbolism in the church. In particular it brought the insights of the Liturgical Movement into the life of the church. Its effects were so widespread that the Eucharist gradually became more central to worship, vestments became common, and numerous Roman Catholic practices were re-introduced into worship. This led to controversies within churches that resulted in court cases, as in the dispute about ritualism.

Partly because bishops refused to give livings to Tractarian priests, many of them began working in slums. From their new ministries, they developed a critique of British social policy, both local and national. One of the results was the establishment of the Christian Social Union, of which a number of bishops were members, where issues such as the just wage, the system of property renting, infant mortality and industrial conditions were debated. The more radical Catholic Crusade was a much smaller organisation than the Oxford Movement. Anglo-Catholicism – as this complex of ideas, styles and organisations became known – had a significant influence on global Anglicanism.

Gu Hongming, an early twentieth century Chinese author used the concept of the Oxford Movement to argue for a return to traditional Confucianism in China, in his 1910 English language work 'The Story Of the Oxford Movement In China".

End of Newman's involvement and receptions into Roman Catholicism

One of the principal writers and proponents of Tractarianism was John Henry Newman, a popular Oxford priest who, after writing his final tract, "Tract 90", became convinced that the Branch Theory was inadequate. Concerns that Tractarianism was a disguised Roman Catholic movement were not unfounded; Newman believed that the Roman and Anglican churches were wholly compatible. He was received into the Roman Catholic Church in 1845 and was ordained a priest of that church the same year. He later became a cardinal (but not a bishop). Writing on the end of Tractarianism as a movement, Newman stated:I saw indeed clearly that my place in the Movement was lost; public confidence was at an end; my occupation was gone. It was simply an impossibility that I could say any thing henceforth to good effect, when I had been posted up by the marshal on the buttery-hatch of every College of my University, after the manner of discommoned pastry-cooks, and when in every part of the country and every class of society, through every organ and opportunity of opinion, in newspapers, in periodicals, at meetings, in pulpits, at dinner-tables, in coffee-rooms, in railway carriages, I was denounced as a traitor who had laid his train and was detected in the very act of firing it against the time-honoured Establishment. Newman was one of a number of Anglican clergy who were received into the Roman Catholic Church during the 1840s who were either members of, or were influenced by, Tractarianism.

Other people influenced by Tractarianism who became Roman Catholics included:
Thomas William Allies, ecclesiastical historian and Anglican priest.
Edward Badeley, ecclesiastical lawyer.
Robert Hugh Benson, son of the Archbishop of Canterbury, novelist and monsignor.
John Chapman, patristic scholar and Roman Catholic priest.
Augusta Theodosia Drane, writer and Dominican prioress.
Cecil Chetwynd Kerr, Marchioness of Lothian, church founder and philanthropist.
Frederick William Faber, theologian, hymn writer, Oratorian and Roman Catholic priest.
Robert Stephen Hawker, poet and Anglican priest (became a Roman Catholic on his deathbed).
James Hope-Scott, barrister and Tractarian (received with Manning).
Gerard Manley Hopkins, poet and Jesuit priest.
Ronald Knox, Biblical text translator and Anglican priest.
Thomas Cooper Makinson, Anglican priest.
Henry Edward Manning, later Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster.
St. George Jackson Mivart, biologist (later interdicted by Cardinal Herbert Vaughan).
John Brande Morris, Orientalist, eccentric and Roman Catholic priest.
Augustus Pugin, architect.
Richard Sibthorp, Anglican and Roman Catholic priest (the first to convert, in 1841; later reconverted to Anglicanism)
William Gowan Todd, Roman Catholic priest
William George Ward, theologian.

Others associated with Tractarianism

Edward Burne-Jones
Richard William Church
William Coope
Margaret Anna Cusack
George Anthony Denison
Philip Egerton
Alexander Penrose Forbes
William Ewart Gladstone
George Cornelius Gorham
Renn Dickson Hampden
Walter Farquhar Hook
William Lockhart
John Medley
James Bowling Mozley
Thomas Mozley
John Mason Neale
William Upton Richards
Christina Rossetti
Lord Salisbury
James Henthorn Todd
Nathaniel Woodard
Charlotte Mary Yonge

See also

Anglican Breviary
Anglican Communion
Cambridge Camden Society
Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament
Guild of All Souls
Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology
Neo-Lutheranism
Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham
Society of the Holy Cross
Society of King Charles the Martyr
Society of Mary (Anglican)
Crypto-papism

References

Further reading
 Bexell, Oloph, "The Oxford Movement as received in Sweden." Kyrkohistorisk årsskrift. Publications of the Swedish Society of Church History 1:106 (2006).
 Brown, Stewart J. & Nockles, Peter B. ed. The Oxford Movement: Europe and the Wider World 1830–1930, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
 Burgon, John, Lives of Twelve Good Men.  Includes biography of Charles Marriott.
 Chadwick, Owen. Mind of the Oxford Movement, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1960.
 Church, R. W., The Oxford Movement: Twelve Years, 1835–1845, ed. and with an introd. by Geoffrey Best, in series, Classics of British Historical Literature, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970. xxxii, [2], 280 p.  (pbk.)
 Church, R. W. The Oxford Movement: Twelve Years, 1833–1845, London: Macmillan & Co., 1891.
 Crumb, Lawrence N. The Oxford Movement and Its Leaders: a bibliography of secondary and lesser primary sources. (ATLA Bibliography Series, 56). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2009.
 Dearing, Trevor Wesleyan and Tractarian Worship. London: Epworth Press, 1966.
 Dilworth-Harrison, T. Every Man's Story of the Oxford Movement. London: A. R. Mowbray & Co., 1932.
 Faught, C. Brad. The Oxford Movement: a thematic history of the Tractarians and their times, University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003,
 Halifax, Charles Lindley Wood, Viscount, The Agitation Against the Oxford Movement, Office of the English Church Union, 1899.
 Hall, Samuel. A Short History of the Oxford Movement, London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1906.
 Herring, George (2016) The Oxford Movement in Practice. Oxford University Press (based on the author's D.Phil. thesis; it examines the Tractarian parochial world from the 1830s to the 1870s)
 Hoppen, K. Theodore. "The Oxford Movement" History Today (Mar 1967) Vol. 17 Issue 3, p145-152 online
 Hutchison, William G. The Oxford Movement, being a Selection from Tracts for the Times, London: Walter Scott Pub. Co., 1906.
 Kelway, Clifton (1915) The Story of the Catholic Revival. London: Cope & Fenwick
 Kendall, James. "A New Oxford Movement in England," The American Catholic Quarterly Review, Vol. XXII, 1897.
 Leech, Kenneth & Williams, Rowan (eds) Essays Catholic and Radical: a jubilee group symposium for the 150th anniversary of the beginning of the Oxford Movement 1833–1983, London : Bowerdean, 1983ISBN 0-906097-10-X
 Liddon, Henry Parry, Life of E. B. Pusey, 4 vols. London, 1893.  The standard history of the Oxford Movement, which quotes extensively from their correspondence, and the source for much written subsequently.  The Library of the Fathers is discussed in vol. 1 pp. 420–440.  Available on archive.org.
 Norman, Edward R.  Church and Society in England 1770–1970: a historical study. Oxford:  Clarendon Press, 1976, .
 Nockles, Peter B. The Oxford Movement in Context: Anglican High Churchmanship 1760–1857. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
 Nockles, Peter B., "The Oxford Movement and its historiographers. Brilioth's 'Anglican Revival' and 'Three Lectures on Evangelicalism and The Oxford Movement' revisited." Kyrkohistorisk årsskrift. Publications of the Swedish Society of Church History 1:106 (2006).
 Nye, George Henry Frederick. The Story of the Oxford Movement: A Book for the Times, Bemrose, 1899.
 Ollard, S. L. A Short History of the Oxford Movement, A. R. Mowbray & Co., 1915.
 Pereiro, J. 'Ethos' and the Oxford Movement: At the Heart of Tractarianism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
 Pfaff, Richard W. "The Library of the Fathers: the Tractarians as Patristic translators," Studies in Philology; 70 (1973), p. 333ff.
 Skinner, S. A. Tractarians and the Condition of England: the social and political thought of the Oxford Movement. (Oxford Historical Monographs.) Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2004.
 Wakeling, G. The Oxford Church Movement: Sketches and Recollections, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1895.
Walworth, Clarence A. The Oxford Movement in America. New York: United States Catholic Historical Society, 1974 (Reprint of the 1895 ed. published by the Catholic Book Exchange, New York).
 Ward, Wilfrid. The Oxford Movement, T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1912.
 Webb, Clement Charles Julian. Religious Thought in the Oxford Movement, London: Macmillan, 1928.

External links
 Tractarianism (Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge)
 The Oxford Movement. BBC Radio 4 discussion with Sheridan Gilley, Frances Knight & Simon Skinner (In Our Time, Apr 13, 2006)

History of Oxford
Anglo-Catholicism
Christianity in Oxford
History of the Church of England
19th-century Christianity
Subcultures of religious movements
Anglicanism

Oxford Movement


Moshe Aba Blass (born 1896, Łomża, Poland - 1971, Tel-Aviv, Israel) was a Polish-Israeli chess master.

Born in Łomża (then Russian Empire), he moved to the US, staying from 1911 to 1924. After returning to Poland, he lived in Warsaw. In 1924/25, Blass tied for 3rd-5th in Warsaw (Stanisław Kohn won). In 1926, he tied for 1st with Paulin Frydman in Warsaw. In 1926, he tied for 8-9th with Mieczysław Chwojnik at the 1st Polish Chess Championship in Warsaw. The event was won by Dawid Przepiórka. In 1926/27, he took 5th in Warsaw (Kohn and Leon Kremer won). In 1927, he took 8th at the 2nd POL-ch in Łódź. The event was won by Akiba Rubinstein. In 1928, he won, ahead of Frydman and Kazimierz Makarczyk, in Warsaw.

Blass played for Poland on the reserve board (+4 –3 =5) in the 2nd Chess Olympiad at The Hague 1928. He won team bronze medal there. He, along with other members of the Warsaw team (Rafał Feinmesser, Frydman, Stanisław Kohn, Leon Kremer, Karol Piltz and Henryk Pogorieły), won the gold medal in the 1st Polish Team Championship at Królewska Huta (Königshütte) 1929; took 2nd, behind Kremer, at Warsaw 1929 and took 8th at Warsaw 1930 (P. Frydman won).

In 1931, he immigrated to Palestine where he won the chess competition at the 2nd Maccabiah Games and the Palestine Championship). The next year, he took 2nd in the Tel Aviv City-ch and tied for 2nd-3rd, behind Moshe Czerniak, in Tel Aviv (Palestine-ch).He is buried in Bat Yam Cemetery.

See also
Israeli Chess Championship
Sport in Israel
List of Jewish chess players

References

External links

1896 births
1971 deaths
People from Łomża
People from Łomża Governorate
Polish emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Jews from Mandatory Palestine
Israeli people of Polish-Jewish descent
Polish chess players
Israeli chess players
Jewish chess players
Chess Olympiad competitors
Maccabiah Games gold medalists for Poland
Competitors at the 1935 Maccabiah Games
Sportspeople from Podlaskie Voivodeship
Maccabiah Games medalists in chess
20th-century chess players
Expatriates from the Russian Empire in the United States

Abram Blass


Donari Braxton (born November 11, 1982) is an American filmmaker and writer. His independent narrative films are generally considered experimental, though have been featured diversely both in film festivals and art film reviews internationally. He's known for creating performance and video art for gallery exhibition, and with the 2013 launch of the photo/video series "how-to-be-alone.com", began freely releasing and distributing such content online. His work has been supported by NPR, the San Francisco Film Society, the Independent Filmmaker Project, Sundance, Film Independent, and the Berlinale Talents, amongst other institutions.

Braxton was born in New York City and is the son of seminal new wave composer and music philosopher Anthony Braxton. Like his father, he is known for being an avid chess player, and is said to be a chessmaster. In 2006, his first published work, I, a collection of short stories, was met with critical acclaim and became largely associated with the avant-garde or "New Chemical Generation" of contemporary fiction. In 2010, he co-founded with Takeshi Fukunaga the production company "FX-S," which later became "TELEVISION." The company's produced video content for companies such as HBO, Puma and Marc Jacobs.

In 2015, their first narrative feature, "Out of My Hand," premiered at the 2015 Berlin International Film Festival and was theatrically released by Ava DuVernay's ARRAY pictures in November 2015. Braxton was later nominated for the John Cassavetes Film Independent Spirit Award for his work as writer/producer on the project. In 2016, the San Francisco Film Society announced Braxton's developing feature, "Above," would be a science-fiction drama, granting it the 2016 KRF Screenwriting Grant & Fellowship.

Braxton's photography and editorials have been widely published in magazines such as GQ, Details, Surface and Playboy, amongst others.

Select filmography
 The Inevitable Me (2009)
 Oh, The Predictable Beasts (2011)
 hItec! (2010)
 'Themes from a Rosary (2010)
 'The Future of All Fragile Things (2015 ET)
 Out of My Hand (2015)

Bibliography
 The Ballad of Chico Walfer, Announcing, (2014)
 No One's Rose, Paul Celan Translations, (2006)
 I, Slow Toe Publication, (2005)
 On My Generation; Poetry and Politics, Slow Toe Publication, (2004)

External links
DonariBraxton.Com
Television
how to be alone . com
Bullet Magazine

GQ
T-FAR
hItec!
3:AM
BLATT
Beautiful Savage

References

Living people
American male poets
21st-century American dramatists and playwrights
American film directors
American male screenwriters
American video artists
American film producers
1982 births
American male dramatists and playwrights
African-American film directors
African-American dramatists and playwrights
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American poets
21st-century American screenwriters
African-American screenwriters
African-American poets
21st-century African-American writers
20th-century African-American people
African-American male writers

Donari Braxton


Lenong is a traditional theatrical form of the Betawi people in Jakarta, Indonesia.

Description
Lenong is a form of theatre traditional to the Betawi people of Jakarta, Indonesia. Dialogue is generally in the Betawi dialect. Actions and dialogue are often presented in a humorous manner on top of a stage known as a pentas tapal kuda, so named for the way actors enter the stage from the left and right. Audiences sit in front of the stage. The number of performers is determined by the needs of the story. Male performers are referred to as panjak, while female performers are known as ronggeng.

A performance is generally opened with a prayer, known as ungkup, and a ritual offering. The performers are then introduced. Gambang kromong is one of the musical genres which may accompany a performance. Musicians may use various instruments, including flutes, gongs, accordions, or drums. The songs are traditionally quite formulaic, and several songs are common in performances, including "Cente Manis" and "Jali-Jali". Chinese musical influences can be seen.

Performances can be classified under many genres, although most are about heroes or criminals; tales adapted from folklore, such as from the One Thousand and One Nights, are also common. In broad strokes there are two main subdivisions of lenong, namely lenong denes and lenong preman. Stories in lenong denes focus on the exploits of the nobility, the rich, and the powerful. Lenong preman stories are always about commoners or folk heroes. The type of performance will affect the costumes worn. Stories are not memorised from a script. Rather, performers will memorise an orally-presented outline and follow that, with improvisation as necessary.

History
Lenong developed from the earlier form Gambang Rancag. In its earlier years, beginning around the turn of the twentieth century, it was promoted by ethnic Chinese. This has left fairly extensive Chinese influences in the genre.

Lenong performances from the 1920s and 1930s often focused on the exploits of bandits, including Si Pitung and Si Tjonat. These bandits, though portrayed as despicable people by Dutch and ethnic Chinese writers, became more Robin Hood-like in lenong; Si Pitung, for instance, became a humble person, a good Muslim, a hero of Betawi people, and an upholder of justice.

During the 1950s, Sudiro, the governor of Jakarta, restricted performances of traditional theatre such as lenong. Meanwhile, the booming domestic film industry meant that lenong performances could not compete on the market. Troupes had to go from kampung to kampung, offering performances for money which, ultimately, was not always enough to survive on. By the early 1960s lenong was nearly extinct.

During the 1970s, Governor Ali Sadikin gave greater freedom to traditional culture. In this atmosphere, cultural critic and film director D. Djajakusuma worked to promote and preserve lenong, with regular performances at Taman Ismail Marzuki; as a result, S. M. Ardan considers him as having saved the genre. Many lenong actors, including Benyamin Sueb, Madra, and Enung Tile bin Bayan, began making films in the 1970s.

Lenong has been televised before. In the early 1990s, Harry de Fretes combined lenong and sitcoms to create Lenong Rumpi (literally Gossip Lenong), which was broadcast on RCTI from 1991 to 1992. Unlike stage performances, performers on this televised lenong were mostly not native Betawi speakers.

See also

Ketoprak
Ludruk

References

Works cited

Indonesian culture
Betawi people
Theatre in Indonesia
Traditional drama and theatre of Indonesia
Oral tradition

Lenong


Maccabi Kafr Kanna () was an Israeli football club based in Kafr Kanna. The club played its home matches at the Azmi Nassar Stadium, named after Azmi Nassar.

History
The club was founded in 1970 and started in Liga Dalet, then the fifth and lowest tier of Israeli football. The club played in the lower tiers of Israeli football until they started a progress in the 1990s, after they won Liga Bet North A division in the 1994–95 season and won Liga Alef North division in the 1995–96 season. thus, they achieved two successive promotions and reached Liga Artzit, then the second division. They were relegated back to the third tier at the end of the 1998–99 season, and narrowly missed a second straight relegation when finishing third from bottom in 1999–2000. The following season the club returned to the second tier (now named Liga Leumit) when they finished as runners-up in Liga Artzit, and would have won the title had it not been for two points being deducted for player violence and a violation of the budget rules. In the same season, they also won the Liga Artzit Toto Cup.

In 2002–03 Kafr Kanna were relegated back to Liga Artzit, where they have remained until their relegation to Liga Alef in the end of the 2008–09 season.

In 2013–14, the club finished 15th in Liga Alef North, and relegated to Liga Bet. The club dissolved at the summer of 2014 and did not enter Liga Bet for the 2014–15 season. Instead, a new club, F.C. Tzeirei Kafr Kanna, was founded in the town. However, according to their founder, Tarik Abbas, they are not related to Maccabi Kafr Kanna.

Cup performance
The club's best achievement in the Israel State Cup came in 2002–03, when progressed to the quarter-finals, where they were hammered 0–7 by Maccabi Haifa.

External links
Maccabi Kafr Kanna Israel Football Association

References

Kafr Kanna
Kafr Kanna
Association football clubs established in 1970
1970 establishments in Israel
Association football clubs disestablished in 2014
2014 disestablishments in Israel
Kafr Kanna
Arab-Israeli football clubs

Maccabi Kafr Kanna F.C.


De Witt Lee Sumners is an American mathematician, having been the Robert O. Lawton Distinguished Professor at Florida State University. He is known for his research in knot theory, topological fluid dynamics, and their application to DNA.

Sumners earned his Ph.D. in 1967 from the University of Cambridge under the supervision of John F. P. Hudson. He retired in 2007, and became a professor emeritus. In 2012, he was named as one of the inaugural Fellows of the American Mathematical Society.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Florida State University faculty
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
20th-century American mathematicians
American mathematicians
Topologists
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Place of birth missing (living people)

De Witt Sumners


The General Squier Memorial Park is a park located at 4725 South Mill Road in Dryden Township in southeastern Lapeer County, Michigan. It was designated as a Michigan Historic Site on June 6, 1977 and later added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 5, 1986, as the Dryden Community Country Club–General Squier Historic Park Complex. The site is also known locally as the General George Squier Club or General Squier County Park.

History
In 1840, the Maynard Brothers built the first flouring mill in the township near this site. The mill was extensively used until 1870, when it burned. In 1871, they rebuilt the mill at this site. By the turn of the century, the mill had begun deteriorating. However, in 1917, Dryden native Major General George Owen Squier purchased the mill and a surrounding tract of 200 acres. Squier had plans to develop the property into a summer home and into a public park - what he referred to as a free "Country Club for Country People". Squier refurbished the mill and built Forest Hall and a cottage in 1917, and added a two-story wooden lookout tower and tea house in 1920.

Squier opened his Dryden Community Country Club in 1918, with no charge for admission. He built his own cottage on the site in 1920, and although he maintained homes in Washington DC and St Petersburg Florida, he returned to Dryden each summer. Over the years, he added other recreational equipment to the park. Squier died in 1934, and his sister, Mary Squier Park, deeded the property to Lapeer County. The property was renamed in Squier's honor and continues to this day as a free recreational facility, which now includes a waterpark situated next to the old mill.

Description
The oldest structure on the 80 acre (33 hectare) site is a three-story timber mill dating to 1871. Squier restored the mill for use as a facility for family reunions, educational and club meetings, and social gatherings. Also on the site is a cottage, originally built in 1917, which is a single story, wood-framed and clapboard-sheathed bungalow with a low-pitched gable roof and wraparound porch. Originally a caretaker's cottage, the building was moved to its present site in 1931 after Squier's cottage burned. Also built in 1917 was Forest Hall, a wood-framed and clapboard-sheathed one-story building measuring 100 feet in by 60 feet. Inside is a kitchen, bathroom, and low stage. Squier constructed this building as the main facility for meetings, dances, and banquets. Also on the grounds are a 1917 pavilion and a two-story wooden lookout tower and tea house built in 1920.

References

External links

Park website

Protected areas of Lapeer County, Michigan
Tourist attractions in Lapeer County, Michigan
Michigan State Historic Sites
Parks in Michigan
Buildings and structures in Lapeer County, Michigan
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places in Lapeer County, Michigan

General Squier Memorial Park


Ferrosilicon is a combination of iron and silicon. Between 15% and 90% of ferrosilicon is silicon. Ferrosilicon is made by burning sand while there's iron in the sand. Ferrosilicons that contain the most silicon are made in electric arc furnaces.

Perryite is a rock that is a combination of iron and silicon.

When ferrosilicon is touching water, it may slowly make hydrogen. Ferrosilicon is used by the military to quickly produce hydrogen for balloons. The chemical reaction uses sodium hydroxide, ferrosilicon, and water. The generator is small enough to fit in a truck and needs only a small amount of electric power. The materials are stable and not combustible, and they do not make hydrogen until mixed.

Ferrosilicon is used to get oxygen out of steel. Magnesium is made by combining ferrosilicon with dolomite.

Hydrogen production
Ferrosilicon is used to make hydrogen in the military.

References

Iron

Ferrosilicon


CRS Robotics Corporation (currently operating as Thermo CRS Limited) was a robotics company based out of Burlington, Ontario, Canada. CRS Robotics designed, manufactured, distributed, and serviced human scale articulated robots, and laboratory automation systems. Human scale robots have approximately the same reach, speed, the range of motion, the degree of articulation and lifting capacity as a human being and are designed specifically to perform tasks that are hazardous, highly repetitive or generally unsuited for humans. Laboratory Automation applications are used to speed the effort of drug discovery for pharmaceutical and biotechnology customers.

CRS Robotics was notable in the field of automated lab systems due to their developments in high throughput and ultra-high throughput automated systems. Among other things, these developments included their advanced scheduling software, called POLARA, which was an open and extensible platform for the management and control of complex automated systems. As an example, a "good portion of the work" for "the preliminary map of the human genetic code was performed on CRS Automated Lab Systems".

The company commenced operations in 1982 as an engineering firm providing consulting services to Canadian machine tool manufacturers in the area of machine controls. The company sold its first robot, the M1 small robot system, in 1985. The company shipped its first laboratory automation system in 1997. In 1998, they introduced the F3 Robot, a 6-axis robotic arm.

The company changed its name to CRS Robotics Corporation in 1994. In 1995, the company completed an initial public offering. The company was listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange.

In May 2002, the company was acquired 100% by the Thermo Electron Corporation, (NYSE: TMO), and its name was subsequently changed to Thermo CRS. After the acquisition, the company still continues to develop laboratory automation systems.

List of CRS Robots
M1 (five axis articulated robot)
A255 (five axis articulated robot)
A465 (six axis articulated robot)
F3 (six axis articulated robot)
Catalyst 3 (three axis articulated robot)
Catalyst 5 (five axis articulated robot)
Dimension4 Family of Robots
VAL (Vertical Array Loader) (four axis robot)
Flip Mover (1, 2 or 3 axis versions)
LPT (Linear Plate Transport) (1 axis)

References

Research support companies
Electronics companies of Canada
Robotics companies

CRS Robotics


The curse of 39, also referred to as triakontenneaphobia, is the fear of the number 39. In some parts of Afghanistan, the number is considered to be cursed or a badge of shame as it is purportedly linked with prostitution.

Origin

The origin of the superstition is unclear, but it has widely been claimed to have been associated with a pimp who alleged lived in the western city of Herat and who was nicknamed "39" after the registration plate of his expensive car and the number of his apartment. Others claim that the number translates into morda-gow (literally meaning "dead cow") which is a well-known slang term for a pimp. Others have blamed corrupt police officials for spreading the rumour in order to charge between $200–500 to change a "39" plate.

Officials have, in turn, blamed car dealers and "those who work for the mafia [who] started the rumours about 39 so they could buy cars with 39 plates cheaper and sell them back for higher prices after changing the plates", according to Abdul Qader Samoonwal of Kabul's Traffic and License Registration department.

Perception
Vehicle registration plates incorporating the number 39 are seen as so undesirable that vehicles bearing the numerals are said to be virtually unsellable in the capital, Kabul. The drivers of such vehicles have reported receiving abuse, derision, and other unwanted attention from pedestrians and other drivers, and some have had their registration plates altered to disguise the numbers. The issue caused problems in Kabul after the Persian New Year of March 2011, when the government started to issue registration plates beginning with 39. Despite the threat of penalties, many drivers refused to register their cars while the number 39 still appeared on them. Drivers with license plates containing the digit 39 have reported receiving nicknames such as "Colonel 39". Cellphone owners have encountered similar problems, forcing them to hide their caller ID or switch their numbers altogether. Some 39-year-old Afghans refer to themselves as being "one less than 40" or "one year to 40" ().

During the 2010 Afghan parliamentary election; two people were killed when the guards of the candidate Mullah Tarakhil opened fire on civilians after a traffic accident, said to have been in reaction to people taunting the Tarakhil because he was listed 39th on the ballot.

Reactions
Afghan government officials and numerologists have tried to resolve the claims about 39, though with little success. General Assadullah, the head of the traffic department in Kabul, described the problem as "nonsense" as 39 is "just a number". He noted that there is no religious prohibition against the number and his department has sought to reassure the public by noting where Muslims can find the number 39 in the Quran and even publishing a formula by which the number can be derived from the name "Allah".

Sediq Afghan, a famous numerologist, has likewise complained that people "only see the negative side" of the number and has called it "a sickness for Afghans". He told television viewers that associating the number with pimps "is a sin because 57 Suras from our Quran contain the number 39." The popular television satire show Danger Bell highlighted the issue but only succeeded in publicising it even further.

Car dealers have been able to profit from it, as the problem exists mainly in Kabul; one dealer told The Wall Street Journal that he "could knock several thousand dollars off the purchase price of a car in Kabul with 39 on its plate and then turn around to sell it for a profit in the surrounding provinces."

Owners of vehicles with "39" on their registration plates have sought to fix the problem themselves. Many have "edited" their own plates by painting or taping over the offending digits or altering them to make the number 3 look like an 8, or even covering over the entire plate. One driver told NPR: "I have no choice but to drive this car since I earn my living working here. But I have to cover the 39 plates with a blue sheet. I do this to protect the dignity of this organization and also of myself."

See also

Triskaidekaphobia
Tetraphobia

References

External links
"Loya jirga: Afghan elders reject 'pimp's number 39'", BBC News, 17 November 2011

Curses
Numerology
Prostitution in Afghanistan
Urban legends
Superstitions about numbers
Superstitions of Asia
Afghan culture

Curse of 39


The history of cooperatives in the United States extends to pre-independence times. With the exception of credit unions and mutual banking institutions, most cooperatives have held a comparatively light footprint on the economic history of the United States in comparison to the economies of Europe.

18th century

Colonial era
The earliest mutual organization established in the British North American colonies was created in 1735 in Charleston, South Carolina, but was liquidated following a 1740 fire which gutted much of the city's buildings and had left the company unable to recoup the losses. The Philadelphia Contributionship mutual insurance company, founded by Benjamin Franklin in 1752, is the oldest continuing mutual insurance company in the continental United States.

19th century
The Boston Mechanics' and Laborers' Mutual Benefit Association was founded in 1845 as a mutual organization styled after the British Rochdale Pioneers.

20th century
On May 20, 2019, the National Register of Historic Places in the United States, listed two four story sixteen apartment buildings, Alku 1 and Alku Toinen, (Finnish for Beginning 1 and 2), located at 816 and 826 43rd Street, Kings County Brooklyn New York, as the first two coop buildings in the US, built by Finnish immigrants, on the National Register of Historic Places. Previously, on March 21, 2019, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation designated both buildings as Historic Sites in New York State. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5/31/2012)
Alku & Alku Toinen DRAFT Kings County, NY, Name of Property County and State, Sections 9-end page 9

By 1920, there were 2,600 consumer co-ops in the United States – all but eleven were general stores – and 80% were in towns with populations of less than 2,500. Combined sales volume for these stores was about US$260 million.

Great Depression
Upton Sinclair's EPIC movement became one of the leading proponents for the establishment of self-help cooperatives in California during the Great Depression, as was Japanese pacifist Toyohiko Kagawa, who advocated for "brotherhood economics" as an alternative to communism and fascism on both sides of the Pacific. This advocacy for cooperatives, combined with then-president Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, culminated in the establishment of cooperatives in Berkeley, California, Palo Alto, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, Hanover, New Hampshire,  Hyde Park, Chicago (closed January 2008), and Greenbelt, Maryland. While all these cooperatives lasted to at least their fiftieth anniversaries, the Consumers' Cooperative of Berkeley ultimately closed down, the Eau Claire and Palo Alto cooperatives scaled back their activities, and the Hanover, and Greenbelt cooperatives have survived to this day.

Credit unions, in particular, were established throughout the United States and have remained one of the most visible and productive legacies of the New Deal period.

21st century
In the healthcare reform debate, health insurance cooperatives were, at one point, proposed as an alternative to the public option, and indeed in some states were instituted as the ACA became law.

In 2009, the United Steelworkers signed an agreement with the Basque Country-based Mondragon Corporation in order to further the establishment and expansion of unionized worker cooperatives in North America.

The National Cooperative Business Association identifies over 29,000 cooperative businesses employing more than 2 million people and accounting for over $650 billion in annual revenue.

References

Cooperatives in the United States
Economic history of the United States
Cooperative movement
History of the United States by topic

History of cooperatives in the United States


The first USS Tuscumbia was a gunboat in the United States Navy during the American Civil War. She was named for the town of Tuscumbia, Alabama, which had been named for a Cherokee chief.

Tuscumbia was built in 1862 at Cincinnati, Ohio, by Joseph Brown; launched on 2 December; and commissioned at Cairo, Illinois; on 12 March 1863, Lieutenant Commander James W. Shirk in command.  She had two engines for the two sidewheels and two smaller engines for her two screws.

Service history
Tuscumbia assisted in the recapture of Fort Heiman on the Tennessee River from 12 March to 14 March 1863. The vessel destroyed Confederate shipping used to ferry troops across the river and enfiladed Southern entrenchments situated behind the fort. At the end of the month, she entered the Mississippi River.

In the spring and early summer of 1863, Tuscumbia performed valuable service during amphibious operations against Vicksburg, Mississippi. On 1 April, she carried Admiral David D. Porter and Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman on a reconnaissance expedition up the Yazoo River to determine the practicality of landing a force above Vicksburg at Hayne's Bluff. Tuscumbia withdrew under heavy fire from shore batteries, prompting the decision to shift operations below Vicksburg to Grand Gulf. Tuscumbia participated in the run past the Vicksburg batteries to New Carthage on the night of 16 April and 17 April 1863, towing the damaged transport Forest Queen to safety. On 20 April, USS General Price and Tuscumbia reconnoitered the Mississippi from New Carthage to Grand Gulf and took part in the attack on the Confederate works at Grand Gulf on 29 April. During the attack, Tuscumbia suffered five casualties and was put out of action after taking 81 hits.

Tuscumbia was quickly repaired and fired upon the Vicksburg batteries on 19 May and 22 May. During the attack on the 22nd, , , , and Tuscumbia silenced three water batteries and destroyed four guns. Tuscumbia returned to the naval station at Memphis, Tennessee, for repairs in August but was laid up in November. She was repaired at Memphis in May 1864 and was assigned patrol duty between Cairo and the head of the Tennessee River.

After further repairs at Mound City, Illinois, in October, she was inactivated in February 1865.

Tuscumbia was sold at auction at Mound City to W. K. Adams on 29 November 1865.

See also

Anaconda Plan
Mississippi Squadron

References

Bibliography

Ships of the Union Navy
Ships built in Cincinnati
Gunboats of the United States Navy
American Civil War patrol vessels of the United States
Florence–Muscle Shoals metropolitan area
Alabama in the American Civil War
1862 ships

USS Tuscumbia (1862)


Edvard Immanuel Hjelt (28 June 1855 – 2 July 1921) was a Finnish chemist, politician and a member of the Senate of Finland. Hjelt studied chemistry in Finland and in Germany and became rector of the University of Helsinki in 1899. He opposed the increasing influence of Russia in the Grand Duchy of Finland and started his career in politics. Good connections to Germany created during his chemistry studies before and after his graduation made it possible for him to get military help during the Finnish Civil War. Hjelt organized the training of the Finnish Jäger troops in Germany.

Early life and education
Hjelt was born in Vihti, Finland. He was the elder brother of August Hjelt. He studied chemistry at the University of Helsinki, and, like most of the chemists of the 19th century, went abroad to improve his education. From 1877 till 1878 he first studied with Johannes Wislicenus at the University of Würzburg, in 1879 with Emil Fischer, Emil Erlenmeyer and Adolf von Baeyer at the University of Munich. After returning to Helsinki he received his Ph.D, but Hjelt needed a second thesis to become a university professor. After another research stay in Germany at the University of Strassburg, working with Rudolph Fittig he prepared that second thesis and became professor for organic chemistry at the University of Helsinki.

University rector
Hjelt served as vice rector of the University of Helsinki from 1896 till 1899 and as rector from 1899 till 1917. The political turmoil after the announcement of the February Manifesto of 1899 by Russian Emperor Nicholas II, which was meant to start a Russification of Finland and tie the Grand Duchy of Finland closer to the Russian empire, induced student demonstrations. The Russian authorities, especially the Finnish Minister Secretary of State Vyacheslav von Plehve and the Governor-General of Finland Nikolay Bobrikov, had to deal with the reactions of the people. Hjelt was able to reduce the pressure on the students and the university and also to stop aggressive reaction of the students to the oppression. With a short relieve after the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War the oppression continued.

Political career
With the start of the First World War Hjeld saw a chance to gain independence from Russia after a defeat of Russia by Germany. Germany on the other hand would benefit from troop withdrawal from the frontline to deal with a Finnish uprising. His good relations with Germany allowed Hjelt to get in contact with leading military personnel to negotiate a German support for Finland. A small group of Finnish volunteers reached Germany via Sweden in 1915. Their training started in autumn 1915; at the end, the group of 2,000 men formed the 27th Jäger Battalion. This unit was the core of the Finnish White Guard during the Finnish Civil War (January to May 1918). On November 26, 1917 Hjelt, together with Adolf von Bonsdorff, met with General Erich Ludendorff and Marshal Paul von Hindenburg at the German army headquarters at Kreuznach to get more help for the coming civil war. Six German battalions landed in Hanko and helped the Finnish army to drive the Red Guards from most of their strongholds.

Hjelt signed a peace treaty between Germany and Finland in Berlin on 7 March 1918. After the end of the civil war he signed a peace treaty with Austria-Hungary. He also searched for a king in the new, planned monarchy of Finland. His first suggestion was Adolf Friedrich, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, but after Prussian opposition Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse was chosen to become the King of Finland. After the victory of the Allied powers the idea of a monarchy was dropped and Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg became first president of Finland.

Hjelt's strong connections to Germany and his animosity against France, made him no longer suitable as diplomat after the First World War, in which Germany lost most of its influence to France, the United States and Great Britain.

Works
 Geschichte der organischen Chemie von der ältesten Zeit bis zur Gegenwart : mit 3 Figuren . Vieweg, Braunschweig 1916 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf

References

1855 births
1921 deaths
People from Vihti
People from Uusimaa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Scientists from the Grand Duchy of Finland
Chemists from the Russian Empire
Young Finnish Party politicians
National Coalition Party politicians
Finnish senators
Finnish chemists
People of the Finnish Civil War (White side)
University of Helsinki alumni
Academic staff of the University of Helsinki
Rectors of the University of Helsinki

Edvard Hjelt


The Galleria Civica d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea di Latina or The Modern and Contemporary Civic Gallery in Latina, in the Region of Lazio, is an Italian Pinacoteca (Paintings Museum).

It was instituted in 1937 as Littoria Pinacoteca (Antic Latina's name) and its original centre was realised thanks to works donated by various artists participating at the XX Venice Biennale and at the II Roman Quadriennale.

During the war, and after the September 8th armistice in 1943, most of the collection was lost. In December 1994, with those few paintings left together with those recovered by Carabinieri Force, the Gallery reopened to the public at the Palace of Culture in Latina

In 1996 began the acquisition process that expanded the initial chronological boundary, connecting the existing collection to contemporary art, and enriching the collection of several hundred paintings.

In 1999 a specific contemporary art section was created, which includes paintings created after 1955.

Collection
Some artists exhibited in the permanent collection:

Ugo Attardi
Corrado Cagli
Domenico Cantatore
Salvatore Fiume
Marino Marini
Guido Marzulli
Plinio Nomellini
Aligi Sassu
Gregorio Sciltian
Arturo Tosi
Ernesto Treccani
Achille Vertunni

References

Art museums and galleries in Lazio
Museums in Lazio
Latina, Lazio
Art museums established in 1937
1937 establishments in Italy
Contemporary art galleries in Italy


Robert Hutchinson (19 January 1802 – 30 April 1866) was a merchant and political figure in Prince Edward Island. He was the first mayor of Charlottetown, serving from 1855 to 1857.

He was born in Charlottetown, the son of Samuel Hutchinson and Elizabeth Wilder. He opened a store there where he sold dry goods and groceries. In 1829, he married Susanna Harvie. From 1829 to 1844, he served as jailer for Queen's County jail. Hutchinson was a justice of the peace for the county from 1847 to 1852, when he resigned to protest interference by governor Alexander Bannerman. He was appointed again but resigned again in 1853 to protest the appointment of Edward Whelan as a justice of the peace; Hutchinson was named to the office again in 1854. He served as a town assessor, an assessment treasurer and captain of a fire engine company for Charlottetown. Hutchinson also served as a member of the board of health. He was named to the province's Legislative Council in 1859, serving until 1862. Hutchinson died at home in Charlottetown at age 64.

References
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

1802 births
1866 deaths
Mayors of Charlottetown
Members of the Legislative Council of Prince Edward Island
Colony of Prince Edward Island people
Canadian justices of the peace

Robert Hutchinson (Canadian politician)


Jamie Moyer (born November 18, 1962) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. Over his 25-year career in Major League Baseball (MLB), Moyer pitched for the Chicago Cubs, Texas Rangers, St. Louis Cardinals, Baltimore Orioles, Boston Red Sox, Seattle Mariners, Philadelphia Phillies, and Colorado Rockies.

At the time of his final game, he was the oldest player in the major leagues and had the most wins, losses, and strikeouts of any active MLB pitcher. He was likened to Phil Niekro due to his long career and relatively old age upon retirement. On April 17, 2012, Moyer became the oldest pitcher in MLB history to win a game. On May 16, 2012, he broke his own winning-pitcher record and also set the record for the oldest MLB player to record a run batted in (RBI). He also holds the major league record for most home runs allowed with 522.

Moyer made the All-Star team in 2003, while with the Mariners. Moyer has received numerous awards for philanthropy and community service, including the 2003 Roberto Clemente Award, the 2003 Lou Gehrig Memorial Award, the 2003 Hutch Award, and the 2004 Branch Rickey Award. Moyer is one of 31 players in baseball history to date to have appeared in MLB games in four decades. At the time of his retirement, Moyer had faced 8.9% of all MLB hitters ever. He was inducted into the Mariners Hall of Fame in 2015.

Amateur career

Moyer attended Souderton Area High School in Souderton, Pennsylvania, where he played baseball, basketball, and golf. In his junior year of baseball, he had a 10–0 win–loss record and threw three consecutive no-hitters.

Moyer enrolled at Saint Joseph's University and played college baseball for the Saint Joseph's Hawks baseball team. In 1984, he set the school's single-season records in wins, with 16, earned run average (ERA), with 1.99, and strikeouts, with 90. In 1997, he became the only Saint Joseph's baseball player to have his jersey number, number 10, retired, and was one of three inductees into the first class of the St. Joseph's Baseball Hall of Fame.

Professional career

Chicago Cubs (1986–1988)
The Chicago Cubs selected Moyer in the sixth round of the 1984 amateur draft. Moyer was selected a New York–Penn League All-Star in 1984. He made his major league debut with the Cubs on June 16, 1986, against Steve Carlton and the Philadelphia Phillies, and earned his first win. On August 16, he threw his first shutout against the Montreal Expos. He was also the starting pitcher for the Cubs on the day that Greg Maddux made his major league debut.

In 1987, Moyer ranked tenth in the National League in strikeouts with 147, while winning 12 games and losing 15. He also lost 15 games in 1988 against only nine wins. Despite his poor record, Moyer lowered his ERA to 3.48 (it had been 5.10 in 1987), and while he struck out fewer batters than he had in the previous year, he decreased his walk rate significantly, giving only 55 batters a base on balls as opposed to 97 in the previous year.

Texas Rangers (1989–1990)
Following his then-best season in 1988, Moyer was traded to the Texas Rangers as part of the nine-player Rafael Palmeiro for Mitch Williams trade.

Moyer was on the disabled list with a sore left shoulder for much of a disappointing 1989 season. In 1990, Moyer spent time in the bullpen before regaining a spot in the starting rotation.

St. Louis Cardinals (1991)
Moyer was released as a free agent after the 1990 season and was signed by the St. Louis Cardinals. He made seven starts for the Cardinals in 1991 before being sent to the minor leagues on May 24. He was released on October 14.

Chicago Cubs/Detroit Tigers (1992)
In 1992, Moyer attended spring training with the Chicago Cubs, but was released and spent the rest of the season in the minor league system of the Detroit Tigers.

Baltimore Orioles (1993–1995)
On December 18, 1992, Moyer signed with the Baltimore Orioles.

Moyer began the 1993 season in the Oriole minor leagues before being called up on May 30. He tied his career-high total in wins with 12 and set a new career-low ERA of 3.43. The strike-shortened 1994 season saw his ERA rise to 4.77, but he was third on the Orioles' staff in innings pitched. In 1995, Moyer again found himself in the Baltimore bullpen, but worked his way back into the starting rotation.

Boston Red Sox (1996)
Moyer was signed by the Boston Red Sox on January 2, 1996. Moyer appeared in 23 games for Boston, making 10 starts.

Seattle Mariners (1996–2006)

1996–1999

In the middle of the 1996 season, Moyer was traded by the Red Sox to the Seattle Mariners on July 30, for outfielder Darren Bragg. In Seattle, he started 11 games and went 6–2. Moyer's record of 13–3 across both teams led the majors in winning percentage at .813.

In 1997, Moyer was fifth in the American League with 17 wins. His 17–5 record gave him the second-highest winning percentage (.773) in the league. In the Division Series, Moyer made his first postseason start against his former club Baltimore, but was forced out with a strained elbow in the fifth inning. Moyer took the loss in Game 2 and the Orioles won the series in four games.

In 1998, Moyer went 15–9 with a 3.53 ERA. He accumulated 158 strikeouts, the highest total of his career. Moyer was fourth in the American League in innings pitched with 234.1. He registered his 100th career win against the Cleveland Indians on August 27, as well as his 1000th career strikeout with a sixth inning strikeout of David Bell. Moyer was named Seattle's Pitcher of the Year by the Seattle chapter of the BBWAA.

Moyer walked two or fewer batters in 29 of his 32 starts. He ranked third in the American League with  1.6 walks per nine innings, and his ERA was the seventh-best in the league. Moyer's three shutouts were tied for fourth in the majors, and he was fifth in the American League in wins above replacement (WAR) for pitchers, per Baseball Reference.

In 1999, Moyer went 14–8 with a 3.87 ERA and was voted to The Sporting News AL All-Star team. He again won the Seattle Pitcher of the Year award.

Moyer matched his career-best seven-game winning streak from May 11 to July 7. He started the Inaugural Game at Safeco Field on July 15 against the San Diego Padres, throwing a called strike to San Diego's Quilvio Veras for the first pitch and getting a no-decision in Seattle's 3–2 loss after leaving with a 2–1 lead after eight innings. Moyer defeated Baltimore for the ninth straight time on July 31; he did not lose to the Orioles in the 1990s. Moyer's only loss at Safeco came on August 5 against the New York Yankees. He recorded three complete games in the final month of the season, tossing back-to-back complete games on September 14 and 19. His 2.30 ERA after the All-Star break was the second-lowest among AL starters, behind only Pedro Martínez with his 2.01 ERA. Moyer pitched four complete games for the second straight season, tying his career best. Moyer accumulated 6.5 wins above replacement, third among American League pitchers. He was also sixth in the league in ERA and third in innings pitched.

2000–2001
In 2000,  Moyer rebounded from an early shoulder injury to tally 13 wins, giving him at least 13 in each of his past five seasons. He made his first Opening Day start for Seattle, but lost to the Boston Red Sox 2–0 on April 4. His shoulder problems led his ERA to balloon to 5.49. A knee injury suffered on the last pitch of a simulated game caused him to miss Seattle's trip to the American League Championship Series against the eventual World Series champion New York Yankees.

Moyer lost five consecutive starts from August 4–24. He allowed a career-high and a club-record 11 earned runs in a 19–3 loss on August 9 against the Chicago White Sox. He allowed 11 runs, six earned, in a 14–4 loss on August 14 against the Detroit Tigers, joining the Houston Astros' José Lima as the first two pitchers since 1950 to allow 10 or more runs in consecutive starts. Moyer allowed a career-high seven walks in a no-decision on August 29 against the Yankees. The Mariners' 7–2 win on September 9 against the Minnesota Twins snapped a six-game losing streak. Moyer lasted just one and two-thirds innings in his final start, getting a no-decision September 28 against the Texas Rangers. Moyer suffered a hairline fracture of the left kneecap while pitching a simulated game on October 7. Moyer finished the 2000 season with a 13–10 record and a 5.49 ERA.

Moyer bounced back in the Mariners' 116-win 2001 season. He earned 20 wins, ranked tied for second in the American League, and his 3.43 ERA was sixth in the AL. He earned his 150th career win, against the Texas Rangers on September 24. He became only the second Mariner in history to win 20 games on October 5, former teammate Randy Johnson being the other. Moyer went 3–0 with a 1.89 ERA in the postseason. He won Games 2 and 5 for the Mariners against the Cleveland Indians in the ALDS. Moyer also won Game 3 against the New York Yankees in the ALCS. However, this would be Seattle's only victory in the series, as New York defeated them in five games to advance to their fourth consecutive World Series.

2002–2003
In 2002, Moyer went 13–8 with a then career low 3.32 ERA. Although he pitched 20 more innings and had a lower ERA than in 2001, he won seven fewer games.

Moyer was fourth in the AL in innings with 230.2. He was tied for second in the league with 34 starts, fifth in opponents' batting average, holding opposing hitters to a .230 clip, and ninth in ERA with 3.32. He tossed a team-high 24 consecutive scoreless innings from June 16 to July 6. He averaged just two walks per nine innings pitched, tied for sixth-best in the AL. The Mariners were 20–14 in his starts. His four complete games tied his career high set in 1998 and 1999. He threw the seventh complete game shutout of his career, and his first of the season, on June 10 against the St. Louis Cardinals in a 10–0 win. Moyer's start on June 16 against San Diego began a streak of 24 consecutive shutout innings over four starts. He finished June 3–1 with a Major League best 1.01 ERA in five starts. In four of those starts, Moyer pitched at least seven innings without allowing a run. He collected his 1,500th career strikeout August 24 against the Cleveland Indians.

In 2003, Moyer won a career high 21 games, lost 7, and had a career low 3.27 ERA. He tied for second in the American League for wins and was sixth in ERA. His .750 winning percentage placed him fourth in the league and his 21 wins are a club record. He became the only Seattle pitcher to win 20 games more than once. Moyer was voted to his first and only All-Star Game in 2003. He was named the Seattle Pitcher of the Year for the third time and was also the recipient of the Roberto Clemente Award, given annually to a player whose success on the field is mirrored by his impact in community service. Moyer also won the Hutch Award, presented annually by the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center to an MLB player displaying "honor, courage and dedication to baseball, both on and off the field" and The Lou Gehrig Award, presented annually to the MLB player who both on and off the field best exemplifies the character of Lou Gehrig.

2004–2006
In 2004, Moyer went 7–13 and posted his first losing record since 1994. His ERA was 5.21 and he surrendered an MLB-leading 44 home runs. While the year started well for him, going 5–0 with a 1.59 ERA from May 20 to June 18, Moyer ended 2004 on a 10-game losing streak. He threw the slowest fastball of all AL starters, averaging 81.6 mph. He was awarded the Branch Rickey Award for his exceptional community service following the season.

During the 2005 season, Moyer passed Randy Johnson to become the winningest pitcher for the Mariners on May 30. On July 8, Moyer became the 25th southpaw to win 200 games in Major League Baseball. He finished with a 13–7 record, and for the second year in a row he threw the slowest fastball of all major league starters, averaging 81.7 mph.

On June 18, 2006, he became the 33rd man to start 500 major league games. In his 11 seasons with the Mariners, Moyer had a record of 145–87 with a 3.97 ERA in 324 games (323 starts). He is the franchise leader in starts and innings pitched. He held the franchise record for wins until Félix Hernández earned his 146th Mariner win on May 9, 2016.

Moyer is also one of the all-time leaders in 1–0 complete game losses. Moyer has lost eight games having surrendered only one run over nine innings. Before being traded in August 2006, he was the oldest active American League player.

Philadelphia Phillies (2006–2010)

2006–2007

On August 19, 2006, Moyer was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies for minor league pitchers Andrew Barb and Andrew Baldwin. In his first start with the Phillies, Moyer set a franchise record as the oldest pitcher to record a win. In eight starts with the Phillies in 2006, Moyer went 5–2 with a 4.03 ERA. After the season, Moyer signed a two-year extension worth $10.5 million with the Phillies on October 23.

On April 12, 2007, at age 44 Moyer struck out his 2000th batter against the Mets. On April 29, Moyer pitched a two-hitter through 7 innings as he recorded a win against the Florida Marlins. On July 21, at age 44, Moyer combined with David Wells to set the record for the oldest match up of lefty starters (88 years, 307 days) in major league history. Moyer won the game and Wells lost; the oldest over the youngest by 183 days.

On the final day of the season, with the Phillies and Mets tied at the top of the division with 88 wins, Moyer defeated the Washington Nationals, pitching 5 innings and surrendering five hits and no earned runs, while Tom Glavine, who at the time was also one of the oldest players in the major leagues, was crushed by the Marlins at Shea Stadium, surrendering seven runs in the first inning, hitting a batter with the bases loaded, and recording only a single out before being pulled. The Phillies would win the division by a single game, but would not win a single playoff game, falling to the Rockies in the division series.

He threw the slowest fastball of all NL starters in 2007, averaging .

2008
In 2008, at age 45, Moyer became the oldest active player in Major League baseball. On April 30, Moyer hit a single off Padres pitcher Chris Young into left center field to become the oldest Phillie ever to get a hit.

On April 30, 2008, at age 45, Moyer became the oldest player to ever have a bobblehead giveaway.

On May 26, Moyer won his 235th career game, giving him at least one victory over each Major League team. The victory came in a 20–5 win over the Rockies. Moyer pitched seven innings, struck out seven batters, and gave up four runs. He followed that in his next start against the Marlins by earning his sixth victory of the season, pitching seven innings and giving up five runs.

On September 11, Moyer won his 14th game of the season against the Milwaukee Brewers, which began a seven-game win streak for the Phillies. On September 27, Moyer took the mound for the Phillies against the Nationals, in a game where the Phillies could clinch the National League East title with a win. Moyer pitched six innings and gave up only one run. The Phillies won the game 4–3. Moyer earned his 16th win of the year, the second-oldest pitcher to accomplish this feat, finishing with a 3.71 ERA. He also threw the slowest fastball of all NL starters in 2008, averaging 81.2 miles per hour. He threw cutters 29.5% of the time, the highest rate in the NL.

When he took the mound on October 4 against the Milwaukee Brewers in the 2008 National League Division Series, Moyer became the second-oldest pitcher to ever start a postseason game at the age of 45 years 321 days, and the oldest since 1929 when Jack Quinn started for the Philadelphia Athletics at 46 years 103 days.

On October 12, Moyer became the oldest pitcher at 45 years 329 days to pitch in a National League Championship Series game, starting in Game 3 against the Los Angeles Dodgers. However, he struggled during the game and surrendered six runs in 1 innings—his shortest start in over eight years—and went on to lose the game.

On October 25, Moyer made his first World Series start against the Tampa Bay Rays, pitching 6 innings, giving up three runs, and receiving a no-decision. His performance was made more impressive due to the fact that he pitched with a severe stomach virus. He won his first World Series ring when the Phillies defeated the Rays on October 29 in his 23rd Major League Season. Following the game, the pitcher's mound at Citizens Bank Park was dug up and given to Moyer by his teammates. In his speech at the World Series celebration at Citizens Bank Park on October 31, Moyer told fans that he grew up as a Phillies fan and played hooky from Souderton Area High School to attend the Phillies' championship parade in 1980. On December 15, 2008, Moyer signed a two-year, $16 million contract with the Phillies, keeping him with the club through the conclusion of the 2010 season.

2009
Moyer started the season with a 3–5 record and a 7.42 ERA, but earned his 250th career win on May 31 against the Washington Nationals in a 4–2 win, becoming the 44th pitcher and the 11th lefty to do this. By the All-Star break, Moyer had improved his record to 8–6 and had lowered his ERA to 5.99. On July 16, Moyer won his 255th career game, pitching a one-hitter through seven scoreless innings and passing Jack Morris for 41st on the all-time wins list. Despite leading the rotation with 10 wins, Moyer carried a still inflated 5.47 ERA. This prompted the Phillies to move him to the bullpen to make room in their rotation for Pedro Martínez. Regarding the move, manager Charlie Manuel said,
Jamie was a total professional and team player when we let him know of the decision to move him to the bullpen. He has been, and will continue to be, a very important part of this team.

In Moyer's bullpen debut on August 18, he relieved Martínez in the fourth inning after a rain delay, pitching six scoreless innings to earn his 11th win of the season. A similar situation occurred on August 28, as Moyer again relieved Martínez in the third inning after a rain delay. He pitched 4 in relief, giving up one earned run, and picked up his 12th win of the season.

Moyer tore three muscles in his groin and lower abdomen while pitching against the Houston Astros on September 29. He missed the rest of the regular season, and was not on the Phillies' postseason roster.

2010
When asked about retiring after the expiration of his Phillies contract at the end of 2010, Moyer said, "You know, I'm going to leave that as an open-ended question because I don't know how to answer that. It could be (my last season). It potentially could be. But so could have last year. So could have two years ago, so could have five years ago."

After the retirement of Ken Griffey Jr. in early 2010, Moyer and Omar Vizquel were the last two active players in MLB who played in the 1980s. On April 10, at age 47, Moyer became the sixth-oldest pitcher to appear in a game and the eighth major league pitcher to start a game in four different decades. Moyer pitched six innings and earned his 259th career victory. On May 7, Moyer became the oldest player in Major League Baseball history (47 years, 170 days) to pitch a shutout, blanking the Braves on two hits, striking out five batters and walking none. Moyer also became the only MLB pitcher to throw a shutout in four different decades (1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s).

On June 5, Moyer became the third MLB pitcher to win 100 games after turning 40 years old, defeating the San Diego Padres, 6–2, using just 98 pitches to accomplish the feat. It was also his second complete game of the season. On June 16, Moyer became the oldest pitcher to ever defeat the New York Yankees. Moyer beat the Yankees at 47 years, 210 days. On June 27, he surrendered a home run to Vernon Wells of the Toronto Blue Jays to become the all-time major league leader in home runs allowed (506), passing Robin Roberts. On July 20, Moyer left a start against the St. Louis Cardinals due to an elbow strain after pitching only one inning. The injury proved to be a sprain in his ulnar collateral ligament and a strain of his flexor pronator, which resulted in Moyer missing the remainder of the 2010 season.

After the 2010 season, Moyer's contract expired and he was removed from the Phillies' 40-man roster. He pitched in the Dominican Winter Leagues before suffering another elbow injury on November 6, 2010, which ended his chance of playing in 2011. He had Tommy John surgery on December 1, 2010, in New York, to repair the ulnar collateral ligament in his elbow, in hopes to make a comeback in 2012. Moyer worked for ESPN during his recovery.

Colorado Rockies (2012)
On January 18, 2012, Moyer, age 49, signed a minor-league contract (with an invitation to spring training) with the Colorado Rockies, a team that did not exist when he made his MLB debut in 1986. The March 30 NBC Nightly News reported that Moyer made the opening day roster for the Rockies, and would be the number-two starter in the rotation. The report was confirmed the following day by the Associated Press. He made his Rockies debut on April 7 against the Houston Astros. He pitched five innings, giving up three runs, and received the loss.

On April 17, Jamie Moyer became the oldest pitcher in MLB history to earn a win. The previous record was held by Jack Quinn, who earned his last win in 1932, two months after his 49th birthday. Moyer became the oldest player in MLB history to record an RBI on May 16 when he singled in two runs in the fourth inning against the Arizona Diamondbacks. He also extended his record for the oldest pitcher to record a win. Five days later, Moyer started for the Rockies against the Marlins at Marlins Park. This appearance represented the 50th MLB stadium Moyer had pitched in, the most of any pitcher to debut since 1900.

On June 4, the Rockies released Moyer, making him a free agent and eligible to sign with any team. He was 2–5 in 10 starts for the Rockies.

Second stint with the Baltimore Orioles organization (2012)
Moyer signed a minor league deal with the Baltimore Orioles on June 6, two days after being released by the Rockies. The deal came with the stipulation that he would make three starts with the Triple-A Norfolk Tides, and after that the Orioles had to promote him or grant his release. Following his third start on June 23, the Orioles offered Moyer another start with the Tides. He instead opted to become a free agent. With the Tides, Moyer went 1–1 with a 1.69 ERA with 16 strikeouts in 16 innings over three games. He also demonstrated exceptional control as he did not walk a batter and allowed only 11 hits. The Orioles liked what they saw, but the timing just wasn't right to add him to the rotation. "We're very appreciative of him giving us that opportunity to look," Baltimore manager Buck Showalter said. "I wouldn't be surprised to see him pitch for somebody shortly. Personally, just out of respect for his career what he's done, I hope it happens."

Toronto Blue Jays organization (2012)
Moyer signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays after being released by the Orioles. Moyer made his first start for the Blue Jays Triple-A team, the Las Vegas 51s, on June 28. Moyer got the win, pitching five innings and giving up three runs on seven hits, with six strikeouts and one walk. Moyer's second start was a loss to the Reno Aces, in which he yielded seven runs on 10 hits through six innings. In his planned two starts with Las Vegas, Moyer posted a 1–1 record with an 8.18 ERA through 11 innings. Moyer did not travel back to Las Vegas at the end of the second game. On July 5, he was released by Toronto.

2013 and retirement
On September 7, it was reported that Moyer was attempting a comeback as a knuckleball pitcher, having consulted with Charlie Hough and Tim Wakefield over the summer.

Moyer announced the end of his baseball-playing career during an interview with Dave Davies on National Public Radio's Fresh Air broadcast that aired October 2, 2013. During the interview on Fresh Air he also announced his intention to start a pitching academy, The Moyer Pitching Academy, as well as continue his charitable work with The Moyer Foundation, but that he would be open to an offer to coach in the major leagues.

Moyer has written a memoir, with Larry Platt, entitled Just Tell Me I Can't: How Jamie Moyer Defied the Radar Gun and Defeated Time. Moyer dedicated the book, and also sees the academy as a tribute, to the memory of the late counselor and author Harvey Dorfman, who helped shape Moyer's "mental game".

In 2018, Moyer appeared on the BBWAA Hall of Fame ballot for the first time. He received 10 votes and failed to meet the 5% threshold to remain on the ballot in the future.

Broadcasting career
On February 11, 2014, it was announced that Moyer and fellow former Phillie Matt Stairs would join the Phillies' television broadcast crew as color analysts for the 2014 season. Moyer and Stairs joined in-game reporter Gregg Murphy and play-by-play voice Tom McCarthy. Following the season, Moyer announced he would not return to the booth in 2015, citing a desire to spend more time with his family.

Pitching style
Moyer's pitching approach evolved as he aged. Most pitchers lose velocity later in their career, and Moyer was no exception—his average fastball speed in 2012 was about 80 MPH, a very slow speed for a non-knuckleball pitcher. Instead of velocity, Moyer relied on control and mixing his pitches. He threw five main pitches: a sinker, a cut fastball, a slider, a changeup, and a curveball.

Personal life
In 1996, Moyer earned a Bachelor of General Studies degree from Indiana University.

Moyer was married to Karen Phelps, the daughter of former Notre Dame basketball coach Digger Phelps. The two were introduced by Harry Caray when Moyer was with the Cubs and Karen was an intern with Cubs broadcast outlet, WGN. They were married in a Catholic ceremony and have eight children. Moyer and Karen were divorced in 2017.
Moyer's oldest son Dillon was drafted in the 22nd round of the 2010 MLB draft by the Minnesota Twins but did not sign and instead attended UC Irvine for two years. He transferred to UC San Diego for his junior and final year, as he graduated in three years with a major in sociology and minor in education. He was drafted in the 38th round of the 2013 MLB draft by the Los Angeles Dodgers and did sign with them. Another son, Hutton, was drafted in the seventh round of the 2015 MLB draft. As of 2019, neither remains on a minor league roster.

In 2000, Moyer and Karen Phelps Moyer founded Eluna, an organization with a mission to help children in distress.

See also

Home runs allowed
List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders
List of Major League Baseball players who played in four decades
List of oldest Major League Baseball players
List of Major League Baseball career hit batsmen leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders

References

External links

Jamie Moyer  at Baseball Gauge
The Moyer Foundation
Leave 'Em Wanting Moyer

1962 births
Living people
American League All-Stars
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Boston Red Sox players
Chicago Cubs players
Colorado Rockies players
Geneva Cubs players
Gulf Coast Rangers players
Indiana University Bloomington alumni
Iowa Cubs players
Las Vegas 51s players
Louisville Redbirds players
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball pitchers
Norfolk Tides players
People from Sellersville, Pennsylvania
Philadelphia Phillies announcers
Philadelphia Phillies players
Pittsfield Cubs players
Rochester Red Wings players
Saint Joseph's Hawks baseball players
Seattle Mariners players
Sportspeople from Bucks County, Pennsylvania
St. Louis Cardinals players
Tacoma Rainiers players
Texas Rangers players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Tulsa Drillers players
Winston-Salem Spirits players
Catholics from Pennsylvania
Leones del Escogido players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic

Jamie Moyer


Clark is a township in southern Union County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 15,544, an increase of 788 (+5.3%) from the 2010 census count of 14,756, which in turn reflected an increase of 159 (+1.1%) from the 14,597 counted in the 2000 census.

History

The territory that would become Clark was originally a part of several early settlements. The Robinson Plantation House and The Squire Hartshorne House, buildings from the late 17th century, are remnants of the era. The Homestead Farm at Oak Ridge was the site of a skirmish preceding the Battle of Short Hills. In 1858, after the City of Rahway was incorporated, the area of present-day Clark was designated as the 5th Ward of Rahway. Clark was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 23, 1864, from portions of Rahway. The township was named for Abraham Clark, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Portions of the township were taken to form Cranford Township (March 14, 1871) and Winfield Township (August 6, 1941).

New Jersey Monthly magazine ranked Clark as its 33rd best place to live in its 2008 rankings of the "Best Places To Live" in New Jersey. In 2013, New Jersey Monthly magazine ranked Clark 174th in its rankings of "Best Places To Live" in New Jersey.

In July 2020, the Union County Prosecutor's Office opened an investigation into the Clark township police department and put the police chief and a captain on administrative leave after allegations of misconduct.

In March 2022, NJ Advance Media, a local newspaper, revealed a recording of Mayor Sal Bonaccorso using racial slurs when talking to members of the police department, despite him having previously denied doing so, and also saying women police officers were "disasters". The newspaper also reported that in January 2020, Clark Township had paid Clark police lieutenant Antonio Manata $400,000 to not reveal racist and sexist comments made by the Mayor and Chief of Police and to turn over the tapes he had recorded. On April 5, Bonaccorso admitted to using "hurtful and insensitive language" and apologized. The New Jersey Office of Public Integrity and Accountability subsequently took control of the Union County investigation.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 4.45 square miles (11.53 km2), including 4.27 square miles (11.07 km2) of land and 0.18 square miles (0.47 km2) of water (4.04%).

Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Ashbrook, Florence Mills, Lenox, Madison Hill and Picton.

The Rahway River Parkway along the Rahway River runs through the township. The Robinson's Branch Reservoir, also known as the Clark Reservoir, is the largest body of water in Union County and bisects the township diagonally.

The township borders Scotch Plains and Westfield on the west, Cranford and Winfield Park on the north, Linden and Rahway on the east, and Edison and Woodbridge Township in Middlesex County on the south.

An abandoned rail spur, the Bloodgood Branch of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, runs through Clark.

Demographics

2010 census

The 2010 United States census counted 14,756 people, 5,562 households, and 4,038 families in the township. The population density was . There were 5,751 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup was 93.29% (13,766) White, 0.84% (124) Black or African American, 0.10% (15) Native American, 3.71% (547) Asian, 0.03% (5) Pacific Islander, 1.15% (169) from other races, and 0.88% (130) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.50% (1,107) of the population.

Of the 5,562 households, 30.2% had children under the age of 18; 60.4% were married couples living together; 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present and 27.4% were non-families. Of all households, 24.0% were made up of individuals and 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.15.

21.2% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 29.6% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.8 years. For every 100 females, the population had 92.6 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 88.8 males.

The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $80,959 (with a margin of error of +/− $7,674) and the median family income was $99,839 (+/− $7,789). Males had a median income of $65,399 (+/− $3,444) versus $49,649 (+/− $3,780) for females. The per capita income for the township was $37,288 (+/− $2,811). About 2.3% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.3% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over.

According to the 2009-2013 American Community Survey, the largest ancestry groups were:

 26.9% Italian
 19.8% Irish
 13.1% Polish
 11.9% German
 8.5% American
 6.2% Portuguese
 3.4% Russian
 2.9% English
 2.2% Slovak
 2.1% Spanish
 1.9% Puerto Rican
 1.4% Lithuanian
 1.4% Ukrainian
 1.3% Chinese
 1.3% Cuban
 1.2% Greek
 1.0% Hungarian
 1.0% Colombian
 1.0% Arab

2000 census
As of the 2000 United States census there were 14,597 people, 5,637 households, and 4,126 families residing in the township. The population density was . There were 5,709 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the township was 95.61% White, 0.30% African American, 0.01% Native American, 2.75% Asian, 0.63% from other races, and 0.69% from two or more races. Also Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.67% of the population.

There were 5,637 households, out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.4% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.8% were non-families. 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.07.

In the township the population was spread out, with 20.8% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 21.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.4 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $65,019, and the median income for a family was $77,291. Males had a median income of $54,543 versus $36,361 for females. The per capita income for the township was $29,883. About 1.0% of families and 1.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.0% of those under age 18 and 2.7% of those age 65 or over.

Government

Local government
Clark Township is governed within the Faulkner Act, formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law, under the Mayor-Council system of municipal government, which is governed by a "strong mayor". The township is one of 71 municipalities (of the 564) statewide that use this form of government. The Clark Township Committee is comprised of seven members, who are all chosen on a partisan basis in even-numbered years as part of the November general election. Three members are elected at-large from the township as a whole and four are elected from wards. The three Council-at-large seats and Mayor come up to vote together, and then the four ward seats are up for vote two years later.

, the Mayor of Clark is Republican Salvatore F. "Sal" Bonaccorso, whose term of office ends December 31, 2024. Members of the Township Council are Council President Steven M. Hund (Third Ward; R, 2022), Council Vice President Jimmy Minniti (at-large; R, 2024), Angel Albanese (at-large; R, 2024), Frank G. Mazzarella (First Ward; R, 2022), Patrick O'Connor (Second Ward; R, 2022), Bill Smith (at-large; R, 2024) and Brian P. Toal (Fourth Ward; R, 2022).

Federal, state and county representation
Clark is located in New Jersey's 7th Congressional District, and is part of New Jersey's 22nd state legislative district.

Politics
Although Union County as a whole is heavily Democratic, Clark is considered a Republican stronghold. In the 2016 Presidential election, Donald Trump received 5,182 votes (61.7% vs. 30.5% countywide) versus 2,967 for Hillary Clinton (35.3% vs. 65.9% countywide). In 2020, Trump won 5,872 (60.8% vs. 31.5% countywide) versus 3,659 (37.9% vs. 67% countywide) for Joe Biden.

As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 10,190 registered voters in Clark Township, of which 2,841 (27.9% vs. 41.8% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 2,311 (22.7% vs. 15.3%) were registered as Republicans and 5,036 (49.4% vs. 42.9%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 2 voters registered as Libertarians or Greens. Among the township's 2010 Census population, 69.1% (vs. 53.3% in Union County) were registered to vote, including 87.6% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 70.6% countywide).

In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 4,538 votes (58.6% vs. 32.3% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 3,041 votes (39.3% vs. 66.0%) and other candidates with 97 votes (1.3% vs. 0.8%), among the 7,741 ballots cast by the township's 10,614 registered voters, for a turnout of 72.9% (vs. 68.8% in Union County). In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 5,093 votes (61.5% vs. 35.2% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 3,038 votes (36.7% vs. 63.1%) and other candidates with 85 votes (1.0% vs. 0.9%), among the 8,276 ballots cast by the township's 10,550 registered voters, for a turnout of 78.4% (vs. 74.7% in Union County). In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 4,819 votes (58.7% vs. 40.3% countywide), ahead of Democrat John Kerry with 3,237 votes (39.4% vs. 58.3%) and other candidates with 80 votes (1.0% vs. 0.7%), among the 8,209 ballots cast by the township's 10,493 registered voters, for a turnout of 78.2% (vs. 72.3% in the whole county).

In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 67.4% of the vote (3,016 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 31.3% (1,402 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (60 votes), among the 4,549 ballots cast by the township's 10,438 registered voters (71 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 43.6%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 3,375 votes (63.4% vs. 41.7% countywide), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 1,500 votes (28.2% vs. 50.6%), Independent Chris Daggett with 365 votes (6.9% vs. 5.9%) and other candidates with 40 votes (0.8% vs. 0.8%), among the 5,327 ballots cast by the township's 10,302 registered voters, yielding a 51.7% turnout (vs. 46.5% in the county).

Education
The Clark Public School District serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2019–20 school year, the district, comprised of five schools, had an enrollment of 2,299 students and 184.7 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.4:1. Schools in the district (with 2019–20 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are
Clark Preschool with 20 students in Pre-K,
Frank K. Hehnly Elementary School with 551 students in grades K–5,
Valley Road Elementary School with 435 students in grades K–5,
Carl H. Kumpf Middle School with 518 students in grades 6–8 and
Arthur L. Johnson High School with 708 students in grades 9–12. Students from Garwood attend the district's high school as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Garwood Public Schools.

Students who excel in middle school have the opportunity to attend the Union County Magnet High School and the other programs of the Union County Vocational Technical Schools, which accept students from across the county on the basis of admissions examinations and applications.

Mother Seton Regional High School is an all-girls, private, Roman Catholic high school, operated under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark. St. John the Apostle School School is a co-ed K–12 school, also operated under the auspices of the same archdiocese. It was dedicated as a National Blue Ribbon school in 2011.

The Clark Scholarship Fund is a not-for-profit organization that has provided need-based scholarships to college-bound Clark residents since 1955, funded entirely by contributions from individuals and businesses.

Transportation

Roads and highways
, the township had a total of  of roadways, of which  were maintained by the municipality,  by Union County, and  by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority.

The Clark Circle connects Central Avenue, Brant Avenue, Valley Road, and at Exit 135 of the Garden State Parkway, which passes through the township. The New Jersey Turnpike Authority redesigned the circle as part of a project that ran from 2007 to 2009 under which the movements at the circle are now controlled by traffic lights. Interchange 135 on the Parkway is signed for Clark / Westfield.

Public transportation
The Lehigh Valley Railroad served Clark with a passenger station in the Picton section. The rail line remains active under Conrail's auspices, excluding the Bloodgood Branch spur which is now out of service. The closest NJ Transit rail station is in Rahway, located approximately  from the center of Clark.

NJ Transit also provides bus service to New York City and points in-between. The 112 route provides service to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan, as well as stops throughout downtown Elizabeth.

Newark Liberty International Airport is approximately  from Clark.

Arts and culture
 The Deutscher Club of Clark was founded in 1935 and is one of the largest German clubs in the US. It offers German food, beer, music and entertainment events to the public.
  The Clark chapter of Unico National, known as Clark Unico, is an Italian American service organization and social club.
  The Polish Cultural Foundation is a nonprofit organization that hosts the Skulski Art Gallery and Polish cultural classes.
  The Clark Recreation Department hosts a summer concert series.

Parks and recreation

  Oak Ridge Park is a county-operated former golf course turned recreational park in Clark.
  The Clark Recreation Department offers a variety of recreational opportunities in town, including the Clark Community Pool.
  The Rahway River Parkway, a greenway of parkland around the Rahway River, snakes through the east side of Clark and includes Bloodgoods Pond, Jackson Pond, and the northernmost portion of Rahway River Park.
 Esposito Park, named a destination park worth traveling for by New Jersey Family magazine, is located near St. Mary's Cemetery.
 Hyatt Hills Golf Complex is a 9-hole golf course in Clark.
 The proposed Clark Reservoir Recreation Area is an area of natural land surrounding the decommissioned Robinson's Branch Reservoir (also known as the Clark Reservoir), which is currently being rehabilitated for recreation.

Notable people

People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Clark include:
 Todd Burger (born 1970), former offensive guard who played for the New York Jets
 Halsey (born 1994), singer
 Kenneth Ham (born 1964), NASA astronaut
 Jeffrey Lichtman (born 1965), defense attorney who represented Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman and John Gotti Jr.
 William J. Maguire (1916–1997), politician who served as mayor of Clark and in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1976 to 1982
 Ed Pinkham (born 1953), former college football coach
 Matt Poskay (born 1984), professional lacrosse player for the Boston Cannons
 Erik Rosenmeier (born 1965), former NFL center who played for the Buffalo Bills in 1987
 George M. Scott (1922–2006), associate justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court
 Robert Sparks (born 1947), former handball player who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics and in the 1976 Summer Olympics
 Frank Spaziani (born 1947), former head football coach for Boston College Eagles football
 Kurt Sutter (born 1964), creator of the television show Sons of Anarchy who plays the character Otto Delaney in the show
 Dave Toma (born 1933), whose life in law enforcement was the basis of the television shows Toma and Baretta

References

External links

 Clark Township website
 Clark Public Library

1864 establishments in New Jersey
Faulkner Act (mayor–council)
Populated places established in 1864
Townships in Union County, New Jersey

Clark, New Jersey