Cinzia Giorgio (born April 1, 1975, in Venosa, Province of Potenza) is an Italian writer.

Biography
Cinzia Giorgio was born in Venosa, Italy, in April 1975. She has a degree in modern literature at University of Naples Federico II, her thesis was about the history of the renaissance. She has also earned a second degree in Oriental languages and has a specialisation in women's studies and archaeology. In 2001 she married Giovanni Scattone, a former assistant professor convicted of the manslaughter of student Marta Russo (1997).

In 2002 she won a scholarship from the Bellonci Foundation in Rome, which organises the Strega Prize.

She is currently Professor of Women's Studies and Art History at the Uni.Spe.D. of Rome and she has a PhD in comparative literature from Roma Tre University. She is also the director of the creative writing school of Rome Scuola Romana di Scrittura.

She has published articles for online newspapers "Poste italiane" (Italian post office) and "Special Olympics". She has published articles for magazines: "Anna" (one of the most important Italian magazine), "AIFI", "Spirit", "Nuovi Orizzonti", "Grand Hotel" and "Confidenze".
She has worked with the French weekly "Neus Deux" writing novels and short stories. She has also worked with Warde Jones press office – c/o Foreign Press of Rome, with the director Massimo Tonna and with the Basilicata Region press office .

She writes for the online magazine "Sherlock Magazine" and teaches Creative Writing. She is also writing plays for the Theater. She has her own literary review in Pink Magazine Italia.

In December 2007 she was invited to "Niente di Personale", a talk show broadcast on Italian TV La7, where she presented the novel "Sotto il fiume". Taking inspiration from the novel she wrote a theatre play directed by Flavia Ricci.

On August 4, 2009, and on October 17, 2009, she was the guest of the evening newscast on La7, where she presented her novels I custodi dell'Acqua and Incognito.
From March 2010 she collaborates with the website, Velut Luna Press specialised in literary reviews.
In 2011 she one of the five candidates to the Mondadori Mystery Award Premio Tedeschi with the novel L'Enigma Botticelli published in 2013. She is also the organizer of the Roman Salon Littéraire (Literary conferences) at the Leusso Academy.

In 2014 for the Italian publishing house Rizzoli she wrote "Prime catastrofiche impressioni" and "Cosa Farebbe Jane?" the first two novels of the series "Le ragazze di Jane Austen".

In November 2014 came out her essay on the erotic history of Italy, "Storia Erotica d'Italia" published by Newton Compton.

Works

Novels
  Mary Magdalene, Newton Compton 2018.
  La piccola libreria di Venezia, Newton Compton 2017.
  La collezionista di libri proibiti, Newton Compton 2016.
  L'amore è una formula matematica, Rizzoli 2015.
  Prime Catastrofiche Impressioni, Rizzoli 2014.
  Cosa Farebbe Jane?, Rizzoli 2014. .
  Il Bello della Diretta, Rizzoli 2014.
  L'Enigma Botticelli, Melino Nerella 2013.

Essays
"È facile vivere bene a Roma se sai cosa fare", Newton Compton, 2016,
"Storia Pettegola d'Italia", Newton Compton, 2015,
"Storia Erotica d'Italia", Newton Compton, 2014,
 Il Rinascimento Italiano nel fumetto in Narrare la storia dal documento al racconto, Mondadori, Milan,2006
 Disegno letterario: Il fumetto come strumento educativo, SSEF, 2006
 Ragazze di pochi mezzi, SSEF, 2007
 Fumetto ed educazione, in Generazioni, Unisped, Roma, 2008
 La povertà nella letteratura in Generazioni, Unisped, Roma, 2009
 La donna in Fontane, Rivista di Studi Umanistici Leussein, Rome University Press, 2009
 La Profetessa di Sventure: rielaborazione del mito di Cassandra nella letteratura occidentale, Rivista di Studi Umanistici Leussein, Rome University Press, 2009
 Postfazione al romanzo "Il mio nome è Aqua Caliente" by Claudio De Luca, 2009
 Echi del Mito di Cassandra in Muriel Spark, Rivista di Studi Umanistici Leussein, Rome University Press, 2010
 Interpretazioni del mito di Pandora, Rivista di Studi Umanistici Leussein, Rome University Press, 2010
 Le sorelle Bronte nel manga giapponese, atti del convegno "Contaminazioni Creative", Università di Roma Tre, 2011
 I Narratori delle Tele, Rivista di Studi Umanistici Leussein, Rome University Press, 2012
 Orgoglio senza Pregiudizio. Le ragazze di Jane Austen, Edizioni Opposto, 2013
 Storia Erotica d'Italia, Newton Compton, 2014  .

Plays
 Sotto il fiume, directed by Flavia Ricci, 2007.
 S. Holmes e il mistero della Mummia., directed by Anna Masullo, 2011.
 Il raduno dei pirati e il terrificante mistero del vascello fantasma,directed by Anna Masullo, 2012.

References

External links

 literary reviews website

1975 births
Living people
People from Venosa
21st-century Italian novelists
Italian women novelists
21st-century Italian women writers

Cinzia Giorgio


F. Hudson Miller is a motion picture sound editor and designer for feature films in Hollywood California.

Biography
A graduate of the Interlochen Arts Academy in Interlochen, Michigan, Miller earned a BA in American Studies from Grinnell College in Grinnell, Iowa. He continued his studies at the University of Southern California USC School of Cinematic Arts, where he earned an MFA in motion picture production.

Career
Miller's credits include Déjà Vu, National Treasure, Man on Fire, Patriot Games, The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Armageddon, and Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country.  In 1991, he was nominated for an Academy Award in Sound Effects Editing for Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country. He has also worked on five other films that received Academy Award nominations, of which The Hunt for Red October and Pearl Harbor each won the Oscar.

Hudson's other professional activities include eight years on the Board of Directors of the Motion Picture Editor's Guild nine years as Vice President of the Motion Picture Sound Editors (the professional organization of sound and music editors). In 2005 he joined the Motion Picture Advisory Board of the Interlochen Center for the Arts.

In 2007, Miller partnered with Suhail F. Kafity to form Rhapsody Post, a motion picture sound editorial company.

He is also the author of "The Outsourcer's Apprentice" in the Editors Guild Magazine.

References

External links

Rhapsody Post

Grinnell College alumni
USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

F. Hudson Miller


The elections to the two houses of legislatures of the Bombay Presidency were held in 1937, as part of the nationwide provincial elections in British India. The Indian National Congress was the single largest party by winning 86 of 175 seats in the Legislative Assembly and 13 of 60 seats in the Legislative Council.

The Congress Government that was formed after the elections under B. G. Kher lasted till October 1939, when it resigned protesting India's involvement in the Second World War. The next election was held in 1946.

Government of India Act of 1935
The Government of India Act of 1935 abolished dyarchy and ensured provincial autonomy. It created a  bicameral legislature in the Bombay province. The Legislature consisted of the Governor and two Legislative bodies - a Legislative Assembly and a Legislative Council. The Assembly consisted of 175 members who were further classified into General seats and those reserved for special communities and interests. The Legislative Council consisted of 60 members. It was a permanent body not subject to dissolution by the Gover
The Act provided for a limited adult franchise based on property qualifications.

Results
The Congress contested 110 out of the total 175 seats in the assembly out of which 97 were general constituencies. For the council, it contested 15 out of the 26 seats where elections took place.

In the assembly, 15 seats were reserved for the Scheduled Castes. Out of these, Congress Party secured one seat unopposed and contested 8 seats out of which it won 5.

Legislative Assembly
Party wise break up of seats in the Bombay Legislative Assembly:

Total Number of Seats : 175

General (115):
Ahmedabad: Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar (Ahmedabad City, Urban) (Speaker), Trikamlal Ugarchand Vakil (Ahmedabad City), Hariprasad Pitamber Mehta (Ahmedabad North), Bhogilal Dhirajlal Lala (Ahmedabad North), Ishvarlal Kalidas Vyas (Ahmedabad South)
Ahmednagar: Laxman Madhav Patil (Ahmednagar North), Keshav Balwant Deshmukh (Ahmednagar North, General Rural), Ramchandra Bhagwant Girme (Ahmednagar North, General Rural), Namdeo Eknath Navle (Ahmednagar North), Prabhakar Janardan Roham (Ahmednagar South, General Rural), Ganesh Krishna Chitale (Ahmednagar South), Kundanmal Sobhachand Firodia (Ahmednagar South)
Belgaum: Anna Babaji Latthe (Belgaum North), Balwant Hanmant Varale (Belgaum North), Narayanrao Gururao Joshi (Belgaum North) (Deputy Speaker), Malgouda Pungouda Patil (Belgaum North), Keshav Govind Gokhale (Belgaum South, General Rural), Parappa Chanbasappa Jakati (Belgaum South, Rural), Kallangouda Shiddangouda Patil (Belgaum South)
Bijapur: Murigeppa Shiddappa Sugandhi (Bijapur North), Revappa Somappa Kale (Bijapur North), Shankreppagouda Basalingappagouda Desai (Bijapur South, General Rural), Shankargouda Timmangouda Patil (Bijapur South)
Bombay: Khurshed Nariman (Bombay City (Fort, Mandvi, Bhuleshwar and Girgaum)), S. K. Patil (Bombay City (Fort, Mandvi, Bhuleshwar and Girgaum)), Nagindas Tribhuvandas Master (Bombay City (Fort, Mandvi, Bhuleshwar and Girgaum)), B. R. Ambedkar (Bombay City (Byculla & Parel) General Urban), Dr. Manchersha Dhanjibhoy Gilder (Bombay City (Byculla & Parel) General Urban), B.G. Kher (Bombay City North and Bombay Suburban District), Dattatraya Wandrekar (Bombay City North and Bombay Suburban District), Savlaram Gundaji Songavkar (Bombay City North and Bombay Suburban District),
Broach: Chhotalal Balkrishna Purani (Broach Sub-division, General Rural)
Dharwar: Siddappa Kambli (Dharwar North, Rural), Andaneppa Dnyanappa Dodmeti (Dharwar North, General Rural), Girimallappa Rachappa Nalwadi (Dharwar North, General Rural), Vishwanathrao Narayanrao Jog (Dharwar North), Shripad Shyamji Kargudri (Dharwar South, Rural), Thimmappa Rudrappa Neshvi (Dharwar South)
Kaira: Bhailbhai Ukabhai Vaghela (Kaira District, General Rural), Babubhai Jasbhai Patel, Bhailalbhai Bhikabhai Patel, Fulsinhji Dabhi,
Kanara: Sheshgiri Narayanrao Keshwain (Kanara District, General Rural), Mahableshwar Ganpati Bhatt Gopi (Kanara District, General Rural), Ningappa Fakeerappa Hallikeri
Khandesh: Gulabsing Bhila Girasey (West Khandesh East, General Rural), Namdeorao Budhajirao Marathe (West Khandesh East), Raghunath Balkrishna Wadekar (West Khandesh East),  Damji Posala Gavit (West Khandesh West), Mangesh Babhuta Patel (West Khandesh West), Daulatrao Gulaji Jadhav (East Khandesh East, General Rural), Rajmal Lakhichand Marwadi (East Khandesh East), Dhanaji Nana Choudhari (East Khandesh East), Hari Vinayak Pataskar (East Khandesh West), Gambhirrao Avachitrao Patil (East Khandesh West), Narhar Rajaram Patil (East Khandesh West), Maganlal Nagindas (East Khandesh West),
Kolaba: Ramchandra Narayan Mandlik, Laxman Govind Patil, Dattatraya Kashinath Kunte, Kamalaji Ragho Talkar
Nasik: Raosaheb Bhausaheb Thorat (Nasik East, General Rural), Lalchand Hirachand (Nasik East, General Rural), Bhaurao Sakharam Hiray (Nasik East), Govind Hari Deshpande (Nasik West, General Rural), Vasant Narayan Naik (Nasik West, General Rural), Bhaurao Krishnaji Gaikwad (Nasik West), Prithwiraj Amolakchand Nimanee (Nasik West)
Panch Mahals: Laxmidas Mangaldas Shrikant (Panch Mahals East, General Rural), Wamanrao Sitaram Mukadam (Panch Mahals West, General Rural), Maneklal Gandhi (Panch Mahals West)
Poona: Bhalchandra Maheshwar Gupte (Poona City, General Urban), Vithalrao Laxmanrao Thube (Poona West, General Rural), Hari Vithal Tulpule (Poona West, General Rural), Balaji Bhawansa Walwekar (Poona East, Rural), Appaji Yeshwantrao Kate (Poona East), Vinayak Atmaram Gadkari (Poona East)
Ratnagiri: Babjeerao Narayanrao Rane (Ratnagiri North, General Rural), Shivram Laxman Karandikar (Ratnagiri North, Rural), Gangadhar Raghoram Ghatge (Ratnagiri North), Anant Vinayak Chitre (Ratnagiri North), Bachajee Ramchandra Rane (Ratnagiri South, General Rural), Purshottam Wasudeo Wagh (Ratnagiri South), Shankar Krishnaji Gavankar (Ratnagiri South), Shamrao Vishnu Parulekar (Ratnagiri South)
Satara: Dhanjishah Bomanjee Cooper (Satara North), Shankar Hari Sathe (Satara North, General Rural), Khanderao Sakharam Savat (Satara North, General Rural), Bajirao Jagdeorao Shinde (Satara North, General Rural), Pandurang Keshav Shiralkar (Satara South, General Rural), Shankar Pandurang Mohite (Satara South, General Rural), Annappa Narayan Kalyani (Satara South), Atmaram Nana Patil (Satara South), Ramchandra Krishna Karavade (Satara South)
Solapur: Krisnaji Bhimrao Antrolikar (Solapur City, General Urban), Jivappa Subhana Aidale (Solapur North-east, General Rural), Bhagwan Sambhuppa Kathale (Solapur North-east, General Rural), Tulshidas Subhanrao Jadhav (Solapur North-east), Jayavant Ghanshyam More (Solapur South-west, General Rural), Dattatraya Trimbak Aradhye (Solapur South-west)
Surat: Champaklal Jeikisandas Ghia (Surat & Rander Cities, Urban), Morarji Desai (Surat District, General Rural), Morarbhai Kasanji (Surat District, General Rural), Randhir Prasavandas Desai (Surat District, General Rural), Purushottam Lalji Chohan (Surat District)
Thana: Dattatraya Waman Raut (Thana North, General Rural), Govind Dharmaji Vartak (Thana North, Rural), Vishnu Vaman Dandekar (Thana North), Kanji Govind Shet (Thana South, General Rural), Ganesh Krishna Phadke (Thana South)
Muhammadan (29):
Urban: Husein Aboobaker Baig Mohamed (Bombay City South, Muhammadan Urban), Mohamedally Allabux (Bombay City South, Urban), Mahmad Yasin Nurie (Ahmedabad City, Urban), Ali Muhammad Khan Dehlavi (Surat and Rander Cities, Urban)
Rural: Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar (Ahmedabad District, Rural), Mahomedbawa Madhubawa Patel (Ahmednagar District), Abdulmajeed Abdulkhadar Gheewale (Belgaum District), Allisa Nabisa Ilkal (Bijapur District, Muhammadan Rural), Khalilulla Abasheb Janvekar (Bijapur District), Ali Bahadur Bahadur Khan (Bombay City North and Bombay Suburban District Urban Muhammadan Rural), Mahomed Musa Killedar (Bombay City North and Bombay Suburban District), Asmal Musa Abhram (Broach Sub-division, Muhammadan Rural), Musaji Eusufji Patel (Broach Sub-division), Sardar Mahaboobali Khan Akbarkhan Savanur (Dharwar District, Muhammadan Rural), Abdul Karim Aminsab Hanagi (Dharwar District), Khan Saheb Faiz Mahamadkhan Mahobatkhan (Kaira District, Muhammadan Rural), Ismail Hassan Bapu Shiddika (Kanara District, Muhammadan Rural), Ismail Hasan Siddiqui (Kanara District), Shaikh Mohamad Hasan (East Khandesh District, Muhammadan Rural), Mohemed Suleman Cassum Mitha (East Khandesh District), Shaikh Mohamad Hasan (East Khandesh District), Mohsin Mohamed A. Bhaiji (Kolaba District), Khwaja Bashiruddin Khwaja Moinuddin Kazi (West Khandesh District, Muhammadan Rural), Fazal Ibrahim Rahimtoola (Kolaba District, Muhammadan Rural), Abdul Rahim Baboo Hakeem (Nasik District), Abdulla Haji Isa Bhagat (Panch Mahals Sub-division), Khan Bahadur Shaikh Jan Mahomed Haj Shaikh Kalla (Poona District, Muhammadan Rural), Aziz Gofur Kazi (Ratnagiri District, Muhammadan Rural), Haji Ahmad Kasam Kachhi (Satara District), Yusuf Abdulla (Satara District), Abdul Latif Haji Hajrat Khan (Solapur District, Muhammadan Rural), Ahmed Ebrahim Singapori (Surat District), Sardar Haji Amirsaheb Mohiddin Saheb Rais (Thana District, Muhammadan Rural)
Women (6): Annapurna Gopal Deshmukh (Bombay City (Girgaum), Women's General Urban), Lilavati Kanaiyalal Munshi (Bombay City (Bhuleshwar), Women's General Urban), Salima Faiz B. Tyabji (Bombay City (Girgaum), Women's Muhammadan Urban), Laxmibai Ganesh Thuse (Poona City, Women's General Urban), Vijayagauri Balvantrai Kanuga (Ahmedabad City, General Urban), Nagamma Veerangouda Patil (Dharwar Women's General Rural)
University (1): Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
Commerce & Industry: Sir John Abercombie (Bombay Chamber of Commerce & Bombay Presidency Trades Association), J. B. Greaves (Bombay Chamber of Commerce & Bombay Presidency Trades Association), Donald Hill (Bombay Chamber of Commerce & Bombay Presidency Trades Association), Sakarlal Balabhai (Ahmedabad Millowners' Association, Commerce & Industry), Sorabji Dorabji Saklatvala (Bombay Millowners' Association, Commerce & Industry), Bhawanji Khimji (East India Cotton Association), M. C. Ghia (Indian Merchants' Chamber)
Labour (7): Gulzarilal Nanda (Ahmedabad Textile Unions), Khondubhai Kasanji Desai (Ahmedabad Textile Unions), Jamnadas Mehta (Railway Unions), Shavaksha Hormusji Jhabvala (Railway Unions), Dadasaheb Khaserao Jagtap (Bombay City & Suburban Textile Unions), Ramchandra Amraji Khedgikar (Solapur City (Textile Labour), Labour), Akhtar Hasan Mirza (Trade Unions of Seamen and Dockworkers)
European (3): W. W. Russell (Bombay City cum Bombay Suburban District, European), Francis Holroy French (Presidency), David Watson (Presidency), Cyril Frederick Golding
Indian Christian (3): Dr. Joseph Altino Collaco (Bombay City, Urban), Dominic Joseph Ferreira (Thana cum Bombay Suburban District), Bhaskarrao Bhaurao Chakranarayan (Poona cum Ahmednagar, Rural)
Anglo-Indian (2): Stanley Henry Prater (Bombay City cum Bombay Suburban District), Fred J. Currion (Presidency)
Landholders: Sardar Narayanrao Ganpatrao Vinchoorkar (Deccan Sardars and Inamdars), Girjaprasad Chinubhai Madhavlal (Gujarat Sardars and Inamdars)

Legislative Council

Party wise break up of seats in the Bombay Legislative Council:

Total Number of Seats : 30

General (20): Dadubhai Purshotamdas Desai (Ahmedabad cum Kaira, General Rural), Chinubhai Lallubhai Mehta (Ahmedabad cum Kaira, General Rural), Behram Naoroji Karanjia (Bombay City cum Bombay Suburban District, General Urban), Ratilal Munji Gandhi (Bombay City cum Bombay Suburban District, General Urban), Prof. Sohrab Davar (Bombay City cum Bombay Suburban District), Hansa Jivraj Mehta (Bombay City cum Bombay Suburban District, General Rural), Mangal Das Pakvasa (Broach and Panch Mahals cum Surat, General Rural), Shantilal Harjiwan Shah (Broach and Panch Mahals cum Surat, General Rural), Narsingrao Shriniwasrao Desai (Dharwar cum Kanara, General Rural), Subray Ramchandra Haldipur (Dharwar cum Kanara, General Rural), Mahadeo Bajajee Virkar (Kolaba cum Ratnagiri, General Rural), Madhavrao Gopalrao Bhosle (East Khandesh cum West Khandesh, General Rural), Premraj Shaligram Marwadi (East Khandesh cum West Khandesh, General Rural), Atmaram Mahadeo Atawane (Kolaba cum Ratnagiri, General Rural), Dr. Ganesh Sakharam Mahajani (Poona cum Satara, General Rural), Ramchandra Ganesh Soman (Poona cum Satara, General Rural), Chandrappa Baswantrao Desai (Solapur cum Belgaum cum Bijapur, General Rural), Bheemji Balaji Potdar (Solapur cum Belgaum cum Bijapur, General Rural), Narayan Damodhar Deodhekar (Thana cum Nasik cum Ahmednagar, General Rural), Ramchandra Ganesh Pradhan (Thana cum Nasik cum Ahmednagar, General Rural),
Muhammadan (5): Fazalbhoy Currimbhoy (Bombay City cum Bombay Suburban District, Muhammadan Rural), K. A. Hamied (Bombay City cum Bombay Suburban District, Muhammadan Rural), Khan Sahab Abdul Kadir Abdul Aziz Khan (Central Division, Muhammadan Rural), Khan Sahab Mahomed Makan (Northern Division, Muhammadan Rural), Mahomed Amin Wazee Mohomad Tambe (Southern Division, Muhammadan Rural)
European (1): Frederick Stones (Presidency, European)
Nominated (3): Terence Martin Guido, S. C. Joshi, Dr. Purushottambhai Solanki, Major Sardar Bhimrao Nagojirao Patankar

Government formation
Although the Indian National Congress won the elections, the party declined to form the government. The Governor Sir George Lloyd invited Sir Dhanjishah Cooper (independent member from Satara North constituency ), to form an interim ministry. The Cooper ministry did not last long and a Congress ministry under B. G. Kher was sworn.

References

1937 elections in India
Bombay Presidency
1937 in India
Elections in Maharashtra
Elections in Gujarat
Elections in Karnataka
Political history of Karnataka
Bombay

1937 Bombay Presidency election


Alain Fabien Maurice Marcel Delon (; born 8 November 1935) is a French actor, filmmaker, and businessman. He was one of Europe's most prominent actors and screen sex symbols in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. In 1985, he won the César Award for Best Actor for his performance in Notre histoire (1984). In 1991, he received France's Legion of Honour. At the 45th Berlin International Film Festival, he won the Honorary Golden Bear. At the 2019 Cannes Film Festival, he received the Honorary Palme d'Or.

Delon achieved critical acclaim for roles in films Purple Noon (1960), Rocco and His Brothers (1960), L'Eclisse (1962), The Leopard (1963), Le Samouraï (1967), La Piscine (1969), Le Cercle Rouge (1970), Un flic (1972), and Monsieur Klein (1976). Over the course of his career Delon worked with many directors, including Luchino Visconti, Jean-Luc Godard, Jean-Pierre Melville, Michelangelo Antonioni, and Louis Malle. As a singer, Delon recorded the popular duet "Paroles, paroles" (1973) with Dalida. He acquired Swiss citizenship in 1999.

Early life
Alain Delon was born in Sceaux, Seine (now Hauts-de-Seine), Île-de-France, a wealthy suburb of Paris. His parents, Édith (née Arnold; 1911–1995) and Fabien Delon (1904–1977), divorced when Delon was four. Both remarried and, as a result, Delon has a half-sister and two half-brothers. His paternal grandmother was Corsican, from Prunelli-di-Fiumorbo. When his parents divorced, Delon was sent to live with foster parents. After his foster parents died, Delon's parents took shared custody of him, but the arrangement proved unsatisfactory.

He attended a Catholic boarding school, the first of several schools from which he was expelled because of unruly behavior. Delon left school at 14 and worked for a brief time at his stepfather's butcher shop. He enlisted in the French Navy three years later, aged 17, and during 1953–1954 he served as a fusilier marin in the First Indochina War.

Acting career
In 1949, Delon starred in Le rapt, a short film in which he portrayed a gangster involved in a kidnapping.

In 1956, after his naval service in Saigon, Delon returned to France, and spent time working as a waiter, a porter, a secretary, and a sales assistant. During this time, he became friends with the actress Brigitte Auber and joined her on a trip to the Cannes Film Festival, where his film career would begin.

First film roles
At Cannes, Delon was seen by a talent scout for the American producer David O. Selznick. After a screen test Selznick offered him a contract, provided he learn English. Delon returned to Paris to study English, but when he met French director Yves Allégret, he was convinced that he should stay in France to begin his career. Selznick allowed Delon to cancel his contract, and Allégret gave him his debut in the film with Edwige Feuillère, Quand la femme s'en mêle (1957) (Send a Woman When the Devil Fails).

Marc Allégret cast him in Be Beautiful But Shut Up (1958), which featured a young Jean-Paul Belmondo. He was then given his first lead, supporting Romy Schneider in the period romance Christine (1958), based on a novel by Arthur Schnitzler. He and Schneider began a highly publicized romance in real life. The film was the seventeenth most popular movie at the French box office that year.

French stardom
Delon was given the lead in the comedy Women Are Weak (1959). This was a big hit in France and was the first of Delon's films to be seen in America. Delon made some personal appearances in New York to promote the movie.

International fame

Delon next made two films that ensured his international reputation. In 1960, he appeared in René Clément's Plein Soleil, released in the US as Purple Noon, which was based on the Patricia Highsmith novel The Talented Mr. Ripley. Delon played protagonist Tom Ripley to critical acclaim; Highsmith was a fan of his portrayal. The movie was a hit in France and on the art house circuit in English-speaking countries. He then played the title role in Luchino Visconti's Rocco and His Brothers (1960). Critic Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote that Delon's work was "touchingly pliant and expressive".

Delon made his stage debut in 1961 in the John Ford play 'Tis Pity She's a Whore alongside Romy Schneider in Paris. Visconti directed the production which broke box office records. He was reunited with René Clément in the Italian comedy film about fascism, The Joy of Living (1961). It was a minor success. More popular was an all-star anthology film Famous Love Affairs (1961); Delon's segment cast him as Albert III, Duke of Bavaria, opposite Brigitte Bardot. Around this time Delon was mentioned as a possibility for the lead in Lawrence of Arabia.

Peter O'Toole was cast instead, but then Delon was signed by Seven Arts to a four-picture deal, including a big budget international movie of the Marco Polo story and The King of Paris, about Alexandre Dumas. Neither project came to fruition. Instead he was cast by Michelangelo Antonioni opposite Monica Vitti in L'Eclisse (1962), a major critical success, although audiences were small. More popular was another all-star anthology film, The Devil and the Ten Commandments (1963); Delon's segment cast him with Danielle Darrieux.

MGM
Producer Jacques Bar was making a heist film with Jean Gabin with backing from MGM, titled Any Number Can Win (1963). Gabin's co-star was meant to be Jean-Louis Trintignant until Delon lobbied Bar for the role. He took the film's distribution rights in certain countries instead of a straight salary. Because this had never been done before in France, this was known as "Delon's method." The gamble paid off well, with Jean Gabin later claiming that Delon earned 10 times more money than he did as a result. However, in 1965, Delon claimed "no one else has tried it since and made money."

The experience gave Delon a taste for producing. He signed a five-picture deal with MGM, of which Any Number Can Win was the first. His reputation was further enhanced when he worked with Visconti again for Il Gattopardo (The Leopard) with Burt Lancaster and Claudia Cardinale. It was the seventh biggest hit of the year in France. Any Number Can Win was the sixth. The Leopard was widely screened in the U.S. through 20th Century Fox. Delon was now one of the most popular stars in France. He starred in a swashbuckler, The Black Tulip (1964), another hit.

Les Félins (1964), which reunited him with Clement and co-starred Jane Fonda, was filmed in French and English versions. The latter was distributed by MGM, but it was not a success. In 1964, the Cinémathèque Française held a showcase of Delon's films and Delon started a production company, Delbeau Production, with Georges Beaume. They produced a film called The Unvanquished (L'insoumis) in 1964, where Delon played a terrorist OAS assassin. It had to be re-edited because of legal issues. Despite being distributed by MGM, audiences were small.

Hollywood star
Typecast as a "Latin Lover", Delon spent the next few years focused on Hollywood. In 1965 he said that he wanted to make a picture in America and one in Europe each year. He also said that his accent prevented him from playing certain roles: "Because of my accent, I would not attempt to play Americans. I am working on removing the distinctly French inflections from my speech so that I can play all continental nationalities."

He started with a small part in an all-star anthology for MGM titled The Yellow Rolls-Royce (1965), opposite Shirley MacLaine. It was popular although Delon had little to do. He had his first English-language lead in Once a Thief, where he co-starred with Ann-Margret. It was based on a novel by Zekial Marko who had written Any Number Can Win, but it was not as successful. It was financed by MGM, which announced Delon would appear in a Western Ready for the Tiger directed by Sam Peckinpah, but the film was never made.

Instead, Delon signed a three-picture deal with Columbia, for whom he appeared in the big budget action film Lost Command (1966), playing a member of the French Foreign Legion, alongside Anthony Quinn and Claudia Cardinale. The studio announced that he would appear in the biopic Cervantes, but this was never made. Universal Studios used Delon in a Western, Texas Across the River, opposite Dean Martin. Ray Stark wanted to use him in The Night of the Iguana and This Property Is Condemned.

He didn't appear in either film but was in that producer's Is Paris Burning?, directed by René Clément, playing Jacques Chaban-Delmas. This was a massive hit in France but performed disappointingly at the US box office – as did all of Delon's Hollywood-financed films. Delon remained a massive star in France, along with Steve McQueen and Sean Connery, and was one of the biggest foreign stars in Japan. However, he could not make headway in the U.S market.

Return to France
After six Hollywood movies Delon returned to France to make The Last Adventure opposite Lino Ventura. It was one of Delon's most popular films of the 1960s but wasn't popular in North America. He was meant to work again with Visconti in The Stranger but did not end up playing it. Instead, he appeared on stage in Paris, Les Yeux Crevés and made Le Samouraï with Jean-Pierre Melville, which became another classic. He played an amnesiac in Diabolically Yours (1968) for Julien Duvivier.

He had a role in another all-star anthology, Spirits of the Dead (1968). His segment was directed by Louis Malle, and co-starred Brigitte Bardot. Delon had another attempt at English-language cinema with The Girl on a Motorcycle (1968) with Marianne Faithfull for director Jack Cardiff. It was a surprise hit in Britain. Far more popular at the French box office was Farewell Friend (Adieu l'ami), where Delon and Charles Bronson played former foreign legionnaires who get involved in a heist. The film helped turn Charles Bronson into a genuine star in Europe.

Marković affair and gangster movies

While making the 1969 thriller La Piscine (The Swimming Pool) with Romy Schneider, Delon's friend and bodyguard Stevan Marković was found murdered in a rubbish dump near Paris. The police investigation revealed claims of sex parties involving celebrities such as Delon and members of the French government, including future president Georges Pompidou, whose wife, Claude Pompidou, was allegedly the subject of a series of compromising photos at one such party. Corsican crime boss François Marcantoni, a friend of Delon, was suspected of involvement in the murder. The affair gained notoriety throughout France and in the French press as the "Marković affair". In a 1969 BBC interview, Delon was questioned about his alleged involvement in the death of Marković, rumors of his involvement in the sex parties, and Delon's own sexual preferences.

Delon then starred in a series of gangster films. The first was Jeff (1969), made by his own production company, Adel. In The Sicilian Clan (1969) Delon collaborated with Lino Ventura and Jean Gabin, and the film was a blockbuster. Even more popular in Europe was Borsalino (1970), which Delon produced and in which he co-starred opposite Jean-Paul Belmondo. Neither of these films was successful in the US, as Delon had hoped. Neither was The Red Circle, despite Delon co-starring in it with Yves Montand. For a change of pace, he produced a romantic drama, The Love Mates (1971), which was not successful. Neither was the 1971 comedy Easy, Down There!.

More international films

In the early 1970s, Delon made another attempt at the English-speaking market. The Assassination of Trotsky (1972) for Joseph Losey was poorly received but Red Sun (1972), with Charles Bronson and Toshiro Mifune, did well. In France he appeared opposite Simone Signoret in The Widow Couderc (1971). He made his third film with Melville, Un flic (1972). He produced and starred in a romantic drama, Indian Summer (1972), then made some thrillers: Traitement de choc (1973), and Tony Arzenta (1973).

In 1973, he recorded a duet with Dalida, "Paroles, paroles", that went on to become one of the most recognizable French songs. He tried again for Hollywood stardom with Scorpio (1973), with Burt Lancaster for director Michael Winner. It was only a minor hit. In France, he made The Burned Barns (1973) and Creezy (1974). He produced Two Men in Town (1974) which re-teamed him with Jean Gabin, and Borsalino & Co. (1974), a sequel to his earlier hit.

After another gangster thriller, Icy Breasts (1974), Delon returned to his first swashbuckler since The Black Tulip, playing the title character in the 1975 Italian-French film Zorro. He made some more crime filmes: The Gypsy (1975), Flic Story (1975) (with Jean Louis Triginant), Boomerang (1976) and Armaguedon (1976). In 1976, Delon starred in Monsieur Klein, for which he was nominated for the César Award.

It was back to crime for another series of thrillers in which he starred as well as produced: Man in a Hurry (1977), Death of a Corrupt Man (1977), Le Gang (1977), Attention, The Kids Are Watching (1978). In 1979, Delon stated only a quarter of his business activities involve films, that he also has "a helicopter business, build furniture, promote prize fights, and race horses", and that he was still interested in becoming a star in America.

In 1979 he made a final attempt at Hollywood stardom, signing with agent Sue Mengers and starring in The Concorde ... Airport '79 (1979). The film was not a big success. Delon returned to French films which he produced: The Medic (1979) and Three Men to Kill (1980).

Later career

1980s and 1990s
Teheran 43 (1981) was a change of pace. In this big Soviet production he co-starred with Claude Jade and Curd Jürgens in a co-starring role beside Russian actors. Then it was back to crime: For a Cop's Hide (1981), Le choc (1982, opposite Catherine Deneuve), Le Battant (1983). He was awarded the Best Actor César Award for his role in Bertrand Blier's Notre histoire (1984), and portrayed the aristocratic dandy Baron de Charlus in a film adaptation of Marcel Proust's novel Swann in Love in the same year.

The thrillers resumed: Parole de flic (1986), The Passage, Let Sleeping Cops Lie (1988), and Dancing Machine (1990). One notable film during this time was Jean-Luc Godard's Nouvelle Vague in 1990, in which Delon played twins. Delon's last major role was in Patrice Leconte's Une chance sur deux in 1998, another box office disappointment. Delon announced his decision to give up acting in 1997, although he still occasionally accepts roles.

Delon acquired Swiss citizenship on 23 September 1999, and the company managing products sold under his name is based in Geneva. He resides in Chêne-Bougeries in the canton of Geneva.

2000s and 2010s

In 2001, Delon starred in the French television drama Fabio Montale. He played an ageing policeman dressed in stylish clothes, a "signature Delon" role for audiences. The show was a big hit. In 2003, Delon tried to recreate the success of Fabio Montale and produced and starred in another French television police drama, Frank Riva. It did well but less so than Fabio Montale. He starred, in 2008, as Jules Cesar in the box-office hit Asterix aux jeux Olympiques which co-starred Gérard Depardieu. Around this time he mostly took roles in TV movies and also played some roles on the French stage.

He directed a TV movie in 2008, co-starring Anouk Aimee, titled Love Letters based on a play by A.R. Gurney. In 2018, after a seven-year hiatus from cinema, Delon was planning to star in a new movie, titled La Maison Vide, co-starring Juliette Binoche and directed by Patrice Leconte. However, in November 2018 the French media announced that the project was canceled. No specific reason was given for the cancelation. His last roles to date have been in the 2011 television movie Une journée ordinaire, in the 2012 Russian production S Novym godom, Mamy! in which he starred as himself and he again appeared as himself in the 2019 movie Toute Ressemblance as a guest in a talkshow.

In April 2019, at 83, Delon released a new single. The track, titled Je n'aime que toi, was composed by Rick Allison and Julia Paris. Already in 1973 Delon scored a huge international hit duetting with Egyptian-French singer Dalida on the song Paroles...paroles. In 1983 he collaborated with Shirley Bassey on the international hit song Thought I'd ring you.

At the 2019 Cannes Film Festival, which was held from 14 to 25 May, Delon was the recipient of an honorary  for his long standing career in the movies. A retrospective of some of his films played at the festival. There was much controversy surrounding Delon receiving this award because of the presumed remarks he had made concerning the treatment of women during his career and in his private life. Thierry Fremaux, the artistic director of the festival, told the Cannes audience during a homage at the ceremony, "We know that intolerance is back, we're being asked to believe that if we all think the same it will protect us from the risk of being disliked or being wrong, but Alain Delon is not afraid of being wrong, being disliked, and he doesn't think like others, and he's not afraid of being alone". "For me, it's more than the end of a career. It's the end of a life. It feels that I'm receiving a posthumous tribute while being alive", said Delon. He received the award from his daughter Anouchka Delon.

2020s

In a July 2021 interview on TV5Monde, his first since having two strokes, Delon said that he plans to act in one more film.Also on TV5Monde, Delon interviewed Ukrainian president Zelenskyy in September 2022 as part of a special programme on the situation in Ukraine, Face à Zelensky. Delon expressed his support for the Ukrainian people during the interview.

Business career
In the 1970s, Delon expanded his commercial interests, buying harness racing trotters and promoting boxing matches. He has also helped develop and promote a variety of products sold under his name including wristwatches, clothing, eyewear, perfume, stationery, and cigarettes. Delon's brand of sunglasses became particularly popular in Hong Kong after actor Chow Yun-fat wore them in the 1986 crime film A Better Tomorrow, as well as two sequels. Delon reportedly wrote a letter thanking Chow for helping to promote and sell the sunglasses in Hong Kong and China.

The film's director John Woo has acknowledged Delon as one of his idols and wrote a short essay on Le Samourai as well as Le Cercle Rouge for the Criterion Collection DVD releases. In 2009 and 2015, Christian Dior used images of the young Alain Delon and excerpts of his 1960s films The Swimming Pool and The Last Adventure respectively in the Eau Sauvage cologne advertising campaigns.

Personal life

On 20 March 1959, Delon was engaged to actress Romy Schneider, whom he met when they co-starred in the film Christine (1958). During their relationship, he had an affair with German actress, singer and model Nico. In 1962, Nico gave birth to a son, Christian Aaron Boulogne (Ari Päffgen) "Ari", but Delon never recognized the child as his. Ari was raised mostly by Delon's parents. In 1963, Delon and Schneider broke up. After Romy's death in 1982, he confessed that Romy Schneider was the love of his life.

In 1963, Delon met young divorcée Francine Canovas, a model known professionally as Nathalie Barthélémy. In January 1964, Barthélémy became pregnant by Delon. On August 13, 1964, they married, and she took the name Nathalie Delon. Their son Anthony Delon, her second child, was born on 30 September 1964. In 1967, Alain Delon filed for divorce. The couple divorced on 14 February 1969.

In the mid-1960s, Delon had a short relationship with Dalida. The two had been friends since first meeting in Paris in 1955, where they were neighbors in the same building on the Champs-Élysées.

In August 1968, during the shooting of the film La Piscine, Delon met French actress Mireille Darc and asked her to shoot a movie together. They started a relationship that lasted until 1982. He later had short relationships with actresses Anne Parillaud and Lana Wood, as well as Catherine Bleynie, ex-wife of Didier Pironi.

Delon was in a short relationship with Guadeloupe-born dancer and actress Maddly Bamy. He met Bamy on the set of La Piscine, in which Bamy had a small role. As Delon was also Mireille Darc's partner at the time, he shared his life with two women. Bamy ended their relationship in 1971, and subsequently became Jacques Brel's last companion. Their love triangle served as an inspiration to the 1969 film The Love Mates, in which Delon and Darc starred. Darc wrote the film's screenplay under her real name, Mireille Aigroz.

In 1987, Delon met Dutch model  on the set of the music video for his song "Comme au cinéma" and started a relationship. They had two children: Anouchka Delon (25 November 1990) and Alain-Fabien Delon (18 March 1994). The relationship ended in 2001.

Delon lives in Chêne-Bougeries, Canton of Geneva, Switzerland, and Douchy, Loiret, France.

During an interview in 2013, Delon expressed support of the French far-right political party National Front, saying "The National Front, like the MCG [Geneva Citizens' Movement] in Geneva, is very important... I encourage it and I perfectly understand it".

Delon was good friends with Argentine world champion boxer Carlos Monzon.

In September 2019, Christian Aaron "Ari" Boulogne sued Alain Delon for legal recognition of paternity.

In 2022, the 86-year-old Delon was invited by Volodymyr Zelenskyy to travel to Ukraine.

Marković affair

On 1 October 1968, in the village of Élancourt, Yvelines, on the western outskirts of Paris, the body of Stevan Marković, Delon's former bodyguard, was found in a public dump. Delon and a Corsican gangster François Marcantoni came under investigation. One of the factors pointing in that direction was a letter from Marković to his brother Aleksandar, in which he wrote: "If I get killed, it's 100% the fault of Alain Delon and his godfather Francois Marcantoni". Later, the investigation involved the former French Prime Minister (and later President) Georges Pompidou after a few press articles and a testimony of Borivoj Ackov. He testified that he was present at parties with Pompidou's wife, Marković, and Delon.

Marković's death sparked rumours suggesting the existence of group sex photos with Pompidou's wife. Pompidou accused Louis Wallon and Henri Capitant of using the French espionage service SDECE with an aim to set him up. After becoming President of the Republic, he named Alexandre de Marenches as the head of the SDECE in order to reform it. Assisted by Michel Roussin, his principal private secretary, de Marenches expelled a "secret agent" involved in the investigation of Jean-Charles Marchiani.

Other legal troubles
In 1969, Delon was convicted in absentia and sentenced to four months in jail by an Italian court for assaulting an Italian photographer.

De Gaulle document
In 1970, Delon, through a friend, Mr Stan, purchased a copy of the original manuscript of Charles de Gaulle's 1940 speech to the French encouraging them to resist the Germans. Delon paid 300,000 francs for the manuscript and then returned it to the government.

Health
Delon suffered a stroke in June 2019. He was admitted to hospital after experiencing dizziness and headaches. In August 2019, he was recovering in a Swiss hospital.

In a 2021 interview with Paris Match, Delon expressed support for euthanasia, calling it "the most logical and natural thing". In 2022, Delon's son Anthony revealed in his autobiography Entre chien et loup that, following the death of his mother Nathalie, Alain said he wanted to be removed from life support if he were to succumb to a coma, and had asked Anthony to fulfill his request if such a circumstance arose. Shortly thereafter, some news organizations reported that Delon was planning to imminently end his life through euthanasia. But the reports were adamantly denied by his son, Alain-Fabien, who said that quotes from Anthony Delon's book had been taken out of context.

Influences
Delon's favourite actor is John Garfield. He also admires Montgomery Clift, Marlon Brando and Robert Walker.

Honours
 At the 2019 Cannes Film Festival, he received the Honorary Palme d'Or.
 At the 45th Berlin International Film Festival, he won the Honorary Golden Bear.
 Delon appears on the cover of the 1986 album The Queen Is Dead by The Smiths.
 He was made Officier (Officer) of the Ordre national du Mérite in 1995.
 He was made Chevalier (Knight) of the Légion d'honneur on 21 February 1991. He was promoted to Officier (Officer) in 2005.
 The song "Beautiful Killer" on Madonna's twelfth studio album MDNA is a tribute to Delon.
 An early EP by the music group White Town was the "Alain Delon EP".

 The song "A Look From The Screen" by Russian band Nautilus Pompilius is a tribute to Delon.

Filmography

Delon's most acclaimed films, according to the review aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, include Purple Noon (1960), Rocco and His Brothers (1960), L'Eclisse (1962), The Leopard (1963), Le Samouraï (1967), La Piscine (The Swimming Pool) (1969), Le Cercle Rouge (1970), and Monsieur Klein (1976).

See also
 List of French actors
 List of animal rights advocates
 List of Swiss people

References

External links

 "The perils of trans-national stardom: Alain Delon in Hollywood cinema" by Ginette Vincendeau

1935 births
20th-century French male actors
20th-century French people
21st-century French male actors
21st-century Swiss people
Best Actor César Award winners
Honorary Golden Bear recipients
French emigrants to Switzerland
French male film actors
French male stage actors
French male television actors
French racehorse owners and breeders
French military personnel of the First Indochina War
French people of Corsican descent
Illeists
Living people
Naturalised citizens of Switzerland
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Officers of the Ordre national du Mérite
People from Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine
Sportspeople from Hauts-de-Seine
Alain

Alain Delon


Manfred Ostermann (born 1958) is a German local politician and an independent. In 2007 he was elected as the chief executive (Landrat) of the district of Soltau-Fallingbostel for an initial term of 8 years.

Life
Ostermann was born on 30 April 1958 in Detmold, North Rhine-Westphalia. After passing his A levels (Abitur) in the town of his birth and completing his basic conscription, Ostermann passed his studies in law in Passau and Göttingen.
Ostermann was employed from 1990 to 2001 as an administrative lawyer (Verwaltungsjurist) in the district of Güstrow in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and from 1994 also as deputy Landrat. In 2002 he became the First District Councillor (Erster Kreisrat) and General Representative (Allgemeiner Vertreter) of the district council for Soltau-Fallingbostel district (now Heidekreis district). After the death of the Landrat, Hermann Söder, in 2006, Ostermann took over the post, initially in an acting capacity, and subsequently ran for the office, supported by the newly formed alliance of Kompetenz für SFA, that was composed of representatives of the SPD, Alliance 90/The Greens, the Citizens' Union (Bürgerunion) and the Walsrode Citizens List (Walsroder Bürgerliste). In the elections on 14 January 2007 he won through with 52.8 % of the vote against his rivals, Karl-Ludwig von Danwitz (CDU) and Knut Maass (FDP).

Private life
Ostermann is married with four children.

References

External links
 Leaflet about Ostermann for the Landratswahl 2007
 Manfred Ostermann at the district home page

1958 births
Living people
Politicians from Lower Saxony
Jurists from North Rhine-Westphalia
Heidekreis
People from Detmold

Manfred Ostermann


In business, overhead or overhead expense refers to an ongoing expense of operating a business. Overheads are the expenditure which cannot be conveniently traced to or identified with any particular revenue unit, unlike operating expenses such as raw material and labor. Therefore, overheads cannot be immediately associated with the products or services being offered, thus do not directly generate profits. However, overheads are still vital to business operations as they provide critical support for the business to carry out profit making activities. For example, overhead costs such as the rent for a factory allows workers to manufacture products which can then be sold for a profit. Such expenses are incurred for output generally and not for particular work order; e.g., wages paid to watch and ward staff, heating and lighting expenses of factory, etc. Overheads are also a very important cost element along with direct materials and direct labor.

Overheads are often related to accounting concepts such as fixed costs and indirect costs.

Overhead expenses are all costs on the income statement except for direct labor, direct materials, and direct expenses. Overhead expenses include accounting fees, advertising, insurance, interest, legal fees, labor burden, rent, repairs, supplies, taxes, telephone bills, travel expenditures, and utilities.

There are essentially two types of business overheads: administrative overheads and manufacturing overheads.

Administrative overheads
Administrative overheads include items such as utilities, strategic planning, and various supporting functions. These costs are treated as overheads due to the fact that they aren't directly related to any particular function of the organization nor does it directly result in generating any profits. Instead, these costs simply take on the role of supporting all of the business's other functions.

Universities regularly charge administrative overhead rates on research. In the U.S. the average overhead rate is 52%, which is spent on building operation, administrative salaries and other areas not directly tied to research. Academics have argued against these charges. For example, Benjamin Ginsberg showed how overhead rates are primarily used to subsidize ballooning administrative salaries and building depreciation, neither of which directly benefit research; although it does benefit the administrators that determine university policy in his book The Fall of Faculty.  An article written by Joshua Pearce in Science argued that overhead accounting practices hurt science by removing funds from research and discouraging the use of less-expensive open source hardware. He went into detail on the accounting showing how millions were wasted each year on overhead cash grabs by university administrators in ZME Science.

Examples

Employee salaries
This includes mainly monthly and annual salaries that are agreed upon. They are considered overheads as these costs must be paid regardless of sales and profits of the company. In addition, salary differs from wage as salary is not affected by working hours and time, therefore will remain constant. In particular, this would more commonly apply to more senior staff members as they are typically signed to longer tenure contracts, meaning that their salaries are more commonly predetermined.

Office equipment and supplies
This includes office equipment such as printer, fax machine, computers, refrigerator, etc. They are equipment that do not directly result in sales and profits as they are only used for supporting functions that they can provide to business operations. However, equipment can vary between administrative overheads and manufacturing overheads based on the purpose of which they are using the equipment. For example, for a printing company a printer would be considered a manufacturing overhead.

External legal and audit fees
This includes the cost of hiring external law and audit firms on behalf of the company. This would not apply if company has own internal lawyers and audit plans. Due to regulations and necessary annual audits to ensure a satisfactory work place environment, these costs often cannot be avoided. Also, since these costs do not necessarily contribute directly to sales, they are considered as indirect overheads. Although in most cases necessary, these costs can sometimes be avoided and reduced.

Company cars
Many companies provide usage of company cars as a perk for their employees. Since these cars do not contribute directly to sales and profits, they are considered an overhead. Similar company perks that are a one-off or constant payment such as partner contract fees with a gym will also fall under administrative overheads.

Travel and entertainment costs
This will include company-paid business travels and arrangements. As well as refreshments, meals, and entertainment fees during company gatherings. Although one might argue that these costs motivate workers to become more productive and efficient, the majority of economists agree that these costs do not directly contribute to sales and profits, therefore shall be categorized as an administrative overhead. Despite these costs occurring periodically and sometimes without prior preparation, they are usually one-off payments and are expected to be within the company's budget for travel and entertainment.

Manufacturing overheads
Manufacturing overheads are all costs endured by a business that is within the physical platform in which the product or service is created. Difference between manufacturing overheads and administrative overheads is that manufacturing overheads are categorized within a factory or office in which the sale takes place. Whilst administrative overheads is typically categorized within some sort of back-office or supporting office. Although there are cases when the two physical buildings may overlap, it is the usage of the overheads that separates them.

Examples

Employee salaries
Although the general concept is identical to the example under administrative overheads, the key difference is the role of the employee. In the case of manufacturing overheads, employees would have roles such as maintenance personnel, manufacturing managers, materials management staff, and quality control staff. It would also include the set wages for janitorial staff members. Once again, the key difference lies in the nature of their respective jobs and the physical location in which their jobs are carried out.

Depreciation of assets and equipment
This refers to the reduction in value of equipments as it becomes older and more obsolete. For example, if a printer has a potential useful life span of 5 years, the amount that it can be sold for will decrease each year. Therefore, this value in depreciation is calculated as a manufacturing overhead. Moreover, this also applies to vehicles as they tend to depreciate significantly after the first year. When calculating manufacturing overheads, accountants mainly use two methods: straight-line method and declining balance method.

Property taxes on production facilities
Every single property unless government owned is subject to some form of property tax. Therefore, the taxes on production factories are categorized as manufacturing overheads as they are costs which cannot be avoided nor cancelled. In addition, property taxes do not change in relation to the business's profits or sales and will likely remain the same unless a change by the government administration.

Rent of factory building
Unless the business decides to purchase land and build its own factory, it will be subject to some sort of rent due to the amount of capital required to build a privately owned factory. Therefore, this rent must be paid to the landlord on a regular basis regardless of the performance of the business. Although the rent for the building provides the physical platform for the company to produce its products and services, it is not a direct contributor.

Utilities for factory
This would vary depending on how the utility bill is structured. In the case of it being an overhead, the utility bill is pre-negotiated meaning that the monthly utility bill will be the same regardless of the amount in which the factory actually consumes. This will only be relevant in various countries where there is an option for standardized utility bills. However, due to the vast consumption of electricity, gas, and water in most factories, most companies tend to not have standardized utility bills as it tends to be more expensive. Standardized utility bills are also oftentimes discouraged by governments as it leads to wastage of resources and negative externalities of production.

Application of business overheads
For most businesses, business overheads are calculated by accountants for budgeting purposes but also often so the business has an idea of how much they must charge consumers in order to make a profit. The following are common accounting tools which take account of business overheads.

Break-even analysis
The break-even analysis determines the point which the business's revenue is equivalent to the costs required to receive that revenue. It first calculates a margin of safety (the point which the revenue exceeds the break-even point) as that is the "safe" amount which the revenue can fall whilst still remaining to be above the break-even point. The graph on the right shows a typical break-even chart. Contribution refers to sales of the product or service, it can also be interpreted as the business's revenue stream. Fixed costs in this case serves the same purpose as business overheads, it will simply be shown as a straight horizontal line on the graph as shown.

Shut-down graph
In economics, revenue curves are often illustrated to show whether or not a business should stay in business, or shut down. In theory, if a business is able cover variable operational costs but unable to cover business overheads in the short run, the business should remain in business. On the other hand, if the business is not even able to cover operational costs, it should shut down. Although this rule largely differs depending on the size of the business, the business's cash-flow, and the competitive nature of the business, it serves as a model rule for most small competitive businesses to operate on.

Activity-based costing
Activity-based costing (ABC) aims to reduce the proportion of costs treated as overheads by allocating costs to each activity involved in the production of a product or delivery of a service.

Balance sheet
Balance sheet is a financial statement which outlines a company's financial assets, liabilities, and shareholder's equity at a specific time. Both assets and liabilities are separated into two categories depending on their time frame; current and long-term. Business overheads in particular fall under current liabilities as they are costs for which the company must pay on a relatively short-term/immediate basis. Although the balance sheet by itself does not offer much information, it is a useful piece of financial information when combined with other documents such as the income statement or ratio analysis as it offers a diverse and well-rounded description of the company's financial position.

See also
Operating expense
Expense ratio
Pre-determined overhead rate

References

Business terms
Management accounting

Overhead (business)


Cliff Meidl (born March 6, 1966) is a retired American Sprint Kayaker. He competed in 1000 m kayak events at the 1996 and 2000 Summer Olympics. He was honored as the U.S. flag bearer at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Biography
A construction electrical accident at age 20 caused him injury so severe he almost lost his legs. In his battle to recover he competed in two Olympic Games in the sport of kayaking. Team USA honored him as the Opening Ceremony flag bearer leading the national team into the Olympic Stadium at the 2000 Sydney Summer Olympics. Meidl's story received significant television and press coverage during the Olympiad.

Meidl currently lives in southern California, where he works in asset management. He is a successful motivational speaker and member of the National Speakers Association. His motto is "Ad Astra Per Aspera" (Latin for: To The Stars Through Difficulties), and his speaking presentations focus on the universal topics of courage, hope, and achievement despite adversity.

Meidl attended El Camino Community college in Torrance, California before transferring to California State University, Long Beach, to complete his undergraduate degree in business administration.  He completed his MBA at the University of Southern California. The two-time Olympian partners with foundations and 501(c3) organizations to advocate educational awareness, promote the sport of kayaking, and recognize individuals for exceptional effort, courage, and achievement in the midst of challenging circumstances.

Meidl is one of 20 athletes honored, alongside Peter Vidmar, Rafer Johnson, and Mark Spitz, in a special collectible set called the Olympian Heroes Series. The series was created to benefit the Olympians for Olympians Relief Fund (OORF).

References

External links

 Official Website
 Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2008). "Canoeing: Men's Kayak Singles 500 Meters". In The Complete Book of the Olympics: 2008 Edition. London: Aurum Pres Limited. p. 470.

1966 births
Living people
Canoeists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic canoeists for the United States
California State University, Long Beach alumni
Marshall School of Business alumni
American male canoeists

Cliff Meidl


Roman art was created in Ancient Rome. It includes architecture, painting, sculptures and mosaic work. It was most prolific from about the first to the fourth century AD. Ancient Roman pottery was not considered to be artwork; it was for everyday use. Almost no painting survives today, and the paintings that are known are probably not the best the Romans could produce.

Art
Ancient Rome

Roman art


Albert Cecil Williams (born September 22, 1929) is an American pastor, community leader, and author who is the pastor emeritus of Glide Memorial United Methodist Church.

Early life

One of six children, Williams was born in San Angelo, Texas to Earl Williams Sr. He had  four brothers, Earl Jr., Reedy, Claudius "Dusty", Jack and a sister, Johnny.

He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Sociology from Huston–Tillotson University in 1952. He was one of the first five African American graduates of the Perkins School of Theology at Southern Methodist University in 1955. He became the pastor of Glide Memorial Church in San Francisco, California in 1963, and founded the Council on Religion and the Homosexual the following year. He welcomed everyone to participate in services and hosted political rallies in which Angela Davis and the Black Panthers spoke and lectures by personalities as diverse as Bill Cosby and Billy Graham. When Patty Hearst was kidnapped by the Symbionese Liberation Army, Williams attempted to negotiate a deal for her release.

In 1967, Williams had the cross removed from the church's sanctuary, saying it was a symbol of death and that his congregation should instead celebrate life and living. "We must all be the cross," he explained.

LGBT rights activism
Drawing on his experiences in the civil rights movement, Williams was one of the first African-Americans to become involved in the gay rights movement. In 1964, he gave a speech at the Society for Individual Rights in San Francisco, which was more outspoken than the contemporary Mattachine Society. Based on the contemporary campaign for African-American voting rights, he suggested that gays should use their votes to gain political power and effect change. In his advice for gay movement to create tensions, he echoed Martin Luther King Jr.'s Letter from Birmingham Jail:

Legacy

Under his leadership, Glide Memorial became a 10,000-member congregation of all races, ages, genders, ethnicities, sexual orientations, and religions. It is the largest provider of social services in the city, serving over three thousand meals a day, providing AIDS/HIV screenings, offering adult education programs, and giving assistance to women dealing with homelessness, domestic violence, substance abuse, and mental health issues.

Williams retired as pastor in 2000 having turned 70 years old, the mandatory age of retirement for pastors employed by the United Methodist Church.  (Pastors in the United Methodist Church are not employed by the local church or congregation. Instead, UMC pastors are assigned to a local church by the presiding bishops of the global Church.) When Williams became ineligible for assignment to a congregation by the episcopate, the local congregation and affiliated non-profit foundation hired Williams to fill a new office entitled Minister of Liberation. The position was created to allow Williams to officially continue to serve the community and church.

In August 2013, the intersection of Ellis and Taylor Streets (location of the Glide church in San Francisco) was renamed "Rev. Cecil Williams Way" in honor of Williams.

Both Williams and the church are featured in the 2006 film The Pursuit of Happyness.

Personal life
Williams was married to school teacher Evelyn Robinson (1927–1982) from 1956 until their divorce in 1976. They had two children, a son, Albert and a daughter, Kim. He was married to Janice Mirikitani, a poet, from 1983 until her death in 2021.

Bibliography

References

External links

People from San Angelo, Texas
African-American Methodist clergy
American Methodist clergy
Huston–Tillotson University alumni
Perkins School of Theology alumni
1929 births
Living people
Religious leaders from the San Francisco Bay Area
American United Methodist clergy
American LGBT rights activists
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people
Activists from Texas

Cecil Williams (pastor)


Lithium monoxide anion (LiO−) is a superbase existing in the gas phase. It was the strongest known base until 2008, when the isomeric diethynylbenzene dianions were determined to have a higher proton affinity. The methanide ion CH3− was the strongest known base before lithium monoxide anion was discovered.

LiO− has a proton affinity of ~1782 kJ mol−1.

Synthesis of the lithium monoxide anion
The anion is prepared in a mass spectrometer by successive decarboxylation and decarbonylation of lithium oxalate anion under collision induced dissociation (CID) conditions: LiO(C=O)(CO) → LiOCO− + CO2, LiOCO− → LiO− + CO.

The above method to synthesize the lithium monoxide anion is inefficient and difficult to carry out. The required ion rapidly reacts with traces of moisture and molecular oxygen present in the air. The reaction is further intensified by the high pressure argon that is introduced into the instrument to carry out the CID step.

References

See also
Lithium oxide

Superbases
Lithium compounds

Lithium monoxide anion


Potaro-Siparuni (Region 8) is a region of Esequiban Guyana, a territory in dispute by Guyana and Venezuela. Venezuela claims the territory as part of Bolívar state. The regional capital is Mahdia.

The region is in the west of the country. It has an area of 20,051 km². As of the 2012 census, 10,190 people lived there. It borders the region of Cuyuni-Mazaruni to the north, the regions of Upper Demerara-Berbice and East Berbice-Corentyne to the east, the region of Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo to the south and Brazil to the west.

Regions of Guyana

Potaro-Siparuni


The Eloi are one of the two fictional post-human races, along with the Morlocks, in H. G. Wells'  1895 novel The Time Machine.

In H. G. Wells' The Time Machine
By the year AD 802,701, humanity has diverged into two separate species: the Eloi and the Morlocks. The Eloi live a banal life of ease on the surface of the Earth while the Morlocks live underground, tending machinery and providing food, clothing, and inventory for the Eloi. The narration suggests that the separation of species may have been the result of a widening split between different social classes. The Eloi are suggested to be the descendants of a privileged, surface-dwelling, upper class, which once dominated the subterranean working class. The Time Traveller, the story's protagonist, surmises that the surface-dwelling civilization had reached its zenith and devolved into hedonism and indifference. At the same time, the "underworlders" who supported the surface world grew accustomed to labor and harsh, underground existence, and degenerated into the Morlocks. At some point, the Morlocks, who continued providing for the helpless Eloi (the Time Traveller guesses this may have been out of tradition or intrinsic habit) began feeding on their above-ground counterparts and now raise them like cattle to serve as their food supply.

The Eloi are described as anatomically smaller than modern humans(standing roughly four feet tall), with shoulder-length curly hair, pointed chins, large eyes, small ears, small mouths with bright red thin lips, and sub-human intelligence. Their bodies are beautiful in appearance but surprisingly feeble. They do not perform much work, except to feed, play, and mate, and are characterized by apathy; when Weena falls into a river, none of the other Eloi help her (she is rescued instead by the Time Traveller). The Eloi seem to dread only darkness and always sleep in droves within their "palaces". This is later revealed to be because the Morlocks ascend to harvest them when darkness falls.

A portion of the book written for the New Review version, later published as a separate short story, reveals that a visit by the Time Traveller to the even more distant future results in his encountering rabbit-like hopping herbivores, apparently the descendants of the Eloi. They are described as being plantigrade, with longer hind legs and tailless, being covered with straight greyish hair that "thickened about the head into a Skye terrier's mane", having human-like hands (described as fore feet), and having a roundish head with a projecting forehead and forward-looking eyes that were obscured by lank hair.

Film adaptions

In the 1960 film version of the book, the Eloi are depicted as identical to modern humans but small, blond, and blue-eyed. The Morlocks use an air raid siren to put the Eloi into a trance state and lure them into their caves. One of the Eloi is motivated to beat a Morlock to death when it attacks the Time Traveller.

In the 2002 movie adaptation of The Time Machine, the Eloi are depicted as identical to modern humans with a hunter-gatherer lifestyle and sport primitive-style clothing and appear to be an ethnic amalgamation of various indigenous races but maintain the English language as an intellectual exercise.

In Dan Simmons' Ilium
In Dan Simmons'  Ilium novel, "Eloi" is a nickname for the lazy, uneducated, and uncultured descendants of the human race after the post-humans have left Earth. The name is a reference to Wells'  Eloi. Old-style humans and post-humans rule in Simmons' novel, with the Eloi being kept in "zoos" in restricted areas on Earth. The Eloi are technically adept but do not understand the technology; they regress and unlearn millennia of culture, thought and reason, until they are satisfied with the pleasure of merely existing.

Later use of the name
 The 1995 novel The Time Ships by Stephen Baxter is a sequel to The Time Machine, authorized by Wells' estate, published to mark its centennial.
 The German progressive rock band Eloy, founded in 1969, are named after the race.
 The Elokoi of Brian Caswell's 1995 novel Deucalion are presumably inspired by the Eloi, but ones without the dark side of the Morlocks.
 Geoff Ryman's 2005 novel Air contains a fictional ethnic minority called the Eloi, whose struggle for autonomy is quashed by a repressive government.
 James Alan Gardner uses the terms "Eloi" and "Morlock" in his 1997 novel Expendable to refer to two warring sects of 'glass people'.
 The name is used as a term of derision in Feed (2002) by M.T. Anderson.
 In Greg Bear's 1993 novel Moving Mars, "Eloi" are humans who seek to extend their lifespans beyond 1,000 years, through the use of advanced medical nanotechnology and other enhancements.
 In John Brosnan's 1989–91 far-future post-disaster trilogy The Sky Lords, the Eloi is a term for a small group of "genetically-enhanced humans of indeterminate sex".
 Political commentator Mark Steyn in his 2011 book After America: Get Ready for Armageddon uses the Eloi as a metaphor for what he believes is a post-Western society collapsed under the weight of secular-socialist political correctness, self-loathing and entitlement.
 In his non-fiction essay In the Beginning... Was the Command Line (1999), Neal Stephenson uses Morlocks and Eloi as a metaphor for what he sees as a distinction in contemporary culture: "Eloi learn everything they know from being steeped from birth in electronic media directed and controlled by book-reading Morlocks."
 Eloi feature in Bookworm Adventures 2. An Eloi, under the modified name of Loyim, is an enemy in the sixth book, together with several Morlocks.
 Stuart Baker, better known as Unknown Hinson, referred to liberals as Eloi and as "Un-Americans" who "HAVE FUN forsaking your own race, culture, and heritage". For this and other comments widely deemed as sexist and racist, he was fired from his role as lead voice actor on Squidbillies.

References

Fictional civilizations
Human-derived fictional species
The Time Machine
Literary characters introduced in 1895
Characters in written science fiction
Characters in British novels of the 19th century

Eloi


Nannette Streicher (née Anna-Maria Stein; 2 January 1769, Augsburg – 16 January 1833, Vienna) was a piano builder, composer and a writer from Germany.

Nannette was a daughter of the organ and piano maker Johann Andreas Stein from Augsburg. Her father founded an important piano-making dynasty, and in 1790 Streicher took over father's business. In 1793 she married a musician Johann Andreas Streicher, and in 1794 they moved together to Vienna.  In the beginning she had her brother Matthias Andreas Stein as a partner in the firm that was called Geschwister Stein. In 1802 siblings decided to go separate ways, and Streicher started inscribing her pianos Nannette Streicher née Stein in Wien. She was close to Ludwig van Beethoven and was helping him in household. The composer also had one of Streicher's pianos. After her death, their son Johann Baptist Streicher continued the firm.

References

1769 births
1833 deaths
Piano makers
People from Vienna

Nannette Streicher


The 2014 RideLondon–Surrey Classic (also known as the 2014 Prudential RideLondon–Surrey Classic for sponsorship reasons) was the 2nd edition of the RideLondon–Surrey Classic one-day cycling race. It was held on 10 August 2014 as a 1.HC category event within the 2014 UCI Europe Tour.

Route

Following the inaugural running of the RideLondon–Surrey Classic the  route chosen for the 2014 edition incorporates a number of changes. The route features five categorised climbs and four intermediate sprint points.

The biggest changes relate to the Surrey section where local residents complained about the lengthy road closures put in place for the 2013 edition; where possible, the road closures for the 2014 edition will be managed by rolling road closures to limit the impact of the race on the local community.

The climb of Newlands Corner has been substituted for Staple Lane in order to route the race further from Guildford. The Leith Hill loop (traversed three times in 2013) has been replaced with two different loops centred on Dorking - riders will tackle Leith Hill (via Coldharbour) once and Denbies Wine Estate twice. The riders will race through the centre of Dorking four times, rather than once in 2013. With three categorised climbs in the vicinity and two intermediate sprint points in the town centre, Dorking was expected to become a focal point for spectators.

The route back to London, which still features the climb of Box Hill, was routed via Oxshott rather than Cobham. Minor changes to the route in Kingston upon Thames have been included in order to showcase the recently redeveloped ancient Market Place.

Both the climb of Staple Lane and Oxshott were used in the routes of the Olympic Road Cycling races in 2012.

Sprints classification
There are four Intermediate Sprints that count towards the sprints classification:

Note that points are not awarded at the finish line.

King of the Mountains classification
There are five categorised climbs that count towards the King of the Mountains classification:

Teams
25 teams were invited to the 2014 RideLondon–Surrey Classic: 7 UCI ProTeams, 5 UCI Pro Continental Teams, 12 UCI Continental Teams along with the British national team.

Each of the 25 teams are due to enter six riders to the race, making up a starting peloton of 150 riders.

The 25 teams that will compete in the race are:

Race report

The race was held in wet and windy conditions due to the passing of ex-Hurricane Bertha, with standing water and debris on the country lanes causing several punctures and accidents to riders. A 6-man breakaway formed through Richmond Park and contested the first 3 KOMs. Their lead varied between  and  minutes. Team Sky lead the peloton and upped the pace on the first climb of Denbies, fracturing the peloton and allowing the early break to be caught soon after. The second Denbies climb was animated by attacks from the likes of Phillip Gilbert and Gert Steegmans, creating a new lead group. Cannondale took up the attempts to pace the peloton back to the front through the final climb of Box Hill, but made little gain. As the leaders headed home for London, further increases in pace left a select group of 5 riders who would contest the victory. Gilbert and Julian Alaphilippe briefly went clear through Wimbledon, but Ben Swift, Adam Blythe and Kristijan Koren rode back to them to set up a final sprint down The Mall. Blythe, at the back of the line of riders, went first with a decisive sprint, Swift followed but was unable to beat him. Alaphilippe took third place, with the remnants of the break arriving soon after, with the peloton contesting a bunch sprint for top ten placings. Soon after the race Adam Blythe signed for the 2015 season for Orica Green-Edge.

Results

References

External links

2014 UCI Europe Tour
2014 in British sport
2014
2014 in English sport
August 2014 sports events in the United Kingdom

2014 RideLondon–Surrey Classic


King Gcaleka KaPhalo (Born:1728-Died:1779) was the King of AmaXhosa Nation from 1755 to 1779. The third son of King Phalo kaTshiwo, he became King of the AmaXhosa Nation in 1755 right after his father died. King Gcaleka KaPhalo had 3 known sons, King Khawuta kaGcaleka (1761), Prince Velelo kaGcaleka and Prince Nqoko kaGcaleka.

King Gcaleka KaPhalo faced tried to usurp his father's rule and interclan war broke out resulting in the Xhosa nation to split into two major sub-groups: the AmaXhosa of Rarabe and AmaXhosa of Gcaleka. To this day the AmaGcaleka lineage is recognised as the Royal house of the AmaXhosa nation.

King Gcaleka kaPhalo he was succeeded by King Khawuta kaGcaleka.

Other sources state he became King in 1750 and died in 1778.

References

1730 births
Gcaleka
Rulers of the Gcaleka
1792 deaths

Gcaleka kaPhalo


Paul Bernard (20 June 1929 – 25 September 1997) was an English television director and production designer.

Bernard was born in London, England. As a designer he worked on series including The Avengers. His direction credits include Coronation Street, The Tomorrow People, Z-Cars, four episodes of Virgin of the Secret Service (1968) (for which he also worked as a supervising producer with Robert D. Cardona),  and the Doctor Who stories Day of the Daleks (1972), The Time Monster (1972) and Frontier in Space (1973).

References

External links

1929 births
1997 deaths
British television directors
Television people from London

Paul Bernard (director)


Obturation is the necessary barrel blockage or fit in a firearm or airgun created by a deformed soft projectile. A bullet or pellet made of soft material and often with a concave base will flare under the heat and pressure of firing, filling the bore and engaging the barrel's rifling. The mechanism by which an undersized soft-metal projectile enlarges to fill the barrel is, for hollow-base bullets, expansion from gas pressure within the base cavity and, for solid-base bullets, "upsetting"—the combined shortening and thickening that occurs when a malleable metal object is struck forcibly at one end.

Obturation is achieved in shotgun shells (which have multiple pellets much smaller than the barrel bore) by placing a plastic wad or biodegradable card of the same diameter as the barrel between the propellant powder and the pellets.

In a cartridge - such as a bullet or cased artillery shell - "obturation" is initiated by the action of a soft metallic cartridge case being pressed outwards against the chamber walls by the high pressure of the internal gases.  This creates a self-sealing effect that prevents gasses from leaking out of the breech mechanism. The difficulty with leakage was one of the major obstacles to the early adoption of the breech-loading firearm, as it lowered pressures (and hence velocity), and also created danger or irritant to the shooter. Although there were early paper-cartridge breechloaders, the self-obturating nature of metallic cartridges (along with their waterproof nature) led to their rapid and almost universal adoption, in spite of their much greater cost, solving as they did the leakage problem without requiring a complex built-in sealing system.

Obturation in firearms ammunition
Obturation in firearms and air guns is the result of a bullet or pellet expanding or upsetting to fit the bore, or, in the case of a firearm, of a brass case expanding to seal against the chamber at the moment of firing.  In the first case, this both seals the bullet in the bore, and causes the bullet to engage the barrel's rifling. In the second case, it seals the case in the chamber and prevents backward travel of gases against the bolt. The thin brass case easily seals the chamber, even in low pressure rounds like the .22 CB, but expanding or upsetting the bullet sufficiently for effective obturation requires sufficient pressure to deform the bullet material.  The formula used to calculate the pressure required for solid base bullets is:

Bullet's Brinell hardness number (BHN) x 9.80665 N/kgf×106 mm²/m² = [N/m²] = pressure in pascals

Bullet's BHN x 1422 = pressure in pounds per square inch

The conversion factor of 1422 is mathematically derived in order to  convert the pressure in kgf/mm² (the units used to measure BHN) to lbf/in² (the units used to measure cartridge pressure). That is:
Conversion factor = 25.4 (mm/in) x 25.4 (mm/in) x 2.2046 (lbf/kgf) ≈ 1,422.

Note that this number should only be used with cast lead plain-base bullets.  It does not apply to jacketed or gas-check cast bullets.  Below is a chart containing various bullet alloys, the BHN, and the PSI required to expand a bullet to the bore:

Pure lead is very soft, and can be expanded or upset by most firearm cartridges, but the pressures required are higher than those encountered in most airguns.  To allow obturation in airguns, pellets use soft alloys or flexible polymers in conjunction with a thin, concave base designed to expand more easily. Some airgun projectiles are composed of materials harder than the soft alloys traditionally relied upon; these instead commonly make use of elastomer rings capable of providing sufficient obturation under pressure. Some firearms ammunition, such as Foster slugs and hollow base wadcutter bullets, also use a hollow base to allow the bullet to expand and conform to a barrel's irregularities, even as the chamber pressure drops as the bullet travels down the barrel (see internal ballistics).  For example, it is not uncommon for revolver barrels to have a slight constriction at the breech end where they thread into the revolver's frame; a hollow base bullet will expand to fill the larger diameter of the barrel after passing through the constriction.

To prevent excessive deformation in high pressure rifle and magnum pistol cartridges, lead bullets are often covered in copper or another harder alloy.  These bullets are generally designed to be compressed upon firing as they leave the chamber and enter barrel. This seals the bullet to the interior of the barrel and engages the rifling.

The same principles apply to artillery ammunition; guns are traditionally categorized (in English-speaking countries) as "BL" or "QF" (for "Breechloading" or "Quick Firing"). "BL" guns are the older style, and typically use propellant stored in a number of fabric bags, the number of which can be adjusted to vary the range in some cases, as well as a separate shell that is rammed before the powder charge is placed into the breech. Large-caliber naval guns are traditionally of the "BL" type. Lacking a cartridge case to seal the breech, these guns require a complex and strong breech mechanism to safely seal the breech during firing. "QF" guns were a later development, usually of small to medium caliber, and came about from the need for rapid firing guns to counter torpedo boats and other small, nimble threats. A QF gun fires metallic-cased ammunition, generally with the shell fixed to it, as a single unit, just like a firearm cartridge. This allows a simpler breech mechanism, such as a sliding block breech, which when coupled with the easier ammunition handling and ramming procedures, allows a much higher rate of fire. Larger guns are most often BL guns, because the ammunition is so large and heavy, that even adding a metallic cartridge case would add a great deal of weight and make handling more difficult, even if the shell and propellant were loaded separately. There have been exceptions, however; some German naval guns during WWII used fabric powder bags with a thin brass base section, to provide obturation to the breech without adding too much weight, similar to a modern plastic shotshell with a "low-brass" base for sealing and extraction.

See also
Driving band
Gas check
Minié ball
Glossary of firearms terminology

References

Ammunition
Firearm terminology
Seal rings

Obturation


Potato kugel is a potato-based kugel of Ashkenazi Jewish origin, made with grated or pureed potatoes, onions, eggs, flour or matzo meal, oil, salt and pepper.

Overview
It is commonly served for Shabbat and other Jewish holidays. It is more similar to a latke than it is to a noodle kugel, as there are sweet variations of noodle kugel but all potato kugel are always savory dishes. Potato kugel is typically made in a large casserole dish, although it is also sometimes prepared in individual ramekins. Potato kugel can be made with grated potatoes, which gives it a crispier texture, or it can be made with potatoes puréed in a food processor, creating a "pudding-like consistency" according to Jewish chef Jamie Geller.

Some modern cooks add a small amount of baking powder. The powder's alkaline chemistry breaks down the potatoes and produces a smoother texture while promoting browning.

See also
Latkes
Noodle kugel

References

Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine
Shabbat food
Potato dishes
Casserole dishes
Kugels

Potato kugel


KVOQ (102.3 FM) is a public radio station licensed to Greenwood Village, Colorado, and serving the Denver metropolitan area. KVOQ broadcasts an Album Adult Alternative (AAA) radio format known as "Indie 102.3" under the ownership of Colorado Public Radio. It is listener supported and airs no commercials. On-air fundraisers are conducted several times each year.

A 40-watt booster station, 102.3 KVOQ-FM3, is on the air in Boulder to help listeners there better receive the station. It is also simulcast on KNDH (96.7 FM) in Carbondale and its four dependent translators, which CPR acquired in 2021.  In January 2022, Indie 102.3 began to simulcast in Colorado Springs on KEPC (89.7 FM).

Station history

KCUV (2005=2008)
KCUV (as the station was previously known) originally began on 1510 AM, and moved to the 102.3 FM signal in 2005. It replaced the former KAGM (licensed to Strasburg, Colorado) that aired a country music format for many years. The station's city of license was moved to the Denver suburb of Greenwood Village.

KCUV featured a large and diverse playlist, including a mix of rhythm and blues, classic rock, folk music, alternative rock, modern rock, soul music and blues. The station's lineup included "KCUV's Live From Ebbets Field," a concert show featuring live, intimate performances from the best bands performing at Chuck Morris' Ebbets Field concert club in downtown Denver. KCUV also periodically had CD releases of "Live From Ebbets Field" performances in cooperation with Chuck Morris and Listen Up, with proceeds going to the Morgan Adams Foundation.

Adult hits (2008-2010)
On September 1, 2008 at 12:00 a.m., KCUV ended broadcasting and became a simulcast of sister station KJAC (licensed to Timnath), which aired the Jack FM-branded adult hits format. It was the first U.S. station to use the Jack-FM moniker and format, which had been a big success on several stations in Canada. The simulcast gave KJAC better coverage in the Denver area.

Sports (2010-2015)
In May 2010, the station was sold to Front Range Sports Network, LLC.

In the summer of 2010, after KCUV and KJAC were purchased by Moreland Properties, LLC, from NRC Broadcasting, KCUV dropped the Jack FM simulcast and began stunting. The Denver Post reported on July 15, 2010 that KCUV would be adopting an all-sports format under the new call sign of KDSP, which would make it the 4th sports station in the Denver market.

The format was scheduled to launch on July 26, 2010. Hosts on the proposed station included longtime KCNC and KEPN personalities Vic Lombardi and Gary Miller in an expected 7-9 AM weekday slot.

Instead, on July 26, 2010, the Denver Post reported that the sports format originally set to be heard on KDSP would make a last-minute switch to another Denver station at 87.7 FM. The following day, July 27, 2010, KDSP changed to a Spanish-language sports format using the ESPN Deportes Radio Network.

On March 31, 2011, KXDP-LP and KDSP switched formats and branding, with KXDP-LP becoming the ESPN Deportes affiliate and KDSP becoming 102.3 The Ticket. On January 1, 2012, KDSP became an ESPN Radio affiliate.

Adult alternative (2015-present)
On January 5, 2015, Colorado Public Radio acquired KDSP. On January 27, CPR converted the station to non-commercial status as a simulcast of AM sister station KVOQ's "Open Air" Adult Album Alternative format. The purchase was consummated on April 29, 2015 at a price of $5.75 million. Former sister station KJAC continued airing the ESPN Radio format until December of that year, when that station was sold to Community Radio for Northern Colorado and flipped it to a non-commercial AAA format.

CPR maintains three audio services on the air in the Denver area: KVOQ airs adult album alternative music, while KCFR-FM is a news and information station affiliated with NPR, and KVOD broadcasts classical music.

On July 1, 2019, KVOQ relaunched as "Indie 102.3".

On April 2, 2020, KVOQ began simulcasting on sister station 1490 AM/98.5/102.1 FM KXRE in Colorado Springs which now gives KVOQ's format complete coverage of the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains from north of Fort Collins in the north to south of Colorado Springs in the south.

In June 2020, KVOQ began simulcasting on newly-acquired sister station 88.5 FM KVQI in Vail. The station was previously owned by Rocky Mountain Public Media as KVJZ simulcasting KUVO.

Previous logo

References

External links

VOQ (FM)
Greenwood Village, Colorado
Radio stations established in 1997
1997 establishments in Colorado
Adult album alternative radio stations in the United States

KVOQ (FM)