Catch 22 is an American ska punk band from East Brunswick Township, New Jersey.
The band was formed in 1996 by guitarist/vocalist/songwriter Tomas Kalnoky, who left the band in 1998 and later formed Streetlight Manifesto. Founding members still in the band are vocalist/saxophonist Ryan Eldred, trumpeter Kevin Gunther and drummer Chris Greer.

Biography
Catch 22 was formed by guitarist/vocalist Tomas Kalnoky and drummer Chris Greer who recruited trumpeter Kevin Gunther, who was working in a local record store. Bassist Josh Ansley, saxophonist Ryan Eldred, and trombonist James Egan, who was also Kevin Gunther's first music teacher, rounded out the original lineup.

The band released a self-produced demo tape, Rules of the Game, in 1996. All 2000 copies of the tape quickly sold out. The band mailed several copies to labels they were interested in working with including Gainesville, Florida's Toybox Records (who had previously released a 7" by Less Than Jake). Toybox was owned and operated by Sean Bonner, who had recently moved to Chicago, Illinois to work at Victory Records. Sean brought the tape to the Victory office and suggested the band be signed.

The band then signed to Victory and produced their first studio album, 1998's Keasbey Nights. Ansley left and was replaced by Pat Calpin. Kalnoky left the band shortly thereafter, deciding (due in part to parental pressure) to continue his education rather than tour. Catch 22 continued on with Pat Calpin moving to guitar, Pat "Mingus" Kays on bass, and Jeff Davidson on vocals. After recording the Washed UP! EP, Egan left the band to continue his teaching career and focus on family life. Alone in a Crowd followed in 2000 with Mike Soprano on trombone. After this release, the band began touring heavily on a national scale, appearing with Mustard Plug, Reel Big Fish, and other third-wave ska, hardcore, and punk acts.
Davidson and Soprano left the band in 2001 to pursue other projects, and for a while the band actively courted new vocalists, even putting an advertisement on their website. The group also recruited Ian McKenzie, formerly of Long Island, New York ska band Edna's Goldfish on trombone/vocals.

After a fruitless search, the band decided to continue on as it was, with Ryan Eldred and Kevin Gunther sharing vocal duties. Washed Up and Through the Ringer, an expansion of the Washed Up! EP, was released in 2001, featuring two new songs, three rarities from the Alone in a Crowd era, and a handful of live tracks recorded in October 2000 at Club Laga in Pittsburgh and Euclid Tavern in Ohio.

The band released its third full-length album, Dinosaur Sounds, in 2003, roughly the same time Streetlight Manifesto (a band founded by Tomas Kalnoky and featuring Josh Ansley, Jamie Egan, and Jim Conti as well as former members of the NJ ska band One Cool Guy) released their debut album Everything Goes Numb. Both albums featured supposed veiled attacks on each other, suggesting to many fans that there was some sort of disagreement or heat between Catch 22 and Streetlight Manifesto. While there was a disagreement, the two parties have since reconciled their differences. Catch 22's Kevin Gunther has since been in charge of Streetlight Manifesto's tour booking for many years, and members of both bands have said in conversations with fans that there is no "beef" between the two.

In 2004, Catch 22 released Live, a combination CD and DVD recording of a show performed at The Downtown in Farmingdale, New York, earlier that year.

In 2006, they released their fourth studio album, Permanent Revolution.

In April 2009, the band embarked on a European tour, which included a performance at the Groezrock festival. They played a few Northeastern US shows in August 2009.

In July 2010, former vocalist Jeff Davidson returned as a guest performer to sing a few songs at one show, making it his first performance with the band since 2001. After a few East Coast shows, the band went on a European tour through to August 2010. Davidson joined the band again to perform Alone in a Crowd in full at Starland Ballroom in Sayreville, NJ on January 30, 2016.

In February 2012, Catch 22's official website showed that they would be making an appearance at Bamboozle 2012. After a hiatus, in February 2015, Catch 22 was listed as a performer for Amnesia Rockfest in Montebello, Quebec.

In November 2022, the band played their 100th show as a band, as part of Skanksgiving at Starland Ballroom.

In October 2023, the band confirmed in a Facebook comment that they have been working on material, and will hopefully get something out by 2024.

Music
When Tomas Kalnoky was still the band's songwriter, the band had a traditional ska punk sound, and their album Keasbey Nights was one of the most recognized third wave ska albums of the time. During this time, Kalnoky was the band's primary vocalist, while Kevin Gunther provided most of the backing vocals. Keasbey Nights also featured many different instruments not found on later albums, played by James Egan.

After Kalnoky, Egan and Ansley had departed, saxophonist Ryan Eldred became the band's primary songwriter, sharing lyric duties with new lead vocalist Jeff Davidson, and Eldred also became the band's third vocalist. The band's sound changed more towards a punk rock sound, while still retaining the band's ska punk roots. The album Alone in a Crowd also relied heavily on backing vocals and threeway vocal harmonies provided by Jeff Davidson, Kevin Gunther and Ryan Eldred.

After the departure of Jeff Davidson, both Eldred and Gunther took over lead vocal duties. The older material was distributed evenly between the two, but Eldred was selected as main vocalist for the band's new songs. The album Dinosaur Sounds saw the band's sound depart even more from ska punk, towards alternative rock, which resulted in the alienation of some fans.

2006's Permanent Revolution saw the band return to its ska punk roots, while also borrowing influences from jazz, reggae and alternative rock. The album was also a concept album, one of the first in the ska punk scene.

Members

Current
Ryan Eldred – tenor saxophone, backing vocals (1996–present), lead vocals (2001–present)
Kevin Gunther – trumpet, backing vocals, lead vocals (1996–present)
Pat Calpin – guitar, backing vocals (1998–present), bass (1998)
James Egan – trombone, flute, backing vocals (1996–1999, 2019–present)
Chris Greer – drums (1996–present)
Mike Corvasce – bass (2019–present)

Former
Tomas Kalnoky – lead vocals, guitar (1996–1998)
Jeff Davidson – lead vocals (1998–2001)
Jason Scharenguivel – bass, backing vocals (1996–1997)
Josh Ansley – bass, backing vocals (1996–1998)
Mike Soprano – trombone, backing vocals (1999–2001)
Ian McKenzie – trombone, backing vocals (2001–2014)
"Mingus" Pat Kays – bass, backing vocals (1998–2019)
Dave Solomon – trombone, backing vocals (2015–2019)

Timeline

Discography

Studio albums
Keasbey Nights (1998)
Alone in a Crowd (2000)
Dinosaur Sounds (2003)
Permanent Revolution (2006)

Live records
Catch 22 Live (2004)

EPs
Rules of the Game (1996)
Washed Up! (1999)

Compilations
Washed Up and Through the Ringer (2001)

Singles
"Party Song" (2006)

Music videos
 "Keasbey Nights" (1998)
 "Point the Blame" (2000)
 "Hard to Impress" (2001)
 "Wine Stained Lips" (2003)
 "Party Song" (2006)

References

External links
Official website
Record label

Musical groups established in 1996
People from East Brunswick, New Jersey
Third-wave ska groups
Victory Records artists
American ska musical groups
Articles which contain graphical timelines
Musical groups from East Brunswick, New Jersey

Catch 22 (band)


Obvodny Canal (, lit. Bypass Canal) is the longest canal in Saint Petersburg, Russia, which in the 19th century served as the southern limit of the city. It is  long and flows from the Neva River near Alexander Nevsky Lavra to the Yekaterinhofka not far from the sea port. The canal was dug in 1769–1780 and 1805–1833. By the late 19th century, after to the Industrial Revolution, it had effectively become a sewer collecting wastewater of adjacent industrial enterprises. Eventually the canal became shallow and no longer navigable. The banks of the canal are lined with granite.

History

Construction
The channel was dug in 1769–1780s by an engineer L. K. Carbonnier, its course went from the Yekaterinhofka River to the Ligovsky Canal. Initially the Obvodny Canal had a bulwark on the city side.

On December 23, 1804, the construction of the eastern part was started by Ivan Gerard. The city annually allotted 1 mln 230 thousand roubles for the project. The works continued in 1816–1833, managed by Paul Clapeyron and Pierre-Dominique Bazaine. By 1834 the Obvodny Canal turned into the south city borderline, more than 10 km long and 20 m wide.

The French Basin
In the 1840s the L-shaped channel was constructed to allow vessel unloading and moorage. The new French Basin started from the Obvodny Canal near the Alexander Nevsky Lavra and turned West from Glinyanaya street. To allow moorage the Obvodny Canal significantly widened here. The resulted basin is sometimes marked as the "Obvodny Canal basin". The peninsula between the channel and the French Basin used to have railroads from the end of the 19th up to mid 20th century.

19th century
From the second part of the century the areas around the Obvodny Canal became an industrial district, as a result the channel became an open wastewater sewer. Still it continued to serve as a cheap and convenient throughway for cargo transportation. In the mid 19th century two railroad stations (Varshavsky and Baltiysky) were opened nearby.

Current state
Nowadays the channel is very shallow; navigation is allowed only for small crafts. It is no longer an important waterway, but its embankments turned into major city routes. The channel is crossed by 15 automobile, 6 pedestrian and 1 railroad bridges. Several redevelopment projects are initiated to bring new life into the former industrial buildings.

External links
Obvodny Canal @ Encyclopaedia of Saint Petersburg

Pierre-Domonique Bazaine
Canals of Saint Petersburg
Canals opened in 1780
Canals opened in 1833

Obvodny Canal


Alphonso Boone (November 7, 1796 – February 27, 1850) was an American pioneer in what became the state of Oregon. A native of Kentucky, he was the grandson of Daniel Boone, and lived much of his life in Missouri. After immigrating to the Oregon Country, he established Boones Ferry across the Willamette River south of Portland near the present city of Wilsonville.

Early life
Alphonso Boone was born on November 7, 1796, in Mason County, Kentucky, to Jesse Bryan Boone and Chloe Van Bibber. The grandson of frontiersman Daniel Boone, he moved to Missouri where he lived in the mid-1820s in Montgomery County. Boone later moved to Jefferson City in Cole County, where he ran a trading post in the 1830s to early 1840s. There he supplied emigrants preparing to cross the Great Plains on the Oregon Trail. He married Nancy Linville, a second cousin, on February 21, 1822, and they had 10 children before her death in the early 1839. Boone then moved to Independence in 1841 where he continued outfitting wagon trains.

Oregon
In 1846, Boone packed up his family and started west along the Oregon Trail himself, eventually taking the Southern Route to the Willamette Valley. He started the journey with his brother-in-law Lilburn Boggs, former Missouri governor, but parted ways when Boggs headed for California. After reaching the valley, Boone took up a land claim along the Willamette River on the south bank between Oregon City and Champoeg. In 1847, along with his son Jesse, he established Boones Ferry across the river. The community of Boones Landing began around the north ferry landing, which later became the city of Wilsonville. The road leading to the ferry landing from the north was cleared by the family and became known as Boones Ferry Road, which still exists today. The route and ferry became an important transit point between Salem and Portland.

Alphonso and some of his boys left in 1849 for the California Gold Rush. Alphonso Boone died in California on February 27, 1850, along the Feather River near Oroville in Butte County. His daughter Chloe married neighbor and Oregon Territorial Governor George Law Curry in March 1848. His son Jesse continued to operate the ferry until he was murdered in 1872. The ferry continued in operation until 1954.

See also
Boone Bridge

References

External links
Biography of son Alphonso D. Boone
Journal of the overland journey - Jesse Quinn Thornton

Oregon pioneers
People from Mason County, Kentucky
People from Montgomery County, Missouri
People from Jefferson City, Missouri
People from Independence, Missouri
1850 deaths
1796 births
People from Wilsonville, Oregon
People from Cole County, Missouri
Alphonso
People of the California Gold Rush

Alphonso Boone


Operation Jurist referred to the British recapture of Penang following Japan's surrender in 1945. Jurist was launched as part of Operation Zipper, the overall British plan to liberate Malaya, including Singapore.

While a larger Allied fleet sailed on to Singapore through the Malacca Strait under Operation Tiderace, a detachment of Royal Navy warships, led by Vice Admiral Harold Walker, moved towards Penang Island, arriving off the island on 28 August 1945. The Japanese garrison in Penang surrendered on 2 September and a party of Royal Marine commandos landed on Penang Island the following day, thus returning Penang to British rule.

Consequently, Penang became the first state in Malaya to be liberated by the British; Singapore would only be formally surrendered to the British on 12 September, while the rest of Malaya was subsequently liberated in the following weeks.

Background
During the final phases of World War II, the Soviet Union launched an invasion of Manchuria, while the Americans were also planning a massive invasion of Japan itself. Concurrently, the British-led Southeast Asia Command, fresh from their success in reconquering Burma from Japanese hands, drew up plans to recapture Japanese-held Malaya, codenamed Operation Zipper.

The original plans had called for an amphibious assault on the western coast of Malaya by over 100,000 Allied infantry, equivalent to two divisions and a brigade, to capture Port Swettenham in Selangor and Port Dickson in Negeri Sembilan. Once the beachhead was secured and reinforced, two separate thrusts were to be accomplished—Operation Mailfist southwards to Singapore and Operation Broadsword north towards Penang. The British had expected to commence Operation Zipper on 9 September 1945 and Operation Mailfist in December 1945, concluding in the liberation of Singapore by March 1946.

The Americans opposed the British plans of reconquering Malaya on the grounds that such a campaign would divert a considerable amount of shipping and other resources from their planned invasion of Japan, Operation Downfall. However, the British government believed that it was necessary to liberate Singapore as soon as possible on both military and political grounds.

However, the sudden surrender of Japan in the face of Soviet conquests in Manchuria and Sakhalin Islands, and the American atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, forestalled all the plans.

Operation Zipper, therefore, had to be reduced in scale; while the bulk of the Allied forces would be allocated for the liberation of Singapore under Operation Tiderace, a detachment of the Royal Navy fleet and the accompanying Royal Marine commandos were tasked with the liberation of Penang instead, codenamed Operation Jurist. The liberation of Penang, which was to be carried out prior to Operation Tiderace, was intended to test Japanese intentions; up to that point, it was still unclear whether the Japanese forces in Malaya would surrender or continue resisting the Allies.

Order of battle

British
The Royal Navy's Task Force 11 allocated to Operation Jurist consisted of the following ships.

Vice Admiral Harold Walker, with his flagship HMS Nelson, was appointed the commander of the detachment.

In addition, Royal Marine commandos of the 3rd Brigade formed the ground forces for Operation Jurist.

Japanese
Air strength in both Malaya and Sumatra was estimated to be a little more than 170 aircraft.

The Japanese Seventh Area Army, which was responsible for the defence of Malaya (including Singapore) and Borneo, included about 26,000 soldiers stationed in Malaya. Meanwhile, the port facilities in George Town, which had been used by the submarine fleets of the Axis navies, were by then heavily damaged by the repeated Allied aerial bombardment of the city. The Penang Strait was also mined to impede Japanese merchant shipping passing through Penang.

Liberation of Penang
The Royal Navy's Task Force 11, carrying the Royal Marine commandos, departed Rangoon, Burma on 27 August 1945. The task force arrived off Penang Island on 28 August, met by a small fishing boat with Japanese officers on board.

Initially, the Japanese officers in Penang prevaricated. Japan's surrender had taken the Japanese high command in Singapore by surprise, with many among them unwilling to surrender and vowing to fight to the death. However, Field Marshal Count Terauchi, the commander of all Japanese forces in Southeast Asia, then ordered Japanese soldiers and servicemen in the region to lay down their arms. Things came to a head when an impatient Vice Admiral Walker issued an ultimatum for the Japanese officers stationed in Penang to sign the surrender documents on his flagship by the morning of 3 September.

Eventually, the Imperial Japanese Navy Rear Admiral Jisaku Uozomi, accompanied by his officers and the Japanese Governor of Penang at the time, Lieutenant General Shinohara Seiichiro, boarded HMS Nelson on the evening on 2 September. Inside the battleship, Vice Admiral Harold Walker, Rear Admiral Uozomi and Lieutenant General Seiichiro signed the surrender of the Japanese garrison stationed in Penang. Soon afterwards, Rear Admiral Uozomi reportedly fainted and was rushed to hospital.

In the morning of 3 September, a party of Royal Marine commandos landed at Weld Quay in George Town. After raising the Union Jack, the Royal Marines, led by a local band, marched to the Eastern & Oriental Hotel, where representatives of the Asian communities in Penang were waiting to formally hand back the city's administration to the British.

The Royal Marine detachment then spread out across George Town, encountering no resistance. Subsequent Royal Marine landing parties then took over the important military facilities on Penang Island, including the Bayan Lepas Airport and a seaplane base at Gelugor. The British commandos also confiscated Japanese military vehicles and marched the Japanese prisoners of war through the streets of George Town; the captured Japanese soldiers then surrendered their firearms before boarding the ferries to mainland Malay Peninsula, which at that point was still under Japanese jurisdiction.

By the end of the day, with the island's police force under British control, George Town became the first city in Malaya to be recaptured by the British. However, hunger riots broke out across Penang Island, as years of brutal Japanese occupation took their toll on the depleted food supplies.

Aftermath
Penang became the first state in Malaya to be liberated by the British from Japanese rule. Over the following weeks, the rest of Malaya was gradually liberated as well. Under Operation Tiderace, the larger British and French naval force arrived off Singapore on 4 September, formally accepting the official Japanese surrender of the island on 12 September. On 9 September, another component of Operation Zipper commenced when an amphibious assault was launched at Morib, Selangor. British troops also reached Kuala Lumpur on 12 September, where the 6,000 strong Japanese garrison surrendered on the next day.

On the other hand, the British were slow at reestablishing control over all of Malaya; for instance, British forces would not reach the eastern state of Pahang for another three weeks. This allowed a growing communist insurgency to take over a number of smaller towns throughout Malaya. It was only much later in 1945 when the Malayan Communist Party's armed wing, the Malayan Peoples' Anti Japanese Army (MPAJA), agreed to surrender their weapons.

To restore order and curb the communists, all of Malaya was placed under British Military Administration beginning 12 September. British military rule would only end on 1 April 1946, whereupon it was replaced by the Malayan Union. Concurrently on 1 April 1946, the Straits Settlements was dissolved, and the now separate British crown colonies of Penang and Malacca became part of the Malayan Union.

References

Jurist
Military history of Malaya during World War II
Jurist
Jurist
1940s in British Malaya
British Malaya in World War II
Military history of the British Empire and Commonwealth in World War II
South-East Asian theatre of World War II
South West Pacific theatre of World War II

Operation Jurist


Undersea mountain ranges are mountain ranges that are mostly or entirely underwater, and specifically under the surface of an ocean. If originated from current tectonic forces, they are often referred to as a mid-ocean ridge. In contrast, if formed by past above-water volcanism, they are known as a seamount chain. The largest and best known undersea mountain range is a mid-ocean ridge, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It has been observed that, "similar to those on land, the undersea mountain ranges are the loci of frequent volcanic and earthquake activity".

References

·
Coastal and oceanic landforms
Submarine topography
Broad-concept articles

Undersea mountain range


Battlestations: Pacific is an action and real-time tactics video game published by Eidos Interactive and developed by Eidos Hungary. It is also the sequel to the 2007 video game Battlestations: Midway. It was released for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360 worldwide in May 2009. The Mac OS X version of the game was developed by Robosoft Technologies and released on October 8, 2010, by Feral Interactive.

Square Enix Europe closed the game's developer, Eidos Hungary, in April 2010.

Gameplay
Battlestations: Pacific expands on Battlestations: Midway in several ways, adding new combat features such as more advanced submarine combat, more easily customizable planes and ordinance loads, island invasions, which have effects on the battle at hand. New weapons, planes, and ships were added, such as HVAR Rockets and experimental fighters, including the Kikka and Shinden, along with kamikaze units, such as the Ohka and Kaiten; there are also some more conventional aircraft and ship additions.

Battlestations: Pacific shifts events beyond the Battle of Midway for the American forces as they continue the war onwards to Okinawa and final victory.

The most drastic addition is that of the Japanese campaign, which tells a "what if" story in which Japan is victorious at the Battle of Midway and continues their war effort beyond that point to invade Hawaii, trade technology with Germany, and defeat the United States of America, with an ending cinematic of General Douglas MacArthur signing a peace treaty on the Yamato in San Francisco Bay, meant to echo the surrender of Japan on the deck of the .

It is also possible to, at the start of the attack on Pearl Harbor, "kill" the two main characters of Battlestations: Midway. If the player managed to sink Henry's PT boat, the pilot would comment "His name was Henry. This is not his story." After shooting down Donald's more advanced plane, he would go on to comment that "Fighter ace, huh? At least you died in the air", pointing back to Donald's death on the USS Yorktown at Coral Sea.

Multiplayer
Battlestations: Pacific features five new multiplayer modes that can be played with or against other humans or AI-controlled characters online or offline:
 Island capture - Each team starts with one or two Headquarters as their main bases to launch units from. Units are brought into the battle by spending Command Points on each unit. There are numerous islands scattered around the map and each one's base can be captured either by paratroopers or seaborne assault. Capturing a base can unlock different unit types or Naval Supplies which are single use items that can enhance your fleet for example arming your ships with more effective ammunition. By holding bases they accumulate points and the game ends when either the time runs out, one team reaches the designated score or one team runs out of bases.
 Duel - This mode allows to fight against other players or the AI in a chosen unit class, last team with a unit left wins.
 Competitive - All players are on the same side with a specific objective to complete but the main goal is to score more than the other players.
 Siege - One team must defend an island with their specific set of units while the other team is in an attacking position. The game ends when one team has drained their resource pool.
 Escort - A key unit (or units) must be protected by one team up to a certain point while the other team is set on destroying the said objective.

Development

In 2008, Battlestations: Midways main site battlestations.net reported a sequel in development and later that year Battlestations: Pacific was confirmed.

The game's graphics engine has been overhauled. Details now include such things as foliage upon islands, water becoming transparent at shallow depths and a new cockpit view mode.

The game's damage model and physics engine, specifically the water based physics, have been redeveloped to a much higher level of realism than that of its predecessor. Ships split in two, smokestacks and crewmen could be blasted overboard. The wings, tails and engines can be shot off planes.

The game now includes several different types of environment effects, most notably the addition of night, day and other weather effects. Over 100 playable units are included.

A Japanese campaign which reflects plans that the Japanese had constructed if the Pacific War had turned in their favour is included alongside the historical US campaign.

The playability of the game has gained developer attention, with the learning-curve being shortened and the tabs for launching units and repairs was simplified.

Release
Battlestations: Pacific was released worldwide in May 2009. A demo for Battlestations: Pacific was released on the April 30 for the PC and Xbox 360. The demo contained a mission from the US single player campaign (Divine Winds of Leyte) as well as two multiplayer modes to play in Skirmish mode.

Battlestations: Pacific was added to the Xbox One Backward Compatibility program on January 10, 2019. The digital re-release on Xbox One came with a price tag of $24.99.

Reception

The Xbox 360 version received "generally favorable reviews", while the PC version received "average" reviews, according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Eurogamer said that the former "still has much to recommend underneath the flaws...the pleasures it does offer are enhanced by the knowledge that it's still the only game offering them". GameSpot summarised that the game "is a sequel done right: It's just as fun, but it's bigger, broader, and more fully realized". In Japan, where the game was ported and published by Spike on May 28, 2009 (the same release date as the Australian version), Famitsu and Famitsu X360 gave it a score of 29 out of 40.

411Mania gave the Xbox 360 version 8.2 out of 10, saying that it "exceeds in almost all the areas Midway did not. It creates a new kind of action-strategy hybrid, and goes places most games don't." The A.V. Club gave the same Xbox 360 version a B, saying, "The waters are choppy at first, but Pacific is deeper than it looks."

Eidos acknowledged some small technical issues, resulting in developing a patch to fix said issues which was released before any other downloadable content.

Expansion packs
Battlestations Pacific has seen the release of three expansion packs after release. These expansion packs could be downloaded from Xbox Live Marketplace. These DLCs can be found inside a few user-compiled mod packs for the PC version at Mod DB.

 Battlestations: Pacific - Volcano Map Pack (1st DLC)
Release date: Jun 11, 2009. 2 maps: Volcano Map, Choke Point Map.
 Battlestations: Pacific - Mustang Pack (2nd DLC)
Release date: Jul 2, 2009. 6 units; 9 US pin-up nose arts & 9 Japanese nose arts for vehicles.
Included units: P-51 Mustang, G5N Liz long range bomber, Alaska-class cruiser, Montana-class battleship, Kuma torpedo cruiser, Super Yamato-class battleship.
 Battlestations: Pacific - Carrier Battles Map Pack (3rd DLC)
Release date: Jul 23, 2009. 4 maps: they are set in Midway, Philippine Island, Leyte Gulf, Aleutian Islands.

Notes

References

External links
 Battlestations: Pacific official website

2009 video games
Eidos Interactive games
Games for Windows
MacOS games
Multiplayer online games
Naval video games
Real-time tactics video games
Spike (company) games
Alternate history video games
Video games developed in Hungary
Video games set in Australia
Video games set in Fiji
Video games set in Hawaii
Video games set in Indonesia
Video games set in Japan
Video games set in Kiribati
Video games set in Oceania
Video games set in Okinawa Prefecture
Video games set in Papua New Guinea
Video games set in the Philippines
Video games set in the Solomon Islands
Video games set in the United States
Video games set in Vietnam
Windows games
World War II video games
Xbox 360 games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Feral Interactive games
Video games scored by Richard Jacques
Cultural depictions of Douglas MacArthur
Pacific War video games
Robosoft Technologies games

Battlestations: Pacific


Carelles is a commune of 324 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

At the time of writing, it has a church, a school, a bar/ restaurant and a village shop. The band (amalgamated with those of Levare and Montaidin) is a strong presence in the village and there is a local drama group which plays to villages round about during the early part of the year. The annual Fete is held on the first Sunday in July and Is not to be missed.

There is a thriving and well integrated English community established over twenty years.

References

Communes in Mayenne

Carelles


Trainz is a series of 3D train simulator video games. The Australian studio Auran (since 2007 N3V Games) released the first game in 2001.

The simulators consist of route and session editors called Surveyor, and a Driver module that loads a route and lets the player operate and watch the trains run in either "DCC" mode, which simulates a bare-bones Digital Command Control (DCC) system for the simple stop-and-go of a basic model railway, or "CAB" mode, which simulates real-world physics and adds working cab controls.

The games emphasize themselves on inclusion of content, and all subsequent games following Trainz Community Edition would allow users to install 3rd-party rolling stock, scenery, routes, and other content under the .CDP file type.

Overview

In the route editor, Surveyor, the user can shape the landscape, paint with ground textures, lay tracks, and place buildings and roads. The user then operates the trains in Driver, either in free play, or according to a scenario called a Driver Session (previously called Scenarios in the early versions of Trainz, Ultimate Trainz Collection, and TRS2004) which can range in difficulty from beginner to expert. In CAB (cabin) mode the train physics are more sophisticated than in DCC mode; adding real-life considerations such as wheel slip on the rails; how the weight of the consist slows acceleration and deceleration. Any train can be given directions to be driven by the computer.

Other software
The simulators are supported by a large library of freeware assets which can be downloaded from the N3V servers, referred to as the Download Station (DLS). Unless users purchase a First Class Ticket with real money, download speeds for the DLS (both in Content Manager and directly through File Transfer Protocol on the Trainz website) are throttled, which tends to be a point of contention in the Trainz community. PaintShed is a simple program for aiding and easing the process of 'reskinning' traincars, altering their livery, by recoloring and adding new heraldry to Trainz locomotives and other rolling stock. The Content Manager (CM) module is a Windows program that allows management of the in-game database files. It was renamed under the name of Content Manager Plus (CMP) in TRS2006.

Trainz rolling stock assets were also used in a Microsoft Train Simulator expansion pack dubbed the "Regional Add-On Pack", which allowed users to drive locomotives used in Trainz in MSTS maps, with some locomotives being unused in the former altogether, such as an ATSF Dash 9, UP DD40AX, and a Penn Central GG1. Another add-on, "MSTS Paintshed", was basically a reskinned version of the Trainz Paintshed module, which allowed users to make reskins of the same templates found in Trainz Paintshed, and export them to MSTS. Both of these add-on releases were created by N3V, originally Auran at the time.

Games

Trainz

The first ever version of Trainz originally started life as a set of downloadable files in 2000, which eventually became Trainz 0.9, which was a CD-ROM beta that was mailed to testers by Auran.

Trainz Community Edition was released in December 2001, with Service packs 1 (April), 2 (June) and 3 (November) being released in 2002, in which they progressively updated the Community Edition, Trainz 1.0 to versions 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 successively. Two retail builds (retail versions releases) existed; the English/USA version is commonly known as Trainz 1.0. (Box, which included Gmax as an accessory is shown at right in lower left corner.)

Trainz Retail Edition was released in June 2002 aimed at the United States and other North American markets.
Service pack 3 was released in November 2002, this updated both the Community and Retail Editions to version 1.3. Thus all USA versions are commonly known as Trainz 1.3.

The Ultimate Trainz Collection, or UTC, was released on 26 November 2002 in North America as a 3-CD set including extra rolling stock, and a CD-ROM with TrainzScript-based scenarios and route map content based on Trainz 1.3 tech. This was the first edition to include the formerly separately retailed PaintShed program and support RailDriver, as well as the first incorporating Trainz user developed freeware content as part of the release, some of which became Trainz staple content in TRS2004 et al. through current releases.

Special hardware support
The desktop cab controller RailDriver was first supported for use in Service Pack 1 for the Ultimate Trainz Collection, and is also supported by all subsequent Trainz releases.

Trainz Railroad Simulator 2004
Trainz
Trainz Railroad Simulator 2004 (known as Trainz Railway Simulator 2004 in the United Kingdom), or
TRS2004, was released in September 2003. Trainz Railroad Simulator 2004 incorporated a load of technical changes and these required many bug fixes that were released as the four service packs released through 2004 and 2005.

Trainz Railroad Simulator 2004 was the first version of Trainz to include interactive industries and loadable rolling stock capabilities, which allow the player to deliver various resources (such as coal, wood, and steel) and passengers to various industries and stations across the playable area. There were many industries included and much of the bundled rolling stock was updated to include this new dynamic loading and unloading animated capability with a corresponding load-state dynamic driving physics change in the handling of a consist. It was also the first version of the Trainz series to have built-in steam engines.

Trainz Railroad Simulator 2004 Deluxe was a later 4 CDROM follow on with the first two service packs pre-installed. It also included PaintShed, and a bonus content CD.

This edition was also the first to support downloadable fan-made content, such as characters, buildings and scenery from the popular Thomas & Friends franchise, which has since seen the birth of a massive community on YouTube involving users recreating episodes of the series using Trainz, or creating their own original stories.

Trainz Railway Simulator 2006

Trainz Railway Simulator 2006 (known as Trainz Railroad Simulator 2006 in the USA), or TRS2006, was a transitional release, incorporating the stable Auran JET based TRS2004 GUI modules with only some graphics improvements, but introducing the data base manager Content Manager Plus (CMP) as a new core technology. ContentManager.exe (now called just CM) combines data base management, and secure FTP upload and download facilities and special user definable filters all in one integrated system. By defining a good filter, the user could 'selectively not see' the clutter of regional items in the Surveyor asset selection menus saving user time when world building. This important filtering feature was further improved in Trainz 2009, becoming far more powerful and easier to use. In addition to these improvements, several new routes were included, such as Hawes Junction (representing a small section of the Settle and Carlisle Railway and serving as a demo for TC3), Toronto Rail Lands 1954 (representing Toronto's sprawling railyard in 1954), and Marias Pass Approach (representing the BNSF Marias Pass line between Shelby, Montana and Cut Bank, Montana and serving as a demo for the full Marias Pass payware route). TRS2006 was published in September 2005, and the base release with its single service pack formed the core of the regional releases (most are joint ventures with 'Trainz Partners' combining payware content provider's products with the base Trainz software) over the next four years until the introduction of new technologies in TC3 and TRS2009. In Germany, it was published by Bluesky-Interactive, as ProTrain Perfect.

Trainz Driver

Trainz Driver (also known as Trainz Driver Edition (TDE) in the USA) is a version of Trainz Railroad Simulator 2006 released in 2005 lacking the Content Manager and Surveyor GUI world building module, having only the Driver and Railyard modules. Note this is precisely the formula utilized with the 2011-2016 release of iPhone and iPad based Trainz releases, as well as the new 'Driver 2016'.
 The package includes three large routes with 21 driver sessions, all set in North America. Trainz Driver is the first instance when Auran turned to blatant marketing measures to boost sales. Current CEO Tony Hilliam had taken on an increasing role in company management beginning in 2005, and by 2008 would end up a principle investor in Auran with rights to develop and distribute the Trainz franchise.
 Over the same three-year period, Auran licensed eight separate 'Regional releases' based on the stable JET2 (TRS2004/TRS2006) game engine releases aimed at opening new market niches. These versions had few game improvements, and Driver and Surveyor were technically equivalent to The TRS2004-TRS2006 games, albeit, given new skins and better graphics interfacing. Prior to those releases, if you had a high end graphics system, to let the game know about your superior hardware you had to edit an ini file called TrainzOptions.txt with apropos height and width entries.

Trainz Railroad Simulator 2007

Trainz Railroad Simulator 2007 (abbreviated as TRS2007) was the second release targeting a regional market distributed by Anuman Interactive for sale in France, Belgium and Switzerland. There were initially two versions: the standard version which consisted of Trainz Railroad Simulator 2006 with Service Pack 1 applied, and the Gold edition, which included French regional add-on items.
  Halycon Media later distributed Trainz Railroad Simulator 2007 with German region-specific content for the British, Austrian, and Swiss market. This release version of TRS2007 was not available in American markets, though the Gold edition content was included in later games.

Trainz Classics (TC1—TC3)

Trainz Classics, also abbreviated as TC (TC1, TC2, TC3), is a series of 3 standalone Trainz Railroad Simulator 2006 joint venture customizations put together by Auran and different professional providers of third party content. Unlike typical Trainz releases which feature a round-the-world sampling of content typical to different regions of the planet, the Trainz Classics versions feature a large railroad layout with plenty of special professionally written sessions exploiting the featured railroad. Trainz Classics 3 renewed evolution of the Trainz base technologies incorporating various changes to the older stable four-year-old data models resulting in the publication of a new .pdf file TC3 Content Creator's Guide.

TC1 focuses on the Metro-North Railroad's Harlem Line in the 2000s (due to EMD FL9 locomotives still being in service), TC2 focuses on a freelanced city called "Modula City", featuring European trams running in the city and to an island (a demo version was included with TRS2004). TC3 focuses on the famed Settle-Carlisle Line from Skipton to Carlisle in the late 1950s/early 1960s during the steam-diesel transition.

Demos of Modula City and the Settle-Carlisle line were included in TRS2006, along with a limited amount of content in unrefined states.

The content from Trainz Classics 1 and 2 were later released as built-content for TS2009 and TS2010, and can be downloaded from the DLS for all future games. Trainz Classics 3 was re-released as an expansion pack for all subsequent games as the Settle & Carlisle Route, with extra content added from the original release (some of the Mark 1 coaches in BR Blue were also included by default in these versions due to being used in the consists of trains on the built-in East Coast Main Line routes).

TRS2008
A version of Trainz Classics which included regional French content and staple content from previous games was also published by Anuman Interactive. This version of Trainz was built on the Trainz Classics interface which later paved the way for future Trainz releases.

Trainz – The Complete Collection
Released 13 June 2008. This is a large compilation, containing three DVD's: Ultimate Trainz Collection, TRS2004, TRS2006, Trainz Routes (volumes 1–4), and Trainz PaintShed.

Trainz Simulator 2009: World Builder Edition
Released in 2008, Trainz Simulator 2009 now has improved Surveyor capabilities and a new skin; the version contains the first actual software game engine advances that harnessed the increased RAM and video card memory asset utilizations and was the
TS2009/10 also support the new specs, additionally they support DXT graphic compression transparently, and multi-core processors which the earlier versions did not. When running under a 64 bit operating system these programs can use 4 gigs of memory, TC3 and earlier versions are limited to 2 gigs of memory

Trainz Simulator 2010: Engineer's Edition
TS2010 introduced improved graphics capabilities and Speedtree technology with a new skin variant. TS2010-SP2 introduced the use of 64 bit processing while retaining a compatibility mode with older 32 bit computer architectures.

Service Pack 4 introduced an early version of multiplayer, but also controversially removed Compatibility Mode that enabled the use of older content that was marked "Faulty" due to stricter code enforcement.

Trainz Simulator: iPad, Android
To celebrate the 10th anniversary of Trainz, N3V Games released a Trainz app for the iPad on 4 December 2010. Users can lay tracks, drive trains. Users have access to Driver and Surveyor and can create routes and drive trains with the help of tutorials. An Android version of the game was released on 22 July 2011 and has the same features as the iPad version. The app is a port of Trainz Simulator 2009.

Trainz Simulator 12

Trainz Simulator 12, or TS12, was released on 12 April 2011. Among other upgrades, this product offers a variety of new routes, doppler effect support, satellite view, and a multiplayer feature for the first time (multiplayer was publicly tested in TS2010). A Trainz 10th Anniversary Boxset was announced which includes the game and other extras. The game was initially released for pre-order on 18 March 2011 as part of the limited-edition Trainz 10th Anniversary Collector's Edition. A certain amount of content from previous versions was removed from this release, making it the first release since Trainz 1.0 to feature all and only new routes and related assets. Like most Trainz releases, the package contains only content vetted for the new technology, which in TS12 needed to be updated for compatibility with 64 bit computers. However, much of the content (not all of it) from the previous versions was released on the Download Station (DLS) in an updated form as of the end of 2012 under an initiative known as the "Download Station Cleanup".

My First Trainz Set
My First Trainz Set was designed for the younger generation who do not want to worry about realism or management when playing the Trainz game. The game features 4 locations to lay track in that are based on rooms throughout a house, such as a bedroom or kitchen. The user has the ability to place down small toy-like objects in the replacement of buildings and scenery. However, its graphical quality of the trains, track, and objects is still very much like that of the standard Trainz simulator games. Controls are also far more simplified. The game was also ported to Android devices.

Trainz Simulator: Mac
Trainz Simulator: Mac was a port of Trainz Simulator: 2010 for Macintosh.

Trainz Driver: iPhone
Trainz Driver leveraged the work done porting Trainz Simulator onto iPad and brought the driving aspect of the Trainz franchise to mobile phones for the first time.

Trainz Simulator 2 Mac
Trainz Simulator 2 Mac was released on 27 March 2014 via the Mac App Store, which amongst other things, introduced an online multiplayer feature. It is a port of Trainz 12.

Trainz Driver 2: iPhone

Trainz Driver 2 leveraged the iPad updates and introduced the powerful route editing tools to the phone. It has TS2009's game engine built into it.

Trainz: A New Era
Trainz: A New Era is, as noted in the new naming convention, a new beginning for the Trainz franchise. In November 2013, a Kickstarter campaign for the game was launched to help fund the game and the new purpose-built game engine. The campaign reached its target funding level a month later. Contributors were awarded prizes ranging from desktop wallpapers, First Class Tickets for the Download Station, full copies of the game, and various additional content depending on the amount pledged.
 The game utilizes a new custom designed 64 bit game engine, which features far more realistic (lifelike) graphics, slightly improved train physics, and various other new features and improvements led by a top ten hit-list drawn up by the user community on the forums between September and November 2013.
 Subsequently, a download only release, the 'TANE Community Edition' was released in mid-December 2014. The new game was officially released as a retail version for wide distribution on 15 May 2015, though it was rather bare bones, lacking many normal User Interface features such as Content Manager hotkeys, a working minimap and like UX multiplier factors.
 A whole series of bug fixing hotfix software updates were released throughout the year, and often these would incrementally improve UI lacks and so gradually raise the UX. On 12 January 2016, the long delayed Service Pack 1, which had finally passed a succession of hurdles, was released, heralding a new stage of stability and capability. Major Kickstarter contributors also could participate in Beta testing in addition to a dedicated in-house employee team testing new code, so hundreds participated in moving the new technology into matured stability. Two hotfixes followed after just a month and a half, one after the other a week apart on 11 March 2016 (build 81190) and 18 March 2016 (build 81296), but normal UI to recapture UX operations of earlier Trainz versions aside from Driver were still lacking in hotfix2. Several of the CM hotkeys were reinstated with the second hotfix, and N3V announced that Service Pack 2 beta candidate builds would be coming soon, implying the rapid rebuilding of the Trainz customary UX may not be far behind. On 16 June 2017, SP2 was finally released and introduced over 1,000 individual fixes and updates. A little over a year later, SP3 was released on 11 July 2018 and included many bug fixes and improvements to AI, Multiplayer, stability, and performance.

Trainz Railroad Simulator 2019
On 11 May 2018, N3V Games announced a new version of Trainz featuring better graphics, Physically-Based Rendering, Parallax Occlusion Mapping and more content than ever before. Early Access was released in July 2018 and the game was officially launched 7 January 2019. It is also the first entry in the series since TRS2006 to feature the "Trainz Railroad Simulator" moniker, possibly to avoid confusion with "Train Simulator" by Dovetail Games. The game uses whole-game DRM in all versions, whereas certain versions of Trainz: A New Era could be purchased and run offline. This requires that the game is connected to the internet at least once a month in order for the game and content to continue functioning. TRS19 was primarily offered as subscription model, although a one-time purchase (but with the monthly DRM check still required) is also available via the Trainz Store and Steam. It also has the ability to download content from the Download Station (DLS) while in the game; though without the purchase of so-called "first class tickets" (limited-duration speed upgrades) the download speed is severely throttled.

Full Editions
There are two editions offered:
 Standard Edition - The baseline version, which includes six routes: Kickstarter County 2 (an updated version of the Kickstarter County route from T:ANE), Canadian Rockies - Golden, BC (featuring the Canadian Pacific Mountain and Wildemere subdivisions, on which the Rocky Mountaineer runs), Sebino Lake, Italy (representing the Ferrovienord line from Brescia to Pisogne in the 1980s), Niddertalbahn (representing Main-Weser-Bahn from Bad Vilbel to Stockheim), Edinburgh-Dundee (representing the East Coast Main Line from Edinburgh Waverley to Dundee in 1976, serving as an extension of the main ECML route from King's Cross to Edinburgh in T:ANE), and Cornish Mainline and Branchlines (representing the Cornish Main Line and its associated branchlines just after the formation of British Railways in 1948)
 Platinum Edition - This includes everything in the Standard Edition plus unified camera and surveyor options, and an additional content bundle

Regional Editions
2019 saw the release of regional versions, with content (routes, locomotives, etc.) specific to certain parts of the world (and only those parts):
 World Edition - Containing all six routes and related content, this is a new name for the standard edition
 North American Edition - Only comes with Kickstarter County 2 and Golden, BC
 United Kingdom Edition - Only comes with Kickstarter County 2, Edinburgh-Dundee, and Cornish Mainline and Branchlines
 European Edition - Only comes with Kickstarter County 2, Niddertalbahn, and Sebino Lake, Italy

Trainz Simulator 3: Mobile
A port of Trainz Railroad Simulator 2019 for mobile devices was released around August 2021. The game currently comes with 4 routes, one of them being based on a fictional high-speed line in Sweden used by the ETR 1000, an Italian high-speed train. The line is most likely based on the Swedish SJ X2000 high-speed trainset used between Copenhagen and major cities in Sweden such as Stockholm, Malmö or Göteborg. Another route involves the Rocky Mountains featuring the Rocky Mountaineer, and some CSX freighters. Despite the game not having a route based in China, there are Chinese trains available for purchase such as the SS4, an electric locomotive used for cargo operations

Trainz Railroad Simulator 2022
The next major release of Trainz was announced in November 2021, with preorders starting on 9 December. An Early Access edition was released on 11 February 2022 and the game was officially launched on 31 May 2022.

New features include Multiplayer Surveyor (tested in TRS2019 closed betas), the unification of Driver and Surveyor to allow seamless switching between the two, a total overhaul of the Surveyor called Surveyor 2.0, new effect layer tools and presets, the ability to bulk paint textures under splines, new camera options beyond the original four (including Walk, Car, Fly, and Drone), an in-game content store, and support for game controllers. Features exclusive to subscribers include HD Terrain, which adds 1600x more data density to manipulate and texture the terrain, and Trainz Living Railroad, a system that completely automates freight and passenger operations.

Full Editions
There are two editions offered:
 Standard Edition - The baseline version, which includes six routes: Kickstarter County 2, West from Denver (representing the Union Pacific mainline from Denver to Hot Sulphur Springs, Colorado), Schwäninger Land (a freelance route set in modern Germany), Liskeard to Looe (representing the Looe Valley Line in Cornwall from the Privatisation of British Rail to modern Great Western Railway operations), Bairnsdale to Orbost (representing the Gippsland railway line in the 1970s), and Beloreck - South Ural Mountains (representing the South Urals Railway).
 Platinum Edition - This includes everything in the Standard Edition plus Surveyor 2.0 and a content bundle including 5 new routes and over 400 new locomotives, cars, and wagons

Subscriptions
A different way of purchasing Trainz is by paying a monthly or annual subscription. This gives you access to the game and extra perks as long as you remain a subscriber.
 Trainz Plus Standard - This gives you access to the standard game, early access to new features and pre-release content, and accelerated downloads ("first class ticket")
 Trainz Plus Gold - In addition to the Standard tier, you get extra promotional features and gain free access to all DLC

Reception

Trainz was a runner-up for GameSpots annual "Best Simulation on PC" award in 2002.

Trainz Railroad Simulator 2004 was nominated for the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences' "Computer Simulation Game of the Year" award in 2004.

References

External links

 Trainz Simulator official website
 Auran official website

Android (operating system) games
IOS games
MacOS games
Train simulation video games
Video games developed in Australia
Video game franchises
Video game franchises introduced in 2001
Windows games

Trainz


Rádio Táxi is a pop rock band from São Paulo, Brazil, who had a string of hit singles in the early/mid 80s. The band was formed in 1981 by guitarist Wander Taffo, drummer Gel Fernandes, bassist Lee Marcucci and singer/keyboardist Willie de Oliveira, all ex-members of Rita Lee's backing band, Tutti Frutti.

Their self-titled first album, released in 1982, featured the hits "Coisas de Casal" (written by Rita Lee with her husband Roberto de Carvalho as a gift to the band), "Dentro do Coração (Põe Devagar)" and "Garota Dourada". The band's popularity skyrocketed with the release of their second album, Rádio Táxi 2, and the first single out of the album, "Eva", a Portuguese version of a song by Italian singer Umberto Tozzi. Willie de Oliveira left the band shortly after recording the second album and was replaced by Maurício Gasperini. With Gasperini now handling vocals and keyboards, they released the albums 6:56 (1985) and Matriz (1986), featuring the hits "Um Amor de Verão" and "Você se Esconde". The band split up in 1987, and all members went back to their successful careers as session musicians. Wander Taffo released three solo albums and opened a music school in São Paulo, following the successful format of the American Musicians Institute.

In 1993, drummer Gel Fernandes and bassist Lee Marcucci revived the band, with Marcinho Eiras on guitars. Despite extensive touring and positive feedback from fans, the new Rádio Táxi soon disbanded without releasing any new material. The reunion of the successful mid-80s lineup happened in 2000, when Brazilian singer and pianist Guilherme Arantes invited Taffo, Marcucci and Fernandes to play with him on a live album. After touring with Arantes, they began working on new Rádio Táxi material with Gasperini and released a live album and DVD, featuring all the old hits alongside the new material.

Guitarist Wander Taffo died in Brazil on May 14, 2008.

Discography
 Rádio Táxi (1982)
 Rádio Táxi 2 (1983)
 6:56 (1985)
 Matriz (1986)
 Ao Vivo (2006)

References

External links
Official Rádio Táxi website
EM&T, Wander Taffo's music school

Brazilian rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1981
Musical groups from São Paulo
Musical groups disestablished in 1987
Musical groups reestablished in 1993
Musical groups disestablished in 2008
1981 establishments in Brazil
1987 disestablishments in Brazil
1993 establishments in Brazil
2008 disestablishments in Brazil

Rádio Táxi


Nick Magazine is a defunct American children's magazine inspired by the children's television network Nickelodeon. Its first incarnation appeared in 1990 and was distributed at participating Pizza Hut restaurants; the version of the magazine only saw two issues. The magazine returned in Summer 1993 with all types of content, primarily humor and comics. Originally published on a quarterly basis, it switched to bi-monthly with the February/March 1994 issue. It then went to ten times per year starting in March 1995, with a bi-annual December/January and June/July issue until its end in 2009.

For most of its run, the magazine's editor-in-chief was Laura Galen. She wrote the goodbye message for the 159th and final issue in 2009.

On February 5, 2015, Papercutz announced that they worked a deal with Nickelodeon to create a new version of the magazine. The first issue was released in June 2015, and the final issue was released in 2016.

Format

In spite of being related to the network it was named after, Nickelodeon Magazine covered many sorts of topics, not just what was on the network. The magazine contained informative non-fiction pieces, humor, interviews, comics, pranks and recipes (such as green slime cake). The magazine's mascot was Zelda Van Gutters, a Lakeland Terrier dog who appeared throughout the magazine with sarcastic asides on the articles. She was also the star of the magazine's semi-regular photo comic strip "Ruffing It".

Other contributors included Dan Abdo, John Accurso, Bill Alger, Graham Annable, Ian Baker, Tom Bunk, Martin Cendreda, Greg Cook, Dave Cooper, Jordan Crane, Mark Crilley, Scott Cunningham, Vincent Deporter, Stephen DeStefano, Evan Dorkin, Brent Engstrom, Feggo (Felipe Galindo), Gary Fields, Emily Flake, Ellen Forney, Francho (Arnoldo Franchioni), Dave Fremont, Tom Gauld, Justin Green, Tim Hamilton, Charise Maricle Harper, Paul Karasik, John Kerschbaum,  Jacob Lambert, Roger Langridge, Chris Lanier, Robert Leighton, Alec Longstreth, Jason Lutes, Pat Moriarity, Dan Moynihan, Nate Neal, Mark Newgarden, Travis Nichols, Lark Pien, Johnny Ryan, P.Shaw!, Karen Sneider, Israel Sanchez, Jason Shiga, R. Sikoryak, Jen Sorensen, Art Spiegelman, Jay Stephens, Wayno, Todd Webb, Drew Weing, Steve Weissman, Kurt Wolfgang and Gahan Wilson.

In addition, Nick Magazines comic books also featured comics from characters of the network's programming, which normally appeared just before a season premiere or special film event for the property on the actual series. Among the shows featured in the comic book were:

 Aaahh!!! Real Monsters
 The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius
 The Angry Beavers
 As Told by Ginger
 Avatar: The Last Airbender
 CatDog
 Catscratch
 ChalkZone
 Danny Phantom
 El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera
 The Fairly OddParents
 Hey Arnold!
 Invader Zim
 KaBlam!
 Mr. Meaty
 My Life as a Teenage Robot
 Rocket Power
 Rugrats (and its spin-off All Grown Up!)
 SpongeBob SquarePants
 The Mighty B!
 The Ren & Stimpy Show The Wild ThornberrysNickelodeon ComicsNickelodeon Comics, formally titled Nickelodeon Magazine Presents', was a series of one-shot special issues put out by Nickelodeon Magazine. Each issue tied in with comics. Nickelodeon Comics mainly contained comics, either newly made stories or two-page shorts reprinted from Nick Magazine, but also featured articles, puzzles, and poster inserts.

Other comics, appearing in both Nickelodeon Magazine's comics section and in the one-shot specials, included:
 Fiona of the Felines by Terry LaBan – A girl who is raised by cats. Her strips are occasionally accompanied by a similar strip titled Warren of the Worms.
 Grampa and Julie, Shark Hunters by Jef Czekaj – This strip's titular duo consists of a blonde-haired girl and her dimwitted grandfather started out searching for Stephen, the Largest Shark in the World. Their adventures from 1999 to 2003 have recently been reprinted in a graphic novel and a television pilot for an animated series was made by Klasky Csupo.
 Impy & Wormer by James Kochalka – These mini-strips (featured at the bottom of the comic pages, under the regular strips) starred a bug who does never speak proper English and constantly bothers a comparatively intellectual worm.
 Juanita and Clem by Craig Thompson — Whimsical tales of an adventurous young girl named Juanita and her less brave green friend named Clem.
 Karmopolis by Nick Bertozzi — An adventure strip in a world where everyone and everything is on wheels.
 Mervin the Magnificent by Richard Sala — A bumbling magician named Mervin solves crime with his rabbit sidekick.
 Patty-Cake by Scott Roberts – A bossy blonde-haired young lady with a flower in her hair.
 Sam Hill & Ray-9 by Mark Martin – A boy and his robot dog.
 Scene But Not Heard by Sam Henderson – The going-ons of a pink man and a bear, who compulsively pull pranks on each other. As the strip's name suggests, the comic is made entirely of pictures with no dialogue or sound effects. In the magazine's tenth anniversary issue, there was a "blooper strip" where the man and bear are talking. Also, there is an advertisement for a Scene But Not Heard musical in Grampa and Julie comic.
 Southern Fried Fugitives by Simon and Kim Deitch – The continuing adventures of a quartet of fried chicken pieces brought to life by a thunderstorm. This strip ended in December 1999.
 Teeny Weeny, the Tiniest Hot Dog in the World by Mark Martin (2005) – A miniature, but enthusiastic, hot dog.
 The Gag Station by various. One-panel gags, often featuring cartoonists such as Johnny Ryan, Mark Newgarden, Ellen Forney, Steve Weissman, Felipe Galindo, Ian Baker and Mark Martin.
 The Uncredibly Confabulated Tales of Lucinda Ziggles by Andy Ristaino — A young girl gets involved in fantastic adventures that no one ever believes.
 Twiggy Stumps: Outdoor Adventurist by Brian Ralph — A flaky outdoorsman and his wisecracking skunk-pal, Juniper.
 Underpants-On-His-Head Man by Michael Kupperman – Originally appeared as one of "the worst comic book superheroes ever". As his name suggests, he wears his underwear on his head. His archenemy is his coworker, Pants-On-His-Head Man.
 Yam by Corey Barba — A wordless comic starring a toddler with jet backpack, wearing a hoodie, in a whimsical world that features humanlike cats, pet TVs and other fantasy elements.

United Kingdom version

A British version of the magazine was published from 16 February 2011 as a collaboration between Nickelodeon and D. C. Thomson & Co. It seems to have been discontinued as of June 2012.

Second era
Viacom ended operations of the magazine in June 2009 (though the last issue was published in December of that year) due to economic conditions and the continual move of the network's content to their website. The title continued to publish until the December/January 2010 issue, and the final issue featured an editorial from magazine SVP/Editorial Director Laura Galen thanking the magazine's readers. On February 5, 2015, Papercutz announced that they have worked a deal with Nickelodeon to revive the magazine. The new version was released in June 2015 and ended in 2016.

The Nickelodeon series represented were:
 Breadwinners Sanjay and Craig Pig Goat Banana Cricket Harvey Beaks The Loud House''

References

1990 establishments in the United States
2009 disestablishments in the United States
2015 establishments in the United States
2016 disestablishments in the United States
Biannual magazines published in the United States
Bimonthly magazines published in the United States
Children's magazines published in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Quarterly magazines published in the United States
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1990
Magazines disestablished in 2009
Magazines established in 2015
Magazines disestablished in 2016
m
Papercutz (publisher) titles

Nickelodeon Magazine


Keith Waters (born 1962 in Kent, England) is a British animator who is best known for his work in the field of computer facial animation. He has received international awards from Parigraph, the National Computer Graphics Association and the Computer Animation Film Festival.

Early life
Keith Waters was born in Kent in 1962 and attended Sevenoaks School.  He received his PhD from Middlesex University (UK) in 1988 after completing a BA in Graphic Design at Cat Hill Barnet.  His early work on algorithms for face animation in 1986 allowed him to transfer from a MPhil to a PhD while studying under the supervision of Paul Brown and John Vince at Middlesex Polytechnic at the Centre for Advanced Studies in Computer Aided Art and Design.  His studies required numerous trips to Bounds Green to use the computing facilities within the school of engineering.

Waters is best known for his work in computer facial animation that includes a muscle-based model for facial animation, a physically-based skin tissue model as well as a visual text-to-speech system called DECface. He is a co-author of the book "Computer Facial Animation" a guide to facial animation. The first edition published in 1995 and a second edition was published in 2008.  His muscle algorithms for face animation were widely used in the computer film industry, most notably by Pixar, which first used the technique in their animation short Tin Toy.

Waters was the director of engineering device software at Nexage, prior to that a principal architect at Akamai Technologies Inc., and previously a Director of Research at Orange Labs, Boston MA, USA. Keith has been active in Human Computer Interaction (HCI) and has published scientific papers on novel applications.  He has been engaged with the W3C is the development of Web standards for the mobile Web.

Professional career
After graduating from the Centre for Advanced Studies in Computer Aided Art and Design (now the Lansdown Centre for Electronic Arts) at Middlesex University in 1988 with a PhD in computer graphics, Keith Waters worked for Schlumberger in Palo Alto and then at their Research Lab for Computer Science Austin Texas where he worked on parallel CM-2 data visualization. In 1991 he joined the Cambridge Research Lab of Digital Equipment Boston MA where he continued to work on user interfaces including DECface the visual equivalent of DECtalk the text-to-speech engine.  Later, he went on to create the FaceWorks product that was used at Comdex. While at Compaq he invented a variety of user interfaces including the first Smart Kiosk, the invisible mouse, an image-based touchscreen and a wallable macrodevice. He worked on film and television high-performance face animation techniques at LifeF/X before joining Orange in 2001 where he became a senior expert in mobile services developing next-generation mobile Web technologies for high performance open source devices.  Recently he was a principal architect at Akamai Technologies Inc., assisting them with their mobile strategy.

Awards
Keith Waters received international awards from Parigraph, the National Computer Graphics Association and the Computer Animation Film Festival for his animation shorts on face animation and in particular for the sequences of the Queen and Margaret Thatcher in 1986.  The computer-generated characters were generated from the animated puppets of Spitting Image which were kindly moulded specifically for his research by Roger Law and Peter Fluck.

See also
 White Heat Cold Logic (2008)

References

Further reading
A muscle model for animating three-dimensional facial animation
DECface: An automatic lip-synchronization algorithm for synthetic faces
Japanese Put a Human Face on Computers, New York Times, Andrew Pollack, June 28, 1994
1st edition: Frederic Park and Keith Waters, Computer Facial Animation, 1996, A. K. Peters Press Ltd.,
A Wallable Macrodevice

External links
Keith Waters at Interaction Design Foundation

1962 births
Living people
People from Kent
Alumni of Middlesex University
Computer graphics professionals
English animators

Keith Waters


Ahmedabad district is a district in India which has the city of Ahmedabad. The Sabarmati River runs through its center. On the western bank is the Gandhi Ashram at Sabarmati, which displays the spiritual leader's living quarters and artifacts. Across the river, the Calico Museum of Textiles, once a cloth merchant's mansion, has a large amount of antique and modern fabrics.

Area: 464 km²
Elevation: 53 m
Population: 55.7 lakhs (2011)

Districts of Gujarat

Ahmedabad district


Andrius Pojavis (born 25 November 1983) is a Lithuanian singer-songwriter. On 20 December 2012, he was selected to represent Lithuania at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013, which was held in Malmö, Sweden on 18 May 2013.

Early career
Pojavis began singing at a young age, and during high school he played in a band called "No Hero". After graduating from high school, Pojavis moved to Vilnius where he graduated History studies at Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences and played in a number of bands, including the "Hetero", who won the "EuroRock" competition in 2006. He later moved to Ireland, where he lived for one year, and began to write solo material. In 2012, Pojavis began to record his debut album in Massive Arts studio in Milan, Italy. The first single "Traukiniai" was later that year, ranking within the top twenty of the Lithuanian Singles Chart, and its music video was aired on national television. Following this success, Pojavis released his debut album "Aštuoni" to both commercial and critical acclaim in Lithuania.

Eurovision
Andrius represented Lithuania at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 with the song "Something." He collected 53 points in the first semi final, held on 14 May, and placed ninth. In the final, he came twenty-second with 17 points. During a press conference held following the first semi final, Pojavis stated he would like to place eighth, a reference to his album, titled Astuoni.

Personal life
Pojavis is currently living in Valencia, Spain with his wife and two daughters.

References

Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Lithuania
21st-century Lithuanian male singers
Lithuanian pop singers
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2013
People from Jurbarkas
Living people
1983 births
English-language singers from Lithuania
Lithuanian emigrants to Italy
Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences alumni

Andrius Pojavis


Vladimír Sobotka (born July 1, 1986) is a Czech professional ice hockey center. He currently plays for Avangard Omsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He has also played for HC Slavia Praha of the Czech Extraliga, as well as the Boston Bruins and St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Career
Sobotka started his ice hockey career with HC Slavia Praha of the Czech Extraliga. He played 96 games throughout 4 seasons with them, scoring 10 goals and recording 19 assists. He was drafted with the 106th overall pick by the Boston Bruins in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft.

On November 24, 2007, Sobotka played in his first NHL game in a 2-1 loss to the New York Islanders. On February 13, 2008, Sobotka was able to score his first NHL goal and the game-winning goal against Ty Conklin of the Pittsburgh Penguins in a 2-1 win. On June 26, 2010, Sobotka was traded to the St. Louis Blues for the rights to Boston University defenseman David Warsofsky.

Sobotka's first goal as a member of the Blues came on November 6, 2010 against his former team, the Boston Bruins, beating Tuukka Rask after the puck was turned over in the Bruins' zone. On June 15, 2011, he re-signed to a three-year contract with the Blues. On March 9, 2013, he scored his first NHL hat trick against the San Jose Sharks in a 4-3 overtime win.

On January 6, 2014, he was named to the Czech Republic's men's Olympic team roster, but he suffered a leg injury on January 31 which prevented him from being able to take part in the Olympics. The Blues placed Sobotka on the injured reserve list and he missed the 2014 Olympic Winter Games.

After the 2013-2014 season ended, he became a restricted free agent. Sobotka decided not to resign with the Blues and instead he was signed to a three-year contract by Avangard Omsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). When the possibility of Sobotka playing in the KHL became clear, the Blues filed for salary arbitration in the NHL. On July 21, 2014, Sobotka received a one-year, $2.725 million award from an arbitrator. The result of the arbitration award is if Sobotka decides to return to the NHL at a later date, the Blues will retain his rights for a year at the amount that was awarded by the arbitrator. At the end of that year, Sobotka will become an unrestricted free agent in the NHL.

References

Other websites

1987 births
American Hockey League players
Boston Bruins players
Czech ice hockey players
Living people
Providence Bruins players
St. Louis Blues players
Ice hockey centres

Vladimír Sobotka


Pagoda Creek is an archeological site which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.

It is located in Park County, Wyoming, in the vicinity of Wapiti, Wyoming, along the North Fork of the Shoshone River between Yellowstone and Cody, Wyoming.

According to the state of Wyoming, "This scenic location is winter habitat for elk, bighorn sheep and mule deer. Between 2,730 and 2,799 years ago this site was used in mid-winter as a place to butcher and process bighorn sheep and mule deer that were killed nearby. Upwind from hearths at the site are artifacts indicating stone tool maintenance and manufacture. Downwind from the hearths are discarded bones. The bones have cut marks from butchering and were also busted up to remove the nutritious bone marrow. Parts of the site are well preserved and have potential to provide further information about this period. / The site was excavated in 1985 by a crew from the Office of the Wyoming State Archaeologist led by Dan Eakin prior to a road improvement project."

References

Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
National Register of Historic Places in Park County, Wyoming

Pagoda Creek Site


In geometry, the kappa curve or Gutschoven's curve is a two-dimensional algebraic curve resembling the Greek letter . The kappa curve was first studied by Gérard van Gutschoven around 1662. In the history of mathematics, it is remembered as one of the first examples of Isaac Barrow's application of rudimentary calculus methods to determine the tangent of a curve.   Isaac Newton and Johann Bernoulli continued the studies of this curve subsequently.

Using the Cartesian coordinate system it can be expressed as

or, using parametric equations,

In polar coordinates its equation is even simpler:

It has two vertical asymptotes at , shown as dashed blue lines in the figure at right.

The kappa curve's curvature:

Tangential angle:

Tangents via infinitesimals

The tangent lines of the kappa curve can also be determined geometrically using differentials and the elementary rules of infinitesimal arithmetic. Suppose  and  are variables, while a is taken to be a constant. From the definition of the kappa curve,

Now, an infinitesimal change in our location must also change the value of the left hand side, so

Distributing the differential and applying appropriate rules,

Derivative

If we use the modern concept of a functional relationship  and apply implicit differentiation, the slope of a tangent line to the kappa curve at a point  is:

References

External links

A Java applet for playing with the curve

Algebraic curves

Kappa curve