ALI AKISH (January 14, 1918, Hailar, China - July 17, 2011, Ankara, Turkey) is a famous journalist, one of the leaders of the Tatar nationalist movement, the Honorary President of the World League of Tatars.

Ali Aksih was a preeminent leader of the Tatar nationalist movement in diaspora. He was born in the city of Hailar (Manchuria), where he attended a local Tatar elementary school before entering a Russian lycee. After completing the lycee in 1936, he went to study at Al-Azhar University in Cairo (Egypt), and in 1938, along with another young nationalist, Ahat Ginish, went to Poland. Akish and Ginish served as technical assistants to Ayaz Iskhaki at the Idel-Ural National Center, where the newspaper "Yanga Milli Yul" (New National Path) was published. Their work was interrupted by the invasion of Poland by the Nazi and Soviet forces.

Akish lived from 1940 to 1966 in Turkey where he was involved with the diaspora national movement. His pamphlet "Problems of Idel-Ural and Soviet Imperialism" printed in 1963 received great attention and provoked repercussions in the USSR in the form of two books, one ostensibly written by the President of the Tatar ASSR, Salikh Batiyev in 1977. In 1966 Ali Akish joined the Tatar-Bashkir Service of Radio Liberty, Inc. In 1983, he retired from this position and went again to Ankara. Over the years he wrote numerous articles in emigree publications and other forums such as Turk Kulturu, and in 1985 published a 59 page booklet, similar to his first, called "Idel-Ural'da Hurriyet Mucadelesi" (Struggle for Freedom in Idel-Ural).

In 1994, after reading Vladimir Zhirinovsky's book "Last Thrust to the South," he wrote an article for the Turkish newspaper "Milliyet" in which he denounced the Russian nationalists' imperial and anti-Turkish aspirations. The article was highly significant as one of the first published in Turkey critical of Zhirinovsky and his views.

He was able to visit Kazan, the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia. On his first visit to Kazan he brought, at his own expense, a computer that he donated to the Tatar Public Center. Akish dedicated his whole life to the liberation of the Tatar people from colonial oppression. The World Tatar League named him honorary president in recognition of his achievements. A school was named in his honor in the city of Chally (Naberezhniye Chelny) in Tatarstan.

References

Tatars

Gali Akish


Arthur Pond (–1758) was an English painter and engraver.

Life
Born about 1705, he was educated in London, and stayed for a time in Rome studying art, in company with the sculptor Roubiliac. He became a successful portrait-painter.

From 1727 to about 1734 Pond lived at No. 16-17 Great Piazza, Covent Garden. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1752, and died in Great Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, 9 September 1758. His collection of old master drawings was sold the following year, and realised over £1400.

Works

His numerous original portraits include Alexander Pope, William, Duke of Cumberland, and Peg Woffington. Pond was also a prolific etcher, and used various mixed processes of engraving by means of which he imitated or reproduced the works of masters such as Rembrandt, Raphael, Salvator Rosa, Parmigianino, Caravaggio, and the Poussins.

In 1734–5 he published a series of his plates under the title Imitations of the Italian Masters. He also collaborated with George Knapton in the publication of the Heads of Illustrious Persons, after Jacobus Houbraken and George Vertue, with their lives by Thomas Birch (London, 1743–52); and engraved sixty-eight plates for a collection of ninety-five reproductions from drawings by famous masters, in which Knapton was again his colleague. Another of his productions was a series of twenty-five caricatures after Pier Leone Ghezzi, republished in 1823 and 1832 as Eccentric Characters.

In 1756 he was commissioned by Bishop of Durham Richard Trevor to paint the portrait of Benjamin missing from the set Jacob and his twelve sons painted by Francisco de Zurbarán. This hangs in the Long Dining Room at Auckland Castle.

References

Further reading

External links

1705 births
1758 deaths
English engravers
18th-century English painters
English male painters
Fellows of the Royal Society
18th-century English male artists

Arthur Pond


Sunil Dutt (Balraj Dutt; 6 June 1926 – 25 May 2005) was a famous Indian actor, director and politician. He was appointed the Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports in 2004. He was a former Sheriff of Mumbai. He is the father of actor Sanjay Dutt and politician Priya Dutt. In 1968, he was honoured by the Padma Shri by the Government of India. In 1984 he was elected to the Parliament of India from the constituency of Mumbai North West.

Early career
Sunil Dutt's father was Diwan Raghunath Dutt and mother name was Kulwantidevi Dutt. When he was five years old, his father died. He then moved to Bombay ( Mumbai). He got a job at the city's BEST bus service. He graduated with B.A. in history in 1954.He also became radio announcer, He was very popular on the Hindi service of Radio Ceylon, the oldest radio station in South Asia. His first film was Railway Platform(1955). Film director gave him new screen name "Sunil Dutt"  to avoid name conflicts with the actor Balraj Sahni.

Early Success
Sunil Dutt became famous for his role in the 1957 film Mother India in which he co-starred with Nargis. Dutt was one of the major stars of Hindi cinema in the 1960s .Films like Sadhna (1958), Insan Jaag Utha (1959), Sujata (1959), Mujhe Jeene Do (1963), Khandan (1965), Mera Saaya (1966) and Padosan (1967). He was B.R. Chopra's favorite actor films such as Gumraah (1963), Waqt (1965) and Hamraaz (1967).

Dutt made his directorial debut and was the only actor to feature in Yaadein(1964). The film was featured in the Guinness Book of Records for Fewest Actors in a Narrative Film.

Middle Period
In Geeta Mera Naam (1974) he again played an anti-hero after a long gap of films like Mother India and Mujhe Jeene Do. He continued to star in hits that included Heera (1973), Pran Jaye Par Vachan Na Jaye (1974), Nagin (1976), Jaani Dushman (1979), Muqabla (1979), and Shaan (1980).Dard Ka Rishta (1982), Badle Ki Aag (1982), Raaj Tilak (1984), Mangal Dada (1986), Watan Ke Rakhwale (1987) and Dharamyudh (1988).

References

1929 births
2005 deaths
Indian actors

Sunil Dutt


The Johnson County War, also known as the War on Powder River and the Wyoming Range War, was a range conflict that took place in Johnson County, Wyoming from 1889 to 1893. The conflict began when cattle companies started ruthlessly persecuting alleged rustlers in the area, many of whom were settlers who competed with them for livestock, land and water rights. As violence swelled between the large established ranchers and the smaller settlers in the state, it culminated in the Powder River Country when the former hired gunmen to invade the county. The gunmen's initial incursion in the territory alerted the small farmers and ranchers, as well as the state lawmen, and they formed a posse of 200 men that led to a grueling stand-off. The siege ended when the United States Cavalry on the orders of President Benjamin Harrison relieved the two forces, although further fighting persisted in the following months.

The events have since become a highly mythologized and symbolic story of the Wild West and over the years variations of the story have come to include some of its most famous historical figures. In addition to being one of the best-known range wars of the American frontier, its themes, especially class warfare, served as a basis for numerous popular novels, films and television shows in the Western genre.

Background
Conflict over land was a common occurrence in the development of the American West, but was particularly prevalent during the late 19th century, when large portions of the West were being settled by new immigrants
for the first time through the Homestead Acts. It is a period that one historian, Richard Maxwell Brown, has called the "Western Civil War of Incorporation", of which the Johnson County War was a part.

In the early days of Wyoming, most of the land was in public domain, which was open to stock raising as an open range and farmlands for homesteading. Large numbers of cattle were turned loose on the open range by ranches. Each spring, round-ups were held to separate the cattle belonging to different ranchers. Before a round-up, an orphan or stray calf was sometimes surreptitiously branded, which was the common way to identify the cow's owners. However, as more and more homesteaders called "grangers" moved into Wyoming, competition for land and water soon enveloped the state, and the large cattle companies, also known as "cattle barons", reacted by monopolizing large areas of the open range to prevent homesteaders from using it.

The often uneasy relationship between the wealthier ranchers and smaller settlers became steadily worse after the harsh winter of 1886–1887, when a series of blizzards and temperatures of –40 to  –50 °F (–40 to –45 °C) followed by an extremely hot and dry summer, ravaged the frontier. Thousands of cattle were lost in the calamity. To protect what remained, the cattle barons reacted with a catch-all allegation of rustling against their competition. Hostilities worsened when the Wyoming legislature passed the Maverick Act, which stated that all unbranded cattle in the open range automatically belonged to the large ranchers. The cattle barons also held a firm grip on Wyoming's stock interests by limiting the number of small ranchers and grangers who could participate, including the annual round-ups. They also forbade their employees from owning cattle for fear of additional competition, and threatened anyone they suspected to be rustlers.

Wyoming Stock Growers Association
Many of the large ranching outfits in Wyoming were organized as the Wyoming Stock Growers Association (the WSGA) and gathered socially at the Cheyenne Club in Cheyenne, Wyoming. Comprising some of the state's wealthiest and most influential residents, the organization held a great deal of political sway in the state and region. The WSGA organized the cattle industry by scheduling roundups and cattle shipments. The WSGA also employed an agency of detectives to investigate cases of cattle theft from its members' holdings. Grangers and rustlers often intermixed with one another in the community, making it more difficult for the detectives to differentiate the criminals and the innocent homesteaders.

Rustling in the local area was likely increasing due to the harsh grazing conditions, and the illegal exploits of organized groups of rustlers were becoming well publicized in the late 1880s. Well-armed outfits of horse and cattle rustlers roamed across various portions of Wyoming and Montana, with Montana vigilantes such as the infamous Stuart's Stranglers declaring "War on the Rustlers" in 1884. Bandits taking refuge in the infamous hideout known as the  Hole-in-the-Wall were also preying upon the herds. Frank M. Canton, Sheriff of Johnson County in the early 1880s and better known as a detective for the WSGA, was a prominent figure in eliminating these supposed criminals from Wyoming. Before the events in Johnson County, Canton had already developed a reputation as a lethal gunman. At a young age he had worked as a cowboy in Texas, and in 1871 started a career in robbery and cattle rustling, as well as killing a Buffalo Soldier on October 10, 1874. Historian Harry Sinclair Drago described Canton as a "merciless, congenital, emotionless killer. For pay, he murdered eight—very likely ten—men."

War

Early killings

On July 20, 1889, a range detective from the WSGA named George Henderson accused Ella Watson (better known as Cattle Kate) a local rancher, of stealing cattle from a fellow rancher by the name of Albert John Bothwell. The cattlemen sent riders to seize Ella before capturing her husband Jim Averell as well. Both of them were subsequently lynched. This gruesome act was one of the rare cases in the Old West in which a woman was lynched, an event that appalled many of the local residents and paved the way for future events in the war. County Sheriff Frank Hadsell arrested six men for the lynching and a trial date was set. However, before the trial, threats were sent to the witnesses who would testify against the aggressors. One of those witnesses was young Gene Crowder, who mysteriously disappeared under unknown circumstances before the trial. Another, Jim's nephew and foreman Frank Buchanan, disappeared from the county as well after a shootout with unknown suspects, and was presumed to be hiding or murdered. Ralph Cole, another nephew of Averell's, died on the day of the trial from poisoning.

Enemies of the WSGA soon fought back. George Henderson, the range detective who had accused Ella Watson, was murdered near Sweetwater Creek in October 1890. The cattle barons soon tightened their control and hunted down those who tried to oppose them. The double lynching of the Averells was followed by the lynching of Tom Waggoner, a horse trader from Newcastle, Wyoming, in June 1891. A friend of Waggoner named Jimmy the Butcher, who was once arrested for rustling cattle belonging to the Standard Cattle Company, was also murdered. Range detective Tom Smith killed a suspected rustler, and when he was indicted for murder, political connections to the WSGA secured his release. These killings would precipitate more hostilities and violence in the years to come.

After the lynchings of their prominent competitors, the WSGA's control over the range was undisputed, until a group of smaller ranchers formed the Northern Wyoming Farmers and Stock Growers' Association (NWFSGA) to compete with the WSGA, led by a local cowboy named Nate Champion. Upon hearing this, the WSGA immediately viewed the new association as a threat to their hold on the stock interests. The WSGA then blacklisted members of the NWFSGA from the round-ups in order to stop their operations. However, the NWFSGA refused the orders to disband and instead publicly announced their plans to hold their own round-up in the spring of 1892.

Soon, the prominent cattlemen sent out an assassination squad to kill Nate Champion on the morning of November 1, 1891. Champion and another man named Ross Gilbertson were sleeping in a cabin near the Middle Fork of the Powder River when a group of armed men went inside. Only two were able to fit into the small cabin while four others stood by outside. Champion was immediately awakened by the intrusion, and as the gunmen pointed their weapons at him, Champion reached for his own pistol hidden under a pillow and a shootout commenced. Champion successfully shot two of the gunmen, mortally wounding and killing assassin Billy Lykins. The rest of the assassination squad subsequently fled. Champion was left uninjured except for some facial  burns from gunpowder. In a subsequent investigation of the attack, the names of those involved were leaked to two ranchers: John A. Tisdale and Orley "Ranger" Jones. However, both men were ambushed and murdered while they were riding, which outraged many of the small ranchers and farmers in the county.

Invaders

The WSGA, led by Frank Wolcott (WSGA Member and large North Platte rancher), hired gunmen with the intention of eliminating alleged rustlers in Johnson County and breaking up the NWFSGA. By that time, prominent names in Wyoming started taking sides. Acting Governor Amos W. Barber supported the cattlemen, who blamed the small ranchers and homesteaders for the criminal activity in the state. Former cowboy, Indian War veteran, and Sheriff of Buffalo (the county seat of Johnson County), William "Red" Angus, supported the homesteaders, who believed that the cattle barons were abusing the homesteaders.

In March 1892, the cattlemen sent agents to Texas from Cheyenne and Idaho to recruit gunmen and finally carry out their plans for exterminating the homesteaders. This group became known as the "Invaders". The cattle barons had always used hired guns from Texas to take out suspected rustlers and scare away the nesters in Wyoming. One particular act of violence perpetrated by the Texans was recounted by cowboy John J. Baker, where the Texans ambushed and killed nine trappers whom they mistook for rustlers in Big Dry Creek, Wyoming. They received a $450 bonus for the slaughter.

Soon, 23 gunmen from Paris, Texas and 4 cattle detectives from the WSGA were hired, as well as Wyoming dignitaries who also joined the expedition. State Senator Bob Tisdale, State Water Commissioner W. J. Clarke, as well as William C. Irvine and Hubert Teshemacher, who had both been instrumental in the organization of the State of Wyoming four years earlier, also joined the band. They were accompanied by surgeon Charles Bingham Penrose as well as Ed Towse, a reporter for the Cheyenne Sun, and a newspaper reporter for the Chicago Herald, Sam T. Clover, whose lurid first-hand accounts later appeared in eastern newspapers.  A total expedition of 50 men was organized which consisted of cattlemen, range detectives, and 23 hired guns from Texas. To lead the expedition, the WSGA hired Frank M. Canton. Canton's gripsack was later found to contain a list of 70 county residents to be either shot or hanged, and a contract to pay the Texans $5 a day plus a bonus of $50 for every rustler, real or alleged, they killed. The group became known as "The Invaders", or alternately, "Wolcott's Regulators".

John Clay, a prominent Wyoming businessman, was suspected of playing a major role in planning the Johnson County invasion.  Clay denied this, saying that in 1891 he advised Wolcott against the scheme and was out of the country when it was undertaken. He later helped the "Invaders" avoid punishment after their surrender. The group organized in Cheyenne and proceeded by train to Casper, Wyoming and then toward Johnson County on horseback, cutting the telegraph lines north of Douglas, Wyoming in order to prevent an alarm. While on horseback, Canton and the gunmen traveled ahead while the party of WSGA officials led by Wolcott followed a safe distance behind.

Shootout at the KC Ranch
The first target of the WSGA was Nate Champion, who was at the KC Ranch at that time. They were tasked to perform the assassination that others had failed to carry out five months before. The group traveled to the ranch late Friday, April 8, 1892, quietly surrounded the buildings, and waited for daybreak. Three men besides Champion were at the KC. Two men who were evidently going to spend the night on their way through were captured as they emerged from the cabin early that morning to collect water at the nearby Powder River, while the third, Nick Ray, was shot while standing inside the doorway of the cabin. As the gunmen opened fire on the cabin, Champion dragged the mortally wounded Nick Ray back to the cabin. Ray died hours later, and Champion was left besieged inside the log cabin alone.

Champion held out for several hours, wounding three of the vigilantes, and was said to have killed four others. Another settler by the name of Jack Flagg passed by Champion's ranch on his wagon together with his stepson and witnessed the siege. The Invaders recognized Jack Flagg as one of the men on the list and they started shooting at him. Flagg then rode away and, as the Invaders gave chase, he grabbed his rifle and beat them back. During the siege, Champion kept a poignant journal which contained a number of notes he wrote to friends while taking cover inside the cabin. "Boys, I feel pretty lonesome just now. I wish there was someone here with me so we could watch all sides at once," he wrote. The last journal entry read: "Well, they have just got through shelling the house like hail. I heard them splitting wood. I guess they are going to fire the house tonight. I think I will make a break when night comes, if alive. Shooting again. It's not night yet. The house is all fired. Goodbye, boys, if I never see you again."

The Invaders continued to shoot at the cabin while others set it on fire using a wagon they managed to steal from Flagg. Nate Champion signed his journal entry and put it in his pocket before running from the back door with a six-shooter in one hand and either a knife or a rifle in the other. As he emerged, the Invaders shot him dead. The killers pinned a note on Champion's bullet-riddled chest that read, "Cattle Thieves Beware". Jack Flagg, after escaping his pursuers, rode to Buffalo where he reported Champion's dilemma to the townsfolk. Sheriff Angus then raised a posse of 200 men, many of whom were Civil War veterans, over the next 24 hours and set out for the KC on Sunday night, April 10.

Siege of the TA Ranch

The WSGA group then headed north on Sunday toward Buffalo to continue its show of force. By early morning of the 11th however, news quickly came of a large hostile force heading towards them. They quickly rode and took refuge in the TA Ranch in Crazy Woman Creek. During their flight, one of the Texans by the name of Jim Dudley accidentally shot himself when his horse bucked and his rifle fell to the ground, discharging and hitting his knee. He was later escorted by two others to Fort McKinney to seek treatment, but died in the fort one or two days later from gangrene.

The sheriff's posse finally reached the remaining Invaders holed up in a log barn at the TA Ranch, but the latter managed to hold them back, resulting in a siege that would last for three days. The posse surrounded the whole ranch, building pits on the ground for cover and killing the Invaders' horses to prevent them from escaping. The New York Times reported that twenty men tried to escape behind a fusillade, but the posse beat them back and killed three to five. Another Texas gunman named Alex Lowther accidentally shot himself mortally in the groin during the fight. As the siege dragged on, a settler rode off to Fort McKinney requesting to borrow a cannon but was turned down. A blacksmith named Rap Brown tried to build his own cannon, but it exploded when he first tested it. He then built a siege engine which the posse refered to as a "go-devil' or "ark of safety" - a large, bullet-resistant wagon that would help the settlers get close to the ranch so they could throw dynamite at the Invaders.

Fortunately for the Invaders, one of their members, Mike Shonsey, managed to slip from the barn and was able to contact Governor Barber the next day. Frantic efforts to save the WSGA group ensued, and two days into the siege, late on the night of April 12, 1892, Governor Barber telegraphed President Benjamin Harrison a plea for help.

The telegram read:

For unknown reasons, the telegram failed to reach president Harrison, so Wyoming Senators Joseph M. Carey and Francis E. Warren visited the White House in person and woke the President, informing him of the increasingly dangerous 'insurrection' in Johnson County. Harrison immediately ordered the U.S. Secretary of War Stephen B. Elkins to address the situation under Article IV, Section 4, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution, which allows for the use of U.S. forces under the President's orders for "protection from invasion and domestic violence". The Sixth Cavalry from Fort McKinney near Buffalo, Wyoming was ordered to proceed to the TA ranch at once and take the WSGA expedition into custody. The 6th Cavalry left Fort McKinney a few hours later at 2:00 on the morning of April 13 and reached the TA ranch at 6:45 A.M. Colonel J.J. Van Horn, the officer in charge of the unit, negotiated with Sheriff Angus to lift the siege, and in return the Invaders were to be handed to civilian authorities. The Sixth Cavalry took possession of Wolcott and 45 other men with 45 rifles, 41 revolvers and some 5,000 rounds of ammunition, before escorting them first to Fort McKinney and then to Cheyenne.

The text of Barber's telegram to the President was printed on the front page of The New York Times on April 14, and a first-hand account of the siege at the T.A. appeared in The Times and the Chicago Herald and other papers.

Arrest and legal action
The WSGA group was taken to Cheyenne to be held at the barracks of Fort D.A. Russell (currently Francis E. Warren Air Force Base) since the Laramie County Jail was unable to hold that many prisoners. They received preferential treatment and were allowed to roam the base by day as long as they agreed to return to the jail to sleep at night. Johnson County officials were upset that the group was not kept locally at Ft. McKinney. The general in charge of the 6th Cavalry felt that tensions were too high for the prisoners to remain in the area. Hundreds of armed locals sympathetic to both sides of the conflict were said to have gone to Ft. McKinney over the next few days under the mistaken impression the Invaders were being held there.

The Johnson County attorney began to gather evidence for the case and the details of the WSGA's plan emerged. Canton's gripsack was found to contain a list of seventy alleged rustlers who were to be shot or hanged, a list of ranch houses the Invaders had burned, and a contract to pay each Texan five dollars a day plus a bonus of $50 for each person killed. The Invader's plans reportedly included the eventual murder of people as far away as Casper and Douglas. The Times reported on April 23 that "the evidence is said to implicate more than twenty prominent stockmen of Cheyenne whose names have not been mentioned heretofore, also several wealthy stockmen of Omaha, as well as to compromise men high in authority in the State of Wyoming. They will all be charged with aiding and abetting the invasion, and warrants will be issued for the arrest of all of them."

The Invaders, however, were protected by a friendly judicial system, and they took advantage of the cattle barons' corruption. Charges against the men "high in authority" in Wyoming were never filed. Eventually they were released on bail and were told to return to Wyoming for the trial. Many fled to Texas and were never seen again. In the end, the WSGA group went free after the charges were dropped on the excuse that Johnson County refused to pay for the costs of the long prosecution. The costs of housing the men at Fort D.A. Russell were said to exceed $18,000 and the sparsely populated Johnson County was unable to pay for them

Final killings
Tensions in Johnson County remained high. On May 10, U.S. Marshall George Wellman was ambushed and killed by locals en route to the Town of Buffalo. The incident received national attention, with Wellman being the only Marshal to die in the war. Wellman had been one of the hired guns who joined the Invaders, and his death was grieved by a large crowd. The 6th Cavalry, sent to relieve the county of its violence, was said to be influenced by intense local political and social pressure, and they were unable to keep the peace. One infamous event occurred when a group of men set fire to the post exchange and planted a homemade bomb in the cavalry's barracks. Noted officer Charles B. Gatewood was seriously injured by the bomb blast in the barracks, shattering his left arm and ending his cavalry career.

The 9th Cavalry of "Buffalo Soldiers" was ordered to Fort McKinney to replace the 6th. In a fortnight the Buffalo Soldiers moved from Nebraska to the rail town of Suggs, Wyoming, where they created "Camp Bettens" to quell the local population. Reception from the settlers were negative and in one violent incident, a gunfight erupted between them and some Buffalo Soldiers who entered the town. After being initially driven off, 20 more soldiers slipped from the camp to exact revenge, but the locals fought back, resulting in the death of one Buffalo Soldier named Pvt. Willis Johnson, and the wounding of two other soldiers. Another two detachments were sent and this time the locals allowed the soldiers to investigate but no one was convicted.<ref name="Fields">Linse, Tamara. Range and Race. Star Tribune. February 24, 2005</ref>Rea, Tom, Buffalo Soldiers in Wyoming and the West, Wyoming History. January 30, 2015 Another buffalo soldier by the name of Brown was also murdered when a cowboy shot him while both were in a rifle range. Both Johnson and Brown were buried next to each other, and these events forced the Army to retire the regiment from the place on November, 1892.

In the fall of 1892, as the aftershock of the stand-off was still being felt throughout the county, two alleged horse rustlers were gunned down by range detectives east of the Big Horn River. The killers escaped the law with assistance from Otto Franc, a rancher who had sided with the large cattle company faction. On May 24, 1893, Nate Champion's brother, Dudley Champion, came to Wyoming looking for work and was shot and killed in cold blood. Fifteen miles from town, Dudley had come across the ranch of Mike Shonsey who, after seeing him, immediately grabbed a gun and fired at him. A coroner's inquiry ruled Shonsey's actions were self-defense and he was acquitted of murder. Afterwards, Shonsey left the country before the officials could continue with the investigation. A year before Nate Champion's death, Shonsey actually met him near the Beaver Creek Canyon, where a fight almost commenced between the two as Nate suspected that Shonsey was one of the five men who had attacked him in his cabin. He further threatened Shonsey and demanded he give up the names of the rest of the assassins. This event made Shonsey harbor hatred toward Nate and probably toward his brother Dudley as well. Dudley Champion was the last person killed in association with the Johnson County War.

Aftermath

Emotions ran high for many years afterward. Some considered the large and wealthy ranchers as heroes who had sought what they regarded as  justice by using violence to defend what they regarded as their rights to range land and water rights, while others saw the WSGA as heavy-handed outlaw vigilantes running roughshod over the law. A number of tall tales were spun by both sides afterwards to make their actions appear morally justified. Parties sympathetic to the invaders painted Ella Watson as a prostitute and cattle rustler, Jim Averell as her murderous partner in crime and pimp and Nate Champion as the leader of a vast cattle rustling empire, claiming that he was a leading member of the fabled "Red Sash Gang" of outlaws that supposedly included the likes of the Jesse James gang.Davis (2010) p. 128 These claims have since been discredited. While men frequently visited Watson's cabin, this was because she mended clothing for cowboys as a source of income. While some accounts do note that Champion wore a red sash at the time of his death, such sashes were common. While the Hole in the Wall Gang was known to hide out in Johnson County, there is no evidence that Champion had any relationship to them. Parties sympathetic to the smaller ranchers spun tales that included some of the West's most notorious gunslingers under the employ of the Invaders, including such legends as Tom Horn and 'Big Nose' George Parrot. Horn did briefly work as a detective for the WSGA in the 1890s but there is little evidence he was involved in the war.

Political effects
Although many of the leaders of the WSGA's hired force, such as William C. Irvine, were Democrats, the ranchers who had hired the group were tied to the Republican party and their opponents were mostly Democrats. Many viewed the rescue of the WSGA group at the order of President Harrison (a Republican) and the failure of the courts to prosecute them a serious political scandal with overtones of class war. As a result of the scandal, the Democratic Party became popular in Wyoming for a time, winning the governorship in 1892 and taking control of both houses of the state legislature in that election. Wyoming voted for the Democrat William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 U.S. Presidential Election, and Johnson County was one of the two counties in the state with the largest Bryan majorities.

Economic analysis
Historian Daniel Belgrad argues that in the 1880s centralized range management was emerging as the solution to the overgrazing that had depleted open ranges. Moreover, cattle prices at the time were low. Larger ranchers also were hurt by mavericking (taking lost, unbranded calves from other ranchers' herds), and responded by organizing cooperative roundups, blacklisting, and lobbying for stricter anti-maverick laws. These ranchers formed the WSGA and hired gunmen to hunt down rustlers, but local farmers resented the ranchers' collective political power. The farmers moved toward decentralization and the use of private winter pastures. Randy McFerrin and Douglas Wills argue that the confrontation represented opposing property rights systems. The result was the end of the open-range system and the dominance of large-scale stock ranching and farming. The popular image of the war, however, remains that of vigilantism by aggressive landed interests against small individual settlers defending their rights.

By 1893, the WSGA was opened to the other small ranchers and farmers, finally ending their monopoly and control over Wyoming business interests. Previous practices of the WSGA, such as vigilantism and confiscation of cattle, were finally stopped. Many prominent leaders of the Association such as Frank Wolcott, Frank M. Canton and Tom Smith later left the area.

Legacy

The Johnson County War, with its overtones of class warfare coupled with the intervention ordered by the President of the United States to save the lives of a gang of hired killers and set them free, is not a flattering reflection on the American myth of the west. The Johnson County War has been one of the best-known range wars of the frontier. It has been a popular feature of the Western genre of fiction, which includes literature, films and television shows. The Banditti of the Plains, written in 1894 by witness Asa Mercer, is the earliest record of the Johnson County War. The book was suppressed for many years by the WSGA, who seized and destroyed all but a few of the first edition copies from the 1894 printing; they were rumored to have hijacked and destroyed the second printing as it was being shipped from a printer north of Denver, Colorado. The book was reprinted several times in the 20th century and most recently in 2015. Frances McElrath's 1902 novel The Rustler, took inspiration from the Johnson County War, and was sympathetic to the perspective of the small ranchers.The Virginian, a seminal 1902 western novel by Owen Wister, took the side of the wealthy ranchers, creating a myth of the Johnson County War, but bore little resemblance to a factual account of the actual characters and events. Jack Schaefer's popular 1949 novel Shane treated themes associated with the Johnson County War and took the side of the settlers. The 1953 film The Redhead from Wyoming, starring Maureen O'Hara, dealt with similar themes; in one scene Maureen O'Hara's character is told, "It won't be long before they're calling you Cattle Kate." In the 1968 novel True Grit by Charles Portis, the main character, Rooster Cogburn, was involved in the Johnson County War. In the early 1890s Rooster had gone north to Wyoming where he was "hired by stock owners to terrorize thieves and people called nesters and grangers... . I fear that Rooster did himself no credit in what they called the Johnson County War."

Films such as Heaven's Gate (1980) and The Johnson County War (TV-movie, 2002) painted the wealthy ranchers as the "bad guys". Heaven's Gate was a dramatic romance loosely based on historical events, while The Johnson County War was based on the 1957 novel Riders of Judgment by Frederick Manfred. The range war was also portrayed in an episode of Jim Davis's syndicated western television series Stories of the Century, with Henry Brandon as Nate Champion and Jean Parker as Ella Watson.Jim Davis' Stories of the Century, Vintage Magazine (May 5, 1964). Issue #9 American Heroes Channel presented the Johnson County War in the sixth episode of their Blood Feuds series documentary.

The story of the Johnson County War from the point of view of the small ranchers was chronicled by Kaycee resident Chris LeDoux in his song "Johnson County War" on the 1989 album Powder River. The song included references to the burning of the KC Ranch, the capture of the WSGA men, the intervention of the U.S. Cavalry and the release of the cattlemen and hired guns. The Jim Gatchell Memorial Museum in Buffalo featured dioramas and exhibits about the Johnson County War, as well as a  bronze statue of Nate Champion. Kaycee, Wyoming, the old site of the KC Ranch, also erected the Hoofprints in the Past'' Museum to commemorate the war.

See also
 List of feuds in the United States

References

Citations

Further reading

External links
 The Johnson County War: 1892 Invasion of Northern Wyoming
 Photographs and a brief account of Johnson County War

Conflicts in 1892
1892 in the United States
Wyoming Territory
Johnson County, Wyoming
Range wars and feuds of the American Old West
Internal wars of the United States
Feuds in the United States
American cattlemen

Johnson County War


Thomas Barger (1909 – 1986) was an American geologist, explorer, miner, businessman and former CEO of the Arabian American Oil Company (formerly Aramco now Saudi Aramco).

Biography

Thomas Barger was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1909 to Mary Barger and Michael Thomas Barger.

He grew up in Linton, North Dakota and graduated from the University of North Dakota's College of Engineering in Grand Forks, North Dakota with a degree in mining and metallurgy in 1931.

After college he worked as a surveyor and miner in Canada, an engineer, assayer, and assistant manager of a silver and radium mine in the Northwest Territories and as an assistant professor of mining at the University of North Dakota.

He accepted a position at the Anaconda Copper Mining Company but the Great Depression and falling copper prices resulted in his being forced to find work elsewhere.

In 1937 Barger interviewed with J.O. Nomland, the chief geologist at the Standard Oil Company of California, in San Francisco and accepted a job as a surveyor in Saudi Arabia.

He married Kathleen Elizabeth Ray on November 18, 1937, shortly before heading off to Saudi Arabia by himself for what ended up being three years exploring potential oil sites in the Saudi Arabian desert.

He worked alongside Ernie Berg under the American geologist Max Steineke, who used a group of Bedouin trackers headed by Khamis bin Rimthan.  Together, they discovered the Ghawar Field.

After the men discovered Saudi Arabia's vast fields of oil Barger began a career with Aramco that would last 32 years.  He started as a surveyor and geologist then worked as the director of Local Government Relations, was the company representative to the Saudi government and was the manager for Concession Affairs.

Fluent in Arabic, Barger was a key element in the company's relationship with the Saudi government and people.

He ensured that the goal of the company was to be mutually beneficial, training and employing thousands of Saudis and eventually becoming a Saudi run and owned entity (which it is today).

In 1957 Barger became a vice president and assistant to President Norman Hardy.  In 1959 Barger became president of Aramco and in 1961 he was appointed the company's Chief Executive Officer.

Kathleen and Thomas lived in Dhahran and had six children.  Barger retired from the company in 1969.
Thomas Barger died June 30, 1986, in San Diego at the age of 77.

See also
Discovery! The Search for Arabian Oil
Max Steineke
Saudi Aramco

References

"Tom Barger of N.D. Heads One of World's Oil Giants."  The Forum.  24 Apr. 1966. (The Forum is a newspaper in Fargo - Moorhead North Dakota).
North Dakota Entrepreneur Hall of Fame Inductees

External links
New York Times - Obituary
Out in the Blue - Pictures of Tom Barger and his wife and of Saudi Arabia from the 1930s onward
Time Magazine - Personal File on Thomas Barger
Tom Barger:  Myth or Man? - Saudi Aramco World Magazine cover story

20th-century American geologists
Saudi Aramco
1909 births
1986 deaths
Businesspeople from Minneapolis
University of North Dakota alumni
Explorers of Arabia
American expatriates in Saudi Arabia
People from Emmons County, North Dakota
20th-century American businesspeople

Thomas Barger


Pleasure Man is a 1928 drama/murder mystery play by Mae West.

Production history
Pleasure Man began as a rework of West's short-lived play The Drag. West made the protagonist of Pleasure Man to be heterosexual rather than homosexual, and refined the comedy and plot progression. However, the show still retained the Drag Ball spectacle that concluded the show. Initial rehearsals of the play began with West simply writing notes on scraps of paper and letting the actors improvise and find the scenes themselves.

This piece opened outside of Manhattan at the Bronx Opera House September 16 and then showed in Queens, New York at the Boulevard Theatre (Queens). The play's Broadway debut was October 1, 1928 at the Biltmore Theatre.

After the show, police arrested the entire cast of 56 after a performance at the Biltmore Theatre and they were charged with indecency. The events stirred the media and the Evening Post ran the headline "Mae West raid open crusade to purify stage; mayor Walker alleged sponsor of drive to purify Broadway". An injunction allowed for a matinee performance the next day, but even with some bits of the show cut out, it was raided again, this time during the performance, and the cast rearrested, not before a drag queen delivered an oration about police oppression.

The show was described as depicting backstage burlesque and one reviewer called it the "queerest show you've ever seen" and as having "all the Queens" in it. Another review noted the presence of "Harlem bacchanales". A couple of favorable reviews found it entertaining, but most reviewers gave it rather scornful criticism including description of it as "filth" and "foul exhibitionism".

Pleasure Man was put on trial two years after the premiere, charging the company for "sex, degeneracy, and sex perversion". The trial was riddled with homophobia, chastising the "degenerates" that they saw on the stage, and asking if their manners of female impersonation carried on off stage. The jury failed to reach a decision and the charges were dismissed.

West later wrote an expanded, novelized version of the play, published in 1975.

List of characters
Theatre crew
Bridget, Maggie, Lizzie, Tillie – Scrubwomen
Steve McAllister – Manager
Bradley – Assistant Manager
Bill – Master Electrician
Stanley Smith – Production Manager
Ted Arnold – Light Operator
Mary Ann – Ted Arnold's Sister
Leader – Orchestra Leader
Call Boy

Performers
Dolores – Dancer
Randall – Dolores's Husband/Partner
Flo, Bobby, Jewel, Jane – Dancers
Chuck and Joe – Dancers
Hermann and Fritz Otto – German Acrobats
Paradise Dupont – Female Impersonator
Four Boys
Peaches and Bunny – Female Impersonators
The Cobra
Edgar – Small Town Vaudevillian
Edgar's Wife
Lester Queen
Maybelle – Dancer
Four Hoofers
Ripley and Mrs. Hetherington – Dramatic Actors
Rodney Terrill – Voluptuary
Nikko – Japanese Valet
Toto – Wealthy Retired Performer
Police Chief
Assistant Police Chief

Synopsis

Act One

Act One opens in a theatre in a small Midwest town. The scrubwomen are finishing up cleaning the theatre, looting scraps left from previous performances and gossiping. The crew comes in and begins to set up for a Vaudeville performance. Steve eagerly waits for the performers to arrive. Paradise arrives first with Edgar and their boys. Paradise describes their act and Edgar goes over music cues with The Leader. Terrill then arrives with his Japanese Valet and he begins to flirt with Bobby. Flo comes in as Bobby leaves and Terrill flirts with her as well and speaks of letters that he supposedly sent her in the past. Steve comes back in and warns Terrill to knock off his old ways or he will be thrown out. Steve then warns the dancers of Terrill and begins to assign dressing rooms. Randall and Dolores arrive and as Randall works out some issues with Steve, Terrill confesses his love to Dolores. Dolores worries that Randall will find out about them. Randall and Dolores find out that their electrician doesn't have a union card, which evolves into them arguing about the suspicion Randall has over Dolores and Terrill. The Otto brothers arrive and are missing one of their partners. Stanley agrees to help with their act as he used to be an acrobat himself. The act ends with Arnold fiddling with lights and Randall starting to rehearse with Dolores and the dancers.

Act Two

Scene one opens with Terrill practicing one of his songs while touching up his makeup. Boys dressed as girls return to their dressing rooms, Bunny and Peaches are gossiping, and Chuck and Joe are teasing each other. Stanley comes in and Chuck tells him of his suspicions of Joe, but Stanley notices nothing. Dolores and Randall enter the dressing rooms still arguing about Terrill, while Terrill eaves drops. Arnold calls for Randall and as Randall leaves, Terrill slips a love note into the dressing room for Dolores. Dolores finishes reading the note for a third time when Terrill taps on Dolores's door. They show each other affection through the door until Otto and Stanley interrupt Terrill infuriated with him. The girls then start gossiping about guys and they begin to talk about the struggles between Dolores and Randall. Stanley and Terrill have a conversation about how Terrill gets all these girls to like him. Dolores then writes a note but hides it as Randall enters. Randall speaks of not wanting to lose Dolores. Lester arrives inviting everyone to Toto's big after-party as Arnold leaves to get gelatins. Arnold comes back and runs into Stanley and Terrill talking about girls Terrill has wooed. Arnold notices a picture of a girl that Terrill has been with and asks about her, but Terrill hardly remembers her. Arnold speaks to Steve about technical things and a call boy arrives saying there is a girl who wants to see Terrill. Mary Ann then comes in and tells Terrill that he must marry her. Terrill shoves her and she hits the stairway, screams, and faints. Paradise runs in and tries to help Mary Ann. Arnold then runs in and states who she is and helps as well. The rest of the girls crowd around and the scene closes with Paradise warning Dolores that she could be next. Scene two opens with Stanley interrogating Paradise. She tells him what she saw and Stanley then moves on to interrogate the hoofers. Terrill arrives from the stage and Paradise confronts him. Terrill threatens her but she doesn't back down so he leaves for his dressing room. Stanley tells Terrill he found a letter addressed to him, but doesn't know who it's from. Terrill lies saying it's probably from Flo. He then reads the letter. Meanwhile, the girls are calming Paradise down as she is extremely angry. She has a suspicion that Terrill was involved in Mary Ann's rough past, but she isn't going to ask questions because she fears her safety will be in danger. Terrill then meets with Dolores and they embrace. Randall comes and catches them together. He threatens Terrill's life and the curtain falls.

Act Three

The first scene of the third act opens in Toto's apartment for the party. Some boys are making small talk and Stanley, Bill and Chuck talk about the party. Toto shows up and mentions how happy he is that everyone came to his party. Terrill and Dolores arrive together and Stanley greets them. He asks where Randall is, but Terrill quickly changes the subject. The doorbell then rings and Randall barges in drunk asking where Dolores is. Toto and Stanley insist that she isn't at the party and they get him to leave quietly ending scene one. Scene two opens with the chief of police interrogating Steve about the murder of Terrill. Steve mentions the confrontation between Randall and Terrill at the theatre when Randall caught Terrill with Dolores. The chief then asks Toto why he threw the party and if Terrill was around. Toto mentions that Terrill was with Dolores the whole time. The chief then interrogates Dolores about Terrill and where her husband was. She mentions that she couldn't help but fall for Terrill and she did not see her husband at the party. Paradise brings up the fact that he showed up drunk. Randall does not remember anything after he left the party and Stanley argues that Terrill deserved to be killed. The chief arrests Randall. Paradise states that Terrill deserved his death after he struck down Mary Ann, which is revealed to be Ted Arnold's sister. The chief asks who Arnold is. Stanley tells him and just as the chief states the report of Randall's arrest, an officer arrives with Arnold in handcuffs stating that they found the killer. Arnold then states that he saw his sister's picture in Terrill's dressing room and knew that Terrill had been using her and found out that Terrill was the one who struck her earlier. He says that he did not want to kill him, just torture him. He had attempted to perform a surgery on Terrill that they would do on rats and other creatures in college "so that they could never propagate their own kind", but this resulted in his death. The play ends with Arnold telling the cops to take him away, his is ready to go.

See also
Sex (play)
The Drag (play)

References

Pleasure Man Broadway @ Biltmore Theatre - Tickets and Discounts
What a Drag! Mae West's Pleasure Man Gets NYC Reading With Charles Busch March 17
Pleasure Man Original Broadway Cast - 1928 Broadway

External links

Plays by Mae West
1928 plays
Censored plays

Pleasure Man


The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Psychological Association that was established in 1965. It covers the fields of social and personality psychology. The editors-in-chief are Shinobu Kitayama (University of Michigan; Attitudes and Social Cognition Section), Colin Wayne Leach (Barnard College; Interpersonal Relations and Group Processes Section), and Richard E. Lucas (Michigan State University; Personality Processes and Individual Differences Section).

The journal has implemented the Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP) Guidelines.  The TOP Guidelines provide structure to research planning and reporting and aim to make research more transparent, accessible, and reproducible.

Contents
The journal's focus is on empirical research reports; however, specialized theoretical, methodological, and review papers are also published. For example, the journal's most highly cited paper, cited over 90,000 times, is a statistical methods paper discussing mediation and moderation.

Articles typically involve a lengthy introduction and literature review, followed by several related studies that explore different aspects of a theory or test multiple competing hypotheses. Some researchers see the multiple-experiments requirement as an excessive burden that delays the publication of valuable work, but this requirement also helps maintain the impression that research that is published in JPSP has been thoroughly vetted and is less likely to be the result of a type I error or an unexplored confound.

The journal is divided into three independently edited sections. Attitudes and Social Cognition addresses those domains of social behavior in which cognition plays a major role, including the interface of cognition with overt behavior, affect, and motivation. Interpersonal Relations and Group Processes focuses on psychological and structural features of interaction in dyads and groups. Personality Processes and Individual Differences publishes research on all aspects of personality psychology. It includes studies of individual differences and basic processes in behavior, emotions, coping, health, motivation, and other phenomena that reflect personality.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 7.6.

Replicability

JPSP is one of the journals analyzed in the Open Science Collaboration's Reproducibility Project after JPSP's publication of questionable research for mental time travel (Bem, 2011).  (See replication crisis and "Feeling the Future" controversy).

The journal refused to publish refuting replications performed by Ritchie's team, in relation to an earlier article they published in 2010 that suggested that psychic abilities may have been involved (backward causality).

In popular culture
Non-fiction author Malcolm Gladwell writes frequently about findings that are reported in the journal. Gladwell, upon being asked where he would like to be buried, replied "I'd like to be buried in the current-periodicals room, maybe next to the unbound volumes of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (my favorite journal)."

References

External links

Social psychology journals
Personality journals
Academic journals established in 1965
English-language journals
Monthly journals
American Psychological Association academic journals
Differential psychology journals


The 2009 Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge season was the ninth running of the Grand Am Cup Series. It began on January 22 and ran for ten rounds.

Schedule

Daytona International Speedway
Homestead Miami Speedway
New Jersey Motorsports Park
Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca
Lime Rock Park- split classes
Watkins Glen International- long course
Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course- split classes
Barber Motorsports Park
Circuit de Trois-Rivieres
Miller Motorsports Park
Virginia International Raceway

Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge


A banquet is a large public meal or feast, complete with main dishes and desserts. It usually serves a purpose, such as a ceremony, or a celebration. Sometimes a banquet is made only of desserts.

Related pages
 Festival

Other websites
 Banquet Preparation  and keeping things organized

Meals

Banquet


The following is a list of notable deaths in January 2016. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Previous months".  Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are reported here also if notable.

 Each listing of a death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, nationality, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known) and most importantly a source.

January

1
 Fazu Aliyeva, 83, Russian poet and journalist, heart failure.
 Lennie Bluett, 96, American actor (Gone with the Wind, Mighty Joe Young, A Star Is Born).
 Dale Bumpers, 90, American politician, Governor of Arkansas (1971–1975), Senator from Arkansas (1975–1999), complications from a fall.
 Antonio Carrizo, 89, Argentine broadcaster.
 Brian Johns, 79, Australian company director, managing director of the ABC (1995–2000), cancer.
 Gilbert Kaplan, 74, American conductor and businessman, cancer.
 Mark B, 45, British hip-hop record producer, heart failure.
 Mike Oxley, 71, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from  (1981–2007), lung cancer.
 Ian Pieris, 82, Sri Lankan cricketer.
 Jim Ross, 89, Canadian ice hockey player (New York Rangers).
 Vilmos Zsigmond, 85, Hungarian-American cinematographer (Close Encounters of the Third Kind, The Deer Hunter, The Black Dahlia), Oscar winner (1978).

2
 Marcel Barbeau, 90, Canadian painter and sculptor.
 Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan, 91, Indian politician, General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (1996–2012), complications from a stroke.
 Michel Delpech, 69, French singer-songwriter and actor, throat cancer.
 Tim Francis, 87, New Zealand diplomat, Ambassador to the United States (1988–1991), cancer.
 Maria Garbowska-Kierczyńska, 93, Polish actress.
 Matt Hobden, 22, English cricketer (Sussex), accidental fall.
 Gisela Mota Ocampo, 33, Mexican politician, Mayor of Temixco (2016), shot.
 Nimr al-Nimr, 56, Saudi Shia religious leader, executed by beheading.
 Shigeji Kaneko, 84, Japanese boxer, progressive supranuclear palsy.
 Frances Cress Welsing, 80, American psychiatrist and author (The Isis Papers), complications from a stroke.
 Sabri Yirmibeşoğlu, 87, Turkish military officer, Secretary-General of the National Security Council (1988–1990), kidney failure.

3
 Paul Bley, 83, Canadian jazz pianist.
 Stephen W. Bosworth, 76, American diplomat, Ambassador to South Korea (1997–2001), prostate cancer.
 Amby Fogarty, 82, Irish footballer (Sunderland, Hartlepool).
 C. B. Forgotston, 70, American political blogger, suicide by gunshot.
 Demmus Hentze, 92, Faroese politician, Finance Minister (1975–1981).
 Peter Powell, 83, English kite maker, stroke.
 Bill Plager, 70, Canadian ice hockey player (St. Louis Blues).
 Peter Naur, 87, Danish computer science pioneer, Turing award winner.
 Georg Nees, 89, German academic and artist, heart failure.
 Tommy Sale, 97, English rugby league player (Leigh, Widnes).
 Igor Sergun, 58, Russian military officer, Director of the GRU (since 2011).

4
 Tom Allin, 28, English cricketer (Warwickshire), suicide by jumping.
 Fernando Barrachina, 68, Spanish footballer (Valencia CF).
 Rūsiņš Mārtiņš Freivalds, 73, Latvian computer scientist and mathematician, heart attack.
 Michel Galabru, 93, French actor (Subway, Belle Époque, Asterix & Obelix Take On Caesar).
 S. H. Kapadia, 68, Indian judge, Chief Justice (2010–2012).
 Jorge Lepra, 73, Uruguayan diplomat and politician, heart failure.
 Achim Mentzel, 69, German musician and television presenter.
 Marjorie Pizer, 95, Australian poet.
 John Roberts, 69, Welsh footballer (Arsenal, Birmingham, Wrexham).
 Andres Rodríguez, 31, Venezuelan equestrian competitor, car accident.
 Leo Rucka, 84, American football player (San Francisco 49ers).
 Robert Stigwood, 81, Australian music impresario and movie producer (Grease, Saturday Night Fever). (death announced on this date)

5
 María Lorenza Barreneche, 89, Argentine socialite, First Lady (1983–1989).
 Sian Blake, 42–43, British actress (EastEnders), head and neck injuries. (body discovered on this date)
 Pierre Boulez, 90, French composer.
 Percy Freeman, 70, English footballer (Lincoln City, West Bromwich Albion, Reading).
 Rudolf Haag, 93, German theoretical physicist and educator.
 Lev Nikolayevich Korolyov, 89, Russian computer scientist.
 Jean-Paul L'Allier, 77, Canadian politician, Mayor of Quebec City (1989–2005).
 Antônio Pompêo, 62, Brazilian actor.
 Michael Purcell, 70, Australian rugby union player.

6
 Alfredo "Chocolate" Armenteros, 87, Cuban trumpeter, prostate cancer.
 Pat Harrington, Jr., 86, American actor (One Day at a Time, Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels), complications from a fall and Alzheimer's disease.
 Florence King, 80, American writer.
 Christy O'Connor Jnr, 67, Irish golfer, nephew of Christy O'Connor Snr.
 Silvana Pampanini, 90, Italian actress (The Road a Year Long, The City Stands Trial, Roman Tales).
 Ioannis Petridis, 84, Greek politician, MP for Pieria (1985–1989).
 Sol Polansky, 89, American diplomat, Ambassador to Bulgaria (1987–1990). (death announced on this date)
 Nivaria Tejera, 86, Cuban poet and novelist, pancreatic cancer.
 Yves Vincent, 94, French actor.

7
 Klaas Bakker, 89, Dutch footballer (Ajax).
 Robert M. Cundick, 89, American organist and composer.
 Kitty Kallen, 94, American singer ("Little Things Mean a Lot").
 Judith Kaye, 77, American lawyer, Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals (1993–2008), cancer.
 Richard Libertini, 82, American actor (Fletch, All of Me, The In-Laws), cancer.
 Ashraf Pahlavi, 96, Iranian princess.
 Mohammad Sayeed, 79, Indian politician, Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir (2002–2005, since 2015), Minister of Home Affairs (1989–1990), multiple organ failure.
 Troy Shondell, 76, American singer, complications from Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
 Sergey Shustikov, 45, Russian football player (Torpedo Moscow) and manager (Solyaris Moscow).
 Anton Srholec, 86, Slovak writer and priest, lung cancer.
 Valerio Zanone, 79, Italian politician, Secretary of Italian Liberal Party (1976–1985) and Mayor of Turin (1990–1991).

8
 Otis Clay, 73, American R&B and soul singer ("Tryin' to Live My Life Without You", "The Only Way Is Up"), heart attack.
 Oscar Fritschi, 76, Swiss politician.
 German Moreno, 82, Philippine television host (Walang Tulugan with the Master Showman) and actor, cardiac arrest.
 Royal Parker, 86, American television personality, congestive heart failure.
 Red Simpson, 81, American country singer-songwriter ("I'm a Truck"), complications from a heart attack.
 Piet Steenkamp, 90, Dutch politician, President of the Senate (1983–1991).

9
 Merab Chigoev, 65, South Ossetian politician, Prime Minister (1998–2001), traffic collision.
 Lawrence H. Cohn, 78, American surgeon, stroke.
 Hamada Emam, 68, Egyptian footballer (Zamalek SC).
 Maria Teresa de Filippis, 89, Italian racing driver, first woman to race in Formula One.
 Peter Gavin Hall, 64, Australian mathematician and statistician, leukemia.
 John Harvard, 77, Canadian politician, Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba (2004–2009).
 Umberto Raho, 93, Italian actor (The Bird with the Crystal Plumage, The Last Man on Earth, Superfantagenio), complications from Alzheimer's disease.
 José María Rivas, 57, Salvadoran footballer, leukemia.
 Angus Scrimm, 89, American actor (Phantasm, Alias, John Dies at the End).
 Ed Stewart, 74, British broadcasting personality (Top of the Pops, Crackerjack), stroke.
 Zelimkhan Yaqub, 65, Azerbaijani poet.

10
 Abbas Bahri, 61, Tunisian mathematician.
 Wim Bleijenberg, 85, Dutch footballer (Ajax, national team).
 David Bowie, 69, British singer-songwriter ("Space Oddity", Ziggy Stardust, Rebel Rebel), record producer and actor (Labyrinth, The Prestige, Arthur and the Invisibles), liver cancer.
 Ann Z. Caracristi, 94, American cryptographer, Deputy Director of the NSA (1980–1982), complications from dementia.
 Jeanne Cordova, 67, American LGBT activist, brain cancer.
 Teofil Codreanu, 74, Romanian footballer (Rapid București).
 Kalevi Lehtovirta, 87, Finnish footballer.
 Hernán Gamboa, 69, Venezuelan musician (Serenata Guayanesa), cancer.
 Ulrich Hahnen, 63, German politician (SPD), Deputy of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia (since 2010), cancer.
 Ralph Hauenstein, 103, American philathropist and businessman.
 George Jonas, 80, Canadian writer, Parkinson's disease.
 Bob Oatley, 87, Australian yachtsman (Wild Oats XI) and winemaker (Rosemount).
 Arthur S. Obermayer, 84, American entrepreneur and philanthropist, cancer.
 Cornelis Zitman, 89, Dutch sculptor.
 Yusuf Zuayyin, 84, Syrian politician, Prime Minister (1965, 1966–1968).

11
 Reginaldo Araújo, 38, Brazilian footballer, heart attack.
 William Del Monte, 109, American centenarian, last known survivor of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.
 Berge Furre, 78, Norwegian politician and historian.
 Alexander Hickman, 90, Canadian judge and politician. (death announced on this date)
 Monte Irvin, 96, American Hall of Fame baseball player (Newark Eagles, New York Giants, Chicago Cubs).
 Brian Johnson, 59, Australian rugby league player and coach (Warrington), Alzheimer's disease.
 David Margulies, 78, American actor (Ghostbusters, The Sopranos, Conversations with My Father).
 János Radványi, 93, American political scientist and diplomat, Ambassador to the United States (1962–1967).
 Gunnel Vallquist, 97, Swedish writer and translator.

12
 Robert Black, 68, Scottish serial killer and kidnapper.
 Ivan Bukavshin, 20, Russian chess player, stroke.
 Rose Chibambo, 87, Malawian politician, Deputy Minister for Hospitals, Prisons and Social Welfare (1963–1964), heart attack.
 Andrew Smith, 25, American basketball player (Butler Bulldogs), non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
 Gastón Guzmán, 83, Mexican mycologist and anthropologist, heart attack.
Meg Mundy, 101, American actress (Fatal Attraction, All My Children, Ordinary People).
 William Needles, 97, Canadian theater actor.
 Dave Sime, 79, American sprinter and ophthalmologist, cancer.
 Carolyn D. Wright, 67, American poet, cancer.

13
 Brian Bedford, 80, British actor and voice actor (Robin Hood, Nixon, Much Ado About Nothing), cancer.
 William Craig, 97, American philosopher and educator.
 Giorgio Gomelsky, 81, Georgian filmmaker, impresario, music manager, songwriter and record producer.
 Bern Herbolsheimer, 67, American composer, cancer.
 J. F. R. Jacob, 92, Indian military officer, pneumonia.
 Conrad Phillips, 90, British television and movie actor (The Adventures of William Tell).
 Lawrence Phillips, 40, American football player (University of Nebraska, St. Louis Rams) and convicted felon, apparent suicide.
 Jim Simpson, 88, American sportscaster (NBC Sports).
 Zaharije Trnavčević, 90, Serbian politician, Acting President of the National Assembly (2012).
 Ellen Meiksins Wood, 73, American historian, cancer.
 Tera Wray, 33, American pornographic actress, suicide.

14
 René Angélil, 73, Canadian entertainment manager (Céline Dion), heart attack complicated by throat cancer.
 George Carroll, 94, American lawyer and politician, Mayor of Richmond (1964–1965), respiratory failure.
 Franco Citti, 80, Italian actor (Accattone, The Godfather, The Godfather Part III).
 Alan Rickman, 69, English actor (Harry Potter, Die Hard, Love Actually), pancreatic cancer.
 Shaolin, 44, Brazilian humorist, heart attack.
 Rajesh Vivek, 66, Indian actor (Lagaan), heart attack.
 Leonid Zhabotinsky, 77, Soviet weightlifter, Olympic champion (1964, 1968).

15
 Francisco X. Alarcón, 61, American poet, cancer.
 Noreen Corcoran, 72, American actress (The Girls on the Beach, Gidget Goes to Rome, Bachelor Father), cardiopulmonary disease.
 Dan Haggerty, 74, American actor (Easy Rider, The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams, Big Stan), spinal cancer.
 Ken Judge, 58, Australian football player and coach (Hawthorn), cancer.
 P. J. Mara, 73, Irish public affairs consultant, Senator (1977–1981, 1982–1983).
 Oleksandr Shevchenko, 78, Ukrainian scientist, jurist and politician, member of the Verkhovna Rada (2012–2014).
 Manuel Velázquez, 72, Spanish footballer (Real Madrid).

16
 Carina Jaarnek, 53, Swedish singer and Dansband artist, brain haemorrhage.
 Ted Marchibroda, 84, American football player (Pittsburgh Steelers, Chicago Cardinals) and coach (Baltimore Colts, Indianapolis Colts, Baltimore Ravens).
 Rudy Migay, 87, Canadian ice hockey player (Toronto Maple Leafs).
 Jean-Noël Rey, 66, Swiss politician, CEO of Swiss Post, shot.
 Aristide von Bienefeldt, 56, Dutch writer.
 Gary Loizzo, 70, American guitarist, singer, recording engineer, and record producer. He is best known for being the lead singer with The American Breed.

17
 Blowfly, 76, American musician and producer, liver cancer.
 Bob Harkey, 85, American racecar driver.
 Gottfried Honegger, 98, Swiss artist and graphic designer.
 Sudhindra Thirtha, 89, Indian Hindu religious leader, renal failure.

18
 Johnny Bach, 91, American basketball player (Boston Celtics) and coach (Fordham University, Penn State).
 Glenn Frey, 67, American guitarist (Eagles), songwriter ("Take It Easy", "Hotel California") and actor (Wiseguy, Jerry Maguire), complications following intestinal surgery.
 Michel Tournier, 91, French writer ("Friday, or, The Other Island", "The Erl-King").

19
 Robert M. Carter, 73, British-born Australian marine geologist and climate skeptic, complications from a heart attack.
 M. K. A. D. S. Gunawardana, 68, Sri Lankan politician, Minister of Land (since 2015), cancer.
 Yasutaro Koide, 112, Japanese supercentenarian, world's oldest man, heart failure and pneumonia.
 Richard Levins, 85, American mathematical ecologist and population geneticist, heart failure.
 Ettore Scola, 84, Italian movie director (A Special Day, What Time Is It?, The Dinner) and screenwriter (We All Loved Each Other So Much), pneumonia.
 Sheila Sim, Lady Attenborough, 93, English actress (Pandora and the Flying Dutchman, A Canterbury Tale, West of Zanzibar), dementia.
 William Y. Smith, 90, American air force general, congestive heart failure.
 Frank Sullivan, 85, American baseball player (Boston Red Sox, Philadelphia Phillies, Minnesota Twins), pneumonia.

20
 Edmonde Charles-Roux, 95, French writer.
 Ronald Greenwald, 82, American rabbi and activist, suspected heart attack.
 David G. Hartwell, 74, American editor, publisher and critic, injuries from a fall.

21
 Bogusław Kaczyński, 73, Polish classical music journalist, stroke.
 Derrick Todd Lee, 47, American convicted serial killer.
 Mrinalini Sarabhai, 97, Indian classical dancer, choreographer and instructor, respiratory failure.
 Robert Sassone, 37, French road racing cyclist, suicide.

22
 Homayoun Behzadi, 73, Iranian football player (Shahin F.C., Paykan F.C., national team) and coach (Persepolis F.C.).
 Kamer Genç, 75, Turkish politician, cancer.
 Cecil Parkinson, 84, British politician, cabinet minister, cancer.
 Miloslav Ransdorf, 62, Czech politician (KSČM), Member of the European Parliament (since 2004), stroke.
 Rik Wilson, 53, American ice hockey player (St. Louis Blues, Calgary Flames, Chicago Blackhawks). (death announced on this date)

23
 Barry Brickell, 80, New Zealand ceramic artist.
 Josip Friščić, 66, Croatian politician.
 A. C. Jose, 78, Indian politician, Speaker of Kerala Legislature (1982), member of Parliament (1996–1997, 1998–2004).
 Elisabeta Polihroniade, 80, Romanian chess Woman Grandmaster (1982) and International Arbiter.
 Dmitry Shirkov, 88, Russian theoretical physicist, heart attack.

24
 Jimmy Bain, 68, Scottish bassist (Rainbow, Dio), lung cancer.
 Fredrik Barth, 87, Norwegian social anthropologist.
 Marvin Minsky, 88, American cognitive scientist and pioneer in artificial intelligence, cerebral hemorrhage.
 Henry Worsley, 55, British adventurer, multiple organ failure.
 Forouzan, 78, Iranian actress.

25
 Kalpana, 49, Indian actress (Thanichalla Njan), heart attack.
 Concepcion Picciotto, 80, Spanish-born American peace activist, complications from a fall.
 Paul Terasaki, 86, American scientist and philanthropist.

26
 Black, 53, British singer-songwriter ("Wonderful Life"), head injuries sustained in a traffic collision.
 Tommy Kelly, 90, American actor (The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Peck's Bad Boy with the Circus), congestive heart failure.
 Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, 95, Pakistani politician and diplomat, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1982–1991, 1996–1997).
 Abe Vigoda, 94, American actor (The Godfather, Barney Miller, Joe Versus the Volcano), complications from an illness.

27
 Augusto Giomo, 75, Italian basketball player (1970 FIBA World Championship), cancer.
 Carlos Loyzaga, 85, Filipino Olympic basketball player (1952, 1956), complications from a stroke.

28
 Signe Toly Anderson, 74, American singer (Jefferson Airplane), complications from COPD.
 Yisroel Belsky, 77, American rabbi.
 Buddy Cianci, 74, American politician and radio host, Mayor of Providence, Rhode Island (1975–1984, 1991–2002), colon cancer.
 Aleš Debeljak, 54, Slovenian writer, car crash.
 Paul Kantner, 74, American musician (Jefferson Airplane, Jefferson Starship, KBC Band), multiple organ failure.

29
 Jean-Marie Doré, 77, Guinean politician, Prime Minister (2010).
 Gordon Goody, 86, British criminal (Great Train Robbery) and businessman, heart attack.
 Cayetano Paderanga, Jr., 67, Filipino economist, Director-General of NEDA (2010–2012), complications after heart surgery.
 Jacques Rivette, 87, French movie director (Celine and Julie Go Boating, Out 1) and movie critic, complications from Alzheimer's disease.
 John Roper, Baron Roper, 80, British politician.

30
 Frank Finlay, 89, British actor (Othello, The Shoes of the Fisherman, The Three Musketeers), heart failure.
 Francisco Flores Pérez, 56, Salvadorian politician, President (1999–2004), cerebral hemorrhage.
 T. N. Gopakumar, 58, Indian journalist, cancer.
 Georgia Davis Powers, 92, American civil rights activist and politician, member of the Kentucky Senate (1968-1989), congestive heart failure.
 Mohammad Salimi, 78, Iranian general, Commander-in-Chief of the Army (2000–2005).

31
 Mere Broughton, 79, New Zealand Māori language activist and unionist, heart failure.
 Sir Terry Wogan, 77, British-Irish broadcaster (BBC), cancer.
 Benoît Violier, 44, French-born Swiss chef, suicide by gunshot.

Months
 January
 February
 March
 April
 May
 June
 July
 August
 September
 October
 November
 December

Related pages
 Deaths in 2014
 Deaths in 2015

References

Other websites
 The Guardian, UK obituaries
 Obituaries, Los Angeles Times
 Obituaries, Chicago Tribune
 The New York Times, US obituaries
 The Sydney Morning Herald, Australian obituaries
 The Telegraph obituaries

01
January 2016 events

Deaths in January 2016


Marijampolė (; also known by several other names) is a cultural and industrial city and the capital of the Marijampolė County in the south of Lithuania, bordering Poland and Russian Kaliningrad Oblast, and Lake Vištytis. The population of Marijampolė is 48,700 (2003). It is the Lithuanian center of the Suvalkija region.

Marijampolė is the seventh-largest city in Lithuania, and has been its regional center since 1994. The city covers an area equal to . The Šešupė River divides the city into two parts which are connected by six bridges.

Names
The city has also been known as Marijampolis, Mariampol, Starapole, Pašešupiai, Marjampol, Mariyampole, and Kapsukas (1955–1989).

History

The settlement was founded as a village called "Pašešupė", after the nearby river of Šešupė. As such the town was first mentioned in 1667. In the 18th century the village, at that time belonging to the Catholic Church, grew to become a market town and its name was changed to Starpol or "Staropole", after a new village built for Prienai starost's guards in the vicinity in 1739. The settlement was destroyed by a fire in 1765.

After the disaster the wife of contemporary starost of Prienai, Franciska Butler née Ščiuka, financed a new church and a monastery for the Congregation of Marian Fathers. Following the foundation of the monastery, a new town was built in the area. It was named "Maryampol", after the Blessed Virgin Mary (Marya-), with the Greek suffix -pol denoting a town.

On 23 February 1792 King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Stanisław II Augustus granted the "townlet of Mariampol" with Magdeburg Law and a privilege of market organisation. Following the Partitions of Poland the town was briefly part of Prussia. However, after the Napoleonic Wars it was transferred to Congress Poland ("Russian Poland"). In the 19th century the town continued to grow, mostly thanks to a large number of Jewish and German settlers. In 1817 the town became the seat of a separate powiat within the administrative system of the kingdom. In 1827 the town had 1759 inhabitants. By 1861 the number had grown to 3718, 3015 of them being Jewish. A fire consumed many wooden homes in 1868. As a result, many houses were rebuilt of stone.

Following the January Uprising and the Russian suppression of the former Commonwealth lands, the powiat of Maryampol was seriously diminished. Around that time also the monastery gained prominence as it was the only monastery owned by the Marians that was not closed down by the tsarist authorities. As the surroundings of the town were primarily inhabited by Lithuanians, the town became the centre of the Lithuanian national revival. The proximity of the Prussian border made the smuggling of books in Lithuanian language, banned in Imperial Russia, easier. Among the most notable Lithuanian scholars and writers active in Mariampol at that time were Kazys Grinius, Jonas Jablonskis and Vincas Kudirka.

Following World War I the town became part of Lithuania and was renamed to its current name Marijampolė.

During World War II Marijampolė was occupied by the Soviet Union. During 1940–1941 Soviet authorities deported several hundred inhabitants of Marijampolė. In 1941 Nazi Germany occupied the town. On 1 September 1941, between 5,000 and 8,000 Jews from Marijampolė, Kalvarija and elsewhere, along with people from other backgrounds, were murdered. Their bodies were placed in mass graves near the Šešupė River. Most of the murderers were Lithuanian. In the effect of the war the town was heavily damaged and almost emptied. On July 31, 1944 Soviet army once again entered the city. The following year its counter-intelligence SMERSH repressed about 500 people from Marijampolė. During the first years of Soviet occupation in 1944–1953  Soviet deportations from Lithuania to Siberian gulags numbered somewhere between 5,000 and 6,000 Lithuanians from Marijampolė county. In late post war years the city was rebuilt and repopulated with inhabitants from other parts of Lithuania. Currently in Marijampolė roughly 98% of its inhabitants are Lithuanians.

On 9 April 1955 communist authorities of the Lithuanian SSR renamed the town "Kapsukas" after a Lithuanian communist politician Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas. The old name was restored in 1989. In 1990 Lithuania regained independence.

Marijampolė has been the administrative centre of the county since 1994. In 2018, in the 100th anniversary of the restoration of the independence of Lithuania, the city of Marijampolė became the cultural capital of Lithuania.

The Anshe Sholom B'nai Israel synagogue in Chicago was founded by immigrants from Marijampolė. Other Jewish migrants from Marijampolė settled in Manchester and Leeds.

Transport
Marijampolė is accessible by railway, Kaunas-Šeštokai-Alytus line. Marijampolė is located at the crossroads of two highways. The Via Baltica connects Helsinki with Central and Southern Europe. The other highway links the city of Kaliningrad with Minsk.

Industry and economy

Marijampolė is connected to its partners by business, sport, education, tourism, and other ties. Marijampolė's local means of mass media include a local television station, a local radio station, the newspapers "Marijampolės laikraštis", "Suvalkietis", "TV savaitė", "Sugrįžimai", and magazine "Suvalkija". Culturally, Marijampolė enjoys one cinema and a municipal drama theater.

Marijampolė is a regional centre of light industry enterprises, construction, transport and trade. It has also become home to one of the largest second-hand car markets in Europe.

Education

Marijampolė has a strong educational system with state education institutions. The city is the seat of Marijampolė University of Applied Sciences as well as of nine pre-school institutions, six nursery schools, one primary school, 12 lower secondary schools, nine secondary schools, four gymnasiums, a youth school, an adult education center, five additional training establishments, three non-state education institutions, a music school of Christian Culture, the Gymnasium of Marijonai, and the R. Vosylienė languages school.

Marijampolė Municipality

Marijampolė has a City Council with 27 members. The members of the City Council represent different Lithuanian political parties.

The Marijampolė Municipality is adjacent to the Vilkaviškis District Municipality in the west, Kazlų Rūda Municipality in the north, Kalvarija Municipality in the south, and the Prienai District Municipality and Alytus District Municipality in the east.

The town of Marijampolė and its six surrounding communities make up the territory of Marijampolė Municipality. They are: Gudeliai, Igliauka, Liudvinavas, Marijampolė, Sasnava, and Šunskai communities. Marijampolė Municipality covers  of land; 72% of which is an agricultural area, 12.3% is covered by forests; 4.2% – towns and villages, 2% – industrial enterprises and roads, and 6.9% – area used for other purposes.

Twin towns — sister cities

Marijampolė is twinned with:

 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
 Kokkola, Finland
 Kvam, Norway
 Lesja, Norway
 Mayo County, Ireland
 Piotrków Trybunalski, Poland
 Reșița, Romania
 Rogozno, Poland
 Suwałki, Poland
 Valga, Estonia
 Valka, Latvia
 Viborg, Denmark

Notable people
 Ovidijus Vyšniauskas, a Lithuanian musician. The first Lithuania representer at Eurovision Song Contest in 1994.
 Violeta Urmana, opera singer, an honorary citizen of the city
 Moshe Rosenthalis (1922–2008), Lithuanian-Israeli painter
 Witold Teofil Staniszkis, Polish politician
 AGE, rock and blues band
 Elada Eimaitė, motivational speaker & writer
 Darius Songaila, basketball player
 Ugnė Siparė, TV presenter
 Petronėlė Vosyliūtė-Dauguvietienė, theatre actress
 Sharune, actress
 Albina Simokaitytė, theatre actress
 Saulius Brusokas, male weightlifter and strongman competitor
 Sue Perkins, British comedienne; great grandmother from Mariampolė

Gallery

Notes and references

External links

 Homepage of the city
 History of the Jewish shtetl in Marijampolė
 Organ at Basilica of Marijampolė

Cities in Marijampolė County
Capitals of Lithuanian counties
Cities in Lithuania
Municipalities administrative centres of Lithuania
Suwałki Governorate
Historic Jewish communities in Lithuania
Holocaust locations in Lithuania

Marijampolė


The Center for the Study of Religion and Society (CSRS) is a research center at the University of Notre Dame in the United States that is dedicated to advancing social scientific understanding of religion in society through scholarly research, training, and publications. The center brings a variety of faculty, students, and other researchers together into a community of scholars engaged in empirical investigations, intellectual interchange and teaching crucial for advancing the sociological study of religion. Activities facilitated by CSRS include major data collection projects, seminars, colloquia, lectures, conferences, grant writing, and the building of an infrastructure for survey, interviews-based, and participant-observation social research. The center combines an emphasis on the insight and richness of cultural analysis with the strength of large-scale survey research.

Christian Smith of the University of Notre Dame is the director of CSRS and the principal investigator on a number of the center's current research projects.

References

Religion and society
Schools of religion
Social science research institutes
University of Notre Dame


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of London North was one of them.

When it was created in England in 1979, it consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Edmonton, Enfield North, Finchley, Hornsey, Islington Central, Islington North, Islington South and Finsbury, Southgate, Tottenham, and Wood Green.

United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies were redrawn in 1983 and the European constituencies were altered to reflect this. The new seat comprised the following Westminster constituencies: Chipping Barnet, Edmonton, Enfield North, Enfield Southgate, Finchley, Hendon North, Hendon South, Hornsey and Wood Green, and Tottenham. These boundaries were used in 1984, 1989 and 1994.

Members of the European Parliament

Results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

North
20th century in London
1979 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1999

London North (European Parliament constituency)


Newton Phillips Steacy (October 30, 1896 – July 7, 1969) was a political figure in British Columbia. He represented North Vancouver in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1956 to 1960 as a Social Credit member.

He was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, the son of A.R. Steacy and Frances A. Phillips. In 1921, Steacy married Ruth J. Clements. He was a local manager for Borden Co. Ltd. (a milk and dairy business). Steacy served in the provincial cabinet as Minister of Agriculture. He was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1960. After leaving politics, Steacy served as trade commissioner for British Columbia in San Francisco. He died in Victoria at the age of 72.

References

1896 births
1969 deaths
British Columbia Social Credit Party MLAs
Politicians from Vancouver

Newton Phillips Steacy


We Are History is a British comedy series broadcast on the BBC. It ran for two series of six ten-minute episodes.

The series was a parody of historical and archaeological documentaries, especially those of the Time Team, Meet the Ancestors and Simon Schama. Marcus Brigstocke played dubious historian David Oxley, who would attempt to 'recreate' a number of historical events in a modern setting. In one episode, he recreated the Viking invasion of Britain in "the last bastion of Viking control" – an IKEA store. In another, he recreated the Spanish Armada in a swimming pool with children throwing foam balls at one another.

Much of the humour derived from Oxley's singular incompetence and stupidity. He seemed totally unaware of the facts of history and often made things up as he went along. Each episode had a general theme that offered a view of history totally at odds with the known facts – such as Camelot being buried underneath Heathrow Airport or the Norman invasion being a bunch of French visitors who overstayed their welcome and got carried away. In every episode, Oxley talked of "new evidence unearthed by local enthusiasts".

Episodes

Season 1, Episode 1: "Boadicea: Myth or Missus?"
Original Air Date: 3 April 2000

Season 1, Episode 2: "King Arthur: Myth or Legend?"
Original Air Date: 4 April 2000

Season 1, Episode 3: "Our Friends in the Norse"
Original Air Date: 10 April 2000

Season 1, Episode 4: "Hunchback!"
Original Air Date: 12 April 2000

Season 1, Episode 5: "Armada!"
Original Air Date: 14 April 2000

Season 1, Episode 6: "Oliver's Army"
Original Air Date: 17 April 2000

Season 2, Episode 1: "Conquered!"
Original Air Date: 25 September 2001

Season 2, Episode 2: "The Real Robin Hood"
Original Air Date: 2 October 2001

Season 2, Episode 3: "Fire"
Original Air Date: 9 October 2001

Season 2, Episode 4: "Bonnie Prince Charlie: Too Scot to Handle?"
Original Air Date: 16 October 2001

Season 2, Episode 5: "The Industrial Revolution: Factory or Friction?"
Original Air Date: 23 October 2001

Season 2, Episode 6: "Any Old Iron Age?"
Original Air Date: 30 October 2001

External links

We Are History at the former BBC Guide to Comedy

2000 British television series debuts
2001 British television series endings
2000s British comedy television series
BBC television comedy
British parody television series
English-language television shows

We Are History


Longlevens, originally Longleavens, is a suburb of Gloucester, in Gloucestershire, England. It developed from a farmstead during the twentieth century, the name may be based on the old Roman name Colonia Glevensis, or the name could be based on an original field name "Long Elevens". This could have related to a long field about eleven acres therefore this could have been adopted as a name for the hamlet, first recorded in 1750, as part of the estate of Gloucester Cathedral. One of the oldest roads is 'The Avenue', which is shown on old maps as a number of farm cottages built in the 1850s. The population of Longlevens was 9,532 at the time of the 2011 Census.

History
Wotton St. Mary (Without), save for a few acres given to Barnwood and Churchdown, was included with parts of Barnwood, Churchdown, and Hucclecote in the new civil parish of Longlevens, north-east of Gloucester. Parts of Longlevens were added to Gloucester in 1951 and in 1967 when the remainder was re-formed as Innsworth civil parish.

Orcharding, which was increased at Innsworth in the mid 19th century, remained an important feature and in 1896 covered at least 172 a. in the parishes of Gloucester, Longford, Tuffley, Twigworth, and Wotton St. Mary (Without). The demands of Gloucester's growing population in the 19th century increased market gardening in the hamlets and by 1843 J. C. Wheeler's nurseries included a large area between Kingsholm and Wotton. In 1851 market gardeners were fairly numerous in Longford and Twigworth, and later there were several market gardens and nurseries at Longlevens (called Springfield) and Innsworth.

Housing
Longlevens developed its housing from the 1880s onwards with the fields along the main routes through the original village. Plots were created in Cheltenham and Church Roads, at the Longlevens crossroads housing began to develop from the Edwardian period onward. Longford & Innsworth Lanes were simply country lanes before they became the busy throughways we know today. Gloucestershire Archives have retained many of the original plans for housing within the suburb. The earliest building control files date from 1909 when the area was under the control of the Gloucester Rural District Council.

The Wellsprings estate began its life in 1933 when a Swindon-based builder A.J. Colborne put an application in to build 28 houses on the site. All streets within the estate are named after locations in the Lake District, apart from Wellsprings Road. Which is named after a property that used to sit on Cheltenham Road between Elmbridge Road and Oxstalls Lane. All the streets were officially named in January 1935 according to the Gloucester Journal 1st January 1935. The estate was completed by 1938. In 1948 a new section of the estate was added with the building of local authority housing called The Triangle. The contract was awarded to Ashmores (Builders) of Gloucester. The houses were completed around 1951.

Character and facilities
Longlevens is primarily residential, and is home to Sir Thomas Rich's School, Holy Trinity Church, Kendal Road Baptist Church, Longlevens Junior School, Longlevens Infants School and various shops, including a Co-op and Tesco Express, takeaways including the Balti Hut, Spicy Kalkata Club, Oxstalls Fryer and Ruddy's Fish and Chips along with local businesses including Farr & Farr Estate Agents, CMG Property Management.

Flooding
A small part of Longlevens was affected by the July 2007 floods; this caused Horsbere Brook, which skirts its Eastern edge to flood several homes and roads, particularly Greyhound Gardens and Cypress Gardens.

Football and greyhound racing
Of clubs playing association football the most important was Gloucester City Association Football Club, originating in 1889 and re-formed in 1925. From 1935 it had its ground at Longlevens and in 1964 it moved to a new stadium in Horton Road, which was later also used for greyhound racing. A more important centre for greyhound racing was the Gloucester & Cheltenham Stadium which opened in 1933 and closed in 1983. Longlevens is also home to a thriving semi-professional team in Longlevens AFC who have a range of adult, women's, youth and junior teams playing at several locations in the area (Longford Lane, Innsworth Lane and Longlevens Infant School).

References

External links

http://www.longlevens.org/
http://www.mylonglevens.co.uk/

Areas of Gloucester

Longlevens


Paul Cooper (May 19, 1926; Victoria, Illinois – April 4, 1996; Houston, Texas) was an American composer and teacher of classical music.

Born in Victoria, Illinois, he received degrees from the University of Southern California, where his teachers included Ernest Kanitz, Halsey Stevens, and Roger Sessions. He also studied with Nadia Boulanger as a Fulbright Fellow from 1953-1954.

Cooper taught at the University of Michigan School of Music and the University of Cincinnati College Conservatory of Music prior to joining the Rice University Shepherd School of Music as a founding member in 1974. He remained there until his death in 1996, at which time he held the Lynette S. Autrey Endowed Chair and was the Composer-in-Residence at the Shepherd School.

In addition to a Fulbright, he was the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship as well as grants from the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, and from the Ford, Rockefeller, and Rackham Foundations. Some of his notable students include Gabriela Lena Frank, Svend Nielsen, and Ellsworth Milburn.

While Cooper experimented with compositional techniques popular during the middle of the twentieth century, including serialism and aleatory, much of his music follows traditional structures, with numerous works in "absolute (established) forms," including six string quartets, numerous concertos (including two for violin, one for saxophone, and one for flute), and six symphonies. Ross Lee Finney characterized Cooper's music as having "a deep emotional motivation and at the same time a simplicity and clarity that comes from his mastery of craft."

Selected works
Symphonies
Symphony no. 1, 1966
Symphony no. 2 "Antiphons," 1971
Symphony no. 3 "Lamentations," 1971
Symphony no. 4 "Landscape," 1973-75
Symphony no. 5, 1982–83
Symphony no. 6 "In Memoriam," 1987
Concertos
Violin Concerto No. 1, 1967
Descants, for Viola and Orchestra, 1975
Cello Concerto, 1977
Violin Concerto No. 2, 1980–82
Flute Concerto, 1981–82
Organ Concerto, 1982
Saxophone Concerto, 1982
Double Concerto for Violin, Viola and Orchestra, 1987
Chamber music
Piano Quintet, 1995
String Quartet No. 1, 1952 (rev. 1978)
String Quartet No. 2, 1954 (rev. 1979)
String Quartet No. 3, 1959
String Quartet No. 4, 1964
String Quartet No. 5, 1973
String Quartet No. 6, 1977
Sonata for Viola and Piano, 1961
Sonata for Violin and Piano, 1962
Sonata No. 1 for Cello and Piano, 1963
Sonata for Double Bass and Piano, 1964
Sonata for Flute and Piano, 1964
Sonata No. 2 for Cello and Piano, 1965

Books
Cooper, Paul. Dimensions of SIght Singing: An Anthology. New York: Longman. 1981.
Cooper, Paul. Perspectives in Music Theory: An Historical-Analytical Approach. New York: Dodd Mead. 1973.

Notes

References
Lee, Minyoung. "Paul Cooper's Sinfonia: An Analysis." DMA dissertation, Rice University, 2002.

Shulman, Laurie. "Paul Cooper," in Oxford Music Online.

External links
The Paul Cooper papers at the Fondren Library, Rice University
Paul Cooper page from Schirmer site
Interview with Paul Cooper, December 18, 1987

1926 births
1996 deaths
USC Thornton School of Music alumni
University of Michigan faculty
University of Cincinnati faculty
Rice University faculty

Paul Cooper (composer)


Rulon Seymour Wells (July 7, 1854 – May 7, 1941) was a Utah politician and was a general authority of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1893 until his death.

Biography

Wells was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to LDS Church leader Daniel H. Wells (1814–1891) and Louisa Free (1824–1886). In 1875, Wells travelled to Europe as a Mormon missionary and worked primarily in Germany and Switzerland. He returned to the United States in 1877. On January 18, 1883 he married Josephine Eliza Beatie (1857–1923).

In April 1893, Wells was chosen as a member of the seven-man First Council of the Seventy. In 1896, he succeeded Anthon H. Lund as the president of the European Mission of the church, headquartered in Liverpool, England.

In December 1898, Wells returned to Utah. In the United States election in 1900, Wells was elected to the Utah House of Representatives. He served as a member of the house for its 4th session, which lasted from January to March 1901. He did not stand for re-election in 1902.

Following the death of J. Golden Kimball in 1938, Wells became the senior president of the Seventy, a position he held until his own death in 1941.

Wells died in Salt Lake City from colon cancer; he had been a general authority of the church for almost 50 years.

Notes

References
Andrew Jenson. Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia 1:212; 4:249

External links
Grampa Bill's G.A. Pages: Rulon S. Wells

1854 births
1941 deaths
19th-century Mormon missionaries
American Mormon missionaries in Germany
American Mormon missionaries in Switzerland
American Mormon missionaries in the United Kingdom
American general authorities (LDS Church)
Deaths from cancer in Utah
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Linguistic Society of America presidents
Members of the Utah House of Representatives
Mission presidents (LDS Church)
Mormon missionaries in Europe
People of Utah Territory
Politicians from Salt Lake City
Presidents of the Seventy (LDS Church)

Rulon S. Wells


Pedro Nunes Tinoco (died 8 February 1641) was a Portuguese architect who worked in what George Kubler described as the 'Plain Style', and is known also as the patriarch of a number of a family of notable Portuguese architects. He was one of a privileged few to be awarded a royal apprenticeship to study architecture under Nicolau de Frias in Lisbon's Aula dos Paços da Ribeira, a school founded by Philip I of Portugal in 1584.

Commissions

His first commission as a royal architect was the reformation of the convent of Santa Clara, which was destroyed in 1755. He later worked on the church and convent of Santa Marta (1616–36) and the church of Salvador (1616–17), both were located in Lisbon and were well received by critics at the time, contributing to his prestigious reputation.

In 1622 he designed the sacristy of the monastery of Santa Cruz in Coimbra, which was completed in 1624. A single barrel-vaulted space severe in appearance, offset by coloured marble decoration on the walls and azulejos (glazed tiles).

In 1624, succeeding Baltasar Alvares, Tinoco took over work on Terzi's Monastery of São Vicente de Fora (which was begun in 1582).

He also made drawings for Roteiro das Águas Livres, a study for Lisbon's water supply published by his son, João Nunes Tinoco in 1671.

Style

His vault in the Santa Cruz monastery is described by The Dictionary of Art as "more rigorously in the manner of Alberti than the informal version characteristic of those Portuguese buildings that immediately followed the introduction of his style by Filippo Terzi." Broad pilasters carry the compartments across the wide entablature of the vault at Santa Cruz and follow the walls downwards, unifying its internal volume.

References
Turner, Jane, ed. The Dictionary of Art. 1996. London: Macmillan Publishers Limited.

1641 deaths
Portuguese architects
Year of birth unknown

Pedro Nunes Tinoco


Fox Lodge Cricket Club Ground is a cricket ground in Strabane, Northern Ireland.  It is the home of Fox Lodge Cricket Club of the North West Senior League. The first recorded match on the ground was in 1934, when Ireland played the Marylebone Cricket Club in a non first-class match.  In 2002, the ground hosted a Women's One Day International when Ireland women played India women, although no play was possible due to rain.

References

External links
Fox Lodge Cricket Club Ground at CricketArchive

Cricket grounds in Northern Ireland
Sport in Strabane
Sports venues in County Tyrone

Fox Lodge Cricket Club Ground