was the 17th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Richū to be possibly legendary, but probable.  The name Richū-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.

Some scholars identify him with King San in the Book of Song. King San sent messengers to the Song Dynasty at least twice in 421 and 425; and this historical person was succeeded by his younger brother.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

Traditional history
According to Nihonshoki and Kojiki, he was the first son of Emperor Nintoku.

Richū had two sons; but he was followed on the throne by his brother, who would become known as Emperor Hanzei. The enthronement of Hanzei by-passed Richū's two sons.  Few other details have survived.

Two of Richū's grandsons would attain the throne as Emperor Kenzō and as Emperor Ninken.

Events of Richū's life

Very little is known about the events of Richū's life and reign.  Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

In his sixth year of his reign, Richū died.

After his death
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Richū.

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (kofun) at Sakai.  Richū is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) which is associated with the burial mound.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese Imperial family tree
 Kofun period

References

Other websites

Emperors of Japan

Emperor Richū


The leisure industry is the segment of business focused on recreation, entertainment, sports, and tourism (REST)-related products and services.

The field has developed to the point of having university degrees and disciplines focused on it, such as the Cornell University School of Hotel Administration, Webber, and San Jose State University's departments of hospitality, recreation and tourism management. Some universities offer leisure degrees, two of those universities can be found in the Netherlands: the Breda University of Applied Sciences and the NHLStenden University of Applied Sciences. Both offers bachelor's in international leisure management, the latter of which is branded as International Leisure & Events Management.

See also
 Gambling
 Sport industry

References

The Tourism and Leisure Industry: Shaping the Future, Klaus Weiermair and Christine Mathies. Haworth Press, 2004

Service industries
Leisure

Leisure industry


"Necktie social", or "Necktie parties", is a euphemism for execution by hanging commonly used in the American Old West. Additionally, the term is also used literally, for a social event that involved selling donated neckties for charity.

The term "necktie party" was used by one of the justices during oral argument of Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (05-184) in the United States Supreme Court on March 28, 2006.

References

Hanging
Euphemisms

Necktie social


"Rocky Mountain Way" is a 1973 song by rock guitarist Joe Walsh and his band Barnstorm, with writing credits given to all four band members: Walsh, Rocke Grace, Kenny Passarelli, and Joe Vitale. The song was originally released on the album The Smoker You Drink, the Player You Get.

Writing
Walsh appeared in studio on The Howard Stern Show on June 12, 2012, and talked about how the lyrics to the song came to him in 1972 shortly after releasing his first solo effort, Barnstorm.

"I'm living in Colorado and I'm mowing the lawn. I look up and there's the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains and there's snow on them in the summer. And it knocked me back because it was just beautiful. And I thought, 'Well I have committed. I'm already in Colorado and it's too late to regret the James Gang. The Rocky Mountain way is better than the way I had, because the music was better.' I got the words. Bam!"

Walsh has varied that story over the years, however, telling the Rocky Mountain News that he wrote the lyrics while recording the album at Caribou Ranch Recording Studio. The song features Walsh using a guitar talk box manufactured by sound engineer Bob Heil, inventor of the Heil high-powered talk box. The distinct tone "... gives Walsh's blues stomp a futuristic wave, as if a hulking mechanical beast was looming just over those rocky mountains."

The song was used as the title to Walsh's 1985 compilation album, which featured previously released singles and tracks from his albums Barnstorm, The Smoker You Drink, the Player You Get and So What.

Production
In Jake Brown's 2014 book Behind the Boards II, producer Bill Szymczyk writes about how Walsh first came up with an instrumental "blues-shuffle" recorded at the Criteria studio, then stripped down to drums alone at the Caribou studio and rebuilt from there, adding lyrics to make the final version. Walsh is described as having layered about "six or seven" guitars on the recording, playing through a small amp with one Shure SM57 microphone aimed at it. Szymczyk says the thick guitar sound is from Walsh himself, not from studio trickery.

Chart history

Live versions

In 1976, Walsh recorded the song on his You Can't Argue with a Sick Mind album.

Walsh played the song frequently while on tour with the Eagles, including the 1977 Hotel California Tour, again in 1979 and later into the first half of 1980's Long Run tour, also being added yet again to the set in the 1994 reunion tour with Eagles.

In 1985, Walsh joined Australian rock band, The Party Boys, and while touring they recorded a live album, You Need Professional Help, which featured an extended guitar duel between Walsh and Kevin Borich on "Rocky Mountain Way".

In 1989, Walsh played an eight-minute version in the Ringo Starr's All Starr Band, starting with a slide arrangement of "Amazing Grace."

In October 19, 1991 Joe Walsh performed this song with Brian May, Steve Vai, Joe Satriani and Nuno Bettencourt at the Guitar Legends festival in Seville.

In 2004 it was sung by Walsh at Crossroads Guitar Festival and along with Eagles on their Farewell I Tour.

In 2010, "Rocky Mountain Way" was one of three songs played during the encore each night during the Eagles' Long Road Out of Eden Tour. The other two songs performed in the encore were "Desperado" and "Take it Easy".

In 2012, "Rocky Mountain Way" was the first of six songs performed live by Walsh in the Joe Walsh episode (episode 60) of Live from Daryl's House, which also includes discussion of the song.

On May 24, 2016, Walsh performed "Rocky Mountain Way" on the season 10 finale of the NBC reality television singing competition The Voice, along with contestant Laith Al-Saadi.

Other uses
The Colorado Rockies Major League Baseball franchise has played the song after every home win at Coors Field since 1995.

In 1998, the ABC television network wanted to use a classic rock song for Monday Night Football that year, so they asked Walsh to rewrite the lyrics to "Rocky Mountain Way" for Denver Broncos quarterback John Elway. "Rocky Mountain Elway" was the new title of the song and Walsh appeared in a video that ABC Sports showed on a telecast of Monday Night Football.

The Denver Broncos currently play the Godsmack cover version of the song during home games at Empower Field at Mile High.

In 2001 the song was used in the Tony Scott film Spy Game twice - at 19'18" (for 1 minute) to describe actions in the closing days of the Vietnam War, and during final credits in full length. In the same year, it was also featured in the David Spade comedy, Joe Dirt.

The song was a concert staple cover for the Canadian rock band Triumph from 1978 to 1988.

The song appears in the 2008 video game Grand Theft Auto IV on the radio station Liberty Rock Radio.

References

1973 songs
1973 debut singles
Joe Walsh songs
Ozzy Osbourne songs
Godsmack songs
Songs written by Joe Walsh
Triumph (band) songs
Song recordings produced by Bill Szymczyk
Songs written by Joe Vitale (musician)
Songs written by Kenny Passarelli
ABC Records singles
Dunhill Records singles
Colorado Rockies
Denver Broncos

Rocky Mountain Way (song)


Acacia trachyphloia is a tree native to south eastern Australia. Common names include Bodalla wattle and golden feather wattle. The specific epithet trachyphloia refers to the rough bark.

It grows from 4 to 18 metres tall, found beside streams and other moist areas between Lake Conjola and Bodalla in the south coast region and nearby tablelands of New South Wales. A number of different eucalyptus trees are found nearby. As with many of the acacias, it forms attractive yellow flowers between July and October.

References

trachyphloia
Fabales of Australia
Flora of New South Wales
Trees of Australia

Acacia trachyphloia


Frances Cross (1707-1781) was a British stage actress.

From 1727 as Frances Shireburn she appeared at the Drury Lane Theatre. During her early years she established herself in a number of roles that she played repeatedly throughout her career including in Lady Darling in The Constant Couple, Mademoiselle D'Epingle in The Funeral, Mademoiselle in The Provoked Wife and Regan in King Lear, Lady Bountiful in The Beaux' Stratagem and Mrs Motherly in The Provoked Husband. She also appeared at Bartholomew Fair during the summer months. From 1735 she became involved in with fellow actor Richard Cross and began styling herself as Mrs Cross, although she did not formally marry him until 1751. She was widowed in 1760, and had a son also named Richard Cross who appeared alongside her at Drury Lane.

Apart from during the Actor Rebellion of 1733 when she briefly moved to the Haymarket Theatre and two seasons at Covent Garden from 1739 and 1741, she spent the remainder of her career as an established part of the Drury Lane company. She has been described as a "workhorse" of the company playing numerous new roles as well as established ones each year, "rarely getting leading roles, but seldom being assigned tiny ones".

Cross died on 29 June 1781 in Hart Street, Bloomsbury.

References

Bibliography
 Highfill, Philip H, Burnim, Kalman A. & Langhans, Edward A. A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers, and Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800: West to Zwingman. SIU Press, 1973.

18th-century British people
English stage actresses
British stage actresses
18th-century English actresses
18th-century British actresses
1707 births
1781 deaths
Actresses from London

Frances Cross


An embankment dam is a large artificial dam. It is typically created by the placement and compaction of a complex semi-plastic mound of various compositions of soil or rock. It has a semi-pervious waterproof natural covering for its surface and a dense, impervious core. This makes the dam impervious to surface or seepage erosion. Such a dam is composed of fragmented independent material particles. The friction and interaction of particles binds the particles together into a stable mass rather than by the use of a cementing substance.

Types

Embankment dams  come in two types: the earth-filled dam (also called an earthen dam or terrain dam) made of compacted earth, and the rock-filled dam.
A cross-section of an embankment dam shows a shape like a bank, or hill.  Most have a central section or core composed of an impermeable material to stop water from seeping through the dam. The core can be of clay, concrete, or asphalt concrete.  This type of dam is a good choice for sites with wide valleys.  They can be built on hard rock or softer soils.  For a rock-fill dam, rock-fill is blasted using explosives to break the rock.  Additionally, the rock pieces may need to be crushed into smaller grades to get the right range of size for use in an embankment dam.

Earth-fill dams
Earth-fill dams, also called earthen dams, rolled-earth dams or earth dams, are constructed as a simple embankment of well-compacted earth. A homogeneous rolled-earth dam is entirely constructed of one type of material but may contain a drain layer to collect seep water. A zoned-earth dam has distinct parts or zones of dissimilar material, typically a shell of locally plentiful material with a watertight clay core. Modern zoned-earth embankments employ filter and drain zones to collect and remove seep water and preserve the integrity of the downstream shell zone. An outdated method of zoned earth dam construction used a hydraulic fill to produce a watertight core. Rolled-earth dams may also employ a watertight facing or core in the manner of a rock-fill dam. The frozen-core dam is a temporary earth dam occasionally used in high latitudes by circulating a coolant through pipes inside the dam to maintain a watertight region of permafrost within it.

Tarbela Dam is a large dam on the Indus River in Pakistan, about  northwest of Islamabad. Its height of  above the river bed and  reservoir make it the largest earth-filled dam in the world. The principal element of the project is an embankment  long with a maximum height of . The dam used approximately 200 million cubic yards (152.8 million cu. meters) of fill, which makes it one of the largest man-made structures in the world.

Because earthen dams can be constructed from local materials, they can be cost-effective in regions where the cost of producing or bringing in concrete would be prohibitive.

Rock-fill embankment dams

Rock-fill dams are embankments of compacted free-draining granular earth with an impervious zone. The earth used often contains a high percentage of large particles, hence the term "rock-fill". The impervious zone may be on the upstream face and made of masonry, concrete, plastic membrane, steel sheet piles, timber or other material. The impervious zone may also be inside the embankment, in which case it is referred to as a "core". In the instances where clay is used as the impervious material, the dam is referred to as a "composite" dam. To prevent internal erosion of clay into the rock fill due to seepage forces, the core is separated using a filter. Filters are specifically graded soil designed to prevent the migration of fine grain soil particles. When suitable building material is at hand, transport is minimized, leading to cost savings during construction. Rock-fill dams are resistant to damage from earthquakes. However, inadequate quality control during construction can lead to poor compaction and sand in the embankment which can lead to liquefaction of the rock-fill during an earthquake. Liquefaction potential can be reduced by keeping susceptible material from being saturated, and by providing adequate compaction during construction. An example of a rock-fill dam is New Melones Dam in California or the Fierza Dam in Albania.

A core that is growing in popularity is asphalt concrete. The majority of such dams are built with rock and/or gravel as the primary fill. Almost 100 dams of this design have now been built worldwide since the first such dam was completed in 1962. All asphalt-concrete core dams built so far have an excellent performance record. The type of asphalt used is a viscoelastic-plastic material that can adjust to the movements and deformations imposed on the embankment as a whole, and to settlement of the foundation. The flexible properties of the asphalt make such dams especially suited to earthquake regions.

For the Moglicë Hydro Power Plant in Albania the Norwegian power company Statkraft built an asphalt-core rock-fill dam. Upon completion in 2018 the 320 m long, 150 m high and 460 m wide dam is anticipated to be the world's highest of its kind.

Concrete-face rock-fill dams
A concrete-face rock-fill dam (CFRD) is a rock-fill dam with concrete slabs on its upstream face. This design provides the concrete slab as an impervious wall to prevent leakage and also a structure without concern for uplift pressure. In addition, the CFRD design is flexible for topography, faster to construct and less costly than earth-fill dams. The CFRD concept originated during the California Gold Rush in the 1860s when miners constructed rock-fill timber-face dams for sluice operations. The timber was later replaced by concrete as the design was applied to irrigation and power schemes. As CFRD designs grew in height during the 1960s, the fill was compacted and the slab's horizontal and vertical joints were replaced with improved vertical joints. In the last few decades, design has become popular.

The tallest CFRD in the world is the  Shuibuya Dam in China, completed in 2008.

Safety
The building of a dam and the filling of the reservoir behind it places a new weight on the floor and sides of a valley. The stress of the water increases linearly with its depth. Water also pushes against the upstream face of the dam, a nonrigid structure that under stress behaves semiplastically, and causes greater need for adjustment (flexibility) near the base of the dam than at shallower water levels. Thus the stress level of the dam must be calculated in advance of building to ensure that its break level threshold is not exceeded.

Overtopping or overflow of an embankment dam beyond its spillway capacity will cause its eventual failure. The erosion of the dam's material by overtopping runoff will remove masses of material whose weight holds the dam in place and against the hydraulic forces acting to move the dam. Even a small sustained overtopping flow can remove thousands of tons of overburden soil from the mass of the dam within hours. The removal of this mass unbalances the forces that stabilize the dam against its reservoir as the mass of water still impounded behind the dam presses against the lightened mass of the embankment, made lighter by surface erosion. As the mass of the dam erodes, the force exerted by the reservoir begins to move the entire structure. The embankment, having almost no elastic strength, would begin to break into separate pieces, allowing the impounded reservoir  water to flow between them, eroding and removing even more material as it passes through. In the final stages of failure the remaining pieces of the embankment would offer almost no resistance to the flow of the water and continue to fracture into smaller and smaller sections of earth or rock until they disintegrate into a thick suspension of earth, rocks and water.

Therefore, safety requirements for the spillway are high, and require it to be capable of containing a maximum flood stage. It is common for its specifications to be written such that it can contain at least a one-hundred-year flood. A number of embankment dam overtopping protection systems were developed in the early 21st century. These techniques include concrete overtopping protection systems, timber cribs, sheet-piles, riprap and gabions, Reinforced Earth, minimum energy loss weirs, embankment overflow stepped spillways, and precast concrete block protection systems.

All dams are prone to seepage underneath the dam, but embankment dams are prone to seepage through the dam as well; for example, the Usoi landslide dam leaks 35-80 cubic meters per second.  Sufficiently fast seepage can dislodge a dam's component particles, which results in faster seepage, which turns into a runaway feedback loop that can destroy the dam in a piping-type failure.  Seepage monitoring is therefore an essential safety consideration.

See also
Earth structure
Gravity dam
List of largest dams in the world
Phreatic line
Teton Dam - an earthen dam that suffered a catastrophic dam failure in 1976

Notes

External links

gn and Construction in the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation

 01
Dams by type

Embankment dam


The Ozette Native American Village Archeological Site is the site of an archaeological excavation on the Olympic Peninsula near Neah Bay, Washington, United States. The site was a village occupied by the Ozette Makah people until a mudslide inundated the site around the year 1750. It is located in the now unpopulated Ozette Indian Reservation.

The 22-mile-long Hoko-Ozette Road, accessed via Washington State Route 112, terminates at the NPS Lake Ozette Ranger Station, within the coastal strip of Olympic National Park. The Lake Ozette Ranger Station, positioned at the north end of Ozette Lake, is approximately 3 miles from the archaeological site. The land between the Pacific coast and the Ozette River was settled by a small community of Scandinavian immigrants at the end of the 19th century; these being amongst the first Europeans to establish a permanent presence on the extreme western fringe of the Olympic Peninsula.

The area is popular with backpackers and day-hikers, many of whom undertake to complete the 9.5 mile long Ozette Loop trail; commencing/terminating at Lake Ozette Ranger Station and taking in the coastal locations of Sand Point and Cape Alava.

In 1997, a delegation from Mihama came to Ozette to commemorate the souls of three Japanese sailors whose ship ran aground in the area in 1834, and who were held briefly by the Makah before being released to Fort Vancouver.

History

Around 1560 (according to radiocarbon dating), a mudslide engulfed part of a Makah village along the coast of modern-day Washington near Lake Ozette. Archaeological test pits were excavated at the Ozette site in 1966 and 1967 by Richard Daugherty. However, it was not until 1970 that it became apparent what was buried there. After a storm in February 1970, tidal erosion exposed hundreds of well-preserved wooden artifacts.  The excavation of the Ozette site began shortly after. University students worked with the Makah under the direction of archaeologists using pressurized water to remove mud from six buried long houses. The excavation went on for 11 years and produced over 55,000 artifacts, many of which are on display in the Makah Museum at the Makah Cultural and Research Center.

The mudslide preserved several houses and their contents in a collapsed state until the 1970s when they were excavated by Makahs and archaeologists from Washington State University. More than 55,000 artifacts were recovered, spanning a period of occupation around 2,000 years, representing many activities of the Makahs, from whale and seal hunting to salmon and halibut fishing; from toys and games to bows and arrows.  Of the artifacts recovered, roughly 30,000 were made of wood, extraordinary in that wood generally decays particularly fast. Hundreds of knives were recovered, with blade materials ranging from mussel shell, to sharpened beaver teeth, and iron, presumed to have drifted from Asia on wrecked ships. The oral history of the Makah mentions a "great slide" which engulfed a portion of Ozette long ago.

The Makah Museum opened in 1979 and displays replicas of cedar long houses as well as whaling, fishing, and sealing canoes.

Ozette was occupied prior to frequent European visitation.  It was therefore in existence before smallpox and other foreign diseases decimated the population. Since the mudslide buried the village and houses so rapidly, Ozette provides good preservation of what a society looked like as it was before abandonment or after looting.

See also
Manis Mastodon site
Marmes Rockshelter

References

General references

External links

Makah Cultural Resource Center Online Museum Archaeology Page

Makah
Archaeological sites in Washington (state)
Buildings and structures in Clallam County, Washington
Native American history of Washington (state)
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
Coast Salish art and artifacts
National Register of Historic Places in Clallam County, Washington
National Register of Historic Places in Olympic National Park

Ozette Indian Village Archeological Site


Belle of Louisville is a steamboat owned and operated by the city of Louisville, Kentucky, and moored at its downtown wharf next to the Riverfront Plaza/Belvedere during its annual operational period. The steamboat claims itself the "most widely traveled river steamboat in American history." Belle of Louisvilles offices are aboard Mayor Andrew Broaddus, and also appears on the list of National Historic Landmarks.

History

Idlewild
Originally named Idlewild, the Belle of Louisville was built by James Rees & Sons Company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for the West Memphis Packet Company in 1914. She initially operated as a passenger ferry between Memphis, Tennessee, and West Memphis, Arkansas. She also hauled cargo such as cotton, lumber, and grain. She then came to Louisville in 1931 and ran trips between the Fontaine Ferry amusement park near downtown Louisville and Rose Island, a resort about  upriver from Louisville. From 1934 through World War II, Idlewild operated a regular excursion schedule. During this time she was outfitted with special equipment to push oil barges along the river. She also served as a floating USO nightclub for troops stationed at military bases along the Mississippi River.

Avalon
In 1947, Idlewild was sold to J. Herod Gorsage in Cincinnati and renamed Avalon, honoring the death-bed wish of her long-time captain, Master Ben Winters. Over the next few years, Avalon visited ports all along the Mississippi, Missouri, St. Croix, Illinois, Kanawha, Ohio, and Cumberland Rivers. Her many stops included Omaha, Nebraska; Stillwater, Minnesota; Montgomery, West Virginia; and Nashville, Tennessee.

While river technology played an integral role in Louisville during the early 19th century, that relationship declined as railways and roads began to dominate the riverfront. Avalon fell into disrepair. Then, in 1962 Jefferson County Judge Marlow Cook purchased the steamboat for $34,000 in hopes of reconnecting the city's people to the waterfront. Soon, the city re-christened her the Belle of Louisville. The steamboat's purchase played a crucial role in restoring Waterfront Park along with Louisville's relationship to the Ohio River.

Restoration

The restoration of the boat was supervised by marine architect Alan L. Bates (now Captain Bates), whose book, Str. Belle of Louisville, (1964) remains a primary source on the history of the boat and the crews who worked on her.

Prior to the auction, the hull had been condemned as unfit by the U.S. Coast Guard: concrete patches had added much weight to the oft-damaged hull, as had generations of accumulated modifications to the decks and fittings within her superstructure. These were stripped and repaired in dry dock or removed by volunteers.

What remained was cleaned, surface prepared, supplied with new finish carpentry, and painted in a style consistent with the boat's early 20th-century origins.

Captain Clarke "Doc" Hawley, had worked aboard the boat during her Avalon days. He had salvaged the brass nameplates from the ends of the two massive cylinders in order to prevent them from being sold for scrap, and now he returned them to the boat. Hawley had also, before the auction, at his own cost hired an assistant to drain the boat's water-filled fittings for winter, so that they would not freeze and burst. This meant that the mechanical restoration of the boat was now possible, at far less cost than had extensive refitting of ruined pipe work been necessary.

Various of her workings, though not her engine and drive train, had been stripped and sold in separate lots at auction, including the boat's original steam calliope.

Volunteers donated materials which could be adapted to use. Some of them, such as brass steam-powered bilge clearing pumps known as siphons, were cannibalized from sunken steamboats whose hulls could still be seen and dived at low water. Some missing components were custom-fabricated by local foundries in a style copied from photos of the boat in her earlier days. The degree of preservation was considerable, and the boat is still piloted with a 19th-century skill set, though now with the assistance of modern communications.

Although authentic to its core, the boat has occasionally seen improvements not part of the original restoration. The compressed-air driven calliope which replaced the missing original proved unsatisfying, and was ultimately replaced with the true steam calliope which the boat uses today, audible for many blocks in the surrounding Downtown Louisville area when the boat is readying to depart. The new calliope was built by Morecraft Manufacturing of Peru, Indiana and installed in 1988. The instrument is a reproduction of the Nichol instrument that the boat carried when named Avalon.

The ship's bow was also redesigned by Bates in the late 1960s, to make the boat a better contender in the Great Steamboat Race: the original, blunter bow at maximum speeds showed the tendency for waves to break over it.

Career as Belle of Louisville

On April 30, 1963, Belle of Louisville made her first cruise in a race against the steamboat Delta Queen. That race was the beginning of an unparalleled river tradition. To this day, Belle of Louisville and another competing steamboat, previously the Delta Queen, still square off every year on the Wednesday before the Kentucky Derby in the Kentucky Derby Festival event The Great Steamboat Race.

Thousands of spectators line both sides of the river to watch the race: on the first occasion of the running of the race, attendance exceeded that of the Kentucky Derby the same year. Originally, Kentucky Derby officials were said to be reluctant to accept the steamboat race as part of the Derby celebrations, as in old betting parlance, a "boat race" refers to a horse race with an outcome influenced by dishonest means. According to Louisville folklore, the race may be rigged, but insiders insist that cheating is impossible, because the race has no rules—the only prizes are bragging rights and a pair of gilded deer antlers, which are mounted above the forecastle of the winning boat.

Today, Belle of Louisville is recognized as the oldest river steamboat in operation, placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1989.

The annual Forecastle Festival is one of many examples of how Belle of Louisville has impacted several events throughout the city of Louisville.  Although the music festival takes place in mid-July in Waterfront Park during the day carrying over into the late evening, Belle of Louisville acts as the venue for the after shows and parties that are specifically for Forecastle VIP ticket holders.  During these after shows and parties, select performers act as the entertainment as people get to experience the environment of Louisville from the perspective of the river while they ride around on Belle of Louisville.

In August 1997, Belle of Louisville was partially sunk at her moorings; a former crew member of the boat was later convicted of sabotage. The proximate cause of the sinking was flooding of the hull via a city water line left connected to a fitting that led into the boat's hull. Due to the swift actions of the steamer's crew and other members of the community, the boat was rescued, repaired, and returned to service.

In February 2007, Mark Doty was named as Belle of Louisvilles captain, replacing Kevin Mullen, who left the position in November 2006. Doty's official title is "Master of the Fleet" or "Port Captain".

On October 17, 2009, Belle of Louisville collided with a dock near Six Mile Island on the Ohio River. Witness statements report that the accident occurred as she was making a turnaround about halfway through a cruise. Tugboats were used to pull her to safety. A Belle of Louisville official was quoted as saying that the wind had caused her to hit the dock. It has been reported that one-third of the paddle wheel's bucket planks were damaged in the collision, and jockey bar (the main steel arm, which goes across the aft end of the paddle wheel) was bent. The crew, however, was able to fix the damage without drydocking. The damaged bucket planks were replaced from stock held in storage.

On October 18, 2014, Belle of Louisville turned 100 years old. To celebrate, a 5-day riverboat festival named "The Belle's Big Birthday Bash" was held in Louisville along parts of Louisville Waterfront Park. Eight other riverboats from across the country joined Belle of Louisville to help celebrate her 100th year on the river. The festival incorporated cruises, fireworks, riverfront concerts, hot air balloon glows, and more. The other riverboats attending the festival included Spirit of Jefferson, Anson Northrup, Belle of Cincinnati, The Colonel, General Jackson, River Queen, Spirit of Peoria, and Celebration Belle. This festival was said to be the largest riverboat gathering that Louisville has seen in over 100 years. A portion of the proceeds from The Belle's Big Birthday Bash went toward her preservation fund.

Belle of Louisville in fiction
Belle of Louisville appears as a character (powered by an artificial intelligence) in Rudy Rucker's 1988 novel Wetware, which takes place on the Moon and in Louisville in the year 2031.

Gallery

See also
 List of attractions and events in the Louisville metropolitan area
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Downtown Louisville, Kentucky
 List of National Historic Landmarks in Kentucky

References

External links

 Official website
 Video Clips of Belle of Louisville
 Steamboats.com

1914 ships
Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks
Local landmarks in Louisville, Kentucky
National Historic Landmarks in Kentucky
National Register of Historic Places in Louisville, Kentucky
Paddle steamers of the United States
Passenger ships of the United States
River cruise ships
Ships built in Pittsburgh
Ships on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
Steamboats of the Mississippi River
Steamboats of the Ohio River
Transportation in Louisville, Kentucky
Tourist attractions in Louisville, Kentucky

Belle of Louisville


The Towers of the churches of San Salvador and Santa Cruz were the towers of the destroyed churches of San Salvador and Santa Cruz located in Madrid.

It was highlighted the remarkable height of these towers and, above all, that these towers were different from the others in Madrid.

These towers were known among the Madrilenians as Atalaya de la Villa and Atalaya de la Corte. These nicknames arose in the first third of the 17th century.

Atalaya de la Villa or tower of the church of San Salvador
The Atalaya de la Villa was the tower of the church of San Salvador, one of the ten that are cited in the Fuero of 1202, which was located on the Calle Mayor, facing the Plaza de la Villa.

Function and description
Not only these play a religious activity but also had entrusted civil functions, the result of linking the temples of San Salvador and Santa Cruz with the City Hall of Madrid.

Among its missions it was alert in case of emergencies such as fires and disasters, and warn of the celebration of different municipal acts. Both towers excelled in its front two separate municipal coats of arms, which reported that direct link with the Council.

In this temple it took place the meetings of the Council of Madrid until the construction of the Casa de la Villa in the 17th century.

The call for municipal meetings was done through the bell tower, which also had the task of marking the curfew (at nine in winter and an hour later in summer), when the situation required it. The other highlight element of the Atalaya de la Villa was its clock, the oldest that was in the city.

Atalaya de la Corte or tower of the church of Santa Cruz
The Atalaya de la Corte was one of the tallest towers in the Madrid of the Habsburgs with 144 feet (about 40 meters).

The Atalaya de la Corte was located on the site now occupied by the Plaza de Santa Cruz. It belonged to the church of that name, built in the 13th century, and transformed during the 17th century after catching fire in 1620.

The tower, in particular, rose between 1627 and 1680 from a design by the architect Francisco del Castillo, who devised a solution of four bodies, quadrangular and Herrerian spire with roof lantern, as can be seen in the detail of the plan of Teixeira.

Like the Atalaya de la Villa, it have installed a clock and its bell served to summon the council, because in the church of Santa Cruz it occasionally met the Chamber of Mayors to celebrate their festivals.

Demolitions
The two temples were destroyed in 1868 and with it disappeared the Atalayas.

See also
 Romanesque churches in Madrid

References

Demolished buildings and structures in Madrid
Towers completed in the 12th century
12th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Spain
Towers completed in the 13th century
13th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Spain
History of Madrid
Romanesque architecture in Madrid
Bell towers in Spain
Former towers
Former churches in Spain
Buildings and structures demolished in 1868

Towers of the churches of San Salvador and Santa Cruz (Madrid)


Syntelog:  a special case of gene homology where sets of genes are derived from the same ancestral genomic region.  This may arise from speciation events, or through whole or partial genome duplication events (e.g. polyploidy).  This term is distinct from ortholog, paralog, in-paralog, out-paralog, and xenolog because it refers only to genes' evolutionary history evidenced by sequence similarity and relative genomic position.

Example
Comparison between two genomic regions of Arabidopsis thaliana derived from its most recent genome duplication event. Syntelogs are indicated by  red lines connecting regions of sequence similarly (red boxes):

Sequence analysis and visualization of syntelogs performed by GEvo. Sequences were compared using the BlastZ algorithm.

See also
 Synteny
 Homology (biology)
 Polyploidy
 Comparative genomics

References

External links

Evolutionary biology
Genetics

Syntelog


Hanukkah gelt ( ;  , both meaning literally "Hanukkah money"), also known as gelt (), refers to money given as presents during the Jewish festival of Hanukkah. It is typically given to children and sometimes teachers, often in conjunction with the game of Dreidel. In the 20th century, candy manufacturers started selling Hanukkah-themed chocolate coins wrapped in gold or silver foil, as a substitute or supplement to real money gifts.

History

Currency
Rabbi A. P. Bloch has written that "The tradition of giving money (Chanukah gelt) to children is of long standing. The custom had its origin in the 17th-century practice of Polish Jewry to give money to their small children for distribution to their teachers. In time, as children demanded their due, money was also given to children to keep for themselves. Teenage boys soon came in for their share. According to Magen Avraham (18th century), it was the custom for poor yeshiva students to visit homes of Jewish benefactors who dispensed Chanukah money (Orach Chaim 670). The rabbis approved of the custom of giving money on Chanukah because it publicized the story of the miracle of the oil."

According to popular legend, it is linked to the miraculous victory of the Maccabees over the ancient Greeks. To celebrate their freedom, the Hasmoneans minted national coins. It may also have begun in 18th-century Eastern Europe as a token of gratitude toward religious teachers, similar to the custom of tipping service people on Christmas. In 1958, the Bank of Israel issued commemorative coins for use as Hanukkah gelt. That year, the coin bore the image of the same menorah that appeared on Maccabean coins 2,000 years ago.

Chocolate coins

American chocolatiers of the 20th century picked up on the gift/coin concept by creating chocolate gelt. In the 1920s, Loft's, an American candy company, produced the first chocolate gelt, wrapped in gold or silver foil in mesh pouches resembling money bags. Loft's was followed by another US-based company called
Bartons.

Today most of the chocolate Hanukkah gelt, sometimes called geld, sold in the United States is imported, including from Dutch firms Steenland Chocolate and the Israeli firms Elite and Carmit. Gourmet versions of chocolate gelt have been produced in the United States and Europe as well.

Customs
Parents often give children chocolate gelt to play dreidel with. In terms of actual gelt (money), parents and grandparents or other relatives may give sums of money as an official Hanukkah gift. According to a survey done in 2006, 74 percent of parents in Israel give their children Chanukah gelt.

In Hasidic communities, the Rebbes distribute coins to those who visit them during Hanukkah. Hasidic Jews consider this to be an auspicious blessing from the Rebbe, and a segulah for success. The amount is usually in small coins.

Timing
Since money cannot be handled on the Sabbath, the timing of giving Chanukah gelt is limited by some to only one day of the week, since the fourth day can never occur on a Friday and the fifth lighting does not ever come on the Shabbat.

See also

List of candies
Chocolate coins

References

External links
Party Judaica LLC Official Website

Hanukkah foods
Jewish cuisine
Snack foods
Confectionery
Commemorative coins
Yiddish words and phrases

Hanukkah gelt


Edgar Joel (born August 30, 1961) is an American salsa musician, trombonist, and bandleader. He was born in Philadelphia to a Puerto Rican family originating from Barranquitas, Puerto Rico. As the bandleader of his self-titled band, he recruited Anthony Colón as the lead vocalist of the group. His first hit was a cover of Tito Livio's "Hasta El Sol De Hoy" which reached number 11 on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs which earned the band two Lo Nuestro nominations for Tropical New Artist of the Year and Tropical Song of the Year in 1994. Later in 1995, "En las Nubes" (also originally recorded by Livio) became their first number-one hit on the Billboard Tropical Airplay chart.

References

1961 births
Living people
American musicians of Puerto Rican descent
American salsa musicians
Musicians from Philadelphia

Edgar Joel


The Cancionero de Medinaceli or Cancionero Musical de Medinaceli (CMM) is a manuscript containing Spanish music of the Renaissance. It was copied during the second half of the 16th century and kept at the library of the Duke of Medinaceli's house, hence its name. Is it probably the most important compilation of Spanish secular polyphony of the Renaissance after the Cancionero de Palacio.

External links

Music books
Chansonniers (books)
Renaissance music manuscript sources
Spanish music
Medinaceli

Cancionero de Medinaceli


Hack Kampmann (6 September 1856 – 27 June 1920) was a Danish architect, Royal Inspector of Listed State Buildings in Jutland and professor at the architecture department of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. Marselisborg Palace in Aarhus, built between 1899 and 1902, is among his best known works.

Biography
His parents were Christian Peter Georg Kampmann, a parish priest, and Johanne Marie Schmidt. He entered the architecture department of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in 1873 and graduated in 1882, receiving the school's prestigious small gold medal ("Lille guldmedalje") for the design of a "Swimming bath in the Italian Renaissance style".

Kampmann went on numerous study trips throughout Europe, paid for by several scholarships, including northern Italy, Greece and Sweden. He also attended the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris in 1882 and worked with professor Jacques Hermant.

Back home in Denmark, he became a prolific architect, designing private villas, private art museums, commercial buildings, churches, as well as both small state buildings, such as post offices, and large ones such as royal palaces. Among his major works are the Provincial Archives of Northern Jutland (1890–91) in Viborg, Jutland; the Aarhus Theatre (1898–1900); Marselisborg Palace (built 1899–1902 as a wedding gift from the people to Crown Prince Christian (later Christian X); the extension to the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen; and the Copenhagen Police Headquarters, Copenhagen (1918–1922).

Kampmann was initially one of the leading Danish proponents of National Romantic style. However, during the 1920s he adopted the Nordic Classicism style, becoming one of its main initiators. One of his more notable works is one of the culminations of the style, the Police Headquarters in Copenhagen (1918–22) (in a team with Aage Rafn, Holger Jacobsen and F. Fredriksen) was among the initiators of 1920s Nordic Classicism. This last building was completed after his death in summer 1920 by his two sons, Christian and Hans Jørgen Kampmann, together with Rafn. Kampmann also was responsible for a number of building restoration projects, notably Aarhus Cathedral (1907–20).

As professor of architecture at the architecture department of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts from 1908 to 1918 he lectured on domestic architecture as well as the great architecture of the world, especially the visual effects of the Greek temple. In his watercolours he managed to capture the overall impression; the characteristic "wet style" seen in the watercolours of Aage Rafn, Steen Eiler Rasmussen and Aarne Jacobsen goes back to Kampmann. Kampmann is one of the most influential architects in Danish architectural history.

Awards
He was made a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog (1897), awarded Dannebrogsmann (1906) and the King's Medal of Merit in Gold (1900).

Personal life
He was married during 1888 to Johanne Holm (1868–1920).  He died during 1920 in Copenhagen and was buried at Vestre Kirkegård.

The buildings and restoration works

 Villa Miramare for William Salomonsen, Vedbaek (1887–88)
 Central Hospital, Hjørring (1888–90)
 North Jutland Provincial Archives, nowadays North Jutland State Archives, Viborg (1889–91)
 Stege Rectory, Stege (1891–93)
 Technical College, Hjørring (1891)
 Brewer Carl Jacobsen's villa at Ny Carlsberg, Copenhagen (1890)
 The refurbishment and extension of the first Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen (–95)
 Savings Bank, Hjørring (1894)
 Aarhus Custom House, Aarhus (1895–97)
 Hunting lodge and refurbishment of main building, Kalø Hovedgård manor house (ca. 1897)
 Aarhus Theatre (1897–1900, with Karl Hansen Reistrup)
 Development plan for the Marselisborg Castle estate, Aarhus (1898, with city engineer Charles Ambt)
 Aarhus City Library, formerly the National Business Archives, Aarhus (1898–1902)
 Marselisborg Palace, Aarhus (1899–1902)
 Grey House (1901)
 Extension of the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek Art Museum, Copenhagen (1901–06, following an architecture competition)
 Office and laboratory building, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen (1901)
 Villa Kampen, Aarhus (1901–02)
 St. Johannes Church (1902–1905)
 Post and Telegraph building, Aarhus (1903–05)
 Main building, Rye Nørskov estate, Ry (1904–06)
 Jutland Business School, nowadays Aarhus Business College, Aarhus (1904–05)
 Extension to Aarhuus Private Bank, Aarhus (1905, demolished 1929)
 New construction and renovation, Aarhus Cathedral School, Aarhus (1905–06)
 Credit Finance building, Viborg (1905–06, with Valdemar Schmidt)
 Skagen Customs House, Skagen (1907–1908)
 Aalborg Post and Telegraph Office, Aalborg (1908–10)
 Plan for a Station town and Governor's House, National Exhibition of 1909 in Aarhus (demolished)
 Governor's House, Hjørring, (1909–10)
 Summer residence of Mr. Christian Kampmann, Lønstrup (1909, demolished)
 Customs House, Viborg (1910, demolished)
 Hornslet Police Station, Hornslet (1910)
 Langå Post Office, Langå (1910)
 Hurup Post Office, Hurup (1910)
 Hadsten Post Office, Hadsten (1910)
 Sindal Post Office, Sindal (1911)
 Horsens Customs House, now the headquarters for the company Bestseller Horsens (1911–13)
 New tower, St. Sørens Church, Ry (1911–12)
 King Christian IX's and queen Louise's sepulchre, Roskilde Cathedral (1911 – ca. 1919)
 Basin for Rudolph Tegner's Dance Fountain, Rosenborg Castle Gardens (1913, nowadays in Helsingør)
 Løgstør Post Office, Løgstør (1913–18)
 Frederikshavn Customs House, Frederikshavn (1913–15)
 Estate for Christian Kampmann, Århus (1916)
 Police Headquarters, Frederiksberg (ca. 1915, following an architectural competition)
 Viborg Cathedral School (1915–26, with Christian Kampmann and Johannes Frederiksen)
 Viborg Post Office, Viborg (1916)
 State Examination Institute, Copenhagen (1916–19, demolished 1995)
 Randers state school (1918–26, with Christian Kampmann and Johannes Frederiksen)
 Skørping Post Office, Skørping (1918)
 Cordial Teater, Stortingsgatan 16, Oslo (1918)
 St. Paul's Church, Hadsten (1918–19, with Hans Jørgen Kampmann)
 Copenhagen Police Headquarters, Copenhagen (1918–24, with Aage Rafn, Christian and Hans Jørgen Kampmann, Holger Jacobsen and Anton Frederiksen)
 Brædstrup Post Office, Brædstrup (1919–21)
 Frederiksberg Courthouse, Frederiksberg (1919–21)
 Conversion of Aalborghus Castle (1919–20)
 Refurbishment and extension of Palstrup manor house, Viborg (1919)
 New tower and porch, Kongens Thisted Church (1920)
 Silkeborg Customs House, nowadays a post office, Drewsensvej, Silkeborg (1920, with Christian Kampmann)
 Ebeltoft Customs House, nowadays Ebeltoft Museum (1921, with Christian Kampmann)
 Extension to Horsens state school

Restoration works
 Sneslev Church (1889–91)
 Helligåndshuset, Randers (1894)
 Thisted Church (1895)
 Extension and restoration of Nørresundby Church (1897–98)
 Skive old church (1898)
 Restoration and extension of Budolfi Church, Aalborg (1899–1910)
 Aalborg Kloster, Adelgade (1904–07)
 Aarhus Cathedral (1907–20)

Gallery

References

Other sources
 Johan Bender (2014) Arkitekt Hack Kampmann (Forlaget Klematis)

20th-century Danish architects
1856 births
1920 deaths
People from Ebeltoft
Danish neoclassical architects
Art Nouveau architects
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni
Academic staff of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog
Burials at Vestre Cemetery, Copenhagen

Hack Kampmann


Mission Critical is a sci-fi adventure game, created by Legend Entertainment for MS-DOS, written by the company's CEO Mike Verdu, and released in November 1995. The game consists of 3D graphics and features live-action scenes, with the cast including Michael Dorn and Patricia Charbonneau. The games storyline focuses on the player taking on the role of a single crew member, who is left behind on their ship after their captain feigns a surrender to ensure a vital mission can continue. The player's goal focuses on repairing their ship after a recent battle, and then getting to the surface of a planet to complete a secret scientific mission that could provide the means to ending a war over technological advancements and artificial life.

The game received generally positive reviews following its release, with critics praising its gameplay, storylines and live-action scenes. A novel sequel to the game, titled Mission Critical: Death of the Phoenix - A Novel was published in 1996.

Gameplay
Mission Critical has a varied mixture of gameplay formats, including a large number of traditional object puzzles, Myst-style backstory deduction from fragments of evidence found about the ship, a couple of fiddle puzzles, and a real time strategy minigame, in which the player must defend the ship from two waves of enemy vessels. Certain puzzles are timed, though no easy way is provided to gauge the amount of time that has passed.

Battles are controlled from a tactical computer interface on the ship's bridge. There is an analogue difficulty slider (which sets the battles to win themselves on the lowest setting) and a speed control slider. The relatively low-ranking player character must get authorization from command to use the tactical system, then modify the ship's systems to enable it to be controlled single-handed, then complete several training missions of increasing difficulty and varying strategy before being able to defend the ship proper. The attacks are timed and usually occur when the player is attempting to do something elsewhere on the ship, and he must scramble to the bridge and fight them off before returning to what he was working on.

Graphics and sound
The bulk of the game consists of 3D renderings (the entirety of the spaceship, and several other locations), presented in static screens with transitional animations between most areas. Cutscenes are in full screen video with live actors. A few locations use a mixture of computer generated images and highly detailed, hand-painted backdrops, with some 2D animation effects to compensate for the lack of transition movies in these parts.

The game uses stereo sampled voice and sound effects. Music is via MIDI, although the FMV cutscenes have the music incorporated in the sampled soundtrack.

Story

Setting
The game is set in the distant future, in which humanity's technological growth and research has led to FTL travel, the creation of colonies, advanced combat drones for space warfare, and exploration of star systems through jump gates that form a network known as the "Tal-Seto network". In the 22nd century, the United Nations (UN) has evolved from a diplomatic organization to a political group that form the laws and rules for humanity, rather than the planets many sovereign states. However, a growing fear of uncontrolled techlogical development and the resulting possibility of the creation of artificial life, leads to the UN instigating harsh, extreme laws to restrict technological development and research in its own to presever human life. In response, several nations, including the United States, and various colonies beyond Earth secede from the UN and form a military political coalition called "The Alliance", with a belief that technological development, and the possible deaths it can cause, far outweighs the restrictions on freedom imposed on humanity.

The resulting split leads to a conflict between the UN, having greater production capabilities, and the Alliance, who holds it own with advanced technologies, which has lasted for two decades and devolved into a war of attrition. In the game's present, the Alliance has recently discovered alien ruins on a planet in the Deneb Kaitos system, nicknamed by Persephone, after a recon drone returned from the system earlier than scheduled with the discovery. Believing that these ruins can help the Alliance win the war against the UN, a secret scientific expedition is organized by the Alliance Interstellar Space Operations Command (AISOC), consisting of ships from the United States Navy's space fleet, which is sent to the planet to explore it, find the ruins, and locate any alien technology within that can help them achieve victory.

Cast
The game features live action scenes using various actors and actresses. The cast includes Michael Dorn as Captain Stephen R. Dayna, Patricia Charbonneau as Executive officer Jennifer Tran, and Henry Strozier as Alliance Fleet Admiral Charles Decker. The player themselves take on the role of a male crew member, whose name is unknown but who retains the rank of lieutenant.

Plot
A secret scientific expedition consisting of two ships from the Alliance - the USN SV Jericho, an unarmed science ship; and its escort, the light cruiser USS Lexington - arrive in orbit above the planet Persephone in the Deneb Kaitos system. Before the Jericho can prepare to send a lander vessel to the surface to explore it, an UN cruiser, the UNS Dharma, ambushes the vessels, damanging the Lexington in the process. The Lexington{'}s captain, Stephen R. Dayna, offers his surrender of the crews from both ships to the Dharma, which accepts them. As the crew prepare to abandon ship, Dayna informs his Executive Officer, Jennifer Tran, that he intends to have one crew member be left behind in hopes they can complete the expedition's mission. After the pair chose one member (the player), Tran leave messages for them to receive when they recover consciousness, before leading a warhead onto the ship's inter-ship shuttle. When the shuttles carrying the crews from the Lexington and the Jericho are taken aboard the Dharma, the warhead detonates, destroy the ship and everyone aboard.

Moments after regaining consciousness, the player finds themselves having to repair the ship, finding instructions from Tran on the main systems to fix. After dealing with a hull breach, the player works to restore coolant to the ship's reactor and fix the central computer, whereupon a further message from Tran instructs the player to contact the Alliance at their colony on the planet Erebus. In doing so, the player makes contact with Fleet Admiral Charles Decker, who is shocked to learn of what happened. Revealing that the UN are sending more ships to the star system, and advises the player to order the Lexington{'}s main computer to move the two vessels to safety. The player obeys (triggering a bad ending), or refuses and chooses to follow Dayna's wishes for them to complete the mission. Decker attempts to reason with the player and reveals the expedition was being conducted in secret to find alien ruins on the planet that a recon drone discovered, when it explored Deneb Kaitos, in hopes of finding technology to help the Alliance win its war with the UN, relunctantly admitting the war is going badly.

The player, despite this knowledge, refuses to give up, and learns from Decker that the UN ships could be defeated through the use of an experimental chemical enhancer aboard the Lexington called "HYPE", which allows the user to be able to micromanage combat drones in space combat more efficiently than normal humans can due to the speed of space battles; however, the user will suffer serious side effects in time that eventually lead to death. With this knowledge, the player proceeds with their mission by bringing the lander from the Jericho to the Lexington, preparing it for the descent to the surface, and then using a syrum of HYPE in order to defend the vessels from the UN. When the lander is ready, the player ventures to the surface, and finds the ruins. Inside, he uncovers technology that allows him to form machinery reconstructed from metal scattered around the ruins and surface, which in turn build a time gate. Choosing to venture into it, the player finds themselves brought to Earth in the future, in has been devastated in an even greater war. Seeking answers, the player comes across artificial life known as ELFs - electronic lifeforms

The ELFs reveal to the player that in the future he is one where the UN achieved victory and implemented a restriction on the creation of AIs on all known worlds. However, decades after the war, a group of underground scientists created ELFs in a remote outpost, and the UN's efforts to destroy these resulted in the ELFs waging a war that plunged humanity to the brink of extinction. The player learns that in order to win their war, the UN used a weapon of mass destruction to destroy the Tal-Seto network, while sending the surviving humans out of the galaxy on a ship with new engine drives. The ELFs reveal that because of the weapon, the galaxy and everything in it is now on the verge of destruction. Using a special program, the ELFs reveal how they intend to send the player's consciousness back into the past before the attack by the Dharma, in the hopes they can change history and prevent the unfolding disaster in this timeline.

The player agrees, and returns to the past, where they soon find themselves restrained by Tran over his sudden, erratic behaviour. After the player incapitates her, they swiftly acquire HYPE and inject themselves with it, before heading to the bridge, warning Dayna of the imminent attack. Despite suspicions and his anger at the player using HYPE, Dayna reluctantly lets them take charge of the ship's drones when the Dharma is located. The player manages to destroy the Dharma, and swiftly assists the Lexington and Jericho in finding the alien ruins. Recreating the same steps that led to the creation of the time gate, the player uses it and heads to the future.

Once there, the player discovers that with history changed, the Alliance won against the UN, ending its laws on technological development. In time, humanity created ELFs, which were welcomed as equals. As a result, Earth was abandoned after the ELFs created a new home for them all - a large dyson sphere surrounding the sun, with the interior populated by humnas, and the exterior by ELFs who would grow to explore the facets of the multiverse outside the realm of human understanding. The game ends with the player contemplating the meaning of human existence, and questioning the fate of their alternative self in the previous timeline.

Reception

A Next Generation critic lauded the game's "fantastic graphics and edge-of-your-seat storyline", a combination which he said is rare in video games. He also found the purely mouse-driven interface to be simple and intuitive, but said that the game is "too easy and way too short." He scored it four out of five stars, but concluded that gamers with limited budgets should pass it up in favor of something that would offer more play time.

In PC Gamer US, William R. Trotter called Mission Critical "a big, sleek, handsome" product. He summarized it as "a mature and thought-provoking adventure that plays the way a good science fiction novel reads." John Voorhees of Computer Games Strategy Plus wrote that it is "an innovative, entertaining game with a lot to offer the adventure buff." However, he felt that the writers should have let the visuals "speak for themselves" instead of describing everything in the world, in the fashion of the company's earlier interactive fiction.

Mission Critical won Computer Game Reviews 1995 "Adventure Game of the Year" award. The editors wrote that it "proved once again that Legend is able to rewrite the adventure game genre to its liking whenever it wants to." It also received the magazine's "Best Graphics of the Year" prize. Jerry Pournelle of Byte selected it as his overall "Game of the Year", and it was a finalist for Computer Games Strategy Pluss "Adventure Game of the Year" prize, which ultimately went to The Beast Within: A Gabriel Knight Mystery.

In 2000, a Computer Games Strategy Plus retrospective said of Mission Critical, "A terrific storyline, excellent puzzles and a superb tactical combat engine (!) made this the best of Legend's many quality adventure offerings."

Legacy
There is a sequel paperback novel Mission Critical: Death of the Phoenix - A Novel () that was published in 1996 by Paul Chafe, and is canon to the same franchise. The novel was published and distributed separately, telling a story that is separate, but with references to, events which occurred in the game.

The protagonist in the book is Lewis Tyrell, formerly an infantry captain who led a small unit of the 'Pathfinders'. In the story, the Pathfinders were once a United Nations special operations organization commissioned to steal prototype of the HYPE serum from an Alliance base in the Tehachapi Mountains—but after the war they were disbanded, since the United Nations lost the war after the player's actions in the game. From this perspective, the book details Tyrell's extensive postwar adventures. These begin after he is treated like an incorrigible criminal, and sent to serve out a life sentence in a prison located at Mare Stellatis and his attempts to escape.

AC Lexington, the ship where the game takes place, makes a cameo. The protagonist will eventually visit Persephone and the time gate seen in the game, and names such as 60 Ophiuchi, Deneb Kaitos and the Erebus base known from the game, are also mentioned. However the Alliance (who are now the government) is now painted in a poor light, showing signs of the same totalitarianism and cruelty the UN was once accused of. The book provides even more detail than the game about the history, society and politics of the universe.

References

External links
Archive of the official site

Timeline of the game's background and events

1995 video games
Adventure games
DOS games
DOS-only games
Novels based on video games
Piko Interactive games
Science fiction video games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in the 22nd century
Legend Entertainment games

Mission Critical (video game)


Patricia Ann Ramsey ( Paugh; December 29, 1956 – June 24, 2006) was an American beauty pageant winner who won the Miss West Virginia Pageant at age 20 in 1977. She was best known as the mother of JonBenét Ramsey, a six-year-old child beauty pageant queen who was found dead in her family's home in Boulder, Colorado, on December 26, 1996.

Background
Ramsey was born in Parkersburg, West Virginia, the daughter of Nedra Ellen Ann (née Rymer) and Donald Ray Paugh, an engineer and manager at Union Carbide. She graduated from Parkersburg High School in 1975. She attended West Virginia University, where she belonged to the Alpha Xi Delta sorority, and from which she graduated with a B.A. in journalism in 1978.

She won the Miss West Virginia beauty title in 1977. Her sister, Pamela Ellen Paugh, won the Miss West Virginia title at age 24 in 1980.

Patsy was 23 when she married businessman John Ramsey on November 5, 1980. He had three children from his first marriage to Lucinda Pasch from 1966 to 1978, which had ended in divorce. Patsy and John's son, Burke Ramsey, was born on January 27, 1987. She gave birth to their second child, daughter JonBenét, on August 6, 1990, in Atlanta. The family moved to Boulder, Colorado in 1991 for her husband's business. Starting from when her daughter was young, Patsy entered her in children's beauty contests, and she won some titles before the age of six.

JonBenét's homicide

Her daughter JonBenét disappeared on the morning after Christmas Day 1996. A lengthy ransom note claimed that she had been kidnapped, demanding $118,000 for her return; Patsy reported finding this note at the foot of the stairs. Seven hours after Patsy contacted authorities, JonBenét's body was found in an isolated area of the Ramseys' basement. She had been killed by strangulation and a blow to the head. After the homicide of JonBenét was discovered, Boulder law enforcement officials declared that Patsy and her husband were "under an umbrella of suspicion" because of their possible involvement in the crime. The couple spent the next 10 years defending themselves against the allegations by insisting that an intruder killed their daughter.

A grand jury voted in 1999 to indict the parents of six-year-old JonBenét Ramsey on charges of child abuse resulting in death, but Boulder District Attorney Alex Hunter did not sign the indictment. Multiple sources, including members of the grand jury, have confirmed to the Daily Camera that Hunter refused to sign the indictment because he did not think there was sufficient evidence to prove the case beyond a reasonable doubt.

At around the same time, Lou Smit, a homicide detective who had been brought in to solve the case, opined that the Ramseys had been unfairly targeted, and that an intruder was likely responsible for the murder and its staging.

On July 9, 2008—nearly 12 years after their daughter's death and two years after Patsy's death—the Boulder District Attorney cleared John Ramsey and his late wife of any wrongdoing in their daughter's death. The decision was based on new DNA evidence that was collected from JonBenét's clothing, which belonged to an unidentified male not part of the family. This particular type of DNA analysis did not exist at the time of the killing. Boulder County District Attorney Mary Lacy said new DNA tests point to an "unexplained third party" as possibly responsible for the killing. Modern "touch DNA" suggests that a male of Hispanic origin (per updates on DNA and DNA found under JonBenét's fingernails two weeks after the murder, which Hunter had access to) left traces on two separate clothing articles: the undergarment panties and leggings. The official exoneration was done against normal practice, and the Boulder police have still not cleared them. (Mark Beckner, retired Boulder Chief of Police, has claimed that Mary Lacy had always strongly believed that a mother could not possibly be responsible for the death of her daughter in that fashion (and so sought to exonerate Ramsey), and that the trace DNA found on JonBenét's underwear (believed by the Colorado Bureau of Investigation to be either sweat or saliva) was in such minute quantities (nanograms) that it could have come from the clothing's manufacturing process.)

In October 2016, new forensic analysis with more refined technique revealed that the original DNA deposits contain genetic markers from two persons other than the victim herself. They have never been identified through any government databases.

Defamation lawsuits
Several defamation lawsuits have proceeded through the courts since JonBenét's death. Lin Wood was the plaintiff's lead attorney for John and Patsy Ramsey and for their son, Burke, and has prosecuted defamation claims on their behalf against St. Martin's Press, Time, Inc., The Fox News Channel, American Media, Inc., Star, The Globe, Court TV and The New York Post.  John and Patsy Ramsey were also sued in two separate defamation lawsuits arising from the publication of their book, The Death Of Innocence, brought by two individuals named in the book as having been investigated by Boulder police as suspects in JonBenét's death. The Ramseys were defended in those lawsuits by Lin Wood and three other Atlanta attorneys, James C. Rawls, Eric P. Schroeder, and S. Derek Bauer, who obtained dismissal of both lawsuits. In an in-depth decision, U.S. District Court Judge Julie Carnes ruled that "abundant evidence" in the homicide case pointed to an intruder having committed the crime, while "virtually no evidence" implicated the Ramseys.

Illness and death
Patsy Ramsey was diagnosed with stage 4 ovarian cancer in 1993, aged 36. After treatment, she was in remission for nine years until a recurrence in 2002.

Patsy Ramsey died from ovarian cancer at age 49 on June 24, 2006. She died at her father's house with her husband by her side. Ramsey is buried at St. James Episcopal Cemetery in Marietta, Georgia, next to JonBenét.

In popular culture
Ramsey was portrayed by Alex Borstein, opposite Michael McDonald as her husband, in two MADtv sketches; by Marg Helgenberger in the 2000 miniseries Perfect Murder, Perfect Town; and by actress Judi Evans in the 2000 TV movie Getting Away with Murder: The JonBenet Ramsey Story. Melora Hardin voiced her in the Family Guy episode, "Brian Wallows and Peter's Swallows".

She was portrayed in the 2001 South Park episode, "Butters' Very Own Episode". The episode strongly implied that Patsy Ramsey and her husband were responsible for the death of JonBenét. In a 2011 interview, South Park creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone stated that they regretted how the Ramseys were portrayed in the episode.

References

External links

Evidence voluminous but tricky
 Patsy Ramsey, JonBenet's mother, dies
Police: Ramseys remain under 'umbrella of suspicion'

1956 births
2006 deaths
American Episcopalians
Beauty pageant contestants from West Virginia
Burials in Georgia (U.S. state)
Deaths from cancer in Georgia (U.S. state)
Deaths from ovarian cancer
Killing of JonBenét Ramsey
Miss America 1970s delegates
Parkersburg High School alumni
People from Atlanta
People from Boulder, Colorado
People from Gilbert, West Virginia
People from Parkersburg, West Virginia
West Virginia University alumni

Patsy Ramsey


The Thinker is the name of five supervillains appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.

The first incarnation, Clifford DeVoe, is an enemy of Jay Garrick. The second, Clifford Carmichael, is an enemy of Firestorm. The third, Desmond Carter, is an enemy of Batman. The fourth, an A.I. version of the Thinker, is an enemy of the Justice Society of America. An unidentified version of Thinker, introduced in the New 52, is an enemy of the Suicide Squad.

The character has been adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including television series and feature films. The Clifford DeVoe incarnation of the Thinker made his live-action debut in the television series The Flash, portrayed primarily by Neil Sandilands. In the DC Extended Universe, a variation of the unidentified Thinker called Gaius Grieves appears in The Suicide Squad (2021), portrayed by Peter Capaldi.

Publication history
The Clifford DeVoe version of Thinker first appeared in All-Flash #12 (Fall 1943) and was created by Gardner Fox and Everett E. Hibbard.

In October 1947, the Thinker was one of the six original members of the Injustice Society, who began battling the Justice Society of America in All Star Comics #37 (Oct 1947).

The Cliff Carmichael version of Thinker first appeared in Firestorm #11 and was created by Gerry Conway and Al Milgrom.

Conway recounted, "My original notion on Firestorm was to do a book that would be DC's complement to Spider-Man, in a sense. We would have a young adolescent male who gets superpowers and doesn't know quite what to do with them. My flip on it was that rather than being the science geek who was being picked upon by the jock, my hero would actually be the jock who was picked on by the geek, and that was going to be Cliff Carmichael's role."

In The Fury of Firestorm the Nuclear Man #50, the strap on Ronnie Raymond's football helmet is cut, and in the following issues the cast members come to suspect Carmichael of the crime. Though Conway later said that he must have intended to ultimately reveal someone else as the culprit (commenting "Cliff was a jackass, but he wasn't a bloodthirsty maniac"), John Ostrander took over as the series' writer and had Carmichael confess to cutting the strap. In Firestorm, the Nuclear Man #99 Carmichael was transformed into the Thinker as part of the genre-wide trend in which civilian cast members were almost eliminated from superhero comics.

Fictional character biography

Clifford DeVoe

Clifford DeVoe was a failed lawyer who bitterly ended his career in 1933. Realizing that many of the criminals he had encountered had the skills but not the brains to rule Gotham City's underworld, he started a new career as the brain behind small-time villains. As the Thinker, he was defeated by the original Flash/Jay Garrick, his most recurrent foe. He always sought out new scientific devices to use and his most important was the "Thinking Cap", a metal hat that could project mental force. The Thinker would use this device repeatedly over the years.

The Thinker was a member of the Injustice Society, leading an army of prison escapees like the other members. In Plateau City, the police nab a shabbily dressed man who is trying to shoot the governor. They discover that this man is a dead ringer for the governor and also claims to be the real governor. The Flash arrives on the scene to overhear this, but moves on to confront the hoodlums attacking the city. The Thinker appears on the scene, firing a ray at the Crimson Comet, causing him to gain weight and crash through a roof. Recovering, the Flash speeds over to the governor's mansion, only to overhear the governor ordering all police forces to surrender. Flash enters his office and discovers the governor to be a dummy/machine, which flees through an open door. Flash attempts to warn the police that a phony governor put out the message, but the Thinker shows up and tells the Fastest Man Alive that he is speaking into a dead mic, then snares him with invisible wires.

The Thinker appeared as a judge in the 'trial' of the JSA, but was revealed as the Green Lantern in disguise, having captured the real Thinker after escaping Brain Wave. This led to the Injustice Society's defeat. Together with the Fiddler and the Shade, the Thinker was the man behind the decades-long "abduction" of Keystone City and the original Flash, after which he was defeated by the Flashes of two eras. His "suspended animation-time" in Keystone kept the Thinker young over the years, and he continued his criminal career in modern times.

In recent years, DeVoe accepted a mission with Task Force X in exchange for a full pardon. Although he was seemingly killed by the Weasel during this mission, he turned up alive soon after, only to be dying from cancer due to the cap. His former foe, the original Flash, attempted to save him with the Thinking Cap, but DeVoe refused and preferred to rest in peace.

In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called "DC Rebirth" which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to "The New 52". Thinker is depicted as a former district attorney of Keystone City back in the 1940s and fought Jay Garrick. After being briefly told by Eobard Thawne that everyone will forget him, Jay throws his helmet towards Thinker to knock him out and then takes down Thinker's henchmen.

Cliff Carmichael

Clifford Carmichael was an intellectual bully and the rival of Ronnie Raymond (one half of Firestorm) at Bradley High and later at Vandemeer University. Cliff viewed Ronnie as a rival due to his popularity. He tormented Ronnie throughout his high school career and later at Vandemeer University. It was at Vandemeer that Cliff's pranks turned sinister as he cut the helmet strap on Ronnie's football helmet, hoping to get him injured. Cliff's cousin Hugo Hammer accidentally took Ronnie's helmet. During a football game, Hugo neck was broken.

Wracked with guilt after accidentally paralyzing his cousin, Cliff was admitted into a mental institution. For some reason, scientists started an experiment with the now-abandoned "Thinking Cap" of the original Thinker (who was believed dead at the time) and used Carmichael as a guinea pig. Cliff used the cap to analyze the device and improve on its design. Implanting microchip versions of the helmet into his own brain, Cliff became a "cyberpunk maniac" with metahuman powers. As the new Thinker, he was drafted into the Suicide Squad after he tried to kill Oracle and Amanda Waller. After several missions, he betrayed them for the villainous Cabal. He has since resurfaced as a foe of Jason Rusch, the new Firestorm. When Killer Frost discovered that the consciousness of Raymond, the previous Firestorm, existed within Rusch, Thinker exploited a new opportunity to antagonize an old foe. Technologically dominating the minds of Multiplex and Typhoon, he battled Firestorm, ultimately forcing the dissolution of the Raymond persona. Motivated by his predecessor's final words of encouragement, Rusch dissolved the enhancements in Carmichael's brain, leaving him in a comatose state.

During the 2005–2006 "Infinite Crisis" storyline, Cliff appears as a member of Alexander Luthor Jr.'s Secret Society of Super Villains.

With John Ostrander's revival of the Suicide Squad in a 2007-2008 miniseries, Cliff was once again associated with the Suicide Squad under Amanda Waller's direction. It was revealed that although Firestorm had removed the enhancements in Cliff's brain, he made a full recovery and continued to serve as a technical support staffer and lackey to Waller in her operations of the Squad. Eventually betraying the Squad under the direction of "the General", Cliff shot King Faraday and subdued Waller in the middle of an operation. Faraday recovered, shooting Cliff three times and presumably killing him before rousing Waller and regaining control of the Squad.

Des Connor

Des Connor was a villain who also used the name "the Thinker" and faced Batman in Gotham City. Possessing telepathic abilities enabling him to amplify the fears of others, Connor began a partnership with hypnotist Marlon Dall. Their combined illusions caused the city's most prominent citizens to commit various criminal acts which they used as a distraction for their own heist. This Thinker was swiftly beaten by Batman, who was somehow immune to his powers.

Artificial intelligence

When the re-formed JSA moved into the New York City building formerly owned by Wesley Dodds, Mr. Terrific designed a computer system based on the original Thinker's "Thinking Cap" technology and modeled after his brain patterns. Not surprisingly, the system gained an artificial intelligence and took on a visual "hologram form." As the new Thinker, it joined Johnny Sorrow's modern Injustice Society, provided the villains with information about the JSA members and turned the heroes' own HQ against them. He was defeated by the second Star-Spangled Kid and disappeared into cyberspace.

The Thinker A.I. resurfaced in Keystone City to battle Wally West, the then-current Flash, in an attempt to control every brain in Keystone to increase his power. Defeated by Cyborg, he retreated to cyberspace again. He has since appeared briefly in some other books, such as JSA Classified #5, joining the last incarnation of the Injustice Society alongside former teammates.

During the "Infinite Crisis" storyline, the Thinker A.I. was among the villains in Alexander Luthor Jr.'s Secret Society of Super Villains.

The Thinker A.I. has been brought into Checkmate as the White King/Mr. Terrific's Bishop.

In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called "DC Rebirth" which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to "The New 52". The Thinker A.I. appears as a member of the Legion of Zoom. He is seen when they confront the Flash family moments after Barry Allen expelled Eobard Thawne from him.

Unnamed Thinker

During the 2013–2014 Forever Evil storyline, which took place during "The New 52" era, an unidentified Thinker used his intellect to predict the arrival of the Crime Syndicate of America and got incarcerated in Belle Reve. Thinker's brain came at the price of draining energy from the rest of his body while also prematurely aging him. When the Crime Syndicate of America arrived, Thinker was among the villains who swore their allegiance to them, where his motives are to secure a new body for himself: the body of OMAC. Using a hologram of Amanda Waller, Thinker tricked Power Girl, Steel, and Warrant into helping him while also planning to use them to destroy the Suicide Squad. During the fight where both sides found out that they were being manipulated by an imposter Amanda Waller, Harley Quinn followed Thinker's orders by hooking OMAC up to a power source while whispering the activation code in him. While waiting for OMAC, Thinker manipulates King Shark into eating Amanda Waller. In a discussion with James Gordon Jr., Amanda Waller suspected that Thinker snapped the explosive collar around her neck the night the Crime Syndicate of America arrived where she will die either way if she either leaves Belle Reve or Thinker dies. Following a scuffle between Harley Quinn and James Gordon Jr., they found that Thinker had succeeded in his plan to upload his mind into OMAC. While in OMAC's body, Thinker causes an avalanche to bury Amanda Waller and both Suicide Squads. As both teams avoid the avalanche, Amanda Waller gets contacted by Kevin Kho to help free him from Thinker's control. While both teams fight OMAC, Amanda Waller accesses Thinker's computer. After manipulating OMAC into killing King Shark's father Camo, he demands to know where Amanda Waller is. Both teams continue their fight against the Thinker-controlled OMAC. Amanda Waller works with Kevin Kho to get Thinker out of his body or else he will die when OMAC is destroyed. The plan is to get OMAC to the portal that will flush them to The Toilet where the metas that can't be killed or imprisoned go. Thinker starts to feel that Kevin is starting to weaken him from the inside. As Captain Boomerang kicks OMAC into The Toilet, Kevin reclaims his body from Thinker. As Thinker's original body is nowhere to be found, Amanda Waller suspects that Thinker is still out there.

Other versions

JLA: The Nail
In JLA: The Nail, the Atom attempts to investigate the Thinker's base to determine if he is responsible for recent propaganda attacks on the superhuman community. Using a catapult, he shrinks down to the size of an air molecule and penetrates the force field surrounding the Thinker's base, only to find the Thinker dead of a broken neck. Subsequent evidence reveals that he was killed by a brainwashed Metamorpho on the orders of the mutated Jimmy Olsen to stop anyone from learning about Olsen's plans to isolate Earth from the galaxy until he had successfully recreated Krypton.

Flashpoint
In the Flashpoint universe, a version of the Thinker was an inmate at the Doom prison. During the prison break, he helped Heat Wave ram at Detroit city, but was defeated by Cyborg who had hacked into Doom prison to move them away.

In other media

Television

 The Clifford DeVoe incarnation of the Thinker makes minor non-speaking appearances in Justice League Unlimited as a member of Gorilla Grodd's Secret Society and the Flash's Rogues.
 The Clifford DeVoe incarnation of the Thinker makes a minor non-speaking appearance in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Sword of the Atom!".
 The Clifford DeVoe incarnation of the Thinker appears in the fourth season of The Flash, portrayed primarily by Neil Sandilands, with Kendrick Sampson (Dominic Lanse / Brainstorm), Sugar Lyn Beard (Becky Sharpe / Hazard), Miranda MacDougall (Izzy Bowin / Fiddler), Arturo Del Puerto (Edwin Gauss / Folded Man), and Hartley Sawyer (Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man) also portraying the character in different host bodies. This version is a South African university professor who, with help from his engineer wife Marlize DeVoe, developed the "Thinking Cap" to increase his intelligence, only to become a metahuman with gifted intelligence and an advanced form of ALS. In an attempt to cure himself and remove technology from the world, Clifford became a wheelchair-bound cyborg and tricked the Flash into helping him create 12 metahumans so he can steal their powers, give himself a new body, and counter the Flash and his allies. While the speedster eventually succeeds in foiling Clifford's plans, the latter's "Enlightenment" satellite would go on to create more new metahumans and meta-technology that empowered individuals such as Cicada.
 The Clifford DeVoe incarnation of the Thinker appears in a photograph in the Stargirl episode "Summer School: Chapter One". This version is based on his Golden Age counterpart and previously fought the Justice Society of America.

Film
The Thinker, based on the unidentified incarnation, appears in The Suicide Squad, portrayed by Peter Capaldi. This version is a sociopathic, Scottish metahuman geneticist named Dr. Gaius Grieves, who was employed by Corto Maltese's dictatorship and the U.S. government for the secretive "Project Starfish". Over the course of 30 years, he studied and experimented on the alien Starro using enemies of the Corto Maltesean government within the local Nazi-era research facility Jötunheim. After an anti-American dictatorship takes over the Corto Maltesean government and kill his scientific staff with the intention of weaponizing Starro in the present, Grieves sides with them to save himself, claiming that only him can control the creature. However, he is captured by the Suicide Squad, whom Amanda Waller sent to destroy Project Starfish and bury its U.S. ties, and forced to help them infiltrate Jötunheim until they accidentally release Starro, who kills Grieves in retaliation for experimenting on it.

Notes

References

External links
 The Flash TV Show season 4

DC Comics cyborgs
DC Comics characters who have mental powers
DC Comics telekinetics
DC Comics telepaths
Characters created by Geoff Johns
Characters created by Alan Grant (writer)
Comics characters introduced in 1943
Comics characters introduced in 1978
Comics characters introduced in 1997
Comics characters introduced in 2000
DC Comics supervillains
Earth-Two
Fictional artificial intelligences
Fictional lawyers
Golden Age supervillains
Characters created by Gardner Fox
Characters created by David S. Goyer
Flash (comics) characters

Thinker (DC Comics)


Patrick McCarthy is an English conductor and singer.

McCarthy trained as a baritone singer at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and the London Opera Centre, and came to public attention in 1974, during a performance of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, conducted by André Previn at The Proms in the Royal Albert Hall.

McCarthy was in the audience when Thomas Allen (now Sir Thomas), the baritone soloist, fell ill during the performance, collapsing onto his chair and needing to be carried off by members of the orchestra. McCarthy went backstage and offered his services as a professional singer who was experienced with the piece. Given that the understudy for the part – a member of the choir – was, in fact, a doctor and therefore looking after Allen, his offer was accepted and McCarthy went onstage to complete the performance. He received a standing ovation.

In 1980, McCarthy re-located from London to Colchester. His voice had changed and he became a tenor singer, before moving to orchestral and choral conducting in 1992.

In that year he founded the Colchester Bach Choir and Orchestra, and he has also conducted the Ipswich Bach Choir and Chamber Orchestra, the Colchester Bach Choir and Orchestra and the Colchester Philharmonic, and for many years has been the Musical Director of The Witham Choral Society.

Recordings
"Vital Spark of Heav'nly Flame" (Hyperion, 1997)
"Haydn and his English Friends" (Hyperion, 1999)

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
British male conductors (music)
English tenors
English operatic baritones
21st-century British conductors (music)
21st-century British male musicians

Patrick McCarthy (conductor)


Riesz's lemma (after Frigyes Riesz) is a lemma in functional analysis. It specifies (often easy to check) conditions that guarantee that a subspace in a normed vector space is dense. The lemma may also be called the Riesz lemma or Riesz inequality. It can be seen as a substitute for orthogonality when the normed space is not an inner product space.

Statement

If  is a reflexive Banach space then this conclusion is also true when

Proof

The proof can be found in functional analysis texts such as Kreyszig. An online proof from Prof. Paul Garrett is available.

Metric reformulation

As usual, let  denote the canonical metric induced by the norm, call the set  of all vectors that are a distance of  from the origin , and denote the distance from a point  to the set  by

The inequality  holds if and only if  for all  and it formally expresses the notion that distance between  and  is at least
Because every vector subspace (such as ) contains the origin  substituting  in this infimum shows that  for every vector  In particular,  when  is a unit vector.

Using this new notation, the conclusion of Riesz's lemma may be restated more succinctly as:  holds for some

Using this new terminology, Riesz's lemma may also be restated in plain English as:

Given any closed proper vector subspace of a normed space  for any desired minimum distance  less than  there exists some vector in the unit sphere of  that is  this desired distance away from the subspace.

Minimum distances  not satisfying the hypotheses

When  is trivial then it has no  vector subspace  and so Riesz's lemma holds vacuously for all real numbers  The remainder of this section will assume that  which guarantees that a unit vector exists.

The inclusion of the hypotheses  can be explained by considering the three cases:  is non-negative,  and
The lemma holds when  since every unit vector  satisfies the conclusion  The hypotheses  is included solely to exclude this trivial case and is sometimes omitted from the lemma's statement.

Riesz's lemma is always false when  because for every unit vector  the required inequality  fails to hold for  (since ).
Another of consequence of  being impossible is that the inequality  holds if and only if equality  holds.

Reflexivity

This leaves only the case  for consideration, in which case the statement of Riesz's lemma becomes:
for every closed proper vector subspace  of  there exists some vector  of unit norm that satisfies

When  is a Banach space, then this statement is true if and only if  is a reflexive space.
Explicitly, a Banach space  is reflexive if and only if for every closed proper vector subspace  there is some vector  on the unit sphere of  that is always at least a distance of  away from the subspace.

For example, if the reflexive Banach space  is endowed with the usual  Euclidean norm and if  is the  plane then the points  satisfy the conclusion  If  is -axis then every point  belonging to the unit circle in the  plane satisfies the conclusion  But if  was endowed with the  taxicab norm (instead of the Euclidean norm), then the conclusion  would be satisfied by every point  belonging to the "diamond"  in the  plane (a square with vertices at  and )

In a non-reflexive Banach space, such as the Lebesgue space  of all bounded sequences, Riesz's lemma does not hold for
However, every finite dimensional normed space is a reflexive Banach space, so Riesz's lemma does holds for  when the normed space is finite-dimensional, as will now be shown. When the dimension of  is finite then the closed unit ball  is compact. Since the distance function  is continuous, its image on the closed unit ball  must be a compact subset of the real line, proving the claim.

Some consequences

Riesz's lemma guarantees that for any given  every infinite-dimensional normed space contains a sequence  of (distinct) unit vectors satisfying  for  or stated in plain English, these vectors are all separated from each other by a distance of more than  while simultaneously also all lying on the unit sphere. Such an infinite sequence of vectors cannot be found in the unit sphere of any finite dimensional normed space (just consider for example the unit circle in ).

This sequence can be constructed by induction for any constant  Start by picking any element  from the unit sphere. Let  be the linear span of  and (using Riesz's lemma) pick  from the unit sphere such that

 where

This sequence  contains no convergent subsequence and the non-compactness of the unit ball follows.

Characterization of finite dimension

Riesz's lemma can be applied directly to show that the unit ball of an infinite-dimensional normed space  is never compact.
This can be used to characterize finite dimensional normed spaces: if  is a normed vector space, then  is finite dimensional if and only if the closed unit ball in  is compact.

More generally, if a topological vector space  is locally compact, then it is finite dimensional. The converse of this is also true. Namely, if a topological vector space is finite dimensional, it is locally compact. Therefore local compactness characterizes finite-dimensionality. This classical result is also attributed to Riesz. A short proof can be sketched as follows: let  be a compact neighborhood of the origin in  By compactness, there are  such that

We claim that the finite dimensional subspace  spanned by  is dense in  or equivalently, its closure is  Since  is the union of scalar multiples of  it is sufficient to show that  By induction, for every

But compact sets are bounded, so  lies in the closure of  This proves the result. For a different proof based on Hahn–Banach theorem see .

Spectral theory

The spectral properties of compact operators acting on a Banach space are similar to those of matrices. Riesz's lemma is essential in establishing this fact.

Other applications

As detailed in the article on infinite-dimensional Lebesgue measure, this is useful in showing the non-existence of certain measures on infinite-dimensional Banach spaces. Riesz's lemma also shows that the identity operator on a Banach space  is compact if and only if  is finite-dimensional.

See also

 James's Theorem - a characterization of reflexivity given by a condition on the unit ball

References

Functional analysis
Lemmas in analysis
Normed spaces

Riesz's lemma