Magnolia Plantation is a former cotton plantation in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana. The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2001, significant as one of the most intact 19th-century plantation complexes in the nation, as it is complete with a suite of slave cabins and numerous outbuildings and period technology.  Included in the Cane River Creole National Historical Park, Magnolia Plantation is also a destination on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail. It is one of two plantations in the park; the other is Oakland Plantation.

History
This plantation can be traced to Jean Baptiste LeComte II, who received French and Spanish land grants in the mid-18th century.  This began the plantation's recorded history. But the first structures were not built until the 19th century, and the plantation was not operating until 1830.  Ambrose LeComte, son of Jean Baptiste, married Julia Buard.  They began a tradition of community and cultivation on a vast piece of property.  Two of their daughters, Laura and Ursula Atala, married two sons from the Hertzog family: Bernard Theophile Henry and Matthew Hertzog, respectively. Atala (LeComte) and Matthew Hertzog took over the plantation shortly after their marriage in 1852, thus linking the Hertzog name to Magnolia. "By 1860, Ambrose II owned multiple properties of over 6,000 acres. Cotton and other crops were cultivated and harvested by 275 enslaved persons housed in 70 cabins."

Magnolia Plantation is exceptional because of the surviving farming technology, such as the cotton picker tractors and two cotton gins (both steam- and animal-powered). It has 21 buildings that contribute to the significance of the site, an unusually high number for surviving plantations. Among these are the eight brick cabins of the original slave quarters, which contained 70 cabins for the numerous slaves. After the American Civil War, these cabins were used by freedmen, black sharecroppers whose families lived and worked on the plantation for 100 more years. With mechanization replacing workers, the number of cabins maintained gradually declined.

The plantation was also exceptional for its influence in the community and the Cane River area. The Hertzogs had to rebuild the plantation house and other buildings damaged in the Civil War. But for 100 years after the war, "the Hertzogs," as the place was familiarly known, served as the center of a larger community of blacks and Creoles of color who also lived and worked on the plantation. The blacks were mostly Protestants, whereas the Creoles of color were Catholic and mostly leased land as tenant farmers. They all felt they had a stake, along with the Hertzogs, in maintaining the productivity of the land. By the mid-20th century, mechanization of agriculture reduced the need for workers and many people left for urban jobs.

Sabin Gianelloni, Jr. purchased some part of Magnolia Plantation in August or September 1951 from Hertzog descendants and held it for a time. But Hertzog descendants continued to own and live in the main house until 2000; the last was Betty Hertzog, who lived most of her life in the house. The official group, Descendants of Ambrose John Hertzog and Sarah Jane Hunt Hertzog, took over after she decided to leave the house. It manages the house and agricultural farmland.

Today

The park portion of the plantation is owned by the National Park Service. The main house and the farming acreage is owned by the Descendants of Ambrose John Hertzog and Sarah Jane Hunter Hertzog.  The Park Service has acquired 16 buildings, including the Plantation Store, the cotton gin, the Overseer's House (or Slave Hospital); blacksmith shop and the brick quarters. It continues to improve their condition to preserve them for future generations. On December 29, 2022, the main house and surrounding grounds were added to the national historical park's authorized boundary.

The Cane River Creole National Historical Park is located at 5487 Louisiana Highway 119. The closest town is Derry, Louisiana. The park is open from Mondays to Fridays, from 8 am to 4:30 pm.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Louisiana
National Register of Historic Places listings in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana

References

Further reading

External links

Cane River Creole National Historical Park
Cane River National Heritage Area, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
 Muriel (Miki) Crespi, "A Brief Ethnography of Magnolia Plantation", National Park Service

Slave cabins and quarters in the United States
Plantation houses in Louisiana
Houses in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana
Historic house museums in Louisiana
Museums in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana
Cane River National Heritage Area
Louisiana African American Heritage Trail
Houses completed in 1840
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana
National Historic Landmarks in Louisiana
Antebellum architecture
National Register of Historic Places in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana
Cotton plantations in Louisiana

Magnolia Plantation (Derry, Louisiana)


Robert Patrick Casey Jr. (born April 13, 1960) is an American lawyer and politician who is the senior United States senator from Pennsylvania, since 2007. A member of the Democratic Party, Casey was the Pennsylvania Auditor General from 1997 to 2005 and the Pennsylvania Treasurer from 2005 to 2007. Since 2023, Casey has been the dean of the Pennsylvania Congressional delegation.

Born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, Casey is the son of Bob Casey, a former governor of Pennsylvania. Raised Catholic, he attended the College of the Holy Cross, later receiving his J.D. degree from the Catholic University of America. Casey practiced law in Scranton before beginning his political career as Pennsylvania's auditor general, a post to which he was elected in 1996 and re-elected in 2000.

In 2002, Casey attempted to follow in his father's footsteps by running for governor of Pennsylvania, but was defeated in the Democratic primary by Ed Rendell. After being term-limited out of his position as auditor general, Casey was elected treasurer in the 2004 election. Casey defeated two-term Republican incumbent Rick Santorum in the 2006 U.S. Senate election in Pennsylvania. He was reelected in 2012 and 2018, becoming Pennsylvania's first ever Democrat to win a third consecutive term in the Senate. In April 2023, Casey announced he would be running for a fourth term in the 2024 U.S. Senate election.

Early life and education
Casey was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, as one of eight children of Ellen (née Harding) and Bob Casey Sr., the 42nd governor of Pennsylvania. He is of Irish descent.

Casey played basketball and graduated from Scranton Preparatory School in 1978. Following in his father's footsteps, he graduated from the College of the Holy Cross in 1982, and received a Juris Doctor from the Columbus School of Law at the Catholic University of America in 1988. Between college and law school, Casey served as a member of the Jesuit Volunteer Corps, and spent a year teaching 5th grade and coaching basketball at the Gesu School in inner-city Philadelphia. He practiced law in Scranton from 1991 until 1996.

Early political career

State Auditor General
Casey ran for and was elected Pennsylvania State Auditor General in 1996. He was re-elected in 2000, and served for two terms, from 1997 to 2005.

In a 2002 PoliticsPA feature story designating politicians with yearbook superlatives, he was named the "Most Likely to Succeed".

2002 gubernatorial election

Casey attempted to follow in his father's footsteps by running for Pennsylvania Governor. Casey faced former Philadelphia Mayor Ed Rendell in the Democratic primary election. The Pennsylvania Democratic Party threw their support behind Casey, whom they saw as a more electable candidate than Rendell. In a bitter primary, Rendell won the nomination by winning only 10 out of 67 counties: Philadelphia and its suburbs (Bucks, Chester, Montgomery, and Delaware), its Lehigh Valley exurbs (Berks, Lehigh and Northampton), Lancaster County, and Centre County, the home of Penn State University. Rendell went on to win the general election.

State Treasurer
In 2004, Casey, who was term limited in his Auditor General position, was elected State Treasurer. He served in this position from 2005 to 2007.

U.S. Senate

Elections

2006

In 2005, Casey received calls from U.S. Senator Chuck Schumer (D-NY), the chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, as well as Senator Harry Reid (D-NV), the Senate Minority Leader. Both men asked him to run for U.S. Senate in 2006 against Republican incumbent Rick Santorum. On March 5, 2005, Casey launched his campaign for the Democratic nomination. Casey's run for the Senate was his fifth statewide campaign in nine years.

Casey was almost immediately endorsed by Governor Ed Rendell, his primary election opponent from 2002. He was endorsed by two Democrats who had been mentioned as possible U.S. Senate nominees: former Congressman Joe Hoeffel, who had run against Pennsylvania's other Senator, Arlen Specter, in 2004, and former State Treasurer Barbara Hafer, whom many in the abortion rights movement had attempted to convince to run against Casey in the Democratic primary.

Casey's more socially conservative views led to two challenges in the Democratic primary. His two challengers, college professor Chuck Pennacchio and pension lawyer Alan Sandals, argued that Casey's views on abortion and other social issues were too conservative for most Pennsylvania Democrats. Casey challenged this, arguing his opinions gave him cross-party appeal. He easily defeated both challengers in the May 16 primary receiving 85% of the vote.

On election night, Casey won the race with 59% of the vote, compared to 41% for incumbent Senator Rick Santorum. Casey's margin of victory was the highest ever for a Democrat running for the United States Senate in Pennsylvania. Casey's 17.4-point victory margin was also the largest for a challenger to any incumbent Senator since James Abdnor unseated George McGovern by 18.8 points in 1980.

2012

Casey sought re-election in 2012. His re-election prospects were uncertain. Observers noted that as the election approached, Casey, an early supporter of Obama, had "started to oppose the president outright or developed more nuanced responses to events that differentiate him from Mr. Obama. Analysts say Mr. Casey wants to put some distance between himself and a president whose job approval ratings in Pennsylvania are poor".

In December 2011, it was reported that the AFL–CIO would be spending "over $170,000" on pro-Casey TV ads.

Casey easily defeated challenger Joseph Vodvarka in the spring Democratic primary, and faced former coal company owner and Republican nominee Tom Smith in the fall general election. He defeated Smith on November 6, 2012, 53.7% to 44.6%, to win a second term, making him the first Democrat elected to a second term in the Senate from Pennsylvania since Joseph S. Clark Jr.'s 1962 victory.

2018

Casey defeated his Republican challenger, U.S. Congressman and former Hazelton mayor Lou Barletta, by a 55.7% to 42.6% margin. The victory made Casey the first Democrat to be elected to a third term in state history, as well as the first to win six statewide elections generally.

Tenure

On March 28, 2008, Casey endorsed frontrunner Barack Obama in the Democratic Party presidential primary. The Pennsylvania Report said that he "struck gold" by endorsing Obama early in the 2008 Democratic presidential primary, a move that gave him "inside access to the halls of the White House". Casey campaigned across Pennsylvania in support of Obama's candidacy in the months leading up to the primary in that state; they bowled together at Pleasant Valley Lanes in Altoona.

Casey has been described as an "even-keeled moderate, not only in tone but in policy", but after Donald Trump entered the White House in 2017, Casey developed a "new, saltier social media prowess". His outspoken opposition to many of Trump's actions prompted one local media outlet to describe his new strategy before his 2018 re-election campaign as: "Oppose Trump every chance he gets."

On February 18, 2018, speaking to John Catsimatidis on New York radio station WNYM, Casey issued a warning to special counsel Robert Mueller not to deliver a report on his findings in the Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections investigation too near to the 2018 midterm elections. While saying he could not "make any assumptions about where the Mueller investigation is going," he stated that he "would recommend Mueller not release a report on his findings near the midterms," because it would "distract from elections or cause people to question the election's integrity."

Committee assignments
Source:
Committee on Finance
Subcommittee on Health Care
Subcommittee on  International Trade, Customs, and Global Competitiveness
Subcommittee on Social Security, Pensions, and Family Policy
Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions
Subcommittee on Children and Families (Chairman)
Subcommittee on Employment and Workplace Safety
Select Committee on Intelligence
Special Committee on Aging (Chairman)

Caucus memberships
 Afterschool Caucuses

Political positions

Economy and jobs
Casey voted in January 2010 to re-confirm Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke. Casey was among 41 senators who co-sponsored PROTECT IP Act (PIPA) anti-piracy and theft legislation, the Senate version of Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA).

In January 2014, Casey released a new report on income inequality in Pennsylvania and urged Congress to close the income gap by raising the minimum wage, extending unemployment insurance, and increasing funding for early education. Casey has said that he believes that the United States has not exhausted its options to stop foreign countries from flooding the United States with steel supplies, and has stated that he wants the Trump administration to defend nuclear power in Pennsylvania.

In April 2017, Casey was one of eight Democratic senators to sign a letter to President Trump noting government-subsidized Chinese steel had been placed into the American market in recent years below cost and had hurt the domestic steel industry and the iron ore industry that fed it, calling on Trump to raise the steel issue with President of the People's Republic of China Xi Jinping in his meeting with him.

Education
As a candidate for State Treasurer in 2004, Casey opposed school vouchers, and supported using state funds "to increase the availability of safe, quality and affordable early care and education for families that choose to use these programs".

Betsy DeVos and FIRE
Casey questioned Donald Trump's nomination of Betsy DeVos to be Secretary of Education on the grounds that she and her husband had donated to the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE), which seeks to "defend individual rights on college campuses". "Ms. DeVos must fully explain whether she supports the radical view that it should be more difficult for campus sexual-assault victims to receive justice," said Casey. In an op-ed in The Wall Street Journal, FIRE co-founder Harvey Silverglate noted that "FIRE vigorously defends the free-speech and due-process rights of college students and faculty" and that the organization "is nonpartisan and has defended students and faculty members on the left and right", making "common cause with politically diverse organizations ranging from the American Civil Liberties Union and the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers to The Heritage Foundation, Young Americans for Liberty and the Cato Institute". Casey's position was challenged in USA Today by Stuart Taylor and KC Johnson, who pointed out that, contrary to a letter in which Casey and Sen. Patty Murray (WA) described campus sexual assault as "affecting millions of college students", 5,178 campus rapes were reported in 2014. Politico ran a prominent piece that echoed Casey's characterization of FIRE, while National Review and other publications assailed Casey and defended FIRE.

Energy and environment
In a debate, Casey criticized his Republican opponent Rick Santorum for not recognizing the danger of global warming.

In February 2021, Casey was one of seven Democratic U.S. senators to join Republicans in blocking a ban of hydraulic fracturing, commonly known as fracking.

Foreign policy

Among over 70 other senators, Casey wrote to urge the European Union to designate Hezbollah as a terrorist organization. In 2014, he and Senator Rubio urged the Obama administration to prioritize the issue of ISIS's financial support. He introduced the Stop Terrorist Operational Resources and Money (STORM) Act of 2016, which punishes countries that accept terrorist financing by their citizens or within their borders. Casey voted for the Protect and Preserve International Cultural Property Act, which was designed to ensure that the U.S. is not a market for antiquities looted from Syria and which was signed into law by Obama.

Casey condemned the genocide of the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar and called for a stronger response to the crisis.

In April 2019, Casey was one of thirty-four senators to sign a letter to President Trump encouraging him "to listen to members of your own Administration and reverse a decision that will damage our national security and aggravate conditions inside Central America", asserting that Trump had "consistently expressed a flawed understanding of U.S. foreign assistance" since becoming president and that he was "personally undermining efforts to promote U.S. national security and economic prosperity" through preventing the use of Fiscal Year 2018 national security funding. The senators argued that foreign assistance to Central American countries created less migration to the U.S., citing the funding's helping to improve conditions in those countries.

Government spending and taxes
In December 2012, Casey introduced legislation that would extend the payroll tax cut for another year and provide tax credits for employers that add jobs.

In December 2016, Casey joined a group of other Senate Democrats led by Joe Manchin of West Virginia who wanted expiring benefits for retired coal workers to be extended. Casey, described as "unusually animated", said he would "vote against a must-pass spending bill needed to keep the government running" if the coal miners' benefits were not extended.

Alongside all other Senate Democrats, Casey voted against the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, saying that it was "a giveaway to the super rich". Casey also proposed to expand the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit prior to the TCJA's passage,and the Tax Cuts and Jobs act incorporated a larger expansion of this credit.

Gun policy

On June 16, 2016, The Washington Post reported that "'pro-gun' Bob Casey" had become "an evangelist for gun control laws". After the Sandy Hook school massacre in December 2012, he had "completely flipped his views" on several gun issues, largely as a result of having been "accosted" by his wife and daughter. "Casey has since embraced every major proposal to counter gun violence," reported the Post, "including a renewed ban on assault weapons and enhanced background checks before gun purchases." In the wake of the Orlando Pulse massacre, he unveiled the Hate Crimes Prevention Act, which would have prevented persons convicted of hate crimes from purchasing weapons. He said he had never really thought about the gun issue until Sandy Hook, "coasting along with Pennsylvania's traditional pro-gun views in a state where the National Rifle Association has held sway for decades". After Sandy Hook, he "found it unacceptable that the NRA opposed any new laws".

On June 25, 2016, Philadelphia magazine ran an article about Casey's "profound about-face on gun control", noting that it had taken place within "a matter of days" and that Casey "was the first to introduce gun control legislation after the massacre in Orlando". Casey said that his switch had been a result of "thinking of the enormity of it, what happened to those children, which was indescribably horrific, and then having my wife and daughter say to me, 'You're going to vote on this at some point. How are you going to vote?'" He said that "I had to ask myself that question, because normally I would stay in my lane. There's only two lanes on this. It's the NRA lane, or the voting for commonsense gun measures lane. So I decided whether I was going to stay in the old lane, in which I had traveled a long time but really had never been challenged or had to cast a real big vote."

Healthcare
Casey supported President Barack Obama's health reform legislation; he voted for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in December 2009, and he voted for the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010.

In January 2019, Casey was one of six Democratic senators to introduce the American Miners Act of 2019, a bill that would amend the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 to swap funds in excess of the amounts needed to meet existing obligations under the Abandoned Mine Land fund to the 1974 Pension Plan as part of an effort to prevent its insolvency as a result of coal company bankruptcies and the 2008 financial crisis. It also increased the Black Lung Disability Trust Fund tax and ensured that miners affected by the 2018 coal company bankruptcies would not lose their health care.

In August 2019, when asked during a town hall if he supports Medicare for All, Casey declined to directly answer, but stated that he supports "universal coverage".

In September 2019, amid discussions to prevent a government shutdown, Casey was one of six Democratic senators to sign a letter to congressional leadership advocating for the passage of legislation that would permanently fund health care and pension benefits for retired coal miners as "families in Virginia, West Virginia, Wyoming, Alabama, Colorado, North Dakota and New Mexico" would start to receive notifications of health care termination by the end of the following month.

Abortion
While Casey has identified as pro-life, and he had previously expressed support for overturning Roe v. Wade, a 2018 Politico article indicated that "[a]fter a decade in the Senate, Casey has become an increasingly reliable vote in support of abortion rights — scoring as high as 100 percent on NARAL Pro-Choice America's vote tally in 2016 and 2017 ... although his 2018 rating is sure to be lower." Politico acknowledged that scorecards "are an imperfect calculation of a lawmaker's position", adding that Casey asserted that he had voted anti-abortion on 13 of the 15 abortion-related measures during his career.

In 2022, he reversed his prior position on Roe and said he supports legislation to codify national abortion rights.

In 2005, Casey opposed the funding of embryonic stem cell research. In 2006, Casey supported the DFLA's Pregnant Women Support Act, which sought to reduce abortion by providing support to women experiencing unplanned pregnancies. However, Casey has voted against barring HHS grants to organizations that provide abortion services, where such services may often not be central to the organization's chief purpose. Casey also supports over-the-counter sale of emergency contraception.

In January 2010, during a debate on the Affordable Care Act, Casey was heckled for his handling of the abortion provisions in the health-care bill and for not taking an uncompromising anti-abortion stance. Casey was the primary sponsor of an amendment to prevent government funds from being used for abortion services, but when he tried to organize a compromise that appealed to both Democrats and the party's lone holdout (Sen. Ben Nelson), he angered some religious groups. According to Politico, "Like conservative anti-abortion groups, [Casey] opposes the Roe decision and opposes the taxpayer funding of the [abortion] procedure. But like progressive abortion rights organizations, he supports Obamacare, access to contraception through programs such as Title X and funding for Planned Parenthood."

In 2011, Casey was not endorsed in NARAL Pro-Choice America's election guide. That year, he voted against defunding Planned Parenthood, against H.R.1 and for cloture for the nomination of Goodwin Liu, earning him a 100% rating from NARAL.

In 2017, Casey voted for legislation that would have overturned the Mexico City Policy, which prohibits foreign aid for organizations that provide or promote abortion. Casey's vote for overturning that policy prompted anti-abortion activists to question his commitment to the anti-abortion cause. The National Right to Life Committee criticized Casey for his 2017 vote against the confirmation of Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court of the United States.

In 2015 and 2018, Casey joined two other Democrats (Joe Manchin and Joe Donnelly) by voting for bills that would ban abortion after 20 weeks of pregnancy.

Casey, along with 45 other U.S. senators, voted in favor of allowing debate to continue on the Women's Health Protection Act in a roll call vote held on February 28, 2022. Casey voted for the measure again on May 11 in the wake of the leak of the decision on Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization. Casey said that if the bill passed cloture, he would still vote for it.

Casey considers birth control as a tool to reduce the necessity of abortions. He has called on greater funding for access to birth control measures, specifically supporting Planned Parenthood's efforts in making contraception more open and accessible to women.

Housing
In April 2019, Casey was one of forty-one senators to sign a bipartisan letter to the housing subcommittee praising the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development's Section 4 Capacity Building program as authorizing "HUD to partner with national nonprofit community development organizations to provide education, training, and financial support to local community development corporations (CDCs) across the country" and expressing disappointment that President Trump's budget "has slated this program for elimination after decades of successful economic and community development." The senators wrote of their hope that the subcommittee would support continued funding for Section 4 in Fiscal Year 2020.

Immigration laws
Casey supported the Secure Borders, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Reform Act of 2007 (S. 1348), a bill voted down in the 110th United States Congress, which would have provided a path to legal citizenship for undocumented persons currently residing in the United States. He also supported the Clinton amendment, the Menendez amendment, and the Alaska amendments.

During the 2006 Senate race, Casey expressed support for the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006.

He voted to continue federal funds for declared "sanctuary cities."

He took part in a Philadelphia International Airport protest against President Trump's January 2017 travel ban. Leaving a black tie event Saturday night to join the protest, he tweeted: "I won't stand by as the promise of America is diminished."

In May 2017, Casey, along with nine other senators and 13 members of the House of Representatives, requested in a letter to the Homeland Security Secretary, that they stop the detention of four children and their mothers at the Berks County Residential Center. Many of the families had been detained there without legal recourse for more than a year and a half. Casey also personally took to social media with impassioned appeals to the White House on behalf of a Honduran 5 year old and his 25-year-old mother being held at the same facility, and were now facing deportation. They had fled violence and death threats and sought asylum in the US back in 2015, but failed their credible fear interview.  Attorneys have since been appealing their case, and the legal team was in the middle of the process of applying for Special Immigrant Juvenile Status for the child when they were awakened at 3:30AM on May 3 by Immigration and Customs Enforcement and put on a plane to Honduras.  "This child and his mother deserved better from this Administration. They got the absolute worst," Casey remarked.

In June 2019, Casey and six other Democratic senators were led by Hawaii Senator Brian Schatz in sending letters to the Government Accountability Office along with the suspension and debarment official and inspector general at the US Department of Health and Human Services citing recent reports that showed "significant evidence that some federal contractors and grantees have not provided adequate accommodations for children in line with legal and contractual requirements" and urged officials in the government to determine whether federal contractors and grantees are in violation of contractual obligations or federal regulations and should thus face financial consequences.

Judicial nominees
He expressed support for the confirmation of both John Roberts and Samuel Alito for seats on the Supreme Court of the United States; these judges were believed to be in favor of overturning Roe v. Wade.

Casey voted for the confirmation of both Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan to the Supreme Court of the United States.

In March 2017, Casey voted against confirming Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court, citing "real concerns" with Gorsuch's "rigid and restrictive" judicial philosophy, and some of his past opinions on issues relating to the health and safety of workers and the rights of those with disabilities. He also voted against the confirmation of Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court. On October 23, 2020, Casey voted against the confirmation of Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court.

LGBT rights
Casey voted for the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010.

Casey, a longtime supporter of civil unions, stated his support for same-sex marriage on April 1, 2013. He also supports the adoption of children by same-sex couples.

In June 2019, Casey was one of eighteen senators to sign a letter to United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo requesting an explanation of a decision by the State Department to not issue an official statement that year commemorating Pride Month nor issue the annual cable outlining activities for embassies commemorating Pride Month. They also questioned why the LGBTI special envoy position had remained vacant and asserted that "preventing the official flying of rainbow flags and limiting public messages celebrating Pride Month signals to the international community that the United States is abandoning the advancement of LGBTI rights as a foreign policy priority."

Personal life
Casey and his wife Terese were married in 1985, and they have four daughters. In 2023, Casey announced that he had prostate cancer and would undergo treatment. In 2023, Casey's brother, Patrick, registered as a lobbyist and reported lobbying the U.S. Senate on a number of issues.

Electoral history

References

External links

Senator Bob Casey Jr. official U.S. Senate website
Bob Casey for Senate

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1960 births
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
2004 United States presidential electors
American people of Irish descent
Candidates in the 2002 United States elections
Catholics from Pennsylvania
College of the Holy Cross alumni
Columbus School of Law alumni
Democratic Party United States senators from Pennsylvania
Living people
Pennsylvania Auditors General
Pennsylvania Democrats
Pennsylvania lawyers
Politicians from Scranton, Pennsylvania
State treasurers of Pennsylvania

Bob Casey Jr.


Bleach is a chemical that removes color or whitens, generally a dilute solution of Sodium hypochlorite, referred to as "liquid bleach" or "chlorine bleach".

Bleach or Bleaching may also refer to:

Music
Bleach (American band), an American Christian rock group
Bleach (Bleach album), 1999
Bleach (British band), a British shoegazing group active in the early 1990s
Bleach (Japanese band), a Japanese all-girl punk group, known as Bleach03 in North America
Bleach (Nirvana album), a 1989 album by Nirvana
"Bleach", a song by Easyworld from This Is Where I Stand
"Bleach" a song by 5 Seconds Of Summer from 5SOS5
"Bleach", a song by Brockhampton from Saturation III
"Bleach", by Suicideboys from Long Term Effects of Suffering, 2021
Bleached, an American pop band
Bleech, British alternative rock band founded 2009

Processes or techniques
Anal bleaching
Rhodopsin bleaching, as part of the visual cycle
Bleaching of wood pulp, whitening and lignin removal from wood pulp
Coral bleaching, a pathological response of coral to environmental stresses
Textile bleaching
Skin whitening
Tooth bleaching
Photobleaching

Other
Bleach (manga), a Japanese manga series
Bleach (TV series), the animated adaptation of the manga
Bleach (2018 film), a live-action film based on the manga
Bleach (1998 film), a 1998 science-fiction short film
Bleach, a 2002 film starring Adam Scott

See also

Bleach (disambiguation)


The President of the German Bundesrat () is the speaker or chair of the German Bundesrat, which is the upper house of the German parliament.

Each of the ministers president of the federal Länder (states) acts as the president of the Bundesrat for one year.

The President of the Bundesrat can also act as deputy to the Federal President if the Federal President is out of Germany or not able to act because of illness etc. If the Federal President dies or is removed from office the President of the Bundestag will act as President until a new president is elected, which must be within thirty days.

Election
The President of the Bundesrat is usually elected on the 1 November in one year, and serves until the 31 October of the next year. The Basic Law says, in Article 52.1, that "the Bundesrat elects its President for one year". However, in practice the presidency rotates among all Länder equally, in accordance with a predetermined order. The order changes sometimes, because it depends on each state's population.

If the head of government of a Land changes during the term of the President of the Bundesrat then the presidency passes to the new minister-president for the remainder of its one year duration. This happened in April 1999 when Roland Koch replaced Hans Eichel as minister-president of Hesse. The current order of rotation of the presidency of the Bundesrat is as follows:

  (North Rhine-Westphalia)
  (Bavaria)

  (Lower Saxony)
  (Hesse)
  (Saxony)
  (Rhineland-Palatinate)

  (Saxony-Anhalt)
  (Thuringia)

  (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania)

Related pages
 List of presidents of the German Bundesrat
 German Bundesrat
 Politics of Germany

Other websites
 The Bundesrat - President and Presidium  from Official Bundesrat website

President of the German Bundesrat


A tactical withdrawal or retreating defensive action is a type of military operation, generally meaning that retreating forces draw back while maintaining contact with the enemy. A withdrawal may be undertaken as part of a general retreat, to consolidate forces, to occupy ground that is more easily defended, force the enemy to overextend to secure a decisive victory, or to lead the enemy into an ambush. It is considered a relatively risky operation, requiring discipline to keep from turning into a disorganized rout or at the very least doing severe damage to the military's morale.

Tactical withdrawal
A withdrawal may be anticipated, as when a defending force is outmatched or on disadvantageous ground, but it must cause as much damage to an enemy as possible. In such a case, the retreating force may use a number of tactics and strategies to further impede the enemy's progress. That could include setting mines or booby traps during or before the withdrawal, leading the enemy into prepared artillery barrages, or using of scorched-earth tactics.

Rout

In warfare, the long-term objective is the defeat of the enemy. An effective tactical method is the demoralisation of the enemy by defeating its army and routing it from the battlefield. Once a force has become disorganized and has lost its ability to fight, the victors can chase down the enemy's remnants and attempt to cause as many casualties or to take as many prisoners as possible.

However, a commander must weigh the advantages of pursuit of a disorganised enemy against the possibility that the enemy may rally and leave the pursuing force vulnerable, with longer lines of communications that are vulnerable to a counterattack. That causes the value of a feigned retreat.

Feigned retreat

The act of feigning a withdrawal or rout to lure an enemy away from a defended position or into a prepared ambush is an ancient tactic, which has been used throughout the history of warfare.

Three famous examples are:
William the Conqueror used a feigned retreat at the Battle of Hastings to lure much of Harold's infantry from their advantageous defenses on higher ground, leading to its annihilation by a charge of William's Norman cavalry.
Medieval Mongols were famed for, among other things, their extensive use of feigned retreats during their conquests, as their fast light cavalry made successful pursuit by an enemy almost impossible. In the heat and muddle of a battle, the Mongol Army would pretend to be defeated, exhausted and confused, and would suddenly retreat from the battlefield. The opposing force, thinking that it had routed the Mongols, would give chase. The Mongol cavalry would, while retreating, fire upon its pursuers and dishearten them (see Parthian shot). When the pursuing forces stopped chasing the (significantly faster) Mongol cavalry, the Mongols would then turn and charge the pursuers and generally succeed. That was used partly as a defeat in detail tactic to allow the Mongols to defeat larger armies by breaking them into smaller groups.
Early on during the Battle of Kasserine Pass in 1943, tanks of the US 1st Armored Division followed what appeared to be a headlong retreat by elements of the 21st Panzer Division. The advancing US forces then met a screen of German anti-tank guns, who opened fire and destroyed nearly all the American tanks. A US forward artillery observer, whose radio and landlines had been cut by shellfire, recalled:

References

External links

Maneuver tactics
Military strategy

Military operations by type

Withdrawal (military)


The Plastic Cloud was a Canadian psychedelic rock band formed in Bay Ridges, Ontario, Canada in 1967 and which existed for approximately a year thereafter.

History

The Plastic Cloud, taking inspiration from The Byrds, developed one experimental album in the group's lifetime before disbanding. The Plastic Cloud's music, though not marketed successfully during the band's incarnation, has garnered interest for its innovation in the psychedelic genre.

Formed in 1967, the band was originally a folk rock quartet composed of bassist Brian Madill, lead vocalist Don Brewer, lead guitarist Mike Cadieux, and drummer Randy Umphrey. In their beginnings, the band typically played commercially appealing folk rock songs in their live performances. Upon further development, the band began to experiment with psychedelic influences from the San Francisco Sound and Los Angeles which dominated their harder, fuzztoned musical repertoire. The band played only their own original material for the specified reason of improving the compositions by the time they could earn a recording contract.

By 1968, the band received their opportunity to record their material when they signed to the Allied label. Brewer wrote all of the band's compositions and the production of the album was upheld by Jack Boswell and Bill Bessey. Recordings were enriched with psychedelic harmonizing and instrumentals. The album was highlighted by the unusual sound effects that was reminiscent of bands like The United States of America. In an attempt to include all of their influences, the first side was mainly reserved for folk rock and soft rock compositions, while the latter side derived in psychedelic and electric rock. The album, The Plastic Cloud, was released in late 1968. Despite the band's complex, new sound, the album did not become a hit as the psychedelic scene never reached the popularity it had in other areas like San Francisco. The Plastic Cloud disbanded in late 1968, but the album became a prize among record collectors. For that reason, the album managed to avoid falling into total obscurity, and the original pressings have become so sought after that prices reach $1000 to purchase one. In 2005, the album was re-released on the Pacemaker label and, even though it featured the band's full album, it failed to produce an effective history of the band so some of the band's musical inspiration remains unknown.

References

Musical groups established in 1967
Musical groups disestablished in 1968
Canadian psychedelic rock music groups
Musical groups from the Regional Municipality of Durham

The Plastic Cloud


Elizabeth of Lorraine-Vaudémont, Countess of Nassau-Saarbrücken (also known as Isabella of Lotharingen;  in Lorraine – 17 January 1456 in Saarbrücken) was a German regent and translator. She was the Countess of Nassau-Weilburg by marriage to Philipp I, Count of Nassau-Weilburg, and the regent of the County of Nassau-Weilburg during the minority of her son Philip II between 1429 and 1438.

She was a pioneer of the novel in Early New High German language.  Around 1437, she translated and edited four French romances () by Odo Arpin of Bourges, Sibille, Loher & Maller and Hug Chapler.

Life
Elizabeth was the daughter of Frederick of Lorraine (1368-1415) and Margaret of Joinville ( – 1418).  In 1412, she became the second wife of Count Philip I of Nassau-Weilburg-Saarbrücken (1368-1429).

Regency
After his death in 1429, she took over the regency for her infant son, Philip II (1418-1492) of the Nassau-Saarbrücken territory until her son became an adult in 1438. The territory consisted of the areas along the middle Saar, along the Blies, in eastern Lorraine, in today's Donnersbergkreis, around the city of Kirchheimbolanden, in the Taunus area, along the Lahn as well as Commercy in Lorraine on the Meuse.

She managed to keep her possessions together and to avoid disputes with her many neighbours.  During her rule, Saarbrücken was developed into a residence town.  She resided at Saarbrücken Castle on the Castle Rock with its steep slope towards the Saar.  Until then, the territory had had no centralized administration, and its rulers had travelled constantly between their scattered possessions, in order to maintain their claim to power by being physically present some of the time in each and every possession ("rule by travelling around").

Death
Elisabeth died on 17 January 1456.  Contrary to the customs of the ancient Counts of Saarbrücken, who were buried in Wadgassen, Elisabeth chose to be buried in the Collegiate Church in Sankt Arnual, which is now part of Saarbrücken.  For the next 200 years, all Counts of Nassau-Saarbrücken would be buried here.

Legacy
Elisabeth took care of her inheritance during her lifetime.  In 1439, she divided her possessions among her two sons.  The elder son, Philip II received the territories on the right bank of the Rhine; the younger son, John II received the territories on the left bank.  Apparently John II, unlike his brother, was interested in his mother's literary activities.  Among other things, he had magnificent manuscripts made of the novels his mother had translated  These manuscripts and early printed copies are now held by the Herzog August Library in Wolfenbüttel and the State and University Library in Hamburg.

In April 2007, a large poster exhibition of Elisabeth's novels was held in Saarbrücken, in the framework of the city's participation in the activities of Luxembourg as Cultural Capital of Europe.  A European Writers' Congress in Saarbrücken on 16 October 2007 had as its motto , with which Elisabeth began her translations.

Marriage and issue
Elisabeth was the second wife of Count Philip I of Nassau-Weilburg-Saarbrücken (1368-1429) and had the following children with him:
 Philip II of Nassau-Weilburg
 John II of Nassau-Saarbrücken
 Johannetta (d. 1 February 1481, Römhild), married on 22 June 1422 to Count George I of Henneberg
 Margarete (26 April 1426 – 5 May 1490), married in 1441 to Gerhard of Rodemachern

References

 Bernhard Burchert: Die Anfänge des Prosaromans in Deutschland. Die Prosaerzählungen Elisabeths von Nassau-Saarbrücken, Lang, Frankfurt, Bern and New York, 1987
 Thomas Cramer: Geschichte der deutschen Literatur im späten Mittelalter, dtv, Munich, 2000,
 Wolfgang Haubrichs, Hans-Walter Herrmann and Gerhard Sauder (eds.): Zwischen Deutschland und Frankreich. Elisabeth von Lothringen, Gräfin von Nassau-Saarbrücken, in the series Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Saarländische Landesgeschichte und Volksforschung, vol. 34, St. Ingbert: Universitäts-Verlag, Röhrig, 2002,
 Ulricke qnd Manfred Jacobs: Die Grenzgängerin Elisabeth von Lothringen, Gollenstein, Blieskastel 2007,
 Yvonne Rech and Hans-Walter Herrmann: Elisabethenwege. Reisen auf den Wegen einer bedeutenden Frau. [Ein Reiseführer]. Regionalverband Saarbrücken, Saarbrücken, 2008
 Kerstin Joost-Schäfer: Die dichtende Gräfin — Elisabeth von Lothringen, in: Saarbrücker Zeitung, section Momente, 13/14 March 2010, p. E 8 (special page)

External links

 Literature by Elisabeth
 Literature about Elisabeth
 Elisabeth in the State and university Library in Hamburg
 Elisabeth in the Saarländische Biografien

German translators
Writers from Saarland
House of Lorraine
1395 births
1456 deaths
Countesses of Nassau
Year of birth uncertain
15th-century German nobility
15th-century German women
German women novelists
Burials at Stiftskirche Sankt Arnual (Saarbrücken)
Mothers of monarchs
15th-century women rulers
15th-century translators

Elisabeth of Lorraine-Vaudémont


Isabel Nancy Hilton OBE (born 25 November 1947) is a Scottish journalist and broadcaster, based in London.

Early life

Hilton attended school in Alford, Aberdeenshire, Bradford Girls' Grammar School (Yorkshire) and Walnut Hills High School (Cincinnati, Ohio). She graduated from Edinburgh University, where she studied Chinese to post-graduate level, subsequently studying at Beijing Languages Institute and Fudan University, Shanghai. in 1976, she briefly served as secretary of the Scotland-China Association, based at her University, and was placed on MI5's "black" list, which prevented her from accepting a job offer with the BBC in 1976.

Career

Over a long career in national and international print, online and broadcast media, Isabel Hilton has covered global politics, conflict, development, human rights, climate change and environmental degradation. In recent years her work has focussed on the impacts of a rising China with particular emphasis on climate change and China's global environmental footprint.

In addition to her writing career, she has made several radio and television documentaries and presented both BBC's Radio 4 current affairs programme The World Tonight and Radio 3's arts and cultural strand, Night Waves.  Hilton joined Scottish Television as a presenter in 1976, moving later that year to the Daily Express as feature writer after being blacklisted by MI5 from a job at the BBC. She left the Daily Express five months later to join the Sunday Times where she subsequently held  posts as feature writer, news reporter,  Insight reporter and Latin America editor.
She covered the Falklands War from Buenos Aires in 1982 and continued to cover Latin America until the Sunday Times became embroiled in the dispute over its move to Wapping. She  left the Sunday Times to join the founding team at The Independent as Latin America Editor. In 1989 she became Europe Editor, covering the fall of communism in Europe, then Chief Feature Writer.
In 1994 she left The Independent to work  on a book, whilst also taking up a new role as presenter of  The World Tonight (1995–98) on BBC Radio 4, and from 1999 as presenter of Nightwaves on BBC Radio 3. She contributed a regular column to The Guardian 1997-2003) and from 2000 to 2003 was also a staff writer on the New Yorker magazine, reporting from Latin America, South Asia and Europe.   From March 2005 to July 2007, she was editor and then editor-in-chief of  openDemocracy.net.\
In 2006 Hilton founded Chinadialogue , a fully bilingual not-f0r-profit newsroom dedicated to covering climate change with a particular focus on China.
This was followed in 2010 by the Third Pole and later by www.dialogochino.net and www.chinadialogueocean.net.  Hilton served as editor and CREO of the organisation, publishing reports from China, Latin America, east, south and Southeast Asia and the United States in a total of eleven languages. In 2021 she stepped back from her role as CEO to become Senior Adviser to the organisation, finally stepping down from that role in 2023.

In January 2023 Hilton became a contributing editor at Prospect Magazine.
Hilton's written work has also appeared in The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, the New Statesman, The Economist, Granta, the Mail on Sunday, the Observer, the Financial Times, El Pais, Le Monde, La Stampa, Lettres Internationale, International Affairs, The World Today, The New European, Index on Censorship, Vogue (British and American), The Daily Telegraph, The Sunday Telegraph, the Times Literary Supplement, Foreign Policy The Literary Review, the London Review of Books, China File, Foreign Policy and many others.

Her television and radio documentaries include:

•	Petra And the General, (BBC 1994)

•	Kingdom Of the Lost Boy (BBC 1996)

•	City On the Edge (BBC 1998)

•	Condemned To Live (BBC 1999)

•	Correspondent: the arrest of General Pinochet

•	The Caravan of Death (BBC 2001)

She also reported several shorter films for BBC 2's Correspondent series.

Hilton's radio documentaries include The Bitter Pill, The Gesar Epic, Flowers in the Backyard, The Chinese Media, The Return of Faith, The End of Empire, The Uses of History in China, The Shadow of the Emperor.

In 2007, Hilton delivered the Ben Pimlott Memorial Lecture at Somerset House, London; in 2019, she delivered the annual James Cameron memorial lecture at City, University of London on the subject: Journalism with Chinese characteristics: reflections on media in the new era. In 2022 she delivered the Sue Lloyd-Roberts Memorial Lecture.

Personal life
Hilton is married to Neal Ascherson, with whom she has a son and a daughter. She was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2009 Birthday Honours. She holds an Honorary Doctorate from Bradford University and an Honorary Doctorate of the University from Stirling University.
Hilton is an active participant in a number of track 2 dialogues and meetings, including Konigswinter, the Club of Three,   the UK Canada Symposium and the British American Project. She has spoken at the World Economic Forum (China) and the Munich Security Forum and served as speaker of the jury for the Berlin Based Lettres Ulysses Award for Literary Reportage from 2001 – 2006, as a judge on Amnesty International's Media Awards, the Kurt Schock Awards and the James Cameron Awards. She chaired the jury of the George Orwell Prize for Journalism  2022.

She is a regular discussion host at festivals and events, including How the Light Gets In and Web Summit (Lisbon,) and as a commentator on Monocle Radio, BBC and other outlets, as a featured speaker in London Climate Week (2021), the FT Festival, the Edinburgh Book Festival and many others.
Past positions include:
•	contributing editor. Granta
•	Fellow, the Asia Society, New York
•	Board member Accountability 21,
•	member of the advisory board of the Oxford Research Group
•	member of the GE stakeholder panel,
•	founding trustee of Free Word
•	advisory board member and fellow of the British American Project.
•	advisory board member OSF Global Fellowship Program.
•	International co-chair, special project, Promoting social media and Public Participation in China's Green Development, China Council on International Cooperation on Environment and Development (2013)

She has also served as a member of the Editorial Board of International Affairs, the Advisory Board of the Latin America Bureau, the advisory board of the European Movement, the Advisory Board of the Association of Speakers of Chinese as a Second Language, and the editorial advisory board of the Bureau of Investigative Journalism,

Board Positions
Hilton chairs the board of the Centre for Investigative Journalism.  She co-chairs the board of The Bureau of Investigative Journalism and is a non-executive director of E3G, the climate think tank.

Publications
 The Search for the Panchen Lama, W. W. Norton & Company, 2000, .

•  The Falklands War  1982 ISBN 9780722182826 (co-author)

	The Fourth Reich: Klaus Barbie and the Neo-fascist Connection 1984  co-author, ISBN 0340344431

	The Best of Granta Travel ,  (Penguin Books / Granta 1982 ) contributing author, ISBN 0140140417

The Best American Travel Writing , contributing author

Betrayed , contributing author,

The Rise of China (Smith Institute and Westminster University) contributing author,

The Thinking Fan's Guide to the World Cup, (Harper Perennial 2006)  (contributing author) ISBN 978-0061132261

Eating Mud Crabs in Kandahar ,  (University of California Press 2011) contributing author ISBN 978-0520268678

Fifty Shades of Feminism,  (Virago,2013) (contributing author) ISBN 9781844089451

China and the Environment: The Green Revolution, (Zed Books, 2013) (contributing author)

Mare Plasticum - The Plastic Sea: Combatting Plastic Pollution Through Science and Art (Springer Press 2020) (contributing author) ISBN 3030389448

China's 19th Party Congress (World Scientific Press 2019)  (contributing author) ISBN 1786345919

References

, openDemocracy 17 July 2007. Retrieved on 13 April 2008.</ref> .

External links
Isabel Hilton on Twitter
Biography as editor  of Chinadialogue
Biography as a member of the Lettre Ulysses Award jury

 Profile in Global Times http://en.people.cn/90782/8099070.html
 Profile in Quartz https://qz.com/2005996/isabel-hilton-the-journalist-engaging-china-on-climate-change
 Sue Lloyd Roberts Memorial Lecture https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZal3SjcmE0&ab_channel=StHilda%27sCollegeAlumnaeEvents

1949 births
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
BBC Radio 3 presenters
Scottish journalists
Scottish women journalists
Living people
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Aberdeen
The Guardian journalists
The Sunday Times people

Isabel Hilton


Jean-Léo Rochon (3 July 1902 – 21 June 1988) was a Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Saint-Augustin, now a part of Mirabel and became an optometrist by career.

He was first elected in the 1935 Quebec general election as a Liberal party member of the short-lived 19th Legislative Assembly of Quebec from November 1935 to August 1936, but only served that one term as a provincial politician.

After several provincial and federal election defeats, Rochon won a House of Commons seat at the Laval riding in the 1962 general election. He was re-elected there in the 1963 and 1965 federal elections. For the 1968 federal election, Rochon was re-elected at the Ahuntsic electoral district. He served his final term in the 28th Canadian Parliament then left federal office in 1972 without campaigning for another term in the House of Commons.

Further reading

1902 births
1988 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
People from Mirabel, Quebec
Quebec Liberal Party MNAs
French Quebecers

Jean-Léo Rochon


Farhan Akhtar (born 9 January 1974) is an Indian actor, director, screenwriter, playback singer, producer, and television host who works in Hindi films. Born in Mumbai to screenwriters Javed Akhtar and Honey Irani, he grew up under the influence of the Hindi film industry. He began his career in Bollywood by working as an assistant director in Lamhe (1991) and Himalay Putra (1997).

Akhtar directed his first film, Dil Chahta Hai (2001) and received critical acclaim for portraying modern youth in the film, which won the National Award for Best Hindi Film the next year. Following this success, he directed the cult war film Lakshya (2004) and had his Hollywood debut through the soundtrack of Bride and Prejudice (2004), for which he and sister Zoya Akhtar served as lyricists. Next came the commercial successful Don (2006), his third directorial venture, post which he directed a short film titled Positive (2007) to spread awareness on HIV-AIDS.

Although he initially started his acting career with a delayed release in the Anand Surapur-directed drama The Fakir of Venice, Akhtar made his official screen debut with Rock On!! (2008) for which he won a second National Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi as producer, and indulged in further experimentation with Zoya's directorial debut Luck By Chance (2009) and the Vijay Lalwani-directed Karthik Calling Karthik (2010), before he wrote the dialogues and served as producer for the critical and commercial success Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara (2011) starring him in a leading role, which won him 4 Filmfare Awards, including Best Supporting Actor. The same year, after directing a sequel to Don titled Don 2 (2011), which remains his highest-grossing film till date, he achieved further success by portraying Milkha Singh in the 2013 film Bhaag Milkha Bhaag, earning him the Filmfare Award for Best Actor. Later, he received praise for starring in Zoya's ensemble comedy-drama Dil Dhadakne Do (2015) and Bejoy Nambiar's crime thriller Wazir (2016).

References

Farhan Akhtar


A fire blanket is a type of blanket that can be used to put out a fire. A fire blanket includes fire-resistant material to prevent it from burning when it is being used.

Like the fire extinguisher, it is a fire safety material. It can be used in high temperatures.

Firefighting
Home

Fire blanket


Francesco Paglia (1636 – c. 1714) was an Italian painter of the late-Baroque period, mainly active in Brescia.

Biography
He was a pupil of Guercino. He also wrote a description of paintings in Brescia, using both prose and poetry, titled il Giardino della Pittura (The Garden of Painting). A copy of the manuscript was in the hands of the Avogadro family, which was known for their local patronage. Paglia also painted a St. Onofrio in the desert for the church of San Barnaba.

He had two sons, Antonio (1680- 9 February 1747) and Angelo (born 1681), both painters. Antonio moved to Venice after the death of his father to study with Sebastiano Ricci. Angelo also learned to sculpt in clay from the Brescian Santo Calegari.

References

External links

1636 births
17th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Italian art historians
Painters from Brescia
Italian Baroque painters
Year of death unknown

Francesco Paglia


Frank D'Amelio is a former U.S. soccer defender who played one season in the North American Soccer League, one in the American Soccer League and the 1980–1981 indoor NASL season.  He later coached for over two decades on the collegiate, high school and youth club levels.

Player
D'Amelio was born in Italy, but moved to the United States at some point during his early youth.  He grew up on Long Island, New York and attended Baldwin High School.  He began college at Adelphi University in 1976.  He took a year off to play for the U.S. U-21 national team in 1977 then returned to college at the University of Evansville.  He spent the 1978 and 1979 seasons with the Purple Aces.  He was inducted into the Evansville Athletic Hall of Fame in 1992.  In 1980, the Philadelphia Fury selected D'Amelio in the first round of the North American Soccer League's college draft.  He played eight games for the Fury.  In the fall of 1981, he moved to the Fort Lauderdale Strikers and played the 1980–1981 NASL season before being released.  He then moved to New York United for the 1981 American Soccer League season.  United went to the championship game where it fell to the Carolina Lightnin'.  He retired from playing professionally at the end of the season.

Coaching
D'Amelio began his coaching career as an assistant coach with Evansville in the fall of 1980 as he finished his bachelor's degree in languages.  In 1982, he coached the Reitz Memorial High School soccer team to the semifinals of the Indiana State championship.  However, it was an unpaid position and D'Amelio was making a living as a construction worker with Traylor Brothers Construction Company.  In March 1983, his brother and sister were able to get  him a position as a blackjack dealer in Las Vegas at a considerable increase in salary compared to his construction work.  He lived in Nevada for only a year or two before moving to East Rockaway, New York where he worked for KLM.  He also played at the amateur level and was an assistant coach with Baldwin High School.  In 1993, he returned to Las Vegas.  In 1998, he became an assistant coach at UNLV, a position he held for eight seasons.  In 2003, he became the head coach of the Las Vegas Strikers in the National Premier Soccer League.  The Strikers folded following the 2006 season.  He also coached at Valley High School.  In 2006, he coached the Las Vegas Toros in the National Alliance Soccer League.

References

External links
 UNLV coaching profile

1957 births
Living people
Adelphi Panthers men's soccer players
American soccer coaches
American men's soccer players
American Soccer League (1933–1983) players
Evansville Purple Aces men's soccer players
Evansville Purple Aces men's soccer coaches
Italian emigrants to the United States
New York United players
Fort Lauderdale Strikers (1977–1983) players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) indoor players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
UNLV Rebels men's soccer coaches
Footballers from Turin
People from Baldwin, Nassau County, New York
People from East Rockaway, New York
Philadelphia Fury (1978–1980) players
Men's association football defenders
Soccer players from Nassau County, New York
National Premier Soccer League coaches

Frank D'Amelio


Keith McCormack (October 19, 1940 – April 10, 2015) was an American singer, guitarist and songwriter.

McCormack was born in Dalhart, Texas, but was raised in Plainview. He sang and played guitar for the Patio Kids, the Rock 'n' Rollers, the Leen Teens and, finally, the String-A-Longs with Aubrey deCordova and Richard Stephens from 1956 until 1965. The Leen Teens were managed by Norman Petty, who later renamed them the String-A-Longs, and in 1960 they had their biggest hit with "Wheels", which reached number 3. He also recorded at Petty Studios under the alias of Mickey Boyd, Bryan Keith, Keith & Kay (with Juanita Jordan), and lead vocalist for "The Bug Men". He replaced Jimmy Gilmer in a late '60s lineup of The Fireballs; this formation toured but did not record. Actually, they did make 2 45RPMs on The Uni label as the band Colorado. 2 members of Colorado were Stan Lark - Fireballs bassist and George Tomsco - Fireballs lead guitarist.  Keith McCormack played rhythm guitar and was lead singer for the group. Their drummer was George Rudiger. The 2 Uni singles are "Country Comfort" B/W "My Babe", and "Moonshine"(Tennessee Wine) B/W "Dogwood". Keith McCormack is listed as composer on the Uni label for "Dogwood".

McCormack co-wrote "Sugar Shack" with his aunt Faye Voss, which was recorded by Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs and sold over one million copies in the United States in 1963. It was the biggest selling song of the year and spent five weeks at number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 from October 12 until November 9, 1963.  He also co-wrote their follow-up single, "Daisy Petal Pickin'", which reached #15 on the Billboard chart  and #5 in Australia.

He died of a stroke in Springfield, Missouri on April 10, 2015. He was 74.

References

External links

Interview with Keith McCormack in International Songwriters Association's "Songwriter Magazine"

1940 births
2015 deaths
People from Dalhart, Texas
American male singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Texas

Keith McCormack


A New White is the first studio album by American hip hop sextet Subtle. It was released on Lex Records in 2004. "F.K.O." and "The Long Vein of the Law" were released as singles from the album. The album peaked at number 55 on the CMJ Top 200 chart, as well as number 10 on CMJ's RPM chart.

Critical reception
Brian Howe of Pitchfork gave the album a 7.8 out of 10, describing it as "an chimera cobbled together from live and programmed drums, electronic strings, keyboards, samplers, guitars, woodwinds, and Doseone's chameleonic flows." Lee Henderson of PopMatters gave the album 7 stars out of 10, saying, "Subtle provides you with some of Doseone's best lyrics and art since his work with Boom Bip, accompanied by some of the best compositions anyone has created from the Anticon unit all told."

Track listing

Personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes.

Subtle
 Dax Pierson – keyboards, sampler, melodica
 Alexander Kort – electric cello, acoustic cello, electric bass, acoustic bass
 Jordan Dalrymple – drums, guitar, sampler
 Jeffrey "Jel" Logan – drum machine
 Marty Kalani Dowers – woodwinds, synthesizer
 Adam "Doseone" Drucker – words, vocals, synthesizer, artwork

Additional musicians
 J. Goody – trumpet (on "Song Meat")

Technical personnel
 Subtle – recording, mixing
 J. Goody – recording, mixing

References

External links

2004 debut albums
Subtle (band) albums
Lex Records albums

A New White


Earlville Historic District is a national historic district located at Earlville in Chenango and Madison County, New York. The district contains 164 contributing buildings. It includes the commercial area at the center of the village and residential areas on the main thoroughfares and two side streets.  Most of the buildings in the district were built between 1880 and 1920.  Located within the district is the separately listed Earlville Opera House.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

References

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Second Empire architecture in New York (state)
Italianate architecture in New York (state)
Historic districts in Madison County, New York
Historic districts in Chenango County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Chenango County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Madison County, New York

Earlville Historic District


Albertonykus (meaning "Alberta claw") is an alvarezsaurid dinosaur from the Maastrichtian-age (Upper Cretaceous) rocks of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta, Canada.  It is known from forelimb and hindlimb remains from multiple individuals.  All but two of the specimens come from a bonebed dominated by Albertosaurus, located at the top of Unit 4 of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, dating to ~68.5 million years ago.

Albertonykus is interpreted as having fed on wood-nesting termites because the forelimbs appear specialized for digging, but are too short for burrowing. Albertonykus is the earliest-known North American alvarezsaurid. Isolated bones of alvarezsaurids are known from late Maastrichtian rocks in Montana and Wyoming (USA). The bones now belonged to a new genus, Trierarchuncus.

The type species is A. borealis, described by Nicholas Longrich and Philip Currie in 2009. The specific name (borealis) means "north".

Discovery

Until the 1990s it was unknown that dinosaurs like Albertonykus existed. A chain of new discoveries from Asia and South America exposed the existence of these previously unknown theropod dinosaurs. North American finds remained rare. The bones of Albertonykus were discovered through a coincidental association with a much larger theropod dinosaur. In 1910, paleontologist Barnum Brown and his crew found a site filled with the bones of the gigantic  tyrannosaurid Albertosaurus sarcophagus. They unearthed the remains of at least nine different specimens of Albertosaurus in the single site, but stopped digging after just two weeks.

Renewed quarrying in the Albertosaurus bonebed in Dry Island Provincial Park again produced the remains of over twenty specimens of Albertosaurus, and the quarry has yet to be fully excavated. It is not known why so many tyrannosaurs were found in one place: paleontologist Nick Longrich speculated that the site was part of a predator trap, where trapped prey animals drew predators to their deaths.

At the same site, over a dozen arm and leg bones belonging to an unknown species of small theropod were in 2002 excavated by a team of scientist led by Philip John Currie of the University of Alberta. The bones were then stored at the Royal Tyrrell Museum in Alberta. In 2005 Nick Longrich, then a student at the University of Calgary , happened upon the small fossils while comparing Albertosaurus claws to other dinosaur species. Longrich recognized the fossils as alvarezsaurid, concluding that they represented a new species. Other fragments of Albertonykus were then recognized in the collections, which had not been identified as a separate species.

Description

Albertonykus is the smallest known alvarezsauridae ever discovered in North America, measuring  long and weighing . Alvarezsaurs typically had slender hind legs, long rigid tails, and unusually short arms that were powerfully built to support a large claw. Although no skull bones of Albertonykus have been found, related animals from Mongolia show that they likely had long, slender snouts filled with tiny teeth similar to those of armadillos and anteaters. It is likely that Albertonykus ate insects, using its large thumb claw to tear open rotten logs to find its prey. As in other alvarezsaurs, the forelimbs of Albertonykus were specialized for digging, but were too short to permit burrowing. Unfortunately at this time the skeleton of Albertonykus is not complete, but its Mongolian relatives give us a distinct idea of what the rest of the skeleton would have looked like.

Possible prey items were evaluated and compared with the fossil record of social insects. Ants were not an important part of the ecosystem during the Cretaceous, and mound-building termites do not appear until the Eocene. This leaves the possibility that Albertonykus preyed on wood-nesting termites. This hypothesis was tested by examining petrified wood from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, where Albertonykus was found. The wood found there frequently contains borings, which resemble those of termites.

Classification
Albertonykus is a member of an unusual theropod group known as the Alvarezsauridae and is one of only a few alvarezsaurid fossils that has been found outside of South America and Asia. After a phylogenetic analysis, it was shown that Albertonykus is a member of the Asian clade Mononykini, which supported the hypothesis that the alvarezsaurs originated in South America, and then dispersed to Asia through North America. The unearthing of Albertonykus provided important information into the biology of the Alvarezsauridae.

References

External links

Small 'Dr. Seuss'-like dinosaur dug up in Alberta news report at CBC.ca

Fossils of Canada
Alvarezsaurids
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America
Fossil taxa described in 2009
Taxa named by Philip J. Currie
Paleontology in Alberta

Albertonykus


The placenta is a temporary organ in the uterus (womb) of pregnant female mammals.  Its main role is to transfer oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood to the baby's blood, and to transfer waste molecules back from the baby's blood to the mother's.  It also protects the baby from  harmful substances in the mother's blood, and produces hormones that support the pregnancy.

The placenta is attached to the wall of the uterus and connected to the baby by big blood vessels in the umbilical cord. After the baby is born, the placenta and cord are also pushed out of the uterus. At this time the placenta and cord are often called the afterbirth.

Functions

The placenta feeds the baby and removes its wastes
The baby in the womb gets everything it needs through the placenta.  Oxygen travels in the mother's blood from her lungs to the placenta and then in the baby's blood through the umbilical cord to the baby.  Carbon dioxide waste travels the same route in reverse, from the baby's blood to the mothers blood and out through her lungs.  Nutrient molecules (sugars, fats, proteins and vitamins) travel through her blood from her digestive tract to the placenta, and then in the baby's blood to the baby, and waste products travel back to her kidneys for disposal.

The placenta protects the mother and fetus
One of the placenta's jobs is to make sure blood from the mother and fetus never mixes. The placenta acts as an exchange surface between the mother and the fetus. Nutrients and oxygen are passed from one bloodstream to the other by diffusion only. If the mother's and fetus's blood mixed, it could be deadly for both of them. If the mother and the fetus had different blood types, they might both die if their blood mixed.

The placental barrier protects the fetus
The placenta has two parts, one of which is genetically and biologically part of the fetus, the other part of the mother. It is implanted in the wall of the uterus, where it receives nutrients and oxygen from the mother's blood and passes out waste. This forms a barrier called the placental barrier, which filters out some substances which could harm the fetus.

However, the placental barrier is not able to protect the fetus from everything that could hurt it.  For example, alcohol goes through the placental barrier into the fetus.  This is why drinking alcohol during pregnancy can cause Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.  The placenta is also unable to filter out many other things.  Chemicals that can cross the placental barrier and hurt the fetus are called teratogens.  Some viruses can also cross this barrier and infect the fetus.  On the good side, many of the mother's antibodies can pass through the placenta, and these can help the baby resist diseases in its first year.

The placenta produces hormones
Throughout pregnancy the placenta produces hormones that travel through the mother's blood and help her body adapt to the pregnancy.  One of these hormones is detected by pregnancy tests; it also is responsible for the nausea many women experience early in pregnancy ('morning sickness').  Once the baby is ready to be born, the placenta produces hormones that stimulate labor.

Placenta-like organs in other animals
The egg-laying mammals (echidna and platypus) and marsupial mammals produce a type of placenta that provides nutrients mostly from the egg sac, instead of from the mother's blood. It is positioned in the female's body similar to eutherian mammals.  Non-mammals who give birth to live young rather than laying eggs (some snakes and lizards, and even some fish), have also evolved systems of internal development with a placenta-like tissue: these are examples of convergent evolution.

References

Pregnancy and childbirth

Placenta


Core Storage is a logical volume management system on macOS that was introduced by Apple to Mac OS X Lion. Core Storage is a layer between the disk partition and the file system.

Core Storage is the basis for Apple's Fusion Drive technology, which presents several partitions on multiple drives as a single logical volume. It does this by using tiered storage, whereby it keeps the most frequently used blocks on the fastest storage device in the pool, which is, by default, an SSD.

Description

Apple CoreStorage defines four types of objects, instances of which are uniquely represented by a UUID:

 Physical Volume (PV)
 This is the actual physical storage device such as an internal hard drive or solid state drive. A PV is normally real media but it can be a disk image or even an AppleRAID Set. A disk offered to be a PV must be a partition and the encompassing scheme must be GPT.
 Logical Volume Group (LVG)
 This is the equivalent of volume groups in Linux LVM. The Logical Volume Group (LVG) is the top or "pool" level; zero or more may exist during any OS boot time session. An LVG exports zero or more Logical Volume Families (LVFs).
 Logical Volume Family (LVF)
 An LVF contains properties which govern and bind together all of its descendant Logical Volumes (LVs). These properties mainly provide settings for full disk encryption (such as whether the LVG is encrypted, which users have access, etc). An LVF exports one or more LVs.
 Logical Volume (LV)
 A logical volume exports a dev node, upon which a file system (such as Journaled HFS+) resides.

Notes
Apple's current implementation is not intended for the traditional roles that LVMs were/are used for. For example, as of 2014, the pool cannot be expanded as the storage grows. Also in 10.7, the pool can comprise only a single drive. Core Storage also doesn't support thin provisioning, different RAID levels or resiliency. However, like in Linux, but unlike in Windows, the LVM can be used as the root filesystem, a significant advantage for home users who prefer to have a single volume for the OS and storage or find the need to extend the amount of storage available to the core operating system.

See also
 Logical volume management
 Fusion Drive

References

macOS APIs
Apple Inc. file systems

Core Storage


Puran poli (पुरण पोळी), Puran puri (પુરણ પુરી), Holige (ಹೋಳಿಗೆ), Obbattu (ಒಬ್ಬಟ್ಟು), or Bobbattlu (బొబ్బట్లు), Poley (పోళె), Bakshamulu (బక్ష్యములు), Boli (ബോളി), Boli (போளி) is an Indian sweet flatbread that originates from South India and Maharashtra.

Names
The various names for the flatbread include  (પુરણ પુરી) or   in Gujarati, bobbattlu or baksham or oliga in Telugu, Andhra Pradesh holige or obbattu in Kannada, puran poli (पुरणपोळी) in Marathi, payasabolli or simply bolli in Malayalam, Boli  in Tamil, bhakshalu or  pole or polae in Telugu, Telangana and ubbatti or simply poli in Konkani.

History
There is a reference to this dish in the Sanskrit encyclopedia Manasōllāsa in the 12th-century written by King Someshvara in Karnataka .

Its recipe (as bakshyam) is mentioned in Manucharitra, a 14th-century Telugu encyclopaedia compiled by Allasani Peddanna hailing from present-day Andhra Pradesh.
Bhavaprakash and Bhaishajya Ratnavali written by Govind dasa states recipe while explaining as part of Ayurvedic preparations.

Ingredients
Holige is made from senaga pappu, plain flour (wheat flour), jaggery or cane sugar, cardamom powder and/or nutmeg powder, ghee and water. Sometimes pigeon pea is used in Gujarat. It is commonly used in the state of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu as well. In Andhra Pradesh and other places, pesara pappu, chickpea (senaga pappu) or a mix is used. Other ingredients that may or may not be used are: nuts, dates, and turmeric powder.

Nutritional value

The predominant ingredients are chana, plain flour, jaggery or sugar.

1. Chana: It is a variant of chickpea. It provides fiber, is a major source of protein, may help reduce cholesterol and also contains zinc, folate and calcium. Toor dal can be used in place of chana dal and it has similar properties as of chana dal.

2. Plain flour, jaggery or sugar: These are the major sources of carbohydrates. While plain flour adds complex carbohydrates, jaggery and sugar are simple carbohydrates.

Regional variants

The method of preparation varies from place to place. There are many varieties of Obbattu including peanut, sugar, coconut, sesame and groundnut flavours. Sometimes grated coconut is added in Konkan, Maharashtra. Coconut palm jaggery may be used. Similarly, a mix of sugar and jaggery can be used as a sweetening agent. Normally nutmeg is used as a flavouring along the coast which is replaced by cardamom or sometimes both elsewhere. Methods of rolling the stuffed dough also differ. It can be rolled using rice flour which makes the rolling very convenient. In some recipes flour is not used at all; oil or ghee is used to roll it into a flatbread instead. The rolled bread can be roasted with or without any ghee or oil, which sometimes is smeared after its completely cooked. In some places, all-purpose flour dough is used after adding a pinch of turmeric which gives it a traditional yellow color. The dish is produced using a sweet filling inside flour dough. This is then rolled out and cooked on a hot griddle, usually with ghee.

The size and thickness of puran puri also vary greatly. In Gujarat where the stuffing used is toor dal, it is smaller in size and thicker, whereas in holige with coconut stuffing it is larger in size and thinner.

Maharashtra
It is the special dish of Maharashtra which is prepared on every occasion at every house especially during festivals such as Gudhi Padwa, Akshaya Tritiya, Ganesh Chaturthi and Holi. It is eaten with Basundi, Aamras, Kadhi, Amti, etc. In Maharashtra, Puran Poli is eaten with a variant of Amti (flavored sour curry) known as Katachi Amti is prepared with the remaining water of Chana Dal used to make Puran Poli. Mainly jaggery is used in puran poli for sweetness, it is eaten with Wada (Bhaji) – a pakora made of all lentils. In some regions of Maharashtra, Puran Poli is served with a dollop of ghee on top, which enhances its flavor and richness. The texture and taste of Puran Poli can vary from region to region, with some areas making it thinner and crispier, while others make it thicker and softer. The process of making Puran Poli can also differ slightly depending on the region, with some using a rolling pin to flatten the dough while others use their hands to shape it. The North-Maharashtra (Khandesh) region makes it using hand and call it as a Khapar chi Puran Poli or simply Mande which is huge in size and difficult to make.

Andhra Pradesh
It is popularly called bobbattu and served on major festive and other occasions. It is one of the sweets of Coastal Andhra. The stuff used inside the bobbattu varies according the region. It is served hot and eaten by applying a layer of ghee to it. Rava bobbattu is another variant of bobbattu. It is called as poli in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh and obbattu in northeast Andhra Pradesh.

Karnataka
It is a special dish served in the state of Karnataka on all occasions, especially during Yugadi (ಯುಗಾದಿ). Different varieties of holige are served in various parts of Karnataka and the most common is the one prepared with yellow gram and sugar or jaggery and obbattu is also prepared using coconut and sugar as the ingredients.

Tamil Nadu and Kerala
Opputtu in Tamil Nadu and payasaboli in Kerala is a golden-yellow sweet pancake from Tamil Nadu and Kerala. It is eaten during a traditional sadhya along with payasam. Several varieties of opputtu are prepared, including thenga (coconut) boli and  (brown sugar).

Opputtu is eaten mostly after lunch or as an evening snack. It is popularly sold in trains by hawkers.

Trivandrum boli is also a variety from Kerala.

Varieties of opputtu are available throughout the Deccan states.

See also
 List of Indian breads

References

Maharashtrian cuisine
Tamil cuisine
Indian breads
Indian desserts
Gujarati cuisine
Flatbreads
Sweet breads
Roti
Andhra cuisine
Rayalaseema

Puran poli


Thomas Drummond (1793 — March 1835), was a Scottish botanical collector.

Life
Thomas Drummond was the younger brother of the botanist James Drummond. He was born in Scotland, and during the early part of his life was at Don's nursery, Forfar. He first became known to botanists by his distributed sets of mosses, 'Musci Scotici,' and afterwards was attached as assistant-naturalist to Dr. Richardson in Sir John Franklin's second land expedition.

He accordingly sailed from Liverpool on 16 February 1825 and reached New York on the 15th of the following month. The expedition moved westward by the Hudson River and lakes Ontario and Winnipeg to the Mackenzie River. Drummond quit the main party at Cumberland House to explore the Rocky Mountains.

On 3 June 1827 Drummond met David Douglas at Carlton House as Douglas was venturing overland from Fort Vancouver toward York Factory, Manitoba on his return trip to London, collecting for the Royal Horticultural Society.

In the spring of 1831 Drummond journeyed on foot by the Alleghany Mountains, reaching St. Louis in July, where he fell ill. In consequence of this delay he was unable to join the fur traders on their expedition to the north. He therefore was compelled to confine his explorations to New Orleans and thereabouts. Hence he made a botanical tour in Texas; at Velasco an attack of cholera prostrated him, but on recovering he continued his labours. Drummond collected along the Brazos, Colorado and Guadalupe Rivers, spending almost two years collecting plants and birds in Texas.  His plant specimens from Texas were widely distributed in Europe and stimulated later botanical exploration. (Geiser, 1949) He embarked finally for Havana on 9 February 1835 and died at that port early in March. The plants sent home by Drummond were described by Sir William Hooker in his Flora Boreali-Americana, his Journal of Botany, and Companion to the Botanical Magazine.

He and his brother, James are honoured in 1855, in the Australian plant genus of Drummondita (in the Rutaceae family).

References

Other sources
Nisbet, Jack. The Collector: David Douglas and the Natural History of the Northwest (2009) Sasquatch Books.
Harvey, Athelstan George. Douglas Of The Fir: A Biography Of David Douglas Botanist (1947) Harvard University Press.
Lindsay, Ann and Syd House. "The Tree Collector: The Life and Explorations of David Douglas" (1999,2005) Aurum Press Ltd.
Geiser, Samuel Wood. "Naturalists of the Frontier" (1949) Southern Methodist University Press

External links
 Royal Botanical Gardens, Edinburgh

Further reading

1835 deaths
19th-century Scottish botanists
Scottish plant collectors
Scottish explorers
1793 births

Thomas Drummond (botanist)


The Lac du Val-Joly is an artificial lake in France, constructed before the 1970s.

Located  from the Belgian border, and close to Willies in the Nord département,  asl on the course of the Helpe Majeure, a tributary of the Sambre.

It was created with a dam to help regulate the flow of the Helpe Majeure, and also as a hydropower source, and as a source of water to cool the old thermal power station, Pont-sur-Sambre.

The lake has many species of fauna (some introduced by humans), and is currently classified as a Special Area of Conservation.

See also

References

Lakes of the Ardennes (France)
Lakes of Hauts-de-France
Lac du Val-Joly
Hauts-de-France region articles needing translation from French Wikipedia

Lac du Val-Joly