Fort Stockton,  later called Fort Dupont was a historical fortress in San Diego, California built in 1828. The Fort Stockton site is a California Historical Landmark No. 54, listed on December 6, 1932.

History
The fort was built by New Spain's Carlos Carrillo to overlook Pueblo de San Diego and San Diego Bay in Alta California. New Spain abandoned the fort in 1837. The fort became United States Army Fort Dupont from July 1846 to November 1846 when the United States Armed Forces took Old Town San Diego during the Mexican-American War. The fort was named after US Captain Samuel F. DuPont with the United States Navy that arrived on July 29, 1846, aboard  with Major John C. Frémont and his troops, also Kit Carson and his men. Stephen Rowan and William A. T. Maddox with their troops were first to come ashore in San Diego. Those aboard Cyane rebuilt the old fort on the hill. After rebuilding the fort Frémont and most of his troops marched to Los Angeles. Cyane also went to Los Angeles to take Los Angeles. Captain Ezekiel Merritt and John Bidwell stayed behind and held Fort Dupont. The fort was abandoned  shortly to Mexican Californios, Francisco Rico and Serbulo Varela with 50 of his troops. The US chartered the whaling ship Magnolia to take troops and supplies to San Diego. The Magnolia crew of 35 sailors and 15 volunteers landed and laid siege to the fort, city and port at San Diego and the fort was retaken. Mexican Ramon Carrillo and Captain Leonardo Cota returned with troops to retake the fort on October 26, 1846. But on October 31, 1846, Commodore Robert F. Stockton arrived aboard the frigate, . The vessel was loaded with troops under Archibald H. Gillespie. Mexicans Santiago Arguello and Miguel de Pedrorena joined the US forces to retake the fort.

The fort, now retaken, was given more fortifications. The improved fort was renamed Fort Stockton after Robert F. Stockton. The fort was turned over to General Stephen Watts Kearny. Fort Stockton became the United States headquarters for army that ended the Californio revolt in early 1847. The Mormon Battalion camped at Fort Stockton shortly in 1847. At the end of the short war with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848, Fort Stockton was abandoned on September 25, 1848. The Fort Stockton site is now a hill in  Presidio Park. A historical marker was placed on the hill on August 3, 1991 by the State Department of Parks and Recreation working with the San Diego City Department of Parks and Recreation and Squibob Chapter, E Clampus Vitus.

See also
California Historical Landmarks in San Diego County
Adobe Chapel of The Immaculate Conception
Casa de Carrillo House
Casa de Estudillo
Casa de Cota

References

California Historical Landmarks
History of San Diego County, California
1828 in Alta California
1828 establishments in Alta California
Landmarks in San Diego

Fort Stockton (San Diego, California)


In 2002, due to disputes with the Portuguese League Association, the Federation refused to consider the League Champion as National Champion.
So, the Portuguese Handball Federation reformulated the competitions, creating Divisão de Elite and considering is champion, National Champion, although being the second handball league in Portugal. The worsts are relegated to Portuguese Handball Second Division (renamed First Division during that period). Teams could only get to Liga Portuguesa de Andebol by candidature, because LPA was a closed league.

The best and most important Portuguese handball teams compete in Portuguese League with exception of Sporting CP which compete in Divisão de Elite

In the end of season 2005-2006, with the ending of the dispute between league and Federation was extinct Divisão de Elite.

Portuguese Divisão Elite Champions

2
Sports leagues established in 2001
2006 disestablishments in Portugal
Defunct sports leagues in Portugal
2001 establishments in Portugal
Defunct handball leagues

Divisão de Elite


Wilbur Dorsey "Buck" Clayton (November 12, 1911 – December 8, 1991) was an American jazz trumpeter who was a member of Count Basie's orchestra. His principal influence was Louis Armstrong, first hearing the record "Confessin' That I Love You" as he passed by a shop window.

Early years
Clayton learned to play the piano from the age of six. His father was an amateur musician associated with the family's local church, who was responsible for teaching his son the scales on a trumpet, which he did not take up until his teens. From the age of 17, Clayton was taught the trumpet by Bob Russell, a member of George E. Lee's band. In his early twenties he was based in California, and was briefly a member of Duke Ellington's Orchestra and worked with other leaders. Clayton was also taught at this time by trumpeter Mutt Carey, who later emerged as a prominent west-coast revivalist in the 1940s. He also met Louis Armstrong while Armstrong was performing at Sebastian's Cotton Club, who taught him how to glissando on his trumpet. After high school, he moved to Los Angeles. He later formed a band named 14 Gentlemen from Harlem, in which he was the leader of the 14-member orchestra.

From there, there are multiple sources claiming different ways in which Clayton ended up in Shanghai, China. Some claimed that Clayton was picked by Teddy Weatherford for a job at the Canidrome ballroom in the French Concession in Shanghai. Others claimed he escaped the US temporarily to avoid racism.

From 1934 or 1935 (depending on the sources), he was a leader of the "Harlem Gentlemen" in Shanghai. Some of the bureaucratic social groups he was with included Chiang Kai-shek's wife Soong Mei-ling and her sister Ai-ling, who were regulars at the Canidrome. Clayton played a number of songs that were composed by Li Jinhui, while adopting the Chinese music scale into the American scale. Li learned a great deal from the American jazz influence brought over by Clayton. A 1935 guidebook in Shanghai, listed Clayton and Teddy Weatherford as the main jazz attraction at the Canidrome. He left Shanghai before the 1937 Second Sino-Japanese War. Clayton is credited for helping to close the gap between traditional Chinese music and shidaiqu/mandopop. Li is mostly remembered in China as a casualty of the Cultural Revolution.

U.S. career
Later that year he accepted an offer from bandleader Willie Bryant in New York, but while moving east he stopped in Kansas City, Missouri and was persuaded to stay by Count Basie, whose orchestra had a residency at the Reno Club. Clayton replaced Hot Lips Page. Beginning in 1937, the Count Basie orchestra was based in New York City, giving Clayton the opportunity to work as a freelance musician in studio sessions with Billie Holiday and Lester Young. Clayton left Basie after being drafted in November 1943.

Post-war
After his honorable discharge in 1946, he prepared arrangements for Count Basie, Benny Goodman and Harry James and became a member of Norman Granz's Jazz at the Philharmonic package, appearing in April in a concert with Young, Coleman Hawkins and Charlie Parker, and in October participated in JATPs first national tour of the United States. He also recorded at this time for the H.R.S. label. In 1947, he was back in New York, and had a residency at the Café Society, and the following year had a reunion with Jimmy Rushing, his fellow Basie alumnus, at the Savoy Ballroom. Clayton and Rushing worked together occasionally into the 1960s.

From September 1949, Clayton was in Europe for nine months, leading his own band in France. Clayton recorded intermittently over the next few years for the French Vogue label, under his own name, that of clarinetist Mezz Mezzrow and for one session, with pianist Earl Hines. In 1953, he was again in Europe, touring with Mezzrow; in Italy, the group was joined by Frank Sinatra.

Mainstreamer
The English critic Stanley Dance coined the term "mainstream" in the 1950s, to describe the style of those swing era players who fell between the revivalist and modernist camps. Clayton was precisely one of the players to whom this appellation most applied. In December 1953, Clayton embarked on a series of jam session albums for Columbia, which had been the idea of John Hammond, though George Avakian was the principal producer. The recording sessions for these albums lasted until 1956. The tracks could last the length of an LP side, and it had been the new format that had given Hammond the idea, but sometimes this led to unfortunate anomalies. The title track on the Jumpin' at the Woodside album was compiled from two takes recorded four months apart, each with a completely different rhythm section. From this series also came Clayton's Jazz Spectacular album with Kai Winding, J. J. Johnson and vocals by Frankie Laine. Clayton also recorded for Vanguard, with Hammond producing, under his own name and on dates led by Ruby Braff, Mel Powell and Sir Charles Thompson.

In 1955, he appeared in The Benny Goodman Story, also working with Goodman in New York at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel two years later. In 1958, he was at the World Fair in Brussels for concerts with Sidney Bechet, and toured Europe the following year and annually through the 1960s. For the Swingville label (a subsidiary of Prestige Records) he co-led two albums with former Basie colleague Buddy Tate and supported Pee Wee Russell on his own outing for the label.

In 1964, he performed in Japan, Australia and New Zealand with Eddie Condon, with whom he had already occasionally worked for several years. In 1965, he toured the UK with trombonist Vic Dickenson, and blues singer Big Joe Turner, accompanied by British trumpeter Humphrey Lyttelton and his Band. This group featured on Jazz 625 for BBC television (later released on DVR). He made numerous visits to the UK thereafter and recorded three albums with Lyttelton. In order to hoodwink the musicians' union in the UK, it was necessary to claim that these albums were recorded in Switzerland. A live audio recording made on a club date with Lyttelton, was released on Lyttelton's own Calligraph Records label (CLG CD 048).

Last years
Shortly after appearing at the New Orleans Jazz Festival in 1969, Clayton underwent lip surgery and had to give up playing the trumpet in 1972. He was able to resume playing in 1977 for a State Department sponsored tour of Africa. He had to permanently stop playing in 1979, although he still worked as an arranger. He taught at Hunter College, CUNY from 1975–80 and again in the early 1980s.

The semi-autobiography Buck Clayton's Jazz World, co-authored by Nancy Miller Elliott, first appeared in 1986. In the same year, his new Big Band debuted at the Brooklyn Museum in New York, and Clayton toured internationally with it, contributing 100 compositions to the band book.

Buck Clayton died in his sleep in 1991.

Discography

As leader
 How Hi the Fi (Columbia, 1954)
 The Huckle-Buck and Robbins' Nest (Columbia, 1954)
 Buck Clayton Jams Benny Goodman (Columbia, 1955)
 Jumpin' at the Woodside (Columbia, 1955)
 All the Cats Join In (Columbia, 1956)
 Buck Meets Ruby (Vanguard, 1957)
 Harry Edison Swings Buck Clayton (Verve, 1958)
 Songs for Swingers (Columbia, 1959)
 The Classic Swing of Buck Clayton (Riverside, 1960)
 Buck & Buddy Blow the Blues (Prestige Swingville, 1961)
 Buck & Buddy (Prestige Swingville, 1961)
 One for Buck (Columbia, 1962)
 Buck Clayton's Canadian Caper (Discus, 1963)
 Just a Groove (Vanguard, 1973)
 A Buck Clayton Jam Session (Chiaroscuro, 1974)
 Tenderly (Inner City, 1979)
 Copenhagen Concert (SteepleChase, 1979)
 Passport to Paradise (Inner City, 1979)
 Jam Sessions from the Vault (Columbia, 1988)
 Buck Clayton Meets Joe Turner (Black Lion, 1992)
 A Swingin' Dream (Stash, 1989)

As sideman
With Count Basie
 The Original American Decca Recordings (GRP, 1992)
With Coleman Hawkins
 The High and Mighty Hawk (Felsted, 1958)
With Frankie Laine
 Jazz Spectacular (Columbia, 1956)
With Mel Powell
 Mel Powell Septet (Vanguard, 1953)
With Paul Quinichette
 Basie Reunion (Prestige, 1958)
With Red Richards
 In a Mellow Tone (West 54)
With Buddy Tate
 Swinging Like Tate (Felsted, 1958)
With Dicky Wells
 Bones for the King (Felsted, 1958)

References

External links
The Buck Clayton Collection at the Miller Nichols Library of the University of Missouri – Kansas City
Digitized photographs from the Buck Clayton Collection in the University of Missouri Digital Library
 The Complete CBS Buck Clayton Jam Sessions

Swing trumpeters
Mainstream jazz trumpeters
American jazz trumpeters
American male trumpeters
Count Basie Orchestra members
Hunter College faculty
1911 births
1991 deaths
Grammy Award winners
People from Parsons, Kansas
Riverside Records artists
20th-century American musicians
American male jazz musicians
The Chocolate Dandies members
20th-century American male musicians

Buck Clayton


Founded by Georg Neumann, Microtech Gefell was originally known as Georg Neumann & Company Gefell.

Gefell is the name of the town to which Georg Neumann fled from Berlin in 1943. An incendiary bomb had destroyed most of his original factory earlier that year. He brought his family, his technical director Erich Kühnast, his legal adviser Mr. Drechsler and around 20 employees with him, and soon set up shop in an abandoned textile factory. Production continued in Gefell of the microphone models made since the 1930s in Berlin, including the M7 capsule developed by Walter Weber and Hans Joachim von Braunmuhl of the Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft. By 1948, Neumann had moved back to his home in Berlin, which was finally relinquished by the military, and started up a new company called Georg Neumann GmbH. When the Berlin Wall was erected in 1961, Neumann's Berlin and Gefell workshops were separated.

In 1972, pressured by the GDR, the company changed its name to VEB Mikrofontechnik Gefell.  As a January 2004 Sound on Sound article stated: "Currently under the technical supervision of Kühnast's son, Microtech Gefell still produces the M7 capsule in exactly the same way Georg Neumann taught the elder Kühnast in the 1940s — hand drilling each hole in the backplate, making the PVC membrane, and gluing it all together by hand just as Neumann specified!"

Throughout the GDR period, the Gefell factory grew and supplied measurement and studio microphones to much of the east bloc. The original operation grew to about 160 employees by the late 1980s, and the East German government funded construction of a new building which now houses research and production for measurement and studio microphones. The company is owned by Georg Neumann KG, the descendant of the original firm that was nationalised by the GDR in 1972 and which is now owned by the Kühnast and Drechsler families.

Today the Microtech Gefell factory produces a range of studio and measurement microphones that are sold through distributors worldwide. Three generations of the Kühnast family and two of the Drechsler family are involved in management of the enterprise.

Sources
"Microtech Gefell 75 Year History"; https://web.archive.org/web/20040502160450/http://www.microtechgefell.de/eng/history/HistoriePDF/E_History%20Microtech%20Gefell%20_pdf.pdf
Cucoo, Jeremy; "Microtech-Gefell M296"; Recording.org;
"The History of Microtech Gefell"; Mercenary Audio; https://web.archive.org/web/20070914105604/http://www.mercenary.com/hiofmige.html
Robjohns, Hugh; "Microtech Gefell M930"; Sound on Sound January 2004; http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jan04/articles/microtechgefell.htm?print=yes

See also
List of microphone manufacturers

References

Companies based in Thuringia
German brands
Audio equipment manufacturers of Germany
Microphone manufacturers

Microtech Gefell


Miodrag "Miško" Perović (born in Belgrade) is a Montenegrin journalist, media publisher, university professor, political activist, and businessman.

Most notable for starting various media outlets in Montenegro during the 1990s and 2000s such as FM radio station Antena M, weekly newsmagazine Monitor (1990), daily newspaper Vijesti (1997), and television station TV Vijesti (2008), Perović is a political opinion maker in Montenegro. His influence and prominence is also exerted through his family - his sister Milka Ljumović is a well known Montenegrin banker and the founder of Crnogorska komercijalna banka (CKB), which was sold to Hungarian OTP Group in late August 2006 for €105 million.

Perović was also a fierce proponent for the formation of a Montenegrin cultural society, today known as Matica crnogorska. He was a founding member and was chosen as the vice-president on 22 May 1993 during its founding assembly, but soon resigned because of Božina Ivanović's election to the position of president.

Though lauded for the anti-war stance of his media outlets during the early 1990s while armed conflicts raged throughout the Balkans as well as their pointed criticism of the pro-Milošević authorities in Montenegro led by Milo Đukanović, Momir Bulatović, and Svetozar Marović, Perović has also frequently been criticized by various public figures in Montenegro for "switching sides" in 1997 following the split in ruling DPS party and providing open support to Milo Đukanović.

Early life
Born in Belgrade where his father attended professional development courses at the time, Perović's paternal family hails from Bare Radovića village in Lower Morača Valley. He left Belgrade as an infant of 3–4 months joining his father first in Kolašin. Then in Morača Monastery, and finally in Titograd where Perović spent his formative years.

He returned to Belgrade for university studies, graduating from the University of Belgrade, and later getting a MSc and PhD from the same institution.

Career
In spring 1999, during NATO bombing of FR Yugoslavia, Perović's radio station Antena M refused to respect the orders under the federal state of emergency act that stipulates strict broadcasting rules under the wartime circumstances. Instead, Antena M continued carrying Western foreign service programmes such as Radio Free Europe, Voice of America, BBC, etc. contrary to Yugoslav army requests. In an editorial in his magazine Monitor, he also urged Montenegrin government to stage a de facto coup by seizing control of the federal army bases located in the republic. Soon the Yugoslav army charged Perović on two counts - smearing the reputation of FR Yugoslavia and sabotaging the fight against the enemy - and issued a warrant for his arrest. In late April 1999, he shut down operations at both Antena M and Monitor rather than submit to military censorship and also went into hiding. On request from Montenegrin state security service chief Duško Marković, and Montenegrin president Đukanović, on May 12, 1999 Perović left the territory of FR Yugoslavia and relocated to Rome, Italy until the dust settled. After spending time in Italy and France, less than a month later, on June 6, he came back to Montenegro and couple of days later voluntarily appeared before the military court.

During the early 2000s, Perović became the vice-president of  Doclean Academy of Sciences and Arts (DANU).

References

Montenegrin journalists
Male journalists
Montenegrin educators
University of Belgrade alumni
Writers from Podgorica
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Miodrag Perović


Matrixism or The path of the One is a new religion based on the movie The Matrix. It was started by a group of people in the year 2004. By the year 2005, Matrixism had over 300 members and it was seen in books and newspapers. There are now 16,000 members of Matrixism.

Matrixism is a syncretic religion (a religion that joins together all religions). The words "the matrix" are seen in a Baha'i book from the year 1912 named "The Promulgation (starting) of Universal (complete international) Peace". Matrixism uses this fact to make a connection to the history of world religion but the three Matrix motion pictures are Matrixism's Bible (prime book).

Matrixism has four beliefs called "The Four Tenets (rules) of Matrixism". The four rules are; 1) Belief in the prophecy of the One. 2) Use of psychedelics (mind expansion medicine) as sacrament. 3) Seeing the relative nature of the world. 4) Acting by the rules of one of the world's religions. For Matrixism April 19th is a holiday (special day) named Bicycle Day. November 22nd is another holiday for Matrixism named the Day of Remembrance and Reflection. Aldous Huxley, John F. Kennedy and C.S. Lewis all died on this day in 1963.

The sign for Matrixism is 赤, the Japanese kanji for the word "red". This sign was used in the computer game Enter the Matrix. The color is a reference to the "red pill", from the motion picture The Matrix, which is representative of being able to see that which is true. The word (sign) 赤 is also a Chinese word (character). In fact, the Japanese kanji is from a Chinese character.

References

Other websites

New religious movements

Matrixism


Christiaan van Pol (14 March 1752 – 21 May 1813) was a flower painter from the Northern Netherlands.

Pol was born in Berkenrode, a small town of about ten Catholic families that is now part of Heemstede. He probably learned to draw in the tavern there known as the Dorstige Kuil, where the artists Simon Fokke, John Greenwood, Jan Punt and others from the Amsterdamse Tekenacademie would meet during the summer months. The historians Roeland van Eynden and Adriaan van der Willigen devoted six pages in their dictionary of artists to him. He first trained in Antwerp where he learned "sieraad schilderen", or decorative painting. Here he met Gerrit Malleyn and Cornelis van Spaendonck and through him, Gerard van Spaendonck and Jan Frans van Dael. He then travelled with them to Paris in 1782 where he at first spent time making decorative arabesques and painting flower arrangements in miniature on snuffbox lids. He became a good friend of Van Dael, who he stayed close to the rest of his life. Like Van Dael, he created oil paintings in the manner of Jan van Huysum, of which his best piece was shown in 1809 and another in 1814. He also made designs for the Gobelins Manufactory and his considered a pupil of Van Dael because of similarities to his work, though he was much older than him. He spent the last years of his life teaching.

Pol died in Paris and Pierre-Louis Dagoty bought his largest flower piece.

References

 Christiaan van Pol by Hans Krol, Heemstede historian

1752 births
1813 deaths
People from Heemstede
18th-century Dutch painters
18th-century Dutch male artists
Dutch male painters
19th-century Dutch painters
Flower artists
19th-century Dutch male artists

Christiaan van Pol


Mike Johnson (born 1952) is an American experimental rock guitarist and composer, best known as the co-founder and member of the Denver-based avant-rock group Thinking Plague. He has also been a member of Hamster Theatre and The Science Group, and has collaborated with several musicians, including Bob Drake, Susanne Lewis and Janet Feder.

Biography
Mike Johnson played in his first band at the age of 13 and began writing music at 17. He studied classical and electronic music in college in Denver but taught himself the guitar and composition. While at college in 1978 Johnson answered an advertisement at a local music store requesting a guitar player "into Henry Cow, Yes…" This put him in touch with bass guitarist and drummer Bob Drake. Johnson and Drake initially played in a few cover bands but in 1980 they began experimenting with prepared guitars and tape machines, and recording material Johnson had written. "Our goal was to combine the harder edge of progressive rock, as in Crimson and Yes, with the more modern tonalities and experimental approach as reflected in the work of the Art Bears, our major heroes at the time." By 1982 they had enough material to perform live and enlisted three other musicians for a brief tour of Denver. This band became the first incarnation of Thinking Plague.

Thinking Plague

Thinking Plague was active on and off between 1982 and 2004 and quickly achieved prominence in avant-rock circles. They made five studio albums, and released one live album recorded at NEARfest in 2000. Johnson and Drake led the group until Drake left in the early 1990s after which Johnson took the helm. Most of Thinking Plague's material was composed by Johnson.

Other bands and collaborations
While Thinking Plague has dominated most of Johnson's musical career, he has also been a member of Hamster Theatre since 1996 and The Science Group in 2003. He toured with the 5uu's and Hail in the mid-1990s and has collaborated with a number of musicians, including Bob Drake, Susanne Lewis, Janet Feder and Fred Frith.

Discography
With Thinking Plague
...A Thinking Plague (1984, LP, Endemic Music, US)
Moonsongs (1987, LP, Dead Man's Curve Records, UK)
Driving Me Backwards (compilation) (1987, LP, Dead Man's Curve Records, UK)
In This Life (1989, CD, Recommended Records ReR, UK)
RēR Records Quarterly Vol.2 No.4 (1989, LP, Recommended Records, UK)
RēR Quarterly Vol.4 No.1 (1994, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
In Extremis (1998, CD, Cuneiform Records, US)
A History of Madness (2003, CD, Cuneiform Records, US)
Upon Both Your Houses (live at NEARfest 2000) (2004, CD, NEARfest Records, US)
Decline and Fall (2012, CD, Cuneiform Records, US)
Hoping Against Hope (2017, CD, Cuneiform Records, US)
With Hamster Theatre
Siege on Hamburger City (1998, CD, Cricetus, US)
Carnival Detournement (2001, CD, Cuneiform Records, US)
The Public Execution of Mr. Personality / Quasi Dayroom (2006, CD, Cuneiform Records, US) (partially recorded at Progman Cometh)
With Hail
Turn of the Screw (1990, CD, Cuneiform Records, US)
With Janet Feder
Speak Puppet (2001, CD, Recommended Records ReR, US)
With Fred Frith
Prints (2002, CD, Recommended Records ReR, UK)
With The Science Group
Spoors (2003, CD, Recommended Records ReR, UK)
With Luciano Margorani
My Favorite Strings (2004, CD, Isinaz, Italy)
With David Shamrock
Thin Pillow (2004, CD, Pillowsounds, US)
With Yugen
Iridule (2010, CD, AltrOck, Italy)
With Dave Willey
Immeasurable Currents (2011, CD, AltrOck, Italy)

See also
Romantic Warriors II: A Progressive Music Saga About Rock in Opposition
Romantic Warriors II: Special Features DVD

References

External links
Mike Johnson biography. Thinking Plague homepage.
.
Interview with Mike Johnson, May 2001. The Giant Progweed; .
Interview with Mike Johnson, November 2004. Progressive Ears.

1952 births
Living people
American experimental guitarists
American male guitarists
American male composers
20th-century American composers
American rock guitarists
Musicians from Denver
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Guitarists from Colorado
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
Cuneiform Records artists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians

Mike Johnson (guitarist)


Henry Fowles Pringle (1897–1958) was an American historian and writer most famous for his witty but scholarly biography of Theodore Roosevelt which won the Pulitzer prize in 1932, as well as a scholarly biography of William Howard Taft. His work in the field of journalism reached many aspects of public and private life.

Early life
Pringle was born in New York City on August 23, 1897. He stayed in Manhattan throughout his high school education. He attended DeWitt Clinton High School, then located in Hell's Kitchen. Thereafter, he attended Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. He began his career in journalism by working for The Cornell Daily Sun. Pringle joined the United States Army in World War I but too late to be sent to Europe.

Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography
Pringle stayed in New York to begin his career in journalism. He wrote freelance for papers such as the New York Globe, the New York Sun, and the New York World. In 1931, he published Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography. His book was unique in that it did not shy from criticism of Roosevelt and by depicting him with an adolescent judgment:
The Theodore Roosevelt of later years was the most adolescent of men....Failure to receive the Medal of Honor for his exploits [in Cuba] had been a grief as real as any of those which swamp childhood in despair. "You must always remember," wrote Cecil Spring Rice in 1904, "that the President is about six."

The biography provided information that had been avoided in previous accounts of Roosevelt's life (including his autobiography). The book went on to win the Pulitzer Prize in 1932 for biography. In 1956 he published a shortened updated version. In 1939 he published The life and times of William Howard Taft (2 volumes Farrar, Rinehart & Company), authorized by the Taft family.

Pringle's biographer states:
<P>Pringle is best, and most justly, remembered for Theodore Roosevelt. With wit and insight he portrayed Roosevelt as the inimitable Teddy: self-conscious of his place in history, self-confident of his claims to greatness, whimsical, opportunistic, occasionally cruel, and probably sincere. Pringle saw in Roosevelt a figure to notice more than someone to admire.... The biography was a devastating account in some ways, as was to be expected from a writer with muckraking tendencies. In any case, Pringle's verdict on Roosevelt was accepted by the reading public as well as by most professional historians. Indeed, Roosevelt was not seriously challenged for twenty-five years.... Pringle's biography of Taft was a more balanced and thoughtful piece of work than the Roosevelt study. He had unlimited access to the large collection of Taft papers. Moreover, he discovered in Taft a "tortured soul" whose life could best be understood from the inside rather than from the outside. This offered a more serious challenge to the biographer than the chiefly visible exploits of Teddy Roosevelt. Pringle's Taft lacked the excitement of his Roosevelt, but its reputation proved to be no less enduring.  By 1940, Pringle was established as a major biographer of twentieth-century public men.

Personal life
Pringle met Helena Huntington Smith in New York and later married her in 1926. In 1919, they had a son named Geoffrey who died in middle age due to severe brain damage. In 1932, their daughter Margot was born, and then their second son Robert in 1936. During World War II, the family moved to Washington, D.C. Pringle never moved back to his hometown. While in D.C., Pringle worked for the Writers Division of the Office of War Information. In 1944, Helena and Henry got divorced. In 1944, he met and married Katharine Douglas.

Journalism career
Pringle was a teacher of journalism at Columbia University from 1932 to 1943. His unique style of teaching involved sending his students out as reporters to learn firsthand. He would then critique their pieces, acting as their editor. Pringle taught here until he moved to Washington. After writing his book, Pringle moved away from writing in Newspapers to writing for various magazines, such as the Saturday Evening Post and the New Yorker. In this way, he supported his family. He would sometimes work with his wife Katharine on articles.

Liberal views
In many senses, Pringle was ahead of his time. Prior to US entry in World War II, he urged intervention on the Allied side. That, like many of Pringle's other views, drew criticism and hate, specifically from pro-Nazi groups. However, Pringle maintained his views. Through writing an article for the Saturday Evening Post on the lack of African-American doctors, Pringle became involved in the issue of inequity towards blacks, which led to lasting friendships with faculty of Howard University.

Final days
Pringle was overtaken by disease later in life. His last work was a history of the Secondary Education Board, which he worked on with Katharine in order to attempt to improve segregated public schools in the American South. It was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation. When Pringle died prior to its completion, the project was finished by one of their staff, rather than Katharine.

References

External links

1897 births
1958 deaths
20th-century American biographers
Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography winners
Cornell University alumni
People of the United States Office of War Information

Henry F. Pringle


Walter Verlag was a publishing house founded in 1916 in Olten, Switzerland. In 1994, it was taken over by the Patmos publishing house, and later used again under the label of the Patmos group.

History
Otto Walter (1899–1944) bought the printing house of the conservative Oltner Nachrichten newspaper in 1915. In 1916, he founded Walter Verlag in Olten as an intellectual bulwark of Catholicism. Walter grew the small business into one of Switzerland's most prestigious printing companies and publishers.

Otto Walter's son, the author Otto F. Walter (1928–1994) was born to a family of 9 children, including Silja Walter (1919–2011) and seven other daughters. The son was seen as his father's successor. Otto F. started a three-year teaching post as a bookseller in Zürich. His father died in 1944. The son first worked in his father's company, then volunteered at a printing company in Cologne and worked as an editor for publisher Jakob Hegner before returning to Walter Verlag. Walter learned the publishing operation starting as a warehousemen and billing clerk, before becoming vice director and joint owner. In 1956 Walter became the manager of the literary editorial. He rebuilt the lineup, which at the end of the 1950s became one of the most innovative publishing addresses. Authors such as Alfred Andersch, Peter Bichsel Helmut Heissenbüttel, Alexander Kluge, Kurt Marti, and Jörg Steiner were published, but not Otto F. Walter.

Walter's program found little support in the conservative company, nor in his Catholic family, despite a stable financial base. Following Ernst Jandl's novel laut und luise in 1966, Otto F. Walter was fired by Walter Verlag, because his increasingly avant-garde views collided with the shareholders of the conservative Catholic publisher. The publishing house suffered from Walter's absence, and in the 1990s it was acquired by the Patmos publishing group.

During the 1960s the complete edition of the works of Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung were published. In the following decades the Psychology according to Jung became influential, inter alia with the works of Verena Kast and Eugen Drewermann, and even Wilhelm Reich's  Christusmord was released. The literary programme continued, while travel guides became a pillar.

The publishing house fell into financial difficulties in the early 1990s, and in 1992 Patmos Verlagshaus in Düsseldorf bought it. The Swiss headquarters was moved first to Solothurn, then to Zürich. The publishing house's magazine Sonntag ("Sunday") was taken over in 1994 by CAT Media AG in Baden. The literary work was published in Düsseldorf. As part of Patmos, Walter Verlag largely focused on psychology and self-help. Non-fiction books were published since 2007 under the Patmos brand, which effectively ended the existence of Walter publishing. By the end of 2009, Patmos separated psychology and religion, and re-activated the Walter Verlag, though this lasted only for a year. No books have been published under the label Walter Verlag since 2010.

See also
 Otto F. Walter
 Silja Walter

Literature
 Jubiläumsschrift des Verlages Otto Walter AG Olten: 1921–1946. Walter Verlag, Olten 1946.
 Elsbeth Schild-Dürr: Otto F. Walter – Sperrzone und Wunschland: eine Werkbiographie. Benteli Verlag, Bern 1992. .

References

External links

Publishing companies established in 1916
Publishing companies of Switzerland
Companies based in Olten
Companies based in Zürich
Swiss companies established in 1916

Walter Verlag


Gary Brown (born 1 November 1980) is a professional rugby union player. Brown attended Blackrock College and later played for Blackrock College RFC.

Leinster career
Brown made his first start for Leinster in 2003, in the Celtic League, in the 29-22 loss to Celtic Warriors at Sardis Road. Brown would go on to earn 43 caps in the competition, playing in the positions of fullback, center and wing, scoring 11 tries. Brown then played in his first Heineken Cup game in the 9-25 win against Treviso in Italy in 2004. It was the first of 4 caps, before he opened up his try tally with a brilliant touchdown against Bourgoin in Lansdowne Road.

Following Leinster's Heineken Cup win in May 2009 Brown announced his retirement from professional rugby to concentrate on his studies. He is currently playing for Wanderers FC.

External links
Brown's Leinster Profile
Leinster Rugby

References

Ireland international rugby sevens players
1980 births
Living people
Rugby union wings
Irish rugby union players
Leinster Rugby players
Blackrock College RFC players
University College Dublin R.F.C. players
Alumni of University College Dublin
People educated at Blackrock College

Gary Brown (rugby union)


Guy Overfelt (born 1977 in Baltimore) is a multi-disciplinary post-conceptual artist based in San Francisco and Bolinas, California. He works with various media including sculpture, performance, photography, video and drawing.

Overfelt received a B.F.A from the Maryland Institute College of Art and an M.F.A. from San Francisco Art Institute.

Best known for his burnout works made using a 1977 Pontiac Trans AM as an artist's utensil and subject matter, San Francisco-based Guy Overfelt's projects are raucous explorations of the American Dream via car culture. His body of work presents a special mix of printmaking, performance and sculpture that investigates the modern industrial complex by expropriating the symbolic brands of automotive corporations.

Guy Overfelt's work has been exhibited internationally in galleries and museums including the Oakland Museum of California; Guangzhou Triennial, China; St. Mary's University, Halifax, Canada; The Havana Biennial, Cuba; Ronald Feldman Fine Arts, New York; Jack Hanley Gallery, San Francisco, and White Columns, New York City. His work has been acquired by the Berkeley Museum Collection and the JPMorgan Chase Collection, as well as private collections. His work has been reviewed and featured in numerous publications, including the New Yorker, The New York Times, Art Net, Art Papers, Index Magazine, Paper Magazine, Time Out, Kobe Japan, Time Out, New York, Boing Boing, SF Guardian, Surface Magazine, and the San Francisco Chronicle, as well as other publications and catalogs. His work was featured in the documentary film 'Burning Rubber' which recently aired on Bravo.

Notable solo exhibitions

Four Real Walls, Four Walls Gallery, SF, CA (1997)
Project Evidence, White Columns, White Room, NY, NY (1997)
SBMA, Bronwyn Keenan Gallery, NY, NY (1998)
Burn-Out Trial, San Francisco Hall of Justice, SF, CA (1998)
The World #54, The Poetry Project, Taser Project, Summer (repro). (1998)
Game Over, Bronwyn Keenan Gallery, NY, NY (1999)
Free Beer, Refusalon Gallery, SF, CA (1999)
Cruzen USA, Jack Hanley Gallery, SF, CA (2000)
Deluxe, Refusalon Gallery, SF, CA (with Tony Labat and Mads Lynnerup) (2000)
Destroy, First Vienna Austrotel Contemporary Art Fair, Vienna, Austria (2000)
Sons of Liberty Tour, Charas/El Bohio, NY, NY (with Sabbra Cadabra / world's greatest Black Sabbath tribute band) (2001)
Bongzilla, Detour 888 Gallery, SF, CA (curated series Prime Time / Tony Labat) (2001)
PowerSlave, eyelevel gallery, Halifax, N.S., Canada (2002)
Nova G.O., Linc Art, SF, CA (with Nils Nova) (2004)
Highway To Hell, Garage Biennale, SF, CA (with Heather Sparks) (2008)
Freebird, Oakland Museum of California, Oakland, CA (2010)
Ever Wash, Ever Gold Gallery, SF, CA (2011)
"ASSED OUT AND THE MINI DRAMAS", Queens Nails Projects, SF, CA (with Andrew McClintock) (2012)

Notable group exhibitions
Basel Art Fair, Kunsthalle, Basel, Switzerland (curator: Daniella Salvioni) (1998)
Achieving Failure: Gym Culture 2000, Thread Waxing Space, NY, NY (curator: Bill Arning) (2000)
Wine, Women and Wheels, White Columns, NY, NY (curator: Paul Ha) (2000)
Action Jackson, Silverstein Gallery, NY, NY (curator: David Hunt) (2001)
Marked, Hunter College, NY, NY (curator: Heidi Zuckerman Jacobson (2001)
American Dream: A Survey, Ronald Feldman Fine Arts, NY, NY (2003)
Performance Anxiety, Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, Berkeley, CA (2004)
Burning Rubber, St. Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (2007)
A THIN SLICE, Baer Ridgway Exhibitions, SF, CA (2009)
Warhol Revisited?, De Young Museum + OFF Space, Oakland, CA (2009)
"Radical Light: That Little Red Dot", Artists' Television Access, SF, CA (2011)
(presented by SF Cinemathque and Berkeley Art Museum & Pacific Film Archive) (2011)
Who Dares Wins, Butcher's Daughter Contemporary Art, Detroit, MI (curator: Monica Bowman) (2011)
Spread - Conceptualism Then and Now, SOMArts Gallery, SF, CA (2011)
"Water McBeer", Ever Gold Gallery,  SF, CA (2011)
"I AM CRIME", SOMArts Gallery, SF, CA (2012)

References

External links
Smith, Roberta, Prop Fiction
Guy Overfelt on Artadia.org
Further information from Happenstand

Living people
American conceptual artists
Artists from Baltimore
Artists from California
San Francisco Art Institute alumni
Artists from the San Francisco Bay Area
1977 births
Post-conceptual artists

Guy Overfelt


Baron István Andrássy de Csíkszentkirály et Krasznahorka (16th century – 17th century) was a Hungarian author and nobleman. He was a member of the old aristocrat Andrássy family.

His work is mentioned in the catalog of the library of Sigismund Rákóczi, Prince of Transylvania: Stephani Andrássy triplex Philosophia. The book itself did not survive.

External links
 Szinnyei, József: Magyar írók élete és munkái I. (Aachs–Bzenszki). Budapest: Hornyánszky. 1891. (Online

16th-century Hungarian people
17th-century Hungarian people
Hungarian nobility
Istvan
16th-century Hungarian writers
17th-century Hungarian writers

István Andrássy (author)


The History of the Gold Coast Titans begins with the formation of the Titans club, an entirely separate entity to the Chargers club, which exited the NRL after 11 seasons from 1988 to 1998.

History of the Titans' bid

In 2003 Michael Searle and Paul Broughton began pushing for the reinstatement of a Gold Coast Team in the National Rugby League in 2006. In the second quarter of 2004 the Gold Coast Consortium, as they had become known, announced their team name and jersey at the Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre during an episode of Channel 9's The Footy Show. The team was to be known as the Gold Coast Dolphins and their colours would be white, jade and orange. The Dolphins moniker was very popular, however the Redcliffe Dolphins, which is the Queensland Cup's most successful team, threatened legal action if the Dolphins name was used in the Gold Coast team.

In mid-2004 the NRL announced that after viewing submissions from the Gold Coast Dolphins, the Central Coast Bears and the Wellington Orcas (Killer Whales) bids, there would not be a 16th team in the 2006 NRL Competition. The major hurdles for the Gold Coast team, which was by far the favourite to get the nod if the 16th licence was granted, was the use of the Dolphins name, and that their home ground, Carrara Stadium, was an oval and only seated 16,000.

Acceptance

Since the rejection of the Gold Coast's bid in 2004, the consortium did not give up in their quest for a Gold Coast NRL team. They dropped the Dolphins nickname, and the Queensland Government announced that they would spend $100 million on a new, rectangular stadium for the Gold Coast Team, should they be accepted. On 27 May 2005, the NRL CEO David Gallop announced that the Gold Coast had been accepted into the 2007 NRL competition. On the same night, an NRL match between the Bulldogs and North Queensland Cowboys was played on the Gold Coast Stadium. This coincided with the announcing of a new television deal with Channel 9, taking effect from 2007.

Search for a name

The Gold Coast RLFC, along with a Gold Coast radio station, set up a competition where listeners could submit possible names for the new team. This was shortlisted into 10 names, and people could vote on which of the ten they most preferred on the team's then-website, www.goldcoastrugbyleague.com.au

These 10 names were narrowed down to 3, which were:

 Gold Coast Titans
 Gold Coast Stingers
 Gold Coast Pirates

The most popular name was the Titans, and the team name Gold Coast Titans was announced on 21 September 2005.

Inaugural Season

On 18 March 2007 the Titans played their first official NRL match a  the St George Illawarra Dragons in front of over 42,000 speople at Suncorp Stadium in Brisbane but after falling 14 points behind in the second half 20-6 they couldn't manage a full comeback losing a tight match 20–18. Past Queensland State of Origin winger Chris Walker who was released by Melbourne Storm in 2006 started his comeback scoring two tries and three conversations for a 14-point haul.

See also

References

External links

Gold Coast Titans
Gold Coast Titans
History of Gold Coast, Queensland
Gold Coast Titans

History of the Gold Coast Titans


Social privilege is a special advantage or entitlement that benefits individuals belonging to certain groups, often to the detriment of others. Privileged groups can be advantaged based on social class, wealth, education, caste, age, height, skin color, physical fitness, nationality, geographic location, cultural differences, ethnic or racial category, gender, gender identity, neurodiversity, sexual orientation, physical disability, religion, and other differentiating factors.  Individuals can be privileged in one area, such as education, and not privileged in another area, such as health.  The amount of privilege any individual has may change over time, such as when a person becomes disabled, or when a child becomes a young adult.

The concept of privilege is generally considered to be a theoretical concept used in a variety of subjects and often linked to social inequality. Privilege is also linked to social and cultural forms of power. It began as an academic concept, but has since been invoked more widely, outside of academia.  This subject is based on the interactions of different forms of privilege within certain situations. Furthermore, it must be understood as the inverse of social inequality, in that it focuses on how power structures in society aid societally privileged people, as opposed to how those structures oppress others.

History

Writings of W. E. B. Du Bois

Arguably, the history of privilege as a concept dates back to American sociologist and historian W. E. B. Du Bois's 1903 book The Souls of Black Folk. Here, he wrote that although African Americans were observant of white Americans and conscious of racial discrimination, white Americans did not think much about African-Americans, nor about the effects of racial discrimination. In 1935, Du Bois wrote about what he called the "wages of whiteness" held by white Americans. He wrote that these included courtesy and deference, unimpeded admittance to all public functions, lenient treatment in court, and access to the best schools.

Codification of the concept
Early concepts that would lead to the term White Privilege were developed by the Weather Underground in the 1960s. In 1988, American feminist and anti-racism activist Peggy McIntosh published "White Privilege and Male Privilege: A Personal Account of Coming to See Correspondences through Work in Women's Studies". Here, McIntosh documented forty-six privileges which she, as a white person, experienced in the United States. As an example, "I can be sure that if I need legal or medical help, my race will not work against me", and "I do not have to educate my children to be aware of systemic racism for their own daily physical protection". McIntosh described white privilege as an "invisible package of unearned assets" which white people do not want to acknowledge, and which leads to them being confident, comfortable, and oblivious about racial issues, while non-white people become unconfident, uncomfortable, and alienated. McIntosh's essay has been credited for stimulating academic interest in privilege, which has been extensively studied in the decades since.

Overview
Historically, academic study of social inequality focused mainly on the ways in which minority groups were discriminated against, and ignored the privileges accorded to dominant social groups. That changed in the late 1980s, when researchers began studying the concept of privilege.

Privilege, as understood and described by researchers, is a function of multiple variables of varying importance, such as race, age, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, neurology, citizenship, religion, physical ability, health, level of education, and others. Race and gender tend to have the highest impacts given that one is born with these characteristics and they are immediately visible. However, religion, sexuality and physical ability are also highly relevant.  Some such as social class are relatively stable and others, such as age, wealth, religion and attractiveness, will or may change over time. Some attributes of privilege are at least partly determined by the individual, such as level of education, whereas others such as race or class background are entirely involuntary.

American sociologist Michael S. Kimmel uses the metaphor of a wind to explain the concept. He explains that when you walk into the wind you have to struggle for each step that you take. When you walk with the wind, you do not feel the wind at all but you still move faster than you would otherwise. The wind is social privilege and if it flows with you, it simply propels you forward with little effort of your own.

In the context of the theory, privileged people are considered to be "the norm", and, as such, gain invisibility and ease in society, with others being cast as inferior variants. Privileged people see themselves reflected throughout society both in mass media and face-to-face in their encounters with teachers, workplace managers and other authorities, which researchers argue leads to a sense of entitlement and the assumption that the privileged person will succeed in life, as well as protecting the privileged person from worry that they may face discrimination from people in positions of authority.

Awareness of privilege
Some academics, such as Peggy McIntosh, highlight a pattern where those who benefit from a type of privilege are unwilling to acknowledge it. The argument may follow that such a denial constitutes a further injustice against those who do not benefit from the same form of privilege. Derald Wing Sue has referred to such denial as a form of "microaggression" or microinvalidation that negates the experiences of people who do not have privilege and minimizes the impediments they face.

McIntosh wrote that most people are reluctant to acknowledge their privilege, and instead look for ways to justify or minimize the effects of privilege stating that their privilege was fully earned. They justify this by acknowledging the acts of individuals of unearned dominance, but deny that privilege is institutionalized as well as embedded throughout our society. She wrote that those who believe privilege is systemic may nonetheless deny having personally benefited from it, and may oppose efforts to dismantle it. According to researchers, privileged individuals resist acknowledging their privileges because doing so would require them to acknowledge that whatever success they have achieved did not result solely through their own efforts. Instead it was partly due to a system that has developed to support them. The concept of privilege calls into question the idea that society is a meritocracy, which researchers have argued is particularly unsettling for Americans for whom belief that they live in a meritocracy is a deeply held cultural value, and one that researchers commonly characterize as a myth.

In The Gendered Society, Michael Kimmel wrote that when people at all levels of privilege do not feel personally powerful, arguments that they have benefited from unearned advantages seem unpersuasive.

Examples of forms of privilege

Educational racism
Racism is the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to physical appearance and can be divided based on the superiority of one race over another. This can result in particular ethnic and cultural groups having privileged access to a multitude of resources and opportunities, including education and work positions.

Educational racism has been entrenched in American society since the creation of the United States of America. A system of laws in the 18th and 19th century known as the Black Codes, criminalized the access to education for black people. Until the introduction of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and the Civil Rights Act of 1866, seeking out an education was punishable by the law for them. This thus served to keep African Americans illiterate and only value them as a workforce. However, even after these institutional and legal changes, African Americans were still targeted by educational racism in the form of school segregation in the United States. In the 20th century the fight against educational racism reached its climax with the landmark Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education.

Educational racism also took other forms throughout history such as the creation of Canadian Indian residential school system in 1831, which forcefully integrated indigenous children into schools aimed at erasing their ethnic, linguistic and cultural specificities in order to assimilate them into a white settler society. Until the last residential school closed in 1996, Canada had an educational system which specifically harmed and targeted indigenous children. An estimated 6,000 children died under that system.

Nowadays the opportunity gap pinpoints how educational racism is present in societies. The term refers to "the ways in which race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, English proficiency, community wealth, familial situations, or other factors contribute to or perpetuate lower educational aspirations, achievement, and attainment for certain groups of students." In other words, it is "the disparity in access to quality schools and the resources needed for all children to be academically successful." Concretely this can be seen in the United States by considering how, according to the Schott Foundation's Opportunity to Learn Index, "students from historically disadvantaged families have just a 51 percent Opportunity to Learn when compared to White, non-Latino students."

According to McKinley et al.
Students of color are pushed toward academic failure and continued social disenfranchisement. Racist policies and beliefs, in part, explain why children and young adults from racially marginalized groups fail to achieve academically at the same rate as their White peers.

Heterosexual privilege
Heterosexual privilege can be defined as "the rights and unearned advantages bestowed on heterosexuals in society". There are both institutional and cultural forces encouraging heterosexuality in society. Sexual orientation is a repeated romantic, sexual or emotional attraction to one or multiple genders. There are a variety of categories including heterosexual, gay, lesbian, and bisexual. Heterosexual is considered the normative form of sexual orientation.

Heterosexual privilege is based in the existence of homophobia in society, particularly at the individual level. Between 2014 and 2018, 849 sexual orientation related hate crimes were committed in Canada. Despite the fact that Canada legalized same-sex marriage in 2005 and has enshrined the protection of the human rights of all people of all sexual orientations, there is still societal bias against those who do not conform to heterosexuality.

Beyond this, institutions such as marriage stop homosexual partners from accessing each other's health insurance, tax benefits or adopting a child together. Same sex marriage is legal in only 27 countries, mostly in the northern hemisphere. This results in an inability for non-heterosexual couples to benefit from the institutional structures that are based on heterosexuality, resulting in privilege for those who are heterosexual.

Intersectionality
Privilege theory argues that each individual is embedded in a matrix of categories and contexts, and will be in some ways privileged and other ways disadvantaged, with privileged attributes lessening disadvantage and membership in a disadvantaged group lessening the benefits of privilege. This can be further supported by the idea of intersectionality, which was coined by Kimberle Crenshaw in 1989. When applying intersectionality to the concept of social privilege, it can be understood as the way one form of privilege can be mitigated by other areas in which a person lacks privilege, for example, a black man who has male privilege but no white privilege. It is also argued that members of privileged social identity groups often do not recognize their advantages.

Intersections of forms of identity can either enhance privilege or decrease its effects. Psychological analysis has found that people tend to frame their lives on different elements of their identity and therefore frame their lives through the privilege they do or do not have. However, this analysis also found that this framing was stronger amongst certain nationalities, suggesting that identity and privilege may be more central in certain countries. Often people construct themselves in relation to the majority, so ties to identity and therefore degrees of privilege can be stronger for more marginalized groups.

Forms of privilege one might have can actually be decreased by the presence of other factors. For example, the feminization of a gay man may reduce his male privilege in addition to already lacking heterosexual privilege. When acknowledging privilege, multifaceted situations must be understood individually. Privilege is a nuanced notion and an intersectional understanding helps bridge gaps in the original analysis.

Criticism
The concept of privilege has been criticized for ignoring relative differences among groups. For example, Lawrence Blum argued that in American culture there are status differences among Chinese, Japanese, Indians, Koreans, and Cambodians, and among African Americans, black immigrants from the Caribbean, and black immigrants from Africa.

Blum agreed that privilege exists and is systemic yet nonetheless criticized the label itself, saying that the word "privilege" implies luxuries rather than rights, and arguing that some benefits of privilege such as unimpeded access to education and housing would be better understood as rights; Blum suggested that privilege theory should distinguish between "spared injustice" and "unjust enrichment" as some effects of being privileged are the former and others the latter. Blum also argued that privilege can end up homogenising both privileged and non-privileged groups when in fact it needs to take account the role of interacting effects and an individual's multiple group identities. "White privilege", Michael Monahan argued, would be more accurately described as the advantages gained by whites through historical disenfranchisement of non-whites rather than something that gives whites privilege above and beyond normal human status.

Psychologist Erin Cooley reported in a study published in 2019 that reading about white privilege decreased social liberals' sympathy for poor whites and increased their will to punish/blame but did not increase their sympathy for poor blacks.

See also
Ableism
Body privilege
Caste
Christian privilege
First World privilege
Horizontal inequality
Ingroups and outgroups
Male privilege
Nobility
Social justice

Further reading

References

Critical theory
Feminist terminology
Feminist theory
Gender equality
Identity politics
Post-structuralism
Social justice terminology
Majority–minority relations
Concepts in social philosophy

Social privilege


Caladenia horistes, commonly known as the cream spider orchid is a species of orchid endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single, hairy leaf and one or two, creamy-yellow flowers which have a red-striped labellum and long, dark, thread-like tips on the sepals and petals.

Description
Caladenia horistes is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single erect, hairy leaf,  long and  wide. One or two flowers  long and  wide are borne on a stalk  tall. The flowers are cream-coloured to creamy-yellow and the sepals and petals spread horizontally but have long, drooping, dark, thread-like tips. The dorsal sepal is erect,  long and  wide at the base and the lateral sepals are about the same size. The petals are  long and about  wide. The labellum is  long and  wide and a similar colour to the sepals and petals but with pale brown or red lines and blotches. The sides of the labellum have short teeth, the tip is turned downwards and there are two rows of cream to yellowish, anvil-shaped  calli along its centre. Flowering occurs from August to early October.

Taxonomy and naming
Caladenia horistes was first described in 2001 by Stephen Hopper and Andrew Phillip Brown from a specimen collected in the Wittenoom Hills north of Esperance and the description was published in Nuytsia. The specific epithet (horistes) is an Ancient Greek word meaning "definer of boundaries" referring to the distribution of this species being at the easterly limit distribution of orchids similar to this species.

Distribution and habitat
The cream spider orchid occurs between the Fitzgerald River National Park and Balladonia in the Avon Wheatbelt, Coolgardie, Esperance Plains, Jarrah Forest and Mallee biogeographic regions where it grows in shrubland near creeks and around granite outcrops.

Conservation
Caladenia horistes is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

References

horistes
Orchids of Western Australia
Endemic orchids of Australia
Plants described in 2001
Endemic flora of Western Australia
Taxa named by Stephen Hopper
Taxa named by Andrew Phillip Brown

Caladenia horistes


Alikovo folk theater folk theater of Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, is located in village Alikovo.

History
The library in Alikovo opened in 1933. Vasily Illarionovich Volkov, the native of village Siner, started to work there. It began cultural education of native land. Because of this, the youth starts to reach for the culture center. In 1934 V. I. Volkov organized the first theatrical workshop.

In 1967 young talents put on a comedy play «Виçĕ туй» («Three weddings») by A. Askhel. Execution of leading roles Veniamin Zolotov, Albina Orehova, Elena Hrabrova, Gennady Mihajlov and others are the present actors images. Arrived on viewing of this statement from Cheboksary the commission recommends to appropriate to drama collective of a name "Folk theater".

The first work of Alikovsky folk theater — a comedy play «Туй икерчи» («Wedding pancakes») by Mari playwright A.Volkov. The premiere has passed on November, 20th, 1968. In this first work of theater have flashed the V. L. Tikhonov's skill (Zolotov's maiden name), L. G.Gerasimov, A.  G. Grigoriev, A. A. Janovich, M. M. Mihajlov, D. I. Illarionov, Z. M. Vintsova, A. G. Gurjev. The Director of performance was D. Illarionov, the artist — P.Aleksandrov, music — K. Volkov. Performance has passed 20 displays.

In 1990 folk theater leaves for ten days on tour to Bashkortostan, «Виçĕ туй» in the updated perusal participates in the All-Russia festival with a musical comedy. In 1992 theatrical collective stages the comic play «Юрату — хăпарту мар» (Love not the toy), takes out the same work on court of jury of republican festival of folk theaters. Performance 2 times has been shown on the Chuvash television.

Literature
 Leo Efimov, Alikovsky Encyclopedia, Chuvash book publishing house, Cheboksary, 2009.
 L. A. Efimov, «Элӗк Енӗ», «Alikovsky District», Alikovo, 1994.
 «Аликовская энциклопедия», editors: Efimov L. A., Efimov E. L., Ananjev A. A., Terentjev G. K., Cheboksary, 2009, .

References

External links
 Alikovo folk theater continues to please spectators with the skill
 On a scene — folk theaters
 At republican festival «Victory Echo» the Alikovo folk theater has received the Diploma of III degree
 Alikovsky Folk Theater-the owner of a special diploma of the Open competition of theater groups "Here and now" in Smolensk. Smolensk, Russia, 2021

Alikovsky District
Theatres in Chuvashia

Alikovo folk theater


7-Aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) is a fluorescent chemical compound with a strong affinity for DNA.  It is used as a fluorescent marker for DNA in fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry.  It intercalates in double-stranded DNA, with a high affinity for GC-rich regions, making it useful for chromosome banding studies.

Applications
With an absorption maximum at 546 nm, 7-AAD is efficiently excited using a 543 nm helium–neon laser; it can also be excited with somewhat lower efficiency using a 488 nm or 514 nm argon laser lines.  Its emission has a very large Stokes shift with a maximum in the deep red: 647 nm.  7-AAD is therefore compatible with most blue and green fluorophores – and even many red fluorophores – in multicolour applications.

7-AAD does not readily pass through intact cell membranes; if it is to be used as a stain for imaging DNA fluorescence, the cell membrane must be permeabilized or disrupted. This method can be used in combination with formaldehyde fixation of samples.

7-AAD is also used as a cell viability stain.  Cells with compromised membranes will stain with 7-AAD, while live cells with intact cell membranes will remain dark. Viability of the cells in flow cytometry should be around 95% but not less than 90%.

Actinomycin D

The related compound actinomycin D is nonfluorescent, but binds DNA in the same way as 7-AAD.  Its absorbance changes when bound to DNA, and it can be used as a stain in conventional transmission microscopy.

References

Gallery

External links
 Structure from Invitrogen
 MSDS

Fluorescent dyes
Cell imaging
Staining dyes
Cell biology
DNA intercalaters

7-Aminoactinomycin D


Calectasia narragara, commonly known as a blue tinsel lily or star of Bethlehem, is a plant in the family Dasypogonaceae growing as a tufted rhizomatous herb. It is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia and common in most of its range.

Description
Calectasia narragara is an undershrub without stilt roots but with a short rhizome from which it is able to form clones. The roots are clustered, wiry and sand-binding. It grows to a height of about  with many very short side branches. Each leaf blade is glabrous except sometimes at the margins,  long,  wide tapering to a short, sharp point on the end. The base of the petals (strictly tepals) form a tube  long, which, unlike most others in the genus (but not C. hispida), is glabrous. The outer part of the petals are blue with bronze margins and spread outwards to form a papery, star-like pattern which fades to white with age. In the centre of the star are six yellow stamens forming a tube which turns orange-red with age. The thin style sometimes extends beyond the stamens. It is similar to the other species of Calectasia and is distinguished from them by a combination of the presence of a short, compact rhizome, lack of stilt leaves, the glabrousness of the leaf blades and the change in colour of the petals and stamens with age. Flowers mostly appear from June to September.

Taxonomy and naming
Calectasia narragara is one of eleven species in the genus Calectasia. It was described as a new species in 2001 by R.L. Barrett and K.W. Dixon from a specimen collected in Kings Park, near the nature trail, 0.5 km west of the Roe Memorial. (The Roe Memorial commemorates John Septimus Roe, Western Australia's first surveyor-general.)

The specific epithet (narragara) is a composite Nyoongar name for a star, chosen for the common name of "Star of Bethlehem" which has often been applied to this species.

Distribution and habitat
This species of blue tinsel lily is widespread and common within 80 kilometres of the coast on the Swan Coastal Plain and Darling Scarp from Busselton north to Geraldton, in the South West Botanical Province. It usually grows in a wide range of vegetation associations and habitats, including kwongan, woodland on white, grey or yellow sand and occasionally in swampy areas.

Conservation status
Calectasia narragara is classified as not threatened.

References

External links

narragara
Endemic flora of Western Australia
Commelinids of Australia
Plants described in 2001
Taxa named by Russell Lindsay Barrett

Calectasia narragara


Dr. Gaius Baltar is a fictional character in the TV series Battlestar Galactica played by James Callis, a reimagining of Count Baltar from the 1978 Battlestar Galactica series. He is one of the show's primary characters.

Personality

Gaius Baltar regularly uses a well-developed acting talent to spin yarns on virtually any subject when he feels the need. He possesses a dry, cynical sense of humour but is prone to bouts of neurosis. A charismatic genius and womanizer, he is initially portrayed as a self-serving opportunist, but becomes a braver and more caring character over the course of the series, expressing regret for having been "a profoundly selfish man." Baltar is initially an atheist, but ultimately converts to the Cylons' monotheistic religion. Baltar is described as "weak", "arrogant" and "a coward" by Lee Adama while Caprica Six describes Baltar as "narcissistic, self-centered, feckless and vain." William Adama once indicated that Baltar consistently sees himself as a "victim," allowing him to escape responsibility for his guilt. Later in the series, his most profound changes begin during his adoption (against his will) as a religious figure, and he begins demonstrating increased compassion and bravery. His eventual self-awareness, love for Caprica Six, and compassion for the Agathons also motivate him to humble himself, serving in the Colonial Fleet during Hera's rescue mission and eventually choosing a quiet life as a farmer.

Character biography

Early life
Gaius Baltar claims to be from the colony of Aerilon, and that at the age of ten, finding the Aerilonian dialect to be detrimental to his career dreams, he trained himself to speak the Caprican dialect in hopes of one day being considered a citizen of one of the more respected and wealthy colonies such as Caprica. He also has a very troubled relationship with his father.

The destruction of the Twelve Colonies
At the onset of the show, he is involved in a sexual relationship with a blonde woman. Believing her to be working for a corporation in the defense industry, and desiring a more permanent relationship with her, he gives her access to the highly classified Colonial defense mainframe (an act of treason punishable by the death penalty) so her employers can have an advantage in future contract bidding. In exchange for his access to the government mainframe, she helps him design a navigation program used by Colonial warships, covertly creating backdoors in the program. When the Cylons attack the Twelve Colonies of Kobol, they use those backdoors to penetrate software security firewalls, disabling entire fighter squadrons outright and sabotaging vital capital-ship systems. On the day the Cylons attack humanity, the woman reveals she is an advanced Cylon, model Number Six (later known as Caprica Six), and she used the information that Baltar gave her to shut down the Colonial defenses, thus making him responsible for the Cylons' successful genocidal campaign against the Twelve Colonies. Baltar manages to survive the nuclear explosion that destroys his home due to Caprica Six using her body to shield him.

As a result of the nuclear blast, Number Six is killed, and as a Cylon her memories are automatically "downloaded" during the blast to be later resurrected, as revealed in later episodes. For the duration of the series, Baltar is haunted by a version of Six only he can see. This woman toys with alternate explanations for her existence, from a Cylon chip in his brain sending signals, to an hallucination created out of guilt over the attacks, and thirdly to her being an Angel sent by God to watch over him, and Baltar finally assumes the latter following a medical checkup and rationalising that her extraordinary information to solve problems cannot simply be his own mind.

Having unintentionally brought about the near-annihilation of the human species, Baltar flees Caprica when Karl Agathon gives up his place on a Raptor, feeling that his own life is less important to save than a famed scientist's. The Raptor returns to the Battlestar Galactica, where Baltar attempts to endear himself to Laura Roslin, the new President of the remnants of the Twelve Colonies, and hopes to conceal his involvement in the genocide that has taken place.

Scientist for the Fleet

Once a part of the fleet, Baltar is haunted by visions of Number Six, with whom he converses often (cf. Head Six). It is unclear to Baltar whether these projections are from a chip Number Six implanted in his brain while they were together on Caprica (the explanation originally given by the Number Six vision, which she later disclaimed) or if she is simply a manifestation of Baltar's own mind. Although the vision of Number Six manipulates Baltar through his fear of discovery, she lends him an edge by granting him knowledge of situations.  The model of Number Six who had seduced him on Caprica later experiences similar visions after her consciousness was downloaded into a new body. Whereas Baltar experienced visions of her, she experienced visions of him. Both visions acted in similar ways: they were seemingly crueler than the person they were based on and often manipulated the affected party against his or her own species.

Shortly after Baltar comes on board Galactica, Head Six reveals that a device which he had previously seen in possession of Six on Caprica has been surreptitiously installed in Galactica's Combat Information Center (CIC) (the command and control center of the battlestar). Head Six tells him it wasn't her job to put it in there. Baltar realizes there is a Cylon on board Galactica, but knows he cannot reveal that information, or indicate the device is not a part of the ship without implicating himself in the destruction of the Colonies. Baltar decides to implicate a person on board who goes by Aaron Doral because he is a civilian who has had access to the CIC during the last several weeks and, as an outsider, would be more likely to not be trusted by the Galactica crew. Having already been put in charge of testing the fleet for Cylons, Baltar informs the Executive Officer that he discreetly collected hair samples of crew members and has found Doral is a Cylon. Baltar, however, had no method at the time for testing for Cylons in the fleet. Baltar also explains he saw Doral doing something with a strange-looking device in the CIC he does not recognize. This forces him to develop an actual method for testing the fleet for Cylons, having already "demonstrated" an ability to do so. The process he eventually creates is reliable and is done through the testing of blood samples, but is time-consuming (it takes 11 hours to test one person).

In the episode "Six Degrees of Separation", Baltar is accused of being a traitor to the human race when a flesh-and-blood Number Six (after Baltar and Head Six have a heated argument over whether or not God exists) produces photographic evidence showing that Baltar carried an explosive device into the Colonial Defense Mainframe on Caprica, allowing the Cylons to carry out their nuclear attack. When it is found the evidence is fake, President Roslin holds a press conference publicly exonerating Baltar. Head Six tells him his public position is now stronger than ever since he has been accused of a serious crime and found innocent, and even possibly been the target of a Cylon plot. Meanwhile, the real-life Six disappears from Galactica and is nowhere to be found.

In the episode "The Hand of God", Baltar successfully helps the fleet destroy a Cylon mining base on an asteroid with badly needed tylium ores for fueling the fleet. The planners of the attack ask Baltar to point out where the best target for a bomb run is on a recon photo, even though he has no idea what it looks like. In his mind, Baltar asks Head Six for help, but she tells him it is in God's hands and He will 'tell' Baltar where to point. Baltar then points to one of the buildings of the base, simply as a wild guess. Much to Baltar's surprise, his guess was correct. Baltar comes to believe the only logical explanation is that God guided his hand.

Vice-Presidency

In the episode "Colonial Day", Baltar, now Caprica's representative to the Quorum of Twelve, is elected vice-president with Roslin's support. In the episode "Home, Part II", Baltar undergoes a brain scan which reveals no sign of a computer chip. He realizes his vision of Number Six could not be a hallucination, as she is aware of facts he could not possibly know. She tells him the first Human/Cylon Hybrid will be born in the ship's brig; soon, the Caprican version of the Cylon Sharon Valerii (pregnant with the human Karl Agathon's child) is imprisoned in it. When Baltar confronts Six with this, she simply replies she is "an angel of God sent here to protect you, to guide you, and to love you". Head Six later persuades Baltar to give a nuclear warhead to a pacifist movement. Admiral William Adama had given the nuclear warhead to Baltar in an earlier episode for use in constructing a Cylon detector.

Baltar proceeds to run for president against Roslin. He is far behind Roslin in the polls when a habitable planet is accidentally discovered in a region of space where heavy electromagnetic interference makes long-range observation difficult. Baltar announces that he will begin immediate civilian settlement of New Caprica if elected. Due to his support for settlement of New Caprica, the election promptly swings in Baltar's favor and he is sworn in as president. During the inauguration itself, the nuclear warhead Baltar gave up destroys a luxury liner. Following this apparent act of Cylon terrorism, Admiral Adama urges Baltar to focus immediately on internal security and investigate how a Cylon agent could have carried out the bombing. Baltar refuses, however, and proceeds with plans for settlement.

Presidency

After one year, life on New Caprica is extremely difficult, with the civilian population living in rough conditions and shortages of basic supplies like antibiotics persisting. A Cylon fleet arrives in orbit of New Caprica and the remaining military fleet jumps away. A Cylon delegation accepts Baltar's surrender. When Baltar asks how the Cylons managed to detect New Caprica, it is revealed they were a light-year away when they detected the light and radiation from the nuclear explosion Gina set off the year before. Baltar continues to hold the office of the Presidency, but only as a figurehead. Compounding his alienation to his people, he was forced at gunpoint to sign an execution order for hundreds of humans. However, throughout the occupation of New Caprica, Baltar tried to persuade the Cylons their mission to rule over the human race could not succeed and they should leave the planet. When the Colonials evacuate New Caprica, Baltar and Caprica-Six discover Hera, the child of Sharon "Athena" Agathon whom Head Six predicted would be born in Galactica's Brig. Baltar's rescue of the child helps him convince the Cylons to make him a member of their fleet.

Life among the Cylons

In the episode "Collaborators", we find Baltar living on a Cylon Basestar in a barless cell. Caprica-Six informs Baltar she has had a change of heart about him and has let her feelings for him cloud her judgment, presumably ending their relationship. However, by the end of the episode, it is indicated she has cast the tie-breaking vote amongst the Cylons to allow Baltar to remain alive aboard the Cylon Basestar, though it is clear they remain estranged. Over time, Baltar becomes accustomed to his new environment. Once Baltar learns that no one knows what the "Final Five" Cylons look like, he begins to suspect that he himself may be a Cylon. He admits however that this is wishful thinking on his part, because of his desire to have all his 'sins' forgiven and become a hero to another people.

Towards the end of Baltar's stay with the Cylons, he grows much closer to D'Anna, who has become obsessed with finding the identities of the "Final Five" Cylons. Pondering if he himself is a Cylon, Baltar brushes Caprica-Six aside and aligns with D'Anna. Together, in the episodes "Eye of Jupiter" and "Rapture", Baltar and the Three models defy the other Cylon models and he and D'Anna travel to the surface of an algae planet in search for an ancient ruined temple. Three believed the temple would show her the identities of the Final Five. D'Anna appears to see the Final Five, but collapses and swiftly dies before she can tell Baltar if he is a Cylon or not. Hoping to retrigger the vision, Baltar steps onto the platform D'Anna used, when Chief Tyrol gets the drop on Baltar and knocks him out. The ex-president is then transported back to Galactica in a body bag and sent to the brig.

Trial
Baltar is subjected to a hallucinogen-based interrogation by Admiral Adama about any involvement with the Cylons. Baltar admits his unwitting complicity in the original Cylon attack on the Colonies, though without any specifics. Meanwhile, Baltar smuggles writings out of his cell through his lawyer, which are published in a memoir, My Triumphs, My Mistakes. In the book, Baltar attempts to explain his actions as president to the public and foment class warfare by describing the fleet as a bifurcated society, accusing the elite upper class of militarism and professional civilians of exploiting the less well-educated working class. While the book is not completed at the end of Season 3 (President Roslin confiscates several sections through repeated searches of Baltar's cell), it becomes very popular among certain segments of the fleet populace (despite Roslin's repeated attempts to suppress its distribution), including workers on the tylium refinery ship and Chief Tyrol's flight-deck maintenance crew, as well as his wife Cally Tyrol. Despite the labor difficulties Baltar experienced with Tyrol on New Caprica, the book's popularity leads to Tyrol calling a general strike and exacerbates the fleet's already strained social order.

As his trial proceeds, Baltar's first lawyer is killed in an explosion aboard a sabotaged Raptor. His second attorney, Romo Lampkin, survives a similar attempt on his life. Lee Adama (now Lampkin's security adjutant) then joins Baltar's defense team. The trial is unfair, and includes witness Felix Gaeta deliberately lying to ensure a guilty verdict. Baltar rejects his defense team's suggestion to demand a mistrial saying, "there will be a verdict". The defense team uses the very end of the trial to try to persuade the jury that Baltar is guilty only of being a scapegoat for the Cylon occupation. Lee Adama also mentions the fleet has forgiven numerous other persons for their mistakes because they have had to in order to ensure their survival. Baltar is found not guilty for his crimes by a 3–2 vote, with Admiral Adama casting a vote in Baltar's favor. Roslin is disgusted that Baltar is now free as she still truly believes he was involved in sabotaging the colonial defenses in the attack. After Baltar is freed from prison, his defense team abandons him.

Return to civilian life
Shortly before the Cylon fleet attacks at the Ionian Nebula, Baltar is led away to safety by three female followers of his work, one of whom had asked him to bless her sick child before his trial. He is received warmly by a group (with mostly female members) that has erected a shrine to him in an unused compartment of Galactica. Baltar quickly learns he has no other place to go, and must stay on the ship. Under the direction of Head Six, Baltar spreads monotheistic beliefs among the group. After his following on Galactica is attacked by a polytheism group, Baltar (with the encouragement of his Head Six) disrupts a religious ceremony of one of the polytheist denominations in the fleet. Later, President Roslin meets with the imprisoned Baltar to pressure him to avoid stirring up more trouble in the future. After he is released, Baltar is prevented from returning to his home by government soldiers acting under new legislation approved by the President. The legislation restricts the right to assembly specifically for Baltar's movement. Under the direction of Head Six, Baltar keeps attempting to re-enter his home, and is subjected to repeated blows from a Galactica marine. Head Six is shown physically lifting Baltar from the floor to a standing position; whereby camera pans across a couple views to allude to Baltar's view of the action and then the view of this action in the context of everyone else present. While we see Baltar's perspective, everyone else only sees a limp Baltar rising to a vertical posture. Their facial expressions appear to allude some sort of supernatural experience is occurring. This continues until Lee Adama arrives to inform Baltar the Quorum of Twelve has overruled the President and revoked the new legislation. Baltar goes on to preach God loves all humans regardless of their sin because everyone is perfect just as they are. Baltar then begins illegal wireless broadcasts to the fleet of his religious speeches and his popularity grows.

Shortly thereafter, Kara Thrace informs the once again cancer-stricken President Roslin the Cylon Hybrid on the captured rebel Cylon Basestar referred to a "dying leader" learning the "truth of the opera house"—the setting of the dreams Roslin shares with Caprica-Six and Athena. As Baltar's popularity continues to increase, he chooses to inform the fleet of Roslin sharing her visions with both of the long-time Cylons in the fleet. Although this development distressed Roslin, she decides to bring Baltar with her (along with Karl Agathon—Athena's husband) to the Cylon Basestar to see the Hybrid. She informs Baltar that she chose to do this because she sees him in the dreams she shares with Caprica-Six and Athena. The Basestar jumps away from the fleet the moment the Hybrid is reactivated to begin a series of jumps to reach the Cylon Resurrection Hub, leaving Baltar once again away from the fleet aboard a Cylon ship. When the Basestar jumps away from the Colonial Fleet, Roslin begins to have a series of visions involving Elosha, a deceased priestess. Baltar and Roslin attempt to interrogate the Hybrid. Later, during an attack on the Cylon Resurrection Hub, Baltar is injured. After he is influenced by morpha administered by Roslin, Baltar reveals the details of his involvement in the attack on the Colonies. Roslin decides to leave Baltar's injuries untreated, letting him bleed to death. At that moment, the Basestar jumps again and Roslin's continuing vision of Elosha on Galactica culminates in an extended discourse on the need to respect the rights of the living. Afterwards, Roslin tries desperately to save Baltar's life. Baltar recovers and is then reunited with D'Anna. Later, Baltar thanks Roslin for choosing not to murder him.

Cooperation with Colonial government
Following the discovery of a devastated planet Earth and Admiral Adama's support for a permanent alliance with the rebel Cylons, Zarek and Felix Gaeta lead an unsuccessful mutiny on Galactica. During the mutiny, President Roslin goes to Baltar to ask if she can use his wireless transmitter to speak to the fleet and urge them to support the legitimate government. After Roslin speaks to the fleet, she and Baltar flee to the rebel Baseship while they wait out the conflict. After order is restored on Galactica, Baltar returns to his following to find its numbers dwindled and are now under the de facto leadership of Paula (although some appear to still be more loyal to Baltar). During the mutiny, the Monotheists were brutalized by mutineers. Afterward, the Monotheists comb the ship for weapons and food to hoard. Baltar attempts reclaiming leadership when the Monotheists take him to Dogsville. Baltar insists to his followers they give away all their food. However, the group which had attacked Baltar's followers arrives armed with weapons and steal the remaining food. Head Six insists Baltar attempt to persuade his followers there is a way to feed themselves and everyone else on the ship. After Baltar wins over everyone except Paula, Head Six tells him "We can get guns." Baltar then promises his following that he will acquire numerous advanced firearms.

Baltar attempts to acquire weapons from Admiral Adama. He does this by arguing that Galactica is slowly slipping away from Adama and then eventually he will either maintain order by giving civilians weapons or bringing Cylon Centurions to the ship. Insisting that the fleet would not accept Centurions on Galactica, Baltar is able to barely persuade Adama to agree his religious group is the only viable option for maintaining order. The Monotheists are then armed by the Colonial government, cementing Baltar's leadership of the group.

Arrival at Earth

When the last Raptor leaves Galactica with Paula, Baltar decides not to go and stays on Galactica to finally do something noble. Baltar is issued a rifle and is assigned as part of Galactica's reserve force alongside Caprica Six. The "Head Baltar" only seen by Caprica Six and the Head Six seen only by Baltar then appear to them and they both realize they can both see both of them. During the assault on the Cylon colony ship, Baltar and Caprica Six defend Galactica from Cylon Centurions: Baltar performs well, taking down at least one Centurion, but in a bout of over-enthusiasm nearly shoots the returning rescue team before he is stopped by Caprica Six. The two later find Hera who is running away in a manner that fulfills the Opera House vision (with Galactica substituted for the Opera House). They carry her through the ship to the Opera House and enter it to find themselves in Galactica's CIC with the Final Five in similar positions as they were in the vision. Cavil takes Hera hostage, but Baltar tries to talk him down attempting to convince him to end the cycle of violence; in a rare moment of complete sincerity, Baltar confesses that his devout atheism has given way to the possibility of unexplainable, supernatural influence. Baltar's speech causes Cavil to falter and finally gives in when Colonel Tigh offers him resurrection in return for Hera and leaving humanity alone for good.

Planetside, he is part of the survey crew that discovers a primitive version of humanity which evolved on the planet (which the Colonials later name Earth) and says they can have children with the Colonials and humanoid Cylons. As the Colonials and human Cylons depart, Baltar and Caprica Six discuss the possibility of becoming farmers; Baltar indicates that he is ready to accept the lifestyle and is finally at peace with the idea of following in his father's footsteps.

Later, while observing Hera with Caprica Six, Baltar and Caprica Six receive a final visit from their ethereal counterparts. They reveal Baltar and Caprica have fulfilled their role in God's plan. Afterward, the ethereal Beings disappear for the last time, then appear on modern-day Earth 150,000 years later.

Reception

The Independent included Baltar on their list of the 35 greatest TV villains.

Armando Iannucci praised the show and the characters, particularly "a hugely complicated, pathetic, funny and devious bad guy in Gaius Baltar, one of the most fallible villains ever screened."

In 2005 James Callis won a Saturn Award, for Best Supporting Actor on Television. He was nominated again in 2006.

References

External links
 Gaius Baltar on Battlestar Wiki

Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series) characters
Fictional scientists
Fictional presidents
Fictional prophets
Fictional dictators
Fictional mass murderers
Fictional vice presidents
Television characters introduced in 2003

Gaius Baltar


Alien Autopsy is a 2006 British comedy film with elements of science fiction directed by Jonny Campbell. Written by William Davies, it relates the events surrounding the famous "alien autopsy" film promoted by Ray Santilli and stars Ant McPartlin and Declan Donnelly, also known as Ant & Dec, as Santilli and Gary Shoefield. The film was a moderate commercial success domestically, making no. 3 on the British box office chart.

Plot
The film is framed by Ray Santilli and his friend Gary Shoefield retelling the events to a documentary maker named Morgan Banner.

In 1995, Ray and Gary go to the United States to find Elvis memorabilia to sell on the market stall Ray runs in London. A former US Army cameraman, Harvey, sells them a silent black and white film of Elvis performing live, but later returns with an intriguing offer. Harvey takes Ray to Miami, Florida to see a film from 1947, showing the autopsy of an alien supposedly killed in a UFO crash in Roswell, New Mexico. Harvey wants to sell the film for $30,000.

Gary and Ray return to England to look for an investor to give them the money. Ray convinces Laszlo Voros, a Hungarian homosexual art and drug dealer obsessed with crop circles, to give him the $30,000 and retrieves the film from Harvey. Back in England, the pair discover that the film has degraded from humidity and heat and is now completely unwatchable. In order to avoid serious repercussions from Voros, they decide to make their own recreation of it. They base the content on Ray's memories of the original, and, with the help of some friends, fashion a convincing replica of the dead alien using a mannequin and meat products obtained from a friend's butcher's shop, turn the living room of Gary's sister into a film set, and shoot the film on a Bell and Howell spring-wound camera. Ray gives a copy of the final product to Voros, who believes it to be real.

Having convinced Voros, Ray and Gary decide to sell the film to other venues, earning them a large sum of money. However, when Voros hears about its international distribution, he demands 80% of the profits. A potential clash is averted when Voros is killed by a green Land Rover while standing naked in the middle of a crop circle, leading to speculation that he has been killed by a CIA agent.

Ray and Gary travel to Argentina to promote the film, followed by reporter Amber Fuentes, who seduces Ray. She eventually tracks down Harvey, who demands from Ray and Gary that they maintain his anonymity. To fulfil this obligation, they produce an interview with a homeless former actor playing Harvey, which convinces Amber. She remains sceptical, however, about the film's authenticity.

Ray and Gary are now persuaded that some of the original 1947 footage might actually be recovered by film restoration experts in order to be viewed. However, after viewing the results, the pair bury the film, telling each other that they cannot continue with the endeavour.

Cast
 Declan Donnelly as Ray Santilli
 Anthony McPartlin as Gary Shoefield
 Bill Pullman as Morgan Banner
 Götz Otto as Laszlo Voros
 Morwenna Banks as Jasmine
 Omid Djalili as Melik
 Harry Dean Stanton as Harvey
Michael Rouse as Young Harvey
 Mike Blakeley and Matthew Blakeley as The Camera Team
 John Shrapnel as Michael Kuhn
 Madeleine Moffatt as Nan
 John Cater as Maurice
 Lee Oakes as Edgar
 Perry Benson as Trading Standards Officer
 Jimmy Carr as Gary's Manager
 Winston Thomas as Zachary
 Pam Shaw as Aunty P.
 David Threlfall as Jeffrey, Film Restorer
 Andrew Greenough as Preston
 Stephanie Metcalfe as Doreen
 Jonathan Coy as The Museum Director
 Ian Porter as Pentagon Officer
 Shane Rimmer as Colonel
 Naima Belkhiati as French TV Buyer
 Miguel Angel Plaza as Mr. Gonzalez
 Jeff Harding as CIA Agent
 Kevin Breznahan as Junior TV Executive
 Martin McDougall as Middle-Ranking TV Executive
 Lachele Carl as TV News Anchor
 Paul Birchard as Senior TV Executive
 Sam Douglas as The Network President
 Adriana Yanez as The Stewardess, Argentina
 Nichole Hiltz as Amber Fuentes
 Luis Soto as Peruvian TV Host
 Christina Piaget as The Interviewer
 Christina Souza as The Stewardess, Mexicana
 Bradley Lavelle as New York Host
 Orson Bean as Homeless Man
 Sophia Ellis as UFO Enthusiast
 Jonathan Frakes Himself

The film also contains brief appearances by Ray Santilli and Gary Shoefield.

Reception

The film received mainly positive reviews earning a 75% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

Releases
The film was released as a Region 2 DVD by Warner Home Video on 3 July 2006.
In America, the film was released as a Region 1 DVD by Warner Home Video on 21 September 2010.

Soundtrack
 Supergrass – "Alright"
 Pete Moore – "Asteroid"
 The Beloved – "Sweet Harmony"
 Stakka Bo – "Here We Go"
 The Monkees – "I'm a Believer"
 Stereo MC's – "Step It Up"
 Tom Jones – "If Only I Knew"
 Nouvelle Vague – "Just Can't Get Enough"
 Son of Dork – "We're Not Alone"

References

External links
 Alien Autopsy - The Full Original Footage on YouTube
 Alien Autopsy - Fact or Fiction? - Documentary on YouTube

2006 films
2006 LGBT-related films
Roswell incident in fiction
2000s science fiction comedy films
British science fiction comedy films
British LGBT-related films
LGBT-related science fiction comedy films
Films about filmmaking
Films directed by Jonny Campbell
Films set in 1995
Films set in 2005
Films set in London
Films set in Ohio
Films set in Miami
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in Argentina
Films set in Venezuela
Films about hoaxes
Films with screenplays by William Davies
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Qwerty Films films
2006 comedy films
2000s English-language films
2000s British films

Alien Autopsy (2006 film)