Hobcaw Barony is a  tract on a peninsula called Waccamaw Neck between the Winyah Bay and the Atlantic Ocean in Georgetown County, South Carolina. Much of Hobcaw Barony is south of US Highway 17. The land was purchased by the investor, philanthropist, presidential advisor, and South Carolina native Bernard M. Baruch between 1905 and 1907 for a winter hunting retreat. Later, his eldest child, Belle W. Baruch, began purchasing the property from her father beginning in 1936. By 1956, Belle owned Hobcaw Barony entirely. Upon her death in 1964, the property was transferred to the Belle W. Baruch Foundation for a nature and research preserve. The property includes more than 37 historic buildings and structures representative of the eras of both 18th & 19th century rice cultivation and 20th century winter retreats. Hobcaw Barony was named to the National Register of Historic Places on November 2, 1994.

The Belle W. Baruch Foundation and the North Inlet-Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve jointly operate the Hobcaw Barony Discovery Center and provide tours and special programs.

History

In 1718, John, Lord Carteret was given a royal grant of  barony on Hobcaw Point at the southern end of Waccamaw Neck. In 1766 and 1767, the tract was surveyed and sold in several parcels. These were developed into about a dozen rice plantations that contributed to Georgetown County's substantial rice production between the American Revolution and the Civil War. In 1875, Robert James Donaldson and Eliza Townley Donaldson purchased several adjoining plantations from Hardy Solomon and consolidated them into one, calling it Friendfield, where they continued to plant rice. After the Civil War, rice production decreased due to the lack of slave labor and increased production of rice in Louisiana. Barnard Baruch acquired the tract and additional land in three purchases from 1905 to 1907 to be developed as a winter hunting retreat. Although rice was no longer cultivated, the canals and embankments were retained to provide an attractive environment for waterfowl. Starting in 1935, Baruch began selling parts of Hobcaw Barony to his daughter, Belle Baruch. The first tract was 5,000 acres in the northern portion of the property.  She built a house and stable complex, Bellefield Plantation, a stable cottage for her stable manager, Jean Darthez, and a small airport hangar.

Before Belle Baruch's death in 1964, she established the Belle W. Baruch Foundation to perpetuate Hobcaw Barony as an educational institute for forestry and marine biology.

Hobcaw House complex

The Hobcaw House was the Baruch family winter retreat. It is about  south of the main entrance and overlooks Winyah Bay.  It was built in 1930 to replace the Donaldson House, which burned in December 1929. The red brick house was designed by the Columbia, South Carolina, architects Lafaye and Lafaye.

Barnard Baruch entertained many friends at Hobcaw Barony. Winston Churchill and his daughter, Diana, visited in 1932. President Roosevelt took a month-long working vacation in Spring 1944 during World War II. Ralph Pulitzer, Walter Huston, Generals George C. Marshall, Omar Bradley and Mark Clark, and Senators Robert A. Taft and Harry F. Byrd were a few of his notable guests.

Bellefield Plantation complex

The Bellefield House Complex is about  south of the main entrance. The house was designed by Murgatroyd and Ogden of New York and built in 1936 with Lafaye and Lafaye of Columbia providing specifications. It is a two-story frame house with four single-story wings and a brick service wing to the rear. The house has a gabled roof. The house is built on a raised terrace with live oaks and pines. The chief landscape architect was Umberto Innocenti of New York and New Jersey.

The Bellefield Garage, also design by Murgatroyd and Ogden, had parking for four vehicles, a laundry, and two rooms for servants. The Bellefield Stable, which was considered essential by Belle, was designed by John D. W. Churchill of New York and built in 1937. The kennel for hunting dogs and the fowl coop are nearby.

Slave settlements

A number of old slave settlements are extant. Friendfield Village, between Kings Highway and Hobcaw Road, has five unused houses, a church and a dispensary, as well as several antebellum slave cabins. Two others were remodeled in 1905. The Friendfield Church, which was built in 1890, is a rectangular building with board-and-batten siding, a gabled metal roof, and a pyramidal spire. Two additional cottages in Friendfield Village were built around 1935.

Barnyard Village is also on the old Friendfield Plantation. There is one antebellum cabin that was remodeled in the period from 1890 to 1905. Two residences for employees of Hobcaw Barony were constructed in 1925.

Strawberry Village is  north of the Hobcaw Barony Complex in an isolated area. The Strawberry School was built in 1915 for the African-American children at Hobcaw Barony and was expanded in 1935.

Rice fields

The rice fields played a major role in the 19th century life of the area. Many of the canals, banks, and trunks have been maintained on Hobcaw Barony. About  of the Alderley and Oryzantia,  of the Youngfield and Bellefield,  of the Strawberry Hill, and  of the Michaux and Calais Plantations remain. About  of the Marrietta, Friendfield, and Strawberry Hill Plantations have been altered.

Other
Over  of forests remain consisting of hardwood species, loblolly and longleaf pine, and cypress/tupelo swamps. Although the majority has not been timbered since Baruch's purchase, some harvesting was done in 1944 and 1945 to support war mobilization. Portions of the King's Highway remain as a dirt road from near Highway 17 to Frasers Point on Winyah Bay south of the Hobcaw House Complex.

A hangar at Bellefield Airport was constructed for two planes used by Belle Baruch. The field was leased to the US Army in 1942 for the war effort.

Portions of the Friendfield Plantation Rice Mill remain. The brick building with chimney and a winnowing house were probably built in the 1870s.

There are old cemeteries including the Calais Cemetery at Frasers Point, the Fairfield or Donaldson Cemetery, the Alderly Cemetery, and the Marietta/Bellefield Cemetery.

As of 2013 salt marshes have slightly expanded at the expense of forest due to rising sea levels as encroaching sea water kills trees.

Art theft
In 2003, former curator Sammy McIntosh left Bellefield House and moved to Kingstree because his contract had not been renewed for cause. On his last night in the house, a number of pieces of art mysteriously disappeared. About three weeks later, Williamsburg County deputies recovered the stolen print "Sporting Life" by John Leache, whose estimated value was about $12,000, along with other items belonging to the foundation from McIntosh's house. He was charged with four counts of breach of trust with fraudulent intent, one count of receiving stolen goods and one count of filing a false police report, according to court records. He was sentenced to three years probation after pleading no contest. However, the most important pieces of art, a Sir Alfred Munnings portrait of Belle Baruch and her horse Souriant and two studies along with seven Audubon prints remained missing.

The Baruch Foundation offered a $25,000 reward for information about the whereabouts of the missing artwork. There was little activity though until an "Antiques Roadshow" episode aired in February 2013. They hoped this would generate some leads, but unfortunately no real leads were found and the trail went dead until 2016.

In 2016, John and Patty Ivy of Ivy Auctions in Laurens, SC, were hired to sell the contents of an estate in the area. Upon receiving the art for cataloging in the sale, the Ivys recognized the artist name and contacted their colleague, Converse College associate professor Frazer Pajak, to help identify and catalog the work. Pajak, who coincidentally had done some work for the Baruch foundation for architectural sketches of Hobcaw knew the work immediately.  The Ivys contacted George Chastain, director of the Belle Baruch Foundation in Georgetown, SC, and the FBI in order to return the art to the rightful owners.

The paintings have been returned to The Baruch Foundation.  Six paintings of Hobcaw Barony by artist Louis Aston Knight remain at large as of 2016.

Modern facilities

Modern non-contributing properties are on Hobcaw Barony. The University of South Carolina operates the Baruch Institute for Marine & Coastal Sciences. and Clemson University has its Belle W. Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology & Forest Science

References

External links
Hobcaw Barony, Belle W. Baruch Foundation
Hobcaw Barony photos and history

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Colonial Revival architecture in South Carolina
Plantations in South Carolina
Historic house museums in South Carolina
Museums in Georgetown County, South Carolina
Nature centers in South Carolina
Biosphere reserves of the United States
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Georgetown County, South Carolina
Protected areas of Georgetown County, South Carolina
Nature reserves in South Carolina
Houses in Georgetown County, South Carolina
Slave cabins and quarters in the United States
Bernard Baruch

Hobcaw Barony


Wolfgang Paul (; 10 August 1913 – 7 December 1993) was a German professor awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989.

Biography
Paul was born on August 10 of 1913 in the German city of Lorenzkirch, Saxony. When he was young, his family moved to Munich, where his father taught pharmaceutical chemistry at the University of Munich. In 1932, he began his studies of physics at the Superior School in Munich, and soon moved to the 1934 at the headquarters of Berlin, getting his doctorate in 1939.

In 1944, he began his teaching at the University of Göttingen and 1952 was hired at the University of Bonn as director of its Institute of Experimental Physics, a position he kept until his death.

Wolfgang Paul died December 7 of 1993 at his residence in Bonn.

Scientific research
During WWII he investigated the separation of isotopes, which is necessary to produce material to make nuclear fission for use in nuclear weapons.

He started his research into ions, developing the so-called ion trap.

For this discovery, in 1989 he was awarded half of the Nobel Prize in Physics, shared with Hans G. Dehmelt.

Between 1965 and 1967, he was appointed Director of the Division of Nuclear Physics at CERN.

References

1913 births
1993 deaths
German physicists
German Nobel Prize winners

Wolfgang Paul


The Turn of the Screw is a 20th-century English chamber opera composed by Benjamin Britten, with a libretto by Myfanwy Piper, based on the 1898 novella The Turn of the Screw by Henry James.

It concerns a young, inexperienced Governess sent to a country house to care for two children, whom she is gradually convinced have been corrupted by the ghosts of a previous manservant and governess. The drama grows increasingly tense, with a tragic outcome.

It was described by the "Guardian" as one of the most dramatically appealing of Britten's operas, and by music professor Peter Evans as "Britten's most intricately organized opera". It is in two acts of eight scenes each, with a prologue that ends with the introduction of a twelve-note 'Screw' theme. Each scene is preceded by a variation on that theme. Several other related leitmotifs occur through the opera. Typically of Britten, the music mixes tonality and dissonance.

Performance history

The opera was commissioned by the Venice Biennale, written in four months, and given its world premiere on 14 September 1954, at the Teatro La Fenice, Venice, with the composer conducting, and as in many other Britten works, his life-partner tenor Peter Pears in a leading role, that of Quint. The original cast recording was made during January of the next year.

The opera was given its British premiere on 6 October 1954 by the Sadler's Wells Opera in London; the North American premiere on 23 August 1957 at Canada's Stratford Festival with the English Opera Group; the US premiere followed on 19 March 1958 at the New York College of Music. Since then there have been regular performances around the world.

In 2003, English Touring Opera presented the work throughout England and three years later Glyndebourne Touring Opera toured the UK with their new production of the work before reviving it in 2007 at their summer festival, Glyndebourne Festival Opera. Opera Queensland's staged Neil Armfield's production in 2005 which featured the solo professional operatic debut of Kate Miller-Heidke as Flora.

Los Angeles Opera performed the Glyndebourne Touring Opera production of the work in 2011 under music director James Conlon. OperaUpClose reframed the opera in their 2011 production, the story being told from the point of the view of the Governess as a patient in an asylum. It is left unclear as to whether the story stems completely from her mind or whether she arrived there after her experiences in the Bly house. Opera Moderne produced the work in 2012 at Symphony Space in New York under the stage direction of Luke Leonard.

Opera Holland Park received positive reviews of their presentation of the work in six performances in summer 2014.

For a limited run in 2018, Regent's Park Open Air Theatre presented a co-production with the English National Opera, directed by Timothy Sheader and conducted by Toby Purser.

On 6 June 2021, a version by OperaGlass Works was broadcast by BBC4. The new staging of the opera, at Wilton's Music Hall, London, had been scheduled for a run in March 2020, but this was prevented by the lockdown. Instead, the performance was reworked as a film, shot on location at the Victorian music hall. The whole space of the venue, not just the stage, was used to tell the story.

Roles

Synopsis
Time: The middle of the nineteenth century
Place: Bly, an English country house

Prologue
A male Prologue tells of the "curious story" he has in a faded manuscript, written by a young, unnamed Governess to two children, "long ago". She had been hired by their uncle and guardian in London, "young... bold, offhand and gay" and too busy with "affairs, travel, friends, visits" to care for them. When he stipulates that she is never to bother him about the children, never to write, but to be silent, the "Screw" theme is heard in fragments then, as she accepts, in full, followed by its first variation, suggestive of a coach.

Act 1

(Scene 1 - The Journey) In the coach, the Governess is apprehensive about her new position ("O why, why did I come?" - a motif recurring throughout the opera).

(Scene 2 - The Welcome) When she arrives at Bly, the housekeeper Mrs. Grose greets her, and the children bow and curtsy as they have been rehearsed. The Governess sings that she begins to love Bly, now her home, Mrs Grose that the lively children will do better with a young, clever person like her.

(Scene 3 - The Letter) A letter from Miles' school arrives. Mrs Grose muses that now all will be well, but the letter says Miles has been expelled, giving only a vague "injury to his friends" as reason. Mrs Grose considers it normal for a boy sometimes to be "wild", but they agree that Miles can not be "bad". Hearing the children sing "Lavender's blue" together reassures the women, and the Governess decides to ignore the letter.

(Scene 4 - The Tower) Walking in the grounds in the evening (after a variation suggesting birdsong), the Governess sings about their beauty and the charm of the children. Setting aside her fears about footsteps she has heard outside her door and cries in the night, she wishes only that she could impress the uncle. Suddenly, she spots a man on a tower of the house (to the sound of a celesta). He disappears and she wonders who it can be ("Who is it? Who?").

(Scene 5 - The Window) 'In the house, the children sing "Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son" (to the grotesque, syncopated beat of the previous variation) and the Governess sees the man again, looking in through a window. Frightened, she asks Mrs. Grose about him, and when she describes him, the housekeeper bursts out, "Dear God, is there no end to his dreadful ways?" (a motif recurring from here on) It is Peter Quint, the former valet at Bly. Mrs. Grose says "It was not for me to say ... I had only to see to the house" but ambiguously that Quint "was free with" Miles, and with Miss Jessel, the well-born and beautiful previous governess, and "had his will, morning and night."  Mrs Grose feared him and didn't act. Miss Jessel left the house "to die." The Governess is startled to learn that Quint has died too, in a fall on an icy road. She rededicates herself to protecting the children.

(Scene 6 - The Lesson) The next morning, Miles is learning Latin ("Many nouns in -is we find, to the masculine are assigned"), when he unexpectedly sings a sad song, "Malo", based on the meanings of the Latin word, and another recurring motif.

(Scene 7 - The Lake) By the side of Bly's lake, Flora, studying geography with the Governess, names seas of the world. Invited to name the lake, she dramatically calls it the Dead Sea. As she sings a strange lullaby ("Today by the dead salt sea") to her doll, the Governess suddenly sees a woman across the lake (to the sound of a gong). Realising it is the ghost of Miss Jessel, she sends Flora home to safety and sings that it is far worse than she dreamed and that the children are "lost".

(Scene 8 - At Night) Miles has slipped outside in his nightclothes, and from the tower Quint sings beguilingly to him ("Miles! Miles" to the "O why did I come" theme) and of mysteries ("I am all things strange and bold") while Miss Jessel sings to Flora to come to her to see "all those we have wept for together". The Governess and Mrs. Grose interrupt them and the ghosts depart. Miles tells the Governess, "You see, I am bad, aren't I?"

Act 2
(Scene 1 - Colloquy and sollilogy) The ghosts of Quint and Miss Jessel are "nowhere". They argue ("Why did you call me from my schoolroom dreams?") about whether Quint caused Miss Jessel's downfall, but unite (in the only time the "Screw" theme is sung) that they will claim the children, culminating with "The ceremony of innocence is drowned" (to the "O why did I come?" theme). Also nowhere, the Governess laments ("Lost in my labrynth") that her innocence has not prepared her for the evil that surrounds her.

(Scene 2 - The Bells) On a Sunday morning (after a variation for tubular bells), the family is on its way to  church. The children sing a psalm, but its words become increasingly sinister. Mrs. Grose reassures the Governess that the children are happy, but the Governess tells her to listen to their "horrors". Alarmed, Mrs. Grose advises the Governess to write to their uncle. At first she declines, remembering his stipulation. Mrs Grose and Flora go into the church, and Miles asks the Governess when he is going back to school. She prevaricates, but when Miles indicates he knows about her fears and mentions "the others", she realises things are much worse than she thought. She can not rely on Mrs Grose ("It was not for me to say" in the strings) and decides to flee Bly and abandon the children -

(Scene 3 - Miss Jessel) But when she enters the children's schoolroom, Miss Jessel is seated at her desk. The spectre bemoans her fate, and sings that here she will have revenge. The Governess challenges her until she vanishes. She writes to the children's uncle (strings suggest a scratching pen, woodwind, the words she writes, then reads: "Sir, my dear sir, I have not forgotten my vow of silence"), telling him only that she must speak with him.

(Scene 4 - The Bedroom) That night, the Governess tells Miles that she has written to his uncle, and questions him about what happened at school, and at Bly before she came. Quint, unseen, tells Miles he is there, waiting. The candle goes out and Miles says it was he who blew it (to the notes of "I am bad"). Quint wonders what is in the letter and (Scene 5 - Quint) tells Miles to take it, which he does.

(Scene 6 - The Piano) Miles plays the piano for the Governess and Mrs. Grose (scales, fragments of the "Screw" theme and "Malo"). Flora and Mrs Grose play cat's cradle ("Cradles for cats are string and air") and Flora lulls Mrs Grose to sleep with her doll's lullaby, then slips away. When the women realise she is gone, they go out to look for her as Miles plays on triumphantly.

(Scene - Flora) Finding Flora at the lake, the Governess confronts her: "And where, my pet, is Miss Jessel?" Miss Jessel immediately appears, calling across the lake to Flora, but Mrs. Grose sees nothing. The Governess tries to force Flora to admit she can see Miss Jessel, but Flora vehemently denies it, telling the Governess she hates her. Mrs. Grose, convinced by Flora, takes her home. The Governess feels abandoned by Mrs. Grose and that she has "most miserably failed, and there is no more innocence in me."

(Scene 8 - Miles) Next morning (after "a variation which conflates all twelve notes  of the theme in dense masses") Mrs. Grose admits, from what Flora has said in the night, that the Governess was right, and agrees to take Flora away. She tells the Governess that the letter was never mailed and that Miles must have taken it. The Governess confronts Miles. ("So my dear, we are alone" - the "Screw" theme plays under the rest of the  scene as a passacaglia.) As she questions him, Quint pressures Miles not to betray him. Miles confesses that he took the letter. The Governess demands to know who made him do it. After denials, Miles cries out "Peter Quint! You devil!" and falls. The Governess and Quint sing together, she that Miles is saved, he that the ghosts have failed. Quint disappears ("Farewell!" to the "O why did I come?" theme). The Governess cradles Miles in her arms, at first rejoicing that they have destroyed Quint, but when she realises Miles is dead, singing "Malo" as his threnody, and asking "What have we done between us?"

Themes

The 'Screw'

Britten's twelve-note 'Screw' theme may be described as a sequence of alternating rising fourths and falling minor thirds. This generates two interleaved whole-tone scales: They therefore imply an infinitely extended pattern; as Peter Evan says, "this screw can turn forever."

The 12 notes may be divided into three equivalent tetrachords, each a segment of the circle of fifths: D–A–E–B, F–C–D–G
, B–F–C–G, which are played in the sequence of A–D–B–E, C–F–D–G, F–B–G–C.

The theme as it first appears in the piano, 9 measures before rehearsal number 1:

Peter Evans argues that the keys or "centres" of the Variations follow the notes of the row, and that the tonality of A corresponds to the Governess's moral courage, against that of A flat, representing the forces of evil.  He minimises the influence of Arnold Schoenberg in the use of a 12-note row, saying while Britten's "use of such a theme as the basis of innumerable variants is clearly indebted to Schoenberg's example," he has not "regarded the twelve notes as constituting a negation of tonal hierarchies, but rather as a ramification of them."

 "O why did I come?"

Evans shows that the sequence of the Governess's "O why did I come?" (which is also that of Quint's "Miles! Miles!" and makes 18 other appearances) is derived from the 'Screw' theme. He calls it "the corruption theme".

 "Miles! Miles!"

"Dear God, is there no end to his dreadful ways"

 "Malo"

Instrumentation

The percussionist plays a glockenspiel, tubular bells, triangle, wood block, side drum, tenor drum, bass drum, tom-tom, timpani (4), a suspended cymbal and a gong.

Lyric and melodic sources
Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son and Lavender's Blue are traditional British nursery rhymes.

The lyrics to Miles' song "Many nouns in -is we find, to the masculine are assigned" are a mnemonic for Latin students, listing nouns of the third declension, which end in -is in the nominative singular case, and are generally of the masculine grammatical gender.

In the song "Malo", the word is: 1) the first-person singular of the irregular verb malle, "to prefer," ("I would rather be"); 2) the ablative singular of mālum, "apple" ("in an apple tree"); 3) the ablative singular of malus, "bad" ("than a naughty boy" and "in adversity").

An Oxford English professor argues that the Latin words used in the lesson and church scenes are code for sexual terms.

The line "The ceremony of innocence is drowned" sung by Quint and Miss Jessel, is taken from the poem "The Second Coming" by W. B. Yeats.

Selected recordings

References
Notes

Cited sources

Other sources
 Warrack, John and West, Ewan, The Oxford Dictionary of Opera, (1992), 782 pages, . p. 723
 Whittall, Arnold (1998), "The Turn of the Screw" in Stanley Sadie, (ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Vol. Four pp. 847–849. London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc. 1998

External links

Score, Boosey & Hawkes (registration required)
  "Arda Mandikian, obituary", Daily Telegraph (London), 23 November 2009 online at telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 11 January 2010. (registration required)
 Recordings of The Turn of the Screw on operadis-opera-discography.org.uk

Operas by Benjamin Britten
English-language operas
Chamber operas
1954 operas
Operas
Opera world premieres at La Fenice
Operas based on novels
The Turn of the Screw

The Turn of the Screw (opera)


Galina Vladimirovna Gorchakova (, born 1 March 1962) is a distinguished Russian lyric soprano.

Beginnings
Gorchakova was born in Novokuznetsk to a musical family. She moved to Novosibirsk in Siberia with her parents who were singers at the opera house there. It was in that city that she attended music school, college and the Conservatoire from which she graduated in 1988. While she was there, she was auditioned for the opera company of Sverdlovsk and transferred there as a leading soprano. After a period, she became dissatisfied and asked to audition at the  Mariinsky Theatre in St Petersburg. Artistic director Valery Gergiev invited her to join the company as a guest artist and she sang Il trovatore and Prince Igor.

The Fiery Angel
She was asked to learn the role of Renata in Prokofiev's The Fiery Angel for Sir Edward Downes who was auditioning singers for a joint production of the opera for Covent Garden and the Mariinsky. She won the role which became her breakthrough role, and with which she made her Western debut at the 1991 Proms in London. She also sang the role the following year at the Royal Opera House and this was a triumph for her. International success in the same role followed in Milan, New York, San Francisco. It was only after her international acclaim that she was offered a permanent position at the Mariinsky theatre.

Repertoire
She has also sung in many other key Russian operas: Tatiana in Eugene Onegin, Lisa in The Queen of Spades, Iolanta, Mazeppa, Ruslan and Lyudmila. The Maid of Pskov and Fevroniya in The Invisible City of Kitezh.

She has also sung the Italian repertoire, Cio-Cio San in Madama Butterfly the opera in which she made her Metropolitan Opera debut in 1995, Aida, Elisabeth de Valois in Don Carlo, the Leonoras in Il trovatore and La forza del destino, Tosca, and Norma.

Valery Gergiev
Although Gergiev played a key role in her early success and despite the many performances and recordings in which she has sung under his baton, both at the Mariinsky and on tour, Gorchakova has spoken harshly of his arrogant attitude towards her and other Russian singers and of what she perceives as attempts by him to stop her international career as payback for her leaving the Mariinsky.

She was a prize-winner in the Mussorgsky and Glinka competitions. She is a People's Artist of the USSR.

She was married, but is now divorced and has a son.

References

Sources
Official website Galina Gorchakova .
Holland, Bernard, A Russian Cio-Cio San Plays Down Vulnerability, New York Times, 7 January 1995
Marques, Nuno Miguel, Vissi d'arte. Vissi d'amore - An Interview with Russian soprano Galina Gorchakova, Classical Voice
Mermelstein, David, Three More Reasons To Hail a New Russia, New York Times 20 December 1998
Robinson, Harlow, Into the West, Opera News, April 1997
Warrack, John Hamilton and West, Ewan (eds.), "Gorchakova, Galina", The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 204–205.

1962 births
Living people
Russian women opera singers
Russian sopranos
People from Novokuznetsk
Novosibirsk Conservatory alumni

Galina Gorchakova


Norman Cycles was a British bicycle, autocycle, moped, and motorcycle manufacturer in Ashford, Kent, England.

The company and its products are remembered today by the Norman Cycles Club at Willesborough Windmill, in Willesborough, Ashford. The Norman museum is in the Windmill's barn and displays some of the company's mopeds and bicycles.

History
The company was founded shortly after World War I as the Kent Plating & Enamelling Co by brothers Charles and Fred Norman, making frames in a garden shed off Jemmett Road, Ashford. In the 1920s they moved to larger premises in Victoria Road, Ashford, and progressed to producing cycles.

In 1935, they had a factory built in Beaver Road, Ashford, and the company was renamed Norman Cycles Limited. In 1938, it produced an autocycle (a heavier-duty bicycle with a small engine - later commonly known as a moped). In addition to cycles the company went on to produce mopeds and light motorbikes (with motors supplied by manufacturers including Villiers, British Anzani; Sachs engines were used for the Norman Nippy moped).

The company produced many thousands of cycles and motorbikes. Weekly production was said to peak at 5,000 bikes, 600 mopeds and 120 motorbikes. It exported to Commonwealth countries using the Rambler trademark. The company had sporting success. By 1950, Norman Cycles had been acquired by Tube Investments, which used the Raleigh name for cycles.

The Ashford factory closed in 1961. Although products bearing the Norman name continued to be made (Nottingham for cycles and Smethwick for mopeds and motorbikes), the heyday had passed and the name ceased in sales literature after 1963. In tribute, a road close to the site of the 1935 factory is named Norman Road.

Norman Cycles does not have any connection to Norman Engineering Co of Leamington Spa and Warwick, makers of industrial engines.

Bicycles
Norman Imp
Norman Continental
Norman Invader
Norman Atalanta
Norman Conquest
Norman Attacker
Norman Beaver
Norman Light Roadster
Norman Sabre
Norman Safety Cycle
Norman Tricycle 2P
Norman Rapide

Autocycles
Norman Motobyk Tricycle

Mopeds
Norman Nippy - most had Villiers engines; the Mark IV had a Villiers 3K (49cc) single-cylinder engine, leading-link front fork and swinging-arm rear suspension
Norman Lido

Motorcycles
Norman B1
Norman B1 Sports
Norman B2
Norman B2C (Trials)
Norman B3 Roadster
Norman B3 Sports
Norman B4 Roadster
Norman B4 Sports
Norman TS

See also
 List of bicycle manufacturing companies

References

External links
Norman Motorcycles & Cycles Club
Norman Model List
RealClassic.co.uk

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Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Defunct cycle manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Moped manufacturers
Defunct motorcycle manufacturers of the United Kingdom
History of Ashford, Kent
Defunct companies based in Kent

Norman Cycles


Vishaka and Ors. v State of Rajasthan was a 1997 Indian Supreme Court case where various women's groups led by Naina Kapur and her organisation, Sakshi filed Public Interest Litigation (PIL) against the state of Rajasthan and the central Government of India to enforce the fundamental rights of working women under Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution of India. The petition was filed after Bhanwari Devi, a social worker in Rajasthan, was brutally gang raped for stopping a child marriage.

The court decided that the consideration of "International Conventions and norms are significant for the purpose of interpretation of the guarantee of gender equality, right to work with human dignity in Articles 14, 15, 19(1)(g) and 21 of the Constitution and the safeguards against sexual harassment implicit therein." The petition, resulted in what are popularly known as the Vishaka Guidelines. The judgment of August 1997 given by a bench of J. S. Verma (then C.J.I)., Sujata Manohar and B. N. Kirpal, provided the basic definitions of sexual harassment at the workplace and provided guidelines to deal with it. It is seen as a significant legal victory for women's groups in India.

Background

In India, before 1997, there were no formal guidelines for how an incident involving sexual harassment at workplace should be dealt by an employer. Women experiencing sexual harassment at workplace had to lodge a complaint under Section 354 of the Indian Penal Code that deals with the 'criminal assault of women to outrage women's modesty' and Section 509 that punishes an individual or individuals for using a 'word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman'. These sections left the interpretation of 'outraging women's modesty' to the discretion of the police officer.

During the 1990s, Rajasthan state government employee Bhanwari Devi who tried to prevent child marriage as part of her duties as a worker of the Women Development Programme was raped by the landlords of the gujjar community. The feudal patriarchs who were enraged by her (in their words: "a lowly woman from a poor and potter community") 'guts' decided to teach her a lesson and raped her repeatedly. The  rape survivor did not get justice from Rajasthan High Court and the rapists were allowed to go free. This inspired several women's groups and non-governmental organizations to file a petition in the Supreme Court under the collective platform of Vishaka

This case brought to the attention of the Supreme Court of India, "the absence of domestic law occupying the field, to formulate effective measures to check the evil of sexual harassment of working women at all work places."

Judgement

In 1997, the Supreme Court delivered a landmark judgment laying down guidelines to be followed by establishments in dealing with complaints about sexual harassment. "Vishaka Guidelines" were stipulated by the Supreme Court of India, in Vishaka and others v State of Rajasthan case in 1997, regarding sexual harassment at workplace. The court stated that these guidelines were to be implemented until legislation is passed to deal with the issue.

The court decided that the consideration of "International Conventions and norms are significant for the purpose of interpretation of the guarantee of gender equality, right to work with human dignity in Articles 14, 15 19(1)(g) and 21 of the Constitution and the safeguards against sexual harassment implicit therein."

The court also defined sexual harassment as including such unwelcome sexually determined behaviour (whether directly or by implication) like physical contact and advances, a demand or request for sexual favours, sexually coloured remarks, showing pornography, or any other unwelcome physical verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature. The court recognised that where any of these acts is committed in circumstances where under the victim of such conduct has a reasonable apprehension that in relation to the victim's employment or work whether she is drawing salary, or honorarium or voluntary, whether in government, public or private enterprise such conduct can be humiliating and may constitute a health and safety problem. The court noted that it was discriminatory when the woman has reasonable grounds to believe that objecting to sexual harassment would disadvantage her in connection with her employment or work including recruiting or promotion or when it creates a hostile work environment. Thus, sexual harassment need not involve physical contact. Any act that creates a hostile work environment — be it by virtue of cracking lewd jokes, verbal abuse, circulating lewd rumours etc. — counts as sexual harassment. The creation of a hostile work environment through unwelcome physical verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature may consist not of a single act but of pattern of behaviour comprising many such acts.

Noting that in some cases, the psychological stigma of reporting the conduct of a co-worker might require a great deal of courage on the part of the victim and they may report such acts after a long period of time. The guidelines suggest that the compliance mechanism should ensure time-bound treatment of complaints, but they do not suggest that a report can only be made within a short period of time since the incident occurred. Often, the police refuse to lodge FIRs for sexual harassment cases, especially where the harassment occurred some time ago.

Subsequent legislation

The Supreme Court of India's judgement only proposed guidelines to alleviate the problem of sexual harassment in 1997. India finally enacted its law on prevention of sexual harassment against female employees at the workplace. The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 ("Sexual Harassment Act") has been made effective on 23 April 2013 by way of publication in the Gazette of India.

See also

 Bhanwari Devi
The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013

References

External links

Supreme Court of India cases
Women in India
Women's rights in India
Sexual harassment in India
1997 in Indian case law
Crime in Rajasthan
Judicial activism in India
Harassment case law

Vishakha and others v State of Rajasthan


Georg Philipp Schmidt von Lübeck (January 1, 1766 – October 28, 1849) was a German poet.

He was born in Lübeck as member of a merchant family with long tradition. He studied law in Jena and Göttingen 1786 bis 1790, then he changed to theology and in the end to medicine. In Jena he made friends with the writers Sophie Mereau and Johann Gottfried Herder.  After some journeys through Germany he worked as civil servant for the Danish government till 1829.

His most famous poem is "Der Wanderer". It was composed by Franz Schubert.

References

1766 births
1849 deaths
German poets
People from Lübeck
Writers from Schleswig-Holstein

Georg Philipp Schmidt von Lübeck


NEAT Particles is an interactive evolutionary computation program that enables users to evolve particle systems intended for use as special effects in video games or movie graphics. Rather than being hand-coded like typical particle systems, the behaviors of NEAT Particle effects are evolved by user preference. Therefore, non-programmer, non-artist users may evolve complex and unique special effects in real time. NEAT Particles is meant to augment and assist the time-consuming computer graphics content generation process. NEAT is short for Neuroevolution of Augmenting Topologies.

Method

In NEAT Particles, each particle system is controlled by a Compositional pattern-producing network (CPPN), a type of artificial neural network, or ANN. In other words, the usually hand-coded 'rules' of a particle system are replaced by automatically generated CPPNs. The CPPNs are evolved and complexified by NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies (NEAT). A simple, interactive evolutionary computation (IEC) interface enables user guided evolution. In this manner increasingly complex particle system effects are evolved by user preference.

Benefit

The main benefit of NEAT Particles is to decouple particle system creation from programming, allowing unique and interesting effects to be quickly evolved by users without programming or artistic skill. Additionally, it provides a way for content developers to explore the range of possible effects. And finally, it can act as a concept art tool or idea generator, in which novel and useful effects are easily discovered.

Implications

The methodology of NEAT Particles can be applied to generation of other types of content, such as 3D models or programmable shader effects. The most significant implication of NEAT Particles and other Interactive evolutionary computation applications, is the possibility of automated content generation within a game itself, while it is played.

Bibliography

See also
 Particle system
 NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies
 Interactive evolutionary computation
 Evolutionary art

External links
"Evolutionary Complexity Research Group at UCF" - home of NEAT Particles and other evolutionary complexity research projects
"NEAT Particles" - latest source code and executable

Interactive evolutionary computation
3D graphics software
Computer art

NEAT Particles


Elizabeth Blackwell (3 February 182131 May 1910) was a British and American physician, notable as the first woman to earn a medical degree in the United States, and the first woman on the Medical Register of the General Medical Council for the United Kingdom. Blackwell played an important role in both the United States and the United Kingdom as a social reformer, and was a pioneer in promoting education for women in medicine. Her contributions remain celebrated with the Elizabeth Blackwell Medal, awarded annually to a woman who has made a significant contribution to the promotion of women in medicine.

Blackwell was not initially interested in a career in medicine. She became a schoolteacher in order to support her family. This occupation was seen as suitable for women during the 1800s; however, she soon found it unsuitable for her. Blackwell's interest in medicine was sparked after a friend fell ill and remarked that, had a female doctor cared for her, she might not have suffered so much. Blackwell began applying to medical schools and immediately began to endure the prejudice against her sex that would persist throughout her career. She was rejected from each medical school she applied to, except Geneva Medical College in New York, in which the male students voted in favor of Blackwell's acceptance, albeit as a joke. Thus, in 1847, Blackwell became the first woman to attend medical school in the United States.

Blackwell's inaugural thesis on typhoid fever, published in 1849 in the Buffalo Medical Journal and Monthly Review, shortly after she graduated, was the first medical article published by a female student from the United States. It portrayed a strong sense of empathy and sensitivity to human suffering, as well as strong advocacy for economic and social justice. This perspective was deemed by the medical community as feminine.

Blackwell founded the New York Infirmary for Women and Children with her sister Emily Blackwell in 1857, and began giving lectures to female audiences on the importance of educating girls. She played a significant role during the American Civil War by organizing nurses, and the Infirmary developed a medical school program for women, providing substantial work with patients (clinical education). Returning to England, she helped found the London School of Medicine for Women in 1874.

Early life

Elizabeth was born on 3 February 1821, in Bristol, England, to Samuel Blackwell, who was a sugar refiner, and his wife Hannah (Lane) Blackwell. She had two older siblings, Anna and Marian, and would eventually have six younger siblings: Samuel (married Antoinette Brown), Henry (married Lucy Stone), Emily (second woman in the U.S. to get a medical degree), Sarah Ellen (a writer), John and George. She also had four maiden aunts: Barbara, Ann, Lucy, and Mary, who also lived with them.

In 1832, the Blackwell family emigrated from Bristol, England, to New York because Samuel Blackwell had lost their most profitable sugar refinery in a fire. In New York, Elizabeth's father became active in abolitionist work. Therefore, their dinnertime discussions often surrounded issues such as women's rights, slavery, and child labor. These liberal discussions reflected Hannah and Samuel's attitudes toward child rearing. For example, rather than beating the children for bad behavior, Barbara Blackwell recorded their trespasses in a black book. If the offenses accumulated, the children would be exiled to the attic during dinner. Samuel Blackwell was similarly liberal in his attitude towards the education of his children. Samuel Blackwell was a Congregationalist and exerted a strong influence over the religious and academic education of his children. He believed that each child, including his girls, should be given the opportunity for unlimited development of their talents and gifts. This perspective was rare during that time, as most people believed that the woman's place was in the home or as a schoolteacher. Blackwell had not only a governess, but private tutors to supplement her intellectual development. As a result, she was rather socially isolated from all but her family as she grew up.

The family moved to Cincinnati, Ohio a few years later. When Blackwell was 17, her father died, leaving the family with little money.

Early adulthood
The Blackwells' financial situation was unfortunate. Pressed by financial need, the sisters Anna, Marian and Elizabeth started a school, The Cincinnati English and French Academy for Young Ladies, which provided instruction in most, if not all, subjects and charged for tuition and room and board. The school was not innovative in its education methods, but provided a source of income for the Blackwell sisters. Blackwell' was less active in her abolitionism during these years, likely due to her responsibilities running the academy.

In December 1838, Blackwell converted to Episcopalianism, probably due to her sister Anna's influence, becoming an active member of St. Paul's Episcopal Church. However, William Henry Channing's arrival in 1839 to Cincinnati changed her mind. Channing, a charismatic Unitarian minister, introduced the ideas of transcendentalism to Blackwell, who started attending the Unitarian Church. A conservative backlash from the Cincinnati community ensued, and as a result, the academy lost many pupils and was abandoned in 1842. Blackwell began teaching private pupils.

Channing's arrival renewed Blackwell's interests in education and reform. She worked at intellectual self-improvement: studying art, attending various lectures, writing short stories and attending various religious services in many denominations (Quaker, Millerite, Jewish). In the early 1840s, she began to articulate thoughts about women's rights in her diaries and letters and participated in the Harrison political campaign of 1840.

In 1844, with the help of her sister Anna, Blackwell procured a teaching job that paid $1,000 (~$ in ) per year in Henderson, Kentucky. Although she was pleased with her class, she found the accommodations and schoolhouse lacking. What disturbed her most was that this was her first real encounter with the realities of slavery. "Kind as the people were to me personally, the sense of justice was continually outraged; and at the end of the first term of engagement I resigned the situation." She returned to Cincinnati half a year later.

Education

Pursuit of medical education

Once again, through her sister Anna, Blackwell procured a job, this time teaching music at an academy in Asheville, North Carolina, with the goal of saving the $3,000 necessary for her medical school expenses. In Asheville, Blackwell lodged with the respected Reverend John Dickson, who had been a physician before he became a clergyman. Dickson approved of Blackwell's career aspirations and allowed her to use the medical books in his library to study. During this time, Blackwell soothed her own doubts about her choice and her loneliness with deep religious contemplation. She also renewed her antislavery interests, starting a slave Sunday school that was ultimately unsuccessful.

Dickson's school closed down soon after opening, and Blackwell moved to the residence of Reverend Dickson's brother, Samuel Henry Dickson, a prominent Charleston physician. In 1846, she began teaching at a boarding school in Charleston run by a Mrs. Du Pré. With the help of Samuel Dickson's brother, Blackwell inquired into the possibility of medical study via letters, with no favorable responses. In 1847, Blackwell left Charleston for Philadelphia and New York, with the aim of personally investigating the opportunities for medical study. Blackwell's greatest wish was to be accepted into a Philadelphia medical school.

Upon reaching Philadelphia, Blackwell boarded with Dr. William Elder and studied anatomy privately with Dr. Jonathan M. Allen as she attempted to enroll in any medical school in Philadelphia. She was met with resistance almost everywhere. Most physicians recommended that she either go to Paris to study or take up a disguise as a man to study medicine. The main reasons offered for her rejection were that (1) she was a woman and therefore intellectually inferior, and (2) she might actually prove equal to the task, prove to be competition, and that she could not expect them to "furnish [her] with a stick to break our heads with." Out of desperation, she applied to twelve "country schools."

Medical education in the United States
In October 1847, Blackwell was accepted to Geneva Medical College in Geneva, New York. The dean and faculty, usually responsible for evaluating an applicant for matriculation, initially were unable to make a decision due to Blackwell's gender. They put the issue up to a vote by the 150 male students of the class with the stipulation that if one student objected, Blackwell would be turned away. The young men voted unanimously to accept her, whilst simultaneously treating her application as a joke.

While at school, Blackwell was looked upon as an oddity by the townspeople of Geneva. She also rejected suitors and friends, preferring to isolate herself. In the summer between her two terms at Geneva, she returned to Philadelphia, stayed with Dr. Elder, and applied for medical positions in the area to gain clinical experience. The Guardians of the Poor, the city commission that ran Blockley Almshouse, granted her permission to work there, albeit not without some struggle. Blackwell slowly gained acceptance at Blockley, although some young resident physicians still refused to assist her in diagnosing and treating her patients. During her time there, Blackwell gained valuable clinical experience, but was appalled by the syphilitic ward and the condition of typhus patients. Her graduating thesis at Geneva Medical College was on the topic of typhus. The conclusion of this thesis linked physical health with socio-moral stability – a link that foreshadows her later reform work.

On 23 January 1849, Blackwell became the first woman to earn a medical degree in the United States. The local press reported her graduation favorably, and when the dean, Dr. Charles Lee, conferred her degree, he stood up and bowed to her.

Medical education in Europe
In April 1849, Blackwell decided to continue her studies in Europe. She visited a few hospitals in Britain and then went to Paris. In Europe, she was rejected by many hospitals because of her sex. In June, Blackwell enrolled at La Maternité; a "lying-in" hospital, under the condition that she would be treated as a student midwife, not a physician. She made the acquaintance of Hippolyte Blot, a young resident physician at La Maternité. She gained much medical experience through his mentoring and training. By the end of the year, Paul Dubois, the foremost obstetrician in his day, had voiced his opinion that she would make the best obstetrician in the United States, male or female.

On 4 November 1849, when Blackwell was treating an infant with ophthalmia neonatorum, she accidentally squirted some contaminated fluid into her own eye and contracted the infection. She lost sight in her left eye, requiring its surgical extraction and leaving her without hope of becoming a surgeon. After a period of recovery, she enrolled at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London in 1850. She regularly attended James Paget's lectures. She made a positive impression there, although she did meet opposition when she tried to observe the wards.

Feeling that the prejudice against women in medicine was not as strong in the United States, Blackwell returned to New York City in 1851 with the hope of establishing her own practice.

Career

Medical career in the United States
In the United States, Blackwell faced sexism, but received support from some media publications, including the New-York Tribune. Her practice floundered at first, a situation some historians attribute to false accusations that all women doctors were abortion care providers. In 1852, Blackwell began delivering lectures and published The Laws of Life with Special Reference to the Physical Education of Girls, her first work, a volume about the physical and mental development of girls that concerned itself with the preparation of young women for motherhood.

In 1853, Blackwell established a small dispensary near Tompkins Square. She also began mentoring Marie Zakrzewska, a Polish woman pursuing a medical education, serving as her preceptor in her pre-medical studies. In 1857, Dr. Marie Zakrzewska, along with Blackwell and her sister Emily, who had also obtained a medical degree, expanded Blackwell's original dispensary into the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children. Women served on the board of trustees, on the executive committee and as attending physicians. The institution accepted both in- and outpatients and served as a nurse's training facility. The patient load doubled in the second year.

Civil War efforts
When the American Civil War broke out, the Blackwell sisters aided in nursing efforts on the side of the Union Army. Blackwell sympathized heavily with the North due to her abolitionist roots, and even said she would have left the country if the North had compromised on the subject of slavery. However, Blackwell did meet with some resistance on the part of the male-dominated United States Sanitary Commission (USSC). The male physicians refused to help with the nurse education plan if it involved the Blackwells. In response to the USSC, Blackwell organized with the Woman's Central Relief Association (WCRA). The WCRA worked against the problem of uncoordinated benevolence, but ultimately was absorbed by the USSC. Still, the New York Infirmary managed to work with Dorothea Dix to train nurses for the Union effort.

Medical career at home and abroad
Blackwell made several trips to Britain to raise funds and to try to establish a parallel infirmary project there. In 1858, due to a clause in the Medical Act of 1858 that recognised doctors with foreign degrees practicing in Britain before 1858, she became the first woman to have her name entered on the General Medical Council's medical register (1 January 1859). She also became a mentor to Elizabeth Garrett Anderson during this time. By 1866, nearly 7,000 patients were being treated per year at the New York Infirmary, and Blackwell was needed back in the United States. The parallel project collapsed, but in 1868, a medical college for women adjunct to the infirmary was established. It incorporated Blackwell's innovative ideas about medical education – a four-year training period with much more extensive clinical training than previously required.

At this point, a rift occurred between Emily and Elizabeth Blackwell. Both were headstrong, and a conflict over the management of the infirmary and medical college ensued. Elizabeth, feeling slightly alienated by the United States women's medical movement, left for Britain to try to establish medical education for women there. In July 1869, she sailed for Britain.

In 1874, Blackwell established a women's medical school in London with Sophia Jex-Blake, who had been a student at the New York Infirmary years earlier. Blackwell had doubts about Jex-Blake and thought that she was dangerous, belligerent, and tactless. Nonetheless, Blackwell became deeply involved with the school, and it opened in 1874 as the London School of Medicine for Women, with the primary goal of preparing women for the licensing exam of Apothecaries Hall. Blackwell vehemently opposed the use of vivisections in the laboratory of the school.

After the establishment of the school, Blackwell lost much of her authority to Jex-Blake and was elected as a lecturer in midwifery. She resigned this position in 1877, officially retiring from her medical career.

While Blackwell viewed medicine as a means for social and moral reform, her student Mary Putnam Jacobi focused on curing disease. At a deeper level of disagreement, Blackwell felt that women would succeed in medicine because of their humane female values, but Jacobi believed that women should participate as the equals of men in all medical specialties.

Time in Europe – social and moral reform

After moving to Britain in 1869, Blackwell diversified her interests, and was active both in social reform and authorship. She co-founded the National Health Society in 1871. She may have perceived herself as a wealthy gentlewoman who had the leisure to dabble in reform and in intellectual activities, being financially supported by the income from her American investments. Her friend, Barbara Bodichon helped introduce Blackwell into her circles. She traveled across Europe many times during these years, in England, France, Wales, Switzerland and Italy.

Blackwell was most active in social reform from 1880 to 1895, after her retirement from medicine. Blackwell was active in a number of reform movements, mainly moral reform, sexual purity, hygiene and medical education, but also preventive medicine, sanitation, eugenics, family planning, women's rights, associationism, Christian socialism, medical ethics and antivivisection. She switched back and forth between many different reform organisations, trying to maintain a position of power in each. Blackwell had a lofty and unattainable goal: evangelical moral perfection. All of her reform work was along this thread. She even contributed heavily to the founding of two utopian communities: Starnthwaite and Hadleigh in the 1880s.

Blackwell believed that the Christian morality ought to play as large a role as scientific inquiry in medicine and that medical schools ought to instruct students in the subject. She also was antimaterialist and did not believe in vivisections. She did not see the value of inoculation and thought it dangerous. She believed that bacteria were not the only important cause of disease and felt their importance was being exaggerated.

Blackwell campaigned heavily against licentiousness, prostitution and contraceptives, arguing instead for the rhythm method of birth control. She campaigned against the Contagious Diseases Acts, arguing that it was a pseudo-legalisation of prostitution. Her 1878 book Counsel to Parents on the Moral Education of their Children argued against the act. Blackwell was conservative in many ways, but believed women to have sexual libidos equal to those of men, and that men and women were equally responsible for controlling their sexual urges. Others of her time believed women to have little if any sexual passion, and placed the responsibility of moral policing squarely on the shoulders of the woman.

The book was controversial, being rejected by 12 publishers, before being printed by Hatchard and Company. The proofs for the original edition were destroyed by a member of the publisher's board and a change of title was required for a new edition to be printed.

Personal life

Friends and family
Blackwell was well connected, both in the United States and in the United Kingdom. She exchanged letters with Lady Byron about women's rights issues and became very close friends with Florence Nightingale, with whom she discussed opening and running a hospital. She remained lifelong friends with Barbara Bodichon and met Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1883. She was close with her family and visited her brothers and sisters whenever she could during her travels.

However, Blackwell had a very strong personality and was often quite acerbic in her criticism of others. Blackwell had an argument with Florence Nightingale after Nightingale returned from the Crimean War. Nightingale wanted Blackwell to turn her focus to training nurses and could not see the legitimacy of training female physicians. After that, Blackwell's comments upon Florence Nightingale's publications were often highly critical. She was also critical of many of the women's reform and hospital organisations in which she played no role, calling some of them "quack auspices". Blackwell also had strained relationships with her sisters Anna and Emily, and with the women physicians she mentored after they established themselves (Marie Zakrzewska, Sophia Jex-Blake and Elizabeth Garrett Anderson). Among women at least, Blackwell was very assertive and found it difficult to play a subordinate role.

Kitty Barry

In 1856, when Blackwell was establishing the New York Infirmary, she adopted Katherine "Kitty" Barry (1848–1936), an Irish orphan from the House of Refuge on Randall's Island. Diary entries at the time indicate that she adopted Barry out of loneliness and a feeling of obligation, as well as out of a utilitarian need for domestic help. Barry was brought up as a half-servant, half-daughter.

Blackwell provided for Barry's education. She even instructed Barry in gymnastics as a trial for the theories outlined in her publication, The Laws of Life with Special Reference to the Physical Education of Girls. However, Blackwell never permitted Barry to develop her own interest and  made no effort to introduce Barry to young men or women her own age. Barry herself was rather shy, awkward and self-conscious about her partial deafness. Barry followed Blackwell during her many trans-Atlantic moves, during her furious house hunt between 1874 and 1875, during which they moved six times, and finally to Blackwell's final home, Rock House, a small house off of Exmouth Place in Hastings, Sussex, in 1879.

Barry stayed with Blackwell all her life. After Blackwell's death, Barry stayed at Rock House before moving to Kilmun in Argyllshire, Scotland, where Blackwell was buried in the churchyard of St Munn's Parish Church. In 1920, she moved in with the Blackwells and took the Blackwell name. On her deathbed, in 1936, Barry called Blackwell her "true love", and requested that her ashes be buried with those of Elizabeth.

Private life

None of the five Blackwell sisters ever married. Elizabeth thought courtship games were foolish early in her life, and prized her independence. When commenting on a young men trying to court her during her time in Kentucky, she said: "...do not imagine I am going to make myself a whole just at present; the fact is I cannot find my other half here, but only about a sixth, which would not do." During her time at Geneva Medical College, she also rejected advances from a few suitors.

There was one slight controversy, however, in Blackwell's life related to her relationship with Alfred Sachs, a 26-year-old man from Virginia. He was very close with both Kitty Barry and Blackwell, and it was widely believed in 1876 that he was a suitor for Barry, who was 29 at the time. The reality was that Blackwell and Sachs were very close, so much so that Barry felt uncomfortable being around the two of them. Sachs was very interested in Blackwell, then 55 years old. Barry was reportedly in love with Sachs and was mildly jealous of Blackwell. Blackwell thought that Sachs lived a life of dissipation and believed that she could reform him. In fact, the majority of her 1878 publication Counsel to Parents on the Moral Education of the Children was based on her conversations with Sachs. Blackwell stopped correspondence with Sachs after the publication of her book.

Last years and death
In her later life, Blackwell was still relatively active. In 1895, she published her autobiography, Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women. It sold fewer than 500 copies. After this publication, Blackwell gradually retreated from public life and spent more time traveling. She visited the United States in 1906, took her first and last car ride.

In 1907, while holidaying in Kilmun, Scotland, Blackwell fell down a flight of stairs, and was left almost completely mentally and physically disabled. On 31 May 1910, she died at her home in Hastings, Sussex, after suffering a stroke that paralyzed half her body. Her ashes were buried in the graveyard of St Munn's Parish Church, Kilmun, and obituaries honouring her appeared in publications such as The Lancet and The British Medical Journal.

Legacy
The British artist Edith Holden, whose Unitarian family were Blackwell's relatives, was given the middle name "Blackwell" in her honor.

Influence
After Blackwell graduated in 1849, her thesis on typhoid fever was published in the Buffalo Medical Journal and Monthly Review.

In 1857, Blackwell opened the New York Infirmary for Women with her younger sister Emily. At the same time, she gave lectures to women in the United States and England about the importance of educating women and the profession of medicine for women. In the audience at one of her lectures in England, was a woman named Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, who later became the first woman doctor in England, in 1865.

In 1874, Blackwell worked together with Florence Nightingale, Sophia Jex-Blake, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, Emily Blackwell, and Thomas Henry Huxley to create the first medical school for women in England, London School of Medicine for Women, for which she acted as the Chair of Hygiene.

Blackwell settled in England in the 1870s and continued working on expanding the profession of medicine for women, influencing as many as 476 women to become registered medical professionals in England alone. Up until her death, Blackwell worked in an active practice in Hastings, England, and continued to lecture at the School of Medicine for Women.

Honors
Two institutions honour Elizabeth Blackwell as an alumna:
Hobart and William Smith Colleges, the current name of Geneva College, the founding institution of Geneva Medical College.
The State University of New York Upstate Medical University, which took over Geneva Medical College in 1871 and was acquired in 1950 by the State University of New York

Since 1949, the American Medical Women's Association has awarded the Elizabeth Blackwell Medal annually to a female physician. Hobart and William Smith Colleges awards an annual Elizabeth Blackwell Award to women who have demonstrated "outstanding service to humankind."

In 1973, Elizabeth Blackwell was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

The artwork The Dinner Party features a place setting for Elizabeth Blackwell.

In 2013 the University of Bristol launched the Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research.

On 3 February 2016, National Women Physicians Day was declared a National Holiday championed by Physician Moms Group [www.Mypmg.com] after publishing a study in JAMA exposing that the majority of women physicians report still facing discrimination due to their gender and/or being a mother. The National Holiday pays tribute to Dr. Blackwell of the role she has played influencing women physicians in present-day and their strive for equity and equality.

On 3 February 2018, Google honoured her as a doodle in recognition of her 197th birth anniversary.

In May 2018, a commemorative plaque was unveiled at the former location of the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children, which Elizabeth Blackwell and her sister Emily Blackwell founded. For the event, Jill Platner, a jewelry designer, designed a Blackwell Collection of jewelry inspired by Elizabeth Blackwell.

Hobart and William Smith Colleges erected a statue on their campus honoring Blackwell.

A 2021 book by Janice P. Nimura, The Doctors Blackwell, chronicles the life story of Elizabeth Blackwell and her sister Emily Blackwell.

In 2023, NVIDIA gave their GB100 GPU the project code name "Blackwell", which some believe is named in recognition of her.

Works

1849 The Causes and Treatment of Typhus, or Shipfever (thesis)
1852 The Laws of Life with Special Reference to the Physical Education of Girls (brochure, compilation of lecture series) pub. by George Putnam
1856 An appeal in behalf of the medical education of women
1860 Medicine as a Profession for Women (lecture published by the trustees of the New York Infirmary for Women)
1864 Address on the Medical Education of Women
1878 Counsel to Parents on the Moral Education of their Children in Relation to Sex (eight editions, republished as The Moral Education of the Young in Relation to Sex)
1881 "Medicine and Morality" (published in Modern Review)
1887 Purchase of Women: the Great Economic Blunder
1871 The Religion of Health (compilation of lecture series to the Sunday Lecture Society, three editions)
1883 Wrong and Right Methods of Dealing with Social Evil, as shown by English Parliamentary Evidence
1888 On the Decay of Municipal Representative Government – A Chapter of Personal Experience (Moral Reform League)
1890 The Influence of Women in the Profession of Medicine
1891 Erroneous Method in Medical Education etc. (Women's Printing Society)
1892 Why Hygienic Congresses Fail
1895 Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women – Autobiographical Sketches (Longmans, reprinted New York: Schocken Books, 1977)
1898 Scientific Method in Biology
1902 Essays in Medical Sociology, 2 vols (Ernest Bell)

See also
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, first woman to gain a medical qualification in Britain
James Barry, possibly the first female bodied doctor (assigned female at birth but living as a man)
List of first female physicians by country
Rebecca Lee Crumpler, first African American female physician
State University of New York Upstate Medical University

References

Further reading

 Baker, Rachel (1944). The first woman doctor: the story of Elizabeth Blackwell, M.D. J. Messner, Inc., New York, OCLC 848388
Howard, Carol (2018).  "Elizabeth Blackwell" Dictionary of Unitarian Universalist Biography.

 Ross, Ishbel (1944). Child of Destiny. New York: Harper.
 Wilson, Dorothy Clarke (1970). Lone woman: the story of Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman doctor.  Little Brown, Boston, OCLC 56257
 Wright, Mary, Elizabeth Blackwell of Bristol: The First Woman Doctor (Bristol Historical Association pamphlets, no. 87, 1995)

External links

 Elizabeth Blackwell Collection on New York Heritage Digital Collections
 Women in Science
 An online history at the National Institutes of Health, including copies of historical documents
 An online biography  of Elizabeth Blackwell, with links to more articles on Blackwell and others in her famous family, plus links to many resources on the Net
 Biography from the National Institute of Health
 Elizabeth Blackwell at the Hobart and William Smith Colleges Archives
 Elizabeth Blackwell Resources Available in Hobart and William Smith Colleges Archives
 Chronological Bibliography of Selected Scholarly Works by Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell
 Elizabeth Blackwell at winningthevote.org
 Papers, 1835–1960. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
 Michals, Debra.  "Elizabeth Blackwell".  National Women's History Museum.  2015.

 Finding aid to Elizabeth Blackwell letters at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.

1821 births
1910 deaths
Abolitionists from New York City
19th-century American women physicians
19th-century American physicians
American women's rights activists
Anti-contraception activists
Anti-vivisectionists
Blackwell family
Burials at Kilmun Parish Church
English emigrants to the United States
Geneva Medical College alumni
Medical doctors from Bristol
People from Hastings
Physicians from Cincinnati
Physicians from New York City
American sex educators
American socialist feminists
Women in the American Civil War
Women medical researchers
Women of the Victorian era
Physicians from Rochester, New York
Anti-prostitution activists
American Christian socialists
American eugenicists
Education activists
Female Christian socialists
British socialist feminists

Elizabeth Blackwell


Savatiano (or Savvatiano) is a white Greek wine grape used primarily in the wine Retsina. It is one of Greece's most widely planted grape varieties and is known for its resistance to drought condition. It is mostly planted throughout central Greece, particularly in Attica near Athens. In Retsina, the naturally low acidity of the grape is sometimes compensated for by the addition of Assyrtiko and Rhoditis in the blend.

Wine regions
In addition to Attica, the grape is also found in Euboea and the Bulgarian town of Pomorie which used to be a Greek colony known as Anchialos. While Assyrtiko is the most commonly blending partner for Savatiano in Attica, Rhoditis is used most commonly on Euboea and Pomorie. In Kantza, a village east of Paiania, a single varietal style of Savatiano is made without  the Aleppo pine resin found in Retsina.

Synonyms
Savvatiano has numerous synonyms such as Savvathiano, Dombrena Aspri, Doumpraina Aspri, Tsoumprena, Perachoritis, Sakeiko, Kountoura Aspri, etc.

References

Grape varieties of Greece
White wine grape varieties
Attica
Euboea

Savatiano


Bâloise Holding AG is a Swiss insurance holding company headquartered in Basel. The company employs approximately 9,000 employees across Europe and is the third-largest Swiss all-industry insurance service provider for individuals and businesses.

History
The Basler Versicherungen was founded in 1863 as Basler Versicherungsgesellschaft gegen Feuerschaden, insuring inhabitants of Basel against fire damage. This was prompted by the tragic fire incident in Glarus - in the following year, the company already expanded to covering life and transportation, as well as expanding geographically within Switzerland and abroad. At the end of the decade, the insurer added its own reinsurance business to the portfolio.

By the early 20th century, the business was booming and the company even dabbled in the U.S. market. However, they had exited the U.S. again by the time of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, avoiding any insurance loss created by that natural catastrophe. World War I presented a difficult time to do business, but Baloise was able to continue expanding internationally even during the depression before World War II. During the War, the headquarters were evacuated due to proximity to both the French and German border and 115 tons of files were moved to a secure location protected by the Swiss army near Saanen. After the war, Baloise was able to grow as part of Europe's economic advances and in 1962, the separate parts of the business all became part of holding structure.

The 1970s and 1980s brought new international subsidiaries, such as in Austria, and acquisitions, including Deutscher Ring Leben in Germany, a majority stake in Mercator in Belgium, and the Providence Washington Insurance Company in the U.S. Many of these businesses were later sold, while new ones were acquired.

In 2007, baloisedirect.ch was launched as the company's online insurance provider, offering insurance for vehicles, personal liability insurance, home contents insurance, legal expenses insurance and travel insurance.

Holding Structure

Bâloise Holding operates in Europe through various subsidiaries:

 : Basler Versicherungen Schweiz, Baloise Bank SoBa, Baloise Asset Management, Baloise Fund Invest
 : Basler Versicherungen, Deutscher Ring
 : Baloise Life
 : Baloise Insurance
 : Bâloise Assurances

The company is listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange. The biggest shareholders of Bâloise are Chase Nominees and BlackRock.

On January 1, 2015, Gert De Winter took the post as CEO from Martin Strobel.

References

External links
Official website of the online insurance

Financial services companies established in 1863
Companies based in Basel
Insurance companies of Switzerland
Companies listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange

Bâloise


Samsung Galaxy is a series of mobile devices made by Samsung. Most of them are smartphones and tablet computers that run Android, an operating system made by Google. New models come out every year.

The first Samsung Galaxy phone came out in June 2009. There are many different models of phones. Each of them is different, such as in the size of their screens or what features it has, but the best of them is the Galaxy S series. The most recent Galaxy S phones are the Samsung Galaxy S23, S23+ and S23 Ultra, which were all released in February 2022. Of the other Galaxy phones, the now-discontinued Galaxy Note series has a bigger screen and a stylus pen. The most recent of these, the Galaxy Note 20 and Note 20 Ultra, were both released in August 2020.

The first Samsung Galaxy Tab came out in September 2010. The most recent are the Galaxy Tab S8, S8+, S8 Ultra and A8 10.5, which all announced in March 2022. Like the phones, there are different models of Galaxy tablets, which can have screen sizes from 7 inches all the way up to 12 inches. Some models have keyboards that plug into the device to make it easier to type, while others have a stylus, like the Galaxy Note phones. Also, although most of the Galaxy tablets use Android, some of the newer ones, such as the Galaxy TabPro S, use Windows 10 instead.

Samsung also made smartwatches under the Galaxy brand. The first of these was the Galaxy Gear, which came out in September 2013. The company has since made some new models, including the Galaxy Gear Live in June 2014, but later ones are branded as Samsung Galaxy Watch and Samsung Galaxy Active.

Besides their own products, Samsung also made the Nexus S and Galaxy Nexus phones, and the Nexus 10 tablet. These are all part of Google's own Nexus series of phones. Unlike Samsung's own phones, they have no extra mobile apps added or changes made to the user interface.

References

Samsung mobile phones

Samsung Galaxy


The region of space enclosed by open system boundaries is usually called a control volume. It may or may not correspond to physical walls.  It is convenient to define the shape of the control volume so that all flow of matter, in or out, occurs perpendicular to its surface. One may consider a process in which the matter flowing into and out of the system is chemically homogeneous. Then the inflowing matter performs work as if it were driving a piston of fluid into the system. Also, the system performs work as if it were driving out a piston of fluid. Through the system walls that do not pass matter, heat () and work () transfers may be defined, including shaft work.

Classical thermodynamics considers processes for a system that is initially and finally in its own internal state of thermodynamic equilibrium, with no flow. This is feasible also under some restrictions, if the system is a mass of fluid flowing at a uniform rate. Then for many purposes a process, called a flow process, may be considered in accord with classical thermodynamics as if the classical rule of no flow were effective. For the present introductory account, it is supposed that the kinetic energy of flow, and the potential energy of elevation in the gravity field, do not change, and that the walls, other than the matter inlet and outlet, are rigid and motionless.

Under these conditions, the first law of thermodynamics for a flow process states: the increase in the internal energy of a system is equal to the amount of energy added to the system by matter flowing in and by heating, minus the amount lost by matter flowing out and in the form of work done by the system. Under these conditions, the first law for a flow process is written:

where  and  respectively denote the average internal energy entering and leaving the system with the flowing matter.

There are then two types of work performed: 'flow work' described above, which is performed on the fluid in the control volume (this is also often called ' work'), and 'shaft work', which may be performed by the fluid in the control volume on some mechanical device with a shaft. These two types of work are expressed in the equation:

Substitution into the equation above for the control volume cv yields:

The definition of enthalpy, , permits us to use this thermodynamic potential to account jointly for internal energy  and  work in fluids for a flow process:

During steady-state operation of a device (see turbine, pump, and engine), any system property within the control volume is independent of time. Therefore, the internal energy of the system enclosed by the  control volume remains constant, which implies that  in the expression above may be set equal to zero. This yields a useful expression for the power generation or requirement for these devices with chemical homogeneity in the absence of chemical reactions:

This expression is described by the diagram above.

See also
 Process flow diagram
 Steady flow energy equation / Steady state single flow

References

Continuum mechanics
Thermodynamics

Flow process


Robert McQueeney (March 5, 1919 – April 24, 2002) was an American actor, best known for television roles during the 1950s and 1960s. During and after his acting career, he also worked as a golf pro and instructor.

Acting career

A versatile character actor, McQueeney  appeared on Broadway in Billy Budd (1951) and Fragile Fox (1954).
In 1959, he portrayed the 19th century actor, Edwin Booth, brother of John Wilkes Booth, the assassin of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, in the episode "The Man Who Loved Lincoln" on the ABC/Warner Brothers western television series, Colt .45, starring Wayde Preston as the fictitious undercover agent Christopher Colt, who in the story line is assigned to protect Booth following a death threat. That year he also played the role of murderer Michael Dwight in the Perry Mason episode, "The Case of the Lost Last Act".

He appeared in guest roles on such television series as Bonanza and Gunsmoke as well as the Warner Bros. Television series Lawman, The Alaskans, and 77 Sunset Strip. His one shot at a leading role in a series was his portrayal of newspaper reporter Conley Wright on Warner Bros./ABC's short-lived World War II series, The Gallant Men (1962–63). He played supporting roles in such films as Portrait of a Mobster (1961) and The Glory Guys (1965).

Personal life
He had three children with his former wife, Patricia McQueeney. She was a model and an actress in television commercials who appeared regularly in the 1950s on NBC's The Today Show. She operated a talent agency, McQueeney Management, that for years handled the career of Harrison Ford.

After the annulment of his marriage, he was ordained as a Roman Catholic priest. For twenty years until his death, he was the spiritual director for the Padre Pio Foundation of America in Cromwell, Connecticut.

Somewhat coincidentally, considering his one leading role in a television series as a reporter, McQueeney wrote many articles for the Padre Pio Foundation after his ordination. Much of his work is still available on the Internet.

References

External links

 Robert McQueeney's writings for the Padre Pio foundation

1919 births
2002 deaths
Catholics from Connecticut
American male television actors
American male film actors
Warner Bros. contract players
Male actors from Bridgeport, Connecticut
Male actors from Los Angeles
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American Roman Catholic priests
Fellows of the American Physical Society

Robert McQueeney


Please Mr. Postman is the 1961 studio debut album from Motown girl group The Marvelettes and the sixth album ever released by the company. The focal track is the number-one hit single, "Please Mr. Postman". The album notably features cover versions of label mates The Miracles' "Way Over There" and "I Want a Guy", which was the debut single for fellow Motown girl group The Supremes the same year, and their cover had served as the b-side to "Twistin' Postman" the less successful follow-up to "Please Mr. Postman." Although the original version by The Supremes flopped, The Marvelettes' cover became a regional hit.

Other songs on the album include "Oh I Apologize", produced by Smokey Robinson, who would produce much of the group's later material, and "Angel," an early lead for Wanda Young who would later take Gladys Horton's place as the group's main lead singer.

The album art for "Please Mr. Postman" did not contain any images of The Marvelettes, because including African-American artists on album covers did not become customary until around 1963.

Please Mr. Postman received mainly negative reviews as it was believed to have been "too rushed" so that the focal track's success could be capitalized. All of the tracks from the album can be found on the Hip-O Select deluxe compilation CD Forever: The Complete Motown Albums.

Track listing
Superscript identifies lead singer: (a) Gladys Horton, or (b) Wanda Young

Side 1
"Angel" (Sonny Sanders, Robert Bateman) b
"I Want a Guy" (Brian Holland, Freddie Gorman, Berry Gordy) b
"Please Mr. Postman" (Georgia Dobbins, William Garrett, Freddie Gorman, Brian Holland, Robert Bateman) a
"So Long Baby" (James Young, Brian Holland, Robert Bateman) b
"I Know How It Feels" (Janie Bradford, Robert Bateman, Richard Wylie) b

Side 2
"Way Over There" (Berry Gordy, William Robinson) a
"Happy Days" (Berry Gordy) a
"You Don't Want Me No More" (Berry Gordy) a
"All the Love I Got" (Berry Gordy, Janie Bradford) a
"Whisper" (Berry Gordy, Marv Johnson) b
"Oh I Apologize" (Berry Gordy, William Robinson) a

Personnel
The Marvelettes
Gladys Horton – lead and background vocals
Wanda Young – lead and background vocals
Georgeanna Tillman – background vocals
Katherine Anderson – background vocals
Juanita Cowart – background vocals
with:
Berry Gordy – producer
Smokey Robinson – producer
Brian Holland and Robert Bateman – producers
Raynoma Liles Gordy – Musitron and Ondioline on "I Want a Guy"
The Funk Brothers – other instrumentation:
Richard "Popcorn" Wylie – piano on "Please Mr. Postman", organ on "I Want a Guy"
James Jamerson – bass on "Please Mr. Postman" and "I Want a Guy"
Marvin Gaye – drums on "Please Mr. Postman", piano on "I Want a Guy"
Benny Benjamin – drums on "I Want a Guy"
Eddie Willis – guitar on "Please Mr. Postman" and "I Want a Guy"
Hank Cosby – tenor saxophone on "I Want a Guy"
Andrew "Mike" Terry – baritone saxophone on "I Want a Guy"

References

1961 debut albums
The Marvelettes albums
Albums produced by Berry Gordy
Albums produced by Smokey Robinson
Albums produced by Brian Holland
Tamla Records albums
Albums recorded at Hitsville U.S.A.

Please Mr. Postman (album)


Francesco Carelli (8 October 1758 in Conversano – 17 September 1832 in Naples) was an administrative officer of the Kingdom of Naples and an important numismatist, coin collector and antiquarian. He had a special interest in ancient coins and himself had an important collection of ancient Greek coins. In an extensive work, Numorum Italiae veteris Tabulae CCII (published posthumously in 1850) he put together all the known ancient coins of Italy.

References

1758 births
1832 deaths
Italian numismatists
Italian antiquarians

Francesco Carelli


Le Dirigeable fantastique ou le Cauchemar d'un inventeur, released in the US as The Inventor Crazybrains and His Wonderful Airship and in the UK as  Fantastical Air Ship, is a 1905 French short silent film directed by Georges Méliès. The film was released by Méliès's Star Film Company and is numbered 786–788 in its catalogues.

Plot
In his ramshackle lodgings, decorated with designs of famous airships of the past, the inventor Crazybrains dances with glee at having designed a new dirigible. When he takes a nap, impish figures appear in his room, gleefully wreaking havoc with his papers before giving way to a vision of Crazybrains's new airship rising aloft above the rooftops. The airship travels through the clouds, and women reclining in painterly positions appear in the sky. Suddenly a fireball strikes the airship, and it explodes with much fire and smoke as the impish figures reappear. Crazybrains, waking up from his nightmare, tears around his room in a frenzy, knocking the plans for the airship down to the floor.

Themes
Le Dirigeable fantastique is one of numerous Méliès films, like A Trip to the Moon and The Impossible Voyage, featuring a comically eccentric scientist. As featured by Méliès, the character is connected both to the Faust legend (a favourite theme of the filmmaker's) as well as to the long-lasting film tradition of the mad scientist figure. Similarly parodic depictions of scientific practitioners also feature in other early films, such as the Edison Manufacturing Company's 1910 A Trip to Mars.

Release and survival
A hand-coloured print of the film, probably from Elisabeth Thuillier's colouring laboratory, survives at the EYE Film Institute Netherlands. It was given a restoration in 1991.

References

External links

Films directed by Georges Méliès
French black-and-white films
French silent short films


Nancy Dale Delahunt (born January 5, 1959) is a Canadian curler from Halifax, Nova Scotia. Delahunt currently plays third for Colleen Jones.

Career
Delahunt was born in Montreal, Quebec. She was a member of the Colleen Jones team which won five Scott Tournament of Hearts (1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004) and two World Curling Championships (2001, 2004). Delahunt was a rarity among leads, because she held the broom for when Jones threw. She rejoined Jones in 2011 participating in the Nova Scotia Senior Women's Championship, along with Marsha Sobey and Sally Saunders. The team won the provincial title and would represent Nova Scotia at the Canadian Senior Women's Curling Championships.

At the beginning of the 2011/2012 curling season Jones had formed a rink with three players, all of whom previously played with Theresa Breen. However Jones has modified her lineup adding Delahunt at third, Sobey at second and Mary Sue Radford (who began the season with Jones) at lead. The team has entered the qualifying round for the Nova Scotia Scotties with a goal of advancing to provincials and winning the title.

For the 2012/2013 season Jones reunited with Mary-Anne Arsenault and Kim Kelly, with the goal of reaching the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. Jones will either play third or second position, while Arsenault will skip. Arsenault's current lead Jennifer Baxter, will play lead, while her third Stephanie McVicar, is expected to join the team as the fifth. Delahunt has offered to join the team as coach or manager. Since this announcement McVicar has left the team to play with Heather Smith-Dacey, and Delahunt has joined the team as the 5th. Jones will play third, and Kelly will remain at second.

Delahunt (as lead) joined Jones, Kelly, and Radford to win the 2016 Canadian Senior Curling Championships, following that with an undefeated run to win the 2017 World Senior Curling Championships in Lethbridge, Alberta.

She is currently president of the Clayton Park Chapter of the NCDC.

References

External links

1959 births
Living people
Canadian women curlers
Canadian women's curling champions
World curling champions
Continental Cup of Curling participants
Canada Cup (curling) participants
Curlers from Quebec
Sportspeople from Montreal
Curlers from Halifax, Nova Scotia

Nancy Delahunt


John Quincy Adams Nadenbousch (31 October 1824 – 13 September 1892) was a businessman, Confederate officer during the American Civil War and local politician in Martinsburg, West Virginia.

Early life
Born in Berkeley County, Virginia (later West Virginia) outside Martinsburg to Frederick Nadenbousch. His siblings included Susan E Seibert and Moses C. Nadenbousch.

In 1848, he married Hester Jane Miller. Early in life he had worked as a carpenter and proprietor of a Martinsburg lumber yard, and, by 1852, expanded his business affairs with the purchase of the Beeson flour mill, and soon established a distillery on the north side of Tuscarora Creek. The distillery he built in Martinsburg in 1857 was destroyed during the Civil War but was rebuilt in 1863 and became the Hannis Distilling Company.

Militia service and Harper's Ferry
Nadenbousch was instrumental in forming the Berkeley Border Guards, a pre-Civil War local militia unit. When the federal armory at Harpers Ferry was attacked by John Brown, on October 16, 1859, Nadenbousch's company was one of the first to respond.

American Civil War
Following Virginia's secession, Nadenbousch's company was called into service and became Co. D of the 2nd Virginia Infantry Regiment, which was part of the Stonewall Brigade under General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, and first engaged at the First Battle of Manassas. Following the battle, Nadenbousch personally brought home the bodies of three of his men, and buried them in the Old Norbourne Cemetery, in Martinsburg. Eventually becoming Colonel and commander of the regiment, Nadenbousch was twice wounded; first at the Second Manassas, in August, 1862, and, less than a year later, at the Battle of Chancellorsville, in May, 1863. On account of impaired health, and at his own request, Nadenbousch was relieved later that summer, from duty in the field, and assigned to the command of the post at Staunton, Virginia. He later resigned on April 12, 1864, and began his return to civilian affairs before the war concluded. In his obituary, Nadenbousch was noted for his courage, ability, and coolness; and said to be a favorite of General Jackson.

On May 25, 1863, Nadenbousch purchased the American Hotel in Staunton, Virginia at an auction from Samuel B. Brown and Aaron S. Lara. When the Union Army under David Hunter occupied Staunton in June 1864, Nadenbousch befriended one of Hunter's officers, David Hunter Strother, who agreed to spare the American Hotel and its adjoining warehouse when the Army destroyed the nearby train depots. Nadenbousch's loyalty to the Confederacy may have shifted and when Hunter left Staunton on June 10, he gave Nadenbousch a pass to "return home as a loyal citizen of the United States."

Postwar businessman, citizen and politician
After the war, Nadenbousch continued work as a miller and distiller in Berkeley County, with interests in the Nadenbousch & Roush, at Union Mills and at Hannisville Mills (as a subsidiary to the Hannis Distilling Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).

In 1876, Nagenbousch purchased the Martinsburg lot, on which the United States Hotel had stood. He then became a hotelier, constructing the Grand Central Hotel. It opened in December 1877, but Nagenbousch only operated it for about one year before renting it out to J. N. Woodward (formerly proprietor of Staunton's American Hotel) for several years after 1878. By 1881, he was said to be superintendent of one of the largest distilleries in the country.
Nadenbousch also served as mayor, councilman, and trustee of Martinsburg. Beginning in 1870, he became Marshall of the Martinsburg Fire Company, and he also maintained membership in the Tuscarora Lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellow, and was an officer of the Berkeley County Agricultural and Mechanical Association.

Personal life
He had at least one son, J. F. Nadenbousch, who died on June 1, 1884.

He died September 13, 1892, of paralysis, and was buried in Old Norbourne Cemetery, in Martinsburg.

A veterans organization in martinsburg was named the J. Q. A. Nadenbousch Camp of ex-Confederate veterans after him.

References

Some information used here was found in the Berkeley County Historical Society Archives and Research Center, located at 136 East Race Street, Martinsburg, West Virginia.

External links

Letters of J.Q.A. Nadenbousch at the Valley of the Shadow
Inventory of J.Q.A. Nadenbousch papers at the Virginia Historical Society

1824 births
1892 deaths
Politicians from Martinsburg, West Virginia
People from the Shenandoah Valley
Confederate States Army officers
Mayors of places in West Virginia
West Virginia city council members
People of West Virginia in the American Civil War
Millers
Businesspeople from West Virginia
American hoteliers
Military personnel from West Virginia
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American businesspeople
Trustees of populated places in West Virginia

John Quincy Adams Nadenbousch