Keanu (also known as Cat Boys) is a 2016 American buddy action comedy film directed by Peter Atencio and written by Jordan Peele and Alex Rubens. The film stars Peele and Keegan-Michael Key in their first film as lead actors following five seasons of their sketch TV series; it also features Tiffany Haddish, Method Man, Nia Long, Will Forte, and Keanu Reeves. The plot follows two cousins who infiltrate a gang in order to retrieve their stolen kitten.

Filming began in New Orleans in June 2015. The film premiered at the South by Southwest Festival on March 13, 2016 and was theatrically released in North America on April 29, 2016. It received generally positive reviews from critics and grossed $20 million against its $15 million budget.

Plot
Assassins named the "Allentown Brothers" enter a Mexican cartel's drug-processing facility and kill everyone, including the boss, King Diaz. They try to take Diaz's kitten, Iglesias, but the kitten escapes. Recently dumped Rell finds the kitten on his doorstep and names it Keanu. Two weeks later, Rell and his cousin Clarence come home from seeing a movie to find Rell's place ransacked and Keanu missing.

Rell's weed dealer Hulka tells them the "17th St. Blips" gang may have raided Rell's looking for his cat. Hulka sends them to a strip club, where they meet Hi-C, a female gangster, and the gang's leader Cheddar, who mistakes them for the Allentown Boys. Cheddar says he will return the kitten if they act as expert advisors for the Blips on a run to sell a new drug called "Holy Shit". After the sale run, they are abducted by the real Allentown Boys.

Rell and Clarence are tied to chairs and the Allentown Boys prepare to torture them. Keanu frees Rell and Clarence, and they grab their guns. As the Allentown boys approach them, Clarence and Rell unload the guns into them. On their way out, searching for Keanu, they run into the Blips and Cheddar forces them to come along to meet with the Mexican drug cartel the next morning.

There, the Blips meet King Diaz's cousin, Bacon Diaz, offering Clarence and Rell, 'The Allentown Boys.' When Bacon also demands "Iglesias", Cheddar refuses and a gunfight erupts between the two gangs. Clarence and Rell shoot their way out of the mansion pursuing Bacon, who has Keanu, only for Rell to be shot in the leg and Clarence shot in the hand.

Rell, who never learned to drive, hijacks Bacon's escape car with Bacon and Keanu in the back. Clarence chases them. It ends at Clarence's front yard where Rell crashes, sending Bacon flying through the broken windshield. Bacon gets up and attempts to shoot Rell, but Clarence runs him over. Again, Bacon gets up, but is shot dead by Cheddar and the Blips.

Hi-C reveals herself as an undercover police officer. She forces the Blips to drop their guns and shoots Cheddar. The police arrive. Hi-C promises to testify for leniency and agrees to go on a date with Rell after they get out of jail. Six months later, Rell and Clarence have three weeks left on their jail sentences. They are respected by the inmates, including the Blips, for killing the Allentown Boys. Hi-C brings Keanu, telling Rell through a visitation phone that Keanu has a rare disease which will cause him to stay a kitten forever.

In a post credit scene, it is revealed that the Allentown Boys, despite suffering multiple gunshot wounds, somehow survived and drive off into the night.

Cast
 Keegan-Michael Key as Clarence Dresden
 Jordan Peele as Rell Dresden
 Tiffany Haddish as Trina "Hi-C" Parker
 Method Man as Cheddar
 Jason Mitchell as Bud
 Luis Guzmán as Bacon Diaz
 Nia Long as Hannah
 Will Forte as Hulka
 Darrell Britt-Gibson as Trunk
 Jamar Malachi Neighbors as Stitches
 Rob Huebel as Spencer
 Ian Casselberry as King Diaz
 Keanu Reeves as Keanu (voice)
 Anna Faris as herself (uncredited)

Production
The film was officially announced by New Line Cinema in October 2014, with Peter Atencio directing. Many sites reporting on the film had initially believed it to be a parody of the then recently released John Wick, but according to Atencio the two films were developed independently of each other, and the team was initially unaware of Wick until work on Keanu was already underway. Keanu Reeves himself, who starred in Wick, was eventually in touch with the production, leading a dream sequence in the film to be modified with Reeves providing the voice of the titular kitten. Reeves originally turned down the cameo offer but changed his mind after his sister showed him the film's trailers.

In May 2015, Method Man and Will Forte joined the cast, with Darrell Britt-Gibson being added the following month. Filming began on June 1, 2015, in New Orleans, Louisiana, and concluded on July 10. Seven tabby kittens were used for the shoot. They were trained for three weeks by use of treats, meat flavored baby food and laser pointers, and when not on camera, were allowed to be played with by cast and crew during breaks. Treats were also used to train them to allow themselves to be dressed in lightweight costumes without attempting to remove them. All seven were adopted by the end of production, with Haddish adopting one and naming it 'Catatonic'. Since Key is allergic to cats, he had to take a medication in order to interact with them. Clarence was always meant to be a fan of a White musician, with the writers settling on George Michael as pre-production started. Key added that dancing to his music had him "summon everything I ever did at every school dance from 1985 to 1990". The producers then reached for Michael's managers stating that the musician would not be treated as a joke but "so cool that even drug lords got a tattoo of him", meeting his approval.

Release
A work-in-progress print was screened at the South by Southwest Festival in Austin, Texas on March 13, 2016.

Warner Bros. originally scheduled the film for release on April 22, 2016, but in January 2016 the film was moved back a week to April 29, 2016.

Reception

Box office
In the United States and Canada, Keanu opened alongside Mother's Day and Ratchet & Clank, and was projected to gross $10–14 million from 2,658 theaters in its opening weekend. The film made $3.5 million on its first day, including $560,000 from Thursday night previews. The film went on to gross $9.5 million over the weekend, finishing third at the box office, behind The Jungle Book ($43.7 million) and The Huntsman: Winter's War ($9.6 million). In its second weekend, the film grossed $3.3 million (a drop of 65.2%), finishing 5th, behind Captain America: Civil War ($179.1 million), The Jungle Book ($24.5 million), Mother's Day ($11.1 million) and The Huntsman: Winter's War ($3.9 million).

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78% based on 182 reviews, with an average rating of 6.40/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Keanus absurd premise and compulsively watchable starring duo add up to an agreeably fast-paced comedy that hits more than enough targets to make up for the misses." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 63 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.

Accolades

Potential sequel
In a March 2017 AMA on Reddit, Jordan Peele stated that "if we do a Keanu 2, I promise you we will do twice as many deaths as there are in John Wick 2."

See also
 Key & Peele
 List of comedy films of the 2010s

References

External links

2016 films
2016 action comedy films
2010s buddy comedy films
American gang films
American action comedy films
American buddy comedy films
Dune Entertainment films
New Line Cinema films
Warner Bros. films
Films shot in New Orleans
Films about cats
Films about Mexican drug cartels
Hood comedy films
Films shot in Louisiana
Films about animals
Films produced by Jordan Peele
Films scored by Steve Jablonsky
Films with screenplays by Jordan Peele
Films set in Los Angeles
African-American comedy films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Keanu (film)


David Ian (born David Ian Lane; February 1961) is a British  theatre producer and former actor.

Biography

Ian started out as an actor and appeared in a number of UK theatre productions, including the musicals The Pirates of Penzance, Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, and The Rocky Horror Show. He is known professionally as David Ian as the name David Lane was already taken when he applied to the actors union Equity.

As a singer, Ian twice attempted to represent the UK at the Eurovision Song Contest, taking part in both the 1984 and 1986 A Song for Europe competitions on BBC1 as a member of the bands First Division and Jump respectively. Both songs were written by Paul Curtis.

In 1990 David met fellow actor Paul Nicholas while they were both appearing in a production of The Pirates of Penzance at the London Palladium. The pair created a production company, Paul Nicholas & David Ian Associates Ltd.

Productions
Ian's productions include:
 Jesus Christ Superstar
 Grease
 Rocky Horror Show
 Ain't Misbehavin
 Singin' in the Rain
 Evita
 Chess
 Happy Days
 Saturday Night Fever
 West Side Story
 Pirates of Penzance
 42nd Street

Producer

In 2006, he founded David Ian Productions, based in London's Covent Garden. It is now of the UK's premier producers of live large scale theatrical entertainment. Prior to founding DIP, he was Chairman/CEO of the global theatrical division of Live Nation (from 2005) having joined the group when it was part of Clear Channel Entertainment (in 2000).

At Live Nation, he was responsible for Broadway Across America, which produces and tours first class Broadway shows in over 40 markets in the United States and Canada. He was simultaneously CEO of the UK division which included over 25 theatres both in London's West End and the majority of the regional markets in the UK.

How Do You Solve A Problem Like Maria?

In 2006, David Ian and Andrew Lloyd Webber agreed to co-produce a production of The Sound of Music. Together with the BBC they created the original TV casting show How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?, hosted by Graham Norton. Ian, along with Lloyd Webber, was a judge on the programme. The TV show was a resounding success and led to the launch of The Sound of Music as a smash hit, starring Connie Fisher at the London Palladium.

References

1961 births
Living people
People from Chadwell Heath
English male stage actors
People educated at Ilford County High School
English theatre managers and producers
Date of birth missing (living people)

David Ian


The Poonch District is in Azad Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region. It is one of the 10 districts of this Pakistan-administered territory. On the north is Bagh District, in the north-east is Havaily District, in the south-east in  the Poonch District of Indian-administered Kashmir, in the south by Azad Kashmir's Sudhanoti and Kotli districts, and in the west by Rawalpindi District of Pakistan's Punjab Province. The Poonch District is part of the greater Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan. The district headquarters is the city of Rawalakot.

The district is divided into four tehsils:

 Abbaspur Tehsil
 Hajira Tehsil
 Rawalakot Tehsil
 Thorar Tehsil

Poonch District, Pakistan


A triumvirate is a group of three men. A duumvirate is a group of two.

The word is often used to mention a historical event or in talks of government. The word troika is Russian for triumvirate, and the term was used in the Soviet Union after V.I. Lenin died. Joseph Stalin, Lev Kamenev, and Grigory Zinoviev teamed up to gain power of the government. In the Soviet Union, troikas were usually considered to be three main people in the government: Party leader, head of state, and head of government.

In Ancient Rome,  Julius Caesar was a member of the first triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus. In 43 B.C.E. after he was dead, Marc Antony, Marcus Lepidus, and Octavian formed a second triumvirate to rule the Roman Empire.

Sources

Forms of government

Triumvirate


A cubby-hole, cubby-house or cubby is a small play house, or play area, for children.  This may be constructed by the children themselves and used as a place of play.
Children may have a small shed, play-house or tent which they use as a cubby-house. Children might build their own in various places in the house or garden, or have a pre-fabricated cubby. An Australian fictional treatment of the quest for the perfect cubby can be found in Ursula Dubosarsky's The Cubby House, illustrated by Mitch Vane.

Etymology
Possibly from the term "cub" in old English related to "stall, pen, cattle shed, coop, hutch". "Cubby-hole" is sometimes written as one word (cubbyhole).

Meanings in various countries
In South Africa, cubby-hole or cubby is the word for a glove compartment in a vehicle. This usage is also common in Barbados, Zambia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, as well as parts of Southern Minnesota; Michigan; Madison, South Dakota; and Northwest Wyoming.

In the UK, Ireland and Canada, it may refer to the cupboard under the stairs. In Quebec, the French word cagibi, which is a contraction of cage à bijoux, and roughly translates as "jewel case", is synonymous with a triangular storage walk-in located directly under the inner stairs of a house.

In the United States, a cubby-hole most often refers to a small square or rectangle-shaped space where children may keep their personal belongings, such as in a preschool or kindergarten setting. These cubby-holes are often constructed out of the same materials as bookshelves and have a similar appearance save for the division of the cubbies themselves.

See also
 Wendy house

References

Childhood
Buildings and structures by type

Cubby-hole


Ichnae () was a small fortified town, or castle, in Mesopotamia, situated on the river Bilecha, which itself flowed into the Euphrates. It is said by Isidorus of Charax to have owed its origin to the Macedonians. There can be little doubt that it is the same place as is called Ichniai () by Dio Cassius, and Gachnai () by Plutarch. According to the former writer, it was the place where Crassus overcame Talymenus; according to the latter, that to which the younger Crassus was persuaded to fly when wounded. Its exact position cannot be determined; but it is clear that it was not far distant from the important town of Carrhae.

References

Ancient Mesopotamia
Hellenistic colonies
Former populated places
Lost ancient cities and towns
Fortifications in Asia
Castles in Asia
Lost castles

Ichnae (Mesopotamia)


Jamie Tarabay  is a journalist born in Australia. She is based in New York City.

Tarabay has a B.A. in Government and French from the University of Sydney, is fluent in French and Arabic and has worked as a foreign correspondent. She lived in Beirut for three years as a child and has spent much time as a journalist covering and living in the Middle East. In 2000 she was sent to Jerusalem by Associated Press and in 2005 she released a book about her experiences in the Middle East during 2000 to 2004: A Crazy Occupation: Eyewitness to the Intifada. She has covered Iraq since the formal end of hostilities in 2003 and from 2005 to 2007 she was the NPR News bureau chief in Baghdad. She was part of the NPR News team that in January 2007 were awarded the Alfred I. duPont-Columbia University Award for their coverage of Iraq. As of early 2014 she was a Senior Staff Writer at Al Jazeera America.

Bibliography

 A Crazy Occupation: Eyewitness to the Intifada

Notes and references

Australian journalists
Living people
1975 births

Jamie Tarabay


The corps de ballet are a group of dancers in a ballet company who are not soloists. They perform as a group (the Flowers in the "Waltz of the Flowers" from The Nutcracker, for example) and at other times as a backdrop for the soloists (the peasants in the mad scene from Giselle).

Ballet terminology

Corps de ballet


Flinders Street railway station is a train station located on the corner of Flinders and Swanston streets in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is the second busiest train station in Australia, serving the entire metropolitan rail network, 15 tram routes travelling to and from the city, as well as some country and regional V/Line services to eastern Victoria. Opened in 1854, the station is the oldest in Australia, backing onto the Yarra River in the central business district, the complex includes 13 platforms and structures that stretch over more than two city blocks, from east of Swanston Street to nearly at Market Street.

Flinders Street is served by Metro Trains services and V/Line regional services to Gippsland. It is the busiest station on Melbourne's metropolitan network, with an average of 77,153 daily entries recorded in the 2017/18 fiscal year. It was the terminus of the first railway in Australia (the Port Melbourne line) and was reputedly the world's busiest passenger station in the 1920s, owing to the concentration of services there that was only rectified with the construction of the City Loop in the 1970s. Its main platform (operationally divided into platforms 1 and 14) is Australia's 2nd longest, and the eighteenth longest railway platform in the world. Flinders Street connects with several tram services and is responsible for two of Melbourne's busiest pedestrian crossings, both across Flinders Street, including one of Melbourne's few pedestrian scrambles.

The station's current main building was completed in 1909 and is a cultural icon of Melbourne. The distinctive and eclectic Edwardian building, with its prominent dome, arched entrance, tower and clocks is one of the city's most recognisable landmarks, and its grand, somewhat exotic character led to the popular myth that the design was actually intended for Mumbai's Victoria Terminus and vice versa, but was swapped in the post.

The Melbourne saying "I'll meet you under the clocks" refers to the row of indicator clocks above the main entrance, which show the next departure for each line; the alternative, "I'll meet you on the steps", refers to the wide staircase beneath the clocks.

It has been listed on the Victorian Heritage Register since 1982.

History

Early terminus
The first railway station to occupy the Flinders Street site was a collection of weatherboard train sheds. It was opened on 12 September 1854 by the Lieutenant-Governor, Charles Hotham. The terminus was the first city railway station in Australia, and the opening day saw the first steam train trip in the country. It travelled to Sandridge (now Port Melbourne), over the since-redeveloped Sandridge Bridge and along the now-light rail Port Melbourne line.

There is some confusion over the original name of the station.  In his book "Victorian Railways to '62", Leo Harrigan indicates that it was first named "Melbourne Terminus".  Newspaper articles about the opening in September 1854 refer to "Melbourne terminus" with a lower case t, which may have caused this mis-apprehension.

H.K Atkinson in his book "Suburban Tickets of the Victorian Railways", lists the station as being called "Flinders Street" from its opening.  Early tickets for the railway just show "Melbourne" as the destination.  Moreover, a newspaper report of December 1854 mentions that the Hobsons Bay Railway Company shareholder meeting was held at "Flinders Street Station".

In all likelihood, the station was called "Melbourne, Flinders Street"  from the outset, and the somewhat superfluous "Melbourne" was gradually dropped through common usage.  When Prince's Bridge station opened across the street in 1859, the Flinders Street name would undoubtedly have become more prominent.  The platforms for trains arriving from Station Pier retained the "Melbourne, Flinders Street" signage well into the twentieth century, so migrants fresh off the boat wouldn't be confused about where they were.
The first terminus had a single platform  long, and was located beside the Fish Market building on the south-west corner of Swanston and Flinders Streets. An additional platform was provided in 1877, along with two overhead bridges to provide passenger access, followed by additional timber and corrugated iron buildings and a telegraph station in 1879. The first signal boxes were opened at the station in 1883, one at each end of the platforms. By the 1890s, a third island platform had been constructed. Melbourne's two other early central-city stations, Spencer Street and Princes Bridge, opened in 1859. Spencer Street served the lines to the west of the city, and was isolated from the eastern side of the network until a ground level railway was built connecting it to Flinders Street in 1879, this track being replaced by the Flinders Street Viaduct in 1889.

Princes Bridge was originally separated from Flinders Street, even though it was only on the opposite side of Swanston Street. Once the railway line was extended under the street in 1865 to join the two, Princes Bridge was closed. It was reopened in April 1879, and from 1909 slowly became amalgamated into Flinders Street. Federation Square now occupies its site. Up until the 1880s a number of designs for a new station had been prepared, but none ever went further.

Current building

By the 1880s, it was becoming clear that a new central passenger station was needed to replace the existing ad-hoc station buildings. A design competition was held in 1883, but the winning entry, by William Salway, featuring a pair of grandiose Italianate buildings either side of a yet to be rebuilt Princes Bridge, was not built.

Well over a decade later the Railway Commissioners prepared an in-house design for a new 'Central Railway Station'. It was published on 28 July 1898,  and featured a dome on the corner and a clocktower at the Elizabeth Street end, and a large roof over all the platforms. The State Government's Railways Standing Committee accepted the track and platform layout, the location of the concourse and entrances, and even the room layout to some extent, and agreed to fund it. They were not however satisfied with the architectural design, asking in April 1899 for a design competition 'for the frontage', with a closing date of August 1899.  17 entries were received, and the winners were announced on 28 May 1900.

The £500 first prize was awarded to railway employees James Fawcett and H. P. C. Ashworth (Fawcett and Ashworth), whose design, named Green Light, was described as French Renaissance style. Like the Commissioners design, it included a large dome over the main entrance, a tall clock tower over the Elizabeth Street entrance, an entrance opposite Degraves Street, and two subways. There was to be a roof over the platforms 'supported by 12 columns', of corrugated iron and with minimal amounts of glass to protect against the summer sun (drawings of it have not survived). The Swanston Street elevation does survive, and shows an impressive three-arched roof running east–west, with a tall stained glass east end, which most likely was only to cover the concourse. The roof over the platforms may have been a similar arrangement of arches but across the lines rather than parallel.

Work began in 1900 on the rearrangement of the station tracks, while the final design of the station building was still being worked on. Work on the central pedestrian subway started in 1901, with the foundations of the main building completed by 1903.

In 1904, in mid construction, the plans were extensively modified by the Railways Commissioners. The proposed single platform roof was replaced by individual platform roofs, and it was decided not to include the arched concourse roof. To increase office space, a fourth storey was added to the main building, which resulted in the arches above each entrance on Flinders Street being lowered, decreasing their dominance.

In 1905, work began on the station building itself, starting at the west end and progressing towards the main dome. Ballarat builder Peter Rodger was awarded the £93,000 contract. The building was originally to have been faced in stone, but that was considered too costly, so red brick, with cement render details, was used for the main building instead. Grey granite from Harcourt was used for many details at ground level on the Flinders Street side, "in view of the importance of this great public work". The southern facade of the main building consisted of a lightweight timber frame clad with zinc sheets, which were scored into blocks and painted red to look like large bricks. That was done to create corridors instead of what were to be open-access balconies inside the scrapped train shed.

Work on the dome started in 1906. The structure required heavy foundations as it extended over railway tracks. In May 1908, work was progressing more slowly than planned, with the expected completion date of April 1909 increasingly unlikely to be met. Rodger's contract was terminated in August 1908. A Royal Commission was appointed in May 1910, finding that Rodger could be held accountable for the slow progress in 1908, but he should be compensated for the difficulties before then. The Way and Works Branch of the Victorian Railways took over the project, and the station was essentially finished by mid-1909. The verandah along Flinders Street, and the concourse roof and verandah along Swanston Street, were not completed until after the official opening in 1910.

The building had three levels at the concourse, or Swanston Street, end, and four at the lower Elizabeth Street end. Numerous shops and lettable spaces were provided, some on the concourse, but especially along the Flinders Street frontage, many at lower than street level, accessed by stairs, which created a fifth or basement level. The top three levels of the main building contain a large number of rooms, particularly along the Flinders Street frontage, mostly intended for railway use, but also many as lettable spaces. Numerous ticket windows were located at each entry, with services, such as a restaurant, country booking office, lost luggage office and visitors help booth, at the concourse or platform level. Much of the top floor was purpose-built for the then new Victorian Railway Institute, including a library, gym and a lecture hall, later used as a ballroom. Those rooms have been largely abandoned and decaying since the 1980s. For a number of years in the 1930s and 1940s, the building featured a creche next to the main dome on the top floor, with an open-air playground on an adjoining roof. Since 1910, the basement store beside the main entrance has been occupied by a hat store, known as "City Hatters" since 1933.

The first electric train service operated from Flinders Street to Essendon in 1919, and by 1923 it was thought to be the world's busiest passenger station, with 2300 trains and 300,000 passengers daily. In 1954, to cater for increasing traffic, as well as for the 1956 Summer Olympics, the Degraves Street subway from the station was extended to the north side of Flinders Street, creating Campbell Arcade. In March 1966, platform 1 was extended to  long.

Redevelopment plans
Plans arose at various times from the 1960s to the 1970s for the demolition or redevelopment of the station, as well as the adjacent Jolimont Yard area. The station had fallen into disrepair, having not been cleaned in decades, and covered with advertising hoardings and light up signs.

In 1962, the Minister for Transport and HKJ Pty Ltd signed an agreement for a £30 million redevelopment of the station that would have resulted in the demolition of the clock tower and replacement with an office building up to 60 storeys high. Work was to begin in 1964, but instead the Gas & Fuel Building was constructed over Princes Bridge station. In 1967 a company purchased the option to lease the space above Flinders Street Station, planning to build a shopping plaza and two office towers, the dome and clock tower being kept as part of the design, but strong opposition saw this project lapse.In 1972, Victorian Premier Henry Bolte unveiled another redevelopment plan, to cover  of space above the station and Jolimont Yard for a complex of shops, offices, theatres and other community facilities. A newspaper report of 1974 said that planning was still underway for the $250 million proposal, but by 1975, public perceptions had begun to turn towards retention of the station. A Builders Labourers Federation green ban at the time helped preserve it in its existing form. The controversy over these proposals led to a re-apprasial of the architecture and significance of the station, which had been seen as something of an oddity, or even simply as dirty and ugly, such that it was classified by the National Trust of Australia (Victoria) by 1976, and eventually listed on the state Heritage Register in 1982.
In 1989, under the John Cain government, an agreement to construct a "Festival Marketplace" was signed. Designed by Daryl Jackson architects, it was to be built over the existing platforms in a style sympathetic to the existing station, and be completed by 1992. Planned to feature shops, restaurants and cafes, the project was abandoned in 1991 after the inability of the financiers to come up with the $205 million required due to the early 1990s recession.

In November 2011, the Victorian Government launched a $1 million international design competition to rejuvenate and restore the station. In October 2012, after receiving 118 submissions, six finalists were selected. The public could vote and the jury's choice and people's choice winner were announced on 8 August 2013. The competition winner was Hassell + Herzog & de Meuron, while the people's choice winner were University of Melbourne students Eduardo Velasquez, Manuel Pineda and Santiago Medina. No funding was attached to the competition, and no major changes were undertaken.

Refurbishment

The Swanston Street concourse has undergone the most change of any part of the station, and is now three times the depth of the original structure, is located near Federation Square and only the canopy and roofed area on Swanston Street remains of the original. After the first round of works in 1985 a City of Melbourne councillor, Trevor Huggard, described the renovation as "vandalism of historically important sections of the station", and in 1997 the National Trust of Australia described the additions to the concourse as unsympathetic and detrimental to the station, having "the character of a modern shopping centre".

The television displays used to display next train information were added to each platform in July 1980.

In 1982, a $7 million refurbishment was announced by the Minister for Transport, Steven Crabb, divided into four phases, designed by the railways architect Kris Kudlicki. Completed by 1984, the first escalators at the station provided on platforms 2 and 3 replaced ramps, and new public toilets were provided, replacing those over the platforms. The main station concourse was tiled and extended westward over the tracks, with skylights added above the ramps, and 16 new shops opened on the concourse. A restaurant was built on the southern side facing the river, which opened in October 1985, but closed soon after, instead becoming the "Clocks on Flinders" poker machine venue in 1994. The main steps were embedded with electrical circuits to keep them dry in June 1985.

In 1993, the Elizabeth Street subway was extended and opened at the Southbank end. Conservation work was also carried out to the main building, with the external facade repainted, exterior feature lighting installed, and the stained glass feature windows above each entry restored. Further changes were made through the late 1990s with the opening of access from the main Swanston Street concourse to platform 1, platform resurfacing with tactile tiles, and the replacement of the remainder of the original platform access ramps (except platform 10) with escalators and elevators.

The tracks to the east of the station were rebuilt between 1997 and 1998 to clear the way for the Federation Square project. Jolimont Yard was eliminated, with $40 million spent to reduce 53 operating lines between Flinders Street and Richmond Station to just 12. The number of points was also reduced, from 164 to 48. These changes also saw a reallocation of platform usage at the station, country trains being shifted from platform 1 to platform 10, and Clifton Hill group trains being shifted from the deleted Princes Bridge station to platform 1.

The final round of changes were completed by 2007. It included refurbishment of the building roof and concourse foundations, an upgrade of platform 10 with escalators and a lift replacing the ramp, the relocation of all ticket booking offices to the main entrance under the main dome and new LCD passenger information displays installed on the platforms, subways and concourse. In March 2009 an escalator replaced the lift to platform 12 and 13, with platform 13 also extended west into daylight along the alignment of the former platform 11.

In 2008, the retail pavilions on the concourse were rebuilt, increasing their area. An investigation of the potential of the abandoned spaces in the station, overseen by a task force comprising representatives from Connex, the Committee for Melbourne, Melbourne City Council, Heritage Victoria, was completed the same year, but the conclusions were not made public. In January 2010, one of the first announcements by the new Minister for Public Transport was that the government was investigating the refurbishment of the abandoned spaces for "cultural uses".In mid-February 2015, Premier Daniel Andrews and Minister for Public Transport Jacinta Allan announced that $100 million would be spent for urgent refurbishment works to upgrade station platforms, entrances, toilets, information displays and to restore the exterior of the main building. By July 2017, the station had been almost completely repainted in the original 1910 colours. The distinctive yellow mustard colour was replaced with more muted shades of stone and red, which were determined based on a forensic analysis of the original paint layers on the surface of the building.

As painting continued in January 2018, a further round of works was announced including the renewal of the Elizabeth Street pedestrian subway and rebuilding of the subway's south entrance to include direct access to platform 10. In 2018 the pedestrian forecourt in front of the station's main entrance was expanded and new security bollards were installed to protect pedestrians from cars, as part of the security response to the January 2017 Bourke Street car attack.

Town Hall station

From 2025, the Flinders Street station complex will expand with the opening of the adjacent Town Hall rapid transit station under Swanston Street, which will have a number of new entrances in the surrounding precinct.

As part of the Metro Tunnel project, City Square on Swanston Street was fenced off in 2017 for the commencement of construction works on a new CBD station, which will directly connect with Flinders Street. In November 2017, after a naming competition, it was announced the CBD South station would have a separate name from Flinders Street station and be named Town Hall, after the nearby Melbourne Town Hall. Major station works on Town Hall station began in 2018 with the station expected to open in 2025.

The new station will connect with Flinders Street station via an underground walkway through the existing Campbell Arcade and Degraves Street underpass. A number of changes were made to the design of the connection with the 1950s Campbell Arcade to preserve the site's heritage character and small, art deco shopfronts. In 2019, a section of Flinders Street was closed to cars to allow the construction of the underground connection between the two stations.

The connection, named 'Flinders Link', will allow for a paid-area interchange between Metro Tunnel services at Town Hall and Flinders Street services. As part of the project, six lifts are being installed on Flinders Street station platforms 1–10 to allow for accessible access via the Degraves Street underpass.

Clocks

The distinctive clocks under the main dome that show the departure times of the next trains date back to the 1860s. Sixty Bathgate indicators were purchased from England for use at the Flinders Street, Spencer Street, Richmond and South Yarra stations. Those at Flinders Street were placed into storage when the old station was demolished in 1904, with 28 placed into the new station in 1910. They were located at the main entry under the dome, the southern side archway, and the Degraves and Elizabeth Street entrances.

Manually operated by a railway officer using a long pole, during an 8-hour period the clocks at the main entrance were changed an average of 900 times. The original indicator clocks were removed from service in 1983 as part of a redevelopment of the station, with their replacement by digital displays planned. An outpouring of public outrage and sentimentality saw the decision reversed within one day. The clocks at the main entrance were altered to automatic operation by computer, but those at the Degraves and Elizabeth Street entrances were replaced by large airport-style split-flap displays.

The space "under the clocks" or "on the steps" leading to the dome has been a popular informal meeting place for Melburnians since the station's opening. Although the area was not intended for this purpose, and there is no seating or other infrastructure to suggest it as a destination, the locationopposite the well-known Young and Jackson Hotel and overlooking two of the busiest tram routes in the citymeans it is accessible and visible to many of the city's main pedestrian thoroughfares. Many people who meet "under the clocks" do not arrive by train; the site's cultural significance extends beyond its main function as a transport hub.A clock tower has also existed at the end of Elizabeth Street since 1883. The first clock was known as the 'Water Tower Clock', after a wooden framed water tower erected on the site in 1853. This clock remained in place until 1905 when work begun on the new station, the clock tower being moved to outside Princes Bridge station. In 1911 it was moved to Spencer Street station, where it remained until the station was redeveloped in 1967. Sold to a private collector, it was returned to public ownership and in 1999 was put on display at the Scienceworks Museum, Spotswood. It was returned to the renamed Southern Cross station in 2014.

Today's Elizabeth Street clock tower was constructed between August 1906 and November 1907, the clock being built by Melbourne clock maker F. Ziegeler to an English design. Originally needing to be wound every day, it is now electrically operated. It was cleaned and overhauled between 2017 and 2018 before being fully restored to service.

Signal boxes

The first signal boxes were opened at the station in 1883, one at each end of the platforms. From the 1900s until 1983, five signal boxes controlled traffic into the station.

Flinders Street A was located at the western end of the station, between the lines to St Kilda/Port Melbourne and Spencer Street, and controlled all traffic from the west. It was of "traditional" Victorian Railways design, in brick, and had two mechanical lever frames of equal size, totalling 280 levers. The mechanical signals were decommissioned in October 1979. The signal box has been burnt twice, the second time being in 2002, destroying the timber and glass superstructure and slate roof. In 2009, it was rebuilt as Signal, a youth arts centre funded by the City of Melbourne.

Flinders Street B was located at the Richmond end of platforms 8 and 9 and controlled the southern tracks from Jolimont Yard. It was of traditional VR design, in brick, and was demolished when the Federation Square deck was built.

Flinders Street C was located beyond the Richmond end of platforms 4 and 5 and controlled the northern tracks from Jolimont Yard. It was of traditional VR design and was demolished together with Flinders Street B.

Flinders Street D was located at the Richmond end of the Princes Bridge island platform (later incorporated into Flinders Street as platforms 15 and 16). The structure, of utilitarian brick construction, remains today, just beyond the Federation Square deck.

Flinders Street E was located at Richmond Junction, and controlled the junction as well as access into the Richmond end of the stabling sidings. Of utilitarian brick construction, it remains in place today underneath the William Barak Bridge.

Since 1983, the station has been remotely controlled by Metrol. The station precinct is operated by four interlockings corresponding to former signal boxes A, B, D and E.

Platforms

The platform layout at Flinders Street is unusual among Australian terminal stations for being almost entirely composed of through tracksa product of the constrained geography of the site and the haphazard development of the rail network around it. The first platform at the station, constructed near and parallel to Flinders Street itself, was barely even  long, and allowed trains from Port Melbourne to terminate. The opening of the rail connection under Swanston Street in 1865 enabled trains from Brighton to access the platform, and so it was later extended to enable the simultaneous arrival of trains from the east and west.

A second platform to the south of the first was provided in 1877, after the amalgamation of railway companies began to increase traffic at the station. Platform expansion began in earnest following the 1882 recommendation that Flinders Street be developed as a major terminal, and the subsequent government acquisition of the railways; between 1889 and 1892, three further platforms were constructed on land acquired from the former fish market in anticipation of additional traffic, which eventuated when Essendon, Coburg and Williamstown trains were routed across the viaduct in 1894. Development continued with the completion of the 1899 ground plan, which specified a total of 11 platformsplatform 1 along the main building and five pairs of island platforms to the south. The remaining platforms were constructed as works progressed on the main building, and in 1909, a decision was made to extend platforms 10 and 11 eastwards, creating two new platforms originally numbered 10 East and 11 East and now numbered 12 and 13.

Railway officials proposed amalgamating the nearby Princes Bridge station with Flinders Street with improved passenger connections in the 1890s, but failed to obtain funding from the state government for the project despite the massive redevelopment works. Nevertheless, the two stations were merged for signalling and operational purposes in 1910, and in 1966, platform 1 at Flinders Street was extended to meet its counterpart at Princes Bridge, creating a single platform face with a length over . The west end of platform 1 could also be used as a separate "Platform 1 West". Eventually, in 1980, Princes Bridge was formally incorporated into Flinders Street and its three platforms were renumbered 14, 15 and 16.

Several platforms were decommissioned in the early 1990s following reductions in suburban train services. Platform 11 fell into disuse following the closure of the Port Melbourne line in 1987, and platforms 14, 15 and 16 were closed to regular services, along with the west end of platform 1. Although proposals were made to reopen it by the East West Link Needs Assessment, the platform 11 site was converted into a bar and restaurant in 2014. Platforms 15 and 16 were demolished to make way for Federation Square, but platform 14 remains intermittently in use.

A short dock platform, known as the Milk Dock or Parcels Dock, was constructed in 1910 to the north of platform 1 at the west end of the main building. Prior to the widespread transport of dairy products by road, the dock was a distribution centre for milk and other small goods arriving in Melbourne on early morning trains from Gippsland. Other small goods and parcels were later also loaded at the dock until most such traffic ceased in the 1960s. The structure remains essentially intact.

Three concourses link the platforms. The main concourse is at the east end of the station, located off Swanston Street and the main dome, and has direct access to all platforms via escalators, stair and elevators. The Degraves Street subway runs under the centre of the station, exiting to Flinders Street at the north end, with stairs directly connecting to all platforms except for platform numbers 12 and 13. The Elizabeth Street subway is at the west end, and has direct access via ramps to all platforms except for platforms 12, 13 and 14, and via a stairway to platform 1, reopened in 2017.

Trains may use a different platform if the platform it is originally scheduled at is occupied.

Platform 1:
Destinations via City Loop – Clifton Hill Group:
 all stations and limited stop services to Eltham and Hurstbridge, peak services to Heidelberg, Macleod and Greensborough
 all stations and limited stop services to Mernda, peak services to Epping and South Morang

Platform 2 & 3:
Destinations via City Loop – Burnley Group:
 all stations and limited stop services to Lilydale, peak services to Blackburn, Ringwood and Mooroolbark
 all stations and limited stop services to Belgrave, peak services to Upper Ferntree Gully
 all stations and limited stop services to Glen Waverley, peak services to Syndal
 weekday all stations and limited stop services to Alamein, morning peak service to Riversdale

Platform 4 & 5:
Destinations via City Loop – Northern Group:
 all stations and limited stop services to Craigieburn, peak services to Broadmeadows
 all stations and limited stop services to Upfield
 all stations and limited stop services to Watergardens & Sunbury

Destinations via Richmond (platform 4 only):
 all stations and limited stop services to Blackburn
 all stations and limited stop services to Blackburn
 weekday all stations and limited stop services to Alamein
 all stations and limited stop services to Glen Waverley

Platform 6 & 7:
Destinations via Richmond:
 express services to Pakenham
 express services to Cranbourne
 V/Line services to Traralgon & Bairnsdale (pick up only)
 V/Line services to Southern Cross (set down only)

Platform 8 & 9:
Destinations via Richmond:
 all stations and limited stop services to Frankston

Destinations via Southern Cross (platform 9 only):
 all stations and limited stop services to Laverton & Werribee
 all stations services to Williamstown

Platform 10:
Destinations via Southern Cross:
 weekday all stations and limited stop services to Laverton & Werribee
 weekday all stations services to Williamstown
 limited stop services to Showgrounds and/or Flemington Racecourse (special event days only)
 select services to Craigieburn

Platform 11:

Removed and fenced off, Now a restaurant separate from the station.

Platform 12 & 13:
Destinations via Richmond:
 all stations services to Sandringham
Destinations via Southern Cross (platform 12 only):
  select services to Laverton and Werribee
Platform 14:Currently not in use, "Emergency Egress Only".

Transport links

Yarra Trams operates 14 services via Flinders Street, Swanston Street and Elizabeth Street:

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

Flinders Street Station, historic images and original architectural plans at Culture Victoria
 Melway map at street-directory.com.au

Art Nouveau architecture in Melbourne
Art Nouveau railway stations
Buildings and structures in Melbourne City Centre
Domes
Green bans
Heritage-listed buildings in Melbourne
Landmarks in Melbourne
Listed railway stations in Australia
Premium Melbourne railway stations
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1854
Railway stations in the City of Melbourne (LGA)
Romanesque Revival architecture in Australia

Flinders Street railway station


The Swampscott dory  is a traditional fishing boat, used during the middle of the 19th century by fishing villages along the North Shore coast of Massachusetts centered on Swampscott. It is designed to be launched off the beach.  The rounded hull provides more buoyancy for launching through surf than the slab sided banks dory. The flat bottom allows the boat to sit upright on the beach. The lack of a keel keeps the boat from being grabbed by a wave and allows the boat to pass cleanly through the surf.  The boat still heels easily which allows large fish to be rolled into the boat vs having to lift the fish completely up over the gunnel. The Swampscott Dory, a fishing boat still in use throughout the world today, was invented in 1840 by Theophilius Brackett  to row and to pull lobster pots. These dories compare favorably with the New Bedford whaleboat and the Gloucester seine boat.

The Swampscott dory is a melding of the earlier Wherry design and the river bateau, which later led to new construction techniques used in the mass production of the Banks dory. Swampscott dories are built with rounded sides and slightly less overhang stern than a banks dory. Swampscott dories are generally from 14 to 18 ft in length, the longer boat being crewed by two oarsmen.

Eventually the Swampscott dory developed into a recreational sailboat as well, known as the clipper dory, and then the alpha and beachcomber dory.  These inexpensive sailboats were raced along the coast of Massachusetts during the early part of the 20th century.  The sail rig was typically a Leg of Mutton and small jib on an unstayed mast.

According to Gardner, Swampscott dorys are the "aristocrats of the dory clan and not to be confused with their clumsier, more crudely built cousins, the heavy, slab-sided working dories of the Grand Banks fishermen." He feels that the Swampscott dory rows and handles more easily, and are every bit as good seaboats.

Lowell's Boat Shop, one of the original builders of dories, markets a similar boat as a surf dory.

References

Books

Types of fishing vessels

Swampscott dory


Dorothy Lawson is a Canadian cellist and composer based in New York City. She is best known as a co-founder and artistic director of the string quartet ETHEL. On the founding of ETHEL she says, "we... realized that we were in the middle of a really powerful new upsurge of creative energy in music of our time that we were kind of the perfect vehicle for."

Prior to ETHEL, Lawson toured with Mikhail Baryshnikov's White Oak Dance Project, Bang on a Can All-Stars and Orpheus Chamber Orchestra. She was a founding member of the Rossetti and Roerich String Quartets, and served 10 years as faculty of Joseph Fuchs' Alfred University Summer Chamber Music Institute. Lawson was an orchestra member of the 2002 Off-Broadway production of Jason Robert Brown's The Last Five Years and the 2005 Broadway production of The Woman in White. She has been a member of the Ron Carter Nonet. Lawson appears on multiple recordings, including the GRAMMY Award-winning album Dedicated to You: Kurt Elling Sings the Music of Coltrane and Hartman She is a member of acclaimed Brazilian jazz pianist Marcelo Zarvos +Group. Lawson is a graduate of the Juilliard School and a current faculty at the Preparatory Division of Mannes College at the New School. She is quoted numerous times in the book How to Grow as a Musician: What All Musicians Must Know to Succeed by Sheila E. Anderson on the topic of how to balance work and family as a working musician.

References

Canadian classical cellists
Canadian classical composers
Living people
Juilliard School alumni
Musicians from New York City
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Canadian women classical cellists
Ethel (string quartet) members
Canadian women classical composers

Dorothy Lawson


Buchenwald concentration camp was a Nazi concentration camp during World War II.  In German, the camp was called Konzentrationslager (KZ) Buchenwald.  It was built in Germany in 1937, and stayed open until 1945.  Buchenwald was one of the first and largest labor camps built in Germany.

The Nazis sent people from all over Europe and the Soviet Union to Buchenwald.  There, they were prisoners and did forced labor in weapons factories.

After the Allies won World War II, the Soviet Union took over Buchenwald and some other parts of Germany.  From 1945 to 1950, they used Buchenwald as an internment camp.  They called it NKVD Special Camp Number 2.  (The NKVD was the Soviet police organization that ran the camp.)  On January 6, 1950, the Soviets handed over Buchenwald to the East German Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Today, what is left of Buchenwald is a memorial.  There is also a museum there.

History
The Nazis built Buchenwald on the Ettersberg (Etter Mountain), near Weimar, Germany, in July of 1937.  They named the camp Buchenwald, which means "beech forest" in English.  On the camp's main gate, they wrote Jedem das Seine ("Each to their own").

Between April 1938 and April 1945, about 238,380 people were sent to Buchenwald.  These prisoners included people from many different countries.  They also included many Allied prisoners of war (POWs).  Over 56,000 prisoners died at Buchenwald.<ref name=Bartel>{{cite book |last=Bartel |first=Walter |date=1960 |title=Buchenwald-Mahnung und Verpflichtung: Dokumente und Berichte (Buchenwald: Warnings and our Obligation [To Future Generations] – Documents and Reports) |publisher=Kongress-Verlag }}</ref>

People

Camp commandants

Karl-Otto Koch (1 August 1937–July 1941)
Buchenwald's first commandant (camp leader) was Karl-Otto Koch.  He ran the camp from 1937 to July 1941.  His second wife, Ilse Koch, became well known as Die Hexe von Buchenwald ("the witch of Buchenwald") for the terrible ways she treated the prisoners.  Koch made the prisoners build a zoo at Buchenwald, with a bear pit (Bärenzwinger).

Eventually, Koch was put in prison at Buchenwald himself.  At first, two Nazi officials named Prince Waldeck and Dr. Morgen accused Koch of encouraging murder.  Later, Koch was also charged with corruption, embezzlement, black market dealings, and using the camp's workers to meet his own needs. Other camp officials were also charged, including Ilse Koch.

Karl Koch was tried and sentenced to death.  He was executed by a firing squad on April 5, 1945.  This was just one week before American soldiers arrived and took over Buchenwald.

After the war, Ilse Koch was sentenced to four years in jail.  At first, her sentence was cut down to two years and she was set free.  However, after this, she was arrested again and sentenced to life in prison by the new German government.  She killed herself in jail in September 1967.

Hermann Pister (1942–1945)

Buchenwald's second commandant was Hermann Pister.  He controlled the camp from 1942 to 1945, when it was taken over by American soldiers.

After the war, Pister was tried in the Nuremberg Trials, and was sentenced to death.  However, in September 1948, before he could be executed, Pister died of a heart problem.

Types of prisoners

The Nazis sent prisoners from all over Europe and the Soviet Union to Buchenwald.  These included:
 Jews
 Polish people
 Slavic people
 People with mental illnesses, intellectual disabilities, and physical disabilities
 People who practiced religions that the Nazis did not like, such as Jehovah's Witnesses
 Political prisoners (people from different political parties, or people who had different political beliefs than the Nazis, like socialists and communists)
 Romani and Sinti people
 Freemasons
 Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people
 Prisoners of war (especially Soviet POWs)
 Criminals

Women in Buchenwald
Somewhere between 500 and 1,000 women prisoners were kept at Buchenwald.  First, in 1941, twenty female political prisoners were brought to Buchenwald from Ravensbrück concentration camp.  They were forced to work as sex slaves in the camp's brothel.

However, most of the female prisoners were sent to Buchenwald in 1944 and 1945 from other concentration camps.  They were sent mainly from Auschwitz, Ravensbrück, and Bergen Belsen.  Later, all the women prisoners were sent to Buchenwald's many female satellite camps (smaller camps around Buchenwald).

Ilse Koch was the head supervisor (Oberaufseherin) of 22 other female guards and hundreds of women prisoners in the main camp.  More than 530 other female guards worked in Buchenwald's many other, smaller camps ("subcamps").  Only 22 women served or trained in the main Buchenwald camp, compared to over 15,500 men.

Allied airmen
When the Nazis captured soldiers from Western Allied countries, they almost always sent them to prisoner of war camps, not concentration camps.  However, they did keep a group of 168 airmen (flyers) at Buchenwald for two months. These men were from the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Jamaica.  They got to Buchenwald on August 20, 1944.Eyewitness accounts of Art Kinnis, president of KLB (Konzentrationslager Buchenwald), and 2nd Lt. Joseph Moser, one of the surviving pilots, at http://buchenwaldflyboy.wordpress.com.

These airmen's planes had crashed in France, which Nazi Germany controlled.  The airmen were sent to Buchenwald, not a POW camp, because the Nazis said they were spies and "terror bombers."

After the war, one airman remembered arriving at Buchenwald:

The airmen were treated and abused in the same way as the other prisoners at Buchenwald.  Two airmen died there.  Then, in October 1944, the airmen were sent to Stalag Luft III, a regular POW camp.  The airmen who were accused of being "terror bombers" were going to be executed at Buchenwald after October 24.  They were saved by officers of the Luftwaffe (the German air force), who visited Buchenwald.  When they got back to Berlin, these officers made sure the airmen were sent to a regular POW camp, and not executed.

Death toll at Buchenwald

Causes of death
The Nazis' goal for camps like Buchenwald was Vernichtung durch Arbeit ("extermination through labor").  This meant that prisoners were being sent to Buchenwald to be worked to death.

Because of the terrible living conditions in the camp, illness was very common and spread quickly.  Prisoners were also starving.  Because of this combination of illness and starvation, many prisoners were actually "worked to death" as the Nazis had planned.  However, many other inmates died from executions, experiments by Nazi doctors, and other causes.

Summary executions of Soviet POWs (executions without a trial) were also done at Buchenwald.  In 1941 and 1942, at least 1,000 men were chosen to be killed and were sent to Buchenwald, where they were immediately shot in the back of the head.

Nazi doctors also did experiments on prisoners at Buchenwald.  For example, in 1942 and 1943, they used 729 prisoners to test a vaccine for typhus.  This meant the prisoners were given the vaccine, and then given typhus on purpose.  154 of these prisoners died.  In another experiment, Nazi doctors wanted to see how much of a certain poison was needed to kill a person.  They gave four Russian POWs the poison.  When the POWs did not die, they were "strangled in the crematorium" and then "dissected" (cut apart to study their bodies).  Doctors also burned other prisoners very badly with white phosphorus to test whether a medicine would help similar wounds caused by bombs.  After the war ended, at the Nuremberg Trials, one of these doctors defended himself by saying that while he was a doctor, he was also a "legally appointed executioner" (meaning the law allowed him to kill people).

Number of deaths

The SS left behind records of how many prisoners came to the camp and how many left.  They recorded how many prisoners were let go, sent to another camp, or died.  These records say that 33,462 prisoners died at Buchenwald.  However, these records may not be completely true.  For example, before 1944, when the SS killed prisoners, they often wrote down that the prisoners were "transferred to the Gestapo," not that they were killed.  Also, starting in 1941, many Soviet POWs were executed in mass killings.  These POWs would be killed as soon as they got to the camp, and were never added to the camp's records.  This means they were not listed among the 33,462 dead.

One former Buchenwald prisoner, Armin Walter, counted the number of people who were killed by being shot in the back of the head.  Walter's job at Buchenwald was to set up and care for a radio system at the place where people were executed.  He counted the number of people who were killed and hid the information.  He says that 8,483 Soviet prisoners of war were shot and killed.

When all these deaths are added up, the total number of people who died at Buchenwald is about 56,545.  This number includes:
 Deaths according to SS records: 33,462
 Executions by shooting: 8,483
 Executions by hanging: 1,100 (estimate)
 Deaths during evacuation transports (moving prisoners to other camps by train or forced marches): 13,500 (estimate)

This total of 56,545 deaths means that 24% of the prisoners who were sent to Buchenwald died.

Liberation

On April 4, 1945, United States soldiers took over Ohrdruf, one of Buchenwald's smaller camps.  Ohrdruf was the first Nazi camp liberated (taken over and freed) by U.S. soldiers.

Two days later, the Nazis started trying to evacuate (move everybody out of) Buchenwald.  They made thousands of prisoners go on forced marches toward other camps that the Americans had not yet reached.

A Polish engineer named Gwidon Damazyn, who had been a prisoner since March 1941, had set up a secret short-wave radio.  On April 8 at noon, Damazyn and Russian prisoner Konstantin Ivanovich Leonov sent a message in Morse code to the Allies.  The message had been written by the leaders of the prisoners' underground resistance movement (a group of prisoners who tried to fight the Nazis in secret). It said:

The text was repeated several times in English, German, and Russian.  Damazyn sent the English and German messages, and Leonov sent the Russian version. Three minutes after Damazyn sent the last message, the headquarters of the Third United States Army answered:

Damazyn fainted after getting the message.

After learning this news, Communist inmates attacked the camp's watchtowers and killed the guards who were still at the camp.  They used guns they had been collecting since 1942 (one machine gun and 91 rifles).

United States soldiers arrived at Buchenwald on April 11, 1945 at 3:15 P.M.  (The clock at the entrance gate is now permanently set to this time). The soldiers were given a hero's welcome.

Later that day, United States soldiers took over Langenstein, one of Buchenwald's smaller camps.  There, they freed over 21,000 prisoners.  They also ordered the mayor of Langenstein to send food and water to the camp, and rushed in medical supplies from an American field hospital.

On Thursday, April 12, 1945, some journalists arrived at Buchenwald.  The journalists included Edward R. Murrow, whose radio report about seeing Buchenwald was broadcast on CBS and became one of his most famous:

 Soviet Special Camp Number 2
Between 1945 and February 10, 1950, the camp was run by the Soviet Union.  They used it as a prison camp called Special Camp Number 2.

The Soviet Union held 28,455 prisoners, including 1,000 women, at Special Camp Number 2.  Soviet records say that 7,113 of these prisoners died.  They were buried in mass graves in the woods around the camp.  Their families were not told they had died.

Prisoners at Special Camp Number 2 included:
 People accused of being against Stalinism
 People accused of being members of the Nazi Party
 People who had done nothing wrong, but were confused with other people who had
 People who were arrested by the Soviets without committing any real crimes (arbitrary arrests)

The NKVD (the Soviet police organization that ran the camp) would not let the prisoners talk to anyone outside the camp.  The NKVD also did not try to figure out whether the prisoners were guilty.

On January 6, 1950, the Soviet Minister of Internal Affairs, Sergei Nikiforovich Kruglov, decided that the East German Ministry of Internal Affairs would take over all of the NKVD special camps, including the one at Buchenwald.

 Buchenwald is destroyed

In October 1950, Buchenwald was destroyed.  The main gate, the crematorium, the hospital block, and two guard towers were left standing.  All prisoner barracks and other buildings were torn down.  Many of them have been rebuilt.

Just days after the camp was liberated in 1945, freed prisoners built a monument to honor the people who died at Buchenwald.  It was made of wood and was meant to be temporary.  Eventually it was replaced by a monument made of stainless steel.  The surface of this monument is kept at , the temperature of human skin, all year round.

A second monument was also built in 1958, near where prisoners had been buried together in mass graves.

Books about Buchenwald
Some people who survived being imprisoned at Buchenwald have written about what happened to them.  These people include:
 Jorge Semprún, Quel beau dimanche! ("What a Beautiful Sunday!")
 Ernst Wiechert, Der Totenwald ("Forest of the Dead")
 Léon Delarbre (who wrote and also drew scenes of what life was like in Buchenwald)
 Edmond Vandievoet, I Escaped from a Nazi Death Camp (Vandievoet was one of the few prisoners who escaped from Buchenwald)
 Elie Wiesel, La Nuit (Night'')

Visit from President Obama and Chancellor Merkel
On June 5, 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama and German Chancellor Angela Merkel visited Buchenwald.  Elie Wiesel and Bertrand Herz, two survivors of Buchenwald, went with them.  During the visit, President Obama said at as a child, he had heard stories about Buchenwald from his great-uncle, who was part of the 89th Infantry Division.  This Division was the first group of American soldiers to reach the Ohrdruf forced labor camp, one of Buchenwald's smaller camps.

Photos of Buchenwald

Related pages
 Nazi concentration camps
 The Holocaust
 World War II

References

1930s establishments in Germany
1937 establishments in Europe
Buildings and structures in Thuringia
Nazi concentration camps in Germany
Weimar

Buchenwald concentration camp


John III (; 1469 – 14 June 1516) was jure uxoris King of Navarre from 1484 until his death, as husband and co-ruler with Queen Catherine.

He was a son of Alain I, Lord of Albret and his wife Frances, Countess of Périgord.

King of Navarre

Marriage to Queen Catherine and accession to the throne
He became King of Navarre and Count of Foix by virtue of his 1484 marriage to Queen Catherine (1470–1517), successor of her brother Francis Phoebus in 1483. He shared with Catherine tasks related to the government of the kingdom, but his rule was marked by the guardianship of Catherine's mother Magdalena de Valois up to 1494—she died in 1495—and persistent diplomatic and military pressure of Ferdinand II of Aragon over the Crown of Navarre, supported on the ground by the Beaumont party of Navarre.

He and Catherine were crowned as monarchs in Pamplona on 10 January 1494. In the run-up to the ceremony, Louis of Beaumont—count of Lerín—had taken over and ransacked the stronghold. On Christmas 1493, the count blocked the access of the king and queen to the capital city, but after a fleeting peace agreement was reached, the ceremony was held. In the week-long festival following the crowning ceremony, John III and his father are referred to in Basque language verses as Labrit, their usual naming in Navarre—also at Olite in 1493, document written in Romanic language.

The kingdom invaded
In 1512, Navarre was invaded by a combined Castilian-Aragonese army sent by Ferdinand II of Aragon, whose second wife was Germaine de Foix (1490–1538), a cousin of Queen Catherine. The Castilian troops commanded by the duke of Alba crossed the Pyrénées onto Lower Navarre capturing St-Jean-Pied-de-Port on 10 September 1512 and wreaking havoc across much of the merindad. There the Castilians were doggedly opposed by lords loyal to John III and Catherine of Navarre, but the Castilians retained St-Jean-Pied-de-Port and its hinterland. Following the invasion, Navarre south of the Pyrenees was annexed to Castile nominally as an autonomous kingdom (aeque principalis) by the victorious Ferdinand after taking an oath to respect the Navarrese laws and institutions (1515).

The royal family took shelter in Béarn, a royal Pyrenean domain and principality contiguous to Lower Navarre. The Parliament of Navarre and the States-General of Béarn had passed in 1510 a bill to create a confederation with a view to ensuring a better defence against external aggression. The capital city of Béarn was Pau, which John III and Catherine took as their main base along with Orthez and Tarbes in their last period.

Reconquest attempt and death
After the Aragonese king Ferdinand's death in January 1516, the king John III mustered an army in Sauveterre-de-Béarn made up of Navarrese exiles and men from all over his domains, especially from Béarn, but the total figure of combatants amounted to no more than several hundreds. The advance of the two columns led by Pedro, Marshal of Navarre was stopped by the Castilians right on the Pyrénées due to spies informing Cardinal Cisneros. The reconquest attempt was flawed.

Depressed by the defeats and adverse diplomatic results, John III died at the castle of Esgouarrabaque in Monein, Béarn, on 14 June 1516 after lying gripped by fatal fevers. Up to the last moment he struggled to get Navarre back from the Spanish, urging his wife, Queen Catherine, to send a representative to the Cortes of Castile to demand the restoration of the kingdom of Navarre. Despite his wish to be buried at the Santa Maria Cathedral of Pamplona, the permanent Spanish occupation prevented that. His corpse rests instead at the Cathedral of Lescar along with Queen Catherine, who outlived him only a few months.

Family
John and Catherine of Navarre had:
Anne (19 May 1492 – 15 August 1532)
Magdalena (29 March 1494 – May 1504)
Catherine (1495 – November 1532), abbess of the Trinity at Caen
Jean (15 June 1496 – last mentioned in November 1496)
Quiteria (1499 – September/October 1536), abbess at Montivilliers
a stillborn son in 1500
Andrew Phoebus (14 October 1501 – 17 April 1503)
Henry II (18 April 1503 – 25 May 1555), King of Navarre
Buenaventura (14 July 1505 – 1510/1511)
Martin (c. 1506 – last mentioned in 1512)
Francis (1508 – last mentioned in 1512)
Charles (12 December 1510 – September 1528), captured during the Siege of Naples and died as a prisoner of war
Isabella (1513/1514 – last mentioned in 1555), married to Rene I, Viscount of Rohan

References

Sources

1469 births
1516 deaths
15th-century Navarrese monarchs
16th-century Navarrese monarchs
Jure uxoris kings
Burials at Lescar Cathedral
House of Albret
Counts of Périgord
Heirs apparent who never acceded

John III of Navarre


Sales are the activities involved in selling products or services in return for money or other compensation. It is an act of completion of a commercial activity. A salesman is someone who sells products or services, thus generating sales.

Salespeople reach out to contacts that might be interested in purchasing the product or service that their company is selling — prospects that demonstrate interest through actions like visiting the company website or interacting with the company on social media. The goal is to reach out to leads who have shown interest in or fit the description of the company's target customer, in hopes of providing them with a solution that results in a purchase of your product or service.

Marketing
Sales are closely connected with marketing because they have the same goal. Sales serve as a result and confirmation of the correctness of the company's marketing work.

Sales are more practical than theoretical. Sales theory certainly exists as the recommended stages of the sales process, and continues to develop. The concept of sales is included as a basic in many other modern terms and business systems.

Many big companies have some problems with their sales and marketing departments.

Handling objection
A sales objection is an explicit expression by a buyer that a barrier exists between the current situation and what needs to be satisfied before buying from that particular seller. While selling there will be objections from the buyer which the seller needs to handle wisely without losing the leads.

When a buyer indicates objections, the salesperson does not get discouraged but takes it as a chance to explain the value of the product or service. And if the seller can't persuade them, that's a good sign they're a poor fit.

How to be a successful seller
In order to make sales the seller should be credible, he should earn the trust of his customers. There are 7 basic selling techniques:

 Emphasizing Choice - When nearing to closing a deal, the most common problem a seller faces is the dilemma faced by the buyer, whether to buy the product or not. The ability to underline a choice and persuade the buyer to make that choice is a key required skill of a sales person.
 Active Listening - It is the best selling techniques a sales person can have in their repertoire. A sale can be made only through a two-way conversation. The seller should keenly listen to what the buyer wants to say, and should make his next move according to that. Active listening helps foster trust between a client and the company, and in turn, that trust helps build relationships that can be integral to your business for years.
 Warm Calls - This is an alternative selling technique for cold calls, which is both impractical and have been proven not to work. Warm calls takes into account the importance of subjective calling. Warm calls target prospective clients who are more likely to be receptive to your sales call. They include people who have reached out for information, people you've met at industry events, and people others have referred to you.
 Stories with Contrast - Selling techniques that rely solely on extolling the features and benefits of a particular product or service are less effective than selling techniques that emphasize the contrast between a product and its competitors. Drawing parallels between competing products can help set your company apart from the rest of the pack. Customers like contrast; they like authoritative reasons why your company is the better choice.
 Using Referrals - This is a method to draw in new potential customers. With any clients you currently have, encourage them to submit referrals that you can use in upcoming sales calls. Being able to point to the positive experiences of other clients is a great way of demonstrating the legitimacy of your product or service. People will instinctively feel more comfortable making a purchase if they've been given evidence that the product comes highly recommended.
 Being Consistent - Consistency in actions, efforts, and performance is one of the essential traits of a successful salesperson. Maintaining a consistent and dependable approach to sales entails making sure that one's actions and tactics are foreseeable and dependable. Building trust with clients and customers requires consistency since it shows dependability and professionalism. A reliable salesperson keeps their word, fulfils obligations, and consistently reaches or beyond sales goals. They create routines and procedures that allow them to prospect, qualify leads, and contact clients on a regular basis. Successful salespeople cultivate long-lasting connections, encourage customer loyalty, and produce long-lasting sales outcomes by remaining consistent in their sales approach.
 Adapting to Change - A good salesperson must also have the flexibility to evolve with a dynamic work environment. Emerging technologies, industry trends, and client preferences all have an impact on how business is performed, resulting in a continually changing sales landscape. A salesperson must be adaptable, responsive, and open-minded in order to adapt to change. To keep ahead of the competition, they must be eager to adopt new approaches, tools, and strategies. Salespeople that are successful are fast to spot changes in customer behaviour, business trends, or market conditions and modify their strategy accordingly. They have the capacity to pick up new abilities, including understanding digital sales strategies or using social media platforms for engagement and prospecting. Successful salespeople maximise their potential by embracing change and positioning themselves as market leaders.

Methods
There are many classifications of sales:

 Wholesale and retail sales
 Sales in the B2B and B2C segment
 Active sales
 Direct sale
 Multilevel marketing
 "Short" and "long" sales
 Mobile sale
 Sale of goods and services
 Industry sales: food, building materials, etc.
Live Auctions
Spot bid sales
Retail sales
Agency Sales
Consultative Sales

References

Money

Sales


Marianne Cope, TOSF, also known as Saint Marianne of Molokai (January 23, 1838 – August 9, 1918), was a German-born American religious sister who was a member of the Sisters of St Francis of Syracuse, New York, and founding leader of its St. Joseph's Hospital in the city, among the first of 50 general hospitals in the country. Known also for her charitable works, in 1883 she relocated with six other sisters to Hawaiʻi to care for persons suffering leprosy on the island of Molokaʻi and aid in developing the medical infrastructure in Hawaiʻi. Despite direct contact with the patients over many years, Cope did not contract the disease.

In 2005, Marianne was beatified by decision of Pope Benedict XVI. She was  canonized (declared a saint) by the same pope on October 21, 2012, along with Kateri Tekakwitha, a 17th-century Native American. Cope is the 11th Catholic active in what is now the United States to be canonized by the Catholic Church.

Life

Birth and vocation
Cope was born as Barbara Koob, later anglicizing her last name to "Cope". She was born on January 23, 1838, in Heppenheim in the Grand Duchy of Hesse to Peter Koob (1787–1862) and his wife Barbara Witzenbacher (1803–1872). The following year her family emigrated to the United States, settling in the industrial city of Utica, New York. They became members of the Parish of St Joseph, where Barbara attended  parish school. By the time she was in eighth grade, her father had developed a disability. As the oldest child, Barbara left school to work in a textile factory to support her family. Barbara, her father, and her siblings became naturalized as an American citizens in the 1850s.

Barbara received her First Holy Communion and her Confirmation at historic Old St. Johns Church in Utica, New York.

By the time their father, Peter Cope, died in 1862, the younger children in the family were of age to support themselves, so Barbara pursued her long-felt religious calling. She entered the novitiate of the Sisters of the Third Order Regular of Saint Francis in Syracuse, New York. After a year of formation, Cope received the religious habit of the Franciscan Sisters and the new name Marianne. She became first a teacher and then a principal in newly established schools for the region's German-speaking immigrants. Following the revolutions of 1848, more German Catholic immigrants entered the United States.

By 1870, Marianne Cope had become a member of the governing council of her religious congregation. She helped found the first two Catholic hospitals in Central New York, with charters stipulating that medical care was to be provided to all, regardless of race or creed. She was appointed by the Superior General to govern St. Joseph's Hospital, the first public hospital in Syracuse, serving from 1870 to 1877.

As a hospital administrator, Marianne became involved with the move of Geneva Medical College of Hobart College from Geneva, New York, to Syracuse, where it became the College of Medicine at Syracuse University. She contracted with the college to accept their students for treating patients in her hospital to further their medical education. Her stipulation in the contract—again unique for the period—was the right of the patients to refuse care by the students. These experiences helped prepare her for the special ministry she next pursued.

Call to Hawaii
In 1883, Mother Marianne Cope, by then Superior General of the congregation, received a plea for help from King Kalākaua of Hawaii to care for leprosy sufferers. More than 50 religious congregations had already declined his request for Sisters to do this because leprosy was considered to be highly contagious. She responded enthusiastically to the letter:

I am hungry for the work and I wish with all my heart to be one of the chosen Ones, whose privilege it will be, to sacrifice themselves for the salvation of the souls of the poor Islanders... I am not afraid of any disease, hence it would be my greatest delight even to minister to the abandoned 'lepers.'

Cope departed from Syracuse with six other Sisters to travel to Honolulu to answer this call, arriving on November 8, 1883. They traveled on the SS Mariposa. With Mother Marianne as a supervisor, the Sisters' task was to manage Kakaako Branch Hospital on Oahu, which served as a receiving station for Hansen's disease patients gathered from all over the islands. The more severe cases were processed and shipped to the island of Molokai for confinement in the settlement at Kalawao, and then later at Kalaupapa.

The following year, at the government's request, Cope set up Malulani Hospital, the first general hospital on the island of Maui. Soon, she was called back to the hospital in Oahu. She had to deal with a government-appointed administrator's maltreatment of the leprosy patients at the Branch Hospital at Kakaako, an area adjoining Honolulu. She told the government that either the administrator had to be dismissed or the Sisters would return to Syracuse. She was given charge of the overcrowded hospital. Her return to Syracuse to re-assume governance of the congregation was delayed, as both the government and church authorities thought she was essential to the mission's success.

Two years later, the king awarded Mother Marianne with the Cross of a Companion of the Royal Order of Kapiolani for her care of his people. The work continued to increase. In November 1885, she opened the Kapiolani Home with the government's support to provide shelter to homeless female children of leprosy patients. The home was located on a leprosy hospital's grounds because only the Sisters were willing to care for children so closely associated with people suffering from leprosy.

In 1887, a new government came into office. It ended the forced exile of leprosy patients to Molokai and closed the specialty hospital in Oahu. A year later, the authorities pleaded with the Sisters to establish a new home for women and girls on the Kalaupapa peninsula of Molokai. Marianne accepted the call, knowing that it might mean she would never return to New York. "We will cheerfully accept the work…" was her response.

Molokai

In November 1888, Marianne moved to Kalaupapa. She cared for the dying Father Damien, SS.CC., who was already known internationally for his work in the leper colony and began to take over his burdens. She had met him shortly after her arrival in Hawaii.

When Father Damien died on April 15, 1889, the government officially gave Mother Marianne charge of care of the boys of Kalaupapa along with her current role in caring for the colony's female residents. A prominent local businessman, Henry Perrine Baldwin, donated money for the new home. Mother Marianne and two assistants, Sister Leopoldina Burns and Sister Vincentia McCormick, opened and ran a new girls' school, which she named in Baldwin's honor. A community of Religious Brothers was sought to come and care for the boys. After the arrival of four Brothers of the Sacred Heart in 1895, Mother Marianne withdrew the Sisters to the Bishop Home for leprous women and girls. Joseph Dutton was given charge of Baldwin House by the government.

Death
Marianne Cope died of natural causes on August 9, 1918. She was buried on the grounds of the Bishop Home. In 2005, her remains were brought to Syracuse for reinterment at her motherhouse. In 2014, her remains were returned to Honolulu and are enshrined at the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace.

Legacy and honors
 1927 — Saint Francis Hospital was founded in Honolulu in her memory as a community hospital and trained nurses to work with Hansen's disease patients.
 1957 — St. Francis opened the Child Development Center at the Honolulu Community Church.
 1962 — St. Francis Home Care Services was established, the first in Hawaii to specialize in home health care for Hawaiian people.
 2005, Induction into the National Women's Hall of Fame.
 2006 — The Sisters of St. Francis chose to focus on long-term care, transferring St. Francis Hospital's two facilities to a private board. The facilities are now known as the Hawaii Medical Center East in Liliha, and Hawaii Medical Center West in Ewa. Both hospitals were closed at the end of 2011. In August 2012, The Queen's Health Systems agreed to acquire the former Hawaii Medical Center West and reopen the hospital in the fall of 2013.
The Saint Francis School was founded in Cope's honor in 1924, operating as a girls-only school for grades 6–9.

The community which Cope founded on Molokai continues to minister to the few patients who have Hansen Disease. The Franciscan Sisters work at several schools and minister to parishioners throughout the Hawaiian Islands.

Beatification
In 1993, Katherine Dehlia Mahoney was allegedly healed from multiple-organ failure after praying to Marianne Cope for intercession. On October 24, 2003, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints declared Marianne Cope to have been "heroically virtuous." On April 19, 2004, Pope John Paul II issued a decree declaring her Venerable. On December 20, 2004, after receiving the unanimous affirmation of the Congregation of the Causes of Saints, Pope John Paul II ordered a decree to be issued authenticating this recovery as a miracle to be attributed to the intercession of Cope. On May 14, 2005, Marianne Cope was beatified in Vatican City by decision of Pope Benedict XVI.
Over 100 followers from Hawaii attended the beatification Mass, along with 300 members of Cope's religious congregation in Syracuse. At the Mass, presided over by Cardinal José Saraiva Martins, the Hawaiian song "Makalapua" (a favorite of Cope) was sung. Her feast day was established as January 23 and is celebrated by her own religious congregation, the Diocese of Honolulu, and the Diocese of Syracuse.

After the announcement by the Holy See of her impending beatification, during January 2005, Mother Marianne's remains were moved to the motherhouse of the congregation in Syracuse. A temporary shrine was established to honor her and by 2009, the erection of a marble sarcophagus in the motherhouse chapel was complete. Her remains were interred in the new shrine on her feast day of January 23.

In 2007, a statue of her was erected at St Joseph's Church in her native Utica, whose parish school she had attended as a child.

Canonization
On December 6, 2011, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints found that a second miracle could also be attributed to the intercession of Cope. This finding was presented to Pope Benedict XVI for his approval by  Cardinal Angelo Amato. On December 19, 2011, Pope Benedict signed and approved the promulgation of the decree for Marianne Cope's canonization, which took place on October 21, 2012; a relic was carried to Honolulu from her mother church. Dr. Waldery Hilgeman was the Postulator of the Cause of Canonization.

After Father Damien, Mother Marianne Cope is the second person to be canonized who had served in the Hawaiian Islands. She was both the first Beatification and the last Canonization under Pope Benedict XVI. In 2014, the Church announced that Saint Marianne's remains would be re-interred at the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace in Honolulu,  a more convenient location for the faithful than the Kalaupapa National Historical Park on Molokai, where access is primarily by plane or mule train. St. Marianne sometimes attended Mass at the cathedral, and it was where Father Damien was ordained. In New York, the Franciscan Convent which held her remains, moved to a new location because its former buildings needed extensive repairs.

Ecumenical veneration
Cope is honored jointly with Saint Damien of Moloka'i on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA). Their shared feast day is celebrated on April 15.

In arts and media
Paul Cox directed the film Molokai: The Story of Father Damien (1999). Marianne Cope was portrayed by South African actress Alice Krige. Father Damien was portrayed by David Wenham.

See also
 List of American saints and beatified people

References

Further reading

External links

 Saint Marianne Cope Shrine and Museum https://saintmariannecope.org
 A Place of Care: Mother Marianne Cope and the Kalaupapa Cultural Landscape (U.S. National Park Service)
 Saint Marianne - Roman Catholic Church in the State of Hawaii

1838 births
1918 deaths
People from Bergstraße (district)
Hessian emigrants to the United States
People from Utica, New York
Third Order Regular Franciscans
19th-century American Roman Catholic nuns
American nurses
American women nurses
Roman Catholic missionaries in Hawaii
Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu
American Roman Catholic missionaries
Female Roman Catholic missionaries
Franciscan missionaries
People from Molokai
Recipients of the Royal Order of Kapiolani
Burials in Hawaii
Burials in New York (state)
Beatifications by Pope Benedict XVI
American Roman Catholic saints
Franciscan saints
19th-century Christian saints
20th-century Christian saints
Leprosy nurses and caregivers
Christian female saints of the Late Modern era
Canonizations by Pope Benedict XVI
Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II
People from Kalawao County, Hawaii
Catholics from New York (state)
Catholics from Hawaii
Educators from New York (state)
American women educators
20th-century American Roman Catholic nuns

Marianne Cope


The Bhagyakul Roy family (also known as The Bhagyakul Roys) is a family originally Bhagyakul Zamindar from Bhagyakul in the Munshiganj District of Bangladesh.

Overview
In the first half of the 18th century the Bhagyakul Roy family entered into the salt business. They rapidly acquired vast fortunes and became chief landlords (or zamindars) of Bhagyakul and many other estates in the undivided Bengal (pre-1947). Simultaneously, Zamindari estates spread out over the undivided Bengal and Bihar.

The family did not stick to the feudalistic Zamindari system, instead they established an inland water and stream navigation services with shipping dockyards. The Bhagyakul Roy's also founded one of the biggest jute mills called  M/S. Prem Chand Jute Mills Ltd, and the United Industrial Bank. Though originally 'Kundu,' they were awarded the title of Roy Bahadur to Sri Gunendra Krishna Roy, one of the family members and the rest with 'Roy/Raychowdhary' by the British colonial government. The family now uses its surname as Ray / Roy. A few family members were also honoured with the title of 'Raja' by the British government.

Later the family diversified into steamships, banking, real estate, and manufacturing industries. Many in the family entered public life, developed professional careers, and created institutions of social importance that collectively constitute a significant influence on the Bengali society even today.

The family was instrumental in setting up the East Bengal Club in August 1920. It is also known that the family provided Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar with a loan to start the Vidyasagar College.

During the colonial period, the family contributed towards the freedom struggle by actively participating in the Sixth Indian National Congress session (Tivoli Garden, Calcutta, December 1890) and opposing the partition of Bengal.

Prominent descendants

 Pankaj Roy – Indian cricketer and India test captain
 Ambar Roy – Indian cricketer
Tins - zonal level cricketer

References

Further reading
 Boria Majumdar, Kausik Bandyopadhyay: A social history of Indian football: striving to score Pg.96 ()
 Santoshakumāra Adhikārī: Vidyasagar and the new national consciousness Vidyasagar Research Centre, 1990
 Annie Besant: How India wrought for freedom: The Story of the National Congress Told from Official Records, Pg.120
 Asok Mitra: "Towards Independence, 1940-1947: Memoirs of an Indian Civil Servant, Pg.70-71

External links
 Hit by heritage - article in The Telegraph (India)

Bengali families
Bangladeshi families
Bengali Hindus
Indian families
Business families of India

Bhagyakul Roy family


Sir Stephen Lushington, 1st Baronet (17 June 1744 – 12 January 1807), of South Hill Park in Easthampstead, Berkshire, was an English Member of Parliament and Chairman of the East India Company.

Life
Lushington was the third son of the Reverend Henry Lushington, vicar of Eastbourne.

From 1782 he was a director of the East India Company, and supported the reforms of the company being proposed by Charles James Fox; these would have brought the company under the control of a board of commissioners appointed by Parliament, and it was intended that Lushington should be one of the assistant commissioners. In 1783, as Fox prepared to introduce his India Bill in the House of Commons, Christopher Atkinson, one of the MPs for Hedon in Yorkshire, was convicted of fraud and would therefore be expelled from the House. Hedon was a rotten borough where the Foxites could expect their candidate to be elected, and Lushington's name was put forward by Prime Minister Portland to fill the vacancy.

Atkinson was formally expelled from the Commons on 4 December 1783, and a writ for the by-election was issued. However, the following day the Commons amended the East India Bill to make the assistant commissioners ineligible to sit in Parliament. This forced Lushington to choose between an assistant commissionership and a seat in Parliament and, knowing that the majority of the East India directors opposed Fox's bill he decided the latter was preferable. On 15 December he was elected unopposed for Hedon, but on the same day the House of Lords unexpectedly defeated Fox's India bill and the government fell.

Lushington spoke in opposition to the East India bill proposed by the new government under Pitt the Younger, which placed control of the Company in the hands of a board appointed by the Crown rather than by Parliament. In the general election of 1784 he was a candidate at Hastings, rather than defending his seat at Hedon, but was defeated.

He was deputy chairman of the East India Company in 1789–1790, and its chairman for three terms - 1790–1791, 1795–1796 and 1799–1800. He was created a baronet on 26 April 1791.

He returned to Parliament in 1790 as member for Helston, and was an MP for the rest of his life, subsequently also representing Mitchell, Penryn and Plympton Erle.

Family

In 1771 Lushington married Hester Boldero (d. 1830), whose father John settled the manors of Aspenden and Berkesdon in Hertfordshire on the couple. The family were based at South Hill Park near Bracknell in Berkshire from 1787 to 1807.

Their children included:
 Sir Henry Lushington (1775–1863), who succeeded to the baronetcy
 Sophia Lushington m. Denzil Onslow
 Stephen Lushington (1782–1873), a Member of Parliament and later a judge
 Charles Lushington (1785–1866), secretary to the government of Bengal and later also an MP
 Hester Lushington.

References

 Lewis Namier & John Brooke, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1754-1790 (London: HMSO, 1964)
 Dictionary of National Biography
 Hertfordshire genealogy

|-

1744 births
1807 deaths
British MPs 1780–1784
British MPs 1790–1796
British MPs 1796–1800
Lushington, Stephen, 1st Baronet
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Mitchell
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Plympton Erle
People from Bracknell
Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1801–1802
UK MPs 1802–1806
UK MPs 1806–1807
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Mitchell
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Penryn

Sir Stephen Lushington, 1st Baronet


Swan Pukā (Newari language: स्वँपुका, "lung fried") is a delicacy in the Newar cuisine of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. Swan Pukā is goat's lungs filled with spicy batter and boiled, sliced and fried.

The dish is traditionally served at special dinners and feasts. It is served after the main course and before dessert. Today, Swan Pukā is a specialty on the menu at local eateries and fancy restaurants.

Production

Goat's lungs are filled with spicy batter through the windpipe. The batter is forced into the lungs by means of a pump or by squeezing a small plastic bag filled with the liquid mixture into the opening. The lungs are patted to facilitate filling.

After the lungs are completely filled and no more batter can be pumped in, the end of the windpipe is folded and tied with a piece of string to prevent the contents from spilling out. The lungs are then boiled, sliced and pan fried.

See also
 List of goat dishes

References

Offal
Goat dishes
Newari cuisine

Swan Puka