An ionic liquid piston compressor, ionic compressor or ionic liquid piston pump is a hydrogen compressor based on an ionic liquid piston instead of a metal piston as in a piston-metal diaphragm compressor.

Principle
An ionic liquid compressor takes advantage of two properties of ionic liquids—their virtually non-measurable vapor pressures and large temperature window for the liquid phase—in combination with the low solubility of some gases (e.g. hydrogen) in them. This insolubility is exploited by using the body of an ionic liquid to compress hydrogen up to 1000bar (14,500psi) in hydrogen filling stations.  Linde's ionic liquid compressor reduced the number of moving parts from about 500 in a conventional reciprocating compressor down to 8.

Many seals and bearings were removed in the design as the ionic liquid does not mix with the gas. Service life is about 10 times longer than a regular reciprocating compressor with reduced maintenance during use, energy costs are reduced by as much as 20%. The heat exchangers that are used in a normal piston compressor are removed as the heat is removed in the cylinder itself where it is generated. Almost 100% of the energy going into the process is being used with little energy wasted as reject heat.

Not to be confused with the ion pump or the ionic liquid ring pump.

History

After the renewed interest in ionic liquids, research was done by proionic, an enterprise in the spin-off center "ZAT Center for applied Technology" of the University of Leoben. The system was demonstrated at Zemships.

See also
Electrochemical hydrogen compressor
Guided rotor compressor
Hydride compressor
Linear compressor
Ganzair Compressor
Timeline of hydrogen technologies

References

Gas compressors
Hydrogen technologies

Ionic liquid piston compressor


The fourth cholera pandemic of the 19th century began in the Ganges Delta of the Bengal region and traveled with Muslim pilgrims to Mecca. In its first year, the epidemic claimed 30,000 of 90,000 pilgrims. Cholera spread throughout the Middle East and was carried to the Russian Empire, Europe, Africa, and North America, in each case spreading via travelers from port cities and along inland waterways.

The pandemic reached Northern Africa in 1865 and spread to sub-Saharan Africa, killing 70,000 in Zanzibar in 1869–70. Cholera claimed 90,000 lives in Russia in 1866. The epidemic of cholera that spread with the Austro-Prussian War (1866) is estimated to have taken 165,000 lives in the Austrian Empire, including 30,000 each in Hungary and Belgium, and 20,000 in the Netherlands.

In June 1866, a localized epidemic in the East End of London claimed 5,596 lives, just as the city was completing construction of its major sewage and water treatment systems; the East End section was not quite complete. It was also caused by the city's overcrowding in the East End, which helped the disease to spread more quickly in the area. Epidemiologist William Farr identified the East London Water Company as the source of the contamination. Farr made use of prior work by John Snow and others, pointing to contaminated drinking water as the likely cause of cholera in an 1854 outbreak. In the same year, the use of contaminated canal water in local water works caused a minor outbreak at Ystalyfera in South Wales. Workers associated with the company, and their families, were most affected, and 119 died. The deaths of more than 1,100 people in New York City in 1866 resulted in the establishment of the New York Metropolitan Board of Health.

In 1867, Italy lost 113,000 to cholera, and 80,000 died of the disease in Algeria. Outbreaks in North America in the 1870s killed some 50,000 Americans as cholera spread from New Orleans via passengers along the Mississippi River and to ports on its tributaries.

See also
 Cholera outbreaks and pandemics

References

External links
  Book on Pandemics

Cholera pandemics
19th-century epidemics
Epidemics in India
1860s disasters in India
1870s disasters in India
1860s disease outbreaks
1870s disease outbreaks
Incidents during the Hajj
1860s in Italy
1860s in Algeria
1860s in Zanzibar
1860s in Hungary
1860s in Belgium
1860s in the Netherlands
1860s in Austria-Hungary
1860s in the United States
1870s in the United States
1860s in London

1863–1875 cholera pandemic


Évelyne Trouillot (born January 2, 1954) is a Haitian author, writing in French and Creole.

Biography
Évelyne Trouillot was born in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, January 2, 1954. She was the daughter of Ernst Trouillot and Anne-Marie Morisset. After completing secondary school, she left for the United States, where she studied languages and education at the university level.

In 1987, Trouillot returned to Haiti, where she teaches French at the State University. In 2002, Évelyne, her daughter Nadève Ménard, and her brother Lyonel, founded Pré-Texte, a writer's organization that sponsors reading and writing workshops.

Her brother Lyonel is also a writer; her sister Jocelyne is a writer and academic. Her brother Michel-Rolph was an anthropologist and academic. The Haitian historian Henock Trouillot was her uncle.

Her work has been translated into German, English, Spanish, and Italian and has been published in magazines in Cuba, France, Mexico, and Canada.

Tracy Denean Sharpley-Whiting called Rosalie l'infâme "A wonderful contribution to the corpus of Francophone women writers in the Caribbean".

Awards and honours
In 2012, Trouillot received the Canute A. Brodhurst Prize for short fiction from the magazine The Caribbean Writer.

Selected works
 La chambre interdite, short story collection (1996)
 Sans parapluie de retour, poetry (2001)
 Parlez-moi d'amour, stories (2002)
 Rosalie l'infâme, novel (2003), received the Prix de la romancière francophone awarded by the Soroptimist Club of Grenoble, published in English as The Infamous Rosalie (2013)
 L'ile De Ti Jean, children's book (2003)
 Plidetwal, poetry (2005), in Creole
 Le Bleu de l'île, play (2005), received the Prix Beaumarchais from the Ecritures Théâtrale Contemporaines en Caraïbe
 Le Mirador aux étoiles, novel (2007)
 La mémoire aux abois, novel (2010), received the Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe et du Tout-Monde, translated into English as Memory at Bay (2015)
 La fille à la guitare / Yon fi, yon gita, yon vwa, children's literature (2012), in French and Creole
 Absences sans frontières, novel (2013)
  "Par la fissure de mes mots", poetry (2014)
 Le Rond Point, novel (2015), received the Prix Barbancourt
 Je m'appelle Fridhomme, short stories, C3Editions, 2017
 Désirée Congo, novel (2020), French Edition, September 24, 2020
 Les Jumelles de la rue Nicolas, édition Project îles. (2022)

References

External links
 "Detour" (short story) translated by Paul Curtis Daw published in Words Without Borders, Nov. 2013.
 Interview: Évelyne Trouillot by Edwidge Danticat published in BOMB, Jan. 2005.

1954 births
Living people
Haitian women poets
Haitian women dramatists and playwrights
Writers from Port-au-Prince
Haitian women novelists
20th-century Haitian novelists
20th-century Haitian poets
21st-century Haitian novelists
21st-century Haitian poets
21st-century Haitian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Haitian women writers
21st-century Haitian women writers
Evelyne

Évelyne Trouillot


Ijebu ta Gabas  Karamar Hukuma ce, dake a Jihar Ogun, kudu maso yammacin Nijeriya.

Ijebu east LGA is in Ogun state which is located in the Southwest geopolitical zone of Nigeria. The headquarters of the LGA are in the town of Ogbere and the LGA consists of several towns and villages such as Fetedo, Ogbere, Ojowo, Ago Oloja, Igan Nla, Odomagbo, Lagunjo, Iwaya, and Itele. Ijebu east LGA is bordered by the Ijebu north, Odigbo, Ijebu-ode, Odogbolu, and Ogun waterside LGAs and also with parts of Lagos state.

The estimated population of Ijebu east LGA is 169,991 inhabitants with the area's most populous tribe being the Yoruba ethnic division. The Yoruba language is commonly spoken in the area while the religions of Christianity and Islam are widely practiced in the area. Popular festivals celebrated in the area include the Agemo and the Ijebu festivals.

GEOGRAPHY OF IJEBU EAST
Ijebu east LGA covers a total area of 2,234 square kilometres and has an average temperature of 28 degrees centigrade.

The average humidity level of Ijebu east LGA is 63 percent while the average total precipitation level of the area is pegged at 1800 mm of rainfall per annum.

ECONOMY OF IJEBU EAST
Farming is an important economic activity of the people of Ijebu east LGA with crops such as kolanut, cocoa, plantain and vegetables grown in the area.

The area also hosts several markets such as the oke-aje market and these markets provide veritable platforms for the exchange of a wide variety of goods and services.

Other important economic activities engaged in by the people of Ijebu east LGA include hunting, craftsmanship, and the weaving and dyeing of textile materials.

HISTORY OF IJEBU EAST
Ijebu east local government area was created in the year 1976 from the Ijebu ode LGA.
Kananan hukumomin jihar Ogun

Ijebu ta Gabas


Pharmacology is the study of how medicine and other things have an effect on living organisms and change how they function. Pharmacology could also be defined as the study of how medicine actually works.

The first pharmacology department in the world was set up in the University of Tartu by Rudolf Buchheim in 1847.

Pharmacology is not exactly the same as pharmacy, and a pharmacologist is not exactly the same as a pharmacist. A pharmacologist is a scientist who studies how medicine actually works, and usually works in a science lab.  A pharmacist is a health care provider who usually works at a pharmacy.  However, there is quite a bit of overlap between these two fields. A pharmacist could be considered a type of pharmacologist. Pharmacists do take many classes in pharmacology.

If something can be used as a medicine, it is called a pharmaceutical. Pharmacology includes how drugs are made, how they interact with living organisms, what harmful effects they could have, how they can be used as medicines, and if they can be used to prevent illness. A person who works in the study of pharmacology is called a pharmacologist. Pharmacologists work in a team with biochemists, geneticists, microbiologists, toxicologists and pharmacists to run clinical tests on how drugs work.

Uses of pharmacology
The development of drugs is very important to medicine, but it also has strong economical and political uses. To protect people and prevent abuse, some countries try to control the way in which drugs are made, sold, and administered.

Scientific background
To study chemicals, a person needs to know a lot about what will be affected if it is ingested (taken into the body).  As more people know about cell biology and biochemistry, the field of pharmacology has changed as well. It is now possible to design chemicals that do specific things.

A chemical can have different properties. Pharmacokinetics describes the what effect the body will have on the chemical, and pharmacodynamics describes the chemical's effect on the body (desired or toxic).

When a pharmacologist is talking about pharmacokinetic properties of a chemical, they are interested in four things: ADME.

 Absorption - How is the medication absorbed (through the skin, the intestine, the mouth)?
 Distribution - How does it spread through the organism?
 Metabolism - Is the medication converted chemically inside the body, and into what.  Are these new substances active?  Could they be toxic?
 Excretion - How does the organism get rid of the chemical (through the bile, urine, breath, skin)?

Medication is said to have a narrow or wide therapeutic index. This describes the ratio of desired effect to toxic effect. A medicine with a narrow therapeutic index (close to one) only does what people want it to do when the amount given is enough to put the organism in danger.  A medicine with a wide therapeutic index (greater than five) does what people want it to do and does not necessarily put the organism in danger. Medication with a narrow margin are more difficult to dose and give to a person, and may require therapeutic drug monitoring (examples are warfarin, some antiepileptics, aminoglycoside antibiotics). Most anti-cancer drugs have a narrow therapeutic margin; toxic side-effects are almost always encountered at doses needed to kill tumours.

Drugs as medicine
Drugs that are given to people to help cure them of a medical condition or help reduce the symptoms are often licensed. They can be divided into three groups: over-the-counter, where anybody can buy the drug from a shop; prescription-only medicine, where a doctor has to say that a person is allowed to take a drug; and in some countries, pharmacy medicines, where only a registered pharmacy can sell a drug.  Most over-the-counter medication will not hurt a person if they take a bit more than they are meant to. Medications are often produced by pharmaceutical companies and are often patented. Drugs that are not patented, or where the patent has expired, are called generic drugs.

Market
Early stage drug research is often done by small companies,  start-ups, that later sell out to the big pharmaceutical companies. The  patent lasts for up to 20 years. After that other companies can copy the invention.

The American market was worth more than $600 billion in 2022, almost half the global total.  Americans pay three times as much for branded drugs as the OECD average.  American research and development spending was nearly two-thirds of the OECD total. The 2022 Inflation Reduction Act lets Medicare bargain directly with drugmakers. It plans to seek cuts of 25% in some drugs.  Private health insurers  may do the same.

Related pages
Pharmacoepidemiology
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacotheraphy

References

Pharmacology


John Charlton (also Charleton, Cherleton or Chorleton), 1st Baron Charlton of Powys (1268–1353) came from a family of minor landowners near Wellington, Shropshire. He was the son of Robert Charlton (and elder brother to Alan, and Thomas, Bishop of Hereford) of Apley castle near Wrockwardine.

He had entered the service of the crown as a page, and when Prince Edward became king, Charlton remained in the royal household. He was recorded as a king's yeoman on 18 September 1307 and was styled as a knight shortly afterwards. In January 1308 he accompanied the king to France for his wedding, and in 1309 served in Ireland. He held the post of Chamberlain in the Royal Household before 1314, although the importance of the post is unclear.

On 26 July 1309 he married Hawys Gadarn (the Hardy), heiress of the Lordship of Powys from her father the last Prince of Powys Owen de la Pole. Charlton acquired Pole castle (today's Welshpool) on his marriage, and from 1310 to 1315 he built the basis of the present Powis Castle. Strengthening the English authority over his Welsh lands, in 1310 he and Hawise's uncle Griffin de la Pole raised 400 footsoldiers from the lordship of Powis to fight against the Scots.

King Edward summoned him to Parliament as the 1st Lord Charlton on 26 July 1313, a title partly acquired through the inherited right of his wife Hawise to Powys, which explains the common informal addition to his title of "Lord of Powis", "dominus de Powis" or "seigneur de Powis".

John Charlton's authority in Powys grew too much for Hawise's uncle Griffin, who was aided in his opposition by the Le Strange lords of Knockin, Shropshire.

By 1314, John was governor of Builth castle, with a constabulary role over the Welsh which included opposing Welsh rebels in 1316. In 1317 he raised another 300-foot soldiers for the king, and in 1319 raised a further 500 soldiers for service against the Scots.

John had taken action against Hawise's uncle Griffin by 1320, finally recovering all of his wife's estates, as well as having the lands of her four uncles settled on her, in default of their male issue.

Following the confiscation of the Gower Lordship from the de Braose family in breach of Marcher autonomy by King Edward and its gift to his favourite Hugh Despenser the Younger, in 1321 John Charlton joined in the baronial rebellion of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster against the Despenser family and the King. On 11 September 1322, he was very quickly pardoned for his part in the rebellion having returned to the King's side, raising another 500 men for him in 1325.

John Charlton's authority on the Welsh border was threatened by The Earl of Arundel who became Justice of Wales in 1322, and Warden of the Welsh Marches in 1325, establishing his base as Constable of Montgomery Castle. In the autumn of 1326, Charlton's former ally Roger Mortimer (whose daughter Maud was married to Charlton's son John), and Queen Isabella took action against the Despenser family and other unpopular advisers to King Edward. Arundel remained loyal to the king, which gave Charlton the opportunity to rid himself of his rival by arresting and executing him (at Shrewsbury or, possibly, Hereford) under the orders of the Queen.

Thomas Charlton, Bishop of Hereford who was Lord Privy Seal from 1316 to 1320 was John's brother. On 29 June 1337, after King Edward III had taken power from Queen Isabella, John Charlton was appointed Chief Justiciar of Ireland and his brother Thomas became Lord Chancellor of Ireland. Within a year John had returned to England, following a dispute.

John Charlton split his last years between his properties at Apley Castle in Shropshire, Charlton Hall in Shrewsbury (the site now occupied by the old Theatre Royal) and Powis Castle in Mid-Wales. In his later life, he was a patron of Strata Marcella abbey, and was buried at the Franciscan Greyfriars Abbey in Shrewsbury, next to his wife, her father and grandfather. A fourteenth-century stained glass Jesse window, now in St Mary's church, Shrewsbury, but originally in the Greyfriars, shows at the bottom right-hand corner, a knight bearing the arms of Powys who is probably Charlton.

He was succeeded by his son John Charleton, 2nd Baron Cherleton. A daughter, Isabella, married John Sutton II. Their descendant Edmund Sutton would marry Joyce Tiptoft, daughter of Joyce de Cherleton, co-heiress of Edward Charleton, 5th Baron Cherleton, last to hold the title Baron Cherleton.

References

External links
Apley Preservation Association.

1268 births
1353 deaths
Medieval English knights
13th-century English nobility
14th-century English nobility
Burials in Shropshire
1

John Charlton, 1st Baron Charlton


A HANS device (head and neck support device) is a type of head restraint and a safety device in motorsports. Head restraints are mandatory when competing with most major motorsports sanctioning bodies.  They reduce the likelihood of head or neck injuries, including the often fatal basilar skull fracture, in the event of a crash. There are many such devices on the market today, but the HANS is the original and the most common.

Description

Primarily made of carbon fiber reinforced polymer, the HANS device is shaped like a "U", with the back of the "U" set behind the nape of the neck and the two arms lying flat along the top of the chest over the pectoral muscles. The device, in general, is supported by the shoulders. It is attached only to the helmet, not to the belts, the driver's body, or the seat; the helmet is attached to the device with the help of an anchor on each side, much like the Hutchens device, but placed slightly back. In a properly installed 5- or 6-point racing harness, the belts that cross the driver's upper body pass directly over the HANS device on the driver's shoulders and buckle at the center of the driver's abdomen. Therefore, the HANS device is secured by the body of the driver, not the seat.

The purpose of the HANS device is to keep the head from whipping in a crash, preventing excessive rotational movement as a secondary protection, without otherwise restricting movement of the neck. In other words, it allows the wearer's head to move normally, but prevents or restricts head movements during a crash that would exceed the normal articulation range of the musculoskeletal system and cause severe injury. In any kind of crash, the person's body, when not protected, is decelerated by the seat belt, with the head maintaining velocity until it is decelerated by the neck. The HANS device maintains the relative position of the head to the body, in addition to transferring energy to the much stronger chest, torso, shoulder, seat belts, and seat as the head is decelerated.

History

The device was designed in the early 1980s by American scientist and researcher Dr. Robert Hubbard (1943–2019), a professor of biomechanical engineering at Michigan State University. After talking to his brother-in-law, accomplished American road-racer Jim Downing, following the death of Patrick Jacquemart, a mutual friend who was killed in a testing accident at the Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course when his Renault Le Car Turbo struck a sandbank, leaving him dead on arrival with head injuries, IMSA officials decided that some sort of protection was required to help prevent injuries from sudden stops, especially during accidents.  A major cause of death among drivers during races was through violent head movements, where the body remains in place because of the seat belts, but the momentum keeps the head moving forward, causing a basilar skull fracture, resulting in serious injury or immediate death.

Notable race car drivers who died from basilar skull fractures include:
 Formula 1 driver Roland Ratzenberger in the 1994 San Marino Formula One Grand Prix.
IndyCar drivers Scott Brayton, Bill Vukovich and Tony Bettenhausen
 NASCAR drivers Adam Petty, Kenny Irwin Jr., Terry Schoonover, Grant Adcox, Neil Bonnett, John Nemechek, Dale Earnhardt, J. D. McDuffie, and Clifford Allison
 ARCA driver Blaise Alexander
 CART driver Jovy Marcelo, Greg Moore, and Gonzalo Rodriguez
 Trans Am, Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) driver Jim Fitzgerald

While death from such injuries is usually immediate, some drivers have survived basilar skull fractures, such as NASCAR's Ernie Irvan and F1's Philippe Streiff.

Hubbard had extensive experience as a biomechanical crash engineer, including in General Motors' auto safety program. His first prototype was developed in 1985, and in crash tests in 1989 – the first to use crash sleds and crash dummies using race car seat belt harnesses – the energy exerted on the head and neck was lowered by approximately 80%. Prior tests had established the thresholds for acute basilar skull fracture to be 740 lbs of vertical neck tension and 700 lbs of forward neck shear; the HANS device greatly reduced both these values to 210 lbs. Neck compression was also reduced by about 28 millimetres.

After major racing safety companies declined to produce the product, Hubbard and Downing formed Hubbard Downing Inc., to develop, manufacture, sell and promote the HANS in 1990. However, the product languished until 1994, when Formula One showed interest in the wake of the deaths of Roland Ratzenberger and Ayrton Senna. In 1999, CART driver Gonzalo Rodríguez was killed after suffering a basilar skull fracture in a crash. At the same time, Mercedes was completing research of the HANS on behalf of the FIA for Formula One, finally deciding that it out-performed their airbag project.

The device was first adopted by the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) in 1996, following the death of Top Fuel driver Blaine Johnson, though was not mandatory in the series until 2004, after the death of 2003 Top Fuel Rookie of the Year Darrell Russell, who was killed by flying debris during the Sears Craftsman Nationals in Madison, Illinois. Other racing series were also slow to follow suit. Many drivers, including seven-time NASCAR Cup Series Champion Dale Earnhardt, resisted the HANS devices or anything that was similar to them, claiming that they were uncomfortable and more restrictive. There were also fears that it would cause more injuries and problems than it prevented. Some even stated that the positioning of the device made the seat belts feel less secure or rubbed on the shoulders or the collar bone. Earnhardt referred to the device as "that damn noose", claiming the tethers would more likely hang him than save him in the event of a crash.

On February 18, 2001, Dale Earnhardt was killed on the last lap of the Daytona 500. Earnhardt was the fourth NASCAR driver killed by basilar skull fractures in an eight-month span, following Adam Petty in May 2000, Kenny Irwin Jr. in July 2000, and Tony Roper in October 2000. While it is still debated whether Earnhardt's death was the result of a broken seat belt or an inadequate head and neck restraint, he died of a basilar skull fracture, which likely would have been prevented by the proper use of belts and a head and neck restraint.

Media members immediately turned focus to the HANS device after Earnhardt's death.  HANS device co-founder Hubbard was quoted:

Even after Earnhardt's death, use of the HANS device or similar products was resisted. The following weekend, Mark Martin said at Rockingham, "I would not wear one for anything. I'll just keep my fingers crossed and take my chances".

Following an extensive investigation into Earnhardt's death that ended in August 2001, NASCAR did not make any immediate changes regarding use of HANS. Then on October 4, 2001, in an Automobile Racing Club of America (ARCA) race being held in conjunction with the fall NASCAR racing weekend at the Charlotte Motor Speedway, Blaise Alexander was killed in a two-car incident while battling for the lead in the final laps of the race. Coincidentally, the other driver racing with Alexander for the lead was Dale Earnhardt's oldest son Kerry Earnhardt. The younger Earnhardt's car flipped on its roof after Alexander went into the wall, but he was in the lead when the race was halted with four laps to go. Due to carnage of the accident, the race was never restarted, so Earnhardt was declared the winner. NASCAR mandated use of the HANS device in its top three series on October 17, 2001.

Formula One mandated HANS devices in 2003 after extensive testing by Mercedes from 1996 to 1998, sharing the results with other Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) affiliates. Using that information, CART made the device compulsory for oval tracks in 2001, and subsequently requiring the HANS devices for all circuits the following season. Starting in October 2001, NASCAR mandated the use of either the HANS or Hutchens device, changing to the HANS device exclusively starting in 2005. ARCA also followed suit in the wake of Alexander's death.  The World Rally Championship and Australian V8 Supercar Series made the device compulsory for drivers in the 2005 season.

Acceptance by drivers was helped by the addition of quick-release shackles developed and implemented by Ashley Tilling. They were sourced from the marine industry, being used on racing sailboat rigging. The shackles allowed the drivers a simple and quick pull to release the HANS device and exit their vehicle. The first driver to utilize them was NASCAR driver Scott Pruett of PPI Motorsports. Such shackles were also used on the Hutchens device and others.

Beginning in July 2007, many sanctioning bodies have approved any head-and-neck restraint that passes the SFI Foundation Specification 38.1 standard. These include the HANS device, the Moto-R Sport, the R3, the Hutch-II, the Hutchens Hybrid, or the Hybrid X.

Today, most major auto racing sanctioning bodies mandate the use of head and neck restraints; the FIA has made HANS devices use compulsory for all International-level events from the beginning of 2009. Even monster truck drivers use the HANS device in many events. Grassroots Motorsports awarded the HANS device the Editors' Choice award in 2002. Autosport magazine also awarded HANS their pioneering and innovation award in 2007.

In 2016, Hubbard and Downing, along with FIA's Hubert Gramling, were awarded the initial "SAE International Award for Motorsport Safety Honoring John Melvin" for their lifesaving work on the HANS Device.

References
Schilke, Nancy (2001). "The HANS Device – a head and neck support system", referenced January 23, 2005.
Stonefeld, Ross (2001). "Helping HANS"

External links

Official site
HANS from f1.com
"Helping HANS" at Atlas F1
"Notes: Wallace easing into new HANS device"  at NASCAR.com
Head and neck restraint at Trackpedia
HANS in F1
HANS from f1.com
Nick Heidfeld's HANS device and helmet
Interview with Dr. Bob Hubbard
Motorized version of HANS at Sparkfun "Mechanek, interview with Mark Gallagher", (September 8, 2015)

Auto racing equipment
Vehicle safety technologies
Safety in auto racing

HANS device


Inflation means that the general level of prices is going up, the opposite of deflation. More money will be needed to pay for goods (like a loaf of bread) and services (like getting a haircut at the hairdresser's). Economists measure inflation regularly to know an economy's state. Inflation changes the ratio of money towards goods or services; more money is needed to get the same amount of a good or service, or the same amount of money will get a lower amount of a good or service. Economists defined certain customer baskets to be able to measure inflation. There can be positive and negative effects. Opposite of inflation is deflation.

Causes of inflation
When the total money in an economy (the money supply) increases too rapidly, the quality of the money (the currency value) often decreases. Economists generally think that the increased money supply (monetary inflation) causes the price of goods/services to increase (price inflation) over a longer period. They disagree on causes over a shorter period.

Demand-pull inflation

Demand-pull inflation says that inflation is the result of "too much money chasing too few goods." In other words, if the need for buying goods is growing faster than the amount of goods that have been made, prices will go up. This is most likely to happen in economies that are growing fast.

Whenever a product is bought or sold beyond its real price that it is worth, inflation of money happens. For example, if a company makes a small amount of goods and a lot of people buy them, then the company will higher the prices of these goods.

Cost-push inflation
The cost-push inflation theory says that when the cost of making goods (which are paid by the company) go up, people make prices higher, because they want to make a profit from selling that product. The higher costs of making goods can include things like workers' wages, taxes to be paid to the government, or higher costs of raw materials from other countries.

However, Austrian School economists think this is wrong, because if people have to pay higher prices, this just means they have less to spend on other things.

Costs of inflation

Almost everyone thinks excessive inflation is bad. Inflation affects different people in different ways. It also depends on whether inflation is expected or not. If the inflation rate is equal to what most people are expecting (anticipated inflation), then we can adjust and the cost is not as high. For example, banks can change their interest rates and workers can negotiate contracts that include automatic wage hikes as the price level goes up.

Problems arise when there is unanticipated inflation:
 Creditors lose and debtors gain if the lender does not guess inflation correctly. For those who borrow, this is similar to getting an interest-free loan.
 Uncertainty about what will happen next makes corporations and consumers less likely to spend. This hurts economic output in the long run.
 People with a fixed income, such as retirees, see a decline in their purchasing power and, consequently, their standard of living.
 The entire economy must absorb repricing costs ("menu costs") as price lists, labels, menus and so forth have to be updated.
 If the inflation rate is greater than in other countries, domestic products become less competitive.
 Nominal interest rate rise because inflation is anticipated.

Measures of inflation
In the United Kingdom, the Office for National Statistics produces several different measures of inflation. Every year they record the prices of many different items.  They also record how often people buy them.  They are:

 Retail Prices Index.  This started in 1947.
 Consumer Prices Index. It now includes 727 items.
 Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices. It now includes 733 items. Unlike the others it includes the cost of housing.

Other websites
 Inflation – Citizendium
 Consumer Price Indices: A brief guide, Office for National Statistics, 2013

References

Inflation


Laurence Conrad Eklund (May 16, 1905 – June 20, 2002) was an American journalist and long time head of the Washington bureau for the Milwaukee Journal.

He was born in Tomahawk, Wisconsin.  His father was an immigrant from Sweden. His brother was antarctic explorer and scientist Carl R. Eklund. After graduation from Tomahawk High School, he went to the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He was an associate editor of The Daily Cardinal

and was elected to the Iron Cross Society.  He graduated in 1927 with a degree in journalism.
He worked at the Journal for 43 years, which included the position of Washington bureau chief from 1947 to 1970. In 1975 he received knighthood in the Royal Order of the Polar Star from the government of Sweden.  In 1990 he was inducted into the Milwaukee Press Club Hall of Fame. He was member of the National Press Club and the Gridiron Club.

He was married 53 years to Ethel, who died in 1982. Laurence died  in Bethesda, Maryland at the age of 97. He was survived by a son John.

References

1905 births
2002 deaths
People from Tomahawk, Wisconsin
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Journalists from Wisconsin
Order of the Polar Star
American people of Swedish descent
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists

Laurence C. Eklund


Sudan stains and Sudan dyes are synthetic organic compounds that are used as dyes for various plastics (plastic colorants) and are also used to stain sudanophilic biological samples, usually lipids. Sudan II, Sudan III, Sudan IV, Oil Red O, and Sudan Black B are important members of this class of compounds (see images below).

Staining
Sudan dyes have high affinity to fats, therefore they are used to demonstrate triglycerides, lipids, and lipoproteins. Alcoholic solutions of Sudan dyes are usually used, however pyridine solutions can be used in some situations as well.

Sudan stain test is often used to determine the level of fecal fat to diagnose steatorrhea. A small sample is dissolved in water or saline, glacial acetic acid is added to hydrolyze the insoluble salts of fatty acids, a few drops of alcoholic solution of Sudan III are added, the sample is spread on a microscopic slide, and heated twice to boil. Normally a stool sample should show only a few drops of red-orange stained fat under the microscope. The method is only semiquantitative but, due to its simplicity, it is used for screening.

Dyeing
Since they are characteristically oil- and fat-soluble, Sudan dyes are also useful for dyeing plastics and fabrics.  Sudan dyes I–IV and Sudan Red G consist of arylazo-substituted naphthols.  Such compounds are known to exist as a pair of tautomers:

Examples

Safety
Some spices exported from Asia have been adulterated with Sudan dyes, especially Sudan I and Sudan III, to enhance their colors.  This finding has led to controversy because some Sudan dyes are carcinogenic in rats.

References

Staining
Stool tests
2-Naphthols
Azo dyes
Food colorings
IARC Group 3 carcinogens

Sudan stain


Lorenzo Barceló (born August 10, 1977) is a former Dominican professional baseball pitcher. He played for the Chicago White Sox from –.

Career

MLB career

San Francisco Giants
Barceló was originally signed by the San Francisco Giants as an amateur free agent on May 23, 1994, out of San Pedro de Macorís in the Dominican Republic. In the Giants farm system, he pitched for the Bellingham Giants, Burlington Bees, San Jose Giants and Shreveport Captains.

Chicago White Sox
On July 31, 1997, he was traded to the Chicago White Sox (along with Mike Caruso, Keith Foulke, Bob Howry, Ken Vining and Brian Manning) in exchange for Wilson Álvarez, Danny Darwin and Roberto Hernández. This trade became known as the White Flag Trade.

He made his Major League debut for the White Sox on July 22, 2000, against the Boston Red Sox, allowing 2 runs in 2.3 innings. He made his first start on August 8, 2000, against the Seattle Mariners, allowing 5 runs in 4 innings.

Barceló recorded his first win in a 3.1 inning relief appearance against the Baltimore Orioles on August 23, 2000. He finished the 2000 season with a 4–2 record and 3.69 ERA in 22 appearances (only the 1 start). He made 17 appearances in 2001 and was 1–0 with a 4.71 ERA and in 2002 he made 4 appearances and was 0–1 with a 9.00 ERA. He pitched 1.2 innings in the 2000 American League Division Series against the Mariners, and did not allow a run.

Second stint with San Francisco Giants
He returned to the Giants as a minor league free agent in 2003. He played for the AAA Fresno Grizzlies, pitching 20 games with a 6.49 ERA. After the season, Barceló was released by the Giants, and he decided to retire from baseball.

Los Angeles Dodgers
He signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers on September 1, 2012, and was assigned to the AAA Albuquerque Isotopes, his first affiliated baseball appearance since 2003. Since he arrived so late in the season, he only appeared in 1 regular season game for the Isotopes, allowing 2 runs in 3 innings. He also participated in the Pacific Coast League playoffs.

Independent and foreign league careers
Barceló made a comeback in 2009 to play for the Tucson Toros in the Golden Baseball League. He also played for the York Revolution of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball in 2011 and played for the Pericos de Puebla in the Mexican League from 2010 to 2012. In 2012, he also played for the Rojos del Águila de Veracruz. He spent parts of the 2014 & 2015 seasons with the Rieleros de Aguascalientes before he was released on April 1, 2015.

On August 2, 2018, Barceló signed with the Long Island Ducks of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. He became a free agent following the 2018 season.

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Águilas Cibaeñas players
Albuquerque Isotopes players
Arizona League White Sox players
Bellingham Giants players
Birmingham Barons players
Burlington Bees players
Charlotte Knights players
Chicago White Sox players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Estrellas Orientales players
Fresno Grizzlies players
Long Island Ducks players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Mexican League baseball pitchers
Naranjeros de Hermosillo players
Navegantes del Magallanes players
Baseball players from San Pedro de Macorís
Pericos de Puebla players
Rieleros de Aguascalientes players
Rojos del Águila de Veracruz players
San Jose Giants players
Shreveport Captains players
Tucson Toros players
World Baseball Classic players of the Dominican Republic
York Revolution players
2013 World Baseball Classic players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Venezuela

Lorenzo Barceló


A liquid diet is a diet that is mostly made up of liquids, or soft foods that melt at room temperature (such as ice cream). A liquid diet usually helps provide lots of hydration and helps maintain electrolyte balance. It is often prescribed for people who suffer with gastrointestinal illness or damage, or before or after certain types of medical tests or surgeries that involves the mouth or the digestive tract.

A liquid diet is not recommended outside of hospital or medical supervision. Negative side effects include fatigue, nausea, dizziness, hair loss and dry skin. These effects are said to disappear when the person starts eating.

Clear liquid diet
A clear liquid diet is made up of a diet only contains transparent liquid foods that do not contain any solid particles. It is sometimes called a surgical liquid diet because of its perioperative uses. This includes vegetable broth, bouillon (excepting any particulate dregs), clear fruit juices such as filtered apple juice, clear fruit ices or popsicles, clear gelatin desserts, and certain carbonated drinks such as ginger-ale and seltzer water.  It excludes all drinks containing milk, but may accept tea or coffee. Typically, this diet contains about 500 calories per day, which is too little food energy for long-term use.

Full liquid diet
A full or strained liquid diet is made up of both transparent and opaque liquid foods with a smooth consistency. People who follow this diet may also take liquid vitamin supplements. Some individuals who are told to follow a full-liquid diet are also allowed to eat soft foods such as strained meats, sour cream, cottage cheese, ricotta, yogurt, mashed vegetables or fruits, etc.

References

Diets

Liquid diet


Cranford is a British television series directed by Simon Curtis and Steve Hudson. The teleplay by Heidi Thomas was adapted from three novellas by Elizabeth Gaskell published between 1849 and 1858: Cranford, My Lady Ludlow and Mr Harrison's Confessions. "The Last Generation in England" was also used as a source.

The series was transmitted in five parts in the UK by BBC One in November and December 2007. In the United States, it was broadcast in three episodes by PBS as part of its Masterpiece Theatre series in May 2008.

Cranford returned with a two-part Christmas special Return to Cranford in 2009.

Plot
Set in the early 1840s in the fictional village of Cranford in the county of Cheshire in North West England, the story focuses primarily on the town's single and widowed middle class female inhabitants who are comfortable with their traditional way of life and place great store in propriety and maintaining an appearance of gentility. Among them are the spinster Jenkyns sisters, Matty and Deborah; their houseguest from Manchester, Mary Smith; Octavia Pole, the town's leading gossip; the Tomkinson sisters, Augusta and Caroline; Mrs Forrester, who treats her beloved cow Bessie as she would a daughter; Mrs Rose, the housekeeper for Dr Harrison; Jessie Brown, who rejects Major Gordon's marriage proposal twice despite her feelings for him; Laurentia Galindo, a milliner who strongly believes men and women are on equal footing; the Honourable Mrs Jamieson, a snob who dresses her dog in ensembles to match her own; Sophy Hutton, the vicar's eldest daughter and surrogate mother to her three younger siblings, who is courted by Dr Harrison; and the aristocratic Lady Ludlow, who lives in splendour at Hanbury Court and perceives change as a peril to the natural order of things.

The principal male characters are new arrival Dr Frank Harrison, who is smitten with Sophy but unwittingly becomes the romantic target of both Mrs Rose and Caroline Tomkinson, who frequently feigns illness to hold his attention; Dr Morgan, an old-fashioned practitioner who finds himself challenged by the modern ideas of his young partner; Captain Brown, a military man whose common sense earns him a place of authority among the women; Edmund Carter,
Lady Ludlow's land agent, a reformer who strongly advocates free education for the working class; Harry Gregson, the ambitious ten-year-old son of an impoverished poacher, who as Mr. Carter's protégé learns to read and write; farmer Thomas Holbrook, Matty Jenkyns' one-time suitor, who was considered unsuitable by her family but is anxious to renew his relationship with her; Reverend Hutton, a widower with four children whose religious conviction is sometimes at odds with his instincts as a father; and Sir Charles Maulver, the local magistrate and director of the railway company.

Cast

Listed in alphabetical order:

Episode guide
Series One

Episode One: June 1842

New to Cranford are Captain Brown and his two daughters, who move in across from the Jenkyns sisters, Deborah and Matty. The sisters have recently welcomed Mary Smith, the daughter of a friend, to live with them. The elder Brown daughter is ill and dies shortly after their arrival. With her father away, the surviving sibling Jessie Brown, breaks with tradition and walks behind the coffin accompanied by her neighbour, Deborah Jenkyns.

The handsome and eligible young doctor Frank Harrison arrives to assist Dr Morgan with his practice. His first patient is carpenter Jem Hearne, who has fallen from a tree and suffered a compound fracture. Instead of following the usual custom of amputating the injured limb, Dr Harrison delays immediate action in order to perform a relatively new and risky surgery to save the arm. His successful effort wins the admiration of the townspeople.

Edmund Carter, estate manager for Lady Ludlow, takes an interest in young Harry Gregson, the bright son of a poor local family and offers him both work and an education.

When a valuable piece of historic lace belonging to Mrs. Forrester is swallowed by a cat, she and Octavia Pole discover a novel new use for a Wellington boot.

Episode Two: August 1842

Major Gordon proposes to Jessie Brown, for the second time, before his regiment is to be sent to India, but she refuses him because she believes she cannot leave her father by himself. However, when it is revealed at Lady Ludlow's annual garden party that the railway will be passing close to Cranford and that Captain Brown will be away on railway business for long periods of time, Jessie regrets her decision.

Greatly dismayed at the news of the railway's arrival is Deborah Jenkyns, who accuses Captain Brown of deceiving them. Upon returning from Lady Ludlow's annual garden party, she complains of a terrible headache and, moments later, collapses in her bedroom and dies later that night.

Dr. Harrison's romance with Sophy Hutton blossoms, only to be hindered when he cannot save her brother from the croup. The vicar's daughter suffers a crisis of faith.

Episode Three: November 1842

Dr Harrison's friend Dr Marshland comes to visit for Christmas and returns just prior to Valentine's Day, when he causes mischief by sending a card suggesting marriage to Caroline Tomkinson, who believes it came from Dr Harrison, whose romance with Sophy Hutton reignites. Dr Marshland also seems to take a liking to Mary Smith.

Guilty of poaching on Lady Ludlow's estate but mistakenly accused of assault and robbery instead, Harry Gregson's father Job finds himself in jail until Lady Ludlow, persuaded by both Mr. Carter's pleas and seeing for herself the abject poverty in which the Gregson family lives, uses her influence to have the charges dropped.

Thomas Holbrook is reunited with Matty Jenkyns. In their younger years, their marriage plans were disrupted by her family's disapproval and a scandal involving her brother Peter. When Mr. Holbrook contracts pneumonia on a journey back from Paris and dies, Miss Matty indicates she now considers herself a widow.

Episode Four: April 1843

Miss Matty learns the bank in which she has invested has failed, but she is determined to keep the news about her financial distress from her friends.

The railway construction approaches nearer to Lady Ludlow's estate but, instead of selling land to the railway, she mortgages her property to support her ne'er-do-well son Septimus, who is living in Italy.

Dr Harrison asks Reverend Hutton for permission to court Sophy. However, both Caroline Tomkinson and Mrs Rose mistakenly believe the doctor is interested in them. During the May Day celebration, Caroline's sister reveals to Reverend Hutton that Caroline is marrying the young man, an announcement that shocks Mrs Rose, who thought she was his intended bride. Confronting Dr Harrison (who is nonplussed as to how he gave either woman such an impression), the vicar brings Dr Harrison's courtship of his daughter to an abrupt halt.

Episode Five: May 1843

The ladies of Cranford learn about Miss Matty's financial distress and secretly contribute to her welfare, with the sudden influx of cash explained as being due to the discovery of an error in the bank's bookkeeping. Miss Matty opens a shop selling tea in her parlour. Her maid Martha marries Jem Hearne, and the newlyweds lodge with Miss Matty.

Mr. Carter discovers that Lady Ludlow mortgaged the Hanbury estate to meet her son's financial demands, even though she may not have the resources to keep up the repayments.

Despite Dr Harrison's protestations of innocence, Dr Morgan advises him to leave Cranford, since patients will no longer see him. Mary Smith helps by confronting Dr Marshland about his mischief with the valentine cards and they begin to sort out the misunderstandings that have led to Dr Harrison's predicament. The doctor and Sophy are reconciled when he saves her from a potentially fatal attack of typhoid.

An accident at the site of the railway injures both Captain Brown and Mr. Carter, the latter fatally. In his will he leaves his estate of £20,000 to Harry Gregson. £1,000 is to be used for his formal education at Shrewsbury School and the remainder to redeem the mortgage on Lady Ludlow's estate, but eventually to revert to Harry with interest. Major Gordon returns from India  and brings with him Matty's long-missing brother Peter. Major Gordon proposes yet again to Jessie Brown, who accepts at last. The series concludes with the wedding of Sophy and Dr Harrison.

Production
The series, set to begin filming in 2005, originally was scheduled for six episodes, but budget cutbacks resulted in it being trimmed to five, with filming postponed until early 2007.

Although Cranford is supposedly in Cheshire, none of the exteriors was filmed there. Locations used included Surrey, Hambleden, Windsor, Radnage, Leighton Buzzard, Berkhamsted, Wycombe, Syon House in Brentford, London and Isleworth in Middlesex and Oxford. Interiors were filmed in Pinewood Studios. A large portion of filming was done at Lacock in Wiltshire (a location used for many films, including Pride and Prejudice and Emma for the BBC in 1995 and 1996, respectively, The Other Boleyn Girl, The Wolfman and also for the Harry Potter films in 2000, 2001 and 2008).

Steve Hudson, the original director, was replaced after six weeks because, according to Eileen Atkins, "He didn't really understand why it was funny."

Broadcast and reception
Nancy Banks-Smith of The Guardian said the series "will see you through beautifully until Christmas. Elizabeth Gaskell's perfect little classic, beautifully and minutely observed, has been beefed up with two more stories . . . However, as the extra stories are also by Mrs Gaskell, they transplant pretty naturally ... It has a simply stunning performance from Eileen Atkins . . . The power of her performance is all the more remarkable considering the company she keeps."

Andrew Billen of The Times stated, "The cast was so strong it was almost distracting. But, as in any great ensemble, when the individuals came together nothing jarred ... This adaptation added up to even more than the sum of its considerable parts."

James Walton of The Daily Telegraph observed, "Heidi Thomas's script subtly brought out a more hidden element of Cranford life: that these people are simultaneously proud and ashamed of their provincial status. She also manages the Mrs Gaskell trick of making the town itself the main character ... [T]he result (and of course I mean this as a compliment) sharply recalls another TV portrait of life in a town near Manchester. Admittedly, Cranford features more Annie Walkers and fewer Elsie Tanners than early Coronation Street. Otherwise, the power of the matriarchs, the centrality of gossip and – when the chips are down – the touching sense of community, are all winningly similar. So too is the ability to subject the characters to clear-eyed scrutiny, while still retaining an obvious affection for them."

In the UK, the first episode was watched by 8.43 million viewers and ranked #6 for the week, outperforming ITV1's usually dominant I'm A Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. By the final episode viewership had dropped to 7.26 million, although the programme remained in the top ten.

Accolades

Sequel
A two-part sequel, Return to Cranford was broadcast by the BBC as a Christmas special in December 2009. Judi Dench, Imelda Staunton, Julia McKenzie, Deborah Findlay and Barbara Flynn reprised their roles, with Jonathan Pryce, Celia Imrie, Lesley Sharp, Nicholas Le Prevost, Jodie Whittaker, Tom Hiddleston, Michelle Dockery, Matthew McNulty, Rory Kinnear and Tim Curry joining the cast. The programme aired on 10 and 17 January 2010 on PBS in the United States.

The new stories, which were written by Heidi Thomas and directed by Simon Curtis, took place in August 1844, a year after the wedding of Sophy Hutton and Dr Harrison. Filming of the railway sequences took place at the Foxfield Railway in Staffordshire.

Home media
The complete first series was released in a two-disc set by BBC Video on 11 February 2008. It includes a bonus feature, The Making of Cranford, with interviews with members of both the cast and production team. Return to Cranford was released on DVD on 28 December 2009. A DVD box set was also made available on 28 December 2009 comprising the first series, The Making of Cranford as well as Return to Cranford.

References

External links

Official website

BBC Press release re  Cranford
Pictures from filming of Cranford
10 November 2007 Telegraph article
17 November 2007 Telegraph article
Episode guide at Digiguide.com

Online texts

Mr. Harrison's Confessions free eBook edition
"The Last Generation in England"

2000s British comedy-drama television series
2007 British television series debuts
2007 British television series endings
BBC television dramas
Costume drama television series
Primetime Emmy Award-winning television series
Television series set in the 1840s
Television series by WGBH

Cranford (TV series)


Anzu  is a genus of oviraptorosaurian dinosaurs from the latest Cretaceous, 66 million years ago (mya). Its remains were found in North and South Dakota. The type species is Anzu wyliei.

Anzu wyliei had a toothless beak, a prominent crest, long arms ending in slender relatively straight claws, long powerful legs with slender toes, and a very long tail. In life, the animal was about  to  long and  to  in weight. It was one of the largest known oviraptorosaurs and the largest known from North America (though the giant Mongolian oviraptorosaur Gigantoraptor was far larger).

The type species is the first well-preserved example of a North American oviraptorosaur. According to a paleontologist at the Smithsonian "for almost a hundred years, the presence of oviraptorosaurs in North America was only known from a few bits of skeleton, and the details of their appearance and biology remained a mystery. With the discovery of A. wyliei, we finally have the fossil evidence to show what this species looked like and how it is related to other dinosaurs".  The creature's formidable appearance – "big crests on their skulls, a beak, no teeth, and a very bird-like skeleton" – led to it being jokingly called the "chicken from hell" in press releases.

The fossils of Anzu wyliei were found in mudstone rock that had once been part of ancient floodplains. Its Asian counterparts lived in arid or semi-arid conditions.

Its lifestyle was that of "a fast-running, ecological generalist that didn't quite fit the usual moulds of meat-eating or plant-eating dinosaur". It was not on the direct line of descent of modern birds, but it did have bird-like features:
"it would have had a lot of birdy behaviors. When people think of a dinosaur, they think of something like a T. rex or a brontosaurus, and when they think of a bird, they think of something like a sparrow or a chicken. This animal, Anzu, has a mosaic of features of both of those groups".

The function of Anzu's large crest is debated. The crest "is very large and made of paper-thin bone, so it was not able to take much stress. All oviraptosaurs have this crest but it is certainly the largest in A. wyliei". The most likely function is for display, signalling to members of its own species. Also, it might be used to attract a mate.

The fossils showed evidence of injuries, including a healed broken rib and an arthritic toe that was probably the result of a tendon being ripped away from the bone. It is not known whether this indicates that the animals fought each other, or were injured by predators.

References

Cretaceous dinosaurs
Oviraptorosauria

Anzu wyliei


London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS), Coronation Class, LMS No. 6235, British Railways No. 46235 City of Birmingham is a preserved British steam locomotive.

6235 was originally built in 1939 at Crewe, and entered LMS stock in July 1939, one of the third batch (Lot No. 150).  As built it was streamlined and was the first to be fitted with a double chimney (previous locomotives being built with single chimneys and later modified).  Its livery was LMS crimson lake with cheat lines, but during the Second World War it acquired austere unlined black livery.  Though it carried the name City of Birmingham from new, 6235 was officially named at a ceremony at Birmingham New Street on 20 March 1945, and a special coat of arms plate was then fitted above the nameplate.  The streamlining was removed for maintenance reasons in April 1946, making 6235 the first streamliner to be destreamlined, and at the same time it was fitted with smoke deflectors, and livery continued to be black.

6235 passed to British Railways ownership in 1948, and in March was given the BR number 46235, which was applied in May.  It was one of the engines given the short-lived blue livery for top express passenger engines in 1950.  In April 1952, the semi-streamlined sloping smokebox front was replaced with a round-topped smokebox.  46235 was repainted into BR Brunswick Green livery from April 1953, and it retained this livery through withdrawal in September 1964 and through into preservation.

46235 was prepared by BR for preservation, and after storage at Nuneaton MPD, moved to the Birmingham Museum of Science and Industry, which was built around the locomotive. After closure of that museum 46235 was moved into Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum in 1997.

Unlike the other two surviving members of the class, City of Birmingham has never steamed in preservation.

References

 Rowledge, J.W.P. LMS Pacifics.

6235
Preserved London, Midland and Scottish Railway steam locomotives
Individual locomotives of Great Britain
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Collection of Thinktank, Birmingham
Railway locomotives introduced in 1939
4-6-2 locomotives

LMS Coronation Class 6235 City of Birmingham


August Vermeylen (12 May 1872, in Brussels – 10 January 1945, in Uccle) was a Belgian writer and literature critic. In 1893 he founded the literary journal Van Nu en Straks (Of Today and Tomorrow). He studied history at the Free University of Brussels (ULB), and became a professor of literature and of art history at the ULB (1901–1923). In addition to many works of literary and art criticism, he wrote poetry and in 1906 a novel, De wandelende Jood (English: The Wandering Jew). A cultural organization, the Vermeylenfonds, was named after him.

Politically, Vermeylen supported both the unitarian Belgian state (to the point of condemning the Flemish Pro-German activists during World War I) and an equal status for the Dutch language in that state. From 1921 to his death he was a senator for the Belgian Labour Party. In 1930, he became the first rector of the  newly Dutchified Flemish Universiteit Gent (English: Ghent University). In 1938, he became vice-president of the Senate. In 1940, he was removed from all his official functions by the German occupation force.

August Vermeylen was the father of the Belgian socialist politician, Piet Vermeylen.

Bibliography
 Het twaalfjarig bestand (thesis, 1894)
 Eene jeugd (essay, 1896)
 Leven en werken van Jonker Jan van der Noot (thesis, 1899)
 Vlaamsche en Europeesche beweging (essay, 1900)
 Verzamelde opstellen, eerste bundel (1904, published again in 1922)
 Verzamelde opstellen, tweede bundel (1905, published again in 1924)
 Kritiek der Vlaamsche Beweging (essay, 1906)
 Les lettres néerlandaises en Belgique depuis 1830 (1906)
 De wandelende Jood (roman, 1906)
 Quelques aspects de la question des langues en Belgique (1918)
 La flamandisation de l'université de Gand / De vervlaamsching der Gentsche Hoogeschool (1920)
 Geschiedenis der Europeesche plastiek en schilderkunst in Middeleeuwen en Nieuweren Tijd (studie, 3 delen, 1921-1922-1925)
 Van Gezelle tot Timmermans (1923)
 Impressions de Russie (1932)
 Hieronymus Bosch (1939)
 Beschouwingen. Een nieuwe reeks verzamelde opstellen (1942)
 Twee vrienden (autobiography, 1943)
 De Taak (1946)
 Van de catacomben tot Greco (1946)
 Verzameld werk (6 parts, 1951–1955)

Sources
 August Vermeylen (Univ. of Brussels)
 History of the Vermeylenfonds

External links

 Vermeylen and Flemish nationalism

Belgian Labour Party politicians
Flemish writers
Flemish activists
1872 births
1942 deaths
Writers from Brussels
Rectors of Ghent University
Free University of Brussels (1834–1969) alumni
Belgian magazine founders

August Vermeylen


Over Your Cities Grass Will Grow is a 2010 Sophie Fiennes documentary about the German industrial artist Anselm Kiefer's creation of a 40 hectare work in progress at an abandoned factory complex outside Barjac, France. Kiefer moved to the South of France from Germany in 1993 and began creating his art installation, "La Ribaute" on 35 acres of land belonging to an old silk factory.  The film begins with a lengthy silence to show the tunnels and spaces the artist created before showing the artist and his process in creating the installation and a large landscape painting. The film opened at Cannes in 2010 as a special screening.

References

External links

2010 documentary films
2010 films
French documentary films
2010s French-language films
Postmodernism
Documentary films about the visual arts
2010s French films

Over Your Cities Grass Will Grow


A cease and desist letter is a document sent to an individual or business to stop attempted illegal activity ("cease") and not to restart it ("desist"). The letter may warn to the individual or business that if they do not stop certain behaviour by deadlines set in the letter, then that individual or business may be sued. The same letter may also warn the individual or business to take specified actions in order to avoid being sued. When a cease and desist letter is issued by a public authority, it is called a "cease and desist order".

Although cease and desist letters are not exclusively used for stopping copyright infringement, such letters are also used to protect other issues related to intellectual property. The holder of an intellectual property right (i.e. either a copyrighted work, a trademark, or a patent) may send the cease and desist letter to tell a third party (i.e. an individual or business who is not related to the holder of the intellectual property right) that they are infringing intellectual property. The letter may contain either an offer to license the intellectual property or a very clear threat of a lawsuit. A cease and desist letter often causes both parties to make licensing negotiations, and is very often the first step towards a lawsuit.

If someone receives many cease and desist letters, it will cost a large amount of money to manage them. Each claim in the letters must be evaluated, and the person or group who receives it will have to decide what to do to sort out the cease and desist letter. Either, they would have to obtain an attorney's opinion letter, prepare for a lawsuit, and perhaps start making suitable alternatives that do not break the holder's intellectual property.

Cease and desist letters are sometimes used to intimidate the offending groups and can be used by corporations to relax the online critical speech of such groups. A company owning a trademark may send such letter to them that they are doing trademark infringement, although the actual use of the trademark by the offending group may fall under a fair use exception (which follows, in the U.S., the protection of free speech under the First Amendment).

Related pages
 Abmahnung, the equivalent of a cease and desist letter in German and Austrian law
 Clameur de haro
 Demand letter
 Legal threat
 Lumen (formerly known as Chilling Effects), a collaborative archive to protect lawful online activity from legal threats such as cease and desist letters
 Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act
 Strategic lawsuit against public participation (SLAPP)

References

Copyright
Legal terms
Letters

Cease and desist


Heinrich Zoelly (1862–1937) was a Mexican-Swiss engineer. He developed steam turbines and turbine-driven locomotives and patented the geothermal heat pump in 1912.

Life and work
Heinrich Zoelly was the fifth child of Franz Xaver Zoelly. His father, originally from Germany near Klettgau, had emigrated to Mexico to seek better fortune. Heinrich was born in Mexico and received the Mexican citizenship. His father ran a hat factory in Mexico City with his brother John.  When Henry was still a child, his father left Mexico because of political unrest and returned to Europe and settled in Switzerland.  There, Henry attended primary school, skipping two grades before starting at the Federal Polytechnic Institute (which later became ETH Zurich).  He was just 20 years old when he earned his degree in mechanical engineering. After study trips to Mexico and Paris, Heinrich Zoelly went back to Switzerland in 1886. Two years later Zoelly applied in Fluntern for naturalization and became a Swiss citizen.  Heinrich Zoelly was married and had five children.

In 1886 Zoelly entered the service of Zurich's Maschinenfabrik Escher Wyss & Cie. He quickly became its technical director at the young age of 26. Thanks to him, the company flourished, which at this time manufactured various steam engines, water turbines, locomotives, traction engines and vessels.

His most significant development was the construction of a multi-stage steam turbine, initially used in water turbines. In 1903 Zoelly developed a multi-stage axial flow impulse turbine in collaboration with Professor Stodola.  Despite low vapor pressure (11 bar) and low temperature (185 °C), this achieved a considerable output of 370 kW and a thermodynamic efficiency of 62%. The original of the first machine of this type is now at the Deutsches Museum. This turbine competed with other steam turbines developed about the same time in the world (Parsons, rake, plate, Curtis, Laval, and others) and was distributed worldwide through licensing.

In 1912 Zoelly was awarded an honorary degree from the ETH Zurich, partly thanks to his work in turbine development.

Since Zoelly was convinced of the superiority of the steam turbine to the steam piston engine, in 1913 Escher Wyss  & Cie. abandoned the production of steam engines and concentrated fully on turbines. Zoelly's vision also extended to steam locomotives (which traditionally used piston engines) using steam turbines as drive. Until his resignation from Escher-Wyss Zoelly devoted himself to the development of a steam turbine-driven locomotive, which he drove forward to serviceability (1926 Zoelly- SLM), and later in 1930 Krupp Zoelly). Since diesel and electric power was increasing, the steam locomotive lost its significance.

Zoelly died in 1937 in his adopted hometown of Zurich.

Further reading
 Schweizer Pioniere der Wirtschaft und Technik, Band 19: Drei Zürcher Pioniere: Paul Usteri (1853–1927) / Heinrich Zoelly (1862–1937) / Karl Bretscher (1885–1966), Zürich. Verein für wirtschaftshistorische Studien. 1968.

References

1862 births
1937 deaths
Swiss engineers
ETH Zurich alumni
Mexican engineers
Mexican people of Swiss descent
Mexican emigrants to Switzerland

Heinrich Zoelly


Taimi Tellervo Koivisto ( Kankaanranta; born 2 January 1929) is a Finnish politician and the former First Lady of Finland from 1982 to 1994. Koivisto is the widow of the 9th President of Finland Mauno Koivisto and a former member of the Finnish parliament, representing the Social Democratic Party of Finland.

Life
Koivisto was born to a farmer's family in the Western Finnish municipality Punkalaidun, in the Satakunta region. After finishing the primary school, Koivisto went to a high school in Huittinen, where she graduated in 1949. Koivisto entered the Turku School of Economics, and met her future husband in Turku in December 1950. She was married to Mauno Koivisto on 22 June 1952. In 1953, Koivisto graduated from the Turku School of Economics and worked as a teacher since 1954. In 1957, she became a housewife, when her daughter Assi was born. Assi was later voted into the electoral college during the 1982 presidential election.

In the late 1960s and the early 1970s Koivisto was active in the feminist organization Yhdistys 9, and worked as a columnist for the news magazine Suomen Kuvalehti 1968–1972. She became a member of the Finnish parliament in the 1972 election, but withdrew from parliament after one season and ran for the City Council of Helsinki in 1976. During her husband's presidential term, Koivisto was more focused on social issues and charity work than on her ceremonial position of the First Lady.

In her 1999 autobiography Koivisto wrote openly of her depression which was launched at the age of 70 by her childhood memories of school bullying. On her 90th birthday, Koivisto told about the mistreatment she had experienced during her school years. She was abused by the local priest who was her religion teacher. Koivisto was spanked on her bare buttocks, and the priest made questions of her periods. Koivisto described his behaviour as "sadistic". Inspired by the Me Too movement, Koivisto also told about the sexual harassment she had experienced in the Finnish parliament.

On 25 December 2020, Koivisto was hospitalized after falling at her home which resulted in her breaking her hip.

Honours

National honour
 Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
 Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Lamb

Foreign honours
: First Class of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana
: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav
: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry
: Member Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star

Literary works
Elämän siivellä: Päiväkirjan lehtiä, Helsinki; Kirjayhtymä, 1970.
Päiväkirjan uudet sivut, Helsinki; Otava, 1999.

References

1929 births
Living people
People from Punkalaidun
Social Democratic Party of Finland politicians
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1972–1975)
First ladies and gentlemen of Finland
Finnish feminists

Tellervo Koivisto


Sharing of Ministries Abroad (SOMA) was founded in 1978 as a charity within the Anglican Communion worldwide to promote the work of the Holy Spirit by giving leadership training to clergy and church leaders.

Formation
It began at a conference before the Lambeth Conference of bishops from around the world, meeting at Canterbury, United Kingdom. It was believed that God was saying there was a need for an organisation to be "caring for the nervous system of the Church." This was interpreted as being the work of the Holy Spirit about whom there was perceived to be much ignorance at the time. SOMA's calling statement: "SOMA is a mission agency called by God to serve the Anglican Communion and the worldwide Church: by building up and equipping the Body of Christ; through the renewing power of the Holy Spirit; principally through short-term cross-cultural missions for the transformation of individuals, churches and communities." SOMA was founded in the United Kingdom, but it has since spread to other countries, including the United States, Canada, Singapore, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Uganda and Ireland. Nigeria and South Korea are currently working on setting up SOMA offices. SOMA UK is a member of the international network of mission agencies Faith2Share

Activity
The most visible part of SOMA's work is the sending of teams of volunteers from churches in sending-countries to dioceses overseas at the invitation of local bishops. The volunteers come from churches sympathetic to the aims of SOMA who commit themselves to raising travel expenses for a 10- to 15-day short-term mission. The host dioceses aim to raise the finances for the cost of accommodation, both for the team members and for attending delegates. Teams have been sent to about 50 different countries, some of which are in situations of great poverty. This frequently places strain on the finances resulting in the need for fund-raising by supporters to enable missions to areas such as Southern Sudan, or Kitgum in northern Uganda to be possible. Biblical teaching material is provided by the visiting team and covers topics such as Renewal for Life; Healing; Gifts of the Spirit; Renewal in the Midst of Chaos; Building a Prophetic Community; Worship; Leadership; Marriage.

External links
SOMA UK Website
SOMA USA Website
SOMA Canada Website
SOMA Australia Website
SOMA New Zealand Website

Anglicanism
Christian organizations established in 1978

Sharing of Ministries Abroad


Duke Xiao of Qi (; died 633 BC) was from 642 to 633 BC ruler of the State of Qi during the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China.  His personal name was Lü Zhao (呂昭), ancestral name Jiang (姜), and Duke Xiao was his posthumous title.  He was known as Crown Prince Zhao before his accession to the throne.

Accession to the throne

Duke Xiao's father was Duke Huan of Qi, who was the first of the Five Hegemons, the most powerful rulers of the Spring and Autumn period.  Duke Huan had at least three main wives who bore no sons, six favoured concubines, and more than ten sons.  Duke Xiao was then known as Crown Prince Zhao, and his mother was Zheng Ji, a princess of the State of Zheng.  Five other sons of Duke Huan also contended for the throne: Prince Wukui, Prince Pan (later Duke Zhao), Prince Shangren (later Duke Yi), Prince Yuan (later Duke Hui), and Prince Yong.

When Duke Huan died in the tenth month of 643 BC, the six princes fought each other for the throne.  After two months of fighting Wukui prevailed and ascended the throne in the twelfth month.  Crown Prince Zhao fled to the State of Song.  During the unrest Duke Huan's corpse lay unattended for 67 days, and it was so badly decomposed that worms crawled out of his room.

Wukui sat on the throne for only three months before being killed.  In the third month of 642 BC, Prince Zhao returned with the army of Duke Xiang of Song.  The people of Qi killed Wukui and wanted to install Prince Zhao on the throne, but the supporters of the other four princes attacked and drove Prince Zhao back to the State of Song.  Two months later, the Song army returned and defeated the forces of the four princes, and Prince Zhao finally ascended the throne, to be known as Duke Xiao of Qi.

Reign
In 637 BC Duke Xiao held a conference of state leaders in order to reconfirm the hegemony of the state of Qi over the other states.  However, Duke Xiang of Song refused to acknowledge Qi's hegemony as he aspired to be the hegemon himself.  Duke Xiao attacked Song to punish Duke Xiang's disobedience, even though it was Duke Xiang of Song who helped him ascend the throne six years before.

Duke Xiao reigned for ten years.  After he died in 633 BC, Prince Kaifang (開方) of Wey, who had been a trusted official of Duke Huan, killed Duke Xiao's son and helped Prince Pan usurp the throne.  Prince Pan is posthumously known as Duke Zhao of Qi.

Ancestry

References

Year of birth unknown
Monarchs of Qi (state)
7th-century BC Chinese monarchs
633 BC deaths

Duke Xiao of Qi


Sydney Gordon Ross (6 February 1909 – 29 August 1946) was a New Zealand labourer, criminal and conspirator. He was born in Thames, Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand in 1909. He is best known for having deceived New Zealand's Security Department into believing that he was obtaining intelligence about Nazi agents who had arrived in the country by submarine.

References

1909 births
1946 deaths
New Zealand criminals
People from Thames, New Zealand

Sydney Ross


The PMR-3 is a Yugoslavian anti-personnel stake mine. The mine is a development of the PMR-1 and PMR-2 stake mines, having a larger main charge and a greater effective radius. Two versions of the mine were built, an 'old' version and a 'new' version. The principal difference being that the 'old' model could be pressure and pull operated, while the 'new' model can only be pull operated.

The 'old' version consists of a cylindrical main body with six large fragmentation grooves running around the circumference and two mounting lugs on one side for mounting the mine to a provided metal stake. The 'new' version of the mine is similar, but with a smaller fuze and no fragmentation grooves.

The 'old' model of the mine is found in Bosnia, Chile, Croatia, and Kosovo. The 'new' model is found in Bosnia and Croatia.

Specifications

References
 Jane's Mines and Mine Clearance 2005-2006

Anti-personnel mines
Land mines of Yugoslavia

PMR-3 mine


Captain Donald MacDonald (c. 1724–1760) was a military officer who fought for France, for Charles Edward Stuart in Scotland, and later for Great Britain in Quebec.

Life
MacDonald (sometimes spelt MacDonell) was the second son of Ranald MacDonald, 18th Chief of Clanranald.  When still young he was sent to France where he received a commission in the Royal-Ecossais Regiment of the French army. In 1745 he was sent by King Louis XV to assist Charles Edward Stuart in the Jacobite rising. MacDonald was wounded at the siege of Stirling Castle and imprisoned after the surrender of the Jacobite forces. As a French officer he was released from imprisonment and returned to France.

MacDonald took advantage of the amnesty which was granted by Britain to Jacobite officers, and on 12 January 1757 was gazetted a captain in the regiment raised by Simon Fraser, the 78th Fraser Highlanders.  In 1758 MacDonald sailed to Louisbourg which was then under siege as part of the Seven Years' War.  He was wounded there on the night of 21 July.

MacDonald participated in the subsequent siege of Quebec. On the night of 13 September 1759 he was part of the forlorn hope, the twenty-four volunteers leading the British attempt to climb the cliffs rising above the St. Lawrence River.  It was MacDonald who responded in French to the challenge of the French guards, buying time for enough men to gather and overpower the post. This in turn allowed almost 5,000 British troops to climb the cliffs and mass on the Plains of Abraham.  During the subsequent winter, MacDonald was given several independent commands, constantly harassing the French outposts surrounding Quebec.

At the Battle of Sainte-Foy, 28 April 1760, MacDonald commanded a company of volunteers on the left flank of the British army and was killed in the action.

There is significant evidence that MacDonald was a harsh officer disliked by his own men as well as by his opponents.  He received the nickname "Dòmhnaill Goran" (Donald the Sinister).  There is some indication that his wounding at Louisbourg may have been an attempted "fragging" by his own men. When he was killed at Sillery, his body was hacked to pieces.

Notes

Jacobite military personnel of the Jacobite rising of 1745
78th Fraser Highlanders officers
British military personnel killed in the Seven Years' War
18th-century Scottish people
Garde Écossaise officers
British Army personnel of the French and Indian War
1720s births
1760 deaths

Donald MacDonald (army officer)


Joseph Paul Reason (born March 22, 1941, in Washington, D.C.) was Commander in Chief, United States Atlantic Fleet from 1996 to 1999. Earlier in his career, as a commander, he was naval aide to the President of the United States, Jimmy Carter, from December 1976 to June 1979. In 1996, Reason became the first African-American officer in the United States Navy to become a four-star admiral.

Family, early life, and education
The son of Joseph Reason, a professor of romance languages and director of libraries at Howard University, and his wife, Bernice, a high school teacher of biology, Reason grew up in a multiracial environment, living from 1944  in a home on Girard Street, NE, in Washington, D.C.  He participated in an integrated Boy Scout troop and attended McKinley Technology High School, spending a period every summer at a camp on Lake Winnipesaukee in New Hampshire.  In 1957–58, during his senior year in high school, Reason became interested in the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps, but was not selected although he ranked second out of 300 applicants.   Following this rejection, he spent his freshman year at Swarthmore College, his sophomore year at Lincoln University (Pennsylvania), and his junior year at Howard University.  As he was completing his junior year at Howard University, Congressman Charles Diggs, Jr., (D-MI), contacted him and encouraged him to apply to the United States Naval Academy.  Accepted for the Naval Academy Class of 1965, Reason reported to Annapolis as a midshipman on 28 June 1961 and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in naval science and a commission as an ensign on 9 June 1965.   Three days later, he married Dianne Lillian Fowler in the Naval Academy Chapel. They have a son and a daughter.

Naval career
Following his commissioning, from June to September 1965, Reason served as operations officer in USS J. Douglas Blackwood (DE-219), before attending the Naval Nuclear Power School at United States Naval Training Center Bainbridge from September 1965 to March 1966, then attended the Naval Nuclear power training Unit at Schenectady, New York from March to September 1966. On completion of his nuclear power training, Reason was assigned to USS Truxtun (CGN-35) and participated in the ship's first deployment to Southeast Asia in 1968 during the Vietnam War. In September 1969, he entered the Naval Postgraduate School as a student, where he earned a Master of Science degree in computer systems management.

In December 1970, Reason was assigned to the nuclear aircraft carrier USS Enterprise (CVN-65), in which he served until January 1973, making two deployments to the Southeast Asian and Indian Ocean areas.  From January to August 1973, he attended the Naval Destroyer School at Naval Station Newport, Rhode Island, followed by the Combat System Technical Schools Command at Mare Island from August 1973 through January 1974.

Returning to USS Truxtun (CGN-35), Reason served as her combat systems officer from January 1974 until June 1976. On completion of this sea assignment, Reason became a detailer for Surface Nuclear Junior Officer Assignment and Placement Branch, Bureau of Naval Personnel in Washington until December 1976, when he was assigned to the White House as Naval Aide to the President of the United States, Jimmy Carter.

In June 1979, he became executive officer of USS Mississippi (CGN-40) and remained in that post until May 1981, when he was ordered to the Surface Warfare Officers School Command at Newport, Rhode Island in preparation for assignment in command of USS Coontz (DDG-40). Taking up his first command in September 1981, he remained in USS Coontz (DDG-40), until December 1982.  From sea duty, he was assigned to Naval Reactors, Department of Energy for instruction until April 1983, when he took command of the nuclear-powered guided missile cruiser USS Bainbridge (CGN-25) until July 1986, during which period he was promoted to captain on 1 October 1983.

Selected for promotion to rear admiral (lower half) on 26 June 1986, he served as commander, Naval Base, Seattle, Washington from July 1986 to September 1988, in which position he was responsible for all naval activities in the states of Washington, Oregon, and Alaska. Returning to sea duty, he commanded Cruiser-Destroyer Group 1 until November 1990, then, promoted to rear admiral (upper half). At the same time, he commanded Battle Group Romeo in operations in the Pacific, Indian Ocean, and Persian Gulf regions.   Following his selection to Vice Admiral in 1991, he commanded Naval Surface Forces, U.S. Atlantic Fleet, from January 1991 to July 1994.

From August 1994 to November 1996, Reason served as Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, Plans, Policy, and Operations (N3/N5).  In November 1996, he was selected for promotion to four-star admiral and assigned as Commander in Chief, United States Atlantic Fleet until he retired from active duty in 1999.

Post-military career
Reason was vice president for ship systems at SYNTEK Technologies, Inc. of Arlington, Virginia, from the end of his naval service in 1999 until 2000. He then became president and COO, and vice chairman of Metro Machine Corp., a ship repair company, from  2000 to 2006.

He has been a director of Amgen, Inc., Norfolk Southern Corporation, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Todd shipyards, as well as a member of the Oak Ridge Associated Universities, and the National War Powers Commission.  In 2008, he was appointed to a four-year term as a member of the Secretary of the Navy's Advisory Subcommittee on Naval History.

In 2019, Reason donated his 42-foot fishing boat, the Sea Dog, to the Potomac Riverkeeper Network to use in conducting regular water quality tests of the Potomac River in Reason's native Washington, D.C.

Published works
 Sailing new seas  by J. Paul Reason with David G. Freymann. Newport Paper, no, 13 (Newport: Naval War College Press, 1998).

Decorations and medals
United States decorations and medals

Foreign decorations

 The Venezuelan Navy's La Medalla Naval Almirante Luis Brión

See also

References

External links

Military personnel from Washington, D.C.
1941 births
Living people
United States Navy admirals
United States Naval Academy alumni
Naval Postgraduate School alumni
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
African-American United States Navy personnel
Military aides to the President of the United States
Carter administration personnel
United States Navy personnel of the Vietnam War
American technology executives
African Americans in the Vietnam War
20th-century African-American people

J. Paul Reason


Logan Shane Allen (born May 23, 1997) is an American professional baseball pitcher in the Seattle Mariners organization. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres, Cleveland Indians/Guardians and the Baltimore Orioles.

Early life
Allen was born in Palm Beach, Florida, and raised in Fletcher, North Carolina. He is the second of three sons. He studied at the IMG Academy in Bradenton, Florida, to develop his talent for baseball.

Career

Boston Red Sox
Allen was drafted by the Boston Red Sox in the eighth round of the 2015 Major League Baseball draft out of IMG Academy. He signed with the Red Sox and spent the majority of his first professional season with the Gulf Coast Red Sox, pitching to a 0.90 ERA in twenty innings, along with pitching one game for the Lowell Spinners in which he gave up one earned run in 4.1 innings.

San Diego Padres
On November 13, 2015, Allen, along with Manuel Margot, Javier Guerra and Carlos Asuaje, were traded to the San Diego Padres for Craig Kimbrel. The Padres assigned him to the Fort Wayne TinCaps, where he spent the whole season, posting a 3–4 record and 3.33 ERA in only 15 games (11 starts) due to spending time on the disabled list with an injury. He spent 2017 with both Fort Wayne and the Lake Elsinore Storm, pitching to a combined 7–9 record and 2.95 ERA with 142 strikeouts in 125 total innings pitched (24 games, with 23 being starts) between both teams, and 2018 with the San Antonio Missions and the El Paso Chihuahuas, going 14–6 with a 2.54 ERA in 25 games (24 starts) and was named Texas League Pitcher of the Year. He returned to El Paso to begin 2019.

Allen was called up and made his major league debut at Petco Park on June 18, 2019. He pitched seven shutout innings for the win against the Milwaukee Brewers, with five strikeouts and two walks, and also had his first major league hit, later scoring on an error. He was 2–3 in 8 games (4 starts) for the Padres.

Cleveland Indians / Guardians
On July 31, 2019, the Padres traded Allen to the Cleveland Indians in a three-team trade, where the Reds acquired Trevor Bauer, the Indians also acquired Yasiel Puig, Scott Moss, Franmil Reyes, and Victor Nova, and the Padres acquired Taylor Trammell.

In 2020, Allen appeared in 3 games, compiling a 0–0 record with 3.38 ERA and 7 strikeouts in 10.2 innings pitched.

In 2021, Allen beat out fellow pitcher Cal Quantrill for a starting pitcher position on the Indians' Opening Day roster after allowing only 1 run across 14 Spring Training innings. However, Allen struggled with command over the regular season and was optioned to Triple-A affiliate Columbus Clippers for the majority of May through August. He finished the season pitching to a 2–7 record with a 6.26 ERA over 50.1 innings pitched.

Allen was designated for assignment by the Guardians on May 1, 2022.

Baltimore Orioles
On May 5, 2022, Allen was claimed off waivers by the Baltimore Orioles. In 3 appearances for Baltimore, Allen allowed 2 runs on 3 hits and 2 walks with a strikeout in  innings pitched. On May 17, Allen was designated for assignment following the promotion of Nick Vespi. On May 20, he cleared waivers and was sent outright to the Triple–A Norfolk Tides. In 21 contests for Norfolk, Allen struggled to an 8.51 ERA with 21 strikeouts in  innings of work. He was released by the Orioles organization on August 22.

Colorado Rockies
On August 26, 2022, Allen signed a minor league deal with the Colorado Rockies. He made 6 starts for the Triple–A Albuquerque Isotopes down the stretch, posting a 1–3 record and 6.43 ERA with 25 strikeouts in 28.0 innings of work.

Allen worked out of the bullpen for Albuquerque in 2023, making 24 relief appearances but struggling to a 7.20 ERA with 50 strikeouts in 45.0 innings pitched. He was released by the Rockies organization on July 1, 2023.

Seattle Mariners
On July 14, 2023, Allen signed a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners organization.

References

External links

1997 births
Living people
Albuquerque Isotopes players
Arizona League Padres players
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball players from West Palm Beach, Florida
Cleveland Guardians players
Cleveland Indians players
Columbus Clippers players
El Paso Chihuahuas players
Fort Wayne TinCaps players
Gulf Coast Red Sox players
IMG Academy alumni
Lake Elsinore Storm players
Lowell Spinners players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Norfolk Tides players
San Antonio Missions players
San Diego Padres players
Tacoma Rainiers players
Tri-City Dust Devils players

Logan Allen (baseball, born 1997)


Stanley Island is part of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park at the tip of Cape Melville, Queensland in Bathurst Bay. It is located North of Denham Island and Flinders Island in the Flinders Group National Park in Princess Charlotte Bay. The island is a popular tourist destination with fine anchorage between the islands and along various coastal stretches. Stanley Island was first declared a national park in 1939.

Cape Flinders is the name of the northern tip of Stanley Island and the ship Frederick was wrecked there in 1818.

Rock art
Stanley island is an integral part of the mythological complex of the Flinders Group. There are several spectacular rock art sites on Stanley Island, the best known being the huge Yintayin rock shelter (Tindale's "Endaen") known as the "Ship" rock shelter. Other islands in the group also contain rock art,                 all of which are considered to be of international significance.

The rock art covering the walls of the Ship shelter shows ships from a number of nations, painted in red and white ochre on the red sandstone: sailing ships rigged in the distinctive styles of the European lugger and the Macassan (Indonesian) prau; a dugout canoe with a figure standing upright in it, hands outstretched. Some construe the images of European vessels with high sterns to be 16th or 17th century (Portuguese) ships, which is historically notable as the first reports of exploration of this coast to reach Europe are those from Captain James Cook's voyage aboard  in 1770.

In shelters on nearby Castle Peak there are similar paintings: of a steam ship, and a detailed image of a lugger, identifiable as the Mildred, towing a dinghy.   An important mythological site occurs at Muyu-Walin figuring in the major Itjibiya mythic cycle.

See also

 List of islands of Australia

References

Islands on the Great Barrier Reef
Rock art in Australia

Stanley Island


Cadillac is a 1989 album recorded by French singer Johnny Hallyday. It was released in June 1989 and achieved success in France, where it debuted at #1 for eight consecutive weeks on the SNEP albums chart on July 2, 1989, and totalled 61 weeks in the top 50. It provided five singles in France, including a top three hit: "Mirador" (#3), "Si j'étais moi" (#25), "Les Vautours..." (#30), "Himalaya" (#30) and "Cadillac" (#39). The lyrics were written by Étienne Roda-Gil, who had worked in the 1980s with Vanessa Paradis, and the music was composed and arranged by Jacques Cardona, David Hallyday, Georges Augier, Jean-Pierre Bucolo and Jean-Claude Petit. This album was inspired by Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac, a French who founded Detroit in 1701 and who gave his name to the brand of luxury vehicles.

Track listing
 "Les Vautours..." (Jacques Cardona, Étienne Roda-Gil) — 4:49
 "Mirador" (David Hallyday, Roda-Gil) — 4:21
 "Rien à jeter" (Georges Augier De Moussac, Jean-Pierre Bucolo, Cardona, Roda-Gil) — 3:37
 "Himalaya" (Augier, Bucolo, Roda-Gil) — 4:43
 "Possible en moto" (Hallyday, Roda-Gil) — 4:18
 "Cadillac" (Augier, Bucolo, Roda-Gil) — 4:47
 "Si j'étais moi" (Bucolo, Roda-Gil) — 4:03
 "L'Étoile solitaire" (Bucolo, Roda-Gil) — 3:33
 "C'est du vent" (Augier, Bucolo, Roda-Gil) — 4:12
 "Testament d'un poète" (Jean-Claude Petit, Roda-Gil) — 1:43

Source : Allmusic.

Personnel
 Produced by Etienne Roda-Gil
 Musical direction: Jean-Pierre Bucolo
 Recording: Jean-Pierre Janiaud and Olivier Do Esperito Santo
 Mixing: Jean-Pierre Janiaud
 Recorded at Studio Gang
Tony Frank - photography

Releases

Certifications

Charts

References

1989 albums
Johnny Hallyday albums
Mercury Records albums

Cadillac (album)


A flacon (from Late Latin , meaning "bottle"; cf. "flagon") is a small, often decorative, bottle. It has an opening seal or stopper and is designed to hold valuable liquids which may deteriorate upon contact with the air. They are widespread in the food industry, the pharmaceutical industry, and the cosmetics industry. They are generally made of glass for perfumes, but can also be made out of plastics for other uses.

Manufacturing techniques
The plastic bottles can be manufactured using different processes depending on the size and the proposed application (i.e. what the content will be, what the surrounding environment will be etc.). A common technique is blow molding. Like any object made by extrusion, it is possible to produce multilayer plastic bottles. This is called coextrusion. The combination of different materials or colours can be used to produce flacons with different properties, such as: impermeability to light, oxygen, recycled inner layer. The glass bottles are manufactured by blow molding.

In popular culture
Charles Baudelaire wrote a poem about the flacon, entitled Le Flacon (The Perfume Flask).

See also

Vial
Other words derived from :
Flagon
Flask (disambiguation)

References

Bottles

Flacon


Ideal observer theory is the meta-ethical view which claims that ethical sentences express truth-apt propositions about the attitudes of a hypothetical ideal observer. In other words, ideal observer theory states that ethical judgments should be interpreted as statements about the reactions that a neutral and fully informed observer would have; "x is good" means "an ideal observer would approve of x.

This makes ideal observer theory a subjectivist yet universalist form of cognitivism. Ideal observer theory stands in opposition to other forms of ethical subjectivism (e.g. moral relativism, and individualist ethical subjectivism), as well as to moral realism (which claims that moral propositions refer to objective facts, independent of anyone's attitudes or opinions), error theory (which denies that any moral propositions are true in any sense), and non-cognitivism (which denies that moral sentences express propositions at all).

Adam Smith and David Hume espoused versions of the ideal observer theory. Roderick Firth laid out a more sophisticated modern version. According to Firth, an ideal observer has the following specific characteristics: omniscience with respect to nonmoral facts, omnipercipience, disinterestedness, dispassionateness, consistency, and normalcy in all other respects. Notice that, by defining an Ideal Observer as omniscient with respect to nonmoral facts, Firth avoids circular logic that would arise from defining an ideal observer as omniscient in both nonmoral and moral facts. A complete knowledge of morality is not born of itself but is an emergent property of Firth's minimal requirements. There are also sensible restrictions to the trait of omniscience with respect to nonmoral facts. For instance, to make a moral judgment about a case of theft or murder on Earth it is not necessary to know about geological events in another solar system.

Those using the ideal observer theory do not usually assert that ideal observers actually exist. An analogous idea in law is the reasonable person criterion.

References

External links
 Impartiality in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Emergence
Metaethics
Point of view
Thought experiments in philosophy
Ethical theories

Ideal observer theory