Bezbozhnik (; "The Godless One") was an anti-religious and atheistic newspaper published in the Soviet Union between 1922 and 1941 by the League of Militant Atheists.  Its first issue was published in December 1922, with a print run of 15,000, but its circulation reached as much as 200,000 in 1932.

Between 1923 and 1931, there was also a magazine called Bezbozhnik u Stanka (Безбожник у станка; "The Godless One at the Workbench"). From 1928 to 1932 a magazine for peasants Derevenskiy Bezbozhnik (Деревенский безбожник; "The Rural Godless One") was published. In 1928, one issue of the magazine Bezbozhnik za kul'turnuyu revolyutsiyu (Безбожник за культурную революцию; "The Godless One for the Cultural Revolution") was published.

History

Initially, the publication ridiculed all religious belief as being a sign of ignorance and superstition, while stating that religion was dying in the officially atheist Soviet Union, with reports of closing churches, unemployed priests and ignored religious holidays. Starting in the mid-1920s, the Soviet government saw religion as an economic threat to the peasantry, whom, it said, were being oppressed by the clergy.

Its main targets were Christianity and Judaism, accusing rabbis and priests of collaborating with the bourgeoisie and other counter-revolutionaries (see White movement). The rabbis were accused of promoting hostility between Jews and Gentiles. Bezbozhnik alleged that some rabbis in the tsarist government's pay had helped organize anti-Jewish pogroms, while claiming that such actions had sparked similar atrocities in England, South Africa and other countries.

Priests were attacked as being parasites who lived off the work of the peasants. It reported about priests it said had admitted deceiving peasants and priests it said had renounced their profession. For instance, it ran a story about a certain Sergei Tomilin, who claimed 150 kilograms (3 cwt) of wheat and 21 metres (23 yards) of linen for each marriage he conducted, performing over 30 marriages in just a few weeks and thus receiving the wage a schoolteacher would have earned in 10 years.

The magazine criticized the Jewish holiday of Passover as encouraging excessive drinking, because of the requirement of drinking four glasses of wine, while the Prophet Elijah was accused of being an alcoholic who got "drunk as a swine".

Writer Mikhail Bulgakov once visited the offices of the Bezbozhnik and got a set of back numbers. He was shocked by its content, not only by what he called "boundless blasphemy", but also by its claims, such as that Jesus Christ was a rogue and a scoundrel. Bulgakov said that this was "a crime beyond measure".

Bezbozhnik used humour as part of its anti-religious atheist propaganda, since humour was able to reach both educated and barely literate audiences. For example, in 1924, Bezbozhnik u Stanka issued a brochure called How to Build a Godless Corner, a tongue-in-cheek reference to the Eastern Orthodox's Icon Corner. The brochure included a set of two big posters with anti-religious slogans, seven other smaller humoristic posters, six back issues from Bezbozhnik u Stanka, from which to cut other images and instructions on how to assemble it. Such corners were suggested to be made at workplaces and their creator was encouraged to spend time at them and to try to convert other workers.

Decline and termination

In 1932, with the Soviet economy faltering from economic dislocation associated with the first five-year plan, the Cultural Revolution was halted and a less extreme approach towards religion and other aspects of Soviet life was initiated by the regime. Destabilizing campaigns in the economy, education, and social relations were halted and a move made towards the restoration of traditional values. Bezbozhnik began to move away from its original subject, anti-religion and atheism, and began publishing more general political subjects.

Membership in the League of the Militant Godless Ones, which had expanded during the Cultural Revolution to approximately 5 million plummeted to a few hundred thousand, bringing down the circulation of its newspaper in commensurate fashion. The newspaper's circulation fell rapidly beginning in 1932 and was terminated completely in 1935.

The League of the Militant Godless Ones was closed down in 1941, during World War II and the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany.

Circulation

The newspaper Bezbozhnik launched on 21 December 1922. During its first year of publication the paper's press run stood at 15,000 copies per issue. The paper grew during the early years of the New Economic Policy, hitting the 100,000 mark in the summer of 1924 and topping 200,000 a year later.

A decline followed from this early peak, with the press run of the publication tailing off to 114,000 in October 1925 and attenuating further to 90,000 in the fall of 1926. This decline seems to have continued in subsequent months and the official press run was no longer publicized in the paper's pages from October 1926 through the first part of 1928, with a circulation of about 60,000 indicated by archival evidence.

With the coming of the Cultural Revolution in 1929, Bezbozhnik was again the beneficiary of state promotion, with the circulation escalating to 400,000 in 1930. With the move towards stabilization, the fall in circulation beginning in 1932 proved just as precipitous, with the publication being terminated in 1935.

Bezbozhnyy Krokodil
Bezbozhnyy Krokodil (; "Godless crocodile")  is a satirical magazine. It was published in Moscow from 1924–1925 as a free satirical supplement to the newspaper "Bezbozhnik". The responsible editor is Yemelyan Yaroslavsky.

"Bezbozhnyy Krokodil" appeared for the first time on January 13, 1924 on the pages No. 2 (55) of the newspaper "Bezbozhnik" as a special satirical section of the newspaper. The section occupied the upper halves of all four bands, had a clichéd headline, filled with sharp and topical feuilleton, fables, satirical poems and cartoons on anti-religious themes. Beginning February 10, 1924, with 5 (58) issues of the newspaper "Bezbozhnik", "Bezbozhnyy Krokodil" is printed on a separate newspaper sheet, which is specially made up so that it can be folded into a notebook. The editors of "Bezbozhnik" invited their readers to cut out this sheet, fold it accordingly and stitch it together. In this form, "Bezbozhnyy Krokodil" acquired the character of an independent satirical publication that had a permanent clichéd heading, serial number, date of its publication, page numbering, its permanent departments and headings, etc.

The next 8 issues (No. 2–9) are published weekly starting February 10, along with regular issues of the newspaper  "Bezbozhnik". The publication of a special satirical supplement contributed to an even greater increase in the popularity of the newspaper among the masses, and led to a rapid increase in circulation. Within two months, the circulation of the newspaper and its satirical supplement grew from 34 to 210 thousand copies.

The wide popularity of the "Bezbozhnyy Krokodil" was due primarily to the fighting nature of anti-religious propaganda. Its popularity was greatly facilitated by the fact that the editorial staff skillfully used the various means of satire and humor. The pages of the magazine exposed the machinations of priests and churchmen, the fanaticism of sectarians, and a consistent struggle was conducted for the liberation of the working masses from religious durman. With no less merciless ridicule were the shortcomings in local anti-religious work, the tolerance of individual party and Soviet workers for clericalism, sectarianism, sorcery, prejudice and ignorance of part of the people, and especially the peasantry. Regularly published works in which the counter-revolutionary, reactionary role of the church was revealed, its connection with the exploiting classes, with capital.

The editors involved such satirists as Demyan Bedny, A. Zorich, S. Gorodetsky and others to collaborate in "Bezbozhnyy Krokodil". M. Cheremnykh was in charge of the art department, whose drawings and cartoons were particularly sharp and inventive. Such permanent satirical sections and headings of the magazine as "Pitchfork to the flank", "Crocodile's Tooth", "Rayok", "Readers Page", were based, as a rule, on the materials of workers rural correspondents.

Since April 1924, the magazine is planned as a two-weekly. However, such a frequency is not maintained by the editors. The next issue of "Bezbozhnyy Krokodil" is only released on April 27, and the next on June 1. These issues no longer had serial numbers, although they were drawn up and printed, as before, on a single newspaper page. After the June issue, the publication of the "Bezbozhnyy Krokodil" is discontinued for more than a year.

Examples of issues

See also
 Bezbozhnik (magazine)
 Bezbozhnik u Stanka
 Derevenskiy Bezbozhnik
 Antireligioznik
 Revolution and Church
 Voinstvuiuschii ateizm
 Charlie Hebdo
 Nie (magazine)
 Atheist (magazine)
 Council for Religious Affairs
 Cultural Revolution (USSR)
 Demographics of the Soviet Union
 Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
 Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union
 Persecution of Christians in Warsaw Pact countries
 Persecution of Muslims in the former USSR
 Red Terror
 Religion in Russia
 Religion in the Soviet Union
 Society of the Godless
 Soviet Orientalist studies in Islam
 State atheism
 USSR anti-religious campaign (1917–1921)
 USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)
 USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)
 USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)
 USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1990)

References

 Безбожник / Православная энциклопедия / Т. 4, С. 444-445

Further reading
 William B. Husband, "Godless Communists": Atheism and Society in Soviet Russia, 1917-1932. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2000.
 Lesley Milne, Reflective Laughter: Aspects of Humour in Russian Culture, Anthem Press, 2004.
 Daniel Peris, Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless Ones. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998.

1922 establishments in Russia
1941 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Magazines established in 1922
Magazines disestablished in 1941
Monthly magazines published in Russia
Atheism publications
Magazines published in the Soviet Union
Russian-language magazines
Satirical magazines published in Russia
Propaganda in the Soviet Union
Anti-religious campaign in the Soviet Union
Anti-Christian sentiment in Russia
Propaganda newspapers and magazines
Persecution of Muslims
Religious persecution by communists
Anti-Islam sentiment in the Soviet Union

Bezbozhnik (newspaper)


Knarrevik or Knarrvika is a village in Øygarden municipality in Vestland county, Norway.  It is located along the Byfjorden on the eastern coast of the island of Litlesotra, just north of the village of Straume.  The western end of the Sotra Bridge lies at Knarrevik.

Statistics Norway groups Knarrevik and neighboring Straume together as one large urban area for statistical purposes. The  urban area of Knarrevik/Straume has a population (2019) of 11,502 and a population density of .

References

Villages in Vestland
Øygarden

nl:Knarrevik/Straume

Knarrevik


Janusz Piekałkiewicz (1925 in Warsaw – March 9, 1988) was a Polish underground soldier, historian, writer, as well as a television and cinema director and producer. He was a world-renowned author on many aspects of World War II history; over 30 of his books have been printed, most of them in German, and later translated to other languages. He also wrote from his experiences during the war and specialized in detailing operations within the secret services. A unique characteristic of many of his books is that chapters contain two parts. Firstly, he describes details and contemporary quoted sources and then, in the second part, he provides analysis and his own commentaries to those events. According to critics, this results in a very objective presentation of the material. In addition to his well-known history books, he also wrote books about treasure hunting.

In homeland
Piekałkiewicz was born in Warsaw, Poland. His uncle was professor Jan Piekałkiewicz, a leader of the Polish resistance, who was murdered by the Gestapo in 1943. At the age of seventeen, Janusz joined the Armia Krajowa (the Home Army), later participated in the Warsaw Uprising, and spent the remainder of the war in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. After graduating from high school in 1946, he began studies at the National Film School in Łódź, in the Film Production Department. He also studied contemporary history. After three years, he was barred from continuing studies, because he was a dissident and did not subscribe to the official views of the government. Barring further studies because of this was also known as for political reasons. He then worked as an assistant producer and wrote screenplays for popular science films – which also did not have a chance to be made because of political reasons. His passion was the Tatra mountains, therefore, he moved to Zakopane and worked as a mountaineering guide.

As émigré
Deciding to emigrate from Poland in 1956, he escaped his homeland by tracing the route used by underground resistance couriers during World War II through the Tatra Mountains. He arrived in Hungary in time for the Revolution of 1956 and became actively involved. After Soviet armed forces crushed the rebellion, he fled to Austria and was briefly detained. He worked as a laborer on road construction. Later, Piekalkiewicz became a broadcast reporter in Vienna. He then worked in Paris, London, and Germany as a television producer, as well as a writer and director for films.

His 26-episode television serial, "Secret Agents, Spies, and Saboteurs – Famous Undercover Missions of World War II" (Szpiedzy, agenci, żołnierze – tajne jednostki okresu II wojny światowej"), earned first-place (Golden Nymph) at the IX International Festival de Télévision de Monte-Carlo in 1969. This series was distinguished by its accuracy, objectiveness, as well as its serious and thoughtful delivery. He finally received the award after eleven years. His book of the same title is described as "one of the most interesting and comprehensive spy books done on WWII". In June 1964, he presented "Polnische Passion" (Polish Passion – International and English title) as a documentary film at the 1964 Berlin International Film Festival. His lifelong dreams included writing from a fresh start about recent history, as well as to make a documentary film about World War II.

It was only after 1990, and the collapse of the communist government in Poland (see: History of Poland), that his books were translated from German into Polish and finally published in his homeland. In 1997, Film Studio Wir shot a documentary film about him for the public Polish Television TVP 1 (Program I).

Selected books in English
All of his works were originally published in German.

References

 Note about the author on the book cover (translated from Polish)
Short biography (with photograph)

External links

1925 births
1988 deaths
Writers from Warsaw
20th-century Polish historians
Polish male non-fiction writers
Polish resistance members of World War II
20th-century German historians
German male non-fiction writers

Janusz Piekałkiewicz


The Kabika River is a tributary of the Burntbush River, flowing in the Cochrane District, in Northeastern Ontario, in Canada.

Forestry is the main economic activity of the sector; recreational tourism activities, second. The west side of this slope is served by the Ontario road 652.

The surface of the river is usually frozen from early November to mid-May, but safe circulation on the ice generally occurs from mid-November to the end of April.

Geography
The hydrographic slopes adjacent to the Kabika River are:
 North side: Mikwam River, Burntbush River;
 East side: East Kabika River, Patten River, Turgeon River;
 South side: Lake Abitibi, La Reine River (Lake Abitibi);
 west side: Case River, Kenning River, Seguin River, Payntouk Creek.

The Kabika River originates at the mouth of a small forest lake (altitude: ) in the north of the township of Scapa. This lake is situated to the northeast of a mountain whose summit reaches . Its mouth is located in the north of the North-East Bay of Lake Abitibi.

From the mouth of the small head lake, the Kabika River flows on  according to the following segments:
 to the mouth of Lake Kabika (length: , altitude:  to the north in the township of Scapa) which overlaps the townships of Scapa and Abbotsford;
 to the north winding through the township of Abbotsford and Case, to the limit of the township of Singer;
 to the north by winding in Singer Township, then Kenning Township to the confluence of the Case River (coming from the West);
 to the north winding through Kenning Township, then Singer, to the boundary of the Tomlinson Township;
 to the north, then northeast, winding through Tomlinson Township, then Hurtubise, to the confluence of the East Kabika River (coming from the south);
 to the north-west by forming a hook to the north-west and another to the south-east, to its mouth.

The confluence of the Kabika River is located in the Hurtubise Township, at  on the western boundary of the Ontario - Quebec boundary;  to the west of the mouth of the Burntbush River (confluence with the Turgeon River);  to the southwest of the mouth of the Turgeon River (confluence with the Harricana River);  to the southeast of a bay south of Kesagami Lake and  east of the Ontario Highway 652.

Toponymy
The following toponyms are of the same origin and are in the same area of the Cochrane District: Kabika River, East Kakiba River.

See also
Burntbush River, a watercourse
Turgeon River, a stream
Harricana River, a watercourse
James Bay
Cochrane District (Ontario)
Northeastern Ontario
List of rivers of Ontario

References

External links

Rivers of Cochrane District

Kabika River


Lucy Michaella Cores Kortchmar (January 14, 1912 – August 6, 2003) was a Russian-American novelist.

Biography
Born in Moscow, Cores was the daughter of violist Michael Cores and the niece of violinist Alexander Cores.  Her family fled the Russian Revolution and arrived in the United States in 1921.  She attended the Ethical Culture School and Barnard College.

In 1942, she married Emil Kortchmar, a screw machine parts manufacturer.  They had two children, Michael and Daniel.   Danny Kortchmar is a professional guitarist.

Cores wrote two mystery novels, Painted for the Kill (1943) and Corpse de Ballet (1944), featuring female protagonist Toni Ney, a former ballet dancer.  The second book was dedicated to Cores' friend Olga Ley, the wife of science fiction writer Willy Ley, herself a former ballet dancer and possibly the inspiration for Ney.  Cores also wrote the mystery Let's Kill George (1946).

Cores wrote a number of romance and historical novels.  Woman in Love (1951) was based on her own experiences.  The Mermaid Summer (1971) was set on the island of Martha's Vineyard, where she moved in 1957.  The Year of December (1974) was about Claire Clairmont's time in Russia. Destiny's Passion (1978) and Fatal Passion (1989) were historical novels set during the British Regency. A story she published in the Saturday Evening Post about a magazine editor raising seven children was the basis for the television show The New Loretta Young Show.

Cores also wrote science fiction.  Her story "Deborah and the Djinn" appeared in the September 1959 issue of Fantastic Universe.  Lucy Cores also contributed a story to Beyond Time (1976), an alternate history anthology edited by Willy and Olga Ley's daughter Sandra.  The story, "Hail to the Chief", features a President Richard Nixon unhindered by Watergate who remains in office until 1994.

At the time of her death, at age 91, Cores was writing a novel about Alexander Pushkin.

References

External links

1912 births
2003 deaths
20th-century American novelists
Ethical Culture Fieldston School alumni
Barnard College alumni
American mystery writers
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
American historical novelists
Writers from Moscow
People who emigrated to escape Bolshevism
American women novelists
20th-century American women writers
Women historical novelists
Women mystery writers
Novelists from New York (state)

Lucy Cores


The Lost Princess of Oz is the eleventh canonical Oz book written by L. Frank Baum. Published on June 5, 1917, it begins with the disappearance of Princess Ozma, the ruler of Oz and covers Dorothy and the Wizard's efforts to find her. The introduction to the book states that its inspiration was a letter a young girl had written to Baum: "I suppose if Ozma ever got hurt or losted, everybody would be sorry."

The book was dedicated to the author's newborn granddaughter Ozma Baum, child of his youngest son Kenneth Gage Baum.

Ruth Plumly Thompson borrowed the plot of this novel for her 1937 Oz book Handy Mandy in Oz. The Frogman and Cayke's dishpan re-appear in Jeff Freedman's 1994 novel The Magic Dishpan of Oz.

Plot

Dorothy has risen from bed for the day and is seeing to her friends in the Emerald City and notices that Ozma has not awakened yet. Dorothy goes into Ozma's chambers only to find she is not there.

Glinda awakens in her palace in the Quadling Country and finds her Great Book of Records is missing. She goes to prepare a magic spell to find it- only to see her magic tools are gone as well. She dispatches a messenger to the Emerald City to relay news of the theft. Receiving the news, the Wizard hastily offers his magic tools to assist Glinda, however, these are missing as well. Glinda, Dorothy, and the Wizard organize search parties to find Ozma and the missing magic. Accompanying them are Button-Bright, Trot, and Betsy Bobbin. Dorothy and the Wizard's party begins to search the Winkie Country to the west of the Emerald City.

Meanwhile, in the southwestern corner of the Winkie Country on a plateau belonging to the Yips, and Cayke the cookie cook has had her diamond-studded gold dishpan stolen. The self-proclaimed adviser to the Yips, a human-sized dandy of a frog called the Frogman, hears Cayke's story and offers to help her find the dishpan. When they have gotten down the mountain, Cayke reveals to the Frogman that the dishpan has magic powers, for her cookies come out perfect every time.

Dorothy, the Wizard, and their party enter the previously unknown communities of Thi and Herku. The citizens of Thi are ruled by the High Coco-Lorum (really the King, but the people do not know it) and repeat the same story about the Herkus: they keep giants for their slaves. In the Great Orchard between Thi and Herku, the party enjoys a variety of fruits. Button-Bright eats from the one peach tree in the orchard. When he reaches the peach's center he discovers it to be made of gold. He pockets the gold peach pit to show Dorothy, Betsy, and Trot later – despite warnings from the local animals that the evil Ugu the Shoemaker has enchanted it.

In the city of Herku, Dorothy and the Wizard's party are greeted by the emaciated but jovial Czarover of Herku, who has invented a pure energy compound called zosozo that can make his people strong enough to keep giants as slaves. The Czarover offers them six doses to use in their travels and casually reveals that Ugu the Shoemaker came from Herku. Ugu found magic books in his attic one day because he was descended from the greatest enchanter ever known and learned over time to do a great many magical things. The Shoemaker has since moved from Herku and built a castle high in the mountains. This clue leads Dorothy and the Wizard to think that Ugu might be behind all the recent thefts of magic and the ruler of Oz. They proceed from Herku toward the castle and meet with the Frogman, Cayke the Cookie Cook, and the Lavender Bear the stuffed bear who rules Bear Center. Lavender Bear carries the Little Pink Bear, a small wind-up toy that can answer any question about the past put to it.

When the combined party arrives at Ugu's castle, Button-Bright is separated from them and falls into a pit. Before they rescue him, the Wizard asks the Little Pink Bear where Ozma is and it says that she is in the pit, too. After Button-Bright is let out of the pit, the Little Pink Bear says that she is there among the party. Unsure what to make of this seeming contradiction, the party advances toward the castle. Sure enough, Ugu is the culprit and the castle's magical defenses are techniques from Glinda and the Wizard. Upon overcoming these, the party finds themselves standing before the thief himself.

Ugu uses magic to send the room spinning and retreats. Dorothy stops it by making a wish with the magic belt. She uses its power to turn Ugu into a dove, but he modifies the enchantment so he retains human size and aggressive nature. Fighting his way past Dorothy and her companions, Ugu the dove uses Cayke's diamond-studded dishpan to flee to the Quadling Country.

Once the magic tools are recovered, the conquering search party turns their attention to finding Ozma. The Little Pink Bear reveals that Ozma is being carried in Button-Bright's jacket pocket, where he placed the gold peach pit. The Wizard opens it with a knife, and Ozma is released from where Ugu had imprisoned her. She was kidnapped by Ugu when she came upon him stealing her and the Wizard's magic instruments.

The people of the Emerald City and Ozma's friends all celebrate her return. Days later, the transformed Ugu flies in to see Dorothy and ask her forgiveness for what he did. She offers it and offers to change him back with the Magic Belt, but Ugu has decided that he likes being a dove much better.

References

External links

1917 American novels
1917 children's books
1917 fantasy novels
Sequel novels
Oz (franchise) books
Books about frogs
Novels about missing people
Children's books about frogs
Children's books about princesses

The Lost Princess of Oz


Halloween Night is a 2006 American slasher mockbuster film produced by The Asylum.

Plot
The film follows Chris Vale, who was admitted to an asylum at the age of 12 after witnessing his mother's rape and murder by two thugs hired by his father (who subsequently committed suicide). Chris barely survived having his face burned by one of the thugs. Now a 22-year-old grossly disfigured young man, he escapes from the asylum on Halloween after killing two orderlies who mock his wearing of masks that resemble those the thugs were wearing.

His old home is now inhabited by David Bexter's family; Bexter hosts a Halloween party there with his girlfriend Shannon, his friends, and his schoolmates. Vale kills a party-goer named Todd at a gas station, steals his costume and car, and drives to the party.

At the party, Vale is taken for Todd by everyone and starts a killing spree unnoticed. Meanwhile, David fakes a dispute with a friend who kidnaps Vale (still mistaken for Todd) with a gun and another friend disguised as a police officer, who is forced to hand over his car keys. After escaping with the car, the kidnapper is murdered by Vale, who goes back to the party in it. Because someone at the party has called the real police, the angry officer ends the party by telling everyone to go home, leaving only David, the now disappointed Shannon, and some friends.

Vale enters the house again, kills several of the remaining people, and ties up Shannon, who is wearing his mother's collar found in the house earlier. He breaks up a hole in the wall covered with boards where his father hid his mother's corpse before committing suicide.

As one girl escapes from the house in a panic, David begins to search for Shannon, finding her captured in the basement. After freeing her, Vale knocks David out from behind, but Shannon manages to grab a gun that Vale has lost, shooting him twice, presuming the killer for dead.

As the police and ambulance arrive later, David seems to have disappeared with the police searching for him. Suddenly a hooded person appears behind a police officer talking to Shannon. Shannon grabs the officer's gun, shooting and killing the hooded person. After removing the hood, she is shocked to see that she killed David.

In the final scene, Vale is seen hitch-hiking and picked up by a car driver, who presumes him to be having a long Halloween party night. The film ends while the car leaves.

Cast

 Derek Osedach as David Baxter
 Rebekah Kochan as Shannon
 Scot Nery as Christopher Vale
 Sean Durrie as Larry
 Alicia Klein as Tracy
 Erica Roby as Angela
 Amanda Ward as Kendall
 Jared Cohn as Daryll (as Jared Michaels)
 Jay Costelo as Eddie
 Michael Schatz as The Troll
 Amelia Jackson-Gray as Jeanine
 Nicholas Daly Clark as Todd
 Tank Murdoch as Officer Connors
 Stephanie Christine Medina as Kim
 Jonathan Weber as Charlie
 Shaun Dallas as Tom

Reception
Cinema Crazed panned the movie, writing "as a "Halloween" wannabe, it's horrible, but as a slasher film on its own merits it's horrible". HorrorNews.net criticized some aspects of the film but also wrote "You get what you signed up for and therefore should be satisfied with that fact alone. Production is slick, score is eerie and the acting makes sense." Dread Central also heavily criticized the film, stating "Halloween Night is stupid slasher flick that's sporadically amusing but mostly dull due to pacing issues, the predictable nature of the "seen it a million times before" storyline, and its insistence on taking itself far too seriously even when it's being outright dumb."

See also

 Halloween - Another Halloween-themed film released around the same time

References

External links
 Halloween Night at The Asylum

2006 films
2000s slasher films
The Asylum films
American independent films
Films set in 1982
Films set in 1992
2006 horror films
2006 independent films
Direct-to-video horror films
American slasher films
2000s English-language films
LGBT-related horror films
Films directed by Mark Atkins
Halloween horror films
American exploitation films
2006 LGBT-related films
2000s American films

Halloween Night


Joseph Bowie (born October 17, 1953) is an American jazz trombonist and vocalist. The brother of trumpeter Lester Bowie, Joseph is known for leading the jazz-punk group Defunkt and for membership in the Ethnic Heritage Ensemble.

Career

Bowie was greatly influenced by his older brothers, saxophonist Byron Bowie and trumpeter Lester Bowie. His first international tour was with Oliver Lake of the Black Artists Group in 1971. During this time in Paris, he worked with Alan Silva, Frank Wright, and Bobby Few. He also worked with Dr. John in Montreux in 1973. He moved to New York City, and with the help of Off Broadway Theater impresario Ellen Stewart he established La Mama children's theater. He performed with Cecil Taylor, Human Arts Ensemble, Nona Hendryx, Leroy Jenkins, Vernon Reid, Stanley Cowell, Sam Rivers, Philippe Gaillot, Dominique Gaumont  and Ornette Coleman. In 1976 he moved to Chicago, where he led bands for Tyrone Davis and other R&B artists.

Returning to New York City in 1978 he began singing with punk and funk musician James Chance and the Contortions. Defunkt was born during that time. During the next 25 years, Defunkt recorded 15 albums. Bowie has collaborated with Jean-Paul Bourelly and Jamaaladeen Tacuma. He has performed "big band funk" arrangements with Ed Partyka at Music School Lucerne, Barbary Coast Ensemble at Dartmouth College, JazzArt Orchestra, and the HR Frankfurt Radio Big Band. The first Defunkt Big Band debuted in 1999 in New York City at the Texaco Jazz Festival sponsored by the Knitting Factory.

In 2003, he moved to the Netherlands where he met Hans Dulfer and was introduced to the Dutch music scene. He has performed with Hans and Candy Dulfer and also performs as guest with the Saskia Laroo Band, Naked Ears, Monsieur Dubois, Emergency Room, Funkateer, Seven Eleven, and Almost Three.

In 2014 he produced Sax Pistols Allergy for the U.S (ZIP Records) with lyricist Hilarius Hofstede and musicians Yuri Honing, Luc Houtcamp, Chazzy Green, Bart Wirtz, Koen Schouten, James White and Defunkt rhythm section of Kim Clarke, Tobias Ralph, and Rocco Zifarelli.  In 2009 he created Defunkt Mastervolt with Paris-based musicians Linley Marthe, Rocco Zifarelli, Emma Lamadji, Michael Lecoq, and Jon Grandcamp. The album Defunkt Mastervolt was released in 2015 on ZIP Records.

Robin van Erven Dorens directed the documentary In Groove We Trust about Bowie's life.

Discography

As leader
 Heroes (DIW, 1990)

As sideman
With Lester Bowie
 1974 Fast Last!
 1999 American Gumbo

With James Chance
 1981 Live in New York
 2000 White Cannibal
 2003 Irresistible Impulse

With Defunkt
 1980 Defunkt
 1982 Thermonuclear Sweat
 1988 In America
 1992 Crisis
 1994 Cum Funky
 1994 Live & Reunified
 1994 Live at the Knitting Factory NYC
 1995 A Blues Tribute: Jimi Hendrix & Muddy Waters
 2016 Live at Channel Zero

With Ethnic Heritage Ensemble
 Ancestral Song (Silkheart, 1988)
 Hang Tuff (Open Minds, 1991)
 Dance with the Ancestors (Chameleon, 1993)
 21st Century Union March (Silkheart, 1997)
 The Continuum (Delmark, 1997)
 Papa's Bounce (CIMP, 1998)
 Freedom Jazz Dance (Delmark, 1999)

With Oliver Lake
 1975 Heavy Spirits
 2003 Cloth
 2017 Live at A-Space 1976

With others
 1972 Red, Black & Green, Solidarity Unit, Inc.
 1972 Whisper of Dharma, Human Arts Ensemble
 1973 In Paris, Aries 1973, Black Artists Group
 1975 For Players Only, Leroy Jenkins
 1975 Fresh, Frank Lowe
 1975 The Flam, Frank Lowe
 1976 Ntu: Point from Which Creation Begins, Oliver Lake
 1977 Streets of St. Louis, Charles Bobo Shaw
 1992 Under the Wire, Michael Marcus
 1993 Highlights: Live in Vienna, Vienna Art Orchestra
 1994 Sacred Common Ground, Don Pullen
 1997 Junk Trap, Charles Bobo Shaw
 1999 Inspiration, Sam Rivers
 1999 Culmination, Sam Rivers
 2000 Beyond the Sky, Yusef Lateef
 2001 Funky Donkey, Vols. 1 & 2, Luther Thomas
 2002 Just Add Water, Bobby Previte
 2002 Trance Atlantic (Boom Bop II), Jean-Paul Bourelly
 2003 H.Con.Res.57/Treasure Box, Alan Silva
 2007 Transmigration, Kahil El'Zabar
 2009 Funked Up!, Candy Dulfer

References

External links

 Official website

Musicians from St. Louis
American jazz trombonists
Male trombonists
1953 births
Living people
DIW Records artists
American Buddhists
Nichiren Buddhists
Jazz musicians from Missouri
21st-century trombonists
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Ethnic Heritage Ensemble members
Human Arts Ensemble members
Sackville Records artists

Joseph Bowie


Jae Chong (born January 8, 1972) is a musician and producer known for his works in the Asian music scene. He has written and produced for many artists such as L.A. Boyz, Stanley Huang, and more recently Aziatix and Royal Pirates.

Career
Chong's professional music career started in Los Angeles during the early 1990s, producing local rap groups such as Baby G, The Funky Few, and Soul Selection. He is one of the three members of the group, Solid (as well as the writer and producer), which was the first R&B group in South Korea with record sales exceeding 4 million. Chong then shifted his focus to the Asian music scene by writing and producing songs for various artists in Asia. He went on to write and produce for many international artists like Coco Lee, Kim Gun-mo, Shin Seung-hun, Stanley Huang and L.A. Boyz.

In 2003 he also took part in launching the first hip hop entertainment company in Taiwan, MACHI Entertainment. He was also the first Korean American ever to be nominated for the Best Producer of the Year at the Golden Melody Awards and won various awards for albums, two of which were Stanley Huang and Nicky Lee who won the Best Male Artist of the Year award at the 2005 and 2006 Golden Melody Awards respectively.  In 2010, he helped coordinate the collaboration project between JYJ, Kanye West, and Rodney Jerkins.

In 2011, he founded the hip-hop/R&B group Aziatix.

Credit list
Coco Lee (International) – Top-selling international female artist in Asia and the United States
Singles "Love You If I Want", "Still In Love With You" on her Sincere Album (1997)
Single "We Can Dance" (sample contains Carl Carlton's She's a Bad Mama Jama (She's Built, She's Stacked)) on her Today Forever album (1999)
Single "So Crazy", "Let Go", "I'm Still In Love", and "Final Countdown" on her Promise album (2001)
Composed and produced song "BYOB", "Ready or Not" (2009)
Produced the song "Maybe" (2009)
Vanness Wu (Asia) – Member of the band F4
Composed and produced the song "Nah Geuh Neu Tsun"
Vanness Wu 2nd album (2006); Composed and produced 8 songs.
Composed and produced the song "It's Ya Girl" for his Japanese EP (2009)
Shin Seung-hun (Korea) – Top Selling ballad singer of all time in Korea
"Goodbye" on 7th album (2000) (Sold 1 million)
BoA (Asia) – International Asian star; dominating both the Korean and Japanese Charts
Composed and produced "Let U Go" on her second album (1999)
A-mei (Taiwan) – The most successful female pop singer of Taiwan
Composed and produced the singles "Wu Tzo Wei" and "Jah Shing Shing" on her 2003 release.
B Real (USA)
Composed and produced the song "Garden of Paradise" (2006) for the movie Splinter
Li Bingbing (China/Asia)
Composed and produced the song "Yu Gan" (2009); opening song for the movie The Forbidden Kingdom
Jane Zhang  (China/Asia)
Composed and produced the song "Hero" (2008); end credit song for the movie The Forbidden Kingdom
Bibi (China)
Composed and produced the song "Deserted Island" (2007)
J (Korea) – Female R&B artist in Korea firmly entrenched in the top of the charts
Composed and produced Singles "Scent of You" and "Tonight" on her debut album.
Stanley Huang (Taiwan)
First debut album (2000) produced and written 9 songs including singles "Remember Me" and "Cold Shower"
Second album (2001) produced and written 7 tracks including the singles "Circus Monkey", "I Need A Holiday", and "Show Me Your Demons"
Third album (2002) produced/written/co‐written the entire album.
Fourth album (2004) produced/written/co‐written the entire album. (Nominated for the Golden Melody Awards for the Best Album of the Year; Stanley Huang won the award for the Best Male Artist of the Year)
Fifth album (2006) produced/written/co‐written the entire album.
Sixth album (2007) produced/written/co‐written the entire album.
Seventh album (2008) produced/written/co‐written the entire album. (Two nominations for the Golden Melody Awards 2009 for Best Album and Best Producer of the Year)
Nicky Lee (Taiwan/China)
Composed and produced five albums (Nicky won the award for the Best Male Artist of the Year in 2007)
Kim Gun-mo (Korea) – One of the most successful artists in Korean history, featured in the Guinness Book of World Records for most records sold relative to population
"Nightmares" on fourth album Exchange (1997) (Sold 2 million)
"Chameleon" on fifth album Myself (1998) (Sold 1.7 million)
"Happy Days" on sixth album Growing (1999) (Sold 1.5 million)
Solid (Korea) – All produced/written/performed by Jae Chong
Second album (1995) ‐ (first R&B album to sell over million copies in Korea)
Third album (1996) ‐ (one million sold)
Fourth album (1997) ‐ (700,000 sold)
Jolin Tsai (Taiwan) – An idol star with one of the largest followings in Asia
Composed and produced the song "Baby Face" on her third album Show Your Love (2000)
Composed and produced the song "Surprise" on her fourth album Lucky Number (2001)
Arranged the song "Nice Guy" on her eighth album Dancing Diva (2006)
Elva Hsiao (Taiwan)
Composed and produced first hit single "Cappuccino" on her debut album. (First #1 song produced by a foreign producer) (1999)
"Weather Outside" and "Do You Know?" on her second album (2000); "Weather Outside" was used for a commercial campaign for the De Beers jewelry company
Produced four tracks on her 3rd album (2001) including the international hit "The One"
Single "Come Closer to Me" on her 4th album (2001) plus remixed the song "And I Know"
Composed and produced the single "Wanna Lover" on her fifty album (2003)
Composed and produced the single "L.O.V.E" (2006).
Composed and produced the single "Cha Cha" (2008)
Produced the songs "What Do U Think" and "Worth It" (2009)
Momoko Tao (Taiwan)
Composed and produced Single "Dreamin" on her latest album Momoko (2001) used on Momoko 2001 Create Collection Fashion Show.
Park Mi-kyung (Korea) – One of the biggest female artists in Korea
Composed and produced 5 tracks on her 4th album (1999) including her singles "Faithful" and "Different Love"
L.A. Boyz (Taiwan) – One of the top selling Pop Group in Taiwanese music history
12 albums (1992–1997)
Chae Jung-an (Korea)
Composed and produced the hit single "Precious Love" on her second album (2001)
VOICE (Korea) – R&B Group
Composed and produced all 10 songs on their debut release including the hit single "Your Angel".
Uhm Jung-hwa (Korea) – The biggest female artist in Korea
Produced/Co‐written her smash hit single "Hidden Pictures" on her 4th album (1998) (500,000+ sold).
Produced/Written "Tell Me" on her 5th album (1999)
Ryu Si-won (Korea) – Korean actor and singer
Composed and produced his debut album "Change" (1995)
Kang Susie (Korea)
Composed and produced the song :hopeless lovers' on her sixth Album (1995)
MACHI (Taiwan) – 1st real Hip Hop group ever to achieve commercial success in Taiwan
Composed & produced both first and the third album. (2003–2005) including the remix of "Work It" by Missy Elliott.
Andrew Chou (Taiwan) – the youngest entertainer ever to achieve commercial success
Composed & produced 8 tracks on the 1st album including the hit single "Pi Li Pa Lah"
Composed & produced 2 tracks on the 2nd album
Melody Yeung (Taiwan)
Composed and produced the single "The Perfect Pair" (2008)
Tension (Taiwan)
Composed & arranged the song "I Need U So Bad" on their album Gotta Be Your Man (2003)
Sandy Lam (Hong Kong)
Composed and arranged the songs "Now or Never" (2000) and "You Can't Have It Back" (2001)
Ding Dang (Taiwan)
Composed and produced the single "Night Cat" (2009)
Suki Low (Malaysia)
Composed & produced the songs "Without U", "Ladies' Night", and "Walk Away" (2009)
JYJ (Korea, United States)
Wrote, arranged and produced the song "Be the One" on The Beginning (2010)
Alien Huang (Taiwan)
Composed the songs "They Are Like Us" (2015)

References

External links

1972 births
Musicians from Los Angeles
Record producers from California
American male composers
21st-century American composers
Songwriters from California
Living people
American musicians of Korean descent
21st-century American male musicians
American male songwriters

Jae Chong


National Safe Place (doing business as National Safe Place Network) is a non-profit organization based out of Louisville, Kentucky. It originated in 1983 from an initiative known as "Project Safe Place", established by a short-term residential and counseling center for youth 12 to 17. The organization is intended to provide access to immediate help and support for children and adolescents who are "at risk" or in crisis situations. The purpose is to both defuse a potential crisis situation as well as provide immediate counsel and support so the child in crisis may be directed to an appropriate shelter or accredited care facility.

Businesses and community buildings such as fire stations and libraries are designated as "Safe Place" sites. Any youth in crisis can walk into one of the nearly 20,000 Safe Places across the country and ask an employee for help. These locations display the yellow, diamond-shaped Safe Place sign on their location. Inside, employees are trained and prepared to assist any young person asking for help. Youth who go to a Safe Place location are quickly connected to the nearby youth shelter. The shelter then provides the counseling and support necessary to reunify family members and develop a plan to address the issues presented by the youth and family.

In October 2009, National Safe Place launched the TXT 4 HELP initiative, which provides youth immediate access to help and resources through texting. Youth can text the word "safe" and their current location (address/city/state) to 4HELP (44357) and receive an immediate text response with the location of the closest Safe Place site or youth shelter and the youth shelter phone number. If a site or shelter is not within a 50-mile range, the youth receives the number to the National Runaway Safeline (1-800-RUNAWAY). In 2012, National Safe Place added the option for live, interactive texting with a trained mental health professional. With this addition, youth can immediately connect with Master's-level mental health professionals by text.

In 2013, National Safe Place merged with the Youth & Family Services Network (YFSN) to create the National Safe Place Network. NSPN provides training and technical assistance to licensed Safe Place agencies and NSPN member organizations across the country. More information about NSPN is available at www.nspnetwork.org.

The National Safe Place Network also operates the Runaway and Homeless Youth Training and Technical Assistance Center (RHYTTAC), a national training resource for FYSB-funded Runaway and Homeless Youth grantees, as well as several other federally funded projects focused on human trafficking and other issues critical to youth service providers.

See also

 Block Parent Program (Canada)
Safety House Program (Australia)
The first Safe Place case was in 1983 in Louisville Ky. At firehouse at 6th and Hill St
Facilitated by then Sergeant Matthew L Kaelin.  Fire Co. Truck 3

References

External links

Child safety
Children's rights organizations in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in Louisville, Kentucky
Safety organizations

National Safe Place


A matross was a soldier of artillery. He was a member of an artillery (gun) crew. A matross ranked next below a gunner. The duty of a matross was to assist the gunners in loading, firing and sponging the guns. They were armed with muskets and bayonets. They marched with the store-wagons, acting as guards. In the American army a matross ranked as a private of artillery.

History
Matrosses were first used in the British Army in 1639. Before that they were called gunner's assistants. In the German language a matrose means a sailor. The work assigned to the matross was considered sailor's work on a ship. It was an effort to give the assistant a respectable title. But their pay rate remained the same. In 1873 all matrosses were promoted to the rank of gunner. The rank of matross was no longer used.

A soldier's manual for artillery used by Americans in the Revolutionary war gave a detailed instruction for a matross. In part it said:

By the War of 1812 an ideal gun crew could be up to 15 men. Each man would have a specific task in the sequence of loading and firing the artillery piece. Often a non-commissioned officer would commanded the gun crew and aimed the gun. Like the other gun crew members, the matross had a specific place to stand as he performed his duties.

References

Military ranks
Artillery

Matross


Benoît, baron Costaz (27 February 1761, Champagne-en-Valromey - 13 March 1842, Paris) was a French bishop.

Entering holy orders before 1789, he refused to swear to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and took refuge in Savoy, Switzerland then Turin. He was removed from the list of émigrés in 1800 and on his return to Paris and the Concordat of 1802 was made curé of the Église de la Madeleine, then bishop of Nancy on 22 October 1810, by imperial decree, holding the bishopric until the Bourbon Restoration in 1814.

Baron de l'Empire and chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, Monseigneur Costaz is buried at the Père Lachaise cemetery.

His brother was baron Louis Costaz.

1761 births
1842 deaths
Bishops of Nancy
Barons of the First French Empire
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Knights of the Legion of Honour

Benoît Costaz


The Association of Science Fiction and Fantasy Artists, ASFA, is a non-profit, educational association, whose membership is made up of amateur and professional artists, art directors, art show managers, publishers and collectors involved in the visual arts of science fiction, fantasy, mythology and related topics. It is currently based in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

ASFA's purpose is to encourage and develop amateur artistic talent, educate the public, publishers, patrons of the arts and anyone interested in works of these particularly types of art and craftsmanship in the rights, needs and problems of the people involved in the creation of this material.

Each year ASFA gives out the Chesley Awards, named for the astronomical artist, Chesley Bonestell. The Chesleys were started in 1985 as a means for the SF and Fantasy art community to recognize individual works and achievements during the previous year.

Further reading
The Frank Collection: A Showcase of the World's Finest Fantastic Art, Jane and Howard Frank. Paper Tiger Books, 1999.

External links
 ASFA Homepage

References

Fantastic art
Science fiction organizations
Organizations based in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
1976 establishments in the United States
Fantasy organizations


The Maya Hero Twins are the central figures of a narrative included within the colonial K'iche' document called Popol Vuh, and constituting the oldest Maya myth to have been preserved in its entirety. Called Hunahpu  and Xbalanque  in the K'iche' language, the Twins have also been identified in the art of the Classic Mayas (200–900 AD). The twins are often portrayed as complementary forces.

The Twin motif recurs in many Native American mythologies; the Maya Twins, in particular, could be considered as mythical ancestors to the Maya ruling lineages.

In word and image

After being invited to Xibalba by One-Death and Seven-Death, the Lords of the Underworld, to a game of Pok Ta Pok, a Mayan Ballgame, Hun Hunahpu (lit. One-Hunahpu) and Vucub Hunahpu (lit. Seven-Hunahpu) were defeated and executed as a result. Hun-Hunahpu's head was put in a tree. When Blood Moon, the daughter of Blood Gatherer, one of the Lords of the Underworld, passes by the tree, he speaks to her and impregnates her with his spittle. Her father finds out that she is pregnant and convenes with One-Death and Seven-Death. They decide that if Blood Moon is not willing to tell them who the father is, she should be killed. Blood Moon truthfully answers that she has not slept with anyone, which is taken as a lie because she is visibly pregnant. Thus, they order their Owl Messengers to kill her and bring back her heart as proof. She tells the owls the truth and they agree to spare her. They create a faux heart out of red tree sap which they bring back to the Lords of the Underworld. The owls then show her the way to the world above. Here she goes to the house of Xpiyacoc, the mother of Hun Hunahpu and Vucub Hunahpu, who lives with One-Monkey and One-Artisan, the first born children of Hun Hunahpu which he conceived with Egret Woman. Blood Moon tells Xpiyacoc she is pregnant with her grandchildren. Xpiyacoc at first does not believe her and orders her—as a trial—to pick a big netful of corn ears from the garden of One-Monkey and One-Artisan. When Blood Moon arrives in the garden, however, there is only one maize plant. She calls upon the Guardians of Food and the corn plant magically produces enough ears to fill the net. Xpiyacoc now recognizes that Blood Moon is telling the truth. She later gives birth to the children, Hunahpu and Xbalanque. The sons—or 'Twins'—grow up to avenge their father, and after many trials, finally defeated the lords of the Underworld in a  ballgame. The Popol Vuh features other episodes involving the Twins as well (see below), including the destruction of a pretentious bird demon, Vucub Caquix, and of his two demonic sons. The Twins also turned their half-brothers into the howler monkey gods, who were the patrons of artists and scribes. The Twins were finally transformed into sun and moon, signaling the beginning of a new age. The Q'eqchi' myth of Sun and Moon, where he is hunting for deer (a metaphor for making captives), and capturing the daughter of the Earth Deity. In these cases, Hunahpu has no role to play.

Iconography

Another main source for Hero Twin mythology is much earlier and consists of representations found on Maya ceramics until about 900 AD and in the Dresden Codex some centuries later. Clearly recognizable are the figures of Hunahpu, Xbalanque, and the howler monkey scribes and sculptors. Hunahpu is distinguished by black spots on his skin, interpreted as the stains of a corpse or as pustules. On the Preclassic murals from San Bartolo, the king, marked with a black spot on the cheek, and drawing blood from his genitals in the four corners of the world, appears to personify the hero Hunahpu. Xbalanque—the 'War Twin'—is more animal-like, in that he is distinguished by jaguar patches on his skin and by whiskers or a beard.

Certain iconographic scenes are suggestive of episodes in the Popol Vuh. The Twins' shooting of a steeply descending bird (the 'Principal Bird Deity') with blowguns may represent the defeat of Vucub-Caquix, whereas the principal Maya maize god rising from the carapace of a turtle in the presence of the Hero Twins may visualize the resurrection of the Twins' father, Hun-Hunahpu. This second scene has also been explained differently, however. In any case, the Twins are often depicted together with the main maize god, and these three semi-divinities were obviously felt to belong together. Therefore, it is probably no coincidence that in the Popol Vuh, the Twins are symbolically represented by two maize stalks.

Names and calendrical functions
The name "Xbalanque" (pronounced ) has been variously translated as 'Jaguar Sun' (x-balam-que), 'Hidden Sun' (x-balan-que), and 'Jaguar Deer' (x-balam-quieh). The initial sound may stem from yax (precious), since in Classical Maya, a hieroglyphic element of this meaning precedes the pictogram of the hero (although it has also been suggested to be the female prefix ix-). For the combination of prefix and pictogram, a reading as Yax Balam has been proposed. The name "Hunahpu" (pronounced ) is usually understood as Hun-ahpub 'One-Blowgunner', the blowgun characterizing the youthful hero as a hunter of birds.

The head of Hunahpu is used as a variant sign for the 20th day in the day count or tzolkin, which in these cases may actually have been read as (Hun)ahpu, rather than Ahau (Lord or King). The 20th day is also the concluding day of all vigesimal periods, including the katun and baktun. The head of Xbalanque is used as a variant for the number nine (balan being similar to bolon 'nine').

Twin myth summary

The following is a detailed summary of the Popol Vuh Twin Myth, on from the death of the heroes' father and uncle.

Early life of the heroes
Hunahpu and his brother were conceived when their mother Xquic, daughter of one of the lords of Xibalba, spoke with the severed head of their father Hun. The skull spat upon the maiden's hand, which caused the twins to be conceived in her womb. Xquic sought out Hun Hunahpu's mother, who begrudgingly took her as a ward after setting up a number of trials to prove her identity.

Even after birth, Hunahpu and Xbalanque were not well treated by their grandmother or their older half-brothers, One Howler Monkey and One Artisan. Immediately after their births, their grandmother demanded they be removed from the house for their crying, and their elder brothers obliged by placing them on an anthill and among the brambles. Their intent was to kill their younger half-brothers out of jealousy and spite, for the older pair had long been revered as fine artisans and thinkers and feared the newcomers would steal from the attention they received.

The attempts to kill the young twins after birth were a failure, and the boys grew up without any obvious spite for their ill-natured older siblings. During their younger years, the twins were made to labor, going to hunt birds which they brought back for meals. The elder brothers were given their food to eat first, in spite of the fact they spent the day singing and playing while the younger twins were working.

Hunahpu and Xbalanque demonstrated their wit at a young age in dealing with their older half brothers. One day, the pair returned from the field without any birds to eat and were questioned by their older siblings. The younger boys claimed that they had indeed shot several birds but that they had gotten caught high in a tree and were unable to retrieve them. The older brothers were brought to the tree and climbed up to get the birds when the tree suddenly began to grow even taller, and the older brothers were caught.  This is also the first instance in which the twins demonstrate supernatural powers, or perhaps simply the blessings of the greater gods; the feats of power are often only indirectly attributed to the pair.

Hunahpu further humiliated his older brethren by instructing them to remove their loincloths and tie them about their waists in an attempt to climb down. The loincloths became tails, and the brothers were transformed into monkeys. When their grandmother was informed that the older boys had not been harmed, she demanded they be allowed to return. When they did come back to the home, their grandmother was unable to contain her laughter at their appearance, and the disfigured brothers ran away in shame.

Defeat of Seven Macaw and his family

At a point in their lives not specified in the Popol Vuh, the twins were approached by the god Huracan regarding an arrogant god named Seven Macaw (Vucub Caquix). Seven Macaw had built up a following of worshipers among some of the inhabitants of the Earth, making false claims to be either the sun or the moon. Seven Macaw was also extremely vain, adorning himself with metal ornaments in his wings and a set of false teeth made of gemstones.

In a first attempt to dispatch the vain god, the twins attempted to sneak up on him as he was eating his meal in a tree, and shot at his jaw with a blowgun. Seven Macaw was knocked from his tree but only wounded, and as Hunahpu attempted to escape, his arm was grabbed by the god and torn off.

In spite of their initial failure, the twins again demonstrated their clever nature in formulating a plan for Seven Macaw's defeat.  Invoking a pair of gods disguised as grandparents, the twins instructed the invoked gods to approach Seven Macaw and negotiate for the return of Hunahpu's arm. In doing so, the "grandparents" indicated they were but a poor family, making a living as doctors and dentists and attempting to care for their orphaned grandchildren. Upon hearing this, Seven Macaw requested that his teeth be fixed since they had been shot and knocked loose by the blowgun, and his eyes cured (it is not specifically said what ailed his eyes). In doing so, the grandparents replaced his jeweled teeth with white corn and plucked the ornaments he had about his eyes, leaving the god destitute of his former greatness. Having fallen, Seven Macaw died, presumably of shame.

Seven Macaw's sons, Zipacna and Cabrakan, inherited a large part of their father's arrogance, claiming to be the creators and destroyers of mountains, respectively. The elder son Zipacna was destroyed when the twins tricked him with the lure of a fake crab, burying him beneath a mountain in the process.

The Maya god Huracan again implored the young twins for help in dealing with Seven Macaw's younger son, Cabrakan, the Earthquake.  Again, it was primarily through their cleverness that the pair were able to bring about the downfall of their enemy, having sought him out and then using his very arrogance against him; they told the story of a great mountain they had encountered that kept growing and growing. Cabrakan prided himself as the one to bring down the mountains, and upon hearing such a tale, he predictably demanded to be shown the mountain. Hunahpu and Xbalanque obliged, leading Cabrakan toward the non-existent mountain. Being skilled hunters, they shot down several birds along the way, roasting them over fires and playing upon Cabrakan's hunger. When he asked for some meat, he was given a bird that had been prepared with plaster and gypsum, a poison to the god. Upon eating it, he was weakened and the boys were able to bind him and cast him into a hole in the earth, burying him forever.

Discovery of One Hunahpu's gaming equipment
Sometime after the expulsion of their older siblings, the twins used their special powers or abilities to expedite their gardening chores for their grandmother—a single swing of the axe would do a full day's worth of clearing, for example. The pair covered themselves in dust and wood chippings when their grandmother approached to make it seem they had been hard at work, in spite of the fact they spent the whole day relaxing. However, the next day they returned to find their work undone by the animals of the forest.  Upon completion of their work, they hid and lay in wait, and when the animals returned, they attempted to catch or scare them off.

Most animals eluded their capture. The rabbit and the deer they caught by the tail, but these tails broke off, thus giving all future generations of rabbits and deer short tails. The rat, however, they did capture, singeing his tail over the fire in revenge for the act. In exchange for mercy, the rat revealed an important piece of information: the gaming equipment of their father and uncle was hidden by their grandmother in her grief, for it was playing ball that was directly responsible for the deaths of her sons.

Again, a ruse was devised to get their equipment, the twins once more relying upon trickery to meet their goals. The pair snuck the rat into their home during dinner and had their grandmother cook a meal of hot chili sauce. They demanded water for their meal, which their grandmother went to retrieve. The jar of water, however, had been sabotaged with a hole, and she was unable to return with the water. When their mother left to find out why and the pair were alone in the home, they sent the rat up into the roof to gnaw apart the ropes that held the equipment hidden and were able to retrieve the equipment their father and uncle had used to play ball. It had long been a favorite past-time for their father, and soon would become a favored activity for them as well.

Xibalban ballgames
Hunahpu and Xbalanque played ball in the same court that their father and his brother had played in long before them. When One Hunahpu and his brother had played, the noise had disturbed the Lords of Xibalba, rulers of the Maya Underworld. The Xibalbans summoned them to play ball in their own court.

When the twins began to play ball in the court, once again the Lords of Xibalba were disturbed by the racket, and sent summons to the boys to come to Xibalba and play in their court. Fearing they would suffer the same fate, their grandmother relayed the message only indirectly, telling it to a louse which was hidden in a toad's mouth, which was in turn hidden in the belly of a snake in a falcon. Nevertheless, the boys did receive the message, and much to their grandmother's dismay, set off to Xibalba.

When their father had answered the summons, he and his brother were met with a number of challenges along the way which served to confuse and embarrass them before their arrival, but the younger twins would not fall victim to the same tricks. They sent a mosquito ahead of them to bite at the Lords and uncover which were real and which were simply mannequins, as well as uncovering their identities. When they arrived at Xibalba, they were easily able to identify which were the real Lords of Xibalba and address them by name. They also turned down the Lords' invitation to sit on a bench for visitors, correctly identifying the bench as a heated stone for cooking. Frustrated by the twins' ability to see through their traps, they sent the boys away to the Dark House, the first of several deadly tests devised by the Xibalbans.

Their father and uncle had suffered embarrassing defeats in each of the tests, but again Hunahpu and Xbalanque demonstrated their prowess by outwitting the Xibalbans on the first of the tests. The twins placed macaw feathers in the torch and fireflies on the tips of their cigars, making the Xibalbans believe that they kept their torches and cigars lit all night. Dismayed, the Xibalbans bypassed the remaining tests and invited the boys directly to the game. The Xibalbans insisted on using their own ball for the game, and the twins consented. The ball, however, was a skull with a blade inside of it, and when Hunahpu hit the ball, the weapon was revealed. Complaining that they had been summoned only to be killed, Hunahpu and Xbalanque threatened to leave the game.

As a compromise, the Lords of Xibalba allowed the boys to use their own rubber ball, and a long and proper game ensued. In the end, the twins allowed the Xibalbans to win the game, but this was again a part of their ruse. They were sent to Razor House, the second deadly test of Xibalba, filled with knives that moved of their own accord. The twins spoke to the knives, and promised them the flesh of all animals in the future. In exchange, the knives stopped moving. Then, they sent leafcutter ants to retrieve petals from the gardens of Xibalba, a reward to be offered to the Lords for their victory. The Lords had intentionally chosen a reward they thought impossible, for the flowers were guarded by birds. The birds however, failed to notice as the ants trimmed the flowers. The Xibalbans were furious upon receiving bowls of their own flower petals, and split open the birds' beaks, giving nightjars their distinctive gape.

Each of the following days resulted in a tied game and a new test. In the Cold House, the twins kept the cold at bay by pure willpower. In the Jaguar House, they fed the jaguars bones to survive. In the Fire House, the twins were sightly singed, but not burned. The Lords of Xibalba were dismayed at the twins success until the twins were placed in Bat House. Though they hid inside their blowguns from the deadly bats, Hunahpu peeked out to see if daylight had come, and was decapitated by a killer bat.

Xbalanque summoned the beasts of the field and asked them to bring him their food. The coatimundi brought a squash, which Xbalanque placed on Hunahpu's body. Xbalanque then asked the rabbit to distract the Xibalbans when the ball landed outside the court. The new game begun, and Hunahpu's head was used as the ball. When Hunahpu's head went off the court, however, the Xibalbans mistook the bouncing of the rabbit for the ball, and chased after it. Xbalanque then retrieved his brother's head, and replaced the ball with the squash. The game continued until the squash burst, resulting in an embarrassing defeat for the Xibalbans.

Downfall of Xibalba
Embarrassed by their defeat, the Xibalbans still sought to destroy the twins. They had a great oven constructed and once again summoned the boys, intending to trick them into the oven and to their deaths. The twins realized that the Lords intended this ruse to be the end of them, yet, despite this, allowed themselves to be burned to death in the oven and the ashes of their bones ground into dust. The Xibalbans were elated at the apparent demise of the twins and cast their ashes into a river. This was, however, a part of the plan devised by the boys, for, once in the river, the ashes regenerated into bodies - at first those of a pair of catfish, which transformed in turn into those of a pair of young boys.

Unrecognized, the boys were allowed to remain among the Xibalbans. Tales of their transformation from catfish spread, as well as tales of their dances and the way they entertained the people of Xibalba. They performed a number of miracles, setting fire to homes and then bringing them back whole from the ashes, sacrificing one another and rising from the dead. When the Lords of Xibalba heard the tale, they summoned the pair to their court to entertain them, demanding to see such miracles for themselves.

The boys answered the summons and volunteered to entertain the Lords at no cost. Their identities remained secret for the moment, claiming to be orphans and vagabonds, and the Lords were none the wiser. They went through their gamut of miracles, slaying a dog and bringing it back from the dead, causing the Lords' house to burn around them while the inhabitants were unharmed, and then bringing the house back from the ashes. In a climactic performance, Xbalanque cut Hunahpu apart and offered him as a sacrifice, only to have the older brother rise once again from the dead.

Enthralled by the performance, One Death and Seven Death, the highest lords of Xibalba, demanded that the miracle be performed upon them. The twins obliged by killing and offering the lords as a sacrifice, but did not bring them back from the dead. The twins then shocked the Xibalbans by revealing their identities as Hunahpu and Xbalanque, sons of One Hunahpu whom they had slain years ago along with their uncle Seven Hunahpu. The Xibalbans despaired, confessed to the crimes of killing the brothers years ago, and begged for mercy. As a punishment for their crimes, the realm of Xibalba was no longer to be a place of greatness, and the Xibalbans would no longer receive offerings from the people who walked on the Earth above. All of Xibalba had effectively been defeated.

The twins returned to the ballcourt and retrieved the buried remains of their father, Hun Hunahpu.

Their mission accomplished, the pair left Xibalba, climbing back to the surface of the Earth; but they did not, however, stop there and continued climbing straight on up into the sky - Hunahpu became the Sun, and Xbalanque became the Moon.

Hero Twins in other Native American cultures

Many Native American cultures in the United States have traditions of two male hero twins.
For instance, in the creation myth of the Navajo (called the Diné Bahane') the hero twins Monster Slayer and Born for Water (sons of Changing Woman) acquire lightning bolt arrows from their father, the Sun, in order to rid the world of monsters that prey upon the people.

Ho-Chunk and other Siouan-speaking peoples have a tradition of Red Horn's Sons. The mythology of Red Horn and his two sons have some interesting analogies with the Maya Hero Twins mythic cycle.

In popular culture
Xbalanque is a playable character in the free downloadable Video game Smite, where his title is "The Hidden Jaguar Sun".
The 2014 From Dusk Till Dawn Series hints at a prophecy about the Gecko Brothers being The "Hero Twins" of Maya legend.
Hunahpu was the name of one of the tribes in Survivor: San Juan del Sur.
The Hero Twins appear in the opening of the 2000 animated film The Road to El Dorado. They are also the gods that the main characters Miguel and Tulio impersonate.
The Hero Twins appear in the Civilization VI Heroes & Legends game mode.
The hero twins are alluded to in Onyx Equinox, with the main characters K'in and Yun having names that literally mean "sun" and "moon" and having a love for ballgame sports. A relief of the mythological twins is seen in episode 3.
The hero twins (and potential future reincarnations of them) are the central characters in Monica Byrne's science fiction novel, The Actual Star, which is about finding Xibalba in time as well as in space.
The hero twins were the inspiration for the first episode of the reboot Legends of the Hidden Temple.
 The Maya Hero twins appeared as a demigoddess named Maya from Maya and the Three who will defeat the evil Lord Mictlan.

See also
 Jaguars in Mesoamerican culture
 Maya religion
 Maya mythology
 Twins in mythology
 Divine twins
 HD 98219
 List of lunar deities
 List of solar deities

Notes

References

External links
The Hero Twins as Catfish, by Justin Kerr, with vase rollout photos
Diego Rivera, The Trials of the Hero Twins, 1931
The Hero Twins for kids, with cartoons
Hero Twins: Explorations of Mythic and Historical Dichotomies, Southern Illinois University Carbondale

Hero Twins
Mesoamerican mythology and religion
Maya deities
Trickster gods
Magic gods
Characters from the Popol Vuh
Divine twins
Heroes in mythology and legend

Maya Hero Twins


{{Infobox person
|education    = Webster High School
|known_for    = Tennessee WaltzAll My Love (Bolero)I Went to Your Wedding(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?Old Cape CodAllegheny Moon}}

Clara Ann Fowler (November 8, 1927 – January 1, 2013), better known by her stage name Patti Page, was an American singer. Primarily known for pop and country music, she was the top-charting female vocalist and best-selling female artist of the 1950s, selling over 100 million records during a six-decade-long career. She was often introduced as "the Singin' Rage, Miss Patti Page". New York WNEW disc-jockey William B. Williams introduced her as "A Page in my life called Patti".

Page signed with Mercury Records in 1947, and became their first successful female artist, starting with 1948's "Confess". In 1950, she had her first million-selling single "With My Eyes Wide Open, I'm Dreaming", and eventually had 14 additional million-selling singles between 1950 and 1965.

Page's signature song, "Tennessee Waltz", was one of the biggest-selling singles of the 20th century, and is recognized today as one of the official songs of the state of Tennessee. It spent 13 weeks atop the Billboards best-sellers list in 1950/51. Page had three additional number-one hit singles between 1950 and 1953, "All My Love (Bolero)", "I Went to Your Wedding", and "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?".

Unlike most other pop singers, Page blended country music styles into many of her songs. As a result of this crossover appeal, many of Page's singles appeared on the Billboard Country Chart. In the 1970s, she shifted her style more toward country music and began having even more success on the country charts, ending up as one of the few vocalists to have charted in five separate decades.

With the rise of rock and roll in the 1950s, mainstream popular music record sales began to decline. Page was among the few pop singers who were able to maintain popularity, continuing to have hits well into the 1960s, with "Old Cape Cod", "Allegheny Moon", "A Poor Man's Roses (or a Rich Man's Gold)", and "Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte".

In 1997, Patti Page was inducted into the Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame. She was posthumously honored with the Lifetime Achievement Grammy Award in 2013.

Early life
Clara Ann Fowler was born on November 8, 1927, in Claremore, Oklahoma (some sources give Muskogee, Oklahoma) into a large and poor family of 11 children (3 boys and 8 girls).1930 US Census. Source Citation: Year: 1930; Census Place: Foraker, Osage, Oklahoma; Roll: 1922; Page: 1A; Enumeration District: 19; Image: 1054.0; FHL microfilm: 2341656. Her father, B.A. Fowler, worked on the MKT railroad, while her mother, Margaret, and older sisters picked cotton. As she recalled on television many years later, the family lived without electricity, so she could not read after dark.  She was raised in Foraker, Hardy, Muskogee, and Avant, Oklahoma, before attending Daniel Webster High School in Tulsa, from which she graduated in 1945.

Fowler started her career as a singer with Al Clauser and his Oklahoma Outlaws at radio station KTUL in Tulsa, Oklahoma. At age 18, she became a featured performer on the station for a 15-minute radio program sponsored by the Page Milk Company. As a nod to the show's sponsor, Fowler was referred to on the air as "Patti Page". In 1946, Jack Rael, a saxophone player and manager of the Jimmy Joy Band, came to Tulsa for a one-night stand. Rael heard Page on the radio, liked her voice, and asked her to join the band. After leaving the band, Rael became Page's personal manager.

Page toured the United States with the Jimmy Joy Band in 1946. The following year the band traveled to Chicago, where she sang with a small group led by popular orchestra leader Benny Goodman. This led to Page getting picked up by Mercury Records. She became Mercury's "girl singer".

Career
Pop success: 1946–1949

Page cut her first two discs ("Every So Often/What Every Woman Knows" and "There's A Man In My Life/The First Time I Kissed You") with the Eddie Getz and George Barnes Orchestras but they failed to chart.

She found success with her third single ("Confess" b/w "Twelve O'Clock Flight"). The arrangement of "Confess" was meant to use a backing chorus, but Mercury would not pay for one since Page had not yet produced a charting single, so if she wanted additional singers she would have to hire them at her own expense. Instead, her manager Jack Rael decided to try an experiment. Bill Putnam, an engineer for Mercury Records, was able to overdub Page's voice by syncing the two master discs together—tape recording was not in use yet and this technique was difficult to pull off. Thus, Page became the first pop artist to harmonize her own vocals on a recording. This gimmick got
"Confess" to #12 on the Billboard. This technique later was used on Page's biggest hit singles in the 1950s. Page had four more singles chart in 1948–49, with two ("So In Love" and "With My Eyes Wide Open, I'm Dreaming" reaching the top 15. Page also had a top 15 hit on the Billboard country chart in 1949 with "Money, Marbles, and Chalk". After the experiment of "Confess" worked, Page and Rael got more ambitious and began trying four part overdubs.

In 1950, Page had her first million-selling single "With My Eyes Wide Open, I'm Dreaming", another song where she harmonized her vocals. Because she was overdubbing her vocals, Page's name had to be listed on the recording credits as a group. According to one early 1950s chart, Page was credited as the Patti Page Quartet. In mid-1950, Page's single "All My Love (Bolero)" became her first #1 on the Billboard spending five weeks there. That same year, she also had her first top-10 hit with "I Don't Care if the Sun Don't Shine", as well as the top-25 single "Back in Your Own Backyard". With this success, Page earned the privilege of releasing her first LP, the self-titled "Patti Page" which opened with "Confess" and included other of her singles from this period. She also released a Christmas album in 1951; this was reissued five years later with updated cover art on a 12" LP with a few new tracks to fill the run time out.

"Tennessee Waltz": 1950
The success of "Bolero" however was quickly eclipsed by what soon became Page's signature song. "Tennessee Waltz" was written in 1946 by Pee Wee King and Redd Stewart, and was recorded in 1947 by Pee Wee King and His Golden West Cowboys. Their original version made the country charts in 1948. The song was also a hit for Cowboy Copas around the same time. Page was introduced to the song by record producer Jerry Wexler, who suggested that she cover a recent R&B version by the Erskine Hawkins Orchestra. Page liked the song, and she recorded and released it as a single.

"Tennessee Waltz" became a blockbuster hit by complete accident—it was the B-side to "Boogie Woogie Santa Claus" which Mercury had intended to promote during the 1950 holiday season. The label intentionally put "Tennessee Waltz" on the disc to avoid drawing attention away from a planned Christmas hit, as they considered the song a throwaway with no hitmaking potential. To everyone's complete surprise, it went on to spend nine weeks at #1 during December 1950-January 1951, while "Boogie Woogie Santa Claus" failed to chart at all and was quickly forgotten. "Tennessee Waltz" also became Page's second single to appear on the country charts, becoming her biggest hit there, reaching number two. The song later became one of the best-selling records of its era, selling 7 million copies in the early 1950s. "Tennessee Waltz" remains the biggest commercial success for the overdubbing technique, pioneered by producer Mitch Miller, which enabled Page to harmonize with herself. "Tennessee Waltz" was the last song to sell one million copies of sheet music. The song was covered by several other singers during the next few months including Jo Stafford and Les Paul and Mary Ford.

The song was featured in the 1970 film Zabriskie Point and in the 1983 film The Right Stuff.

Breakthrough: 1951–1965

In 1951, Page covered "Would I Love You (Love You, Love You)", which had been a hit for Doris Day. Page's version was a top-five hit that sold 1 million copies. The next single, "Mockin' Bird Hill", (a cover of the original by Les Paul and Mary Ford) was her fourth million seller. Page had three more top 10 hits on Billboard in 1951, starting with "Mister and Mississippi", which peaked at number eight; "And So to Sleep Again"; and "Detour", which had been recorded and made famous by Spade Cooley, Foy Willing, and Elton Britt. Page's version was the most popular and became her seventh million-selling single. She also released her first studio album in 1951 titled Folk Song Favorites.

In 1952, Page had a third number-one hit with "I Went to Your Wedding", which spent two months at number one. Recorded in a country ballad style, the song was the B-side of "You Belong to Me", also a top-10 hit. "I Went to Your Wedding" was Page's eighth million-selling single in the United States. It displaced Jo Stafford's version of "You Belong to Me" at number one on Billboard's Best Seller chart. She had continued success that year, with three more songs in the top 10, "Come What May", "Once in a While", and "Why Don't You Believe Me".

In 1953, the novelty tune "(How Much Is That) Doggie in the Window?" became Page's fourth number-one hit, selling over 1 million copies and staying on the chart for five months. The song included the sound of a dog barking, which made it popular with a younger audience. It became one of her best-loved songs, but in later years would often be lampooned by rock critics and used to ridicule the state of popular music in the 1950s just prior to rock-and-roll. The song was written by novelty-tune specialist Bob Merrill. It was recorded by Page for the children's album Arfie Goes to School. It was also a UK hit and British singer Lita Roza performed a cover version that made the top 10 there. She had a series of top-20 hits that year. "Changing Partners", a final single, reached the top five, peaking at number three, and staying on the charts for five months. The song was also a country melody, like many of Page's hits at the time.

In 1954, Page had more chart hits, including "Cross Over the Bridge", which again overdubbed Page's vocals and peaked at number two. Other top-10 hits by Page that year included "Steam Heat" (from the Broadway musical The Pajama Game) and "Let Me Go Lover".
In 1955, Page had one chart single: "Croce di Oro".

Unlike most other pop singers of her time, Page was able to maintain success into the rock-and-roll era. She had three hits in 1956, including the number-two "Allegheny Moon". In 1957, she had major hits with "A Poor Man's Roses (or a Rich Man's Gold)" (recorded the same year by Patsy Cline) and the top-five hit "Old Cape Cod".

In 1956, Vic Schoen became Patti Page's musical director, producing her on a long string of hits that included "Mama from the Train", "Allegheny Moon", "Old Cape Cod", "Belonging to Someone", and "Left Right Out of Your Heart". Page and Schoen's most challenging project was a recording of Gordon Jenkins narrative-tone poem as Manhattan Tower (recorded September 1956). The album was a success both artistically and commercially, reaching number 18 on the Billboard LP chart, the highest ranking of any of her albums. Schoen's arrangements were more lively and jazzy than the original Jenkins arrangements. Schoen recalled, "Patti was an alto, but I pushed her to reach notes higher than she had sung before for this album. We always enjoyed working together." Page and Schoen continued their collaboration for many years, working together until 1999.

During the 1950s, Page made regular TV appearances, including The Ed Sullivan Show, The Bob Hope Specials, The Steve Allen Show, and The Dean Martin Show. This eventually led to Page having television specials of her own. She later had her own series, beginning with Scott Music Hall in the 1952–53 season and a syndicated series for Oldsmobile in 1955, The Patti Page Show. However, this show only lasted one season, as did The Big Record (1957–58) and The Patti Page Olds Show, sponsored by Oldsmobile (1958–59). Page also began an acting career at this time, beginning with a role on Playhouse 90. Page made her movie debut in 1960 in Elmer Gantry. She also recorded the theme song for Boys Night Out, in which she played the part of Joanne McIllenny. In 1959, Page recorded the title song from the musical The Sound of Music for Mercury Records on the same day that the musical opened on Broadway. The song on her TV show The Patti Page Olds Show helped to promote the Broadway show.

The pop world was becoming less favorable to pre-rock singers by 1960 and it was also a weak time for the "established" ASCAP affiliate record labels such as Columbia, RCA, and Mercury, with indie and regional labels dominating pop during this era, so Page's chart hits dried up. She did not chart again until 1961 with "You'll Answer to Me" and "Mom and Dad's Waltz".  Page's last major chart hit was "Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte" from the film of the same name starring Bette Davis and Olivia de Havilland. It peaked at number eight. It was her last top-10 hit (and her first since 1957) and was nominated for a "Best Song" Oscar. She performed it at the 1965 Academy Awards.  She also recorded the song in Italian, Spanish, and German for foreign markets.

Adult contemporary and country music: 1966–1982
Before releasing "Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte", Page signed with Columbia Records, where she remained until the end of the decade. She released a few studio albums for Columbia in the 1960s. In 1961, her singles began to chart on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart. Many of these singles became hits, peaking in the top 20, including cover versions of "You Can't Be True, Dear", "Gentle on My Mind", and "Little Green Apples" (the last being her final appearance on the Billboard). Page, who as an Oklahoma native was well-acquainted with country music, recorded many country songs over the years. Some of these were recorded for Columbia and were released as adult contemporary singles, including David Houston's "Almost Persuaded" and Tammy Wynette's "Stand by Your Man". With Page's viability on the pop charts diminishing as she got older and with a radically changed cultural climate in America during the late 1960s, she decided to focus solely on country recordings. In 1970 she left Columbia and came back to Mercury. In 1973, she returned to working with her former record producer Shelby Singleton.

Working for Mercury, Columbia, and Epic in the 1970s, Page recorded a series of country singles, beginning with 1970's "I Wish I Had a Mommy Like You", which became a top-25 hit, followed by "Give Him Love", which had similar success. In 1971, she released the country music album I'd Rather Be Sorry for Mercury records. In 1973, a duet with country singer Tom T. Hall titled "Hello, We're Lonely" was a top-20 hit, reaching number 14 on the Billboard country chart.

In 1973, Page returned to Columbia Records' affiliate Epic Records. In 1974 and 1975, she released singles for Avco Records, including "I May Not Be Lovin' You" and "Less Than the Song", both of which were minor country hits. After a five-year hiatus, she recorded for Plantation Records in 1980. She had a top-40 hit with Plantation in 1981 titled "No Aces", followed by a series of minor country hits. In the early 1980s, she performed with major symphony orchestras in Cincinnati and Mexico City.
.

Later career: 1983–2012
In 1986, Page and arranger Vic Schoen reunited for a stage show in Las Vegas.

In 1988, Page appeared at the Ballroom in New York, marking the first time that she had performed there in nearly 20 years. She received positive reviews from music critics. In the 1990s, Page founded her own record label, C.A.F. Records, which released several records, including a 2003 children's album.

In the early 1990s, Page moved to San Diego, California, and continued to perform live shows at venues across the country.

In 1998, the album Live at Carnegie Hall: The 50th Anniversary Concert was released. The album won Page a Grammy Award the following year for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Performance, which, despite her prolific career, was her first Grammy.

In 1998, a sample of Patti Page's recording of "Old Cape Cod" formed the basis of Groove Armada's UK hit "At the River". The lines "If you're fond of sand dunes and salty air / Quaint little villages here and there..." sung in Page's multitracked close harmony, are repeated over and over, with the addition of synthesizer bass, slowed-down drums, and a bluesy trombone solo to produce a chill-out track. The success of this track introduced Page's music to another generation of listeners.

In 1999, Vic Schoen reunited with Page to record a CD for a Chinese label.

In 2000, she released the album Brand New Tennessee Waltz. Harmony vocals were provided by popular country stars, including Suzy Bogguss, Alison Krauss, Kathy Mattea, and Trisha Yearwood. The album was promoted at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, Tennessee, in 2000.

On October 4, 2001, Bob Baines, the mayor of Manchester, New Hampshire, declared the day "Patti Page Day" in the town. Miss Page was in Manchester to perform a sold-out concert at the Palace Theater to benefit Merrimack Valley Assistance Program.

In 2004, she appeared on the PBS Special Magic Moments: The Best of 50s Pop and sang  "Tennessee Waltz" and "Old Cape Cod". The DVD includes a backstage interview with Page.

In 2005, she performed a series of engagements at a theatre in Branson, Missouri, starting on September 12.

Until shortly before her death, Page was the host of a weekly Sunday program on the Music of Your Life radio network.  Jack White of the White Stripes and she were interviewed in January 2008 after the White Stripes had recorded Page's early 1950s hit "Conquest" on their 2007 studio album Icky Thump. Page and White were put together on the phone during the interview, talking to each other about their views on "Conquest".

Page sang "Summer Me, Winter Me" for Michel Legrand's 50th-anniversary concert at the MGM Grand, and on the recording, it is evident she had forgotten the words.

Page continued to tour actively until September 2012, when she announced on her web page her retirement from performing for health reasons.

Style
During the time of Page's greatest popularity (the late 1940s and 1950s), most of her traditional pop music contemporaries included jazz melodies in their songs. Page also incorporated jazz into some of her songs; however, on most of her recordings, Page favored a country music arrangement.

During the late 1940s, when Page recorded for Mercury Records, its top A&R man was Mitch Miller, who, despite having left Mercury for Columbia Records in 1950, produced most of Page's music. Miller found that the simple-structured melodies and story lines in country songs could be adapted to the pop market. Page, who was born in Oklahoma, felt comfortable using this idea. Many of Page's more successful hits featured a country-music arrangement, including her signature song "Tennessee Waltz", as well as "I Went to Your Wedding" and "Changing Partners". Some of these singles charted on the Billboard country chart during the 1940s, '50s, and early '60s.

Many other artists were influenced by Patti Page, and incorporated country arrangements into their own songs, including The Andrews Sisters and Bing Crosby, who had a number-one hit on the country charts in the late 1940s with "Pistol Packin' Mama".

Personal life
Page was married three times, first to University of Wisconsin student Jack Skiba in May 1948. They moved to New York, but she asked for and received a no-fault divorce in Wisconsin within a year. Her next marriage was to Charles O'Curran, a choreographer, in 1956. O'Curran had been married to actress Betty Hutton. Page and O'Curran adopted a son, Danny, and a daughter, Kathleen. They divorced in 1972.

Page's last marriage was to Jerry Filiciotto in 1990. The couple owned a maple syrup business named The Farm at Wood Hill in Bath, New Hampshire, and resided in Solana Beach, California."Jerome J. Filiciotto", The Bridge Weekly Sho-case (Woodsville, New Hampshire), April 30, 2009 (retrieved May 6, 2009). Filiciotto died on April 18, 2009.

In his autobiography Lucky Me, published in 2011, former baseball player and front-office executive Eddie Robinson claims he dated Page before her second marriage.

Page's longtime collaborator arranger Vic Schoen once recalled, "She was one of the nicest and most accommodating singers I've ever worked with." Schoen and she remained close friends and spoke regularly until his death in 2000.

Death
Page died on January 1, 2013, at the Seacrest Village Retirement Community in Encinitas, California, at the age of 85; she had been suffering from heart and lung disease. She was buried at El Camino Memorial Park in San Diego.

Discography

Studio albums

 Patti Page (1950)
 Folk Song Favorites (1951)
 Christmas with Patti Page (1951)
 Tennessee Waltz (1952)
 Patti Page Sings for Romance (1954)
 Song Souvenir (1954)
 Just Patti (1954)
 Patti's Songs (1954)
 So Many Memories (1954)
 And I Thought About You (1955)
 Romance on the Range (1955)
 Manhattan Tower (1956)
 In the Land of Hi-Fi (1956)
 Music for Two in Love (1956)
 You Go to My Head (1956)
 The Voices of Patti Page (1956)
 The East Side (1957)
 The Waltz Queen (1957)
 I've Heard That Song Before (1958)
 Let's Get Away from It All (1958)
 The West Side (1959)
 On Camera...Patti Page...Favorites from TV (1959)
 Indiscretion (1959)
 I'll Remember April (1959)
 3 Little Words (1959)
 Just a Closer Walk with Thee (1960)
 Patti Page Sings the Stars in "Elmer Gantry" (1960)
 Patti Page Sings Country & Western Golden Hits (1961)
 Go On Home (1962)
 Patti Page Sings Golden Hits of the Boys (1962)
 Say Wonderful Things (1963)
 Love After Midnight (1964)
 Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1965)
 Christmas with Patti Page (1965)
 Patti Page Sings America's Favorite Hymns (1966)
 Patti Page's Greatest Hits (1966)
 Today My Way (1967)
 Gentle on My Mind (1968)
 Honey Come Back (1970)
 I'd Rather Be Sorry (1971)
 A Touch of Country (1979)
 No Aces (1981)
 Golden Hits Volume 1 (1981)
 Golden Hits Volume 2 (1982)
 Brand New Tennessee Waltz (2000)
 Sweet Sounds of Christmas (2002)
 Best Country Songs (2008)

Partial filmography
TelevisionPatti Page's Music Hall CBS 1952-1953The Patti Page Show (syndicated by Screen Gems), 1955–56, 78 15-minute episodes which were edited into 31 half-hour episodes.The Big Record Show CBS 1957-1958The Patti Page Oldsmobile Show ABC 1958-1959What's My Line? (CBS, September 22, 1957) (Episode # 381) (Season 9, Ep 4) Mystery GuestAppointment with Adventure ("Paris Venture", CBS, February 26, 1956)The United States Steel Hour ("Upbeat", CBS, 1957)

Film
 Elmer Gantry (1960) as Sister Rachel
 Dondi (1961) as Liz
 Blue Hawaii (1961) as Woman Paddling Canoe Near Hotel (uncredited)
 Boys' Night Out (1962) as Joanne McIllenny
 2004: The Patti Page Video Songbook 2004: Patti Page – Sings the Hits 2005:  In Concert Series: Patti PageSee also
 List of the best-selling music artists
 List of popular music performers

Bibliography
 Once Upon a Dream: A Personal Chat with All Teenagers (1960)
 This Is My Song: A Memoir – Patti Page with Skip Press (2009)

References

External links

 Interview with Patti Page
 Songwriters' Hall of Fame article on Patti Page
 , from Hatteberg's People'' on KAKE TV news
 Patti Page Interview NAMM Oral History Library (1995)

1927 births
2013 deaths
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
American country singer-songwriters
American women country singers
American contraltos
American food industry businesspeople
American memoirists
American women pop singers
American women business executives
American business executives
Traditional pop music singers
Columbia Records artists
Epic Records artists
Mercury Records artists

People from Claremore, Oklahoma
Webster High School (Tulsa, Oklahoma) alumni
People from Solana Beach, California
Country musicians from Oklahoma
Singer-songwriters from Oklahoma
Singer-songwriters from California
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American singer-songwriters
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American women singers
People from Bath, New Hampshire
Country musicians from California
American women memoirists

Patti Page


Plant cream is an imitation of dairy cream made without dairy products, and thus vegan. It is typically produced by grinding plant material into a thick liquid to which gums are added to imitate the viscosity and mouthfeel of cream. Common varieties are soy cream, coconut cream, and cashew cream. It is used as a dessert topping and in many other dishes and beverages.

Some imitation cream contains a mixture of non-dairy and dairy ingredients. For instance, Cool Whip includes some milk; Elmlea sells both fully plant-based and mixed imitation creams.

As of 1998, plant cream was similar in price to double cream but more expensive than single cream.

Whipped toppings are 'fat foams'; usually made from partially hydrogenated vegetable oil. Upon whipping, some fat is released from the fat globules. This fat 'glues' a network of fat globules. Air is entrapped in this network thus creating the foam. They differ from "Whipped Cream" style dessert toppings due to containing very little to no dairy whatsoever.

Nutrition

A 1998 study comparing vegan cream with dairy cream found that calories and fat content were similar, but that the vegan cream was lower in saturated fat and higher in polyunsaturated fat. The vegan cream contained low vitamin A, no vitamin D, and lower calcium than dairy single cream.

See also

 Plant milk
 Cream
 Whipped cream#Imitation whipped cream

References

Animal product analogs
Cream

Plant cream