The Golden Pen of Freedom Award is an annual international journalism award established in 1961, given by the World Association of Newspapers to individuals or organisations. The stated purpose of the award is "to recognise the outstanding action, in writing or deed, of an individual, a group or an institution in the cause of press freedom". One of the objectives of the award is "to turn the spotlight of public attention on repressive governments and journalists who fight them" and to afford journalists a degree of protection against further persecution.

The Award is presented each year at the opening ceremony of the World Newspaper Congress and World Editors Forum.

Award winners

See also

 William O. Douglas Prize

References

External links
 Golden Pen of Freedom Award

Journalism awards
Free expression awards
Literary awards honouring human rights
Awards established in 1961

World Association of Newspapers' Golden Pen of Freedom Award


Country and Irish is a musical subgenre in Ireland formed by mixing North American country-style music with Irish influences. It is especially popular in the rural Midlands and North-West of the country, but less so in urban areas or in the South-West where more traditional Irish music is favoured. It also remains popular among the Irish in Britain, particularly among the older generation. In a review of the album Round the house and mind the dresser: Irish country house dance music,  Vic Gammon observes that the music was partially inspired by a desire for cultural independence.

History
Country and Irish music emerged from Ireland's showband scene, where local bands would play American pop standards tailored to Irish sensibilities. The showband scene was especially strong in Northern Ireland and border counties on account of restrictions on live music performances during Lent in the Republic of Ireland in the 1950s and 1960s. Johnny McCauley, who performed extensively for Irish expat audiences in London in the 1950s, is regarded as the first songwriter to compose songs in an American country music style with lyrics that specifically referenced Irish subject matter. His songs were covered by artists such as Big Tom and Larry Cunningham at a time when the showband business model was in decline, allowing these artists to pivot to selling recorded music.

Artists

Artists who would fit this genre include:

Philomena Begley
Big Tom
Nathan Carter
Richie Kavanagh
Crystal Swing
Larry Cunningham
T.R. Dallas
Mike Denver
Mary Duff
Kathy Durkin
Mick Flavin
Michael English
John Farry
Foster and Allen
Cliona Hagan
John Hogan
James Kilbane
Johnny Loughrey
Margo
Lee Matthews
Susan McCann
Johnny McCauley
Johnny McEvoy
Lisa McHugh
John McNicholl
P. J. Murrihy
Declan Nerney
Paddy O'Brien
Daniel O'Donnell
Derek Ryan

Media
Country and Irish is featured on national and local media. Most local radio stations outside Dublin have a music show dedicated to country music, on programs such as Country Roads and Céilí Lár Tíre on Midlands 103 and on The Country Lounge on CRCfm. RTÉ Radio provide an hour of each Saturday with Country Time with Sandy Harsch.

In television, many of the country and Irish musicians had TV shows on RTÉ One during the 1980s such as The Sandy Kelly Show and The Red Hurley Show, but by the 1990s many of those shows had been axed by RTÉ. RTÉ also broadcast Country Music Television on RTÉ Two during the 1990s. In the 2000s, RTÉ produced a retrospective series, A Little Bit Country, featuring stars from the golden era of Irish country music.

The Irish Language Television service TG4 has provided a number of country and Irish programmes in its schedules such as Glór Tíre ("Country Voice").

Ireland West Music Television, a 24-hour country and Irish channel, was founded in the UK and Ireland in 2011.

Album artwork
Country and Irish music is notable for its highly distinctive album artwork style. In most cases this involves the artist superimposed over a pastoral landscape.

References

Irish styles of music
Irish

Country and Irish


Cantueso is a liquor made in the Spanish province of Alicante.

It is obtained from the distillation of the flowers and peduncle (botany) of the thyme plant Thymus moroderi and grain alcohol. Cantueso typically contains between 25% and 35% alcohol, with 100 grams of sugar per liter, giving it its characteristic, very sweet flavor, and a color that runs from transparent to brownish-gray. Given its sweet flavor, it is usually taken after meals, as a stomach tonic.

Cantueso must rest for at least two months, then is aged in wood casks during a period of at least two years. Its production is regulated by the denominación de origen "Distilled spirits of Alicante," along with anise paloma, herbero, and the café licor of Alcoy.

External links
 Page of the denominación de origen of the liquors of Alicante

Spanish liqueurs

Cantueso


Algernon Mayow Talmage (23 February 1871– 14 September 1939)    was a British Impressionist painter.

Life and Education
Algernon Talmage was born in Fifield, Oxfordshire, the son of Rev. John Mayow Talmage, a clergyman of Cornish stock. During his childhood, Talmage got into an accident with a gun, permanently injuring his right hand; as a result Talmage painted with his left hand and was exempt from active service in the First World War. In 1892, Talmage studied under Hubert von Herkomer at the Herkomer School of art in Bushey. During his time at Herkomer, Talmage painted alongside Lucy Kemp-Welch, both of whom had a great interest in painting landscapes and horses. From there he moved to St Ives, Cornwall, where he joined the St Ives School. During his time in Cornwall Talmage founded an artists' club which was greatly influenced by the Cornish coastline.  Talmage's time in Cornwall was significant in establishing his characteristic mellow palette and enchanting use of light. Talmage is best known for tutoring Emily Carr during her studies at St Ives when he lived and worked in his studio which was then called 'The Cabin' located on Westcotts Quay, St Ives. His criticism was a significant early influence on her work, encouraging her earliest forays into the forest paintings that would eventually become her trademark. Carr's vivid palette grew from his critical reminder that "there is sunlight in the shadows." The well-known Australian painter Will Ashton was another of his students.

In 1896, Talmage married Cornish artist Gertrude Rowe and together they had two daughters, Archie and Dorothy. In 1900 Talmage and fellow St Ives School artist Albert Julius Olsson established the Cornish School of Landscape, Figure and Sea Painting. Later, Talmage and Gertrude ran their own art school, with Olsson acting as a 'visiting' artist. Talmage separated from Gertrude in 1907, and moved to Chelsea, London with his former-pupil Hilda Fearon.

Work and Exhibitions
Throughout his career as an artist, Talmage worked with the mediums of landscape, portrait and animal painting, printing and etching. He held his first solo exhibition in the Goupil Gallery, London, 1909. Talmage is also well known for creating the painting 'The Founding of Australia', which was commissioned by the founder of the Australasian Pioneers Club to celebrate the sesquicentennial of 1938. The finished painting was unveiled at the Royal Academy of Arts, London in 1937.

The painting depicts the moment Governor Phillip (in the centre of the painting) proposed a toast to King George III, on the evening of 26 January 1788, the day that the Fleet moved from Botany Bay to Sydney Cove. The painting is a celebration of righteousness and importance of colonisation, and a statement of the power of the British Empire.

He was elected a member of the Royal Society of British Artists in October 1902. He was a war artist on the Western Front in France (below).

References

External links

 Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections

1871 births
1939 deaths
British Impressionist painters
St Ives artists
Royal Academicians
Members of the Royal Institute of Oil Painters

Algernon Talmage


Periklis Argyropoulos (; 1871–1953) was a Greek naval officer, politician and diplomat.

Biography
Born in Athens in 1871, he became a naval officer and retired with the rank of rear admiral. During the First Balkan War, he commanded the torpedo boat No. 14, and on 9 November 1912, he sunk the wooden Ottoman armed steamer Trabzon off Ayvalık. In 1917, he served in the short-lived cabinet of Alexandros Zaimis as Transport Minister, and again in the same post in 1926 under Athanasios Eftaxias. During the Metaxas Regime, he was appointed ambassador to Spain. He died in 1953. He was also the maternal uncle to Aspasia Manos, the wife of King Alexander of Greece.

1871 births
1953 deaths
Politicians from Athens
Greek MPs 1935–1936
Ambassadors of Greece to Spain
Hellenic Navy admirals
Greek military personnel of the Balkan Wars

Periklis Argyropoulos


The James Hickey House is a house in the Eastmoreland neighborhood of southeast Portland, Oregon. The Tudor Revival style house was finished in 1925 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. It was built by the architectural firm Lawrence & Holford and was one of architect Ellis Lawrence's designs for a building contractor named James Hickey. The house was built with the intention of being a model home in the Eastmoreland neighborhood.

History
After he moved to Portland Oregon in 1906, Ellis Lawrence designed numerous residential and nonresidential structures, around 260 of which currently survive in Washington and Oregon. He worked in a variety of architectural styles but in his middle period between 1912 and 1930 he worked mostly with Historic Period styles. This is exemplified in the Tudor Revival style of the James Hickey House. The James Hickey House is one of several houses Lawrence designed in the Eastmoreland neighborhood and it is the only house Lawrence designed in this neighborhood that has not been altered significantly. The contractor and financier James S. Hickey Sr. was born in 1893 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and moved to Portland, Oregon in 1924. In 1925 he served as contractor for the James Hickey House which was to be his own house. James Hickey and his family lived in the James Hickey House up until the 40s.

Description
The Eastmoreland neighborhood where the house is located was developed with the intention of being an upper class suburb. The house is surrounded by similarly sized houses. It is edged by small shrubs on the front, large rhododendrons on the garage side, and the facade is shaded by large maple trees. The house's living room is located on the front elevation which is uncommon in Lawrence's designs. This was likely due to the minimal view potential of the flat lot the house was built on. Some of the houses notable features include its decorative brickwork, brick and half-timber exterior surfacing, leaded glass windows and French doors, wrought iron stair railing and door hardware, and tiled living room fireplace.

Exterior
The James Hickey House is rectangular in design and has the addition of two side wings and a rear bay. The south side wing was added recently. The back yard is enclosed by a covered lattice fence which also keeps the recently added side wing from view. The house's main roof is formed by a gable with clipped north and south ends. This roof is intersected to the front by a large gable at the south end and a smaller gable which extends over the houses main entrance. The gable over the front entrance is supported by a pair of chamfered porch posts and is two stories. The house's garage has a clipped gable roof as well. The exterior of the first floor is covered in red brick and the exterior of the second floor has a half timbered surface. The off center exterior chimney contains decorative brickwork. The front door of the house which is nested underneath the two story extending gable is decorated with a hand forged handle and front plate and is in the middle of a pair of iron lanterns.

Interior
While many of the building's exterior features such as the brickwork, exterior chimney, half timbered surface, and gables exemplify the Tudor Revival style, the building's interior is more modernized and has fewer Tudor features. Some of the few Tudor Revival features of the interior are leaded glass windows, exposed beams in the living room, and a wrought iron stair railing. The house's floor is made out of oak and the stair treads are made with mahogany. There are original steam heat registers in every room of the building. The fireplace is contained in the east wall and has no mantelpiece. The rooms are organized around the entrance hall on the first floor. The first floor contains a living room, dining room, kitchen, sitting room, breakfast room and a half bath. The sitting room originally was an exterior side porch. The second floor contains three bedrooms, a library and two baths. All rooms on the second floor have sloped ceilings. The house also has a finished basement.

Further reading

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Southeast Portland, Oregon

References

1925 establishments in Oregon
Eastmoreland, Portland, Oregon
Houses completed in 1925
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Portland, Oregon
Portland Historic Landmarks
Tudor Revival architecture in Oregon

James Hickey House


Pensacola Comic Convention (Pensacola Comic Con; formerly known as Pensacola Para Con Comic Convention) was founded in the Fall of 2010 by psychic medium Ericka Boussarhane.  The convention is for fans of science fiction, horror, fantasy, gaming, anime, costuming, fan films, and indie films held annually in Pensacola, Florida. The event is owned by Pensacola Comic Convention LLC. The event offers celebrity meet and greets, discussion panels, workshops, film screenings, film festivals, demonstrations, costume contests, and competitions. The event also offers investigations at local historic haunted locations such as the Pensacola Victorian Inn, The Pensacola Light House, the Pensacola Gray House, and the Pensacola Little Theater. A portion of the proceeds of the event are donated to Ronald McDonald House Charities. The convention is the first female African American owed comic convention in the USA.

Sources
 Ross, Rebecca. "Chip off the old block" "Pensacola News Journal", Retrieved on Mar. 13, 2009.
 Moon, Troy "Take a walk on the weird side Spice up your summer UFO tours and ghost walks" "Pensacola News Journal" Retrieved on Jul. 10, 2009
 McKeon, Jennie  "Ghost Hunting in Downtown Pensacola" "Inweekly Newspaper" Retrieved on September 15, 2010
 Ross, Rebecca   " Nothing 'normal' at this gathering"  "Pensacola News Journal" Retrieved Sept 20, 2010.
 Staff Writer " Pensacola: Is Pensacola Haunted?"  "Trip Advisor" Retrieved 2010
 Moon, Troy Troy Moon " All things paranormal coming town"  "Pensacola News Journal"  Retrieved Oct. 11, 2011
 Staff Writer "Pensacola Para Con 2011Ghost Hunting, Sci-Fi Convention " "Fox 10 News" Retrieved Oct 11 2011.
 Geek Admin   "Florida Geek Scene", Retrieved June 15, 2012
 Staff Writer " Fun at Paracon event anything but normal" "Splash" Magazine" Retrieved Sept 1 2012
 Staff Writer "Pensacola Paracon Sept. 22-23 at Pensacola Fairgrounds " "Mullet Wrapper Newspaper" Retrieved September 18, 2012
 Staff writer " Ghosts paranormal activity at 2012 Pensacola Para Con" "WEAR TV 3 News"  Retrieved September 23, 2012
 Cooper, Josh   "Pensacola Paracon offers a walk on the weird side"  "Pensacola News Journal" Retrieved Sep. 24, 2012
 Medina,  Kristina "Pensacola Paracon beckons those seeking paranormal experience" "The Voyager" Retrieved April 13, 2013
 Barnwell, Alison " Spring Hill man builds 'Lone Ranger' diorama with Legos"  "Tampa Bay Times Newspaper" Retrieved July 3, 2013
 Staff writer "DANCE, DANCE PARA-CON Fans of zombies, the paranormal, and horror films have reason to rejoice:" "Inweekly Newspaper", Retrieved July 3, 2013
 Robinson, Kevin "Para-Con is sci-fi paradise" "Pensacola News Journal" Retrieved Aug 18, 2013
 Pillion, Dennis  "Pensacola Para Con bringing 'geek paradise' to the Panhandle this weekend" "Al.com Newspaper" Retrieved August 14, 2013
 Diaz, Julio "Scare up some fun at Pensacola Para-Con"  "Pensacola News Journal" Retrieved Aug 16, 2013
 Pillion, Dennis " Newspaper Zombies, comic characters, costume buffs turn out in droves at Pensacola Para Con "  "Al.com Newspaper" Retrieved August 17, 2013
 Pillion, Dennis  "This weekend at the beach: Blues music, Friday night lights, and more cosplay" "Al.com Newspaper" Retrieved August 23, 2013
 BGG Staff  "Meet Your Favorite Film & TV Stars At Pensacola Para Con " "BGG After Dark", Retrieved March 2014
 Moon, troy  "Paranormal, sci-fi convention returns "  "Pensacola News Journal" Retrieved July 1, 2014
 Staff Writer "It's not Pensacon, It's Para Con"   "Pensacola News Journal" Retrieved July 2, 2014
 Staff writer "Incredible Hulk in Pensacola"  "Destin Log Newspaper"  Retrieved July 11, 2014
 Easton, Ed cultured/12698469/  "Barnes & Noble in Pensacola kicks off its Get Pop-Cultured series Friday. " "Pensacola News Journal" Retrieved July 15, 2014
 Staff Writer " The Incredible Hulk will be at Pensacola" "Mullet Wrapper Newspaper" Retrieved July 23, 2014
 Staff Writer "Explore Pensacola Para Con" "Splash! Magazine" Retrieved Aug 1, 2014
 Staff Writer "PENSACOLA PARA CON"  "Inweekly Newspaper" Retrieved August 6, 2014
 Staff writer  "Arc Gateway presents at Pensacola Paracon " "WEAR TV 3 News" Retrieved Aug 6 2014
 Pillion, Dennis Pensacola
Moon, Troy   " Lou Ferrigno, C. Thomas Howell at Para Con" Pensacola News Journal Retrieved Aug 8 2014
Staff writer "Pensacola Paracon kicks off" "WEAR TV 3 News" Retrieved Aug 9 2014
Emer, Joe  " Pensacola Paracon kicks off this weekend and promises to be a blast" Fox 10 NewsRetrieved Aug 2014
Hoeger, Rebekah "Para Con in Pensacola hosts 143 vendors" Fox 10 News Retrieved Aug 2014
Moon, Troy "Hulk and heat"  "Pensacola News Journal" Retrieved Aug 10, 2014
 Little, Aaron "Paracon Mania" Santa Rosa Press Gazette" Retrieved August 14, 2014

 Staff Writer "Pensacola Para Con" "Inweekly Newspaper" Retrieved August 17, 2014.
 Terefenko, Veronica "Pensacola Comic Con coming in August"  "Pensacola News Journal" Retrieved July 12, 2016
 Girod, Brandon "First-timers Guide: Pensacola Comic Con"  "Pensacola News Journal" Retrieved Aug. 18, 2016
 Girod, Brandon "Geek out this weekend at Pensacola Comic Con"  "Pensacola News Journal" Retrieved Aug. 17, 2016
Pensacola Comic Convention Trademark
Pensacola Comic Con Trademark
Pensacola Comic-Con Trademark

References

External links

Entertainment companies of the United States
Paranormal organizations
multigenre conventions
science fiction conventions in the United States
gaming conventions
comics conventions
Recurring events established in 2010
2010 establishments in Florida
Annual events in Florida
Festivals in Florida
Tourist attractions in Escambia County, Florida
Conventions in Florida

Pensacola Comic Convention


Charles Douglass Smith ( – February 19, 1855) was a British army officer and colonial administrator.

Life
He was born in England, the son of John Smith, a former captain in the British Army, and Mary Wilkinson. In 1776, he was commissioned cornet in the 1st Regiment of Horse. In 1779, he became lieutenant in the 22nd Light Dragoons and served in the Thirteen Colonies, later becoming captain. In 1795 he exchanged into the 32nd Light Dragoons and in 1796 into the 21st Light Dragoons and then served as a major in Tarleton's Light Dragoons. In 1798 he was promoted lieutenant-colonel in the Army.

He was named the lieutenant governor for Prince Edward Island in 1812, replacing Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres. He attempted to reorganize the island's militia to prepare for a possible attack from the United States but encountered resistance from the legislative assembly. Smith also dismissed a number of appointed officials who he believed were conspiring against him including James Bardin Palmer, William Johnston and John Frederick Holland and attempted to govern without convening the island's assembly. He also appointed his relatives to several public offices. Smith attempted to deal with the ongoing issue of land ownership on the island by initiating escheat proceedings against several property owners which remained largely vacant and also by attempting to collect quitrents which he believed would encourage land owners to make more productive use of their properties. His son-in-law John Edward Carmichael, by attempting to collect unpaid quitrents, triggered a series of meetings calling for Smith's recall as governor.

In 1824, a review of Smith's activities by the Colonial Office found evidence of misconduct. Lord Bathurst asked Smith to resign and he was replaced by John Ready. With the aid of his brother, Sir William Sidney Smith, he was able to secure a pension in 1829, which he continued to collect until his death at Dawlish in England in 1855.

External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
 Government of Prince Edward Island biography

1855 deaths
British colonial army officers
Royal Horse Guards officers
People from Dawlish
Year of birth uncertain
1760s births
Lieutenant Governors of the Colony of Prince Edward Island

Charles Douglass Smith


Genusaurus ( ; meaning "knee lizard") is a genus of abelisauroid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous.  Its fossils were found in France.  Genusaurus is believed to have lived during the Albian stage, around 112-100 million years ago.

Description

Genusaurus possesses several distinguishing traits. The dorsal vertebrae are elongated. The elements of the pelvis are strongly fused. The thighbone shows a low bone plateau below the major trochanter; to the front an accessory trochanter is present. The epicondyle of the inner femoral condyle is well-developed. The cnemial crest strongly extends to the front and is curved upwards. The fibula has a distinctive boss serving as an attachment for the Musculus iliofibularis. The upper inner side of the fibula is strongly hollowed out.

Size
Genusaurus was originally estimated to have been  long. From the  thighbone, a weight of  was extrapolated. Later estimates, while confirming the length of , have reduced the weight to , or even . In 2016, its length was estimated at , making it the smallest abelisaurid.

Discovery and naming
The type species, Genusaurus sisteronis, is the only named species.  It is based on a partial skeleton found in 1984-1986 in the Albian Bevons Beds, holotype MNHN Bev.1. The holotype contains seven partial dorsal vertebrae, a piece of a sacral, a piece of an ilium, the top of a pubic bone, a thighbone, the top of a shinbone, the top of a fibula and a metatarsal.  It was named and described by Hugues Accarie, Bernard Beaudoin, Jean Dejax, Gérard Friès, Jean-Guy Michard and Philippe Taquet in 1995.  The genus name is derived from the Latin word genu (knee) and refers to the cnemial crest in front of the proximal end of the tibia.  The specific name refers to Sisteron, the town near which the specimen was found.

Classification
Accarie et al. assigned Genusaurus to the ceratosaur group of theropods, more precisely to the Coelophysoidea. A 2008 cladistic analysis by Carrano and Sampson placed Genusaurus in the Noasauridae along with Laevisuchus, Masiakasaurus, Noasaurus, and Velocisaurus; in turn, noasaurids are part of the Abelisauroidea group, which is part of the ceratosaur group. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses found Genusaurus to be a member of the Abelisauridae, specifically the Majungasaurinae.

See also

 Timeline of ceratosaur research

References

External links
 "Our Exhibitions: Genusaurus sisteronis" (in French) at the Réserve Naturelle Géologique de Haute-Provence, France.

Abelisaurids
Albian life
Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe
Cretaceous France
Fossils of France
Fossil taxa described in 1995
Taxa named by Philippe Taquet

Genusaurus


The Kattsund-Koster dyke swarm is a collection of dykes of Mesoproterozoic age in southeastern Norway and the West Coast of Sweden. The most prominent outcrops are in the Koster Islands in Sweden and Kattsund in Norway, hence the name. The dykes are made up of tholeiitic diabase and some dykes of intermediate composition. Some dykes are deformed and metamorphosed into amphibolite. Radiometric dating has shown that the dyke swarm is about 1421 million years old. Geologists have suggested that the dyke swarm is related to extensional tectonics.

See also
Bohus granite
Gothian orogeny
Jotnian
Satakunta dike swarms
Sveconorwegian orogeny

References

Dike swarms
Mesoproterozoic magmatism
Geography of Østfold
Geography of Västra Götaland County
Geology of Norway
Geology of Sweden

Kattsund-Koster dyke swarm


Steven Allen Finley (born March 12, 1965) is an American former center fielder in Major League Baseball who played for eight teams between 1989 and 2007, most notably the Houston Astros, San Diego Padres, and Arizona Diamondbacks; he is one of only two players, along with Matt Herges, to play for all five National League West teams. An outstanding all-around player with power, speed, and defensive skill, he is one of only four players since 1945 with 300 home runs and 100 triples, along with Stan Musial, Willie Mays, and George Brett. He is also one of three players, along with Mays and Ken Griffey Jr., to have 2,500 hits and win five Gold Glove Awards in center field.

A two-time All-Star (1997, 2000), Finley led the National League (NL) in triples twice, and helped the Diamondbacks win the 2001 World Series title, batting .368 in the Series. His walk-off grand slam in an October game against the San Francisco Giants clinched the 2004 division title for the Los Angeles Dodgers. Finley's 2,487 career games as an outfielder ranked ninth in major league history when he retired, with his 2,314 games in center field trailing only Mays and Tris Speaker; he also ranked seventh among outfielders with 5,664 putouts. Since retiring he has worked for the Padres as a broadcast analyst and in player development, and also works for Morgan Stanley, advising athletes as a financial manager.

Early life
Finley grew up in Paducah, Kentucky. He attended Paducah Tilghman High School and Southern Illinois University, where he earned a degree in physiology and played for the baseball team from 1984 to 1987.

Career

College, Team USA, and minor leagues
In , Finley was selected by the Atlanta Braves in the 11th round of the draft, but did not sign. He instead chose to remain at SIU, where he was a two-time All-Missouri Valley Conference performer and a third-team All-American in 1986, and was named the team's Most Valuable Player in 1987. He is a member of the Saluki Baseball Hall of Fame.

He was a member of the 1986 Team USA squad that won a bronze medal during international competition in the Netherlands.

In , he was selected by the Baltimore Orioles in the 13th round of the draft, and did sign.

In 919 at bats in the minor leagues, Finley batted .309 with 68 stolen bases.

On August 29, 2009, Finley was inducted into the Rochester Red Wings Hall of Fame.

Orioles and Astros
In a transaction considered by Orioles fans as the worst in team history according to Thom Loverro, Finley was traded along with Curt Schilling and Pete Harnisch to the Houston Astros for Glenn Davis on January 10, 1991. He joined an Astros organization that was for sale and lightening its payroll by going with younger, inexpensive players. That year he was third in the league in triples (10), sixth in hits (170), ninth in stolen bases (34), and tenth in sacrifice hits (10). His 13 outfield assists tied Barry Bonds and Paul O'Neill for third in the league.

In , he led the NL in games played (162), was second in triples (13), third in stolen bases (a career-high 44) and sacrifice hits (10), and seventh in hits (177).

In , he led the league in triples (13). He had been slowed in spring training by Bell's palsy, a viral infection of a nerve in his upper neck, resulting in numbness that prevented him from closing his left eye.

In , he was second in the league in sacrifice hits (13), and tenth in triples (5). He appeared in only 94 games due to an injury and the strike-shortened season. He missed nearly a month after being hit by a pitch in a June 8 road game against the Montreal Expos, breaking the third metacarpal bone in his right hand. In December 1994, he was traded by the Astros with Ken Caminiti, Andújar Cedeño, Roberto Petagine, Brian Williams, and minor leaguer Sean Fesh to the San Diego Padres for Derek Bell, Doug Brocail, Ricky Gutiérrez, Pedro A. Martinez, Phil Plantier, and Craig Shipley.

Padres and Diamondbacks
In , Finley batted a career-high .297 and was third in the league in runs (104) and triples (8), and fourth in stolen bases (36) and hits (167). Finley also won his first Gold Glove Award. He was the only National League player to have 100 runs, 10 home runs, and 35 stolen bases. He stole a career-high 4 bases on August 12 vs. the St. Louis Cardinals. He was in the delivery room on September 1 when son Reed was born, and then headed to the ballpark and played in the 8th and 9th innings of San Diego's 6–3 win over the Philadelphia Phillies.

He was named Most Valuable Player in the All-Stars Series between Japan and the United States (Tokyo, ). Later in 1996, during Rickey Henderson's first season with San Diego, he boarded the team bus and was looking for a seat. Finley said, "You have tenure, sit wherever you want." Henderson looked at Finley and said, "Ten years? Rickey's been playing at least 16, 17 years." That season, Finley was second in the NL in runs (126; a career high) and doubles (45), third in extra base hits (84), fourth in triples (9), and sixth in hits (195). Finley won his second Gold Glove Award and came in tenth in the MVP voting. He established Padres records in runs, doubles, extra base hits, and total bases.

In , he hit three home runs in a game twice (May 19 and June 23). Finley was voted to the All-Star team, and finished eighth in the league in runs (101).

He hit his first game-ending grand slam on April 10, 1998, for the Padres. The Padres would appear in the World Series that year against the New York Yankees, where they were swept in four games.

In December , he signed as a free agent with the Arizona Diamondbacks. In , he hit three home runs and had 6 runs batted in in a game on September 8. That season he had 34 home runs and a career-high 103 RBI, and was seventh in the league in extra base hits (76). Finley also won his third Gold Glove Award.

In , he had 35 home runs and a career-high .544 slugging percentage, and was ninth in the league in sacrifice flies (9). He was voted to the All-Star team. Finley also had 10 outfield assists and won his fourth Gold Glove Award. He was named the team co-Player of the Year with Luis Gonzalez by the Arizona chapter of the BBWAA.

In , Finley had a stellar postseason, leading the Diamondbacks with a .421 batting average in the National League Division Series and 5 RBI in the National League Championship Series as Arizona went on to win its first World Series. On August 30 of that year, Finley became the Diamondbacks' first position player to serve as a relief pitcher, during a 13–5 loss to the Giants. Finley would win the first and only World Series title of his career in 7 games against the Yankees, the same team he lost to three years prior in 1998 while with the Padres.

In , Finley led the league in triples (10), becoming the oldest player in major league history to lead his league in triples.

Later years
In July , he was traded by the Diamondbacks with Brent Mayne to the Dodgers for Koyie Hill, Reggie Abercrombie, and Bill Murphy (minors). On October 2, he hit his second career game-ending grand slam against the Giants, which capped off a seven-run ninth inning and clinched the 2004 NL West division title for the Dodgers. At the end of the season, he was eighth in at bats (628) and plate appearances (706), and ninth in home runs (36; the third-highest total ever for a 39-year-old in the majors, behind Barry Bonds and Hank Aaron). Finley also won his fifth Gold Glove Award and tied Pete Rose's record of playing in 162 games at the age of 39.

In December 2004, Finley signed as a free agent with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. In , he missed 18 games due to a strained right shoulder, his first disabled list stint since 1997. In December 2005, he was traded by the Angels to the Giants for Edgardo Alfonzo.

In 2006, at the age of 41, Finley became the oldest player ever to play more than 100 games in center field. He also reached several career milestones during his season with the Giants: On May 8 against Houston, he reached 4,000 total bases with a single in a 7–5 win. On June 14 in Arizona, he hit his 300th home run off Claudio Vargas to lead off the game, with the Giants going on to win 11–4. On July 23 against San Diego, he reached 2,500 hits with an RBI double and a single in a 12-inning 6–5 loss. And on August 7 in Arizona, he appeared in his 2,500th game, drawing a walk as a late-inning replacement in an 8–4 win. However, he ended the season with just a .246 average, batting only .235 with one home run and 9 RBI after June 25. On November 1, the Giants declined their option on Finley for the 2007 season, which made him a free agent. On February 24, 2007, Finley signed a minor-league contract with the Colorado Rockies. After an impressive spring, Finley made their Opening Day roster. On June 5, the Rockies designated Finley for assignment, giving the Rockies 10 days to trade, release, or send him to the minor leagues. Finley had batted .181 (17-for-94) with one home run and two RBIs in 43 games for Colorado. He was released on June 17. At the time of his release, of all active players, he was first in triples (124), third in games (2,583) and at bats (9,397), fourth in hits (2,548), seventh in runs (1,443), eighth in total bases (4,157), and ninth in doubles (449) and stolen bases (320). He was also the sixth-oldest player in the NL.

See also

 Houston Astros award winners and league leaders
 List of Houston Astros team records
 List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders

References

External links

Steve Finley at Baseball Almanac
Steve Finley at Baseball Biography

1965 births
Living people
Major League Baseball center fielders
Arizona Diamondbacks players
San Diego Padres players
Houston Astros players
Baltimore Orioles players
San Francisco Giants players
Los Angeles Angels players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Colorado Rockies players
Baseball players from Kentucky
Baseball players from Tennessee
National League All-Stars
Gold Glove Award winners
Newark Orioles players
Hagerstown Suns players
Charlotte Knights players
Rochester Red Wings players
Jackson Generals (Texas League) players
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players
Mobile BayBears players
Southern Illinois Salukis baseball players
Paducah Tilghman High School alumni
Sportspeople from Paducah, Kentucky
People from Union City, Tennessee

Steve Finley


María Luisa Martín López (born in Madrid on 23 February 1960) is a Spanish actress.

Professional career
Martín still preserves a photograph that her father José Luis took of her when she was four years old, in which he wrote: "Mi cómica hija María Luisa tienes madera de actriz, ¿pero será bueno eso para ti?" ("My funny daughter María Luisa, you have the material of an actress, but will this be good for you?".

Years later, when she was seventeen years old and decided that she wanted to be an actress, her father influenced her in that decision and continued to influence her when she entered the Real Escuela Superior de Arte Dramático in Madrid from where she graduated in 1980.

Later she joined the William Layton's Workship in the National School of Classical Theatre. She began her professional career in theater with the company Teatro estudio 80.

During the 1980s she cut her teeth on stage with plays like The travels of Pedro the lucky, The scandals of a village, The balconies of Madrid, Phaedra, The rhinoceros, and Can't Pay? Won't Pay!.

Her television debut was in 1990 in Teresa Rabal's program La guardería. Later, she would appear in other shows like Noche Noche with Emilio Aragón, The Pedro Ruiz Show, and Un, dos, tres... responda otra vez, where she played different characters every week.

Her first successful television role was in 1993 with the character of la Chirla, the young apprentice to the fishmonger in ¿Quién da la vez? a series created by Vicente Escrivá .

However it was only in 1995 when she became a household name as a result of her involvement in the series Médico de familia where she played the role of domestic assistant Juani Ureña, a role for which she won the Actors' Guild Award for Best Actress in 1996 and the Best Actress Award at the 1997 International Festival of Cinema and Television in Cartagena de Indias.

After this break in television in 1999 she embarked on a successful theatrical project alongside the actor Juan Echanove, of Luis García Berlanga and Rafael Azcona's Not on Your Life. Her performance in the role of "Carmen" won her the SGAE Miguel Mihura Award, the Ercilla Theatre Award, and the Silver Screen Award; and a nomination for the Max Award; in 2000.

In this same year 2000 she made her cinematic debut in the film Terca Vida by Fernando Huertas. Later, in 2004, she would film José Luis Garci's Tiovivo c. 1950, and in 2006, Emilio Martínez Lázaro's Las 13 rosas.

In 2003 together with her production partner Albert Bori she started the theatrical company Art Media Producciones with whom she produced her own shows after her divorce from Joan Llaneras. One of them was Historia de una vida [2004), where she was reunited with her Médico de familia co-star Isabel Aboy.

In 2007 she returned to the stage with the work Like bees trapped in honey, and starred the television series Desaparecida  ('Missing').

In 2008 she returned to the television with the 2-part miniseries Wanninkhof Case, in which she played the part of Dolores Vázquez. The cast included Juanjo Puigcorbé, Frank Feys and Belén Constenla,
In 2010 she joined the new production of Gran Reserva on Televisión Española in which she played a police officer.

On 27 and 28 December 2011, Telecinco released two episodes on the life of Rocío Dúrcal, with the title of Rocío Dúrcal, volver a verte. she played the part of Rocío's mother, María Ortiz.

In September 2013, she announced her signing by the series  B&B, de boca en boca on the Telecinco network, and after that series ended, she signed on for Frágiles on the same network, that premiered in 2013.

Personal life
Martín has collaborated with the organisation Doctors Without Borders since 1986, and has traveled with them to Kenya, Ecuador, and Kosovo, among other places, and collaborated in diverse activities of the organisation in her home country.

She is separated from the actor Joan Llaneras and is in a relationship with Albert Bori. They have a son.

Filmography

Film
 Terca vida (2000), by Fernando Huertas.
 El sueño de la maestra (2002), by Luis García Berlanga.
 Tiovivo c. 1950 (2004), by José Luis Garci.
 Pactum (2006), by Juan Padrón.
 Las 13 rosas (2007), by Emilio Martínez Lázaro.
 Entrelobos (2010), by Gerardo Olivares.
 Matar el tiempo (2015), by Antonio Hernández.

Television

Main roles
  (1990)
 Noche, noche (1993)
 Un, dos, tres... responda otra vez (1993–1994).
  (1995) as Chirla
 Médico de familia (1995–1999) as Juana "Juani" Ureña
  (2004) as Carmen
  (2006)
 Desaparecida (2007) as Lola Álvarez
 Wanninkhof case (2008) as Dolores Vázquez
 Gran Reserva (2010–2013) as Agent Isabel Ortega
  (2012 -2013) as Luisa
  B&B, de Boca en Boca (2014–2015) as Carmen Sánchez
  (2015–2016) as Soledad "Sol"
 Bajo sospecha (2016) as Lidia Abad
 Servir y proteger (2017–present) as Claudia Miralles Rodríguez

Guest Roles
  (1991)
  (1991)
 Más que amigos (1997)
 Periodistas (1998)
  El club de la comedia
 Hospital Central (2006)
 Los misterios de Laura (2014)

Theatre
  El señor de Pigmalion, by Jacinto Grau.
 Entremet, by Miguel de Cervantes.
  La carátula, by Lope de Vega.
  Los viajes de Pedro el Afortunado, by A. Strindberg.
  El gran circo de los cinco continentes, by collective creation.
  Los escándalos de un pueblo, by Carlo Goldoni.
  Las picardías scapin, by Molière.
  Ha llegado el bululu, an adaptation of the classic text by Cervantes, Lope de Vega.
 Phaedra, by Euripides.
 Los balcones de Madrid, by Tirso de Molina.
 El emperador de China, by George Rivemon-Desaignes.
 Las cartas de una religiosa portuguesa, attributed to Racine.
 La cueva de Salamanca y el viejo celoso, by Miguel de Cervantes.
 Anacleto se divorcia, by Muñoz Seca.
 El retablo jovial, by Alejandro Casona.
 Can't Pay? Won't Pay!, by Darío Fo.
 Rhinoceros, by Eugène Ionesco.
 El pisito clandestino, by A. Martínez Ballesteros.
 El marinero, by Fernando Pessoa.
 La malcasada (musical version) by Lope de Vega.
 Not on Your Life (2000), by Luís García Berlanga and Rafael Azcona.
 Abre el ojo (2002), by Rojas Zorrilla.
 Historia de una vida (2006), by Donald Margulies.
 Como abejas atrapadas en la miel (2007) by Douglas Carter Beane.
 Death and the Maiden (2009) by Ariel Dorfman.
 Time and the Conways (2011) by J.B. Priestley.
 El Show de Kafka (2012) Academic Book Report Version by Franz Kafka.
 El arte de la entrevista by Juan Mayorga.
 En el oscuro corazón del bosque (2016), by José Luis Alonso de Santos.

Awards

Goya Awards

Actors Guild Awards

ATV Awards

TP Awards

Silver Screen Awards

Islantilla Film and Television Festival

Other prizes
 1997:
 Gold Catalina Award for Best Actress in an Ensemble Cast for Médico de familia at the International Festival of Film and Television in Cartagena de Indias.
 1999:
 ATECA (Association of TV Viewers of Andalusia) Award for Best TV Actress for Médico de familia.
 2000:
 Miguel Míhura Award for Best Theater Actress by the Sociedad General de Autores y Editores for Not on Your Life.
 Ercilla Award for Best Female Performance in Theater for Not on Your Life.
 Award by the City Council of Pozuelo de Alarcón for Best Female Performance for Not on Your Life.
 Cadena COPE Award for Theater for Not on Your Life.
 2009:
 49th New York International Festival. Bronze Medal for Best Actress for Desaparecida.
 Rojas Teatro Award for Best Female Performance for Death and the Maiden.

References

Actresses from the Community of Madrid
Spanish stage actresses
Spanish television actresses
1960 births
Living people
20th-century Spanish actresses
21st-century Spanish actresses
Spanish film actresses

Luisa Martín


Not Okay is a 2022 American satirical black comedy-drama film written and directed by Quinn Shephard. It stars Zoey Deutch as a young woman who desperately wants to be famous and beloved on the Internet, succeeding when she pretends to be a survivor of a bombing. It also stars Mia Isaac, Nadia Alexander, Embeth Davidtz, Karan Soni, and Dylan O'Brien.

Not Okay was released on July 29, 2022, by Searchlight Pictures on Hulu. It received generally positive reviews from critics. A trigger warning at the beginning that mentioned an "unlikable female protagonist" as a possible issue for viewers, intended as a commentary on some viewers at test screenings questioning why a film with such a character had even been made, generated some controversy when viewers took it as seriously intended.

Plot
Danni Sanders is an aspiring writer who works as a photo editor for Depravity, an online magazine in New York City. Struggling with both her job and making friends, Danni, after getting high off a hit from her co-worker and social media influencer Colin, whom she has a crush on, lies about attending an upcoming writers' retreat in Paris to impress him. Danni spends the next week posting edited pictures of herself in Paris from her Brooklyn apartment and creates a website for the fake retreat. She gains a modest following on Instagram as a result, which includes Colin. A few days later, Danni posts an edited photo of herself by the Arc de Triomphe, but a few minutes later, several major Parisian landmarks, including the Arc, are bombed by terrorists. To uphold her lie, Danni claims she witnessed the bombing and fakes returning from Paris, joining up with her parents at the airport.

With her parents, co-workers, and online following believing she is a survivor of the terrorist attacks, Danni immediately garners widespread attention and sympathy, leading Danni to lean into the lie. At a trauma support group, she meets and befriends teenage anti-gun activist Rowan Aldren, a school shooting survivor who has a large social media following. Inspired by Rowan, Danni writes an article about her "experience" of being in a terrorist attack. This article, which includes the hashtag #IAmNotOkay, goes viral with Rowan's help and propels Danni to fame. Danni grows closer to Rowan, becoming a confidant and sisterly figure to her. Danni is invited to an influencer party with Colin, where they have a brief sexual encounter, which is unpleasant for Danni and requires her to take Plan B. She realizes the life of fame she wanted is not as desirable as simply being a good person.

Danni is invited to speak at a rally with Rowan. When counter-protestors set off fireworks, Rowan suffers a PTSD attack and is hospitalized. Danni, who has been having recurring hallucinations of the Paris bomber, feels increasingly guilty about deceiving Rowan. Meanwhile, Harper, a skeptical co-worker of Danni's, uncovers her deception and gives Danni an ultimatum: either Harper will announce Danni's fraud to the world, or she can come clean on her own terms. Danni reluctantly decides to publish a short apology detailing the truth and promising to change. This derails her life quickly; she becomes an online pariah, is fired from her job, has her friendship with Rowan tarnished, is forced to move in with her parents after her address gets leaked online by harassers, and she and her parents receive death threats and harassment in real life. Danni soon deactivates all of her social media accounts.

A month later, Danni is attending a support group for individuals who are victims of online shaming, where she is encouraged to make amends with those she hurt. Danni attends a spoken word event where Rowan speaks about how Danni exploited her, and that she will never be okay with what Danni did, cementing their destroyed friendship, which impresses Danni and earns cheers from the crowd. Upon realizing that amends would be for her own benefit rather than for Rowan's, Danni quietly exits the theater.

Cast

Production
In June 2021, Zoey Deutch was announced to star in the film, with Quinn Shephard directing from a screenplay she wrote, with Searchlight Pictures set to produce, and Hulu distributing. In August 2021, Dylan O'Brien, Mia Isaac, Embeth Davidtz, Nadia Alexander, Tia Dionne Hodge, Negin Farsad, Karan Soni and Dash Perry were announced to star in the film.

Principal photography began in July 2021 in New York City. Filming wrapped on September 12, 2021.

Trigger warning

At the beginning of the film, Shepard added a warning to viewers about things in the film that might make them physically or psychologically uncomfortable, including "flashing lights, themes of trauma, and an unlikable female protagonist." The latter item was the result of test screenings where viewers had indicated to her their bewilderment that someone would make a film with such a main character. "It was interesting to me that a large chunk of the audience seemed genuinely upset by the fact that the film was about Danni, and so I just wanted to kind of poke at it a little".

Many viewers, however, took the notice as completely seriously intended. Women who watched the film complained about the warning on Twitter, noting that films centered around unlikable men never seemed to need such warnings. Shuja Haider, a senior editor at The Nation, said she watched the film determined to like Danni as a result of the warning, and did. Gawker agreed that Danni was "despite her actions, a relatively likable female protagonist, all things considered"; it was the film itself that was unlikeable. "That its warning went the wrong type of viral this weekend only goes to show that films about the ills of social media will always be two steps behind the real thing."

Release
The film was released on July 29, 2022, on Hulu in the United States, on Disney+ internationally and on Star+ in Latin America. It was originally scheduled to be released on August 5, 2022, before it was moved up a week.

Reception

Audience viewership
According to Whip Media's viewership tracking app TV Time, Not Okay was the ninth most anticipated film of July 2022. According to the streaming aggregator Reelgood, Not Okay was the fourth most watched program across all platforms during the week of August 5, 2022. According to Whip Media, Not Okay was the tenth most watched film across all platforms in the United States during the week of August 5 to August 7, 2022.

Critical response
 On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 62 out of 100 based on 24 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."

Lena Wilson of The New York Times found that the film succeeds to highlight some of the negative aspects of social media on people's mental health, and stated it manages to develop Zoey Deutch's character, notably across her mental health struggles, but said the movie lacks narrative finesse. Adrian Horton of The Guardian rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and found it to be a solid social media film, praising Deutch's performance for depicting anxiety and vanity across her character, and found the ending to be sharp, while saying the film's weaknesses reside in its looseness of tone and time.

Jennifer Green of Common Sense Media rated the film three out of five stars, complimented the depiction of positive messages, citing honesty and the film's take on the negative aspects of fame, while noting the diverse representations across the characters. Brian Tallerico of RogerEbert.com rated the film two and a half out of four stars and found it to be an entertaining comedy drama, complimenting Deutch and Mia Isaac for their performances, but found that the script restrains itself from depicting a truly dark satire.

Accolades
Dylan O'Brien was nominated for Best Comedic Performance at the 2023 MTV Movie + TV Awards.

References

External links

2022 films
2022 black comedy films
2022 comedy-drama films
2020s American films
2020s English-language films
2020s satirical films
American black comedy films
American comedy-drama films
American satirical films
Films about con artists
Films about hoaxes
Films about lying
Films about social media
Films about terrorism in Europe
Films about writers
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
Hulu original films
Searchlight Pictures films

Not Okay


The Anglo-Chinese School in Kampar, Perak comprises Sekolah Kebangsaan Methodist (ACS) Kampar and Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Methodist (ACS) Kampar.

The buildings are located opposite each other, linked by an overhead bridge that is rarely used by the students.

Founding
ACS Kampar was founded in 1903 by missionary Sir Edmound Horley. The original building is still intact and being used as a primary school.

Origin of Name
The name of the school (A.C.S.) is actually an abbreviation of the words Anglo-Chinese School. It was so named due to the introduction of public English school education managed by the missionary mainly funded by the local Chinese businessmen. The present school's site was said to be donated by the then tin miner Eu Tong Sen.   Similar institutions were established in Ipoh and other major towns.  The schools had been from day one open to all Malayan/Malaysian of All Races.  Many successful scholars and leaders were produced for the country Malaya/Malaysia and Worldwide, getting top honours throughout the world in both institutions of higher learnings, professions, public institutions, civil services and industries.  Following the independence of the then Malaya from the British in 1957, the education system of the nation was revamped altogether.  The name ACS was maintained until the 70's.  It was unnecessary changed to Sekolah Menengah Methodist possibly due to political pressure.

Japanese Occupation
During World War II, the school was used as the main office for the local Japanese administration in Kampar. Also, the assembly grounds for the ACS Secondary School was used as the execution grounds by the troops. Because of this dark period of time, former students of the school have alleged sightings of supernatural beings. Common claims include sounds of Japanese troops marching and beheaded souls wandering around.

Centennial Year
In 2003, ACS Kampar celebrated its 100 years of excellence in education. The celebration was attended by alumni and current students alike.

Achievements
The school has repeatedly been touted as one of the best in town. Students have frequently outperformed other schools in the district, be it in academics, sports, or extracurricular activities. In recent years, the school has been consistently emerged as one of the front-runners for the Majlis Sukan Sekolah-sekolah Perak, which is the state sports council.

Notable alumni

 Datin Paduka Seri Endon Mahmood - late wife of former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
 Datuk Seri Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin - Menteri Besar of Perak

Primary schools in Malaysia
Secondary schools in Malaysia
Publicly funded schools in Malaysia
Kampar District
Methodist schools in Malaysia
1903 establishments in British Malaya
Educational institutions established in 1903

Anglo Chinese School, Kampar


Floyd Arthur "Baldy" Harper (February 7, 1905 – April 1973) was an American academic, economist and writer who was best known for founding the Institute for Humane Studies in 1961.

Personal life
Baldy Harper was born and raised in Middleville, Michigan and graduated from Michigan State University. He went on to obtain a doctorate in agricultural economics from Cornell University. Economist Herbert J. Davenport was influential to Harper during his time at Cornell.

In 1930, Harper married Marguerite Kaechele. The couple had four children: Barbara, Harriet, Helen, and Larry.

Career
The Federal Farm Board employed Harper as a research field agent in 1930 and 1931. He worked as a business analyst for the Farm Credit Association in 1934. In academia Harper spent 19 years as a professor of marketing at Cornell University and in 1937 was appointed acting head of the Department of Agricultural economics at the University of Puerto Rico. He left Cornell in 1946 after university officials decided that he should not be assigning readings of Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek's work. In 1946, Harper helped Leonard Read start the Foundation for Economic Education. A member of the Mont Pelerin Society, Harper was present at the group's first meeting in 1947 along with Friedrich Hayek, Ludwig Von Mises, Milton Friedman, and Karl Popper. Harper served on the staff of the Foundation for Economic Education until 1958, when he became a co-director of the William Volker Fund, a position he held until 1961. In the early 1960s, Harper served as a visiting professor of moral philosophy at Wabash College. Harper is best known for founding the Institute for Humane Studies. Initially he served as the Institute's secretary and treasurer. In 1965 he became the Institute's president, a position he held until his death in 1973.

Institute for Humane Studies

Harper founded the Institute for Humane Studies in 1961 in Menlo Park, California.
The Institute, which began in Harper's garage, is a non-profit organization that offers educational and career programs. The educational programs include seminars, scholarships to undergraduate and graduate students, an archive of recorded lectures, and an interactive website based on a multi-axis model of political thought. The career assistance programs include paid internships for students and recent graduates, a networking website for classical liberal academics, and recognition of alumni accomplishments.
Initially serving as the secretary and treasurer, Harper became the Institute's president in 1966, a position he held until his death in 1973. After beginning an association with George Mason University, Leonard Liggio, Walter Grinder, and John Blundell moved the institute to Fairfax, Virginia in 1985. The organization is currently located at 3434 Washington Blvd. on the George Mason University Arlington campus.

Legacy
Mentoring a network of classical liberal scholars, building institutions, encouraging scholarship, and laying out strategy and practice for the libertarian movement is where Harper's influence is visible today. Current Institute for Humane Studies chairman of the board Charles Koch said that Harper's book, Why Wages Rise, influenced his philosophical framework. In 1978 and 1979 the Institute for Humane Studies published The Writings of F. A. Harper. Koch wrote the tribute section, saying, "Of all the teachers of liberty, none was as well-beloved as Baldy, for it was he who taught the teachers and, in teaching, taught them humility and gentleness."

The Mercatus Center at George Mason University established the F.A. Harper Professorship in Economics, a position currently held by Christopher Coyne. In October 2011, Coyne co-authored an article entitled War and Liberty: Wisdom From Leonard E. Read and F. A. 'Baldy' Harper. The article reviews the main themes of Harper's anti-war pamphlet In Search of Peace and argues that Harper's ideas are as important and relevant today as they were in 1950.

Works

  v1 v2

References

1905 births
1973 deaths
20th-century American economists
American economics writers
American libertarians
American male non-fiction writers
American political writers
Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences alumni
Cornell University faculty
Libertarian economists
Michigan State University alumni
People from Barry County, Michigan
Economists from Michigan
20th-century American male writers

F. A. Harper


Infante John, Constable of Portugal (, ; 13 January 1400 – 18 October 1442) was a Portuguese infante (prince) of the House of Aviz, Constable of Portugal and master of the Portuguese Order of St. James (Santiago). In Portugal, he is commonly referred to as the O Infante Condestável ("the Constable Prince").

Early life
Infante John was the son of King John I of Portugal and his wife Philippa of Lancaster.  John and his brothers Edward, Peter, Henry and Ferdinand, sister Isabella and half-brother Afonso, constitute what Portuguese historians have traditionally labelled the 'illustrious generation' (Ínclita Geração)

Royal career
He was invested as the 1st Lord of Reguengos de Monsaraz, Colares and Belas shortly after.  In October 1418, at the king's request, Pope Martin V approved the appointment of Infante John as the 10th Master of the Order of St. James of the Sword, bringing the old military order into the hands of the royal family. That same year (1418), John and his brother Henry the Navigator led a relief fleet to Ceuta and helped lift the Siege of Ceuta.

After the death of Nuno Álvares Pereira in 1431, Infante John was appointed the 3rd Constable of Portugal. As a result, John is frequently characterised by the appellation O Infante Condestável ("The Constable Prince").

After King John I's death in 1433, John's eldest brother ascended the throne as king Edward of Portugal. In 1437, Infante John joined another brother Peter, Duke of Coimbra, in arguing against a projected Portuguese expedition to seize Tangier that led to the Battle of Tangier. The campaign ended in disaster.  After the Tangier fiasco, John urged the ratification of a treaty with Marinid Morocco that called for the relinquishment of Ceuta in exchange for his captive brother Ferdinand the Holy Prince.  The Cortes refused, and Ferdinand was left to die in captivity.

Duke of Coimbra Rebellion

King Edward died in September 1438, leaving a young son to ascend the throne as king Afonso V of Portugal under the regency of his widow Eleanor of Aragon.  This was an unpopular arrangement among the common people of the country, who feared Eleanor would be a puppet of the high nobility who sought to recover the political privileges they lost during the revolution of the 1380s. The prospect of civil war raised its head.  To forestall a rebellion, Infante John quickly seized control of Lisbon and oversaw the assembly of a burgher-packed Cortes to elect his brother Peter of Coimbra as regent for his nephew Afonso V.  The high nobility, led by his half-brother Afonso of Barcelos, urged Eleanor to hold fast, and a tense power-sharing regency arrangement was agreed upon between Peter and Eleanor.

Peter of Coimbra relied on his close alliance with Infante John to secure the lion's share of power during the first few years of the regency.  Infante John's sudden death in October 1442 was a terrible blow to Peter, who thereafter found it increasingly difficult to fend off the aspirations of his half-brother Afonso of Barcelos.

Regent Peter appointed John's son Diogo of Portugal to succeed his father as Master of the Order of Santiago and Constable of Portugal.

Marriage and issue
In 1424, John married his half-niece Isabella of Barcelos, daughter of his half-brother Afonso of Barcelos. The couple had four children:
Infante Diogo of Portugal (1425–1443) – 4th Constable of Portugal and 11th Master of the Order of St. James; without issue.
Infanta Isabella of Portugal (1428–1496), married John II of Castile, mother of Isabella I of Castile.
Infanta Beatrice of Portugal (1430–1506), married Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu, mother of Manuel I of Portugal.
Infanta Phillipa of Portugal (1432–1444), Lady of Almada.

Ancestry

References

"Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil" – Vol. I, pages 296–297. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989.

1400 births
1442 deaths
15th-century Portuguese people
Constables of Portugal
House of Aviz
People from Santarém, Portugal
Portuguese infantes
Portuguese people of English descent
Sons of kings

John, Constable of Portugal


Colonel Henry Tucker (1713–1787), generally known as Henry Tucker of The Grove (in reference to his estate in Southampton Parish), was a prominent Bermudian merchant, politician and Militia officer, and was the co-conspirator with Benjamin Franklin of the 14 August 1775, theft of a hundred barrels of gunpowder from a magazine in St. George's for supply to the rebel army during the American War of Independence.

Early years
The Tucker family had been prominent in Bermuda since the 1616 appointment of Captain Daniel Tucker as Governor of the English colony. Before the war, he had been a Member of the Governing Council of Bermuda and an officer of the Militia, among other appointments. Colonel Tucker and other members of Bermuda's merchant elite that dominated all level of politics were primarily concerned during the American War of Independence not so much with supporting the rebellion as protecting Bermuda from economic disaster and possible starvation despite the embargo against its primary trading partners, the rebellious colonies. Following the end of hostilities, this clique remained in control of Bermuda, and suffered no reprisal for their treasonous activities. It was at this point that Tucker was promoted to Colonel, in command of all of Bermuda's Militia companies.

Colonel Henry Tucker was the father of Henry Tucker (1742–1800), the President of the Council of Bermuda during and after the war. Two of his other sons, St. George Tucker (1752–1827), and Thomas Tudor Tucker (1745–1828), had served in rebel militias and civil government during and after the war.

See also
 History of Bermuda

References

Sources

Bermudian soldiers
Military of Bermuda
Henry Tucker
1713 births
1787 deaths
Bermudian businesspeople
Bermudian people of English descent

Henry Tucker of The Grove


Viscount St Vincent, of Meaford in the County of Stafford, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 27 April 1801 for the noted naval commander John Jervis, Earl of St Vincent, with remainder to his nephews William Henry Ricketts and Edward Jervis Ricketts successively, and after them to his niece Mary, wife of William Carnegie, 7th Earl of Northesk. He had already been created Baron Jervis, of Meaford in the County of Stafford, and Earl of St Vincent, in the Peerage of Great Britain, on 23 August 1797, with normal remainder to his heirs male. On Lord St Vincent's death in 1823 the barony and earldom became extinct while he was succeeded in the viscountcy according to the special remainder by his nephew, the second viscount. In 1823 he assumed by royal licence the surname of Jervis in lieu of Ricketts. His great-grandson, the fourth viscount, was part of the force that was sent in 1884 to rescue General Gordon at Khartoum, and died from wounds received at the Battle of Abu Klea in January 1885. He was succeeded by his younger brother, the fifth viscount.  the title is held by the eighth viscount, who succeeded his father in September 2006.

Earl of St Vincent (1797)

John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent (1735–1823)

Viscounts St Vincent (1801)
John Jervis, 1st Viscount St Vincent (1735–1823)
Captain William Henry Jervis (1764–1805), eldest nephew of the 1st and last Earl, died without male issue.
Edward Jervis Jervis, 2nd Viscount St Vincent (1767–1859); 2nd nephew of the 1st and last Earl, inherited the viscountcy through the special remainder.
William Jervis Jervis (1794–1839), eldest son of the 2nd Viscount.
Carnegie Robert John Jervis, 3rd Viscount St Vincent (1825–1879), grandson of the 2nd Viscount.
Edward John Leveson Jervis, 4th Viscount St Vincent (1850–1885), eldest son of the 3rd Viscount, killed in action at the Battle of Abu Klea.
Carnegie Parker Jervis, 5th Viscount St Vincent (1855–1908), 2nd son of the 3rd Viscount.
Ronald Clarges Jervis, 6th Viscount St Vincent (1859–1940), 3rd son of the 3rd Viscount.
John Cyril Carnegie Jervis (1898–1929) elder son of the 6th Viscount
Ronald George James Jervis, 7th Viscount St Vincent (1905–2006), 2nd son of the 6th Viscount.
Edward Robert James Jervis, 8th Viscount St Vincent (b. 1951), eldest son of the 7th Viscount

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon James Richard Anthony Jervis (b. 1982).

The only male line that still exists in remainder to the Viscountcy is the current male line of the 2nd Viscount.  The male line of Mary Ricketts, sister of the 2nd Viscount, with her husband the 7th Earl of Northesk, which the title would pass to on the extinction of the 2nd Viscount's line, became extinct with the death of the 14th Earl of Northesk.

Arms

See also
Earl of Northesk

Notes

References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.,

External links

Viscountcies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1801
Peerages created with special remainders

Viscount St Vincent


City Beach is a beachside suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the Town of Cambridge. Its postcode is 6015. It is also the name of a beach in the suburb. House prices are generally quite expensive. In 2020, City Beach had the fifth highest median house price in Perth, at $1.628 million.

City Beach consists of three sections: a northern section (bordering Scarborough), a central section (bordering Wembley Downs and Floreat) and a southern section (bordering Bold Park). The centre part was built immediately prior to the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games as an athletes' village due to its proximity to Perry Lakes Stadium in neighbouring Floreat.

History
In 1917, the Perth Road Board purchased the Lime Kilns Estate of , situated between the Endowment Lands and the city, thus linking with the ocean beach. The Board proposed to lay out an up-to-date seaside town near the ocean beach on garden city lines, embodying approved Town Planning principles, and making ample provision for recreation purposes. By 1928, the Board had allocated finance to commence work, and also referred to the beach as "City Beach". It appears this name developed because it was an area developed by the City Council and much more acceptable than "Ocean Beach".

On 9 December 2005, City Beach Senior High School was closed by the Department of Education and Training due to a lack of new student enrolments and the opening of Shenton College 5 kilometres away in 2000.

Recreation
Activities could be divided into that which takes place within the suburb of City Beach and that which takes place on the same-named beach. The area contains a football/cricket oval, numerous other grassy parks, as well a large area of bush land with a walking trail.

City Beach has two major beaches (Floreat Beach and the eponymous City Beach) as well as a dog beach. Each of those beaches has its own competitive surf lifesaving club with all the associated facilities. Surfing is popular in the region and City Beach commonly has reasonable surf conditions for beginner to intermediate, although the break (particularly in summer) is often a shore break that can be hazardous at times. Kitesurfing and windsurfing are also summer activities that are frequently seen at City Beach.  The sand is white/yellow and soft, making it an ideal surface for the beach volleyball courts and matkot. The main swimming and surfing area is protected between two groynes and it is overlooked by lawns.

There are expansive sand dunes and bushland areas along the coast, which are home to wildlife such as hawks, mice and rabbits, and the occasional dugite. These dunes are currently under repair, and should not be entered, as the presence of people interferes with the rehabilitation of the dunes native plant and animal wildlife.

Education
 City Beach Senior High School (closed 2005)
 City Beach Primary School
 Kapinara Primary School
 Holy Spirit Catholic Primary School
 International School of Western Australia
 The Japanese School in Perth
City Beach Residential College, a student boarding facility

References

Suburbs of Perth, Western Australia
Beaches of Western Australia
Surfing locations in Western Australia
Suburbs in the Town of Cambridge

City Beach, Western Australia


Valesca Reis Santos, better known as Valesca Popozuda (born October 6, 1978) is a Brazilian singer, dancer and former reality show contestant. She was the lead singer for the Brazilian funk carioca band Gaiola das Popozudas. Her stage name is Brazilian Portuguese for "Big-butted Valesca".

Biography
Valesca was born on October 6, 1978, in the Irajá neighborhood, in Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. She has a son called Pablo (born in 1999)  and currently lives in her birth city.

Career
She is a founding member of the Brazilian funk carioca group Gaiola das Popozudas, which was created in the beginning of the 2000s (decade), whose most famous songs include "Late que eu tô passando" (Bark Because I'm Passing by), "Agora eu tô solteira" (Now I'm Single) and its uncensored version, "Agora eu virei puta" (Now I've Become a whore), and "Quero te dar" (I Want to give 'it' to you). Valesca is noted for her slightly hoarse voice, for her irreverence and large buttocks (which are insured for R$5.000.000, have 550ml silicone implants in each side and are big enough to balance a glass). She was the June 2009 Playmate of the Brazilian Playboy. In 2011, she participated in the fourth edition of the Brazilian reality show A Fazenda, where she finished 4th. Valesca got along with everyone in the house, and was too welcomed by public due to, along with Raquel Pacheco, Monique Evans and Joana Machado (the final three of the show), taking part of the most popular alliance from that season.

Valesca, an admirer of the ex-president Lula, has written a song dedicated to him, which includes a controversial statement: "conheci o Lula no Complexo do Alemão, e ele não tirou o olho do meu popozão", Brazilian Portuguese for "I met Lula at Complexo do Alemão and he didn't stop staring at my big ass".

Personal life
In 2022, Valesca came out as bisexual in a podcast.

References

1978 births
Living people
21st-century Brazilian singers
21st-century Brazilian women singers
Afro-Brazilian female dancers
Afro-Brazilian women singers
Funk carioca musicians
The Farm (TV series) contestants
Musicians from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Feminist musicians
Bisexual women musicians
Brazilian LGBT singers
21st-century Brazilian LGBT people
Women in Latin music
LGBT people in Latin music

Valesca Popozuda


Double dump valves, also known as double flap valves or double flap gates, are a type of airlock valve commonly used in industrial applications as a component in bulk material handling applications. Double dump valves are primarily used to discharge chunky or fibrous, bulk materials from hoppers, bins, and cyclones operating under positive or negative pressure. Double dump valves are used to discharge a flow of material while at the same time serving as an airlock transition point to preserve the pressure differential above and below the valve. This type of material handling valve is ideal for use with bulky or abrasive materials that would tend to jam or damage a rotary feeder.

Operation
Double dump valves have two trap-door flap plates which open and close on an alternating cycle. The top gate opens to allow collected material to drop through onto the bottom gate. The top gate then re-closes to prevent air leakage above the valve. The bottom gate then opens to allow material to pass completely through the valve. The bottom gate then re-closes to prevent air leakage below the valve. This cycle is continuously repeated in order to maintain a steady discharge of material from the valve, while maintaining a positive seal on the system.

Design
Timing of the flap plates is critical in order to make sure a double dump valve operates properly. There are several designs that have been employed in order to maintain a consistently operating valve.

Control systems

Pneumatic
Each flap plate has its own pneumatically operated cylinder and solenoid valve. The timing of the valve is controlled by an electronic signal sent to the solenoid valves. This method of operation is the most expensive and allows for accurate timing of the valve.

Counterbalance
This type of double dump valve works essentially, like a stacked pair of trickle valves. Each flap plate is held closed with a counterweighted arm.  As material builds up on the top plate the weight of the head of material pushes it open where it dumps onto the bottom plate. This type of double dump valve has no electrical or pneumatic controls and is the least expensive method of operation. However, it is difficult to sustain a properly timed cycle.

Cam-operated
A motor-driven cam rotates and alternately opens the top gate and the bottom plate. A spring attached to the gate's shaft re-closes the gates. This type of double dump valve is generally the most reliable and can be operated with an electric motor or a pneumatic motor. The speed of the cycle can be selected through the gear reducer ratio or by adjusting the motor speed.

References

Valves
Bulk material handling
de:Doppelpendelklappe

Double dump valve


Daya Dissanayake (born 8 March 1947) is a bilingual Sri Lankan novelist, poet and blogger. His work spans a critical study of king Ashoka, nine novels in English, six novels in Sinhala and a collection of poems, and numerous articles in newspapers, journals and magazines. He is the author of the first e-novel in Asia, 'The Saadhu Testament' (1998), and the first e-novel in Sinhala, 'Vessan Novu Wedun' (2003). His first nonfiction work is "Who is Ashoka?" He is the only Sri Lankan writer to receive the Sri Lankan State Literary Award for the best English novel three times and was awarded the SAARC Literary Award in 2013. Being the first Sri Lankan to release his work online and for free access, he is often seen as one of Sri Lanka's earliest and most vocal advocates for the ebook format, copyleft and Creative Commons.

Early life
Dayananda Dissanayake (he later shortened his name to Daya) was born on 8 March 1947 in Galle, Sri Lanka. He has five siblings and is the eldest offspring of Albert Dissanayake and Agnus Wavala Panditha. Daya first attended Southland Balika Vidyalaya, later joining St. Aloysius College, where he remained until after his G.C.E A/L examinations. Daya lost his father at the age of fourteen, and was largely raised by his mother and his father's younger brother, Mahinda Dissanayake; his mother wove cotton saris at home and his uncle supported them with his salary as a teacher,Galle.

Daya married Indrani Pathirana, of Mahamodara, Galle, who studied at the Sacred Heart Convent, Galle, which adjoined St. Aloysius' College. She started her career as an English teacher at Koggalla Vidyalaya, Ambalantota, in 1972. With their two children they lived in a house in Unawatuna until 1985, when he and his wife were both transferred to Colombo – he, to the Head Office of the Cement Corporation, his wife to the Curriculum Development Center, affiliated to the Ministry of Education (later renamed to the National Institute of Education). The family migrated to Colombo that year and now lives in Battaramulla, a suburb of Colombo.

Corporate career
Daya Dissanayake's first job was as teacher of science at Sacred Heart Convent, Galle. He later joined the Sri Lanka Cement Corporation, in Kankesanthurai, Jaffna, as a trainee chemist in 1968. In 1970 he was transferred to Galle, and in 1983, he received a diploma in programming and systems design and was appointed as an Analyst Programmer at the Head Office of the Cement Corporation. When he was transferred from the Head Office in Colombo, to the cement factory in Puttalam, he resigned from his post at the Cement Corporation and joined a private company which dealt in manufacturing furniture. He later joined the Nawaloka Group of companies, first as the D.P. Manager at the Nawaloka Hospital, and then joined an associate company Nawakrama. He functioned as the Director/General Manager of several Nawaloka divisions (Ceyoka, Nawaloka Trading, and Koala).  dealing in pharmaceuticals, medical equipment, vaccines, and also equipment for construction, power generation, welding, etc. He retired from the Nawaloka group in 2012 after serving for over twenty five years.

Literary career
In his youth Daya Dissanayake contributed to the school magazine, and wrote articles for the Sinhala paper, Ada, popular at the time for fostering radical views. While in school he was more popular as a photographer than a writer; other than winning an award in a competition held by the British Council, Colombo when he was in his twenties, his creative activities in his youth were confined to typing numerous short stories on a battered typewriter – stories which remain unpublished - and are largely lost.

Daya started writing seriously in his forties. His writing often features the subjects of non-violence, history, archeology, Buddhism and how people perceive and adopt religion in their lives. His first novel was Kat bitha (1998) in which he narrates the story of Sigiriya through the musings of a young monk who visits the site in the 11th century. Kat bitha won the State Literary Award in 1998. His next book, The Saadhu Testament (1998) was published the same year and was heralded as the first Asian novel to be published in an electronic format. This was followed by the Healer and the Drug Pusher in 2000, as the first POD book from Sri Lanka and its Sinhala version, 'Vessan novu wedun (2003), which became the first e-book in Sinhala.

His other novels include , The Bastard Goddess (2003) and Thirst (2004). He launched Moonstone in English and Chandraratnage Bawanthara Charikawa in Sinhala in 2006. He was described by the Sunday Observer as one of the "Five Golden Authors" who shared the Swarna Pusthaka Award in 2006.

His next novel, Eavesdropper, which won the State Literary Award again, was published in 2007. The Sinhala version 'Asa Sitiya Ohu Mese'(2008). Miracle Under the Kumbuk Tree (2012) won the Sri Lankan National Award for the Best English Novel. the Sinhala version is 'Babli' (2011) The Clone, along with its Sinhala language counterpart, 'Kloniyakage Katha Vasthuwa' also came out in 2012."Daya Dissanayake's greatest virtue is that he sees Sri Lanka 'steadily and sees it whole' he writes well (though not in the narcissistic manner of Romesh Gunasekare) and gives us an evocative portrayal of a world we see daily but do not perceive – the rural underclass – a culture incredibly foreign to snug Colombian gatherings – perhaps dangerously so. Dissanayake's presentation of them, as of monks, evangelists and money makers is admirably unvarnished and knowledgeable," stated Regi Siriwardena, upon examination of Miracle Under the Kumbuk Tree.The English novels are available on Kindle.

His first nonfiction work," Who was Ashoka? A critical study " was published in 2019 by Birdnest, Odisha.

Most of the papers presented by him are available at https://independent.academia.edu/dayadissanayake

In addition to his main body of work, Dissanayake also blogs on www.saadhu.com, has translated two books from Sinhala to English (Swayanjatha which was nominated for the State Literary Award for best translation in 2012 and 'Son of the Soil', the biography of H.K Dharmadasa). He has also published a collection of poems titled Inequality, which reviewers from the Sunday Observer noted for its experimental use of language. Prof. Sunanda Mahendra wrote a glowing review for the Daily News, stating that "Daya is, to all intents, a reformer of sorts. He hangs his thoughts on seething crosses and asks that we regard them with our conscience." Awards
Daya Dissanayake received the State Literary Award for the Best English novel for his debut novel Kat bitha in 1998. In 2007 he received the award once again for Evesdropper, and in 2013 for Miracle Under the Kumbuk Tree. In 2006 he shared the Swarna Pusthaka award with five others, and in 2013 he also won the same for the best Sinhala novel with four others for Chandrarathnage Bawanthara Charikawa''. In the same year he received the SAARC Literary Award conferred by the Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature.

Advocacy
Daya Dissanayake is noted for his advocacy of the abolishing of copyright, considered by many to be an unusual viewpoint. He is vocal against what he describes as "the commodification of art" and has called for writers to place their works in the public domain, pointing out that with freedom of publication, writers "would write freely, for their own pleasure and satisfaction, and readers could read freely, of their own choice, without any control, or monitoring or censorship". He has also advocated against awards and competition schemes for novels, stating that award ceremonies should be called off as they create "unnecessary friction, suspicion and jealousy." He is regarded by many to be the first Sri Lankan advocate for electronic books and self-publishing.

References

External links

1947 births
Living people
Sinhalese writers

Daya Dissanayake


Gamma ray logging is a method of measuring naturally occurring gamma radiation to characterize the rock or sediment in a borehole or drill hole.  It is a wireline logging method used in mining, mineral exploration, water-well drilling, for formation evaluation in oil and gas well drilling and for other related purposes.  Different types of rock emit different amounts and different spectra of natural gamma radiation.  In particular, shales usually emit more gamma rays than other sedimentary rocks, such as sandstone, gypsum, salt, coal, dolomite, or limestone because radioactive potassium is a common component in their clay content, and because the cation-exchange capacity of clay causes them to absorb uranium and thorium.  This difference in radioactivity between shales and sandstones/carbonate rocks allows the gamma ray tool to distinguish between shales and non-shales. But it cannot distinguish between carbonates and sandstone as they both have similar deflections on the gamma ray log. Thus gamma ray logs cannot be said to make good lithological logs by themselves, but in practice, gamma ray logs are compared side-by-side with stratigraphic logs.

The gamma ray log, like other types of well logging, is done by lowering an instrument down the drill hole and recording gamma radiation variation with depth.  In the United States, the device most commonly records measurements at 1/2-foot intervals.  Gamma radiation is usually recorded in API units, a measurement originated by the petroleum industry.  Gamma rays attenuate according to the diameter of the borehole mainly because of the properties of the fluid filling the borehole, but because gamma logs are generally used in a qualitative way, amplitude corrections are usually not necessary.

Three elements and their decay chains are responsible for the radiation emitted by rock: potassium, thorium and uranium.  Shales often contain potassium as part of their clay content and tend to absorb uranium and thorium as well.  A common gamma-ray log records the total radiation and cannot distinguish between the radioactive elements, while a spectral gamma ray log (see below) can.

For standard gamma-ray logs, the measured value of gamma-ray radiation is calculated from concentration of uranium in ppm, thorium in ppm, and potassium in weight percent: e.g., GR API = 8 × uranium concentration in ppm + 4 × thorium concentration in ppm + 16 × potassium concentration in weight percent. Due to the weighted nature of uranium concentration in the GR API calculation, anomalous concentrations of uranium can cause clean sand reservoirs to appear shaley. For this reason, spectral gamma ray is used to provide an individual reading for each element so that anomalous concentrations can be found and properly interpreted.

An advantage of the gamma log over some other types of well logs is that it works through the steel and cement walls of cased boreholes.  Although concrete and steel absorb some of the gamma radiation, enough travels through the steel and cement to allow for qualitative determinations.

In some places, non-shales exhibit elevated levels of gamma radiation.  For instance, sandstones can contain uranium minerals, potassium feldspar, clay filling, or lithic fragments that cause the rock to have higher than usual gamma readings.  Coal and dolomite may contain absorbed uranium.  Evaporite deposits may contain potassium minerals such as sylvite and carnallite.  When this is the case, spectral gamma ray logging should be done to identify the source of these anomalies.

Spectral logging
Spectral logging is the technique of measuring the spectrum, or number and energy, of gamma rays emitted via natural radioactivity of the rock formation. There are three main sources of natural radioactivity on Earth: potassium (40K), thorium (principally 232Th and 230Th), and uranium (principally 238U and 235U). These radioactive isotopes each emit gamma rays that have a characteristic energy level measured in MeV. The quantity and energy of these gamma rays can be measured by a scintillometer. A log of the spectroscopic response to natural gamma ray radiation is usually presented as a total gamma ray log that plots the weight fraction of potassium (%), thorium (ppm) and uranium (ppm). The primary standards for the weight fractions are geological formations with known quantities of the three isotopes. Natural gamma ray spectroscopy logs became routinely used in the early 1970s, although they had been studied from the 1950s.

The characteristic gamma ray line that is associated with each radioactive component:

 Potassium : Gamma ray energy 1.46 MeV
 Thorium series: Gamma ray energy  2.61 MeV
 Uranium-Radium series: Gamma ray energy 1.76 MeV

Another example of the use of spectral gamma ray logs is to identify specific clay types, like kaolinite or illite. This may be useful for interpreting the environment of deposition as kaolinite can form from feldspars in tropical soils by leaching of potassium; and low potassium readings may thus indicate the presence of one or more paleosols. The identification of specific clay minerals is also useful for calculating the effective porosity of reservoir rock.

Use in mineral exploration
Gamma ray logs are also used in mineral exploration, especially exploration for phosphates, uranium, and potassium salts.

References

Well logging
Petroleum technology

Gamma ray logging


State ownership, also called government ownership and public ownership, is the ownership of an industry, asset, or enterprise by the state or a public body representing a community, as opposed to an individual or private party. Public ownership specifically refers to industries selling goods and services to consumers and differs from public goods and government services financed out of a government's general budget. Public ownership can take place at the national, regional, local, or municipal levels of government; or can refer to non-governmental public ownership vested in autonomous public enterprises. Public ownership is one of the three major forms of property ownership, differentiated from private, collective/cooperative, and common ownership.

In market-based economies, state-owned assets are often managed and operated as joint-stock corporations with a government owning all or a controlling stake of the company's shares. This form is often referred to as a state-owned enterprise. A state-owned enterprise might variously operate as a not-for-profit corporation, as it may not be required to generate a profit; as a commercial enterprise in competitive sectors; or as a natural monopoly. Governments may also use the profitable entities they own to support the general budget. The creation of a state-owned enterprise from other forms of public property is called corporatization.

In Soviet-type economies, state property was the dominant form of industry as property. The state held a monopoly on land and natural resources, and enterprises operated under the legal framework of a nominally planned economy, and thus according to different criteria than enterprises in market and mixed economies.

Nationalization is a process of transferring private or municipal assets to a central government or state entity. Municipalization is the process of transferring private or state assets to a municipal government.

State-owned enterprise

A state-owned enterprise is a commercial enterprise owned by a government entity in a capitalist market or mixed economy. Reasons for state ownership of commercial enterprises are that the enterprise in question is a natural monopoly or because the government is promoting economic development and industrialization. State-owned enterprises may or may not be expected to operate in a broadly commercial manner and may or may not have monopolies in their areas of activity. The transformation of public entities and government agencies into government-owned corporations is sometimes a precursor to privatization.

State capitalist economies are capitalist market economies that have high degrees of government-owned businesses.

Relation to socialism

Public ownership of the means of production is a subset of social ownership, which is the defining characteristic of a socialist economy. However, state ownership and nationalization by themselves are not socialist, as they can exist under a wide variety of different political and economic systems for a variety of different reasons. State ownership by itself does not imply social ownership where income rights belong to society as a whole. As such, state ownership is only one possible expression of public ownership, which itself is one variation of the broader concept of social ownership.

In the context of socialism, public ownership implies that the surplus product generated by publicly owned assets accrues to all of society in the form of a social dividend, as opposed to a distinct class of private capital owners. There is a wide variety of organizational forms for state-run industry, ranging from specialized technocratic management to direct workers' self-management. In traditional conceptions of non-market socialism, public ownership is a tool to consolidate the means of production as a precursor to the establishment of economic planning for the allocation of resources between organizations, as required by government or by the state.

State ownership is advocated as a form of social ownership for practical concerns, with the state being seen as the obvious candidate for owning and operating the means of production. Proponents assume that the state, as the representative of the public interest, would manage resources and production for the benefit of the public. As a form of social ownership, state ownership may be contrasted with cooperatives and common ownership. Socialist theories and political ideologies that favor state ownership of the means of production may be labelled state socialism.

State ownership was recognized by Friedrich Engels in Socialism: Utopian and Scientific as, by itself, not doing away with capitalism, including the process of capital accumulation and structure of wage labor. Engels argued that state ownership of commercial industry would represent the final stage of capitalism, consisting of ownership and management of large-scale production and manufacture by the state.

Within the United Kingdom, public ownership is mostly associated with the Labour Party (a centre-left democratic socialist party), specifically due to the creation of Clause IV of the "Labour Party Manifesto" in 1918. "Clause IV" was written by Fabian Society member Sidney Webb.

User rights

When ownership of a resource is vested in the state, or any branch of the state such as a local authority, individual use "rights" are based on the state's management policies, though these rights are not property rights as they are not transmissible. For example, if a family is allocated an apartment that is state owned, it will have been granted a tenancy of the apartment, which may be lifelong or inheritable, but the management and control rights are held by various government departments.

Public property

There is a distinction to be made between state ownership and public property. The former may refer to assets operated by a specific state institution or branch of government, used exclusively by that branch, such as a research laboratory. The latter refers to assets and resources that are available to the entire public for use, such as a public park (see public space).

Criticism
In neoclassical economic theory, the desirability of state ownership has been studied using contract theory. According to the property rights approach based on incomplete contracting (developed by Oliver Hart and his co-authors), ownership matters because it determines what happens in contingencies that were not considered in prevailing contracts.

The work by Hart, Shleifer and Vishny (1997) is the leading application of the property rights approach to the question whether state ownership or private ownership is desirable. In their model, the government and a private firm can invest to improve the quality of a public good and to reduce its production costs. It turns out that private ownership results in strong incentives to reduce costs, but it may also lead to poor quality. Hence, depending on the available investment technologies, there are situations in which state ownership is better. The Hart-Shleifer-Vishny theory has been extended in many directions. For instance, some authors have also considered mixed forms of private ownership and state ownership. In the Hart-Shleifer-Vishny model it is assumed that all parties have the same information, while Schmitz (2023) has studied an extension of their analysis allowing for asymmetric information. Moreover, the Hart-Shleifer-Vishny model assumes that the private party derives no utility from provision of the public good. Besley and Ghatak (2001) have shown that if the private party (a non-governmental organization) cares about the public good, then the party with the larger valuation of the public good should always be the owner, regardless of the parties' investment technologies.

More recently, some authors have shown that the investment technology also matters in the Besley-Ghatak framework if an investing party is indispensable or if there are bargaining frictions between the government and the private party.

See also

 Common ownership
 List of government-owned companies
 Municipalization
 Nationalization
 Private ownership
 Property rights (economics)
 Public good (economics)
 Public sector
 Public finance
 Public property
 Social ownership
 State-owned enterprise

References

Further reading
Jewellord Nem Singh; Geoffrey C. Chen (2018), State-owned enterprises and the political economy of state–state relations in the developing world, Third World Quarterly, 39:6, 1077–1097,

State capitalism
Economic systems
Ownership
Property law

Socialism
State socialism

State ownership