Cirencester (,  ; see below for more variations) is a market town in Gloucestershire, England,  west of London. Cirencester lies on the River Churn, a tributary of the River Thames. It is the eighth largest settlement in Gloucestershire and the largest town within the Cotswolds. It is the home of the Royal Agricultural University, the oldest agricultural college in the English-speaking world, founded in 1840. The town had a population of 20,229 in 2021.

The Roman name for the town was Corinium, which is thought to have been associated with the ancient British tribe of the Dobunni, having the same root word as the River Churn. The earliest known reference to the town was by Ptolemy in AD 150. The town's Corinium Museum has an extensive Roman collection.

Cirencester is twinned with the town of Itzehoe, in the Steinburg region of Germany.

Local geography
Cirencester lies on the lower dip slopes of the Cotswold Hills, an outcrop of oolitic limestone. Natural drainage is into the River Churn, which flows roughly north to south through the eastern side of the town and joins the River Thames near Cricklade, a little to the south. The Thames itself rises just a few miles west of Cirencester.

The town is split into five main areas: the town centre, the village of Stratton, the suburb of Chesterton (originally a village outside the town), Watermoor and The Beeches. The village of Siddington to the south of the town is now almost contiguous with Watermoor. Other suburbs include Bowling Green and New Mills. The area and population of these five electoral wards are identical to that quoted above. The town serves as a centre for surrounding villages, providing employment, amenities, shops, commerce and education; it is a commuter town for larger centres such as Cheltenham, Gloucester, Swindon and Stroud.

Etymology
Cirencester's name is first attested by Ptolemy around 150 CE, though the earliest surviving manuscripts are from the thirteenth century. These give various slightly different spellings, of which the original seems to have been  (). The etymology of this name is, however, unknown. The same name is found in River Churn, which passes through the town (and which, with the addition of the Old English word  ('river') in turn gave its name to North Cerney, South Cerney, and Cerney Wick).

As the Celtic languages changed, this name became Proto-Welsh Cerin. This proto-Welsh name was adopted into English in the course of Celtic language-death in England with the addition of the Old English word  ('Roman fortification'), and is first attested in this form as Cirenceaster in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (a text which took its present form in the later ninth century). The name also persisted in Welsh, also first being attested in the ninth century, in writings of Asser, in the form Cair Ceri.

History

Roman Corinium

Cirencester is known to have been an important early Roman area, along with St. Albans and Colchester, and the town includes evidence of significant area roadworks. The Romans built a fort where the Fosse Way crossed the Churn, to hold two quingenary alae tasked with helping to defend the provincial frontier around AD 49, and native Dobunni were drawn from Bagendon, a settlement 3 miles (5 km) to the north, to create a civil settlement near the fort. When the frontier moved to the north after the conquest of Wales, this fort was closed and its fortifications levelled around the year 70, but the town persisted and flourished under the name Corinium.

Even in Roman times, there was a thriving wool trade and industry, which contributed to the growth of Corinium. A large forum and basilica were built over the site of the fort, and archaeological evidence shows signs of further civic growth. There are many Roman remains in the surrounding area, including several Roman villas near the villages of Chedworth and Withington. When a wall was built around the Roman city in the late 2nd century, it enclosed 240 acres (1 km²), making Corinium the second-largest city by area in Britain. The details of the provinces of Britain following the Diocletian Reforms around 296 remain unclear, but Corinium is now generally thought to have been the capital of Britannia Prima. Some historians would date to this period the pillar erected by the governor Lucius Septimus to the god Jupiter, a local sign of the pagan reaction against Christianity during the principate of Julian the Apostate.

Post-Roman and Saxon

The Roman amphitheatre still exists in an area known as the Querns to the south-west of the town, but has only been partially excavated. Investigations in the town show that it was fortified in the 5th or 6th centuries. Andrew Breeze argued that Gildas received his later education in Cirencester in the early 6th century, showing that it was still able to provide an education in Latin rhetoric and law at that time. Possibly this was the palace of one of the British kings defeated by Ceawlin in 577. It was later the scene of the Battle of Cirencester, this time between the Mercian king Penda and the West Saxon kings Cynegils and Cwichelm in 628.

The minster church of Cirencester, founded in the 9th or 10th century, was probably a royal foundation. It was made over to Augustinian canons in the 12th century and replaced by the great abbey church.

Norman
At the Norman Conquest the royal manor of Cirencester was granted to the Earl of Hereford, William Fitz-Osbern, but by 1075 it had reverted to the Crown. The manor was granted to Cirencester Abbey, founded by Henry I in 1117, and following half a century of building work during which the minster church was demolished, the great abbey church was finally dedicated in 1176. The manor was granted to the Abbey in 1189, although a royal charter dated 1133 speaks of burgesses in the town. The abbots obtained charters in 1215 and 1253 for fairs during the octaves of All Saints and St Thomas the Martyr, and the significant wool trade gave these great importance.

The struggle of the townsmen to gain the rights and privileges of a borough for Cirencester probably began with the grant of 1189, when they were amerced for a false presentment, meaning that they had presented false information. Four inquisitions during the 13th century supported the abbot's claims, yet the townspeople remained unwavering in their quest for borough status: in 1342, they lodged a Bill of complaint in Chancery. Twenty townspeople were ordered to Westminster, where they declared under oath that successive abbots had bought up many burgage tenements, and made the borough into an appendage of the manor, depriving it of its separate court. They claimed that the royal charter that conferred on the men of Cirencester the liberties of Winchester had been destroyed 50 years earlier, when the abbot had bribed the burgess who held the charter to give it to him, whereupon the abbot had had it burned. In reply, the abbot refuted these claims, and the case passed on to the King's Bench. When ordered to produce the foundation charter of his abbey the abbot refused, apparently because that document would be fatal to his case, and instead played a winning card. In return for a fine of £300, he obtained a new royal charter confirming his privileges and a writ of supersedeas.

Yet the townspeople continued in their fight: in return for their aid to the Crown against the earls of Kent and Salisbury, Henry IV in 1403 gave the townsmen a Merchant's Guild, although two inquisitions reiterated the abbot's rights. The struggle between the abbot and the townspeople continued, with the abbot's privileges confirmed in 1408‑1409 and 1413, and in 1418 the abbot finally removed this thorn in his side when the guild merchant was annulled, and in 1477 parliament declared that Cirencester was not corporate. After several unsuccessful attempts to re-establish the guild merchant, in 1592 the government of the town was vested in the bailiff of the Lord of the manor.

Tudor
As part of the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539, Henry VIII ordered the total demolition of the Abbey buildings. Today only the Norman Arch and parts of the precinct wall remain above ground, forming the perimeter of a public park in the middle of town. Despite this, the freedom of a borough continued to elude the townspeople, and they only saw the old lord of the manor replaced by a new lord of the manor as the king acquired the abbey's title. Cirencester became a parliamentary borough in 1572, returning two members, although this was deprived of representation in 1885.

Sheep rearing, wool sales, weaving and woollen broadcloth and cloth-making were the main strengths of England's trade in the Middle Ages, and not only the abbey but many of Cirencester's merchants and clothiers gained wealth and prosperity from the national and international trade. The tombs of these merchants can be seen in the parish church, while their fine houses of Cotswold stone still stand in and around Coxwell Street and Dollar Street. Their wealth funded the rebuilding of the nave of the parish church in 1515–30, to create the large parish church, often referred to as the "Cathedral of the Cotswolds". Other wool churches can be seen in neighbouring Northleach and Chipping Campden.

Civil War
The English Civil War came to Cirencester in February 1643 when Royalists and Parliamentarians came to blows in the streets. Over 300 were killed, and 1,200 prisoners were held captive in the church. The townsfolk supported the Parliamentarians but gentry and clergy were for the old order, so that when Charles I of England was executed in 1649 the minister, Alexander Gregory, wrote on behalf of the gentry in the parish register, "O England what did'st thou do, the 30th of this month".

At the end of the English Civil War, King Charles II spent the night of 11 September 1651 in Cirencester, during his escape after the Battle of Worcester on his way to France.

Recent history
At the end of the 18th century, Cirencester was a thriving market town, at the centre of a network of turnpike roads with easy access to markets for its produce of grain and wool. A local grammar school provided education for those who could afford it, and businesses thrived in the town, which was the major urban centre for the surrounding area.

In 1789, the opening of the Cirencester Branch of the Thames and Severn Canal provided access to markets further afield, by way of a link through the River Thames. In 1841, a branch railway line was opened to Kemble to provide a link to the Great Western Railway at Swindon. The Midland and South Western Junction Railway opened a station at Watermoor in 1883. Cirencester thus was served by two railway lines until the 1960s.

The loss of the canal and the direct rail link encouraged dependency on road transport. An inner ring road system was completed in 1975 in an attempt to reduce congestion in the town centre, which has since been augmented by an outer bypass with the expansion of the A417 road. Coaches depart from London Road for Victoria Bus Station in central London and Heathrow Airport, taking advantage of the M4 Motorway. Kemble Station to the west of the town, distinguished by a sheltered garden, is served by fast trains from Paddington station via Swindon.

In 1894, the passing of the Local Government Act brought at last into existence Cirencester's first independent elected body, the Urban District Council. The reorganisation of the local governments in 1974 replaced the Urban District Council with the present two-tier system of Cotswold District Council and Cirencester Town Council. A concerted effort to reduce overhead wiring and roadside clutter has given the town some picturesque street scenes. Many shops cater to tourists and many house family businesses.

Under the patronage of the Bathurst family, the Cirencester area, notably Sapperton, became a major centre for the Arts and Crafts movement in the Cotswolds, when the furniture designer and architect-craftsman Ernest Gimson opened workshops in the early 20th century, and Norman Jewson, his foremost student, practised in the town.

Archaeology
A 3,500 year old Bronze Age spear was found in 2022 during landscaping at a Thames Water sewage works. Archaeologists also uncovered prehistoric pottery fragments, flint tools, and animal bones from the Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Roman period.

Name
The name stem Corin is cognate with Churn (the modern name of the river on which the town is built) and with the stem Cerne in the nearby villages of North Cerney, South Cerney, and Cerney Wick; also on the River Churn. The modern name Cirencester is derived from the cognate root Ciren and the standard -cester ending indicating a Roman fortress or encampment. It seems certain that this name root goes back to pre-Roman times and is similar to the original Brythonic name for the river, and perhaps the settlement. An early Welsh language ecclesiastical list from St David's gives another form of the name Caerceri where Caer is the Welsh for fortress and Ceri is cognate with the other forms of the name.

Pronunciation

In ninth-century Old Welsh the city was known as Cair Ceri (literally "Fort Ceri"), translated Cirrenceaster, Cirneceaster, or Cyrneceaster (dative Cirrenceastre, Cirneceastre, Cyrneceastre) in the Old English of the Anglo-Saxons, where ceaster means "fort" or "fortress". The Old English c was pronounced . The Normans mispronounced the  sound as , resulting in the modern name Cirencester (). The form , spelled Cirencester or Ciceter, was once used locally. This pronunciation is humorously highlighted in a 1928 limerick from Punch:

Sometimes the form Cicester () was heard instead. These forms are now very rarely used, while many local people abbreviate the name to Ciren ().

Today it is usually  (as it is spelt) or , although occasionally it is ,  or .

Sites of interest

The Church of St. John the Baptist is renowned for its Perpendicular Gothic porch, fan vaults and merchants' tombs.

The town also has a Roman Catholic church dedicated to St Peter; the foundation stone was laid on 20 June 1895.
Coxwell Street to the north of Market Square was the original home of the Baptist Church that was founded in 1651, making it one of the oldest Baptist churches in England; the church moved in January 2017 to a new building on Chesterton Lane. The town's Salvation Army hall in Thomas Street occupies the former Temperance Hall built by the Quaker Christopher Bowly in 1846, and is the oldest such hall in the West of England. The Salvation Army first met in Cirencester in 1881.

To the west of the town is Cirencester Park, the seat of Earl Bathurst and the site of one of the finest landscape gardens in England, laid out by Allen Bathurst, 1st Earl Bathurst after 1714.  He inherited the estate from his father, Sir Benjamin Bathurst, a Tory Member of Parliament and statesman who made his wealth from his involvement in the slave trade through the Royal Africa Company and the East India Company.

Abbey House was a country house built on the site of the former Cirencester Abbey following its dissolution and demolition at the Reformation in the 1530s. The site was granted in 1564 to Richard Master, physician to Elizabeth I. The house was rebuilt and altered at several dates by the Master family, who still own the agricultural estate. By 1897 the house was let, and it remained in the occupation of tenants until shortly after the Second World War. It was demolished in 1964.

On Cotswold Avenue is the site of a Roman amphitheatre which, while buried, retains its shape in the earthen topography of the small park setting. Cirencester was one of the most substantial cities of Roman-era Britain.

The Corn Hall was designed by Medland, Maberly and Medland and completed in 1863.

Local politics

Before 1974 the town was administered by Cirencester Urban District Council, which was initially based in the upper floors of the south porch of the Church of St. John the Baptist. The council moved to offices in Castle Street in 1897 and to offices in Gosditch Street in 1932. In the 1974 reorganisation of local government, the urban district council was replaced by the new Cotswold District Council and Cirencester Town Council was created as the first tier of local government.

The Liberal Democrats won all of the eight available Cirencester seats on Cotswold District Council in May 2013.

Liberal Democrat candidate Joe Harris, aged 18, was elected to the district council for Cirencester Park Ward in May 2011, and became the youngest councillor in the country. Harris was also elected to the county council in the 2013 elections, winning the Cirencester Park Division.

Transport

Roads
Cirencester is the hub of a road network with routes to Gloucester (A417), Cheltenham (A417/A435), Leamington Spa (A429), Oxford (A40 via the B4425 road), Wantage (A417), Swindon (A419), Chippenham (A429), Bristol, Bath (A433) and Stroud (A419). Cirencester is connected to the M5 motorway at junction 11A and to the M4 motorway at junctions 15, 17 and 18.

Buses
Bus operators serving Cirencester include Stagecoach West and Cotswold Green. The latter operates the hourly route 58 circular bus service within Cirencester, connecting the town centre and Stratton.

Railway

Since Cirencester Watermoor station was closed in 1961 and the Kemble to Cirencester branch line to Cirencester Town station was closed to passengers in 1964, the town has been without its own station. The nearest station is now at Kemble,  away. It is served by regular Great Western Railway trains between London Paddington and .

There is an active campaign to restore the line from Kemble to Cirencester.

Air
The nearest international airport is Bristol. A general aviation airport, Cotswold Airport, is nearby at Kemble.

Education
The town and the surrounding area have several primary schools and two secondary schools, Cirencester Deer Park School on Stroud Road and Cirencester Kingshill School on Kingshill Lane. It also has an independent school, Rendcomb College, catering for 3 to 18-year-olds. The town used to have a 500-year-old grammar school, which in 1966 joined with the secondary modern to form Cirencester Deer Park School. In 1991, Cirencester College was created, taking over the joint sixth form of Cirencester Deer Park and Cirencester Kingshill schools and the Cirencester site of Stroud College; it is adjacent to Deer Park School on Stroud Road.

Until 1994 the town had a private preparatory school, Oakley Hall. Run in its later years by the Letts family, it closed in 1994 shortly after the retirement of R F B Letts who had led the school since 1962. The grounds of the school are now occupied by housing.

The Royal Agricultural University campus is between the Stroud and Tetbury Roads.

Culture
The Sundial Theatre at Cirencester College, the Bingham Hall and the Barn Theatre host drama and musical events by community groups and professional companies.

Cirencester Operatic Society, Cirencester Philharmonia Orchestra, Cirencester Band, Cirencester Male Voice Choir and Cirencester Creative Dance Academy are also based in the town.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC West and ITV West from the Mendip TV transmitter and the local relay transmitter. BBC South and ITV Meridian can also be received, from the Oxford transmitter. The town's local radio stations are BBC Radio Gloucestershire on 95.8 FM, Heart West on 102.4 FM, and Corinium Radio which is an online community radio station. The local newspaper is The Wilts & Gloucestershire Standard.

Sport

Cirencester Town F.C. play in the Southern League Premier Division. The team, known as The Centurions, moved in 2002 from their former ground at Smithsfield on Tetbury Road to the purpose-built Corinium Stadium. The club is designated by The Football Association as a Community Club. As well as the main pitch, there are six additional football pitches, mainly used by the junior football teams. The club has also developed a full-size indoor training area, known as The Arena, which is used for training, for social events and for five-a-side leagues throughout the year.

Cirencester has two athletics clubs: Cirencester Athletics & Triathlon Club and Running Somewhere Else.

Cirencester Ladies Netball Club has three squads: the A team play in the 1st division of the Gloucestershire League, the B team in the 3rd division and the C team in the 5th division.

The Rugby Club are based at the Whiteway; they have four main teams, a colts, a Youth and Mini sections.

Cirencester Park Polo Club, founded in 1896, is the oldest polo club in the UK. Its main grounds are located in Earl Bathurst's Cirencester Park. It was  used by The Prince of Wales and his sons The Duke of Cambridge and Duke of Sussex.

Notable people
 Pam Ayres, poet, actor, broadcaster
 Elizabeth Brown, astronomer
 Willie Carson, retired jockey, television commentator
 Rev. Dr. John Clinch, clergyman-physician, the first man to practice vaccination in North America
 Charlie Cooper, actor, writer
 Daisy May Cooper, actor, writer
 Frank Cadogan Cowper, the 'Last Pre-Raphaelite Artist'
 Jacquie de Creed, stuntwoman
 Peter Maxwell Davies, composer, director of music at Cirencester Grammar School from 1959 to 1962
 Dom Joly, comedian, journalist, broadcaster
 Autumn Kelly (formerly Phillips), former wife of minor royal Peter Phillips
 William Sinclair Marris, civil servant, colonial administrator, classical scholar
 Mike Patto, musician
 Cozy Powell, drummer
 Lewis Charles Powles, artist
 Theophila Townsend, Quaker writer and activist
 John Woolrich, composer

References

Bibliography
 H. P. R. Finberg. "The Origin of Gloucestershire Towns" in Gloucestershire Studies, edited by H.P.R. Finberg. Leicester: University Press, 1957

External links

 Town Council
 Detailed historical record about Cirencester Roman Amphitheatre

 BBC archive film of Cirencester from 1979

Towns in Gloucestershire
Cotswolds
Cotswold District

Cirencester


Desiccators are sealable enclosures containing desiccants used for preserving moisture-sensitive items such as cobalt chloride paper for another use. A common use for desiccators is to protect chemicals which are hygroscopic or which react with water from humidity.

The contents of desiccators are exposed to atmospheric moisture whenever the desiccators are opened. It also requires some time to achieve a low humidity. Hence they are not appropriate for storing chemicals which react quickly or violently with atmospheric moisture such as the alkali metals; a glovebox or Schlenk-type apparatus may be more suitable for these purposes.

Desiccators are sometimes used to remove traces of water from an almost-dry sample. Where a desiccator alone is unsatisfactory, the sample may be dried at elevated temperature using Abderhalden's drying pistol.

Constituents
The lower compartment of the desiccator contains lumps of silica gel, freshly calcined quicklime,  Drierite, molecular sieves, phosphorus pentoxide, (not as effective) anhydrous calcium chloride, or other desiccant to absorb water vapor. The substance needing desiccation is put in the upper compartment, usually on a glazed, perforated ceramic plate. The ground-glass rim of the desiccator lid must be greased with a thin layer of vacuum grease, petroleum jelly or other lubricant to ensure an airtight seal.

In order to prevent damage to a desiccator the lid should be carefully slid on and off instead of being directly placed onto the base.

Operation
In laboratory use, the most common desiccators are circular and made of heavy glass. There is usually a remove platform on which the items to be stored are placed. The desiccant, usually an otherwise-inert solid such as silica gel, fills the space under the platform. Colour changing silica may be used to indicate when it should be refreshed. Indication gels typically change from blue to pink (if the indicator is cobalt(II) chloride) as they absorb moisture but other colours may be used.

A stopcock may be included to permit the desiccator to be evacuated. Such models are usually known as vacuum desiccators. When a vacuum is to be applied, it is a common practice to criss-cross the vacuum desiccator with tape, or to place it behind a screen to minimize damage or injury caused by an implosion. To maintain a good seal, vacuum grease is usually applied to the flanges.

See also
 Bell jar
 Desiccation
 Dry box

References

Laboratory glassware
Containers

Desiccator


Standard time is putting all clocks in a time zone to the same time.

Standard time can also be used to mean the time without daylight saving time. Standard time happens from autumn to early spring. Daylight saving time happens from early spring to autumn.

History

Great Britain
Standard time was first used by British railways on December 11, 1847, when they switched from local mean time to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Almost all of Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT by 1855.

North America
Before 1883, local mean time was used in all of North America. This meant there were many different local times. This caused problems for train schedules. Sandford Fleming, a Canadian, proposed standard time at a meeting of the Royal Canadian Institute on February 8, 1879.  The owners of the major railroads met in Chicago to make the Standard Time System. Most states began using the system soon after the railroads. The U.S. government officially began using the system almost fifty years later.

Criticism
Some people do not like standard time (and daylight saving time). Some people do not like it because they do not trust in government. Others believe that it disturbs circadian rhythms. Others simply like traditional, natural markers of time, like sunsets, noon and sunrise.

References

More reading

Time zones

Standard time


The Puerta de Alcalá is a Neo-classical gate in the Plaza de la Independencia in Madrid, Spain.

It was a gate of the former Walls of Philip IV. It stands near the city center and several meters away from the main entrance to the Parque del Buen Retiro.  The square is bisected by Alcalá Street, although the street does not cross through the monument, and it is the origin of the Alfonso XII, Serrano and Olózaga streets. Its name originates from the old path from Madrid to the nearby town of Alcalá de Henares.

Madrid in the late 18th century still looked like a somewhat drab borough, surrounded by medieval walls. Around the year 1774, King Charles III commissioned Francesco Sabatini to construct a monumental gate in the city wall through which an expanded road to the city of Alcalá was to pass, replacing an older, smaller, gate that stood nearby. It was inaugurated in 1778.

The ornamental details were sculpted by Francisco Gutiérrez and , and made of white stone from Colmenar. The architectural elements are chiefly made of granite from Segovia.

The central plaque reads .

Notable events
 The Puerta de Alcalá was showered by a burst of cannon shrapnel. The marks can still be seen in the present day.
 On 30 July 1854 after having been defeated at Vicálvaro (Madrid), the Count of Villahermosa came into Madrid with a parade wielding as a trophy the spear of an enemy soldier. Madrileños sarcastically nicknamed him "Longinos" for this ostentation (like the Roman soldier, Longinus, whose spear is said to have pierced Christ's side).
 On 8 March 1921, at 20:20, the Prime Minister of Spain, Eduardo Dato, was driving his car home through Plaza de la Independencia after a long session at the parliament, when three Catalan anarchists driving a grey motorcycle with side-car shot him with a handgun. Dato was promptly driven to the Casa de Socorro hospital, but was dead on arrival.
 Since the Alcalá Street (crossing through the square) was considered a cañada real (special route for the seasonal migration of livestock), sheep flocks regularly crossed through the Puerta de Alcalá. The practice is now in disuse.
 During May and June 2001, the Puerta de Alcalá underwent a transformation in honour of Madrid being named the "Capital Mundial del Libro" (World Book Capital). Several gardens were added to the square, surrounding the monument, and beautiful night lights were added.
 In 1985, Spanish singers Ana Belén and Víctor Manuel popularised the song "La Puerta de Alcalá", one of their greatest hits, titled after this monument.
 During the 2010 MTV Europe Music Awards, Thirty Seconds to Mars, Katy Perry and Linkin Park were featured live from the Puerta de Alcalá. Performing in front of close to 100,000 fans, Perry performed her single "Firework", with a pyrotechnics display. Linkin Park performed a set which was shot in its entirety for MTV World Stage, to be broadcast on MTV platforms around the world on 10 December 2010.
 The song "La Puerta de Alcalá" has also been covered by Mexican singer Anahí and Spanish singer David Bustamante and is included in her sixth album, Inesperado.
 On 2 June 2017, the closing ceremony and concert of WorldPride 2017 took place at Puerta de Alcalá.

References
Citations

Bibliography

Buildings and structures completed in 1778
Buildings and structures in Retiro District, Madrid
Alcala
Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in Madrid
Neoclassical architecture in Madrid
Monuments and memorials in Madrid
Calle de Alcalá
Monumental gates in Madrid

Puerta de Alcalá


Christopher Gregory Malkin (born 4 June 1967) is an English former professional footballer who played as a centre-forward.

Malkin began his professional career at Tranmere Rovers, whom he joined from Stork on a free transfer in 1987. He spent eight years at Prenton Park, forming a successful partnership with John Aldridge upon his arrival from Real Sociedad in 1991, halfway through Malkin's stay on the Wirral. A couple of months earlier Malkin scored the winning goal at Wembley Stadium to win the Division Three play-off final against Bolton Wanderers. At Tranmere he was also part of the side that won the 1989-90 Football League Trophy.

After over 200 league appearances and 60 goals for Rovers, Malkin joined Millwall in 1995 for a £400,000 price tag. In fifteen months at the Den, he scored thirteen goals in a half-century of league appearances for the Lions.

In 1996, Malkin moved back north, joining Gary Megson's Blackpool for £275,000, becoming the Seasiders' record signing (which he remained until 2008). An injury-prone period at Bloomfield Road meant he made only 65 league appearances and scored six goals for the Lancashire club in just under three years.

Blackpool didn't receive any return on their record outlay when, in August 1999, Nigel Worthington let the forward join Telford United on a free transfer.

Malkin joined Chester City as player-physio in 2001, and a year later moved to Oswestry Town, with whom he finished his career.

Malkin now works as a physiotherapist at Spire Murrayfield Hospital in Wirral, helping patients back to fitness. He previously had spells as club physio for Aston Villa and Nottingham Forest.

References

External links

1967 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Bebington
Footballers from Merseyside
English men's footballers
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Telford United F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Oswestry Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Men's association football forwards
Chester City F.C. non-playing staff
Association football physiotherapists

Chris Malkin


Perry the Platypus, also known as Perry or Agent P is a fictional character created by Dan Povenmire and Swampy Marsh for the animated television series Phineas and Ferb. Perry is played by Dee Bradley Baker.

Role in Phineas and Ferb
Phineas Flynn and his stepbrother Ferb Fletcher keep Perry as a pet but think that he's just a regular platypus who "doesn't do much". Whenever Phineas has an idea for what he and Ferb will build that day someone asks "hey, where's Perry". Perry is actually a spy working for OWCA (the Organization Without a Cool Acronym) while wearing a fedora and is said to be OWCA's best secret agent. Perry's boss Major Monogram normally sends him to fight Dr. Doofenshmirtz. In almost every episode, Perry the Platyus shows up at Doof's headquarters, Dr. Doofenshmirtz traps Perry, Doof explains his evil plan, Perry escapes, Perry and Dr. Doofenshmirtz fight, Perry beats Doofenshmirtz and Doof yells "Curse you, Perry the Platypus." That said, there are some exceptions to this. For example, in the Season One Episode Journey to the Center of Candace, Dr. Doofenshmirtz decides to "mix it around a little" by beginning with describing his evil plan and then trapping Perry, but as soon as Dr. Doofenshmirtz explains his plan is "to destroy anyone who can't make up their mind" Perry immediately catches and arrests Doof after having a flashback to his owner Phineas Flynn saying he couldn't make up his mind.

Other enemies

In the episode Rouge Rabbit, Perry the Platypus is sent to fight an evil rabbit named Dennis who is more dangerous than Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz is. In the episode "Oh, there you are Perry", Perry is told to leave Phineas and Ferb to fight a new supervillain the Regurgitator who takes on Dr. Doofenshmirtz as a sidekick and loses to Perry because of Doof's stupidity. In some episodes, Perry actually works with Dr. Doofenshmirtz against a more dangerous villain.

Relationship with Doofenshmirtz

Even though Dr. Doofenshmirtz is Perry's nemesis when Perry isn't trying to stop Doofenshmirtz from doing evil the two are actually friends. In the Season One episode Oil on Candace, Perry tries to cheer up Dr. Doofenshmirtz when he can't convince his Professor that he's good at being evil. In the episode Dude, We're Getting the Band Back Together, Perry helps Doofenshmirtz throw a birthday party for his daughter Vanessa. In the episode Put that Putter Away, Perry and Doof vacation together. In one episode, Perry pretends to be Doofenshmirtz's pet so that Doof can impress a woman he wants to date. In the episode It's About Time, Perry has a song about how sad he is without Doofenshmirtz after Doof replaced him as an enemy with Peter the Panda. At one point, Dr. Doofenshmirtz tells Perry "You are my rock, Perry the Platypus, by which I mean the one person who's always there for me".

Role in Across the Second Dimension
Perry plays a major role in Phineas and Ferb The Movie: Across the Second Dimension where Perry reveals that he's actually a secret agent to stop the parallel universe version of Dr. Doofenshmirtz from killing Phineas and Ferb but Phineas is angry with Perry for lying to him.

Role in the OWCA Files

In the spin-off The OWCA Files, Perry has to train and work with a team of new partners one of whom is the no longer evil Dr. Doofenshmirtz.

Role in Milo Murphy's Law

In the spin-off Milo Murphy's Law, Perry's boss Major Monogram has him sent to Dr. Doofenshmirtz to stop Doof from accidentally causing problems while trying to be good. Only for Doofenshmirtz to find out and be angry with Perry because "you're not my friend, you're my babysitter". Though in the series finale, Dr. Doofenshmirtz forgives Perry after finding out Perry spent all the money he was making on helping pay for Dr. Doofenshmirtz to invent time travel and become Professor Time.

Television characters

Perry the Platypus


The Week in Jams (a re branded version of Sucker Free Countdown), is MTV2's sole hip-hop video block. Its a 2-hour top 15 countdown, it aired on Sundays at 11AM ET/PT and 11PM ET/PT. Hosted by DJ Envy, Charlamagne Tha God, and Sofi Green. The series was canceled on May 26, 2013.

History
On October 11, 2012, MTV announced they would expand and unify its hip hop music and lifestyle programming and content across all of its multiple channels and screens under the MTV Jams brand name. The move effectively extends the MTV Jams brand from a 24-hour digital channel to now touch all MTV properties. They also announced they would be relaunching the MTV2 music video countdown known as Sucker Free Countdown. Where "Sucker Free Countdown" focused primarily on music, "The Week in Jams" expanded focus includes the latest in the hip hop lifestyle, from music to fashion, gear to sports and, of course, real talk. Fans will discover new artists, hear the loudest opinions, keep up with new trends from all over the country and sit in on hard-hitting interviews.

MTV also recruited a hip hop dream team of contributors that would serve as the hosts of "The Week in Jams" and also provide expert commentary across all of MTV's channels and screens including: mixtape legend, radio personality and television host DJ Envy, industry insider, radio personality and cast member of "MTV2's Guy Code" Charlamagne Tha God, Motown Records recording artist and songwriter Sofi Green, West Coast mover and shaker Levi Maestro, and west coast radio personality and nationally syndicated nighttime radio host Nessa. They joined MTV's hip hop expert, Sway Calloway, a vanguard radio personality, record producer, hip-hop artist and MTV News Correspondent. The first episode premiered on October 28, 2012.

References

2010s American music television series
2012 American television series debuts
2013 American television series endings
MTV2 original programming
Hip hop television

The Week in Jams


Florian Bertmer is a German illustrator from the hardcore punk, grindcore and metal scene. He has done artwork for bands like Converge, Napalm Death, The Hope Conspiracy, The Dillinger Escape Plan, Agoraphobic Nosebleed, Pig Destroyer, Doomriders, Kirk Hammett, Lucasfilm, Alamo Drafthouse and others. His early works were reminiscent of Pushead while his later works have become more influenced by Art Nouveau and Occultism . He fronted the band Cheerleaders Of The Apocalypse. He has also created several official movie posters in collaboration with Alamo Drafthouse Cinema and has designed deck art for skateboard companies such as Creature Skateboards or Substance Abuse.

Artwork
Artwork for Converge includes illustrations for the inside cover for The Poacher Diaries and back cover artwork and insert poster for Deeper the Wound. Since their 1998 "Rise from Ruin" European tour he has done several t-shirt designs as well and a sought after poster for their 2007 tour.

Artwork for Agoraphobic Nosebleed includes front cover artwork for Bestial Machinery (Discography Volume 1), Split with Kill the Client 7", A Clockwork Sodom 7", Split CD/LP with Apartment 213, Agorapocalypse, and a 7" split with Total Fucking Destruction. In collaboration with Shirts & Destroy he has done several online exclusive shirt designs for Agoraphobic Nosebleed.

Bertmer also designed the cover art for Jesuit's 2011 compilation album Discography.

Album covers (selection)
 Napalm Death
 Live in Japan - Grind Kaijyu Attack! split with Nasum LP (2009)

Agoraphobic Nosebleed
 Agorapocalypse (2009)
 Bestial Machinery (Discography Volume 1) 2xCD (2005)
 The Poacher Diaries split with Converge CD/LP (1999)
 Split with Kill The Client 7" (2007)
 A Clockwork Sodom 7" (2007)
 Domestic Powerviolence split with Apartment 213 CD/LP (2007)
 Split with Total Fucking Destruction 7" (2007)
 Split with Insect Warfare 5"/mini-CD (2008)

Converge
 The Poacher Diaries split with Converge CD/LP (1999)
 Deeper the Wound Split with Hellchild CD/LP (2001)

Jesuit
 Discography (2011)

Rise and Fall
 Clawing 7" (2007)

All Pigs Must Die
 All Pigs Must Die EP( 2010)
 God Is War CD/LP (2011)

16
 Bridges to Burn CD/LP (2009)

Outbreak
 Failure CD/LP (2006)

Movie artwork
He has worked on numerous limited edition movie posters for Alamo Drafthouse for such iconic films as The Holy Mountain, Hellboy, the Evil Dead, Night of the Living Dead, Santa Sangre, the Swamp Thing, Hellraiser and Cowboys and Aliens''.

References

External links
 The Art of Florian Bertmer

Album-cover and concert-poster artists
German illustrators
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Florian Bertmer


The Gulf or Bay of Honduras is a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea. It indents the coasts of Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras. From north to south, it runs for approximately 200 km from Dangriga, Belize, to La Ceiba, Honduras.

The inner Gulf of Honduras is lined by the Belize Barrier Reef. It forms the southern part of the 900 km long Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System. This is the second-largest coral reef system in the world. The Belize Barrier Reef has a number of small islands. They are called cays, and collectively known as the Pelican Cays.

The Gulf of Honduras contains complex dynamics of coastal and open waters, and ocean currents. These have produced a very diverse and unique ecosystem with a wide variety of coastal marine waters. It includes coastline estuaries, barrier beaches, lagoons, intertidal salt marshes, mangrove forests, seagrass beds, keys and barrier reefs.

The gulf receives the runoff from the watersheds of 12 rivers . They discharge at 1232 m³ s-1. These rivers include the Moho, Sarstún, Río Dulce, Motagua, and Ulúa. Volume of sediment from these rivers is increasing. This damages the marine ecosystem.

Many American anglers visit the Gulf of Honduras to catch the marlin that abound there. Tourists are often taken on boat trips to the Pelican Cays, notably Caye Caulker and Ambergris Caye.

In 1961 Hurricane Hattie swept across the Gulf of Honduras. It destroyed buildings in Belize.

References

Honduras
Atlantic Ocean
Geography of Central America
Geography of Belize
Geography of Guatemala

Gulf of Honduras


The California Fair Employment Practices Act (FEPA) was a statute passed and enacted in 1959 that barred businesses and labor unions from discriminating against employees or job applicants based on their color, national origin, ancestry, religion, or race.  Prior to being repealed and reenacted under the California Fair Employment and Housing Act in 1980 the law was codified under part 4.5 of the Labor Code.

The FEPA as well as similar legislation passed earlier in other states (notably New York and New Jersey) drew its inspiration from the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) set up by the federal government during World War II.  Upon the disbandment of the FEPC in 1945, California assemblymen Augustus F. Hawkins and William Byron Rumford (both members of the California Democratic Party) led the effort to pass fair employment legislation in the state.  Hawkins drafted the initial legislative proposal in 1945, but would alternate with Rumford in introducing a fair employment bill during each succeeding session from 1945 to 1959. The bill that was passed and signed into law by Governor Pat Brown in 1959 was authored by Augustus F. Hawkins.

In 1946, a fair employment practices measure that would have created a statewide commission to enforce the proposed provisions appeared on the ballot as Proposition 11, but was decisively defeated.  From that point onward, supporters of a statewide fair employment practices commission focused their efforts on getting a bill passed in the California State Legislature.  Nevertheless, the bills introduced by assemblymen Augustus F. Hawkins and Byron Rumford failed to gain traction until the emergence of the California Committee for Fair Employment Practices in 1954.  It brought together a coalition of religious, community, civil rights, and labor groups to exert popular pressure on legislators.  During this time period California was also undergoing a general shift in political attitudes that would have far-reaching ramifications for the future of fair employment legislation.

1959 marked a turning point in California state politics with the Democratic Party beginning a period of electoral dominance over the California Republican Party in California State Legislature races.  With Pat Brown elected Governor of California in 1958 it also marked the first time since 1883 that the Democrats had control over both chambers of the legislature and the state executive office.  With this new political power the Democrats were able to secure the passage of Hawkins' proposal through the legislature by April of that year.  Governor Pat Brown signed the FEPA into law on April 16, 1959 and it became effective a few months later on September 18, 1959.

In a press release summarizing some of the statute's main provisions, Hawkins wrote that the FEPA "creates as a new division in the Department of Industrial Relations a State Fair Employment Practices Commission of five members. Powers of the Commission include receiving, investigating, hearing and passing on complaints involving discrimination. It has the power to issue orders to eliminate discrimination if found to exist."  He also specified in the same release that "subject employers are those employing five or more persons."

In 1970, the Fair Employment Practices Act was amended to include a protection against gender discrimination.

References

Fair Employment Practices Act, California
Anti-discrimination law in California


TS Queen Alexandra was a MacBrayne turbine steamer built in 1912 and operating cruises on the Clyde. Following extensive modifications, in 1935, as Saint Columba, she took over the  "Royal Route" from Glasgow to Ardrishaig until scrapped in 1958.

History
TS Queen Alexandra was built in 1912 by William Denny and Brothers, Dumbarton for Turbine Steamers Ltd, to replace a previous Queen Alexandra of 1902, which had been extensively damaged by fire. The new Queen was designed for the long distance cruises. Her first public sailing was on 23 May 1912 to Campbeltown. Fast and manoeuvrable, she soon became a popular boat.

In 1935, her owners Turbine Steamers Ltd were sold to David MacBrayne Ltd and the turbine steamers  and Queen Alexandra transferred to the Western Isles. Queen Alexandra went for refit at Lamont's shipyard, where she was transformed. This was all in preparation for her new role on the  "Royal Route". Her similarity to Cunard's Queen Mary earned her the nickname "MacBrayne's little Cunarder".

Withdrawn after 48 years of sterling service in September 1958, she was towed to Smith & Houston's shipyard in Port Glasgow on 23 December 1958 and was scrapped.

Layout
Queen Alexandra was the longest turbine steamer ever built for service on the Clyde and remains the only three funnelled steamer ever to have served on the Clyde. Initially open, her promenade deck was enclosed, providing shelter. In 1935, her upper deck was extended aft, a third funnel fitted and a new smoke room, called the Clachan Bar installed. She was repainted in MacBrayne colours and renamed Saint Columba. In 1937, she became the first Clyde steamer to be converted permanently to oil fuel.

Service
Queen Alexandra operated long distance cruises to Campbeltown and Inveraray, departing Glasgow's Bridge Wharf at 7.11.

World War I Service
She was requisitioned by the Admiralty as a troop transport ship in 1915, and operated in the English Channel between England and France ferrying soldiers and war materials to supply the Western Front. During her war service she rammed and sank the German Imperial Navy's U-boat UC-78 off of the French coast at Cherbourg on 9 May 1918.

Return to cruising
At the end of the war she was released by the Admiralty and returned to the River Clyde in 1919 and resumed her long distance cruises, most often to Inveraray.
After her extensive 1935 refit, she replaced the legendary paddle steamer  on the "Royal Route" from Glasgow to Ardrishaig. She gave sterling service on this route from 1935 until the outbreak of war in 1939.

World War II Service
During World War II, she was again requisitioned by the Admiralty and, possibly in view of her age, served as an accommodation ship in Greenock's East India Harbour.

Final years
She was the last Clyde steamer to be returned to peacetime duties, resuming her service from Glasgow to Ardrishaig from 1947 until 1958.

See also
List of ships built by William Denny and Brothers

Footnotes

Clyde steamers
1912 ships
TS Queen Alexandra

TS Queen Alexandra


Baur is a Karosserie or coachbuilder in Stuttgart, Germany, which has been building BMW convertibles since the 1930s. Currently, they are the body and assembly works for IVM Automotive, a member of the Ed Group. They enjoy an excellent reputation for quality and do prototype work for many manufacturers such as Porsche, Audi and Ford.

The Baur family received a patent for the design of a folding top for luxury automobiles around the time BMW was building the first car with the BMW name.

Baur was established in 1910 and produced, among others, 1,682 1600-2 Cabriolets, 2,517 2002 Cabriolets, 2,592 E110 700 Sport Cabriolets, and most of the 450 or so M1's (after Lamborghini was unable to fulfil its contractual obligations).

In 1971 they began production of the safer "Targa-style" body with the 2002. (Targa was a registered Porsche name, so they had to call it something else.) Originally an aftermarket option available through BMW dealers, the E21 3 Series TC1 was built with full factory authorization, and covered under the factory warranty. The roll-bar version or "Top Cabrio" (TC) continued with the E30 TC2 even after Baur developed the BMW E30 Convertible design for BMW, and which BMW built.

The Opel Kadett C Aero was produced from 1976 to 1978, with a Baur top. Then there was the Baur TC3 of 1987, which was stopped by the production of the BMW Z1. The cars were aimed at the same market.

Even though BMW now had its own E36 convertible, E36 Baur TC4 conversions were still available, although this iteration was based on the E36 four-door and featured fixed door frames.

The TC through TC4 cars can be built at any time, on an aftermarket basis; the owner supplies the car to be converted.

All Porsche 959s were actually produced at Baur, not at Porsche, on an assembly line with Porsche inspectors overseeing the finished bodies. Most of Porsche's special-order interior leatherwork was also done by the workers at Baur.

At one time all suspension components for the Audi Quattro suspension unique to that model were produced by robotic welding equipment at Baur.

In 2002, the Baur G-Cabrio XL, a convertible based on the Mercedes-Benz G-Class, was shown at the Geneva Auto Show.

References

External links
IVM Automotive: Baur G-Cabrio XL

Coachbuilders of Germany
BMW
Convertible top suppliers
Manufacturing companies based in Stuttgart
Manufacturing companies established in 1910
1910 establishments in Germany

Karosserie Baur


Snodgrass Tavern is an historic tavern located near Hedgesville in Berkeley County, West Virginia.  The structure was built in stages beginning around 1742, and is one of the oldest buildings in West Virginia still standing.  It is uncertain when the structure became a tavern; but according to Early Hedgesville Chronicles 1720–1947, by William Moore,  an account of Robert Snodgrass's wife, Susannah and their first daughter, baby Elizabeth describes it having been used as a tavern during the Indian wars at the brink of the French and Indian War (early to mid 1750s). Specifically, they hid beneath the floors of the tavern, while the Indians drank and fought above. The tavern lasted until 1847, when the property was sold as a private residence. The structure and surrounding property is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

History
It is unclear who built the original sections of the tavern.  One source states that in 1732, Lord Fairfax granted William Snodgrass a  tract of land in what is now Berkeley County, West Virginia, upon which he began building the tavern.  However, other sources claim John Ford began the original construction, selling the land at some point to the Rawlings family, who then sold the land to Robert Snodgrass in 1779.  Nevertheless, the Snodgrass name became associated with the tavern.  Beginning around 1742, construction of the building was begun.  The first section built was a -story square log structure of side length .  This was followed about fifteen years later by a separate two-story log structure approximately 10 feet to the west of the first structure.  Eventually these separate structures were connected, and the first section was increased to a full two stories.  Around 1813, the last addition to the tavern was added along the entire length of the northern side of the structure and was constructed from sandstone.  The building has twin  chimneys on both ends, which is considered an unusual feature in the area.  A veranda spans the full length of the building's front side.

Although the exact date when the structure became a tavern is uncertain, it is believed to have become such gradually and at an early date.  The tavern room was  by  in dimension, which was exceptionally large for tavern rooms of that era.  The tavern was located approximately halfway between Martinsburg and what is now known as Berkeley Springs.  This led to the property being referred to as the Halfway House.  The tavern lasted until 1847, when James Snodgrass, who refused to sell liquor (causing business to dwindle), began renting out the tavern and eventually sold it.  The building became a private residence, in which state it remains.

The tavern received several notable visitors throughout its existence.  George Washington visited the tavern on multiple occasions.  The first visit occurred in 1750, when Washington was surveying land for Lord Fairfax.  Another visit was recorded in Washington's diary on September 5, 1784. Washington also stopped at Snodgrass when traveling to Berkeley Springs (also known as Bath) on other occasions.  Noted politician Henry Clay visited Snodgrass Tavern while visiting friends in the area during July 1827, at which time he was the U.S. Secretary of State.

The tavern was originally listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 24, 1973.  On March 22, 2006, the property's boundaries were extended from an original area of  (the tavern itself) to .  This expansion was done to include other historic structures and sites on the property, including a slave cemetery and various outbuildings.  Snodgrass Tavern is one of the oldest buildings still standing in West Virginia.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Berkeley County, West Virginia

Footnotes

References

External links

Houses completed in 1742
Houses in Berkeley County, West Virginia
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Berkeley County, West Virginia
Stone houses in West Virginia
Drinking establishments on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
1742 establishments in Virginia
Log buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia

Snodgrass Tavern


Television Kiribati Ltd, or TV Kiribati, was the sole, state-owned service in Kiribati.

Programming
Established in 2002, it broadcast "local and foreign programmes", and was accessible only in South Tarawa (the country's capital) and in the neighbouring island-town of Betio. It provided "about one hour of local programming" on weekdays, and did not broadcast over week-ends.

Undetermined Suspension
Television Kiribati was suspended by the government in March 2013, due to "serious financial problems", and its personnel's "lack [of] expertise and knowledge in programming and production". The government announced a review to determine whether the closure should be permanent. As it was the only television service, viewers in Tarawa South were left with access to radio and newspapers as their media for information.

See also
 Media in Kiribati

References

Television stations in Kiribati
Television channels and stations established in 2004

Television Kiribati


Greenmantle is the second of five novels by John Buchan featuring the character Richard Hannay.  It was first published in 1916 by Hodder & Stoughton, London. It is one of two Hannay novels set during the First World War, the other being Mr Standfast (1919); Hannay's first and best-known adventure, The Thirty-Nine Steps (1915), is set in the period immediately preceding the war.

Plot introduction
Hannay is called in to investigate rumours of an uprising in the Muslim world, and undertakes a perilous journey through enemy territory to meet his friend Sandy in Constantinople. Once there, he and his friends must thwart the Germans' plans to use religion to help them win the war, climaxing at the battle of Erzurum.

Plot summary
The book opens in November 1915, with Hannay and his friend Sandy convalescing from wounds received at the Battle of Loos. Sir Walter Bullivant, a senior intelligence officer, summons Hannay to the Foreign Office. Bullivant briefs Hannay on the political situation in the Middle East, suggesting that the Germans and their Turkish allies are plotting to create a Muslim uprising, that will throw the Middle East, India and North Africa into turmoil. Bullivant proposes that Hannay investigate the rumours, following a clue left on a slip of paper with the words "Kasredin", "cancer" and "v.I"  written by Bullivant's son, a spy recently killed in the region.

Despite misgivings, Hannay accepts the challenge, and picks Sandy to help him. Bullivant says that American John Blenkiron will be useful. The three meet, ponder their clues, and head to Constantinople. Starting on 17 November, they plan to meet at a hostelry exactly two months later, going each by his own route – Blenkiron travelling through Germany as an observer, Sandy travelling through Asia Minor, using his Arab contacts, while Hannay goes to neutral Lisbon under a Boer guise. There, he meets by chance an old comrade, Boer Peter Pienaar, and the two, posing as anti-British exiles itching to fight for the Germans, are recruited by a German agent. Entering Germany via the Netherlands, they meet the powerful and sinister Colonel Ulrich von Stumm, and convince him they can help persuade the Muslims to join the Germans' side. Hannay has several more adventures, meeting  famed mining engineer Herr Gaudian (who later reappears in The Three Hostages), hears of the mysterious Hilda von Einem, and meets the Kaiser.

Finding Stumm plans to send him to Egypt via London, Hannay flees into the snowbound countryside, tracked by the vengeful colonel. He falls ill with malaria and is sheltered during Christmas by a poor woman in a lonely cottage. On his sickbed, he realises that the clue "v.I" on the piece of paper may refer to von Einem, the name he overheard.

Recuperated, he carries on, travelling by barge carrying armaments down the Danube, picking up with Peter Pienaar, who has escaped from a German prison, along the way. They pass through Vienna, Budapest and Belgrade, and as they travel, Hannay connects the phrase "der grüne Mantel" with something else he overheard earlier. They reach Rustchuk on 10 January, with a week to go before the rendezvous in Constantinople.

On arrival, Hannay has a run-in with Rasta Bey, an important Young Turk, and intercepts a telegram showing his trail has been detected. They travel by train, fending off an attempt to stop them by the angry Rasta Bey, and reach Constantinople with half a day to spare.

They seek out the meeting place, and are attacked by Bey and an angry mob, but rescued by a band of mysterious, wild dancing men, whom they then antagonise. Next day they return to the rendezvous, an illicit dance-room, where they find the main entertainment is none other than the wild men of the previous day. At the climax of the performance, soldiers of the Ottoman Minister of War Enver, arrive and drag Hannay and Peter away, apparently to prison, but they instead are delivered to a cozy room containing Blenkiron and the leader of the dancers – none other than the miraculous Sandy Arbuthnot.

They pool their news – Sandy has identified "Kasredin" from their clue sheet as the title of an ancient Turkish allegorical story, the hero of which is a religious leader called Greenmantle, and has heard much of a prophet known as "the Emerald", associated with the play. Blenkiron has met and been impressed by Hilda von Einem, who is in Constantinople and owns the house in which they are staying.

Blenkiron provides Hannay with a new identity, an American engineer named Hannau, and they attend a dinner party where they meet Herr Gaudian again, and Enver. Hannay encounters von Einem, and is fascinated by her; later, he is recognised by Rasta Bey, and has just knocked him out and hidden him in a cupboard when von Einem arrives. Hannay impresses her, and hears she plans to take him East with her. Sandy visits, agrees to deal with the captive Turk and provides news of his own – the clue "Cancer" means the prophet Greenmantle has the disease and is on his deathbed. Blenkiron joins them, and tells them that fighting has become heated between the Russians and the Turks, and they deduce that they will be taken toward Erzerum to help with its defence.

On the long road to Erzerum, they crash their car, and spend the night in a barn, where Hannay has a vivid dream of a hill with a saucepan-like indent in the top, Hannay notes that it is similar to a Kraal. They travel on worn-out horses, but seeing a new car by the roadside, they steal it, only to find it belongs to Rasta Bey. They make good speed, but on arrival in Erzerum, they are delivered straight to Stumm, who recognises Hannay and has them arrested. They are rescued by one of Sandy's men, steal some plans from Stumm, and escape across the rooftops.

With the battle of Erzurum booming in the background, they realise the importance of the stolen plans, and Peter Pienaar volunteers to sneak through the battle lines and deliver them to the Russians. Sandy appears, magnificently dressed, and reveals that Greenmantle is dead and that he has been chosen to impersonate him. They form a plan to flee around the side of the battle lines, and while Sandy's helper searches for horses, Pienaar starts his dangerous mission.

Pienaar has an eventful and terrifying journey across the battlefield, and Hannay and Blenkiron hide in a cellar. On the third day, they break cover, and make for safety in a wild horse ride, closely pursued by their enemies. On the verge of capture, they find the hill of Hannay's dream, and entrench there, holding the enemy at bay. Hilda von Einem arrives, and appeals to them to give up, but they refuse; she is shocked to learn Sandy is a British officer, and as she leaves, she is slain by a stray Russian shell.

Stumm arrives with artillery, and their position looks sure to be destroyed and overrun, but Stumm waits till dawn to savour his revenge. Just in time, the Russians, helped by the plans delivered by Pienaar, break through the defences and sweep towards the town. Stumm's men flee, Stumm is killed, and Hannay and Sandy meet with Pienaar to ride into the city and victory.

Principal characters
 Richard Hannay, stolid and resourceful soldier and occasional spy
 Sandy Arbuthnot, his multi-lingual friend and fellow soldier
 Peter Pienaar, a friend of Hannay from African days
 Sir Walter Bullivant, a senior intelligence man
 John Scantlebury Blenkiron, a dyspeptic American agent
 Colonel Ulrich von Stumm, a hard-headed German soldier
 Herr Gaudian, a thoughtful German engineer
 Rasta Bey, a quick-tempered Young Turk
 Hilda von Einem, a powerful German operative in Turkey. She is a femme fatale who masterminds a plot to stir up a Muslim jihad against the Allies. She has been described as a "glamorous but merciless female agent" and a "pale-blue-eyed northern goddess". Rosie White suggests that von Einem is a "trope loosely based on Mata Hari" and that she represents a "decadent, oriental sexuality".

Literary significance and criticism
The book was very popular when published, and was read by Robert Baden-Powell and by the Russian imperial family as they awaited the outcome of the revolution in 1917.

"A Mission Is Proposed", the first chapter of Greenmantle, was chosen by Graham Greene for his 1957 anthology The Spy's Bedside Book.

The book has been adapted for broadcast on BBC Radio 4. It was broadcast on BBC Radio4 Extra in two episodes on 27 and 28 August 2013, and again on 30 April and 1 May 2015, with David Robb as Richard Hannay and James Fleet as Sandy Arbuthnot, forced to be 'Greenmantle':.

Allusions/references to actual history, geography and current science
The character Sandy Arbuthnot, Hannay's resourceful polyglot friend, was based on Buchan's friend Aubrey Herbert, though some propose that he is based on Lawrence of Arabia. The character of Hannay drew on the real life military officer, Field Marshal Lord Ironside.

Following the terrorist bombings in London on July 7, 2005, the BBC cancelled its broadcast of Greenmantle as the Radio 4 Classic Serial.

According to Patrick McGilligan's 2003 biography, Alfred Hitchcock, who directed the 1935 film adaptation of The 39 Steps, preferred Greenmantle and considered filming it on more than one occasion. He wanted to film the book with Cary Grant and Ingrid Bergman in the lead roles, but Buchan's estate wanted too much money for the screen rights. The project did not materialise in Hitchcock's lifetime, and Greenmantle has yet to be filmed.

Peter Hopkirk's nonfiction work Like Hidden Fire, published in 1997, follows actual German plots to destabilise the region during World War I.  While Hopkirk draws various connections between Buchan's work and the historical events, there is no indication that Buchan had knowledge of the actual events or used them as the basis for his story. However, Lewis Einstein's book Inside Constantinople: A Diplomatist's Diary During the Dardanelles Expedition, April to September, 1915 refers to a German woman agitating the Muslim population in Constantinople, in the mode of Hilda von Einem, so this element of the story may have some factual basis.

See also
 Lost Gay Novels

Footnotes

References

External links

 "A Warning from History" - overview article by JDF Jones, exploring the contemporary significance of the publication, 16 July 2005, UK Guardian Review - General Fiction

1916 British novels
British adventure novels
Fiction set in 1915
Fiction set in 1916
Hodder & Stoughton books
Novels by John Buchan
Novels set during World War I
Scottish novels

Greenmantle


Henry Clough (1855 – 1936) was an English player of the Northumbrian pipes, or Northumbrian smallpipes. He was a miner, listing his trade as a hewer,  and he lived in Newsham, in south-eastern Northumberland. He was the father of Tom Clough, 'The Prince of Pipers'. Several previous generations of the family had also been pipers, Henry's father, 'Old Tom' (1830-1885), and grandfather Henry (1789-1842) among them. Since the instrument assumed its modern keyed form at the beginning of the 19th century, the family's playing tradition goes back unbroken to that time. There is a photograph of Henry with his son; there is also a photograph of Henry, his son Tom (III), and grandson Tom (IV) playing at Bellingham Show in 1926.

Music
Some tunes from his music manuscripts can be found on the FARNE archive, together with those of his son, and an authoritative book on the family and its music, based on the collected manuscripts, was published by the Northumbrian Pipers' Society as The Clough Family of Newsham. These sources give considerable insight into the traditional playing technique and style of the instrument.
Henry and his son were both fine solo pipers, regularly winning competitions, Henry being one of the Gold Medal winners in the Northumbrian Small Pipes Society's competitions in the 1890s. Henry was an expert duet player, both with Richard Mowat, and later with his son Tom. Henry and Tom's duet playing was said to be superb - a showpiece was Sir Sidney Smith's March; a duet setting of this tune is found in Tom's manuscripts. However Henry's playing, unlike his son's, was never recorded.

References

1855 births
1936 deaths
British performers of early music
Players of Northumbrian smallpipes
English miners

Henry Clough


The Dongfeng Fengguang 330 is a compact MPV produced by Chinese auto maker Dongfeng Sokon (DFSK), a subsidiary of Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd.

Overview

The Fengguang 330 debuted in 2014, and was launched in the Chinese auto market in 2015. The Dongfeng Fengguang 330 compact MPV seats seven in a 2-3-2 configuration with prices starting from 32,900 yuan to 44,900 yuan.

A crossover version featuring plastic black cladding body lower trim parts called the Fengguang 360 was also available in the Chinese market for the 2015 model year with prices ranging from 57,900 yuan to 74,900 yuan.

The Fengguang 360 model is available with two four-cylinder power plants. The engine options are a 1.3 liter engine with 78 hp and a 1.5 liter engine with 116 hp, both engines are mated to a 5-speed manual transmission.

The Fengguang 330 later spawned an upgraded and restyled model called the Dongfeng Fengguang 330S in 2017, sharing the main body panels while featuring redesigned front and rear DRGs.

References

External links

Fengguang 330 website

Compact MPVs
Cars introduced in 2017
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
2010s cars
Minivans
Cars of China

Dongfeng Fengguang 330


Camp Papago Park was a prisoner of war (POW) facility located in Papago Park in the eastern part of Phoenix, Arizona, United States. It consisted of five compounds, four for enlisted men and one for officers. The property now is divided between the Papago Park Military Reservation, belonging to the Arizona National Guard, a city park, residential neighborhoods and a car dealer's lot.

Called Schlaraffenland—the land of milk and honey—by its mostly U-boat-crew inmates, Camp Papago Park was very different from Axis POW camps, especially with regard to how prisoners were treated: Inmates were not required to work or study, though many chose to as a means of combating boredom (though mostly the latter, as there were only 700 volunteers for labor tasks). The camp had a theater where films were screened twice a week and the camp choir could practice. Much of this was discussed, along with anything else the prisoners who wrote The Papago Rundschau, the camp's newspaper, chose to include.

Escape

In December 1944, twenty-five POWs escaped from Camp Papago Park into the surrounding desert, among them Kapitänleutnant Hans-Werner Kraus. Originally thought to be impossible to tunnel through, the hard clay of the surrounding area turned out to be conducive to tunneling as it softened greatly when wet. Over time, the escapees dug a tunnel 176 feet long, three feet high and half as wide, without being detected. Though the guards proved easy to get past, the vast distances and desert terrain were insurmountable, resulting in most returning to the camp within a few weeks. One escapee turned himself in on seeing the camp's planned Christmas menu. Indeed, most of the escapees were aware that returning to Germany was nearly impossible and had "escaped" as more of a prank. This did not mean all had abandoned any hope of making it home, and a few of the men brought along boards they intended to fashion into a raft. This would then be used to float down the Salt River to the Gila River, which they had seen on local maps but not personally. Unfortunately for their plan, the river was not flowing at the time of their escape, and what they found was a dry arroyo instead.

When two escapees were recaptured, subsequent events further illustrated differences between Axis and Allied POW operations: The two men dined with a local customs official at his home. Later nearby residents came to see the escapees first-hand after their story appeared in the news, as did a handicapped boy looking for a game of chess.

Death at Papago Park POW Camp
Writer Jane Eppinga published (in 2017) Death at Papago Park POW Camp, a book that covers the history of the camp, including the murder of Werner Max Herschel Drechsler and subsequent executions of seven men implicated in the crime.

Eppinga said she first stumbled on the topic about two decades ago. "I was reading a military book and saw that there was a footnote about an execution at Papago Park," she said. "The more I started looking, the more involved I became in it. It's such a strange story."

There was not much information to be found at first. Eppinga said she used a Freedom of Information Act request to access court-martial papers, which she finally found in the National Archives. "I went to Washington, D.C., and actually looked at the archives and folders and got copies of the court-martial," she said.

She also spoke to members of the military, such as Captain Jerry Mason, who provided photos for the book.

During the course of her research, Eppinga said she was most surprised to see how Drechsler — who had provided German secrets to U.S. Navy authorities — was handled when he arrived to the camp. "Why the Americans didn't take better care of him is what is amazing to me... They knew that he would be recognized by his compatriots in Papago Park. He only lived about seven hours once he got to Papago Park."

Seven decades later, Eppinga said she finds that the topic of what happened at Papago Park still brings mixed reactions. "There's still feelings, if you bring it up, of what was wrong or right in the case."

See also
 Arizona during World War II
 List of POW camps in the United States
 German Prisoners of War in the United States

References

External links
 Papago Park - Phoenix Parks and Recreation Department
 Website for the book, Death at Papago Park POW Camp: A Tragic Murder and America's Last Mass Execution

World War II prisoner-of-war camps in the United States
Military facilities in Arizona
History of Phoenix, Arizona

Camp Papago Park


Hanjin-Senator was achieved by combining the container fleets of Hanjin Shipping and Senator Lines, making Hanjin-Senator the eighth largest container shipping company in the world. Hanjin was Senator's majority shareholder; the two companies are run separately but combine their fleet numbers for statistical purposes.

The German subsidiary carrier Senator Lines announced on February 4, 2009 that they would be ceasing operations due to the economic downturn.

References

See also
 Hanjin Shipping
 Senator Lines

Container shipping companies
Hanjin Group

Hanjin-Senator


Georgie Hyde-Lees (born Bertha Hyde-Lees, 1892 – 1968) was the wife of the poet William Butler Yeats.

Early life
Daughter of militia captain (William) Gilbert Hyde-Lees (1865–1909), of the Manchester Regiment, and Edith Ellen (1868–1942) known as "Nelly", daughter of barrister and manufacturer Montagu Woodmass, JP, Georgie was born in Fleet, Hampshire on 16 October 1892. Her father was regarded by her mother's family as "a most undesirable character, but 'rolling in money'", having taken up the life of a "gentleman alcoholic" on resigning his commission after receiving an inheritance from his wealthy uncle Harold Lees, of Pickhill Hall, near Wrexham, then part of Denbighshire; he was "attractive, reckless, witty, and... musical", and fond of pranks. She had an elder brother, Harold (1890-1963), who became a clergyman, with "rigid moral standards" and "a less than joyous existence", his only indulgence being "a fine collection of drawings and etchings".
When she was only a few years old her parents' marriage failed due to her father's alcoholism. He had enough income to support his family, allowing Georgie and her mother to spend "a good deal of their time" travelling in Europe, but his wife was in the awkward social position of being a "married woman without a husband". The family lived a vaguely bohemian and nomadic lifestyle, travelling frequently to country homes and spending long periods visiting relatives.

She attended a number of schools in Knightsbridge, London art schools, studied languages and classics, and piano. She became close friends with Dorothy Shakespear, who was fond of Georgie and shared many of her interests despite being six years her senior. After the death of her father in 1909 at the age of 44,  Georgie's mother married Dorothy's uncle, Henry Tucker, Olivia Shakespear's brother, and they moved to Kensington.

W. B. Yeats
Her mother often brought young musicians and artists she had recently met to Olivia Shakespear's salon, many of whom became well-known modernists, including Ezra Pound, Walter Rummel, and Frederic Manning. Georgie continued to make the rounds of country estates with her mother and Olivia and Dorothy Shakespear. It was in their company in 1910 or 1911, as a seventeen-year-old, that one morning she met Yeats at the British Museum and again that afternoon during tea at the Shakespears.

Seven years later, when she was 25 and he 52, Yeats asked Georgie to marry him. Only a few weeks earlier Iseult Gonne, the daughter of Maud Gonne whom Yeats had loved for many years, had rejected Yeats' marriage proposal. Georgie and Yeats married just three weeks later, on 20 October 1917, in a public registry office, witnessed by her mother and Ezra Pound. During the honeymoon, while Yeats was still brooding about Iseult's rejection, Georgie began the automatic writing which fascinated him. Yeats wrote about her psychography days later in what was to be A Vision, and it held the marriage together for many years. Within a year of marriage Yeats declared her name of Georgie to be insufferable, and henceforth called her George.

Personal life
The couple had two children, Anne and Michael. Georgie died on 23 August 1968.

References

Sources
 Foster, R.F. W.B Yeats: A Life. Oxford University Press, 1997.
Saddlemeyer, Ann. "George Hyde-Lees: More than a Poet's Wife". in Norman Jeffares Yeats the European. Barnes and Noble Books, 1989.

1892 births
1968 deaths
Butler Yeats family
Modernism
W. B. Yeats

Georgie Hyde-Lees


The Diocese of Osimo e Cingoli was a Roman Catholic diocese in Italy.

It was founded in 1725 from a merger of the Diocese of Osimo and the Diocese of Cingoli.  In 1986 it merged with the Diocese of Macerata-Tolentino, the Diocese of Recanati and the Diocese of San Severino to form the Diocese of Macerata-Tolentino-Recanati-Cingoli-Treia.

It was contained within the Papal States.

Bishops

Diocese of Osimo
Latin Name: Auximana
Erected: 7th Century
Giambattista Sinibaldi, (1515–1547 Died)
Cipriano Senili, (1547–1551 Died)
Bernardino de Cupis (bishop), (1551–1574 Resigned)
Cornelio Firmano, (1574–1588 Died)
Teodosio Fiorenzi, (1588–1591 Died)
Antonio Maria Gallo, (1591–1620 Died)
Agostino Galamini, (1620–1639 Died)
Girolamo Verospi, (1642–1652 Died)
Lodovico Betti, (1652–1655 Died)
Antonio Bichi, (1656–1691 Died)
Opizio Pallavicini, (1691–1700 Died)
Michelangelo dei Conti, (1709–1712 Appointed, Archbishop (Personal Title) of Viterbo e Tuscania)
Orazio Filippo Spada, (1714–1724 Died)
Agostino Pipia, (1724–1726 Resigned)

Diocese of Osimo e Cingoli
United: 19 August 1725 with the Diocese of Cingoli
Immediately Subject to the Holy See

Pier Secondo Radicati de Cocconato, (1728–1729 Died)
Ferdinando Agostino Bernabei, (1729–1734 Died)
Giacomo Lanfredini, (1734–1740 Resigned)
Pompeo Compagnoni, (1740–1774 Died)
Guido Calcagnini, (1776–1807 Died)
Giovanni Castiglione (cardinal, 1714–1815), (1808–1815 Died)
Carlo Andrea Pelagallo, (1815–1822 Died)
Ercole Dandini, (1823–1824 Resigned)
Timoteo Maria Ascensi, (1827–1828 Died)
Giovanni Antonio Benvenuti, (1828–1838 Died)
Giovanni Soglia Ceroni, (1839–1856 Died)
Giovanni Brunelli, (1856–1861 Died)
Salvatore Nobili Vitelleschi, (1863–1871 Resigned)
Michele Seri-Molini, (1871–1888 Died)
Egidio Mauri, O.P., (1888–1893 Appointed, Archbishop of Ferrara)
Giovanni Battista Scotti, (1894–5 Dec 1916 Died)
Pacifico Fiorani, (1917–1924 Died)
Monalduzio Leopardi, (1926–1944 Died)
Domenico Brizi, (1945–1964 Died)

Diocese of Osimo
Latin Name: Auximana
25 January 1985: The former Diocese of Cingoli was split from the Diocese of Osimo e Cingoli and united with the Diocese of Macerata e Tolentino, the Diocese of Recanati, and the Diocese of San Severino (-Treia) to form the Diocese of Macerata-Tolentino-Recanati-Cingoli-Treia.
Carlo Maccari, (1972–1986 Appointed, Archbishop of Ancona-Osimo)

United: 30 September 1986 with the Diocese of Ancona to form the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ancona-Osimo

References

External links
 GCatholic.org

Former Roman Catholic dioceses in Italy
Religious organizations established in 1725
Dioceses established in the 18th century
1725 establishments in the Papal States
1725 establishments in Italy

Roman Catholic Diocese of Osimo and Cingoli


Winston Arthur Foster (born 1 November 1941) is an English former professional footballer. He played more than 150 games in the top two divisions of the Football League for Birmingham City.

Born in South Yardley, Birmingham, Foster joined Birmingham City as a junior, making his first-team debut at the age of 19 as a full back. For the next three seasons he played occasionally for the first team either at full back or as Trevor Smith's deputy at centre-half, most notably in the first leg of the 1961 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final against A.S. Roma. When Smith sustained the injury that resulted in him leaving the club, Foster took over at centre half and kept his place for another couple of seasons. He was used less frequently in his last two years at the club, and spent three months on loan at Crewe Alexandra before making a permanent move to Plymouth Argyle where he ended his Football League career. He went on to play for Chelmsford City and Bromsgrove Rovers, and spent one season as Bromsgrove's assistant manager.

Honours
Birmingham City
 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup runners-up: 1960–61

Notes

References
General

Specific

1941 births
Living people
Footballers from Birmingham, West Midlands
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Birmingham City F.C. players
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
Chelmsford City F.C. players
Bromsgrove Rovers F.C. players
English Football League players

Winston Foster


Sri Radha Krishna-Chandra Temple () is one of the largest Krishna-Hindu temples in the world. It is situated in Bangalore in the Indian state of Karnataka. The temple is dedicated to Hindu deities Radha Krishna and propagates monotheism as mentioned in Chandogya Upanishad.

History
In May 1997, Bangalore ISKCON Temple was inaugurated by the ninth president of India—Shankar Dayal Sharma. The society was registered in the year 1978 under the Karnataka Societies Registration Act, 1960. The objectives of the society are derived from the Seven Purposes of ISKCON as stated by Srila Prabhupada.

About temple

Features of the temple
There is a gold-plated dhwaja-stambha (flag post) 17 m (56 ft) high and a gold plated kalash shikhara 8.5 m (28 ft) high. There is free distribution of Sri Krishna prasadam to all visitors during the darshana hours.

Shrines (altars)
ISKCON Bangalore has six shrines:

 Main deities is of Radha-Krishna
 Krishna Balrama
 Nitai Gauranga (Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and Nityananda)
 Srinivasa Govinda (also known as Venkateswara)
 Prahlada Narasimha
 Srila Prabhupada

Darshan timings
The temple is open from 4:30 a.m. to 5:00 am. The day begins with a ceremony called mangala-arati followed by worship of Tulasi Devi, Sri Narasimha Arati, and Suprabhata Seva for Sri Srinivasa Govinda. The temple again opens at 7:15 a.m. for Shringara Darshana Arati. 5:15 a.m. to 7:15 a.m.: Japa Meditation session. The temple remains open until 1:00 p.m. In the evening the temple is open from 4:15 to 8:15. During weekends and public holidays Temple timings are 4:30 a.m. to 5:00 a.m. and 7:00 a.m. to 8:30 p.m. without any break in the afternoon. The evening arati starts at 7:00 where devotees sing kirtan. In the main temple, the arati is performed by three priests. This arati is followed again by kirtan where devotees can be seen dancing to the rhythm of "Hare Krishna Hare Rama".

ISKCON Vaikuntha Hill

ISKCON Vaikuntha Hill in Bangalore is the divine destination for a visit to Lord Venkateshwara's abode. This stone temple is constructed as per traditional Shilpa shastras (designs as mentioned in scriptures) in the Dravidian style of architecture. The design and aesthetics, including the seven doors to the sanctum, are inspired by the famous Sri Venkateshwara Swamy temple in Tirumala. The deity of Lord Srinivasa is nearly the same height and has been named Sri Rajadhiraja Govinda, which means He is the King of all kings. This project is conceived and executed by the devotees of ISKCON Bangalore, in pursuance of Srila Prabhupada's desire to build a grand temple like Tirumala, on His 125th birth anniversary.

About ISKCON Sri Rajadhiraja Govinda temple
Sri Rajadhiraja Govinda Temple is surrounded by the shrines of Sri Sudarshana Narasimha, Sri Mahalakshmi, Sri Lakshmi Narasimha, Bhakta Hanuman, and Sri Garuda. A separate shrine has been constructed for Srila Prabhupada, where his Achala Shila Murti, a black stone deity, is installed. This has been done for the first time in the history of ISKCON.

Story of Vaikuntha Hill and its connection with Lord Srinivasa Govinda
The hill on which the temple resides has exceptional significance. It's related to the divine story of a muni, Shri Mandavya muni who performed very severe penance in a cave on this hill. Lord Srinivasa Govinda was very pleased with the penance. Lord wanted to grant a boon and a blessing to Shri Mandavya Muni. Lord promised him that after he married Princess Padmavathi Devi at Tirumala, he would come to the hill, where he had performed penance, to perform the Leela of vihara or honeymoon. This sacred place thus came to be known as Vasanthapura. The name Vasanthapura signifies the place where Lord Govinda had arrived for his Vasantha Vihara (spring outing).

The divine opening ceremony
The temple was inaugurated in a grand ceremony on Jun 14, 2022, by Shri Ram Nath Kovind, Former President of India. He dedicated ISKCON Sri Rajadhiraja Govinda Temple & Cultural Complex in a grand ceremony of Lokarpana on the occasion of the 125th birth anniversary of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, Founder-Acharya of ISKCON. The auspicious opening ceremony was also presided over by the Governor of Karnataka Shri Thawar Chand Gehlot, Chief Minister of Karnataka Shri Basavaraj Bommai, Member of the Legislative Assembly Shri M Krishnappa, in the august presence of His Grace Madhu Pandit Dasa, President of ISKCON Bangalore.

Festivals
ISKCON Bangalore celebrates festivals that are either related to avatars of Lord Vishnu or with Vedic culture. Main festivals that are celebrated within the temple are:
Rama Navami
Brahmotsava
Narasimha Jayanti
Panihati Chida-dahi Utsav
Ratha Yatra
Balaram Jayanti
Jhulan Utsav
Sri Krishna Janmashtami
Vyasa Puja
Sri Radhashtami
Deepotsava
Govardhan Puja
Vaikuntha Ekadashi
Nityananda Trayodashi
Gaura Poornima

Social services

ISKCON Bangalore provides free food to those in need. The Akshaya Patra Foundation is one initiative started by members of the temple, which has received praise from United States' former President Barack Obama for feeding and educating children across India.

The Akshaya Patra Foundation is principally involved in implementing the Mid-Day Meal program for children in Government and Government-aided schools across India. It follows a Public-Private Partnership model of operation and hence has been working in partnership with the Central and State Governments. It was set up in the year 2000 and runs the world's largest NGO-run Mid-Day Meal Programme. Akshaya Patra is currently operating in 27 locations across 11 states of India. It is reaching out to over 13,500 Government and Government-aided schools feeding 1.6 million children every day.

Gallery

References

Hindu temples in Bangalore
Radha Krishna temples
Tourist attractions in Bangalore

ISKCON Temple, Bangalore


A fill device or key loader is a module used to load cryptographic keys into electronic encryption machines.  Fill devices are usually hand held and electronic ones are battery operated.

Older mechanical encryption systems, such as rotor machines, were keyed by setting the positions of wheels and plugs from a printed keying list.  Electronic systems required some way to load the necessary cryptovariable data. In the 1950s and 1960s, systems such as the U.S. National Security Agency KW-26 and the Soviet Union's Fialka used punched cards for this purpose. Later NSA encryption systems incorporated a serial port fill connector and developed several common fill devices (CFDs) that could be used with multiple systems. A CFD was plugged in when new keys were to be loaded. Newer NSA systems allow "over the air rekeying" (OTAR), but a master key often must still be loaded using a fill device.

NSA uses two serial protocols for key fill, DS-101 and DS-102. Both employ the same U-229 6-pin connector type used for U.S. military audio handsets, with the DS-101 being the newer of the two serial fill protocols. The DS-101 protocol can also be used to load cryptographic algorithms and software updates for crypto modules.

Besides encryption devices, systems that can require key fill include  IFF, GPS and frequency hopping radios such as Have Quick  and SINCGARS.

Common fill devices employed by NSA include:

KYK-28 pin gun used with the NESTOR (encryption) system
KYK-13 Electronic Transfer Device
KYX-15 Net Control Device
MX-10579 ECCM Fill Device (SINCGARS)
KOI-18 paper tape reader. Can read 8-level paper or PET tape, which is manually pulled through the reader slot by the operator. It is battery powered and has no internal storage, so it can load keys of different lengths, including the 128-bit keys used by more modern systems. The KOI-18 can also be used to load keys into other fill devices that do have internal storage, such as the KYK-13 and AN/CYZ-10. The KOI-18 only supports the DS-102 interface.
AN/CYZ-10 Data Transfer Device (DTD) - a small PDA-like unit that can store up to 1000 keys, maintains an automatic internal audit trail of all security-relevant events that can be uploaded to the LMD/KP, encrypts key for storage, and is programmable. It is capable of keying multiple information systems security (INFOSEC) devices and is compatible with such COMSEC equipment as SINCGARS radios, KY-57 VINSON, KG-84, and others that are keyed by common fill devices (CFDs). The AN/CYZ-10 supports both the DS-101 and DS-102 interfaces. It was developed in the early 1990s, weighs about 4 lb (1.8 kg), and was designed to be fully compatible with future INFOSEC equipment meeting DS-101 signaling and benign fill standards. It will eventually replace the legacy family of CFDs, including the KYK-13, KYX-15 electronic storage devices, and the KOI-18 paper tape reader. Only the DTD and the KOI-18 support newer, 128-bit keys.
Secure DTD2000 System (SDS) - Named KIK-20, this was the next generation common fill device replacement for the DTD when it started production in 2006. It employs the Windows CE operating system.
AN/PYQ-10 Simple Key Loader (SKL) - a simpler replacement for the DTD.
KSD-64 Crypto ignition key (CIK)
KIK-30, a more recent fill device, is trademarked as the "Really Simple Key Loader" (RASKL) with "single button key-squirt."  It supports a wide variety of devices and keys.

The older KYK-13, KYX-15 and MX-10579 are limited to certain key types.

See also
List of cryptographic key types

References

External links
Fill devices
KYX-15 pictures

Key management
Encryption device accessories
National Security Agency encryption devices

Fill device


Clarence Birdseye (December 9, 1886 – October 7, 1956) was an American inventor, entrepreneur, and naturalist, considered the founder of the modern frozen food industry. He founded the frozen food company Birds Eye. Among his inventions during his career was the double belt freezer.

One of nine children, Birdseye grew up in New York City before heading to Amherst College and began his scientific career with the U.S. government. A biography of his life was published by Doubleday over a half century after his death.

Early life and education
Clarence Birdseye was the sixth of nine children of Clarence Frank Birdseye, a lawyer in an insurance firm, and Ada Jane Underwood. His first years were spent in New York, New York, where his family owned a townhouse in Cobble Hill. From childhood, Birdseye was obsessed with natural science and with taxidermy, which he taught himself by correspondence. At the age of eleven he advertised his courses in the subject. When he was fourteen, the family moved to the suburb of Montclair, New Jersey, where Birdseye graduated from  Montclair High School. He matriculated at Amherst College, where his father and elder brother had earned degrees. There he excelled at science, although an average student in other subjects. His obsession with collecting insects led his college classmates to nickname him "Bugs".

In the summer after his freshman year, Birdseye worked for the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in New Mexico and Arizona as an "assistant naturalist", at a time when the agency was concerned with helping farmers and ranchers get rid of predators, chiefly coyotes.

In 1908, family finances forced Birdseye to withdraw from college after his second year. In 1917, Birdseye's father and elder brother Kellogg went to prison for defrauding their employer; whether this was related to Birdseye's withdrawal from Amherst is unclear.

Birdseye was once again hired by the USDA, this time for a project surveying animals in the American West. He also worked with entomologist Willard Van Orsdel King (1888–1970) in Montana, where, in 1910 and 1911, he captured several hundred small mammals from which King removed several thousand ticks for research, isolating them as the cause of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a breakthrough.
Birdseye's next field assignment, intermittently from 1912 to 1915, was in Labrador in the Dominion of Newfoundland (now part of Canada), where he became further interested in food preservation by freezing, especially fast freezing. He purchased land at Muddy Bay, where he built a ranch for raising foxes. He was taught by the Inuit how to ice fish under very thick ice. In -40 °C weather, the Inuit also demonstrated that freshly caught fish could be then instantly flash frozen when exposed to air, and when thawed, still tasted fresh. He recognized the potential that this traditional knowledge held if it were to be employed in production since the frozen seafood sold in New York was of lower quality than the frozen fish of Labrador. This 1920s hunting trip to Canada, where he witnessed the traditional methods of the indigenous Inuit people, directly inspired Birdseye's food preserving method.

When food is frozen slowly, at temperatures near the freezing point, ice crystals form within the animal or vegetable cells; when the food thaws, cellular fluid leaks from the damaged tissue, giving the food a mushy or dry consistency. Rapid freezing, at lower temperatures, gives crystals less time to form and thus does less damage.

In 1922, Birdseye conducted fish-freezing experiments at the Clothel Refrigerating Company, and then established his own company, Birdseye Seafoods Inc., to freeze fish fillets with chilled air at −43 °C (−45 °F). In 1924, his company went bankrupt for lack of consumer interest in the product. That same year, he developed an entirely new process for commercially viable quick-freezing: packing fish in cartons, then freezing the contents between two refrigerated surfaces under pressure. Birdseye created General Seafood Corporation to promote this method.

Industrial development
In 1925, General Seafood Corporation moved to Gloucester, Massachusetts. There it marketed and sold Birdseye's newest invention, the double belt freezer, in which cold brine chilled a pair of stainless steel belts carrying packaged fish, freezing the fish quickly. His invention was issued US Patent #1,773,079, considered by some as the beginning of today's frozen foods industry. Birdseye patented other machinery which cooled even more quickly. In 1927, he patented the multiplate freezing machine which was used as the basis for freezing food for several decades.

In 1929, Birdseye sold his company and patents for $22 million (approximately $335 million in 2021 dollars) to Goldman Sachs and the Postum Company, which eventually became General Foods Corporation. General Foods founded the Birds Eye Frozen Food Company. Birdseye continued to work with the company, further developing frozen food technology. In 1930, the company began sales experiments in 18 retail stores around Springfield, Massachusetts, to test consumer acceptance of quick-frozen foods. The initial product line featured 26 items, including 18 cuts of frozen meat, spinach and peas, a variety of fruits and berries, blue point oysters, and fish fillets. Consumers liked the new products, and today this is considered the birth of retail frozen foods. The "Birds Eye" name remains a leading frozen-food brand. In 1949, Birdseye won the Institute of Food Technologists' Babcock-Hart Award. Birdseye was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2005.

Death
Birdseye died on October 7, 1956, of a heart attack at the Gramercy Park Hotel at the age of 69. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered in the sea off the coast of Gloucester, Massachusetts.

Legacy
In 2012 a book-length biography of Birdseye, Mark Kurlansky's Birdseye: The Adventures of a Curious Man, was published by Doubleday.

Birdseye inventions related to food products

References

Further reading
 "Clarence Birdseye" – Food Engineering. September 2003. p. 66.
 About.com biography
 History of Rocky Mountain Labs, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease
 Birdseye, Clarence & Eleanor G. (1951). Growing Woodland Plants. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.

External links

 Clarence Birdseye (AC 1910) Field Journals at the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections
 Clarence Birdseye biography at Birds Eye Foods web site
 List of IFT Award winners

1886 births
1956 deaths
20th-century American inventors
American food engineers
American food company founders
American food scientists
Amherst College alumni
Businesspeople from New York City
Food preservation
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Montclair High School (New Jersey) alumni
People from Montclair, New Jersey
Scientists from New York (state)
20th-century American businesspeople
Post Holdings
General Foods

Clarence Birdseye