Triumph was a Canadian hard rock band formed in 1975 that was popular in the late 1970s and the 1980s, building on its reputation and success as a live band. Between its 16 albums and DVDs, it has received 18 gold and nine platinum awards in Canada and the United States. It was nominated for multiple Juno Awards, including the 'Group of the Year Award' in 1979, 1985, 1986, and 1987. It was inducted into the Canadian Music Industry Hall of Fame in 2007, into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame in 2008, and into Canada's Walk of Fame in 2019.

Triumph is most known for its guitar-driven rock songs, such as "Lay It on the Line", "Magic Power", "Fight the Good Fight" and "World of Fantasy", although it originally earned notice for strong cover songs, like "Rocky Mountain Way". The band was formed in Toronto, and for much of its existence featured Rik Emmett (guitar, lead/backing vocals), Mike Levine (bass, keyboards, backing vocals), and Gil Moore (drums, lead/backing vocals). This line-up, which recorded the band's first nine studio albums, lasted until 1988, when Emmett left Triumph to pursue a solo career. He was replaced by Phil "X" Xenedis, and Triumph recorded their last album to date, Edge of Excess, with him before going on indefinite hiatus in 1993. The classic line-up of Moore, Levine and Emmett reunited for two live concerts in 2008, at Sweden Rock Festival and Rocklahoma, and again in 2019 for a three-song performance in Toronto.

History

Early days and first two albums (1975–1978)
Before Triumph there was a four-piece blues-based band consisting of Fred Keeler (guitar), Peter Young (organ), Mike Levine (bass) and Gil Moore (drums, vocals). This group, called Abernathy Shagnaster, signed to Canada's Attic Records in 1975 and issued the non-charting single "Hobo"/"Got To Get You Back In My Life".

Keeler and Young left the group soon after the band's first single was released and in the summer of 1975 Moore and Levine met guitarist Rik Emmett, who was playing at Toronto's Hollywood Tavern in a band called ACT III. After jamming with the pair at Moore's house in Mississauga and reviewing the group's existing contracts, Emmett agreed to join the band, now called Triumph. Triumph's first paid concert with Emmett was at Simcoe High School in September 1975.

Guitarist Emmett's songwriting style brought both progressive rock and classical music influences; most Triumph albums included a classical guitar solo piece. Moore doubled as lead singer on many of the band's heavier songs and in their later years, some softer ballads; bassist and pianist Levine produced their early albums. As with many progressive rock and heavy metal bands, Triumph's style proved unpopular with rock critics; Rolling Stone reviewers labelled them a "faceless band".

Triumph's first album (originally self-titled but later renamed In the Beginning) was released in Canada in 1976. The group's second LP Rock & Roll Machine followed in 1977 and contains a version of Joe Walsh's song "Rocky Mountain Way". Neither of these original albums were released in the United States, however, RCA Records did release a debut US album in 1978 also titled Rock & Roll Machine. This album combines songs from both Canadian releases with new artwork. "Rocky Mountain Way" received some scattered US airplay.

In February 1978 Triumph subbed in for Sammy Hagar on an FM radio-station promotion date in San Antonio, Texas, followed by a run of five shows in Texas for JAM Productions (a promoter named Joe A Miller), then toured across Canada with fellow Canadian rockers Moxy and Trooper.

On August 26, 1978, they were headliners at the Canada Jam Festival at Mosport Park, playing before a crowd of about 110,000 people.

Mainstream popularity (1979–1985)
Triumph's third album, Just a Game (1979), featured a moderate US radio hit, "Hold On", which reached No. 38 on the Billboard Hot 100. "Hold On" became a significant song in some select markets, for example, in St. Louis the song made it to No. 1 on KSHE, and KWK, album-oriented/classic rock FM radio stations. "Hold On" peaked at No. 33 on the RPM Singles chart in Canada. The second single "Lay It on the Line" received greater acceptance at album-oriented rock FM radio across the U.S. and Canada. "Lay It on the Line" received heavy FM radio airplay, and reached No. 86 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 'oldies' classic-rock format radio stations in the US, it remains the most widely played and recognized song from the Triumph catalogue. The album eventually went gold in the US.

In 1980, the album Progressions of Power was released and peaked at No. 32 in the US, reaching Gold in overall sales. Its single "I Can Survive" peaked at No. 91 on the Hot 100. That year the band performed their heavy metal show in Passaic, New Jersey; it was their first show in the New York area.

1981's Allied Forces sold over a million copies in the US, while attaining the highest chart positions any Triumph album would attain; No. 23 in the US and No. 13 in Canada. It included the songs "Fight the Good Fight" and "Magic Power", the latter of which reached no. 5 at Canada's largest Top 40 radio station, CHUM-AM in Toronto. "Magic Power" peaked at No. 14 on the national Canadian RPM Singles chart, their biggest hit in their native Canada. "Magic Power" reached No. 8 on the Billboard Mainstream Top Rock Tracks chart and No. 51 on the Hot 100, while "Fight the Good Fight" went to No. 18 on the Top Rock Tracks chart.

Never Surrender was initially released in 1982 on Attic Records in Canada, and was not released in the United States until January 1983. The album attained gold status in the US, and peaked at No. 26 on the US album chart. It saw the band's compositions take on more political overtones. Previously, Emmett had included a single political theme on each Triumph album. ("Just a Game", "Hard Road", and "Ordinary Man" portray Rik Emmett's strong populist leanings.) However, Never Surrender featured five anthems. The Jimi Hendrix-inspired riff-rocker "Too Much Thinking" even samples Ronald Reagan from one of his presidential speeches. "All the Way" (No. 2) and "A World of Fantasy" (No. 3) became Triumph's highest ever charting songs on the Top Rock Tracks chart, while the title track peaked at No. 23. The album earned gold record status in the United States (sales of 500,000 units). However, Triumph's relationship with RCA Records soured at this point; MCA Records executive Irving Azoff co-opted their debts and signed them for five albums. Following their 1984 label change, MCA took over distribution of their old catalogue for ten years. After the shift to MCA, the band began to work with outside producers, and their studio albums became increasingly difficult to replicate onstage. Triumph later added Rick Santers, a Toronto guitar and keyboard player, to support their last three tours.

Thunder Seven was released in late 1984, initially as a compact disc. Despite two hit singles and videos, "Spellbound" (No. 10 on the Top Rock Tracks chart) and "Follow Your Heart" (No. 13), the album failed to achieve expected levels of sales; cassette and vinyl formats were soon released. On Thunder Seven Emmett's lyrics addressed social concerns in an adult context and Rik Emmett and Gil Moore sang alternating vocal parts in "Follow Your Heart" and "Killing Time". Continuing in the direction of "Never Surrender", the entire second side formed a loose concept focusing on different perspectives of time with "Time Canon" mostly featuring multiple part voice harmonies. Thunder Seven became an RIAA certified gold album in 2003.

In 1985, the band released Stages, a double live set culled from the previous three tours. It also included two new songs, including "Mind Games", for which a video was filmed, but the song failed to chart in either Canada or the U.S. On June 7, 1985, Triumph was ranked #2 in Performance Magazine's 6-week period ending "Tops in Performance" list. That year the band performed with Mountain at the Prairie Capital Convention Center in Illinois.

The Sport of Kings, Surveillance and split with Rik Emmett (1986–1991)
Triumph took a more commercial turn with their 1986 studio album, The Sport of Kings. Rik Emmett's "Somebody's Out There" reached the American Top 40 in late 1986, a significant amount of radio and video exposure. Written and recorded in the 11th hour of The Sport of Kings sessions, in an attempt to deliver a hit 'single' to satisfy the demands of the record company, "Somebody's Out There" made it to No. 27 on Billboard Hot 100 during October and November 1986. "Somebody's Out There" still stands as the highest-charting song from the Triumph catalogue on the Hot 100. It also reached No. 9 on the Top Rock Tracks chart, although it did less well in Canada, only reaching No. 84 on the Singles chart there. Gil Moore's "Tears in the Rain", cut from the same cloth as "Mind Games", did not fare as well in the charts in the US, as it peaked at No. 23 on the Top Rock Tracks charts. The third single, the slow-tempo "Just One Night", which also had a video, did fairly well in Canada hitting No. 33 on the Singles chart in April 1987, but did not chart in the US. Adding Rick Santers to their line-up, Triumph toured with Swedish guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen across the United States.

In 1987, the band attempted a return to their usual style with Surveillance. While Gil Moore and Mike Levine remained firmly planted in blues-rock, Rik Emmett took a more modern progressive turn, even involving Dixie Dregs and Kansas guitarist Steve Morse. They collaborated on a dual-guitar solo for Gil Moore's angst-ridden vocal on the Emmett-penned "Headed for Nowhere". The first single released to radio stations in Canada was "Let the Light Shine On Me", which did well on certain Canadian rock stations, such as reaching number 1 at Q107 in Toronto (as the lead one or two singles on most Triumph albums since 1979 had) while reaching No. 61 on the Canadian singles chart. It did not chart in the US. The first single released to radio stations in the US, "Long Time Gone", reached number 23 on the Top Rock Tracks chart; the song did not chart in Canada. A video was released for the single "Never Say Never", but the song was not able to chart on the Top Rock Tracks chart or on the Canadian Singles chart.

The 1988 tour, during which the band members experienced growing disharmony over business decisions and artistic direction, ended with a September 3 show on the Kingswood stage at Canada's Wonderland. Later that year Emmett left Triumph and began a solo career; the three didn't perform together again for many years. Emmett's first album, Absolutely, yielded four hits in Canada. Meanwhile, Triumph released 1989's Classics as their obligatory fifth album owed to MCA Records.

Phil X-era, Edge of Excess and hiatus (1992–2006)
In 1992, the remaining members of Triumph recruited Phil Xenidis, a Canadian guitarist known for his work with Aldo Nova and Frozen Ghost. Moore was the principal songwriter and lead singer for 1992's Edge of Excess, with additional help from guitarist-producer Mladen. Rick Santers also remained on hand as touring keyboardist and singer for the 1993 North American tour, singing Rik Emmett's parts in fan favourites "Magic Power" and "Fight the Good Fight". Initial reception of the album from American radio seemed quite favourable, until Triumph's recording label, a subsidiary of Polygram, dissolved unexpectedly in 1993.

Moore and  Levine were joined by Triumph superfan Sebastian Bach of Skid Row and Phil X for a performance of "Rock & Roll Machine" at the Q107 Rock Awards on December 1, 1993.

But by the end of 1993, the remaining members of Triumph had effectively disbanded, mostly due to their record label's collapse.

In 1998 Rik Emmett resisted overtures from his former bandmates for a potentially lucrative twentieth anniversary US tour, stating he was not interested. Nevertheless, Moore and Levine purchased and acquired back their entire album catalogue from MCA and launched their own label TML Entertainment, and they continue to release live recordings and videos from their long career.

In 2003 TML released a live DVD album called Live at the US Festival originally recorded in San Bernardino, California at the US Festival in 1983. This historic festival, attracting nearly 250,000 rock fans, also featured Van Halen and The Clash. Triumph had earlier released this concert on VHS following the Never Surrender tour, featuring two videos from the forthcoming Thunder Seven album. In 2004, TML released a second DVD concert, A Night of Triumph, filmed in 1987 at Halifax Metro Centre during The Sport of Kings tour. The most comprehensive Triumph anthology, Livin' for the Weekend: Anthology, was issued in 2005. A CD of extended versions of some of the band's most popular hits called Extended Versions: Triumph was released in 2006.

In the 1980s Moore opened and operated Metalworks Studios in Mississauga, originally for Triumph's exclusive use; more recently the company has been training engineers and sound technicians for Canada's music industry.

Reunion with Rik Emmett (2007–present)
On March 10, 2007, Triumph was inducted to the Canadian Music Industry Hall of Fame in a ceremony at Toronto's Fairmont Royal York Hotel. All members of the "classic" group line-up (Emmett, Moore, Levine) were present for the event. Although there were no plans for a Triumph reunion, and Moore had taken on a full-time career at Metalworks, the band members didn't rule out future collaborations; Nick Blagona, for example, mastered Emmett's latest hard rock project, Airtime (2007), in the Metalworks mastering suite.

On April 6, 2008, Triumph was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame as part of the Juno Awards.

In 2008, Triumph's classic line-up performed live for the first time since 1988 with two reunion concerts: the first on June 7 at the Sweden Rock Festival in Solvesborg, Sweden, and the second on July 11 at the Rocklahoma music festival in Pryor, Oklahoma.

In 2011, the band reissued Allied Forces as a vinyl package for their 30th anniversary.

On July 14, 2011, Triumph Lane in Mississauga, ON, was officially dedicated in honour of the band.

On August 28, 2012, the band released a CD+DVD package of their June 7, 2008, reunion concert in Sweden titled Live at Sweden Rock Festival on Frontiers Records in Europe and on the TML label in Canada and the United States.

In 2013, Triumph was inducted into Legends Row at the inaugural ceremony held at Mississauga City Hall.

In 2016, Rik Emmett released the album RES9, which included the song "Grand Parade", on which Gil Moore played drums and Mike Levine played bass. The song is a ballad reminiscent of "Suitcase Blues" and even includes the line "Me, I'm hanging out with Johnny Walker once again."

In 2019, Triumph were named Legends Of Live at the 2019 Live Music Industry Awards at Canadian Music Week.

On November 16, 2019, Triumph performed together for the first time in eleven years at an invite-only event at Metalworks Studios in Mississauga, Ontario, where they played three songs — "When the Lights Go Down", "Lay It on the Line" and "Magic Power" — in front of approximately 300 "superfans" in attendance. This Superfan Fantasy performance was taped for the Banger Films documentary Triumph: Rock 'n Roll Machine. That same month, Triumph were inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame. When asked if the band will perform again in the future, Emmett said, "I think we're gonna try and do it every 11 years or so. That's the length of time it had been since we did a reunion in Sweden."

On September 10, 2021, Triumph: Rock & Roll Machine documentary debuted at the Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF).

Philanthropy
Since the group's inception, individually and collectively, Triumph have contributed time, energy, music, facilities, equipment and funds in support of a wide range of charitable, educational and humanitarian causes.

Triumph's largest single charitable contribution was its final appearance at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto, January 22, 1987. Staged by Gary Slaight for the "Sounds United" campaign of the United Way of Canada, Greater Toronto Division, all proceeds of $179,356.66 were donated. More recently, the trio has raised over $250,000 (and still counting) with its Signed Guitars Program. Since 2009 Triumph has signed over 100 Fender guitars and donated them to various charities for live and silent auctions, raising between $1,500 and $6,500 each. Individually, Emmett has also contributed guitars for Kids With Cancer, CNIB Ride For Sight and Barrett House Aids Hospice.

In 2011 Triumph donated their music and business archives to the University of Toronto Libraries.

Moore, Levine and Emmett have participated, together and separately, in many major fundraising events, including the latter's appearance on "Tears Are Not Enough", the Canadian music industry single for Ethiopian Famine Release in 1985, which would eventually raise over $3.5 million. Moore, along with Tom Cochrane and Rush's Alex Lifeson, and others, served on the committee which spearheaded the tsunami relief effort, Canada for Asia, in 2005.

Other causes Triumph and Metalworks have supported and/or sponsored include: MusiCounts, Rock Star for a Day Program, the Children's Wish Foundation, Canada's Walk of Fame Emerging Artist Program, Canadian Music Week National Songwriting Contests, many High School Battle of the Bands, Full Circle, Camp Rock, Bike for Betty, and Friends of We Care – Easter Seals. The state-of-the-art facilities at Metalworks Studios have also been donated many times to help causes, including the Canadian Live 8 concert, held in Barrie, Ontario on July 2, 2005.

In 1996, Triumph donated royalties from one million units of the song "Magic Power" on the certified Diamond "Oh What a Feeling: A Vital Collection of Canadian Music" compilation CD in support of the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Science and Juno Award, as they have done many times in support of charitable initiatives. Moore has participated in and donated Triumph autographed guitars to celebrity golf fundraising tournaments, Levine has bowled for TJ Martell Foundation  and Emmett regularly performs at fundraisers for many causes, including AIDS, Food Bank and Shelter benefits.

In 2013 Emmett was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012 for Community Service  and Moore was given a star on the Mississauga Music Walk of Fame for contributions to education and community support. Metalworks Production Group was given the 2014 Sam McCallion Small Business Community Involvement Award by the Mississauga Board of Trade. Metalworks Institute coordinates volunteers for Make Music Matter, a Calgary-based charity (formerly Song For Africa), by going to Africa and sharing their technological and musical training. In May 2015, Moore Received the Mississauga Arts Council, Laurie Pallett Patron of the Arts, MARTY Award for his contributions to the Mississauga arts community. In April 2016, Moore received the Mississauga Board of Trade, Lifetime Achievement Award  for his dedication to business in Mississauga and the community.

The group members have also served on various boards over the years. In 2014, Moore joined the Advisory Boards of Music Canada and CAAMA (Canadian Association for the Advancement of Music and the Arts) and Levine serves on the board of directors and advisory board for the Musicians' Rights Organization Canada (MROC). In the past Emmett has served on the Advisory Boards at Humber College and the Songwriters Association of Canada. Moore has also served on the executive board at Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Science (CARAS) as well as the Toronto Musicians Association (TMA).

Band members

Classic
 Rik Emmett – guitars, lead and backing vocals, synthesizers, keyboards, bass (1975–1988, 2008, 2019)
 Mike Levine – bass, keyboards, synthesizers, backing vocals (1975–1993, 2008, 2019)
 Gil Moore – drums, percussion, lead and backing vocals (1975–1993, 2008, 2019)

Former
 Phil X – guitar, backing vocals (1992–1993)

Touring
 Rick Santers – guitar, keyboards, backing and lead vocals (1984–1993)
 Sebastian Bach – lead vocals (special guest for one show December 1, 1993)
 Dave Dunlop – guitar, backing vocals (2008, 2019)

Session

 Laurie Delgrande – keyboards on Triumph (1976); on Rock and Roll Machine (1977); on Just a Game (1979)
 Mike Danna – keyboards on Rock and Roll Machine (1977); on Just a Game (1979)
 Beau David – backing vocals on Rock and Roll Machine (1977); on Just a Game (1979)
 Elaine Overholt – backing vocals on Rock and Roll Machine (1977); on Just a Game (1979); on Allied Forces (1981); on "Mind Games" and "Empty Inside" from Stages (1985)
 Gord Waszek – backing vocals on Rock and Roll Machine (1977); on Just a Game (1979)
 Colina Phillips – backing vocals on Rock and Roll Machine (1977); on Just a Game (1979)
 Rosie Levine – backing vocals on Rock and Roll Machine (1977); on Just a Game (1979)
 Lou Pomanti – synthesizer, keyboards, programming on Thunder Seven (1984); synthesizer, synthesizer programming, keyboards on The Sport of Kings (1986)
 Al Rogers – backing vocals on Thunder Seven (1984)
 Sandee Bathgate – backing vocals on Thunder Seven (1984)
 Dave Dickson – backing vocals on Thunder Seven (1984)
 Herb Moore – backing vocals on Thunder Seven (1984)
 Andy Holland – backing vocals on Thunder Seven (1984)
 Gary McCracken – drums on "Mind Games" from Stages (1985)
 Rob Yale – keyboards on "Mind Games" and "Empty Inside" from Stages (1985)
 Michael Boddicker (not to be confused with the major league baseball player Mike Boddicker) – synthesizer, keyboards, synthesizer programming on The Sport of Kings (1986)
 Scott Humphrey – synthesizer, keyboards, synthesizer programming on The Sport of Kings (1986)
 Johnny Rutledge – backing vocals on The Sport of Kings (1986)
 David Blamires – backing vocals on The Sport of Kings (1986)
 Neil Donell – backing vocals on The Sport of Kings (1986)
 John Roberts – newscast on "Carry on the Flame" from Surveillance (1987)
 Steve Morse – electric guitar on "Headed for Nowhere" and acoustic guitar on "All the King's Horses" from Surveillance (1987)
 Dave Traczuk – synthesizer, keyboards, programming on Surveillance (1987)
 Greg Loates – percussion, programming, effects on Surveillance (1987)
 Hugh Cooper – sound effects on Surveillance (1987)
 Joel Feeney – backing vocals on Surveillance (1987)
 Joel Wade – backing vocals, chant, choir, chorus on Surveillance (1987)
 Paul Henderson – backing vocals, chant, choir, chorus on Surveillance (1987)
 Ross Munro – choir, chorus, chant on Surveillance (1987)
 John Alexander – choir, chorus, chant on Surveillance (1987)
 Noel Golden – choir, chorus, chant on Surveillance (1987)
 Mladen Alexander – guitar on Edge of Excess (1992)

Timeline

Discography

Studio albums

 In The Beginning (Triumph) (1976)
 Rock & Roll Machine (1977)
 Just a Game (1979)
 Progressions of Power (1980)
 Allied Forces (1981)
 Never Surrender (1982)
 Thunder Seven (1984)
 The Sport of Kings (1986)
 Surveillance (1987)
 Edge of Excess (1992)

Live albums

 Stages (1985)
 King Biscuit Flower Hour (In Concert) (1996)
 Live at the US Festival (2003)
 Live at Sweden Rock Festival (2012)

Videos

 Live at the US Festival (2003)
 A Night of Triumph (2004)
 Live at Sweden Rock Festival (2012)

Compilation albums

 Classics (1989)
 Livin' For the Weekend: Anthology (2005)
 Extended Versions: Triumph (2006)
 Greatest Hits Remixed (2010)

Recognition

Album certifications

Awards

References

External links

 Triumph official website
 Rik Emmett official website
 CanadianBands.com entry
 thecanadianencyclopedia.ca entry

 Rik Emmett interview on Maximum Threshold 2008
 Gold Platinum Database Canada
 Gold Platinum Database USA
 Triumph Productions archive at the University of Toronto Media Commons

1975 establishments in Ontario
1993 disestablishments in Ontario
2008 establishments in Ontario
Attic Records (Canada) artists
Canadian hard rock musical groups
Canadian heavy metal musical groups
Canadian Music Hall of Fame inductees
Canadian musical trios
Canadian progressive metal musical groups
Canadian progressive rock groups
Juno Award winners
MCA Records artists
Musical groups established in 1975
Musical groups disestablished in 1993
Musical groups reestablished in 2008
Musical groups from Mississauga
RCA Records artists
Victory Records artists

Triumph (band)


The McFadyen–Stevens reaction is a chemical reaction best described as a base-catalyzed thermal decomposition of acylsulfonylhydrazides to aldehydes.

Dudman et al. have developed an alternative hydrazide reagent.

Reaction mechanism

The mechanism of the McFadyen–Stevens reaction is still under investigation.  Two groups have independently proposed a heterolytic fragmentation mechanism.  The mechanism involves the deprotonation of the acyl sulfonamide followed by a 1,2-hydride migration to give the alkoxide (3).  The collapse of the alkoxide results in the fragmentation producing the desired aldehyde (4), nitrogen gas, and an aryl sulfinate ion (5).

Martin et al. have proposed a different mechanism involving an acyl nitrene.

See also
 Hydrazide

References

Organic redox reactions
Rearrangement reactions
Name reactions

McFadyen–Stevens reaction


Herrenalb Abbey (; ) is a former Cistercian monastery in the present Bad Herrenalb in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

History
The monastery was founded, probably in 1147 or 1148, by Count Berthold of Eberstein as a family monastery, although the foundation charter only survives in a corrupt copy of 1270. The new monastery was settled by monks from Neubourg Abbey in Alsace.

The Vogtei (advocacy or protective lordship) was the property of the founder and his family, but the abbey had the concession that within those limits it was able to choose which individual it wanted for the role.  In 1289 the Margrave of Baden became Vogt and in 1338 the Count of Württemberg, who thenceforward retained the office despite continuing efforts of the Margraves of Baden.

The abbey owned scattered estates in the Alb valley in the northern Black Forest and round the communities of Ottersweier, Malsch (acquired 1318), Bruchsal, Oberderdingen, Vaihingen an der Enz and Merklingen (acquired 1296), among others. The abbey was however never able to concentrate its lands so as to maximise their economic potential, and never became particularly wealthy. The abbey at some stage received Reichsfreiheit as an Imperial abbey, but appears to have lost this status in 1497, with the abbey's territory being secularised to Württemberg, with Baden gaining some of the outlying villages.

It was laid waste in the German Peasants' War of 1525. After Duke Ulrich introduced the Reformation to Württemberg in 1534, the monks were forced to leave the abbey in 1536. A school was set up in the buildings in 1556 but was closed again in 1595.

Some buildings still remain of the original monastic complex, among them what appear to be the abbot's lodgings and the infirmary, besides ruins of the cloisters. The Romanesque tithe barn also still survives. Of the abbey church there are substantial remains of the Romanesque paradise (entrance porch). The Gothic choir was converted for use as a Lutheran church in 1739 and still contains many relics of its former use, including a monument to Bernard I, Margrave of Baden-Baden (died 1435, but not buried here). An impressive sculptured panel of the Crucifixion from the abbey was removed from Bad Herrenalb to Schloss Eberstein in the Murg valley in the 19th century.

List of Rulers

Abbots Prior to Immediacy Loss
 Dietrich 1148
 Ulrich 1177
 Albrecht 1186
 Siger 1216
 Walther I 1227
 Eberhard I 1240
 Walther II 1256
 Konrad I von Eberstein 1262
 Matthias 1284
 Marquard I 1292
 Heinrich I 1313
 Rudger 1317
 Berthold 1326
 Eberhard II 1329
 Heinrich II 1335
 Ruprecht 1344
 Marquard II 1366
 Heinrich III 1400
 Konrad II 1406
 Heinrich IV von Magstatt 1427
 Johann I von Derdingen 1454
 Johann II von Horba 1466
 Johann III von Udenheim 1468
 Nikolaus von Obernrode 1471
 Bartholomeus von Richtenberg 1486
(1497 Imperial Immediacy revoked)

References and external links

 Rückert, Peter; Schwarzmaier, Hansmartin: 850 Jahre Kloster Herrenalb. Stuttgart 2001,
  Herrenalb Abbey in the database of Abbeys of Baden-Württemberg in the State Archives of Baden-Württemberg
  Account of the abbey on the website of the Lutheran parish of Bad Herrenalb
  Abbey history on the website of the Roman Catholic parish of Bad Herrenalb

Imperial abbeys
Cistercian monasteries in Germany
Monasteries in Baden-Württemberg
Religious organizations established in the 1140s
1140s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1147 establishments in Europe
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
Buildings and structures in Calw (district)

Herrenalb Abbey


The Bruce Vento Nature Sanctuary is a city park in the Mississippi River corridor in Saint Paul, Minnesota. Just east of the city's downtown district, the sanctuary includes towering limestone and sandstone bluffs that date back more than 450 million years, spring-fed wetlands, abundant bird life, and dramatic views of the downtown Saint Paul skyline and Mississippi River. The park was opened to the public on May 21, 2005, and was named after its early supporter U.S. Representative Bruce Vento.

History
The sanctuary has a rich ecological and human history. Once a floodplain where Phalen Creek and Trout Brook flowed together into the Mississippi River, the land was used and valued by Native people for thousands of years, and was home to Wakan Tipi (Spirit House), a sacred Dakota site also known as Carver's Cave, after explorer and writer Jonathan Carver. When the land that included today's Saint Paul was ceded to England after the French and Indian War, Carver was dispatched by England to explore the new colonial possession. He traveled up the Mississippi River, and encountered the Dakota on the bluffs in Saint Paul and Wakan Tipi on November 14, 1766. His discovery of the cave and the Dakota led him to explore the spiritual site, describing in detail, "The rock at the entrance of the cave is of lightish gray colour and very soft like the grit of a grindstone. I found many strange heiroglyphycks cut in the stone some of which was very ancient and grown over with moss. On the stone I marked the arms of the King of England." Carver's recorded explorations later became a book, Travels through the Interior Parts of North America (1778), and he gave the landmark his own name. The book's popularity made Wakan Tipi an attraction for early settlers, but the cave was lost after falling limestone and debris covered its entrance.

In 1837, the Dakota ceded their lands east of the Mississippi River (35 million acres) after the early American expansion of the 1830s. Fourteen years later, the Mdewakanton Dakota ceded their lands west of the river for reservations up to the Minnesota River. After the Dakota were forced to leave, European immigrants took over the land and cultivated it, leading to industrial expansions. The North Star Brewery was built into the bluff in 1853 and later became Jacob Schmidt's first brewery.  In the 1880s the land was claimed for industrial use, resulting in the expansion of railroads and the destruction of the Wakan Tipi petroglyphs.

Abandoned in the 1970s, the  of land were purchased through a broad partnership, and became a Saint Paul park in 2005. An additional  of adjacent industrial land were purchased and added to the park in 2008. The sanctuary's floodplain forests, oak woodlands, prairies and other native ecosystems are being carefully restored and the park has gained state and national recognition for its combination of ecological and cultural resources — and for the community involvement in its transformation.

Management
Owned and operated by the City of Saint Paul, the sanctuary lies within the National Park Service's Mississippi River and Recreation Area.  The Lower Phalen Creek Project, an active community-led partnership, assists with ongoing restoration, volunteer activities and interpretation in coordination with Historic Saint Paul. The Trust for Public Land led acquisition efforts and interns from the Community Design Center of Minnesota's East Side Youth Conservation Corps work to restore the site's ecology and act as student naturalists. Neighborhood organizations, including the Dayton's Bluff Community Council and Friends of Swede Hollow, are closely involved in the sanctuary and the adjacent Swede Hollow Park.

Planned efforts include a direct pedestrian/bicycle trail connection to the Mississippi River and redeveloping the land adjacent to the sanctuary for an interpretive center and other park-related use.

See also
Bruce Vento Regional Trail

References

External links
Mississippi River and Recreation Area
Lower Phalen Creek Project
Saint Paul Department of Parks and Recreation Bruce Vento Nature Sanctuary Information
Friends of Swede Hollow
Historic Saint Paul
Community Design Center of Minnesota
Trust for Public Land
Dayton's Bluff Community Council
Capitol River Council

2005 establishments in Minnesota
Mississippi National River and Recreation Area
Nature reserves in Minnesota
Parks in Saint Paul, Minnesota
Protected areas established in 2005
Protected areas on the Mississippi River

Bruce Vento Nature Sanctuary


A population cycle in zoology is a phenomenon where populations rise and fall over a predictable period of time. There are some species where population numbers have reasonably predictable patterns of change although the full reasons for population cycles is one of the major unsolved ecological problems. There are a number of factors which influence population change such as availability of food, predators, diseases and climate.

Occurrence in mammal populations
Olaus Magnus, the Archbishop of Uppsala in central Sweden, identified that species of northern rodents had periodic peaks in population and published two reports on the subject in the middle of the 16th century.

In North America, the phenomenon was identified in populations of the snowshoe hare. In 1865, trappers with the Hudson's Bay Company were catching plenty of animals. By 1870, they were catching very few. It was finally identified that the cycle of high and low catches ran over approximately a ten-year period.

The most well known example of creatures which have a population cycle is the lemming. The biologist Charles Sutherland Elton first identified in 1924 that the lemming had regular cycles of population growth and decline. When their population outgrows the resources of their habitat, lemmings migrate, although contrary to popular myth, they do not jump into the sea.

Mouse plagues in Australia happen at intervals of about four years.

Other species
While the phenomenon is often associated with rodents, it does occur in other species such as the ruffed grouse. There are other species which have irregular population explosions such as grasshoppers where overpopulation results in locust swarms in Africa and Australia.

Relationships between predators and prey

There is also an interaction between prey with periodic cycles and predators. As the population expands, there is more food available for predators. As it contracts, there is less food available for predators, putting pressure on their population numbers.

Length

Each population cycle tends to last as long as a species' life expectancy (i.e. lemmings, rabbits and locusts)

See also
 Population dynamics

References

Online references
 Hutchinson Encyclopaedia article
 University of Minnesota Extension Service article on wildlife populations containing a section on population cycles
 Paper by Baltensweiler, W. & Fischlin, A., 1988. The larch bud moth in the Alps

Other references
 Encyclopædia Britannica Online 25 August 2005 "Population Ecology" article section on Population Cycles
Errki Korpimaki and Charles J Krebs "Predation and Population Cycles of Small Mammals" Bioscience November 1996  Volume 46, Number 10

Further reading

 Alan Berryman, Population Cycles, Oxford University Press US, 2002

Population

Population cycle


Austrostipa is a primarily Australian genus of plants in the grass family, commonly called speargrass.

The genus includes species formerly included in the genus Stipa. All known species are native to Australia, most of them found nowhere else. One species (A. variabilis) is, however, found in South Africa as well as in Australia, and two species (A. setacea + A. stipoides) are native to Australia and New Zealand. The group likely originated in Australia approximately 20 million years ago.

 Species

References

Bunchgrasses of Australasia
Poaceae genera

Austrostipa


Traba or Trąba may refer to:

People
House of Traba, a medieval Galician noble family
Froila Vermúdez de Traba (died 1091)
Pedro Fróilaz de Traba (fl. 1086–1126)
Fernando Pérez de Traba (fl. c.1090–c.1155)
Bermudo Pérez de Traba (died 1168)
Rodrigo Pérez de Traba (fl. 1111–c.1160)
Gonzalo Fernández de Traba (died 1160)
Teresa Fernández de Traba (died 1180)
Fernando González de Traba (fl. 1159–1165)
Gómez González de Traba (fl. 1164–1209)
Mikołaj Trąba (1358–1422), Polish prelate
Marta Traba (1930–1983), Argentine art critic
Robert Traba (born 1958), Polish historian

Places
Galicia
San Miguel de Filgueira de Traba, a parish (parroquia) in the council (concello) of Oza-Cesuras in the county (comarca) of Betanzos
Santa María de Traba, a parish in the council of Coristanco in the county of Bergantiños
Santiago de Traba, a parish in the council of Laxe in the county of Bergantiños
Ponte de Traba, a place in the parish of Noia in the council of the same name
Traba, Araño, a place in the council of Rianxo
Traba, Xallas de Castriz, a place in the council of Santa Comba
Traba (river)

Poland
Trąba, Greater Poland Voivodeship, a settlement in Poland

Traba


George Frederick Street Berton (December 10, 1808 – January 31, 1840) was a lawyer from Burton Parish in Sunbury County, New Brunswick.

Berton began his brief legal career in a province where his family and a close circle of friends dominated the profession. As an example, one grandfather, Samuel Denny Street, was the province's first lawyer. Another relative, George Duncan Ludlow, was the province's first chief justice. Three uncles were lawyers. They were George Frederick Street, John Ambrose Street and Alfred Locke Street.

Berton is recognized as having led the legal profession in New Brunswick through a period of rapid advancement toward becoming a fully professional body. He did this largely by his efforts in the area of statute consolidation  coupled with the development and publishing of law reports.

References

External links
 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

1808 births
1840 deaths
Lawyers in New Brunswick

George Frederick Street Berton


My Name Is Puck (Swedish: Puck heter jag) is a 1951 Swedish comedy film directed by Schamyl Bauman and starring Sickan Carlsson, Karl-Arne Holmsten and Naima Wifstrand. It was shot at the Centrumateljéerna Studios in Stockholm. The film's sets were designed by the art director Bibi Lindström.

Cast
 Sickan Carlsson as 	Puck Andersson
 Karl-Arne Holmsten as 	Roger Lindman
 Naima Wifstrand as 	Agneta Lindman
 Marianne Löfgren as 	Louise Haglund
 Anne-Margrethe Björlin as 	Elsa Ringschiöld
 John Botvid as Fredrik Göransson
 Jan Molander as 	Dr. Stellan Nilsson-Brosk
 Povel Ramel as 	Malte Jonsson
 Harriet Andersson as 	Dockie
 Hilma Barcklind	as	Mrs. Ringschiöld
 Josua Bengtson as 	Morbror Orvar
 Gösta Cederlund as 	Karl-Gustaf Ringschiöld
 Mona Geijer-Falkner as 	Fru Göransson
 Inga Hodell	as	Fru Strömberg
 Sven Holmberg as 	Police Constable
 Ludde Juberg as 	Jansson
 Aurore Palmgren as 	Lotten the Maid
 Olav Riégo as 	Art Dealer
 Ulla-Carin Rydén as 	Märta
 Bellan Roos as 	Miss Johansson
 Rune Stylander as 	Doctor
 Agda Helin as 	Woman in Tobacco Store

References

Bibliography
 Per Olov Qvist & Peter von Bagh. Guide to the Cinema of Sweden and Finland. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000.

External links

1951 films
1951 comedy films
Swedish comedy films
1950s Swedish-language films
Films directed by Schamyl Bauman
1950s Swedish films

My Name Is Puck