Nanyang Polytechnic (NYP) is a post-secondary education institution and statutory board under the purview of the Ministry of Education in Singapore.

Established in 1992, NYP is renowned for its digital media, infocomm, and nursing programmes.

History
Nanyang Polytechnic (NYP) was established on 1 April 1992 and enrolled its first batch of students for its School of Health Sciences and School of Business Management in July 1992. The School of Engineering and the School of Information Technology were opened in July 1993.

The French-Singapore Institute, German-Singapore Institute and the Japan-Singapore Institute were transferred from the Economic Development Board to the Polytechnic in February 1993.

NYP originally operated from five temporary campuses (Bukit Merah and Tiong Bahru: School of Business; Jurong: School of Engineering; Outram: School of Nursing; Yishun: School of Engineering and School of Information Technology) before moving to its permanent home in Ang Mo Kio in April 1998.

In April 2021, the School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCL) was rebranded to the School of Applied Science. That same year, the School of Design and the School of Interactive & Digital Media merged to form the School of Design & Media.

Mr Chan Lee Mun took over as Principal and CEO in August 2007; Mr Lin Cheng Ton went on to head NYP International.

Ms Jeanne Liew took over as Principal and CEO in July 2015.

Facilities
Nanyang Polytechnic is situated beside Yio Chu Kang MRT station. The polytechnic houses blocks for administration, recreational, student development purposes and staff accommodation. Facilities include a fully computerised library, laboratories, a theatre for the Arts and an auditorium. Retail outlets on campus provide a variety of food and beverage as well as other leisure items.

Sports facilities include an adventure challenge park, track and field, gym, tennis courts and rock-climbing walls. There is also an indoor air-conditioned sports hall for badminton, table tennis and basketball. An Olympic-sized swimming complex is located beside the sports hall.

Organisation
Nanyang Polytechnic has six academic schools, offering a variety of courses.

 School of Applied Science (SAS)
 School of Business Management (SBM)
 School of Design & Media (SDM)
 School of Engineering (SEG)
 School of Health & Social Sciences (SHSS)
 School of Information Technology (SIT)

School of Applied Science
The Nanyang Polytechnic School of Applied Science (NYP SAS) organises field trips to pharmaceutical plants and research institutes to provide learning experiences for students.

The school provides industrial attachment programmes in which students can gain first-hand learning experience of the life science industry before they graduate. Opportunities for attachment to companies overseas are also available under the Overseas Industrial Placement Programme.

School of Business Management
The Nanyang Polytechnic School of Business Management (NYP SBM) simulates a modern "Teaching Enterprise" environment that is in tune with the latest developments in the real business world.

Students have opportunities to work in an actual business environment and study key business modules in the first two years, before specialising in the second and final year of study.

School of Design & Media
The Nanyang Polytechnic School of Design & Media (NYP SDM) provides training in architecture, product and motion design, digital media, animation and game development.

School of Engineering
The Nanyang Polytechnic School of Engineering (NYP SEG) has a practice-oriented learning environment focusing on creating, designing, implementing and operating engineering systems and solutions.

School of Health & Social Sciences
The Nanyang Polytechnic School of Health & Social Sciences (NYP SHSS) is an established school where learners can gain the knowledge and skills to become healthcare and social service professionals.

School of Information Technology
The Nanyang Polytechnic School of Information Technology (NYP SIT) is one of the founding schools of Nanyang Polytechnic and started in July 1993. It offers a contextual teaching and learning approach where students can work full-time on projects; taking theoretical concepts and turning them into real-world solutions.

Recognition

Nanyang Polytechnic has won many awards and recognitions. These include:
 Work-Life Achiever Award (2012)
 Singapore Quality Award (2011)
 Public Service Achievement Award (2010)
 Innovation Excellence Award (2009)
 SHRI Leading HR Practices in E-Human Resource Management Award (2009)
 Hewitt Best Employer Award (2009)
 BCA Green Mark Platinum Award (2005)
 ASEAN Energy Efficiency and Conservation Best Practices Competition (2004)
 ISO9001:2000 Certification (2001)
 ISO9001 Certification (2000)
 ISO14001 Certification (1999)
 ISO9002 Certification (1996)

Student achievements
Nanyang Polytechnic has many students who have achieved success at both national and international levels. Some accolades include:

 2013 WorldSkills Leipzig
 2 golds, 3 medallions for excellence
 Federation of International Robot-soccer Association RoboWorld Cup 2012
 7 gold, 3 silver and 2 bronze, the world record for 6-metre sprint
 SLA Spatial Challenge 2012
 Champions
 2012 WorldSkills Singapore
 21 medals
 Tan Kah Kee Young Inventors' Award 2012
 7 awards
 2012 National InfoComm Competition
 Champions
 2010 WorldSkills Global
 2 golds, 1 bronze and 3 medallions for excellence

Notable alumni

Entertainment
 Romeo Tan, Mediacorp actor
 Carrie Wong, Mediacorp actress
 Chantalle Ng, Mediacorp actress
 Hossan Leong, Singaporean actor
 Vanessa Peh, Miss Singapore World 2018
 Anupama Aura Gurung, Miss Nepal Earth 2011
 Ethan Ng, Mr International Singapore 2023

Sports
† = deceased
 Hariss Harun, footballer and captain of the Singapore national team
 Lionel Lewis, former Singapore national team footballer
 Helena Wong, Singaporean weightlifter
 Reuben Kee†, Singaporean dragon boat paddler

References

External links

Polytechnics in Singapore
Statutory boards of the Singapore Government
Educational institutions established in 1992
Education in Singapore
Schools in Ang Mo Kio
Nursing schools in Singapore
Education in North-East Region, Singapore
1992 establishments in Singapore

Nanyang Polytechnic


Basque pelota called Pelota in Spanish, pilota in Basque and Catalan, or pelote in French  is the name for several sports played with a ball using one's hand, a racket, a wooden bat or a basket, against a wall  or with two teams face to face separated by a line on the ground or a net. Their roots can be traced to the Greek and other ancient cultures, but in Europe they all come from real tennis (see Jeu de paume). Today, Basque Pelota is played in several countries: in Spain and France, specially in the Basque Country and its neighbour areas and in Latin American countries like Argentina, Chile, Uruguay,  Cuba and some parts of the United States.

The International Federation of Basque Pelota has made rules for the 14 different sorts of pelota.  Two are for both women and men, and 12 just for men.

People bet on the results of the games.

The players are called pelotari.

Similar games

 Gaelic handball
 Valencian pilota
 Valencian frontó

References

Other websites

 International Federation of Basque Pelota
 http://www.manista.com/
 "The History of Basque Pelota in the Americas"  by Carmelo Urza
 Pelota vasca in the Spanish-language Auñamendi Encyclopedia, with sections on the game and history.
1959's film Thunder in the Sun in IMDb

Sports

Basque pelota


A no true Scotsman fallacy, or appeal to purity, is a fallacy where the one arguing says or writes that all people belonging to a certain group have the same trait, and those in that group who do not share that trait are not really part of that group. The name comes from an example made up by Anthony Flew.

"No true Scotsman puts brown sugar on his porridge. The fact that Angus MacGregor puts brown sugar on his porridge just proves that he's no true Scotsman!"

The word "Scotsman" can really be replaced with any group a person is talking about.

Another example is, "Any Chinese who cannot make dumplings is not really Chinese," or "You could not be from the South. No Southerner I know would ever turn down a glass of sweet tea."

For the argument to not be a fallacy, the thing being talked about must have a trait that excludes themselves from the category.

One argument that is not a no true Scotsman fallacy is "Janice is not really a vegetarian because I saw her eat a chicken sandwich yesterday." Vegetarians, by definition, are people who do not eat meat. Since Janice ate a chicken sandwich, a meal that has meat in it, Janice is therefore not a vegetarian.

Another argument that is not a fallacy is "Jim is not an atheist because he believes that there could be a god or gods". Since the definition of an atheist is someone who fully believes that there is no god or gods, Jim therefore cannot be an atheist because he does not fully believe that god or gods do not exist. However, Jim could be an agnostic, someone who is does not know for sure whether or not god or gods exist.

Another argument that is a fallacy is "Darcy is not really a Democrat because she is against abortion." Even though most Democrats are for some levels of abortion, not all people who vote for Democrats are for abortion. Darcy might agree with the Democratic Party on other issues, like having a higher minimum wage or spending less money on the military, but disagreeing on one issue does not automatically make her not a Democrat. In fact, most people who vote for certain political parties will not agree with their party on every issue, but they will agree on the issues that are most important to themselves.

On the other side, saying "to be Christian is to be Republican" is also a fallacy. Although in America, a higher number of Christians vote for Republicans, there are also many Christians who vote for Democrats. There are also many non-Christians such as atheists, Muslims, Hindus, Jews, etc., who vote for Republicans.

References

Logical fallacies

No true Scotsman


Katherine Mary Humble (born 12 December 1968) is an English television presenter and narrator, mainly working for the BBC, specialising in wildlife and science programmes. Humble served as president of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) from 2009 until 2013. She is an ambassador for the UK walking charity Living Streets.

Early life and education
Born in Wimbledon, London, to IBM employee Nick Humble and Diana (née Carter), she is the granddaughter of Bill Humble, a well-known pre-Second World War aviator. She is also the great-great-great granddaughter of Joseph Humble, colliery manager of Hartley Colliery at the time of the Hartley Colliery disaster. She has a brother. She grew up in Bray in Berkshire and attended the Abbey School in Reading. She later said of her schooling:

After leaving school she travelled through Africa from Cape Town to Cairo, doing various jobs including waitressing, driving safari trucks and working on a crocodile farm. She has returned to Africa many times since. In 1994, she travelled around Madagascar, the subject of her first article for The Daily Telegraph travel section. Since then she has written articles about diving and cycling in Cuba, an 'exploding' lake in Cameroon and hippopotamus conservation work in Ghana.

Career
In 1990, Humble appeared for the first time as an actress in a TV production, Spymaker: The Secret Life of Ian Fleming, and was credited as "Lauren Heston … The redhead". She was the assistant to a casting director who was looking for an actress to play a brief nude scene, and she got the job herself.

Humble started her television career as a researcher, later transferring to presenting programmes such as Top Gear, Tomorrow's World and the 2001 series The Holiday Programme – You call the shots where the team travelled the world doing whatever viewers recommended using the then-novel media of text messaging and emailing the team as they travelled.

Humble has specialised in presenting wildlife programmes, including Animal Park, Springwatch and Autumnwatch with Bill Oddie, Simon King, Chris Packham and Martin Hughes-Games and later, Wild in Africa and Seawatch.

From 2000 to 2005, she presented a BBC series called Rough Science, in which a number of scientists were set various challenges to be solved using basic tools and supplies.

Humble presented The Blue Planet Live! on the 2008 UK tour at Wembley Arena, St David's Hall in Cardiff and at Symphony Hall in Birmingham.

Her BBC television series, The Hottest Place On Earth, is a record of a month spent living with the Afar people in Ethiopia's hostile Danakil Depression.

She occasionally performs on the lecture circuit with a show based on her experiences with wildlife, titled Harassed by Hippos and Battered by Cod: A Humble Way to Make a Living.

On 16 February 2009, she made her first appearance in Countdown'''s Dictionary Corner.

She founded the web site Stuff Your Rucksack that helps organisations around the world find the items they need by matching them with travellers.

On 29 July 2009, Humble was the subject for the programme Who Do You Think You Are? where she discovered that she had family connections to the Hartley Colliery disaster. Her paternal grandfather Bill Humble was a test pilot who tested the Hawker Tempest and her maternal grandfather Stan Carter was an officer in the RAF and after being shot down was held as a prisoner of war in Stalag Luft III at the time of "The Great Escape".

In August 2009, Humble presented a series of programmes for the BBC in which she made a two thousand mile journey across the Middle East, following the ancient frankincense trade route of Arabia which first connected the Arab world with the West. The series culminates in her presenting frankincense, that she has carried throughout the journey, to be used in a Christmas service at the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem.

On 3 October 2009, Humble was appointed president of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. In 2013, Humble was succeeded as President of the RSPB by Miranda Krestovnikoff.

In 2010, Humble described being on holiday in the north-eastern region of Afghanistan where there were no signs of conflict, but where the Wakhi people were expected to be hostile. Instead, Humble said they were "amongst the most astonishing, hospitable, warm, genuine people" she has ever met. They were also hard and tough, and Humble believes that "if anyone thinks they are going to win a war against an Afghan they are insane!" She is writing about her experiences in Afghanistan for a forthcoming publication.

From 3 to 7 May 2010 she appeared as the dictionary corner guest on Countdown.

In February 2011, Humble presented a three-part series of programmes, The Spice Trail, on the trail of six of the world's most valuable spices revealing their history, trade, mythology and usage.

In March 2012, she co-presented with Dr Helen Czerski a three part BBC series, Orbit. In July, Humble co-presented Volcano Live with Professor Iain Stewart.

In 2017 Humble presented the BBC Two documentary series Extreme Wives with Kate Humble. In the first episode she visited the Kuria people in Kenya and explored issues of polygamy and female genital mutilation. In the second episode she spoke to members of the Haredi orthodox Jewish community in Jerusalem. The third episode meets the matrilineal community of Shillong in the Indian state of Meghalaya. In 2018 she became president of the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust.

Humble's book, Thinking on My Feet: The small joy of putting one foot in front of another, was shortlisted for the 2019 Wainwright Prize.

In November 2020 she was included in the BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour Power list 2020.

 Personal life
Humble is married to the television producer Ludo Graham. Their families were friends, and they first met when she was aged 16 and he 23. They married in Newbury, Berkshire, in 1992, when she was 23. In 2007, they moved from Chiswick, West London, to the village of Trellech in the Wye Valley, where they had wanted to live for "a very long time". Humble now owns her own farm after working on Lambing Live. She has a sheep called Humble, named after her, that currently lives with her friend and colleague Adam Henson.

Humble reacted to public criticism on ITV's Lorraine about her lack of intent to have children stating that "I don't want them, I've never wanted them".

Humble is a naturist who "likes to get closer to nature by being naked". About being naked, she says "There's something joyous about it, and I urge everyone to try it".

Humble is an honorary graduate of the Open University. She is a beekeeper and a member of the British Beekeepers Association.

 Works

 Television

 Holidays Out (1997)
 Holiday (1998–2000)
 The Essential Guide to Rocks (1998)
 Holiday: Fasten Your Seat Belt '98 (1998)
 Top Gear Waterworld (1998)
 Holiday Snaps (1999–2001)
 Webwise (1999)
 Top Gear (1999–2000)
 Holiday on a Shoestring (2000–2001)
 Esc@pe (2000)
 Chef SOS (2000)
 Countryfile (2000–2004)
 Animal Park (2000–2009, 2016—)
 Rough Science (2000–2005)
 Holiday: You Call The Shots (2001–2003)
 Ever Wondered: Colour – Blissfully Blue (2001)
 Ever Wondered: Extremes – Surviving Antarctica (2001)
 Rolf's Amazing World of Animals (2001)
 City Hospital (2001–2004)
 Tomorrow's World (2002)
 The Abyss: Live (2002–2003)
 Restoration (2003; series 1 final)
 The Murder Game (2003)
 Wild In Your Garden (2003)
 Test Your Pet (2004)
 Britain Goes Wild with Bill Oddie (2004)
 Amazon Abyss (2005)
 Animal Park – Wild in Africa (2005–2006)
 Springwatch (2005–2011)
 Best of Springwatch with Bill Oddie (2005)
 Autumnwatch (2006–2010)
 Seawatch (2006)
 The One Show (2006)
 Climate Change: Britain Under Threat (2007)
 Animal Park – Wild on the West Coast (2007)
 Pacific Abyss (2007)
 Ultimate Caving (2007)
 Britain's Lost World (2007)
 One Man and His Dog (2008)
 The Hottest Place on Earth (2008)
 Who Do You Think You Are? (29 July 2009)
 The Frankincense Trail (2009)
 Lambing Live (2010–2014)
 Birds Britannia (2010)
 The Spice Trail (2011)
 Orbit: Earth's Extraordinary Journey (2012)
 Winterwatch (2012)
 Volcano Live (2012)
 Airport Live (2013)
 Wild Shepherdess with Kate Humble (2013)
 The Secret Life of the Sun (2013)
 Kew On A Plate (2014)
 Kate Humble: Into the Volcano (2015)
 Wild Things (2015)
 Building Cars Live (2015)
 Let's Play Darts (2016)
 Chinese New Year: The Biggest Celebration on Earth (2016)
 Curious Creatures (2017)
 Extreme Wives with Kate Humble (2017)
 Back to the Land with Kate Humble (2017)
 Kate Humble: Off the Beaten Track (2018)
 Curious Creatures (2018)
  A Country Life for Half the Price with Kate Humble (2020)
 Escape To The Farm (2020–)
 Kate Humble's Coastal Britain (2021)
 Kate Humble: Good Life, Green Life'' (2021)

Books

References

External links

 BBC homepage of Kate Humble

 Online chat with Kate on her "Holiday – You Call The Shots" experiences
 Guardian interview on SeaWatch series
 Humble's charity Stuff Your Rucksack

1968 births
Living people
English naturalists
English television presenters
BBC television presenters
People from Bray, Berkshire
People from Wimbledon, London
People from Monmouthshire
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds people
People educated at The Abbey School
British naturists
Top Gear people
Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust

Kate Humble


Sun Yingjie (; born January 19, 1979, in Sujiatun, Shenyang, Liaoning) is a Chinese female long-distance runner who competes in events ranging from 5000 metres to the marathon. She rose to prominence by winning two gold medals at the 2002 Asian Games. In 2003, she won a bronze medal in the 10,000 metres at the World Championships in Paris. She won two golds at the 2003 Asian Athletics Championships and won the Beijing Marathon in an Asian record time that year.

She represented China at the 2004 Athens Olympics, reaching the top eight in the 5000 m and 10,000 m finals, and set a national record to win the gold at the 2004 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships. The following year Sun ran at the 2005 World Championships and won the Beijing Marathon for a second time. Two days after her win, she won a silver medal at the 2005 National Games of China, but failed a drug test. A former training partner confessed in court to spiking her drink with androsterone, but she still received a two-year ban from the sport. She returned to competition in 2008 but was far from her best form and did not qualify for the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Sun Yingjie has an easily recognizable running style where her arms are almost completely extended and point straight down.

Career

Marathon success and world medallist
From 1997 to 2000, Sun Yingjie focused on marathons. Her major marathon debut was in the Chinese National Games in October 1997 where she finished 10th (2:32:43). In 1998, she ran her first sub-2:30 race in National Championships in Tianjin (2:25:45). In 1999, she came in 12th (2:30:12) in Seville.

In 2001, after finishing third and second in 5000 m (15:02.70) and 10,000 m (31:49.47), respectively in 2001 Chinese National Games, she expanded into the shorter races. In the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, she achieved double wins in both 5000 m (14:40.41) and 10,000 m (30:28.26). Her 10,000m winning time ranked second in 2002 world list.

During the 2003 World Championships she achieved her greatest success when she won the bronze medal in 10,000 metres (30:07.20). The race was considered the fastest women's 10,000m race in history in that the top four finishers ran times that ranked 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th fastest of all time. Two continental records, five national records and the world junior record were also broken in this race. Sun led most of the race and was only overtaken by Ethiopian runners in the last lap. She also finished 9th in 5000 m in a respectable time of 14:57.01 during the same competition.

In October 2003, she became the first Chinese woman and fourth woman in the world to break the 2 hour 20 minute time in a women's marathon when she won her second Beijing Marathon at 2:19:39 which was also a former Asian best.

In 2004, Sun had a disappointing debut in Olympic Games in Athens where she finished 8th in 5000 m (15:07.23) and 6th in 10,000 m (30:54.37) due to the injuries during training in the winter. After the Olympics, she bounced back in October to win the world title in half marathon with a time of 68:40.

2005 doping ban
Although her times in 2005 Helsinki improved from the Olympics, she only placed 11th in 5000 m (14:51.19) and 7th in 10,000 m (30:33.53). Later in October, she won her 4th straight Beijing Marathon title with quality time of 2:21:01.

The after-competition drug test was negative. Two days later, she appeared in Nanjing and finished 2nd in 10,000 m behind Xing Huina in the Chinese National Games. Following the race, she tested positive in a drug test and was banned from competing for two years. Her two-year ban was upheld despite a civil court ruling that another athlete, Yu Haijiang, had spiked her drink with androsterone.

Return and retirement
She made her return to athletics at the 2008 Xiamen International Marathon in January. She ran with the leading group up until the 20 km mark, but then faded in the second half of the race and finished with time of 2:38:21 – some 15 minutes behind winner Zhang Yingying. In spite of this, she was upbeat about her performance and considered her preparations for the 2008 Summer Olympics to be on schedule. Her performances on the track later that year did not reflect this, however, as she finished outside of the top eight in both the 5000 and 10,000 m races at the Chinese Outdoor Grand Prix. She had failed to earn enough points for national selection at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and missed her chance to represent her country at the highest level in her home nation.

She consoled herself with an appearance at the Good Luck Beijing China Athletics Open in the Bird's Nest Stadium – a pre-games test event. Although she had not been initially selected for the meeting, she received a special invitation to compete. However, she managed only twelfth place in the 5000 m: "I wanted to take part in the Olympic Games, but I have no chance now. But I got to experience the Olympic atmosphere in advance, which gave me a little relief...I'm thankful that people still remember me. I felt so sorry for running so poorly." She set her sights on making the 2008 Beijing Marathon and the 2009 National Games of China her final major performances of her career. She did not run at either competition and has not competed internationally since 2008.

International competitions

National competitions

See also
List of doping cases in athletics
China at the World Championships in Athletics

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Athletes from Shenyang
Chinese female long-distance runners
Chinese female marathon runners
Olympic athletes for China
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 2002 Asian Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for China
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Half Marathon Championships winners
Asian Athletics Championships winners
Chinese sportspeople in doping cases
Doping cases in athletics
Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games
Runners from Liaoning

Sun Yingjie


Andrew James Alberts (born June 30, 1981) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Boston Bruins, Philadelphia Flyers, Carolina Hurricanes and the Vancouver Canucks. A stay-at-home defenseman, he was known for playing a physical style of game.

After a two-year junior career in the United States Hockey League (USHL), Alberts was selected by the Boston Bruins 179th overall in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. Following the draft, he joined the college ranks with Boston College of the Hockey East conference. In four seasons with the Eagles, Alberts was named Hockey East's Best Defensive Defenseman and was a two-time NCAA All-American. Joining the Bruins in 2005, he played three seasons with the club before being traded to the Flyers. He played with the Flyers for one year, then with the Hurricanes in 2009. At the trade deadline the following year, he was traded to the Canucks. Internationally, Alberts has competed for the United States at the 2006 and 2007 World Championships.

Playing career

Amateur
Alberts played high school hockey for Benilde-St. Margaret's from 1997 to 1999. In his graduating year, he earned All-Conference honors while leading the Red Knights to a State Class A title. He played the next two seasons at the junior level in the United States Hockey League (USHL) with the Waterloo Blackhawks.  Recording 4 points over 49 games in his rookie campaign, he was named the team's Most Improved Player. In 2000–01, he served as an alternate captain while raising his points total to 14 over 54 games. That summer, Alberts was drafted by the Boston Bruins in the sixth round (179th overall) of the 2001 NHL Entry Draft.

Following the draft, Alberts began playing college hockey for Boston College Eagles of the Hockey East conference in 2001. His first college goal came in the first round of the 2002 Beanpot, a short handed marker against the Boston University Terriers. He scored 12 points his freshman year before improving to 22 points in 2002–03. In his third college year, he recorded 16 points was a co-recipient of Hockey East's Best Defensive Defenseman award with Prestin Ryan of the Maine Black Bears. He was also named to the Hockey East Second All-Star and NCAA East First All-American Teams.

Alberts did not miss a game during his college career until suffering two knee injuries during his senior year in 2004–05. Limited to 30 games, he again recorded 16 points and was named to the Hockey East First All-Star Team. In the playoffs, he ended what was the longest semifinal game in Hockey East history with a double-overtime goal against the Maine Black Bears. Alberts earned Hockey East All-Tournament honors, as the Eagles defeated the New Hampshire Wildcats 3–1 in the final to win the Lamoriello Trophy as conference champions. He also earned his second consecutive NCAA East All-American recognition.

Professional
Following his senior year with the Eagles, Alberts signed an amateur tryout contract with the Boston Bruins' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Providence Bruins, on April 1, 2005. He appeared in the final eight games of the 2004–05 AHL regular season before helping the club to the Conference Finals of the playoffs. He scored his first professional goal in Game 5 of the Conference Finals against goaltender Antero Niittymäki in a 6–4 win against the Philadelphia Phantoms.

After signing a one-year NHL contract with Boston in August 2005, he appeared in his first NHL training camp in September 2005. Making the Bruins' roster for the 2005–06 season, he made his NHL debut on October 5, 2005 in a game versus the Montreal Canadiens. A month later, he notched his first NHL point, an assist, in a game against the Buffalo Sabres on November 19. In December 2005, Alberts received a ten-day assignment to Providence, recording one assist in six games during that span. Returning to the Boston lineup, he scored his first NHL goal late in the campaign during a game against the Buffalo Sabres on March 12, 2006. Playing in 73 games, Alberts scored a goal and six assists. During his rookie season, Bruins head coach Mike Sullivan experimented with playing Alberts at the forward position for roughly a month.

After re-signing for another year in July 2006, Alberts recorded 10 assists over 76 games the following season. He earned his first multi-year contract in the off-season, re-signing with the Bruins. During the 2007–08 season, he was limited to 35 games due to a head injury suffered on November 26, 2007, during a game against the Philadelphia Flyers. Going down to his knees to block a puck moving into the defensive zone, opposing forward Scott Hartnell bodychecked him, using his elbow to hit Alberts' head against the boards. Alberts left the game injured, while Hartnell received a five-minute major penalty and a game misconduct; he was later suspended an additional two games by the NHL. Alberts recovered in time to make his NHL playoff debut in April 2008, as the Bruins were eliminated in the first round by the Montreal Canadiens.

After being a healthy scratch for the Bruins' first two games in the 2008–09 season, Alberts was traded to Philadelphia for Ned Lukacevic and a conditional 2009 draft pick on October 13, 2008. The emergence of younger defenseman Matt Hunwick was partly responsible for his expandability. Alberts became an integral part of the Flyers' defensive corps, leading the team in hits (157) and ranking third in blocked shots (133). His 12 assists and 13 points were career-highs.

Becoming an unrestricted free agent in the off-season, Alberts signed a two-year contract with the Carolina Hurricanes on July 16, 2009. The contract paid him $800,000 the first year and $1.3 million the second. After appearing in 62 games for Carolina, he was traded at the 2009–10 trade deadline on March 3, 2010, to the Vancouver Canucks in exchange for a third-round pick in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft (used to select Austin Levi). Between Carolina and Vancouver, Alberts finished the regular season with 3 goals and 12 points over 76 games. His defensive play struggled in his initial stint with Vancouver, often being made a healthy scratch. He continued to earn criticism from Vancouver fans and media in the playoffs, particularly for his lack of speed and for taking costly penalties.

Alberts came back to the Canucks with improved play during the 2010 pre-season and beat out Shane O'Brien for the team's final spot on defense (O'Brien was subsequently traded prior to the start of the season). Nearly one month into the season, Alberts suffered a minor knee injury during a game against the Colorado Avalanche, but did not miss any games. Later in the season, he was sucker-punched in the face by enforcer Jody Shelley during a game against the Flyers in December 2010. The two were being restrained by referees during a scrum when Shelley struck him. As a result, he received a two-game suspension from the league and forfeited  $26,829.27 in salary. Though Alberts left the game, he was not injured on the play. The following month, Alberts suffered a right shoulder injury during a game against the Minnesota Wild on January 16, 2011. Shortly after recovering and returning to the lineup, he suffered another injury, breaking his wrist while blocking a shot during a game against the St. Louis Blues on February 14, 2011. He missed the remainder of the regular season, finishing with a goal and seven assists, while leading Canucks defensemen with 113 hits, over 42 games. Recovering in time for the playoffs, Alberts appeared in nine post-season games (he did not register any points) during the Canucks' run to the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals, where they were defeated in seven games by the Boston Bruins. During the off-season, Alberts was re-signed by the Canucks to a two-year, $2.45 million contract on June 29, 2011 (two days prior to his pending unrestricted free agency).

During the 2013 off-season, the Canucks signed Alberts to a one-year contract extension. Alberts suffered a concussion during a December 29, 2013, game against the Calgary Flames due to a high hit delivered by enforcer Brian McGrattan that effectively ended Alberts' professional hockey career.

International play
Alberts first played internationally for the American national team at the 2006 IIHF World Championship in Riga, Latvia. He scored his first international goal in the preliminary round, a 3–0 shutout against Denmark. Later in the tournament, the United States were shut out by Sweden in the quarterfinal and finished in seventh place. Alberts returned for the 2007 IIHF World Championship in Moscow, Russia. He notched one assist as the United States finished in fifth place. They were eliminated in the quarterfinal against Finland, a 5–4 shootout loss.

Personal life
Alberts was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, to Mary and Dale Alberts. The third of four children, he has two older sisters and one younger brother. Alberts attended Eden Prairie High School for his first two years of secondary before graduating from Benilde-St. Margaret's in June 1999. While enrolled in Boston College, Alberts earned a communications degree. Prior to his senior year, he was awarded the Morrissey Brothers Memorial Hockey Scholarship.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honors

Notes

References

External links

1981 births
American men's ice hockey defensemen
Boston Bruins draft picks
Boston Bruins players
Boston College Eagles men's ice hockey players
Carolina Hurricanes players
Ice hockey people from Minneapolis
Living people
People from Eden Prairie, Minnesota
Ice hockey people from Hennepin County, Minnesota
Philadelphia Flyers players
Providence Bruins players
Vancouver Canucks players
Waterloo Black Hawks players
AHCA Division I men's ice hockey All-Americans

Andrew Alberts


Indian English or South Asian English is several dialects or varieties of English. It is spoken mainly in India, and by first-generation members of the Indian diaspora.

The dialect evolved during and after the British colonial rule of India. English is the co-official language of India, with about 90 million speakers, but with fewer than quarter of a million calling it a first language.

In 19th century India, Britain first faced the need to teach English to a body of people who were important to Britain.
There were a number of schools which taught and used English in India. They were mostly run by missionaries. Many taught European and Eurasian children and orphans. The products of these schools provided the first generation of teachers.

References

Dialects of English
Languages of India
Languages of Bangladesh

Indian English


The Temple of Apollo Palatinus ('Palatine Apollo'), sometimes called the Temple of Actian Apollo, was a temple to the god Apollo in Rome, constructed on the Palatine Hill on the initiative of Augustus (known as "Octavian" until 27 BCE) between 36 and . It was the first temple to Apollo within the city's ceremonial boundaries and the second of four temples constructed by Augustus. According to tradition, the site for the temple was chosen when it was struck by lightning, which was interpreted as a divine portent. Augustan writers situated the temple next to Augustus's personal residence, which has been controversially identified as the structure known as the .

The temple was closely associated with the victories of Augustus's forces at the battles of Naulochus and Actium, the latter of which was extensively memorialised through its decoration. The temple played an important role in Augustan propaganda and political ideology, in which it represented the restoration of Rome's 'golden age' and served as a signifier of Augustus's  (devotion to religious and political duty). It was used for the worship of Apollo and his sister Diana, as well as to store the prophetic Sibylline Books. Its precinct was used for diplomatic functions as well as for meetings of the Roman Senate, and contained the Portico of the Danaids, which included libraries of Greek and Latin literature considered among the most important in Rome.

Augustan poets frequently mentioned and praised the temple in their works, often commenting on its lavish artistic decoration and statuary, which included three cult statues and other works by noted Greek artists of the archaic period and the fourth century BCE. These poets included Tibullus, Virgil and Horace, whose  was first performed at the temple on 3 June 17 BCE during the Secular Games.

The Great Fire of Rome in  damaged the temple, but it was restored under the emperor Domitian (). It was finally destroyed by another fire in 363 CE, which was rumoured to be an act of arson committed by Christians. The temple has been excavated and partially restored in various phases since the 1860s, though only partial remains survive and their documentation is incomplete. Modern assessments of the temple have variously treated it as an extravagant, Hellenising break with Roman tradition and as a conservative attempt to reassert the architectural and political values of the Roman Republic. It has been described by the archaeologist John Ward-Perkins as "one of the earliest and finest of the Augustan temples".

History

Background

The worship of Apollo in Rome began in the fifth century BCE. According to Roman tradition, the first temple to Apollo was promised to the god in 433 BCE in return for his intercession during a plague. This temple was originally known as the Temple of Apollo Medicus and later as the Temple of Apollo Sosianus, after Gaius Sosius, who restored it around 32 BCE. It was situated in the Campus Martius, outside the ceremonial boundary () of Rome, since Apollo, whose worship originated in the Greek world, was considered a 'foreign' deity and so unsuitable for a temple within the city. According to the classicist Paul Zanker, Apollo was held in Roman culture to represent discipline, morality, purification and the punishment of excess.

After securing control over the Roman state through his civil war against Mark Antony, Octavian (known as "Augustus" from 27 BCE) made a political and ideological priority of the embellishment and restoration of Rome's built space. According to his biographer Suetonius, he claimed to have found Rome built of brick, and to have left it built of marble. The construction and restoration of temples was a major part of this programme: Augustus claimed to have restored eighty-two of them in 28 BCE alone. The archaeologist Susan Walker has described Rome under Augustus as a "moral museum", by which public architecture and artwork, particularly the display of Greek sculpture, was used as part of Augustus's ideological project. Augustus's developments on the Palatine Hill included the construction and restoration of several of its temples and the intensification of cult activity around it, making the Palatine, previously most significant as an elite residential area, Rome's "new seat of political and religious power", in the words of the classicist Ulrich Schmitzer.

The Temple of Apollo Palatinus was among the earliest of a series of monuments constructed by Augustus around Rome, and his first major architectural project undertaken independently in the city. Other Augustan monuments of the same period included the restoration of the Temple of Jupiter Feretrius in 32 BCE, the construction of the Mausoleum of Augustus in 28 BCE, and the completion in 29 BCE of the Curia Julia, a senate house whose construction was begun in 44 BCE by Octavian's adoptive father, Julius Caesar. Apollo was a favourite god of Augustus. Two laurel trees, symbolic both of Apollo and of victory, stood by the side of the front door of Augustus's house, highlighting the connection between Apollo, Augustus and his victory over Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium. According to a story related by Suetonius, who reports having read it in a work of the Greek author Asklepiades of Mendes, Augustus considered himself the son of Apollo, and Apollo as the patron deity of his family. During the civil war, Augustus used the iconography of Apollo to contrast himself with Antony, who was closely associated with the antithetical god Dionysus; Augustus was criticised for his rumoured appearance at a feast in costume as Apollo. Augustus further explained his cultivation of Apollo through the tradition that Apollo had protected the hero Aeneas, believed to have been the ancestor of the Romans and the progenitor of Augustus's family, the .

Construction

The dedication of temples by generals following military victories was an established part of Roman political culture in the Middle Republic (), but had largely fallen out of fashion by 100 BCE. Octavian's vow to dedicate the temple followed the victory of his admiral Marcus Agrippa over Sextus Pompeius at the Battle of Naulochus on 3 September 36 BCE: Octavian probably announced the temple's construction in November, during a speech to the Roman senate and people. In 36 BCE, he began buying land in the area of the future temple. The Palatine was considered particularly sacred and among Rome's most fashionable residential districts, and had the additional advantage of being mostly owned by private citizens, from whom Octavian was able to buy land in a private capacity. The precise location of the temple was determined when a bolt of lightning struck part of Octavian's property. On the advice of the , specialist priests who interpreted divine portents, this was considered to be an indication of a god's desire for a temple, and as urging the construction of a temple to Apollo within the city. Octavian declared that portion of his property to be public land, and initiated the construction of the temple.

The temple was dedicated on 9 October 28 BCE, a day traditionally associated with the worship of deities of victory. The temple's dedication followed Octavian's defeat of the forces of Antony and Queen Cleopatra of Egypt at the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE, which was linked in Octavian's propaganda with the intercession of Apollo; in thanks for his victory, Octavian constructed a new sanctuary of Apollo at the site of his camp at Actium, and restored the god's existing sanctuary at the entrance to the Ambracian Gulf, where the battle had taken place. It was the second of four temples built in Rome by Augustus, following the Temple of Caesar (dedicated in 29 BCE) and preceding the Temple of Jupiter Tonans on the Capitoline Hill (dedicated in 22) and that of Mars Ultor, dedicated in 2 BCE in Augustus's newly-built forum.

The temple was formally dedicated to Apollo, but considered to be dedicated both to Apollo and to his sister Diana, who was closely associated with Augustus's victory at Naulochus. Roman temples were often dedicated to gods under particular epithets, which could relate to the builder or location of the temple as well as to a specific aspect of the god in question. Although the temple's official name was the Temple of Actian Apollo (using the epithet ), it was also informally known by the same god's epithets , ,  – all of which referred to Apollo's connection with the Battle of Actium – and , an epithet of obscure significance which may have referred to the Nemeseion sanctuary at Rhamnous in Attica, sometimes believed to have been the source of the temple's cult statue.

Cossutius, a brick-maker employed by Gaius Asinius Pollio – a politician and literary patron of the early Augustan era – was probably involved in the temple's construction: bricks bearing his stamp have been recovered from the temple and adjacent buildings. Immediately adjacent to the temple, the Portico of the Danaids included two libraries of Greek and Latin literature, known collectively as the Library of Palatine Apollo and considered among the largest and most important libraries in Rome. As well as literary works, these libraries contained artworks depicting some of their authors, and were noted as a repository of legal texts. The portico was used by Augustus to hold meetings of the Roman Senate, particularly during his convalescence from illness in 23 BCE, and to receive official guests and foreign ambassadors. The surviving sources are contradictory as to the opening of the libraries; they may have been opened at the same time as the temple, or at another point before 23 BCE.

Later history
After Augustus's death in 14 CE, his successors as emperor occasionally used the temple's precinct for senate meetings. His immediate successor, Tiberius, held one there in 16 CE, while at least one more under Claudius () is attested and was intended, in the judgement of the classicist David L. Thompson, as "a symbolic assertion of the imperial power". According to the Roman historian Tacitus, Claudius's wife Agrippina the Younger had a secret door installed in the room used for the senate meetings, leading to a hiding-place from which she could listen to them. Thompson considers this account less as factual and more as symbolic of Agrippina's influence over the senate. According to the archaeologist Pierre Gros, the sanctuary served as a model for later complexes dedicated to the imperial cult in the western Roman empire.

The temple was damaged in the Great Fire of Rome of 64 CE, but restored under the emperor Domitian (); the Portico of the Danaids, probably also destroyed in 64, may never have been rebuilt. The temple was finally destroyed in another fire, during the night of 18–19 March 363.  The blaze may have destroyed the precinct as well as the temple itself: the Sibylline Books, housed within the temple, were narrowly rescued from the flames. The cause of the fire was never firmly established. The emperor Julian, who was in the process of an ultimately unsuccessful effort to re-establish Roman polytheism as the empire's dominant religion, considered it an act of arson by Christians: this view has been considered plausible in modern scholarship, particularly as the Sibylline Books were viewed as a symbol of Julian's anti-Christian religious policy, but no secure evidence on the matter exists. Christian writers saw the destruction as a matter of divine intervention: the  fifth-century Church historian Theodoret falsely claimed that the temple had been struck by lightning, while the theologian John Chrysostom wrote that God had destroyed the temple to punish Julian's actions. The temple may have been systematically dismantled after the fire; pieces of marble from it were possibly reused in the construction of a new building, of uncertain function, on top of the ruined podium at some point in late antiquity.

In the twelfth century, the philosopher John of Salisbury propagated an account that Pope Gregory I () had destroyed the Library of Palatine Apollo to create more space for Christian scriptures, but his testimony is considered unreliable by modern scholarship. The only surviving remains of the temple's two libraries date to reconstructions made in the Domitianic period, which rebuilt the structures on higher ground.

Description

Location
The temple was the second in Rome dedicated to Apollo; its position on the Palatine Hill made it the first within the Roman . It was prominently visible from the Circus Maximus to the south of the Palatine. It was adjacent to the older Temple of Cybele, which had been dedicated in 191 BCE, and the ancient stairway known as the  ('Stairs of Cacus'). It was also near the early-third-century Temple of Victory; the proximity of the monuments may have been intended to reinforce the links between Apollo and the military victories for which Augustus credited him.

The Temple of Apollo Palatinus was immediately south-east of a  ('house') constructed during the late Roman Republic (). In the 1950s, this house was designated by one of its excavators, Gianfilippo Carettoni, as the domus Augusti ('House of Augustus'), since Carettoni believed that it had been Augustus's personal residence. Following Carettoni's excavations, the temple and the house were believed to have been connected by a ramp, though this theory was disproved by later excavations. The status of the so-called  and its relationship to both Augustus and the Temple of Apollo Palatinus is controversial. Excavations subsequent to Carettoni's indicate that the house was largely destroyed, while still under construction, to facilitate the building of the temple; they also found that the house was considerably larger than Carettoni believed, which meant that its identification as Augustus's personal residence contradicted the testimony of Roman biographers that the emperor's Palatine house had been noted for its modesty.

According to Roman authors, the temple's sanctuary also included the  ('Square Rome'), a monument to the foundation of the city by Romulus; a four-columned shrine known as the ; and the , a monument to the taking of the auspices by Romulus during the foundation of Rome, which may have been an alternative name for the .

Architecture

Scholars are divided on the interpretation of the temple's architecture. The archaeologist John Ward-Perkins has described its architecture and embellishment, particularly its use of proportions common in Hellenistic architecture and its sculptural programme, as "a lively architectural experiment". He contrasts this with the conservatism of other Augustan projects, such as the restoration of the Temple of Cybele, which largely reused material from the existing structure. On the other hand, the archaeologist Stephan Zink describes the temple as "an imposing revival of Republican architectural traditions". According to the Roman architectural writer Vitruvius, the temple's intercolumniation was diastyle (that is, the gap between each pair of columns was three times a column's width). Zink interprets this wide intercolumniation, unusual in contemporary architecture but common in older Roman and Etruscan temples, as a sign of conservatism. The archaeologist Barbara Kellum has suggested that the temple's intercolumniation may have specifically recalled that of the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, Rome's most important temple.

The temple's precinct – the  – was built on a raised platform, approximately  above the terrace below and generally considered to have measured approximately , which included a retaining wall with blocks of tufa. This platform was constructed on top of the remains of older buildings on the site, which were demolished and their courtyards filled in. The entrance to the precinct was through a triumphal arch, known as the , in honour of Augustus's father, Gaius Octavius. The sculptural programme of this arch, which included a statue group by the Greek sculptor Lysias showing Apollo and Diana mounted in a chariot, has been called "a further testimony to Apollo's Augustan vocation" by the archaeologist Maria Tomei.

A Roman temple generally included an enclosed inner part, known as the , surrounded by a series of columns (the peristyle) and approached via a porch or vestibule known as the . Apart from the podium, the Temple of Apollo Palatinus was constructed entirely from marble, making it the first temple in Rome to be built in this fashion. The number of columns supporting the temple is unclear; it is generally reconstructed as having had six columns across the front of the , though the archaeologist Amanda Claridge has proposed that it may instead have had four across the front and seven along its length. Corinthian capitals have been found among the temple's remains; the columns which supported them are reconstructed to have reached  in height and have supplied evidence of fluting. Apart from the drums of the columns, all surviving fragments of the temple have furnished evidence of painted polychromy. Parts of the column capitals were probably gilded, while other parts of the temple were painted in yellow ochre and red, blue, brown and green pigments. The podium of the temple was constructed using materials and techniques common during the late Republican period, using ashlar blocks of tufa and travertine (known to the Romans as ), under the walls and columns of the temple's , surrounding a core of concrete (known to the Romans as ). According to reconstructions made by the archaeologist Giuseppe Lugli, the temple had overall dimensions of , with a   long and a   in length.

The surviving ruins do not allow a definitive reconstruction of the temple's orientation. It is generally believed to have faced south: the temple's first excavator, Pietro Rosa, proposed this orientation in 1865, on the grounds that it would have the temple face out of the hillside in a similar manner to earlier Republican hillside sanctuaries found elsewhere in Latium. In 1913, the prehistorian Giovanni Pinza suggested that the temple may have faced north, which he considered a better fit with the surviving accounts of its appearance in Roman literature, but his idea was generally rejected. Some modern hypotheses, such as that of Claridge, have argued for a north-facing temple on the grounds that the more substantial foundations of the temple's southern side would be more likely to support the heavier  than the comparatively light , and that the temple's visual impact would have been greater if the façade faced north, from which direction the temple was generally accessed.

The temple's building materials, such as Libyan ivory and so-called "Punic" columns, recalled Rome's military conquests and successes. Its primary material was white Carrara marble from the Italian town of Luna, a material frequently used in Augustan building projects: Augustus is believed to have initiated its large-scale quarrying and exploitation. Fragments of marble flooring have been found during excavations of the site. The columns of the Portico of the Danaids were made from yellow  marble quarried in Numidia. This is the earliest known use of  in Rome.

The temple's architecture may have been designed to compete with that of the Temple of Apollo Sosianus, which was reconstructed at approximately the same time. The Temple of Apollo Sosianus was restored by and named for Gaius Sosius, a former supporter of Octavian's enemy Mark Antony. Augustus later tried to reduce its prominence by constructing the Theatre of Marcellus to block the view of its façade, and rebuilt the adjacent Porticus Octaviae, named after his sister Octavia, whom Antony had abandoned in favour of Cleopatra.

Sculptures and artwork

The temple contained three cult statue: one of Apollo in the "Apollo Citharoedus" ('lyre-playing Apollo') type, one of his sister Diana, and one of their mother Latona. A further statue of Apollo was situated in front of the temple. The cult statues were the work of Greek sculptors of the fourth century BCE: that of Apollo was made by Scopas. On the basis of the temple's epithet , it has been conjectured that the statue originally came from the Nemeseion sanctuary at Rhamnous in Attica. Two badly-weathered fragments of colossal statuary excavated at the temple – one from a head, excavated in the temple's foundations, and one from a foot – have been suggested as possible remains of the cult statue of Apollo. Depictions of the statue on Roman coinage suggest that its base was decorated with anchors and the prows of ships, linking it to the naval victory at Actium, while its hands held a lyre and a libation bowl. Zanker has suggested that the choice of an Apollo Citharoedus for the cult statue, offering a libation as if in expiation, contrasted with the alternative iconography of Apollo as an "avenging archer", and would have suggested the bringing of peace and of atonement for the civil war.

The cult statue of Latona was by Kephisdotos the Younger, the son of the Athenian sculptor Praxiteles. That of Diana was originally sculpted by the Epidaurian artist Timotheos, but its head was remade by Avianus Evander, an Athenian artist who had been taken to Rome as a prisoner in the mid-first century BCE. Other statues in the temple included a representation of the chariot of the sun on the acroterion of the temple's ridge, a group at the corners of the altar of four oxen made by the fifth-century Athenian sculptor Myron, and another set representing the daughters of Danaus.  The Roman polymath Pliny the Elder, writing in the second half of the first century CE, catalogued works of Bupalus and Athenis, two Chian sculptors of the archaic period (), on the temple's pediments. The inclusion of statues by noted Greek artists, especially of the fourth and fifth centuries BCE and the archaic period, came to be almost universal in the temples built or restored by Augustus in Rome. The temple also contained a series of engraved gemstones dedicated by Augustus's nephew Marcellus.

On the temple's doors, a scene depicting the killing of the children of Niobe by Apollo and Diana was rendered in ivory, while the other door depicted the defeat of the Celtic attack on the Oracle of Delphi, of which Apollo was the patron god, in 281 BCE. One of the marble jambs of the doors depicted a Delphic tripod flanked by griffins, with an acanthus, symbolic of Apollo in his capacity as a god of regeneration, springing from it. The cella was lit by a chandelier said to have been taken by Alexander the Great from the Greek city of Thebes.

 The Portico of the Danaids included statues of the eponymous Danaids, the Egyptian sisters who killed their cousin-husbands on their wedding night in an act of . This artwork may have been intended to evoke and condemn the memory of Cleopatra, who had similarly married and then had assassinated her brother, Ptolemy XIV. The statues of the Danaids were situated between the portico's columns, near a statue of Danaus with drawn sword and faced by equestrian statues of their bridegrooms and victims, the sons of Aegyptus. Parts of at least four of these statues, around  in height and in the style of herms, have been discovered. Three of these were sculpted from black  marble, probably quarried in Ain El-Ksir in Tunisia or from Cape Tainaron in southern Greece, while at least one was made from red  marble. A series of painted terracotta panels in the Campana style, found in the area of the temple, may have originally belonged to the Portico of the Danaids. The panels show mythical scenes including Perseus's defeat of Medusa, the caryatids and the contest between Hercules and Apollo for the Delphic tripod. Kellum has interpreted the latter myth as an allegory for the military struggle between Augustus and Antony, given Augustus' identification with Apollo and Antony's similar claims of descent from and affinity with Hercules: the tripod, a traditional votive dedication of victorious generals, may also have been linked with Augustus's victory at Actium. Other scenes show the Egyptian goddess Isis trapped between two sphinxes, probably alluding to the defeat of Cleopatra, and human beings worshipping sacred objects. These include one which may be a candelabrum – a symbol both of Apollo and of  – a  or a baetylus, a cult object associated with Apollo. It has been suggested that a marble sculpture known as the  ('turning-post'), displayed in modern times in the Villa Albani, may originally have been one of several monumentalised baetyli that stood around the sanctuary.

The portico's libraries included a statue of Augustus with the appearance of Apollo. A statue of a young man (ephebe) in black basalt, discovered by Rosa in 1869 in the cryptoporticus to the temple's east, is believed to have come from the temple. A common building material in the temple's sculptures was Pentelic marble from Mount Pentelicus near Athens: this material was frequently used in Athenian building projects of the fifth and fourth centuries BCE, and was particularly prized in Rome.

Walker has suggested that the sculptural decoration of the Temple of Apollo Palatinus served a complex ideological purpose: to elevate the standard of Rome's public art, to showcase the material wealth generated by the Roman Empire's expansion, and to promote Augustan moral values such as the value of Roman citizenship and of modesty in dress and personal behaviour. Between 161 and 169 CE, a further statue of the "Apollo Comaeus" ('Long-Haired Apollo') type was taken from the Persian city of Seleucia and installed in the temple by the Roman emperor Lucius Verus, following the city's capture in the Roman–Parthian War of 161–166.

Function

It is unclear whether the Temple of Apollo Palatinus was intended to supplant or complement the existing centre for Apollo's worship at the Temple of Apollo Sosianus. According to the classicist Bénédicte Delignon, the temple served to establish Apollo as the tutelary deity of Rome and as a representation of Augustus's symbolic refoundation of the city. In Augustus's political propaganda, it represented the restoration of Rome's 'golden age', a key aspect of Augustan ideology, marked by the end of civil war and the reaffirmation of Roman . The visual iconography was particularly ideologically charged: though it made no direct references to Augustus, it employed several images and tropes commonly associated with him in contemporary culture. The classicist Gilles Sauron has interpreted many of the temple's artworks, including that of the Danaids and the scenes on the temple's doors, as emblematic of the divine punishment of .

Assessments of the sanctuary's primary significance vary. Walker has described the temple as "Augustus's personal shrine", a view echoed by Zanker, who considers that the adjacent house was that of Augustus, has suggested that the two buildings combined in a manner reminiscent of a Hellenistic palace-complex. Pointing to the prominence of the sanctuary's libraries, the classical archaeologist Lilian Balensiefen has described the temple as a "literary sanctuary" in which Apollo was venerated in his capacity as a god of learning. For Zanker, the temple was part of a cultural programme intended both to emulate and to surpass the artistic achievements of ancient Greece. The temple was also used for meetings of the senate.

Over time, the temple was given additional functions, likely on an  basis rather than as part of any preconceived plan. From around 20 BCE, the temple was used to store the Sibylline Books, a series of prophetic writings believed to date from the time of Rome's semi-legendary king Tarquinius Superbus (), which Augustus moved there from the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. They were stored in gold cases in the base of the cult statue of Apollo. The temple became a popular site for the dedication of votive offerings, particularly statues. According to Augustus's autobiography, the , he melted down approximately 80 silver statues of himself that had been offered there by Rome's citizens, sold the resulting metal and used the proceeds to purchase gold tripods in honour of Apollo.

The temple played a significant role in the Secular Games, a religious and artistic festival revived by Augustus in 17 BCE and repeated irregularly thereafter. On 3 June, the third day of the inaugural games, Augustus and his lieutenant Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa made sacrifices to Apollo and Diana at the temple. The poet Horace wrote his , a religious hymn, for the occasion: it received its first performance on the same day, sung at the temple by a choir of 27 boys and 27 girls and accompanied by sacrifices to Apollo and Diana. In years where the Secular Games were held, priests known as the , who had responsibility for the temple's Sibylline Books, met at the temple on 25 May and cast lots to determine which of them would sit on the various tribunals which distributed purifying agents – torches, sulphur and bitumen – to the Roman people. The temple was then used, alongside the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, the Temple of Diana on the Aventine and the Temple of Jupiter Tonans, to receive offerings of first fruits () and as centres for the distribution of the aforementioned purifying agents ().

Reception

In modern times, the temple has been described by Ward-Perkins as "one of the earliest and finest of the Augustan temples". It was noted by contemporaries as among Rome's most impressive monuments, and described by the historians Velleius Paterculus and Josephus in the 1st century CE as the greatest of Augustus's building projects. Suetonius similarly described it as among Augustus's most important architectural works, alongside the Forum of Augustus, the Temple of Mars Ultor and the Temple of Jupiter Tonans. Delignon has suggested that the proem of the poet Virgil's Georgics, published in 29 BCE, may have alluded to the proposed or incipient construction of the temple.

The Roman poet Propertius attended the opening of the temple and wrote two elegies to celebrate it. The first of these (conventionally numbered 2.31) was written around the time of the temple's dedication and published in either 25 or 24 BCE. Propertius's contemporary Horace published an ode (1.31) in 23 BCE, ostensibly written on the day of the temple's dedication to celebrate Apollo. Around 20 BCE, the poet Tibullus wrote an elegy (2.5) commemorating the appointment of Marcus Valerius Messalinus as a priest of Apollo with responsibility for inspecting the Sibylline Books stored at the temple.

The temple's political significance and association with Actium became universal themes of poetic responses to the monument from 16 BCE onwards, when Propertius published the second of his elegies on the temple (4.6). A common motif in these poetic works was the association between the Sibylline Books and the works of the poets themselves. The newly intensified religious significance of the Palatine Hill also featured in its presentation in the eighth book of Virgil's Aeneid, composed between 29 and 19 BCE, in which the king Evander walks  Aeneas around the future site of the temple; later in Aeneid 8, the Battle of Actium is reconstructed as a theomachic contest on the Shield of Aeneas, and Augustus's triple triumph of 29 BCE is anachronistically imagined as having taken place at the temple. Many of the responses to the temple in Augustan poetry have been read as appropriating, subverting or challenging its political and ideological significance. Ovid, in the  (published around 4 BCE), wrote of the temple as a particularly fruitful place to find pretty women. Later, in the  (composed between 9 and 18 BCE), he included the temple in an imagined tour of the monuments of central Rome.

The temple's cult statue of Apollo was depicted on the Sorrento Base, a late-Augustan or early-Tiberian (that is, ) statue plinth first identified as a depiction of it by the architectural historian Christian Hülsen in 1894. Gros has suggested that a group of bronze statues found in the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum, known as "dancers" or "Danaids", were modelled after those of the Danaids from the Portico of the Danaids.

Excavation

In modern times, only the cement core of the temple's podium, measuring , survives, as well as isolated architectural fragments including blocks from the cella. Pietro Rosa made the first full excavations of the area around the temple in the nineteenth century. He began working on the Palatine in 1861, in the employ of Napoleon III, the owner of the Farnese Gardens which included the site of the temple. In 1863, he discovered the  to the north of the temple, followed by the concrete core of the temple's podium in 1865. In the same year, he consolidated the surviving fragments of the temple and built a staircase over them. In 1869 he discovered the surviving fragments of statuary in the Portico of the Danaids, and he carried out his final excavations in 1870. During Rosa's excavations, the site was opened to the public on Thursdays, though visitors had to obtain a permit from the French government, and Rosa often led tours himself.

Further excavations took place under Alfonso Bartoli in 1937, as part of Bartoli's extensive excavations in the Roman Forum and on the Palatine; he removed  of earth to bring the whole  complex down to its Roman level. In the 1950s, Giuseppe Lugli re-surveyed and documented the surviving remains: this work was described in 2008 as the most detailed existing study of the temple's ruins, though it contains contradictions and ambiguities, particularly over the width of the column axis (that is, the distance between the centres of adjacent columns).

Rosa misidentified the temple as the third-century BCE Temple of Jupiter Invictus (or Jupiter Victor), believing its location on the side of the Palatine to be reminiscent of that of other Republican-era sanctuaries. The architect Henri Deglane, a member of the French School at Rome, accepted this identification in his 1885–1886 reconstruction of what he called the "Palace of the Caesars" on the Palatine Hill. In 1910, Giovanni Pinza studied the concrete used in the temple and concluded that it was early Augustan in date, being similar to that used for the Mausoleum of Augustus, completed in 28 BCE. The first to identify the temple as Apollo Palatinus was the nineteenth-century art historian Franz von Reber; this identification was advanced in a 1914 article by the classicist Oliffe Legh Richmond, who argued for it largely from the correspondence between the excavated remains and literary  of the temple. By 1952, scholars had generally come to accept Pinza's conclusion that the temple had been constructed on top of the remains of houses constructed in the late Republican period (that is, ), which eliminated any possibility of its being third-century in date. The temple was by this time almost universally accepted as Apollo Palatinus.

The area around the temple, including its sanctuary and the rest of the  complex, was further excavated by Carettoni between 1958 and 1984. The excavations of 1968 saw the excavation of the temple's  as well as the beginning of the collection of the fragmentary terracotta plaques, which continued in 1969 and 1970.  Carettoni's excavations were only partially published. The work of both Rosa and Carettoni involved extensive reconstruction, which was continued thereafter by the .

Zink carried out excavations on the temple from 2006, primarily aimed at reconstructing the dimensions, measurements and form of the temple's façade. Between 2005 and 2009, he and the archaeological conservator Heinrich Piening documented the temple's surviving remains and drew up reconstructions of its original form. Between 2009 and 2013, Zink excavated an area south-west of the main temple, revealing a building dating to the archaic period (that is, ), which he posited to have been a small shrine.

Footnotes

Explanatory notes

References

Bibliography

External links
Images and bibliography

Apollo
Palatinus
1st-century BC religious buildings and structures

Temple of Apollo Palatinus


The Lomwe (Lowe) language, Elomwe, also known as Western Makua, is the fourth-largest language in Mozambique. It belongs with Makua in the group of distinctive Bantu languages in the northern part of the country: The Makhuwa-using area proper (Nampula, etc.) is separated by a large Lomwe-speaking area from the related eChuwabo, although eMakhuwa neighbours eChuwabo in a more coastal zone. To the south, the rather more distantly related Sena (ChiSena) should be assigned to a group with Nyanja and Chewa, while the distinct group which includes Yao, Makonde and Mwera is found to the north. Apart from the regional variations found within eMakhuwa proper, eLomwe uses ch where tt appears in eMakhuwa orthography: for instance eMakhuwa mirette ("remedy") corresponds to eLomwe mirecce, eMakhuwa murrutthu ("dead body") to eLomwe miruchu, eMakhuwa otthapa ("joy") to eLomwe ochapa.

Unusual among Bantu languages is the infinitive of the verb with o- instead of the typically Bantu ku- prefix: omala (eMakhuwa) is "to finish", omeeela (also an eMakhuwa form) is "to share out".

A mutually unintelligible form containing elements of Chewa, Malawian Lomwe, is spoken in Malawi. Maho (2009) separates out Ngulu (Mihavane) as a separate language, close to Malawi Lomwe.

References

Makua languages
Languages of Mozambique

Lomwe language


Daryl Bert Lund (born 1941) is an American food scientist and engineer who has served in various leadership positions within the Institute of Food Technologists, including President in 1990–1991 and editor-in-chief of the Journal of Food Science from 2003-2012. Lund was named one of 26 innovators in Food Engineering magazine's 75th anniversary edition in September 2003.

Early life and college
Born in California, but raised in Wisconsin, Lund attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison where he earned his B.S. in mathematics in 1963. While an undergraduate, Lund was a roommate with Tommy Thompson, who later became Governor of Wisconsin (1987–2001) and United States Secretary of Health and Human Services during the first term of George W. Bush (2001–2004). Lund stayed at Wisconsin, where he earned a M.S. in Dairy and Food Industries, and a Ph.D. in food science and chemical engineering.

Academic career
After earning his Ph.D in 1968, Lund rose through the ranks at Wisconsin's Department of Food Science, reaching the rank of Department Chair in 1984. His research included fouling in heat exchangers during processing, microwave-processing of foods, and food quality kinetics. Lund remained with Wisconsin until 1987 as department chair until he accepted a position at Rutgers University as its department chair.

In 1988, Lund moved to Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey to accept the position of chair of the Department of Food Science. Lund was promoted to Executive Dean of Agricultural and Natural Resources in December 1989 and served until July 1995. While serving as Dean, Lund streamlined administrative services, initiated a review of all undergraduate curriculum, and initiated a long-range planning for the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station.

In August 1995, Lund joined Cornell University in Ithaca, New York as Dean of Agricultural and Life Sciences. While at Cornell, he initiated long-range planning that helped the college survive a 20% reduction in staffing, increased state support of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, initiated a review of undergraduate curriculum that led to major changes within the organization, initiated support of distance learning, initiated involvement in genomics.

In January 2001, Lund was named Executive Director of the North Central Regional Association of State Agricultural Experiment Station Directors and Professor of Food Engineering in Food Science at UW–Madison. He acts as a facilitator of interstate collaborators on research and greater integration between research and extension in a twelve state area. During his career, Lund has written over 200 publications in scientific journals, 25 book chapters, co-authored a major textbook on physical methods of food preservation, and presented over 200 presentations. He also succeeded Owen R. Fennema as editor-in-chief of the Journal of Food Science on September 1, 2003, a position he held until 2012.

Honors and awards
 Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) - Fellow (1980), IFT International Award (1995), Carl R. Fellers Award (2003), and Nicholas Appert Award (2009).
 American Society of Agricultural Engineers IAFIS-FPEI Food Engineering Award - 1987
 International Academy of Food Science and Technology - Fellow (Charter member: 1999).
 University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences award on August 10, 2006 of 40 years of service to the university. This included the creation of a chair professorship in the Department of Food Science and the Food Science Excellence Fund.
 Ohio State University Food Science Harris Award Laureate in 2006.
 Institute of Food Science and Technology (United Kingdom) - Fellow.

Note

References
"2003 Carl R. Fellers Award: Daryl Lund." In 2003 IFT Annual Meeting + Food Expo Program and Exhibit Directory. Chicago: Institute of Food Technologists. p. 43.
"Daryl B. Lund." Food Engineering. September 2003. p. 72.
"Fennema to retire as editor of IFT's scientific journals. Lund to succeed him." Food Technology. September 2003. pp. 139–140.

External links
List of ASABE IAFIS-FPEI Food Engineering award winners.
List of IFT past award winners.
List of IFT Fellows.
List of Journal of Food Science editorial staff.
Lund announced as 2006 Harris Laureate at Ohio State University.
University of Wisconsin–Madison celebration of Lund's service.

1941 births
Living people
American food engineers
American food scientists
Fellows of the Institute of Food Technologists
Cornell University faculty
Rutgers University faculty
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
People from New Jersey
People from Wisconsin
Place of birth missing (living people)
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences alumni

Daryl B. Lund