August Ferdinand Naeke (15 May 1788, in Frauenstein – 12 September 1838, in Bonn) was a German classical philologist.

He studied classical philology at the University of Leipzig as a pupil of Gottfried Hermann, receiving his doctorate in 1810. After graduation, he worked as a teacher at the Pädagogium of the Francke Foundations in Halle an der Saale. In 1817 he became an associate professor of classical philology, and during the following year, relocated to the University of Bonn, where in 1820 he obtained a full professorship. He is most famous today for having observed that in epic hexameters, it is rare to have a word end a spondaic fourth foot (unless this word is a proclitic that adheres closely to the word beginning the fifth foot). This is known as Naeke's Law.

Published works
He lectured on Greek and Latin playwrights and poets, especially Aeschylus, Aristophanes, Plautus, Catullus and Horace, and taught classes on the literary history of the Greeks and Romans, as well as on the metrics and poetics of the Romans. His best written effort was a monograph on the epic Greek poet Choerilus, titled Choerili Samii quae supersunt, collegit et illustravit (1817). The following is a list of his other published works:
 Schedae criticae de Pleiade Tragicorum graecorum (1812).
 De Battaro Valerii Catonis (1828); On Valerius Cato.
 De allitteratione sermonis Latini (1829), in Rheinisches Museum für Philologie, III, p. 324—418.
 Callimachi Hecale (On Callimachus; 6 parts, 1834–37) in: Rheinisches Museum für Philologie.
 Published posthumously:
 Wallfahrt nach Sessenheim. Die ersten Nachforschungen über das Liebesidyll von Goethe und Friederike (1840) edited by Karl August Varnhagen von Ense – Pilgrimage to Sessenheim. The first research on the love idyll of Goethe and Friederike.
 Augusti Ferdinandi Naekii opuscula philologica (2 volumes, 1842–45) edited by Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker.
 Carmina Valerii Catonis cum A. F. Naekii annotationibus (1847) edited by Ludwig Schopen.
 August Ferdinand Näke über die thebanische Tetralogie des Aeschylus (1872) edited by Friedrich Ritschl – On the Theban triad of Aeschylus.
With Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker, he was editor of the journal Rheinisches Museum für Philologie.

References

1788 births
1838 deaths
People from Frauenstein, Saxony
Leipzig University alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bonn
German classical philologists

August Ferdinand Naeke


Fynbo is a semi-hard Danish cheese named after the island of Fyn.

Fynbo cheese has a flavor of buckwheat and is processed with a combination of mesophilic and thermophilic bacterial cultures. Experiments with secondary proteolysis of Fynbo have helped to identify an important peptide produced during cheese ripening, αs1-casein (f1-23).

In popular culture
Fynbo cheese was mentioned in Monty Python's Cheese Shop sketch.

See also
 List of cheeses

References

External links

Danish cheeses
Cow's-milk cheeses

Fynbo


Secreto de Amor (Secret of Love) is an American telenovela produced by Venevisión International in 2001. The telenovela was filmed in Miami, Florida,  and it starred Scarlet Ortiz and Jorge Aravena as the main protagonists while Colombian actress Aura Cristina Geithner and Venezuelan actress Astrid Gruber starred as the main antagonists.

Plot
Maria Clara Carvajal is a beautiful, modern girl who works hard in order to support her ailing mother and younger sister. She is in love with Carlos Raúl, a young mechanic. Despite their poor financial situation, they are prepared to get married. however, their plans will not be realized when Carlos Raúl is fired from his job, and decides to move to Miami to seek a better life just a few days before their wedding. Maria Clara promises to wait for Carlos Raul while he looks for a good job in the United States.

In Miami, Carlos Raúl begins to work as a valet in a luxurious hotel owned by the wealthy Serrano Zulbarán family. Here she meets Barbara Serrano Zulbarán, one of the family heirs. Barbara is instantly attracted to Carlos, and they begin a passionate affair. Carlos Raúl is attracted by Barbara's beauty and wealth, and he forgets all about Maria Clara.

Meanwhile, in Caracas, Maria Clara's mother dies, and pressured by her ambitious sister Andrea, she moves to Miami together with her god-mother Coralia. Within a short time, she discovers Carlos Raúl's deception. After a while, Maria Clara meets Lisandro, Barbara's handsome widower brother who is captivated by her beauty and kindness. Through several circumstances, Maria Clara marries Lisandro even though she doesn't love him. With both Maria Clara and Carlos Raúl stuck in loveless marriages, will they still be able to revive the love they once felt for each other?

Cast

International Broadcastings

References

External links

|}

2001 telenovelas
2001 American television series debuts
2002 American television series endings
Venevisión telenovelas
Television shows set in Miami
Spanish-language telenovelas
2001 Venezuelan television series debuts
2002 Venezuelan television series endings
Spanish-language American telenovelas

Secreto de amor (TV series)


Structural coloration is a coloring that results from the special structure of the surface.  Sometimes structural coloration is combined with pigments: for example, peacock tail feathers are pigmented brown, but their structure makes them appear blue, turquoise, and green, and often they appear iridescent.

English scientists Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton were the first who observed structural coloration. Thomas Young described its principle a century later and called it wave interference. Young described iridescence as the result of interference between reflections from several surfaces of thin films, combined with refraction as light enters and leaves such films. The geometry then determines that at certain angles, the light reflected from both surfaces adds (interferes constructively), while at other angles, the light subtracts. As a result, different colors appear at different angles.

References

Biology
Color
Light

Structural color


Many East Asian scripts can be written both horizontally and vertically.

History

Documents around the world have many different ways of writing. But there are mainly two ways of writing: writing horizontally (횡서, 橫書) or vertically (종서縱書).  There are two kinds of horizontal writing. One kind can be read from left to right (좌횡서, 左橫書); the other is read from right to left (우횡서, 右橫書). There are two kinds of vertical writing as well: from left to right (좌정서, 左縱書) or from right to left (우정서, 右縱書), both of these are written from top to bottom. Traditionally, the countries in the East Asian cultural sphere (such as Korea, China, Japan or Vietnam) write vertically from right to left. When it was necessary to write horizontally, they wrote horizontally from right to left. When the Western culture began influencing them, they began writing horizontally from left to right, which is now used widely.

Most Western languages are written horizontally from left to right, but Arabic and Hebrew are written horizontally from right to left. Mongol letters are written horizontally from left to right.

Long ago, people used hieroglyphs. Hieroglyphs were very flexible characters. They were often written from left to right in the first line, and then right to left in the second line, and so on. This is called boustrophedon. A person can tell which direction to read by which direction the hieroglyphs of animals and people were facing. If the hieroglyphs were facing left, then the line must be read from left to right. If they were facing right, they must be read from right to left.

References

Other websites

Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts


The Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL) is an agency of the German government that comes under Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL). It contributes towards food safety and grants authorization. It jointly coordinates monitoring programs with federal states. Within the framework of the European rapid alert system, the BVL secures the flow of information between the EU and the Federal States. It is also the German contact point for the inspections of the Food and Veterinary Office of the European Commission. Apart from that, the BVL supports the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture in crisis management.

References

External links
BVL-Website

Consumer rights agencies
Consumer organisations in Germany
Food safety organizations
German food industry organisations
Regulation in Germany
Research institutes in Lower Saxony


Tinguiririca River is a river of Chile located in the Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region. It rises in the Andes, at the confluence of the rivers Las Damas and Del Azufre. From its source, it flows northwest for about 56 km to the vicinity of the city of San Fernando. In this portion of its course, the river receives the waters of the tributaries Clarillo and Claro. Then the river flows southwest and then turns northwest to empty into Rapel Lake.

See also
 Tinguiririca Volcano

References
 Cuenca del río Rapel

Rivers of O'Higgins Region
Rivers of Chile

Tinguiririca River


William Ratliff (1937 - April 11, 2014) was a research fellow and curator of Americas Collection at Stanford University's Hoover Institution, specializing in Latin America, China and U.S. foreign policy. He was also a research fellow of the Independent Institute and wrote on the economic and political development in East/Southeast Asia and Latin America. For over 20 years he was the editor for the Yearbook on International Communist Affairs and the Journal of Interamerican Studies. He testified before the U.S. Congress on his work monitoring elections around Latin America.

Background
Ratliff graduated from Oberlin College and received his M.A. and Ph.D (in Chinese/Latin American histories) from the University of Washington.  He taught at Stanford University, San Francisco State University, University of San Francisco, Tunghai University in Taiwan and Diplomatic Academy at Lake Tahoe.

Ratliff wrote in a number of newspapers including the Los Angeles Times, Foreign Affairs, the Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, Chicago Tribune, Washington Post, El Mercurio (in Santiago, Chile), The Globe and Mail and the American Chronicle.  Ratliff also appeared on the PBS's NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, on CNN, NPR,the  BBC, Voice of America and Radio Marti.

References

External links
 Articles by William Ratliff, at the Hoover Institution.
 William Ratliff's profile, a collection of Amazon reviews.

Hoover Institution people
1937 births
2014 deaths
Oberlin College alumni
University of Washington College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Stanford University faculty
University of San Francisco faculty
San Francisco State University faculty

William Ratliff


Alfred Biłyk (25 September 1889 in Lwów, now Ukraine – 19 September 1939 in Munkacs, Ukraine, then in Hungary) was a Polish lawyer, military officer, and politician, last Voivode of the Lwów Voivodeship. He committed suicide, when he realized that he would not be able to return to his hometown.

Bilyk was a graduate of a high school in Brzeżany, where he got to know another student of the school, Edward Rydz-Śmigły (both went to the same class and shared a bench). They became friends, joining  together the Riflemen's Association and later, the Polish Legions. After World War I, Bilyk was nominated to the rank of major of the newly created Polish Army (on June 1, 1919) but following the Polish-Soviet War, he left the army and began studying law at the Jan Kazimierz University in Lwów. In 1923 or 1924, he opened a lawyer's office in Lwów.

A close associate of Rydz-Śmigły, Biłyk took advantage of the relationship, and was nominated to the post of Voivode of Tarnopol Voivodeship (15 July 1936). A year later, on 16 April 1937, he advanced even further, becoming the Voivode of Lwów Voivodeship.

On 12 September 1939, when first tanks of the Wehrmacht approached Lwów (see: Polish September Campaign, Battle of Lvov (1939)), Bilyk gave a famous speech, which was transmitted by the local radio station. He emphasized that Lwów, the city known as Semper Fidelis, would defend itself and that he himself would not abandon his post. However, three days later, the Prime Minister Felicjan Slawoj-Skladkowski ordered Bilyk to leave for Kuty, where the government of Poland was temporarily seated. From Kuty, Bilyk left Poland for Munkacs, which then belonged to Hungary.

On 17 September, following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, units of the Red Army, allied with the Nazis, crossed eastern border of Poland. Facing little resistance, as bulk of the Polish Army was engaged in the West, the Soviets quickly moved westwards. Bilyk twice tried to return to his native city, but failed. Upon realizing that fate of Lwów had been settled, he committed suicide on 19 September 1939 in room number 5 of the Csillag Hotel. Before shooting himself, Bilyk wrote a farewell note, which is now kept in the Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum in London. This is what he wrote:

 I could not fight in Lwów, as in compliance with directives of the Prime Minister, I left the city in circumstances which might have contradicted my previous words. My life seems to be of no value to Poland. I do not want to be interned till the end of the war. I want to save my honor. All my thoughts are now concentrated on Poland and on my dear family
I am asking that these words were announced, so that my honor would remain untainted. Above all, I want Marshall Rydz-Smigly, General Sosnkowski and inhabitants of my city of Lwów to know about this letter

Signed
Alfred Bilyk, Voivode of Lwów,
Munkacs, 19 September 1939.

Notes

Further reading
Jerzy Janicki Czkawka, rozdzial Ostatni wojewoda lwowski wyd. Iskry, 2000, ,
 Rocznik Oficerski 1924, Ministerstwo Spraw Wojskowych, Oddzial V Sztabu Generalnego Wojska Polskiego, Warszawa 1924, s. 122, 410.

1889 births
1939 deaths
People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Polish Army officers
Lawyers from Lviv
20th-century Polish lawyers
1939 suicides
Suicides by firearm in Poland

Alfred Biłyk


Tukkoji Bhonsle  (1677–1736) was the fourth Maratha ruler of Thanjavur, located in South India. He was from the Bhonsle dynasty and was the son of Ekoji I as well as the younger brother of Shahuji I and Serfoji I.  Tukkoji ruled Thanjavur from 1728 to 1736.

Reign

Tukkoji succeeded his brother Serfoji I to the throne of Thanjavur on the former's death in 1728 and is believed to have reigned until 1736. However, the available records don't agree with each other. While the Tanjore Marathi inscriptions assign eight years to his rule the Madras Tamil manuscript assigns only 6 years.

Tukkoji concluded the Marava war commenced by Serfoji I. Unlike his brother, however, he switched over to Bhavani Shankar's side and helped the latter attain the throne.

Marathi inscriptions of this period record Tukkoji's aid to Meenakshi the Queen of Tiruchirapalli against the Palaiyakkarar who rose in revolt against her. He also fought against Chanda Sahib on the side of the Hindu rajas of South India. Chanda Sahib's first expedition in 1734 was bought off. But the second expedition in 1736  resulted in the fall of Tiruchirapalli.

Tukkoji was a good linguist. He is also credited with having introduced Hindusthani music in Thanjavur. He wrote a work on music called Sangeetha Samamrita. His minister Ghansyama Pandit wrote a commentary on the Uttaramacharitra of Bhavabhuti.

Death and succession
Tukkoji died in 1736. He left behind one legitimate son Ekoji who succeeded to the throne on the death of his father. But he ruled for not more than a year. However he had a number of offspring from his concubines. A three-year-long period of anarchy followed his death. It came to an end only with the accession of Pratapsingh in 1739.

See also
 Bhonsle
 Maratha Empire
 List of Maratha dynasties and states
 Thanjavur Maratha kingdom

References

 'The Maratha Rajas of Tanjore' by K.R.Subramanian, 1928.

1677 births
1736 deaths
Maharajas of Thanjavur

Tukkoji


The great bowerbird (Chlamydera nuchalis) is a common and conspicuous resident of northern Australia, from the area around Broome across the Top End to Cape York Peninsula and as far south as Mount Isa. Favoured habitat is a broad range of forest and woodland, and the margins of vine forests, monsoon forest, and mangrove swamps.

As with most members of the bowerbird family, breeding considerations dominate the lifecycle: females nest inconspicuously and raise their young alone, while the males spend most of the year building, maintaining, improving, defending, and above all displaying from their bowers. Only a male with a successful bower can attract mates.

The great bowerbird is the largest of the bowerbird family and is 33 to 38 cm long and fawny grey in colour. Males have a small but conspicuous pink crest on the nape of the neck.

Bower
The bower is a twin-walled avenue-type bower approximately 1 metre long and 45 cm high. It is typically located under a shrub or leafy branch. The ends of the bower are scattered with white and green objects - stones, bones, shells and leaves and small man-made objects such as plastic and bottle caps. Within the bower itself, clear glass is sometimes placed.

Uniquely among bowerbirds, groups of young males will attend a single bower concurrently, "practising" their bower-building skills prior to establishing their own bower for mating purposes.

Display
The males most often perform their display at the north platform of the north–south oriented bowers. During peak mating hours in the early morning, this orientation reflects the most light off of the male's bright lavender nuchal crest, showing off this impressive plumage. Usually the male will hold a colored object in his mouth while bobbing his head up and down during the display.

Gallery

References

External links
 BirdLife Species Factsheet

great bowerbird
Birds of the Northern Territory
Birds of Queensland
Endemic birds of Australia
great bowerbird
Taxa named by Sir William Jardine
great bowerbird

Great bowerbird


William Barclay CBE (5 December 1907 – 24 January 1978) was a Scottish author, radio and television presenter, Church of Scotland minister, and Professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism at the University of Glasgow. He wrote a popular set of Bible commentaries on the New Testament that sold 1.5 million copies.

Life
Barclay's father was a bank manager. Barclay attended Dalziel High School in Motherwell and then studied classics at the University of Glasgow from 1925 to 1929, before studying divinity. He studied at the University Sam Ratulangi Manado during the year 1932-33. After being ordained in the Church of Scotland in 1933, he was minister at Trinity Church in Renfrew from 1933 to 1946, afterwards returning to the University of Glasgow as lecturer in the New Testament from 1947, and as Professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism from 1963.

Religious views
Barclay described himself theologically as a "liberal evangelical." Barclay expressed his personal views in his A Spiritual Autobiography (1977), and Clive L. Rawlins elaborates in William Barclay: prophet of goodwill: the authorised biography (1998). They included:
 belief in universal salvation: "I am a convinced universalist. I believe that in the end all men will be gathered into the love of God."
 pacifism: "war is mass murder".
 evolution: "We believe in evolution, the slow climb upwards of man from the level of the beasts. Jesus is the end and climax of the evolutionary process because in Him men met God."

The journalist James Douglas suggested Barclay was also "reticent about the inspiration of Scripture, critical of the doctrine of substitutionary atonement, and given to views about the virgin birth and miracles which conservatives would find either heretical or imprecise."

Works
While professor, he decided to dedicate his life to "making the best biblical scholarship available to the average reader". The eventual result was the Daily Study Bible, a set of 17 commentaries on the New Testament, published by Saint Andrew Press, the Church of Scotland's publishing house. Despite the series name, these commentaries do not set a program of regular study. Rather, they go verse by verse through Barclay's own translation of the New Testament, listing and examining every possible interpretation known to Barclay and providing all the background information he considered possibly relevant, all in layman's terms. The commentaries were fully updated with the help of William Barclay's son, Ronnie Barclay, in recent years and they are now known as the New Daily Study Bible series.

The 17 volumes of the set were all best-sellers and continue to be so to this day. A companion set giving a similar treatment to the Old Testament was endorsed but not written by Barclay.
In 2008 Saint Andrew Press began taking the content of the New Daily Study Bibles and producing pocket-sized thematic titles called Insights. The Insights books are introduced by contemporary authors, broadcasters and scholars, including Nick Baines and Diane-Louise Jordan.

Barclay wrote many other popular books, always drawing on scholarship but written in a highly accessible style. In The Mind of Jesus (1960) he states that his aim was "to make the figure of Jesus more vividly alive, so that we may know him better and love him more".

Barclay's books on the gospels and Jesus include:

 The Gospels and Acts: Matthew, Mark and Luke
 The Gospels and Acts: John and Acts
 Discovering Jesus
 Jesus of Nazareth (a companion to the miniseries)
 Jesus As They Saw Him
 Crucified and Crowned
 The Mind of Jesus
 The Parables of Jesus
 The Plain Man Looks at the Beatitudes
 The Plain Man Looks at the Lord's Prayer
 The Old Law and the New Law
 And He Had Compassion: The Miracles of Jesus (Judson Press)
 We Have Seen the Lord!
 The Master's Men
 Fishers of Men

Barclay's books on New Testament studies include:

 The New Testament: A New Translation
 A Beginner's Guide to the New Testament
 The New Daily Study Bible (17 volumes covering the entire New Testament)
 Insights (Series currently extending to 8 titles)
 Good Tidings of Great Joy
 God's Young Church
 The Mind of St. Paul
 Many Witnesses, One Lord
 Flesh And Spirit: An Examination of Galatians 5:19–23
 Letters to the Seven Churches
 The Men, The Meaning, The Message of the Books
 Great Themes of the New Testament
 New Testament Words

Barclay also wrote two books on Old Testament passages:

 The Ten Commandments
 The Lord is My Shepherd

Barclay's theological introductions include:

 The Apostles' Creed
 Conversion
 The Promise of the Spirit
 The Lord's Supper
 Ethics in a Permissive Society
 At the Last Trumpet: Jesus Christ and the End of Time

Barclay's other books include:

 Introducing the Bible
 Growing in Christian Faith
 The Plain Man's Book of Prayers
 Communicating the Gospel (reprinted as Meditations on Communicating the Gospel)
 A Spiritual Autobiography

References

External links
Brief biography at Harper Collins (publishers)
The Enigmatic William Barclay, article in an online Christian magazine.
I Am a Convinced Universalist by William Barclay
A collection of quotations from William Barclay.
 http://www.stmarkspress.com   Publisher of some of Barclay's major books

1907 births
1978 deaths
20th-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland
Scottish Calvinist and Reformed theologians
20th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Scottish Christian universalists
20th-century Calvinist and Reformed ministers
People educated at Dalziel High School
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Scottish radio presenters
Scottish male television presenters
Academics of the University of Glasgow
People from Wick, Caithness
British Christian pacifists
Calvinist pacifists
20th-century Christian universalists
Christian universalist theologians

William Barclay (theologian)


Non-profit industrial complex, or "NPIC" for short, is a term which is used by social justice activists to describe the way non-profit organizations, governments, and businesses are related.

Many activists carry out their work as employees of or with the assistance of non-profit organizations. Many of their goals need money in order to be achieved, and nonprofits are registered with the government in order to be allowed to receive large amounts of money legally. These activist nonprofits usually get money from even bigger nonprofits, which are connected to big businesses and rich people who control industries. But because many activists criticize things in society that businesses and rich people support, they might not get the money if they are too critical. So in order to stay funded, they may have to change the ideas they have for improving society to be more acceptable to industry.

People who believe these kinds of relationships between activists and industries are harmful to activism use the term non-profit industrial complex as a faster way to discuss these relationships, instead of explaining the whole system each time. They have written many articles and books describing the effects of the NPIC by studying patterns of funding or discussing how the goals of some activists changed once their movements began to receive more money.

Longer explanations

 The Revolution Will Not Be Funded: Beyond the Non-Profit Industrial Complex (book)
 What's the Non-Profit Industrial Complex and why should I care? (zine)
The Political Logic of the Non-Profit Industrial Complex (article)
 Black Awakening in Capitalist America: An Analytic History (book)
 The Ford Foundation: The Men and the Millions (book)

Activism
Non-profit organizations

Non-Profit Industrial Complex


The Shanghai–Kunming Railway or Hukun Railway (), also known as the Hukun Line, is a major arterial railroad across eastern, south central and southwest China. It connects Shanghai, whose shorthand name is Hu, and Kunming. The line has a total length of  and passes through Shanghai Municipality, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guizhou and Yunnan Province. Major cities along route include Shanghai, Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Yiwu, Jinhua, Shangrao, Yingtan, Pingxiang, Zhuzhou, Huaihua, Kaili, Guiyang, Anshun, Qujing, and Kunming.

Line description
The Hukun Line is double track from Shanghai's South Station to Liupanshui and single-track railway for about  from Liupanshui to Kunming. The speed limit for the line is  from Shanghai to Zhuzhou and  from Zhuzhou to Huaihua. The entire line is electrified.

The Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway runs parallel to the Shanghai–Kunming Railway.

History
The Shanghai–Kunming Railway has four major segments, which were built over a span of 70 years. In 2006, after the Ministry of Railways rebuilt sections along route and increased train travel speed, the four lines were collectively referred to as one.

 Shanghai–Hangzhou Railway (Huhang Line ),  in length, was built between 1906 and 1909 and connects Shanghai and Hangzhou.
 Zhejiang–Jiangxi Railway (Zhegan Line ),  in length, was built between 1899 and 1926 and connected Hangzhou, the capital of Zhejiang Province, with Zhuzhou, in northern Hunan province.
 Hunan–Guizhou Railway (Xiangqian Line ),  in length, was begun in 1937, halted in 1939 by World War II, restarted in 1953 and completed in 1975. It runs from Zhuzhou to Guiyang, capital of Guizhou Province.
 Guiyang–Kunming Railway (Guikun Line ),  in length, was built between 1958 and 1970, and connects Guiyang and Kunming. It was electrified in 1980.

Accidents
On May 23, 2010 (UTC+8), a passenger train derailed after heavy rains caused mudslides on the Hukun Line in Jiangxi Province, killing 19 passengers and injuring 71.

External links
 Documentary about the Guikun line.

See also
 List of railways in China

References

Railway lines in China
Rail transport in Shanghai
Rail transport in Zhejiang
Rail transport in Jiangxi
Rail transport in Hunan
Rail transport in Guizhou
Rail transport in Yunnan

25 kV AC railway electrification

Shanghai–Kunming railway


Testament is a 1983 drama film based on a three-page story titled "The Last Testament" by Carol Amen (1933–1987), directed by Lynne Littman and written by John Sacret Young. The film tells the story of how one small suburban town near the San Francisco Bay Area slowly falls apart after a nuclear war destroys outside civilization. It was one of the films, along with The Day After and Threads that portrayed life after a nuclear war, mostly in response to an increase in hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Originally produced for the PBS series American Playhouse, it was given a theatrical release instead by Paramount Pictures (although PBS did subsequently air it a year later). The cast includes Jane Alexander, William Devane, Leon Ames, Ross Harris, Lukas Haas, Roxana Zal and, in small roles shortly before their rise to stardom, Kevin Costner and Rebecca De Mornay. Alexander was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance.

Plot
The Wetherly family — husband Tom, wife Carol, and children Brad, Mary Liz, and Scottie — live in the fictional suburb of Hamelin, California. Tom, the breadwinner, works nearby in San Francisco.

On a routine afternoon, Carol listens to an answering-machine message from Tom saying he is on his way home for dinner. Scottie watches Sesame Street on TV when the show is suddenly replaced by white noise; a San Francisco news anchor appears onscreen, saying they have lost their New York signal and there were explosions of "nuclear devices up and down the East Coast." The anchorman is cut off by the Emergency Broadcast System tone. An announcer's voice states that the White House is interrupting the program, but the blinding flash of a nuclear detonation is seen through the window and the broadcast goes dead. The family huddles on the floor in panic as the town's air-raid sirens go off; minutes later, several of their neighbors are seen running around on the street outside, dazed in fear and confusion. The family tries to remain calm, hoping Tom is safe.

The suburb of Hamelin seems to survive relatively unscathed. Frightened residents meet at the home of Henry Abhart, an elderly ham radio operator. He has made contact with survivors in rural areas and internationally, but reveals that the entire Bay Area and all major U.S. cities are radio-silent. Larry, a local boy who lost his parents, moves in with the Wetherleys but succumbs to radiation poisoning. The school play about the Pied Piper of Hamelin was in rehearsal before the bombings; desperate to recapture some normality, the town decides to go on with the show. The parents smile and applaud, many of them in tears. The day after the attack, the children notice contaminated fallout dirt settling on solid surfaces as a result of the blast. Residents now have to cope with losing municipal services, food and gas shortages and, ultimately, the loss of loved ones to radiation poisoning. Scottie, the first to succumb, is buried in the backyard. As the dead accumulate faster than the manpower to bury them, wooden caskets are used as fuel for funeral pyres later, and Carol sews together a burial shroud from bedsheets for her daughter, Mary Liz, who also dies from radiation exposure.

While the young die, older residents fall to rapid dementia, and order in the town starts to break down as police and firefighter ranks dwindle. A young couple leave town after losing their infant, hoping to find safety and solace elsewhere. Carol's search for a battery causes her to listen once more to her husband's final message on the answering machine. To her sorrow, she finds a later (and previously unheard) message on the machine from Tom: he decided to stay at work late in San Francisco on the day of the attack, and she gives up hope that he will return home. Brad, Carol's last surviving child, helps his mother and takes over the radio for Henry Abhart. They adopt a mentally-disabled boy named Hiroshi who Tom used to take fishing along with his children, after Hiroshi's father dies. Soon thereafter Carol starts showing signs of radiation poisoning. Carol decides she, Brad and Hiroshi should avoid a slow and painful death from radiation poisoning and instead take their own lives via carbon monoxide poisoning. They gather in the family's station wagon with the engine running and the garage door closed, but Carol cannot bring herself to go through with the deed. They are finally seen sitting by candlelight to celebrate Brad's birthday, using a graham cracker in place of a cake. When asked what they should wish for, Carol answers: "That we remember it all...the good and the awful." She blows out the candle. An old family home movie of a surprise birthday party for Tom plays, showing him as he blows out the candles on his cake.

Cast
 Jane Alexander as Carol Wetherly
 William Devane as Tom Wetherly
 Ross Harris as Brad Wetherly
 Roxana Zal as Mary Liz Wetherly
 Lukas Haas as Scottie Wetherly
 Philip Anglim as Hollis
 Lilia Skala as Fania
 Leon Ames as Henry Abhart
 Lurene Tuttle as Rosemary Abhart
 Rebecca De Mornay as Cathy Pitkin
 Kevin Costner as Phil Pitkin
 Mako as Mike

Background

Testament was based upon a three-page short story written by Carol Amen, an American writing teacher whose story was published in the August 1981 issue of Ms. Magazine. Kyle Raymond Fitzpatrick of Los Angeles Review of Books traced Amen's story to a number of other 1980s periodical publications, stating, "The appearance of Amen's "The Last Testament" in [Ms. Magazine] was actually a reprint: the story originally ran in the September 1980 issue of the St. Anthony Messenger, an Ohio-based religious magazine published by the Franciscan Friars, with a circulation of roughly 350,000 in the 1980s. The story was written 14 years prior to the movie's release, according to a feature on Amen that appeared in The San Francisco Examiner in October 1983."

Amen died from cancer in 1987; according to an article in The Los Angeles Times released one week before her death, "Mrs. Amen taught writing at area adult schools and colleges. She wrote a three-page story she called "Last Testament" that appeared in print in 1981. It described a family in a small Northern California town and how it coped in the aftermath of a nuclear explosion."

Production
Testament was shot entirely on location in the town of Sierra Madre, California, a suburb community of Los Angeles located in the San Gabriel Valley.

Reception and legacy

Initial
Testament received positive reviews from the few critics who got the opportunity to see it. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 89% based on reviews from 45 critics.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four stars out of four, and was highly enthusiastic about the film. Ebert wrote that the film was powerful and made him cry, even after the second time he watched it. Ebert wrote: "The film is about a suburban American family, and what happens to that family after a nuclear war. It is not a science-fiction movie, and it doesn't have any special effects, and there are no big scenes of buildings blowing over or people disintegrating. We never even see a mushroom cloud. We never even know who started the war. Instead, Testament is a tragedy about manners: It asks how we might act toward one another, how our values might stand up, in the face of an overwhelming catastrophe."

Christopher John reviewed Testament in Ares Magazine Special Edition #2 and commented that "Testament may not change any lives, but it is bound to change the way some people think. Considering the subject matter, every little bit will help."

Awards and nominations

Retrospective
Testament has had positive retrospective reviews. Screen Rant has listed the film as one of the best science fiction movies directed by a woman, noting that it "went on to inspire other speculative war disaster media such as the TV show Jericho." Jacqueline Foertsch wrote that, in contrast to "a sizable majority of postapocalyptic and science fiction texts authored by Western male authors," Testament does not "ignore the reality of nuclear catastrophe" and "emphasize[s] threats to the well-being of families." Tor.com, in a piece on dystopian science fiction, called Testament "a realistic vision of the world we might live in after the bombs drop" and "quiet, brilliant little movie." Film critic Alexandra Heller-Nicholas wrote that Testament "utilises sci-fi to communicate a political message and remains a fascinating vision of life after a nuclear war" and "it remains a powerful but often widely forgotten sci-fi treasure." The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction calls it "potent and sentimental" and notes that it "seems not interested in causes, only in effects – in marked contrast to The Day After, made the same year."

The Science Fiction Handbook contrasts the film and others from the decade against 1950s/1960s dystopian films such as On the Beach, World Without End and Panic in the Year Zero by stating how "other post-holocaust films of the long 1950s were even more indirect in their representation of nuclear war and its aftermath: graphic on-screen depictions of the actual effects of nuclear war were rare until the mid-1980s, when a spate of such films appeared, including The Day After (1983), Testament (1983), and Threads (1984)."

Home media
Testament was released by Paramount Home Video on Beta, VHS videocassette, Laserdisc and RCA's CED System in 1984.

The film was released on DVD in 2004 in an edition that contained three featurettes: Testament at 20, Testament: Nuclear Thoughts, and Timeline of the Nuclear Age; this edition has since gone out of print.

As part of its 2013 agreement with Paramount Pictures, Warner Home Video made the film available in 2014 for purchase on MOD (Manufactured on Demand) DVD Recordable disc via its Warner Archive Collection.

The Australian specialty home video reissue distributor Imprint Films released the film on Blu-ray disc in late 2022 in an edition limited to 1500 copies.

See also
 The Day After, a 1983 television film about nuclear war that aired 2 weeks after Testament was released.
 Threads, a 1984 British television film that centers on nuclear war and the societal after-effects.
 List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
 List of nuclear holocaust fiction

References

External links

 Trailer for Imprint Films Blu-ray edition on official YouTube channel

1983 films
1980s disaster films
1983 drama films
Anti-nuclear films
American disaster films
American science fiction drama films
Films about nuclear war and weapons
Films based on American short stories
Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area
Down syndrome in film
Paramount Pictures films
American post-apocalyptic films
Films about World War III
Films scored by James Horner
1980s science fiction drama films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films

Testament (1983 film)


The Black Sea Region () (sometimes referred to as Pontus or Pontos) is a geographical region of Turkey. The largest city in the region is Samsun. Other big cities are Zonguldak,  Trabzon, Ordu, Tokat, Giresun, Rize, Amasya and Sinop.

It is bordered by the Marmara Region to the west, the Central Anatolia Region to the south, the Eastern Anatolia Region to the southeast, the Republic of Georgia to the northeast, and the Black Sea to the north.

Subdivision

 Western Black Sea Section ()
Inner Western Black Sea Area ()
Küre Mountains Area ()
 Central Black Sea Section ()
 Canik Mountains Area ()
 Inner Central Black Sea Area ()
 Eastern Black Sea Section ()
 Eastern Black Sea Coast Area ()
 Upper Kelkit - Çoruh Gully ()

Ecoregions

Terrestrial

Palearctic

Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
 Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests

Temperate coniferous forests
 Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests

Provinces

Provinces that are entirely in the Black Sea Region:
 Amasya
 Gümüşhane
 Bartın
 Bolu
 Giresun
 Kastamonu
 Karabük
 Ordu
 Rize
 Samsun
 Sinop
 Tokat
 Trabzon
 Zonguldak

Provinces that are mostly in the Black Sea Region:
 Artvin
 Bayburt
 Çorum
 Düzce

Provinces that are partially in the Black Sea Region:
 Ankara
 Ardahan
 Çankırı
 Erzincan
 Erzurum
 Sivas
 Yozgat

Population

The Black Sea region's population is 8,439,213 based on the 2010 census. 4,137,166 people live in cities and 4,301,747 people in villages. This makes it the only one of the seven regions of Turkey in which more people live in rural rather than urban areas.

Though the overwhelming majority is Turkish, the east of the region is also inhabited by the Laz, a people who speak a Kartvelian language which is closely related to Georgian and converted to Islam from Georgian Orthodoxy in the late Ottoman period as well as Muslim Georgians, also the Hemsin, Armenian converts to Islam, and Pontic Greeks, who converted to Islam in the 17th century. While a large community (around 25% of the population) of Christian Pontic Greeks remained throughout the Pontus area (including Trabzon and Kars in northeastern Turkey/the Russian Caucasus) until the 1920s, and in parts of Georgia and Armenia until the 2010s, preserving their own customs and dialect of Greek, the vast majority have since left, mainly to Greece. However, most Muslim Pontic Greeks remained in Turkey.

Geography
The Black Sea region has a steep, rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges. A few larger rivers, those cutting back through the Pontic Mountains (Doğu Karadeniz Dağları), have tributaries that flow in broad, elevated basins. Access inland from the coast is limited to a few narrow valleys because mountain ridges, with elevations of 1,525 to 1,800 meters in the west and 3,000 to 4,000 meters in the east in Kaçkar Mountains, form an almost unbroken wall separating the coast from the interior. The higher slopes facing northwest tend to be densely forested. Because of these natural conditions, the Black Sea coast historically has been isolated from Anatolia.

The mild, damp oceanic climate of the Black Sea coast makes commercial farming profitable. Running from Zonguldak in the west to Rize in the east, the narrow coastal strip widens at several places into fertile, intensely cultivated deltas. The Samsun area, close to the midpoint, is a major tobacco-growing region; east of it are numerous citrus groves. East of Samsun, the area around Trabzon is world-renowned for the production of hazelnuts, and farther east the Rize region has numerous tea plantations. All cultivable areas, including mountain slopes wherever they are not too steep, are sown or used as pasture. The western part of the Black Sea region, especially the Zonguldak area, is a center of coal mining and heavy industry.

The North Anatolian Mountains in the north are an interrupted chain of folded highlands that generally parallel the Black Sea coast. In the west, the mountains tend to be low, with elevations rarely exceeding 1,500 meters, but they rise in an easterly direction to heights greater than 3,000 meters south of Rize. Lengthy, trough-like valleys and basins characterize the mountains. Rivers flow from the mountains toward the Black Sea. The southern slopes—facing the Anatolian Plateau—are mostly unwooded, but the northern slopes contain dense growths of both deciduous and evergreen trees.

Climate

Black Sea region has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb); with high and evenly distributed rainfall the year round. At the coast, summers are warm and humid, and winters are cool and damp. The Black Sea coast receives the greatest amount of precipitation and is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year. The eastern part of that coast averages 2,500 millimeters annually which is the highest precipitation in the country. Snowfall is quite common between the months of December and March, snowing for a week or two, and it can be heavy once it snows.

The water temperature in the whole Turkish Black Sea coast is always cool and fluctuates between 8° and 20 °C throughout the year.

Tourism
Those who dislike the heat and humidity of the summer in the Mediterranean and Aegean regions of Turkey, escape to the plateaux of the mountains in the Black Sea region which are almost permanently cloudy and receive immense amounts of rain, and are very attractive with rich flora and fauna, forests, crater lakes, waterfalls, rivers, streams, mountain and nature walk, rafting, canoe and winter sports, hunting and fishing, grass skiing, healing water, and local dishes.

See also
 Provinces of Turkey
 List of fish of the Black Sea
 Trabzon Province
 World Trade Center Trabzon
 Geography of Turkey
 Black Sea topics
 Bithynia
 Paphlagonia
 Pontus
 Lazistan
 Colchis

References

 Serander.net: Blacksea Region Culture
 Giresunda.com: Karadeniz
 9sn.net/Turkiye: Karadeniz Resimleri
 Cucupedi.com: Karadeniz'de Gezilecek Yerler

Anatolia
Black Sea
Regions of Turkey

Black Sea Region


Qutb, Qutub, Kutb, Kutub or Kotb (), means 'axis', 'pivot' or 'pole'.  Qutb can refer to celestial movements and be used as an astronomical term or a spiritual symbol. In Sufism, a Qutb is the perfect human being, al-Insān al-Kāmil ('The Universal Man'), who leads the saintly hierarchy. The Qutb is the Sufi spiritual leader that has a divine connection with God and passes knowledge on which makes him central to, or the axis of, Sufism, but he is unknown to the world. There are five Qutbs per era, and they are infallible and trusted spiritual leaders. They are only revealed to a select group of mystics because there is a "human need for direct knowledge of God".

According to the Institute of Ismaili Studies, "In mystical literature, such as the writings of al–Tirmidhi, Abd al–Razzaq and Ibn Arabi (d. 1240), [Qutb] refers to the most perfect human being who is thought to be the universal leader of all saints, to mediate between the divine and the human and whose presence is deemed necessary for the existence of the world."

Scriptural evidence
In the teachings of Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi, there is evidence to suggest that the Qutb is the head of the saintly hierarchy which provides scriptural evidence to support the belief in the qutb. The hadīth attributed to Ibn Mas'ūd has been used as proof that a qutb exists.

Temporal Qutb and cosmic Qutb

Temporal Qutb
There are two different conceptions of the Qutb in Sufism: temporal Qutb and cosmic Qutb. The temporal and cosmic qutb are connected, which guarantees that God is present in the world at all times. The temporal qutb is known as "the helper" or al-ghawth and is located in a person on Earth. The cosmic qutb is manifested in the temporal qutb as a virtue which can be traced back to al-Hallaj. The temporal qutb is the spiritual leader for the earth-bound saints.  It is said that all beings - secret, animate, and inanimate - must give the qutb their pledge which gives him great authority.  The only beings exempt from this are al-afrād, which belong to the angels; the djinn, who are under the jurisdiction of Khadir; and those who belong to the tenth stratum of ridjālal-ghayb.

Due to the nature of the Qutb, the location where he resides, whether temporal or cosmic, is questionable.  It is thought by most that the Qutb is corporeally or spiritually present in Mecca at the Ka'ba, which is referred to as his maqām.

The language of Sufi is a notable style of writing in Persian which is full of novel spiritual ideas and metaphors, this indicates of the needs to not take their wordings literally if it seems to be against the Islamic teachings.

Cosmic Qutb
The cosmic Qutb is the Axis of the Universe in a higher dimension from which originates the power (ultimately from Allah) of the temporal Qutb.

The cosmic hierarchy of the Qutb
The cosmic hierarchy is the way that the spiritual power is ensured to exist through the cosmos.  Two descriptions of the hierarchy come from notable Sufis.  The first is Ali Hujwiri's divine court.  There are three hundred akhyār ("excellent ones"), forty abdāl ("substitutes"), seven abrār ("piously devoted ones"), four awtād ("pillars") three nuqabā ("leaders") and one qutb.

The second version is Ibn Arabī's which has a different, more exclusive structure.  There are eight nujabā ("nobles"), twelve nuqabā, seven abdāl, four awtād, two a'immah ("guides"), and the qutb.

People named Qutb
For those named Qutb ad-Din, with many variant transliterations, see Qutb ad-Din

Buildings
 Qutb complex, a group of monuments and buildings at Mehrauli in Delhi, India
 Qutb Minar, a tall brick minaret in Delhi, India

References

Arabic-language masculine given names
Masculine given names
Sufism

Qutb


Little Tough Guys in Society is a 1938 Universal Studios film that starred several of the Dead End Kids.  It was the second film that Universal made in their series and the first of three that they made without any of the original Dead End Kids.

Plot
Mrs. Berry, a socialite, hires a psychiatrist to care for her son Randolph.  He exhibits antisocial behavior and stays bedridden all day.  The doctor determines that if he was exposed to other boys of a lesser social stature he will break out of his shell and resume his place in society.  They contact a place in the city and hire six underprivileged kids to come out to the country to help out.  The boys who arrive are not the boys who were originally hired, but a gang of misfits who are wanted for destroying a glass factory.  They quickly help Randolph overcome his antisocial behavior and assist in capturing some thieves who broke into Mrs. Berry's residence while Randolph's birthday party was taking place.  The boys are then discovered to be on the run from the police, but with the assistance of a judge attending the party, they surrender and agree to return to New York and face their punishment.

Cast

The Little Tough Guys
 Frankie Thomas as Danny
 Harris Berger as Sailor
 Hally Chester as Murphy
 Charles Duncan as Monk
 David Gorcey as Yap
 William Benedict as Trouble

Additional Cast
 Mischa Auer as Dr. Trenkle
 Mary Boland as Mrs. Berry
 Edward Everett Horton as Oliver
 Helen Parrish as Penny
 Jackie Searl as Randolf Berry
 Peggy Stewart as Jane
 Harold Huber as Uncle Buck
 David Oliver as Footman
 Stanley Blystone as Policeman
 Eddie Hall as Cabbie
 Samuel S. Hinds as Judge
 Lon McCallister as unnamed
 Sarah Padden as Victim
 Frances Robinson as Guest
 Dick Rush as Jim

The writers
The writers Mortimer Offner and Edward Eliscu were related by marriage. Eliscu's wife Stella Bloch was Mortimer's cousin. Eliscu and Offner were both eventually blacklisted.

References

External links

1938 films
American black-and-white films
Universal Pictures films
Films directed by Erle C. Kenton
American comedy films
1938 comedy films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films

Little Tough Guys in Society


Dary John Mizelle (born June 14, 1940 in Stillwater, Oklahoma) is an American composer of avant-garde classical and jazz music.

Life and career
Mizelle studied trombone (B.A. California State University, Sacramento) as well as composition (M.A. University of California, Davis, Ph.D. University of California, San Diego) and while at U.C. Davis participated in the New Music Ensemble (a pioneering free improvisation group that dispensed with scores). He was an original member of the group that founded Source: Music of the Avant Garde magazine. His mentors include: Larry Austin, Richard Swift, Jerome Rosen, Karlheinz Stockhausen, David Tudor, Roger Reynolds, Robert Erickson, Pauline Oliveros, and Kenneth Gaburo.

His music involves mastery of instrumental, electronic and vocal resources as well as his own performance on several different instruments and voice.  He works in many different genres and media. His SPANDA project consists of thirteen days of music with a coherent macrostructure, which includes music theater, opera, orchestra works, choral works, electronic music, chamber music, solo instrumental and vocal music as well as combinations and integrations of all these.  A prolific composer with works in all media, he has over 450 compositions and 40 jazz tunes.  He refers to his music as "multidimensional" in scope and practices his musical art in multiple tuning systems ("macrotonality") and simultaneous tonal, modal and atonal systems ("polyatonality") as well as multiple rhythmic systems (systemic polyrhythm).

His electronic music uses the techniques he refers to as "microsynthesis" (mixing of very short - less than 50 millisecond - elements of different sonic energy components) and "isomorphic synthesis" (the compression of musical macrostructure to the level of waveforms) as well as more conventional techniques such as additive synthesis, granular synthesis and transformation of acoustical sounds.

He has held academic appointments at University of South Florida, Oberlin Conservatory of Music where he was head of the Technology In Music And Related Arts (TIMARA) program, and State University of New York at Purchase where he was Chair of the Composition Program.

He makes his home in Westchester County, New York since 1979.

List of works
Piano Music
 Variations on a Tone Row (1963)
 Piano Opus (1966)
 In Memoriam Igor Stravinsky (1971)
 TRANSFORMS for piano  (1975–79)
 Three Easy Pieces (1980–93)
 I Was Standing Quite Close to Process (1991-2)
 Autumnal Equinox (1998)
 ZNV (1998)
 Kitamidorigaoka (1999)
 Zach's New Blues (2001)
 Fingers on Keys-New Music for Piano Students (2003)
 On Gaku (2005)
 Piano Concerto Number One—Winterscape
 Piano Concerto Number Two—Consciousness
 Fantasy I (2011)
 Fantasy II (2012)
 Sonatas I-IX (1964-2012)

Discography

Soundscape: Collected Works of Dary John Mizelle Vol. 1 (2000). Furious Artisans FACD6801. Featuring:
Metalsong II
Soundscape
Pi/Grace
Samadhi

Transmutations and metamorphosis (2004). Equilibrium EQ67. Featuring:
Transmutations and metamorphoses

Nataraja Records (2006). Featuring:
SPANDA Symphonies of Sound IV : I Was Standing Quite Close to Process

Transforms: Collected Works of Dary John Mizelle Vol. 2. performed by Laurie Hudicek. Furious Artisans. Featuring:
Transforms for Piano (14 of 34)

Further reading

Kyle Gann. "Calm Within Chaos" (Dary John Mizelle, Robert Ashley). Village Voice. November 22, 1988 (Vol. XXXIII No. 47, p. 86).

References

External links
 Dary John Mizelle homepage

1940 births
20th-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Living people
Pupils of Robert Erickson
Pupils of Karlheinz Stockhausen
American jazz composers
American male jazz composers
California State University, Sacramento alumni
University of California, Davis alumni
University of California, San Diego alumni
University of South Florida faculty
Oberlin Conservatory of Music faculty
State University of New York at Purchase faculty
People from Stillwater, Oklahoma
Musicians from Oklahoma
21st-century classical composers
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
Jazz musicians from Oklahoma
Classical musicians from New York (state)
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
20th-century jazz composers
21st-century jazz composers

Dary John Mizelle


The Erfurt massacre was a school shooting that occurred on 26 April 2002 at the Gutenberg-Gymnasium, a secondary school in Erfurt, Germany. 19-year-old expelled student Robert Steinhäuser shot and killed 16 people, including 13 staff members, two students, and one police officer before committing suicide. One person was also wounded by a bullet fragment. According to students, he ignored them and aimed only for the teachers and administrators, although two students were unintentionally killed by shots fired through a locked door.

Background
Robert Steinhäuser (22 January 1983 – 26 April 2002) was a student of the Gutenberg Gymnasium until early October 2001. At the end of September 2001, he had spent a few days away from school, for which he presented a mandatory medical certificate which was quickly identified as a forgery. Because of this forgery, Steinhäuser was expelled by the principal. Due to the regulations used in the State of Thuringia at the time, Steinhäuser, on expulsion, found himself with no qualifications at all and therefore had very limited job opportunities.

The investigation revealed that Steinhäuser had been doing research on the Internet into the Columbine High School massacre and had files relating to the crime saved on his computer.

Massacre
On the day of the shooting, before leaving his residence at his usual time, Steinhäuser armed himself with a 9mm Glock 17C, a Mossberg 590 Mariner 12-gauge pump-action shotgun, which was unusable due to an earlier handling error, and a diving knife. Steinhäuser probably entered the school unmasked at 10:45, carrying his weapons and ammunition in his sports bag or backpack. As Steinhäuser was in the hallway, he encountered the building's caretaker, and briefly talked with him. He asked whether or not Ms. Alt, the principal, was in the building. He went into the men's toilet on the ground floor and changed some of his clothes, including a black face mask. He left his coat, wallet and identification.

The shooting started shortly before 10:58 am. From the toilet, Steinhäuser went to the school office. There he shot the deputy school principal and the secretary. In the next room was the headmistress, but Steinhäuser did not enter the room despite the door being unlocked. When the headmistress went to check the noise, Steinhäuser had already left the room. Upon discovering the bodies, she locked herself in her office and alerted the emergency services.

Steinhäuser moved from classroom to classroom, pausing briefly each time in the doorway to shoot a teacher, then moving on to the next room. At 11:05 am, a janitor called the police. At 11:12 am, the first police car arrived at the school. Steinhäuser opened fire on the police, fatally shooting one of the policemen.

In front of the art material room 111 Steinhäuser met the history and arts teacher Rainer Heise. In later interviews Heise gave conflicting versions of the event, claiming that either he himself or Steinhäuser had removed his mask, after which he told Steinhäuser to shoot him while looking him in the eyes. Steinhäuser is then said to have lowered his weapon and to have replied: "Herr Heise, für heute reichts." [Mr Heise, that's enough for today.] According to Heise, he used this opportunity to push Steinhäuser into the art material room to lock him up there together with his gun. Steinhäuser then shot himself, his body being found by police a few hours later.

From the first shot to Steinhäuser's suicide the spree lasted no more than 20 minutes. One and a half hours later, Steinhäuser's body was found by a special police detachment (SEK) in Room 111. The gunman had killed 16 people in the massacre—The school's assistant principal, secretary, ten teachers, one trainee-teacher, two students, and one police officer. 71 rounds were fired throughout the whole series of shootings.

Reactions

Steinhäuser's family issued a statement to news sources saying that they "will forever be sorry that our son and brother has brought such horrifying suffering to the victims and their relatives, the people of Erfurt and Thuringia, and all over Germany."

In 2004, after repeated public criticisms of the police response to the shooting, the state government of Thuringia tasked a committee to release a final report on the shooting.

The state government of Thuringia reprimanded the principal of the school for the expulsion of Steinhäuser, saying she had overstepped her legal powers and violated the rules of the procedure. There were no further legal consequences for the principal and she remains in charge of the school as of 2017.

Likewise, the Thuringian education law was caught in the crossfire of criticism. Since Steinhäuser was already an adult, the school administration was not required to inform his parents about their son's expulsion from school. In contrast to most other German states at this time, the state of Thuringia did not automatically award the middle school certificate at the end of the 10th Grade. Students who did not pass the final exams therefore did not have a school certificate, which left them with limited job prospects. In response to the shooting, a law was enacted that would give high school students the option to take an exam at the end of the 10th Grade at their own request. Since 2004, this exam has been mandatory for all Thuringian high school students.

The shooting also led to public discussions on the effect of violence in media and its effect on the youth, especially in relation to computer games of the first-person shooter genre, so-called killer games and dealing with fictional violence in other media. According to the report of the Gutenberg Commission, Steinhäuser had some violent movies such as Fight Club, Predator and Desperado, as well as the video games Return to Castle Wolfenstein, Hitman: Codename 47 and Half-Life. Steinhäuser was apparently not interested in the game Counter-Strike, which was often mentioned in connection with the shooting by the media. The discussions contributed to a revision of the Protection of Young Persons Act and helped to strengthen the rules for these legal areas.

In addition to the reform of the Protection of Young Persons Act, gun laws were tightened. The legal minimum age for those who wanted to join a shooting club was raised from 18 to 21 years and anyone under 25 years wishing to handle firearms was now required to undergo a medical-psychological examination. Pump-action firearms were banned altogether. Furthermore, the retention requirements for firearms and ammunition were significantly tightened.

Legacy

After the rampage, around 700 students were diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder, about one hundred of whom were still under treatment for one year after the shooting. 10 years after the killing spree, there were still six witnesses in psychological therapy, including four who had initially rejected a follow-up program. These adolescents had "time-delayed disturbances such as memory gaps and extreme avoidance behavior". The Thuringian Accident Insurance Fund as payers has so far taken over childcare costs for the victims in the amount of about 5.6 million Euros, including about 2.2 million Euros as pension payments, for example, for survivors' pensions.

Steinhäuser's last words – Für heute reicht's ("that's enough for today") – was also the title of a controversial book about the massacre written by Ines Geipel, who alleged that there were several mistakes made by the police on the case. Geipel, and relatives of some of the victims, criticized police for the initial speed of their response. The police had initially believed there was a second gunman, leading them to retake the school one level at a time rather than storm the entire building. Police laws and police training were reformed in most federal states in response to the shooting. While police patrols were previously required to wait for a special task force, policemen all over Germany now get the necessary training and equipment to deal directly with mass shooters.

Heise was hailed as a national hero for locking Steinhäuser in a room, which ended the killing spree, but was later subject to backlash from some members of the public due to questions about his role. Erfurt Mayor Manfred Ruge said he fully believes Heise, but acknowledged the teacher's rather direct and animated style combined with the vast media coverage had caused resentment in the town.

The massacre led to the development of a code word that could be broadcast over the public address system to warn teachers of a shooting. "Mrs. Koma is coming", which is "amok" spelled backwards, was later used at the Winnenden school shooting to alert teachers to that attack.

Steinhäuser was mentioned in a video created by Pekka-Eric Auvinen, who killed eight people during the Jokela school shooting in Finland.

See also
 List of rampage killers (school massacres)
 Winnenden school shooting
 Emsdetten school shooting
 Ansbach school attack

References

External links

2002 mass shootings in Europe
2002 murders in Germany
2002 suicides
2002 deaths
2000s in Thuringia
April 2002 crimes
April 2002 events in Germany
Columbine High School massacre copycat crimes
Crime in Thuringia
Deaths by firearm in Germany
High school killings in Europe
High school shootings
School massacre
Mass murder in 2002
Mass shootings in Germany
Massacres in Germany
Murder–suicides in Germany
School killings in Germany
School massacres in Europe
School shootings committed by pupils
School shootings in Germany
Spree shootings in Germany
Suicides by firearm in Germany
Mass shootings involving Glock pistols

Erfurt school massacre


John Stevenson (born 1958) is a British filmmaker and puppeteer. Stevenson has over 40 years of experience with animation.

Life and career
Stevenson worked as a story artist on the feature films The Great Muppet Caper, The Dark Crystal, Labyrinth and Little Shop of Horrors and as a character designer and story artist on shows and films like The Dreamstone, Count Duckula, Back to the Future: The Animated Series, The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat, two of the Fox Tales specials and FernGully 2: The Magical Rescue. He also worked as an art director on Back to the Future: The Animated Series and a puppeteer on James & the Giant Peach and Motion Capture Performer on The Moxy Pirate Show. In 1991, Stevenson moved to the United States, and in 1998 he was hired as a head of story at DreamWorks Animation. There he worked for many years in the art department on many films such as Shrek, Shrek 2, Madagascar and Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas, in addition to helming a number of episodes of their animated primetime show Father of the Pride. He worked for four years bringing Kung Fu Panda to the screen.

In 2009, Stevenson was nominated for an Academy Award with Mark Osborne for Best Animated Feature for Kung Fu Panda and won the Annie Award with Osborne for Directing in a Feature Production.

In 2011-12 Stevenson directed a six-minute animated short film for The Coca-Cola Company produced by Ridley and Tony Scott called The Polar Bears.

Since 2012, Stevenson has been directing for Rocket Pictures the sequel of Gnomeo & Juliet, titled Sherlock Gnomes, The film was released on 23 March 2018 to negative reception.

Stevenson was originally set to work as director for an upcoming film based on the character created by Mattel, He-Man and the Masters of the Universe. He was also attached to various projects like The Minotaur Takes a Cigarette Break, We3, Alien Rock Band and Rotten Island. In August 2014, it was announced that Stevenson will direct for Unified Pictures a CG-animated feature film The Ark and the Aardvark inspired by Noah's Ark.

Filmography

References

External links

1958 births
Living people
Annie Award winners
British animated film directors
British animators
British art directors
British expatriates in the United States
British film directors
British puppeteers
British storyboard artists
DreamWorks Animation people

John Stevenson (director)


exit in computing means to terminate a task or program. On many computer operating systems, a process is stopped by making a system call, called exit. An exit in a multithreading environment means that a thread of execution has stopped running. The operating system reclaims memory that was used by the process. The process is said to be a dead process after it terminates.

Related pages
 exit (command)

Computing

Exit (system call)


Well, Just You Wait![1] (Russian: Ну, погоди!, romanized: Nu, pogodi!) is a Soviet, later Russian, animated series produced by Soyuzmultfilm. In the 2014 all-Russian poll, Well, Just You Wait! won by a wide margin as people's favorite cartoon/animated series of all time.[2] The most recent episode was produced in 2006.

Animated television series

Well, Just You Wait!


Sydney Smith Lee (September 2, 1802 – July 22, 1869), called Smith Lee in his lifetime, was an American naval officer who served as a captain in the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War. He was the third child of Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee and Anne Hill Carter Lee, and the older brother of Confederate general Robert E. Lee.

Early life and education
Lee was born in Camden, New Jersey, on September 2, 1802. At the age of 18 on December 30, 1820, he was appointed midshipman in the United States Navy and 8 years later promoted to lieutenant on May 17, 1828. During the Mexican–American War Lee fought in the Battle of Veracruz with his brother Robert E. Lee, and afterwards was stationed there. He was promoted to commander on June 4. 1850 and accompanied Commodore Perry to Japan in 1853, commanding his flagship .

Career

Commander Lee served as commandant of the U.S. Naval Academy and Philadelphia Navy Yard. He resigned from the service on April 17, 1861, the day Virginia declared it had seceded, though the resignation was not accepted. After dismissal on April 22, 1861, he accepted a commission as commander in the Confederate States Navy.

When the U.S. Navy abandoned the Gosport Navy Yard in Norfolk, Virginia, Commander Lee became the commanding officer there. When Union forces regained it, he was put in charge of batteries at Drewry's Bluffs, Virginia. On May 6, 1864, he became chief of the Confederate Navy's Bureau of Orders and Detail, replacing Captain John K. Mitchell. Lee was promoted to captain, and remained at this post until the end of the war.

Lee fought for the Confederacy reluctantly. As late as 1863 he denounced South Carolina for "getting us into this snarl" of secession, complaining that Robert and his family had persuaded him to act against his love of the U.S. Navy.

Family and death
Lee's wife was Anne Marie Mason of Virginia. One of their sons was Confederate Major General Fitzhugh Lee who later became Governor of Virginia, diplomat and writer; and served as Major General of U.S. Volunteers during the Spanish–American War. At least four more of his sons served in the Confederate States Army or Navy. After the war Lee became a farmer and died at his residence at Richland in Stafford County, Virginia on July 22, 1869.

References

1802 births
1869 deaths
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
American people of English descent
Burials at Old Christ Church Episcopal Cemetery (Alexandria, Virginia)
Confederate States Navy captains
Lee family of Virginia
Mason family
Northern-born Confederates
People from Westmoreland County, Virginia
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
United States Navy officers

Sydney Smith Lee


The Michigan Science Center (MiSci) is a Smithsonian-affiliate science museum in Detroit, Michigan. The mission of the Michigan Science Center  is to inspire curious minds of all ages to discover, explore and appreciate science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) in a creative, dynamic learning environment. As a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, MiSci relies on the generous support of donors, sponsors, community partners and members.

Boasting over 220+ interactive activities, live stage shows, pop-up pocket demonstrations and distance-learning programs, the Michigan Science Center is a community STEM hub serving the entire state through virtual and traveling science programs.

The Michigan Science Center features an IMAX Dome Theatre; the Dassault Systèmes Planetarium; the Toyota Engineering 4D Theater; the DTE Energy Sparks Theater; the Chrysler Science Stage; a  Science Hall for traveling exhibits; exhibit galleries focusing on space, life and physical science; the United States Steel Fun Factory; an exhibit gallery just for pint-size scientists; and more.

History
Dexter Ferry is credited for the vision and dedication that led to the creation of the Detroit Science Center; the Detroit-area businessman and philanthropist founded the center in 1970. In 1978, the DSC moved to its Midtown, Detroit, facility designed by Master Architect William Henry Kessler of Detroit-based William Kessler Associates in the midtown cultural center adjacent to the Detroit Institute of Arts and Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History.

The center was closed briefly in the early 1990s after losing funding from the State of Michigan, but re-opened in 1991. The Detroit Science Center operated until 1999 when it closed for construction on a $30 million renovation and expansion - tripling the available exhibit space and adding new theater and performance areas. Neumann/Smith Architecture completed the
. addition and . renovation. The Detroit Science Center had a grand re-opening celebration in July 2001 and continued to expand, adding a new Digital Dome Planetarium in December 2001 and a 4D Toyota Engineering Theater in 2008.

In partnership with the Thompson Educational Foundation, the Detroit Science Center embarked in April 2008 on another expansion of . to create a new college-prep charter school named University Prep Science & Math Middle School on its downtown campus. The school facility has classrooms, a gymnasium with locker rooms, food service, and offices, and shares conference space and lobby with the Detroit Science Center. Two Detroit companies completed the new addition, GunnLevine Architects (Architect of Record) and DeMaria Building Company.

On September 26, 2011, the Detroit Science Center closed due to monetary issues. Several planned events, programs, and trips were either postponed or rescheduled to take place at the Detroit Children's Museum. (Ironically, the Detroit Children's Museum itself was closed in December 2011 due to financial difficulties, but reopened in February 2012 solely to Detroit Public School students and lacking Detroit Science Center affiliation.)

On September 7, 2012, local Detroit news reports indicated that a new organization, the Michigan Science Center, would open and operate the facility. A spokesperson stated funding over the past year had been "significant" but did not disclose numbers. A board of directors for the Michigan Science Center first met on September 10, 2012. The Michigan Science Center began operations on December 26, 2012.

See also
 List of science centers

References

External links
 Michigan Science Center
 University Prep Science & Math
 Thompson Educational Foundation

Museums in Detroit
Science museums in Michigan
Midtown Detroit
Planetaria in the United States
Science museums

Michigan Science Center


Stylops melittae is a species of the order Strepsiptera of flying insects, that parasitize various species of sand bees (Andrena).

Biology
The female Stylops melittae gives birth to a large number of motile primary larvae, that are strewn upon blossoms. From there they can be delivered along with the pollen at the nest construction of the sand bees for which the species is specialized. In the nest construction the primary larvae penetrate into the host larvae and molt into exclusively endoparasitic secondary larvae. These roam about feeding in the host, and after a few further moltings establish themselves in the abdomen, and with their anterior portion break through between two abdominal segments of the host's skin, where they pupate. The exit point lays mostly between the 4th and 5th, more rarely between the 3rd and 4th, abdominal segment.

There are substantially more females (77–92%) than males (2–23%). The females remain all their lives in this puparium where they will be visited by the males for the purpose of copulation. Therefore, the females release a pheromone (3,5,9-trimethyldodecanal) produced by cephalothoracic gland and attract the males.

Stylops melittae can emerge in two generations, but most emerge in just one generation, so that stylops-infested sand bees are encountered mostly just in the early months of the year March through May.

Influence on the host species
Stylops melittae primarily parasitizes species of sand bees that use the blossoms of multiple plants (that is, those that are polylectic); sand bee species specialized for blossoms of a single or few plant species, are more rarely affected. This distribution regarding host specificity would not be expected.

Stylops melittae has a markedly variable appearance. The proportions of the cephalothorax of the female have a great range of variability and consequently at times sequences of apparently host-specific species have been described, that have since been subsumed under single species.

Female sand bees become parasitized far more often than males.

Stylops-parasitized female sand bees are sterile and express themselves in behavior and appearance rather like their male counterparts of the species. The pollen gathering apparatus is reduced, the abdomen is flatter, and also the coloration is reminiscent of male individuals. Furthermore the stylops-parasitized female bees leave the maternal nest a few days earlier than do uninfested female individuals, similarly as do healthy male individuals. The earlier flight of the infested females gives the parasite more time for the development of the primary larvae. Stylops-parasitized females are no longer active after they have dug out their nest, while healthy females then fly out to provide for their offspring.

The less often infested male sand bees are by their appearance less affected, but are rather reminiscent of the female animals.

In science and culture
William Kirby was responsible for classifying the Strepsiptera as a separate order of insects. On the foundation of the Entomological Society of London in 1833 William Kirby was made Honorary Life President and Stylops melittae (then known as Stylops kirbyi) was adopted as the society's symbol. The seal was first used for a letter by the society to William Kirby, which was signed by the president and thirty members in 1836 to thank him for presenting the society with a cabinet containing his entire insect collection. The society's badge has remained almost unchanged since its first use.

References

Strepsiptera
Insects of Europe
Taxa named by William Kirby (entomologist)
Insects described in 1802
Parasites of bees
Parasitic insects

Stylops melittae


Máirtín Ó Cadhain (; 20 January 1906 – 18 October 1970) was one of the most prominent Irish language writers of the twentieth century. Perhaps best known for his 1949 novel Cré na Cille, Ó Cadhain played a key role in reintroducing literary modernism into modern literature in Irish, where it had been dormant since the 1916 execution of Patrick Pearse. Politically, Ó Cadhain was an Irish republican and anti-clerical Marxist, who promoted the Athghabháil na hÉireann ("Re-Conquest of Ireland"), (meaning both decolonization and re-Gaelicisation). Ó Cadhain was also a member of the post-Civil War Irish Republican Army and was interned by the Irish Army in the Curragh Camp with Brendan Behan and many other IRA members during the Emergency.

Literary career

Born in Connemara, he became a schoolteacher but was dismissed due to his Irish Republican Army (IRA) membership. In the 1930s he served as an IRA recruiting officer, enlisting fellow writer Brendan Behan. During this period, he also participated in the land campaign of native speakers, which led to the establishment of the Ráth Cairn neo-Gaeltacht in County Meath. Subsequently, he was arrested and interned during the Emergency years on the Curragh Camp in County Kildare, due to his continued involvement in the IRA.

Ó Cadhain's politics were Irish republicanism mixed with Marxism and Radical politics, and then tempered with a rhetorical anti-clericalism. In his writings, however, concerning the revival of the Irish language, Ó Cadhain was very practical about the Catholic Church in Ireland but demanded commitment to the language revival from Roman Catholic priests. It was his view that, as the Church was there anyway, it would be better if the clergy were more willing to address their Faithful in the Irish language.

As a writer, Ó Cadhain is acknowledged to be a major part of the revival of modernist literature in the Irish, where it had been largely dormant since the execution of Patrick Pearse in 1916. Ó Cadhain created a literary language for his writing out of the Conamara Theas and Cois Fharraige dialects of Connacht Irish, but he was often accused of an unnecessarily dialectal usage in grammar and orthography even in contexts where a realistic depiction of the Connemara vernacular wasn't called for. He was also happy to experiment with borrowings from other dialects, Classical Irish and even Scottish Gaelic. Consequently, much of what Ó Cadhain wrote is, like the poetry of fellow Linguistic experimentalist Liam S. Gógan, reputedly very hard to understand for a non-native speaker.

He was a prolific writer of short stories. His collections of short stories include Cois Caoláire, An Braon Broghach, Idir Shúgradh agus Dháiríre, An tSraith Dhá Tógáil, An tSraith Tógtha and An tSraith ar Lár. He also wrote three novels, of which only Cré na Cille was published during his lifetime. The other two, Athnuachan and Barbed Wire, appeared in print only recently. He translated Charles Kickham's novel Sally Kavanagh into Irish as Saile Chaomhánach, nó na hUaigheanna Folmha. He also wrote several political or linguo-political pamphlets. His political views can most easily be discerned in a small book about the development of Irish nationalism and radicalism since Theobald Wolfe Tone, Tone Inné agus Inniu; and in the beginning of the sixties, he wrote – partly in Irish, partly in English – a comprehensive survey of the social status and actual use of the language in the west of Ireland, published as An Ghaeilge Bheo – Destined to Pass. In August 1969 he delivered a speech (published as Gluaiseacht na Gaeilge: Gluaiseacht ar Strae) in which he spoke of the role Irish speakers should take in 'athghabháil na hÉireann', or the 'reconquest of Ireland' as James Connolly first coined the term.

He and Diarmaid Ó Súilleabháin were considered the two most innovative Irish language authors to emerge in the 1960s. Ó Cadhain had frequent difficulties getting his work edited, but unpublished writings have appeared at least every two years since the publication of Athnuachan in the mid-nineties.

In 1956, aged 50 years of age, he was appointed as a lecturer in the Department of Irish in Trinity College Dublin despite not having a degree or other typical academic credentials. He was appointed associate professor of Irish and Head of department fourteen years later in 1969. In 1970 he was appointed as Chair (full professor) and was made a fellow of the university before his death that same year.

A lecture hall in Trinity College Dublin is named after Ó Cadhain. There is also a bronze bust of him in the Irish department of the university.

Political activity

Ó Cadhain's interest in Irish republicanism grew after he started reading An Phoblacht, a republican newspaper with strong links to the Irish Republican Army that publishes articles in both English and Irish. While living in Camus, County Galway (an Irish-speaking Gaeltacht village) he resided with Seosamh Mac Mathúna, who had been a member of the IRA since 1918. His time with Mac Mathúna further brought him down the path of republicanism and eventually, Mac Mathúna brought Ó Cadhain into the IRA. As a member, he championed a Marxist analysis of Ireland and was a particular advocate for "Athghabháil na hÉireann" (English: "The Reconquest of Ireland"), a concept of James Connolly's that suggests the Irish language could only be saved by socialism, as the English language is a tool of the capitalists.

In 1932 Ó Cadhain along with Mac Mathúna and Críostóir Mac Aonghusa (a local teacher, activist and county councillor) founded Cumann na Gaedhealtachta (The Gaeltacht Association), a pressure group to lobby on behalf of those living in Ireland's Gaeltacht areas. He formed a similar group in 1936 called Muinntir na Gaedhealtachta (the Gaeltacht People). One of the successes of these groups was the establishment of the Ráth Chairn Gaeltacht, in which a new Irish-speaking community was created in County Meath. Ó Cadhain had argued the only way by which Irish language speakers could thrive was if efforts to promote the language were coupled with giving Irish speakers good land to work, so as to give them an opportunity at economic success as well.

By 1936, Ó Cadhain had been working as a school teacher in Carnmore, County Galway for four years, when he was dismissed from his post by the Roman Catholic Bishop of Galway for his republican beliefs, which were deemed to be "subversive". He had recently attended a commemoration in Bodenstown to honour his idol Wolfe Tone, which had been banned by the government. He subsequently moved to Dublin, where he acted as a recruiter for the IRA, at which he was quite successful. In April 1938, he was appointed to the IRA's Army Council and became their secretary. By 1939 he was "on the run" from the Irish authorities and by September of the year had been arrested and imprisoned until December. Ó Cadhain's stint with the Army Council was short-lived however; he resigned in protest of the S-Plan, a sabotage campaign against the British state during World War II, on the grounds that any attempt to "liberate" Northern Ireland politically was meaningless unless the people were also "economically liberated".

In 1940 he gave an oration at the funeral of his friend Tony Darcy, who had died on hunger strike in Mountjoy Prison seeking political prisoner status. Following the funeral he was once again arrested and imprisoned, this time to spend four years with hundreds of other IRA members in the Curragh. Ó Cadhain's friend Tomás Bairéad campaigned for his release and they found success on 26 July 1944 when Ó Cadhain was allowed to leave. During Ó Cadhain's time in the Curragh, he taught many of the other prisoners the Irish language.

Following his time in the Curragh, Ó Cadhain pulled back from politics to focus on his writing. For a long period he became bitter about Irish republicanism, but by the 1960s once again identified with its outlook. At the onset of the Troubles in Northern Ireland, he welcomed resistance to British rule as well as the idea of an armed struggle, and once again stated his Marxist outlook on the situation; "capitalism must go as well as the Border".

During the 1960s, he once again threw himself into campaigning on behalf of the Irish language, this time with the group Misneach ("Courage"). The group resisted efforts by reform groups to no longer make it compulsory for a student to pass an Irish examination to receive a Leaving Certificate, as well as a requirement that those seeking employment in the public sector needed to be able to speak Irish. Misneach used civil disobedience tactics influenced by Saunders Lewis, the Welsh language advocate and founder of Plaid Cymru.

Ó Cadhain was a key figure in the 1969 civil rights movement, Gluaiseacht Chearta Sibhialta na Gaeltachta.

Personal life

He died on 18 October 1970 in Dublin and was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery.

Works

Novels

 Athnuachan. Coiscéim. Baile Átha Cliath 1995 (posthumous)
 Barbed Wire. Edited by Cathal Ó hÁinle. Coiscéim, Baile Átha Cliath 2002 (posthumous)
 Cré na Cille. Sáirséal agus Dill, Baile Átha Cliath 1949/1965.
  Translated as The Dirty Dust. Yale Margellos, New Haven 2015; Graveyard Clay. Yale Margellos, New Haven 2016.

Short story collections

 An Braon Broghach. An Gúm, Baile Átha Cliath 1991
 Cois Caoláire. Sáirséal – Ó Marcaigh, Baile Átha Cliath 2004
 Idir Shúgradh agus Dáiríre. Oifig an tSoláthair, Baile Átha Cliath 1975
 An tSraith dhá Tógáil. Sáirséal agus Dill, Baile Átha Cliath 1970/1981
 An tSraith Tógtha. Sáirséal agus Dill, Baile Átha Cliath 1977
 An tSraith ar Lár. Sáirséal Ó Marcaigh, Baile Átha Cliath 1986
 The Road to Brightcity. Poolbeg Press, Dublin 1981
 Dhá Scéal / Two Stories. Arlen House, Galway 2007
 An Eochair / The Key. Dalkey Archive Press, Dublin 2015
 The Dregs of the Day. Yale University Press, New Haven 2019

Journalism and miscellaneous writings

 Foclóir Mháirtín Uí Chadhain. (lexicographical work written and compiled between 1937 and 1946) An Gúm, Baile Átha Cliath 2021
 Caiscín. (articles published in the Irish Times 1953–56. Edited by Aindrias Ó Cathasaigh.) Coiscéim, Baile Átha Cliath 1998
 Tone Inné agus Inniu. Coiscéim, Baile Átha Cliath 1999
 Ó Cadhain i bhFeasta. Edited by Seán Ó Laighin. Clódhanna Teoranta, Baile Átha Cliath 1990
 An Ghaeilge Bheo – Destined to Pass. Edited by Seán Ó Laighin. Coiscéim, Baile Átha Cliath 2002.
 Caithfear Éisteacht! Aistí Mháirtín Uí Chadhain in Comhar (i.e. Máirtín Ó Cadhain's essays published in the monthly magazine Comhar). Edited by Liam Prút. Comhar Teoranta, Baile Átha Cliath 1999

See also

 Pádraic Ó Conaire, earlier Irish language modernist
 Muintir na Gaeltachta, co-founded by Ó Cadhain

References

External links

RTÉ commemorates Ó Cadhain centenary
RTÉ radio programmes displaying & discussing ó Cadhain's work
Rádio Télifís Éireann, clips from televisions interviews
film of Cré na Cille at imdb
Cré na Cille shortlisted at Shanghai Film Fest
Foclóir Mháirtín Uí Chadhain

1906 births
1970 deaths
20th-century Irish people
Alumni of St Patrick's College, Dublin
Burials at Mount Jerome Cemetery and Crematorium
Irish anti-capitalists
Irish Republican Army (1922–1969) members
Irish male short story writers
Irish Marxists
Irish republicans interned without trial
Irish socialists
Irish-language writers
People from Spiddal
Writers from County Galway

Máirtín Ó Cadhain


Erythronium umbilicatum, the dimpled trout lily, is a species of flowering plant in the lily family. It is native to the Southeastern United States, primarily in the Piedmont and Southern Appalachian areas. It is reported from West Virginia, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia.

Erythronium umbilicatum is a spring ephemeral and its preferred habitat is forests. It has egg-shaped bulbs up to 25 cm long. Leaves are up to 20 cm long, mottled. Scape is up to 20 cm long, bearing one yellow flower, sometimes with brown spots on the tepals.

Varieties
Two varieties are commonly recognized:

Erythronium umbilicatum subsp. monostolum C.R.Parks & Hardin—stolons  present

Erythronium umbilicatum subsp. umbilicatum—stolons absent

References

umbilicatum
Flora of the Eastern United States
Plants described in 1963

Erythronium umbilicatum