Aboyne (, ) is a village on the edge of the Highlands in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, on the River Dee, approximately  west of Aberdeen. It has a swimming pool at Aboyne Academy,  all-weather tennis courts, a bowling green and is home to the oldest 18 hole golf course on Royal Deeside.  Aboyne Castle and the Loch of Aboyne are nearby.

Aboyne has many businesses, including a Co-Op supermarket, several hairdressers, a butcher, a newsagent, an Indian restaurant and a post office. Originally, there was a railway station in the village, but it was closed on 18 June 1966. The station now contains some shops and the tunnel running under the village is now home to a firearms club. The market-day in Aboyne was known as Fèill Mhìcheil (Scottish Gaelic for "Michael's Fair").

History
The name "Aboyne" is derived from "Oboyne", first recorded in 1260, in turn derived from the Gaelic words "abh", "bo", and "fionn", meaning "[place by] white cow river".

The village of Aboyne was founded by Charles Gordon, 1st Earl of Aboyne in 1671, who, in the same year, rebuilt the west wing of Aboyne Castle. The siting of the castle itself is related to the limited number of the crossings of the Mounth of the Grampian Mountains to the south. In 1715 Aboyne was the scene of a tinchal, or great hunt, organised by John Erskine, sixth Earl of Mar, on 3 September, as a cover for the gathering of Jacobite nobles and lairds to discuss a planned Jacobite rising. The uprising began three days later in Braemar.

The former Aboyne Public School was used as a secondary school to the local area, but was notably used during WWII as an evacuee station for those coming from Glasgow. Local Aboyne children were educated in the morning and the evacuee children were educated in the afternoon. Any overflow evacuees were passed on to the nearby church hall, and as many as 1,250 were evacuated to the Deeside area in 1939.

Religion
An eighth-century Christian presence in Aboyne is attested by a Pictish stone cross called the Formaston Stone. The slab is inscribed with Ogham characters which have been transliterated as "MAQQOoiTALLUORRH | NxHHTVROBBACCxNNEVV." These are the Pictish names Talorc (TALLUORRH) and Nehht (NxHHT), both of which were names of kings. In fact, the Pictish king Nechtan (d. 732) was said by Bede to have accepted the Christian faith in response to the teachings of Adamnan, abbot of Iona, eventually bringing his people to Christianity as well. Aboyne's first church was dedicated to Adamnan, and it was at the burial ground of this church where the Formaston Stone was first discovered. The stone was eventually removed to Aboyne Castle and is currently exhibited in the Inverurie Museum.

In 1237, Alexander II granted the Knights Templar a charter of liberty to acquire lands in Scotland, and Walter Byset, Lord of Aboyne, gave the Templar preceptory the church of Aboyne. Then, between 1239 and 1249, the church was conveyed to the Templars adproprier usus by Ralph, Bishop of Aberdeen. According to the terms of the charter, the Templars would take charge of the temporalities of the church and maintain a vicar there, while the bishop retained authority in spiritual matters. King Alexander II confirmed the donation on April 15, 1242, and Pope Alexander IV, in 1277, the same year that John of Annan, chaplain to Alexander III, was appointed vicar. Aboyne, along with other Templar possessions in Scotland, was held by the Torphichen Preceptory in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and remained so until the Reformation.

In 1761, a new parish church was constructed in Aboyne; then, in 1842, another church was built on the site of the eighteenth-century structure, and in 1929 at the Union of the Established Church, it was formally dedicated to St. Machar. In 1936, St. Machar's was joined with the  United Free Church, and fifty years later, was linked with the parish church of Dinnet, a linkage which led to the 1993 union between the two, which is now known as the Aboyne-Dinnet Parish Church. In 2006, Aboyne-Dinnet was linked with the parish church at Cromar.

Climate
Aboyne has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb), similar to most of the United Kingdom. Due to its high inland position in Scotland, Aboyne can record some very low temperatures and some high snowfall. Conversely, temperatures can reach exceptional values for the latitude, particularly during the winter months due to the foehn effect; it holds the January and March record for the highest temperatures in Scotland, with   on 26 January 2003 and  on 27 March 2012. The former is also the UK's highest January temperature on record, which it shares with Inchmarlo, Kincardineshire and Aber, Gwynedd. The February record for Scotland was broken on 21 February 2019 at 18.3 °C.

Tourism and culture

In summer, when tourists visit, the number of people and vehicles increases dramatically. The Highland Games on the Village Green features in August. The green includes facilities for rugby and football and a play park as well as Aboyne Canoe Clubs storage facility 'The Canoe Cathedral'.

The British Royal Family are residents in nearby Balmoral Castle during the Summer.

Outdoor pursuits include golf, walking, cycling, mountain biking trails, kayaking, canoeing and gliding from the airfield just outside the village. Aboyne has become popular with gliding enthusiasts from Britain and Europe due to its suitable air currents (due to the surrounding terrain). The airfield has two parallel tarmac runways running east–west, a webcam and small weather-monitoring centre on its premises. Aboyne contains a mountain biking facility at Aboyne Bike Park located in the Bellwood.

The old Aboyne Curling Club had its own private railway station, Aboyne Curling Pond railway station, at the Loch of Aboyne.

The close by pass of Ballater is a rock-climbing area. The village of Dinnet is a few miles west and is the first being located inside the Cairngorms National Park. Walkers and cyclists can ascend Mount Keen by cycling as far as they can from Glen Tanar forest before walking to the summit.

There are two schools, Aboyne Academy and a primary school. The academy has around 800 pupils, about a quarter from Aboyne itself, with the remaining three quarters from surrounding villages. The school has access to a full-size swimming pool and gym run by the adjacent Deeside Community Centre.

Belwade Farm, a horse sanctuary, is situated nearby.

References

External links

Villages in Aberdeenshire

Aboyne


Israel () is a Hebrew-language masculine given name. According to the Book of Genesis, the name was bestowed upon Jacob after the incident in which he wrestled with the angel ( and 35:10). The given name is already attested in Eblaite ( ) and Ugaritic ( ). Commentators differ on the original literal interpretation. The text of the Book of Genesis etymologizes the name with the root  (, "to rule, contend, have power, prevail over"):  (KJV: "a prince hast thou power with God"), but modern suggestions read the  as the subject, for a translation of "El rules/judges/struggles" or "El fights/struggles" The Jewish Study Bible of Oxford University Press says on page 68 "The scientific etymology of Israel is uncertain, a good guess being '[The God] El rules. implying God through the word for the supreme deity of the Canaanite religion.

Referring to a foreign people, the name appears on the Merneptah Stele ( ), probably referring to the Israelites.

In Jewish texts during the Second Temple period and beyond, as well as in Christian Greco-Egyptian texts,  was understood to mean "a man seeing God": from  (man)  (to see)  (God).

Per the Bible, Jacob's descendants (the Twelve Tribes of Israel) formed a national ethos and collectively established the Kingdom of Israel, whence came the name of the modern-day State of Israel.

Given name
Jacob (later named Israel; see also Jacob in Islam), biblical patriarch
Israel (Bishop of Caucasian Albania), 7th century CE
Israel (Nestorian patriarch), Patriarch of the Church of the East in 961
Israel Abanikanda (born 2002), American football player
Israel Adesanya (born 1989), Nigerian professional mixed martial artist, kickboxer, and boxer.
Israel Alter (1901–1979), Jewish composer and last chief cantor in Hanover, Germany
Israel Asper (1932–2003), Canadian media magnate
Israel of Axum, Emperor of Ethiopia in the 6th century CE
Israel Baker (1919–2011), American violinist and concertmaster
Israel Baline (1888–1989), the birth name of American composer Irving Berlin
Yisroel Belsky (1938–2016), American rosh yeshiva and posek
Israel Bissell (1752–1823), American post rider and colonial militia officer
Yisrael Campbell, American-born Israeli comedian
Israel Cruz (born 1983), Australian singer
Israel Dagg (born 1988), New Zealand rugby player
Israel ben Eliezer (1698–1760), Jewish mystical rabbi
Israel Elimelech (born 1960), Israeli basketball player
Israel Englander (born 1948), American billionaire hedge fund manager
Israel Lewis Feinberg (1872–1941), American physician and coroner
Israel Finkelstein (born 1949), Israeli archaeologist
Israel Folau (born 1989), Australian rugby player
Yisrael Friedman of Ruzhin (1796–1850), Hasidic rebbe
Israel García (footballer, born 1999), Mexican footballer
Israel Gelfand (1913–2009), Russian mathematician
Israel Gohberg (1928–2009), Moldovan-Soviet and Israeli mathematician
Israil Gurung, Indian footballer
Israel Gigato (born 1987), Spanish football player
Israel the Grammarian, 10th-century European scholar
Israel Hands, 18th-century pirate
Israel Halperin, (1911–2007), Canadian mathematician and social activist
Israel Nathan Herstein (1923–1988), Polish-Canadian-American mathematician
Yisroel Hopstein (1737–1814), Maggid of Kozhnitz
Israel Houghton (born 1971), American singer and Christian worship leader
Israel Idonije (born 1980), Nigeria-born Canadian player of American football
Israel Jacob (1729–1803), Prussian banker and philanthropist
Israel Jacobs (1726–c. 1796), British-American colonial legislator
Israel Jacobson (1768–1828), German philanthropist and communal organiser
Yisrael Meir Kagan (1838–1933), rabbi and posek known as the Chofetz Chaim
Israel Kamakawiwoʻole (1959–1997), Hawaiian singer and spiritual leader
Yisrael Mendel Kaplan (1913–1985), teacher at Chicago's Hebrew Theological College
Israel Katz (born 1955), Israeli politician
Yisrael Katz (1927–2010), Israeli scholar and civil servant
Israel Keyes (1978–2012), American serial killer, rapist, bank robber, burglar, and arsonist
Israel Kirzner (born 1930), American economist
Israel Jacob Kligler (1888–1944), Austro-Hungarian microbiologist, professor, and Zionist
Israel of Krems, 14th-/15th-century Austrian rabbi
Yisrael Kristal (1903–2017), Polish-Israeli supercentenarian
Israel "Izzy" Lang, American football running back
Yisrael Meir Lau (born 1937), former Chief Rabbi of Israel
Israel Levitan (1912–1982), American sculptor and painter
Israel Lewy (1841–1917), German scholar of Judaic texts
Israel Lovy (1773–1832), European ḥazzan and composer
Israel Lyons (1739–1775), English mathematician and botanist
Israel Machado (born 1960), Brazilian basketball player
Mohammad Israil Mansuri, Indian politician
Israel D. Maulsby (1781–1839), American politician from Maryland
Israel Mireles (born c.1983), Mexican convicted murderer
Israel Mukuamu (born 1999), American football player
 Israel Narvaez, American gang founder and author
Israel Ochoa (born 1964), Colombian cyclist
Yisroel Ber Odesser (1888–1994), Breslov rabbi
Israel Ori (1658–1711), Armenian diplomat
Israel Pellew (1758–1832), British admiral
Israel Pickens (1780–1827), American lawyer and politician
Israel Pilot, undergarment inventor
Israel Pliner (1896–1939), Soviet secret police functionary
Yisroel Avrohom Portugal (1923–2019), Skulener Rebbe
Israel Putnam (1718–1790), American general
Israel Raybon (born 1973), American football player
Israel Regardie (1907–1985), British occultist
Israel B. Richardson (1815–1862), American general
Israel Rivera, American soldier witness to Abu Grahib conditions
Israel Ruiz Jr. (born 1943), New York politician
Ysrael Seinuk (1931–2010), Cuban structural engineer
Israel Shahak (1933–2001), Israeli author
Israel Shamir (born 1947), Swedish antisemitic writer
Israel Sheinfeld (born 1976), Israeli basketball player
Israel Tal (1924–2010), an Israeli general and tank developer
Israel Vázquez (born 1977), Mexican boxer
Israel Wachser (1892–1919), Russian writer
 Israel Wamiau (born 1994), Indonesian footballer
Yisroel Dovid Weiss (born 1956), Neturei Karta activist
Israel Zamosz (c.1700–1772) Polish-Lithuanian Talmudist, mathematician and poet
Israel Zilber (1933 – after 1980), Latvian-Soviet chess player
Ysrael Zúñiga (born 1976), Peruvian footballer

Surname
Al Israel (1936-2011), American actor
Edward Israel (1859–1884), American astronomer and polar explorer
Franco Israel (born 2000), Uruguayan footballer
Gerli Israel (born 1995), Estonian footballer
Guni Israeli (born 1984), Israeli basketball player
Harry Frederick Israel, later known as Harry Frederick Harlow (1905-1981), an American psychologist
Jonathan Israel (born 1946), British historian
Lee Israel (1939–2014), American author known for committing literary forgery
Märt Israel (born 1983), Estonian discus thrower
Martha Israel (1905–), German politician
 Melvin Israel, later known as Mel Allen (1913–1996), American sportscaster
Menasseh Ben Israel (1604–1657), Portuguese rabbi and scholar
Rinus Israël (born 1942), Dutch football player and manager
Robert Decatur Israel (1826-1908), San Diego pioneer, keeper of the Old Point Loma lighthouse
Samuel Israel III (born 1959), American convicted felon and former hedge fund manager
Scott Israel (born 1956/57), American Police Chief of Opa-locka, former Sheriff of Broward County
Steve Israel (born 1958), American politician
Steve Israel (American football) (born 1969), American football player
Syed Shah Israil, 16th-century writer of Bengal
Wilfrid Israel (1899–1943), Anglo-German businessman and philanthropist
Yuri Izrael (1930–2014), Russian scientist and vice-chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

References

Surnames
Surnames of Jewish origin
Given names
Masculine given names
Hebrew masculine given names
English masculine given names
Country name etymology
Theophoric names
El (deity)

Israel (name)


thumb|right|A Caribbean reef squid

Squid are cephalopods of the order Teuthida. They are the sister group to the octopods. Squid are carnivores, but they are also hunted as prey. The largest squid, the giant squid and colossal squid, are eaten by sperm whales and sleeper sharks.

There are about 300 species of squid.

Characteristics
Squid, like cuttlefish, have eight arms arranged in pairs, and two longer tentacles with suckers.

All squid have a mouth with a radula, and jet propulsion with the siphon from the mantle. The radulla is a scraping organ in the mouth that scrapes nutrients from food sources.

Tentacles are used for locomotive power and capturing food sources. All squids are carnivores; they eat other animals, not plants.

Like other cephalopoda, squid are intelligent animals. Squids have a head-like structure, with sense organs and brains in the front end. Although the squids lack exterior shells they have a vestigial shell inside, made of chitin.

The skin is covered in chromatophores, which enable the squid to change colour to suit its surroundings, making it effectively camouflaged. Controlled by the nervous system, the camouflage can change in 'real time'.

Locomotion
Squids mainly rely on moving via jet propulsion, though deep sea squids may use their fins instead to save energy. A squid sucks in water through its mantle, than pushing it out through its siphon. Squids also have their gills inside the mantle to collect oxygen while moving.

Squid reproduction
After a male and female mate, the female squid lays eggs. The eggs are laid inside an egg case. Since the squid is usually a part of a shoal, it is laid with many other egg cases from many other squids, and then anchored to the sea floor. Because of this, squid eggs are often (many times) found in clumps, and those clumps often look like a flower.

Often, the male will die a short time after mating, and the female will die once she has released her eggs. Because of this, squids usually lay eggs only once. Squids do not live very long. Although there are some long-lived species, most squids live for only one or two years.

Size

Most squid are no more than  long, although the giant squid may reach .

In 1978, sharp, curved claws on the suction cups of squid tentacles cut up the rubber coating on the hull of the USS Stein. The size suggested the largest squid known at the time.

In February 2007, a New Zealand fishing vessel caught a colossal squid weighing  and measuring around  off the coast of Antarctica. This specimen is the largest invertebrate ever found. Squid have the largest eyes in the animal kingdom.

Giant squid are featured in literature and folklore with a frightening connotation. The Kraken is a legendary tentacled monster possibly based on sightings of real giant squid.

References

Cephalopods
Mimicry

Squid


Hellenic historiography (or Greek historiography) involves efforts made by Greeks to track and record historical events. By the 5th century BC, it became an integral part of ancient Greek literature and held a prestigious place in later Roman historiography and Byzantine literature.

Overview
The historical period of ancient Greece is exclusive in world history as the first period attested directly in proper historiography, while earlier ancient history or proto-history is known by much more circumstantial evidence, such as annals, chronicles, king lists, and pragmatic epigraphy.

Herodotus is widely known as the "father of history," his Histories being eponymous of the entire field. Written between the 450s and 420s BC, the scope of Herodotus' work reaches about a century in the past, discussing 6th century BC historical figures such as Darius I of Persia, Cambyses II, and Psamtik III and alludes to some 8th century BC ones such as Candaules.

Herodotus was succeeded by authors such as Thucydides, Xenophon, Demosthenes, Plato, and Aristotle. Most of these authors were either Athenians or pro-Athenians, which explains why far more is known about the history and politics of Athens than of most other contemporary cities. Their scope is further limited by a focus on political, military and diplomatic history, generally ignoring economic and social history. However, while works approaching modern ethnography arose primarily amongst the Romans, some Greeks did include ancillary material describing the customs and rituals of different peoples, Herodotus himself being a prime example in his descriptions of the Egyptians, Scythians, and others.

See also

Chinese historiography
List of Graeco-Roman geographers
List of Greek historiographers
List of historians
Modern Greek literature
Roman historiography

References

Further reading

Hellenic historiography


A chili burger (also known as a chili size, or simply size, stemming from "hamburger size") is a type of hamburger. It consists of a hamburger, with the patty topped with chili con carne. It is often served open-faced, and sometimes the chili is served alongside the burger rather than on top. The chili may be served alone, or with cheese, onions, or occasionally tomatoes as garnishes.

History
Chili burgers appear to have been invented in the 1920s by Thomas M. "Ptomaine Tommy" DeForest, who founded a sawdust-floored all-night restaurant, "Ptomaine Tommy's", located in the Lincoln Heights neighborhood of Los Angeles. Ptomaine Tommy's was open from around 1919 to 1958, where his chili burger was referred to as "size", and chopped onions as "flowers" or "violets".

The term size for a chili burger arguably derives from the portion size of the chili used at Ptomaine Tommy's. Ptomaine Tommy "had two ladles, a large and a small" with which to serve his chili, whether smothered on top of the burger or in a bowl; originally the ordering lingo used by his patrons was "hamburger size" vs. "steak size", but later simplified to "size" and "oversize". The use of the shorthand term "size" for burger-size portion of chili (in a bowl or on a burger) then gained currency throughout Los Angeles. Ptomaine Tommy was forced to close his restaurant August 10, 1958 and sell his property to satisfy creditors, and he died just a week later. His service to the community and his invention was noted by resolution of the California State Senate that same year.

Food author John T. Edge considers the invention the milestone that marks the start of "traceable history of burgers in LA", a first step to what he considers the "baroque" character of the Los Angeles hamburger scene. By interviewing former customers and friends decades after the fact, columnist Jack Smith wrote a definitive article in 1974 about DeForest and the dish that he had invented which became a very important part of the history of Los Angeles. What helped spread the popularity of this dish was Deforest's diverse clientele which included doctors coming off the late shift at the local county hospital, fight fans on their way home after attending matches at the Olympic Auditorium, and people associated with the Hollywood film industry.

Several US food chains specialize in chili burgers. One of these is Original Tommy's, which dates to 1946. The chili burger is also a notable staple of Southwestern Pennsylvania, with the Brighton Hot Dog Shoppe offering both chili burgers and chili dogs.

Variations

Carolina Burger
The Carolina Burger is a regional variant of the chili burger served with coleslaw, mustard and chopped onions. Common in local restaurants in the Carolinas, it is also periodically offered at Wendy's restaurants as the Carolina Classic.

See also

 Chili dog
 Fat Boy (hamburger)
 List of hamburgers
 Sloppy joe

References

Hamburgers (food)
Californian cuisine
Chili con carne
Beef sandwiches

Chili burger


Mark Gross (born February 20, 1966)  is a Baltimore-born jazz alto saxophonist of the hard bop tradition. He studied at the Berklee College of Music, graduating in 1988, then worked in the band of Lionel Hampton and performed in Five Guys Named Moe on Broadway. He has since worked with a variety of other artists, including the bands of Delfeayo Marsalis, Nat Adderley and the Dave Holland Big Band.
Gross first recorded as a solo act with 1997's Preach Daddy, followed in 2000 by The Riddle of the Sphinx, in 2013 with "Blackside",  Mark Gross + Strings (2018) and The Gospel According to Mark: A Jazz Suite (2024).

Career
Two-time Grammy award winner with the Dave Holland Big Band, Gross has recorded on over 40 jazz recordings, including Grammy-winning projects by the Dave Holland Big Band - 'What Goes Around' on ECM Records, and 'Overtime' on Dare 2 Records.

Gross has released four albums under his own name including Preach Daddy on King Records, Riddle of the Sphinx on J Curve Records, Blackside on Jazz Legacy Productions (JLP), + Strings on MGQ Records, and The Gospel According to Mark: A Jazz Suite 2024 MGQ Records.

Gross has toured the world with the Mark Gross Quartet, Buster Williams, Philip Harper, Nat Adderley, Dave Holland, Mulgrew Miller, Nicholas Payton, Delfeayo Marsalis, Wynton Marsalis, Dizzy Gillespie, Nancy Wilson, Jimmy Heath, Dizzy Gillespie Alumni Big Band, Village Vanguard Jazz Orchestra, Tom Harrell Big Band, Duke Ellington Orchestra, Frank Foster and the Loud Minority, Charles Mingus Big Band, Freddie Hubbard, Donald Harrison, Mark Whitfield, Joe Dukes, Captain Jack McDuff, Joe Chambers, Neal Smith, Cyrus Chestnut, Regina Carter, Lionel Hampton, Stephon Harris, Walter Booker, Jimmy Cobb, Don Braden, Vincent Gardner, Lenora Zenzalai Helm, Marlon Saunders, SEPIA and Jann Parker among others.

Gross has performed on Broadway several times, including Five Guys Named Moe (1992-1993) based on the music of Louis Jordan, and Kat and the Kings (1999-2000), based on music born out of oppression during the 1950s in Cape Town, South Africa; as well as 'Swing!' (2000-2001). After Midnight
The Broadway production began previews at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre on October 18, 2013 and opened on November 3, 2013 with special guest star Fantasia Barrino, who performed through February 9, 2014. The production features Dule Hill as "The Host", Adriane Lenox, Karine Plantadit and Desmond Richardson.[4][5] Direction and choreography is by Warren Carlyle, with Scenic Design by John Lee Beatty, costumes by Isabel Toledo, lighting by Howell Binkley, and sound by Peter Hylenski. Shuffle Along, Shuffle Along, or, the Making of the Musical Sensation of 1921 and All That Followed is a musical with a score by Eubie Blake and Noble Sissle and a libretto by George C. Wolfe, based on the original book of the 1921 musical revue Shuffle Along, by Flournoy Miller and Aubrey Lyles. The story focuses on the challenges of mounting the original production of Shuffle Along and its effect on Broadway and race relations. Ain't Too Proud: the Life and Times of the Temptations, Ain't Too Proud: The Life and Times of The Temptations is a 2018 jukebox musical with music and lyrics by The Temptations and a book by Dominique Morisseau. Based on the story of The Temptations, the musical had a series of regional productions and opened at Broadway's Imperial Theatre in March 2019. Currently playing at the Imperial Theater.

Early life
Gross credits his sound to the appreciation for gospel music that resounded through his parents' Baltimore home. Gross' father was pastor of his hometown church Mt. Zion C.O.G.I.C. up until his death February 1, 2007. After developing his interests in classical music at the Baltimore School for the Arts, Gross studied one semester at Howard University and four years at Berklee College of Music. He earned a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Music Performance at Berklee College of Music, where he studied under professors Joe Viola and Bill Pierce. Upon graduation in 1988, Gross began his professional music career in Jazz.

References

External links
Mark Gross website
Jazz Reach.org
Encyclopedia of Jazz Musicians entry for Mark Gross

1966 births
American jazz alto saxophonists
American male saxophonists
Berklee College of Music alumni
Living people
Musicians from Baltimore
21st-century American saxophonists
Jazz musicians from Maryland
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians

Mark Gross (musician)


A steam generator is a form of low water-content boiler, similar to a flash steam boiler. The usual construction is as a spiral coil of water-tube, arranged as a single, or monotube, coil. Circulation is once-through and pumped under pressure, as a forced-circulation boiler. The narrow-tube construction, without any large-diameter drums or tanks, means that they are safe from the effects of explosion, even if worked at high pressures. The pump flowrate is adjustable, according to the quantity of steam required at that time. The burner output is throttled to maintain a constant working temperature. The burner output required varies according to the quantity of water being evaporated: this can be either adjusted by open-loop control according to the pump throughput, or by a closed-loop control to maintain the measured temperature.

They are used as auxiliary boilers on ships.

Types

Stone-Vapor
One of the best-known designs is the Stone-Vapor. The inner casing of the boiler forms a vertical bell, with an outer airtight cylindrical casing. The oil or gas burner is mounted at the top, above the coils, and facing downwards. The heating element is a single tube, arranged into a number of helical cylinders. The first helices (in the flow direction) are small-diameter tubes, wrapped in large diameter turns. Succeeding turns are coiled inside this and the tube is of progressively increasing diameter, to allow for a constant flow rate as the water evaporates into steam and forms bubbles. The steam outlet is from the final turn at the bottom of the inner helix. The outlet is approximately 90% steam (by mass) and residual water is separated by passing it through a steam-water separator. The exhaust gases turn upwards and flow over the outside of the bell, usually passing additional helices that are used as an initial feedwater heater.

Clayton
The Clayton steam generator is similar to the Stone-Vapor, but the burner and flow directions are reversed. The heating coil is mounted within a simple cylindrical casing. Rather than helical, cylindrical layers, the Clayton coils are arranged as layers of flat spirals. Water is pumped into the top layers and forced downwards. Again, the tube diameter increases in steps, as evaporation takes place. The final turns form a single closely spaced helical cylinder around the burner as a water-wall furnace and is heated by radiant heat. The steam output is passed through a centrifugal separator and a dry steam quality of 99.5% is claimed.

See also
 Steam generator (railroad)

Note

References

Steam boilers
Boilers
Marine steam propulsion
Steam generators

Steam generator (boiler)


Robert Clavell (born in or before 1633 – died before 8 August 1711), was a bookseller of London. He was born in Steeple, Dorset, of a branch of an old Dorsetshire family, being baptised there on 18 September 1632.

Clavell was the author of a curious little treatise entitled His Majesties Propriety and Dominion on the British Seas asserted: together with a true Account of the Neatherlanders' Insupportable Insolencies, and Injuries they have committed; and the Inestimable Benefits they have gained in their Fishing on the English Seas: as also their Prodigious and Horrid Cruelties in the East and West Indies, and other Places. To which is added an exact Mapp, &c., octavo, London, 1665 (another edition, octavo, London, 1672).

He is better known, however, as the central organiser of the term catalogues that appeared in London between 1668 and 1711.

John Dunton describes Clavell as "a great dealer, who has deservedly gained himself the reputation of a just man. Dr. Barlow, bishop of Lincoln, used to call him 'the honest bookseller'. He has been master of the Company of Stationers [1698 and 1699]; and perhaps the greatest unhappiness of his life was his being one of Alderman Cornish's jury" (Life and Errors, ed. 1818, i. 207).

He died at Islington in 1711 (Probate Act Book, P.C.C., August 1711). His will, as "citizen and stationer of London", dated 17 April 1711, was proved on the following 8 August by Catherine Clavell, his widow (registered in P.C.C. 161, Young). Mrs. Clavell survived her husband until the close of 1717, dying in the parish of St. Margaret, Westminster (will registered in P.C.C. 227, Whitfield; Probate Act Book, P.C.C. December 1717).

References

1632 births
1711 deaths
17th-century English writers
English booksellers
People from Purbeck District
Date of birth unknown
Date of death unknown

Robert Clavell


John McLellan (born February 1962) is a Scottish newspaper journalist, former editor of The Scotsman (2009–2012), Scottish Conservative Party media chief (2012–2013) and was a Conservative City of Edinburgh councillor (2017-2022).

Education
McLellan was educated at Hutchesons' Grammar School (1974–1979) and studied BA English & media studies (1980–1983) at University of Stirling and journalism (NCTJ) at Preston Polytechnic (1983–1984).

Career
McLellan was sports editor of the North-West Evening Mail and Assistant Editor of The Journal, Newcastle, before joining The Scotsman Publications  in 1994 and had two spells editing the Edinburgh Evening News (1997–2002 and 2004–2009) and also edited Scotland on Sunday (2002–2004).

Johnston Press appointed McLellan as editor of The Scotsman on 20 February 2009 following the departure of Mike Gilson, and in May 2009 appointed editor-in-chief of The Scotsman Publications.

He gave evidence to the Leveson Inquiry on 18 January 2012.

McLellan was dismissed by Johnston Press on 12 April 2012 as editor of The Scotsman in a management restructuring process which involved the scrapping of the editor-in-chief role with the editors of each title reporting directly to the managing director of the Scottish Publishing Unit Andrew Richardson. He was replaced by Ian Stewart (journalist), who remained editor of its sister title Scotland on Sunday. However, McLellan has continued to write a political opinion column for The Scotsman.

On 23 June 2012 McLellan was appointed director of communications of the Scottish Conservatives. Former Tory spin doctor Ramsay Jones was suspended during the previous year's party leadership elections. McLellan advised Scottish Tory leader Ruth Davidson on communications strategy, direction and content.

On 28 June 2013 the Scottish Conservatives announced that McLellan had resigned his post as the party's communications director and would take up the role of director of the Scottish Newspaper Society  in September.

In the May 2017 Scottish local government elections McLellan was elected to the City of Edinburgh Council as a Conservative councillor, one of four councillors for the Craigentinny & Duddingston Ward.

In May 2022 McLellan did not stand for re-election to the City of Edinburgh Council.

Other
He was a member of the Press Complaints Commission (2008-2012), the Defence, Press and Broadcasting Advisory Committee (2006–12) and was twice chair of the Scottish Newspaper Society's editors' committee.

He was appointed honorary professor at the University of Stirling in 2012 in a teaching and advisory role.

See also
Michael Crow (journalist), Director of Strategy and Communications for the Scottish Conservative Party, 2009–2010

References

1962 births
People educated at Hutchesons' Grammar School
Alumni of the University of Stirling
Scottish journalists
Scottish newspaper editors
Living people
The Scotsman people
Scottish Conservatives

John McLellan (journalist)


H. Kramer and Company is a brass smelting company located in the Pilsen neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, United States.

Pollution concerns
The company has come under pressure from local neighborhood residents and the Illinois EPA for lead pollution.

In the March 2005, Pilsen residents began sampling the soil and found elevated levels of lead around the H. Kramer facility.  EPA tests in June 2005 found lead on site at levels from 1,250 to 65,000 parts per million, and from 120 to 2,500 parts per million off site; with the highest levels more than twice the allowable level set by the US EPA for residential soil. In September 2005, H. Kramer voluntarily agreed to clean up two sites near its plant.

In response Pilsen residents have organized a group called the Pilsen Environmental Rights and Reform Organization (PERRO).

H. Kramer was also in violation of discharging polluted effluents into the municipal sewage system.

References

Results, On-site and Off-site Soil Sampling, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency 2005
 Stipulations, In the matter of H. Cramer and Company, United States Environmental Protection Agency Region 5
 List published in the Chicago Tribune of companies who are violating effluent standards, as well as those with exemplary compliance.

External links
 Company website
 Pilsen Environmental Rights and Reform Organization

Companies based in Chicago
Companies based in Illinois
Lower West Side, Chicago
Metal companies based in Illinois
Metal companies of the United States

H. Kramer and Company


Guazapares is one of the 67 municipalities of Chihuahua, in northern Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Témoris. The municipality covers an area of 2,145.8 km².

As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 8,998, up from  8,010 as of 2005.

The municipality had 492 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) was: Témoris (2,053), classified as rural.

Geography

Towns and villages
The municipality has 352 localities. The largest are:

References

Municipalities of Chihuahua (state)

Guazapares Municipality


Henry Tutwiler (November 16, 1807 – September 20, 1884) was an American educator who founded a school for boys near Greensboro, Alabama.

Biography
Tutwiler was born in Harrisonburg, Virginia, in the Shenandoah Valley in 1807. He entered the first class of the University of Virginia, and following graduation with a master's degree in 1831 became a professor at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. While in Tuscaloosa, he was a member of the Alabama Colonization Society, and he delivered an address to the student literary societies.  It is possible that Tutwiler's departure from the University was related to his anti-slavery views.

In 1835 he married Julia Ashe (1820-1883). They had eleven children; one of their daughters, Julia Tutwiler, became an important educator and advocate of prison reform in Alabama. Their granddaughter Martha Strudwick Young was an American regionalist writer.

In 1847 he founded a private school for boys, the Greene Springs School for Boys near Havana, Alabama, in what was then Greene County. The school gained a high reputation for the quality of its instruction and because of Tutwiler's decision, unusual for the time, to admit a few young womenincluding his daughters.

References

1807 births
1884 deaths
People from Harrisonburg, Virginia
University of Virginia alumni
University of Alabama faculty
School founders
19th-century American philanthropists

Henry Tutwiler


Agostino Vallini (born 17 April 1940) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been a cardinal since 2006. From 2008 to 2017 he served as Vicar General of Rome. He is also the Archpriest emeritus of the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran.

Biography
Agostino Vallini was born in Poli, near Rome, but moved with his family to Barra, near Naples, as a child. He studied at the Major Archiepiscopal Seminary of Naples and the Pontifical Theological Seminary of Southern Italy, where he obtained his licentiate in theology. Vallini also attended the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome, earning his doctorate in canon and civil law with a dissertation on the new Code of Canon Law.

He was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Vittorio Longo on 19 July 1964. He then taught canon law at his alma mater, the Theological Faculty of Southern Italy. From 1971 to 1978 he taught ecclesiastical law at the Pontifical Lateran University, while also serving as adviser for the Italian Catholic University Federation, the movement Seguimi, and the Union of Major Religious Superiors of Italy. He later became Rector of the Major Archiepiscopal Seminary of Naples and Regional Counselor of Catholic Action. On his return to Naples in 1978 he became rector of the major seminary until 1987, when he took up the post of dean of the S. Tommaso d'Aquino campus, where he had continued to teach.

On 23 March 1989, Vallini was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Naples and Titular Bishop of Tortibulum by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 13 May from Cardinal Michele Giordano, with Archbishops Luigi Diligenza and Antonio Ambrosanio serving as co-consecrators, in the Cathedral of Naples. Vallini was named Diocesan Bishop of Albano on 13 November 1999. On 27 May 2004, he was appointed Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura. As prefect of the Signatura, he served as the highest judicial authority beneath the Pope in the Church.

Upon the death of John Paul II on 2 April 2005, Vallini and all major Vatican officials automatically lost their positions. He was confirmed as Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura by Pope Benedict XVI on 21 April. Pope Benedict created him Cardinal-Deacon of S. Pier Damiani ai Monti di S. Paolo in the consistory of 24 March 2006.

Vallini was appointed Vicar General of His Holiness for the Diocese of Rome on 27 June 2008, succeeding Camillo Ruini. As Vicar General, he was responsible for the diocese of Rome on behalf of the pope. He was also Archpriest of the Lateran Basilica and Grand Chancellor of the Pontifical Lateran University.

Vallini serves as a member of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints; Congregation for Bishops; Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life; Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples. He also serves as a member of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts and the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See and Council of Cardinals for Study of Organizational and Economic Affairs of the Holy See. He can hold these memberships until his 80th birthday.

On 18 September 2012, Pope Benedict XVI named Vallini one of the Synod Fathers of the Synod of Bishops on the New Evangelization.

He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2013 papal conclave that elected Pope Francis.

On 26 March 2017 Pope Francis accepted his resignation as Vicar of Rome and Archpriest of St. John Lateran. On 30 September Francis named him a member of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura.

On 4 November 2017, Pope Francis appointed Cardinal Vallini Pontifical Legate for the Basilicas of Saint Francis of Assisi and Saint Mary of the Angels, both in Assisi, Italy.

Views

AIDS and contraception
Distributing condoms in schools in the context of combating AIDS trivializes sexuality and education and must be fought by concerned parents, according to Vallini. In an official statement, he responded to a decision by the civil authorities of the province of Rome to allow the distribution of condoms from vending machines in high schools (see religion and AIDS).

References

External links

 biography at Santiebeati.it, 1 June 2006

1940 births
Living people
People from the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital
21st-century Italian cardinals
Cardinal Vicars
Members of the Apostolic Signatura
Prefects of the Apostolic Signatura
Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI
Pontifical Lateran University alumni
Members of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints
Members of the Congregation for Bishops
Members of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life
Members of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
Members of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches

Agostino Vallini


Louisa Lynthia Mark, also known as "Markswoman" (11 January 1960 – 17 October 2009), was a British lovers rock singer, best known for her work between the mid-1970s and early 1980s. Her 1975 single "Caught You in a Lie" is regarded as the first lovers rock single.

Biography
Mark was born in Kensal Rise, London to Grenadian immigrant parents, and grew up in Shepherd's Bush.  She had her introduction to the music business initially by working as guest vocalist on Dennis Bovell's Sufferer sound system, followed by a residency at the Metro club in Westbourne Park, and via "Star Search" talent contests held at the Four Aces club in Dalston, where she won for ten consecutive weeks. Sound-system operator and record producer Lloyd Coxsone provided dub plates for the contestants to sing over at the contests and, in late 1974, provided the fifteen-year-old Mark with her first recording session, at Gooseberry Studios, where she recorded a cover version of Robert Parker's "Caught You in a Lie", on which she was backed by Matumbi, the single also being released in Jamaica by Gussie Clarke. "Caught You in a Lie" is considered the first lovers rock single. It gave her an instant hit with reggae audiences, and was followed by a version of The Beatles' "All My Loving". Her career was interrupted after a dispute with Coxsone and she concentrated on finishing her studies.

After leaving school, Mark resumed her musical career working with Trojan Records house producer and A&R manager Clement Bushay, and songwriter/arranger Joseph "Tunga" Charles (of Zabandis), releasing "Keep it Like It Is". She stayed with Bushay for further releases on his own Bushays label including her rendition of Michael Jackson's "Even Though You're Gone", "Six Sixth Street", and her début album Breakout (1981). She was unhappy with the album, feeling that it had been released before it had been properly finished, and did not record again for over a year. Mark returned to the studio in 1982, recording "Mum and Dad" (arranged by Sly & Robbie).

Mark was voted Artist of The Year in the 1978 Reggae Awards (UK).

Death
On the 18 October 2009 edition of his BBC London radio show, Dotun Adebayo reported that Mark had died of poisoning in Gambia, where she had been residing.

On 20 October 2009, Trojan Records confirmed the story, stating cause of death was a stomach ulcer.

Discography

Albums
Breakout (1981), Bushays

Singles
"Caught You in a Lie" (1975), Safari - 7"
"All My Loving" (1975), Safari - 7"
"Even Though You're Gone" (1978), Bushays - 12"
"Six Sixth Street" (1978), Bushays
"Caught You in a Lie" (1979), Voyage International - 12", B-side by Clinton Grant
"People in Love" (1980), Radic - 12"
"All My Loving (1984), Voyage International - 7"
"Caught You in a Lie" (1984), Code - 12"
"Hello There" (1984), Oak Sound - 12", Louisa Mark & Zabandis
"Mum and Dad" (1982), Bushays, 12"
"Keep It Like It Is" (1986), Trojan - 7"/12"
"Reunited" b/w "Reunited Stepping Out" with Kevin & The Bushrangers, Bushays, BFM 113, 12"
"Foolish Fool", Sky Note, 12"

References

1960 births
2009 deaths
People from Kensal Green
Lovers rock musicians
20th-century Black British women singers
British reggae musicians

Louisa Mark


Pandita Brahmacharini Chandabai (1880–1977) was a Jain scholar and a pioneer of women's education in India. She was the founder of the oldest women's publication in India that is still published, Jain Mahiladarsh.

Family
The daughter of Narayandas Agarwal of Vrindavan, Uttar Pradesh, a prominent citizen and a proponent of Indian's independence, she was married at the age of 11 to Dharmakumar, the 18-year-old grandson of the zamindar and scholar Prabhudas Jain of Arrah. Dharmakumar died the next year. His older brother, Devkumar Jain, himself a Jain scholar, encourage Chandabai to study, which was uncommon in that period.

Overview
Chandabai studied the classical subjects including Sanskrit, Prakrit, dharmaśāstra, nyāya (logic), literature and grammar. She earned the title "pandita" from Kashi. She was a good orator, she gave her first speech at Panipat during a Panch-kalyanak Pratishtha at the age of 17.

She established a school for girls in 1907, which came to be known as the Jain Balasharm in 1921. Dr. Nemichandra Jyotishacharya, who later emerged as a major Jain scholar, was appointed by her to be the director of the Balasharm in 1939. During the interview, she asked him questions on Sanskrit and Prakrit texts such as Devagama Stotra, Atmanushasana, and Gommatsar Jivakanda.

She often herself served sick students at the Balashrama. She nursed a girl sick with typhoid in 1943, who eventually got better and later earned the Nyayatirtha degree.

Magazines

She started a magazine, Jain Mahiladarsh, in 1921 and edited it for many years. She wrote several books including Updesh Ratna Mala, Saubhagya Ratna Mala, Nibandh Ratna Mala, Adarsh Kahaniyan, Adarsh Nibandh, and Nibandh Darpan.

See also
 Jainism
Digambar Jain Mahasabha
Jainism in Uttar Pradesh

References

Hindi-language writers
1880 births
1977 deaths
Scholars of Jainism
20th-century Indian Jains
Indian religious writers
20th-century Indian women writers
20th-century Indian writers
19th-century Indian women writers
19th-century Indian writers
20th-century Indian educational theorists
20th-century Indian women scientists
Women writers from Uttar Pradesh
Women educators from Uttar Pradesh
Educators from Uttar Pradesh
20th-century Indian women educational theorists

Chandabai


John "Johnny" Coppin (born 5 April 1946) is an English singer-songwriter, composer, poetry anthologist and broadcaster. He plays guitar and piano and has written and recorded many albums as a solo artist. He has a weekly one-hour show on BBC Radio Gloucestershire entitled, Folk Roots, which he has produced and presented every week since 1996. Coppin has been the Musical Director for the Festival Players since 1992.

Early years
He was born in Woodford, Essex, England. Coppin formed his first band, The Shifters, with cousin Martin Wright on bass, Neil Dunwoody on guitar, and Howard Jones on drums in 1959.  Their first public performance was at the United Reformed Church Hall in Woodford Green. Eddie Broadbridge joined band as lead singer and they renamed themselves as Eddie and the Shifters. In 1966, while studying architecture at the Gloucestershire College of Art in Cheltenham, he formed Love to Mother with Al Fenn on guitar, Tom Bennison on bass and Mike Ketskemety on drums.

Decameron
Coppin first came to prominence as one of the founding members of Decameron. The band was originally formed as a duo with Dave Bell (vocals, guitar, bass guitar, percussion) in 1968 and Coppin and Bell wrote most of Decameron's songs throughout their existence. Decameron became a four piece in 1969 with the addition of former Love to Mother bandmate Fenn (vocals, guitar, mandoline) and Geoff March (vocals, cello, fiddle, keyboards) the following year.

When Coppin, Fenn and March graduated from university, Decameron went fully professional and were signed by the Fingimigig Agency run by Jasper Carrott and John Starkey.  After much touring, the band recorded their first album Say Hello to the Band in 1973.  The same year Dik Cadbury (vocals, bass guitar, 12 string guitar) joined to complete the classic line-up.  They also appeared on rare occasions using their alter-egos, The Magnificent Mercury Brothers, playing mostly covers of Beach Boys and Jan and Dean songs, featuring the rich vocal harmonies that Decameron were famous for.

Over the next three years, Decameron released one album per year and toured extensively.  Due to a lack of sufficient commercial success the band decided to call it a day, and their final gig was in Southsea on 4 July 1976.  Since then they have reformed for occasional one-off reunion gigs, usually with Mick Candler on drums, and recorded a live album, Afterwords, in 2001 in benefit of Coppin's wife, Gillian, who died from ovarian cancer just a few months later.

Solo
Coppin formed his own band in 1977 with Phil Beer (guitar, fiddle, vocals), Steve Hutt (bass, vocals), Candler (drums) and Tony Bennett (guitar, vocals). With these musicians he collaborated with Nigel Mazlyn Jones on his 1976 Ship To Shore and 1979 Sentinel albums.  Coppin's first album was a solo effort, Roll On Dreamer (1978).

In December 1978 and between December 1979 and January 1980, Coppin was the musical director for Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat at the Everyman Theatre in Cheltenham. Anthony Head played Joseph and also made contributions to Coppin's second album, No Going Back, which was a band effort.

After three albums of original songs, Coppin found a rich vein of material when he decided to set poems written by famous Gloucestershire authors to music.  His first effort, The Roads Go Down, had been included on his first solo album. Coppin's first full album of Gloucestershire poems set to music, Forest and Vale and High Blue Hill, was premiered at the 1983 Cheltenham Literary Festival.  Coppin has chosen poems from writers such as Ivor Gurney, F. W. Harvey, Eva Dobell, and Frank Mansell. Perhaps the most famous poet whose work Coppin has set to music is Laurie Lee, and they collaborated on the album, Edge of Day.

Coppin's subsequent work has included completely original work as well as further albums based on the Gloucestershire theme. Most albums have at least one song where Coppin has taken lyrical content and added his musical interpretation.

His television appearances include his own programme Song of Gloucestershire for the BBC, Stars in a Dark Night for Channel 4, and Music Writers on TV for HTV, while his radio work includes Kaleidoscope for Radio 4, West Country Christmas, the Arts Programme and Folk on Two for Radio 2, as well as many appearances on British local radio shows.

His music for theatre includes Songs on Lonely Roads (the story of composer/poet Ivor Gurney) with David Goodland, The Shrewsbury Theatre Guild's production of Arthur's Plough, as well as writing and directing the music for the Festival Players Theatre Company, and their touring productions of William Shakespeare's works, which culminated in the Three Choirs Festival. He has edited two poetry anthologies: Forest & Vale & High Blue Hill and Between the Severn and the Wye – poems from the border counties of England and Wales. His third book was A Country Christmas, a collections of prose, poetry, carols, songs and folklore.

Coppin's BBC Radio Gloucestershire show, Folk Roots, was the fifth most listened to BBC Local Radio programme broadcast through the internet, with over 5,000 people listening per week.

In 2008, he was elected as Honorary President of Glosfolk, the organisation that promotes traditional music in the county, for his services to folk music over many years.

Albums

Decameron
Say Hello to the Band (1973)
Mammoth Special (1974)
Third Light (1975)
Tomorrow's Pantomime (1976)
Afterwords (2001)

Solo
Roll On Dreamer (1978)
No Going Back (1979)
Get Lucky (1982)
Forest and Vale and High Blue Hill (1983)
Line of Blue (1985)
English Morning (1987)
Edge of Day with Laurie Lee (1989)
The Glorious Glosters (1990)
Songs on Lonely Roads (1990)
Songs and Carols for a West Country Christmas (1991)
Force of the River (1993)
The Gloucestershire Collection (1994)
A Country Christmas (1995)
The Shakespeare Songs (1997)
A Journey – compilation (2001)
Keep the Flame EP with Paul Burgess and Mick Dolan (2004)
The Winding Stair (2005)
Breaking the Silence with Mike Silver (2007)
Borderland (2014)
All on a Winter's Night (2017)
30 Songs – 2 CD compilation (2019)
Midwinter – live album (2020)
River of Dreams (2022)

Singles

The Magnificent Mercury Brothers
"The New Girl in School" / "Why Do Fools Fall in Love?" / "What About Us?" (1975)

Solo
"Believe in You" b/w "Run to Her" (1980)
"We Shall Not Pass" (1980)
"Everybody Knows" (1982)
"Keep the Flame" (digital download, 2011)

Books
Forest and Vale and High Blue Hill (1991)
Between the Severn and the Wye (1993)
A Country Christmas (1997)

Festival Players Productions
Coppin was musical director and wrote the songs and music for these summer touring productions

Merry Wives of Windsor (1992)
Much Ado About Nothing (1994)
A Winter's Tale (1995)
The Merchant of Venice (1996)
As You Like It (1997)
A Midsummer Night's Dream (1998)
Romeo and Juliet (2002)
Comedy of Errors (2003)
Twelfth Night (2004)
A Midsummer Night's Dream (2005)
Hamlet (2006)
As You Like It (2007)
Much Ado About Nothing (2008)
The Merchant of Venice (2009)
The Taming of the Shrew (2011)
Twelfth Night (2012)
Romeo and Juliet (2013)
A Midsummer Night's Dream (2013)
A Comedy of Errors (2014)
Macbeth (2014)
As You Like It (2015)
Hamlet (2016)
The Merry Wives of Windsor (2017)
The Winter's Tale (2018)
Much Ado About Nothing (2019)

References

External links
Johnny Coppin website
Johnny Coppin on BBC Gloucestershire

1946 births
Living people
English folk guitarists
English male guitarists
English pianists
English male singer-songwriters
English singer-songwriters
British male pianists
21st-century British pianists
21st-century British male musicians

Johnny Coppin


GNUmed is a  Free/Libre electronic medical record (EMR) for Unix-like systems (BSD, Linux, and UNIX systems), Microsoft Windows, macOS and other platforms. GNUmed aims to provide medical software that respects the privacy of patients and that is based on open standards.

GNUmed is based on third party projects such as free software/open source DBMS  PostgreSQL and is written mostly in Python. It is supported by a graphical user interface (GUI) based on WxPython.

History
The first version of the GNUmed was created by Horst Herb.  When Herb ceased active development, the development of GNUmed was picked up by Karsten Hilbert who took over as project leader and partly overhauled the project.

Karsten Hilbert was not alone in his efforts. Several other developers joined the team and helped at one time or the other: Syan Tan, Ian Haywood, Hilmar Berger, Sebastian Hilbert, Carlos Moro, Michael Bonert, Richard Terry, Tony Lembke and many more. While some concentrated on coding, many others, like Jim Busser and Rogerio Luz Coelho helped by creating documentation or by submitting other comments.

The name was initially chosen to give credit to the GNU project and GNUmed's connection to the medical profession. The logo depicts a Gnu as a reference to the GNU project accompanied by a Python as a reference to the programming language as well as to the medical profession.

At the time, GNUmed was just another free software project aiming to become an alternative to the established EMRs. It has since evolved to rival other EMRs in terms of functionality and performance.

Usage
GNUmed is primarily used to manage electronic medical records. It provides means of archiving paper records as well as collecting metadata on these records. Some uses include administrative tasks such as adding and activating patients, and recording tasks such as data on patients' allergies or immunization records.

Features
GNUmed supports a variety of features, many implemented as plugins which extend the core functionality.  These can range a medical paper record archiving system to vaccination status handling. A list of features is provided in GNUmed's documentation system.

By making use of GNUmed's interface 3rd party software can interact with GNUmed to make use of its features.

See also

 List of GNU packages
 GNU Project
 GNU Health

References

General references

Further reading

External links

GNU Project software
Free health care software
Electronic health record software
Healthcare software for macOS
Healthcare software for Windows
Healthcare software for Linux
Software that uses wxPython

GNUmed


Anthony Banik (born 17 January 1973) is a former Australian rules football player who played in the Australian Football League between 1990 and 1994 for the Richmond Football Club.

Banik went on to be player-coach for West Adelaide in the South Australian National Football League, then Sale, then led the DWWWW Allies to a Premiership in the Alberton Football Netball League in 2003.

Career
Banik was the #1 pick in the 1989 VFL draft and made his AFL debut for Richmond in Round 3 of the 1990 season against the reigning premiers  on 14 April at Princes Park. He collected 14 kicks, 2 handballs and 1 mark as the Tigers went down by 30 points, 10.21 (81) to 15.21 (111).

During his time at Richmond, Banik contracted chronic fatigue syndrome which limited his on-field availability. He recovered from the illness but was eventually delisted by the club following the 1994 season. He won the Richmond reserves best and fairest award in 1994.

Banik then moved to Adelaide to play for West Adelaide in the South Australian National Football League in 1995. He won their best & fairest award in his debut season with the club, and again in 1997.

He coached Gippsland Football League club Sale in 2000 and 2001.

References

 Hogan P: The Tigers of Old, Richmond FC, Melbourne 1996

External links

1973 births
Living people
Richmond Football Club players
West Adelaide Football Club players
Sale Football Club coaches
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)

Anthony Banik


Gogol. The Beginning () is a 2017 Russian fantasy-horror film directed by Yegor Baranov loosely based on works by Nikolai Gogol from the 1832 collection Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka. The title role is played by Alexander Petrov.

Gogol. The Beginning is the first of three films of the project Gogol and the first Russian television series to have a theatrical release. The first episode (film) was nominated for the Best TV CEE Series award at the Serial Killer festival.

Plot

Chapter One. Murders in Dikanka

The year is 1829. Young Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol, a judicial clerk in the Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery in St. Petersburg, suffers seizures on the job, falling into a semi-conscious state in which he is pursued by strange visions and writes seemingly meaningless words. The timing of his seizures coincides with acts of murder committed elsewhere.

Suddenly Gogol meets with the famous investigator Yakov Petrovich Guro, who immediately notes something unusual about the young clerk: his rambling records are valuable clues to the investigation. The murderer is quickly revealed. That same evening, the insecure Gogol, brought to tears and impotent rage by the harsh criticism of his first work, Hans Küchelgarten, buys up all the copies of the book and burns them. The next morning Gogol is visited by Guro, who warmly supports him and advises him not to lose heart after his first failed attempt at writing. Guro also expresses his gratitude for Gogol's cooperation, adding that he is going to investigate the mysterious murders of girls in the Poltava province near the small village of Dikanka. Gogol, who had a vision of this at night, asks Guro to take him along as assistant and a clerk, since he comes from that area. Guro, sympathetic and intrigued by the young man's seizures and visions, easily consents and they set out on their journey.

Arriving in Dikanka, Gogol and Guro begin an investigation. The murderer is described as the Dark Horseman, and the superstitious population, especially the local investigator Alexander Khristoforovich Binh, is extremely reluctant to help the investigation from St. Petersburg. Gogol meets the wife of landowner Danishevsky, Elisabeth, who admires his creativity and toward whom he begins to feel (as he tries to convince himself) platonic emotions. He also gets acquainted with the landowner Danishevsky himself, a strange and mysterious man who, along with Elisabeth, lives in isolation, despite being so close to the village of Dikanka. During one of Gogol's visions, Oksana (as it turns out later, a rusalka) appears. In exchange for Gogol's help identifying which of the rusalka is actually a witch, who drains her strength from drowned women, Oksana promises to help him in the investigation. Meanwhile, to Guro's surprise and fury, it turns out that similar murders took place 30 years ago and nothing was done to uncover them.

During the next vision, Gogol manages to identify one of the rusalka as the witch, who turns out to be Hannah from the local inn. The next morning Gogol and Guro find a hand at an abandoned mill: the rusalka had found the witch and tried to tear her apart, starting with the hand. Gogol and Guro assume that the rusalka found the Horseman and rush to the inn where they discover Hanna, who is missing a hand—the same hand that was found at the mill. The enraged witch easily copes with Guro, then attacks Gogol, but Binh kills her. The case is solved, and it's time for Gogol and Guro to return to St. Petersburg. But the night before his departure, Gogol is visited by Oksana, who tells him that the real killer is at large, and Hannah was only an accomplice. At the same time, the Horseman and Guro are fighting to the death in a burning barn, which collapses on them both. Everyone believes that Guro and the Dark Horseman died in its wreckage. However, the remains of the Rider are not found. Gogol decides to stay and finish the investigation himself.

That night, the Horseman comes to a shed where Hanna's body lies in a coffin and resurrects her. The Witch begs the Horseman for forgiveness, blaming her failure on Gogol's strange abilities, but the Horseman is deaf to her pleas. The witch's screaming comes from inside the shed.

Chapter Two. The Red Cape
A few days later in Dikanka there is a new murder: Baba Khavronya dies right in the middle of a tryst with the priest, her lover. He raves about a pig's head and a red scroll, the symbol of conjugal infidelity, which, according to the folk lore, the devil throws on the threshold. The murder was arranged as if the Dark Horseman had done it, but during a seizure Gogol paints a linden leaf (in Russian, a "linden" is slang for a fake). After waking, he immediately notices that the sign of the Horseman is drawn with an error. When the murder weapon is found in the house, the husband takes the blame on himself.

In Dikanka, Dr. Leopold Leopoldovich Bomgart comes to Gogol's aid. A man with an exclusively scientific mindset, Bomgart denies the existence of evil spirits. An autopsy shows that Baba Khavronya died not from a wound, but from a rupture of the heart due to utmost terror. Her ghost begins to appear and threaten the stepdaughter Paraska, who will soon have a wedding. Gogol once again is tormented by visions about Oksana and Elizabeth: according to the former, in order to learn how to manage his gift, he must give up worldly attachments and, first and foremost, his feelings for Liza.

Gogol finds the solution with the help of the blacksmith Vakula and Dr. Bomgart: a candle Paraska had bought from some gypsies, a candle that was lit during Khavronya's tryst with the priest, contains hallucinogens. (Gogol breathes a bit of smoke from this candle and sees one of his greatest fears: Pushkin mocking his work.) Realizing that the murderer is Paraska, who staged the devil's attack so that her stepmother would not stop her from getting married, Gogol exposes her, but she escapes into the forest. With the help of sorcery the ghost of Khavronya catches Paraska and gives her to the Horseman as a new sacrifice. Gogol, Vakula, Vakula's servant Yakim, and Dr. Bomgart try to catch up, and upon hearing her cry they want to help, but the way is blocked by the witchcraft of the ghost Khavronya. Only thanks to the candle, lit by Dr. Bomgart, the heroes manage to stop the witchcraft. But an unexpected event occurs: the ghost of Khavronya, once faced with Gogol, suddenly becomes terrified and howls "No, do not come near me! Dark one... " and then disappears, leaving Gogol and his friends in perplexity. But they do not have time to contemplate: Paraska is found dead in a boat by the river bank, and on the ground gleams the terrible symbol of the Dark Horseman.

The next morning at the inn, Gogol gathers Dr. Bomgart, the blacksmith Vakula and his servant Yakim, the only people in all of Dikanka he can trust. All three agree to help him in the fight against the terrible enemy. Unbeknownst to everyone in the old mirror appears smiling Oksana. It turns out that among the things of Yakov Petrovich Guro there was a trunk, which he ordered to give to Gogol in case of unforeseen circumstances. Vakula easily opens the lock of the chest, to which no one could find the key. When touching the lock Gogol gets a new vision: the next victim of the Dark Horseman could be Liza. The smile disappears from Oksana's face, and she leaves.

The chapter and the first film ends with Yakov Petrovich Guro, who supposedly died in the barn fire, observing the village of Dikanka from the top of a cliff.

Cast
Alexander Petrov — Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol
Oleg Menshikov — investigator Yakov Petrovich Guro
Yevgeny Stychkin — head of the police department, Alexander Khristoforovich Binh
Taisiya Vilkova — Elizaveta (Lisa) Danishevskaya
Artyom Tkachenko  — Alexey Danishevsky
Julia Franz — daughter of the miller, Oksana
Yevgeny Sytiy— servant of Gogol, Yakim
Yan Tsapnik — doctor-pathologist Leopold Leopoldovich Bomgart
Sergey Badyuk — blacksmith Vakula
Martha Timofeeva — daughter of the blacksmith Vakula Vasilina
Valery Rybin — Dark Horseman
Svetlana Kireeva — Khristina
Artyom  Suchkov — scribe Tesak
Yevgeny Kapitonov — Father Bartholomew
Pavel Derevyanko — Alexander Pushkin
Kirill Polukhin — Basavryuk
Dmitry Bykovsky-Romashov — Solopiy Cherevik
Anvar Libabov — the noseless
Yulia Marchenko — Gogol's mother, Maria Hohol-Yanovskaya
Andrey Astrakhantsev — Gogol's father, Vasyl Hohol-Yanovsky
Vitaly Kovalenko — investigator Kovleiskiy
Beata Makovsky — Khavronya

Production
Filming took place in 2016 in the Pskov region and St. Petersburg, where the set of the village of Dikanka was created.

"Gogol. The Beginning" was produced by Alexander Tsekalo's Sreda Production Company, the general director of TV-3 Valery Fyodorovich, the general producer of TV-3 Yevgeny Nikishov (at that time Fedorovich and Nikishov were the producers of TNT) and Artur Janibekyan. The production of one series of "Gogol" cost about 29 000 000 rubles, while the fees of the first part of the film series amounted to 444,485,278 rubles.

Sequels
The film Gogol. Viy was released on April 5, 2018, Gogol. A Terrible Vengeance was released on August 30, 2018. Then the three films will be divided into six episodes. The episodes in question, along with two filler episodes, have been aired on the Russian channel TV-3 in 2019.

References

External links

Films based on works by Nikolai Gogol
Russian horror films
Russian fantasy films
2017 fantasy films
2017 horror films
2017 films
Television series by Sreda
Russian dark fantasy films

Gogol. The Beginning


FYI is an abbreviation of "for your information".

FYI may also refer to:

Television
FYI (Canadian TV channel)
FYI (Southeast Asia TV channel)
FYI (American TV channel)
FYI (TV series), an American 1980s daily information program on the ABC network
FYI Daily, a British entertainment news television bulletin
FYI, a fictional television newsmagazine on the television show Murphy Brown
FYI, a weekend news programme for children on Sky News

Information technology
 .fyi in list of Internet top-level domains
 A sub-series of Request for Comments

Other uses
"FYI", a song on Jay Electronica's 2007 mixtape Act I: Eternal Sunshine (The Pledge)
"FYI", a song on Miranda Cosgrove's 2009 EP About You Now
Film Your Issue, an American filmmaking competition
FYI, a human resources publication published by Buck
 F.Y.I. - For Your Information, Indian game show

FYI (disambiguation)


Fort Vancouver was a 19th century fur trading post that was the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company's Columbia Department, located in the Pacific Northwest. Named for Captain George Vancouver, the fort was located on the northern bank of the Columbia River in present-day Vancouver, Washington. The fort was a major center of the regional fur trading. Every year trade goods and supplies from London arrived either via ships sailing to the Pacific Ocean or overland from Hudson Bay via the York Factory Express. Supplies and trade goods were exchanged with a plethora of Indigenous cultures for fur pelts. Furs from Fort Vancouver were often shipped to the Chinese port of Guangzhou where they were traded for Chinese manufactured goods for sale in the United Kingdom. At its pinnacle, Fort Vancouver watched over 34 outposts, 24 ports, six ships, and 600 employees. Today, a full-scale replica of the fort, with internal buildings, has been constructed and is open to the public as Fort Vancouver National Historic Site.

Background

During the War of 1812, the Pacific Northwest was a distant region of the conflict. Two rival fur trading outfits, the Canadian North West Company (NWC) and the American Pacific Fur Company (PFC), had until then both operated in the region peaceably. Funded largely by John Jacob Astor, the PFC operated without many opportunities for military defense by the United States Navy. News of the war and of a coming British warship put the American company into a difficult position. In October 1813, management met at Fort Astoria and agreed to liquidate its assets to the NWC. HMS Racoon arrived the following month and in honor of George III of the United Kingdom, Fort Astoria was renamed to Fort George.

In negotiations with American Albert Gallatin throughout 1818, British plenipotentiary Frederick John Robinson was offered a proposition for a partition that would have, as Gallatin stated, "all the waters emptying in the sound called the Gulf of Georgia." Frederick Merk has argued the definition used by the negotiators of the Gulf of Georgia included the entirety of the Puget Sound, in addition to the Straits of Georgia and Juan de Fuca. This would have given the United Kingdom the most favorable location for ports north of Alta California and south of Russian America. Robinson didn't agree to the proposal and subsequent talks didn't focus on establishing a permanent border west of the Rocky Mountains.

The Treaty of 1818 made the resources of the vast region were to be "free and open" to citizens from either nation. The treaty wasn't made to combine American and British interests against other colonial powers in the region. Rather, the document states that the joint occupancy of the Pacific Northwest was intended to "prevent disputes" between the two nations from arising. In the ensuing years, the North West Company would continue to expand its operations in the Pacific Northwest. Skirmishes with its major competitor, the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), had already flared into the Pemmican War. The end of the conflict in 1821 saw the NWC mandated by the British Government to merge into the HBC.

Later negotiations
Throughout 1825 and 1826, British officials would continue to offer Americans partition plans for the Pacific Coast of North America. These largely originated in part from correspondence with the NWC and later HBC. The border would continue to extend west on the 49th parallel to the Rocky Mountains, where the Columbia (and some times the Snake River) would be used as the border until it reached the Pacific Ocean. Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs George Canning has been appraised by later historians most supportive British Foreign minister in securing a border along the Columbia. United States Secretary of State Henry Clay had given instructions to the American plenipotentiaries to offer a partition of the Pacific Northwest along the 49th parallel to the Pacific Ocean. The difference in the two considered plans were too much to solve, making the diplomats put off a formal colonial division once more.

Establishment

In the early 1820s a general reorganization of all NWC properties, now entirely under HBC management, was overseen directly by Sir George Simpson. The newly established Columbia District needed a more suitable headquarters than Fort George at the mouth of the Columbia. Simpson was instrumental in the establishment of Fort Vancouver. Using the HBC position that any settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute would confirm the border placement along the Columbia; Simpson selected a location situated opposite from the mouth of the Willamette River. This expanse was an open and fertile prairie that was outside the flood plain and had easy access to the Columbia.

Fort

Description
An employee of the HBC, wrote a general description of Fort Vancouver and its structural composition as it was in 1843:
The fort is in the shape of a parallelogram, about 250 yards long, by 150 broad; enclose by a sort of wooden wall, made of pickets, or large beams firmly fixed in the ground, and closely fitted together, twenty feet high, and strong secured on the inside by buttressess. At each angle there is a bastion, mounting two twelve pounders, and in the centre there some eighteen pounders; ... these cannon have become useless. The area within is divided into two courts, around which are arranged about forty neat, strong wooden buildings, one story high, designed for various purposes...

The fort was substantial. The palisades that protected it were  long,  wide and about  high. Inside, there were 24 buildings, including housing, warehouses, a school, a library, a pharmacy, a chapel, a blacksmith, plus a large manufacturing facility. The Chief Factor's residence in the center of Fort Vancouver was two stories tall. Inside was a dining hall where company clerks, traders, physicians, and others of the gentleman class would dine with the supervising Chief Factor. In general, the entirety of the Chief Factor's House and its meals were typically barred for general laborers and fur trappers. After dinner the majority of these gentlemen would relocate to the "Bachelor's Hall" to "amuse themselves as they please, either in smoking, reading, or telling and listening to stories of their own and others' curious adventures." As Dunn recalled;

The smoking room ... presents the appearance of an armory and a museum. All sorts of weapons, and dresses, and curiosities of civilized and savage life, and of the various implements for the prosecution of the [fur] trade, may be seen there.

Outside the ramparts there was additional housing, as well as fields, gardens, fruit orchards, a shipyard, a distillery, a tannery, a sawmill, and a dairy. By 1843, situated roughly 600 yards outside Fort Vancouver were about sixty wooden houses. This small settlement was inhabited by fur trappers, machinists and other laborers of the fort. There they resided with their Indigenous or Métis wives and families. The dwellings were organized into orderly rows. The settlement was commonly referred to as Kanaka Village because of the many Hawaiians in company employ who lived there. In fact, it has been suggested that the Fort had the "largest single group of Hawaiians ever to congregate outside their home islands."

Fur trade operations
With high demand from Europe for fur-based textiles in the early 19th Century, the Hudson's Bay Company was forced to expand its fur trade operations across North America to the Pacific Northwest. Prior to the establishment of Fort Vancouver, the Hudson's Bay Company's largest westward fort was Fort William in present-day Ontario, which the company gained through its merger with the North West Company. From its establishment, Fort Vancouver was the regional headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company's fur trade operations in the Columbia District. The territory it oversaw stretched from the Rocky Mountains in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and from Sitka in the north to San Francisco in the south. Fur trappers would bring pelts collected during the winter to the fort to be traded in exchange for company credit. The credit, issued by the company clerks, could be used to purchase goods in the fort's trade shops. Furs from throughout the Columbia District were brought to Fort Vancouver from smaller Hudson's Bay Company outposts either overland, or by water via the Columbia River. Once they were sorted and inventoried by the company's clerks, the furs were hung out to dry in the fur storehouse, a large two-story post-on-sill building located within the walls of the fort. After the furs had been processed, they were mixed, weighed into  bundles, and packed with tobacco leaves as an insecticide. The 270-pound bundle of furs would be placed in a large press and wrapped in elk or bear hide to create overseas fur bales. The large 270-pound bales were then placed on boats on the Columbia River for shipment to London via the Hudson's Bay Company trade routes. The furs would then be auctioned off to textile manufacturers in London. A large demand came from hatters who produced popular beaver felted hats.

Personnel
For most of its existence, Fort Vancouver was the largest non-indigenous settlement in the Pacific Northwest. The population of the fort and the environs was mostly French Canadians, Métis, and Kanaka Hawaiians; there were also English, Scots, Irish, and a variety of Indigenous peoples including Iroquois and Cree. The common language spoken at the fort was Canadian French, while company records and official journals were kept in English. However, trading and relations with the surrounding community were done in Chinook Jargon, a pidgin of Chinook, Nootka, Chehalis, English, French, Hawaiian, and other elements.

A survey of the total personnel at Fort Vancouver in 1846 reveals a culturally and materially diverse populace. Notably, the number of employees from the Hebrides, Orkney, and Shetland Islands was 57 men. This is exactly the same number as the combined number of workers from England and mainland Scotland. The number of men hired from Upper Canada, Lower Canada, and Rupert's Land was in total 91. These men came from English, French Canadian, Métis, Iroquois, Cree, and other cultural backgrounds. Most notable however, was that Kanaka Hawaiians totaled 154 that year, or 43% of the total fort population.

Chief Factor Dr. John McLoughlin was its first manager, a position he held for nearly 22 years, from 1824 to 1845. McLoughlin applied the laws of Upper Canada to British subjects, kept peace with the natives and sought to maintain law and order with American settlers as well. McLoughlin was later hailed as the Father of Oregon for allowing Americans to settle south of the Columbia River. Against the company's wishes, he provided substantial aid and assistance to westbound American settlers in the territory. He left the company in 1846 to found Oregon City in the Willamette Valley.

James Douglas spent nineteen years in Fort Vancouver; serving as a clerk until 1834 when he was promoted to the rank of Chief Trader. From October 1838 to November 1839, while McLoughlin was on furlough in Europe, Chief Trader Douglas was in charge. In November 1839 Douglas was promoted to the rank of Chief Factor. Douglas took on several temporary assignments elsewhere, to set up HBC's trading post at Yerba Buena (San Francisco) California in 1841, and to establish Fort Victoria in 1843, but from 1839 to 1845 there were normally two Chief Factors based at Fort Vancouver, with McLoughlin in charge and Douglas as his subordinate.

Agricultural production
At its inception, Governor George Simpson wanted the fort to be self-sufficient as food was costly to ship. Fort staff typically maintained one year's extra supplies in the fort warehouses to avoid the disastrous consequences of shipwrecks and other calamities. Fort Vancouver eventually began to produce a surplus of food, some of which was used to provision other HBC posts in the Columbia Department. The area around the fort was commonly known as "La Jolie Prairie" (the pretty prairie) or "Belle Vue Point" (beautiful vista). In time, Fort Vancouver would diversify its economic activities beyond fur trading and begin exporting agricultural foodstuffs from HBC farms, along with salmon, lumber, and other products. It developed markets for these exports in Russian America, the Hawaiian Kingdom, and Mexican California. The HBC opened agencies in Sitka, Honolulu, and Yerba Buena (San Francisco) to facilitate such trade.

Express

Fort Vancouver was supplied in part through the overland York Factory Express. It originated from a route used by the NWC between Fort George to Fort William on Lake Superior. Each spring two brigades were sent, one from Fort Vancouver and the other from York Factory. A typical brigade consisted of about forty to seventy five men. These men carried supplies, furs and correspondence by boat, horseback and in backpacks for various HBC posts and personnel along the route. Furs stored at the York Factory would in turn be sold at London in an annual fur sale. Indians along the way were often paid in trade goods to help them portage around falls and unnavigable rapids.

Americans
The Hudson's Bay Company, which controlled the fur trade in much of what Americans styled the Oregon Country, had previously discouraged settlement because it interfered with the lucrative fur trade. By 1838, however, American settlers were coming across the Rocky Mountains and their numbers increased each subsequent year. Many left from St. Louis, Missouri and followed a fairly straight, but difficult, route called the Oregon Trail. For many settlers the fort became the last stop on the Oregon Trail where they could get supplies before starting their homestead.

During the Great Migration of 1843 an estimated 700 to 1,000 American settlers arrived via the Oregon Trail.

British response

The signing of the RAC-HBC Agreement with the Russian-American Company pushed the HBC into creating an agricultural subsidiary, the Pugets Sound Agricultural Company in 1840. Herds of sheep and cattle were purchased in Alta California and raised at Fort Nisqually. Agricultural products were sown and grown in abundance at Fort Cowlitz and exported with foodstuffs produced at Fort Vancouver to Russian America. Recruitment from retired HBC laborers residing in the Willamette Valley as agriculturalists, through the use of priests François Norbert Blanchet and Modeste Demers, utterly failed to convince any farmer to leave for vicinity of the Cowlitz farms. While additional plans called for recruitment in Scotland, these too came to nothing.

The only successful source of early colonists for the PSAC would come from the Red River colony. In November 1839 Sir George Simpson instructed Duncan Finlayson to begin promoting the PSAC to colonists. James Sinclair was later appointed by Finlayson to guide the settler families that signed the PSAC agreement to Fort Vancouver. They left Fort Garry (modern Winnipeg) in June 1841 with 121 people that consisted of 23 families. When they arrived at Fort Vancouver, they then numbered 21 families of 116 people. Fourteen of them were relocated to Fort Nisqually, while the remaining seven families were sent to Fort Cowlitz.

Oregon Treaty

Signed in 1846, the Oregon Treaty set the Canada–United States border at the 49th parallel north, putting Fort Vancouver within American territory. Although the treaty ensured that the HBC could continue to operate and had free access to navigate the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Puget Sound, and the Columbia River, company operations were effectively stifled by the treaty and became unprofitable and were soon closed down.

Restoration
Because of its significance in United States history a plan was put together to preserve the location. Fort Vancouver was declared a U.S. National Monument on June 19, 1948, and redesignated as Fort Vancouver National Historic Site on June 30, 1961. This was taken a step further in 1996 when a 366-acre (1.48 km2) area around the fort, including Kanaka Village, the Columbia Barracks and the bank of the river, was established as the Vancouver National Historic Reserve maintained by the National Park Service. It is possible to tour the fort. Notable buildings of the restored Fort Vancouver include a bake house, where Hardtack baking techniques are shown, a Blacksmith shop, a carpenter shop and its collection of carpentry tools, and the kitchen, where daily meals were prepared.

See also
 Naukane (John Coxe)
 New Caledonia
 Vancouver National Historic Reserve Historic District

Citations

Bibliography

External links
 Fort Vancouver National Historic Site

1824 establishments in the British Empire
Buildings and structures in Vancouver, Washington
Former colonial and territorial capitals in the United States
Vancouver
Fur trade
History of British Columbia
History of Vancouver, Washington
Vancouver
Hudson's Bay Company forts
Mexican–American War forts
Military and war museums in Washington (state)
Museums in Clark County, Washington
National Historic Sites in Washington (state)
Oregon Country
Oregon Trail
Tourist attractions in Vancouver, Washington
Washington Territory

Fort Vancouver


The OA vz. 27 (Obrněný automobil vzor 27) was a Czechoslovak-designed armored car used by Nazi Germany, Slovakia, and Romania during World War II. Fifteen were built, of which the Germans seized nine when they occupied Bohemia-Moravia in March 1939 and the Slovaks captured three when they declared independence from Czechoslovakia at the same time. Romania acquired three when Czech troops sought refuge in Romania after the Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine that same month. All were used for training or internal security duties during the war.

Description
The OA vz. 27's armored body was mounted on a purpose-built ladder frame chassis. The chassis design was unusual as it could be driven in both directions as it had both forward and rear drivers. Both axles could be driven and steered, but not at the same time as the reverser lever controlled the direction of travel and which axle was being used so it was not a true four-wheel drive design. The forward driver sat on the right side using an observation port protected by an armored shutter with a vision slit. The assistant driver sat on the left and had his own vision port. The rear driver sat on the vehicle's left side. A heavy Schwarzlose MG vz. 07/24 water-cooled machine gun was mounted in the center of the rear hull with 72° of traverse. The crew accessed the fighting compartment from doors in both sides of the vehicle and a hatch in the turret. The gunner sat in a small, conical turret with 360° of traverse. It had an observation port in the front, vision slits on both sides and an armored searchlight on a swing arm in the rear. The turret had a Schwarzlose MG vz. 07/24 machine gun in a forward-facing ball mount and two other ball mounts were fitted on the sides of the turret. A ZB vz. 26 light machine gun was carried inside the vehicle. 5750 rounds were stored for the machine guns. The body had an internal frame of steel "angle iron" beams to which  armor plates were riveted.

The , water-cooled, , 4-cylinder Škoda gasoline engine was mounted in the front of the vehicle. It gave a top speed of . It could cross a ditch  wide, climb an obstacle  high and ford a stream  deep.

Development
The OA vz. 27 was the third in a line of Škoda armored cars that used the same revolutionary chassis design. The PA-I introduced the two driver concept, but it had four-wheel drive and four-wheel steering and a turret with two machine guns. Only two prototypes were built before the army asked for further improvements. The PA-II kept the same chassis, but dropped the turret in a completely new body design with curved plates that mounted a machine gun in each corner of the vehicle. The curved armor was very good ballistically, but was quite expensive to manufacture. Twelve were ordered, but the cramped fighting compartment and lack of space for both gunners to man their weapons simultaneously meant that the army was still not satisfied.

The PA-III was intended to be smaller, more mobile and less expensive than its predecessors. Flat armor plates replaced the curved armor of the PA-II and a turret was reintroduced. One prototype was bought in 1925 with an iron body and evaluated for two years before it was accepted in July 1927. Twelve chassis had already been delivered in 1925 while the Army tried to decide the best layout of the body, but it took almost another two years before the last OA vz. 27, as the Army designated the P-III, was delivered in October 1929.

Operational history

Czechoslovakia
In service they proved to be robust, easy to maintain and easy to shoot as optical sights had been added for the machine guns. The main drawback was their excessive weight and very high cost (626,770 CSK - around 25,000 USD). Six were initially assigned to the Armored Regiment in Milovice and the remaining nine to the cavalry, but this changed during the reorganization of the armored units in the mid-Thirties. The 1st Armored Regiment received an additional three for a total of nine while the 2nd Armored Regiment in Olomouc got three as did the 3rd Armored Regiment in Turčiansky Svätý Martin. The OA vz. 27s were heavily used suppressing the protests and violence instigated by Konrad Henlein's Sudeten German Party (Sudetendeutsche Partei - SdP) and the Sudetendeutsche Freikorps (paramilitary groups trained in Germany by SS-instructors) between May and October 1938. After the Munich Agreement one platoon of OA vz. 27s were sent to reinforce Slovakia and Ruthenia where they were used to repel Hungarian and Polish border-crossers, sometimes up to a battalion in strength. One platoon of three vehicles defended Carpatho-Ukraine in March 1939 from Hungarian attacks, but were forced to seek refuge in Romania and Slovakia acquired three when it declared independence in March 1939.

Germany
The Germans seized nine in March 1939 when they occupied Bohemia-Moravia, but nothing is known of their service (if any).

Slovakia
Three OA vz. 27s were seized by the Slovaks when they declared independence in March 1939, but were used only for training and scrapped in February 1943.

Romania

Little is known about the career of the OA vz. 27 in Romania after one Czech platoon of three sought refuge there in March 1939 other than it performed internal security duties. Two were destroyed during one of the American bombing raids on Ploiesti during the summer of 1944 while being serviced at the depot there.

Notes

References

External links
 Slovak vehicles on Tanks!
 Technical specs of the OA vz.27
 Discussion regarding the OA vz.27 at worldwar2.ro

Armoured cars of the interwar period
World War II armoured cars
Armoured cars of Czechoslovakia
Military vehicles introduced in the 1920s

OA vz. 27