Paul Mayeda Berges (born September 11, 1968) is an American screenwriter and director. He is known for his work on films such as 2002's Bend It Like Beckham.

Early and personal life
Of Japanese and a "bit of Basque" ancestry, Berges attended the University of California, Santa Cruz, where he studied film and graduated in 1990. He began his career by making documentaries (on the Japanese American community) and teaching film production (to high school students). He has collaborated with his wife, British-Indian director Gurinder Chadha, on a number of films and made his directorial debut in 2005 with The Mistress of Spices, based on the novel by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni.

Berges officially met Chadha in March 1994, while he was working as a festival director at the San Francisco Asian American International Film Festival. They had also briefly met in September 1993. They married in the mid-nineties and have twins together; a boy named Ronak and a girl named Kumiko (born June 7, 2007).

Filmography

References

External links

 BBC Movies: Interview – Paul Mayeda Berges (April 2006)
 Birmingham Mail: Film Reviews – Film: Gurinder Chadha reveals how marriage and babies were written in her stars (April 23, 2010)
 Culture.com: Bend It Like Beckham – About The Filmmakers
 Filmmaker GURINDER CHADHA: Could She 'Bend It' Without A British Accent?
 RS Bollywood Online: Premier Indian Film Portal – Gurinder Chadha gives birth to twins (June 9, 2007)
 The Writing Studio: The art of writing and making films – THE MISTRESS OF SPICES (Paul Mayeda Berges – Director/Writer)
 Toronto International Film Festival

1968 births
Living people
University of California, Santa Cruz alumni
American male screenwriters
Film producers from California
Film directors from California
American film directors of Japanese descent
American people of Basque descent
People from Torrance, California
Screenwriters from California

Paul Mayeda Berges


Blacksmith (Amunet Black) is a DC Comics supervillain and a rogue to the Flash III (Wally West). Blacksmith first appeared in Flash: Iron Heights (2001) and was created by Geoff Johns and Ethan Van Sciver. She is the ex-wife of Goldface.

Amunet Black made her live action debut as a recurring character on the fourth season of The Flash, portrayed by Katee Sackhoff.

Fictional character biography
For 15 years, Amunet Black has been running and operating the Network, an underground black market in Central City and Keystone City, the twin cities, for supervillains to buy, sell, or move contraband. During that time, she had a brief marriage to Goldface. When they divorced, she stole the elixir that gave him his powers and changed it to gain the ability to merge metal with flesh and shape it to her will. She was able to keep the Network hidden from the authorities and if any villain reformed or quit crime, she made sure the memories of the Network were erased from their minds. Soon, with a vision of power, Blacksmith planned out her takeover of the twin cities, with her as the leader.

First, she organized a new group of Rogues, which consisted of the Weather Wizard, the Mirror Master III, Magenta, Murmur, Girder, Plunder, and the Trickster II. She made sure that her Rogues were strong and had better control of their powers. She had Magenta use her powers to keep Girder from rusting and taught the Weather Wizard better control of his wand.

Second, she and her Rogues had the Flash's allies removed or incapacitated. The Mirror Master III framed the Pied Piper for the murder of his parents. Plunder took out Chunk, shot his mirror image Detective Jared Morillo, and assumed his identity. Then, the Mirror Master III kidnapped Cyborg and police officer Fred Chyre, trapping them in a mirror universe along with all the other cops of Keystone City. The Rogues then removed the speedsters by giving Jesse Quick's company financial trouble and then sent Jay Garrick to a hospital in Denver when his wife got sick. Finally, Murmur and the Mirror Master III attacked radio stations and reprogrammed their antennas to broadcast a mirror shield around the twin cities to prevent anyone from coming in or going out. After everything had been put into place, Blacksmith and her Rogues launched their takeover and began by attacking the Flash. They attacked hard and fast, which left the Flash tired and badly injured, but just as they were about to finish him off, they were stopped by the Thinker, who wanted to use the Flash's brain to upload information. After the Thinker was defeated, Blacksmith and the rogues resumed their plan and attacked the Flash and Goldface. They successfully trounced the Flash while Goldface escaped. During the fight, Blacksmith used her power to transform her body into ebony metal, while villains in the Network began to loot and pillage the two cities. Luckily, Goldface led the people of the twin cities against the Network and the Flash managed to defeat the Weather Wizard, the Mirror Master III, and the Trickster II, before they escaped when Captain Cold froze the ground and the Mirror Master II used it to retreat. With her Rogues defeated, she tried a desperate attack by collapsing the bridge that connects Keystone City and Central City. The Flash quickly managed to rebuild the bridge and finally defeat Blacksmith by stranding her on a barge in the middle of the river (she could not enter the water for fear of rusting her metal skin). With her Network discontinued, she was sent to Iron Heights, where she was severely wounded by the escaping Gorilla Grodd.

Although she survived her injuries, Blacksmith has not been seen since that incident, although she did show up for "Digger" Harkness' funeral.

Powers and abilities
Blacksmith's body has been mutated to be the perfect fusion between organic and inorganic. This has given her the ability to fuse organic and inorganic matter. Blacksmith has used the ability to fuse an inorganic object into an opponent causing serious damage. Blacksmith has also used the ability to cause serious damage to inorganic structures.

In other media
Amunet Black appears in The Flash, portrayed by Katee Sackhoff. This version is a former flight attendant named Leslie Jocoy. After gaining the power to telekinetically manipulate anything made of alnico, Jocoy began carrying a quantity of alnico shards, took on the alias of "Amunet Black", and became a crime lord specializing in black market metahuman trafficking. Additionally, she is the ex-girlfriend of fellow crime lord Goldface.

References

External links
 Profile from "The Flash: Those Who Ride The Lightning" website
 Crimson Lightning  - An online index to the comic book adventures of the Flash.

Characters created by Geoff Johns
Comics characters introduced in 2001
DC Comics female supervillains
DC Comics cyborgs
DC Comics metahumans
Flash (comics) characters
Fictional inventors

Blacksmith (character)


The 530th Air Force Band supports global Air Force and Air National Guard missions by fostering patriotism and providing musical services for the military community as well as the general public.

History
Originally formed in 1946, the Air National Guard Band of the South was activated for federal service with the 116th Air Control Wing on October 10, 1950. The band was stationed in Alexandria, Louisiana until 1952, when it was released from active duty. In 1953, the Georgia Air National Guard reformed the band with Chief Warrant Officer John Love as Commander, a position he held until his retirement in 1960. Under his leadership, the band achieved recognition as the best Air National Guard band in the United States. Previously known as the 530th Air National Guard Band, the group was renamed Air National Guard Band of the South in 2002. One of eleven Air National Guard bands, the Band of the South provides music for military ceremonies, official protocol functions, and recruiting and retention events, and community relations.

Under the direction of Captain Alan B. McConnell, the Air National Guard Band of the South averages fifty performances a year, and performs regularly throughout its primary area of responsibility (Georgia, Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, and South Carolina) as "Goodwill Ambassadors" for the Georgia Air National Guard. Throughout the years, the band's reputation has led to requested performances in Mississippi, Louisiana, Tennessee, Wyoming, Montana, Indiana, Michigan, Delaware, the Azores Islands, Norway, and the Dominican Republic. The band has performed for many notable figures, including President Harry S. Truman and the President of Tanzania, honored generals from one star to four, and serenaded dignitaries from mayors and congressmen to governors and presidents.

Within the Air National Guard Band of the South are a concert band, ceremonial band, Eagle's Flight Jazz Ensemble, a rock/pop ensemble known as Sound Barrier, Space-A Rock Band, Brass Quintet, Woodwind Quintet, and High Flutin,' a flute ensemble. All members of the band are traditional guardsmen, and along with all other Army and Air National Guard units, serve one weekend a month, two weeks during the year and other times when called to duty.

Functions
The 530th provides music for military ceremonies, official functions, recruiting and retention events and community relations. The band averages fifty performances a year and performs regularly throughout its area of responsibility as "Goodwill Ambassadors" for the Georgia Air National Guard. Members are typical guardsmen, serving one weekend a month, two weeks during the summer and at other times when called to duty.

The unit performs for audiences all over the world, although it primarily serves communities throughout Georgia, Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, and South Carolina.

The units last performance was July 13, 2013.

References

External links
Georgia Department of Defense Website
Band of the South Website
Georgia National Guard Facebook Page
The Professional Guardsman Blog
Official Flickr Page
Georgia Guard Twitter Page
Georgia Guard Youtube Channel

Bands of the United States Air Force

530th Air Force Band


The United States–Mexico border is the international border between the United States and Mexico.

It runs from Imperial Beach, California, and Tijuana, Baja California, in the west to Matamoros, Tamaulipas, and Brownsville, Texas, in the east. It covers a variety of terrains, ranging from major urban areas to inhospitable deserts.

From the Gulf of Mexico it follows the course of the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte) to the border crossing at El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. Westward from there it crosses vast tracts of the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Desert. Then it crosses the Colorado River Delta, west to San Diego and Tijuana before reaching the Pacific Ocean. The US-Mexican border is considered an open border.

The border's total length is , according to figures given by the International Boundary and Water Commission. It is the most frequently crossed international border in the world, with approximately three hundred fifty million (350,000,000) crossings per year.

References

Borders of the United States
Geography of Mexico

Mexico–United States border


Sophia Jane Myles (; born 18 March 1980) is an English actress. She is best known in film for portraying Lady Penelope Creighton-Ward in Thunderbirds (2004), Isolde in Tristan & Isolde (2006), Darcy in Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014), Erika in Underworld (2003) and Underworld: Evolution (2006) and  Freya in Outlander (2008).

Initially hoping to study philosophy at University of Cambridge, for which she secured a place, Myles instead turned to acting after television writer Julian Fellowes saw her perform in a school play, casting her in his series The Prince and the Pauper (1996). After this, Myles continued to receive work in films such as Mansfield Park (1999), From Hell (2001) and The Abduction Club (2002), but her breakthrough role came in the form of Erika in Underworld (2003) before she won the iconic role of Lady Penelope Creighton-Ward in Thunderbirds (2004) propelling her to international stardom.

Following on from this success, Myles moved to Hollywood where she played the main role of Isolde in the epic romantic film Tristan & Isolde (2006) before starring in films including Underworld: Evolution (2006), Art School Confidential (2006), Dracula (2006), Hallam Foe (2007), Outlander (2008), The Damned (2013), Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) and Blackwood (2015).

Myles has also received critical acclaim for her television work, particularly as Madame de Pompadour in the Doctor Who episode "The Girl in the Fireplace" (2006), Beth Turner in Moonlight (2007–2008), Beth Bailey in Spooks (2010) and Rebecca Bishop in A Discovery of Witches (2018–2021).

Myles won a BAFTA for Best Actress for her role as Kate in Hallam Foe (2007) and was also nominated for a BIFA at the British Independent Film Awards for the same film. She has also won several other awards at various other film festivals across the world.

Early life
Myles was born in London. Her mother, Jane (née Allan), works in educational publishing, and her father, Peter R. Myles, was a retired Church of England vicar in Isleworth, West London. Her paternal grandmother was Russian, and Myles refers to herself as "half-Welsh, half-Russian". She grew up in Notting Hill and attended Fox Primary School. At the age of 11, she moved with her family to Isleworth and attended The Green School. Following success at her A Levels she secured a place at the University of Cambridge to study philosophy, but chose to pursue an acting career after being spotted by Julian Fellowes in a school play and shortly after had a small role in his television production of The Prince and the Pauper in 1996.

Career

Since 1996, Myles has appeared in a number of films and television productions. Following her success in The Prince and the Pauper, Myles made her film debut in Mansfield Park (1999) and had a small role in Guest House Paradiso (1999). After roles in the television series Heartbeat and Foyle's War, Myles starred as Victoria Abberline in the thriller film From Hell (2001) alongside Johnny Depp with Myles playing his wife. Myles played a main role in the comedy-romance film The Abduction Club (2002) before then playing the role of Erika in the 2003 vampire film Underworld with Kate Beckinsale, and reprised the character in its sequel, Underworld: Evolution (2006).

In 2003, she also starred in the thriller Out of Bounds and played Lady Penelope in Thunderbirds (2004), the film version of the classic television show of the same name. Myles initially had the choice to star in either Thunderbirds or Troy but she chose the former as she said "Lady Penelope is such an iconic character".  In 2005, Myles starred in the two-part war drama miniseries Colditz with Damian Lewis and Tom Hardy. In 2006, she co-starred as Isolde in the epic romantic drama Tristan & Isolde opposite James Franco and produced by Ridley Scott.

Myles appeared as Madame de Pompadour in the 2006 Doctor Who episode "The Girl in the Fireplace", which is often referred to as one of the best episodes of the series. The episode was nominated for a Nebula Award and won the 2007 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form. Myles also had roles as Gwenda Halliday in the British detective drama Agatha Christie's Marple: Sleeping Murder and Sophie Amsden in American thriller Covert One: The Hades Factor on television before starring in the 2006 comedy film Art School Confidential. Also in 2006, she appeared as Lucy Westenra in a BBC adaptation of Dracula.

In 2007, Myles was cast as Beth Turner in the popular CBS supernatural television drama Moonlight, a role she would play until the show's end in 2008. Moonlight won Best New Drama in the 2007 People's Choice Awards. Myles was nominated for the Best Actress Award in 2007 for her role as Kate in Hallam Foe from the British Independent Film Award committee, for which she also received a BAFTA Scotland Award.  In 2008, she played Freya, the daughter of John Hurt's character, in the sci-fi action epic Outlander with Jim Caviezel and Ron Perlman.

After having a cameo role in the American comedy film Etienne! in 2009, in 2010 Myles joined the cast of Spooks, a BBC television series about a counter-terrorism unit in MI5, for its ninth series, playing Beth Bailey. Myles then had a starring role as Lauren in the 2013 American horror film The Damned with Peter Facinelli and Nathalia Ramos. In 2014, Myles starred as geologist Darcy Tirrel opposite Mark Wahlberg and Stanley Tucci in the sci-fi action blockbuster Transformers: Age of Extinction which was directed by Michael Bay and produced by Steven Spielberg.

Later in 2014, Myles starred as Rachel in the psychological horror film Blackwood before going on to have roles as Dr. Anna Clarke in the international action-thriller Crossing Lines and the aristocratic Lady Katherine Longmore in the miniseries Our Zoo. In 2018, Myles provided her voice for an episode of the sci-fi series Firestorm.

Myles currently plays Rebecca Bishop in the fantasy-romance television series A Discovery of Witches; the first season was released in 2018 and the second in 2021 with a third series already filmed and awaiting release. After roles in the films Two Words (2018) and November 1st (2019), for which she won Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress respectively, Myles played Ann Payne, a secret agent, in the 2020 Portuguese film Listen which was selected as the Portuguese entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 93rd Academy Awards. However, in December 2020 the film was disqualified, as more than half of its dialogue was in English. Also in 2020, Myles reprised her role as Madame de Pompadour for a minisode sequel specially written for her by Steven Moffat that aired on YouTube on 6 May 2020.

In 2021, Myles starred as Beth Barnes in the comedy-heist film Decrypted about the kidnap the creator of Bitcoin, alongside Amanda Abbington and Kevin McNally. In November 2021, she starred in the film All That Glitters playing a wealthy woman hiding the fact that she is domestically abused; a role that won her Best Actress at the New Renaissance Film Festival and the Gold Movie Awards respectively. In December 2021, Myles played Louise Campbell, Duchess of Argyll in the acclaimed BBC television mini-series A Very British Scandal with Claire Foy and Paul Bettany.

Personal life

From 2004 to 2005, Myles was in a relationship with actor Charles Dance, She has also dated Damian Lewis and musician Paul Wilson from the band Snow Patrol. Myles began dating David Tennant after filming an episode of Doctor Who. By October 2007, they had separated.

In September 2014, Myles gave birth to a son fathered by her partner James Bell, who works for the Bank of England. Her son's godmother is Myles' friend and fellow actress Celia Imrie.

Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos

Voice

Accolades

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Actresses from London
English people of Russian descent
English people of Welsh descent
BAFTA winners (people)
English film actresses
English television actresses
English stage actresses
English child actresses
English voice actresses

Sophia Myles


Myron Cady Cramer (1881–1966) was a U.S. Army general who served as Judge Advocate General during World War II when the Judge Advocate General's Department underwent an unprecedented expansion to meet wartime needs and was reorganized.

Early years
Cramer was born in Portland, Connecticut on November 6, 1881. He attended Wesleyan University where he obtained an A.B. degree in 1904, he then entered Harvard Law School, receiving the LL.B. in 1907. Cramer entered the practice of law in New York City, spending three years on the legal staff of a large insurance company. In 1910 he moved to Tacoma, Washington, where, for a time, he engaged in the general practice of law and then served as Deputy Prosecuting Attorney for Pierce County.

Further life
During that time he joined the Washington National Guard as a private, and was commissioned a second lieutenant of cavalry in November 1911. In 1916, while still serving as the deputy county prosecutor, Cramer was called into active service for Mexican border duty. This service concluded, he returned to the prosecuting attorney's office for a brief period before the Guard was again federalized for World War I. First stationed at Camp Greene, North Carolina, Cramer went overseas in January 1918 as a captain with the 41st division. While in France he attended the General Staff College at Langres. Upon his graduation in June 1918 he rejoined the 41st Division as Assistant Chief of Staff. Awarded the Ordre de l'Etoile Noir of France for his World War service, Cramer returned to the United States in July 1919 with the rank of lieutenant colonel. Cramer then resumed his civilian practice in Tacoma for about a year, but in July 1920 accepted a commission as a major in the Judge Advocate General's Department.

As a member of the Regular Army he first served as judge advocate of the 3d Division and later the 4th Division at Fort Lewis, Washington. Other assignments took him to West Point as assistant professor of military law-at the United States Military Academy, and to Manila as judge advocate of the Philippine Department. Returning from Manila, General Cramer became chief of the Contracts Division, JAGO, which office he held until he became The Judge Advocate General on December 1, 1941. Called to the Army's top legal post only days before Pearl Harbor, General Cramer presided over the immense expansion of the Judge Advocate General's Department necessitated by World War II. The proportions of this expansion are reflected by corps strengths: there were 190 judge advocates in the Army in 1941. By 1945 there were 2,162. The workload increased tremendously on all fronts, and new areas of endeavor were undertaken. In the field of military justice, alone, more than 82,000 general court-martial records were reviewed.

During the war years, General Cramer briefly returned to the practice of his predecessors by serving as co-prosecutor of the German saboteurs who landed in Florida and Long Island by submarine in 1942. He was the first Judge Advocate General to serve in this kind of tribunal since the 1860s. The Army joined with the Department of Justice with General Cramer prosecuting for the Army and Francis Biddle for the Justice Department.

After World War II General Cramer retired to private practice in Washington, D.C., but was recalled to active duty in 1946 to act as the United States member of the 11-nation International Military Tribunal for the Far East for disposition of Japanese war crimes, after the resignation of John Patrick Higgins. Upon conclusion of the war crimes trials he returned to his practice.

General Cramer died on March 25, 1966, in Washington, D.C.

References

External links
 https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/lawyer.pdf
Generals of World War II

1881 births
1966 deaths
People from Portland, Connecticut
Wesleyan University alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Military personnel from Connecticut
Judge Advocates General of the United States Army
Judges of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army generals
United States Army generals of World War II

Myron C. Cramer


Soumaoro Kanté (also written Sumanguru Kanté) was a king of the Sosso people during the 13th century. The Sosso formed their kingdom in the 1180s, after the collapse of the Ghana Empire.

In the Epic of Sundiata, Soumaoro is portrayed as a villain. He is said to have been a supernatural warrior with eight heads rising above his own. Many of his military victories were associated with his supernatural powers.

In 1203, Soumaoro captured Koumbi, the old capital of Ghana. He conquered several neighbouring peoples, including nine other kingdoms in the early 1200s. Among these were the Mandinka in what is now Mali. Soumaoro killed all of the Mandinka king's sons except one. This son, Sundiata Keita, was a cripple, and Soumaoro did not believe him to be a threat.

A short time later, however, Sundiata built an alliance of smaller kingdoms to oppose Soumaoro. Legends describe Sundiata as having supernatural powers as well. In 1230, Sundiata founded the Mali Empire. He defeated Soumaoro at the Battle of Kirina in 1235.

Sourmaoro ruled as a tyrant. His empire lasted a little more that 30 years. He was unable to maintain stability. He also made his people pay heavy taxes. He made them give him large amounts of gold, food, and livestock. On top of that he demanded that his subjects turn over the most beautiful women for his pleasure and the strongest boys to be his slaves. He killed anyone suspected of becoming a potential threat to his rule. Although he was successful on the battlefield, Sumanguru an arrogant, brutal and intolerant ruler. He failed at winning the faith and loyalty of the people he had hoped to unify under his rule.

References

Malian people
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Kings and queens

Soumaoro Kanté


The DR Class 01.5 was the designation given by the Deutsche Reichsbahn in East Germany to express train locomotives that were 'reconstructed' from those of the pre-war DRG Class 01.

History

In 1962 the repair shop (Reichsbahnausbesserungswerk) of RAW Meiningen rebuilt 35 Class 01 engines. At that time the locomotives were still vital for heavy passenger train duties, but the locomotive frame and boiler were so worn that it was essential to replace them. Like the DB rebuilds in West Germany after the Second World War, only those locomotives with more powerful brakes (i.e. those from no. 01 102 onwards) and 1000 mm carrying wheels were converted.

The rebuild did not just involve the installation of a new boiler; the entire locomotive underwent modification. The most obvious external change was the steam space cover running the length of the boiler barrel and copied from the ČSD Class 477.0, which lent the locomotives a sleek, modern appearance. The large smoke deflectors too were replaced by smaller ones with the upper front corners clipped off at an angle.

The new boiler made the so-called Reko-01 (Reko is short for Rekolokomotive) into the most powerful German express train steam locomotive. In addition to a combustion chamber and the well-known IfS mixer-preheater, the 01.5's boiler was fitted with three full bore boiler safety valves (Ackermann valves, nominal width 60). The engines were given Trofimoff valves and, apart from 01 501 and 01 520, new welded cylinders. The new boiler came with a new, welded driver's cab with upholstered seats, side-pull regulator and other improvements to the working conditions of the locomotive crew, as well as an Indusi system. The latter was required for the border-crossing traffic to  Bebra and Hamburg-Altona and services on the Dresden-Berlin line. Because the coupled wheelsets on many engines had to be replaced due to fractured spokes, eight examples (502, 504, 508, 509, 511, 513, 517, 518) were fitted with Boxpok wheels made of cast iron, like those already used in the Soviet Union and the United States. These did not prove themselves, however, due to manufacturing defects and were later swapped out for spoked wheels from retired 01s. In order to hide the ugly wheelsets, the Boxpok locomotives and several other vehicles were fitted with full skirts.

From locomotive number 01 519, all the locomotives were given oil-firing systems when rebuilt, which enabled a further increase in performance. Apart from the seven engines at Berlin Ostbahnhof locomotive depot, all the other engines were later converted to primary oil-firing. The tenders could carry 13.5 tonnes of heavy fuel oil. During the course of the oil crisis in the early 1980s all the oil-fired locomotives were withdrawn. All of the locomotives were originally meant to remain in service for two maintenance periods (each of 6 years), however every locomotive exceeded this. After they were withdrawn from active duty, several engines were used as heating locomotives. Number 01 519 was refurbished in 1990-91 from being a heating engine, and was made fully operational by the DR. It was not taken out of service until 1991.

Accident

Number 01 516, at the time already sporting its computer number 01 1516-2, achieved regrettable notoriety, when on 27 November 1977 its boiler exploded at Bitterfeld station due to a lack of water, killing not only the crew of 2, but another 7 bystanders, and injuring more than 50 people. This was the last boiler explosion in Germany. Such a mishap had been seen at the time as inconceivable because the technical condition of the boilers was checked thoroughly and it was believed that appropriately trained crews - not least for their own interests - would follow the proper safety procedures.

On a similar journey with experienced staff in spring 1978 an attempt was made to investigate the circumstances of the accident. The DR's investigation report, which was not made public, showed that the regular engine driver was being retrained as an electric locomotive driver and had been replaced by an engine driver who was more actively involved in everything. Because the stoker formed a close-knit team with his regular driver and was not used to this situation, a lack of communication led to a shortage of water on the approach to Bitterfeld station.

The accident had no knock-on effect on the employment of steam locomotives in the GDR.

Preserved locomotives
Five DR Class 01.5 steam locomotives have been preserved (as at 08/2008):

 01 509 – Preßnitztalbahn, oil-fired, currently being refurbished at the Meiningen Steam Locomotive Works
 01 514 – Technik Museum Speyer
 01 519 – Zollernbahn Railway Friends
 01 531 – DB Museum; museum loco at Arnstadt locomotive depot.
 01 533 – ÖGEG / Austria (operational)

Fleet list

See also
 List of East German Deutsche Reichsbahn locomotives and railbuses
 Rekolok

Literature

01.5
4-6-2 locomotives
01.5
Railway locomotives introduced in 1962
Passenger locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
2′C1′ h2 locomotives

DR Class 01.5


Pseudo-Scymnus is the name given by Augustus Meineke to the unknown author of a work on geography written in Classical Greek, the Periodos to Nicomedes. It is an account of the world (periegesis) in 'comic' iambic trimeters which is dedicated to a King Nicomedes of Bithynia. This is either Nicomedes II Epiphanes who reigned from 149 BC for an unknown number of years or his son, Nicomedes III Euergetes. The author explicitly takes for his model Apollodorus of Athens, whose chronography in trimeters was dedicated to King Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamum.

Attribution of authorship
The Periodos to Nicomedes was first published at Augsburg in 1600. Because it was found together with the Epitomes of Marcianus of Heraclea it was first published under his name. Because this was clearly a mistake Lucas Holstenius and Isaac Vossius were the first to attribute it to Scymnus of Chios, a writer cited more than once by late grammarians as the author of a periegesis. It continued to pass under his name until 1846 when Augustus Meineke, in republishing the extant fragments, showed clearly that there were no grounds for ascribing them to that writer. The real work of Scymnus of Chios appears to have been in prose and the few statements cited from him are not in accordance with those of Pseudo-Scymnus.

In 1955, Aubrey Diller determined that Pseudo-Scymnus was most likely Pausanias of Damascus. If this is true, he would have lived in Bithynia around 100 BC. In 2004 Konstantin Boshnakov argued for Semos of Delos, and consequently for a somewhat later date than is usually offered.

Content of the Periodos to Nicomedes
The standard text, with a French translation,  is now Didier Marcotte, Pseudo-Scymnos, Circuit de la terre (Paris, 2000). The work contains material on the coasts of Spain, Liguria, the Euxine (Black Sea), data on various Greek colonies, as well as information about the ancient Umbrians, Celts, Liburnians and other peoples.

References

Further reading
Pseudo Scymnus or Pausanias of Damascus, Circuit of the Earth unedited English translation by Brady Kiesling

Ancient Greek geographers
Ancient Greek pseudepigrapha
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown

Pseudo-Scymnus


Hazel Catherine Newberry MBE is one of the United Kingdom's leading ballroom dancers and dance teachers. She was three times undefeated World Professional Ballroom champion, dancing with Christopher Hawkins (2002–2004).

The couple also won the International Professional Ballroom Championship in London in 2002 and 2003. This couple also won the European, Open British, UK, US Open and Asian Open.

Before this, Newberry won both World and European Amateur Ballroom championships with Hawkins, in 1997. Newberry's career as an amateur concluded with thirteen successive victories in championship events in Europe and the USA, during 1997, including the World Games.

From 2008, Newberry danced with Jonathan Wilkins. The two came second in the 2008 Embassy Ball World Cup Standard competition, behind Wilkins' former partner, Katusha Demidova, and Demidova's new partner, Arunas Bizokas.

In 2009 Newberry and Jonathan Wilkins won the European Championships held at the Kremlin, Moscow, and  came second in the WDC Professional Ballroom Championship, held in Japan. The winners were Arunas Bizokas and Katusha Demidova. Newberry and Wilkins have now announced their retirement from competitive dancing.

Hazel Newberry was appointed MBE in 2007 for services to Ballroom dancing.

Strictly Come Dancing
Newberry appeared in the second series of Strictly Come Dancing, partnering Quentin Willson.  They  were the first couple to be knocked out of the competition, and made the lowest score in Strictly Come Dancing, with a total of 8 out of 40 for their Cha-cha-cha.

References

1977 births
People from Barrow-in-Furness
British ballroom dancers
British female dancers
Dance teachers
World Games gold medalists
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Competitors at the 1997 World Games
Living people

Hazel Newberry


Matthew McClelland (November 1832 – January 30, 1883) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration the Medal of Honor for his actions in the American Civil War.

Military service

Matthew McClelland was born November 1832 in Ireland. McClelland enlisted July 12, 1861 for three years and served on the USS North Carolina from that date to July 27, 1861 as a Second Class Fireman. He then served on the USS Richmond from July 28, 1861 to August 29, 1864 as a First Class Fireman and the USS Princeton from August 30, 1864 to honorable discharge on September 9, 1864.

During the Civil War, McClelland served as a First Class Fireman aboard the steamship . As a fireman, McClelland's duties were to tend to the ship's steam boilers.

In the prelude to the siege of Port Hudson, Louisiana, Rear Admiral David Farragut attempted to move a flotilla of ships, including the Richmond, up the Mississippi River past the town of Port Hudson. On March 14, 1863, the flotilla reached the town and came under heavy fire from Confederate artillery batteries. The enemy guns inflicted severe damage on the Union flotilla, forcing most of the ships to turn back.

During the battle, the Richmond's fireroom, which housed its boilers, was damaged by an enemy shell and began to fill with hot steam. McClelland entered the room and "hauled the fires", or put out the furnaces, to prevent further danger. For his actions he was awarded the Medal of Honor four months later, on July 10, 1863.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: first class fireman, U.S. Navy. Accredited to: New York. G.O. No.: 17, 10 July 1863.

McClelland's official Medal of Honor Citation reads:

Serving on board the U.S.S. Richmond in the attack on Port Hudson, 14 March 1863. Damaged by a 6-inch solid rifle shot which shattered the starboard safety-valve chamber and also damaged the port safety-valve, the fireroom of the Richmond immediately became filled with steam to place it in an extremely critical condition. Acting courageously in this crisis, McClelland persisted in penetrating the steam-filled room in order to haul the hot fires of the furnaces and continued this gallant action until the gravity of the situation had lessened.

Death and burial

McClelland died of pulmonary catarrh and irritation of the heart, and his remains were initially stored at the vault of Lafayette Cemetery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on February 4, 1883. His remains were then transferred February 5, 1883 to Mount Moriah Cemetery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and buried February 11, 1883.

McClelland's death notice in the February 3, 1883 Philadelphia Inquirer newspaper read:
McClellan, - On the 30th ult., Matthew McClellan, in the fifty-first year of his age. The relatives and friends of the family, also Energetic Lodge, No. 643, IOOF; Great Western Division, No. 334, Sons of Temperance; G.W. Town Post, No. 46, G.A.R.; employees of  League Island Navy Yard, are respectfully invited to attend the funeral, on Sunday afternoon, at 2 o'clock, from his late residence, No. 1026 Dickinson street. To proceed to Lafayette Cemetery.

In 2006, the Medal of Honor Historical Society of the United States incorrectly assumed that McClelland's body had been moved from Lafayette Cemetery in Philadelphia to Evergreen Memorial Park in Bensalem, Pennsylvania during the mass reinterment in 1947. Evergreen Memorial Park went out of business and became part of Rosedale Cemetery in 1960. A VA Medal of Honor grave marker was placed near the mass grave in Rosedale Cemetery in error. His actual burial site at Mount Moriah Cemetery was discovered in 2015.

See also

 Joseph E. Vantine
 List of Medal of Honor recipients
 List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: M-P

References

1832 births
1883 deaths
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Burials at Mount Moriah Cemetery (Philadelphia)
Military personnel from Philadelphia
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
Union Navy sailors
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients

Matthew McClelland


Game of the Year (GotY) is an award given to a video game by various award events and media publications that they feel represented the pinnacle of gaming that year.

Events and ceremonies

British Academy Games Awards (BAFTA Games Awards)

The British Academy Games Awards are an annual British awards ceremony honoring "outstanding creative achievement" in the video game industry. First presented in 2004 following the restructuring of the BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Awards, the awards are presented by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), and are thus commonly referred to as the BAFTA Games Awards.

Czech Game of the Year Awards
The Czech Game of the Year Awards are annual awards that recognize accomplishments in video game development.

D.I.C.E. Awards

The D.I.C.E. Awards are awarded by the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences (AIAS), a non-profit organization of industry professionals. The awards were previously known as the Interactive Achievement Awards until 2013.

Electronic Gaming Awards (formerly Arcade Awards)
The Arcade Awards, also known as the Arkie Awards, was one of the first video game awards, dating back to the golden age of arcade video games and lasting up until the video game crash of 1983. It was held since 1980 (for games released in 1979 and earlier) and were announced annually by Electronic Games magazine since 1981, covering several platform categories. Following the magazine's revival in 1992, it published the Electronic Gaming Awards in January 1993 for the best video games released in 1992. The 1992 and 1993 award were voted on by readers.

Famitsu Awards
The Grand Prize winners of the annual Famitsu Awards, voted by Famitsu magazine's readers. An annual award ceremony has been held since 2005. Prior to 2005, the results were published in the magazine's annual "Best Hit Game Awards" feature since early 1987 (for games released in 1986).

The Game Awards

Geoff Keighley, producer and host of the Spike Video Game Awards, created The Game Awards in 2014. The winners are determined by a blended vote between the voting jury (90%) and public fan voting (10%); the jury panel consists of members from 96 global media outlets.

Game Developers Choice Awards

The Game Developers Choice Award for Game of the Year is announced during the Game Developers Choice Awards at the Game Developers Conference (GDC), the largest annual gathering of professional video game developers.

Golden Joystick Awards

The Golden Joystick Awards is the second oldest gaming award ceremony and is the longest-running video game award. The inaugural ceremony took place in 1984 in London's Berkeley Square.

Japan Game Awards (formerly CESA Awards)
The winners of the Grand Award annually given by the Japan Game Awards, formerly known as the CESA Awards, since 1996. There are some years where two games shared the Grand Award.

New York Game Awards
The New York Videogame Critics Circle hosts an annual award show that recognizes the best contributions to the video game industry from the previous year.

Spike Video Game Awards
The winners of the Spike Video Game Awards, hosted by Spike between 2003 and 2013, awarded the Game of the Year using an advisory council featuring over 20 journalists from media outlets. The show's title was changed to VGX in 2013 before Spike TV dropped the show entirely. Host and producer Geoff Keighley created The Game Awards in 2014.

SXSW Gaming Awards
The winners of the SXSW Gaming Awards are judged by the SXSW Gaming Advisory Board, which is composed of over 40 industry members.

VSDA Awards
The Video Software Dealers Association's VSDA Awards for home entertainment handed out awards for the best video games of the year until 2001.

Publications and media

Ars Technica

Destructoid

Easy Allies

Edge

Electronic Gaming Monthly (EGM)

Empire

Entertainment Weekly

Eurogamer

Game Informer
During their earlier years of publication they would give awards for the best game on each console available at the time, occasionally giving an award to the overall best game of the year. In 2017, they retroactively awarded a GOTY award for each past year that did not have an overall best game.

GameSpot

GamesRadar+

Gamest

GameTrailers

Giant Bomb

Hardcore Gamer

IGN

Polygon

Time

USgamer

Yahoo!

See also

 List of video games considered the best
 List of video game awards

References

Video game awards
Video game culture
Video game lists by reception or rating
Game of the Year awards

List of Game of the Year awards


Barry Dean Loudermilk ( ; born December 22, 1963) is an American politician from the state of Georgia who has been the U.S. representative from  since 2015. The district covers a large slice of Atlanta's northern suburbs, including Marietta, Acworth and Smyrna, and a sliver of Atlanta itself.

Loudermilk won the Republican nomination for the seat in a runoff on July 22, 2014, over Bob Barr, and won the general election on November 4, 2014. He was reelected to successive terms in 2016, 2018, 2020, and 2022.

Early life and career
Loudermilk was born in Riverdale, Georgia. After graduating from high school, he enlisted in the United States Air Force in 1984, where he worked as a communications operations specialist for command, control, and intelligence operations. He served at duty stations in Texas, Hawaii and Alaska. Per his campaign website, he was awarded for his participation in "the 1986 Philippine Crisis, the 1986 Air Raid on Libya, Operation Just Cause in Panama, Operation Desert Shield, and Operation Desert Storm." While in the Air Force, he attended the Community College of the Air Force to earn his Associate of Applied Science in telecommunications technology in 1987 before going on to earn his Bachelor of Science in occupational education and information systems technology from Wayland Baptist University in 1992. He was honorably discharged from the Air Force in 1992. After his military service he founded a company called Innovative Network Systems, Inc.

Loudermilk entered politics in 2001, when he was elected chairman of the Bartow County Republican party, serving until 2004. He served district 14 in the Georgia House of Representatives from 2005 until 2010, and was a member of the Georgia State Senate from 2011 to 2013, representing the 52nd district. He served as chair of the senate science and technology committee, as secretary of the veterans, military and homeland security, and public safety, committees, and as a member of the transportation committee. During his time in the Georgia legislature, he received awards including the Civil Air Patrol's National Legislator of the Year award (2006), the Advocates for Children's Public Servant of the Year award (2007), the Blue Ridge Women's Center's Sanctity of Life Award (2010), the Technology Association of Georgia's Legislator of the Year award (2011) and the American Conservative Union's Defender of Liberty Award (2012). Loudermilk resigned from the state senate on August 27, 2013, to focus on his congressional bid, winning repeatedly from 2014 through 2022.

Loudermilk is a former member of the Freedom Caucus and has been endorsed by the evangelical author and political activist for Christian nationalist causes, David Barton. Loudermilk is a Baptist.

U.S. House of Representatives

Tenure

In February 2017, Loudermilk co-sponsored H.R. 861, which would eliminate the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by 2018.

In September 2017, the Georgia-based credit bureau Equifax revealed a data breach that affected 143 million Americans and was characterized by technology journalists as "very possibly the worst leak of personal info ever to have happened". Four months earlier, Loudermilk, who had received $2,000 in campaign contributions from Equifax as part of an extensive lobbying effort, introduced a bill that would reduce consumer protections in relation to the nation's credit bureaus, including capping potential damages in a class action suit to $500,000 regardless of class size or amount of loss. The bill would also eliminate all punitive damages. After criticism from consumer advocates, Loudermilk agreed to delay consideration of the bill "pending a full and complete investigation into the Equifax breach."

Committee assignments
For the 118th Congress:
 Committee on Financial Services
 Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Monetary Policy
 Subcommittee on National Security, Illicit Finance and International Financial Institutions
 Committee on House Administration
 Subcommittee on Elections
 Subcommittee on Oversight (Chairman)

Caucus memberships
 Republican Study Committee
 U.S.-Japan Caucus

Allegations of aiding the January 6 United States Capitol attack
On May 19, 2022, the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack requested that Loudermilk appear for an interview about a tour he led of the United States Capitol Complex on January 5, 2021, the day before the 2021 United States Capitol attack. House Democrats had suggested Loudermilk aided in the attack, which he and House Republicans disputed. In June, Capitol police concluded that there was nothing suspicious about Loudermilk's tour. Capitol police chief Tom Manger said, "There is no evidence that Rep. Loudermilk entered the U.S. Capitol with this group on January 5, 2021." The next day, the committee released video of Loudermilk leading the tour of the Capitol complex on January 5 in areas "not typically of interest to tourists, including hallways, staircases, and security checkpoints"; the footage showed the group walking through tunnels underneath the Capitol, but not within the main building. A man in the tour group can also be seen taking photos of hallways. The committee then shared footage claiming the man was at the riot, showing footage of a man at the storming of the Capitol the next day.

Loudermilk filed an ethics complaint against Representative Mikie Sherrill and other members for alleging he gave a reconnaissance tour of the Capitol on January 5.

Political positions
Loudermilk has an 83% score from conservative political advocacy group Heritage Action for his voting record.

Health care
Loudermilk supports reforming Medicaid, Medicare and Social Security. He wants to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare"). He compared the 2017 Republican efforts to repeal Obamacare to the American Revolutionary War and World War II.

Loudermilk did not vaccinate his children against the mumps or measles. He believes that it is up to parents, not the government, to decide whether children receive vaccines.

Donald Trump
Loudermilk said he considers the presidency of Donald Trump a "movement" and has praised the concept of "Make America Great Again." He has credited Paul Ryan, rather than Trump, with Republican success in Congress. In 2017, Loudermilk called Ryan a "revolutionary thinker."

In December 2019, Loudermilk likened the impeachment of Trump to the crucifixion of Jesus. In a floor speech, he said, "When Jesus was falsely accused of treason, Pontius Pilate gave Jesus the opportunity to face his accusers... During that sham trial, Pontius Pilate afforded more rights to Jesus than the Democrats have afforded this president in this process", a fact pattern disputed by religious scholarship and rated by PolitiFact as "false."

In December 2020, Loudermilk was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of Texas v. Pennsylvania, a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election, in which Joe Biden defeated Trump. The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of an election held by another state.

On January 7, 2021, Loudermilk and 139 other House Republicans voted against certifying Arizona's and Pennsylvania's electoral votes, despite no evidence of widespread election fraud.

Economic issues
In 2016, the Club for Growth named Loudermilk a "defender of economic freedom" for his conservative voting record on the economy.

Loudermilk supports a balanced budget amendment but does not consider it "politically viable."

Loudermilk supports tax reform and voted for the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. He called the act a "big Christmas present" for his constituents, claiming it would reduce the deficit, improve the lives of all Americans, and cause more companies to hire due to increased revenues. He said, "I could understand it if all we were doing was just giving a corporate tax break—you could make that argument. But the bulk of the tax reform is giving middle-income Americans a significant tax cut."

Loudermilk supports dismantling the IRS and establishing a flat tax system.

Abortion
Loudermilk is anti-abortion and believes that life starts at conception. He supports the right to life movement and has said, "Life is the ultimate right endowed by God and it is the responsibility of governments to protect that right, not to destroy it."

LGBT rights
Loudermilk opposes federal legalization of same-sex marriage, believing it should be decided by states. In 2015, Loudermilk condemned the Supreme Court decision in Obergefell v. Hodges, which held that same-sex marriage bans violated the constitution. He has supported the First Amendment Defense Act.

See also
 Final Report of the Task Force on Combating Terrorist and Foreign Fighter Travel

References

External links

 Congressman Barry Loudermilk official U.S. House website
 Barry Loudermilk for Congress

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1963 births
21st-century American politicians
Baptists from Georgia (U.S. state)
Republican Party Georgia (U.S. state) state senators
Living people
Republican Party members of the Georgia House of Representatives
People from Bartow County, Georgia
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)

Barry Loudermilk


Debit card cashback (also known as cash out in Australia and New Zealand) is a service offered to retail customers whereby an amount  is added to the total purchase price of a transaction paid by debit card and the customer receives that amount in cash along with the purchase. For example, a customer purchasing $18.99 worth of goods at a supermarket might ask for twenty dollars cashback. The customer would approve a debit payment of $38.99 to the store, and the cashier would then give the customer $20 in cash.

Debit card cashback is available through common payment networks like VISA, Mastercard and American Express. By providing an outlet for the cash that a store takes in, it reduces the store's need to deposit excess cash to a bank at the close of business. Many customers find it a useful way to obtain cash as it avoids them having to use a cash machine, which may incur additional fees.

Coverage
The service is offered by both banks and merchants in places such as the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Hong Kong, Belgium, Germany, Sweden, Norway, Poland, the Netherlands, and Spain because of the fee structures in use in those areas:

When accepting payment by debit card, merchants pay a fixed commission fee (as opposed to a percentage) to their bank or merchant service provider. (This is because the commission paid by the merchant for accepting debit cards, unlike credit cards, does not need to fund interest free credit or other incentives).
Accepting payments in cash can be costly for merchants, given that many British banks charge around 0.5% for depositing cash into a business bank account, along with the costs of transporting and insuring the cash.

The combination of these two factors means that the retailer can save money by offering the cashback service. It does not cost the retailer more in commission to add cashback to a debit card purchase, but in the process of giving cashback, the retailer can "offload" cash which they would otherwise have to pay to deposit at the bank.

Fees, operation and advantages
The services are restricted to debit cards where the merchant pays a fixed fee for the transaction, it is not offered on payments by most credit cards because they would pay a percentage commission on the additional cash amount to their bank or merchant service provider.

Some vendors enforce a minimum purchase amount or add a fixed fee when providing cashback to a customer.

In many cases, retailers require customers to initial the cashback entry on the till receipt to confirm they have received the cash. This system is used to prevent cashiers surreptitiously adding cashback amounts to a transaction and keeping the money for themselves (or accusations of same), but more importantly, to ensure that customers cannot return to the store with allegations that the attendant "forgot" to hand over the requested cash.

Cashback can have benefits for the customer in many scenarios. In locations where there are no cash machines nearby, or the nearby machines are out of order or empty, a local retailer may be able to supply the required cash instead and to offer more flexibility in note denominations. Sometimes it is simply more convenient to combine the transactions at the retailer and ATM into a single cashback transaction with the retailer.

Additionally, although fees for debit card ATM usage are very rare in countries such as the UK, this is not the case in some other countries. In Canada and the United States, fees of $1~5 are typical when using an ATM from a different bank than the one with which the customer has an account, from both the bank and the ATM owner. According to an October 2019 USA Today article, "the average total cost for an ATM withdrawal still hit a record $4.72, up 3.3% over the past three years and 33% the past decade" in the United States.

The fees in some other countries are even higher. In Germany, for instance, usual fees are €4~5 when using an ATM of another bank network than the one of their bank. This gives rise to another potential cashback advantage for the consumer: by making use of the cashback procedure, this ATM fee can be avoided for the cardholder.

Poland: For standard payment transactions merchants have to pay interest fees as a percentage of payment value, not as a fixed tax. In opposite, for cashback service the merchant receive the fixed fee from the card issuer (~$0.15–0.30), but the one time cashback withdrawal cannot be higher than 300zł (~$80). The cashback service is available at ~1/6 of POS in Poland (2014).

Hong Kong:  Free cash withdrawal in major supermarket chains and convenient stores across Hong Kong when purchasing with an EPS supported card, issued by most banks in Hong Kong through the Electronic Payment System.

In 2019, some supermarkets in the United States, such as Harris Teeter, Dillons, and Kroger began to charge customers fees, ranging from $0.50 to $3.50, for the convenience of receiving cash back at the register.

References

Cashback and rebate

Payment systems

Debit card cashback


Big Joe () is the mascot of the Ottawa Redblacks of the Canadian Football League (CFL). The mascot was introduced in February 2014, prior to the 2014 CFL season. The Redblacks launched a contest to provide a name to the mascot.

When originally named Big Joe Mufferaw, Redblacks owner Jeff Hunt stated, "We heard that fans loved the look of our mascot and hundreds said he had to be Big Joe Mufferaw. We like that name too because it reminds us of our city's past and fits so well into the branding of our football team." The name was a reference to French Canadian folk hero, Big Joe Mufferaw, who is based on real-life Joseph Montferrand (French: Jos Montferrand), who is often credited as a lumberjack from the Ottawa Valley. However, the name caused controversy and divided opinions, as some considered it offensive to Montferrand's surname. Criticisms of the name arose, as some fans claimed the "Mufferaw" took away from the "Frenchness" of Montferrand, and alienated French-Canadians. Due to the controversy, "Mufferaw" was dropped from the mascot's name. The name change was praised, and was seen as both a possible way of building the team's fanbase, as well as a way of discussing French-Canadian history.

References

Canadian Football League mascots
Mascots introduced in 2014
Ottawa Redblacks
Fictional characters from Ontario

Big Joe (mascot)


Haverfordwest (/ˌhævərfərdˈwɛst/;  [ˈhʊlfɔrð]) is the county town of Pembrokeshire, Wales. It is the most populous urban area in Pembrokeshire. In 2001, 13,367 people lived there. Its community boundaries made it the second-most populous settlement in the county, with 10,812 people. The suburbs include the former parish of Prendergast, Albert Town and the residential and industrial areas of Withybush (housing, retail parks, hospital, airport and showground).

Haverfordwest is located in a strategic position, being at the lowest crossing point of the Western Cleddau before the opening of the Cleddau Bridge in 1975.

Famous people
The town is famous as the birthplace of Simon Warr, who was in That'll Teach Em.

Towns in Wales
Pembrokeshire
County towns

Haverfordwest


Ignaz (Ignace) Venetz (1788 — 1859) was a Swiss engineer, naturalist, and glaciologist; as one of the first scientists to recognize glaciers as a major force in shaping the earth, he played a leading role in the foundation of glaciology.

Biography
Venetz was of a family long settled in the Valais, where he worked as cantonal engineer first for Valais and then for Vaud. As cantonal engineer he directed the ultimately unsuccessful attempt to drain the ice-dammed lake that had formed following the volcanic winter of 1816 high in the Val de Bagnes; the ice dam failed catastrophically on 16 June 1818. He worked primarily in the Valais canton area of the western Alps. In 1821 he completed the first draft of his work "Mémoire sur les Variations de la température dans les Alpes de la Suisse", suggesting that much of Europe had at one point in the past been covered by glaciers. The book was published in 1833 after additional research in the Swiss Alps, seven years before Louis Agassiz published his famous work Étude sur les glaciers (Study on Glaciers).

References

1788 births
1859 deaths
19th-century Swiss scientists
Swiss glaciologists
People from Visp (district)

Ignaz Venetz


In mathematics, a Cayley graph, also known as a Cayley color graph, Cayley diagram, group diagram, or color group, is a graph that encodes the abstract structure of a group. Its definition is suggested by Cayley's theorem (named after Arthur Cayley), and uses a specified set of generators for the group. It is a central tool in combinatorial and geometric group theory. The structure and symmetry of Cayley graphs makes them particularly good candidates for constructing expander graphs.

Definition
Let  be a group and  be a generating set of . The Cayley graph  is an edge-colored directed graph constructed as follows:

 Each element  of  is assigned a vertex: the vertex set of  is identified with
 Each element  of  is assigned a color .
 For every  and , there is a directed edge of color  from the vertex corresponding to  to the one corresponding to .

Not every convention requires that  generate the group. If  is not a generating set for , then  is disconnected and each connected component represents a coset of the subgroup generated by .

If an element  of  is its own inverse,  then it is typically represented by an undirected edge.

The set  is often assumed to be finite, especially in geometric group theory, which corresponds to  being locally finite and  being finitely generated.

The set  is sometimes assumed to be symmetric () and not containing the group identity element. In this case, the uncolored Cayley graph can be represented as a simple undirected graph.

Examples
 Suppose that  is the infinite cyclic group and the set  consists of the standard generator 1 and its inverse (−1 in the additive notation); then the Cayley graph is an infinite path.
 Similarly, if  is the finite cyclic group of order  and the set  consists of two elements, the standard generator of  and its inverse, then the Cayley graph is the cycle . More generally, the Cayley graphs of finite cyclic groups are exactly the circulant graphs.
 The Cayley graph of the direct product of groups (with the cartesian product of generating sets as a generating set) is the cartesian product of the corresponding Cayley graphs.  Thus the Cayley graph of the abelian group  with the set of generators consisting of four elements  is the infinite grid on the plane , while for the direct product  with similar generators the Cayley graph is the  finite grid on a torus.

 A Cayley graph of the dihedral group  on two generators  and  is depicted to the left. Red arrows represent composition with . Since  is self-inverse, the blue lines, which represent composition with , are undirected. Therefore the graph is mixed: it has eight vertices, eight arrows, and four edges. The Cayley table of the group  can be derived from the group presentation  A different Cayley graph of  is shown on the right.  is still the horizontal reflection and is represented by blue lines, and  is a diagonal reflection and is represented by pink lines. As both reflections are self-inverse the Cayley graph on the right is completely undirected. This graph corresponds to the presentation
 The Cayley graph of the free group on two generators  and  corresponding to the set  is depicted at the top of the article, with  being the identity. Travelling along an edge to the right represents right multiplication by  while travelling along an edge upward corresponds to the multiplication by   Since the free group has no relations, the Cayley graph has no cycles: it is the 4-regular infinite tree. It is a key ingredient in the proof of the Banach–Tarski paradox.
 More generally, the Bethe lattice or Cayley tree is the Cayley graph of the free group on  generators. A presentation of a group  by  generators corresponds to a surjective homomorphism from the free group on  generators to the group  defining a map from the Cayley tree to the Cayley graph of . Interpreting graphs topologically as one-dimensional simplicial complexes, the simply connected infinte tree is the universal cover of the Cayley graph; and the kernel of the mapping is the fundamental group of the Cayley graph.

 A Cayley graph of the discrete Heisenberg group   is depicted to the right. The generators used in the picture are the three matrices  given by the three permutations of 1, 0, 0 for the entries . They satisfy the relations , which can also be understood from the picture. This is a non-commutative infinite group, and despite being a three-dimensional space, the Cayley graph has four-dimensional volume growth.

Characterization
The group  acts on itself by left multiplication (see Cayley's theorem). This may be viewed as the action of  on its Cayley graph. Explicitly, an element  maps a vertex  to the vertex  The set of edges of the Cayley graph and their color is preserved by this action: the edge  is mapped to the edge , both having color . In fact, all automorphisms of the colored directed graph  are of this form, so that  is isomorphic to the symmetry group of .

The left multiplication action of a group on itself is simply transitive, in particular, Cayley graphs are vertex-transitive. The following is a kind of converse to this:

To recover the group  and the generating set  from the unlabeled directed graph , select a vertex  and label it by the identity element of the group. Then label each vertex  of  by the unique element of  that maps  to  The set  of generators of  that yields  as the Cayley graph  is the set of labels of out-neighbors of . Since  is uncolored, it might have more directed graph automorphisms than the left multiplication maps, for example group automorphisms of  which permute .

Elementary properties

 The Cayley graph  depends in an essential way on the choice of the set  of generators. For example, if the generating set  has  elements then each vertex of the Cayley graph has  incoming and  outgoing directed edges. In the case of a symmetric generating set  with  elements, the Cayley graph is a regular directed graph of degree
 Cycles (or closed walks) in the Cayley graph indicate relations among the elements of  In the more elaborate construction of the Cayley complex of a group, closed paths corresponding to relations are "filled in" by polygons. This means that the problem of constructing the Cayley graph of a given presentation  is equivalent to solving the Word Problem for .
 If  is a surjective group homomorphism and the images of the elements of the generating set  for  are distinct, then it induces a covering of graphs  where  In particular, if a group  has  generators, all of order different from 2, and the set  consists of these generators together with their inverses, then the Cayley graph  is covered by the infinite regular tree of degree  corresponding to the free group on the same set of generators.
 For any finite Cayley graph, considered as undirected, the vertex connectivity is at least equal to 2/3 of the degree of the graph.  If the generating set is minimal (removal of any element and, if present, its inverse from the generating set leaves a set which is not generating), the vertex connectivity is equal to the degree.  The edge connectivity is in all cases equal to the degree.
 If  is the left-regular representation with  matrix form denoted , the adjacency matrix of  is .
 Every group character  of the group  induces an eigenvector of the adjacency matrix of . When  is Abelian, the associated eigenvalue is   which takes the form  for integers  In particular, the associated eigenvalue of the trivial character (the one sending every element to 1) is the degree of , that is, the order of . If  is an Abelian group, there are exactly  characters, determining all eigenvalues. The corresponding orthonormal basis of eigenvectors is given by  It is interesting to note that this eigenbasis is independent of the generating set .  More generally for symmetric generating sets, take  a complete set of irreducible representations of  and let  with eigenvalue set . Then the set of eigenvalues of  is exactly  where eigenvalue  appears with multiplicity  for each occurrence of  as an eigenvalue of

Schreier coset graph

If one instead takes the vertices to be right cosets of a fixed subgroup  one obtains a related construction, the Schreier coset graph, which is at the basis of coset enumeration or the Todd–Coxeter process.

Connection to group theory
Knowledge about the structure of the group can be obtained by studying the adjacency matrix of the graph and in particular applying the theorems of spectral graph theory. Conversely, for symmetric generating sets, the spectral and representation theory of  are directly tied together: take  a complete set of irreducible representations of  and let  with eigenvalues . Then the set of eigenvalues of  is exactly  where eigenvalue  appears with multiplicity  for each occurrence of  as an eigenvalue of

The genus of a group is the minimum genus for any Cayley graph of that group.

Geometric group theory
For infinite groups, the coarse geometry of the Cayley graph is fundamental to geometric group theory. For a finitely generated group, this is independent of choice of finite set of generators, hence an intrinsic property of the group. This is only interesting for infinite groups: every finite group is coarsely equivalent to a point (or the trivial group), since one can choose as finite set of generators the entire group.

Formally, for a given choice of generators, one has the word metric (the natural distance on the Cayley graph), which determines a metric space. The coarse equivalence class of this space is an invariant of the group.

Expansion properties

When , the Cayley graph  is -regular, so spectral techniques may be used to analyze the expansion properties of the graph. In particular for abelian groups, the eigenvalues of the Cayley graph are more easily computable and given by  with top eigenvalue equal to , so we may use Cheeger's inequality to bound the edge expansion ratio using the spectral gap.

Representation theory can be used to construct such expanding Cayley graphs, in the form of Kazhdan property (T). The following statement holds:

For example the group  has property (T) and is generated by elementary matrices and this gives relatively explicit examples of expander graphs.

Integral classification

An integral graph is one whose eigenvalues are all integers. While the complete classification of integral graphs remains an open problem, the Cayley graphs of certain groups are always integral.
Using previous characterizations of the spectrum of Cayley graphs, note that  is integral iff the eigenvalues of  are integral for every representation  of .

Cayley integral simple group

A group  is Cayley integral simple (CIS) if the connected Cayley graph  is integral exactly when the symmetric generating set  is the complement of a subgroup of . A result of Ahmady, Bell, and Mohar shows that all CIS groups are isomorphic to , or  for primes . It is important that  actually generates the entire group  in order for the Cayley graph to be connected. (If  does not generate , the Cayley graph may still be integral, but the complement of  is not necessarily a subgroup.)

In the example of , the symmetric generating sets (up to graph isomorphism) are
:  is a -cycle with eigenvalues
:  is  with eigenvalues
The only subgroups of  are the whole group and the trivial group, and the only symmetric generating set  that produces an integral graph is the complement of the trivial group. Therefore  must be a CIS group.

The proof of the complete CIS classification uses the fact that every subgroup and homomorphic image of a CIS group is also a CIS group.

Cayley integral group

A slightly different notion is that of a Cayley integral group , in which every symmetric subset  produces an integral graph . Note that  no longer has to generate the entire group.

The complete list of Cayley integral groups is given by , and the dicyclic group of order , where  and  is the quaternion group. The proof relies on two important properties of Cayley integral groups:
 Subgroups and homomorphic images of Cayley integral groups are also Cayley integral groups.
 A group is Cayley integral iff every connected Cayley graph of the group is also integral.

Normal and Eulerian generating sets

Given a general group , a subset  is normal if  is closed under conjugation by elements of  (generalizing the notion of a normal subgroup), and  is Eulerian if for every , the set of elements generating the cyclic group  is also contained in .
A 2019 result by Guo, Lytkina, Mazurov, and Revin proves that the Cayley graph  is integral for any Eulerian normal subset , using purely representation theoretic techniques.

The proof of this result is relatively short: given  an Eulerian normal subset, select  pairwise nonconjugate so that  is the union of the conjugacy classes . Then using the characterization of the spectrum of a Cayley graph, one can show the eigenvalues of  are given by  taken over irreducible characters  of . Each eigenvalue  in this set must be an element of  for  a primitive  root of unity (where  must be divisible by the orders of each ). Because the eigenvalues are algebraic integers, to show they are integral it suffices to show that they are rational, and it suffices to show  is fixed under any automorphism  of . There must be some  relatively prime to  such that  for all , and because  is both Eulerian and normal,  for some . Sending  bijects conjugacy classes, so  and  have the same size and  merely permutes terms in the sum for . Therefore  is fixed for all automorphisms of , so  is rational and thus integral.

Consequently, if  is the alternating group and  is a set of permutations given by , then the Cayley graph  is integral. (This solved a previously open problem from the Kourovka Notebook.) In addition when  is the symmetric group and  is either the set of all transpositions or the set of transpositions involving a particular element, the Cayley graph  is also integral.

History
Cayley graphs were first considered for finite groups by Arthur Cayley in 1878. Max Dehn in his unpublished lectures on group theory from 1909–10 reintroduced Cayley graphs under the name Gruppenbild (group diagram), which led to the geometric group theory of today. His most important application was the solution of the word problem for the fundamental group of surfaces with genus ≥ 2, which is equivalent to the topological problem of deciding which closed curves on the surface contract to a point.

See also
 Vertex-transitive graph
 Generating set of a group
 Lovász conjecture
 Cube-connected cycles
 Algebraic graph theory
 Cycle graph (algebra)

Notes

External links
 Cayley diagrams

Group theory
Permutation groups
Graph families
Application-specific graphs
Geometric group theory

Cayley graph


William Grayson (1742 – March 12, 1790) was a planter, lawyer and statesman from Virginia. After leading a Virginia regiment in the Continental Army, Grayson served in the Virginia House of Delegates before becoming one of the first two U.S. Senators from Virginia, as well as a leader of the Anti-Federalist faction. Grayson became the first member of the United States Congress to die while holding office.

Early and family life
Grayson was born in 1742 to Benjamin and Susannah (Monroe) Grayson at Belle Aire Plantation. in what is now Woodbridge, Virginia. His father had emigrated from Scotland to the confluence of the Potomac River and Quantico Creek which became Dumfries, Virginia. Benjamin Grayson Sr. became a successful merchant and planter, as well as militia officer and  (by 1731) one of the justices of the peace (who jointly governed the vast county of that day, in addition to their judicial duties). Their mother, twice-widowed, had been born to an important family upriver in Westmoreland County and had children by her previous marriages to Charles Tyler and William Linton (also a Scottish-born merchant). One of her nephews, James Monroe, would later serve in the Continental Army, succeed this man as U.S. Senator from Virginia and became President of the United States. Susanna Grayson bore three sons (Spence, Benjamin Jr. and William) and a daughter (also Susanna) in this marriage before she died in 1752, when this boy was ten. His father remarried, to another widow, Sarah Ball Ewell, who also had children by prior marriage, but none in this marriage before her husband died in 1757.

William was sixteen when his father died, so his eldest brother (Benjamin Grayson Jr.) became his legal guardian until he reached 21 years. Benjamin Grayson Jr. and Spence Grayson, being the elder brothers, inherited their father's business and plantations approximating 2,800 acres in Prince William County, by a will drafted in 1753 which was admitted to probate in 1758 but no longer exists. However, William was well-provided for from the personal estate (which required a 10,000 bond), especially compared to his future commander, George Washington (whose far smaller inheritance caused him to earn a living by surveying beginning as a teenager). One of the Grayson plantations included a house on a hill above Dumfries that became known as "Grayson's Hill" and later "Battery Hill" (for a Confederate battery during the American Civil War). The other, Belle Aire (often confused with a plantation about five miles inland with the same pronunciation but the name Bel Air which was owned and operated by the Ewell family) was between the Occoquan River and Neabsco Creek near the ferry (later bridge) conducting the King's Highway across the Occoquan River and which became Woodbridge, Virginia. It had been the property of William Linton a previous husband of this man's mother, Susan, who married Benjamin Grayson by 1732.
William Grayson received his first schooling locally under Charles Tyler, and later became known for familiarity with Latin and Greek as well as English history. His guardian allowed his education in Philadelphia at the University of Pennsylvania, and (after graduating) William Grayson sailed to England. Although some family sources claim he studied law for two and a half years, and received his degree from the University of Oxford, neither university nor Inns of Court documentation exists to support that tradition, so he was likely apprenticed to British merchant bankers like William Lee. When his brother and guardian Benjamin faced financial troubles in 1762 (so that he mortgaged his entire estate to his brother Spence), William returned home and as his need for a guardian ended, found that his spending abroad had also diminished the capital he had inherited.
Grayson married Eleanor Smallwood, a sister of Maryland Governor William Smallwood, who survived him. They had four sons (Frederick, George, Robert and Alfred) and a daughter (Hebe).

Return to the Virginia colony
About three years after returning to Virginia (probably at the conclusion of a clerkship with a local lawyer), Grayson began practicing law in Prince William County and three nearby counties. The county seat was at Dumfries, Virginia, a port town (now the oldest in the state) not far from Grayson's home as well as Belle Aire Plantation, which his brother Spence Monroe Grayson (1737–1798) inherited in 1757. On the other side of the Occoquan River lay Fairfax County, Virginia, which had split from Prince William County when Grayson was a boy. The wealthiest planter families (who could hire lawyers to protect their interests) owned land in both counties, and often held positions on church vestries, responsible for social welfare activities, including caring for orphans and the poor. Thus Grayson was familiar with local leaders, especially George Mason and George Washington, who served on the vestry of Pohick Church. Furthermore, after his brother Spence Grayson was ordained an Anglican priest in England in 1771, he served as rector of Cameron and Dettingen parishes in Prince William County, so both brothers socialized with Rev. Scott of Pohick Church both vestries.

American revolutionary

Grayson became involved in the political prelude to the Revolution in Virginia. He was on various Committees of Correspondence and military preparedness, as did nearby planters, including Richard Henry Lee with whom he would serve as the inaugural U.S. Senators from Virginia.

In June 1776 he became an assistant secretary to George Washington, and was promoted as an aide-de-camp to Washington in August, which came with the rank of lieutenant colonel. In January 1777, William Grayson recruited a regiment for the Continental Army known as Grayson's Additional Continental Regiment, and served as its colonel (and Spence as its fighting chaplain). The Regiment was attached to General Charles Scott's Brigade and saw frequent action in late 1777 in the Philadelphia Campaign, notably in the delaying skirmishes in Northern New Jersey, the Battle of Brandywine and the Defense of Philadelphia. In the winter of 1777-78, he led his troops to Valley Forge, where they suffered privations, and emerged in the spring with considerably fewer men fit for service. On June 28, 1778, Grayson was central to the Battle of Monmouth. In Scott's absence, Colonel Grayson took temporary command of the brigade, which was in the vanguard of an assault as part of Charles Lee's Advance Guard. Grayson and the brigade were in the center of the battle in 100 degree heat, and held a far superior force to a stalemate, when Lee took personal command of all of his forces, while Grayson himself returned to Washington's field command. General Lee badly misunderstood intelligence he was receiving, and the line broke into a disorganized retreat. Subsequently, Lee was court-marshalled by Washington, and Grayson, as one of the key officers at Monmouth, had to testify at the proceedings. In 1778, William Grayson served on a commission dealing with war prisoners. In 1779, he resigned his military commission to serve on the Congressional Board of War.

Post-War career

In 1781 Grayson returned to Dumfries and his legal practice. Like many Continental Army officers, he was an original member of the Society of the Cincinnati. He was also elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1780.

Like his brothers, Grayson owned slaves. In the 1787 Virginia tax census, by which time his eldest brother Benjamin Jr. had died, William Grayson owned eight enslaved adults in Prince William County, as well as four enslaved teenagers, two horses and eighteen cattle, compared to Rev. Spence Grayson, who owned fourteen enslaved adults, 21 enslaved teenagers, ten horses and 17 cattle.
Grayson's political career began in 1784, when he won election as one of Prince William County's two delegates (part time) in the Virginia House of Delegates. He replaced Arthur Lee and the following year would be replaced by the same man, who was then removed from office as disqualified by his federal office. Grayson had not stood for re-election because he was a delegate to the Confederation Congress from 1785 to 1787. While in that office, he helped to pass the Northwest Ordinance, including a provision that forbade slavery in the Northwest Territory.

As an Anti-Federalist, he joined George Mason, James Monroe, and Patrick Henry in opposing ratification of the proposed new United States Constitution at the Virginia Ratification Convention in 1788. In that Convention, Grayson argued that the proposed constitution was neither fish nor fowl—neither strong enough for a national government nor decentralized enough for a federal one — and thus eventually would either degenerate into a despotism or result in the dissolution of the Union.

Grayson experienced the inflation caused by Virginia and other states issuing paper fiat currency during the Revolutionary War. He later wrote to James Madison that:

United States Senate

Although the Anti-Federalists lost the battle in opposition of the new Constitution, Patrick Henry, Virginia's leading Anti-Federalist, rewarded Grayson by arranging his election to the first United States Senate. Grayson served from March 4, 1789, until his death on March 12, 1790. He and Richard Henry Lee were the only members of the first Senate who had opposed ratification, and so they were unhappy when the Bill of Rights omitted any provisions making serious corrections to the division of powers between the central government and the states. Grayson continued to believe that the Philadelphia Convention had struck precisely the wrong balance.

Death and legacy
Grayson and his family had moved to Frederick County, Virginia (where his widow ultimately died), but he died at the home of his brother Rev. Spence Grayson on March 12, 1790. He hand wrote a will shortly before his death which appointed executors and charged them to make "all my slaves born since Independance [sic] of America Free", which will was admitted to probate in Frederick County, despite some difficulties with the court clerk, on December 7, 1790. He was the first member of the United States Congress to die in office.

Rev. Spence Grayson survived another eight years, and both are interred in the Grayson family vault, with the current address (pathway and historical marker) at 2338 W. Longview Drive, Woodbridge. However, the house long out of family hands was used as a field hospital during the Civil War and the vault tomb dynamited. The estate of Richard Stonnell (who had owned the property and died in 1857) was finally settled though special chancery commissioner Eppa Hunton Jr. in 1887, with S.B. Stonnell receiving a deed and erecting a frame house atop the remaining foundation. The tomb's restoration was opposed by the property owner in 1975, but the Daughters of the American Revolution restored it in 1981 and further restoration occurred in 2005, and 2014, despite the remainder of the property being in private hands.

A grandson, William Grayson Carter, became a Kentucky state senator; another grandson was Confederate General John Breckinridge Grayson.

Spence Grayson's son John Robinson Grayson (born in 1779 at Belle Aire), was captured near the Occoquan River from the brig Polly, operated by Lund Washington. Impressed into the British Navy, upon his release in 1800, John Grayson became a captain in the United States Navy. During the War of 1812, Capt. Grayson commanded a squadron of gunboats off Georgia, where he settled. The original Belle Aire house, as well as mortuary vault, were destroyed during the American Civil War. The mortuary vault was rebuilt, encased in concrete and buried by the Daughters of the American Revolution in the early 20th century. Grayson County, Kentucky, the city of Grayson, Kentucky, and Grayson County, Virginia, were all named for the senator. in 1976, Prince William County erected a gazebo in Merchant Park beside the Weems-Botts Museum to honor William Grayson, and Virginia also erected a highway marker on Route 1 to commemorate him

See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)

References

Bibliography

Further reading
Kevin R. Constantine Gutzman. "Grayson, William". American National Biography Online, February 2000.

External links

 - bibliography for Grayson's Regiment in the Continental Army
 The Society of the Cincinnati
 The American Revolution Institute

1736 births
1790 deaths
People from Woodbridge, Virginia
Virginia colonial people
American people of English descent
Episcopalians from Virginia
Continental Congressmen from Virginia
Anti-Administration Party United States senators from Virginia
Delegates to the Virginia Ratifying Convention
Anti-Federalists
Virginia lawyers
People from Dumfries, Virginia
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Continental Army officers from Virginia
Aides-de-camp of George Washington
United States senators who owned slaves

William Grayson


The Idiot (pre-reform Russian: Идіотъ; post-reform Russian: Идиот) is a novel by the 19th-century Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky. It was first published serially in the journal The Russian Messenger in 1868–69.

The title is an ironic reference to the central character of the novel, Prince Lev Nikolayevich Myshkin. He is a young man whose goodness, open-hearted simplicity and guilelessness mislead many of the more worldly characters he encounters. They assume he is an idiot because he seems to lack intelligence and insight. In the character of Prince Myshkin, Dostoevsky set himself the task of depicting "the positively good and beautiful man". The novel is about the effect of having such an unusual person at the center of the conflicts, desires, passions and egoism of a worldly society.

Russian novels
Books by Fyodor Dostoevsky

The Idiot


The abele spelen () are a collection of four plays contained in the Van Hulthem Manuscript, which dates from 1410 and is in the collection of the Royal Library of Belgium in Brussels (shelfmark hs. 15.589-623).

The word 'abele' means 'noble', and the 'spelen' means 'plays'. In this sense the word 'noble' is used as the opposite of 'religious', i.e. 'profane'. The "noble plays" date from around 1350. They are the oldest plays of a worldly, non-religious nature known in the Dutch language, and among the oldest known in West-European theatre.

All four plays concern love, and are written in the style of stories of hoofse liefde or courtly love (note that the word 'hof' means 'court'). Respectively, the amorous pairs in the plays are Esmoreit and Damiët, Gloriant and Florentijn, Lanseloet and Sanderijn, Winter and Somer, the latter being an allegory.

The four abele spelen are:
	Esmoreit (1018 lines)
	Gloriant (1142 lines)
	Lanseloet van Denemerken (925 lines)
	Vanden Winter ende vanden Somer (625 lines)

Usually the performance of every 'abel spel' was followed by a sotternie, a farce. Because of the noble nature of the play, the same theme was played out in a more populistic and explicit form.  The farces belong to the different abele spelen as follows:

	Lippijn (199 lines) -– Esmoreit
	Buskenblazer (208 lines) – Gloriant
	Die Hexe (112 lines) – Lanseloet van Denemerken
	Rubben (245 lines) – Vanden Winter ende vanden Somer
	Truwanten (incomplete)
	Drie daghe here (incomplete)

It has been suggested that there used to be six abele spelen because of the number of sotternieën belonging to them.

References
http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/portal/libraries/Libraries.php?launch=1&country=Belgium&language=en&page=Treasures

Dutch plays
Middle Dutch literature
Plays set in the Middle Ages

Abele spelen


William Cree House is a historic home located at Jefferson Township in Greene County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1792, and is a two-story, three bay, banked stone dwelling. A two-story, log house built in 1847, was moved and attached to the house about 1974.  Also on the property is a banked stone spring house built in 1782.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Houses completed in 1792
Houses in Greene County, Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Greene County, Pennsylvania

William Cree House


Anastasie Crimca (; c. 1550–1629) was a Moldavian Eastern orthodox clergyman, as well as a calligrapher, illuminator, and writer.

Born in Suceava, he was the Metropolitan of Moldavia (1608–1617; 1619–1629) and the founder of Dragomirna Monastery (1609), where he initiated a scriptorium remarkable for the stylistic unity of the work produced over two decades.

The great similarity of the works has caused them to be attributed to Crimca, although some scholars have disputed this. The accepted opinion is that nine codices can be attributed to him: five of these are at Dragomirna Monastery, three are in Bucharest, and the Acts of the Apostles (1610) is in Vienna.
One tetra gospel is in National Library in Warsaw.

He died in Suceava and he is buried in exonarthex of Dragomirna church.

References

 Turdeanu, E. "Le Métropolite Anastase Crimca et son oeuvre littéraire et artistique (1608-1629)," Revue des études slaves, 29 (1952), 58-65.
 Costea, C. "Ilustraţia de manuscris în mediul cărturăresc al mitropolitului Anastasie Crimcovici : liturghierul," Studii şi cercetări de istoria artei / Seria artă plastică, 43 (1996), 19-35.

External links
 Dragomirna

1550s births
1629 deaths
Romanian Orthodox metropolitan bishops
16th-century Romanian people
17th-century Romanian writers
People from Suceava
Manuscript illuminators

Anastasie Crimca


The Annals of Inisfallen () are a chronicle of the medieval history of Ireland.

Overview

There are more than 2,500 entries spanning the years between 433 and 1450. The manuscript is thought to have been compiled in 1092, as the chronicle is written by a single scribe down to that point but updated by many different hands thereafter. It was written by the monks of Innisfallen Abbey, on Innisfallen Island on Lough Leane, near Killarney in Munster, but made use of sources produced at different centres around Munster as well as a Clonmacnoise group text of the hypothetical Chronicle of Ireland.

As well as the chronological entries, the manuscript contains a short, fragmented narrative of the history of pre-Christian Ireland, known as the pre-Patrician section, from the time of Abraham to the arrival of Saint Patrick in Ireland. This has many elements in common with Lebor Gabála Érenn. It sets the history of Ireland and the Gaels within Eusebian universal history, which is provided both by a Latin world chronicle and extracts from Réidig dam, a Dé, do nim, a Middle Irish poem attributed to Flann Mainistrech in later manuscripts.

The annals are now housed in the Bodleian Library in Oxford. In 2001, Brian O'Leary, a Fianna Fáil councillor in Killarney, called for the annals to be returned to the town. Although it was loaned to Ireland on occasion it remains in Oxford.

See also
 Irish annals
 The Chronicle of Ireland

Notes

References

External links
 Annals of Inisfallen—Text of the annals (Mac Airt's translation)
 Annals of Inisfallen—Original text (in a mixture of Latin and Irish)
 Annals of Inisfallen—pre-Patrician section
 Digitised images from Rawlinson B 503—Images available on Digital Bodleian
 "Call for Annals of Innisfallen to be returned to Killarney", The Kingdom—local newspaper article

15th-century history books
Bodleian Library collection
Irish chronicles
Irish-language manuscripts
Killarney
Medieval texts in Irish

Annals of Inisfallen


Andrew Lutaakome Kayiira  (30 January 1945 – 9 March 1987) was the leader of the Uganda Freedom Movement (UFM), a guerrilla organization that fought the governments of Milton Obote and Tito Okello between 1980 and 1986. Kayiira and the UFM were often seen as rivals to the National Resistance Movement (NRM) led by Yoweri Museveni, which was also fighting a guerrilla war against the Obote and Okello governments. When the NRM took power in 1986, Kayiira was appointed Minister for Energy by Museveni. Later that year, he was arrested for treason but later released. He was murdered by unknown gunmen on 9 March 1987.

Education and early career
Kayiira attended Namilyango College and was admitted to the Faculty of Mathematics at Makerere University but instead he chose to work for the government Civil Service in the Prisons Department where he rose to assistant superintendent. He later won a scholarship to the United Kingdom where he obtained a diploma in Criminal Justice. He then moved to the United States to attend the University of Southern Illinois, where he gained a Bachelor of Science degree in criminal justice and a Master of Arts and a PhD in criminal justice from the University at Albany School of Criminal Justice.

UK and USA

Kayiira completed his studies in the UK with a diploma in Criminal Justice. He was awarded a scholarship by the United States Government to attend the University of Southern Illinois, where in 1971 he achieved his Bachelor of Science Degree in Criminal Justice. In Albany, the capital of the State of New York, at the University at Albany School of Criminal Justice,  Kayiira obtained an M.A. and a Ph.D. in Criminal Justice. His doctoral dissertation titled "Kondoism in Uganda" has internationally contributed an addition of "kondoism" as a new terminology in criminology.

Pressed by the vicissitude of the Idi Amin conditions, Kayiira found himself being forced into exile in the United States. He gained an assistant professorship of criminal justice at the University of New Haven in Connecticut. With this base, he reached out to Ugandans in the US. It was his practice that whenever he arrived in a city or town he was not familiar with, one of the first things he did was to pick up a telephone directory, look up Ugandan names, and try to link up with them.

He founded the UF, which he enunciated by means of a newsletter called "SASA UFU". An executive committee was established in 1978, the chair of which was attorney Godfrey Binaayiisa. It was then sensed by the Boston group, which included Henry Bwambale, Kalu Kalumiya, Olara Otunnu, Justine Sabiti, Mubiru Musoke, and Aloysius Lugira, that UFU needed a new leadership. Kayiira was nominated to stand with Binaisa. At the general meeting held in New York, Kayiira was unanimously elected chairman of UFU.

The UNLF factor
The Uganda National Liberation Front was a political group formed by exiled Ugandans opposed to the rule of Idi Amin. It worked alongside the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA) that acted as a sister wing in liberating Uganda from the alleged autocratic leadership of Amin. It fought alongside Tanzanian forces in the Uganda-Tanzania War that led to the overthrow of Amin's regime.

References

External links
 "Uganda opposition rally blocked", BBC
 "Pressure on Yard to release file on unsolved killing of politician 20 years ago". Guardian Unlimited.

1945 births
1987 deaths
Southern Illinois University alumni
University at Albany, SUNY alumni
University of New Haven faculty
Ugandan murder victims
Deaths by firearm in Uganda
People murdered in Uganda
Government ministers of Uganda

Andrew Kayiira