La Muralla National Park is a national park in Honduras. It was established on 1 January 1993. and covers an area of approximately 13,708.35 ha and a buffer zone of 13,195.05 ha for a total area of 26,903.48 ha.

The park is part of three municipalities of the Department of Olancho, Honduras.  Approximately 80% of the park is located in La Unión, with approximately 10% in Jano and Esquipulas del Norte, respectively.

Recent history
La Muralla was designated a national park in January 1993, but like many national parks in Honduras it has struggled to maintain the protected area due to lack of government support.  Shortly after its creation a community group Organization for the Protection of National Park La Muralla (OPMA) was created, but has since stopped functioning for lack of financial support.  On April 23, 2002 the Association of Community Services Union (ASECUN) was founded and is currently providing community support for La Muralla and other environmental projects.

Other players involved in the protection and maintenance of the park include:
Institute of Forestry Conservation for the government of Honduras (ICF)
PANAM Foundation
Project for Forests and Rural Productivity (PBPR)
The Nature Conservancy (TNC)

Biodiversity
The first studies of biodiversity in La Muralla were conducted by the Forestry Conservation Project of Honduras (CONSEFORH) in 1992.  A total of 101 plants were identified, including melastome families, Lauraceae, Pasiflorácea and Solanaceae.  In 2001, the Paseo Pantera project cataloged 859 species of plants, including the previously recorded 101, corresponding to 410 genera and 127 botanical families.

The biggest impact of this study was the addition 65 new species not yet registered, and three new genera of plants which are endemic to Honduras: Bartlettina williamsii, Saurauia molinae, and Tetrorchirium molinae.

Orchids
There are currently 123 species of orchids found in La Muralla.  In 2010, Dr. Dora Elisa Perez conducted a study with the discovery of 53 new varieties cataloged.

References

National parks of Honduras
Protected areas established in 1993

La Muralla National Park


T-Mobile is the brand name used by some of the mobile communications subsidiaries of the German telecommunications company Deutsche Telekom AG in the Czech Republic (T-Mobile Czech Republic), Poland (T-Mobile Polska) and the United States (T-Mobile US).

The T-Mobile brand was introduced in 1996 and the name was previously used by subsidiaries in other countries, including Austria (now Magenta), Croatia (now Hrvatski Telekom), Germany (now Deutsche Telekom), Hungary (now Magyar Telekom), Montenegro (now Crnogorski Telekom), the Netherlands (now Odido), North Macedonia (now Makedonski Telekom), Romania (now Telekom România), Slovakia (now Slovak Telekom), and the United Kingdom (now EE Limited).

In 1999, Deutsche Telekom formed the holding company T-Mobile International AG for its mobile communications subsidiaries. From 2003 to 2007, T-Mobile International was one of Deutsche Telekom's services, in addition to "Broadband/Fixnet", "Business Customers" and "Group HQ and Shared Services". In 2009, Deutsche Telekom transformed its structure to adopt a regional setup (Germany, Europe, US). By combining its previously separated fixed and mobile subsidiaries to form integrated local businesses, T-Mobile International itself was merged into Deutsche Telekom AG.

When T-Mobile International AG existed, the holding company was based in Bonn, Germany, and its subsidiaries operated GSM-, UMTS- and LTE-based cellular networks in Europe, the United States, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The company had financial stakes in mobile operators in both Central and Eastern Europe. Globally, T-Mobile International's subsidiaries had a combined total of approximately 230 million subscribers. It was the world's thirteenth-largest mobile-phone service provider by subscribers, and the fourth-largest multinational after the UK's Vodafone, India's Airtel, and Spain's Telefónica.

History

Germany's first mobile-communications services were radiotelephone systems that were owned and operated by the state postal monopoly, Deutsche Bundespost. It launched the analog first-generation C-Netz ("C Network", marketed as C-Tel), Germany's first true mobile phone network in 1985.

On 1 July 1989, West Germany reorganized Deutsche Bundespost and consolidated telecommunications into a new unit, Deutsche Bundespost Telekom. On 1 July 1992, it began to operate Germany's first GSM network, along with the C-Netz, as its DeTeMobil subsidiary. The GSM 900 MHz frequency band was referred to as the "D-Netz", and Telekom named its service D1; the private consortium awarded the second license (now Vodafone Germany) chose the name D2. Deutsche Bundespost Telekom was renamed Deutsche Telekom AG on 1 January 1995 as part of phase two of the German communications reform. This process of deregulation continued in November 1996, when DT was privatized and had the largest European IPO at the time, with the stock abbreviation 'DT 1'.

In December 1999, T-Mobile International AG & Co. KG holding company was founded (later renamed T-Mobile International AG). In 2002, as DT consolidated its international operations, it anglicized the T-Mobil name to T-Mobile.

On 5 July 2005 Deutsche Telekom transformed its structure and adopted a regional setup (Germany, Europe, US). Where available, the local mobile businesses were combined with the respective local wireline businesses to follow the integrated business approach. In 2009 T-Mobile International AG was merged into Deutsche Telekom AG.

On 16 August 2021, T-Mobile announced that a hacker had illegally accessed more than 76 million Americans' private data, with an American hacker named John Binns later claiming responsibility. Several class action lawsuits have been filed in relation to the data breach. In July 2022, T-mobile agreed to a $350 million settlement during the company's hearing at Missouri federal court, in relation to the data breach and subsequent class action litigation. The $350 million settlement will include $25,000 in reimbursement for the losses to organisations, compensation to the victims of the data breach of $25 per hour and to provide two-year subscriptions to identity theft services and $150 million on improving data security.

On 19 January 2023, T-Mobile said it first identified a bad actor had obtained the data of 37 million customers  via an unauthorized API (starting on or around 25 November 2022). The data included the name, billing address, email, phone number, date of birth, T-Mobile account number, and information such as the number of lines on the account and plan features.

Operations

Austria

Until 2000, Magenta Telekom (known then as T-Mobile) was a shareholder of the former max.mobil. network. In April 2001, it acquired one hundred percent and subsequently introduced the T-Mobile brand in Austria by rebranding max.mobil. in April 2002 as T-Mobile Austria. It later rebranded again to Magenta Telekom on 6 May 2019, after acquiring the Austrian operations of UPC from Liberty Global in December 2017.

In 2005, it acquired former competitor tele.ring from Western Wireless International. It is now used as a discount brand. tele.ring is an Austrian mobile network operator. Since it was bought by Magenta Telekom (then T-Mobile) in 2006, it is no longer a legally independent company. Tele.ring is administratively independent and now acts primarily as a discount-offer, similar to Yesss and BoB of A1. In the past, tele.ring was known for their aggressive price-politics.

Croatia

T-Mobile entered the Croatian market in October 1999 when DT initially acquired a thirty-five percent interest in Hrvatski telekom, including its cell phone service provider Cronet. Two years later, DT signed an agreement with the Croatian government to acquire the additional 16 percent needed for a majority holding. In January 2003, Hrvatski Telekom assembled all of its mobile activities under a single brand HTmobile. Finally, in October 2004, HTmobile became T-Mobile Hrvatska, or T-Mobile Croatia, thus joining the global T-Mobile family also by name.  Since January 1, 2010, Hrvatski Telekom and T-Mobile Croatia merged into one company on the Croatian market under the name Hrvatski Telekom (in English: Croatian Telecom); the T-Mobile brand remained active in the mobile-business area and T-Com in the fixed-business area until 2013 when they were replaced by unified brand "Hrvatski Telekom".

Czech Republic

T-Mobile was previously known as Paegas in the Czech Republic. T-Mobile Czech Republic a.s. has been operating in the Czech market since 1996.
As of 31 December 2014, 6 million customers were using T-Mobile services.

T-Mobile Czech Republic a.s. operates a public mobile communications network on the GSM standard in the 900 and 1800 MHz bands and is also authorized to operate a UMTS network. On 19 October 2005, T-Mobile was the first operator in the Czech Republic to launch this third-generation technology under the name Internet 4G.

Germany

Germany's initial mobile communications services were radiotelephone systems that were owned and operated by the state postal monopoly, Deutsche Bundespost. These early mobile communications networks were referred to as the "A" and "B" networks.

Deutsche Bundespost Telekom built Germany's first cellular mobile network, an analog, first-generation system referred to as the "C" network or C-Netz. The network became operational in 1985 and services were marketed under the C-Tel brand. Following German reunification in 1990, the "C" network was extended to the former East Germany.

On 1 July 1992, Deutsche Bundespost Telekom's DeTeMobil subsidiary began operating Germany's first GSM 900 MHz frequency cellular network, which the organization referred to as D-Netz. Digital GSM services were marketed under the "D1" brand and DeTeMobil continued to sell analog cellular services concurrently under the existing C-Tel brand. In 1994, DeTeMobil introduced short message service (SMS) services.

In 1996, DT began to brand its subsidiaries with the T- prefix, renaming the DeTeMobil subsidiary T-Mobil and rebranding the GSM cellular network T-D1. C-Netz was renamed to T-C-Tel. The T-C-Tel / C-Netz services were fully discontinued in 2000.

D1 introduced prepaid service called Xtra in 1997.

Despite the numerous changes in subsidiary names and brands, Germans sometimes continue to use the T-D1 name within Germany and refer to T-Mobile as D1.
On 1 April 2010, after the T-Home and T-Mobile German operations merged to form Telekom Deutschland GmbH, a wholly owned DT subsidiary; the T-Mobile brand was discontinued in Germany and replaced with the Telekom brand.

Hungary

On 1 May 2004, the same day as Hungary joined the European Union, the former company, named Westel (which was owned entirely by the former Matáv) changed its name, and the entire marketing. Westel was the most popular cellphone network in Hungary at the time. The company was called T-Mobile Hungary, but after some financial decisions, as with the other T- companies, it formed to Magyar Telekom Nyrt. Mobil Szolgáltatások Üzletág (Hungarian Telekom, Mobile Services Business Unit), and its branding started to use Telekom instead of T-Mobile. T-Mobile also provides high-speed services, like EDGE, 3G, and HSDPA in Hungary's major cities.

North Macedonia

In Republic of North Macedonia, T-Mobile was previously known as Mobimak. The company has been operating in the Macedonian market since 1996. On 7 September 2006, Mobimak accepted the international T-Mobile branding. By June 2007, T-Mobile reached one million subscribers, out of which 85 percent were active and using their services. T-Mobile MK covers 98 percent of the population. It has a GSM 900 licence, offers GPRS, MMS and mobile internet services using T-Mobile HotSpots and has implemented the EDGE fast mobile internet specification. T-Mobile Macedonia applied for a UMTS licence on 1 August 2007. From 1 July T-Mobile ceased to exist as a legal entity and was replaced by the Telekom brand. The carrier name is now Telekom.mk.
The codes are 070/071/072.

Montenegro

The T-Mobile brand entered the Montenegrin market in 2006 through the acquisition of MoNet GSM mobile provider. T-Mobile Montenegro (T-Mobile Crna Gora) is fully owned by T-Crnogorski Telekom, which is itself owned by Magyar Telekom, a DT subsidiary. Although the acquisition by Magyar Telekom was done in 2005, it was not until 26 September 2006, that the MoNet GSM operator was re-branded as T-Mobile Montenegro.

MoNet GSM launched on July 1, 2000, as part of Telecom Montenegro. It became an independent incorporated limited-liability company a month later, on 1 August 2000. The company currently holds around 34 percent of the Montenegrin market and uses GSM 900, GPRS, and EDGE technologies. Since 21 June 2007, 3G/UMTS services have been available in larger cities as well as on the coast.

Netherlands

Deutsche Telekom entered the Dutch market by the acquisition of Ben on 20 September 2002. In 2007, T-Mobile Netherlands, a wholly owned subsidiary of T-Mobile International, acquired Orange Netherlands from France Télécom for EUR 1.33 billion. This makes it the third largest mobile telephone operator in the country behind KPN and Vodafone.

As part of an acquisition of Tele2 Netherlands by T-Mobile Netherlands, which was announced on December 15, 2017, the previous owner Tele2 AB became a 25% shareholder in T-Mobile Netherlands. The company is now called Odido.

Poland

T-Mobile Polska serves over thirteen million customers, and owns licenses for 900, 1800, 2100 MHz bands which are used for GSM, WCDMA and LTE. Formerly Era, rebranding took place on 5 June 2011. T-Mobile Poland with Orange Polska have consolidated their infrastructure and used this opportunity to roll out 3G coverage using 900 MHz band.

Romania

Telekom Romania Mobile Communications S.A. is a mobile network company in Romania, wholly owned by OTE, which in turn is controlled by Deutsche Telekom, operating under Telekom brand. Telekom Romania Mobile had 3.5 million subscribers with 15% market share as of July 2021.

Slovakia

The T-Mobile brand entered the Slovak market in May 2005, after rebranding the EuroTel network from Eurotel Bratislava to T-Mobile Slovensko nowadays Telekom. The company Eurotel Bratislava was partially owned by Slovak Telekom, an incumbent fixed-line operator, which later acquired a one hundred percent stake in Eurotel Bratislava. T-Mobile International and DT never owned T-Mobile Slovensko directly; DT is partially owner of Slovak Telekom and thus T-Mobile International has procurement managing function within T-Mobile Slovensko. On 1 July 2010, Slovak Telekom and T-Mobile Slovensko merged into one company on the Slovak market under the name Telekom; T-Mobile brand no more remains active in the mobile-business area, as well as the T-Com in the fixed-business area.

The Telekom network provides services on three networks GSM (900/1800 MHz), UMTS (2100 MHz), Flash OFDM (450 MHz). Mobile data services are provided on 4G, 3G, GSM network with EDGE extension and on UMTS with DC-HSPA+ 42 Mbit/s and HSUPA 5,8 Mbit/s. Flash OFDM is one of two commercially successfully launched solely data networks in the world. It supports upload speed up to 5.8 Mbit/s.

United Kingdom

T-Mobile UK started life as Mercury One2One, the world's first GSM 1800 mobile network. It was originally operated by the now-defunct Mercury Communications. Later known simply as one2one, it was purchased by DT in 1999 and rebranded as T-Mobile in 2002.

T-Mobile offered both pay-as-you-go and pay-monthly contract phones. T-Mobile launched their 3G UMTS services in the Autumn of 2003. T-Mobile UK's network was also used as the backbone network behind the Virgin Mobile virtual network.

In late 2007, it was confirmed that the merger of the high-speed 3G and HSDPA networks operated by T-Mobile UK and 3 (UK) was to take place starting January 2008. This left T-Mobile and 3 with the largest HSDPA mobile phone network in the country. In 2009, France Télécom's Orange and DT, T-Mobile's parent, announced they were in advanced talks to merge their UK operations to create the UK's largest mobile operator. In March 2010, the European Commission approved this merger on the condition that the combined company sell 25% of the spectrum it owns on the 1800 MHz radio band and amend a network sharing agreement with smaller rival 3. The merger was completed the following month, the new company's name later being announced as EE. Orange and T-Mobile continued as separate brands in the market until 2015, both run by the new parent company.

T-Mobile UK and Orange UK announced on 15 February 2015 the sale of EE Limited to BT Group for £12.5B and to take shares of 12% within the BT Group as part of the deal.

United States

T-Mobile US provides wireless voice, messaging, and data services in the United States mainland including Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands under the T-Mobile and Metro by T-Mobile brands. The company operates the second largest wireless network in the U.S. market with over 95 million customers and annual revenues of $32 billion. Its nationwide network reaches 98 percent of Americans, through its EDGE 2G/HSPA 3G/HSPA+ 4G/4G LTE networks, as well as through roaming agreements (see section: Radio frequency spectrum chart). , J. D. Power and Associates, a global marketing-information-services firm, ranked the company highest among major wireless carriers for retail-store satisfaction four years consecutively and highest for wireless customer care two years consecutively.

The company owns licences to operate a 1900 MHz GSM PCS digital cellular network and AWS UMTS digital cellular networks using 600 MHz, 700 MHz, 850 MHz, 1700 MHz and 2100 MHz covering areas of the continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. It provides coverage in areas where it does not own radio frequency spectrum licenses via roaming agreements with other operators of compatible networks. In addition to its cellular mobile network, T-Mobile US operates a nationwide Wi-Fi Internet-access network under the T-Mobile HotSpots brand. The T-Mobile HotSpot service offers access to a nationwide network of approximately 8,350 access points, installed in venues such as Starbucks coffeehouses, FedEx Office Office and Print Centers, Hyatt hotels and resorts, Red Roof Inns, Sofitel hotels, Novotel hotels, the airline clubs of American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, United Airlines and US Airways, and airports.

T-Mobile US, Inc. traces its roots to the 1994 establishment of VoiceStream Wireless PCS as a subsidiary of Western Wireless Corporation. Spun off from parent Western Wireless on 3 May 1999, VoiceStream Wireless Corporation was purchased by Deutsche Telekom on 31 May 2001, for $35 billion and renamed T-Mobile USA, Inc. in July 2002. This legacy is reflected in some mismatch between US and German T-Mobile service, notably the frequency mismatch making phones inoperative in the other country, and picture messaging issues (non-delivery of pictures in text messages) between those networks.

After a failed attempt by AT&T in 2011 to purchase the company in a $39 billion stock and cash offer (which was withdrawn after being faced with significant regulatory and legal hurdles, along with heavy resistance from the U.S. government and the Sprint Corporation), T-Mobile USA announced its intent to merge with MetroPCS Communications, Inc., the sixth largest carrier in the U.S., to improve its competitiveness with other national carriers; the deal was approved by the Department of Justice and Federal Communications Commission in March 2013. The merger agreement gave Deutsche Telekom the option to sell its 72% stake in the merged company, valued at around $14.2 billion, to a third-party before the end of the 18-month lock-up period. On 1 May 2013, the combined company, now known as T-Mobile US, began trading on the New York Stock Exchange as a public company.

Merger with Sprint

On 29 April 2018, T-Mobile and Sprint announced a $26 billion merger deal, with the resulting company to operate under the name T-Mobile. Federal Communications Commission Chairman Ajit Pai announced that he would back the merger. On 11 February 2020, the deal was approved by a federal judge. The merger was completed on 1 April 2020 with Deutsche Telekom holding owning 43% of the company, SoftBank at 24% and the remaining 33% to the public shareholders.

As part of the merger, T-Mobile US acquired Assurance Wireless, the service subsidized by the federal Lifeline Assistance program, a government benefit program supported by the federal Universal Service Fund.

Marketing

The five-note T-Mobile audio logo was composed by Lance Massey in 1999, and was originally part of the song ("Hello Hola" by Clan Chi) used to promote DT's Tour de France bicycle team.

Sponsorships
T-Mobile, specifically the T-Mobile US subsidiary in the United States, holds the naming rights to T-Mobile Arena on the Las Vegas Strip near Las Vegas, to T-Mobile Center in Kansas City and to T-Mobile Park in Seattle.

T-Mobile's parent company, Deutsche Telekom, has served as the kit sponsor for German Bundesliga club Bayern Munich since 2002. T-Mobile was also the official sponsor of English Football League Championship side West Bromwich Albion and previously sponsored Rotherham United as well as Scottish Premier League clubs Rangers and Celtic.

T-Mobile co-sponsored Everton with the One2One brand and they also sponsored the 2002 FA Youth Cup Final. T-Mobile was also a kit sponsor for English club Birmingham City. The phone company is also involved in sponsoring leagues such as the Austrian Football Bundesliga, which is named the T-Mobile Bundesliga. It was also the official global mobile phone carrier for the 2006 FIFA World Cup football tournament in Germany and sponsored its own cycling team, the T-Mobile Team (later Team HTC-High Road).

T-Mobile also has banner ads at some matches of Mexico's top association football league, Liga MX, despite not having a presence in that country.

Since 2016, the wireless company has sponsored the Major League Baseball Home Run Derby.

See also

 Electronic Beats
 Microsoft data loss 2009
 Open Handset Alliance
 T-Mobile Ekstraklasa
 T-Mobile Team
 T-Online

References

External links

Companies based in Bonn
Deutsche Telekom
German brands
Mobile phone companies of Germany
Telecommunications companies established in 1990
Wi-Fi providers

T-Mobile International AG


Alexander Neil McDonald (September 30, 1818 – December 7, 1885) was a businessman and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Guysborough County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1878 to 1882 as a Liberal-Conservative member.

He was born in Sherbrooke, Nova Scotia, the son of Hugh McDonald (of Harris, Isle of Rum, Argyll, Scotland) and Elizabeth E. Archibald, and was educated there. In 1845, he married Rebecca Archibald, the sister of Adams George Archibald. After his first wife's death he married Sarah Blanchard on 30th Oct 1873 in Truro, Guysborough Co., NS.  McDonald was Comptroller of Customs, Collector of Excise and Surveyor of Shipping for several years.

The St Mary's Township Book has him as Alexander Neil McDonald.  His birth entry was written this way by his father Hugh McDonald, who was the Town Clerk.

References
The Canadian parliamentary companion and annual register, 1881, CH Mackintosh
The St Mary's Township Book, transcribed by Kim Stevens

1818 births
1885 deaths
Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia MLAs
People from Guysborough County, Nova Scotia

Alexander N. McDonald


Mobile dating services, also known as cell dating, cellular dating, or cell phone dating, allow individuals to chat, flirt, meet, and possibly become romantically involved by means of text messaging, mobile chatting, and the mobile web.

These services allow their users to provide information about themselves in a short profile which is either stored in their phones as a dating ID or as a username on the mobile dating site. They can then search for other IDs online or by calling a certain phone number dictated by the service. The criteria include age, gender and sexual preference. Usually these sites are free to use but standard text messaging fees may still apply as well as a small fee the dating service charges per message.

Mobile dating websites, in order to increase the opportunities for meeting, focus attention on users that share the same social network and proximity. Some companies even offer services such as homing devices to alert users when another user is within thirty feet of one another.  Some systems involve bluetooth technology to connect users in locations such as bars and clubs. This is known as proximity dating. These systems are actually more popular in some countries in Europe and Asia than online dating. With the advent of GPS Phones and GSM localization, proximity dating is likely to rise sharply in popularity.

According to The San Francisco Chronicle in 2005, "Mobile dating is the next big leap in online socializing." More than 3.6 million cell phone users logged into mobile dating sites in March 2007, with most users falling between the ages of 27-35.

Some experts believe that the rise in mobile dating is due to the growing popularity of online dating. Others believe it is all about choice, as Joe Brennan Jr., vice president of Webdate says, "It's about giving people a choice. They don't have to date on their computer. They can date on their handset, it's all about letting people decide what path is best for them." A study published in 2015 showed that 7.8 million singles per month in the UK were searching for a partner online, which was a significant increase from 2011 (6.3 million). This increase is allegedly caused by Mobile Dating due to current social dating services like Tinder or Badoo, which allow people to quickly make new contacts on the go.

The rise of mobile dating and in particular, dating app Tinder has changed the way people meet potential partners and date. Some believe that the proliferation of such apps has fueled modern dating behaviors.

Drawbacks
Some avoid these services for fear that the technology could be used to electronically harass users. Another issue is "asymmetry of interests", i.e. an attractive user receives excessive attention from other users and leaves, which may result in deterioration of membership. At the 2012 iDate Mobile Dating Conference, the first ever consumer focus group for mobile dating apps unanimously reiterated the same complaints from years prior.

All participants had some concerns about risk. These concerns varied between participants and included physical, emotional and sexual risks, the risk of being scammed, the risk of encountering dangerous and dodgy people, the risk of pregnancy, risks to family and the risk of lies and deceit. To counter these risks, participants undertook various activities that made use of the technological resources available to them and also assessed how others did or did not use technology.

An issue amplified by dating apps is a phenomenon known as 'ghosting', whereby one party in a relationship cuts off all communication with the other party without warning or explanation. Ghosting poses a serious problem for dating apps as it can lead to users deleting the apps. For this reason companies like Bumble and Badoo are cracking down on the practice with new features that make it easier for users to end chat conversations more politely.

Entering a different era with many technological advancements a "technosexual era", we also enter a different era of dating more "sexualized".

Mobile dating market

Mobile dating began to take shape in 2003. ProxiDating was one of the first dating services using Bluetooth. In 2004 Match.com, Webdate and Lavalife were the mobile dating early leaders. It wasn't until the iPhone arrived in 2007 that mobile dating took off. 2010 was the year mobile dating becoming mainstream. Starting from 2012, mobile dating has been gradually overtaking online dating. Match.com and POF.com now see over 40% of their log-ins coming from mobile phones. The mobile dating market is expected to grow to $1.4B by 2013.

3G Dating is emerging as 3G networks and Video Mobiles become more widespread. The potential for one-to-one video calling offers additional safety and helps ensures members are real.

In the dating market, both online dating sites are adding mobile web versions and applications to phones.  Some sites are offered as mobile only for Phones and Pads, with no access to web versions.

Mobile dating apps market is estimated to be worth $2.1 billion". In 2013 there was "exponential growth" of dating websites creating apps and dating apps being used through a mobile device. Tinder has been up to par competing in this market "as of October 2014, the app has more than fifty million users" and also it is valued "anywhere from $750 million to $1 billion".

See also
 Online dating applications
 Online dating service

References

External links
Tech Crunch Article on Mobile Dating Market
Dating moves from the PC to the mobile
Mobile Dating Report
Mobile Video Dating can be great but you have to find the right signals

Online dating
Online chat
Mobile telecommunications

Mobile dating


Anthony Jeselnik ( ; born December 22, 1978) is an American comedian, writer, actor, and producer. He is known for his dark comedy style, which emphasizes ironic misdirection, non sequiturs, biting insults, an arrogant demeanor, and a stage persona that frequently takes amoral or psychopathic stances.

Jeselnik was a writer for Late Night with Jimmy Fallon in its first season and hosted a Comedy Central Presents in 2009. After releasing his critically acclaimed debut album Shakespeare in 2010, he began writing for the Comedy Central Roasts and moved up to performer in the 2011 roast of Donald Trump. He continued to perform on the roasts of Charlie Sheen and Roseanne Barr in 2012. In 2013, he hosted his own Comedy Central series for two seasons, The Jeselnik Offensive, and released his second album, Caligula, which doubles as an hour-long stand-up special.

On July 22, 2015, Jeselnik replaced J. B. Smoove as the new host of NBC's Emmy Award-nominated series Last Comic Standing. His second stand-up special, Thoughts and Prayers, premiered in October 2015 on Netflix; his third, Fire in the Maternity Ward, premiered on Netflix in April 2019.
Jeselnik starred in the first season of the NFL Media podcast The Rosenthal & Jeselnik Vanity Project (or RJVP) along with best friend Gregg Rosenthal. The second season debuted in 2018 on the Comedy Central Podcast Network under the slightly different name of The Jeselnik & Rosenthal Vanity Project (or JRVP).

Early life
Anthony Jeselnik grew up in Upper St. Clair, Pennsylvania. He was interested in making others laugh from an early age. In elementary school, he would often interrupt the class to tell a joke. On one occasion, a classmate was moving to a different town that was not generally regarded well, and Jeselnik cracked a sarcastic comment: "Oh, well, send us a postcard." When the teacher laughed at his joke, he realized that "if you're smart enough that adults get it, you can get away with anything." He would often stay up attempting to watch Saturday Night Live and, as he grew older, The Ben Stiller Show and Mr. Show. He graduated from Upper St. Clair High School in 1997. Jeselnik earned a bachelor's degree in English literature with a business minor from Tulane University in 2001. During his senior year at Tulane, his girlfriend accidentally burned down his apartment, which he would later use as early stand-up material. He was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity while at Tulane University.  His original dream was to write the great American novel, but an internship in Los Angeles between his junior and senior years of college convinced him there were other avenues for a writer.

In his early twenties, Jeselnik moved to Los Angeles and was working at a Borders when he first tried stand-up. He found a book by writer and comedian Greg Dean that promoted Dean's Santa Monica comedy workshops. In his first attempt at a joke, Jeselnik did an impression of his father being stung by wasps. By the end of the skit—which lasted only one minute, but Jeselnik claimed "felt like 10"—no one had laughed, leading Jeselnik to swear off physical comedy forever. After being fired by Borders, he worked behind the scenes as an accounting clerk for the TV series Deadwood, during which time he would perform at open-mic nights. Inspired in part by Mitch Hedberg, Dennis Miller, Sarah Silverman, and Steven Wright, it was two years into his stand-up comedy career when Jeselnik had a "lightbulb moment." After writing a bizarre joke with a dark twist to it, the audience response encouraged Jeselnik to focus more in that area. The joke, titled "My Girlfriend Loves to Eat Chocolate," was later featured on Shakespeare. The place where Jeselnik found his "home" was the Comedy Cellar, where he said that they let him take earlier sets so he could go home early and go to sleep for work the next morning. The Cellar comedians, known for busting the chops of other comedians, were influential to Jeselnik, and he said that the best at it were Jim Norton, Colin Quinn, Bobby Kelly, and Keith Robinson.

Career
Jeselnik's Comedy Central Presents stand-up special premiered in 2009, and he was named one of Comedy Central's breakout comedians of the year alongside Nick Kroll, Aziz Ansari, Whitney Cummings, Donald Glover, Matt Braunger, T. J. Miller, Kumail Nanjiani, and Jon Lajoie. In 2009, Jeselnik was hired as a writer for Late Night with Jimmy Fallon. His dream job, predating stand-up or his first comedy class, was to sit around a table and "throw out jokes with people you respected." After getting the job, Jeselnik's pitches would be continually shot down as they were too dark. For example, he routinely fought for a single joke regarding obesity each day for a month, and although Fallon liked the joke, he felt uncomfortable performing it as it would likely jeopardize his likability with the obese. During this period, he was a regular at the Comedy Cellar in Greenwich Village, New York City. Jeselnik would work hard each day for the show and then proceed to go to Comedy Cellar, have a "big stiff drink," and do his act, feeling "miserable." In March 2010, he approached the show's producers and told them he wanted to leave. "We understand—you want to go be Anthony Jeselnik," they said.

He recorded his debut album, Shakespeare, and in 2010 began writing for the Comedy Central Roasts. Jeselnik, who refers to roasts as "the Super Bowl of comedy," loved roasts during college and always tried to write for them. While Jeselnik was writing for the David Hasselhoff roast, Comedy Central executives took an interest in him and offered him an opportunity to perform on the next roast. Knowing that this would be his "big moment," Jeselnik refers to the Roast of Donald Trump as "one of my favorite moments of my life […] because no one knew who I was and it just really caught everybody by surprise. And the next day, my life was completely different." While Jeselnik had previously been headlining clubs, the audience often was unfamiliar with his brand of comedy; after the Trump roast, the crowds got bigger and Jeselnik felt more comfortable. Immediately following his performance, the network offered Jeselnik a "three-point deal" in which one receives an hour special, three Comedy Central roasts, and a development deal. Jeselnik went on to perform at two more roasts, the Comedy Central Roasts of Charlie Sheen in 2011 and Roseanne Barr in 2012.

Jeselnik appeared at the Power of Comedy event in November 2012.

In 2013, Jeselnik hosted his own Comedy Central series, The Jeselnik Offensive. In preparing the show, Comedy Central was looking for a half-hour, a four-nights-a-week show following The Colbert Report titled Midnight. Jeselnik's main draw was the monologue, where he felt he could tell jokes that he was unable to do on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon. For the pilot, Jeselnik did a test interview with a celebrity but felt "so wrong […] it just fit me like a bad suit." For the show's first episode, Jeselnik performs cancer-related stand-up for a cancer support group. "I had to fight with Comedy Central to put that on the first episode," said Jeselnik. The network felt uneasy using the sketch as an introduction. Jeselnik pointed to the premiere episode of Chappelle's Show, in which Dave Chappelle plays a blind African-American Klansman, which he regarded as "one of the edgiest things they ever did." As such, the sketch opened the first episode and received a positive reception; Jay Leno called to inform Jeselnik "how much he loved the cancer segment." The Jeselnik Offensive ran for two seasons on Comedy Central from February 19, 2013, to August 27, 2013.

Jeselnik's first stand-up special, Caligula, premiered in 2013.

October 2015 saw the debut of The Rosenthal & Jeselnik Vanity Project (RJVP), a podcast available on NFL.com hosted by Jeselnik and fellow Tulane graduate, NFL Network's Gregg Rosenthal.

In 2015 Jeselnik released his critically acclaimed third stand up special, and first for Netflix, Thoughts and Prayers. The hourlong special offers Jeselnik's trademark dark humor for the first forty minutes and personal anecdotes for the last twenty. He discusses his grandmother's funeral, the Boston Marathon bombing, the cancelation of The Jeselnik Offensive, and the death threats he receives.

In September 2018 Jeselnik returned to Comedy Central, signing a multi-platform development deal which includes new episodes of a weekly podcast, The Jeselnik & Rosenthal Vanity Project (JRVP), where Jeselnik is joined by his friend and NFL Network analyst Gregg Rosenthal, and by producer and NFL Network director Erica Tamposi.

Jeselnik's latest stand-up special, Fire in the Maternity Ward, was released by Netflix on April 30, 2019.

Personal life
He has dated comedian Amy Schumer.

Jeselnik is an atheist.

Discography
Shakespeare (2010)
Caligula (2013)
Thoughts and Prayers (2015)
Fire in the Maternity Ward (2019)

Filmography

Television

As writer

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
21st-century American comedians
21st-century American screenwriters
21st-century American male writers
American people of Slovenian descent
American stand-up comedians
American male television actors
Television producers from Pennsylvania
American television writers
American bibliophiles
American male television writers
Male actors from Pittsburgh
Tulane University alumni
American atheists
Writers from Pittsburgh
Upright Citizens Brigade Theater performers
Comedians from Pennsylvania
Screenwriters from Pennsylvania

Anthony Jeselnik


The New England Blizzard was a women's professional basketball franchise based in Hartford, Connecticut. The Blizzard was a charter member of the American Basketball League (ABL). Playing from 1996 through 1998, the team produced many memorable moments for New England basketball fans and followers of women's sports in general.

The Blizzard played most of its home games in the Hartford Civic Center, but occasionally the team played at the smaller Springfield Civic Center. Though they never won a title, the Blizzard consistently drew the most fans of any ABL franchise.  This was partly because of the strong winning tradition established at the University of Connecticut, which built a large, enthusiastic, and knowledgeable base of local fan support for the women's game.  Additionally, the Blizzard hired Boston Celtics legend K. C. Jones as head coach in 1997.  Jones was easily the most widely recognized of the ABL coaches. Finally, the team featured several former Huskies.

Season 1
With their first draft pick, the Blizzard selected former UConn Husky center and 1996 Olympic team veteran Rebecca Lobo, who never signed with the Blizzard.  Their second pick was guard Teresa Weatherspoon who played her college ball at Louisiana Tech, and also never played for the Blizzard, choosing instead to play for the New York Liberty of the rival WNBA. But the Blizzard made up for that loss by picking up the former Auburn University standout Carolyn Jones (later Jones-Young), who became the Blizzard's most consistent scorer.

Season 2
In the team's second season, the team drafted another Husky center, Kara Wolters, and two other ex-Huskies. The team's winning percentage improved, and by finishing second in the Eastern Conference, the Blizzard made the playoffs for the first and last time, where they lost in the first round in two straight games to the San Jose Lasers.

Season 3
In its third season, thirteen proved to be an unlucky number for the Blizzard: 13 games into their season, on December 22, 1998 the ABL folded. Connecticut was luckier than most ABL venues—it eventually got a WNBA team, the Connecticut Sun, which got all the way to the WNBA finals before losing in 2004 and 2005.

Team record

All-Star players

Carolyn Jones (ABL 2nd Team 1996, ABL 1st Team 1997)

References

American Basketball League (1996–1998) teams
Defunct basketball teams in Connecticut
Basketball teams established in 1996
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1998
1996 establishments in Connecticut
1998 disestablishments in Connecticut
Sports clubs and teams in Hartford, Connecticut
Basketball teams in Springfield, Massachusetts

New England Blizzard


The Holy Land is an area roughly located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern Bank of the Jordan River, traditionally synonymous both with the biblical Land of Israel and with the region of Palestine. Today, the term "Holy Land" usually refers to a territory roughly corresponding to the modern State of Israel and the State of Palestine. Jews, Christians, Muslims and Bahá'ís regard it as holy.

Part of the significance of the land stems from the religious significance of Jerusalem (the holiest city to Judaism, and the location of the First and Second Temples), as well as its historical significance as the setting for most of the Bible, the historical locale of Jesus' ministry, the location of the first Qibla before Kaaba in Mecca and the site of the Isra and Mi'raj event in Islam, and the site of the most revered pilgrimage sites in the Bahá'í faith.

The holiness of the land as a destination of Christian pilgrimage contributed to launching the Crusades, as European Christians sought to win back the Holy Land from Muslims, who had conquered it from the Christian Eastern Roman Empire in 630 AD. In the 19th century, the Holy Land became the subject of diplomatic wrangling as the holy places played a role in the Eastern Question which led to the Crimean War in the 1850s.

Many sites in the Holy Land have long been pilgrimage destinations for adherents of the Abrahamic religions, including Jews, Christians, Muslims, and Bahá'ís. Pilgrims visit the Holy Land to touch and see physical manifestations of their faith, to confirm their beliefs in the holy context with collective excitation, and to connect personally to the Holy Land.

Judaism

Researchers consider that the concept of a land made holy by being the "earthly dwelling of the God of Israel" was present in Judaism at the latest by the time of Zechariah (6th century BCE).

Jews commonly refer to the Land of Israel as "The Holy Land" (Hebrew:  ). The Tanakh explicitly refers to it as "holy land" in . The term "holy land" is further used twice in the deuterocanonical books (, ). The holiness of the Land of Israel is generally implied by the Tanakh's claim that the Land was given to the Israelites by God, that is, it is the "promised land", an integral part of God's covenant.

In the Torah, many mitzvot commanded to the Israelites can only be performed in the Land of Israel, which serves to differentiate it from other lands. For example, in the Land of Israel, "no land shall be sold permanently" (). Shmita is only observed with respect to the Land of Israel, and the observance of many holy days is different, as an extra day is observed in the Jewish diaspora.

According to Eliezer Schweid:

From the perspective of the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, the holiness of Israel had been concentrated since the sixteenth century, especially for burial, in the "Four Holy Cities": Jerusalem, Hebron, Safed and Tiberias – as Judaism's holiest cities. Jerusalem, as the site of the Temple, is considered especially significant. Sacred burials are still undertaken for diaspora Jews who wish to lie buried in the holy soil of Israel.

According to Jewish tradition, Jerusalem is Mount Moriah, the location of the binding of Isaac. The Hebrew Bible mentions the name "Jerusalem" 669 times, often because many mitzvot can only be performed within its environs. The name "Zion", which usually refers to Jerusalem, but sometimes the Land of Israel, appears in the Hebrew Bible 154 times.

The Talmud mentions the religious duty of populating Israel. So significant in Judaism is the act of purchasing land in Israel, the Talmud allows for the lifting of certain religious restrictions of Sabbath observance to further its acquisition and settlement. Rabbi Johanan said that "Whoever walks four cubits in Eretz Yisrael [the Land of Israel] is guaranteed entrance to the World to Come". A story says that when R. Eleazar b. Shammua' and R. Johanan HaSandlar left Israel to study from R. Judah ben Bathyra, they only managed to reach Sidon when "the thought of the sanctity of Palestine overcame their resolution, and they shed tears, rent their garments, and turned back". Due to the Jewish population being concentrated in Israel, emigration was generally prevented, which resulted in a limiting of the amount of space available for Jewish learning. However, after suffering persecutions in Israel for centuries after the destruction of the Temple, Rabbis who had found it very difficult to retain their position moved to Babylon, which offered them better protection. Many Jews wanted Israel to be the place where they died, in order to be buried there. The sage Rabbi Anan said "To be buried in Israel is like being buried under the altar." The saying "His land will absolve His people" implies that burial in Israel will cause one to be absolved of all one's sins.

Christianity

For Christians, the Land of Israel is considered holy because of its association with the birth, ministry, crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus, whom Christians regard as the Savior or Messiah.

Christian books, including many editions of the Bible, often have maps of the Holy Land (considered to be Galilee, Samaria, and Judea). For instance, the Itinerarium Sacrae Scripturae () of Heinrich Bünting (1545–1606), a German Protestant pastor, featured such a map. His book was very popular, and it provided "the most complete available summary of biblical geography and described the geography of the Holy Land by tracing the travels of major figures from the Old and New testaments."

As a geographic term, the description "Holy Land" loosely encompasses modern-day Israel, the Palestinian territories, Lebanon, western Jordan and south-western Syria.

On 4 January 1964, Paul VI made the first visit of a reigning pontiff to the Holy Land. It was a one-day visit to Jerusalem. On 20 April 1984, John Paul II fully recognized the Jewish nation and on 21 March 2000 he made the first five-days pilgrimage of a pope in Israel.

Catholic Church guidelines for Holy Land pilgrimages recommend that visitors should seek "a healthy balance between visiting the holy places and encountering the local Christian community".

Islam

In the Quran, the term  (, ) is used in a passage about Musa (Moses) proclaiming to the Children of Israel: "O  my people! Enter the Holy Land which Allah has destined for you ˹to enter˺. And do not turn back or else you will become losers." The Quran also refers to the land as being 'Blessed'.

Jerusalem (referred to as Al-Quds, , "The Holy") has particular significance in Islam. The Quran refers to Muhammad's experiencing the Isra and Mi'raj as "Glory be to the One Who took His servant ˹Muḥammad˺ by night from the Sacred Mosque to the Farthest Mosque whose surroundings We have blessed, so that We may show him some of Our signs". Ahadith infer that the "Farthest Masjid" is in Al-Quds; for example, as narrated by Abu Hurairah: "On the night journey of the Apostle of Allah, two cups, one containing wine and the other containing milk, were presented to him at Al-Quds (Jerusalem). He looked at them and took the cup of milk. Angel Gabriel said, 'Praise be to Allah, who guided you to Al-Fitrah (the right path); if you had taken (the cup of) wine, your Ummah would have gone astray'." Jerusalem was Islam's first Qiblah (direction of prayer) in Muhammad's lifetime, however, this was later changed to the Kaaba in the Hijazi city of Mecca, following a revelation to Muhammad by the Archangel Jibril. The current construction of the Al-Aqsa mosque, which lies on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, is dated to the early Umayyad period of rule in Palestine. Architectural historian K. A. C. Creswell, referring to a testimony by Arculf, a Gallic monk, during his pilgrimage to Palestine in 679–82, notes the possibility that the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate, Umar ibn al-Khattab, erected a primitive quadrangular building for a capacity of 3,000 worshipers somewhere on the Haram ash-Sharif. However, Arculf visited Palestine during the reign of Mu'awiyah I, and it is possible that Mu'awiyah ordered the construction, not Umar. This latter claim is explicitly supported by the early Muslim scholar al-Muthahhar bin Tahir. According to the Quran and Islamic traditions, Al-Aqsa Mosque is the place from which Muhammad went on a night journey (al-isra) during which he rode on Buraq, who took him from Mecca to al-Aqsa. Muhammad tethered Buraq to the Western Wall and prayed at al-Aqsa Mosque and after he finished his prayers, the angel Jibril (Gabriel) traveled with him to heaven, where he met several other prophets and led them in prayer. The historical significance of the al-Aqsa Mosque in Islam is further emphasized by the fact that Muslims turned towards al-Aqsa when they prayed for a period of 16 or 17 months after migration to Medina in 624; it thus became the qibla ("direction") that Muslims faced for prayer.

The exact region referred to as being 'blessed' in the Quran, in verses like ,  and , has been interpreted differently by various scholars. Abdullah Yusuf Ali likens it to a wide land-range including Syria and Lebanon, especially the cities of Tyre and Sidon; Az-Zujaj describes it as, "Damascus, Palestine, and a bit of Jordan"; Muadh ibn Jabal as, "the area between al-Arish and the Euphrates"; and Ibn Abbas as, "the land of Jericho". This overall region is referred to as "Ash-Shām" ().

Bahá'í faith
The holiest places for Bahá'í pilgrimage are the Shrine of Bahá'u'lláh and the Shrine of the Báb, which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the coastal cities of Acre and Haifa, respectively.

The Bahá'í Faith's founder, Bahá'u'lláh, was exiled to Acre Prison from 1868 and spent his life in its surroundings until his death in 1892. In his writings he set the slope of Mount Carmel to host the Shrine of the Báb which his appointed successor 'Abdu'l-Bahá erected in 1909 as a beginning of the terraced gardens there. The Head of the religion after him, Shoghi Effendi, began building other structures and the Universal House of Justice continued the work until the Bahá'í World Centre was brought to its current state as the spiritual and administrative centre of the religion. Its gardens are highly popular places to visit and Mohsen Makhmalbaf's 2012 film The Gardener featured them.

See also
 Archaeological sites in Israel
 Crusader states
 History of Palestine
 History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel
 Holiest sites in Islam
 Holy places
 List of religious sites
 Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism

Notes

References

External links

 Manuscripts from the Holy Land Shapell Manuscript Foundation
 "Description of the Holy Land", 1585 map depicting the Holy Land at the time of Jesus, World Digital Library

Abrahamic religions
Christian holy places
Crusade places
Hebrew Bible places
Historical regions in Israel
Islamic holy places
Jewish holy places
Land of Israel
Religion and geography
Religious places
Religious terminology
History of Israel

Holy Land


A discordant coastline occurs where bands of different rock types run perpendicular to the coast.

The differing resistance to erosion leads to the formation of headlands and bays. A hard rock type such as granite is resistant to erosion and creates a promontory whilst a softer rock type such as the clays of Bagshot Beds is easily eroded creating a bay.

Part of the Dorset coastline running north from the Portland limestone of Durlston Head is a clear example of a discordant coastline. The Portland limestone is resistant to erosion; then to the north there is a bay at Swanage where the rock type is a softer greensand. North of Swanage, the chalk outcrop creates the headland which includes Old Harry Rocks.

The converse of a discordant coastline is a concordant coastline.

Examples
The coastline around Durlston Bay () is an example of a discordant coastline.

See also
Concordant coastline

Coastal geography

Discordant coastline


Kimberly Alicia Jones (born September 7, 1969) is a New York City-based sports reporter. From 2005 to 2011, she was the clubhouse reporter for New York Yankees games on the YES Network. She currently works for the NFL Network, Newsday and WFAN radio in New York City. Jones has been a resident of Saddle Brook, New Jersey, since she started covering the New York Giants.

Early life
Jones graduated from Penn State University in the early 1990s with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Journalism and a Master of Science degree in Exercise and Sports Science and is associated with their Center for Sports Journalism. From 2005 to 2007, she made regular appearances on the Penn State radio program Let's Talk Penn State with a segment that shared its name with her former blog: "Keeping Up With the Jones".

Sportscasting career
Before joining YES, Jones was the New York Giants beat reporter and a National Football League (NFL) columnist for The Star-Ledger newspaper in Newark, New Jersey. In addition to her duties on YES and WFAN, she continued to write a Sunday NFL column for The Star-Ledger.

In 2005, Jones was hired by the YES Network to replace Suzyn Waldman as the clubhouse reporter for Yankees games, after Waldman moved on to be the game analyst for Yankees games on WCBS radio. Jones also kept a blog for YESNetwork.com, entitled "Keeping Up With the Jones", that provided news and insight about the Yankees and often featured interviews with current and former players.
On January 24, 2012, it was reported that Jones decided not to renew her contract with YES in order to pursue other opportunities.  Jones' replacement at YES was announced in March 2012 with the signing of fellow Pennsylvania native, Meredith Marakovits.

Jones has worked as a back-up commentator for the New York Yankees radio network WCBS.

On April 12, 2012, it was reported Jones had been signed as a full-time, New York-based on-air contributor at the NFL Network.

On WFAN, Jones has been a co-host of the football talk show Monday Night Live, formerly with WFAN's Ed Coleman, and presently Carl Banks. Jones has also guest hosted on WFAN for either the Boomer and Carton radio show or Benigno and Roberts when the hosts have been on vacation or unavailable. She has partnered with Chris Carlin, Sid Rosenberg, and Marc Malusis.

While covering a Washington Redskins practice on November 15, 2018, Jones suffered an aortic dissection; she was taken to the Inova Heart and Vascular Institute in Falls Church, Virginia, where she received surgery to fix the condition.

References

External links
YES Network Biography
Kimberly's YES Blog

Major League Baseball broadcasters
College football announcers
YES Network
Living people
1969 births
People from Dallastown, Pennsylvania
People from Saddle Brook, New Jersey
Donald P. Bellisario College of Communications alumni
NFL Network people
WFAN people
Journalists from Pennsylvania
Journalists from New Jersey

Kim Jones (reporter)


Cache Creek is an  stream in Lake, Colusa and Yolo counties, California.

Course
Cache Creek starts at the outlet of Clear Lake. It has two main tributaries: North Fork (starting  in the Mendocino National Forest north of Clear Lake, and dammed by the Indian Valley Reservoir); and Bear Creek (starting in Bear Valley).

The Capay Diversion Dam, west of Capay, diverts water for distribution throughout Yolo County using a network of canals. At the end of the Capay Valley, near Esparto, Cache Creek runs east into Sacramento Valley, ending in a settling basin east of Woodland, the overflow of which runs into the Sacramento River through a flood control canal.

In addition to the recreational use of Clear Lake and Indian Valley Reservoir there are numerous trail-heads, parks and campgrounds, including the Bear Valley wildflower hotspot. Bear Creek and Cache Creek run in a scenic canyon along State Route 16 in Colusa and Yolo county, including the Cache Creek Regional Park. Cache Creek provides white-water rafting, both in the spring when it is flooded, and through the summer using the agricultural water flow. The entire area south of Route 20 and west of Route 16 is a wildlife preserve, hosting two herds of Tule Elk.

History
The name of the water body comes from Hudson's Bay Company trappers who cached their furs along the Sacramento River and smaller tributaries, one of which became known to them as Cache Creek. One of their camps, recognized by early settlers as French Camp, was situated in a grove of oaks on the north bank of Cache Creek one mile (1.6 km) east of the present town of Yolo, California. Cache Creek was originally known to the Hudson's Bay Company trappers as Rivière la Cache.

Cache Creek was temporarily blocked north of Rumsey by a landslide caused by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake : Our Rumsey correspondent mentions the fall of Cache Creek as a result of an earthquake shock Tuesday night. The water has continued to fall some since that date and in some places it is dry. Upon investigation by the officials of the Water Company it was found that a landslide had dammed the Creek near the Leonard ranch in Lake county....  The creek subsequently broke through, causing severe flooding in Rumsey.

From 1800s to the mid 1900s, mercury was mined free of environmental regulation causing an influx of the element within Cache Creek.  In 2001, the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board and the U.S. Geological Survey confirmed that Cache Creek was a contributor to the increase of mercury levels within the Sacramento River. Since then, various regulations have been enacted to monitor the mercury levels in Cache Creek, and multiple studies have been conducted to find the site of contamination. The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment released an advisory regarding eating fish caught from this creek based on the mercury level.

Geography
Cache Creek has two main tributaries: North Fork, and Bear Creek.

Cache Creek  begins at the south-east end of Clear Lake (for which it is the outlet), flowing east to the dam which now controls the level of Clear Lake.

The North Fork begins in Lake County in the Mendocino National Forest north of Upper Lake. It flows east, where it is joined by Bartlett Creek, and is then dammed by the Indian Valley Reservoir. It then flows south along New Long Valley Road, and turns east along  State Route 20, which it crosses at the Cache Creek Recreation Area.

Cache Creek runs north-east from the dam, behind Perkins Creek Ridge and over The Jams Waterfall before joining the North Fork about 2 miles east of the bridge over Route 20.

Bear Creek starts in Bear Valley and runs south through a canyon (joining Sulphur Creek near Wilbur Springs) until it meets Route 20. It then runs east in parallel with Route 20 for a few miles, and turns south, again cutting through a canyon following State Route 16 in Colusa and Yolo Counties.

Meanwhile, Cache Creek cuts south-east between Cache Creek Ridge (on its north bank) and Little Blue Ridge (south bank), joining Bear Creek at Route 16 near the junction of Lake, Colusa and Yolo counties. The combined Cache Creek continues in the canyon until it emerges north of Rumsey in Capay Valley.

The Capay Diversion Dam, west of Capay, diverts water for distribution throughout Yolo County using a 175-mile (280 km) network of canals.

At the end of the Capay Valley near Esparto Cache Creek runs east into Sacramento Valley, ending in a settling basin east of Woodland. If the Sacramento river is not in flood then any overflow runs into the Tule Canal, continues as Prospect Slough and finally enters the Sacramento River at Cache Slough. If the Sacramento is in flood, then the overflow from the settling basin is swept into the Yolo Bypass and  Sacramento Bypass flood control system, emerging directly at Cache Slough.

Hydrology

Water rights and flooding protection have been in dispute between Yolo and Lake Counties since the late 19th century.

The Yolo County Flood Control & Water Conservation District ("Yolo") has "an 1855 priority right to divert the natural flow of Cache Creek, and 1912 priority right to store waters in Clear Lake to elevation 7.56 feet Rumsey Gauge for later release and beneficial use." Various decrees attempt to ensure a balance between the needs of the two counties, although high-water conditions can cause temporary disagreements.  Under the Solano Decree Yolo currently holds appropriative rights for up to  per year from Clear Lake, and all the water from the Indian Valley dam.

The Cache Creek Dam on the South Fork of Cache Creek, five miles (8 km) downstream from Clear Lake, was built to increase Clear Lake's capacity and to regulate outflow for downstream users of Cache Creek water. The dam was later modified to include a 3 MW hydroelectric plant. The stream has a relatively small capacity, less than a quarter of the amount the dam is able to release. There is a rock ledge a mile and a half downstream of Clear Lake, called the Grigsby Riffle, near the bridge on State Route 53. This ledge restricts the amount of water that can flow through at that point. The limited capacity of the stream means that it takes a very long time to drain excess flow from Clear Lake, increasing the chance of flooding around the lake. The bottleneck is seen as a backup to prevent flooding downstream and Yolo County is prohibited from increasing the capacity of the channel by the Gopcevic and Bemmerly Decrees.

The Indian Valley dam on the North Fork of Cache Creek forms Indian Valley Reservoir. The dam's primary purpose is water storage for irrigation, but a 3.3 MW hydroelectric plant was built to take advantage of the falling water.

The Capay Diversion Dam, west of Capay, diverts water for distribution throughout Yolo County using a 175-mile (280 km) network of canals.  For example, water is pumped into the Winters Canal, which runs south and ends in a reservoir near Winters. This feeds into Willows Canal, which runs east for miles alongside Putah Creek—the water of which is used primarily by Solano County. The 474 foot long, 15 foot high concrete dam was constructed in 1914. In 1994 its apron was raised with a 5-foot high inflatable bladder (the "longest in the world"), which can be raised or lowered in 30 minutes. It underwent substantial repairs starting in 2009.

Mercury levels at Cache Creek
From the early 1800s to much of the 1900s, mining for elemental mercury, also known as Quicksilver, was widely popular in Cache Creek's upper watershed, given its gold recovering properties. At the peak of mercury production, over 6 million pounds (2.7 million kg) of mercury were mined, creating large mining caverns across the entirety of California. Throughout this period, little to no environmental regulations had been established causing mercury, in the form of mining waste from retorting, to infiltrate water systems and make its way into Cache Creek . Through a process known as bio-accumulation, the integration of mercury into the creek caused increased levels of the element in organisms within the creek. If consumed, accumulation of high mercury levels within organisms, particularity fish, may induce harm to the nervous systems of unborn babies and young children.

Water quality studies conducted by the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board and the U.S. Geological Survey from 1994-2001 confirmed Cache Creek as a major source contributing to mercury level spikes in the Sacramento River. Since then, multiple studies have been conducted to pinpoint the mines that are still releasing quicksilver, and the course the element has traveled to measure the extent of the issue. In 2004, the California Environmental Protection Agency published a staff report that acknowledged the continued increase of mercury in Cache Creek, and determined that 12 percent of the source were old mercury mines located near major tributaries such as: North Fork Cache Creek, Clear Lake outflow, Bear Creek, Harley Gulch, and Davis Creek. Reports like this led to protocols set in place to monitor the mercury levels within Cache Creek and warn the public of possible health concerns from fish consumption. In 2017, The Department of Environmental Science and Policy from UC Davis, in consultation with The Yolo County Cache Creek Technical Advisory Committee, proposed revisions to the existing protocols.  The revision proposal called for yearly monitoring of off channel wet pits for five years, given they may explain additional sources of mercury within the creek. As well as a monitoring of these pits every other year for 10 years once the reclamation process is completed

Wildlife and recreation

A large part of the creek within Lake County is designated a Wildlife Area by the state of California and the federal Bureau of Land Management, on which vehicles are prohibited but hiking, primitive camping, and hunting are allowed. The North Fork and Bear Creek each host a growing population of the rare tule elk, plus winter populations of bald eagles. The ruggedness of the area tends to ensure its isolation from human activity. In 2006 the United States Congress designated 27,245 acres (110 km2) of the area as the federally protected Cache Creek Wilderness. Cache Creek Conservancy  has restored a 130-acre Cache Creek Nature Preserve area downstream in the watershed.

Whitewater boating on Cache Creek includes kayaking, rafting, canoeing and innertubing which are popular in the summer using the water released from the dams for downstream agriculture.

Nominally a tributary of the Sacramento River, Cache Creek now only reaches it during extremely wet years due to damming and diversion of the stream's water. Degradation of the channel caused by invasive plants, such as Arundo donax and Tamarix spp., as well as gravel mining has left no suitable habitat for Chinook salmon and steelhead to spawn, even if there is enough water. Consequently, there are no longer any anadromous fish species in Cache Creek.

State Wild and Scenic River
Cache Creek was added to California's Wild and Scenic Rivers System in October 2005 which protects  of the river from construction of new dams or diversions. Assembly member Lois Wolk introduced AB 1328 in 2005 which received support as well as opposition. New dam construction on Cache Creek was under consideration in 2002 by the Yolo County Water District, the agency that had built the Indian Valley Dam and the present dam on Cache Creek.

See also
 List of rivers of California
 Rivers of Lake County, California

Notes

References
Lake County Water Resources Division
Yolo County Flood Control & Water Conservation District
Cache Creek Bioregion Information from UC Davis
Trust for Public Land (PDF)
Cache Creek Natural Area BLM website

Rivers of Colusa County, California
Rivers of Lake County, California
Rivers of Yolo County, California
Tributaries of the Sacramento River
Geography of the Sacramento Valley
Wilderness areas of California
Bureau of Land Management areas in California
Rivers of Northern California

Cache Creek (Sacramento River tributary)


The Iraq and Afghanistan Memorial in London commemorates British citizens, including both military personnel and civilians, who participated in the Gulf War, the Afghanistan War and the Iraq War. In these three conflicts, which took place between 1990 and 2015, 682 British service personnel died. A work by the sculptor Paul Day, the memorial is situated in Victoria Embankment Gardens, between the River Thames and the headquarters of the Ministry of Defence, in the vicinity of monuments commemorating the Second World War and the Korean War.

Description

The memorial was designed by Paul Day.  It consists of two large Portland stone monoliths, weighing . On one side, one stone is inscribed "Afghanistan" and the other "Iraq", and on the other side one bears the word "duty" and the other "service". A side of each stone is left in a rough condition as a reference to the rocky terrain of Afghanistan and Iraq.  The stones are separated by a narrow gap and support between them a thick bronze medallion or tondo sculpted with reliefs that echo the memorial's theme of "duty and service", depicting members of the armed forces on one side and civilian workers on the other.

Unlike similar monuments the memorial carries no names, "to be inclusive of all those who contributed", and commemorates all who served, civilian and military, not only casualties.

Manufacture
The monument was manufactured by stoneCIRCLE, a stonemason based in Basingstoke.  It consists of 10 Jordans Basebed Portland Stone blocks, the largest of which weighs 7000 kg each. The blocks were rough cut and then dry built round a stainless steel frame to allow the edges to be pitched by hand to match the artist's requirements.  Once completed they were dismantled and taken to Victoria Embankment Gardens to be reassembled.

Background and fundraising
On Remembrance Sunday 2014, it was announced that Lord Stirrup, the former Chief of the Defence Staff, would lead the efforts to raise one million pounds to enable a national memorial to the British service personnel who fought in Iraq and Afghanistan to be erected in central London. By March 2015 Stirrup was confident that the full amount needed could be raised and by July 2016 work had begun on the memorial in the Victoria Embankment Gardens.

Unveiling
The memorial was unveiled on 9 March 2017 by Queen Elizabeth II in the presence of the Duke of Edinburgh, the Prince of Wales and Duchess of Cornwall, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, Prince Harry, the Prime Minister Theresa May and her predecessors John Major, Tony Blair and David Cameron, as well as the Defence Secretary, Michael Fallon. The unveiling ceremony was preceded by a drumhead service at Horse Guards Parade led by the Chaplain of the Fleet, the Venerable Ian Wheatley. The ceremony was criticised by some relatives of those who died, because they were not invited, and for the presence of Blair, who led Britain into the Iraq War.

References

External links

 Official brochure of the unveiling ceremony
 stoneCIRCLE case study

2017 establishments in England
2017 in London
2017 sculptures
2010s in the City of Westminster
Afghanistan-Iraq War memorials
Afghanistan–United Kingdom relations
British military memorials and cemeteries
Bronze sculptures in the City of Westminster
Cultural infrastructure completed in 2017
Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Gulf War memorials
Iraq–United Kingdom relations
Military memorials in London
Outdoor sculptures in London
Victoria Embankment

Iraq and Afghanistan Memorial


Legislative elections were held in New Caledonia in 1934 to elect half of the General Council. A first round was held on 14 October, with a second round on 28 October.

Electoral system
The elected Members of the General Council were elected using the two-round system for six-year terms. Half of the Council was elected every three years. The Chamber of Agriculture and Governor nominated additional members to the Council.

Results
The elected members were Beaumont, Berges, Collardo, James Louis Daly, Laborderie, Milliard, Paladini and Terrier. Governor Bernard Jacques Victorin Siadous appointed Louis Imboult and Souland, whilst Louis Page, Andre Robert and Michel Verges were nominated by the Chamber of Agriculture.

References

New Caledonia
Elections in New Caledonia
1934 in New Caledonia

1934 New Caledonian legislative election


Frankfurter Kantorei (Frankfurt chorale) is a German mixed concert choir established in July 1945 by Kurt Thomas in Frankfurt. In 1969, Helmuth Rilling assumed leadership, and the choir began recording the complete Bach cantatas in 1972. From 1982 to 1997, Wolfgang Schäfer was artistic director of the Frankfurter Kantorei. Since then it has been led by Winfried Toll. The choir has performed concert tours abroad in Paris, Lyon, Venice, Turin, Vienna, Helsinki, St Petersburg, Istanbul, Los Angeles, Seattle and Toronto, among others, and first appeared in Israel in 1979. The group has made numerous CD recordings on the EMI Classics label. In 2000 they were a recipient of the Binding Kulturpreis, and in May 2000, they performed Brecht/Weill's Three Penny Opera at the Musiktriennale Köln of Cologne. The choir has a membership of about 70.

In 1995, the ladies of the choir performed in a live recording of Zemlisky's opera Der Zwerg (The Dwarf), with the Gürzenich-Orchester, conducted by James Conlon.

In 2007, the Kantorei took part in an audio play Doktor Faustus – Das Leben des deutschen Tonsetzers Adrian Leverkühn erzählt von einem Freunde with music by Hermann Kretzschmar.

On 3 April 2009, the choir performed in Tel Aviv in a concert commemorating the hundredth anniversary of the foundation of the city in a Mann Auditorium. The program contained Mozart's Requiem and Mendelssohn's Die erste Walpurgisnacht, with the Israel Chamber Orchestra.

Recording

The choir performed recordings of Bach cantatas with Thomas and Rilling. Conducted by Wolfgang Schäfer, they recorded Joseph Rheinberger's Missae et Cantiones, a Mass and sacred pieces.

References

External links

 Official site
 Frankfurter Kantorei (Choir)
 Christian Rupp: Frankfurter Kantorei : Stets der Arbeit am Klang verpflichtet (in German) FAZ 4 April 2020

German choirs
Bach choirs
Musical groups established in 1945
1945 establishments in Germany

Frankfurter Kantorei


Alnesbourne Priory, also known as Alnesbourn Priory, was a small Augustinian monastic house in the English county of Suffolk. It was located near Nacton to the south-east of Ipswich near to the River Orwell and the current route of the A14.

The priory was probably founded in the 13th century by Albert de Neville, possibly as a satellite of Woodbridge Priory. It was annexed by the monks of Woodbridge at some point in the 15th century, possibly 1466. The priory was "ruinous" by 1514, although remains of the priory church can be found in the walls of Alnesbourne Priory Country Club and form the basis for the listing of the building as a Grade II listed building.

The priory was in the old parish of Hallowtree or Halghetree, the church of which formed part of its holding. The village is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as a very small village with about four households (which was held by the church of Alnesbourn St Andrew before the Norman Conquest). One of these houses is likely to have been Pond Hall Farm. At the time of the survey the village was held by Roger of Poitou.

Alnesbourn Priory was an extra-parochial area, it became a separate civil parish in 1858, on 1 April 1934 the parish was abolished and merged with Nacton, part also went to Ipswich. In 1931 the parish had a population of 36.

See also
List of monastic houses in Suffolk
Abandoned village

References

Monasteries in Suffolk
13th-century establishments in England
Christian monasteries established in the 13th century
16th-century disestablishments in England
Augustinian monasteries in England
Grade II listed buildings in Suffolk
Grade II listed churches in Suffolk
Former civil parishes in Suffolk
Nacton

Alnesbourne Priory


The Belmont Area is a retail and residential district running along SE Belmont St. in the inner Southeast section of Portland, Oregon in a parallel fashion to the  Hawthorne District, 6 blocks to the south. From west to east the area extends 48 blocks, from SE 12th Ave. to SE 60th Ave., passing through the Buckman, Sunnyside, and Mount Tabor neighborhoods.  The area is seven blocks wide, running from SE Belmont St. 4 blocks north  to SE Stark St. and 3 blocks south to SE Salmon St.  SE Belmont St. between SE 33rd Ave. and SE 35th Ave., in Sunnyside, is the heart of the district.

The area developed around the first trolley line in East Portland, established in 1888 (and converted to a bus line in 1949).

External links

 Belmont Area Business Association
 PDF map of Portland Business District Association boundaries

Buckman, Portland, Oregon
Sunnyside, Portland, Oregon
Mount Tabor, Portland, Oregon

Belmont, Portland, Oregon


Aznar (or Asnar) Sánchez (, , Gascon: Aznar Sans) (died 836) was the Duke of Gascony from 820. He was the supposed son of Sancho I of Gascony, though he has been identified with Aznar Galíndez I, Count of Aragon.

In 824, according to the Vita Hludowici, the counts Aznar and Aeblus (Eblus atque Asenarius committees) led an army against rebellious Pamplona. According to the Annales regni Francorum of Einhard, they (Aeblus et Asinarius comites) brought a great deal of wealth with them. They were defeated in a "second Roncesvalles" and Pamplona gained its independence while the two counts were captured. Aznar, however, being a relative (consanguineus) of his captors, according to Astronomus, was released.

Aznar fell out with Berengar's successor in the March of Gothia, Bernard of Septimania. In 828, Gascony revolted again. In 836, Aznar was killed (a horrible death).

Notes

Sources

836 deaths
dukes of Gascony
year of birth unknown

Aznar Sánchez of Gascony


Emilia Bayer, or Emilia N. Bayer was born May 5, 1934, in Sofia, Bulgaria. She studied sculpture and ceramics at the Akademy of Arts in Sofia. Since finishing her studies at the Akademy in 1964 she has worked as a freelance sculptor. She has also taken commissions for works in applied graphics, book design and calligraphic design.

Career
During 1973–1975 Bayer designed work in Bulgaria including 250m² stone reliefs for the new building of the Theatre Sofia in Sofia. The subject was the development of acting in the history of mankind. This work of art is thought to be an exceptionally well turned out synthesis of architecture and sculpture.

In 1975 Bayer moved to Berlin. In the following decade she took commissions for more than ten larger-than-life sculptures in public parks and buildings. Her main work in Berlin was the commission to design reliefs for the new building of the Friedrichstadt-Palast theatre, (1982–1984). Of the originally planned 12 reliefs only six were realised, but at last only four came true. Afterwards due to the dissident actions of her husband she could not get other commissions; even contracts already given were foreclosed. She could no longer show her works at exhibitions.

When the new politics of the communist administration became clear, the Bayer family applied for emigration visas, which were eventually granted after more than four years of fighting the bureaucracy. These four years of a de facto ban to exhibit and publish any of her works caused an irredeemable break in Bayer's specialty – applied sculpture on buildings. Today she concentrates on the realms of figurative porcelain, oil-pastels and oil paintings.

Important works
 Reliefs on the Friedrichstadt-Palace done in reinforced concrete unique in Europe in regard to depth and detail
 250m² stone reliefs at the Sofia theatre in Sofia, Bulgaria
 Two stone reliefs at the theatre in Vidin
 Two fire-baked reliefs terra cotta (ca. 87m² and 20m²) at a public building in Vraza
 Several larger-than life sculptures in Hanover, Berlin, and different towns in Germany and Bulgaria.

Her works are on display in New York, Boston, Seattle, Paris, Hanover, Berlin, Leipzig, Wiesbaden, Munich, Moscow, Warsaw, Sofia; and in museums and collections in Berlin, Sopot (Poland), Faenza (Italy), and Sofia (National Gallery).

Distinctions
 Distinction for the best work of art at the International Art Exhibition in Vienna 1958.
 Distinction for an excellent piece of art at the International Biennale of Modern Ceramics in Faenza (Italy) 1974.
 Decoration "Cyril and Method" (bronze medal) of the Bulgarian state for her life's work 1984.

Literature
Nikolova-Bayer, Emilia: I Maestri Della Ceramica Moderna 1984/The Masters Of Modern Ceramics 1984; edition Faenza Editrice S.p.A. 1984

Torstrasse 111; Lukas Verlag für Kunst- und Geistesgeschichte 2020 ISBN 978-3-86732-366-6

Kunst am Bau in der DDR (Symposium 2020); Deutscher Kunstverlag 2020 ISBN 978-3-422-98606-0

70 Jahre Kunst am Bau; Deutscher Kunstverlag 2020 ISBN 978-3-422-98617-6

References

External links

 https://www.museum-der-1000-orte.de/kuenstler/kuenstler/bayer-emilia-nicolova
 Standorte von Arbeiten der Bildhauerin
 *

  website Emilia Bayer
 http://torstrasse111.de/kuenstler/
 http://derarchitektbda.de/die-wandbild-entmuedung/

1934 births
Living people
Bulgarian sculptors
Bulgarian emigrants to Germany
20th-century Bulgarian artists
Bulgarian people of German descent
21st-century Bulgarian artists
20th-century sculptors
21st-century sculptors

Emilia Bayer


The Villa Albani (later Villa Albani-Torlonia) is a villa in Rome, built on the Via Salaria for Cardinal Alessandro Albani. It was built between 1747 and 1767 by the architect Carlo Marchionni in a project heavily influenced by otherssuch as Giovanni Battista Nolli, Giovanni Battista Piranesi and Johann Joachim Winckelmannto house Albani's collection of antiquities, curated by Winckelmann. The villa has been conserved intact into the 21st century by the Torlonia Family, who bought it in 1866. In 1870, the treaty following the Capture of Rome from the Papal States was signed here.

History

Planned in 1743, the building of the villa began in 1747 according to Giuseppe Vasi and was celebrated as complete in 1763. Its purpose was to house Cardinal Albani's evolving and renewed collections of antiquities and ancient Roman sculpture, which soon filled the casino that faced the Villa down a series of formal parterres.

The villa with its collection, fountains, statues, stairways and frescoes, and Italian-style garden, the hemicycle of the Kaffeehaus, constitutes a sublime testimony of that particular antiquarian taste which came to the fore in mid-18th-century, that for which Rome had become a key destination on the Grand Tour.

While the Cardinal was the real director of works, for the layout of the works Albani's lifelong friend Carlo Marchionni was the architect in charge, at the Villa and perhaps also for the two temples in the park, an Ionic temple of Diana and a sham ruin. It is hypothesized that Marchionni took advice from Johann Joachim Winckelmann, who at that time, having been hired as librarian by the Cardinal (1759), was creating a catalogue of the collections of antiquities of his patron, paving the way for the reappraisal of Greek art. Winckelmann was a notable force behind the enlargement of the collection, and as he would write in a letter dated August 1766, in the construction process, Albani always adopted Descartes's maxim not to leave any space empty. And so, in the Sala di Antinoo, the famous relief of Villa Adriana embellished the fireplace, and this room also hosts the famous fresco of Parnassus (1761), created by Anton Raphael Mengs for the vault of the Galleria, which would go on to become the pictorial manifesto of the nascent neoclassical style.  Winckelmann  was supported by Albani from the time when the Seven Years' War stranded him in Rome without his pension, and whose own connoisseur ship was sharpened by the connection. The nephew of Pope Clement XI, respectful patron and skilled diplomat, Cardinal Alessandro Albani (1692-1779) was in fact one of the greatest collectors of ancient sculptures in 18th-century Rome, and a promoter of that Neo-classical taste that forms the basis of modern archaeological studies.

The Villa, lying just outside the city walls, along the Via Salaria, was built between 1747 and 1763, designed by the architect Carlo Marchionni, when the extensive green area, previously owned by Accoramboni, Ercolani and Orsi, was purchased by Cardinal Albani. A building of representation more than a residence, as suggested by the high-ceilinged rooms, the care of the interiors, the elegant interior façade covering two floors with the majestic terraced loggia, looking onto the Italian-style garden, the Villa was most of all a cultural powerhouse, hosting pleasant moments for the circle of antiquarian friends that the learned churchman had gathered around him. This was the stage of erudite discussions, concerts, dances and masked comedies, and guests would be astonished by the wealth of the furnishings, made up of polychrome marbles, stuccoes, tapestry, paintings, and above all, an exceptional collection of original Greek and Roman sculptures: a passion for the ancient world that Albani had nurtured since his youth, sponsoring vast excavation projects and making purchases both in Rome and in the surrounding areas.

Cardinal Alessandro Albani had another villa and park at Porto d'Anzio, that was finished in February 1732, but was habitable for a few weeks only in spring because of malaria.  The Villa remained largely intact even after the death of the Cardinal: the works removed during the Napoleonic period (1797-1815) to decorate the Musée Napoléon in Paris were in fact partly returned after 1815 to their legitimate owner, Prince Carlo Albani while the residence remained property of the Albani family up until the first half of the 19th century, when from the last heir it was passed on to the Albani-Castelbarco family, from whom the Torlonia Family soon after purchased it.

An exceptional building, developed with eclectic taste in a swift succession of rooms decorated with masterpieces like the Apollo Sauroctono and the Parnassus fresco (1761) by Mengs (1728-1779) considered to be the manifesto of the neoclassical style. The world-wide famous bas-relief of the Antinoo from Villa Adriana, depicting the young lover of Emperor Adriano along with the collections showcasing works by Perugino, Vanvitelli, Baciccio among the others.

The Latin inscription in bronze lettering on the façade: "Alexander Albani vir eminentissimus instruxit et ornavit / Alexander Torlonia vir princeps in melius restituit" ("The most eminent Alessandro Albani designed and decorated [this building] / Prince Alessandro Torlonia restored it to better appearance"), tells the story of the house.

The Villa has been saved from the destruction of the Umbertine urbanisation, which soon afterwards would wipe out most of the historical villas of the city, thus dispersing the ancient heritage that for three centuries had made Rome the heart of European artistic life.

Collection
Statues, busts, bas-reliefs, vases, capitals and columns, all carefully selected, decorated the refined interiors, the gardens, the fountains and the various buildings of the villa, which stands as a vast architectural complex of locales and structures (like the Temple of Diana, the Temple of the Caryatids, the coffee-house, the ruined tempietto, the billiards area, etc.), which dialogue with one another with the intention of creating an educational and emotional itinerary, studied down to the last detail, aiming to compete with the villas of Imperial Rome, and leaving its visitors enchanted.

Nicolò Alunno, Madonna with Child enthroned and Sts. John the Baptist, Caterina d'Alessandria, Sebastian, Anthony, Benedict, Peter, Paul and Augustine, tempera on wood, 200 x 251 cm.
Pietro Perugino, "Polittico Albani Torlonia" with nativity of Christ with Sts. Michael, John the Baptist, Jerome and George, 1491, tempera on wood, 174 x 88 cm.
Marco d'Oggiono, Madonna with Child.
Taddeo Zuccari, Christ in pietà mourned by angels, oil on wood, 252 x 194 cm.
Francesco del Cairo, St. Sebastian cared for by the widow Irene, oil on canvas.
Lambert van Noort, La Carità, oil on canvas.
Ancient bust of a hunchback thought to depict Aesop

References

Bibliography

Antonio Nibby, Villa Albani, in Itinerario di Roma e delle sue vicinanze, Rome 1844, Vol I p. 266-274.
Stefano Morcelli, Carlo Fea, Ennio Quirino Visconti, La Villa Albani descritta, Rome 1869 (catalog of works, third edition)

A
Museums in Rome
Parks in Rome
Rome Q. IV Salario

Villa Albani


Giovanni Colonna (born September 4, 1934) is a contemporary Italian scholar of ancient Italy and, in particular, the Etruscan civilization.

Biography
Colonna is an emeritus professor at the Sapienza University of Rome where he has taught since 1980. He took his first degree at Rome in 1957, studying under Massimo Pallottino. He studied further at Rome and Athens and was then archaeological superintendent of south Etruria from 1964 until 1972. He has carried out numerous fieldwork campaigns in Etruria (Blera, Bisenzio, Bolsena, Montefiascone, Tuscania, Cerveteri, Ladispoli, Veii) and in other locations (Arcinazzo Romano, Saepinum, valle del Sinello, Festòs). With his wife, Elena Di Paolo, he excavated the necropolis at Viterbo and published two volumes: Castel d'Asso (1970) and Norchia I (1978).

He is well known for his work on the Etruscan site of Veii and the temple of Apollo at that site. He has also carried out extensive work at Pyrgi and is the author of numerous articles and books, now numbering more than 300. Colonna is a member of the Accademia dei Lincei in Rome. In 2005 he was honored with a massive, 4-volume, 2,695 page collection of his work and writing entitled Italia ante Romanum imperium: scritti di antichità etrusche, italiche e romane (1958-1998).

Publications

Books
 G. Colonna and L. Ambrosini. 2002-2009. Il santuario di Portonaccio a Veio. Rome: G. Bretschneider.
 G. Colonna et al. 2011. Corollari : scritti di antichità etrusche e italiche in omaggio all'opera di Giovanni Colonna. Pisa: F. Serra.

References

External links
 Colonna's curriculum vitae

1934 births
Living people
Linguists of Etruscan
Italian archaeologists
Classical archaeologists

Giovanni Colonna (archaeologist)


Chaplain of His Holiness is a title of distinction given by the Pope in recognition of a priest's service to the Church. They are addressed with the honorific of "Monsignor" and have certain privileges with respect to ecclesiastical dress and vestments. In 2013 Pope Francis amended common practice to require that all such priests be at least 65 years of age.

History
The role of "Chaplain of His Holiness" dates to the 17th century when Pope Urban VIII instituted the role as an official function of the papal household. Such Chaplains have provided unpaid service since the pontificate of Pope Pius VI.

The nomination of candidates extra urbem may be granted at the request of their bishop through the Apostolic Nunciature, subject to the examination of the merits of the person considered for this rank and to the criteria of the Holy See. Once the candidate has passed all the requirements, a rescript is drawn up by the Secretariat of State attesting to their promotion to this ecclesiastical rank.

Pope Paul VI's motu proprio Pontificalis Domus of 28 March 1968, divided the Papal Household into two entities: the Chapel (Cappella Pontificia) and the Family (Familia Pontificia). The Cappella assists the pope in his functions as the spiritual head of the church, especially in religious ceremonies; the Familia assists him as a head of state. "Chaplains of His Holiness" are members of the Familia.

Those priests who had been called "Supernumerary Privy Chamberlains" continued to be part of the Papal Household, under the name of Chaplains of His Holiness. Lower ranks of Privy Chamberlains (Honorary Chamberlains of Purple Robes, Chamberlains extra Urbem, Honorary Privy Chaplains, and Honorary Chaplains extra Urbem) were abolished, making Chaplain of His Holiness the first (lowest) of the three ranks of Monsignor. A Chaplain to His Holiness wears a black cassock with fuchsia piping and buttons along with a fuchsia sash.

The following are chaplains of His Holiness as long as they are in office:
 The canons of the cathedrals of Lodi and Syracuse,
 The canons of the chapter of Saints Celse and Julian in Rome,
 The magistral chaplains of the Sovereign Order of Malta, SMOM,
 The clerics of the papal chapel,
 The canonical coadjutors of the great papal basilicas.

In 1969, the custom of Chaplains of His Holiness surrendering the title upon the death and burial of the conferring pontiff was suppressed. Today, all monsignors retain their titles upon the death and burial of a Pope.

Under new rules set by Pope Francis, fewer diocesan priests are named monsignor than in the past, and only those 65 years or older may be named.

See also
Honorary prelate
Protonotary apostolic

References

Chaplain of His Holiness


Gunnar Grendstad (born 1 May 1960 in Kristiansand, Norway) is a Norwegian political scientist and professor at the University of Bergen, Norway. He has researched methodological aspects of political science and American politics, and specializes on judicial behavior on the Supreme Court of Norway. He has been a visiting fellow at the University of California, Berkeley and Purdue University.

External links
 Biography from the University of Bergen

1960 births
Academic staff of the University of Bergen
People from Kristiansand
Living people
Norwegian political scientists

Gunnar Grendstad


Fertilization (British English spelling: fertilisation) is when a male's sperm enters a female's ovum (or "egg"). Fertilization is also called conception. Biologists call a fertilized egg a zygote. A zygote grows into an embryo.

Fertilization occurs in animals, including humans and birds, in plants, fungi, protists, in fact all eukaryotes. Fertilization makes a cell with twice as many chromosomes. The eukaryote life cycle includes meiosis which divides the chromosome number in half.

In animals
In animals, there are two types of fertilization, internal and external. Internal fertilization happens in the female body. External fertilization happens outside of the body. Mammals, birds, and reptiles use internal fertilization. Amphibians and most fish use external fertilization. Some animals with internal fertilization give birth to live offspring. Others such as birds, most reptiles, and some mammals such as the Platypus, lay eggs.

Internal fertilization happens during mating (sexual intercourse in humans). Sperm cells travel from the male testicles to the female uterus. One sperm attaches to the egg in the uterus. Together, they become a zygote.

Related pages
Alternation of generations
Mating
Population growth

References

Biological reproduction

Fertilization


The Canadian Forces provost marshal  (CFPM; ) is an advisor to the chief of the defence staff on policing matters. He or she is an active member of the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police. The CFPM also is the commander of the Canadian Forces Military Police.  The organization includes the Canadian Forces National Investigation Service, the investigation arm of the Canadian Forces Military Police, the Canadian Forces Service Prison and Detention Barracks, the Military Police Security Service and the Canadian Forces Military Police Academy.

The CFPM commands all military police directly involved in policing duties. In this capacity, he or she is responsible for investigations conducted by any unit or other element under his or her command; the establishment of and compliance with selection, training and professional standards for the military police, as well as investigations in respect of conduct that is inconsistent with the professional standards applicable to the military police or the Military Police Professional Code of Conduct.

The CFPM reports to the vice chief of the defence staff.

The current CFPM and commander of the Canadian Forces Military Police Group is Brigadier-General Simon Trudeau who assumed command on May 28, 2018.

Brigadier-General Simon Trudeau said, "On behalf of the women and men of the Canadian Forces Military Police Group, I thank Brigadier-General Delaney for his leadership these past five years. Under his watch we have transformed, expanded, and built on our proud history as a policing organization respected worldwide for its professionalism and integrity. I am looking forward to working with the dedicated and talented members of the MP Group to ensure that Canada's Military Police remains operationally oriented as we implement Canada's defence policy Strong, Secured, Engaged."

Brigadier-General Simon Trudeau enrolled in the Canadian Armed Forces in 1988 and commenced his military police career following graduation from the Royal Military College Saint-Jean in 1992. He has held numerous leadership positions across various functions with the military police, including operational deployments in Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1997 and Afghanistan in 2002. Prior to his appointment as CFPM, Brigadier-General Trudeau was Deputy Commander of the Canadian Forces Military Police Group.

References

Military provosts of Canada

Canadian Forces Provost Marshal