Benjamin Paul Amos (born 10 April 1990) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Wigan Athletic. Born in Macclesfield, Cheshire, Amos began his career with Crewe Alexandra's youth academy, but joined Manchester United at the age of 11. He has also played for Bolton Wanderers and has spent time on loan at Peterborough United, Molde, and Oldham Athletic. Additionally, Amos is an England youth international, having represented his country at every level from Under-16 to Under-21.

Club career

Crewe Alexandra
Amos was born in Macclesfield, Cheshire and was a member of the Crewe Alexandra academy until he was released at the age of 10. While at Crewe, he also played for another local team, Bollington United, as a centre midfielder. One year later, Amos was playing for his local team against the team at the top of the table, and they needed to win the match to win the league. Amos' team's goalkeeper was injured during the game, and as the tallest on the team, Amos was put in goal; however, he had also been the team's regular penalty taker all season, so when they were awarded a penalty, he went all the way up the pitch to take the kick. He scored, and his team went on to win the game 3–2, together with the league title. After the game, his parents told him that a Manchester United scout had been watching him and that he had been invited for trials. Amos joined Manchester United at the age of 11.

Manchester United
In his first season at Manchester United, Amos became a regular starter for the club's Under-13 team, playing in 19 out of 27 matches in the 2001–02 season. Amos was named as an unused substitute for the Under-18 side for the first time on 8 January 2005, for a league game against Manchester City. His first appearance for the Under-18s came exactly nine months later, on 8 October 2005, coming on as a substitute for Danny Rose after starting goalkeeper Ron-Robert Zieler was sent off in a 2–0 defeat to Bolton Wanderers. He was regularly named as an unused substitute during the 2005–06 season – including for two reserve team matches – but became a frequent starter for the Under-18s in 2006–07 after signing a trainee contract in July 2006. However, he missed the final of the 2006–07 FA Youth Cup with a dislocated shoulder.

He retained his place in the Under-18 team for 2007–08, in addition to making his debut for the reserve team against Wigan Athletic on 7 November 2007, and during the season he impressed enough to be selected to go on the first-team's 2008 summer tour of South Africa. Amos was named as a substitute for all three matches of the tour, but did not play. En route back from South Africa, United stopped off in Nigeria to play against Portsmouth on 27 July 2008, with Amos replacing Tomasz Kuszczak after 76 minutes. He made his competitive first-team debut on 23 September 2008 in a 3–1 win at home to Middlesbrough in the third round of the League Cup. On 14 December 2008, Amos travelled to Japan with the Manchester United squad for the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup, having been called up as a late replacement for Ben Foster, who had suffered a hand injury while training.

Loans to Peterborough and Molde
On 29 October 2009, Amos signed for the Championship team Peterborough United on a month's loan as cover for Peterborough's suspended first-choice goalkeeper Joe Lewis. He made his only appearance on 31 October in a 2–1 defeat against Barnsley. After returning to Manchester United, Amos was again sent out on loan in March 2010, this time to Norwegian side Molde FK, where he remained on loan until 30 June 2010.

Return to Manchester United
Following the departure of Ben Foster from Manchester United to Birmingham City, United manager Alex Ferguson declared that Amos would be Manchester United's third-choice goalkeeper for the 2010–11 season behind Edwin van der Sar and Tomasz Kuszczak. He made his first appearance of the season on 26 October 2010, starting in goal for United's 3–2 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers in the fourth round of the League Cup.

In United's final Champions League group match on 7 December 2010, Amos was picked to start against Valencia at Old Trafford. Pablo Hernández scored Valencia's only goal past him after 32 minutes of the match – the first goal United had conceded in the Champions League that season – as the two sides played out a 1–1 draw.

Loan to Oldham Athletic
With the signing of Danish goalkeeper Anders Lindegaard, Manchester United allowed Amos to join Oldham Athletic on loan for the remainder of the season on 7 January 2011, although he would continue to train with Manchester United once a week. He made his debut against Swindon Town the next day and kept a clean sheet. However, three days later, he conceded all six goals in a 6–0 defeat at home to Southampton; he allowed Adam Lallana's 20-yard shot underneath his body for the second goal, and he was rounded by Lee Barnard for the sixth.

On 15 March 2011, Lindegaard was ruled out for five weeks following a knee injury, so Amos was recalled from Oldham to cover for Edwin van der Sar and Tomasz Kuszczak.

Return to Manchester United

Amos made his first start of the 2011–12 season in a third round League Cup tie at Elland Road against Leeds United. He kept a clean sheet as United cruised through to the next round winning 3–0. He played again in the following round away at Aldershot Town, a game which United also won 3–0 and advanced to the quarter finals. He was in goal again for United's League Cup game in a defeat against Championship club Crystal Palace on 30 November. It also seemed that he had moved above last season's second choice Tomasz Kuszczak in the pecking order, but was now third choice behind Anders Lindegaard and David de Gea. He made his first Premier League start in a 2–0 home win against Stoke City on 31 January 2012, keeping a clean sheet on his debut.

On 30 May 2012, Amos signed a three-year contract extension with Manchester United, which kept him at the club until 2015.

Loan to Hull City

On 31 July 2012, Amos joined Championship team Hull City on a season-long loan from Manchester United. Before the loan deal was completed, he had joined Hull on their pre-season training camp in Portugal. He made his debut on 11 August 2012 in 7–6 penalty shoot-out victory over Rotherham United in the first round of the 2012–13 Football League Cup. However, after 19 appearances, including two in the League Cup, Amos returned to Manchester United on 3 January 2013.

Loan to Carlisle United
On 15 November 2013, Amos joined League One team Carlisle United on a month-long loan from Manchester United.

Loan to Bolton Wanderers
On 30 January 2015 he joined Championship club Bolton Wanderers on a month's loan to provide competition for Andy Lonergan after Ádám Bogdán was ruled out with an ankle injury picked up in training. On 21 February 2015 he made his Bolton debut as a substitute for the injured Lonergan as Wanderers lost 4–1 to Nottingham Forest at the City Ground. He played nine Championship games for Bolton before his loan expired on 4 April.

Return to Manchester United
Ben Amos returned to Manchester United after his loan spell at Bolton Wanderers, but on 10 June 2015, it was announced on Manchester United website that Ben Amos has been released from the club along with four other players.

Bolton Wanderers
On 1 July 2015, Amos returned to Bolton Wanderers following his release from Manchester United, signing a four-year contract with the club. He returned to the starting line up for Bolton on the opening day against Derby County. He went onto make 44 appearances as Bolton were relegated to third tier.

Loan to Cardiff City
After finding himself second choice behind summer signing, Mark Howard, Amos signed a season long loan at Championship side, Cardiff City on 26 August. He was kept out of the starting line-up by Ben Wilson, until 17 September, where he made his debut against Leeds United. He remained first choice until December, eventually losing his place in the side to loanee Allan McGregor.

Loan to Charlton Athletic
On 29 July 2017, Amos joined League One side Charlton Athletic on loan for the 2017–18 season.

Loan to Millwall
On 13 July 2018, Amos was signed by Championship side Millwall, joining the club for the 2018–19 season.

Charlton Athletic
On 15 July 2019, Amos returned to Charlton Athletic on a two-year deal. In his first season, Amos was limited to one League Cup appearance, as he was second choice behind Dillon Phillips. After Phillips was sold to Cardiff, Amos played every minute of every league game for Charlton in their 2020/21 League One campaign, as they narrowly missed out on the play-offs. Amos kept 17 clean sheets across the season.

Wigan Athletic
Having been out of contract at Charlton, Amos agreed a two-year deal at Wigan Athletic on 28 June 2021.

International career
Amos is an England youth international, having played for his country at the Under-16, Under-17, Under-18, Under-19, Under-20 and Under-21 levels. He was called up to the Under-21 squad in 2011 for their friendly match against Iceland, but he was an unused substitute.

Amos was included on the 80-man shortlist for the Great Britain Olympic football team squad for the 2012 Summer Olympics, but did not make the final 18.

Personal life
Amos attended Fallibroome High School, where he earned 11 GCSEs at grade C or above.

Career statistics

Honours
Manchester United
FIFA Club World Cup: 2008
League Cup: 2008–09

Wigan Athletic
EFL League One: 2021–22

References

External links

Profile at StretfordEnd.co.uk

1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Macclesfield
English men's footballers
England men's youth international footballers
England men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C. players
Molde FK players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Hull City A.F.C. players
Carlisle United F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Charlton Athletic F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Eliteserien players
English expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Norway

Ben Amos


Summer 2007 is a 2008 Indian drama film directed by the debutant Suhail Tatari. The film deals with five medical students who undergo a rude awakening of sorts after visiting a Maharashtrian village and witnessing the misfortune of villagers. The film stars Sikandar Kher, Gul Panag, Yuvika Chaudhary, Arjan Bajwa and Alekh Sangal.

Plot
Rahul (Sikandar Kher), Priyanka (Yuvika Chaudhary), Qateel (Arjan Bajwa), Bagani (Alekh Sangal) and Vishaka (Gul Panag) are medical college students with carefree attitudes. Rahul and Priyanka's failed relationship is shown in flashbacks. Rahul argues with an independent candidate and plans to make a political party and contest the college elections. Later he patches up with a bigger political party and gets the independent candidate arrested in fraud case of suicide attempt by his girlfriend. After that Rahul doesn't want to back off from elections. To avert this they plan to go for internship. The group goes to a village in rural Maharashtra that is struck by farmer suicide. There they work as medical interns in the village hospital. The group plans a vacation to Goa until they are awoken to the plight of the poverty-ridden villagers by the village doctor, Mukya (Ashutosh Rana). In addition to their torment, a cruel zamindar (Vikram Gokhale) and his son (Prosshant Narayanan) trouble the villagers with excessive interest rates.

As a solution, a reformed criminal (Sachin Khedekar) offers monetary aid to the oppressed in form of microcredit loans. This comes as an able ally to students who vow to help the villagers. However, naxalites and corrupt politicians complicate their efforts. How these socially-awakened students rise above these problems forms the rest of the story.

Cast
 Sikandar Kher as Rahul
 Yuvika Chaudhary as Priyanka/Pepsi
 Arjan Bajwa as Qateel
  Alekh Sangal as Bagani
 Gul Panag as Vishaka/Mother-T
 Ashutosh Rana as Dr. Mukya
  Madhurjeet Sarghi as Kamla
 Vikram Gokhale as Wagh
 Nawazuddin Siddiqui as Digambar
 Prosshant Narayanan as Wagh's son
 Sachin Khedekar as Shankya
 Neetu Chandra as Digambar's Wife
 Jayant Kripalani as Principal
 Rasika Dugal as Rasika
 Divya Dutta as Dancer
 Shweta Menon as D.S.P Keerti
 Shahab Khan as Teacher

Production

Suhail Tatari, had previously directed features for Doordarshan's Surabhi, a popular programme in the 1990s. He continued his association with television by directing soap operas such as Reporter, Kanyadaan, Kashmeer and Don. After making an award-winning documentary on breast cancer, Tatari felt the urge to venture into commercial cinema. After meeting producer Atul Pandey, who was contemplating on a story about college students, Tatari convinced him to make it more relevant to the farmer suicides.

Actress Gul Panag treated Tatari as her mentor who moulded her into an actress. Hence, she thought it was obvious that she acted in his first film. Coming from a modest beginning, Yuvika Chowdhary was happy that her stint in the television industry helped her to adjust well to films. While shooting a cameo appearance in Farah Khan's Om Shanti Om, Yuvika was offered a role in this film. She was, however, unsure of committing to it because of the number of newcomers. However, Shahrukh Khan admonished her for the reason and cited examples from his own professional career. Chowdhary, after completing the shoot, was happy for her decision to act in this film. Being the son of veteran Bollywood character actors, Anupam Kher and Kirron Kher, Sikander Kher considered himself lucky that directors readily gave him their time if he sought an appointment. Kher, whose debut was first with Woodstock Villa, thought that Yuvika Chaudhary was a glamorous and a fun-loving person and this helped him enjoy working with her. Being cast opposite two newcomer actress, Chowdhary and Neha Oberoi (in Woodstock Villa), Kher thought he cared more for the character than being cast alongside established actots. He was grateful to the director for choosing him to work in the film. Alekh Sangal, the son of veteran filmmaker Ambrish Sangal, thought that despite four other characters sharing screen space with him, he was happy with the way his character was sketched out. He was also quite happy working with Kher and Panag and felt that the movie was a good learning experience for him.

The story, which is based on the agrarian crisis of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, was written by Bijesh Jayarajan. While talking about the extremities in the urban and rural parts of India, Jayarajan said that the focus of his story was on how money-lenders are exploiting the helpless farmers. One of the characters, which Jayarajan created was inspired by Muhammad Yunus, the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize winner and founder of Grameen Bank, Bangladesh's biggest microcredit institution. About what he termed as success for the film, Jayarajan said:

The mainstream media in the country has made a conscious effort to shield people, especially youngsters living in metros, from the rural realities. If those watching Summer 2007 at multiplexes realise this, and wonder why they never bothered about Vidarbha, the film will have achieved its goal.

Due to technical and logistic reasons, the film was shot in Wahi instead of the originally planned setting of Vidarbha. Throughout the shoot of 45 days, the cast was aware of the farmer suicides. Panag became emotional during their discussions during filming breaks.

Soundtrack
The music was composed by Gourav Dasgupta and released by T-Series.

See also
 Farmers' suicides in India
 Microcredit

References

External links

2008 films
2000s Hindi-language films
2008 drama films
Films about farmers' suicides in India

Summer 2007


Beyond Ipanema: Brazilian Waves in Global Music is a 2009 documentary film about the influence of Brazilian music outside of the country, especially the USA. Produced by filmmakers Guto Barra and Béco Dranoff, it features interviews and performances by David Byrne, Devendra Banhart, M.I.A., Os Mutantes, Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil, Tom Zé, Seu Jorge, Thievery Corporation, Bebel Gilberto, CSS, Creed Taylor and many others.

The film's World Premiere was at New York's Museum of Modern Art in July 2009. It was since shown in over 50 film festivals, including HotDocs (the largest documentary film festival in North America), South By Southwest (one of the largest music festivals in the United States) and the Chicago International Film Festival (one of North America's oldest film events). It has also screened in venues such as the Institute of Contemporary Art, in Boston, Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, in San Francisco, The High Art Museum, in Atlanta, and Haus der Kulturen der Welt, in Berlin.

Beyond Ipanema was awarded Best Documentary and Best Sound Editing at the 14th Brazilian Film Festival of Miami and Best Film at the 3rd Brazilian Film Festival of Vancouver. According to The Hollywood Reporter, "Beyond Ipanema is a Vibrant and stylish look at decades of Brazilian music focuses on the reception it has received in the U.S." To The Huffington Post, "Beyond Ipanema is a brilliant overview of the incursion of Brazilian music world wide by directors Guto Barra and Béco Dranoff."

References

External links

2009 films
American documentary films
2009 documentary films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Beyond Ipanema


National Democratic Youth (, NDU) was the youth organization of the now-defunct Swedish political party National Democrats ().

History
NDU was formed during spring 2002 and has taken a strong stance against multiculturalism, communism, homosexuality and feminism striving for a nation characterized by Nordic culture, tradition and national solidarity.

In 2003 the organisation performed a violent attack against the Gay pride-festival in Stockholm, where they began throwing bottles and beating the participators of the parade, this later resulted in the imprisonment of the chairman Marc Abramsson on the terms of battery and rioting.

NDU now suffered from internal conflicts and started a period of reconstruction when Andreas Wallentin replaced the leadership. A year later he resigned to have time for studies and to work as a writer for the party's newspaper Nationell Idag (National Today). Robert Almgren took over and continued the reformation, leading it out of all the setbacks and making it a prominent and rapid-growing youth organisation again, creating new divisions all over the country. The organization disbanded together with the party in April 2014.

Organisation
The members of NDU concentrated most of their work on the local level, in their respective municipal organisations. These divisions were grouped together in regional districts with an organizer controlling the district's combined effort. The number of members was kept secret for safety reasons.

A congress was held annually to elect a chairman as highest authority of the youth league. In turn he appointed organizers and representatives for the regional groups. All the representatives together formed a national advisory council. In consultation between the chairman and the council the political manifesto and stance in factual matters was decided, in accordance with the parent party's ideological guidelines.

List of chairpersons
Marc Abramsson, 2001–2004
Andreas Wallentin, 2004–2005
Robert Almgren, 2005–2006
Patrik Forsén, 2006–2007
Andreas Nyberg, 2007–2009

External links
 Official site (in Swedish)

Youth wings of political parties in Sweden
Youth organizations established in 2002
2002 establishments in Sweden
Youth wings of fascist parties

National Democratic Youth


David Pledger Madison (February 1, 1921 – December 8, 1985) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher who played in ,  and  for the New York Yankees, St. Louis Browns and Detroit Tigers. Born in Brooksville, Mississippi, he was an alumnus of Louisiana State University. Madison batted and threw right-handed, and was listed at  tall and .

Madison's career as a professional baseball player extended from 1947 to 1955. Originally signed by the Yankees, he appeared in only one game for them, as a relief pitcher in the closing days of the 1950 season. He served in the United States Army during the Korean War in 1951 and was discharged in time for the 1952 season. On April 7, just prior to the opening of the 1952 baseball season, his contract was sold to the Browns. Madison then spent the entire seasons of 1952–53 in the big leagues with the Browns and Tigers, mostly as a relief pitcher, although he started six games.

In 74 total big-league games and 158 innings pitched, Madison allowed 173 hits and 103 bases on balls, with 70 strikeouts to his credit. He briefly managed in the lower levels of the Yankees' farm system, then served as a longtime scout.  He died in Macon, Mississippi, at age 64.

References

External links

1921 births
1985 deaths
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
Baltimore Orioles scouts
Baseball players from Mississippi
Bristol Twins players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Denver Bears players
Detroit Tigers players
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
Louisiana State University alumni
Major League Baseball pitchers
Minor league baseball managers
New York Mets scouts
New York Yankees players
New York Yankees scouts
Oakland Athletics scouts
St. Louis Browns players
Sandersville Wacos players
People from Macon, Mississippi
People from Noxubee County, Mississippi

Dave Madison


A pedestrian crossing (or crosswalk in American English) is a place designated for pedestrians to cross a road, street or avenue. The term "pedestrian crossing" is also used in the Vienna and Geneva Conventions, both of which pertain to road signs and road traffic.

Marked pedestrian crossings are often found at intersections, but may also be at other points on busy roads that would otherwise be too unsafe to cross without assistance due to vehicle numbers, speed or road widths. They are also commonly installed where large numbers of pedestrians are attempting to cross (such as in shopping areas) or where vulnerable road users (such as school children) regularly cross. Rules govern usage of the pedestrian crossings to ensure safety; for example, in some areas, the pedestrian must be more than halfway across the crosswalk before the driver proceeds.

Signalised pedestrian crossings clearly separate when each type of traffic (pedestrians or road vehicles) can use the crossing. Unsignalised crossings generally assist pedestrians, and usually prioritise pedestrians, depending on the locality. Pelican crossings use signals to keep pedestrians together where they can be seen by motorists, and where they can cross most safely across the flow of vehicular traffic, whereas zebra crossings are uncontrolled and more appropriate for lower people  flows. What appears to be just pedestrian crossings can also be created largely as a traffic calming technique, especially when combined with other features like pedestrian priority, refuge islands, or raised surfaces.

History

Pedestrian crossings already existed more than 2,000 years ago, as can be seen in the ruins of Pompeii. Blocks raised on the road allowed pedestrians to cross the street without having to step onto the road itself which doubled up as Pompeii's drainage and sewage disposal system. The spaces between the blocks allowed horse-drawn carts to pass along the road.

The first pedestrian crossing signal was erected in Bridge Street, Westminster, London, in December 1868. It was the idea of John Peake Knight, a railway engineer, who thought that it would provide a means to safely allow pedestrians to cross this busy thoroughfare. The signal consisted of a semaphore arm (manufactured by Saxby and Farmer, who were railway signaling makers), which was raised and lowered manually by a police constable who would rotate a handle on the side of the pole. The semaphore arms were augmented by gas illuminated lights at the top (green and red) to increase visibility of the signal at night. However, in January 1869, the gas used to illuminate the lights at the top leaked and caused an explosion, injuring the police operator. No further work was done on signalled pedestrian crossings until fifty years later.

In the early 20th century, car traffic increased dramatically. A reader of The Times wrote to the editor in 1911:

<blockquote>"Could you do something to help the pedestrian to recover the old margin of safety on our common streets and roads? It is heartrending to read of the fearful deaths taking place. If a pedestrian now has even one hesitation or failure the chance of escape from a dreadful death is now much less than when all vehicles were much slower. There is, too, in the motor traffic an evident desire not to slow down before the last moment. It is surely a scandal that on the common ways there should be undue apprehension in the minds of the weakest users of them. While the streets and roads are for all, of necessity the pedestrians, and the feeblest of these, should receive the supreme consideration."<ref>The Times, 14 Feb. 1911, pg. 14: The Pedestrian's Chances.</ref></blockquote>

According to Zegeer,
"Pedestrians have a right to cross roads safely and, therefore, planners and engineers have a  professional responsibility to plan, design, and install safe crossing facilities."

 Criteria
Pedestrian crossing warrants are guidelines for the appropriate pedestrian crossing type for a site's traffic conditions. There are several guidelines in use across the world, and guidance and practice differ between jurisdictions. An over-emphasis by traffic engineers on vehicular movement in these criteria is criticised for neglecting the safety of pedestrians.

PV2 warrants have been used in the UK, among other countries such as India, since they were developed in 1987. This warrant uses a calculation of peak pedestrian volume and peak vehicular volume to determine which type of crossing, if any, should be installed. For example, if 500 pedestrians cross the road per hour and 600 vehicles per hour use that road section, PV2 dictates that a pelican crossing should be installed.

The US Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) advises that crosswalk markings should 'not be used indiscriminately' and encourages engineering studies at sites away from signalized intersections and STOP or Yield signs. Its guidance is against installing crossing markings (without extra engineering interventions) on high-traffic routes if the speed limit exceeds .

 Types and design

Unmarked crossings

In some countries, including the US, "unmarked crosswalks" are presumed to occur at intersections even if a crossing is not marked, except at locations where pedestrian crossing is expressly prohibited.

Pedestrian refuges are uncontrolled crossings with two dropped kerbs and a central traffic island, protected by kerbs. The island allows pedestrians to cross the road one direction of traffic at a time, which can be quicker and safer (they decrease pedestrian accidents by around 40%) than a lack of crossing. Additionally, they can narrow the road, slowing down vehicles and preventing them from overtaking. However, they may not afford pedestrians priority, meaning pedestrians may have a longer wait than a controlled crossing. They can also create pinch points, which can be dangerous for cyclists.

Courtesy crossings are uncontrolled crossings with coloured surfacing or some other non-formal suggestion that pedestrians may cross. They aim to encourage concentrated pedestrian crossings and to encourage drivers to let pedestrians cross the roads out of courtesy, rather than obligation. The inclusion of stripes (e.g. in paving), the presence of narrowing and visual narrowings of the road positively affect courtesy.

Marked crossings

The simplest marked crossings may just consist of some markings on the road surface. In the US these are known as "marked crosswalks". In the UK these are often called zebra crossings, referring to the alternate white and black stripes painted on the road surface. If the pedestrian has priority over vehicular traffic when using the crossing, then they have an incentive to use the crossing instead of crossing the road at other places. In some countries, pedestrians may not have priority, but may be committing an offence if they cross the road elsewhere, or "jaywalk". Special markings are often made on the road surface, both to direct pedestrians and to prevent motorists from stopping vehicles in the way of foot traffic. There are many varieties of signal and marking layouts around the world and even within single countries. In the United States, there are many inconsistencies, although the variations are usually minor. There are several distinct types in the United Kingdom, each with their own name.

Pedestrian cross striping machines are special equipment professionally used to paint zebra lines on the intersections or other busy road sections. Because of the characteristics of zebra crossings, parallel stripes that are wide but not long, the striping machine is often a small hand-guided road marking machine, which can easily be made to change direction. There are differences between the engineering regulations in different countries. The marking shoe of a pedestrian cross striping machine, which determines marking lines' width, is much wider than on other marking machines. A smaller marking shoe with wheels may be used to perform the road striping.

The section of road should be swept clean and kept dry. The painter first pulls a guiding line straight and fix the two ends on the ground. Then they spray or brush a primer layer on the asphalt or concrete surface. The thermoplastic paint in powder form is then melted into a molten liquid state for painting. Finally, the painter pulls or pushes the striping machine with the guide rod along the guiding line. As an alternative to thermoplastics, household paint or epoxy can be used to mark crosswalks.

Signal-controlled crossings

Some crossings have pedestrian traffic signals that allow pedestrians and road traffic to use the crossing alternately. On some traffic signals, pressing a call button is required to trigger the signal. Audible or tactile signals may also be included to assist people who have poor sight. In many cities, some or most signals are equipped with countdown timers to give notice to both drivers and pedestrians the time remaining on the crossing signal. In places where there is very high pedestrian traffic, Embedded pavement flashing-light systems are used to signal traffic of pedestrian presence, or exclusive traffic signal phases for pedestrians (also known as Barnes Dances) may be used, which stop vehicular traffic in all directions at the same time.

 Pedestrian scramble

Some intersections display red lights to vehicles in all directions for a period of time. Known as a pedestrian scramble, this type of vehicle all-way stop allows pedestrians to cross safely in any direction, including diagonally.

Footbridges and tunnels

Footbridges or pedestrian tunnels may be used in lieu of crosswalks at very busy intersections as well as at locations where limited-access roads and controlled-access highways must be crossed. They can also be beneficial in locations where the sidewalk or pedestrian path naturally ascends or descends to a different level than the intersection itself, and the natural "desire line" leads to a footbridge or tunnel, respectively.

However, pedestrian bridges are ineffective in most locations; due to their expense, they are typically spaced far apart. Additionally, ramps, stairs, or elevators present additional obstacles, and pedestrians tend to use an at-grade pedestrian crossing instead. A variation on the bridge concept, often called a skyway or skywalk, is sometimes implemented in regions that experience inclement weather.

Crosswalk shortening
Pedestrian refuges or small islands in the middle of a street may be added when a street is very wide, as these crossings can be too long for some individuals to cross in one cycle. These pedestrian refuges may consist of building traffic islands in the middle of the road; extending an existing island or median strip to the crosswalk to provide a refuge; or simply cutting through the existing island or median strip where the median is already continuous.

Another relatively widespread variation is the curb/kerb extension (also known as a bulb-out), which narrows the width of the street and is used in combination with crosswalk markings. They can also be used to slow down cars, potentially creating a safer crossing for pedestrians.

Artwork crossings

Some crosswalks, known as colourful crossings, include unique designs, many of which take the form of artwork. These works of art may serve many different purposes, such as attracting tourism or catching drivers' attention.

Cities and towns worldwide have held competitions to paint crosswalks, usually as a form of artwork. In Santiago, Chile, a 2013 work by Canadian artist Roadsworth features yellow-and-blue fish overlaid on the existing crosswalk. Other crossings worldwide also feature some of Roadsworth's work, including a crosswalk in Montreal where the zebra stripes are shaped like bullets, as well as "conveyor belt" crosswalk in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. In Lompoc, California, several artists were commissioned to create an artwork as part of its "Creative Crossings" competition. Artist Marlee Bedford painted the first set of four crosswalks as part of the 2015 competition, and Linda Powers painted two more crosswalks in 2016 following that year's competition.

In Tbilisi, Georgia, some Tbilisi Academy of Arts students and government officials jointly created a crossing that is designed to look like it is in 3D. A message on the white bars of the crosswalk reads, "for your safety." 3D crosswalk designs have also been installed in China, with a "floating zebra crossing" implemented in a village in Luoyuan County to boost tourism; a multicolored 3-D crossing installed in Changsha, China to catch drivers' attention; and another multicolored crossing in Sichuan Province that serves the same purpose as the colored Changsha crosswalk.

Colored crosswalks might have themes that reflect the immediate area. For instance, Chengdu, China had a red-and-white zebra crossing with hearts painted on it, reflecting its location near a junction of two rivers. In Curitiba, Brazil, a crosswalk with its bars irregularly painted like a barcode served as an advertisement for a nearby shopping center, but was later painted over. A pedestrian scramble in the Chinatown section of Oakland, California, is painted with red-and-yellow colors to signify the colors of the flag of China.

Sometimes, different cities around the world may have similar art concepts for their crosswalks. Rainbow flag-colored crosswalks, which are usually painted to show support for the locality's LGBT cultures, have been installed in San Francisco; West Hollywood; Philadelphia; and Tel Aviv. Crosswalks painted like piano keyboards have been painted in Long Beach; Warsaw; and Chongqing.

The United States Federal Highway Administration prohibits crosswalk art due to concerns about safety and visibility, but U.S. cities have chosen to install their own designs. Seattle had 40 crosswalks with unique designs, including the rainbow flag in Capitol Hill and the Pan-African flag in the Central District.

Colourful crossings have been criticised for creating accessibility issues. For blind and visually impaired pedestrians, consistency in design is important to ensure a safe crossing. Visually impaired people with limited sight and neurodivergent people may experience pain or confusion in interpreting colourful crossings or distress from visual noise. These crossings may therefore discriminate against marginalised groups in accessing public spaces.

Distinctions by region

North America

In the United States, crosswalks are sometimes marked with white stripes, though many municipalities have slightly different styles. The designs used vary widely between jurisdictions, and often vary even between a city and its county (or local equivalents). Most frequently, they are marked with two parallel white lines running from one side of the road to the other, with the width of the lines being typically  wide.

Marked crosswalks are usually placed at traffic intersections or crossroads, but are occasionally used at mid-block locations, which may include additional regulatory signage such as "PED XING" (for "pedestrian crossing"), flashing yellow beacons, stop or yield signs, or by actuated or automatic signals. Some more innovative crossing treatments include in-pavement flashers, yellow flashing warning lights installed in the roadway, or HAWK beacon.

Crossing laws vary between different states and provinces and sometimes at the local level. All U.S. states require vehicles to yield to a pedestrian who has entered a marked crosswalk, and in most states in most states crosswalks exist at all intersections meeting at approximately right angles, whether they are marked or not.See here (discussing the Uniform Vehicle Code and stating that "a crosswalk at an intersection is defined as the extension of the sidewalk or the shoulder across the intersection, regardless of whether it is marked or not."); see also California Vehicle Code section 275(a) ("'Crosswalk' is . . . [t]hat portion of a roadway included within the [extension] of the boundary lines of sidewalks at intersections where the intersecting roadways meet at approximately right angles, except the [extension] of such lines from an alley across a street")

At crossings controlled by signals, generally the poles at both ends of the crosswalk also have the pedestrian signal heads. For many years these bore white  and Portland Orange  legends, but pictograms of an "upraised hand" (symbolizing ) and a "walking person" (symbolizing ) have been required since 2009.

Europe
In Spain, the United Kingdom, Germany and other European countries, 90% of pedestrian fatalities occur outside of pedestrian crossings. The highest rate is in the UK, which has fewer crossings than neighbouring European countries.

Continental Europe

Nearly every country of Continental Europe is party to (though has not necessarily ratified) the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals (1968), which says of pedestrian crossings: 'to mark pedestrian crossings, relatively broad stripes, parallel to the axis of the carriageway, should preferably be used'. This means that pedestrian crossing styles are quite uniform across the Continent. However, while the stripes are normally white, in Switzerland they are yellow.

Furthermore, the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic (1968) states that pedestrians should use pedestrian crossings when one is nearby (§6.c) and prohibits the overtaking of other vehicles approaching crossings, unless the driver would be able to stop for a pedestrian. The 1971 European supplement to that Convention re-iterates the former and outlaws the standing or parking of vehicles around pedestrian crossings. It also specifies signs and markings: the  "pedestrian crossing sign" is on a blue or black ground, with a white or yellow triangle where the symbol is displayed in black or dark blue, and that the minimum width recommended for pedestrian crossings is 2.5 m (or 8-foot) on roads on which the speed limit is lower than 60 km/h (or 37 mph), and 4 m (or 13-foot) on roads with a higher or no speed limit.

In France, it is not mandatory that crosswalks exist. However, if there is one less than 50 meters (55 yards) away, pedestrians are obliged to use it.

In the east of Germany, including Berlin, the unique Ampelmännchen design for pedestrian lights are widely used. These signals originated in the former East Germany and have become an icon of the city and of ostalgie – nostalgia for East German life. A study has shown they are more effective than Western-style icons.

United Kingdom and Ireland

The United Kingdom and Ireland's pedestrian crossings are quite distinct from the rest of Europe use animal names to distinguish different types of crossing. These conventions have been adapted in some ex-Empire countries, such as Hong Kong and Malta. 'Look right' and 'look left' markings are sometimes found in tourist areas, to remind pedestrians of the driving direction in the UK.

Zebra crossings are similar to their Continental counterparts, with white stripe markings, they must have orange flashing globes, called 'belisha beacons'. They also normally have zig-zag markings to prevent overtaking and stopping of vehicles.

There are a number of different types of signal-controlled crossing. The traditional pelican crossing is no longer permitted in the UK, because it has been replaced with more intelligent puffin crossings – which have crossing sensors and low-level pedestrian signals – and pedex crossings, which features pedestrian countdown timers, however in Ireland only pelican crossings are installed. Puffin crossings are rare. Cyclists are sometimes permitted to use pedestrian crossings, such as toucan crossings (so named because TWO user types CAN cross) and sparrow crossings.

Australia

In Australia, the terminology pedestrian crossing is used.

Pictograms are standard on all traffic light controlled crossings. Like some other countries, a flashing red sequence is used prior to steady red to clear pedestrians. Moments after, in some instances, a flashing yellow sequence (for motorists) can begin indicating that the vehicles may proceed through the crossing if safe to do so; this is fairly uncommon however. In districts with heavier traffic warranting the use of a traffic light such as inner city areas, the equivalent of the US 'standard' configuration is used.

Zebra crossings are common in low traffic areas and their approaches may be marked by zigzag lines.

Reflector signposting is used at crossings in school zones; however, given that most school crossings in the country are staffed with a crossing guard, these signs only serve as a warning to motorists.

Signals
Pedestrian call buttons

Call buttons are installed at traffic lights with a dedicated pedestrian signal, and are used to bring up the pedestrian "walk" indication in locations where they function correctly. In the majority of locations where call buttons are installed, pushing the button does not light up the pedestrian walk sign immediately. One Portland State University researcher notes of call buttons in the US, "Most [call] buttons don't provide any feedback to the pedestrian that the traffic signal has received the input. It may appear at many locations that nothing happens." However, there are some locations where call buttons do provide confirmation feedback. At such locations, pedestrians are more likely to wait for the "walk" indications.

Reports suggest that many walk buttons in some areas, such as New York City and the United Kingdom, may actually be either placebo buttons or nonworking call buttons that used to function correctly. In the former case, these buttons are designed to give pedestrians an illusion of control while the crossing signal continues its operation as programmed. However, in instances of the latter case, such as New York City's, the buttons were simply deactivated when traffic signals were updated to automatically include pedestrian phases as part of every signal cycle. In such instances these buttons may be removed during future updates to the pedestrian signals. In the United Kingdom, pressing a button at a standalone pedestrian crossing that is unconnected to a junction will turn a traffic light red immediately, but this is not necessarily the case at a junction.

Sometimes, call buttons work only at some intersections, at certain times of day, or certain periods of the year, such as in New York City or in Boston, Massachusetts. In Boston, some busy intersections are programmed to give a pedestrian cycle during certain times of day (so pushing the button is not necessary) but at off-peak times a button push is required to get a pedestrian cycle.  In neighboring Cambridge, a button press is always required if a button is available, though the city prefers to build signals where no button is present and the pedestrian cycle always happens between short car cycles. In both cases the light will not turn immediately, but will wait until the next available pedestrian slot in a pre-determined rotation.

Countdown timers

Some pedestrian signals integrate a countdown timer, showing how many seconds are remaining for the clearing phase. In the United States, San Francisco was the first major city to install countdown signals to replace older pedestrian modules, doing so on a trial basis starting in March 2001. The United States MUTCD added a countdown signal as an optional feature to its 2003 edition; if included, the countdown digits would be Portland Orange, the same color as the "Upraised Hand" indication. The MUTCD's 2009 edition changed countdown timers to a mandatory feature on pedestrian signals at all signalized intersections with pedestrian clearance intervals ("flashing upraised hand" phases) longer than seven seconds. With the MUTCD guideline allotting at least one second to cross , this indicates that countdown timers are supposed to be installed on roads wider than . The countdown is not supposed to be displayed during the pedestrian "walk" interval ("steady walking person" phase).

Some municipalities have found that there are instances where pedestrian countdown signals may be less effective than standard hand/man or ""/"" signals. New York City started studying the pedestrian timers in an inconclusive 2006 study but only started rolling out pedestrian timers on a large scale in 2011 after the conclusion of a second study, which found that pedestrian countdown timers were ineffective at shorter crosswalks. Additionally, a 2000 study of pedestrian countdown timers in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, at several intersections near Walt Disney World, found that pedestrians were more likely to cross the street during the pedestrian clearance interval (flashing upraised hand) if there is a timer present, compared to at intersections where there was no timer present. A study in Toronto found similar results to the Florida study, determining that countdown timers may actually cause more crashes than standard hand/man signals. However, other cities such as London found that countdown timers were effective, and New York City found that countdown signals worked mainly at longer crosswalks.

Pedestrian countdown signals are also used elsewhere around the world, such as in Buenos Aires, India, Mexico, Taiwan, and the United Arab Emirates. In Mexico City, the walking man moves his feet during the countdown. In Taiwan, all the crossings feature animated men called xiaolüren ("little green man"), who will walk faster immediately before the traffic signal will change. There is also always a countdown timer.

Variations

In some countries, instead of "don't walk", a depiction of a red man or hand indicating when not to cross, the drawing of the person crossing appears with an "X" drawn over it.

Some countries around the Baltic Sea in Scandinavia duplicate the red light. Instead of one red light, there are two which both illuminate at the same time.

In many parts of eastern Germany, particularly the former German Democratic Republic, the design of the crossing man (Ampelmännchen) has a hat. There are also female Ampelmännchen in western Germany and the Netherlands. Other countries also use unusual "walk" and "don't walk" pedestrian indicators. In southwest Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, there are pedestrian signal lights that resemble Astro Boy. In Lisbon, some signals have a "don't walk" indicator that dances; these "dancing man" signals, created by Daimler AG, were created to encourage pedestrians to wait for the "walk" indicator, with the result that 81% more pedestrians stopped and waited for the "walk" light compared to at crosswalks with conventional signals.

 Leading Pedestrian Interval
In some areas, the signal timing technique of a Leading Pedestrian Interval (LPI) allows pedestrians exclusive access to a crosswalk, typically 3–7 seconds, before vehicular traffic is permitted. Depending on intersection volume and safety history, a normal right-turn-on-red (RTOR) might be explicitly prohibited during the LPI phase. LPI benefits include increased visibility and greater likelihood of vehicles yielding. LPI is among the tools being considered in the fatality-elimination toolkit of Vision Zero planners and advocates.

Temporary signals

In certain circumstances, there are needs to install temporary pedestrian crossing signals. The reasons may include redirecting traffic due to roadworks, closing of the permanent crossing signals due to repairs or upgrades, and establishing new pedestrian crossings for the duration of large public events.

The temporary pedestrian crossings can be integrated into portable traffic signals that may be used during the roadworks, or it can be stand-alone just to stop vehicles to allow pedestrians to safely cross the road without directing vehicle movements. When using the temporary pedestrian crossings signals for roadworks, there should be consideration on signal cycle time. The pedestrian crossing cycles may add longer delay to the traffics which may require additional planning on road work traffic flows.

Depending on the duration and the nature of the temporary signals, the equipment can be installed in different way. One way is to use the permanent traffic signals mounted temporary poles such as poles in concrete-filled barrels. Another way is to use portable pedestrian crossing signals.

Enhancements for disabled people

Pedestrian controlled crossings are sometimes provided with enhanced features to assist disabled people.

Tactile indications

Tactile cones near or under the control button may rotate or shake when the pedestrian signal is in the pedestrian "walk" phase. This is for pedestrians with visual impairments. A vibrating button is used in Australia, Germany, some parts of the United States, Greece, Ireland, and Hong Kong to assist hearing-impaired people. Alternatively, electrostatic, touch-sensitive buttons require no force to activate. To confirm that a request has been registered, the buttons usually emit a chirp or other sound. They also offer anti-vandalism benefits due to not including moving parts which are sometimes jammed on traditional push-button units.

Tactile surfacing patterns (or tactile pavings) may be laid flush within the adjacent footways (US: sidewalks), so that visually impaired pedestrians can locate the control box and cone device and know when they have reached the other side. In Britain, different colours of tactile paving indicate different types of crossings; yellow (referred to as buff coloured) is used at non-controlled (no signals) crossings, and red is used at controlled (signalised) locations.

Audible signals

Crosswalks have adaptations, mainly for people with visual impairments, through the addition of accessible pedestrian signals (APS) that may include speakers at the pushbutton, or under the signal display, for each crossing location. These types of signals have been shown to reduce conflicts between pedestrians and vehicles. However, without other indications such as tactile pavings or cones, these APS units may be hard for visually impaired people to locate.

In the United States, the standards in the 2009 MUTCD require APS units to have a pushbutton locator tone, audible and vibrotactile walk indications, a tactile arrow aligned with the direction of travel on the crosswalk, and to respond to ambient sound. The pushbutton locator tone is a beep or tick, repeating at once per second, to allow people who are blind to find the device. If APS units are installed in more than one crossing direction (e.g. if there are APS units at a curb for both the north–south and west–east crossing directions), different sounds or speech messages may be used for each direction. Under the MUTCD guideline, the walk indication may be a speech message if two or more units on the same curb are separated by less than . These speech messages usually follow the pattern "[Street name]. Walk sign is on to cross [Street Name]." Otherwise, the walk indication may be a "percussive tone", which usually consists of repeated, rapid sounds that can be clearly heard from the opposite curb and can oscillate between high and low volumes. In both cases, when the "don't walk" indication is flashing, the device will beep at every second until the "don't walk" indication becomes steady and the pedestrian countdown indication reaches "0", at which point the device will beep intermittently at lower volume. When activated, the APS units are mandated to be accompanied by a vibrating arrow on the APS during the walk signal.

The devices have been in existence since the mid-20th century, but were not popular until the 2000s because of concerns over noise. As of the 2009 MUTCD, APS are supposed to be set to be heard only 6 to 12 feet from the device to be easy to detect from a close distance but not so loud as to be intrusive to neighboring properties. Among American cities, San Francisco has one of the greatest numbers of APS-equipped intersections in the United States, with APS installed at 202 intersections . New York City has APS at 131 intersections , with 75 more intersections to be equipped every year after that.

APS in other countries may consist of a short recorded message, as in Scotland, Hong Kong, Singapore and some parts of Canada (moderate to large urban centres). In Japan, various electronic melodies are played, often of traditional melancholic folk songs such as "Tōryanse" or "Sakura". In Croatia, Denmark and Sweden, beeps (or clicks) with long intervals in-between signifying "don't walk" mode and beeps with very short intervals signifying "walk" mode.

 Relief symbol

On some pushbutton especially in Austria and Germany there is a symbolic relief showing the crossing situation for the visually impaired, so they can get an overview of the crossing.

The relief is read from the bottom up. It consists of different modules, which are put together according to the crosswalk. Each pedestrian crossing begins with the start symbol, consisting of an arrow and a broad line representing the curb. Subsequently, different modules for traffic lanes and islands follow. The relief is completed with a broad line.

Modules for traffic lanes consist of a dash in the middle and a symbol for the kind of lane right or left of the dash, depending on the direction from which the traffic crosses the crossing. If a crossing is possible from both directions, a symbol is located on both sides. If the pedestrian crossing is a zebra crossing, the middle line is dashed. A traffic light secured crossing has a solid line.

A cycle path is represented by two points next to each other, a vehicle lane by a rectangle and tram rails by two lines lying one above the other.

Islands are represented as a rectangle, which has semicircles on the right and left side. If there is a pushbutton for pedestrians on the island, there is a dot in the middle of the rectangle. If the pedestrian walkway divides on an island, the rectangle may be open on the right or left side.

Key-based system
In Perth, Western Australia, an extended phase system called "Keywalk" was developed by the Main Roads Department of Western Australia in response to concerns from disability advocates about the widening of the Albany Highway in that city in the mid-1990s. The department felt that extending the walk phase permanently on cross streets would cause too much disruption to traffic flow on the highway and so the Keywalk system was developed to allow for those who needed an extended green light phase to cross the road safely. A small electronic key adjusted the green/walk and flashing red/complete crossing phases to allow more time for the key holder to complete the crossing of the highway safely. The system was first installed at the junction of Albany Highway and Cecil Avenue. It is unclear what became of this system.

Lighting

There are two types of crosswalk lights: those that illuminate the whole crosswalk area, and warning lights. Both these lighting systems encourage oncoming traffic to yield for pedestrians only if necessary.

The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America currently provides engineering design standards for highway lighting. In the US, in conventional intersections, area lighting is typically provided by pole-mounted luminaires. These systems illuminate the crosswalk as well as surrounding areas, and do not always provide enough contrast between the pedestrian and his or her background.

There have been many efforts to create lighting scenarios that offer better nighttime illumination in crosswalks. Some innovative concepts include:

Illuminating lights
 Bollard posts containing linear light sources inside. These posts have been shown to sufficiently illuminate the pedestrian but not the background, consequently increasing contrast and improving pedestrian visibility and detection. Although this method shows promise in being incorporated into crosswalk lighting standards, more studies need to be done.Bullough, J.D., X. Zhang, N.P. Skinner, and M.S. Rea. Design and Evaluation of Effective Crosswalk Lighting. Publication FHWA-NJ-2009-03. New Jersey Department of Transportation, Trenton, NJ, 2009.
 Festooned strings of light over the top of the crosswalk.

Warning lights
To warn the oncoming traffic, these warning lights usually only rapidly flash when a pedestrian presses a button to use the crosswalk.
 In-pavement lighting oriented to face oncoming traffic (Embedded pavement flashing-light system).
 In-pavement, flashing warning lights oriented upwards (especially visible to children, the short-statured, and smombies)
 Pole-mounted, flashing warning lights (mounted similar to a traffic signal).
Pedestrian warning signs enhanced with LED lights either within the sign face or underneath it.Impacts of LED Brightness, Flash Pattern, and Location for Illuminated Pedestrian Traffic Control Device, Federal Highway Administration, May 2015

In areas with heavy snowfall, using in-pavement lighting can be problematic, since snow can obscure the lights, and snowplows can damage them.

Railway pedestrian crossings

In Finland, fences in the footpath approaching the crossing force pedestrians and bicycles to slow down to navigate a zigzag path, which also tends to force that user to look out for the train.

Pedestrian crossings across railways may be arranged differently elsewhere, such as in New South Wales, where they consist of:
 a barrier which closes when a train approaches;
 a "Red Man" light; no light when no train approaching
 an alarm

In France, when a train is approaching, a red man is shown with the word STOP flashing in red (R25 signal).

When a footpath crosses a railway in the United Kingdom, there will most often be gates or stiles protecting the crossing from wildlife and livestock. In situations where there is little visibility along the railway, or the footpath is especially busy, there will also be a small set of lights with an explanatory sign. When a train approaches, the signal light will change to red and an alarm will sound until the train has cleared the crossing.

Safety
The safety of unsignalled pedestrian or zebra crossings is somewhat contested in traffic engineering circles.

Research undertaken in New Zealand showed that a zebra crossing without other safety features on average increases'' pedestrian crashes by 28% compared to a location without crossings. However, if combined with (placed on top of) a speed table, zebra crossings were found to reduce pedestrian crashes by 80%.

A five-year U.S. study of 1,000 marked crosswalks and 1,000 unmarked comparison sites found that on most roads, the difference in safety performance of marked and unmarked crossings is not statistically significant, unless additional safety features are used. On multilane roads carrying over 12,000 vehicles per day, a marked crosswalk is likely to have worse safety performance than an otherwise similar unmarked location, unless safety features such as raised median refuges or pedestrian beacons are also installed. On multilane roads carrying over 15,000 vehicles per day, a marked crosswalk is likely to have worse safety performance than an unmarked location, even if raised median refuges are provided. The marking pattern had no significant effect on safety. This study only included locations where vehicle traffic was not controlled by a signal or stop sign.

See also

 Footpath
 Road surface marking
 Stile
 The Greenwalking
 Traffic light
 Pedestrian crossing flag

References

External links
 Bicycle and Pedestrian Statistics Federal Highway Administration (US)
 The Design of Pedestrian Crossings - Department for Transport (United Kingdom)
 Photos of pedestrian signals from various countries
 Investigating Improvements to Pedestrian Crossings FHWA.dot.gov

Crossings
Road infrastructure
Pedestrian safety
Road surface markings
Traffic law

Pedestrian crossing


Edwin Stockton Johnson (February 26, 1857July 19, 1933) was a United States senator from South Dakota.

Biography
Born in Owen County, Indiana near Spencer, he moved with his parents to Osceola, Iowa, in 1857 and attended the public schools. He engaged in the mercantile business, and moved to Wheeler County, Nebraska in 1880 where he homesteaded and engaged in agricultural pursuits.

He returned to Osceola, in 1881 and was employed as a bank cashier; in 1884, he moved to South Dakota and established the Citizens' Bank of Grand View, South Dakota, and also engaged in agricultural pursuits. He later established a number of banks in South Dakota, Minnesota, and Iowa. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1888 and practiced; he was prosecuting attorney of Douglas County in 1892-1893 and was a member of the South Dakota State Senate in 1894-1895.

He retired from the banking business in 1902 and engaged in the real estate and loan business at Platte, South Dakota; he was a member of the Democratic National Committee from 1904 to 1916.

Johnson was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Governor in 1912, but was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate in 1914 and served from March 4, 1915 to March 3, 1921.  He was the first Senator popularly elected from South Dakota and also the first Democrat to represent South Dakota in the Senate. He retired from the Senate after his first term. While in the Senate, Johnson was chairman of the Committee on Revolutionary Claims (Sixty-fourth and Sixty-fifth Congresses).

He resumed his activities in the real estate and loan business and died in Platte in 1933. Interment was in Pleasant Ridge Cemetery, Armour, South Dakota.

References

1857 births
1933 deaths
People from Owen County, Indiana
Democratic Party United States senators from South Dakota
Democratic Party South Dakota state senators
People from Platte, South Dakota
People from Osceola, Iowa
People from Douglas County, South Dakota

Edwin S. Johnson


Pickup can mean different things:

Pickup (music): In music, a device that changes vibrations created by an instrument (for example an electric guitar) into an electrical signal which can be amplified and recorded.
Pickup truck: A type of automobile with an open back end for carrying things.

Pickup


By Request is Perry Como's Ninth RCA Victor 12" long-play album.

The title made it sound like a number of his earlier LPs, again with the implication that the song choices were made by his audience rather than himself. But where previous records like We Get Letters and Sing to Me Mr. C consisted of old standards (in contrast to the new compositions that made up his single releases), By Request was, for the most part, a collection of recent material. In several cases, Como was borrowing songs that were recent hits by his competitors: Jack Jones had just scored a hit with "Lollipops and Roses"; Como's RCA Victor labelmate Elvis Presley had done the same with "Can't Help Falling in Love", from his film Blue Hawaii; Tony Bennett was already popularizing the wistful "Once Upon a Time" from the Broadway musical All American; and Andy Williams had claimed the year's Oscar winner, "Moon River" from Breakfast at Tiffany's. The other tracks included "Maria", newly popular due to the movie version of West Side Story, Rodgers and Hammerstein's "My Favorite Things" from the 1959 musical The Sound of Music, and "The Sweetest Sounds" from Richard Rodgers' new,  show No Strings. Many critics said that the material suited Como especially well, and some even claimed that the singer had made the songs his own. By Request was Como's best-selling non-holiday LP release in three years.

Track listing

Side one

 "Maria" (music by Leonard Bernstein, lyrics by Stephen Sondheim) – 3:28
 "Lollipops and Roses" (words and music by Tony Velona) – 2:43
 "The Sweetest Sounds" (words and music by Richard Rodgers) – 2:46
 "More than Likely" (music by Jimmy Van Heusen, lyrics by Sammy Cahn) – 2:52
 "Moonglow and Theme from 'Picnic' – 3:23
 ("Moonglow", words and music by Will Hudson, Eddie DeLange, and Irving Mills)
 ("Theme from 'Picnic'", words by Steve Allen, music by George Duning)
 "My Favorite Things" (music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II) – 2:56

Side two

 "Once Upon a Time" (music by Charles Strouse, lyrics by Lee Adams) – 3:50
 "Can't Help Falling in Love" (words and music by George Weiss, Hugo Peretti, and Luigi Creatore) – 3:07
 "What's New?" (music by Bob Haggart, lyrics by Johnny Burke) – 3:04
 "Somebody Cares" (music by Johnny Robba, Frank Reardon, and Ernest G. Schweikert) – 3:18
 "I'll Remember April" (music by Gene DePaul, lyrics by Patricia Johnston and Don Raye) – 3:02
 "Moon River" (music by Henry Mancini, lyrics by Johnny Mercer) –

A recording of "The Bells of St. Mary's" was made during the sessions, but left off the completed album. It was not released until its inclusion on the 2001 compilation CD A Perry Como Christmas, which also includes "My Favorite Things" from this album.

Personnel

 Perry Como – vocals
 Peter Gamble – liner Notes

References

External links
 Perry Como discography

Perry Como albums
1962 albums
Albums produced by Hugo & Luigi
RCA Victor albums

By Request (Perry Como album)


Ndvungunye (also known as Zikodze (Zwane), Mavuso II) was King of Swaziland from 1780 until his death in 1815 after succeeding his father, King Ngwane III following a very brief regency of Ndlovukati LaYaka Ndwandwe. Very little has been recorded of the quality of leadership under his reign. Ndvungunye built his residence or Sigodlo near Mhlosheni on feet of the eMhlosheni hills in Shiselweni, the south east of modern Swaziland near Zombodze, where his father Ngwane had settled during his reign. His rule thus indicated a period of limited expansion and consolidation which is overshadowed by that of his son King Sobhuza I. The NShiselweni settlements established under his reign which he placed under the guardianship of his chief Sukumbili Mbokane would not however provide a solid foundation for the future Swazi state as indicated by attacks after his death on Sobhuza by Ndwandwe chiefs. Ndvungunye died around 1815 after being struck by lightning. Ndvungunye was married to Lojiba Simelane and Somnjalose Simelane. It was with the latter that he had his son Sobhuza I. Lojiba however became Queen mother as she was a senior sister to Somnjalose. Sobhuza I became the king in 1815 after the regency of Queen Lomvula Mndzebele.

Biography

Ingwenyama Ndvungunye was born in about 1760 as a son of Ngwane III and Inkhosikati Lomvula Mndzebele. He succeeded his father Ngwane in 1780. When Ndvungunye became king, the centre of royal power in Swaziland was located in the south of the country in present-day NShiselweni. As a result, Ndvungunye had his royal kraal at NShiselweni at the foothills of the eMhlosheni mountains. The governors of his royal kraal were Mahagane Hlophe, and Lahaha Mbokane a son of Chief Sukumbili Mbokane. The Ndlovukati's residence and royal kraal was at Lobamba and the governor there was Danisile Nkambule. During his kingship, the most powerful chiefdoms in the region were the Ndwandwe and Mtetwa. Ndvungunye oversaw limited expansion and consolidation of the Ngwane people. The Swazi/Ngwane settlements in Shiselweni gained more wealth and military power in the form of cattle and population growth. However the Shiselweni settlements were vulnerable to attacks by the rival Ndwandwe clans who were residing south, near the Phongola river. These were to be seen later under the kingship of his son Sobhuza I.

Family and successors

Ndvungunye had several wives and many children. The most famous of his children was Sobhuza I who he had with Somnjalose Simelane. The incomplete list of Ndvungunye's children is as follows:

 Ngwenyama Somhlolo ( Sobhuza I, Ngwane IV )
 Prince Malunge
 Prince Magwegwe
 Prince Ngwekati
 Prince Phungodze
 Prince Sobandla
 Prince Sobhiyoze
 Prince Sobokazane
 Prince Ndlovu
 Prince Ngcayini
 Prince Fetshane
 Prince Cebisa
 Prince Mphondvo
 Prince Taba

Legacy

There is presently a school called Ndvungunye Primary school located in Mzinsangu.

References

Swazi royalty
Swazi monarchs
1760 births
1815 deaths
Deaths from lightning strikes
Accidental deaths in Eswatini

Ndvungunye


Adam Tedder is a British actor, singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist musician, working in stage, film, television and radio.

Early life
Tedder was born in Beeston, Nottinghamshire. He attended Bramcote Hills Grammar school, and Guildford School of Acting.

Career
He is best known for playing Laszlo Vig, the psychotic Serbian war criminal goalkeeper, in Mike Bassett: Manager for ITV1. His debut double A side single, "It'll Be Soon" and "Eastern Girls" received much critical acclaim. His inspired live performances have been compared to that of a grandiose Jeff Buckley.
His portrayal of The Big Bopper in the West End and Broadway hit Buddy – The Buddy Holly Story was described by musical director Paul Dury as the best he'd seen internationally.

He most recently filmed Oranges and Sunshine with Emily Watson and Hugo Weaving, and Closed Circuit with Eric Bana and Rebecca Hall.

His other stage credits include Blood Brothers at the Phoenix Theatre, seasons at the Chichester Festival Theatre and The Royal Shakespeare Company and international tours of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat and South Pacific.

Amongst other roles, he played Inspector Keightley in The IPCRESS File on BBC Radio 4, adapted by Mike Walker.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
English male singer-songwriters
People from Beeston, Nottinghamshire
Male actors from Nottinghamshire
English male television actors
English male film actors
English male stage actors

Adam Tedder


The Liar () is a farcical play by Pierre Corneille that was first performed in 1644. It was based on La Verdad Sospechosa by the Spanish-American playwright Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, which was published in 1634.

Summary

Dorante, the eponymous quasi-villain of the play, meets two women in the Tuileries in Paris, whose names are Clarice and Lucrece. He impresses them with his claim to have returned recently from the wars in Germany and boasts of the vital role he played. After they leave, he decides to court Clarice, mistakenly thinking her name to be that of her friend, Lucrece.

Géronte, Dorante's father, announces to his son that he has found a girl for him to marry (Clarice). Dorante, wrongly believing that the girl that he likes is Lucrece, concocts an outrageous lie that he is already married in order to avoid having to marry Clarice.

Meanwhile, Clarice is secretly engaged to Alcippe, who happens to be a childhood friend of Dorante. Dorante sparks Alcippe's jealousy by claiming to have held a lavish party on a river for his girlfriend, whom Alcippe believes is Clarice. When Alcippe confronts Dorante in a duel, Dorante calms him by stating that the woman he entertained on the river was married.

To build the plot, the author throws in some hysterical side characters like Dorante's butler Cliton, and Clarice's and Lucrece's servant Isabelle.

After more fabrications and complications (Dorante revealing that his "wife" is pregnant), Géronte is infuriated to discover that he was lied to; Dorante eventually tells the truth and the plot is resolved happily.

Production history

The play was produced at the Old Vic theater in 1990, in a translation by Ranjit Bolt. The production was directed by Jonathan Miller and featured Alex Jennings in the title role and Desmond Barritt as Cliton. A reviewer for The Daily Telegraph described Bolt's version as "the best translation of a French play into English ever done."

A new translation and adaptation of the play by David Ives premiered at the Shakespeare Theatre Company in Washington, D.C. in Spring 2010, under the direction of Michael Kahn. A new production of Ives' script directed by William Brown was presented at Writers' Theatre in Glencoe, Illinois, from May to July, 2013.

The Los Angeles premiere of The Liar by David Ives directed by Casey Stangl was presented at The Antaeus Company in North Hollywood from October to December 2013. David Ives' version of the play was also produced by Artists Repertory Theatre in Portland (Oregon) in May 2015.

The Liar by David Ives directed by Penny Metropulos was presented at Westport Country Playhouse in Connecticut from May 5–23, 2015.

The Liar by David Ives, directed by Art Manke, was presented at Santa Cruz Shakespeare (Santa Cruz, California) from July 21 through August 29, 2015  (https://www.santacruzshakespeare.org/plays/#liar

The Liar by David Ives, directed by Michael Kahn, was offered by the Classic Stage Company in New York, January 11 to February 26, 2017.

References

1644 plays
Plays by Pierre Corneille

The Liar (Corneille play)


Potassium selective electrodes are a type of ion selective electrode used in biochemical and biophysical research, where measurements of potassium concentration in an aqueous solution are required, usually on a real time basis.

These electrodes are typical ion exchange resin membrane electrodes, using valinomycin, a potassium ionophore, as the ion carrier in the membrane to provide the potassium specificity.

This type of ion-selective electrode is subject to interference from (in declining order of magnitude) rubidium, caesium, ammonium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and lithium. The most significant interference with measurement of potassium concentration is from the ammonium ion, which in practice is a problem where the ammonium concentration is approximately equal to or greater than the potassium concentration. Although sodium is usually present in high concentrations in biological preparations, the degree of interference is low enough to represent an error on the order of only 0.05 parts per million for the normal range of sodium concentration, requiring reduction of sodium only for measurements of very low potassium concentrations. Although the interference from rubidium or caesium is strong enough to require that these ions be present in much lower concentration than the potassium to be measured, this is not usually a problem in most experiments. Interference from calcium, magnesium, or lithium, on the other hand, is weak enough that their presence in normal concentrations is also usually not a problem.

Further reading
 Ionophores for potassium-selective electrodes

Electrodes

Potassium selective electrode


Federal Route 62, or Jalan Bandar Pusat Jengka Timur, is the main federal road in Bandar Pusat Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia. There are many Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) settlements along this road.

Features

At most sections, the Federal Route 62 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, allowing maximum speed limit of up to 90 km/h.

List of junctions and towns

References

062
Roads in Pahang

Malaysia Federal Route 62


1710 Naval Air Squadron is a support organisation based in HM Naval Base Portsmouth that is tasked with the recovery, repair, modification and scientific support of UK military aviation. It was formed on 27 May 2010 by combining the existing  Mobile Aircraft Repair Transport and Salvage Unit (MARTSU), Mobile Aircraft Support Unit (MASU), Naval Aircraft Materials Laboratory (NAML) and other smaller units.

The squadron is currently organised into three sections. The first has thirteen teams that repair and recover British military helicopters and unmanned air systems worldwide. The second, Service Modification, designs, manufactures and fits urgent operational and safety modifications to front line helicopters. The third, Materials and Monitoring, provides
technical and scientific support to British military and commercial aviation.

The unit supports worldwide operations both ashore and afloat.

References

External links
  Royal Navy, 1710 Squadron website

1700 series Fleet Air Arm squadrons

Military units and formations established in 2010
2010 establishments in the United Kingdom

1710 Naval Air Squadron