Michael Lapidge, FBA (born 8 February 1942) is a scholar in the field of Medieval Latin literature, particularly that composed in Anglo-Saxon England during the period 600–1100 AD; he is an emeritus Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge, a Fellow of the British Academy, and winner of the 2009 Sir Israel Gollancz Prize.

Education and career
Lapidge completed his B.A. at the University of Calgary and taught there for three years after completing an M.A. (U of Alberta), before going to the University of Toronto in 1967 to begin work on a Ph.D. in the Centre for Medieval Studies. His doctoral dissertation, supervised by Brian Stock, studied the transmission of a nexus of cosmological metaphors, first articulated by Greek Stoic philosophers, to classical and late antique Latin poets, and ultimately to Medieval Latin philosophers and poets of the twelfth century. After completing course-work in Toronto, he went to Cambridge in 1969 to have better access to manuscript depositories while completing his dissertation. The Ph.D. was awarded in 1971.

Following a period as a Research Fellow in Cambridge supported by a Killam Senior Research Fellowship, he was appointed Lecturer in the Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic, University of Cambridge in 1974, thereafter progressing to be Reader in Insular Latin Literature (1988) and then, in 1991, Elrington and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon, a chair which he held until 1998. During this time he was able, as Head of Department, to increase the size of the Department and to introduce a number of significant structural changes to its teaching programme. He resigned the Professorship in 1999 in order to become Notre Dame Professor of English at the University of Notre Dame, a position he held until taking early retirement in 2004.

Publications
Lapidge has written or edited more than fifty books and published some 200 articles, on subjects ranging from Greek cosmology and Classical Latin literature to medieval palaeography and textual criticism, especially the literature of Anglo-Saxon England, in both Latin and Old English. He is, for instance, an expert on the Leiden Glossary. He has devoted much of his scholarly energy to editing scholarly journals and series, having been general editor for many years of Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford Medieval Texts, Scriptores Latini Hiberniae, and Henry Bradshaw Society Publications, as well as Compendium Auctorum Latinorum Medii Aevi (C.A.L.M.A.) and Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England (both of which he founded). In 2002, he delivered the Triennial E. A. Lowe Lectures at Corpus Christi College, University of Oxford, speaking on the topic of "The Anglo-Saxon Library"; a revised version of his lectures was published by Oxford University Press.

Awards
Lapidge was awarded the 2009 Sir Israel Gollancz Prize from the British Academy for his work as "a world authority on Anglo-Saxon literature." He was awarded the degree of Doctor of Letters (Litt.D.) by the University of Cambridge in 1987; in 2011 he was awarded the honorary degree of D.Litt. by the University of Toronto. He is a corresponding fellow both of the Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Munich) and the Accademia dei Lincei (Rome) and is vice-president of the International Society for the Study of Medieval Latin Culture (SISMEL).

Bibliography
 Aldhelm: The Prose Works, trans. with Michael Herren (Ipswich: Brewer, 1979).
 Alfred the Great, trans. with Simon Keynes (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983).
 Gildas: New Approaches, ed. with David Dumville (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1984).
 Aldhelm: The Poetic Works, trans. with James L. Rosier (Woodbridge: D. S. Brewer, 1985).
 Learning and literature in Anglo-Saxon England: Studies presented to Peter Clemoes on the Occasion of his Sixty-fifth Birthday, ed. with Helmut Gneuss (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
 A Bibliography of Celtic Latin Literature 400–1200, with Richard Sharpe (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1985).
 Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature, ed. with Malcolm Godden (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, 2013).
 Wulfstan of Winchester: The Life of St Æthelwold, ed. with Michael Winterbottom (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991).
 Anglo-Saxon Litanies of the Saints (Woodbridge: Published for the Henry Bradshaw Society by Boydell Press, 1991).
 Anglo-Latin Literature 900–1066, (London: Hambledon Press, 1993).
 Biblical Commentaries from the Canterbury School of Theodore and Hadrian, ed. with Bernhard Bischoff (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
 Archbishop Theodore: Commemorative Studies on his Life and Influence, ed. Michael Lapidge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
 Byrhtferth's Enchiridion, ed. with Peter S. Baker (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
 Anglo-Latin Literature 600–899 (London: Hambledon Press, 1996).
 Studies in Early Mediaeval Latin Glossaries, by W. M. Lindsay, ed. Michael Lapidge (Aldershot: Variorum, 1996).
 Columbanus: Studies on the Latin Writings (ed.) (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1997).
 Collectanea Pseudo-Bedae, ed. with Martha Bayless et al. (Dublin: Dublin Institute, 1998).
 The Blackwell encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England, ed. Michael Lapidge et al. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999).
 Apomnēmoneumata: Recollections of a Medieval Latinist by F. J. E. Raby, ed. Michael Lapidge (Firenze: SISMEL - Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2002).
 Interpreters of Early Medieval Britain (ed.) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
 The Cult of St Swithun, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2003).
 Aspects of the Language of Latin Prose, ed. Tobias Reinhardt, Michael Lapidge and J. N. Adams (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
 Histoire ecclésiastique du peuple anglais: Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum by Bède, introduction and notes by André Crépin, edition by Michael Lapidge, trans. Pierre Monat and Philippe Robin (Paris: Cerf, 2005).
 The Anglo-Saxon Library (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).
 Storia degli inglesi: Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum by Beda; a cura di Michael Lapidge; traduzione di Paolo Chiesa, 2 vols. (Rome: Fondazione Lorenzo Valla; Milan: A. Mondadori, 2008-2010).
 Byrhtferth of Ramsey: The Lives of St Oswald and St Ecgwine (ed. and trans) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2009).
 The Early Lives of St Dunstan, ed. and trans. with Michael Winterbottom (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2012).
 Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts: A Bibliographical Handlist of Manuscripts and Manuscript Fragments written or owned in England up to 1100, with Helmet Gneuss (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014).
 H. M. Chadwick and the Study of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic in Cambridge (ed.) (CMCS, Department of Welsh, Aberystwyth University, 2015).
 Hilduin of Saint-Denis: The Passio S. Dionysii in Prose and Verse (Leiden: Brill, 2017)
 The Roman Martyrs (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018)
 Bede's Latin Poetry (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019)

References

Fellows of Clare College, Cambridge
1942 births
Fellows of the British Academy
Living people
20th-century Canadian historians
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Canadian medievalists
Linguists from Canada
Canadian palaeographers
Elrington and Bosworth Professors of Anglo-Saxon
University of Calgary alumni
University of Alberta alumni
Academic staff of the University of Calgary
University of Toronto alumni
University of Notre Dame faculty
21st-century Canadian historians

Michael Lapidge


Petaloudes () is a former municipality on the island of Rhodes, in the Dodecanese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Rhodes, of which it is a municipal unit. Its population was 14,962 in 2011. It includes the villages of Kremasti, Paradisi, Theologos (Tholos), Damatria, Maritsa, and Pastida. The seat of the municipality was in Kremasti. The land area is 89.150 km2.

The Petaloudes Valley (sometimes known as Valley of the Butterflies) is home to thousands of the Rhodes subspecies of the Jersey tiger moth (Euplagia quadripunctaria rhodosensis) that cover the entire landscape after the wet season (late May) due to the high humidity in the area. The Oriental sweetgum trees in Petaloudes Valley give off a scent that attracts the moths and creates a unique biotope. Owing to the increased number of visitors, the Euplagia are facing population issues as they have no stomach and when disturbed tend to fly frequently and thus deplete their energy.

Gallery

External links

The Valley of the Butterflies

References

Populated places in Rhodes
Natura 2000 in Greece

Petaloudes


HMS Berwick was a 74-gun Elizabeth-class third rate of the Royal Navy, launched at Portsmouth Dockyard on 18 April 1775, to a design by Sir Thomas Slade. She fought the French at the Battle of Ushant (1778) and the Dutch at the Battle of Dogger Bank (1781). The French captured her in the action of 8 March 1795 during the French Revolutionary Wars and she served with them with some success then and at the start of the Napoleonic Wars until the British recaptured her at the Battle of Trafalgar. Berwick sank shortly thereafter in a storm.

Royal Navy service

As one of the newest ships of the line, she was commissioned in December 1777. On the entry of France into the American War of Independence in 1778 Berwick joined the Channel Fleet. In July, she took part in the Battle of Ushant under the command of Captain the Hon. Keith Stewart. She served with the Channel Fleet throughout 1779.

In 1780 she was sent out to the West Indies as part of a squadron under Commodore Walshingham that was sent out to reinforce the fleet under Sir George Rodney. But Walshingham's ships arrived too late for the battles of that year and she was then sent to Jamaica. The lieutenant on this trip was John Hunter, who later became an admiral and the second Governor of New South Wales.

While Berwick was on the Jamaica station, she received serious damage from the October 1780 West Indies hurricane, which completely dismasted her and drove her out to sea. The damage forced her to return across the Atlantic to England for repairs.

After repairs, Berwick sailed to the North Sea where Captain Stewart became commander in chief of the station. The North Sea was becoming an increasingly important convoy route because French and Spanish squadrons cruising in the Western Approaches to the Channel had made that route unsafe for British convoys.

In 1781 Berwick was under the command of Captain John Ferguson. On 17 April she, with Belle Poule, captured the privateer Callonne, under the command of Luke Ryan. Calonne was only two years old, a fast sailer, and well equipped for a voyage of three months. She had a crew of 200 men and was armed with twenty-two 9-pounder guns, six 4-pounder guns, and six 12-pounder carronades.

When the British Admiralty received news that the Dutch, who had joined the war at the beginning of 1781, were fitting out a squadron for service in the North Sea, it reinforced Berwick with a squadron under Vice-Admiral Sir Hyde Parker, who had hoisted his flag in . Berwick also received two 68-pounder carronades for her poop deck.

On 15 August, while escorting a convoy of 700 merchantmen from Leith to the Baltic, Parker's squadron of seven ships of the line met a Dutch squadron under Rear-Admiral Johan Zoutman, also consisting of seven ships of the line, but also encumbered with a convoy. In the ensuing Battle of Dogger Bank, Berwick suffered a total of 16 killed and 58 wounded.

After the war, Berwick was paid off in 1783 and laid up in ordinary.

She was commissioned again on 1 January 1793 under Captain Sir John Collins. At the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars he sailed her out for the Mediterranean on 22 May to join the fleet under Admiral Lord Hood. Under Hood, Berwick participated in Toulon operations late in the year.

Collins died in March 1794. His successors were, in short order, Captains William Shield, George Campbell, George Henry Towry, and lastly, William Smith.

Capture

In early 1795 Berwick had been refitting in San Fiorenzo Bay, Corsica, when her lower masts, stripped of rigging, rolled over the side and were lost. A hasty court martial dismissed Smith, the First Lieutenant, and the Master from the ship. After fitting a jury rig, Berwick, under Captain Adam Littlejohn, sailed to join the British fleet at Leghorn, but ran into the French fleet. In the ensuing action the French captured Berwick.

At 11 am, close off Cap Corse, the French frigate Alceste passed to leeward and opened fire within musket-shot on Berwicks lee bow. Minerve and Vestale soon took their stations on Berwick's quarter. By noon, her rigging was cut to pieces and every sail was in ribbons. During the battle four sailors were wounded and a bar-shot decapitated Littlejohn; he was the only man killed. Command then devolved upon Lieutenant Nesbit Palmer, who consulted with the other officers. Palmer decided that Berwick was unable to escape in her disabled state and that all further resistance was useless; he then ordered that Berwick strike her colours.

The French towed her back to Toulon and subsequently commissioned her into the French Navy as Berwick, under Louis-Jean-Nicolas Lejoille.

French Navy service
In September 1795, she sailed from Toulon for Newfoundland as part of a squadron of six ships of the line under Rear-Admiral de Richery. In October, Richery's squadron fell in with the British Smyrna convoy, taking 30 out of 31 ships, and retaking the 74-gun Censeur. The squadron then put into Cádiz, where it remained refitting for the remainder of the year.

On 4 August 1796, Richery finally set sail from Cádiz for North America with his seven ships of the line. His squadron was escorted out into the Atlantic by the Spanish Admiral Don Juan de Lángara, with 20 ships of the line. In September, Richery destroyed the British Newfoundland fishing fleet.

In November, Berwick returned to Rochefort with four of the other ships from Richery's squadron, before sailing on to Brest.

By 1803, Berwick was back in the Mediterranean at Toulon.

Napoleonic Wars

In March 1805, Berwick sailed for the West Indies as part of a fleet of 11 French ships of the line under Vice-Admiral Villeneuve. Off Cádiz, the fleet was joined by the 74-gun ship Aigle, and six Spanish ships of the line under Vice-Admiral Gravina. When the fleet reached the West Indies, Villeneuve sent Commodore Cosmao-Kerjulien with the Pluton and the Berwick to attack the British position on Diamond Rock, which surrendered on 2 June.

When Villeneuve heard that Nelson had followed him to the West Indies, he sailed for Europe. Sir Robert Calder, with 15 ships of the line, intercepted the French off Cape Finisterre. After a violent artillery exchange, the fleets separated in the fog. Exhausted after six months at sea, the French anchored in Ferrol before sailing to Cádiz to rest and refit. With his command under question and wanting to meet the British fleet to gain a decisive victory, Villeneuve left Cádiz to meet the British fleet near Cape Trafalgar.

Fate

On 21 October 1805, Berwick fought at the Battle of Trafalgar, where  re-captured her. Berwick sank near Sanlúcar in the tempest the following day after her French prisoners cut her cables. Although  was nearby and quickly sent boats, many of the c.200 persons aboard Berwick lost their lives.

Citations and notes

References

Lavery, Brian (2003) The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650-1850. Conway Maritime Press. .
Michael Phillips. Berwick (74) (1775). Michael Phillips' Ships of the Old Navy. Retrieved 26 November 2008.

Ships of the line of the Royal Navy
Berwick (1795)
Elizabeth-class ships of the line
1775 ships
Ships built in England
Captured ships
Napoleonic-era ships
Maritime incidents in 1805
Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean

HMS Berwick (1775)


Storm Boy is a 1964 Australian children's novel written by Colin Thiele, about a boy and his pelican. The story, set in the Coorong region of South Australia, focuses on the relationships the boy has with his father Hide-Away Tom, the pelican, and an outcast Australian Aboriginal man called Fingerbone.

The story has been dramatised several times. The 1976 film adaptation Storm Boy won the Jury and Best Film prizes at the 1977 AFI Awards.

Plot summary
Storm Boy likes to wander alone along the fierce deserted coast among the dunes that face out into the Southern Ocean. After a pelican mother is shot, Storm Boy rescues the three baby pelicans and nurses them back to health. He names them Mr Proud, Mr Ponder and Mr Percival. After he releases them, his favourite, Mr Percival, returns. The story then concentrates on the conflict between his lifestyle, the externally imposed requirement for him to attend a school, the fate of the pelican, and the relationship of the boy, and later his father, with Fingerbone.

Adaptations
The 1976 film adaptation Storm Boy won both the Jury Prize and Best Film at the 1977 Australian Film Institute Awards. The film starred David Gulpilil in the role of Finger Bone and Greg Rowe in the title role. The film was advertised with the tagline "Every year has its special film, this year it's...Storm Boy".

An audio dramatisation was made in 1994. The Bell Shakespeare Company toured Australia with the play Storm Boy in 1996, with Trent Atkinson in the title role.

The Sydney Theatre Company performed Tom Holloway's stage adaptation in 2013 and 2015 in collaboration with Perth's Barking Gecko Theatre Company, Trevor Jamieson played Fingerbone Bill in the 2013 production, while Jimi Bani played the character in 2015 (apart from three performances, where Shaka Cook stood in owing to an unforeseen family commitment).

A children's video game by the name of Storm Boy: The Game, following the story and including a few mini-games based on its events, was released in late 2018 on several platforms.

A second movie adaptation, starring Geoffrey Rush, Jai Courtney, with Trevor Jamieson reprising his role as Fingerbone Bill, was released in January 2019.

References

External links

1964 Australian novels
1964 children's books
Australian children's novels
Australian novels adapted into films
Australian novels adapted into plays
Novels adapted into video games
Children's books about birds
Fictional pelicans
Novels set in South Australia
Children's novels about birds
Children's books set in South Australia
Works by Colin Thiele

Storm Boy (novel)


Luis Cardoza y Aragón (June 21, 1904 - September 4, 1992) was a Guatemalan writer, essayist, poet, art critic, and diplomat. Born in Antigua Guatemala, he spent part of his life living in exile in Mexico.

Cardoza attended primary school in Antigua Guatemala and at the Colegio Centroamericano in Guatemala City. His received a secondary education in the city's Instituto Nacional Central para Varones. In the 1920s, Cardoza moved to Paris, France where he became friends with André Breton. Influenced by the avant-garde members of the surrealist movement, his first work titled "Luna Park" was published in 1923 and dedicated to the Guatemalan writer Enrique Gómez Carrillo (1873–1927). He also got to know fellow Guatemalan writer Miguel Ángel Asturias who came to Paris to study at the Sorbonne. Decades later in 1991 Cardoza wrote a book entitled Miguel Ángel Asturias, Casi Novela (Ediciones Era) about their time in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s that earned him the 1992 Mazatlan Literature award in Mexico.

Exile and diplomatic career
Luis Cardoza was appointed Consul General of Guatemala in New York City under the Guatemalan government of Lázaro Chacón but in the early 1930s left the job and his country because of the dictatorial rule of new President Jorge Ubico. He chose to live in self-imposed exile in Mexico City where he became a member of the Liga de Escritores y Artistas Revolucionarios (LEAR), an artist and intellectual group (Renato Leduc, Federico Cantú. Federico Cantú Garza Luis Ortiz Monasterio, Alfonso Reyes, Jose Moreno Villa) that at the time had considerable influence on the artistic, cultural  and political life of Mexico. In 1936 Cardoza welcomed to Mexico the French artist Antonin Artaud who had been an early influence as part of the Surrealist movement in Paris.

Following the 1944 overthrow of the military dictatorship of General Jorge Ubico in Guatemala, Luis Cardoza was elected to the Asamblea Constituyente (Constituent Assembly). In 1945, the new leftist government made him Guatemala's envoy to Sweden, Norway, and the Soviet Union and two years later in 1947 he was appointed Ambassador to Colombia and later Ambassador to Chile and then France. Political turmoil and the ensuing Guatemalan Civil War saw Cardoza flee his country again and return to live in Mexico where he made a living working for the newspaper, El Nacional. While there, he became associated with painters such as David Alfaro Siqueiros and Diego Rivera as well as with members of the writers group, "Contemporáneos".

In 1974 he was called "one of the most interesting unknowns in Latin America [...] whose work somehow never attracted much attention, by rights he should have ranked with Carlos Pellicer or Xavier Villaurrutia. Perhaps because he was Guatemalan he never seemed to receive critical notice."

Before his death in Mexico City in 1992, Luis Cardoza received wide acclaim for his writings, especially for those on art.

Assorted works
 Luna Park  (1923)
 Maelstrom  (1926)
 La torre de Babel  (1930)
 Catálogo de pinturas  (1934)
 El sonámbulo  (1937)
 Mexican Art Today (Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1943)
 Pequeña sinfonía del Nuevo Mundo  (1949)
 Pintura mexicana contemporánea (1953)
 Guatemala, Las líneas de su mano'  (1955)
 Quinta estación (1974), containing all of his poems up to that point; published without dates, notes or bibliography
 Miguel Ángel Asturias, Casi Novela (Miguel Ángel Asturias, Almost a Novel)  (1991)

For a full list of works, see also:
 Bibliografía de Luis Cardoza y Aragón - Roberto Fuertes Manjón, Midwestern State University

Honors
 1970 : honorary degree from the Faculty of Humanities,  University of San Carlos in Guatemala.
 1978 : "Quetzal de Jade" award from the Association of Journalists of Guatemala
 1978 : "Order of Diego de Porres" from the Consejo Nacional para la protección de Antigua Guatemala
 1979 : "Condecoración del Aguila Azteca" - Mexico's highest award given to foreigners
 1992 : Mazatlan Literature Award for his book Miguel Ángel Asturias, Casi NovelaMemorials
 The Galería Luis Cardoza y Aragón is an art exposition area at the Centro Cultural Bella Época in Condesa, Mexico named in his honor.
 Mexico awards the Luis Cardoza y Aragón National Prize of Art Critique The Luis Cardoza y Aragón Popular Culture Center in Quetzaltenango provides classes in art, music, and English to local children of Quetzaltenango who come from disadvantaged families.
 The Luis Cardoza y Aragón Auditorium at the Mexican Embassy in Guatemala is named in his honor.

External links
Luis Cardoza y Aragon on the Guatemalan Literature Webpage

References
 Stanford University - Stanford Humanities Review Vol. 7.1 1999 and
 Article - Artaud en México  Plural: Crítica, Arte, Literatura. 19 (1973)
 Cáceres, Luis Cardoza y Aragón y el Grupo Saker-Ti''. (2002)  Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala: Centro de Estudios Urbanos y Regionales
 Biographical information on the Centeneray of Luis Cardoza y Aragón (Spanish language)

1901 births
1992 deaths
People from Sacatepéquez Department
20th-century Guatemalan poets
20th-century male writers
Guatemalan male poets
Guatemalan diplomats
Guatemalan essayists
Male essayists
Guatemalan art critics
Members of the Congress of Guatemala
Guatemalan expatriates in Mexico
Ambassadors of Guatemala to Colombia
Ambassadors of Guatemala to Chile
Ambassadors of Guatemala to France
20th-century essayists
Foreign ministers of Guatemala

Luis Cardoza y Aragón


Barry M. Malkin (October 26, 1938 – April 4, 2019) was an American movie editor. He had about 30 movie credits to his name. He was best known for his work movie director Francis Ford Coppola. He edited most of Coppola's movies between 1969 and 1997. These include The Rain People (1969), The Godfather Part II (1974), Apocalypse Now (1979), Rumble Fish (1983), The Cotton Club (1984), Peggy Sue Got Married (1986), The Godfather Part III (1990) and Jack (1996). He also edited for the movies Little Big Man (1970), Big (1988), New York Stories (1989), Honeymoon in Vegas (1992) and The Big Bounce (2004). He was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Editing and an Academy Award for Best Film Editing.

Malkin died on April 4, 2019 in Manhattan, New York City. He was 80.

References

Other websites

1938 births
2019 deaths
American movie editors

Barry Malkin


The Prague Security Studies Institute (PSSI, ; PIBS) is a non-profit, nongovernmental organization established in early 2002 to advance the building of a just, secure, democratic and free-market society in the Czech Republic and other post-communist states. PSSI's primary mission is to build an ever-growing number of informed and security-minded policy practitioners dedicated to the development and safeguarding of democratic institutions and values in the Czech Republic and its regional neighbors.
PSSI works to identify and analyze select foreign policy and security-related concerns in transatlantic relations and other theaters of the world, propose sound, achievable policy responses and host regular roundtables and major conferences on these topics. PSSI is especially alert to the intersection of global finance/energy and national security considerations.

History

The founding of PSSI was the result of nearly five years of planning and development.
In 1997, the National Security Assessments Program (NSA) was established as an entity within the Civic Institute, one of the Czech Republic's first non-profit policy groups following the Velvet Revolution. The initial focus of the NSA Program was to enrich the national and regional debates with respect to the security-related dimensions of post-communist governance.
Over a two-year period, the NSA Program made substantial progress in informing and influencing the largely underdeveloped national security policy agenda of the Czech Republic.

The NSA Program, headed by Roger W. Robinson Jr. and Petr Vančura, convened three annual conferences, each with over 200 participants. The first conference, "NATO and Central European Security in the 21st Century" held in April 1999, was held on the fiftieth anniversary of NATO. The second conference, "A Tenth Anniversary Assessment of Central European Freedoms" in April 2000, was held to commemorate this historical development. The third, "Trans-Atlantic Missile Defense and Security Cooperation," took place in April 2001.

Speakers from roughly eight Western and Central European countries and the US attended each of these annual conferences. The distinguished speakers included former CIA Director, James Woolsey; former US National Security Advisor, Richard Allen; US Ambassador to the Czech Republic, John Shattuck; former US Assistant Secretary of Defense, Richard Perle; prominent Soviet dissident, Vladimir Bukovsky; former Advisor to the Prime Minister of Poland, Piotr Naimsky; Air Marshal and former Chief of British Defence Intelligence, Sir John Walker; Professor of International Security Studies at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, Dr. Robert Pfaltzgraff Jr.; German Ambassador Hagen Graf Lambsdorff; Sorbonne Prof. Francoise Thom; Director of the Institute for Strategic Studies in Bonn, Dr. Holger Mey; William F. Martin, former Deputy Secretary of the US Department of Energy.

In 2000, the NSA Program was spun off from the Civic Institute to create The Bell Association for Freedom and Democracy. In the succeeding two years, the concept of a national security-oriented training program for future policy practitioners evolved and led to the founding of the Prague Security Studies Institute (PSSI) in early 2002. PSSI was led by former Czech National Security advisor and Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service, Oldřich Černý and Roger W. Robinson Jr., who also served as Co-Founders of the Institute.

Programs

PSSI conducts a range of activities under its Security Scholars Program, Program of Atlantic Security Studies, Regional Outreach Program and Corporate Council Program.

Regional Outreach Program
PSSI's Regional Outreach Programs seeks to contribute to democratic institution-building in post-communist countries and to share know-how, technical expertise and professional experiences gained during the transition to democracy in the Czech Republic. The gatherings primarily involve graduate students and young professionals from those states still operating under largely authoritarian regimes ( e.g., Belarus, Russia, China, etc.) as well as young American journalists interested in this historical period and transformational process. The Outreach Program provides training with respect to the construction of a free, democratic society with a focus on reforming the security sector via the Security Reform Among other countries, the Program works closely with students and early career professionals from Ukraine, Moldova and Kosovo and organizes a series of meetings with, and briefings by, current and former Czech security policy experts and practitioners from the Parliament.

Security Scholars Programs
Robinson-Martin Security Scholars Program ( RMSSP)
PSSI's flagship program, launched in early 2002, is a two-semester, advanced introductory course to Security Studies held on the premises of PSSI for highly qualified Czech University students. The program offers lectures by, and interaction with, some 20 foreign policy luminaries from around the world in small group settings. As is stated on PSSI's webpage, the overarching goal is building an ever-growing number of young, visionary professionals across the post-communist space well-versed in key security-related subjects and challenges.

MA Degree Program in Security Studies
PSSI co-sponsors Charles University's master's degree Program in Security Studies to help enrich and accelerate the theoretical and practical training of security policy professionals and provide them with detailed knowledge concerning a number of prominent global "flashpoints." and issue areas such as terrorism and WMD proliferation, energy security, counterspace defense, festering regional conflicts, the eurozone crisis, Putin's Russia, China's rise, financial sanctions etc. The MA Degree Program offers courses well beyond regional and transatlantic security concerns, covering the Middle East, East Asia and other theaters and focusing on disciplines, such as international economics and finance, intelligence gathering and dissemination and global energy security. In the Fall of 2012, an English-language curriculum was introduced, greatly expanding access to this cutting-edge program.

Whitaker Chair and Lecture Series in Security Studies
Named in honor of one of PSSI´s principal benefactors, Dr. James Q. Whitaker, this high-level Lecture Series focuses on free-market economics and geopolitical benefits, policy prescriptions important to Central and Eastern Europe as well as on priority security challenges worldwide.

Summer School
Since 2005, PSSI, in cooperation with NATO's Public Diplomacy Division, has offered an intensive course of study in July each year for graduate students in political science, international relations and other relevant fields from NATO's member states and partner countries. The Summer School often has as many as 15 nationalities represented in each these sessions. Subjects include key future challenges for NATO as well as pressing issues on the global security agenda, such as the trajectory of Russia, transatlantic relations, Afghanistan, energy security and the new NATO's Strategic Concept.

Program of Atlantic Security Studies
Established in 2003 to augment PSSI's Security Scholars Program, the Program of Atlantic Security Studies serves as the Institute's public policy arm. It seeks to identify and analyze relevant foreign policy and security-related issues that affect the transatlantic community as well as international security more broadly. The primary focus of PASS is to organize international conferences, roundtables, and workshops that bring together high-level decision-makers, opinion leaders, and experts in a number of fields from different countries and disciplines that would, in many cases, not be exposed to one another under normal professional circumstances. PASS conferences have covered topics such as the NATO Strategic Concept, Asia-Pacific Security Challenges, Trilateral Space Security, and Democracy and Security.

Corporate Council Program (CCP)
The Corporate Council Program was established in the fall of 2003, Chaired by William F. Martin. The Program offers PSSI students the benefits of integrating into their academic course load the management and decision-making skills of leading business executives from across the globe. The CCP seeks to construct mutually-reinforcing relationships between select multinational corporations/banks and PSSI.  Under its banner, is our The Club of Prague, which seeks to provide a forum for a sophisticated dialogue among the region's leading energy experts and the exploration of cooperative ventures.

PSSI Boards

International Advisory Board:

Elie Wiesel, Dennis C. Blair, R. James Woolsey, Alexandr Vondra, Timothy Garton Ash, Michael Žantovský, Michael Novak, Adam Michnik, Robert Pfaltzgraff, Dorothy Stapleton, Hassan bin Talal, Karel Schwarzenberg, Jiří Schneider, Petr Kolář; (In memoriam, Václav Havel)

Executive Committee:

R. Daniel McMichael, James Q. Whitaker, Curtin Winsor Jr., Jan Ruml, Brian Kennedy, Alejandro Chafuen, C. Richard D'Amato, Jonna Bianco.

Annual Report
PSSI Annual Report

References

External links
PSSI Official Website
Neocon Europe Prague Security Studies Institute
PSSI Washington
PSSI Twitter
PSSI Blog

2002 establishments in the Czech Republic
Think tanks established in 2002
Think tanks based in the Czech Republic
Organizations based in Prague
Security studies
Political and economic think tanks based in Europe

Prague Security Studies Institute


In German, a Vorstadt is an area of a city that is outside the Altstadt (city center) but tightly connected to it and densely populated, thus distinguishing itself from a Vorort (suburb).

Historically, a Vorstadt ("suburb" in German) was a settlement outside the city walls, sometimes dedicated to specific trades. Later, large Vorstädte appeared in Gründerzeit era. Places named Vorstadt include Vorstadt (Königsberg) and Oranienburger Vorstadt.

Its French equivalent is faubourg, the Dutch equivalent is Voorstad, e.g. Voorstad St. Jacob in Roermond.

Vienna
In Vienna, the historical Vorstädte need to be distinguished from the Vororte. The Vorstädte were located outside the city walls, but within the Linienwall, a second ring of fortifications outside the city. The city walls were located in the place of the modern Ringstraße, while the Linienwall has been removed to give way for the Gürtel (both being rings of streets around the central city). The Vorstädte therefore correspond to the so-called "inner districts" of Vienna (2nd to 9th and 20th districts).

German words and phrases
Urban studies and planning terminology
Geography of Vienna

Vorstadt


Ludmila Javorová (born 31 January 1932 in  Brno) is a Czech Roman Catholic woman who worked in the underground church during the time of communist rule in Czechoslovakia and served as a vicar general of a clandestine bishop. She was one of a number of Czech women who were allegedly ordained priests, the religious validity of which has been disputed since.

Life
Javorová was born into a Catholic family in Brno in 1932. Although she expressed a wish to become a nun, that was not possible in the time of communism, so she started to work in civilian professions and to support Church activities in her free time.

According to statements made in 1995 and later, the underground bishop Felix Maria Davídek, a friend of Javorová's family, secretly ordained her on 29 December 1970, during the early years of Soviet occupation of the country after the Prague Spring. She had served as his secretary and deputy after his release from prison in 1964 and "gradually took over important tasks in organising the clandestine Church structure ." Davídek named her his vicar general and later ordained her a priest. Around five women were thought to have been ordained in total, with Javorová the only one publicly known.

After the end of communist rule in Czechoslovakia in 1989, Javorová seemingly tried for some time to conceal her status from the public, saying that "the time is not ripe to talk about that". Around 1995, she changed her mind and decided to speak publicly. She helped to prepare a book interview about her experiences, authored by Miriam Therese Winter. Javorová now lives in Brno and remains an active member of the Roman Catholic Church. She is currently a speaker of the Liturgical Commission of her local parish.

Controversy

Although there is thought to be no evidence that an ordination ceremony did or did not take place as claimed, its theological significance has been the subject of controversy.

On one side, Davidek, who had himself spent 14 years in prison as a result of his faith, justified the ordinations based on the pastoral needs of a church suffering harsh persecution, particularly of women tortured in prison who had no contact with male priests but could be ministered to by priests of the same gender. Archbishop John Bukovsky has described the ordinations as "illicit but valid".

On the other side, the Catechism of the Catholic Church states that an ordination ceremony performed on a woman would be invalid as well as illicit; this doctrine is found in the writings of Thomas Aquinas and many others. Pope John Paul II has written "Priestly ordination, which hands on the office entrusted by Christ to his Apostles of teaching, sanctifying and governing the faithful, has in the Catholic Church from the beginning always been reserved to men alone" in his Apostolic Letter, Ordinatio sacerdotalis. This is reflected in the current Code of Canon Law.

Within Davídek's group itself, the ordination of women and of married men was highly controversial and may have played a role in its splitting in the early 1970s. Davídek himself concealed Javorová's ordination from many of his co-workers and demanded written promises of "absolute silence on the matter" from people participating in his secret ordinations. Historians Fiala and Hanuš argue that these ordained women had very few specific sacerdotal tasks in Davídek's group, and conclude from this that their ordinations can therefore be considered as only a "symbolical act and a precedent".

Christian publisher  - who had met Javorová - said in an interview that the ordination had been real, but was invalidated by the Vatican after the fall of the communist regime.

See also
Roman Catholic Womenpriests
Christian views of women

References

Sources
Miriam Therese Winter: Out of the Depths (a biography of Ludmila Javorová) 2001.
Fiala, Petr and Hanuš, Jiří: Skrytá církev, Felix M. Davídek a společenství Koinótés, CDK Brno 1999 ()

1932 births
Living people
20th-century Roman Catholics
Christian feminist theologians
Clergy from Brno
Women's ordination activists
Ordination of women and the Catholic Church

Ludmila Javorová


Asbestos Falls is a waterfall on Clear Creek in Snohomish County, Washington.  It is located just above the mouth of Helena Creek.

The falls are about 55 feet high and drop that in two segments, only one of which is easily seen from the rim of the canyon the falls drop into.  To reach the far segment, one would have to descend into the canyon, which is dangerous enough before fording the creek, which would also be dangerous, especially during high water.

Reaching the falls requires a moderately difficult bushwhack to the edge of the canyon from just past Asbestos Creek Falls, which is countless times confused with Asbestos Falls.

The falls are also simply known as Clear Creek Falls, but the official name is Asbestos Falls.

References

Waterfalls of Snohomish County, Washington
Waterfalls of Washington (state)

Asbestos Falls


The Deathless Sermon was a sermon given as a plea for missionary work during the rise of Hyper-Calvinism in England. It was preached by Particular Baptist Minister, William Carey on 30 May, 1792 at the Friar Lane Baptist Chapel in Nottingham as an effort to arouse his pastoral contemporaries to intentional evangelistic action.

The message is rooted in the text of Isaiah 54:2-3:

 Enlarge the place of thy tent, and let them stretch forth the curtains of thine habitations: spare not, lengthen thy cords, and strengthen thy stakes.  For thou shalt break forth on the right hand and on the left; and thy seed shall inherit the Gentiles, and make the desolate cities to be inhabited.

No extant copies of the sermon remain; however church historians almost unanimously recognize its form as having only two points:
expect great things from God, and
 attempt great things for God.

Although initially his audience was unmoved, ultimately the sermon was remarkably successful. His oration served as the initial catalyst for the founding in 1792 of the "Particular Baptist Society for Propagating the Gospel to the Heathen" (later renamed to the Baptist Missionary Society), which would commission Carey as one of their first missionaries. Carey's activity in India is renowned and placed him firmly in history as the "father of modern missions".

References
 McBeth, H. Leon, The Baptist Heritage: Four Centuries of Baptist Witness,  (Nashville: Broadman Press, 1987), pp. 171ff.
 Gonzalez, Justo L., The Story of Christianity, Vol. II: The Reformation to the Present Day (New York: Harper & Row, 1985), pp. 306ff.
 Gonzalez, Justo L. (2010) The Story of Christianity Vol. 2: The Reformation to the Present Day, Zondervan, , p. 419

External links
 Chapel and commemorative plaque

Calvinist texts
Christian sermons
1792 works
1792 in England

Deathless Sermon


The Armageddon Inheritance is a science fiction novel  by American writer David Weber, formed by two books containing a total of 27 chapters. It is the second book in his Dahak trilogy (after Mutineers' Moon, and before Heirs of Empire). Thematically, it forms a duology with Mutineers' Moon; the latter dealt with the suppression of Anu's mutiny as part of the groundwork for repelling the Achuultani assault, whilst Heirs of Empire is more of a stand-alone bildungsroman work concerning survival on a remote planet. In 2003, it was republished in the omnibus volume Empire from the Ashes.

Plot summary

Book 1
After the events of Mutineers' Moon, the evil mutineer Anu has been defeated by the warship Dahak, aided by its new captain, Colin MacIntyre. As the highest-ranking officer of the Imperium present, MacIntyre had elevated himself to the rank of "Governor of Earth" in order to absolve the loyalist mutineers of their crimes; he then unified the worlds' governments under his authority (backed up by his advanced Imperial armaments and Dahak) and set Horus the task of preparing defenses against the Achuultani scouts, which have been methodically advancing on the Sol system, detected by self-destructing Imperial sensor arrays. This gave frantic defenders under Lieutenant Governor Horus and his assistant, Gerald Hatcher, barely two years to pacify the holdouts to the new world order (such as the Asian Alliance), to modernize the world economy, and to construct and power a planetary defense shield, as well as construct and train a space fleet and the fortresses on the ground which will support the fleet; and then of course to defeat both the scouts and the main Achuultani incursion. The primary holdout to participation in the planetary defense plan was the Asian Alliance, a group of all Asian nations except Japan and the Philippines. It was effectively controlled by a Marshal Tsien Tao-ling. who is convinced to join by the obvious military imbalance (the moon having disappeared, and several Middle Eastern nations forcibly disarmed by Imperium technology-equipped troops) and by the promise of considerable local autonomy and control of four seats on the nine-person council advising Horus. Regardless, the military programs soon get underway. To withstand the Siege (as the coming attack on Earth has come to be called) the Earth's defenses consists of front line spaceships, constructed by "orbital industrial units" left behind by Dahak (clanking replicators, in other words); a planetary shield powered by a core tap; and all backed up by numerous hypermissile launchers built into "Planetary Defense Centers" (sheared off and embedded with armaments mountains around the Earth).

In the meantime, Colin and his new wife, Jiltanith (daughter of Horus), take Dahak and depart for the nearest known Imperial system to seek military aid from the Imperium; little is expected to come of this quest, as Dahak had been attempting to contact the Imperium via his FTL "hypercom", but failing completely.

The first system they arrive at, the Sheskar system, is devoid of life, its inhabited planet shattered to pieces in what apparently was a civil war using gravity warping implosive "gravitonic warheads". Even worse, the system had not been reclaimed by the Imperium as it should have (due to its strategically vital location). Reluctantly, they proceed to Defram, where they find merely two barren orbs. Their next visit the planet Keerah in the Kano system; they reason that Defram was simply a Fleet base, and so perhaps a civilian system would have more answers or life.

In Keerah, they are attacked by an automated quarantine orbital system; after disabling it, Colin and his crew discover that the dead planet had fallen victim to a horrific biological warfare agent designed to be effective against all forms of life (by rapidly mutating until a successfully lethal form is obtained), which spread throughout the entire Empire (the form of government having changed in the ensuing thousands of years) too quickly to be contained, thanks to widespread use of a teleportation (or "mat-trans" as it was known) device. Colin makes the fateful decision to go straight to the Bia system and the planet Birhat- the military and political centers of the Empire. This decision means that it would be impossible for them to return to Earth in time to help defeat the scouts.

At Birhat, they discover an enormous number of installations in the system, such as a shield which protects not merely the planet of Birhat, but the entire inner system. After successfully picking his way through a labyrinth of emergency programming protecting "Mother" (the master computer overseeing the Fleet and the Bia system), Colin resorts to ordering Mother to implement "Case Omega"- an order which, unbeknownst to him, appoints the senior surviving Fleet official and civil servant as Emperor. This unexpected elevation has the happy side effect of granting Colin control of the Imperial Guard Flotilla: 78 planetoids, each vastly more powerful than Dahak (but also vastly stupider). The crew of Dahak immediately set to work reactivating and repairing the planetoids so they can return to Earth.

Book 2
Book 2 begins with a different point of view; the subject is now a minor Achuultani tactical officer named Brashieel, attached to the scout forces about to drop out of hyperspace and destroy Earth. However, the Achuultani warships are extremely slow in hyperspace, and the Earth defenders use their several hours of advance notice to prepare an ambush in the outer system. The ambush, while successful (because of the element of surprise and the generally superior Imperial technology), nevertheless sets the tone for the rest of the Siege by being extremely bloody on both sides.

During the months that Colin's crew in Birhat labor to get the Imperial Guard up and running, the scouts duel the Earth forces, hurling asteroid after asteroid at the shield while whittling down the fortresses and ships, all in preparation for their final blow: hurling the entire moon of Iapetus down the gravity well of Sol at high speed, and aimed directly at Earth. Seven months after the first battle, the "Hoof" (as the Achuultani term their immense kinetic weapon) is about to impact Earth, piercing through the weakened defenders "like a bullet through butter". At the last moment, the Imperial Guard arrives and as they drop out of hyperspace, blasts the Achuultani escort and the moon into dust using gargantuan gravitonic warheads.

Unfortunately, all is not well. Dahak recovers from some wreckage computer records about the main Achuultani force: some 3 million vessels more powerful than the scouting vessels, intended to back up the various scout forces. Somewhat fortunately, this invincible force has divided up into at least two fleets, and so Colin develops a plan to exploit the Enchanach Drive's somewhat awkward side effect of accidentally causing stars to go nova (due to the gravitonic shear stress of drive activation too near a star). With the Imperial Guard, they lay an ambush for the first fleet, having intercepted its courier, and lure it into an otherwise unremarkable star system. There they briefly engage the Achuultani (to ensure they are sucked far enough into the system, past the hyperlimit that they cannot escape, and to gather some more military information); the opposing fleet's having stepped into Colin's "mousetrap", the Enchanach Drives of 8 planetoids simultaneously activate, inducing a supernova which obliterates Sorkar's forces.

The second trap does not go as well. Like in the first, the Guard ambushes the second force (this time laying a dense field of hypermines, which account for a quarter of the million Achuultani vessels), but some of Sorkar's couriers had escaped and warned Hothan's fleet of the nova trap, so that stratagem was unusable. Instead, Colin traps Hothan's forces in normal space (again, using the Enchanach Drive's side effect to exploit the hyperdrive's limitation of being unable to work in a sufficiently deep gravity well). With a good deal of luck and a well-timed planetoid assault on the flank, the Achuultani command structure disintegrates and they are routed.

Once again, Colin's forces are elated by their success and what they believe to be a crushing victory ending the Achuultani "Great Visit", and once again Dahak discovers ominous news in the wreckage of the Achuultani command ship: the final segment of 200,000 vessels much more capable than the previous ones, had been held in reserve, and would shortly attack Earth (they having deduced its location from the timing of Colin's attacks) if the Guard did not stop them. The odds are against their depleted, battered ships lacking fresh supplies of hypermines, but they have little choice. The battle goes poorly, and they win thanks only to a suicide plunge by Dahak, in which Dahak hacks into and kills the computer truly in charge of the Great Visit. This is so effective because it had been previously discovered that the explanation for the various Achuultani anomalies (their lack of females, the oddly inconsistent state and stasis of their technology, their constant war making and hyper-xenophobia etc.) was that their civilization had been greatly distorted many millions of years ago, and they had entrusted the survival of their species to a computer roughly the equal of Dahak. That computer turned out to have the personality flaw of ambition, and deliberately perpetuated the state of war it needed to justify to its programming its continued tyrannical control. With the death of Dahak and BattleComp, the Achuultani fleet panics, flees, and is destroyed or captured.

As it turns out, Dahak had successfully copied himself to another planetoid, and so survived in essence. And a message from Earth, explaining that Isis Tudor had decoded enough of the Achuultani genetic structure for an eventual prospect of cloning a female Achuultani — the first free female for millions of years. Against this hopeful note and the prospect of a war of liberation to free the rest of the Achuultani from the control of the master computer, the novel ends.

References

Sources
 The Armageddon Inheritance, David Weber; first published December 1993 by Baen Books.

External links
 An excerpt of The Armageddon Inheritance is available for download or reading online at the Baen Free Library here The Armageddon Inheritance fby David Weber - Baen Books. The whole novel can be found Empire From the Ashes Index Page.

1993 science fiction novels
1993 American novels
American science fiction novels
Baen Books available as e-books
Fiction set on Iapetus (moon)
Military science fiction novels
Novels by David Weber
Fiction set on Saturn's moons
Space opera novels

The Armageddon Inheritance


Harry Brinkley "Brink" Bass (July 4, 1916 – August 20, 1944) was a U.S. Navy pilot who was twice awarded the Navy Cross for his heroic actions in the Pacific theater during World War II.  Bass died over Saint Bonnet le Froid, in southern France when his plane was shot down by anti-aircraft fire.    was named in his honor.

Personal information
Bass was born in Chicago, Illinois, but the family later moved to Beaumont, Texas. He was raised a Presbyterian. He attended Averill Elementary School and Beaumont High School, graduating on June 2, 1932. He served on the Student Council, Faculty Advisory Council, high school paper, and yearbook.  He first attended South Park College, now Lamar University, for one year and then the West Point-Annapolis Coaching School, in Columbia, Missouri, for the 1933-1934 school year. He then entered the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, on June 11, 1934, having secured an appointment through his guardian uncle's Arkansas representative since the Texas appointments were taken. Earning several awards while there, he graduated on June 2, 1938, and was commissioned as an Ensign in the Navy. He never married.

Bass became an Eagle Scout on August 14, 1930  in Beaumont's Troop 6 under Scoutmaster Harry P. Jirou. He attended the 3rd World Scout Jamboree in Birkenhead, England, as the youngest of the 13 Scouts making the trip from Beaumont. He also visited Paris and New York City during this trip. Bass received some notoriety for remarks he made that appeared in the Saturday Evening Post about the Prince of Wales, later Edward VIII, wearing a "sloppy" Scout uniform. The Clifton Steamboat Museum in Beaumont, Texas has a large gallery celebrating his life and accomplishments.

Military service
Following graduation from the Naval Academy and commissioning as an Ensign, Bass was first assigned to the cruiser  from 1938-1939. He then served on the destroyer  from 1939-1940. He was then assigned to flight training and designated a naval aviator on February 18, 1941, and assigned to bombing squadron VB-2 on board the USS Lexington, flying an SBD Dauntless. He was soon fighting in World War II in the Pacific. His first air-to-air combat action occurred on February 20, 1942, when the Lexington was engaged by two groups of Japanese planes. One of the battles he took part in was the Battle of the Coral Sea. He was awarded both of his Navy Crosses during his time on board the Lexington — one for sinking an enemy ship and one for helping sink a carrier. Bass survived the later sinking of the Lexington.

In July 1942 Bass was reassigned as a fighter pilot and was assigned to VF-29, of which he eventually became commander, on board USS Santee. The Santee was in the Atlantic Ocean when Bass arrived, but eventually was sent to the Pacific theater of operations. He transferred from the Santee and VF-29 in April 1944. Bass was awarded his Silver Star and Air Medal during his time on board the USS Santee. He then transferred to USS Kasaan Bay as commander of VF-74. During this time he participated in the operations in North Africa. Bass died when his F6F Hellcat fighter plane was shot down by German anti-aircraft fire over Southern France on August 20, 1944, near Vanosc, France. Bass was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and Purple Heart posthumously. He was initially buried by French civilians in a church cemetery at St. Bonnet Le Froid, France, but in September 1948 his remains were moved to Roselawn Memorial Park, located in Little Rock, Arkansas.

The USS Brinkley Bass (DD-887) was named in his honor. This ship was laid down on December 20, 1944, at Orange, Texas, by the Consolidated Steel Corporation; launched on May 26, 1945; sponsored by Mrs. Verna Maulding Bass (his mother); and commissioned on October 1, 1945, with Cmdr. Philip W. Winston in command.

Memorials erected in honor of Bass include those in Les Villettes, France and at the Dishman Scout Service Center in Beaumont, Texas.

Decorations

  Navy Cross with Gold Star
  Silver Star
  Distinguished Flying Cross
  Purple Heart
  Air Medal

Navy Cross citations

First award, March 10, 1942
The Navy Cross is presented to Harry Brinkley Bass, Lieutenant (j.g.), U.S. Navy, for distinguished service in the line of his profession as a pilot of a Scouting Squadron, when, on March 10, 1942, in enemy waters, he pressed home, in the face of heavy anti-aircraft fire, a vigorous and determined dive bombing attack on enemy ships, sinking one of them. His outstanding courage and determined skill were at all times inspiring and in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.

Second award, May 7, 1942
The Navy Cross is presented to Harry Brinkley Bass, Lieutenant (j.g.), U.S. Navy, for extraordinary heroism and conspicuous devotion to duty as pilot of a dive bomber in action against Japanese forces in the Coral Sea on May 7, 1942. In the face of heavy anti-aircraft fire and fierce fighter opposition, he dived his plane at an enemy Japanese aircraft carrier and released his bomb with calm and accuracy. By grim determination and expert appraisal of his objective, he contributed materially to the high percentage of hits inflicted by his particular squadron and assisted in ultimate destruction of the enemy carrier. His individual action was an important factor in the collective success of those United States Naval forces which engaged in the enemy in the Battle of the Coral Sea.

See also

List of notable Eagle Scouts

Notes

References

1916 births
1944 deaths
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Air Medal
United States Naval Academy alumni
Lamar University alumni
United States Navy officers
United States Navy personnel killed in World War II
Military personnel from Chicago
United States Navy pilots of World War II

Harry Brinkley Bass


Neighbourhood Watch in the United Kingdom is the largest voluntary crime prevention movement covering England and Wales with upwards of 2.3 million household members. The charity brings neighbours together to create strong, friendly and active communities in which crime can be tackled. Neighbourhood Watch Network is the umbrella organisation supported by the Home Office to support Neighbourhood Watch groups and individuals across England and Wales.

Neighbourhood Watch groups work in partnership with the police, corporate companies with aligned values, voluntary organisations and individuals who want to improve their communities. Neighbourhood Watch aims to help people protect themselves and their properties and to reduce the fear of crime by means of improved home security, greater vigilance, accurate reporting of suspicious incidents and fostering a community spirit as well as tackling new forms of crime such as cybercrime.

History
In 1964, 28-year-old Kitty Genovese was stabbed in New York outside her apartment. Two weeks after the murder it was rumored that 38 witnesses saw or heard the attack, but none of them called the police or came to her aid. This motivated a community response and the very first Neighbourhood Watch scheme was set up in New York, and in 1982 the first UK scheme was set up in Mollington, Cheshire by The local Crime Prevention Officer then Sgt Grahame John Andrews  and was called Homewatch.

From there Neighbourhood Watch grew from strength to strength. Neighbourhood Watch representatives formed local, and wider, structured groups. In 2007, with the support of the police and the Home Office, the umbrella organisation for the movement, now known as Neighbourhood Watch Network, was established. Their focus was on building local Neighbourhood Watch community groups which liaised with the police and focused on reducing burglary and other home and personal crimes.

Objectives
To improve community safety generally including, e.g., fire safety
To prevent crime by improving security, increasing vigilance, creating and maintaining a caring community and reducing opportunities for crime by increasing crime prevention awareness.
To assist the police in detecting crime by promoting effective communication and the prompt reporting of suspicious and criminal activity.
To reduce undue fear of crime by providing accurate information about risks and by promoting a sense of security and community spirit, particularly amongst the more vulnerable members of the community.
To improve police/community liaison by providing effective communications through Neighbourhood Watch messaging systems which warn Coordinators of local crime trends which they can disseminate to their scheme members, and by members informing the police of incidents when they occur.

Schemes
Neighbourhood Watch schemes are run by their members and are often supported by the police and in many areas, a local Neighbourhood Watch Association.

Schemes can vary in size. A volunteer resident coordinator supervises the scheme and liaises with the police and other partners on information, messages and initiatives. It must be recognised that the scheme is a community initiative so success depends on what the members make of it.

The police can't deal with the problems and issues arising from crime and anti-social behavior alone; they need the help of the whole community. Neighbourhood Watch provides a way for local people to play an important part in addressing this balance and making their communities safer.

Coordinator

The role of a Neighbourhood Watch coordinator is to set up and maintain a Neighbourhood Watch scheme within a specific street, neighbourhood or area.  Whilst each crime prevention coordinator may develop specific procedures, the following are suggested as the main duties which coordinators will need to manage.

Encourage vigilance amongst scheme members and actively encourage the early reporting of suspicious incidents.
Receive crime information from the Neighbourhood Watch messaging system and distribute these messages to scheme members.
Encourage neighbours to join Neighbourhood Watch through the website to receive up to date messages on national campaigns and initiatives and member benefits.
Encourage scheme members to be aware of and put into practice crime prevention measures, such as property marking and security devices.
Keep a check on vulnerable households and provide advice to members about dealing with callers at the door.
Circulate newsletters and other relevant information to scheme members.
Welcome newcomers to the neighbourhood and invite them to be part of the scheme.
Supply each scheme member with Neighbourhood Watch and crime prevention literature, such as Neighbourhood Watch window stickers.

These are the main tasks that would be expected of a coordinator, tasks will vary according to the needs of each individual neighbourhood.

Area coordinators
Some larger communities will also appoint area (and/or ward) coordinators forming a hierarchy who sit above other coordinators. The roles of the ward and area coordinators are not necessarily authoritative (may vary around the country), but they provide structure and cohesion for larger and more active watch schemes. These are typically more active roles to assist the other coordinators, organising coordinator meetings and neighbourhood meetings as well as being an extra link to the local police and Neighbourhood Watch Network. Like all other coordinators, these roles are voluntary and unpaid.

Most of these senior roles were historically taken by people who are in their 50s, 60s and 70s. Although they bring experience and maturity to Neighbourhood Watch some may identify it as a weakness as there is a lack of participation from younger generations. Homeownership tends to be conducive to active participation in Neighbourhood Watch groups as homeowners are more likely to invest time and energy into protecting their homes.  However, membership demographics are starting to change with a shift in the younger generations towards as [cybercrime] becomes more relevant to homeowners and renters alike and the introduction of social media as a way of connecting communities. Younger generations are more interested in joining the movement and in taking on the roles traditionally done by elder people.

Neighbourhood Watch Network
Neighbourhood Watch Network is the umbrella charity for Neighbourhood Watch groups across England and Wales. It is funded by the Home Office and other partners and was established in 2007. It manages the official website for Neighbourhood Watch. The site includes crime toolkits, news, resources, campaign materials, inspirational advice and contact information.

Criticisms
Neighbourhood Watch schemes have not been universally welcomed. Criticisms include:
 Used as a means of reducing policing cost by employing residents to undertake what may be considered police work

In popular culture

The highly-acclaimed film Hot Fuzz (2007) satirized the "Neighborhood Watch Alliance" of the fictional village of Sandford, whose members took extraordinary measures for the "greater good" of preserving the village's reputation.

See also
Neighborhood Watch – US organisation
Neighbourhood Support – NZ organisation
Shomrim – Proactive Neighbourhood Patrol Group

References

External links
Neighbourhood Watch Network (Official Neighbourhood Watch site for England & Wales)
Neighbourhood Watch Scotland (Official Neighbourhood Watch site for Scotland)
Neighbourhood Watch Northern Ireland (Official Neighbourhood Watch site for Northern Ireland)

 Law enforcement in the United Kingdom
 Neighborhood watch organizations

Neighbourhood Watch (United Kingdom)


Dacryoscintigraphy (DSG), also known as lacrimal scintigraphy, is a nuclear medicine technique for imaging the lacrimal apparatus. It is used to identify obstructions, for example in the lacrimal duct, nasal cavity or nasolacrimal duct.

Procedure
The typical procedure involves use of Technetium-99m colloid, or in some cases pertechnetate. The colloid is prepared with an activity of approximately 20 megabecquerels in 1 millilitre (ml). Patients place their head in a support and chin rest and a single drop of 0.01 ml is delivered to each eye. Imaging with a gamma camera commences immediately, with a number of images acquired over 15 minutes.

Clinical applications
Typical indications include epiphora and dacryocystitis.

DSG allows quantification of tear turnover and drainage. Various quantification models have been developed, which must account for the variable drainage of asymptomatic systems. Some drugs administered to the eye via eye drops, such as beta blockers for glaucoma, can be hazardous if quickly drained and absorbed through the nasolacrimal duct. DSG is considered the best method to quantitatively assess the proportion of the dose drained in this way. It can also be useful in assessing functional problems, where the lacrimal system appears unobstructed, and for post-operative progress.

Advantages of DSG over dacrocystography include better functional information and a lack of injection. DSG does not provide precise localisation and may not be useful in cases of complete obstruction.

History
The technique was first introduced in 1972.

References

Eye procedures
Scintigraphy

Dacryoscintigraphy


The Horten Line () was a  branch railway line of the Vestfold Line which ran from Skoppum to Horten, Norway. The line opened as a narrow gauge line on 13 October 1881, the same day as the Vestfold Line. The latter had been proposed to run through Horten, but instead a branch line was chosen. The Horten Line converted to standard gauge in 1949 and electrified in 1957. Passenger transport ran until 1968 and freight trains until 2002. The line was demolished in 2009. Skoppum Station and Borre Station have both been preserved as examples of Balthazar Lange's Swiss chalet style architecture.

Route
The Horten Line was a branch of the Vestfold Line which ran  from Skoppum Station to Horten Station, which is entirely located within the current municipality of Horten. The line was since 1949 standard gauge and from 1957 electrified at . The line had seven stations, of which three were originally manned stations with passing loops. The line has a continual gradient down from Skoppum Station, which reaches a maximum of 1.88 percent.

Skoppum Station is located  from Oslo West Station at an elevation of  above mean sea level (AMSL). It passed Vestre Sande Station after  before reaching Borre Station, located  from Skoppum and at  AMSL. It continues past three more halts, Langgrunn, Rørestrand and Steinsnes, before reaching Horten Station, located at  AMSL. In Horten there was a branch to the port.

History

Planning and construction
Public opinion started debating the need for a railway through Vestfold in the late 1860s The parliamentarians from Jarlsberg and Larvik County (renamed Vestfold in 1919) appealed to the government in 1869 for the construction of a railway through Vestfold south from Drammen to Larvik and onwards to Langefjorden. The request was positively accepted by the government, who instructed the railway director to carry out surveys through Vestfold. The country experienced an economic boom starting in 1871, with demands throughout the country for railways to be built. Official planning of a railway through Vestfold to Brevik commenced with a royal resolution on 24 July 1871.

There were a multitude of proposals for where the railway should run. The only points of agreement were that the line should run through Tønsberg, Sandefjord and Larvik, and the line between the three towns was the least controversial. North of Tønsberg there was more disunity. One proposal was to run the railway from Vestfossen Station on the Kongsberg Line along the east shore of Eikeren and down to Tønsberg along a route similar to that which the Tønsberg–Eidsfoss Line would later follow. A branch line would then be built to Horten. Alternatively a passage through Sande was proposed, although fourteen different routes were proposed. Three main ones were the inner, outer and combined coastal alternatives. The outer followed the shore of the Oslofjord, would be  and would run through Holmestrand, Horten and Åsgårdstrand before reaching Tønsberg. The combined and inner would be , respectively, and both involved building a branch line to Horten. The main argument against the coastal route was that the towns already had a good steamship service, with several daily departures. A third major alternative was to bypass the coast altogether and build down the valley of Lågendalen to Larvik.

Shares for various routes were issued in 1873, and the coastal alternative proved to be the most popular. Still, the county politicians preferred an interior route when it applied for the government to build the line. By 1874 the state railway commission had considered the line and had concluded that it should be built with narrow gauge. Only its chair, Professor Broch, voted in favor of standard gauge. The advantage of  narrow gauge was that it would cut construction costs by a third. The construction of the line was considered by Parliament in 1875. A political deal was struck, where representatives from the Vestfold area agreed to support the Voss Line while representatives from Hordaland supported the Jarlsberg Line. The decision, taken on 8 June 1875, was made with 76 against 36 votes, and supported the compromise coastal route with an extension to Skien.

Construction of the Jarlsberg and Horten Lines commenced in 1876. Because King Oscar II happened to be touring Norway in October 1881, the railway between Drammen and Larvik was officially opened by him on 13 October 1881, including the branch to Horten. However, the construction was not completed and the line did not actually start operations until late December.

Operational history

Initially the line had four trains per direction per day, increasing to seven in 1884. It reached eleven during the 1920s and peaked with thirteen from 1946. Travel time was initially 16 minutes between Skoppum and Horten. The Horten Line was served with the same rolling stock as the Vestfold Line. This included steam locomotives including the Class V, Class XIII and Class XXIII. From 1930 four Bmc Class 1 gasoline multiple units were delivered to the Vestfold Line, and these were frequently used on the Horten Line. A used gasoline multiple unit was taken over from the Tønsberg–Eidsfoss Line when it closed in 1938, and a Cmbo Class 1 from the Flekkefjord Line when it was gauge converted in 1944.

The line's patronage peaked in the 1920, when ca. 200,000 annual passengers were transported along with between 5,000 and 15,000 tonnes of cargo. Originally the line only had three stations: Skoppum, Borre and Horten. Vestre Sande and Rørestrand opened on 1 July 1929, although the latter was closed on 17 June the following year. Instead Steinenes was opened on 25 June. Langgrunn opened on 23 June 1941.

Though their bus division, NSB Biltrafikk, the railway company operated both bus and train services between Skoppum and Horten from the mid-1940s. Planning of conversion to standard gauge commenced in 1910, but steady delays caused the Vestfold Line to remain the last narrow-gauge mainline railway by 1945. The gauge conversion was carried out simultaneously on the Horten and Vestfold Lines, and the new gauge was taken into use on 3 October 1949. With the gauge conversion the number of daily services to eight. Electrification of the Vestfold Line was carried out in 1957, and the Horten Line became the last segment to receive electric traction, on 11 December 1957. With the electrification the passenger trains were operated using Class 65 electric multiple units, while freight trains were hauled using primarily El 2 locomotives, supplemented with El 1 and El 10.

Closing
NSB gradually increased its focus on bus traffic on the route, reducing the number of train services to five from 1962. NSB decided that it was cheaper to operate all services by bus, and closed down all passenger services on the Horten Line from 26 May 1967. A modest amount of freight traffic was retained. From 1992 to 1994 National Road 19 was rebuilt along the route, which forced the overhead lines along part of the line to be taken down. Electric traction resumed in 1994. All traffic terminated in 2002 and the line was demolished in 2009.

Architecture
Balthazar Lange was selected as the Vestfold and Horten Lines main architect. He worked on the various plans from late 1879 until July 1882, when he retired as a railway architect. The stations were designed in Swiss chalet style. Skoppum Station was given an island platform design, with the station located between the two tracks. This, and the need for space for transshipment, gave the station an odd design, and the island location gave it difficult access from the surroundings. Skoppum and Borre Stations have been preserved and is listed as a heritage site by the Directorate for Cultural Heritage. Horten Station has been demolished.

References

Bibliography

Railway lines in Vestfold og Telemark
Railway lines opened in 1881
Railway lines closed in 2002
Electric railways in Norway
1881 establishments in Norway
2002 disestablishments in Norway
3 ft 6 in gauge railways in Norway
Standard gauge railways in Norway

Horten Line