The mayor of Chicago is the chief executive of city government in Chicago, Illinois, the third-largest city in the United States. The mayor is responsible for the administration and management of various city departments, submits proposals and recommendations to the Chicago City Council, is active in the enforcement of the city's ordinances, submits the city's annual budget and appoints city officers, department commissioners or directors, and members of city boards and commissions.

During sessions of the city council, the mayor serves as the presiding officer. The mayor is not allowed to vote on issues except in certain instances, most notably where the vote taken on a matter before the body results in a tie.

The office of mayor was created when Chicago became a city in 1837.

History

The first mayor was William Butler Ogden (1837–1838). Forty-six men and two women (Jane Byrne, 1979–1983, and Lori Lightfoot, 2019–2023), have held the office.  Two sets of father and son have been elected Mayor of Chicago: Carter Harrison, Sr. (1893) and Carter Harrison, Jr. (1897–1905, 1911–1915), as well as Richard J. Daley (1955–1976) and Richard M. Daley (1989–2011). Carter Harrison, Jr. was the first mayor to have been born in the city.

As an interim mayor, David Duvall Orr (1987) held the office for one week the shortest time period. Richard M. Daley was elected six times becoming Chicago's longest-serving mayor, his 24 years surpassing his father's record of 21 years.

The first Irish Catholic mayor was John Patrick Hopkins (1893–1895), and Rahm Emanuel (2011–2019) is the only Jewish American to have served as mayor.

Harold Washington (1983–1987) was the first African American mayor. Lightfoot (2019–2023) was the city's first African American woman and first LGBT mayor. Brandon Johnson (2023–present) is the third elected African American mayor, Eugene Sawyer (1987–1989) having been selected by the council after Washington died in office.

Appointment powers
The mayor appoints the commissioner of the Chicago Fire Department, the superintendent of the Chicago Police Department and  the heads of other departments, the largest of which are the Water Management Department (formed by the consolidation of the former Water Department and Sewer Department under Richard M. Daley), and the Streets & Sanitation Department. The mayor also appoints members to the boards of several special-purpose governmental bodies including City Colleges of Chicago, Chicago Park District, Chicago Public Library, Chicago Housing Authority, Chicago Transit Authority, and the Metropolitan Pier and Exposition Authority. Under Richard M. Daley, the Illinois legislature granted the mayor power to appoint the governing board and chief executive officer of the Chicago Public Schools and subordinated the district to the mayor; the district had long been an independent unit of government.

The Chicago City Clerk and City Treasurer of Chicago are elected separately, as are the 50 aldermen who form the city council. The mayor is empowered, however, to fill vacancies in any of these 52 elected offices by appointment. In turn, the city council elects one of its own to fill a mayoral vacancy.

By charter, Chicago has a "weak-mayor" system, in which most of the power is vested in the city council. In practice, however, the mayor of Chicago has long been one of the most powerful municipal chief executives in the nation.  Unlike in most other weak-mayor systems, the mayor has the power to draw up the budget.  For most of the 20th century, before the decline of patronage and the mayor's office becoming officially nonpartisan in 1999, the mayor was the de facto leader of the city's Democratic Party, and had great influence over the ward organizations.   Located in City Hall, "the fifth floor" is sometimes used as a metonym for the office and power of the mayor.

Election and succession

The mayor of Chicago is elected by popular vote every four years, on the last Tuesday in February. A run-off election, in case no candidate garners more than fifty percent of the vote, is held on the first Tuesday in April. The election is held on a non-partisan basis. Chicago is the largest city in the United States not to limit the term of service for its mayor.

In accordance with Illinois law, the city council elects a vice mayor who serves as interim mayor in the event of a vacancy in the office of the mayor or the inability of the mayor to serve due to illness or injury, until the city council elects one of its members acting mayor or until the mayoral term expires. However, if a vacancy occurs in the office of mayor with more than 28 months remaining in the mayoral term and at least 130 days before the next general municipal election, then a special election must be held to choose a new mayor to serve out the remainder of the term at that general municipal election; if a vacancy occurs with fewer than 28 months remaining in the mayoral term or fewer than 130 days before the next general municipal election, then the acting mayor serves as mayor until the mayoral term expires.

The order-of succession involving the vice mayor was made concrete following disputes that arose in the aftermath of the death in office of Richard J. Daley, and was subsequently implemented following the death in office of Harold Washington, which saw Vice Mayor David Orr become acting mayor. Prior to this, the city had vague succession laws which indicated that the president pro tempore of the City Council would succeed as mayor. This was not followed after the death of Daley, and the city council appointed Michael Bilandic acting mayor instead of having pro tempore Wilson Frost become mayor, due to City Corporation Counsel William R. Quinlan ruling that, since the city did not have a statute specifically outlining succession, the City Council would need to elect the interim mayor.

Six instances have seen the City Council appoint either an acting mayor, acting mayor pro tempore, or interim mayor.

In the absence of the mayor during meetings of the city council, the president pro tempore of the city council, who is a member of and elected by the city council, acts as presiding officer. Unlike the mayor, the president pro tempore can vote on all legislative matters. If neither the mayor nor pro tempore can preside, the vice mayor presides.

List of mayors

Between 1833 and 1837, Chicago was incorporated as a town and headed by town presidents. Since 1837, it has been incorporated as a city and headed by mayors.

The mayoral term in Chicago was one year from 1837 through 1863, when it was changed to two years. In 1907, it was changed again, this time to four years. Until 1861, municipal elections were held in March. In that year, legislation moved them to April. In 1869, however, election day was changed to November, and terms expiring in April of that year were changed. In 1875, election day was moved back to April by the city's vote to operate under the Cities and Villages Act of 1872.

† Died/murdered in office.
1 Since 1999, mayoral elections have officially been nonpartisan. A 1995 Illinois law stipulated that "candidates for mayor ... no longer would run under party labels in Chicago". However, Richard M. Daley, Rahm Emanuel, Lori Lightfoot, and Brandon Johnson are known to be Democrats.

Vice mayor

In accordance with Illinois law, the city council elects a vice mayor who serves as interim mayor in the event of a vacancy in the office of the mayor or the inability of the mayor to serve due to illness or injury, until the city council elects one of its members acting mayor or until the mayoral term expires. The current vice mayor is Walter Burnett.

The position was created by state law in response to the power struggle over succession that took place following Richard J. Daley's death in office.

The position is considered to be largely ceremonial.

If neither the mayor nor president pro tempore can preside over a City Council meeting, then the vice mayor presides.

List of vice mayors

See also

 Law and government of Chicago
 Timeline of Chicago history

Notes

References

Further reading
 Banfield, Edward C. Political Influence (1961), covers major public issues 1957 to 1958 in Chicago
 Becker, Richard Edward. "Edward Dunn, Reform Mayor Of Chicago: 1905-1907" (PhD dissertation, The University of Chicago; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1971.T-22350).
 Bennett, Larry. "The Mayor among His Peers: Interpreting Richard M. Daley". in The City, Revisited: Urban Theory from Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York, ed. by Dennis R. Judd and Dick Simpson, (2011), pp. 242–72.

 Biles, Roger. Mayor Harold Washington: Champion of Race and Reform in Chicago (U of Illinois Press, 2018).
 Biles, Roger. Big City Boss in Depression and War: Mayor Edward J. Kelly of Chicago (1984).
 Biles, William Roger. "Mayor Edward J. Kelly Of Chicago: Big City Boss in Depression and War" (Phd Dissertation, University Of Illinois at Chicago. Proquest Dissertations Publishing, 1981 .8120559).

 Bradley, Donald S., and Mayer N. Zald. "From commercial elite to political administrator: The recruitment of the mayors of Chicago". American Journal of Sociology 71.2 (1965): 153-167.
 Bradley, Donald S. The historical trends of the political elites and metropolitan Central City: the Chicago mayors (1963)

 Bukowski, Douglas.  Big Bill Thompson, Chicago, and the Politics of Image (1998)
 Bukowski, Douglas. "William Dever and Prohibition: The mayoral election of 1923 and 1927" Chicago History 7#2 (1978) pp. 109-118

 Byrne, Jane. My Chicago (Northwestern University Press, 2004), a primary source.
 Carl, Jim. " ''Good Politics Is Good Government': The Troubling History of Mayoral Control of the Public Schools in Twentieth‐Century Chicago". American Journal of Education 115#2, 2009, pp. 305–36.
 Cohen, Adam, and Elizabeth Taylor. American pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley, his battle for Chicago and the nation (2001). online review; also see excerpt
 Fehrenbacher, Don E. "Lincoln and the Mayor of Chicago". Wisconsin Magazine of History 40#4 (1957), pp. 237–44. online, on Long John Wentworth

 Gottfried, Alex. Boss Cermak of Chicago: A Study of Political Leadership (U of Washington Press, 1962).

 Green, Paul M., and Holli, Melvin G. The Mayors: The Chicago Political Tradition (4th ed. 2013), scholarly biographies excerpt covers Medill, Harrison II, Dunne, Busse, Thompson, Dever, Cermak, Kelly, Kennelly, both Daleys, Bilandic, Byrne, Washington, and Emanuel.

 Harrison, Carter Henry. Stormy Years: The Autobiography of Carter H. Harrison, Five Times Mayor of Chicago (1935), a primary source.
 Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980 (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. online; see index at p. 408 for list.
 Johnson, Claudius O. Carter Henry Harrison I: Political Leader (1928)
 Jones, Gene Delon. "The Origin of the Alliance Between the New Deal and the Chicago Machine". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 67 (1974) pp 253-274.
 Kleppner, Paul. Chicago Divided: The Making of a Black Mayor (1985)

 Lydersen, Kari. Mayor 1%: Rahm Emanuel and the Rise of Chicago's 99% ( Haymarket Books, 2013).
 Koeneman, Keith. First Son: The Biography of Richard M. Daley (University of Chicago Press, 2013).
 McCarthy, Michael P. "Prelude to Armageddon: Charles E. Merriam and the Chicago Mayoral Election of 1911". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 67#5 (1974), pp. 505–18.
 Mantler, Gordon K. The Multiracial Promise. Harold Washington's Chicago and the Democratic Struggle in Reagan's America (U of North Carolina Press, 2023)

 Marshall, Jon, and Matthew Connor. "Divided Loyalties: The Chicago Defender and Harold Washington's Campaign for Mayor of Chicago". American Journalism 36.4 (2019): 447-472.

 Morton, Richard Allen. Justice and Humanity: Edward F. Dunne, Illinois Progressive. (SIU Press, 1997).
 Morton, Richard Allen. "Justice and humanity: The politics of Edward F. Dunne' (PhD dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  1988. 8823207). Mayor 1905 to 1907

  O'Malley, Peter Joseph. "Mayor Martin H. Kennelly of Chicago: A Political Biography" (PhD dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1980. 8023247).
 Preston, Michael B. "The Election of Harold Washington: Black Voting Patterns in the 1983 Chicago Mayoral Race". PS 16#3 1983, pp. 486–88.
 Rex, Frederick. The mayors of the city of Chicago from 1837 to 1933 (1947).
 Schottenhamel, George. "How Big Bill Thompson Won Control of Chicago". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 45.1 (1952): 30-49.

 Schmidt, John R. The Mayor Who Cleaned up Chicago: A Political Biography of William E. Dever (1989)

 Shipps, Dorothy. "Updating Tradition: The Institutional Underpinnings of Modern Mayoral Control in Chicago's Public Schools". in When Mayors Take Charge: School Governance in the City, edited by Joseph P. Viteritti, (Brookings Institution Press, 2009), pp. 117–47.

 Simpson, Dick. The Good Fight: Life Lessons from a Chicago Progressive (2017), a primary source. excerpt
 Simpson, Dick. Rogues, Rebels, and Rubber Stamps: The Politics of the Chicago City Council, 1863 to the Present. (2018)
 Simpson, Dick, Melissa Mouritsen, and Betty O'Shaughnessy. "Chicago: The Election of Rahm Emanuel". in Local Politics and Mayoral Elections in 21st Century America (Routledge, 2014) pp. 99-115.

 Spirou, Costas. Building the City of Spectacle: Mayor Richard M. Daley and the Remaking of Chicago (Cornell UP, 2016)

 Tompkins, C. David. "John Peter Altgeld as a Candidate for Mayor of Chicago in 1899". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 56.4 (1963): 654-676.
 Wendt, Lloyd and Herman Kogan. Big Bill of Chicago (1953) Popular biography of Big Bill Thompson
 Zald, Mayer N., and Thomas A. Anderson. "Secular Trends and Historical Contingencies in the Recruitment of Mayors: Nashville as Compared to New Haven and Chicago". Urban Affairs Quarterly 3#4 (1968): 53-68.

External links
 Mayor's official webpage
  "History of Chicago's mayoral office" from Ballotpedia

1837 establishments in Illinois
Government of Chicago
Chicago

Mayor of Chicago


Le calife de Bagdad (The Caliph of Baghdad) is an opéra comique in one act by the French composer François-Adrien Boieldieu with a libretto by Claude Godard d'Aucourt de Saint-Just. Dedicated to the landscape painter Bidauld it was first performed at the Opéra-Comique, Paris, on 16 September 1800 and soon became highly popular throughout Europe.

It was Boieldieu's first major triumph. One member of the audience who was less impressed was the noted composer Luigi Cherubini who reproached Boieldieu, "Aren't you ashamed of such a great success, and doing so little to deserve it?" Boieldieu immediately applied to Cherubini for lessons in compositional techniques.

Le calife de Bagdad was part of the vogue for operas on Oriental subjects and the music makes use of local colour, especially the overture with its prominent "eastern" percussion. Késie's aria "De tous pays" is a bravura piece which illustrates the musical styles of several European countries, including Spain, Italy, Germany, Scotland and England. Le calife de Bagdad is believed to have influenced Carl Maria von Weber, particularly his operas Abu Hassan and Oberon.

Roles

Synopsis
Isaoun, the Caliph of Baghdad, has adopted a disguise so he can roam the streets of the city freely, going under the name "Il Bondocani". Two months before the action begins, he rescued Zétulbé from a band of brigands and Zétulbé has fallen in love with him. But Zétulbé's mother, Lémaïde, is unimpressed by his shabby appearance and refuses to let her marry him. She is amazed when "Il Bondocani" orders his followers to bring in gifts including a casket of jewels. Thinking "Il Bondocani" is a brigand, Lémaïde's neighbour has reported him to the police, who now try to break down the door. After further intrigue, Isaoun finally reveals his true identity to Zétulbé and the two can now be married.

Recordings
 Le calife de Bagdad Laurence Dale, Lydia Mayo, Joelle Michelini, Claudine Cheriez, Chorus and Orchestra of the Camerata de Provence, conducted by Antonio de Almeida (Sonpact, 1993)
 The overture, a popular concert piece, has been recorded separately many times.

References

Further reading
 Holden, Amanda (ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001.
 Work details, delteatro.it

External links

Operas by François-Adrien Boïeldieu
French-language operas
Opéras comiques
1800 operas
Operas
Opera world premieres at the Opéra-Comique
Operas set in the Middle East
Music based on One Thousand and One Nights

Le calife de Bagdad


Eddyville is an unincorporated community in Lincoln County, in the U.S. state of Oregon. Eddyville's unofficial estimated population as of 2014 was about 400 to 500.

Eddyville lies at the intersection of U.S. Route 20 and Oregon Route 180 east of Chitwood and at the confluence of Little Elk Creek and the Yaquina River.

The community was named by and for Israel F. Eddy, who was postmaster here in 1888. The post office, originally established in 1868, had been called "Little Elk", for the nearby creek, until Eddy moved it further from the creek and renamed it. Subsequent back-and-forth moves and name changes through 1900 resulted in a post office near the mouth of the creek but with the name "Eddyville".

In the late 19th century, Eddyville was one of the stops on the Oregon Pacific Railroad, linking the former port city of Yaquina to Corvallis and Albany. After the Oregon Pacific failed financially, fell into receivership, and went through 17 years of financial and legal complications, it became a branch line of the Southern Pacific in 1907.

References

Unincorporated communities in Lincoln County, Oregon
Unincorporated communities in Oregon

Eddyville, Oregon


Onofrio Catacchio (born 28 October 1964) is an Italian comics artist.

Onofrio Catacchio was born in Bari in 1964; he currently lives and works in Bologna.

In 1988 he created the character Stella Rossa, who first appeared in the magazines Fuego and Nova Express , being later collected in volumes published by Granata Press. Kappa Edizioni later reprinted it. For Granata Press he also dramatized and illustrated the Coliandro stories, inspired by works of mystery writer Carlo Lucarelli, re-published by BD editions. As a scriptwriter, he has written Offspring from hell for Andrea Accardi, released in Italy by Kappa Edizioni and in France by Albin Michel.

Since 1995 he has produced various episodes of Nathan Never for Sergio Bonelli Publishing. He dramatized and designed The ballad of Corazza by Wu Ming 2, published by BD/Alta Fedeltà and inserted into the Top Crime anthology by Mondadori. With scripts by Andrea Balzola, he created Freaks' Farm, a spoof adapted from George Orwell's novel of a similar title. In 2006 he illustrated stories and stage images from Gaijin!, written by Luigi Bernardi and staged by the Tratto theatre company. With Luigi Bernardi he was also responsible for the creation of "Habemus Fantomas" for the anthology published by Alta Fedeltà.

External links
 Official website

1964 births
Living people
People from Bari
Italian comics artists
Italian comics writers

Onofrio Catacchio


Lewis Steenrod (May 27, 1810 – October 3, 1862) was a nineteenth-century politician and lawyer from Virginia, who helped secure Congressional authorization of the Wheeling Suspension Bridge but who later opposed secession of what became West Virginia months before his death.

Early and family life
Born near Wheeling, Virginia (now West Virginia) in 1810, to Daniel Steenrod of New York and his second wife, the former Nancy Ann Gater, who had married in 1806, Lewis Steenrod had seven siblings, including an older brother Edward Gater Steenrod, and elder sisters Catherine and Emma. His sister Mary married the Wheeling postmaster, General Feeney, and their daughter Ann Elizabeth married Congressman and judge George W. Thompson, with whom this Lewis would later work. His father Daniel Steenrod and Col. Moses Shepherd were responsible for building and repairing bridges on the National Road, which had been authorized in 1806 and was completed through Ohio County in 1817-1818, Daniel Steenrod also operated a tavern on the south side of the road, and after Virginia took over responsibility for toll collecting and upkeep, he was still contracting to repair and maintain the road and bridges. In the mid-1830s he also laid out the village of Fulton, and also platted an area called "Steenrod's Island" around a paper mill constructed by Alexander Armstrong in 1836.

Lewis Steenrod attended private schools as a child, then read law. He married Mary Neldon in Athens, Ohio on September 5, 1843, but she soon died at age 23, and their infant son died after just six weeks. In 1850, Lewis lived with his parents and 21 year old nephew Daniel Steenrod in their mansion. In 1860, Lewis Steenrod owned $8000 in real property, and $23,000 in personal property, including slaves (his father owned $150,000 in real estate and $10,000 in personal property and his deaf younger brother George owned $600 in real estate and $5,500 in personal property in nearby Triadelphia, and also had married and had two young sons (Lewis and Daniel) and two daughters (Margaret and Elizabeth)

Career
Admitted to the Virginia bar in 1835, Steenrod began his practice in Wheeling, the county seat of Ohio County.

In 1838 as the Democratic candidate, Steenrod defeated incumbent Whig Richard W. Barton, and served in the United States House of Representatives from 1839 to 1845. He served on the Committee on Roads and Canals as well as Committee on Revolutionary Pensions. He introduced a bill to authorized a bridge across the Ohio River, which would supplant a partial bridge and ferry service between two major sections of the National Road. While the Wheeling Suspension Bridge was completed before that particular legislation passed, a similar bill passed in 1854 and allowed the bridge to remain despite the great displeasure of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania interests which twice litigated the matter to the United States Supreme Court) because the new bridge interfered with increasingly high steamboat smokestacks.

In part to counteract the initial unfavorable Supreme Court decision, voters elected Steenrod to represent Ohio, Brooke and Hancock Counties in the Virginia Senate from 1853 to 1856, which passed a law favoring the bridge. Afterwards, Steenrod resumed practicing law. However, his outspoken secessionist views (possibly as the result of opposition to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad which reduced traffic on the National Road), caused the Steenrod brothers to be placed under house arrest during the American Civil War.

Death and legacy
Lewis Steenrod died of tuberculosis at his home near Wheeling, West Virginia on October 3, 1862, and his father two years later. He was interred in Stone Church Cemetery in Elm Grove, West Virginia. His nephew and namesake became Ohio County sheriff.

Steenrod Avenue in Wheeling is named to recognize the family's contributions. Steenrod Elementary School completed in 1919 was named for his father, on land he owned at his death (with an estate worth $200,000), but has now been supplanted by Triadelphia Middle School. The former family home near Wheeling, known as Woodridge was transferred to his brother George W. Steenrod and his wife, but sold in 1874 (after the Panic of 1873) to his brother-in-law Judge George W. Thompson and his wife to pay off debts. In 1880, George Steenrod's daughter Maggie and her husband Platoff Zane owned it, and had many foster children (though none of their own). Sheriff Lewis Steenrod sold a large part of the property to Wheeling for a 150 house subdivision, but sold the house to his son, Dr. Lewis Steenrod and his wife. They sold it to John and Annie McGinnis, who lived in it for decades and made its gardens a showpiece during the 1930s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. It now houses married and graduate students of Wheeling Jesuit University

References

1810 births
1862 deaths
Democratic Party Virginia state senators
Virginia lawyers
Politicians from Wheeling, West Virginia
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia
19th-century American politicians
Lawyers from Wheeling, West Virginia
19th-century American lawyers
People of pre-statehood West Virginia
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in West Virginia

Lewis Steenrod


Hombres de honor () was a 2005 Argentine telenovela, produced by Pol-Ka and aired by El Trece. It starred Laura Novoa and Gabriel Corrado.

Premise
Hombres de Honor was produced by Pol-Ka in an attempt to emulate the success of Padre Coraje, a telenovela they had produced the previous year. It had a low rating, but the TV channel El Trece aired it anyway, refusing to cancel it. The last episode, with 14,7 rating points, had the highest rating of the program's history.

Plot
The action is set in Argentina in the 1940s. There are two mafia families, the Patter Nostra and the Onoratto, who control the traffic of alcoholic beverages and gambling, and wage territorial disputes in other areas, such as prostitution. Luca Onoratto (Gabriel Corrado), jailed for the murder of Carlo Andrea Patter Nostra's twin brother (Gerardo Romano), served his time in prison. The Patter Nostra killed Lorenzo Onoratto (Arturo Puig), Luca's parent, during his wedding. Luca tried to be accepted as the head of the family, and secretly loved María Grazzia Patter Nostra (Laura Novoa), the daughter of the rival don.

Cast
 Gabriel Corrado as Luca Onoratto
 Laura Novoa as María Grazia Patter Nostra
 Leonor Benedetto as Alberta Natale de Onoratto
 Arturo Puig as Don Lorenzo Onoratto
 Gerardo Romano as Carlo Andrea Patter Nostra
 Juan Gil Navarro as Rocco Onoratto/Patter Nostra
 Virginia Innocenti as Mónica Catalano
 Agustina Cherri as Ángela Capello/Patter Nostra
 Antonio Grimau as Comissair Mario Brusca
 Selva Alemán as Carmela Catalano
 Carina Zampini as Eva Hoffman
 Carlos Portaluppi as Pío Molinaro
 Alejandro Awada as Renato De Luca
 Roberto Vallejos as Silvio Urzi
 Carlos Kaspar as Dino Onoratto
 David Masajnik as Bruno Anselmo
 Fabiana García Lago as Amelia Bongiorno
 Andrea Galante as Bella Brusca/La Loba
 Lucas Ferraro as Danilo Onoratto
 Marina Glezer as Beatrice Rossinni
 Valeria Lorca as Andrea
 Sergio Surraco as Ciro Patter Nostra
 Elena Roger as Gabriela Onoratto
 Jorge Nolasco as Nelo Calvi
 Elvira Vicario as Stella Capello
 Beatriz Thibaudin as Anunciata Patter Nostra "La Nona"
 Magela Zanotta as Franca
 Sandra Guida as La Madama

References

2000s Argentine television series
2005 telenovelas
Pol-ka telenovelas
Television series set in the 1940s
2005 Argentine television series debuts
2005 Argentine television series endings

Hombres de honor


Johannes Vingboons (1616/1617 – Amsterdam, 20 July 1670)  was a Dutch cartographer and watercolourist.

Biography

Vingboons came from an artistic family. His father David Vinckboons (1576–1632) was a successful painter and, of his five brothers, Philip Vingboons and Justus Vingboons were active as architects. Johannes remained unmarried and lived with a large part of his family in an Amsterdam house and studio on Sint Antoniesbreestraat, on the corner of Hoek Salamandersteeg. He began to paint and draw in the making of maps, cartoons and paintings for his father.

After their father's death, the sons renovated the building to use as a publishing and printing house. The brothers engaged in designing, and the creation of maps and globes. Five of the six sons were for a time active as a mapmaker. From about 1640 until his death Johannes was a mapmaker, and a watercolourist in the service of the Amsterdam map publisher Joan Blaeu.

Work
By combining his traditional expertise as a cartographer with his artistic qualities as a watercolourist, he produced water colors of exotic lands based on scrupulous research. These he based on reports and sketches from masters, helmsmen and merchants on their travels under the orders of the VOC and WIC. He made city elevations, plans, coastal profiles and sea charts, combining them until he had produced a unique series of images that gave an accurate image of a large part of the world then known to Dutch trade. For many of these areas, his are the earliest images.

Vingboons's work was unique and a sought after collector's item in its own time for rich private individuals. The largest batch, a series of 130 watercolours bound in three atlases, was bought in 1654 by queen Christina of Sweden. After her death these atlases came into the possession of Pope Alexander VIII, and now rest in the library of the Vatican. The next largest collection, more than a hundred works, is in the possession of the Nationaal Archief in The Hague. A small number of watercolours are in the Medici library in Florence. Four signed parchment world maps form part of the collection of the Nederlands Scheepvaartmuseum in Amsterdam.

A large part of his work were on show from 27 January to 15 April 2007 at the exhibition "Land in zicht! Vingboons tekent de wereld van de 17e eeuw" (Land ho! Vingboons draws the world of the 17th century) in the Kunsthal in Rotterdam, organized in cooperation with the Nationaal Archief. The majority had never been exhibited before and never will be again, because of the images' vulnerability and small size. The three bound atlases left the Vatican papal library for the first time for the exhibition.

Sources
The works of Johannes Vingboons online in the Atlas of Mutual Heritage
Johannes Vingboons in the Nationaal Archief
Johannes Vingboons in the Kunsthal
Jacobine E. Huisken, Friso Lammertse, Het kunstbedrijf van de familie Vingboons. Schilders, architecten en kaartmakers in de gouden eeuw, Maarssen, 1989,
Martine Gosselink, Paul Brood, Land in zicht. De wereld volgens Vingboons, Zwolle, 2007,  (exhibition catalogue)

1616 births
1670 deaths
Dutch geographers
Dutch Golden Age painters
Dutch male painters
Painters from Amsterdam
17th-century Dutch cartographers

Johannes Vingboons


Eileen Evelyn Greer Garson (29 September 1904 – 6 April 1996) was an English actress. She was very popular during the 1940s. She was born in Manor Park, Essex.

After many stage appearances, Greer Garson was signed to a contract with MGM. She became one of the studio's top ten box office draws. Garson received seven Academy Award nominations and she won the award for Mrs. Miniver (1942). After the 1940s, her career declined.

Garson moved to the United States and in 1951 became an American citizen. She died from heart failure at Presbyterian Hospital in Dallas, Texas, on 6 April 1996 at the age of 91.

Other websites

1904 births
1996 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Essex
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Deaths from heart failure
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States

Greer Garson


Alfred Sully (May 22, 1820 – April 27, 1879), was a military officer during the American Civil War and during the Indian Wars on the frontier. He was also a noted painter.

Biography

Sully was the son of the portrait painter, Thomas Sully, of Pennsylvania. Alfred Sully graduated from West Point in 1841. During and after the American Civil War, Sully served in the Plains States and was widely regarded as an Indian fighter. Sully, like his father, was a watercolorist and oil painter. Between 1849 and 1853, he became chief quartermaster of the U.S. troops at Monterey, California, after California came under American jurisdiction.  Then, Sully created a number of watercolor and some oil paintings reflecting the social life of Monterey during that period.

Commands
Sully headed US troops out of Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas, in June 1861 as captain and occupied the city of St Joseph, Missouri, declaring martial law. Violent secessionist uprisings in the city during the early Civil War prompted Sully's occupation.

Sully was commissioned colonel of the 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry on February 3, 1862. He led his regiment during the Peninsula Campaign, sustaining a minor wound at Glendale. Sully was promoted to brigadier general on September 26 and led a brigade in the II Corps during the Battle of Chancellorsville, but on May 1, 1863, was removed from command by his division commander, Brig. Gen John Gibbon after failing to suppress a mutiny by the 34th New York when several of its companies refused to fight on the grounds that their two-year enlistment term was about to expire. Gibbon attempted to have Sully court-martialed for dereliction of duty, although a court of inquiry found him innocent of these charges, he was removed from command of his brigade and exiled to the Great Plains, never to serve in the Civil War again.

After being relieved of command, Sully went west and gained notoriety for committing several massacres against natives. On September 3, 1863, at Whitestone Hill, Dakota Territory, as reprisal for the Dakota Conflict of 1862, his troops destroyed a village of some 500 tipis that lodged Yankton, Dakota, Hunkpapa and Sihasapa Lakota. Warriors, along with women and children, were killed or captured. The troopers' casualties were small.
On June 28, 1864, in response to the killing of his science officer and topographical engineer, Captain John Feilner, while conducting a field survey, Sully ordered the heads of those Indians believed responsible hung from poles on a hill overlooking the Missouri River.
With the end of the Civil War, Sully's commission as a brigadier general expired and he reverted to the rank of major in the regular army. Despite frequent bouts of ill health, he continued serving in the Indian Wars until his death at Ft. Vancouver, Oregon, on April 27, 1879. The cause of death was ruled to be an aortic hemorrhage due to complications from an esophageal ulcer. Sully was buried in Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia.

Marriage
Sully was married three times.

After the Mexican War, in 1851, Sully was posted as Quartermaster to the Presidio of Monterey, California, and married María Manuela Antonia Jimeno y de la Guerra. Tragically, soon after childbirth, Manuela died in 1852. Compounding the tragedy was the death of their newborn son, Thomas, 18 days later.

From September 1856 through May1857, Sully was posted to Fort Pierre, Nebraska Territory (now South Dakota). He met and, by Sioux tribal custom, married a young French-Yankton girl of the Yankton Sioux tribe. With this marriage, Sully became the son-in-law of Saswe, a.k.a. François Deloria (Saswe being the Dakota pronunciation of François), a powerful Yankton medicine man and chief of the "Half-Breed band".

In 1869, Sully married Sophia Henrietta Palmer in Manhattan, New York.

Descendants
Sully's daughter by his Yankton Sioux wife, Mary Sully, was known as Akicita Win (Soldier Woman).  She married Rev. Philip Joseph Deloria, an Episcopal priest, a.k.a. Tipi Sapa (Black Lodge), a leader of the Yankton/Nakota band of the Sioux Nation. Tipi Sapa is featured as one of the 98 Saints of the Ages at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., as the first Dakota Christian minister to his own people. Among their descendants are Yankton Sioux Ella Deloria, an ethnologist, and her nephew Vine Deloria, Jr., a scholar, writer, author of Custer Died for Your Sins

References

External links
Pictures of Alfred Sully
Portrait of Alfred Sully, a Cadet at West Point, 1839, by his father Thomas Sully
Alfred Sully Papers. Western Americana Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

Further reading
 Barth, Aaron L. "Imagining a Battlefield at a Civil War Mistake: The Public History of Whitestone Hill, 1863 to 2013." The Public Historian, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 72–97, University of California Press, August 2013. , electronic ISSN 1533-8576.
 Beck, Paul Norman.  "Columns of vengeance : soldiers, Sioux, and the Punitive Expeditions, 1863-1864" Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, May 17, 2013.
 Clodfelter, Micheal. "The Dakota War: The United States Army vs the Sioux, 1862-65". McFarland Publishing Co. February 1, 1998.
 Deloria, Vine, Jr. "Singing for a Spirit: A Portrait of the Dakota Sioux." Clear Light Publishing (August 1, 1999).
 Sully, Langdon. "No Tears for the General: The Life of Alfred Sully, 1821-1879" American West Publishing Co. (1974).

People of Minnesota in the American Civil War
Dakota War of 1862
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army generals
19th-century American painters
American male painters
Artists from Philadelphia
Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia)
Sully County, South Dakota
1820 births
1879 deaths
19th-century American male artists
Military personnel from Philadelphia

Alfred Sully


Stuart Jason Hicks (born 30 May 1967 in Peterborough) is a former professional footballer who played as a defender.

Playing career
Hicks began his career with hometown club Peterborough United, where he turned professional in August 1984. However he failed to make any league appearances for the Posh and he subsequently went on loan to non-league Wisbech Town. After returning he moved to Colchester United in March 1988 and remained there until they were relegated out of The Football League in 1990.

Hicks then had spells with Scunthorpe United, Doncaster Rovers, Huddersfield Town, Preston North End and Scarborough before returning south when he joined Leyton Orient in August 1997. After 78 league appearances for Orient, Hicks joined The Football League's bottom club Chester City in February 2000.

Despite making his debut in a club record 7–1 home defeat by Brighton & Hove Albion, Hicks struck up a tremendous rapport with the Chester fans as the club fought valiantly but unsuccessfully against relegation. Hicks popularity with the supporters was such that he finished third in the player of the season awards after playing just 13 games for the club. However, he opted to remain in Division Three and joined Mansfield Town. Hicks was to have an injury hit spell at Field Mill and he announced his retirement from professional football in February 2002. He then joined non-league side Hucknall Town to complete his playing days.

Since retiring from the game, he has moved into men's designer clothing. He opened his first Mainline Menswear store in Scarborough, North Yorkshire, in 2002.

Honours

Club
Scunthorpe United
 Football League Fourth Division Playoff Runner-up (1): 1991–92

Preston North End
 Football League Division Three Playoff Runner-up (1): 1993–94

Leyton Orient
 Football League Division Three Playoff Runner-up (1): 1998–99

References

External links

1967 births
Living people
Footballers from Peterborough
English men's footballers
Peterborough United F.C. players
Wisbech Town F.C. players
Colchester United F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Scarborough F.C. players
Leyton Orient F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Hucknall Town F.C. players
English Football League players
Men's association football defenders
People from Seamer, Scarborough

Stuart Hicks


Georgia Peach is the first release by Burrito Deluxe. After John Beland retired The Flying Burrito Brothers in 2000, original member of that band "Sneaky" Pete Kleinow put together a new lineup with Carlton Moody and Tommy Spurlock. As Beland still had rights to the name, the band decided to call itself Burrito Deluxe after the Flying Burrito Brothers' second album. In addition to a mixture of original tunes and covers, the album contains several redone version of Flying Burrito Brothers and other songs associated with Gram Parsons.

Track listing
 "Wheels" (Chris Hillman, Gram Parsons) 2:55
 "Secret of Life" (Earl Bud Lee, Luke Powers, Tommy Spurlock) 3:28
 "Cash on the Barrelhead" (Charlie Louvin, Ira Louvin) 2:45
 "Hickory Wind" (Bob Buchanan, Gram Parsons) 4:25
 "Bluest Brown Eyes" (Carlton Moody, Earl Bud Lee) 2:46
 "She's Still the Queen" (Martin Cowart, Tommy Spurlock) 3:37
 "Streets of Baltimore" (Harlan Howard, Tompall Glaser) 3:08
 "Call It Love" (Billy Crain, Jim Messina, Richard Alan Lonow, Ronnie Guilbeau) 4:03
 "Christine's Tune (A.K.A. Devil in Disguise)" (Chris Hillman, Gram Parsons) 3:06
 "Old Memories" 2:44
 "She Once Lived Here" (Autry Inman) 4:20
 "Louisiana" (Gib Guilbeau, John Beland) 4:06
 "Feels Like a Heartache to Me" (Gib Guilbeau, Ronnie Guilbeau) 2:36
 "G.P." (Luke Powers, Tommy Spurlock) 3:24

Personnel
Burrito Deluxe
 Tommy Spurlock - Dobro, guitar, lap steel guitar, mandolin, vocals
 Carlton Moody - guitar, vocals
 "Sneaky" Pete Kleinow - pedal steel
 Willie Watson - vocals
 Rick Lonow - drums

Additional personnel
 Voytek Kochanek - engineer

References

2002 albums
The Flying Burrito Brothers albums

Georgia Peach (album)


The cohort model in psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics is a model of lexical retrieval first proposed by William Marslen-Wilson in the late 1970s.  It attempts to describe how visual or auditory input (i.e., hearing or reading a word) is mapped onto a word in a hearer's lexicon.  According to the model, when a person hears speech segments real-time, each speech segment "activates" every word in the lexicon that begins with that segment, and as more segments are added, more words are ruled out, until only one word is left that still matches the input.

Background information
The cohort model relies on a number of concepts in the theory of lexical retrieval. The lexicon is the store of words in a person's mind; it contains a person's vocabulary and is similar to a mental dictionary. A lexical entry is all the information about a word and the lexical storage is the way the items are stored for peak retrieval. Lexical access is the way that an individual accesses the information in the mental lexicon. A word's cohort is composed of all the lexical items that share an initial sequence of phonemes, and is the set of words activated by the initial phonemes of the word.

Model
The cohort model is based on the concept that auditory or visual input to the brain stimulates neurons as it enters the brain, rather than at the end of a word.  This fact was demonstrated in the 1980s through experiments with speech shadowing, in which subjects listened to recordings and were instructed to repeat aloud exactly what they heard, as quickly as possible; Marslen-Wilson found that the subjects often started to repeat a word before it had actually finished playing, which suggested that the word in the hearer's lexicon was activated before the entire word had been heard.  Findings such as these led Marslen-Wilson to propose the cohort model in 1987.

The cohort model consists of three stages: access, selection, and integration.  Under this model, auditory lexical retrieval begins with the first one or two speech segments, or phonemes, reach the hearer's ear, at which time the mental lexicon activates every possible word that begins with that speech segment. This occurs during the access stage and all of the possible words are known as the cohort. The words that are activated by the speech signal but are not the intended word are often called competitors.  Identification of the target word is more difficult with more competitors. As more speech segments enter the ear and stimulate more neurons, causing the competitors that no longer match the input to be kicked out or to decrease in activation.  The processes by which words are activated and competitors rejected in the cohort model are frequently called activation and selection or recognition and competition.  These processes continue until an instant, called the recognition point, at which only one word remains activated and all competitors have been kicked out. The recognition point process is initiated within the first 200 to 250 milliseconds of the onset of the given word.  This is also known as the uniqueness point and it is the point where the most processing occurs. Moreover, there is a difference in the way a word is processed before it reaches its recognition point and afterwards. One can look at the process prior to reaching the recognition point as bottom-up, where the phonemes are used to access the lexicon. The post recognition point process is top-down, because the information concerning the chosen word is tested against the word that is presented. The selection stage occurs when only one word is left from the set. Finally, in the integration stage, the semantic and syntactic properties of activated words are incorporated into the high-level utterance representation.

For example, in the auditory recognition of the word "candle", the following steps take place. When the hearer hears the first two phonemes  and  ((1) and (2) in the image), he or she would activate the word "candle", along with competitors such as "candy", "canopy", "cattle", and numerous others.  Once the phoneme  is added ((3) in the image), "cattle" would be kicked out; with , "canopy" would be kicked out; and this process would continue until the recognition point, the final  of "candle", were reached ((5) in the image).  The recognition point need not always be the final phoneme of the word; the recognition point of "slander", for example, occurs at the  (since no other English words begin "sland-"); all competitors for "spaghetti" are ruled out as early as ; Jerome Packard has demonstrated that the recognition point of the Chinese word huŏchē ("train") occurs before huŏch-; and a landmark study by Pienie Zwitserlood demonstrated that the recognition point of the Dutch word kapitein (captain) was at the vowel before the final .

Since its original proposal, the model has been adjusted to allow for the role that context plays in helping the hearer rule out competitors, and the fact that activation is "tolerant" to minor acoustic mismatches that arise because of coarticulation (a property by which language sounds are slightly changed by the sounds preceding and following them).

Experimental evidence
Much evidence in favor of the cohort model has come from priming studies, in which a priming word is presented to a subject and then closely followed by a target word and the subject asked to identify if the target word is a real word or not; the theory behind the priming paradigm is that if a word is activated in the subject's mental lexicon, the subject will be able to respond more quickly to the target word.  If the subject does respond more quickly, the target word is said to be primed by the priming word.  Several priming studies have found that when a stimulus that does not reach recognition point is presented, numerous target words were all primed, whereas if a stimulus past recognition point is presented, only one word is primed. For example, in Pienie Zwitserlood's study of Dutch compared the words kapitein ("captain") and kapitaal ("capital" or "money"); in the study, the stem kapit- primed both boot ("boat", semantically related to kapitein) and geld ("money", semantically related to kapitaal), suggesting that both lexical entries were activated; the full word kapitein, on the other hand, primed only boot and not geld. Furthermore, experiments have shown that in tasks where subjects must differentiate between words and non-words, reaction times were faster for longer words with phonemic points of discrimination earlier in the word. For example, discriminating between Crocodile and Dial, the point of recognition to discriminate between the two words comes at the /d/ in Crocodile which is much earlier than the /l/ sound in Dial.

Later experiments refined the model.  For example, some studies showed that "shadowers" (subjects who listen to auditory stimuli and repeat it as quickly as possible) could not shadow as quickly when words were jumbled up so they didn't mean anything; those results suggested that sentence structure and speech context also contribute to the process of activation and selection.

Research in bilinguals has found that word recognition is influenced by the number of neighbors in both languages.

See also
TRACE (psycholinguistics) (rival theory)
Motor theory of speech perception (rival theory)

References

Altmann, Gerry T.M. (1997). "Words, and how we (eventually) find them." The Ascent of Babel: An Exploration of Language, Mind, and Understanding. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 65–83.
Packard, Jerome L (2000). "Chinese words and the lexicon." The Morphology of Chinese: A Linguistic and Cognitive Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 284–309.
Taft, Marcus, and Gail Hambly(1986). "Exploring the Cohort Model of spoken word recognition." Netherlands: Elsevier Sequoia. 259–264.

Neurolinguistics
Psycholinguistics

Cohort model


Memoria Chilena (Spanish for Chilean Memory) is a Chilean cultural website which, according to its own words, "offers investigations and documents related to key topics which make up the Chilean identity, accessible through the areas of history, literature, social sciences, music, and visual arts." Memoria Chilena is, also, a virtual library, which preserves material from the Biblioteca Nacional de Chile and other institutions from the Dirección de Bibliotecas, Archivos y Museos (DIBAM).

History
The original idea of Memoria Chilena was conceived in 2001. The website states that, "until now, our objective has been to spread through the Internet the cultural heritage of Chile, contributing to the recuperation, preservation and strengthening of our historic memory."

Organization
Memoria Chilena organizes its material through topic sites (sitios temáticos), which "approach processes, events, people or relevant works from the Chilean cultural and historic imaginary." Topic sites include a general presentation or description, galleries of images, digitized documents, related bibliography, chronology, links to related topic sites or websites, and sound files. Memoria Chilena, as of May 2012, had 2,800 digitized books, 250 maps of Chile (dated between 1768 and 1929), in addition to an "innumerable" quantity of photographs related to the Chilean history.

Copyright
Memoria Chilena publishes documents and images which belong to collections of the National Library of Chile and other institutions of the DIBAM, which are property of this latter or are otherwise in the public domain. However, digitized materials whose copyright status is active, are used with permission from the copyright owners, for their "exclusive publication in the website." The website also states that "any use of the material published in Memoria Chilena without consent of the copyright owners, is penalized by the Law of Intellectual Property."

Notes

References

External links
 Memoria Chilena

Internet properties established in 2001
Chilean educational websites
History websites
Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
Chilean online encyclopedias

Memoria Chilena


Heinrich Christian Burckhardt (26 February 1811, Adelebsen – 14 December 1879, Hannover) was a German forester and entomologist.

In 1853 Burckhardt became the first civil director of forest administration in the Kingdom of Hanover (after 1866 a province of Prussia. He wrote Säen und Pflanzen nach forstlicher Praxis: ein Beitrag zur Holzerziehung (Sowing and planting in forestry practice: a contribution to forest education) published in Hannover by Rümpler in 1855. This work contains sections on pest insects.

References
Knopf, H. E. 1996 [Burckhardt, H. W. C.] Rozsnyay, Z. J. D. Forstarchiv 67(4) 139–147, Portrait.
Ratzeburg, J. T. C. 1874 Forstwissenschaftliches Schriftsteller-Lexikon. Berlin, Nicolai'sche Buchhandlung : X+1-516.

External links

German entomologists
1811 births
1879 deaths

Heinrich Christian Burckhardt


Laverne Cox (born May 29, 1972) is an American actress and LGBT advocate. She rose to prominence with her role as Sophia Burset on the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black, becoming the first transgender person to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in an acting category, and the first to be nominated for an Emmy Award since composer Angela Morley in 1990. In 2015, she won a Daytime Emmy Award in Outstanding Special Class Special as executive producer for Laverne Cox Presents: The T Word, making her the first trans woman to win the award. In 2017, she became the first transgender person to play a transgender series regular on U.S. broadcast TV as Cameron Wirth on CBSs Doubt.

Cox appeared as a contestant on the first season of VH1's reality show I Want to Work for Diddy, and co-produced and co-hosted the VH1 makeover television series TRANSform Me. In April 2014, Cox was honored by GLAAD with its Stephen F. Kolzak Award for her work as an advocate for the transgender community. In June 2014, Cox became the first transgender person to appear on the cover of Time magazine. Cox is the first transgender person to appear on the cover of a Cosmopolitan magazine, with her February 2018 cover on the South African edition. She is also the first openly transgender person to have a wax figure of herself at Madame Tussauds.

Early life
Cox was born in Mobile, Alabama, and was raised by a single mother and grandmother within the AME Zion church. She has an identical twin brother, M Lamar, who portrayed the pre-transitioning Sophia (as Marcus) in Orange Is the New Black. Cox has stated that she attempted suicide at the age of 11, when she noticed that she had developed feelings for her male classmates and had been bullied for several years for not acting "the way someone assigned male at birth was supposed to act".

She is a graduate of the Alabama School of Fine Arts in Birmingham, Alabama, where she studied creative writing before switching to dance. She then studied for two years at Indiana University Bloomington before transferring to Marymount Manhattan College in New York City, where she switched from dancing (specifically classical ballet) to acting. During her first season on Orange Is the New Black, she was still appearing at a restaurant on the Lower East Side as a drag queen (where she had applied initially to work as a waitress).

Career

Cox appeared as a contestant on the first season of I Want to Work for Diddy; afterwards she was approached by VH1 about show ideas. From that came the makeover television series TRANSform Me, which made Cox the first African-American transgender person to produce and star in her own TV show. Both those shows were nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for outstanding reality program, and when Diddy won in 2009, Cox accepted the award at the ceremony, giving a speech described by the San Francisco Sentinel as "among the most poignant because [it] reminded us how important it is to tell our stories, all of our stories." She has also acted in a number of TV shows and films, including Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Bored to Death, and Musical Chairs.

In 2013, Cox began her recurring role in the Netflix series Orange is the New Black as Sophia Burset, a trans woman sent to prison for credit-card fraud. In that year, she stated, "Sophia is written as a multi-dimensional character who the audience can really empathize with—all of the sudden they're empathizing with a real Trans person. And for Trans folks out there, who need to see representations of people who are like them and of their experiences, that's when it becomes really important." Cox's role in Orange is the New Black provides her a platform to speak on the rights of trans people.

In January 2014, Cox joined trans woman Carmen Carrera on Katie Couric's syndicated show, Katie. Couric referred to transgender people as "transgenders", and after being rebuffed by Carrera on the subject of her surgeries, specifically what genital reconstruction she had done, turned the same question to Cox. Cox responded,

News outlets such as Salon, The Huffington Post, and Business Insider covered what was characterized by Salon writer Katie McDonough as Couric's "clueless" and "invasive" line of questioning.

Cox was on the cover of the June 9, 2014, issue of Time and was interviewed for the article "The Transgender Tipping Point" by Katy Steinmetz, which ran in that issue and the title of which was also featured on the cover; this makes Cox the first transgender person on the cover of Time.

Later in 2014, Cox became the first transgender person to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in an acting category: Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Sophia Burset in Orange Is the New Black. She also appeared in John Legend's video for the song "You & I (Nobody in the World)".

Cox joined a campaign in 2014 against a Phoenix, Arizona, law which allows police to arrest anyone suspected of "manifesting prostitution", and which she feels targets transgender women of color, following the conviction of activist (and transgender woman of color) Monica Jones. Cox stated, "All over the country, trans women are targeted simply for being who they are. Laws like this manifestation law really support systematically the idea that girls like me, girls like me and Monica, are less than [others] in this country." Later that year the Sylvia Rivera Law Project released a video in which Cox read a letter from transgender inmate Synthia China Blast, addressing common issues faced by trans inmates. But when Cox learned that Blast was found guilty of the 1993 rape and murder of a 13-year-old child, she wrote on her Tumblr, "I was not aware of the charges for which she was convicted. If I had been aware of those charges, I would have never agreed to read the letter."

Cox was featured in the annual "Rebels" issue of V in late 2014. For the issue, V asked celebrities and artists to nominate who they saw as their personal rebels, and Natasha Lyonne nominated Cox. Cox was also on the cover of the October 2014 issue of Essence magazine, along with actresses Alfre Woodard, Nicole Beharie, and Danai Gurira.

On October 17, 2014, Laverne Cox Presents: The T Word, an hour-long documentary executive-produced and narrated by Cox, premiered on MTV and Logo simultaneously. That same year, Cox was featured on the fifth anniversary cover of C☆NDY magazine along with 13 other transgender women—Janet Mock, Carmen Carrera, Geena Rocero, Isis King, Gisele Alicea, Leyna Ramous, Dina Marie, Nina Poon, Juliana Huxtable, Niki M'nray, Pêche Di, Carmen Xtravaganza (House of Xtravaganza), and Yasmine Petty.

In 2015, Cox won a Daytime Emmy Award in Outstanding Special Class Special as Executive Producer for Laverne Cox Presents: The T Word. This made Cox the first transgender woman to win a Daytime Emmy as an Executive Producer; as well, The T Word is the first trans documentary to win a Daytime Emmy. That year Cox, among others, posed nude for the Allure annual "Nudes" issue, becoming the first transgender actress to do so.

Cox is the cover subject for the June 11, 2015, "totally not-straight issue" of Entertainment Weekly, the first issue of the magazine in 15 years to focus exclusively on gay, lesbian, and transgender entertainment.

In June 2016, the Human Rights Campaign released a video in tribute to the victims of the Orlando nightclub shooting; in the video, Cox and others told the stories of the people killed there.

In 2017, Cox began her role as transgender attorney Cameron Wirth on Doubt on CBS. However, after only two episodes had aired, CBS announced that they were pulling the series from their schedule, leaving the future of the remaining unaired episodes uncertain. It was the first official cancellation of the 2016–17 season, following weak viewership. CBS later announced that the remaining 11 episodes would be broadcast on Saturday, beginning July 1.

Cox was nominated in 2017 for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for her role in Orange Is the New Black.

Also in 2017, Cox collaborated with the ACLU, Zackary Drucker, Molly Crabapple, and Kim Boekbinder, in making a video about transgender history and resistance, called "Time Marches Forward & So Do We", which Cox narrated. That year Cox became one of the four faces of the fall campaign for the Ivy Park line of clothing.

In February 2019, Cox headlined the New York Fashion Week show for 11 Honoré, a luxury e-retailer focused on plus-sized designer fashion.

Cox was featured in Taylor Swift's "You Need to Calm Down" music video, which was released June 17, 2019.

She was one of fifteen women chosen by guest editor Meghan, Duchess of Sussex, to appear on the cover of the September 2019 issue of British Vogue; this made Cox the first transgender woman to appear on the cover of British Vogue.

In September 2019, Cox brought ACLU attorney Chase Strangio as her date to the 2019 Emmy Awards, and carried a custom rainbow clutch featuring the phrases "Oct 8", "Title VII", and "Supreme Court". This action was in reference to the U.S. Supreme Court case R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, in which Strangio was one of the lawyers representing Aimee Stephens, a trans woman who was fired from her job at a funeral home. Cox and Strangio spoke to reporters on the red carpet about the upcoming court case. Cox executive produced the documentary Disclosure: Trans Lives on Screen, which premiered on Netflix on January 27, 2020.

In May 2021, E! announced that Cox would become the host of Live from the Red Carpet starting in January 2022, replacing Giuliana Rancic. In December 2021, she was cast in Netflix's dystopian fantasy film Uglies directed by McG, based on a book of the same name by Scott Westerfeld.

Impact
Cox has been noted by her LGBT peers, and many others, for being a trailblazer for the transgender community, and has won numerous awards for her activist approach in spreading awareness. Her impact and prominence in the media has led to a growing conversation about transgender culture, specifically transgender women, and how being transgender intersects with one's race. She is the first transgender person to be on the cover of Time magazine, be nominated for a Primetime Emmy, and have a wax work in Madame Tussauds, as well as the first transgender woman to win a Daytime Emmy as an executive producer. In May 2016, Cox was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from The New School in New York City for her progressive work in the fight for gender equality.

Honors and awards
 2013 – Anti-Violence Project 2013 Courage Award honoree
 2013 – Reader's Choice Award at Out Magazines OUT100 Gala, honoring the magazine's selection of 2013's 100 "most compelling people of the year".
 2014 – Woman of the Year by Glamour magazine.
 2014 – Included in the annual Root 100; this list honors "standout black leaders, innovators and culture shapers" aged 45 and younger.
 2014 – Topped the British newspaper The Guardians third annual World Pride Power List, which ranks the world's most influential LGBT people.
 2014 – Stephen F. Kolzak Award from GLAAD.
 2014 – Named to the EBONY Power 100 list.
 2015 – Named to the 2015 OUT Power 50 List.
 2015 – Included in the People World's Most Beautiful Women List.
 2015 – Three Twins Ice Cream in San Francisco renamed its chocolate orange confetti ice cream Laverne Cox's Chocolate Orange is the New Black for Pride weekend.
 2015 – Named in the 2015 Time 100 Most Influential People List; her entry was written by Jazz Jennings.
 2015 – Named by Forum for Equality as one of their 31 Icons of the LGBT History Month.
 2015 – Winner of a Daytime Emmy Award in Outstanding Special Class Special as Executive Producer for Laverne Cox Presents: The T Word. This made Cox the first transgender woman to win a Daytime Emmy as an Executive Producer; as well, The T Word is the first trans documentary to win a Daytime Emmy.
 2016 – Awarded Honorary Doctorate from The New School.
 2017 – Named to the 2017 OUT Power 50 List.
 2018 – Received the Claire Skiffington Vanguard Award from Transgender Law Center. The award recognizes transgender community members who have been part of the movement's vanguard.
 2022 – Received the W. E. B. Du Bois Medal from the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University.

Filmography

Film

Television

Discography

Soundtrack albums

Singles

See also
 LGBT culture in New York City
 List of LGBT people from New York City

References

Further reading

External links

 Interview with Laverne Cox  (video)

1972 births
21st-century American actresses
Actors from Mobile, Alabama
Actresses from Alabama
African-American actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
Daytime Emmy Award winners
Identical twin actresses
Indiana University Bloomington alumni
African-American LGBT people
American LGBT actresses
American transgender actors
LGBT people from Alabama
American LGBT rights activists
LGBT film producers
Living people
Marymount Manhattan College alumni
Transgender actresses
Transgender rights activists
American twins
African-American feminists
American feminists
Women civil rights activists
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American women

Laverne Cox


The Goddard Site is a prehistoric archaeological site in Brooklin, Maine.  The site is notable for the large number of stone artifacts found, most of which were sourced at locations well removed from the area, and for the presence of worked copper artifacts.  It is most widely known as the claimed location at which the Maine penny, a Norse coin dating to the reign of Olaf Kyrre (1067–1093 AD), was found.  The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

Description
The Goddard Site is located on Naskeag Point, the southernmost peninsula of Brooklin, Maine, which is located on the Blue Hill Peninsula west of Mount Desert Island on the central coast of Maine.  The site offers an unobstructed view of the surrounding waters and islands, and was apparently a major summer encampment and trading site.  Unlike other coastal sites in Maine, there is a marked absence of shell middens, and a large number of artifacts have been recovered from the site that originate all across the larger region.  Finds include pottery remnants of a sort usually found as far off as New Jersey and Nova Scotia.  The site also included a series of post molds  in length, probably the location of a longhouse.

Unusual finds at the site include worked copper, including some of European origin that were found in a Late Ceramic period grave of two children, alongside clay artifacts.  The most unusual find, however, is the Maine penny, a silver coin of Norse origin, dating to the reign of Olaf Kyrre (1067–1093 AD). Speculation has it that this coin would have been brought to the site by Native traders, since it post-dates the abandonment of the only known Norse settlements in North America.  However, the provenance of this coin, claimed to have been found at the site by an amateur archaeologist and old coin collector, is now disputed.  While there is no argument about the coin itself being authentic, serious questions have been raised about its actual discovery. Having exposed the "Viking treasure" for decades prominently displayed in the Royal Ontario Museum as a hoax, archaeologist Dr. Edmund Carpenter raised similar concerns with respect to the Norse penny and concluded: "Not proven."  The site has shown no evidence of other Norse artifacts.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hancock County, Maine

References

Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Geography of Hancock County, Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Hancock County, Maine

Goddard Site


A car stereo, also known as a head unit or car radio, is an essential component of any vehicle.

Usage
It is used to play music, make phone calls, and provide other audio services for the driver and passengers. Car stereos have many styles and sizes, with different features available depending on the model.

Types of car stereo

Car stereos are typically divided into two categories: factory-installed or aftermarket. Factory-installed car stereos come with the vehicle and are usually of limited functionality, although some manufacturers offer premium systems that provide more features than standard models. Aftermarket car stereos are installed after the original purchase and can be customized to meet the driver's needs.

Single-DIN stereos

Single-DIN car stereos are the most common type of car stereo system. It refers to a standard size for radio and audio systems that measure 180 x 50 mm. They typically feature an AM/FM radio receiver and four pre-amp outputs for connecting external amplifiers and speakers.

Double-DIN stereos

As the name suggests, these stereo are double in size and comes with standard size
(180 mm × 100 mm or 7.09 in × 3.94 in) and offers more features than a single-DIN unit. Now a days most of the double din stereo comes with a larger display (7 to 10 inches) that allows users to easily see and navigate the menus, make selections, and access various audio sources. These units often include built-in CD/DVD players, GPS navigation systems, Bluetooth connectivity, and even hands-free calling.

Double-DIN stereos also feature advanced audio processing, such as multi-band equalization, surround sound, and digital signal processing. Additionally, they often come with DVD players or navigation systems built-in. Double DIN radios also compatible with Android Auto and Apple CarPlay.

Audio technology
Automotive technologies

Car stereo


Mechanical advantage (also written as MA in formulas) is the factor by which a machine multiplies force. The mechanical advantage of a machine can be used to find out how well a machine works and whether it can perform a particular job.

The mechanical advantage of a machine is the ratio of the load (the resistance overcome by a machine) to the effort (the force applied).

For an ideal (without friction) mechanism, it is also equal to:

There is no unit for mechanical advantages since the unit for both input and output forces cancel out.

Ideal vs actual mechanical advantage
There are two types of mechanical advantage: ideal and actual.

Ideal mechanical advantage (also written as IMA) assumes that no power is lost by friction or other causes. This means the power of the input (load) should equal the power of the output (effort). So, force times speed of the input should equal force times speed of the output.

You can calculate ideal mechanical advantage without measuring the forces. It is the distance over which effort is applied, divided by the distance over which the load is moved.

In reality, there is friction, so some of the power is lost. The actual mechanical advantage (also written as AMA) is always less than ideal. To calculate actual mechanical advantage, you must measure the forces. Then divide the output force by the input force.

The mechanical efficiency is the ratio of the actual mechanical advantage to the ideal mechanical advantage. It is also written as η, the Greek letter eta.

Mechanics

Mechanical advantage