The International Tropical Timber Agreement (ITTA), 1983) is an agreement to provide an effective framework for cooperation between tropical timber producers and consumers and to encourage the development of national policies aimed at sustainable utilization and conservation of tropical forests and their genetic resources.
The International Tropical Timber Organization was established under this agreement, which first opened for signature on November 18, 1983, then Entered into force on April 1, 1985. There were subsequent treaties, with an increasing number of signatories, in 1994 (ITTA2) and 2006 (ITTA3).

ITTA2 (1994) was drafted to ensure that by the year 2000 exports of tropical timber originated from sustainably managed sources and to establish a fund to assist tropical timber producers in obtaining the resources necessary to reach this objective.
It further defined the mandate of the International Tropical Timber Organization. The agreement was opened for signature on January 26, 1994, and entered into force on January 1, 1997.

ITTA3 (2006) aimed to "promote the expansion and diversification of international trade in tropical timber from sustainably managed and legally harvested forests and to promote the sustainable management of tropical timber producing forests". It entered into force on 7 December 2011.

Parties
Fifty eight parties signed up to the 1983 agreement:
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, People's Republic of China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, European Union, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liberia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela

Sixty-two parties ultimately ratified the 1994 agreement:
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, People's Republic of China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, European Union, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liberia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela

As of October 2018, there are 74 parties to ITTA3. Nigeria and Paraguay have signed the agreement but have not ratified it. Canada ratified the agreement in 2009 but has since denounced it.

References

External links
International Tropical Timber Organization
Ratifications.
Text of the Agreement

Environmental treaties
United Nations treaties
Treaties of Australia
Treaties of Austria
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Bolivia
Treaties of the military dictatorship in Brazil
Treaties of Myanmar
Treaties of the People's Republic of Kampuchea
Treaties of Cameroon
Treaties of Canada
Treaties of the Central African Republic
Treaties of the People's Republic of China
Treaties of Colombia
Treaties of Zaire
Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
Treaties of Ivory Coast
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of Ecuador
Treaties of Egypt
Treaties entered into by the European Union
Treaties of Fiji
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of France
Treaties of Gabon
Treaties of Germany
Treaties of Ghana
Treaties of Greece
Treaties of Guyana
Treaties of Honduras
Treaties of India
Treaties of Indonesia
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Japan
Treaties of South Korea
Treaties of Liberia
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of Malaysia
Treaties of Nepal
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of New Zealand
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of Papua New Guinea
Treaties of Peru
Treaties of the Philippines
Treaties of Portugal
Treaties of Spain
Treaties of Suriname
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of Thailand
Treaties of Togo
Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties of the United States
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties of Vanuatu
Treaties of Venezuela

International Tropical Timber Agreement


A halfway house is a place that helps people with physical, mental, and emotional disabilities, giving them a place to live while they learn the social and other skills they need to live on their own or with assistance.

The house has staff workers from the health and helping professions, such as psychologists, social workers, and educators. They help the residents one-on-one or in groups, to adjust to more independent living. Some staff may live in the house. Some houses have large, same-sex dormitory rooms. Others have smaller rooms shared by several roommates, like living in an apartment or flat.

This word has been in use in the United States since the Temperance Movement in the 1840s.

Types

Halfway houses are normally either for patients or for criminals.

For patients, there are one of two choices. In one type, a patient is first placed into a large room with around fifty to one-hundred other people with the same disability as them. As the patients need less help from staff workers, they get moved into smaller rooms with less people, and at the end they are given their own place to live with no other people.

In the other type, new patients start in small rooms. As they need less help from staff workers, their rooms become bigger, and when they stop needing any help, they are living in the big room of 50 to 100 people.

Halfway houses for criminals, also called Community Corrections Centers or Community Correctional Centers, are places where criminals are put after they are taken away from prisons.

Mental illnesses
Community

Halfway house


The National Museum of Commercial Aviation (NMCA) was the nation's first comprehensive airline industry museum in the United States. It was located in Forest Park, Georgia, just south of Atlanta and Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport. It was founded in 2006 by Executive Director & Chief Curator Grant Wainscott. It was a public 501(c)3 not-for-profit organization, and was governed by a 12-member Board of Trustees, chaired by Captain Chuck Maire Jr. The NMCA was a collaborative effort between the non-profit Museum, local and regional governments, and hundreds of business, aviation and community partners throughout the country.  The museum was closed with intentions of moving to a new location, but never reopened.  The museum dissolved as an organization in 2016.

History

In 2003, a group of retired airline employees and civic leaders met to discuss creating a lasting legacy to the commercial airlines that helped make Atlanta home to the busiest airport in the world.  From this initial conversation, a national movement was born, resulting in what is now known as the National Museum of Commercial Aviation (NMCA).

The NMCA is the first comprehensive airline industry museum in the United States, and is poised to become the nation's premier center for airline history and research, attracting visitors from around the globe.  It is being designed to become a major tourism attraction and economic generator for the region, and to serve as a cultural and educational amenity for residents and visitors alike.  The museum will take a broad look at all aspects of the airline industry, not just one particular airline or airport, covering everything from the birth of the airline industry to modern labor relations; from air mail to air cargo; highlighting every job in the industry and its value. Most importantly, it will preserve the artifacts and stories of the men and women who built the industry to what it is today.

In 2007, after years of research and planning, the museum selected and subsequently announced south metro Atlanta as its permanent home, followed by a major operating grant award from Clayton County, Georgia to assist with planning, research & other operating needs. As a result of growing public demand, and interest from the aviation community, the first Interim Headquarters & Research Air-Chive was opened in Forest Park, Georgia in March 2008.  The Interim H.Q. was designed to act as both temporary museum and sales center to give the public an idea of what to expect further down the road, and immediately became a success.

More than 4,000 visitors came through the doors in the first 14 months open, and the demand for public programming, group tours, children's educational programming and additional exhibits necessitated a move into a much larger facility adjacent to the existing site. The current location serves as the center of operations for the museum, until the much larger main campus is built. The Interim Museum is open to the public, and contains various airline exhibits, an art gallery, children's activity center, research library, flight simulators and a gift shop. Educational and public programming efforts include an award-winning children's book club, monthly lecture series, traveling exhibits and rotating art gallery.

The first phase of the Permanent Campus located at 727 Airline Museum Way, Atlanta, Georgia 30354, is a 16,000-sf hangar which will house twelve new exhibits, cockpits and ground support equipment, the museum's growing collection, staff and volunteers. It is expected to open in 2013.

Facilities

Adjacent to the entrance corridor of the new international terminal under construction at the world's busiest airport, and in the shadow of the world's largest airline, the museum is preparing to break ground on the first phase of what will eventually become a 150,000-sf campus of buildings, aircraft, support vehicles, interactive exhibits, educational classrooms and learning labs, and memorial gardens.

Extremely good visibility from more than 800-ft of frontage on Interstate 75, direct & easy access to the airport, and tens of thousands of aviation employees in the immediate area will add to the feasibility of a "national" museum. The museum Main Campus will consist of several buildings, built in phases over a number of years. Main buildings will include a themed airport terminal covering the major decades of aviation, complete with loading bridges and full-size commercial airliners outside. Adjacent hangars and a first-of-its-kind Career Exploration & Learning Center will contain additional aircraft, classrooms and career exploration areas, theaters, archives and collections storage, themed cafeteria, and a restoration/maintenance shop.

The museum's vast array of interactive, high-tech and hands-on exhibits will help to: (1) Preserve American culture and heritage through historic aircraft and exhibits and by serving as a national archive for commercial aviation; (2) Empower youth in their formative years to connect with careers in aviation by providing a pivotal, hands-on experience, and (3) Connect the visitor to the past, present and future of air travel through interactive educational programming, and engaging displays of the early dreamers and risk takers all the way to today's corporate culture, engaging displays from the early dreamers and risk takers to today's corporate boardrooms. Special attention will be paid to the significant contributions of women, African-Americans and other important groups that make up the diverse landscape that is America.

Collection

The museum has a rapidly growing collection of more than 100,000 artifacts. Major concentrations include 500 uniforms dating as far back as the 1930s, advertising memorabilia, rare cockpits and trainers, 2,500 pieces of in-flight serving ware, vintage toys and models, and original artwork.

Most noteworthy in the collection include the world's only known Martin 404 Cockpit Procedures Trainer (CPT) in Southern Airways livery, TUG Technologies first TUG Tractor, and the cockpit of an ex Eastern Air Lines Martin 404, later owned by Ray Charles. The museum's aircraft collection includes a former United Airlines/FedEx Express Boeing 727, and a former FedEx Express/Mountain Air Cargo Fokker F-27 Friendship.

In 2013, aviation airliner artist Marc Y. Chenevert began searching for a repository to donate his vast airliner and art collection. Associates suggested to Chenevert that he contact the National Museum of Commercial Aviation and was introduced to Richard Grigg, NMCA Curator.  The museum was highly interested in Marc's aviation collection and in August 2013, Grigg traveled to Chenevert's home in Asheville, North Carolina to accept the donation of his non Braniff International Airways airliner drawings Collection. The museum will also receive Chenevert's drawing desk and tools that he has used since the early 1970s.  Chenevert's Braniff International Airways Collection has been donated to Braniff Flying Colors Collection based in Dallas, Texas.

See also
 National Airline History Museum

References

External links
National Museum of Commercial Aviation - Home site

Aerospace museums in Georgia (U.S. state)
Braniff
Museums in Clayton County, Georgia
Defunct museums in Georgia (U.S. state)
Museums established in 2006
Museums disestablished in 2016

National Museum of Commercial Aviation


A giubo ( ; etymology: giunto Boschi, "Boschi joint"), also known as a 'flexdisc', and sometimes misspelled as guibo, is a flexible coupling used to transmit rotational torque between the drive shaft and the companion flange on mechanical devices, such as an automobile engine.

The giubo is made from flexible synthetic rubber and is designed to allow some angular and axial misalignment while reducing driveline vibration in mechanical power transmission applications.

How it works
Input and output shaft flanges are bolted to the giubo on either side using alternating hole positions, so that the flanges are not connected directly to one another but instead only through the rubber material of the coupling. The elasticity of the rubber absorbs vibration and flexes for alignment. It follows that the rubber must withstand the application's full transmitted torque, for which reason the rubber is often reinforced internally using moulded-in fibre material. The giubo may also have a harmonically "phased" design, typically requiring arrows that are marked on it to point to the corresponding flange arms.

Name
Giubo is a portmanteau of the Italian words giunto ('joint' or 'coupling') and boschi (the surname of the Italian engineer who designed and patented the first flex disc, Antonio Boschi (1896–1988)). Boschi later founded GIUBO SpA, a company solely dedicated to manufacturing flex discs.

Use
The giubo is believed first to have been used for this purpose on the Alfa Romeo model 1900, produced between 1950 and 1959. As used on several British cars, such as the Hillman Imp, Triumph GT6 MKII/GT6+, Lotus Elan and some early versions of the Land Rover Discovery, the item is known as a Rotoflex coupling. The Porsche 917 used a Giubo centered on the rear half-shaft, but in a manner that did not require the joint to laterally flex. Mercedes-Benz cars have used Giubos throughout the line, starting with the W114 and W115 chassis. The Saab 92, 93 and 96 use this type of joint in the drive shafts from the transmission to the front wheels, on the steering column connection to the steering housing, and on the gear change lever to the gear box connection.

See also
Rag joint

References

Rotating shaft couplings
Automotive transmission technologies

de:Hardyscheibe

Giubo


The Daleks are a made-up alien race of mutants from the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. Daleks are aliens from the planet Skaro, integrated within a tank-like metal casing. The creatures are a powerful race who always wanted universal conquest and control, they have no pity, feelings or guilt (as all of their emotions were removed except hate).

The Daleks are one of the most powerful races ever in Doctor Who history and are the Doctor's worst enemies. They cry "EX-TER-MIN-ATE!" when they are about to kill someone. They come in different colours, like bronze, black, red, white, gold, and silver. They first appeared in the first season episode of the series (in "The Daleks") and they were last seen in the Series 7 episode "Asylum of the Daleks" (2012). They are not robots, but horrible aliens kept in a metal casing, because they became mutated during a war on their planet, Skaro. They were created by an evil scientist named Davros. They can not be easily hurt by guns as their casing reflects the bullets that come from the gun and a shield melts bullets shot at them.

Daleks were created by writer Terry Nation and designed by BBC designer Raymond Cusick.  They were introduced in December 1963 in the second Doctor Who serial. From their first appearance they became very popular with viewers. They appeared in many later serials and two 1960s motion pictures.
The word "Dalek" has been put into the Oxford English Dictionary and other major dictionaries; the Collins Dictionary defines it rather broadly as "any of a set of fictional robot-like creations that are aggressive, mobile, and produce rasping staccato speech". Although there is no meaning to their name, "Dalek" sounds like the Norwegian word "dårlig", which means "bad" or "evil". It is also a trademark, having first been registered by the BBC in 1964 to protect its range of Dalek merchandise.

The Daleks were on a postage stamp celebrating British popular culture in 1999, photographed by Lord Snowdon.

Physical characteristics
On the outside, Daleks resemble human-sized salt and pepper shakers who are five to six feet (152 to 183 cm) tall. On the top, they have a rotating dome with a telescope for seeing. They have two arms. One arm has an energy weapon (or "death ray"), which looks like an long egg beater or the framework of a paint roller. In some episodes, this could also fire a gas or projectiles. Their other arm is a telescope with a plunger on the end, which they use as a hand. The actual Dalek creature inside the metal casing is very rarely seen. It looks like an octopus or a squid.

Movement
Early versions of the Daleks were rolled around on castors or moved by wheels connected to hand cranks by bicycle chains.
Later versions of the prop had more efficient wheels (from shopping carts, according to a Blue Peter episode) and were simply moved by the seated operators' feet, but they remained so heavy that when going up ramps they often had to be pushed by stagehands out of where the camera could not see. The difficulty of operating all the prop's parts at once contributed to the occasionally jerky movements of the Dalek. The latest model of the costume still has a human operator within, but the movement of the dome and eyestalk are now remotely controlled so that the operator can concentrate on the smooth movement of the Dalek and its arms.

Fictional history
The Daleks have appeared on the show many times and their design has seen many changes. This means that it can be difficult to make sure that the storylines line up. When the Daleks first appeared in The Daleks, they were presented as the descendants of the Dals, mutated after a brief nuclear war between the Dal and Thal races. However, in 1975, Terry Nation revised the Daleks' origins in Genesis of the Daleks, where the Dals were now called Kaleds (of which Daleks is an anagram), and the Dalek design was attributed to one man, the crippled Kaled chief scientist Davros.

Instead of a short nuclear exchange, the Kaled-Thal war was portrayed as a thousand-year-long war, fought with nuclear and other weapons causing widespread mutations among the Kaled race. Davros experimented on living Kaled cells to find the ultimate mutated form of the Kaled species and placed the subjects in "travel machines" whose design was based on his own life-support chair.

Genesis of the Daleks marked a new era for the depiction of the species, with most of their previous history either forgotten or barely talked about again.

A single Dalek appeared in "Dalek", written by Robert Shearman, which was broadcast on BBC One on 30 April 2005. This Dalek appeared to be the sole Dalek survivor of the last Time War that had destroyed both the Daleks and the Time Lords.The Doctor had guessed that this Dalek had "fallen" out of the time war.

The Dalek Emperor returned at the end of the 2005 series, having rebuilt the Dalek race with human subjects; it saw itself as a god, and the new Daleks were shown worshipping it. This terrified the Doctor as "Daleks have no concept of blasphemy." These Daleks and their fleet were erased from time itself in "The Parting of the Ways".

The 2006 series finale "Army of Ghosts"/"Doomsday" saw another squad of Dalek survivors from the old Empire, known as the Cult of Skaro, led by a black Dalek named "Dalek Sec", that had survived the Time War by escaping into the Void between dimensions. They emerged, along with a Time Lord prison containing millions of Daleks, at Canary Wharf due to the actions of the Torchwood Institute and Cybermen from a parallel world, leading to a Cyberman-Dalek clash in London. Eventually, the Tenth Doctor caused both factions to be sucked back into the Void.  However, the Cult members (Sec, Caan, Jast, and Thay; it is unusual for a Dalek to have a name) survived by "temporal shifting" away. The two-part story "Daleks in Manhattan"/"Evolution of the Daleks" revealed they had escaped to 1930 New York, setting up base in the Empire State Building, which was being built at the time. Experiments led by Sec attepted to force a Dalek evolution by combining their DNA with that of humans, and he is the first of the new "Human-Daleks". However the three remaining Daleks rebelled and destroyed him because he was not a pure dalek. The Cult also attempted to create a Human/Dalek hybrid (fully human in appearance but with Dalek minds). This attempt failed after the Doctor interfered. Caan escaped via another temporal shift.

The Daleks returned in the 2008 series' two-part finale, "The Stolen Earth"/"Journey's End", accompanied once again by their creator Davros (now played by Julian Bleach).  It is revealved that Dalek Caan had forced himself back into the Time War, even though it was "time-locked" or prevented from entering by any means (the effort rendered him insane), where he rescued Davros; Davros then created a new army of Daleks from his own flesh.  The new Dalek army was led by a Supreme Dalek, who kept Davros imprisoned in a "Vault"; Davros said that he and the Supreme Dalek had reached "an arrangement".  Davros and the Daleks planned to destroy all creation with a 'reality bomb', which failed due to the interference of the Doctor and his companions, and due to Caan himself who had been manipulating the events unknown to either side. Though the Daleks were destroyed, the fate of Davros and Dalek Caan is unknown. 3 Daleks from this episode came back in Series 5 (Victory of the Daleks). They created 5 new, different colored daleks. These new Daleks escaped into space. Later, they showed up in "The Pandorica Opens" and trapped the Doctor in the Pandorica, the ultimate prison. After they were erased from time by the cracks, a stone Dalek showed up, which was an echo of the Dalek race. It was brought alive by the Pandorica light, which could restore thing which had been erased by the cracks. It was later shot in the eye by River Song. Their race, along with the rest of the universe, was brought back by the Doctor.

References

Other websites

 Daleks at the Tardis Index File
 How the Daleks were built  - BBC Wales interview with engineer Bill Roberts
 Charity Dalek - A Dalek used for raising funds for charity.

Doctor Who

Dalek


The Ratio Institute is an independent Swedish research institute focusing on the conditions for enterprise, entrepreneurship and market economy and political change. The institute's infrastructure is financed by the Confederation of Swedish Enterprise, but various research projects have financiers like the Wallenberg Foundation.

Ratio was established as a publishing house within the think tank Timbro (a subsidiary of the Swedish Free Enterprise Foundation) in 1978. The Ratio institute was founded in 2002, and formed as a non-profit organisation in 2004.

Ratio's Scientific Advisory Board includes Deirdre McCloskey and Daniel B. Klein.

References

External links

2002 establishments in Sweden
Think tanks established in 2002
Research institutes in Sweden
Think tanks based in Sweden
Political and economic think tanks based in the European Union

Ratio Institute


Zeina is a feminine given name. It is one of the variants that include Zina, Zena and the feminine version of the male given name Zein.

Zeina may refer to:

People

Zeina
Zeina (actress) (born 1977), Egyptian actress and model
Zeina Abirached (born 1981), Lebanese illustrator, graphic novelist and comic artist
Zeina Akar (born c. 1964), Lebanese politician and social scientist
Zeina Talal Arslan, an Emira, the wife of Lebanese politician Emir Talal Arslan
Zeina Awad, Lebanese news correspondent
Zeina Hashem Beck, Lebanese poet
Zeina Daccache, Lebanese actress and director
Zeina Khodr, Lebanese broadcast journalist
Zeina Mickawy (born 1998), Egyptian squash player
Zeina Mina (born 1963), Lebanese Olympic athlete
Zeina Nassar, German boxer of Lebanese descent
Zeina Shaban (born 1988), Jordanian table tennis player
Zeina Soufan, Lebanese journalist and television host
Zeina el Tibi, French–Lebanese journalist
Zeina Yazigi, Syrian journalist, reporter and television news anchor

Zeïna
Zeïna Sahelí (born 1983), Senegalese swimmer

Others
Tevragh-Zeina, Mauritanea
FC Tevragh-Zeina, Mauritanean football club based in the Tevragh-Zeina

See also
Zina (given name)
Zena (given name)
Zein (disambiguation)

Zeina


The Atlanta sit-ins were a series of sit-ins that took place in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Occurring during the sit-in movement of the larger civil rights movement, the sit-ins were organized by the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights, which consisted of students from the Atlanta University Center. The sit-ins were inspired by the Greensboro sit-ins, which had started a month earlier in Greensboro, North Carolina with the goal of desegregating the lunch counters in the city. The Atlanta protests lasted for almost a year before an agreement was made to desegregate the lunch counters in the city.

Background
In February 1960, during the civil rights movement in the United States, four African American college students refused to leave their seats at a segregated lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, starting the Greensboro sit-ins. These sit-ins inspired similar activity in other cities throughout the Southern United States, collectively referred to as the sit-in movement. In Atlanta, student activists from the city's six historically black colleges and universities began to organize and discuss possible protest activity in the city. Student leaders Julian Bond and Lonnie C. King Jr. (both students at Morehouse College) pushed for similar sit-in action in the city. However, before any activity commenced, the student leaders were called before a meeting of the Council of Presidents of the Atlanta University Center (AUC), who officially endorsed the sit-in activity, but urged the student leaders to announce their plans in writing beforehand. Shortly thereafter, the students formed the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR, led by King and Spelman College student Herschelle Sullivan) and wrote An Appeal for Human Rights, which was published in The Atlanta Constitution, the Atlanta Daily World, and The Atlanta Journal on March 9, 1960. In the document, the students outlined their opposition to segregation and their plans to "use every legal and nonviolent means at our disposal to secure full citizenship rights as members of this great Democracy of ours." The appeal was attacked by Georgia Governor Ernest Vandiver as a "left wing statement... calculated to breed dissatisfaction, discontent, discord, and evil," and Georgia's two U.S. Senators (Herman Talmadge and Richard Russell Jr.) both also opposed the sit-ins. Meanwhile, Atlanta Mayor William B. Hartsfield thanked the students for voicing their opinions, but took no immediate steps to address the problems they brought up.

Course of the protests
The sit-ins began on March 15, about a week after the publishing of the appeal. At 11 a.m. that day, approximately 200 students targeted numerous establishments across the city, including cafeterias in the Atlanta City Hall, the Fulton County Courthouse, and the Georgia State Capitol. Additionally, Morehouse students Charles Black and A. D. King (a brother of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr.) led students to the cafeteria at Terminal Station. Overall, ten lunch counters and cafeterias across the city were targeted, with 77 of the 200 involved students arrested, including Black and Bond. Despite this, the sit-ins remained peaceful, with the organizers calling them a success and temporarily suspending them during negotiations with representatives from Atlanta's business community. However, the business representatives were unwilling to compromise, and sit-ins continued until May, when they were more or less suspended due to summer vacation. During this time, little progress was made.

Protest planning started again in late summer 1960 after classes at the colleges were back in session. COAHR decided to postpone the sit-ins until October in order to coincide with the 1960 United States presidential election, hoping to bring national attention to the protests. Additionally, there had been developments the previous spring that would affect the next round of sit-ins. In April 1960, civil rights activist Ella Baker of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) had talked to student activists in North Carolina and helped form the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), which would establish their headquarters in Atlanta in the fall. Following this, the COAHR would work in conjunction with the SNCC, with plans to hold larger protests in the city.

In early October, Lonnie King asked Martin Luther King Jr. (no relation) if he could participate in the sit-ins, hoping that his presence would increase attention on the protests. Martin agreed, and on October 19, he participated in a massive wave of sit-ins across the city. Martin and Lonnie went to the lunch counter inside Rich's department store, where both of them were promptly arrested. In total, 50 protestors, including A. D. King, were arrested during the first day of protests. Martin Luther King's arrest drew national attention, and this attention may have contributed to increased protest turnout, with over 2,000 protestors performing sit-ins at 16 locations the following day. Protests continued into the next month, and on Black Friday of that year, AUC students were joined by some white students from Agnes Scott College and Emory University. The next day, about 100 members of the Ku Klux Klan, dressed in their regalia, held a counter protest in front of Rich's.

The sit-ins continued throughout the holiday shopping season, and by the end of the year, a report noted that there had been a 13% decrease in sales that year compared to 1959, indicating that the sit-ins were having an economic impact. The following year, the protest leaders announced a new plan to overcrowd the jails, with over 100 protestors arrested in February. Around this time, Sullivan announced that COAHR was planning to extend the protests until at least Easter and were additionally seeking help from U.S. President John F. Kennedy and U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy in desegregating the city. On February 19, a planned rally at the county jail was called off by COAHR after A. T. Walden and William Holmes Borders, prominent leaders in the black community at that time, instead asked protest leaders to meet with them at Wheat Street Baptist Church to discuss the future of the protests. Following this, Walden began to negotiate with business officials (including Atlanta Chamber of Commerce leader Ivan Allen Jr.) regarding terms for an end to the strike. On March 7, Lonnie King and Sullivan attended a meeting where they were told that an agreement had been reached wherein lunch counters and restaurants would be desegregated after the public schools were integrated in Fall of that year in exchange for an end to the sit-ins. Student leaders were unhappy with the terms of the agreement, in particular the fact that the desegregation would not be immediate. In anger, King Sr. told Lonnie King, "Boy, I'm tired of you! This is the best agreement that we can get out of this". The students ultimately acquiesced, and the sit-ins ended. The agreement, while lauded by The Atlanta Constitution and the Atlanta Daily World, was considered unpopular among many African Americans in Atlanta.

Aftermath
One notable effect of the sit-ins in Atlanta was the straining of the relationship between the established black elite in the city, who were more conservative in their approach to the civil rights movement, and younger activists who were more assertive and less willing to compromise. For instance, older leaders in Atlanta had originally been opposed to the sit-ins, and King Sr. had been opposed to his son's involvement with the sit-ins. On March 10, a meeting was held at Warren Memorial Methodist Church, attended by about 1,500 people, to discuss the agreement. There, notable leaders such as Borders, King Sr., and Walden were criticized and heckled by many, leading King Jr. to give an address promoting unity.

In October 1961, following the integration of the school system, the lunch counters and restaurants in Atlanta were desegregated. By this point, over 100 cities throughout the Southern United States had already desegregated their eateries, and the New Georgia Encyclopedia highlights later sit-in actions in Savannah and Rome, Georgia to argue that "Atlanta actually lagged behind many of its neighbors in desegregating local institutions". According to historian Stephen Tuck, desegregation in the city would remain "piecemeal and sporadic" until the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

See also
 Timeline of the civil rights movement

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

1960 in Georgia (U.S. state)
1960 protests
1961 in Georgia (U.S. state)
1961 protests
1960s in Atlanta
African-American history in Atlanta
Civil disobedience
Civil rights movement
Civil rights protests in the United States
History of African-American civil rights
History of Atlanta
Anti-black racism in Georgia (U.S. state)

Atlanta sit-ins


Saint Boniface Cathedral () is a Roman Catholic cathedral of Saint Boniface, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. It is an important building in Winnipeg, and is the principal church in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Boniface, serving the eastern part of Manitoba province as well as the local Franco-Manitoban community. The church sits in the centre of the city at 190 avenue de la Cathédrale, Saint Boniface. Before the fire on July 22, 1968, which destroyed the previous building on site, the church was a minor basilica.

The Cathedral faces the Red River. In Verendrye Park is a statue of Pierre La Vérendrye by Joseph-Émile Brunet. Across the river is The Forks in Downtown Winnipeg.

History

In 1818, newly arrived Rev. Norbert Provencher and two colleagues constructed the first church on land on the east bank of the Red River donated by Hudson's Bay Company's Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk. The  small log building measured 50 feet by 30 feet and served as chapel, residence and school. It was soon replaced with a larger building. In 1832, Provencher, now bishop, built the first cathedral. "The bells of St. Boniface" are mentioned in John Greenleaf Whittier's 1859 poem "The Red River Voyageur". "On December 17, 1891, Whittier's 84th birthday, Archbishop Taché had "the bells of the Roman mission" rung in the poet's honour."

On December 14, 1860, a fire destroyed "Provencher's cathedral". In 1862, Bishop Taché went to Quebec to raise funds to rebuild the cathedral in stone. This second cathedral was somewhat smaller; the bell tower was completed eight years later.

Between 1888 and 1906, the number of Catholics in Saint Boniface had increased from 2,154 to 4,615, almost all of them of French heritage. By 1900, Saint Boniface was the fifth-largest city in the West and needed a larger cathedral. Local contractors Senecal and Smith were engaged to build a new cathedral to plans by Montreal architect Jean-Omer Marchand. On August 15, 1906, Monsignor Louis-Philippe Adélard Langevin dedicated the cathedral, which became one of the most imposing churches in Western Canada.

On July 22, 1968, the 1906 cathedral was damaged by a fire which destroyed many of the structure's features and contents including the rose window, vestments, 1860 bells, and parish records. Only the façade, sacristy, and the walls of the old church remained. In 1972, a new, smaller cathedral, designed by Étienne Gaboury and Denis Lussier, was built behind the 1906 façade.

The Institute for stained glass in Canada has documented the stained glass at St Boniface Cathedral.

Cathedral cemetery
The remains of Chief One Arrow, who died in the 1880s, were interred at the cemetery from his death until August 2007, when his body was exhumed and sent to One Arrow First Nation in Saskatchewan.

Other notable people buried in the cathedral cemetery include:

 Fr. Jean-Pierre Aulneau (1705-1736)
 Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye (1713-1736)
 Louis Riel (1844–1885)
 Louis Riel, Sr. (1817–1864)
 John Rowand III (1812-1865)
 Ambroise-Dydime Lépine (1840–1923)
 Jean-Baptiste Lagimodière (1778–1855)
 Marie-Anne Gaboury (1780–1875)
 Norbert Provencher (1787–1853)
 Vital-Justin Grandin (1829–1902)
 Rosario Couture (1905–1986)

References

External links

 University of Manitoba Interior Photograph
 "Notre Dame brings back memories of St. Boniface Cathedral fire", CHVN95.1FM
 "The Red River Voyageur", John Greenleaf Whittier

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Manitoba
Roman Catholic churches in Winnipeg
Basilica churches in Canada
Burned buildings and structures in Canada
1818 establishments in the British Empire
Cemeteries in Manitoba
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Canada
Cathedral
Municipal Historical Resources of Winnipeg

Saint Boniface Cathedral


Yu Qiuli (; 15 November 1914 – 3 February 1999) was a Chinese Communist army officer and politician, general of the People's Liberation Army. A veteran of the Long March, he held top military and government positions under both Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping and is considered the founding father of the Chinese petroleum industry and the China National Petroleum Corporation.

Following military service as a senior commander and political commissar in the Second Sino–Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War, Yu then served as Minister of the Petroleum Industry (1958–1966), Chairman of the State Planning Commission (1970–1980), Vice Premier (1975–1982), and Deputy Secretary-General of the Central Military Commission as well as Director of the PLA General Political Department (in effect, responsible for ensuring the political loyalty of the entire PLA) from 1982 to 1987.

Early life and military service
Yu was born in Ji'an, Jiangxi, in 1914, three years after the collapse of China's last imperial dynasty, into a poor peasant family. By the age of 14 he had taken part in a peasant uprising. At 16 he joined the Chinese Communist Party. Yu was among the tens of thousands of guerrillas and their supporters who from 1934 joined the Long March in an effort to break through the Kuomintang blockades around the Communist base in the south. In 1936, he was injured in the arm during a skirmish with pursuing nationalist forces. He continued on the journey north over treacherous terrain. Nine months later, after he had completed a journey of thousands of miles in terrible pain, his arm was amputated. "I am a man who has gone through nine deaths," Yu told the American journalist Harrison Salisbury in 1984.

From November 1936 to August 1937, he received advanced military and political training at the Counter-Japanese Military and Political University.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945, he served as Director of the Political Department of the 358th Brigade and in the subsequent Chinese Civil War, as Commander and Political Commissar of the 1st Division of the 1st Field Army, he played a leading role in the capture of Qinghai.

Early People's Republic
After the Communist victory in 1949, Yu Qiuli was transferred to the Southwest, serving as a member of the Standing Committee of the Party Committee of the Western Sichuan District of the Communist Party of China and as the Principal and Political Commissar of the Senior Infantry School. In December 1954, he was called to Beijing and was named Director of the General Finance Department of the PLA, holding that position until early 1957, when he became Director of the PLA General Logistics Department. In September 1955, he was awarded the rank of lieutenant general.

Petroleum Industry
In February 1958, he became the Second Minister for the Petroleum Industry, and decided to focus on oilfield exploration. He replaced Li Jukui in this role, a change made at the recommendation of Peng Dehaui. This move thrust him into a far more prominent role in the Communist government. In the following year, the discovery of huge oil reserves in Daqing in the desolate wastes of north-eastern China gave him a mission for which he is much remembered. Yu became the leader of the so-called "Petroleum Group" of officials which promoted the Daqing model of industrialization.

Daqing Oil Field
Yu was in charge of the development of the Daqing oil field. During its 1960 construction as part of the Great Leap Forward, Yu mobilized workers building the Daqing oil field through ideological motivation instead of material incentives, focusing enthusiasm, energy, and resources to complete a rapid industrialization project. Yu read Mao Zedong's writing to workers, urging them to engage in the hard labor at hand out of commitment to the building of Chinese socialism. In April 1960, Yu stated that Mao's texts On Contradiction and with On Practice would be the ideological core of the campaign to develop the oil field.  The Petroleum Ministry shipped thousands of copies by plane so that every Daqing oil worker would have copies and for work units to each set up their own study groups.

Under Yu's direction, the mosquito-infested marshland - in winter, an expanse of ice - was transformed into China's biggest oil production centre. The economic benefits of the project were critical because without the production of the Daqing oil field, crude oil would have been severely limited after the Soviet Union cut off supplies as a result of the Sino-Soviet split.

The successful construction of the Daqing oil field despite harsh weather conditions and supply limitations became a model held up by the Communist Party as an example during subsequent industrialization campaigns. On February 5, 1964, the central Party promoted Daqing oil field to other industrial enterprises, instructing them to follow the "all-out battle" tactics of Daqing oil field. Shortly afterwards, Mao Zedong praised the Daqing oil field at an education work conference, stating that with a "little investment" in a "short period of time" a "great achievement" had been finished. Daqing oil field produced the famous Maoist icon Iron Man Wang, who, in order to stop a blow-out, leapt into a pool of liquid concrete to mix it using his own body. Yu chose Wang as the first model worker from Daqing oil field.

After Daqing
After his success in Daqing, Yu went on to establish several more major production centres. In 1964, China declared itself self-sufficient in oil. That year, Yu was moved into the most important government ministry related to the economy, the State Planning Commission, as vice director. He also functioned as the de facto director of the commission until 1980.

In 1965, Mao made Yu the top drafter of the Third Five Year Plan and put him in charge of relocating major industries to the remote hinterland of south-western China.

Yu was involved in the February Countercurrent of 1967, an intra-party conflict in which a group of military leaders opposed the direction of the Cultural Revolution and the Gang of Four. Yu supported the military leaders who contended that the Cultural Revolution had disrupted the social order and undermined Party leadership, although his criticism was not nearly as forceful as the criticism from leaders like Chen Yi and Tan Zhenlin. The radical side prevailed in the dispute and several leaders who had been a part of the February Countercurrent were required to take leaves of absence and make self-criticisms. Given his lower rank than others who were part of the February Countercurrent, Yu was able to retain his position.

However, Yu also became a frequent target of Red Guards in Beijing and was subjected to numerous denunciation sessions. At one point, radical students confined him to the Beijing Oil Institute until Zhou Enlai contacted the Cultural Revolution Group to intercede with the students and allow Yu to return to work.

Also during the Cultural Revolution, Petroleum Minister Kang Shi'en was told to denounce Yu. Kang refused and was forced out of his position as a result.

In 1975, Yu was appointed Vice Premier, as was Deng Xiaoping.

After the death of Mao in 1976, Yu was promoted to the Politburo. He was a member of what is commonly referred to as the "petroleum faction" or "petroleum group," a group of senior officials who advocated using the profits from petroleum exports to finance high technology imports from the West and Japan. These officials were essentially Stalinists in their economic thinking, favoring central planning and heavy industry - a strategy that clashed with that of the ascendant Deng. As Deng's political fortunes rose in the late 1970s, those of the petroleum faction waned. Yu was forced to make a self-criticism after the collapse of a Japanese-made oil rig in the Bohai Gulf in 1979, and in 1980 he was transferred from the chairmanship of the State Planning Commission to the less high-profile post of head of the State Energy Commission.

Political overseer of the PLA
In 1982, however, Yu was back in uniform, as Deng named him Deputy Secretary-General of the Central Military Commission and Director of the PLA General Political Department, a position of massive influence in the PLA, being responsible for checking and ensuring the political reliability and loyalty of all military personnel, and often described as "Military Grand Inquisitor". Yu held these posts until 1987, when he retired.

During the First Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee, Yu was elected as a Secretary of the Secretariat of the Central Committee.

References

Bibliography
Salisbury, Harrison E. The New Emperors

External links
 on chinavitae.com
 on china.com.cn
"Obituary: Yu Qiuli", The Independent, Feb 20, 1999  by James Miles

1914 births
1999 deaths
People of the Cultural Revolution
Members of the Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party
People's Liberation Army generals from Jiangxi
People's Republic of China politicians from Jiangxi
Government ministers of the People's Republic of China
Politicians from Ji'an
State councillors of China
Members of the 12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
Chinese amputees
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Jiangxi
People from the Republic of China
Burials at Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery

Yu Qiuli


William Bemrose (1831–1908) was a writer on wood-carving and pottery, director of a printing business and Royal Crown Derby. He wrote and published a biography of Joseph Wright of Derby.

Biography
Bemrose was born in Derby on 30 December 1831 and he was named after his father. He was the middle of three sons and he later had a sister. Bemrose's elder brother, Henry Howe Bemrose, was an M.P. and was made a baronet in 1897.

Bemrose went to school at King William's College in Castletown in the Isle of Man before joining the family's printing business in Derby. William and Henry expanded this business across England after their father retired in 1857. William married Margaret Romana in 1858.

William later became a director of the reviving Royal Crown Derby Porcelain Works, but throughout his life he took an interest in arts and craft. In 1862, he published what is thought to be the first manual on wood carving and it went to over twenty editions. He also published books on fretwork, marquetry, paper mosaics and paper-rosette work. In 1870, he co-authored a book on Derbyshire pottery and then published his own works on Bow, Chelsea and Derby Porcelain and later Longton Hall Porcelain.

Bemrose was an amateur painter and chaired the Derby Art Gallery committee. He collected art and pottery which he purchased during his wide travels. His interest in art and writing culminated in an academic study of Joseph Wright of Derby which was published with quality by his own company. He was also vice-president of Derby Sketching Club and a member of Derby Archaeological Society. He was also involved with organising an orphanage and served seventeen years in the 1st Derby Volunteers.

In 1901, his first wife died after they had five sons and a daughter. Two years later he married Lilian, the widow of a local newspaper owner. Bemrose died in Bridlington on 6 August 1908, but was buried in Derby.

During his life William Bemrose established an extensive collection of porcelain and other objects of art. After his death they were sold at auction in his Derby Home, "Elmhurst", Lonsdale Place, Derby, In March 1909.

Elmhurst was eventually sold on to The Corporation of Derby and became a children's home in the 1940s. The site of the house, now demolished, is close to the site of The Bemrose School, built and Named in Honour of his brother, Henry Howe Bemrose in 1930.

The printing company started by his father in 1826 continued in Derby, employing up to 1,500 staff at its peak until June 2010 when BemroseBooth closed.

References

External links

1831 births
1908 deaths
Businesspeople from Derby
People associated with Derby Museum and Art Gallery
People educated at King William's College

William Bemrose


Seiichi Nakajima (1919–April 11, 2015) was a Japanese citizen and pioneering founder of the Total Productive Maintenance system. He established the PM Awards (currently the TPM Awards).

Nakajima was honored by the Emperor of Japan with the Ranju Ho-sho, or Medal with Blue Ribbon. The award recognizes individuals with significant lifetime achievements, and was given to Nakajima by the Emperor "to show gratitude for the dedication to improving the manufacturing industry through TPM."

Bibliography
 TPM tenkai, Seiichi Nakajima (1982, JIPM Tokyo)
 Introduction to Total Productive Maintenance, Seiichi Nakajima (October 1988 Productivity Press)
 TPM Development Program: Implementing Total Productive Maintenance (Preventative Maintenance Series), Seiichi Nakajima (October 1989 Productivity Press)

References

1919 births
2015 deaths
Japanese inventors

Seiichi Nakajima


Grafton was a British paperback group name and imprint established in 1983 upon the purchase by William Collins, Sons of Granada Publishing Ltd, a subsidiary of media company Granada Group Ltd, to replace the Granada group name and imprint. It used the publishing company's then editorial offices' street address, 8 Grafton Street, in central London. Other paperback imprints of Granada Publishing at the time included Paladin, later home of the Paladin Poetry Series, Panther and Mayflower. The collaboration with hardback publishers Jonathan Cape, Chatto and Windus and The Bodley Head which in 1976 had resulted in the creation of Triad, and Triad/Panther Books paperbacks, which latter now became Triad/Grafton Books.

The Glasgow-based publishers William Collins, Sons, also used the name Grafton to consolidate all (or almost all) of Granada Publishing's paperback imprints under the one name (a process started by the Granada Publishing Group, using Granada) alongside its pre-existing Fontana paperback imprint.

Collins was in turn bought by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation in 1989 to create the HarperCollins publishing conglomerate. The name Grafton disappeared as a separate brand c. 1993.

The Grafton imprint has no connection with the Grafton Books series of books on librarianship, bibliography and book collecting published by Andre Deutsch.

Authors
They have published Michael Moorcock's books, among many others.

References
 Publisher:Grafton, Internet Speculative Fiction Database

Book publishing companies of the United Kingdom
Publishing companies established in the 1980s

Grafton (publisher)


Alberich Mazak, also Alberik Mazák (1609 – 9 May 1661) was a 17th-century Czech-Austrian composer.

Early life
Mazak was born in Ratibor to a Czech family. After studying music and philosophy, he entered Heiligenkreuz Abbey in 1631 and was ordained a priest in 1633.

Works, editions and recordings
Mazak created more than 300 compositions. He wrote masses, litanies, offertories, antiphons, psalms and sacred cantatas. The instruments he used most were the violin, the trumpet, the bassoon, the viola da gamba, the cornet and the sackbut. His compositions, predominantly motets, collected under the title Cultus harmonicus, were published by him in Vienna, Opus I in 1649, Opus Minus (II) in 1650 and Opus Maius (III) in 1653.  The last one is missing today.

Baroque Vespers at Stift Heiligenkreuz - Cistercian Monks of Stift Heiligenkreuz, Wieninger Oehms Classics C826
De Profundis  re Bassi  Carpe Diem CD-16274

A baroque lute built in 1631, which had been played at Mazak's ordination, was used in the recording of Wolf Erichson's Stift Heiligenkreuz Geistliche Musik (Sacred Music from Holy Cross Monastery), directed by Niederaltaicher Scholaren and Dr. Konrad Ruhland and published by Sony Music under the SEON label (1970–1980).

References

1609 births
1661 deaths
17th-century classical composers
Austrian classical composers
Austrian Baroque composers
Czech classical composers
Czech male classical composers
Austrian male classical composers
People from Racibórz
Sackbut players
17th-century male musicians

Alberich Mazak


Alfonso the Magnanimous (Alfons el Magnànim in Catalan) (139627 June 1458) was King of Aragon and King of Sicily (as Alfonso V) and the ruler of the Crown of Aragon from 1416 and King of Naples (as Alfonso I) from 1442 until his death. He was involved with struggles to the throne of the Kingdom of Naples with Louis III of Anjou, Joanna II of Naples and their supporters, but ultimately failed and lost Naples in 1424. He recaptured it in 1442 and was crowned king of Naples. He had good relations with his vassal, Stjepan Kosača, and his ally, Skanderbeg, providing assistance in their struggles in the Balkans. He led diplomatic contacts with the Ethiopian Empire and was a prominent political figure of the early Renaissance, being a supporter of literature as well as commissioning several constructions for the Castel Nuovo.

Early life
Born at Medina del Campo, he was the son of Ferdinand of Trastámara and Eleanor of Alburquerque. Ferdinand was the brother of King Henry III of Castile, and Alfonso was betrothed to his uncle King Henry's daughter Maria in 1408. In 1412, Ferdinand was selected to succeed to the territories of the Crown of Aragon. Alfonso and Maria's marriage was celebrated in Valencia on 12 June 1415.

King Ferdinand died on 2 April 1416, and Alfonso succeeded him as king of Aragon, Valencia, and Majorca and count of Barcelona. He also claimed the island of Sardinia, though it was then in the possession of Genoa. Alfonso was also in possession of much of Corsica by the 1420s.

Alfonso's marriage with Maria was childless. His mistress Lucrezia d'Alagno served as a de facto queen at the Neapolitan court as well as an inspiring muse. With another mistress, , Alfonso had three children: Ferdinand (1423–1494), Maria (who married Leonello d'Este), and Eleanor (who married Mariano Marzano). With
the last mistress Ippolita, married de'Giudici, Alfonso had one daughther Colia (1430-1473/5) married in 1445 with Emanuele d'Appiano, Lord of Piombino, Count of Holy Roman Empire. The d'Appiano d'Aragona family receive, in 1509 the title of Prince of Holy Roman Empire.

Alfonso was the object of diplomatic contacts from the Empire of Ethiopia. In 1428, he received a letter from Yeshaq I of Ethiopia, borne by two dignitaries, which proposed an alliance against the Muslims and would be sealed by a dual marriage that would require Alfonso's brother Peter to bring a group of artisans to Ethiopia where he would marry Yeshaq's daughter. In return, Alfonso sent a party of 13 craftsmen, all of whom perished on the way to Ethiopia. He later sent a letter to Yeshaq's successor Zara Yaqob in 1450, in which he wrote that he would be happy to send artisans to Ethiopia if their safe arrival could be guaranteed, but it probably never reached Zara Yaqob.

Struggle for Naples

In 1421 the childless Queen Joanna II of Naples adopted and named him as heir to the Kingdom of Naples, and Alfonso went to Naples. Here he hired the condottiero Braccio da Montone with the task of reducing the resistance of his rival claimant, Louis III of Anjou, and his forces led by Muzio Attendolo Sforza. With Pope Martin V supporting Sforza, Alfonso switched his religious allegiance to the Aragonese antipope Benedict XIII. When Sforza abandoned Louis' cause, Alfonso seemed to have all his problems solved; however, his relationship with Joanna suddenly worsened, and in May 1423 he had her lover, Gianni Caracciolo, a powerful figure in the Neapolitan court, arrested.

After an attempt to arrest the queen herself had failed, Joan called on Sforza who defeated the Aragonese militias near Castel Capuano in Naples. Alfonso fled to Castel Nuovo, but the help of a fleet of 22 galleys led by Giovanni da Cardona improved his situation. Sforza and Joanna ransomed Caracciolo and retreated to the fortress of Aversa. Here she repudiated her earlier adoption of Alfonso and, with the backing of Martin V, named Louis III as her heir instead.

The duke of Milan, Filippo Maria Visconti, joined the anti-Aragonese coalition. Alfonso requested support from Braccio da Montone, who was besieging Joanna's troops in L'Aquila, but had to set sail for Spain, where a war had broken out between his brothers and the Kingdom of Castile. On his way towards Barcelona, Alfonso sacked Marseille, a possession of Louis III.

In late 1423 the Genoese fleet of Filippo Maria Visconti moved in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea, rapidly conquering Gaeta, Procida, Castellammare and Sorrento. Naples, which was held by Alfonso's brother, Pedro de Aragon, was besieged in 1424 by the Genoese ships and Joanna's troops, now led by Francesco Sforza, the son of Muzio Sforza (who had met his death at L'Aquila). The city fell in April 1424. Pedro, after a short resistance in Castel Nuovo, fled to Sicily in August. Joanna II and Louis III again took possession of the realm, although the true power was in the hands of Gianni Caracciolo.

An opportunity for Alfonso to reconquer Naples occurred in 1432, when Caracciolo was killed in a conspiracy. Alfonso tried to regain the favour of the queen, but failed, and had to wait for the death of both Louis (at Cosenza in 1434) and Joanna herself (February 1435). In her will, she bequeathed her realm to René of Anjou, Louis III's younger brother. This solution was opposed by the new pope, Eugene IV, who was the feudal overlord of the Kingdom of Naples. The Neapolitans having called in the French, Alfonso decided to intervene and, with the support of several barons of the kingdom, captured Capua and besieged the important sea fortress of Gaeta. His fleet of 25 galleys was met by the Genoese ships sent by Visconti, led by Biagio Assereto. In the Battle of Ponza that ensued, Alfonso was defeated and taken prisoner.

In Milan, Alfonso impressed his captor with his cultured demeanor and persuaded him to let him go by persuading that it was not in Milan's interest to prevent the victory of the Aragonese party in Naples. Helped by a Sicilian fleet, Alfonso recaptured Capua and set his base in Gaeta in February 1436. Meanwhile, papal troops had invaded the Neapolitan kingdom, but Alfonso bribed their commander, Cardinal Giovanni Vitelleschi, and their successes waned.

In the meantime, René had managed to reach Naples on 19 May 1438. Alfonso tried to besiege the city in the following September, but failed. His brother Pedro was killed during the battle. Castel Nuovo, where an Aragonese garrison resisted, fell to the Angevine mercenaries in August 1439. After the death of his condottiero Jacopo Caldora, however, René's fortune started to decline: Alfonso could easily capture Aversa, Salerno, Benevento, Manfredonia and Bitonto. René, whose possession included now only part of the Abruzzi and Naples, obtained 10,000 men from the pope, but the cardinal leading them signed a truce with Alfonso. Giovanni Sforza came with a reduced corps, as troops sent by Eugene IV had halted his father Francesco in the Marche.

Alfonso, provided with the most impressive artillery of the times, again besieged Naples. The siege began on 10 November 1441, ending on 2 June the following year. After the return of René to Provence, Alfonso easily reduced the remaining resistance and made his triumphal entrance in Naples on 26 February 1443, as the monarch of a pacified kingdom.

Alfonso then reunited under his dominion the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, divided since the Sicilian Vespers. After the personal union, he began to call himself Rex Utriusque Siciliae; this was then used by other kings and his successors who ruled over those territories.

Art and administration
Like many Renaissance rulers, Alfonso V was a patron of the arts. He founded the Academy of Naples under Giovanni Pontano, and for his entrance into the city in 1443 had a magnificent triumphal arch added to the main gate of Castel Nuovo. Alfonso V supplied the theme of Renaissance sculptures over the west entrance.

Alfonso was particularly attracted to classical literature. He reportedly brought copies of the works of Livy and Julius Caesar on his campaigns; the poet Antonio Beccadelli even claimed that Alfonso was cured of a disease by the reading of a few pages from Quintus Curtius Rufus' history of Alexander the Great. Although this reputed erudition attracted scholars to his court, Alfonso apparently enjoyed pitting them against each other in spectacles of bawdy Latin rhetoric.

After his conquest of Naples in 1442, Alfonso ruled primarily through his mercenaries and political lackeys. In his Italian kingdom, he maintained the former political and administrative institutions. His holdings in Spain were governed by his wife Maria.

A unified General Chancellorship for the whole Aragonese realm was set up in Naples, although the main functionaries were of Aragonese nationality. Apart from financial, administrative and artistic improvements, his other accomplishments in the Sicilian kingdom include the restoration of the aqueducts, the drainage of marshy areas, and the paving of streets.

Alfonso founded the first university of Sicily, the Siciliae Studium Generale.

Later life

Alfonso was also a powerful and faithful supporter of Skanderbeg, whom he decided to take under his protection as a vassal in 1451, shortly after the latter had scored his second victory against Murad II. In addition to financial assistance, he supplied the Albanian leader with troops, military equipment, and sanctuary for himself and his family if such a need should arise. This was because in 1448, while Skanderbeg was fighting off the Turkish invasions, three military columns, commanded by Demetrio Reres along with his sons Giorgio and Basilio, had been dispatched to help Alfonso V defeat the barons of Naples who had rebelled against him.

He also supported Bosnian duke, Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, who turned to the king for help in his affairs in Bosnia. Alfonso made him "Knight of the Virgin", but did not provide any troops. On 15 February 1444, Stjepan signed a treaty with the king of Aragon and Naples, becoming his vassal in exchange for Alfonso's help against his enemies—Stephen Thomas and Ivaniš Pavlović (1441–1450) of the Pavlović noble family as well as the Republic of Venice. In the same treaty, Stjepan promised to pay Alfonso regular tribute instead of paying the Ottoman sultan as he had done until then.

Alfonso, by formally submitting his reign to the Papacy, obtained the consent of Pope Eugene IV that the Kingdom of Naples would go to his illegitimate son, Ferdinand. He died in Castel dell'Ovo in 1458, while he was planning the conquest of Genoa. At the time, Alfonso was at odds with Pope Callixtus III, who died shortly afterwards. Alfonso's Iberian possessions had been ruled for him by his brother, who succeeded him as John II of Aragon.  Sicily and Sardinia were also inherited by John II.

Marriage and issue

Alfonso had been betrothed to Maria of Castile (1401–1458; sister of John II of Castile) in Valladolid in 1408; the marriage was celebrated in Valencia on 12 June 1415. They failed to produce children.  Alfonso had been in love with a woman of noble family named Lucrezia d'Alagno, who served as a de facto queen at the Neapolitan court as well as an inspiring muse.

Genealogical records in the Old Occitan Chronicle of Montpellier in Le petit Thalamus de Montpellier indicate that Alphonso's relationship with his mistress, Giraldona Carlino (daughter of Enrique Carlino and his wife, Isabel), produced three children:

 His successor in Naples, King Ferdinand I of Naples, (born 1423; reigned 1458–1494).
  (1425–1449) (died 1449, aged around 15 or 16). She had married in 1444 Leonello d'Este, deceased 1450.
 Leonora d'Aragona, who married c. 1443, Mariano Marzano, Duke of Squillace, Prince of Rossano. Her daughter Francesca married Leonardo III Tocco.

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

1396 births
1458 deaths
15th-century Aragonese monarchs
15th-century kings of Sicily
15th-century monarchs of Naples
People from Medina del Campo
House of Trastámara
Aragonese infantes
Monarchs of Naples
Monarchs of Majorca
Valencian monarchs
Patrons of literature
Knights of the Golden Fleece
Counts of Barcelona
Knights of the Garter
Knights of the Dragon
Burials at the Poblet Monastery
Patrons of the visual arts
Counts of Malta
Founders of universities

Alfonso V of Aragon


Helen Bates "Penny" Chenery  (January 27, 1922 – September 16, 2017) (married names: Penny Tweedy until 1974 and later Penny Ringquist until 1980) was an American sportswoman who bred and owned Secretariat, the 1973 winner of the Triple Crown. The youngest of three children, she graduated from The Madeira School in 1939 and earned a Bachelor of Arts from Smith College, then studied at the Columbia Business School, where she met her future husband, John Tweedy, Sr., a Columbia Law School graduate. In March 2011, Randolph-Macon College in Ashland, Virginia, awarded Chenery an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree.

Early life
Penny Chenery was born in 1922 in New Rochelle, New York, and was raised in Pelham Manor, New York. The youngest of three children, she was named Helen Bates Chenery after her mother. Her father, Christopher Chenery, a Virginian, was driven by early poverty to become a millionaire, a goal he accomplished by 1928 by founding utility companies, first Federal Water Service, and then Southern Natural Gas Company. In 1936, he founded Meadow Stable, a thoroughbred racing  and horse breeding operation at The Meadow in Caroline County, Virginia.

Chenery had a love of horses from a young age, and learned to ride at age five.  Believing her appreciation for horses was inherited from her father, Chenery stated, "My father really loved horses. I think a parent often communicates his love to a child." She shared many of her father's interests and goals, including business. She attended the Madeira School in McLean, Virginia, a prestigious girls' boarding school with an equestrian program. Chenery was captain of the Equestrian Team in her senior year.  Following her graduation, she attended Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, majoring in American Studies.

Career
After graduating in 1943, Chenery worked as an assistant for Gibbs and Cox, a company that designed war craft for the Normandy invasion; subsequent to the invasion, she quit her job to join the Red Cross, at the urging of her brother. In 1945 she traveled to France as a Doughnut Girl to help war-weary soldiers transition to ships home at the end of World War II.

When Chenery returned from Europe in 1946, her father was concerned that she had no employable skills, so he offered to pay her the equivalent of the highest job offer she could get if she would go to graduate school instead. Chenery decided to attend Columbia Business School where she was one of 20 women in a class of 800 men. At Columbia, she met John (Jack) Bayard Tweedy. At her parents' suggestion, she dropped out of school a few months short of her MBA to marry Jack. They moved to Denver, Colorado, where he practiced oil and gas law. They had four children: Sarah, Kate, Christopher, and John Jr. The Tweedys spent much of their time in Vail, Colorado because Jack Tweedy was one of the former members of the 10th Mountain Division in World War II who founded Vail Ski Resort in the early 1960s. He was later Chairman of the Board of Vail Associates.

Chenery's life changed when her mother died suddenly and her father became ill in late 1967. He entered New Rochelle Hospital in April 1968 and remained there until his death in January 1973. Due to Mr. Chenery's advancing senility, Meadow Stable, the Chenery thoroughbred breeding and racing operation in Virginia, had been neglected in the mid-1960s and was no longer profitable.  Chenery's siblings wanted to sell the operation since their father could no longer manage it. Chenery, however, hoped to fulfill her father's dream of winning the Kentucky Derby. The board of Meadow Stable elected her president and in 1968, she began the long process of cutting costs, repairing facilities and returning the stable to profitability.  In 1969, she fired long-time trainer Casey Hayes. On the advice of longtime family friend and business associate Bull Hancock of Claiborne Farm, Chenery hired Roger Laurin to train and manage the Meadow Stable horses. With Laurin's help, the stable began to produce a few stakes winning horses in 1969 and 1970. However, in May 1971, Roger Laurin left the Meadow to train for the much vaunted Phipps family stables, so Chenery turned to his father, Lucien Laurin, as a temporary substitute. However, Laurin Sr. decided to stay on when the Meadow's homebred Riva Ridge brought in over $500,000 in purses in the fall of 1971.  In May, 1972 Riva Ridge won the Kentucky Derby and in June Belmont Stakes, thus fulfilling Mr. Chenery's lifelong dream of producing a great horse. That same year, another Meadow colt, the two-year-old Secretariat had such a dominant fall season that he became  American Horse of the Year which was a rare honor for a two-year-old.  The following year, Secretariat captured the imagination of racing fans worldwide when he became the first Triple Crown winner in 25 years, setting records that still stand in all three races and winning the Belmont by an unheard-of 31 lengths. Both horses were inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame. When Chenery's father died in January 1973, his estate owed such a large tax bill that it could only be satisfied by syndicating the breeding rights to Secretariat and Riva Ridge to a consortium of breeders. Chenery made headlines by successfully syndicating Secretariat for $6.08 million and Riva Ridge for $5 million. Eventually the Meadow  in Doswell, Virginia, also was sold to settle the estate. Chenery moved many of the remaining horses to Long Island, N.Y. and continued racing.

Although Penny Chenery gets the credit for managing Secretariat's racing career, Christopher Chenery was the genius behind the matching of Somethingroyal and Bold Ruler to produce Secretariat. In 1965 he set up the deal by which two Meadow mares would be bred annually to top sire Bold Ruler, owned by Ogden Phipps. Each year the owners would flip for the right to choose among the foals. The Meadow sent their best mare Somethingroyal to Bold Ruler several times and had already produced a stakes winner, Syrian Sea, a full sister to Secretariat. In 1969, Penny Chenery who by then managed Meadow Stable, lost the coin toss. This gave her the right to first choice of the foals in 1970, but that year there was only one foal: Secretariat.

After Secretariat, Chenery continued to breed and race horses under the Meadow silks with her greatest success coming in Saratoga Dew, who became the first New York-bred horse ever to win an Eclipse Award when the filly was voted the 1992 American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly.

Accomplishments and accolades
In 1983, Chenery, Martha F. Gerry, and Allaire du Pont became the first women to be admitted as members of The Jockey Club. From 1976 to 1984, Chenery served as president of the Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association. Also in 1976, she became a member of the Executive Committee of the American Horse Council, the horse industry trade association in Washington, DC.  She also served as a member of the judges' panel of the Jockey Club, which bestows the Dogwood Dominion Award. In addition, she helped found the Thoroughbred Retirement Foundation, an organization dedicated to saving Thoroughbred horses no longer able to compete on the racetrack from possible neglect, abuse and slaughter.

In 2003, the Arlington Park track established the annual "Penny Chenery Distinguished Woman in Racing Award". In 2006, the National Thoroughbred Racing Association honored her with the Eclipse Award of Merit for a lifetime of outstanding achievement in thoroughbred racing. In 2009, she was awarded the Smith College Medal for extraordinary professional achievement and outstanding service to her community.

In 2018, The National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame named Ms. Chenery a Pillar of the Turf, the highest honor given to owners and breeders of Thoroughbreds.

Personal life and death
Chenery moved from Colorado to Long Island, New York, in 1972. She and John Tweedy divorced in 1974. In 1976, she married Lennart Ringquist, an executive in the motion pictures industry, divorcing in 1980. She moved to Lexington, Kentucky in the early 1990s and in 2005 moved to Boulder, Colorado to spend her final years near her children.

Penny Chenery died on September 16, 2017, at her home in Boulder, Colorado from complications from a stroke. She was 95 years old.

Depictions in media
Chenery was portrayed by actress Diane Lane in the 2010 motion picture Secretariat, released on October 8, 2010. Chenery herself appeared in a cameo role in the film as a spectator at the Belmont Stakes. She was the subject of several books and articles as well as the 2013 documentary Penny and Red (Landlocked Films) made by filmmaker John Tweedy.

References

Further reading

External links

 Secretariat.com - Penny Chenery

Video interview with Penny Chenery about Secretariat
Video interview with Penny Chenery's Children about Secretariat
Penny Chenery, owner of Triple Crown winner Secretariat, dies at 95
Penny Chenery: Mentor, Leader, Supernatural Horsewoman, Klingon Warrior by Marion Altieri 2017

1922 births
2017 deaths
American sports businesspeople
American racehorse owners and breeders
Smith College alumni
Columbia Business School alumni
Owners of Kentucky Derby winners
Owners of Preakness Stakes winners
Owners of Belmont Stakes winners
Owners of U.S. Thoroughbred Triple Crown winners
Eclipse Award winners
People from Caroline County, Virginia
Sportspeople from New Rochelle, New York
Sportspeople from Boulder, Colorado
People from Pelham Manor, New York
Madeira School alumni

Penny Chenery


Ropner Park is a free public park, located in Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham, England.

In June 1890 Major Robert Ropner offered a piece of land, known locally as Hartburn Fields to the people of Stockton which could be used as a public park, providing the local council would lay it out 'tastefully' and 'keep it forever'. On 4 October 1893, Ropner Park was officially opened by the then Duke & Duchess of York. The ceremony involved the royals using an ornate key to open the Golden Gates.

After a century of regular use by the people of Stockton, the park was refurbished and renovated to its former glory between 2004 and 2007 by Stockton Borough Council, thanks to a £2.65m grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund. The Park is a roughly square site, with 20th-century railings along its road boundaries and is typically Victorian in style, with rockeries and floral displays. It has a tree-lined avenue which leads to an ornamental fountain and a pavilion with a veranda and also includes a new bandstand, based on the original design, a park ranger's office, bowling green, quoits green, tennis courts and a cafe, (run by the local charity, The Friends of Ropner Park). A large lake with islands dominates the lower part of the park and offers sanctuary to various species of water fowl and fish.

Seasonal fairs and occasional organised events are staged at the park throughout the year and various bands feature most Sunday afternoons during the summer months.

Image gallery

References

Stockton-on-Tees
Parks and open spaces in County Durham

Ropner Park


Peregrine Branwhite (1745–1795?), was an English poet.

Life
Branwhite was son of Rowland Branwhite and Sarah (Brooke) his wife, and was baptised at Lavenham, Suffolk on 22 July 1745. He was brought up to the bombazine trade, which he carried on for some time at Norwich. He was not very successful, however, as he seems to have paid more attention to books than to the shop. He afterwards established a branch of the St. Anne's School (London) at Lavenham, and conducted it personally for some years. A year or two before his death he moved to Hackney, and died, in or about 1795, at 32 Primrose Street, Bishopsgate Street, London.

In 1783, a new edition of Phineas Fletcher's allegorical poem The Purple Island, or the Isle of Man was published, edited, with a preface and notes, by Branwhite.

The miniature painter and engraver Nathan Cooper Branwhite was his son.

Writings
Thoughts on the Death of Mr. Woodmason's children, destroyed by fire 18 Jan. 1782 (anon.)
An Elegy on the lamented Death of Mrs. Hickman, wife of the Rev. Thomas Hickman of Bildeston, Suffolk, who died 7 Sept, 1789, when but just turned of 19 (Bury St. Edmunds 1790)
Astronomy, or a description of the Solar System (Sudbury, 1791)
The Lottery, or the Effects of Sudden Affluence (manuscript)

References

1745 births
1795 deaths
People from Lavenham
English male poets

Peregrine Branwhite


Charlie Hewitt (10 April 1884 – 31 December 1966) was an English professional football player and manager in the first half of the 20th century. He was in charge of Chester when they entered the Football League in 1931 and managed Millwall to the Football League Division Three South title seven years later.

Playing career
As a player, Hewitt was an inside forward who regularly moved between clubs. He had spells with Middlesbrough (1904–06), Tottenham Hotspur (1906–07) and Liverpool (1907–08). He joined West Bromwich Albion for a £75 fee in April 1908, making his debut in a Division Two match against Fulham during the same month. He later played for Spennymoor United (May–October 1910), Crystal Palace (1910–15) and Hartlepools United (1919).

Management years
Hewitt then moved into management with North Wales side Mold before joining Football League side Wrexham in November 1924. He led them to Welsh Cup success a year later but left in December 1926 and became manager of non-league side Flint and later Connah's Quay & Shotton where he repeated his Welsh Cup success.

In 1930, Hewitt took over as manager of Cheshire County League side Chester, who were looking to gain election to the Football League. His first season saw the club finish as runners-up, with the side being elected into the league in place of Nelson. Hewitt then established Chester as a force in Football League Division Three North, finishing in the top four in four of their first five seasons. He also led them to Welsh Cup success in 1933.

In April 1936 Hewitt opted to move south and become manager of Football League Division Three South club Millwall, who he guided to promotion and an FA Cup semi final. After being sacked in April 1940, Hewitt returned to football after the war as manager of Leyton Orient. From 1948 to 1956 Hewitt had a second spell in charge of Millwall, for his final job in football. In July 1956 he was awarded £4,500 in damages, relating to his sacking by Millwall six months earlier. He returned to his native north-east and died on New Year's Eve, 1966.

Sources

Footnotes

1884 births
1966 deaths
English men's footballers
English football managers
English Football League players
Men's association football forwards
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Liverpool F.C. players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Hartlepool United F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Spennymoor United A.F.C. players
Wrexham A.F.C. managers
Chester City F.C. managers
Millwall F.C. managers
Leyton Orient F.C. managers
People from Greatham, County Durham
Footballers from County Durham

Charlie Hewitt (footballer)


Falling A Records is a British Essex, England-based independent record label, founded in the late 1970s by Barry Lamb and Peter Ashby., born out of the D.I.Y cassette movement. It owned a shop in Clacton-on-Sea which sold new and second hand records, distributed fanzines such as New Crimes, Vague, Vox, Flipside, Juniper beri-beri, Blam!, and D.I.Y magazines/comics including the very first copies of Viz. It also distributed leaflets for various causes such as "anti-apartheid" and "anti-vivisection", music and politics being interlinked at the time.

It had a roster of several bands on its own label, such as the insane picnic (sic), Standing Ovation and Spasmodic Caress, as well as cassettes and some vinyl it distributed for other D.I.Y cassette labels including Cause for Concern, Subway, Adventures in Reality, Music for Midgets, Third Mind and Colortapes. Many notable bands were distributed by Falling A, including The Cleaners from Venus featuring Martin Newell, the Modern Art, Attrition, The Pastels, The Membranes and Wavis O'Shave (also known as Foffo Spearjig). Some exclusive material was recorded for Falling A by The Cleaners from Venus and Foffo Spearjig among others.

In 1985, the cassette culture was threatening the fabric of the established music industry, and Falling A's profile was such that it received the largest write up in the annual Music Week directory of UK record labels, even more words than EMI.

The label is still in existence as of July 2021. It is currently reissuing back catalogue on CD while releasing new music and creating a vast archival resource from all the memorabilia, ephemera and past product in its vaults.

See also
 List of record labels
 List of independent UK record labels
 Cassette culture

References

External links
 Official site

Cassette culture 1970s–1990s
British independent record labels

Falling A Records


Pillar of Fire is a 30-minute dramatic ballet choreographed by Antony Tudor to Arnold Schoenberg's Verklärte Nacht (Transfigured Night), Op. 4.

Performance history
The work was first produced by Ballet Theatre (now the American Ballet Theatre) at the Metropolitan Opera House on 8 April 1942. The opening-night cast included Nora Kaye as Hagar, Antony Tudor as the Young man, Hugh Laing as the Man in the house across the way, Lucia Chase as the Eldest Sister, Annabelle Lyon as the Youngest Sister, Maria Karnilova, Charles Dickson, Jan Davidson, John Kriza, Virginia Wilcox, Wallace Seibert, Jean Hunt, Barbara Fallis, Sono Osato, Rosella Hightower, Muriel Bentley, Jerome Robbins, Donald Saddler, Frank Hobi, Balina Razoumova, and Roszika Sabo.

Synopsis
American Ballet Theatre describes it in full extensive detail in its archives. The setting is a small country town in 1900 (perhaps in Schoenberg's Austria). Hagar, the middle of three sisters, whose elder sister is a spinster, foresees the same fate for herself. Hagar is surrounded on the one side by the prude and judging neighboring women of the small town, and on the other by licentious men and their hedonistic women. The man she unrequitedly loves seems to show preference for her flirtatious younger sister.

Hagar in desperation gives herself sexually to one of the licentious men, whom she definitely does not love, and who then immediately leaves her abandoned. Afterwards she is shunned by the prude and judging women and is totally distraught by what she has done. This resulting crisis, however, unites her with the one she really loves - the man she loves comes to her, and they dance together rapturously.

The ballet is set in the period around 1900 because it was then that Schoenberg composed its music Verklärte Nacht ("Transfigured Night"). The story plot is based on several traditional text versions - in some versions Hagar becomes pregnant before her true love finally comes to her.

An actual performance
An actual American Ballet Theatre performance, together with spoken brief remarks by Antony Tudor, is available on YouTube.

Legacy
This ballet was documented in Labanotation by the Dance Notation Bureau in 1982.

References
Notes

Sources
 Naughtin, Matthew (2014). Ballet Music. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

Ballets by Antony Tudor
Ballets to the music of Arnold Schoenberg
1942 ballet premieres

Pillar of Fire (ballet)


Salvation in Christianity is found through the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus. This is why Good Friday, the day the Christian churches remember His death, is called good. Also Easter celebrates His resurrection and is the most important Christian holiday. Christians believe that atonement with God was gained by Jesus for all sinners who will accept Him, as He led a perfect life.

Three Phases of Salvation

Many Christian writers say that Jesus saves us in three ways.

Justification means that God has forgiven all our sins.  This is based on Jesus having died in our place. This becomes real for any person when they put their faith in Jesus.

Sanctification means that we become people that live a good life. This process is usually gradual, but may happen quickly.

Glorification means that when we die or Jesus returns to earth we will be taken to heaven to live with him.

How Salvation happens

Various Christian groups have somewhat different views about how salvation happens.  However, all agree that the death of Jesus, followed by his resurrection is what makes salvation possible. They also agree that individual humans must respond to God's initiative.

Before salvation can take place, a person must become aware that they need it.  The Holy Spirit is God's instrument in this.
John Calvin called this Predestination, Saint Augustine and John Wesley called it "prevenient" (coming before) grace. Others call it common grace. The Catholic Encyclopedia states that salvation "begins with the grace of God which touches a sinner's heart, and calls him to repentance. This grace cannot be merited; it proceeds solely from the love and mercy of God"

A person who knows that they are in need of salvation, must also know that it is available. This happens when the person hears the gospel. The gospel is the news that Jesus has died and risen and promises eternal life to those who receive Him. The person then believes this message and responds.  Various groups of Christians see this response in different ways.  The Catholic and Orthodox churches, and some Restoration Churches say that the required response is Baptism.  Other Protestants suggest a prayer to "ask Jesus to enter their heart (life)". In American evangelism, sometimes the suggested response has been to go to the front of a church in a public declaration of faith.   St. Paul seems to have set down the proper response in his letter to the Romans, Chapter 10 verse 9. if you confess with your mouth "Jesus is Lord" and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved.  Christians believe that the proper response to  Jesus brings about justification, (forgiveness of sins), and begins the process of sanctification.

Sanctification is also the work of God with the Christian responding to that work.  Some churches say that the sacraments are very important in this.  This would include receiving the Mass and confession.  Others would emphasize reading the Bible, prayer, going to church and telling others about Jesus.

References

Related pages
 History of salvation

Other websites
God's plan of Salvation
Salvation- Catholic encyclopaedia
Born of Water and Spirit

Christian theology
Afterlife

Salvation (Christianity)


Daniel Domingo Carrillo (born October 8, 1982), better known by his stage name Termanology, is an American rapper and record producer. He first gained major attention with the 2006 single "Watch How It Go Down". A solo album, Politics as Usual, was released in 2008. He has made a number of collaborative albums, such as 1982 (released in 2010) and is known also for his prolific mixtape output. He is of Puerto Rican and French descent.

Life and career
In collaboration with the New Hampshire producer DC the MIDI Alien, Carrillo independently released the album Out the Gate in 2005. The single "This Is Hip Hop" attracted the attention of The Source, which featured the rapper in its much-coveted "Unsigned Hype" column.
A friendship with the Gang Starr Foundation member Krumbsnatcha led to a meeting with DJ Premier, who was a fan of "This Is Hip Hop". Termanology's DJ Premier-produced 2006 single "Watch How It Go Down" generated considerable national and international  interest, including an appearance in XXL's "Show & Prove" column.

A remix of Christina Aguilera's song "Back in the Day", featuring Termanology, was released in 2006.

The debut solo album release Politics as Usual on Nature Sounds in 2008 gathered together many of hip hop's most revered producers as DJ Premier was joined by names like Pete Rock, Large Professor, Easy Mo Bee, and Buckwild. It was well received by critics, though many reviewers noted it lacked the focused aggression throughout that "Watch How It Go Down" had promised.

The rapper's mixtapes have also attracted critical attention. These include Hood Politics Vols. I–7 his project over J Dilla beats, If Heaven Was A Mile Away; a collection of fifty of his verses, 50 Bodies; and the compilation of his mixtape cuts, Jackin' for Beats.

ST. Da Squad  is the self-titled collaborative effort with his group ST. Da Squad. A selection of his featured appearances with other artists can be found on Da Cameo King. In 2009, he wrote and recorded an original song, titled "Here in Liberty City", for the soundtrack to the video game Grand Theft Auto: The Lost and Damned. The mixtape Time Machine, released in late 2009, was described by the artist as "somewhere between a mixtape and an album".

1982 was released in October 2010, and is a joint release with producer Statik Selektah. On June 7, 2011, Termanology dropped the mixtape Cameo King II, which is a sequel to Da Cameo King. Later that year he and Ea$y Money made another collaborative project, entitled S.T.R.E.E.T. (Speakin' Thru Real Experience Every Time). In early 2012, Termanology released 50 Bodies Pt. 4 which was hosted by Statik Selektah, , and DJ Deadeye. A couple of months later he and Statik Selektah (1982), released their sophomore album called 2012. The video for Lights Down was shot in Japan and was featured on MTV Jams. In November 2012, Termanology & Lil Fame of the legendary rap group M.O.P., made a collaborative album called Fizzyology, a play on both of their stage names combined.

Hood Politics 7 was released in April 2013 which was promoted on MTV News "Mixtape Mondays". He performed his verse from "Up Every Night (Remix)", which features Kid Ink and Cory Gunz. On October 8, he released his album G.O.Y.A. (Gunz Or Yay Available) which was entirely produced by Shortfyuz. The first single was "Straight Off The Block" which featured DJ Kay Slay, Sheek Louch, and frequent collaborator Lil Fame. "Judo" was the third single that featured N.O.R.E. To keep the buzz going on the G.O.Y.A. brand, they released an EP the following year on 4/20 called Mas G.O.Y.A.. The first single was "Front Door" which featured Sean Price. Late 2014, Termanology released the album Shut Up And Rap, with the bulk of production by Billy Loman. The singles included "The War Begins" (featuring Chris Rivers, H Blanco, & Inspectah Deck), "I Fucks With You" (featuring Lumidee and Cyrus DeShield), "Get Away" (featuring Skyzoo, Torae & Reks).

On July 7, 2016, Termanology released his first single for his new album More Politics, "We're Both Wrong" featuring Saigon and produced by Q-Tip.

On April 8, 2022 Termanology and Paul Wall released their joint album Start 2 Finish

Discography

Studio albums
Out the Gate  (2006)
Politics as Usual (2008)
1982  (2010)
2012  (2012)
Fizzyology  (2012)
G.O.Y.A. (Gunz Or Yay Available) (2013)
Shut Up And Rap (2014)
More Politics (2016)
Anti-Hero  (2017)
Bad Decisions (2018)
Still 1982  (2018)
Set in Stone  (2019)
Vintage Horns (2019)
The Quarantine  (2020)
360  (2021)
Start 2 Finish (with Paul Wall) (2022)
Determination (2022)
Rapping With My Friends (2022)

References

External links

1982 births
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
American male rappers
American people of French descent
American people of Puerto Rican descent
East Coast hip hop musicians
Hispanic and Latino American rappers
Indie rappers
Living people
Musicians from Haverhill, Massachusetts
Rappers from Massachusetts
Songwriters from Massachusetts
American male songwriters

Termanology


Peter Chapman (born January 1977) is an English convicted murderer who has featured heavily in the media in the United Kingdom and has become known as the "Facebook Killer". He was jailed for a minimum of 35 years in March 2010 for the October 2009 rape, kidnap, and murder of 17-year-old Ashleigh Hall. His crime has led to serious criticism of police monitoring of offenders, and of Facebook.

Life prior to the murder of Ashleigh Hall
Peter Chapman was born in Darlington and was brought up by his grandparents in neighbouring Stockton-on-Tees before moving to Liverpool in 2005 aged 26. Chapman returned to County Durham in 2007 and had been charged with sexual offences before the murder of Ashleigh Hall prior to moving to Merseyside when Chapman was living in Middlesbrough. He was first investigated at the age of 15, and four years later he received a seven-year prison sentence for raping two sex workers at knifepoint. He was released in 2001, and had eventually fallen off the 'police radar.' This has led to serious criticism and a report to the Independent Police Complaints Commission. He has been convicted of motoring offences and theft.

The murder of Ashleigh Hall
Chapman used a fake Facebook profile, impersonating a teenage boy, to befriend Ashleigh Hall, a 17-year-old student from Darlington. In reality, he was a 33-year-old man living in his car. She met him on 25 October 2009 and according to the prosecution, "When she met him on 25 October last year, he kidnapped, raped and murdered her". Following the rape and murder of Ashleigh Hall, Chapman dumped the teenager's body in a field near a layby on the A177, close to the services near Sedgefield, County Durham. Following his conviction Peter Chapman is being held at HM Frankland High Security Prison the United Kingdom's largest category A prison; located in County Durham not far from where he raped and murdered Ashleigh Hall in 2009.

Facebook's response
On 3 March 2010, Facebook, as a direct response to the killing, warned under-18 users not to meet people from the internet, and gave advice on how to stay safe online. They also said they were "deeply saddened".

References

1977 births
Living people
20th-century English criminals
21st-century English criminals
British people convicted of theft
Date of birth missing (living people)
English people convicted of murder
English people convicted of rape
2009 murders in the United Kingdom
English prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
People from Kirkby
People from Darlington
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by England and Wales
People convicted of murder by England and Wales
Facebook criticisms and controversies
2009 in England

Peter Chapman (murderer)