The term "Two Chinas" refers to the geopolitical situation where two political entities exist under the name "China".

Background

In 1912, the Xuantong Emperor abdicated as a result of the Xinhai Revolution, and the Republic of China was established in Nanjing by revolutionaries under Sun Yat-sen. At the same time, the Beiyang government, led by Yuan Shikai, a former Qing dynasty general, existed in Beijing, whose legitimacy was challenged by the Nationalist government under the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party).

From 1912 to 1949, China was scarred by warlords, the Japanese invasion and the Chinese Civil War. Throughout this turbulent period, various multiple governments existed in China. These include Yuan Shikai's Beiyang government (1912–1928), the Chinese Soviet Republic (1931–1937) established by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the puppet states of Manchukuo (1932–1945) and Mengjiang (1939–1945), the Fujian People's Government (1933–1934), Wang Jingwei's Japanese-sponsored puppet government (1940–1945), Ganden Phodrang's Tibet (1912–1951), Khoja Niyaz's Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan (1933–1934), the Soviet-backed East Turkestan Republic (1944–1949), the Tuvan People's Republic (1921–1944), Bogd Khan's Mongolian State in Outer Mongolia (1911–1924) and the Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992), with the latter recognized by China in 1946.

As the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949, the Chinese communist People's Republic of China (PRC), led by CCP Chairman Mao Zedong, took control of Mainland China. The Republic of China, led by President Chiang Kai-shek, retreated the government of the Republic of China to the island of Taiwan, hence effectively dividing China into two political states, similar to North and South Korea, West and East Germany and North and South Vietnam.

Though fighting continued for the next several years, by the time of the Korean War the lines of control were sharply drawn: the Communist-led People's Republic of China government in Beijing controlled most of mainland China, while the Kuomintang-led Republic of China government, now in Taipei, controlled the island of Taiwan, some surrounding islands, and a number of islands off the coast of Fujian. This stalemate was enforced with the assistance of the United States government that began deterring an invasion of Taiwan after the start of the Korean War.

For many years, both governments contended to be the sole legitimate government of China. With the fighting largely over, the major battleground became diplomatic. Before the 1970s, the Republic of China was still recognized by many countries and the United Nations as the sole legitimate government of "China", which claimed sovereignty over both mainland China and Taiwan. The Republic of China had been a founding member of the United Nations and was one of the five permanent members of the Security Council until 1971, when they were expelled from the UN and China's representation was replaced by the People's Republic of China (PRC) via UN General Assembly Resolution 2758. Before the 1970s, few foreign governments recognised the People's Republic of China. The first governments to recognise it as the government of "China" were Soviet bloc countries, members of the non-aligned movement, and the United Kingdom (1950). The catalyst to change came in 1971, when the United Nations General Assembly expelled representatives of Chiang Kai-shek by refusing to recognise their accreditations as representatives of China. Recognition for the People's Republic of China soon followed from most other governments, including the United States. The Republic of China continued to compete with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to be recognised as the legitimate government of China.

Since the 1990s, however, a rising movement for formal recognition of Taiwanese independence has made the political status of Taiwan the dominant issue, replacing the debate about the legitimate government of China. A view in Taiwan is that the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China are both sovereign, thus forming "two Chinas", or "one China, one Taiwan". Former Republic of China President Chen Shui-bian adamantly supported this status quo, and accordingly largely abandoned the campaign for the Republic of China to be recognised as the sole legitimate government of China. Under President Chen, the ROC government was campaigning for the Republic of China to join the United Nations as representative of its effective territory—Taiwan and nearby islands—only. Chen's successor, President Ma Ying-jeou, ceased that push.

Current situation

In the past, both the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) have claimed de jure sovereignty over all of China whilst denying the legitimacy of the other. The position of the PRC and the Pan-Blue Coalition of the ROC remains that there is only one sovereign entity of China, and that each of them represents the legitimate government of all of China—including both mainland China and Taiwan—and the other is illegitimate. The position of the Pan-Green Coalition of the ROC is that Taiwan is an independent sovereign state named "Republic of China", and Taiwan is not part of "China". As of , 178 UN member states and the State of Palestine maintain diplomatic relation with the PRC. 13 UN member states and the Holy See maintain diplomatic relation with the ROC.

People's Republic of China
The government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) opposes treating the Republic of China (ROC) as a legitimate state and portrays Taiwan as a rogue province of the PRC. The People's Republic of China government has consistently opposed "two Chinas", instead espousing that all of "China" is under one single, indivisible sovereignty under its "One China Principle", explicitly including Taiwan. Under this principle, while the PRC has no de facto control over territory administered by the ROC, the PRC nevertheless claims that the territories controlled by both the PRC and ROC are part of the same, indivisible sovereign entity "China".

PRC government policy mandates that any country that wishes to establish a diplomatic relationship with the PRC must first discontinue any formal relationship with the ROC. According to The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, "non-recognition of the Taiwanese government is a prerequisite for conducting formal diplomatic relations with the PRCin effect forcing other governments to choose between Beijing and Taipei." In order to compete for other countries' recognition, each government has given money to certain small countries. Several small African and Caribbean countries have established and discontinued diplomatic relationships with both sides several times in exchange for huge financial support from each side. The PRC also uses its international influence to prohibit the ROC from entering international events such as the Olympic Games under its official name. Instead, the ROC was forced to adopt the name Chinese Taipei to enter such events since the 1980s. Furthermore, on press releases and other media, the PRC never refers to the ROC as such, instead referring to the territory of Taiwan as "China's Taiwan Province", and to the ROC government as "the Taiwan authority".

Republic of China

Until the constitutional reforms of 1991, the Republic of China (ROC) actively asserted its claim of sovereignty over all of China and still opposes treating the People's Republic of China (PRC) as a legitimate state. ROC authorities clarified the constitutional reforms by stating they do not "dispute the fact that the PRC controls mainland China."  Since then, the ROC has neither actively asserted these claims nor denied them.  Democratization and liberalization of free speech has led to the emergence of the Taiwan independence movement, which is opposed to the idea of "Two Chinas".  The ROC's position with respect to "Two Chinas" has varied by administration, with Pan-Blue administrations favoring it and Pan-Green administrations moving away from it.

In 1999, then President Lee Teng-hui defined the relationship as "Special state-to-state relations".

President Chen Shui-bian declared in 2002 that "with Taiwan and China on each side of the Taiwan Strait, each side is a country".  In 2003 he explained that "Taiwan is not a province of one country nor is it a state of another". The Chen administration took steps to use the name "Taiwan" internationally to prevent confusion between the "two Chinas", such as placing the word "Taiwan" underneath "Republic of China" on Republic of China passports.

In September 2008 President Ma Ying-jeou from the Kuomintang stated that the relations between the ROC and the PRC are neither between two Chinas nor two states, saying instead that it is a "special relationship". Further, he stated that the sovereignty issues between the two cannot be resolved at present, but he quoted the 1992 Consensus as a temporary measure until a solution becomes available. The spokesman for the ROC Presidential Office Wang Yu-chi () later clarified the President's statement and said that the relations are between two regions of one country, based on the ROC Constitutional position, the Statute Governing the Relations Between the Peoples of the Taiwan Area and Mainland Area and the 1992 Consensus.

President Tsai Ing-wen of the Democratic Progressive Party was elected in 2016 and has refused to recognize the 1992 Consensus.  Under the Tsai administration, the English words "Republic of China" were reduced in size on Taiwanese passports, though the corresponding Chinese characters remained unchanged.

See also
One China
Greater China
Cross-strait relations
Chinese unification
Taiwanese independence

Notes

References

Cross-Strait relations

Two Chinas


Batty (Jean-Baptiste) Weber (1860–1940) is considered to have been one of Luxembourg's most influential journalists and authors, contributing much to the development of the country's national identity. His style is characterized by his sense of humour and skillful use of irony.

Early life

Born on 25 November 1860 in Rumelange in south-western Luxembourg, he was the son of the local schoolmaster, Michel Weber, and his wife Marie-Catherine Klein. The family soon moved to Stadtbredimus on the Moselle where Weber spent much of his childhood. After attending the Athénée in Luxembourg City, he studied philology at the universities of Berlin and Bonn, developing an interest in the theatre. Batty Weber married Emma Brugmann 23rd July 1904.

Career

After his studies, Weber started to work in Luxembourg's civil service administration, developing his skills as a stenographer. Not satisfied with administrative work, he began to contribute to newspapers publishing his first short story "Mein Freund Günther" in Das Luxemburger Land in 1883. He was soon contributing both news articles and short stories to newspapers at home and abroad. After "Wolf Frank" (1887) was published in the Luxemburger Zeitung, Weber began to contribute to the Escher Zeitung with "Bella Ghitta" (1889), his first story about the mining area of the south, followed by "Hart am Abgrund" (1890), "Der Amerikaner" (1891) and "Die Verderberin" (1891). In 1893, he became editor in chief at the Luxemburger Zeitung.

Weber also began to write poems in Luxembourgish including "Dem Jabbo seng Kap" which is still popular in Luxembourg today. His once highly successful but now forgotten first novel "Fenn Kass, Roman eines Erlösten" draws on his schooldays in Luxembourg. It was serialized in the Kölnische Zeitung in 1912 before being published in book form the following year. While his novels were written in German, most of the numerous light-hearted plays from 1895 to 1922 were in Luxembourgish although "A Mondorf" (1900) and "Le couscous de la belle-mère" were in French.

In 1923, in connection with Dicks' 100th anniversary, he published his "Erënnerongen un den Dicks". Weber also did much to promote Luxembourg's budding cultural talents including authors such as Alex Weicker, Marie-Henriette Steil, Albert Hoefler, and Emile Marx and the painter's Joseph Kutter, Harry Rabinger, Jean Schaak and Nico Klopp. One of Weber's most important contributions to Luxembourg's identity was his "Abreisskalender", a daily column he contributed from 1913 to 1940 to the "Luxembuger Zeitung", commenting on items of local cultural interest.

In 1904 (23 July 1904), he married Emma Brugmann. Batty Weber died in Luxembourg City on 14 December 1940, and was buried in the Notre-Dame Cemetery.

Batty Weber Prize

Since 1987, the Batty Weber Prize, Luxembourg's national literary prize, has been awarded to a Luxembourg writer for his entire literary work.

Selected works
 1882: Mein Freund Günther
 1889: Bella Ghita
 1890: Hart am Abgrund
 1891: Der Amerikaner
 1891: Verderberin
 1909: Über Mischkultur in Luxemburg
 1912: Fenn Kaß
 1922: Nick Carter auf dem Dorf
 1923: Der Inseltraum
 1926: Hände

References

External links

Luxembourgian male writers
Luxembourgian journalists
Male journalists
1860 births
1940 deaths
German-language writers
Luxembourgian writers in French
Alumni of the Athénée de Luxembourg
People from Rumelange
University of Bonn alumni
Luxembourgian dramatists and playwrights
Luxembourgian poets
Luxembourgian novelists
Male short story writers
Male poets
Male novelists
Male dramatists and playwrights
19th-century Luxembourgian writers
20th-century Luxembourgian writers

Batty Weber


Craig Boreham is an Australian film director, producer, and writer.

Career

To date, Boreham has focussed his attention on film works that explore issues of marginalised sexuality and the politics of desire. Craig Boreham graduated from both the University of Technology Sydney (UTS) and the Australian Film Television and Radio School (AFTRS), and his films have screened extensively throughout the world and collected a number of awards including The City of Melbourne Best Queer Short Film Award, Melbourne Queer Film Festival, and Best Independent Film, Newtown Flicks Short Film Festival, Sydney.

In 2005 his short drama Transient, premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2005 and received a Teddy Award nomination for best short film.

In 2008, LesGaiCineMad and Fundación Triángulo in Madrid, programmed a retrospective of Boreham's short films titled True Cinema Poison.

Boreham's film Drowning had its Australian premiere at the Academy Award accredited film competition Flickerfest International Short Film Festival at Bondi Beach Sydney. Drowning starred up and coming Australian actors Miles Szanto, Xavier Samuel and Tess Haubrich.

Boreham's film Teenage Kicks, starring Miles Szanto and Daniel Webber, was released in 2016. The film is about a boy, Mik, exploring sexuality, friendship, drugs, and identity after a family tragedy. When Mik's best friend Dan (played by Daniel Webber) reveals that he has a new girlfriend, this puts an end to their plans to run away together. Torn between loyalty to his migrant family and his own desires, Mik's world is rocked by a sudden death. Teenage Kicks explores themes of guilt, friendship, secrets, cultural and familial loyalty, and burgeoning sexuality.

Filmography
 Seamen (1998) Director, Producer, Writer
 Blow (2000) Director, Writer
 Pink Sheep (2003) Director, Producer, Editor
 Transient (2005) Director, Writer
 Stray (2007) Co Director with Dean Francis, Producer
 Love Bite (2008) Director, Writer, Producer
 Before The Rain - Violet (2009) Director
 Drowning (2009) Director, Writer
 William Yang - The Art Of Seduction (2010) Director
 Ostia - La Notte Finale (2010) Director, Writer
 Teenage Kicks (2016) Director, Writer
 Lonesome (2022)

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Australian film producers
University of Technology Sydney alumni
Australian film directors
Australian screenwriters
Australian LGBT screenwriters
Australian LGBT film directors
21st-century Australian LGBT people

Craig Boreham


Eddie Ahern (born 6 December 1977) is an Irish professional jockey, currently banned from racing for ten years by the British Horseracing Authority on charges of corruption. He was champion apprentice in Ireland in 1997.

Career

Ahern had his first ride in his native Ireland in 1994. From then until 2001, he raced mainly in Ireland, his best season being 2000 when he picked up 46 wins. Thereafter, he has mainly ridden in the UK from a base in Newmarket (although his first ride in the UK had been as far back as 1998). His career peak to date came in 2006 when he rode 140 winners. This included a treble at combined odds of 293-1 on day two of the Glorious Goodwood meeting. At that time he was picking up more than 1,000 rides per year. As of May 2013, when he was banned from racing for ten years, Ahern had won a total of 1,252 races in the UK and Ireland, from a total of 11,511.

In December 2007, Ahern was banned from racing for 3 months for a whip offence.
While serving the ban, he won the Hayes Golden Button Challenge, a cross-country event run by Ledbury Hunt on New Year's Eve.

Another controversy occurred before a race on 16 October 2008. Ahern was still giving a talk in the corporate hospitality box at Newmarket when the riders were due in for weighing. Consequently, he missed the ride on Charlie Farnsbarns in the Group 3 Darley Stakes. The horse, a 50/1 chance, was instead ridden by Ryan Moore, who won. Ahern's error cost him £3,500 in missed prize money and a £140 fine.

Ban for race fixing

In May 2013, Ahern received a ten-year ban from the British Horseracing Authority for his actions in five races which took place between September 2010 and February 2011. He was accused of passing on information about these races to the former Chelsea and West Bromwich Albion footballer, Neil Clement, to use for lay betting (that is, betting on a horse to lose) on betting exchanges. He was also accused of preventing his horse from obtaining the best possible position, an offence under the Rules of Racing. Rumours about Ahern's alleged actions in this regard had already led to him being nicknamed "Betfair Eddie" by users of betting exchange Betfair.

At the trial, he was found guilty of conspiring to commit a corrupt or fraudulent practice, intentionally failing to ensure a horse was ridden on its merits and of passing information for reward. His co-defendant, Clement, was found guilty of conspiring to commit a corrupt or fraudulent practice, placing a lay bet on a horse which he then owned and failure to provide phone records to the inquiry.

Two other associates - former racehorse owner Michael Turl, James Clutterbuck, son of and assistant to Newmarket trainer Ken Clutterbuck - had been disqualified the previous month for conspiring with Clement. A further two individuals - Martin Raymond and Paul Hill - were also charged in relation to one of the races.

References

External links
Eddie Ahern website
Eddie Ahern on racingpost.com

1977 births
Living people
Irish jockeys
Equestrians from County Tipperary

Eddie Ahern


The Amazon Trail is an educational computer game created by MECC. It was inspired by the popularity of The Oregon Trail, featuring the areas surrounding the Amazon River and some of its tributaries. In this 2D adventure, the player is asked to set out on a journey up the Amazon, hoping to make it to the lost Inca village of Vilcabamba. Along the way, the player learns about the people who live on and use the river for their survival. The Amazon Trail is known for being significantly more difficult than its predecessors in the franchise, such as The Oregon Trail. It was released in 1993 for MS-DOS, 1994 for Windows 3.x and 1996 for Windows and Macintosh. Amazon Trail II was released as a sequel to this game and Amazon Trail 3rd Edition was a re-release of that sequel with performance enhancements and new additions.

Plot
During the opening sequence, a short animation displays a person asleep in bed, coincidentally, in Peru, Indiana. They are visited during a dream by a jaguar who calls himself the jaguar of the Inca King. The jaguar explains that the Inca people are endangered by malaria and European explorers, and the player will be taken back in time in order to search for cinchona and deliver it to the king. The jaguar from the dream appears throughout the game as a hazy vision, running off a checklist of items desired by the Inca King, and offering various gloomy sentiments about the rainforest in general.

Gameplay

At the start of the game, the player has been transported to Belém, Brazil, and is given the option of choosing one of two native guides (Isabel or Antonio), who offer advice over the course of the game pertinent to navigating the river and maintaining ample supplies and good health. Each guide comes equipped with a slightly different spread of supplies (Antonio has more tents, while Isabel has more food). Players may come across various people along the river, taking photographs of the flora and fauna of the area, fishing, and canoeing.

Players must navigate the treacherous waters of the Amazon to avoid hitting other boats, logs, and whirlpools or paddling up the wrong tributary, travel through the forest in search of exotic plants and animals to photograph and identify, use harpoons to fish in the river and then identify whether the catch is edible, and trade with the individuals encountered at the various stops along the river. In order to aid in identification, each time a picture is taken or fish caught, the player has the option of checking the guide, which lists all of the species in the game except for the "new species".

There are multiple dangers. Capsizing could lead to loss of supplies and injury, or even cause the player to drown resulting in an instant game over. When fishing one has to be wary of spearing an electric eel or stingray as this may lead to a loss of health (though the latter is regarded as edible). The player can contract a variety of diseases (including malaria and yellow fever), requiring multiple days of rest to recover. Paddling up the wrong tributary for too long will result in being captured by headhunters or western explorers.

A unique aspect of the game is the element of traveling back in time, which allows the user to learn historical information in addition to science. Before arriving at a new town or tributary, players pass through a "blue mist" over the river (a line of fog across the screen). Upon arriving at a landmark, the option is given of talking to two people, typically one native and one Westerner. Often, the duo offer conflicting information and advice. The timeframe spans from the then-present (1993) back to the Middle Ages. Historical figures appear, such as Henry Ford, Theodore Roosevelt, and Claude Lévi-Strauss. The player is given a good feel for the differing attitudes and clashing roles portrayed by the encountered individuals, pertaining to the history of the Amazon. Many of these figures have interesting items which can be acquired in trade for food, clothing, etc.

Upon reaching the hidden city in which the Inca are living, players are graded on various aspects of the game, including the amount of personal activity on the journey, the number of plants and animals correctly identified in the rainforest, whether or not they acquired additional gifts for the Inca King, and, depending on the version of the game, the amount of time taken, the health of the player, and the completion of mini-quests. Based on these factors, the player is awarded a shield covered in designs. Each task completed translates to an additional gem on the shield.

Educational goals
Amazon Trail incorporates realism including photographs and audio recordings taken at the corresponding locations. Facts on 30 different famous people of the Amazon basin are covered as well as South American history, culture and ecosystems. The game helps players develop comprehension, survival and navigation skills, without any complicated tasks required and quest clues to follow.

Reception
Computer Gaming World in 1993 warned of The Amazon Trails "severe" hardware requirements, but approved of the "entertaining adventure's ... splendid animation and authentic native music", and its teaching of planning, research skills, and history.

The game sold more than one million units.

References

External links
 Official webpage

1993 video games
DOS games
Windows games
Classic Mac OS games
Children's educational video games
The Oregon Trail (series)
Video games set in South America
Video games developed in the United States
The Learning Company games

The Amazon Trail


Arnaud Amanieu (also Arnold and Amaneus, 4 August 1338–1401) was the Lord of Albret from 1358.

Amanieu held lands in Gascony which by the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) were obtained by Edward III of England. Edward III appointed his son Edward, the Black Prince Prince of  Aquitaine and Gascony, and in 1363 Amanieu paid homage to the two Edwards. In 1368 Amanieu in a secret treaty switched his allegiance to Charles V of France.

Biography
Arnaud Amanieu was the son of Bernard Ezi IV and Mathe of Armagnac.

In 1330, Edward III of England sent men to Gascony to negotiate with the nobles. Bernard Ezi IV attempted to arrange a marriage between Arnaud Amanieu and a daughter of Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent but failed.

In 1363, Edward the Black Prince, then Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony, went to his province to procure the homage of his barons, chief among whom was Arnaud Amanieu. In the cathedral of Bordeaux on 9 July, the lord of Albret was the first to kneel sans belt and cap before the Prince and swear an oath of fealty (save his allegiance to the King of England), then to kiss a Bible and a cross, and finally to kiss the Prince on the mouth (a "holy kiss" signifying fellowship and peace). However, good relations did not last long between Lord and Prince.

In 1368, while preparing to cross the Pyrenees to join in the Castilian Civil War, Edward demanded a contingent from Arnaud Amanieu, but the forces requested were more than the lord of Albret could suffice. Arnaud Amanieu refused, causing the Black Prince to say:

Edward's Council also declared a fouage, a new tax, which was bitterly resented by the great landholders. John I of Armagnac, Peter-Raymond II of Comminges, Roger Bernard of Périgord, and Arnaud Amanieu sent appeals to Charles V of France, appeals which are preserved to this day in the Archives Nationales in Paris. They addressed him as the "sovereign lord of the duchée de Guienne and the other lands baillées to the king of England by the treaty of peace". Needless to say, the king of France readily received the Gascon rebels into his fold.

On 30 June 1368, after Arnaud Amanieu married Margaret of Bourbon, a secret treaty was signed between Charles V, Arnaud Amanieu, John, and Roger Bernard. Charles pledged aid in the event of war and he swore never to give up his claims of sovereignty over Gascony. The lords agreed to serve Charles—for pay—in Auvergne, Toulouse, Berry, and Touraine, and to take an oath to him. The fouage was remitted for the next decade, unless the barons chose to reimpose it on themselves. A body of lawyers and barons was called to decide the sovereignty question and they unanimously affirmed that Charles was sovereign over Gascony. Amanieu remained close to the French monarchy until his death in 1401.

Family
His son, Charles I, became Constable of France.

References

Bibliography

House of Albret
1338 births
1401 deaths

Arnaud Amanieu d'Albret


Luca Banti (; born 27 March 1974 in Livorno) is an Italian football referee. In 2009, he became a UEFA Category three referee and at the start of 2010 he was promoted to category two and later to category one.

Banti became a FIFA referee in 2009. He has served as a referee in 2014 World Cup qualifiers.

References

1974 births
Italian football referees
Living people
People from Livorno

Luca Banti


Far North Queensland (FNQ) is the northernmost part of the Australian state of Queensland. Its largest city is Cairns and it is dominated geographically by Cape York Peninsula, which stretches north to the Torres Strait, and west to the Gulf Country. The waters of Torres Strait include the only international border in the area contiguous with the Australian mainland, between Australia and Papua New Guinea.

The region is home to three World Heritage Sites, the Great Barrier Reef, the Wet Tropics of Queensland and Riversleigh, Australia's largest fossil mammal site. Far North Queensland lays claim to over 70 national parks, including Mount Bartle Frere; with a peak of  it is the highest peak in both Northern Australia and Queensland.

The Far North region is the only region of Australia that is the indigenous country of both Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders.

Far North Queensland supports a significant agricultural sector, a number of significant mines and is home to Queensland's largest wind farm, the Windy Hill Wind Farm.

Extent

Various government departments and agencies have different definitions for the region. The Queensland Government department of Trade and Investment Queensland defines the region as an area comprising the following 25 local government areas; Aurukun, Burke, Cairns, Carpentaria, Cassowary Coast, Cook, Croydon, Doomadgee, Douglas, Etheridge, Hope Vale, Kowanyama, Lockhart River, Mapoon, Mareeba, Mornington, Napranum, Northern Peninsula Area, Pormpuraaw, Tablelands, Torres Strait Islands (not autonomous), Torres Strait Islands (autonomous), Weipa, Wujal Wujal, Yarrabah.

Settlements
The main population and administrative centre of the region is the city of Cairns. Other key population centres include Cooktown, the Atherton Tableland, Weipa, Innisfail and the Torres Strait Islands. The region also consists of many Aboriginal and farming groups.

The northeastern point of Highway 1 passes through the region in the city of Cairns and connects the southern-running Bruce Highway to the western-running Savannah Way. Highway 1 circumnavigates the continent at a length of approximately  and is the longest national highway in the world. Despite being Highway 1, not all sections of the Savannah Way are designated as a federally funded National Highway and certain sections remain unsealed.

Despite being in a housing crisis, the region has a very high unoccupied house rate. In the 2021 Australian census in Douglas Shire the rate of empty homes was 18%.

Industry

Significant industries include tourism, cattle grazing, agriculture and mining of both sand and bauxite. Agricultural products generate between $600 and $700 million a year. Sugar cane, tropical fruits including bananas, mangoes, papaya, lychees and coffee are grown in Far North Queensland.

The region is home to the world's biggest silica mine at Cape Flattery. The mine was established in 1967 and was severely damaged by Cyclone Ita in 2014.  Rio Tinto Alcan operates a bauxite mine on the western coast of Cape York Peninsula near Weipa which contains one of the largest bauxite deposits in the world.

In recent years, Far North Queensland has become increasingly known for its artistic and creative offerings, with the Cairns Indigenous Art Fair, and Cairns Festival both held annually. Active arts organisation include the Tanks Arts Centre, Cairns Civic Theatre, and Cairns Art Gallery.

Tourism

The region supports a large tourism industry and is considered a premier tourist destination in Australia. Nearly one third of international visitors to the state come to the region. Attractions include the Great Barrier Reef, Daintree Rainforest and other Queensland tropical rain forests within the Wet Tropics of Queensland heritage area, the Atherton Tableland, Hinchinbrook Island and other resort islands such as Dunk Island and Green Island.  Major attractions around and in Cairns include Cairns Aquarium, Cairns Botanic Gardens, The Reef Hotel Casino, Kuranda Scenic Railway, Barron Falls and the Skyrail Rainforest Cableway.  Towns and localities attracting large numbers of tourists include Cape Tribulation, Port Douglas, Mission Beach and Cardwell.

Demographics
The Australian Bureau of Statistics estimates the region's population at 280,638 in 2014. The region contains 25.6% of the state's Indigenous population, or 28,909 people, making up 11.8% of the region's population.

History
Yalanji  (also known as Kuku Yalanji, Kuku Yalaja, Kuku Yelandji, and Gugu Yalanji) is an Australian Aboriginal language of Far North Queensland. The traditional language region is Mossman River in the south to the Annan River in the north, bordered by the Pacific Ocean in the east and extending inland to west of Mount Mulgrave. This includes the local government boundaries of the Shire of Douglas, the Shire of Cook and the Aboriginal Shire of Wujal Wujal and the towns and localities of Cooktown, Mossman, Daintree, Cape Tribulation and Wujal Wujal. It includes the head of the Palmer River, the Bloomfield River, China Camp, Maytown, and Palmerville.

Kuku Yalanji  (also known as Gugu Yalanji, Kuku Yalaja, and Kuku Yelandji) is an Australian Aboriginal language of the Mossman and Daintree areas of North Queensland. The language region includes areas within the local government area of Shire of Douglas and Shire of Cook, particularly the localities of Mossman, Daintree, Bloomfield River, China Camp, Maytown, Palmer, Cape Tribulation and Wujal Wujal.

Warungu (also known as Warrungu, Warrongo, and Waroongoo.) is an Australian Aboriginal language in North Queensland. The language region includes areas from the Upper Herbert River to Mount Garnet.

Yir Yiront (also known as Yiront, Jirjoront, Yir-yiront, and Kokomindjan) is an Australian Aboriginal language. Its traditional language region is in Western Cape York within the local government areas of Aboriginal Shire of Kowanyama and Shire of Cook, in the catchments of the Coleman River and Mitchell River. Following the removal of Aboriginal people from their traditional lands, it is also spoken in Pormpuraaw and Kowanyama.

Yidinji (also known as Yidinj, Yidiny, and Idindji) is an Australian Aboriginal language of North Queensland. Its traditional language region is within the local government areas of Cairns Region and Tablelands Region, in such localities as Cairns, Gordonvale, the southern part of the Atherton Tableland including Atherton and Kairi.

Far North Queensland is the location of the first amber fossils to be found in Australia. The four-million-year-old fossils were found on a beach in Cape York Peninsula but were probably washed ashore after drifting with the currents for about 200 km. In the 1860s, Richard Daintree discovered gold and copper deposits along several rivers which led early prospectors to the area.  Many mining towns have come and gone, going through a boom and bust cycle as mines were depleted.

The Mount Mulligan mine disaster occurred on 19 September 1921. Seventy-five workers were killed, making it the third-worst coal mining accident in Australia.

Cyclones
The region suffered Queensland's worst maritime disaster on 4 March 1899 when the Mahina Cyclone destroyed all 100 ships moored in Princess Charlotte Bay. The entire North Queensland pearling fleet was in the bay at the time of the cyclone. Approximately 100 Aboriginals assisting survivors and 307 men from the pearling fleet were drowned. Its pressure was measured at 914 hPa with a recorded tidal surge of 13 m, the highest ever in Australia. The 1918 Mackay cyclone hit the Queensland coast in January of that year, killing 30 people.

In March 1997, Cyclone Justin resulted in the deaths of seven people.  In early 2000, Cyclone Steve caused major flooding between Cairns and Mareeba.  Cyclone Larry crossed the Queensland coast near Innisfail in March 2006.  The storm resulted in an estimated $1.5 billion worth of damage and damaged 10,000 homes. 80% of Australia's banana crop was destroyed.  Cyclone Monica was the most intense cyclone on record in terms of wind speed to cross the Australian coast. It impacted the Northern Territory and Far North Queensland in April 2006.  In January 2011, Cyclone Yasi passed over Tully and resulted in an estimated $3.6 billion worth of damage, making it the costliest cyclone ever to hit Australia.

Tropical North Queensland
Far North Queensland has a tropical climate and as such, the name Tropical North Queensland is also used as the name for the region, mostly due to the tourism industry. Tourism Tropical North Queensland (TTNQ) defines its area from Cardwell in the south up to the Torres Strait in the north and west to the Queensland border with the Northern Territory. However, the phrase Tropical North Queensland is ambiguous and may be used to name a wider area including parts of North Queensland, or even Mackay.

See also

 Proposal for a new state of North Queensland
 Regions of Queensland

References

External links
 Watch historical footage of Babinda, Cairns and Far North Queensland () from the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia's collection.

Northern Australia

Far North Queensland


Jean-Henri Fondeville (Béarnese Occitan: Joan Enric de Fondevila;  1638 – 22 October 1705) was a Béarnese Occitan writer.

Fondeville is author of the la Pastorala deu Paisan and also of the vehemently anti-Calvinist pastoral poem Eglògas.

Biography
Fondeville was born after the integration of Béarn into the Kingdom of France in 1621.

Before this event, Béarn had been part of the Kingdom of Navarre. When Queen Jeanne d'Albret adopted Calvinism, the kingdom became Protestant, keeping Béarnese Occitan as its administrative language, and when Jeanne d'Albret's son, Henry III of Navarre, became Henry IV of France and Navarre, he maintained the kingdom's independence; however, his son, Louis XIII of France, decided to merge the kingdom with France, and to re-establish Catholicism.

During this process, Fondeville's father, a Protestant priest, was offered a lifetime annuity in order to choose Catholicism. Fondeville's godfather was Jean-Henri de Salette, bishop of Lescar, (in which city he Fondeville is buried under the Latin inscription patronus et poeta facundus).

In addition to being a writer, Fondeville also had an illustrious career as a lawyer at the Parliament of Navarre and Béarn, which had its seat in Pau.

Bibliography
 Fondeville, Jean-Henri. La Pastourale deu paysaa, qui cèrque mestièè à son hil, chéns nè trouba à son grat. Pèsse divértissente et connégude én Béarn, ainsi què d'autès oubratgès déü médich authou, en quoato actes. Pau : Vignancour, 1767.
 Fondeville, Jean-Henri. La pastourale deu paysaa qui cerque mestièe a soun hilh, chens ne trouba a soun grat, en quoate actes. Pau : Ribaut, 1885.

Online editions
Sus gallica.bnf.fr
Edicion de 1885
 Edicion de 1767

1630s births
1705 deaths
Occitan-language writers

Jean-Henri Fondeville


The Central Bank of Malaysia (BNM; ) is the Malaysian central bank. Established on 26 January 1959 as the Central Bank of Malaya (Bank Negara Tanah Melayu), its main purpose is to issue currency, act as banker and adviser to the government of Malaysia and regulate the country's financial institutions, credit system and monetary policy. Its headquarters is located in Kuala Lumpur, the federal capital of Malaysia.

The Bank is the only institution permitted to issue the Malaysian ringgit into circulation.

Powers of the Bank

The Central Bank is empowered through enactment of legislation by the Parliament of Malaysia. New legislation are created and current legislation is amended to reflect the needs of the time and future.

Development Financial Institutions Act 2002

Promotes the development of effective and efficient development financial institutions.

Central Bank of Malaysia Act 2009

Provides the establishment, administration and powers of the bank. This act repealed the Central Bank of Malaysia Act 1958.

Money Services Business Act 2011

Provides for regulation of money services business industry which consists of remittance, wholesale currency and currency exchange businesses.

Financial Services Act 2013

Consolidates the regulatory and supervisory framework for Malaysia's banking industry, insurance industry, payment systems, and other relevant entities. The Act also includes money market oversight and foreign exchange administration matters. This act repealed Banking and Financial Institutions Act 1989, Insurance Act 1996 (though sections 144, 147(4), 147(5), 150, 151 and 224 of the Insurance Act 1996 continue to remain in full force and effect by virtue of section 275 of FSA 2013), Payment Systems Act 2003 and Exchange Control Act.

Islamic Financial Services Act 2013

Sets out the regulatory framework for Malaysia's Islamic financial sector with the principal regulatory objectives of promoting financial stability and compliance with Shariah. This act repealed Islamic Banking Act 1983 and Takaful Act 1984.

Governors

Headquarters and branches

The Central Bank headquarters are located at Jalan Sultan Salahuddin, off Jalan Kuching.

Landmarks located near the Central Bank building include Dataran Merdeka, St Mary's Cathedral, Kuala Lumpur City Hall building, Lake Gardens, Kuala Lumpur and the Tugu Negara.

The Central Bank had previously maintained branches in each of the state capitals. Most of them were closed in the 1990s when retail banks began taking over most of the counter services. There are still branches maintained in Penang, Johor Bahru, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Kuala Terengganu and Shah Alam. Some branches were converted into currency distribution and processing centres.

The Central Bank also retains representative offices in London, New York City, and Beijing.

A new building for the Financial Services and Resources Center (FSRC) was constructed in 2004 to house the FSRC, SEACEN, IFSB and the FMAG (the museum arm of BNM). Located along Jalan Dato Onn, in front of the Tun Hussein Onn Memorial, the building was designed by renowned Malaysian architect firm, Hijjas Kasturi Associates. Officially declared opened in August 2011, the building is now known as Sasana Kijang.

History

In 1837 the Indian rupee was made the sole official currency in the Straits Settlements, but in 1867 silver dollars were again legal tender. In 1903 the Straits dollar, pegged at two shillings and fourpence (2s. 4d.), was introduced by the Board of Commissioners of Currency and private banks were prevented from issuing notes. Since then, the were two lapses in the continuity of the currency, first by the Japanese occupation (1942–1945), and again by the devaluation of the Pound Sterling in 1967 when notes of the Board of Commissioners of Currency of Malaya and British Borneo lost 15% of their value.

On 12 June 1967, the Malaysian dollar, issued by the new central bank, Central Bank of Malaysia, replaced the Malaya and British Borneo dollar at par. The new currency retained all denominations of its predecessor except the $10,000 denomination, and also brought over the colour schemes of the old dollar.

In 1985, following the "Plaza meeting" of G-5 finance ministers in New York City, the US dollar fell sharply causing major losses in Central Bank's dollar reserves. The bank responded by starting a program of aggressive speculative trading to make up these losses. Jaffar Hussein, the Central Bank Governor at the time, referred to this strategy as "honest-to-God trading" in a December 1988 speech in New Delhi.

In the late 1980s, Central Bank, under Governor Jaffar Hussein, was a major player in the forex market. Its activities caught the attention of many; initially, Asian markets came to realise the influence the Central Bank had on the direction of forex market. Alan Greenspan, the Federal Reserve's chairman, later realised BNM's massive speculation activities and requested the Malaysian central bank to cease those activities.

On 21 September 1990, BNM sold between $500 million to $1 billion worth of pound sterling in a short period of time, driving the pound down 4 cents to the dollar. In response, bankers began front running the Central Bank's orders. Two years later on Black Wednesday, BNM attempted to defend the value of the British pound against attempts by George Soros and others to devalue the pound sterling. George Soros won and BNM reportedly suffered losses of more than US$4 billion. The Central Bank lost an additional $2.2 billion in speculative trading a year later. By 1994, the bank became technically insolvent and was bailed out by the Malaysian Finance Ministry.

Pegging of the ringgit and reserves

In 1998, Central Bank pegged RM3.80 ringgit to the US dollar after the ringgit substantially depreciated during the 1997 Asian financial crisis. In July 2005, the central bank abandoned fixed exchange rate regime in favour of managed floating exchange rate system an hour after China floated its own currency. This resulted in capital flight of more than US$10 billion, thought to be due to the repatriation of speculative funds that entered the country in anticipation of the abandonment of the peg: Central Bank's foreign exchange reserves increased by $24 billion in the one-year period between July 2004 and July 2005 (see table below). During this period there was widespread belief that the ringgit was undervalued and that if the peg was removed, the ringgit would appreciate.

The Central Bank continues to run a negative interest rate differential to the USD. The ringgit has appreciated gradually since the peg was abandoned and as at 28 May 2007, it traded at around RM3.40 to the US dollar. Malaysia's foreign exchange reserves have increased steadily since the initial capital flight, and as at 31 March 2007 the reserves stood at approximately US$88 billion, which is approximately $10 billion more than the reserves just prior to the peg being abandoned.

On 31 July 2007, the Malaysian reserves stood at approximately US$98.5 billion, which is equivalent to RM340.1 billion. The figure increased to US$101.3 billion on 31 December 2007, which is equivalent to RM335.7 billion. Central Bank's international reserves increased further 15 days later to US$104.3 billion or RM345.4 billion.

See also

 Bank Negara Monetary Notes
 International Centre for Education in Islamic Finance
 Real-time gross settlement

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Islamic Banking Law

Malaysia

Ministry of Finance (Malaysia)
Banks established in 1959
1959 establishments in Malaya

Central Bank of Malaysia


Jon Cutler (born 1969) is an American house musician from Brooklyn, New York.

Cutler has lived in New York City all his life. He began DJing at the age of 15, and studied photography at the School of Visual Arts before returning to house music full-time. Cutler began releasing 12-inch remixes on his own Distant Music record label in 1997.

In 2001, Cutler produced the track "It's Yours" (featuring E-Man) for Chez Music, which hit No. 38 on the UK Singles Chart. In 2004, he was featured on the compilation album Afterdark: New York City, which peaked at No. 23 on the U.S. Billboard Top Electronic Albums chart. In 2012, Mat Zo sampled this song for his song "It's Yours" on his Bipolar LP.

References

External links
Jon Cutler at Discogs

American house musicians
Musicians from New York (state)
1969 births
Living people

Jon Cutler (musician)


Le Sonnet 78 est l'un des 154 sonnets écrits par le dramaturge et poète William Shakespeare.

Texte original
Texte et typographie originale : SO oft haue I inuok'd thee for my Muſe,
And found ſuch faire aſſiſtance in my verſe,
As euery Alien pen hath got my vſe,
And vnder thee their poeſie diſperſe.
Thine eyes,that taught the dumbe on high to ſing,
And heauie ignorance aloft to flie,
Haue added fethers to the learneds wing,
And giuen grace a double Maieſtie.
Yet be moſt proud of that which I compile,
Whoſe influence is thine,and borne of thee,
In others workes thou dooſt but mend the ſtile,
And Arts with thy ſweete graces graced be.
   But thou art all my art,and dooſt aduance
   As high as learning,my rude ignorance.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Analysis
CliffsNotes

078

Sonnet 78


H. Leivick (Yiddish: ה. לײװיק; pen name of Leivick Halpern, December 25, 1888 – December 23, 1962) was a Yiddish language writer, known for his 1921 "dramatic poem in eight scenes" The Golem. He also wrote many highly political, realistic plays, including Shop. He adopted the pen name of Leivick to avoid being confused with Moyshe-Leyb Halpern, another prominent Yiddish poet.

Early life and imprisonment
Leivick was born in Chervyen, Belarus, the oldest of nine children. His father was a Yiddish instructor for young servants. Leivick was raised in a traditional Jewish household and attended a yeshiva for several years, an experience he thoroughly disliked and depicted in his dramatic poem Chains of the Messiah. Leivick joined the Jewish Bund before or during the 1905 Russian Revolution. The influence of the organization helped to convince Leivick to become secular and to focus his writing on Yiddish rather than Hebrew.

In 1906 Leivick was arrested by Russian authorities for distributing revolutionary literature. He refused any legal assistance during his trial and delivered a speech denouncing the government instead:

I will not defend myself. Everything that I have done I did in full consciousness. I am a member of the Jewish revolutionary party, the Bund, and I will do everything in my power to overthrow the tsarist autocracy, its bloody henchmen, and you as well.

Leivick, then only eighteen, was sentenced to four years of forced labor and permanent exile to Siberia. His prison years were spent in St. Petersburg, Moscow and Minsk, where he wrote Chains of the Messiah. In March 1912 he was marched to Siberia on foot, a journey that lasted more than four months. Leivick was eventually smuggled out of Siberia with the assistance of Jewish revolutionaries in America and sailed to America in the summer of 1913.

Rise to fame
By the early 1920s, Leivick was writing poetry and drama for several Yiddish dailies, including the Communist Morgen Freiheit. From 1936 to his death, he wrote regularly for Der Tog. He was also active as an editor, working with fellow writer Joseph Opatoshu on an exhaustive series of Yiddish anthologies. Leivick was involved with Di Yunge, a group of avant-garde American-Yiddish poets who praised Yiddish for its artistic and aesthetic possibilities, not merely a conduit for disseminating radical politics to the immigrant masses. Di Yunge included such notable personalities as Moyshe-Leyb Halpern and Mani Leib. Leivick spent most of his life employed as a wallpaper-hanger while simultaneously pursuing his writing.

Leivick's style was neo-Romantic and marked by a deep apocalyptic pessimism combined with an almost naive interest and yearning for the mystical and messianic, themes that continually appeared in his writing, particularly The Golem, which depicted the Jewish Messiah and Jesus Christ as representatives of a peaceful redemption, only to be chased away by the Maharal of Prague and his violent Golem, who ultimately rampaged through the streets of Prague injuring large numbers of people, both Jews and Christians. In The Golem, Leivick simultaneously condemned any attempts to heal the world through violence, but also highlighted the fallibility and impotence of all would-be Messiahs. The poem was widely interpreted as a thinly veiled critique of the Bolshevik Revolution and caused Leivick to be criticized by the Soviet Union and Communist Yiddishists. Leivick stopped writing for the Communist papers in 1929 following their public support for the Arab riots in Palestine and broke off all connections with the left following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939.

Leivick's writing also incorporated his deep childhood wounds from his abusive father and unpleasant experiences with Orthodox Judaism, as well as his years of imprisonment. Leivick's own suffering strongly influenced that of his poetic characters', taking on near-mythic proportions and requiring similarly grandiose acts of redemption. Many of his poems dealt with themes of illness or exile, and his more realistic works were often set in sweatshops, like the ones Leivick had worked in as a new immigrant in Philadelphia. Leivick's work strongly resonated with the Yiddish public and helped him become one of the most prominent Yiddish poets in the world.

Legacy
The Leyvik House, named after H. Leivick, is a three-story building in Tel Aviv founded in 1970. It serves as the offices for the Association of Yiddish Writers and Journalists in Israel, the H. Leyvik Publishing House, and the Israeli Center for Yiddish Culture.

References

External links
 Malka, Jeff. "The Yiddish poet H Leivick". Igumen SIG, JewishGen, 2000
 Sung text in Yiddish and English of Un a yingele vet zey firn (And a Little Boy Will Lead Them) (arr. A. Knapp) Naxos.
 H. Leivick's biography in the "Yiddish Leksikon"
 Complete works of H. Leivick - Yiddish Book Center

1888 births
1962 deaths
Bundists
Jewish American writers
Jewish dramatists and playwrights
Yiddish-language poets
Yiddish-language playwrights
Yiddish theatre
Belarusian Jews
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
20th-century poets
20th-century dramatists and playwrights

H. Leivick


The deep fibular nerve (also known as deep peroneal nerve) begins at the bifurcation of the common fibular nerve between the fibula and upper part of the fibularis longus, passes infero-medially, deep to the extensor digitorum longus, to the anterior surface of the interosseous membrane, and comes into relation with the anterior tibial artery above the middle of the leg; it then descends with the artery to the front of the ankle-joint, where it divides into a lateral and a medial terminal branch.

Structure

Lateral side of the leg
The deep fibular nerve is the nerve of the anterior compartment of the leg and the dorsum of the foot. It is one of the terminal branches of the common fibular nerve. It corresponds to the posterior interosseus nerve of the forearm. It begins at the lateral side of the fibula bone, and then enters the anterior compartment by piercing the anterior intermuscular septum. It then pierces the extensor digitorum longus and lies next to the anterior tibial artery, following the course of the artery until the ankle-joint where the nerve divides into medial and lateral terminal branches. In the leg, the deep fibular nerve divides into several branches:

 Muscular branches: Supplies four muscles in the leg: tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and fibularis tertius

Foot
Close to the ankle joint, the deep fibular nerve terminates by dividing into medial and lateral terminal branches.
 Medial terminal branch: This nerve accompanies the dorsalis pedis artery along the dorsum of the foot, and, at the first interosseous space, divides into two dorsal digital nerves which supply the adjacent sides of the great and second toes, communicating with the medial dorsal cutaneous branch of the superficial fibular nerve. Before it divides it gives off to the first space an interosseous branch which supplies the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe and sends a filament to the first Interosseous dorsalis muscle.
 Lateral terminal branch - This nerve passes across the tarsus, beneath the extensor digitorum brevis, supplying latter. This nerve ends in a pseudoganglion deep to the extensor digitorum brevis. From the pseudoganglion, three minute branches are given off to supply the tarsal joints and the metatarsophalangeal joints of the second, third, and fourth toes.

Function
In the leg, the deep fibular nerve supplies muscular branches to the anterior compartment of extensor muscles in the leg which include the tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, fibularis tertius, and extensor hallucis longus (propius), and an articular branch to the ankle-joint.  After its bifurcation past the ankle joint, the lateral branch of the deep fibular nerve innervates the extensor digitorum brevis and the extensor hallucis brevis, while the medial branch goes on to provide cutaneous innervation to the webbing between the first and second toes.

Clinical significance
Damage to the deep fibular nerve, as is possible with traumatic injury to the lateral knee, results in foot drop. The deep fibular nerve is also subject to injury resulting from lower motor neuron disease, diabetes, ischemia, and infectious or inflammatory conditions. Injury to the common fibular nerve is the most common isolated mononeuropathy of the lower extremity and produces sensory problems on the lateral lower leg in addition to foot drop.

Additional images

References

External links
  - "The Foot: Nerves"

Nerves of the lower limb and lower torso

Deep fibular nerve


was a samurai head of the Rokkaku clan during Japan's Sengoku period.   He was shugo (governor) and later daimyō of an area of southern Ōmi province, he served as castellan of Kannonji Castle. He later became a Buddhist monk, under the name Shōtei.

Life of struggle
The son of Rokkaku Sadayori, Yoshikata fought in many of the battles for control of the Kyoto area during this period. In 1549, he became allied with Hosokawa Harumoto against Miyoshi Chōkei, and succeeded his father as head of the family in 1552. After a number of victories against the Miyoshi, the tides turned; Yoshikata and his Hosokawa allies in service of the shōgun Ashikaga Yoshiteru began to experience a string of defeats. In 1558, the shōgun reconciled his differences with the Miyoshi clan, putting an end to the conflict.

Seeing an opportunity, Azai Hisamasa of northern Ōmi invaded the Rokkaku territory. Defeated, the Azai clan was forced to become vassals to the Rokkaku. Yoshikata entered the Buddhist priesthood in 1559, passing on his status within the family to his son Rokkaku Yoshiharu, but remained active in the family's battles nevertheless. Yoshikata led his clan's forces to battle the following year against Azai Nagamasa, seeking to maintain his control over the Azai and their territory. He was sorely defeated in this, the battle of Norada, which marked the beginning of the decline of the Rokkaku clan.

In 1563, one of their chief vassals, Gotō Katatoyo, killed someone inside Kannonji Castle (see Kannonji Disturbance). Distrust between the Rokkaku lords and their retainers reached the point that Yoshikata and his son were driven from the castle. They returned soon afterwards, however, through the mediation of Gamō Sadahide and Gamō Katahide.

In 1565, the Rokkaku were again attacked by the Azai; and the invading forces were contained.

Defeat
In 1568, Oda Nobunaga, in the service of shōgun Ashikaga Yoshiaki, asked the Rokkaku to join his army, and was refused. Defeated in the ensuing battle, the Rokkaku were driven from their castle, settling in Kōka, their clan effectively eliminated as daimyō.

In 1570, the Rokkaku were defeated by Shibata Katsuie at Chōkōji castle, and again at Bodaiji castle, eventually submitting to Nobunaga. At Nobunaga's orders, Yoshikata was imprisoned in Ishibe castle, held by Sakuma Nobumori. He escaped four years later, fleeing to Shigaraki. There, he lived in seclusion, aiding local movements, and the Ishiyama Hongan-ji, against Nobunaga.

Yoshikata died at the age of 77 in 1598. During his life, he studied archery under Yoshida Shigemasa, and began his own school of horsemanship, the Sasaki-ryū.

Sengoku period house codes
During the Sengoku period, Japan's social and legal culture evolved in ways unrelated to the well-known history of serial battles and armed skirmishes.  A number of forward-looking daimyos independently promulgated codes of conduct to be applied within a specific han or domain.  Few examples of these daimyo-made law codes have survived, but the legal framework contrived by the Rokkaku clan remains amongst the small number of documents which can still be studied:
 1567: Rokkaku Yoshikata issues Rokkaku-shi shikimoku.
 1567: Rokkaku Yoshiharu, Yoshikata's eldest son,  re-issues Rokkaku-shi shikimoku.

References

Works cited
 Frederic, Louis et al.. (2002). "Rokkaku Yoshikata" in Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
 Katsumata Shizuo and Martin Collcutt. (1981). "The Development of Sengoku Law" in Japan Before Tokugawa: Political Consolidation and Economic Growth, 1500 to 1650. John Whitney Hall, ed.  Princeton: Princeton University Press.
 Meyer, Eva-Maria. (1999). Japans Kaiserhof in de Edo-Zeit: Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Jahre 1846 bis 1867. Münster: Tagenbuch.
 Papinot, Jacques Edmund Joseph. (1906) Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du japon illustré de 300 gravures, de plusiers cartes, et suivi de 18 appendices. Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha.Click link for digitized 1906 Nobiliaire du japon (2003)
 Sansom, George (1961). A History of Japan: 1334–1615. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Further reading

Daimyo
1521 births
1598 deaths

Rokkaku Yoshikata


Bipolar CMOS (BiCMOS) is a semiconductor technology that integrates two semiconductor technologies, those of the bipolar junction transistor and the CMOS (complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) logic gate, into a single integrated circuit. In more recent times the bipolar processes have been extended to include high mobility devices using silicon–germanium junctions.

Bipolar transistors offer high speed, high gain, and low output impedance with relatively high power consumption per device, which are excellent properties for high-frequency analog amplifiers including low noise radio frequency (RF) amplifiers that only use a few active devices, while CMOS technology offers high input impedance and is excellent for constructing large numbers of low-power logic gates. In a BiCMOS process the doping profile and other process features may be tilted to favour either the CMOS or the bipolar devices. For example GlobalFoundries offer a basic 180 nm BiCMOS7WL process and several other BiCMOS processes optimized in various ways. These processes also include steps for the deposition of precision resistors, and high Q RF inductors and capacitors on-chip, which are not needed in a "pure" CMOS logic design.

BiCMOS is aimed at mixed-signal ICs, such as ADCs and complete software radio systems on a chip that need amplifiers, analog power management circuits, and logic gates on chip. BiCMOS has some advantages in providing digital interfaces. BiCMOS circuits use the characteristics of each type of transistor most appropriately. Generally this means that high current circuits such as on chip power regulators use metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) for efficient control, and 'sea of logic' use conventional CMOS structures, while those portions of specialized very high performance circuits such as ECL dividers and LNAs use bipolar devices. Examples include RF oscillators, bandgap-based references and low-noise circuits.

The Pentium, Pentium Pro, and SuperSPARC microprocessors also use BiCMOS.

Disadvantages

Some of the advantages of CMOS fabrication, for example very low cost in mass production, do not transfer directly to BiCMOS fabrication.  An inherent difficulty arises from the fact that optimizing both the BJT and MOS components of the process is impossible without adding many extra fabrication steps and consequently increased process cost and reduced yield.  Finally, in the area of high performance logic, BiCMOS may never offer as low a power consumption as a foundry process optimized for CMOS alone, due to the potential for higher standby leakage current.

References

Logic families
Integrated circuits
MOSFETs

BiCMOS


The Mark V SOC (Special Operations Craft) was a marine security, patrol and special forces insertion boat used by the United States Navy and manufactured by VT Halter Marine Inc (Gulfport, Mississippi). It was introduced into service with the US Navy SEALs in 1995. It was removed from service in 2013.

It is commonly referred to as the "Mark V.1 Patrol Boat" in official U.S. Navy documents.

Development

Origins
The development of the Mark V SOC was very fast-paced, taking only 18 months from the initiation of the program to the actual delivery of the first boat on September 4, 1995. The United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) Contracting Directorate and a dedicated Program Management team executed this effort in record time, specifically because USSOCOM was given Agency level contracting authority. The contract was fulfilled when the full operational capability was met in 1999. In all, 20 Mk V SOC units were delivered to USSOCOM at a unit cost of $3.7 million.

The Mark V SOC deployment was less smooth.  Problems included instances of the windshield and entire pilothouse assembly collapsing upon wave impact. However, these issues have been resolved and the Mark V SOC has greatly improved maritime special operations capabilities.

The original Mk V SOC was designed to address the lack of any specifically conceived SEAL insertion craft. Prior to the Mk V SOC, SEALs traveled on any form of surface transport available, often resorting to taping lawn furniture to the available craft's deck. The original Mk V competition included three different designs, one Kevlar composite monohull, one aluminum monohull, and one aluminum catamaran hull; the aluminum monohull won. The Mk V SOC specifically incorporated a modular shock mitigation seating design to minimize injury.

Experience gained during training and operational usage showed the aluminum monohull transmitted the impact with the water to the craft's occupants more readily than a composite hull. Even after modifications such as the addition of shock-absorbing seats, the boats are capable of generating up to 20 Gs of force while slamming across waves. This led to many cases of bruises, sprained ankles, chipped teeth, and back, neck, and joint injuries. These injuries necessitated a replacement.

Redesign
On 11 January 2008 the U.S. Navy unveiled an experimental version of the Mark V Special Operations Craft, designated the Mk V.1, designed to reduce the number of injuries sustained by sailors and SEALs during the operation of the aluminum version of the vessel. Nicknamed the MAKO, the vessel was developed by a subsidiary of Hodgdon Yachts, in collaboration with the University of Maine's Advanced Engineered Wood Composites Center. It features a hull made of layers of carbon fiber, a foam core, and an outer layer of Kevlar for additional strength. It was constructed and launched at the Hodgdon Yachts' East Boothbay facility. The MAKO is lighter than the current Mk V. The Office of Naval Research funded the prototype "to compare the properties of composite construction with aluminum" versions of the same craft. The tests did not suggest continuing the vessel with a composite structure. Instead, the decision was to retire the Mark V in 2013 in favor of its replacements.

The Mark V was replaced in 2015 by several craft: the Combatant-Craft Assault (CCA), Combatant Craft Medium (CCM MK1), and Combat-Craft Heavy (CCH MK1) SEALION (SEAL Insertion, Observation and Neutralization).

Missions
The Mark V's primary mission is medium range insertion and extraction platform for Special Operations Forces (primarily SEAL combat swimmers) in a low to medium threat environment. The secondary mission is limited Coastal Patrol and Interdiction, specifically limited duration patrol and low to medium threat coastal interdiction. The typical Mark V SOC mission duration is 12 hours.

For example, in 2003, in one of the first actions of Operation Iraqi Freedom, Mark V SOCs operating out of Kuwait disembarked at least two platoons of Navy SEALs to capture Iraqi offshore oil terminals.

Capabilities

The Mark V has the capacity to carry sixteen fully equipped SEALs to missions  away from where they are based. They ride on seats that are designed for maximum comfort and shock mitigation in high seas or heavy maneuvering, and allows occupants to either stand or sit. With a beam of  feet, the craft has enough room to carry four Combat Rubber Raiding Crafts with six outboard motors (2 spares) and fuel, to deploy forces from a clandestine distance. The ramp on the stern allows SEAL teams to ride their CRRCs right up the stern of the boat, for fast extraction and insertion.

To support the SOF missions in a medium to low threat environment, the Mk Vs are outfitted with five gun mounts for small caliber weapons supporting any combination of: M-2 .50 cal heavy machine guns, M240 or the M60 7.62 mm machine guns or Mk19 40 mm automatic grenade launchers. Together these provide 360 degrees of firing coverage. To defend against aircraft, the craft has a station for firing the Stinger Man-portable Air Defense System (MANPADS). Later improvements include mounting stations for GAU-17 Miniguns, MK 95 Twin .50 cal machine gun, MK 38 chain gun and Mk48 25 mm guns. Personal small arms of the crew and passengers can also be used to defend the craft.

The Mark V has many special features, besides its weapons, that make it more survivable while delivering sailors to their missions. Its angular design and low silhouette reduces its radar signature making it harder to spot and detect. Its V-hull design gives it good handling qualities in rough water as well as speed and shallow draft (four feet when cruising on-step). Its twin MTU 12-cylinder TE94 Diesel engines give it power and reliability and, coupled with the two K50S water jets, provides fast acceleration for operations near shore or in shallow waters as well as cutting down on the rooster tail effect that can make fast boats easier to see and track.

Mark V SOC Detachment
The Mark V SOC will normally operate in a two craft detachment with a Mobile Support Team. The operational detachment—the basic Mark V SOC operating system—consists of:
 two Mark V special operations craft, each with a crew of five special warfare combatant-craft crewmen (also known as SWCCs);
 two Mark V SOC transporters, each with an M916A1E1 prime mover
 four M1097 HMMWVs with S250 shelters,
 two M1083 5-ton trucks for the 90-day containerized deployment support package (spare part, repair parts, consumables, etc.)
 one five-ton forklift;
 an eight-man maintenance support team, that provides technical assistance and maintenance support during mission turnaround.

A Mark V SOC detachment is deployable on two USAF C-5 Galaxy aircraft to a theater of operations within 48 hours of notification and is prepared to commence operations within 24 hours after arriving at a forward staging location. The detachment can also be delivered in-theater by well or flight deck equipped surface ships with appropriate crane and deck space capabilities, and, if appropriate, under their own power. A detachment is also transportable by road.

The Mark V SOC is operated by Naval Special Warfare Group THREE (formerly known as Special Boat Squadron ONE) and Naval Special Warfare Group FOUR (formerly known as Special Boat Squadron TWO) on the east and west coasts. Twelve Mark Vs are assigned to NSWG-3, Coronado, California, and eight to NSWG-4, Little Creek, Virginia.

Mark V Waterfront Operations Support Facility
Located at Naval Air Station North Island, San Diego, California is a facility to house operational maintenance, training and administrative functions for 12 Mark V SOC. The North Island location was designed to allow rapid mobilization and transport of these vessel worldwide. The facility provides non-depot level maintenance of rolling stock and depot level maintenance of the Mark V SOC. In addition to maintenance and supply/spare parts warehousing facilities, on-site administration and training facilities with classrooms and briefing areas were provided.

Final design includes a new 115' by 37' U-shaped, reinforced concrete pier, 60' long concrete floating docks to berth five vessels, and a gangway. The pier was designed to support the combined load of a 50-ton Mark V and a 70-ton marine travel lift used to lift the vessels out of the water and transport them to the maintenance facility.

The Support Facility building is Bldg 816 on Naval Air Station North Island, next to the Undersea Rescue Command compound. The project as executed does not seem to have included the dock and pier where shown in the planning documents. The facility is still is use, now apparently supporting CCM and other NSW craft.

Foreign use
In 2009, the Kuwait Naval Force signed a $61.6-million contract with United States Marine, Inc. of Gulfport, MS for the design and construction of ten Mark V patrol boats under the Foreign Military Sales (FMS) program for coastal interdiction, and special operations for delivery by June 2013.

On 9 July 2013, Congress was notified of a request from the Royal Saudi Naval Forces to purchase 30 Mark V patrol boats, along with associated equipment, parts, training, and logistical support for $1.2 billion.  The boats' mission is to protect maritime infrastructure in Saudi littoral waters.  They will be used primarily to patrol and interdict intruders in Saudi territorial seas, and recognized economic exclusion zones.

Four boats were delivered to Greece via the Excess Defense Articles programme on 6 April 2020 and are currently in use by the Underwater Demolition Command of the Hellenic Navy.These boats will receive Spike ER launchers as part of a deal between the Hellenic government and Rafael.

See also
 Combatant Craft Medium

 Special Operations Craft - Riverine (SOC-R)

 Mark VI patrol boat

References

External links

Military.com
Globalsecurity.org
Special-operations-technology.com

United States Navy SEALs
Equipment of the United States Navy
Unclassified miscellaneous vessels of the United States Navy
Military boats
Riverine warfare
Patrol vessels of the United States Navy
Patrol boat classes

Mark V Special Operations Craft


Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose (CDM) is a cultural institution serving children, families, and schools in the Silicon Valley/San Francisco Bay Area. A member of the Association of Children's Museums and the Association of Science-Technology Centers, Children's Discovery Museum is located in downtown San Jose, California on Woz Way. The street is named after Steve Wozniak, co-founder of Apple Computer whose nickname is "Woz." Wozniak was the single largest private donor during the original capital campaign that funded the museum.

Overview
The museum opened its doors in 1990, and over 9 million visitors have visited. The  purple building was designed by Mexico City-based architect Ricardo Legorreta, and houses  of gallery space as well as a half-acre outdoor nature play space opened in 2017.

The museum builds and displays interactive exhibits that responds to early childhood education. The museum's exhibits, programs and initiatives have received local, regional and national attention. Among its exhibits are a two life size Columbian mammoth replicas, authentic explorable vehicles including a fire engine and a Wells Fargo stagecoach, and five visual and performing arts spaces.

The museum is known for its Cultural Celebrations series highlighting the culture and traditions of the diverse population groups represented in this majority minority region.

Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose has been ranked by Child magazine as one of the top 10 children's museums in the United States and ranked by the London Observer as one of the top 5 science centers in the world.

Exhibits and programs

Children's Discovery Museum hosts exhibits, programs and events for families with for children age 10 and under that emphasize hands-on, experience- and inquiry-based learning.

Exhibits include Bill's Backyard: Bridge to Nature, a half-acre outdoor nature exploration space; Mammoth Discovery! an exhibit about paleontology, geology, and the scientific method; and Waterways, where children engage in water play and observe physics principles by interacting with a water vortex, observing laminar flow in action, and experiencing fluid pressure and flow.

Noteworthy programs of the museum include a Cultural Celebrations series; performances by local arts organizations; and events highlighting healthy nutrition and physical activities. Programs in the community include BioSITE, environmental education in partnership with local schools; Youth Programs which reach children after school and during summers; and a partnership with Educare preschool that combines exhibit installations and classes for children and parents.

The museum's Legacy for Children fundraising event has honored notables including Mr. Rogers, Dr. Seuss, Kristi Yamaguchi, Sally Ride, Alice Waters, Ronnie Lott, Sonia Manzano, and Ruby Bridges.

Discovery Youth

Discovery Youth is a program where youth from grades 5 to 12 have fun learning and helping in the museum. They do many projects in computers with programs like Photoshop, Premiere Elements, Flash Creator and many more donated by the Adobe company. They make fun little arts and crafts in the museum on Saturday from 10am to 1pm for the museum visitors. They even have their own website:

BioSITE

BioSITE was launched by the museum in 1993 as a unique
"action-science" education program. Currently the program engages 1,500 students each school year in the importance of environmental responsibility and inspires the love of science through authentic field research conducted biweekly in the Guadalupe Watershed. This program is intended to take science learning out of the classroom and moves it into the real world. The students are given the experiences of biologists, conducting research along the river. Their research is monitored at the Coyote Creek Ranger Station.

See also
 The Tech Museum of Innovation

References

External links

Children's museums in California
Museums in San Jose, California
Museums established in 1990
1990 establishments in California
1990s architecture in the United States
Postmodern architecture in California
Ricardo Legorreta buildings

Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose


Flora Jane Thompson (5 December 1876 – 21 May 1947) was an English novelist and poet that was famous for her semi-autobiographical trilogy about the English countryside, Lark Rise to Candleford.

She was born in Juniper Hill, a hamlet in north-east Oxfordshire. She was the eldest of six children of the stonemason Albert and the nursemaid Emma Timms. In her books her favourite brother, Edwin, is mentioned as important companion during her childhood. He was killed near Ypres in 1916. Flora was educated in the village Cottisford and worked in various post offices in southern England. The first of these was Fringford, a village about four miles north-east of Bicester. Flora started work here in 1891, as assistant to the postmistress, Mrs. Kezia Whitton. Among other post offices where Flora worked was that at Grayshott, in Hampshire, and she later moved to Bournemouth. In 1903 she married John William Thompson, with whom she had two sons and a daughter.

Flora benefited from good access to books when the public library opened in Winton, in 1907. Not long after, in 1911, she won an essay competition in The Ladies Companion for a 300-word essay on Jane Austen. She later wrote extensively, publishing short stories and magazine and newspaper articles. She was a keen self-taught naturalist and many of her nature articles were anthologised in 1986.

Her most famous works are the Lark Rise to Candleford trilogy, which she sent as essays to Oxford University Press in 1938 and which were published soon after. The books are a, if autobiographical, but fictionalised social history of rural English life in the late 19th and early 20th century and are now considered minor classics.

Flora Thompson died in 1947 in Brixham, Devon and is buried at Longcross Cemetery, Dartmouth, Devon.

Bibliography

Verse
 Bog Myrtle and Peat (1921)

Novels
 Lark Rise (1939)
 Over to Candleford (1941)
 Candleford Green (1943)
 Lark Rise to Candleford (1945, above three novels published as a trilogy)
 Still Glides the Stream (1948, published posthumously)
 Heatherley (sequel to Lark Rise to Candleford written c.1944 - published posthumously first in A Country Calendar 1979 along with some Peverel Papers and some poems; then as single volume 1998)
 Gates of Eden (serialised in The Peverel Monthly edited by Flora in the late 1920s but never published as a separate volume)

Nature articles
 The Peverel Papers (1986, published posthumously)

References

Other websites

Flora Thompson website
Lark Rise to Candleford website

1876 births
1947 deaths
English novelists
English poets

Flora Thompson


LÉ Emer (P21) of the Irish Naval Service, now known as NNS Prosperity of the Nigerian Navy, was built as a patrol vessel in Verolme Dockyard, Cork, Ireland in 1977.

After evaluating  for 3 years, Emer was ordered by the Irish Naval Service in 1975. Commissioned in January 1978, she was named after Emer, the principal wife of Cúchulainn, a legendary Irish folk hero.

She was an improved version of the sole of class  and similar to  and . She was commissioned on 16 January 1978 and had 35 years of service with the Irish Naval Service.

Decommissioned on 20 September 2013, in October 2013 Emer was sold at auction for €320,000 to a Nigerian businessman.

In July 2014 Emer was impounded by the Nigerian Navy because the new owner had failed to secure the necessary military approval before bringing the ship into Nigerian waters. On 19 February 2015 Emer was commissioned into the Nigerian Navy as a training ship and renamed NNS Prosperity.

References

1977 ships
Former naval ships of the Republic of Ireland
Deirdre-class offshore patrol vessels
Naval ships of Nigeria
Ships built in Ireland

LÉ Emer (P21)


In fluid dynamics, the Iribarren number or Iribarren parameter – also known as the surf similarity parameter and breaker parameter – is a dimensionless parameter used to model several effects of (breaking) surface gravity waves on beaches and coastal structures. The parameter is named after the Spanish engineer Ramón Iribarren Cavanilles (1900–1967), who introduced it to describe the occurrence of wave breaking on sloping beaches.

For instance, the Iribarren number is used to describe breaking wave types on beaches; or wave run-up on – and reflection by – beaches, breakwaters and dikes.

Definition

The Iribarren number which is often denoted as Ir or ξ – is defined as:

  with

where ξ is the Iribarren number,  is the angle of the seaward slope of a structure, H is the wave height, L0 is the deep-water wavelength, T is the period and g is the gravitational acceleration. Depending on the application, different definitions of H and T are used, for example: for periodic waves the wave height H0 at deep water or the breaking wave height Hb at the edge of the surf zone. Or, for random waves, the significant wave height Hs at a certain location.

Breaker types

The type of breaking wave – spilling, plunging, collapsing or surging – depends on the Iribarren number. According to , for periodic waves propagating on a plane beach, two possible choices for the Iribarren number are:

  or

where H0 is the offshore wave height in deep water, and Hb is the value of the wave height at the break point (where the waves start to break). Then the breaker types dependence on the Iribarren number (either ξ0 or ξb) is approximately:

References

Footnotes

Other

Water waves
Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics
Coastal engineering

Iribarren number


The Comic Side of 7 Days is a British television programme shown from 2005 on BBC Three. It is a topical comedy programme which shows the satirical side of the past 7 days of news. It was broadcast weekly on a Friday, with several repeats during the following week. The show was created by Andy Marlatt and Tony Roche. It was produced and directed by David Tyler.

The number seven features heavily during the programme and features in several lists between sections.

Various comedians comment on the week's news. These have included Jo Caulfield, Richard Herring, Will Smith, Lucy Porter, John Oliver and Junior Simpson. The main narrator is Jon Holmes. The voiceover artists are Emma Kennedy and Ewan Bailey.

External links

2005 British television series endings
2005 British television series debuts
2000s British comedy television series
BBC television comedy
English-language television shows

The Comic Side of 7 Days


Brushstrokes is a 1965 oil and Magna on canvas pop art painting by Roy Lichtenstein. It is the first element of the Brushstrokes series of artworks that includes several paintings and sculptures. As with all of his Brushstrokes works, it is in part a satirical response to the gestural painting of Abstract Expressionism.

Background

Prior to producing his first Brushstrokes work, Lichtenstein spun his upcoming work as a "satirical send-up of Abstract Expressionism" by saying: "I'm thinking now of doing something on Abstract Expressionism...The problem there will be to paint a brush stroke, a picture of a brush stroke...Purposely dripped paint and things, you know, where the drips are actually drawn drips that look like drops of water drawn by a commercial artist."

Despite the initial objective of parodying Abstract expressionism, the source for the first Brushstrokes work was a comic strip. Measuring 122.5 cm × 122.5 cm (48.25 in × 48.25 in), Brushstrokes was the first element of the Brushstrokes series. The source for the entire Brushstrokes series was Charlton Comics' Strange Suspense Stories 72 (October 1964) by Dick Giordano. According to the Lichtenstein Foundation, in addition to this painting named Brushstrokes, there are also both a sculpture and a screenprint by the same name. There is also "Brushstrokes 1970".  The Lichtenstein Foundation website also notes that he began creating the Brushstrokes painting in the autumn of 1965 and presented the Brushstroke series at Castelli's gallery from November 20 through December 11.

Detail
As with many comics-based works, the connection to the source is evident in Brushstrokes. This work depicts a cropped derivation of the source image. In Brushstrokes, as in its source, a hand holds a house painter's paintbrush in the lower left hand corner of the image, while in the upper right a few strokes of paint as well as spatterings of paint are presented. Lichtenstein selected this source because he "...liked the summary rendering of the hand holding the brush and the way in which the cartoonist indicated paint". The three strokes in the upper right are the dominant imagery, while the partial view of the hand in the lower left limited by the edges of the canvas shows paint dripping from the brush. This is an example of Lichtenstein humorously presenting a subject that might be crowded out in a newspaper via a parody that relies on the difference between art and the rest of the world.

See also
 1965 in art

Notes

External links
Lichtenstein Foundation website details

1965 paintings
Paintings by Roy Lichtenstein
Paintings in the Whitney Museum of American Art
Paintings about painting

Brushstrokes


Howard Phillips "H. P." Lovecraft (20 August 1890 – 15 Mairch 1937) wis an American owthor o fantasie an grue fiction, kent for giein grue stories a science feection framewark. Lovecraft's readership wis leemitit in throu his life, but his warks haes turnt raither important an hanks amang scrievers an fans o grue fiction.

Fremmit Airtins
 The H. P. Lovecraft Archive

1890 births
1937 daiths
20t-century American novelists
20t-century American writers
20t-century male writers
American agnostics
American atheists
American fantasie writers
American horror writers
American fowk o Inglis strynd
American science feection writers
American speculative feection critics
Daiths frae cancer in Rhode Island
Daiths frae colorectal cancer
Materialists
Writers frae Providence, Rhode Island
Pulp feection writers
Re-Animator (film series)
Science feection creetics
Cthulhu Mythos writers
Weird feection writers
Buirials at Swan Point Seemetry
Daiths frae smaw thairm cancer
American male novelists

H. P. Lovecraft


Nerodia is a genus of nonvenomous colubrid snakes commonly referred to as water snakes due to their aquatic behavior. The genus includes nine species, all native to North America. Five of the species have recognized subspecies.

Description
Nerodia species vary greatly, but all are relatively heavy-bodied snakes, sometimes growing to 1.2 m (4 feet) or longer in total length (including tail). They have flattened heads, with small eyes that have round pupils, and keeled dorsal scales. Species like N. fasciata display distinct banding, whereas other species, like N. erythrogaster, have blotching, and those like N. rhombifer have diamond-shaped patterning. Most species are brown or olive green, or some combination thereof with markings being brown, or black. Yellow or cream-colored accenting is common.

Behavior
As the common name water snakes implies, species in the genus Nerodia are largely aquatic. They spend the vast majority of their time in or very near permanent sources of water. Often, they can be found basking on tree branches that overhang slow-moving streams or ponds.

Diet
The primary diet of Nerodia species is fish and amphibians, and they are quite adept at catching both in their aquatic environment. They will also consume small reptiles and rodents that live near water.

Defense
While their initial instinct is to flee when disturbed, water snakes of the genus Nerodia readily defend themselves if they are unable to escape. They do not often hesitate to strike or bite if handled, and often expel a foul-smelling musk from their cloacae.

Reproduction

Nerodia species are viviparous, breeding in the spring and giving birth in the late summer or early fall. They are capable of having 90 or more young, but broods generally are much smaller. Neonates are around  in length.

Species and subspecies
These species and subspecies are recognized as being valid:
Nerodia clarkii (Baird & Girard, 1853) – salt marsh snake
N. c. clarkii (Baird & Girard, 1853)
N. c. compressicauda (Kennicott, 1860)
N. c.  taeniata (Cope, 1859)
Nerodia cyclopion (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) – green water snake
Nerodia erythrogaster (Forster, 1771) – plainbelly water snake
N. e. alta (Conant, 1963)
N. e. bogerti (Conant, 1953)
N. e. erythrogaster (Forster, 1771)
N. e. flavigaster (Conant, 1949)
N. e. neglecta (Conant, 1949) – copperbelly water snake or copperbelly
N. e.  transversa (Hallowell, 1852) – blotched water snake
[[File:Nerodia erythrogaster transversa.jpg|thumb|N. e. transversa]]
Nerodia fasciata (Linnaeus, 1766) – banded water snake
N. f. confluens (Blanchard, 1923)
N. f.fasciata (Linnaeus, 1766)
N. f. pictiventris (Cope, 1895)
Nerodia floridana  – Florida green watersnake
Nerodia harteri (Trapido, 1941) – Brazos water snake
Nerodia paucimaculata (Tinkle & Conant, 1961) – Concho water snake
Nerodia rhombifer (Hallowell, 1852) – diamondback water snake
N. r.  blanchardi (Clay, 1938)
N. r.  rhombifer (Hallowell, 1852)
N. r. werleri (Conant, 1953)
Nerodia sipedon (Linnaeus, 1758) – common water snake
N. s.  insularum (Conant & Clay, 1937)
N. s. pleuralis (Cope, 1892)
N. s.  sipedon (Linnaeus, 1758)
N. s. williamengelsi (Conant & Lazell, 1973)
Nerodia taxispilota (Holbrook, 1842) – brown water snake

Geographic distribution
Nerodia species are widely spread throughout the southern and eastern half of the United States, north into Canada and south into Mexico, as well as to the island of Cuba. Many ranges overlap, and intergrading of subspecies is not unknown, but is rare. Two species of Nerodia are invasive in the southwest US.

N. clarkii – around the Gulf of Mexico (Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas) and Cuba
N. cyclopion – Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Kentucky
N. erythrogaster – Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Iowa, Delaware and into Mexico (Durango, Zacatecas, Coahuila, and Nuevo León)
N. fasciata – Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Missouri, and Illinois
N. harteri – west-central Texas
N. paucimaculata – Central Texas
N. rhombifer – Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama, as well as south into Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and Veracruz)
N. sipedon – Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Tennessee, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Kentucky, West Virginia, Virginia, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Michigan, and north into Canada
N. taxispilota – Florida, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia

In captivity
Due to how widespread and extremely common they are in the wild, water snakes of the genus Nerodia are often found in the exotic pet trade, throughout the United States, though they are rarely captive bred. Their relative physical plainness, compared to other available pet snake species, and their propensity to bite make them less than attractive pets to most people. They are easy to care for, though, and do quite well in captivity.

Conservation concerns
Some Nerodia species, such as N. harteri and N. paucimaculata are only found in very isolated localities and are protected by state laws, but the majority of Nerodia species hold no specific conservation status. Due to their habitat choice, defensive disposition, and vague similarity to the venomous cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus), they are frequently mistaken for them. This results in many more water snakes being killed every year than cottonmouths. Often, water snakes found in areas where the cottonmouth does not range are still killed by humans out of ignorance and fear.

References

Northern Water Snake Species account from the Iowa Reptile and Amphibian Field Guide
Diamondback Watersnake - Nerodia rhombifer Species account from the Iowa Reptile and Amphibian Field Guide

Further reading
Baird, S.F., and C.F. Girard (1853). Catalogue of North American Reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Part I.—Serpents. Washington, District of Columbia: Smithsonian Institution. xvi + 172 pp. (Genus Nerodia, p. 38).
Clay, W.M. (1938). "A Synopsis of the North American Water Snakes of the Genus Natrix ". Copeia 1938 (4): 173–182.
Conant, R. (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp.  (paperback). (Genus Natrix, p. 139).
Schmidt, K.P., and D.D. Davis (1941). Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. xiii + 365 pp. (Genus Natrix, pp. 205–206).
Wright, A.H., and A.A. Wright (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a Division of Cornell University Press. 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes). (Genus Natrix, p. 467).

External links

Animal Diversity Web: Nerodia sipedon
 Water Snakes - diet, life-cycle, habitats and sub-species

Extant Miocene first appearances
Taxa named by Spencer Fullerton Baird
Taxa named by Charles Frédéric Girard
Snake genera

Nerodia


Habrough ( ) is a village and civil parish in North East Lincolnshire, England,  north-west of Grimsby and  inland from the Humber estuary at the southern edge of the A180 road, just west of Immingham and south of South Killingholme. Humberside Airport is  to the south-west.

The parish has an area of .

History
Habrough is listed in the 1086 Domesday Book, with 28 households, a mill and a saltern. There was a manor house here, of which only earthworks remain south east from the church. It belonged during the 13th and 14th centuries to the de Saltfletby family, and later the Skipwith family. The manor was reputedly abandoned when the Skipwith line died out. Today the village has land owned by the Earl of Yarborough and is situated less than  away from the Brocklesby House Estate of the Earl of Yarborough.

The name Habrough is found in old records as "Haburgh".

Community

The Anglican parish church is dedicated to St Margaret. The church tower was restored in 1684, and the church rebuilt in limestone in 1869, by R. J. Withers. It is a Grade II listed building.

The Wesleyan Methodist Church had a chapel here, rebuilt in 1869. The Primitive Methodist also had a chapel, rebuilt in 1873.

Habrough railway station serves the village and the town of Immingham. The village is on the railway line established in the 19th century by the Great Central Railway.

References

External links

Borough of North East Lincolnshire
Villages in Lincolnshire
Civil parishes in Lincolnshire

Habrough