Igor Vladimirovich Akinfeev (; born 8 April 1986) is a Russian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper and captains for Russian club CSKA Moscow.

He has spent his entire career at CSKA, making more than 700 official appearances. He has won six Russian Premier League titles and seven Russian Cups, as well as the UEFA Cup in 2005. He is a record holder for most games played in the Russian top-level league at 553 (as of 29 October 2023). A full international for Russia between 2004 and 2018, he earned 111 caps and was selected in their squads for four UEFA European Championships and two FIFA World Cups. He was named captain of Russia in March 2017, after the retirement of his predecessor Vasili Berezutski. Akinfeev is a member of the Lev Yashin Club and has kept more clean sheets in Russian football than any other goalkeeper.

Early life
Igor Akinfeev was born on 8 April 1986 in the town of Vidnoye, Moscow Oblast. When he was 4 years old his father sent him to the Sports school of CSKA. He has been a goalkeeper since his second training. As a member of the junior CSKA Moscow team, he won the Russian Junior Championship in 2002.

Club career

Akinfeev made his professional debut for CSKA Moscow at the age of 16, saving a penalty kick and keeping a clean sheet in a 2–0 win over FC Krylia Sovetov Samara. He broke into the starting line-up at the age of 17 in 2003, winning the club's first Russian Premier League in the same season. In 2005, CSKA won a treble of the Russian Premier League Russian Cup and UEFA Cup. During this season, Akinfeev played in all 19 of CSKA's European matches, including the 2005 UEFA Cup Final, which the Army Men won 3–1 against Sporting CP at their opponents' Estádio José Alvalade. In 2006, he won a third Russian league title and second Russian Cup with CSKA and was awarded the Zvezda trophy, for the year's best football player from the former Soviet Union.

In the 2006–07 UEFA Champions League, Akinfeev went 362 minutes without conceding a goal until Ricardo Quaresma scored past him for FC Porto in his team's fifth group match. This began a record breaking run of 43 consecutive matches without keeping a clean sheet in the Champions League. His Champions League run without a clean sheet finally ended 11 years later, when CSKA Moscow beat AEK Athens 2–0 away in the qualifying stages of the Champions League on 25 July 2017; prior to the match, Akinfeev's last clean sheet in the Champions League had come against Arsenal in November 2006.

In May 2007, Akinfeev sustained a knee injury which kept him out for the remainder of the 2007 Russian Premier League season. CSKA ended the season third in the league behind city rivals Spartak Moscow and champions Zenit St. Petersburg. Akinfeev returned for the 2008 season, starting in all 30 league matches and winning the Russian Cup. In 2009, he again started all 30 Russian Premier League matches and kept a clean sheet in the 1–0 Russian Cup Final defeat of league winners Rubin Kazan.

In May 2011, Akinfeev captained CSKA to a fifth Russian Cup of his career. In 2012–13, CSKA won their first Russian Premier League title in seven years, with Akinfeev named Russian Footballer of the Year. Akinfeev also saved Yuri Zhirkov's kick in CSKA's penalty shootout win over Anzhi Makhachkala in the 2013 Russian Cup Final.

On 1 February 2014, CSKA Moscow announced that Akinfeev had extended his contract CSKA until the summer of 2019.
In 2013–14, Akinfeev won a fifth Russian Premier League title. On 14 May 2014, he overtook Lev Yashin as the goalkeeper with the third-highest number of clean sheets in Russian football. On 14 November 2015, he broke this clean sheet record with his 233rd career shutout in the Russia national football team's 1–0 win over Portugal.

Akinfeev has failed to keep a clean sheet in any Champions League game between 1 November 2006 to 24 July 2017, making 43 consecutive appearances without a Clean Sheet. The streak started with a group stage game against Arsenal FC on 1 November 2006, and ended when CSKA defeated AEK Athens in a Champions League Qualifier in the 2017-18 season on 25 July 2017. Initially, the record was set on October 2, 2013 during a game against FC Viktoria Plzen when Akinfeev conceded two goals, marking his 17th game without a clean sheet in a row.

In August 2018, Akinfeev extended his CSKA contract to last until 2022.

In December 2018, Akinfeev earned his 300th clean sheet, becoming the first Russian goalkeeper to do so.

On 14 August 2021, he played his 489th game in the Russian top tier, repeating the record previously set by Sergei Ignashevich. In his next game on 21 August 2021, he set a new record with 490.

On 20 May 2022, Akinfeev extended his contract with CSKA until the end of the 2023–24 season.

On 11 June 2023, Akinfeev saved two penalty kicks in the 2023 Russian Cup Final shootout to win the trophy for CSKA.

International career
Akinfeev made his debut for the Russian national team in a friendly match against Norway, which Russia lost 2–3, on 28 April 2004, aged 18 years and 20 days. He thus became the third youngest player to compete for Russia after Eduard Streltsov and Sergey Rodionov and the youngest international footballer ever in the history of the Russian Federation. He held the record for the youngest national team player for 18 years before being overtaken by Sergei Pinyayev in 2022. He was later included into the Russian UEFA Euro 2004 squad as the third choice goalkeeper behind Sergei Ovchinnikov and Vyacheslav Malafeev.

His major competitive debut was on 30 March 2005, in a 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Estonia and he was later promoted to Russia's first-choice goalkeeper after a long-term injury to Malafeev. Akinfeev kept his first choice place under Yuri Semin and later Guus Hiddink. On 6 May 2007, Akinfeev suffered a knee injury in a 1–1 draw against FC Rostov which put him out of action for four months. As a result, he lost his first choice position to Vyacheslav Malafeev and later Vladimir Gabulov. He returned to the Russian national squad in early November but was deemed unfit for the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier against Israel. Akinfeev later re-established his first choice place for Russia at UEFA Euro 2008, and played every match as the nation reached the semi-finals.

He was confirmed for the finalized UEFA Euro 2012 squad on 25 May 2012, but Malafeev played all of Russia's matches and the nation was eliminated in the group stages. On 2 June 2014, Akinfeev was included in Russia's 2014 FIFA World Cup squad,

In Russia's first group match of the 2014 FIFA World Cup against South Korea, Akinfeev fumbled a long-range shot from Lee Keun-ho, dropping it over the line to give the Koreans the lead. Russia then went on to equalize, and the match finished 1–1. The final group stage match between Algeria and Russia on 26 June ended 1–1, advancing Algeria and eliminating Russia. A win for Russia would have seen them qualify, and they led the game 1–0 after six minutes. In the 60th minute of the game, a green laser was shone in Akinfeev's face while he was defending from an Algerian free kick, from which Islam Slimani scored to equalise. Both Akinfeev and Russian coach Fabio Capello blamed the laser for the decisive conceded goal.

On 27 March 2015, in a Euro 2016 Group G qualifier away to Montenegro, Akinfeev was struck in the head by a flare launched from the crowd, 20 seconds after kick-off. The game was called off for 35 minutes while he was treated, and resumed with his substitution for Yuri Lodygin. It was eventually abandoned after a brawl, while Akinfeev was taken to a Podgorica hospital with a neck injury and light burns. Akinfeev played his third UEFA European Championship for Russia at UEFA Euro 2016 as the national team finished bottom of Group B with only one point from three matches.

He was selected as captain for Russia's 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup campaign on home soil and kept a clean sheet as the Russian's defeated New Zealand 2–0 in the tournament's opening match. On 21 June, in Russia's second group match, a 1–0 defeat to Portugal, Akinfeev won his 100th cap for the national team.

On 11 May 2018, he was included in Russia's extended 2018 FIFA World Cup squad. On 3 June 2018, he was included in the finalized World Cup squad. Akinfeev was later instrumental in the Russians knocking out Spain in the Round of 16, being elected Man of the Match and saving two penalties in the shoot-out, ensuring a Russian victory.

On 1 October 2018, he announced his retirement from the national team.

Style of play
Regarded as a promising talent in his youth, Akinfeev's precocious performances as a youngster earned him comparisons with former esteemed Russian goalkeepers Lev Yashin and Rinat Dasayev. In 2005, UEFA's Pavle Gognidze praised Akinfeev for being a "cool-headed" goalkeeper in spite of his young age, commenting: "On top of confidence, Akinfeev can also boast cat-like reflexes and excellent aerial ability while he is quick off his line to deal with crosses and through balls. Handy with his kicks, what makes him so remarkable for his age is his positional sense – so well developed that the ball seems drawn towards him." Former goalkeeper and CSKA's goalkeeping coach at the time, Vyacheslav Chanov, also added: "Igor is a real goalkeeper, it's in his character and attitude. Since the age of four he only dreamed of becoming a goalkeeper. He's very confident. I think he also tops all Russian goalkeepers in the length and precision of his goal kicks. With his right, he kicks 90 metres, with his left 80 metres."

Career statistics

Club

1Includes UEFA Europa League and UEFA Champions League.
2Includes Russian Super Cup, Russian Premier League Cup and UEFA Super Cup.

International
Appearances and goals by national team and year

Honours
CSKA Moscow
 Russian Premier League: 2003, 2005, 2006, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2015–16
 Russian Cup: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13, 2022–23
 Russian Super Cup: 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2013, 2014, 2018
 UEFA Cup: 2004–05

Russia
 UEFA European Championship bronze medalist: 2008

Individual
 2012–13 Russian Premier League Player of the Year
 Baltic and Commonwealth of Independent States Footballer of the Year ("Star") by Sport-Express (2006)
 The best young football player of Russian Premier League (2005)
 List of 33 best football player of the Russian Championship: # 1 (2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012/13, 2013/14); # 2 (2011/2012); # 3 (2004).
 The best Russian goalkeeper according to Russian Football Union (2008, 2009, 2010)
 The best goalkeeper of the Russian Premier League: 2021–22, 2022–23
 Russian Premier League assist of the season: 2022–23
 The best young goalkeeper of Europe (2008)
 Member of Lev Yashin Club
 Russian CSKA Prize "Golden Horseshoe": one golden horseshoe (2010) and four silver horseshoe (2005, 2006, 2008, 2009)
 Order of Friendship (2006)
 Lev Yashin Prize "Goalkeeper of the year" (2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010)
 Russian Premier League Team of the Season: 2022–23

Personal life
In April 2023, amidst the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Akinfeev was amongst a number of individuals in the field of sports to be placed under sanctions by the Ukrainian government, freezing his assets in Ukraine and implementing a 50-year ban on entering the country.

See also
 List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps
 List of one-club men in association football

Notes

References

External links

 CSKA Moscow profile
 Igor Akinfeev at Forbes

1986 births
Living people
People from Vidnoye
Russian men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
PFC CSKA Moscow players
UEFA Cup winning players
Russian Premier League players
Russia men's under-21 international footballers
Russia men's international footballers
UEFA Euro 2004 players
UEFA Euro 2008 players
UEFA Euro 2012 players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2016 players
2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2018 FIFA World Cup players
FIFA Men's Century Club
Footballers from Moscow Oblast

Igor Akinfeev


Collaborative product development (collaborative product design)  (CPD) is a business strategy, work process and collection of software applications that facilitates different organizations to work together on the development of a product. It is also known as collaborative product definition management (cPDM).

Introduction
Collaborative Product Development helps individual users and companies manage, share and view your CAD projects without the cost and complexity of purchasing an entire PDM or PLM solution. CPD comes in the form of a Software as a service delivery model, which allows for rapid iterations and little or no downloads and installs.

Exactly what technology comes under this title does vary depending on whom one asks; however, it usually consists of the Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) areas of: Product Data Management (PDM); Product visualization; team collaboration and conferencing tools; and supplier sourcing software. It is generally accepted as not including CAD geometry tools, but does include data translation technology.

Technologies and methods used
Clearly general collaborative software such as email and chat (instant messaging) is used within the CPD process. One important technology is application and desktop sharing, allowing one person to view what another person is doing on a remote machine. For CAD and product visualization applications an 'appshare' product that supports OpenGL graphics is required. Another common application is Data sharing via Web based portals.

Specific to product data
With product data an important addition is the handling of high volumes of geometry and metadata. Exactly what techniques and technology is required depends on the level of collaboration being carried out and the commonality (or lack thereof) of the partner sites' systems.

Specific to PLM and CAx collaboration

Collaboration using PLM and CAx tools requires technology to support the needs of:
 People. Personnel of different disciplines and skill levels;
 Organizations: Organizations throughout an enterprise or extended enterprise with different rules, processes and objectives;
 Data: Data from different sources in different formats.
Appropriate technologies are required to support collaboration across these boundaries.

People

Effective PLM collaboration will typically require the participation of people who do not have high level CAD skills. This requires improved user interfaces including tailorable user interfaces that can be tailored to the skill level and specialty of the user.

Improved visualization capabilities, especially those that provide a meaningful view of complex information such as the results of a fluid flow analysis will leverage the value of all participants in the collaboration process.
Effective collaboration requires that a participant be freed from the burden of knowing the intent history typically imbedded within and constricting the use of parametric models.

Organizations

Community collaboration requires that companies, suppliers, and customers share information in a secure environment, ensure compliance with enterprise and regulatory rules and enforce the process management rules of the community as well as the individual organizations.

Data

The most basic collaboration data need is the ability to operate in a MultiCAD environment. That is, however, only the beginning. Models from multiple CAD sources must be assembled into an active digital mockup allowing change and/or design in context.

Real-time collaborative product design
Product design is typically a highly iterative and interactive activity involving a group of designers who are geographically dispersed. A neutral modeling commands (NMC) based method is proposed to construct a real-time collaborative product design platform within heterogeneous CAD systems. Different from the visualization-based approaches, models can be constructed and modified synchronously from various sites in the proposed collaborative design environment. Based on a translation mechanism between system modeling operations (SMO) and neutral modeling commands (NMC), every operation given by a user on one site will be translated into a NMC and be sent to all the other sites through the network. When the other sites receive this command, it is converted into corresponding SMOs on the local system. In this way, the real-time collaborative product design with heterogeneous CAD systems is achieved.

Different levels of collaboration
If the collaborating parties have the same PDM and CAD systems the task usually involves the direct access and transfer of data between sites. The PDM system will have data storage at more than one site for the large graphics files, file may be copied between sites, how they are synchronized being controlled by the server(s). For the management server and metadata there are a number of options. There could be a single server that is accessed from all locations or multiple PDM servers that communicate with one another. In both cases the PDM software controls access for groups defining what data they can see and edit.

With different CAD systems the approach varies slightly depending on whether the ownership, and therefore authorship, of components changes or not. If geometry only has to be viewed then a Product visualization neutral file format (e.g.JT) can be used for tasks such as viewing, markup (redlining) or multi-cad digital mock-up (DMU).  It maybe that authorship does not change but components from one group needs to be placed in the assembly of another group so that they can construct their parts, so called work in context. This requires transfer of geometry from one format to another by means of a visualization format or full data translation. Between some systems there is the possibility of 'data interoperability' where geometry from one format can be associatively copied to another. If the ownership of a particular file is being transfer, then full data translation is required using some form of CAD data exchange technology. For the translation process Product Data Quality (PDQ) checkers are often employed to reduce problems in transferring the work.
If different PDM/EDM systems are in use, then either data structures or metadata can be transferred using STEP or communication between databases can be achieved with tools based around XML data transfer.

Examples of CPD

 GrabCAD Workbench

See also
 Computer-supported collaboration
 Toolkits for user innovation

Bibliography

 Bilgram, V.; Brem, A.; Voigt, K.-I.: User-Centric Innovations in New Product Development; Systematic Identification of Lead User Harnessing Interactive and Collaborative Online-Tools, in: International Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. 12 (2008), No. 3, pp. 419–458.

Collaboration
Computer-aided design
Product development

Collaborative product development


Grand National Speech and Debate Tournament is the premier public speaking event of the National Catholic Forensic League. It is held annually in the United States over Memorial Day weekend. One can qualify for the tournament by performing sufficiently well in a local qualifying tournament.

Description
The Grand National Speech and Debate Tournament is the premier public speaking event of the National Catholic Forensic League.  The event is held annually in the United States of America over Memorial Day weekend. Students can qualify for the tournament by performing sufficiently well in a local qualifying tournament. There are a number of events in which the participants may compete.

Events

Declamation
Grand National Tournament in Declamation (also known as Oratorical Declamation or Oratorical Interpretation, commonly abbreviated to "DEC") is a public speaking event of the National Catholic Forensic League. The category is almost always open to high school freshmen and sophomores only. It is often used as a "starter" event to get underclassmen used to the speech and debate activity in general and to prepare them for other categories such as Dramatic Performance or Original Oratory.

Rules
In simplest terms, Declamation is delivering a speech that was already written and delivered by another person.  A competitor may choose any speech that has been delivered in public before. NCFL rules call for specific introductory material and a ten-minute time limit. The NCFL is the largest league in the United States that offers Declamation as a category for competition. Most local and state leagues adhere to NCFL rules or slight variations on them.

From the official NCFL critique sheet:

"The speaker should convey the message in a sincere, honest and realistic attempt to recreate the spirit of the original presentation. Although the style of delivery chosen by the speaker should be judged in light of the purpose of the speech, artificiality is to be discredited. The message should be conveyed credibly and convincingly as if the words were the speaker's own. This event is an interpretation, not an impersonation."

Therefore, the purpose of the category is not to give an impersonation of the original speaker; it is to interpret their words in an interesting and convincing manner that fits the individual competitor.  The competitor is only required to recreate the general "feel" of the original delivery, not mimic it.

"The introduction must name the work and author, provide necessary background information and establish the mood."

"The speaker should be physically open to the audience and use body language which
invites the audience into the world of the declaimer. The speaker should vary facial expression
accentuate the natural flow of thoughts and feelings. The speaker should make eye contact with the audience. The speaker's stance should be erect and controlled, without distracting movements.
If used, movement should be motivated by transitions in thought or mood. Gestures should be visible, effectively
used for emphasis, and varied."

The Theodore Gibson Oratorical, Declamation and Advocacy Project

A joint venture of Miami Dade College and Miami Dade County Public Schools in Miami, Florida, the Project began in 1977, and is dedicated to exposing school children to the wide breadth of writings about the Black experience throughout the Diaspora. The Project seeks to provide an opportunity for school children in grades Pre-K through high school to discover and refine public speaking skills through a comprehensive and challenging level of learning and competition.

The Project is an in-person oratory, declamation and advocacy oral presentation of persuasive or inspirational material of literary merit prepared by another person; the advocacy component being a researched problem, identified solution, and the extolled benefits or burdens of an issue in an effectively, compelling speech.  The speech is memorized and each speaker is allowed a minimum of 3 minutes to present.  Judging is based primarily on the quality of the presentation as represented by the following evaluation criteria:

Selection

 Intellectual Understanding:  Is the structure of the selection conducive to interpretation?  Does the speaker demonstrate emotional and aesthetic merit?
 Historical/Creative Significance: Does the selection represent a thoughtful review of the breadth of African-American, Afro-Caribbean, African, human/civil rights experience, or creativity.

Diction

 Vocal Variety/Contrast: Does the voice show variations in rate, speed mood?  Were transitions smooth and in keeping with the total message?
 Tempo:  Were time, pauses and hesitations used properly?  Were emphasis and subclimaxes acknowledged with associated rapid speech?  Was the pace set in keeping with the author's intent?

Articulation

 Voice:  Was their clearness, correctness, and effectiveness in choice and expression of words?
 Vocabulary:  Did speaker demonstrate a full command of the language of the piece and master complexities of vocabulary, pronunciation and context?

Projection Presentation

 Stage Presence:  Does speaker manipulate floor space appropriately to dispense the full effect of the selection?  Does speaker appear  comfortable and well adapted to the space?
 Animation:  Is the presentation performed  appropriately to the tone of the selection?  Is animation appropriate or overdramatized?
 Bodily Actions:  Do gestures, stance and facial expression support and emphasize the verbal content of the speech, or do they detract and call forth undue attention?

Final Evaluation

 Overall Effectiveness:  Overall presentation of piece, effectiveness, articulation and stage presence.
The Project's namesake, the Reverend Canon Theodore R. Gibson, a Miami city commissioner known for his oration and vision, made the remark that is the Project's theme:  "Help the Children to Communicate...That is the Key".

The Original Oratory Controversy
The use of former Original Oratory speeches in Declamation has become quite widespread in recent years. Some see this practice as unfair or undermining the category's original purpose, as these speeches were originally written for the purpose of winning in forensic competition, and not necessarily conveying an important message. At the beginning of 2003–2004 season, the NCFL enacted a ban on all former high school competitive oratories, effective as of the 2005 Grand National Tournament. However, at the beginning of the 2004–2005 season, the restriction was removed, and thus, the ban never truly came into effect. State and local leagues may choose to ban or allow material as they wish.

Recent National Champions

 1995: Jim Frawley – Holy Ghost Prep – Bensalem, Pennsylvania
 1997: Lesley Pories – Madison – Arlington County, Virginia
 1998: Usman Akeju – Iona Preparatory School – New Rochelle, New York
 1999: Matthew Maalouf – Catholic Memorial H.S. – Boston
 2000: Heidi Dixon – Plymouth H.S. – Indianapolis
 2001: Michael Rugnetta – St. Joseph's Prep – Philadelphia
 2002: Ben Schwartz – Natick HS – Worcester, Massachusetts
 2003: Mauricus Lofton – Danville HS – Louisville, Kentucky
 2004: Sarah Koch – Apple Valley HS – Winona, Minnesota
 2005: Joe Bittlingmaier – Iona Preparatory School – New Rochelle, New York
 2006: Sal Zullo – Iona Preparatory School – New Rochelle, New York
 2007: Victoria Myrthil – St Josephs HS – New York City
 2008: Davante Lewis – Alfred Barbe High School – Lake Charles, Louisiana
 2009: Jake Kerrigan – Chaminade HS – Mineola, New York
 2010: Jhovani Vonleh – Catholic Memorial School – West Roxbury, Massachusetts
 2011: Hannah Spieldenner – Chanhassen HS – Chanhassen, Minnesota
 2012: Rose Chrisman – Broad Run HS – Loudoun County, Virginia
 2013: Patrick Conaway – Natick HS – Worcester, Massachusetts
 2014: Connor Shea – Natick HS – Worcester, Massachusetts
 2015: Aiden Bassett – Newton South HS – Newton, Massachusetts

References

External links
 National Catholic Forensic League Homepage
 Junax Gibson Project Homepage
 Declamation Profile

Public speaking competitions
Competitions in the United States

Grand National Tournament


The Ayya Vaikunda Avataram or Vaikunda Jayanthi (Tamil: அய்யா வைகுண்ட அவதாரம் or வைகுண்ட ஜெயந்தி - Incarnation of Lord Vaikundar) is a festival celebrated by the followers of Ayyavazhi on the 20th day of the Tamil month of Masi, the date on which the Ayyavazhi followers believe that Lord Narayana himself incarnated as Vaikundar during an encounter with a deity Goddess Lakshmi, he was beget inside the sea and arose from the sea of Thiruchendur on Kollam Year 1008 at 20th day of Tamil Month Masi (1 March 1833 CE, Friday). He took the human form as Narayana Pantaram at Tharuvaiyur near seashore to destroy the evil spirit of Kali and transform the Kaliyukam into Dharma Yukam.

This is the only Ayyavazhi festival which is celebrated simultaneously in all worship centres of Ayyavazhi on 19th Masi, the day before the date of incarnation of Vaikundar. The Vaikunda Jayanthi festival is a restricted holiday for the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. It is also a local holiday for the districts of Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli and Tuticorin districts. The Great Masi Procession from Nagercoil to Swamithope on the Avatar day is one among the largest religious processions in Tamil Nadu.

Processions
A grand procession originates from Thiruchendur to Nagercoil on the 19th of Masi representing the way of Vaikundar after the Avataram to Detchanam, and another procession starts from Thiruvananthapuram to Nagercoil, on the same date representing the release of Lord Vaikundar from the jail of Singarathoppe.  Both meet at Nagercoil in the evening and at the next early morning, on the 20th of Masi the Vaikunda Jayanthi Orvalam originates from Nagercoil to Swamithoppe with several devotees.  This is one of the largest festivals of the district which attracts a large crowd.

Thiruchendur Procession
As per the scriptures of Ayyavazhi the incarnation of Vaikundar was from the Sea of Tiruchendur on 20th of Masi. So on celebrating this event the nationwide followers of Ayyavazhi assemble at Tiruchendur on that day (19th Masi or 3 March) at Avatharappathi, the Pathi erected on the sea-shore where Vaikundar is believed to be incarnated.

On 18th Masi, (previous day) night the festival at Tiruchendur is celebrated in a grand scale and several conferences, cultural programs and Anna Dharmams were held and the celebration goes on for the full night. Then on the 19th Masi morning, around 8 O' clock the people assembled there will take a holy bath in the Sea of Thiruchendur under the leadership of Avathara pathi Dharmaghartta's. This practise of taking bath (holy dip) at Thiruchendur on the day of Vaikunda Avatar is considered sacred. The Dharmaghartta's applies sacred 'Namam' on everybody's forehead. Then around 9 O' clock the procession starts from Tiruchendur under the leadership of Dharmaghartta's. The people follows Dharmaghartta's chanting "Ayya Siva-siva Siva-siva ara-kara ara-kara". Several vehicles such as trucks, vans and cars follow the procession.

The procession goes through Seerkatchi, Nainarpathu, Udangudi, Chettiarpuram, Theriyoor, Santhayadi, Kottankadu, Muthukrishnapuram, Padukkapathu, Thattarmadam, Thisayanvilai and reaches Erumaikulam at noon. Here the people participate in Anna Dharmam. Then, the procession starts from here and travels through Ayankulam, Karaichuthupudur, Koodankulam, Chettikulam, Chalaipudur, Avaraikulam, Ambalavanapuram, Aralvaimozhi, Thovalai and reaches Athalavilai.

Thiruvananthapuram Procession

Lord Vaikundar, was released from the Jail of Singarathoppe on 19th Masi, (3 March) after the trial with the king of Travancore, Swathi Thirunal. After the release Lord was carried in a Vahana to Swamithoppe, by his followers. So on celebrating this event the people used to go to Thiruvananthapuram on that day and go as a procession to Swamithoppe.

Though religiously, this celebration is not associated with the incarnation of Vaikundar, since it coincides with that day it too is commonly seen as an incarnational fest and is celebrated in the same vein. Though this was an on-foot procession for some years, now it was changed as a vehicle procession. Most of the people who participate in this procession are from Kerala. Like wise the Tiruchendur procession.

The procession starts from East Fort to Nagercoil through the Thiruvananthapuram - Kanyakumari Highway (NH - 47). It passes through the towns of Balaramapuram, Parasala, Kaliyakkavilai, Marthandam, and Thuckalay and finally reaches Athalavilai around 6.30 pm.

Celebration in Nagercoil

Both the Thiruchendur and Thiruvananthapuram processions unifies at Athalavilai. The Vaikunda Jyothi is lighted on the top of a hillock Vaikunda Malai at Athalavilai. Then the procession proceeds to Nagercoil. A religious conference is held there in Nagercoil. Eminent persons participate in the conference. It is followed by cultural and religious programs etc. Ayyavazhi devotees from all over the nation stays here over the night.

The Great Masi Procession

On the next day on 20th of Masi, (4 March) 'The Great Masi Procession' begins early in the morning from Nagercoil. The Dharmaghartta's usually will lead the procession. A decorated vahana is carried in front of the procession in which the Akilathirattu Ammanai (palm-leaf version) is sacredly placed. This is an on-foot procession and people walk following the vahana, chanting Ayya  'Siva-siva Siva-siva Ara-kara Ara-kara' . The participants will hold a saffron flag on their hands. Decorated Elephants and horses participate in this procession.

The procession goes through Edalakudi, Suchindrum, Vazukamparai, Ethankadu, North Thamaraikulam. As a sign of religious harmony, people of different faiths, Christians at Kottar; Muslims at Edalakkudi; and Hindus at Suchindram; welcome the procession by offering churul or garlands on the way. The procession reaches Swamithoppe at 12 noon and goes to the Muthirikkinaru first and then through the four car streets (Ratha veethi) of Swamithope pathi. Then it goes around the Santhana veethi, the inner-circumambulating route of pathi (shown in the blue print above). Before entering the Pathi the people hand over the flags at the pathi.

Lakhs of Ayyavazhi followers participate in this procession, and thousands of Vehicles follows. So the transport on Nagercoil-Kanyakumari Highway will be closed on that day till noon. This is one of the largest festivals of the state which attracts a huge crowd beyond the state.

This day was announced as a holiday by the government of Tamil Nadu for the districts of Kanyakumari from 1993 and for Tirunelveli and Tuticorin from the year 2006.

Other processions

Also, several other Pathis too conduct processions on that day. Apart from these, the festival is also celebrated all over Tamil Nadu and Kerala grandly with processions in some Thangals including in Chennai in which thousands participate.

See also

 List of Ayyavazhi-related articles
 Ayyavazhi mythology
 Ayya Vaikundar
 Avatharappathi
 Singarathoppe
 Swamithope pathi

Citations

References
 G. Patrick's, Religion and Subaltern Agency, University of Madras, 2003.
 N. Elango and Vijaya Shanthi Elango's, Ayya Vaikuntar - The Light of the World, 2000.
 The Hindu, Thiruvananthapuram Edition, 5 March 2007.
 Thousands take part in Ayya Vaikundar Avatar day - The Hindu
Ayya Vaikundar Avatar day - The Maalaimalar

History of Ayyavazhi
Ayya Vaikundar
Hindu festivals
Ayyavazhi mythology
Hindu holy days
Hindu festivals in Kerala
February observances
March observances
Festivals in Tamil Nadu
Religious festivals in India

Ayya Vaikunda Avataram


Koninklijke Racing Club Gent is a Belgian association football club from the city of Ghent, East Flanders. It is currently playing in the Promotion A, i.e. the fourth level in the Belgian football league system.  The club underwent 5 merges and changed its name many times.  It achieved its best ranking in Belgium in 1925 and 1929 with a 5th place in the first division.

History
The club was founded in the late nineteenth century with the fusion between Athletic Club Gantois (Gantois means "from Ghent" in French), F.C. Gantois and Sport Pédestre Gantois.  The new club named Racing Club de Gand registered to the Belgian Football Association in the late 1890s and received the matricule n°11.  It took part to the 1898–99 and 1899–1900 seasons in the first division B.  Back in 1908 at the top level, the club finished last (12th) and played two seasons in the second division.  It lost the final of the first Belgian Cup in history in 1912.  From 1911 to 1935 R.C. de Gand played in the first division (except in 1922–23 and 1930–31 when it was in the second division) and so did its rivals K.A.A. Gent between 1913 and 1929.  The club had meanwhile changed its name to R.R.C. de Gand in 1925.

In 1952 the club played in the first division again but this time for its last season at this stage, as of 2005.  Three years later it was relegated to the third division from which it would never be promoted.  In 1987 R.R.C. Gent (as it was named since 1969, i.e. the name of the city was put to Dutch) merged with F.C. Heirnis Gent to become R.R.C. Heirnis Gent.  It then changed back briefly to R.R.C. Gent in 1999 and merged with K.V.V. Standaard Meulestede in 2000 to become R.R.C. Gent-Zeehaven.  In 2002 the club merged with K.F.C. Oostakker and changed its name to K.R.C. Gent-Zeehaven. Finally in 2016 the club changed its name to K.R.C. Gent.

Honours
Belgian Second Division:
Winners (1): 1930–31
Runners-up (1): 1922–23
Belgian Cup:
Runners-up (1): 1911–12

References

 Belgian football clubs history
 RSSSF Archive – 1st and 2nd division final tables
 Official website

Gent-Zeehaven
Sport in Ghent
Association football clubs established in 1899
1899 establishments in Belgium
Belgian Pro League clubs
K.R.C. Gent

K.R.C. Gent


The Nahunta Subdivision is a railroad line owned by CSX Transportation in Florida and Georgia. The line runs along CSX's A Line from Ogeechee, Georgia, to Dinsmore, Florida, for a total of . At its north end it continues south from the Savannah Subdivision and at its south end it continues south as the Jacksonville Terminal Subdivision A-Line.  The line is double-tracked from Folkston, Georgia south.  All of Amtrak's Florida service also traverses the line.

The segment of the line from Folkston to Callahan, Florida, is sometimes informally known as the Folkston Funnel by rail enthusiasts since nearly all of CSX's traffic from the midwest and the northeast to Florida converge on that segment, which carries roughly 40–45 trains a day.  The Folkston Railfan Platform was built in 2001 by the city for viewing trains.

History

The segment of the Nahunta Subdivision north of Jesup, Georgia, was originally part of the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, which was chartered in 1856 (five years before the start of the American Civil War).  The Atlantic and Gulf Railroad went bankrupt in 1877 and was bought by Henry B. Plant two years later.  Plant incorporated it into his Savannah, Florida, and Western Railway (the main line of the Plant System).

From Folkston, Georgia, south to Jacksonville, Florida, the line was part of the Waycross and Florida Railway and the East Florida Railway.  Those two lines, which were chartered by Henry Plant in 1880, began service in 1881.

The middle segment of the Nahunta Subdivision was built as the Plant System's Folkston Cutoff in 1901.  It was built to provide a shortcut and bypass to Waycross, Georgia.

In 1902, the Plant System became part of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, with what is now the Nahunta Subdivision becoming part of the Coast Line's main line.  Though Atlantic Coast Line became part of CSX Transportation through various mergers from 1967 to 1986.  The Nahunta Subdivision continues to be part of CSX's A Line (the designation for the former Atlantic Coast Line main line).

See also
 List of CSX Transportation lines

References

CSX Transportation lines
Rail infrastructure in Florida
Rail infrastructure in Georgia (U.S. state)

Nahunta Subdivision


A steam cannon is a cannon that launches a projectile using only heat and water, or using a ready supply of high-pressure steam from a boiler. The first steam cannon was designed by Archimedes during the Siege of Syracuse. Leonardo da Vinci was also known to have designed one (see the Architonnerre).

The early device would consist of a large metal tube, preferably copper due to its high thermal conductivity, which would be placed in a furnace. One end of the tube would be capped and the other loaded with a projectile. Once the tube reached a high enough temperature, a small amount of water would be injected in behind the projectile. In theory, da Vinci believed the water would rapidly expand into vapour, blasting the projectile out of the front of the barrel.

Age of steam
Various unsuccessful efforts were made during the age of steam to create working steam machine guns and cannons using methods and technology derived from steam locomotives.

In 1826–29, a 17.5 mm bore experimental steam cannon was developed by Colonel Karelin of the Imperial Russian Corps of Communications. The barrel was of green copper in a red copper casing; it was capable of firing cannonballs at a rate of 50 rounds per minute. Tests in 1829 failed and the gun was transferred to the arsenal of St. Petersburg. It is now in the Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps in St. Petersburg.

The Winans Steam Gun of 1858–1861 was a steam-powered centrifugal gun used during the American Civil War by the Confederates. It used steam power and centrifugal forces to propel projectiles. It was not used successfully in battle.

A successful World War II steam cannon was the Holman Projector, which was used to launch explosive Mills bombs into the air to create a defensive barrage against low-flying enemy aircraft. These later steam cannons were fired by rapidly introducing a burst of highly pressurized steam into the chamber behind the projectile, accelerating the projectile up the barrel to a high speed, much like an air gun, only more powerful. The fundamental function of the device was basically the same as a steam engine, only with a projectile taking place of a piston. The Holman Projector was produced by Holman Brothers of Cornwall, who specialised in pneumatic equipment for mining. The first Projectors were powered by compressed air, stored in high pressure cylinders. After a successful defence of the  in August 1940, downing two Heinkel floatplanes, there was a demand for more projectors to be fitted to small naval trawlers. Since  these vessels were steam-powered but had no compressed air system, the Admiralty requested Holmans to develop a steam-powered version of the Projector. There were concerns by Treve Holman over the effects of heat on the Mills bomb projectile. A test was arranged, where a borrowed council steam roller was used to 'cook' the Projector and projectile, at 190 °C for 20 minutes before the projectile was safely fired to 1,000 feet altitude.

See also
Architonnerre – Leonardo da Vinci's 15th century steam cannon, which he attributed to Archimedes
William Murdoch – invented a steam cannon
Hilton Head Island, South Carolina – site where an experimental steam cannon was built at the turn of the 20th century
Winans Steam Gun – steam-powered centrifugal gun built during the American Civil War
"Steam Cannon" (MythBusters episode) – MythBusters steam cannon episode
Jacob Perkins - invented the steam gun, an early fully automatic machine gun
Phreatic eruption – Volcanic steam eruption

Sources
"Cannons"

Notes

External links

Mr Perkins extraordinary steam gun of 1824 article about an attempt by steam pioneer Jacob Perkins to produce a working steam weapon

Steam power
Pneumatic weapons
Ancient inventions

Steam cannon


Even Lange (born 5 June 1946) is a Norwegian economic historian.

He was born in Oslo as the son of politician Halvard Manthey Lange (1902–1970) and teacher Aase Monsen (1911–1979). On the maternal side he was a nephew of Randi and Per Monsen, and on the paternal side he was a nephew of August Lange, Carl Viggo Manthey Lange and a grandson of Christian Lous Lange. He has married twice.

Influenced by Joseph Schumpeter, his field is economic history. He worked at the National Archival Services of Norway from 1979 to 1988, and from 1988 to 2000 he led the Centre for Business History at the BI Norwegian Business School. He worked at the Norwegian Institute for Social Research for two years before being appointed as a professor at the University of Oslo in 2002. From 1995 to 2002 he was a member of the Council of the European Business History Association. His first major work was Treforedlingens epoke 1895–1970, volume four of the work Fra Linderud til Eidsvold Værk, which was released in 1985 and earned him the doctorate in 1987. In 1997 he published Samling om felles mål 1935–1970, volume eleven of Aschehougs Norgeshistorie on general Norwegian history. He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.

References

1946 births
Living people
20th-century Norwegian historians
Economic historians
Norwegian business theorists
Academic staff of BI Norwegian Business School
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Writers from Oslo
21st-century Norwegian historians

Even Lange


Kali Bari Chhindwara ( ) is a temple dedicated to Goddess Kali and the center of Bengali culture in Chhindwara, India. Established in 1995, the deity in the temple is Maa Kali.

The temple is one of its kinds in Central India with its unique architecture that resembles the famous Dakshineswar Kali Temple near Kolkata.

Devotees from all of religions and castes come during worship at the temple.

Location
The temple lies in the southern ranges of the Satpura Range at  at dense forested city Chhindwara of Indian state Madhya Pradesh. It has an average altitude of  above mean sea level.
The temple is located on the Kali Bari Road, Dharam Tekri, Chhindwara.

How to Reach
The temple is located in the heart of Chhindwara city. Chhindwara is well reachable by rail or road from adjacent cities Nagpur, Jabalpur & Bhopal and rest of the India. Chhindwara railway station & City Bus Terminal both are 2 km far from the temple. The nearest airports are Chhindwara (5 km) & Nagpur (120 km).

Culture
On various occasion like Kali Puja (Diwali), Durga Puja, Sankranti & Navaratri thousands of devotees are gathered at the temple for worship. Various festivals like Bengali New Year, Ravindra Jayanti, Shri Ram Krishna Jayanti, Vivekananda Jayanti are organized at here. Bengali people of Chhindwara District are also arranged various get together and cultural programs at the community hall of the temple.

History
After several years of demands by the people from all of the religions of Chhindwara District for construction of a Kali Bari at Chhindwara City, an action plan was drawn to form a committee with the name Kali Bari Nirman Samiti. The initial goal to the committee was to make a plan for construction of temple & organizing fund. Later on committee was worked for selection of site, making blue print of drawings, and take necessary actions for construction of temple.

Like any major rivers originating as a small stream, Kali Bari Nirman Samiti, Chhindwara also had a humble beginning. In 1995, when a group of enthusiastic members of Bengali Durga Puja Committee Chhindwara, the oldest Bengali cultural organization of the district, take initiative with an objective for constructing a Kali temple at Chhindwara.

Subsequently, with the overwhelming support and participation of all residents of district, the construction of the exquisitely beautiful pristine white marble store complex was completed and idols of Maa Kali was installed in the sanctum sanctorum of the new temple with all religious rituals. Later on idol of Lord Shiva was established in a newly constructed Shiva Temple.

Administration
Kali Bari Chhindwara is controlled by a local governing committee known as Kali Bari Nirman Samiti. Most of the committee members are from city Bengali association and from all of the religions also.

The committee is responsible for arranging fund, taking various legal approvals, co-ordination with district administration, organizing various kinds of activities, controlling over the crowd during festivals, Daily Puja & Aarti, organizing bhog-prasad after puja, informing the community about dates and schedules, maintenance & renovation and Safety & Security of temple property.

Tourism Attraction
Kali Bari is situated on a plateau, surrounded by the lush green fields, rivers and sagaun trees. It is surrounded by dense forest with diverse flora and fauna.

Several National Parks are nearby located from the temple, including the Kanha, Pench,  Satpura National Park, Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve, Bori Reserve Forest etc.

Orange city Nagpur (120 km), Marvel city Jabalpur (205 km) & Lake city Bhopal (325 km) are the nearby metro cities. Patalkot, India (60 km) and Pachmarhi (130 km) are the nearest Hill Station.

Note
Temple committee has celebrated various festivals like Indian Independence Day celebration, Indian Republic Day celebration etc. Recently Kali Bari Chhindwara has organized a free dental check-up campaign for the residential of Chhindwara. During Navaratri festival devotees light Jyoti Kalash, in temple premises to appease Devi.

See also
Kali
Kalighat Kali Temple
Dakshineswar Kali Temple

External links

Hindu temples in Madhya Pradesh
Kali temples
Bengali culture
Chhindwara
20th-century Hindu temples

Kali Bari Chhindwara


A parking pawl is a device fitted to a motor vehicle's automatic transmission that locks up the transmission when the transmission shift lever selector is placed in the Park position. "Park" is the first position of the lever (topmost on a column shift, frontmost on a floor shift) in all cars sold in the United States since 1965 (when the order was standardised by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)) through SAE J915, and in most other vehicles worldwide.

Design and operation
The parking pawl locks the transmission's output shaft to the transmission casing by engaging a pawl (a pin) that engages in a notched wheel on the shaft, stopping it (and thus the driven wheels) from rotating. The main components of a parking pawl mechanism are the parking gear, parking pawl, actuator rod, cam collar, cam plate, pivot pin, and parking pawl return spring. The mechanism assembly is designed so that the parking pawl tooth collides and overrides the parking gear teeth (ratchets) until a safe engagement speed for the vehicle is reached. Software controls are put in place to avoid this condition and engage the pawl only when the vehicle has come to a standstill.

Applicable standards
FMVSS 114 – Theft Protection and Rollaway Prevention, Keyless Ignition Systems
SAE J2208 – Park Standard for Automatic Transmissions.

See also
 Electronic parking brake
 Park by wire
 Transmission brake

External links
 Automatic transmission parking pawl for the 2004 Subaru Impreza
 Design Requirements for Parking Pawl
 Video of Parking Pawl in an automatic transmission

References

Automotive transmission technologies
Vehicle braking technologies

Parking pawl


Elder Tadej (Thaddeus) of Vitovnica (10 October 1914 – 13 April 2003) was a Serbian Orthodox Christian elder (known as a staret). He was also a published author. He is best known for writing and teaching the idea that our "thoughts determine the outcome of our lives".

Early life
Future Elder Thaddeus  was born in Vitovnitsa village,  community Petrovac-on-Mlawa, located in Braničevo district, in Serbia on October 6 (19) 1914. The boy was born during the city fair,  It  was a premature birth and the child was very weak, so his parents hastened to baptise him.  The memory of St. Thomas was celebrated that day derfor the boy was christened Tomislav.  According to the legend the child opened his eyes only after the Baptism ceremony.

Tomislav's mother died  when he was just a little boy and his father remarried. After some time, father's second wife died too and he got married for the third time.

Tomislav's relationship to his both stepmoms were complicated which caused constant quarrels in the house.

The boy did not have any friends among his peers and as he grew up, he felt more and more lonely. Despite family problems Tomislav graduated from high school with honors and intended to fulfil his childhood dream to become a monk, but at the insistence of his father he had to enter the craft and trade school to learn to tailor.

He later said reflecting on his life: "Since my childhood I realized, that everyone in this world is serving somebody or something: parents serve their children, then children serve their parents and it occurred to me that as long as we all serve one another, I would rather serve God, as He is above everything."

About this time the boy was diagnosed with tuberculosis. The treatment prescribed to him was painful and complicated, but according to the doctors he would die within 5 years without it. This illness became a turning point in Tomislav's life. He later recalled: "I made a decision to no longer live for this world but to devote my last remaining days to the Lord". Having made this decision, he left the hospital under his sole responsibility.

Monastery and monastic life
By that time, it' s been a year  since Tomislav wrote his appeal to the Gornjak monastery, now he came to the abbot asking to become  a novice. It so happened that one Russian monk overheard Tomislav's conversation with the abbot. The next day he said to young man: "Yesterday I heard your conversation and I can tell you that there is only one monastery I know, that lives according to the rules you wish to follow. This is Milkovo monastery. There live some Russian monks, who fled from Valaam. There you will find what your soul is searching for."

On July 24, 1932 Tomislav came as  a novice to  the Milkovo Monastery. It was a Russian-Serbian monastery and living there Tomislav had to learn the Russian language. It became a great advantage for him later as he was able to read books in Russian, which he enjoyed all his life.

Monks of the Milkovo monastery followed a very austere prayer life with long services and daily liturgies.

As Tomislav could not find an experienced confessor able to provide him spiritual guidance, he chose self-study by reading various works on theology and teachings of the early Church Fathers.

In the Mikovo monastery the young man became acquainted with Hieromonk John Maximovich. They enjoyed each other's company and used to have long conversations while doing numerous monastic jobs.

A year after the abbot died and the situation in the monastery changed. Some monks made a decision to leave Milkovo and in May 1933 they moved to Gornjak monastery. Novice Tomislav went with them.

1935 was an important year in Tomislav's life as he took his monk's vow in Gornjak monastery with the name Thaddeus.  Soon after he was ordained as a Hierodeacon.

In 1938, a year when according to the doctors' predictions he was supposed to die, Hierodeacon Thaddeus was ordained to a priesthood.

When World War II began, Thaddeus together with 4 other monks fled to Belgrade. He lived in the monastery of Rakovica until 1943, when he was arrested by the occupation authorities and condemned to death.

Father Thaddeus recalled that the angel of The Lord appeared to him and showed him his future life path.

Father Thaddeus went through several prisons before he in March was transferred to the monastery Voylovitsa.  Hieromonk Vasily Kostic recalled that father Thaddeus was very weak, nevertheless on March 13 he already served the Divine Liturgy together with the Bishop Nicholas (Velimirovic).

After the war
From the end of 1970 up to 1981 elder Thaddeus lived in Tuman monastery where he was a spiritual guide and confessor for the sisterhood. At this time a steady stream of pilgrims and penitents came to see father Thaddeus and he often worked around the clock talking to people, hearing confessions and praying for the ill and needy. It was a burdening job for an old man not just physically. As he said "Praying for others we bring a part of their sufferings upon ourselves".

Though many people believed that elder Thaddeus had foresight, he never admitted it. He used to say ironically: "Well, yes, I definitely get some foresight after climbing on a windowsill".

Elder's health gradually weakened, but in spite of two heart attacks in 90s, he gave himself to the service of the people until the early 2000s.

He departed this life on 13 March 2003 and was buried in the monastery of Vintovitsa. He is venerated by his many spiritual children, especially Serbians and Bosnians, including former Muslims whom he converted to Christ.

Archimandrite John (Radosavljevic) says about elder Thaddeus:

"People of Vitovnica and even of entire country honor him as a great, exceptional confessor, man of prayer and ascetic monk.

His handsome face of a gray-haired old man was illuminated with spiritual lite and joy. Confessors like him are God's gracious gift to us in this difficult time."

References

Other websites
The life of Archimandrite Tadej

1914 births
2003 deaths
Serbian Orthodox priests
Serbian writers

Elder Tadej Štrbulović


Vikramaditya VI (r. 1076 – 1126 CE) became the Western Chalukya King after deposing his elder brother Someshvara II, a political move he made by gaining the support of Chalukya vassals during the Chola invasion of Chalukya territory. Vikramaditya's reign is marked with the abolishment of the Saka era and the start of the Chalukya-Vikrama era. He was the greatest of the Western Chalukya kings and had the longest reign in the dynasty. He earned the title Permadideva and Tribhuvanamalla (lit "lord of three worlds").  He had several queens who ably assisted him in administration. One of his queens, Chandala Devi, a princess from the Shilahara ruling family of Karad was called Abhinava Saraswati for her skills as an artist. Queen Kethala Devi administered the Siruguppa region and Savala Devi was in charge of an Agrahara in Naregal. According to the historian Kamath, Vikramaditya VI was a "great king who ruled over South India" and he finds a "pride of place in Karnataka history". More inscriptions in Kannada are attributed to Vikramaditya VI than any other king prior to the Vijayanagara era.

Vikramaditya VI is noted for his patronage of art and letters. His court was adorned with famous Kannada and Sanskrit poets. In Kannada, his brother prince Kirtivarma wrote Govaidya on veterinary science and the poet Brahmashiva wrote Samayaparikshe ("Analysis of the doctrine", c. 1125) and received the title Kavi Chakravarti (lit, "Emperor among poets")  Noted Sanskrit scholars such as Bilhana who earned the title Vidyapati ("pundit") came to his court from faraway Kashmir and wrote a panegyric on the life of his patron king in Vikramankadevacharita. The poet compared his rule to Ramarajya ("Rama's Kingdom"). Vijnaneshwara the noted jurist in his court wrote Mitakshara, a commentary on Yagnavalkya Smriti (on Hindu family law). Of the king he wrote "A King like Vikramarka is neither to be seen nor heard of". Vikramaditya VI is known to be a Shaiva by faith. His rule saw prolific temple building activity. Notable constructions include the Mallikarjuna temple, the Mahadeva temple the Kaitabheshvara temple and the Kalleshvara temple. According to historian Sen, the 50-year reign of Vikramaditya VI was overall a peaceful and prosperous one. Sen estimates at his peak Vikramaditya VI controlled a vast empire stretching from the Tumkur district and Cuddapah in the south to the Narmada river in the north, and up to the Khammam district and the Godavari district in the east and south-east.

Vikramaditya's rebellion, rise to power and Chola relations
Vikramaditya displayed his military ambitions even as a prince, prior to 1068, during the rule of his father Someshvara I when he led successful military campaigns as far east as modern Bihar and Bengal. After his father's death, as soon as his elder brother prince Someshvara II who administered the Belavola-300 and Puligere-300 provinces came to the throne, Vikramaditya VI started to plan to overthrow him and contend with the growing Chola power. He achieved his ends with skillful opportunism and diplomacy: by making use of the Chola invasion of Gutti and Kampili and striking diplomatic relations with Virarajendra Chola, gaining the support his younger brother Jayasimha and of the Chalukya feudatories, the Pandyas of Ucchangi, the Seuna, the Hoysalas of Malnad, the Kadambas of Konkan and Hangal. Someshvara II had the support of the Kulothunga Chola I (also called Rajendra II of the Eastern Chalukya-Chola royal family of Vengi) and the Kadambas of Goa. This sudden change in diplomatic relations practically bifurcated the Chalukya kingdom into two halves, giving Vikramaditya VI independent rule over the southern half (Gangavadi). Vikramaditya married one of Virarajendra Chola's daughters bringing an age-old feud between the two kingdoms to a temporary end.

The balance of power changed again in 1069 with the death of Virarajendra Chola. Vikramaditya VI proceeded via Kanchi where he quelled a rebellion and installed his younger brother-in-law Athirajendra Chola on the throne at Gangaikonda Cholapuram. But this went against the designs of Kulottunga Chola I who had plans of his own. Kulothunga expelled the Vengi ruler Vijayaditya. In a civil uprising in the Chola capital, Athirajendra was killed making way for Kulothunga Chola I to crown himself the monarch of the Chola empire. In 1070-72, when Vijayabahu revolted to rid Ceylon of the Chola rule and succeeded, Vikramaditya VI wasted no time in declaring the new king of Ceylon his "natural ally". By 1076, despite being surrounded by enemies at home (Someshvara II) and in Vengi and Chola country (Kulothunga Chola I), Vikramaditya VI successfully defeated his elder brother and took him captive. He then crowned himself the Chalukya monarch and began a new era, the Vikrama Varsha.

Hoysala threat
There was a rebellion by the emperor's younger brother Jayasimha, the viceroy of Banavasi, around c.1080-1082 which was quelled and the rebel pardoned. The real threat, however, was from the Hoysala dynasty who rose to prominence from the Malnad region in modern Karnataka. Their territory effectively acted as a buffer between the Chalukya and Chola kingdoms. For several decades, the Hoysalas had been faithful vassals of the Chalukyas. King Someshvara I (Vikramaditya's father) had taken a Hoysala princess as his queen. The Hoysala kings Vinayaditya, Ereyanga and Veera Ballala I had maintained cordial relations with Vikramaditya VI. But Ballala I's younger brother Vishnuvardhana, who according to historians Sastri and Kamath was a "great warrior" and an ambitious ruler had expansionist plans. He had the support of the Pandya ruler of Ucchangi and Kadamba king Jayakesi II of Goa. The Hoysalas under Vishnuvardhana began to expand their territory initially by defeating the Cholas in the famous battle of Talakad in 1116 resulting in the Hoysala annexation of Gangavadi (part of modern Southern Karnataka). It was only when Vishnuvardhana turned his attention to the north, conquered Nolambavadi, marched beyond the Tungabhadra river and reached Ballary and Kummata that Vikramaditya VI saw an imminent threat to his power. The Chalukya emperor dispatched his trusted generals Achugi II and Permadi of the Sinda family of Yerambarge (or Yelburga) to deal with the situation. After several pitched battles in Goa, Kannegala, Halasur and Hosavidu between c.1117-1122, Vishnuvardhana and his supporters had to accept Chalukya suzerainty.

Success in Chola and Gurjara country
From the beginning of his rule, Vikramaditya VI maintained the policy of interference in the affairs of Vengi and Kanchi. He invaded and captured Kanchi in 1085 and held it for a few years. He managed to conquer parts of Vengi in 1088. He held the Kollipakei-7000 province of Vengi for many years. Vengi came under his rule again from 1093 to 1099. The Cholas re-captured it in 1099. In 1115 Kulothunga Chola I recalled his son Vikrama Chola who was the viceroy of Vengi to focus on affairs in Kanchi. Encouraged by the Hoysala success against the Cholas at Talakad and utilising the vacuum in the leadership in Vengi, Vikramaditya VI sent his famous general Anantapala to invade Vengi which was duly conquered and came under his rule from 1118 to 1124. Western Chalukyan commanders are seen controlling some other parts of Telugu country also and the Chola influence over Vengi disappeared for many years. After Vikramaditya's death in 1126, the Cholas began a slow process of encroachment over Vengi. By 1133 Vikrama Chola was able to re-capture Vengi from Vikramaditya VI's mild son Someshvara III. Before 1088, Vikramaditya VI subdued the recalcitrant Shilahara King Bhoja I and the Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri. He invaded Lata (modern Gujarat), plundered and burnt the royal capital of the Gurjara Chalukya King Karna, and stopped the advances of Kalachuri king Jajjaladeva of Ratnapur. He dealt firmly with the revolting Kadamba feudatory of Goa but gave his daughter Maila Devi in marriage to King Jayakeshi II.

Gallery

See also

 Vikrama Chola
 Vishnuvardhana Hoysala
 The title Vikramaditya

Notes

References

11th-century births
1126 deaths
Western Chalukya Empire
11th-century Indian monarchs
12th-century Indian monarchs

Vikramaditya VI


This is an article on Buddhist rankings. For the artist, see Yamazaki Sōkan.

Sōkan (僧官) is the Japanese system of rankings for Buddhist clergy. There are three ranks, collectively known as Sōgō (僧綱), comprising ten categories or levels, followed by a series of titles known collectively as sōi (僧位). Each of the three ranks is known by an abridged form; monks or priests are often referred to by their rank, rather than their specific title.

The first rank, sōjo, consists of three levels:
Dai-sōjō (大僧正)
Sōjō (僧正)
Gon-sōjo (権僧正)

The second rank, sōzu, has four levels:
Dai-sōzu (大僧都)
Gon-dai-sōzu (権大僧都)
Shō-sōzu (小僧都)
Gon-shō-sōzu (権小僧都)

The third rank, risshi, contains three levels:
Dai-risshi (大律師)
Chū-risshi (中律師)
Gon-risshi (権律師)

Those monks could then earn the following titles, known as sōi:
Hōin (法印) - Seal of the Law for the sōjo rank
Hōgen (法現) - Eye of the Law for the sōzu rank
Hōkyō (法橋) - Bridge of the Law for the risshi rank

References
Frederic, Louis (2002). "Japan Encyclopedia." Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

Buddhism in Japan
Buddhism in Silla

Sōkan


The Scorpio (Submersible Craft for Ocean Repair, Position, Inspection and Observation) is a brand of underwater submersible Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) manufactured by Perry Tritech used by sub-sea industries such as the oil industry for general operations, and by the Royal Navy and the United States Navy for submarine rescue services.  Originally developed by AMETEK Straza of El Cajon, United States, they were subsequently developed by Perry Tritech.  Although the design of the original Scorpio is over several decades old, it forms the basis for a current generation of Scorpio-branded ROVs. Scorpio ROVs are named in a sequence following the order of manufacture, such as "Scorpio 17" or "Scorpio 45" which refer to specific ROVs.

Scorpio 45
The UK operates a Scorpio 45, based at the Australian Submarine Rescue Service headquarters in Perth, Western Australia. It carries three remote cameras, two manipulator arms (including cutting equipment), one Sonar device and six 250 Watt lights. It is operated by James Fisher Defense who provide the underwater rescue service to the RAN. The vehicle is deployed along with a control room, built into a standard shipping container.

Specifications
Length: 2.75 metres
Height: 1.8 meters
Width: 1.8 meters
Weight: 1,650 kg
Payload: up to 30 kg (without additional buoyancy)
Maximum depth: 1,000 m (in sea water)
Maximum speed:  forward, 3.25 knots astern,  laterally

Super Scorpio
Delivered to the U.S. Navy in 1987, the Super Scorpio is a "Tethered Unmanned Work Vehicle System". The vehicles are used for the recovery of sunken military and commercial hardware. They feature two cameras, a sonar, six lights and two robotic arms. The arms can cut steel cable up to one inch (2.5 cm) thick and lift up to 250 pounds (113 kg) each. The sonar has a range of 2,000 feet (610 m).

Specifications
Length: 2.43 meters
Height: 1.22 meters
Width: 1.22 meters
Weight: 2,040 kg
Maximum depth: 1,520 meters
Maximum speed:  forward/astern,  laterally

Projects

Kursk rescue attempt
Scorpio vehicles were sent to assist in the rescue of the Kursk, a Russian Oscar II class submarine which sank on 12 August 2000. Unfortunately, they were unable to save any of the 118 crew.

SEALAB habitat
In 2002, High Performance Wireless Research and Education Network researchers conducted an expedition to locate the SEALAB II/III habitat located off the Scripps pier in La Jolla, California. Researchers utilized a Scorpio ROV from the MV Kellie Chouest to find the site and were able to conduct a live multicast from ship to shore. This expedition was the first return to the site since the habitat was moved.

Priz (AS-28) submersible rescue
 Both the UK and U.S. sent Scorpio vehicles to the location of a Russian Priz class submersible AS-28 trapped on the sea floor off the Kamchatka Peninsula on 5 August 2005.

The UK vehicle flew on a C-17 to the incident with a team of 28 including police officers, civilian operators and one member of the Royal Navy, Commander Ian Riches. Two U.S. vehicles and 40 support personnel were sent from Naval Air Station North Island, near San Diego, via a C-5 Galaxy transport to Kamchatka. Both the UK and U.S. equipment and teams were transported by Russian surface ships to the accident scene. The British Scorpio managed to free the trapped AS-28 on August 7, 2005, allowing the Russian submersible to surface and saving all seven crew members on board. The American ROVs arrived two hours after the British crew and assisted them.

See also
  submersible

References

External links

Perry Slingsby Systems
NavSource online Super Scorpio ROV photos
Naval Technology page on UK LR5 & Scorpio 45
James Fisher Rumic Ltd. – UK Operator
1978 – SCORPIO ROV – (American) (cyberneticzoo.com)

Robotic submarines
1978 in robotics
Kursk submarine disaster
Remotely operated underwater vehicles
Robots of the United States

Scorpio ROV


Witherley is a village and civil parish in the Hinckley and Bosworth district of Leicestershire, England. The civil parish of Witherley includes Atterton, Fenny Drayton, and Ratcliffe Culey as well as the village of Witherley itself. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 1,373.

Location
Witherley is situated in the far west of Leicestershire. The Warwickshire-Leicestershire border runs parallel to the parish boundary, along the River Anker to the west and the A5 to the south. The village centre is less than 2 miles from the town of Atherstone and 1 mile from the village of Mancetter.

Village features
One of its significant features is the church of St Peter, noted for its tall steeple, ""/ 157.4 ft. The village school, Witherley Church of England Primary School, is located next to the church.  Usually, children attending the school will transfer to Market Bosworth School at the appropriate age. Other notable attributes are the River Anker that runs alongside the border of Witherley, The Old House B&B and the Blue Lion public house located in the center of the village.

History
Proximity to the county border meant that parliamentary troops from the Warwickshire garrisons made several visits to Witherley and Atterton during the Civil War. A list of claims for losses and "free quarter"  to the Warwickshire county committee in June, 1646 includes a claim for free quarter for a hundred men and horse under the command of Captain Levell and Captain Astewe from Colonel Purefoy's regiment of the Coventry garrison, estimated to be worth £9. Mr Lloyd, the rector, charged Captain Ottway's lieutenant for four horses and mares worth £13.6.8, and for three heifers worth £7.10.
In 1650 this same Robert Lloyd was "sequestered" and forced to pay a fine in 1650 as a 'malignant' or for neglecting his duties (it is not certain exactly which as few details of his offences are provided).

William King claimed that Captain Flower's men had taken a horse worth 5s and John King claimed for a saddle worth 8s taken by Captain Flower's lieutenant and asked for £2 for quartering about forty soldiers from Coventry. The Astley garrison also plundered the villages, leading to a claim for forced requisitioning including the "carriage of a load of hay from Hartshill Leaz to Astley House" worth £1, and the carriage of 14 loads of hay worth £2.6.8. Francis Orton claimed he was taken prisoner by Lieutenant Hunt of Astley about Michaelmas, 1643 and forced to pay £1.13.4 for his release. The constable of the parish claimed 12s 9d for provender. John Mason senior wanted compensation for his gelding, worth £2.10 taken by Lieutenant Hunt to Astley and William King for a mare worth £2.13.4. (Exchequer accounts, SP 28/161)

Notable people
 Kay Alexander, former BBC Midlands Today broadcaster

References

External links

Witherley on leicestershirevillages.com
atherstoneforum Witherley and Atherstone online forums
Atherstone Organised Includes nearby Witherley. News, property, jobs, photos.

Villages in Leicestershire
Civil parishes in Leicestershire
Hinckley and Bosworth

Witherley


Eleanor Reissa is an American actress, singer, theatre director, playwright, librettist, choreographer, translator, and author based in New York City. She works and performs in English and Yiddish speaking stages, and also interprets and performs Yiddish theatre and songs.

Background and Education

Eleanor Reissa was born in Brooklyn, New York. However, her parents were born in Poland. During WW2, they were both placed in German ghettos established in occupied Poland, and fought and lived through the Holocaust. In America, they were both considered sweatshop workers. Hence, Reissa studied in the New York City public school system and received her Bachelor of Arts in Speech and Theatre at Brooklyn College, graduating cum laude.

Directing and acting

Reissa's directing debut in Broadway garnered her a Tony Award nomination for Those Were the Days, which she also choreographed and starred in. Other New York directing credits include: Cowgirls (1995 Outer Critics Circle Award nomination), Echoes of the War (2005 Drama Desk Award nomination), and The Soldier's Wife (two 2006 Drama Desk Award nominations). In Yiddish, her New York directing credits include: Got Fun Nekome (God of Vengeance), Hershele Ostropolyer (adapted by Reissa), Zise Khaloymes (based on her English language play, Sweet Dreams), and Yoshke Muzikant: The Klezmer's Tale. Furthermore, she was artistic director of the National Yiddish Theatre Folksbiene for five years.

On Broadway, she was in the cast of Paula Vogel's Indecent, and was nominated for a Tony Award as the director of the musical Those Were the Days (which she also choreographed and starred in).

In April 2019, Reissa directed, co-created and featured as a vocalist in From Shtetl to Stage: A Celebration of Yiddish Music and Culture at Carnegie Hall.

Music and recordings

Reissa has also sung in numerous American musicals in the theatre, including Tintypes, The Rise of David Levinsky, and Fiddler on the Roof.

Reissa's singing in Yiddish has earned her the title of the "Reigning Queen of Yiddish Cabaret". Additionally, she has been featured in Pearls of Yiddish Song, Remember the Children, Going Home: Gems of Yiddish Song, Songs in the Key of Yiddish, and in 2015, Just Add Water (Eleanor Reissa and Di Boyess).

She has collaborated with Frank London of the Klezmatics and the Klezmer Brass Allstars, to perform together internationally. Along with the Klezmatics, she recorded Vilde Mekhaye (Wild Ecstasy) in 2016. They have also performed in festivals and venues including Berlin, Toronto, Paris, Vienna, and in New York City at Joe's Pub and Feinstein's/54 Below.

She and Frank London performed their program Kurt Weill in New York at the Kurt Weill Festival in Dessau, (Germany) featuring Anthony Coleman, Greg Cohen, and Billy Martin.

Playwriting

For her playwriting, Reissa received the Dorothy Silver Playwriting Award for Wishful Thinking, and then was shortlisted as a finalist for her play, Thicker Than Water a few years later. Reissa's plays have been published in an anthology called The Last Survivor and other Modern Yiddish Plays. Her play, The Last Dinosaur, was listed as finalist for the Actors Theatre of Louisville's Heideman Award.

Adaptations and Translations

Reissa was commissioned to adapt the story The Adventures of Hershele Ostropolyer (also known as Hershel of Ostropol) as a musical for the National Yiddish Theatre,  Folksbiene, where it was played for two consecutive seasons, starring Mike Burstyn. It was then performed in Israel at Yiddishpiel, the same location where it was nominated for the Israel Prize as well. After this, Reissa was also commissioned by Yiddishpiel to adapt the 1937 film, Yidl Mitn Fidl to a stage musical in 2014, where it has a successful run.

In 2019, Reissa also received a commission by the National Yiddish Theatre, Folksbiene to translate Paddy Chayevsky's The Tenth Man, into Yiddish (with Harvey Varga), which was slated for the 2020 season with her as director.

She also worked on the libretto for the opera Taibele and Her Demon, based on the short story by Isaac Bashevis Singer, with composer, Judd Greenstein

The Letters Project: A Daughter's Journey
After the death of her mother, Reissa found letters sent by her father, a survivor of Auschwitz, in the late 1940s to her mother, a survivor of a slave labor camp in Uzbekistan. She eventually had them translated and traveled to Germany, later writing The Letters Project: A Daughter's Journey, which was published by Post Hill Press in 2022.

Directing

Theater acting (partial list)

Film and television acting (partial list)

Music/recordings list

 Pearls of Yiddish Song (1990)
 Remember the Children (1991)
 Going Home: Gems of Yiddish Song (1992)
 Songs in the Key of Yiddish (2002)
 Just Add Water with Di Boyess (2015)
 Wild Ecstasy (Vilde Mekhaye)' with Frank London (2017)

References

External links

 Eleanor Reissa at Broadway World

Actresses from New York City
Singers from New York City
Yiddish-language singers of the United States
American theatre directors
American women theatre directors
Jewish theatre directors
21st-century American women singers
20th-century American singers
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
21st-century American dramatists and playwrights
Jewish American dramatists and playwrights
American women dramatists and playwrights
American musical theatre librettists
American women choreographers
American choreographers
American translators
Broadway theatre directors
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Brooklyn College alumni
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American singers
21st-century American Jews
Jewish women singers
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Jewish translators

Eleanor Reissa


was the 11th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider Emperor Suinin to be a legendary person; and the name Suinin-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

The Gukanshō records that Suinin he ruled from the palace of Tamaki-no-miya at Makimuku in what will come to be known as Yamato province.

Traditional history
Suinin is almost certainly a legend; but the Kojiki and Nihonshoki record his name and genealogy. He was the third son of Emperor Sujin.

Events of Suinin's life
The limited information about Suinin does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

One of Suinin's daughters was Yamatohime-no-mikoto.  She established a site for  ceremonies honouring the Shinto sun goddess (Amaterasu Omikami).  In the region of Ise, she founded the Ise Shrine. She became the first Saiō at Ise.

The records of Asama Shrine at the base of Mount Fuji describe events in this time frame. The earliest Shinto ceremonies in honour of Konohanasakuya-hime were in the 3rd year of the reign of Emperor Suinin (垂仁天皇3年).

Nihonshoki describes a wrestling match during his era.  This was the origin of Sumo wrestling.

After his death

This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Suinin.

The actual site of his grave is not known.  According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Nara.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Other websites

Ise Shrine - Naiku, official website

Emperors of Japan

Emperor Suinin


The Seal of the Confederate States was used to authenticate certain documents issued by the federal  government of the Confederate States. The phrase is used both for the physical seal itself (which was kept by the Confederate States Secretary of State), and more generally for the design impressed upon it. On May 20, 1863, C.S. Secretary of State Judah Benjamin instructed James Mason to arrange for its manufacture in London. The seal was first used publicly in 1864.

Design

The Seal of the Confederate States prominently features the Statue of Washington in the capital square at Richmond. In the seal, Washington is surrounded with a wreath made of some of the main agricultural products of the Confederacy: wheat, corn, tobacco, cotton, rice and sugar cane. The top margin features the words 'The Confederate States of America: 22 February 1862'. This date reflects the establishment of the federal  government under the new Confederate Constitution when Jefferson Davis was inaugurated as the President of the Confederate States on Washington's birthday (February 22), 1862, in the capital square at Richmond, then the Confederacy's capital. The bottom margin contains the national motto, Deo vindice, meaning '(With) God (as) our defender/protector'. C.S. Senator Thomas Semmes, in proposing the motto, took pains to stress that both the provisional and the permanent Confederate constitution "had deviated in the most emphatic manner from the spirit that presided over the construction of the Constitution of the United States, which is silent on the subject of the Deity."

History

According to the Richmond Whig of September 25, 1862, a design that passed the Senate represented in the foreground a Confederate soldier, in position to charge bayonet; in the middle distance, a woman with a child in front of a church, both with hands uplifted in the attitude of prayer; for a background, a homestead in the plain, with mountains in the distance beneath the meridian sun; the whole surrounded by a wreath composed of the stalks of sugar-cane, the rice, the cotton and the tobacco plants, the margin inscribed with the words 'Seal of the Confederate States of America' above, and 'Our Homes and Constitutions' beneath. This seal was never used.

The final design was approved on April 30, 1863, and a set of embossing dies ordered from the London engraver Joseph Wyon. The seal was first used publicly in 1864. The dies eventually reached Richmond before the end of the war. However, due to the risks of running the Union blockade, the accompanying embossing press was only shipped as far as Bermuda. The dies (crafted in silver) were thus unlikely to ever have been used in any official capacity. Both sets of artifacts initially passed through private ownership before ultimately entering museum collections. The seal is kept at Richmond's American Civil War Museum. The press is in the BNT Museum at the Globe Hotel, St. George's.

Gallery

See also
 Flag of the Confederate States
 National symbols of the Confederate States

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 Seal of the Confederate States at the British Library
 Seal of the Confederate States at the Library of Congress
 Seal of the Confederate States at the National Museum of American History
 Seal of the Confederate States  at the University of Georgia

Seal
George Washington in art
National seals
Seal
Symbols introduced in 1863

Seal of the Confederate States


The Sonata in G major, Op. 28 is Edward Elgar's only sonata composed for the organ and was first performed on 8 July 1895.  It also exists in arrangements for full orchestra made after Elgar's death.

The first movement of the Sonata was played at the funeral of Queen Elizabeth II.

Structure
The genesis of the work was a request to Elgar to write an organ voluntary for a convention of American organists in the English city of Worcester in 1895. Instead, Elgar decided on a four movement sonata of nearly half an hour's length.

The four movements are:

I.  Allegro maestoso
II.  Allegretto
III.  Andanto espressivo
IV.  Presto (comodo)

The opening theme resembles the beginning of Elgar's The Black Knight, a cantata completed two years earlier and gaining acceptance when Elgar began work on the organ sonata. The outer movements follow the classic sonata form; the inner movements are in three-part A-B-A form. Michael Kennedy observes that to play the finale successfully, the organist needs to be a mental and physical athlete.

Elgar wrote, "one week's work", in the score inscription, but that measures only the final constructive push. He had worked on the piece off and on for nearly three months. Biographer Jerrold Moore notes that Elgar depended, in order to complete a work, on the stimulation of an imminent deadline. This was the first time, but not the last, that Elgar cut it so close that there was insufficient time for rehearsal. It was first performed by the Worcester Cathedral organist, Hugh Blair, on 8 July 1895.

The work was dedicated to Elgar's friend and fellow-musician Charles Swinnerton Heap (1847-1900).

Orchestration
In the 1940s, following Elgar's death in 1934, the publishers decided that an orchestration of the sonata should be commissioned, and having consulted the composer's daughter and the conductor Sir Adrian Boult, they entrusted the job to Gordon Jacob. The orchestrated sonata was performed in 1946 (by the BBC Symphony Orchestra and Boult). It was neglected for decades thereafter, being revived only in 1988 in a recording by the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Vernon Handley, made in the Philharmonic Hall, Liverpool in 1988 for EMI. The notes to that recording aver that "due to Jacob's sympathetic scoring the version may be described as Elgar's Symphony No 0". In 2007 a second recording of the orchestrated sonata was issued by Chandos Records, with the BBC National Orchestra of Wales conducted by Richard Hickox.

Recordings
The Organ Sonata in its original form has been recorded by, among others, Jennifer Bate, Christopher Bowers-Broadbent, Carlo Curley, Harold Darke, Gareth Green, Christopher Herrick, Donald Hunt, Nicolas Kynaston, James Lancelot, Thomas Murray, Simon Preston, Wolfgang Rübsam, Arturo Sacchetti, John Scott, Herbert Sumsion, Robert Quinney and Thomas Trotter.

"2nd Organ Sonata"
A sonata for organ was arranged by Ivor Atkins from Elgar's Severn Suite, written as a test piece for a 1930 brass band competition.

Notes

References

Notes to Bayer CD BR-100049 (recording by Wolfgang Rübsam) and EMI EMI CD-EMX 2148 (orchestral version).
Hyperion recording notes

External links

Compositions by Edward Elgar
1895 compositions
Compositions for organ
Compositions in G major
Sonatas

Organ Sonata (Elgar)


In Brazil, Black Awareness Day or Black Consciousness Day () is held every year on November 20. It is a day "to celebrate a regained awareness by the black community about their great worth and things they have done for the country". The date is an official public holiday in five Brazilian states.

Black Awareness Day has been celebrated since the 1960s. It has become bigger in the last few years. First, it was celebrated on May 13 (the date of abolition of slavery in Brazil). It was later moved to November 20 to honour Zumbi's death, and is sometimes called Zumbi Day.

Events
Members of the organization "Black Movement" (the largest of its kind in Brazil) organize educational and fun events involving mainly children of African parents. These events wants to get rid of the fact that many people see Afro-Americans as less important. Other "hot topics" in the Black community during the Day of Black Awareness are the working together of African-Brazilian workers with Caucasian-Brazilian and other workers, ethnic identity, and black pride.

Similar days celebrating racial groups in Brazil

The "Day of the Caboclo" (Dia do Caboclo) is held on June 24. It celebrates the contributions and identity of the original caboclos and their children. This date is an official public holiday in the State of Amazonas.

"Mixed Race Day" (Dia do Mestiço) is held on June 27, three days after the Day of the Caboclo. It celebrates all mixed-race Brazilians, including the caboclos. The date is an official public holiday in three Brazilian states.

"Indian Day" (Dia do Índio) is held on April 19. It recognizes and honours the indigenous peoples of Brazil.

Related pages
 Afro-Colombian Day, Colombia

References

Observances
Brazil

Black Awareness Day


"Vertigogo" is the title theme for the Four Rooms film soundtrack by Combustible Edison.

It was submitted for consideration for an Academy Award but was ultimately disqualified from consideration because of its incomprehensible lyrical content. The reply by Music Branch Executive Committee chairman stipulated that "A special meeting was held recently for members of the Music Branch Executive Committee to view the video clip of your song and the music cue sheet and vocal lead sheet were carefully followed. The following decision was reached: The song "Vertigogo" was declared ineligible in the Original Song category because the lyric was not intelligible". The rejection stood despite the fact that the band submitted a lyric sheet with their best written approximation of the lyrics.

"Vertigogo" reached top charts in Japan. "Vertigogo" has later appeared as backdrop music on the NPR program This American Life.

"Vertigogo" in popular culture
 "Vertigogo" was used as the soundtrack in the film Four Rooms.
 The song was used as background music on two Surf commercials animated by Airside and first broadcast in 2004. The first one depicting an anthropomorphic sock trying to escape from the washing basket until the lady successfully and finally shoves it into the washing machine. When the lady picks up the empty washing basket, we see another lifelike sock hiding underneath, intent on escaping. The other one (which was slightly more popular than the first one) depicts a red and flushed robin who sees a curly-haired lady pegging out washing, flies onto the washing line, inhales the fresh scents from the detergent, and exhales, becoming white again and flying away, whistling. These two commercials ended in the catchphrase "Look on the bright side".
 "Vertigogo" was used by the French TV show  as the opening theme.
 The song was playing in the car, where Lee's mother sits waiting for her in the parking lot in the film Secretary.
 A Singaporean TV series Three Rooms, also used this song as its intro.
 The song was used as the outro music for The Ron and Fez Show on WJFK.

References

1995 singles
Songs written for films
Music videos directed by Rocky Schenck
1995 songs
Song articles with missing songwriters

Vertigogo


Doi Phu Nang National Park () is a national park in Dok Khamtai, Pong and Chiang Muan Districts, Phayao Province, Thailand.

Description
The national park, with an area of 537,424 rai ~  is located in two mountain chains of the Phi Pan Nam Range, Mae Yom and Nampi, with a not-protected area in between. There are both mixed evergreen forests, dipterocarp forest and dry deciduous forests in the park area.

Doi Phu Nang, the mountain that gives its name to the park, with an altitude of 1,202 m, is the highest peak in the area. The sources of two tributaries of the Yom River are in this mountain. The park also has scenic rock formations and two impressive waterfalls, Namtok Than Sawan and Namtok Huai Ton Phueng.

Flora and fauna

Trees in the protected area include Malabar ironwood, Afzelia xylocarpa, Lagerstroemia calyculata, Mangifera caloneura, Ailanthus triphysa, Michelia alba, Berrya ammonilla, Schleichera oleosa, Vitex pinnata and Pterocarpus macrocarpus.

A variety of birds are found, especially the rare green peafowls, threatened by habitat destruction, which come to the park area for breeding from January to March. Among the other animals, the fishing cat, Asiatic black bear, muntjac, masked palm civet, bamboo rat, tree shrews, the Asiatic softshell turtle and the Bengal monitor deserve mention.

See also
List of national parks of Thailand
List of Protected Areas Regional Offices of Thailand

References

External links
Trekthailand - Doi Phu Nang National Park
Doi Phu Nang National Park - Thai Forest Booking

Geography of Phayao province
National parks of Thailand
Protected areas established in 1991
Tourist attractions in Phayao province
1991 establishments in Thailand
Phi Pan Nam Range

Doi Phu Nang National Park


Lactarius indigo is a fungus. It is commonly known as the indigo milk cap or the blue milk mushroom. It is very common. and grows naturally in eastern North America, East Asia, and Central America. It has also been found in southern France.

L. indigo grows on the ground in both deciduous and coniferous forests, where it forms mycorrhizal associations with many different trees. The fruit body color ranges from dark blue in fresh specimens to pale blue-gray in older ones. The milk, or latex, that oozes when the mushroom tissue is cut or broken is also indigo blue, but slowly turns green when it is exposed to air.

It is an edible mushroom, and is sold in markets in China, Guatemala, and Mexico. In Honduras the mushroom is called a chora, and it's generally eaten with egg; generally as a side dish for a bigger meal.

Edible fungi
Mushrooms

Lactarius indigo


{{DISPLAYTITLE:Eta2 Hydri}}

Eta2 Hydri, Latinized from η2 Hydri and often catalogued as HD 11977, is a star in the constellation of Hydrus. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +4.68, and is one of the least variable stars known. The distance to Eta2 Hydri is approximately 222 light-years based on parallax measurements, but it is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −18 km/s.

The stellar classification of Eta2 Hydri is G8IIIb, which indicates this is a evolved giant star. It is located in the clump zone of the HR diagram, which indicates it has already ascended the red giant branch and is now generating energy by core helium fusion surrounded by a hydrogen fusing shell. Based on its mass, it was probably a class A star (similar to Vega or Fomalhaut) when it was on the main sequence. It is estimated to be around 1.3 billion years old and has expanded to 10 times the Sun's diameter, though is only around 1.9 times as massive as the Sun. The star has a leisurely rotation, with a period of no more than 230–270 days. As of 2005, an extrasolar planet was confirmed to be orbiting the star.

Planetary system
In 2005, the giant planet Eta2 Hydri b was found in orbit around Eta2 Hydri by measuring radial velocity variations. This object has at least 6.3 times the mass of the Sun and is orbiting with a period of . It is the first giant planet to be found in orbit around an intermediate-mass giant star.

See also
 HD 11964

References

External links

G-type giants
Horizontal-branch stars
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet

Hydrus
Hydrus, eta2
Durchmusterung objects
011977
008928
0570

Eta2 Hydri


Rui Barbosa State School a Brazilian school located in Campo Grande, founded on March 1, 1972.

History
In 1970, 3 rooms were built for catechesis, a missionary work of the Salesians, at the request of parents who were already working in the community. Literacy classes started in October.

In 1971, 14 more classrooms were built, in a joint effort by the community. The construction material was donated by the Campo Grande society linked to the Salesian Mission.

Promotions were carried out with the objective of seeking financial resources to complete the work. As the SED proves the need to create and authorize the Paulo VI Parish Gymnasium to operate, as of March 1, 1972, an agreement was signed between SED and the Paulo VI Social Work, creating the Rui Barbosa State College. This name was chosen due to the death of Rui Barbosa .

References

Schools
1970 establishments
1970s establishments in Brazil

Rui Barbosa State School