USS Hyman G. Rickover (SSN-709), a , was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, pioneer of the nuclear Navy, and the only Los Angeles-class submarine not named after a United States city or town. She was initially to be named USS Providence; however, following the retirement of Admiral Rickover, her name was reassigned prior to official christening. SSN-719 was later given the name USS Providence.

The contract to build her was awarded to the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation in Groton, Connecticut on 10 December 1973 and her keel was laid down on 24 July 1981. She was launched on 27 August 1983 sponsored by the Admiral's wife, Mrs. Eleonore Ann Bednowicz Rickover. Hyman G. Rickover was commissioned on 21 July 1984.

Ship's crest
The ship's crest was designed by the wife of a former crewmember, it symbolically represents Admiral Rickover and the boat.

The four white stars symbolize Admiral Rickover's rank upon retirement. The submarine's upward angle represents seeking out our nation's enemies.  The nuclear power symbol is a reminder that Admiral Rickover is father of the nuclear Navy, and the motto, "Committed to Excellence" symbolizes the Admiral's 64 years of active naval service.

Service
During the months of January through April 1984 Hyman G. Rickover was nearing the completion of her construction.  The initial manning was completed in January. Initial criticality of the ship's S6G reactor was achieved on 10 March 1984.  Berthing and messing areas were completed in April and, on 23 April 1984, the crew moved aboard the ship. A special meal of ribeye steaks, baked potatoes, and corn on the cob was served to remember the occasion.

The ship was placed into service on 24 April 1984 and initial sea trials began on 16 May 1984 with Admiral Kinnaird R. McKee aboard. Admiral McKee served as Director of the Office of Naval Nuclear Propulsion, U.S. Department of Energy. The sea trials were completed smartly and in the shortest time ever for a 688-class submarine built at Electric Boat. Admiral McKee complimented the crew on their fine performance prior to his departure.

At exactly 12:08, 21 July 1984 Hyman G. Rickover was placed in commission by the commissioning officer Vice Admiral Bernard M. Kauderer, Commander Submarine Force, U.S. Atlantic Fleet. The ceremony was held in a downpour at Submarine Base Groton, Conn., and was well attended despite the weather and the one-hour delay due to the late arrival of U.S. Representative Charles E. Bennett of Florida, the principal speaker.

Hyman G. Rickover was featured prominently in the documentary "Submarine: Steel Boats-Iron Men" filmed in 1989 and aired in November of 1991.

Hyman G. Rickover was inactivated on 14 December 2006 and was transported to Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, in 2007 for the year-long inactivation process. Hyman G. Rickover was decommissioned in 2007, with the crew departing for the final time on 17 December 2007. The submarine was towed the next year to Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, where she remains moored until dismantlement and disposal, which is scheduled for 2016.

Awards

References

External links
 The Naval History and Heritage Command's compiled history for Hyman G. Rickover

Ships built in Groton, Connecticut
Los Angeles-class submarines
Cold War submarines of the United States
Nuclear submarines of the United States Navy
1983 ships

USS Hyman G. Rickover (SSN-709)


A bencher or Master of the Bench is a senior member of an Inn of Court in England and Wales or the Inns of Court in Northern Ireland, or the Honorable Society of King's Inns in Ireland. Benchers hold office for life once elected. A bencher can be elected while still a barrister (usually, but not always, King's Counsel in the UK or Senior Counsel in Ireland), in recognition of the contribution that the barrister has made to the life of the Inn or to the law. Others become benchers as a matter of course when appointed as a High Court judge. The Inn may elect non-members as honorary benchers – for example, distinguished judges and lawyers from other countries, eminent non-lawyers or (in the English Inns) members of the British Royal Family, who become known as "Royal Benchers" once elected.

One member of each Inn is the Treasurer, a position which is held for one year only.  While succession to the post of Treasurer was once dependent purely on seniority (or auncienty), this is no longer the case. The Treasurer is now elected. Two Readers are also elected each year.

Etymology
Historically, the most junior student barristers were only permitted to watch moot court trials and stood within the bar of the moot courtroom. More qualified barristers (known in England as "outer" or "utter" barristers) were permitted to join the argument and stood outside the bar. The most senior barristers were permitted to sit on the bench at moots. This third class of barristers became known as "Benchers" or "Masters of the Bench".

England usage
The practices and regulations vary from Inn to Inn, but the benchers are the ultimate governing body of the relevant Inn. The benchers govern the finances of the Inn, and they alone have the authority to admit students, to call students to the bar, and to elect other benchers. Today, the benchers of the four English Inns have common standards agreed with the Bar Council. They have the formal power to discipline members of their Inn by suspending or expelling them from membership of the Inn, and by disbarring them. Disciplinary functions are now shared with the Council of the Inns of Court, the Bar Standards Board and its Complaints Committee (formerly known as the Professional Conduct and Complaints Committee).

Ireland usage
The governing structure of King's Inns dates from the sixteenth century and are composed of "Benchers". Originally, the benchers were composed of the Lord Chancellor, judges and senior barristers. Today, benchers include elected Bar Benchers, Judicial Benchers (includes all judges of the Superior Courts) and Honorary Benchers and they have the power to conferring the degree of Barrister-at-Law, suspending or disbarring barristers and dealing with disciplinary matters.

Canadian usage
The terms bencher and treasurer are in use by the legal profession in Canada. A bencher in the Canadian context is a member of the board of directors of a provincial law society. Most benchers are lawyers, but in some provinces there are also lay benchers who represent the public interest.
In some provinces the head of the board is known as the treasurer. Paralegals are also elected as benchers, in those provinces where law societies govern their profession.

See also

Bench (law)
Crossbencher

References

Halsbury's Laws of England, Barristers, para.431

External links
Legal profession to 1850 from Inner Temple
Benchers at Lincoln's Inn

Legal professions
Bar of England and Wales

Bencher


Tailypo is a creature of North American folklore, particularly in Appalachia. Alternate names include Taileybone, Taileybones, Tailbones, Tallie Tale, Taily Po, Taileypo and Tailipoe.

Creature
The Tailypo is usually said to be the size of a dog. Depending on the storyteller, it has yellow or red eyes, pointed ears and a long tail, and maybe tufted ears like a bobcat. It is nocturnal, covered in dark fur to blend into its environment. It only attacks with its claws, suggesting it is an animal, not a more versatile demon or spirit.

It speaks some English, demanding the return of its tail (the actual phrase varies from version to version, but always repeats).

Setting
The story is almost always set at night in a heavily wooded rural area. Geographically the setting is accepted to be somewhere in the American South. The events could feasibly occur at any time period, given the isolation and atmosphere of the tale.

The main events occur in a log cabin deep in the woods where a hermit and his three dogs live.

Story
During a season of considerable hunger and a lack of suitable game, the tale begins with a hermit and his three hounds. The man is out at night, looking for the evening meal and manages to shoot a small hare, which he shares with his dogs. Understandably still hungry, the man presses on and discovers a bizarre shape with bright eyes and a long tail. The hermit quickly shoots at the creature, severing its tail. Screaming, the creature runs off into the darkness and the man eats the tail, either raw or in stew.

On the brink of sleep, a rustling and clawing wakes the man. Sitting up, the hermit is able to see the gleaming eyes of the Tailypo leering at him from the foot of his bed. In an otherworldly voice, the creature demands the return of its "tailypo". Terrified, the man calls for his hounds, which immediately come to his aid, chasing the beast off into the night.

With the creature chased back into the woods, two of the hermit's dogs return, but one is missing. The man tries to sleep, but the Tailypo soon returns, beckoning even more forcefully for the return of its tail. Again, the man sics his hounds on the Tailypo, and again, one is missing upon the return of the survivor. Unable to sleep, the man clutches his weapon (usually a gun of some kind) and waits for dawn, his remaining dog nearby. When the Tailypo appears for the third time, the man once again orders the hound to attack the Tailypo. Predictably, the dog chases the creature away and does not return.

The man, now left with no real protection, having exhausted his three hounds, cowers under his bedsheets, praying for dawn. Hours before daybreak, the man hears the familiar rustling sound, hoping that it is one of his dogs. Unfortunately, the man is leapt upon by the Tailypo and is either disarmed or has dropped his weapon in terror. The beast is now eye-to-eye with the man, and it demands once more the return of his "tailypo".

Most commonly, the man is described as being flayed beyond recognition by the Tailypo. In less explicit versions, all that remains of the cabin is the chimney. Either way, it is understood that the Tailypo has exacted revenge for the loss of its tail. During the darkest of nights, the creature can be heard whispering for its "tailypo" (or claiming, whisperingly, that it has gotten its "tailypo" back).

Variations
The Tailypo legend has countless variations, many of which are passed down orally. The theme of a hungry man and his dogs hunting for food by their old cabin is constant. However, the methods used by the man to defend himself vary from axes to rifles. Also, the man's dogs sometimes simply get "lost" or just flee in fright, instead of being eaten or killed by the Tailypo. Sometimes, the dogs chase the creature into a swamp and then disappear, with the suggestion that they were lured into the swamp to be killed. In some variants, the Tailypo does actually enter the cabin through a hole in the floor, as opposed to being found in the woods. The season is accepted to be late Autumn but this too varies. Usually, these variations depend most heavily on the target audiences, with grisly embellishments removed for younger listeners. In some versions, the man's dogs are named (in order of disappearance) Uno, Ino, and Cumptico-Calico.

Analysis
The legend has been described as revolving around common anxieties for rural families in Appalachia, such as the fear of isolation or famine.  It can also be seen as a cautionary tale, teaching children not to abuse animals.

External links
Tailypo at Scary For Kids
The BookHive: Listen to a Story Jackie Torrence tells the story of Tailypo in RealVideo format.
AppLit Folktale Index: Tailypo
After Midnight Horror movie where protagonist, Hank is attacked nightly by a creature after his girlfriend leaves him.
Spirits - Podcast Episode 5 discusses Tailypo myth.

References

Appalachian culture
American folklore
American legendary creatures

Tailypo


Jon Caldara is an American libertarian activist who serves as the president of the Independence Institute. He is a radio host and has a current events show, Devil's Advocate with Jon Caldara, that airs on KBDI-TV PBS 12 in Denver, Colorado.

Early life and education
Caldara was born in Trenton, New Jersey. His family moved to Colorado when he was six years old. He graduated from Heritage High School and the University of Colorado Boulder. While in college, he drew a comic strip called B Street. After college, Caldara worked as a roadie setting up stage equipment for rock bands. He later started a stage lighting business.

Public policy career
Caldara was elected to the board of directors for the Regional Transportation District, eventually becoming chairman. He replaced Tom Tancredo as president of the Independence Institute, a Colorado think tank, in 1998.

Voter registration protest
When the Colorado legislature relaxed voter registration requirements to allowed people to register in a jurisdiction if they declared their intent to move there, Caldara objected. He decided to test the law by declaring his intent to move to Colorado Springs (Caldara is a long-time resident of Boulder, Colorado) in order to vote in a recall election there. In September 2013, Caldara cast a blank ballot, but never moved to Colorado Springs, although he sublet a room there for a brief time.

Colorado Attorney General John Suthers investigated Caldara for voting fraud, but decided against prosecuting him. Suthers called the incident "suspicious," and said that it was questionable that Caldara ever intended to become an El Paso County resident. However, Suthers noted "arguable ambiguity" in the same-day voter law, and took no action. Caldara's answer to his critics was: "I told you what I did was legal, neener-neener-neener."

Personal life
Caldara is the father of three children, one of whom died of cancer when she was one year old. His son has Down syndrome.

See also
 Roe Award

References

External links

 Jon Caldara biography
 Jon Caldara on Ballotpedia

Living people
American libertarians
Radio personalities from Colorado
People from Boulder, Colorado
People from Trenton, New Jersey
Year of birth missing (living people)

Jon Caldara


Transform Drug Policy Foundation (Transform) is a registered non-profit charity based in the United Kingdom working in drug policy reform. As an independent think tank, Transform works to promote public health, social justice and human rights through drug policy reform, seeking to achieve these goals through the legal regulation of the production, supply and use of drugs.

Transform began as an independent campaign group called Transform Drugs Campaign Ltd, and was set up in 1996 by its former Head of External Affairs, Danny Kushlick. The organisation achieved charitable status in 2003 and was renamed 'Transform Drug Policy Foundation' in 2004. In 2007, Transform became the first UK based non-governmental organisation calling for drug law reform to be granted special consultative status at the United Nations.

In 2012, Transform launched a Latin American programme of work in collaboration with the Mexico City-based NGO México Unido Contra la Delincuencia (MUCD).

In 2015, Transform launched 'Anyone's Child: Families For Safer Drug Control', a campaign to end the war on drugs, better protect children, and get drugs under control. Anyone's Child is an international network of families who have been adversely affected by existing drug laws and campaign for their reform.

Policy work
Transform's vision:To create a world where drug policy promotes health, protects the vulnerable, and puts safety first.Transform's mission:To educate the public and policymakers on effective drug policy; to develop and promote viable alternatives to prohibition; to provide a voice for those directly affected by drug policy failures; and to support policymakers and practitioners in achieving positive change.Transform develops and advocates for new policies to bring currently illegal drugs under effective legal control and regulation based on evidence of effectiveness. It argues that current policy is outdated and counter-productive, having been based on law and order politics and misplaced 'drug war' ideologies. Instead, the organisation proposes that moves towards legal regulation and control of currently illegal drugs would produce dramatically improved policy outcomes as measured by key performance indicators in crime, public health and well being, environmental damage, international corruption and conflict, and public expenditure.

Transform works with policy-makers, charities and funders across the health, crime and social policy sectors. It works at both a local and national level in the United Kingdom, and also works internationally.

Transform's organisational activities include:
 Carrying out research, policy analysis and policy development
 Challenging government to demonstrate rational, fact-based evidence to support its policies and expenditure
 Promoting alternative, evidence-based policies to parliamentarians, government and government agencies
 Advising non-governmental organisations whose work is affected by drugs in developing drug policies appropriate to their own mission and objectives
 Providing an informed and clear voice in the public and media debate on UK and international drug policy
The organisation is consulted regularly by its key audiences in policy making, the NGO sector and the media.

Public impact
Transform has been steadily gaining support from professionals and public figures whose fields include policy making, academia, business, church, judiciary, police, media, public health and medicine. Transform regularly appears in mainstream media debating, advising and responding to current issues within the drug policy field.

Other activities
Transform has a media blog which covers current drug policy issues, developments and news.

Transform has published the following books:
 How to regulate Stimulants: A practical guide (November 2020)
How to regulate Cannabis: A practical guide (November 2013)
 After the War on Drugs: Blueprint for Regulation (November 2009)
 After the War on Drugs: Tools for the Debate (October 2007)
 After the War on Drugs: Options for control (October 2004)
Transform has also published a series of reports and briefings on drug policy.

See also
 Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs
 Arguments for and against drug prohibition
 Drug liberalisation
 Drug policy reform
 Prohibition (drugs)
 Release (agency)

References

External links
 Official website

Health charities in the United Kingdom
Drug policy of the United Kingdom
Drug policy organizations
Drug policy reform
Organizations established in 1996
Public policy think tanks based in the United Kingdom
Cannabis law reform in the United Kingdom

Transform Drug Policy Foundation


Mohamed Abdallah Mohamed Zidan (; born 11 December 1981) is an Egyptian former professional footballer who played as a striker.

Club career

Early career
Mohamed Zidan was born in Port Said to an Egyptian family. His career started as a striker for his hometown club El Masry in 1998. Al-Masry dropped Zidan because of a perceived lack of passing ability, leading to his family moving to Denmark. In his first year in Denmark, while training with B93 for a contract, he played a few games for the Danish-Turkish club FC Anatolien, now Kokkedal BK, in Nivå in Northern Zealand. Zidan was scouted by the Danish Superliga club Akademisk Boldklub (AB) while he was juggling a ball at a Danish park in 1999. In June 2003, he moved to the league rivals FC Midtjylland (FCM), as AB experienced financial hardship. At FCM, he became the league's top scorer in the 2003–04 season, and he was awarded the Rookie of the year award, becoming Player of the Year the following season. In all, he scored 30 goals in 47 appearances for FC Midtjylland, and especially his nine goals in the first three games of FCM's newly built SAS Arena stadium, made the stadium colloquially known as "Zidan Arena".

Werder Bremen and Mainz 05
Zidan's performance in the Danish League had resulted in several top European clubs gaining interest in signing the striker. In the winter break of the 2004–05 season, he was loaned by German club Werder Bremen for the remainder of the 2004–05, with an option to buy in the summer. In the summer of 2005 he was bought by Werder for a fee believed to be around €3.5 million. On 31 August 2005, Zidan was loaned out to Mainz for the 2005–06 season. He went on to score nine goals in 26 appearances, seven as a substitute for Mainz. In the 2006–07 pre-season friendly matches, he retained his form with Werder Bremen, starting six of the seven matches he had played and scored four goals. Zidan's performance in the semi-final match of the 2006 DFB-Ligapokal against Hamburger SV on 1 August 2006, including bagging a goal in the 50th minute, earned him the man of the match award and ensured his club's qualification to the cup final.

However, after a trail of injuries, Zidan was on the receiving end of less playing time. After months of speculations, following the limited playing time and injuries, Werder Bremen announced on 16 January 2007 that Zidan would be transferred to Mainz for a reported 2.8 million Euros fee, which made it the largest ever purchase in the club's history, passing his medical on 17 January 2007. He scored six goals in the first 5 matches with his new club, catapulting the team from last, to 10th place on 1 March 2007 with 27 points. The Egyptian talent also received 50% of votes by the Kicker magazine, and earned himself the title of "Player of the month" in February in Germany, while Mainz became "Team of the Month" in the German Bundesliga.

Fans of Mainz loved Zidan since his loan spell with the red shirt in which he managed to dazzle them with his skills, talent, and goals. The most notable show of talent was in a game against Bayern Munich during the 2005–06 season. Zidan earned a man of the match award when he dribbled past Philipp Lahm and scored against Oliver Kahn. Whilst loaned to Mainz, Zidan scored a goal against the club he was contracted to, Werder Bremen, in 14 seconds. This marked it as the fastest goal scored in the Bundesliga season and is ranked sixth as the quick fastest scored goals in the Bundesliga's history.

In an interview with Bild in Germany, Zidan admitted that he had high aspirations and had ambitions to play in either "Barcelona, Real Madrid, Liverpool or Manchester United". He stated that he wanted to play for Barcelona within the next three years to play alongside Brazilian sensation Ronaldinho or Liverpool to play with Steven Gerrard.

During the 2007 season Zidan contributed many spectacular goals, but could not save Mainz from relegation. The club had only been able to score 34 goals in the entire season, 13 of which, despite having played for less than half of a season, came from the Egyptian forward's feet. Unfortunately Zidan's hard-work and valuable solo contribution was insufficient to prevent Mainz from the depths of despair of being relegated to the second division. However, Zidan's work was noticed by number of top established clubs based in Spain, France and England as well as German champions VfB Stuttgart.

Hamburger SV
Zidan's run of good form during the 2006–07 season fueled many transfer rumors, and major clubs as Hamburger SV, newly crowned German champions VfB Stuttgart and several Spanish clubs were named as possible future clubs. Mainz manager Christian Heidel was very keen to keep Zidan at the club, so the club could mount a promotion challenge for the 2007–08 2. Bundesliga season.

On 3 June 2007, Zidan passed a medical and thereby completed his move to HSV. He said that he always wanted a move to the north-German club, because he still has many ties to Denmark. The transfer fee was suspected to be about €5.8 million.

Zidan was handed the number 7 shirt, a number previously worn by Hamburger SV prized player and Iranian captain, Mehdi Mahdavikia. Zidan proved himself as a capable striker and could adjust to the new team in friendly games, often scoring when substituted or scoring four goals when he played the full game. Mohamed Zidan scored his first official goal for Hamburger SV in the away DFB-Pokal match versus Holstein Kiel. However several appearances in Hamburg's start to the Bundesliga saw Zidan goalless, and often substituted off before the full 90 minutes of the game. Zidan however proved himself as a dangerous striker and playmaker, as he was brought on as a substitute against Bavarian giants Bayern Munich in the 74th minute. Zidan scored his first Bundesliga goal for HSV in the 87th minute, with the goal bearing a lot of significance as it ended Bayern's early undefeated run in the competition and was the first goal that Oliver Kahn had conceded up until then and was also the third goal that Zidan has scored against Bayern during his years in the Bundesliga.

He also scored Hamburg's only goal in the game against Real Madrid in the Emirates Cup which took place in the summer of 2008, and later only played one competitive game for Hamburg during the 2008–09 season, as a late substitute in the first round of the DFB-Pokal against FC Ingolstadt 04.

Borussia Dortmund
Eventually, his time at Hamburg turned out to be for a short period. On 17 August 2008, Zidan's transfer from Hamburg to Borussia Dortmund was confirmed by both clubs' official websites as part of a deal that also saw Croatian international Mladen Petrić moving in the opposite direction, with both players signing four-year contracts. Dortmund also confirmed they had received an officially undisclosed transfer fee, which were believed to be worth around 5 million euro. His transfer to Dortmund reunited him with former Mainz coach, Jürgen Klopp, who was in charge of the club during Zidan's two successful spells there in 2005–06 and the second half of the 2006–07 season. He received the number 10 shirt. His first appearance with Borussia Dortmund was on 23 August 2008 against Bayern Munich in a game which ended 1–1. On 17 April 2010, Zidan suffered an injury in his knee that prevented him from playing for almost 6 months. On 3 May 2011, Borussia Dormund were crowned champions of the Bundesliga for the first time since 2002.

Return to Mainz
On 31 January 2012, Zidan left Borussia Dortmund and signed a new contract with his former club Mainz. He scored once in each of his first six games for Mainz, becoming the first player in the history of the Bundesliga to score in each of his first six games with his new club. This surpassed VfB Stuttgart striker Fredi Bobic who had scored in the first five games for his new club in the 1994–1995 season opener. On 10 April 2012, he scored once and assisted two goals against Köln in a 4–0 win. At the end of the season, Zidan refused to sign a contract extension by rejecting a one-year offer, claiming that he wanted a two-year offer.

Baniyas
On 31 July 2012, Zidan signed for Emirati club Baniyas, signing a two-year contract. In January 2013 he was omitted from the Baniyas roster for the rest of the season and decided to have his contract terminated. He was not registered in the club's squad list for the next season, so he did not play a single match in the 2013–14 Season. He left the club after his contract expired. He later described his stay in UAE as the biggest mistake in his life.

International career
Weeks before the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations in Egypt, the Egyptian Football Association sent a fax on 23 December 2005 to Mainz, asking for an international call-up for Zidan. There was no answer from Mainz or the player for that matter, and as a consequence he drew much criticism from the Egyptian fans and officials. He had allegedly chosen not to represent Egypt, as he felt he would lose his starting spot with Mainz. However, in an interview, after Egypt had won the African Cup of Nations in 2008, he stated that he did not play in 2006 was caused by a leg injury.

In a January 2006 interview with the Danish tabloid newspaper BT, Zidan criticized the Egyptian Football Association for contacting Mainz during Christmas time when everybody was on holiday, and said that the Egyptian national team should have talked to him personally, as they had with Tottenham Hotspur striker Mido. He also said that the Egyptian head coach Shehata had not treated him well, and that the whole thing seemed too unprofessional for him. In April 2006, Hassan Shehata declared he would never again invite Mohamed Zidan to join the national team. He stated, "Zidan refused to join the team when we needed him most, before the Nations Cup. You can never count on these kind of players". During this time there was also talk about Zidan wanting to play for the Denmark national team, if Egypt did not want him.

However, on 5 August 2006, just 11 days before Egypt's friendly match against Uruguay, Shehata backed down from his decision by calling up Zidan for the national team. However, Zidan remained doubtful for the friendly match against Uruguay due to an injury that forced him to miss Werder Bremen's season opener. Zidan was called to represent Egypt in the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations qualification match against Burundi, where he scored his first international goal only five minutes after kick-off.

In Egypt's 2008 Africa Cup of Nations opening Group C match against Cameroon, in a match hotly billed as the Group C decider for top and second spots in the group, Zidan turned in a strong performance, scoring two goals – helping the African Champions' cause for defending their title during an impressive 4–2 victory.

Zidan was not out of the woods yet when it comes to controversy as he was reportedly injured in training with the national team before their match with Angola, ART reporter said that he thought that Zidan is being "spoilt", and that he refused to continue the warm up and treatment for him before the game, this was denied by Shawky Gharib the Egyptian Head Coach, Zidan and the Manager; Hassan Shehata.

After missing a few games and a few starts after the display in the opening Cameroon game, Zidan was used as a substitute on numerous occasions, always posing a great threat to the opposition. He was used in the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations in Ghana as a striker, sometimes a lone striker, a winger and as an offensive midfielder. One of the most notable plays was in the final against Cameroon, when he applied pressure on veteran defender Rigobert Song and effectively wrestled the ball out of the defender's legs and managed to supply Mohamed Aboutrika for the winning goal.

In Egypt's opening 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup game, Zidan scored two goals against Brazil in a 4–3 loss.

He was called up to rejoin Egypt national team for the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations in Angola. He was Egypt's striker along with Emad Moteab. He played in the opening Group C match against Nigeria. He scored his a goal against Algeria in the semifinal, in a match that ended 4–0 to Egypt, and where he also assisted Mohamed Abdel-Shafy for the 3–0 goal. He supplied the final's winning goal, once again, but not to Aboutrika this time; this time it was Mohamed Nagy Gedo who got the winning goal.

On 3 March 2010, Zidan scored the only goal for Egypt in a 3–1 loss to England. Zidan is unlikely to play for Egypt again after refusing to play a crucial qualifiers match against Central African Republic to fly off to China for a discussion with a Chinese club.

Personal life
Zidan also holds German citizenship.

He was married to his long-time girlfriend Stina, who holds Danish citizenship, in 2014 in Germany.  They have two children together, born in 2010 and 2014.

In 2015, Zidan moved back to Cairo. In 2017, he married his current wife, Menas. They have a son born in 2018.

Career as an analyst
In 2014, Zidan worked as an analyst at beIN SPORTS channel for matches involving German clubs.

International goals
Scores and results list Egypt's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Zidan goal.

Honours
Werder Bremen
 DFL-Ligapokal: 2006

Borussia Dortmund
Bundesliga: 2010–11, 2011–12

Egypt
 Africa Cup of Nations: 2008, 2010

Individual
 Danish Superliga top scorer: 2003–04 (shared)
 FC Midtjylland Player of the Year: 2003–04, 2004–05
 Africa Cup of Nations Best XI: 2010

References

External links

Living people
1981 births
People from Port Said
Sportspeople from Port Said
Egyptian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Egypt men's international footballers
2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2008 Africa Cup of Nations players
2010 Africa Cup of Nations players
Bundesliga players
Danish Superliga players
UAE Pro League players
Al Masry SC players
Akademisk Boldklub players
FC Midtjylland players
SV Werder Bremen players
1. FSV Mainz 05 players
Hamburger SV players
Borussia Dortmund players
Baniyas Club players
El Entag El Harby SC players
Egyptian expatriate men's footballers
Egyptian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Egyptian expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
Expatriate men's footballers in the United Arab Emirates

Mohamed Zidan


Henry II (5 March 1133 — 6 July 1189) also known as Henry of Anjou, Henry Plantagenet, Henry FitzEmpres, or Henry Curtmantle (Short Mantle) and nicknamed the Brave or the Strong was the King of England from 1154, Duke of Aquitaine from 1152, and Duke of Normandy and Count of Anjou from 1151 until his death in 1189. He was also the Lord of Ireland from 1171 to 1177 and also controlled Scotland, parts of Wales, and most of France. All of this would form the Angevin Empire.

Henry grew up in France. His mother was Empress Matilda, daughter of King Henry I of England. His father was Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou, a brave knight. He would join his mother to fight against King Stephen of England, the successor of Henry I. Eventually, Stephen and Matilda would agree to make Henry Stephen's heir in 1153. Eventually on 25 October 1154, Stephen died and Henry ascended to the throne.

Henry was intelligent and was also well educated. He learned how to speak French, Latin, and English. Henry expanded England. England was very powerful during Henry's reign and that the English people would experience peace, stability, and prosperity. Henry brought many changes to England and made it more modern.

In 1173, Henry's family rebelled against him because of his bad behavior against them. France and Scotland supported them. However, in 1174, Henry put the rebellion down. Because he won the unsuccessful rebellion, Henry was given full control over Scotland, Wales, and most of France. He imprisoned his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine for supporting the rebellion for the rest of Henry's life. In 1189, Henry felt ill. He died of a fever and dysentery on 6 July 1189 at the age of 56. He was succeeded by his son, Richard I.

Henry was seen as a great king for England. During his reign, England became more and more powerful. He improved health care and peoples lives there. He reformed the economy, stabilized the country, and expanded the army and navy. He also founded the English Common Law. Henry in government and law. He made use of juries and re-introduced the sending of justices (judges) on regular tours of the country to try cases for the Crown. Henry was seen as a strong and a successful king by historians.

Law and order
Henry had an impact on law and order. Henry was unhappy at the law not being applied the same way across England. His changes helped to develop the common law. Laws would be applied in the same way in all towns and villages, so everyone was treated the same and with fairness. To do this, Henry made a number of changes:
 He created Judges who would travel the country and judge the cases of people accused of breaking the law. This meant that all crimes were judged by the King or his judges, and not by local people who might be biased or influenced.
 Allowed judges to collect the fines from punishments of small crimes, which would be then given to the King.
 Created trial by jury. This meant that a number of local men, usually 12, would judge the case of someone accused of a crime. If they believed he was guilty, he would be punished, and if they believed he was innocent, he would be set free.
Trial by Jury was a safer alternative to trial by ordeal, which could result in injury or death. In 1215, after Pope Innocent III banned priests from overseeing ordeals, jury trials became the most common way of judging criminals.

One of the big events that happened during his rule was the killing of Thomas Becket. Henry and Becket were old friends who found themselves in dispute once Becket became the Archbishop of Canterbury. Their dispute was over the role of the Church in England. Becket was trying to increase the power of church courts that had lost power when Henry had made major changes to the legal system. Four knights killed Becket in Canterbury Cathedral. Legend say that the knights had heard Henry say, "Who will rid me of this turbulent (rebellious) priest?"

Henry's first son, William, Count of Poitiers, died as a baby. In 1170, Henry and Eleanor's fifteen-year-old son, Henry, was crowned king (another reason for Henry's arguing with Thomas Becket, who did not agree with the Henry being crowned). Young Henry never ruled and is not in the list of the kings and queens of England; he became known as Henry the Young King so he was not confused with his nephew Henry III.

Henry and his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, had five sons and three daughters: William, Henry, Richard, Geoffrey, John, Matilda, Eleanor, and Joan. Henry tried to take Eleanor's lands from her (and from their son Richard). This led to conflict between Henry on the one side and his wife and sons on the other.

Henry also had many children outside of his marriage, including William de Longespee, Earl of Salisbury, whose mother was Ida, Countess of Norfolk; Geoffrey, Archbishop of York, son of a woman named Ykenai; Morgan, Bishop of Durham; and Matilda, Abbess of Barking.

Henry had constant struggles and battles against the French King Louis VII of France, but also many conflicts with his own wife and sons. His legitimate children were, he said, "the real bastards". When they were not fighting each other, they were fighting Henry. First Richard and young Henry fought their father for possession of lands they had been promised. They were defeated, and fined heavily. Later Eleanor and young Henry led a civil war against King Henry (1173/74). This Henry also won, just. Richard finally defeated Henry in a battle for Anjou (1189). Richard had the help of Philip II, who was now King of France.

Weak, ill and deserted by all except an illegitimate son, Henry died in France in 1189 aged 56. He ruled for 35 years and was succeeded by Richard.

References

1133 births
1189 deaths
Dukes and Duchesses of Aquitaine
House of Plantagenet
People from Le Mans
12th century in England

Henry II of England


Babar the Elephant (, ; ) is an elephant character who first appeared in 1931 in the French children's book Histoire de Babar by Jean de Brunhoff.

The book is based on a tale that Brunhoff's wife, Cécile, had invented for their children. It tells of a young African elephant, named Babar, whose mother is killed by a big game hunter. Babar escapes, and in the process leaves the jungle in exile, visits Paris, and returns to bring the benefits of civilization to his fellow elephants. Just as he returns to his community of elephants, their king tragically dies from eating a poisonous mushroom.  Because of his travels and civilization, Babar is chosen king of the elephant kingdom. He marries his cousin, Celeste, and they subsequently have children and teach them valuable lessons.

Story synopsis
After Babar's mother is shot and killed by a hunter, he flees the jungle and finds his way to an unspecified big city with no particular characteristics. He is befriended by the Old Lady, who buys him clothes and hires him a tutor. Babar's cousins Celeste and Arthur find him in the big city and help him return to the Elephant realm. Following the death of the King of the Elephants, who had eaten a poisonous mushroom (the illustrations indicate that it is a fly agaric), a council of old elephants approach Babar, saying that as he has "lived among men and learnt much", he would be suitable to become the new King. Babar is crowned King of the Elephants and marries his cousin, Celeste.

In Jean de Brunhoff's second Babar book, The Travels of Babar, when the married couple leave by balloon on their honeymoon:

...stormy winds down the balloon on an island, and yet again will the royal couple escape by whale, be marooned on an even smaller island and be rescued by a passing ocean liner only to be turned over to an animal trainer and put to work in a circus. And when they escape and return home, what awaits them but war with the rhinoceroses.

It was sparked when Arthur tied a firecracker to the tail of Lord Rataxes. Babar wins the war by having the elephants paint monster faces on their backsides, which cause the frightened rhinoceroses to run away. After the victory celebrations, the book ends with Babar, Celeste and the Old Lady sitting together and discussing how Babar can rule wisely and make all the elephants happy.

In the third book, Babar the King, Babar founds the city of Celesteville. After many dromedaries are found, they help with building the city. Each elephant citizen is given a job to do. Once the city is built, everyone celebrates. However, problems arise; the Old Lady is bitten by a snake, and Cornelius' home catches fire. Babar has a dream where he is visited by Misfortune and other demons which are chased away by elephant angels representing Courage, Hope, and other virtues. The morning after the hopeful dream, the Old Lady and Cornelius make full recoveries.

Among Babar's other associates in the various incarnations of the series are the monkey Zephir, the old elephant counsellor Cornelius (also later Pompadour who was created for the Babar television series), Babar's cousin Arthur, and Babar's children, Pom, Flora, and Alexander. A younger daughter, Isabelle, is later introduced. The Old Lady comes to live in the Kingdom as an honored guest.

Despite the presence of these counsellors, Babar's rule seems to be totally independent of any elected body, and completely autocratic. However, his leadership style seems to strive for the overall benefit of his elephant subjects—a form of benevolent dictatorship.

Besides his Westernizing policies, Babar engages in battle with the warlike rhinoceroses of a hostile bordering nation, led by Lord Rataxes. Much later, in Babar and the Adventures of Badou, Pom grows to become the father of Prince Babar II (known as Badou).

History

In 1931, Jean de Brunhoff introduced Babar in Histoire de Babar, and Babar enjoyed immediate success. In 1933, A.A. Milne introduced an English-language version, The Story of Babar, in Britain and the United States.

Before his death in 1937, Jean de Brunhoff published six more stories. His son Laurent de Brunhoff, also a writer and illustrator, carried on the series from 1946, beginning with Babar et Le Coquin d'Arthur.

An animated television series, Babar was produced in Canada by Nelvana Limited and the Clifford Ross Company, originally running from 3 January 1989 to 5 June 1991, with 65 episodes. An additional 13 episodes aired in 2000. The character has also appeared in a number of films. The first two of Jean de Brunhoff's Babar books have inspired two major concert works: L'Histoire de Babar, le petit éléphant (The Story of Babar, the Little Elephant) by Francis Poulenc in 1940; and The Travels of Babar (Le Voyage de Babar) by Raphael Mostel in 1994. In 2010, a sequel and spin-off, Babar and the Adventures of Badou, was released, introducing new characters, including Badou, Babar's grandson and Pom's son. It takes place several years after the original series.

L'Histoire de Babar, le petit éléphant (The story of Babar, the little elephant), FP 129, is a composition for narrator and piano by Francis Poulenc, based on Histoire de Babar and written between 1940-1945.

Influence and legacy
Babar, who likes to wear a bright green suit, introduces a very French form of Western civilization to the elephants, and they soon dress in Western attire. The attention to stylish clothing perhaps reflects the fact that the original publisher of the books was Editions du Jardin des Modes, owned by Condé-Nast. The Babar books were the first Condé-Nast publications not specifically about fashion.

Author Maurice Sendak described the innovations of Jean de Brunhoff:

Like an extravagant piece of poetry, the interplay between few words and many pictures, commonly called the picture book, is a difficult, exquisite, and most easily collapsible form that few have mastered....Jean de Brunhoff was a master of this form. Between 1931 and 1937 he completed a body of work that forever changed the face of the illustrated book.

The series has over 100 licensees worldwide, and the "Babar" brand has a multi-generational following. There are 12 Babar stores in Japan. A global cultural phenomenon, whose fans span generations, Babar stands along with Disney's Mickey Mouse as one of the most recognized children's characters in the world. There are now over 30,000 Babar publications in over 17 languages, and over 8 million books have been sold. Laurent de Brunhoff's Babar's Yoga for Elephants is a top seller in the U.S. with over 100,000 copies sold to date. The Babar series of books are recommended reading on former First Lady Laura Bush's national reading initiative list. All 78 episodes of the TV series are broadcast in 30 languages in over 150 countries, making Babar one of the largest distributed animation shows in history. Babar has been a perennial favourite for years at the White House Easter Egg Roll.

Since 2001, the Babar franchise has been owned by Corus Entertainment's Nelvana in conjunction with the artist, Clifford Ross.

Babar made a nameless appearance in The New Traveller's Almanac (part of The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen series). Babar and his elephants escort Mina Murray and Allan Quatermain through the African jungle. Mina considers them "civilized and gentle", but Allan denies that their leader is really wearing a crown.

In the 1988 comedy film Coming to America, the Joffer royal family have a pet elephant named "Babar". In 1993, de Brunhoff's elephant inspired the BaBar experiment, an international hadron physics collaboration based in the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory at Stanford University.

Criticism
Herbert R. Kohl and Vivian Paley, have argued that, although superficially delightful, the stories can be seen as a justification for colonialism. Others argue that the French civilization described in the early books had already been destroyed by World War I and the books were originally an exercise in nostalgia for pre-1914 France. Ariel Dorfman's The Empire's Old Clothes is another critical view, in which he concludes: "In imagining the independence of the land of the elephants, Jean de Brunhoff anticipates, more than a decade before history forced Europe to put it into practice, the theory of neocolonialism".

Babar's Travels was removed from the shelves by library staff in East Sussex in response to parental complaints for what was perceived as stereotypes of Africans.

A more sympathetic view is expressed in the 2008 New Yorker article "Freeing the Elephants", in which Adam Gopnik argues it "is not an unconscious expression of the French colonial imagination; it is a self-conscious comedy about the French colonial imagination and its close relation to the French domestic imagination. The gist ... is explicit and intelligent: the lure of the city, of civilization, of style and order and bourgeois living is real, for elephants as for humans". He concludes that the satisfaction derived from Babar is based on the knowledge that "while it is a very good thing to be an elephant, still, the life of an elephant is dangerous, wild, and painful. It is therefore a safer thing to be an elephant in a house near a park".

Books
Jean de Brunhoff wrote and illustrated seven Babar books; the series was continued by his son, Laurent de Brunhoff.

Jean de Brunhoff's Babar books (1931–1941), and the titles of the English translations, were:

 Histoire de Babar (1931) – The Story of Babar
 Le Voyage de Babar (1932) – The Travels of Babar, or Babar's Travels
 Le Roi Babar (1933) – Babar the King
 L'ABC de Babar (1934) – A.B.C. of Babar
 Les vacances de Zéphir (1936) – Zephir's Holidays, Zephir's Vacation, or Babar and Zephir
 Babar en famille (1938) – Babar and His Children, or Babar at Home
 Babar et le père Noël (1941) – Babar and Father Christmas

Laurent de Brunhoff's books (1948–present) (selected list):

 Babar et ce coquin d'Arthur (1948) – Babar's Cousin: That Rascal Arthur
 Pique-nique chez Babar (1949) – Babar's Picnic
 Babar dans l'Île aux oiseaux (1952) – Babar's Visit to Bird Island
 Babar au cirque (1952) – Babar at the Circus
 La fête à Celesteville (1954) – Babar's Fair
 Babar et le professeur Grifaton (1956) – Babar and the Professor
 Le château de Babar (1961) – Babar's Castle
 Je parle anglais avec Babar (1963) – Babar's English Lessons (published as French Lessons in English)
 Babar Comes to America (1965)
 Je parle allemand avec Babar (1966) – Babar's German Lessons
 Je parle espagnol avec Babar (1966) – Babar's Spanish Lessons
 Babar Loses His Crown (1967)
 Babar Visits another Planet (1972)
 Babar and the Wully-Wully (1975)
 Babar Learns to Cook (1978)
 Babar the Magician (1980)
 Babar's Little Library (1980)
 Babar and the Ghost (1981)
 Babar's Anniversary Album (1982)
 Babar's ABC (1983)
 Babar's Book of Color (1984)
 Babar's Counting Book (1986)
 Babar's Little Girl (1987)
 Babar's Little Circus Star (1988)
 Babar's Busy Year (1989)
 Babar's Rescue (1993)
 Le Musée de Babar (2002) – Babar's Museum
 Babar Goes to School (2003)
 Babar's Museum of Art (2003)
 Babar's Book of Color (2004)
 Babar's Busy Year (2005)
 Babar's World Tour (2005)
 Babar's Yoga for Elephants (2006)
 Babar's USA (2008)
 Babar's Celesteville Games (2011)
 Babar on Paradise Island (2014)
 Babar's guide to Paris (2017)

English translations of the original Babar books are routinely republished in the UK and in the US, individually and in collections.

Other English-language titles about Babar include the following:

 Babar Comes to America, New York: Random House, 1965
 Babar Learns to Cook, New York: Random House, 1967
 Babar Loses His Crown, New York: Random House, 1967
 Babar's Games, New York: Random House, 1968
 Babar's Fair, New York: Random House, 1969
 Babar Goes Skiing, New York: Random House, 1969
 Babar's Moon Trip, New York: Random House, 1969
 Babar's Trunk, New York: Random House, 1969
 Babar's Birthday Surprise, New York: Random House, 1970
 Babar's Other Trunk, New York: Random House, 1971
 Babar Visits Another Planet, New York: Random House, 1972
 Meet Babar and His Family, New York: Random House, 1973
 Babar's Bookmobile, New York: Random House, 1974
 Babar and the Wully-Wully, New York: Random House, 1975
 Babar Saves the Day, New York: Random House, 1976
 Babar's Mystery, New York: Random House, 1978
 Babar's Little Library, New York: Random House, 1980
 Babar the Magician, New York: Random House, 1980
 Babar's Anniversary Album, New York: Random House, 1981
 Babar's A.B.C, New York: Random House, 1983
 Babar's Book of Color, New York: Random House, 2009
 Babar and the Ghost, Easy to Read Edition. New York: Random House, 1986
 Babar's Counting Book, New York: Random House, 1986
 Christmas with Babar & Baby Isabelle, Woman's Day, 22 December 1987
 Babar's Little Circus Star, New York: Random House, 1988
 Babar's Busy Year, New York: Random House, 1989
 Isabelle's New Friend, New York: Random House, 1990
 Babar and the Succotash Bird, New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc., 2000

Films and television
 Les Aventures de Babar (French language TV series) (1968)
Bill Melendez Productions:
 The Story of Babar the Little Elephant (1968)
 Babar the Elephant Comes to America (1971)Atkinson Film-Arts:
 Babar and Father Christmas (1986)Nelvana Productions':
 Babar (1989–91; 2000)
 Babar: The Movie (1989)
 Babar: King of the Elephants (1999)
 Babar and the Adventures of Badou (2010–2015)

Video games
Mindscape released Babar and the Royal Coin Caper for the PC in 2005, Both Babar and Cornelius are voiced by Daniel Davies and Dave Pender. The Danish game company The Game Factory published Babar to the Rescue'' for the Game Boy Advance in 2006.

References

External links
 Official website of Random House, North American publisher of the Babar books of Jean de Brunhoff
 Digital maquette of Jean de Brunhoff's Histoire de Babar le petit Éléphant
 Official website of Raphael Mostel, composer and publisher & production proprietor of "The Travels of Babar" based on Jean de Brunhoff's classic book and art Le Voyage de Babar
 Official website of Harry N. Abrams, North American publisher of the Babar books of Laurent de Brunhoff
 Official Babar site of Treehouse TV
 New York Review of Books article
 Laurent de Brunhoff - Video Interview
 Maurice Sendak essay celebrating golden jubilee of Babar the Elephant
 Laurent de Brunhoff Reveals Shocking Beginning of Beloved Babar Series

Characters in French novels of the 20th century
Literary characters introduced in 1931
Anthropomorphic mammals
Fictional elephants
Fictional kings
French children's books
French picture books

Books about elephants
Novels about death
Novels about orphans

Babar the Elephant


The National Planetarium (), also known as the National Museum Planetarium (shortened as NM Planetarium), was a planetarium owned and operated by the National Museum of the Philippines in Manila. It was a  dome located in Rizal Park between the Japanese Garden and Chinese Garden on Padre Burgos Avenue in the central district of Ermita. It opened on October 8, 1975.

History
The building of a space museum in Rizal Park was proposed by Philippine Weather Bureau chief and Philippine Astronomical Society founder Maximo Sacro Jr. to National Museum Director Godofredo Alcasid Sr. in 1970. It was presented to then National Parks and Development Committee chair and First Lady Imelda Marcos who approved the project and immediately instructed the Bureau of Public Works to prepare plans for the building. Construction of the building began in 1974 with help from Japanese engineers. The planetarium cost US$100,000 to build with funding provided by the Japanese government as part of its war reparation to the Philippines. Presidential Decree No. 804-A was signed by then President Ferdinand Marcos on September 30, 1975 which formally established the National Planetarium. The building was formally inaugurated on October 8, 1975 with Maximo Sacro Jr. as its first curator.

The National Planetarium was closed in late 2018 and was reopened in January 2019 after two months of renovation. It was closed from April 2020 until July 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The planetarium's closure was announced on October 11, 2021 to give way for the "decommissioning" of the planetarium building. The administration also disclosed that a plan for a "new National Planetarium" is under development.

As of 2022, the former National Planetarium building currently houses headquarters of the National Parks Development Committee, the government agency attached to the Department of Tourism with the mandate of administering Rizal Park, where the national planetarium structure is located.

Museum exhibits and facilities
The National Planetarium was  high and had a seating capacity of 310. It was equipped with a GM-15-S Goto starball projector acquired in 1975. It featured four daily regular shows and a permanent exhibit in the main building featuring paintings of Philippine astronomical myths and beliefs and diorama representations of the Solar System, major constellations and astronomists.

In 2012, the National Planetarium had more than 40,000 visitors, mostly students from Metro Manila and nearby provinces. Its exhibition drew over 2,000 visitors.

References

Planetaria in the Philippines
Buildings and structures in Ermita
Buildings and structures completed in 1975
Museums in Manila
Tourist attractions in Manila
1975 establishments in the Philippines
National Museum of the Philippines
Establishments by Philippine presidential decree

National Planetarium (Manila)


Avraham Heffner (Hebrew: אברהם הפנר; 7 May 1935 – 19 September 2014) was an Israeli film and television director, screenwriter, author and Professor Emeritus at the Tel-Aviv University. He was a recipient of the Ophir Award for lifetime achievements.

Biography
Heffner served in the IDF with the Nahal Army Band. After his IDF service, he studied French literature at the Sorbonne, Paris. His love for the cinema began, according to him, at the age of 17. He began his career as an actor (in Uri Zohar's Hor BaLevana).

His first movie as director was Slow Down (1967), an adaptation of a short story by Simone de Beauvoir, which won him the Silver Lion Award at the 1969 Venice Film Festival. In the 1960s and the 1970s he was among the Israeli directors creating more personal and social films (in the "New Sensitivity" genre), films that were influenced from the Avant-garde-European cinema. The most significant example for these type of films is Heffner's first feature, But Where Is Daniel Wax?, which he wrote and directed. But Where Is Daniel Wax?, Heffner's most important and famous film, is considered by film critics and Israeli film researchers to be the best Israeli movie of all time.

Two other films of his, Aunt Clara (1977) and Laura Adler's Last Love Affair, are considered to be a eulogy to the old Yiddish speakers, European Jews who live in Israel. Aunt Clara, a semi-autobiographical film about Heffner's own family, tells the story of three Poland-born aunts in Israel, who are looking after their young nieces. Laura Adler's Last Love Affair is a eulogy to the Israeli Yiddish theater and its old actors.

The television film he created in 1998, Eretz Ktana, Ish Gadol [Small Country, Great Man], is a cynical look at the ever-changing State of Israel of the 1990s and the Zionist myths, which in Heffner's opinion, are now gone.

Heffner lectured for many years on filmmaking and screenwriting at the Tel Aviv University.

In 2004, Heffner won the Ophir Award for his life-time of achievements in Israeli Cinema. His films are held at the Jewish film archives.

Heffner died on 19 September 2014.

Influence
Heffner was a screenwriting lecturer in the mid-1970s at the Tel Aviv University, and influenced many well-known Israeli filmmakers such as Eitan Green, Renen Shor, Ari Folman, Hagai Levi, Menashe Noy and Dover Kosashvili.

Filmography
Slow Down (Short film, 1968)
Seance (Short film, 1969)
But Where Is Daniel Wax? (1972)
Aunt Clara (1977)
The Winchell Affair (1979)
Laura Adler's Last Love Affair (1990)
Eretz Ktana, Ish Gadol [Small Country, Great Man] (1998)

References

External links

1935 births
2014 deaths
Israeli film directors

Avraham Heffner


Coba () is a big ruined city of the Pre-Columbian Maya civilization. It is in the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico. It is about 90 km east of the Maya site of Chichen Itza, about 40 km west of the Caribbean Sea, and 44 km northwest of the site of Tulum.  Coba was thought to have had around 50,000 people living in it.

Coba is an ancient city of the Mayan tribes, where the highest pyramid of the Yucatan is located, which is called «Nohoch Mul».

Its height is 42 m.

Previously, it was possible to climb the pyramid, but now it is closed to the public and you can only study the structure from below.

Cities in Mexico
Maya civilization
Archaeological sites in Mexico
Quintana Roo

Coba


Commonwealth Foundation presented a number of prizes between 1987 and 2011. The main award was called the Commonwealth Writers' Prize and was composed of two prizes: the Best Book Prize (overall and regional) was awarded from 1987 to 2011; the Best First Book prize was awarded from 1989 to 2011. In addition the Commonwealth Short Story Competition was awarded from 1996 to 2011.

Beginning in 2012, Commonwealth Foundation discontinued its previous awards and created a new cultural initiative called Commonwealth Writers, which offered two new awards: the Commonwealth Book Prize for the best first book, in which regional winners received £2,500 and the overall winner received £10,000; and the Commonwealth Short Story Prize for the best short stories, in which regional winners received £1,000 and the overall winner received £5,000. After two years, the Book Prize was discontinued. The Short Story Prize remains the sole award from Commonwealth Writers.

Commonwealth Short Story Prize

The Commonwealth Short Story Prize, set up in 2012, is awarded annually for a piece of unpublished short fiction. It is open to Commonwealth citizens aged 18 and over who have had little or no work published and is particularly aimed at those places with little or no publishing industry.

Commonwealth Book Prize (2012–13)
Awarded for best first book, the Commonwealth Book Prize was established in 2012 for writers who were Commonwealth citizens aged 18 or over and who have had their first novel (full-length work of fiction) published in the year of entry. The Commonwealth Book Prize was part of an initiative by the Commonwealth Foundation called Commonwealth Writers, which seeks to unearth, develop and promote the best new fiction from across the Commonwealth.

Regional winners received £2,500 and the overall winner received £10,000.

The prize was active for two years, 2012 and 2013, and then discontinued.

Commonwealth Short Story Competition (1996–2011)

The Commonwealth Short Story Competition was an annual literary award. It was established in 1996 and administered by the Commonwealth Foundation in partnership with the Commonwealth Broadcasting Association.

Each year winning stories from different regions of the Commonwealth were recorded and broadcast on radio stations across the Commonwealth. The winner received a prize of £2,000 and there were regional prizes of £500 and highly commended prizes of £100.

In 2011 the competition was discontinued.

Commonwealth Writers' Prize
The Commonwealth Writers' Prize was established in 1987, as a successor to the Commonwealth Poetry Prize. Each year, prizes for Best Book (1987–2011) and Best First Book (1989–2011) were awarded in four regions: Africa, Caribbean and Canada, South Asia and Europe and South East Asia and Pacific. Eight regional winners then competed for the pan-Commonwealth Best Book and Best First Book prizes, awarded at a public programme held in a different Commonwealth country each year.

The award was discontinued in 2011, when the Commonwealth Foundation launched a new cultural programme, Commonwealth Writers, which offered the Commonwealth Short Story Prize.

Commonwealth Writers' Prize: Best Book (1987–2011)

In the following lists for the Best Book Prize and Best First Book, the overall winners are in bold and in blue background; those not in bold are the winners of the listed regions.

Commonwealth Writers' Prize: Best First Book (1989–2011)

Notes

External links
Commonwealth Writers
Commonwealth Writers' Prize

"Commonwealth Writers Prize" (winners 2002-12), www.literaryfestivals.co.uk.
Commonwealth Foundation

Commonwealth Writers awards
Short story awards
First book awards
Awards established in 1996
Awards established in 1987
Awards established in 1989
Awards disestablished in 2011

Commonwealth Foundation prizes


A delegate someone who is either chosen or elected to vote or act for others. In organizations like the United Nations, each country sends delegates to represent them.

Political delegates
Before a general election in the US, the process to select candidates begins with delegates. At the state level each of the major political parties selects delegates to attend a national convention. The two ways delegates are selected are the caucus and the Primary election. Each state may have different ways to select delegates as do political parties. The Republican Party lets each state decide how to select delegates. The Democratic Party uses a proportional method for awarding delegates. The percentage of delegates each candidate is awarded depends on the caucus or how many are elected for each candidate. Candidate "X" may have 40 percent, candidate "Y" may have 20 percent while candidate "Z" may have 50 percent. Any remaining percent may be undecided votes or for other candidates.

A candidate becomes his or her party's presidential nominee after the delegates sent to the convention give that person a majority of the votes. Because there are often multiple rounds of votes taken to select a presidential candidate, delegates sometimes change their votes. But in recent elections that has become unnecessary. Since 1976, it was fairly clear who was the front-runner even before the first vote was taken.

References

Politics

Delegate


Sergio Salvador Aguirre Anguiano (1 February 1943 – 21 June 2020) was a Mexican jurist and Associate Justice (ministro) of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation.

Born in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Aguirre Anguiano studied law at the Autonomous University of Guadalajara (UAG). He served as a notary public and taught law at the university level. The only member of the Supreme Court with a party-political background, he was a candidate for the Chamber of Deputies for the National Action Party (PAN) and served as a member of the Guadalajara municipal council in 1985 and 1986.

He was nominated for the Supreme Court by President Ernesto Zedillo and confirmed by the Senate in January 1995; he took office on 1 February 1995 and served until 30 November 2012. He was perceived as belonging to the Court's conservative wing.

References

External links
Ministro Sergio Salvador Aguirre Anguiano SCJN

Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation justices
1943 births
2020 deaths
Mexican people of Basque descent

Sergio Salvador Aguirre Anguiano


The Cairo International Book Fair is one of the biggest book fairs in the world with hundreds of book sellers and about two million visitors every year. It is the largest book fair in the Arab world, as well as the oldest. In 2006 it was the second largest book fair in the world after the Frankfurt Book Fair. It is held every year in the last week of January in Cairo, Egypt, at the Cairo International Fair Grounds in Madinat Nasr, near Al-Azhar University. It is organised by the General Egyptian Book Organisation.

Size
Cairo publishers make 60% of Arabic language books printed in the world. The state owned General Egyptian Book Organisation, is the largest book publisher in the Arab world. The fair has displays and speakers from publishers and government agencies from around the world, as well as sellers of books, video, and other media. Lectures, readings, and other public events take place during the three weeks the of the book fair, with items in Arabic, English, and other languages. The fair brings in ordinary Egyptians, with media on a range of topics, outdoor events, and even fireworks to entertain the large crowds.

The CIBF was started by the General Egyptian Book Organisation, a government publishers and retailers group, in 1969 as part of the celebrations of the 1000th anniversary of the start of the city of Cairo.  The 41st fair was held from 21 January to 5 February 2009.

Controversy
The CIBF has had problems in recent years. Leftist and Muslim militant authors, works critical of the government, and works with sections or topics that are seen as sexually or culturally controversial have been banned from the book fair. During the 2000 book fair, Islamist protests became violent. That year, more than 2000 members of Muslim student groups protested outside Al-Azhar University. This led to rare public protests against the Egyptian government, violence, 75 arrests and a number of injuries. The students were protesting an Egyptian Ministry of Culture publisher printing and selling copies of the 1983 novel A Banquet for Seaweed by the Syrian writer Haidar Haidar. After the protests, two members of the government printing house were also arrested for "disparaging religion" and publishing a work "offensive to public morals".

In later years a number of books from foreign publishers have been taken by Egyptian authorities. These have included works by Czech Milan Kundera, Moroccan Mohamed Choukri, Saudi Ibrahim Badi, Lebanese Hanan al-Sheikh, and fellow Lebanese novelist Elias Khoury  In 2005, Egyptian police arrested a number of book sellers and activists at the book fair. Two Egyptian journalists were arrested for giving out "false propaganda against the government" and others for presenting socialist work.

References

 Cairo International Book Fair . ISTC Travel guide. 2005.
 Ingrid Wassmann. Censorship and social realism at the Cairo Book Fair. Arab Media & Society. Issue 5, Spring 2008.
 The 40th Cairo Book Fair: Competition between Center and Periphery. Mona Naggar. Translated from the German by Isabel Cole. Neue Zürcher Zeitung/Qantara.de 13 February 2008.
 Pink suitcases, flowerpots turn heads at book fair. Shaina Azad. Daily News Egypt. January 29, 2009.

Other websites
 www.cairoibf.org : official site (Arabic).

Cairo
1969 establishments
20th-century establishments in Egypt

Cairo International Book Fair


Eric Drew Feldman (born April 16, 1955) is an American musician. Feldman has worked with Captain Beefheart, Fear, Snakefinger, The Residents, Pere Ubu, Pixies, dEUS, Katell Keineg, Frank Black, The Polyphonic Spree, Tripping Daisy, Reid Paley, Charlotte Hatherley, Custard and PJ Harvey.

Biography
In the 1970s, Feldman studied at UCLA under Philip Springer, a pop songwriter and early pioneer of electronic music and synthesizers.

The Magic Band (1976 - 1982)
When Feldman joined Captain Beefheart's Magic Band in 1976 as keyboardist and bassist, he was already an experienced musician. Like other members of the band, Feldman was expected to capture (on tape or notepad) Beefheart's musical ideas.  Once instrumental parts had been created, the band members had to play them exactly as composed: "I never had a problem with that. I felt like I was getting parts dictated to me from one of the best, especially when they were designed for me. You just feel like a model in a fashion show wearing a really nice dress, I guess."  During his time in the Magic Band, he was also given a nickname by Don, Black Jew Kitabu.  Feldman worked on the acclaimed trio of Beefheart albums in the late 1970s and early 1980s - Shiny Beast (Bat Chain Puller) (1978), Doc at the Radar Station (1980), and Ice Cream for Crow (1982).

Snakefinger's Vestal Virgins (1982 - 1987)
Feldman first became aware of Snakefinger and The Residents in 1979 whilst living in Los Angeles. He was given a mixtape (likely the compilation album Nibbles) which featured The Spot by Snakefinger and Ship's A Going Down by The Residents, which he became interested in. Shortly afterwards he moved to San Francisco, just four blocks away from the Ralph Records headquarters. Aware of the address' significance, Feldman visited out of curiosity. The Residents were familiar with Feldman's work with Captain Beefheart and, although he came to work with The Residents, introduced him to Snakefinger. Having produced Snakefinger's first two albums, The Residents wanted Snakefinger to branch out, and saw Feldman as the perfect collaborator. Feldman worked with Snakefinger on two studio albums before his death in 1987.

In May 1984, Feldman collaborated with Steve LeGrand of the band Times Beach to compose and perform the score to Sam Shepard's The Tooth of Crime in an acclaimed production at the Berkeley Repertory Theatre.

Pere Ubu (1988 - 1991)
After working with The Residents' Snakefinger, in 1988 Feldman was drafted in to replace departing Pere Ubu keyboard player Allen Ravenstine. He worked on their album Worlds in Collision (1991).

Black Francis (1991 - 1994)
Feldman met the Pixies' Frank Black in 1991, when Pere Ubu were touring as the Pixies' opening act, and later played keyboards on the Pixies' Trompe le Monde (1991) and toured with them. He can also be seen in the video for "Alec Eiffel". Feldman's brother Jef also played on the song "Space (I Believe In)" from the same record and was the inspiration behind its lyrics. After the Pixies split, Feldman worked with Frank Black on his solo albums Frank Black (1993) and Teenager of the Year (1994), producing, arranging and also playing bass and keyboards.

In 1994, after two Frank Black albums, Feldman applied for a job with PJ Harvey, who was putting together a band. He played on Is This Desire? (1998), White Chalk (2007), the PJ Harvey/John Parish album A Woman A Man Walked By (2009), and has regularly toured with her. His band kNIFE & fORK has opened for her.

While in Australia touring with Frank Black, he met the Australian band Custard.  He recorded two albums with them in the U.S.: Wisenheimer (1995) and We Have the Technology (1996).

In 1996, he produced In a Bar, Under the Sea by Belgian band dEUS. Two years later, he produced Jesus Hits Like the Atom Bomb by Dallas group Tripping Daisy. He later produced Together We're Heavy (2004) by The Polyphonic Spree, a 24-member troupe containing three ex-members of Tripping Daisy.  He also produced the album Revival (2000) by Brooklyn singer-songwriter (and sometime Frank Black songwriting collaborator) Reid Paley.

Through the 1990s Feldman continued to tour on and off with Frank Black and the Catholics and joined the band in the studio to make Dog in the Sand, Black Letter Days, Devil's Workshop, and Show Me Your Tears, as well producing the unreleased album Sunday Sunny Mill Valley Groove Day.  In the song "85 Weeks" from 1999's Pistolero, Frank Black retells a story about Captain Beefheart as told to Black and other band members by Feldman (the opening lines of "Once Eric said, 'Come gather 'round. I'll tell a tale that is sure to astound'" make a clear reference to Feldman). Since Feldman did not participate in the production of Pistolero the incident may date back to an earlier recording session.

On April 25, 2008, Feldman performed live with Black Francis at the San Francisco International Film Festival at the Castro Theatre.  Black Francis and his band performed the original score The Golem, which Feldman produced, for the 1920 silent movie The Golem: How He Came into the World.  In 2009 he co-produced and played on a new collaboration entitled NonStopErotik, released March 2010. They toured together briefly as a three-piece to support the album.'

The Residents (2002 - 2003, 2015 - Present)
In 2002, Feldman was invited to replace founding member and keyboardist Hardy Fox on The Residents' Demons Dance Alone tour, to which he accepted. They had asked to work with him on one previous occasion, but had to pass due to scheduling conflicts. The Demons Dance Alone tour lasted from October 2002 to September 2003. Following the tour, Feldman was not invited back to play with the group, due to it being more cost-efficient to keep Fox as the on stage keyboardist.

Twelve years later, in 2015, Hardy had decided to retire from The Residents for good. In reaction to this, the group invited Feldman to replace him. Feldman has performed on The Residents' Shadowland (2015 - 2016), In Between Dreams (2017 - 2019), and God In Three Persons (2019 - 2020) live shows, and has produced three albums by the group, The Ghost of Hope (2017), Intruders (2018) and Metal Meat & Bone (2020)

References
Mike Barnes, "The Sideman's Saga", The Wire, December 1996

1955 births
Living people
American rock bass guitarists
American male bass guitarists
The Magic Band members
Pere Ubu members
Guitarists from Los Angeles
American male guitarists
20th-century American guitarists

Eric Drew Feldman


Horrible Bosses is a 2011 American black comedy movie. It was directed by Seth Gordon. The story is about sexual harassment, corrupt bosses and plots to murder. Jason Bateman, Jason Sudeikis, Charlie Day, Kevin Spacey, Jennifer Aniston, Colin Farrell,  Jamie Foxx and Donald Sutherland star in the movie. The movie was released in July 8, 2011. It received positive reviews. It made less than $210 million worldwide. Horrible Bosses is 98 minutes long. A sequel, Horrible Bosses 2, was released on November 28, 2014.

Cast
 Jason Bateman as Nick Hendricks
 Charlie Day as Dale Arbus
 Jason Sudeikis as Kurt Buckman
 Jennifer Aniston as Dr. Julia Harris
 Colin Farrell as Bobby Pellitt
 Kevin Spacey as David Harken
 Donald Sutherland as Jack Pellitt
 Jamie Foxx as Dean "Motherfuckah" Jones
 Julie Bowen as Rhonda Harken
 P. J. Byrne as Kenny Sommerfeld
 Wendell Pierce as Detective Hagan
 Lindsay Sloane as Stacy
 Ron White as Detective Samson

Release dates

Other websites

2011 buddy movies
2011 comedy movies
2011 crime movies
2010s black comedy movies
2010s criminal comedy movies
American black comedy movies
American buddy movies
American criminal comedy movies
Buddy comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies about murderers
Warner Bros. movies
Workplace comedies
Movies about dentistry

Horrible Bosses


Ileigh (sometimes written Ileagh) is in North Tipperary.

It is the site of a Catholic church, built in 1826, which is one of the churches in the ecclesiastical parish of Borrisoleigh and Ileigh. An earlier church on the site was dated 1758. The current building is regarded as representative of the modest form of Catholic churches in Ireland before Catholic Emancipation in 1829. It is cruciform, with four-bay elevations to the nave, a single-bay chancel, a single-bay sacristy and two-bay transepts. The pitched roof is covered with artificial slates. The south transept has an ashlar limestone belfry with cross finial. The walls are rendered and the openings have pointed-arches with limestone sills and stained glass windows. The doorway is round-arched with a chamfered surround and timber panelled double doors with a date plaque above. The boundary walls are of random stone but the gate piers are of ashlar sandstone, supporting cast-iron gates.

References

Religious buildings and structures in County Tipperary

Ileigh


Alpinista (foaled 16 February 2017) is a British Thoroughbred racehorse. She showed some promise as a juvenile in 2019 when she won a maiden race on her debut and finished fourth in the Prix d'Aumale. In the following year she won the Upavon Fillies' Stakes and ran second in the Yorkshire Oaks. In 2021 she won all five of her races, namely the Daisy Warwick Stakes, Lancashire Oaks, Grosser Preis von Berlin, Preis von Europa and Grosser Preis von Bayern. As a five-year-old she added further major victories in the Grand Prix de Saint-Cloud, the Yorkshire Oaks and the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. The mare was retired to stud after a setback in training thwarted plans for a final racecourse appearance in the Japan Cup.

Background
Alpinista is a grey mare bred in England by her owner Kirsten Rausing. She was sent into training with Mark Prescott at Heath House stable in Newmarket, Suffolk.

She was from the fourth crop of foals sired by Frankel, an undefeated racehorse whose other progeny have included Cracksman, Adayar, Soul Stirring and Hurricane Lane. Alpinista's dam Alwilda showed good racing ability, winning four of her twenty four starts including the Listed Silbernes Band in Germany as a five-year-old. Alwilda's dam Albanova was named German Horse of the Year in 2004 and was a full-sister to Alborada. Albanova was a granddaughter of Alruccaba, an influential broodmare whose other descendants have included Yesterday, Allegretto (Prix Royal Oak) and Aussie Rules (Poule d'Essai des Poulains).

Racing career

2019: two-year-old season
Alpinista made her debut in a maiden race over seven furlongs at Epsom Racecourse on 18 July when she was ridden by Luke Morris and started at odds of 11/4 in a six runner field. She recovered from a slow start to take the lead approaching the final furlong and went clear of he opponents to win by two and a half lengths. She was then stepped up in class for the Group 3 Prestige Stakes at Goodwood Racecourse on 24 August but after becoming upset in the starting stalls she started poorly and never looked likely to win, coming home sixth of the seven runners behind Boomer. Two weeks later Alpinista was sent to France to contest the Group 3 Prix d'Aumale over 1400 metres on good to soft ground at Longchamp Racecourse. She raced towards the rear of the field before finishing strongly and finished fourth behind Savarin, beaten less than a length by the winner.

2020: three-year-old season
The 2020 flat racing season was delayed by restrictions imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and Alpinista did not race until 20 July when she was sent to France for the Listed Prix Madame Jean Couturie over 2000 metres at Vichy. She finished fourth behind Tickle Me Green but appeared to be an unlucky loser as she was beaten three quarters of a length by the winner after being denied a clear run in the closing stages. For her first run of the season in England she was ridden by Ryan Tate when she started at odds of 12/1 for the Listed Upavon Fillies's Stakes over ten furlongs at Salisbury Racecourse on 13 August. In a change of tactics, Alpinista went to the front soon after the start and was never seriously challenged, drawing away in the closing stages to win by more than three lengths from the Queen's filly Award Scheme. Tate, who was winning his first major race, commented "It was a great opportunity given to me by the boss, and thank you to the owners for letting me ride her. She has always been a very nice filly at home and thankfully she is progressing the right way – and there is plenty more left in the locker."

A week after her win at Salisbury Alpinista was moved up to Group 1 class for the first time to contest the Yorkshire Oaks over one and a half miles at York Racecourse. Ridden by Tate she started the 33/1 outsider of the six runners but belied her odds as she stayed on well to finish second to the favourite Love. On her final run of the season Alpinista started favourite for the Group 3 Princess Royal Stakes at Newmarket Racecourse on 25 September but was beaten half a length by the four-year-old Antonia De Vega after hanging to the left in the closing stages.

2021: four-year-old season
Alpinista began her third campaign in the Listed Daisy Warwick Stakes over one and a half miles at Goodwood on 30 April and started the 13/8 favourite against three opponents. Ridden by Morris she settled in second place behind the six-year-old Makawee before getting the better of a "sustained battle" with her older rival in the straight to prevail by a short head. After the race Luke Morris said "The plan was to make all today, but [James Doyle on Makawee] was quite keen to go on, so I was quite happy to take a close sit. When I finally drew up to him at the two pole I was fairly confident I had his measure... My filly is probably a gallop or two short of her best on her homework and she was just a bit ring-rusty when I went for her. Hopefully there's plenty of improvement in her."

After a break of over two months, Alpinista returned to the track at Haydock Park on 3 July when she started the 11/4 favourite for the Group 3 Lancashire Oaks on soft ground, with the best fancied of her eight opponents being the three-year-olds Dubai Fountain (winner of the Cheshire Oaks) and Mystery Angel (Pretty Polly Stakes. After being settled in second place by Morris behind the front-running Mystery Angel, Alpinista took the lead inside the last quarter mile and stayed on well to win by one and a quarter lengths from Lady Hayes. Her assistant trainer William Butler, commented "She's very game and we've trained lots of her family, who were very game as well. We were slightly worried about the ground as she was so effective on firm last summer, but her class got her through."

Alpinista was then sent to Germany to contest the Group 1 Grosser Preis von Berlin over 2400 metres at Hoppegarten on 8 August 2021 when she attempted to emulate grand-dam Albanova who won the race in 2004. With Morris in the saddle she started the 3.8/1 third choice in the betting behind Torquator Tasso and Walton Street (Dubai City of Gold) in an eight-runner field which also included Sunny Queen (Grosser Preis von Bayern), Kaspar (Grosser Preis der Badischen Wirtschaft) and Nerium (Gerling-Preis). She settled in fourth place as Walton Street set the pace from Kaspar and Torquator Tasso before moving up on the outside on the final turn. Alpinista ran down Walton Street 200 metres from the finish, opened up a clear advantage and won by two and three quarter lengths and a length from Torquator Tasso and Walton Street. Prescott, commenting from his home in Newmarket, said "This was the aim and it's not often these things go according to plan is it? I never get tired of winning any race—aren't I lucky? She stays, doesn't she? She just got stronger the further she went." The form of the race was subsequently franked as Torquator Tasso and Walton Street won the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe and the Canadian International Stakes respectively.

On 26 September Alpinista returned to Germany and again attempted to follow in the hoofprints of Albanova when she contested the Preis von Europa over 2400 metres at Cologne and started the 1.1/1 favourite. Her seven opponents included Sisfahan (Deutsches Derby), Northern Ruler (Prix du Lys), Kaspar, Sunny Queen and Nerium. With Morris in the saddle as usual, she tracked the leaders on the outside as Nerium set the pace before making a forward move entering the straight. She overhauled the leader 200 metres from the finish and won by one and a quarter lengths from Nerium, with Sisfahan in third. Butler commented "It's great – she's done everything we've asked of her this year... So we're very, very lucky to have her... The main thing is to get her back home and make sure she's OK... With these fillies, you've just got to make sure they're in good form and they're healthy – and when they are, they can do things like this."

Alpinista finished the season unbeaten with a win in Grosser Preis Von Bayern in Munich, Germany, taking her Group 1 tally to three. Prescott confirmed that the target for Alpinista in 2022 would be the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe in the autumn.

2022: five-year-old season
After a break of eight months, Alpinista began her 2022 campaign with a trip to France to run in the Group 1 Grand Prix de Saint-Cloud on 3 July. Beating Baratti by one and half lengths, she left 4/5 favourite Hurricane Lane well beaten in 8th place.

Her next race was the Yorkshire Oaks on 18 August. Starting as favourite, she won by a length from Epsom Oaks winner Tuesday. It was her seventh consecutive win and fifth Group 1 victory. After the ride Morris said: "It was very smooth, such a magical feeling. I could feel something coming late on, I wasn't sure who it was but as she felt it coming she squeezed a bit more for me".

Alpinista, ridden by Morris, went off as favourite in a field of twenty in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe at Longchamp on 2 October 2022. She went into the lead a furlong and a half out and won by half a length with Vadeni, ridden by Christophe Soumillon, and previous year's winner Torquator Tasso, ridden by Frankie Dettori, closing in on her at the post. Her trainer said "I think she's improved with every single run in the last two years and she's had to improve each time. Whether she can go on more, I don't know, but she's been faultless for two years, and the jockey's been faultless for two years. This is her best race but every single one of the last seven has been better than the one before, so it's been a marvellous journey."

Alpinista's connections had plans to run her for the last time in the Japan Cup the following month, but she experienced a setback in training and Prescott announced her retirement to stud on 10 November 2023. She joined other broodmares at Rausing's Landwades Stud in Newmarket.

Pedigree

Alpinista is inbred 4 × 4 to Miswaki, meaning that this stallion appears twice in the fourth generation of her pedigree.

References

2017 racehorse births
Racehorses bred in the United Kingdom
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Thoroughbred family 9-c
Arc winners

Alpinista


A waist cincher (sometimes referred to as a waspie) is a belt worn around the waist to make the wearer's waist physically smaller, or to create the illusion of being smaller.

Today
Waist cinchers and waspies from the 1980s are a type of wide, laced belts with elastic fabric and soft plastic stiffeners.

Ribbon corset
The ribbon corset is made of pieces of ribbon, as opposed to fabric. In 1901, a simple pattern of silk ribbon, two bones, and a busk was available, allowing women to construct their own ribbon corsets.

A pseudo-ribbon corset looks like a ribbon corset but is made from cut cloth instead of ribbons. The outside seam of the cut cloth is sewn fine, while the tight inside seam is sewn plain and curved.

Function

Short corsets have been used as light corsets for sleeping or light corsets that may be used next to the skin or over clothing. There are also elastic girdle belt styles that have been used on the inside of shape-enhancing garments, on their own as shapeware (items designed to be worn under and not be visible that help smooth, shape the figure to improve look of the wearer.)

There are a number of modern fashions that resemble the styles of the past, from wide elastic belts to actual modern corsets. The trend and styling of these belts moves rather quickly but the basic design remains the same: elastic in the back with some sort of closure in the front meant to define the waist or accent an outfit.

The more traditional boned styles of corset still exist in modern corset making. The corset styles that best represent this classic waist cincher fashion are 'Spanish belts' that can also come with elastic in the back, and act very much like the more modern belt-like styles.

More classic corset styles from which lighter corsets have adopted their fit and function are still available. They work basically the same way as the elastic and lighter styles, accenting an outfit or defining a waist, but they also offer better back support. Some serve as a fashionable alternative to certain kinds of medical back braces; these styles include the 'French underbust' and the 'long line underbust'.

The "New Look"

Dior's "New Look" brought the waist cincher to popularity around 1947. In his autobiography, Dior wrote: "I designed clothes for flower-like women, with rounded shoulders, full feminine busts, and hand-span waists above enormous spreading skirts".

The hand-span waists so beloved by Dior were achieved by foundation garments, of which the most popular was the waist cincher.  Called the "waspie" or "guepiere", it became the quintessential undergarment of the "New Look". Boned and back-laced, it differed from the Victorian corset of decades past primarily in its length, usually only 6 to 7 inches. Fashion magazines of the time stressed that it was "super-light weight" and contained "feather boning". Such garments were worn tightly cinched at the waist, usually over a girdle. The combination was described by Anne Fogarty, an American dress designer who popularized the "New Look" in the US: "To maintain your figure at its flattering best, depend on foundation garments to control and distribute; a cinch or tight belt to restrain."

Examples and similar corsets and belts

See also

 Corset controversy
 Waist chain

References

1940s fashion
20th-century fashion
Corsetry

Waist cincher


Bhimareddy Hanumareddy  Katarki (born 3 January 1924) is an Indian agricultural scientist specializing in cotton. During the 1970s, he was inspired by the success of Hybrid-4, Cotton  by Dr. C. T. Patel, of Surat Research Station. Dr. Katarki  also made a groundbreaking discovery of Varalaxmi, and DCH-32 Cotton varieties, at the Dharwad Agricultural University (Karnataka).

Childhood and Education
Shri. Katarki  completed  B.Sc. (Agri.) 1945 Bombay); B.Sc. (Agri.) 1963 (IARI, New Delhi) and  D.Sc. (Karnataka, Dharwad) 1975.

Teacher and Researcher
Served in various capacities:
 Department of Agriculture, (1954–1965)
 University of Agricultural Sciences, at Bangalore, and Dharwad from, 1965–1983.
 Post graduate teacher and Zonal Coordinator of South Zone from 1980 to 1983.
 member of ISCI, and R & D Sub-Committees, at Bombay, from 1980 to 1982.

Professional affiliations
 Fellow of the Indian Society of Genetic and Plant Breeding.
 Member of Indian Society of Cotton Improvement.(ISCI )
 Member of Scientific Panel for Plant Breeding ICAR, New Delhi from 1979 to 1983.
 Member of Governing Board of Karnataka State Seed Certification Agency from 1981 to 1983.
 Member of the Central State Farm Advisory Committee,  in Karnataka,  from 1979 to 1981
 Life member  of Institute for Studies on Agriculture and Rural Development Dharwad, since 1982.

Achievements
 Identified and released Extra long staple specific Tetra Ploid Cotton- Varalaxmi, in   the year 1972.
 DCH-32 in the year 1981, for Commercial Production in Southern and Central Cotton Belts of India- Capable of Spinning up to 80s and 90s counts.
 DS-56 and DS-59 (in G. hirsutum L), DB-3-12 (G.herbacium L), in the year 1982 for rain- fed fields.

Honours
 In 1965 and 1984, The Gold medal from the Government of Karnataka.
 In 1972, Citation from the UAS, Bangalore.
 In 1974, Honour from The Karnataka State Farmers' Forum.
 In 1976, ICAR Gold medal.
 In 1976, National tonnage club of farmers.
 In 1976, The Indian Merchant Chambers Award.
 In 1977 Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry.
 In 1981, Vasvik Industrial Research Award for outstanding achievements in the field of Agricultural Science and Technology.
 In 2007, ISCI, Mumbai's  Hon. Fellowship Award, in appreciation of his valuable contribution towards improving the Production and Quality of Interspecific Hybrid cottons in India.
 EICA, UAS Alumni Association Bangalore, Andhra Pradesh State level Seed Growers, Merchants and Nurserymen Association.
 In 2004, Lifetime achievement Award by UAS Dharwad, Karnataka State.

References

  Indian Society for Cotton Improvement Awards, June 16, 2007.
  Laxmivenkatesh, Holalkere Rangarao ; My Spin lab, 2005.

Textile scientists
1924 births
Living people

B. H. Katarki


Shock tactics are those military tactics designed to overwhelm an enemy with fear, causing panic and confusion. Shock tactics are as old as warfare itself. The Mongols got their reputation for being invincible by the use of shock tactics. Numbers of Medieval knights mounted on their warhorses made coordinated shock attacks into the ranks of enemy soldiers. Robert E. Lee saw the advantage of the shock attack as not so much killing enemy soldiers, but to "create a panic and virtually destroy the [enemy] army." The disadvantage of a shock attack is that the attacker may suffer heavy casualties. During World War I, for example, Germany suffered great losses with its use of the shock attack.

Historic examples

Ancient armies often defeated their enemy through through the psychological impact of shock tactics.

 The Hittites and Ancient Egyptians used the first mobile tool for shock tactics; the war Chariot. Charioteers were the elite branch of most armies of the time. But by the beginning of the classical period they were no longer effective. Armies had developed ways to defeat the chariots in battle. Even the infamous scythed chariots used by Darius I of Persia  could be easily defeated by the infantry. They changed to a wider spacing of their phalanx formation. This allowed the soldiers to avoid the blades and let the scythed chariots to go right through. They then ran directly into the long pike formations directly behind each phalanx which impaled the chariots and their riders.

 Philip II of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great depended on their elite Companion cavalry for their shock tactics to help win nearly every one of their battles. While the Macedonian phalanx units would engage the enemy, the cavalry was held in reserve. Once the phalanx broke up the lines, the Companion cavalry would act as shock troops and scatter the enemy soldiers.

 The German Blitzkrieg (lightning war) of World War II was a shock tactic that was used to great effect against their enemies. The Blitzkrieg concentrated its forces behind offensive weapons such as tanks, artillery and airplanes to quickly push through enemy lines. The tanks would then be free to cause shock and confusion behind the enemy lines. They would interrupt supply lines, and prevent reinforcements from sealing the breach in their lines. The Germans would then envelop the enemy troops and force them to surrender (military).

Notes

Related pages
 Flanking maneuver
 Pincer movement (also called a double-envelopment)
 Turning movement
 Ambush
 Envelopment
 Pincer movement
 Rearguard
 Attrition warfare
 Feigned retreat
 Preemptive war
 Oblique order

References

Other websites
 Top 5 Ancient Military Tactics; YouTube

Military terminology
Military tactics

Shock tactics


Richard of Chichester, also known as Saint Richard, was a Bishop from Wales. He died in 1253 and was declared a saint by the Church in 1262.

Early life
Richard was born in Chichester, Wales in the year 1197. When his parents died his older brother inherited the land. But he wasn't old enough to be allowed to run it and by the time he was old enough he couldn't afford the inheritance tax. So Richard ended up working for him on his farm. Richard had an arranged marriage to a woman that he didn't want to marry. So he left the estate to study at the University of Oxford. In 1235, Richard became the chancellor of Oxford.

Later life
In 1237, Richard's tutor Edmund of Abingdon became the Archbishop of Canterbury. He appointed Richard as priest of Canterbury. Edmund wanted the Pope to have more power than the king so King Henry III of England exiled him to France. Richard went to France to join him.

In 1240, Edmund died. In 1242, Richard came back to England after studying theology with the Dominican Order.  In 1244, Richard was elected Bishop of Chichester but King Henry III refused to accept that he was so Pope Innocent IV appointed Richard Bishop of Lyons in 1245. When Richard came back to Chichester in 1247, King Henry made it against the law for anyone to give Richard any food or let him into any house. Richard was known for wanting a crusade.

Richard died in 1253 in Dover.

Bishops

Richard of Chichester