Itadaki Street DS (いただきストリートDS, lit. "Top Street DS") is a game for the Nintendo DS. It was created by Square Enix. Like other installments in the Itadaki Street series, Itadaki Street DS is a Monopoly-like game that has some Mario Party-esque elements added to it due to the appearance of several Mario characters (minigames, for example). It was released on June 21, 2007 only in Japan.

A follow-up to this game, titled Fortune Street was released for the Wii in December 2011.

Gameplay
Players move around the board, buying shops and collecting money from others who land on their shop spaces. Depending on circumstances, some players can forcibly take over another player's shop spaces, or make them inactive for a turn. Players can also hold shares of a block of spaces so that they get paid when someone lands on any space in that block, even if it is not their own.

Players get bonuses for leveling up, which is done by passing four special spaces on the board (each marked with a suit- Club, Diamond, Heart, and Spade) and then going to the Bank space. If the player lands on one of these special spaces instead of passing them, they get a chance to randomly draw a "chance card", which affects gameplay or a player. Usually, the goal is to reach a certain total property value and get to the Bank, or to make a player bankrupt. There is also a special "Casino" space where themed games of chance occur.

Characters
There are 23 playable characters in Itadaki Street DS (if the male and female avatars are counted as one character): Eleven from the Mario series and eleven from the Dragon Quest series. Players are also able to create and customize their own characters that can be played as. Although only four of the characters from both series are playable to begin with, the others can be unlocked by playing through the Tour Mode of the game. Additionally, there are also three Support/Guest characters that players can summon with the help of a card, but are not playable.

Support/Guest Characters

Lakitu (shuts down spaces he passes or lands on for one turn)

Healslime (gives marks necessary for leveling up when player passes it)

Dancing Jewels/GoodyBag (pays out to the owner of any space it lands on)

Trivia
The theme "Hello, Happy Kingdom" from Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars is featured in this game's tutorial level.

This is one of the few games where Mario has written dialogue.

Other websites
 http://www.square-enix.co.jp/itastds/

Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
2007 video games
Board games
Party video games
Japan exclusive video games

Itadaki Street DS


Andromana, or The Merchant's Wife is a mid-seventeenth-century stage play, a tragedy first published in 1660. It has attracted scholarly attention for the questions of its authorship and the influence of its sources.

The play's date of authorship is unknown with certainty, and has been estimated in the 1642–60 era, during the English Civil War and the Interregnum when the theatres were officially closed. The play was reportedly performed in 1671, once the theatres had re-opened during the Restoration era. The play's May 19, 1660, entry into the Stationers' Register assigns the authorship of the work to James Shirley; the quarto published in the same year by the bookseller John Bellinger (which gives the play the subtitle The Fatal and Deserved End of Disloyalty and Ambition) attributes the play to "J. S." Many critics, however, have judged the play's "Burtonian melancholy" atypical of Shirley's style of drama; and its perceived lack of quality has led many Shirley scholars to omit the play from Shirley's canon.

Andromana is one of the many literary works of its period that draws upon Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia for its source material, both directly and through the secondary sources of the Beaumont and Fletcher play Cupid's Revenge. (The name "Andromana" derives from ancient Greek; the formidable women of ancient Sparta were known as "Andromanae.") Andromana also shows the influence of Robert Burton's The Anatomy of Melancholy, as mediated through the plays of John Ford.

Synopsis
Plangus, Prince of Iberia, from Book 2 of the Arcadia, is the royal protagonist of the play, though the primary focus, as the title indicates, is on the heroine/villainess Andromana, the Prince's adulterous commoner lover. (Once her husband dies early in the play, drowning "at the Rialto," she is no longer an adulteress, but she remains a villainess; the play's misogyny has caught the notice of critics.) King Ephorbus hopes to cure his son's melancholia, and end his affair with Andromana, by sending the Prince off to war; but this only gives Andromana a chance to seduce the King as well. When Plangus returns to court, he finds that his former lover is now his queen and stepmother. But Andomana assures the Prince that she will remain his mistress.

Plangus, however, rejects this arrangement, causing Andromana to become his enemy. She poisons the relationship between father and son, which leads to the Prince's incarceration—but a popular revolt frees the Prince from prison. Andromana plots a violent revenge once the Prince is rescued; Plangus overhears her instructing her minion, and stabs the man to death before he can act. Andromana cries for help, and the King, who responds, accuses his son of planning violence against the queen/stepmother/lover/slut; the King stabs and kills Plangus. Andromana then stabs the King, and Plangus's friend Inophilus, and then herself. She dies boasting of her villainy.

Critic Fredson Bowers judged the play an overall failure, and viewed the problem as a confusion of genres: Andromana suffers from "a fatal compromise between the villain play and the revenge tragedy."

Notes

Sources
 Andrews, Michael C. "The Sources of Andromana." Review of English Studies 19 (1968); pp. 295–300.
 Logan, Terence P., and Denzell S. Smith, eds. The Later Jacobean and Caroline Dramatists: A Survey and Bibliography of Recent Studies in English Renaissance Drama. Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press, 1978.
 Randall, Dale B. J. Winter Fruit: English Drama 1642–1660. Lexington, KY, University Press of Kentucky, 1996.

English Renaissance plays
Plays by James Shirley
1660 plays

Andromana


5RM (801 AM) is a South Australian radio station broadcasting from its transmitter site at Renmark into the Riverland and Mallee (Victoria)

5RM was opened in 1935 and was originally part of the 5KA network along with sister station 5AU Port Augusta and the church run 5KA Adelaide

The station broadcasts from studios located in Berri, South Australia.

As of Feb 2020, 5RMs Programming consists of Anthony Milich on the 5RM Breakfast Show 6-9 Weekdays, The Leon Byner Morning Show (originating from 5AA Adelaide 9-12 Weekdays and Lachie Winnall 12-6 Weekdays.

In November 2021, 5RM, along with other stations owned by Grant Broadcasters, were acquired by the Australian Radio Network. This deal allows Grant's stations, including 5RM, to access ARN's iHeartRadio platform in regional areas. The deal was finalized on January 4, 2022. It is expected 5RM will integrate with ARN's Pure Gold Network, but will retain its current name according to the press release from ARN.

References

External links

Radio stations in South Australia
Classic hits radio stations in Australia
Australian Radio Network

5RM


USA Today Sports Weekly is an American sports newsmagazine owned by the Gannett Company. A spin-off publication to Gannett's flagship newspaper USA Today, it focuses on coverage of baseball news from Major League Baseball (MLB), Minor League Baseball and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) from spring to early fall, as well as football coverage from the National Football League (NFL) during the fall and winter months. The magazine also features statistics for each covered league and interviews with players and staff members.

Sharing production facilities with its parent publication at Gannett's corporate headquarters in McLean, Virginia, Sports Weekly is printed on newsprint and distributed throughout the United States and Canada. The magazine is regularly published on Wednesdays, though special editions that preview major events (such as the World Series and the Super Bowl) or cover fantasy sports are released several times per year, typically on newsprint of better quality than that used in the weekly editions.

Background
The magazine was first published by the Gannett Company as USA Today Baseball Weekly, formatted as a tabloid-sized publication focusing exclusively on baseball coverage that launched on April 5, 1991,
 in concert with the first week of regular season play for that year's Major League Baseball season. For its first ten years of publication, it was released on a weekly basis during the baseball season and bi-weekly during the off-season.

The publication was renamed USA Today Sports Weekly on September 4, 2002, preceding the official start of the 2002 National Football League season, when it began to incorporate stories and statistics about the NFL. The editorial operations of Sports Weekly originally operated autonomously from those managed by the sports department of USA Today, before being integrated with its parent newspaper's sports unit in late 2005.

Sports Weekly added coverage and interviews from the NASCAR circuit beginning with the February 15, 2006 issue. However this lasted only for the auto racing organization's 2006 racing season, with Gannett announcing it was dropping weekly coverage of NASCAR from Sports Weekly after one season after the November 22, 2006 issue of the publication; although it would continue to issue three special editions dedicated to NASCAR on an annual basis. For the 2007 professional and collegiate baseball season, USA Today Sports Weekly announced that it would incorporate more comprehensive baseball coverage, along with the return of college baseball features; beginning with the August 8 issue that year, the magazine also added weekly coverage of the NCAA college football season.

In popular culture
 The first episode of Eastbound & Down included a fictional cover of Sports Weekly featuring the main character.
 In a 2006 episode of Family Guy, the main character Peter Griffin is seen reading Sports Weekly on a plane traveling to London.
 In the 2001 baseball comedy film Summer Catch, one scene features an announcer's booth at a Cape Cod League stadium accidentally being lit on fire when a cigarette ash falls on a pile of fictional Baseball Weekly issues.
 In the 2001 comedy film Shallow Hal, the character Mauricio (Jason Alexander) is shown reading a copy of Baseball Weekly.
 A photo of Bob Dylan appeared in an issue of Rolling Stone in which he was reading Baseball Weekly in a 7-Eleven store.

References

Sports magazines published in the United States
Weekly magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1991
NASCAR magazines
Gannett publications
USA Today
1991 establishments in the United States
Magazines published in Virginia

USA Today Sports Weekly


In enzymology, an arginine racemase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

L-arginine  D-arginine

Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, L-arginine, and one product, D-arginine.

This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those racemases and epimerases acting on amino acids and derivatives.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is arginine racemase. This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: lysine degradation, D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, and D-arginine and D-ornithine metabolism.  It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate.

References

EC 5.1.1
Pyridoxal phosphate enzymes
Enzymes of unknown structure

Arginine racemase


Alice H. Armstrong was an American physicist known for her work at the National Bureau of Standards certifying the United States' radium supply. She was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1931.

Early life and education
Armstrong grew up in Waltham, Massachusetts and attended a two-room country schoolhouse until she entered Waltham High School, where she studied Latin, German and French. Her mother hoped that she would attend Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, but she chose Wellesley College instead after visiting there with a friend. At Wellesley, she originally intended to major in French and German, but she took a physics course on the advice of her older half-brother, an engineer, and she went on to earn a degree in physics with a minor in chemistry. Armstrong graduated from Wellesley in 1919.

Career
Armstrong developed an interest in radioactivity during her time at Wellesley, and after graduating, she took a job at the National Bureau of Standards. The Bureau's radium laboratory had the responsibility of checking the quality and amount of radium samples, and the lab director was frequently absent due to a stomach ulcer. "So," Armstrong later recalled, "after only a few months, I found myself more or less in charge of certifying all the radium sold in the United States." After three years at the Bureau of Standards, Armstrong went to Radcliffe College for graduate studies, where she investigated X-ray spectroscopy with William Duane. During her graduate studies, she fell ill for half a year due to X-ray overexposure. She worked as an instructor at Wellesley, and then took an assistant position at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in 1927.

In 1942, she held the office of secretary-treasurer for the New England section of the American Physical Society.

She returned again to Wellesley and became a professor of physics, eventually leaving in 1953 to conduct research at Los Alamos.

References

External links

 Oral history interview with Alice Armstrong on 11 June 1979, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - interview conducted by Katherine Sopka in Wellesley, Massachusetts

American women physicists
20th-century American physicists
Wellesley College alumni
Radcliffe College alumni
Wellesley College faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Date of birth missing
Date of death missing
American women academics
20th-century women physicists
20th-century American women scientists

Alice Armstrong


Charlie Krank is a game designer who has worked primarily on role-playing games.

Early life
Charlie Krank was born in 1957 in San Francisco.

Career
Charlie Krank, an employee of the San Francisco game store Gambit, started volunteering to help Chaosium playtest in 1978 and became a paid employee two years later. Krank designed the collectible card game Mythos, which won the 1996 Best Card Game award at Origins. When Greg Stafford founded Issaries, Inc. and left Chaosium after 25 years, long-time employee and part owner Krank stepped up as the new president of Chaosium. Chaosium almost went out of business in 2003, and for a time afterward it was run out of president Krank's house with no paid staff.

On September 11, 2008, Krank informed the public that his friend and fellow long-time Chaosium employee Lynn Willis had been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Krank later reported that Willis died on January 18, 2013.

In a forum posting of 3 June 2015, Sandy Petersen announced that Krank was no longer President of Chaosium.

References

External links

1957 births
Businesspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area
Chaosium game designers
Living people
People from San Francisco
Role-playing game designers

Charlie Krank


Pordim ( ) is a town in Pleven Province in central northern Bulgaria and the administrative centre of Pordim Municipality. The town is 155 metres above sea level in the Danubian Plain. In December 2009 the population was 2,117.

Pordim is thought to be the site of the first ever telephone connection in Bulgaria, during the siege of Plevna of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78. It linked Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia with Prince Carol I of Romania.

The town played an active part in the war of 1877–78 and has two museums, the Alexander II Russian Museum and the Carol I Romanian Museum, both housed in the buildings where the two heads of state stayed during the battle for Pleven, commanding their respective forces.

Honour
Pordim Islands off Robert Island, South Shetland Islands are named after Pordim.

References

Towns in Bulgaria
Populated places in Pleven Province

Pordim


The Bible Belt is a region of the Southern United States and one Midwestern state, the state of Missouri, in all of which socially conservative Protestant Christianity plays a strong role in society. Church attendance across the denominations is generally higher than the nation's average. The region contrasts with the religiously diverse Midwest and Great Lakes, and the Mormon corridor in Utah and southern Idaho.

Whereas the states with the highest percentage of residents identifying as non-religious are in the West and New England regions of the United States (with Vermont at 37%, ranking the highest), in the Bible Belt state of Alabama it is just 12%, and Tennessee has the highest proportion of evangelical Protestants, at 52%. The evangelical influence is strongest in northern Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, North Carolina, southern and western Virginia, West Virginia, the Upstate region of South Carolina, and east Texas.

The earliest known usage of the term "Bible Belt" was by American journalist and social commentator H. L. Mencken, who in 1924 wrote in the Chicago Daily Tribune: "The old game, I suspect, is beginning to play out in the Bible Belt." In 1927, Mencken claimed the term as his invention. The term is now also used in other countries for regions with higher religious doctrine adoption.

In the United States

Geography
The name "Bible Belt" has been applied historically to the South and parts of the Midwest, but is more commonly identified with the South. In a 1961 study, Wilbur Zelinsky delineated the region as the area in which Protestant denominations, especially Southern Baptist, Methodist, and evangelical, are the predominant religious affiliations. The region thus defined included most of the Southern United States, including most of Texas and Oklahoma, and in the states south of the Ohio River such as Kentucky and Tennessee, and extending east to include central West Virginia and Virginia, from the Shenandoah Valley southward into Southside Virginia and North Carolina. In addition, the Bible Belt covers most of Missouri and southern parts of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. On the other hand, areas in the South which are not considered part of the Bible Belt include heavily Catholic Southern Louisiana, central and southern Florida, which have been settled mainly by immigrants and Americans from elsewhere in the country, and overwhelmingly Hispanic South Texas. A 1978 study by Charles Heatwole identified the Bible Belt as the region dominated by 24 fundamentalist Protestant denominations, corresponding to essentially the same area mapped by Zelinsky.

According to Stephen W. Tweedie, an Associate Professor Emeritus in the Department of Geography at Oklahoma State University, the Bible Belt was viewed in terms of numerical concentration of the audience for religious television when he first published his research in 1995. He finds two belts: one more eastern that stretches from Florida, (excluding Miami, Tampa and South Florida), through Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, the Carolinas, and into Southside Virginia; and another concentrated in Texas (excluding El Paso, and South Texas), Arkansas, Louisiana, (excluding New Orleans and Acadiana), Oklahoma, Missouri (excluding St. Louis), Kansas, and Mississippi.  "[H]is research also broke the Bible Belt into two core regions, a western region and an eastern region. Tweedie's western Bible Belt was focused on a core that extended from Little Rock, Arkansas, to Tulsa, Oklahoma. His eastern Bible Belt was focused on a core that included the major population centers of Virginia and North Carolina.

A study was commissioned by the American Bible Society to survey the importance of the Bible in the metropolitan areas of the United States. The report was based on 42,855 interviews conducted between 2005 and 2012. It determined the 10 most "Bible-minded" cities were Knoxville, Tennessee; Shreveport, Louisiana; Chattanooga, Tennessee; Birmingham, Alabama; Jackson, Mississippi; Springfield, Missouri; Charlotte, North Carolina; Lynchburg, Virginia; Huntsville-Decatur, Alabama; and Charleston, West Virginia. A study by the Pew Research Center in 2016 found that the ten most religious states were Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Louisiana, Arkansas, South Carolina, West Virginia, Georgia, Oklahoma and North Carolina. A 2014 study by the Pew Research Center found that the states with the highest belief in the Bible as the literal word of God were Mississippi (56%), Alabama (51%), South Carolina (49%), West Virginia (47%), Tennessee (46%), Arkansas (45%), Louisiana (44%), Georgia (41%), Kentucky (41%), and Texas (39%).

By state

Other Bible Belts in the United States

In addition to the South, there is a smaller Bible Belt in West Michigan, centered on the heavily Dutch-influenced cities of Holland and Grand Rapids. Christian colleges in that region include Calvin College, Hope College, Cornerstone University, Grace Christian University, and Kuyper College. Much like the South, West Michigan is generally fiscally and socially conservative.

There is also a Bible Belt in the western suburbs of Chicago (especially in DuPage County), centered on Wheaton. Christian colleges in that region include Wheaton College, North Central College, Northern Baptist Theological Seminary, and Elmhurst College. Christian publishing houses in that region include Good News Publishers, Intervarsity Press, and Tyndale House. Carol Stream is home to the headquarters of Christianity Today.

Colorado Springs, Colorado could be considered a Bible belt due to the large amount of prominent evangelical organizations headquartered there including Focus on the Family, Compassion International, The Navigators, David C. Cook, Young Life, Biblica, and others, even though it has low church attendance compared to other Bible belts.

History
During the colonial period (1607–1776), the South was a stronghold of the Anglican church. Its transition to a stronghold of non-Anglican Protestantism occurred gradually over the next century as a series of religious revival movements, many associated with the Baptist denomination, gained great popularity in the region.

The northern colonial Bible Belt (especially New England with its Puritan heritage) frequently performed missionary work in the South. "The centre of Particular Baptist activity in early America was in the Middle Colonies. In 1707 five churches in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware were united to form the Philadelphia Baptist Association, and through the association they embarked upon vigorous missionary activity. By 1760 the Philadelphia association included churches located in the present states of Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, and West Virginia; and by 1767 further multiplication of churches had necessitated the formation of two subsidiary associations, the Warren in New England and the Ketochton in Virginia. The Philadelphia association also provided leadership in organizing the Charleston Association in the Carolinas in 1751."

An influential figure was Shubal Stearns: "Shubael Stearns, a New England Separate Baptist, migrated to Sandy Creek, North Carolina, in 1755 and initiated a revival that quickly penetrated the entire Piedmont region. The churches he organized were brought together in 1758 to form the Sandy Creek Association". Stearns was brother-in-law of Daniel Marshall, who was born in Windsor, Connecticut and "is generally considered the first great Baptist leader in Georgia. He founded Kiokee Baptist Church, the oldest continuing Baptist congregation in the state". Also, Wait Palmer, of Toland, Connecticut, may have influenced African American Christianity in the South: "The Silver Bluff, South Carolina, revival was a seminal development, whose role among blacks rivalled that played by the Sandy Creek revival of the Separate Baptists, to which it was indirectly related. It was probably the same Wait Palmer who had baptized Shubal Stearns in 1751 who came to Silver Bluff in 1775, baptizing and constituting a church. Abraham Marshall, who encouraged the later offshoots, was a Separate Baptist of the Sandy Creek school. The revival at the Silver Bluff plantation of George Galphin (some twelve miles from Augusta, Georgia) had brought David George to the Afro-Baptist faith and had provided a ministry for George Liele".

According to Thomas P. Kidd, "As early as 1758, Sandy Creek missionaries helped organize a slave congregation, the Bluestone Church, on the plantation of William Byrd III, which may have been the first independently functioning African American church in North America. The church did not last long, but it reflected the Baptists' commitment to evangelizing African Americans". According to Gayraud S. Wilmore, "The preaching of New England Congregationalists such as Jonathan Edwards about the coming millennium, and his conviction that Christians were called to prepare for it, reached the slaves through the far-ranging missionary work of white evangelists such as Shubal Stearns, Wait Palmer, and Matthew Moore - all of whom left Congregationalism and became Separatist Baptist preachers in the plantation country of Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia".

Buckle

Several locations are occasionally referred to as "the Buckle of the Bible Belt":
Abilene, Texas, a city of 117,000, is home to three Protestant universities: the Baptist affiliated Hardin-Simmons University, the Church of Christ's Abilene Christian University, and Methodist founded McMurry University.
Nashville, Tennessee, sometimes referred to as "the Protestant Vatican", has over 700 churches, several seminaries, and a number of Christian schools, colleges and universities, including Belmont University, Trevecca Nazarene University, Lipscomb University, Free Will Baptist Bible College and American Baptist College. Nashville is the seat of the National Baptist Convention, USA, the headquarters of the Southern Baptist Convention, the National Association of Free Will Baptists, the Gideons International, the Gospel Music Association, and Thomas Nelson, the world's largest producer of Bibles.
Tulsa, Oklahoma, is a city where Protestant and, in particular, Southern Baptist, the Word of Faith movement, and other evangelical Christian traditions are very prominent. Tulsa is home to Oral Roberts University, Phillips Theological Seminary, and RHEMA Bible Training College (in the suburb of Broken Arrow). A number of prominent Protestant Christians have lived or studied in Tulsa, including Joel Osteen, Kenneth E. Hagin, Carlton Pearson, Kenneth Copeland, Billy Joe Daugherty, Smokie Norful and Billy James Hargis. Tulsa is also home to a number of vibrant Mainline Protestant congregations. Some of these congregations were founded during the oil boom of the early twentieth century and their facilities are noted for striking architecture, such as the art deco Boston Avenue Methodist Church and First Presbyterian Church of Tulsa.  The metropolitan area has at least four religious radio stations (KCFO, KNYD, KXOJ, & KPIM), and at least two religious TV stations (KWHB & KGEB).
Greenville, South Carolina, is a city where many Baptist churches, particularly Independent Baptist, are located. There are more than one hundred Baptist churches in the Greenville area, as well as Bob Jones University. It also is the home of WTBI radio station which plays old-fashioned Christian music and preaching 24 hours a day.

Political and cultural context
Evangelical Protestantism in recent decades links to social conservatism. In 1950, President Harry S. Truman told Catholic leaders he wanted to send an ambassador to the Vatican. Truman said the leading Democrats in Congress approved, but they warned him, "it would defeat Democratic Senators and Congressmen in the Bible Belt."

In presidential elections, the Bible Belt states of Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas have voted for the Republican candidate in all elections since 1980; Oklahoma has supported the Republican presidential candidate in every election since 1968, with Republicans having carried every county in the state in all presidential elections since 2004. Other Bible Belt states have voted for the Republican presidential candidate in the majority of elections since 1980, but have gone to the Democratic candidate either once or twice since then. However, with the exception of Mississippi, historical geographer Barry Vann shows that counties in the upland areas of the Appalachians and the Ozarks have a more conservative voting pattern than the counties located in the coastal plains.

During Republican presidential primaries, Christian Social Conservatives tend to win most states from the Bible Belt. In the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries Mike Huckabee won most Bible Belt states. In the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries Rick Santorum won most states. Both were Christian Social Conservatives. In the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries Donald Trump won most of the states while Ted Cruz won few.

Outside the United States

Canada
The province of Alberta has been referred to as Canada's Bible Belt with a significant Catholic, Anabaptist population and other Protestants. Certain areas of Canada's east coast region, such as the province of New Brunswick, also contain significant populations of Catholic, Baptist, Anglican and United faith adherents, up to 85% overall. There is also a vast Bible belt across southern Manitoba.

Denmark
In Denmark, rural western Jutland in particular is considered to be the Bible Belt.  This is due to the higher number of citizens who are associated (in this particular area) with conservative Lutheran Christian organisations such as the Church Association for the Inner Mission in Denmark, which traditionally have had a very strong resistance to abortion and LGBT rights. Today, the movement is strongest around Hedensted, Løsning, Korning and Øster Snede. The Danish Oasis Movement, the YMCA and Jehovah's Witnesses are also active in the area. The Evangelical Lutheran Free Church is active in Løsning and the Adventists in Vejle.

Estonia
Census results show religious belief in the country is more prevalent in the east running from north to south along the border with Russia, particularly in those areas with large populations of Russian Orthodox, Estonian Orthodox and Orthodox Old Believers.

Finland
In North Ostrobothnia, Lapland and Northern Savonia, the influence of the Laestadian movement, a Finnish Lutheran revival, is particularly strong. In South Ostrobothnia and Swedish-speaking Ostrobothnia, the influence of awakenism and evangelicalism (evankelisuus) is strong, as is that of the Free Church. The Finnish Bible Belt has been described on the basis of various indicators, but there is no precise definition. Mika Gissler of the THL has identified the medical districts of the Ostrobothnian regions as the Bible zone, which have distinguished themselves in the long term by a lower number of abortions than the rest of the country. Perho in Central Ostrobothnia is the most Lutheran municipality in Finland. Church membership in Ostrobothnia is also more common than in the rest of the country. Voting of Christian Democrats in 2019 parliamental elections was most common in Larsmo and Parkano.

France
Brittany has a long Catholic tradition, and the church has historically played an important role in the region's cultural and social life. Today, the region is known for its many religious festivals and processions, as well as its numerous churches, chapels, and shrines. Another region with a strong Catholic tradition is the Vendée, which is located in western France. The Vendée has a long history of resistance to anti-clericalism and anti-Catholicism, dating back to the French Revolution.

Germany
An area in the Ore Mountains in Saxony has been described as the "Saxon Bible Belt" with a notable evangelical Protestant/Christian fundamentalist/free church community, as well as some conservative Lutheran parishes that are opposed to same-sex marriage. Nevertheless, the Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Saxony approved church resolutions regarding the issue regardless of opinions within those parishes.

Lithuania
Among its Baltic neighbors Lithuania is in general much more religious, but even in this context, Vilnius with its many churches and adjacent region (Vilnius district and Šalčininkai district municipalities) with larger number of Lithuanian Poles is the most religious region of Lithuania. Both Šalčininkai and Vilnius district municipalities by the ruling Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania – Christian Families Alliance were declared as guarded and ruled by Jesus Christ.

Mexico
In Mexico, there is what is known as the Rosary Belt (Spanish: Cinturón del Rosario). The term, created by journalist and writer Carlos Monsiváis in 1999, refers to a region comprising the states of Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Querétaro and, in more recent years, Zacatecas, where 90% of the population professes Roman Catholicism, which has a notable influence on local politics and society. Guanajuato, for example, is one of the most important electoral strongholds of the National Action Party, of Christian democrat tradition, mostly inspired by the Social Doctrine of the Church, and with strong conservative ideals. It was in this region where the first uprisings against the government took place during the Cristero War, demanding an end to the persecution of Catholics in the country as a result of the promulgation of the so-called Calles Law, which restricted Catholic worship in Mexico.

Netherlands
The Bible Belt of the Netherlands (Dutch: Bijbelgordel) stretches from Zeeland, through the West-Betuwe and Veluwe, to the northern parts of the province Overijssel. In this region, orthodox Calvinists prevail.

The ABC Islands of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao are all under 20% irreligious.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, Mount Roskill, Auckland, contains the highest number of churches per capita in the country, and is the home of several Christian political candidates. The electorate was one of the last in the country to go "wet", in 1999, having formerly been a dry area where the selling of alcohol was prohibited.

At the 2013 New Zealand census, the Māngere–Ōtāhuhu local board area of Auckland had the highest concentration of Christians in New Zealand, with 67.7 percent of the local board's 71,000 residents identifying as such.

In contrast to other bible belts, both areas tend to vote for left-wing candidates and are both currently represented in parliament by the governing centre-left Labour Party as of 2023.

Norway
The Bible Belt of Norway is located mainly in the western and southern parts of the country, especially rural areas of Agder and Rogaland counties, which contains numerous devout Lutherans.

Poland
South and East parts of Poland are much more religious than North and West. See Poland A and B.

Soviet Union
Before its independence, Soviet Ukraine was known as the Bible Belt of the Soviet Union, with a significant proportion of Baptists.

Sweden
The area normally called the Bible Belt of Sweden is centered on Jönköping in southern Sweden and contains numerous free churches. Of the Småland counties, Jönköping is characterised by the Free Church, Kalmar by the High Church and Kronoberg by the Old Church. In a broader sense, the Bible Belt refers to the area between Jönköping and Gothenburg.

There are also numerous conservative Lutheran Laestadians in the Torne valley area in the far north of the country.

United Kingdom

In Northern Ireland, the area in County Antrim stretching from roughly Ballymoney to Larne and centred in the area of Ballymena is often referred to as a Bible Belt. This is because the area is heavily Protestant with a large evangelical community. From 1970 to 2010, the MP for North Antrim was Ian Paisley, a Free Presbyterian minister well known for his theological fundamentalism. The town of Ballymena, the largest town in the constituency, is often referred to as the "buckle" of the Bible Belt.

See also

Banana Belt
Blue wall
Born again
Christian fundamentalism
Christian right
Conservative holiness movement
Cow belt
Deep South
Evangelicalism in the United States
Great Awakening
Jesusland map
List of belt regions of the United States
List of U.S. states by religiosity
Quran Belt
Rust Belt
Southern Baptist Convention
Unchurched Belt

References

Further reading

 Balmer, Randall H. (2002). Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism. Westminster John Knox Press.
  Brunn, Stanley D., Gerald R. Webster, and J. Clark Archer. "The Bible Belt in a changing south: Shrinking, relocating, and multiple buckles." Southeastern Geographer 51.4 (2011): 513–549. online
 Christine Leigh H, (1997), Southern Cross: The Beginnings of the Bible Belt. Knopf.
 Denman, Stan. (2004). Political Playing for the Soul of the American South: Theater and the Maintenance of Cultural Hegemony in the American Bible Belt. Southern Quarterly, 42(3), 64–72.
 Hayes, Turner Elizabeth. (1997). Women, Culture and Community: Religion and Reform in Galveston 1880–1920, Oxford University Press.
 Heatwole, Charles A. (1978). The Bible Belt; a problem of regional definition. Journal of Geography, 77, 50–55.
 Hill, Samuel S., Lippy, Charles H. & Wilson, Charles R. (2005). Encyclopedia Of Religion In The South. Mercer University Press.
 Lippy, Charles, H. (1993). Religion in South Carolina. University of South Carolina.
 Marsden, George M. (1982). Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism, 1870–1925. Oxford University Press.
 Moran, Jeffrey P. (2004). The Scopes Trial and Southern Fundamentalism in Black and White: Race, Region, and Religion. Journal of Southern History, 70(1), 95.
 Park, Chris C. (1994). Sacred Worlds: An Introduction to Geography and Religion. Routledge.
 Pettersson, Thorleif & Hamberg, Eva M. (1997). Denominational Pluralism and Church Membership in Contemporary Sweden. Journal of Empirical Theology, 10(2), 61–78.
 Sparks, Randy J. (2001). Religion in Mississippi. University Press of Mississippi for the Mississippi Historical Society.
 Stacey, Williams A. & Shupe, Anson. (1984). Religious Values and Religiosity in the Textbook Adoption Controversy in Texas, 1981. Review of Religious Research. 25(4), 321–333.
 Tweedie, Stephen W. (1978). Viewing the Bible Belt. THE Journal of Popular Culture, 11(4), 865–876.

1920s neologisms
Cultural regions
Christianity in the United States
Evangelicalism in the United States
Christian fundamentalism
Religion in the Southern United States
Regions of the Southern United States
Belt regions of the United States
Cultural regions of the United States
Conservatism in the United States
Social conservatism
History of religion in the United States

Bible Belt


Robert Donne (born 1967) is a musician and film composer from Richmond, Virginia. He has recorded works with a variety of groups and individuals including Labradford (Kranky), Aix Em Klemm (Kranky), Spokane (Jagjaguwar), Gregor Samsa, Cristal (Flingco Sound System, Entr'acte), Pan.American (Kranky), Stephen Vitiello (Geographic North), and most recently Anjou (Kranky). His work as a composer includes Rick Alverson's Entertainment, which premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival, and New Jerusalem (2011 Film Festival Rotterdam), as well as Daniel Carbone's Hide Your Smiling Faces (2013 Berlinale).

References

Living people
1967 births

Robert Donne


Rouge (; meaning "red" in French), also called blush or blusher, is a cosmetic for coloring the cheeks in a variety of shades, or the lips red. It is applied as a powder, cream or liquid.

History
The Ancient Egyptians were known for their creation of cosmetics, particularly their use of rouge. Ancient Egyptian pictographs show men and women wearing lip and cheek rouge. They blended fat with red ochre to create a stain that was red in color.

Greek men and women eventually mimicked the look, using crushed mulberries, red beet juice, crushed strawberries, or red amaranth to create a paste. Those who wore makeup were viewed as wealthy and it symbolized status because cosmetics were costly.

In China, Rouge was used as early as the Shang Dynasty. It was made from the extracted juice of leaves from red and blue flowers. Some people added bovine pulp and pig pancreas to make the product denser. Women would wear the heavy rouge on their cheeks and lips. In Chinese culture, red symbolizes good luck and happiness to those who wear the color.

In Ancient Rome, men and women would create rouge using  (red lead) and cinnabar. The mixture was found to have caused cancer, dementia, and eventually death. Other sources for rouge (raw materials) included malachite and antimony

In the 16th century in Europe, women and men would use white powder to lighten their faces. Commonly women would add heavy rouge to their cheeks in addition.

Studies have strived to research other reasons as to why individuals choose to color their faces in a red tint and what blushing may also signify to others. Blushing, the body's natural reaction to feelings of shame/embarrassment/guilt is often followed with a reddish coloring on one's cheeks on individuals whose bodies react as such. This reaction can be associated with different moral and human tendencies such as pro sociality and commitment to social relationships. Emotions are involuntary and instantaneous reactions, and because of this are pretty reliable. Knowing this researchers have used social emotions to understand how humans signal prosocial intentions. Embarrassment which is often accompanied by the reddening of the face can now be seen as an indicator of one's prosocial behavior.

Contemporary
Modern rouge generally consists of a red-colored talcum-based powder that is applied with a brush to the cheeks to accentuate the bone structure. The coloring is usually either the petals of safflower, or a solution of carmine in ammonium hydroxide and rosewater perfumed with rose oil. A cream-based variant of rouge is schnouda, a colorless mixture of Alloxan with cold cream, which also colors the skin red.

Today, rouge is a term used to primarily identify blush of any color, including: brown, pink, red, and orange. Modern blush is offered in both a pressed or loose powder, a cream consistency similar to lipstick, or a liquid form. It is not commonly used to identify lipstick, however, some may use the term to refer to the red color of the product.

When the fashion trend of matching lipsticks with nail polish took hold and the color range of lipstick increased, people no longer used the term to identify lip color. The shade range for blush generally remained limited, keeping the name rouge.

Blush is made in the form of a cream, liquid, powder, or gel.

References

External links

 Modes In Makeup, a brief history of cosmetics
 The History of Makeup
 The Pervasion of Rouge (also known as A Defence of Cosmetics), by Max Beerbohm
 The Ultimate Guide To Blush - Types Of Blush

Cosmetics

Rouge (cosmetics)


David MacRitchie (16 April 1851 – 14 January 1925) was a Scottish folklorist and antiquarian. He proposed that stories of fairies originated with an aboriginal race that occupied the British Isles before Celts and other groups arrived.

Early life

David MacRitchie was the younger son of William Dawson MacRitchie and Elizabeth Elder MacRitchie. He was born in Edinburgh and attended the Edinburgh Southern Academy, the Edinburgh Institute and the University of Edinburgh. He did not gain a degree but qualified as a Chartered Accountant. His father had been a surgeon in the East India Company.

Career as folklorist

In 1888 MacRitchie founded the Gypsy Lore Society to study the history and lore of Gypsies. He was also a member of several folklore societies. In 1914 he joined the Council of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, serving as vice-president from 1917 – 1920. He was noted for his interest in archaeology, being appointed as a trustee for Lord Abercromby's endowment for an Archaeology department at the University of Edinburgh. He was also a member of the Scottish Arts Club and Vice-president of the Philosophical Institution.

In 1922 until his death he served as the treasurer of the Scottish Anthropological and Folklore Society.

Fairy euhemerism
David MacRitchie was a prominent proponent of the euhemeristic origin of fairies, a theory traceable to the early 19th century that considers fairies in British folklore to have been rooted in a historical pygmy, dwarf or short-sized aboriginal race, that lived during Neolithic Britain or even earlier.

Origins
MacRitchie is often credited as being the founder of the euhemerist school regarding British fairies. However, historian Edward J. Cowan has noted that the folklorist John Francis Campbell first founded this school of thought about 30 years before MacRitchie. Carole G. Silver, Professor of English at Yeshiva University has also traced the euhemerist theory of fairies further back to Walter Scott in his Letters on Demonology (1830). With the emergence of anthropological schools in the late 19th century, various renowned anthropologists such as Edward Burnett Tylor (1871) became proponents of the euhemeristic origin of fairies, in direct conflict with the religious or psychological theories of their origin.

The theory

Fairy Euhemerism, as developed by MacRitchie attempts to rationally explain the origin of fairies in British folklore and regards fairies as being a folk-memory of a "small-statured pre-Celtic race" or what Tylor theorised as possible folk memories of the aborigines of Britain. MacRitchie's theory subsequently became known in the late 19th century by folklorists as the "Ethnological or Pygmy Theory". The euhemeristic theory of fairies became considerably popular through MacRitchie's key works The Testimony of Tradition (1890) and Fians, Fairies and Picts (1893). Different theories, however, in the late 19th century and early 20th century surfaced concerning the racial origin of the proposed dwarf aborigines of Britain and these theories ranged from proposing that they were real African Pygmies, Eskimos or a short statured Mediterranean race. MacRitchie himself argued in his Testimony of Tradition, under a chapter subheading entitled "A Hairy Race" (p. 167), that they were somewhat connected to the Lapps or Eskimos, but were a distinct race because of their very long beards, concluding: "one seems to see the type of a race that was even more like the Ainu than the Lapp, or the Eskimo, although closely connected in various ways with all of these" (p. 173). In MacRitchie's view the indigenous population of Britain were thus a "quasi-European" Ainu race, with minor Mongoloid traits whom he considered ancestral to the Picts, a view earlier proposed by Walter Scott. The identification of fairies with Picts MacRitichie based primarily on the earlier accounts by Adam of Bremen and the Historia Norwegiæ which describe the Picts of Orkney as "only a little exceeding pygmies in stature". MacRitchie also discovered through The Orcadian Sketch-Book by Walter Traill Dennison (1880) that legends across Scotland describe the homes (usually underground dwellings) of the fairies as "Pict's Houses" and so he believed the Picts were literally the basis of fairies in British folklore. In Fians, Fairies and Picts (1893), The Northern Trolls (1898) and The Aborigines of Shetland and Orkney (1924) MacRitchie attempted to further identify the fairies of British folklore with the Finfolk of Orkney mythology, the Trows of Shetland myth, the Fianna of Old Irish Literature and the Trolls as well as the Svartálfar and Svartálfaheimr (elves or dwarfs) of Norse mythology. A 12th-century Irish manuscript is found referenced in Fians, Fairies and Picts which equates the Fianna to fairies, but this is one of the few literary sources MacRitchie used as evidence; instead he turned to philology and comparative mythology.

Support

MacRitchie's rationalisation of fairies, as having their basis as a historical population of diminutive size, won over much support from anthropologists from the late 19th century who questioned the religious or psychological origin of fairies. A notable proponent of the theory who had read MacRitchie's earlier works published in the Celtic Review was Grant Allen, who became convinced that fairies were modelled on an indigenous population of Britain, specifically the Neolithic long barrow makers. The archaeologist William Boyd Dawkins found MacRitchie's views also appealing, since in his Early Man in Britain and His Place in the Tertiary Period (1880) he considered Upper Paleolithic culture across Europe (including Britain) to have been founded by a proto-Eskimo or Lapp race, a view at the time which was popularised after the discovery of "Chancelade Man", in southwestern France by Leo Testut in 1889. Scientific consensus after the 1930s, however, agreed that the remains of "Chancelade Man" were Cro-Magnon. Within folklore, MacRitchie's euhemeristic view of fairies developed a racialist school which considered that the fairies and other beings such as elves and goblins of British myth represented primitive pre-Aryans, a view proposed most notably by John S. Stuart Glennie, Laurence Waddell and Alfred Cort Haddon. According to Haddon: "fairy tales were stories told by men of the Iron Age of events which happened to men of the Bronze Age in their conflicts with men of the Neolithic Age". In both Haddon's and Waddell's view, the fairies or other beings of British folklore were based on the Neolithic inhabitants of Britain.

Among folklorists who considered, supported or praised MacRitchie's views were Laurence Gomme, who in 1892 published Ethnology in Folklore, which argued folklore preserved a strong racial history of conquered or replaced indigenous peoples. The folklorist Charles G. Leland, who positively reviewed MacRitchie's book The Testimony of Tradition (1890), wrote "The book should be of exceptional interest to every folk-lorist, both on account of its subject-matter and also on account of the manner in which it is treated".

Criticism

MacRitchie's theories of fairies sparked criticism from proponents of the religious or psychological origin of fairies. Walter Evans-Wentz strongly criticised MacRitchie's theory in his The Fairy-Faith in Celtic Countries (1911). This prompted MacRitchie to respond to such criticisms in several articles published in the Celtic Review (October 1909, January 1910). It was mostly however MacRitchie's theory that the Picts were a dwarf or short statured race which was strongly rejected. Most historians of the day rejected Mackenzie's "Pygmy-Pict" theory. T. Rice Holmes, for example, mocked MacRitchie's claims, considering them eccentric and baseless since no archaeological evidence had ever proven of a "race of pre-neolithic or even prehistoric pygmies existed in this country". Critics attempted to pick holes in MacRitchie's claims on mythology; for example, Evans-Wentz noted that the Fianna of Irish myth are sometimes described as "giants". MacRitchie acknowledged these criticisms in his own writings but attempted to work around them and provide solutions:

Therefore in MacRitchie's view the Irish myths and folkloric accounts which describe the Fianna as "giants" only did so in a non-literal figurative sense to describe their savage type nature, not size. This idea was later expanded upon in his The Savages of Gaelic Tradition (1920) yet was not well received by contemporary folklorists. However, ancient authors such as Macrobius shared MacRitchie's beliefs that the "giants" of mythology were not giants in size, but huge in impiety (or their primitiveness). According to MacRitchie there were also "two" Pictish races, the former were the aboriginal dark Lappish or Ainu race, while a later white-skinned, red-headed group invaded them, who he considered the Caledonians.

British origin of Gypsies

In his Ancient and Modern Britons, MacRitchie claimed that the Gypsies were not of foreign origin, but were in fact the more conservative element of the native British population who had retained their nomadic way of life while the majority adopted a settled lifestyle.

References

Works

Publications by MacRitchie include:
 Ancient and Modern Britons, a Retrospect, 1884
 Accounts of the Gypsies of India, 1886
 The Testimony of Tradition, 1890
 The Ainos, 1892
 The Underground Life, 1892
 Fians, Fairies and Picts, 1893
 Scottish Gypsies under the Stewarts 1894
 Pygmies in Northern Scotland, 1892
 Some Hebridean Antiquities, 1895
 Diary of a Tour through Great Britain, (editor) 1897
 The Northern Trolls, 1898
 Memories of the Picts, 1900
 Underground Dwellings, 1900
 Fairy Mounds, 1900
 Shelta, the Caird's Language, 1901
 Hints of Evolution in Tradition, 1902
 The Arctic Voyage of 1653, 1909
 Celtic Civilisation, No date
 Druids and Mound Dwellers, 1910
  (with S.T.H. Hurwitz), pp 418-422, 1912
 Les kayaks dans le nord de l'Europe, 1912
 Great and Little Britain, 1915
 The Celtic Numerals of Strathclyde, 1915
 The Duns of the North, 1917
 The Savages of Gaelic Tradition, 1920
 The Aborigines of Shetland and Orkney, 1924

External links

1851 births
1925 deaths
Scottish antiquarians
Scottish archaeologists
Scottish folklorists
Writers from Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh

David MacRitchie


Greg Veatch is an American soccer forward who has spent most of his career in indoor leagues.  He also played one season each in the Western Soccer League and American Professional Soccer League.

Veatch began his career in 1989 with the Arizona Condors of the Western Soccer League.   In 1990, the WSL merged with the American Soccer League to form the American Professional Soccer League.  The Condors jumped to the APSL for the 1990 season, then folded.  In 1993, Veatch played for the Arizona Cotton in the USISL indoor league.  He then moved to the Arizona Sandsharks of the Continental Indoor Soccer League for the 1994 and 1995 indoor seasons.  In the fall of 1995, he signed with the Kansas City Attack of the National Professional Soccer League.  He only spent one season with the Attack before signing with the A-League Seattle Sounders on July 17, 1996.  The Sounders won the A-League title that year and Veatch was released after the championship game.  In 1998 and 1999, he played for the Arizona Sahuaros in the USISL.  He jumped to the Arizona Thunder in the World Indoor Soccer League in August 1999.  On August 4, 2000, the Thunder placed him on the injured reserve list. He played for the Arizona Inferno in the Premier Arena Soccer League until 2009. He left retirement in 2012 to play for Real Phoenix FC.

References

Living people
American men's soccer players
American Professional Soccer League players
Arizona Condors players
Sporting Arizona FC players
Arizona Sandsharks players
Arizona Thunder players
Continental Indoor Soccer League players
Kansas City Attack players
National Professional Soccer League (1984–2001) players
Seattle Sounders (1994–2008) players
USISL players
Western Soccer Alliance players
World Indoor Soccer League players
Men's association football forwards
Year of birth missing (living people)

Greg Veatch


Franciszek Ksawery Mikołaj Zabłocki (2 January 1754, Volhynia – 10 September 1821, Końskowola), is considered the most distinguished Polish comic dramatist and satirist of the Enlightenment period. He descends from an old aristocratic family of Poland with coat of arms Łada. He translated many French comedies, among others those by Molière, but also wrote his own plays concentrating on Polish issues.

From 1774, he worked in the Commission for National Education and in 1794, he took part in the Kościuszko Uprising. During the next year he gave up literature and became a priest.

Literary career
Zabłocki's literary career began with the publication of his work in the Polish literary magazine  ("Pleasant and Useful Amusements"). The magazine was the first of its kind in Poland, and was launched in the year 1770.

During King Stanislaw August's reign, Warsaw was the scene of great literary activity. The King used to host literary figures for dinner every Thursday. Zablocki was a regular invitee to these parties, which included in its guest list such Polish luminaries as Adam Naruszewicz and Ignacy Krasicki. During one such meeting, Zabłocki was asked to read his first comedy Fri Zabobonnik. The King was so enraptured by this song that he bestowed the  on Zabłocki.

After that Zablocki turned to writing plays, producing an astounding 40 plays in ten years. He mostly wrote comedies. His major works are Amphitryon (1783), Sarmatism (1785), Muhammad Harlequin (1785), King of Bliss in the Country (1787), Yellow Nightcap (1783), Doctor of Lublin (1781), Gamrat (1785), and The Marriage of Figaro (1786).

References

See also
 Zablocki family

19th-century Polish nobility
1754 births
1821 deaths
18th-century Polish–Lithuanian poets
18th-century Polish–Lithuanian dramatists and playwrights
Polish male dramatists and playwrights
Polish male poets
18th-century male writers
18th-century Polish nobility
18th-century Polish–Lithuanian writers
19th-century Polish writers

Franciszek Zabłocki


Melville W. Brown (March 10, 1887 – January 31, 1938) was an American film director, screenwriter and occasional actor.  He began his career on the local stage in Oregon, in stock companies and vaudeville, before moving to California and working in the silent film industry in 1916, at the suggestion of Charlie Chaplin.  His career was cut short when he died of a heart attack in January 1938.

Early life
Brown was born on March 10, 1887, to John and Fannie Brown of Portland, Oregon. He began his career in show business in local vaudeville productions and stock companies, such as the Baker Stock Company in Spokane, Washington.  In 1916, at the suggestion of Charlie Chaplin, he moved to Hollywood to start a film career.

Career
His first known credit is as a screenwriter, on the 1919 silent film, The Pest, produced by Goldwyn Pictures, and directed by Christy Cabanne. Over the next several years he would continue to write screenplays, including the critically acclaimed The Goose Woman, which he adapted from a story by Rex Beach, and directed by Clarence Brown (no relation). He would move into the directing field in 1926, with the film, Her Big Night, which he also wrote the screenplay for.  In 1935, he left Hollywood and went to England, where he directed several films over the next two years, the last of which, Mad About Money, was released after his death. Over the course of his career, he would write or direct over 30 films in Hollywood and the United Kingdom.

He returned from England in late 1937, and was working on a screenplay when he was stricken by a heart attack and died on January 31, 1938, at the age of 50.

Filmography

References

External links

Silent film directors
American male screenwriters
1887 births
1938 deaths
Writers from Portland, Oregon
Film directors from Oregon
Male actors from Portland, Oregon
Screenwriters from Oregon
Silent film screenwriters
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters

Melville W. Brown


Marie Wilt (also Maria Vilda and Marie Liebenthaler; 30 January 1833 – 24 September 1891) was an Austrian dramatic coloratura soprano. Possessing a wide vocal range with a significant amount of power and flexibility, Wilt sang a wide repertoire that encompassed the operas of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, the German operas of Richard Wagner, the grand operas of Giuseppe Verdi, and the bel canto operas of Bellini, Rossini, and Donizetti. She sang for many years at the Vienna Hofoper (now Vienna State Opera) and for a number of seasons at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in London. She notably portrayed the role of Sulamith in the world premiere of Karl Goldmark's Die Königin von Saba in 1875. Also a regular performer of the concert repertoire, Wilt often appeared in performances of works by Beethoven, Haydn, and Mendelssohn.

Biography

Early life and education
Born in Vienna, with the name Marie Liebenthaler, Wilt was orphaned as a young child and adopted by a family with the surname Tremier. Beginning in her teenage years, she sang in choirs in Vienna and occasionally appeared as a soloist. She married Franz Wilt, a banker, in 1855 and for the next several years worked as a housewife while still singing in choirs. She joined the Wiener Singakademie in 1858 and drew the attention of its director, Johann von Herbeck, who gave her solos in the oratorios and other large works the ensemble performed. Under Herbeck's persuasion and the influence of Belgian soprano Désirée Artôt she began to study singing with Joseph Gänsbacher.

Career and later life
Wilt made her professional opera début as Donna Anna in Mozart's Don Giovanni with Oper Graz in 1865. She repeated the role later that year at the Berlin State Opera, but had to leave the production in the middle of the opera's run due to carbon monoxide poisoning. The following year she went to England to join the roster at the Covent Garden where she sang roles for two seasons under the name Maria Vilda. She most notably sang the title role in Bellini's Norma while she was in London. She also appeared in Venice in November 1866.

In 1867 Wilt returned to Austria to join the roster at the Vienna Hofoper where she sang roles for the next decade. Her first role at the opera house was Leonora in Verdi's Il trovatore. She notably portrayed the role of Donna Elvira in Mozart's Don Giovanni for the opening of Vienna's new opera house in 1869. She also sang the title role in Verdi's Aida for the Austrian premiere of that opera in 1874 and portrayed the role of Sulamith in the world premiere of Karl Goldmark's Die Königin von Saba in 1875. Her other roles with the company included the Queen of the Night in Mozart's The Magic Flute, bel canto operas by Donizetti and Bellini, and several Wagner and Verdi heroines among others.

While singing with the Vienna Hofoper, Wilt also traveled periodically throughout Europe to appear as a guest artist in numerous operas and concerts. She was particularly admired for her performances of the soprano solos in Verdi's Requiem, Beethoven's 9th symphony, Beethoven's Missa solemnis, and the concert works of Haydn and Mendelssohn. She sang in concerts and operas in Frankfurt and Mannheim in 1868, Prague in 1869, and Riga in 1871. In 1873 she sang in concerts at the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Düsseldorf and Aachen, and in Bonn for the celebration Robert Schumann. Wilt returned to Covent Garden in both 1874 and 1875 to appear in several productions with the company, including: Marguerite de Valois in Giacomo Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots, the title role in Donizetti's Lucrezia Borgia, Alice in Donizetti's Robert le diable, and the title role in Rossini's Semiramide.

Wilt left the Vienna Hofoper in 1877 and moved to Leipzig. While there she sang the role of Brünnhilde in one of the first complete performances of Richard Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring Cycle) under conductor Anton Seidl. She joined the Opern- und Schauspielhaus Frankfurt in 1880 for their first season, opening their new opera house with the role of Donna Anna. She left Frankfurt in 1882 and spent the next four years singing in Budapest and Brno. She returned to the Vienna Hofoper in 1886 and the following year reprised the role of Donna Elvira at the Salzburg Festival for the centenary performance of Don Giovanni.

Wilt retired from the operatic stage in 1890 and, now a widow, moved to Graz to live with her daughter, Mrs. Gottinger. She fell in love with a younger man who ended up breaking her heart. The end of the romance threw her into a deep depression and she committed suicide by jumping from the window of the fourth floor of a hotel in Vienna.

References

1833 births
1891 deaths
Austrian operatic sopranos
Singers from Vienna
19th-century Austrian women opera singers
1890s suicides
Suicides in Austria-Hungary
Sopranos from Austria-Hungary

Marie Wilt


Matthew Bucksbaum (February 20, 1926 – November 24, 2013) was an American businessman and philanthropist. Matthew and his brothers Martin and Maurice co-founded General Growth Properties ().

Early life and education
Bucksbaum was born to a Jewish family in Marshalltown, Iowa, to Ida (Gervich) and Louis Bucksbaum.  During World War II, he served in the Army Air Forces in the Southwest Pacific Theatre as a cryptographer based in New Guinea.  He graduated from the University of Iowa cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts in Economics in 1949, where he was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society and the Order of Artus. His family owned a chain of three grocery stores.

Career
In 1954, Bucksbaum and his brother Martin borrowed $1.2 million and built the first shopping center in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, anchored by a fourth family grocery store. They expanded into enclosed malls which mirrored the continued movement to the suburbs seen in the 1960s. By 1964, their company - then named General Management - owned five malls anchored by the Younkers department store. In 1972, the company became publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the name General Growth Properties () and became the second-largest owner, developer, and manager of regional shopping malls in the country. Bucksbaum served as its chairman and chief executive officer, and under his tenure he formed two real estate investment trusts and expanded the company's portfolio of malls and shopping centers via more than $36 billion in acquisitions. In 1984, General Growth sold 19 malls for $800 million to Equitable Real Estate, which was deemed the "nation's largest single asset real estate transaction" to date. In 1995, his brother Martin died and he re-located the company to Chicago. In 2004, General Growth purchased The Rouse Company for $14.2 billion. By 2007, General Growth was the second-largest REIT owning 194 malls with over 200 million square feet in 44 states. In 2008, General Growth filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection after the collapse of the stock market.

Philanthropy
Bucksbaum sat on the board of trustees of the Aspen Music Festival and School, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the Lyric Opera of Chicago. He was a president of the Temple B'nai Jeshurun and the Polk County Mental Health Association, and a director of the Iowa Natural Heritage Foundation, all in Des Moines, Iowa. He donated $42 million to the University of Chicago for the creation of the Bucksbaum Institute for Clinical Excellence.

Personal life
Bucksbaum was married to Carolyn "Kay" (Swartz) Bucksbaum, who was also Jewish. They resided in Chicago, and had two children. Their son, John Bucksbaum, served as CEO of General Growth Properties from 1999 to 2008, and as its chairman from 2007 to 2010. Their daughter Ann Louise Bucksbaum is married to journalist Thomas Friedman. As of March 2011, he was worth an estimated US$1.2 billion.

Death
Bucksbaum died in Chicago of complications from Alzheimer's disease on November 24, 2013.

References

1926 births
2013 deaths
American billionaires
American real estate businesspeople
Businesspeople from Chicago
Businesspeople from Iowa
American philanthropists
People from Marshalltown, Iowa
University of Iowa alumni
American cryptographers
Philanthropists from Illinois
Mathematicians from Illinois
Bucksbaum family

Matthew Bucksbaum


9 Days in Summer is a promotional documentary film made by Ford that tells the story of the development of the Ford-funded Cosworth DFV and Lotus 49, the title coming from the nine Formula One races the car took part in the 1967 Formula One season, which are also extensively featured in the film.

Background
After the switch to 3 litre engines in 1966 Formula One season, many F1 teams such as Lotus that had previously been using Climax V8s had to find new engines in order to be competitive. After an unsuccessful partnership with BRM and their heavy, unreliable H16 engine Chapman persuaded Ford to fund the development of a new 3 litre V8 produced by Cosworth. The Ford Cosworth DFV was an innovative engine designed to form part of the chassis of the car, and went on to become the most successful engine in Formula 1 history amassing an incredible 155 wins.

Synopsis
The film opens showing Cosworth designer Keith Duckworth silently working away at his drawing board, then cuts to footage of the 1967 Dutch Grand Prix, over which the credits are superimposed, incorporated into a series of stylised gauges and dials. Jim Clark is shown winning the engine's début race.

Next the meeting in August 1966 at which Walter Hayes, Keith Duckworth, Colin Chapman and Harley Copp discuss plans for the new engine is shown, probably staged sometime later. The Belgian Grand Prix is then shown, Graham Hill and Clark both retiring.

Keith Duckwork and Cosworth's engineers are shown inspecting a new engine block before it is machined, footage of Cosworth's early computerised tools also being shown. A Lotus 49 is rolled out of its transporter, and the French Grand Prix is seen, where again both cars retire.

Back in the Cosworth factory, the first engine is assembled and tested on a dynamometer. Back on the race track, Clark wins again at the British Grand Prix but Hill retires and is shown doing an impromptu interview where he praises the new car.

Action switches to the Lotus factory where the Lotus 49 chassis is shown at an early stage of production. The chassis is finished and the engine mated to it for the first time, and Chapman explains the theory behind the new car. In Germany, Hill's car is shown being lifted onto a trailer after a practise shunt. The leading drivers are shown and named, and the race gets under way. Several cars are shown getting airborne over the Nürburgring's jumps. Both Lotuses retire with suspension trouble.

A Team Lotus transporter arrives at Snetterton, where Graham Hill tests the completed car for the first time. "It's got some poke, not a bad old tool" is Graham's verdict. To Canada, where the race is wet. Various double-exposure scenes of cars splashing around the wet circuit are shown. Clark retires, Hill finishes fourth.

Graham Hill is shown relaxing with his family in a swimming pool, a 7-year-old Damon Hill making an appearance. The action moves to Monza, where Clark is dropped to the back by a puncture, but comes from a lap down to lead the race, only for a fuel pump to fail on the last lap, dropping him to third. Surtees wins "by one frame of our camera, that's a forty-eighth of a second" over Brabham.

The film then shows a slightly melancholy Clark inspecting a deserted, fog-shrouded Watkins Glen, then fades to the start of the race. Clark and Hill lead, while various other cars are shown encountering problems. Chapman cheers his cars home in first and second place.

Straight to Mexico, where shots from the race of Clark and Hill actually battling for the lead are intercut with other footage clearly filmed at another time of the two cars running close together, but not at full racing speed. Hill retires, but Clark is shown being filmed by Mexican TV as he wins the race. Clark graciously shares his victor's laurel with Drivers' Champion Hulme, and the film ends showing a model of the Lotus 49 with five trophies in the background.

References

External links
 9 Days in Summer DVD

1967 films
1967 documentary films
1960s English-language films
Documentary films about automobiles
Documentary films about auto racing
Ford of Europe
Formula One mass media
Sponsored films
Promotional films
British auto racing films
British sports documentary films
1960s British films

9 Days in Summer


Nicholas Gregory Buss  (born December 15, 1986) is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Dodgers and Los Angeles Angels.

Career

Los Angeles Dodgers
Buss was originally drafted by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 35th round of the 2006 MLB Draft out of San Diego Mesa College but did not sign and was later drafted by the Dodgers in the 8th round of the 2008 MLB Draft out of the University of Southern California. He went to high school at De La Salle Collegiate High School.

He began his professional career with the Ogden Raptors in 2008 and was promoted to the Great Lakes Loons in 2009 and to the Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino midway through 2010. In 2011, he hit .328 with the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes in the California League. Buss played with the AA Chattanooga Lookouts in 2012 and in 2013 he was promoted to the AAA Albuquerque Isotopes, where he was selected as a starter for the mid-season Pacific Coast League All-Star team. He also made the post-season All-Star team and hit .303 with 17 homers and 100 RBI in 131 games.

The Dodgers called him up to the Majors for the first time on September 14, 2013. He entered the game that night in the third inning as a pinch hitter and remained in the game in the outfield. He had one hit in three at-bats in his debut, with his first hit being a single to right field off of Tim Lincecum. In 8 games with the Dodgers, he hit .105 (2 hits in 19 at-bats).

He was designated for assignment on May 1, 2014.

Oakland Athletics
On May 4, 2014, Buss was claimed off waivers by the Oakland Athletics and optioned to the Triple–A Sacramento River Cats.

Arizona Diamondbacks
In 2015, Buss played the whole season with the Arizona Diamondbacks' Triple–A affiliate. He hit .296 with four home runs in 92 games for the Reno Aces.

Los Angeles Angels
On December 10, 2015, Buss signed a minor league deal with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. After competing in spring training, Buss opened the season with the Salt Lake Bees of the PCL. Buss was added to the Angels' roster on August 13. He hit his first MLB home run on August 23 off then Toronto Blue Jays pitcher R. A. Dickey.

San Diego Padres
On January 24, 2017, Buss signed a minor league contract with the San Diego Padres organization. In 114 games for the Triple–A El Paso Chihuahuas, he hit .348/.395/.541 with 11 home runs and 55 RBI. Buss elected free agency following the season on November 6.

Minnesota Twins
On January 3, 2018, Buss signed a minor league contract with an invite to spring training with the Minnesota Twins. He was released on June 22, 2018.

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Los Angeles Angels players
Ogden Raptors players
Great Lakes Loons players
Inland Empire 66ers players
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Albuquerque Isotopes players
Cardenales de Lara players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
San Diego Mesa College alumni
USC Trojans baseball players
Sportspeople from Southfield, Michigan
Baseball players from Oakland County, Michigan
Major League Baseball outfielders
Sacramento River Cats players
Salt Lake Bees players
Reno Aces players
Tomateros de Culiacán players
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
El Paso Chihuahuas players
Rochester Red Wings players

Nick Buss


The Prairie Pothole Region (PPR; ) is an expansive area of the northern Great Plains that contains thousands of shallow wetlands known as potholes. These potholes are the result of glacier activity in the Wisconsin glaciation, which ended about 10,000 years ago. The decaying ice sheet left behind depressions formed by the uneven deposition of till in ground moraines. These depressions are called potholes, glacial potholes, kettles, or kettle lakes. They fill with water in the spring, creating wetlands, which range in duration from temporary to semi-permanent. The region covers an area of about 800,000 sq. km and expands across three Canadian provinces (Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Alberta) and five U.S. states (Minnesota, Iowa, North and South Dakota, and Montana). The hydrology of the wetlands is variable, which results in long term productivity and biodiversity. The PPR is a prime spot during breeding and nesting season for millions of migrating waterfowl.

Hydrology
Few natural surface water drainage systems occur in the region as pothole wetlands are not connected by surface streams. They receive most of their water from spring snowmelt and precipitation. Some pothole wetlands also receive groundwater inflow, so they typically last longer each year than those that only receive water from precipitation. Shorter-duration wetlands fed only by precipitation typically are sources of groundwater recharge. The hydrology of the potholes is very variable, responding to changes in precipitation and groundwater, and results in regular wet-and-dry cycles.

Vegetation
The vegetation of the PPR consists of emergent plants and tall grasses, while the prairie surrounding the region has dense grassland vegetation. The composition of a local plant community is heavily affected by the amount of water available. In wetter wetlands that retain water through the summer, the common plant is hard-stem bulrush, along with soft-stem bulrush and common threesquare in slightly drier regions of the wetlands. The vegetation in permanently flooded wetlands is more aquatic; duckweeds, pondweeds, aquatic buttercups, and aquatic smartweeds are some of the most common. In drier wetlands of the PPR, the vegetation varies from spikerush, which is found in the wetter areas of the wetland, to foxtail barley and wheatgrass on the outer edges of the wetland. The variable availability of water in the Prairie Pothole Region is buffered by an abundant seed bank under the soil, comprising species that thrive under different water regimes. During times of drought, shortgrass species increase and expand their range, while during wetter periods, tallgrass and mixed prairie communities become more common.

Wildlife
The Prairie Pothole Region provides important habitats for migratory waterfowl and other wildlife, supporting more than 50% of North America's migratory waterfowl. In particular, the region is one of North America's most important breeding areas for ducks. Although the region contains only about one-tenth of the continent's habitat area for breeding of waterfowl, roughly half the primary species of game ducks on the continent breed there. The region accounts for more than 60% of the breeding populations of mallard, gadwall, blue-winged teal, northern shoveler, northern pintail, redhead, and canvasback ducks.

Threats
Conversion of land for agriculture is a significant factor in the loss of wetlands in the PPR. More than half of the wetlands have been drained for farming. In particular, 90% of the prairie wetlands of the Minnesota River basin have been lost as habitat. The wetlands that do persist, surrounded as they are by agricultural lands, are also affected. Chemical runoff, sedimentation, and nutrient flow into the wetlands have adverse impacts.

Climate change is an adverse factor in the long-term viability of PPR wetlands for breeding ducks and other birds. Without mitigation, severe droughts and rising temperatures will cause many pothole wetlands to dry up sooner in the spring. In turn, due to the timing of waterfowl migrations, these dried wetlands will not present suitable breeding habitat. Warming-related drought may affect as much as 90 percent of the PPR's remaining wetlands. Simulations suggest that climate change will shift the most productive wetlands from the center of the region (southeastern Saskatchewan and the Dakotas) to edges of the PPR in the east and north. However, research has suggested that the effect of global warming is overshadowed by that of intensified land use and drainage of wetlands.

See also
Geography of Alberta
Geography of Saskatchewan
Geography of Manitoba
Geography of Montana
Geography of North Dakota
Geography of South Dakota
Geography of Minnesota
Geography of Iowa

References

External links

 America's Grasslands: A Threatened National Treasure Documentary produced by Prairie Public Television
 Land-use Change, Economics, and Rural Well-being in the Prairie Pothole Region of the United States United States Geological Survey

Regions of the Western United States
Prairies
Regions of North Dakota
Regions of South Dakota
Geography of Alberta
Geography of Manitoba
Geography of Saskatchewan
Geography of Iowa
Geography of Minnesota
Geography of Montana

Prairie Pothole Region


Juan de Grijalva (; born c. 1490 in Cuéllar, Crown of Castile – 21 January 1527 in Honduras) was a Spanish conquistador, and a relative of Diego Velázquez. He went to Hispaniola in 1508 and to Cuba in 1511. He was one of the early explorers of the Mexican coastline.

1518 expedition

In 1518, Grijalva became one of the first to explore the shores of Mexico.  According to Hernán Cortés, 170 people went with him, but according to Pedro Mártir, there were 300 people.  The main pilot was Antón de Alaminos, the other pilots were Juan Álvarez (also known as el Manquillo), Pedro Camacho de Triana, and Grijalva. Other members included Francisco de Montejo, Pedro de Alvarado, Juan Díaz, Francisco Peñalosa, Alonso de Ávila, Alonso Hernández, Julianillo, Melchorejo, and Antonio Villafaña. They embarked from the port of Matanzas, Cuba, with four ships in April 1518.

After rounding the Guaniguanico in Cuba, Grijalva sailed along the Mexican coast, discovered Cozumel, and arrived on 1 May at the Tabasco region in southern Mexico. The Río Grijalva in Mexico was named after him. He was also the first Spaniard to encounter Moctezuma II's delegation. One of the natives joined them, being baptized as Francisco, and became an interpreter on Cortes' expedition. Bernal Díaz del Castillo wrote about the travels of Juan de Grijalva in his book Historia de las Indias..

In 1518 Hernán Cortés stayed at Juan's home in Trinidad, Cuba, at the start of his Mexican expedition. He recruited men there, including the five Alvarado brothers.

He was killed by natives in Honduras on 21 January 1527.

References

Spanish conquistadors
History of the Aztecs
Spanish explorers of North America
16th-century Spanish people
People from New Spain
Colonial Mexico
Spanish colonial period of Cuba
Spanish West Indies
1490s births
1527 deaths
Explorers of Mexico

Juan de Grijalva


Alexandra Lendon Bastedo (9 March 1946 – 12 January 2014) was a British actress, best known for her role as secret agent Sharron Macready in the 1968 British espionage/science fiction adventure series The Champions. Bastedo was a vegetarian and animal welfare advocate, and wrote a number of books on both subjects.

Early life
Bastedo was born in Hove, England. Her mother (Liberiana Dorina Rescagliova 1917–2001) was of French, German and Italian descent, while her Canadian-born father (Gilbert Lendon Bastedo 1915–1985) was of Spanish, Dutch, Scottish and native American extraction. She attended Brighton and Hove High School and Brighton School of Drama.

Professional career
Bastedo made her film debut as one of the title characters in William Castle's poorly received 13 Frightened Girls (1963). She gained attention on the European continent, earning her the nickname, "La Bastedo". One of her first appearances in popular culture was in the 1966 film Doctor in Clover where she appears as a young nurse dancing with Sir Lancelot at a party (a non-speaking role).

Although most familiar to viewers of 1960s TV as Sharron Macready in The Champions, she was also known for her language skills, speaking Italian, Spanish, French and German. This ability brought her to the attention of 10 Downing Street, where she was employed to assist with translations, and landed her the role of co-presenter of Miss World competitions with Peter Marshall in the 1980s.

In 1979, she played in the series The Aphrodite Inheritance. In 1988, Bastedo was the cover star for Rank, a live album by British band The Smiths that charted at number 2 on the UK Albums Chart. In 1992, she appeared in "Fat" – the second broadcast episode of Absolutely Fabulous, playing a 1960s model associate of Edina and Patsy. She was seen in two episodes of The Saint series, alongside Roger Moore.

In 2006, Bastedo was reunited for the first time with her co-stars from The Champions to provide commentaries and an interview for a DVD release of the show. Still working as an actress, she appeared in Batman Begins, and touring theatres in 2006 with a production of Beyond Reasonable Doubt alongside Leslie Grantham and Simon Ward. In 2008, she joined the cast of EastEnders, playing Cynthia. In January 2008, she appeared as co-presenter (with Ed Stewart) of "The Magic of Mantovani" at Lighthouse, Poole. The success of this concert led, the following year, to a second concert at the same venue, with the Mantovani Orchestra, which she again co-presented.

Personal life
Bastedo dated David Frost and Omar Sharif, but turned down the advances of Steve McQueen who, she recalled, propositioned her with the line, "My wife doesn't understand me". In the case of Sharif, the liaison lasted only a few weeks because of the actor's bridge-playing, his odd hours and the fact that he took telephone numbers from other women.

Mike Tomkies, the Fleet Street journalist who abandoned the life of a celebrity reporter to live alone in the wilderness, lived with her for a while in Canada, and they talked of marriage, but she was prohibited from marrying by a contract for The Champions (1968 to 69). He said that she was the "most stunningly beautiful creature" he had ever seen.

In 1980, at Chichester Cathedral, Bastedo married Patrick Garland, a director, writer and actor; he became a long-serving director of the Chichester Festival Theatre. Bastedo wrote a memoir, Beware Dobermanns, Donkeys and Ducks, as well as several books on caring for cats and dogs. Her husband died on 19 April 2013.

Animal welfare
Bastedo was a vegetarian and the founder of Alexandra Bastedo Champions (ABC) Animal Sanctuary. In an interview for the BBC television series Where Are They Now? Bastedo provided a glimpse into her private life. She used to be the president of her local RSPCA branch but gave up her position in 2008, to dedicate more time to her fast-growing animal sanctuary at her home in West Chiltington, West Sussex. A journalist who interviewed her husband in 2010 described their domestic surroundings:

She was also a patron to a number of animal welfare organisations including Compassion in World Farming, Wildlife Aid Foundation, National Animal Welfare Trust, Greyhounds in Need and Naturewatch.

Death
Bastedo died of breast cancer on 12 January 2014, aged 67, in a hospital in Worthing, England. She was buried next to her husband Patrick Garland at St Mary's Church, Sullington, West Sussex. The service was conducted by her local vicar and friend, Revd Derek Spencer, who had overseen the funeral of her husband Patrick less than one year earlier.

Bibliography
 Alexandra Bastedo, Beware Dobermanns, Donkeys and Ducks (Parkwest: Robson Books, 1998)
 Alexandra Bastedo and Jeannie Kemnitzer, Canine Care and Cuisine: The Healthy Dog Book (Parkwest: Robson Books, 2000)
 Alexandra Bastedo and Jeannie Kemnitzer, The Healthy Cat Book: Feline Care and Cuisine (Parkwest: Robson Books, 2000)

Filmography
 13 Frightened Girls (aka The Candy Web) (1963) – Alex
 The Liquidator (1965) – Radio Operator (uncredited)
 Doctor in Clover (1966) – Nurse at Party (uncredited)
 That Riviera Touch (1966) – Girl at Roulette Table
 Casino Royale (1967) – Meg
 Wedding Night (1970) – Gloria – Girl Friend
 My Lover, My Son (1970) – Cicely Clarkson
 This, That and the Other (1970) – Angie
 The Kashmiri Run (1970) - Henrietta Fleming
 The Blood Spattered Bride (1972) – Mircalla Karstein
 I Hate My Body (1974) – Leda Schmidt
 The Ghoul (1975) – Angela
 El Clan de los Nazarenos (1975) – Arima
 Tu dios y mi infierno (1976) – Liselotte
 Find the Lady (1976) – Victoria
 The Man Inside (1976, TV movie) – Joan Lytton
 La Gioconda está triste (1977)
 El Mirón (1977) – Elena – wife
 Cabo de vara (1978) - Lola
 Stigma (1980) – Anna
 A Choice of Two (1981)
 Draw! (1984, TV movie) – Bess, Harry's Girlfriend in Bell City / member of acting troupe
 La veritat oculta (1987) – Agnes / Chiromancer
 The Byzantine Cat (2002) - Barbara
 Batman Begins (2005) – Gotham Society Dame

Television
 The Count of Monte Cristo (TV series, 1964) – Renée de Saint-Méran
 The Saint (episode "The Crime of the Century", 1965) – Joan Vendel
 The Scales of Justice (episode "The Haunted Man", 1966) – Laura
 The Wednesday Play (1966) (TV) – The Girl
 The Saint (episode "The Counterfeit Countess", 1967) – Mireille
 The Champions (TV series, 1968–69) – Sharron Macready
 Call My Bluff as herself, 4 episodes (1969-1975)
 Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) (episode "Whoever Heard of a Ghost Dying?", 1969) – Carol Latimer
 Codename (1970) (TV series) – Diana Dalzell
 From a Bird's Eye View (episode "Sicillian Affair", 1970) – Lisa Vespucci
 The Starlost (TV series, 1973), episode 11 "The Astrometrics"
 The Aphrodite Inheritance (miniseries, 1979) – Helene
 Magnolia Blossom by Agatha Christie, 1982 - Clare Hamilton
 Legend of the Champions (TV, 1983) – Sharron Macready
 Absolutely Fabulous (episode "Fat", 1992) – Penny Caspar-Morse
 EastEnders (2008–2009) – Cynthia (final television appearance)

Radio
 Halloween Party by Agatha Christie, BBC radio 1993
 Five Little Pigs by Agatha Christie, BBC radio 1994
 Elephants Can Remember'' by Agatha Christie, dramatised by Michael Bakewell, BBC radio 2006

References

External links
Official Alexandra Bastedo Champions Animal Sanctuary site
Official fan club website (internet archive)

Selected performances in Bristol University Theatre Archive
Obituary in The Independent by Marcus Williamson

1946 births
2014 deaths
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Actresses from Sussex
Animal welfare workers
Keepers of animal sanctuaries
Deaths from cancer in England
English film actresses
English people of Canadian descent
English people of Dutch descent
English people of French descent
English people of German descent
English people of Italian descent
English people of Scottish descent
English people of Spanish descent
English soap opera actresses
English television actresses
People educated at Brighton and Hove High School
People from Hove
People from West Chiltington
20th-century British businesspeople

Alexandra Bastedo


Gavin Lambert (23 July 1924 – 17 July 2005) was a British-born screenwriter, novelist and biographer who lived for part of his life in Hollywood. His writing was mainly fiction and nonfiction about the film industry.

Personal life
Lambert was educated at Cheltenham College and Magdalen College, Oxford, where one of his professors was C. S. Lewis. At Oxford, he befriended Penelope Houston and filmmakers Karel Reisz and Lindsay Anderson, and they founded a short-lived but influential journal, Sequence, which was originally edited by Houston. The magazine, which lasted for only 15 issues, moved to London after the fifth issue, and Lambert and Anderson took over as co-editors. Lambert eventually left Oxford without obtaining a degree. From 1949 to 1956 he edited the journal Sight and Sound, again with Anderson as a regular contributor. At about the same time Lambert was deeply involved in Britain's Free Cinema movement which called for more social realism in contemporary movies. He also wrote film criticism for The Sunday Times and The Guardian. In late 1955, he moved to Hollywood, California, to work as a personal assistant to director Nicholas Ray and worked on the script (uncredited) for Ray's Bigger Than Life (1956). Later, he co-wrote the screenplay for Ray's film Bitter Victory (1957). According to the critic David Robinson, Lambert was Ray's lover for a time.

Gavin Lambert became an American citizen in 1964. From 1974 to 1989, he chiefly stayed in Tangier, where he was a close friend of the writer and composer Paul Bowles. He spent the final years of his life in Los Angeles, where he died of pulmonary fibrosis on 17 July 2005. He left behind a brother, niece and nephew, and named Mart Crowley executor of his estate.

Gavin's father's half-sister was Ivy Claudine Godber aka Claudine West (1890-1943), a screenwriter who won an Oscar for her joint writing of the script of Mrs. Miniver in 1942.

His papers are currently housed at the Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center at Boston University.

Writing achievements

Screenplays
Lambert became a notable screenwriter of the Hollywood studio era. In 1954, while still living in England, he wrote his first screenplay, Another Sky, about the sexual awakening of a prim English woman in North Africa. In 1955, he also directed Another Sky in Morocco. This was followed in 1958 by the Hollywood screenplay, Bitter Victory and in 1960 by Sons and Lovers. The latter, for which Lambert gained an Academy Award nomination, is based on a novel by D. H. Lawrence. The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (1961) adapted a novella by Tennessee Williams on the affairs of an older actress with a young Italian gigolo. As, from the 1920s through the late 1960s, homosexuality was rarely portrayed on the screen, gay screenwriters like Lambert learned to express their personal sensibilities discreetly between the lines of a film. "The important thing to remember about 'gay influence' in movies," observed Gavin Lambert, "is that it was obviously never direct. It was all subliminal. It couldn't be direct because the mass audience would say, Hey, no way."

But then, in 1965, Lambert adapted his own Hollywood insider novel Inside Daisy Clover (1963) for the screen. Clover, starring Natalie Wood and Robert Redford, which tells the cautionary tale of a teenage movie star involved in the Hollywood studio system of the 1930s and her unhappy marriage to a closeted gay leading man. However, in the film version, he was not fully identified as gay because, at Redford's request, the husband he played was changed from homosexual to appear as though he might be bisexual. From this time on, Lambert and Wood became lifelong friends. Another of Lambert's screenplays was I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (1977), based on a novel by Hannah Green, which describes in layman's terms a teenager's battle with schizophrenia. Later, the author also wrote the scripts for some TV movies such as Second Serve (1986) on transgender tennis player Renée Richards and Liberace: Behind the Music (1988) on gay performer Liberace. In 1997, he contributed to Stephen Frears's film A Personal History of British Cinema. He was heavily quoted in William J. Mann's book, Behind the Screen: How Gays and Lesbians Shaped Hollywood, 1910-1969.

Biographies and non-fiction
Lambert was also a biographer and novelist, who focused his efforts on biographies of gay and lesbian figures in Hollywood.

According to screenwriter and writer Joseph McBride, he was "a keenly observant, wryly witty chronicler of Hollywood's social mores and artistic achievements." He wrote biographies on Hollywood figures such as On Cukor (1972) on film director George Cukor and Norma Shearer: A Life (1990) on the Canadian actress Norma Shearer. His book, Nazimova: A Biography (1997) was the first full-scale account of the private life and acting career of lesbian actress Alla Nazimova. He was the author of the memoir Mainly About Lindsay Anderson (2000) (whose title echoed that of Anderson's own work, About John Ford).

He also wrote the book GWTW: The Making of Gone with the Wind (Little, Brown and Company, 1973). Working as a Hollywood screenwriter, Lambert was able to interview and gain personal remembrances of most of the cast and crew involved with the film, including dismissed director George Cukor and star Vivien Leigh (Scarlett O'Hara).

His final biography, Natalie Wood: A Life (2004) supplied an insider's look at actress Natalie Wood and chronicled everything concerning her life, since Lambert was a friend of Wood for sixteen years. The book was praised by Natalie Wood's daughter, Natasha Gregson Wagner, as "a wonderful biography on my Mom. It will be the definitive biography on my mother." Lambert's biography includes Wood's relationship with Elvis Presley, and interviews with the people who knew Wood best, such as Robert Wagner, Warren Beatty, Tony Curtis, Paul Mazursky, Tab Hunter and Leslie Caron. In his book, Lambert controversially claimed that Wood frequently dated gay and bisexual men, including director Nicholas Ray and actors Nick Adams, Raymond Burr, James Dean, Tab Hunter, and Scott Marlowe. Lambert said that Wood supported homosexual playwright Mart Crowley (a later lover of Lambert's) in a manner that made it possible for him to write his play, The Boys in the Band (1968). Lambert's final book was The Ivan Moffat File: Life Among the Beautiful and Damned in London, Paris, New York and Hollywood (2004).

Novels and short stories

Lambert also wrote seven novels primarily with Hollywood settings, among them The Slide Area: Scenes of Hollywood Life (1959), a collection of seven short stories that portray a bevy of tinsel-town lowlifes, Inside Daisy Clover (1963), The Goodbye People (1971) about Hollywood's beautiful people, and Running Time (1982), a portrait of an indefatigable woman from child starlet to screen goddess, but also a unique life history of the American film industry.
Other works of fiction included Norman's Letter (1966), which received the Thomas R. Coward Memorial Award for Fiction, A Case for the Angels (1968), and In the Night All Cats Are Grey (1976).
In 1996, Lambert wrote the introduction to 3 Plays, a collection of works by his longtime friend, Mart Crowley.

References

Further reading

External links
 Advocate obituary 20 July 2005
 David Thomson, "Mainly about Gavin"
 'My Friend Paul Bowles' by Gavin Lambert
 Recent photo
 Gavin Lambert's only directorial effort "Another Sky"

1924 births
2005 deaths
20th-century British biographers
20th-century English novelists
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
British film historians
Deaths from pulmonary fibrosis
English biographers
English male novelists
English male screenwriters
English gay writers
English LGBT novelists
British LGBT screenwriters
People educated at Cheltenham College
20th-century English male writers
English male non-fiction writers
20th-century English screenwriters
Male biographers
British expatriates in the United States
20th-century British LGBT people

Gavin Lambert