Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time. Organisms and biological communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, isolation and habitat area. Phytogeography is the branch of biogeography that studies the distribution of plants. Zoogeography is the branch that studies distribution of animals. Mycogeography is the branch that studies distribution of fungi, such as mushrooms.

Knowledge of spatial variation in the numbers and types of organisms is as vital to us today as it was to our early human ancestors, as we adapt to heterogeneous but geographically predictable environments. Biogeography is an integrative field of inquiry that unites concepts and information from ecology, evolutionary biology, taxonomy, geology, physical geography, palaeontology,  and climatology.

Modern biogeographic research combines information and ideas from many fields, from the physiological and ecological constraints on organismal dispersal to geological and climatological phenomena operating at global spatial scales and evolutionary time frames.

The short-term interactions within a habitat and species of organisms describe the ecological application of biogeography. Historical biogeography describes the long-term, evolutionary periods of time for broader classifications of organisms. Early scientists, beginning with Carl Linnaeus, contributed to the development of biogeography as a science.

The scientific theory of biogeography grows out of the work of Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), Francisco Jose de Caldas (1768–1816), Hewett Cottrell Watson (1804–1881), Alphonse de Candolle (1806–1893), Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913), Philip Lutley Sclater (1829–1913) and other biologists and explorers.

Introduction
The patterns of species distribution across geographical areas can usually be explained through a combination of historical factors such as: speciation, extinction, continental drift, and glaciation. Through observing the geographic distribution of species, we can see associated variations in sea level, river routes, habitat, and river capture. Additionally, this science considers the geographic constraints of landmass areas and isolation, as well as the available ecosystem energy supplies.

Over periods of ecological changes, biogeography includes the study of plant and animal species in: their past and/or present living refugium habitat; their interim living sites; and/or their survival locales. As writer David Quammen put it, "...biogeography does more than ask Which species? and Where. It also asks Why? and, what is sometimes more crucial, Why not?."

Modern biogeography often employs the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), to understand the factors affecting organism distribution, and to predict future trends in organism distribution.
Often mathematical models and GIS are employed to solve ecological problems that have a spatial aspect to them.

Biogeography is most keenly observed on the world's islands. These habitats are often much more manageable areas of study because they are more condensed than larger ecosystems on the mainland. Islands are also ideal locations because they allow scientists to look at habitats that new invasive species have only recently colonized and can observe how they disperse throughout the island and change it. They can then apply their understanding to similar but more complex mainland habitats. Islands are very diverse in their biomes, ranging from the tropical to arctic climates. This diversity in habitat allows for a wide range of species study in different parts of the world.

One scientist who recognized the importance of these geographic locations was Charles Darwin, who remarked in his journal "The Zoology of Archipelagoes will be well worth examination". Two chapters in On the Origin of Species were devoted to geographical distribution.

History

18th century
The first discoveries that contributed to the development of biogeography as a science began in the mid-18th century, as Europeans explored the world and described the biodiversity of life. During the 18th century most views on the world were shaped around religion and for many natural theologists, the bible. Carl Linnaeus, in the mid-18th century, improved our classifications of organisms through the exploration of undiscovered territories by his students and disciples. When he noticed that species were not as perpetual as he believed, he developed the Mountain Explanation to explain the distribution of biodiversity; when Noah's ark landed on Mount Ararat and the waters receded, the animals dispersed throughout different elevations on the mountain. This showed different species in different climates proving species were not constant. Linnaeus' findings set a basis for ecological biogeography. Through his strong beliefs in Christianity, he was inspired to classify the living world, which then gave way to additional accounts of secular views on geographical distribution. He argued that the structure of an animal was very closely related to its physical surroundings. This was important to a George Louis Buffon's rival theory of distribution.

Closely after Linnaeus, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon observed shifts in climate and how species spread across the globe as a result. He was the first to see different groups of organisms in different regions of the world. Buffon saw similarities between some regions which led him to believe that at one point continents were connected and then water separated them and caused differences in species. His hypotheses were described in his work, the 36 volume Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière, in which he argued that varying geographical regions would have different forms of life. This was inspired by his observations comparing the Old and New World, as he determined distinct variations of species from the two regions. Buffon believed there was a single species creation event, and that different regions of the world were homes for varying species, which is an alternate view than that of Linnaeus. Buffon's law eventually became a principle of biogeography by explaining how similar environments were habitats for comparable types of organisms. Buffon also studied fossils which led him to believe that the earth was over tens of thousands of years old, and that humans had not lived there long in comparison to the age of the earth.

19th century
Following the period of exploration came the Age of Enlightenment in Europe, which attempted to explain the patterns of biodiversity observed by Buffon and Linnaeus. At the birth of the 19th century, Alexander von Humboldt, known as the "founder of plant geography", developed the concept of physique generale to demonstrate the unity of science and how species fit together. As one of the first to contribute empirical data to the science of biogeography through his travel as an explorer, he observed differences in climate and vegetation. The earth was divided into regions which he defined as tropical, temperate, and arctic and within these regions there were similar forms of vegetation. This ultimately enabled him to create the isotherm, which allowed scientists to see patterns of life within different climates. He contributed his observations to findings of botanical geography by previous scientists, and sketched this description of both the biotic and abiotic features of the earth in his book, Cosmos.

Augustin de Candolle contributed to the field of biogeography as he observed species competition and the several differences that influenced the discovery of the diversity of life. He was a Swiss botanist and created the first Laws of Botanical Nomenclature in his work, Prodromus. He discussed plant distribution and his theories eventually had a great impact on Charles Darwin, who was inspired to consider species adaptations and evolution after learning about botanical geography. De Candolle was the first to describe the differences between the small-scale and large-scale distribution patterns of organisms around the globe.

Several additional scientists contributed new theories to further develop the concept of biogeography. Charles Lyell developed the Theory of Uniformitarianism after studying fossils. This theory explained how the world was not created by one sole catastrophic event, but instead from numerous creation events and locations. Uniformitarianism also introduced the idea that the Earth was actually significantly older than was previously accepted. Using this knowledge, Lyell concluded that it was possible for species to go extinct. Since he noted that earth's climate changes, he realized that species distribution must also change accordingly. Lyell argued that climate changes complemented vegetation changes, thus connecting the environmental surroundings to varying species. This largely influenced Charles Darwin in his development of the theory of evolution.

Charles Darwin was a natural theologist who studied around the world, and most importantly in the Galapagos Islands. Darwin introduced the idea of natural selection, as he theorized against previously accepted ideas that species were static or unchanging. His contributions to biogeography and the theory of evolution were different from those of other explorers of his time, because he developed a mechanism to describe the ways that species changed. His influential ideas include the development of theories regarding the struggle for existence and natural selection. Darwin's theories started a biological segment to biogeography and empirical studies, which enabled future scientists to develop ideas about the geographical distribution of organisms around the globe.

Alfred Russel Wallace studied the distribution of flora and fauna in the Amazon Basin and the Malay Archipelago in the mid-19th century. His research was essential to the further development of biogeography, and he was later nicknamed the "father of Biogeography". Wallace conducted fieldwork researching the habits, breeding and migration tendencies, and feeding behavior of thousands of species. He studied butterfly and bird distributions in comparison to the presence or absence of geographical barriers. His observations led him to conclude that the number of organisms present in a community was dependent on the amount of food resources in the particular habitat. Wallace believed species were dynamic by responding to biotic and abiotic factors. He and Philip Sclater saw biogeography as a source of support for the theory of evolution as they used Darwin's conclusion to explain how biogeography was similar to a record of species inheritance. Key findings, such as the sharp difference in fauna either side of the Wallace Line, and the sharp difference that existed between North and South America prior to their relatively recent faunal interchange, can only be understood in this light. Otherwise, the field of biogeography would be seen as a purely descriptive one.

20th and 21st century

Moving on to the 20th century, Alfred Wegener introduced the Theory of Continental Drift in 1912, though it was not widely accepted until the 1960s. This theory was revolutionary because it changed the way that everyone thought about species and their distribution around the globe. The theory explained how continents were formerly joined in one large landmass, Pangea, and slowly drifted apart due to the movement of the plates below Earth's surface. The evidence for this theory is in the geological similarities between varying locations around the globe, the geographic distribution of some fossils (including the mesosaurs) on various continents, and the jigsaw puzzle shape of the landmasses on Earth. Though Wegener did not know the mechanism of this concept of Continental Drift, this contribution to the study of biogeography was significant in the way that it shed light on the importance of environmental and geographic similarities or differences as a result of climate and other pressures on the planet. Importantly, late in his career Wegener recognised that testing his theory required measurement of continental movement rather than inference from fossils species distributions.

In 1958 paleontologist Paul S. Martin published A Biogeography of Reptiles and Amphibians in the Gómez Farias Region, Tamaulipas, Mexico, which has been described as "ground-breaking" and "a classic treatise in historical biogeography". Martin applied several disciplines including ecology, botany, climatology, geology, and Pleistocene dispersal routes to examine the herpetofauna of a relatively small and largely undisturbed area, but ecologically complex, situated on the threshold of temperate – tropical (nearctic and neotropical) regions, including semiarid lowlands at 70 meters elevation and the northernmost cloud forest in the western hemisphere at over 2200 meters.

The publication of The Theory of Island Biogeography by Robert MacArthur and E.O. Wilson in 1967 showed that the species richness of an area could be predicted in terms of such factors as habitat area, immigration rate and extinction rate. This added to the long-standing interest in island biogeography. The application of island biogeography theory to habitat fragments spurred the development of the fields of conservation biology and landscape ecology.

Classic biogeography has been expanded by the development of molecular systematics, creating a new discipline known as phylogeography. This development allowed scientists to test theories about the origin and dispersal of populations, such as island endemics. For example, while classic biogeographers were able to speculate about the origins of species in the Hawaiian Islands, phylogeography allows them to test theories of relatedness between these populations and putative source populations on various continents, notably in Asia and North America.

Biogeography continues as a point of study for many life sciences and geography students worldwide, however it may be under different broader titles within institutions such as ecology or evolutionary biology.

In recent years, one of the most important and consequential developments in biogeography has been to show how multiple organisms, including mammals like monkeys and reptiles like squamates, overcame barriers such as large oceans that many biogeographers formerly believed were impossible to cross. See also Oceanic dispersal.

Modern applications

Biogeography now incorporates many different fields including but not limited to physical geography, geology, botany and plant biology, zoology, general biology, and modelling. A biogeographer's main focus is on how the environment and humans affect the distribution of species as well as other manifestations of Life such as species or genetic diversity. Biogeography is being applied to biodiversity conservation and planning, projecting global environmental changes on species and biomes, projecting the spread of infectious diseases, invasive species, and for supporting planning for the establishment of crops. Technological evolving and advances have allowed for generating a whole suite of predictor variables for biogeographic analysis, including satellite imaging and processing of the Earth. Two main types of satellite imaging that are important within modern biogeography are Global Production Efficiency Model (GLO-PEM) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). GLO-PEM uses satellite-imaging gives "repetitive, spatially contiguous, and time specific observations of vegetation". These observations are on a global scale. GIS can show certain processes on the earth's surface like whale locations, sea surface temperatures, and bathymetry. Current scientists also use coral reefs to delve into the history of biogeography through the fossilized reefs.

Two global information systems are either dedicated to, or have strong focus on, biogeography (in the form of the spatial location of observations of organisms), namely the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF: 2.57 billion species occurrence records reported as at August 2023) and, for marine species only, the Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS, originally the Ocean Biogeographic Information System: 116 million species occurrence records reported as at August 2023), while at a national scale, similar compilations of species occurrence records also exist such as the U.K. National Biodiversity Network, the Atlas of Living Australia, and many others. In the case of the oceans, in 2017 Costello et al. analyzed the distribution of 65,000 species of marine animals and plants as then documented in OBIS, and used the results to distinguish 30 distinct marine realms, split between continental-shelf and offshore deep-sea areas.

Since it is self evident that compilations of species occurrence records cannot cover with any completeness, areas that have received either limited or no sampling, a number of methods have been developed to produce arguably more complete "predictive" or "modelled" distributions for species based on their associated environmental or other preferences (such as availability of food or other habitat requirements); this approach is known as either Environmental niche modelling (ENM) or Species distribution modelling (SDM). Depending on the reliability of the source data and the nature of the models employed (including the scales for which data are available), maps generated from such models may then provide better representations of the "real" biogeographic distributions of either individual species, groups of species, or biodiversity as a whole, however it should also be borne in mind that historic or recent human activities (such as hunting of great whales, or other human-induced exterminations) may have altered present-day species distributions from their potential "full" ecological footprint. Examples of predictive maps produced by niche modelling methods based on either GBIF (terrestrial) or OBIS (marine, plus some freshwater) data are the former Lifemapper project at the University of Kansas (now continued as a part of BiotaPhy) and AquaMaps, which as at 2023 contain modelled distributions for around 200,000 terrestrial, and 33,000 species of teleosts, marine mammals and invertebrates, respectively. One advantage of ENM/SDM is that in addition to showing current (or even past) modelled distributions, insertion of changed parameters such as the anticipated effects of climate change can also be used to show potential changes in species distributions that may occur in the future based on such scenarios.

Paleobiogeography

Paleobiogeography goes one step further to include paleogeographic data and considerations of plate tectonics. Using molecular analyses and corroborated by fossils, it has been possible to demonstrate that perching birds evolved first in the region of Australia or the adjacent Antarctic (which at that time lay somewhat further north and had a temperate climate). From there, they spread to the other Gondwanan continents and Southeast Asia – the part of Laurasia then closest to their origin of dispersal – in the late Paleogene, before achieving a global distribution in the early Neogene. Not knowing that at the time of dispersal, the Indian Ocean was much narrower than it is today, and that South America was closer to the Antarctic, one would be hard pressed to explain the presence of many "ancient" lineages of perching birds in Africa, as well as the mainly South American distribution of the suboscines.

Paleobiogeography also helps constrain hypotheses on the timing of biogeographic events such as vicariance and geodispersal, and provides unique information on the formation of regional biotas. For example, data from species-level phylogenetic and biogeographic studies tell us that the Amazonian teleost fauna accumulated in increments over a period of tens of millions of years, principally by means of allopatric speciation, and in an arena extending over most of the area of tropical South America (Albert & Reis 2011). In other words, unlike some of the well-known insular faunas (Galapagos finches, Hawaiian drosophilid flies, African rift lake cichlids), the species-rich Amazonian ichthyofauna is not the result of recent adaptive radiations.

For freshwater organisms, landscapes are divided naturally into discrete drainage basins by watersheds, episodically isolated and reunited by erosional processes. In regions like the Amazon Basin (or more generally Greater Amazonia, the Amazon basin, Orinoco basin, and Guianas) with an exceptionally low (flat) topographic relief, the many waterways have had a highly reticulated history over geological time. In such a context, stream capture is an important factor affecting the evolution and distribution of freshwater organisms. Stream capture occurs when an upstream portion of one river drainage is diverted to the downstream portion of an adjacent basin. This can happen as a result of tectonic uplift (or subsidence), natural damming created by a landslide, or headward or lateral erosion of the watershed between adjacent basins.

Concepts and fields
Biogeography is a synthetic science, related to geography, biology, soil science, geology, climatology, ecology and evolution.

Some fundamental concepts in biogeography include:
 allopatric speciation – the splitting of a species by evolution of geographically isolated populations
 evolution – change in genetic composition of a population
 extinction – disappearance of a species
 dispersal – movement of populations away from their point of origin, related to migration
 endemic areas
 geodispersal – the erosion of barriers to biotic dispersal and gene flow, that permit range expansion and the merging of previously isolated biotas
 range and distribution
 vicariance – the formation of barriers to biotic dispersal and gene flow, that tend to subdivide species and biotas, leading to speciation and extinction; vicariance biogeography is the field that studies these patterns

Comparative biogeography
The study of comparative biogeography can follow two main lines of investigation:
 Systematic biogeography, the study of biotic area relationships, their distribution, and hierarchical classification
 Evolutionary biogeography, the proposal of evolutionary mechanisms responsible for organismal distributions. Possible mechanisms include widespread taxa disrupted by continental break-up or individual episodes of long-distance movement.

Biogeographic regionalisations
There are many types of biogeographic units used in biogeographic regionalisation schemes, as there are many criteria (species composition, physiognomy, ecological aspects) and hierarchization schemes: biogeographic realms (ecozones), bioregions (sensu stricto), ecoregions, zoogeographical regions, floristic regions, vegetation types, biomes, etc.

The terms biogeographic unit, biogeographic area or bioregion sensu lato, can be used for these categories, regardless of rank.

In 2008, an International Code of Area Nomenclature was proposed for biogeography. It achieved limited success; some studies commented favorably on it, but others were much more critical, and it "has not yet gained a significant following". Similarly, a set of rules for paleobiogeography has achieved limited success. In 2000, Westermann suggested that the difficulties in getting formal nomenclatural rules established in this field might be related to "the curious fact that neither paleo- nor neobiogeographers are organized in any formal groupings or societies, nationally (so far as I know) or internationally — an exception among active disciplines."

See also

 Allen's rule
 Bergmann's rule
 Biogeographic realm
 Bibliography of biology
 Biogeography-based optimization
 Center of origin
 Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography
 Distance decay
 Ecological land classification
 Geobiology
 Macroecology
 Marine ecoregions
 Max Carl Wilhelm Weber
 Miklos Udvardy
 Phytochorion – Plant region
 Sky island
 Systematic and evolutionary biogeography association

Notes and references

Further reading
 Albert, J. S., & R. E. Reis (2011). Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes. University of California Press, Berkeley. 424 pp.

 Cox, C. B. (2001). The biogeographic regions reconsidered. Journal of Biogeography, 28: 511–523, .
 Ebach, M.C. (2015). Origins of biogeography. The role of biological classification in early plant and animal geography. Dordrecht: Springer, xiv + 173 pp., .
 Lieberman, B. S. (2001). "Paleobiogeography: using fossils to study global change, plate tectonics, and evolution". Kluwer Academic, Plenum Publishing, .
 Lomolino, M. V., & Brown, J. H. (2004). Foundations of biogeography: classic papers with commentaries. University of Chicago Press, .

 Millington, A., Blumler, M., & Schickhoff, U. (Eds.). (2011). The SAGE handbook of biogeography. Sage, London, .
 Nelson, G.J. (1978). From Candolle to Croizat: Comments on the history of biogeography. Journal of the History of Biology, 11: 269–305.
 Udvardy, M. D. F. (1975). A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world. IUCN Occasional Paper no. 18. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN.

External links

 International Biogeography Society
 Systematic & Evolutionary Biogeographical Society (archived 5 December 2008)
 Early Classics in Biogeography, Distribution, and Diversity Studies: To 1950
 Early Classics in Biogeography, Distribution, and Diversity Studies: 1951–1975
 Some Biogeographers, Evolutionists and Ecologists: Chrono-Biographical Sketches

 Major journals
 Journal of Biogeography homepage (archived 15 December 2004)
 Global Ecology and Biogeography homepage. .
 Ecography homepage.

Landscape ecology
Physical oceanography
Physical geography
Environmental terminology
Habitat
Earth sciences

Biogeography


Jessica Robyn Bowman (born November 26, 1980) is an American actress known for her role as Colleen Cooper on Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman.

Career
Bowman was born in Walnut Creek, California. She began acting in community theater and commercials, and appeared as Darcy on The Road Home.

After guest appearances on Boy Meets World, NYPD Blue, and Baywatch, Bowman assumed the role of Colleen Cooper on the popular drama Dr Quinn, Medicine Woman in season three, episode 15. She took over this role after the original portrayer, Erika Flores, did not renew her contract.  Bowman won the Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Drama Series at the Young Artists Awards in 1996 for her role as Colleen. She was also nominated in 1997 and 1998. She won the Michael Landon Award in 1996, along with Beth Sullivan, Tim Johnson, Chad Allen, and Shawn Toovey, for Outstanding Family Television series of the year. After Dr. Quinn was cancelled in 1998, Bowman starred in Someone to Love Me, playing a rape victim who struggles to prove her rapist's guilt.

Bowman appeared in two made-for-TV movies, Young Hearts Unlimited and Lethal Vows, before reprising her role as Colleen for the movie Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman: The Heart Within in 2001. She appeared in the movies Joy Ride and Derailed, starring Jean-Claude Van Damme.

Filmography

Awards
1996: Young Artist Award: Best Performance by a Young Actress - TV Drama Series, Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman
1996: Michael Landon Award: Outstanding Family Television Series of the Year, Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman"

External links

References

1980 births
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Living people
American child actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
Actresses from California
People from Walnut Creek, California

Jessica Bowman


Ritual purification is the ritual prescribed by a religion by which a person is considered to be free of uncleanliness. Many religgions require that those worshipping should be in this state. Ritual purity is a state of ritual cleanliness. Ritual purification may also apply to objects and places. Ritual uncleanliness is not identical with ordinary physical impurity, such as dirt stains; nevertheless, body fluids are generally considered ritually unclean.

Most of these rituals existed long before the germ theory of disease, and figure prominently from the earliest known religious systems of the Ancient Near East. Some writers connect the rituals to taboos.

Some have seen benefits of these practices for health and preventing infections especially in areas where humans come in close contact with each other.  While these practices came before the idea of the germ theory was public in areas that use daily cleaning, the destruction of infectious agents seems to be dramatic. Others have described a 'dimension of purity' that is universal in religions that seeks to move us away from disgust, (at one extreme) and to uplift us towards purity and divinity (at the other extreme). Away from uncleanliness to purity, and away from deviant to moral behavior, (within one's cultural context).

References

Religious behavior and experience
Hygiene

Ritual purification


Capital punishment in modern Greece was carried out using the guillotine (until 1913) or by firing squad. It was last applied in 1972 during the military junta, and the death penalty was abolished in stages between 1975 and 2005.

History
Executions during the Greek War of Independence were carried out by firing squad, although when the monarchy introduced the Penal Code in 1834, beheading by guillotine became the only mode of execution. In 1847, difficulties in making the guillotine available for every execution made the government establish the firing squad as an alternative mode of execution. Both would be used until the firing squad was established as the only means of execution in 1929 (the last execution by guillotine took place in 1913). Over 3,000 executions took place between 1946 and 1949 during the Greek Civil War. The last execution took place on 25 August 1972, when the 27-year-old Vassilis Lymberis was shot by firing squad for the murder of his wife, mother-in-law and two children (he burned them alive inside their house) on the island of Crete.

Capital punishment was abolished for peacetime crimes other than high treason during wartime by article 7 of the Constitution of 1975. Previously, the three leading members of the Greek junta, Georgios Papadopoulos, Stylianos Pattakos, and Nikolaos Makarezos were sentenced to death for mutiny during the Greek Junta Trials, but these sentences were commuted to life imprisonment by the Karamanlis government.

In 1997 Greece ratified the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty; however, a reservation was made allowing for death penalty use for the most serious crimes, i.e. high treason, committed during wartime. Protocol No. 6 to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), providing for the abolition of the death penalty in peacetime, was ratified in 1998.

Greece abolished the death penalty for all crimes in 2004. In 2005, Greece ratified the Protocol No. 13 to the ECHR, concerning the abolition of the death penalty under all circumstances.

The Golden Dawn party called in 2013 for the restoration of the death penalty for immigrants convicted of violent crimes.

References

External links
 Second Optional Protocol to ICCPR; Protocol No. 6 and Protocol No. 13 to ECHR - text of the treaties, dates of signature and ratification
 Abolitionist and retentionist countries - report by Amnesty International

Penal system in Greece
Greece
Death in Greece
Human rights abuses in Greece
2004 disestablishments in Greece

Capital punishment in Greece


Daqing (; used to be romanized as Taching) is a city in Heilongjiang province, China. Daqing is a prefecture-level city, which means it ranks below a province and above a county. The city is called the "Oil Capital of China" because oil was discovered at the Daqing Oil Field in 1959. It is one of China's most well-known places because of this.

The population of Daqing was 2,963,458 in 2010. Close to 1,400,000 people lived in the urban parts of town.

History
In 1898, Russia built the Chinese Eastern Railway in the area. There is a station called Sartu in the area that is still in use.

In 1959, oil was found in the Daqing Oil Field. It stopped the oil shortage in China. It was the largest oil field in the 1960s to the 1980s. It has 48 oil and gas fields. In 1960, the oil field began production. Over the next 50 years, the oil field produced over 50 million tons of oil. It has produced more than 40% of China's oil exports. It is the second most productive oil and gas field in China.

In 1959, a town close to the Daqing Oil Field was created. It was to house workers and to help companies and industries use the resources. In 1960, another city was created nearby, named Anda City. This city controlled the Daqing Oil Field area. The town grew too large eventually and became a special administrative region. In 1979, the city was renamed Daqing, after the oil field.

In the 1960s, Mao Zedong said the slogan "In industry, learn from Daqing". It meant that Daqing was very important for the Chinese industry. Daqing oil workers set an example for how cities in China should be.

Daqing has protested the Chinese government sometimes. In 2002, close to 100,000 oil workers from Daqing and Liaoyang gathered to protest how the government handled money and paid them. In 2017, there were plans to build an aluminum plant in Daqing. Thousands of people protested against the plans.

Geography
Daqing is in the Songnen Plain, in a flat area. It has an average elevation of . The city is  southeast of Harbin and  northwest of Qiqihar.

Economy

Daqing's economy is mainly based on oil and petroleum. There are lots of major pipelines that transport oil to and from the rest of China and Russia. In 2013, Russia agreed to send oil to China. That oil will be going through the pipeline to Daqing. Close to 60% of the gross domestic product (GDP) was because of petroleum and oil exports. Daqing had a GDP of 298 billion renminbi in 2015.

Daqing exports over 10 million tonnes of oil each year. Wax, tar, and benzene were also exported to countries including the United States. The main exports are oil and gas, construction materials, food, and furniture.

Transportation
Daqing is a major railway stop in Heilongjiang. It connects two major railways, the Harbin-Manzhouli Railway and the Tongliao-Ranghulu Railway. It also has three major railway stations. Daqing also has an airport, the Daqing Sartu Airport. It opened on 1 September 2009. It has flights to large cities like Beijing, Guangzhou, and Shanghai. Daqing is linked to the Chinese highway network through the G45 Daqing-Guangzhou Expressway and the G10 Suifenhe-Manzhouli Expressway.

References

Other websites

 Official website (archived)

Cities in China

Daqing


Corona pfeifferi is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Orthalicidae.

Distribution
The distribution of Corona pfeifferi includes:
 Ecuador. It was described from Pastaza Province, Canelos. It was known only from Ecuador until the species was found in Peru in 2010.
 Peru - since 2010

Description
The living animal of Corona pfeifferi has coarse, orange tubercles on a whitish skin. The tentacles are greyish, with a blue hue near the tips.

The shell has 8 whorls.

The height of the shell of the type specimen is 59 mm. The width of the shell of the type specimen is 26 mm. The height of the aperture of the type specimen is 25 mm.

Reproductive system: The penis is proximally slender and subcylindrical, constricted at the base; median part is swollen, pear-shaped, tapering towards the distal part which is subcylindrical again. Transition to the epiphallus with a kink, thereafter gradually tapering; twisted. Vas deferens is adhering to and partially inside the penial complex. Flagellum has ca. 1/5 the total length of the penial complex. Internal structure of penial complex is with longitudinal folds in proximal part of penis, changing into a dense tubular network and a widened lumen in the distal part of the penis. The epiphallus has 3-4 longitudinal folds proximally, transversing into anatosmosing folds more distally. In the specimen dissected, a chitinous spermatophore was being formed with the shape of flagellum and epiphallus, its initial stage inside the flagellum and extending to the distal part of the penis.

References
This article incorporates CC-BY-3.0 text from the reference.

Orthalicidae
Gastropods described in 1869

Corona pfeifferi


The Akbash Dog is a large breed (type) of dog which comes from Turkey. It has a white coat of fur. It was bred to protect sheep in the field from thieves and predators. While this dog has been used for this job in Turkey for many hundreds of years, it is not often found outside of Turkey. The Akbash Dog is closely related to other large, white dogs used to protect sheep, such as the Komondor and the Aidi.

Dog breeds

Akbash


Sir John Weir   (19 October 1879 – 17 April 1971) was a Scottish physician and homeopath who served as Physician Royal to several twentieth century monarchs.

Early life and education
Weir was born in the town of Paisley, in Renfrewshire, son of joiner James Weir, of East Kilbride, and Agnes, née Baird. He attended Allan Glen's School in Glasgow, a school noted for its emphasis on science, and subsequently worked as an engineer until embarking on his medical education, first at Glasgow University (MB ChB 1906), following which he held several positions at the Glasgow Western Infirmary. He was awarded a Tyler scholarship to study homoeopathy at the Chicago clinic James Tyler Kent, of Hering Medical College during 1908-9, along with H. Fergie Woods (1883–1961) and Douglas Borland (1885–1961).

Career
Weir was appointed Consultant Physician at the London Homeopathic Hospital in 1910, and was appointed the Compton-Burnett Professor of Materia Medica in 1911; he would become President of the Faculty of Homeopathy in 1923.

Weir became Physician Royal to King George V (reigned 1910–36; Weir his physician from 1918), King Edward VIII (reigned 1936), King George VI (reigned 1936–52), Queen Elizabeth II (physician 1952–68), and King Haakon VII (1872–1957) of Norway, whose wife Maud (1869–1938) was the youngest daughter of King Edward VII (1841–1910).

Weir reputedly first learned of homeopathy through his contact with Dr Robert Gibson Miller (1862–1919) head of the Glasgow Homeopathic Hospital, who had an important influence on the future Physician Royal, who he treated for boils and converted to homeopathy [Bodman, 1971]. "It was Dr Gibson Miller who advised Sir John Weir to go to the United States." [Stewart, 1967, p. 260] This influence tended to be passed on: Dr Douglas Gibson (1888–1977) "became interested in homeopathy in 1936 through a meeting with Sir John Weir," [Gibson obit, 1977, 225].

He spoke on homeopathy before the Royal Society of Medicine in 1932, and was knighted by King George V that same year. The renovated Manchester Homoeopathic Institute and Dispensary was opened in Oxford Street by Sir John Weir in May 1939. Weir said in an "address: homeopathy…is no religion, no sect, no fad, no humbug…remedies do not act directly on disease; they merely stimulate the vital reactions of the patient, and this causes him to cure himself." [Sir John Weir, 1931, 200-201] Having advanced through all levels of the Royal Victorian Order he was, as a rare distinction, awarded the Royal Victorian Chain in 1949, possibly as a mark of the medical care he gave to the ailing King George VI.

Publications
Homeopathy and its Importance in Treatment of Chronic Disease, (1915)
The Trend of Modern Medicine, (1922)
The Science and Art of Homeopathy, British Homoeopathic Journal (1925)
The Present Day Attitude of the Medical Profession Towards Homeopathy, British Homoeopathic Journal XVI, 1926, p. 212ff
Homeopathy: a System of Therapeutics (1928)
"The Hahnemann Convalescent Home, Bournemouth", British Homoeopathic Journal 20, 1931, 200-201
Homeopathy: An Explanation of its Principles (1932)
"British Homeopathy During the Last 100 Years", British Homoeopathic Journal 23, 1932: II, pp. 603–5
"Samuel Hahnemann and his Influence on Medical Thought", Trans. Roy. Soc. Med., (1933)
Hahnemann on Homeopathic Philosophy (1935)

References

Sources
The Medical Directory 1948
Nisbet's Medical Directory, 1913
T Fergus Stewart, Dr Tom Paterson, Brit Homeo Jnl, 56, 1967, pp. 257–60
Obituary, The Times 19-4-1971
Dr Margery Blackie, Obituary to Sir John Weir, Brit Homeo Jnl 60, 1971, pp. 103–4
Dr Frank Bodman, Obituary to Sir John Weir, Brit Homeo Jnl 60:1, 1971, pp. 224–8
Anonymous, Obituary to Dr Douglas Gibson, Brit. Homeo. Jnl 66, 1977, p. 225
Weir's entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

External links
Homeopath to Kings & Queens, a biography of Dr Weir by Dr Brian Kaplan

1879 births
1971 deaths
20th-century Scottish medical doctors
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
British homeopaths
Court physicians
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
People educated at Allan Glen's School

John Weir (physician)


USS Agawam (AOG-6) was a  acquired by the U.S. Navy for the dangerous task of transporting gasoline to warships in the fleet, and to remote Navy stations.

The second warship to be named Agawam by the Navy, AOG-6 was laid down on 7 September 1942 at Savage, Minnesota, by Cargill, Inc.; launched on 6 May 1943; sponsored by Mrs. George F. Jacobs; and commissioned at New Orleans, Louisiana, on 18 December 1943.

World War II service

After a period of alterations and fitting out, the gasoline tanker left Galveston, Texas, on 24 January 1944, bound for the Pacific Ocean. She arrived at Espiritu Santo on 1 March and continued on to Tulagi. As a member of Service Squadron (ServRon) 8, Agawam was based at that island in the Solomons for the next 10 months servicing Allied facilities located throughout the island group.

Supporting the Philippine invasion

In September, Agawam began a 27-day availability at Espiritu Santo and resumed her operations at Tulagi on 25 October. The gasoline tanker was detached from ServRon 8 on 28 January 1945 and got underway for Lingayen Gulf, Philippines. Upon her arrival there on 1 March, she was assigned to Service Force, U.S. 7th Fleet, and for the next month engaged in routine operations between Manila, Subic Bay, and Lingayen Gulf.

On loan to the U.S. Army

On 1 April, Agawam was transferred, on loan, to the U.S. Army for the support of its land-based forces. She delivered aviation and motor gasoline to Army forces for two months in lower Lingayen Gulf and subsequently performed the same services at Manila for three months.

Post-war activity

A fortnight after Japan capitulated, the tanker was ordered to Tokyo. Routed via Okinawa, she reached Yokohama on 18 September and spent the next month there fueling Army installations ashore. On 25 October, the ship reported to Shanghai, China, for fueling operations at bases located along the Huangpu River. She got underway to return to Japan on 26 November and moored at Nagasaki on the 28th.

The gasoline tanker remained actively engaged in logistic support of the occupation forces in Japan through January 1946. The ship was then returned to Navy custody and got underway on the 28th for the voyage back to the United States.

Stateside overhaul

Upon her arrival at San Pedro, California, Agawam entered a shipyard for overhaul. Back in top shape, she sailed for Guam on 1 July and served as a station ship at that island until June 1949. During this period she made voyages to various ports in Japan; to Saipan; to Iwo Jima; to Shanghai, China; and to Truk.

Based out of Pearl Harbor

In June 1949, Agawam switched her base of operations to Pearl Harbor. She carried gasoline to Alaska and various islands in the Central Pacific. On 13 November 1953, the tanker sailed for the Philippine Islands and served in that archipelago through April 1954.

Agawam then returned to Pearl Harbor and continued operating from that base supporting American installations throughout the Central Pacific. On 22 November 1956, Agawam left Hawaii, bound for San Diego.

Inactivation and decommissioning

Upon her arrival, she began a pre-inactivation overhaul. Agawam was placed out of commission, in reserve, at San Diego, on 31 January 1957. Her name was struck from the Navy list on 1 July 1960, and the ship was transferred to the Maritime Administration, and she was placed in the National Defense Reserve Fleet and laid up at Olympia, Washington. She was sold to Levin Metals in October 1975, presumably for scrapping.

Military awards and honors

''Agawam''s crew was eligible for the following medals:
 American Campaign Medal
 Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
 World War II Victory Medal
 Navy Occupation Service Medal (with Asia Clasp)
 National Defense Service Medal
 Philippine Liberation Medal

References

External links
 NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive – AOG-6 Agawam

Patapsco-class gasoline tankers
Ships built in Savage, Minnesota
1943 ships
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States

USS Agawam (AOG-6)


Mary Elizabeth Marquis MBE is a Scots telly news presenter, nou retired.

She wis a leadin interviewer an presenter on BBC Scotland frae the mid-1960s, an became the face o the netwirk's fore-nicht news programme Reporting Scotland till 1988, notably includin the whole o the 1970s Nationwide era when input frae BBC broadcasters based at the corporation's ither studios aroond the UK contributit tae a naitional programme.

Early life
Born in Glesga an a anerly bairn, her faimily muivit tae Kirn athort the watter in Argyll when she wis vera young, tae run a smaw hotel, efter her faither haed suffered a hert attack. As a bairn she suffered an attack o tuberculosis an uised a wheelchair for a time, which kindled a dream o becomin a actress. At the age o 17 she wan a place tae RADA, but insteid trained in Glesga, nearer tae her faimily.

Career
Suin efter the daith o her faither she jyned Border TV as a onscreen continuity annooncer, initially thinkin she wad anerly dae it "for a month", but it became her career for the next twinty-seiven years. She wis the first body seen on screen at Border, openin the station's transmission wi the wirds "Good Evening and welcome to Border Television" when it went on air at 5:45 on 1 September 1961.

Twa years later she muivit tae BBC Scotland, travellin aw ower Scotland tae interview fowk for A Quick Look Round (an later for her awn series First Person Singular form 1970 – 75), afore becomin ane o the three leadin presenters o Reporting Scotland at its inception in 1968, an subsequently the programme's main anchor for the next twinty years. Wi the stairt o Nationwide in 1969, she became a frequent face on telly athort the whole o the UK, an several times covered for its regular presenters in Lunnon for twa or three weeks.

In the 1970s she wis heid-huntit bi ITN tae become their first female newscaster.  But Mary Marquis preferred tae stay in Glesga whaur she coud leuk efter her mither an faimily, an the job insteid went tae Anna Ford in 1978.

Follaein the daith o her mither, an a chynge o management at the BBC, she steppit doun frae Reporting Scotland in 1988. She haes subsequently been involvit wi various airts, medical an academic organisations, an did a series o live interviews at the Edinburgh Festival an aw. She wis appointit Member o the Order o the Breetish Empire in the 1983 New Year Honours leet, an honoured wi a special awaird for 'Special Contribution to Scottish Broadcasting' at the 2007 Scottis BAFTA awairds.

Marquis returned tae BBC Scotland tae mark its muive intae new state-o-the-airt heidquairters at Pacific Quay an wis interviewed for the programme. frae the auld studios in Queen Margaret Drive. RSAMD awairds a annual Mary Marquis prize for student performance in telly, commemoratin her time thare.

Personal life
In 1962 she marriet Jack Anderson, a Glaega (subsequently an aw Canada an Lunnon)-based airchitect an lecturer, an a son David wis born twa years later.  Awtho expectin tae be dismissed, she continued tae appear on screen amaist till the birth (includin ane interview conductit on a ruif), an wis back in the studio efterwairds athin sax weeks.

References

Livin fowk
BBC newsreaders an jurnalists
BBC Scotland newsreaders an jurnalists
Members o the Order o the Breetish Empire
Fowk frae Glesga
Scots-leid activists
Scots televeesion presenters
Year o birth missin (livin fowk)

Mary Marquis


Oskar Danon (7 February 1913 – 18 December 2009) was a Yugoslav composer and conductor.

Biography
Danon, a Bosnian Jew, was born in 1913 in Sarajevo, then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (modern Bosnia and Herzegovina). He studied music in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and Prague, Czechoslovakia, where he obtained his Ph.D. in musicology.

He worked as a conductor in Sarajevo, and after World War II became conductor and director of the Belgrade Opera (1944–1965) and the chief conductor of the Slovenian Philharmonic Orchestra (1970–1974). He was also a conductor of the Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra. With these orchestras he performed both in Yugoslavia and abroad (Paris, Wiesbaden, Florence, etc.).

In 1955, as part of a Russian complete opera recording project with Decca and the Belgrade National Opera, he conducted Prince Igor, Eugene Onegin and A Life for the Tsar in the Dome of Culture.

With the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in London he recorded works by Smetana, Enescu, Dvořák, Rimsky-Korsakov, Prokofiev, Stravinsky and Saint-Saëns for Reader's Digest in 1962-63, and in 1963 Die Fledermaus in German and English for RCA in Vienna with Adele Leigh, Anneliese Rothenberger, Risë Stevens, Sándor Kónya, Eberhard Waechter and George London, as well as recording for Supraphon in Czechoslovakia: Scheherazade, Orpheus, Pulcinella and the Franck symphony.

Danon's Vienna State Opera debut in 1964 was The Gambler, in a production from Belgrade, followed over the years by Don Quichotte (Massenet), The Miraculous Mandarin (Bartók), Tannhäuser with Gottlob Frick, Wolfgang Windgassen, Eberhard Waechter, Christa Ludwig and Gundula Janowitz, Carmen, La traviata, Aida, The Flying Dutchman, Rigoletto, Madama Butterfly and Otello. For the Verdi Theatre in Trieste he conducted Boris Godunov, The Golden Cockerel and Countess Maritza.

Danon was professor at the Belgrade Music Academy. He was awarded the October Award of the City of Belgrade for his conducting activity, as well as the AVNOJ Award (1970). Danon was also a member and former president of the Association of Musical Artists of Serbia.

Danon died in Belgrade on 18 December 2009, aged 96. He is interred in the Alley of Distinguished Citizens in the Belgrade New Cemetery.

See also
 Uz Maršala Tita

References

Sources
Holmes, John L. Conductors on Record, Victor Gollancz, London 1982.
Kolar, Vladimir. Oskar Danon. Tonovi jednog vremena, Savez kompozitorajugoslavije, Beograd 1973.
Krleza, Miroslav. Leksikon Jugoslavenske Muzike, Jugoslavenski Leksikografski Zavod, Zagreb 1984.
Maksimović, M. (1971): Beogradska filharmonija 1951–1971, Beogradska filharmonija, Beograd
Mala enciklopedija Prosveta, I (1978), Prosveta, Beograd
Muzička enciklopedija, I (1971), Jugoslovenski leksikografski zavod, Zagreb
Muzika i muzičari u NOB — Zbornik sećanja (1982), Grupa izdavača, Beograd
Pedeset godina Fakulteta muzičke umetnosti (Muzičke akademije) 1937–1987  (1988), Univerzitet umetnosti u Beogradu, Beograd
Pejović, R. (1986): Oskar Danon, Univerzitet umetnosti u Beogradu, Beograd
Peričić, V. [1969]: Muzički stvaraoci u Srbiji, Prosveta, Beograd
Sadie, Stanley. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Macmillan, London 1980.
Danon Oskar i Hribar Svjetlana "Ritmovi nemira",I. izdanje Sarajevska zima,Sarajevo 2005., II. izdanje Beogradska filharmonija, Beograd 2006. godine

1913 births
2009 deaths
Musicians from Sarajevo
Bosnia and Herzegovina Sephardi Jews
Serbian composers
Serbian Sephardi Jews
Yugoslav composers
Yugoslav Jews
Jews in the Yugoslav Partisans
Academic staff of the University of Arts in Belgrade
20th-century classical composers
Male classical composers
Members of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Burials at Belgrade New Cemetery
20th-century male musicians
Recipients of the Sixth of April Sarajevo Award

Oskar Danon


Andrés de la Calleja (6 December 1705 – 2 January 1785) was a Spanish painter, born at Rioja. He was a pupil of G. A. Ezquerra, and was so successful in his early efforts that he was soon appointed by King Philip V to a post of honour. Ferdinand VI in 1752 made him first Director of the newly founded Academy at Madrid, and he established a school of some repute. But we are told that the principal occupation of his latter years was that of restoring the ancient pictures belonging to the king! It would be unjust to visit on him all the iniquities that have been perpetrated on pictures in Spain by the process of restoring; for to such an extent has it been carried, that very few of them, really worth preserving, have escaped. His best works are in the churches of Santa Cruz and of San Felipe el Real at Madrid. He died in that city in 1785.

References

1705 births
1785 deaths
18th-century Spanish painters
18th-century Spanish male artists
Spanish male painters
People from La Rioja

Andrés de la Calleja


Velykyi Zhytyn (, , ) is a village in the Ukrainian Rivne Oblast with about 1200 inhabitants (2006).

The village was mentioned in 1518 in an act of the King of Poland Sigismund I the Old. In this act, he confirmed his rights over the estates of Prince Kostiantin Ivanovich Ostrozky, inherited from his wife's grandmotherMaria Rivne-Nesvitskayaand her husband Prince Semyon Nesvitsky.

It is located in Rivne Raion on the regional road P-5 and P-77 9 km northeast of the oblast and Raion seat Rivne. The Kustinka River, a tributary of the Horyn, flows through the village.

The first Ukrainian  president, Leonid Kravchuk, was born in Velykyi Zhytyn in 1934. At that time, the village was part of the Second Polish Republic.

References

Rivne Raion
Villages in Rivne Raion

Velykyi Zhytyn


Garey Bies (born 1946) is a politician and former deputy sheriff from Sister Bay, Wisconsin who served as a Republican Party member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing the 1st Assembly District from 2001 to 2015. He served as a member of the committees on Natural Resources, Tourism, Recreation, and State Property; Transportation, Veterans and Military Affairs, and as the chair of the Committee on Corrections and Courts.

Bies was born in Manitowoc, graduated from Lincoln High School, and later earned an associate degree from Northeast Wisconsin Technical College. He served in the Navy for five years and worked in law enforcement for 30 years, retiring as chief deputy sheriff of Door County.

Bies was first elected to the Assembly in 2000, defeating the Democratic candidate, former State Representative Lary J. Swoboda with 16,132 votes to 12,104 for Swoboda. He was re-elected in each biennial election after that, through 2012.

Bies deplored what he describes as the one-sided lack of civility exhibited by Democrats during the 2011-2012 Assembly sessions. He voted for tax cuts for businesses to attract new businesses to Wisconsin and to encourage the expansion of existing businesses. He says that the purpose of government is to "lay the rules down to protect the people".

In 2014, rather than seek re-election, Bies chose to seek the Republican nomination for Wisconsin Secretary of State. He lost in the Republican primary of August 12, 2014, with 75,340 votes (35%) to 138,734 votes (65%) for Julian Bradley. He was succeeded in the Assembly by Republican Joel Kitchens, who defeated Democrat Joe Majeski in the 2014 general election.

References

External links
Representative Garey Bies official website
Representative Garey Bies official Wisconsin Assembly website
Garey Bies for Assembly official campaign site

Campaign 2010 campaign contributions at Wisconsin Democracy Campaign

Republican Party members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
1946 births
Living people
Wisconsin sheriffs
21st-century American politicians
People from Door County, Wisconsin

Garey Bies


Eduardo is the Spanish and Portuguese form of the male given name Edward. Another version is Duarte. It may refer to:

Association football
 Dudu (footballer, born 1992) (Eduardo Pereira Rodrigues), Brazilian footballer
 Eduardo (footballer, born 1993) (Carlos Eduardo Bendini Giusti), Brazilian centre back
 Eduardo (footballer, born 12 November 1986) (Eduardo da Conceição Maciel), Brazilian forward
 Eduardo (footballer, born 20 November 1986) (Carlos Eduardo Santos Oliveira), Brazilian right back
 Eduardo (footballer, born 1979) (Eduardo Adelino da Silva), Brazilian footballer
 Eduardo (footballer, born 1995) (Eduardo José da Rosa Milhomem), Brazilian defender
 Eduardo (footballer, born 1997) (Eduardo Jacinto de Biasi), Brazilian defensive midfielder
 Eduardo (footballer, born 2000) (Eduardo da Silva Albuquerque), Brazilian midfielder
 Edu Coimbra (Eduardo Antunes Coimbra) (born 1947), Brazilian attacking midfielder and manager
 Edu (footballer, born 1981) (Eduardo Gonçalves de Oliveira), Brazilian striker
 Eduardo Bonvallet (1955–2015), Chilean defensive midfielder and sports commentator
 Eduardo Carvalho (born 1982), Portuguese goalkeeper
 Eduardo Costa, (born 1982), Brazilian defensive midfielder and coach
 Eduardo Diniz (born 1989), Brazilian full back
 Eduardo Flores, Argentine footballer
 Eduardo Gómez (footballer) (born 1958), Chilean defender
 Eduardo Jesus (born 2002) Brazilian footballer
 Eduardo Martini (born 1979), Brazilian goalkeeper
 Eduardo Pacheco (born 1987), Brazilian striker
 Eduardo dos Santos (footballer, born 1980) (Eduardo Ribeiro dos Santos), Brazilian striker
 Eduardo da Silva (born 1983), Brazilian-born Croatian forward

Music
 Eduardo (rapper), Carlos Eduardo Taddeo, Brazilian rapper
 Eduardo De Crescenzo, Italian singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist

Politicians
 Eduardo Año, Filipino politician and retired army general
 Eduardo Carriles, Spanish lawyer, businessman and politician
 Eduardo Castro Luque, assassinated Mexican politician
 Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues, Portuguese politician
 Eduardo Maruri, Ecuadorian businessman and politician
 Eduardo Panlilio, Filipino politician and former priest, elected governor of Pampanga
 Eduardo Pérez Bulnes, Argentine politician, one of the signatories of the Declaration of Independence
 Eduardo Riedel, Brazilian politician, current governor of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul
 Eduardo Rubiño, Spanish politician
 Eduardo Torralba Beci (1881–1929), Spanish journalist and politician

Sportsmen
 Eduardo Barragán, Colombian boxer
 Eduardo Castro, Mexican long-distance runner
 Eduardo Guerrero, Colombian road cyclist
 Eduardo Jhons, Cuban fencer
 Eduardo Martínez, Argentine beach volleyball player
 Eduardo Mello Borges, futsal player
 Eduardo Piccinini, Brazilian butterfly swimmer
 Eduardo Risso, Uruguayan rower

Others
 Eduardo R. Caianiello, Italian physicist
 Eduardo De Filippo, Italian actor, playwright, screenwriter, author and poet
 Eduardo Eurnekian, Argentine-Armenian billionaire businessman
 Eduardo Galeano, Uruguayan journalist and writer
 Eduardo Galvão (1962–2020), Brazilian actor
 Eduardo Gómez, Spanish actor
 Eduardo Kac, American contemporary artist
 Eduardo Kobra, Brazilian graffiti artist
 Eduardo Lourenço, Portuguese writer, literary scholar and philosopher
 Eduardo Mendoza Garriga, Spanish novelist
 Eduardo Morales Miranda, Chilean physician and founder of Universidad Austral de Chile
 Eduardo Nicol, Spanish-Mexican philosopher
 Eduardo Prado Coelho, Portuguese writer
 Eduardo Saverin, co-founder of Facebook
 Eduardo Scarpetta (1853–1925), Italian actor and playwright
 Eduardo Scarpetta (born 1993), Italian actor
 Eduardo Serra, Portuguese cinematographer
 Eduardo Souto de Moura, Portuguese architect
 Eduardo Valente da Fonseca, Portuguese writer
 Eduardo V. Manalo (born 1955), current Executive Minister of the Iglesia ni Cristo

Fictional characters
 Eduardo (Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends), a character in the animated television series Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends
 Eduardo "Lalo" Salamanca, a character in the TV series Better Call Saul
 Eduardo, a character in the comedy animated series Eddsworld
 Eduardo, an older Spix's Macaw who is Jewel's long-lost father in the animated film Rio 2

See also
Duarte (disambiguation)
Edoardo
Eduarda (name)
Edu (disambiguation)

Portuguese masculine given names
Spanish masculine given names
Masculine given names

Eduardo


Sunrise at Campobello is a 1960 American biographical film telling the story of the struggles of future President of the United States Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his family when Roosevelt was stricken with paralysis at the age of 39 in August 1921. Based on Dore Schary's 1958 Tony Award-winning Broadway play of the same name, the film was directed by Vincent J. Donehue and stars Ralph Bellamy, Greer Garson, Hume Cronyn and Jean Hagen.

The film was produced with the cooperation of the Roosevelt family. Eleanor Roosevelt was present on the set during location shooting at the Roosevelt estate in Hyde Park, New York.

Plot

At the Roosevelt family's summer home on Campobello Island, New Brunswick, Canada (on the border with Maine) in the summer of 1921, Franklin D. Roosevelt is vigorously athletic, enjoying games with his children and sailing his boat.

Roosevelt is suddenly stricken with fever and then paralysis. Conflict ensues between the bedridden Roosevelt, his wife Eleanor, his mother Sara and his close political adviser Louis Howe. Later, as Roosevelt drags himself up the stairs, he painfully strives to overcome his physical limitations and resist remaining an invalid.

Roosevelt reenters public life as he walks to the speaker's rostrum at a party convention, aided by heavy leg braces and crutches.

Cast

 Ralph Bellamy as Franklin Delano Roosevelt
 Greer Garson as Eleanor Roosevelt
 Hume Cronyn as Louis Howe
 Jean Hagen as Marguerite "Missy" LeHand
 Ann Shoemaker as Sara Roosevelt
 Alan Bunce as Governor Alfred E. Smith
 Tim Considine as James Roosevelt
 Zina Bethune as Anna Roosevelt
 Frank Ferguson as Dr. Bennett
 Pat Close as Elliott Roosevelt
 Robin Warga as Franklin Roosevelt Jr.
 Tom Carty as Johnny Roosevelt
 Lyle Talbot as Mr. Brimmer
 David White as Mr. Lassiter
 Walter Sande as Captain Skinner
 Herbert Anderson as Vincent Dailey

Director Dore Schary had originally considered Anthony Quayle for the role of Roosevelt until Schary's wife suggested Bellamy.

Production
Sunrise at Campobello presents events that took place over three years, from August 1921 to July 1924, culminating in Roosevelt's speech at the 1924 Democratic National Convention. Before and during Roosevelt's presidency, the extent of his disability was minimized. Sunrise at Campobello depicts the debilitating effects of his paralytic illness to a greater extent than had been previously disclosed by the media.

Exteriors were filmed at the Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site, the Roosevelt Campobello International Park on Campobello Island and the Roosevelts' former Manhattan residence. Interiors were shots on sets at Warner Bros. The Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles was used to represent for Madison Square Garden for the 1924 convention.

The film was scored by Franz Waxman.

Reception
The film faced competition from Elmer Gantry, The World of Suzy Wong, The Apartment and Butterfield 8, films that all dealt with sex and that impacted the box-office performance of Sunrise at Campobello.  At the time the film was made, Roosevelt's affair with Lucy Mercer was not generally known and could not be portrayed on screen.

The film was entered into the 2nd Moscow International Film Festival. At its screening on July 19, 1961 at the Russia Theatre, the audience started to leave within minutes. More than 2,000 attendees departed before the end of the screening, possibly after realizing that the film did not depict the war years.

Variety wrote that the film "...loses none of its poignant and inspirational qualities." It called Bellamy "brilliant", and noted Garson's "deeply moving, multifaceted characterization."

In a contemporary review for The New York Times, critic Bosley Crowther called Sunrise at Campobello "a well-done, moving biographical film" and wrote: "Ralph Bellamy's performance of Mr. Roosevelt is every bit as strong, as full of feeling and characteristic gesture, as Mr. Bellamy made it on the stage. ... However, it must be mentioned that a tendency to overdo some of the famous Roosevelt expressions ... induces a bit of vexation, especially when they are shown in close-up, which glaringly discloses their forced and theatrical quality." Crowther also criticized Greer Garson's "singsong manner of speech" that sounded like a caricature of Eleanor Roosevelt's voice.

The Hollywood Reporter review concluded that "the play was an excellent job and has been improved upon."

More recently, Darragh O'Donoghue considers the film a hagiography but notes: "Hume Cronyn is the heart and soul of the film as Louis Howe, FDR's right-hand man, an asthmatic whose relish for the 'real world' of compromised politics disgusts FDR's patrician mother played with haughty relish by Ann Shoemaker."

Awards and honors
Greer Garson won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama.

Academy Awards
Nominations
 Best Actress: Greer Garson
 Best Art Direction (Color): Art Direction: Edward Carrere; Set Decoration: George James Hopkins
 Best Costume Design (Color): Marjorie Best
 Best Sound: Warner Bros. Studio Sound Department, George Groves, sound director

See also
 List of American films of 1960
 Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness

References

External links

 Movie trailer

1960 films
1960s biographical drama films
American biographical drama films
Films scored by Franz Waxman
American films based on plays
Films featuring a Best Drama Actress Golden Globe-winning performance
Films about Franklin D. Roosevelt
Cultural depictions of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Cultural depictions of Eleanor Roosevelt
Films about presidents of the United States
Films set in New Brunswick
Films set in New York (state)
Films set in 1921
Films set in 1922
Films set in 1923
Films set in 1924
Medical-themed films
Warner Bros. films
1960 drama films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films

Sunrise at Campobello


Fire! is a 1901 British short silent drama film, directed by James Williamson, showing the occupants of a house in Hove being rescued by the local fire service.

Description
This five tableaux film, according to Michael Brooke of Screenonline, "was one of the very first films to make use of multiple shots edited together to create a chronological sequence propelling a coherent narrative along.  Williamson also creates suspense by showing the audience the extent of the fire in the first shot, which heightens the sense of urgency as the fire crew (who lack this privileged information) leave the station and rush to put it out."  It was released along with Stop Thief! (1901), "indicating the direction Williamson would take over the next few years, as he refined this new film grammar to tell stories of unprecedented narrative and emotional sophistication." "Brooke also states that it was "a major influence on a pioneering American film, Edwin S. Porter's Life of an American Fireman (1903), which borrowed Williamson's narrative model and developed it further by introducing close-ups."

Production
The director made the film  at a derelict house called Ivy Lodge in Hove, where he had previously shot Attack on a China Mission (1900).

References

External links

1901 films
1901 short films
1901 drama films
British black-and-white films
British silent short films
British drama short films
Films directed by James Williamson (film pioneer)
Films about firefighting
Silent British drama films

Fire! (1901 film)


Worship Central is a British Christian music praise and worship charity from Birmingham, United Kingdom, founded at Holy Trinity Brompton in 2006 by Tim Hughes and Al Gordon. The charity exists to train worship pastors for churches as well as writing and producing new music for churches.

Background
The charity was founded in 2006 out of London, United Kingdom, where they were located at Holy Trinity Brompton, while now they are based at Gas Street Church. Notable staff members and associate songwriters include Tim Hughes, Ben Cantelon, Al Gordon and Luke Hellebronth.

History
Worship Central released their first album, Lifting High, in 2009, then Spirit Break Out, in 2011, Counting On Your Name, also in 2011, Let It Be Known in 2012, Set Apart in 2014, Mercy Road in 2017 and Stir A Passion in 2018.

Their albums have been recorded by the labels Integrity Music and Capitol Records. Let It Be Known reached number 45 in the UK Official Album Charts and lasted a record five weeks at number 1 at the Official Christian And Gospel Chart

Discography

References

External links
 Official website
 Worship Together Profile

British Christian musical groups
Musical groups established in 2006
2006 establishments in the United Kingdom

Worship Central


Rodney Ray Lewis, known as Rod Lewis (born 1954), is founder, president, and chief executive officer of Lewis Energy, an oil and natural gas drilling company based in Texas, US.

Biography
Lewis was born and raised on a ranch in Laredo in Webb County in South Texas. His father was a pilot in the United States Air Force. He graduated from what is now Texas A&M International University in Laredo with a Bachelor of Arts in criminal justice.

He started his career in the oil industry by working for Stampede Energy and for the R.L. Burns Corporation. He purchased his first oil well for $13,000 in 1982 and launched Lewis Energy the next year. In 1995, he borrowed $5 million from Enron Capital & Trade and repaid the loan in eight months. Alongside drilling in South Texas, he has drilled in Mexico for Pemex, and in Colombia for Hupecol Caracara and Solana Resources. In 2003, he sold much of his Texas pipelines to Dan Duncan, the CEO of Enterprise Products Partners. He is the first American wildcatter to drill in Mexico since former President Lázaro Cárdenas made it illegal for anyone but the Mexican government to do so. Forbes magazine called Lewis "the only gringo allowed to drill in Mexico." He can collect as much as $350 million annually from Pemex for drilling on 80,000 acres near the border. He does not own the oil or natural gas but is compensated for drilling the land. Lewis owns at least 350,000 acres of the Eagle Ford Shale property. In 2010, British Petroleum began drilling on 80,000 acres of  Eagle Ford Shale property that Lewis owns.

As of March 2018, he is the 1,756th richest person in the world. He is worth US$1.3 billion. He collects World War II-era planes, and he owns 30, including Glacier Girl, which he bought for $10 million. Since 2012 or 2013 he is the owner of M5, the largest single-masted yacht ever built.

Lewis and his wife, the former Kimberly Annette Spicer (born c. 1958), have four adult children. He also owns a ranch in Encinal north of Laredo. Lewis is a survivor of esophageal cancer but lost his salivary glands in treatment.

In March 2013, Mrs. Lewis filed for divorce in the Bexar County Courthouse. There is no mention of a pre-nuptial agreement, and Texas is a community property state. At least thirteen lawsuits are involved in the Lewis' marital squabbles. Mrs. Lewis is asking that her husband pay her legal fees in the dispute. Rod Lewis stated in an interview that he loved his wife and that he had no intention of divorcing her. Lewis and she later reconciled and continue to attend public events together.

The Rod and Kim Lewis Foundation donates grants to charitable organizations. Lewis provided the furnishing of the three-story Lewis Energy Academic Center, which opened in January 2012 on the campus of Laredo Community College.

In August 2014, Lewis was named recipient of the annual Angel of Hope Award for his work in providing Christmas gifts to needy children in Webb County. Angel of Hope was originated by the constable's office of Webb County Precinct 1.

References

1954 births
Living people
American billionaires
American businesspeople in the oil industry
Businesspeople from Texas
Wildcatters
Philanthropists from Texas
Texas A&M International University alumni
People from Laredo, Texas
People from San Antonio
Ranchers from Texas

Rodney Lewis


Huda Ben Amer (in Arabic هدى بن عامر) is a former Libyan politician. A follower of the Libyan ruler, Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, she was the Secretary of the General People's Congress of Inspection People's Control and mayor of Benghazi until the Libyan Civil War.

Ben Amer was born in Marj near Benghazi and attended the Garyounis University in Benghazi. Belonging to a poor family without influence, Ben Amer rose to national prominence at a public execution staged by the Gaddafi government in 1984. The event in Benghazi's basketball stadium had been announced as the trial of one of Gaddafi's political enemies, al-Sadek Hamed Al-Shuwehdy, an engineer who had been peacefully campaigning against the colonel's rule. But instead the schoolchildren and students who had been assembled for the purpose were made to see al-Shuwehdy's execution by hanging. While the hanged man writhed on the gallows, Ben Amer stepped forward and grabbed al-Shuwehdy's legs, pulling him down until he stopped struggling and died.

That display of ruthlessness, about which she later liked to boast—she is remembered in Benghazi by her saying "we don't need talking, we need hangings"—earned her the enduring loathing of the people of Benghazi and the nickname Huda Al-Shannaga—"Huda the Executioner". However, it impressed Gaddafi, who had been watching the execution on live television. He subsequently promoted Ben Amer to high government posts, including twice mayor of Benghazi and a leading member of the Legion Thoria, Gaddafi's organization of revolutionary committees. Eventually she became a favorite of Gaddafi, and one of the richest and most powerful women in Libya.

In the course of the national uprising in early 2011, a crowd stormed Ben Amer's sprawling mansion in Benghazi and, finding her gone, burned it to the ground. Later in March 2011, she was seen next to Gaddafi on one of his televised addresses. On 2 September 2011, Guma el-Gamaty, the UK coordinator of the National Transitional Council posted on Twitter that Ben Amer had been arrested in Tripoli by NTC forces.

Her arrest was never confirmed and she did not stand trial. She was interviewed by the Gaddafi loyalist-controlled Jamahiriya TV in 2019. In 2022, she gave another interview via the Clubhouse app where she accused Prime Minister Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh's family of corruption.

See also
Execution of Al-Sadek Hamed Al-Shuwehdy

References

Living people
Libyan women in politics
People from Benghazi
Mayors of places in Libya
Year of birth missing (living people)

Huda Ben Amer


Abo Canyon (elevation 5771 ft.), also known as Abo Pass, is a mountain pass at the southern end of the Manzano Mountains of central New Mexico in the Southwest United States.

History

From pre-Columbian times, the pass provided the most direct trading route through the mountains between the plains Indians of the Estancia Valley to the east and the Pueblo cultures of the middle valley of the Rio Grande to the west. The route these traders took led past Abo Pueblo, dating from the 14th century, strategically located near a cluster of springs on the eastern slope of the pass. The old footpath is now the Abo Pass Trail Scenic Byway (see External Links below).

The Spanish arrived in the 16th century, and used the pass as a route between the Rio Grande valley and the three "salt missions" they constructed northeast of the pass, now ruins preserved as part of the Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument.

Railroad

In the early 20th century, the Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad wished to find an alternative route to its existing mainline over Raton and Glorieta Passes, to avoid the gradients of up to 3.5% on these passes. The company surveyed a route through the Abo Canyon, which could be achieved with a gradient of no more than 1.25%. Known as the Belen Cutoff, the route was completed in 1908, connecting to the AT&SF system at Belen, New Mexico and at Amarillo, Texas. The Cutoff rapidly took on the bulk of the AT&SF's transcontinental freight traffic (Most of the Santa Fe's through passenger service remained on the old Raton Pass route, due to its connections in Colorado, as well as tourist traffic serving the railroad's namesake city). Passenger service through Abo Canyon ceased in 1971 with the cancellation of the San Francisco Chief, when Amtrak took over all of the Santa Fe's passenger operations.

Now part of the BNSF system and known as the Clovis subdivision of the Southern Transcon, the rail corridor is one of the most heavily trafficked routes in the western US. An average of almost 90 trains daily passed through Abo Canyon in 2006, each typically 6000 to 8000 feet in length.

The four-mile route through the canyon remained a single-track bottleneck until March 2011, when a second track was completed at a cost of $85 million.

Highway

The Atlantic and Pacific Highway was established through the pass in 1921, and was designated as U.S. Route 60 in 1931. New Mexico State Road 47 joins the highway from Belen on the west side of the pass.

Abo Pass Trail
On July 31, 1998, the Abo Pass Trail was made a New Mexico Scenic and Historic Byway. It is a 31 miles scenic drive through the Salt Missions area along New Mexico State Road 47 and U.S. Route 60.

References

Benner, John "Abo Arroyo", CTC Board Railroads Illustrated, July 1996.

External links
Abo Pass Trail

Rail mountain passes of the United States
Mountain passes of New Mexico
Transportation in Socorro County, New Mexico
Landforms of Socorro County, New Mexico
U.S. Route 60

Abo Canyon


Linear motion, also called rectilinear motion, is one-dimensional motion along a straight line, and can therefore be described mathematically using only one spatial dimension. The linear motion can be of two types: uniform linear motion, with constant velocity (zero acceleration); and non-uniform linear motion, with variable velocity (non-zero acceleration). The motion of a particle (a point-like object) along a line can be described by its position , which varies with  (time). An example of linear motion is an athlete running a 100-meter dash along a straight track.

Linear motion is the most basic of all motion. According to Newton's first law of motion, objects that do not experience any net force will continue to move in a straight line with a constant velocity until they are subjected to a net force. Under everyday circumstances, external forces such as gravity and friction can cause an object to change the direction of its motion, so that its motion cannot be described as linear.

One may compare linear motion to general motion. In general motion, a particle's position and velocity are described by vectors, which have a magnitude and direction. In linear motion, the directions of all the vectors describing the system are equal and constant which means the objects move along the same axis and do not change direction. The analysis of such systems may therefore be simplified by neglecting the direction components of the vectors involved and dealing only with the magnitude.

Background

Displacement

The motion in which all the particles of a body move through the same distance in the same time is called translatory motion. There are two types of translatory motions: rectilinear motion; curvilinear motion. Since linear motion is a motion in a single dimension, the distance traveled by an object in particular direction is the same as displacement. The SI unit of displacement is the metre. If  is the initial position of an object and  is the final position, then mathematically the displacement is given by:

The equivalent of displacement in rotational motion is the angular displacement  measured in radians.
The displacement of an object cannot be greater than the distance because it is also a distance but the shortest one. Consider a person travelling to work daily. Overall displacement when he returns home is zero, since the person ends up back where he started, but the distance travelled is clearly not zero.

Velocity

Velocity refers to a displacement in one direction with respect to an interval of time. It is defined as the rate of change of displacement over change in time. Velocity is a vector quantity, representing a direction and a magnitude of movement. The magnitude of a velocity is called speed. The SI unit of speed is  that is metre per second.

Average velocity
The average velocity of a moving body is its total displacement divided by the total time needed to reach a body from the initial point to the final point. It is an estimated velocity for a distance to travel. Mathematically, it is given by:

where:
 is the time at which the object was at position  and
 is the time at which the object was at position
The magnitude of the average velocity  is called an average speed.

Instantaneous velocity
In contrast to an average velocity, referring to the overall motion in a finite time interval, the instantaneous velocity of an object describes the state of motion at a specific point in time. It is defined by letting the length of the time interval  tend to zero, that is, the velocity is the time derivative of the displacement as a function of time.

The magnitude of the instantaneous velocity  is called the instantaneous speed.The instantaneous velocity equation comes from finding the limit as t approaches 0 of the average velocity. The instantaneous velocity shows the position function with respect to time. From the instantaneous velocity the instantaneous speed can be derived by getting the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity.

Acceleration

Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Acceleration is the second derivative of displacement i.e. acceleration can be found by differentiating position with respect to time twice or differentiating velocity with respect to time once. The SI unit of acceleration is  or metre per second squared.

If  is the average acceleration and  is the change in velocity over the time interval  then mathematically,

The instantaneous acceleration is the limit, as  approaches zero, of the ratio  and , i.e.,

Jerk

The rate of change of acceleration, the third derivative of displacement is known as jerk. The SI unit of jerk is . In the UK jerk is also referred to as jolt.

Jounce

The rate of change of jerk, the fourth derivative of displacement is known as jounce. The SI unit of jounce is  which can be pronounced as metres per quartic second.

Formulation

In case of constant acceleration, the four physical quantities acceleration, velocity, time and displacement can be related by using the equations of motion

here,
 is the initial velocity
 is the final velocity
 is the acceleration
 is the displacement
 is the time

These relationships can be demonstrated graphically. The gradient of a line on a displacement time graph represents the velocity. The gradient of the velocity time graph gives the acceleration while the area under the velocity time graph gives the displacement. The area under a graph of acceleration versus time is equal to the change in velocity.

Comparison to circular motion

The following table refers to rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis:  is arc length,  is the distance from the axis to any point, and  is the tangential acceleration, which is the component of the acceleration that is parallel to the motion.  In contrast, the centripetal acceleration, , is perpendicular to the motion. The component of the force parallel to the motion, or equivalently, perpendicular  to the line connecting the point of application to the axis is .  The sum is over  from  to  particles and/or points of application.

The following table shows the analogy in derived SI units:

See also
 Angular motion
 Centripetal force
 Inertial frame of reference
 Linear actuator
 Linear bearing
 Linear motor
 Mechanics of planar particle motion
 Motion graphs and derivatives
 Reciprocating motion
 Rectilinear propagation
 Uniformly accelerated linear motion

References

Further reading
 Resnick, Robert and Halliday, David (1966), Physics, Chapter 3  (Vol I and II, Combined edition), Wiley International Edition, Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 66-11527
 Tipler P.A., Mosca G., "Physics for Scientists and Engineers", Chapter 2 (5th edition), W. H. Freeman and company: New York and Basing stoke, 2003.

External links

Classical mechanics

Linear motion


Âhasiw Maskêgon-Iskwêw (1958–2006) was a Cree and French Métis theorist, curator and artist. Maskêgon-Iskwêw was a significant figure in the field of contemporary Indigenous arts, and a formative proponent of digital media within Indigenous communities. In their 2015 book dedication to him, Steven Loft and Kerry Swanson describe Maskêgon-Iskwêw as "one of the foremost thinkers and practitioners of Aboriginal new media art."

An archive of Maskêgon-Iskwêw's work is maintained by Grunt Gallery.

Early life and education

Âhasiw Maskêgon-Iskwêw (Donald Ghostkeeper) was born in 1958 in McLennan, Alberta. He graduated from Emily Carr College of Art and Design, Vancouver, British Columbia in 1985, and also studied at Simon Fraser University and Vancouver Community College.

Artwork

Maskêgon-Iskwêw created both Web-based and video-integrated performance artworks. Significant works include: Mestih'kusowin (Holocaust), Pitt Gallery, Vancouver (1990); Sakehi'towin Onipowak, Western Front Gallery, Vancouver (1992); and Hunter, Pitt Gallery, Vancouver (1993). In 1996, working as artistic director, writer, and producer, Maskêgon-Iskwêw brought ten artists together to create isi-pîkiskwêwin-ayapihkêsîsak (Speaking the Language of Spiders). This Web-based artwork was exhibited at the Canadian Cultural Centre in Paris in the group exhibition Cyclic and at the Walter Phillips Gallery in the 2003 group exhibition BACK/FLASH.

Maskêgon-Iskwêw's artworks have been exhibited in multiple group exhibitions, including Exposed: The Aesthetics of Aboriginal Erotic Art at the MacKenzie Art Gallery in 1999; multiple iterations of the Indigenous Net art network CyberPowWow; and in the exhibition Language of Intercession at the Art Gallery of Hamilton in 2003.

Curatorial and arts administration

Maskêgon-Iskwêw maintained an active curatorial practice across Canada. He held positions as director at Vancouver's Pitt Gallery (1988-1990); the Native Education Centre in Vancouver (1990-1991); and the Canada Council for the Arts Art Bank (1992–1994), during which time he fulfilled two residencies with the Saskatchewan Indian Federated College and Circle Vision Arts Corporation in Regina, and the Aboriginal Film and Video Art Alliance at the Banff Centre for the Arts. Between 1994 and 2005 Maskêgon-Iskwêw administered the on-line Aboriginal media arts network Drumbeats to Drumbytes. In 1994 he became program coordinator, acting executive director, and assistant editor of the Talking Stick First Nations Arts Magazine for Circle Vision Arts Corporation. In 1995 Maskêgon-Iskwêw co-curated with Debra Piapot the exhibition nanâtawihitowin-âcimowina (Healing Stories): Three Collaborative First Peoples Performances at the Walter Phillips Gallery in Banff. From 1996-1996 he was Production Manager for the SOIL Digital Media Production Suite at Neutral Ground Artist-Run Centre.

Maskêgon-Iskwêw also worked as artistic director for the development of community-based media art projects with groups such as sex trade workers and youth at risk for Common Weal in Regina (1998–1999) and advocated for increased support for community/artist collaborations at St. Norbert Arts Centre (1999–2000). A significant force for online development of Indigenous communities, Maskêgon-Iskwêw was a member of both the Canada Council Inter-Arts Office Advisory Committee (1999-2003) and its Media Arts Internet Dissemination Working Group (2001).

In 2002 Maskêgon-Iskwêw curated Signified: Ritual Language in First Nations Performance Art, with Reona Brass and Bently Spang at Sâkêwêwâk Artists' Collective in Regina. In both 2003 and 2004 he was a facilitator at the annual Connecting Aboriginal Canadians Forum in Ottawa, presented by the Aboriginal Canada Portal Working Group. In his position of New Media Curator at Urban Shaman Contemporary Aboriginal Art Gallery, in 2005 Maskêgon-Iskwêw developed the online platform Storm Spirits: The Cultural Ecology of Aboriginal New Media Art. Furthermore, he launched Urban Shaman's Conundrum Online Aboriginal Arts Magazine at this time. As a founding member of the Aboriginal Curatorial Collective / Collectif des Conservateurs autochtones (ACC/CCA), in 2006 he was employed to research and develop the corporate objects and bylaws for the organization, produce their website, and assist in coordinating a major national gathering for the organization.

Writing

Maskêgon-Iskwêw's writing has appeared in Talking Stick First Nations Arts Magazine, Mix (formerly Parallélogramme), and Fuse Magazine, and in multiple anthologies, including Caught in the Act: An Anthology of Performance Art by Canadian Women (2004), and Transference, Tradition, Technology: Native New Media Exploring Visual & Digital Culture (2005).

References

20th-century Canadian artists
20th-century First Nations writers
1958 births
2006 deaths
First Nations performance artists
Métis artists
Emily Carr University of Art and Design alumni
Cree people
Canadian LGBT artists
LGBT First Nations people
21st-century First Nations people
Canadian art critics
20th-century Canadian male writers
20th-century Canadian non-fiction writers
21st-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian non-fiction writers
Canadian curators
Canadian magazine editors
Indigenous curators of the Americas
20th-century Canadian LGBT people

Âhasiw Maskêgon-Iskwêw


Astro Invader, originally released in Japan as  lit.  Divine Wind, is an arcade fixed shooter developed by Konami, and the first arcade game published by Stern Electronics. Astro Invader was ported to the Emerson Arcadia 2001 in 1982.

Gameplay

The player controls a small spaceship at the bottom of the screen. Like most Space Invaders-type games of the period, the ship can move left and right (but not up or down), and can fire one bullet at a time. The ship may not fire again until its previous shot has detonated.

The playfield above the player's ship contains 13 columns. Three of them, on the far left, far right, and in the center, are wide columns. The other 10, five on either side of the center, are much narrower. At the beginning of each wave, a flying saucer enters at the top of the screen and begins dropping small aliens into the ten narrow columns. The columns are open on the bottom, allowing the player to shoot the aliens as they descend. Each column holds a maximum of four aliens. If a column is full, the next alien dropped into it will release the bottommost alien, which falls straight down. Aliens can also be dropped into either of the two wide columns on the far left and right, in which case they fall straight down immediately. If the alien reaches the bottom of the screen without being shot by the player, it explodes - the explosion extends slightly to each side of the alien. Collision with a falling alien or its explosion destroys the player's ship. The small aliens are worth 20 points when moving (falling into or out of a column), and 10 points at rest. Aliens remain in their columns until shot or released; any aliens at rest in a column, either at the end of a wave or when the player's ship is destroyed, are still there when play resumes.

At regular intervals, a small flying saucer descends from one of the three wide columns. Unlike the small aliens, the saucer absolutely must be killed - if it is allowed to reach the bottom of the screen, the player's ship is immediately destroyed. Saucers are worth anywhere from 100 to 400 points.

A counter on the large saucer tells the player how many aliens it has left to drop for that wave. When the counter reaches 000 the wave is over. Everything freezes at this point, including the player's ship and bullets and all descending saucers and aliens, and the large saucer flies away. A new large saucer carrying more aliens then flies in to take its place and begin the next wave. When the new saucer reaches the top-center, the game unfreezes and everything resumes exactly as it was before play was interrupted, with the new saucer continuing the job of dropping aliens.

Legacy
An Astro Invader machine appears in the music video for the 1982 Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers song "You Got Lucky". The band finds a working one buried under some junk in an old barn, and eventually Petty knocks the machine over.

References

External links

Arcade video games
Fixed shooters
Stern video games
1979 video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games developed in Japan

Astro Invader


Triatomic molecules are molecules composed of three atoms, of either the same or different chemical elements. Examples include H2O, CO2 (pictured), HCN, O3 (ozone) and NO2.

Molecular vibrations

The vibrational modes of a triatomic molecule can be determined in specific cases.

Symmetric linear molecules
A symmetric linear molecule ABA can perform:
 Antisymmetric longitudinal vibrations with frequency

 Symmetric longitudinal vibrations with frequency

 Symmetric transversal vibrations with frequency

In the previous formulas, M is the total mass of the molecule, mA and mB are the masses of the elements A and B, k1 and k2 are the spring constants of the molecule along its axis and perpendicular to it.

Types

Homonuclear

Homonuclear triatomic molecules contain three of the same kind of atom. That molecule will be an allotrope of that element.

Ozone, O3 is an example of a triatomic molecule with all atoms the same. Triatomic hydrogen, H3, is unstable and breaks up spontaneously. H3+, the trihydrogen cation is stable by itself and is symmetric. 4He3, the helium trimer is only weakly bound by van der Waals force and is in an Efimov state. Trisulfur (S3) is analogous to ozone.

Geometry
All triatomic molecules may be classified as possessing either a linear, bent, or cyclic geometry.

Linear
Linear triatomic molecules owe their geometry to their sp or sp3d hybridised central atoms. Well-known linear triatomic molecules include carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN).

Xenon difluoride (XeF2) is one of the rare examples of a linear triatomic molecule possessing non-bonded pairs of electrons on the central atom.

Bent

Cyclic

References

External links

Molecular vibration

Triatomic molecule


Coldwell Banker Real Estate LLC is an American real estate franchise owned by Anywhere Real Estate, with headquarters in Madison, New Jersey. It was founded in 1906 in San Francisco, and has approximately 3000 offices in 49 countries and territories. It publishes an annual house price guide, Home Listing Report.

History

After the devastating 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fires, Albert Nion Tucker, Colbert Coldwell and John Conant Lynch formed Tucker, Lynch and Coldwell on August 27, 1906.
Benjamin Arthur Banker joined the firm as a salesman in 1913, and became a partner in 1914. The company changed its name to Coldwell, Kern & Banker in 1918. In 1919 the name became Coldwell, Kern, Cornwall & Banker, and in 1920, Coldwell Cornwall & Banker. Cornwall retired in 1940, and the company name changed again to Coldwell, Banker & Company, which was shortened to Coldwell Banker in 1974. Banker and Coldwell remained active in the company throughout their lives.

In 1920, Coldwell Banker moved to a three-story building in San Francisco. It opened an office in Phoenix, Arizona, its first outside California, in 1952. In the 1970s the company expanded by acquiring firms in Atlanta, Chicago, and Washington, D.C. The first international Coldwell Banker office opened in Toronto, Canada in 1996.

Coldwell Banker & Company became a corporation in 1961, and went public in 1968. In 1981 it was bought by Sears, Roebuck, and became part of the Sears Financial Network. In 1989, Sears sold Coldwell Banker's commercial unit to a management-led buyout group including The Carlyle Group for approximately $300 million. As part of the sale, the residential unit retained the Coldwell Banker name; the commercial group has changed names several times after the sale and various mergers and acquisitions, and is now CBRE Group.

Sears sold Coldwell Banker's surviving residential unit to the Fremont Group, a California investment company, for $230 million in 1993. It was sold to HFS Inc., later Cendant, in 1996. When Cendant broke up in 2006, the real estate businesses were spun off as Realogy, which was sold to Apollo Management for about $7.75 billion. In 2022, Realogy rebranded as Anywhere Real Estate, Inc.

Philanthropy

In 2006 helped to raise $5 million to support 100 Habitat for Humanity homes to commemorate its 100th anniversary. In February 2015 it collaborated with Adopt-a-Pet.com, a dog adoption website.

See also
 NRT (company)

References

Real estate companies established in 1906
Real estate services companies of the United States
Realogy brands
Franchises
Private equity portfolio companies
American companies established in 1906
Companies based in Morris County, New Jersey
Apollo Global Management companies

Coldwell Banker