Joseph Georges Gonzague Vézina (; ; , 1887 – , 1926) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played seven seasons in the National Hockey Association (NHA) and nine in the National Hockey League (NHL), all with the Montreal Canadiens. After being signed by the Canadiens in 1910, Vézina played in 327 consecutive regular season games and a further 39 playoff games, before leaving early during a game in 1925 due to illness. Vézina was diagnosed with tuberculosis, and died on , 1926.

The only goaltender to play for the Canadiens between 1910 and 1925, Vézina helped the team win the Stanley Cup in 1916 and 1924, while reaching the Stanley Cup Finals three more times. Nicknamed the "Chicoutimi Cucumber" for his calm composure while in goal, Vézina allowed the fewest goals in the league seven times in his career: four times in the NHA and three times in the NHL. In 1918, Vézina became the first NHL goaltender to both record a shutout and earn an assist on a goal. At the start of the 1926–27 NHL season, the Canadiens donated the Vezina Trophy to the NHL as an award to the goaltender who allowed the fewest goals during the season. Since 1981, the award has been given to the most outstanding goaltender as determined by a vote of NHL general managers. In Vézina's hometown of Chicoutimi, the sports arena is named the Centre Georges-Vézina in his honour. When the Hockey Hall of Fame opened in 1945, Vézina was one of the original nine inductees, and in 2017 the NHL included him on their list of the 100 greatest players in league history.

Personal life
Georges, the fifth of eight children, was born on , 1887, in Chicoutimi, Quebec, to Georges-Henri Vézina, a local baker and his wife Clara Belley. Georges attended school at the Petit Séminaire de Chicoutimi from 1898 until the age of fourteen, when he left the school to help at his father's bakery. He played hockey from a young age, participating in informal street hockey matches with others his own age. Vézina partook in these matches in his shoes, and used skates for the first time at age 16 when he joined the local team in Chicoutimi. As Chicoutimi was in a remote area of Quebec, more than 200 kilometres from Quebec City, the hockey club was not in any organised league. Rather the club, known as the Saguenéens ("People from the Saguenay", the region where Chicoutimi is located), toured the province, playing exhibition games against a variety of clubs.

Vézina married Marie-Adélaïde-Stella Morin on , 1908, in Chicoutimi. After Vézina's death, it was reported that he had fathered 22 children. This rumour was started when the Canadiens' manager, Léo Dandurand, told reporters that Vézina "speaks no English and has twenty-two children, including three sets of triplets, and they were all born in the space of nine years." In actuality the Vézinas only had two children and Georges spoke broken English. In 1912 they had their first child, a son named Jean-Jules. A second son was born the night of the Montreal Canadiens' first Stanley Cup win in 1916. To honour the event, Georges named the child Marcel Stanley. When not playing hockey, Vézina operated a tannery in Chicoutimi, living a quiet life.

Playing career

NHA

On February 17, 1910, the Chicoutimi Hockey Club played an exhibition match against the Montreal Canadiens. Though playing an inferior team the Canadiens failed to score a goal, losing the game. This prompted Joseph Cattarinich, goaltender for the Canadiens, to convince his team to offer a tryout to Georges Vézina, who was Chicoutimi's goaltender. Vézina initially refused the offer, staying in Chicoutimi until the Canadiens returned in December of that year. This time they convinced Georges, along with his brother Pierre, to come to Montreal. The two Vézina brothers arrived on , 1910. While Pierre failed to make the team, Georges impressed the Canadiens, especially with the use of his stick to block shots. Vézina was signed to a contract for C$800 per season, and made his professional debut , 1910, against the Ottawa Senators. He would play all 16 games for the Canadiens in the 1910–11 season, finishing with a record of eight wins and eight losses, while allowing the fewest goals in the league.

The following season Vézina again led the league in goals against, as well as winning eight games, along with 10 losses. Vézina recorded his first career shutout during the 1912–13 season, defeating Ottawa 6–0 on , 1913, for one of his nine wins in the season. The Canadiens finished first in the NHA for the first time in 1913–14, in a tie with the Toronto Blueshirts. Once again, Vézina led the league with the fewest goals against, while posting 13 victories and seven losses. Under the NHA rules, the first place team would play in the Stanley Cup Finals, but due to the tie for first, the Canadiens had to play a two-game, total-goals series against Toronto. Vézina shut out the Blueshirts in the first game, a 2–0 win for Montreal, but let in six goals in the second game, allowing the Blueshirts to play for the Stanley Cup, which they won.

After losing 14 games and finishing last in the NHA in 1914–15, Vézina and the Canadiens won 16 games during the 1915–16 season, placing the team first in the league. As league leaders, the Canadiens earned the right to play in the 1916 Stanley Cup Finals, where they faced off against the Portland Rosebuds, champions of the rival Pacific Coast Hockey Association. The Canadiens defeated the Rosebuds three games to two in the best-of-five-games series, winning the Stanley Cup for the first time in team history. Vézina's second son was born the night of the fifth game, which coupled with a bonus of $238 each member of the Canadiens received for the championship, led to him considering the series as the pinnacle of his career. The following season Vézina again led the NHA with the fewest goals against, the fourth time in seven years he did so, helping the Canadiens to again reach the Stanley Cup Finals, where they lost to the Seattle Metropolitans.

NHL
The NHA gave way to the National Hockey League (NHL) in , with Vézina and the Canadiens joining the new league. On , 1918, he became the first goaltender in NHL history to record a shutout, by blanking the Torontos 9–0. He finished the season with 12 wins, allowing the fewest goals against. Vézina also set a record, which was shared with Clint Benedict of the Ottawa Senators, for the fewest shutouts needed to lead the league, with one.

During the 1918–19 Vézina became the first goaltender to be credited with an assist: during a December 28, 1918 game against Toronto Vézina made a save and gave the puck to Newsy Lalonde, who immediately scored. Vézina won 10 games during the season and helped the Canadiens defeat the Ottawa Senators in the NHL playoffs for the right to play for the Stanley Cup against the PCHA champion, the Seattle Metropolitans. Held in Seattle, the two teams were tied in the best-of-five series when it was cancelled due to the Spanish flu epidemic, the first time the Stanley Cup was not awarded. In the 10 playoff games prior to the cancellation, Vézina had won six games, lost three and tied one, with one shutout. Vézina recorded nearly identical records the next two seasons, with 13 wins, 11 losses and a goals against average above four in both 1919–20 and 1920–21. He won 12 games the following season, as the Canadiens again failed to qualify for the Stanley Cup.

After winning 13 games in 1922–23, Vézina led the Canadiens into the NHL playoffs, where they lost the two-game, total-goal series to the Senators, who would win the Stanley Cup. The following season saw Vézina return to leading the league in fewest goals against. His average of 1.97 goals per game was the first time a goaltender had averaged fewer than two goals against per game. With another 13-win season in 1923–24, the Canadiens reached the NHL playoffs, where they again faced the Ottawa Senators. This time the Canadiens won the series, then defeated the Vancouver Maroons of the PCHA before reaching the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time in five years. Playing the Calgary Tigers of the Western Canada Hockey League, Vézina and the Canadiens won the best-of-three series two games to none, as Vézina recorded a shutout in the second game. The championship was the Canadiens' first as a member of the NHL and second title as a club. After a 17-win season in 1924–25 where Vézina recorded a goals-against average of 1.81 to again lead the league, the Canadiens reached the Stanley Cup Finals. The Canadiens only qualified after the Hamilton Tigers, the regular season champions, were suspended for refusing to play in the playoffs unless they were paid more. Facing the Victoria Cougars, the Canadiens lost the series three games to one.

Returning to Montreal for training camp for the 1925–26 season, Vézina was noticeably ill, though he said nothing about it. By the time of the Canadiens' first game on  against the Pittsburgh Pirates, he had lost 35 pounds in a span of six weeks, and had a fever of 102 Fahrenheit. Regardless, he took to the ice, and completed the first period without allowing a goal. Vézina began vomiting blood in the intermission before returning for the start of the second period. He then collapsed in his goal area, and left the game, with former U.S. Olympic team goaltender Alphonse Lacroix taking his place.  Pittsburgh won the game, 1–0.

The day after the game, Vézina was diagnosed with tuberculosis and advised to return home. He made a last trip into the Canadiens' dressing room on  to say a final goodbye to his teammates. Dandurand would later describe Vézina as sitting in his corner of the dressing room with "tears rolling down his cheeks. He was looking at his old pads and skates that Eddie Dufour [the Canadiens trainer] had arranged in Georges' corner. Then, he asked one little favour—the sweater he had worn in the last world series." Vézina returned to his hometown of Chicoutimi with his wife Marie, where he died in the early hours on Saturday, March 27, 1926, at l'Hôtel-Dieu hospital. Though he played only one period for the Canadiens during the entire season, the team honoured his entire $6,000 salary, a testament to how important Vézina had been to the team. The Canadiens finished in last place in 1925–26.

Legacy

One of the dominant goaltenders in the NHA and early NHL, Vézina led the Canadiens to five Stanley Cup Finals appearances, where they won the title twice. Seven times in his career, Vézina had the lowest goals-against average in the league he played, and he had the second-best average another five times. From when he joined the Canadiens in 1910, until being forced to retire in 1925, Vézina never missed a game nor allowed a substitute, playing in 328 consecutive regular season games and an additional 39 playoff games. For the first several years of his career goaltenders could not leave their feet to make a save, and while this rule was changed in 1918 Vézina continued to play in this conservative style throughout his career. Even so, Vézina is regarded as one of the greatest goaltenders in the early days of hockey; the Montreal Standard referred to him as the "greatest goaltender of the last two decades" in their obituary.

Well liked in Montreal, Vézina was often seen as the best player on the ice for the Canadiens, and was respected by his teammates, who considered him the spiritual leader of the team. Referred to as "le Concombre de Chicoutimi" (the "Chicoutimi Cucumber") for his cool demeanour on the ice, he was also known as "l'Habitant silencieux" (the "silent Habitant", Habitant being a nickname for the Canadiens), a reference to his reserved personality. He often sat in a corner of the team's dressing room alone, smoking a pipe and reading the newspaper. When news of Vézina's death was announced, newspapers across Quebec paid tribute to the goalie with articles about his life and career. Hundreds of Catholic masses were held in honour of the devout Vézina, and more than 1,500 people filled the Chicoutimi cathedral for his funeral. He was buried in le Cimetière Saint-Francois Xavier in Chicoutimi.

A lasting legacy of Vézina was the trophy named after him. At the start of the 1926–27 season, Léo Dandurand, Leo Letourneau and Joseph Cattarinich, owners of the Montreal Canadiens, donated the Vezina Trophy to the NHL in honour of Vézina. The first trophy named after an NHL player, it was to be awarded to the goaltender of the team who allowed the fewest goals during the regular season. The inaugural winner of the trophy was Vézina's successor in goal for the Canadiens, George Hainsworth. He went on to win the trophy the next two seasons as well. In 1981, the NHL changed the format of awarding the trophy, instead giving it to the goaltender deemed best in the league based on a poll of NHL general managers. The Hockey Hall of Fame was established in 1945 and among the first nine inductees was Vézina. In 1998 Vézina was ranked number 75 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players. In honour of the first professional athlete to come from Chicoutimi, the city renamed their hockey arena the Centre Georges-Vézina in 1965. When the NHL announced its 100 greatest players in conjunction with the league's centennial 2017, Vézina was included on the list.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

 Source: NHL.com

See also
 History of the Montreal Canadiens
 List of ice hockey players who died during their playing career

Notes

References

External links

1887 births
1926 deaths
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Canadian Roman Catholics
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Sportspeople from Saguenay, Quebec
Tuberculosis deaths in Quebec
Montreal Canadiens (NHA) players
Montreal Canadiens players
Stanley Cup champions

Georges Vézina


2nd Belorussian Front (, Vtoroi Belorusskiy front, also romanized "Byelorussian")  a major formation of the Soviet Army during World War II, being equivalent to a Western army group.

The 2nd Belorussian Front was created in February 1944 as the Soviets pushed the Germans back towards Byelorussia. General Colonel Pavel Kurochkin became its first commander. On hiatus in April 1944, its headquarters were reformed from the army headquarters of the disbanding 10th Army.

Operations

On January 2, 1944, 2BF entered the former Polish territories.

On  June 26,1944, the Front's forces captured Mogilev in the Mogilev Offensive. On July 4, 2BF was tasked with mopping up the remains of Army Group Centre's Fourth Army under the command of General von Tippelskirch and the remains of the Ninth Army in a large pocket southeast of Minsk. On July 9, the 2BF attacked northwest from Vitebsk as part of a major Soviet offensive east of Riga towards Rezekne in order to cut off the German Army Group North. On July 29, Soviets reach the coast, cutting Army Group North off in Estonia and Eastern Latvia. On September  13, 2BF captured Oma, west of Biaystok. In November 1944, Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky was appointed commander of 2BF, just in time for its last two great offensives of World War II. As part of a massive attack by four Fronts on January 14, 1945, 2BF attacked East Prussia (East Prussian Offensive) and later Pomerania (East Pomeranian Offensive).
27 July 1944: Liberation of Bialystok
 On January10, 2BF attacked Neustettin but was halted by German counterattacks.
 14 January: 2BF attacks East Prussia (East Prussian Offensive).
 24 January: The 1st and 2nd Belorussian Fronts attack in Pomerania (East Pomeranian Offensive). German Second Army cut off.
 27 February: Elements of the 2BF enter Pomerania
 On February 28, 2BF captured Neustettin.
 5 March The fortress city of Graudenz on the Vistula surrenders to troops of the 2BF.
 10 March: 2BF captures Zoppot
 13 March: 2BF launches an offensive against the Braunsberg pocket south of Königsberg.
 On March 18, the Polish Army of the 2BF captured the fortress city of Kolberg.
 On March 23, 2BF attacked the German II Army in the Danzig area.
 30 March: Soviet troops finally capture Danzig,
 20 April: 2BF offensive across the lower Oder towards Neubrandenburg, Stralsund, and Rostock.
 25 April 2BF, seized a large bridgehead on the Oder River south of Stettin, forcing the centre of the III Panzer Army back to Prenzlau.
 26 April: 2BF takes Stettin.
 27 April 2BF captures Prenzlau and Angermünde, 70 km (44 mi) northwest of Berlin.
 On May 5, elements of the 2BF entered Peenemünde.

On April 9, 1945, Königsberg, in East Prussia, finally fell to the Red Army. This freed up 2BF to move west to the east bank of the Oder River.  During the first two weeks of April, the Soviets performed their fastest Front redeployment of the war. General Georgy Zhukov concentrated his 1st Belorussian Front (1BF), which had been deployed along the Oder river from Frankfurt in the south to the Baltic, into an area in front of the Seelow Heights. The 2BF moved into the positions being vacated by the 1BF north of the Seelow Heights. While this redeployment was in progress, gaps were left in the lines, and the remnants of the German II Army, which had been bottled up in a pocket near Danzig, managed to escape across the Oder.

In the early hours on April 16, the final offensive of the war to capture Berlin and link up with Western Allied forces on the Elbe started with attacks by 1BF and, To the south, General Konev's 1st Ukrainian Front (1UF).  On April 20, the 2BF joined in the attack. By April 25, 2BF broke out of its bridge head south of Stettin and had, by the end of the war captured all of Germany north of Berlin, as far west as the front lines of the British 21 Army Group, which had advanced over the river Elbe in some places.

Atrocities
In Demmin on and around May 1, 1945, members of the 65th Army of the 2nd Belorussian Front first broke into a distillery and then rampaged through the town, committing mass rapes, arbitrarily executing civilians, and setting fire to buildings. Many Demmin civilians committed suicide.

Post-war
The Headquarters of the 2nd Byelorussian Front became the Headquarters of the Northern Group of Forces (NGF), the Soviet occupation force in Poland, effective June 10, 1945.  Most of the NGF's forces were drawn from the 2nd Belorussian Front, along with some elements of the 1st Byelorussian and 1st Ukrainian Fronts.

Component armies
The Armies that were part of the 2nd Belorussian Front included:
 2nd Shock Army
 19th Army
 49th Army
 50th Army
 65th Army
 70th Army
 5th Guards Tank Army
 4th Air Army

Notes

References
Antill, P., Battle for Berlin: April – May 1945, http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_berlin.html

Belorussian 2
Military units and formations established in 1944
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945

2nd Belorussian Front


Iry-pat ( "member of the elite") was an ancient Egyptian ranking title, that is a title announcing a high position in the hierarchy of the country. Iry-pat was indeed the highest ranking title at the royal court, and only the most important officials could bear this title. The title is already attested in the First Dynasty: one of the first holders was Merka, official under king Qa'a.

In the New Kingdom, the title was often the crown prince and the title announced that the holder was the second ruler in the country. It is therefore sometimes translated as Hereditary or Crown Prince. Under Tutankhamun, Horemheb was officially designated the iry-pat or successor to this pharaoh but did not succeed the boy king since Ay intervened to seize the throne instead for about 4 years before Horemheb assumed power as pharaoh.

References

Ancient Egyptian titles

Iry-pat


Tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) is a nerve entrapment syndrome causing a painful foot condition in which the tibial nerve is compressed as it travels through the tarsal tunnel. This tunnel is found along the inner leg behind the medial malleolus (bump on the inside of the ankle). The posterior tibial artery, tibial nerve, and tendons of the tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus muscles travel in a bundle through the tarsal tunnel. Inside the tunnel, the nerve splits into three segments. One nerve (calcaneal) continues to the heel, the other two (medial and lateral plantar nerves) continue on to the bottom of the foot. The tarsal tunnel is delineated by bone on the inside and the flexor retinaculum on the outside.

Patients with TTS typically complain of numbness in the foot radiating to the big toe and the first three toes, pain, burning, electrical sensations, and tingling over the base of the foot and the heel. Depending on the area of entrapment, other areas can be affected.  If the entrapment is high, the entire foot can be affected as varying branches of the tibial nerve can become involved. Ankle pain is also present in patients who have high level entrapments. Inflammation or swelling can occur within this tunnel for a number of reasons. The flexor retinaculum has a limited ability to stretch, so increased pressure will eventually cause compression on the nerve within the tunnel. As pressure increases on the nerves, the blood flow decreases. Nerves respond with altered sensations like tingling and numbness. Fluid collects in the foot when standing and walking and this makes the condition worse. As small muscles lose their nerve supply they can create a cramping feeling.

Symptoms
Some of the symptoms are:

 Pain and tingling in and around ankles and sometimes the toes
 Swelling of the feet and ankle area.
 Painful burning, tingling, or numb sensations in the lower legs. Pain worsens and spreads after standing for long periods; pain is worse with activity and is relieved by rest.
 Electric shock sensations
 Pain radiating up into the leg, behind the shin, and down into the arch, heel, and toes
 Hot and cold sensations in the feet
 A feeling as though the feet do not have enough padding
 Pain while operating automobiles
 Pain along the posterior tibial nerve path
 Burning sensation on the bottom of foot that radiates upward reaching the knee
 "Pins and needles"-type feeling and increased sensation on the feet
 A positive Tinel's sign

Tinel's sign is a tingling electric shock sensation that occurs when you tap over an affected nerve. The sensation usually travels into the foot but can also travel up the inner leg as well.

Causes

It is difficult to determine the exact cause of tarsal tunnel syndrome. It is important to attempt to determine the source of the problem. Treatment and the potential outcome of the treatment may depend on the cause. Anything that creates pressure in the tarsal tunnel can cause TTS. This would include benign tumors or cysts, bone spurs, inflammation of the tendon sheath, nerve ganglions, or swelling from a broken or sprained ankle. Varicose veins (that may or may not be visible) can also cause compression of the nerve. TTS is more common in athletes and other active people. These people put more stress on the tarsal tunnel area. Flat feet may cause an increase in pressure in the tunnel region and this can cause nerve compression. Those with lower back problems may have symptoms. Back problems with the L4, L5 and S1 regions are suspect and might suggest a "Double Crush" issue: one "crush" (nerve pinch or entrapment) in the lower back, and the second in the tunnel area. In some cases, TTS can simply be idiopathic.

Rheumatoid Arthritis has also been associated with TTS.

Neurofibromatosis can also cause TTS. This is a disease that results in the formation of pigmented, cutaneous neurofibromas. These masses, in a specific case, were shown to have the ability to invade the tarsal tunnel causing pressure, therefore resulting in TTS.

Diabetes makes the peripheral nerve susceptible to nerve compression, as part of the double crush hypothesis. In contrast to carpal tunnel syndrome due to one tunnel at the wrist for the median nerve, there are four tunnels in the medial ankle for tarsal tunnels syndrome. If there is a positive Tinel sign when you tap over the inside of the ankle, such that tingling is felt into the foot, then there is an 80% chance that decompressing the tarsal tunnel will relieve the symptoms of pain and numbness in a diabetic with tarsal tunnel syndrome.

Risk factors
Anything compromising the tunnel of the posterior tibial nerve proves significant in the risk of causing TTS. Neuropathy can occur in the lower limb through many modalities, some of which include obesity and inflammation around the joints. By association, this includes risk factors such as RA, compressed shoes, pregnancy, diabetes and thyroid diseases

Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based upon physical examination findings. Patients' pain history and a positive Tinel's sign are the first steps in evaluating the possibility of tarsal tunnel syndrome. X-ray can rule out fracture. MRI can assess for space occupying lesions or other causes of nerve compression. Ultrasound can assess for synovitis or ganglia. Nerve conduction studies alone are not, but they may be used to confirm the suspected clinical diagnosis. Common causes include trauma, varicose veins, neuropathy and space-occupying anomalies within the tarsal tunnel. Tarsal tunnel syndrome is also known to affect both athletes and individuals that stand a lot.

A neurologist or a physiatrist usually administers nerve conduction tests or supervises a trained technologist. During this test, electrodes are placed at various spots along the nerves in the legs and feet. Both sensory and motor nerves are tested at different locations. Electrical impulses are sent through the nerve and the speed and intensity at which they travel is measured. If there is compression in the tunnel, this can be confirmed and pinpointed with this test. Some doctors do not feel that this test is necessarily a reliable way to rule out TTS. Some research indicates that nerve conduction tests will be normal in at least 50% of the cases.

Given the unclear role of electrodiagnostics in the diagnosis of tarsal tunnel syndrome, efforts have been made in the medical literature to determine which nerve conduction studies are most sensitive and specific for tibial mononeuropathy at the level of the tarsal tunnel. An evidence-based practice topic put forth by the professional organization, the American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine has determined that Level C, Class III evidence exists for the use of tibial motor nerve conduction studies, medial and lateral plantar mixed nerve conduction studies, and medial and lateral plantar sensory nerve conduction studies. The role of needle electromyography remains less defined.

Tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) is most closely related to carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), but is much less common.  Studies have found that patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) show signs of distal limb neuropathy. The posterior tibial nerve serves victim to peripheral neuropathy and often show signs of TTS amongst RA patients. Therefore, TTS is a common discovery found in the autoimmune disorder of rheumatoid arthritis

Prevention
The exact cause of tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) can vary from patient to patient. However the same result is true for all patients, the compression of the posterior tibial nerve and its branches as it travels around the medial malleolus causes pain and irritation for the patient. There are many possible causes for compression of the tibial nerve therefore there are a variety of prevention strategies.  One being immobilization, by placing the foot in a neutral position with a brace, pressure is relieved from the tibial nerve thus reducing patients pain. Eversion, inversion, and plantarflexion all can cause compression of the tibial nerve therefore in the neutral position the tibial nerve is less agitated. Typically this is recommended for the patient to do while sleeping. Another common problem is improper footwear, having shoes deforming the foot due to being too tight can lead to increased pressure on the tibial nerve. Having footwear that tightens the foot for extended periods of time even will lead to TTS. Therefore, by simply having properly fitted shoes TTS can be prevented.

Treatment
Treatments typically include rest, manipulation, strengthening of tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, peroneus and short toe flexors, casting with a walker boot, corticosteroid and anesthetic injections, hot wax baths, wrapping, compression hose, and orthotics.  Medications may include various anti-inflammatories such as Anaprox, or other medications such as Ultracet, Neurontin and Lyrica.  Lidocaine patches are also a treatment that helps some patients.

Conservative treatment (nonsurgical)
There are multiple ways that tarsal tunnel can be treated and the pain can be reduced. The initial treatment, whether it be conservative or surgical, depends on the severity of the tarsal tunnel and how much pain the patient is in. There was a study done that treated patients diagnosed with tarsal tunnel syndrome with a conservative approach. Meaning that the program these patients were participated in consisted of physiotherapy exercises and orthopedic shoe inserts in addition to that program. There were fourteen patients that had supplementary tibial nerve mobilization exercises. They were instructed to sit on the edge of a table in a slumped position, have their ankle taken into dorsiflexion and ankle eversion then the knee was extended and flexed to obtain the optimal tibial nerve mobilization. Patients in both groups showed positive progress from both programs. The medial calcaneal, medial plantar and lateral plantar nerve areas all had a reduction in pain after successful nonoperative or conservative treatment. There is also the option of localized steroid or cortisone injection that may reduce the inflammation in the area, therefore relieving pain. Or just a simple reduction in the patient's weight to reduce the pressure in the area.

Surgical treatment
If non-invasive treatment measures fail, tarsal tunnel release surgery may be recommended to decompress the area. The incision is made behind the ankle bone and then down towards but not as far as the bottom of foot. The posterior tibial nerve is identified above the ankle. It is separated from the accompanying artery and vein and then followed into the tunnel. The nerves are released. Cysts or other space-occupying problems may be corrected at this time. If there is scarring within the nerve or branches, this is relieved by internal neurolysis. Neurolysis is when the outer layer of nerve wrapping is opened and the scar tissue is removed from within nerve. Following surgery, a large bulky cotton wrapping immobilizes the ankle joint without plaster. The dressing may be removed at the one-week point and sutures at about three weeks.

Complications may include bleeding, infection, and unpredictable healing. The incision may open from swelling. There may be considerable pain and cramping. Regenerating nerve fibers may create shooting pains. Patients may have hot or cold sensations and may feel worse than before surgery. Crutches are usually recommended for the first two weeks, as well as elevation to minimize swelling. The nerve will grow at about one inch per month. One can expect to continue the healing process over the course of about one year.

Many patients report good results.  Some, however, experience no improvement or a worsening of symptoms.  In the Pfeiffer article (Los Angeles, 1996), fewer than 50% of the patients reported improvement, and there was a 13% complication rate.

Tarsal tunnel can greatly impact patients' quality of life.  Depending on the severity, the ability to walk distances people normally take for granted (such as grocery shopping) may become compromised.  Proper pain management and counseling is often required.

Results of surgery can be maximized if all four of the medial ankle tunnels are released and you walk with a walker the day after surgery. Success can be improved to 80%.

Incidence
Though TTS is rare, its cause can be determined in 70% of reported cases. In the workplace TTS is considered a musculoskeletal disorder and accounts for 1.8 million cases a year, which accumulates to about $15–$20 billion a year New studies indicate an occurrence of TTS in sports placing high loads on the ankle joint (3). This can be seen in figure 1. TTS occurs more dominantly in active adults, with a higher pervasiveness among women. Active adults that experience more jumping and landing on the ankle joint are more susceptible (see figure 2). Though athletics and sport are correlations, cases are individualistically assessed because of the oddity.

Athletic activities
	The athletic population tends to put themselves at greater risk of TTS due to the participation in sports that involve the lower extremities. Strenuous activities involved in athletic activities put extra strain on the ankle and therefore can lead to the compression of the tibial nerve. Activities that especially involve sprinting and jumping have a greater risk of developing TTS. This is due to the ankle being put in eversion, inversion, and plantarflexion at high velocities.   Examples of sports that can lead to TTS include basketball, track, soccer, lacrosse, snowboarding, and volleyball. Participation in these sports should be done cautiously due to the high risk of developing TTS. However athletes will tend to continue to participate in these activities therefore proper stretching, especially in lower extremities,  prior to participation can assist in the prevention of developing TTS.

Famous case

According to South Korea's National Intelligence Service, North Korean leader Kim Jong Un had surgery to correct TTS in his right ankle, the source of a pronounced limp.  Kim's disappearance from public for six weeks around the suspected surgery created worldwide speculation about the future of Kim and North Korea.

Society
As stated earlier, musculoskeletal disorders can cost up to $15–$20 billion in direct costs or $45–$55 billion in indirect expenses. This is about $135 million a day. Tests that confirm or correct TTS require expensive treatment options like X-rays, CT-scans, MRI and surgery. The three former options for TTS detect and locate, while the latter is a form of treatment to decompress tibial nerve pressure. Since surgery is the most common form of TTS treatment, high financial burden is placed upon those diagnosed with the rare syndrome.

See also
 Carpal tunnel syndrome
 Cuboid syndrome

References

External links

Foot diseases
Syndromes

Tarsal tunnel syndrome


Derek Dunbar Niven (born 12 December 1983) is a Scottish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

He previously played for Stenhousemuir, Raith Rovers, Bolton Wanderers, Chesterfield, Northampton Town, Grimsby Town and Buxton.

Career

Raith Rovers
Having begun his career with Stenhousemuir as a trainee, Niven joined Scottish Football League side Raith Rovers in August 2000. He made his debut on 3 February 2001 in a 4–0 home defeat to Ross County in which he came on as a 62nd-minute substitute for Kenny Black. This would be Niven's only first team appearance for Raith, having also appeared as an unused substitute on numerous occasions.

Bolton Wanderers
On 18 November 2001, Niven was signed by Sam Allardyce for Premier League newcomers Bolton Wanderers on a free transfer. A week later he made his debut for the club's reserve side against Newcastle United alongside such players as Dean Holdsworth and Nicky Southall. He remained a fringe player at the Reebok Stadium until his departure in December 2003, however during his two-year spell he failed to make a single first team appearance.

Chesterfield
Niven signed for Football League Division Two side Chesterfield in December 2003, making his debut in English football on 13 December 2003 in a 2–2 draw at home to Tranmere Rovers. Niven became a regular in the Spirerites squad and scored his first senior goal in a 1–0 victory over Blackpool on 24 April 2004. Chesterfield managed to avoid relegation at the end of the 2003–04 season having climbed out of the drop zone on the last day of the season at the expense of Grimsby Town.

Chesterfield were eventually relegated at the end of the 2006–07 season, and in November 2008 the club confirmed that Niven had begun treatment for testicular cancer
Niven returned to the Chesterfield setup in March 2009 after recovering from a year-long stint suffering with testicular cancer. His return was pronounced with a wonder goal against Grimsby Town on 11 March. In May 2010, Niven struck the decisive goal in a 2–1 victory against AFC Bournemouth at Saltergate, Chesterfield's final game at the stadium before relocation. As Chesterfield's longest serving player at the time, his dramatic volley deep into injury time also ensured that he would be the last player to score at Saltergate after 139 years of football at the ground. This dramatic ending to the 139 years of history was celebrated with an immediate pitch invasion from the home crowd.

He was released by Chesterfield at the end of the 2011–12 season, having made almost 300 league appearances for the club.

Grimsby Town
In July 2012 he began training with Conference National side Grimsby Town, alongside former Macclesfield Town player Lewis Chalmers. After impressing in the club's 12–3 victory over Grimsby Borough he was offered a contract by the club, while Chalmers was released. On 16 July 2012, he signed a one-year contract with the club. Niven was ever present for the club in the centre of midfield with Craig Disley and helped play a part in the club's promotion and FA Trophy run in. Grimsby missed out on lifting silverware at Wembley Stadium having been defeated on penalties to Wrexham, and later lost out in the play-offs to Newport County. Town released Niven on 2 May 2013.

Non-League
On 17 July 2013, it was announced that Niven had dropped a further two leagues down by signing for Northern Premier League side Buxton. In 2016, he moved from Buxton FC to join Bakewell Town FC in the Hope Valley league.

Personal life
In 2008 Niven overcame a battle with Testicular cancer.

Niven now works as a decorator.

Honours
Chesterfield
Football League 2: 2010–11
Football League Trophy: 2011–12

Grimsby Town
Lincolnshire Senior Cup: 2012–13
FA Trophy: runners-up 2012–13

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Falkirk
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Stenhousemuir F.C. players
Raith Rovers F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Buxton F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players

Derek Niven


Rodents (from Latin rodere, "to gnaw"), are mammals of the order Rodentia, which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws.

Description

Rodents comprise about 40% of all mammal species. They are native to all major land masses except for New Zealand, Antarctica, and several oceanic islands, though they have subsequently been introduced to most of these land masses by human activity.

Rodent species

Rodent is the naming term of all members of Rodentia order of mammals and can be identified by their teeth. Their incisors (upper and lower) grow throughout their lives. Gnawing on hard material keeps the teeth worn down and sharp. Lagomorphs such as rabbits and hares are often mistaken for rodents. These animals have an additional pair of upper incisors that rodents lack, a very successful number of mammals that form the order Rodentia.

They have no more than 2 incisors. These keep growing, and must be kept worn down by gnawing (eroding teeth by grinding them on something hard); this is the origin of the name, from the Latin rodere, "to gnaw", and dent, "tooth".

Most rodents are small. Examples of commonly known rodents are mice, rats, chipmunks, and squirrels. Some other small rodents sometimes kept as pets are Guinea pigs, hamsters, and gerbils.
Examples of larger rodents are porcupines, beavers, and the largest living rodent, the capybara, which can grow to between 105 and 135 cm (40-55 in) in length, and weigh 35 to 65 kg (75-140 lbs).

Almost half of all mammal species are rodents. More examples of rodents are voles, prairie dogs, groundhogs, and chinchillas.

Rabbits, hares, and pikas are sometimes called rodents, because they also have teeth that keep growing. But in 1912 biologists decided to put them in a new, separate order, Lagomorpha, because they have two extra incisors in their upper jaw.

Shrews are sometimes called rodents, because they look like mice, but that is not correct. They are in the order Insectivora.

Taxonomy
There are more families than these. The list includes the more common families.

 Order Rodentia
 Suborder Anumaluromorpha
 Family Anomaluridae
 Family Pedetidae
 Suborder Castorimorpha
 Family Castoridae (Beavers)
 Family Geomyoidea (Pocket gophers, Kangaroo rats and mice)
 Suborder Hystricomorpha
 Family Ctenodactylidae
 Family Hystricidae
 Family Myocastoridae
 Family Caviidae
 Family Chinchillidae
 Family Cuniculidae
Suborder Sciuromorpha
Family Aplodontiidae: mountain beaver
Family Gliridae (also Myoxidae, Muscardinidae): dormice
Family Sciuridae: squirrels, including chipmunks, prairie dogs, & marmots
 Suborder Myomorpha
 Superfamily Muroidea
 Superfamily Dipodoidea
 Family Dipodidae

Related pages
 Josephoartigasia

Other websites

 UCMP Berkeley: Introduction to the Rodentia
https://www.utep.edu/leb/pleistnm/taxaMamm/lagomorpha.htm

Rodent


The Maspalomas Lighthouse () is an active 19th century lighthouse at the southern end of the Spanish island of Gran Canaria, in the Canary archipelago.  It lies at one end of the Maspalomas beach,  south of the resort town centre, next to the area known as the Maspalomas Dunes.

The lighthouse is a distinctive landmark in the resort, and is the tallest masonry lighthouse in the Canaries at  being superseded only by the more modern  concrete Morro Jable lighthouse on Fuerteventura.

With a focal height of  above the sea, its light can be seen for 19 nautical miles, and consists of a pattern of three flashes of white light, over a period of thirteen seconds.

Construction and equipment
This lighthouse is a construction conceived by the engineer Juan León y Castillo as a luminous complex made up of two main bodies, the house of the bullfighter and the tower. The house, with a rectangular floor plan, was developed from a traditional idea such as the Canarian patio, but the four facades of the building are aided by the eclectic fashion of the period in which it was built. The dwelling, attached to the base of the tower, acts as a plinth that counteracts the thrusts of the tower.

The decision to build a lighthouse in Maspalomas dates from 19 June 1861, but it was not until 1884 that Juan de León y Castillo was commissioned to draw up the project. The works lasted until 1889 and the lighthouse emitted its first flash of light on the night of its commissioning, 1 February 1890.

The tower, presented to the sea, in the southern part of the set, is a truncated cone cylinder that has an average diameter in the upper body of 6.20 meters, a height of 54.70 meters and at its summit is located the lantern, so that the set reaches a height of 60 meters. It has a classic shaft design whose section decreases as it approaches its capital, finished off with rings and modules. Its facade has a succession of elongated vertical openings, which give light to the staircase leading up to the lantern and, at the top, under the capital, a small glazed lamp whose purpose is rather ornamental. The colour of the tower is blue-grey, typical of the masonry with which it is built in its entirety.

The lantern is a glass dome of 3.7 meters in diameter, covered at the top. Inside it are the optics, the reflectors and the 1000-watt halogen lamp, which emits a white light at the rate of a group of a slow flash with a 1+2 frequency of 13 seconds between groups. The flashes have a nominal night-time range of 19 nautical miles.

The lighthouse is located in Punta de Maspalomas, at the end of Maspalomas beach, next to the dune field, pool and oasis of the same name; tourist area in the greatest degree in the south of the island of Gran Canaria. It is the most popular lighthouse in the Canary Islands, considered an emblematic symbol and one of the best known monuments in Gran Canaria and the municipality of San Bartolomé de Tirajana. In addition to being recognized as an Asset of General Interest, it is one of the oldest lighthouses still in operation in the Canary Islands.

It is fully automated and operates using conventional electrical power connected to the public grid. It has annexed rooms at the foot of the tower, in a two-storey building of eclectic style. This building is attached to the tower on its north side and is a rectangular construction, symmetrical in the arrangement of its doors and windows, whose perimeters are outlined in stone. Its corners and a cornice that finishes off the entire upper part also make use of ashlars to harmonise the whole. Above the entrance to the building there is a small balcony made of tea wood and inside there is a patio that serves as a distributor to give access to all the rooms and to the tower itself. In them are the different rooms, warehouses and the room that the lighthouse keeper had; as well as a generator and the corresponding batteries to guarantee the operation in case of disconnection or failure in the electrical network.

The lighthouse as a Landmark and future uses
The Maspalomas Lighthouse was declared a Property of Cultural Interest in the category of Historical Monument by the Canary Islands Government in 2005. Its protected area is 5225.72 square meters along a perimeter of 318.15 linear meters.

On the occasion of Christmas 2005, the lighthouse was decorated, for the first time in its history, with Christmas lights. The micro-bulbs were placed by the Town Hall of San Bartolomé de Tirajana along the entire length of the tower, managing to enhance its height and showiness both in the distance and from the tourist enclave of Meloneras.

In February 2019, the Maspalomas Lighthouse reopened to the public after ten years of closure. While waiting for the museographic project for the Ethnographic Interpretation Centre to be awarded and executed, the Maspalomas Lighthouse can be visited with an exhibition of craftsmanship in the context of the rural houses of Gran Canaria together with objects of daily use until the middle of the 20th century. It also has contemporary products from the textile sector inspired by traditional craft techniques. It also has a doll's house from 1930 with seventeen rooms.

See also

 List of lighthouses in Spain
 List of lighthouses in the Canary Islands
 List of tallest lighthouses in the world

References

External links
 Comisión de faros
 Autoridad Portuaria de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

Lighthouses in Gran Canaria
Lighthouses completed in 1890
Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the Province of Las Palmas

Maspalomas Lighthouse


Almonia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Classification
The Crambidae are the grass moth family of (butterflies and moths). They are quite variable in appearance, the nominal subfamily Crambinae (grass moths) taking up closely folded postures on grass-stems where they are inconspicuous, while other subfamilies include brightly colored and patterned insects which rest in wing-spread attitudes.

In many classifications, the Crambidae have been treated as a subfamily of the Pyralidae or snout-moths. The principal difference is a structure in the ears called the praecinctorium, which joins two tympanic membranes in the Crambidae, and is absent from the Pyralidae. It would seem to be a matter of personal opinion (therefore not susceptible to definitive decision) whether this distinction merits division into two families, or whether the common presence of ventrally-located ears should unify them into one family. The latest review by Munroe & Solis, in Kristensen (1999) retains the Crambidae as a full family.

Species
 Almonia atratalis Rothschild, 1915
 Almonia truncatalis Walker, [1866]

Former species
 Almonia cristata (Hampson, 1891)
 Almonia lobipennis (Moore, 1886)

References

Acentropinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Francis Walker (entomologist)

Almonia


Boynton Beach is a city in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. It is situated about  north of Miami. The 2020 census recorded a population of 80,380. Boynton Beach is located in the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida, which was home to 6,138,333 people at the 2020 census. The city is named after Nathan Boynton, a Civil War major and Michigan politician who became one of the first settlers in the area in 1895. Boynton Beach is located north of Delray Beach, south of Hypoluxo and Lantana, and east of Golf, while the municipalities of Briny Breezes, Gulf Stream, Manalapan, and Ocean Ridge are situated to the east across the Intracoastal Waterway.

Native Americans inhabited modern-day Boynton Beach thousands of years ago, with a burial mound west of the city including artifacts dating as far back as roughly 150 BCE. The first non-indigenous settlers, Dexter Hubel and his family, arrived in 1877. Major Boynton moved to present-day Boynton Beach in 1895, building the Boynton Hotel and bringing contingents from Michigan, many of whom practiced farming or established businesses in the vicinity of Ocean Avenue. Byrd and Fred Dewey filed the original plat for the Town of Boynton in 1898, although official incorporation did not occur until 1920. The oceanfront section of Boynton Beach split off in 1931 and became Ocean Ridge in 1939. Boynton Beach's population grew rapidly in the first few decades following World War II, with more than a three-fold increase in the 1950s, while development of the city expanded westward, particularly in the 1980s.

Today, Boynton Beach is the third-most populous municipality in Palm Beach County, behind only Boca Raton and West Palm Beach. The area along Congress Avenue south of Gateway Boulevard includes a large concentration of restaurants and retail stores at the Boynton Beach Mall, the Boynton Town Center, and Renaissance Commons. Boynton Beach also has several arts and culture facilities, such as the Boynton Woman's Club and Schoolhouse Children's Museum & Learning Center.

History

See also William S. Linton
Archaeological evidence indicates Native American inhabitation of the region dating back thousands of years, with Ais, Calusas, Jaegas, Mayaimis, and Tequesta settling in or near modern-day Palm Beach County. A complex of mounds west of present-day Boynton Beach and near the Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge includes shards of pottery possibly from 150 BCE. An excavation of the site also yielded beads and glass from as recently as the 16th century, which are believed to have been influenced by the Spanish.

Captain James A. Armour, head keeper of the Jupiter Inlet Lighthouse, filed the first land claim in modern-day Boynton Beach in 1875, although it is unlikely he lived there. Two years later, Dexter Hubel of Michigan and his family settled in the area, but they had to live at the Orange Grove House of Refuge in present-day Delray Beach until their house was built.

In 1894, two years before Henry Flagler built his railroad, a former American Civil War major named Nathan Boynton first set eyes on the area that now bears his name. Boynton hailed from Port Huron, Michigan. He was so impressed by the natural beauty of the year-round sunshine and pristine beaches, he built the famous Boynton Hotel, where he also spent winters with his family. The hotel, which opened in 1897, included accommodations for 100 guests and 5 guest cottages. Major Boynton died on May 27, 1911, in Port Huron, but the hotel lasted until 1925. Several commercial and residential buildings also sprang up along Ocean Avenue in the late 1890s, including the first post office in 1896.

The first settlers, whom Boynton had brought along from Michigan, soon realized that many fruits and vegetables thrived in the fertile climate. Pineapples, tomatoes, mangoes, and citrus fruit were packed in crates and shipped across the country on the newly built Florida East Coast Railroad. Alonzo King and Samuel Cade, both African American farmers, taught these early settlers methods for cultivating muck soil and dealing with the presence of mosquitos and rattlesnakes.

Boynton Beach was founded on September 26, 1898, when Byrd Spilman Dewey and her husband Fred S. Dewey filed the original plat in the Dade County courthouse for the Town of Boynton. Fred S. Dewey, one of Flager's secretaries, bought a large area of land west of the Intracoastal Waterway earlier that year. He subdivided the land into 2.5 acre (1.0 ha) tracts for agricultural uses, which he sold to settlers and hotel workers. Buyers of these tracts also received a plot within the residential sections of the townsite.

A wood frame schoolhouse opened in 1900 at Ocean Avenue and Seacrest Boulevard, replacing a smaller, temporary building. By then, the town had a population of 83. Just four years later, a second, two-room school building opened as the community continued to grow quickly. Overcrowding at the school at Ocean Avenue and Seacrest Boulevard also led to the construction of another school in 1913, a two-story concrete building with six classrooms. This building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was converted into the Schoolhouse Children's Museum & Learning Center in 2001.

The first bridge crossing the Intracoastal Waterway opened in 1911 at Ocean Avenue. During the same year, the Boynton Woman's Club and the Florida Federal of Women's Clubs established the first library in Boynton, then staffed by volunteers. The 1910s also saw the creation of the town's first bank in 1915 and first ocean road (State Road A1A) in 1916.

The town of Boynton was officially incorporated in 1920 upon the approval of 48 out of the 50 qualified voters who met at the Boynton Lumber Club on April 14. G. E. Coon became the first mayor, Fred Benson became the first town marshall, and A. A. Atwater, J. P. Bowen, C. M. Jensen, A. C. Shepherd, and W. S. Shepherd became the first aldermen. Shortly before the incorporation of Boynton, the 1920 census recorded a population of 671 people in Palm Beach County's fourth precinct, which also included Hypoluxo and the area that now comprises Ocean Ridge. The name "Boynton Beach" was first used by a community that broke off from the Town of Boynton in 1931. In 1939, that community changed its name to "Ocean Ridge" while The Town of Boynton took the name "Boynton Beach" in 1941.

Utility services also began in Boynton in the early 1920s. John Meredith brought electricity to the town in 1921, the same year as the installation of a sewage system. Additionally, in 1923, a municipal water system began operating. Telephone service arrived in Boynton near the end of the 1920s.

Boynton Beach Oceanfront Park is located just north of the original Boynton Hotel site. In 1921, the Town of Boynton acquired the beach site from Lewis S. Howe by eminent domain for park and recreation purposes. The beach casino was built in 1928 and featured a large dining hall, locker rooms and showers and residents used the casino for parties and social gatherings. The casino was demolished in 1967 and the property remained part of the beach park. From the 1920s to today, Boynton Beach Oceanfront Park has been popular with residents and visitors alike. In the mid-1990s, the park underwent a major renovation during which the boardwalk was rebuilt out of recycled plastic. Boynton Beach's Oceanfront Park was voted the best family beach in Palm Beach County by The Palm Beach Post in 2001. In 2011 the boardwalk was renovated again, replacing the plastic with ipe (pronounced ee-pay) wood (commonly known as Brazilian walnut). In 2012 improvements were made to the buildings along the boardwalk, including total refurbishment of the restrooms.

In 1926, the Seaboard Air Line Railway entered what was then simply Boynton, spurring land development a mile inland near the Seaboard station, including the town's first planned subdivision, Lake Boynton Estates. As land became more valuable, areas along the Intracoastal Waterway and the Federal Highway in Boynton also saw housing developments. To the west, many dairies were founded so that the Boynton area became the main milk supplier for Palm Beach County. By the 1970s, the dairies were no longer profitable and these lands too were converted to housing developments.

Three hurricanes affected Boynton between 1926 and 1928. The 1928 Okeechobee hurricane in particular caused significant impacts, destroying 46 homes and 18 buildings, including a church, a hotel, and the town hall. Additionally, the storm damaged 255 homes and 34 buildings, including the high school, where 15 people suffered injuries after auditorium roof collapsed. The hurricane rendered 56 families homeless and caused approximately $1 million in damage. The Boynton town government faced financial struggles in the aftermath of the 1928 hurricane and during the Great Depression, but received some assistance from the Florida Legislature and negotiated with bondholders for additional debt relief. Funds from the state also resulted in the resurfacing of Dixie Highway, while federal funds were used to construct a new bridge across the Intracoastal Waterwater in 1935.

Boynton Beach grew very rapidly in the 1950s, with its population expanding from 2,542 people in 1950 to 10,467 people in 1960, a 311.8% increase. Significant construction projects during the decade included a new city hall at Boynton Beach Boulevard and Seacrest Boulevard in 1958 and Bethesda Memorial Hospital in 1959. The expansion of beachfront recreation facilities also occurred as the city purchased more coastal properties.

During the 1960s, the city constructed a civic center in 1960, a public library in 1961, and a new water treatment plant in 1962. A second bridge across the Intracoastal Waterway opened in 1967 along 15th Avenue (Woolbright Road). The decade also marked beginning of the construction of Interstate 95 through the city (completed in 1977), the westward expansion of Boynton Beach Boulevard in 1962, the southward extension of Congress Avenue in 1966. Additionally, residential projects such as the large Hampshire Gardens, Leisureville, and Sterling Village sprang up, causing further growth and economic development. A few civil rights movement protests also occurred in Boynton Beach during the 1960s, including a sit-in at the Royal Castle Restaurant and the arrival of approximately 30 African Americans at a whites-only section of the beach in 1962.

Several developments also brought a substantial economic boost to Boynton Beach in the 1980s. First, Motorola opened a new paging plant in the city in 1983, although the complex closed in 2004, about 10 years after its peak, when the facility employed approximately 3,500 people. Next, the Boynton Beach Mall and Quantum Corporate Park opened in 1985 and 1988, respectively. Additionally, Tri-Rail began operating in 1989, opening its station in Boynton Beach in December of that year. Each of these factors attracted more businesses to the area and generated rapid population increases in the city's western suburbs.

Hurricane Wilma struck Boynton Beach on October 24, 2005, causing widespread damage to homes and businesses. In 2006, the city government authorized the demolition of the historic Seaboard rail station, which had survived intact in private hands since passenger service to the station halted in 1971.

On March 8, 2022, Ty Penserga was elected mayor of Boynton Beach in Florida, making him the first openly gay mayor of the city as well as the first out LGBTQ Asian American mayor elected in Florida state history. A high school biology and chemistry teacher, Penserga was sworn into office by State Attorney Dave Aronberg.

Crime

The year 2006 saw an increase in gang-related violent crime. This mirrored a similar increase across Palm Beach County. A gang-related shooting that resulted in a death at the city's popular Boynton Beach Mall on Christmas Eve of 2006 caught the national attention on many news networks, such as CBS. There were ten known operating gangs in the city as of 2007, according to police, including the notorious South Florida Haitian Zoe Pound gang. As of 2009, countywide gang violence had fallen three percent.

On January 27, 2012, Mayor Jose Rodriguez was suspended from office by the state governor for trying to influence a police investigation into his personal affairs.

The crime rate started decreasing in 2017 and attained its lowest number in 20 years in 2020.  According to the Florida Department of Law Enforcement's 2020 Annual Crime Report, the total crime rate decreased by 28 percent in the city compared to 2019 and 64 percent compared to 2001. Violent crime, which includes murder, rape, robbery and aggravated assault, decreased 8.5 percent. Property crime, which includes burglary, larceny and motor vehicle theft, dropped by 32.2 percent. Florida's total crime volume dropped 14.1 percent compared to 2019.

Boynton Beach Police Chief Michael G. Gregory attributed the decrease to focused efforts, an all-hands-on-deck approach and "using a multitude of tactics and crime fighting strategies that are constantly evolving based on crime patterns".

Demographics

2020 census

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 80,380 people, 30,370 households, and 17,274 families residing in the city.

2010 census

As of the 2010 census, there were 68,217 people, 29,172 households, and 15,743 families residing in the city.

In 2010, the population density was . The 29,172 housing units (19.8% of which were vacant) averaged  inhabitants per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 62.4% White, 30.3% African American, 0.3% Native American, 2.2% Asian, less than 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.6% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 12.8% of the population.

In 2010, in the town, the age distribution was 21.5% at 65 or older, 19.3% under 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, and 24.6% from 45 to 64; the median age was 41.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 89 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87 females. Around 25.1% of the households in 2010 had children under the age of 18 living with them, 16.6% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 43.1% were not families. About 34.3% of all households were made up of one individual, and 15.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.3, and the average family size was 3.0.

2000 census
As of the 2000 census, 60,389 people and 15,673 families resided in the city. The population density was 3,803.5 inhabitants per square mile (1,468.3/km2). There were 30,643 housing units at an average density of 1,930.0 persons per square mile (745.0 persons/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 70.36% White (64.4% were Non-Hispanic White), 22.89% African American, 0.22% Native American, 1.52% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 2.36% from other races, and 2.60% from two or more races. About 9.21% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

In 2000, there were 26,210 households, out of which 22.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.4% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a woman whose husband did not live with her, and 40.2% were non-families. About 33.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.8% had someone living alone who were 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.87.

In 2000, in the city the population was spread out in 2000, with 19.9% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 25.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 87.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.5 males.

As of 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $39,845, and the median income for a family was $47,546. Males had a median income of $32,503 versus $26,399 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,573. About 7.4% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.9% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over.

Native speakers of English accounted for 80.09% of all residents in 2000, while speakers of French Creole comprised 7.51%, Spanish was at 7.30%, French consisted of 1.02%, Italian at 0.97%, and German made up 0.87% of the population.

Economy
In 2021, Boynton Beach had a labor force of 41,266 people, while 25,208 people 16 years of age or older were not in the labor force. By number of employees, the largest employers in Boynton Beach in 2020 were Bethesda Memorial Hospital and the city government, with the former employing 2,579 people and the latter employing 843 people. However, as of 2020, only 11.9% of jobs in Lake Worth Beach were held by city residents, with the most common other residencies being Boca Raton (12.1%), Delray Beach (8.0%), West Palm Beach (7.0%), Palm Springs (4.3%), Fort Lauderdale (2.8%), Deerfield Beach (2.1%), Pompano Beach (1.5%), Wellington (1.3%), and Palm Beach Gardens (1.3%). Among the city's labor force, the most common professions as of 2021 included educational services, and health care and social assistance (22.0%); retail (14.6%); professional, scientific, and management, and administrative and waste management services (14.2%); arts, entertainment, and recreation, and accommodation and food services (11.4%); and finance and insurance, and real estate and rental and leasing (7.0%).

Schools
Like all of Palm Beach County, Boynton Beach is served by the School District of Palm Beach County.  As of 2006, it was the fifth largest school district in Florida and the twelfth largest school district in the United States.

Elementary schools:
 Citrus Cove Elementary School
 Crosspointe Elementary School
 Crystal Lakes Elementary School
 Forest Park Elementary
 Manatee Elementary School
 Freedom Shores Elementary School
 Galaxy Elementary School
 Hagen Road Elementary School
 Poinciana Elementary School (magnet school for math, science and technology)
 Rolling Green Elementary School
 Sunset Palms Elementary School

Middle schools:
 Christa McAuliffe Middle School
 Congress Middle School
 Somerset Academy Canyons Middle School

High schools:
 Boynton Beach Community High School
 Park Vista Community High School
 Somerset Academy Canyons High School
 South Tech Academy Charter High School

Historic preservation
The Boynton Beach Historical Society formed in 1968. According to its website, the historical society's mission is "to act as a living repository for Boynton Beach's traditions and history, to interpret items of historical and antiquarian significance, and to promote a better understanding of the history of Boynton Beach, Palm Beach County and the State of Florida." The organization does not have a physical location. As such, the Boynton Beach Public Library houses its archives and records. In addition to Boynton Beach, the historical society also maintains materials relevant to the histories of Briny Breezes, Gulf Stream, Hypoluxo, Lake Worth Beach, Lantana, Manalapan, and Ocean Ridge, as well as areas from the city's western boundaries to U.S. Route 441.

The city's Historic Resources and Preservation Board lists 170 historic sites, including commercial and residential buildings, bridges, cemeteries, churches, social clubs, and other architectural features. Additionally, the board maintains two heritage trails, one for the 30 sites listed in downtown and another for the 3 historic cemeteries. Federally, Boynton Beach has two structures listed on the National Register of Historic Places – the Boynton Woman's Club and the Boynton School, now known as the Schoolhouse Children's Museum & Learning Center.

Public transportation

Boynton Beach is served by a Tri-Rail station of the same name linking Boynton Beach to West Palm Beach to the north and Miami to the south. It is also serviced by local buses provided by PalmTran.

Culture
Boynton Beach has an arts district. It was named as one of South Florida's "emerging neighborhoods" by the South Florida Business Journal in 2017.

Controversy
Boynton Beach commissioned a mural showing three of its firefighters, unveiled in 2020, for a window covering at a new fire station.  The mural depicted former fire chief Glenn Joseph, and former deputy fire chief Latosha Clemons, both of whom are Black.  Clemons was the city's first Black female fire fighter. The mural depicted both of them as White, and Clemons sued the city for defamation, libel and negligence.  The city has since removed the mural and settled the lawsuit.

Notable people

 Tanner Anderson, MLB and Chinese Professional Baseball League player
 Ramon Perez Blackburn, actor-singer-dance
 Danielle Bregoli, rapper, social media personality
 Marlon Byrd, former MLB outfielder for several teams, ending his career with the Cleveland Indians
 Jeremy Cain, former NFL long snapper for the Chicago Bears, Tennessee Titans, and Jacksonville Jaguars
 Noah Centineo, actor
 Charles Cornelius, former NFL and CFL player
 Byrd Spilman Dewey, author and town of Boynton co-founder
 Craig Erickson, former NFL quarterback, drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles and played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Indianapolis Colts, and the Miami Dolphins, and in college for Miami
 Johnny Farrell, golfer, 1928 U.S. Open champion
 Gar Finnvold, former MLB player for the Boston Red Sox
 Brandon Fletcher (born 1987), Internet entrepreneur
 James J. Greco, businessman, lived in town 2011-2016
 Jayron Hosley, former NFL cornerback for the New York Giants
 Lamar Jackson, NFL quarterback for the Baltimore Ravens, 2019 NFL MVP
 Ricardo Jordan, former MLB pitcher
 Michael Kelly (baseball), MLB player for the Cleveland Guardians
 Ryan Klesko, MLB player
 Sean Labanowski (born 1992), Israeli-American basketball player in the Israeli National League
 Dov Markus (born 1946), Israeli-American soccer player
 Vincent Mason, rapper, producer, DJ, and one third of hip hop trio De La Soul
 Hilary McRae, singer, songwriter
 Tristan Nunez, racing driver
 Titus O'Neil, professional wrestler
 Harvey Eugene Oyer III, attorney and author
 Charlie W. Pierce, Florida pioneer and author
 Rick Rhoden, former MLB player
 Otis Thorpe, NBA basketball player
 Trea Turner, MLB Player with the Philadelphia Phillies, 2019 World Series champion
 Howard E. Wasdin, sniper in Navy SEAL Team Six
 Vince Wilfork, former NFL nose tackle for the New England Patriots and Houston Texans, two-time Super Bowl champion (XXXIX and XLIX)
 Mark Worrell, MLB Player
 Danny Young, MLB player with the Atlanta Braves

See also
 Church of Our Savior, MCC
 Schoolhouse Children's Museum & Learning Center

References

External links

 City of Boynton Beach
 Greater Boynton Beach Chamber of Commerce
 Boynton Beach Historical Society
 Green Cay Wetlands

Cities in Florida
Cities in Palm Beach County, Florida
Populated coastal places in Florida on the Atlantic Ocean
Populated places established in 1894
Beaches of Palm Beach County, Florida
Beaches of Florida
1894 establishments in Florida

Boynton Beach, Florida


The elegant tern (Thalasseus elegans) is a tern in the family Laridae. It breeds on the Pacific coasts of the southern United States and Mexico and winters south to Peru, Ecuador and Chile.

This species breeds in very dense colonies on coasts and islands, including Isla Rasa and Montague Island (Mexico), and exceptionally inland on suitable large freshwater lakes close to the coast. It nests in a ground scrape and lays one or two eggs. Unlike some of the smaller white terns, it is not very aggressive toward potential predators, relying on the sheer density of the nests (often only 20–30 cm apart) and nesting close to other more aggressive species, such as Heermann's gulls, to avoid predation.

The elegant tern feeds by plunge-diving for fish, almost invariably from the sea, like most Thalasseus terns. It usually dives directly, and not from the "stepped-hover" favoured by the Arctic tern.  The offering of fish by the male to the female is part of the courtship display.

This Pacific species has wandered to western Europe as a rare vagrant on a number of occasions, has nested in Spain and has interbred with the Sandwich tern in France; there is also one record from Cape Town, South Africa, in January 2006, the first record for Africa. An elegant tern was recorded in the British Isles, in Pagham, West Sussex, in June 2017. In May 2021, 1500 sand nests with thousands of eggs were abandoned when a drone crashed land near a nesting site in Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve, scaring off 2,500 nesting elegant terns and leading to a catastrophic loss.

Etymology
The current genus name is derived from Greek Thalassa, "sea", and elegans is  Latin  for "elegant, fine". The genus was created when a 2005 study implied that the systematics of the terns needed review.

Identification

This is a medium-large tern, with a long, slender orange bill, pale grey upperparts and white underparts. Its legs are black. In winter, the forehead becomes white. Juvenile elegant terns have a scalier pale grey back. The call is a characteristic loud grating noise like a Sandwich tern.

This bird could be confused with the royal tern or Forster's tern, but the royal tern is larger and thicker-billed and shows more white on the forehead in winter. Out of range, it can also be easily confused with the lesser crested tern. See also orange-billed tern, and the external link below.

This species is marginally paler above than the lesser crested tern with a white (not grey) rump, with a slightly longer, more slender bill with a different curve. The black of the crest that comes down from the crown extends through the eye, creating a small black "smudge" in front of the eye. On royal terns, the black crest stops at the eye, and lesser crested tern has a less shaggy crest

Measurements:

 Length: 15.3-16.5 in (39-42 cm)
 Weight: 6.7-11.5 oz (190-325 g)
 Wingspan: 76-81 cm

References

External links

Flickr search for elegant tern

elegant tern
Native birds of the West Coast of the United States
Birds of Mexico
elegant tern
elegant tern

Elegant tern


Ralph C. Wood is a scholar of theology and English literature, with a special interest in Christian writers, mainly of fiction, including J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis, G. K. Chesterton, Gerard Manley Hopkins, George Herbert, and Dorothy Sayers.

Biography

Ralph Wood gained his bachelor's and master's degrees from East Texas State College, graduating in 1965, and took his PhD at the University of Chicago in 1975. He served as a lecturer in English at North Park College in Chicago before moving to Wake Forest University in the first of several academic employments in religion; he has taught at Samford University, Regent College, Vancouver, and Providence College, Rhode Island. In 1998 he became University Professor of Theology and Literature at Baylor University, where he teaches, researches, and writes books.

Awards and distinctions

 2010 Associated Church Press Award of Excellence for Best Critical Review
 2011 Lionel Basney Award for Outstanding Essay published in Christianity and Literature

Reception

Gospel According to Tolkien

Dan Muth, reviewing The Gospel According to Tolkien for The Living Church, wrote that it deserved a receptive audience, and was likely to get one; it made engaging use of Tolkien's work and "would serve as an excellent introduction to the virtues". Bradley J. Birzer writes in The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia that Wood makes the case that "the Christian Gospel is embedded into the very foundations of Tolkien's mythology".

Tolkien among the Moderns

Robin A. Reid, reviewing Tolkien among the Moderns for Journal of Tolkien Research, notes that Wood's "brief editorial frame" for the essay collection claims that Tolkien is neither escapist nor antiquarian; that his Middle-earth writings are centred on "a profound moral and religious vision"; and that Tolkien had a "largely unnoticed" engagement with "major literary figures and philosophical movements of our time". Reid then states that Wood overlooks the "substantial body of scholarship" from the 1980s onwards that investigates Tolkien's engagement with modernism, mentioning the work of scholars such as Dimitra Fimi, Verlyn Flieger, and especially Weinreich and Honegger's Tolkien and Modernity. "The other major flaw", writes Reid, is the failure to define the "moderns" other than chronologically; in his view, the lack of definition of the subject makes the collection "lacking in coherence and structure".

Christopher Snyder, reviewing the book for Christianity and Literature, notes that readers looking for comparisons of Tolkien with modernist authors such as Virginia Woolf and Aldous Huxley "will be mostly disappointed", as only James Joyce and Iris Murdoch (who much admired The Lord of the Rings) feature largely. Instead, Wood looks at everything from Platonism and Cervantes to Nietzsche, Emmanuel Levinas, and postmodernism. Snyder calls Wood "one of the most original of those Tolkien scholars who focus on religious dimensions". He is pleased to see that the book provides insights into Tolkien's philosophy and political science as well as theology and gender equality.

Books

 1991 The Comedy of Redemption: Christian Faith and Comic Vision in Four American Novelists. University of Notre Dame Press.
 2003 The Gospel According to Tolkien: Visions of the Kingdom in Middle-earth. Westminster John Knox Press.
 2003 Contending for the Faith: The Church's Engagement with Culture (Interpreting Christian Texts and Traditions Series). Baylor University Press.
 2004 Flannery O'Connor and the Christ-Haunted South. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
 2008 Literature and Theology (Horizons in Theology series). Abingdon Press.
 2009 Preaching and Professing: Sermons by a Teacher Seeking to Proclaim the Gospel. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
 2011 Chesterton: The Nightmare Goodness of God. Baylor University Press.
 2015 Tolkien Among the Moderns. University of Notre Dame Press.

References

External links

Tolkien studies
University of Chicago alumni
Texas A&M University alumni
20th-century American theologians

Ralph C. Wood


Emile Brichard (Arsimont, 20 December 1899 – Villers-Poterie, 8 July 2004) was a Belgian cyclist. Brichard participated in the Tour de France in 1926, and was also known for being the penultimate surviving Belgian veteran of World War I.

Life
During World War I, Brichard escaped together with his parents to Wolverhampton in the United Kingdom, where he went to work in a factory producing soldiers boots. He joined the British Army in 1915, joining the medical corps, serving at De Panne.

After the war, Brichard went to work as a miner, and started to pursue cycling in his leisure time, where he mainly participated in local cycling competitions in the Namur and Henegouwen provinces of Belgium. Although he became a skilled cyclist, a competition victory would continuously elude him. In 1926 he joined the 'Alcyon-Dunlop cycling crew as an assistant to Adelin Benoît.

Brichard was selected for the 1926 Tour de France, which would enter the history books as the longest ever edition of the race. Brichard had to abandon the tour in the first stage from Évian-les-Bains to Mulhouse, due to a leaking tyre, as he had already consumed all his spare tyres. He continued to race for a few more years, while also continuing to work in the mines. In 1930 he retired from both cycling and the mining industry, and opened his own liqueur and wine distillery and shop.

Brichard remained anonymous until the start of the 21st century, when he was discovered to be one of few remaining survivors of the first World War. In 2004 he was interviewed as the oldest living Tour de France participant, in connection with that years tour which included the south of Belgium and even passed his own home town of Villers-Poterie. He died just a few days after the tour had exited Belgium.

References

1899 births
2004 deaths
Belgian centenarians
Belgian male cyclists
British Army personnel of World War I
Cyclists from Namur (province)
People from Sambreville
Belgian refugees
Belgian expatriates in England
Men centenarians

Emile Brichard


John Frederick Weishampel Jr. (Baltimore, Maryland, April 22, 1832 – 189?) was an American printer and publisher based at 484 West Baltimore Street in Baltimore. Weishampel was a third-generation Prussian-American and son of Rev. John Frederick Weishampel.

Noah Davis
In 1859 Weishampel published A Narrative of the Life of Rev. Noah Davis, a Colored Man, a slave narrative and autobiography written by Noah Davis, a Baptist minister who had bought his freedom from slavery. Davis had been born into slavery in Madison County, Virginia and learned various trades. In 1818 he moved to Fredericksburg, where he learned to read and write. In 1831 he was baptized into the Fredericksburg Baptist Church. Davis married a fellow church member and eventually purchased his own freedom using funds raised while working as a missionary in Africa. By 1851, Davis purchased his wife's freedom and continued working in order to purchase the freedom of his several children. He thought to raise money by writing an account of his life, and Weishampel's publication of his work assisted in this effort. From the sales of the book and money raised by himself and his wife, Davis was able to free five of their seven children.

Publications

A Narrative of the Life of Rev. Noah Davis, a Colored Man. Written by Himself, at the Age of Fifty-Four. by Noah Davis, published J. F. Weishampel Jr. (1859)
New and Enlarged Map of Baltimore City. Engraved by E. Sachse & Co. and published by John F. Weishampel Jr., based on surveys by Wm. H. Shipley. (1872)
History of Baptist Churches in Maryland, 1742 – 1885. by Harvey Johnson (1842–1923), Baltimore: J.F. Weishampel Jr., (1885)
The Stranger in Baltimore: A New Hand Book Containing a General Description of Baltimore City and its Notable Localities, With Other information Useful to Both Citizens and Strangers. by J. F. Weishampel Jr. (1885)
Weishampel's Baltimore Guide: The Stranger in Baltimore: a New Hand Nook, Containing a General Description of Baltimore with Other Information (1888)
The Man Christ Jesus: Character and Purpose of Jesus by J. F. Weishampel Jr. (1894))
The Pope's Stratagem: "Rome to America!": An address to the Protestants of the United States, against placing the Pope's block of marble in the Washington monument. by J. F. Weishampel Jr. (date unknown)
Revivals and Revival Measures by J.F. Weishampel Jr. (1860)

References

External links
The Testimony of a Hundred Witnesses (1858)
A Narrative of the Life of Rev. Noah Davis, a Colored Man. Written by Himself, at the Age of Fifty-Four. Baltimore: J. F. Weishampel Jr., (1859), at Documenting the American South, University of North Carolina.
Rev. Dr. Harvey Johnson

American printers
Businesspeople from Baltimore
1832 births
1890s deaths
19th-century American businesspeople

John Frederick Weishampel Jr.


Luther Reily (October 17, 1794 – February 20, 1854) was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.

Luther Reily was born in Myerstown, Pennsylvania.  He studied medicine and began practice in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.  He held various local offices. During the War of 1812, he served as a private in Capt. R.M. Crane's company of Pennsylvania Volunteers from August 3 to September 7, 1814, and as surgeon's mate in Maj. Gen. R. Watson's company from September 7 to December 5, 1814.

Reily was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-fifth Congress.  He resumed the practice of his profession and died in Harrisburg in 1854.  Interment in Harrisburg Cemetery.

Sources

The Political Graveyard

External links

Burials at Harrisburg Cemetery
American militiamen in the War of 1812
Politicians from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Physicians from Pennsylvania
1794 births
1854 deaths
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
19th-century American politicians

Luther Reily


The 1964 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Collingwood Football Club and Melbourne Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 19 September 1964. It was the 67th annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1964 VFL season. The match, attended by 102,471 spectators, was won by Melbourne by a margin of 4 points, marking the club's 12th premiership victory.

This would be the last premiership won by Melbourne until 2021, when it won that year's flag at Optus Stadium in Perth after an ongoing COVID-19 lockdown in Victoria prevented the match from being played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. As such, this remains the most recent time Melbourne has won a premiership at home.

Background
Melbourne were competing in the finals for the 11th consecutive season. They were also playing in their eighth Grand Final in 11 seasons and fighting for their sixth Premiership in that time.

Match summary
With Melbourne leading by 11 points at the final break, the match is remembered for its thrilling last quarter. In the early stages, Melbourne had plenty of opportunities to kick goals but could only manage behinds, and it was Collingwood's Des Tuddenham who kicked the first goal of the term.

Seventeen minutes into the quarter, Collingwood trailed by 9 points but were within a kick when Ray Gabelich kicked a goal from a boundary throw-in. Gabelich kicked another to put them in front soon afterwards, a goal that is now regarded as one of the most famous in grand final history. He had received the ball near centre half-forward, and, due to Melbourne having spent the previous minutes in their own forward line and Collingwood moving the ball upfield quickly, there were no defenders ahead of Gabelich. A 109 kg ruckman, Gabelich ran towards the goal, bounced the ball four times, nearly losing it on each occasion, and, with Melbourne players gaining on him, put it through the big sticks to take the lead in one of the VFL/AFL's most memorable Grand Final moments.

Collingwood were now 3 points up and time-on was nearing. After the restart, Melbourne's Barry Bourke kicked the ball into their 50-metre arc, and it was marked by rover Hassa Mann. He was directly in front and only 20 metres out, but his shot for goal came off the side of his boot and could only manage a behind. Melbourne had another chance to win the game, however, when they kicked the ball towards the goal square. A big pack of players went for the ball, but it spilled to the ground, and Melbourne defender Neil Crompton gathered the ball and kicked a goal. It was his only goal of the season, and he had only been forward because he'd followed his opponent upfield.

In the final minutes, Collingwood had the ball in their forward line. Collingwood's Ian Graham had a chance to goal with a difficult snap from the boundary but missed. Melbourne held on against intense pressure from Collingwood until the siren sounded, leaving Melbourne winners by 4 points.

Teams

Umpire: Ron Brophy

Statistics

Score

Goalkickers
Melbourne:
 Townsend 3
 Lord 2
 Bourke 1
 Crompton 1
 Mann 1

Collingwood:
 Gabelich 2
 Bone 1
 Dalton 1
 Graham 1
 Steer 1
 Tuddenham 1
 Waters 1

For a long time, Terry Waters was credited with two goals in the grand final. In January 2020, historians reviewed the game and determined that one of Waters goals had been scored by Ian Graham instead, and the scorecard was amended. Waters admitted that he did not remember kicking one of his goals. Prior to the change, Waters was recognised as the outright leading Collingwood goalkicker for the year, with 43 goals, but the change brought a tie between Waters and Graham, on 42 apiece.

External links
Fullpointsfooty article on the Grand Final
 https://www.afl.com.au/news/367994/history-rewritten-the-remarkable-story-of-the-grand-final-goal-that-wasn-t

See also
 1964 VFL season

References

VFL/AFL Grand Finals
Grand
Melbourne Football Club
Collingwood Football Club

1964 VFL grand final


Brackenfell is a railway town in the Western Cape province of South Africa and a northern suburb of Cape Town, situated about 30 km (17 mi) north-east of the city. Regarded as the gateway to the Cape Winelands, Brackenfell is situated approximately 22 km (14 mi) north-west of Stellenbosch and 35 km (22 mi) south-west of Paarl and lies at the start of the Bottelary Hills Wine Route which follows the scenic and winding Bottelary Road towards Stellenbosch.

History

The earliest activity on what today is known as Brackenfell was when the "de Clapmuts" was a refreshment post. Brackenfell specifically form part of Klapmutsberg, better known as de Bottelarij. In 1712 the area known as "Kruispad" was transferred to Selie, J. Kruispad was owned by Brink, A. and in 1901 he sold it to a Scottish Immigrant Walton, G.H. The flora on this farm reminded him of the same in Scotland. He called it Brackenfell (Bracken means fern; Fell means hill). The richness of granite in the area let to the farm being sold to a Brick company in 1903 and a granite quarry was established. Activity here stopped in 1948. In 1904 a railway station was established.

Brackenfell used to be a rural area centred on a major road crossing during the earlier days of Cape Town, but today it is a well-known suburb located behind the 'boerewors gordyn' which translates to sausage curtain, meaning; people living in this area, braai (barbecue) boerewors very often. "Gordyn" curtain is just by figure of speech.  It's all said tongue-in-the-cheek.

In 1976, a large investment was made by retail giant, PicknPay when it opened a Hypermarket opened in Brackenfell which still stands till today. At the time, the Hypermarket was regarded as an ultra-modern decentralised shopping centre which had a crucial role in the development of then small town of Brackenfell, lying just outside Cape Town.

In 1996, Brackenfell lost its municipal status and was dissolved into the Oostenberg Municipality along with Kraaifontein, Kuilsrivier and Blue Downs/Eersterivier as part of the transition in local government. As of 2000, Brackenfell was integrated into the City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality, or the Greater Cape Town area and is effectively a suburb of the City of Cape Town.

Due to the rising numbers of COVID-19 cases in the Western Cape, the Western Cape Health Department constructed a field hospital in the Brackengate industrial area. It opened on 20 July 2020 with 10 patients. The field hospital has capacity 300 beds for COVID-19 patients from hospitals struggling with capacity.

The field hospital became the central COVID-19 dedicated hospital for the Western Cape in September as the Cape Town International Convention Centre's field hospital which was the central COVID-19 dedicated hospital was decommissioned in September due to declining COVID-19 cases in the City of Cape Town.

Geography
Brackenfell is situated on the eastern boundary of the City of Cape Town adjacent to the Stellenbosch Local Municipality and is neighboured by Bellville to the west, Kraaifontein to the east, Durbanville to the north and Kuilsrivier to the south. It is flanked by the Bottelary Hills to the south-east, with Kanonkop ("Cannon Hill") being the highest point in Brackenfell at 177 m (580 ft).

Suburbs
Brackenfell is mainly divided into three main suburban clusters, namely Brackenfell Central, Brackenfell North and Brackenfell South.

Brackenfell Central
Arauna (residential)
Brackenfell Industria (industrial)Eden Park (residential)Ferndale (residential)Hoogstede (residential)Morgenster (residential)Morgenster Heights (residential)Okavango Park (industrial)Springbokpark (residential)St Michaels (residential) Brackenfell North
Brackenfell North (agricultural holdings)Cape Gate (retail)Chamonix (residential)De Tuin (residential)Kleinbron Estate (residential)Kleinbron Park (residential)Marlborough Park (residential)Vredekloof (residential)Vredekloof Glen (residential)Vredekloof Heights (residential)Vredekloof Rand (residential)Welgeleë (residential) Brackenfell South
 Birrgundy (residential)Brackenfell South (residential)De Oude Spruit (residential)Kaapsig (residential)Klaradyn Retirement Village (residential)Protea Heights (residential)Protea Village (residential)Ruwari (residential)Sonkring (residential)Schools

 Bastion Primary School
 Brackenfell High School
 Brackenfell Primary School
 Brooklands Primary School
 Bubbalu Day Care Centre (independent nursery school)
 Curro Brackenfell (private primary school)
 Curro Castle (private nursery / pre-primary school)
 Destinatus Private School
 Northpine Primary School
 Northpine Technical High School
 Southpine Primary School
 Southpine Technical High School
 Eastpine Primary School
 Eastpine Technical High School
 Westpine Primary School
 Westpine Technical High School
 Paarl School
 Protea Heights Academy (high school)
 Vredekloof Primary School

Economy
 Rapid growth
Brackenfell has come a long way from being a small town between Cape Town and Paarl, with smallholdings and large open spaces. Having experienced growth since 1994, like the rest of urban South Africa, many businesses have relocated and set up here and gated communities have expanded the town's borders to the north and south. Older residences along Brackenfell Boulevard have also been refurbished into service-related businesses such as dentists, lawyers and real estate agents.

Brackenfell has now developed into a sought-after area to live in Cape Town's northern suburbs and is made up of mainly middle-class residential areas. Its proximity to Cape Town, Bellville and the Boland towns of Paarl and Stellenbosch make it an extremely popular area to live and commute from.

 Major companies
A number of major retail and food corporations in South Africa have their headquarters in Brackenfell, most notably Shoprite-Checkers which is Africa's largest supermarket retail chain. Food Lover's Market, OK Foods (a subsidiary of Shoprite-Checkers) and Montagu Snacks have their headquarters too in Brackenfell.

 Industries
Brackenfell is a fast-growing industrial centre in the Greater Cape Town metropolitan area with most of its industrial areas mainly occupied by light industries such as logistics and warehousing. The established industrial areas of Brackenfell Industria and Okavango Park are located in the east of Brackenfell, while the newer industrial area of Brackengate (Morgan Industrial) is located in the west of Brackenfell.

Retail
One of the largest shopping malls in the northern suburbs of Cape Town, Cape Gate Regional Shopping Centre is located in the Cape Gate precinct of the town, which also comprises the Cape Gate Lifestyle Centre. The Cape Gate precinct has seen major expansion with two shopping centres, a private hospital (Mediclinic Cape Gate), drive-thru restaurants, car dealerships and two large warehouse clubs (Makro and Builders Warehouse).

Old Paarl Road is the main street of the Brackenfell CBD, retaining its status as the traditional centre of commerce in the town, even despite the development of Cape Gate, and is lined with approximately a kilometre of local shops, drive-thru restaurants, petrol stations and shopping centres such as Brackenfell Shopping Centre, Brackenfell Centre and Fairbridge Mall. Also found in the Brackenfell area is Brackenfell Corner (just north of the CBD), Glengarry Village in Vredekloof and Boulevard Square in Protea Heights.

 Transport

 Rail

Brackenfell is served by the Brackenfell Railway Station situated on the main commuter line between Cape Town and Wellington (Northern Line) and is operated by Metrorail with the Northern Line trains serving Cape Town, Goodwood, Parow, Bellville, Kraaifontein, Paarl and Wellington.

 Road
Brackenfell is served by two freeways. The N1 passes through the northern part of Brackenfell, connecting it with Cape Town to the south-west and Paarl to the north-east, while the R300 (by-passes to the west) which starts at the N1 Stellenberg Interchange connects Brackenfell with Mitchells Plain to the south as Kuils River Freeway. The older section of the N1, now renumbered as the R101 (passes through the town centre) connects Brackenfell with Bellville to the west and Kraaifontein to the east as Old Paarl Road, running somewhat parallel to the N1.

Brackenfell is also served by many metropolitan routes including: The M23 (Bottelary Road) to Bellville and Stellenbosch (by-passes to the south), the M25 (Frans Conradie Drive) to Bellville and Kraaifontein, the M73 (De Bron Road) to Durbanville and Kraaifontein, the M100 (Brackenfell Boulevard) to Durbanville and Kuilsrivier and the M137 (Okavango Road) to Durbanville and Kraaifontein.

 Nature

The Bracken Nature Reserve, situated in the Ruwari suburban area, was once a quarry site and was later declared a nature reserve after some negotiations between the Cape Town City Council and the Stellenbosch Divisional Council.

Coat of arms

Brackenfell was a municipality from 1970 to 1996.  In November 1971, the council registered a coat of arms at the Bureau of Heraldry.

The arms, designed by Cornelis Pama, were Per chevron embowed Or and Vert, three shot balls counterchanged, i.e. a shield divided by a curved chevron-shaped line into gold and green, with two green balls at the top and a golden ball at the bottom.  The crest was three ferns with the motto Tenax in fide''.

Trivia

 Currently, Brackenfell (together with Kuilsrivier) uses the prefix "CFR-" in their registered motor vehicles (since approximately 2000 the prefix "CF-" which had formerly been allocated to Grahamstown has also been allocated to these suburbs).
 Kanonkop (directly translated to cannon head) Brackenfell's highest point in Ruwari, was used as a signal point with its signal cannons in the 1700s. Cannons can be seen at Brackenfell High School and Bastion Primary School.
 In Vredekloof Street in Vredekloof (a residential area of Brackenfell) the bird, the Cape Robin nest and is commonly known as Jan Frederik.
 The popular cooking and grill sauce Jimmy's Sauces CC is produced in Brackenfell and is sold not only in South Africa but also all over the world.

External links
 Brackenfell Directory

References

Suburbs of Cape Town

Brackenfell