The Road to El Dorado is a 2000 American animated adventure movie made by DreamWorks Animation. The movie was directed by Eric "Bibo" Bergeron and Don Paul; Will Finn and David Silverman directed additional sequences. It stars Kevin Kline, Kenneth Branagh, Rosie Perez, Jim Cummings, Frank Welker, Armand Assante, Edward James Olmos and Tobin Bell. It was composed by Elton John.

The movie follows two Spanish conmen who leave Spain and set off to the New World. As they head to the legendary city of gold, they are mistaken for gods by the people. The movie flopped at the box office. It was poorly received by critics.

Plot
In 16th century Spain, two con artists win a map to El Dorado from the dice game. They escape from the city and stow away on the ship of Hernán Cortés, while sailing to the New World. After befriending a horse named Altivo, they land off the Mexican coast. After seeing landmarks on the map, they take a direction to the legendary golden city. As they arrive at the waterfall, a woman and an army of guards recognize them as gods, and escort them to the city. There, they meet the elders, kindhearted Chief Tannabok and the malicious high priest Tzekel Kan. Tannabok welcomes the two to the city warmly, while Tzekel Kan mainly sees them as an opportunity to enhance his own standing. He also believes the gods' arrival will spark the "Year of the Jaguar", a time when everyone will be purged from the city.

Voice cast
 Kevin Kline as Tulio, one of the con artists who pretend to be gods so they can get gold. He is the strategic planner, often becoming anxious and overthinking things.
 Kenneth Branagh as Miguel, one of the con artists who pretend to be gods so they can get gold. He is more relaxed and easygoing than his con-partner Tulio.
 Rosie Perez as Chel, a beautiful native woman from El Dorado who discovers Tulio and Miguel's con and decides to play along in an effort to get out from El Dorado.
 Armand Assante as Tzekel-Kan, the fanatically vicious high priest who has a religious fixation for human sacrifices.
 Edward James Olmos as Chief Tannabok, the kind chief of El Dorado who believes that Tulio and Miguel are gods, though he at one point implies that he has figured out Miguel is not actually a god, though only after Miguel demonstrates kindness to his people.
 Jim Cummings as Hernán Cortés, the merciless and ambitious conquistador leader of the expedition to find the empires of the New World.
 Frank Welker as Altivo, Cortés' horse who befriends Tulio and Miguel.
 Tobin Bell as Zaragoza, a sailor on the voyage to the New World of El Dorado and the original owner of the map, which he loses to Tulio and Miguel after a game of dice.
 Duncan Marjoribanks as Acolyte.
 Elijah Chiang as Kid #1
 Cyrus Shaki-Khan as Kid #2
 Elton John as the Narrator
 Anne Lockhart as Girl in Barcelona

Additional voices
 Bruce Adler as Tzekel-Kan's Guards
 Jack Angel as Cortés's Soldiers
 Bob Bergen as Jaguar, Cortés's Soldiers
 Rodger Bumpass as Cortés's Soldiers
 Corey Burton as Cortés's Soldiers
 Mitch Carter as Sailors
 Cathy Cavadini as Female Villager #5
 Philip L. Clarke as Tzekel-Kan's Guards
 Robert Clotworthy as Tzekel-Kan's Guards, Cortés's Soldiers, Male Villager #6
 David Cowgill as Cortés's Soldiers
 Jim Cummings as Cortés's Soldiers, The Cook, Warrior, Male Villager #1
 Jennifer Darling as Female Villager #4
 Paul Eiding as Cortés's Soldiers
 Bill Farmer as Cortés's Soldiers, Warriors
 Pat Fry as Cortés's Soldiers, Warriors, Sailors
 Donald Fullilove as Tzekel-Kan's Guards
 Nicholas Guest as Cortés's Soldiers
 Arthur Holden as Tzekel-Kan's Guards, Male Villager #7
 Rif Hutton as Tzekel-Kan's Guards
 Marcel Jeannin as Male Villager #5, Tzekel-Kan's Guards, Cortés's Soldiers
 Carole Jeghers as Female Villager #1
 Daamen J. Krall as Sailors
 Sherry Lynn as Female Villager #2
 Danny Mann as Cortés's Soldiers, Sailors
 Kenneth Mars as Cortés's Soldiers, Male Villager #8
 David McCharen as Sailors
 Mickie McGowan as Female Villager #3
 Paul Pape as Cortés's Soldiers
 Patrick Pinney as Cortés's Soldiers, Male Villager #3
 Phil Proctor as Cortés's Soldiers, Male Villager #4, Male Villager #2
 Jan Rabson as Cortés's Soldiers
 Peter Renaday as Cortés's Soldiers
 Steve Susskind as Sailors
 Brian Tochi as Sailors
 Jim Ward as Cortés's Soldiers, Sailors
 Frank Welker as Bull

ADR Group
 Blayn Barbosa as Kid #3
 Elea Bartling as as Female Villager
 Steve Bulen as Male Villager
 Mark Carlton as Male Villager
 Rachel Crane as Female Villager
 Cody Dorkin as Kid #7
 Murphy Dunne as Male Villager
 Ashley Edner as Female Villager
 Bobby Edner as Male Villager
 Elisa Gabrielli as Female Villager
 Mike Gomez as Male Villager
 Javier Grajeda as Male Villager
 Brenda Grate as Female Villager
 Daisey Hamilton as Female Villager
 Daniel Hansen as Kid #6
 Wendy Hoffman as as Female Villager
 Poosy Holmes as Female Villager
 Marabina Jaimes as Female Villager
 Myles Jeffrey as Male Villager
 Lauri Johnson as Female Villager
 Luisa Leschin as Female Villager
 Don Maxwell as Male Villager
 Karmin Murcelo as Female Villager
 Jonathan Nichols as Male Villager
 Dyana Ortelli as Female Villager
 Barbara Ransom as Female Villager
 Al Rodrigo as Cortes's Soldiers
 Bert Rosario as Male Villager
 Michelle Ruff as Female Villager
 Lauren Schaffel as Female Villager
 Aaron Spann as Kid #5
 Ryan Sparks as Kid #4
 Sylvia Villagran as Female Villager
 Christopher Windsor as Male Villager

References

American animated movies
2000 movies
2000 animated movies
DreamWorks Animation movies
DreamWorks Pictures movies
Internet memes
Movies set in Spain

The Road to El Dorado


Chesterfield is a city in St. Louis County, Missouri, United States. It is a western suburb of St. Louis. As of the 2020 census, the population was 49,999, making it the state's 14th most populous city. The broader valley of Chesterfield was originally referred to as "Gumbo Flats", derived from its soil, which though very rich and silty, resembled gumbo when wet.

History

Ancient history
Present-day Chesterfield is known to have been a site of Native American inhabitation for thousands of years. A site in western Chesterfield containing artwork and carvings has been dated as 4,000 years old. A Mississippian site, dated to around the year 1000, containing the remains of what have been identified as a market and ceremonial center, is also located in modern Chesterfield.

Historical communities

The present-day city of Chesterfield is made up of several smaller historical communities, including:
 Bellefontaine (French for "beautiful spring"), or as the locals called it, "Hilltown", dates to about 1837 with the arrival of August Hill. The first post office was established as Bellemonte ("beautiful mountain") in 1851. Eighteen years later, in 1869, the town and post office name were both changed to Bellefontaine. Rinkel's Market was a familiar landmark for years, at the intersection of present-day Olive Boulevard and Chesterfield Parkway.
 The town of Lake started out as "Hog Hollow," in about 1850. The post office was established as Hog Hollow in 1871, but a year later the town's name was changed to what some thought was the more suitable name of Lake. Zierenberg's General Merchandise and Saloon (built around 1880) was a well-known landmark at the 18-mile marker on Olive Street Road. The original structure was destroyed by fire in 1918. It was replaced by the existing structure on the same site (Olive Boulevard and Hog Hollow Road).
 Gumbo is located in the valley at the present intersection of Chesterfield Airport Road and Long Road. A notable landmark (until it was razed in 1998) was the old Twenty Five Mile House - so named because of its distance from downtown St. Louis. Gumbo's name derived from its soil, which though very rich and silty, when wet became gumbo mud. A substance very similar to gravel was made from Gumbo mud and used for streets and sidewalks in Forest Park during the 1904 World's Fair. Gumbo's post office operated from 1882 to 1907.
 Monarch (earlier called Atherton, then Eatherton) was one of the settlements that sprang up along the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific rail line when it came through the valley in the late 1870s. William Sutton's General Store stood on the northwest corner of Eatherton and Centaur Roads. Their post office operated from 1895 to 1907, when the mail was transferred to Chesterfield. A well-known residence in Monarch was named "The Shadows"; it still survives, with a commanding view from its bluff site.
 Bonhomme, which is French for "good man," is located at the extreme western end of Olive Street Road. It had a blacksmith shop, grist mill, store, post office and Fenn's saw mill; but it was all washed away in the late 19th century by the Missouri River. Bonhomme was a popular name in St. Louis County; with Bonhomme streets, roads, creeks, churches and townships still so-named. However, this Bonhomme is the only one that ever had its own post office.

1967 tornado

On January 24, 1967, a violent F4 tornado ripped a  path of destruction across St. Louis County. It was the fourth-worst tornado to hit the St. Louis metro area and the most recent F4 tornado to hit the city. The tornado developed near the Chesterfield Manor nursing home and then moved through River Bend Estates and across northeast St. Louis County.

Incorporation as Chesterfield
The name "Chesterfield" was given by landowner Justus Post who arrived in Missouri in 1815 and began amassing an estate in the location of the present-day city. Post had grown up in Vermont, not far from the town of Chesterfield, New Hampshire, which sits on the border between New Hampshire and Vermont. Although Post eventually left Missouri and moved to Illinois, his chosen placename of "Chesterfield" stuck.

For many years, "Chesterfield" was an all-inclusive place-name for a vast, unincorporated sub-region of western St. Louis County (called "West County" by metro area residents) containing the unincorporated historical communities listed above, plus areas now incorporated as cities of their own (e.g., Ballwin). Police and fire protection in the community were fragmented and sporadic, the former provided by St. Louis County. As the population grew, Chesterfield Mall and other retail and commercial real estate developments sprang up; however, many residents were concerned about the lack of quality public services, and that the municipal sales tax benefited the county instead of the community.

An organization was formed calling itself the "Chesterfield Incorporation Study Committee." Headed by its president, John A. Nuetzel (himself a former president of the River Bend Association, a zoning watchdog group), the members "passed the hat" at neighborhood meetings, engaged legal help, drew up metes and bounds, and forced several failed public votes for incorporation. After a number of years, in 1988, The City of Chesterfield was finally established by its residents, and has thrived as perhaps West County's premier residential, business, retail, and transportation center.

Flood of 1993

On July 30, 1993, the levee that protected Gumbo Flats (now known as the Chesterfield Valley) from the Missouri River failed. This was the first time the levee had failed since 1935. The town was told to evacuate, and the whole area of Gumbo Flats was flooded by feet of water. Today, the area has become the Chesterfield Commons retail area.

Geography
Chesterfield is located approximately  west of St. Louis. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which  is land and  is water.

Portions of Chesterfield are located in the floodplain of the Missouri River, now known as Chesterfield Valley, formerly as Gumbo Flats. Here several small creeks empty into the Missouri River (Caulks Creek and Bonhomme Creek). This area was submerged during the Great Flood of 1993; higher levees built since then have led to extensive commercial development in the valley. Chesterfield Valley is the location of Spirit of St. Louis Airport, used for corporate aviation, as well as the longest outdoor strip mall in America.

Demographics

According to the 2007–2011 American Community Survey estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $95,006, and the median income for a family was $88,568. Males had a median income of $94,322 versus $54,934 for females. The per capita income for the city was $51,725. About 1.7% of families and 4.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.7% of those under age 18 and 3.3% of those age 65 or over.

2020 census
As of the 2020 Census, there were 49,999 people and 19,209 households living in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 75.8% White, 3.2% African American, 0.2% Native American, 14.4% Asian, 1.2% other races, and 5.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.5% of the population.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 47,484 people, 19,224 households, and 13,461 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 20,393 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 86.5% White, 2.6% African American, 0.2% Native American, 8.6% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.8% of the population.

There were 19,224 households, of which 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.2% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.0% were non-families. 26.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.94.

The median age in the city was 46.6 years. 22.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.5% were from 25 to 44; 32.5% were from 45 to 64; and 20.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.8% male and 52.2% female.

Economy
Reinsurance Group of America, Dierbergs, Kellwood, Amdocs, Aegion and Broadstripe have their headquarters in Chesterfield. Chesterfield has three malls, two of which are outlet malls as well as a strip mall called the Chesterfield Commons.

Top employers
According to the City's 2013 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:

Arts and culture
St. Louis County Library Samuel C. Sachs Branch is in Chesterfield.

Parks and recreation
Faust Park contains a playground, historical village, walking trail, carousel, and The Butterfly House, which opened in 1998. A nearby cement butterfly sculpture by Bob Cassilly was dedicated in 1999.

Recreation facilities in Chesterfield include Chesterfield Amphitheater, Chesterfield Valley Athletic Complex, and Chesterfield Family Aquatic Center.

Education

Public schools
Rockwood School District serves the western portions of the city, and Parkway School District serves the east. District schools located in Chesterfield include:

 Chesterfield Elementary
 Green Trails Elementary
 Highcroft Ridge Elementary
 Kehrs Mill Elementary
 Marquette High School
 Parkway Central High School
 Parkway Central Middle
 Parkway West High School
 Parkway West Middle
 River Bend Elementary
 Shenandoah Valley Elementary
 Wild Horse Elementary

Private schools
There are four private elementary schools: Chesterfield Day School, Chesterfield Montessori School, Ascension School, and Incarnate Word School. Barat Academy is a private high school.

Colleges, universities and trade schools
Logan College of Chiropractic offers undergraduate and graduate level courses on Chiropractic, Pre-Chiropractic, Sport Science and Rehabilitation medicine.

Transportation

Highways and major roads
Interstate 64 (locally referred to as "Highway 40") runs East-West through Chesterfield. There are seven exits serving the city (numbers 14-21). Missouri Route 340 (a.k.a., Olive Blvd.) runs on East-West through much of Chesterfield, before turning Southwest near the I-64 Interchange; its name changes to Clarkson Road south of this junction. Missouri Route 141 runs along the eastern border between Chesterfield and Town and Country. Route 141's northern terminus was, until recently, located in Chesterfield at Olive Blvd. The Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) and St. Louis County Department of Highways and Traffic (DHT) began construction of Route 141 in Chesterfield in 2009. MoDOT expanded Route 141 between just south of Ladue Road (Route AB) to Olive Boulevard (Route 340). DHT extends Route 141 from Olive Road to the Page Avenue Extension (Route 364) at the Maryland Heights Expressway.

Public transportation
Public transportation is provided by Metro and connects Chesterfield to many other portions of Greater St. Louis by numerous bus routes.

Air
Spirit of St. Louis Airport is located in the Chesterfield Valley; the airport is owned by St. Louis County.

Rail
Central Midland Railway (CMR), a division of Progressive Rail Inc. of Minnesota, provides regular freight rail service to industrial customers located in the Chesterfield Valley. CMR operates the far eastern segment of the former Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway's St. Louis to Kansas City main line that was constructed in 1870. The active portion of the former CRI&P line runs from the north side of St. Louis, where it connects with the Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis and Union Pacific Railroad, and now terminates in Union, Missouri. A primary rail customer in Chesterfield is a RockTenn (formerly Smurfit Stone) corrugated packaging plant which is located on a spur track that extends from the main track northward along the east end of the runway of the Spirit of St. Louis Airport. RockTenn typically receives inbound shipments of corrugated paper.

Notable people
Michael Avenatti, convicted felon, attorney, and entrepreneur, moved to Chesterfield as a child.
Dan Connolly (American football), former NFL right tackle and center.
Robbie Daymond, voice actor.
Kevin Donahue, racing driver
Kyle Donahue, racing driver
Mackenzie Fierceton, activist, Whitfield School graduate
David Freese, former third baseman for the Los Angeles Angels
Ryan Howard, Philadelphia Phillies first baseman
Clayton Keller, NHL forward for the Arizona Coyotes
Luke Kunin, NHL hockey player for the San Jose Sharks
Al Lowe, video game designer
Jeremy Maclin, former Missouri Tigers wide receiver
Davis Payne, former head coach of the St. Louis Blues
Max Scherzer, MLB pitcher for the New York Mets
Paul Stastny, center, Chaminade College Preparatory School alumnus
Yan Stastny, center, Chaminade College Preparatory School alumnus.
Jim Talent, former senator, U.S. representative
Scott Van Slyke, outfielder for Los Angeles Dodgers.
Adam Wainwright, MLB pitcher for St. Louis Cardinals.
Kurt Warner, former NFL quarterback for St. Louis Rams and Arizona Cardinals
Cole McNary, former member of the Missouri House of Representatives

See also

References

External links

Cities in St. Louis County, Missouri
Missouri populated places on the Missouri River
Cities in Missouri
Populated places established in 1988
1988 establishments in Missouri

Chesterfield, Missouri


Lineth Chepkurui (born 23 February 1988 in Bomet) is a Kenyan long distance runner.

At the 2008 World Cross Country Championships Chepkurui finished eleventh in the individual race, however this was not enough to be a part of the Kenyan team, who won silver medals in the team competition. She won her third consecutive Lilac Bloomsday Run in 2010, running a world's best time over 12 km with her course record run of 38:10.

Chepkurui is a two-time champion of the Bay to Breakers. In 2010, her time of 38:07 was a women's course record. She also set a course record at the Beach to Beacon 10K, knocking 26 seconds off the former record to win with a time of 31:00 minutes. She ran at the Falmouth Road Race two weeks later, but was beaten into second place by Wude Ayalew. She entered the Rock 'n' Roll Philadelphia Half Marathon in September and finished as runner-up with a personal best of 1:07:46, two seconds behind Meseret Defar.

Chepkurui trains with Kimbia Athletics and is coached by Dieter Hogen.

Achievements

Road running performances
2006 Philadelphia Half Marathon - 1st
Lilac Bloomsday Run - 1st (2008–2010)
2008 Cherry Blossom 10-Mile Run - 1st
2010 Philadelphia Half Marathon - 2nd

Personal bests
10 Kilometres  - 30:51 minutes
Half marathon - 1:07:46 hrs (2010)

Notes

References

External links

Kimbia Athletics

1988 births
Living people
People from Bomet County
Sportspeople from Rift Valley Province
Kenyan female long-distance runners
Kenyan female cross country runners

Lineth Chepkurui


Philipse Manor Hall State Historic Site is a historic house museum located in the Getty Square neighborhood of Yonkers, New York.  Originally the family seat of Philipse Manor, it is Westchester County's second oldest standing building after the Timothy Knapp House. Located near the Hudson River at Warburton Avenue and Dock Street, it is owned and operated by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation.

History
The southwest corner, the oldest part of the structure, was built around 1682 by Dutch-born merchant and trader Frederick Philipse, the first Lord of Philipsburg Manor, and his wife Margaret Hardenbroeck. Philipse, who by his second marriage became a son-in-law of Stephanus Van Cortlandt, had amassed by the time of his death a  estate along the Hudson River that encompassed the entire modern city of Yonkers and much of western and lower Westchester County.

During Philipse's life, the building was used primarily as a stopover point on the long journey up and down the river between his home in New Amsterdam and the northern parts of his estate.  His grandson, Frederick Philipse II, the second Lord, and his great-grandson, Frederick Philipse III the last, successively enlarged and enhanced the building, making it the primary family residence.

On November 28, 1776, nearly five months after the signing of the Declaration of Independence and the start of the American Revolution, Frederick Philipse III and over 200 of his contemporaries signed a document declaring their allegiance to the British Crown and their unwillingness to support the Revolutionary cause. Because of his Loyalism, Philipse was branded a traitor and placed under arrest on orders signed by General George Washington. He was held in Connecticut for a time, but was given special permission to travel back to Yonkers to settle his affairs on the condition he was not to aid the British cause. In violation of his parole, he and his family fled to British-occupied New York City and later to Great Britain, leaving their estate and Philipse Manor Hall behind to be attainted in 1779.

Philipse family holdings, which included the Philipse Patent, a 250 square mile tract that became today's Putnam and part of Dutchess counties, were sold at public auction by New York's Commissioners of Forfeitures during the Revolution. Philipse Manor Hall was occupied by various families throughout the 19th century.  In 1868, the building became Yonkers' municipal center (as Village Hall, and later, as City Hall) and remained such until 1908.  During this period, an elaborate monument to those Yonkers natives who had died during the American Civil War was installed on the east lawn (1891).

By 1908, the growing complexity of city government had made the building nearly obsolete as a government center. Public meetings were held, and options such as adding wings onto the building and tearing it down outright were discussed. The question became moot when Eva Smith Cochran, matriarch of a wealthy local carpet milling family, stepped in and donated $50,000 to the city as a nominal reimbursement for their care of the building during the previous 40 years. This allowed the city to turn ownership of the building over to the State of New York.  Between that time and the 1960s, the building was owned by the state but cared for by the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society. Since the dissolution of the Society, the building is owned, maintained and curated by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation.

From 1911 to 1912, the most intense restoration project in the building's history brought the house back to a semblance of its colonial appearance.  The building has been open as a museum of history, art and architecture since 1912.

The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.

Collections
The house is home to a ca. 1750 papier-mâché and plaster Rococo ceiling, one of two in-situ ceilings of its type in the United States.  The elaborate ceiling is covered in designs and motifs relevant to Frederick Philipse III's lifestyle.  For example, his love of music is represented by lute players, bagpipers and singers; his enthusiasm for hunting is represented by hunting dogs and game birds; and his education in the arts and sciences is represented by busts of Alexander Pope and Sir Isaac Newton.

Also of architectural significance is the 1868 City Council Chamber, designed by John Davis Hatch.  The Chamber's high, vaulted ceiling and woodwork are intentionally reminiscent of a typical English manor house's great hall.

Throughout the house are paintings from the Cochran Collection of American Portraiture.  This collection was put together by agents of Alexander Smith Cochran (son of Eva Smith Cochran and owner of the family's carpet mills) and features works by Charles Willson Peale and John Trumbull.  Represented among the 60 paintings are nearly all of the presidents of the United States from Washington to Calvin Coolidge, as well as war heroes, historical figures, and members of the Philipse family.

Further reading
Great Houses of the Hudson River, Michael Middleton Dwyer, editor, with preface by Mark Rockefeller, Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, published in association with Historic Hudson Valley, 2001. .

See also
Philipsburg Manor House
List of National Historic Landmarks in New York
List of the oldest buildings in New York

References

External links

Friends of Philipse Manor Hall
Philipse Manor Hall State Historic Site at the New York Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
New York (state) historic sites
National Historic Landmarks in New York (state)
Houses completed in 1682
Buildings and structures in Yonkers, New York
Culture of Yonkers, New York
History museums in New York (state)
Historic house museums in Westchester County, New York
Art museums and galleries in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Yonkers, New York
1682 establishments in the Province of New York
Philipse family
New York State Register of Historic Places in Yonkers

Philipse Manor Hall State Historic Site


Scratch is a short film directed by Jakob Rørvik, and stars Viktoria Winge and Luke Treadaway.

Plot
Scratch follows Lena, an art student who is living in London. She searches for inspiration for her art project and finds it in Sol. He is a scruffy young man who drifts around, engaging in seemingly detached relationships with a variety of people. Lena begins to follow Sol, gaining a voyeur's perspective on the young man's life, and taking pictures of him when he is unaware. Things take a wrong turn when Sol discovers her. He is fascinated by her odd behaviour, and so Sol is now the one following her. The two form a strange relationship, gradually exposing each other's dreams, fears and lies.

Awards
In March 2010, Scratch won the Best Short Fiction award at the Aubagne Film Festival.

References

External links

 BreakThru Films - Production Company

Norwegian short films
British short films
2010s English-language films

Scratch (2010 film)


Ednah Robinson Aiken (September 7, 1872 – 1960) was an American writer, editor, clubwoman, and playwright, based in the San Francisco Bay area.

Early life and education
Ednah P. Robinson was born in San Francisco, California. Her parents were Cornelius Preston Robinson, a lawyer, and Ida Jarboe Robinson. Her grandfather Tod Robinson Jr. arrived in California in 1850, and soon after became a judge. Her great uncle was Cornelius Robinson, an Alabama politician.

She attended the University of California at Berkeley, where she held a Phoebe Hearst scholarship as a member of the Class of 1898.

Career
Her first novel, The River (1914), about California's Imperial Valley, is often cited as an example of California regional literature, and as an "irrigation novel" by Kevin Starr. Other novels by Aiken include The Hinges of Custom (1923); If Today Be Sweet (1923), about Prohibition; Love and I (1928); and Snow (1930), set in Alaska. Her one-act play about World War I, The Hate Breeders (1916), was published with an introduction by Belgian pacifist Henri la Fontaine. Her short stories and non-fiction articles also appeared in Harper's Magazine, Out West, Cosmopolitan Magazine and others.

Ednah Aiken was on the staff at Sunset Magazine, and edited for the Western Journal of Education. She also worked with the Bureau of Naturalization of the Department of Labor, and was state chair for americanization for the California Congress of Mothers, work she related to women's suffrage: "Women must understand citizenship also, for they now have the right to vote, and if ignorant will become a menace. Give them a modern and vital course in citizenship. Make them feel we need them to help us reach our common goal."

In 1904, Ednah Robinson was a founding member of the Sequoia Club of San Francisco. She was an officer of the San Francisco Federation of Women's Clubs for the 1918–1920 term, and a member of the Education committee. In 1927 she was leading a short story group for the Santa Clara County League of American Pen Women, and by 1929 she was elected president of the league.

Personal life
Ednah Robinson married Sunset Magazine's first editor, Charles Sedgwick Aiken, in 1905. They had a son, Douglas Sedgwick Aiken, born in 1906. She was widowed when Charles died in 1911. She lived at "Lavender Farm" in Los Altos, and later in Palo Alto, where she mentored Stanford University students. She died in 1960, aged 88 years. Her papers are archived at the Bancroft Library.

References

1872 births
1960 deaths
American women dramatists and playwrights
American women in World War I
American women novelists
American women short story writers
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Women magazine editors
Writers from San Francisco
American women non-fiction writers
Clubwomen
19th-century American writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
19th-century American women writers

Ednah Robinson Aiken


John D. Cherry Jr. (born May 5, 1951) is an American politician who served as the 62nd lieutenant governor of Michigan from 2003 to 2011. A Democrat, Cherry also served as a gubernatorial appointee to the Midwestern Higher Education Compact, and was the immediate past chair of the international Great Lakes Commission (of which he is still a member).

Cherry was an announced candidate for Governor of Michigan in 2010. However, on January 5, he announced his withdrawal from the race, citing an inability to "secure enough money to make my candidacy fully viable."

Early life and education
Cherry grew up in Montrose, Michigan and graduated from Hill-McCloy High School 1969. Cherry earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from the University of Michigan in 1973 and a Master of Public Administration from the University of Michigan–Flint in 1984. He is of Polish and Scots-Irish descent.

Career
A former staff member to Michigan State Senator Gary Corbin, Cherry served as the state political director for the American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees, until 1982. He was then elected to the Michigan Legislature as a State Representative (1983–1986), State Senator (1987–2002) and Senate Minority Leader.

Cherry was elected in 2002 as the running mate of Democrat Jennifer Granholm, passing on his state senate seat to his sister Deborah Cherry. As the lieutenant governor, John Cherry presided over the State Senate, casting votes there in the event of a tie.

As lieutenant governor, John Cherry was elected chairman of the National Lieutenant Governors Association (NLGA) in July 2006. John Cherry also chaired the Lt. Governor's Commission on Higher Education & Economic Growth, with the commission making recommendations on higher education and the need to expand Michigan's job base. The Cherry Commission report led to the Michigan Promise scholarship, the No Worker Left Behind program, and Michigan replacing the high school MEAP exam with the ACT. Michigan also increased standards in the K-12 curriculum and graduation requirements consistent with the Commission's recommendations.

Cherry has been awarded Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Saginaw Valley State University and an Honorary Doctor of Public Service degree from Central Michigan University. He has earned several awards including being recognized as "one of Michigan's Most Effective Legislators" by The Detroit News and the 2005 Conservationist of the Year by the Michigan United Conservation Clubs.Cherry serves as the Chairman of the St. Andrew's Society of Detroit's Board of Trustees 2016 to present. Cherry serves as the Vice-President of the Council of Scottish Clans and Associations 2016 to present, and as President of the Clan MacLachlan Association of North America 2014 to present.

Personal life
Cherry is married to former State Representative Pam Faris. They have two adult children, Meghan and John Daniel, and 4 grandchildren.

References

External links
 John Cherry official campaign website: A Democrat for Governor
 Profile and posts on Michigan Liberal, a political blog
 The Political Graveyard

1951 births
Lieutenant Governors of Michigan
Living people
Democratic Party members of the Michigan House of Representatives
Democratic Party Michigan state senators
University of Michigan–Flint alumni
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
American politicians of Polish descent
People from Sulphur Springs, Texas
2000 United States presidential electors
People from Clio, Michigan
People from Genesee County, Michigan
American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees people
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians

John D. Cherry


The Hillcrest mine disaster, the worst coal mining disaster in Canadian history, occurred at Hillcrest, Alberta, in the Crowsnest Pass region, on June 19, 1914, 9:30 am.

The disaster was reported by several news outlets including the Calgary Herald as the world's third-worst mine disaster at the time, after the Fraterville Mine disaster and the Courrières mine disaster.

Explosion
The mine started operations at 7:00 a.m. on June 19, 1914. At approximately 9:30 a.m., an explosion ripped through the tunnels, up the slopes and burst from the entries of the mine. John Brown, the general manager of the mine, rushed to the fan room to reverse the suction of air, which would push depleted oxygen back into the mine in an attempt to save any survivors. Initial rescue efforts were hampered by the complete destruction of the one entrance to the mine.

Of the 237 men who entered the mine that day, only 48 were rescued, many of them suffering from the effects of toxic gases.

Aftermath
The accident had a profound effect on the town of Hillcrest Mines, which in 1914 had a population of about 1,000. A total of 189 workers died, about half of the mine's total workforce, which left 90 women widowed and about 250 children fatherless. Many of the victims were buried in a mass grave at the Hillcrest Cemetery. The Government of Alberta held an inquiry into the circumstances surrounding the explosion in 1915.

Condolences came from across the country, including a brief message from King George V, but the commencement of World War I soon overshadowed this event.

Of the 189 victims of the disaster, many were immigrants, including 43 from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, of whom an estimated 30 were Ukrainian by ethnic origin, including 6 from one village, Karliv (now Prutivka), Galicia.

Operations at Hillcrest mine continued until Hillcrest Collieries, the mine owners, went into liquidation in April 1938, and the mine was officially closed on December 2, 1939.

A monument to the Hillcrest mine disaster and the lives lost was placed at the Hillcrest Cemetery.

In 1990, Canadian folk-singer James Keelaghan recorded "Hillcrest Mine", one of his best-known songs. The disaster is also featured in the song "Coal Miner" (album Heads Is East, Tails Is West, 2014) by Joal Kamps, an Alberta-based Rocky Mountain folk-pop singer.

Other area mining accidents
On September 19, 1926, another explosion occurred in the Hillcrest mine when the mine was idle, killing two men.

Other explosions at other coal mines within the Crowsnest Pass region also caused deaths:
Coal Creek, 1902 (128 men killed)
Michel, 1904 (7)
Coleman, 1907 (3)
Bellevue, 1910 (30)
Michel, 1916 (12)
Coal Creek, 1917 (34)
Coleman, 1926 (10)
Michel, 1938 (3)

References

External links
Anderson, Frank W. Canada's Worst Mine Disaster. Frontier Books, 1969.
The Hillcrest Mine Disaster National Film Board of Canada, 2006.
Hillcrest Mine Disaster
Unofficial Hillcrest Mine Disaster website
Commission Appointed for the Investigation and Enquiry into the Cause and Effect of the Hillcrest Mine Disaster. Report. In Alberta. Dept. of Public Works. Mines Branch. Annual Report, 1914. Edmonton: J.W. Jeffery, Government Printer, 1915. p. 160-169.

Coal mining disasters in Canada
Disasters in Alberta
Explosions in Canada
1914 mining disasters
1914 in Canada
Underground mines in Canada
Explosions in 1926
Coal mines in Canada
Mines in Alberta
Crowsnest Pass, Alberta
1914 in Alberta
1914 disasters in Canada
History of immigration to Canada
Ukrainian diaspora in Canada

Hillcrest mine disaster


Juddha Paolo is a Filipino actor.

Biography

Juddha grew up in the States.  He came to the Philippines to join the Philippine amateur boxing team.  Instead, he found his way to show business.  He became a Star Magic talent.  He was launched later under Star Magic Batch 9.  He then appeared in Coca-Cola's Hottah Hottah Summer Ad with Paolo Paraiso and Brian Tan.

In 2003, he, along with Paolo Paraiso and Brian Tan, was cast in Tabing Ilog.

He later joined in Studio 23's first VJ search.  He was picked along with Kat Alano, Beau Canlas and Ayanna Oliva.

In 2007, he portrayed a small role in Rounin and at the same time appeared in Pinoy Mano-Mano: The Celebrity Boxing Challenge, a boxing reality show featuring celebrities.  He had to leave the show due to a joint injury in one of the undercard bouts.

He also works with the ABS-CBN Foundation's "Kapit-Bisig Para Sa Ilog Pasig," a campaign to help rehabilitate the Pasig River.

Filmography

Television

Film

References

Living people
Star Magic
Year of birth missing (living people)

Juddha Paolo


Typhoon Tip, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Warling (international designation: T7920, JTWC designation: 23W) was the biggest and strongest known tropical cyclone on record. It was the 19th tropical storm and 12th typhoon of the 1979 Pacific typhoon season. The typhoon formed out of a disturbance in a monsoon trough on October 4 near Pohnpei. At first, a tropical storm to the northwest prevented Tip from strengthening, but after it moved further north, the storm was able to gain more strength. After passing near Guam, it strengthened quickly and reached its highest winds of 305 km/h (190 mph) and a worldwide record low barometric pressure of 870 mbar (hPa, 25.69 inHg) on October 12. At its peak strength, it was also the biggest tropical cyclone on record, with a diameter of 2,220 km (1,380 mi). Tip slowly weakened as it kept moving towards the west-northwest, and later turned to the northeast. Tip made landfall on southern Japan on October 19, and became an extratropical cyclone shortly thereafter.

U.S. Air Force Reconnaissance flew into the typhoon on 60 different times, making Tip one of the most closely watched tropical cyclones. Rainfall from the storm breached a wall that was used to stop flooding at a United States Marine Corps training camp in the Kanagawa Prefecture of Japan. This eventually led to a fire which killed 13 Marines and hurt 68. Elsewhere in the country, the typhoon caused lots of damage and 42 deaths and shipwrecks left another 44 killed.

Meteorological history

Three low pressure areas formed the monsoon trough that extended from the Philippines to the Marshall Islands. An area of disturbed weather to the southwest of Guam eventually strengthened into Tropical Storm Roger on October 3. Later on the same day, the tropical system which would later become Typhoon Tip formed to the south of Pohnpei. Because Roger was so close, the storm that would become Tip was not able to strengthen much. However, it gradually organized as it moved towards the west. The tropical disturbance moved slowly and  and slowly made a loop to the southeast of Chuuk. A Reconnaissance Aircraft flight into the system late on October 4 confirmed the existence of a circulation center. A bit later, on October 5, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) called the system Tropical Depression Twenty-Three.

The tropical depression  into Tropical Storm Tip, but it did not organize significantly due to Tropical Storm Roger being so close. After moving slowly for many days, Tip began a steady northwest path on October 8. By that time, Tropical Storm Roger had become an extratropical cyclone. At first, the storm was expected to continue moving northwestward and hit Guam. However, early on October 9, it turned to the west, passing about 45 km (28 mi) south of the island. Later that day, Tip reached typhoon strength.

As a result of certain weather conditions, Typhoon Tip quickly strengthened in the open waters of the western Pacific Ocean. Late on October 10, the typhoon reached Category 4 strength on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, and the next day it became a "super typhoon". The central pressure dropped 92 mbar (hPa, 2.71 inHg) from October 9 to 11. During this time, the typhoon became extremely large, reaching a record diameter of 2,220 km (1,380 mi). The typhoon continued to gain strength, and early on October 12, Reconnaissance Aircraft recorded a worldwide record-low pressure of 870 mbar (hPa, 25.69 inHg). The typhoon had winds of 305 km/h (190 mph) while located about 840 km (520 mi) west-northwest of Guam. At the time, the typhoon's eye was only 15 km (9.3 mi) wide.

After hitting its peak strength, Tip weakened to a 230 km/h (145 mph) typhoon and stayed at that intensity for several days as it moved west-northwest. For five days, 55 km/h (35 mph) winds extended over 1,100 km (685 mi) from the center. On October 17, Tip began to weaken and get much smaller. The next day, it curved towards the northeast because of a nearby trough. After passing about 65 km (45 mi) east of Okinawa, it sped up and was then moving at 75 km/h (46 mph). On October 19, Tip made landfall on the Japanese island of Honshū with winds of about 130 km/h (80 mph). The typhoon continued moving rapidly northeastward through the country, and became an extratropical cyclone over northern Honshū. What was left of the cyclone kept moving northeastward and slowly lost strength. It was last observed near Alaska.

Impact

The typhoon produced heavy rain while passing near Guam, including a total of 23.1 cm (9.09 in) an Air Force base. The outer rainbands of Tip dropped moderate rain in the mountains of the Philippines.

Heavy rainfall from the typhoon breached a wall used to stop flooding at Camp Fuji, a training camp for the United States Marine Corps near Yokosuka. Marines inside the camp during the storm stayed inside of huts near the bottom of a hill. On top of the hill was a fuel farm. The breach caused hoses to be torn from two rubber storage tanks, letting large amounts of fuel flow down the hill. The fuel was ignited by a heater used for warming a hut. This started a large fire which killed 13 Marines, hurt 68 others, and caused damage to the camp. The facility's barracks were destroyed, along with 15 huts and several other buildings. Firemen from nearby areas arrived within two hours. The barracks were rebuilt, and a memorial was created for those who lost their lives to the fire.

While passing offshore, Typhoon Tip came within 65 km (40 mi) of Okinawa. Sustained winds reached 72 km/h (44 mph), with gusts to 112 km/h (69 mph). Winds in mainland Japan are not fully known. The typhoon did many millions of dollars in damage to farming and fishing industries of the country. Eight ships were grounded or sunk by Tip, leaving 44 fishermen dead or missing. A Chinese freighter broke in half as a result of the typhoon. Its crew of 46 people was rescued. The rainfall led to over 600 mudslides across the mountains of the country flooded more than 22,000 homes. It is estimated that 42 people died, with another 71 missing and 283 hurt. Around 27 bridges were destroyed by the storm, as well as about 105 dikes. Following the storm, at least 11,000 people were left without a place to live. Transportation in the country was also affected; 200 trains and 160 domestic airline flights were canceled. Tip was called the most severe storm to strike Japan in 13 years.

Records and meteorological statistics

Typhoon Tip was the largest tropical cyclone on record, with a diameter of 1,380 mi (2,220 km). This is almost double the previous record of 700 miles (1,130 km) set by Typhoon Marge in August of 1951. At its largest size, Tip was nearly as big as half of the United States. When Tip was at its peak strength, the temperature inside the eye of was 30° C (86° F), which is high for a tropical cyclone. Also, with 10-minute sustained winds of 160 mph (260 km/h), Typhoon Tip is the strongest cyclone in the list of tropical cyclones by the Japan Meteorological Agency.

The typhoon was also the most intense tropical cyclone in the world. It had a minimum a pressure of 870 mbar (hPa, 25.69 inHg), which is 6 mbar (hPa, 0.17 inHg) lower than previous record set by Typhoon June in 1975. The records set by Tip still exists, although because Reconnaissance Aircraft missions in the western Pacific Ocean stopped in August 1987, some people think there might be slightly stronger cyclones. Three researchers found that two typhoons, Angela in 1995 and Gay in 1992, had higher Dvorak numbers than Tip. They believe that one or both of the two may have been stronger than Typhoon Tip. Also, Cyclone Monica of 2006 was rated at 869 mb by Dvorak classifications, but this is not considered accurate data. Because of this, it is unknown if Tip still has the world record. Despite its record intensity and severe damage, the name Tip was not retired. It was then reused in 1983, 1986, and 1989.

Related pages
List of Pacific typhoon seasons

References

1979 Pacific typhoon season
Pacific typhoons

Typhoon Tip


Timothy "TJ" Creamer (born November 15, 1959) is a NASA flight director, retired astronaut and a colonel in the United States Army. Creamer was born in Fort Huachuca, Arizona, but considers Upper Marlboro, Maryland, to be his hometown. He is married to the former Margaret E. Hammer. They have two children.

Education
Bishop McNamara High School, Forestville, Maryland, 1978. B.S., Chemistry, Loyola College, Baltimore, Maryland, 1982. M.S., Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992.

Military career
Creamer graduated from Loyola College in May 1982 with a bachelor of science degree in chemistry, and was commissioned through the ROTC program as a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army. He entered the U.S. Army Aviation School in December 1982 and was designated as an Army Aviator in August 1983, graduating as the Distinguished Graduate from his class. He was subsequently assigned to the 1st Armored Division as a section leader, platoon leader, flight operations officer, and as a personnel staff officer for the 501st Attack Helicopter Battalion. In 1987, he was assigned to the 82nd Airborne Division as a commander of an air cavalry troop in the 17th Cavalry, and later as the personnel officer of the 82nd Aviation Brigade. Following this assignment, he completed a Master of Science degree in physics at MIT in 1992, and was subsequently assigned to the Department of Physics at the United States Military Academy as an assistant professor. Other military schools include the Army Parachutist Course, Army Jumpmaster Course, the Combined Arms Services Staff School, and the Command and General Staff College. Prior to his astronaut selection in 1998, he had been working as a space operations officer, with the Army Space Command, stationed in Houston, Texas. He is now the Army's NASA Detachment commander.

NASA career

Creamer was assigned to NASA at the Johnson Space Center (JSC) in July 1995 as a Space Shuttle vehicle integration test engineer. His duties primarily involved engineering liaison for launch and landing operations of the Space Shuttle. He was actively involved in the integrated tests of the systems for each Orbiter for its preparations for its next flight, and directly supported eight Shuttle missions as a vehicle integration test team lead. Additionally, he focused his efforts in coordinating the information technologies for the Astronaut Office to aid personnel in their electronic communications both on JSC as well as through their travels to other centers.

Selected by NASA in June 1998, Creamer reported for Astronaut Candidate Training in August 1998. Having completed the initial two years of intensive Space Shuttle and Space Station training, he was assigned technical duties in the Space Station Branch of the Astronaut Office, where his primary focus involved the command and control computers on Space Station, as well as the office automation support computers, and the operational Local Area Network encompassing all international partners and modules.

Beginning November 2000, Creamer became the crew support astronaut for the Expedition 3 crew, which was on orbit from August 2001 to December 2001. He was the primary contact for all the crew needs, coordination, planning and interactions, and was the primary representative of the crew while they were on orbit.

Starting March 2002, Creamer headed the Hardware Integration Section of the Space Station Branch, responsible for ensuring all hardware configurations were properly integrated, and that all operational aspects of the future International Space Station (ISS) hardware are accounted for. In October 2004, he was assigned to be the astronaut office representative and coordinator for all things relating to on-orbit information technologies.

Creamer was next assigned to the Robotics Branch, dealing with the international partners on all computer aspects of Robotics operations, as well as all of the command and control software and user interfaces. Additionally, he was the real-time support lead for Expedition 12 for all things involving the robotics operations on the International Space Station.

In September 2006, Creamer served as an aquanaut during the NEEMO 11 mission aboard the Aquarius underwater laboratory, living and working underwater for seven days.

Expedition 22/23
In 2009 Creamer served as backup for Expedition 20 Flight Engineer Timothy Kopra, who launched toward the ISS on STS-127.

Following His time as Kopra's backup, Creamer was assigned to the prime crew of Expedition 22/Expedition 23, alongside Roscosmos cosmonaut Oleg Kotov and JAXA astronaut Soichi Noguchi, the trio launched onboard Soyuz TMA-17 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on 20 December 2009. The trio docked to the ISS two days later, joining Expedition 22 crew members Jeff Williams of NASA and Maksim Surayev of Roscosmos.

Because science is the prime reason for the ISS, Creamer also certified as a payload operations director in Huntsville, AL, helping to coordinate real-time operations of all ISS-based science events, the first flown astronaut to do so.

On January 22, 2010, Creamer was the first astronaut to live tweet from the space.

Flight Director
On August 16, 2016, Creamer was the first astronaut to be certified as a flight director at NASA's Johnson Space Center.

Awards and honors
 Defense Superior Service Medal
 Legion of Merit
 Meritorious Service Medal (2nd Oak Leaf Cluster)
 Army Achievement Medal (1st Oak Leaf Cluster)
 Air Force Space and Missile Badge
 National Defense Service Medal
 Russian Federation of Astronautics Yuri Gagarin Medal
 Senior Army Aviator
 Senior Parachutist
 Jump Master
 Distinguished Graduate of the U.S. Army Aviation School

Awards

Organizations
He is a member of Alpha Sigma Nu, Phi Kappa Phi, Sigma Pi Sigma, Army Aviation Association of America, Association of the United States Army, and the British-American Project.

References

External links

 Spacefacts biography of Timothy Creamer

1959 births
Living people
Aquanauts
United States Army astronauts
NASA civilian astronauts
Crew members of the International Space Station
NASA flight controllers
People from Cochise County, Arizona
People from Upper Marlboro, Maryland
Loyola University Maryland alumni
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
United States Military Academy faculty
United States Army officers
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni

Timothy Creamer


3α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD or aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AKR1C4 gene. It is known to be necessary for the synthesis of the endogenous neurosteroids allopregnanolone, THDOC, and 3α-androstanediol. It is also known to catalyze the reversible conversion of 3α-androstanediol (5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one) and vice versa.

Function
This gene encodes a member of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily, which consists of more than 40 known enzymes and proteins. These enzymes catalyze the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols by utilizing NADH and/or NADPH as cofactors. The enzymes display overlapping but distinct substrate specificity. This enzyme catalyzes the bioreduction of chlordecone, a toxic organochlorine pesticide, to chlordecone alcohol in liver. This gene shares high sequence identity with three other gene members and is clustered with those three genes at 10p15-p14 on chromosome 10.

Clinical significance
Various antidepressants, including the SSRIs fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline, and paroxetine, the SNRI venlafaxine, and mirtazapine, have been found to activate certain 3α-HSD enzymes, resulting in a selective facilitation of 5α-dihydroprogesterone conversion into allopregnanolone. This action has been implicated in their effectiveness in affective disorders, and has resulted in them being described as selective brain steroidogenic stimulants (SBSSs).

See also
 Steroidogenic enzyme
 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3
 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

References

External links

Further reading

EC 1.1.1

3α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase


Road signs in Georgia are similar to the road sign system of other post-Soviet states that ensure that transport vehicles move safely and orderly, as well as to inform the participants of traffic built-in graphic icons. However, some road signs look a bit different from Soviet ones and closer to the European ones. These icons are governed by the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals.

Inscriptions on road signs in Georgia are usually written in two languages: Georgian and English, including the names of settlements. The Russian language is sometimes found on road signs in Georgia, mainly on old Soviet-era road signs, but now rarely used.

Gallery

References
http://www.mes.gov.ge/uploads/sagzao/masc/mas%20cigni.pdf
http://www.adcidl.com/pdf/Georgia-Road-Traffic-Signs.pdf

Georgia (country)
Road transport in Georgia (country)

Road signs in Georgia


Verticordia chrysantha, commonly known as yellow featherflower or yellow Morrison, is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is a small, slow-growing, rather bushy shrub with bright yellow flowers which often turn reddish-brown as they age. It is widespread in the south-west of the state.

Description
Verticordia chrysantha is a shrub which grows to a height of , sometimes almost as wide and which has a single, branching stem at its base. The leaves are linear in shape, approximately circular in cross-section,  long and have a pointed, sometimes hooked end.

The flowers are usually scented, arranged in a corymb-like groups on the ends of the branches, bright yellow but ageing to bronze or brown, sometimes only in the centre. The flowers are held erect on stalks  long. The floral cup is shaped like half a sphere about  long, with 10 ribs, glabrous and slightly warty. The sepals are bright yellow,  long, with 7 or 10 densely feathery lobes. The petals are also bright yellow, egg-shaped,  and have long, spreading finger-like lobes. The style is  long, straight or slightly curved. Flowering time is from September to December.

Taxonomy and naming
Verticordia chrysantha was first formally described by Stephan Endlicher in 1838 and the description was published in Stirpium Australasicarum Herbarii Hugeliani Decades Tres from specimens collected by John Gilbert in 1842. The specific epithet (chrysantha) is derived from the Ancient Greek words  meaning "gold" and anthos meaning "flower", referring to the flower colour.

When Alex George reviewed the genus Verticordia in 1991, he placed this species in subgenus Chrysoma, section Jugata along with V. chrysanthella, V. brevifolia, V. galeata, V. coronata, V. amphigia and V. laciniata.

Distribution and habitat
This verticordia grows in a wide range of soils and vegetation associations between Kalbarri in the north-west and Esperance on the south coast, although not in the far south-west corner of the state.

Conservation
Verticordia chrysantha is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

Use in horticulture
Verticordia chrysantha is well established in horticulture although it is generally slow growing and then needs to be replaced after 5 years. In gardens it performs best in well-drained soil in full sun and has been shown to be drought tolerant. It produces an attractive display when used in mass plantings. Burying seeds in soil for twelve months then treating with aerosol smoke has been shown to improve the rate of germination of seeds of V. chrysantha.

References

chrysantha
Endemic flora of Western Australia
Myrtales of Australia
Rosids of Western Australia
Plants described in 1838
Taxa named by Stephan Endlicher

Verticordia chrysantha


El Nombre is a children's educational programme about an anthropomorphic Mexican gerbil character, originally from a series of educational sketches on Numbertime, the BBC schools programme about mathematics. He was also the only character to appear in all Numbertime episodes. His voice was provided by Steve Steen, while the other characters' voices were provided by Sophie Aldred, Kate Robbins, and (from 1999) former Blue Peter host Janet Ellis. For the ninth (and final) series of Numbertime in 2001, Michael Fenton-Stevens also provided voices of certain other characters in the El Nombre sketches.

The character's name means "The Name" in Spanish, not "The Number", which would be "El Número", but  does mean "The Number" in Catalan.

Setting
El Nombre is set in the fictional town of Santa Flamingo (originally known as Santo Flamingo), home of Little Juan, his Mama, Pedro Gonzales, Juanita Conchita, Maria Consuela Tequila Chiquita, Little Pepita Consuela Tequila Chiquita, Tanto the tarantula, Señor Gelato the ice-cream seller, Leonardo de Sombrero the pizza delivery boy, Señor Calculo the bank manager, Señor Manuel the greengrocer, Miss Constanza Bonanza the school teacher, Señora Fedora the balloon seller and mayor, Señor Loco the steam engine driver, Señor Chipito the carpenter and the local bandit Don Fandango (although it was not actually given a name until the fifth series of Numbertime premiered in January 1998); whenever he was needed, El Nombre swung into action to solve the townspeople's simple mathematical problems, usually talking in rhyme. His character was a parody of the fictional hero Zorro, wearing a similar black cowl mask and huge sombrero, appearing unexpectedly to save the townsfolk from injustice, and generally swinging around on his bullwhip – however, unlike Zorro, he was often quite inept (in fact, on one occasion, Tanto tipped a bucket of water onto him after he made him reenact the Incy Wincy Spider rhyme).

When El Nombre first appeared on Numbertime in 1993, his purpose was merely to write numbers in the desert sand and demonstrate the correct ways to form them as his four-piece mariachi band played The Mexican Hat Dance (and said "Again!" once he had finished, as it gave them an excuse to play again); this was shot from an angle directly overhead leaving El Nombre almost completely eclipsed by his large sombrero. His appeal was instant and his success prompted rapid development of his role in the series (as from the second series in 1995, he was given two sketches per episode) – and since his basic beginning, El Nombre went on to appear in a total of 79 (89, if counting those from the "revised" version of the first series) sketches on Numbertime before gaining a series of his own, acquiring dramatic storylines and a full cast of characters, while continuing to demonstrate mathematical concepts, albeit in a dramatic and entertaining way. The stories moved away from solving simple mathematical equations to fighting petty crime, unrelated to the number-solving which made his name and for which he was created.

As well as being popular with schoolchildren, El Nombre also developed a cult following amongst students and parents, because of the many references to classic spaghetti Westerns; indeed, his popularity grew so much that in March 2004, the BBC released a 3-minute El Nombre theme song as a single.

Characters
El Nombre: The eponymous main character of the Numbertime sketches, and the spin-off series they began, El Nombre started his life as an adaptation of Words and Pictures' Magic Pencil (in the sense of showing the viewer how to write numbers as opposed to letters); after showing Juan how to draw from one to ten, he went on to show him how to identify (and draw) shapes, as well as teach him about instances of space and position, addition and subtraction, time and money in his everyday life.
Little Juan: A young gerbil whose name was a pun on "little one", Juan started his life being upset about not being able to write numbers and cried until El Nombre arrived to show him how to do it; after learning to draw from one to ten, he could not identify shapes and was despondent about it until El Nombre arrived (first to show him instances of the shapes around the town and second to draw them). He and his friends then got themselves into various dilemmas in their everyday lives, which El Nombre was called on to help them out of.
Mama: Little Juan's mother, who usually could not assist Juan with his various mathematical dilemmas until El Nombre had arrived.
Pedro Gonzales & Juanita Conchita: Two of Juan's friends, who first appeared in the second series of Numbertime, but were not named until the third; on one occasion in the third series, Pedro professed to be "the greatest goalkeeper in the world" when Juan could not score past him, and on one occasion in the fourth series, Juan accidentally blew up Juanita's balloon ten times causing it to burst.
Señor Chipito: The town carpenter who first appeared in the second series of Numbertime as the owner of The Maggot and Cactus Saloon, but was not named and given his present occupation until the sixth; on one occasion in that series, Juan and Pedro had to take a wheel from Señor Gelato's ice-cream tricycle to him for repairs, as it struck a three-legged table that they were already taking to him.
Señor Manuel: The town greengrocer, who first appeared in the second series of Numbertime but was not named until the fourth; the store he ran was called "Hurrell's" (which was an inside reference to the BBC's then-current education officer in 1995, Su Hurrell).
Tanto: Little Juan's pet tarantula spider, who was introduced in the third series of Numbertime; he communicated by mumbling, and on one occasion in the fifth series, Pedro bet Juan he could find a spider who was faster than him (the one he found was mechanical, reflected by the key for winding on its back) and challenged him to a race around the then-newly named town against it, which Tanto won.
Maria Consuela Tequila Chiquita: Another of Juan's friends, who was introduced in the third series of Numbertime, and did not appear in as many sketches as Pedro or Juanita; in the seventh series, her younger sister (named Pepita) started at San Flamingo School.
Señora Fedora: The town balloon seller, who was introduced at the end of the fourth series of Numbertime, but was later shown to be its mayor as well in the seventh one after she opened its fifteenth annual Egg Festival and chose Mama to make its giant omelette.
Miss Constanza Bonanza: The teacher for San Flamingo School, who was introduced in the fifth series of Numbertime (as was the school itself); in the eighth series she got married and Juan was responsible for the school collection with which to buy her a present.
Delietta Smith: A television cook who was introduced in the fifth series of Numbertime; known as The Great Delietta and a spoof of Delia Smith, Mama once tried to make her omelette with red and green peppers (but could not, so El Nombre had to help her).
Señor Gelato: The town ice-cream seller, who was introduced in the sixth series of Numbertime; on one occasion in that series he swerved on his tricycle to avoid striking Juan and Pedro (who were playing football), and crashed into Señor Manuel's tomato display.
Señor Calculo & Don Fandango: The town bank manager and bandit, who were introduced in the sixth series of Numbertime; on one occasion in that series, Don Fandango stole twenty gold coins from the bank (but Tanto bit a hole in his bag, causing them to fall out).
Pepita Consuela Tequila Chiquita: Maria's younger sister who started San Flamingo School in the seventh series of Numbertime.
Leonardo de Sombrero: The town pizza delivery boy, who was introduced in the eighth series of Numbertime; his name is a spoof on that of Leonardo da Vinci, and once, he delivered a pizza to Juan and his friends when they were having a horror movie sleepover.
Señor Loco: The town's steam engine driver, who was introduced in the eighth series of Numbertime; his name is a reference to the fact "loco" is short for locomotive, and once, he took Juan's class to the Santo  Flamingo National Park to see the Giant Cactus.
Señor Singalotti: A famous opera singer (who only appeared in the fourteenth episode of the spin-off series, "Going for a Song").
El Presidente: The president (who visited the town in the twenty-fifth episode of the spin-off series, "A Very Important Visit").

A gerbil named Pablo also appeared in the ninth series of Numbertime after Juan entered a competition on Radio Flamingo to win a holiday to the seaside resort of Costa Fortuna and won; Juan, Mama, Pedro, Juanita and Maria met him when they arrived at the resort's hotel (because he was their guide to it), and he went on to front a ring-toss stall when they visited its fairground the following week.

Episode list
Although none of the El Nombre sketches on Numbertime ever had a specific title, those of the first series were introduced by an announcer as "Episodes 1-10" (and they were slightly lengthened for the "revised" edition of that series, in September 1998; the third line of the opening song and his farewell catchphrase were also changed several times, to reflect the series' focus). All twenty-six episodes of the spin-off El Nombre series (thirteen in 2001 and a further thirteen in 2003), however, were titled – and their names are listed here.

Series 1 (2001)
The first six episodes of the first series were aired on BBC One as double bills in the CBBC strand on Fridays at 3:45 pm, while the next seven were aired individually on Wednesdays in the same timeslot; three episodes were later repeated on BBC Two as part of the CBBC Breakfast Show on 1 June, 19 July and 20 July 2001, but neither they, or the other ten episodes of the series, were repeated after that.

Series 2 (2003)
The second series was aired as double bills with in vision sign language on the CBeebies Channel on Saturdays and Sundays at 3:30 pm; after the last episode aired on 29 November, the first one was immediately repeated again, and the series concluded its second consecutive run in the same timeslot on 4 January 2004. All thirteen episodes were later repeated without signing on BBC Two in the CBeebies strand on Wednesdays from 7 January to 31 March 2004.

DVD release
In October 2005, all twenty-six episodes were released on DVD by Maverick Entertainment; the first ten were previously released on a VHS entitled El Nombre to the Rescue by BBC Worldwide in 2001, which also featured an exclusive short (entitled Learn Your Numbers With Little Juan, and edited together from the El Nombre sketches of the "original" first series of Numbertime). Some of the El Nombre (and cell-animated) sketches of the "revised" first, second and fifth, and fourth series of Numbertime were also released by BBC Active in 2009 on three DVDs entitled Fun with Numbers – which all came with accompanying books featuring the characters, and were subtitled Counting 1 to 10, Shapes and Time (the featured sketches were mostly from the second series), and Adding and Taking Away respectively.

Credits
Written by: Christopher Lillicrap
Original designs: Ealing Animation
Voices by Steven Steen, Kate Robbins, Sophie Aldred and Janet Ellis
Models: Fin Leadbitter, Humphrey Leadbitter and Katy Maxwell
Props by Graeme Owen, Fin Leadbitter, Sophie Brown and Katy Maxwell
Sets by Graeme Owen, Colin Armitage, Sophie Brown and Humphrey Leadbitter
Animation by Humphrey Leadbitter, Tim Allen, Chris Mendham and Dan Sharp
Editing and Special Effects by David Brylewski
Facilities by Oasis Television
Theme Tune Composer by Christopher Lillicrap
Music and Effects by Steve Marshall
Sound by Adrian Sear
Executive Producer: Theresa Plummer-Andrews
Produced by Jilly Joseph and Richard Randolph
Directed by Geoff Walker
An ealing animation production for BBC Worldwide

References

External links

El Nombre at Toonhound.com

2000s British animated television series
2000s British children's television series
2001 British television series debuts
2003 British television series endings
2000s preschool education television series
Animated preschool education television series
Australian Broadcasting Corporation original programming
BBC children's television shows
British children's animated television shows
British preschool education television series
British stop-motion animated television series
British television shows for schools
English-language television shows
Mathematics education in the United Kingdom
Mathematics education television series
British television spin-offs
Television shows set in Mexico
CBeebies

El Nombre


Abdul-Halim Abusalamovich Sadulayev ( ; Chechen: Сайд-Iелийн Абусаламин кІант  Iабдул-Хьалим, Sadulin Abusalamin-Kant Abdulhalim; Russian: Абдул-Халим Αбусаламович Сайдулаев, Abdul-Khalim Abusalamovich Saydulayev; 2 June 1966 – 17 June 2006) was the fourth President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. Sadulayev served little more than a full year as President before being killed in a gun battle with FSB and pro-Russian Chechen forces.

Sadulayev was the first Chechen leader effectively attempting to unify the Islamic rebel forces outside Chechnya, as he had won pledges of loyalty not only from Chechen separatists, but also from Islamist groups seeking the overthrow of the Kremlin's authority across the North Caucasus; this formation became known as the Caucasian Front. He was also credited with persuading radical warlord Shamil Basayev not to carry out any major terrorist attacks since Beslan.

Name
There is considerable variation in writing his name in both English and Russian sources. His surname is variously written Sadulaev, Sadulayev, Saidulaev, Saidulayev, Saidullaev, Saidullayev or Saydullayev; the first two of these seem to be favored by insurgent sources, while the others are favored by Russian sources and Western media. His first name is also written Abdul-Khalim, and is sometimes written with or without a hyphen. In Russian his name with surname is written Абдул-Халим Сайдуллаев or Абдул-Халим Сайдулаев or Абдул-Халим Садулаев, with or without the hyphen.

His full name given by the separatist website Kavkaz Center appears to be Abdul-Halim Abu-Salamovich Sadulayev (Абдул-Халим Абу-Саламович Садулаев).

Biography

Early life
Sadulayev was born into the Biltoy branch of the Ustradoi teip, an influential clan in the town of Argun on the plains of central Chechnya to the east of Grozny.  After growing up in Argun, he entered Grozny's university to study Chechen and Russian philology, but had to break off his studies as the First Chechen War with the Russian Federation broke out in 1994. He joined an Argun militia to fight against the Russians as a volunteer fighter.

Sadulayev also studied Islam under local Islamic theologians, and from 1996 began appearing regularly on Chechen television speaking about Islam. He lectured across Chechnya, and eventually ended up leading Argun's Muslim community as the town's Imam. Sadulayev made the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, the only time he is known to have left his homeland.

Sadulayev became the leader of the only Argun jamaat in his city, which was known to carry out missionary activities, as well as policing the neighborhoods. Apart from their religious & civil functions, most of the jamaats in Chechnya also represented military detachments formed to guard villages and towns against the Russian Military and bandits alike. During a standoff between a group of foreign radicals and Chechen authorities in 1998, Sadulayev sided against Khabib Abdurrakhman, a Jordanian leader of a small Foreign/Chechen jamaat who was amassing a militia & advocating extreme violence against Russian and Non-Islamic Chechen peoples alike. After these events, Abdurrakhman was stripped of his Chechen citizenship and declared persona non grata in Chechnya; he died in 2001 while fighting in one of the jamaats as a regular soldier.

In 1999, Aslan Maskhadov appointed Sadulayev to a commission for constitutional Sharia reform, a commission then headed by Akhmad Kadyrov, who would later reject the rebels and embrace Moscow. Maskhadov offered Sadulaev the position of the head of the Supreme Sharia Court of Chechnya, but Sadulaev turned down the offer, explaining that he did not have sufficient clerical knowledge to judge other people.

When the Second Chechen War started Sadulayev again returned to fighting, commanding the popular militia from Argun. Since 1999, Sadulaev had been one of Maskhadov's most loyal field commanders. In 2005, he was designated by Maskhadov to be his successor as president of Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.

Presidency
Shortly following Maskhadov's death on 8 March 2005, the Chechen rebel council announced that Sadulayev had assumed Maskhadov's position, a move that was quickly endorsed by Shamil Basayev, the Chechens' highest-profile guerrilla commander. After assuming power, Sadulayev called for expanding the Chechnya conflict into a "decolonization" of Muslim-dominated adjoining regions and adoption of a constitution based on Islamic law, or Sharia. He also strongly condemned hostage takings and said that after the end of the war the new president should be democratically elected.

Sadulayev had not only an ideological commitment to maintaining the conflict, but perhaps a personal one as well. Chechen insurgent sources claim that his wife was kidnapped in 2003 by Russian spetsnaz forces and killed by the FSB when attempts to buy her back failed. He had worked to eliminate terrorist violence and urged Basayev and other warlords to direct attacks on "legitimate targets" (including law enforcement officials, federal troops and local civil servants and their offices), and stressed that attacks on such targets should avoid injuring civilians. He appeared to have convinced Basayev, who was enlisted in the formation of the Caucasian Front, that giving up on civilian targets would help spread the insurgency across the North Caucasus.

In February 2006, Sadulayev announced a cabinet reshuffle targeting several top rebel representatives living abroad, including Akhmed Zakayev, who was dismissed as deputy prime minister. Sadulayev also signed a decree ordering all his ministers to be based in Chechnya.

Death
On 17 June 2006, Sadulayev was killed in a gun battle with the FSB and pro-Moscow militiamen in Argun. According to the FSB chief Nikolai Patrushev, two members of the federal forces were killed and five were wounded in a firefight in which Sadulayev and his bodyguard were killed, and two other rebels escaped. In August 2006, rebel commander Isa Muskiev said the federals and the kadyrovtsy lost five men killed in the shootout, one of them shot by Sadulayev personally, and three fighters escaped.

The body was later moved to Ramzan Kadyrov's hometown of Tsentoroi. Kadyrov said an informant had tipped off police for drug money. Kadyrov said that his paramilitary police had wanted to capture Sadulayev but were forced to kill him when he resisted arrest, and also stated Sadulayev was in Argun organizing "a big terrorist attack" to coincide with the Group of Eight summit in St. Petersburg to take place in July. The killing of Sheikh Abdul Halim was mentioned by leaders of the Moscow-backed official government of the province, claiming that the separatist forces there had been dealt a "decapitating" blow "from which they will never recover."

The next day, 18 June, Sadulayev was succeeded as head of the Chechen resistance by the rebel vice-president and an active guerrilla commander Dokka Umarov.

On 20 June 2006, the Russian human rights organization Memorial posted the findings of its investigation on the Kavkazky Uzel website. According to Memorial's version, Sadulayev's death was accidental; security officials did not know that he was in the house. Memorial reports that on 17 June, about 10:00 a.m., a group of 12 FSB officers and local policemen approached a possible rebel safe house. They immediately came under gunfire as they entered the yard. Two of the servicemen were killed, and the group retreated after throwing a hand grenade into a window of the house. The grenade blast killed Abdul-Halim.  This version is contradicted by the official account.

References

External links
 Profile: Chechen rebel Saydullayev, BBC News, 17 June 2006
 Obituaries: Abdul-Khalim Sadulayev, Chechen separatist leader, The Independent, 19 June 2006

1966 births
2006 deaths
Assassinated Chechen politicians
Chechen field commanders
Chechen independence activists
Chechen nationalists
Chechen warlords
Deaths by firearm in Russia
Hanafis
Heads of government who were later imprisoned
Heads of state of former countries
Heads of the Chechen Republic
Islamic terrorism in Russia
People from Argun, Chechen Republic
People murdered in Russia
People of the Chechen wars
Politicians of Ichkeria
Russian people of Chechen descent
Russian rebels
Russian Sunni Muslims
Vice presidents of Chechnya
2000s assassinated politicians in Europe

Abdul-Halim Sadulayev


Spraoi (pron. "spree") is a festival of international street theatre and world music which takes place for three days each August in the Irish city of Waterford. The festival takes its name from the Gaelic word spraoi, or play. The Waterford Spraoi has taken place each summer since 1992 and is now the largest festival event in Waterford. The main activity is centred on two main stages located in the John Roberts Square and William Vincent Wallace Plaza where various acts have been hosted including the Royal Drummers of Burundi and the Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain, as well as  more contemporary bands and musicians.

The Spraoi is a professional event that is also  supported by more than 300 volunteers. The festival attracts audiences of over 80,000 to see events in music, art installations, storytelling, circus skills workshops, science and others.

References

External links
 Official website
 Spraoi in the Park, a smaller Spraoi event held in July

Annual events in Ireland
Arts festivals in the Republic of Ireland
August events
Culture in Waterford (city)
Street theatre
Theatre festivals in Ireland
Music festivals established in 1992
Summer events in the Republic of Ireland

Spraoi


Major Peter John Cashin (March 8, 1890 – May 21, 1977) was a businessman, soldier and politician in Newfoundland.

Early life
Cashin, a son of Sir Michael Cashin, joined the Newfoundland Regiment during World War I and ultimately served in the British Machine Gun Corps. He returned to the family fishery supply business upon being demobilized.

Political career
He entered politics winning election to the Newfoundland House of Assembly as a Liberal-Labour-Progressive in 1923 before crossing the floor to join the Newfoundland Liberal Party in 1925 in a dispute over tariff policy. He served as minister of finance from 1928 to 1932 when he resigned from the government and accused Sir Richard Squires, the Prime Minister of Newfoundland, of falsifying the minutes of Executive Council meetings to cover up certain legal fees he had been paying himself out of public funds. His actions precipitated a general election that defeated the Squires government but also cost him his own seat in the legislature. Cashin moved to Montreal in 1933 returning to Newfoundland in 1942.

Opposition to the Commission of Government and joining Canada
In his day he was considered one of the best orators in Newfoundland. Upon his return to the island he embarked on a campaign opposing the Commission of Government which had been brought about in 1934. Elected to the National Convention formed in 1946 to consider the British colony's future.

In 1947, Cashin was one of the members of the National Convention's delegation to London charged with finding out what assistance the British government was prepared to give Newfoundland in the future including development aid or cancellation of the dominion's debt. The results were disappointing as Britain refused to give Newfoundland any promise of financial assistance.

Nevertheless, he opposed Joey Smallwood's campaign to join Canadian Confederation and became the leader of the Responsible Government League leading it into the 1948 referendums on Newfoundland's status. On May 17, 1947, Cashin delivered this speech to the National Convention regarding the future of Newfoundland.

Cashin was unsuccessful in the referendum, though he was convinced that he had actually won and that the referendum result had been falsified by the British.

Later political career
After Newfoundland joined Canada in 1949, Cashin was elected to the provincial legislature as an independent. In 1951, he joined the Newfoundland Progressive Conservatives leading it into that year's provincial election in which the party won five seats. He served as leader of the opposition until 1953 when he quit the Tories to run again as an independent. Defeated in the election, Cashin then served as director of civil defence for the province until 1965.

Cashin's nephew, Richard Cashin, was a politician in the 1960s and subsequently an important trade union leader in the province.

References

External links
Peter Cashin biography
 remarks by Peter Cashin at the National Convention Real Audio
Peter Cashin biography

1890 births
1977 deaths
Newfoundland military personnel of World War I
Newfoundland National Convention members
Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador MHAs
Newfoundland and Labrador political party leaders
Newfoundland People's Party MHAs
Royal Newfoundland Regiment officers
Machine Gun Corps officers

Peter John Cashin


Frank and Ernest is an American comic strip created and illustrated by Bob Thaves and later Tom Thaves.  It debuted on November 6, 1972, and has since been published daily in over 1,200 newspapers.  The humor of the comic is based almost exclusively on wordplay and puns.

Regardless of the topic, everything related to the topic (background and phrases) is shown in a single frame in the daily strips. Frank and Ernest has a tradition of breaking new ground. It was the first strip to use digital coloring for its Sunday strips and the first strip in over 1,000 newspapers to list the creator's email address. 1997 was a ground-breaking year: first interactive comics based on strips published in the newspaper, first keyword searchable archive for a comic strip and the first 3-D characters.

The strip is distributed to Spanish-speaking countries as Justo y Franco.

Characters and story
In a non-sequential story, the main characters are seen not just as humans but as animals, vegetables, minerals and more. A constant element has been word play, including the characters' names. Frank is both a name and a synonym for honest. The name Ernest is a homophone of the word earnest, which is a synonym for serious. Weekday strips are laid out in one long panel with one joke or pun; the Sunday strip is similarly in one large block, with a series of rapid-fire puns pertaining to the characters (usually in character as various characters including, but not limited to, the planets, "Robotics Department," or "Malaprop Man"). Example: U.S. Postal Dept. Stamp Design Office: "The department decided to have a religious message on our next stamp. How about: 'Lord, deliver us'?"

Unlike most syndicated comic strip cartoonists, Bob Thaves did not write all of the gags for the strip (nor maintain a pretense that he did) and openly solicited gags in publications such as Writer's Market. Bob Thaves died on August 1, 2006. His son, Tom Thaves, has since taken over production of the strip.

Awards
Thaves won the National Cartoonists Society's Newspaper Panel Cartoon Award for 1983, 1984, and 1986 for his work on the strip.  Other awards include the Mencken Award for Free Speech and designation as a Champion of Creativity by the American Creativity Association in 2006.

References

External links
Official site
Frank and Ernest at gocomics.com
 Justo y Franco at GoComics
Frank and Ernest at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on July 30, 2016.
NCS Awards

1972 comics debuts
American comics characters
American comic strips
Male characters in comics
Comics characters introduced in 1972
Comic strip duos
Gag-a-day comics
Gag cartoon comics

Frank and Ernest (comic strip)


The Ponte Corvo, rarely Ponte Corbo, is a Roman segmental arch bridge across the Bacchiglione in Padua, Italy (Roman Patavium). Dating to the 1st or 2nd century AD, its three remaining arches cross a branch of the river and are today partly buried respectively walled up. The span-to-rise ratio of the bridge varies between 2.8 and 3.4 to 1, the ratio of clear span to pier thickness from 4.9 to 6.9 to 1.

Besides the Ponte Corvo, there are three more ancient segmented arch bridges in Padua: Ponte San Lorenzo, Ponte Altinate and Ponte Molino, as well as Ponte San Matteo.

See also
 Roman bridges
 List of Roman bridges
 Roman architecture
 Roman engineering

References

Sources

Roman bridges in Italy
Roman segmental arch bridges
Deck arch bridges
Stone bridges in Italy
Bridges completed in the 1st century
Bridges in Padua

Ponte Corvo (bridge)


Surtsey is an island in Iceland that appeared in 1963 as a result of an underwater volcanic eruption that released smoke, ash and matter that joined together to form the islet. It takes its name from a giant from Norse mythology.

It serves biologists and other scientists to study and see how fungi, plants and animals reach new territory and interact with it.

References

Geography of Iceland
Islands of Europe
Atlantic islands
Volcanoes of Iceland

Surtsey


The Church of St Margaret in Spaxton, Somerset, England has some parts from the 12th and 13th centuries but is predominantly from the 15th century, and was restored in 1895. It has been designated as a Grade I listed building.

The three-bay nave has a south aisle and includes Norman herringbone stonework. The tower can be dated to 1434 from a will bequeathing money for its construction. It was extended in the 14th century. The chancel has a south transept chapel and a north chapel which has been turned into a vestry.

The tower contains six bells, two of which date from the late 17th century. Parts of the clock mechanism are from the 16th.

The parish is part of the benefice of Aisholt, Enmore, Goathurst, Nether Stowey, Over Stowey and Spaxton with Charlynch within the Quantock deanery.

See also

 Grade I listed buildings in Sedgemoor
 List of Somerset towers
 List of ecclesiastical parishes in the Diocese of Bath and Wells

References

15th-century church buildings in England
Church of England church buildings in Sedgemoor
Grade I listed churches in Somerset
Grade I listed buildings in Sedgemoor

St Margaret's Church, Spaxton


Backstreet Project is an American comic book created by Nick Carter and Stan Lee. The comic features members of Carter's band the Backstreet Boys as themselves as well as a team of superheroes called "Cyber Crusaders". The book was available for purchase at their concerts and online stores in 2000–2001.

Publication history
Nick Carter, who was a comic fan, made an original concept of the comic planned as a six-issue series. In February 2000, he met Stan Lee through his manager from The Firm. Carter told him about his concept, and Lee was interested. However, they ultimately decided to make it into only one issue.

Plot
It begins when the Backstreet Boys are in the midst of one of their concerts. As they are performing on stage, a spaceship crashes near the stadium. The members rush into the woods to the crash site and there they find an alien who was on the ship. The alien gives each of them an enchanted amulet embedded with mystic crystals and they learn that she is on a mission of protecting Earth from an alien invasion that would happen soon. When they wear the amulets their DNA gets twisted by a virtual genetic cyclone that gives each of them astonishing super powers. The superhero form of the Backstreet Boys are called Cyber Crusaders.

Characters

Other media
Burger King made action figures based on this comic book characters, they were sold in 2000 with the purchase of Burger King Big Kids Meal and Kids Meal. The Backstreet Boys and their cartoon characters also appeared in three Burger King TV commercials.

A series of flash-based webisodes were released in 2000. None of the characters were voiced by members of Backstreet Boys themselves.  While twenty-two episodes were planned, only seven were released prior to the collapse of Stan Lee Media:
Larger Than Life
Dead Heat
Wild Ride
Winner Takes All
Freefall
Zanell's Choice
The Camera Hates You Part 1
The Camera Hates You Part 2

References

Backstreet Boys
Comics by Stan Lee
Comics by Nick Carter (musician)

Backstreet Project


A biological pigment is a pigment which gives an individual life form its colour.

Plants and animals have different reasons for being different colours, and their colours serve certain purposes. Chlorophyll in plants is a green pigment used to collect light energy to be used in photosynthesis. Many colours in plants and animals work to change the behaviour of animals. For example, some plants and animals use camouflage, warning or attraction (in order to help pollination or to find a sexual partner.

The common dark pigment melanin often has the function of protection against sunlight and ultraviolet radiation.

Pigments are different from structural colours. Pigments look the same from all angles. Structural color is the result of reflection or iridescence. Structular colour means that certain creatures appear from different angles to have different colours. For example, the wings of a butterfly look different from some angles compared to others.

Biology
Pigments

Biological pigment


Sean Patrick Michael Sherrard (born 13 May 1954), known professionally as Johnny Logan, is an Irish singer and songwriter.

Johnny Logan won the Eurovision Song Contest in 1980 with the song "What's Another Year", which topped the charts in eight countries.

He won for a second time in 1987 with "Hold Me Now", which topped the charts in Israel, Ireland and Belgium and was a top ten hit in ten other music markets.

For 36 years he was the only person to have won the contest twice, until Loreen's second victory in 2023.

1954 births
Living people
Irish singers
Eurovision Song Contest entrants

Johnny Logan (singer)


Rockstar Consortium Inc., originally named Rockstar Bidco, is a consortium formed to negotiate licensing for patents acquired from the bankrupt multinational telecommunications and data networking equipment manufacturer Nortel. Members of the consortium are Apple Inc., BlackBerry, Ericsson, Microsoft, and Sony. Rockstar is a patent holding non-practicing entity (NPE) and submitted the winning US$4.5 billion bid for the Nortel patents at a week-long auction held in New York in June 2011.

Spherix Incorporated, a company founded by Gilbert Levin, has acquired four families of mobile communication patents from the Rockstar Consortium in exchange for initial consideration of up-front cash and Spherix common stock. Rockstar will also receive a percentage of future profits from Spherix after recovery of patent monetization costs and an initial priority return on investment to Spherix.

In 2012, Business Insider listed Rockstar as number 3 on its list of the 8 most fearsome patent trolls in industry. Wired magazine notes that some call them a "straight-up patent troll".

In October 2013, Rockstar had initiated legal action against eight companies, including Google, Huawei and Samsung, as well as other makers of Android phones including Asustek, HTC, LG Electronics, Pantech, and ZTE.

In December 2013, Google initiated legal action against Rockstar, with a countersuit filed in San Jose, California.

In November 2014, it was reported that Rockstar and Google had come to a settlement.

In December 2014, Rockstar agreed to sell 4000 of its patents to RPX Corporation, a defensive patent aggregator.

See also
 Smartphone wars

References

Patent monetization companies of the United States
Smartphone patent wars
Apple Inc. partnerships
BlackBerry Limited
Ericsson
Microsoft
Nortel
Sony
American companies established in 2012

Rockstar Consortium


Jacques Guillaume Lucien Amans (1801–1888) was a French neoclassical portrait painter working in New Orleans in the 1840s and 1850s.

Amans was born in Maastricht. Maastricht was a French city at the time. His father, Paul Serge Amans, was born in Narbonne in 1765. He  was a French officer (Capitaine-Adjudant de place de 1ère classe à Maastricht) of Napoléon. Jacques Guillaume Lucien Amans was trained in the French neoclassical tradition of portraiture. He exhibited at the Paris Salon from 1831 to 1837. News of fellow-artist Jean Joseph Vaudechamp's good fortune in finding patrons probably led Amans to visit Louisiana since the two artists traveled on the same ship from France to New Orleans in about 1837. Following Vaudechamp's departure from Louisiana in 1839, Amans assumed the role as the most celebrated portraitist in Louisiana. In the mid-1840s he married Azoline Landreaux, the daughter of a St. Charles Parish sugar planter Pierre Honoré Landreaux and Joséphine Armant, and purchased Trinity Plantation on Bayou Lafourche. Amans and Azoline moved back to France in 1856 where he died in 1888, château de Lévis Saint Nom (78), never having returned to Louisiana.

References

1801 births
1888 deaths
French painters
People from Maastricht
People from New Orleans

Jacques Amans


The Wiitala Brothers are a rock duo from Chicago composed of fraternal twin brothers Christopher and Trevor Wiitala.

Background
They have been playing music together in some way or another for pretty much their entire lives, first with friends in school and then with hardcore band The Blamed. Shortly after joining The Blamed they began writing songs together as an outlet for the music they wanted to hear and when The Blamed disbanded, Christopher and Trevor decided to focus on their own material.

From their official website: "For as long as they can remember The Wiitala Brothers have been playing music in one form or another. Having been raised on music full of passion and melody, they continue to do so the best way they know how."

Bad Blood
After years of writing and perfecting their songs, they self-released their debut record Bad Blood. The record deals primarily with Christopher's battle with Hepatitis C, during which the majority of the songs were written.

Press
The Onion A.V. Club states "Bad Blood could be qualified as minimalist indie pop-rock, but it's something much more effective than that might suggest. The duo's stark guitars and lingering vocals tend to waft around, electrifying the air with their simplicity. So it shouldn't matter much that they sound remarkably like Coldplay."

UK music blog Alter The Press says "Wiitala Brothers are pissed off at the world but instead of screaming about it they are penning some really heart-felt songs, which are incredibly well written and make the point more effective."

References

External links
 Official website
 Myspace page
 Purevolume page

Rock music groups from Illinois
Musical groups established in 2005
Musical groups from Chicago
Sibling musical duos

The Wiitala Brothers