The Act for the Naturalization of the Most Excellent Princess Sophia, Electress and Duchess Dowager of Hanover, and the Issue of her Body was an Act of the Parliament of England (4 & 5 Ann. c. 16.) in 1705. It followed the Act of Settlement 1701, whereby Dowager Electress Sophia of Hanover and her Protestant descendants were declared to be in the line of succession to the throne (her son George I later became king).

Sophia, a granddaughter of James VI of Scotland and I of England, was not considered to be an Englishwoman as she had not been born in England. This Act naturalized her and "the issue of her body", provided they were not Catholic, as English subjects. Any person born to a descendant of Sophia could also claim to be the "issue of her body".

In 1947, Prince Frederick of Prussia succeeded in a claim under the Act, having renounced his German citizenship.

The Act was repealed by the British Nationality Act 1948. However, any non-Catholic descendant of the Electress born before the repealing statute was enacted had already automatically acquired the status of a British subject, so there are still people alive who can claim British nationality under the Sophia Naturalization Act.

This was first tested between 1955 and 1957 when Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover successfully claimed British nationality on this basis after considerable litigation.
As he was born and was a Protestant while the Act was in force, the courts recognized that he had already acquired citizenship, which the repeal of the statute did not affect. Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia was also given British citizenship using the Sophia Naturalization Act.

In the present time, however, most people likely to successfully claim citizenship in this manner would obtain the status of British Overseas citizen.

See also
 (at Note 2)
History of British nationality law

References

External links
Image of the Act on the UK Parliamentary website

1705 in law
1700s in British law
1705 in England
Acts of the Parliament of England
British nationality law
Repealed English legislation
Sophia of Hanover

Sophia Naturalization Act 1705


Anaivari is a village in the Cuddalore District of the Indian state Tamil Nadu. One of The fastest developing village in Cuddalore District. Anaivari is located near Sethiyathope, which is the nearest panchayat town. Chidambaram is its nearest town.

AgriCulture
It is Agriculture dependent Village. Main Agriculture crops are Paddy and Suger Cane.

School
Panchayat Union Elementary School

Temples
One of the famous Kali Amman temple placed in Anaivari Mettu Stree and Veeranar, Pillaiyar, Aiyanar, Karuppannaswamy Temple.

References

Villages in Cuddalore district

Anaivari


Metamorphosis Symphonies is the collective name for three symphonies by German composer, Martin Scherber. The first was composed before the outbreak of World War II in Nuremberg. After the war Scherber continued his musical path with the Second Symphony in F minor and the Third Symphony in B minor, which followed this directly.

They grow only from one theme. This centralizes everything with its weaving metamorphoses and gives the symphonies a breathing rhythm. "There is not simply a horizontal 'exposition' in a single voice but the 'accompanying' instruments also take up motifs and their variants" all through the symphony, "resulting in a vertical density of internal relationships."

In this way Scherber develops an organic music in constant transformation. Like Johann Wolfgang von Goethe he experienced within himself a continual metamorphosis of musical themes as result of his connection with forces of life. By discovering this he was able to change the methods of composing and gave new life to the symphony, including its formal aspects.

References

External links
 - Website: Martin Scherber with media to listen
- Website: Metamorphosis - music of changes (site in German)

Scherber

Metamorphosis-Symphonies


Garden Island is an island in the Australian state of South Australia located about  north-west of the capital city of Adelaide in an estuary system within the Adelaide metropolitan area which drains into Gulf St Vincent.  It is notable as being a site for a mangrove forest, a landfill, a part of the site for the Multifunction Polis, a ship graveyard and a venue for recreational boating activities.  It has enjoyed varying degrees of protected area status since 1973.

Description
Garden Island is located in Gulf St Vincent within the Port River estuary system about  north-west of the Adelaide city centre and to the immediate south-east of Torrens Island.  It is completely located within the suburb of Garden Island, and lies between the Port River and Barker Inlet. It is surrounded by the following bodies of water: Angas Inlet to the north, Eastern Passage to the east, narrowing to Angas Channel, and North Arm to the south.

Access to the island is via road or via boat.  Road access from the mainland is via a bridge while boat ramps are located at three places along the northern coast of the island.  All three boat ramps are connected to a road system that runs from the above-mentioned bridge.  An electric power transmission line crosses the island in an east-west direction to a termination point at the Torrens Island Power Station.

Formation, geology and oceanography
Garden Island is one of the geographical features in what is now the Adelaide metropolitan area that was formed as a consequence of sea level rise at the start of the Holocene.  Sea level rise had three consequences.  Firstly, watercourses existing at the time were forced to create new mouths in new coastline.  Secondly, currents arising along the new coastline formed beaches, a coastal dune system and ultimately the spit known as the Lefevre Peninsula all by the process of longshore drift.  Finally, watercourses such at the River Torrens and the Sturt River were forced to flow north to what is now the Port River estuary after being prevented from draining into Gulf St Vincent by the emerging coastal dune system with result of forming features such as Torrens Island and Garden Island.

Flora and fauna

Flora
The principal plant species is Avicennia marina (Grey or white mangrove) which has colonized the coastline of Garden Island within the intertidal zone, particularly the island's east end.

History

European use
Since 1836, the land tenure has mainly been that of crown land.  A third of the island on its western side was dedicated to the South Australian Harbors Board and in 1962, the entire island was dedicated as a reserve under Harbors Board control.  The first public road was opened for public use in 1968.  The use of the island as a base for recreational boating and as a landfill site began in the 1970s.

Landfill site
Garden Island was the site of a landfill from about 1972 until 2000.  This activity occupied  of the island's  and "served the domestic waste disposal needs for almost half of Adelaide."  Landfill gas is managed by an extraction system commissioned in 2015.  As of 2014, land filling is still permitted by planning statute on the island in sections 463 and 464 of the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Port Adelaide.

Multifunction Polis
Garden Island which is located within the Adelaide metropolitan area was proposed as one of the sites for the Multifunction Polis, which was a planned community with a projected population of 250,000 proposed in 1987 and which was abandoned in 1998.  As of 2014, land including Garden Island which was intended to be the site of the multifunction polis was still zoned for that purpose.

Garden Island Ships' Graveyard
The Garden Island Ships' Graveyard has 25 identified wrecks. The remains of the iron and wooden ships that were abandoned between 1909 and 1945 are now bird roosts and a canoeing attraction. The area was also used to house explosives stores from the 1880s. The ships in the ship's graveyard were launched from 1857 to 1920, and include the Santiago and Dorothy H. Sterling, as well as other sailing ships, steamships and iron barges.

The ship graveyard is promoted by the Government of South Australia as a canoeing trail.

Recreational and tourism uses
Since the 1970s, Garden Island has been used as a venue for recreational boating activities associated with adjoining bodies of water such as the Barker Inlet and Port River.

Protected area status
Garden Island has been located within the boundaries of the following protected areas to varying extents since 1973, 2005 and 2014 respectively - the Barker Inlet-St Kilda Aquatic Reserve covers all of the island below high water, the Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary overlays the entire island, and the Torrens Island Conservation Park  includes some land exposed at low water at the east end of the island.

See also
Garden Island (disambiguation)
List of islands of Australia

References

Further reading

External links
Kayaking at Garden Island, Port Adelaide (sic)

Islands of South Australia
Gulf St Vincent
Geography of Adelaide
Canoeing and kayaking venues in Australia

Garden Island (South Australia)


East César Chávez is a neighborhood in Austin, Texas. It is located in the central-east part of Austin's urban core on the north bank of the Colorado River. The neighborhood encompasses much of ZIP code 78702.

The East César Chávez neighborhood is bounded to the south by Lake Lady Bird and Festival Beach, the east by Chicon Street and the Holly neighborhood, and to the north by East Sixth Street and the Central East Austin neighborhood. To the west, East César Chávez faces Interstate 35 and the Rainey Street district, a historic neighborhood in the southeast corner of Downtown Austin.

The dominant land use in East César Chávez is residential, with approximately 60% of total land use being identified as single-family residential. The neighborhood contains the Willow-Spence Streets Historic District, a residential area located south of César Chávez Boulevard that was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

History

The East César Chávez neighborhood is among Austin's oldest. Many of its homes were built in the early 20th century. Their turn-of-the-century homes were more modest ("vernacular") versions of the ornate Victorian houses seen elsewhere in the city.

The area north of Third Street and south of Sixth Street, from Waller to Chicon, was originally settled by freed slaves following the Emancipation Proclamation. It was originally called Masontown, or Masonville, after brothers Sam and Raiford who bought the property in 1867. At one time the community had two Baptist churches and as many as 200 residents. By the 1980s, however, Masonville was no longer identifiable as a distinct neighborhood. Like contemporary settlements elsewhere in Austin Clarksville and Wheatville, the area around Masonville today bears few traces of its original population.

In 1999 the City of Austin adopted a new "Neighborhood Plan" for East César Chávez. One of the hallmarks of this was the promotion of mixed-use development, in a neighborhood dominated by single-family homes. New mixed-use properties were built throughout the 2000s in accordance with the plan, which had a gentrifying effect on the neighborhood. According to the City of Austin's Department of Planning, property value in East Austin's 78702 ZIP code increase more than 100 percent from 2000 to 2005. Census Bureau data shows that African-American population in East Austin drastically reduced from 1990 to 2000, from 80 percent to less than 20 percent in some areas.

Demographics
According to data from the U.S. Census Bureau collected in 2009, the population of the area defined as East César Chávez was 3,819, across an area of 0.784 square miles. The population density per square miles is 4,870 people per square miles, compared to 2,610 in the city as a whole. The racial breakdown is 75% Hispanic/Latino, 16% white, 6% black and 3% other. The median ages of males and females in the neighborhood are 31.2 and 35.8, compared with a citywide average of 29.6 for males and 30.2 for females, respectively. The median household income in 2009 for  East César Chávez residents was $23,227, compared with $50,132 in Austin at large. In 2009, the average estimated value of detached houses in the area was $106,151 (54.8% of all units), compared with $286,025 for the rest of the city.

Education
The neighborhood is zoned to the Austin Independent School District.
 Sanchez Elementary School
 Martin Middle School
 Eastside Memorial High School

References

External links

East César Chávez Neighborhood Planning Team

Neighborhoods in Austin, Texas

East Cesar Chavez, Austin, Texas


Jeffrey Eric Stanton aka SIX TIME (born June 18, 1968) is an American former professional motocross racer. He competed in the AMA Motocross Championships from 1988 to 1999. He is a three-time AMA 250cc Motocross and Supercross national champion], winning the titles in 1989, 1990 and 1992.

Biography
Stanton was born in Coldwater, Michigan to Erwin and Mary Stanton. Stanton rode for Honda for the better part of his career, earning all of his championships with them. Before team Honda, he rode a Yamaha as a privateer.

Stanton retired from professional motocross in 1994. Jeff married Sara Knowles in 1992 and they had a daughter, Siana, in 1996 and a son, Toren, in 1999.

In 2000 he was inducted into the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame.

Following his retirement, JStanton worked with American Honda as a consultant where he trained the factory riders until he was laid off when the motorcycle industry went through a downturn. He also trained Justin Barcia on private contract from 2012 to 2014. Stanton remains active on the family farm that he grew up on and continues to ride in local races with his son.

Major Career Titles and Accomplishments

1985
-Florida Winter AM 250cc Champion
-Florida Winter AM 500cc Champion
-NMA 250cc Amateur Champion
-NMA 500cc Amateur Champion
-AMA 250cc Amateur Champion
-AMA 500cc Amateur Champion

1986
-CMC 250 Trans-Cal Champion
-CMC 500 Trans-Cal Champion

1987
-AMA Pro Rookie of the Year

1989
-AMA 250 Supercross Champion
-AMA 250 National Motocross Champion
-Team USA Motocross des Nations (MXDN) Championship Team Member
-Mickey Thompson Award of Excellence

1990
-AMA 250 Supercross Champion
-AMA 250 National Motocross Champion
-Team USA MXDN Championship Team Member
-AMA Pro Athlete of the Year.
-FIM Masters of Motocross Series Champion

1991
-Team USA MXDN Championship Team Member

1992
-AMA 250 Supercross Champion
-AMA 250 National Motocross Champion
-World Supercross Champion

1994
-Retired at end of Season to become Team Honda Consultant

2000
-Inducted into Motorcycle Hall of Fame

2002
-Inducted into Red Bud Track & Trail Hall of Fame

2006
-Inducted into Daytona International Speedway Hall of Fame
-Red Bud Grass Race - XR single shock class winner
-Red Bud Grass Race - XR dual shock class winner

2008
-Mickey Thompson Award of Excellence

References

External links
 Jeff Stanton at the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame

1968 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Michigan
American motocross riders
AMA Motocross Championship National Champions
People from Coldwater, Michigan

Jeff Stanton


A steam donkey or donkey engine is a steam-powered winch once widely used in logging, mining, maritime, and other industrial applications.

Steam powered donkeys were commonly found on large metal-hulled multi-masted cargo vessels in the later decades of the Age of Sail on through the Age of Steam, particularly heavily-sailed skeleton-crewed windjammers.

A donkey used in forestry, also known as a logging engine, was often attached to a yarder for hauling logs from where trees were felled to a central processing area. The operator of a donkey was known as a donkeyman.

Name
Steam donkeys acquired their name from their origin in sailing ships, where the "donkey" engine was typically a small secondary engine used to load and unload cargo and raise the larger sails with small crews, or to power pumps.  They were classified by their cylinder type – simplex (single-acting cylinder) or duplex (a compound engine); by their connection to the winches (or "drums") – triple-drum, double-drum, etc.; and by their different uses.

A good deal of the cable-logging terminology  derived from 19th-century merchant sailing, as much of the early technology originated in that industry.  Common logging terms include high-lead yarder, ground-lead yarder, loader, snubber, and incline hoist.

History

In logging

John Dolbeer, a founding partner of the Dolbeer and Carson Lumber Company in Eureka, California, invented the logging engine in that city in August 1881. The patent (number: 256553) was issued April 18, 1882. On Dolbeer's first model, a ,  manila rope was wrapped several times around a gypsy head (vertically mounted spool) and attached at the other end to a log.

The invention of the steam donkey increased lumber production by enabling the transport of trees that would previously have been left behind because they were too large to move. They also enabled logging in hot or cold weather, which was not previously possible with the use of animal power.

Later, the invention of the internal-combustion engine led to the development of the diesel-powered tractor crawler, which eventually made the steam donkey obsolete. Though some have been preserved in museums, very few are in operating order. A great number still sit abandoned in the forests.

Design

A logging donkey consists of a steam boiler and steam engine, connected to a winch mounted on a sled called a donkey sled. The donkeys were moved by simply dragging themselves with the winch line, originally hemp rope and later steel cable. They were used to move logs, by attaching lines to the logs and hauling them.

The larger steam donkeys often had a "donkey house" (a makeshift shelter for the crew) built either on the skids or as a separate structure. Usually, a water tank, and sometimes a fuel oil tank, was mounted on the back of the sled. In rare cases, steam donkeys were also mounted on wheels. Later steam donkeys were built with multiple horizontally mounted drums/spools.

Use

In the simplest logging setup a "line horse" would carry the cable out to a log where its tree had been downed. The cable would be attached, and, on signal, the donkey's operator (an engineer) would open the regulator, allowing the steam donkey to drag, or "skid", the log towards it. The log was taken either to a mill or to a "landing" where it would be transferred for onward shipment by railroad, road or river – either send down a flume, loaded onto boats, or floated directly in the water, often becoming part of a large log raft or "boom".  Later, a "haulback" drum was added to the donkey, where a smaller cable could be routed around the "setting" and connected to the end of the heavier "mainline" to replace the line horse.

A donkey was moved by attaching one of its cables to a tree, stump or other strong anchor, then dragging itself overland to the next yarding location.

In Canada, and in particular Ontario, the donkey engine was often mounted on a barge that could float and thus winch itself over both land and water. Log booms would be winched across water with the engine, after which it would often be reconfigured with a saw to mill the timber.

Operator

A logging donkey would be operated by an engineer called since about 1920 a donkey puncher.

In later times the donkey puncher was too far away from the end of the line for verbal communication, so whistle codes  were developed similar to those used by tug boats employing steam whistles). The whistle operator was known as a whistle punk, who was placed between the men attaching the cables (choker setters), and the donkey puncher, so that he could see the choker setters. When the cables were attached, a series of whistle blows signaled the donkey to begin pulling and the choker setters to stay out of harm's way.

The process was a closely orchestrated sequence of actions, where mistakes were often fatal and where good men stood in line for the jobs. Although the steam engine, and its whistle, have been replaced by gasoline and diesel engines, the whistle codes are still used in many current logging operations. The whistle has been replaced largely with airhorns.

Other uses
Steam donkeys were also found to be useful for powering other machines such as pile drivers, slide-back loaders (also known as "slide-jammers", cranes which were used to load logs onto railroad cars and which moved along the flat-bed rail cars that were to be loaded), and cherry pickers (a sled-mounted crane used for loading, onto railroad cars, logs that a grading crew had cut down). Sailing fishing vessels on the North sea operated vertical steam-driven capstans called 'the donkey' to haul fishing lines and nets, some of which are still operating today, even though converted to compressed air.

Some steamboats used a steam-driven donkey hoisting-engine with capstan, ropes and strong poles (spars) to move "walk" the boat over or away from reefs and sandbars.

An auxiliary engine on a sailing craft (which  propel the vessel) is still sometimes informally known as "the donk".

Preserved examples

A functioning steam donkey is on display and occasionally operated at Fort Humboldt State Historic Park in Eureka, California. A non-functioning steam donkey accompanied by a plaque explaining the history of the machine is on permanent display at Grizzly River Run, an attraction at Disney California Adventure Park. Another collection of steam donkeys is located at the Point Defiance Park, Camp 6 Logging Museum located in Tacoma, Washington.  The collection includes various steam donkeys, including one of the last very large ones built, and others at various stages of restoration.

Another steam donkey is on display along an interpretive trail at the Sierra Nevada Logging Museum in Calaveras County, California, an indoor open-air museum about the Sierra Nevada logging industry and history.

Another steam donkey is preserved at Roaring Camp Railroads park in Felton, California.

Another steam donkey is preserved at Legoland Billund on their Wild West gold-mine-themed railroad.

On August 1, 2009, a Steam Donkey was officially unveiled at McLean Mill National Historic Site in Port Alberni, British Columbia.  It is now the only commercially operating steam donkey in North America.  On that occasion, due to extreme fire risk, demonstrations of the donkey were not performed, but the logs hauled by previous test runs of the donkey (and had been loaded onto a truck) were dumped into the McLean Mill millpond, representing the first steam-powered commercial logging operation in North America in decades.  This machine continued to operate after R. B. Mclean shuttered the steam-powered McLean Mill site in 1965.  It ran until 1972 and was abandoned on site. It was restored by the Alberni Valley Industrial Heritage Society in 1986 for Expo 86 and, more recently, was re-certified for commercial use at McLean Mill.  Agreements have been made with forestland owner Island Timberlands (owned by Brookfield Asset Management) to log, mill, and sell trees and lumber from the surroundings of McLean Mill.

A wide-face steam donkey (called that because the width of the drum is greater in proportion to that in later machines) has been operational at the Tillamook County Pioneer Museum in Tillamook, Oregon, since the early 1980s. Manufactured by the Puget Sound Iron & Steel Works in the early 1900s, this donkey was abandoned in the woods when the Reiger family finished logging their land in about 1952. The steam donkey was rescued and restored from 1979 to 1981. It was donated to the Pioneer Museum by the Ned Rieger family and has been on display on the Museum grounds.

A vertical steam capstan called "donkey" for hauling fishing lines and nets is preserved on the museum fishing vessel Balder in the historic harbour of Vlaardingen (near Rotterdam), the Netherlands.

Another steam donkey is located on the Monarch Lake Loop in the Indian Peaks Wilderness near Grand Lake, Colorado on Arapaho Pass Trail #6. This steam donkey was used by the, now abandoned and flooded, town of Monarch to harvest logs from the mountain sides.

See also
"Donkey Riding"
Donkey jacket, so named because it was worn by donkeymen
Geared steam locomotive—often used on forestry railways
Lidgerwood—manufacturer of steam-powered logging equipment
Range extender – auxiliary combustion engine used on battery vehicles
Steam power during the Industrial Revolution
Timeline of steam power
Yarder – a larger steam-powered logging machine

References

Further reading

External links

 The Anatomy of a Steam Donkey (image)
 Steam Donkeys
 The Donkey Engine—Steam & Engine of Australia
  Turtle Bay Exploration Park's Dolbeer Steam Donkey (video)
 Steam Power—Pacific County Historical Society and Museum
 Kinsey Brother Photography of the Lumber Industry—University of Washington Library
 Man to Machine: Peninsula Logging—an exhibit at the University of Washington Library
Glossary of Logging terms, Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest, under Donkey puncher and Whistlepunk.

Calaveras County, California
Eureka, California
Forestry equipment
Log transport
Logging
Steam power
Winches

Steam donkey


Futrono is one of the 12 municipalities in the province of Valdivia, in the region of Los Lagos of Chile. It is located on the north side of the Ranco lake, but the town of Futrono is not on the shore.

This place was a territory of mapuches indigenous. They called this town, Futronohue. Then, it becomes a port used to transport things to Puerto Nuevo, and after that to La Unión. In 1941, the municipality was created and that made it grow in population.

Now, Futrono has much more activity, for example; agriculture, tourism and high quality furniture companies.

Cities in Chile
Los Lagos Region

Futrono


Ian Angus "Ross" Reid  (born July 31, 1952) is a Canadian former politician who mostly recently served as the Chief of Staff to Newfoundland and Labrador Premier's Kathy Dunderdale and Tom Marshall. Reid is a former Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament who served as the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans and Minister for the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency under Prime Minister Kim Campbell.

Political career
A consultant, Reid has been active with the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada since 1975. During the government of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, he served as chief of staff to the Minister of Finance, and as an advisor to the Prime Minister.

In September 1988, Reid defeated former provincial cabinet minister Jim Morgan for the Progressive Conservative nomination in St. John's East for the 1988 federal election. On November 21, 1988, he won the seat, defeating New Democrat incumbent Jack Harris. He became Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans in 1989, and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development in 1991.

When Kim Campbell succeeded Mulroney as prime minister in 1993, she brought Reid into Cabinet as Minister of Fisheries and Oceans and Minister for the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency. However, both he and the Campbell government went down to defeat in the subsequent 1993 federal election.

Reid remained active in the party as National Director of the federal Progressive Conservative party while Jean Charest was party leader.

Career after politics
Since leaving the House of Commons, Reid has worked as an international consultant on human rights and democratic development, notably for the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. He has worked in Iraq, Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and Ukraine, among other countries. He currently serves on the board of directors of IMPACS, the Institute for Media, Policy and Civil Society.

In the 2003 Newfoundland and Labrador general election, Reid served as the Progressive Conservative Party's campaign chair. The party went on to form government under Danny Williams and Reid was appointed Deputy Minister to the Premier. In January 2007, he resigned his post as Deputy Minister to be re-appointed as the party's campaign chair for the 2007 election. The Progressive Conservatives were re-elected in the October election and in December 2007, Reid was appointed Deputy Minister for the Voluntary and Non-Profit Sector.

Reid resigned as Deputy Minister in June 2011 so that he could once again chair the Progressive Conservative Party's campaign in that year's general election. The party was re-elected for a third term in October and Reid was reappointed to his post as Deputy Minister for the Voluntary Non-Profit Sector in December. In January 2013, it was announced that Reid would be appointed Deputy Minister Responsible for the Provincial Population Growth Strategy. On August 6, 2013, Premier Kathy Dunderdale announced that Reid would become her new chief of staff. Reid replaced Brian Taylor, who had taken a leave of absence from the premier's office several weeks earlier.

References

External links

1952 births
Living people
Members of the 25th Canadian Ministry
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Newfoundland and Labrador
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Politicians from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs

cy:Ross Reid

Ross Reid (politician)


Sir Arthur Pendarves Vivian  (4 June 1834 – 18 August 1926) was a British industrialist, mine-owner and Liberal politician from the Vivian family, who worked in South Wales and Cornwall, and sat in the House of Commons from 1868 to 1885.

Early life and education
Vivian was the third son of the industrialist John Henry Vivian and his wife Sarah Jones, daughter of Arthur Jones, of Reigate. His elder brother was Henry Vivian, 1st Baron Swansea and his uncle was Hussey Vivian, 1st Baron Vivian. He was educated at Eton College, the Freiberg Mining Academy of Freiberg, Saxony and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He left college in 1855, on his father's death, to manage the family's copper smelting and rolling works and colliery at Port Talbot. His residences in Cornwall were at Glendorgal in the parish of St Columb Minor and Bosahan on The Lizard.

Public and parliamentary service
Vivian was elected as one of two members of parliament for Cornwall West in 1868, a seat he held, as a Liberal, until 1885, when the constituency was divided under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885.

Vivian was a Justice of the Peace (JP) and Deputy Lieutenant for Glamorgan and a JP and Deputy Warden of the Stannaries for Cornwall. In local politics, Vivian was a county councillor for Glamorgan from 1889 to 1898, and a county alderman for Cornwall from 1898 to 1926. He served as High Sheriff of Cornwall in 1889. He was lieutenant-colonel of the 1st Glamorgan Rifle Volunteers, and was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1894.

He was Colonel commanding the South Wales Border Volunteer Infantry Brigade from 1895 to 1902, was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902, and invested as such by King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 24 October 1902.

Travels and travel-writing
He was a frequent traveller and a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. He published Wanderings in the Western Land (1879), describing his travels in North America, starting 14 August 1877 in St Johns, Newfoundland.

In 1879, he was made a Fellow of the Geological Society of London. He was President of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall for 1880–81.

Family and personal life
Vivian married firstly, 3 March 1867, Lady Augusta Emily Wyndham-Quin, daughter of 3rd Earl of Dunraven.  She died on 11 February 1877. He married secondly, 10 March 1880, Lady Jane Georgina Dalrymple, daughter of 10th Earl of Stair. There were children from both marriages. His second wife died on 8 June 1914.

Vivian sold his residence Glendorgal, near Newquay on 11 December 1882 and bought the Bosahan estate, near Helston in the same year, living there from 1885 until he died in 1926, aged 92.

Cornwall Record Office holds 203 items in a deposited collection of his papers (Reference PV). Further papers, mostly relating to his Welsh business affairs are held at the West Glamorgan Archive Service. A photographic likeness of him in the 1860s is held by the National Portrait Gallery and another, with two dogs, at Community Archives Wales.

References

Sources

 Liberalism in West Cornwall: The 1868 Election Papers of A Pendarves Vivian MP edited and introduced by Edwin Jaggard; Devon & Cornwall Record Society, New Series Volume 42, 2000

External links

1834 births
1926 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
English expatriates in Germany
Politicians from Cornwall
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Cornwall
UK MPs 1868–1874
UK MPs 1874–1880
UK MPs 1880–1885
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
High Sheriffs of Cornwall
Fellows of the Geological Society of London
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
Welch Regiment officers
Welsh justices of the peace
Members of Glamorgan County Council
Arthur
Presidents of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall
Deputy Lieutenants of Glamorgan

Arthur Vivian


Northern Villages is the name that refers to the small villages and hamlets that make up the north of the Southern Highlands and Wingecarribee Shire. All are north of Mittagong. Historically, many either are on the Old Hume Highway or the old Picton Loop Line. In the past they were referred to as the Northern Towns. All of the Northern Villages made up the previous Mittagong (Nattai) Shire.

The postcode for the Northern Villages is the same as Mittagong: 2575. However, Balmoral has the postcode of 2571.

Villages

The villages include:

 Alpine (Population: 135] Australian Bureau of Statistics 2016 Census
 Aylmerton Population:194
 Balmoral (Population: 785)
 Braemar (Population: 1189) which encompasses the smaller villages of:
 Balaclava
 Willow Vale
 Colo Vale (Population: 1618)
 Hill Top (Population: 2674)
 Yerrinbool (Population: 1164)

History

Hill Top, Colo Vale, Willow Vale, Balmoral as well as Braemar are located on the historical Picton Loop Line which used to be part of the Main Southern railway line but became a separate line in 1919 upon the building of a new alignment for the main line ( see Southern Highlands railway line ). The Loop line and stations are still intact. The northern section of the line is used by Thirmere's Railway Museum for the museum's antique steam trains, while the remainder of the line is now disused.

The new line that was opened in 1919 was built a few kilometres east into the villages of Yerrinbool, Alpine, Aylmerton and Balaclava. This line is still in use but Yerrinbool is the only Northern Village to retain an open railway station.

Braemar and its surrounding villages are also located on the historic Old Hume Highway along with Yerrinbool, Alpine and Aylmerton until the construction of the current Hume Highway in the 1980s.

National Parks

Hill Top, Balmoral, Yerrinbool, Colo Vale and parts of Braemar are surrounded by the Nattai National Park and small reservations that make up the national park the Bargo State Conservation Area and Jellore State Forest.

Development

The Northern Villages mostly serve as residential areas with small commercial businesses such as general stores. However, recently Braemar (because of its growth is now considered part of Mittagong) has grown commercially and industrially with businesses taking advantage of zoned areas in the North of Braemar. This is because Braemar is next to railway and is close to the Hume Highway and its ramps.

References

Southern Highlands (New South Wales)
Towns in New South Wales
Towns of the Southern Highlands (New South Wales)

Northern Villages (Southern Highlands, New South Wales)


Arthur G. Fisk (November 23, 1868 – February 25, 1938), was an American politician and attorney who served as the Speaker of the California State Assembly. He also served as Postmaster of San Francisco during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and U.S. Commissioner for Northern California in his later years. At age 65, he was sentenced to federal prison for embezzling bail bond money under his control.

Early life and education
Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Fisk relocated to Santa Barbara, California with his parents in 1869. His family soon moved to San Francisco, where Fisk grew up and attended public schools. Fisk graduated from Harvard Law School in 1894.

Career
After graduating from law school, Fisk returned to San Francisco to work in the law firm of former Assembly Speaker Morris M. Estee.

California Assembly
In 1900, Fisk was elected to the California State Assembly for the 37th district and served as chairman of the powerful Ways and Means Committee in 1901. Since the legislature was part-time, Fisk also ran for District Attorney of San Francisco but narrowly lost. In 1903, he was elected as Speaker of the Assembly.

Postmaster of San Francisco
Soon thereafter, Fisk was appointed as Postmaster of San Francisco. It was in this position he suffered his first public controversy. In the wake of the 1906 earthquake, Fisk had allowed mail to be sent without postage, which was technically illegal, and was estimated to cost the federal government $60,000. Fisk said he "forwarded hundreds of thousands of letters without postage throughout the United States. These letters were written on old cuffs, pieces of cardboard, anything. They went into the mail bags and I was liable to criminal prosecution...Thousands were homeless, without food and without means of communicating with relatives. I established kitchens in the basement of the post office and fed hundreds of starving people." Five years later, an act of Congress exonerated Fisk. When Democrats gained the White House in 1912, President Wilson asked for Fisk's resignation as Postmaster.

In 1913, Fisk began managing the finances of Anita Baldwin McClaugry, heiress to the fortunes of famous California businessman and racetrack industry pioneer Lucky Baldwin.

Sentence and incarceration
In 1928, Fisk was appointed as United States Commissioner for Northern California. It was in this capacity that Fisk was sued by the federal government for $25,000 for his mishandling of alien property cases. Unable to adequately fund his legal defense, Fisk embezzled bail bond money in his custody to fight the government charges against him. Although he won the original lawsuit, it was discovered he misappropriated the bail bond funds and therefore was charged for embezzlement. At age 65, Fisk pleaded guilty to charges of mishandling the bail bond money in his custody. As a result, he served two years in federal prison near Carson City, Nevada. He was released on parole in 1935 at the age of 67.

Death
Fisk died in Los Angeles at age 69 on February 25, 1938, at the home of his daughter.

Sources
San Francisco Chronicle, February 26, 1938.
Government of the State of California 1903, Fred Coleman, Sacramento: 1903.
California Blue Book, 1903, Office of State Printing: Sacramento.

References

1868 births
1938 deaths
Harvard Law School alumni
Speakers of the California State Assembly
Republican Party members of the California State Assembly
Politicians from San Francisco

Arthur G. Fisk


Donald Heins (19 February 1878 – 1 January 1949) was a Canadian violinist, violist, conductor, organist, composer, and music educator of English birth. He notably founded the first professional orchestra in Ottawa, the Ottawa Symphony Orchestra (no relation to the current orchestra of that name), in 1902, serving as its director until 1927. He also served in a variety of positions with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra from 1927–1949, including concertmaster, principal violist, and assistant conductor.

He was highly active as an educator, notably founding the instrumental music program at Ottawa's public school system and teaching on the faculties of the Canadian Conservatory of Music (1902–1927) and the Toronto Conservatory of Music (1927–1948). His compositions include several motets and anthems, some chamber music for string instruments, a small amount of orchestral music, the Saint Ursula Mass for female choir and small orchestra, and two short operettas, An Old Tortugas (1936) and Yellow Back (1939), both of which were commissioned by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

Early life and education
Born in Hereford, Heins was the grandson of a German piano maker who had immigrated to England. He received his musical training in Germany at the Leipzig Conservatory from 1892–1897, where he was a pupil of Richard Hofmann (orchestration), Gustav Schreck (harmony), and Hans Sitt (violin).

Heins returned to England in 1897, where he continued with further musical studies under August Wilhelmj for the next five years. During that time, he played in the first violin section of several orchestras, including those led by Edward Elgar and Hubert Parry. He later studied under Leopold Auer in New York City in the 1920s.

Life in Ottawa
In 1902 Heins crossed the Atlantic to come to Canada, settling in Ottawa. He remained in the capital for the next 25 years, where he was a member of the faculty of the Canadian Conservatory of Music (CCM). The conservatory's founder, Harry Puddicombe, was married to his sister.

Heins notably founded the school's symphony orchestra in 1903 and served as its director through 1927. In 1910 the orchestra was restructured to become the Ottawa Symphony Orchestra. With the orchestra, Heins presented several major symphonies that had never been heard in the city of Ottawa, including works by Ludwig van Beethoven, Antonín Dvořák, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.

While teaching at the CCM, Heins also held an organist posts at three different Presbyterian churches in Ottawa; a career spanning a total of 23 years. In 1918 he established the first violin training program in Ottawa's public schools, enlisting a group of 14 violin teachers to forward the project. With the success of this program, he went on to establish the school's system's first student orchestra, which gave four concerts annually under his baton. He also spent three years as the conductor of the 43rd Regiment's Royal Artillery Band while in Ottawa.

Life in Toronto
In 1927 Heins left Ottawa for Toronto, where he lived for the rest of his life. He taught at the Toronto Conservatory of Music from 1927-1948, where he notably conducted the school's symphony orchestra from 1930-1934. He also was the violist in the Conservatory String Quartet from 1929-1934. He served as concertmaster of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra (TSO) from 1927–1931, and was then the TSO's principal violist from 1931-1938. He continued to play in the viola section with the orchestra up until his death in 1949.  He was the TSO's assistant conductor from 1931-1942. While in Toronto, he also worked at St Mary the Virgin Anglican Church as their organist. He died in Toronto at the age of 70.

Writings
Technical Devices for Violinists (1942)

Works
Country Dance (1905)
Gloria: Violin and Pianoforte; publ. by Theo. Presser Co. Philadelphia, 1924.
Circus Day: Violin and Pianoforte; publ. by Theo. Presser, Philadelphia, 1924.
Puppet's Dance: Violin and Pianoforte, publ. by Oliver Ditson, Boston, 1924.
The Dutch Family: Violin and Pianoforte (1928)
The Bell Boy Suite: Violin and Piano (1928)
An Old Tortugas (1936), operetta
Yellow Black (1939), operetta
Saint Ursula Mass, mass
The Awakening, symphonic poem
Blest are the Pure in Heart, anthem

References

1878 births
1949 deaths
Canadian classical composers
Canadian male classical composers
Canadian conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Academic staff of the Canadian Conservatory of Music
Canadian classical organists
Male classical organists
Canadian classical violinists
Male classical violinists
Canadian classical violists
University of Music and Theatre Leipzig alumni
Canadian music educators
Canadian opera composers
Male opera composers
Musicians from Hereford
Academic staff of The Royal Conservatory of Music
Musicians from Ottawa
Musicians from Toronto
19th-century Canadian violinists and fiddlers
20th-century Canadian violinists and fiddlers
Canadian male violinists and fiddlers
20th-century violists
British emigrants to Canada

Donald Heins


FS Class 103 was a class of 2-2-2 steam locomotives of the Italian State Railways (FS), originally built for the Strade Ferrate dello Stato Piemontese (SFSP).

History
Fifteen locomotives were built in Britain between 1853 and 1855 by Sharp, Stewart and Company and were numbered 34 to 38 and 80 to 89 by the SFSP, which used them for the haulage of fast trains. In 1865 they passed to Società per le strade ferrate dell'Alta Italia (SFAI) which numbered them from 91 to 105. In 1864, SFAI purchased another five units and numbered them 106 to 110. In 1885 they were taken over by Rete Mediterranea (RM) where they were numbered 519 to 538. In 1905, only 5 units survived to be taken over by Ferrovie dello Stato (FS), which registered them as Class 103 with numbers from 1031 to 1035. Since these were obsolete machines, they were all scrapped by 1910.

Technical details
The driving wheels had a diameter of just under 2 metres and this allowed them to reach 80 km/h. The design of the engines was typically British with outside frames and inside cylinders. The tender carried 7 tons of water and 3 tons of coal. They developed 300 horsepower.

References

2-2-2 locomotives
103
Railway locomotives introduced in 1853
Standard gauge locomotives of Italy
Rete Mediterranea steam locomotives
Sharp Stewart locomotives
Passenger locomotives

FS Class 103


Nuclear power is the fifth-largest source of electricity in India after coal, gas, hydroelectricity and wind power. , India has 22 nuclear reactors in operation in 8 nuclear power plants, with a total installed capacity of 7,380 MW.
Nuclear power produced a total of 43 TWh in 2020–21, contributing 3.11% of total power generation in India (1,382 TWh). 10 more reactors are under construction with a combined generation capacity of 8,000 MW.

In October 2010, India drew up a plan to reach a nuclear power capacity of 63 GW in 2032. However, following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster there have been numerous anti-nuclear protests at proposed nuclear power plant sites.
There have been mass protests against the Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project in Maharashtra and the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant in Tamil Nadu, and a proposed large nuclear power plant near Haripur was refused permission by the Government of West Bengal.
A Public Interest Litigation (PIL) has also been filed against the government's civil nuclear programme at the Supreme Court.

Nuclear power in India has suffered from generally low capacity factors.
As of 2021, the lifetime weighted energy availability factor of the Indian fleet is 66.1%.
However, capacity factors have been improving in recent years. The availability factor of Indian reactors was 74.4% in the years 2019–2021.
One of the main reasons for the low capacity factors is lack of nuclear fuel.

India has been making advances in the field of thorium-based fuels, working to design and develop a prototype for an atomic reactor using thorium and low-enriched uranium, a key part of India's three stage nuclear power programme.

History

Early nuclear physics research
As early as 1901, the Geological Survey of India (GSI) had recognised India as potentially having significant deposits of radioactive ores, including pitchblende, uranium and thorianite. In the ensuing 50 years, however, little to no effort was made to exploit those resources. During the 1920s and 1930s, Indian scientists maintained close links to their counterparts in Europe and the United States, and were well aware of the latest developments in physics. Several Indian physicists, notably Daulat Singh Kothari, Meghnad Saha, Homi J. Bhabha and R. S. Krishnan, conducted pioneering research in nuclear physics in Europe during the 1930s.

By 1939, Meghnad Saha, the Palit Professor of Physics at the University of Calcutta, had recognised the significance of the discovery of nuclear fission, and had begun to conduct various experiments in his laboratory related to nuclear physics. In 1940, he incorporated nuclear physics into the university's post-graduate curriculum. In the same year, the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust sanctioned funds for installing a cyclotron at the University of Calcutta, but various difficulties likely related to the war delayed the project. In 1944, Homi J. Bhabha, a distinguished nuclear physicist who had established a research school at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, wrote a letter to his distant cousin J. R. D. Tata, the chairman of the Tata Group. He requested funds to establish a research institute of fundamental physics, "with special reference to cosmic rays and nuclear physics." The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) was inaugurated in Mumbai the following year.

Establishment of atomic energy in India
Following the atomic bombing of Hiroshima in August 1945, R.S. Krishnan, a nuclear physicist who had studied under Norman Feather and John Cockcroft, and who recognised the massive energy-generating potential of uranium, observed, "If the tremendous energy released from atomic explosions is made available to drive machinery, etc., it will bring about an industrial revolution of a far-reaching character." He further noted, however, the difficulties in harnessing nuclear power for peaceful usage, "...a great deal more research work is needed before atomic power can be put to industrial use."

In March 1946, the Board of Scientific and Industrial Research (BSIR), under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), set up an Atomic Research Committee under Bhabha's leadership to explore India's atomic energy resources and to suggest ways to develop and harness them, along with establishing contacts with similar organisations in other nations. At the same time, the University of Travancore's research council met to discuss Travancore's future industrial development. Among other matters, the council made recommendations for developing the state's resources of monazite, a valuable thorium ore, and ilmenite, with regard to their applications in atomic energy. The council suggested the project could be undertaken by an all-India programme. This was followed by the deputation of Bhabha and Sir Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, the Director of the CSIR, to Travancore in April 1947 and the establishment of a working relationship with the kingdom's dewan, Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer.

Early in 1947, plans were made to establish a Uranium Unit under the Geological Survey of India, to focus on identifying and developing resources of uranium-bearing minerals. In June 1947, two months before Indian independence, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, then Minister for Industry, Supply, Education and Finance in the Interim Government of India, established an advisory board for research in atomic energy. Chaired by Bhabha and placed under the CSIR, the advisory board included Saha, Bhatnagar and several other distinguished scientists, notably Sir K. S. Krishnan, the co-discoverer of the Raman effect, geologist Darashaw Nosherwan Wadia and Nazir Ahmed, a student of Ernest Rutherford. A Joint Committee comprising the above scientists and three representatives of the Travancore government was set up to determine how best to utilise Travancore's resources of monazite. Following the independence and partition of India, Travancore briefly declared itself independent before acceding to the new Dominion of India in 1949 after a period of intense negotiations, while Ahmad departed for Pakistan, where he would eventually head that nation's atomic energy agency.

On 23 March 1948, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru introduced the Atomic Energy Bill in the Indian Parliament, and it was subsequently passed as the Indian Atomic Energy Act. Modelled on the British Atomic Energy Act 1946, the Act granted sweeping powers to the central government over nuclear science and research, including surveying for atomic minerals, the development of such mineral resources on an industrial scale, conducting research regarding the scientific and technical problems connected with developing atomic energy for peaceful purposes, the training and education of the necessary personnel and the fostering of fundamental research in the nuclear sciences in Indian laboratories, institutes and universities. Around the same time, the Government of West Bengal sanctioned the construction of a nuclear physics institute under the University of Calcutta; the cornerstone was laid in May 1948, and the institute was inaugurated on 11 January 1950 by Irène Joliot-Curie.

With effect from 1 June 1948, the advisory board for Research in Atomic Energy, together with its parent organisation the CSIR, was folded into the new Department of Scientific Research and placed directly under the Prime Minister. On 3 August 1948, the Atomic Energy Commission of India (AEC) was established and made separate from the Department of Scientific Research, with Bhabha as its first chairman. In January 1949, the AEC met to formulate a uniform under- and post-graduate university syllabus for theoretical and fundamental physics and chemistry, to guarantee sufficient numbers of nuclear scientists and to ensure they would receive consistent levels of training and education. In the same year, the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research was designated by the CSIR as the hub for all major nuclear science research projects. In 1950, the government announced it would purchase all available stocks of uranium and beryllium minerals and ores, and declared large rewards for any significant discoveries of the same. On 3 January 1954, the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET) was established by the Atomic Energy Commission to consolidate all nuclear reactor research and technology-related developments; on 3 August, the Atomic Energy Commission and all its subordinate agencies, including the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and the nuclear research institute at Calcutta University, were transferred to the new Department of Atomic Energy and placed under the direct charge of the Prime Minister's Office. In May 1956, construction on a uranium metal plant and a fuel element fabrication facility for the research reactors began at Trombay; the uranium plant came into operation in January 1959, followed by the fuel element facility in February 1960. The AEET (renamed the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in 1967, after Bhabha's death) was formally inaugurated by Nehru in January 1957. With the expanding scope of Indian nuclear research, the 1948 Atomic Energy Act was amended in 1961, and was passed as the new Atomic Energy Act, coming into force in September 1962.

Early research reactors

At a meeting of the Atomic Energy Commission on 15 March 1955, the decision was made to construct a small nuclear reactor at Trombay. The reactor would be used for training personnel for the operation of future reactors and for research, including experiments in nuclear physics, studying the effects of irradiation and the production of isotopes for medical, agricultural and industrial research. In October 1955, an agreement was signed by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority and the Indian Department of Atomic Energy, under which Britain would supply uranium fuel elements for a swimming pool reactor to be designed by India. The agreement further ensured the "close cooperation and mutual assistance between the Department and the Authority in the promotion and development of the peaceful uses of atomic energy," and provided for future design and collaboration in the construction of a high flux reactor at a later date. Named Apsara, the reactor was housed in a 100 x 50 x 70 concrete building. India's and Asia's first nuclear reactor, Apsara reached criticality at 3:45 p.m on 4 August 1956 and was inaugurated by Prime Minister Nehru on 20 January 1957.

In April 1955, the Canadian government under Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent offered to assist in building an NRX-type reactor for India under the Colombo Plan, of which both India and Canada were then members. Prime Minister St. Laurent expressed hopes the reactor would serve India well in the development of peaceful atomic research and development. On behalf of the Indian government, Nehru formally accepted the offer that September, stating the reactor would be made available to any accredited foreign scientists, including those from other Colombo Plan member states. On 28 April 1956, Nehru and the Canadian High Commissioner to India Escott Reid signed an agreement for a "Canada-India Colombo Plan Atomic Reactor Project." Under the terms of the agreement, Canada would provide a 40 MW CIRUS reactor for solely research purposes, including the initial manufacture and engineering of the reactor, and would also provide technical expertise, including training Indian personnel in its operation. India would supply the reactor site and foundation, and would also pay all "internal" costs, including the construction of the reactor complex, the costs of local labour and any shipping and insurance fees. Under Article II of the agreement, India would make the reactor facilities available to other Colombo Plan nations. Article III stipulated that the "reactor and any products resulting from its use will be employed for peaceful purposes only;" at the time, however, there were no effective safeguards to ensure this clause. A further agreement was made with the United States government to supply 21 tons of heavy water for the reactor. Construction of the reactor began later in 1956, with Indian technical personnel sent to Chalk River for training. CIRUS was completed in early 1960 and after achieving criticality in July 1960, was inaugurated by Nehru in January 1961. Construction of a third research reactor, ZERLINA (Zero Energy Reactor for Lattice Investigations and New Assemblies) began at Trombay in 1958; ZERLINA was also commissioned in 1961.

Beginnings of commercial nuclear power

In September 1955, the question of building a commercial nuclear power station was raised in Parliament. Shortly after the world's first commercial nuclear power plant came online at Obninsk in the Soviet Union, the Soviets invited a number of Indian experts to visit it; the United States concurrently offered training in atomic energy to Indian technical and scientific personnel. In August 1957, members of the Gujarat Chamber of Commerce in Ahmedabad (then in Bombay State) requested an atomic power station for their city, by which time the Indian government was actively considering the construction of at least "one or more large Atomic Power Stations to generate electricity." By November 1958, the Atomic Energy Commission had recommended construction of two nuclear power stations, each consisting of two units and able to generate 500 MW of power, for a total generating capacity of 1000 MW; the government decided that a minimum of 250 MW of electricity generated from nuclear reactors would be incorporated into the Third Five Year Plan (1961-1966).

In February 1960, it was decided the first power plant would be erected in Western India, with locations in Rajasthan, near Delhi and near Madras noted for future commercial reactors. In September, the Punjab government requested a nuclear power station for their state. On 11 October 1960, the Indian government issued a tender for India's first nuclear power station near Tarapur, Maharashtra and consisting of two reactors, each generating around 150 MW of electricity and to be commissioned in 1965. In August 1961, the Indian and Canadian governments agreed to conduct a joint study on building a Canada-India nuclear power plant in Rajasthan; the reactor would be based on the CANDU reactor at Douglas Point and would generate 200 MW. By this time, seven responses to India's global tender for the Tarapur power station had been received: three from the United States, two from the UK and one each from France and Canada.

The agreement for India's first nuclear power plant at Rajasthan, RAPP-1, was signed in 1963, followed by RAPP-2 in 1966. These reactors contained rigid safeguards to ensure they would not be used for a military programme. RAPP-1 began operation in 1972. Due to technical problems the reactor had to be downrated from 200 MW to 100 MW. The technical and design information were given free of charge by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited to India. The United States and Canada terminated their assistance after the detonation of India's first nuclear explosion in 1974.

Recent developments
After successful commissioning of Kudankulam units 1 & 2, an agreement was made with Russia in June 2017 for the units 5 & 6 (2 x 1000 MW) with an estimated cost of INR 250 million (3.85 million US$) per MW. Earlier, India had also entered in to an agreement with Russia in October 2016 for the units 3 & 4 (2 x 1000 MW) with an estimated cost of INR 200 million (3.08 million US$) per MW.

Nuclear fuel reserves
India's domestic uranium reserves are small and the country is dependent on uranium imports to fuel its nuclear power industry. Since early 1990s, Russia has been a major supplier of nuclear fuel to India. Due to dwindling domestic uranium reserves, electricity generation from nuclear power in India declined by 12.83% from 2006 to 2008. Following a waiver from the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) in September 2008 which allowed it to commence international nuclear trade, India has signed bilateral deals on civilian nuclear energy technology cooperation with several other countries, including France, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and South Korea. India has also uranium supply agreements with Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Argentina and Namibia. An Indian private company won a uranium exploration contract in Niger.

In March 2011 large deposits of uranium were discovered in the Tummalapalle belt in Andhra Pradesh and in the Bhima basin in Karnataka by the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD) of India.
The Tummalapalle belt uranium reserves promises to be one of the world's top 20 uranium reserves discoveries.
44,000 tonnes of natural uranium have been discovered in the belt so far, which is estimated to have three times that amount.
The natural uranium deposits of the Bhima basin has better grade of natural uranium ore, even though it is smaller than the Tummalapalle belt.

In recent years, India has shown increased interest in thorium fuels and fuel cycles because of large deposits of thorium (518,000 tonnes) in the form of monazite in beach sands as compared to very modest reserves of low-grade uranium (92,000 tonnes).

Kazakhstan is the largest supplier of uranium to India providing 5,000 tonnes during 2015–19. Over 15000 tonnes or uranium ore deposits are found in Rajasthan—Rohil, Sikar District

Nuclear agreements with other nations
As of 2016, India has signed civil nuclear agreements with 14 countries: Argentina, Australia, Canada, Czech Republic, France, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Namibia, Russia, South Korea, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Vietnam. The 48-nation NSG granted a waiver to India on 6 September 2008 allowing it to access civilian nuclear technology and fuel from other countries. India is the only country with known nuclear weapons which is not a party to the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) but is still allowed to carry out nuclear commerce with the rest of the world.

India and Mongolia signed a crucial civil nuclear agreement on 15 June 2009 for supply of Uranium to India, during Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's visit to Mongolia making it the fifth nation in the world to seal a civil nuclear pact with India. The MoU on "development of cooperation in the field of peaceful uses of radioactive minerals and nuclear energy" was signed by senior officials in the department of atomic energy of the two countries.

On 2 September 2009, India and Namibia signed five agreements, including one on civil nuclear energy which allows for supply of uranium from the African country. This was signed during President Hifikepunye Pohamba's five-day visit to India in May 2009. Namibia is the fifth largest producer of uranium in the world. The Indo-Namibian agreement in peaceful uses of nuclear energy allows for supply of uranium and setting up of nuclear reactors.
On 14 October 2009, India and Argentina signed an agreement in New Delhi on civil nuclear cooperation and nine other pacts to establish strategic partnership. According to official sources, the agreement was signed by Vivek Katju, Secretary in the Ministry of External Affairs and Argentine foreign minister Jorge Talana. Taking into consideration their respective capabilities and experience in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, both India and Argentina have agreed to encourage and support scientific, technical and commercial cooperation for mutual benefit in this field.

The Prime Ministers of India and Canada signed a civil nuclear cooperation agreement in Toronto on 28 June 2010 which when all steps are taken, will provide access for Canada's nuclear industry to India's expanding nuclear market and also fuel for India's reactors. Canada is one of the world's largest exporters of uranium and Canada's heavy water nuclear technology is marketed abroad with CANDU-type units operating in India, Pakistan, Argentina, South Korea, Romania and China. On 6 November 2012, India and Canada finalised their 2010 nuclear export agreement, opening the way for Canada to begin uranium exports to India.

On 16 April 2011, India and Kazakhstan signed an inter-governmental agreement for Cooperation in Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, that envisages a legal framework for supply of fuel, construction and operation of atomic power plants, exploration and joint mining of uranium, exchange of scientific and research information, reactor safety mechanisms and use of radiation technologies for healthcare. PM Manmohan Singh visited Astana where a deal was signed. After the talks, the Kazakh President Nazarbaev announced that his country would supply India with 2100 tonnes of uranium and was ready to do more. Kazakhstan is the largest producer of uranium in the world.  India and Kazakhstan already have civil nuclear cooperation since January 2009 when Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) and Kazakh nuclear company KazAtomProm signed an MoU during the visit of Nazarbaev to Delhi. Under the contract, KazAtomProm supplies uranium which is used by Indian reactors.

South Korea became the latest country to sign a nuclear agreement with India after it got the waiver from the Nuclear Suppliers' Group (NSG) in 2008. On 25 July 2011 India and South Korea signed a nuclear agreement, which will allow South Korea with a legal foundation to participate in India's nuclear expansion programme, and to bid for constructing nuclear power plants in India.

In 2014, India and Australia signed a civil nuclear agreement which allows the export of uranium to India. This was signed in New Delhi during Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott's meeting with the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 4 September 2014. Australia is the third largest producer of uranium in the world. The agreement allows supply of uranium for peaceful generation of power for civil use in India.

India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi and UK Prime Minister David Cameron signed Civil Nuclear Agreement on 12 November 2015.

Reactor agreements
After the Nuclear Suppliers Group agreed to allow nuclear exports to India, France was the first country to sign a civilian nuclear agreement with India, on 30 September 2008. During the December 2010 visit of the French President Nicolas Sarkozy to India, framework agreements were signed for the setting up two third-generation EPR reactors of 1650 MW each at Jaitapur, Maharashtra by the French company Areva. The deal caters for the first set of two of six planned reactors and the supply of nuclear fuel for 25 years. Construction has faced regulatory issues and difficulty in sourcing major components from Japan due to India not being a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

In April 2021 French group EDF made a binding offer to build six third-generation EPR nuclear reactors at the Jaitapur site, with an installed capacity of 9.6 gigawatts.

In November 2016 Japan signed a nuclear cooperation agreement with India. Japanese nuclear plant builders saw this as potential lifeline given that domestic orders had ended following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, and India is proposing to build about 20 new reactors over the next decade.

Russia has an ongoing agreement of 1988 vintage with India regarding establishing of two VVER 1000 MW reactors (water-cooled water-moderated light water power reactors) at Koodankulam in Tamil Nadu. A 2008 agreement caters for provision of an additional four third generation VVER-1200 reactors of capacity 1170 MW each. Russia has assisted in India's efforts to design a nuclear plant for its nuclear submarine. In 2009, the Russians stated that Russia would not agree to curbs on export of sensitive technology to India. A new accord signed in Dec 2009 with Russia gives India freedom to proceed with the closed fuel cycle, which includes mining, preparation of the fuel for use in reactors, and reprocessing of spent fuel.

In October 2018, India and Russia signed an agreement to construct 6 nuclear reactors. Russian state-owned reactor manufacturer Rosatom stated that it would offer its third-generation VVER reactors. The agreement is not a firm contract, but rather an agreement to work toward a firm contract.

The nuclear agreement with the United States led to India issuing a Letter of Intent for purchasing 10,000 MW from the US. However, liability concerns and a few other issues are preventing further progress on the issue. Experts say that India's nuclear liability law discourages foreign nuclear companies. This law gives accident victims the right to seek damages from plant suppliers in the event of a mishap. It has "deterred foreign players like General Electric and Westinghouse Electric, a US-based unit of Toshiba, with companies asking for further clarification on compensation liability for private operators." On 5 October 2018, India and Russia signed an agreement to construct 6 Russian nuclear reactors in India.

The PHWR fleet of India, in analysis by M.V. Ramana, were constructed, fuelled and continue to operate, close to the price of Indian coal power stations.

Nuclear power plans

As of 2009, India envisaged to increase the contribution of nuclear power to overall electricity generation capacity from 2.8% to 9% within 25 years.
By 2020, India's installed nuclear power generation capacity was expected to increase to 20 GW. In fact, the 2020 capacity will not exceed 7 GW, as the 2018 operating capacity was only 6.2 GW, and only one more reactor was expected on line before 2020.
, India stands 13th in the world in terms nuclear capacity.
Indigenous atomic reactors include TAPS-3, and -4, both of which are 540 MW reactors.

The Indian nuclear power industry is expected to undergo a significant expansion in the coming years, in part due to the passing of the U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement.
This agreement will allow India to carry out trade of nuclear fuel and technologies with other countries and significantly enhance its power generation capacity.
When the agreement goes through, India is expected to generate an additional 25 GW of nuclear power by 2020, bringing total estimated nuclear power generation to 45 GW.

Risks related to nuclear power generation prompted Indian legislators to enact the 2010 Nuclear Liability Act which stipulates that nuclear suppliers, contractors and operators must bear financial responsibility in case of an accident.
The legislation addresses key issues such as nuclear radiation and safety regulations, operational control and maintenance management of nuclear power plants, compensation in the event of a radiation-leak accident, disaster clean-up costs, operator responsibility and supplier liability.
A nuclear accident like the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster would have dire economic consequences in heavily populated India as did the 1984 Union Carbide Bhopal disaster, considered among the world's worst industrial disasters.

India has already been using imported enriched uranium for light-water reactors that are currently under IAEA safeguards, but it has developed other aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle to support its reactors.
Development of select technologies has been strongly affected by limited imports.
Use of heavy water reactors has been particularly attractive for the nation because it allows Uranium to be burnt with little to no enrichment capabilities.
India has also done a great amount of work in the development of a thorium centred fuel cycle.
While uranium deposits in the nation are limited there are much greater reserves of thorium and it could provide hundreds of times the energy with the same mass of fuel.
The fact that thorium can theoretically be utilised in heavy water reactors has tied the development of the two.
A prototype reactor that would burn Uranium-Plutonium fuel while irradiating a thorium blanket is under construction at Kalpakkam by BHAVINI.

Uranium used for the weapons programme has been separated from the power programme, using uranium from indigenous reserves.
This domestic reserve of 80,000 to 112,000 tons of uranium (approx 1% of global uranium reserves) is large enough to supply all of India's commercial and military reactors as well as supply all the needs of India's nuclear weapons arsenal.
Currently, India's nuclear power reactors consume, at most, 478 tonnes of uranium per year.
Even if India were quadruple its nuclear power output (and reactor base) to 20 GW by 2020, nuclear power generation would only consume 2000 tonnes of uranium per annum.
Based on India's known commercially viable reserves of 80,000 to 112,000 tons of uranium, this represents a 40–50 years uranium supply for India's nuclear power reactors (note with reprocessing and breeder reactor technology, this supply could be stretched out many times over). Furthermore, the uranium requirements of India's Nuclear Arsenal are only a fifteenth (1/15) of that required for power generation (approx. 32 tonnes), meaning that India's domestic fissile material supply is more than enough to meet all needs for it strategic nuclear arsenal. Therefore, India has sufficient uranium resources to meet its strategic and power requirements for the foreseeable future.

Former Indian President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam stated while he was in office that, "energy independence is India's first and highest priority. India has to go for nuclear power generation in a big way using thorium-based reactors. Thorium, a non-fissile material is available in abundance in our country." India has vast thorium reserves and quite limited uranium reserves.

The long-term goal of India's nuclear program has been to develop an advanced heavy-water thorium cycle. The first stage of this employs the pressurised heavy water reactors (PHWR) fuelled by natural uranium, and light water reactors, which produce plutonium incidentally to their prime purpose of electricity generation.
The second stage uses fast neutron reactors burning the plutonium with the blanket around the core having uranium as well as thorium, so that further plutonium (ideally high-fissile Pu) is produced as well as U-233.
The Atomic Minerals Directorate (AMD) has identified almost 12 million tonnes of monazite resources (typically with 6-7% thorium).
In stage 3, Advanced Heavy Water Reactors (AHWR) would burn thorium-plutonium fuels in such a manner that breeds U-233 which can eventually be used as a self-sustaining fissile driver for a fleet of breeding AHWRs. An alternative stage 3 is molten salt breeder reactors (MSBR), which are believed to be another possible option for eventual large-scale deployment.

In June 2014, Kudankulam-1 became the single largest power generating unit in India (1000 MWe).

In January 2021, India's atomic energy secretary K.N. Vyas announced that the 700-megawatt pressurised heavy water reactor of the Kakrapar Atomic Power Station would be the first of the 16 such units planned in the country.

List of nuclear power plants

Currently, twenty-two nuclear power reactors have a total install capacity of 6,780 MW (1.8% of total installed base).

Nuclear electricity generation

The details of the nuclear power generation capacity in the country are given below :

Anti-nuclear protests
Following the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan, populations around proposed Indian NPP sites have launched protests that had found resonance around the country. There have been mass protests against the French-backed 9,900 MW Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project in Maharashtra and the Russian-backed 2,000 MW Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant in Tamil Nadu. The Government of West Bengal initially refused permission to a proposed 6,000 MW facility near the town of Haripur that intended to host 6 Russian reactors. But after stiff resistance from locals, the proposed Nuclear Power Plant planned in Haripur has been shifted to Kavali in Andhra Pradesh. Interestingly, the Nuclear Power Plant planned at Kovvada, Srikakulam in Andhra Pradesh was shifted from Mithi Virdi in Gujarat after locals in the Western state too showed resistance.

A Public-interest litigation (PIL) has also been filed against the government's civil nuclear program at the Supreme Court. The PIL specifically asks for the "staying of all proposed nuclear power plants till satisfactory safety measures and cost-benefit analyses are completed by independent agencies". But the Supreme Court said it was not an expert in the nuclear field to issue a direction to the government on the nuclear liability issue.

See also

 Economics of nuclear power plants
 Energy policy of India
 Electricity sector in India
 Energy in India
 India's three-stage nuclear power programme
 List of nuclear reactors#India

References

External links
 Nuclear Power Corporation of India
 Department of Atomic Energy
 Nuclear Power in India by the World Nuclear Association

Nuclear power in India


Papunya Tula Artists is a co-operative of Aboriginal Australian artists. It is owned and run by Aboriginal people of the Western Desert. It is famous for its development of the Western Desert art movement – widely referred to as "dot painting" – and is often credited with bringing Aboriginal art to the world's attention. The original group of artists started painting in the town of Papunya, but today the company is based in Alice Springs.

The origins of the company go back to 1971. Geoffrey Bardon, the school teacher at Papunya, taught the children to paint a mural using the classical style of body and sand art. Historically, paintings and designs are made by Aborigines to depict stories and songs about the dreamtime. The co-operative was formed in 1972 by a group of men from Bardon's classes. They painted spiritual designs used in ceremonial art, but using modern instruments (like acrylic paints on canvas).

As this style of art started to become famous, many in the Aboriginal community criticised the artists for revealing too many secrets from their sacred legends. Aborigines of the Western Desert believe that the knowledge of these things is dangerous; usually, a person must be initiated first, and this only happens when they are deemed "ready" by their community. In response, the artists changed or removed all detailed images of sacred symbols. In all works since then, these images have been hidden or left out completely.

In the late 1970s, many of the people at Papunya left and moved back to their traditional lands. But the company continued to grow, and it centralised in Alice Springs. In 1987, the National Gallery of Victoria bought eleven paintings by Warlimpirrnga Tjapaltjarri. As popularity of this style of art continued to grow, so did their value. In 2007, a single painting by Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri set a record at auction for Aboriginal art. It was bought for £1.03 million, more than twice as much as the previous record-holder.

The first artists, including all of the company's founders, were men. In the early years, the men didn't like women painting. However, there was also a strong desire amongst many of the women to participate. In the 1990s large numbers of them began to create paintings.

Notes

Other websites
Gallery website
Papunya Tula exhibition  at the Art Gallery of New South Wales
Papunya Painting , an exhibition at the National Museum of Australia
Tjukurrtjanu: Origins of Western Desert Art, an exhibition at the National Gallery of Victoria
Papunya Tula art movement of the Western Desert , Australian Government portal

Indigenous Australian culture
Australian artists
Companies of Australia

Papunya Tula


Paul Amman (31 August 1634 – 4 February 1691), German physician and botanist.

Biography
Amman was born at Breslau in 1634. In 1662 he received the degree of doctor of physic from the university of Leipzig, and in 1664 was admitted a member of the society Naturae Curiosorum, under the name of Dryander. Shortly afterwards he was chosen extraordinary professor of medicine in the above-mentioned university; and in 1674 he was promoted to the botanical chair, which he again in 1682 exchanged for the physiological. He died at Leipzig in 1691. He seems to have been a man of critical mind and extensive learning.

Works
His principal works were:
Medicina Critica (1670);
Paraenesis ad Docentes occupata circa Institutionum Medicarum Emendationem (1673);
Irenicum Numae Pompilii cum Hippocrate (1689);
Supellex Botanica (1675);
Character Naturalis Plantarum (1676).

References

Attribution

External links
 :de:Paul Ammann

17th-century German physicians
17th-century German botanists
1634 births
1691 deaths
Physicians from Wrocław
17th-century German writers
17th-century German male writers
Scientists from Wrocław

Paul Amman


Pessimism is an attitude of mind and a way to look at life. Pessimists believe that generally things are bad, and the world people live in is the worst possible world.

Someone who uses the philosophy is called a pessimist, they are the opposite of an optimist.

An example of pessimism is seeing that a glass of water is "half empty", not "half full".

Related pages
Antinatalism
Childfree
Ecclesiastes
Existential crisis
Emil Cioran
Giacomo Leopardi
Arthur Schopenhauer
Misanthropy
Nihilism

Epistemology
Emotions
Philosophical movements and positions

Pessimism


WEHT (channel 25) is a television station in Evansville, Indiana, United States, affiliated with ABC. It is owned by Nexstar Media Group, which provides certain services to CW affiliate WTVW (channel 7) under a shared services agreement (SSA) with Mission Broadcasting. Both stations share studios on Marywood Drive in Henderson, Kentucky, where WEHT's transmitter is also located.

History
The station signed on September 27, 1953, as the first television station in the Tri-State area. It aired an analog signal on UHF channel 50 and was a primary CBS affiliate with secondary relations with ABC. Although the station was licensed to Evansville, the studios have always been located across the Ohio River in Henderson. WEHT was originally owned by the Malco Theater Corporation of Memphis, Tennessee; minority interest was held by several Henderson businessmen for the first year. It would drop ABC when WTVW launched in August 1956. Cincinnati meatpacker Henry S. Hilberg bought the station from Malco in 1957.

The Gilmore Broadcasting Corporation, owned by former Kalamazoo, Michigan, mayor and businessman James Gilmore Jr., bought WEHT and sister station KGUN in Tucson, Arizona, from Hilberg in 1964. In September 1966, the station activated its current  tower. On the same day the new tower came into service, it moved to the stronger channel 25. The move allowed WEHT to boast of reaching an additional 70,000 families in the area, with improved picture quality for its total audience of 250,000 households.

In mid-1995, WTVW was sold to Petracom Broadcasting, and as part of the deal, that station announced it was switching its affiliation from ABC to Fox. The result brought about a network scramble in Evansville with WEHT quickly joining ABC and WEVV-TV (the original Fox affiliate) switching to CBS. The final switch for all three stations was made on December 3, 1995, although some programming was swapped between the stations prior to the date of the actual change.

WEHT was the last station owned by Gilmore Broadcasting, which has been in the hands of James Gilmore, Jr.'s family since his death in a 2000 auto accident. At its height, Gilmore owned five television stations, nine radio stations and nineteen cable television systems in nine states. Among WEHT's former sisters were WSVA-AM-FM-TV in Harrisonburg, Virginia, KODE-AM-TV in Joplin, Missouri, and WREX-TV in Rockford, Illinois. On August 8, 2011, Gilmore announced it would sell WEHT to Nexstar Broadcasting Group, the owner of WTVW (which had lost its affiliation with Fox to a digital subchannel of WEVV-TV one month earlier). As part of the deal, WTVW would be sold to Mission Broadcasting, with WEHT taking over its operations as the senior partner through shared services and joint sales agreements. The Nexstar acquisition of WEHT reunited it with KODE-TV, which is owned by Mission Broadcasting and managed by Nexstar. The transaction, which received Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approval on October 12, was completed on December 1, 2011; at that point, the station rebranded from News 25 to WEHT Local.

On April 24, 2013, Communications Corporation of America (owner of WEVV) announced the sale of its entire group to Nexstar. Since there are fewer than eight full-power stations in the Evansville market, Nexstar and its partner company Mission, cannot legally buy WEVV. So WEVV was to be sold to a female-controlled company called Rocky Creek Communications. Nexstar would have operated the station under a shared services agreement, forming a virtual triopoly with sister stations WEHT and WTVW. However, on August 4, 2014, Nexstar Broadcasting Group announced that it would instead sell WEVV to Bayou City Broadcasting for $18.6 million. The sale was completed on January 1, 2015.

On June 15, 2016, Nexstar announced that it has entered into an affiliation agreement with Katz Broadcasting for the Escape, Laff, Grit, and Bounce TV networks (the last one of which is owned by Bounce Media LLC, whose COO Jonathan Katz is president/CEO of Katz Broadcasting), bringing one or more of the four networks to 81 stations owned and/or operated by Nexstar, including WEHT and WTVW. (WTVW already carries Bounce TV on its DT2 subchannel, and Grit is already available in Evansville on WFIE-DT3.)

News operation
The station currently carries  hours of local newscasts per week (with  hours each weekday and one hour each on Saturdays and Sundays); unlike most ABC affiliates, WEHT does not broadcast an early evening newscast on Sundays, and it has also not aired a midday newscast during the week since dropping a half-hour 11:30 a.m. newscast in 2007. In addition to its main studios, WEHT also operates a news bureau in Owensboro. The station operates its own Doppler weather radar across the street from its Henderson facility.

In the early-2000s through a news share agreement, WEHT produced the market's second prime time newscast at 9 on then-WB affiliate WAZE-TV (owned by Roberts Broadcasting). The broadcast was eventually cancelled due to low ratings and inconsistent viewership being unable to compete with then-Fox affiliate WTVW. It was the first station to enter into the afternoon local news race on September 10 of that year after debuting a thirty-minute broadcast at 4:30. Three years later in the same month, this would be expanded to a full hour. WEHT began having its first competitor in the time slot on September 12, 2011, when WFIE debuted a 4 p.m. newscast.

Originally, WEHT-DT2 simulcast live news from the main channel in addition to offering repeats of those shows as well as local weather. This programming was dropped with the addition of RTV. The service would bring back a prime time broadcast at 9 on June 10, 2009. Soon after in September, WFIE introduced its own newscast in the time slot (on its own second digital subchannel) offering a third alternative of late news an hour earlier. With the decision to switch WEHT-DT2 to a sports channel in July 2010, the 9 o'clock broadcast was cancelled.

In April 2009, the station's weekday morning news anchors started voicing updates for several Townsquare Media-owned radio stations. The stations also air weather updates from Eyewitness News meteorologists as part of the "First Warning Doppler Radio Network" and will simulcast the television station's audio feed whenever severe weather necessitates wall-to-wall coverage. The Townsquare Media stations include WKDQ-FM, WGBF-FM, WJLT-FM, WDKS-FM, WGBF-AM, WBKR-FM, and WOMI-AM. In addition to the Townsquare stations, WRAY-FM and WBNL-AM, which are owned by local companies, are also part of the radio network.

Pending approval of the sale to Nexstar, WEHT and WTVW would have their operations merged and be based in the WEHT facility in Henderson; all personnel of WEHT would then have to re-apply for their current positions starting in late September 2011. On November 7, 2011, Nexstar announced the layoff of 45 staffers effective November 30; news staffers laid off include weekday morning anchor Whitney Ray, sports director Mark McVicar, sports reporters Aaron Hancock and Sean Clark-Weis, and reporter Nick LaGrange. In addition, WTVW no longer airs newscasts in timeslots in which WEHT offers newscasts (5–7 a.m. on weekday mornings and 6–6:30 p.m. Monday-Saturdays); on December 1, 2011, the two stations' combined news operation debuted as Eyewitness News, the title WTVW had used from 1974 until its 1995 switch from ABC to Fox.

As a result of the consolidation of WTVW and WEHT's news operations, this left the Evansville market with only two local news operations amongst three stations, the other belonging to NBC affiliate WFIE (CBS affiliate WEVV-TV, which began running newscasts starting in 1992, had shut down its news operation in 2001, only to relaunch it in 2015). On August 13, 2012, WEHT began broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition, with a new news set, HD cameras and forecasting equipment. With the upgrade, the newscasts on WTVW will also be broadcast in high definition.

Notable former on-air staff
Nischelle Turner (now NFL on Fox sideline reporter)
Bill Weber (now with NBC Sports)
Lloyd Winnecke (later became the 34th and is the incumbent Mayor of Evansville)

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
WEHT began broadcasting a digital signal on channel 59 in 2002. The station discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 25, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 59, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition, to VHF channel 7 (used by WTVW for its analog operations), using PSIP to display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 25.

On August 25, 2008, the station began airing programming from Retro Television Network (RTV) on its second digital subchannel. This lasted until July 31, 2010, when WEHT-DT2 became the third affiliate of the Wazoo Sports Network which launched in late 2009 on WHAS-TV in Louisville and WLEX in Lexington. WEHT-DT2 branded it locally as the "News 25 Sports Channel" and the service had digital cable carriage. The regional sports television network was dedicated to carrying live coverage of sporting events as well as classic coverage of past high school and college events. There were also locally produced shows, the first being After Further Review, a sports talk show which aired each weeknight at 9 p.m. Central (10 p.m. Eastern). Following Nexstar's purchase of WEHT, the Sports Channel was taken off the air at approximately 12:30 a.m. CDT on December 1, 2011; at the time, Nexstar carried subchannels only when a netlet subchannel was required in a market. This eventually hastened Wazoo's demise, as the network's other affiliates ended carriage of it by December 31 and the network declared bankruptcy days later.

References

External links

Television channels and stations established in 1953
EHT
ABC network affiliates
Laff (TV network) affiliates
Cozi TV affiliates
Rewind TV affiliates
Nexstar Media Group
1953 establishments in Kentucky

WEHT