The Rajamandala (or Rāja-maṇḍala meaning "circle of kings"; , maṇḍala is a Sanskrit word that means "circle") was formulated by the Indian author Chanakya (Kautilya) in his work on politics, the Arthashastra (written between 4th century BCE and 2nd century CE). It describes circles of friendly and enemy states surrounding the king's (raja) state. Also known as Mandala theory of foreign policy or Mandala theory, the theory has been called as one of Kautilya's most important postulations regarding foreign policy.

Terminology
The term draws a comparison with the mandala of the Hindu and Buddhist worldview; the comparison emphasises the radiation of power from each power center, as well as the non-physical basis of the system. In particular, it postulates that a neighboring state or neighbor of a natural friend is a natural enemy and that a neighbor of a natural enemy is a natural friend, such that one can visualize a set of concentric circles emanating from any given state, with alternating circles including enemies and allies of that state respectively.

The terminology was revived two millenniums later as a result of twentieth-century efforts to comprehend patterns of diffuse but coherent political power. Metaphors such as social anthropologist Tambiah's idea of a "galactic polity", describe such political patterns as the mandala. Historian Victor Lieberman preferred the metaphor of a "solar polity," as in the solar system, where there is one central body, the sun, and the components or planets of the solar system. The "Rajamandala" concept of ancient India was the prototype for the Mandala model of South East Asian political systems in later centuries, established by British historian O. W. Wolters.

See also
 Cakravartin
 Greater India
 Indosphere
 Geopolitics
 Mandala (political model)
 The enemy of my enemy is my friend

References

Bibliography
 King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kauṭilya's Arthaśāstra, translated and annotated by Patrick Olivelle, Oxford University Press, 2013
 , especially Book Six: Circle of Kings as the Basis, pp. 305–312

Anthropology of religion
Indian feudalism
Social anthropology
Economic anthropology
Political theories

Rajamandala


The Battle of Atlanta was a battle of the Atlanta Campaign fought during the American Civil War on July 22, 1864, just southeast of Atlanta, Georgia. Continuing their summer campaign to seize the important rail and supply hub of Atlanta, Union forces commanded by William Tecumseh Sherman overwhelmed and defeated Confederate forces defending the city under John Bell Hood. Union Major General James B. McPherson was killed during the battle, the second-highest-ranking Union officer killed in action during the war. Despite the implication of finality in its name, the battle occurred midway through the Atlanta campaign, and the city did not fall until September 2, 1864, after a Union siege and various attempts to seize railroads and supply lines leading to Atlanta. After taking the city, Sherman's troops headed south-southeastward toward Milledgeville, the state capital, and on to Savannah with the March to the Sea.

The fall of Atlanta was especially noteworthy for its political ramifications. In the 1864 election, former Union general George B. McClellan, a Democrat, ran against President Lincoln, on a peace platform calling for an armistice with the Confederacy. The capture of Atlanta and Hood's burning of military facilities as he evacuated were extensively covered by Northern newspapers, significantly boosting Northern morale, and Lincoln was re-elected by a significant margin.

Background

Objectives; Preparations

War weariness was growing in the North and President Abraham Lincoln's prospects for re-election were diminishing as a result, when on March 9, 1864, Lincoln commissioned Ulysses S. Grant as the only Union Army lieutenant general, then the highest grade in the United States Army. On March 10, Lincoln gave Grant command of all the Armies of the United States. On March 12, Grant's appointment as General-in-Chief was publicly announced. Major General William T. Sherman was assigned to command the Military Division of the Mississippi, including the Department of the Ohio, Department of the Cumberland, Department of the Tennessee and the Department of Arkansas. Sherman took command on March 18. The assignment made Sherman commander of the Union armies in the Western Theater of the war.

Grant devised a strategy for Union victory through simultaneous campaigns against several Confederate armies. Grant wanted to prevent Confederate armies from reinforcing each other in turn and to fatally weaken the entire Confederate Army. Sherman would lead one of two key campaigns. The objective of Sherman's campaign was to defeat and disperse the Confederate Army of Tennessee under the command of General Joseph E. Johnston, to capture the vital railway center of Atlanta, Georgia, to destroy or damage Confederate war resources as much as possible and to split the Confederacy again as had been done at Vicksburg, Mississippi and Port Hudson, Louisiana in July 1863.

On May 4, 1864, Sherman was ready to move his armies from Chattanooga, Tennessee toward Ringgold, Georgia with an estimated strength of 112,000 troops. Johnston had between 60,000 and 70,000 effective troops. Johnston had taken advantage of the terrain of woods, hills and rivers in northern Georgia by entrenching his army at Dalton, Georgia, about one-quarter of the way between Chattanooga and Atlanta. Historian Allan Nevins wrote that Sherman's numerical advantage did not make Johnston's position hopeless in view of his fortified line of defenses in the rough, confusing, mountainous, wooded country of northwestern Georgia which had poor roads and three difficult rivers to cross. Because Sherman had to keep his Western and Atlantic Railroad supply line open, he could break away from it only for short periods of time.

Prelude

The Battle of Atlanta was a major battle of the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War fought on July 22, 1864, just southeast of Atlanta, Georgia. Continuing their summer campaign to seize the important rail and supply hub of Atlanta, Union forces commanded by Major GeneralWilliam Tecumseh Sherman overwhelmed and defeated Confederate forces defending the city under the command of (temporarily appointed) General John Bell Hood. Union Major General James B. McPherson was killed during the battle, the second-highest-ranking Union officer killed in action during the war. Despite the implication of finality in its name, the battle occurred midway through the Atlanta campaign, and the city did not fall until September 2, 1864, after a Union siege and various attempts to seize railroads and supply lines leading to Atlanta.

During the months leading up to the battle, Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston had repeatedly retreated from Sherman's superior force. All along the Western and Atlantic Railroad line, from Chattanooga, Tennessee, to Marietta, Georgia, a pattern was played and replayed: Johnston took up a defensive position, Sherman marched to outflank the Confederate defenses, and Johnston retreated again. After Johnston's withdrawal following the Battle of Resaca, the two armies clashed again at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, but the Confederate senior leadership in Richmond was unhappy with Johnston's perceived reluctance to fight the Union army, even though he had little chance of winning. Thus, on July 17, as he was preparing for the Battle of Peachtree Creek, Johnston was relieved of his command and replaced by Lieutenant General John Bell Hood. The dismissal and replacement of Johnston remains one of the most controversial decisions of the Civil War. Hood, who was fond of taking risks, lashed out at Sherman's army at Peachtree Creek, but the attack failed, with more than 2500 Confederate casualties.

Hood needed to defend the city of Atlanta, which was an important rail hub and industrial center for the Confederacy, but his army was small in comparison to the armies that Sherman commanded. He decided to withdraw, classically threatening Sherman's supply lines in his army's rear. Hood hoped his aggressiveness and the size of his still formidable force on-the-move would entice the Union troops to come forward against him, if only to protect their rear supply lines. The Union did not do so. McPherson's army closed in upon Decatur, Georgia, to the east side of Atlanta.

Opposing forces

Sherman's forces in the Atlanta campaign included three armies: the Army of the Tennessee under Major General James B. McPherson (until he was killed at the Battle of Atlanta); the Army of the Cumberland under Major General George H. Thomas and the small Army of the Ohio (including only the XXIII Corps and a few small units) under Major General John M. Schofield. After McPherson's death, the Army of the Tennessee was commanded at the Battle of Atlanta by Major General John A. Logan The Army of the Tennessee comprised the XV Corps initially under the command of Logan, then under the command of Brigadier General Morgan L. Smith; the XVI Corps under the command of Major General Grenville M. Dodge, and the XVII Corps under the command of Major General Frank P. Blair Jr.

The Confederate Army of Tennessee was commanded by General Joseph E. Johnston until July 17, 1864, when he was replaced by Lieutenant General John Bell Hood. At the start of the campaign, the Army of Tennessee comprised three infantry corps under the command Lieutenant Generals William J. Hardee, Leonidas Polk and John Bell Hood, and a cavalry corps under Major General Joseph Wheeler. After Polk was killed on June 14, he was temporarily replaced in corps command by Major General William Wing Loring and on July 7 by Lieutenant General Alexander P. Stewart.

Many, but not all, of the units of both armies fought in the Battle of Atlanta and related action at Decatur on July 22, 1864.

Battle
Hood ordered Lieutenant General William J. Hardee's corps on a march around the Union left flank, had Major General Joseph Wheeler's cavalry march near Sherman's supply line, and had Major General Benjamin Cheatham's corps attack the Union front. However, it took longer than expected for Hardee to get his men into position. Confederate Major General William H. T. Walker was killed—shot from his horse by a Union sharpshooter as he scouted the front to prepare his forces for the beginning of the battle. During the time that Hardee's corps was deploying for an attack, McPherson had correctly deduced a possible threat to his left flank. He sent XVI Corps, his reserve, to help strengthen the position. Hardee's men met this other force, and the battle began. About this time, McPherson, rode to the front with two aides to determine the situation and redeploy some regiments as gunfire continued to build to the south of his line. While on this reconnaissance, McPherson was shot and killed by Confederate infantry unexpectedly moving forward. When the Confederates called on him to halt, he turned his horse and tried to escape after refusing a demand to surrender.

Although the initial Confederate attack was repulsed, the Union left flank began to retreat under heavy pressure.Initially, Hardee's column took the Flat Shoals Road toward McPherson's position. Union troops under Brigadier General Mortimer D. Leggett, commanding the 3rd Division of the XVII Corps moved back from the road and swung to a more east- west position to fill a gap between Blair's corp and Dodge's corp and defend Bald Hill. The main lines of battle now formed an "L" shape, with Hardee's attack forming the lower part of the "L," and Cheatham's attack on the Union front as the vertical member of the "L". Hood intended to attack the Union troops from both east and west. The fighting centered on a hill east of the city known as Bald Hill. The Federals had arrived two days earlier, and began to shell the city proper, killing several civilians. A savage struggle, sometimes hand-to-hand, developed around the hill, lasting until just after dark. The Federals held the hill while the Confederates retired to a point just south of there.

Meanwhile, two miles to the north, Cheatham's troops had broken through the Union lines at the Georgia railroad. In response, twenty artillery pieces were positioned on a small knoll near Sherman's headquarters and shelled the Confederates, while Logan's XV Corps regrouped and repulsed the Southern troops.

In a separate action near Decatur, Colonel John W. Sprague, in command of the 2nd Brigade, 4th Division of the XVI Corps, was attacked by Wheeler's cavalry. Wheeler had taken the Fayetteville Road and moved into the town of Decatur. Union troops fell back from the town while successfully protecting the ordnance and supply trains of the XV, XVI, XVII, and XX corps. Sprague received some reinforcements but Wheeler withdrew due to being recalled by Hardee three times in quick succession at about 5:00 p.m. to help in Hardee's attack on Bald Hill. Sprague was later awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions.

The Union had suffered over 3,700 casualties, including Major General McPherson, while the Confederate casualties numbered about 5,500. This was a heavy loss for the already reduced Confederate Army, but they still held the city.

Aftermath

Sherman settled into a siege of Atlanta, shelling the city and sending raids west and south of the city to cut off the supply lines from Macon, Georgia. Both of Sherman's cavalry raids including McCook's raid and Stoneman's Raid
were defeated by Confederate cavalry collectively under General Wheeler. Although the raids partially achieved their objective of cutting railroad tracks and destroying supply wagons, they were soon after repaired and supplies continued to move to the city of Atlanta.  Following the failure to break the Confederates' hold on the city, Sherman began to employ a new strategy. He swung his entire army in a broad flanking maneuver to the west. Finally, on August 31, at Jonesborough, Georgia, Sherman's army captured the railroad track from Macon, pushing the Confederates to Lovejoy's Station. With his supply lines fully severed, Hood pulled his troops out of Atlanta the next day, September 1, destroying supply depots as he left to prevent them from falling into Union hands. He also set fire to eighty-one loaded ammunition cars, which led to a conflagration watched by hundreds.

On September 2, Mayor James Calhoun, along with a committee of Union-leaning citizens including William Markham, Jonathan Norcross, and Edward Rawson, met a captain on the staff of Major General Henry W. Slocum, and surrendered the city, asking for "protection to non-combatants and private property". Sherman, who was in Jonesboro at the time of surrender, sent a telegram to Washington on September 3, reading, "Atlanta is ours, and fairly won".

Within a week of the fall of Atlanta, Sherman had ordered all non-military personnel out of Atlanta. Reportedly he remembered the cities of Memphis and Vicksburg which became a burden immediately after victory, so he told the civilians specifically to go north or go south. A truce of sorts was quickly established at a town nearby called Rough And Ready with General Hood, where Union and Confederate prisoners were in small numbers exchanged and civilians wishing to go south could get help to that end. After the battle, Sherman established his headquarters in Atlanta on September 7. He stayed until November 15 when the Army of the Tennessee, then commanded by Major General Oliver O. Howard and consisting of two corps and the newly formed Army of Georgia, commanded by Major General Henry W. Slocum, also with two corps, departed for Savannah on the campaign known as "Sherman's March to the Sea".

Despite the damage caused by the war, Atlanta recovered from its downfall relatively quickly; as one observer noted as early as November 1865, "A new city is springing up with marvelous rapidity".

Political Ramifications
The fall of Atlanta and the success of the overall Atlanta Campaign were extensively covered by Northern newspapers, and were a boon to Northern morale and to President Lincoln's political standing. In the 1864 election, Democratic challenger George B. McClellan ran against Lincoln. McClellan ran a conflicted campaign: McClellan was a Unionist who advocated continuing the war until the defeat of the Confederacy, but the Democratic platform included calls for negotiations with the Confederacy on the subject of a potential truce. The capture of Atlanta and Hood's burning of military facilities as he evacuated showed that a successful conclusion of the war was in sight, weakening support for a truce. As a result, Lincoln was re-elected by a wide margin, with 212 out of 233 electoral votes.

Legacy
In 1880, Atlanta ranked among the fifty largest cities in the United States. The battlefield is now urban, residential, and commercial land, with many markers memorializing notable events of the battle, including McPherson's place of death. The marker was erected in 1956 by the Georgia Historical Commission. To commemorate the 140th anniversary of the battle, in 2004, two new markers were erected in the Inman Park neighborhood. The Atlanta Cyclorama building, built in 1921 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is located in Grant Park and formerly contained a panoramic painting of the battle. In 2014, the City of Atlanta sold the Battle of Atlanta Cyclorama to Atlanta History Center. Atlanta History Center constructed new, purpose-built building at their Buckhead Campus to house the art piece. The painting itself underwent an extensive restoration to reverse changes made to the original painting in the 1890s. The Cyclorama and accompanying exhibition (Cyclorama: The Big Picture) opened at Atlanta History Center on February 22, 2019.

One notable establishment destroyed by Union soldiers was the Potter (or Ponder) House, built in 1857, and owned by Ephraim G. Ponder, a holder of 65 slaves before the war. In the battle, it was used by Confederate sharpshooters until Union artillery inflicted heavy damage. It was never rebuilt. One of Ponder's slaves, Festus Flipper, was the father of Henry Ossian Flipper, who later became the first African American cadet to graduate from the United States Military Academy at West Point.

Footnotes

Citations

References

 Castel, Albert. Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992. .

 Hess, Earl J. July 22: The Civil War Battle of Atlanta. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2023. .
 Hood, John Bell. Advance and Retreat: Personal Experiences in the United States and Confederate States Armies. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996. . First published 1880 for the Hood Orphan Memorial Fund by G.T. Beauregard.
 Hood, Stephen M. John Bell Hood: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of a Confederate General. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2013. .

Memoirs and primary sources

 Sherman, William T., Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman, 2nd ed., D. Appleton & Co., 1913 (1889). Reprinted by the Library of America, 1990, .
 U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.

Further reading

1864 in Georgia (U.S. state)
Battle
Battles of the American Civil War in Georgia (U.S. state)
Battles of the Western Theater of the American Civil War
Conflicts in 1864
Battle
Battle
July 1864 events
Union victories of the American Civil War

Battle of Atlanta


"It Ain't My Fault" is a song recorded by American country music duo Brothers Osborne. The song was released in January 2017 as the duo's fifth single overall. Duo members John and T.J. Osborne co-wrote the song with Lee Thomas Miller.

Content
The duo wrote the song with Lee Thomas Miller in mid-2015. The song is about a man who humorously refuses to own up to his own actions, as reflected in the title line. Miller came up with the opening lines about "a chain of events leading to an affair" while using a phone app that simulates drum patterns to create a drum pattern similar to the one used in "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction". Billboard compared the "series of occurrences that create a cheatin' scenario" to "Third Rock from the Sun" by Joe Diffie. The recording session featured Jay Joyce as producer, Jason Hall as engineer, along with John Osborne on lead guitar, Adam Box on drums, and Pete Sternberg on bass.

John Osborne told Billboard that "We've all been there where we're drunk and stubborn, and we're not willing to admit it. That's really what the song's about. Even the singer knows that it's his fault." Lead singer T. J. Osborne sings the song in a primarily "darker frequency".

Music video
The official music video was released May 2, 2017 and directed by Wes Edwards and Ryan Silver. The film depicts the brothers as owners of a pawn shop robbed by men wearing rubber masks of U.S. presidents Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump, in an homage to the "Ex-Presidents" of the 1991 action crime thriller Point Break and as an implicit criticism of the American political system. The video uses the circumstances of the criminals' escape to make a series of visual gags about the presidents whose masks they wear: "Clinton" ogles a passing woman, "Bush" absentmindedly loses his money, "Obama" is screamed at by a white girl and shot at with a shotgun by her father, and "Trump" upstages an African-American church service acting like he is one of the worshipers, then attempts to pilfer the offering dish, and gets caught up in an angry protest which he escapes from by throwing money to create a distraction.

At the end of the video the four thieves are all stopped by a wall. "Bush" and "Clinton" help "Obama" over the wall. "Obama" is then seen driving a jet-ski to safety in homage to the vacation he took in February 2017 soon after he left office. "Bush" is helped over the wall by standing on "Clinton's" shoulders, he is then seen driving away in a late model pick-up but he leaves his open money bag on the roof of the vehicle, losing the money to the wind as he drives off. "Clinton" then can not get over the wall but escapes when someone wearing a Hillary Clinton mask appears on the top of the wall and reaches down to pull him over. The "Clintons" then escape on a motorcycle driven by "Hillary" with "Bill" adoringly holding onto his wife as she drives them to freedom. "Trump" gets left behind and trapped by the wall in homage to Trump's border wall policy. The police catch "Trump" while the other "presidents" get off scot-free for their crimes.

Critical reception
Billy Dukes of Taste of Country describes the song as a "guitar-drenched, unapologetic jam that's not likely to please the pop-country crowd". while Jason Scott of AXS said that the duo "hit on all cylinders with their new single". Angela Stefano of The Boot states that the tune "features a steady drum beat and guitar flourishes throughout its verses, which find the Osbornes placing blame for the previous night's series of events on everyone (and everything) but themselves".

Chart performance
"It Ain't My Fault" was the most-added single at Country radio for the week of January 18, 2017. It first entered the Billboard's Country Airplay on chart date of January 28, 2017 at No. 57, and Hot Country Songs at No. 47 two weeks later, later peaking at 14.  The song has sold 356,000 copies in the US as of November 2017.

Charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

2016 songs
2017 singles
Brothers Osborne songs
EMI Records singles
Songs written by Lee Thomas Miller
Song recordings produced by Jay Joyce

It Ain't My Fault (Brothers Osborne song)


Anne Wills OAM  "Willsy" (born 3 October 1944 in  Wangaratta, Victoria, Australia) is an Adelaide television and radio personality. Willsy holds the record for the most number of Logies won by a person in the history of the awards. She has won 19  between 1968 - 1992.

As well as appearing on a number of national TV programs such as In Melbourne Tonight, The Bert Newton Show and Good Morning Australia, Willsy has presented and appeared on many Adelaide based TV programs. These include A.M. Adelaide, Movie Scene and Close Up with Willsy. She was also the weather presenter for SAS-7 Seven Nightly News for a number of years.

Willsy is known for her love of over the top earrings.

References
Anne Wills - Vegas Promotions
IMDB - Anne Wills

1944 births
Living people
Australian television presenters
People from Victoria (Australia)
Australian radio personalities

Anne Wills


Sing Tao News Corporation Limited (Sing Tao) is a Hong Kong media company, incorporated in Bermuda. It was formerly called Global China Group Holdings Limited.

History
The Group, which is listed on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong, was founded in 1996, under the name Perfect Treasure Holdings Limited and would go on to acquire and take on the name of the much older Sing Tao newspaper.

Perfect Treasure was acquired by Charles Ho and renamed to Global China Technology Group Limited in mid-2000. The following January, Global China Technology Group acquired a 51.36% majority holding in Sing Tao Holdings from private equity fund Lazard Asia and Ho became executive chairman of both Global China Technology Group and Sing Tao Holdings. In 2002, Sing Tao Holdings was fully acquired by GCT.

The company was then renamed again, from Global China Technology Group to Global China Group Holdings Limited, on 4 October 2002. At this time its business interests included the distribution of Nikon cameras and the provision of broadband services, in China, along with the newly acquired Sing Tao media stable.

Sing Tao News Corporation
Ho had been honorary chairman of Sing Tao Holdings since September 1999, when it was acquired by Lazard Asia after struggling under founder-family member Sally Aw.

In mid-2002 the Sing Tao subsidiary, excluding Sing Tao Media Holdings, which held the Sing Tao newspaper, and Colony Hotel, was sold on to Ming Yuan Investment Group, a private company owned by Yao Yuan.

Sing Tao Holdings became known as Shanghai Mingyuan Holdings, from October 2002. Sing Tao Media Holdings was an intermediate company for newspaper and magazine business of the former Sing Tao Holdings group. In early 2002, Sing Tao Media acquired the Hong Kong magazines 'Teens' and 'East Touch', as founding titles in the magazine publishing division of the group.

The predecessors of Sing Tao Holdings as the parent company of Sing Tao group, was Sing Tao Limited (aka: Sing Tao Newspapers Limited and Sin Poh Amalgamated (H.K.) Limited). As of 2018, Sing Tao Limited still operated as a company and a subsidiary of Sing Tao News Corporation.

In 2003, Colony Hotel, which the company partially owned, was sold to the University of Toronto.

On 22 February 2005, Global China Group Holdings was renamed to Sing Tao News Corporation. In the same year Sing Tao sold the headquarters of its newspaper division in Kowloon Bay, Kowloon. The headquarters was later relocated to A Kung Ngam in Hong Kong Island. In 2017, the headquarters was relocated to Tseung Kwan O.

Charles Ho relinquishes control
In February 2021, Ho sold a 28 percent stake in Sing Tao News Corporation to Kwok Hiu-ting (Guo Xiaoting), vice chairwoman of mainland property management firm Kaisa Prosperity, for HK$370 million. Kwok, born 1994, who is the daughter of Kwok Ying-shing (郭英成), chairman of the mainland property firm, Kaisa Group, instantly became the majority shareholder, up from zero. Ho retained just three percent of the company.

Publications

newspapers
 Sing Tao Daily
 The Standard
 Headline Daily

 magazines
East Week
East Touch
PC Market
Jet
Caz Buyer
Smart Choice Weekly

See also
 Media in Hong Kong

References

External links

Companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange
Newspaper companies of Hong Kong
Magazine publishing companies of Hong Kong
Holding companies of Hong Kong
Holding companies of Bermuda
Offshore companies of Bermuda
1996 establishments in Hong Kong
1996 establishments in Bermuda
Companies established in 1996

Sing Tao News Corporation


In computing, signedness is a property of data types representing numbers in computer programs. A numeric variable is signed if it can represent both positive and negative numbers, and unsigned if it can only represent non-negative numbers (zero or positive numbers).

As signed numbers can represent negative numbers, they lose a range of positive numbers that can only be represented with unsigned numbers of the same size (in bits) because roughly half the possible values are non-positive values, whereas the respective unsigned type can dedicate all the possible values to the positive number range.

For example, a two's complement signed 16-bit integer can hold the values −32768 to 32767 inclusively, while an unsigned 16 bit integer can hold the values 0 to 65535. For this sign representation method, the leftmost bit (most significant bit) denotes whether the value is negative (0 for positive or zero, 1 for negative).

In programming languages
For most architectures, there is no signed–unsigned type distinction in the machine language. Nevertheless, arithmetic instructions usually set different CPU flags such as the carry flag for unsigned arithmetic and the overflow flag for signed. Those values can be taken into account by subsequent branch or arithmetic commands.

The C programming language, along with its derivatives, implements a signedness for all integer data types, as well as for "character". For Integers, the  modifier defines the type to be unsigned. The default integer signedness is signed, but can be set explicitly with  modifier. By contrast, the C standard declares , , and , to be three distinct types, but specifies that all three must have the same size and alignment.  Further,  must have the same numeric range as either  or , but the choice of which depends on the platform.  Integer literals can be made unsigned with  suffix. For example,  gives −1, but  gives 4,294,967,295 for 32-bit code.

Compilers often issue a warning when comparisons are made between signed and unsigned numbers or when one is cast to the other. These are potentially dangerous operations as the ranges of the signed and unsigned types are different.

See also
Sign bit
Signed number representations
Sign (mathematics)
 Binary Angular Measurement System, an example of semantics where signedness does not matter

External links

Computer arithmetic
Data types
Sign (mathematics)

Signedness


Cecil Howard Green  (August 6, 1900 – April 11, 2003) was a British-born American geophysicist, electrical engineer, and electronics manufacturing executive, who trained at the University of British Columbia and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

He was a cofounder of Texas Instruments. He and his wife Ida Green were philanthropists who helped found the University of Texas at Dallas, Green College at the University of British Columbia, St. Mark's School of Texas, and Green College at the University of Oxford. They were also major contributors to the Cecil H. Green Library at Stanford University, the Cecil H. & Ida Green Graduate and Professional Center at the Colorado School of Mines, the Cecil H. & Ida Green Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at the University of California San Diego, the Cecil & Ida Green Building for earth sciences at MIT (designed by I.M. Pei), and the Cecil and Ida Green Tower (the headquarters of the international Society of Exploration Geophysicists in Tulsa, OK).

Biography
Born in Whitefield, England, in 1900, Green and his family migrated to Toronto, Ontario, Canada and San Francisco, United States, where he witnessed the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.  The family moved to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, where Green attended UBC for two years before transferring to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, earning both a bachelor's and master's degree in electrical engineering in 1924.

Green met Ida Flansburgh in 1923 while working on his master's thesis at the General Electric Research Center in Schenectady, New York. They were married for 60 years, until her death in 1986.

In 1941, Green and his partners J. Erik Jonsson, Eugene McDermott and H.B. Peacock bought Geophysical Service Incorporated (GSI), primarily a petroleum exploration company. GSI began to manufacture a broader range of electronics equipment and instruments during World War II, including anti-submarine sonar detectors.  In 1951 GSI spun off Texas Instruments Incorporated (TI) to pursue the manufacture of a broader range of electronics equipment and instruments, while GSI, now as a wholly owned subsidiary of TI, continued to focus solely on oil exploration services.

Green served as vice president (1941–1951), president (1951–1955) and chairman of GSI (1955–1959). He also served as vice president and director of Texas Instruments and in 1976 was named honorary director of the company.
He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1970.
In 1978, he was given the inaugural Maurice Ewing Medal of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists, its highest award.
In 1979 Green and his wife were awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences. In 1985, Green received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.

Cecil Howard Green died in 2003 at the age of 102.

Philanthropy
The growth of TI made Green an enormously wealthy man, and he and Ida quickly set about giving his wealth away. The Greens' philanthropic efforts totalled over $200 million, and most of this money was given to education and medicine. He was given an honorary knighthood in 1991 (at age 91) by Queen Elizabeth II.

One gift was the founding of the Cecil H. and Ida M. Green branch of the University of California Systemwide Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics (IGPP). This branch is located at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.

It was because of Green's gift that Green College, Oxford was founded in 1979. Green College merged with Templeton College in 2008 to become Green Templeton College, on the site of what was previously Green College.

Some of Green's philanthropy at the University of British Columbia (UBC) was encouraged by William Carleton Gibson, a neurologist in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.  Both Gibson and Green referred to Gibson as "Cecil Green's most expensive friend" due to his encouragement to fund the Cecil and Ida Green Visiting Professorship and Green College, University of British Columbia. In 1998, the UBC Alumni Association gave Green and Gibson alumni "Lifetime Achievement Awards" in recognition of their support for the university.

See also
 Texas Instruments
 Cecil H. Green Library
 Green College, Oxford
 Green College, University of British Columbia

References

External links

Cecil Green's trips to Arabia, 1939 & 1978
List of Cecil and Ida Green philanthropies
Cecil H. Green: An Oral History, Stanford Historical Society, 1989

1900 births
1906 San Francisco earthquake survivors
2003 deaths
American manufacturing businesspeople
American energy industry businesspeople
American centenarians
American geophysicists
British emigrants to the United States
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Men centenarians
MIT School of Engineering alumni
People from Whitefield, Greater Manchester
University of Texas at Dallas
Texas Instruments people
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
20th-century American philanthropists

Cecil Howard Green


Dermot Moran () is an Irish philosopher specialising in phenomenology and in medieval philosophy, and he is also active in the dialogue between analytic and continental philosophy. He is currently the inaugural holder of the Joseph Chair in Catholic Philosophy at Boston College. He is a member of the Royal Irish Academy and a founding editor of the International Journal of Philosophical Studies.

Biography
Dermot Moran was born in Stillorgan, Dublin, Ireland. He was educated at Oatlands College, primary and secondary schools where he specialised in the sciences, but was also active in debating in English and Irish. He was awarded the Higgins Gold Medal for Chemistry there in 1968, as well as the Institute of Chemists of Ireland Gold Medal for Chemistry in 1970. He is a published poet and was awarded the Irish Press New Irish Writing literary award for his poetry. Having studied mathematics, applied mathematics, physics and chemistry for the Leaving Certificate examination, he decided to study languages and literature in university.

He entered University College Dublin in 1970 on the basis of a UCD entrance scholarship and completed his BA in 1973, graduating with a double first class honours degree in English and philosophy. He was the recipient of Wilmarth Lewis Scholarship to Yale University for graduate study. He graduated from Yale University with MA (1974), MPhil (1976) and PhD (1986) degrees in philosophy. He then returned to Ireland to take up a post at Queen's University of Belfast. He taught at Queen's Belfast from 1979 to 1982, and then moved to a permanent lectureship in St Patrick's College Maynooth, then a Recognised College of the National University of Ireland.

In 1989, he was appointed to the chair of philosophy (metaphysics and logic) at University College Dublin. In 1992–1993, he was distinguished visiting professor at Connecticut College, and in fall 2003 and spring 2006 he was Lynette S. Autry Professor of Humanities at Rice University. In 2007 he was visiting professor at Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. He is a visiting professor in other institutions around the world, including Sorbonne, University at Albany, SUNY, Catholic University of Leuven, Trinity College Dublin, and Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.

He has been an elected member of the Royal Irish Academy since March 2003, and has been involved in the Internationale des Sociétés de Philosophie, the highest non-governmental world organisation for philosophy, since the 1980s.

He is the Founding Editor of International Journal of Philosophical Studies, founded in 1993 and published by Routledge, and co-editor of Contributions To Phenomenology book series, published by Springer.

His monograph "Introduction to Phenomenology" was awarded the Edward Goodwin Ballard Prize in Phenomenology (2001) and was translated into Chinese. A Turkish translation of the book is in preparation. Moran served both as president of the programme committee for the 23rd World Congress of Philosophy which took place in Athens from 4–10 August 2013, and as president of the 24th World Congress of Philosophy which took place in Beijing from 13 to 20 August 2018.

In 2010 he was guest professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong for the Edwin Cheng Foundation Summer School in Phenomenology.

Areas of specialization
 Phenomenology (especially Husserl and Heidegger)
 Medieval philosophy (especially Christian Neoplatonism, John Scottus Eriugena, Nicholas of Cusa)
 Philosophy of mind and cognitive science (intentionality, consciousness, embodiment, empathy)
 Modern European philosophy (especially Descartes, Kant, German Idealism)
 Relations between analytic and continental philosophy
 History of twentieth-century philosophy

Areas of competence
 Philosophy of mind (esp. Dennett, Searle, Putnam)
Metaphysics (Aristotle, Aquinas, Kant)
 Environmental ethics

Fellowships and awards
Chief investigator, The Constitution of Personal Identity: Self-Consciousness, Agency, and Mutual Recognition [Dr. James Jardine], Irish Research Council Postdoctoral Fellow (2017–2018). (Value: €45,895.00).
 Chief investigator, The Political Philosophy of the Wartime Kyoto School and its Intellectual Potential: Tanabe Hajime, Miki Kiyoshi and Nishitani Keiji in Comparative Perspective [Dr Kenn Nakata Steffensen], Irish Research Council Elevate Extension award (2017–2018). Project ID: ELEVATEPD/2014/30. (Value: €60,309).
 Chief investigator, The Political Philosophy of the Wartime Kyoto School and its Intellectual Potential: Tanabe Hajime, Miki Kiyoshi and Nishitani Keiji in Comparative Perspective [Dr Kenn Nakata Steffensen], Irish Research Council Elevate Marie Curie award, 2014–2018. (Value: €60,309).
 Chief investigator, The Phenomenology of Self-Esteem [Dr Anna Bortolan], Irish Research Council postdoctoral fellowship, 2016–2018. (Value: €92,000).
 Chief investigator, Sensing the Other: Habit(us), Practical Reason and Empathy [Dr Elisa Magrì], Irish Research Council postdoctoral fellowship, 2016–2018. (Value: €92,000).
 Chief investigator, The Social Matrix: An Investigation of the Subjective Bases of Violence, Destructiveness and Ethical Failure [Dr Anya Daly], Irish Research Council postdoctoral fellowship, 2016–2018. (Value: €92,000).
 Chief investigator, Towards a Phenomenology of the Anxious Body [Dr Dylan Trigg], Marie Curie award (2014–2017), FP7-PEOPLE-2013-IOF 624968. (Value €263,058).
 Chief investigator, The Affective Ground of Philosophy in Heidegger (Dr. Christos Hadjioannou). Irish Research Council postdoctoral fellowship, 2016–2017. (Value: €45,895.00).
 Catechetics Trust Newman fellowship in the Philosophy of Religion (2014–2016), UCD. Empathic Subjectivity. Edith Stein on the Phenomenology of Empathy [Dr Elisa Magrì] (Value: €92,000).
 Chief investigator, IRC PhD Scholarsdhip., The Forms of Intersubjectivity in Scheler (2013–2017) [Cinzia Ruggeri]. (Value: €96,000.00).
 Principal investigator, UCD Seed Funding Career Development Award. Project title: SOCIUS: Exploring the Interpersonal World through Phenomenology, 2013–2015 (€10,883.00).
 Principal investigator, UCD Seed Funding Award. Project title: Empathy and Community: John Henry Newman and Edith Stein, 2013–2015. (Value: €1,227.00).
 Principal investigator, Irish Research Council of the Humanities and Social Sciences (IRCHSS) Advanced Collaborative Research Project Grant, 2012–2013. Project title: 'Discovering the "We": The Phenomenology of Sociality'. (Value: €119,099).
 Principal investigator, Irish Research Council of the Humanities and Social Sciences (IRCHSS) Project: Intersubjectivity, Power and Critique: Axel Honneth and the Project of Critical Theory, UCD 2012–2013 (value €39,378).
 Principal investigator, Irish Research Council of the Humanities and Social Sciences (IRCHSS) Project Merleau-Ponty and the Prehistory of the Subject, UCD 2012–2014 (value: €78,756).
 Co-investigator, Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) Partnership Development Grant, 'Discovering Canada's Contributions to the Origins of the International Phenomenological Movement in the Winthrop Bell Papers, 2012–2014 (Canadian Dollars $199,398.00).
 Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Project. Title: "Judgment, Responsibility and the life-world: The phenomenological critique of formalism", 2010–2012 (Value: Aus$167,000).
 Irish Research Council of the Humanities and Social Sciences (IRCHSS) Research Development Initiative Grant, 2008–2011 (value: €99,600). Project title: "The Phenomenology of Consciousness and Subjectivity"
 Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Project. Title: "Judgment, Responsibility and the life-world: The phenomenological critique of formalism", 2010–2013 (value 167,000 Australian dollars)
 University College Dublin President's Sabbatical Fellowship 2003–2004
 Senior fellowship, Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences (IRCHSS), Government of Ireland, 2002–2003
 Awarded Edward Goodwin Ballard Prize in Phenomenology (2001)
 University College Dublin, President's Fellowship 1996–1997
 DAAD Postdoctoral Award, Germany, 1989
 British Academy, travel grant
 Yale University postgraduate fellowships 1973–1978
 Yale Concilium for Area Studies Award, 1978
 Magennis Prize in Philosophy, University College Dublin 1973
 Gold Medal for Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Ireland, 1970
 University College Dublin, entrance scholarship 1970

Authored books
 The Husserl Dictionary. Bloomsbury, 2012.
 Husserl's Crisis of the European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 2012.
 Edmund Husserl: Founder of Phenomenology. Polity Press, 2005.
 Introduction to Phenomenology. London and New York: Routledge, 2000.
 The Philosophy of John Scottus Eriugena. A Study of Idealism in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
 Dermot Moran, (德穆‧莫倫), Xianxiangxue Daolun (現象學導論),[Introduction to Phenomenology] translated into Chinese by 蔡錚雲, Prof. Tsai, Cheng-Yun, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan (Taipei: Laureate Book Co. Ltd., 2005).
 德尔默·莫兰(Dermot Moran): 《现象学一部历史的和批评的导论》[Introduction to Phenomenology], trans. Li Youzheng, 李幼蒸译,中国人民大学出版社,Beijing, Renmin University Press, 2017年7月
 Dermot Moran, Introduccíon a la Fenomenologicá. Presentación de Gustavo Leyva, Traducción de Francisco Castro Merrifield y Pablo Lazo Briones. Rubí, Barcelona: Editorial Anthropos/ Mexico: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, 2011.

Edited books
 Edmund Husserl, Ideas: A General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology. Edited with a New Foreword by Dermot Moran. Routledge Classics, 2012.
 Phenomenology 2010, Volume 4: Traditions, Transitions and Challenges. Edited by Dermot Moran and Hans Rainer Sepp. Zeta Books, 2010.
 The Routledge Companion to Twentieth Century Philosophy. Edited by Dermot Moran. London and New York: Routledge, 2008.
 Epistemology. The Proceedings of the Twenty-First World Congress of Philosophy, held in Istanbul, Turkey in 2003, Volume 6. Ed. Dermot Moran and Stephen Voss. Ankara: Philosophical Society of Turkey, 2007. pp. vii +162.
 Eriugena, Berkeley, and the Idealist Tradition. Edited by Stephen Gersh and Dermot Moran. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2006.
 Phenomenology: Critical Concepts in Philosophy. 4 Vols. Edited by Lester Embree and Dermot Moran. Routledge Press, 2004.
 The Phenomenology Reader. Edited by Dermot Moran and Timothy Mooney. London and New York: Routledge, 2001.
 Edmund Husserl, Logical Investigations. Volume 1. Translated by J. N. Findlay. Edited and revised with a new Introduction by Dermot Moran and new Preface by Michael Dummett. London and New York: Routledge, 2001.
 Edmund Husserl, Logical Investigations. Volume 2. Translated by J. N. Findlay. Edited and revised with a new Introduction by Dermot Moran and new Preface by Michael Dummett. London and New York: Routledge, 2001.
 Edmund Husserl, The Shorter Logical Investigations. Translated by J. N. Findlay. Edited and abridged with a new Introduction by Dermot Moran and new Preface by Michael Dummett. London and New York: Routledge, 2001.

Articles in refereed journals
 "Philosophy in China: Reflections on the 24th World Congress of Philosophy," Frontiers of Philososphy in China vol. 13 no. 2 (2018), pp. 166–173.
 "The Phenomenology of the Social World: Husserl on Mitsein as Ineinandersein and Füreinandersein,". Metodo, Special Issue ed. Elisa Magrì and Danielle Petherbridge, vol. 5 no. 1 (2017), pp. 99–142.
 "Husserl and Ricoeur: The Influence of Phenomenology on the Formation of Ricoeur's Hermeneutics of the 'Capable Human'," Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy - Revue de la philosophie française et de langue française, Vol XXV, No 1 (2017), pp. 182–199.
 "Hegel and Phenomenology: Introduction," [with Elisa Magrì], Special Issue, Hegel and Phenomenology, Hegel Bulletin vol. 38 no. 1 (May 2017), pp. 1–6.
 (D. 莫兰), 一个论及'无'的西方思想家:约翰.司各脱.爱留根那 ,  "A Western Thinker of Nothingness: John Scottus Eriugena," translated into Chinese by 刘素民, Prof. Liu Sumin, 世界哲学, World Philosophy Vol. 6 (2016), pp. 52–57.
 "Cognitive Phenomenology and Conscious Thought: Issues, Views and Future Developments," [with Marta Jorba], Special Issue on Cognitive Phenomenology, Philosophical Explorations vol. 19 no. 2 (2016), 95–113.
 "Reply to Professor Jaakko Hintikka's Philosophical Research: Problems and Prospects," Diogenes (Sage, 2016), 1–16.
 "Husserl on Human Subjects as Sense-Givers and Sense-Apprehenders in a World of Significance," Special Issue: Figures, Functions and Critics of Subjectivity beginning from Husserlian Phenomenology, ed. Emanuele Mariani. Discipline Filosofiche XXV no. 2 (2016), pp. 9–33.
 "Sinnboden der Geschichte: Husserl's Mature Reflections on the Structural A Priori of History," Husserl and Foucault on the Historical A Priori in Husserl and Foucault Special Issue, Continental Philosophy Review, vol. 49 no. 1 (2016), pp. 13–27.
 "Editors' Introduction: Resurrecting the Phenomenological Movement," [with Rodney K. B. Parker], Special Issue on Early Phenomenology, Studia Phaenomenologica, vol. XV (2015), pp. 11–24.
 [with Thomas Szanto] 'Introduction: Empathy and Collective Intentionality – The Social Philosophy of Edith Stein', Special Issue on Empathy and Collective Intentionality: The Social Philosophy of Edith Stein. (Special Issue): Human Studies vol. 38 no. 4 (Dec. 2015), pp. 445–461.
 "Dissecting Mental Experiences: Husserl's Phenomenological Reflections on the Erlebnis in Ideas/Diseccionando las experiencias mentales: Las reflexiones fenomenológicas de Husserl sobre Erlebnis en Ideas," Investigaciones Fenomenológicas [Journal of the Spanish Society of Phenomenology] vol. Monográfico 5 (2015), pp. 13–35.
 "Defending the Transcendental Attitude: Husserl's Concept of the Person and the Challenges of Naturalism," Phenomenology and Mind vol. 7 (2014), pp. 37–55.
 "'The Ego as Substrate of Habitualities': Edmund Husserl's Phenomenology of the Habitual Self," Phenomenology and Mind, vol. 6 (July 2014), pp. 27–47.
 "What Does Heidegger Mean by the Transcendence of Dasein?" International Journal of Philosophical Studies Vol. 22 No. 4 (2014), pp. 491–514.
 "Reponse à Jaakko Hintikka," Revue Diogène: An International Journal in the Humanities, Issue no. 242 (2013/2), pp. 27–48.
 '"There is no Brute World, only an Elaborated World": Merleau-Ponty on the Intersubjective Constitution of the World', South African Journal of Philosophy, Volume 32 Issue 4 (December 2013), pp. 355–71.
 '"Die verborgene Einheit intentionaler Innerlichkeit": Husserl on History, Life and Tradition', Special Issue on La Vie, Revue de phénoménologie ALTER, no. 21 (2013), pp. 117–134.
 "Intentionality: Some Lessons from the History of the Problem from Brentano to the Present," Special Issue on Intentionality, International Journal of Philosophical Studies Vol. 21 No. 3 (2013), pp. 317–358.
 "Jean Scot Érigène, la connaissance de soi et la tradition idéaliste, «  Les Études Philosophiques Janvier-1 2013 Jean Scot Érigène (Paris: PUF, 2013), pp. 29–56.
 "Science, Technology and Preservation of the Life-World," The European Review, Academia Europæa, Vol. 21, No. 1 (2013) pp. 104–112.
 '"Let's Look at It Objectively": Why Phenomenology Cannot be Naturalized,' Phenomenology and Naturalism, Philosophy Supplementary Volume 72 (April 2013), pp. 89–115.
 [with Rasmus Thybo Jensen], "Editors' Introduction," in Rasmus Thybo Jensen and Dermot Moran, eds, Special Issue, 'Intersubjectivity and Empathy', Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences Vol. 11 No. 2 (2012), pp. 125–133.
 '"Even the Papuan is a Man and Not a Beast": Husserl on Universalism and the Relativity of Cultures,' Journal of the History of Philosophy vol. 49 no. 4 (October 2011), pp. 463–94.
 "Edmund Husserl's Phenomenology of Habituality and Habitus," Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology, Vol. 42 no. 1 (January 2011), pp. 53–77.
 "Sartre on Embodiment, Touch, and the 'Double Sensation'," Recenterings of Continental Philosophy vol. 35, Philosophy Today vol. 54 (Supplement 2010) pp. 135–41.
 "The Phenomenology of the Personhood: Edmund Husserl and Charles Taylor," Colloquium Vol. 3 (2009), pp. 80–104.
 "Sartre on Embodiment, Touch, and the 'Double Sensation'," Proceedings of 48th Annual SPEP Meeting, Philosophy Today (Supplement 2010). In press.
 "Husserl's Transcendental Critique of Naturalism," Continental Philosophy Review. Volume 41 No. 4 (December 2008), pp. 401–425.
 "Immanence, Self-Experience, and Transcendence in Edmund Husserl, Edith Stein and Karl Jaspers," American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly vol. 82, no. 2 (Spring 2008), pp. 265–291.
 "Edmund Husserl's Letter to Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, 11 March 1935: Introduction," with the assistance of Lukas Steinacher, New Yearbook for Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy, Vol. VIII (2008), pp. 325–347.
 "Hegel and the Neoplatonic Tradition," Bulletin of the Hegel Society of Great Britain (2006). In preparation.
 "Fink's Speculative Phenomenology: Between Constitution and Transcendence," Research in Phenomenology, Vol. 37 No. 1 (2007), pp. 3–31.
 "Editorial," International Journal of Philosophical Studies, Vol. 12 No. 1 (Feb. 2004), pp. 1–2.
 "El idealismo en la filosofía medieval: el caso de Juan Escoto Eriúgena," trans. Raul Gutierrez, Areté. Revista de Filosofía Vol. XV No. 1 (Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2003), pp. 117–154.
 "Editorial," International Journal of Philosophical Studies Vol. 9 no 1 (Feb. 2001), pp. 1– 2.
 "Editorial," International Journal of Philosophical Studies Vol. 9 no 3 (Aug. 2001), pp. 289–90.
 "Husserl's Critique of Brentano in the Logical Investigations," Manuscrito, Special Husserl Issue, Vol. XXIII No. 2 (2000), pp. 163–205.
 "Kant and Putnam: Two 'Internal Realists'?" Synthese Vol. 123 No. 1 (2000), pp. 65–104.
 "Heidegger's Critique of Husserl's and Brentano's Accounts of Intentionality," Inquiry Vol. 43 No. 1 (March 2000), pp. 39–65.
 "Our Germans are Better Than Their Germans": Continental and Analytic Approaches to Intentionality Reconsidered," Philosophical Topics Vol. 27 No. 2 (Fall 1999), pp. 77–106.
 "Idealism in Medieval Philosophy: The Case of Johannes Scottus Eriugena," Medieval Philosophy and Theology Vol. 8 (1999), pp. 53–82.
 "The Inaugural Address: Brentano's Thesis," Inaugural Address to the Joint Session of the Aristotelian Society and the Mind Association, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society Supplementary. Volume LXX (1996), pp. 1–27.
 "Pantheism in Eriugena and Nicholas of Cusa," American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly (formerly New Scholasticism) Vol. LXIV No. 1 (Winter 1990), pp. 131–152.
 "Phenomenology and the Destruction of Reason," Irish Philosophical Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Belfast, 1985), pp. 15–36.
 "Chronique nationale de publications de philosophie médiévale 1977–83," Bulletin de Philosophie Médiévale, 25 (1983), pp. 151–57. Co-authored with J.J. McEvoy.
 "Natura Quadriformata and the Beginnings of physiologia in the Philosophy of John Scottus Eriugena," Bulletin de Philosophie Médiévale 21 (1979), pp. 41–46.

Book chapters
 "Edmund Husserl," in Sebastian Luft and Søren Overgaard, eds, The Routledge Companion to Phenomenology (London & New York: Routledge, 2011). In preparation.
 "Sartre's Ontology of the Body," in Vesselin Petrov, ed., Ontological Landscapes—Recent Thought on Conceptual Interfaces between Science and Philosophy (Frankfurt: Ontos-Verlag, 2010). In press.
 "Immanence, Self-Experience, and Transcendence in Edmund Husserl, Edith Stein and Karl Jaspers," in Fran O'Rourke, ed.., Essays in Memory of Gerard Hanratty (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2010). In press.
 "Phenomenology and Deconstruction," The Blackwell Guide to Heidegger's Being and Time, ed. Robert Scharff, Blackwell Guides to Great Works Series. Oxford: Blackwell, 2010. In press.
 "Choosing a Hero: Heidegger's Conception of Authentic Life in Relation to Early Christianity," in Andrzej Wiercinski and Sean McGrath, eds, A Companion to Heidegger's Phenomenology of Religious Life (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2010). In proof.
 "Meister Eckhart and Modern Philosophy," in Jeremiah Hackett, ed., A Companion to Meister Eckhart. Leiden: Brill, 2010, in press.
 "Johannes Scottus Eriugena," in Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy: Philosophy Between 500 and 1500, ed. Henrik Lagerlund (Dordrecht: Springer, 2010).
 "The Secret Folds of Nature: Eriugena's Expansive Concept of Nature (Physis)," Redefining Nature's Boundaries: Premodern and Postmodern Confluences. Ed. Alf Siewers. Proceedings of the 'Redefining Nature's Boundaries' Lecture Series, Humanities Institute & Environmental Institute Colloquium, Bucknell University Press. In press, publication date 2010.
 "Husserl and Sartre on Embodiment and the 'Double Sensation'," in Katherine J. Morris, ed. Sartre on the Body, Philosophers in Depth Series. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2010, pp. 41–66.
 "Continental Philosophies," in Andrew Gardner, Mark Lake and Ulrike Sommer, eds, The Oxford Handbook of Archaeological Theory (Oxford: OUP, 2010). In preparation.
 "Brentano," in William Schroeder and Simon Critchley, eds, The Blackwell Companion to Continental Philosophy, Second Edition (Oxford: Blackwell, 2010). In preparation.
 "Husserl and Heidegger on the Transcendental 'Homelessness' of Philosophy," Phenomenology, Archaeology, Ethics: Current Investigations of Husserl's Corpus, ed. Pol Vandevelde and Sebastian Luft, Issues in Phenomenology and Hermeneutics series (London & New York: Continuum Press, 2010), in press.
 "Describing the Life of Spirit: Husserl's Engagement with Hegel," in Joseph Cohen, ed., Two Hundred Years of Phenomenology of Spirit. 2009. In press.
 "Analytic and Continental Philosophy," in Len Lawlor, ed., Responses to Phenomenology (1930–1967), Acumen History of Continental Philosophy, Volume 4. Chesham: Acumen, 2009. In press.
 "Towards and Assessment of Twentieth-Century Philosophy," The Routledge Companion to Twentieth-Century Philosophy. Ed. Dermot Moran. London & New York: Routledge, 2008, pp. 1–40.
 "The Phenomenological Approach: An Introduction," in Lucas Introna, Fernando Ilharco and Eric Fay, eds, Phenomenology, Organisation, and Technology.(Lisbon: Universidada Catolica Editora, 2008), pp. 21–41.
 "Nicholas of Cusa (1401–1464): Platonism at the Dawn of Modernity," in Platonism at the Origins of Modernity: Studies on Platonism and Early Modern Philosophy, edited Douglas Hedley and Sarah Hutton, Proceedings of A Conference of the British Society for the History of Philosophy, in association with the Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities (CRASSH), Clare College Cambridge 27–29 March 2003, International Archives in the History of Ideas Volume 196. Dordrecht: Springer, 2007. Chapter two, pp. 9–29.
 "Cusanus and Modern Philosophy," in James Hankins, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Philosophy. Cambridge: CUP, 2007, pp. 173–192.
 "John Scottus Eriugena," chapter in Graham Oppy and Nick Trakakis, eds, History of Western Philosophy of Religion. Chesham: Acumen Press, 2007., in press.
 'Heidegger's Transcendental Phenomenology in the Light of Husserl's Project of First Philosophy,' in Steven Crowell and Jeff Malpas, eds, Transcendental Heidegger (Stanford: Stanford U. P., 2007), pp. 135–150 and pp. 261–264.
 'Beckett and Philosophy', in Christopher Murray, ed., Samuel Beckett – One Hundred Years (Dublin: New Island Press, 2006), pp. 93–110.
 'Edmund Husserl's Methodology of Concept Clarification,' in Michael Beaney, ed., The Analytic Turn: Analysis in Early Analytic Philosophy and Phenomenology (London & New York: Routledge, 2007), pp. 239–261.
 "Eriugena, John Scottus," Entry in A. C. Grayling, Andrew Pyle and Naomi Goulder, eds, Encyclopedia of British Philosophy (Bristol/London: Thoemmes Continuum, 2006).
 (with Stephen Gersh) "Introduction", Stephen Gersh and Dermot Moran, eds, Eriugena, Berkeley and the Idealist Tradition (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2006), pp. 1–13.
 "Spiritualis Incrassatio: Eriugena's Intellectualist Immaterialism: Is It an Idealism?" in Stephen Gersh and Dermot Moran, eds, Eriugena, Berkeley and the Idealist Tradition (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2006), pp. 123–150.
 "Eriugena, John Scottus," Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia, ed. Thomas F. Glick, Steven J. Livesey, and Faith Wallis (London & New York: Routledge, 2005), pp. 161–64.
 "The Meaning of Phenomenology in Husserl's Logical Investigations," in Gary Banham, ed. Husserl and the Logic of Experience (London & New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pp. 8–37.
 'What is Historical in the History of Philosophy? Towards an Assessment of Twentieth-Century European Philosophy,' in Peter Kemp, ed., History in Education. Proceedings from the Conference History in Education held at the Danish University of Education 24–25 March 2004. (Copenhagen: Danish University of Education Press, 2005), pp. 53–82.
 With L. Embree, 'General Introduction,' Phenomenology. Critical Concepts in Philosophy. Ed. Dermot Moran and Lester E. Embree. (London & New York: Routledge, 2004), Vol. 1, pp. 1–7.
 With L. Embree, 'Introduction to Volume I,' Phenomenology. Critical Concepts in Philosophy. Ed. Dermot Moran and Lester E. Embree. (London & New York: Routledge, 2004), Vol. 1, pp. 9–12.
 With L. Embree, 'Introduction to Volume II,' Phenomenology. Critical Concepts in Philosophy. Ed. Dermot Moran and Lester E. Embree. (London & New York: Routledge, 2004), Vol. 2, pp. 1–3.
 With L. Embree, 'Introduction to Volume III,' Phenomenology. Critical Concepts in Philosophy. Ed. Dermot Moran and Lester E. Embree. (London & New York: Routledge, 2004), Vol. 3, pp. 1–2.
 With L. Embree, 'Introduction to Volume IV,' Phenomenology. Critical Concepts in Philosophy. Ed. Dermot Moran and Lester E. Embree. (London & New York: Routledge, 2004), Vol. 4, pp. 1–2.
 With L. Embree, 'Introduction to Volume V,' Phenomenology. Critical Concepts in Philosophy. Ed. Dermot Moran and Lester E. Embree. (London & New York: Routledge, 2004), Vol. 5, pp. 1–3.
 "An Original Christian Platonism: Eriugena's Response to the Tradition," Bilan et Perspectives des études médiévales (1993–1998), Euroconférence (Barcelone, 8–12 juin 1999), Actes du IIe Congrès Européen d'Études Médiévales, ed. J. Hamesse. (Turnhout: Brepols, 2004), pp. 467–487.
 "Neoplatonic and Negative Theological Elements in Anselm's Argument for the Existence of God in Proslogion," in Pensées de l'un dans l'histoire de la philosophie. Études en hommage au Professor Werner Beierwaltes, edité par Jean-Marc Narbonne et Alfons Reckermann, Collection Zêtêsis (Paris/Montréal: Vrin/Presses de l'Université Laval, 2004), pp. 198–229.
 "Eriugena, John Scottus," Dictionary Entry, in Tom Duddy, ed., Dictionary of Irish Philosophers (Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum Press, 2004), pp. 119–126.
 "The Problem of Empathy: Lipps, Scheler, Husserl and Stein," in Amor Amicitiae: On the Love that is Friendship. Essays in Medieval Thought and Beyond in Honor of the Rev. Professor James McEvoy, ed. Thomas A. Kelly and Phillip W. Rosemann (Leuven/Paris/ Dudley, MA: Peeters, 2004), pp. 269–312.
 "Making Sense: Husserl's Phenomenology as Transcendental Idealism," in J. Malpas, ed., From Kant to Davidson: Philosophy and the Idea of the Transcendental, Routledge Studies in Twentieth-Century Philosophy. (London: Routledge, 2003), pp. 48–74. Reprinted in Phenomenology. Critical Concepts in Philosophy. Ed. Dermot Moran and Lester E. Embree (London & New York: Routledge, 2004), Vol. 1, pp. 84–113.
 "John Scottus Eriugena," Encyclopedia Entry, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (Fall 2003 Edition), ed. Edward N. Zalta. Internet encyclopaedia
 "Medieval Philosophy from St. Augustine to Nicholas of Cusa," in John Shand, ed., The Fundamentals of Philosophy (London and NY: Routledge, 2003), pp. 155–203.
 "Time and Eternity in the Periphyseon," History and Eschatology in John Scottus Eriugena and His Time. Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference of the Society for the Promotion of Eriugena Studies, Maynooth and Dublin, 16–20 August 2000, ed. James McEvoy and Michael Dunne (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2002), pp. 487–507.
 "Editor's Introduction," in D. Moran and T. Mooney, eds, The Phenomenology Reader (London & New York: Routledge, 2002), pp. 1–26.
 "Introduction," in E. Husserl, Logical Investigations, trans. J. N. Findlay (London and New York: Routledge, 2001), Vol. 1, pp. xxi – lxxii.
 "Introduction," in E. Husserl, The Shorter Logical Investigations. Trans. J. N. Findlay. Edited and abridged with new Introduction by Dermot Moran and new Preface by Michael Dummett (London & New York: Routledge, 2001), pp. xxv – lxxxi.
 "Analytic Philosophy and Phenomenology," The Reach of Reflection: Issues for Phenomenology's Second Century, Proceedings of Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology Symposium, Florida Atlantic University, 2001. Ed. Lester Embree, Samuel J. Julian, and Steve Crowell. 3 Vols. (West Harford: Electron Press, 2001), Vol. 3, pp. 409–433.
 "Husserl and the Crisis of European Science," in T. Crane, M. W. F. Stone and J. Wolff, eds, The Proper Ambition of Science (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 122–150.
 "Heidegger's Critique of Husserl's and Brentano's Accounts of Intentionality," Inquiry Vol. 43 No. 1 (March 2000), pp. 39–65; reprinted in Phenomenology. Critical Concepts in Philosophy. Ed. Dermot Moran and Lester E. Embree. (London & New York: Routledge, 2004), Vol. 1, pp. 157–183.
 »Johannes Eriugena. Der christliche Neuplatonismus der Natur« in Philosophen des Mittelalters, hrsg. Theo Kobusch (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft,2000), pp. 13–26.
 "Eriugena, Johannes Scottus (c. 800-c. 877)," The Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. Edward Craig (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 252–253.
 "Platonism, Medieval," The Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. Edward Craig (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 680–681.
 "Eriugena, Johannes Scottus (c. 800-c. 877)," The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. Edward Craig (London: Routledge, 1998), Vol. 3, pp. 401–406.
 "Platonism, Medieval," The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. Edward Craig (London: Routledge, 1998), Vol. 7, pp. 431–439.
 "The Analytic and Continental Divide: Teaching Philosophy in an Age of Pluralism," in Teaching Philosophy on the Eve of the Twenty-First Century, ed. D. Evans and I. Kuçuradi (Ankara: International Federation of Philosophical Societies, 1998), pp. 119–154.
 "Towards a Philosophy of the Environment," in John Feehan, ed., Educating for Environmental Awareness, (Dublin: University College Dublin Environmental Institute, 1997), pp. 45–67.
 "A Case for Pluralism: The Problem of Intentionality," in Philosophy. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplementary Volume. Edited by David Archard. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 19 – 32.
 "Eriugena's Theory of Language in the Periphyseon: Explorations in the Neoplatonic Tradition," in Próinséas Ní Chatháin and Michael Richter, eds., Ireland and Europe in the Early Middle Ages IV. Language and Learning (Frankfurt: Klett-Cotta, 1996), pp. 240–260.
 "The Contemporary Significance of Meister Eckhart's Teaching," in Ursula Fleming, ed., Meister Eckhart: The Man From Whom God Hid Nothing (Leominster: Gracewing, 1995), pp. 131–42.
 Medieval Philosophy. Philosophy Foundation Module Textbook for Oscail. (Dublin: DCU, 1994).
 Phenomenology, Hermeneutics, Deconstruction. Philosophy Contemporary Philosophy Module Textbook for Oscail. (Dublin: Dublin City University Publications, 1994). 200 pp.
 "The Destruction of the Destruction: Heidegger's Versions of the History of Philosophy," Paper Read to the Colloquium on 100th Anniversary of Heidegger's Birthday, Yale University, 13–15 Oct 1989, Proceedings, ed. K. Harries & C. Jamme, Martin Heidegger: Politics, Art, and Technology (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1994), pp. 175–196.
 Reading Kant. The Critique of Pure Reason (co-authored with James O'Shea). Philosophy 2. Reading Philosophers Textbook for University Distance Learning Degree in Humanities. Oscail, Dublin: Dublin City University Publications, 1995. nine chapters on Kant, approx. 150 pp.
 "Origen and Eriugena: Aspects of Christian Gnosis," Paper presented to the First Patristics Symposium, Maynooth College, June 1990. Proceedings published as The Relationship between Neoplatonism and Christianity, ed. T. Finan and V. Twomey (Dublin: Four Courts Press), 1992, pp. 27–53.
 "Time, Space and Matter in John Scottus Eriugena: An Examination of Eriugena's Account of the Physical World," Paper Read to the Royal Irish Academy, May 1989, published in At The Heart of the Real. Essays in Honour of Archbishop Desmond Connell, ed. F. O'Rourke (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1992), pp. 67– 96.
 »Die Destruktion der Destruktion. Heideggers Versionen der Geschichte der Philosophie«, in C. Jamme & K. Harries, herausgegebenen, Kunst – Politik – Technik. Martin Heidegger (München: Wilhelm Fink Verlag, 1991), pp. 295–318.
 "Officina omnium or notio quaedam intellectualis in mente divina aeternaliter facta. The Problem of the Definition of Man in John Scottus Eriugena," paper read to the Seventh International Conference of the Société International pour l'Etude de la Philosophie Médiévale, Louvain, Septembre, 1982. Published in L'Homme et son univers au moyen âge, ed. C. Wenin, 2 Vols. (Louvain, 1986). Vol. 1, pp. 195–204.
 "Nature, Man and God in the Philosophy of John Scottus Eriugena," in R. Kearney, ed., The Irish Mind (Dublin and New Jersey: Wolfhound Press and Humanities Press, 1985), pp. 91–106; pp. 324–332.
 "Wandering from the Path. The Navigatio Theme in Johannes Scottus Eriugena," in Richard Kearney and Patrick Hederman, eds, The Crane Bag Book of Irish Studies v. 1 (Dublin: Blackwater/Folens, 1982), pp. 244–250.
 "Johannes Scottus Eriugena," Art About Ireland (Dublin, 1983), Vol. 1 No. 4, pp. 25–29

Translations
 "Edmund Husserl's Letter to Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, 11 March 1935," Translation from the German, with Lukas Steinacher, New Yearbook for Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy, Vol. VIII (2008), pp. 349–354.
 Jean Pépin, "St. Augustine on The Indwelling of the Ideas in God," in Stephen Gersh and Dermot Moran, eds, Eriugena, Berkeley and the Idealist Tradition (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2006), pp. 105–122. Trans. from the French by D. Moran and S. Gersh.
 Jean Greisch, "Heidegger on Eschatology and the God of Time," International Journal of Philosophical Studies Vol 4. No 1 March 1996), pp. 17–42, Trans. from the French by D. Moran.
 Jacques Taminiaux, "Bios Politikos and Bios Theoretikos in the Phenomenology of Hannah Arendt," International Journal of Philosophical Studies Vol. 4, No 2 (September 1996), pp. 215–232. Trans. from the French by D. Moran.

Critical notices
 "Ethics and Selfhood: A Critique". Critical Notice of James Richard Mensch, Ethics and Selfhood. Alterity and the Phenomenology of Obligation (Albany, NY: SUNY Pr., 2003),' in International Journal of Philosophical Studies, Vol. 11. No 1 (Feb. 2006), pp. 95–107.
 'Adventures of the Reduction: Jacques Taminiaux, The Metamorphoses of Phenomenological Reduction,' critical notice of Jacques Taminiaux, The Metamorphoses of Phenomenological Reduction, The Aquinas Lecture 2004 (Marquette U. P., 2004), in American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 80, no. 2 (spring 2006), pp. 283–293.
 Review of Alfredo Ferrarin, Hegel and Aristotle (Cambridge U. P., 2001), Bulletin of the Hegel Society of Great Britain Nos. 51/52 (2005), pp. 120–126.
 Review of Steve Galt Crowell, Husserl, Heidegger, and the Space of Meaning. Paths Toward Transcendental Phenomenology, in European Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 12 No. 3 (2004), pp. 414–420.
 Review of Daniel C. Dennett, Kinds of Minds (Basic Books, 1996) in Mind Vol. 109 No. 436 (Oct. 2000), pp. 883 – 890.
 "New Books on Merleau-Ponty," International Journal of Philosophical Studies Vol. 7 No. 3 (October 1999), pp. 393–402.
 "Expounding Eriugena," Irish Historical Studies, Vol. XXXI No. 122 (November 1998), pp. 247–258.
 "Phenomenology and the Philosophy of Mathematics: Husserl and Realism in Mathematics," Philosophical Studies Vol. XXXI (Dublin, 1986). pp. 361 – 365.

Book reviews
 Review of David R. Cerbone, Understanding Phenomenology (Acumen, 2006), in Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews (2007.01.08), http://ndpr.nd.edu/review.cfm?id=8484.
 Review of Lester Embree et al., eds, The Encyclopedia of Phenomenology (Kluwer, 1997), in Intentional Journal of Philosophical Studies, Vol. 13 No 1 (Feb 2005), pp. 134–36.
 Review of William Hamrick, Kindness and the Good Society, Connections of the Heart (Albany, NY: SUNY Pr., 2002) in International Journal of Philosophical Studies, forthcoming.
 Review of Thomas Duddy, A History of Irish Thought (Routledge, 2002) in Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews (2003.01.09) http://ndpr.icaap.org/content/archives/2003/1/moranduddy.html
 Review of R. Small, ed. A Hundred Years of Phenomenology: Perspectives On a Philosophical Tradition (Ashgate, 2001), in Journal of the History of Philosophy, Vol. 41 No. 3 (July 2003), pp. 422–423.
 Review of Cyril O'Regan, Gnostic Return in Modernity and Gnostic Apocalypse. Jacob Boehme's Haunted Narrative (State University of New York Press, 2002), in Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, 1 May 2002, pp. 1–6. http://ndpr.icaap.org/content/archives/2002/5/moranoregan.html
 Review of Robert Sokolowski, Introduction to Phenomenology (Cambridge U. P., 2000), in Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology Vol. 32 No. 1 (January 2001), pp. 109 – 112.
 Review of Michael Herren, ed., Iohannis Scotti Eriugenae Carmina (Dublin: Institute for Advanced Studies, 1993) in Peritia, ed. D. Ó Cróinín Vol. 12 (1998), pp. 400 – 403.
 Review of Michael Herren, ed., Iohannis Scotti Eriugenae Carmina (Dublin: Institute for Advanced Studies, 1993) in Irish Theological Quarterly Vol. 64 No. 3 (Autumn 1999), pp. 321 – 323.
 Review of R. S. Woolhouse, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz. The Concept of Substance in Seventeenth-Century Philosophy, in the British Journal for the History of Philosophy. Vol. 6 No. 3(October 1998), pp. 482–486.
 Review of William Lyons, Approaches to Intentionality, International Journal of Philosophical Studies Vol. 5 No. 3 (October 1997), pp. 471–476.
 Review of Andrew Benjamin, The Plural Event. Descartes, Hegel, Heidegger in Bulletin of the Hegel Society of Great Britain. No. 34 (Autumn/Winter 1996), pp. 53–59.
 Review of Willemien Otten, The Anthropology of Johannes Scottus Eriugena, in Speculum. A Journal of Medieval Studies Vol. 69 No. 2 (April 1994), pp. 543–545.
 Review of J. J. O'Meara, Eriugena in The Review of Metaphysics (Sept. 1990), pp. 156–157.
 Review of J.J. O'Meara, ed., Eriugena. Periphyseon (On the Division of Nature) in Speculum. A Journal of Medieval Studies Vol. 65 No. 1 (Jan. 1990), pp. 180–181.
 Review of J. Dillon and G. Morrow, trans., Proclus' Commentary on Plato's Parmenides (1987)in The Irish Philosophical Journal Vol. 6 No. 1 (Belfast, 1989), pp. 164–166.
 Review of Richard Kearney, The Wake of Imagination in Irish Philosophical Journal Vol. 6 No. 2 (1989), pp. 311 – 314.
 Review of Analecta Husserliana Vol. XVII (1984), Phenomenology of Life in a Dialogue Between Chinese and Occidental Philosophy, in Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology Vol. 18 No.1 (1987), pp. 90 – 92.
 Review of Richard Kearney, Modern Movement in European Philosophy, in The Furrow Vol.XXXVIII No. 7 (July 1987), pp. 478 – 479.
 Review of R.S. Cohen, M. Martin, and M. Westphal, eds, Studies on the Philosophy of J.N. Findlay in Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology Vol. 17 No. 2 (May 1986), pp. 200–201.
 Review of P. Connerton, The Tragedy of Enlightenment, in Philosophical Studies (Dublin) Vol.XXXI (1986), pp. 460–464.
 "The Poets of Munster," The Irish Literary Supplement (Spring, 1986), p. 20.
 Review of Richard Kearney, Poétique du possible. Phénoménologie Herméneutique de la Figuration in Philosophical Studies Vol. XXX1 (Dublin, 1986) pp. 555–557.
 Review of R. Kearney, Dialogues with Contemporary Continental Thinkers, in Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology Vol. 16 No. 3 (Oct. 1985), pp. 307–310.
 "The Protestant Consciousness. The Field Day Pamphlets," The Irish Literary Supplement(Fall, 1985), pp. 1, 24. Review of Merold Westphal, History and Truth in Hegel's Phenomenology, in Bulletin of the Hegel Society of Great Britain No. 11 (Spring/Summer 1985), pp. 21–24.
 Review of Analecta Husserliana, Vol. XIV (1983), The Phenomenology of Man and the Human Condition, in Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology Vol. 15 No. 3 (Oct. 1984), pp. 314–317.
 Review of Q. Lauer, Hegel's Philosophy of God, in Bulletin of the Hegel Society of Great Britain No. 9 (Spring/Summer 1984), pp. 33–36.
 Review of E. Brian Titley, Church, State and the Control of Schooling in Ireland (Gill & Macmillan), The Irish Press, 14 January 1984, p. 9.
 Review of Nathan Scott, Mirrors of Man in Existentialism, Hibernia National Review 3 May 1979.
 Review of John Maguire, Marx's Theory of Politics, Hibernia National Review, 1 March 1979
 Review of Agnes Heller, Renaissance Man, Hibernia National Review 19 April 1979

Other miscellaneous publications
 Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Husserl Circle, University College Dublin, 9–12 June 2005, ed. Dermot Moran (Dublin: University College Dublin, 2005).
 "What Kind of Being is the Foetus?" Irish Times 1.4.1992
 "An Chritic Liteartha: Fadhb na Léitheoireacta," Comhar (Nollaig 1984), pp. 28–31.
 "Nationalism, Religion and the Education Question," The Crane Bag Vol. 7 No. 2 (1983), pp. 77–84.
 "Teaching Literature in Ireland Today," The Crane Bag Vol. 6 No. 2 (1982), pp. 133–135.

References

External links
 Dermot Moran's personal webpage at University College Dublin
 The webpage of the IRCHSS-funded research project 'The phenomenology of Consciousness and Subjectivity', Principal Investigator Professor Dermot Moran
 https://www.springer.com/series/5811
 http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/routledge/09672559.html
 http://www.fisp.org/index.html Fédération

Living people
20th-century Irish philosophers
21st-century Irish philosophers
Phenomenologists
Alumni of University College Dublin
Yale University alumni
Rice University faculty
State University of New York faculty
Academic staff of the Université catholique de Louvain
Academic staff of the University of Paris
Academics of Queen's University Belfast
Philosophers of mind
Year of birth missing (living people)
People educated at Oatlands College
Christian philosophers
Analytic theologians

Dermot Moran


Walter Chauncey Camp (April 17, 1859 – March 14, 1925) was an American football player, coach, and sports writer.  He is known as the "Father of American Football".

Early life

Camp was born in New Haven, Connecticut on April 17, 1859. His parents were Leverett and Ellen Camp. He attended Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven. He went to Yale in 1876. He graduated in 1880.

Career
Camp played college football at Yale from 1876 to 1882. He was head football coach at Yale from 1888 to 1892. He was in the first class to be inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1951.

Camp's football inventions include the eleven-man team and the gridiron marking of the field. He also invented the line of scrimmage and the modern point system. He invented the "All-American team" of college players. "All-American" has since become a part of American-English. In time, he began to think of American football as his private property. He did not want new additions to the game, like the forward pass.

Personal life
He stayed at Yale for two more years to study medicine. He started working for a watch company in 1882. In 1888, he married Alice Graham Sumner. They had two children. In 1903, he became president of the watch company. Camp died of a heart attack on March 15, 1925 in New York City, New York, aged 65.

Notes

References

Other websites

1859 births
1925 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American football coaches
College Football Hall of Fame
American football players
Sportspeople from Connecticut

Walter Camp


Dodge has used the B series name on two different vehicles, a pickup truck and a van.

Pickup truck

The B-series pickup trucks were sold from 1948 to 1953. They replaced the prewar Dodge truck range and were replaced by the Dodge C series in 1954. The B-series trucks came in several different variants. The B1-B were ½-ton trucks standard with a  flathead-straight-six engine while the B1-C were ¾-ton trucks with a standard  flathead-straight 6 engine. It also came in several other variants such as the B1-T and B1-V which were semi-truck cabs and vans, respectively. A woodie carryall version based on the van, the "Suburban", was also available from outside companies. These eventually paved the way for the Dodge Town and Panel Wagon models.

The B-series trucks featured a high-visibility "pilot-house" cab with optional rear quarter windows. The engine was shifted forward and the front axle moved back on the frame for better weight distribution as well as a shorter wheelbase, moving from  to  on ½-ton models. The cargo bed sides were made higher to increase capacity by 40%. The redesigned cab could seat three people, with  more height,  more width and  additional in length. The cab was mounted on rubber mounts for an improved ride. Another innovation for the time was the use of cross-steering arrangement, giving the trucks a 37° turning radius. The cargo box space was increased over previous models and overload springs made optional on all variants to increase hauling capacity. In 1950, more new features were added as the 3-speed manual shift lever was relocated to the steering column instead of on the floor. A fluid drive standard transmission, with 3 or 4 speeds, became an available option.  The front end and dashboard/gauge layout were redesigned for 1951.

1953 was the last year of the "pilot-house" trucks, but brought many new changes. The Truck-O-Matic transmission, a fully automatic transmission was available for ½ and ¾-ton models. The longer  bed previously only available on ¾-tons became available on ½-tons as well, which would increase the wheelbase to . New longer rear fenders were added, which would continue to be used by Dodge through 1985.

Like other Dodge trucks, the B series was also marketed as a Fargo an DeSoto in export markets. In Australia, the B series was also available with a coupé utility bodystyle which integrated the passenger compartment at the front and an integrated cargo tray at the rear.

Van

Years later, the B series designation was also used for the full-sized vans made by the Dodge division of Chrysler Corporation from 1970 (as early 1971 models) through 2003. During that time, they were originally numbered B100, B200, and B300; the numbers were later upped by 50 (B150, etc.) and finally multiplied by 10 (B1500, B2500, B3500) in the mid-1990s. The actual names were Dodge Sportsman, Dodge Tradesman, Dodge Van, at first; they later changed to Ram Van, Ram Wagon, and, briefly, there was also a Kary Van chassis cab extended height model.

The cargo and passenger vans used the same frame and powerplants (both 6- and V8 engines), but the passenger vans had seats for up to 15 passengers (on the extended length, long-wheelbase Maxivans), dual air-conditioning systems (in later years), and large windows on both sides. The 15-passenger vans are today commonly used by military, commuters, church groups, scouts, urban camping, and some corporations. Throughout their run, two wheelbases were used:  and , with an extended-length version based on the longer wheelbase. Engines ranged from the 198 in³ Slant Six (available only in 1970–71), to the 440 in³ V8 (only briefly available in the late 1970s), with factory compressed-natural-gas 318 in³ (5.2 L) engines available from around 1995 onwards, to fleet buyers only. A popular Kary Van (basically a factory-built cube van, instead of upfitted by an aftermarket company), which extended the cargo area height to , was added in 1972. A sliding door was made optional in 1974; that same year, the original stamped aluminum grille was also replaced with a molded plastic part. A one-piece rear door and hard-service interior were made optional in 1975.

For many years, Dodge was the sales leader for vans, including conversions for tradespeople, ambulances, school buses, and campers, working with numerous upfitters to provide alternatives for customers. However, in 1979, the RV market crashed, and Dodge stopped making RV chassis; their van sales also dropped roughly in half. After that, upgrades to the "B-vans" came more slowly, especially as the vans' utility was in some ways duplicated by the company's own popular Plymouth Voyager and Dodge Caravan minivans.

In 1988, a 239 in³ (3.9 L) V6 originally developed for the Dodge Dakota mid-size pickup replaced the 225 in³ (3.7 L) Slant Six, and throttle body injection was given to the 318 V8. The 360 in³ (5.9 L) V8 gaining fuel injection and a roller camshaft in 1989. In 1990, rear wheel antilock brakes were made optional, along with a heavy-duty four-speed automatic transmission.

In 1992, the V6 and 5.2L V8 engines were fitted with sequential multiple-port fuel injection (SMPI) and a "barrel" / "kegger"-type intake manifold, which boosted power dramatically, and the outboard positions of the rear seat gained three-point belts. In the same year, compressed natural gas 5.2 L engines became optional for fleet buyers. The 5.9 L received the new intake and SMPI for 1993.

Numerous changes to the drivetrain, body, and suspension were made after 1993, as Dodge tried to make the vans more competitive, leading to a fairly sizeable redesign in 1998, which added numerous features, made the vans more driveable and safer, and added power to the 5.9 L V8 engine. More, and also substantial, changes were made for the 2000 model year, but little was changed from then until the final vans. Dodge stopped making the vans in June 2003, citing the expense of meeting future safety standards and slow sales. The Pillette Road plant in Windsor, Ontario which made the vans was closed down and later demolished.

References

Bunn, Don (2003). "Dodge B-Series Trucks: Restorer's and Collector's Reference Guide and History" .

External links

B-Vans at Allpar, 1970–2003
B-series truck info at PickupTruck.com

B series
Pickup trucks
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 1948
1950s cars

Dodge B series


Type approval or certificate of conformity is granted to a product that meets a minimum set of regulatory, technical and safety requirements. Generally, type approval is required before a product is allowed to be sold in a particular country, so the requirements for a given product will vary around the world. Processes and certifications known as type approval in English are often called homologation, or some cognate expression, in other European languages.

Compliance to type-approval requirements can be denoted by a third-party marking on the back of the product (e.g. ABS, TÜV, UL, CSA, KIWA), or by a type-approval certificate obtained by a manufacturer and kept on file.  The CE mark found on the back of many electronic devices does not mean that the product has obtained type approval in the European Union. The CE mark is the manufacturer's declaration that the system/assembly meets the minimum safety requirements of all the directives (laws) applicable to it, and of itself, does not signify any third party involvement in the design or testing of a system/assembly. Many of the New Approach safety directives do not mandate third party involvement at all (e.g. LVD, EMD), and the ones that do (e.g. PED, MDD, ATEX) only require notified body (NoBo) involvement above a certain degree of risk category. When the risk category mandates this involvement, the CE Marking on the system/assembly will be followed by the NoBo number, which right to use is granted by the NoBo after the required design review, testing or auditing, as spelled out in the Conformity Assessment options of each directive. On the other hand, in China type approval is denoted by the CCC mark.

Type approval is not a term confined to a particular industry. Type approval requirements exist for products as diverse as marine equipment, mobile phones, automotive industry, or medical equipment. Type approval simply means that the product is certified to meet certain requirements for its type, whatever that may be.

Automotive industry

Vehicle type approval is the confirmation that production samples of a design will meet specified performance standards. Traditionally, there are two systems of type approval in Europe. The first one is based on the EC directives and regulates the approval of whole vehicles, vehicle systems, and separate components. The second one is part of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe regulations (UNECE) and also regulates the approval of whole vehicles, vehicle systems, and separate components. Recent changes to the requirements have seen the General Safety Regulation (GSR) EC661/2009 amending Directive 2007/46/EC by substituting the equivalent UNECE regulations in place of the EC directives. In effect the directives are being replaced by UNECE regulations. This now makes compliance with the UNECE regulations for type approval submissions compulsory from 1 November 2012 and compulsory for all vehicles entering to service from 1 November 2014.

The new Framework Directive (Directive 2007/46/EC establishing a framework for the approval of motor vehicles and their trailers, and of systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles) rules the approval schemes of the new motor vehicles and their trailers in the European Union:
 European Community Whole Vehicle Type Approval (ECWVTA), this currently applies to passenger cars.  from 29 October 2012, ECWVTA was extended to cover all new road vehicles and their trailers.
 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) regulations.
 National Small Series Type Approval (NSSTA) - a key advantage of this scheme is that some technical requirements may be reduced or eliminated in comparison with ECWVTA; however, the number of vehicles that can be manufactured is limited to 250 per type, per calendar year in the UK.
 Individual vehicle approval (IVA) (previously single vehicle approval)

Telecommunications
Each jurisdiction that regulates communications requires all types of equipment, and especially radio communications equipment, that are not specifically exempted (by reason of low power output, for instance) to be tested for conformance to local regulations before it is approved for use in that jurisdiction.  Such conformance might include power and noise characteristics, use of permitted frequencies only, frequency stability, and various other electrical parameters.

Certificates of conformity, conformance or compliance

American commerce
A certificate of conformance is defined in American commerce  as a document certified by a competent authority that the supplied good or service meets the required specifications. A certificate of conformance is a lot/datecode specific certification that provides traceability of the goods back to the point of manufacture.

American nuclear business
A certificate of conformity may be required of vendors of goods to nuclear generating stations to get the vendor to legally commit to stating compliance with applicable laws and regulations.

European commerce
A CoC or EC Certificate of Conformity is equal to a declaration of the conformity with the type approval of EC. It is produced to ensure the free movement of equipment within the European Union, specifically for equipment that is subject to homologation or registration.

A CoC is a producer's declaration that equipment, e.g. a car or motorcycles comply with the given approved type. This document contains information about the equipment and its producer's identification, type approval number, other technical specifications. The content of a CoC is defined by the European regulation (Amendment IX, Regulation 92/53). Equipment which do not comply with the EU specification (e.g. vehicle manufactured for the U.S. or Japanese market) and older equipment that have not been given the type approval of the EC yet, cannot have an existing CoC. Similarly, it is not possible to issue a CoC for converted vehicles; in this case another technical document might help register your car. Only car and motorcycles are eligible.

History and legislation
Certificates of conformity have been defined in EU's Single Internal Market and Type Approval Directive (EC-92). EU's single internal market became official on 1 January 1993. Part of the "EC-92" effort was to remove the technical barriers preventing the free movement of products within the EU market. The greatest impact of this effort has been in the area of standards in the automotive sector. The EU Commission is seeking to harmonise the automotive, technical and environmental standards between all the member states. EU legislation defines the standards in the areas of noise, particle emissions and safety. In addition, the EU's Directive on Type Approval (EU Council Directive 92/53) eliminates the need for national type approval requirements by establishing one set of rules for automobiles and their components throughout the EU. This directive aims at the clarification of the type approval procedure for motor vehicles, separate technical units (i.e., trailers), and components.

It simplifies the documentation, designates the type approval number of a separate technical unit by a certificate of conformity, and defines the vehicles, individual technical units, and components. Certificates of conformity, as specified in Annex IX of EU Directive 92/53, will be required for an automobile to enter into service. For component approvals, an endorsement that is issued under the relevant regulations by the U.N. Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) is recognised as equivalent to an approval granted under comparable EU legislation. In March 1992, the EU Council formally adopted the few remaining pieces of component-related legislation that are necessary to make the whole-vehicle type approval a reality for passenger cars. In June 1992, EU member state officials approved the adoption of EU legislation creating a single system for the certification of passenger cars, in turn defining the safety, and other technical, requirements. Legislation established an EU type approval system to replace the national schemes of the twelve member states. In 1996, the EU type approval system became mandatory.

Vehicles with an EU type approval can be marketed anywhere in the European Community. Therefore, a vehicle only needs to receive the type approval certification in one EU country in order to be accepted in all of the other member countries. To receive a type approval, products may either be brought to a testing facility or manufacturers may opt to maintain their own testing equipment. Nevertheless, US and EU automobiles still must be certified to this single set of rules by an authorised member state agency. A similar system was adopted for the type approval of two- and three-wheeled vehicles, which became effective on 1 January 1994.

See also
 American Bureau of Shipping
 Aftermarket kit
 Euro NCAP
 Lloyd's Register
 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
 Type certificate - for aircraft
 Vehicle registration

References

Product certification

Type approval


Cannop Ponds () are two large ponds, just north of Parkend in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, England. The ponds, and surrounding area, are a popular tourist destination.

An area of reeds above the top pond, known as 'Cannop Bridge Marsh', is a nature reserve managed (under agreement since 1983) by the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust.

The site (Cannop Bridge Marsh and Cannop Ponds & Woods) are listed in the 'Forest of Dean Local Plan Review' as a Key Wildlife Site (KWS).

History
The lower pond was created in 1825 to supply water, via a leat, to a waterwheel at Parkend Ironworks. The flow of water proved unreliable and an upper pond was added in 1829 to boost the supply.

Facilities
Facilities at the ponds include a large car park, information boards, picnic tables and a waymarked walk. The ponds also feature on the Forest of Dean Family Cycle Trail. The ponds are used for fishing by the Yorkley Angling Club, from 1 May to 31 March each year.

Wildlife
The ponds are a well-known site for Mandarin ducks, reed warblers and a pair of nesting mute swans.

Cannop Bridge Marsh

The site
Fuller information is provided in the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust nature reserves handbook and its main features are mixed woodland and marshland. The area is a  site. The marsh () is surrounded by relics of the area's industrial heritage as it lies in the heart of the Forest of Dean coal measures. The reserve is open to the public and is part of the Forest Nature Reserve. The Cannop Brook flows through the centre of the reserve, and opens at the southern end into Cannop north pond.  There is a disused mineral railway line, now a Forestry England road on the eastern boundary, and there are disused railway sidings at the northern end. The sidings are now wooded with alder and birch. There is a bridge and causeway on the southern boundary separating the marsh within the reserve, from the northernmost Cannop pond.

Plants and trees
The main feature of the marsh is club-rush which forms dense stands together with bulrush, great willowherb and common reed.  The alder and birch wood on the drier areas has a good ground flora which is dominated by grasses, Remote-sedge and horsetails.  The species reported include common spotted-orchid, marsh pennywort, common valerian, skullcap and creeping jenny. Wood horsetail is abundant in a damp area.

There is grazing to maintain the short-grassland areas in the north and east of the site and sheep's fescue is prominent.

Birds
Small birds are reported in wooded areas such at nuthatch, chiffchaff, wood warbler, treecreeper, marsh tit, pied flycatcher, common redstart and great spotted woodpecker.  Resident waterfowl include moorhen, mallard and coot and breeding reed buntings have been reported.

Invertebrates
The invertebrate fauna includes common blue and silver-washed fritillary  butterflies and also the large red and blue-tailed damsel-flies. The small pearl-bordered fritillary historically was present on the site but is now extinct locally.

Conservation
Conservation measures to prevent the marsh from drying out includes coppicing of the alder in the central area and the removal of bracken.

Publications

 Kelham, A, Sanderson, J, Doe, J, Edgeley-Smith, M, et al., 1979, 1990, 2002 editions, 'Nature Reserves of the Gloucestershire Trust for Nature Conservation/Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust'
 'Where to see Wildlife in the Forest of Dean', January 2012, Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust

References

External links
 Photographs of Cannop Ponds on geograph
  Cannop Ponds Forestry England web page
 Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust

Forest of Dean
Nature reserves in Gloucestershire

Cannop Ponds