During the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (also known as the Indian Mutiny) a column of troops led by the commander of the 24th Regiment of Foot was sent to disarm Bengal Native Infantry units believed to be at risk of mutiny in Rawalpindi and Jhelum.  At Rawalpindi, the 58th Bengal Native Infantry were disarmed peacefully, however the two companies of the 14th Bengal Native Infantry resisted the attempt by force of arms. These two companies were quickly defeated by the British, loyal native troops and the local population.  In Jhelum, also garrisoned by the 14th, the concurrently timed disarmament was much more violent. Thirty five British soldiers of the 24th Regiment of Foot (of later Rorkes Drift fame) were killed (or died of their wounds) along with a number of Loyal Indian troops, by mutinous sepoys of the 14th Bengal Native Infantry.  When the mutineers realised that they, with the exception of the Sikhs, were to be disarmed, they mutinied and made a vigorous defence against the force that had arrived from Rawalpindi to disarm them. The following night a significant number of mutineers managed to slip away but most were subsequently arrested by the Kashmir authorities, into whose territory they had escaped.

Background

The background to the Indian Mutiny, or the Indian Rebellion of 1857 as it is also referred to, is complex and has its origins largely with the Hindu members of the British East India Company Army of the Presidency of Bengal (although the British view after the mutiny was that it was largely driven by Muslim members).  Each of the three "Presidencies" into which the East India Company divided India for administrative purposes maintained their own armies. Of these, the Army of the Bengal Presidency was the largest. Unlike the other two, it recruited heavily from among high-caste Hindus and comparatively wealthy Muslims. The Muslims formed a larger percentage of the 18 irregular cavalry units within the Bengal Army, while Hindus were mainly to be found in the 84 regular infantry and cavalry regiments. The sepoys were therefore affected to a large degree by the concerns of the landholding and traditional members of Indian society. In the early years of Company rule, it tolerated and even encouraged the caste privileges and customs within the Bengal Army, which recruited its regular soldiers almost exclusively amongst the landowning Brahmins and Rajputs of Bihar and Awadh. These soldiers were known as Purbiyas. By the time these customs and privileges came to be threatened by modernising regimes in Calcutta from the 1840s onwards, the sepoys had become accustomed to very high ritual status and were extremely sensitive to suggestions that their caste might be polluted.

The sepoys also gradually became dissatisfied with various other aspects of army life. Their pay was relatively low and after Awadh and the Punjab were annexed, the soldiers no longer received extra pay (batta or bhatta) for service there, because they were no longer considered "foreign missions". The junior European officers became increasingly estranged from their soldiers, in many cases treating them as their racial inferiors.  In 1856, a new Enlistment Act was introduced by the Company, which in theory made every unit in the Bengal Army liable to service overseas. Although it was intended to apply to only new recruits, the serving sepoys feared that the Act might be applied retroactively to them as well. A high-caste Hindu who travelled in the cramped conditions of a wooden troop ship could not cook his own food on his own fire, and accordingly risked losing caste through ritual pollution.

The incident which appears to have been the actual flash point for the mutiny of units within the East India Company Army related to the issue of new cartridges for the in service rifle.  These cartridges were covered in grease which it was rumoured was made from animal fat, and specifically beef or pig fat.  As soldiers had to place the cartridges in their mouth to rip them open and cows were regarded as sacred by Hindus and pigs unclean by Muslims this rumour created outrage.  This spilled over into open defiance in some units and eventually a very bloody mutiny in Meerut and Delhi.

Disarming of Native Units

As some units openly rebelled and disquiet spread the decision was made to disarm some Bengal units that it was believed may be at risk of mutiny.  This does not appear to have been a blanket policy across the East India Company Army and the decision as to whether or not to disarm units or not appears to have been taken on a case by case basis at a local level.  In some cases attempts to disarm units went badly wrong or were bungled such as at Benares and Allahabad, also leading to local revolts.  As a result, orders to disarm other Bengal Native units were carried with much more secrecy.

Deployment of forces

To prevent forewarning the Bengal Native Infantry units in either Jhelum or Rawalpindi of plans to disarm them the decision was taken to arrange for both garrisons to be disarmed simultaneously. On 1 July 1857 a small force was dispatched under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Charles Ellice, consisting of three companies of the 24th Regiment of Foot (a Regular British Army unit rather than an East India Company unit), a total of 260 men, three guns from Captain Cooke's Company of the Bengal Horse Artillery and 150 men of Miller's Police Battalion (an Indian unit).  This force was ordered to proceed under sealed orders to Rawalpindi and were joined en route by Mooltanee levies under Lieutenant Lind.  None of the officers or men knew the mission they were being sent on and many had assumed that they would be sent to Delhi.

On the morning of 7 July the garrison at Rawalpindi was called out on parade, ostensibly to hear the reading of routine orders.  Troops in the garrison at the time consisted of the other half of the 24th of Foot and the remainder of Cooke's Company of the Bengal Horse Artillery, with elements of Captain Millar's Mounted Police, the 58th Bengal Native Infantry and two companies of the 14th Bengal Native Infantry. During the issue of routine orders Brigadier Campbell of the Royal Artillery and commander of the garrison issued orders for the two Bengal Native Infantry units to be disarmed.  This was done without the knowledge of these two units' British Officers and while the 58th obeyed the orders the two companies of the 14th took to arms and carried out a fighting withdrawal pursued by the Mounted Police.  Those of the two companies that escaped into the town were later captured by the locals and their heads were delivered to the garrison the following day by the townspeople.

The Battle
On the morning of 6 July, Charles Ellice's force arrived at Deenah, one day's march from Jhelum, where he was to open his sealed orders. With the intent of the expedition now clear, Ellice sent half of his mounted Mooltanee troops ahead of the column, ordering them to cross the river and proceed through the low ground and waddies so as to avoid detection and cover that flank.  He then rode ahead himself to Jhelum and met with Lieutenant Colonel Gerard, commander of the 14th Bengal Native Infantry, to direct him as to how he was to co-operate with his force the following morning.

Early on the following day (7 July), as events were unfolding in Rawalpindi, the three guns from Captain Cooke's Company of the Bengal Horse Artillery and the remainder of the Mooltanee Cavalry took up positions to the right of the Jhelum Cantonment and cut off the lines of communication.  Later that morning the infantry of the 24th of Foot arrived moving into the open outside the cantonment and began deploying into line.  The 14th Bengal Native Infantry were at this stage formed up in column on their parade square, with the Sikh members of the unit formed up to one side.  Upon seeing the British troops come into sight the men of the 14th realised that they were about to be disarmed and began loading their weapons and making ready for a fight.  Their European officers attempted to remonstrate with them and get them to lay down their weapons but without any success.  As the Sikh troops and European Officers realised the danger they were in they began moving rapidly towards the 24th Regiment of Foot, just in time as the remaining troops of the 14th began opening fire on them.

The mutineers began deploying into defensive positions and blocking the main route into the garrison but were met by a charge by the Mooltanee Cavalry led by Lieutenant Lind.  The cavalry charge caused a significant number of casualties amongst the mutineers but with Lieutenant Lind going down (with his mount shot out from under him) and the 14th in a strong defensive position the cavalry couldn't press home their attack.  In ten minutes the Mooltanees had suffered 9 dead, 28 wounded and 60 horses killed. The Mooltanee Infantry and the men of Millar's Police Battalion followed up the attack supported by the guns of the Bengal Horse Artillery but a stalemate ensued.

Finally, Ellice took 50 of his men from the 24th of Foot and led them in a charge, hoping to storm the enemy position, and managed to break through the Quarter Guard of the mutineers. Ellice fell during the charge (wounded in the neck and leg), but the mutineers of the 14th Bengal Native Infantry fell back into the adjoining camp of the 39th Bengal Native Infantry.  The mutineers were then forced to retreat from their new position when an artillery shell hit the magazine causing a large explosion, around 300 escaping to the nearby village of Saemlee and prepared new positions.

During this lull in the battle the men of the 24th of Foot discovered the 39th's Mess and stores including the alcohol.  After a long march the men were difficult to restrain and order was lost for a brief period with only the men of the Bengal Horse artillery and the Mooltanees remaining disciplined and watching the enemy.

When Ellice recovered enough to take command order was restored and he ordered another attack.  The Mounted Police and Mooltanees Cavalry were placed on the left flank of the village to prevent the mutineers from slipping away and the artillery was ordered closer to the village to begin a bombardment with Grapeshot.  The range was however so close, and the mutineers sufficiently covered by the village's buildings, that the artillerymen began to suffer severe casualties; being picked off by the enemy Sepoys.  Captain McPherson of the 24th attempted to lead a charge to take the village by bayonet but was forced to withdraw.

With ammunition running low and the artillery suffering badly in casualties to men and horses, Ellice ordered a withdrawal.  Due to the losses in horses and damage one of the guns could not be pulled away and was captured and tipped into the river by the mutineers.  As it was getting late the decision was made to wait until morning to renew the attack on the village and pickets were set.  Concurrently the events of the day had been telegraphed to the garrison at Rawalpindi as events had unfolded and a Colonel was despatched to replace the wounded Ellice and a small column of reinforcements of the 24th was dispatched under the command of Lieutenant Holland.

In the morning when the attack was to be resumed the attackers found that the remainder of the 14 Bengal Native Infantry's mutineers has slipped away in the night.

Aftermath

Although a large number of mutineers escaped they found they could not cross the river easily, the Punjabi Police having secured the major crossing points and boats.  Those that did manage to find some small boats were mostly captured by the Mooltanees patrolling the far side of the river or by other troops further downstream.  In all of the 600 men of the 14th Bengali Native Light Infantry based at Jhelum, 100 Sikhs had remained loyal, 150 were killed outright in the fighting, 180 were captured by British or East India Company forces and 150 were arrested by the Kashmiri authorities and handed over to the British.  Only 50 remained unaccounted for.  The result of the fighting at Jhelum and Rawalpindi was the destruction of the 14th Bengali Native Infantry as a unit.

Lieutenant Colonel Ellice was Mentioned in dispatches, received the Indian Mutiny Medal, and was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 1 January 1858.

The early success of the 14th Bengali Native Infantry was however to have a wider effect sending shock waves through the region and sparking unrest in nearby garrisons.

Victoria Cross

Gunner William Connolly, a Bengal Horse Artillery soldier with the force sent from Rawalpindi to disarm the mutineers, won a Victoria Cross during fighting at Jhelum on 7 July 1857.

Memorials

Mirza Dildar Baig, also known as Khaki Shah, took part in the mutiny at Jhelum and was later celebrated by Indian Nationalists.  He was captured and arrested with the remaining mutineers by authorities in Kashmir and later hanged near the river Jhelum. His grave is in a shrine in Jhelum Dildarnagar, and a small town in Uttar Pradesh is also named after him.

A lectern inside St. John's Church Jhelum the church commemorates the 35 soldiers of the 24th regiment of Foot killed during the mutiny. Among the dead was Captain Francis Spring, the eldest son of Colonel William Spring. St. John's Church is located in Jhelum Cantonment, now part of  Pakistan, beside the river Jhelum. It was built in 1860 and is a landmark of the city. It is a Protestant church and was in use during the British period. For forty years it remained closed. Now it has been renovated and opened and almost in good condition.

Sources

References

Attribution

External links
William Connolly VC website
East India Company

Battles of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
British East India Company
Military history of the British East India Company
Battles involving the British East India Company
Military of British India
Conflicts in 1857
Wars involving the United Kingdom
1857 in British India
19th-century military history of the United Kingdom
19th-century rebellions
July 1857 events

Battle of Jhelum (1857)


The David Chapman Farmstead is a historic house at 128 Stoddards Wharf Road in Ledyard, Connecticut.  Built about 1744, it is a well-preserved example of a vernacular rural farmhouse of the period, built by a descendant of one of Ledyard's early settlers.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

Description and history
The David Chapman Farmstead is located in a rural setting, on the north side of Stoddard Wharf Road just west of its crossing of Stoddard Brook.  It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a gambrel roof, central chimney, and clapboarded exterior.  Its main facade is five bays wide, the bays set somewhat regularly but not symmetrical.  The entrance is near the center, and both door and windows butt against the roof eave.  The interior of the house has exposed architectural elements showing its construction history.

The house was built in two stages by David Chapman, the grandson of one of the area's early colonial proprietors, William Chapman.  The oldest part of the house, its eastern half, dates to about 1744, and consisted of a single chamber on the ground floor with a loft in the attic, which was accessed by a ladder.  In 1756, Chapman added the western half, also probably replacing the original roof with the present gambrel.  Chapman may also have built the barn that stands at the back of the property, whose construction methods suggest it dates to the 18th century.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in New London County, Connecticut

References

National Register of Historic Places in New London County, Connecticut
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Colonial architecture in the United States
Houses completed in 1746
Houses in New London County, Connecticut
Ledyard, Connecticut

David Chapman Farmstead


Timberlands West Coast Limited was a New Zealand State-owned enterprise based on the West Coast.

It was formed to manage the native and exotic forests on the West Coast of the defunct New Zealand Forest Service.

A large quantity of internal documents relating to the operation of its secret public relations campaign to support its logging operations in the 1990s against environmental groups was published in the book Secrets and Lies in 1999.

In 2001, 130,000 ha of indigenous forests were transferred to the Department of Conservation.

In February 2008, the Minister of State-Owned Enterprises Trevor Mallard announced that the assets of Timberlands will transfer to Crown Forestry (division of MAF) since the company has had poor financial results. The company ceased trading on 31 December 2008 and once the transfer of forests was completed, the company was wound up.

References

Forest products companies of New Zealand
Defunct forest products companies
Defunct companies of New Zealand

Timberlands West Coast Limited


Xenia Kalogeropoulou (; born September 12, 1936) is a Greek actress, who appeared in both Greek and English-speaking films in her career. With her career, spanning six decades, she has appeared in over forty films and television shows.

Biography
Kalogeropoulou was born in Athens, Greece and studied acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. She made her acting debut in the 1956 play, La Troupe Francaise. She broke into the movies with a minor part in Mrs. Midwife. She would go on to appear in Marriage Adventures (1959), West Side and East Side (1959), Soldiers in Uniform (1960), and Lisa, Tosca of Athens (1961). Her first starring role was in 1961's, 2000 Sailors and a Girl.

In 1960, she starred alongside Jayne Mansfield and newcomer Trax Colton in It Happened in Athens, a film that was not released until 1962. As the 1960s progressed, Xenia received steady acting work. She made her television debut in a 1976 episode of Athanates istories agapis. She retired from film acting after making an appearance on Our Old Friends in 1985, but returned in 2013 with a role in the film Before Midnight, which was her fortieth film.

In 1964, she won the best actress award in Thessaloniki Film Festival for the film Gamos Ala Ellinika.

Awards

References

External links

1936 births
Greek actresses
Living people
Alumni of RADA
Greek women children's writers

Xenia Kalogeropoulou


Ellen DeVoe is a professor in the Clinical Practice Department at the Boston University School of Social Work and founding director of the Trauma Certificate Program.  From 2013 to 2019, DeVoe was the director of the Interdisciplinary PhD Program in Sociology & Social Work, PhD Program in Social Work.

Education
BA (social history and women's studies), Princeton University, 1986
MSW (clinical social work and mental health), University of Denver, 1990
PhD (social work and psychology), University of Michigan, 1996
NIMH postdoctoral fellowship (family violence research training), University of New Hampshire

Career
DeVoe has taught at the Columbia University School of Social Work, University of New Hampshire's College of Lifelong Learning in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Eastern Michigan University, and the University of Michigan School of Social Work.

DeVoe was the principal investigator for Strong Families Strong Forces (SFSF), a four year program for which BUSSW received a "grant from the U.S. Department of Defense to fund a program that would help support the healthy reintegration of soldiers from Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom into their families."

References

Boston University faculty
Princeton University alumni
University of Denver alumni
University of Michigan School of Social Work alumni
Social work scholars
Living people
Columbia University School of Social Work faculty
Eastern Michigan University faculty
University of Michigan faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)

Ellen DeVoe


A blafard is an imaginary creature purportedly found in the early United States. Blafards, also called "kackerlackes", were "strange albinos long surmised to be the result of some kind of simian crossbreeding", but of an "accidental variety". Blafards were imagined by Europeans, notably Cornelius De Pauw in the 18th century.  This creature was a symbol of the degeneration of America in the minds of Europeans, along with the "hermaphrodite", which "epitomized Americans' sexual disorder.

Blafards were imagined to be "caused by a deficiency 'in their parents' spermatic liquor'" and were "absolutely deprived of the power of generation, or did not engender children that resemble them".

Blafards were a manifestation of the early Anti-Americanism that originated in Europe in the 18th century. Their earliest mention is in the works of Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon and Cornelius De Pauw.

Notes

References

Mythic humanoids
Fictional human hybrids
Mythological hybrids

Blafard


Sweatpants are a casual variety of soft trousers intended for comfort or athletic purposes, although they are now worn in many different situations. In the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa they are known as tracksuit bottoms. In Australia and New Zealand, they are also commonly known as trackpants, trackies, tracky daks or joggers. In the Philippines, they are called "jogging pants".

History
The first pair of sweatpants was introduced in the 1920s by Émile Camuset, the founder of Le Coq Sportif. These were simple knitted gray jersey pants that allowed athletes to stretch and run comfortably. Sweatpants became commonplace at the Olympic Games by the late 1930s, and were seen on many athletes in the decades that followed. Adidas introduced the tracksuit that combined the sweatpants with a track top in 1964, which helped popularize athletic fashion. The rise of fitness culture, as well as the birth of hip hop in 1980s America, led to the popularization of sweatpants as both leisurewear and streetwear.

College students also contributed to sweatpants' rise in popularity in the United States. Since the 1910s, "sportswear" has been a staple in college campus style and in the 1970s and 80s designers began reimagining the "jersey knit fabric that had been used for gym garb" into clothes for students' everyday wear. Despite their rise in popular culture, sweatpants were often criticized in mainstream media in the 1990s and early 2000s; in the American sitcom Seinfeld, the title character, Jerry, tells his friend "you're telling the world you've given up" when he appears in sweatpants.

Fashion shifted during the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting increase in remote work. Sales of sweatpants have increased since 2019, and many high-end and haute couture fashion brands have moved toward creating simpler, athletic-inspired looks.

Design
Sweatpants are usually made from stretchy knitted jersey fabrics of differing weights, including single jersey, double jersey, fleeceback jersey, and loopback jersey (terry). They are a pull-on style pants and often have a flexible elasticated waistband with a drawstring closure. They may or may not have a fly and pockets. Some sweatpants can also feature elasticized cuffs at the hem of the leg. Sweatpants are traditionally ash gray in color but are now available in most colors. Traditionally quite "baggy" and loose, sweatpants are now also available in more form-fitting shapes; moreover, they have flexibility and comfort.

Culture
At one time, these pants were only worn for sporting events and at home. Now, they are available in many fashionable styles and are worn in a variety of public situations. Because of their comfort and fashion, they have become a popular choice of clothing. Sweatpants may come from many different materials and in many forms including thick and thin. Sweatpants are sometimes associated with certain lifestyles such as gym culture or hip-hop culture. This niche-specific perception of sweatpants since the 1980s has at times resulted in extensive dress code regulations with some outlets outright banning the wearing of sweatpants on their premises, including some German cafés and a substantial number of nightclubs worldwide.

Variations

There are many variations on sweatpants design that have evolved to define their own categories of athletic pants.  These variations include fashion pants, windpants, tearaway pants, and muscle pants.

Fashion pants
Fashion pants typically refers to fashion conscious sportswear. These pants are often made from a variety of materials, like velvet or satin, and in many color combinations or patterns. One distinguishing characteristic is that fashion pants generally lack the elastic band at the ankles. They are considered a form of athleisure wear.

Windpants
Windpants are similar to sweatpants but are lighter and shield the wearer from cold wind rather than insulate.  Windpants are typically made of polyester or nylon, with a liner made of cotton or polyester. The nylon material's natural friction against both itself and human legs makes "swooshing" sounds during walking. Windpants often have zippers on each ankle, letting athletes unzip the end of each leg, allowing the pants to be pulled over their footwear.

Tearaway pants
Tearaway pants, also known as breakaway pants, rip-off pants, or popper pants are closely related to windpants.  Tearaway pants are windpants with snap fasteners running the length of  both legs. The snaps allow athletes to remove their tearaway pants in a timely manner to compete in some sports.  Basketball and track and field are the two sports most commonly associated with tearaway pants.

See also

 Leggings
 Sportswear (activewear)
 Yoga pants

References

21st-century fashion
Sportswear
Trousers and shorts

Sweatpants


Barshong Gewog (Dzongkha: བར་གཤོང་) is a gewog (a village block or county) of Tsirang District, Bhutan.

Barshong Gewog is located in the western part of Tsirang District and has an area of 21.2 km2. The altitude ranges from 700 to 1500 meters above the sea level. Some 53% of the land area is under forest cover comprising mainly broad-leaf trees. The gewog has around 575 acres of dry land, 255 acres of wet land, 57 acres of orchards and 10 acres of cardamom. The most commonly used local dialects are Lhotshamkha, Tamang, Mongar and Subba.

The gewog is administratively divided into 5 chewogs namely Barshong Toed, Barshong Maed, Gangtokha, Chunnykhang and Toedsang with administration center and RNR center located at Barshong Toed. The gewog has 330 households with a total population of 2383 living in widely scattered 9 villages in the gewog. The gewog center is located about 28 km from the Dzongkhag administration in Tsirang.

Agriculture and livestock extension services are provided by a RNR Extension center while health services and facilities are also presently availed from Basic Health Unit (BHU) located at Gangtokha, Barshong. Almost all households living in the gewog are connected with electricity. The establishment of Community Centers has provided access to ICT facilities to the population.

References

Gewogs of Bhutan
Tsirang District

Barshong Gewog


Live action is a form of cinematography or videography that uses photography instead of animation. Some works combine live action with animation to create a live-action animated feature film. Live action is used to define film, video games or similar visual media. Photorealistic animation, particularly modern computer animation, is sometimes erroneously described as "live action," as in the case of some media reports about Disney's remake of the traditionally animated The Lion King from 1994. According to the Cambridge English Dictionary, live action involves "real people or animals, not models, or images that are drawn, or produced by computer".

Overview
As the normal process of making visual media involves live action, the term itself is usually superfluous. However, it makes an important distinction in situations in which one might normally expect animation, such as when the work is adapted from a video game, or from an animated cartoon.

The phrase "live action" also occurs within an animation context to refer to non-animated characters: in a live-action/animated film such as Space Jam, Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Looney Tunes: Back in Action, or Mary Poppins in which humans and cartoons co-exist. In this case, the "live-action" characters are the "real" actors, such as Michael Jordan, Bob Hoskins and Julie Andrews, as opposed to the animated "actors", such as Roger and Jessica Rabbit.

As use of computer-generated imagery (CGI) in films has become a major trend, some critics, such as Mark Langer, have discussed the relationship between live action and animation. New films that use computer-generated special-effects can not be compared to live-action films using cartoon characters because of the perceived realism of both styles combined.

Live action vs. animation
In producing a movie, both live action and animation have their own pros and cons. Unlike animation, live action involves the photography of actors and actresses, as well as sets and props making the movie seem personal and as close to reality as possible. The only drawback is one's budget. On the other hand, animation works well in conveying abstract ideas but it generally takes much longer to produce.

See also
Animated cartoon
Films with live action and animation
Footage
List of live-action films based on cartoons and comics
List of live-action puppet films
Live-action role-playing game

References

Animation terminology
Film and video terminology
Television terminology

sv:Spelfilm

Live action


Girton College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1869 and it was the first college for women. It was given official status only in 1948, when women were allowed in the university. In 1976, it started allowing men too. The college has about 700 students.

The college is about 2.5 miles (4 km) away from the university town. It takes the name from the village where it is found, Girton.

Some very famous people have studied at this Girton, like Queen Margrethe II of Denmark.

It has one of the biggest libraries in Cambridge.

Other websites
Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge

Girton College, Cambridge


Fernando Birri (March 13, 1925 – December 28, 2017) was an Argentine filmmaker, screenwriter, actor, critic and theorist. He was born in Santa Fe, Argentina. He was thought by many to be the father of the new Latin American cinema. He was known for his movie Tire dié. Birri debuted with a short movie called La primera fundación de Buenos Aires, which premiered in the 1959 Cannes Film Festival.

In 1986 Birri co-founded Escuela Internacional de Cine y Television (The International School of Film and Television), in San Antonio de Los Baños, Cuba.

Birri died in Buenos Aires of respiratory arrest complicated from a fall on December 28, 2017 at the age of 92.

References

Other websites

1925 births
2017 deaths
Argentine movie actors
Argentine movie directors
Movie critics
Actors from Buenos Aires
Writers from Buenos Aires
Argentine screenwriters

Fernando Birri


Car rental is when you rent a car. The company providing you the car becomes the car rental service provider, whereas you become the car hirer, as you hire the car for a fee.

A car rental agency or a rent-a-car (car hire in British English) is a company that rents automobiles for short periods of time (ranging from a few hours to a few weeks) for a fee.

Location
They can be found primarily located near airports or busy city areas. The internet is changing the car rental industry with companies that are now called online car rental companies. Travelers can pre-book their rental car online anywhere across the globe directly from the service providers like Hertz, Budget, Alamo, Sixt Rent a Car, Thrifty, Travelauto.com, Dollar, Enterprise Rent-A-Car and Europcar.

Purpose
Car rental agencies are mainly for people who need a car for a short period of time, for example travellers who are out of town, people whose cars were damaged or destroyed. Car rental agencies may also rent trucks for self-moving industry

Conditions
Car rentals are subject to many conditions which vary from one brand to another. The vehicle must be returned in a good condition and must not exceed a maximum driven distance, otherwise extra fees may be incurred. Additionally, some companies set up a minimum age for the vehicle driver, which in some cases is as high as 25, even in countries where the minimum legal age to hold a driver's license is much lower. Recent conditions have used GPS technology to limit maximum speeds or driving to specific regions.

Global market
North America and Europe are leading the car rental market, followed by Asia-Pacific. North America is dominating the car rental market, owing to the high usage rate of car rental services by daily commuters, office-goers, and tourists in the country. Also, the growing trend of car sharing also boosts the usage of car rental in this region.

References

Automobiles

Car rental


David Lazarus is an American business and consumer columnist who works for KTLA and worked for the Los Angeles Times from August 2007 to January 2022. His last column was published on January 28, 2022.

Early life and education
He attended Ojai Valley School and Crossroads School (Santa Monica, California) before heading north to attend and graduate from the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned a degree in history.

Writing
David Lazarus has written pieces for Los Angeles Times about consumer affairs and business topics including YouTube, AT&T and BMW-customer service issues.

Before joining the LA Times staff in 2007, Lazarus worked as a columnist for the San Francisco Chronicle and a nightly talk radio host for San Francisco's KGO Radio. Lazarus also worked for The San Francisco Examiner,The Bangkok Post, and The Japan Times.

He won first place in the 2005 National Headliner Awards contest for business reporting. And the Society of Professional Journalists in Northern California named him "Journalist of the Year" in 2001. A media watchdog site, Grade the News, described him this way: "Since coming to the Chronicle from Wired News in 1999, David Lazarus has been one of the most prolific, and influential, writers at the paper." He is known for sticking up and helping ordinary people deal with problems "such as fighting telemarketers"  when no one else is able to step up.

Lazarus is the author of two books on Japan, where he lived for several years, and has had articles published in many magazines.

Radio interviews

Lazarus has often been interviewed about data breach issues (see Anthem medical data breach) and privacy matters on talk radio shows such as the Norman Goldman Show.  He is also regularly seen on KTLA "Consumer Confidential" segments.

Personal
Lazarus lives in Southern California with his wife and son. Lazarus is a member of the Democratic Party.

References

External links
 Lazarus's articles at Los Angeles Times

American columnists
American male journalists
American talk radio hosts
Consumer rights activists
Writers from San Francisco
Radio personalities from San Francisco
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
American skeptics
Crossroads School alumni

David Lazarus


William Paston, 2nd Earl of Yarmouth (1654 – 25 December 1732) of Oxnead, Norfolk and Turnham Green, Chiswick, Middlesex was a British peer and politician.

Born in 1654, he was the son of Robert Paston, 1st Earl of Yarmouth and his wife, Rebecca, née Clayton and was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge.  He succeeded his father as 2nd Earl of Yarmouth in 1683, inheriting his estate and Oxnead Hall.

Paston was elected Member of Parliament for Norwich from 1678. In 1679, when his father was made an earl, William adopted the style of Lord Paston. He continued to represent Norwich until he inherited his father's title.

He converted to Roman Catholicism and in February 1687, James II appointed him Treasurer of the Household. He was also appointed joint Lord-Lieutenant of Wiltshire and Custos Rotulorum of Wiltshire in 1688.

He reconverted to Anglicanism in 1689, but refused to swear allegiance to William and Mary when they came to the throne that year, subsequently losing all his offices.

Suspected of Jacobitism, he was imprisoned twice, but was admitted to the House of Lords in 1696. He was briefly Vice-Admiral of Norfolk in 1719.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1722.

Private life
Yarmouth died heavily in debt on 25 December 1732 at Epsom, Surrey, aged seventy-eight. In 1671, he had married the widowed Charlotte FitzRoy, the illegitimate daughter of Charles II and Elizabeth Killigrew. They had four children who survived childhood, though only one survived him:

Charles Paston, Lord Paston (1673–1718)
Lady Charlotte Paston (1675–1736), married Thomas Herne.
Lady Rebecca Paston (1681–1726), married Sir John Holland, 2nd Baronet.
Hon. William Paston (1682–1711)

His wife having died in 1684, he married Elizabeth Wiseman (the widow of Sir Robert Wiseman and daughter of Dudley North, 4th Baron North) in March 1687.

As his sons, his brothers and their male heirs had predeceased him, his titles became extinct. His heavily mortgaged estate had to be sold.

See also
Paston, Norfolk

References

Sources
John Miller, Paston, Robert, first earl of Yarmouth (1631–1683), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 26 May 2008

1654 births
1732 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism
Lord-Lieutenants of Wiltshire
Treasurers of the Household
17th-century Anglicans
17th-century Roman Catholics
English MPs 1661–1679
English MPs 1679
English MPs 1680–1681
English MPs 1681
Fellows of the Royal Society
Earls of Yarmouth (1679 creation)
William

William Paston, 2nd Earl of Yarmouth


The White River Railroad was an intrastate railroad in southeastern Vermont. It ran from Bethel, Vermont to Rochester, Vermont, a distance of approximately 19 miles.

History
Planning for the White River Valley Electric Railroad began in 1896, and the line was charted along the course of the White River.  The name was changed to White River Valley Railroad and finally White River Railroad before construction began in 1899.  Built on a shoestring budget, the first train arrived in Rochester in December 1900.  Because the railroad followed the course of the White River closely, it was frequently damaged by floods and was often referred to as "The Peavine".  Like most railroads in Vermont, it was heavily damaged by the great Flood of November, 1927.  Though the railroad was fully rebuilt the following year, the Great Depression reduced traffic to fatal levels, and the railroad was abandoned in 1933.

Stations
The railroad stopped at the following locations from east to west:

 Bethel, Vermont (interchange with the Central Vermont Railway and the Bethel Granite Railway)
 Lillieville, Vermont (informal flagstop)
 Gaysville, Vermont (station)
 Riverside (informal flagstop)
 Stockbridge, Vermont (station)
 Tupper's, Vermont (informal flagstop)
 Emerson, Vermont (informal flagstop)
 Talcville, Vermont (informal flagstop)
 Rochester, Vermont (station)

Locomotives

References
Jones, Robert C., Railroads of Vermont, Volume II, 1993.

Herwig, Wes, A Whistle Up the Valley : The Story of the Peavine, Vermont's White River Railroad, 2005.

Defunct Vermont railroads

White River Railroad (Vermont)


Barry Turner Bales (born August 23, 1969) is an American musician best known as the long time bass player and harmony vocalist for Alison Krauss and Union Station. He has been in the band for around 25 years. The 2012 Grammy was awarded as a member of the Union Station band on Paper Airplane. He is also a member of The Earls of Leicester.

Career
Bales grew up in Colonial Heights, Tennessee, outside of Kingsport, Tennessee and attended Sullivan South High School. Early memories of music include listening to the records of Bill Monroe, Flatt & Scruggs, the Stanley Brothers, Bob Wills, Buck Owens and Hank Thompson from his father's extensive collection. He started experimenting with various instruments at the age of 10, starting with guitar. By age 15, Bales had found the bass and was playing regionally in various groups. Bales attended East Tennessee State University, participating in the Bluegrass, Old Time, and Country Music program, as did future Union Station members Tim Stafford and Adam Steffey.

Over the years, Bales has become one of the most in-demand session musicians in acoustic music.  He has recorded and performed with such artists as Reba McEntire, Susan Ashton, Merle Haggard, Ronnie Bowman, The Cox Family, Vince Gill, Dolly Parton, Dan Tyminski, Patty Loveless amongst others.

He currently resides in Greene County, Tennessee with his wife Aliceson (née Osborn) and their young son.

References

1969 births
Living people
People from Kingsport, Tennessee
Alison Krauss & Union Station members
American country bass guitarists
East Tennessee State University alumni
Guitarists from Tennessee
American male bass guitarists
20th-century American bass guitarists
Country musicians from Tennessee
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American double-bassists
20th-century American double-bassists
21st-century American male musicians

Barry Bales


Intelligent Finance (IF) is a UK offset bank, a division of Bank of Scotland plc which is part of Lloyds Banking Group. It was established as a division of Halifax plc in 1999 by Jim Spowart, who helped establish other direct financial services firms including Direct Line.

Following a reorganisation of the HBOS group, it is now a division of Bank of Scotland plc.  IF's registered headquarters are in Edinburgh, with customer service operations based in Scotland (Livingston, West Lothian, and Rosyth, Fife). Its postal address is no longer in Livingston; it is now Leeds.

IF was set up at a time when many banks were exploring opportunities to use new technology to reduce the costs of providing financial services. IF established what it marketed as "intelligent" products whereby customer pick a combination of all or some of a range of bank accounts including current account, savings account, mortgage and credit card. The credit balance in a person's current account and saving accounts would "offset" any debit balances in the person's mortgage and credit card accounts. The customer would then pay interest on the net balance, potentially allowing savings to be made on borrowings. However, in June 2005 IF withdrew its offset credit card, citing high running costs.

Although the bank was hit by technical problems at its launch, it quickly gained a significant market share in the mortgage and current account market, and is still one of the largest in the U.K

Intelligent Finance sponsored the Scottish First Division football team Livingston FC.  From 2006 to 2008 it sponsored the if.comedies award, successor to the Perrier Comedy Award, at the Edinburgh Fringe.

In July 2009, Intelligent Finance withdrew its mortgage and current account products to new customers, although existing customers were unaffected. In March 2013, Intelligent Finance withdrew all its remaining products to new customers. As with mortgages, existing customers continued to be able to operate their accounts. Its Visa Debit cards do not support contactless payment and cannot be added to smartphone near-field communication applications (NFC, e.g. Samsung Pay, Apple Pay, Google Pay.

In Summer 2014, Intelligent Finance asked its savings customers to consider moving their accounts to TSB Bank.  Lloyds Banking Group was asked to close Intelligent Finance to new business by the European Commission in order to reduce their market share.

In May 2023, Intelligent Finance announced, without explanation and without any mention on its website, that it would be closing all its current accounts by the end of 2023 and that customers would have to switch to a new current account or have their funds returned to them.

References

External links

Banks of Scotland
Lloyds Banking Group
British companies established in 1999
Banks established in 1999
Companies based in Edinburgh
1999 establishments in Scotland
Financial services brands

Intelligent Finance


Sylvia Sidney (born Sophia Kosow; August 8, 1910 – July 1, 1999) was an American stage, screen and film actress whose career spanned over 70 years. She rose to prominence in dozens of leading roles in the 1930s. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Summer Wishes, Winter Dreams in 1973. She later gained attention for her role as Juno, a case worker in the afterlife, in Tim Burton's 1988 film Beetlejuice, for which she won a Saturn Award as Best Supporting Actress.

Early life
Sidney was born in the Bronx, New York, the daughter of Rebecca (née Saperstein), a Romanian Jew, and Victor Kosow, a Russian-Jewish immigrant who worked as a clothing salesman. Her parents divorced by 1915, and she was adopted by her stepfather Sigmund Sidney, a dentist. Her mother became a dressmaker and renamed herself Beatrice Sidney. Now using the surname Sidney, Sylvia became an actress at the age of 15 as a way of overcoming shyness. As a student of the Theater Guild's School for Acting, she was praised by theater critics for her performances. In 1926, she made her first film appearance as an extra in D.W. Griffith's The Sorrows of Satan.

Career

During the Depression, Sidney appeared in a string of films, often playing working-class heroines, or the girlfriend or sister of a gangster. She appeared with Gary Cooper, Spencer Tracy, Henry Fonda, Joel McCrea, Fredric March, George Raft and Cary Grant. Among her films from this period were: An American Tragedy, City Streets, and Street Scene (all 1931), Alfred Hitchcock's Sabotage and Fritz Lang's Fury (both 1936), You Only Live Once and Dead End (both 1937), and The Trail of the Lonesome Pine, an early three-strip Technicolor film. During this period, she developed a reputation for being difficult to work with.
At the time of making Sabotage with Alfred Hitchcock, Sidney was one of the highest-paid actresses in the industry, earning $10,000 per week—earning a total of $80,000 for Sabotage.

Her career diminished somewhat during the 1940s. In 1949, exhibitors voted her "box-office poison". In 1952, she played the role of Fantine in Les Misérables, and although the film itself did not meet the studio's expectations, Sidney received critical praise for her performance.

She appeared three times on Playhouse 90. On May 16, 1957, she appeared as Lulu Morgan, mother of singer Helen Morgan in "The Helen Morgan Story". Four months later, Sidney rejoined her former co-star Bergen on the premiere of the short-lived The Polly Bergen Show. She also worked in television during the 1960s on such programs as Route 66, The Defenders, and My Three Sons.

In 1973, Sidney received an Academy Award nomination for her supporting role in Summer Wishes, Winter Dreams. As an elderly woman, Sidney continued to play supporting screen roles, and was identifiable by her husky voice, the result of cigarette smoking. She was the formidable Miss Coral in the film version of I Never Promised You a Rose Garden and later was cast as Aidan Quinn's grandmother in the television production of An Early Frost for which she won a Golden Globe Award. She played Aunt Marion in Damien: Omen II and had key roles in Beetlejuice (directed by longtime Sidney fan Tim Burton), for which she won a Saturn Award, and Used People. Her final role was in Mars Attacks!, another film by Burton, in which she played an elderly woman whose beloved records by Slim Whitman help stop an alien invasion from Mars.

On television, she appeared in the pilot episode of WKRP in Cincinnati as the imperious owner of the radio station, and she appeared in a memorable episode of Thirtysomething as Melissa's tough grandmother, who wanted to leave her granddaughter the family dress business, though Melissa wanted a career as a photographer. Sidney also appeared at the beginning of each episode as the crotchety travel clerk on the short-lived late-1990s revival of Fantasy Island. She also was featured on Starsky & Hutch; The Love Boat; Magnum, P.I.; Diagnosis Murder; and Trapper John, M.D.

Her Broadway career spanned five decades, from her debut performance as a graduate of the Theatre Guild School in June 1926 at age 15, in the three-act fantasy Prunella to the Tennessee Williams play Vieux Carré in 1977. Other stage credits included The Fourposter, Enter Laughing, and Barefoot in the Park. In 1982, Sidney was awarded the George Eastman Award by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film.

Personal life
Sidney was married three times, first to publisher Bennett Cerf on October 1, 1935; they divorced on April 9, 1936. She married actor and acting teacher Luther Adler in 1938, by whom she had her only child, a son Jacob ("Jody"; 1939–1987), who died of Lou Gehrig's disease while his mother was still alive. Adler and Sidney divorced in 1946. On March 5, 1947, she married radio producer and announcer Carlton Alsop; they divorced on March 22, 1951.

A Democrat, Sidney supported Adlai Stevenson's campaign during the 1952 presidential election.

She published two books on the art of needlepoint, and raised and showed pug dogs.

Death
Sidney died on July 1, 1999 from esophageal cancer at the Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan. She underwent chemotherapy, which proved unsuccessful, and died a month before her 89th birthday. Her remains were cremated.

Filmography

Film

Television

Radio appearances

References

Sources
 Miller, Sally, Sylvia: A Memoir Of Hollywood Star Sylvia Sidney, Synergy Book Service (September 15, 2004), /

External links

 Cum a ajuns Sylvia Sydney, fiica unei croitorese din Bacău, să ia minţile bărbaţilor de la Hollywood. Românca era văzută ca simbol al frumuseţii perfecte, 21 May 2016, Ionela Stănilă, Adevărul

1910 births
1999 deaths
American adoptees
American film actresses
American television actresses
American stage actresses
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (television) winners
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Jewish American actresses
Actresses from the Bronx
20th-century American actresses
California Democrats
New York (state) Democrats
20th-century American Jews

Sylvia Sidney


was a town located in Iwata District, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan.

At the time of its merger, the town had an estimated population of 5,394 and a density of 32 persons per km2. The total area was 168.53 km2.

On July 1, 2005, Sakuma, along with the cities of Tenryū and Hamakita, the town of Haruno (from Shūchi District), the towns of Hosoe, Inasa and Mikkabi (all from Inasa District), the town of Misakubo, the village of Tatsuyama (all from Iwata District), and the towns of Maisaka and Yūtō (both from Hamana District), was merged into the expanded city of Hamamatsu, and is now part of Tenryū-ku, Hamamatsu City.

Sakuma is the location of the Sakuma Dam, an important hydroelectric power plant, and a frequency converter station that permits exchange of power between Japan's two different power systems. Japan's grids are also connected by two other stations, located at Higashi-Shimizu and Shin Shinano.

See also
 Energy in Japan

References
 HVDC-back-to-back station Sakuma
 Switching diagram

Dissolved municipalities of Shizuoka Prefecture
Hamamatsu

Sakuma, Shizuoka


Romance is a play by the American dramatist Edward Sheldon. It was first produced in New York in 1913, and a London production followed in 1915, which ran for 1,049 performances. Both productions featured Doris Keane as an opera star who has an intense affair with a young clergyman.

Performance history

The play opened at the Maxine Elliott Theatre, New York, on February 10, 1913. It featured Doris Keane as Mme Margherita Cavallini, William Courtenay as Thomas Armstrong and A. E. Anson as Cornelius van Tuyl. It ran for 160 performances.

In London, Romance opened at the Duke of York's Theatre on October 6, 1915. It featured Doris Keane as Mme Cavallini, Owen Nares as Armstrong and A. E. Anson, who produced the play, as van Tuyl. The play ran for 1,049 performances, transferring during the run to the Lyric Theatre.

The play was revived in 1921 at the Playhouse Theatre, New York, opening on February 28 and running for 106 performances. It featured Doris Keane as Mme Cavallini, Basil Sydney as Armstrong and A. E. Anson as van Tuyl.

Synopsis

Prologue
In his library in Washington Square, New York, Bishop Armstrong learns with disquiet that his grandson Harry is engaged to be married to Lucille Anderson, an actress. Harry says that the bishop has never felt the way he does; in response, the bishop finds a box of mementos (a handkerchief and dried violets) from an affair of long ago, and starts to tell Harry a story. The following scenes are a representation of the story.

Act 1

About 1867, there is an evening reception at the house of Cornelius van Tuyl, a wealthy banker. The guests include Madame Margherita Cavallini, an Italian opera star. Tom, the rector of St Giles (the bishop in younger days) is a friend of van Tuyl, who supports his church work. Van Tuyl expects Tom to say he wants to marry his niece Susan; instead, Tom says he disapproves of his association with Mme Cavallini, who has a bad reputation.

When Mme Cavallini (Rita) enters with her admirers, she and Tom immediately notice each other. Tom awkwardly introduces himself to her, and she is interested in him. She says their moment together is like her bouquet of violets, to enjoy before they die. He wants to see her again, and she asks him to come to her hotel apartment. All this time he does not know who she is; as she leaves, she asks van Tuyl to tell him.

Act 2
The scene is the study of St Giles' rectory, on the afternoon of New Year's Eve, a few weeks later. Miss Armstrong, Tom's aunt, is anxious about Tom's affair with Rita, and asks van Tuyl to "save him from that dreadful woman". When Rita arrives, van Tuyl tells her she is amusing herself at Tom's expense.

Tom arrives and the others go to tea; he talks to Rita. He says that love is finding the woman you want to live with all your life; she says it is like a little light in all the darkness. He asks her to marry him, but she says there is a reason she cannot. He tells her it will be all right if she repents of her sinful past. He is alarmed when he learns she had a relationship with van Tuyl, but she says it was not serious.

Tom announces to van Tuyl that they are engaged, and he congratulates them. But Rita says she was van Tuyl's mistress until she met Tom. Tom is appalled, and Rita leaves.

Act 3
In her apartment later that evening, Rita is triumphant after her performance, and speaks from her balcony to the crowd below. Van Tuyl congratulates her. He tries to get her to eat the meal that has been prepared, but she is not hungry. She is going away the next day; he suggests that he goes away with her. She has a pistol, saying she will kill herself: that in the last weeks she has found something good in the world, but now cannot change.

Van Tuyl leaves by a back way as Tom arrives. Tom, seeing van Tuyl's card and two glasses, thinks they have had a passionate meeting. Tom passionately says he wants to save Rita from her sinful life, but then declares his love. Rita says she will kill herself if he touches her. Finally he hears the chimes of midnight and the church procession which he has organized; his manner changes and he leaves to join them.

Epilogue
The scene is as for the prologue; the bishop has finished his story. Harry, misunderstanding that the bishop's purpose was to sympathize with youthful impetuousness rather than encourage it, says he has been an ass to hesitate, and will marry Lucille. Harry's sister Suzette comes in; she sees in the paper an obituary of Mme Cavallini, and unaware of the connection with her grandfather, she reads it out; the opera singer never married.

Critical reception
The critic Walter Prichard Eaton wrote about the original production:
This drama... achieves... a consistent and unfailing atmosphere, or perhaps it would be better to say mood. It is keyed to a certain emotional note, and it does not slump at any time into the merely sensational.

To be sure, some of the players, and more particularly one player, Mr. William Courteney, do their best to make it sensational, to drop it to quite another level.... Mr. Sheldon has here, it seems to us, come nearer to consistent, plausible, and really human characterization than in any work he has so far written.... They are real people, humanly felt, in "Romance", and they behave according to their natures.... Certainly the main story has coherence, charm, force and a real touch of romantic glamour, and it provides a very fine acting part for Miss Doris Keane....Cavallini is wayward, capricious, alternate smiles and moodiness.... So Miss Keane plays her, with a bewitching accent, with infectious fun, with delicious capriciousness, with true tenderness too....

In striking contrast to Mr. Courtenay's undisciplined exhibition is the acting of A. E. Anson as Van Tuyl, a gem of a performance.... Mr. Anson's complete command of the resources of his art is a treat to all lovers of acting, and his suave ease upon the stage a thing to be copied by many a player.

Adaptations
 Romance (1913), a novel by Acton Davies (1870–1916).

 The 1920 film Romance, directed by Chester Withey: it featured Doris Keane as Mme Cavallini, Basil Sydney as Armstrong and Norman Trevor as van Tuyl.
 The 1930 film Romance, directed by Clarence Brown: it featured Greta Garbo as Mme Cavallini, Gavin Gordon as Armstrong and Lewis Stone as van Tuyl.
 The musical My Romance (1948): music by Sigmund Romberg, book and lyrics by Rowland Leigh, featuring Anne Jeffreys as Mme Cavallini and Lawrence Brooks as Armstrong. It opened on October 19, 1948 at the Shubert Theatre in New York, transferring during the run to the Adelphi Theatre and closing on January 8, 1949 (95 performances).

References

1913 plays
Broadway plays
West End plays
Plays by Edward Sheldon
American plays adapted into films
Plays set in New York (state)

Romance (Sheldon play)


Bhutanese red rice is a medium-grain rice grown in the Kingdom of Bhutan in the eastern Himalayas. It is the staple rice of the Bhutanese people.

Bhutanese red rice is a red japonica rice. It is semi-milled—some of the reddish bran is left on the rice. Because of this, it cooks somewhat faster than an unmilled brown rice. When cooked, the rice is pale pink, soft and slightly sticky.

This rice became available in the United States in the mid-1990s when Lotus Foods began importing it, and it is currently the only agricultural product imported from Bhutan.

See also
 Red rice

References

Red rice
Japonica rice

Bhutanese red rice


The Bradford Bulls Youth Development was the youth system of the rugby league club Bradford Bulls. It was one of the most famous and successful youth systems for rugby league and produced some of the best players in both rugby league and rugby union. The Bradford Bulls  Youth Development consisted of three main teams, the Senior Academy, the Junior Academy and the Service Area team. Youth Development system also included scouting for the local area and education for the players in the academy teams.

The Academy

The Senior Academy (from 2013 the Under 19's) was the highest tier in the Youth Development system. Any players under the age of 19 years were eligible to play for the senior academy; the rules also permitted three players over the age of 21 to play in academy matches. Most of the team was made up of fringe squad players and those first team players recovering from injury but also some of the best players from the junior academy were given experience in the senior academy. The Bradford Bulls Senior Academy was one of the best in the country and produced more professional Rugby League players than any other Academy in the country. The success of the Bradford Bulls Academy decreased in its latter years, many Senior Academy players were promoted to the first team squad at quite a young age and either secured a first team places or were released to other clubs. This meant that players from the junior academy players were drafted into the senior academy but were often playing against opposition much older than themselves.

Notable former players

Former staff

Lee St Hilaire

Basil Richards

Paul Medley

Richard Tunningley

Academy
Sports academies

Bradford Bulls Academy


Freedom, generally, is the ability or right to change or act without constraint.

Freedom may also refer to:

Philosophy
 Artistic freedom, freedom of expression and publication
 Autonomy, the capacity to make an informed, un-coerced decision
 Civil liberties, personal guarantees and freedoms that government cannot abridge without due process
 Freedom of association, an individual's right to join or leave groups voluntarily, the right of the group to take collective action to pursue the interests of its members, and the right of an association to accept or decline membership based on certain criteria
 Freedom of choice, an individual's opportunity and autonomy
 Freedom of speech, the right to communicate one's opinions and ideas
 Freedom of thought, the freedom of an individual to hold or consider a fact, viewpoint, or thought, independent of others' viewpoints
 Freethought, an epistemological viewpoint which holds that beliefs should not be formed on the basis of authority, tradition, revelation, or dogma, and that beliefs should instead be reached by other methods such as logic, reason, and empirical observation
 Free will, the ability to choose between courses of action
 Liberty, the ability to do as one pleases
 Moral responsibility, the status of deserving praise or blame for an act or omission
 Rights, legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement

Computing
 Freedom (application), a software utility designed to allow a person to block their own access to the Internet for a set period of time
 Freedom! (video game), a 1992 educational computer game on the history of slavery
 Internet freedom, an umbrella term that encompasses digital rights, freedom of information, the right to Internet access, freedom from Internet censorship, and net neutrality
 Software freedom, a social movement promoting the freedom to run, study and change software

Transport
 Freedom Yachts, an American yacht builder and several of their models
 Freedom (yacht), a 12-metre class racing yacht and winner of the 1980 America's Cup
 Brutsche Freedom 40, an American homebuilt aircraft design
 Colyaer Freedom S100, a Spanish ultralight aircraft
 Freedom-class littoral combat ship, warships of the United States Navy
 Freedom-class cruise ship, operated by Royal Caribbean International
 USS Freedom, any of three US Navy ships
 Freedom Ship, a concept for a floating city
 Pro-Composites Freedom, an American homebuilt aircraft design
 Space Station Freedom, an uncompleted NASA project
 Freedom Bridge (South Sudan), a bridge under construction in South Sudan
 Elation Freedom, an electric hypercar
 Crew Dragon Freedom, a SpaceX crew capsule

Places

United States
Freedom, California
Freedom, Georgia
Freedom, Idaho and Wyoming
Freedom, Indiana
Freedom, Kentucky
Freedom, Maine
Freedom, Michigan
Freedom, Missouri
Freedom, New Hampshire
Freedom, Nebraska
Freedom, New York
Freedom, Ohio (disambiguation)
Freedom, Oklahoma
Freedom, Pennsylvania
Freedom, Utah
Freedom, Forest County, Wisconsin
Freedom, Outagamie County, Wisconsin
Freedom (community), Outagamie County, Wisconsin
Freedom, Sauk County, Wisconsin
Freedom County, Washington, an unrecognized county
Freedom Township (disambiguation), several places

Arts and entertainment

Books
 Freedom (Franzen novel), a 2010 novel by Jonathan Franzen
 Freedom (Safire novel), a 1987 novel by William Safire
 Freedom™, a 2010 novel by Daniel Suarez
 Freedom, original title of Freedom, Vol. 1: Freedom in the Making of Western Culture, a 1991 history by Orlando Patterson
 FREEDOM!, a 2014 philosophical treatise by Adam Kokesh
 Freedom (Junger book), a creative nonfiction book written by Sebastian Junger

Film and television
 Freedom (Yoko Ono film), a 1970 short film
 Freedom (1982 film), an Australian film directed by Scott Hicks
 Freedom (2000 film), a film directed by Šarūnas Bartas
 Freedom (2001 film), an Argentine film
 Freedom (2014 film), an American film
 Freedom (2019 film), a Spanish film
 Freedom (TV series), a short-lived television series in 2000
 Freedom (NCIS), a 2011 episode of the American police procedural drama
 "Freedom" (The Following), a 2014 episode of the psychological thriller
 Freedom Project, a Japanese promotional video animation series

Music
 Freedom (band), a psychedelic rock band
 Freedom (Canadian band) aka Freedom North, a Canadian rock band from the 1970s
 Freedom (concert), a 2021 music concert by Filipina singer Regine Velasquez
 Freedom Records, a jazz label
 USA Freedom Kids, American musical group

Albums
 Freedom (Akon album), 2008, or the title song
 Freedom (Amen Dunes album), 2018
 Freedom (Andy Griggs album), 2002
 Freedom (Darrell Evans album), 1998
 Freedom (Dragon Ash album), 2009
 Freedom (Eric Chou album), 2019
 Freedom (EP), a 2021 EP by Justin Bieber, or the title song
 Freedom (Journey album), 2022
 Freedom (Kenny Burrell album), recorded 1963–1964, released 1980 and 2011
 Freedom (Mandisa album), 2009
 Freedom (Michael W. Smith album), 2000
 Freedom (Rebecca Ferguson album), 2013
 Freedom (Refused album), 2015
 Freedom (Neil Young album), 1989
 Freedom (Santana album), 1987
 Freedom (Sheena Easton album), 1997
 Freedom (Trey Eley & Matthew Shell album), 2012
 Freedom (White Heart album), 1989
 Freedom (Yothu Yindi album), 1993
 Freedom, a 2016 album by Baby Woodrose

Songs
 "Freedom" (Alice Cooper song), 1987, from Raise Your Fist and Yell
 "Freedom" (Beyoncé song), 2016, from Lemonade
 "Freedom" (DJ BoBo song), 1994, from There Is a Party
 "Freedom" (Erasure song), 2000, from Loveboat
 "Freedom" (Faith Kakembo song), 2022
 "Freedom" (Girl Next Door song), 2010, theme song of Japanese drama Jotei Kaoruko
 "Freedom" (The Isley Brothers song), 1970, from Get into Something
 "Freedom" (Jimi Hendrix song), 1971, from The Cry of Love
 "Freedom" (London Boys song), 1990, from Sweet Soul Music
 "Freedom" (Nicki Minaj song), 2012, from Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded
 "Freedom" (Noiseworks song), 1990, from Love Versus Money
 "Freedom" (Paul McCartney song), 2001, from Driving Rain
 "Freedom" (Pharrell Williams song), 2015
 "Freedom" (Rage Against the Machine song), 1994
 "Freedom" (Reba McEntire song), 2019
 "Freedom" (Robert Miles song), 1997, from 23am
 "Freedom" (Solange song), from the 2004 comedy film Johnson Family Vacation
 "Freedom" (The Sons of Champlin song), 1969, from Loosen Up Naturally
 "Freedom" (Sugababes song), 2011
 "Freedom" (Wham! song), 1984, from Make It Big
 "Freedom" (Theme from Panther), 1995, from the film Panther
 "Freedun", a 2016 song by M.I.A.
 "Freedom", by Amos Lee from Supply and Demand
 "Freedom", by Anthony Hamilton and Elayna Boynton from the Django Unchained soundtrack album
 "Freedom", an alternate name for the Aretha Franklin song "Think (Aretha Franklin song)"
 "Freedom", by Band-Maid from Brand New Maid
 "Freedom", by Charles Mingus from The Complete Town Hall Concert
 "Freedom", by Dan Balan from Freedom, Part 1
 "Freedom", by David Guetta from 7
 "Freedom", by Deep Purple from the 25th anniversary reissue of Fireball
 "Freedom", by Estelle from The 18th Day
 "Freedom", by Foxy Shazam from The Church of Rock and Roll
 "Freedom", by Gardenian from Two Feet Stand
 "Freedom", by Maher Zain from Forgive Me
 "Freedom", by Nantucket from Nantucket V
 "Freedom", by Nebula from To the Center
 "Freedom", an improvised song by Richie Havens based on "Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child", performed at the 1969 Woodstock Festival
 "Freedom! '90", by George Michael, also covered by Robbie Williams, not to be confused with the unrelated similarly titled Wham song
 "Freedom", a single released by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five in 1980
 "Freedom" by Japanese metal band Blood Stain Child from the album Mozaiq
 "Freedom Come, Freedom Go",  1971 hit single by The Fortunes

Sculptures
 Freedom (Frudakis), a 2000 sculpture by Zenos Frudakis in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
 Freedom (Tibor), a 1985 sculpture by Alfred Tibor in Columbus, Ohio, US
 Statue of Freedom, an 1863 sculpture by Thomas Crawford atop the dome of the US Capitol
Miss Freedom, 1889 statue on the dome of the Georgia State Capitol (US)
 Freedom Sculpture, a 2017 sculpture by Cecil Balmond in Los Angeles, California, US

Other arts
 Freedom: The Underground Railroad, a 2013 board game about the Abolitionist Movement in the 1800s in the United States
 Chris Pape, known as Freedom, a 20th-century American graffiti artist
 Freedom, a Bald Eagle from the 1985 TV series G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero

Mathematics and physics
 Asymptotic freedom, a concept in particle physics
 Degrees of freedom, the number of parameters of a system that can vary independently
 Six degrees of freedom, describing the motion of an object in 3-dimensional space
 Systolic freedom, a concept in mathematics

Press
 Freedom of the press, the freedom of communication and expression through various media
 Freedom Communications, a privately held national media company headquartered in Irvine, California
 Freedom (magazine), a Scientology publication
 Freedom (British newspaper), an anarchist newspaper
 Freedom (American newspaper), an African-American newspaper
 Freedom Press, a British anarchist publishing house

Sports
 Florence Freedom, a baseball team in the Frontier League now known as the Florence Y'alls
 Washington Freedom (cricket), a team in Major League Cricket
 Washington Freedom (soccer), a defunct women's professional soccer team
 Freedom Chiya (born 1979), South African beach volleyball player
 Freedom (gamer), stage name of StarCraft player Chang Youngsuk
 Enes Kanter Freedom (born 1992), former professional basketball player

Other uses
 Freedom (Azerbaijan), an electoral alliance in Azerbaijan
 Freedom (charity), a UK charity dedicated to helping victims of forced marriage
 Freedom House, a non-profit organization group in Washington, D.C., best known for political advocacy surrounding issues of democracy, political freedom, and human rights
 Freedom in the World, a yearly survey and report by the U.S.-based non-governmental organization Freedom House that measures the degree of civil liberties and political rights in every nation and significant related and disputed territories around the world
 Freedom of the City, an honour bestowed by a municipality upon a valued member of the community or an important visitor
 Freedom, Inc., a 1961 political organization of African-American political activists in Kansas City, Missouri
 Freedom Furniture, a furniture retailer in Australia and New Zealand

See also
 List of freedom indices
 Free (disambiguation)
 Freed (disambiguation)
 FREEДОМ

Freedom (disambiguation)


In enzymology, a retinol O-fatty-acyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

acyl-CoA + retinol  CoA + retinyl ester

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-CoA and retinol, whereas its two products are CoA and retinyl ester.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase. Other names in common use include retinol acyltransferase, and retinol fatty-acyltransferase.  This enzyme participates in retinol metabolism.

References

EC 2.3.1
Enzymes of unknown structure

Retinol O-fatty-acyltransferase


Michael John Paul Ward (born 12 September 1971) was an English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm off-break bowler. He was born in Oldham, Lancashire.

Ward made one first-class cricketing appearance for Lancashire against Oxford University during the 1991 season.

Ward continued to represent Lancashire's Second XI until the end of the 1991 season. During 1996, he made two Minor Counties appearances for Norfolk, as well as an appearance in the first round of the NatWest Trophy. However, he made no impact with the bat in the competition, falling LBW to the bowling of one-time Test cricketer John Stephenson.

External links
Michael Ward at CricketArchive

1971 births
Living people
English cricketers
Lancashire cricketers
Norfolk cricketers
Cricketers from Oldham

Michael Ward (cricketer)


Edward A. Silk (June 8, 1916 – November 18, 1955) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.

Silk joined the army from his birth city of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, in April 1941, and by November 23, 1944, was serving as a first lieutenant in Company E, 398th Infantry Regiment, 100th Infantry Division. On that day, near St. Pravel, France, he single-handedly attacked a German-held farmhouse and captured the soldiers inside. He was awarded the Medal of Honor a year later, on November 1, 1945.

Silk reached the rank of lieutenant colonel before leaving the army. He died at age 39 from complications from a peptic ulcer and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington County, Virginia.

Medal of Honor citation
Silk's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
1st Lt. Edward A. Silk commanded the weapons platoon of Company E, 398th Infantry, on 23 November 1944, when the end battalion was assigned the mission of seizing high ground overlooking Moyenmoutier, France, prior to an attack on the city itself. His company jumped off in the lead at dawn and by noon had reached the edge of a woods in the vicinity of St. Pravel where scouts saw an enemy sentry standing guard before a farmhouse in a valley below. One squad, engaged in reconnoitering the area, was immediately pinned down by intense machinegun and automatic-weapons fire from within the house. Skillfully deploying his light machinegun section, 1st Lt. Silk answered enemy fire, but when 15 minutes had elapsed with no slackening of resistance, he decided to eliminate the strong point by a one-man attack. Running 100 yards across an open field to the shelter of a low stone wall directly in front of the farmhouse, he fired into the door and windows with his carbine; then, in full view of the enemy, vaulted the wall and dashed 50 yards through a hail of bullets to the left side of the house, where he hurled a grenade through a window, silencing a machinegun and killing 2 gunners. In attempting to move to the right side of the house he drew fire from a second machinegun emplaced in the woodshed. With magnificent courage he rushed this position in the face of direct fire and succeeded in neutralizing the weapon and killing the 2 gunners by throwing grenades into the structure. His supply of grenades was by now exhausted, but undaunted, he dashed back to the side of the farmhouse and began to throw rocks through a window, demanding the surrender of the remaining enemy. Twelve Germans, overcome by his relentless assault and confused by his unorthodox methods, gave up to the lone American. By his gallant willingness to assume the full burden of the attack and the intrepidity with which he carried out his extremely hazardous mission, 1st Lt. Silk enabled his battalion to continue its advance and seize its objective.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients

References

1916 births
1955 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
People from Johnstown, Pennsylvania
United States Army colonels
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
Military personnel from Pennsylvania

Edward A. Silk


Finkleman's 45s was a Canadian radio show, which aired Saturday evenings from 8:00 to 10:00 p.m. (half an hour later in Newfoundland) on CBC Radio One starting on October 5, 1985 and running until June 25, 2005. In the show Danny Finkleman played popular songs from the 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s, and talked about anything he felt like. For example, a regular component of the show was his advocation of a new business idea of his that he had observed a need for. Finkleman provided over 1,000 of his own unique business product and service ideas that he would rationalise and  encourage listeners to adopt and develop as their own. Also, from 1985 to 1994, a regular guest on his show was musician and music expert Jack Schechtman. Danny called him, "The Dean of the Obscure". He and Danny would engage in friendly banter about the state of the Music Business (see below) with Jack defending the quality of music writing "Post Beatles and Motown". He would also play obscure songs
from his personal 45's collection, from Doo Wop to Singer Songwriters, for Danny to either praise or pan.

The show was noted for Finkleman's rants about the modern world, including topics such as modern music and computers. Finkleman was generally opposed to both. In general the show was quite informal. The show's playlist was noted for its fairly wide selection of music from the period. Danny often played less popular songs than commercial "oldies" shows were able to. Favourite groups included the Shirelles, the Diamonds, Patti LaBelle, the Four Preps, the Box Tops, Gladys Knight and the Pips, Georgie Fame and the True Blues, The Crew-Cuts, Paul Anka, Otis Redding and Dusty Springfield.

Finkleman disliked the Rolling Stones and partly blamed them for the decline of music in the 1970s. One of Finkleman's central ideas was that the politicization of music in the mid-1970s ruined music, making it "mean spirited", "pretentious" and "ugly". According to Finkleman, the show's title was loosely based on the name of Gilmour's Albums, a popular variety show on CBC at the time Finkleman's show was conceived.

Finkleman retired from CBC radio in June, 2005 and the show ended with him. Since 1993 Finkleman had worked only part-time at the CBC; he was also a stockbroker at Desjardins Securities in Toronto.

Randy Bachman's Vinyl Tap was the successor show in this timeslot.

External links
Wayback Machine archive of Finkleman's 45s Web from the CBC Web site from 2002, accessed November 13, 2005
Replay Guide of original broadcasts, accessed June 25, 2014
Finkleman's 45s – Canadian Communication Foundation

CBC Radio One programs
Canadian music radio programs
1985 radio programme debuts
2005 radio programme endings
1980s Canadian radio programs
1990s Canadian radio programs
2000s Canadian radio programs

Finkleman's 45s


Nicholas Pope (1949, Sydney), British/Australian artist. He studied at the Bath Academy of Art (1970–73). In 1974 he was granted a Romanian Government Exchange Scholarship and in 1976 the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation Award.

Pope's work from the 1970s has a powerful abstract quality that is softened by his use of natural materials, chalk and wood. His most important early shows included solo exhibitions at the Garage Gallery in London (1976), the Anthony Stokes Gallery (1979), and the Art & Project Gallery in Amsterdam (1979).  In 1980 Pope represented Britain at the XXXIX Venice Biennale, and in 1981 he traveled to Zimbabwe as a British Council Cultural Visitor.

In 1982 Pope contracted a rare form of encephalitic virus after a visit to Africa. It was undiagnosed for several years and his work was impaired due to a degree of permanent brain damage being inflicted.  In 1987 Pope withdrew from the art world and abandoned his studio work. This period of inactivity continued until 1992, after which religion and Christianity became a strong theme in his new work.

The first comprehensive monograph of Pope's work was published by Ridinghouse in 2013. This title features sculptures and drawings by Pope from the 1970s to present, along with texts by Tate Britain Director Penelope Curtis, Christopher Townsend and Andrew Sabin.

Pope now lives and works in Herefordshire. His work is included in many museum collection in Australia, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Pope is represented by The Sunday Painter, London.

References

External links
website, including exhibitions and biography, nicholaspope.co.uk

Oak Wood Column, Tate Gallery
Stacked Lead (1976), Tate Gallery
Big Hoos (1982), Tate Gallery
Liar Liar (2008–9), Tate Gallery

20th-century Australian sculptors
British sculptors
British male sculptors
Living people
21st-century Australian sculptors
Year of birth missing (living people)

Nicholas Pope (artist)


Omar Kareem Naber (born 7 July 1981) is a Slovenian singer, songwriter and guitar player. He first represented Slovenia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 in Kyiv with the song "Stop" and for a second time at the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 in Kyiv with the song "On My Way", but failed to qualify to the final on both occasions.

Early life

Naber was born on 7 July 1981 in Ljubljana, SR Slovenia, then still part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. His father, Samir Naber originates from Jordan, and is a dentist by profession working in Ljubljana. His mother, Alenka Naber, is a Slovenian and works as a piano teacher. Like his parents, he was raised Christian. He finished high school diploma as a dental technician and even did six months internship, but soon realized that this is not what he really wants to do in his life. He is actively involved in music since the age of 16, when he joined Veter (Wind), a mixed choir of Ljubljana high schools. The main inspiration for him becoming a musician was because of Green Day.

Career

1999–2001: early years
In 1999 he founded a rock band, with some member changes over the years, but the band is still playing today. He had over 800 gigs with his band in total and another hundred at charity events.

In 2001 he took second place at the local song contest 'Kdo bo osvojil Triglav' (who will come on the top of Triglav) and immediately signed a contract with Slovenian label Nika Records.

After he signed a contract he performed as back vocalist for various Slovenian artists in studio sessions and live performances. He appeared in different albums for D.D.V., for Saša Vrtnar ('Persona Non Grata'), for Rok'n'band ('Elvis je živ') etc.

2004: battle of the talents
In late 2004 Naber won Bitka talentov, the Slovenian version of the battle of the talents and became nationwide recognized. This year he also recorded his first song and video "Vse kar si želiš" (Anything you want), released as single and on his Omar album next year.

2005: first Eurovision performance
As a winner of this battle, he performed and won at the EMA 2005 Slovenian national entry for Eurovision. He participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 with song "Stop" (in Slovene), a song he had composed himself. He failed to qualify to the final however, finishing in 12th place with 69 points.

His first album Omar was also released in 2005. He spent 2006 touring Slovenia, as well as internationally, and eventually went back to the studio to record his second album with his band Kareem. This second album, named Kareem, was released in 2007.

In 2011, Naber was sentenced to serve seven months in prison for sexually assaulting a woman in a Ljubljana club.

2014: third album

In 2014, he first released his third album Na glavo in Slovenia, along with its English version No Helmet a couple of months later in England.

2017: second Eurovision performance

He won the latest national selection and became the second time the national representative for Slovenia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 with the song "On My Way". However again he failed to Qualify for the final finishing 17th (Second to last) with 36 points in the first semi-final.

Discography

Albums

Singles

Other Appearances

Failed Eurovision attempts

He entered the national selection for Slovenia three more times and one more time for Switzerland, not proceeding to the main contest:

  – Slovenian national entry with "I Still Carry On"
  – Slovenian national entry with "Bistvo skrito je očem"
  – Slovenian national entry with "I Won't Give Up"
  – Swiss national entry with "Take Me Far"

References

External links
Official website

1981 births
Living people
Musicians from Ljubljana
21st-century Slovenian male singers
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Slovenia
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2005
Slovenian people of Jordanian descent
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2017
Slovenian pop singers
Slovenian rock singers

Omar Naber


In Major League Baseball (MLB), the 50 home run club is the group of batters who have hit 50 or more home runs in a single season. Babe Ruth was the first to achieve this, doing so in 1920.  By reaching the milestone, he also became the first player to hit 30 and then 40 home runs in a single season, breaking his own record of 29 from the 1919 season.  Ruth subsequently became the first player to reach the 50 home run club on four occasions, repeating the achievement in 1921, 1927, and 1928.  He remained the only player to accomplish this until Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa matched his feat in 1999 and 2001, respectively. In doing so, they became the only players to have achieved 50 home runs in four consecutive seasons. Barry Bonds hit the most home runs to join the club, collecting 73 in 2001.  The most recent player to reach the milestone is Matt Olson, achieving the feat during the 2023 season.

In total, 31 players have reached the 50 home run club in MLB history and ten have done so more than once.  Of these, eighteen were right-handed batters, thirteen were left-handed, and one was a switch hitter, meaning he could bat from either side of the plate.  Four of these players (including two active members of the 50 home run club) have played for only one major league team.  The New York Yankees are the only franchise to have five players reach the milestone while on their roster: Ruth, Mickey Mantle, Roger Maris, Alex Rodriguez, and Aaron Judge.  Ten players are also members of the 500 home run club and two of them (Willie Mays and Rodriguez) are also members of the 3,000 hit club.  Ten players won the Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award in the same year as their 50 home run season.  Mantle is the only player to have earned the Major League Triple Crown alongside achieving 50 home runs, leading both leagues in batting average, home runs and runs batted in (RBI).  Mantle and Maris—collectively known as the M&M Boys—are the only teammates to reach the 50 home run club in the same season, hitting a combined 115 home runs in 1961 and breaking the single-season record for home runs by a pair of teammates. Albert Belle is the only player to amass 50 or more doubles in addition to attaining 50 home runs. Prince Fielder, at 23 years and 139 days, was the youngest player to reach the milestone while Bonds, at age 37, was the oldest. Pete Alonso and Aaron Judge are the only players to hit 50 home runs in their rookie seasons.

Due to the infrequent addition of members into the 50 home run club, Baseball Digest called it "a restrictive fraternity comprising slugging elite" in 1954, when there were only six members.  Of the seventeen members eligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame, eight have been elected and three were elected on the first ballot.  Eligibility requires that a player has "been retired five seasons" or deceased for at least six months, disqualifying four active players and two players who have been retired for less than five seasons.  Some believe the milestone has become less important with the large number of new members; fifteen players joined the club on a total of 24 occasions from 1995 to 2010.  Additionally, several of these recent members have had ties to performance-enhancing drugs.

Members

See also

List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders
Major League Baseball single-season home run record
List of Major League Baseball home run records

Notes

References
General

Specific

Major League Baseball statistics
Home run club

50 home run club


Ruby Neilam Salvador Adams (born July 10, 1932), known professionally as Neile Adams, is a Filipino American actress, singer, and dancer who made more than 20 appearances in films and television series between 1952 and 1991.

Early life and family
Adams was born in Manila in 1932, daughter of José Arrastia, the maternal great-grandfather of Enrique Iglesias. She reportedly never met her father. Her mother, Carmen "Miami" Salvador, was a hula dancer of Spanish and German descent.

In her early teens, during the Japanese army's occupation of Manila during World War II, Adams became a spy for the Philippine resistance, carrying messages between guerrilla groups. She was later wounded by shrapnel during the Allied liberation of the island. She moved to the United States in 1948 and attended Rosemary Hall, a private school in Connecticut. She then went to New York to study dancing where she got a scholarship at the Katherine Dunham School of Dance. To avoid typecasting because of her name, she became known as Neile Adams.

Her half-sister was Maria Beatriz Arrastia y Reinares, mother of socialite Isabel Preysler, mother of Enrique Iglesias and Julio Iglesias Jr.

Career

In 1958, producer George Abbott offered Adams a role in the Broadway production of Damn Yankees. She was unable to accept because the Versailles Club would not release her from her contract as a dancer. Her Broadway credits include performing in Kismet and The Pajama Game. She also performed in Broadway Bound at The Grand opposite Paul Muni. She married then-struggling actor Steve McQueen four months after their meeting in 1956 while filming MGM's This Could Be the Night (1957) where she was under contract. She opened the Tropicana Hotel in Las Vegas in 1958 with Dick Shawn and Vivian Blaine.

Her other screen credits include Women in Chains (1972), Fuzz (1972), So Long, Blue Boy (1973), Chu Chu and the Philly Flash (1981), and Buddy Buddy (1981). Her television credits include: The Perry Como Show, two Bob Hope Christmas specials, The Eddie Fisher Show, The Patrice Munsel Show, The Pat Boone Show and The Hollywood Palace. Her dramatic television roles include a particularly macabre 1960 episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents, titled "Man from the South", opposite McQueen and Peter Lorre. Two more Alfred Hitchcock episodes followed: a half-hour show directed by Arthur Hiller in which she starred, "One Grave Too Many", and an Alfred Hitchcock Hour episode entitled "Ten Minutes From Now". She also appeared on episodes of such television series as Man From U.N.C.L.E., The Rockford Files, The Bionic Woman, Fantasy Island, and Vega$.

Personal life

Adams met and married American film and television actor Steve McQueen in 1956. The couple had two children together: a daughter, Terry Leslie McQueen, and a son, Chad McQueen. The marriage ended in divorce in 1972. She is the grandmother of actor Steven R. McQueen. She later married Alvin Toffel, a political campaign manager and president of the Norton Simon Museum; they were married until Toffel's death in 2005.

Archive

The Academy Film Archive houses the Steve McQueen-Neile Adams Collection, which consists of personal prints and home movies.

Selected Filmography
 Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1960) (Season 5 Episode 15: "Man from the South") as the Woman
 Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1960) (Season 5 Episode 32: "One Grave Too Many") as Irene Helmer
 The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1964) (Season 2 Episode 26: "Ten Minutes from Now") as Sergeant Louise Marklen

References

Further reading

External links

Living people
1932 births
20th-century American actresses
Actresses from Manila
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American actresses of Filipino descent
People with acquired American citizenship
Filipino emigrants to the United States

Neile Adams


The British première of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9, also known as his "Choral Symphony", took place in London at the Argyll Rooms on 21 March 1825. The concert was given by the Philharmonic Society, who had commissioned the work.

History

Background
Sir George Smart, Charles Neate and Ferdinand Ries were important in making Ludwig van Beethoven's music known at the Philharmonic Society. George Smart and Charles Neate were original members of the Philharmonic. Smart in 1814 gave the first performance in Britain of Beethoven's Christ on the Mount of Olives. Neate lived in Vienna from 1815 to 1816 and met Beethoven, who supervised his musical studies there. In subsequent years Neate corresponded with Beethoven, and publicized the composer's works at the Philharmonic. Ries, a pupil of Beethoven, lived in London from 1813 to 1824. He was introduced to the Philharmonic, and many of his compositions were performed at their concerts.

Ries wrote to Beethoven on behalf of the Philharmonic in 1817, inviting him to London; the Society would pay him 300 guineas to stay for the season, and he would compose two symphonies for the Society. However, the visit did not take place. In 1822 Beethoven, considering a visit to London, wrote to Ries inquiring what remuneration the Society would give for a symphony; Ries forwarded the inquiry to the Society.

Later that year the Society decided to offer £50 for a new symphony. The minutes stated: "10. November 1822. Resolved that an offer of £50 be made to Beethoven for a M[anu].S[cript]. Sym[phony]. He having permission to dispose of it at the expiration of Eighteen Months after the receipt of it. It being a proviso that it shall arrive during the Month of March next."

Beethoven wrote to Ries several times during 1823, that completion of the new work was delayed. The manuscript was complete by April 1824; Neate confirmed receipt in December. Neate invited Beethoven to London for the 1825 season to conduct the symphony, offering 300 guineas for him to bring two new compositions; however, no visit took place. Meanwhile, the symphony had been performed in Vienna, on 7 May 1824.

Concert

The first part of the concert on 21 March 1825 consisted of a symphony ("Sinfonia Letter T") by Joseph Haydn; the terzetto "Tutte le mie speranze" from Davide penitente by Mozart; an unspecified string quartet by Mozart; the song "Why does the God of Israel sleep" from Samson by Handel; a wind quintet by Anton Reicha; the aria "Per pietà" from Cosi fan tutte by Mozart; and an overture Les deux journées by Luigi Cherubini.

The second part consisted of the new symphony by Beethoven. The programme described the work: "New Grand Characteristic Sinfonia, MS., with Vocal Finale, the principal parts of which to be sung by Madame Caradori, Miss Goodall, Mr Vaughan and Mr Phillips (composed expressly for this Society)."

The leader of the orchestra was Franz Cramer, and the conductor was Sir George Smart. The text of "Ode to Joy" in the last movement was sung in Italian, the translation having been added in London.

Reviews
The reviewer in The Harmonicon wrote: "In the present symphony we discover no diminution of Beethoven's creative talent; it exhibits many perfectly new traits, and in its technical formation shews amazing ingenuity and unabated vigour of mind. But with all the merits that it unquestionably possesses, it is at least twice as long as it should be.... The last movement, a chorus... does not... mix up with the three first movements.... What relation it bears to the symphony we could not make out; and here, as well as in other parts, the want of intelligible design is too apparent.... [W]e must express our hope that this new work of the great Beethoven may be put into a more produceable form; that the repetitions may be omitted, and the chorus removed altogether...."

The reviewer in The Quarterly Musical Magazine & Review wrote: "...[I]ts length alone will be a never-failing cause of complaint... as it takes up exactly one hour and twenty minutes... which is not compensated by any beauty of unity of design, taking the composition as a whole.... The fourth and last movement... is one of the most extraordinary instances I have ever witnessed, of great powers of mind and wonderful science, wasted upon subjects infinitely beneath its strength. But... parts of this movement... are really beautiful... — but even here, while we are enjoying the delights of so much science and melody... we are snatched away from such eloquent music, to rude, wild and extraneous harmonies.... I must consider this new symphony as the least excellent of any Beethoven has produced, as an unequal work, abounding more in noise, eccentricity, and confusion of design, than in those grand and lofty touches he so well knows how to make us feel...."

References

British music history
Classical music concerts
Classical music in London
Events in London
1825 in England
Ludwig van Beethoven
Royal Philharmonic Society