Louis Burton Lindley Jr. (June 29, 1919 – December 8, 1983), better known by his stage name Slim Pickens, was an American actor and rodeo performer. Starting off in the rodeo, Pickens transitioned to acting, and appeared in dozens of movies and TV shows. For much of his career, Pickens played mainly cowboy roles.  He is perhaps best remembered today for his comic roles in Dr. Strangelove (riding the atomic bomb to its target), Blazing Saddles, and 1941, and his villainous turn in One-Eyed Jacks with Marlon Brando.

Early life and rodeo work
Louis Burton Lindley, Jr., was born in Kingsburg, California, the son of Sally Mosher (née Turk) and Louis Bert Lindley, Sr., a Texas-born dairy farmer. Young Lindley was an excellent horse rider from an early age. Known as "Burt" to his family and friends, he grew bored with dairy farming and began to make a few dollars by riding broncos and roping steers in his early teens. His father found out and forbade this activity, but Lindley took no notice, went to compete in a rodeo, and was told by the doubtful rodeo manager that there would be "slim pickin's" (i.e. little chance of any prize money) for him. To prevent his father from discovering that he had competed, he entered his name as Slim Pickens, and won $400 that afternoon.

Lindley graduated from Hanford High School, Hanford, California, and was a member of the Future Farmers of America. He joined the rodeo, billed as Slim Pickens, and eventually became a well-known rodeo clown. During World War II, he enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces. Reportedly when the recruiter asked him his profession, he responded "rodeo". This was misread on a form as "radio", and he spent his entire enlistment at a radio station in the Midwestern United States.

Film career
After nearly 20 years' rodeo work, Pickens's wide eyes, moon face, strong physical presence, and distinctive country drawl gained him a role in the Western Rocky Mountain (1950), which starred Errol Flynn. He appeared in many more Westerns, playing both villains and comic sidekicks to actors such as Rex Allen.

Hollywood made good use of Pickens' rodeo background. He did not need a stand-in for horseback scenes, and he was able to gallop his own Appaloosa horses across the desert, or drive a stagecoach pulled by a six-horse team. In a large number of films and TV shows, he wore his own hats and boots, and rode his own horses and mules.

Pickens appeared in dozens of further films, including Old Oklahoma Plains (1952), Down Laredo Way (1953), Tonka (1959), One-Eyed Jacks (1961, with Marlon Brando), Dr. Strangelove (1964), Major Dundee (1965, with Charlton Heston), the remake of Stagecoach (1966; Pickens played the driver, portrayed in the 1939 film by Andy Devine), An Eye for an Eye (1966), Never a Dull Moment (1968), The Cowboys (1972, with John Wayne), The Getaway (1972, with Steve McQueen), Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid (1973), Ginger in the Morning (1974, with Fred Ward), Blazing Saddles (1974), Poor Pretty Eddie, Rancho Deluxe (both 1975), Beyond the Poseidon Adventure (1979, with Michael Caine and Karl Malden), and Tom Horn (1980, also with McQueen). He had a small but memorable role in Steven Spielberg's 1941 (1979) in scenes with Toshiro Mifune and Christopher Lee; during one scene, he enumerates the objects on his person, similarly to the way he does in the "Survival Kit Contents Check" scene in Dr. Strangelove. In 1978, Pickens lent his voice to theme park Silver Dollar City as a character named Rube Dugan, for a ride called "Rube Dugan's Diving Bell". The diving bell was a simulation ride that took passengers on a journey to the bottom of Lake Silver and back. The ride was in operation from 1978 to 1984. He also played werewolf sheriff Sam Newfield in The Howling (1981).

In 1975, Pickens was in another Western, playing the evil, limping bank robber in Walt Disney's The Apple Dumpling Gang; that same year, the exploitation cult classic Poor Pretty Eddie was released, with Pickens portraying twisted Sheriff Orville. He provided the voice of B.O.B. in the 1979 Disney science-fiction thriller The Black Hole. His last film was his least notable, Pink Motel (1982, with Phyllis Diller).

Dr. Strangelove
Pickens played B-52 pilot Major T. J. "King" Kong in 1964's Dr. Strangelove. Stanley Kubrick cast Pickens after Peter Sellers, who played three other roles in the film, sprained his ankle and was unable to perform in the role due to having to work in the cramped cockpit set. Pickens was chosen because his accent and comic sense were perfect for the role of Kong, a cartoonishly patriotic and gung-ho B-52 commander. He was not given the script for the entire film, but only those portions in which he played a part. Three memorable scenes featuring Pickens were:

 A monologue meant to steel the crew for their duty after he receives the definitive inflight order to bomb a strategic target in the USSR
 Reading aloud to his crew the contents of their survival kits (possibly the first mention of condoms in a Hollywood film): After listing the contents usable for barter with Russian women (prophylactics, nylons, lipstick, etc.), as well as a .45 semiautomatic pistol, Major Kong said, "Shoot, a fella could have a pretty good time in Big D [Dallas] with all this stuff." This line had to be dubbed over, with the reference to Dallas changed to "weekend in Vegas", after the scheduled November 22, 1963, screening for critics was cancelled due to President John F. Kennedy's assassination.
 Best known of all, and an enduring historical film image of the American-Soviet Cold War era, Pickens riding a dropped H-bomb to a certain death, whooping and waving his cowboy hat (in the manner of a rodeo performer bronc riding or bull riding), not knowing its detonation will trigger a Soviet doomsday device

Pickens credited Dr. Strangelove as a turning point in his career. Previously, he had been "Hey you" on sets, and afterward he was addressed as "Mr. Pickens". He once said, "After Dr. Strangelove, the roles, the dressing rooms, and the checks all started gettin' bigger." Pickens said he was amazed at the difference a single movie could make. He also said, though, that working with Stanley Kubrick proved too difficult due to Kubrick's perfectionist style of directing with multiple takes for nearly every shot, especially with the climactic H-bomb riding scene, which was done in just over 100 takes. In the late 1970s, Pickens was offered the part of Dick Hallorann in Kubrick's adaptation of Stephen King's The Shining, but Pickens stipulated that he would appear in the film only if Kubrick was required to shoot Pickens' scenes in fewer than 100 takes. Instead, Pickens' agent showed the script to Don Schwartz, the agent of Scatman Crothers, and Crothers accepted the role.

Voice work and recordings
Pickens lent his voice to the 1975 studio recording of Bobby Bridger's collection of Western ballads A Ballad of the West, in which he narrated part 1, "Seekers of the Fleece", the story of Jim Bridger and the mountain man fur-trade era. In 1977, he released the self-titled country album, Slim Pickens, on Blue Canyon Records. The LP contained 12 selections (including Kinky Friedman's "Carryin' the Torch", which was issued as a single) and two songs written by Pickens. The record jacket featured a photograph of the actor in his signature role in Dr. Strangelove, sitting in the cockpit. Pickens also recorded a one-off single, "Christmas in November" (a rather depressing number about a child who would not live to celebrate Christmas on time), on the Midsong label in 1980.

Television
Pickens appeared in numerous television guest shots, including a 1954 Stories of the Century episode in which he played the Sundance Kid to Joe Sawyer's Butch Cassidy, as well as four episodes of the syndicated Western series Annie Oakley (1956, with Gail Davis and Brad Johnson), a 1956 episode of The Lone Ranger, and three episodes of NBC's Wide Country (1962), a rodeo series starring Earl Holliman and Andrew Prine. In 1961, he had a recurring role as Johnson in the 17-episode NBC series The Americans, the story of how the American Civil War divided families. Thereafter, he was cast in a first-season episode of NBC's espionage series The Man from U.N.C.L.E..

He appeared in episodes of Mannix, Cheyenne, Sugarfoot, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Lone Ranger, Lost In Space, Frontier Doctor, Gunsmoke, Route 66, The Tall Man, Maverick (in several episodes playing different characters), The Westerner, Riverboat, The Fugitive, The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters, The Legend of Jesse James, Alias Smith and Jones, Daniel Boone, The Virginian, Night Gallery, That Girl, Baretta, Vega$, How the West Was Won, Cimarron Strip, and Kung Fu.

Pickens was cast in recurring roles in Custer, Bonanza, Hee Haw (where he was a semiregular from 1981 until his death), B. J. and the Bear with Greg Evigan, and Filthy Rich. He played Wild Jack Monroe, the owner of station WJM, in CBS's The Mary Tyler Moore Show, and also guest-starred as Zeke in the 1963 episode "Higgins and the Hillbilly" of the ABC sitcom Our Man Higgins, which starred Stanley Holloway as a British butler for a suburban American family. Pickens portrayed Grandpa Shoenfield in a two-part 1980 episode of ABC's The Love Boat.

In an episode of CBS's Hawaii Five-O, he portrayed the patriarch of a family of serial killers.

Pickens emceed NBC's short-lived country music variety series The Nashville Palace in 1981.

Awards
In 1982, Pickens was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City.

In 1986, Pickens was honored by the Rodeo Historical Society during his posthumous induction into the Rodeo Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.

In 2005, Pickens was posthumously inducted into the ProRodeo Hall of Fame in Colorado Springs for his work as a rodeo clown.

In 2006, Pickens was inducted into the Pendleton Round-Up and Happy Canyon Hall of Fame.

In 2020, Pickens was inducted into the Ellensburg Rodeo Hall of Fame in Washington.

Personal life
In his last years, Pickens lived with his wife in Columbia, California. He died on December 8, 1983, after surgery for a brain tumor. He was survived by his wife and children, Thomas Michael Lindley and Margaret Louise Wittman (née Lindley), as well as his stepdaughter he chose to raise as his own, Daryle Ann Giardino (née Lindley). His funeral was held at Presbyterian Church of the Forty Niners in Columbia, California, where he was a member. His ashes were scattered over his favorite trail areas. His wife died in 2011.

His brother Samuel (1921–2001) was also an actor with the stage name Easy Pickens. Slim was a longtime supporter of the National Rifle Association of America (NRA), appearing in promotional shots. He was an avid outdoorsman, appearing in several episodes of The American Sportsman.

Cultural references
The album Days Go By (2012) by The Offspring features the song "Slim Pickens Does the Right Thing and Rides the Bomb to Hell" (Track 12, 2:36) which harkens back to his final scene from Dr. Strangelove.

Filmography

Smoky (1946) as Rodeo Cowboy, uncredited
Rocky Mountain (1950) as Plank (CSA)
Colorado Sundown (1952) as Joshua Slim Pickens / Ma Pickens
The Last Musketeer (1952) as Slim Pickens
Border Saddlemates (1952) as Slim Pickens
The Story of Will Rogers (1952) as Dusty Donovan
Old Oklahoma Plains (1952) as Slim
South Pacific Trail (1952) as Slim Pickens
Thunderbirds (1952) as Pvt. Wes Shelby
Old Overland Trail (1953) as Slim Pickens
The Sun Shines Bright (1953) as Sterling, Lanky Backwoodsman
Iron Mountain Trail (1953) as Slim Pickens
Down Laredo Way (1953) as Slim
Shadows of Tombstone (1953) as Slim
Red River Shore (1953) as Deputy Slim Pickens
Phantom Stallion (1954) as Slim
The Boy from Oklahoma (1954) as Shorty
The Outcast (1954) as Boone Polsen
Santa Fe Passage (1955) as Sam Beekman
The Last Command (1955) as Abe
When Gangland Strikes (1956) as Slim Pickett
Stranger at My Door (1956) as Ben Silas
The Great Locomotive Chase (1956) as Pete Bracken
Gun Brothers (1956) as Moose MacLain
Gunsight Ridge (1957) as Hank Moss
The Sheepman (1958) as Marshal
Escort West (1958) as Corporal Wheeler
Tonka (1958) as Ace
Stump Run (1959) as Babe Gaskin
Chartroose Caboose (1960) as Pete Harmon
One-Eyed Jacks (1961) as Deputy Lon Dedrick
A Thunder of Drums (1961) as Trooper Erschick
Savage Sam (1963) as Willy Crup
Dr. Strangelove (1964) as Maj. 'King' Kong
Major Dundee (1965) as Wiley
In Harm's Way (1965) as C.P.O Culpepper
Up from the Beach (1965) as Artillery Colonel
The Glory Guys (1965) as Sgt. James Gregory
Stagecoach (1966) as Buck
An Eye for an Eye (1966) as Ike Slant
The Young Riders (1966)
Un tipo dificil de matar (1967)
Rough Night in Jericho (1967) as Yarbrough
The Flim-Flam Man (1967) as Jarvis Bates
Will Penny (1967) as Ike Walterstein
Never a Dull Moment (1968) as Cowboy Schaeffer
The Legend of Custer (1968) as California Joe Milner
Skidoo (1968) as Switchboard Operator
80 Steps to Jonah (1969) as Scott
Rosolino Paternò, soldato... (1970) as General Maxwell
The Ballad of Cable Hogue (1970) as Ben Fairchild
The Deserter (1971) as Tattinger — American Scout
Temporada salvaje (1971) as Lucky
The Cowboys (1972) as Anse
J.C. (1972) as Grady Caldwell
The Honkers (1972) as Clete
The Getaway (1972) as Cowboy
Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid (1973) as Sheriff Baker
Blazing Saddles (1974) as Taggart
Runaway on the Rogue River (1974) as Bucky Steele
The Gun and the Pulpit (1974) as Billy One-Eye
Bootleggers (1974) as Grandpa Pruitt
Ginger in the Morning (1974) as Sheriff
The Legend of Earl Durand (1974) as Phil Chumley
Rancho Deluxe (1975) as Henry Beige
Poor Pretty Eddie (1975) as Sheriff Orville
The Apple Dumpling Gang (1975) as Frank Stillwell
White Line Fever (1975) as Duane Haller
Banjo Hackett: Roamin' Free (1976, TV movie) as Lijah Tuttle
Hawmps! (1976) as Naman Tucker
Pony Express Rider (1976) as Bob Jay
Mr. Billion (1977) as Duane Hawkins
The White Buffalo (1977) as Abel Pickney
The Shadow of Chikara (1977) as Virgil Cane
The Swarm (1978) as Jud Hawkins
Smokey and the Good Time Outlaws (1978) as Sheriff Ledy
The Sweet Creek County War (1979) as Jitters Pippen
Beyond the Poseidon Adventure (1979) as Dewey 'Tex' Hopkins
The Sacketts (1979) as Jack Bigelow
1941 (1979) as Hollis P. Wood
Spirit of the Wind (1979) as Obie
The Black Hole (1979) as B.O.B. (voice, uncredited)
Tom Horn (1980) as Sheriff Sam Creedmore
Honeysuckle Rose (1980) as Garland Ramsey
Christmas Mountain (1981)
The Howling (1981) as Sam Newfield
This House Possessed (1981, TV movie) as Arthur Keene
Pink Motel (1982) as Roy

Television

The Lone Ranger (1956) — episode — The Letter Bride — Ed Jones
The Lone Ranger (1956) — episode — The Sheriff of Smoke Tree — Joe Boley
Sugarfoot (1957) — episode — Brannigan's Boots — Shorty
Sugarfoot (1958) — episode — Short Range — Harry
Cheyenne (1957) — episode — Big Ghost Basin — Gary Owen
Lassie (1957) — episode — The Chimp — Eddie
Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color (1957–1974) — 19 episodes — various roles
Death Valley Days (1958) — episode — The Telescope Eye — Season 6 Episode 26
Wagon Train (1958) — episode — The Tent City Story — Rafe Jeffers
Maverick (1958) — episode — The Spanish Dancer — Jed
Frontier Doctor (1959) — episode — Bittercreek Gang — Slim
Bronco (1961) — episode — One Came Back — 1st Stage Driver (uncredited)
The Americans (1961) — episodes — The Escape, and The War Between the States — Johnson
Maverick (1961) — episode — A State of Siege — Stage Coach Driver
Wagon Train (1962) — episode — The Eve Newhope Story — Grubstake Malloy
Route 66 (1962) — episode — A long Piece of Mischief — Jud
Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1961) (Season 6 Episode 36: "Final Arrangements") — Bradshaw
The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1964) (Season 2 Episode 17: "The Jar") — Clem Carter
Bonanza (1963–1964) — Episodes: "Half a Rogue" and "King of the Mountain" as Big Jim Leyton
Rawhide (1964) — episode — The Backshooter — Sheriff McKay
The Fugitive (1964) — episode — Nemesis — Corbin
Gunsmoke (1964) — episode — Once a Haggen — Bucko Taos
The Virginian (1964) — episode — Big Image — Little Man — Hogy
The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1964) — episode — The Iowa-Scuba Affair — Clint Spinner
Daniel Boone (1964 TV series) — Simon Harman – S2/E18 "The Deserter" (1966)
Daniel Boone (1964 TV series) — Cletus Mott - S3/E1 "Dan'l Boone Shot a B'ar" (1966)
Gunsmoke (1966) — episode — Sweet Billy, Singer of Songs — Pony Beal
The Legend of Jesse James (1966) — episode — Wanted: Dead and Only — Sheriff Homer Brinks
Cimarron Strip (1968) — episode — Fool's Gold — Malachi Grimes
Gentle Ben (1968) — episode — Ol' Joe's Gotta Go — Lloyd Larkin
Bonanza (1968) — Episode: "Catch as Catch Can" as Sheriff Gant
That Girl (1969) — episode — Nobody Here But Us Chickens — Major Culpepper
Mannix (1969) — episode — Only Giants Can Play — Mike Ray
Ironside (1969) — episode — Goodbye to Yesterday — Sheriff Metcalf
Bonanza (1970) — episode "What Are Pardners For?" as Sheriff
Gunsmoke (1970) — episode — The Scavengers — Colley
The Mary Tyler Moore Show (1971) — episode — The 45-Year-Old Man — Wild Jack Monroe
Alias Smith and Jones (1971) — episode — Exit from Wickenburg — Mike
Alias Smith and Jones (1971) — episode — The Man Who Murdered Himself — Sheriff Benton
Alias Smith and Jones (1971) — episode — The Day They Hanged Kid Curry — Sheriff Whittaker
The Partridge Family (1972) — episode — Nag, Nag, Nag — Will Fowler
Gunsmoke (1972) — episodes — The River: Parts 1 & 2 — Charlie Utter
Alias Smith and Jones (1972) — episode — The Strange Fate of Conrad Meyer Zulick — Sheriff Sam
Hawaii Five-O (1973) — episode — One Big Happy Family — Sam
Night Gallery (1973) — episode — Die Now, Pay Later — Sheriff Ned Harlow
Kung Fu (1974) — episode — Empty Pages of a Dead Book — Bart Fisher
McMillan & Wife (1976) — episode — Greed — William Halstead
The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams — episode — The Unholy Beast — Fine Hope
How the West Was Won (1978) — Episodes: #1.9, #1.10, and #1.11 — Tap Henry
Vega$ (1978) — episode — Yes, My Darling Daughter — Ben Handler
B.J. and the Bear (1979–81) — episodes — Snow White and the Seven Lady Truckers: Part 2, Mary Ellen, and B.J. and the Seven Lady Truckers — Sgt. Beauregard Wiley
The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo (1979) — Run for the Money: Parts 2 & 3 — Sgt. Wiley

See also

List of people with brain tumors

References

External links

 The Colt Revolver in the American West – Slim Pickens' Single Action Army
 Slim Pickens arrives at an airport 1970s from Texas Archive of the Moving Image

1919 births
1983 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American clowns
American male comedy actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American Presbyterians
Deaths from brain cancer in the United States
Male actors from California
Male Western (genre) film actors
Military personnel from California
People from Kingsburg, California
ProRodeo Hall of Fame inductees
Rodeo clowns
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II

Slim Pickens


O'Brien (known as O'Connor in the 1956 film adaptation of the novel) is a fictional character and the main antagonist in George Orwell's 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. The protagonist Winston Smith, living in a dystopian society governed by the Party, feels strangely drawn to Inner Party member O'Brien. Orwell never reveals O'Brien's first name. The name indicates that O'Brien is of Irish origin, but this background is never shown to have any significance.

Overview

O'Brien is a member of the Inner Party and, like Winston Smith, works in the Ministry of Truth. There, he holds an administrative position that is so distant that Winston has only a vague idea of its nature.
Winston suspects that O'Brien secretly opposes the Party. Eventually O'Brien approaches Winston with some leading remarks which seem to confirm Winston's suspicions. Winston finds the courage to approach him candidly, declaring himself an enemy of the totalitarian state. At first, Winston's intuition seems to be correct: O'Brien presents himself as a member of the "Brotherhood" seeking to overthrow the Party and Ingsoc. O'Brien invites Winston (who then invites Julia) to his flat where, as a member of the Inner Party he lives in comparative luxury. Like Winston and Julia, O'Brien is not unfamiliar with smoking and drinking. However, as an Inner Party member, he has access to far better cigarettes and other goods than they do. Whilst visiting O'Brien at his home, Winston samples wine for the first time. O'Brien then extracts a series of pledges from the couple that they are prepared to do anything to serve the Brotherhood, except (at Julia's protest) to separate from each other.

In truth, O'Brien is an agent of the Thought Police, and is completely loyal to the Party and to Ingsoc.  He is part of a false flag resistance movement whose goal is to find thought-criminals (anyone who has ideas deemed to be unacceptable by the Party), lure them in by pretending to be on their side, then arrest and help them to become sane.

O'Brien is next seen after Winston is arrested by the Thought Police. He reveals himself as he enters the cell by responding to Winston's exclamation, "They've got you too!", by commenting, "They got me a long time ago."

O'Brien is estimated privately by Winston as being 48–50 years old (O'Brien notices and guesses that Winston is contemplating this despite him not speaking of it). This would mean that he was born about 1934 to 1936, that he was a young man at the time of the Revolution which brought the Party to power, and that unlike Winston he clearly remembers the world as it was before - though he does not share these reminiscences with his prisoner (except for demonstrating that he knows the full text of "Oranges and Lemons").

Over several weeks, O'Brien tortures Winston to cure him of his "insanity", in particular his "false" notion that there exists a past and an external, self-evident reality independent of the Party; O'Brien explains that reality only exists within the human mind, and since the Party controls everyone's mind, it therefore controls reality.

He is entirely honest about the brutal cynicism of the Party; the Party does not seek power to benefit themselves or their subjects, but simply to revel in that power: "Always, Winston, at every moment, there will be the thrill of victory, the sensation of trampling on an enemy who is helpless. If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face—forever."

Even in the torture scenes, there is a strange intimacy that persists between Winston and O'Brien. O'Brien even states that Winston's mind appeals to him, and that it resembles his own mind, except that Winston happens to be "insane". Eventually, in Room 101, O'Brien tortures Winston into submission so that he willingly embraces the philosophy of the Party.

Inspirations

O'Brien was partly inspired by the character of Gletkin from Arthur Koestler's novel Darkness at Noon. The two characters share many common traits, including their ruthlessness and fanaticism to the government: O'Brien however is more sadistic than the cold, detached Gletkin, and prefers to use torture himself, whereas Gletkin prefers to torment his prisoners psychologically. The torture scenes (undertaken by O'Brien) were influenced in part by the stories leaked out of the USSR of the punishments inflicted on political prisoners in mental hospitals and the Gulag.

The choice of the clearly Irish surname is regarded as a reference to Brendan Bracken, under whom Orwell worked during the war creating propaganda, and whom Orwell detested. In what has been described as "one of the strangest coincidences in literature", it was revealed in 2003 that O'Brien was the codename of NKVD agent Hugh O'Donnell, who received reports on the author from his subordinate David Crook when Crook spied on Orwell during the Spanish Civil War.

Portrayals

Canadian actor Lorne Greene played O'Brien in a 1953 adaptation on the CBS anthology series Studio One (S06E01) called "1984". In the adaptation broadcast on 26 April 1953 on The United States Steel Hour radio program, Alan Hewitt played O'Brien. In the BBC Television adaptation of Nineteen Eighty-Four (1954), the character was played by André Morell. In the 2013 BBC Radio 3 adaptation, O'Brien was played by Tim Pigott-Smith.

In the 1956 film, O'Brien was renamed O'Connor, possibly to avoid confusion with Edmond O'Brien, who portrayed Winston. O'Connor was played by Michael Redgrave. In the 1984 film version, O'Brien was portrayed by Richard Burton in his final role.

The character of Corbin O'Brian in the film Snowden (2016) is thought to have been inspired by Orwell's O'Brien.

In the highly successful Almeida Theatre and West End production of 1984 directed by  Robert Icke O'Brien was played Tim Dutton.

References

Nineteen Eighty-Four characters
Fictional prison officers and governors
Fictional British police officers
Literary characters introduced in 1949
Fictional writers
Fictional torturers
Fictional British people
Male characters in literature
Male literary villains
George Orwell characters

O'Brien (Nineteen Eighty-Four)


Pelicar, also written Pellicar or Belicar was a Guanche mencey king of Menceyato of Icode in times of the conquest of Tenerife in the fifteenth century.

Pelicar joined the king of Menceyato de Taoro, Bencomo, to repel the Spanish invasion in 1494, including its menceyato in war camps. However, some historians as Viera y Clavijo indicate that Pelicar not allied with Bencomo, as wary of the ambitions of this. Finally, after successive defeats and the loss of key Guanche kings (Bencomo, Tinguaro and Bentor), the mencey of Icode surrendered in 1496, subject to the conquerors in the act known as Paz de Los Realejos.

Pelicar was taken to the court of the Catholic Monarchs by Alonso Fernández de Lugo along with six other menceyes to be presented to the monarchs. And in court, Pelicar was sold into slavery unfairly by the royal butler Pedro Patiño, who had been delivered to be his guardian, being released by royal command soon after. The ultimate fate of mencey except possibly ending his days in Seville as a free man is not known.

References

External links
 Los guanches

People from Tenerife
15th-century Berber people
Military personnel killed in action
Guanche
Guanche people

Pelicar (mencey)


Edward Michael Montague (born November 3, 1948) is an American former umpire in Major League Baseball. He worked in the National League in 1974 and from 1976 to 1999, and officiated throughout both leagues between 2000 and 2009. The most senior active umpire in the major leagues at the time of his retirement, he wore uniform number 11 throughout his career. His 4,369 total games ranked eighth in major league history when he retired, and he is one of only three umpires to serve as crew chief for the World Series four times.

Career
Montague was born in San Francisco, California. He umpired the World Series in 1986, 1991, 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2007, serving as crew chief on the last four occasions; only Bill Klem (9 times) and Bill Summers (4 times) held the position of World Series crew chief as often. Montague also umpired in the All-Star Game in 1982, 1990, 1998 and 2004, calling balls and strikes for the last three contests. He is only the fourth umpire in history—joining Bill McGowan, Summers and Al Barlick—to serve as crew chief for three World Series and as home plate umpire for three All-Star Games. In 2004, he became the first umpire to work behind the plate for the entire All-Star Game and serve as crew chief in the World Series in the same season.

Montague also umpired in seven League Championship Series (1979, 1987, 1992, 1996, 1999, 2001, 2002), and in seven Division Series (1981, 1995, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007). He was the first base umpire for the single-game playoff to decide the NL's 2007 wild card team. He became an NL crew chief in 1996 after the death of longtime umpire John McSherry on Opening Day at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati.

Montague was known for his quick flick of the wrist on a called strike, and his quick punchout on called third strikes to left-handed hitters. Montague umpired few games during the 2009 season due to injury, and he announced his retirement in February 2010. , Montague is a supervisor of MLB umpires.

Notable games
On May 28, 2006, Montague was umpiring second base when Barry Bonds hit his 715th home run to pass Babe Ruth for second place on the all-time list.

In early 2008, Montague ejected Los Angeles Dodgers third-base coach Larry Bowa after Bowa refused to heed Montague's warnings not to move in front of the coach's box toward the playing field. Bowa was suspended three games for "inappropriate and aggressive conduct."  Montague called the situation, "One of the dumbest ejections I've ever had."

Personal life
Montague's father, also named Ed Montague, was a major league player and scout.

Montague has a son also named Ed who played in Minor League Baseball and independent baseball from 2002 through 2008. Another son, Brett, played college baseball for Colorado State University-Pueblo.

See also

 List of Major League Baseball umpires

References

External links
Major league profile
Retrosheet

1948 births
Living people
Major League Baseball umpires
National League umpires
Sportspeople from San Francisco

Ed Montague (umpire)


Alfréd Haar (; 11 October 1885, Budapest – 16 March 1933, Szeged) was a Hungarian mathematician. In 1904 he began to study at the University of Göttingen. His doctorate was supervised by David Hilbert. The Haar measure, Haar wavelet, and Haar transform are named in his honor. Between 1912 and 1919 he taught at Franz Joseph University in Kolozsvár. Together with Frigyes Riesz, he made the University of Szeged a centre of mathematics. He also founded the Acta Scientiarum Mathematicarum journal together with Riesz.

Biography

Haar was born to a Hungarian-Jewish family in Budapest on 11 October 1885 to parents Ignác Haar and Emma Fuchs. He graduated in 1903 from the secondary school Fasori Evangélikus Gimnázium where he was a student of László Rátz. He started his university studies in Budapest, later moving on to Göttingen reading mathematics and sciences. Among the many famous professors he was taught by, he could count Loránd Eötvös, József Kürschák, Constantin Carathéodory, David Hilbert, Felix Christian Klein and Ernst Zermelo.

During years of the secondary school, he collaborated with the mathematical journal for secondary school students Középiskolai Matematikai Lapok, and won the national Eötvös Loránd Mathematical Competition. He enrolled to the Technical University of Budapest as a student of chemical engineering, but in the same year he moved on to the University of Budapest, and after a year to the University of Göttingen. His doctoral research was supervised by Hilbert graduating in June 1909. His 49-page thesis studies systems of Sturm–Liouville functions and spherical functions, introducing the now widely used Haar orthogonal systems. In the same year he habilitated to become a private professor of the university.

In 1912, the Franz Joseph University in Kolozsvár, Austria-Hungary (now Cluj-Napoca in Romania) invited him along with Gyula Farkas and Frigyes Riesz to join as faculty, and he became the professor of 'Quatitics'. A number of his lecture notes from the time became established books later. After the Treaty of Trianon, which ceded Transylvania to Romania, the university had to move to Szeged, the closest city within the new boundaries, where he with Riesz established the Centre of Mathematics, and the first internationally recognised Hungarian mathematical journal, the Acta Scientiarum Mathematicarum.

One of his doctoral students at the University of Szeged was Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy.

Haar died of stomach cancer on 16 March 1933.

Fields of research
His results are from the fields of mathematical analysis and topological groups, in particular he researched orthogonal systems of functions, singular integrals, analytic functions, differential equations, set theory, function approximation and calculus of variations.

Publications
 Haar, A.,   Zur Theorie der orthogonalen Funktionensysteme, (Erste Mitteilung), Math. Ann. 69 (1910), 331–371 (at GDZ). (This is Haar's thesis, written under the supervision of David Hilbert.)
 Haar, A.,  Die Minkowskische Geometrie und die Annäherung an stetige Funktionen, Math. Ann. 78 (1918), 294–311 (at GDZ).

References

External links

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1885 births
1933 deaths
20th-century Hungarian mathematicians
Academic staff of the University of Szeged
Hungarian Jews
Hungarian expatriates in Germany
Writers from Budapest
Academic staff of Franz Joseph University
Mathematicians from Austria-Hungary
Deaths from cancer in Hungary
Deaths from stomach cancer
Fasori Gimnázium alumni
Measure theorists

Alfréd Haar


Joseph ben Mordechai Gershon HaKohen Ka"tz (1510 in Cracow – 1591) was a kohen by birth, a rabbi and Talmudist, who began his studies in the Talmud at an early age, and became the dean (rosh yeshivah) at a yeshiva founded for him by his father-in-law. His views on religious questions were widely sought, while Solomon Luria was one of his correspondents.

Joseph was the author of "She'erit Yosef" (Cracow, 1590), containing responsa and discussions on various rabbinical subjects, as well as a commentary on the "Mordechai" tractates Nezikin, Berakot, and Mo'ed. In the preface the author states that he published this work at the request of his sons, Tanhuma and Aaron Moses, who were members of the Jewish community of Cracow. He also corrected the manuscript from which was printed the "Aggudah" of Alexandri HaKohain of Frankfurt.

Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography
She'rith Yosef
 I. M. Zunz, 'Ir ha-zedek, p. 23, Lemberg, 1874;
 Rabinowitz, Ha'arot we-Tikunim, p. 6, Lyck, 1875;
 Dembitzer, Kelilat Yoft, p. 4b, Cracow, 1888;
 B. Friedberg, Gesch. der Hebräischen Typographie in Krakau, p. 8, ib. 1900.S.

References

1510 births
1591 deaths
Kohanim writers of Rabbinic literature
Rabbis from Kraków
16th-century Polish rabbis

Joseph ben Mordechai Gershon


Brattleboro Union High School (BUHS) is a public school in Vermont that serves the towns of Brattleboro, Vernon, Guilford, Dummerston, and Putney. The Brattleboro Union High School is connected with the middle school, Brattleboro Area Middle School (BAMS).

History
The school began in 1831 and was incorporated by the Vermont Legislature in November, 1832. It was originally a private enterprise led by prominent community members John Holbrook and John Dickerman. The original building was made out of wood and was in a separate area of Brattleboro from where it is currently. The wooden high school was used for grades beyond the primary grades.

The new Brattleboro' High School in the East Village competed with the private Brattleboro Academy of the West Village. The Academy was established in 1801 and served the area's secondary education needs for two decades. These two private high schools mirrored the growth and competition that existed between the East and West Villages during the 1800s. Initially, the West Village had the upper hand but as the Connecticut River continued to support trade in the first half of the 1800s, and the railroad along the river grew during the second half of the century, the East Village emerged as the dominant population center.

In 1842 Brattleboro' High School was sold to the East Village school district. Meanwhile, West Brattleboro's Academy received a facelift with the goal of attracting secondary students from a twenty-mile radius. The intent was to offer an education that would support the training of future teachers, those wanting to pursue "surveying or mercantile life", and students preparing for "a collegiate course"

The East Village converted the Brattleboro High School building into a public school that served primary, intermediate and high school students. By the 1860s, the idea of a public high school took hold. Prior to this many people felt high school was reserved for the wealthy and/or the gifted. The switch to public school meant that kids with less money could go to school there and have the opportunity to learn. The population of the East Village had also grown and additions were built on the north and south sides of the old high school to accommodate more students.

A public school year in the East Village consisted of three sessions of twelve weeks each. Students needed to successfully complete an exam to pass on to the high school. Meanwhile, the West Village Academy continued to operate as a private school but struggled to raise funds during the 1850's and 60's.

In 1864 the Vermont Legislature made landowners pay school taxes regardless of whether or not they had children in public school. Towns had multiple school districts that often followed neighborhood lines. In the 1860's Vermont had more than 2,500 school districts…an average of ten per town. The vast majority of these districts were one room school houses that offered a primary and intermediate education.

George Aiken graduated from the school in 1909. Facing increasing enrollment in the late 1940s the town moved to establish a new high school to serve area towns that would be equipped with modern facilities and safety features as well as plenty of space for sport related activities, something desperately unavailable at the then downtown location.

In the early 1950s the decision was made to build the new high school on the "Old Fairgrounds" in the southern section of town. The students moved into the new school in the school year of 1951 and 1952.

Over the years a number of additions were built to deal with increasing enrollment. In the 1960s, a junior high school was added to the campus, and in the mid-1970s, a career center was added for technical education. The decision was made in the early 2000s to renovate the high school.

The project would come to be the largest and most expensive high school renovation in the state's history. $56 million was dedicated to a complete, down to the walls renovation, of the campus that now serves around 1200 students. Completed in 2007, the renovation has brought many modern features to the school community as well as increasing energy efficiency and accommodating a growing number of students. In addition, steps were taken to preserve key historical features in the original section of the school, such as wood paneling and certain light fixtures. The original building is currently listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The BUHS Band led by Stephen Rice was chosen to represent Vermont in the 2009 Presidential Inauguration parade for Barack Obama.

Notable alumni
George Aiken, 64th governor of Vermont and member of the United States Senate
Ronald Read, American philanthropist, investor, janitor, and gas station attendant
Tristan Toleno, chef, businessman, and member of the Vermont House of Representatives

References

Public high schools in Vermont
Buildings and structures in Brattleboro, Vermont
Schools in Windham County, Vermont

Brattleboro Union High School


Satyendra Chandra Mitra (23 December 1888 – 27 October 1942) was an Indian freedom fighter, who started his political career as a revolutionary and got associated with the Jugantar Party. He was arrested and interned at Janjira Char in the middle of the Padma River (now in Bangladesh) in 1916 and was released after the Great War. He continued his studies and after becoming an Advocate in the High Court of Calcutta, he joined the Swaraj Party, founded by Deshabandhu Chittaranjan Das. The then British Administration were afraid of the success of the Swaraj Party and feared a revolution. It was then that he was imprisoned in Mandalay Jail in Burma along with fellow leaders of the Swaraj Party, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and Anil Baran Roy from 1924 to 1927. On being released, he was elected unopposed to the Central Legislative Assembly, the precursor to the Indian Parliament, in 1927. He was a Member of The Age of Consent Committee in 1927-28 that was composed of parliamentarians to determine the age at which girls and boys could marry. It became The Child Marriage Restraint Act in 1929 and is popularly referred to as the Sarda Act. He fought tirelessly for the welfare and release of political prisoners in the Central Assembly. He was elected the Chief Whip of the Swaraj Party when Pandit Motilal Nehru was its leader. The Swaraj Party was then merged with the Congress Party. In 1934, Satyendra returned to Calcutta on being defeated in the General Election that year. Later he became the President of the Bengal Legislative Council (of undivided Bengal) in 1937 until his death on 27 October 1942. He left behind his wife Uma Mitra and only child, Aroti Dutt.

References
1. https://indianhistorycollective.com/satyendra-chandra-mitra/

2. https://dailyasianage.com/news/210634/satyendra-chandra-mitra

1888 births
1942 deaths
Bengali Hindus
20th-century Bengalis
People from Noakhali District
Politicians from Chittagong Division
Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India
University of Calcutta alumni
Indian independence activists from Bengal
City College, Kolkata alumni
Indian independence activists from West Bengal
Bengali lawyers
West Bengal politicians

Satyendra Chandra Mitra


Bottom fishing, also called legering in the United Kingdom, is fishing of the bottom (demersal zone) of a deep body of water such as lake or ocean, targeting groundfish such as sucker fish, bream, catfish and crappie.  It is contrasted with conventional angling in that no float is used with the fishing line.

Gears
A common rig for bottom fishing is a weighted tackle called sinker, which is tied to the end of the fishing line, and a baited hook about an inch up line from the weight. Sometimes the sinker can be replaced by a cage- or keg-like feeder which contains and releases groundbait to better attract fish. The method can be used both with handlining and rod fishing, and can be done both from boats and from the land. The weight can also be used to cast the line to a further, more appropriate distance at deeper water away from the shoreline.

Specialized fishing rods called bottom rods or "donkas" are also commonly used for bottom fishing. Due to the lack of a float to relay underwater status to the surface, a quiver tip (often coupled with a jingle bell) is used to signal the fisherman about whether the fish has successfully taken the hook.

The objective for rigs used for bottom fishing is to take your bait to the bottom of the water and lure in the fish. The bait must appear appetizing to the fish. The most common rig used in bottom fishing is called a "fish finder rig". The next rig is called a "porgy rig" for the reason that it is effective on porgies, grunts, snapper, and any other schooling, medium-sized fish. A rig that is rarely used is called a "break-away rig". The final rig is called a "party boat rig" because you will see it on almost every party.

Other meaning
In stock market terminology, bottom fishing can mean buying the cheapest investments (in terms of valuation ratios) available. Bottom fishing is value investing concentrated on the very cheapest companies. The term can be derogatory as it can imply a lack of attention to the quality of the investments selected.

In stock trading, bottom fishing can also describe the practice of driving the price of a security lower in order to trigger stop-loss orders, which will then commonly drive a security's price even lower, at which point the person or entity responsible for the triggering will then buy up those shares. As part of this phenomenon, a security's price will then often rise again quickly above the stop-loss order mark.

See also
Bottom trawling
Bottom feeder
 Fishing dredge

Notes

References
 Keyes, Michael J  (1992) Modern Bank Fishing: How to Leger - Bottom Fishing Techniques for Carp E a S Publications.

Fishing techniques and methods

Bottom fishing


Andrew Gowers (born 1957) was appointed editor of the Financial Times in October 2001. He resigned from this post in November 2005 citing "strategic differences". In March 2012 he was appointed Director of External Relations at the Association for Financial Markets in Europe (AFME).

Education
Gowers was educated at the Trinity School of John Whitgift, an independent school for boys in Shirley in the London Borough of Croydon, followed by Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.

Gowers Review of Intellectual Property
On Friday, 2 December 2005, he was commissioned by Gordon Brown to lead an independent review of intellectual property rights in the UK, known as the Gowers Review of Intellectual Property. Amongst other things, this review was set up to consider the implications of extending the copyright on sound recordings in the UK.

Lehman Brothers
In June 2006 Gowers joined Lehman Brothers in London as head of corporate communications, and stayed until the late 2008 collapse of the firm — one of the key events of the global financial crisis of 2008. In December 2008, The Times published his account of this period, in which he describes Lehman CEO Richard Fuld as "almost unbearably intense" and "insulated from the day-to-day realities of the firm".

BP
In Autumn 2009, Gowers joined BP as head of media relations, replacing his predecessor Roddy Kennedy. He was responsible for handling the oil company's media response to the April 20, 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil disaster. He resigned from the position at the end of 2010.

Personal life
Gowers is married and has two children.

References

1957 births
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
British newspaper editors
Living people
Financial Times editors

Andrew Gowers


Cedric Kushner Promotions, Ltd. v. King, 533 U.S. 158 (2001), was a United States Supreme Court case concerning the extent to which the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) applied to certain types of corporation-individual organizations. In this case, the Court decided unanimously to apply it to respondent Don King.

Background
Cedric Kushner Promotions, Ltd., a corporate promoter of boxing matches, sued Don King, the president and sole shareholder of a rival corporation, alleging that King had conducted his corporation's affairs in violation of RICO. RICO makes it "unlawful for any person employed by or associated with any enterprise... to conduct or participate... in the conduct of such enterprise's affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity." The District Court dismissed the complaint. In affirming the decision, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals held that RICO applies only where a plaintiff shows the existence of two separate entities, a "person" and a distinct "enterprise," the affairs of which that "person" improperly conducts. The court concluded that King was part of the corporation, not a "person," distinct from the "enterprise," who allegedly improperly conducted the "enterprise's affairs."

Opinion of the Court

Justice Stephen Breyer wrote the decision of the Court, which unanimously reversed the appellate court. The Court held that "the need for two distinct entities is satisfied; hence, the RICO provision... applies when a corporate employee unlawfully conducts the affairs of the corporation of which he is the sole owner -- whether he conducts those affairs within the scope, or beyond the scope, of corporate authority." "The corporate owner/employee, a natural person, is distinct from the corporation itself, a legally different entity," Justice Breyer wrote. "A corporate employee who conducts the corporation's affairs through an unlawful RICO 'pattern... of activity,' uses that corporation as a 'vehicle' whether he is, or is not, its sole owner." Under this reading of the statute, the Court of appeals' decision was reached in error; the case was sent back to them for future disposition of the case.

See also
 United States v. Bestfoods

References

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
2001 in United States case law

Cedric Kushner Promotions, Ltd. v. King


Burundi is a unitary state which is sub-divided at three levels: provinces, communes, and collines (hills).

Divisions

Provinces

The largest administrative division in Burundi is the province. There are 18 provinces in Burundi, each named after its provincial capital. Each province has a Provincial Governor. The provincial organisation of Burundi has been reformed on a number of occasions. The most recent province, Rumonge, was created in 2015.

The provinces are Bubanza, Bujumbura Mairie, Bujumbura Rural, Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi, Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Mwaro, Ngozi, Rumonge, Rutana and Ruyigi.

Communes

The second-largest administrative division is the commune (municipality). There are 117 communes in Burundi.

Collines

The smallest subdivision in Burundi is the colline (literally "hill") of which there are 2,638 in the country.

References

Burundi
Burundi

Subdivisions of Burundi


(1480–1540) was a warlord of the Shinano Province. The region that was controlled by Yorimitsu was Lake Suwa. During the year of 1485, Yorimitsu's father was killed by his own retainers for unknown reasons. But Yorimitsu in the end was a very capable leader, greatly strengthening the domain of Suwa.

Daimyo
1480 births
1540 deaths
Samurai

Suwa Yorimitsu


Interdisciplinarity is when two or more subjects (academic disciplines) join up. This happens when a problem overlaps traditional academic boundaries. Other terms which mean almost the same thing are multidisciplinarity and crossdisciplinarity.

An examples makes clear what is meant:

In order to investigate living cells, these subjects joined together: genetics, physics, chemistry, cytology.

When they joined up, the field they formed was called cell biology at the level of cells, or molecular biology at the level of macromolecules.

Other examples include artificial intelligence, cultural studies,  cybernetics, computational linguistics, biomedical engineering, and so on. Physical chemistry, biochemistry and astrophysics  must have been some of the first.

In many universities, traditional departments (e.g. botany, zoology) were scrapped, and new broader departments like 'School of biological sciences' were formed. Inside this umbrella, research and teaching teams were based on interdisciplinary problems, such as ecology or cell division or Earth history. There are some necessary specialities which do not fit easily into the new system. Examples are taxonomy (you still need people to identify animals) and areas like parasitology and agricultural botany.

A system which works in some universities is to appoint staff to the Schools (usually Humanities, Science. Social sciences and Technology) and let the staff join those groups which best fit their expertise.

References

Related pages
Holism

Academic disciplines

Interdisciplinarity


Trash is a real-time strategy computer game developed by Inhuman Games for the Microsoft Windows operating systems.  It was released on September 20, 2005.

Storyline
The game takes place in a post-apocalyptic future where, after the great nuclear war of 2015, peace treaties were signed, nuclear weapons were destroyed, and civilization was slowly rebuilt. However, 8 years after treaties were signed, a fleet of alien ships appeared outside Earth's atmosphere. Several super weapons were fired from the largest of the alien spacecraft, the resulting explosions causing major alterations to Earth's geography. Fearing for the lives of every human on earth, the United States Government unleashed its hidden nuclear arsenal on the alien ships. The resulting explosions rained down onto the planet, causing buildings to be destroyed and the air to be poisoned by radiation. As a result, in 10 hours, 5 of the 9 billion humans on Earth were killed.

The remaining smaller alien ships traveled into Earth's atmosphere, but never landed due to resistance by the remaining humans on earth.

After the alien ships left, mutants slowly began to appear, initially doing nothing more than raiding human settlements for building materials and kidnapping humans. As these incidents were few and far between, and by now many people had lost much of their families and other social contacts, most of these went unnoticed.

However, the mutants had their own plans. The mutants were hybrids of the aliens that came to conquer Earth. They injected captured humans with their own DNA, causing them to mutate. Eventually, the mutants' forces were strong enough to take on the humans. The mutants deployed their forces, and the war between the humans and mutants began.

Gameplay
Trash consists of two species: Humans and Mutants. A machine race is to be added in a sequel, but for now this has been left out as Inhuman Games is a very small team, and want to focus their efforts on the humans and mutants.

The gameplay is focused mostly on multiplayer skirmishes. There are now single player campaigns, although they are still in beta mode, and there is an AI for single player skirmishes though it is not highly advanced. One integral feature is that if a human and a mutant are allied then they are able to benefit from each other's technology; something that most games do not allow. This does somewhat contradict the game story, but the story is not a central focus of the gameplay.

The main resource in the game, used by both races, is trash. Trash is used as a building material for almost every unit in the game. It must be collected by Dump Trucks or Thralls, which are the collection and building units for humans and mutants respectively. Both of these units are collectively referred to as peons.

There are two other resources in the game, Gas and People. Gas is used as a resource only by humans, while people are as a resource only used by mutants. Gas is gathered by building a refinery on top of a gas site. The refineries in trash, unlike such buildings in other games such as StarCraft, do not require continuous collection. People are acquired from unarmed huts, and must be collected by thralls.

In addition to that, there are special building sites in the game. Most core buildings can be built without the need of a special site. Such buildings mainly include unit-producing buildings and resource buildings. There are three types of sites in Trash, they are: toxic waste sites, precious metal sites, and gas sites. Every race has upgrades for units or special structures which can only be built on such sites. Destroying a structure built on such a site does not destroy the site however the site can be destroyed by a military unit, unless it is a gas site. Gas sites, however, must be discovered through special detection and are generally rather more scarce than the other sites.

Structures in trash must be connected together by pipe. Pipe is an inexpensive structure that is built together, and forms the basis of logistics in Trash. Unlike other RTS games where resources seem to magically pop from one place to another where needed, in Trash they must travel through pipe. This also applies to technologies which are researched. Technology can be shared with an allied player by constructing a pipe to link your pipe system with your ally's. If the pipe between two bases of the same player is broken, the two bases become effectively isolated, as a result, the resource indicator is divided into two in order to show readings for each base. Then the player can only use the resources available on one pipe network for building on that network, unless the pipe is rebuilt.

Multiplayer games
Multiplayer games are organised via a central game lobby, where gamers meet to chat and play games. Unlike most RTS games, Trash has a client–server architecture for networking, so people behind a firewall can host games. This also dramatically reduces lag, especially if both players are on dial-up.

Reception
The game was given the 2005 Multiplayer Game of the Year award by GameTunnel.

References

External links
Trash official website

2005 video games
Post-apocalyptic video games
Real-time strategy video games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows-only games
Multiplayer and single-player video games

Trash (video game)


Irwin Martin Abrams (February 24, 1914 – December 16, 2010) was a long-time professor of history at Antioch College, a pioneer in the field of peace research, and a global authority on the Nobel Peace Prize. His book, The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates, first published in 1988 and subsequently updated and revised, is regarded as the authoritative reference work on the subject. His other books included Words of Peace, which brought together selections from the acceptance speeches of Nobel Peace Prize laureates, and five volumes of Nobel Lectures in Peace.

Life and career

Irwin Abrams was born in San Francisco in 1914. He graduated from Lowell High School in December 1930 at the age of 16. He went on to earn a bachelor's degree from Stanford University and a master's degree and Ph.D. from Harvard University. In 1936-37, he traveled to Europe to do research for his dissertation. It was a formative experience. He met many outstanding leaders and scholars of the international peace movement and delved into previously unknown source materials.

"Abrams opened and explored archival sources on which a generation of historians would come to depend," the Magazine of History said in a 1994 profile. "His dissertation, 'A History of European Peace Societies, 1867-1899,' won the Charles Sumner Peace Prize and, although it was never published, it has been called 'the most quoted unpublished dissertation in history'. Whether or not that is factual, it has the ring of truth, for Abrams's 1938 work and his subsequent writing gave direction and inspiration to historians on both sides of the Atlantic when the study of peace in history blossomed a generation later."<ref>Chatfield, Charles; "Profile of a Peace Historian", The OAH Magazine of History", Spring 1994.</ref>

Born Jewish, Abrams became a Quaker in the late 1930s, inspired in part by his research on the early peace movement and his friendships with British philosopher Gerald Heard and others. He later wrote that joining the Society of Friends was the final step in a move away from liberal humanism toward the ideal of pacifism and nonviolence. He came to believe that "to change the world you had to change yourself."

During World War II, Abrams fulfilled his obligations as a conscientious objector by working with the American Friends Service Committee, or AFSC, in Philadelphia. He researched international relief work, directed training for AFSC relief workers from 1943 to 1946 and organized the Quaker International Workcamp Program the following year. During that time, his wife Freda, whom he had married in 1939, stayed home with their two young children, David and Carole. A third child, James, was born a few years later.

The family moved to Yellow Springs, Ohio, in 1947 when Abrams joined the faculty of Antioch College. He organized the Department of History and created an introduction to western civilization still fondly remembered by many Antioch alumni. He became a full professor in 1951, Distinguished University Professor in 1979, and "emeritus" two years later.

Throughout his Antioch years, Abrams was nudged beyond the classroom by his Quaker concern for peace, his pioneering studies of the historic European peace movement and his own international experience. He became, as he wrote, "a theorist and practitioner" in study abroad and intercultural experience. The number of international exchanges, including study abroad, was rising rapidly, and he saw this as a valuable opportunity to encourage cross-cultural understanding.

After his retirement from teaching, Abrams published the first of several books on the Nobel Peace Prize. His The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History was published in 1988. It was recognized as an "outstanding reference work" by the American Library Association.  He went on to publish other works on the prize, including Words of Peace, which brings together selections from the acceptance speeches of the prizewinners, and five volumes of Nobel Lectures in Peace.

Of writing about the laureates, he wrote, "It's been a rich experience to live with these people all of these years." He met many of the prizewinners, including the Dalai Lama, Desmond Tutu, Willy Brandt and Martin Luther King Jr. Another laureate, José Ramos-Horta, the current president of East Timor, considered him a friend. Abrams "led a life of scholarly integrity, intellectual and moral rectitude, compassion and faith in humanity, encompassing a whole century of profound transformation in the history of our small world", Ramos-Horta said.

Abrams was honored on numerous occasions by colleagues and former students. In 1997, he received an honorary doctorate from Antioch University. In 2000, he was given a distinguished lifetime service award by the Peace History Society and the Peace History Commission of the International Peace Research Association.

In 2003, the Antioch College Alumni Association presented him with the Arthur Morgan Award "for his long and exemplary service to the Antioch College community, the education community and the global community".

Abrams said that the happiest outcome of his teaching years was when his students from the class of 1955 came together in 2005 – 50 years later – and raised funds for a peace education memorial fund in his name.

He was inducted into the "Walk of Fame" in Dayton, Ohio, in the fall of 2007 and has a square on the sidewalk on W. Third Street in Dayton commemorating his achievements. The inscription states that "Dr. Abrams brought recognition to Antioch University" as a "scholar, author, educator and humanitarian."

 Selected bibliography
 The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History (G.K. Hall, 1988; Science History Publications, 2001)
 Words of Peace (Newmarket Press, 1994)
 Nobel Lectures in Peace, 1971-1995 in 3 Volumes (World Scientific, 1997)
 The Iraq War and Its Consequences with Wang Gungwu (World Scientific, 2003)
 Nobel Lectures in Peace, 1996-2000 (World Scientific, 2005)
 Nobel Lectures in Peace, 2001-2005'' with Scott London (World Scientific, 2009)

References

External links
 Irwin Abrams - Historian and Champion of the Nobel Peace Prize - A Profile by Peter van den Dungen from "Peace and Change"
 Profile of a Peace Historian - A Profile by Charles Chatfield in "Magazine of History"
 Nobel Peace Prize Authority, Antioch Professor, Dies - An Obituary in Dayton Daily News
 Professor Irwin Abrams: Historian of the Nobel Peace Prize - An Obituary in The Independent (UK)

1914 births
2010 deaths
Writers from San Francisco
Jewish American historians
American male non-fiction writers
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Stanford University alumni
Nobel Peace Prize
People from Yellow Springs, Ohio
Antioch College faculty
Historians from California
Historians from Ohio

Irwin Abrams


William J. Day Boulevard, or Day Boulevard, is a coastal parkway in Boston, Massachusetts. Beginning at Morrissey Boulevard and Kosciuszko Circle at the northern extent of the Dorchester section of the city, it travels in a gently curving northeasterly direction  through South Boston along beaches around the west and north shore of Dorchester Bay. It was named for William J. Day.

In its eastern part, the road passes through the South Boston Boat Clubs Historic District and Marine Park before ending at Castle Island, site of a historic fort and state park. It is owned and maintained by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation as part of the Metropolitan Park System of Greater Boston. Carson Beach, M Street Beach and Pleasure Bay are beaches along Day Boulevard that are part of the park system.

History
Day Boulevard was originally called the Strandway, and was planned beginning in the late nineteenth century as the easternmost link of the Emerald Necklace, the string of connected parks and waterways created by Frederick Law Olmsted. Plans for the connection of Franklin Park across Dorchester via a parkway to be called Dorchesterway to South Boston and Marine Park at the east end of the South Boston peninsula via the Strandway were not realized, and the route was eventually called Columbia Road. The southern roadway of the two roadways that formed Columbia Road was named William J. Day Boulevard in honor of a popular South Boston political figure after he died in 1950. William Day was the father of Louise Day Hicks, U.S. Representative for South Boston from 1971–73.

Day Boulevard is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Old Harbor Reservation Parkways.

References

Parkways in Massachusetts
Streets in Boston
Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Boston
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

Day Boulevard


Tampereen Peli-Pojat-70 (abbreviated PP-70) is a football club from Tampere, Finland that was established in 1970. PP-70 currently plays in the Nelonen with its home venue at the Ikurin Virelä (Ikuri Sports Field).

History

PP-70 were formed in 1970 following the amalgamation of the football sections of Lielahden Kipinä, Pispalan Tarmo and Lamminpään Korpi.  In its early years the club played in the lower divisions of the Finnish football system but in 1985 were promoted for the first time to the Kakkonen which is the third tier. In total the club has enjoyed 4 spells at this level from 1986 to 1988, 1993–1994, 1996–2001 and 2008–2009.  In 1994 the club were promoted to the Ykkönen and while their first experience at this level lasted only one season they were again promoted to the Ykkönen in 2001.  The most successful period of the club then followed with six seasons in the Ykkönen from 2002 until 2007 when they were relegated to the Kakkonen.  A further relegation followed in 2009 and 2010 and the club are currently in the Nelonen.

Divisional Movements

Second Level (7 seasons): 1995, 2002–07
Third Level (13 seasons): 1986–88, 1993–94, 1996–2001, 2008–09

Season to season

Junior Section

PP-70 are undertaking commendable work at the junior level and are growing steadily with the addition of new age groups each year.  In total the club runs 15 junior teams and team practice is available for boys and girls all the year round.

2010 season

PP-70 are competing in the Kolmonen administered by the Tampere SPL.  This is the fourth highest tier in the Finnish football system.  In 2009 PP-70S were relegated from Group B of the Kakkonen.

PP-70 /2 are participating in the Vitonen administered by the Tampere SPL.

References and sources
Official Website
Finnish Wikipedia
Suomen Cup

Football clubs in Finland
Association football clubs established in 1970
1970 establishments in Finland

Tampereen Peli-Pojat-70