RPL is a handheld calculator operating system and application programming language used on Hewlett-Packard's scientific graphing RPN (Reverse Polish Notation) calculators of the HP 28, 48, 49 and 50 series, but it is also usable on non-RPN calculators, such as the 38, 39 and 40 series. Internally, it was also utilized by the 17B, 18C, 19B and 27S.

RPL is a structured programming language based on RPN, but equally capable of processing algebraic expressions and formulae, implemented as a threaded interpreter. RPL has many similarities to Forth, both languages being stack-based, as well as the list-based LISP. Contrary to previous HP RPN calculators, which had a fixed four-level stack, the dynamic stack used by RPL is only limited by available RAM, with the calculator displaying an error message when running out of memory rather than silently dropping arguments off the stack as in fixed-sized RPN stacks.

RPL originated from HP's Corvallis, Oregon development facility in 1984 as a replacement for the previous practice of implementing the operating systems of calculators in assembly language. The first calculator utilizing it internally was the HP-18C and the first calculator making it available to users was the HP-28C, both from 1986. The last pocket calculator supporting RPL, the HP 50g, was discontinued in 2015.  However, multiple emulators that can emulate HP's RPL calculators exist that run on a range of operating systems, and devices, including iOS and Android smartphones. There are also a number of community projects to recreate and extend RPL on newer calculators, like newRPL or DB48X, which may add features or improve performance.

Variants
The internal low- to medium-level variant of RPL, called System RPL (or SysRPL) is used on some earlier HP calculators as well as the aforementioned ones, as part of their operating system implementation language. In the HP 48 series this variant of RPL is not accessible to the calculator user without the use of external tools, but in the HP 49/50 series there is a compiler built into ROM to use SysRPL. It is possible to cause a serious crash while coding in SysRPL, so caution must be used while using it. The high-level User RPL (or UserRPL) version of the language is available on said graphing calculators for developing textual as well as graphical application programs. All UserRPL programs are internally represented as SysRPL programs, but use only a safe subset of the available SysRPL commands. The error checking that is a part of UserRPL commands, however, makes UserRPL programs noticeably slower than equivalent SysRPL programs. The UserRPL command SYSEVAL tells the calculator to process designated parts of a UserRPL program as SysRPL code.

Control blocks
RPL control blocks are not strictly postfix. Although there are some notable exceptions, the control block structures appear as they would in a standard infix language. The calculator manages this by allowing the implementation of these blocks to skip ahead in the program stream as necessary.

Conditional statements

IF/THEN/ELSE/END
RPL supports basic conditional testing through the IF/THEN/ELSE structure. The basic syntax of this block is:

  IF condition THEN if-true [ELSE if-false] END

The following example tests to see if the number at the bottom of the stack is "1" and, if so, replaces it with "Equal to one":

  « IF 1 == THEN "Equal to one" END »

The IF construct evaluates the condition then tests the bottom of the stack for the result.  As a result, RPL can optionally support FORTH-style IF blocks, allowing the condition to be determined before the block. By leaving the condition empty, the IF statement will not make any changes to the stack during the condition execution and will use the existing result at the bottom of the stack for the test:

  « 1 == IF THEN "Equal to one" END »

IFT/IFTE
Postfix conditional testing may be accomplished by using the IFT ("if-then") and IFTE ("if-then-else") functions.

IFT and IFTE pop two or three commands off the stack, respectively. The topmost value is evaluated as a boolean and, if true, the second topmost value is pushed back on the stack.  IFTE allows a third "else" value that will be pushed back on the stack if the boolean is false.

The following example uses the IFT function to pop an object from the bottom of the stack and, if it is equal to 1, replaces it with "One":

  « 1 == "One" IFT »

The following example uses the IFTE function to pop an object from the bottom of the stack and, if it is equal to 1, replaces it with "One". If it does not equal 1, it replaces it with the string "Not one":

  « 1 == "One" "Not one" IFTE »

IFT and IFTE will evaluate a program block given as one of its arguments, allowing a more compact form of conditional logic than an IF/THEN/ELSE/END structure. The following example pops an object from the bottom of the stack, and replaces it with "One", "Less", or "More", depending on whether it is equal to, less than, or greater than 1.

  «
    DUP 1 ==
    « DROP "One" »
    « 1 < "Less" "More" IFTE »
    IFTE
  »

CASE/THEN/END
To support more complex conditional logic, RPL provides the CASE/THEN/END structure for handling multiple exclusive tests. Only one of the branches within the CASE statement will be executed. The basic syntax of this block is:

  CASE
   condition_1 THEN if-condition_1 END
    ...
   condition_n THEN if-condition_n END
   if-none
  END

The following code illustrates the use of a CASE/THEN/END block. Given a letter at the bottom of the stack, it replaces it with its string equivalent or "Unknown letter":

  «
    CASE
       DUP "A" == THEN "Alpha" END
       DUP "B" == THEN "Beta" END
       DUP "G" == THEN "Gamma" END
       "Unknown letter"
    END
    SWAP DROP  @ Get rid of the original letter
  »

This code is identical to the following nested IF/THEN/ELSE/END block equivalent:

  «
     IF DUP "A" ==
     THEN
        "Alpha"
     ELSE
        IF DUP "B" == THEN
           "Beta"
        ELSE
           IF DUP "G" == THEN
              "Gamma"
           ELSE
              "Unknown letter"
           END
        END
     END
     SWAP DROP  @ Get rid of the original letter
  »

Looping statements

FOR/NEXT
RPL provides a FOR/NEXT statement for looping from one index to another. The index for the loop is stored in a temporary local variable that can be accessed in the loop. The syntax of the FOR/NEXT block is:

 index_from index_to FOR variable_name loop_statement NEXT

The following example uses the FOR loop to sum the numbers from 1 to 10. The index variable of the FOR loop is "I":

  «
     0       @ Start with zero on the stack
     1 10    @ Loop from 1 to 10
     FOR I   @ "I" is the local variable
        I +  @ Add "I" to the running total
     NEXT    @ Repeat...
  »

START/NEXT
The START/NEXT block is used for a simple block that runs from a start index to an end index.  Unlike the FOR/NEXT loop, the looping variable is not available. The syntax of the START/NEXT block is:

  index_from index_to START loop_statement NEXT

FOR/STEP and START/STEP
Both FOR/NEXT and START/NEXT support a user-defined step increment. By replacing the terminating NEXT keyword with an increment and the STEP keyword, the loop variable will be incremented or decremented by a different value than the default of +1. For instance, the following loop steps back from 10 to 2 by decrementing the loop index by 2:

  « 10 2 START -2 STEP »

WHILE/REPEAT/END
The WHILE/REPEAT/END block in RPL supports an indefinite loop with the condition test at the start of the loop. The syntax of the WHILE/REPEAT/END block is:

  WHILE condition REPEAT loop_statement END

DO/UNTIL/END
The DO/UNTIL/END block in RPL supports an indefinite loop with the condition test at the end of the loop. The syntax of the DO/UNTIL/END block is:

  DO loop_statement UNTIL condition END

See also
 A Programming Language (APL)
 FOCAL keystroke programming
 High Performance Language (HPL)
 HP trigraphs
 Prime Programming Language (PPL)
 RPL character set

Notes
1. "RPL" is derived from Reverse Polish Lisp according to its original developers, while for a short time in 1987 HP marketing attempted to coin the backronym ROM-based Procedural Language for it. In addition, the RPL initials are sometimes incorrectly interpreted as Reverse Polish Logic or Reverse Polish Language.

References

Further reading

  (Older version: )

External links

  (a GPL licensed RPL clone)
   (an open source RPL derivative for the HP 50g and HP 49g+, the HP 40gs, HP 39gs and hp 39g+ as well as the HP Prime)
  (Open source implementation of RPL with arbitrary precision)
  (Mixed RPL (HP48) and FOCAL (HP41) language)
  (NB. An improved derivative of RPL called DB48X for the SwissMicros DM42 and DM32.)

Stack-oriented programming languages
Rpl
RPL
Lisp programming language family

RPL (programming language)


The Congregation of the Missionaries of Saint Charles Borromeo (), commonly called the Scalabrinian Missionaries, is a Roman Catholic religious institute of brothers and priests founded by Giovanni Battista Scalabrini, Bishop of Piacenza in Italy, in 1887. The members of the congregation add the nominal letters CS after their names to indicate their membership in the Congregation. Its mission is to "maintain Catholic faith and practice among Italian emigrants in the New World." Today, they and their sister organizations, the Missionary Sisters of St. Charles Borromeo (founded by Scalabrini on 25 October 1895) and the Secular Institute of the Scalabrinian Missionary Women (founded 25 July 1961) minister to migrants, refugees and displaced persons.

History

The founding of the institute was approved by Pope Leo XIII in a papal brief dated 25 November 1887 and the approval of its Constitution by a decree of the Sacred Congregation of Propaganda followed on 3 October 1908.

The expediency of providing for the spiritual and also, to some degree, for the temporal needs of Italian emigrants to the Americas was brought to the attention of Bishop Scalabrini by the pathetic sight of a number of such emigrants waiting in the great railway station of Milan. Acting upon this inspiration, and encouraged by Cardinal Giovanni Simeoni, then prefect of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, Scalabrini acquired a residence in Piacenza where he established the "Christopher Columbus Apostolic Institution", forming there a community of priests which became the nucleus of a new congregation.

This congregation, which was henceforth to be known as the Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo, was to be governed by a superior general, dependent upon the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith. Its primary aim was to maintain the practice of the Catholic faith among Italian emigrants in the New World, and "to ensure as far as possible their moral, civil, and economic welfare." It was to provide priests for the emigrants, as well as committees of persons who will give good advice and practical direction needed by poor Italians who are new arrivals in foreign ports; to establish churches, schools, and missionary homes in the various Italian colonies in North and South America; and to train youths for the priesthood. The members of the congregation promise obedience to their superiors in the congregation and the ecclesiastical hierarchy.

Seven priests and three lay brothers of Scalabrini's institute left Italy on 12 July 1888, of whom two priests and one lay brother were bound for New York City, five priests and two lay brothers for various parts of Brazil. On this occasion, Cesare Cantú, the famous Italian historian, addressed to the Bishop of Piacenza some memorable words of congratulation, asking leave to add to the bishop's blessing on the departing missionaries, "the prayers of an old man who admires a courage and an abnegation so full of humility." A welcome had already been assured these first missionaries of the congregation by a commendatory letter (1 June 1888) of Leo XIII addressed to the American bishops.

Immediately after their arrival in New York City, the missionaries secured a favorable site in Centre Street, where there was a colony of Italians, and in a short time a chapel was opened; soon after this, the Church of the Resurrection was opened on Mulberry Street; lastly, a building on Roosevelt Street, which had been a Protestant place of worship, became the property of the Scalabrini Fathers, who transformed it into the Church of St. Joachim, the first national parish for Italian immigrants in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York. The Society of St. Raphael, an emigrant aid society, was organized at Ellis Island. The Scalabrini's work thereafter spread rapidly through the continent.

Formation in the Philippines
The Scalabrini Formation Center
The formation of the first Scalabrinian seminarians was set with the challenging reality that a house must be built for such purpose. In 1984, seminarians were living in the Mission House were the first three missionary Fathers lived. With this setting, there had been found a problem in terms of space since the community had flourished in number. By the fact that the community started to grow, the shout for a new building was eminently sounded. Anthony Paganoni, being the local superior took the challenge. As was the case, and with the Father General's knowledge about the matter, the visit of the provincial rreasurer in July 1984 had posed the hope that a new building be opened where seminarians would formally concentrate on the priestly formation after the image of Christ, the High Priest.

"As grace from God overflows all the more", the construction of the formation center followed as early after the shout was heard. Hence, Scalabrini Formation Center (SFC) was blessed on November 28, 1985, by Cardinal Ricardo Vidal, the archbishop himself.

"In designing a priestly formation program, the fathers, led by the Director of Foramtion, Fr. Sabbadin, drew on Scalabrinian Models from other countries but they were very conscious they have been conceived in Western context. They also drew on the experience of other orders already working in the Philippines but over the next almost twenty years there would be experimentation. Formation was perceived as a journey in faith by the student to experience God and His Providence in the world, especially in the world of migration" (Desmond Cahill, pg. 369). "In 1986, the first group of Filipinos was sent to Italy for the novitiate. This practice went on until 1993. In 1989, Fr. Nazareno became the second rector until 1995 when he went back to Italy. The Eternal Father called him five months later. During his term, in 1992, the first four Filipino Priests were ordained: on June 1, Florentino Galdo, Mario Lorenzana, Fidel Magno, and on August 2, Romeo Velos"

References

External links
 Scalabrinian Congregation official site

Scalabrinians
Catholic missionary orders
Religious organizations established in 1887
Italian-American history
Catholic religious institutes established in the 19th century
1887 establishments in Italy

Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo


Cow-hocked (adj.) or cow hocks (n.) describes a defect in the conformation of four-legged animals, primarily of livestock and horses, but also of dogs and cats.

Description

An animal is cow-hocked when its hock is set inward, resulting in a splayed look in the back legs. This can result in the uneven wearing of hooves, which can end up in permanent lameness, and can prove to be a very serious condition. Permanent lameness usually results in the animal going for meat, as the cow will be in far too much pain to move, the milk in a cow will not be up to standard, and the animal could not be used in breeding, as this trait would pass on. However, most animals will not have too serious a condition, and will walk with a splayed-leg look. Another way of spotting cow-hock is when the hooves point outward as a result of the incorrect lineup of the joints in the leg.

Another problem with cow-hocks is when the joints in the leg are not set correctly, the joints in the back will most likely be set incorrectly as well. The animal will not do well in agricultural shows, will be in a lot of pain, and for both of these reasons, it is advised to take the animal out of any breeding programs.

Effects
In cow-hocked horses, the hind hocks are too close together and point toward each other, with the feet too widely apart. It is a fairly common defect, and if the metatarsal bones are vertical, may not always cause lameness. A combination of cow- and sickle-hocks poses a greater risk.

Cats are commonly cow-hocked, with the hind legs angling inward at the ankles and the feet splaying outward more than forward. Mild cow-hocking is negligible, and kittens often look a little cow-hocked, but if the defect is severe, the resulting poor alignment can damage the joints and spine. A similar deviation may occur in the vertical alignment of a dog's rear structure.

See also
 Bow-legged
 Knock-kneed
 Post-legged

References

Livestock
Horse anatomy
Dog anatomy
Cat health

Cow-hocked


Hollytrees Museum is a free to visit, publicly owned museum in the centre of Colchester and close to Colchester Castle. It is situated in an eighteenth-century house ("Hollytrees"), which was used as a private residence until 1929, when it became a museum.

The first house on the site, known as "Symnells" after its owner, was later bought by the Shaw family, and passed from John Shaw to John Shaw III and John Shaw IV. When he died a minor, the house passed into chancery; his mother Jane Lessingham bought it but soon died. The modern house was constructed in for Elizabeth Cornelisen, who had bought the site from Lessingham's executors and promptly tore down the existing structure in poor condition. Construction commenced on 10 May 1718 at a cost of £630 plus brickwork and tiling; the total refurbishment was estimated to have cost £2,000.  She died soon after, bequeathing the house to her niece, Sarah Creffeild (née Webster), who left it to her second husband Charles Gray. It was, at that time, known as "Esqr Creffield's ". Possession of the house reverted to the Creffeilds; through Thamer Creffeild to James Round, who left to his brother Charles, who left it to his son Charles Gray Round, who left to it to his nephew James Round. The Rounds finally sold it to the Corporation of Colchester in 1922, a purchase paid for privately by Viscount Cowdray and his wife. It became a museum in 1929.

The house is known as Hollytrees after two holly trees planted in the grounds by Charles Gray in 1729 and is now a free to visit museum serving the centre of Colchester and specialising in local history. It is a grade I listed building.

Ownership
The new house, constructed in 1718, was passed down through the family, as described above. Only those greyed out did not at some time own Hollytrees. It was finally sold by Lt. Col. Charles Round in 1922.

References

External links
 Hollytrees Museum and Visitor Information Centre - Colchester & Ipswich Museums
 Hollytrees Museum - Visit Colchester

Buildings and structures in Colchester (town)
Museums in Essex
History museums in Essex
Local museums in Essex
Museums established in 1929
1929 establishments in England
Grade I listed buildings in Essex

Hollytrees Museum


The Miranda Camera Company  (ミランダカメラ㈱) , originally named the Orion Camera K.K.  (オリオンカメラ㈱) in 1955 and Orion Seiki Sangyō Y.K. (オリオン精機産業有限会社) in 1947, manufactured cameras in Japan between  and . Their first camera was the Miranda T. Many of their products were single-lens reflex cameras for 135 film (35 mm). Unlike many Japanese made cameras, Miranda did not make their own lenses and had to rely on other manufacturers to supply them.

Miranda produced a line of quality 35mm still cameras; a range of over 30 models between first prototypes in 1953 through to the last production model in 1976. Many had advanced or sophisticated features for their day. Almost all Miranda SLR's shared the same basic lens mount, but the mount complexity increased over the years to accommodate more aperture and metering controls.

All of their SLR cameras, except the dx-3, had interchangeable pentaprisms (released by moving a button or twisting the base of the film rewind knob), and a unique dual lens mount; an external bayonet mount or a 44mm thread mount within the mirror box.

Unable to keep up with the increasing manufacturing automation of the larger manufacturers, and the increasingly sophisticated electronics of competing cameras, Miranda ceased production.

Later use of brand by Dixons
In the early 1980s, the British electrical and photographic retailer Dixons acquired the rights to the Miranda brand and used it on a range of photographic equipment. This included badge-engineered versions of Cosina cameras which were distributed in several European countries.

, Dixons Retail (later merged into Dixons Carphone which in turn became today's Currys plc) still had the rights to the brand in several countries but no longer used it and planned to sell the brand off.

References

External links
Miranda Camera Historical Society
Camerapedia article

Currys plc
Japanese brands
Photography companies of Japan

Miranda Camera Company


"The Nose Job" is the 26th episode of Seinfeld. It is the ninth episode of the show's third season. It first aired on November 20, 1991. The episode was written by Peter Mehlman and was directed by Tom Cherones.

Plot
Kramer wants a jacket belonging to his mother's ex-boyfriend, as it supposedly has an attractive power over women. To get the jacket, he asks Elaine to impersonate the daughter of the owner.

George thinks his girlfriend Audrey is perfect, except for one flaw: she has a large nose. During a conversation about beautiful women, Kramer bluntly tells her she needs a nose job. In outrage, Elaine refuses to help him with the jacket. Eager to see his girlfriend's one flaw corrected but afraid of appearing shallow, George first ascertains that Audrey was not offended by Kramer's suggestion and then delicately persuades her to get the nose job. The surgery is horrifically botched, and an appointment is made to fix the damage. George is so nauseated by her disfigured nose that he cannot look at her, and tries to lead her into taking a vacation by herself in the interim between surgeries. Audrey breaks up with him in response.

Jerry is conflicted about his relationship with an actress named Isabel, whom he finds sexually attractive, but dumb and irritating. He likens the conflict to a chess match between his brain and his penis. When she has him do a practice reading with her, delivering a scenery-chewing performance, Jerry decides he can endure no more and breaks up with her.

After Kramer takes Audrey to the hospital, Elaine relents and goes with him to get the jacket. They fool the landlord and he gives them the jacket, but he inadvertently upsets Kramer when he insults Kramer's mother and Kramer attacks him. Audrey's nose is fixed, making her overall appearance radiantly beautiful. Kramer is seen with the jacket and goes out with Audrey, much to George's dismay.

References

External links

Seinfeld (season 3) episodes
1991 American television episodes

The Nose Job


Transfeminism, or trans feminism, is a branch of feminism focused on transgender women and informed by transgender studies. Transfeminism focuses on the effects of transmisogyny and patriarchy on trans women. It is related to the broader field of queer theory. The term was popularized by Emi Koyama (involved in the ISNA) in The Transfeminist Manifesto.

Transfeminism describes the concepts of gender nonconformity, notions of masculinity and femininity and the maintaining of sex and gender binary on trans men and women. Transfeminists view gender conformity as a control mechanism of patriarchy, which is maintained via violence against transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals as a basis of patriarchy.

Tactics of transfeminism emerged from groups such as The Transexual Menace (name from the Lavender Menace) in the 1990s, in response to exclusion of transgender people in Pride marches. The group organized in direct action, focusing on violence against transgender people, such as the murder and rape of Brandon Teena a trans man. The Transsexual Menace organized protests and sit ins against the medical and mental pathologization of trans people.

Trans people were generally excluded from first wave feminism as were lesbians and people considered "queer." Second wave feminism saw greater level of acceptance amongst some feminists however, however "transsexuality" was heavily excluded, and described as an "illness," even amongst feminists who supported gay liberation. Third and fourth wave feminism have generally been accepting of transgender people, and see trans liberation as an overall part of women's liberation.

In 2006, the first book on transfeminism, Trans/Forming Feminisms: Transfeminist Voices Speak Out edited by Krista Scott-Dixon, was published by Sumach Press. Transfeminism has also been defined more generally as "an approach to feminism that is informed by trans politics."

History
Early voices in the movement include Kate Bornstein, author of 1994 Gender Outlaw: On Men, Women, and the Rest of Us, and Sandy Stone, author of essay "The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto", which included a direct response to Janice Raymond's writings on transsexuality. In the 21st century, Krista Scott-Dixon and Julia Serano have published transfeminist works. Bornstein has also released new works, such as Gender Outlaws: The Next Generation in 2010 with S. Bear Bergman. Susan Stryker and Talia M. Bettcher have also recently released a publication about transfeminism.

Patrick Califia used the word in print in 1997, and this remains the first known use in print outside of a periodical. It is possible or even likely that the term was independently coined repeatedly before the year 2000 (or even before Courvant's first claimed use in 1992). The term gained traction only after 1999. Jessica Xavier, an acquaintance of Courvant, may have independently coined the term when she used it to introduce her articles, "Passing As Stigma Management" and "Passing as Privilege" in late 1999.

In the past few decades, the idea that all women share a common experience has come under scrutiny by women of color, lesbians, and working class women, among others. Many transgender people are also questioning what gender means, and are challenging gender as a biological fact. Transfeminists insist that their unique experiences be recognized as part of the feminist sphere.

Transfeminism incorporates all major themes of third wave feminism, including diversity, body image, self-definition, and women's agency. It also includes critical analysis of second wave feminism from the perspective of the third wave. It critiques mainstream notions of masculinity and argues that women deserve equal rights and shares the unifying principle with other feminisms that gender is a patriarchal social construct used to oppress women. The "trans" in transgender has been used to imply transgressiveness. Nicholas Birns categorizes transfeminism as "a feminism that defines the term 'trans-' in a maximally heterogeneous way."

The road to legitimacy for transfeminism as a concept has been different and more vexed than for other feminisms. Marginalized women of trans background and affect have had to prove that their needs are different and that mainstream feminism does not necessarily speak for them. Contrarily, trans women must show their womanhood is equally valid as that of other women, and that feminism can speak for them without ceasing to be feminism. Radical feminist Janice Raymond's resistance to considering trans women as women and as participants in feminism is representative of this obstacle. Her career began with The Transsexual Empire (a book-length analysis of transsexual women) and she has often returned to this theme.

In 2006, the first book on transfeminism, Trans/Forming Feminisms: Transfeminist Voices Speak Out edited by Krista Scott-Dixon, was published by Sumach Press.

At the 2007 Transgender Leadership Summit, Alexis Marie Rivera, spoke about her personal experiences with transfeminism as a young Latina transwoman. She discussed her journey from early transition, where she believed she had to take on the role of housewife, to where she was in the present moment. She asserted that, for her, transfeminism is about taking on feminine gender roles because she wants to, not because she has to.

Compared to other feminisms

Common foundations
Simone de Beauvoir once said that biology does not and must not equal destiny. Feminists have traditionally explored the boundaries of what it means to be a woman. Transfeminists argue that trans people and cisgender feminists confront society's conventional views of sex and gender in similar ways. Transgender liberation theory offers feminism a new vantage point from which to view gender as a social construct, even offering a new meaning of gender.

Transfeminist critics of mainstream feminism say that as an institutionalized movement, feminism has lost sight of the basic idea that biology is not destiny. In fact, they argue, many feminists seem perfectly comfortable equating sex and gender and insisting on a given destiny for trans persons based on nothing more than biology. Transfeminism aims to resist and challenge the fixedness of gender that, as many of its supporters believe, traditional approaches to women's studies depend upon.

Transgender people are frequently targets of anti-trans violence. While cis women also routinely face violence, transfeminists recognize anti-trans violence as a form of gender policing.

Differences
Transfeminism stands in stark contrast to mainstream second-wave feminism. Transfeminists often criticize the ideas of a universal sisterhood, aligning more with intersectionality and with the mainstream third wave's appreciation for the diversity of women's experience.

According to Julia Serano femininity in transgender women is noticed and punished much more harshly than the same behaviors in cisgender women. This double standard reveals that the behavior itself is not as problematic to many critics as the existence of trans people. Julia Serano refers to the breed of misogyny experienced by trans women as 'transmisogyny'.

Citing their common experience, many transfeminists directly challenge the idea that femininity is an entirely social construction. Instead, they view gender as a multifaceted set of diverse intrinsic and social qualities. For example, there are both trans and cis persons who express themselves in ways that differ from society's expectations of feminine and masculine.

Access to feminist spaces
Though little acknowledged, trans people have been part of feminist movements. There have been a number of documented occasions when the trans people portrayed as bad actors were in fact the victims of overreactions by others.

Lesbian feminism and transfeminism

In Living a Feminist Life (2017), Sara Ahmed imagines lesbian feminism as a fundamental and necessary alliance with trans feminism. Ahmed argues an anti-trans stance is an anti-feminist stance and one that works against the feminist project of creating worlds to support those for whom gender fatalism (i.e. boys will be boys, girls will be girls) is deleterious.

Radical feminism and transfeminism

Some radical feminists have expressed anti-trans viewpoints. For example, in Gender Hurts (2014), Sheila Jeffreys argued that trans feminism amounted to men exercising their authority in defining what women are.

Some radical feminists are supportive of trans rights. The radical feminist writer and activist Andrea Dworkin, in her book Woman Hating, argued against the persecution and hatred of transgender people and demanded that sex reassignment surgery be provided freely to transgender people by the community. Dworkin argued that "every transsexual has the right to survival on his/her own terms. That means every transsexual is entitled to a sex-change operation, and it should be provided by the community as one of its functions."

Some transgender women have been participants in lesbian feminism and radical feminism. A prominent example is Sandy Stone, a trans lesbian feminist who worked as a sound technician for the lesbian-feminist Olivia Records. In June and July 1977, when twenty-two feminists protested Stone's participation, Olivia Records defended her employment by saying that Stone was a "woman we can related to with comfort and trust" and that she was "perhaps even the Goddess-sent engineering wizard we had so long sought."

Allegations of transphobia in radical feminism

Radical feminist Janice Raymond's 1979 book, The Transsexual Empire, was and still is controversial due to its unequivocal condemnation of transgender surgeries.  Raymond says, "All transsexuals rape women's bodies by reducing the real female form to an artifact, appropriating this body for themselves .... Transsexuals merely cut off the most obvious means of invading women, so that they seem non-invasive."

In the early 1990s Michigan Womyn's Music Festival ejected a transgender woman, Nancy Burkholder, After that, the festival maintained that it is intended for "womyn-born-womyn" only. The activist group Camp Trans formed to protest the transphobic "womyn-born-womyn" policy and to advocate for greater acceptance of trans people within the feminist community. A number of prominent trans activists and transfeminists were involved in Camp Trans including Riki Wilchins, Jessica Xavier, and Leslie Feinberg. The festival considered allowing post-operative trans women to attend; however, this was criticized as classist, as many trans women cannot afford genital surgery. Since this incident, the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival has updated their community statements page. This page now includes a list of links to letters and statements such as their August 2014 response to Equality Michigan's Call For Boycott and a list of demands in response to the Equality Michigan call to boycott. The initial response to the boycott states that the MWMF believes that "support for womyn-born-female space is not at odds with standing with and for the transgender community".

Kimberly Nixon is a trans woman who volunteered for training as a rape crisis counselor at Vancouver Rape Relief in Vancouver, British Columbia in 1995. When Nixon's transgender status was determined, she was expelled. The staff decided that Nixon's status made it impossible for her to understand the experiences of their clients, and also required their clients to be genetically female. Nixon disagreed, disclosing her own history of partner abuse and sued for discrimination. Nixon's attorneys argued that there was no basis for the dismissal, citing Diana Courvant's experiences as the first publicly transgender woman to work in a women-only domestic violence shelter. In 2007 the Canadian Supreme Court refused to hear Nixon's appeal, ending the case.

Transgender women such as Sandy Stone challenged the mainstream second-wave feminist conception of "biological woman". Stone worked as a sound engineer for Olivia Records from about 1974 to 1978, resigning as the controversy over a trans woman working for a lesbian-identified enterprise increased. The debate continued in Raymond's book, which devoted a chapter to criticism of "the transsexually constructed lesbian-feminist." Groups like Lesbian Organization of Toronto instituted "womyn-born womyn only" policies. A formal request to join the L.O.O.T. was made by a male-to-female transgender lesbian in 1978. In response, the organization voted to exclude trans women. During informal discussion, members of L.O.O.T expressed their outrage that in their view a "sex-change he-creature...dared to identify himself as a woman and a lesbian." In their public response, L.O.O.T. wrote:

A woman's voice was almost never heard as a woman's voice - it was always filtered through men's voices. So here a guy comes along saying, "I'm going to be a girl now and speak for girls." And we thought, "No you're not." A person cannot just joined the oppressed by fiat.

Issues within transfeminism

Inclusion in mainstream feminism
According to Graham Mayeda, women who identify as right-wing feel that issues of equality and female importance becomes less significant when the biology of trans people, specifically, male-to-female trans people, is mentioned. He noted that these feminists feel that the biological nature of trans-females confuse "women only" boundaries and could contradict or disrupt feminist goals of establishing a voice in a patriarchal world.

Groups such as the Lesbian Avengers accept trans women, while others reject them. The Violence Against Women Act now "explicitly protects transgender and lesbian, gay, and bisexual survivors", such that domestic violence centers, rape crisis centers, support groups, and other VAWA-funded services cannot turn away any person due to their sex, gender identity or expression, or sexual orientation.

Gender dysphoria
Gender dysphoria describes the condition of people who experience significant dysphoria with the sex assignment that they were given at birth, or the gender roles associated with that sex. The term "gender identity disorder" (GID) is also frequently used especially in the formal diagnosis used amongst psychologists and physicians.
Gender identity disorder was classified as a medical disorder by the ICD-10 CM and DSM-4. The DSM-5 uses the less pathologizing term gender dysphoria, and the ICD-11 uses the term gender incongruence. Many transgender individuals, transfeminists and medical researchers support the declassification of GID because they say the diagnosis pathologizes gender variance, reinforces the binary model of gender, and can result in stigmatization of transgender individuals. Many transfeminists and traditional feminists also propose that this diagnosis be discarded because of its potentially abusive use by people with power, and may argue that gender variation is the right of all persons. When arguing for the previous diagnostic category, pro-GID transfeminists typically concede past misuse of the diagnosis while arguing for greater professional accountability.

In many situations or legal jurisdictions, transgender people have insurance coverage for surgery only as a consequence of the diagnosis. Removal would therefore increase patient costs. In other situations, anti-discrimination laws which protect legally disabled people apply to transgender people only so long as a manifest diagnosis exists. In other cases, transgender people are protected by sex discrimination rules or as a separate category. This economic issue can split advocates along class lines.

At the 2006 Trans Identity Conference at the University of Vermont, Courvant presented an analysis of this controversy. She noted that "eliminationists" must decide whether their efforts to destigmatize trans people conflict with efforts to destigmatize mental illness and whether removing the GID category would actually help with the former, while disrupting the current, albeit limited, insurance regime. Conversely, "preservationists" must address the problem of faulty diagnoses and improper "treatment". She proposed retaining the category and focusing efforts on legitimating mental illness and improving acceptance of trans people, leaving aside the diagnosis question.

See also

 Feminism movements and ideologies
 Feminist views on transgender topics
 Fourth-wave feminism
 Heteropatriarchy
 Heterosexism
 List of transgender-related topics
 Queer theory

References

Works cited

LGBT feminism
Feminism and history
Feminism and transgender
Feminist theory
Intersectional feminism
Third-wave feminism
Transgender studies

Transfeminism


Augustus Edwin Mulready (23 February 1844 – 15 March 1904) was an English genre painter whose work often depicted London street scenes with urchins and flower-sellers.

Life and work

Mulready came from a family of artists. His grandfather, William Mulready (1786–1863), came to London from Ireland and established himself as a very successful and popular genre painter and book illustrator. His grandmother Elizabeth Mulready, née Varley (1784–1864) was a landscape painter, and the sister of artist John Varley (1778–1842).

Mulready was born in Kensal Green, London, the third of five children of William Mulready Junior (1805–1878,  portrait painter and picture restorer), and his wife Sara (1818–1874). He studied art at the South Kensington Schools and as early as 1861, at the age of 17, was already promoting himself as a figure artist. In the same year he entered the Royal Academy, London on the recommendation of John Callcott Horsley who took him under his patronage. In 1903, reflecting on Horsley's death, Mulready wrote that Horsley was "for so many years...regarded by myself as more than a father or valued friend I have known - whose many acts, by word of help and of kindness, throughout the days of his life to me have been so marked and fixed in love though now in tears of memory"..

Mulready's artistic career was much overshadowed by the fame of his grandfather, William Mulready, who was remembered, praised, exhibited and referred to long after his death in 1863. He exhibited, however, at the Royal Academy between 1863 and 1880, at the Hanover Gallery, and the art galleries of Liverpool and Southport, and his paintings were sold at Christie's. In 1879, 'A Naturalist's Window' shown at Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool was praised by a local critic as representing "a group of persons in various stations of lfe, including an African nurse girl, looking at a stuffed gorilla in a naturalist shop. It is a remarkable production and does great credit to Mr A E Mulready.". His artistic manner  - figurative painting with extensive use of colours and attention to detail - was similar to that of his father and grandfather.

From 1870, Mulready was associated with the Cranbrook Colony of artists, living, from 1871, at Waterloo Place, next door to F D Hardy. He returned to London in 1874. Being much younger than other members of the colony, he had little in common with them, and his art reflected on social issues of the day, particularly on the poverty experienced by children their struggle with adult problems - no over-sentimental rural or domestic scenes by him are known. He often depicted London street scenes with urchins and poor flower-sellers, such as 'A Day's Reckoning' and 'Sounds of Revelry', shown in 1886 at the Hanover Gallery, and 'A Flower Girl in a Red Shawl' and 'A Newspaper Boy Selling Papers' displayed at Walker's Gallery in Liverpool in 1887.

A large-scale painting "Homeless by Night" was exhibited in 1892 at the Atkinson Art Gallery, Southport, and described as a large painful picture, shows a number of gutter children of both sexes, preparing to sleep under one of the Landseer's lions in Trafalgar Square." A special feature of his paintings is the inclusion of street posters in the background, the text of which creates additional social and political context for the depicted scene. In this sense, his artworks correspond with problems raised by social activists of the era. Charles Dickens novels also influenced Mulready's paintings, such as "Hard Times" (1877, private collection). He was even described as 'a sentimental social realist'.

Mulready also occasionally experimented with landscape painting: In 1880, at Christie's, three of his small landscapes were sold - The Backward Course: A Sunny Day, A Rainy Afternoon and A Wintry AveLittle is known about Mulready's private life. According to the England and Wales marriage index, Mulready married Maria in 1874 - the couple had two children: Claude Augustus, born in 1875 and Eleanor Julia, born in 1877.

References

Further readingThe Cranbrook Colony. Exhibition at The Vestry Hall, Cranbrook. June 29-July 11, 1981 (catalogue).
Cowling, Mary. Victorian figurative painting: domestic life and the contemporary social scene'' (Papadakis, 2000) p167.

External links

Paintings by Mulready (Art Renewal Center Museum)
A London Street scene (1900 - oil on canvas)
A Quiet read (1875 oil on canvas)

1886 deaths
19th-century English painters
English male painters
20th-century English painters
British genre painters
People from Kensal Green
1844 births
19th-century English male artists
20th-century English male artists

Augustus Edwin Mulready


"Put On" is a song by American recording artist Young Jeezy featuring Kanye West, from Jeezy's third studio album The Recession. The song was released as the album's lead single on June 3, 2008. The song received a Grammy nomination for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group, and was featured in the video games Midnight Club: Los Angeles and Skate 3.

Background
"Put On" was one of seven songs on a beat tape that Drumma Boy had sold to Jeezy. Drumma Boy didn't hear the song or know about West's feature until he heard the song on the radio.

In a 2019 interview with HipHopDX, Jeezy explained how he got West on the song, and was told by Def Jam president L.A. Reid that this would be a single;
"I called him and was like "Yo, I got this record.' And he like, 'I really ain't been in the booth. I was like, 'I get it, but we need you. He called me back in 10 minutes and was rapping the verse on the phone." Jeezy told West to send the song back to him and L.A. Reid. "So before I could call him back, L.A. Reid was calling me at the same time like, 'When are we putting this out? This the single."

Composition
Drumma Boy explained the creation of the beat in a 2018 interview with Billboard;
"I think about the process of making the beat. I remember being at my crib and I was arguing with somebody and pissed off about something. Jeezy just reached out about needing some beats: "I need them yams." I was in the perfect mood. I remember being home alone and it was probably around 3 a.m. and I started making the beat. I turned off all the lights and got the feeling I did when I was a kid walking into the studio for the first time and seeing all the different lights, meters flashing, computer on desktop mode and everything was just a vibe. I rolled up a couple blunts and lit up the first one to get in the zone. The first sounds I played made me feel like I was in The Twilight Zone. When I first made the "Put On" beat, I wanted it to feel like a new anthem for the Chicago Bulls when they came out on the floor. I was thinking about the Bulls anthem with Phil Jackson and Michael Jordan in primetime. I made that beat in 30 minutes and put it into Pro Tools and sent it over to Jeezy fresh off the press."

Live performances
Jeezy and West performed "Put On" at both the 2008 BET Awards and 2008 BET Hip Hop Awards. The two also performed the song during Jeezy's TM101: 10 Year anniversary Concert in 2015.

Music video
The music video for "Put On", directed by Gil Green as featuring Amber Rose in one of her first high-profile appearances, premiered on BET's 106 & Park on July 21, 2008. The music video is aimed at the 2008 recession. In the video, silver and black U.S. flags are hung up around neighborhoods and businesses, representing change.

Remixes and freestyles
An official remix featuring rapper Jay-Z was released on July 29, 2008. Jay-Z tried the auto-tune for the phrase, "I Put On" before his verse for a short time and didn't use the effect after that, saying "I don't need no T-Pain."

A freestyle over the production was recorded by Ludacris for his mixtape The Preview. Lil Wayne also recorded a freestyle for his mixtape Dedication 3, featuring Tyga and Gudda Gudda. Another remix was made by Trae tha Truth for one of his mixtapes. Other artists to freestyle over the beat include: Rick Ross, Ace Hood & Plies, Wale and The-Dream.

Chart performance
"Put On" debuted at number 36 on the Billboard Hot 100. It eventually peaked at number 12, making it his fourth top 20 hit on the chart. It was also his second song to top the Hot Rap Tracks chart.

Charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

2008 singles
Jeezy songs
Kanye West songs
Song recordings produced by Drumma Boy
Songs written by Jeezy
Songs written by Kanye West
Songs written by Drumma Boy
Music videos directed by Gil Green
2008 songs

Put On


Elio Germano (born 25 September 1980) is an Italian actor. He is the recipient of many accolades, including a Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor and a Silver Bear for Best Actor.

Life and career
Born in Rome to a Molisan family from Duronia, Province of Campobasso, Germano debuted aged twelve in Castellano e Pipolo's movie Ci hai rotto papà (1992). During his studies at scientific lyceum, he received acting training at Teatro Azione in Rome. In 1999, he abandoned an opportunity to work in theatre with Giancarlo Cobelli in order to play in Carlo Vanzina's film Il cielo in una stanza, which launched Germano as one of the most popular Italian actors. His big break came in 2007, when he was cast as the lead in the successful movies Fallen Heroes and  My Brother is an Only Child by Daniele Luchetti. The following year he first received international recognition by winning the Shooting Stars Award at the 58th Berlin International Film Festival.

Germano worked with numerous directors such as Ettore Scola (Concorrenza sleale), Emanuele Crialese (Respiro), Gianluca Maria Tavarelli (Liberi), Giovanni Veronesi (Che ne sarà di noi), Michele Placido (Romanzo criminale), Gabriele Salvatores (Quo Vadis, Baby?, Come Dio comanda), Paolo Virzì (Napoleon and Me, Tutta la vita davanti), Francesco Patierno (The Early Bird Catches the Worm), Daniele Vicari (Il passato è una terra straniera) and Ferzan Özpetek (Magnifica Presenza).

For his role in the movie My Brother is an Only Child (2007), he won his first David di Donatello as best actor in a leading role. In 2010, he won the Best Actor Award, ex-aequo with Javier Bardem, at the Cannes Film Festival, for his interpretation in La Nostra Vita. Later that year, he played the son of Italian journalist Tiziano Terzani in The End Is My Beginning. For his portrait of 19th century poet Giacomo Leopardi in Mario Martone's film Leopardi, Germano was praised at the 71st Venice International Film Festival.

Personal life
At an early age Germano liked creating comics and thought about becoming a cartoonist. When he was not accepted into the school of graphic arts, he then opted for acting. In his spare time, Germano makes rap for a music band called Bestierare, which sings about "unemployment, homelessness, precariousness, prisons and Fascist violence".

Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos

Theatre

Awards

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
People of Molisan descent
Male actors from Rome
Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor winners
Silver Bear for Best Actor winners
David di Donatello winners
Nastro d'Argento winners
Italian male film actors
Italian male television actors
Italian male stage actors
20th-century Italian male actors
21st-century Italian male actors

Elio Germano


What's the Worst That Could Happen? is a 2001 comedy film directed by Sam Weisman and starring Martin Lawrence and Danny DeVito. Loosely based on a book by Donald E. Westlake, the film follows the misadventures of a skilled thief and a wealthy businessman facing financial trouble. Despite its promising premise and notable actors, the film did not meet expectations and performed poorly commercially.

Upon its release in June 2001, What's the Worst That Could Happen? struggled to connect with audiences, earning only $38.4 million worldwide against its $60 million budget. Critics also gave it a lukewarm response, with a meager 10% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The film was criticized for its uninspiring script and lack of funny gags, leaving the talented cast underutilized. Reviewers like Roger Ebert and Lisa Schwarzbaum pointed out flaws in the film's character development, plot, and the mismatched acting styles of its stars.

Plot
Kevin Caffrey, a skilled thief, meets Amber Belhaven, who is auctioning her father's painting to settle a hotel bill. He discovers her hotel room and surprises her by returning the stolen painting. Kevin reveals his criminal activities to Amber, shocking her at first, but she accepts it in order to be with him. She eventually gives Kevin her father's lucky ring.

Meanwhile, Max Fairbanks, a wealthy businessman facing bankruptcy, seeks legal advice from his lawyer, Walter Greenbaum. Max, known for his extravagant spending, disregards the seriousness of the situation. He keeps spending and suggests declaring bankruptcy immediately to protect his assets. Max tells his wife, Lutetia, that his company is going through a technical procedure to hide the truth.

Through a friend named Berger, Kevin learns about Max's financial troubles. Berger informs him about Max's beachfront mansion, which Kevin sees as an opportunity. They plan to rob Max's house but end up getting caught. Max recognizes Amber's stolen ring and forces Kevin to hand it over to the police. Kevin escapes and returns to the house later, seeking revenge. He robs Max's valuables and one of his cars, telling Amber that the ring was stolen from him.

Walter informs Max that he is banned from his summer house due to breaching the bankruptcy terms. Max remains confident, believing the ring brings him luck. Kevin and Berger hire a hacker named Shelly Nix to track Max's whereabouts by hacking into his email. During a flight, Max consults his psychic associate, Gloria, about the ring. Gloria draws a disturbing card but keeps it a secret.

Max insults a judge he believed he bribed to save his house, leading to an order for its public auction. As the crooks continue to rob Max's properties, Max meets with Detective Alex Tardio and contacts his head of security, Earl Redburn.

Shelly informs Kevin that Max is heading to Washington, D.C. for a Senate hearing. Kevin learns that Max plans to bribe the senators and decides to replace the bribe money with insulting notes in Max's name. Max and Earl discover Kevin's presence in the apartment and a scuffle ensues. Kevin tries to steal the ring but ends up taking Max's wedding ring instead. Amber realizes the feud has gone too far and breaks up with Kevin, no longer caring about the ring.

Lutetia finds Amber wearing a stolen jacket at Jack's bar and confronts her. They realize they share a common situation and devise a plan. Gloria, concerned about Max, admits the gravity of the card she drew and quits as his associate. She provides Max's company records to Detective Tardio.

At the bankruptcy auction, Lutetia sends Max a masseuse as a distraction and steals the ring. The crooks, led by Kevin, steal as much as they can and escape, creating chaos with smoke bombs and a fake video message. Max confronts Kevin on a sinking boat, realizing the ring is a fake. They are discovered by Detective Tardio, and Kevin pretends to save Max. Kevin thanks Max, and Amber reveals herself as the masseuse who stole the ring. She advises Kevin to throw it away due to its bad luck. Kevin agrees, discards the ring, and reunites with Amber.

Pretending to be Max's lawyer, Kevin manipulates the Senate hearing in Max's favor, appearing victorious in the press conference. Kevin steals one of Max's watches as they part ways.

Cast

Reception

Critical reception
What's the Worst That Could Happen? currently holds a 10% "rotten" rating on review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes based on 99 reviews, with an average rating of 3.5/10, and the site's consensus stating: "Talented cast is squandered by an uninvolving script filled with unfunny gags." Another review aggregation website Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 from top mainstream critics, calculated a score of 37 based on 28 reviews.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film an unfavorable review, stating that there were "too many characters, not enough plot, and a disconnect between the two stars' acting styles". Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly also gave the film a negative review and said, "Maybe the worst thing that can happen is that every other movie at the multiplex will be sold out this weekend."

Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times gave a mixed review and said, "Laborious in the unfolding of its plot, and under Sam Weisman's brash direction the unbashed amorality of the material is crass rather than sly in tone".

However, some positive reviews came from Chris Kattenbach of the Baltimore Sun and Mike Clark of USA Today.

Box office performance
The film had $13,049,114 during its opening weekend, and ranked #5 at the box office. It was released in 2,675 theaters, and grossed $4,878 average. At the end of its theatrical run, What's the Worst That Could Happen? has grossed $32,269,834 in the domestic market along with $6,194,297 in the foreign market for a worldwide total of $38,464,131. Therefore, the film was a box office flop, failing to recover its $60 million budget.

Soundtrack

A soundtrack containing hip hop and R&B music was released on May 29, 2001 by Interscope Records. It peaked at 38 on the Billboard 200 and 6 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.

Marc Shaiman, who wrote the score, told Playbill magazine that the "worst job" he ever had was "scoring a hideous movie called What's the Worst That Could Happen? I'm not kidding."

References

External links

2001 films
2000s crime comedy films
American crime comedy films
American Sign Language films
2000s English-language films
Films scored by Tyler Bates
Films directed by Sam Weisman
Films produced by Lawrence Turman
Films set in Massachusetts
Hyde Park Entertainment films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
American films about revenge
Films based on American novels
Films based on works by Donald E. Westlake
Fictional portrayals of the Boston Police Department
Films produced by David Hoberman
2000s American films
English-language crime comedy films

What's the Worst That Could Happen?


Federico Fernández-Cavada  (July 8, 1831July 1, 1871) was an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War and a diplomat, as well as commander-in-chief of all the Cuban forces during Cuba's Ten Years' War. Because of his artistic talents, he was assigned to the Hot Air Balloon Unit of the Union Army. From the air he sketched what he observed of enemy positions and movements. On April 19, 1862, Fernández Cavada sketched enemy positions from Thaddeus Lowe's Constitution balloon during the Peninsular Campaign in Virginia.

At the rank of lieutenant colonel, he was captured during the Battle of Gettysburg and sent to Libby Prison for Union officers in Richmond, Virginia. Released in 1864, that year he published a book which told of the cruel treatment which he received in the Confederate prison. His brother Adolfo Fernández Cavada also served as an officer in the Union Army.

After the war, Fernández Cavada was appointed by the United States government as consul to Cuba.  When the insurrection began against Spanish rule, he resigned his commission and joined the insurgents. His brother was also serving there and resigned his commission, joining the war. Federico was commissioned as a general. Cuban authorities eventually commissioned him as the commander-in-chief of all the Cuban forces during what became the island's Ten Years' War for independence.

Early life and education
Fernández Cavada was one of three sons born in Cienfuegos, Cuba, to Emily Howard Gatier and Isidoro Fernández Cavada.  His mother was an American citizen and a native of Philadelphia. After his father's death in 1838, Emily Gatier returned to Philadelphia with her sons.

There the young widow met and married Samuel Dutton.  Together, the family resided at 222 Spruce Street. Fernández Cavada received his primary and secondary education at Philadelphia's Central High School. After being certified in a training program, he later worked as a civil engineer and as a topographer in the Panama Canal.

American Civil War
Upon the outbreak of the American Civil War, both Federico and his brother Adolfo Fernández Cavada joined the Philadelphia 23rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, a regiment of the Union Forces. Federico was transferred to the 114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment. The regiment was assigned to the Army of the Potomac, which participated in such battles as the Second Battle of Bull Run, the Battle of Fredericksburg and the Battle of Gettysburg.

Sketches

Fernández Cavada's artistic talents became evident because of his writings, sketches and paintings. Because of his artistic talents, he was assigned to the Hot Air Balloon unit of the Union Army. From the air he sketched what he observed of the enemy movements. On April 19, 1862, Fernández Cavada sketched enemy positions from Thaddeus Lowe's Constitution balloon during the Peninsula Campaign in Virginia.  That year Fernández Cavada wrote a poem in which he said:

Battle of Gettysburg
On August 29, 1862, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. During the Battle of Gettysburg, a number of the regiment fell into the enemy's hands, including Fernández Cavada; he was succeeded by Major Edward R. Bowen.

On July 2, 1863, the 114th Pennsylvania regiment was engaged in battle against General William Barksdale's Mississippi troops, known as Barksdale's Brigade, at Peach Orchard near the wheat field where the bloodiest part of the Battle of Gettysburg, occurred on the second day of the encounter. Although Barksdale's troops were defeated, Colonel Fernández Cavada was captured and sent to Libby Prison in Richmond, Virginia. He was released from prison in 1864, as part of a prisoner of war exchange between the Union and Confederate Forces. Returning to his unit, Fernández Cavada returned to his unit and continued to serve until April 1865.

"LIBBY LIFE"

Fernández Cavada published a book titled LIBBY LIFE: Experiences of A Prisoner of War in Richmond, Virginia, 1863-64 (1865), recounting the cruel treatment which he and other prisoners received in the Confederate prison. The work included his drawings of the prison and life there.

In the introduction of the book he wrote, in pages 19 and 20, the following:

Commander in Cuba's Ten Years' War

After the war, Fernández Cavada was appointed United States consul at Trinidad, Cuba. Fernández Cavada met and befriended General Thomas Jordan, who was chief of staff of the Cuban Liberation Army under the provincial government presided by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes. Jordan was a United States citizen who had served as a general in the Confederate army during the American Civil War.

The friendship inspired Fernández Cavada to resign his position as consul upon the Cuban insurrection against Spanish rule, a conflict that became known as Cuba's Ten Years' War (1868–78). Together with his brother Adolfo, who had resigned from his appointment as consul to Cienfuegos, Federico joined the insurgents.  He was named General for the District of Trinidad, commander-in-chief of the Cinco Villas. On January 5, 1869, Fernández Cavada established the "Logia Luz del Sur" (Southern Light Lodge) in Trinidad, which was used as an active recruiting center for insurgents.

On April 4, 1870, Fernández Cavada was named commander-in-chief of all the Cuban forces. He became known as "General Candela" (General Fire) because of his battle tactic of burning and destroying Spanish property.

Fernández Cavada wrote an article about the beauty of the Caves of Bellamar, located near the town of Matanzas in the northern coast of Cuba. The article was published in Harper's New Monthly Magazine in November 1870. He describes the Caves of Bellamar in the following way:

Death
Federico's eldest brother Emilio remained in Philadelphia, where he was an active fundraiser for the Cuban insurrection. He relayed the news which he received from his brothers to the exiled strategists and other Cuban exiles in Philadelphia and New York. The funds he raised were funneled together with arms and munitions to the insurgent forces in the island.

In 1871, Fernández Cavada took charge of the military division in Camagüey and, together with fellow rebel Bernabé de Varona, planned an armed invasion on the western coast of Cuba. The Cuban Liberation Army approved a resolution to permit Fernández Cavada to travel to the United States. He intended to seek support among his military contacts for the cause of Cuban independence. He traveled to "Cayo Cruz" in the northern coast of Camagüey to wait for his transportation; but he was captured by the Spanish gunboat Neptuno in 1871 and taken to Puerto Principe. He was transferred to the town of Nuevitas from Puerto Principe. Tried by the Spanish authorities, he was sentenced to die by firing squad. Generals George Gordon Meade, Daniel Sickles and Ulysses S. Grant, his military compatriots in the United States, attempted in vain to obtain his release. Fernández Cavada was executed on July 1, 1871. His last words were "Adios Cuba, para siempre" (Goodbye Cuba, forever).

Legacy
On February 24, 1929, a monument honoring the memory of those who participated in the Ten Years' War and who were executed by Spanish firing squads was erected on Finley Avenue in the town of Nuevitas located in the Province of Camagüey. Among the men who were honored besides Fernández Cavada were Francisco Muñoz Rubalcaba, José Inclán Risco, Oscar de Céspedes and Antonio Luaces.
The Province of Cienfuegos also honored his memory. A modern medical poli-clinic named "Policlínico-Facultad "Federico Fernández Cavada" located in the section of La Horquita in Cienfuegos, was named in his honor.

Awards and decorations
Fernández Cavada's awards and decorations include the following:

See also

Hispanics in the American Civil War
Adolfo Fernández Cavada

Notes

References

External links

1831 births
1871 deaths
People from Cienfuegos
Union Army officers
American Civil War prisoners of war
Cuban non-fiction writers
Cuban male writers
Cuban generals
American consuls
People of the Ten Years' War
People executed by Spain by firing squad
Executed revolutionaries
Executed Cuban people
Executed military leaders
19th-century executions of American people
19th-century American diplomats
Male non-fiction writers
Writers from Spanish Cuba

Federico Fernández Cavada


Tuas Crescent MRT station (EW31) is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station along the East West Line in Tuas, Singapore. This station is named after a road in the vicinity.

Originally the station code was W16 before the opening.

History
It was first announced on 11 January 2011 by then-Transport Minister Mr Raymond Lim in a speech while visiting Bedok when new platform screen doors opened there. It was expected to be completed by 2016 and would benefit an estimated 100,000 commuters daily.

According to Lianhe Zaobao, this station and the tracks linking it are built in the middle of a vehicular bridge, a historical first for Singapore train services.

It has the longest staircase in all stations with 105 steps, and the longest escalator of 17.5m in Singapore's rail network.

References

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations

Tuas Crescent MRT station


The Inter American University of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico; often abbreviated to UIPR or Inter) is a private Christian university with its main campus in San Germán, Puerto Rico.  It also has campuses in Aguadilla, Arecibo, Barranquitas, Bayamón, Fajardo, Guayama, Ponce, and San Juan. The university also has three professional schools: School of Optometry, School of Law, and the School of Aeronautics. The Inter offers academic programs in 11 teaching units. It was founded in San Germán in 1912. The San Germán campus is also the home to the Inter American School, a private co-educational college-preparatory school.

History
The Inter American University was founded as Polytechnic Institute of Puerto Rico in 1912 by Rev. John Will Harris and his brother Clarence Harris. It was founded as an elementary and high school in the Lomas de Santa Marta sector of the town of San Germán in land now occupied by the university's San Germán Campus. In 1927, the first high school class graduation took place. In 1944, the institute was accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, thus becoming the first liberal arts college to receive such accreditation in Puerto Rico, as well as the first outside the continental United States. This accreditation has been maintained over the years.

Governance
The governing body of the Inter American University of Puerto Rico is its self-perpetuating Board of Trustees. The faculty and administration of the Faculty of Law and School of Optometry determine their own programs and rules subject to approval by the president and trustees.

Religious life

Although Inter American University maintains a historic relationship with the Presbyterian Church (USA), it does not adhere to any one particular theology or ecclesiastical body.

Accreditations
The eleven academic units of Inter American University of Puerto Rico are authorized by the Council on Education of Puerto Rico and accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education to offer university studies of the undergraduate, graduate and professional levels, as the case may be. Likewise, the university is committed to the professional accreditation of its academic programs. For this reason, some academic units have programs accredited by organizations, such as:
 Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) Bayamón Campus
 Accreditation Council on Optometric Education (ACOE) School of Optometry
 American Bar Association (ABA) School of Law
 Council on Accreditation of Nurse Anesthesia Educational Program (CANAEP) Arecibo Campus
 Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) Arecibo and Fajardo campuses (B.A.) Metropolitan Campus (B.A., M.S.W.)
 International Association for Continuing Education and Training (IACET) Aguadilla, Arecibo, Barranquitas, Bayamón, Fajardo, Guayama, Metropolitano, Ponce and San Germán campuses, School of Law and School of Optometry
 International Assembly for Collegiate Business Education (IACBE) San Germán Campus (B.B.A., M.B.A, PhD)
 Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology (JRCERT) San Germán Campus (A.A.S., B.S.)
 National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences (NAACLS) Metropolitano and San Germán campuses (BS, Professional Certificate)
 National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission (NLNAC) Aguadilla and Arecibo campuses (B.S.N.) Recinto Metropolitano (A.A.S., B.S.N.)
 Network of International Business Schools (NIBS) Metropolitan Campus (Division of Economic and Administrative Sciences)
 Teacher Education Accreditation Council (TEAC) Barranquitas, Fajardo, Metropolitan, Ponce and San Germán campuses (Teacher Education Program)

Campuses
 Aguadilla
 Arecibo
 Barranquitas
 Bayamón
 Fajardo
 Guayama
 Metropolitano
 Ponce
 San Germán

Academics
Inter American University offers pre-university, undergraduate, graduate and professional academic programs for obtaining certificates and Associate, Bachelors, Masters and Doctoral degrees in subject matters normally offered by institutions of higher education of a nature, educational mission and goals similar to those of this university. The School of Law of Inter American University grants the Juris Doctor degree and the School of Optometry, the Doctor of Optometry degree.  Graduate courses may be taught in Spanish.

Notable alumni
 Yiye Ávila – Pentecostal evangelist, writer and former bodybuilder
 Jaime Fonalledas – businessman and President of Empresas Fonalledas, which owns Plaza Las Américas
 Alejandro García Padilla – Former Governor of Puerto Rico
 Noemí Ruiz – artist
 Antonio Sanchez - Puerto Rican television and radio personality
 Tony Santiago - military historian
 Luguelín Santos – Dominican sprinter
 Joan Smalls – Supermodel
 Raymond Dalmau - basketball player
 Rubén Colón Tarrats – orchestra director
 Wanda Vazquez Garced - Governor of Puerto Rico

See also

Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, Recinto de Ponce
 Centro Cibernético Orlando, Florida

References

External links

Liga Atletica Interuniversitaria de Puerto Rico
Universities and colleges established in 1912
1912 establishments in Puerto Rico
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (USA)
Private universities and colleges in Puerto Rico
San Germán, Puerto Rico
Aviation schools in the United States

Interamerican University of Puerto Rico


Communist Unity Movement of the Netherlands (marxist-leninist) (; KEN (ml)) was a communist organization in the Netherlands founded in 1964.

History
The organization started as a pro-China leftist faction within the Communist Party of the Netherlands in 1964. At that time, it called itself Marxist-Leninist Centre (Marxistisch-Leninistisch Centrum) and transpired by the Communist Party section 33 in Blijdorp, Rotterdam. Leading figures (in an organization of only a handful of members) were Nico Schrevel and Daan Monjé. MLC ( Marxist-Leninist Centre ) started publishing the magazine, Spartacus. Before the 21st CPN party congress, MLC issued the appeal 'For the Unity of the Communist Movement'. At the end of 1964, the CPN leadership expelled Schrevel and Monjé.

At this time MLC was one of two pro-Chinese factions expelled from the CPN. The other was assembled around the periodical Rode Vlag. Plans for a merger stalled, as the Rode Vlag-group maintained that it was still possible to convert CPN into a revolutionary party.

In March 1965 MLC changed its name to Marxist-Leninist Centre of the Netherlands (Marxistisch Leninistisch Centrum Nederland). The name of Spartacus changed to Rode Tribune, possibly since the name Spartacus seen to have Trotskyist connotations. By this time, the group had attracted a few more members. One of the recruits was Pieter Boevé, a General Intelligence and Security Service (BVD)-agent. Boevé became the international secretary of MLCN. However, his double-play discovered, and he got expelled. Later the BVD set up its own Marxist-Leninist Party of the Netherlands with Boevé as its leader.

In 1966 MLCN launched a youth wing, the Young Communist League, that did not last long.

In January 1970 the name of MLCN was changed to KEN (ml). By this time, the organization had grown and started attracting radical students. Membership estimates vary from 200 to 300. KEN (ml) formed a youth wing, Marxist-Leninist Youth, and a student wing, Marxist-Leninist Students League. Nico Schrevel was the national political secretary of KEN (ml).

Other KEN (ml) fronts were the League of Tenants and House-seekers (Bond van Huurders en Woningzoekenden, BHW) and Workers Power (Arbeidersmacht). KEN (ml) played a leading role during the 1970 Rotterdam port strike-through Arbeidersmacht, even though the KEN (ml) membership only had very few workers.

In the summer of 1971, the Red Youth branches of Nijmegen and Rotterdam crossed over to KEN (ml).

During the fall of 1971, KEN (ml) riddled by internal strife. An issue dividing the organization was the role of intellectuals in the class struggle. The majority led by Monjé supported the line that the working class had to be the supreme force in the revolutionary struggle. They raised the slogan "Where do the correct ideas come from? From practice or the study chamber?". In October a majority of around 60% left to form the Communist Party of the Netherlands (Marxist-Leninist) (KPN (ml)) with Monjé as their leader. KPN (ml) took with them BHW and Arbeidersmacht but lost their influence at the universities. KPN (ml) was mainly active in the southern provinces of the Netherlands. The minority continued as KEN (ml), had its original centre at the Economische Hogeschool in Tilburg. The 'new' KEN (ml) became primarily active in Rotterdam ports, the shipbuilding industry and dockers- and metalworkers unions. KEN (ml) organized its own National Vietnam Committee (Landelijk Vietnam Komitee) and founded the Communist Student League KSB.

Tilburg students moved to Rotterdam to reconstruct the organization. The dominance of the Tilburg students provoked a section of Rotterdam members to leave KEN (ml) in March 1972 and form the Marxist-Leninist Rotterdam Group. Similarly, a group of KEN (ml) members from the Brabant town of Breda, who refused to move to the Rotterdam area, broke away in August. They formed the Communist Circle of Breda (Marxist-Leninist). Some Rotterdam veterans of the organization, among them Nico Schrevel, also left the movement. In the following years, KEN (ml) and KPN (ml) remained the only Marxist-Leninist groups with national organizations.

In 1974 Tilburg-student Kees de Boer became the leader op KEN (ml). After 1976 under his leadership, the KEN (ml) took an obscure turn. The cadres directed to live in communes. They were all aspects of daily life under the control of the organization. Many members were expelled, accused of bourgeois deviations. In 1977 different groups of expellees regrouped in the Group of Marxist-Leninists/Red Dawn.

In 1977 KEN (ml) registered itself for the parliamentary elections. One of the issues raised by KEN (ml) in the electoral campaign was a discourse in support of the unity of independent Western European countries against the imperialism of the two Superpowers. In the end, KEN (ml) got 2722 votes. On the same line of opposing the hegemony of two superpowers, KEN (ml) had organized a front organization called 'Movement for Freedom and Independence' (Beweging voor Vrijheid en Onafhankelijkheid), which saw NATO as a necessary instrument to defend Western Europe. This BVO lasted less than a year. KEN (ml) disbanded around 1985.

Sources
 Wouter P. Beekers "Mao in de polder: Een historisch-sociologische benadering van het Nederlandse maoïsme 1964-1978" {Doctoraalscriptie} (18 January 2005). Retrieved 5 September 2012.
 Archief Kommunistische Eenheidsbeweging Nederland (marxistisch-leninistisch)
  "Kameraden onder elkaar: Hoe de BVD de weg bereidde voor de Socialistiese Partij," NRC Handelsblad (20-02-1999). Retrieved 5 September 2012.

Defunct communist parties in the Netherlands
Anti-revisionist organizations
Maoist organizations in Europe
Political parties established in 1964
1964 establishments in the Netherlands
Political parties disestablished in 1985
1985 disestablishments in the Netherlands

Communist Unity Movement of the Netherlands (Marxist–Leninist)


Stephen H. Shagan (October 25, 1927 – November 30, 2015) was an American novelist, screenwriter, and television and film producer.

Shagan was born in Brooklyn, New York to Rachel (née Rosenzweig) and Barnard H. "Barney" Shagan. Barney ran a pharmacy, Shagan's Pharmacy, at 49 Atlantic Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, with his brother, Samuel. After Barney's death the pharmacy went bankrupt and Samuel liquidated the assets at public auction in 1949. Steve dropped out of high school and joined the United States Coast Guard when World War II broke out. While in the Coast Guard, he started writing to pass the time.

Shagan came to Hollywood in 1958 with his wife, Elizabeth Florance "Betty" Ricker, whom he married on November 18, 1956, in Quincy, Massachusetts. At first he did odd jobs, for example working as a stagehand at a little theater and pulling cables at MGM Studios in the middle of the night.  Eventually he started working on scripts and then produced the Tarzan television show on location in Mexico. It was believed that he had a relationship in Mexico with an actress and had son, but this was never confirmed.  Betty talked him into quitting and concentrating on writing. Betty, a former fashion model, was the daughter of Philomena (née Pisano) and Al Ricker. Her mother, a dancer, later remarried, to Mayo J. Duca, a Boston jazz trumpet player. Philomena Pisano was the daughter of Katherine "Kitty" Bingham and Fred Anthony Pisano, of the musical-comedy vaudeville team of Pisano and Bingham.

Shagan wrote the screenplay for and co-produced the 1973 film Save the Tiger, for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and won a Writers Guild of America Award. His novelization of Save the Tiger, which was his first novel, was actually published a year prior to the film's release. He had written the script first, and while he was shopping it around Hollywood, he wrote the novel to help him deal with the stress of trying to sell the script, which took two years to get produced. As he was finishing the book his typewriter broke and author Harold Robbins loaned him his.

Shagan went on to write the novel City of Angels and its film adaptation, Hustle, both released in 1975. He then wrote the screenplay for and co-produced Voyage of the Damned, for which he received another Academy Award nomination, this time for Best Adapted Screenplay. This was followed by Nightwing, which he adapted from the novel of same name by Martin Cruz Smith. He then adapted his 1979 novel The Formula into a 1980 film of the same name, which he also co-produced and which reunited him with Save the Tiger director John G. Avildsen. Of the performances by Brando and Scott in The Formula, Steve Shagan reportedly stated: "I sensed a loss of purpose, a feeling that they didn't want to work any more and had come to think of acting as playing with choo-choo trains."

Subsequent films written by Shagan include The Sicilian, which he adapted from the novel by Mario Puzo, and Primal Fear, based on the novel by William Diehl. Shagan also wrote the teleplay for the made-for-television movie Gotti, for which he was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries or a Special.

Shagan died at his home in Los Angeles, California, on November 30, 2015.

Novels
His novels include:
Save the Tiger (1972)
City of Angels (1975; filmed as Hustle)
The Formula (1979)
The Circle (1982)
The Discovery (1984)
Vendetta (1986)
Pillars of Fire (1990)
A Cast of Thousands (1994)

References

External links

1927 births
2015 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
American male screenwriters
Film producers from New York (state)
Jewish American military personnel
Jewish American novelists
Military personnel from New York City
Military personnel from New York (state)
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Television producers from New York (state)
United States Coast Guard personnel of World War II
Writers from Brooklyn
Novelists from New York City
Writers Guild of America Award winners

Steve Shagan


Daniel Czapliński was a deputy starosta of Chyhyryn and a rotmistrz in the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He is best known as a personal foe of Bohdan Khmelnytsky with whom he got into a dispute over property (and possibly Khmelnytsky's wife, Helena Czaplińska, the so-called "Helen of the steppe"). This is sometimes seen as one of the main trigger of the Khmelnytsky Uprising.

In 1649, during the uprising, he took part in the defense of Zbarazh (1649) and the Battle of Berestechko (1651). In 1653 he was elected as the deputy to the Crown Tribunal from Lublin.

He was portrayed by Henryk Sienkiewicz in With Fire and Sword (Ogniem i mieczem). In the movie adaptation of the novel he was played by Jerzy Bończak.

Military personnel of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Daniel Czapliński


Anita Nair (born 26 January 1966) is an Indian novelist who writes her books in English. She is best known for her novels A Better Man, Mistress, and Lessons in Forgetting. She has also written poetry, essays, short stories, crime fiction, historical fiction, romance, and children's literature, including Muezza and Baby Jaan: Stories from the Quran.

Early life and education
Nair was born in Shoranur in Palakkad district of Kerala. Nair was educated in Chennai (Madras) before returning to Kerala, where she gained a BA in English Language and Literature.

Career
Nair was working as the creative director of an advertising agency in Bangalore when she wrote her first book, a collection of short stories called Satyr of the Subway, which she sold to Har-Anand Press. The book won her a fellowship from the Virginia Center for the Creative Arts . Nair's second book was published by Penguin India, and was the first book by an Indian author to be published by Picador USA.

Among Nair's early commercial works were pieces she penned in the late 1990s for The Bangalore Monthly magazine (now called Explocity Bangalore), published by Explocity in a column titled 'The Economical Epicurean'.

Thereafter followed Nair's novel The Better Man (2000) which was also published in Europe and the United States. In 2002, Ladies Coupé was elected as one of the five best in India. The novel is about women's conditions in a male dominated society, told with great insight, solidarity and humour. Nair's novels The Better Man and Ladies Coupé have been translated into 21 languages. Her 2018 novel Eating Wasps is an update to Ladies Coupé.

In 2002, her debut collection of poems Malabar Mind was published, and in 2003 Where the Rain is Born – Writings about Kerala which she has edited.

Nair has also written The Puffin Book of Myths and Legends (2004), a children's book on myths and legends.

Nair's writings about Kerala and her poetry has been included in The Poetry India Collection and a British Council Poetry Workshop Anthology. Her poems appeared in The Dance of the Peacock: An Anthology of English Poetry from India, featuring 151 Indian English poets, edited by Vivekanand Jha and published by Hidden Brook Press, Canada.

Nair has also written other books, such as Mistress (2003), Adventures of Nonu, the Skating Squirrel (2006), Living Next Door to Alise (2007) and Magical Indian Myths (2008). Nair's works also include many travelogues. With the play Nine Faces of Being, she became a playwright, adapting the script from her book Mistress Her book Cut Like Wound (2012) introduced the fictional character Inspector Gowda. The second book in the series Chain of Custody was published in 2015. Other works by Nair include The Lilac House (2012) and Alphabet Soup for Lovers (2016).

Her sixth novel Idris: Keeper of The Light (2014) is a historical and geographical novel about a Somalian trader who visited Malabar in 1659 AD.

She has also written several audiobooks, including A Field of Flowers (2021) and Little Duck Girl, narrated by Prakash Raj. Twin Beds was voiced by Konkona Sen Sharma and Satyadeep Mishra, and she voiced the audiobooks Why I Killed My Husband and Satyr of the Subway.

In January 2022, Anita Nair was interviewed for the podcast, The Literary City with Ramjee Chandran.

Awards and recognitions
 Arch of Excellence Award by the All India Achievers' Conference, New Delhi for Literature
 2007 LiBeraturpreis, finalist, Germany.
 2008 FLO FICCI Women Achievers Award, for literature
 2009 Montblanc honored her with the launch of the Special Edition writing instrument in India; for her novel contribution to literature, enforcing cross cultural endeavors and enlightening experiences that have transcended an inexhaustible diversity of forms – barriers of language, cultures and identities.
 2012 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for her contribution to literature and culture
 2014 The Hindu Literary Prize shortlist for Idris Keeper of the Light
 2015 Global Ambassador for Women for Expo May
 2017 Crossword Book Award, Jury Award, Children's category, Muezza and Baby Jaan
 2020 UNHCR appointment as a high-profile supporter

Bibliography
Satyr of the Subway & Eleven Other Stories 1997, ,
The Better Man New Delhi ; London : Penguin Books, 1999. ,
Ladies Coupé 2001. ,
Malabar Mind – Poetry Calicut : Yeti Books, 2002. ,
Where the Rain is Born – Writings about Kerala (Editor) 2003
Puffin Book of World Myths and Legends 2004
Mistress 2005. ,
Adventures of Nonu, the Skating Squirrel 2006. ,
Living Next Door To Alise 2007. ,
Magical Indian Myths 2008. ,
Goodnight & God Bless 2008. ,
Lessons in Forgetting 2010. ,
Chemmeen''' (Translator) 2011Cut Like Wound – Literary noir 2012. , The Lilac House: a novel New York : St. Martin's Griffin, 2012. , Idris – Historical novel 2014. , Alphabet soup for lovers, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India: HarperCollins Publishers India, 2015. , Chain of custody : an inspector Gowda novel, Noida : Harper Black, 2016. , /Eating Wasps'', Context, 2018

Personal life
She lives in Bangalore with her husband, Suresh Parambath and a son.

References

External links

 Official site
 Anita's Attic – A Creative Writing Mentorship program by Anita Nair
 Eating Wasps by Anita Nair

Indian women dramatists and playwrights
Living people
People from Palakkad district
English-language writers from India
Indian women novelists
1966 births
Indian women children's writers
Indian children's writers
Indian women essayists
Indian women poets
20th-century Indian women writers
21st-century Indian women writers
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian novelists
21st-century Indian novelists
Novelists from Kerala
Indian women short story writers
20th-century Indian short story writers
21st-century Indian short story writers
Women writers from Kerala
Dramatists and playwrights from Kerala

Anita Nair