Gary Benson (born 1957, in Sydney, Australia) is a professional poker player and sports bettor.  He has won a World Series of Poker bracelet in addition to other titles as a poker player.

Early life and career
Benson started playing poker during his school years, but his interest in card games was fostered at a young age by his grandmother. He attended his first live poker game in the late 1970s and has been a stalwart on the Australian and New Zealand poker scene ever since.

Benson obtained a Bachelor of Business from the University of Technology, Sydney in 1983, and was admitted as a Chartered Accountant in 1985. From 1989 until his retirement in 1995, Benson worked as a partner at the chartered accountant firm Grant Thornton.

Benson has been married twice with three daughters, and his hobbies include chess, genealogy and travel.

Poker career
Benson attended the first Australian Poker Championship held in Adelaide in 1987, and has since attended nearly every major poker event in Australia and New Zealand. Benson enjoys Pot Limit Omaha and Limit Seven-card stud tournaments, predominantly plays Omaha Hi/Lo online, and can often be found playing the biggest cash games at any casino he attends, usually High Limit Omaha. In addition to many tournament victories, Benson's major achievements include being crowned the Australian Poker Champion in Adelaide in 1997, and the Australian National Champion in Canberra in 2000.

Benson made his first trip to Las Vegas in 1990 and entered his first World Series of Poker in 1996, where he won the $1,500 Seven-card stud event to become the first Australian-born winner of a gold bracelet. On 24 April 1996, after a 15-hour battle, Benson managed
to outlast the field of 247 players to take home the $148,200 prize. Benson reached the final table fourth in chips and finished heads-up with Las Vegas poker professional Billy Cohen. On the last hand, Cohen was forced all-in after Benson had won a huge pot on the previous hand. The two-hour heads-up battle was finally over when Benson's pair of Kings beat Cohen's pair of sevens. Benson also had three money finishes at the 2006 WSOP.

As of 2014, Benson's total live tournament winnings exceed $2,000,000 including his 2nd-place finish in World Poker Tour Doyle Brunson Five Diamond World Poker Classic in Las Vegas in 2013 for $672,685.

In January 2009, Benson was honoured to become one of the inaugural inductees into the Australian Poker Hall of Fame.

Chess career
Benson started playing chess at the age of 13 and joined the Correspondence Chess League of Australia (CCLA) in 1970. Benson is a former Australian Champion having won the Australian Correspondence Chess Championship in 2003. Benson was awarded the International Master (IM) title for Correspondence Chess in 2004, and the Senior International Master (SIM) title for Correspondence Chess in 2005.

References

External links

 Gary Benson at Poker Network
 Gary Benson at The Hendon Mob

1957 births
Australian poker players
Australian chess players
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
Sportspeople from Sydney
Living people

Gary Benson (poker player)


ArcLight Cinemas was an American movie theater chain that operated from 2002 to 2021. It was owned by The Decurion Corporation, which was also the parent company of Pacific Theatres. The ArcLight chain opened in 2002 as a single theater, the ArcLight Hollywood in Hollywood, Los Angeles, and later expanded to eleven locations in California, Massachusetts, Maryland, and Illinois.

The chain has been credited for pioneering features such as assigned seating, reclining chairs, and in-house bars and restaurants that were later adopted by major theatre chains. Screenings at the ArcLight were usually introduced by an employee and visitors would not be admitted after the screening had started.

ArcLight Cinemas closed temporarily in March 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On April 12, 2021, Pacific Theatres announced that the ArcLight and Pacific Theatres chains would permanently close, citing the lack of a viable path forward after the pandemic. Following the closure, most former ArcLight locations were acquired by other theater chains. The Decurion Corporation plans to reopen the former ArcLight Hollywood with the Cinerama Dome in 2024 as the Cinerama Hollywood.

Locations

ArcLight Hollywood

ArcLight Hollywood was the first theater in the ArcLight chain and was considered to be the flagship location. It opened on March 22, 2002 and was located at 6360 Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, California. It featured 15 screens with stadium seating, and carried a THX certification for sound and picture presentation. The building was located adjacent to the Cinerama Dome. It was a subsidiary of The Decurion Corporation, which also owned Pacific Theatres.

Tickets for all film showings used assigned seating. The only restriction was the inability to select a seat if it created a single seat space between an already reserved seat, to prevent orphan empty seats that could only be filled by a single individual.

The only promotional material shown before films were trailers. At showtime, immediately before the trailers began, an usher would introduce the film to the audience and state the ArcLight's policies regarding quality assurance. Two ushers would remain in the theater for a few minutes after the film had begun, to ensure that the picture and sound quality were acceptable. The usher would also ask the audience to silence their cell phones and refrain from texting. Seating was prohibited after a film had begun, in correlation with ArcLight's slogan, "Your Movie Time Uninterrupted."

In 2008, the ArcLight Hollywood and the ArcLight Sherman Oaks, which opened in 2007, introduced digital projection. Each location had two houses with Kinoton 35mm projectors for archival and special presentations.

The ArcLight routinely featured exhibits of props and costumes from the films it was screening, as well as local art including 5 different exhibitions from 2009-2020, by artist Clifford Bailey.

Other locations
ArcLight Sherman Oaks opened November 16, 2007, at the Sherman Oaks Galleria, replacing the Galleria Pacific Theater. The grand opening took place on December 14, 2007. A location in Pasadena at The Paseo opened on May 10, 2010. In late 2010, Pacific Theaters refurbished an existing Pacific Theaters multiplex as an ArcLight in El Segundo. The location opened as ArcLight Beach Cities on November 5, 2010.

In November 2012, ArcLight La Jolla opened in San Diego, its first location outside of Los Angeles County. It was located at Westfield UTC, and was part of the mall's $180 million renovation.

In October 2014, the first location outside California opened at Westfield Montgomery in Bethesda, Maryland.

In 2015, ArcLight opened two locations in the Midwestern U.S., both in the Chicago metropolitan area in Illinois. The first theatre in Glenview opened in May 2015, followed by the second location in Chicago's Lincoln Park in November 2015. The Glenview location was previously occupied by Regal and extensively remodeled to the chain's standards, while the Chicago location was the chain's first theatre constructed in the Midwest.

A location in Culver City, California, opened on May 1, 2015. The ArcLight opened the first of two proposed locations in Santa Monica, California, in November 2015 in the newly remodeled Santa Monica Place. In August 2017, the developer for the second ArcLight location announced that they were abandoning the deal, citing doubts about its profitability due to being in close proximity to the existing Santa Monica location. If completed, it would have featured the ArcLight's first IMAX screen.

A location in Boston, Massachusetts, the first Northeastern U.S. location, opened at The Hub on Causeway on November 26, 2019.

COVID-19 pandemic and closure
The ArcLight chain closed temporarily in March 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On April 12, 2021, Pacific Theatres announced that the ArcLight and Pacific Theatres chains would permanently close, citing the lack of a viable path forward after the pandemic. The parent company, The Decurion Corporation, said in a statement to the Los Angeles Times that, "After shutting our doors more than a year ago, today we must share the difficult and sad news that Pacific will not be reopening its ArcLight Cinemas and Pacific Theatres locations," Pacific Theatres said in a statement. "This was not the outcome anyone wanted, but despite a huge effort that exhausted all potential options, the company does not have a viable way forward." After the announcement, the owner of Santa Monica Place evicted ArcLight from its location at the mall, claiming it owed nearly $369,000 in back rent.

Planned Cinerama Hollywood reopening
In June 2022, it was announced that Decurion Corp. has plans to reopen the ArcLight Hollywood and Cinerama Dome and rename the complex as Cinerama Hollywood, which would include two bars and a restaurant at the location. In September, it was reported that the cinema would not be reopening until at least 2024.

Subsequent acquisitions of former ArcLight locations
On June 19, 2021, Regal Cinemas acquired the lease of the location of the former ArcLight at Sherman Oaks Galleria. Regal planned a $10 million renovation with the addition of IMAX, Regal RPX, ScreenX, & 4DX auditoriums. The theater reopened in July 2021 as part of the Regal chain. In January 2023, however, it was announced that the theater would close on February 15 unless the lease was renegotiated, but it continued to operate after the date had passed. In May 2023, Regal reached a new lease agreement with the Galleria to continue operating the theater as part of their company.

In November 2021, it was announced that Landmark Theaters had acquired the lease to The Glen Town Center's former ArcLight in Glenview, Illinois. It reopened as part of the company's chain the following year.

In December 2021, AMC Theatres announced that they had acquired the lease to the former ArcLight Chicago 14 in Lincoln Park, Chicago, which reopened as part of the AMC chain in April 2022.

In February 2022, AMC reached a deal to acquire the leases to the former ArcLight at Westfield UTC mall in San Diego, California, and the former ArcLight at Westfield Montgomery in Bethesda, Maryland. The former reopened during that month, and the latter resumed business in March of that year. In December 2022, it was announced that AMC acquired the lease to the former ArcLight located at The Hub on Causeway in Boston and it was scheduled to reopen as part of the company's chain in the spring of 2023.

In July 2022, Amazon acquired the lease of the former Culver City, California location and planned to operate it as its first movie theatre. It reopened as the Culver Theatre in December 2022.

In April 2023, it was announced that Regal had acquired the lease to the former ArcLight theater at The Paseo in Pasadena, California. It reopened as a Regal location in June 2023 with plans to add ScreenX and 4DX auditoriums.

References

External links

2002 establishments in California
2021 disestablishments in California
Former cinemas in the United States
Theatres completed in 2002
Cinemas and movie theaters in Hollywood, Los Angeles
Companies based in Los Angeles
Landmarks in Los Angeles
Movie theatre chains in the United States
Companies that have filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy
Companies that filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in 2021

ArcLight Cinemas


The former Commercial Hotel is a historic hotel building in Wadena, Minnesota, United States, built circa 1885.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 for having local significance in the theme of commerce.  It was nominated for being an excellent example of the lodging facilities built in anticipation of Wadena's late-19th-century economic growth.

Description
The Commercial Hotel is a three-story brick building on Wadena's main commercial street.  Part of the coursed stone foundation is visible, punctuated by two small basement windows.  Pilasters flank the centrally placed entrance and rise the full height of the façade.  The slightly recessed entrance has five-panel sidelights and a fanlight.  The bays on either side of the door each contain a large window with decorated panels below and a transom topped with a stone lintel above.  The second story has four sash windows with stone windowsills and decorative brick arches highlighted by a string course.  The windows of the third floor have stone sills like the second floor but flat brick lintels.  Above this are panels and pilasters of corbelled brick.  At the center of the cornice is a gable projection sporting a stone that is carved with the word "HOTEL".

The building originally occupied only half of its long, narrow lot.  However a three-story addition around 1925 extended the building to the rear.  The addition closely matches the original wing in scale and fenestration.

The layout of the ground floor originally consisted of a parlor and office facing the street, beyond which was a large dining room, and a kitchen at the rear.

History
By 1881 Wadena had become a substantial town of about a thousand residents, but possessed only one hotel.  Around 1885, though, the Commercial Hotel opened, despite being three and a half blocks from the Wadena Depot while its competitor was directly across the railroad tracks.  The new hotel, however, was built of brick rather than the more common—and flammable—wood, lending itself an advantageous reputation as a more modern facility.  In fact when Wadena's worst fire struck in 1888, 18 buildings were destroyed but the Commercial Hotel survived.

In 1901 an English immigrant named Joseph Askew purchased the hotel.  He also served in local politics but died in an accident ten years later.  Askew's widow and two daughters continued operating the hotel, doubling it in size around 1925 with the rear addition.  This greatly increased the Commercial Hotel's popularity, and its distance from the train station was mitigated by its central location in Wadena's main business district and proximity to other transportation corridors.  Many of the hotel's guests were traveling salesmen.

At the time of the building's nomination to the National Register in 1987 it had been vacant "for many years" but was being acquired by the city of Wadena for adaptive reuse as senior housing.  This long period of vacancy, however, was credited with leaving the Commercial Hotel as one of the least altered late-19th/early-20th-century buildings in downtown Wadena.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Wadena County, Minnesota

References

1885 establishments in Minnesota
Buildings and structures in Wadena County, Minnesota
Defunct hotels in Minnesota
Hotel buildings completed in 1885
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Queen Anne architecture in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Wadena County, Minnesota

Commercial Hotel (Wadena, Minnesota)


Harry Geoffrey Beasley (18 December 1881 – 24 February 1939) was a British anthropologist and museum curator who developed an important ethnographic collection during the early 20th century that is now held in various British museums.

Life
Beasley was born in 1881 in East Plumstead in Kent and developed an interest in ethnography at a young age. Beasley was privately wealthy after inheriting the North Kent Brewery and, in 1914, married his cousin Irene Marguerite Beasley. The same year, he became a Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute and was an active member until 1937, serving as vice-president between 1932 and 1937. With his wife, Beasley settled in Cranmore House in Chislehurst and there set up the Cranmore Ethnographical Museum which eventually held more than 6,000 objects of ethnographical interest. The Beasley's collected objects from across Europe, buying from auction houses and local museums to expand the collection, which contained material from the Pacific, Asia, Africa, and Northwestern America. Beasley wrote numerous articles for anthropological journals and was considered an expert in his field. He died from diabetes in 1939 and his collection was stored with the British Museum collections during the war, which was fortunate as the Cranmore Museum was destroyed by bombing. After the war substantial portions of the collection were passed to the British Museum, the Royal Museum in Edinburgh, the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, the Pitt Rivers Museum and the Merseyside County Museum. Other pieces were sold by his widow and, after her death in 1974, by their daughters.

References

1881 births
English anthropologists
1939 deaths
English collectors
People associated with the Pitt Rivers Museum
People from Plumstead

Harry Geoffrey Beasley


Pseudomonas alcaligenes is a Gram-negative aerobic bacterium used for bioremediation purposes of oil pollution, pesticide substances, and certain chemical substances, as it can degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. It can be a human pathogen, but occurrences are very rare. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, P. alcaligenes has been placed in the P. aeruginosa group.

References

External links
Type strain of Pseudomonas alcaligenes at BacDive -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

Pseudomonadales
Bacteria described in 1928

Pseudomonas alcaligenes


A change-advisory board (CAB) delivers support to a change-management team by advising on requested changes, assisting in the assessment and prioritization of changes. This body is generally made up of IT and Business representatives that include: a change manager, user managers and groups, product owners, technical experts, and possible third parties and customers (if required).

Membership
The CAB members should selectively be chosen to ensure that the requested changes are thoroughly checked and assessed from both a technical and business perspective. The considered change will dictate the required personnel to convene in a CAB meeting. These entities are not required to meet face-to-face on each requested change, but rather use electronic support and communication tools as a medium. It is however advised that a quarterly meeting is scheduled to review outstanding changes, sign off on approved changes and discuss any future major changes.

A CAB offers multiple perspectives necessary to ensure proper decision-making. For example, a decision made solely by IT may fail to recognize the concerns of accounting. The CAB is tasked with reviewing and prioritizing requested changes, monitoring the change process and providing managerial feedback.

Role

A CAB is an integral part of a defined change-management process designed to balance the need for change with the need to minimize inherent risks. For example, the CAB is responsible for oversight of all changes in the production environment. As such, it has requests coming in from management, customers, users and IT. Plus the changes may involve hardware, software, configuration settings, patches, etc.

This is defined as part of the change control process within ITIL.

The CAB concept can also be used outside of the IT world as the change process at a high level can be applied to any system.

Emergency Change Advisory Board (ECAB)
In ITIL if an incident demands an emergency change, selected members of the above Change Advisory Board come together and decide. Their composition and particular authority is defined before it comes to action within the change process.

Criticism
DevOps practitioners have criticized CABs as slow and ineffective.  In Accelerate, based on analyzing several years of research, Nicole Forsgren, Gene Kim, and Jez Humble conclude that:

 External approvals were negatively correlated with lead time, deployment frequency, and restore time, and had no correlation with change fail rate. In short, approval by an external body (such as a manager or CAB) simply doesn't work to increase the stability of production systems, measured by the time to restore service and change fail rate. However, it certainly slows things down. It is, in fact, worse than having no change approval process at all.

See also
 ITIL

References

Change management

Change-advisory board


Henry Moore Harrington (April 30, 1849 – June 25, 1876) was a military officer in the 7th United States Cavalry Regiment who went Missing in action during the Battle of Little Big Horn in Montana Territory.

Early life
Henry Moore Harrington was born in Albion, New York, the son of Shelby A. Harrington and Nancy K. (Moore) Harrington. Early in his childhood, his family relocated to Coldwater, Michigan. He attended the Cleveland Institute at University Heights, Ohio, and declined an appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy before accepting an appointment to West Point in 1868.

7th Cavalry
Upon graduation from the U.S. Military Academy (ranking 17th the Class of 1872), he was commissioned a Second Lieutenant of Cavalry and assigned to Company C, 7th United States Cavalry with an initial posting to North Carolina. He married Grace Berard, the granddaughter of a West Point professor. The couple had two children.

In 1873, Company C was reassigned to Dakota Territory and Lieutenant Henry Harrington accompanied Lieutenant Colonel (Brevet Major General) George Armstrong Custer and a large part of the 7th Cavalry on the Yellowstone Expedition of 1873, taking part in the Battle of Honsinger Bluff, Montana on August 4, 1873, and in a skirmish near Pompey's Pillar, Montana on August 11, 1873. In the summer of 1874, Harrington and his Company C were part of the 7th Cavalry's military escort for the Black Hills Expedition under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer.

On May 17, 1876, during the Great Sioux War of 1876, Brigadier General Alfred Terry's Dakota column departed Fort Abraham Lincoln and embarked on the Little Big Horn campaign. Harrington's 7th Cavalry Regiment composed most of the Dakota column, but was in short supply of officers, so Harrington as a Second Lieutenant was given the command of Company C, and accompanied Major Marcus Reno's June 10–18, 1876 scout on the Powder River, and Tongue River in south-eastern Montana Territory. After Harrington and the over 300 soldiers on the Reno Scout rejoined Colonel Custer and the 7th Cavalry, the regiment marched up Rosebud Creek, then crossed to the Little Bighorn River. On June 25, 1876 the 647 men with the 7th Cavalry including Henry Harrington under the command of George A. Custer attacked a village of several thousand Native Americans, in what became known as the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Harrington and 219 men of the 7th Cavalry under Custer were separated from the rest of the regiment, and were Killed in action. Henry Moore Harrington's remains were not identified on the battlefield, and the Lieutenant was declared Missing in action and presumed dead.

His wife Grace Berard made a series of trips to the Battlefield to look for his body or information regarding his whereabouts if he had survived the savage fight, but to no avail.

Link
 Bronze Star reference material

References
 Coldwater Republican, Coldwater, Michigan (1868–1876)
 Cross, Walt, Custer's Lost Officer: The Search for Lieutenant Henry Moore Harrington, 7th U.S. Cavalry, Cross Publications (2005).
 Horsted, Paul and Ernest Grafe, Exploring with Custer: The 1874 Black Hills Expedition, Custer, South Dakota: Golden Valley Press (2002).
 Mills, Charles K., Harvest of Barren Regrets the Army Career of Frederick William Benteen 1834–1898, Glendale, California: The Arthur H. Clark Company (1985).
 Magnussen, Daniel O. Ed., Peter Thompson's Narrative of the Little Bighorn Campaign 1876, Glendale, California: The Arthur H. Clark Company (1974).
 Scott, Douglas D. et al., They Died With Custer, Norman, Oklahoma and London: University of Oklahoma Press (1998).
 Utley, Robert M., Custer and the Great Controversy: The Origin and Development of a Legend, Pasadena, California: Westernlore Press (1980).

1849 births
1876 deaths
Military personnel from Michigan
People from Albion, Orleans County, New York
People of the Great Sioux War of 1876
United States Military Academy alumni
American military personnel killed in the American Indian Wars
Battle of the Little Bighorn
Military personnel missing in action

Henry Moore Harrington


The Krell Institute is a 501(3)(c) corporation located in Ames, Iowa near Iowa State University. The organization was founded in 1997 in support of the US Department of Energy's Computational Science Graduate Fellowship program (CSGF), and has since grown to include a number of other US government contracts towards its mission of serving the science, technology, and education communities.

Krell is overseen by a four-member board of directors, including the company's President, Jim Corones. It is named for the Krell race in the 1956 science-fiction movie Forbidden Planet.

Supported programs
The Computational Science Graduate Fellowship (CSGF) for PhD students, sponsored by the US Department of Energy.
The DEIXIS Online webzine, a component of CSGF, covering breakthroughs at the national laboratories.
The Stewardship Science Graduate Fellowship (SSGF) for PhD students, sponsored by the National Nuclear Security Administration.
The ASCR Discovery webzine sponsored by the US Department of Energy's Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research (OASCR), covering research into high-performance computing.
The now-discontinued High-Performance Computing Science Fellowship (HPCSF) for PhD students, sponsored by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and Sandia National Laboratories.
The now-discontinued Adventures in Supercomputing program for high-school students, sponsored by Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
The now-discontinued Undergraduate Computational Engineering and Sciences Project program for undergraduate and advanced high-school students sponsored by the US Department of Energy.

Partnerships
Krell Energy Efficiency supports programs and initiatives related to energy and education.
Argo Navis Technology supports, among other things, the OpenSpeedShop project, which provides tools for benchmarking and optimizing code to run on high-performance computer systems.

References

Non-profit organizations based in Iowa
Organizations established in 1997

Krell Institute


Concordats between the Holy See and individual German states were concluded both before and after the unification of Germany in the 1870s. Early examples include:
 Bavaria in 1817
 Prussia in 1821
 Würtemberg, Baden, Hesse, Nassau, free city of Frankfurt, Mainz, Saxony, Oldenburg, Waldeck, Bremen and Lübeck (multilateral) in 1821 and in 1827
 Oldenburg in 1830
 Hannover in 1834

In addition to the Reichskonkordat at the federal level, there are concordats between the Holy See and thirteen German states (Länder). This is because the individual states of the German federation have competencies in legislation with respect to education, culture and, to some extent, finance.

In 1929 Prussia and the Holy See signed the Prussian Concordat (), which remains still valid for formerly Prussian territory within some of its successor states. Baden signed its concordat in 1932. The Reich's Concordat, later affirmed as valid by West Germany in 1957, applied some features of Baden's concordat to Hesse, Württemberg and the Diocese of Meissen, which then comprised all of Saxony and parts of Thuringia.

Other German states with concordats are Baden-Württemberg (1932), Bavaria (1817–1924), Brandenburg (2003), Bremen (2003), Hamburg (2005), Lower Saxony (1965-1973-1989-1993), Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (1997), North Rhine-Westphalia (1929-1956-1984), Rhineland-Palatinate (1929-1969-1973), Saarland (1929-1975-1985), Saxony (1996), Saxony-Anhalt (1998), Schleswig-Holstein (2009) and Thuringia (1997). Three states, Berlin (1970), Hesse (1963–1974), and Rhineland-Palatinate (1975), have agreements with Catholic bishoprics.

There have been three separate waves of concordats. The last one was set off by the dissolution of East Germany, when its five German states that had exited before World War II were reconstituted, joined the Federal Republic of Germany, and entered agreements with the Holy See. Since then three of the northernmost German states, which have small Catholic minorities, have also concluded concordats.

Some of the educational provisions of the Bavarian concordat have aroused controversy. In 2008, the Catholic Church's veto of an academically well-regarded nominee for president of Germany's only Catholic University sparked protests. This veto was permitted by Article 5 of the Bavarian concordat. Another part of the same concordat, Article 3 on "concordat chairs", was unsuccessfully challenged in court in 2009. This provision establishes Church-controlled professorships in theology, philosophy, pedagogy, and the social sciences at state universities.

Notes

References

History of Catholicism in Germany
Treaties of the Holy See
Germany–Holy See relations

Concordats with individual states of Germany


John Geoffrey Henry Hudson, (born 7 May 1962) FBA, FRSE, FRHistS is an English medieval historian and Latin translator. He is Professor of Legal History at the University of St Andrews and the William W. Cook Global Law Professor at the University of Michigan Law School. He was educated at Worcester College, Oxford (M.A. and D.Phil.) and the University of Toronto (M.A.).

Hudson specializes in Medieval (particularly Anglo-Norman) legal history. He is the author of Volume II of the Oxford History of the Laws of England (900-1216). He is also known for his monographs on the subject, especially on Anglo-Norman land law, as well as his edition, translation and commentary of the Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis. In 2006, he gave the Selden Society lecture to mark the centenary of F.W. Maitland's passing. In addition to scholarly books, chapters, articles and lectures, Hudson has also contributed to The Times Literary Supplement.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 2014. In 2016, Hudson was elected to the British Academy.

Books
 Land, Law, and Lordship in Anglo-Norman England (Oxford, 1994)
 The Formation of the English Common Law (London, 1996)
 "Pollock and Maitland": Centenary Essays on the "History of English Law" (Proceedings of the British Academy (89; 1996) (Hudson was editor)
 The History of the Church of Abingdon, 2 vols, (Oxford, 2002 and 2007)
 F. W. Maitland and the Englishness of English Law (Selden Society Lecture for 2006:published 2008)
 The Oxford History of the Laws of England Volume II 871-1216 (Oxford, 2012)

In popular culture
In a 2006 poll by BBC History magazine for "worst Briton" of the previous millennium, Hudson's nominee for worst Briton of the 12th century, the murdered Archbishop of Canterbury Saint Thomas Becket, came second behind Jack the Ripper. The poll was dismissed as "daft" in The Guardian, and the result disputed by Anglicans and Catholics. Historians had nominated one person per century, and for the 12th century John Hudson chose Becket for being "greedy", "hypocritical", "founder of gesture politics" and "master of the soundbite". The BBC website also quoted Hudson as saying "Those who share my prejudice against Becket may consider his assassination ... a fittingly grisly end." The BBC History  magazine editor suggested most other nominees were too obscure for voters.

Citations

References

Academics of the University of St Andrews
British medievalists
English historians
Living people
University of Michigan faculty
University of Michigan Law School faculty
English male non-fiction writers
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Legal historians
Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford
University of Toronto alumni
1962 births

John Hudson (historian)


A Casa das Sete Mulheres (English title: Seven Women) is a 2003 Brazilian miniseries.

It was written by Maria Adelaide Amaral and Walther Negrão, with collaboration of Manfredi and Vincent Lucio Villari, based on the novel of the same name by Brazilian writer Letícia Wierzchowski, and directed by Teresa Lampreia, with the general direction of Jayme Monjardim and Marcos Schechtmann, and direction of core Jayme Monjardim.

The miniseries had Eliane Giardini, Camila Morgado, Samara Felippo, Mariana Ximenes, Daniela Escobar, Nívea Maria and Bete Mendes as the Seven Women, and still Thiago Lacerda, Giovanna Antonelli and Werner Schünemann, as the great heroes of the Ragamuffin War, living their characters true figures, which complemented the Country's History, being the same, large national icons.

Cast

References

External links

Brazilian television miniseries
TV Globo telenovelas
2003 Brazilian television series debuts
2003 Brazilian television series endings
Cultural depictions of Giuseppe Garibaldi
Gaucho culture

A Casa das Sete Mulheres


Life cycle thinking refers to the consideration of environmental impacts throughout the various stages of a product's existence and the endeavor to minimize these impacts whenever feasible. It aims to prevent the transfer of environmental burdens from one stage to another. Additionally, life cycle thinking acknowledges the role of technological advancement in addressing environmental concerns.

This approach is adopted by companies in the development of eco-friendly products, by consumers in making conscious product selections, and by governments in establishing regulatory standards to mitigate environmental effects. It involves identifying key areas for reduction while also promoting consumer awareness.

Approaches

There are many different approaches to life cycle thinking that all involve looking at life cycle-generated impacts and ways to minimize these impacts. An important component is the avoidance of burden shifting, which ensures that improvements in one stage are not achieved at the expense of another stage. Impact measurement focuses on decreasing environmental impact and resource use throughout all stages of a process.

Life-cycle assessment

Life-cycle assessment (LCA or life cycle analysis) is a technique used to assess potential environmental impacts of a product at different stages of its life. This technique takes a "cradle-to-grave" or a "cradle-to-cradle" approach and looks at environmental impacts that occur throughout the lifetime of a product from raw material extraction, manufacturing and processing, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, disposal, and recycling.

Life cycle management (LCM)

Life cycle management is a business approach to managing the total life cycle of products and services. It follows the life cycle thinking that businesses, through the activities they must perform, have environmental, social, and economic impacts. LCM is used to understand and analyze the life cycle stages of products and services of a business, identify potential economic, social, or environmental risks and opportunities at each stage and create ways to act upon those opportunities and reduce potential risks.

Life cycle costing (LCC)

Life cycle costing (or life cycle cost analysis) is the total cost analysis of a process or system. This includes costs incurred over the life of the system and is frequently used to find the most cost-effective means for providing goods and services.

Design for the Environment

Design for the Environment Program (DfE) was created in 1992 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and works to prevent pollution and reduce the risks pollution presents to humans and the environment. The main goals of the DfE are to promote green cleaning, recognize safer industrial and consumer products through safer product labeling, define best practices in production and manufacturing, and identify safer chemicals for these processes based on life cycle thinking.

Product service system

Product service systems (PSS) are sets of marketable products and services that work together to fulfill a user's needs. This approach is a result of firms realizing that services in combination with products can provide higher profits and customer satisfaction than simply selling products alone. Firms that use PSS work to find ways to maximize the use of their product throughout its lifetime, using services to supplement its usage.  PSS has been seen to have a smaller environmental impact than traditional business models, as the focus on services has led to a decrease in material production and consumption. This applies to life cycle thinking because it involves looking at the life-cycle cost of a product (i.e. maintenance and storage costs) for a consumer and reducing that cost by providing services with the purchased good.

Integrated product policy (IPP)
Integrated product policy works to minimize environmental degradation caused by products by looking at all phases of a product's life cycle to pinpoint where taking action is most effective. This also uses a cradle-to-grave approach when looking at a product's life. In addition, it is important that policies avoid burden shifting and do not decrease environmental emissions at one stage of development at the expense of another. Integrated policy measures used to act upon recommendations include economic instruments, substance bans, voluntary agreements, environmental labeling, and product design guidelines; the use of a variety of tools, rather than a single policy measure, is a central feature of an integrated approach.

The European Commission issued a green paper on IPP on 7 February 2001. The European Parliament initially viewed the Commission's proposals as "interesting" but "unsatisfactory", and called for "a more exhaustive and more cohesive policy proposal" to be put forward. The Commission subsequently adopted a Communication on the subject on 18 June 2003, which was sub-titled "Building on Environmental Life-Cycle Thinking". The Communication listed potential roles to be played by several stakeholders: member states, industry, consumer organizations, environmental organizations and consumers.

Sectors

Agriculture

Life cycle thinking works to reduce the impact of the agriculture and food industry at all stages of food production. Cultural identity, health, lifestyle, and nutrition are addressed to ensure that decreases in emissions and environmental impact do not occur at the expense of consumer well-being.

Manufacturing

A Product Life Cycle Analysis involves all production and service processes involved in the manufacturing of a product throughout the life cycle. This includes the production of materials needed to make the product. Since the manufacturing sector is a big emitter of pollutants and a user of natural resources, pinpointing areas in which to decrease environmental impact throughout the manufacturing process is a big part of life-cycle thinking.

Energy

Drastic increases in atmospheric CO2 caused by burning fossil fuels have led to the search for alternative energy sources like biofuels and renewable energy sources. To analyze whether or not these alternative sources have overall less environmental impact than conventional energy sources, life-cycle analysis is needed. Life-cycle thinking is an intricate part of finding new energy sources that have an overall smaller impact on the environment.

Waste management

Life-cycle thinking and analysis can help reduce the negative environmental impacts of waste generation and management. This includes looking at ways to reduce waste production, increase recycling, and dispose of waste in a more environmentally friendly way. This is complicated by differences in benefits and burdens in different geographical regions and the fact that effects usually occur over long periods. Furthermore, the benefits and burdens of different processes can occur in many different forms and can be difficult to identify, quantify and compare.

Retail

Retail often accounts for a significant portion of economies and thus can have huge implications in terms of environmental impacts. The life cycle of a product in retail would include the complete supply chain of the product, its use, and disposal or end-of-life treatment.

Construction

There are many uses for life-cycle thinking in construction, especially in terms of construction waste and waste management. Finding better ways to recycle waste and prevent waste are important to reduce the negative environmental impact of the construction industry.

For construction products in Europe, a standardized methodology for building assessment considering Environmental Products Declarations (EPD) has been approved. The main standards are EN 15978 (buildings) and EN 15804 (products).

Transport

Finding alternative fuel sources is the biggest challenge to reducing negative environmental impacts in the transportation sector. Biofuels are becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to fossil fuels. Life cycle analysis can provide a fuller picture of the extent alternative fuel sources reduce emissions and overall environmental impact compared to conventional fuels.

Services

Service industries play a big part in adding environmental burdens, especially in terms of greenhouse gas emissions generated by travel and tourist industries. The service industry is expected to play a larger part in the modern economy as "dematerialization", or the replacement of manufactured goods by services in many firms, plays a bigger role in the economy.

Applications

There are multiple situations to which life cycle thinking can be applied, including the everyday life of consumers, businesses, and government policy.  By applying life cycle thinking to multiple aspects of the community, consumers, businesses and governments can have a largely positive aspect on the environment.  This is true even if the steps taken to apply life cycle thinking are small.

Consumers

Consumers regularly make choices regarding products they would like to use, based on needs and different brands available.  Due to several factors, the environmental impact of a product purchase may not be a deciding factor when it comes to choosing a product. Consumers may not be aware of the product's energy usage, questionable labor conditions that produced it, hazardous waste from production, impacts on the ecosystem, or pollution of air or water.

Consumers can apply life cycle thinking in multiple different ways with regards to their product choices to reduce their impact on the environment.  Many companies provide sustainability reports that consumers can read to educate themselves. By using life cycle thinking, consumers can choose a company with reduced environmental impacts.

Primarily, consumer usage has the largest impact on the environment throughout a product's life.  By using life cycle thinking this impact can be reduced. This would require educating consumers to make better choices about product usage. This can come from the companies who provide the goods and services, from non-profit consumer awareness groups or government agencies. Consumer education starts with a self-assessment; for example, consumers can ask themselves what impacts they have while using the product and whether they can pursue more environmentally friendly alternatives. Consumers can educate themselves on how to become more sustainable themselves through life cycle thinking rather than relying on the efforts of companies and the government.

Businesses are responsible for many choices about their services and products each day.  By applying life cycle thinking, businesses can recognize the potential impacts of their choices.  They consider how each design and manufacturing decision has an effect on the environment and how they can make it more sustainable.  Businesses not only take into consideration how the product is made, but also how the product will be used and disposed of by the user.  Companies try to have more sustainable products by making products recyclable or reusable. The challenging part is balancing cost and sustainable choices.  Life cycle thinking allows them to see the best sustainable options but is limited when it comes to pricing these choices.  Life cycle thinking for businesses entails consideration of where to obtain raw material, how to manufacture the material, and transporting, distributing, using, and disposing of the product.  By looking at all of these phases businesses make the best choices for themselves and the consumer for a lower impact on the environment.

Governments

Government plays a key role in life cycle thinking by establishing policies to regulate environmental impacts.   By applying life cycle thinking policymakers can set standards that businesses and consumers need to meet.  They do so by gathering information as a baseline of the environmental impact and using that to set goals based on knowledge from life cycle thinking.  They can also use trends from the supply chains of different businesses they regulate to determine where the biggest influence can be made to majorly reduce the impacts of the businesses.  Government sectors can also use life cycle thinking to better educate consumers.  Requiring labels on products describing the impacts the product has and how to use the products to reduce the impact can be an important role for the government.  Regulating supply chains and consumers with policy is motivational as negative reinforcement.  Life cycle thinking provides a methodology for creating those policies to most effective and cost efficient means of reducing environmental impacts.

In policy
Many consumers, when making decisions on what to buy and what not to buy, consider the environmental impact of the particular product. Policymakers recognize this desire and act to create policy that not only helps consumers do this but will do so while keeping a growing economy in mind.

European policy

There are many aspects of life cycle thinking incorporated into European policy. The Sustainable Consumption and Production Action Plan is a piece of legislation that aims to reduce the environmental impact and consumption of resources associated with the complete life cycles of goods and services. On July 16, 2008, the European Commission presented this legislation. This proposal suggests plans on how to not only reduce the environmental impacts of goods and services but also encourage the use of more sustainable goods and production technologies. This action plan also encourages the European Union to seek out every opportunity to innovate in the industry.

The Integrated Product Policy is another legislative action that Europe has taken to facilitate life cycle thinking. The Integrated Product Policy seeks to minimize the environmental degradation caused by the manufacturing, use, and disposal of all products. This legislation looks at all aspects of the product's life cycle and takes action where necessary to reduce.

The Thematic Strategy on Sustainable Use of Natural Resources was implemented on 21 December 2005 to reduce environmental impacts associated with resource use and to do this in a growing economy. The objective can be described as "ensuring that the consumption of resources and their associated impacts do not exceed the carrying capacity of the environment and breaking linkages between economic growth and resource use".

United States policy

While the term "life cycle thinking" is not as prominent in United States policy, there are considerations of the life cycle process throughout governmental policies and programs. There are Environmental Product Declarations that are used to incorporate life cycle thinking into companies and organizations. They communicate to the consumer the environmental performance of a product or system. These declarations are based on the Life Cycle Assessment and once the assessment is complete a product or system can be certified EPD.

The Environmental Protection Agency's program, Design for the Environment works with individual industry sectors to compare and improve the performance and human health and environmental risks and costs of existing and alternative products, processes, and practices. DfE partnership projects promote integrating cleaner, cheaper, and smarter solutions into everyday business practices. The Design for the Environment program is also equipped with a labeling program. They allow safer products to carry these labels and they are an indication to consumers that buying these products will be safer for the environment and their families.

Also, the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 is a piece of legislation that incorporates life cycle thinking. While this exact phrase isn't listed. This act includes sections on advanced biofuels. In Title II of the act, it requires the creation of Biomass-based diesel which is the addition of renewable biofuels to diesel fuel and will reduce emissions by 50% as compared to petroleum biofuel. In Title III improved standards will be implemented.

Importance

Since life cycle thinking can be involved in the choices of individual consumers, as well as policymakers and businesses, people must be well-informed about the subject and its uses. Increasing awareness of the Life Cycle Analysis technique could allow companies as well as individuals to consider multiple options for a new product.  After consideration of all available options, life cycle thinking would encourage the selection of the most sustainable option. If more individuals practiced life cycle thinking when looking for new materials or methods, they would be more aware of how the environmental cost of ownership of products can be influenced by the running costs of energy and consumables.

Life cycle thinking can help people find new ways to improve environmental performance, image, and economic benefits. Since the decisions of global businesses and government organizations have such a large impact on the environment, incorporating life cycle thinking into their actions could greatly reduce negative environmental effects and improve sustainability. Many businesses do not always consider their supply chains or the "end-of-life" processes associated with their products; likewise, government actions frequently consider their own country or region and do not take into account the impact that they could have on other regions.

Not only could life cycle thinking help the environment, but it can also save the company more money and improve its reputation. If a company knows where its materials come from as well as where they will end up after they have reached the end of their useful life, economic performance could be further enhanced. Also, since presently so much emphasis is placed on sustainable actions, the more a company shows its concern and respect for the environment, the better its reputation will be.

In a case study on laundry detergents, it was found that washing clothes at lower temperatures resulted in energy savings and improvements in several environmental indicators, like climate change, acidification, and photochemical ozone creation. Because the company understood the importance of life cycle thinking, they decided to conduct a Life Cycle Analysis to find the benefits of developing a different laundry detergent. Not only did the new detergents reduce environmental impact by decreasing energy consumption, but they also benefited the consumer by reducing electricity bills and helped the company by becoming a leader in the industry. (3)

See also

 Government by algorithm
 Appropriate technology
 Circular economy
 Downcycling
 Durable good
 Industrial ecology
 List of environmental topics
 Loop analysis
 Path analysis
 Regenerative design
 Resource efficiency
 Sharing economy
 Social metabolism
 Sustainability
 Sustainable development
 The Blue Economy
 Upcycling
 Waste & Resources Action Programme

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120426022255/http://lct.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pdf-directory/Making%20sustainable%20consumption%20and%20production%20a%20reality-A%20guide%20for%20business%20and%20policy%20makers%20to%20Life%20Cycle%20Thinking%20and%20Assessment.pdf
 https://web.archive.org/web/20111103202945/http://www.setac.org/node/90

Sustainable design
Environmental social science concepts

Life cycle thinking


Bryansville is an unincorporated community in York County, Pennsylvania, United States. The village of Bryansville has a large residential area, known as Susquehanna Trails, almost adjacent to it.  Until 1978, this community was served by the Maryland and Pennsylvania Railroad at milepost 45.9.

References

Unincorporated communities in York County, Pennsylvania
Unincorporated communities in Pennsylvania

Bryansville, Pennsylvania


Jane Belk Moncure (December 16, 1926 – July 30, 2013) was an American author of early childhood non-fiction, fiction and poetry. She also wrote under the names Bruce Wannamaker, Mary Thornton Blanton, and Jennie Davis.

Career
Moncure lived in Virginia and North Carolina. For thirty-five years she worked in early childhood education, as well as wrote children's books. Her husband, James Moncure, was vice president of academics and student affairs at Elon University from 1974 to 1982, and their son James Moncure II served on the board of advisors to the business school. James Moncure helped establish the university's first learning resource center, and she donated a collection of all her published books to the School of Education, where they are in the Curriculum Resources Center. In her final years, Moncure lived in Fallston, North Carolina, and died surrounded by family in Mount Holly, North Carolina.

Legacy
A creative and prolific author, millions of her books are extant, including in schools and libraries, having been distributed through The Child's World, ChildrensPress and Scholastic. Especially popular books include: My First Steps to Reading, My First Steps to Math, My First Steps to Science, Word Bird, The Sound Box Books, and Magic Castle Readers. Her works have been translated into British English, Spanish, French, Chinese, and Malay. Belk Library, Elon University holds a collection of all published books by Moncure.

Jane Belk Moncure was received the C.S. Lewis Award, and other awards. In 2008, Jane received the Scholastic Teacher's Choice Award for her outstanding contribution to the My First Steps to Learning Program.

References

External links
 Jane Belk Moncure's official website
 The Child's World's official website

1926 births
2013 deaths
American children's writers
American women children's writers
People from Cleveland County, North Carolina
21st-century American women

Jane Belk Moncure


Rubi-Con was a hacker convention that took place in Detroit, Michigan from 1999 to 2003 inclusive.  After folding in its fifth year, Rubi-Con organizers managed to destroy its name through a creative website prank thereby preventing others from using the reputation to build their own events.  This tactic was only partially successful, as the organizers of Notacon have historically used Rubi-Con in their own self promotions.

Rubi-Con was known for being a no-holds-barred, anything goes event, where speakers were free to speak their minds, and where fun was the order of the day above all else.  Occurrences included indoor pyrotechnics during presentations (2002) and a conference organizer being hospitalized for alcohol poisoning (2001).

Notable Quotations Overheard at Rubi-Con
 "This isn't fucking Comdex, I want you to break something." —Denis A. Baldwin (Conference Organizer), Rubi-Con 2002
"Subvert me not, boy...I will not submit to your filthy propaganda." —Myrone Bagalay aka enorym/rü$╫  (Conference Organizer and founding member), Rubi-Con 1999–2003

Rubi-Con History
 1999: The Holiday Inn, Dearborn, Michigan (May 28–30)
 2000: The Wyndham Garden Hotel, Romulus, Michigan. (Changed its name to Clarion Hotel the night before the event, making it difficult for many attendees to find.) (April 28–30)
 2001: The Ramada Hotel, Detroit, Michigan (Across the street from a local SBC Communications office) (April 6–8)
 2002: The Marriott, Romulus, Michigan (April 5–7)
 2003: The Holiday Inn, Dearborn, Michigan (March 28–30)

See also
 Rubicon History - Provided by one of the organizers
 Rubicon 3 Audio - Mirror by Jason Scott
 Rubicon 5 Audio - Mirror by Jason Scott
 1999 Site The First Year
 2000 Site
 2001 Site
 2002 Site In all of its huge background glory
 2003 Site With Java

Hacker conventions
Culture of Detroit

Rubi-Con


Susann-Annette Storm (born 17 May 1957 in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, West Germany) is a German attorney and lawyer. She was chancellor (Kanzlerin) of the University of Mannheim from October 2001 to December 2016. Furthermore, Storm was chancellor and representative for all universities situated in Baden-Württemberg during 2005 to 2007. Previously she was a university advisor of the Ministry for Research and Arts of Baden-Württemberg (Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kunst Baden Württemberg) at which she was responsible for the universities in Mannheim and Karlsruhe.

Education
She obtained her PhD in law at the University of Tübingen in 1990, after having earned the first and second Staatsexamen at the University of Tübingen in 1981 and 1985.

References

1957 births
Living people
Writers from Stuttgart
Academic staff of the University of Mannheim
Jurists from Baden-Württemberg

Susann-Annette Storm


Jacobus Pieter Thijsse (25 July 1865 – 8 January 1945) was a Dutch conservationist and botanist. He founded the
Society for Preservation of Nature Monuments in the Netherlands.

In 1925, on the occasion of his 60th birthday he was honored by his friends with the gift of Thijsse's Hof (Thijsse's Garden), a wildlife garden in Bloemendaal near Haarlem. This was the first wildlife garden in the Netherlands, and one of the oldest worldwide.

In the late 1920s and 1930s, the Verkade company hired Jac. P. Thijsse to write a series of collector albums on flora of the Netherlands. The albums were illustrated by picture cards which could be collected with the purchase of verkade products. These albums were very popular among the Dutch population before World War II.

The "Jac. P. Thijssepark" in Amstelveen, another wildlife garden, was named after him. He was placed 87th on De Grootste Nederlander (The Greatest Dutchman) list in 2004.

References

External links

19th-century Dutch botanists
20th-century Dutch botanists
1865 births
1945 deaths
Dutch conservationists
People from Maastricht

Jac. P. Thijsse


Pearl Kibre (September 2, 1900 — July 15, 1985) was an American historian. She won a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1950 for her work on medieval science and universities.

Early life and education
Pearl Kibre was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the daughter of Kenneth Kibre, an optometrist born in Russia, and Jane du Pione Kibre. She moved to California as a girl with her parents; she attended Manual Arts High School in Los Angeles. Kibre attended the University of California at Berkeley as an undergraduate (1924) and master's (1925) student, and completed doctoral studies at Columbia University in 1936, with Lynn Thorndike as her mentor. She taught at Pasadena Junior College for a few years before resuming graduate work. (Her sister Adele Kibre also earned a Ph.D., in Latin Language and Literature, from the University of Chicago.)

Career
Pearl Kibre "helped lay the foundations for the contemporary study of medieval science and medieval universities." She was on the faculty of Hunter College from 1937 until she retired in 1971.  She helped found the doctoral program in history at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York.

In 1950 she was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship to travel to European archives to study medieval universities. She became a corresponding member of the International Academy of the History of Science in 1960. Kibre was a member of the International Committee of Historical Sciences, the United States Subcommission for the History of Universities, and the editorial board of Medieval and Renaissance Latin Translations and Commentaries. She was elected a fellow of the Medieval Academy of America in 1964, the same year she won the Haskins Medal from the same organization.

Books by Pearl Kibre included The Library of Pico della Mirandola (1936), A Catalogue of Incipits of Mediaeval Scientific Writings in Latin (1937, revised 1963, with Lynn Thorndike), The Nations in the Mediaeval Universities (1948), Scholarly Privileges in the Middle Ages (1962), Hippocrates Latinus: Repertorium of Hippocratic Writings in the Latin Middle Ages, Volume 3 (1975), Studies in Medieval Science: Alchemy, Astrology, Mathematics, and Medicine (1984). In addition, an edited volume of essays was collected in her honor, Science, Medicine, and the University, 1200-1500 (1976); and she contributed to the Didascaliae, a volume of research using materials from the Vatican Library, presented to the Vatican in 1961.

Death and legacy
Pearl Kibre died in 1985, aged 84 years, at her home in New York City.

The Pearl Kibre Medieval Study is a study space maintained by an interdisciplinary graduate student organization at The Graduate Center, CUNY, begun in 1972 and named in her honor.

References

1900 births
1985 deaths
American people of Russian descent
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Columbia University alumni
Hunter College faculty
CUNY Graduate Center faculty
Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America
American medievalists
Women medievalists
American women historians
Historians of science
American medical historians
20th-century American women

Pearl Kibre


Vehicle armour is a protective layer that is used to protect vehicles from weapons. Vehicle armor is usually found on military vehicles like tanks, fighter planes, and armoured cars.

Vehicle armor is also sometimes used for normal vehicles, like armoured bank vehicles and cars used to transport important people like elected officials.

Vehicle armor is also sometimes used to protect vehicles from things other than attacks. Some vehicles, like satellites, use vehicle armor to stay safe from danger that comes from the environment.

armour

Vehicle armour


Egger-Bahn was a German model railway manufacturer. The company produced the first H0e (HO (1:87) scale narrow gauge rolling stock using N gauge track) models, and established HOe as a viable model railway standard. The firm was founded in 1963 by three brothers. One of them, a performer, soon left the firm. Theodor Egger, technician, and Jonathan Egger, salesman, continued. The models first appeared at the 1963 Nuremberg Toy Fair.

The scale/gauge combination represented 600–750 mm gauge lines, but could reasonably depict several similar narrow gauge sizes. 009 is a similar concept, used mainly for modelling UK-based prototypes, again on N gauge track, but to the OO scale of 4 mm to 1 ft (1:76.2). Egger was the first to produce H0e ready-to-run models, and they were a great success. In 1964 the range was expanded, including a steam locomotive. Models from Egger-Bahn were often used in presentation layouts. For instance Faller used them in their magazine, as the smaller models better fit Faller's scale of 1:100. In the USA Egger-Bahn was marketed by AHM (as H0n30 scale) together with Roco Peetzy models under the name of "Minitrains".

A combination of market demands and technological innovation (such as Magna-Kraft) led to the company having to revise molds and create new models at a rapid pace. Later on, it was decided to simplify models in an attempt to better keep up with demand, a move which was unpopular with consumers. The company, in an effort to gain more financial backing, partnered with Constantin Film to produce "western" themed trains to go with the company's Old Shatterhand and Winnetou films, however their lack of realism (for modellers) and fragility (for children) lead to poor sales. In the end the firm was broken up in 1967 and Jouef later acquired the toolings and produced the models for a short time, ending in the early 1970s. In 1983 the old molds were discovered in storage, and Jouef attempted to market the models within France, to little success, leading to the line to cease production again by the early 1990s. The company name registration was not renewed and now is possessed by private owners including Theodor Egger.

Apart from the narrow-gauge trains, Egger-Bahn produced a boat in N-scale. It was meant to become a mechanical moving boat in real water. This was the great love of Mr Theodor. He only produced one Mississippi-styled boat. Egger also started the production of slotcars with the name of Egger-Silberpfeil. These models can also be found with Jouef. The Egger-models ran with a Jouef motor.
The Egger-Lectron, a system for modular electronic experimentation, consisting of elements with magnetic links, has been a quite successful product. It was licensed by Braun and Raytheon, and later spun off in an independent company Lectron GmbH. The Lectron system is still in production today.

Notes

External links

 multi-lingual table of Egger products
 Playcraft Eggerbahn page
 German Eggerbahn site (in English)
 Dutch Eggerbahn site

Model railroad manufacturers
30 inch railways and modelling
Model manufacturers of Germany

Egger-bahn


The Outsidaz were an American hip hop collective from Newark, New Jersey, perhaps best known through their affiliation with fellow New York-area, New Jersey rappers the Fugees and Detroit-area rappers D12.

History
The group formed in 1991 after underground rapper Young Zee (born Dewayne Battle) met D.U. (born Brian Bostic) and Pacewon (born Jerome Hinds) at a New Year's Eve party. At the time they met, Young Zee and Pacewon were rival MCs. Pacewon & D.U. were members of a crew named PNS, while Zee headed a crew named Pskitzo with members Anthony D. Ore (aka Maddfile) and Augustus C. Battle (aka A-Form). They decided to unite into one group called the Outsidaz, following a lengthy microphone battle that it was decided ended in a tie.

Along with Pacewon, D.U. and Young Zee, the Outsidaz consisted of Axe (born Tyree Smith), Denzy (born Denton Dawes), Loon One, DJ Spunk (born Aubrey Polk), S. Coop (born Larry Cooper), Nawshis (born Nathaniel Longchamp), Rah Digga (born Rashia Fisher), the late Slang Ton (real name Salih Ibn Al Bayyinah Scaife, died in 1999), Bskills and Yah Yah (born Shakir Nur-al-din Abdullah).

The Outsidaz are affiliated with the Refugee Camp, and made their first commercial appearance as guest artists on the song "Cowboys" off the Fugees multi-platinum second LP The Score. They were also affiliated with Detroit-based rap collective D12, collaborating with them on different projects. D12 member Eminem shouts out the Outsidaz at the end of the song "Just Don't Give a Fuck", in the beginning of "Cum On Everybody", and in the songs "As the World Turns" and "I'm Shady", all of which were released on his major-label solo debut The Slim Shady LP. He also acknowledges them in a track titled "Till Hell Freezes Over" which was intended to be on the album. A rift developed between Eminem and Tha Outsidaz when Young Zee and Pace Won each recorded verses alongside Bizarre for the 'Amityville' track on Eminem's major label sophomore, The Marshall Mathers LP. Dr. Dre complained that Eminem had too many guests on the album, so Pace Won and Young Zee's verses were removed from the track. In a 2015 interview, Pace Won indicated that the original version of the track was probably permanently erased, and as yet, this would appear to be the case, as it has not yet emerged from the vaults. Eminem's Shady Records label released Shady XV, a compilation album which featured a track titled, "Fine Line" by Eminem. On the song, he performs a verse showing his appreciation for the group (specifically Pacewon and Young Zee).

Solo ventures
Pacewon appeared on Morcheeba's 2002 album, Charango. He appeared on the title track, in addition to "Get Along".

In 2008, Pacewon collaborated with New Jersey producer Mr. Green on The Only Color That Matters Is Green, which included the Eminem diss "The Joker". The first single was "Hip Hop". In 2009, Young Zee appeared on Chicago rappers Saurus and Bones' debut album, Mind Like Mine on the song "Let the Trumpets Blow".

In 2011, Young Zee and Pacewon appeared on the Jedi Mind Tricks album Violence Begets Violence on the song "Design in Malice". The following year, Pacewon and Mr. Green appeared on the song "Get at Me" from St. Cule's album, American Beef. That July, Young Zee and Mr. Green released a collaborative album titled "One Crazy Weekend" featured Pacewon, Rah Digga, Yah Yah, D.U., and Zee's son, Krash Battle.

In 2015, Pacewon and Denzy, along with DJ Scob, Ill Proceeja, S-Ka-Paid, and Thomas Wlodarczyk (Miilkbone), formed The Shady Corps, the Eminem tribute hip hop group, and released one studio album via Pace's Team Won Inc.

In 2018, Pacewon pre-released Outsidaz the Bricks (Slang Ton Tribute Edition) on the 19th anniversary of his death. It featured all other releases from all Outsidaz members.

Discography

Albums

Compilation albums
2018: Outsidaz the Bricks (Slang Ton Tribute Edition)

Singles
 "Rain or Shine" (1998)
 "The Rah Rah" (1999)
 "Macosa/Do It with a Passion" (1999)
 "Keep On/Done in the Game" (2001)
 "Who U Be?" (2001)
 "Ya Can't" (2001)
 "Public Enemy #1" (2001)
 "I Want Her Out" (2001)
 "I'm Leavin'" (2002)
 "Sour 'n' Juice" (feat. Pacewon & G-Smoke) (2012)

References

Eminem
American hip hop groups
Rappers from New Jersey
Ruffhouse Records artists

Outsidaz


Tomás Guido. (November 1, 1788, Buenos Aires–September 14, 1866) was a general in the Argentine War of Independence, a diplomat and a politician.

Early life

Tomás Guido was the son of a Spanish merchant Pedro Guido y Sanz and his wife Juana Aoiz y Martínez. He attended San Carlos College, but was forced to give up his studies by an economic crisis.

Guido saw his first military action in 1806 when he helped to defend Buenos Aires from the British invaders. He later went on to participate in the May Revolution in 1810.

In 1811 Guido became the secretary for Dr Mariano Moreno on his journey to England. In 1812 Guido returned to Argentina to work as a secretary in the Ministry of War, later he moved to Charcas to work as a secretary for Francisco Ortiz de Ocampo. Later he travelled to Tucumán where he joined José de San Martín y Manuel Belgrano, where he worked as the chief Secretary of the Army, working with San Martín to plan the campaign to liberate Chile and Peru.

On May 20, 1816 Guido presented Antonio González Balcarce with Memoria, which was based on his memories of conversations with San Martín in Saldán, Córdoba about the military, economic and political details of the Maitland Plan.

Campaign of liberation in Chile and Peru

After the victory at the Battle of Chacabuco (February 12, 1817). General San Martín named Guido as Lieutenant Colonel, but he continued doing the job of Chief Secretary of the Army and Navy. During the ceremony to mark the official declaration of Chilean independence on February 12, 1818, Guido played the role of flagbearer.

Guido then worked as a diplomat for San Martín during the effort to liberate Peru, he negotiated with the Spanish Viceroy at Miraflores before San Martín declared Peruvian Independence on July 28, 1821. Guido was at the Guayaquil Conference where the two great Liberators of South America (San Martín and Simón Bolívar) met for the only time. After San Martín left Peru, Guido stayed on, earning the titles of Supreme Military Advisor in 1823 and later Brigadier General.

Return to Argentina

In 1826 Guido returned to Buenos Aires where he was appointed as Inspector of Arms in 1827 by Bernardino Rivadavia. He later served as Minister of War and Foreign Relations on three occasions with Lavalle, Viamonte and Rosas.

Between 1840 and 1851 Guido was Argentina's representative to the government of Brazil.

Death

Guido died on December 14, 1866 in Buenos Aires, leaving his wife and four children.

External links
 Tomás Guido

1788 births
1866 deaths
People from Buenos Aires
Argentine diplomats
Government ministers of Argentina
Foreign ministers of Argentina
Ambassadors of Argentina to Chile
Burials at Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral
People of the Argentine War of Independence
Federales (Argentina)

Tomás Guido