Clifton & Lowther railway station was a station on the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway (L&CR) south of Penrith near to the village of Clifton. Although it was the original terminus to cross Pennines rail traffic on the Eden Valley Railway, it was rapidly by-passed by a new line and junction. The station, which was on the West Coast Main Line, was treated as a private stop by the Earls of Lonsdale.

History

The station opened as Clifton railway station on Lancaster and Carlisle Railway in 1846. In 1858 work began to build the Eden Valley Railway between Penrith and Kirkby Stephen via Appleby-in-Westmorland. It would primarily be for mineral traffic but it would also carry passengers. The terminus at the western end of the new line would be Clifton Station. Eden Valley passenger services used an island platform that also served the West Coast Main line. The station also had goods sidings, a turntable, and water tower.

However, even before the Eden Valley line opened, plans were conceived to build a northern junction that would provide a direct link between the industrial areas of West Cumberland and the northeast's coalfields around Durham and Newcastle. The Eden Valley line would provide a direct connection between the Cockermouth & Workington Railway's Workington to Penrith line and the Stockton and Darlington railway.

Although the branch – which had several cuttings, embankments and bridges – was completed to Clifton station, by 1862 permission was given to build the northern connection that would allow trains from Penrith to run directly onto the Eden Valley line. When the new route opened in 1863, a new Clifton station was built on the northern section (it was later renamed Clifton Moor in 1927). Eden Valley trains could now use the northern track as they had been granted running powers on the L&CR line to Penrith.

After 1874, the short southern branch from the Eden Valley Railway to the original Clifton station was closed.

Despite losing its cross-Pennine passenger services, the station remained open. In 1887 the station was renamed Clifton & Lowther.
It closed to passenger services in 1938 and to freight in 1951.

Private station

When Clifton first opened Henry Lowther, 3rd Earl of Lonsdale, who lived in the nearby Lowther Castle, was permitted to stop any train on demand. When the new Clifton Station (see ) opened in 1863 the railway company built him his own private waiting room. This private agreement was subsequently passed on to future Earls of Lonsdale.

A 1903 article in Railway Magazine noted:
We cannot regard Lowther Railway Station, on the London and North-Western line, as absolutely a private station, but the Earl of Lonsdale, who is the great territorial feudal lord of the district of Cumberland that stretches about Penrith and Askham, has a private agreement with the railway authorities in virtue of which, for certain concessions made with regard to building the station, the land it stands on, etc., he, his family, and guests have the right to have any train stopped at any required times at Lowther Station, whether such trains are expresses or not, and whether they may be timed to stop near or far from Lowther Station.

It will easily be seen, therefore, that, such a "right" is tantamount in many ways to owning a private railway station, with the additional advantage that somebody else keeps up the maintenance of the place! Yet "Clifton and Lowther Station" is open to the public, and so is not absolutely a "private" station.

The Earl and his family often exercise their right, and the German Emperor, when visiting his friend Lord Lonsdale, has more than once also availed himself of the privilege of detraining at Lowther. It is a station right nobly appointed, and right royally situated, for it lies in the very midst of some of the finest scenery in England. Lord Lonsdale, moreover, is a landlord and nobleman of the old type, who does everything pertaining to his station and duties as a "grand seigneur" in a way above all criticism and cavil. You may be sure that Lowther Station, therefore, is all such a railway station should be.

References

Bibliography
Mannex, P.J. (1849) History, topography, and directory, of Westmorland: and Lonsdale north of the sands, in Lancashire together with a descriptive and geological view of the whole of the Lake district, "Railways" pp. 51–54, discovery of Roman altar during construction of Clifton station p.54 via books.google.co.uk

Disused railway stations in Cumbria
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1846
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1938
Former Lancaster and Carlisle Railway stations
1846 establishments in England
Clifton, Cumbria

Clifton and Lowther railway station


Victor "Vic" Moreland  (born 15 June 1957 in Belfast) is a retired professional footballer from Northern Ireland who began his career in Northern Ireland, spent two seasons in the Football League before moving to the United States. He then played six seasons in the North American Soccer League, seven in the Major Indoor Soccer League as well as several seasons in several lower division indoor and outdoor leagues.

Club career
Moreland began his career as a midfielder with Glentoran in 1973. In 1978, Glentoran sent him on loan to the Tulsa Roughnecks of the North American Soccer League. He returned to Ireland and began the 1978–1979 season with them before Glentoran sold him and Billy Caskey to Derby County for £90,000 in September 1978. He played two seasons with Derby before the team sold his contract, along with Caskey's to the Tulsa Roughnecks for $100,000 in 1980.

The NASL ran an indoor season during the 1980–1981 winter. Up to this time, Moreland had played as a defensive midfielder, but beginning with the 1981 NASL outdoor season, he moved permanently to the backline. In 1984, he was named to the All League Second Team. In the fall of 1984, he moved to the Chicago Sting of the Major Indoor Soccer League. On 18 September 1985, the Sting sold his contract to the Dallas Sidekicks. On 15 June 1988, the Sidekicks released him to reduce the team's player salaries. He signed with the Wichita Wings on 1 July 1988.

In June 1989, he returned to outdoor soccer with the Fort Lauderdale Strikers of the American Soccer League. That year, the Strikers won the league title, then defeated the San Diego Nomads of the Western Soccer League for the first national outdoor championship since the demise of the NASL in 1984. On 18 June 1989, the Cleveland Crunch selected Moreland in the MISL expansion draft. However, he refused to sign with Cleveland and the Crunch allowed him to sign with the Wings in September 1989 in return for an undisclosed amount of cash and the Wing's first round selection in the 1990 MISL Draft. He remained with the Wings until the spring of 1991. In the summer of 1990 and 1991, he played for the Strikers, this time also adding duties as an assistant coach.

In August 1991, he was named as a player-coach with the Tulsa Ambush in the National Professional Soccer League. Moreland retired in 1992. He came out of retirement in November 1994, to play for the Tulsa Roughnecks in the 1994–1995 USISL indoor season. He continued to play for the Roughnecks during the 1995 USISL outdoor season, then became the head coach of the Roughnecks for the 1995–1996 indoor season. He remained with the team until the start of the 1996 outdoor season, when he stepped down as coach. He continued to play sporadically for the Roughnecks into the 1997–1998 indoor season, filling in whenever injuries caught the team shorthanded. He founded, and continues to run, the Tulsa Nationals Soccer Academy in 1995.

National team
In March 1978, Moreland played one game with the Northern Ireland U-21 team. On 29 November 1978, he earned his first of six caps with the Northern Ireland national football team against Bulgaria. He scored his only goal with the national team in a 5–1 loss to England on 17 October 1979. His last international game came a month later when Northern Ireland defeated Ireland on 21 November 1979.

References

External links
NASL Stats
Career overview
Dallas Sidekicks player profile

1957 births
Living people
Association footballers from Belfast
Men's association footballers from Northern Ireland
American Professional Soccer League players
American Soccer League (1988–89) players
Chicago Sting (MISL) players
Derby County F.C. players
Expatriate sportspeople from Northern Ireland in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Fort Lauderdale Strikers (1988–1994) players
Glentoran F.C. players
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players
National Professional Soccer League (1984–2001) coaches
National Professional Soccer League (1984–2001) players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) indoor players
Expatriate men's association footballers from Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland men's international footballers
Tulsa Ambush players
Tulsa Roughnecks (1978–1984) players
Tulsa Roughnecks (1993–2000) players
USISL coaches
USISL players
Wichita Wings (MISL) players
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football defenders
Association football managers from Northern Ireland
St. Louis Ambush (1992–2000) coaches

Victor Moreland


The Great Indian Peninsula Railway (reporting mark GIPR) was a predecessor of the Central Railway (and by extension, the current state-owned Indian Railways), whose headquarters was at the Boree Bunder in Mumbai (later, the Victoria Terminus and presently the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus). The Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company was incorporated on 1 August 1849 by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company Act 1849 (12 & 13 Vict. c.83) of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It had a share capital of 50,000 pounds. On 21 August 1847 it entered into a formal contract with the East India Company for the construction and operation of a railway line, 56 km long, to form part of a trunk line connecting Bombay with Khandesh and Berar and generally with the other presidencies of India. The Court of Directors of the East India Company appointed James John Berkeley as Chief Resident Engineer and Charles Buchanan Ker and Robert Wilfred Graham as his assistants. It was India's first passenger railway, the original 21 miles (33.8 km) section opening in 1853, between Bombay (Mumbai) and Tanna (Thane). On 1 July 1925, its management was taken over by the Government. On 5 November 1951, it was incorporated into the Central Railway.

Incorporation in London

Incorporated as a company in 1849, with its head office in London, the Great Indian Peninsula Railway was initially proposed for a length of , to connect Bombay with the interior of the Indian peninsula and to the major port of Madras (Chennai) on the east coast. It was originally meant to connect the towns of Poona (Pune), Nassuek (Nashik), Aurungabad (Aurangabad), Ahmednuggur (Ahmednagar), Sholapoor (Solapur), Nagpur, Akola (West Berar), Oomrawutty (Amravati), and Hyderabad. It was meant for the purpose of increasing the export of cotton, silk, opium, sugar and spices.

The management committee consisted of 25 British men, including officials of the East India Company and banks in London, most of whom resided in Britain and some who had resided in India. The original 25 person board consisted of people such as John Stuart-Wortley and William Hamilton (both MPs from Britain who became the company's chairman and deputy chairman), Frederick Ayrton (ex-East India Company), cavalrymen such as Major Clayton and Major-General Briggs, Bombay residents John Graham, Col. Dickenson, Hon. Jugonnath Sunkersett and Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, bankers such as John Harvey (Commercial Bank of London) and S. Jervis (Director of the London and County Bank, Lombard Street), and directors of other railway companies such as Richard Paterson (Chairman of the Northern and Eastern Railway Company) and Melvil Wilson (Director of the Alliance Assurance Office).

Beginnings in Bombay
An year after the passing of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway Company Act in 1849, the first sod was turned ('Bhoomipujan' was done) of the first rail line at Sion on 30 October 1850, by the Chief secretary of Bombay Government, John.P. Willoughby. The line was meant to be an 'Experimental line' between Bombay and Tannah, whose gauge was set at 5' 6'' (1676 mm) by Governor General Lord Dalhousie in January 1851. The contract for this segment was handed to the contractors Faviell and Fowler, while the next segment from Tannah to Callian (today's Kalyan) to contractors George Wythes and William Jackson along with Jamsetjee Dorabjee Naegamwalla.

Work began, but was soon slowed down by heavy showers in October 1851. This was the same year the first locomotives for this line were built at Vulcan Foundry in England. Several problems were encountered, for instance, the laying of the line among the swamp at Sion, worker strikes, among others. Then there was a question of whether the experimental line be a single line, or a double line. The contract opted for the latter option, but there were other ideas. Doing this would have saved money. In the end, the Government of Bombay asked to retain the 'double line' option, owing to complications in contracts and finances.

The First Locomotive arrives
The following year, in 1852, Bombay received its first locomotive. Built by E.B.Wilson, the same firm that built Roorkee's locomotive Thomason, it was brought to the shores of Bombay, via the seas. The Bombay Telegraph of 17th February states that 'She had been landed six days...' suggesting that the locomotive landed in Bombay on 11th or 12th February 1852. On its arrival, it was pulled down a public road by 200 coolies, before it was put on the rails. This Locomotive was named 'Lord Falkland' after the then Governor of Bombay, who reportedly left the city on the eve of the occasion.

It was stationed on a land in Byculla, previously used for planting toddy. This plot of land, belonging to William Phipps, among others, was bought by the GIPR at a cost of Rupees 4000. This locomotive was a tank engine, meaning that it had all its fuel, water and boiler on the same frame, not having an external tender wagon. Four wheels were attached to the cranked driving shaft, and placed in the center. The Telegraph further stated that efforts were made to prepare the loco for work by 'the end of the week'.

The Locomotive had its first run on 18th February 1852 from its stationing at Byculla, to Parel. Thousands crowded around the place, watching the loco at the entrance of its shed. The excitement was immense, with the natives amazed when the loco commenced its maiden journey. The engine started at a walking speed, later travelling at 15 miles an hour (about 24 km/h). A crowd ran after the moving contraption, hardly leaving the tracks clear. The locomotive traveled the 2 miles (3.2 km) between Byculla and Parel, waiting at its destination for some time. The second trip was completed, notably with a lady being among the passengers. On both trips the loco was stopped briefly, to correct some small matters; however, the engine was found to be in proper order.

Around this time there arose debates on what vocabulary be introduced for the railways in native languages. The natives had already started referring to railways, in their language, some calling it 'Aag Boat' (the term for steam boats). Without proper words to describe the railway systems, even the 1854 translation of the Lardner's Rail Economy (translated by Krishnashastri Bhatwadekar in Marathi) referred to rail roads as 'Lokhandi Rustey' the term for Iron Roads, hence even the name of the book was 'Lokhandi Rustyanche Sunshipt Vurnan' (translated to a Short Account of Iron Roads). Some transllations were soon suggested.

The Locomotive in its shed at Byculla drew crowds of thousands from over the city. When it began its operations, sometimes carrying twelve wagons of Ballast up the steep slopes, the natives standing in the way in astonishment. For the natives, it was a mesmerizing experience, for they had never seen such an immensity traveling on rails. Not satisfied by watching from sides, the crowds would come extremely close to the operating locomotive, only paving way when the loco came a few meters away. Police was ordered around the line for the safety of the observers. Finally twelve men with sticks were employed for this duty. Some people sought an opportunity, setting up stalls of Toddy and cakes, to sell to the visitors.

The same year, three Locomotives and the rail carriages arrived on a ship (probably Charles) along with six European locomotive drivers in September 1852.

The First Trial run
The first trial run was conducted between Bombay and Thane on 18th November 1852, at noon. The locomotives and the carriages were still not yet in order (having arrived only 2 months ago). Hence the same Lord Falkland was employed as the locomotive, with trucks, temporarily fitted to be used as carriages. The Journey was to be commenced at noon, reaching the destination of Parsick (Parsik) point at about 1 p.m. They were to have their tiffin in the tunnel built there, to later return back at sunset, as reported by the Allen's Indian Mail of 1852. The passengers were the engineers, directors and their friends. The Journey started soon after twelve p.m., later halting at near the beginning of the Salsette island for refilling water. The entire journey was extensively described by the newspaper 'The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce' (now known as The Times of India). The journey was reported completed in 45 mins, the highest speed being 50 mph (about 80 km/h), with the average being 30 mph (about 48 km/h). This Journey soon paved way for the official run next year (1853) on 16th April, that formally began the era of the Indian Railways.

Railways around Bombay
On 16 April 1853 at 3:35 pm, the first passenger train of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway left Boree Bunder station in Bombay (present day Mumbai) for Tanna (present day Thane). The train took fifty-seven minutes to reach Tanna. It covered a distance of 21 miles (33.8 km). Three locomotives named Sultan, Sindh and Sahib pulled the 14 carriages carrying 400 passengers on board.

The portion of the line from Tanna to Callian (present day Kalyan) was opened on 1 May 1854. The construction of this portion was difficult as it involved two-line viaducts over the estuary (see picture on right) and two tunnels.

On 12 May 1856 the line was extended to Campoolie (present day Khopoli) via Padusdhurree (present day Palasdhari) and on 14 June 1858 Khandala-Poona (present day Pune) section was opened to traffic. The Padusdhurree-Khandala section involved the difficult crossing of the Bhore Ghat (present day Bhor Ghat) and it took another five years for completion. During this period, the 21 km gap was covered by palanquin, pony or cart through the village of Campoolie.

The Kassarah (present day Kasara) line was opened on 1 January 1861 and the steep Thull ghat (present day Thal Ghat) section up to Egutpoora (present day Igatpuri) was opened on 1 January 1865 and thus completed the crossing of the Sahyadri.

Bombay to Madras
Beyond Callian, the south-east main line proceeded over Bhor Ghat to Poona, Sholapore (present day Solapur) and Raichore (present day Raichur), where it joined the Madras Railway. By 1868, route kilometerage was 888 km and by 1870, route kilometerage was 2,388.

Bombay to Calcutta

Beyond Callian, the north-east main line proceeded over the Thull ghat to Bhosawal (present day Bhusawal). From Bhosawal, there was a bifurcation. One passed through great cotton districts of Akola (West Berar) and Oomravuttee (present day Amravati) and was extended up to Nagpore (present day Nagpur) and then to Raj-nandgaon in Drug district (Present day Durg). The other was extended up to Jubbulpore (present day Jabalpur) to connect with the Allahabad-Jubbulpore branch line of the East Indian Railway which had been opened in June 1867. Hence it became possible to travel directly from Bombay to Calcutta.

The Howrah-Allahabad-Mumbai line was officially opened on 7 March 1870 and it was part of the inspiration for French writer Jules Verne's book Around the World in Eighty Days. Although, in the novel it is erroneously claimed that the line passes through Aurangabad, which is, again erroneously claimed as the capital of the Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgeer. At that time period, line had not reached Aurangabad but rather moved northward after reaching Bhusawal towards Jabalpur. At the opening ceremony, the Viceroy Lord Mayo concluded that "it was thought desirable that, if possible, at the earliest possible moment, the whole country should be covered with a network of lines in a uniform system".

Rolling stock
By the end of 1874 the company owned 345 steam locomotives, 1309 coaches and 7924 goods wagons. In 1906 a steam railcar from Kerr, Stuart and Company was purchased. By 1936, the rolling stock had increased to 835 locomotives, 1285 coaches and more than 20.000 freight wagons.

Classification
It was labeled as a Class I railway according to Indian Railway Classification System of 1926.

See also
 List of railway companies in India
 Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway

Notes

External links

Transport in Mumbai
Transport in Thane
Transport in Pune
Transport in Kalyan-Dombivli
Transport in Solapur
Transport in Bhusawal
Transport in Durg
Transport in Nagpur
Transport in Jabalpur
Transport in Amravati
Defunct railway companies of India
1849 establishments in British India
1951 disestablishments in India
Railway companies established in 1849
Railway companies disestablished in 1951
1951 mergers and acquisitions
Indian companies established in 1849

Great Indian Peninsula Railway


Prosperity is a 1932 American pre-Code comedy-drama film starring Marie Dressler and Polly Moran. The two leading actresses play longtime matriarchal ladies comically sparring off each other, and trying to control their intertwined lives.

Plot
Maggie Warren (Dressler) inherited a family bank during the Depression and Lizzie Praskins (Moran) is one of her biggest depositors. Maggie's son John is engaged to Lizzies's daughter Helen.  All kinds of farces happen when the would-be mothers-in-law battle for setting the wedding's protocol including their different preferences of choosing the pastor to perform the ceremony.

As the story goes on, Lizzie has a panic attack based on rumors about the bank going to belly-up. She hysterically withdraws all her money causing all other customers in the bank to panic and they in return take out their money.  The Warren family  bank is forced to close.  Maggie's naive son gets swindled out of his mother's bonds. As farces go, at the end the swindlers are caught and Maggie's matriarchal resourcefulness with her wised-up son gets the bank solvent again, and the two matriarchal families are bonded with mirthful resolutions.

Cast
 Marie Dressler as Maggie Warren
 Polly Moran as Lizzie Praskins
 Anita Page as Helen Praskin
 Norman Foster as John Warren
 Jacquie Lyn as Cissy
 Jerry Tucker as Buster
 Charles Giblyn as Mayor
 Frank Darien as Ezra Higgins
 Henry Holland as John Roche

Box office
According to MGM records the film earned $1,166,000 in the US and Canada and $348,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $378,000.

References

External links

1932 films
1932 comedy-drama films
American black-and-white films
American comedy-drama films
Films directed by Sam Wood
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films

Prosperity (film)


Lillian Pulitzer Rousseau (Lillian Lee McKim; November 10, 1931 – April 7, 2013), better known as Lilly Pulitzer, was an American fashion designer and socialite. She is known for founding Lilly Pulitzer, Inc., which makes clothes with bright, colorful patterns. Because the brand has been very popular with rich people, Lilly has been called the "Queen of Prep".

Personal life
Lillian Lee McKim, nicknamed Lilly, was born on  November 10, 1931 in Roslyn, New York. Her father was Robert V. McKim and her mother was Lillian McKim (maiden name Bostwick). She was the middle child, with an older sister named Mary Maude and younger sister named Florence Fitch. Her mother, Lillian, was an heir to the Standard Oil fortune. Lillian divorced Robert and married Ogden Phipps in 1937.

Lilly went to the Chapin School in New York City, along with Bouvier sister Jacqueline. In 1949, she graduated from Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut. She attended the college-finishing school Finch College in New York City, but left after one semester to work as a midwife's assistant in West Virginia and later as a volunteer at the Veterans Hospital in The Bronx.

In 1950, she married Peter Pulitzer, the grandson of publisher Joseph Pulitzer. They moved to Palm Beach, where Lilly started her clothing company, Lilly Pulitzer, Inc. In 1969, Lilly and Peter were divorced. She married Enrique Rousseau soon after. She legally changed her name to Lillian Rousseau, but her clothing company kept the "Lilly Pulitzer" label. Lilly continued to live in Palm Beach. Enrique died from cancer in 1993.

Lilly has three children from her marriage to Peter: Peter, Minnie, and Liza. Peter lives in Bridgehampton, New York, with his wife, Elise, and five children: Fiona, Caleb, Stefan, Aaron, and Daniella. Liza currently lives in West Palm Beach, Florida, with her husband, Henry, and three children: Waverly, Hattie and Rayna. Liza is currently helping out in Florida with the Lilly Pulitzer Brand.

Death
Pulitzer died on April 7, 2013 in her home in Palm Beach, California from natural causes, at age 81.

Business
Lilly and Peter settled in Palm Beach, Florida, shortly after their marriage. Peter owned several Florida citrus groves, and with fruit from the groves Lilly opened a juice stand on Via Mizner, just off Worth Avenue in Palm Beach.

In the course of working at the juice stand, Lilly found that squeezing juice made a mess of her clothes. Seeking to hide the juice stains, she designed a sleeveless shift dress made of bright, colorful printed cotton. Lilly found that customers loved her dress, so she made more to sell at her juice stand. Eventually, she was selling more dresses than juice, and decided to focus on making and selling what had become known as her "Lillys".

In 1959, Lilly became president of her own company, Lilly Pulitzer, Inc. The company's main factory was located in Miami, Florida and the fabrics were produced by the Key West Hand Print Fabrics company in Key West.

From the 1960s to the early 1980s, Lilly's bright, colorful clothes were very popular, worn by rich people such as First Lady Jackie Kennedy, and members of the Rockefeller, Vanderbilt and Whitney families. However, by 1984, Lilly felt she was not having as much fun as she used to and retired, closing down her entire clothing business.

Revival of the brand
In 1993, the rights to the Lilly Pulitzer brand were bought by Sugartown Worldwide, Inc. They contacted Lilly with the hopes of bringing back the brand because, "they just loved Lilly, their mothers and sisters loved Lilly, and they wanted to bring the line back," according to Lilly herself. Lilly is not involved in the day-to-day running of the company, but she continues to do things like approve new designs, fabrics, and collections.

Today, the company has 75 Lilly Pulitzer Signature Stores (also known as Via Stores), several company-owned retail stores, sells to independently owned stores and is in major department stores such as Bloomingdales, Lord and Taylor, Nordstrom, and Neiman Marcus. On December 21, 2010, Sugartown Worldwide, Inc. was bought by Oxford Industries, Inc.

Products

Along with women's clothing, the company also makes men's clothing, children's clothing, maternity clothes, shoes, jewelry, accessories, bedding (revived in 2010), and stationery. The company started a bridal collection in 2010.

Lilly Pulitzer has made special collections with sorority prints on them, among them Kappa Delta, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Delta Delta Delta, and Delta Zeta. She has held contests on her Facebook page to vote on which sororities will get their own prints.

Cultural impact
Lisa Birnbach's humorous "guides", The Official Preppy Handbook and its sequel True Prep: It's a Whole New Old World, say Lilly Pulitzer clothing is a must-have item for "preppy" women.

The Museum of Lifestyle & Fashion History in Boynton Beach, Florida, ran an exhibit from August 2010 through May 2011 about the clothing and designs of Lilly Pulitzer. Museum director Lori Durante stated "Lilly Pulitzer fashion is relative to the American experience ... It is relevant to Palm Beach County, to Florida."

References

Other websites
 "Lilly Pulitzer Biography"

1931 births
2013 deaths
American fashion designers
American socialites
Businesspeople from Florida
Businesspeople from New York City

Lilly Pulitzer


Jami'ar Tsaron Nijeriya ita akafi sani da (Nigerian Defence Academy (N.D.A)) dake Kaduna, Najeriya itace makarantar jami'ar dake samar da horo na tsaron kasa daya tilo mallakin sojin Nijeriya. Tsawon shekaru 5 ne akeyi a jami'ar kafin a yaye dalibi, inda shekara hudu anayinsa ne akan karatun ilimi, shekara dayan kuma bayar da horon soja.
Taken jami'ar itace "Amanar kasa da jajircewa", an Samar da makarantar ne a shekara ta alif 1964. Yawan adadin daliban makarantan sunkai kimanin 4,200.
Shafin yanar gizo na jami'ar itace:
www.nda.edu.ng

Tarihin Jami'ar
An kirkiri jami'ar tun a watan Janairu shekara ta 1964 a matsayin sake gyaran tsohuwar makarantar sojin Kasar Biritaniya wato Royal Military Forces Training College (RMFTC), inda aka canja sunan zuwa makarantar horon soja (Nigerian Military Training College (NMTC)) a ranar samun yancin kai. Jami'ar na koyar da Sojojin Kasa, Sojojin Ruwa, da Sojojin Sama. Aikin farko na jami'ar ta karantar da mutune 62 kacal, kuma yawancin wadanda ke horarwan sojojin kasar indiya ne. Makarantar ta zama na yan Nijeriya kadai a shekara ta 1978, sannan a shekara ta 1981 ta fara koyar da sojojin daga ko'ina a duniya. A kuma shekara ta 1985 ne jami'ar ta fara horar da sojoji da suke bakin aiki da kuma bayar da shaidar digiri na biyu da na uku ga sojojin da wadanda ba sojoji ba.

Babban komanda maici ayanzu shine Major General A. Oyebade.

Jerin Komandojin Jami'ar

Brigadier M.R. Virma 1964–1969 (mutumin Indiya ne kuma shine komanda na farko)
Major General David Ejoor 1969–1971 (Dan'Nijeriya ne kuma komanda dan'kasa na farko)
Major General Adeyinka Adebayo 1971
Major General E.O. Ekpo March 1971 – February 1975
Brigadier Illiya Bisalla February 1975 – August 1975
Brigadier Gibson Jalo August 1975 – January 1978
Brigadier E.S. Armah January 1978 – July 1978
Brigadier Joseph Garba July 1978 – July 1979
Brigadier Zamani Lekwot July 1979 – 1982
Brigadier Abdullahi Shelleng 1982–
Major General Paul Tarfa 1984–1985
Lieutenant General Salihu Ibrahim 1988–1990
Lieutenant General Garba Duba 1990–1992
Lieutenant General Aliyu Mohammed Gusau 1992–1993
Lieutenant General Mohammed Balarabe Haladu 1993 - 1994
Air Vice Marshal Al-Amin Daggash 1994 - 1998
Major General Bashir Salihi Magashi 1998–1999
Major General Okon Edet Okon (2002-2003)
Major General Harris Dzarma (2006–2008)
Major General Mamuda Yerima (2008–2010)
Major General Emeka Onwuamaegbu 2010–2013[3]
Major General Muhammad Inuwa Idris December 2013 – August 2015
Major General M.T. Ibrahim August 2015– October 2017
Major General A. Oyebade October 2017- maici a yanzu.

Jerin Shahararrun Tsoffin Dalibai

Abdulrahman Bello Dambazau, former Chief of Army Staff
Alexander Ogomudia, former Chief of Defence Staff & Chief of Army Staff
Muhammadu Buhari, Shugaban Nijeriya kuma tsohon Shugaban kasa na mulkin soja
Azubuike Ihejirika, former Chief of Army Staff
Dangiwa Umar, tsohon gwamnan jihar Kaduna
Gideon Orkar, April 1990 coup leader
Ibok-Ete Ekwe Ibas, Chief of Naval Staff, Nigerian Navy
Kayode Are, former National Security Adviser and Director General State Security Service
Maxwell Khobe, former ECOMOG Peacekeeping Force Commander and Chief of Defence Staff, Sierra Leone
Emeka Onwuamaegbu Former Commandant, NDA
Muhammad Inuwa Idris, Commandant, NDA
Oladipo Diya, former Chief of Defence Staff
Owoye Andrew Azazi, former Chief of Defence Staff & Chief of Army Staff
Sultan Sa'adu Abubakar, Sultan of Sokoto
Sambo Dasuki, National Security Adviser
Tunji Olurin, former military governor of Oyo State
Victor Malu, former Chief of Army Staff
John Michael Ogidi, former ECOMOG Officer and Commander Corps of Signals Lagos Headquarters

Manazarta

Jami'o'i a Nijeriya

Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya


Sea devils are deep-sea anglerfish of the family Ceratiidae. They are among the most widespread of the anglerfish, found in all oceans from the tropics to the Antarctic.

The females are large: females of the largest species, Krøyer's deep sea angler fish, Ceratias holboelli, reach  in length. Males, on the other hand, are dwarfed, only  maximum. When these fish were first studied, the males were mistaken for parasites. Females usually have more than one male attached to them, which is a good example of polyandry.

At birth, tiny male ceratiids already have extremely well-developed olfactory organs that detect scents in the water. The male lives solely to find and mate with a female. They are significantly smaller than a female angler fish, and may have trouble finding food in the deep sea. Furthermore, the growth of the gut may stop in some species, preventing them from feeding at all. This means the male must find a female quickly to prevent death. The sensitive olfactory organs help the male detect the pheromones from female anglerfish.

When the male finds a female, he bites into her skin, and releases an enzyme. The enzyme digests the skin of his mouth and her body, fusing the pair down to the blood-vessel level. The male then slowly wastes away, first losing his digestive organs, then his brain, heart, and eyes, and ends as nothing more than a pair of gonads. The gonads release sperm in response to hormones in the female's bloodstream. This extreme sexual dimorphism makes sure that, when the female is ready to spawn, she has a mate right there. Multiple males can be incorporated into a single female.

Ceratiids are the only animals known to become chimaeras as a normal part of their life-cycle.

References

Teleosts

Ceratiidae


Video manipulation is a type of media manipulation that targets digital video using video processing and video editing techniques. The applications of these methods range from educational videos to videos aimed at (mass) manipulation and propaganda, a straightforward extension of the long-standing possibilities of photo manipulation. This form of computer-generated misinformation has contributed to fake news, and there have been instances when this technology was used during political campaigns.   Other uses are less sinister; entertainment purposes and harmless pranks provide users with movie-quality artistic possibilities.

History
The concept of manipulating video can be traced back as far as the 1950s when the 2-inch Quadruplex tape used in videotape recorders would be manually cut and spliced. After being coated with ferrofluid, the two ends of tape that were to be joined were painted with a mixture of iron filings and carbon tetrachloride, a toxic and carcinogenic compound to make the tracks in the tape visible when viewed through a microscope so that they could be aligned in a splicer designed for this task

As the video cassette recorder developed in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, the ability to record over an existing magnetic tape became possible. This led to the concept of overlaying specific parts of film to give the illusion of one consistently recorded video, which is the first identifiable instance of video manipulation.

In 1985, Quantel released The Harry, the first all-digital video editing and effects compositing system. It recorded and applied effects to a maximum of 80 seconds of 8-bit uncompressed digital video. A few years later, in 1991, Adobe released its first version of Premiere for the Mac, a program that has since become an industry standard for editing and is now commonly used for video manipulation. In 1999, Apple released Final Cut Pro, which competed with Adobe Premiere and was used in the production of major films such as The Rules of Attraction and No Country for Old Men.

Face detection became a major research subject in the early 2000s that has continued to be studied in the present. In 2017, an amateur coder named "DeepFakes" was altering pornography videos by digitally substituting the faces of celebrities for those in the original videos. The word deepfake has become a generic noun for the use of algorithms and facial-mapping technology to manipulate videos.

On the consumer side, popular video manipulation programs FaceApp and Faceswap, developed from similar technology, have become increasingly sophisticated.

The proof-of-principle software Face2Face was developed at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, the Max-Planck Institute for Informatics, and Stanford University. Such advanced video manipulation must be ranked alongside and beyond previous examples of deepfakes.

Types of Video Manipulation
Computer applications are becoming more advanced in terms of being able to generate fake audio and video content that looks real. A video published by researchers depicts how video and audio manipulation works using facial recognition. Though video manipulation could be thought of as piecing together different video clips, the types of video manipulation extend further than that. For example, an actor can sit in front of a camera moving his face. The computer then generates the same facial movement in real time on an existing video of Barack Obama. When the actor shakes his head, Obama also shakes his head, and the same happens when the actor speaks. Not only does this create fake content, but it masks the content as even more authentic than other types of fake news, as video and audio were once the most reliable types of media for many people.

One of the most dangerous parts of video manipulation is the concept of politics; campaign videos are being manipulated to pose a threat to other nations.  Dartmouth University computer science professor Hany Farid commented on video manipulation and its dangers. Farid said that actors could generate videos of Trump claiming to launch nuclear weapons. These fabricated videos could be shared on social media before the mistake can be fixed, possibly resulting in war. Despite the presence of manipulated video and audio, research teams are working to combat the issue. Prof. Christian Theobalt, a member of a team working on the technology at the Max-Planck-Institute for informatics in Germany, states that researchers have created forensic methods to detect fakes.

The Washington Posts fact-checking team has identified six forms of video manipulation, classified into three categories:
 Missing context
 Misrepresentation: Placing original video footage into an incorrect context to misinform the audience
 Isolation: Publishing a short segment from a video that presents a different narrative than the full video
 Deceptive editing
 Omission: Removing major segments from a video to present a different story
 Splicing: Combining segments from different videos to form a narrative not supported by any of the individual videos
 Malicious transformation
 Doctoring: Directly modifying video frames
 Fabrication: Using technology to construct bogus videos, such as deepfakes

Video Manipulation and Fake News
With fake news becoming increasingly prominent in popular culture and with rapid advancements in audio and video manipulation technology, the public is increasingly encountering fake news that is supported by deceptive videos. In terms of types of fake news, the potential to be classified is ever-expanding but includes five main types — satire or parody, selective reporting, sloppy journalism, clickbait, and conspiracies. Though the five main types of fake news are prominent globally, one of the most destructive types of fake news lies within all five types and is video and audio manipulation. Video and audio manipulation are defined as a new variant of media manipulation that targets digital video using a combination of traditional video processing and video editing techniques with auxiliary methods from artificial intelligence like face recognition. The results range from artistic videos produced for aesthetic effects to videos aimed at (mass) manipulation and propaganda, a straightforward extension of the long-standing possibilities of photo manipulation.

Digital Fakes

A digital fake refers to a digital video, photo, or audio file that has been altered or manipulated by digital application software.  Deepfake videos fall within the category of digital fake media, but a video may be digitally altered without being considered a deepfake. The alterations can be done for entertainment purposes, or more nefarious purposes such as spreading disinformation. The information can be used to conduct malicious attacks, political gains, financial crimes, or fraud.

Video Manipulation Regulations & Policy
Due to the social and political impacts caused by Deepfake, many national states implement regulations in order to combat these effects of video manipulation. Technical regulations range from real-name verification requirements, labeling information, censorships, and banning synthetic images, audio, and video.

China
China issued the "Provision on the Administration of Deep Synthesis Internet Information Service" on January 28, 2022. China's State Internet Information Office enforced this regulation as a way to control manipulated content on the Internet and increase technological stability within the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). There are 25 articles in total and each article section ultimately explains the terms and conditions of the regulation itself."Article 5: Encourage relevant industry organizations to strengthen industry self-discipline, establish and improve industry standards, industry guidelines, and self-regulatory management systems, supervise and guide deep synthesis service providers to formulate and improve service specifications, strengthen information content security management, provide services in accordance with the law, and accept social supervision."One of the policy articles that were mentioned in Emmie Hine and Luciano Floridi's text was Article 5, which goes over that while the government will look over the information being posted publicly, industry corporations are also responsible for keeping track of content that is published on their social platforms. This particular policy pushes companies in China to be more aware of what is shown online because if not, the companies themselves will be fined.

United States
The United States issued the "DEEP FAKES Accountability Act" in 2019. However, Hine and Luciano stated this policy only prevents the act around "unauthorized digital recreations of people". This established bill ultimately puts a criminal penalties for related impersonations and pornography violations. Because of this regulation, many well-known platforms like Facebook and Twitter began to removed unlawful information that violated the policy and even require labeling regulations.

Video Manipulation Market Failures
Some of the main reasons why large national states like the United States and China are implementing video manipulation regulations/policies are because of market failures. In particular, market failures that revolve around the topics of public goods and negative externalities. Public goods refer to products and services that can be used by everyone. On the other hand, negative externalities are negative actions that affect someone who did not fully consent or was not involved with the situation.

Public Goods
Synthetic information, including content taken by Deepfake, is shown and available to everyone in the public eye (characteristics of general public goods). Because of the easy and worldwide access, misinformation is spread rapidly quickly and sometimes out of control. In turn, lawmakers and governmental organizations create policies that control what is being put on the internet. One example that explicitly demonstrates content being "over-consumed" within society is "The Voice of April" event. The Voice of April was a day when numerous videos of Shanghai citizens were being censored and banned during Covid-19. However, because these videos were published on the Internet, it continued to circulate throughout China and some people even made different versions when the original content got deleted. Covered in MIT Technology Review, Zeyi Yang informed that videos being censored by the government were re-uploaded into copies and stored through outside social platforms. Due to the challenges faced by the open-access content published online, nations continue to implement more regulations in order to maintain verified information.

Negative Externalities
Video manipulation essentially creates fake scenarios that never happened. As a result of this act, many people can be impacted by synthetic information despite not being directly part of the scene. Jack Langa states in a Law Journal article that "a bad actor could take advantage of region's instability by using a deepfake to inflame a local population, which could lead to civilian casualties..." One example that showcases negative externalities from misleading/manipulated information is the January 6, 2021 attack on the US Capitol. This event led to approximately 140 police officers being assaulted (noted by the United States Department of Justice). However, Judy Woodruff declared in a PBS News Hours that the whole incident was caused by a big lie about election fraud in 2020. Even though the situation was based on manipulated content, it ultimately led to numerous officers being harmed in the process.

References

Video processing
Journalism controversies by media organ
Media manipulation

Video manipulation


The Herefordshire Pomona is a 19th-century catalogue of the apples and pears that were grown in the county of Herefordshire in England. It was one of the first attempts to fully catalogue the existing varieties of English fruit and has been called "a classic of late Victorian natural history". Only 600 copies were ever printed and originals now fetch high prices whenever they are sold.

Over a period of about ten years in the late 19th century, the Pomona Committee of the Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club of Hereford held an annual autumn show featuring the local varieties of apples and pears. The club members were worried that although Herefordshire was famous for its orchards "it was very remarkable that so few of the best varieties of apples should appear in the markets, or the fruit shops".  At the behest of the committee, Dr Robert Hogg, at the time Vice-President of the Royal Horticultural Society, author of The Fruit Manual, and editor of the RHS Journal; and local doctor and former president of the Woolhope club, Dr Henry Graves Bull, catalogued and described the fruit displayed at the shows. The descriptions were painstakingly illustrated over a period of eight years by Alice Blanche Ellis and Edith Elizabeth Bull, the latter of whom was Robert's daughter.

The book originally appeared in seven issues, the first part appearing in 1878 and the last in 1884, and included the 441 original watercolours produced by Alice and Edith of the different fruits, buds, blossoms of the cultivars and the blights which attacked them. The hand-coloured lithographs were done by the Belgian firm of G. Severeyns. Once complete the seven parts were collected together and published by Jakeman & Carver  as The Herefordshire Pomona Containing Original Figures and Descriptions of the Most Esteemed Kinds of Apples and Pears. 600 copies were published with pebbled green  covers, raised bands and gilt decorative panels. They have become highly sought after and originals can command prices of over £10,000, although the information is now available on CD at a fraction of the price.

References

1884 non-fiction books
British non-fiction books
Gardening books
Apples
Pears

Herefordshire Pomona


Ptolemy (c. AD 100 – c. 170) was an Alexandrian mathematician, astronomer, geographer and astrologer.

Ptolemy, Ptolemaeus or Tolomeo may also refer to:

People
 Ptolemy (name), the English form of the Greek name Πτολεμαῖος (Ptolemaios)

Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt
Any of 15 Greco-Egyptian pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty (305 BC–30 BC):

Also several dynasty members who ruled other territories, but not in Egypt:
 Ptolemy Apion, King of Cyrene (150–145 BC)
 Ptolemy Philadelphus (son of Cleopatra) (36 BC – 29 BC), King of Syria, Phoenicia, and Cilicia (34-30 BC)
 Ptolemy of Mauretania, client king of Mauretania (20–40 AD) for Rome

Early Greek rulers and generals
Ptolemy (King of Thebes) (12th century BC), the mythical ruler of the ancient Greek city of Thebes
Ptolemy of Aloros (ruled 368 to 365 BC), Regent of Macedon
Ptolemy (somatophylax) (died 334 BC), Macedonian bodyguard and general of Alexander the Great
Ptolemy (son of Seleucus) (died 333 BC), Macedonian bodyguard and general of Alexander the Great
Ptolemy (son of Philip) (4th century BC), Macedonian officer of Alexander the Great
Ptolemy (general) or Polemaios (died 309 BC), Macedonian general and nephew of Antigonus I Monophthalmus
Ptolemy (son of Pyrrhus) (295–272 BC), a son of king Pyrrhus of Epirus
Ptolemy of Epirus (reigned c. 237 BC – 234 BC), king of the Greek frontier kingdom of Epirus

Other people
Ptolemy Macron (fl. 2nd century BC), governor of Coele-Syria and Phoenicia
Ptolemaeus son of Glaucias (fl. 2nd century BC), ancient Egyptian hermit
Ptolemaeus of Commagene (201 BC - 130 BC), satrap and then first King of Commagene
Ptolemy son of Abubus, governor of Jericho (c. 130s BC) who betrayed the Hasmonean king Simon Thassi
Ptolemy (son of Mennaeus) (rule ended ca. 40 BC), governor of biblical Abilene
Ptolemaeus Chennus (2nd century AD), an Alexandrian grammarian
Ptolemaeus and Lucius (d. c. 165 AD), Christian martyrs
Ptolemy (gnostic) (c. 180 AD), a religious philosopher of Roman Italy and Gaul
Ptolemy-el-Garib (fl. c. 300 AD), a Peripatetic pinacographer whose Life of Aristotle
 Ptolemaeus Secundus ('Second Ptolemy'), a nickname for the Arab polymath Ibn al-Haytham (c. 965 – c. 1040)
Ptolemy I of Tusculum (d.1126), a count of Tusculum who asserted his family's descent from the Roman Julii
Ptolemy II of Tusculum (d.1153), a count of Tusculum who married Bertha, daughter of Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor
Ptolemaios Sarigiannis (1882–1958), a Greek Army officer
Ptolemy Tompkins (born 1962), an American author
Ptolemy Dean (born 1968), a British architect, author, and TV presenter
Ptolemy Slocum (born 1975), an American actor
Barry Ptolemy (born 1969), an American film director and producer

People named Tolomeo or Tolomei
Tolomeo da Lucca or Bartholomew of Lucca (c. 1236 – c. 1327), a medieval Italian historian
Bernard Tolomeo (1272–1348), founder of the Olivetan Roman
Tolomeo Gallio (1527–1607), an Italian cardinal
Tolomeo Faccendi (1905–1970), an Italian sculptor
Tolomeo Mwansa (1941-2014), a Zambian football goalkeeper
Giovanni Battista Tolomei (1653–1726), Italian Jesuit priest, theologian, and cardinal

Places

 Mount Ptolemy (Antarctica), a mountain in Graham Land, Antarctica
 Mount Ptolemy (Canada), a mountain in the Flathead Range of the Canadian Rockies

In space

Ptolemaeus (lunar crater), a crater on the near side of the Moon named after the astronomer
Ptolemaeus (Martian crater), a crater on Mars named after the astronomer
4001 Ptolemaeus, a Florian asteroid

Music
 Tolomeo ('Ptolemy'), an opera by Handel composed in 1728 about the life of Ptolemy IX of Egypt
 "Ptolemy", a track by Aphex Twin from the 1992 album Selected Ambient Works 85-92
The Ptolemy, a 1934 large reed organ built by the American composer Harry Partch
Ptolemaea, a song by Ethel Cain from her debut album Preacher's Daughter

Literature
Ptolemy's Gate, a 2005 book and last installment of the The Bartimaeus Trilogy, a fantasy series by the English author Jonathan Stroud
Ptolemaic Terrascope a magazine founded in 1989
 Ptolemy Tortoise, a character in the 1906 short story The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher by Beatrix Potter
The Last Days of Ptolemy Grey, a 2010 novel by Walter Mosley

Television
Ptolemaios and Ptolemaios 2, spacecraft in anime Mobile Suit Gundam 00 and film Mobile Suit Gundam 00 the Movie: A Wakening of the Trailblazer
The Last Days of Ptolemy Grey, a 2022 miniseries adapted from the novel by Walter Mosley

See also

Ptolemaeus (disambiguation)
Tolomeo (disambiguation)

Ptolemy (disambiguation)


Loughman (LOFF-mǝn) is a census-designated place (CDP) in the northeast corner of Polk County, Florida, United States, near the Osceola county line. The population was 1,385 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Lakeland–Winter Haven Metropolitan Statistical Area. This area has grown rapidly since 2000 due, in large part, to its proximity to Walt Disney World and the Orlando, Florida area.

Geography
Loughman is located at  (28.246002, −81.568470).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which  is land and  (1.33%) is water.

History
Loughman was settled shortly after the South Florida Railroad reached the area in 1883.  The place was originally named Lake Locke.

Loughman was on the route of the Dixie Highway, which ran parallel to the line of US 17/92 and was renamed Old Kissimmee Road (although it is named Old Tampa Highway north of the Osceola County line). A monument dated 1930 marks the Polk county line.  Nearby, some of the brick-paved highway remains.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,385 people, 546 households, and 369 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 1,088 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 80.65% White, 13.14% African American, 0.07% Native American, 0.51% Asian, 3.83% from other races, and 1.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.47% of the population.

There were 546 households, out of which 25.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.4% were non-families. 23.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.7% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 16.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $31,445, and the median income for a family was $34,063. Males had a median income of $20,160 versus $15,565 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,205. About 14.0% of families and 18.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 39.0% of those under age 18 and 6.6% of those age 65 or over.

Transportation
Loughman is on U.S. Highway 17/92, at the junction with Poinciana Parkway (opened in 2016) and Ronald Reagan Parkway (County Road 54).

Bus service is provided by Citrus Connection from Loughman to Posner Park (with connections to Haines City and Four Corners).

References

Census-designated places in Polk County, Florida
Populated places established in 1883
Census-designated places in Florida

Loughman, Florida


In Greek mythology, Alcimede (; Ancient Greek: Ἀλκιμέδη means 'mighty cunning') was one of the matrilineal Minyan daughters, the daughter of Clymene, Minyas' daughter. She was the mother of Jason by Aeson, King of Iolcus.  She met Aeson in the caves below Iolcus in Thessaly, a chthonic lair where the rightful king Aeson had been imprisoned by his evil half-brother Pelias. In some accounts, Alcimede was called the daughter of Autolycus; the same was said of Polymele, another possible mother of Jason.

Mythology
The old story of Alcimede's son Jason and the quest for the golden fleece is most familiar from a late version, the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes.

A hint of matrilineal descent in archaic times among the Boeotian Minyans of Greece is in Apollonius' aside concerning Jason's heritage:

"So many then were the helpers who assembled to join the son of Aeson. All the chiefs the dwellers thereabout called Minyae, for the most and the bravest avowed that they were sprung from the blood of the daughters of Minyas; thus Jason himself was the son of Alcimede, who was born of Clymene, the daughter of Minyas."

A further hint of archaic matrilineal descent is that Clymene's consort is offered in two versions: she was usually cast as the wife of Phylacus (son of Deioneus, son of Aeolus) or in some versions, Aeson was fathered by Cephalus, otherwise the consort of Procris.

Along with Aeson, Alcimede was forced by the usurping Pelias to commit suicide. She hanged herself or else drank, along with her husband and the child Promachus, of bull's blood and so died.

Notes

References

 Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica translated by Robert Cooper Seaton (1853-1915), R. C. Loeb Classical Library Volume 001. London, William Heinemann Ltd, 1912. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
 Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica. George W. Mooney. London. Longmans, Green. 1912. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
 Gaius Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica translated by Mozley, J H. Loeb Classical Library Volume 286. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1928. Online version at theio.com.
 Gaius Valerius Flaccus, Argonauticon. Otto Kramer. Leipzig. Teubner. 1913. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
 Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903.  Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.

Women in Greek mythology
Characters from Iolcus
Suicides in Greek mythology

Alcimede (mother of Jason)


Verapamil, sold under various trade names, is a calcium channel blocker medication used for the treatment of high blood pressure, angina (chest pain from not enough blood flow to the heart), and supraventricular tachycardia. It may also be used for the prevention of migraines and cluster headaches. It is given by mouth or by injection into a vein.

Common side effects include headache, low blood pressure, nausea, and constipation. Other side effects include allergic reactions and muscle pains. It is not recommended in people with a slow heart rate or heart failure. It is believed to cause problems for the fetus if used during pregnancy. It is in the non–dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker family of medications.

Verapamil was approved for medical use in the United States in 1981. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Verapamil is available as a generic medication. Long acting formulations exist. In 2020, it was the 151st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3million prescriptions.

Medical uses

Verapamil is used for controlling ventricular rate in supraventricular tachycardia and migraine headache prevention. It is a class-IV antiarrhythmic and more effective than digoxin in controlling ventricular rate. Verapamil is not listed as a first line agent by the guidelines provided by JAMA in JNC-8. However, it may be used to treat hypertension if patient has co-morbid atrial fibrillation or other types of arrhythmia.

Verapamil is also used intra-arterially to treat cerebral vasospasm. Verapamil is used to treat the condition cluster headache. Tentative evidence supports the use of verapamil topically to treat plantar fibromatosis.

Verapamil use in people with recent onset type-1 diabetes may improve pancreatic beta cell function. In a meta-analysis involving data from 2 randomized controlled trials (113 patients with recent onset type-1 diabetes), Dutta et al. demonstrated use of verapamil over 1 year was associated with significantly higher C-peptide area under the curve levels at 1-year [MD 0.27 nmol/L (95%CI: 0.19-0.35); P < 0.01]. Higher C-peptide levels means better pancreatic insulin production and beta cell function.

Contraindications
Use of verapamil is generally avoided in people with severe left ventricular dysfunction, hypotension (systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg), cardiogenic shock, and hypersensitivity to verapamil. It is also contraindicated in people with atrial flutter or fibrillation and an existing accessory tract such as in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

Side effects
The most common side effect of verapamil is constipation (7.3%). While the definite mechanism by which Verapamil causes constipation has not been studied, studies have been conducted to rule out mechanisms of actions that might yield this adverse effect. In a study conducted by  The National Library of Medicine titled, "Effect of Verapamil on the Human Intestinal Transit", the study found that verapamil does not have an effect on upper GI transit but rather in the colon.

Other side effects include dizziness (3.3%), nausea (2.7%), low blood pressure (2.5%), and headache 2.2%. Other side effects seen in less than 2% of the population include: edema, congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, diarrhea, fatigue, elevated liver enzymes, shortness of breath, low heart rate, atrioventricular block, rash and flushing. Along with other calcium channel blockers, verapamil is known to induce gingival enlargement.

Overdose
Acute overdose is often manifested by nausea, weakness, slow heart rate, dizziness, low blood pressure, and abnormal heart rhythms. Plasma, serum, or blood concentrations of verapamil and norverapamil, its major active metabolite, may be measured to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients or to aid in the medicolegal investigation of fatalities. Blood or plasma verapamil concentrations are usually in a range of 50–500 μg/L in persons on therapy with the drug, but may rise to 1–4 mg/L in acute overdose patients and are often at levels of 5–10 mg/L in fatal poisonings.

Mechanism of action
Verapamil's mechanism in all cases is to block voltage-dependent calcium channels. In cardiac pharmacology, calcium channel blockers are considered class-IV antiarrhythmic agents. Since calcium channels are especially concentrated in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, these agents can be used to decrease impulse conduction through the AV node, thus protecting the ventricles from atrial tachyarrhythmias. Verapamil is also a Kv voltage gated potassium channel blocker.

Calcium channels are also present in the smooth muscle lining blood vessels. By relaxing the tone of this smooth muscle, calcium channel blockers dilate the blood vessels. This has led to their use in treating high blood pressure and angina pectoris. The pain of angina is caused by a deficit in oxygen supply to the heart.

Calcium channel blockers like verapamil dilate the coronary blood vessels, which increases the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart. They also cause dilatation of systemic peripheral vessels as well, causing a reduction in the workload of the heart. Thereby reducing myocardial oxygen consumption.

Cluster headaches
Preventive therapy with verapamil is believed to work because it has an effect on the circadian rhythm and on CGRPs. As CGRP-release is controlled by voltage-gated calcium channels.

Pharmacokinetic details
More than 90% of verapamil is absorbed when given orally, but due to high first-pass metabolism, bioavailability is much lower (10–35%). It is 90% bound to plasma proteins and has a volume of distribution of 3–5 L/kg. It takes 1 to 2 hours to reach peak plasma concentration after oral administration. It is metabolized in the liver to at least 12 inactive metabolites (though one metabolite, norverapamil, retains 20% of the vasodilatory activity of the parent drug). As its metabolites, 70% is excreted in the urine and 16% in feces; 3–4% is excreted unchanged in urine. This is a nonlinear dependence between plasma concentration and dosage. Onset of action is 1–2 hours after oral dosage. Half-life is 5–12 hours (with chronic dosages). It is not cleared by hemodialysis. It is excreted in human milk. Because of the potential for adverse reaction in nursing infants, nursing should be discontinued while verapamil is administered.

Verapamil has been reported to be effective in both short-term and long-term treatment of mania and hypomania. Addition of magnesium oxide to the verapamil treatment protocol enhances the antimanic effect.

Veterinary use
Intra-abdominal adhesions are common in rabbits following surgery. Verapamil can be given postoperatively in rabbits which have suffered trauma to abdominal organs to prevent formation of these adhesions. Such effect was not documented in another study with ponies.

Uses in cell biology
Verapamil inhibits the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family of proteins found in stem cells and has been used to study cancer stem cells (CSC) within head and neck squamous cell carcinomas.

Verapamil is also used in cell biology as an inhibitor of drug efflux pump proteins such as P-glycoprotein and other ABC transporter proteins. This is useful, as many tumor cell lines overexpress drug efflux pumps, limiting the effectiveness of cytotoxic drugs or fluorescent tags. It is also used in fluorescent cell sorting for DNA content, as it blocks efflux of a variety of DNA-binding fluorophores such as Hoechst 33342. Radioactively labelled verapamil and positron emission tomography can be used with to measure P-glycoprotein function.

See also
 Gallopamil
 Tiapamil

References

External links

Antiarrhythmic agents
Calcium channel blockers
Catechol ethers
CYP3A4 inhibitors
Glycine receptor antagonists
Hepatotoxins
Isopropyl compounds
Nitriles
Pfizer brands
Phenethylamines
World Health Organization essential medicines
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Kadha Thudarunnu () is a 2010 Malayalam-language family drama film written and directed by Sathyan Anthikad. The film stars Jayaram, Mamta Mohandas, Anikha Surendran and Asif Ali . In the film, Vidyalakshmi struggles to lead a normal life with her daughter after the sudden death of her husband. However, meeting Preman, an auto-rickshaw driver, changes her life for the better.

Kadha Thudarunnu was Sathyan Anthikad's fiftieth film as a director and it was also the debut production of TrueLine Cinema's Thankachan Emmanuel.

Plot
Vidya Lakshmi (Mamta Mohandas), scion of a rich Hindu aristocratic family marries Shanavas (Asif Ali), a Muslim, against the diktats of both the families. Though happily married, their life is difficult. Few years pass by and the couple now has a daughter Laya (Baby Anikha), who is now in nursery. Despite strong financial troubles, Shanavas does his best to support his family. One rainy night, on his way to purchase mangoes for his daughter, some goons kill Shanavas, having mistaken him for someone else. Having nowhere to go, Vidyalakshmi tries her best to take care of her daughter. But the financial troubles force her to reduce her daily expenses, including the school bus for her daughter. Within a short time, she is asked to vacate the house, as there has been a long delay in payment of rent. Vidya Lakshmi, with nowhere to go, decides to sleep on Kozhikode Railway platform with her daughter. One fine morning, she catches an auto to drop her kid at school. Preman (Jayaram), the auto driver is a talkative and simple chap, with a sense of humor. But after traveling, she gets out of the auto and escapes without paying the cash. The next day, Preman finds her at the railway station, and when the fare is demanded, she explains her story to him, which makes him feel sympathetic to her. He brings Vidyalakshmi and her daughter to his colony. Vidya Lakshmi, within a short time, captures the hearts of the people at the colony. When Preman learns she was doing her MBBS when she married and had to give up studies after that, he advises her to sit for the final year exam. With the support of the colony residents, Vidyalakshmi does the MBBS examination and becomes a doctor. Her daughter, one day comes in contact with Shanavas' mother, who now wants her granddaughter returned. But Vidyalakshmi politely refuses. The elder brother of Shanavas then threatens her with the support of Moulavi, but Preman intervenes and forces them to go back. With the help of her friend, Vidhyalakkshmi gets a job in Kuwait and though not willing, she accepts it. She leaves for Kuwait with her daughter, promising to come back soon. Preman later sees an astrologer who says he has a chance of going abroad. Later Preman is seen waiting at the beach, looking for the next news from Vidyalakshmi.

Cast

Jayaram as Preman
Mamta Mohandas as Vidyalakshmi
Anikha Surendran as Laya
Asif Ali as Shanavas Ahammed (Shanu)
Innocent as Lasar, a lottery agent
Amith as Shahid
Mamukkoya as Mamachan
K.P.A.C.Lalitha as Omana
Chembil Ashokan as Narayanan
Shantha Kumari as Nancy, Lazar's wife
Lakshmi Priya as Mallika
Sreejith Ravi as Ratheesh
Vettukili Prakash as Venkiti
Manu Jose
Shruthy Menon as Deepa
Reshmi Boban as Razia
Manjusha Sajish as Usha
Sreedevi Unni as Shahida, Shanavas' mother
Murali Mohan as Swaminathan, Vidyalakshmi's father
Deepika Mohan as Radhika, Vidyalakshmi's mother
Praveen Prem as Harichandran
Ullas as Unni
Kalamandalam Radhika as Principal

Production
Jayaram  signed to play the main role. Anthikkad approached Vidya Balan to play the lead female role, but she could not take on the role of deadline issues.Meera Jasmine, who played a leading role in Sathyan's four back to back films came up, but finally Mamta Mohandas was signed to play the lead female role, this film became a turning point in her career.

Awards
 Kerala State Film Awards
 Second Best Actress - Mamta Mohandas

 13th Asianet Film Awards
 Best Screenplay - Sathyan Anthikad
 Best Cinematographer - Venu
 Best Lead Actor - Jayaram
 Best Supporting Actress - Lakshmi Priya
 Best Character Actor - Innocent
 Most Popular Actress - Mamta Mohandas
 Best Child Artist (Female) - Baby Anikha
 Best Male Playback Singer - Hariharan

Filmfare Awards
Best Actress - Mamta Mohandas
Best Male Playback Singer - Hariharan - "Aaro Padunnu"

Soundtrack

The soundtrack for the film was composed by veteran composer Ilaiyaraaja, with lyrics penned by Vayalar Sarath Chandra Varma.

References

External links

 Kadha Thudarunnu at Malayalam Movies

2010 films
2010s Malayalam-language films
Films with screenplays by Sathyan Anthikad
Indian interfaith romance films
Indian family films
Films about widowhood in India
Films shot in Kozhikode
Films directed by Sathyan Anthikad
Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja

Kadha Thudarunnu


Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology (SRIT) is one of autonomous engineering colleges in Pachapalayam, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. It was founded in 2002 by Sevaratna Dr.R.Venkatesalu. It belongs to the SNR and sons trust founded by Sevaratna Dr.R.Venkatesalu. It is affiliated to Anna University and AICTE. It offers six undergraduate and five postgraduate courses. The college became autonomous in 2017 and all courses were accredited by the NAAC and given "A" grade.

Campus

 Campus area  with built up area of 65,117 Sq.m.
 Computing facilities with 413 terminals
 Internet with dedicated lines
 Effluent treatment plant
 On–campus accommodation for boys and girls, capacity 1200
 Rural Health Centre with ambulance
 Transport: buses 15, cars 5.
 Language lab
 Anna University EDUSAT
 E learning Centre
 2 Spacious Seminar Halls

Programmes
The courses provided by the college are as follows:

B.E. Degree Programmes (four years, full-time)
 B.E. Civil Engineering (Accredited )
 B.E. Computer Science & Engineering (Accredited )
 B.E. Electronics & Communication Engineering (Accredited)
 B.E. Electrical & Electronics Engineering (Accredited)
 B.E. Mechanical Engineering (Accredited )
 B.Tech. Information Technology (Accredited )

Postgraduate programmes:

 M.E. Communication Systems
 M.E. Computer Science and Engineering
 M.E. Power Systems Engineering
 M.E. Construction Engineering and Management
 M.B.A. (Master of Business Administration)

Admission procedure
For undergraduate programmes - first year of study
 Admissions are on Single System
 Students ranked based on performance in +2 exam
 Admission for Management seats 35%

For undergraduate programmes - second year of study (Lateral entry)
 Strength – 10% of sanctioned seats in undergraduate programmes
 As per DOTE/Anna University norms.

For MBA programmes
 Single Window admission
 Students ranked based on performance in qualifying Degree and TANCET as per Tamil Nadu government regulations

Reservation policy as per Tamil Nadu Government rules.

External links
 Official website

Educational institutions established in 2002
Engineering colleges in Coimbatore
2002 establishments in Tamil Nadu

Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology


Evensong is a church service traditionally held near sunset focused on singing psalms and other biblical canticles. It is loosely based on the canonical hours of vespers and compline. Old English speakers translated the Latin word  as , which became 'evensong' in modern English. Typically used in reference to the Anglican daily office's evening liturgy, it can also refer to the pre-Reformation form of vespers or services of evening prayer from other denominations, particularly within the Anglican Use of the Catholic Church.

Structure

From Late Antiquity onwards, the office of vespers normally included psalms, the , a hymn, and other prayers. By the Early Middle Ages, it became common for secular clergy to combine vespers and compline. By the sixteenth century, worshippers in western Europe conceived 'evensong' as vespers and compline performed without break. Modern Eastern Orthodox services advertised as 'vespers' often similarly conclude with compline, especially as part of the all-night vigil.

When the English reformation produced the Book of Common Prayer, it provided a version of evensong that abbreviated the secular version of vespers and compline, drawing on the Use of Sarum. Nearly all its elements are taken from medieval service books, with only minor changes to the order in which they appear.

Music

Evensong was initially sung entirely to plainsong. Musicians gradually created polyphonic settings of its music, especially of the .

The first musical setting of the Book of Common Prayer, by John Marbeck, provided a simplified version of traditional chant settings. It remains unclear whether plainsong remained a common feature of evensong in the Church of England after the sixteenth century. Metrical psalms and Anglican Chant were also developed as alternate methods of singing the psalms and canticles.

In choral evensong, all of the service is sung or chanted by the officiating minister and a choir. In cathedrals, or on particularly important days in the church calendar, the canticles are performed in elaborate settings. In churches where a choir is not present, simpler versions of the psalms and canticles are usually sung by the congregation, sometimes with responses and collects spoken rather than sung. Said evening prayer services with the musical setting omitted are also sometimes referred to as evensong.

A number of composers have contributed settings of the canticles. These range from late Renaissance composers such as Thomas Tallis, William Byrd and Orlando Gibbons, through Victorian composers such as Charles Villiers Stanford, Thomas Attwood Walmisley to later masters of the form such as Herbert Murrill, Basil Harwood, Herbert Howells, Michael Tippett, Giles Swayne, and Arvo Pärt (who composed a Magnificat and Nunc dimittis at different times).

In High Church parishes, the service may conclude with Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament (or a modified form of "Devotions to the Blessed Sacrament") and the carrying of the reserved sacrament under a humeral veil from the high altar to an altar of repose, to the accompaniment of music.

The service may also include hymns.  The first of these may be called the Office Hymn, and will usually be particularly closely tied to the liturgical theme of the day, and may be an ancient plainchant setting. This will usually be sung just before the psalm(s) or immediately before the first canticle and may be sung by the choir alone. Otherwise any hymns normally come toward the end of the service, maybe one either side of the sermon (if there is one), or following the anthem. These hymns will generally be congregational.

Churches offering evensong

Great Britain

Most cathedrals of the Church of England, where the service originates, and a number of university college chapels (e.g. in the University of Cambridge, the University of Oxford; including Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford which is unique in the world for being both the college chapel for Christ Church, Oxford and a Cathedral Church for the Diocese of Oxford, the University of St Andrews, the University of Durham and King's College London) offer this service regularly, often daily. Most of the cathedrals of the Church in Wales and the Scottish Episcopal Church also offer choral evensong. Choral evensong is usually sung during term time; at other times, it is most often replaced with said Evening Prayer.

Aside from the cathedrals and collegiate chapels, evensong is also sung in many parish churches around England where there is a choral tradition. There may be a choral service each Sunday or less frequently, such as on a monthly basis or only on feast days in the liturgical calendar. Many churches in central London have a professional choir and have a weekly service of choral evensong, among them All Saints, Margaret Street, Holy Trinity Sloane Square, St Bartholomew the Great  and St Bride's, Fleet Street.

Ireland

Most of the larger churches and cathedrals of the Church of Ireland offer evensong. It is sung six times a week at St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, twice at Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, and once at Trinity College, Dublin. Additionally, although rarely, some parish churches hold evensong; however, this is most often replaced with Evening Prayer.

United States and Canada
Most of the larger cathedrals and large parishes of the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Church of Canada offer choral evensong. During the school year, Washington National Cathedral offers Evensong not only on Sunday afternoon, but also from Monday to Thursday, with the Girl Choristers and the Boy Choristers alternating. Saint Thomas Church on Fifth Avenue in New York City offers Evensong from Tuesday to Thursday during the school year, in addition to Sundays.

Evensong is also often offered at Episcopal seminaries as part of a chapel program. For example, General Theological Seminary currently offers Evensong.

Africa

Throughout the countries of Africa with a large Anglican presence, evensong is also offered, for instance in the Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos, Nigeria, St George's Cathedral, Cape Town, South Africa, and every Sunday at the St Cyprian's Cathedral, Kimberley, South Africa.

Australia and New Zealand

Most of the cathedrals of the Anglican Church of Australia offer choral evensong at least weekly, with St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne offering daily evensong. Likewise in the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia, evensong is offered at the cathedrals in Auckland, Nelson, Christchurch, Dunedin, and Wellington.

Asia

St John's Cathedral, Hong Kong
All Saints' Cathedral, Hong Kong
St Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore
St Mary's Cathedral, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Rikkyo All Saints' Chapel, Tokyo, Japan
Rikkyo St. Paul's Chapel, Saitama, Japan

Non-Anglican churches

The popularity of evensong has spread to other churches, particularly churches of the Presbyterian Church (USA) and United Methodist churches which use a formal liturgical worship style. Examples in the Presbyterian Church include Fourth Presbyterian Church (Chicago) and Independent Presbyterian Church (Birmingham, Alabama) both of which offer evensong services on a seasonal basis, as does Peachtree Road United Methodist Church in Atlanta, Georgia.

There are some Roman Catholic churches and abbeys in England offering choral evensong: These include Ampleforth Abbey, Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral, the Birmingham Oratory, Ealing Abbey, Leeds Cathedral, Downside Abbey, the London Oratory, and Westminster Cathedral.

Loyola University Maryland, a Jesuit Catholic university in Baltimore, Maryland, celebrates a half-hour evensong on Thursday evenings, although this has been temporarily suspended.

In Scotland, some larger churches (and former cathedrals belonging to the Church of Scotland) hold evensong, including Glasgow Cathedral, Paisley Abbey (2nd Sunday of each month), and Edinburgh Cathedral.

The Basilica of St. Nicholas in Amsterdam holds choral evensong on Saturdays.

Broadcasts

The BBC has, since 1926, broadcast a weekly service of Choral Evensong. It is broadcast (usually live) on BBC Radio 3 on Wednesdays at 15:30 and often repeated on the following Sunday. Between February 2007 and September 2008, the service was broadcast on Sunday only. The service comes live from an English cathedral or collegiate institution. However, it is occasionally a recording or is replaced by a different form of service or a service from a church elsewhere in the world or of another denomination. The most recent broadcast is available on the BBC iPlayer for up to a week after the original broadcast. There is also an archive available.

See also

 Morning Prayer (Anglican)
 Matins
 Vespers
 Anglican chant
 Anglican church music
 Service (music)

 Anglican devotions

Notes

Further reading

External links

 Choral Evensong
 Choral Evensong: BBC Radio 3 weekly broadcast
 SingTheOffice: evensong from the Book of Common Prayer set to plainsong
 Church of England daily prayer

Anglo-Catholicism
Book of Common Prayer
Christian liturgical music
Anglican liturgy
Evening

Evensong


Nature worship also called naturism or physiolatry is any of a variety of religious, spiritual and devotional practices that focus on the worship of the nature spirits considered to be behind the natural phenomena visible throughout nature. A nature deity can be in charge of nature, a place, a biotope, the biosphere, the cosmos, or the universe. Nature worship is often considered the primitive source of modern religious beliefs and can be found in pantheism, panentheism, deism, polytheism, animism, Taoism, totemism, Hinduism, shamanism, some theism and paganism including Wicca. Common to most forms of nature worship is a spiritual focus on the individual's connection and influence on some aspects of the natural world and reverence towards it. Due to their admiration of nature, the works of Edmund Spenser, Anthony Ashley-Cooper and Carl Linnaeus were viewed as nature worship.

Criticism of "Nature Worship"

English historian, Ronald Hutton, has been critical of the antiquity of Nature Worship since at least 1998 until the present.  He has argued that the gods of Ancient Mediterranean were not Nature Deities of any sort; rather, they were gods of "civilization and human activity," meanwhile the "Earth-Mother goddesses" are characterized by him as mere literary figures as opposed to deities, because he believes they lack any temples dedicated to them or a priesthood to serve them.  He strongly juxtaposes this view by differentiating ancient pagans from Neopagans and Wiccans who profess to be nature worshippers as an essential component of their faith, which he believes is unlike any other in recorded history.  Despite having been charged by New Zealand Wiccan, Ben Whitmore, with having disenfranchised those Neopagans "who feel kinship and connection" with the gods and pagans of the Ancient World, Prof. Hutton has reprised these views, virtually verbatim, in the second edition of his book, Triumph of the Moon.

Forms and aspects of nature worship

See also

 Goddess worship (disambiguation)

References

Spirituality

Nature worship


Dr. Nguyễn Xuân Ngãi  was born in South Vietnam. He is a Vietnamese American and serves as the Vice-Chairman of the People's Action Party of Vietnam.

Biography

He had served in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) as a young Medical Officer at Nguyen Van Hoc Hospital in Saigon.

During the Fall of Saigon, he was a Medical Officer. He chose to remain and protect his patients at the hospital in Saigon instead of trying to move to the US like others.

On April 30, 1975, he was imprisoned by the Communist Vietnamese government for three years and was released. He secretly left Vietnam and immigrated to the United States.

In 2002, he was invited by the Vietnamese government Public Health Ministry, to teach Vietnamese doctors the techniques of angioplasty and angiograms.

Dr. Nguyen Xuan Ngai's work was praised within the medical field in Vietnam and was reported by media networks throughout Vietnam. This alarmed the Vietnamese Communist when news spread throughout the media that Dr. Nguyen Xuan Ngai was also involved with an opposition organization known as the People's Action Party of Vietnam.

On March 1, 2002, Communist Police arrived at his hotel in Saigon and seized his passport, visa and airplane ticket. He was accused of having tried to overthrow the Vietnamese Communist government, a crime that can carry the death penalty.

There was an outcry by the Vietnamese Community in the United States and after one week he was eventually released and allowed to return to the United States.

External links
Dr. Ngai Nguyen, Vice-Chair of the PAP being detained by Vietnamese authorities during a medical mission in Vietnam Mercury News
Dr. Ngai Nguyen after a week of being detained by Vietnamese authorities during a medical mission in VN pg. 1
Dr. Ngai Nguyen after a week of being detained by Vietnamese authorities during a medical mission in VN pg. 2

Vietnamese people of the Vietnam War
Nguyen Xuan Ngai
Living people
People's Action Party of Vietnam politicians
Year of birth missing (living people)

Nguyễn Xuân Ngãi


Land Beyond the Map is a short science fiction novel written by Kenneth Bulmer. It originally appeared in the magazine Science Fantasy in 1961 under the title "The Map Country".  It was subsequently enlarged   and published by Ace Books in 1965. It was published in an Ace Double, which also contained another short novel, Fugitive of the Stars by Edmond Hamilton, on the opposite side.

Plot summary
Roland Crane, a wealthy map collector and dilettante archaeologist, is visited by Polly Gould, a cousin of an army friend who has disappeared. She is obsessed with locating a map of Ireland, torn down the middle, that her cousin discovered just before he vanished. This same map had formerly been in the possession of Roland and his family, and transported them into a strange alternate dimension. Polly believes the map holds the key to recovering her cousin, and that Roland can help her find it. Roland reluctantly agrees to help.

The two travel to Ireland and begin their search, soon learning that someone else, a mysterious and sinister man, also seeks the map. The mystery deepens when they witness the apparent abduction of another man by a strange "eye" in the sky. Finally they are offered the map at an enormous price by an old man who speaks of having used it to travel to another place, full of both treasure and terror. He fears to go back himself, as his son-in-law was trapped there.

Accepting the challenge, Roland and Polly buy and follow the map, and when they reach the place corresponding to the tear in the map, they are transported into the alternate dimension hinted at.

Though this novel bears some thematic similarities to Bulmer's later Keys to the Dimensions series, it is otherwise unrelated.

References

External links

 "Ace Double Reviews, 68: Land Beyond the Map, by Kenneth Bulmer/Fugitive of the Stars, by Edmond Hamilton (#M-111, 1965, $0.45)" - a book review by Rich Horton

1965 British novels
1965 science fiction novels
Novels by Kenneth Bulmer
Works originally published in Science Fantasy (magazine)
Ace Books books

Land Beyond the Map


The foreign exchange market (forex, FX, or currency market) is a form of exchange for the international trading of currencies. The foreign exchange market is also known to be the largest in the world with over $5.1 trillion being traded every day. The markets are also open 24 hours a day for 5 days a week and are some of the most active as traders from across the globe exchange currencies.

Retail Forex Market
While most forex is traded by large institutions, banks and corporations, there are a great many retail foreign exchange traders. These are traders that will trade on their own accounts and buy / sell forex in order to target a specific return. This has increased dramatically recently with internet usage and online trading platforms. In the moral context this practice is to be avoided as personal behavior and also considering potential damage to the real economy.

References

Economic markets
Currency

Foreign exchange market