Dr. Ranbir Singh Kanwar (20 December 1930 – 20 December 2005) was an eminent plant breeder and agronomist who helped usher in the green revolution in India (http://www.sugarcaneindia.com/r_s_kanwar.html). He obtained his Ph.D. from Ohio State University, Columbus under a joint Indo-US development program. His major contribution was in the area of breeding sugarcane varieties which yielded higher sugar and were early maturing. His most remarkable variety was Co.J. 64 which brought back the dwindling sugar industry in North India out of the doldrums in the 1970s (http://www.sugarcaneindia.com/pg3.html).

His most outstanding research contributions were the development of CO.J. 64, CO.J. 83 and CO.J. 85 (CO - Coimbatore, J - Jalandhar: Naming done by abbreviating these two cities in India where the varieties were bred, Flowering of sugarcane crop occurs only in Coimbatore's climate.) These are three exceptional early maturing high sugar content varieties:
Notable Contributions of Kanwar were:
 Introduction of polythene-bag technique for quick seed multiplication (http://www.sugarcaneindia.com/pg9.html).
 Inter-cropping technology with wider inter-row spacing (http://www.sugarcaneindia.com/pg10.html).
 Development of agro-techniques for raising successful ratoon crop from winter harvested crop and improved nitrogen use efficiency with soil applied insecticides.

He worked in the capacities of  Additional Director of Research (Agriculture), Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and as Director of Research (1979–1980) in Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur. He gave new directions to agricultural research in the two North Indian states. He also worked as Senior Sugarcane Consultant to Food and Agriculture Organization and undertook international assignments for sugarcane development in Pakistan, Nigeria and Congo.

He died of cancer on his 75th birthday in 2005.

References
Kanwar, R.S., et al., "Effect of Inter-Row Spacing on Tiller Mortality, Stalk Population and Yield of Sugar Cane", International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, vol. 2, 1974, 751–55.

External links
Australian  New Crops
CAT.Inist
Impact of Agricultural Research

Indian agriculturalists
Scientists from Punjab, India
1930 births
2005 deaths
Punjabi people

Ranbir Singh Kanwar


Don Juan is a legendary fictional libertine.

Don Juan may also refer to:

Persons
 John, Prince of Asturias (1478–1497), son of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon
 John, Prince of Girona (1509), son of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Germaine of Foix, died in infancy
 Don Juan Manuel (1282–1348), Castilian writer
 John of Austria (1547–1578), Don Juan de Austria, European admiral and general
 John of Austria the Younger (1629–1679), Don Juan de Austria the Younger, Prime Minister of Spain from 1677 to 1679
 Don "Magic" Juan (born 1950), American rapper
 Juan Carlos I of Spain (born 1938), king and head of state of Spain
 Juan de Borbón, Count of Barcelona (1913–1993), pretender

Places
 Don Juan, Dominican Republic, a town
 Don Juan Pond, a lake in Antarctica

Works inspired by Don Juan
See also .

Books
 El estudiante de Salamanca, a poem by José de Espronceda
 Don Juan (poem), a satiric narrative poem by Lord Byron
 Ibong Adarna (mythology), Philippine mythological story
 Don Juan, a short story by E. T. A. Hoffmann

Plays
 Don Juan (drama), a 1862 play by Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy
 The Trickster of Seville and the Stone Guest, a ca. 1630 play by Tirso de Molina
 Don Juan Tenorio, an 1844 play by José Zorilla
 Dom Juan, a 1665 play by Molière
 Don Juan (Brecht), an adaptation of the play by Bertolt Brecht
 Don Juan in Hell, excerpt of George Bernard Shaw's Man and Superman

Films and TV
 Don Juan (1913 film), a Dutch silent film directed by Léon Boedels
 Don Juan (1922 film), a German silent film directed by Albert Heine and Robert Land
 Don Juan (1926 film), an American Vitaphone film starring John Barrymore
 The Private Life of Don Juan, a 1934 British film starring Douglas Fairbanks, Merle Oberon and Benita Hume
 Adventures of Don Juan, a 1948 American film starring Errol Flynn
 Don Juan (1950 film), a Spanish film starring Antonio Vilar. Annabella and María Rosa Salgado
 Don Juan (1955 film), an Austrian musical film directed by Walter Kolm-Veltée
 Don Juan (1956 film), a French-Italian-Spanish comedy film directed by John Berry
 Don Juan (1969 film), a Czechoslovak short film written and directed by Jan Švankmajer
 Don Juan, or If Don Juan Were a Woman, a 1973 French-Italian film with Brigitte Bardot
 Don Juan (1998 film), a film written and directed by Jacques Weber
 Don Juan DeMarco, a 1995 American film starring Johnny Depp
 The Don Juans, a 2013 Czech comedy film directed by Jiří Menzel

Music
 Don Juan (ballet), a ballet by Ranieri de' Calzabigi, Christoph Willibald Gluck and Gasparo Angiolini
 Don Juan (musical), a 2004 musical by Félix Gary, revived in 2012
 Don Juan (Strauss), a 1888 tone poem by Richard Strauss
 Don Juan Triumphant, a fictional opera within Andrew Lloyd Webber's The Phantom of the Opera
 Réminiscences de Don Juan, an operatic fantasy by Franz Liszt
 "Don Juan" (Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich song), 1969
 "Don Juan" (Fanny Lu song) a song by Fanny Lu from the album Felicidad y Perpetua
 "Don Juan" (Ernesto Ponzio song)
 "Don Juan", a song by Pet Shop Boys from the album Alternative
 "Don Juan", a song by Suburban Legends from their self-titled EP
 The Don Juans (band), American folk music duo

Other uses
 Don Juan (horse), an Australian racehorse
 Donjuan (magazine), a Colombian lads' mag
 Don Juan Matus, medicine man from Sonora, Mexico, featured in books by Carlos Castaneda
 Don Juan, another name for a pickup artist, after the character

See also
 Don Juanism, non-clinical term for the desire, in a man, to have sex with many different female partners
 Don John (disambiguation), a similar name

Don Juan (disambiguation)


WMAS-FM (94.7 MHz), branded 94.7 WMAS, is a commercial radio station licensed to Enfield, Connecticut, and serving the Springfield metropolitan area and Pioneer Valley of Western Massachusetts.  It broadcasts an adult contemporary radio format and is owned by Audacy, Inc.  In the evening, it carries Intelligence for Your Life with John Tesh.  On Sunday mornings, it airs The Jim Brickman Show.  The studios are at the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield.

WMAS-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 50,000 watts, the maximum for most stations in Massachusetts.  It uses a directional antenna and broadcasts from a shorter tower than most Springfield FM outlets to avoid interference with co-owned WXBK, also on 94.7 FM, in the New York City radio market.  WMAS-FM's transmitter is in Springfield's Brightwood neighborhood, off Plainfield Avenue (U.S. Route 20) and near the Connecticut River.

History

Early years
WMAS-FM signed on the air in 1947 as the FM counterpart of WMAS (1450 AM). Both stations were owned by WMAS, Inc. and mostly simulcast their programming.

WMAS-FM was one of the first FM stations in Western Massachusetts.  The studios were in the Hotel Stonehaven and the stations' city of license was Springfield.

Progressive rock and disco
The simulcast ended in the late 1960s. WMAS-FM became a "freeform" radio station, playing a progressive rock format. The programs were hosted by youthful disc jockeys (DJs) who could choose whatever they wanted to play. Advertising revenue came from the hippie boutiques, head shops, concert venues, and music stores that catered to the counter-cultural youth of the day.

This freeform radio format ended in September 1969 after complaints were made about expletives in a Wild Man Fischer song. A protest movement, in part organized by the DJs, failed to save the format. From 1971 to 1973, the station programmed a tamer album rock sound, using the call sign WHVY.

In the mid 1970s, the WMAS-FM call letters returned. Both the AM and FM stations were mostly simulcast once again, with a full service, middle of the road music format. In 1978, WMAS-FM hopped on the bandwagon of the disco music sound, although it was short-lived.

Adult contemporary
In 1979, WMAS-FM began airing a soft adult contemporary format, a forerunner of what the station is today.
In June 2004, WMAS-AM-FM were sold to Citadel Broadcasting for $22 million; In January 2011, WMAS-FM agreed to change its city of license from Springfield to Enfield, Connecticut, to facilitate the relocation of WPKX (97.9) from Enfield to Windsor Locks; the deal, which allowed Citadel to use a generator owned by WPKX owner Clear Channel Communications in Albuquerque, New Mexico, did not require any changes to WMAS-FM's physical and studio facilities. Citadel merged with Cumulus Media on September 16, 2011.

The station won the Massachusetts Broadcasters Association Award for "Station of the Year" in 2012 and 2014. The Kellogg Krew Morning Show won the Massachusetts Broadcasters Association "Air Talent of the Year" award in 2013.

On February 13, 2019, Cumulus and Entercom announced an agreement in which WMAS-FM and WHLL, as well as WNSH in New York City, would be swapped to Entercom in exchange for Entercom's Indianapolis stations. Under the terms of the deal, Entercom began operating WMAS-FM under a local marketing agreement on March 1, 2019. The station's web presence moved to Radio.com a month later, along with its streaming. The swap was completed on May 9, 2019. Both Entercom and Radio.com changed their names to Audacy in 2021.

References

External links

MAS-FM
Mainstream adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
Audacy, Inc. radio stations
Radio stations established in 1947
1947 establishments in Massachusetts

WMAS-FM


Mancherath Thazhathethil Govindan (1919–1989) was an Indian writer of Malayalam literature and a cultural activist from Kerala, India. He was known for his writings as well as for his efforts in assisting Anand to publish his debut novel, Aalkkottam, and in the production of Swayamvaram, the debut movie of Dadasaheb Phalke laureate, Adoor Gopalakrishnan. His body of work comprises short stories, poems, articles and plays. He also wrote the screenplay for Nokkukuthi, a 1983 film by Mankada Ravi Varma.

Biography
Govindan was born on September 18, 1919, at Kuradadesham, in Thrikkanapuram, Ponnani, Malappuram district of the south Indian state of Kerala to Kothayath Manakkal Chithran Nampoothiri and Mancherath Thazhathethil Devaki Amma. His schooling was at Higher Elementary School, Kuttippuram, and A.V. High School, Ponnani but had formal education only up to 9th standard. He became a socialist, reading Why Socialism by Jayaprakash Narayan, given to him by the poet Idassery Govindan Nair, but never a Marxist. When his mother remarried Karunakaran Nair, a police official based in Chennai and moved there, Govindan also settled in that city. According to the biography of Govindan, written by his close associate M K Sanoo, Govindan never took part in freedom movement and shifted to Madras only because his mother got married again. In 1944 he joined Madras Information service, shifted to Kerala Information Department along with his friend A N Nambiar, after states re organization;  worked in the information service for 14 years. It was the British rule that recruited him, and the information service was propagating British views on Second World War. He was given a job at the recommendation of P Balasubramanya Mudaliar, Editor of Sunday Observer, mouth piece of the Justice Party. Govindan had  embraced the Radical Humanism of erstwhile Marxist M N Roy in 1939; both were against Gandhi and the Quit India movement. His friendship with Roy began when Roy, as Editor of Independent India, published Govindan's article, Caste and Class in South India. Subsequent exchange of letters made Govindan, a disciple of Roy. He had been in active politics prior to that and according to Sanoo, had written a couple of articles in leftist magazines such as Thozhilali and Rajyabhamani. C J Thomas met him in 1949, when he went to Madras and made an unsuccessful attempt to study MLitt, and joined the USIS. Their friendship ultimately bloomed in their joint effort against the first elected Communist Government in India, in the infamous liberation struggle, funded by the CIA. Govindan worked against the first Communist government of Kerala during 1957–1959, and exposed the Andhra rice scandal of that government, which was toppled by the CIA, according to the book, A Dangerous Place by Daniel Patrick Moynihan. Govindan organized several pamphlets against the government, one of which was written by Sanoo.In 1959, he resigned from service and concentrated on his intellectual career. He edited three magazines Navasahiti, Gopuram and Sameeksha and organised many academic forums for cultural debate. He spotted and groomed many young writers and artists through his magazines. He also wrote profusely both in Malayalam and English,  but his creative works were largely in Malayalam.

Govindan was married to Dr K C Padmavathy, who was a physician, and niece of artist K C S Paniker. It was a love marriage, both she and Paniker were Royists. She had participated in Guruvayoor temple struggle. She translated William Saroyan's The Human Comedy and six stories of Isaac Bashevis Singer. Govimdan died on January 23, 1989, at the age of 69, in Guruvayur, Kerala.

Legacy
Govindan's works include poems, short stories, plays, and essays. Besides, he wrote the screenplay for Nokkukuthi, a 1983 film by Mankada Ravi Varma, based on one of his own stories. While he was the editor of Sameeksha magazine, Anand wrote to him requesting for assistance for publishing his debut novel, Aalkkottamm and later Anand admitted that Govindan's intervention helped in the publication of the novel. His efforts have also been reported in the production and distribution of Swayamvaram, the debut movie of Adoor Gopalakrishnan.

Bibliography

Short stories

Poetry

Edited works

Essays

Works on M. Govindan

Sanoo M K ( 2002)/M Govindan, D C Books

References

External links

Indian male poets
Malayalam poets
1989 deaths
1919 births
20th-century Indian poets
People from Malappuram district
Poets from Kerala
20th-century Indian male writers

M. Govindan


Charles Henry Selick Jr. (; born November 30, 1952) is an American filmmaker and animator. He is best known for directing the stop-motion animated films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993), James and the Giant Peach (1996), Monkeybone (2001), Coraline (2009), and Wendell & Wild (2022). Selick is also known for his collaborations with the late voice actor and artist Joe Ranft.

Early life
Selick was born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey, the son of Melanie (née Molan) and Charles H. Selick. He was raised in Rumson. Selick did little but draw from ages 3 to 12. His fascination with animation came at a young age, when he saw Lotte Reiniger's stop-motion film The Adventures of Prince Achmed and the animated creatures of The 7th Voyage of Sinbad by Ray Harryhausen. He graduated from Rumson-Fair Haven High School in 1970.

After studying science at Rutgers University in New Brunswick and art at Syracuse University and Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design in London, Selick eventually enrolled at the California Institute of the Arts (CalArts) to study animation. He studied at the Program in Experimental Animation at California Institute of the Arts under the guidance of Jules Engel. His two student films there, Phases and Tube Tales, were nominated for Student Academy Awards.

Film work

Disney
After his academic studies, he went to work for Walt Disney Studios as an "in-betweener" and animator trainee on such films as Pete's Dragon and The Small One. During his time at Disney, he met and worked around the likes of Rick Heinrichs, Jorgen Klubien, Brad Bird, John Musker, Dan Haskett, Sue and Bill Kroyer, Ed Gombert, Andy Gaskill, and Tim Burton. Burton served as producer on Selick's first two films as director, the Disney-produced The Nightmare Before Christmas and James and the Giant Peach. Years later, Selick claimed he learned a lot to improve his drawing, animation, and storytelling skills from Disney legend Eric Larson.

Further work
Selick's third feature was Monkeybone, a live-action/stop-motion adaptation of an underground comic by 20th Century Fox. The film was a flop both commercially and critically. Selick, who animated the fictional sea creatures in Wes Anderson's The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou, signed on as animation director on Anderson's Fantastic Mr. Fox. In February 2006, Selick left the project, to work on Coraline for Laika. Selick, who kept in contact with Anderson, said the director would act out scenes in Fantastic Mr. Fox while in Paris and send them to the animators via iPhone.

Coraline (2009)
Selick's first feature with Laika was Coraline, based on the novella Coraline by acclaimed fantasy author Neil Gaiman, and released in 2009. It was the first ever stereoscopic 3D stop-motion animated film. The film received generally positive reviews from critics. Coraline was nominated for Best Animated Feature as an Academy Award, a BAFTA, and a Golden Globe.

Work with Pixar
Selick left Laika in 2009. In 2010, Selick joined with Pixar and The Walt Disney Company in a long-term contract to exclusively produce stop-motion films. This not only returned Selick to his original roots, but also reunited Selick with numerous former friends and co-animators. His new studio, called Cinderbiter Productions, was self-described as "a new stop motion company whose mandate is to make great, scary films for young 'uns with a small, tight-knit crew who watch each other's backs."

Selick and Cinderbiter's first film under this deal, a project called ShadeMaker, was set to be released on October 4, 2013. In 2011, the film was green-lit for production and retitled The Shadow King. In August 2012, it was reported that, after spending a reported $50 million, Walt Disney Pictures canceled the project, due to "a creative and scheduling standpoint, the pic wasn't where it needed to be to meet its planned release date." Selick now had the option to shop the project to another studio. Selick later revealed in interviews that the film suffered from interference from the then CCO of Pixar John Lasseter, who Selick claimed came in and constantly changed elements of the script and production that ended up ballooning the budget. In a 2022 interview, Selick said that he had reacquired the rights for The Shadow King from Disney and that he may revive the project.

On April 28, 2012, it was announced that Disney had optioned the rights for Neil Gaiman's novel The Graveyard Book. Later that same day, it was announced that Selick would direct the film after work was completed on ShadeMaker. It was unknown if the adaptation would be live-action or stop motion.  After the studio and Selick parted ways over scheduling and development, it was announced in January 2013 that Ron Howard would direct the film.

In February 2013, it was reported in a press release by Selick that K5 International would be handling sales for The Shadow King at the European Film Market. It was unknown when the film would actually be released. In August 2016, a rep for Selick said the film was "in turnaround again" while Selick continued work on his other two projects: A Tale Dark and Grimm and Wendell and Wild.

On October 16, 2013, Selick announced a live-action film adaptation of Adam Gidwitz's children's novel A Tale Dark and Grimm.

Wendell & Wild (2022)
On November 3, 2015, it was reported that Selick was developing Wendell & Wild, a new stop-motion feature with Jordan Peele and Keegan-Michael Key based on an original story by Selick. In 2018, the film was picked up by Netflix. The film was released on October 28, 2022, on Netflix.

Upcoming projects
In June 2017, Selick was reported to direct the pilot and subsequent episodes of a Little Nightmares TV adaptation produced by the Russo brothers.

Filmography

Short films

Feature films

Animator
The Small One (1978)

Others
 Pete's Dragon (1977) (inbetweener)
 The Watcher in the Woods (1980) (designer of the alien)
 Twice Upon a Time (1983) (sequence director)
 Return to Oz (1985) (storyboard artist)
 Nutcracker: The Motion Picture (1986) (visual adaptation)
 MTV ID's: "Gravity", "Masks '87", "Dollhouse M", "Bath for Dad", "Haircut M", "Xerox Bug" (1987–1990)
 Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) (inbetweener)
 The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004) (animation by)

Preservation
In 2012, the Academy Film Archive preserved several of Selick's short films: Phases, Seepage, and Tube Tales.

References

External links

1952 births
20th-century American artists
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
21st-century American artists
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American screenwriters
American animated film directors
American animated film producers
American animators
American film directors
American film producers
American male screenwriters
American storyboard artists
Animation screenwriters
Animators from New Jersey
California Institute of the Arts alumni
CAS Filmmaker Award honorees
Film directors from New Jersey
Living people
People from Glen Ridge, New Jersey
People from Rumson, New Jersey
Rumson-Fair Haven Regional High School alumni
Stop motion animators
Walt Disney Animation Studios people

Henry Selick


The Spanish Armed Forces are in charge of guaranteeing the sovereignty and independence of the Kingdom of Spain, defending its territorial integrity and the constitutional order, according to the functions entrusted to them by the Constitution of 1978. They are composed of: the Army, the Air and Space Force, the Navy, the Royal Guard, and the Military Emergencies Unit, as well as the so-called Common Corps.

Spain is one of the most militarily powerful nations of the European Union (EUFOR) and Eurocorps. It also occupies a prominent position in the structure of NATO, which it joined in 1982. It also has the oldest Marine Infantry in the world and the oldest permanent military units in the world: the Infantry Regiment "Inmemorial del Rey" No. 1 and the Infantry Regiment "Soria" No. 9.

History

After the long Reconquista ending in 1492, Spain evolved into Europe's foremost power with the voyages of Christopher Columbus the same year, leading to Spain acquiring vast lands in the Americas and conquering a number of overseas civilizations in the decades to come. The period of reconquest of Iberia had ended, and now Spain entered an era of overseas conquest spearheaded by conquistadors. The conquest of the Aztec Empire, the conquest of the Inca Empire and the conquest of the Philippines ensued propelling Spain to the foremost military superpower of the time. Spain was also victorious over the French in the Italian Wars, annexing southern Italy. During the reign of Charles V and Philip II, Spain reached the peak of its power with the Spanish Empire spanning 19.4 million square km of the earth's surface, a total of 13% being the first empire which the sun never sets. By the mid 17th century Spain had been militarily weakened by the Thirty Years War, the Eighty Years War along with financial problems, and the lack of reforms, though still holding firm to the bulk of the American Continent.

During the 18th century the new Bourbon dynasty revived Spain's economic and military power through a series of important reforms in the armed forces and the economy, notably those of Charles III of Spain. Thanks to these reforms, Spain performed well during the war of Jenkins' Ear defending overseas territory, won the war of Austrian Succession but had mixed result during the Seven Years' War. Spain had also led successful campaigns in the American Revolutionary War. Spain had recovered considerably by the outbreak of the French Revolution, by 1790, the Spanish Empire was the largest empire in the world. The occupation of a great part of Spain by the French during the Napoleonic Wars resulted in Peninsular War, which was characterized by use on a large scale of guerrilla troops, made necessary by the war's devastating effect on the Spanish economy. Although victorious in the Peninsular War over Napoleonic France, the Spanish military was in poor condition and political instability resulted in the loss of most of Spain's former colonies, who had rebelled against Spanish rule in the Spanish-American War for Independence, except Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. These too would be lost later in the Spanish–American War.

In the 20th century, the Spanish armed forces did not intervene in the First World War (neutrality) or in the Second World War (no active belligerence), although they did intervene in the Spanish Civil War and in some colonial conflicts. After the arrival of democracy in 1978, they underwent a strong modernization process, becoming modern armed forces. In 1982 Spain entered NATO.

Recently, in the last decades of the 20th century and the first decades of the 21st, Spanish troops have participated together with their Western allies in operations such as Gulf War, NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, KFOR, War on terror, 2011 military intervention in Libya, Combined Task Force 150 or UNIFIL, to name a few examples.

Today

Spain participated along with France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Denmark, the United States and Canada in the 2011 intervention against Muammar Gaddafi in Libya, contributing a tanker, 4 F/A-18 Hornet fighter jets, a frigate, a submarine and a surveillance aircraft, along with logistical support from the Naval Station Rota and the Morón Air Base.

Spain has belonged to NATO since 1982. The decision was ratified in the 1986 referendum by the Spanish people. The conditions were the reduction of American military bases, non-integration of Spain in the military structure of NATO, and the prohibition of introducing nuclear weapons in Spain.

Current missions
As of June 2017, 3,093 soldiers of the Spanish Armed Forces and the Civil Guard are part of the nineteen operations where Spain has an active role.

According to the National Security Department of Spain (DSN), these are the current missions of the armed forces and civil guard:

Missions with the European Union
EUTM Mali (2013–present): Advisory mission in the security and training sector of the Malian National Army. 130 deployed military personnel.
EUTM CAR (2016–present): Training mission of the Armed Forces of the Government of the Central African Republic. The Eurocorps is in charge of carrying out this mission. 19 military deployed.
EUTM SOMALIA (2010–present): Training mission of the Somali Armed Forces, with the cooperation of the UN and the African Union. 16 military deployed.
Operation Atalanta (2008–present): Mission to combat piracy in the Indian Ocean as well as protection of the UN food program. 338 deployed military.
EUFOR ALTHEA BOSNIA (2004–present): Advisory mission to the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 3 military deployed.
 EUNAVFOR MED-SOPHIA (2015–present): Mission to combat trafficking in human beings and prevention of loss of life in the Mediterranean. 261 deployed military personnel.
Missions with NATO
 Operation Sea Guardian (2016–present): Mission to fight against terrorism in the Mediterranean. 119 military deployed.
 SNMG1 / SNMG2 / SNMCMG2: NATO first-responder permanent naval units. 251 deployed military personnel.
 Baltic Air Policing (2004–present): Mission to protect the airspace of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. 128 deployed military personnel.
 Enhanced Forward Presence (2017–present): Mission of presence of NATO in the Baltic Sea region following the annexation of Crimea by Russia. 310 military deployed.
Operation Active Fence (2015–present): Mission to reinforce Turkey's air defense against the threat of ballistic missiles from Syria. 149 deployed military personnel.
 Missions with UN
 UNIFIL (2006–present): Peacekeeping Monitoring Mission between Lebanon and Israel. 620 soldiers and civil guards deployed.
 UN COLOMBIA (2016–present): Mission of observers of the peace process in Colombia. 14 deployed military personnel.
Coalition against Daesh
 INHERENT RESOLVE (2015–present): Training mission of Iraqi forces to fight the Daesh. 463 soldiers and civil guards deployed.
Security cooperation with France
Support for Mali-Senegal (2013–present): Military support to France to facilitate air transport of French and EU operations in Mali and Sahel. 61 military deployed.
Support for the Central African Republic (2013–present): Military support for France and the EU to facilitate air transport in its operations. 45 military deployed.
 National missions of cooperation with Senegal and Cape Verde
 Support for Senegal (2016–present): Cooperative security activities with other countries. 34 deployed military personnel.
 Support for Cape Verde (2016–present): Cooperative security activities with other countries. 59 deployed military personnel.

The Spanish Armed Forces also participated in the last few years in other missions, above all humanitarian and observation: in Albania in 1999, Mozambique in 2000, Republic of Macedonia in 2001, Haiti in 2004 and Indonesia in 2005. In 2006, Spain participated in Darfur, Sudan
by sending observers, and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Spain also participated in the Iraq War between 2003 and 2004, in Gabon and in Senegal to safeguard maritime traffic in the Horn of Africa (with 33 Civil Guards and national police officers, two patrol vessels and a helicopter). In 2015, 46 UME soldiers and 12 Civil Guards of the High Mountain Group went to help and rescue in the Nepal earthquake, along with six dogs, three scientific police and a Boeing 707 of supplies transport of the Air and Space Force.

The cost of these missions abroad amounts to approximately 800 million euros per year.

Command structure

The commander in chief of the Armed Forces is the King of Spain; with the ex officio rank of Capitán General in the Army, Navy and Air and Space Force. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 states in article 62(h) that the King of Spain shall have "supreme command of the Armed Forces"; however under article 64, all official acts of the King must be countersigned by the President of the Government (or other competent minister) to become valid.

The President of the Government (also known as Prime Minister in English translations), as the head of government, is responsible under article 97 for "domestic and foreign policy, civil and military administration and the defense of the State", and thus bears the ultimate responsibility before the Cortes Generales, and the Spanish electorate.

The Minister of defense is in charge of running the Ministry of defense, which carries out the day-to-day administration of the forces. The President of the Government and the Minister of defense are civilians. No provision in the Constitution requires the Government to seek approval from the Cortes Generales before sending the armed forces abroad.

The Chief of the Defense Staff  directs the Defense Staff and is the senior military advisor to the Minister and the Government. The military leadership of the three military services are: the Chief of Staff of the Army, the Chief of Staff of the Air and Space Force and the Chief of Staff of the Navy.

The structure, and incumbents , are:

  Commander in Chief: Capitán General of the Armed Forces the King of Spain, Felipe VI.
  President of the Government: The President Pedro Sánchez.
  Minister of Defence: Margarita Robles.
  Chief of the defense Staff: Admiral General Teodoro E. López Calderón.
 The Chiefs of Staff of the branches:
  Chief of Staff of the Army: Army General Amador Fernando Enseñat y Berea.
  Chief of Staff of the Navy: Admiral General Antonio Martorell Lacave.
  Chief of Staff of the Air and Space Force: Air and Space General Javier Salto Martínez-Avial.

Branches

The Spanish armed forces are a professional force with a strength in 2017 of 121,900 active personnel and 4,770 reserve personnel. The country also has the 77,000 strong Civil Guard which comes under the control of the Ministry of defense in times of a national emergency. The Spanish defense budget is 5.71 billion euros (US$7.2 billion) a 1% increase for 2015. The increase comes because of security concerns in the country.

Army
 Annex: Materials of the Spanish Army (Spanish wiki)
The Spanish Army consists of 15 active brigades and 6 military regions. Modern infantry have diverse capabilities and this is reflected in the varied roles assigned to them. There are four operational roles that infantry battalions can fulfil: air assault, armoured infantry, mechanised infantry, and light role infantry.

Navy

Under the command of the Spanish Admiral Chief of Naval Staff, stationed in Madrid, the Spanish Navy has four area commands:
 Cantabrian Maritime Zone with its headquarters at Ferrol on the Atlantic coast
 Straits Maritime Zone with its headquarters at San Fernando near Cadiz
 Mediterranean Maritime Zone with its headquarters at Cartagena
 Canary Islands Maritime Zone with its headquarters at Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.

The current flagship of the Spanish Navy is the amphibious assault ship/aircraft carrier . In addition, the fleet consists of: 2 amphibious transport docks, 11 frigates, 3 submarines, 6 mine countermeasure vessels, 23 patrol vessels and a number of auxiliary ships. The total displacement of the Spanish Navy is approximately 220,000 tonnes. As of 2012, the Armada has a strength of 20,838 personnel.

Marines

The Marines, in Spanish, Infanteria de Marina, are the marine infantry of the Spanish Navy, the oldest in the world. It has a strength of 5,000 troops divided into base defense forces and landing forces. One of the three base defense battalions is stationed with each of the Navy headquarters. "Groups" (midway between battalions and regiments) are stationed in Madrid and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. The Tercio (fleet — regiment equivalent) is available for immediate embarkation and based out of San Fernando. Its principal weapons include light tanks, armored combat vehicles, self-propelled artillery, and SPIKE antitank missiles.

Air and Space Force

Spanish Air and Space Force currently has 10 fighter squadrons, each with 18-24 airplanes. The Air and Space Force also has 15 operational air bases around the country. The Air and Space Force operates a wide-ranging fleet of aircraft, from fighters to transport aircraft and passenger transports to helicopters. It maintains some 450 aircraft in total, of which around 130 are fighter aircraft (Eurofighter Typhoons and F-18 MLU). The Spanish Air and Space Force is replacing older aircraft in the inventory with newer ones including the recently introduced Eurofighter Typhoon and the Airbus A400M Atlas airlifter. Both are manufactured with Spanish participation; EADS CASA makes the Eurofighter's right wing and leading edge slats, and participates in the testing and assembly of the airlifter. Its aerobatic display team is the Patrulla Aguila, which flies the CASA C-101 Aviojet.Its helicopter display team, Patrulla Aspa, flies the Eurocopter EC-120 Colibrí. In July 2014 the Spanish Air Force joined the European Air Transport Command, headquartered at Eindhoven Airbase in the Netherlands.

Common Corps
The Common Corps are four corps that provide professional services to all the branches of the Armed Forces and the Civil Guard. The Common Corps were created in the 1980s to unify the specialist corps of the different branches for operational reasons. The Common Corps are:
 Military Legal Corps
 Military Comptroller Corps
 Military Medical Corps
 Military Band Corps

Royal Guard

The Royal Guard (Guardia Real) is an independent unit of the Spanish Armed Forces whose primary task is the military protection of the King of Spain and the Spanish royal family. It also protects visiting Heads of State.

The Royal Guard's history dates back to medieval times, the Corps of Gentlemen of the Chamber, the "Monteros de Espinosa", dating to 1006.

It currently has a strength of 1,900 troops, constituting a fully functional combat unit drawn from the ranks of all three branches of the Spanish Armed Forces:  among others, a Marines company, a Paratroop company and an infantry company. Some units have served recently in Afghanistan and Bosnia.

Military Emergencies Unit

The Military Emergencies Unit (), is the most recently instituted branch of the Spanish Armed Forces, resulting from a decision of the Council of Ministers of Spain in 2005.

In addition to headquarters staff (, there are five emergency intervention battalions (, BIEM), a support regiment () and an aerial group ().

It is responsible for providing disaster relief principally throughout Spain but also if necessary abroad. The activities including handling natural hazards such as floods and earthquakes, forest fires, chemical and nuclear accidents, and other emergency situations recognized as such by the Prime Minister of Spain.

Citations

References

Further reading
 Jane's defense Weekly, Country Survey: Spain, JDW 18 April 1992, p. 655-onwards

External links
  Foro Militar General - Spanish Military forum

Military of Spain
Permanent Structured Cooperation

Spanish Armed Forces


Lucrezia Gonzaga di Gazzuolo (1522 – 11 February 1576) was an Italian noblewoman known for her literary talents, and  her association with Matteo Bandello. Bandello taught her mathematics, astronomy, rhetoric and logic, and wrote poetry in her honour, during his stay in Castel Goffredo at the court of Luigi Gonzaga. A volume of her letters was published in Venice in 1552, but some people believe Ortensio Lando was the author and not just the editor.

She was born in Bozzolo  to Pirro Gonzaga, lord of Gazzuolo, member of a secondary branch of the Gonzaga family, and Camilla Bentivoglio. At the age of 14 she married Paolo Manfrone, and is sometimes known as Lucrezia Gonzaga Manfrona. She died in 1576 in Mantua.

Works
Lettere della molto illustre sig. la s.ra donna Lucretia Gonzaga da Gazuolo con gran diligentia raccolte, & a gloria del sesso feminile nuouamente in luce poste. Venice, 1552 (Collected by Ortensio Lando?)
Lucrezia Gonzaga, Lettere. Vita quotidiana e sensibilità religiosa nel Polesine di metà '500, a cura di Renzo Bragantini e Primo Griguolo, Minelliana, Rovigo, 2009.

Sources
Ginevra Canonici Fachini, Prospetto biografico delle donne italiane rinomate in letteratura, 1824
Mary Hays, Female Biography; or Memoirs of Illustrious and Celebrated Women of all Ages and Countries (volume 4), 1803
Giuseppe Maffei, Storia della letteratura italiana, 1834

1522 births
1576 deaths
Lucrezia
Nobility of Mantua
Gonzaga, Lucrezia
16th-century Italian women writers

Lucrezia Gonzaga


Heinrich Düker (24 November 1898 - 8 November 1986) was a German psychologist, politician and professor.

Biography
Düker was born in Dassel, Lower Saxony. His father was a farmer. In World War I he was injured severely. He started to study psychology in 1919 at the University of Göttingen. He got his doctorate at that university in 1925. For four years, he studied organizational psychology for habilitation. Then he was docent at that university until 1935. The nazi regime imprisoned him for high treason from 1936 to 1939. From 1940 on he worked as psychologist in a business company in Berlin. In 1944 the nazi regime imprisoned him in Sachsenhausen concentration camp because he supported the german resistance politically. He survived that time and came back to the university of Göttingen in 1945. He was elected as mayor of Göttingen in 1946. In 1947 he refused to be reelected and continued with his career as psychologist instead. From 1947 to 1967 he was professor at the University of Marburg. His research covered themes in Experimental psychology, Neuropsychology, Educational psychology, Personality psychology and Volition.

Düker was awarded with an honorary degree by the University of Düsseldorf in 1975. Three years later he received the Wilhelm Wundt medal by the German society of psychology. Göttingen awarded him with its honorary_citizenship in 1985. Düker died in Saarbrücken.

References
 Lothar Tent: Heinrich Düker: Ein Leben für die Psychologie und für eine gerechte Gesellschaft. Pabst Science Publishers, Lengerich

External links
article about Heinrich Düker on the University of Marburg homepage (german)

1898 births
1986 deaths
German psychologists
Mayors of places in Lower Saxony
People from Northeim (district)
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
Academic staff of the University of Marburg
Sachsenhausen concentration camp survivors
20th-century psychologists

Heinrich Düker


The Action in the Oslofjord occurred late on 8 April 1940 in World War II. As Kampfgruppe 5 of the German invasion force proceeded towards Oslo, it encountered  Norwegian defences in the Oslofjord. During a short exchange that resulted in the first Norwegian casualty of the war, the Germans managed to push through down to Drøbak Sound, where they would face more determined resistance.

Prelude

In order to invade Norway, the Germans divided their naval forces into six groups. The fifth of these, "Kampfgruppe 5," was to pass through the Oslofjord and land troops in Oslo. The group consisted of the heavy cruisers  and Lützow, the light cruiser , the torpedo boats ,  and  and eight minesweepers. The ships were under orders not to open fire unless fired upon.

The outer parts of the fjord were guarded by the Oslofjord Fortress, established in 1914, made up of smaller forts at Bolærne and Rauøy.

Of the 11 guard ships operating out of Tønsberg,  would be tasked with patrolling the Oslofjord on the night of 8 April.
Requisitioned by the Norwegian Navy in 1939, Pol III was armed with a  gun and two machine guns. The ship had a crew of 15, including its commander Captain Leif Welding-Olsen.

Action
Shortly after 23:00 on 8 April, Lieutenant Hans Bergan of Pol III spotted the anonymous invasion force at the mouth of the Oslofjord. The patrol boat fired a warning shot, and closed with the German torpedo boat Albatros. Admiral Oskar Kummetz, having seen the patrol boat to his ships' port sides, ordered Albatros to intercept it. Captain Leif Welding-Olsen of Pol III had a short conversation with the commander of the German boat, Kapitanleutnänt Siegfried Strelow, who demanded his surrender, to which he refused. Realizing that Norwegian neutrality was going to be violated, Olsen radioed a warning to Horten Naval Base: "Alien ships incoming at high speed," fired flares for their coastal artillery (one white, two red, meaning "Enemy ships are forcing the line."), then ordered Pol III to ram Albatros.

Having just been rammed and seeing the guns manned on the patrol boat, Strelow ordered his ship's anti-aircraft batteries to open fire on the Norwegian ship. Captain Olsen was struck in the leg by machine gun fire and the ship was set ablaze. The order was given to abandon ship. The lifeboat was lowered into the water but overturned, so the crew was forced to cling to its sides. Weakened by blood loss, Olsen let go and drowned, becoming the first Norwegian casualty of the war. The surviving 14 crew were picked up by the invasion force and held captive.

At 23:30, Kampfgruppe 5 was spotted by Rauøy fort's searchlight. The southern battery of the fort fired two warning shots. At 23:32, Bolærne fort fired a single warning shot. At 23:35, Rauøy fort targeted the cruiser Blücher and fired four live rounds, but missed due to poor visibility. Shortly thereafter the ships disappeared from view in the mist, and contact was lost.

Aftermath

The Germans proceeded down the fjord towards Oslo. Rauøy forwarded Captain Oslen's original warning down to Oscarsborg Fortress, which was able to halt the Germans in the Battle of Drøbak Sound, sinking Blücher and severely damaging Lützow. Minesweepers and two torpedo boats detached from the main force would land troops in the area the next morning, and the Norwegians would withdraw from their forts over the next few days. Torpedo boat Albatros ran on shore and sank on 10 April west of Fredrikstad.

Following Oscarsborg's capitulation, the remainder of Kampfgruppe 5 would land in Oslo on 10 April. After signing an oath of non-belligerence, the captive Norwegians were released and allowed to return home.

HNoMS Pol III was left burning and adrift overnight. It rained and the fire burnt out on its own. The next morning the ship was discovered by the Norwegian patrol boat Skudd 2, and towed to Tønsberg, where it would be captured by the Germans.

References

Oslofjord
Oslofjord
1940 in Norway
1940s in Oslo
Norwegian campaign
April 1940 events

Action in the Oslofjord


Cancuén is an archaeological site of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization, It can be found in the Pasión subregion of the central Maya lowlands. It  is located in the present-day Guatemalan Department of El Petén.  The city is famous because it has one of the largest palaces in the Maya world.

Ancient Cancuén

Cancuén was a major city during the Classic Period. It reached its peak during the seventh century A.D.  The city was a major trade center. Especially jade, pyrite and obsidian were traded there.  Its strategic position on the Río Pasion helped it dominate trade in the region. Tajal Chan Ahk, one of the city's most powerful rulers, built the city's palace in 770 A.D.  The palace covered nearly 23,000 square meters and contained 200 rooms, making it the largest in the Maya area.  The city had two ball courts, a large marketplace and a dock on La Pasion River.  There are only few large temples or burial sites in the city; it is thought that the inhabitants of Cancuén worshipped and buried their dead in the mountains near the city. Several dozen bodies dressed in royal garments were discovered near the base of the central pyramid.  Investigations have shown that the bodies, including the city's ruler at the time, Kan Maax, had been executed and dumped in a cistern.  The massacre occurred around 800 A.D.,  at the time when the Mayan civilization collapsed.

References

Other websites
Maya Palace Uncovered
National Geographic: Archaeologist Uncover Maya "Masterpiece" in Guatemala
Photo Gallery and Site description

Archaeological sites in Guatemala
Maya civilization

Cancuén


A Cuban exile is a person who emigrated from Cuba in the Cuban exodus. Exiles have various differing experiences as emigrants depending on when they migrated during the exodus.

Demographics

Social class
Cuban exiles would come from various economic backgrounds, usually reflecting the emigration wave they were a part of. Many of the Cubans who would emigrate early were from the middle and upper class, but often brought very little with them when leaving Cuba. In response, Cuban exiles were pejoratively referred to by critics on the island as "gusanos". Small Cuban communities were formed in Miami, the United States, Spain, Costa Rica, Uruguay, Italy, Canada, and Mexico. By the Freedom Flights, many emigrants were middle class or blue-collar workers, due to the Cuban government's restrictions on the emigration of skilled workers. Many exiled professionals were unlicensed outside Cuba and began to offer their services in the informal economy. Cuban exiles also used Spanish language skills to open import-export businesses tied to Latin America. By the 1980s many businesses owned by Cuban exiles would prosper and develop a thriving business community. The 1980 Mariel boatlift saw new emigrants from Cuba leaving the harsh prospects of the Cuban economy.

Queer Cubans

Between 1965 and 1968, the Cuban government interned LGBTQ Cubans, along with others deemed deviant who would not or were not allowed to serve in military, into labor camps called the Military Units to Aid Production. Outside the labor camps, there would be prevalent discrimination and prejudiced ideation against LGBT members of Cuban society, and homosexuality would not be decriminalized until 1979. LGBTQ Cubans notably tried to escape the island either by enlisting in the Cuban military to be deployed abroad, or by emigrating in the Mariel boatlift where LGBTQ Cuban prisoners were specifically targeted by authorities to be given approval to emigrate.

The male exiles of the Mariel boatlift were depicted by the Castro administration as effeminate and often pejoratively addressed with homophobia by leaders. Revolutionary masculinity (machismo) and an association of homosexuality with capitalism had fostered homophobic sentiments in Revolutionary Cuban culture. This atmosphere had driven many LGBTQ Cubans to flee when Castro announced he would allow the exodus. By 1980 homosexuality was no longer criminalized by Cuban law, but queer Cubans still faced systemic discrimination. There was a social phenomenon of straight men pretending to be gay to pass the interviews required of applicants for the exodus, because it was believed that homosexuals were more likely to pass the panel held to determine if a person could exit from Cuba. Communities of gay exiles formed in the processing centers that formed for those applying for entry to the United States. These centers kept their gender populations segregated. As a result, a majority of reports of LGBTQ Cuban Exile communities in these centers were focused on gay male exiles. However, secondhand reports suggested parallel lesbian communities had formed in the women's population. Though United States law technically barred emigration into the country on grounds of homosexuality, exceptions were made for the exiles to support them as anti-communists. Only LGBTQ people who clearly and explicitly told the US immigration panel that they identified as such were denied entry to the United States.

Author Susana Pena has written about LGBTQ people in the Mariel boatlift and has speculated that their resettlement in Miami may have spurred on a revival of LGBTQ social life in Miami's South Beach.

Afro-Cubans
While fewer Afro-Cuban exiles arrived in the earlier waves of migration, Afro-Cuban presence was larger among the Mariel Boatlift and Balseros periods. Anywhere between 20% and 40% of Marielitos were identified as black. A substantial portion of Afro-Cuban exiles assimilated into the African American community, but some remain active in the Cuban-American community.

References

Cuban defectors
Cuban diaspora
Cuban expatriates
Cuban refugees

Cuban exile


On 12 February 2015, the Islamic State (IS) released a report in their online magazine Dabiq showing photos of 21 Egyptian Christian construction workers that they had kidnapped in the city of Sirte, Libya, and whom they threatened to kill. The men, who came from different villages in Egypt, 13 of them from Al-Our, Minya Governorate, were kidnapped in Sirte in two separate attacks on 27 December 2014, and in January 2015. A video was subsequently released showing their murder.

This was not the first time that Egyptians in Libya had been the subject of abuse for political reasons, a pattern that goes back to the 1950s.

In 2014, a militia group in eastern Libya declared its affiliation with IS and then took over parts of Derna in late 2014. People allied to the group claimed responsibility for attacks across the country, including the Corinthia Hotel attack in January 2015.

On 19 April 2015, IS released another video in which they murdered about 30 Ethiopian Christians.

The victims, all but one being members of the Coptic Orthodox Church, were formally declared saints and martyrs in February of 2015 by Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria. In 2023, Pope Francis announced that the 21 Coptic men murdered by IS would also be commemorated by the Catholic Church and listed within the Roman Martyrology in what was described as a major ecumenical decision. The martyrs are commemorated on February 15 (civil calendar) in both churches.

Video
On 15 February 2015, a five-minute video was published, showing the beheading of the captives on a beach along the southern Mediterranean coast. A caption in the video called the captives the "People of the Cross, followers of the hostile Egyptian Church". In the video, the leader was dressed in camouflage, while the other terrorists were dressed in black. The victims were all dressed in orange jumpsuits, as in many previous IS videos. The leader declared in North American English:

Oh people, recently you've seen us on the hills of Al-Sham [Greater Syria] and on Dabiq's Plain, chopping off the heads that had been carrying the cross delusion for a long time, filled with spite against Islam and Muslims, and today we... are sending another message: Oh crusaders, safety for you will be only wishes especially when you're fighting us all together, therefore we will fight you all together until the war lays down its burdens and Jesus peace be upon him will descend, breaking the cross, killing the swine. The sea you've hidden Sheikh Osama bin Laden's body in, we swear to Allah we will mix it with your blood.

In the moments before the beheadings (3'25" to 3'32" of the video) the audio records a number of them crying out "Ya Rabb Yesua!" ( ) and the caption reads  ('they invoke their idol and die in their paganism'), suggesting that they had been given a chance to convert to Islam but refused it: for this reason, the Coptic Church proclaimed them martyrs. After beheading the hostages, a message appears on the screen: "The filthy blood is just some of what awaits you, in revenge for Camelia and her sisters." This was referencing Camelia Shehata, a Coptic Egyptian woman and wife of a Coptic priest who Islamists believe had converted to Islam and was detained by the Coptic Church because of it; she later denied the claim. Finally the speaker declares "And we will conquer Rome, by Allah's permission, the promise of our Prophet, peace be upon him." pointing his knife toward the sea. As in other IS videos, the captives wore orange jumpsuits, intended as a reference to the attire of prisoners in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. The group of killers identified itself in the video as the Tripoli Province of IS. The leader of the squad performing the killings was identified as a Libyan expatriate who goes by the nom de guerre Al Qaqa'a Ben Omro.

The Coptic Church, the Egyptian government, and the Libyan parliament confirmed the deaths.

Later, when one of the perpetrators of the operation was arrested, he admitted in the investigation that the slaughter had taken place at the beach opposite Al Mahary Hotel in Sirte.

Aftermath
The president of Egypt Abdel Fattah el-Sisi announced a seven-day period of national mourning and called for an urgent meeting with the country's top security body. In a televised address, el-Sisi declared his country reserved the right to retaliate. He also reiterated an offer to facilitate Egyptians' evacuation from Libya and imposed a travel ban on citizens to Libya. Officials from Al-Azhar, a prominent mosque and learning center in Egypt, also condemned the incident. The killings were also addressed particularly by the United Nations Security Council, French President François Hollande and U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry. Pope Francis telephoned Pope Tawadros II to offer his condolences. At an ecumenical meeting with the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, Pope Francis stated "They only said 'Jesus help me...' The blood of our Christian brothers is testimony that cries out. Be they Catholic, Orthodox, Copts, Lutherans, it doesn't matter: They're Christian!" The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary provided €500 of financial support for each of the victims' families. Péter Szijjártó said "Hungary cannot be a bystander of the continuous attacks against Christian communities in the Middle East." The Obama administration was criticized for referring to the victims simply as Egyptian citizens rather than Christians, the express reason for their murder.

Egyptian airstrikes

At dawn on 16 February, the Egyptian military conducted airstrikes on IS facilities in Libya. The airstrikes targeted IS training locations and weapons stockpiles. All military aircraft returned safely to base. The Libyan Air Force also conducted strikes in Derna, occupied by an IS affiliate since 2014. About 40–50 militants and 7 civilians were reportedly killed.

Veneration
On 21 February 2015, seven days after their death, Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria canonized the 21 Coptic martyrs as saints in the Cathedral of the Martyrs of the Faith and Homeland in Samalut.

On 11 May 2023, Pope Francis met with Pope Tawadros II during general audiences to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Coptic Orthodox-Catholic agreement at Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome. In his speech, Francis announced that he intends to add the 21 martyrs to the Roman Martyrology. He said "these martyrs were baptized not only in water and the Spirit, but also in blood, with a blood that is a seed of unity for all followers of Christ. I am pleased to announce today that, with Your Holiness' consent, these 21 martyrs will be included in the Roman Martyrology as a sign of the spiritual communion uniting our two Churches."

During the audience, Tawadros II gave Francis relics with a small statue of the 21 martyrs and an egg-shaped coptic icon of the Holy Family. Upon receiving the relics, Francis said "I will try to make an altar in one of our basilicas in honor of the martyrs."

They are venerated as saints and martyrs both in the Oriental Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church, and their feast day is celebrated every year on 15 February of the Gregorian calendar. The commemoration falls on the feast of the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple which is 8 Amshir of the Coptic calendar.

21st victim
After the beheadings, the Coptic Church released the martyrs' names, but there were only 20 names. In the video, the 21st victim was of Black African descent, in contrast to the others, who were ethnic Copts. It was later learned that the 21st victim was named Matthew Ayariga and that he was from Ghana (a few sources say he was from Chad).

It is most likely that he was already a Christian, because sources reported that he said "I am a Christian and I am like them". In October 2020, Christian News Now reported that "Ayariga was a Christian migrant worker from Ghana". In the book The 21: A Journey into the Land of Coptic Martyrs, Martin Mosebach, who traveled to Egypt to meet the families of the martyrs, also states that Ayariga said "I am a Christian".

However, according to some unnamed sources, he was not originally a Christian, but saw the immense faith of the others, and when the terrorists asked him if he rejected Jesus he reportedly said, "Their God is my God", knowing that he would be killed.

When the remains of the 21 bodies were found, the bodies of the 20 Egyptians were returned into Egypt. On September 29, 2020, Ayariga's remains were received in Egypt by the new church in Al Our, the Church of the Martyrs of Faith and Homeland, a shrine built in honor of the martyrs. The family members of the other martyrs "expressed their joy at the return of the remains of the martyr [Matthew Ayariga]", saying "Our joy is complete." Majid Shehata, a daughter of one of the martyrs, said, "It was a surprise to all of us that we see the remains of the martyr Matthew inside the Church of the Martyrs, and this is a long-awaited news and all the families are in great joy and we thank God for having responded to us in the return of the martyr."

Return of the remains
After the expulsion of the IS fighters from Sirte, government authorities announced they had found the place where the bodies of the martyrs were buried. This was done after the government authorities and the Libyan army arrested one of the terrorists who was present during the slaughter. The Libyan Attorney General ordered cooperation with the Egyptian authorities to send DNA samples from the families of the martyrs to be compared with DNA samples from the remains.

Later, it was ascertained that the remains belonged to the martyrs after comparing the families' DNA samples sent by the Egyptian Forensic Medicine Authority with the DNA samples taken from the remains by the Libyan Forensic Medicine Commission.

On 15 May 2018, the remains of the 20 Egyptians were returned to the Church of Martyrs of the Faith and Homeland cathedral which was built for and named after them in Martyrs' Village (formerly Al-Aour, Al-Awar, or Al-Our; ), Minya governorate. A special shrine was built in which the remains were laid so that people can visit them. Churches and monasteries' bells were rung all over Egypt when the remains arrived at Cairo International Airport from Misrata Airport in Libya; celebrations of the return of the remains to their homeland. They were received by Pope Tawadros II, a large number of priests, Ambassador Nabila Makram, the Egyptian minister of immigration and Egyptians affairs abroad, and other state officials at the airport. A mass was held, presided over by Bishop of Samalut Anba Baphnotius.

One year later, on 25 July 2019, the Coptic Church officially requested the Libyan Embassy in Cairo ship Ayariga's body to Egypt. Anba Pavnotios dispatched an official delegation to meet Chargé d'affaires of the Libyan Embassy, Fawzy al-Mabrouk Tantoush.

The delegation included the priests of the Cathedral of the Martyrs of the Faith and Homeland in Al-Our, Friars Marcos Atef and Epiphanius Yunan, Nevine Ragy, General Manager of Schools and Projects of the Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Samalut, and Nader Shukry, Member of the board on the Church of the Martyrs of the Faith and Homeland, and coordinator of crisis management for the martyrs' families. The Libyan Embassy's social attaché Hussein Al-Bashir Shafsha also attended the meeting.

The Egyptian delegation handed Tantoush a letter from Anba Pavnotios requesting that the body of Ayariga be brought to Egypt "to be joined with his Coptic brothers in their final resting place". The Metropolitan said the Church would give all the necessary legal pledges and guarantees to honour the rights of all parties should his country ask to have him back.

In 2019, the Libyan government agreed to transfer Ayariga's body to Egypt. His remains were transferred to Egypt and laid to rest with the other martyrs at the end of September 2020.

Names

Source:

Book
The lives of the martyrs have been detailed in a book by Martin Mosebach called The 21A Journey into the Land of Coptic Martyrs.

See also
Persecution of Copts
Copts in Libya
List of Catholic saints
List of venerated persons from Africa
List of Coptic saints
Islamic State beheading incidents
Christian martyr
New Martyr

References

External links
 Updated list of the names of the new martrys of Libya

21st-century Christian martyrs
Coptic Orthodox saints
Roman Catholic saints
Egyptian Roman Catholic saints
Christian martyrs executed by decapitation
Christian saints killed by Muslims
Coptic history
Groups of Christian martyrs of the Late Modern era
ISIL terrorist incidents in Libya
Mass murder in 2015
People beheaded by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Persecution of Copts by ISIL
Terrorist incidents in Africa in 2015
Terrorist incidents in Libya
Victims of Islamic terrorism
2015 murders in Libya
21st-century venerated Christians

2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya


Wayne Jones (born 24 April 1965) is an English professional darts player who plays in Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) tournaments. He uses the nickname The Wanderer for his matches.

Career

Jones started his career in the British Darts Organisation in the late 1980s and reached the final of the British Open in 1990 (losing to Alan Warriner and the British Classic in 2000 (losing to Ritchie Davies) - but his best achievement was reaching the final of the prestigious Winmau World Masters in 1999 when Andy Fordham ended his hopes of a first major title.

He didn't make it to the Lakeside Country Club for the BDO World Championship until 2001, losing to Andy Fordham in the second round. He made it to the quarter-finals of the 2002 event by beating Tony Eccles and Ted Hankey but lost 1–5 to Martin Adams.

He then switched to the PDC and made his debut at their version of the World Championship in 2004. In 2006 he produced his best ever World Championship performance by reaching the semi-finals before losing to Peter Manley. In August 2010, he made his first PDC televised final appearance in the European Championships, losing to Phil Taylor. However this had guaranteed him a place in the Grand Slam of Darts in his home town of Wolverhampton in 2010 and 2011. At the 2010 tournament he produced quite a big upset in the quarter-finals by beating Scotland's number one Gary Anderson, having trailed throughout the match, his never give up attitude earning him the last three legs to take victory 16–15 in a thriller. By reaching the semi-finals of this competition where he lost to James Wade, it also guaranteed himself a place in the Grand Slam of darts for an extra year in 2012. He was beaten by James Wade in the semi-finals.

In 2012 he reached the last 16 of the PDC World Championship for the first time since 2006. He comfortably beat Scott MacKenzie and Roland Scholten, before being whitewashed, 0–4, to defending champion Adrian Lewis. At the Dutch Darts Masters, Jones produced an upset by beating Phil Taylor 6–5 en route to the quarter-finals, before losing to Paul Nicholson in the semi-finals. After all 33 ProTour events of 2012 had been played, Jones was 32nd in the Order of Merit, gaining the final spot for the Players Championship Finals. He produced a big shock by whitewashing number one seed Dave Chisnall 6–0 in the first round, before bowing out of the tournament 7–10 to Peter Wright.

Jones lost in the first round of the 2013 World Championship to Dutchman Jerry Hendriks 3–0, after being narrowly edged out of each set by two legs to three. He was whitewashed 5–0 by James Wade in the second round of the UK Open. Jones reached his first semi-final on the Pro Tour in almost a year in September's eighth Players Championship but was beaten 6–1 by Ian White. He continued his form by reaching another semi later in the month at the German Darts Masters in a run which included wins over Michael van Gerwen and Gary Anderson, before Mervyn King beat him 6–4. His recent surge in form saw him qualify for the World Grand Prix, where he faced King again and this time beat him by two sets to nil. Jones won the first set of his next match against Dave Chisnall but lost 3–1. Jones was involved in a deciding leg in the first round of the Players Championship Finals and left 36 only for his opponent Brendan Dolan to take out 126 on the bull to defeat him 6–5.

Jones lost 3–2 to Kevin McDine in the first round of the 2014 World Championship as he missed a total of 26 darts at doubles during the match. He dropped out of the top 32 on the Order of Merit afterwards as he was ranked number 33. Jones suffered a surprise 5–3 defeat to Jason Hogg in the second round of the UK Open. The only other major event Jones could qualify for during the year was the World Matchplay where he lost 10–3 to Andy Hamilton in the first round. He failed to advance beyond the last 16 of any event during 2014.

At the 2015 World Championship, Jones took a 2–1 set advantage over Dean Winstanley but lost the final two sets by three legs to one in a 3–2 defeat. It was his third first round exit in a row at the event. Jones lost in the second round of the UK Open 5–2 to Joey ten Berge. Three last 16 exits were the furthest he progressed in any tournament in 2015. Jones qualified for the Grand Slam, but lost each of his group fixtures against Michael Smith, Andy Fordham and Adrian Lewis.

Jones had played in every World Championship since 2005, but failed to qualify for the 2016 edition as he had dropped outside the last 32 on the Order of Merit, failed to win enough money on the Pro Tour and lost in the quarter-finals of the qualifier. A fifth successive second round exit in the UK Open occurred after he lost 6–5 to Andy Jenkins. His first quarter-final since 2013 came at the seventh Players Championship courtesy of defeating Ross Smith 6–1, Simon Whitlock 6–3, Vincent van der Voort 6–0 and Ian White 6–1. However, Jones lost 6–2 to Dave Chisnall. Jones dropped out of the top 64 during the year and played in Q School to try and earn a new Tour Card. He reached the last 32 on the third day, but over the course of event he did not win enough points and will not be able to play in the full schedule of PDC events in 2017.

However, Jones won back his tour card in 2018 after topping the Challenge Tour Order of Merit in 2017, which gave him another two years on the full PDC Circuit. Jones qualified for the 2019 PDC World Darts Championship, his first world championship in four years, as a qualifier on the ProTour Order of Merit. He drew the South-African born Devon Petersen in the first round. Jones went 2-0 down in sets but managed to level the match at 2-2, however Jones then missed six match darts in a last leg decider and lost the match 3–2 in sets.

Wayne Jones lost his Tour Card at the end of 2021 & Didn't manage to win it back at 2022 PDC Q School. As of this Wayne Jones was eligible to take part in the World Senior Events, He entered the qualifiers for the 2022 World Seniors Darts Masters and qualified on the 2nd day beating Robert Rickwood 6-4, When at Lakeside he beat Roland Scholten in the preliminary round 4-1 before losing in the Last 16 to Martin Adams 4-2

World Championship performances

BDO

 2001: Second round (lost to Andy Fordham 0–3)
 2002: Quarter-finals (lost to Martin Adams 1–5)

PDC

 2005: Second round (lost to Kevin Painter 2–4)
 2006: Semi-finals (lost to Peter Manley 0–6)
 2007: Second round (lost to Adrian Lewis 3–4)
 2008: First round (lost to Tony Eccles 0–3)
 2009: First round (lost to Robert Thornton 1–3)
 2010: Second round (lost to Simon Whitlock 0–4)
 2011: Second round (lost to Vincent van der Voort 2–4)
 2012: Third round (lost to Adrian Lewis 0–4)
 2013: First round (lost to Jerry Hendriks 0–3)
 2014: First round (lost to Kevin McDine 2–3)
 2015: First round (lost to Dean Winstanley 2–3)
 2019: First round (lost to Devon Petersen 2–3)
 2021: Second round (lost to Joe Cullen 0–3)

Career finals

Major finals: 2 (2 runners-up)

Career statistics

(W) Won; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Prel.) Preliminary round; (DNQ) Did not qualify; (DNP) Did not participate; (NH) Not held

Performance timeline

References

External links
PDPA profile

English darts players
1965 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Wolverhampton
Professional Darts Corporation former tour card holders
British Darts Organisation players

Wayne Jones (darts player)


White Mansions is a 1978 concept album written by English singer-songwriter Paul Kennerley which imagines the lives of American Southerners in the Confederacy during the Civil War. The songs were performed by country singers, each portraying different characters in an attempt to show the Confederacy and the concept of "Southern pride" through their eyes. The album's vocalists included Waylon Jennings, Jessi Colter, John Dillon and Steve Cash. Eric Clapton played guitar on several tracks. The album charted at #38 on the Country Billboard chart and #181 on the Billboard 200.

In his autobiography, Waylon Jennings claims Kennerley was inspired to compose the songs after hearing "Let's All Help the Cowboys (Sing the Blues)" on London radio, which had appeared on Jennings 1975 LP Dreaming My Dreams, and declared, "White Mansions is a lovely record, and it touched me in a deeply personal way, as a man whose house is built on a Civil War battlefield and a Southerner. Though it probably went over the heads of its intended audience, making the album was one of my most enjoyable experiences."

The album was re-released in 1999 in a two-for-one package with The Legend of Jesse James, a 1980 concept album conceived by Kennerley.

Characters
The four main characters portrayed in the album are:

Matthew J. Fuller (played by John Dillon) – The 23-year-old son of a Southern cotton planter, he received a full education in college and military academy. When the Civil War begins, he joins the Confederate Army infantry regiment as a captain.
Polly Ann Stafford (played by Jessi Colter) – Matthew's significant other; at the start of the war, she begins working in a hospital, tending to wounded and dying soldiers.
Caleb Stone (played by Steve Cash) – Representing the stereotype of "white trash", Caleb is a man who possesses neither a permanent job nor his own property or land, opting instead for accepting random jobs requiring little skill. He detests the powerful plantation owners of the South and fights against the Union to "preserve his superiority over the blacks".
The Drifter (played by Waylon Jennings) – The Drifter is the album's narrator. His real name is not known, but the listener is told that he was wounded fighting for Texas in the U.S.-Mexican War; during the Civil War, he doesn't participate in the fighting, traveling from town to town and commenting on the events that unfold instead.

In addition, a single brief track is performed by Rodena Preston's Voices of Deliverance credited as The Slaves; this, as is explained in the liner notes, is symbolic, in that, "despite the fact that they represented over a third of the population of the South, their voice was seldom heard".

Track listing
All songs written or co-written by Paul Kennerley; "White Trash" co-written by Bernie Leadon.

"Story to Tell (The Preface)" – 2:52
Performed by Polly
"Dixie, Hold On" – 3:14
Performed by The Drifter
"Join Around the Flag" – 2:16
Performed by Matthew
"White Trash" – 3:55
Performed by Caleb
"Last Dance and the Kentucky Racehorse" – 5:26
Performed by Matthew and Polly
"Southern Boys" – 2:58
Performed by Caleb
"Union Mare and the Confederate Grey" – 3:53
Performed by The Drifter
"No One Would Believe a Summer Could Be So Cold" – 2:59
Performed by Matthew
"The Southland's Bleeding" – 4:12
Performed by The Drifter
"Bring Up the Twelve Pounders" – 0:26
Performed by Matthew
"They Laid Waste to Our Land" – 2:33
Performed by Caleb, Matthew and The Drifter
"Praise the Lord" – 1:09
Performed by the Slaves
"The King Has Called Me Home" – 3:13
Performed by Caleb
"Bad Man" – 3:04
Performed by Matthew
"Dixie, Now You're Done" – 3:13
Performed by The Drifter

References

Waylon Jennings albums
Jessi Colter albums
1978 albums
Concept albums
Collaborative albums
A&M Records albums
Albums produced by Glyn Johns

White Mansions


Richard S. Hassan is a retired officer of the United States Air Force. He served as director of the Air Force Senior Leader Management Office in Crystal City, Virginia, overseeing career development for senior leaders in the Air Force. He is of Irish background.

Though Hassan was a brigadier general, the Secretary of the Air Force retired him in the lower grade of colonel shortly after he was found to have sexually harassed female subordinates, engaged in unprofessional relationships and created a hostile work environment. The revelations about Hassan surfaced shortly after a similar scandal involving former top Air Force Major General Thomas J. Fiscus and shortly before a scandal involving another high-ranking Air Force officer, Colonel Michael D. Murphy.

References

External links
Air Force Inspector General's report on Hassan

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
United States Air Force generals

Richard S. Hassan


Lamellar ichthyosis, also known as ichthyosis lamellaris and nonbullous congenital ichthyosis, is a rare inherited skin disorder, affecting around 1 in 600,000 people.

Presentation
Affected babies are born in a collodion membrane, a shiny, waxy-appearing outer layer to the skin. This is shed  10–14 days after birth, revealing the main symptom of the disease, extensive scaling of the skin caused by hyperkeratosis.
With increasing age, the scaling tends to be concentrated around joints in areas such as the groin, the armpits, the inside of the elbow and the neck. The scales often tile the skin and may resemble fish scales.

Collodion baby

In medicine, the term collodion baby applies to newborns who appear to have an extra layer of skin (known as a collodion membrane) that has a collodion-like quality. It is a descriptive term, not a specific diagnosis or disorder (as such, it is a syndrome).

Appearance and treatment at birth
The appearance is often described as a shiny film looking like a layer of Vaseline. The eyelids and mouth may have the appearance of being forced open due to the tightness of the skin. There can be associated eversion of the eyelids (ectropion).

Collodion babies can have severe medical consequences, mainly because the baby can lose heat and fluid through the abnormal skin. This can lead to hypothermia and dehydration. Strategies to prevent these problems are the use of emollients or nursing the baby in a humidified incubator. There is also an increased risk of skin infection and mechanical compression, leading to problems like limb ischemia. There is also a risk of intoxication by cutaneous absorption of topical products, for example salicylate intoxication (similar to aspirin overdose) due to keratolytics.

The condition is not thought to be painful or in itself distressing to the child. Nursing usually takes place in a neonatal intensive care unit, and good intensive care seems to have improved the prognosis markedly. The collodion membrane should peel off or "shed" 2 to 4 weeks after birth, revealing the underlying skin disorder.

The condition can resemble but is different from harlequin type ichthyosis.

Long term course

The appearance can be caused by several skin diseases, and it is most often not associated with other birth defects. In most cases, the baby develops an ichthyosis or ichthyosis-like condition or other rare skin disorder.

Most cases (approximately 75%) of collodion baby will go on to develop a type of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (either lamellar ichthyosis or congenital ichthyosiform erythrodema).

In around 10% of cases the baby sheds this layer of skin and has normal skin for the rest of its life. This is known as self-healing collodion baby.

The remaining 15% of cases are caused by a variety of diseases involving keratinization disorders. Known causes of collodion baby include ichthyosis vulgaris and trichothiodystrophy. Less well documented causes include Sjögren-Larsson syndrome, Netherton syndrome, Gaucher disease type 2, congenital hypothyroidism, Conradi syndrome, Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome, ketoadipiaciduria, koraxitrachitic syndrome, ichthyosis variegata and palmoplantar keratoderma with anogenital leukokeratosis. Since many of these conditions have an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, they are rare and can be associated with consanguinity.

Tests that can be used to find the cause of collodion baby include examination of the hairs, blood tests and a skin biopsy.

Associated medical problems
Overheating: The scaling of the skin prevents normal sweating so hot weather and/or vigorous exercise can cause problems ..

Eye problems: The eyelids can be pulled down by the tightness of the skin and this can make eyelids (but usually just the lower one) very red and they are prone to drying and irritation.

Constriction bands: Very rarely children with this condition can have tight bands of skin around their fingers or toes (usually at the tips) that can prevent proper blood circulation to the area.

Hair loss: Severe scaling of the skin on the scalp can lead to patchy loss of hair, but this is rarely permanent.

Genetics

This condition is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder, which means the defective gene is located on an autosome, and both parents must carry one copy of the defective gene in order to have a child born with the disorder. Carriers of a recessive gene usually do not show any signs or symptoms of the disorder.

One form of ichthyosis lamellaris (LI1) is associated with a deficiency of the enzyme keratinocyte transglutaminase.

Genes involved include:

Diagnosis

Treatments
As with all types of ichthyosis, there is no cure but the symptoms can be relieved.
 Moisturizers
 Prevention of overheating
 Eye drops (to prevent the eyes from becoming dried out)
 Systemic Retinoids (isotretinoin and acitretin are very effective, but careful monitoring for toxicity is required. Only severe cases may require intermittent therapy.)

Psychological therapy or support may be required as well.

See also
 Ichthyosis
 Congenital ichthyosiform erythrodema
 Bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma

References

External links

Genodermatoses
Rare diseases
Autosomal recessive disorders

Lamellar ichthyosis


Kurt Riezler (February 11, 1882 – September 5, 1955) was a German philosopher and diplomat. A top-level cabinet adviser in the German Empire and the Weimar Republic, he negotiated Germany's underwriting of Russia's October Revolution and authored the 1914 September Program which outlined German war aims during World War I. The posthumous publication of his secret notes and diaries played a role in the "Fischer Controversy" among German historians in the early 1960s.

Early life

Riezler was born in Munich in 1882 to a prominent Catholic family; his grandfather had co-founded the Bayerische Hypotheken- und Wechselbank (now HypoVereinsbank, UniCredit Group). He studied classics at the University of Munich and was granted his doctorate in economic history with highest honors in 1905. His prize-winning thesis on the Oikonomika, a classical Greek treatise once attributed to Aristotle, was soon published. After working as a journalist for the Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, a semi-official newspaper, he joined the press section of the German Foreign Office in 1907 and attracted the attention of Wilhelm II. When Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg became chancellor of Germany in 1909, Riezler became his chief adviser and confidant.

Political career

Riezler's duties in the chancellor's office concerned primarily, but not exclusively, foreign policy. In 1914 he authored the September Program which proposed as possible German war aims limited annexations, a hard peace for France, and a Belgian vassal state. In October 1917 he was posted to the German embassy in Stockholm to arrange a cease-fire on the Eastern Front, and then to Moscow as the top aide to Germany's ambassador to Russia, Count Wilhelm von Mirbach. Riezler was an eyewitness to Mirbach's assassination by the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries on 9 July 1918, having unwittingly ushered the gunman Yakov Blumkin into Mirbach's presence.

During this period, Riezler served as the conduit for German subsidies to the Bolsheviks and personally negotiated these with Lenin's representatives Karl Radek and Alexander Parvus. Riezler later claimed privately that it had been his own idea to transport Lenin in the famous "sealed train" from Zurich through Germany to Russia in April 1917.

Following the war, Riezler became a staunch supporter of the Weimar Republic. He joined the German Democratic Party, contributed regularly to the pro-Weimar newspaper Die Deutsche Nation, and served as the Foreign Office's representative during the drafting of the Weimar Constitution. From November 1919 until April 1920 he was chief of cabinet to President Friedrich Ebert and played a central role in suppressing the Bavarian Soviet Republic and the Kapp Putsch.

Academic career

In 1927 he was named Kurator of the University of Frankfurt, to which he attracted a distinguished faculty that included Ernst Kantorowicz, Adolph Lowe, Karl Mannheim, Paul Tillich, and Max Wertheimer. Riezler consequently played a crucial role in the 1930 inception of the Frankfurt School; for example, it was Riezler who recommended Herbert Marcuse to Max Horkheimer. Because of his concurrent appointment to the philosophy faculty, Riezler was also prominent in German philosophical circles. In 1929 Riezler sided with Martin Heidegger during the famous "Davos encounter" with Ernst Cassirer and wrote an eyewitness account of this event, "Davoser Hochschulkurse 1929," for the Neue Zürcher Zeitung.

Riezler was forced out of the university in April 1933 by the Nazis but, having been allowed by them to draw his pension, remained in Germany for the next five years, publishing books on aesthetics and Parmenides.

Emigration

In late 1938 he contacted the Kreisau Circle, an aristocratic anti-Nazi faction, and soon emigrated to the United States to accept a professorship in philosophy at the New School for Social Research. He was to remain at that institution until his retirement, interspersed with visiting professorships at Columbia University and the University of Chicago. During this period he became a close friend and colleague of the political philosopher Leo Strauss, who devoted the final chapter of his book What is Political Philosophy? to Riezler. Noting that Riezler's philosophy was "shaped by both the influence of Heidegger and the reaction to him," Strauss concludes that it "was ultimately because he grasped the meaning of shame and awe that Riezler was a liberal, a lover of privacy."

Kurt Riezler returned to Europe in 1954, lived for some time in Rome and died in Munich in 1955. He was preceded in death by his wife Käthe (1885-1952), daughter of the German impressionist painter Max Liebermann. His survivors included their daughter Maria, wife of Howard B. White (1912-1974), a New School professor of political philosophy who had been Leo Strauss's first graduate student; and his brother Walter Riezler (1878-1965), a prominent musicologist, art historian and associate of the Deutscher Werkbund.

Selected works
1906. Das zweite Buch der Pseudoaristotelischen Ökonomik. Berlin: Norddeutsche Buchdruckerei und Verlagsanstalt.
1907. Über Finanzen und Monopole im alten Griechenland. Berlin: Puttkammer & Mühlbrecht.
1913. Die Erforderlichkeit des Unmöglichen: Prolegomena zu einer Theorie der Politik und zu anderen Theorien. München: G. Müller Verlag
1914. Grundzüge der Weltpolitik in der Gegenwart (pseudonym J. J. Ruedorffer). Stuttgart & Berlin: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. Grundzüge der Weltpolitik in der Gegenwart (1914); Grundzüge
1920. Die drei Krisen; eine Untersuchung über den gegenwärtigen politischen Weltzustand (pseudonym J. J. Ruedorffer). Stuttgart & Berlin: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt.
1924. Gestalt und Gesetz; Entwurf einer Metaphysik der Freiheit. München: Musarion Verlag.
1928. "Die Krise der `Wirklichkeit`." Die Naturwissenschaften, 16
1929. Über Gebundenheit und Freiheit des gegenwärtigen Zeitalters. Bonn: F. Cohen.
1934. Parmenides. Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann.
1935. Traktat vom Schönen. Zur Ontologie der Kunst. Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann.
1936.  "The Homeric Simile and the Beginning of Philosophy". The St. John's Review: 71–80.
1940. Physics and Reality; Lectures of Aristotle on Modern Physics at an International Congress of Science. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Complete text here: Kurt Riezler's "Physics and Reality" 1940
1941. "Play and Seriousness." Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 38, No. 19
1943. "Comment on the Social Psychology of Shame." American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 48, No. 4
1943. "Homer's Contribution to the Meaning of Truth." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 3, No. 3
1943. "On the Psychology of Modern Revolution." Social Research, Vol. 10
1944. "The Social Psychology of Fear." American Journal of Sociology,  Vol. 49, No. 6
1944. "What Is Public Opinion?" Social Research, Vol. 11
1944. "Forward" to Max Wertheimer, "Gestalt Theory." Social Research, Vol. 11
1948. "The Historian and Truth." Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 45, No. 14
1949. "Reflections on Human Rights." Human Rights, Comments and Interpretations, UNESCO.
1951. Man, Mutable and Immutable: The Fundamental Structure of Social Life. Chicago: Regnery.
1954. "Political Decisions in Modern Society." Ethics, Vol. 64, No. 2

References

Further reading
 ; Neuausgabe 2008.

External links
Guide to the Letters of Kurt Riezler at the Leo Baeck Institute, New York.

1882 births
1955 deaths
Causes of World War I
German diplomats
20th-century German philosophers
German political philosophers
Germany–Soviet Union relations
Writers from Munich
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Philosophers of science
The New School faculty
German male writers

Kurt Riezler


Malak Karsh,  MPA.  (March 1, 1915 – November 8, 2001) was a Canadian photographer of Armenian heritage best known for his photographs of Canada and the Ottawa region.

Career
Born in Mardin, Ottoman Empire, a few months before the Armenian genocide, he emigrated to Canada in 1937 and began a career in photography with the help of his brother Yousuf Karsh and his uncle George Nakash, both accomplished photographers. Malak Karsh was one of Canada's most renowned photographers. He had many photographic exhibitions including exhibitions at the National Arts Centre, the Museums of Nature and History, the Ottawa Congress Centre, in Holland and other countries. His awards included the Order of Canada, the Keys to the City of Ottawa, the Whitton Award, the Professional Photographers of Canada's award as a Master of the Photographs Arts, the CAPIC Lifetime Achievement Award, Photographer of the Year, and the National Film Board of Canada's gold medal.

In 1952 Malak's fascination with Canada's Capital and the tulips that graced the city following Queen Juliana's gift of 100,000 tulip bulbs inspired Malak's to conceive of an annual tulip festival in Ottawa and working with the Ottawa Board of Trade the Canadian Tulip Festival was established in 1952. According to Ottawa mayor Bob Chiarelli, "He helped put Ottawa on the map. Probably the biggest and best brand for Ottawa was his tulips."  Malak was the honorary president of the festival at the time of his death.

In 1963, he took a picture of the floating logs on the Ottawa River, called Paper and Politics, which was put on the back of the 1969-1979 Scenes of Canada series Canadian $1 bill.

In 1996, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2005, the city of Ottawa established the Karsh Award, honouring Ottawa photo-based artists, in honour of Malak and Yousuf Karsh.

Library and Archives Canada have approximately 400,000 photographic images acquired in 1985 and 2015 from Malak's vast library of transparencies, negatives and prints. The images, captured between 1940 and 2001, include many colour photographs of Parliament Hill and the tulip festival, along with landscapes of Canada from sea to sea to sea. Other images feature Canadians at work in agriculture, forestry, industry and the arts.

Malak Karsh died on November 8, 2001, at the age of 86. He is buried in Maclaren Cemetery in Wakefield, Quebec.

Further reading

References

External links
 http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Malak_Karsh
 http://www.malakofottawa.ca

1915 births
2001 deaths
People from Mardin
Canadian people of Armenian descent
Ethnic Armenian photographers
Canadian photographers
Officers of the Order of Canada
Armenians from the Ottoman Empire
Armenian genocide survivors

Malak Karsh


John Korty (June 22, 1936 – March 9, 2022) was an American movie director and animator. He was best known for directing the television movie The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, the documentary Who Are the DeBolts? And Where Did They Get Nineteen Kids? and the animated movie Twice Upon a Time. He has won an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature (for Who Are the DeBolts?). Korty was born in Lafayette, Indiana. He won two Emmy Awards in 1974 and 1979.

Korty died on March 9, 2022 in Point Reyes Station, California at the age of 85.

References

1936 births
2022 deaths
Emmy Award winning directors
Academy Award winning directors
American animators
Movie directors from Indiana

John Korty


Charles Layman Terry Jr. (September 17, 1900 – February 6, 1970) was an American lawyer and politician from Dover, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party and served as Chief Justice of the Delaware Supreme Court as well as Governor of Delaware.

Early life and family
Terry was born at Camden, Delaware, son of Charles Layman Sr. and Elizabeth Maxon Terry. He attended Wesley College and the University of Virginia, receiving his law degree from Washington and Lee University. At Virginia, Terry was initiated into the Psi Chapter of the Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity.   Terry married Jessica Irby and had one child, Charles III. They were members of Christ Episcopal Church in Dover.

Professional and judicial career
Terry was admitted to the Delaware Bar in 1924 and practiced in Dover, serving as attorney for the Kent County Levy Court and the Delaware General Assembly. In 1936, he was appointed Delaware Secretary of State. He then served as associate justice of the Delaware Superior Court from December 7, 1938, until April 29, 1957, and, as President Judge from that date, until July 23, 1962. He was then appointed justice of the Delaware Supreme Court and in May 1963 became its Chief Justice, serving until 1964.

Henry R. Horsey and William Duffy in their article on the Delaware Courts described Terry's tenure as Judge as follows: "In his twenty-five years on the bench, Judge Terry, or just plain "Charlie" as he preferred to be called, was, through his knowledge of the legislative process and influence with the General Assembly, instrumental in obtaining numerous judicial reforms. These included an increase in judicial salaries and significant improvements in the judicial pension system, establishment of full-time Courts of Common Pleas in Kent and Sussex Counties, enduring support for the creation of the present separate Supreme Court of Delaware and extensive improvements and enlargements of the judicial facilities in both the Public Building in Wilmington and the Kent County Courthouse.

Governor of Delaware
Terry had political ambitions and with the support of the incumbent governor, Elbert N. Carvel, resigned as chief justice. He was elected as Governor of Delaware in 1964, defeating Republican David P. Buckson, a former acting governor.

As governor the former Justice instituted a major reform of the magistrate courts or justice of the peace court system, transforming a "court once ridden with politics and favoritism" into what eventually became "an efficient system of salaried, full-time judges sitting in a courtroom setting and conducting proceedings under uniform written rules of procedure." In particular, the practice of paying fees to these officials based on the number of cases was ended, and they came to receive a set salary. A second change occurred with the purchase of Woodburn, the official Governor's House. Governor Terry and his family were the first occupants. Terry's other major initiative was the founding of the Delaware Technical and Community College, with a campus in each county. The former judge was proving to be a very effective governor; as deft, charming, and authoritative as appropriate.

However, Delaware could not escape the key issues of the 1960s, particularly the issue of racial equality. In the Delaware General Assembly there were lengthy debates about equal housing, but no significant legislation could be agreed upon. In the streets of Wilmington, a few nights of shootings in 1967 resulted in a curfew and a liquor sales ban. Terry went to the Delaware General Assembly and demanded and received the authority to declare a state of emergency with crowd control powers. He immediately put the emergency into effect and although the violence was ended in a week, continued the emergency for another month. Then, a year later, real problems came with the murder of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968. A few days later Wilmington exploded in two days of self-destructive rioting, looting and burning. Terry again responded with an emergency declaration and sent the National Guard in to assist the city police. A week later, when the situation seemed under control, the mayor lifted the curfew and requested the withdrawal of the National Guard. Believing there was more violence to come, Terry refused. It was not until Terry left office, eight months later, that the National Guard was removed from the streets of Wilmington. While all this was simmering, students at Delaware State College in Dover shouted down Terry during a speech and briefly occupied the administration building. Terry responded by closing down the school for a month. Terry had become known by some as "The Great Divider."

Terry was not without considerable support for his notable accomplishments and for the way he handled the violence in Wilmington. He campaigned for a second term and only narrowly lost, believing an October heart attack and a rezoning dispute in Sussex County cost him the election. However, 1968 was a Republican sweep, and Russell W. Peterson, a chemist from New Castle County, was able to defeat the incumbent governor, undoubtedly helped by a large number of Democrats in Wilmington who were seeking new leadership to end the tension and violence.

Death and legacy
Terry died at Dover and is buried there in the Christ Episcopal Church Cemetery. The Charles L. Terry Campus of the Delaware Technical and Community College at Dover is named in his honor.

Almanac
Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1. The governor takes office the third Tuesday of January and has a four-year term. All judicial positions are appointed by the governor.

References

Images
Hall of Governors Portrait Gallery ; Portrait courtesy of Historical and Cultural Affairs, Dover.

External links
Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States
Delaware's Governors

The Political Graveyard
The Supreme Court of Delaware

Places with more information
Delaware Historical Society; website; 505 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19801; (302) 655-7161
University of Delaware; Library website; 181 South College Avenue, Newark, Delaware 19717; (302) 831-2965

1900 births
1970 deaths
American Episcopalians
People from Dover, Delaware
Delaware lawyers
Secretaries of State of Delaware
Democratic Party governors of Delaware
Associate Judges of Delaware
Chief Justices of Delaware
Burials in Dover, Delaware
University of Virginia alumni
Washington and Lee University School of Law alumni
Wesley College (Delaware) alumni
20th-century American lawyers
People from Camden, Delaware
20th-century American judges

Charles L. Terry Jr.