The Environment Agency (EA) is a non-departmental public body, established in 1996 and sponsored by the United Kingdom government's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, with responsibilities relating to the protection and enhancement of the environment in England (and until 2013 also Wales).

Based in Bristol, the Environment Agency is responsible for flood management, regulating land and water pollution, and conservation.

Roles and responsibilities

Purpose

The Environment Agency's stated purpose is, "to protect or enhance the environment, taken as a whole" so as to promote "the objective of achieving sustainable development" (taken from the Environment Act 1995, section 4). Protection of the environment relates to threats such as flood and pollution. The vision of the agency is of "a rich, healthy and diverse environment for present and future generations".

Scope
The Environment Agency's remit covers almost the whole of England, about 13 million hectares of land,  of river and  of coastline seawards to the three-mile limit which includes 2 million hectares of coastal waters. In a sharing arrangement with the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA), it also exercises some of its functions over parts of the catchments of the River Tweed and the Border Esk which are, for the most part, in Scotland. Similarly, in an arrangement with NRW, political and operational areas are not coterminus. NRW staff exercise responsibility for parts of the River Dee in England and EA staff exercise operational responsibility for those parts of the River Severn catchment in Wales.

Structure
The Environment Agency employs around 10,600 staff. It is organised into eight directorates that report to the chief executive.

There are two "policy and process" directorates. One deals with Flood and Coastal Risk Management and the other with Environment and Business. These are backed up by the Evidence directorate. The fourth directorate is a single Operations "delivery" unit, responsible for national services, and line management of all the regional and area staff.

The remaining directorates are central shared service groups for Finance, Legal Services, Resources and Communications.

In support of its aims, the agency acts as an operating authority, a regulatory authority and a licence authority.

Finance
The agency is funded in part from the UK government Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). Additional money is raised from the issuing of licences and permits such as abstraction licences, waste handler registrations, navigation rights and rod (fishing) licences.

Funding for asset management and improvement and acquisition of flood risk management assets has traditionally come from local authorities via flood defence committees. This was then effectively repaid by central government in later years as part of the Formula Spending Share. In 2005 this was simplified by making a direct transfer from Treasury to the Environment Agency in the form of flood defence grant-in-aid.

The Environment Agency's total funding in 2007–08 was £1,025 million, an increase of £23 million on 2006–07. Of that total, £629 million (61 per cent) was provided in the form of 'flood defence grant-in-aid' from government (£578 million for England and £50 million for Wales). In addition, £347 million (34 per cent) was raised through statutory charging schemes and flood defence levies; and a further £50 million (5 per cent) came from other miscellaneous sources.

In 2007–08 had an operational budget of £1.025 billion, of which £628m was grant from the agency's sponsoring government departments. Approximately half the agency's expenditure is on flood risk management, and a third is spent on environment protection (pollution control). Of the remainder, 12% goes to water resources, and 6% to other water functions including navigation and wildlife.

Overall governance
The Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs has the lead sponsorship responsibility for the Environment Agency as a whole and is responsible for the appointment of the chairman and the Environment Agency board.

In addition the Secretary of State is responsible for overall policy on the environment and sustainable development within which the agency undertakes its work; the setting of objectives for the agency's functions and its contribution to sustainable development; the approval of its budget and payment of government grant to the agency for its activities in England and approval of its regulatory and charging regimes.  Its chief executive is Sir James Bevan.

Sir Philip Dilley resigned as chairman on 11 January 2016, with Emma Howard Boyd becoming acting chair. Emma Howard Boyd took up the post of chair formally on 19 September 2016.

History
The Environment Agency was created by the Environment Act 1995, and came into existence on 1 April 1996. It had responsibility for the whole of England and Wales but with specifically designated border arrangements with Scotland covering the catchment of the River Tweed. It took over the roles and responsibilities of the National Rivers Authority (NRA), Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution (HMIP) and the waste regulation authorities in England and Wales including the London Waste Regulation Authority (LWRA). All of the predecessor bodies were disbanded and the local authorities relinquished their waste regulatory role. At the same time, the agency took responsibility for issuing flood warnings to the public, a role previously held by the police.

In 2010 a new national headquarters for the agency was opened at Horizon House in Deanery Road, Bristol. The building, which was designed by Alec French Architects, won the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment (BREEAM) Award for its environmentally friendly construction and operation which includes the use of sustainable materials, natural ventilation and cooling, photoelectric panels and rainwater harvesting.

On 24 April 2013, Horizon House suffered a fire leading to its closure for several weeks. An investigation into the fire found it was that result of workmen accidentally igniting the environmentally friendly cavity wall insulation on the ground floor and due to the design of the upward airflow the fire spread quickly in the inside of the wall leading to substantial smoke damage throughout. The building was quickly evacuated and the fire under control in under an hour. The resulting internal document proposed additional standards for the handling of materials that offer environmental advantages but may be considered more susceptible to ignition.

On 1 April 2013, that part of the Environment Agency covering Wales was merged into Natural Resources Wales, a separate body managing the Welsh environment and natural resources.

Flood and coastal risk management

The Environment Agency is the principal flood risk management operating authority. It has the power (but not the legal obligation) to manage flood risk from designated main rivers and the sea. These functions in relation to other rivers (defined as ordinary watercourses) in England are undertaken by local authorities or internal drainage boards. The Environment Agency is also responsible for increasing public awareness of flood risk, flood forecasting and warning and has a general supervisory duty for flood risk management.  the Environment Agency also has a strategic overview role for all flood and coastal erosion risk management. The term "Flood Risk Management" in place of "Flood Defence" recognises that managed flooding is essential to meet the requirements of a sustainable flood strategy. It is often not economically feasible or even desirable to prevent all forms of flooding in all locations, and so the Environment Agency uses its powers to reduce either the likelihood or consequences of flooding.

Activities to reduce likelihood of flooding
The Environment Agency is responsible for operating, maintaining and replacing an estimated £20 billion worth of flood risk management (FRM) installations. According to a report by consultants in 2001, these are estimated to prevent annual average damage costs of approximately £3.5 billion. The agency also invests in improving or providing new installations in areas where there remains a high risk of flooding, particularly where, because of the possible consequences, the damage risk is the highest.  The Thames Barrier was completed long before the EA was created but more recent examples of major defences against coastal flooding include the Medmerry managed realignment scheme in West Sussex in 2013.  Recent examples of major inland flood prevention schemes include the Jubilee River.

Activities to reduce consequences of flooding

The Environment Agency provides flood forecasting and warning systems and maintains maps of areas liable to flood, as well as preparing emergency plans and responding when an event occurs. The Environment Agency carries out an advisory function in development control – commenting on planning applications within flood risk areas, providing advice to assist planning authorities in ensuring that any development is carried out in line with the National Planning Policy Framework. The agency provides technical advice on the flood risk assessment that must be submitted with most planning applications in flood risk areas. The agency also runs public awareness campaigns to inform those at risk who may be unaware that they live in an area that is prone to flooding, as well as providing information about what the flood warning codes and symbols mean and how to respond in the event of a flood. The agency operates Floodline, a 24-hour telephone helpline on flooding. Floodline covers England, Wales and Scotland but not Northern Ireland, and provides information and advice including property flood-risk checks, flood warnings, and flood preparation advice.

In partnership with the Met Office it runs the Flood Forecasting Centre (FFC) which provides warnings of flooding which may affect England and Wales. Formed in 2009, the FFC is based in the Operations Centre at the Met Office headquarters in Exeter.

Environment and business
The agency is the main regulator of discharges to air, water, and land – under the provisions of a series of Acts of Parliament. It does this through the issue of formal consents to discharge or, in the case of large, complex or potentially damaging industries by means of a permit. Failure to comply with such a consent or permit or making a discharge without the benefit of a consent can lead to criminal prosecution. A magistrates' court can impose fines of up to £50,000 or 12 months imprisonment for each offence of causing or knowingly permitting pollution. If prosecuted in the Crown Court, there is no limit on the amount of the fine and sentences of up to five years imprisonment may be imposed on those responsible for the pollution or on the directors of companies causing pollution.

The agency has an important role in conservation and ecology specifically along rivers and in wetlands. More general responsibility for the countryside and natural environment in England falls to the organisation Natural England. The Environment Agency's activities support users of the rivers and wetlands, including anglers and boaters.

Climate change
The agency states that they take a "leading role in limiting and preparing for the impacts of climate change."

Air quality
The agency is a regulator for the release of air pollutants into the atmosphere from large, complex industrial processes. This will soon include emissions from some large-scale agricultural activities, but air pollutant releases from many agricultural activities will continue to be unregulated.

Major sources of air pollution, such as transport, are subject to various measures at the European, national and local level. Local authorities regulate air pollution from smaller industrial processes. The agency works with local authorities, National Highways and others to implement the UK government's air quality strategy in England as mandated in the Environment Act 1995. The Environment Agency has an Air Quality Modelling and Assessment Unit (AQMAU) that aims to ensure that air quality assessments for permit applications, enforcement and air pollution incident investigations are consistent, of a high standard and based on sound science.

Land quality
The agency is the regulatory authority for all waste management activities including the licensing of sites such as landfill, incineration and recycling facilities. It also regulates the movement of hazardous wastes such as fibrous asbestos, infectious clinical wastes and harmful chemicals. The agency issues environmental permits to waste management sites and any individuals or companies found to have caused pollution or have infringed their licence conditions can be prosecuted. In serious cases the Environment Agency has the power to revoke the environmental permits issued to sites that contravene the conditions of their permits stopping all waste handling activities.

Water quality
The agency has a duty to maintain and improve the quality of surface waters and ground-waters and, as part of the duty, it monitors the quality of rivers, lakes, the sea and groundwater on a regular basis. Much of this information is required by law under the provisions of a number of European Directives to be reported both to Parliament and to be made public. Some of these duties have been in force through predecessor agencies and as a consequence the agency maintains some long term data sets which in some cases such as the harmonised monitoring scheme exceed 30 years of consistent data collection.

Monitoring is also carried out of many discharges to the aquatic environment including sewage effluents and trade and agricultural discharges.

Water resources
The agency manages the use and conservation of water through the issue of water abstraction licences for activities such as drinking water supply, artificial irrigation and hydro-electricity generation. The agency is in charge of inland rivers, estuaries and harbours in England. Its remit also extends into Scotland in the River Tweed and River Solway catchments where special arrangements exist with SEPA to avoid duplication but retain management on a catchment basis.

Complex arrangements exist for the management of river regulation reservoirs, which are used to store winter water in the wetter parts of England to maintain levels in the summer time so that there is sufficient water to supply the drier parts of the country with drinking water.

Fishing

The Environment Agency fisheries service has a statutory duty to maintain, improve and develop migratory and freshwater fisheries as set out in the Environment Act 1995. The interpretation of this is set out in Ministerial guidance as:

•To ensure the conservation and maintain the diversity of freshwater and migratory fish, and to conserve their aquatic environment;

•To enhance the contribution migratory and freshwater fisheries make to the economy, particularly in remote rural areas and in areas with low levels of income; and

•To enhance the social value of fishing as a widely available and healthy form of recreation.

The Environment Agency has the power under the Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act 1975 to license fishing for salmon trout, freshwater fish, eels, lamprey and smelt and to set duties for the provision of fishing licences.

Fishing licence income along with a small amount of Grant in Aid (GiA) provides the funding to deliver the statutory duty to maintain, improve and develop freshwater and migratory fisheries, including the current fisheries service provided to recreational anglers.

The EA's funding principles mean that income from the sale of fishing licences is entirely ringfenced re-invested back into fisheries work.

Many of the societal and environmental outcomes the fisheries service currently deliver, and aspire to deliver on a greater scale, is through partnership working. Working with partners such as the Angling Trust, the Wild Trout Trust and the Riverfly partnership allows the EA to maximise fishing licence income through match funding to deliver against key benefits for fishing and fisheries across the country.

Income from fishing licence sales is used to fund vital work to improve and protect fish and fisheries. Income generated is invested directly back into the angling community, improving fish stocks, boosting opportunities for anglers as well as undertaking fisheries enforcement, habitat improvement and fish rescues when needed.
It is not used to fund wider water quality investigations or enforcement action. This is funded directly by government.

Navigation

After the Canal & River Trust, the Environment Agency is the second largest navigation authority in the United Kingdom managing navigation for  of England's rivers. The Agency's lock-keepers maintain and operate systems of sluices, weirs and locks to manage water-levels for navigation, and where necessary to control flooding. Annual spending to maintain these installations, with an estimated replacement value of £700M, is around £22& per annum. The agency uses the registration fees of some 31,000 craft on the waterways to provide some of the income.

The agency's responsibilities include the non-tidal River Thames, the Medway Navigation, River Wye and River Lugg, the Royal Military Canal and the Fens and Anglian systems. The Environment Agency is organising the Fens Waterways Link a major construction project to link rivers in the Fens and Anglian Systems for navigation. The first stage is the South Forty-Foot Drain.
Functions in relation to most canals are undertaken by the Canal and River Trust.

Other marine responsibilities
The Environment Agency is the harbour authority for Rye and the conservancy authority for the Dee Estuary. The Environment Agency has also published information about tidal bores, these being the Trent Aegir and the Severn bore.

Equipment and fleet

The EA operates a variety of machinery, equipment and transport fleet in order to carry out the specialised duties of its officers, namely in survey, incident response and monitoring. Due to the remit of the EA, this includes land vehicles, but also marine vessels and light aircraft.

Land

 Land Rover Defender
 Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV

Marine

 Sentry I, II, III (Cheetah Marine catamaran)
 Thames / Humber / Severn Guardian survey vessel

Air

 Reims-Cessna F406
 Cessna 404 Titan

Consultation and influencing

The agency uses its influence and provides education to change attitudes and behaviour towards the environment. Action, in several policy areas, is directed towards business and commerce at all levels, children in education, the general public and government and local government. This last area is quite distinct from the agency's statutory role to advise government.

In local government planning processes, the Environment Agency is a statutory consultee on all planning matters from county strategic plans down to individual planning applications. In reality only those applications judged to pose special risks to the environment are commented on in any detail. For many years the agency has been offering strong advice against the development of land in floodplains because of the risk of flooding. Whilst in some instances, this advice may not have been appreciated in its entirety, in a large number of cases this advice has been used to reach decisions on planning applications.

The Environment Agency is also an advisory board member of the River Restoration Centre at Cranfield University.

Advice to Government
Until the formation of the Environment Agency, the Government took specialist advice on the management of the environment from civil servants employed in appropriate ministries. This led to considerable duplication of effort and frequent disagreements between Government and the regulatory agencies. The Environment Agency now advises Government directly about those issues within its purview.

Organisation
The operational arm of the Environment Agency consists of 14 areas, all of which report to the Director of Operations. As of April 2014, the Environment Agency removed its regional level of administration (formerly Anglian Region, Midlands Region, North West Region, South East Region, South West Region and Yorkshire & North East Region) to be replaced by an "area once, national once" model. The 14 area names were also changed to better reflect the areas that they serve. The new area names are:

North
- North East
- Cumbria and Lancashire
- Yorkshire
- Greater Manchester, Merseyside and Cheshire

West and Central
- Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire
- East Midlands
- West Midlands
- Wessex
- Devon, Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly

South East
- East Anglia
- Hertfordshire and North London
- Thames
- Solent and South Downs
- Kent, South London and East Sussex

Criticism

Since the establishment of the Environment Agency several major flood events have occurred and the Agency has been the target of criticism. A number of reports have been produced which chart various developments in flood management.

Easter 1998 floods and Bye report
At Easter 1998, the equivalent of one months rain fell in the Midlands in 24 hours and flooding caused £400m damage and five deaths. In the light of criticism, the Agency commissioned a report from a review team under the Chairmanship of Peter Bye, a former chief executive of Suffolk CC. The report concluded that in many respects, the Environment Agency's policies, plans and operational arrangements were sound, and that staff did their best in extreme circumstances, but there were instances of unsatisfactory planning, inadequate warnings for the public, incomplete defences and poor co-ordination with emergency services. Specifically the report highlighted the flood warning system and said the scale of the damage could have been avoided if the agency had issued more advice to those living in the worst affected areas and noted  "People who do not understand what they can do to protect themselves when they are warned are not protected."

Autumn 2000 floods and Learning to Live with Rivers

In the Autumn 2000 floods, damage was reduced by flood defences and by timely warnings and evacuations where the defences could not hold back the water. As a result, 280,000 properties were protected from the floods, but over 10,000 properties were still flooded at an estimated cost of £1 billion. Defra commissioned an independent review by the Institution of Civil Engineers under George Fleming. The review was to consider methods of estimating and reducing flood risk and look at whether flood risk management could make more use of natural processes. Other terms of reference included the possible impact of climate change and experience of other countries. The resulting report entitled Learning to Live with Rivers specifically criticised a reluctance to use computer models and inadequate representation of the dynamic effects of land use, catchment processes and climatic variability. More broadly, the report noted that sustainable flood risk management could only be achieved by working with the natural response of the river basin and by providing the necessary storage, flow reduction and discharge capacity. It concluded that floods can only be managed, not prevented, and the community must learn to live with rivers.

June 2007 National Audit Office report

On 15 June 2007 the National Audit Office produced a report on the performance of the Environment Agency with respect to its administrative targets and information systems. The report highlighted that the Environment Agency had not reached its targets for maintaintaining flood defence systems and producing catchment area plans, and that since 2001 the general conditions of assets had not improved significantly. It concluded the agency could reduce the need for extra funding by improving cost effectiveness.

On the basis of the report, and to the background of the Summer 2007 floods, on 27 June 2007 the Committee of Public Accounts under Edward Leigh subjected the Environment Agency management to severe interrogation and concluded that the agency had "not delivered protection for the British people". Issuing a strong response, the chief executive rejected the charge that the Environment Agency has massively failed, as alleged in the commons public accounts committee, noting that in the last seven years, defences had been created to protect 100,000 homes in floodplains, numbers receiving flood warning had dramatically increased and greatly improved flood mapping and forecasting had been implemented.

Summer 2007 floods and the Pitt review

Following the 2007 United Kingdom floods, which left 13 people dead, 44,600 homes flooded and caused £3bn damage, Defra announced an independent review by Sir Michael Pitt.

The Environment Agency directors attracted criticism when it emerged that shortly before the floods they had received five-figure "performance bonuses", with numerous calls for the bonuses to be donated to flood relief funds. An opposition spokesperson raised a question over the timing of the release of the information—"just as MPs left for their 11-week summer recess—guaranteeing minimum parliamentary scrutiny".

Pitt's review, published in full in June 2008 contained 92 recommendations looking at all aspects of the "biggest civil emergency in British history". Of these, thirteen were directed at the Environment Agency, the first of which stated that the Environment Agency should take on a national overview of all flood risk (2). It recommended the Environment Agency should further develop its modelling tools and techniques working with its partners on such (4)(5), and also make flood visualisation data more accessible (36)(37). It recommended closer working with the Met Office (6)(34)(35)(65). The Agency should provide a more specific flood warning system for infrastructure operators (33), work with local responders to raise awareness in flood risk areas (61) and work with telecoms companies to roll out telephone flood warning schemes. Other recommendations were that the Environment Agency should continue its existing processes (8)(25).

The review also argued that the government's £800 million-a-year flood defence budget for 2010 to 2011 was "about right" but stated that money should be spent more wisely. Sir Michael Pitt said: "What we are arguing is that we were not well prepared last summer for the scale of flooding that took place."

After the 2007 floods, the present organisation of flood management in England and Wales, with a large number of separate bodies responsible for different components, was called into question. George Fleming, who chaired the committee which produced the Learning to Live with Rivers report argued that the Environment Agency had too many roles and faced too great a conflict between its roles as habitat protector and planning regulator and suggested it was time to break it up and create a dedicated Flood Management Agency. On leaving her post as CEO in June 2008 Barbara Young responded to these suggestions, predicting that the Pitt report was unlikely to recommend the break-up of the Environment Agency.

Winter 2013–14 floods

The Environment Agency and its then chair Chris Smith was involved with a row with Environment Secretary Owen Paterson and other members of the government, and landowners and residents in Somerset. The row focused on the flooding of the Somerset Levels and whether the River Parrett should be dredged.

Winter 2015–16 floods

The Environment Agency, responsible for main river maintenance, was criticised for failures which led to flooding following a period of heavy rainfall in December 2015 (Storm Desmond, Storm Eva) across northern England and parts of Scotland. In particular, the decision to open a barrier on the River Foss resulted in flooding of supposedly protected houses. This wasn't a decision taken lightly however, there was a strong chance the barrier could have broken down while closed leading to a much greater risk of flooding. Additionally, the Environment Agency was accused of misleading the public by stating that its chairman Philip Dilley was "at home with his family" when he was at his wife's family home in Barbados. In the days following the floods, it was reported that Agency staff responsible for protecting the UK from flooding were paid almost £300,000 in bonuses or received large payoffs in 2015, including the Environment Agency's publicity chief who led the press team who tried to cover-up their chairman's absence; Pam Gilder quit with a £112,000 pay-off.

The extent of damage caused in such a short period across wide areas has brought into focus the overall performance of UK central government flood defence strategies. Expensive flood defence systems were proven ineffective and in some cases appeared to increase the problem. Professor Dieter Helm, Chair of the UK government's Natural Capital Committee stated in January 2016: "Flooding crises tend to follow an established pattern. First, there is immediate help and assistance. Then second, there is a "review". On occasions, this leads to a third stage of genuine reform, but in most cases "sticking plasters" are applied. These are incremental and often sensible, but typically fail to address the core issues and hence provide only a temporary respite. There are very good reasons why "sticking plasters" will not work this time. The conventional approach to flood defence, carried out by the Environment Agency (EA), and financed largely by the Treasury, is at best inefficient. Sometimes it is even counterproductive, encouraging the sorts of land use and land management decisions that can actually make flooding worse in the medium term."

The House of Commons Select Committee for the Environment challenged the Chief Executive Officer of the Environment Agency on its performance by stating: "You [Sir James Bevan, CEO] said "The capacity of a river doesn't matter!" You've got to be certain the leopard has changed its spots. And I will keep repeating this. You haven't really given us an answer as to whether you have monitored the situation. I'm fearful. You allowed the River Parrett [Somerset] to silt up, you allowed the Tone to silt up, you allowed the tributaries to silt up, and then it flooded." The Committee added: "The EA don't provide [quotes for work] when doing projects so we can't compare like with like [with other project providers]. There is an argument for transparency on your spending... You say the right words and hold onto your power."

Sir Philip Dilley resigned as chairman of the Environment Agency on 11 January 2016. Dilley stated he was stepping down because "expectations" of his role have changed to mean he has to be "available at short notice throughout the year".

Past and present officers

Chairman:
Lord de Ramsey (1996–2000)
Sir John Harman (2000–2008)
Lord Smith (July 2008–September 2014)
Sir Philip Dilley (September 2014–January 2016)
Emma Howard Boyd (January 2016–September 2022)
Alan Lovell (from September 2022)

Chief Executive:
Professor Ed Gallagher (1995–2000)
Barbara Young, Baroness Young of Old Scone (2000–2008)
Paul Leinster (June 2008–September 2015)
David Rooke (acting, September 2015–November 2015)
Sir James Bevan (November 2015-March 2023)
John Curtin (acting, April 2023–June 2023)
Philip Duffy (from July 2023)

See also
 Infrastructure asset management
 List of environmental organisations
 List of estuaries of England
 List of rivers of England
 List of rivers of Wales
 Scottish Environment Protection Agency
 Natural Resources Wales
 UK Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling Liaison Committee
 UK Dispersion Modelling Bureau
 European Environment Agency

References

External links
 Environment Agency
 Scottish Environment Protection Agency

 NetRegs
 Environment agency warns government over climate change damage
 Environment Agency Collection, 1786-2010
 Environment Agency Flood Monitoring Cameras
 Environment Agency Fisheries Annual Report 2021-22

Related Acts of Parliament

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
England
Non-departmental public bodies of the United Kingdom government
Organisations based in Bristol
Organizations established in 1996
Water in Wales
1996 establishments in the United Kingdom
Regulators of the United Kingdom

Environment Agency


The Air Staff is one of the Department of the Air Force's two statutorily designated headquarters staffs: the other staff is the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force, also known as the Secretariat. The Air Staff is headed by the Chief of Staff of the Air Force (currently General Charles Q. Brown Jr.). The Air Staff is primarily composed of uniformed U.S. Air Force officials who assist the Chief of Staff in carrying out his dual-hatted role: as the principal military advisor to the Secretary of the Air Force, and as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

The Air Staff was reorganized in 2006 to be numbered in accordance with the Joint Staff system.  For the most part, the Joint Staff numbering system applies to the air staff. The Air Force separated Analysis and Assessments from A8 to create a separate directorate, A9, then in 2008, followed up with the creation of a separate directorate, A10, for the Air Force's nuclear mission.

Joint Staff organization

For reference, the organization of the Joint Staff follows.  See full article.

The Joint Chiefs of Staff organization includes the following departments where all the Joint Staff's planning, policies, intelligence, manpower, communications and logistics functions are translated into action.

National Level Command Structure
 DOM – Directorate of Management
 J1 – Manpower and Personnel
 J2 – Joint Staff Intelligence
 J3 – Operations (J3)
 J4 – Logistics
 J5 – Strategic Plans and Policy
 J6 – Command, Control, Communications and Computer Systems (C4)
 J7 – Joint Force Development
 J8 – Force Structure, Resources, and Assessment

Air Staff
 A1 – Manpower and Personnel
 A2 – Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance and Cyber Effects Operations
 A3 – Operations
 A4 – Logistics
 A5 – Plans and Requirements
 A6 – Communications
 A7 – Installations and Mission Support
 A8 – Strategic Plans and Programs
 A9 – Studies, Analyses, and Assessments
 A10 – Strategic Deterrence and Nuclear Integration Office

Multiple Air Force military commands follow this structure, but for the HQ Air Force at the Pentagon, they combine several into one office (A5/8 and A4/7).  In addition, unlike the other branches of the U.S. armed forces that place "force development and training" in J7 like elements (i.e., G7, N7, etc.), the Air Force has no A7 "training" organization at the HAF level, retaining that function within its A3 organization.

Members of the Air Staff

Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force (O-10)
Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force  (O-10)
Director of Staff of the United States Air Force  (O-9)
Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force (E-9)
Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel (A1) (O-9)
Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance, and Cyber Effects Operations (A2/6) (O-9)
Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations (A3) (O-9)
Deputy Chief of Staff for Installations, Logistics & Force Protection (A4/7) (O-9)
Deputy Chief of Staff for Strategic Plans & Requirements (A5/8) (O-9)
Chief Information Officer (SAF/CN) (Senior Executive Service)
Director for Studies & Analyses, Assessments and Lessons Learned (A9) (Senior Executive Service)
Deputy Chief of Staff for Strategic Deterrence and Nuclear Integration (A10) (O-9)
Judge Advocate General (O-9)
Surgeon General (O-9)
Director, Air Force History and Museums Policies and Programs (Senior Executive Service)
Chief of the Air Force Reserve Command (O-9)
Director of the Air National Guard (O-9)
Director of Tests and Evaluation (Senior Executive Service)
Chief of Chaplain Services (O-8)
Chief of Safety (O-8)
Sexual Assault Prevention and Response (O-8)
Chief Scientist of the U.S. Air Force (Senior Executive Service)

See also
Joint Chiefs of Staff

References

External links
Organization of the U.S. Air force
Countdown to A10 staff
Air Force Staff Restructures to Improve Joint Ops, Communication

Staff (military)
United States Air Force

Air Staff (United States)


Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: A Study of "Brainwashing" in China is a non-fiction book by psychiatrist Robert Jay Lifton on the psychology of mind control.

Lifton's research for the book began in 1953 with a series of interviews with American servicemen who had been held captive during the Korean War. In addition to interviews with 25 Americans, Lifton also interviewed 15 Chinese who had fled their homeland after having been subjected to indoctrination in Chinese universities. From these interviews, which in some cases occurred regularly for over a year, Lifton identified the tactics used by Chinese communists to cause drastic shifts in one's opinions and personality and "brainwash" American soldiers into making demonstrably false assertions.

The book was first published in 1961 by Norton in New York. The 1989 reprint edition was published by University of North Carolina Press. Lifton is a Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York.

Main points
In the book, Lifton outlines the "Eight Criteria for Thought Reform":
Milieu Control. The group or its leaders controls information and communication both within the environment and, ultimately, within the individual, resulting in a significant degree of isolation from society at large.
Mystical Manipulation. The group manipulates experiences that appear spontaneous to demonstrate divine authority, spiritual advancement, or some exceptional talent or insight that sets the leader and/or group apart from humanity, and that allows a reinterpretation of historical events, scripture, and other experiences. Coincidences and happenstance oddities are interpreted as omens or prophecies.
Demand for Purity. The group constantly exhorts members to view the world as black and white, conform to the group ideology, and strive for perfection. The induction of guilt and/or shame is a powerful control device used here.
Confession. The group defines sins that members should confess either to a personal monitor or publicly to the group. There is no confidentiality; the leaders discuss and exploit members' "sins," "attitudes," and "faults".
Sacred Science. The group's doctrine or ideology is considered to be the ultimate Truth, beyond all questioning or dispute. Truth is not to be found outside the group. The leader, as the spokesperson for God or all humanity, is likewise above criticism.
Loading the Language. The group interprets or uses words and phrases in new ways so that often the outside world does not understand. This jargon consists of thought-terminating clichés, which serve to alter members' thought processes to conform to the group's way of thinking.
Doctrine over person. Members' personal experiences are subordinate to the sacred science; members must deny or reinterpret any contrary experiences to fit the group ideology.
Dispensing of existence. The group has the prerogative to decide who has the right to exist and who does not. This is usually not literal but means that those in the outside world are not saved, unenlightened, unconscious, and must be converted to the group's ideology. If they do not join the group or are critical of the group, then they must be rejected by the members. Thus, the outside world loses all credibility. In conjunction, should any member leave the group, he or she must be rejected also.

Thought-terminating cliché

Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism popularized the term "thought-terminating cliché". This refers to a cliché that is a commonly used phrase, or folk wisdom, sometimes used to quell cognitive dissonance. Though the clichéd phrase in and of itself may be valid in certain contexts, its application as a means of dismissing dissent or justifying fallacious logic is what makes it thought-terminating.

Examples include "Everything happens for a reason", "Why? Because I said so" (Bare assertion fallacy), "I'm the parent, that's why" (Appeal to authority), "To each his own", "It's a matter of opinion!", "You only live once" (YOLO), and "We will have to agree to disagree".

Lifton said:
The language of the totalist environment is characterized by the thought-terminating cliché. The most far-reaching and complex of human problems are compressed into brief, highly reductive, definitive-sounding phrases, easily memorized and easily expressed. These become the start and finish of any ideological analysis.

In George Orwell's 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, the fictional constructed language Newspeak is designed to eliminate the ability to express unorthodox thoughts. Aldous Huxley's Brave New World society uses thought-terminating clichés in a more conventional manner, most notably regarding the drug soma as well as modified versions of real-life platitudes, such as "A doctor a day keeps the jim-jams away".

In her 1963 book Eichmann in Jerusalem, Hannah Arendt described Adolf Eichmann as a pseudo-intellectual who used clichés and platitudes to justify his actions and the role he played in the Jewish genocide of World War II. For her, these phrases are symptomatic of an absence of thought. She wrote "When confronted with situations for which such routine procedures did not exist, he [Eichmann] was helpless, and his cliché-ridden language produced on the stand, as it had evidently done in his official life, a kind of macabre comedy. Clichés, stock phrases, adherence to conventional, standardized codes of expression and conduct have the socially recognized function of protecting us against reality, that is, against the claim on our thinking attention that all events and facts make by their existence."

See also
 Buzzword
 Cult
 Indoctrination
 Loaded language
 Mind control
 Platitude
 Propaganda
 Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)
 Struggle session

References

External links
Lifton's Thought Reform, describes Lifton's eight methods
Thought reform and the psychology of totalism; a study of "brainwashing" in China

Books about mind control
1961 non-fiction books
W. W. Norton & Company books
Books about China


Jean Bosler (24 March 1878, Angers – 25 September 1973, Marseille) was a French astronomer and author of several books.

Recruited by Deslandres as an astronomer at l'observatoire de Paris, Bosler discovered in 1908 in the spectrum of Comet Morehouse the spectral lines of ionized nitrogen, which was the first evidence of that element in comets. Much of his research was on the physical properties and orbits of comets. He made a report on progress in astrophysics in the United States for the 1910 annual report of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1912, he showed in his doctoral dissertation (supervised by Henri Poincaré) that the Sun's magnetic field, by means of the intermediary of the solar wind, explains many aspects of cometary tails, the aurora borealis and aurora australis, solar storms and telluric currents. During a solar eclipse in 1914, Bosler observed in the corona a spectral band "nouvelle, intense et unique" which he suggested was spectral evidence for coronium; however, in the 1930s subsequent research showed that the cause was a highly ionized form of iron. In 1916, he published an analysis of the circular form of lunar craters as caused by the impact of meteors.

In 1923 Bosler was named director of Marseille Observatory, a post he occupied until his retirement in 1948. Simultaneously with his directorship, he taught at the University of Marseille from 1923 to 1948. Bosler made important contributions to the theory of the evolution of stars and published the first textbook in French that dealt with the then recent discoveries of Hubble and the work on optical phenomena of such physicists as Michelson, Fabry and Perot.

Bosler won the Prix Jules Janssen in 1911 from the Société astronomique de France, the French astronomical society, and the Prix Lalande from l'Académie des sciences in 1913.

He came from the French branch of the Hessian family Boßler.

Books
Les théories modernes du soleil (1910)
L'évolution des étoiles (1923)
Cours d'astronomie (1928)

References

External links
 J. Bosler @ Astrophysics Data System

1878 births
1973 deaths
French people of German descent
20th-century French astronomers
French writers
École Polytechnique alumni
Recipients of the Lalande Prize

Jean Bosler


The Town Above (French: En haut de la pente douce) is a Canadian drama television series which was produced in French and English. It was broadcast on Radio-Canada and CBC Television from 1959 to 1960.

Premise
This series concerned the Chevaliers, a middle-class family in Quebec City's upper town. Accountant Fred Chevalier, originally from the less affluent Lower Town, lived with his wife Pauline and children Denis, Diane, and Pierre. However, the accountant's salary was not sufficient to support the upscale lifestyle the family attempted to enjoy. Denis knew of the discrepancy between the family's financial situation and lifestyle while Pierre belonged to a gang and Diane joined her mother in presenting the family as affluent.

Roger Lemelin (La famille Plouffe) was the series writer. It was produced in French for Radio-Canada with scripts translated to English for the CBC by Richard Daignault.

Scheduling
The French version of the series was broadcast on Radio-Canada from 1959 to 1961. The English half-hour series was telecast on CBC Mondays at 10:30 p.m. (Eastern) from 12 October 1959 to 27 June 1960.

Cast
 Roland Chail as Fred Chevalier
 Denise Pelletier as Pauline Chevalier
 Louis Turenne as Denis Chevalier (older son)
 Catherine Begin as Diane Chevalier
 Roland Bedard as Onsime Menard (a bus driver, seen previously in La famille Plouffe)
 Doris Lussier as  Père Gédéon (seen previously in La famille Plouffe)

References

External links

CBC Television original programming
1959 Canadian television series debuts
1960 Canadian television series endings
Black-and-white Canadian television shows

The Town Above


Captain Charles Stuart (1783 – 26 May 1865) was an Anglo-Canadian abolitionist in the early-to-mid-19th century. After leaving the army, he was a writer, primarily on slavery.

Biography
Charles Stuart was born in 1783 in Bermuda, as shown by Canadian census records (countering assertions that he was born in Jamaica). His father was presumably a British army officer posted to the Bermuda Garrison, possibly Lieutenant Hugh Stewart of the detachment of invalid regular soldiers belonging to the Royal Garrison Battalion, which was disbanded in 1784, following the Treaty of Paris, probably resulting in Stuart's emigration from the colony; the surviving parish registries for the period, compiled by AC Hollis-Hallett as Early Bermuda Records, 1619-1826, list no birth of a Stuart, Stewart, or Steward in or about 1783 other than an unnamed child of Lieutenant Steward, baptised in St. George's on 8 December 1781.

Stuart was educated in Belfast and then pursued a military career as his first vocation.
 He left the military in 1815 and, in 1817, emigrated to Upper Canada (Ontario) with a tidy pension. He settled in Amherstburg, Upper Canada, and began his pursuit of a cause both in Canada and England. By 1821, he was involved with the black refugees (fugitive slaves) who were beginning to arrive in the area from south of the border. He began a small black colony near Amherstburg, where he actively assisted the new arrivals to start new lives as farmers.

In 1822, Stuart took a position as the principal of Utica Academy in New York State. There he met the young Theodore Dwight Weld, who became one of the leaders of the American abolitionist movement during its formative years. By 1829, he returned to England for a time. There, Charles wrote some of the most influential anti-slavery pamphlets of the period.

In 1840 he attended the World Anti-Slavery Convention in June. One hundred and thirty of the more notable delegates were included in a large commemorative painting by Benjamin Haydon. This picture is now in the National Portrait Gallery in London.

He retired to a farm near Thornbury, Ontario, in 1850 at Lora Bay on Georgian Bay. Any product made from the use of slave labour was forbidden in his home.

Writings
 The emigrant's guide to Upper Canada; or, sketches of the present state of that province, collected from a residence therein during the years 1817, 1818, 1819, interspersed with reflections (London, 1820)
 Is slavery defensible from Scripture? To the Rev. Dr. Hincks, Killileagh (Belfast, 1831)
 Remarks on the colony of Liberia and the American Colonization Society : with some account of the settlement of coloured people, at Wilberforce, Upper Canada (London, 1832)
 The West India question. Immediate emancipation would be safe for the masters;--profitable for the masters;--happy for the slaves;--right in the government;--advantageous to the nation;--would interfere with no feelings but such as are disgraceful and destructive;--cannot be postponed without continually increasing danger. An outline for immediate emancipation; and remarks on compensation (New Haven, Conn., 1833; originally London, 1832).
 Prejudice Vincible; or, The Practicability of Conquering Prejuduce by Better Means than by Slavery and Exile; in relation to the American Colonization Society (New York, "Re-Printed from an English edition", 1833)
 The American colonization scheme further unravelled, undated, but reviewed at length in The Liberator of April 19, 1834.
 A memoir of Granville Sharp : to which is added Sharp's "Law of passive obedience," and an extract from his "Law of retribution" (New York: American Anti-Slavery Society, 1836; reprinted by The Negro Universities Press, a division of Greenwood Press, 1970, )

 A short history and description of the Ojibbeway Indians now on a visit to England : with correct likenesses, engraved from daguerreotype plates, taken by M. Claudet (London, 1844)

References

1783 births
1865 deaths
Bermudian non-fiction writers
Bermudian soldiers
Bermudian abolitionists
American abolitionists
Canadian activists
Canadian abolitionists
Writers from Utica, New York
American people of European descent
Bermudian people of European descent
Writers from Ontario
People from The Blue Mountains, Ontario

Charles Stuart (abolitionist)


Edward Jerome Bloustein (January 20, 1925 – December 9, 1989) was the 17th President of Rutgers University serving from 1971 to 1989.

Biography
He was born in New York City, and he graduated from James Monroe High School in the Bronx in 1942. He served in the United States Army from 1943 to 1946. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from New York University in 1948 and subsequently traveled to the University of Oxford as a Fulbright scholar and received a Bachelor of Philosophy  degree in 1950.  Returning to the United States, he taught philosophy briefly at Brooklyn College and spent close to a year in Washington, DC with the Office of Intelligence in the State Department, where he served as a political analyst, specializing in Marxist theory and international political movements in the German Democratic Republic. Later, Bloustein earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1954 from Cornell University, and entered Cornell Law School earning a Bachelor of Laws in 1959.  During that time, he served as Editor-in-Chief of the Cornell Law Quarterly.

Bloustein began his professional career as a law clerk to Judge Stanley H. Fuld of the New York State Court of Appeals, serving from 1959 to 1961. He then joined the faculty of the New York University School of Law until 1965, when he was named president of Bennington College.  In 1971, following the retirement of Mason Welch Gross he was appointed president of Rutgers University.

During his tenure as President of Rutgers University, Bloustein implemented programs that expanded the institution's research facilities, attracted internationally known scholars to the faculty, and achieved distinction as one of the major public research universities in the nation, leading to an invitation for Rutgers to join the Association of American Universities.  Bloustein died in the Bahamas on December 9, 1989.

Legacy
The Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy at Rutgers–New Brunswick is named in his honor. The Edward J. Bloustein Distinguished Scholar is named in his honor. The Bloustein Lecture in Law and Ethics, hosted by the Rutgers Institute for Law and Philosophy and funded by a gift Bloustein made to Rutgers Law School, is also named in his honor.

References

External links

1925 births
1989 deaths
New York University faculty
New York University School of Law faculty
Presidents of Rutgers University
Cornell Law School alumni
People from the Bronx
James Monroe High School (New York City) alumni
Presidents of Bennington College
Brooklyn College faculty
20th-century American academics
New York University alumni

Edward J. Bloustein


Peter John Warmington (born 8 April 1934) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League for Birmingham City.

Warmington was born in Wythall, Worcestershire. When he left school in 1949, he joined Birmingham City as a junior, and turned professional three years later. Described as a "talented goalscorer" but injury-prone, he scored on his debut in the Second Division on 8 September 1954 in a 4–0 win at home to Ipswich Town. He scored again two games later, but soon lost his place, and when the club signed the prolific Eddy Brown a few weeks later Warmington was reduced to covering for the inside trio of Noel Kinsey, Brown and Peter Murphy. He played occasionally at half-back, as he did in Birmingham's first match in the inaugural staging of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, a goalless draw against Internazionale in Milan in May 1956 when Len Boyd and Roy Warhurst were injured. After playing only nine first-team games in his Birmingham career, Warmington dropped into non-league football in his native Worcestershire with Bromsgrove Rovers, Redditch United and Droitwich Town.

References

1934 births
Living people
People from Bromsgrove District
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Birmingham City F.C. players
Bromsgrove Rovers F.C. players
Redditch United F.C. players
English Football League players
Footballers from Worcestershire

Peter Warmington


Rev Henry Parr Hamilton FRS FRSE (3 April 1794 – 7 February 1880) was a Scots-born clergyman and mathematician, who was Dean of Salisbury for 30 years.

Life

He was born at Blandfield House, between Edinburgh and Leith, the son of Alexander Hamilton, Professor of Midwifery at Edinburgh University. He was educated at Edinburgh University and Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating BA in 1816 and MA in 1819.

He wrote two textbooks on analytical geometry, The Principles of Analytical Geometry (1826) and An Analytical System of Conic Sections (1828; 5th edn, 1843). He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1828 as "a gentleman well versed in mathematics", and was also elected FRS (Edinburgh) in 1822, as well as FRAS and FGS.

He became a curate in Cambridgeshire in 1825 and the rector of Wath near Ripon in 1830, becoming a rural dean in 1847. In 1850 he was appointed Dean of Salisbury, a position he filled until his death in 1880.

He took a great interest in children's education, delivering sermons and writing a book on the subject, Practical Remarks on Popular Education (1847).

He died at the Salisbury deanery in 1880.

Family

He had married Ellen Masson, daughter of Thomas Masson of Copt Hewick, Yorkshire, with whom he had one daughter, Katherine Jane (died 1928), who married Sir Edward Hulse, 5th Baronet.

His brother was James Hamilton FRSE (1767-1839).

References

1794 births
1880 deaths
People from Midlothian
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society
Deans of Salisbury
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh

Henry Hamilton (priest)


Georges Alain Thierry Feydeau (21 July 1934 – 14 January 2008) was a French actor, director and writer. He was a grandson of the playwright Georges Feydeau, and appeared in several of his grandfather's works, and directed new productions of two of them.

Life and career
Feydeau was born in Boulogne-Billancourt, near Paris, on 21 July 1934, son of Michel Feydeau (1900–1961) and his wife Françoise, née Hoentschel. At the Conservatoire national supérieur d'art dramatique in Paris he won the first prize for comedy in 1958, after which he joined the company of the Comédie-Française, of which he remained a member until 1983. During his time with the company Feydeau was appointed to the rank of Grand Pensionnaire, but was never made a full Sociétaire.

In a stage career lasting nearly fifty years, Feydeau played in a wide range of plays, from French and foreign classics, such as Corneille's Le Menteur,  Hugo's Ruy Blas and Schiller's Marie Stuart to 20th-century works by writers including Anouilh, Cocteau, Giraudoux, Sacha Guitry and Marcel Pagnol. Among his more unusual roles was Agatha Christie's Captain Hastings in a stage adaptation of a Poirot story.  The dramatist in whose plays he appeared most frequently was Molière – Les Archives du spectacle  record 14 Molière productions in which he played between 1958 and 1973.

In his grandfather's plays Feydeau took the roles of Fontanet in Jacques Charon's production of Un fil à la patte (1961 and subsequent revivals), Moricet in his own production of Monsieur chasse! (1969), Pontagnac in Jean Meyer's production of Le Dindon (1970), Ribadier or Thommereux in his own production of Le Système Ribadier (1972), Etienne in Jacques-Henri Duval's production of Occupe-toi d'Amélie (1972), and Dr Finache in Jean-Laurent Cochet's production of La Puce à l'oreille (1978).

On television Feydeau appeared frequently in the long-running series  Au théâtre ce soir (At the theatre tonight), taking 21 different roles between 1968 and 1985. He made numerous other television appearances, and did a small amount of work for the cinema. As a writer, Feydeau published two books about the distinguished actress Edwige Feuillère, whom he knew well. He also published some fiction.

Feydeau died in Paris on 14 January 2008, aged 73. He is buried in the Montmartre Cemetery with other family members including the playwright.

Notes

1934 births
2008 deaths
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery
20th-century French male actors
French male stage actors
French male film actors
French National Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni

Alain Feydeau


Tanaka Shōsuke (田中 勝介) was a Japanese merchant in the early Edo period. He is the first recorded Japanese to have travelled to the Americas in 1610 (although some Japanese, such as Christopher and Cosmas, are known to have sailed across the Pacific on Spanish galleons as early as 1587). Returning to Japan in 1611, he again went to North America in 1613, with the embassy of Hasekura Tsunenaga. In total, he accomplished two round trips between Japan and North America and helped establish trade and diplomatic relations between Japan and the Spanish Empire. According to Sumpu-ki, he was a representative of the great Osaka merchant Gotō Shōsaburō.

Background

Before the travels of Tanaka Shōsuke, Japan had few contacts with the Spanish, and had instead relied upon the Portuguese, the Chinese, and to a much lesser extent the Dutch and the English for her foreign trade during the first part of the "Nanban trade period". Japan had also been very active sailing red seal ships throughout Asia, original Japanese ships that were broadly similar to Chinese junks, but incorporating various Western techniques and designs (such as square and lateen sails), but had never ventured as far as the Americas.

The shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu was eager to develop trade with foreign nations, and was particularly looking forward to an opportunity to develop trade with the Spanish Empire. He had already asked William Adams to exchange trade proposals with the Philippines in 1608, without great success. An opening finally came when the former interim governor of the Philippines Rodrigo de Vivero y Aberrucia was shipwrecked on the coast of Japan in 1609. Rodrigo de Vivero y Aberrucia remained in Japan for 9 months, and took the opportunity to negotiate the first treaty of exchanges between Japan and New Spain, involving offering extraterritorial privileges for a Spanish shipyard and a Naval base in the eastern Japan in exchange for transpacific trade and Mexican silver mining technology.

First Japanese to the Americas (1610)
In August 1610 Tanaka Shōsuke was ordered by the retired shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu to accompany Rodrigo de Vivero y Aberrucia back to New Spain (Nueva España), together with 22 other Japanese representatives, on board the San Buena Ventura, a 120-ton ship built in Japan under the supervision of William Adams a few years earlier. Also among them was Father Muños, a Franciscan Father, sent by Tokugawa Ieyasu as a representative to negotiate the establishment of trade between Japan and Nueva España.

Following their arrival in New Spain in November 1610, Luis de Velasco, the viceroy of New Spain received the 23 Japanese and expressed his great satisfaction at the treatment the Spanish sailors had received in Japan. He decided to send an embassy to Japan in the person of the famous explorer Sebastián Vizcaíno. The viceroy confiscated the San Buena Ventura however, fearful that the Japanese would manage to master the art of trans-oceanic navigation.

Spanish sources indicate that Tanaka Shōsuke studied silver mining techniques in New Spain before returning to Japan, obtaining knowledge which would have been very useful to Japan as it relied on silver (and copper) for the payment of her imports. Tanaka Shosuke is also reported as having brought back mulberry wood from the New World, which he offered to Tokugawa Ieyasu, who used it to build a bath in his Palace.

A contemporary journal, written by the historian Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, a noble Aztec born in Amecameca (ancient Chalco province) in 1579, whose Spanish name was Domingo Francisco de San Anton Muñon, gives some account of the visit of Tanaka. He explains that Tanaka, retailer and merchant, was considered and treated as an ambassador for the commercial exchanges between Japan and New Spain:
Today, Thursday in the afternoon, the 16th of the month of December of the year 1610, at 6 o'clock, was when perhaps as many as nineteen people from Japan, China, arrived and entered here in the city of Mexico. A noble, their lord, the ambassador, from the court of the great ruler the emperor of Japan, who brought them, came to make peace with the Christians so that they would never make war but always be at peace and esteem each other, so that Spanish merchants will be able to enter Japan and none of the people there will be able to impede them. And likewise the people of Japan will be able to come enter New Spain to do business, to come here to sell goods that are made there, and no one here will be able to impede them, for thus the lord Viceroy don Luis de Velasco, Marqués of Salinas, whom they came to see, informed them

He also says that they were allowed to walk with their sword at the side, something not usually permitted to traders, and that they were in formal Japanese attire:
And they came gotten up as they are gotten up up there; they wear something like an ornamented jacket, doublet, or long blouse, which they tie at their middle, their waist; there they place a katana of metal, which counts as their swords. ... They seem bold, not gentle and meek people, going about like eagles

Several of the Japanese (at least three according to Chimalpahin's account) chose to be baptized in New Spain, starting with the head of the delegation, who took the Christian name of Don Alonso:
They were baptized in true splendour. It was done in the presence of all the different ecclesiastics who dwell in Mexico, who all appeared here. The first baptized was a noble and lord of Japan whose name upon baptism became don Alonso; don Hernando Altamirano, then captain of the guard, became his godfather.

Tanaka Shōsuke was also baptized, and took the Christian name of "Don Francisco de Velasco Josuke".

According to the account, three Japanese from the mission of Tanaka chose to remain in New Spain. He relates the departure of the group:
Today, Monday, the 7th of the month of March of the year 1611, was when Sebastián Vizcaíno, citizen of Mexico, set out and left Mexico here, appointed general of the China boats going to China [the Philippines]. At that time he then took the Japanese; he placed next to himself the Japanese nobleman whose name was now Don Alonso and who now went dressed as a Spaniard, to return to his home; here he threw away his outfit that he wore coming here. He was the only one to change [his clothing] here in Mexico. They had been here in Mexico just two months when seventeen of them returned home; three stayed in Mexico.

Tanaka Shōsuke returned to Japan in 1611 with Sebastian Vizcaino. Vizcaino had a mission to return 4,000 ducados that Tokugawa Ieyasu had lent to the previous mission, and to research "gold and silver islands", supposedly to the east of Japan. They left for Japan on 22 March 1611, and arrived in the harbour of Uraga.

Second travel (1613)

Tanaka Shosuke helped prepare the first official Japanese embassy to the Americas and Europe, by meeting extensively with Hasekura Tsunenaga, who was in charge of the project.

He is recorded as again having left for the Americas in 1613 on board Hasekura's Japanese-built 500-ton galleon San Juan Bautista with the embassy and a total of 140 Japanese. Sebastian Vizcaino, whose own ship had been disabled in a storm near Japan, was also on the San Juan Bautista to return to New Spain.

Some of the Japanese traders who had been left behind in New Spain by Tanaka four years before took the opportunity of the return trip of the San Juan Bautista in October 1614 to return to Japan:
Today, Tuesday the 14th of the month of October of the year 1614, was when some Japanese set out from Mexico here going home to Japan; they lived here in Mexico for four years. Some still remained here; they earn a living trading and selling here the goods they brought with them from Japan

It is unknown whether Tanaka Shosuke continued with Hasekura to Europe, or stayed in New Spain waiting for the return of Hasekura, or returned to Japan in October 1614.

See also
Kirishitan
Sakoku
Nanban trade period

References
Annals of His Time: Don Domingo De San Anton Munon Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, Stanford University Press 2006,

Notes

External links
Story of Tanaka Shosuke (Japanese)

Colonial Mexico
People of Edo-period Japan
Japanese explorers
People from Kyoto Prefecture
16th-century births
17th-century deaths
16th-century Japanese businesspeople
17th-century Japanese businesspeople

Tanaka Shōsuke


Office Romance () is a 1977 Soviet comedy film directed by Eldar Ryazanov. The film's plot is based on the stageplay Co-workers () written by Ryazanov and Emil Braginsky, and tells the story of Ludmila Kalugina, head of a statistical bureau, and her subordinate, economist Anatoly Novoseltsev, who come from mutual aversion to love.

Filmed at Mosfilm in 1976 and released in 1977, Office Romance was a box office success, the leader of Soviet film distribution in 1978 and still enjoys wide popularity in the former Soviet republics. Both romantic drama and screwball comedy, the film is noted for its scenes of Moscow in the late 1970s, and for its comical depiction of the everyday life and customs of Soviet society during the Era of Stagnation.

Plot
In Moscow in 1976, Anatoly Yefremovich Novoseltsev, a clumsy but goodhearted single father of two sons, works at a statistical bureau. The bureau is under the leadership of an industrious and strict single woman in her late 30s, Ludmila Prokofievna Kalugina, nicknamed "our frump" (, also translated "our hag") by her subordinates. He vies for a promotion and a pay raise, but is too timid to bring up this discussion. He is nevertheless encouraged by his good friend, former classmate and colleague Olga "Olya" Ryzhova, a married woman living in the suburbs, whose husband is recuperating from a major operation in Yessentuki and whose teenage son is an athlete. Another former classmate and old friend of his, Yuri "Yura" Grigorievich Samokhvalov, recently assigned back to Moscow from Switzerland, nominates his old friend as a head of the light industry department to Kalugina, but the nomination is rejected. Novoseltsev, heeding Samokhvalov's advice, nervously tries to flirt with "the Frump" at a party in Samokhvalov's apartment, but Kalugina is further repelled by his poor attempts to impress her. Eventually drunk, Novoseltsev becomes irritated and tells Kalugina that he considers her "dry, inhuman and heartless".

The following morning, Novoseltsev seeks Kalugina to apologize, but inadvertently drives her to tears. Kalugina reveals that she is aware of her reputation among her subordinates. They have a heart-to-heart conversation, start getting closer and soon grow fond of each other. Kalugina gradually lets down the armor of a hardened woman and puts more efforts in improving her overall appearance which surprises her colleagues.

The relationship between Anatoly and Ludmila evolves, full of comical situations and repartees. At the same time drama unfolds between Olga Ryzhova and Yuri Samokhvalov who dated many years ago at the university. Despite both being married, Olga's romantic feelings are rekindled by Samokhvalov's recent arrival at the office. He, however, treats her just as an old friend and colleague. Olga begins to write him love letters that she passes to him through Vera "Verochka", the Frump's secretary, an efficient intel gatherer and an enormous gossip, who eventually reads the letters and leaks the affairs to the entire office. Samokhvalov, weary of the letters, relays the situation to the meddlesome Shura, the bureau's labor union committee activist, an accountant and the office's busybody. The letters, which he gives to Shura and asks her to "sort out the problem" at the committee, are then confiscated by Kalugina, who reprimands Samokhvalov for his tactlessness and demands that the matter is handled privately between him and Ryzhova. Later, Ryzhova, broken-hearted and humiliated, asks Samokhvalov to return the letters to her and returns to her work and life routine.

Once learns about Samokhvalov's heartless handling of Ryzhova's indiscretion, Novoseltsev angrily confronts him and later Shura for her gossip tendency. Samokhvalov retaliates by disclosing Novoseltsev's initial "plan" to Kalugina. She is shocked and thinks he is just another man deserting her like her last lover. She summons him to her office, appoints him as head of the light industry department and announces her intention to end their relationship while sarcastically praises his plan to achieve the promotion. Ashamed, Novoseltsev admits that while he initially pursued her with ulterior motives, has grown to appreciate her as an excellent leader and love her, to which Kalugina refutes. Frustrated, Novoseltsev rejects the promotion and tenders his resignation, which Kalugina continuously denies to spite him. This situation climaxes into a fiery spat that turns into a loud scuffle right in the office as a furious Ludmila chases Novoseltsev out of the building. They jump on a back seat of her service car and as Novoseltsev manages to comfort Ludmila, and they are seen embracing. A subtitle suggests that in 9 months there will be three boys in Novoseltsev's family, implying another son for the couple.

Casting and production
Alisa Freindlich was the film director's primary choice for the role of Kalugina. Eldar Ryazanov created the character with Freindlich in mind. Moreover, he started working on the screenplay seriously only after securing consent of all the actors he wanted to cast to participate in the film. It was a rare case in Soviet cinema when a director would be allowed to cast all actors of his own choice without preliminary screen-tests and approval of the Art Council. Ryazanov worried that Freindlich would not be able to come to Moscow for shooting of the film because of stage performances and rehearsals she was busy with in her native Leningrad. So he assured both the actress and her management that she would be allowed to go to Leningrad on the first demand. It came out that she was compelled to leave for the theater often, and thus traveled between Moscow and Leningrad all the time.
In order to create a genuine image of a frumpy boss, Ryazanov and Freindlich searched through all the wardrobes of the studio for baggy, old-fashioned clothes. Cameraman Vladimir Nakhabtsev brought to the studio the old thick-frammed glasses that belonged to his father - they helped to complete the image.
Ryazanov took some risk casting Andrey Myagkov for the second time for the role of a clumsy intellectual, similar to this in 1975 hit The Irony of Fate. Not everyone agreed with the director's decision upon casting. Oleg Basilashvili didn't like the role of the "villain" Samokhvalov. Like Freindlich, he had to travel frequently between Moscow and Leningrad due to obligations on the Leningrad stage, and he believed that his worn-out look would be ideal to portray an unkempt and humble Novoseltsev. Later, during the shooting he admitted that the director's choice was right. But it was a hard task for make-up artists to make a glossy complacent Samokhvalov out of the exhausted Basilashvili, and, on the contrary, a sloppy bachelor Novoseltsev out of the refined Myagkov.
One of few roles for which screen-tests were taken was the role of the activist Shura. Actress Ludmila Ivanova, who in real life was head of a local labor union committee at the Sovremennik Theatre, got into the role quickly and was the most convincing when she shouted out: "Comrades, donate 50 copecks!"

Audience reaction, critical reception and awards
Office Romance was a Soviet hit movie in 1978 having 58.4 million viewers, and still remains one of the most popular Soviet-era films in Russia and other former Soviet republics. Alisa Freindlich and Andrey Myagkov were named Best Actors of the year by readers of Soviet Screen magazine.

The film received general approval from critics; there was not one negative review of the film. High artistical level, skills and organic collaboration of director and actors were noted, as well as vivid portrayal of Moscow, comic elements in parallel with investigation of moral issues.

Members of the State Art Council nominated the leading actors for the USSR State Prize. Alisa Freindlich was the only lead one who didn't receive the Prize - according to the rules of that time, an actor couldn't be given a new prize within two years of getting a previous one, and Freindlich had already been awarded for her stage performance a year before the release of the film.

On the 40th anniversary of the film's release, Google released a Google Doodle in its honor for Russia and Ukraine.

In 2011 a remake was released, titled Office Romance. Our Time, with Sarik Andreasyan serving as director.

Soundtrack
The songs from the film, performed by Alisa Freindlich and Andrey Myagkov, became hits in the USSR.

"Моей душе покоя нет" (For The Sake O' Somebody; verbatim: "My soul has no rest") by Andrei PetrovRobert Burns, translation by Samuil Marshakthe main theme; two versions sung by Alisa Freindlich and Andrey Myagkov.
"Нас в набитых трамваях болтает" (We Are Jolted in Crowded Trams) by Andrei PetrovYevgeny Yevtushenko, sung by Andrey Myagkov.
"Обрываются речи влюблённых / Облетают последние маки" (Lovers' Talks Stop Suddenly / The Last Poppies Shed Their Petals) by Andrei PetrovNikolay ZabolotskyTwo songs with the same music by different lyrics, sung by Alisa Freindlich and Andrey Myagkov respectively.
"Песенка о погоде" (A Song About Weather), also known as "У природы нет плохой погоды" (Nature Has No Bad Weather), by Andrei PetrovEldar Ryazanov, sung by Alisa Freindlich.
"Увертюра" (Overture) by Andrei PetrovRobert Burnsbased on the main theme and "Lovers' Talks Stop Suddenly", opens the film.
"Утро" (Morning), instrumental by Andrei Petrov.
"Дождь" (Rain), instrumental by Andrei Petrov, based on "A Song About Weather".
"Танец воспоминаний" (The Dance of Remembrances), instrumental by Andrei Petrov, based on the main theme.
"Осень" (Fall), instrumental by Andrei Petrov
"Финал" (Final) by Andrei PetrovRobert Burns, based on the main theme.

In 2004, DJ Groove from Saint Petersburg released remixes of the main themes of the film that were frequently broadcast by local radio stations.

Cast

References

External links

A Tribute to the Film
Film Gallery 1
 Film Gallery 2

1977 films
Mosfilm films
1970s Russian-language films
1970s screwball comedy films
1970s romantic comedy-drama films
Films directed by Eldar Ryazanov
Workplace comedies
Soviet romantic comedy-drama films
Films set in 1976
Films set in Moscow
Films set in the Soviet Union
Films shot in Moscow
Films scored by Andrey Petrov
Soviet films based on plays
Russian romantic comedy-drama films
1977 comedy films
1977 drama films

Office Romance


Mantarur is a hilly area in the southwest of the Northern Territory, Australia. It forms the southeastern end of the Olia Chain of mountains. This outcrop includes Butler's Dome (; 1102 metres above sea level). The granite escarpment called Foster's Cliff is nearby to the east. Mantarur is located about  southwest of Kata Tjuṯa. It is on Pitjantjatjara land, part of the Petermann Aboriginal Land Trust. A family outstation was established here in the 1980s, at a rockhole in the western slopes. It has since been abandoned.

Frank Rees George led a prospecting expedition through the area between 1905 and 1906. George gave names to several of the landforms, including Butler's Dome, which is believed to have been named after Richard Butler, who was a minister of South Australia. He named Foster's Cliff after R. W. Foster, the South Australian Commissioner of Public Works. The expedition found traces of gold at Foster's Cliff, but not enough of it to warrant mining. It was the only place in the Petermann Ranges found to contain any gold.

References

Geography of the Northern Territory

Mantarur


Sir Ken Robinson (4 March 1950 – 21 August 2020) was a British author, speaker and international advisor on education in the arts to government, non-profits, education and arts bodies. He was director of the Arts in Schools Project (1985–1989) and Professor of Arts Education at the University of Warwick (1989–2001), and Professor Emeritus after leaving the university. In 2003, he was knighted for services to the arts.

Originally from a working class Liverpool family, around September 2001 Robinson moved to Los Angeles with his wife and children to serve as Senior Advisor to the president of the J. Paul Getty Trust.

Early life and education
Born in Liverpool, to James and Ethel Robinson, he was one of seven children from a working-class background. One of his brothers, Neil, became a professional footballer for Everton, Swansea City and Grimsby Town. After an industrial accident, his father became quadriplegic. Robinson contracted polio at age four and spent 8 months in hospital. He attended Margaret Beavan Special School due to the physical effects of polio, then Liverpool Collegiate School (1961–1963) and Wade Deacon Grammar School, Cheshire (1963–1968). He then studied English and drama (Bachelor of Education – BEd) at Bretton Hall College of Education (1968–1972) and completed a PhD in 1981 at the University of London, researching drama and theatre in education.

Career and research
From 1985 to 1988, Robinson was director of the Arts in Schools Project, an initiative to develop the arts education throughout England and Wales. The project worked with over 2,000 teachers, artists and administrators in a network of over 300 initiatives and influenced the formulation of the National Curriculum for England. During this period, Robinson chaired Artswork, the UK's national youth arts development agency, and worked as advisor to the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts.

For twelve years, he was professor of education at the University of Warwick, and became professor emeritus. He has received honorary degrees from the Rhode Island School of Design, Ringling College of Art and Design, the Open University and the Central School of Speech and Drama, Birmingham City University and the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts. He received the Athena Award of the Rhode Island School of Design for services to the arts and education, the Peabody Medal for contributions to the arts and culture in the United States, the LEGO Prize for international achievement in education, and the Benjamin Franklin Medal of the Royal Society of Arts for contributions to cultural relations between the United Kingdom and the United States. In 2005, he was named as one of Time/Fortune/CNN's "Principal Voices". In 2003, he was made a Knight Bachelor for his services to the arts.

In 1998, he led a UK commission on creativity, education and the economy and his report, All Our Futures: Creativity, Culture and Education, was influential. The Times said of it: "This report raises some of the most important issues facing business in the 21st century. It should have every CEO and human resources director thumping the table and demanding action". Robinson is credited with creating a strategy for creative and economic development as part of the Peace Process in Northern Ireland, publishing Unlocking Creativity, a plan implemented across the region and mentoring to the Oklahoma Creativity Project. In 1998, he chaired the National Advisory Committee on Creative and Cultural Education.

In 2001, Robinson was appointed senior advisor for education and creativity at the Getty Museum in Los Angeles, which lasted at least until 2005.

Robinson gave three TED talks on the importance of creativity in education, which together have been viewed over 98 million times (2023) on the TED website. In April 2013, he gave a talk titled "How to escape education's death valley", in which he outlines three principles crucial for the human mind to flourish – and how current American education culture works against them. At the time of his death in August 2020, his "Do schools kill creativity?" presentation was the most watched TED talk of all time, with 66.3 million views on the TED channel and millions more on YouTube. It has been translated into 62 languages. In 2010, the Royal Society of Arts animated one of Robinson's speeches about changing education paradigms, which as been viewed more than 17 million times on Youtube as of August 2023.

Ideas on education
Robinson suggested that to engage and succeed, education has to develop on three fronts. Firstly, that it should foster diversity by offering a broad curriculum and encourage individualisation of the learning process. Secondly, it should promote curiosity through creative teaching, which depends on high quality teacher training and development. Finally, it should focus on awakening creativity through alternative didactic processes that put less emphasis on standardised testing, thereby giving the responsibility for defining the course of education to individual schools and teachers. He believed that much of the present education system in the United States encourages conformity, compliance and standardisation rather than creative approaches to learning. Robinson emphasised that we can only succeed if we recognise that education is an organic system, not a mechanical one: successful school administration is a matter of engendering a helpful climate rather than "command and control".

Writing
Learning Through Drama: Report of the Schools Council Drama Teaching (1977) was the result of a three-year national development project for the UK Schools Council. Robinson was principal author of The Arts in Schools: Principles, Practice, and Provision (1982), now a key text on arts and education internationally. He edited The Arts and Higher Education, (1984) and co-wrote The Arts in Further Education (1986), Arts Education in Europe, and Facing the Future: The Arts and Education in Hong Kong.

Robinson's 2001 book, Out of Our Minds: Learning to be Creative (Wiley-Capstone), was described by Director magazine as "a truly mind-opening analysis of why we don't get the best out of people at a time of punishing change." John Cleese said of it: "Ken Robinson writes brilliantly about the different ways in which creativity is undervalued and ignored in Western culture and especially in our educational systems."

The Element: How Finding Your Passion Changes Everything, was published in January 2009 by Penguin. "The element" refers to the experience of personal talent meeting personal passion. He argues that in this encounter, we feel most ourselves, most inspired, and achieve to our highest level. The book draws on the stories of creative artists such as Paul McCartney, The Simpsons creator Matt Groening, Meg Ryan, and physicist Richard Feynman to investigate this paradigm of success.

Publications
 1977 Learning Through Drama: Report of The Schools Council Drama Teaching Project with Lynn McGregor and Maggie Tate. UCL. Heinemann.
 1980 Exploring Theatre and Education Heinemann
 1982 The Arts in Schools: Principles, Practice, and Provision, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.
 1984 The Arts and Higher Education. (editor with Christopher Ball). Gulbenkian and the Leverhulme Trust
 1986 The Arts in Further Education. Department of Education and Science.
 1998 Facing the Future: The Arts and Education in Hong Kong, Hong Kong Arts Development Council ASIN B002MXG93U
 1998 All Our Futures: Creativity, Culture, and Education (The Robinson Report).
 2001 Out of Our Minds: Learning to Be Creative. Capstone.

 Robinson, Ken (2018). You, your child, and school : navigate your way to the best education
 Robinson, Ken (2022). ''Imagine If... Creating a Future for us All. Penguin.

Awards and honours
2003 Knighted for his life's work.
2004 Companionship of Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts
2008 Governor's Award for the Arts in Pennsylvania
2008 Gheens Foundation Creativity and Entrepreneurship Award
2008 George Peabody Medal
2008 Benjamin Franklin Medal from the Royal Society of Arts
2008 Honorary Degree from Birmingham City University
2009 Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts from the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD)
2011 Gordon Parks Award for Achievements in Education
 2012 Arthur C. Clarke Imagination Award
2012 Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Oklahoma State University
 Honorary Fellow of the Central School of Speech and Drama

Personal life
In 1977, Robinson met Marie-Therese "Terry" Watts, while delivering a course in Liverpool. They married in 1982 and had two children, James and Kate.

Robinson died on 21 August 2020, aged 70, at his home in London. According to his daughter, Robinson died of cancer.

References

External links

 Official website

 In-depth interview on creativity
 Sir Ken Robinson interviewed on Conversations from Penn State
 IMNO Open Source Mentoring interview with Robinson
 Liverpool pupils interview Robinson, 2008
 London students interview Robinson, London International Music Show, 2008
 Podcast interview with DK from MediaSnackers, 2007

1950 births
2020 deaths
Academics of the University of Warwick
Alumni of Bretton Hall College
Alumni of the University of Leeds
Alumni of the University of London
British educational theorists
English expatriates in the United States
George Peabody Medal winners
Knights Bachelor
Writers from Liverpool

Ken Robinson (educationalist)


Hatfield Manor House is a remodelled 18th century Grade-I listed manor house in the town of Hatfield near Doncaster, South Yorkshire, which is based on an originally 12th century building.

The building is constructed of roughcast ashlar and brick with a Welsh slate roof. It is built to a T-shaped plan in 2 and 3 storeys.

The building is not open to the public. The entrance is marked by two modern gatehouses on Manor Road and the early 18th century stables are clearly visible from the road.

History
The Hatfield site is believed to be the site of the palace of Edwin of Northumbria, who allegedly died at the Battle of Hatfield Chase, the location of which is disputed.

Hatfield was granted to the Warenne family  and the house must have been built by them prior to 1317. It reverted to the Crown in 1347 when the Warenne male line became extinct and was used as a hunting lodge for most of the next 300 years. William of Hatfield, the second son of King Edward III, was born in the house in 1336, but died in infancy.

In 1628 the estate was granted by King Charles I to Sir Cornelius Vermuyden, who had been responsible for draining the lands around Hatfield. He sold it in 1630 to Sir Arthur Ingram of Temple Newsam, in whose family it remained for several generations. Arthur Ingram's lineal descendant, the 9th and last Viscount Irvine, died in 1778 without an heir and bequeathed the estate to Lady Beauchamp, afterwards Marchioness of Hertford, from whom it passed to Lady William Gordon.

The house was extended in the 16th and 17th centuries and completely remodelled in the 18th century.

See also
Grade I listed buildings in South Yorkshire
Listed buildings in Hatfield, South Yorkshire

References

 Hatfield Library Archives, High Street, Hatfield, S. Yorks.
 The Manor House on a 1930s OS map

Grade I listed buildings in South Yorkshire
Country houses in South Yorkshire
Buildings and structures in the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster
Tourist attractions in Doncaster
Hatfield, South Yorkshire

Hatfield Manor House


Set is the second studio album by English pop band Thompson Twins.  Released in February 1982, it was the second album they recorded for their own T Records imprint, which was released by Arista Records/Hansa.

Compared to their first album, A Product Of..., Set featured a more polished sound, thanks to producer Steve Lillywhite. With their ever-shifting line-up, the Thompson Twins had now swelled to seven members, adding Matthew Seligman on bass guitar to free up Tom Bailey for full frontman duties and keyboards. Former sax player Jane Shorter was replaced by Alannah Currie, who was Bailey's girlfriend at the time (they later married and remained together until 2004). Three songs on the album do not feature Bailey on lead vocals, but are sung by Joe Leeway, who is also credited as writer or co-writer for five tracks. While not an official member of the band, Thomas Dolby was also on hand to play additional keyboards on three tracks.

While the album was given praise by critics, the band found themselves on the verge of yet another personnel change. The track "In the Name of Love" was written by Bailey simply as album filler, but was ultimately chosen as the lead single from the album.  While failing to make the UK singles chart, the single was released in the United States as a club single and went to number one on Billboard magazine's dance chart, holding that position for five weeks (from 22 May – 19 June 1982).

The success of the track opened many doors for the band, who suddenly had the potential to be more than just an underground sensation. Together with the band's manager, John Hade, Bailey then reinvented the band as a trio, keeping Currie and Leeway while firing the others.

In the UK, a limited number of copies of the album were released with a free single which featured the tracks "Squares and Triangles", "Weather Station", and "Modern Plumbing".

Set was also released in the United States on the Arista label as In the Name of Love, which saw three of the album's tracks replaced by two songs from the band's first album, A Product of....

In September 2008, A Product of... and Set were re-released as a double-CD set. Each disc included early singles, non-album tracks, and extended remixes.

Track listing

Original Album
All songs written by Tom Bailey except where noted.

"In the Name of Love"
"Living in Europe"
"Bouncing" – (Bailey, Joe Leeway)
"Tok Tok" – (Bailey, Leeway, Julian S. Subero)
"Good Gosh" – (Leeway)
"The Rowe"
"Runaway"
"Another Fantasy"
"Fool's Gold"
"Crazy Dog" – (Leeway, Pete Dodd)
"Blind" – (Bailey, Leeway)

2008 Reissue bonus tracks
"In the Name of Love" (12" Dance Extension)
"In the Beginning"
"Coastline"
"Open Your Eye"
"Runaway" (extended remix)
"Bouncing" (extended remix)
"In the Name of Love" (Big Value Version/New Super Synthesized Version)
"Living in Europe" (Live at the Hammersmith Palais, April 1982)

Personnel

Thompson Twins
 Tom Bailey – vocals, pianos, synthesizers, percussion
 Peter Dodd – synthesizers, guitars, percussion
 John Roog – guitars
 Matthew Seligman – bass
 Chris Bell – drums
 Alannah Currie – percussion, saxophone
 Joe Leeway – congas, percussion, vocals

Additional musicians
 Thomas Dolby – additional synthesizers (6, 7, 9)

Production
 Steve Lillywhite – producer
 Phil Thornalley – engineer
 John Rule – assistant engineer
 Thomi Wroblewski – sleeve design, photography

See also
Thompson Twins discography

References

1982 albums
Thompson Twins albums
Albums produced by Steve Lillywhite
Hansa Records albums

Set (Thompson Twins album)


Alexander is a male given name. It comes from the Greek word Ἀλέξανδρος (Aléxandros), which means the "defender of men" (from ἀλέξειν (aléxein) - "to defend", and ἀνδρός (andrós) - "man").

People

 Trent Alexander-Arnold, an English professional footballer. He plays for Premier League club Liverpool and the England national team. He plays as a right-back. He was born in West Derby, Liverpool.
 Alexander Pushkin, Russian poet, playwright, and novelist (1799–1837)
 Alexander Graham Bell, British-born American scientist and inventor known for the telephone (1847–1922)

Given names

Alexander


Carl Ulisses von Salis-Marschlins or Karl or Charles (28 September 1762 in Marschlins – 16 January 1818) was a Swiss naturalist interested in botany, entomology, and conchology.
He was a count of the Holy Roman Empire. His first studies were in Jena then at the Academy in Dijon. He was a Jurist. During the War of the Second Coalition he was held hostage in Salins-les-Bains 1799-1800 and later in St. Gallen (1801).

Aside from Natural Sciences von Salis was also interested in  agriculture, history and education and maintained contacts with researchers from abroad. He traveled often and wrote about his trip to Sicily and Naples in 1788-89. He described in detail the specifics of irrigation of the French Jura mountains.

He wrote Reisen in verscheidene Provinzen des Königreichs Neapel, Travels through various provinces of the Kingdom of Naples (Zürich & Leipzig, 1793), Beitrage zur natürliche und ökonomie Kenntniss des Königreichs beeder Sicilien, 1790 and Streifereyen durch den franzische Jura während den Jahren 1799 und 1800, 1805. He edited and wrote for three journals :Der Sammler (Collector), Der neue Sammler (New Collector) (1806-09) and Zeitschrift "Alpina".

Species described by von Salis include: Monoplex parthenopeus, Gibbula ardens, Patella tarentina, Conus jaspis and  Euphorbia gayi.
Johann Coaz honoured his name in Larix × marschlinsii Coaz (1917) - a hybrid name.

References
Historisches Lexicon der Schweiz

Swiss entomologists
Swiss malacologists
1762 births
1818 deaths
Swiss nobility
Romansh people
Cal Ullises

Carl Ulisses von Salis-Marschlins


Middle East Commando was a battalion sized British Commando unit of the British Army during the Second World War. The Commando was formed in the Middle East from the survivors of the Layforce Commando unit partly to placate Winston Churchill who championed the commando idea. In December 1940 a Middle East Commando depot was formed with the responsibility of training and supplying reinforcements for the Commando units in the Middle East. The Middle East Commando was disbanded in 1942.

References
Notes

Bibliography

Commando units and formations of the United Kingdom
Military units and formations established in 1940
Military units and formations disestablished in 1941

Middle East Commando