Florencio del Castillo (October 17, 1778 – November 26, 1834) was a Costa Rican cleric and politician.

Early life
Castillo was born on October 17, 1778, in Ujarrás, near Cartago, the colonial capital of the Province of Costa Rica, part of New Spain. He was the third child of Cecilia del Castillo y Villagra (sometimes called Cecilia del Castillo y Solano), widow of a Frenchman, François Lafons. His father is not known; it is possible he was the illegitimate son of the village priest, Luis San Martín de Soto, a Capuchin friar. He grew up in the friary of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception de Rescate de Ujarrás, where he earned his living cleaning and working as an altar boy. Cecilia del Castillo belonged to a distinguished family in Costa Rica and possessed some money that allowed her to send her son to the Seminario Conciliar in León, Nicaragua (which in 1812 was converted into the University of León, Nicaragua), to pursue an ecclesiastical career. After being distinguished for his intelligence and spotless record, Castillo presented brilliant exam results, obtained a baccalaureate and was ordained a Catholic priest in 1802. The next year he was already a professor of geometry at the same university with an official recommendation.

Castillo returned to Costa Rica preceded by the fame that his accomplishments had gained him in Nicaragua, and in 1806 he was named pastor of the incipient town of Villahermosa (later Alajuela; but aspiring to a higher destination, he returned in 1808 to León, entering the Tridentine University where he gained the post of professor of philosophy, which had been one of his most gifted disciplines, and later the more important charges of synodal examiner, prosecutor and vice-rector.

These rapid promotions, combined with the prestige won during his short return to Costa Rica, meant that when it came time to select a deputy for the Province of Costa Rica to the Cortes of Cádiz in Spain, convened for the salvation of Spain's independence--which was threatened by the formidable power of Napoleon who invaded the nation--his name was included, along with that of Friar José Antonio Taboada y José María Zamora.

Deputy to the Cortes
In 1810 Costa Rica selected Castillo to represent it in the Cortes of Spain, where he was called the "American Mirabeau" for his magnificent oratory. He was distinguished for his struggle in favor of the Indians and blacks and achieved the abolition of the Mita, the Encomienda, Indian tribute and the Repartimiento. He presided over the courts for a brief period. He also campaigned against other forms of racial discrimination.
He also represented Costa Rica in the ordinary courts of 1813-1814, until their dissolution by Fernando VII.

Deputy to the Mexican Congress and Imperial Council
After the dissolution of the Courts, Castillo moved to Mexico, where he represented Costa Rica in the Constituent Congress of 1822. Afterwards he was a member of the Council of State of Emperor Agustín I (Agustín de Iturbide).

Death
Castillo died in Oaxaca on November 26, 1834, where he was a canon of the diocese and administrator of the diocese. In 1971 his remains were returned to Costa Rica, where they were interred in a mausoleum built in the central park of the town of Paraíso, near his birthplace of Ujarrás. His remains rested there until they were stolen in September 2011.

The Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica declared him a "Benemérito de la Patria", or "Worthy Citizen of the Fatherland". The highway between San José and Cartago bears his name.

In 1971 the Mexican State of Oaxaca awarded Florencio del Castillo a posthumous medal for his outstanding effort.

References
 Fernández Guardia, Ricardo. (2005). Don Florencio del Castillo en las Cortes de Cádiz. San José, Costa Rica. Editorial Universidad Estatal a Distancia.
 https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103917/http://www.asamblea.go.cr/Centro_de_informacion/Sala_Audiovisual/Benemritos%20de%20la%20patria/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=44

1778 births
1834 deaths
People from Cartago Province
People from New Spain
19th-century Spanish Roman Catholic priests
Costa Rican Roman Catholic priests
Costa Rican academics
Costa Rican politicians

Florencio del Castillo


The Texas Air & Space Museum is an aviation museum located near Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport in Amarillo, Texas. The museum displays civilian and military aircraft, as well as a wide range of air and space artifacts.

History
In 1989, a group of aviation enthusiasts in Amarillo formed an air and space museum at private Tradewind Airport in southeast Amarillo. In 1997, the museum moved from Tradewind Airport to the Amarillo International Airport (later Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport) and into old buildings that, for most of the years from 1929 through 1972, served as Amarillo's commercial air terminal, first as English Field, then as English Airport, and finally as Amarillo Air Terminal. When the ongoing maintenance costs of English Field's old terminal building and hangars became too great for the museum and city to bear, English Field Air & Space Museum relinquished 13 of its 14 aircraft to other museums, moved its artifacts into storage, and in 2007, closed its doors.

In February 2010, the museum changed its name to Texas Air & Space Museum, acquired indoor and outdoor exhibit space at the Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport, and reopened its doors. On opening day February 15, 2011, Texas Air & Space Museum had a significant number of indoor air and space historical displays and three aircraft—a North American P-51D Mustang, a de Havilland DHC-2 Beaver on floats, and a de Havilland DHC-4 C-7 Caribou.

In July 2011, the museum acquired the locally built and flown Speed Johnson F8F Beercat Reno racer, (registered as Speed Johnson F4F Bearcat) And, in September 2011, the museum acquired a NASA Gulfstream II Shuttle Training Aircraft  that was known by NASA as '946' and was flown 49 times by the airport's namesake—Rick Husband, commander of STS-107 Space Shuttle Columbia that on February 1, 2003, disintegrated upon re-entry, killing all crew members.

Exhibits

Outdoor aircraft park
de Havilland Canada C-7A Caribou
Grumman C-11A Shuttle Training Aircraft

Aircraft indoors

 Bell OH-13S Sioux 63-9085
 Douglas DC-3 N34
 Speed F4F Bearcat

Indoor exhibits
 Aviators of the past – covers local aviators who made aviation history throughout the area, state, nation, and world
 Airports of the past – describes neighboring airports that hosted airmen and aircraft of the early days of aviation
 Amarillo Army Airfield – documents the comings and goings of aircraft and aviators of the war years
 Harold English and English Field Airport – celebrates the dominant aviator and airfield of the area's early aviation
 Military Aviation – highlights aircraft and aviators of the war years while emphasizing service at nearby Amarillo Army Air Field later called Amarillo Air Force Base
 Model aircraft – displays models of civil and military aircraft: All models are hand made by World War II veteran, former B-17 tail gunner, and expert model creator, Jack Rude.

Space exploration
This section of the museum houses dedications to the space program and covers the period from the Mercury flights to the Space Shuttle.

References

External links

 Official Website

Aerospace museums in Texas
Museums in Amarillo, Texas

Texas Air & Space Museum


Ganjam is a town and a notified area council in Ganjam district in the state of Odisha, India. Brahmapur, one of the major city of Odisha is situated in this district.

Geography
Ganjam is located at  in the Ganjam district of Odisha with an elevation of 3 metres (9 feet). Ganjam's mineral-rich coast line extends over 60 km. It provides opportunities for fishing and port facility at Gopalpur for international trade. The rivers like Rushikulya, Dhanei, Bahuda, Ghoda Hada are the source of agriculture and power sectors of the town. Economic wise, Ganjam is a sub industrial town. The Chilika Lake, which attracts tourists, is known for its scenery and a bird sanctuary is situated in the eastern part of district, near the City of Ganjam. Ganjam shares its boundary with Andhra Pradesh.

A mix of moist peninsular high and low level Sal forests, tropical moist and dry deciduous and tropical deciduous forest types provide a wide range of forest products and unique lifestyle to wild life. Bhairabi, which consists of 108 temples, is a place of worship and destination for tourists. Taptapani, which consist of a hot sulphur spring that is 56 km from Berhampur, near Ganjam, is also a tourist destination. Tara Tarini Temple sits on Taratarini Hill near Angu. Solaghar, Raipur is also a destination for tourists. Twin Goddess Tara and Tarini are worshipped there. Rushikulya flows at the foot of the Taratarini Hill. The temple of the Goddess Mahuri Kalua is near a picnic spot by the same name located at the center of the town.

It has a railway station, Ganjam railway station, located along the Howrah–Chennai main line.

Demographics
 India census, Ganjam had a population of 3529031. Ganjam has an average literacy rate of 63% while male literacy is 70%, and female literacy is 54%. Total Child Population (Age between 0–6 years)are 420158. Sex ratio is 983 and density of the overall population is 429 (persons per km2).

Economy
The town has own international reputation for its cottage industries and handicrafts. The main crafts are brass, appliqué, bamboo craft, stone carving, wood carving, terracotta, textile toys etc. and thousands of artisans are operating individually and through co-operative societies. Cultivation is one of the major occupation in the town, which has engaged approximately 75% of the total workers. Livestock, forestry, fishing, mining, construction, trading and transport are few of the work-related categories being the source of income for another 25% of the workers. The major crops grown in the district are paddy, groundnut, cotton, sugarcane and green vegetables. The district has a prosperous live stock population and potentially is very rich in inland and brackish water fisheries. The Chilika coastal area and extended sea shore are the source of rich marine products which serves for the production of like shells and salt.

Ganjam Fort/Potagarh Fort

Located at , the Ganjam Fort (also called Potagarh Fort) is the main spot for tourists in Ganjam. This star fort is located 8 km from Chatrapur. The fort of Potagarh was the first Collectorate complex of Ganjam. Later on it was shifted to Berhampur in 1815 and subsequently to Chhatrapur in 1835, where it is still is.

Potagarh or the "buried fort" is named as such since it is buried. It is situated at present near a village named Ganjam on the mouth of the river Rushikulya. The fort is in ruins and still it stands as the mute witness to many rulers, who have used it as their administrative Headquarters to rule over this region named in different periods as Kalinga, Dandapat, Ganjam, Chichacole Circar etc. It is not a single fort, rather a cluster of forts erected by different governments, the remnants of which tell the stories of their administrative procedures. Thus the history of Potagarh is the history of the Ganjam Collectorate that involves the history of Ganjam, Northern Circars, French Government, Madras Presidency, Bengal Presidency and the history of the East India Company as a whole.

It is said that the construction of Potagarh fort was commenced in 1768 by Edward Costford, the first Resident of Ganjam. But the star-shaped design of the fort and a very old Masjeed standing near it attest more of its Mahammadan origin than British. During the Kutabsahi rule in 17th century Ganjam was extended from Chilika to Chicacole and designated as Chicacole Circar which was the northernmost Circar of the Northern Circars and was controlled from Golconda. In 1641 a Faujdar named Mahammed Khan was appointed in Srikakulam for the first time by
Abdul Kutab Shah, the ruler of Golconda. He constructed some fine mosques at Srikakulam and Icchapuram. The old Kalinga Dandapat (Ganjam) was then divided into two divisions namely Chicacole (Srikakulam) and Icchapuram. Most probably it was Mahammed Khan who erected a fort at the present site of Potagarh for administration of Icchapuram division. Some scholars are of the opinion that the fort was erected by the Fourth Sultan Ibrahim Kutabshah.

In 1753 the Northern Circar was granted to the French and Monsieur De Bussy, the French Commander took control over Ganjam and functioned from Potagarh. He must have erected a fort there for him as well as his French people. The presence of the French people is proved by two tombs erected in the cemetery close to Potagarh in honour of two souls of French origin. in 1765, the Northern Circars were granted to English by an imperial farman. French power ended and Edward Costford was appointed as the British Resident of Ganjam in 1766 and took direct charge of Ganjam in 1768. He constructed there another fort. The fort is spread in a vast area close to the river in star-shape. Inside the compound there are three residential buildings of three different architectural designs, most probably assigned to the Mahammadans, French and British. The first one probably of Mahammadan or Kutabshahi origin is completely in ruined state. The other two are also not in so good condition. Besides, two magazine houses are there. Two passages are there in the eastern side of the compound wall opening to the river.

One was probably used as a secret passage to escape into the sea and the other for the queen to go to the river to take bath. The compound wall is about 8' thick with a moat encircling it. The fort has two nicely designed doors, one is in the front side the other one is in the back side, close to the river. The fort of Potagarh is described by the W.W.Hunter having towers in the star angles except in the east front where there is a large gateway, the walls neither under 18 nor above 22 feet in height and a ditch running in three sides in
many parts with deep water and in the fourth side defended by a thick wood which runs to 150 yards from the walls". Potagarh tells many stories of horror relating to the wrath of the fort-goddess on the ancient village of Ganjam and the escape of the king through the secret passage into the Bay
of Bengal by a boat at the time of attack. The fort Potagarh is an archaeological
asset of the state and deserves preservation.

Climate and regional setting
Maximum summer temperature is 37°C; minimum winter temperature is 16°C. The mean daily temperature varies from 33°C to 38°C. May is the hottest month; December is the coldest. The average annual rainfall is 1250 mm and the region receives monsoon and torrential rainfall from July to October.

Footnotes

Cities and towns in Ganjam district
History of Odisha
Star forts
Forts in Odisha

Ganjam


Pictionary (, ) is a charades-inspired word-guessing game invented by Robert Angel with graphic design by Gary Everson and first published in 1985 by Angel Games Inc. Angel Games licensed Pictionary to Western Publishing. Hasbro purchased the rights in 1994 after acquiring the games business of Western Publishing.  Mattel acquired ownership of Pictionary in 2001. The game is played in teams with players trying to identify specific words from their teammates.

History
The concept of Pictionary was first created by Robert Angel and his friends in 1981. Angel and his roommates came up with the concept of the game, which proved to be very popular between them. While originally hesitant to pitch the idea, Angel was inspired by Trivial Pursuit, the gameplay of which was similar to his concept and proved to him that such gameplay could work and be successful.

Angel and his business partners Terry Langston and Gary Everson first published Pictionary in 1985 through Angel Games. A week before Pictionary was first launched, Angel Games' printing company called to inform them that they could not sort through the 500,000 cards they had printed out. Angel and his partners had to sort through the cards themselves over the course of six days. They managed to sell 6,000 copies in one year at $35 each.

Angel Games licensed the game in 1986 in a joint venture between The Games Gang and Western Publishing. In 1994, Hasbro took over publishing after acquiring the games business of Western Publishing.

In 2001, Pictionary was sold to Mattel. At that time they were in 60 countries and 45 languages, with 11 versions just in the US and a total of 32,000,000 games sold worldwide.

Objective
Each team moves a piece on a game board formed by a sequence of squares. Each square has a letter or shape identifying the type of picture to be drawn on it. The objective is to be the first team to reach the last space on the board. To achieve this a player must guess the word or phrase being drawn by their partner, or if the player lands on an "all play" square, one player from each team attempts to illustrate the same concept simultaneously, with the two teams racing to guess first. The first player to land and guess correctly at the finish wins.

Gameplay

The team chooses one person to begin drawing; this position rotates with each word. The drawer chooses a card out of a deck of special Pictionary cards and tries to draw pictures which suggest the word printed on the card. The pictures cannot contain any numbers or letters, nor can the drawers use spoken clues about the subjects they are drawing. The teammates try to guess the word the drawing is intended to represent.

There are five types of squares on the board, and each Pictionary card has a list of five words printed on it. Players must then draw the word which corresponds to the square on the board on which the team's marker is:

AP category (and a random selection of check-marked words in other categories) are designated as "All Play". For "All Play," the teams compete against each other. Each team designates a player whose purpose will be to draw pictures. The team that guesses the word first gets to advance and take the next turn. If none of the teams guess the word, the turn passes to whichever team should have been next. One may not point or gesture to an object

A one-minute timer, usually a sand timer, is used to compel players to rapidly complete their drawing and guessing.

Reception
Games included Pictionary in its top 100 games of 1986, saying, "The frequent All Play rounds, in which all teams try to identify the same word, are especially exciting. Artistic talent is not a requirement; ingeniously simple drawings almost always win. The 2,500 color-coded words provide real tests of imagination."

Reviews
Jeux & Stratégie #53

See also
Befudiom, a game in which players guess idioms that are acted, shouted, drawn, or spelled out
 Charades, a game that inspired Pictionary, in which players act out words or phrases
 Draw Something, an asynchronous mobile game with a similar concept
 Fast Draw, a 1968 game show with a similar concept to Win, Lose or Draw and Pictionary
 iconary, a Pictionary-like online game where players partner with an AI player
 iSketch, a Pictionary-like online game
 Pictionary (1989 game show), Pictionary (1997 game show), and Pictionary (2022 game show), television shows that were based on Pictionary
 Pictionary (video game), a video game based on Pictionary released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1990
 Win, Lose or Draw, a game show with a similar concept to Pictionary

References

External links

American board games
Word board games
Guessing games
Party board games
Roll-and-move board games
Products introduced in 1985
Hasbro games
Mattel games
Western Publishing

Pictionary


John Gordon McVie  (13 January 1945 – 20 January 2021) was an international authority on the treatment and research of cancer. He wrote over 350 peer-reviewed articles, editorials and books.  McVie was born in Glasgow, Scotland and died of non-Hodgkin lymphona and COVID-19 in Bristol, England.

He served on several committees including the American Association for Cancer Research and the American Society of Clinical Oncology, and the boards of the National Cancer Institutes of France, Italy and the Netherlands. In the UK, he served on the boards of cancer institutes including the Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, the Institute for Cancer Research, and the Christie Hospital.

He was a visiting professor, King's College London, Senior Clinical Research Consultant at the Italian Institute for Molecular Oncology (IFOM) Milan, and Non Executive Director at Ellipses Pharma Ltd, UK Chair of ORIL, Australia and Chair of the European Alliance for Personalised Medicine.

He contributed several substantial additions to the field of cancer care including establishing localised, more pin-point, administration of chemotherapy, and encouraging the use of chemotherapy for the treatment of lung cancer throughout the EU. He also emphasised the importance of adjusting a patient's management according to their ethnicity.

Education

McVie obtained his degrees in science and medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1969, and became a lecturer in Therapeutics and Materia Medica, University of Edinburgh.

History

In 1970, McVie took an MRC research fellowship at Edinburg University, Department of Therapeutics, investigating Hodgkin lymphoma.  In 1975 McVie became the Foundation Senior Lecturer at the Cancer Research Campaign Oncology Unit (currently Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre) at the University of Glasgow. Under Gordon Hamilton-Fairley and Sir Kenneth Calman, he trained in the United States, spending sabbaticals at the NCI, Bethesda, Paris, Sydney, Australia and Amsterdam.

In 1979, McVie became the Clinical Research Director at the Netherlands Cancer Institute, and Consultant in Medical Oncology at the Antoni van Leewenhoek hospital in Amsterdam. He developed a drug development laboratory, and a clinical research unit, for Phase 1 and 2 drugs, plus establishing intraperitoneal therapy in ovarian cancer and limb perfusion in localised sarcoma and melanoma.

At the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) he started the lung cancer group and researched standard chemotherapy / irradiation regimes which were adopted for small and non small cell lung cancer, mesothelioma and thymoma. As Chair of the Pharmacology and Metabolism Group he developed a platform for young investigators to present new molecules and their pharmacology. He was elected President of EORTC and initiated the present Drug Development Group in Brussels, and with NCI support, the European New Drug Development Network and the joint EORTC, NCI, CRC Formulation Committee for anti cancer molecules.

In 1989 McVie became the Scientific Director then Director General of the Cancer Research Campaign. During this time over 60 new drugs were taken from laboratory to clinical trial, and carboplatin, temozolomide, olaparib and abiraterone, all important "breakthrough" anticancer drugs, emerged. In the UK he was one of the architects of the Cancer Trials Networks in Scotland, Wales, and England, and was a founding member of the National Cancer Research Institute, UK.

Having overseen a doubling of Cancer Research Campaign charitable income, he led the merger with ICRF to found Cancer Research UK (CRUK), the largest cancer charity in Europe.

In 2002 McVie became joint CEO of Cancer Research UK with Sir Paul Nurse, where he continued to support new molecule testing and support start-up companies.

Then in 2003 McVie founded a new endeavour, Cancer Intelligence, then with the late Umberto Veronesi - a free online global cancer journal ecancer.org, which was published for eleven years in Zurich, then moved to become a UK charity.

In 2004 McVie became a Senior Consultant of Clinical Research at the European Institute of Oncology, Milan. He set up a clinical research unit to test new molecules and devices, and synergised the new institute with other leading cancer centres throughout the world.

In 2016 he joined the Italian Institute for Molecular Oncology in Milan.

Honours and distinctions

1967Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize in Pathology
1977Honeyman Gillespie Lecturer in Medicine
1978Visiting Fellow, University of Paris, Department of Medical Oncology
1979Visiting Fellow, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
1980Consultant, Carcinogenesis of Cytostatic Drugs, International Agency Research in Cancer, WHO, Lyon
1983Visiting Professor, University of Sydney, NSW Australia
1990–1996 Visiting Professor, British Postgraduate Medical Federation, London University
1990–1998 Chairman UICC Fellowships Program and Board member (Union Internationale Contre le Cancer/International Union Against Cancer)
1994–1997 President, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer
1994–2002 First European Editor of Journal of the National Cancer Institute, US
1995King of Jordan's Medal for Excellence in Science
1996DSc (Hon) University of Abertay, Dundee
1996–2000 Visiting Professor, University of Glasgow
1997DSc (Hon) University of Nottingham
1998FMedSci (Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences)
1999DSc (Hon) University of Portsmouth
2000Semmelweis Medal for Excellence in Science, Budapest
2000Medal of the National Scientific Research Fund of Belgium
2001Silver Medal, Royal Scottish Society of Arts
2001Medal of the National Cancer Society of Greece
2001FRCSE (Hon) (Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons), Ed
2002DSc (Hon) Napier University, Edinburgh
2003–2006 Visiting Professor in Cancer Medicine, University of Cardiff
2005DSc (Hon) University of Ghent, Belgium
2004Fellow of the European Academy of Cancer Sciences
2005MD (Hon), University of Bath
2017Fellow of the Association of Cancer Physicians, UK

References

Further reading

External links
 Netherlands Cancer Institute
 ecancer.org
 Italian Institute for Molecular Oncology
 ecancermedicalscience

20th-century Scottish medical doctors
1945 births
2021 deaths
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
British oncologists
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh

Gordon McVie


Ramsgate Maritime Museum is a maritime museum in Ramsgate, Kent, England, that describes the maritime history of East Kent. The museum is situated in the Clock House on the quayside of the Royal Harbour at Ramsgate.

Ramsgate Maritime Museum is run by the Steam Museum Trust, a registered charity.

Buildings
The museum is housed in buildings leased from Thanet District Council.

The Clock House was built in 1817 by Benjamen Wyatt and George Louch. It was later altered by John Rennie and has now been designated as a Grade II* listed building.

Exhibits
There are four permanent galleries covering the development of the harbour, navigation, fishing, lifeboats and shipwrecks.  A fifth exhibition space houses a 17th-century 32-pounder demi-cannon raised from the wreck of HMS Stirling Castle.  A number of artefacts come from the nearby Goodwin Sands which is responsible for numerous shipwrecks.

Exhibits include two museum ships: the 1946 steam tug Cervia and Sundowner, a 1912 Dunkirk little ship.

The museum reopened on 5 May 2012, having been closed for several years, and plans are afoot to completely revamp the Clock House building and Pier Yard surrounds.

See also
 Port of Ramsgate
 Ramsgate Lifeboat Station

References

External links

 The Steam Museum Trust website

Maritime museums in England
Ramsgate
Museums in Thanet District
Grade II* listed buildings in Kent

Ramsgate Maritime Museum


The Hebridean Terrane is one of the terranes that form part of the Caledonian orogenic belt in northwest Scotland. Its boundary with the neighbouring Northern Highland Terrane is formed by the Moine Thrust Belt.

The basement rock is formed by Archaean and Paleoproterozoic gneisses of the Lewisian complex. They are overlaid unconformably by the Neoproterozoic Torridonian sediments. This in turn is unconformably overlain by a sequence of Cambro–Ordovician sediments. It formed part of the Laurentian foreland during the Caledonian continental collision.

The Hebridean Terrane is the westernmost strip of mainland Scotland, most of the Inner Hebrides and all of the Outer Hebrides. Similar rocks are also thought to be present on Shetland. They have been proved west and north of the Outer Hebrides by BGS shallow boreholes and hydrocarbon exploration wells. The full extent of this terrane to the west is obscured by the effects of Mesozoic rifting.

Some similar rocks occur in Shetland, which are the northern outpost of the Caledonian orogeny,

References

Geography of Scotland

Hebridean Terrane


MotorWeek is an American television newsmagazine program that focuses on the automotive industry. The program is produced by Maryland Public Television for PBS, and also airs on MAVTV. As of September 2023, MotorWeek is underwritten by Tire Rack, an online tire retailer, and the Auto Value/Bumper To Bumper auto parts distribution network.

MotorWeek premiered on October 15, 1981 and has been hosted by John Davis since its inception; Davis also created the series for what was then the Maryland Center for Public Broadcasting and serves at its executive producer.

From its inception until 1987, the program's main segments emanated from Studio A at Maryland Public Television in Owings Mills, Maryland. Since 1987, all taping of the main segments have been done outdoors in various locales. From 1988 to 1993, the program carried the year to its title, becoming MotorWeek '88, coinciding its seasons with the North American new car model year.

Originally airing new, thirty-minute episodes for twenty-six weeks a year, MotorWeek airs new episodes year-round on both PBS and MAVTV. The show is also syndicated internationally through the American Forces Network.

Syndication
On September 11, 1993, at the start of Season 13 (1993–1994), MotorWeek began syndicating to commercial TV stations, and was first syndicated by ITC Entertainment from 1993 to 1998. Since 1998, it has also aired other commercial cable channels like Speedvision, Speed Channel, Velocity, Velocity by Discovery, the Spanish-language network V-me, and Motor Trend.

Synopsis

Each year, MotorWeek puts more than 150 new cars, trucks, and SUVs to the test, providing consumer-oriented vehicle reviews. Its video Road Test segments focus on performance, technology, practicality and dollar value, and feature MotorWeek'''s exclusive energy efficient rating system which compares each vehicle's fuel economy to the best-rated vehicle in its class. The MotorWeek team included master technician Pat Goss (1941-2022) who brought viewers practical advice for keeping cars on the road and out of the shop. Reporters present timely reports on consumer trends, safety issues and the environment, along with innovative, offbeat stories on the automotive world gone extreme. Beginning in 1983, MotorWeek launched its Drivers' Choice Awards which are among the auto industry's most prestigious honors. The Drivers' Choice Awards are unique for their consumer focus and represent the definitive list of best automotive picks in the most popular vehicle categories, including the coveted  "Best of the Year" award. They are presented annually during the Chicago Auto Show. Beginning in season 29 (2009–2010), MotorWeek began broadcasting in widescreen 1080i HDTV.

 Episodes
MotorWeek started on October 15, 1981 and has run for 43 seasons. The show has produced 1,929 episodes with road tests, comparison tests, first impressions, and more. They post older episodes and clips onto YouTube with the Retro Review name. In the first six seasons, they produced 26 episodes each season. Since the seventh season, the show runs year-round for 52 episodes a year. Complete episodes are available on PBS by donations.

 Podcasts
MotorWeek started its podcast on September 3, 2008. The podcast is an extension of the show in which the show's crew expresses opinions, and discusses new and upcoming vehicles.

 Active segments
 Road Test
One of the main staples of MotorWeek is the Road Test, where the team of testers puts a new car through various conditions to see how it operates.

Over the years, MotorWeek has conducted its basic tests at various venues. In the show's early years, testing was primarily done at either Martin State Airport in Baltimore, using one of the airport's seaplane tarmacs, or at 75-80 Dragway in Frederick, Maryland; MotorWeek also had access to a stretch of unfinished highway at an indeterminate location outside of Baltimore in its early days.

Eventually, MotorWeek settled on 75-80 Dragway as its primary test track. The show remained there through the end of season 39, and for most of that time the production was the only entity to have access to the track; it had closed to competition multiple times while MotorWeek was in production and by 2019 had been largely abandoned and become overgrown and dilapidated. For the show's fortieth anniversary season, MotorWeek permanently moved its testing to Mason-Dixon Dragway in Boonsboro, Maryland.

In the winter months, the show relocates the testing to Roebling Road Raceway in Savannah, Georgia. MotorWeek has also done tests at the Ford and General Motors proving grounds in the past as well as at several famous racetracks such as Pocono Raceway in Long Pond, Pennsylvania, Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina, and Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course near Lexington, Ohio, and Road Atlanta in Braselton, Georgia.

Each test starts with an overview of the car's engine and features, as well as other options that are available. This portion is comprehensive, ranging from how much power the engine has to how the interior of the car is set up.

The car is then taken out onto the drag strip. Here, tests are done to measure its zero-to-sixty time, how long it takes to traverse the quarter-mile drag strip, how the car handles a slalom course, how it handles quick turns, and how much distance it takes for the car to come to a complete stop from 60 miles per hour. A test is also done to determine fuel economy ratings against the ones provided by the Environmental Protection Agency; to perform this, the testers use a 100-mile loop that combines city and highway driving and averages their figures. Since 2008, the environmental impacts of vehicles (specifically their carbon footprints and their oil usage) are also included in the discussion.

Older episodes also tested a car's speed at 500 feet to simulate entering a highway as well as its turning diameter.

Once the road test is complete, the car's hits and misses are revealed as are the reasons why the testers felt a certain way about various issues. The car's costs to the consumer are revealed at the very end of the segment, including what the vehicle would cost with various option packages.

 Comparison Test
For many years, MotorWeek has conducted periodic competitive tests to determine what cars, in their opinion, are the top in a certain classification. In recent years these tests have been done in conjunction with cars.com.

For these instances, the team will choose a series of vehicles, usually six, that fit into the category (for example, compact sport utility vehicles). The vehicles, like every other tested by MotorWeek, are supplied by the manufacturers themselves and each must adhere to the set of criteria selected for the competition (for example, transmission type or maximum cost).

After the cars are put through a battery of tests, their performances are graded and the top four performing vehicles in the category are revealed in order from lowest to highest, with specific highlights such as price or fuel mileage noted.

 Other segments
Quick Spin: Take a quick spin on new vehicles.
Two Wheelin': A two wheel review on motorcycles.
First Drive: A first look at new vehicles.
Muscle Car Memories: A wide variety of vintage, classic, and memorable muscle cars.
Car of the Week: Featuring a photo album of automobiles sent in by viewers.
Long Term Test Update: News on cars loaned to MotorWeek for tests, usually for one year.
MotorNews: An in-depth report on new and upcoming vehicles.
Over The Edge: An automotive industry on overdrive. Replaced Craig Singhaus' "Taking the High Road" segment.
FYI: Featuring an in-depth report on consumer trending.
Retro Review: A look back at MotorWeek reviews from past seasons.
Eye Spy: Featuring photographic closeups of automobiles.
Your Drive: An automotive car care segment hosted by Audra Fordin, Logan McCombs and Dan Maffett. The segment was created in season 42 (2022–23) to replace Goss' Garage following Pat Goss' death earlier in 2022.

 Discontinued/Renamed Segments

 Goss' Garage
Goss' Garage was a staple of MotorWeek for its first 41 seasons. Originally called "Motorshop" and featuring Craig Singhaus (who would later host the Taking the High Road segments) as the main maintenance expert in its pilot, the producers approached Washington, DC area mechanic Pat Goss to appear and show viewers solutions to common issues that one might face with their vehicle at one time or another. Initially the segments were aimed more at do-it-yourself type repairs, but as the years went on and technology in cars evolved Goss shifted the focus from knowing how to perform a repair to being more aware of the inner workings of their vehicles and knowing what to do and ask for at the repair shop.

Goss died on March 19, 2022. At the time of his death, there were three Goss' Garage segments that had been recorded but had not aired yet. Host John Davis announced that out of respect to Goss, the Goss' Garage segment would be retired but the remaining segments would air in his honor. The final Goss' Garage segment that Goss recorded aired on the weekend of April 16, 2022, and a tribute to him and his work aired the following weekend. No further car care segments were made for the remainder of season 41. For season 42, Goss' Garage was replaced by a new car care segment under the name Your Drive.

Other segments
The Exotics Spot: Reviewing older vehicles.
What's New on Wheels: A close look at new products on the automotive scene. Renamed to MotorNews
Taking the High Road: Featuring automobiles from the past and present. Renamed to Over the Edge
Stomp, Stay, and Steer: John Davis teaches viewers on how to properly panic stop a vehicle equipped with Anti-Lock Brakes.
A Quick Look: Featuring a quick look at new vehicles.
Behind The Wall: The MotorWeek staff takes behind the wall for their high speed driving skills.
Car of the Week: Pictures of classic/historical cars sent in by viewers.

 Theme music
From the show's premiere in 1981 until 1987, MotorWeek's original theme music was composed by Don Barto. In Season 7 (1987–88), Mark Roumelis took over as music composer. The unaired pilot also featured music from Mark Roumelis, but it is different from the piece he made for the 1987–88 season; this piece has undergone a few updates since.

 Sets
When MotorWeek premiered in 1981, the show emanated from Studio A at MPT on a set which featured various car related decorations and also had room for a featured automobile to be displayed; the set was changed in 1985. Beginning in 1987, the show stopped using the studio and began filming all of the car display segments outdoors.

 Track
As mentioned above, from late 1981 to early 2021, MotorWeek conducted most of its testing on a drag strip that was known as the 75-80 Dragway (also Dragaway) in Frederick, Maryland. While the track itself closed for competition in 2005 (only to reopen in 2009) and again in 2013, MotorWeek'' continued to have access to the drag strip. By 2020, the 40th season of the program, only the strip and a portion of the starter's stand remained; the grandstands were removed sometime in 2019. In 2021, the show moved their roadtests to Mason Dixon Dragway in Boonsboro.

References

External links

Automotive television series
PBS original programming
Television series by ITC Entertainment
Television series by ITV Studios
1981 American television series debuts
1980s American television series
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
2020s American television series
English-language television shows

MotorWeek


Folk Face were a comedy band formed in 2005 by BBC Radio 1 DJ Dave Vitty and BBC Newsreader Dominic Byrne. Mainly appearing on The Chris Moyles Show, they also appeared in person at the Glastonbury Festival and at several Radio 1 events. They mainly did cover versions in a tongue-in-cheek folk music style.

They appeared at the Glastonbury Festival in 2005, but disbanded soon after, only re-forming for a one-off on 20 June 2007 for The Chris Moyles Show to give away tickets for the Glastonbury Festival 2007.

Byrne played guitar for the band, however Vitty played different instruments, these being the bongos in 2005 and the nose flute in 2007.

They auditioned for Dave Grohl on 6 July 2007, while Grohl was in London for Live Earth, in the hope of securing a warm up slot at one of the Foo Fighters future gigs. Grohl was reminded of this and asked to consider it while on air on Radio 1 on the 22 November 2007, however no confirmation of an offer for supporting the band, this time for the Radio 1 Foo Fighters Gig at Wembley on 7 June 2008, was made. Folk Face also played live on 15 February 2008, at Mote Park in Kent, when Radio 1 announced that their One Big Weekend would be coming from Maidstone, also playing the actual event on 10 May 2008. Folk Face were mistaken for band Scouting for Girls who also played live at the launch, in the BBC's in-house magazine Ariel.

Folk Face auditioned for Sir Andrew Lloyd Webber, for a chance to represent the UK at the 2009 Eurovision Song Contest. Folk Face failed to impress Lloyd Webber, who commented that the lyrics could have upset Russia among other countries.

More recently, Folk Face played a song at the 2009 Big Weekend in Swindon, as part of the breakfast show team's set of song parodies. They also toured the UK for the first time through August and September 2010.

On 11 April 2011, they announced on The Chris Moyles Show that Folk Face would play Glastonbury Festival 2011.

On 10 January 2013 Dominic Byrne tweeted that it was a "sad day today with the news that Folkface are no more." However, he did state that there was the possibility that the band could re-form for a farewell show in the summer.

References

External links
Radio1 Blog Entry About Folk Face

English folk musical groups
English musical duos
Folk music duos
English comedy duos
British comedy musical groups

Folk Face


"Moonlight in Vermont" is a popular song about the U.S. state of Vermont, written by John Blackburn (lyrics) and Karl Suessdorf (music) and published in 1944. It was introduced by Margaret Whiting in a 1944 recording.

Background
The lyrics are unusual in that they do not rhyme. John Blackburn, the lyricist, has been quoted as saying, "After completing the first 12 bars of the lyric, I realized there was no rhyme and then said to Karl, 'Let's follow the pattern of no rhyme throughout the song. It seemed right.'" The lyrics are also unconventional in that each verse (not counting the bridge) is a haiku.

The song is considered an unofficial state song of Vermont and is frequently played as the first dance song at Vermont wedding receptions.

Recorded versions

"Moonlight in Vermont" has been covered by numerous other artists over the years:
Johnny Smith recorded a version of the song in 1952 with Stan Getz, later the title track on a 1956 album
The Gerry Mulligan Quartet recorded a version in 1953 with Chet Baker
Betty Carter and the Ray Bryant Jazz trio released a version on their march 1956 album, Meet Betty Carter and Ray Bryant

Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong released a version on their 1956 album, Ella and Louis
Jo Stafford covered the song on her 1956 album Ski Trails
Billie Holiday covered the song in January 1957 for her 1958 Verve album Songs for Distingué Lovers
Frank Sinatra covered the song for his 1958 studio album Come Fly With Me, and performed it regularly live. It appears on his live albums Sinatra Saga, Sinatra & Sextet: Live in Paris, Frank Sinatra with the Red Norvo Quintet: Live in Australia, 1959, Sinatra: Vegas and Live at the Meadowlands. Additionally, it appears as a duet with Linda Ronstadt on his 1994 album Duets II.
Sam Cooke covered the song on his self titled 1958 debut album
Sarah Vaughan covered the song in 1958 on No Count Sarah
Dorothy Ashby covered the song in 1958 on Hip Harp with Frank Wess
Ray Charles included it on his 1960 album The Genius Hits the Road
Brook Benton covered the song on his 1960 album Songs I Love to Sing
Bobby Womack covered the song on his 1969 album Fly Me to the Moon
Willie Nelson covered the song for his 1978 album Stardust
Jane Monheit covered the song for her 2005 Christmas album The Season
Seth MacFarlane covered the song for his 2014 Christmas album Holiday For Swing
Captain Beefheart's song "Moonlight on Vermont", on his 1969 album Trout Mask Replica, is unrelated

References

External links
 Analysis of "Moonlight in Vermont" at Jazz Standards

1943 songs
1940s jazz standards
Songs written by John Blackburn (songwriter)
Songs written by Karl Suessdorf
Margaret Whiting songs
Ella Fitzgerald songs
Louis Armstrong songs
Frank Sinatra songs
Willie Nelson songs
Ray Charles songs
Rosemary Clooney songs
The Coasters songs
Nat King Cole songs
Sam Cooke songs
Billie Holiday songs
Frankie Laine songs
Johnny Mathis songs
Linda Ronstadt songs
Neil Sedaka songs
Sarah Vaughan songs
Vermont culture
Haiku
Pop standards
Songs about Vermont

Moonlight in Vermont (song)


Caleana parvula, commonly known as the Esperance duck orchid is a species of orchid endemic to a small area near Esperance in the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single smooth leaf and usually only a single greenish yellow and red flower. It is distinguished by its small flower with the calli only on the outer one-fifth of the labellum. The only other Caleana species in Western Australia which is smaller is C. lyonsii.

Description
Caleana labellum has a single smooth, dull green or dull red leaf,  long,  wide and usually withered by flowering time. Usually only one greenish-yellow and red flower,  long and  wide is borne on a thin, wiry stalk  high. The dorsal sepal, lateral sepals and petals are narrow and hang downwards with the dorsal sepal pressed against the column which has broad wings, forming a bucket-like shape. About one fifth of the outer part of the labellum is covered with glossy black glands or calli and the labellum flattened. Flowering occurs in October and November.

Taxonomy and naming
The Esperance duck orchid was first formally described in 2006 by Stephen Hopper and Andrew Brown who gave it the name Paracaleana parvula. The description was published in Australian Systematic Botany from a specimen collected in the Cape Arid National Park. In 2014, based on molecular studies, Joseph Miller and Mark Clements transferred all the species previously in Paracaleana to Caleana so that the present species became Caleana parvula. The specific epithet (parvula) is the diminutive form of the Latin word parvus meaning "little" hence "rather little", referring to the small size of the flower compared to others in the genus.

Distribution and habitat
Caleana parvula grows in sandy soil in shrubland between Condingup and Israelite Bay in the Esperance Plains biogeographic region.

Conservation
Caleana parvula (as Paracaleana parvula) is classified as "Priority Two" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife meaning that it is poorly known and from only one or a few locations.

References

External links

parvula
Orchids of Western Australia
Endemic orchids of Australia
Plants described in 2006
Endemic flora of Western Australia

Caleana parvula


365gay News (formerly CBS News on Logo) is the umbrella title of gay-themed news programming airing on the Logo television network. The programming was produced in partnership with CBS as a result of the former ownership of both networks by Viacom. It debuted in June 2005, when the channel began broadcasting and was shut down on September 30, 2011.

Initially, news items were presented as short segments between scheduled programs. Occasionally the channel would air full half-hour specials on stories of interest to the LGBT community, such as the Gay Games, yearly gay pride events, the October 2006 ruling in the same-sex marriage case in New Jersey, Lewis v. Harris, and the issues facing gay voters in the 2006 mid-term elections.

History
In late 2007 CBS News on Logo went from broadcasting segments between scheduled programming to a weekly half-hour format. New programs were broadcast each Monday and repeated through the week.

Jason Bellini was the lead anchor for CBS News on Logo until 2008. Other correspondents included Itay Hod and Chagmion Antoine. The Executive Producer until 2008 was Court Passant. The CBS News Up to the Minute set was utilized for the broadcast of the program.

Beginning in January 2007, a news update podcast became available for download through the iTunes Store.

In 2008, both Jason Bellini and Court Passant left the program. Logo changed the name to 365gay News and CBS News brought in correspondent Ross Palombo to anchor and revamp the show.

On August 13, 2009, Logo announced that its partnership with CBS News had ended. 365gay News became solely an online web site. Correspondent Hod, expressing his strong disagreement with the move, speculated that economic conditions in 2009 led to the decision.

Closure
In September 2011, 365gay.com announced that it would cease operations as of September 30.

References

Logo TV original programming
2000s American television news shows
2005 American television series debuts
2009 American television series endings
CBS News
Television series by CBS Studios
2000s American LGBT-related television series

365gay News


Robert Edwin Bacharach (born May 20, 1959) is a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit.

Early life and career
Bacharach was born in Clarksdale, Mississippi. He attended Washington University in St. Louis for one year and received his Bachelor of Arts degree, magna cum laude, from the University of Oklahoma in 1981. He received his Juris Doctor from the Washington University School of Law in 1985 where he graduated Order of the Coif. He served as an editor of the Washington University Law Quarterly. He served two years as law clerk to Judge William Judson Holloway Jr. of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. In 1987, he joined the Oklahoma City law firm of Crowe & Dunlevy, P.C. as an associate, becoming a shareholder in 1994. His concentration was commercial litigation. He served as an adjunct professor at the University of Oklahoma College of Law, teaching civil pretrial litigation.

Federal judicial service

United States magistrate judge service
Bacharach was appointed United States magistrate judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma in 1999, holding that office until his elevation to circuit judge in 2013. He is an active member of the Federal Bar Association and has served as the Tenth Circuit Vice President since 2007. During his time as a magistrate judge, he handled nearly 3,000 civil and criminal cases and presided over more than 400 judicial settlement conferences. He issued more than 1,600 reports and recommendations in a wide variety of judicial matters. He chaired numerous committees for his district, including the Civil Rules Committee and the Criminal Justice Act Committee.

United States court of appeals service
On January 23, 2012, President Barack Obama nominated Bacharach to be United States Circuit Judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. On July 26, 2012, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid filed for cloture on Bacharach's nomination. A cloture vote held on July 30, 2012, failed by a 56–34 vote, with 3 senators voted present, including both Oklahoma Senators, Tom Coburn and James Inhofe. On January 2, 2013, his nomination was returned to the President, due to the sine die adjournment of the Senate.

On January 3, 2013, he was renominated to the same office. On February 7, 2013, the Senate Judiciary Committee reported his nomination to the floor by voice vote. The Senate confirmed his nomination on February 25, 2013, by a 93–0 vote. He received his commission on February 28, 2013.

See also
Barack Obama judicial appointment controversies

References

External links

1959 births
Living people
21st-century American judges
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
People from Clarksdale, Mississippi
United States court of appeals judges appointed by Barack Obama
United States magistrate judges
University of Oklahoma alumni
Washington University School of Law alumni
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
University of Oklahoma faculty

Robert E. Bacharach


The Siemens cycle is a technique used to cool or liquefy gases.  A gas is compressed, leading to an increase in its temperature due to the directly proportional relationship between temperature and pressure (as stated by Gay-Lussac's law).  The compressed gas is then cooled by a heat exchanger and decompressed, resulting in a (possibly condensed) gas that is colder than the original at the same pressure.

Carl Wilhelm Siemens patented the Siemens cycle in 1857.

In the Siemens cycle the gas is:
1. Heated – by compressing the gas – adding external energy into the gas, to give it what is needed for running through the cycle
2. Cooled – by immersing the gas in a cooler environment, losing some of its heat (and energy)
3. Cooled through heat exchanger with returning gas from next (and last stage)
4. Cooled further by expanding the gas and doing work, removing heat (and energy)

The gas which is now at its coolest in the current cycle, is recycled and sent back to be –
5. Heated – when participating as the coolant for stage 3, and then
6. Resent to stage one, to start the next cycle, and be slightly reheated by compression.

In each cycle the net cooling is more than the heat added at the beginning of the cycle. As the gas passes more cycles and becomes cooler, reaching lower temperatures at the expanding cylinder (stage 4 of the Siemens cycle) becomes more difficult.

See also
Adiabatic process
Gas compressor
Hampson–Linde cycle
Regenerative cooling
Timeline of low-temperature technology

References

Thermodynamic cycles
1857 in science
1857 in Germany

Siemens cycle


The Chester Town Hall is a historic governmental building and community meeting place in the village of Chesterville, Ohio, United States.  Built in the 1860s by the village and a fraternal society, it has served as home for both entities throughout its history, as well as providing space for Chester Township officials and community gatherings.  Along with numerous other buildings in the village, it has been named a historic site.

Community history
The vicinity of Chesterville was one of the first-settled parts of Knox County, as pioneers began arriving soon after 1803, and Chester Township was created in 1812, but the advance of civilization was slow; only after the conclusion of the War of 1812 did the area begin to prosper.  Merchant Enos Miles, who moved to the township in 1815, platted the village of Chester in 1830.  During its first decades, the village prospered; multiple schools were established, and numerous grand Greek Revival buildings lined the streets, but Chesterville lost to Mount Gilead in its attempt to be named the county seat when Morrow County was established in the 1850s, and Chesterville withered as the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railway built through Mount Gilead.  The village was incorporated in 1860.

Building history
Among the community organizations active in Chesterville was Lodge 204 of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, organized in 1852.  Prosperous within a few years of its establishment, the lodge soon owned its own hall, and in 1867 the members joined with the village and helped to construct the town hall, the upper story of which the lodge constructed at a cost of $1,200.  Besides serving as a place for village officials to meet, the hall served as a community center; in 1880, the residents debated adding a stage and scenery, using money obtained from railroad taxes, and it ended up serving as a music performance venue for part of its history.  In later years, the building also became home to Chester Township officials.

Architecture
Built on a foundation of sandstone, the Town Hall is a weatherboarded structure with a metal roof pierced by a single chimney.  Two and a half stories tall, the narrow facade and rear rise to gables, while the sides are substantially longer than the ends.  Fourteen side windows are present in seven bays, while the facade features six sash windows in three bays: a small window in the gable, one in each second-story bay, and one in each end bay on the first story, while the double doors of the main entrance occupy the middle of the first story.  Shutters are provided for the windows in the first story of the facade.

Preservation
During the 1970s, a community group known as Chester Community Concerns was formed to encourage preservation of the village's historic architecture.  In 1978, the group sponsored a project to record the village's historic buildings with the Ohio Historic Inventory, a historic preservation survey, with the goal of nominating the most important historic properties for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places.  Using the multiple property submission process, nine Chesterville buildings were added to the Register in August 1979: the town hall, the Methodist Church, the Jarvis and Enos Miles Houses on Portland Street, the Old Union School, the post office and the A.B. Sears House on Sandusky Street, and the Old Bartlett and Goble Store and an unnamed commercial building at the village's main intersection.  The town hall qualified both because of its well-preserved historic architecture and because of its place in local history.

References

Government buildings completed in 1867
Buildings and structures in Morrow County, Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Morrow County, Ohio
City and town halls in Ohio
Community centers in Ohio
Former music venues in the United States
Music venues in Ohio
City and town halls on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Odd Fellows buildings in Ohio
Wooden buildings and structures in the United States
1867 establishments in Ohio

Chester Town Hall (Chesterville, Ohio)


An inside job  is a crime committed by a person in a position of trust, or with the help of someone either employed by the victim or entrusted with access to the victim's affairs or premises.

Inside Job may also refer to:

Books

 Inside Job (novella), a 2005 novella by Connie Willis

Film

 Inside Job (1946 film), a 1946 film noir directed by Jean Yarborough
 Inside Job (2010 film), a 2010 documentary film about the financial crisis of 2007–2010 by Charles H. Ferguson

Television

 The Alpha Caper (also known as The Inside Job), a 1973 crime thriller made-for-TV movie
 Inside Job (2014 TV series), a reality show on TNT
 Inside Job (2021 TV series), an adult animated Netflix original series created by Shion Takeuchi with Alex Hirsch as executive producer
 "Inside Job", a 1994 episode of Melody Rules
 "The Inside Job" (SpongeBob SquarePants), a 2009 episode of SpongeBob SquarePants
 "The Inside Job", a 2010 episode of Leverage
 "Inside Job", a 2012 episode of Transformers: Prime

Music

 Inside Job (Don Henley album), 2000
 Inside Job (Roswell Rudd album), 1976
 Inside Job, 1980 contemporary Christian album by Dion DiMucci

Songs

 "Inside Job", song on the 1992 album Little Village (album) by the band of the same name
 "Inside Job", song on the 1998 album 40 Dayz & 40 Nightz by Xzibit
 "Inside Job", song on the 2006 album Pearl Jam (album) by the band of the same name

See also

 Inside Man (disambiguation)

Inside Job


Sir Ehud Sheleg (; born November 1955), nicknamed Udi Sheleg, is a British-Israeli businessman, art dealer and political figure.

Early life
Sheleg was born in Tel Aviv, Israel but is quoted saying "I was brought up, albeit in Israel, with the sentiment of very strong ties to Britain. In the family of nations, this has to be my favourite one. Second to my homeland, of course". His father served with the Royal Air Force in the Second World War.

Career
Sheleg is a director of the Halcyon Gallery in London. It is 50% controlled through a British Virgin Islands company by the Tov Settlement, the Sheleg family trust. He donated over £3.4 million to the Conservative Party, between 2017 and 2019.

In July 2019, he was appointed a Knight Bachelor in the 2019 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours and was named by Boris Johnson as the new Treasurer of the Conservative Party. In April 2021, he completed his tenure as Treasurer and was succeeded by Malik Karim.

Investigations
In 2022, Labour Party Chair Anneliese Dodds used her parliamentary privilege in The House of Commons to announce that she had written to her Conservative counterpart Oliver Dowden to raise questions over Sheleg's 2018 donation to the Conservative party. The source for her allegation was a New York Times story, based on the illegal disclosure of a Suspicious Activity Report (SAR). The article claimed Sheleg's donation came from his Ukrainian father-in-law, Sergei Kopytov, as part of Russian money infiltrating the UK.

However, this claim was investigated by the National Crime Agency with the NCA's Director of Operations, Steve Rodhouse, stating "As you will be aware, provided a donation comes from a permissible source, and was the decision of the donor themselves, it is permitted under PPERA. This remains the case even if the donor's funds derived from a gift from an overseas individual".

The Electoral Commission also investigated the claim and has publicly stated that they have 'looked into the donation' and that there is 'no evidence' that the party has broken any rules and that they have 'no plans to investigate further'. The article linked does not contain any such quote from the Electoral Commission.

Personal life
Sheleg has been married twice: his first wife was English, and he married his second in 2014.

References

1955 births
British Jews
Businesspeople awarded knighthoods
Conservative Party (UK) people
Knights Bachelor
Living people
Businesspeople from Tel Aviv
Israeli art dealers
Art dealers from London
Israeli emigrants to the United Kingdom

Ehud Sheleg


Mat Snow (born 20 October 1958) is an English music journalist, magazine editor, and author. From 1995 to 1999, he was the editor of Mojo magazine; he subsequently served in the same role on the football magazine FourFourTwo.

During the 1980s, Snow wrote regularly for the NME, as a reviewer and feature writer, in addition to contributing to publications such as Sounds and Q. He has twice been recognised as "Editor of the Year" by the British Society of Magazine Editors, winning for Mojo in 1996 and FourFourTwo in 2002. As an author, his books include Nick Cave: Sinner Saint and The Beatles Solo.

Career

As reporter and reviewer
Snow began writing gig reviews for the NME in 1982, covering performances at London venues such as the Lyceum, Brixton's Ace Cinema, the Dominion Theatre and Ronnie Scott's. His reviews included pieces on the post-punk bands the Birthday Party, the Go-Betweens, Depeche Mode and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark. Snow was an early champion of the American band R.E.M., about whom he wrote in April 1984: "Reckoning and its predecessor, last year's Murmur, confirm R.E.M. as one of the most beautifully exciting groups on the planet."

In 1986, he was the subject of Nick Cave's anti-journalistic "Scum", a song that the NMEs website includes in a list of "Music's Mightiest Diss Tracks". Although the pair had become friendly in 1981, Cave had taken exception when Snow referred to his 1985 album as "disappointing". Snow learnt of the Australian singer's displeasure while interviewing him in August 1986, as Cave told him: "I didn't write ['Scum'] about the press; I wrote it about you." Speaking to The Guardian in December 2006, Snow said of "Scum": "It's a brilliant record … Like Dylan's Mr Jones or Pope's Colley Cibber, I'd rather be memorialised as the spotlit object of a genius's scorn than a dusty discographical footnote."

While also writing album reviews, Snow interviewed many other artists between 1983 and 1995 – for Sounds, Q and the NME. His interviewees include the following: Elvis Costello, AC/DC, Björk, Tom Petty, Kate Bush, David Byrne, Morrissey, John Cale, Jimmy Page, David Gilmour, Robert Plant, Marianne Faithfull, Bryan Ferry, Keith Richards, Iggy Pop, Leonard Cohen and Elton John.

Editorship of Mojo and FourFourTwo
In 1993, together with journalist and author Lloyd Bradley, Snow came up with the initial concept for what became the UK men's magazine Maxim. The idea was discarded until publisher Felix Dennis reworked it for a younger readership, so creating a successful rival title to IPC Media's Loaded.

Snow took over the Mojo editorship from the magazine's founder, Paul Du Noyer, in 1995. In November the following year, the British Society of Magazine Editors (BSME) voted him "Editor of the Year", in the non-weekly "special interest" category, for his work on Mojo.

In the book Media Organization and Production, Eamonn Forde cites Snow among editors who advocate an approach combining "three interrelated roles" – namely "the journalistic", "the financial" and "the managerial" – rather than focusing purely on newsroom content. The same book quotes him on the demise of Melody Maker, following IPC's attempts to tailor that long-running title to a younger readership in 1999: "they identified a niche in that market, but is there a market in that niche?" Barney Hoskyns, a former Mojo contributor, views Snow as a rare exception among magazine editors, about whom he says: "Very few bother to make one feel at all valuable."

After leaving Mojo, Snow worked as editorial consultant to Cabal Communications. In March 2001, he was announced as the new editor of Haymarket's popular football magazine, FourFourTwo. While acknowledging his lack of professional experience with sports titles, Snow told The Guardian that football had "always been my vice"; he added that he hoped to give the magazine the same lighthearted tone typical of Q and Mojo. In 2002, Snow won a second BSME "Editor of the Year" award, for his editorship of FourFourTwo.

As author
Having interviewed Paul McCartney as part of Mojos coverage of the Beatles' 1995–96 Anthology project, Snow authored a four-volume book on the former band members' careers after the group's break-up, titled The Beatles Solo (2013). The book was one of several Beatles-related titles released in 2013, 50 years after the band's rise to fame. Snow's other books include Nick Cave: Sinner Saint, published by Plexus in 2011.

Snow currently works as the editorial consultant to the music journalism website Rock's Backpages. His writing has also appeared in The Guardian, for which he first interviewed Leonard Cohen in 1988. In October 2014, Race Point published Snow's U2 biography, titled U2: Revolution.

Books and publications
 Nick Cave: Sinner Saint: The True Confessions, Thirty Years of Essential Interviews (2011)
The Beatles Solo: The Illustrated Chronicles of John, Paul, George and Ringo after The Beatles (2013)
 King: My Autobiography. Ledley King (2013)
U2: Revolution  (2014)

References

Living people
English magazine editors
English music critics
English music journalists
Place of birth missing (living people)
1958 births

Mat Snow


Styford Bridge is a modern concrete bridge carrying the A68 road across the River Tyne east of Riding Mill, Northumberland, England and forms part of the A68 bypass of Corbridge.

History
The A68 road from Darlington used to descend the south side of the Tyne valley to the village of Riding Mill, then followed the River Tyne to the road bridge at Corbridge, and from there ran northwest to Jedburgh. The new road descends sharply to the east and crosses the River Tyne about  downstream of Riding Mill. The new road carries on northwards to meet the A69 at the Styford roundabout. The A68 and the A69 follow the bypass west for about  to the Stagshaw Road roundabout where the A68 leaves to join the old alignment.

The new link road was opened by the Duke of Northumberland in a ceremony on the bridge. Present were Councillor Robert Barnett, Chairman of Northumberland County Council and Councillor the Reverend Alec Beniams, Chairman of Tynedale District Council. The main contractors for the link road were Northumberland County Council direct labour organisation and Eden Construction of Carlisle Limited. The bridge was the main responsibility of the county council labour force and was approved by the Royal Fine Art Commission. The bridge, which cost £530,000, was personally designed by Tom Smith, assistant county surveyor.

Air crash
On 9 January 1990 two RAF jets collided in mid-air over the Tyne Valley, and one crashed to earth. The two-man crew from one aircraft, a Tornado ZA394 from RAF Laarbruch in West Germany, ejected to safety. The other plane, a Jaguar XZ108, managed to stay in the air and safely divert to RAF Leeming in Yorkshire. The pilot and navigator from the Tornado were both injured. Wreckage from the crash fell onto the bridge causing minor damage to the road surface and to both safety barriers.

References

External links
 Styford Bridge at Bridges on the Tyne

Crossings of the River Tyne
Bywell

Styford Bridge


'70s on 7 (or just The '70s) is a commercial-free, satellite radio channel on Sirius XM Radio channel 7 and Dish Network channel 6007 (channel 099-07 on Dish's Hopper DVR units). It plays pop, rock, soul, and disco music from the 1970s, mostly hits. Prior to XM's merger with Sirius, Arbitron reported that '70s on 7 was the fourth most listened to channel, with a cume of 667,400 listeners per week. As part of the Sirius/XM merger on November 12, 2008, The '70s was merged with Sirius' Totally '70s and took its current name.

Much like the other decades channels, '70s on 7 attempts to recreate the feel of 1970s radio. It uses similar DJ techniques, jingles, 1970s slang, and news updates. Kid Kelly, formerly of WHTZ New York, programs the channel with Human Numan, a long-time contemporary hit radio personality. Creative imaging is produced by producer Mitch Todd who oversees all producers and production on the music channels and the marketing division. Due to being commercial-free, it does not recreate any sponsor spots. The channel was also used for XM's annual pop music chronology, IT.

The original XM "70s on 7" channel made a strong effort to reproduce the smooth, velvety 1970s FM sound rather than the chatty "morning drive" sound that Sirius favored.  After the XM-Sirius merger the "morning drive" sound became the "official" sound of the 1970s channel. The channel features the unique "Jukebox of Dynamite" (formerly the "Jukebox of Cheese"), when an alleged listener selects a "cheesy" song for the segment such as "Oh, Babe, What Would You Say?", "Seasons in the Sun", "Theme from Billy Jack", "Run Joey Run" or "Billy Don't Be A Hero".

70s on 7 also uses bumpers that parody TV shows and commercial jingles from the 70s, and also has its own parodies of movie scenes, known as "director's cuts".

The station's logo currently has a flower as the zero. Prior to 2015, the station's logo featured a disco ball as the zero. The internet version can be biased to play only disco and soul.

Core artists
Stevie Wonder
Bachman-Turner Overdrive
KC & The Sunshine Band
Bee Gees
ABBA
Chicago
Earth, Wind & Fire
Elton John
Paul McCartney & Wings
Eagles
The Jackson 5
Marvin Gaye
Michael Jackson
Three Dog Night
Doobie Brothers
Steely Dan

References

External links
SiriusXM: '70s on 7

Sirius Satellite Radio channels
XM Satellite Radio channels
Sirius XM Radio channels
1970s-themed radio stations
Radio stations established in 2001

'70s on 7


The Lan Na Kingdom or The Kingdom of Lanna (, , "Kingdom of a Million Rice Fields"; , , ), also known as Lannathai, and most commonly called Lanna or Lanna Kingdom, was an Indianized state centered in present-day Northern Thailand from the 13th to 18th centuries.

The cultural development of the Northern Thai people had begun long before as successive kingdoms preceded Lan Na. As a continuation of the kingdom of Ngoenyang, Lan Na emerged strong enough in the 15th century to rival the Ayutthaya Kingdom, with whom wars were fought. However, the Lan Na Kingdom was weakened and became a tributary state of the Taungoo Dynasty in 1558. Lan Na was ruled by successive vassal kings, though some enjoyed autonomy. The Burmese rule gradually withdrew but then resumed as the new Konbaung Dynasty expanded its influence. In 1775, Lan Na chiefs left the Burmese control to join Siam, leading to the Burmese–Siamese War (1775–76).

Following the retreat of the Burmese force, Burmese control over Lan Na came to the end. Siam, under King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, gained control of Lan Na in 1776. From then on, Lan Na became a tributary state of Siam under the succeeding Chakri Dynasty.

Throughout the latter half of the 1800s, the Siamese state dismantled Lan Na independence, absorbing it into the emerging Siamese nation-state. Beginning in 1874, the Siamese state reorganized Lan Na Kingdom as Monthon Phayap, brought under the direct control of Siam. The Lan Na Kingdom effectively became centrally administered from through the Siamese thesaphiban governance system instituted in 1899. By 1909, Lan Na Kingdom no longer existed formally as an independent state, as Siam finalized the demarcation of its borders with the British and French.

Names
The Lan Na kingdom is known by a number of exonyms in neighboring languages. In Burmese chronicles and sources, it is called Zinme Pyi (, ), Zinme being a Burmese language transcription of Chiang Mai; or Yun Pyi (, ), Yun being the Burmese term for the Northern Thai people. In the Laotian language, it is known as Anachak Lan Na ().

The Pali chronicles refer to the kingdom as Yonaraṭṭha (Kingdom of the Yun) or Bingaraṭṭha (Kingdom of the Mae Ping). In the Chinese History of the Yuan, it is called Babai Xifu (Pa-pai-si-fu) (), first attested in 1292.

History

Early establishment

Mangrai, the 25th king of Ngoenyang (modern Chiang Saen) of the Lavachakkaraj dynasty, whose mother was a princess of a kingdom in Sipsongpanna ("the twelve nations"), centralized the mueangs of Ngoenyang into a unified kingdom or mandala and allied with the neighboring Phayao Kingdom. In 1262, Mangrai moved the capital from Ngoenyang to the newly founded Chiang Rai — naming the city after himself. Mangrai then expanded to the south and subjugated the Mon kingdom of Hariphunchai (centered on modern Lamphun) in 1281. Mangrai moved the capital several times. Leaving Lamphun due to heavy flooding, he drifted until settling at and building Wiang Kum Kam in 1286/7, staying there until 1292 at which time he relocated to what would become Chiang Mai. He founded Chiang Mai in 1296, expanding it to become the capital of Lan Na. Claimed territories of Mangrai's Lan Na include modern northern Thailand provinces (with exception of Phrae — which was under vassalhood of Sukhothai— and Phayao and Nan), Kengtung, Mong Nai, and Chiang Hung (modern Jinghong in Yunnan). He also reduced to vassaldom and received tribute from areas of modern Northern Vietnam, principally in the Black and Red river valleys, and most of Northern Laos, plus the Sipsongpanna of Yunnan where his mother originated.

Disunity and prosperity

Around 1311, Mangrai died and was succeeded by his second son Grama, or Jayasangrama (Khun Hham). He soon retired to Chiangrai and appointed his son Saen Phu as the Uparaja (Viceroy) of Chiangmai. Mangrai's youngest son, ruler of Mong Nai returned to claim the throne, occupying Haripunjaya. Saen Phu and his brother Nam Thuem fled to their father in Chiangrai. Nam Tuam succeeded in driving out their uncle, restoring Saen Phu onto the throne in 1322 or 1324. Saen Phu founded the city of Chiang Saen in 1325 or 1328, before he died in 1334. His son Kham Fu replaced him but reigned only few years, before he was succeeded by his son Pha Yu, who restored the capital to Chiang Mai again. There he fortified the city and built Wat Phra Singh.

Theravada Buddhism prospered in Lan Na during the reign of religious Kue Na who established the dhatu of Doi Suthep in 1386. Kue Na promoted the Lankawongse sect and invited monks from Sukhothai to replace the existing Mon Theravada that Lan Na inherited from Haripunchai.

Lan Na enjoyed peace under Saenmuengma (which means ten thousand cities arrive — to pay tribute). The only disturbing event was the failed rebellion by his uncle Prince Maha Prommatat. Maha Prommatat requested aid from Ayutthaya. Borommaracha I of Ayutthaya sent his troops to invade Lan Na but was repelled. This was the first armed conflict between the two kingdoms. Lan Na faced invasions from the newly established Ming Dynasty in the reign of Sam Fang Kaen.

Expansions under Tilokkarat

The Lan Na kingdom was strongest under Tilokkarat (1441–1487). Tilokkarat seized the throne from his father Sam Fang Kaen in 1441. Tilokkarat's brother, Thau Choi, rebelled to reclaim the throne for his father and sought Ayutthayan support. Borommaracha II sent his troops to Lan Na in 1442 but was repelled and the rebellion was suppressed. Tilokkarat conquered the neighboring Kingdom of Payao in 1456.

To the south, the emerging Kingdom of Ayutthaya was also growing powerful. Relations between the two kingdoms had worsened since the Ayutthayan support of Thau Choi's rebellion. In 1451, Yutthitthira, a Sukhothai royal who had conflicts with Trailokanat of Ayutthaya, gave himself to Tilokkarat. Yuttitthira urged Trilokanat to invade Pitsanulok which he had claims on, igniting the Ayutthaya-Lan Na War over the Upper Chao Phraya valley (i.e. the Kingdom of Sukhothai). In 1460, the governor of Chaliang surrendered to Tilokkarat. Trailokanat then used a new strategy and concentrated on the wars with Lan Na by moving the capital to Pitsanulok. Lan Na suffered setbacks and Tilokkarat eventually sued for peace in 1475.

Tilokkarat was also a strong patron of Theravada Buddhism. In 1477, the Buddhist Council to recompile the Tripitaka was held near Chiang Mai. Tilokkarat also built and rehabilitated many notable temples. Tilokkarat then expanded west to the Shan States of Laihka, Hsipaw, Mong Nai, and Yawnghwe.

Decline
After Tilokkarat, Lan Na was then subjected to old-style princely struggles that prevented the kingdom from defending itself against powerful growing neighbors. The Shans then broke themselves free of Lan Na control that Tilokkarat had established. The last strong ruler was Paya Kaew who was the great-grandson of Tilokkarat. In 1507, Kaew invaded Ayutthaya but was repelled — only to be invaded in turn in 1513 by Ramathibodi II and Lampang was sacked. In 1523, a dynastic struggle occurred in Kengtung State. One faction sought Lan Na support while another faction went for Hsipaw. Kaew then sent Lan Na armies to re-exert control there but was readily defeated by Hsipaw armies. The loss was so tremendous that Lan Na never regained such dominance.

In 1538, King Ketklao, son of Kaew, was overthrown by his own son Thau Sai Kam. However, Ketklao was restored in 1543 but suffered mental illness and was executed in 1545. Ketklao's daughter, Chiraprapha, then succeeded her father as the queen regnant. As Lan Na was plundered by the dynastic struggles, both Ayutthaya and the Burmese saw this as an opportunity to overwhelm Lan Na. Chairacha of Ayutthaya invaded Lan Na in 1545, but Chiraprapha negotiated for peace. Chairacha returned next year, sacking Lampang and Lamphun, and threatened Chiangmai itself. So, Chiraprapha was forced to put her kingdom under Ayutthaya as a tributary state.

Facing pressures from the invaders, Chiraprapha decided to abdicate in 1546 and the nobility gave the throne to her nephew (son of her sister), Prince Chaiyasettha of Lan Xang. Chaiyasettha moved to Lan Na and thus Lan Na was ruled by a Laotian king. In 1547, Prince Chaiyasettha returned to Lan Xang to claim the throne and ascended as Setthathirath. Setthathirath also brought the Emerald Buddha from Chiangmai to Luang Prabang (the one that would be later taken to Bangkok by Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke). The nobles then chose Mekuti, the Shan saopha of Mong Nai whose family was related to Mangrai, to be the new king of Lan Na. It was said that, as a Shan king, Mekuti violated several Lan Na norms and beliefs.

Burmese rule
The kingdom then came to conflict over Shan states with the expansionist Burmese king Bayinnaung. Bayinnaung's forces invaded Lan Na from the north, and Mekuti surrendered on 2 April 1558. Encouraged by Setthathirath, Mekuti revolted during the Burmese–Siamese War (1563–64). But the king was captured by Burmese forces in November 1564, and sent to the-then Burmese capital of Pegu. Bayinnaung then made Wisutthithewi, a Lan Na royal, the queen regnant of Lan Na. After her death, Bayinnaung appointed one of his sons Nawrahta Minsaw (Noratra Minsosi), viceroy of Lan Na in January 1579. Burma allowed a substantial degree of autonomy for Lan Na but strictly controlled the corvée and taxation.

After Bayinnaung, his massive empire quickly unraveled. Siam successfully revolted (1584–93), after which all the vassals of Pegu went their own way by 1596–1597. Lan Na's Nawrahta Minsaw declared independence in 1596. In 1602, Nawrahta Minsaw became a tributary of King Naresuan of Siam. However, Siam's control was short-lived. The actual suzerainty effectively ended with Naresuan's death in 1605. By 1614, Siam's control over Lan Na was at most nominal. When the Burmese returned, the ruler of Lan Na, Thado Kyaw (Phra Choi), sought and received help from Lan Xang, not his nominal overlord Siam, which did not send any help. After 1614, vassal kings of Burmese descent ruled Lan Na for over one hundred years. Siam did try to take over Lan Na in 1662–1664 but failed.

By the 1720s, the Toungoo Dynasty was on its last legs. In 1727, Chiang Mai revolted because of high taxation. The resistance forces drove back the Burmese army in 1727–1728 and 1731–1732, after which Chiang Mai and Ping valley became independent. Chiang Mai became a tributary again in 1757 to the new Burmese dynasty. It revolted again in 1761 with Siamese encouragement but the rebellion was suppressed by January 1763. In the 1765, the Burmese used Lan Na as a launching pad to invade the Laotian states, and Siam itself.

End of Burmese rule

In the early 1770s, Burma was at the peak of its military power since Bayinnaung, having defeated Siam (1765–67) and China (1765–69), the Burmese army commanders and governors became "drunk with victory". This arrogant repressive behavior by the local Burmese government caused a rebellion in Lan Na. The new Burmese governor at Chiang Mai, Thado Mindin, was disrespectful to local chiefs and the people, and became extremely unpopular. One of the local chiefs, Kawila of Lampang revolted with Siamese help, and captured the city on 15 January 1775, ending the 200-year Burmese rule. Kawila was installed as the prince of Lampang and Phraya Chaban as the prince of Chiang Mai, both as vassals of Siam.

Burma tried to regain Lan Na in 1775–76, 1785–86, 1797 but failed each time. In the 1790s, Kawila consolidated his hold of Lan Na, taking over Chiang Saen. He then tried to take over Burma's Shan state of Kengtung and Sipsongpanna (1803–1808) but failed.

Nonetheless, the Kingdom of Chiang Mai, as a vassal state of Siam, had come into existence. Under Siamese suzerainty, Lan Na kingdom was divided into five smaller principalities, namely the Chiang Mai, Nan, Lampang, Lamphun, and Phrae. Lan Na ceased to be an entity on its own after it was incorporated into modern Kingdom of Siam.

Chiang Mai, under Burma's rule, lasted more than 200 years, but there were some periods that switched to Ayutthaya rule.  The reign of King Narai the Great, and there were some independent periods, but was dominated and ruled by the Lao King called Ong Kham from the Kingdom of Luang Prabang for more than 30 years.

Lan Na language

Kham Mueang or Phasa Mueang () is the modern spoken form of the old Lan Na language. Kham Mueang means "language of the principalities" (Kham, language or word; mueang, town, principality, kingdom) as opposed to the languages of many hill tribe peoples in the surrounding mountainous areas. The language may be written in the old Lan Na script, which somewhat resembles that of the Thai, but differs significantly in spelling rules. Due to the influence of the latter, it also differs significantly from the modern pronunciation of Kham Mueang.

Historical writings on Lan Na
 The Chiang Mai chronicles — Probably started in the late 15th century and enlarged with every copying of the palm leaves manuscript. Current version is from 1828, English translation available as .
Jinakālamāli — composed by Ratanapañña (16th century) an account of the early rise of Buddhism in Thailand and details on many historical events.
 Zinme Yazawin — Burmese chronicle of Zinme (Chiang Mai).

See also
List of rulers of Lan Na
Kingdom of Chiang Mai
Lan Na language

Notes

References

External links

Former countries in Thai history
Indianized kingdoms
Chiang Mai
Chiang Mai province
History of Chiang Mai
13th century in Thailand
14th century in Thailand
15th century in Thailand
16th century in Thailand
17th century in Thailand
18th century in Siam
1292 establishments in Asia
1775 disestablishments in Asia
States and territories established in 1292
States and territories disestablished in 1775
13th-century establishments in Thailand
1770s disestablishments in Thailand
Former monarchies of Southeast Asia

Lan Na


The Writing on the Hearth is a children's historical novel by Cynthia Harnett and illustrated by Gareth Floyd. It was first published in 1971 and was reissued in a special edition by Ewelme School in 2002.

Setting

The events of the novel take place in the 15th century and primarily in the village of Ewelme in Oxfordshire, England. It is part of a tetralogy, or a four-part story, each of which is self-contained. The story features the village school, built by Alice Chaucer, granddaughter of Geoffrey Chaucer, and the adjoining village church. At the time of setting (1437) the school was newly built, one of the first brick-built buildings in the country. The buildings are still in use as a school, making it the oldest school building still in permanent use in the UK, possibly in the world.

Characters
Stephen is a boy whose mother and father are dead and who is sponsored by the local lord once his sister is in a convent.
Meg is an old woman who lives up in the woods. She is kind and good at healing, but seems involved in some kind of witchcraft, claiming she can see the future in a pool of water.
Dame Alice is the wife of the Lord of Suffolk and it is principally she who persuades her husband to take Stephen on, partly in memory of the service his father had offered his Lord.

Plot summary
Stephen, whose father was bodyguard to his Lord of Suffolk, is under taken into the Lord's household when his stepfather remarries and his sister enters a convent. Stephen is keen to learn and to enter the University at Oxford under the patronage of his Lordship's chaplain, but he becomes embroiled in some mild political intrigue when he believes he has let a copy of an indiscreet letter fall into the hands of his Lordship's enemies.

Themes
As with most of Cynthia Harnett's books, there is edification galore in this 15th-century story. The thinnest of plots is merely a line on which to hang a wealth of historical detail about the politics and the day-to-day circumstances of the years around 1440. The author's clear purpose, stated several times in the book, is that people — and in particular Stephen — learn to sift Good from Evil. And she uses the device of possibly witchcraft, dealing with the devil, to force her characters to consider such things. Although sensible points of view are held by those people in the story to whom we look for wisdom, it is the tiniest bit unclear at the end what we are supposed to believe about Meg, the old woman in the woods who seems to see the future in a pool of water.

1971 British novels
1971 children's books
British children's novels
Children's historical novels
Novels set in the 1430s
Novels set in the 15th century
Novels set in Oxfordshire
Methuen Publishing books
Children's books set in the 15th century
Children's books set in Oxfordshire

The Writing on the Hearth


The Eastern Division is one of four divisions in Fiji. The capital of the division is Levuka, on the Ovalau island.

It has Kadavu Province, Lau Province, Lomaiviti Province and Rotuma. Other islands in the division include Kadavu, Gau, Koro, Nairai, Moala, Matuku, Vatu Vara, Naitaba, Mago, Cicia, Tuvuca, Lakeba, Vanua Vatu, Oneata, Vuaqava, Kabara, Moce, and Fulaga.

Eastern

Eastern Division, Fiji


Bacardi Superior is a white rum made by the Bacardi Company. In the US it is bottled at 80 proof (40% abv) and at 75 proof (37.5% abv) in the UK and Continental Europe. This rum is mostly used to make cocktails calling for a white rum such as Cuba Libre, Daiquiri, Piña Colada, Mojito, and Bacardi cocktail.

Other Bacardi products
Aged rums
 Bacardi Oro (Gold)
 Bacardi Black
 Bacardi 151
 Bacardi Añejo
 Bacardi 8

Flavored rums
 Bacardi Limón – lemon flavored
 Bacardi Peach Red – peach flavored
 Bacardi Razz – raspberry flavored
 Bacardi O – orange flavored
 Bacardi Big Apple – apple flavored
 Bacardi Grand Melon – watermelon flavored
 Bacardi Banana - banana flavored
 Bacardi Cóco – coconut flavored
 Bacardi Dragon Berry – strawberry flavored, infused with dragon fruit
Discontinued flavors
 Bacardi Vaníla – vanilla flavored

See also

List of Puerto Rican rums

References

Puerto Rican rums
White rums
Bacardi

Bacardi Superior


MacGyver the Lizard (hatched July 4, 2012) is a  red tegu lizard and Internet celebrity known for his intelligence, friendly personality, and large jowls.  MacGyver has been described as "a good ambassador of the giant lizard world" for his docile and apparently affectionate behavior.

Background

MacGyver was hatched at Ty Park's lizard farm in Punta Gorda, Florida, on July 4, 2012.  He became an Internet sensation later that year when his first viral video, a montage of short clips, appeared on YouTube and received hundreds of thousands of views in the time span of a few weeks.   Since the age of three weeks, he has starred in numerous videos in which he appears to come when his owners call his name.  He is also regularly seen eating his favorite foods: salmon, eggs, cherries, and grapes, as well as cuddling with his owners.

Fandom

MacGyver's videos have received tens of millions of combined video views across YouTube, Facebook, and Instagram. As a result, he has amassed a social media following in the hundreds of thousands since first appearing on YouTube in 2012, and inspired a fan art hashtag on Instagram that contains pencil sketches, watercolor paintings, photoshops, and various other fan-created works depicting the large red lizard. In July 2016, a fan meetup with MacGyver was held at the San Diego Reptile Supershow.

International media coverage

MacGyver has received international coverage from a variety of publications such as Vice Media, BuzzFeed, Business Insider, the New York Post, Rare, The Daily Telegraph, Stern, and as far away as China Times and Okezone.com.

On September 7, 2016, AJ+ released a two-minute video about MacGyver and his owners, receiving millions of views on Facebook.

On September 11, 2016 The Post featured MacGyver for their weekly Pet Instagram Review, making him the first reptile to be featured for the segment.

Television appearances
 Oct. 9, 2013: ABC Channel 10 WPBF News
 Sept. 9, 2016: Right This Minute
 Dec. 6, 2016: KGTV 10 News

Snoop Dogg exchange
In August 2016, rapper Snoop Dogg posted a remixed video of MacGyver to his Instagram account which poked fun at him and his owners. MacGyver's owners responded on Facebook, joking that "It appears that Snoop Dogg is trying to get even with me for illegally downloading "Gin and Juice" over 15 years ago – talk about a grudge."

References

External links

2012 animal births
Animals on the Internet
American Internet celebrities
Lizards in popular culture
Individual lizards
Internet memes introduced in 2012
Reptiles as pets
YouTube channels
Individual animals in the United States

MacGyver the Lizard


Cheongsam (长衫)  is typical, traditional clothing for Chinese women. Also known as Qipao (Ch'ipau).

A cheongsam usually has two long slits at either side of the hem for convenient movement and display of the legs. Unlike a short skirt, the slits of cheongsam show a woman's legs when she walks.

A more formal description is: a longer, figure-fitting, one piece garment with a standing collar, an asymmetric left-over-right opening (youren) and two side slits.

The modern Cheongsam was developed in Shanghai in the 1920s. Several alterations have been made to the design. It was popular in China from the 1920s to 1940s, as many noble and high-class women wore it. Although the cheongsam is thought to be traditional Chinese clothing, it is modern.

The traditional Qipao evolved from Manchu women's Changpao during the Qing Dynasty.

Chinese culture
Dresses

Cheongsam


Maye Musk ( Haldeman; born April 19, 1948) is a model and dietitian. She has been a model for 50 years, appearing on the covers of magazines, including a Time magazine health edition, Women's Day, international editions of Vogue, and Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue. She is the mother of Elon Musk, Kimbal Musk and Tosca Musk. She holds Canadian, South African, and American citizenship. She is a registered dietitian.

Early life and career
Maye Haldeman was born on April 19, 1948, in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, a twin and one of five children. Her family moved to Pretoria, South Africa, in 1950. Her parents, Winnifred Josephine "Wyn" (Fletcher) and Dr. Joshua Norman Haldeman, a former director of Technocracy Incorporated, a former Regina chiropractor and amateur archaeologist, were adventurous and flew the family around the world in a prop plane in 1952. For over ten years, the family spent time roaming the Kalahari desert in search of its fabled Lost City of the Kalahari. Their parents gave slide shows and talks about their journeys. "My parents were very famous, but they were never snobs," she said.

As her parents were entrepreneurs, Musk started working at about 8 years of age, where she would "prepare her parents monthly bulletins and photocopy newsletters, and then put the stamps on the envelopes." By the age of 12, before and then after school, Musk worked as a receptionist alongside her twin sister for their father.

As a young woman, Haldeman was a finalist in the 1969 Miss South Africa beauty competition. In 1970, she married Errol Musk, a South African engineer she met in high school. They had three children: Elon Musk, Kimbal Musk, and Tosca Musk.  She named Elon after her American grandfather, John Elon Haldeman (born in Illinois).

In 1979, she divorced Errol Musk. Two years later, Elon, who was about 10 at the time, decided to live with his father, as he had the Encyclopaedia Britannica, and a computer, things which Maye could not afford to give the children, as a single parent. Kimbal joined Elon four years later. After graduating from high school, Elon decided to move to Canada; in 1989, six months later, Maye moved to Canada with her daughter Tosca.

Maye earned a master's degree in dietetics from the University of the Orange Free State in South Africa. Her major was taught in Afrikaans – one of the four languages Musk now speaks. She later earned another master's degree in nutritional science from the University of Toronto.

Later life

Her modelling career continued in Canada and the United States. She has appeared on boxes of Special K cereal, in Revlon ads, and in a Beyoncé video ("Haunted"). She appeared nude on the cover of Time magazine for a health issue and also nude on the cover of New York magazine in 2011 with a fake pregnant belly. She was on the cover of Elle Canada in 2012, and starred in advertisement campaigns for Target and Virgin America. In September 2017, she became CoverGirl's oldest spokesmodel at age 69, which one news story reported as "making history". In 2022, at age 74, she was the oldest Sports Illustrated swimsuit model to date, appearing on the cover of the annual issue.

In addition to modelling, she has a business as a dietitian and gives presentations worldwide.

She wrote a memoir titled A Woman Makes a Plan: Advice for a Lifetime of Adventure, Beauty, and Success (2019).

In an interview with Forbes magazine, Musk said her greatest achievement was "having three great kids and surviving".

In 2021, she was one of the guests at Lady Kitty Spencer's wedding.

Maye Musk appeared alongside her son Elon on Saturday Night Live on May 8, 2021, the day before Mother's Day.

In April 2023, Musk received an honorary doctorate from the University of the Free State in South Africa for her work as a dietitian.

In 2023, Musk signed with Chinese electronics giant Oppo to be the global ambassador for its flagship smartphone. Musk will appear in a series of commercials and events.

References

External links

1948 births
South African female models
Canadian female models
People from Regina, Saskatchewan
Dietitians
Living people
University of the Free State alumni
Canadian twins
University of Toronto alumni
People from Pretoria
IMG Models models
South African people of Canadian descent
Canadian emigrants to South Africa
Musk family

Maye Musk