Political hip hop is a subgenre of hip hop music that was developed in the 1980s as a way of turning hip hop into a form of political activism. Political hip hop generally uses the medium of hip hop music to comment on sociopolitical issues and send political messages to inspire action, create social change, or to convince the listener of a particular worldview. It was inspired partially by politically-focused 1970s artists such as The Last Poets and Gil Scott-Heron, as well as the Black Power movement and revolutionary politics of the 1960s and 1970s. Various hip hop artists emerged in the 1980s espousing political messages and providing social and political commentary, with the American group Public Enemy in particular establishing themselves as one of the first predominantly political hip hop groups. The genre has helped to create a new form of social expression for subordinate groups to speak about their exclusions, injustices, and lack of power.

There is no all-encompassing political hip hop ideology, rather, there are multiple perspectives that range anywhere from anarchism to Marxism to the values of the Five-Percent Nation. Hip hop and politics have long been intertwined, with many hip hop artists using their music as a means to speak out about political and social issues and express their views on current events. Over the years, there have been a number of hip hop songs that have addressed political issues such as police brutality, racism, and poverty, among others. Some well-known examples of political hip hop songs include "Fuck tha Police" by N.W.A., "Changes" by Tupac Shakur, and "Fight the Power" by Public Enemy.

Many hip hop artists have also been involved in political activism outside of their music. For example, Chuck D of Public Enemy has been involved in a number of political campaigns and organizations, and has used his music and public platform to speak out about issues such as police brutality and racism. Similarly, rapper and activist Common has been involved in a number of social justice causes, and has used his music to address issues such as police violence and racial inequality.

Conscious hip hop

Conscious hip hop (also known as socially conscious hip hop or conscious rap) is a subgenre of hip hop that challenges the dominant cultural, social, political, sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic consensus, and/or comments on or focuses on social issues and conflicts. Conscious hip hop is not necessarily overtly political, but the terms "conscious hip hop" and "political hip hop" are frequently used interchangeably, and conscious hip hop may often be implicitly political. Conscious hip hop began to gain traction in the 1980s, along with hip hop in general. The term "nation-conscious rap" has been used to more specifically describe conscious hip hop music with certain strong political messages and themes, especially Black empowerment themes. Some themes of conscious hip hop include social conscience, Afrocentricity, religion, culture, the economy, depictions of the struggles of ordinary people, and aversion to or commentary on crime and violence. Conscious hip hop often seeks to raise awareness of social issues, sometimes leaving the listeners to form their own opinions rather than advocating for certain ideas and demanding actions like political hip hop. Conscious hip hop artists often use their music to express their views on a wide range of topics, including politics, race, poverty, and the environment.

Some well-known examples of conscious hip hop artists include Common, Mos Def, Talib Kweli, J. Cole and Kendrick Lamar. These artists are known for their thoughtful and thought-provoking lyrics, often tackling complex and controversial issues.

In contrast to certain stereotypical views of mainstream hip hop, which is often associated with materialism and violence, conscious hip hop is often seen as a more positive and uplifting form of the genre. Conscious hip hop in reality is often bleakly realistic due to its focus on social issues. Despite frequent serious and bleak commentary, many conscious hip hop artists strive to inspire their listeners to think critically and make positive changes in their communities and the world.

Overall, conscious hip hop is a significant part of the hip hop landscape, and its artists continue to play a key role in raising awareness about important social and political issues.

History of political and conscious hip hop

Origins and early development
Before the emergence of political hip hop, the Black Power Movement and the emphasis on black pride arising in the mid-1960s inspired several commentaries incorporating Black Power ideological elements. Songs expressing the theme of black pride include James Brown's "Say it Loud (I'm Black and Proud)" (1969) and Billy Paul's "Am I Black Enough for You?" (1972). The proto-rap of Gil Scott-Heron is an early influence on political and conscious rap, however, most of his earlier socially conscious and political albums fall within the jazz, soul, and funk genres. Following Ronald Reagan's election as President in 1980, conditions in inner-city African-American communities worsened, and hip hop political commentators began to increasingly address worsening social problems such as mass unemployment, police brutality, incarceration, inadequate public schools, political apathy, and oppression. One of the first socially conscious hip hop songs was "How We Gonna Make the Black Nation Rise?" by Brother D with Collective Effort. One of the most successful early hip hop conscious rap songs was Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five's "The Message", an influential political and conscious hip hop track, decrying the poverty, violence, and dead-end lives of the urban poor of the time. Furthermore, the complex socio-political issues before hip hop and during all of its stages severely influenced its birth and direction.

Gangsta rap
Early gangsta rap often showed significant overlap with political and conscious rap. Pioneers in the gangsta rap genre such as Ice-T, N.W.A., Ice Cube, and the Geto Boys blended the crime stories, violent imagery, and aggression associated with gangsta rap with socio-political commentary. Using the now standard gangsta rap motifs of crime and violence, they were able to comment on the state of society and expose issues found within poor communities and society as a whole. These early gangsta rap artists were influenced in part by the bleak and often "revolutionary" crime novels of Iceberg Slim as well as hip hop groups such as Public Enemy and Boogie Down Productions; groups that mixed aggressive, confrontational lyrics about urban life with social-political commentary and often radical political messages. The controversial debut album Straight Outta Compton by N.W.A, released in 1988 brought gangsta rap to the mainstream, but it also contained harsh social and political commentary, including the confrontational track "Fuck tha Police." Ice-T's work would sometimes focus on other topics: for example, he rapped about free speech on his third album, and about drunk driving, domestic violence, and Nelson Mandela on his fourth album.

After his departure from the group N.W.A in 1989, Ice Cube embarked on a solo career and released socio-political and conscious rap with gangsta rap elements in his 1990 debut album Amerikkka's Most Wanted and the companion EP Kill at Will; the 1991 album Death Certificate; followed by the 1992 album, The Predator. Furthermore, Ice Cube produced and appeared on the controversial and radical political rap/gangsta rap album Guerillas in tha Mist by Da Lench Mob in the wake of the 1992 Los Angeles Riots. Though Ice Cube would continue to sporadically insert political and social commentary into his music throughout his career, he once again focused on conscious and political rap with his 2006 album Laugh Now, Cry Later and 2008's Raw Footage, featuring the single "Gangsta Rap Made Me Do It", a song dealing with the perceived correlation between music and global issues (e.g. the Iraq War, school shootings, etc.).

Underground rap

Underground rap, also known as underground hip hop, is a subgenre of hip hop known for its political and socially conscious lyrics. Unlike mainstream rap, which often focuses on themes such as money, power, and fame, underground rap addresses more serious and often controversial topics, such as racism, police brutality, and social inequality.

Underground rap artists are often critical of their government and its policies, and use their music to express their political views. Many underground rap songs are highly political, and the lyrics often reflect the artists' personal experiences and perspectives on social and political issues. For example, some songs may address specific incidents of police brutality, while others may discuss the effects of poverty and inequality on communities of color.

One of the main goals of underground rap is to challenge mainstream narratives and to provide an alternative voice to those who are often marginalized or ignored by mainstream media. Many underground rap artists are activists in their own right, and they often use their music to raise awareness about important social and political issues.

In addition to addressing political and social issues, underground rap is known for its emphasis on artistic creativity and individuality. In contrast to mainstream rap, which often follows a formulaic approach, underground rap is more diverse and experimental in its sound and style. This allows underground rap artists to express themselves in unique and innovative ways and to create music that is truly original and authentic.

Underground rap is an important sub-genre of hip hop that provides a platform for artists to discuss important political and social issues while challenging mainstream narratives. By using their music to express their views and experiences, underground rap artists can raise awareness about important issues and inspire others to take action.

The artists who consistently produce conscious rap are largely considered underground. However, mainstream artists are increasingly including elements of conscious hip hop in their songs. There are hundreds of artists whose music could be described as "political" or who identify as political rappers: see the list of political hip hop artists page for a partial list.

Hip hop in politics
Hip hop's impact on the political world is widespread. The response from mainstream politics has resulted in the spread of ideas, and opinions, and the formation of an informal dialogue surrounding largely controversial topics.

From the onset of hip hop in the 1980s throughout the 1990s, hip hop culture was either ignored or criticized by politicians. In the 1990s, the cultural idea that rap music was a symptom of the "destruction of American values"  received bipartisan support.  In 1992, Vice President Dan Quayle called on Interscope Records to withdraw 2Pacalypse Now because it was a "disgrace to American music". The catalyst for Quayle's outrage was an incident when a Texas youth shot a state trooper and referenced the album as his motivation. In 2Pacalypse Now, rapper Tupac Shakur raised issues of institutional racism, teen pregnancy, and police brutality. In the song "Trapped", he tells a fictional story of how a police officer slams him on the ground without cause, but before he gets arrested the police officer is shot. His lyrics read "how can I feel guilty after all the things they did to me?"

Throughout the 2000s, hip hop music has become a larger part of mainstream culture and is seen as more acceptable in the political sphere. In 2015, The Washington Post wrote "The politician's guide to how to be down with hip hop"  which draws reference to the use of hip hop culture in politics. Criticism of hip hop that was considered moral and patriotic one generation ago, can make a politician seem "out of touch", especially with younger voters. Politician Mike Huckabee was viewed as being "out of touch" when he referred to Beyoncé as "mental poison" in his book: God, Guns, Grits, and Gravy. In 2008, during Barack Obama's Democratic primary campaign against then-rival Hillary Clinton, he referenced Jay-Z by doing his Dirt off Your Shoulder motion in a rally and the audience erupted with support. The embrace of hip hop has occurred across party lines. Republican Senator Marco Rubio is a vocal fan of Tupac and gangsta rap. Rubio said "In some ways rappers are like reporters... You had gang wars, racial tension, and they were reporting on that." 45th President of the United States Donald Trump leveraged hip hop to his advantage during his 2016 election campaign. He occasionally quoted that rapper Mac Miller wrote a song called "Donald Trump", and that it has over 100,000,000 views.

In the 2018 midterm elections, lawyer and former rapper Antonio Delgado was elected to New York's 19th congressional district.

Ideology and views of political rappers

United States

Anti-racism, Black liberation and nationalism
As hip hop is a music genre originally created and dominated by African-Americans, political rappers often reference and discuss Black liberation and the Black power movement. Numerous hip hop songs are expressing anti-racist views, such as the popular The Black Eyed Peas song "Where Is the Love?", however, artists advocating more for radical Black liberation have remained controversial. Artists such as Public Enemy, Tupac Shakur, Ice Cube, Game, and Kendrick Lamar have advocated Black liberation in their lyrics and poetry. In Tupac Shakur's poem, "How Can We Be Free", Shakur discusses the sacrifices of Black political prisoners and the rejection of patriotic symbols. Artists in the 2010, such as Killer Mike and Kendrick Lamar, have released songs criticizing the war on drugs and the prison industrial complex from an anti-racist perspective. Hip hop music continues to draw the attention and support of the struggles of minority groups in a modern method of communication that attracts a young demographic of activists. Kendrick Lamar and many other rappers have been credited with creating discussions regarding "Blackness" through their music.

Anti-poverty, class struggle and socialism
Particularly with the advent of gangsta rap, many hip hop artists come from underclass backgrounds. The aforementioned artists, such as Tupac Shakur, Ice Cube, and Killer Mike have made just as much reference to class oppression as racial oppression. Tupac Shakur incorporates themes of revolutionary nationalism in his lyrics. In "Words of Wisdom" from the album 2Pacalypse Now,  Shakur's lyrics underscore the refusal to accept economic inequality and inadequate employment opportunities. Other political rappers, such as Public Enemy, The Dope Poet Society, Emcee London, Dead Prez, The Coup, Rebel Diaz, Paris, Sun Rise Above, and Immortal Technique, have advocated explicitly communist views—mostly leaning to Maoism—whereas some rappers such as Lupe Fiasco, Emcee Lynx, P.O.S, and Sole have advocated anarchist positions. Political references have long been made in hip hop culture; some proving to be effective in spurring constructive discussion and others, such as The Coup's originally planned album cover for Party Music—which depicted the destruction of The World Trade Center to signify the fall of capitalism—receiving negative criticisms (although the album art was designed before the September 11 attacks and was changed prior to its November 2001 release). Justice by Emcee London address corruption amongst Kenyan political class.

Conspiracy theories
Conspiracy theories have been referenced in hip hop lyrics for some time. Elements of the Five-Percenter philosophy, which include a number of conspiracy theories, have significantly influenced hip hop culture. Artists such as Professor Griff, Jedi Mind Tricks, Hopsin, and Hyro the Hero have become infamous for their support of New World Order, Illuminati, and Satanist conspiracy theories, often alleging mainstream hip hop artists, such as Jay-Z, are "involved" in such conspiracies. Rapper B.o.B is a member of the Flat Earth Society. Some artists, such as Public Enemy and dead prez, have been known to incorporate themes of government corruption and social injustice into their lyrics. In more recent years, artists like Killer Mike and J. Cole have also touched on these topics in their music.

Views on religion
Rappers often reference their religious views. Outside of Five-Percenters and Black Muslims, they rarely translate into political views. Killer Mike, however, has been heavily critical of organized religion in many of his more political songs. Chicago-raised rapper Kanye West's Life of Pablo album is another that offers an outlet for religious expression and self-assessment. In January 2019, West began hosting "Sunday Service" events where fans and invited guests can come to listen to choir renditions of his music, gospel songs, and pray.

Worldwide
On a global scale, hip hop's public reputation and exhibition is varied. For instance, Canada's most prominent political hip hop act is The Dope Poet Society, who are known for anti-racist and anti-war activism, as well as denouncing both liberal and conservative politicians. Their politics could be described as third-worldism, or black internationalism. For example, in "Bombay to Zimbabwe," lead rapper Professor D states "from Bombay to Zimbabwe I study sharply: Bob Marley, Marcus Garvey, Mahatma Gandhi, Black Panther Party." Possibly on purpose, these influences seem ideologically contradictory in some ways (e.g. for instance, Marley's subtle socialism vs. Garvey's anti-communism, and non-violence vs. violence) but taken together they represent different approaches to the shared goal of linking anti-racist and anti-colonial struggles in the Americas and the rest of the world. Professor D and The Dope Poet Society also seem to represent this ideology on their album by featuring American political rappers like dead prez and others with rappers from around the world including Nigeria and Colombia. Other examples of hip hop around the world offer opposite perspectives. For example, Lowkey and Iron Sheik have expressed anti-Zionist views in their music, whereas Golan and Subliminal have expressed pro-Zionist views. In France, some political artists such as Suprême NTM, the rapper Casey or Assassin are well known since the early-1990s. Today, rappers like Kery James, La Rumeur, Rocé or Médine are influential; their lyrics speak about colonialism, poverty, and French history.

Political hip hop scenes

Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking political hip hop scene
Political rappers of Hispanic, Brazilian or Portuguese descent include Calle 13, Racionais MC's, Olmeca, Tohil, Immortal Technique, Rebel Diaz, Manny Phesto, MRK, Portavoz, Facção Central, Psycho Realm, Ana Tijoux, Bocafloja, Zack de la Rocha, Pablo Hasél (Spain), Los Chikos del Maiz (from Valencia, Spain), and Canserbero.

UK political hip hop scene
Within the United Kingdom hip hop and Grime music scene, political, conscious rap is common, with artists including Lowkey, who focus on the Israel-Palestine conflict and other issues regarding the Middle East, Logic, Akala, I & Ideal, Mic Righteous, Klashnekoff, Mic Reckless, Riz MC and English Frank.

Before the snap election on June 8, 2017, Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn met with JME while campaigning for the Labour Party to encourage young people to register to vote. During the interview, JME explained that many young voters don't feel as though politicians have their best interests at heart. He said they often feel that voting makes no difference anyway. He went on to tell Corbyn that he is the first party leader he feels he can trust, because he is "so genuine it feels like I'm about to meet my mum's friend".

Australian hip hop scene

Indigenous rappers Briggs and his collaboration with Trials for A.B. Original is one of the most prominent political hip hop artists in Australia. Artists Urthboy, Jimblah, The Herd, Horrorshow, and L-FRESH the Lion are all part of the Elefant Traks record label, and often have politically motivated songs. Their main focuses are racism and xenophobia but The Herd also focuses on issues of climate, gender inequality and war. Quro's 2007 EP Goodnight Mr. Howard contains overtly political critique of the Howard government and its policies. Some artists have expressed views on domestic violence through their lyrics. One example is the all-female indigenous hip hop group, Oetha, in their 2019 song Disturbing the Peace.

Norwegian rappers
Music created by Norwegian rappers often become part public discourse, making them part of the political process. This includes songs, lyrics and performances within the hip hop genre. Hip Hop music can be seen as an integral part of the democratic public sphere processes.

Serbian political hip hop
Political hip hop developed in Serbia during the UN embargo on FR Yugoslavia in the 1990s. The most popular political hip hop group in Serbia is Beogradski Sindikat. The controversial song "Порука Шиптарима" (Translated to English: "Message for Albanians") started a boom of political hip hop in Serbia. During the 2000s, political hip hop was at its peak because of the political situation in the country. In the 2010s, political hip hop declined in popularity but remained a popular genre in the country. In 2020, there was an uptick in political hip hop discussing issues such as the 2020 elections and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Iranian political hip hop
Due to the long history of human rights violations in Iran, many Iranian rappers address contemporary social and political issues through their music. Some well-known examples of Iranian political hip hop artists include Hichkas, Fadaei, Shapur, Quf, Yas, and Toomaj Salehi. Since it is illegal to criticize the government and social issues in Iran, most of the Iranian rappers live abroad.

Rapper Toomaj Salehi, who lives in Iran, was arrested during the Mahsa Amini protests on October 30, 2022, for his social awareness activities on his social media and releasing two protest songs "Battleground" and "Omen" during the protests. On November 27, 2022, Iranian media revealed that Salehi was charged with "corruption on Earth", an offense which could carry the death penalty. Salehi became one of the well-known faces of the revolutionary movement "Woman, Life, Freedom", denouncing the repression by the Iranian government. He has since been reportedly in solitary confinement and under torture.

See also
List of political hip hop artists
Protest music
Jihadism and hip-hop
Hip hop feminism
Hip hop and social injustice
Stop Murder Music

References

Bibliography
Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas; Bush, John (2003). The Definitive Guide to Rap & Hip-Hop. Backbeat Books, .
Mohamed Nasir, Kamaludeen (2020). Representing Islam: Hip-Hop of the September 11 Generation. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, .

Hip hop genres
20th-century music genres
21st-century music genres
American hip hop genres
Political music genres

Political hip hop


Sam the Olympic Eagle was the mascot of the 1984 Summer Olympics which were held in Los Angeles. He is a bald eagle, the national bird of the host nation, the United States. Intended as a patriotic symbol, being named Sam also suggests a kinship with Uncle Sam, another American symbol. The mascot was designed by Bob Moore, an artist for Disney.

Guests of Disneyland, as well as those reading documentation about mascot designs for the Olympics, often confuse the mascot for another Disney mascot named Eagle Sam, host of the former Disneyland attraction America Sings, and designed by animator Marc Davis in c. 1973. He shares the name of Sam the Eagle from The Muppet Show, but the design is vastly different. He is still known as Eagle Sam in Japan, where an animated series of the same name ran during 1983, the year preceding the Summer Olympics. Even after the conclusion of the Games, Sam the Eagle is still used to promote a track and field event, the Mt. SAC Relays at Mt. San Antonio College, specifically its "LA84 Youth Days" promotion for youth interested in athletics, run by a charitable group founded during the Olympics.

External links

 A brief summary with samples, describing the development of Sam
 A brief biography of Bob Moore, Sam's character designer
 Olympic references and merchandise further identifying the origin of Sam

1983 anime television series debuts
1984 Summer Olympics
American culture
Bird mascots
Fictional birds of prey
Olympic mascots
Fictional characters from Los Angeles

Sam (mascot)


"Public Ivy" is an informal term to refer to public colleges and universities in the United States that are perceived to provide a collegiate experience on the level of Ivy League universities. There is no trademark for the term, and the list of schools associated with the classification has changed over time.

The term was first coined in 1985 by Yale University admissions officer Richard Moll, who published Public Ivies: A Guide to America's Best Public Undergraduate Colleges and Universities. That initial list included eight universities and nine runners-up. In 2001, college guide authors Howard Greene and Matthew Greene, released their own book, The Public Ivies: The Great State Colleges and Universities, which included 30 schools.

Debates about Public Ivies have centered on whether state budgetary cuts are undermining their future; whether raising tuition at Public Ivies has "gentrified" the schools; whether states should be subsidizing higher education in the first place; whether graduates of Public Ivies are able to pay back student loans as quickly as their Ivy League counterparts; and whether out-of-state tuition is too high.

History
The term first appeared in the Public Ivies: A Guide to America's Best Public Undergraduate Colleges and Universities, published in 1985. The author, Richard Moll, graduated with a master's degree from Yale University in 1959, and served as an admissions officer as well as a director of admissions at several universities in the United States. He traveled the nation examining higher education institutions, and selected eight that were comparable to the Ivy League.

Moll's original ranking methodology included factors such as academic rigor, quality of faculty, and cost of tuition, as well as assessments of campus facilities, available resources, age, and major cultural traditions celebrated at each institution.

Original list published in 1985

 College of William & Mary (Williamsburg, Virginia)
 Miami University (Oxford, Ohio)
 University of California (applies to the campuses as of 1985: Berkeley, Los Angeles, San Diego, Irvine, Davis, Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz, and Riverside)
 University of Michigan (Ann Arbor)
 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
 University of Texas at Austin
 University of Vermont (Burlington)
 University of Virginia (Charlottesville)

Runners-up
As part of the initial 1985 publication, Moll also selected nine "worthy runner-up" universities:
 University of Colorado Boulder
 Georgia Institute of Technology (Atlanta)
 University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign
 New College of Florida (formerly New College of the University of South Florida, it became an independent part of Florida's State University System in 2001)
 Pennsylvania State University (University Park)
 University of Pittsburgh
 State University of New York at Binghamton (also known as Binghamton University)
 University of Washington (Seattle)
 University of Wisconsin–Madison

Notable updates

Greenes' Guides list (2001)
The list of "public ivy" institutions has gone through several revisions over the years, much like other university rankings and conferences. A notable update was published in 2001, when Howard and Matthew Greene included the following 30 colleges and universities in The Public Ivies: America's Flagship Public Universities.

Northeastern

 Pennsylvania State University (University Park)
 Rutgers University (New Brunswick, New Jersey)
 State University of New York at Binghamton
 University of Connecticut (Storrs)

Mid-Atlantic

 College of William & Mary (Williamsburg, Virginia)
 University of Delaware (Newark)
 University of Maryland, College Park
 University of Virginia (Charlottesville)

Western

 University of Arizona (Tucson)
 University of California, Berkeley
 University of California, Davis
 University of California, Irvine
 University of California, Los Angeles
 University of California, San Diego
 University of California, Santa Barbara
 University of Colorado Boulder
 University of Washington (Seattle)

Great Lakes & Midwest

 Indiana University Bloomington
 Miami University (Oxford, Ohio)
 Michigan State University (East Lansing)
 Ohio State University (Columbus)
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
 University of Iowa (Iowa City)
 University of Michigan (Ann Arbor)
 University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
 University of Wisconsin–Madison

Southern

 University of Florida (Gainesville)
 University of Georgia (Athens)
 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
 University of Texas at Austin

See also
 Colonial colleges
 Flagship universities

References

Universities and colleges in the United States
Ivy League
Colloquial terms for groups of universities and colleges

Public Ivy


Dil Dhadakne Do (translation: Let The Heart Beat) is a 2015 Indian Hindi-language comedy drama film directed by Zoya Akhtar and produced by Ritesh Sidhwani and Farhan Akhtar under the banner of Excel Entertainment. Released worldwide on 5 June 2015, the film features an ensemble cast of Anil Kapoor, Shefali Shah, Priyanka Chopra, Ranveer Singh, Anushka Sharma and Farhan Akhtar, along with a voice-over performance by Aamir Khan as the family dog Pluto and the narrator of the film. The supporting cast also includes Rahul Bose, Zarina Wahab, Vikrant Massey, Ridhima Sood, Pawan Chopra, Ayesha Raza Mishra, Parmeet Sethi, Dolly Minhas, Manoj Pahwa and Preeti Mamgain. The film tells the story of the Mehras, a dysfunctional family who invite their family and friends on a cruise trip to celebrate the parents' 30th wedding anniversary and later reconcile.

Zoya conceived the film as a family drama centered on a brother-sister relationship. She wanted to depict a more realistic sibling relationship in contrast to the dubious and over-the-top portrayal for which Bollywood is known. She later wrote the script with her friend and longtime collaborator Reema Kagti, while Farhan penned the dialogues. Much of the principal photography was done on Pullmantur Cruises' ship MS Sovereign while sailing across the Mediterranean Sea and Europe, and on land in France, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey and Italy.

The soundtrack was composed by the trio Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy, with lyrics by Javed Akhtar. The film was released worldwide on 5 June 2015 to positive reviews from critics, who praised the performances of Kapoor, Shah, Chopra and Singh, who portrayed the members of the Mehra family, as well as Akhtar's direction, cinematography and costumes. The film grossed 1.45 billion at the box office against a production and marketing budget of 850 million, and earned a number of accolades. It received five Filmfare nominations, winning Best Supporting Actor for Kapoor. Dil Dhadakne Do also received nine nominations at the 2016 Screen Awards, including Best Film, and won two, Best Supporting Actor for Kapoor and Best Ensemble Cast.

Plot
The film is narrated by Aamir Khan in a voice-over for a dog named Pluto belonging to the Mehras, a dysfunctional family that comprises Kamal Mehra (Anil Kapoor), a billionaire businessman in Delhi who owns AyKa, a company on the verge of bankruptcy, and has a troubled relationship with his wife Neelam (Shefali Shah), older daughter Ayesha (Priyanka Chopra) and younger son Kabir (Ranveer Singh). Ayesha has a successful travel business in Mumbai, but is unhappy with her marriage to the narcissistic and controlling Manav Sangha (Rahul Bose), who hates her family along with his mother Smita (Zarina Wahab). Kabir unwillingly takes part in the AyKa business, instead of fulfilling his dream of becoming an aircraft pilot. Kamal and Neelam invite their family and friends for a cruise across the Mediterranean Sea to celebrate their 30th wedding anniversary.

Their guests include the Sood family. Kamal and Neelam plan Kabir's wedding to the Soods' daughter Noorie (Ridhima Sood), in exchange to her father Lalit (Parmeet Sethi) investing in AyKa, aiming to prevent bankruptcy. However, Noorie falls for Rana (Vikrant Massey), the son of the Soods' sworn rival Khannas. Aboard, Kabir falls in love with Farah Ali (Anushka Sharma), a dancer and ship performer from Birmingham. On the other hand, Ayesha, while strongly disapproving Kamal and Neelam's plans to betroth Kabir to Noorie, blurts out before then and Kabir that she miserably wishes to divorce Manav due to their bitter married life.

During this emotional crisis of Ayesha, enters aboard Kamal's manager Amrish's (Ikhlaque Khan) Egypt-based son Sunny Gill (Farhan Akhtar), a childhood friend of Ayesha and Kabir who had only gifted Pluto to the Mehra family. Sunny and Ayesha are revealed to be teenage lovers, but Kamal had paid for and arranged Sunny's Yale University scholarship to separate him from Ayesha. Ayesha and Sunny, now a successful journalist, still harbour feelings for each other. Unlike Manav, Sunny appreciates Ayesha's strong personality and is a feminist.

Meanwhile, Neelam sees Kamal flirting with a local guest and wonders why she did not divorce him despite his past infidelities. Ayesha confronts Sunny about their separation and kisses him, which shocks them both. Farah hears that Kabir is going to marry Noorie and storms off. Kamal sees Noorie making out with Rana and learns that Kabir and Noorie are not together as he had thought, causing him to have a minor gas attack. After the confirmation of Kamal's recovery, Kabir reveals to the family that he is in love with Farah and that he intends to leave the AyKa business and asks them to consider Ayesha, who is actually interested in the business. When he tries to persuade them to let her proceed with her divorce, Kamal and Neelam refuse, believing marriages are lifelong commitments.

Infuriated, Kabir bursts out that they are hypocrites for talking of marriage, values, and morals, as the whole family circle is aware of Kamal's adultery and that Neelam has been suffering silently for years. Kamal asks Neelam why she did not leave him and she reveals that she had no choice because her family would not accept her back due to dishonour. Kamal realises his mistake and profusely asks for Neelam's forgiveness. While trying to reconcile Manav and Ayesha, Kamal sees how his son-in-law mistreats his daughter and orders him and Smita to leave, finally agreeing to the divorce and apologizing to his daughter.

Meanwhile, Farah is dismissed from her job for being romantically involved with a passenger and told to leave the ship. Kabir learns about her dismissal after the ship has set sail. He breaks news of Ayesha's now-impending divorce to Sunny, and after publicly rejecting his impending marriage to Noorie, jumps off the ship to swim to shore, believing his family will rescue him. Kamal, Neelam, Ayesha and Pluto scramble aboard a lifeboat and go after Kabir with the help of their friends. While leaving, Ayesha asks Sunny if he will wait for her, to which he replies "forever". The family successfully rescues Kabir and heads toward shore to help him find Farah while being chased by the ship's crew. The Mehra family is seen happy in each other's presence for the first time as Pluto narrates that togetherness is what matters the most in any circumstances around the world.

Cast
 Anil Kapoor as Kamal Mehra; Neelam's husband, Ayesha and Kabir's father, Pluto's  older master, Manav's former father-in-law
 Shefali Shah as Neelam Kamal Mehra; Kamal's wife, Ayesha and Kabir's mother, Pluto's older mistress, Manav's former mother-in-law
 Priyanka Chopra as Ayesha Kamal Mehra (formerly Ayesha Manav Sangha); Kamal and Neelam's older daughter, Kabir's older sister, Pluto's younger mistress, Sunny's love interest, Manav's ex-wife, Smita's former daughter-in-law
 Ranveer Singh as Kabir Kamal Mehra; Kamal and Neelam's younger son, Ayesha's younger brother, Pluto's younger master, Farah's love interest, Manav's former brother-in-law
 Anushka Sharma as Farah Ali; Kabir's love interest
 Farhan Akhtar as Sunny Amrish Gill; Ayesha's love interest, Kabir and Pluto's friend, Amrish's son
 Aamir Khan in a voice-over appearance as Pluto Kamal Mehra; the Mehra family's dog
 Rahul Bose as Manav Pranav Sangha; Smita's son, Ayesha's ex-husband, Kamal and Neelam's former son-in-law, Kabir's former brother-in-law
 Zarina Wahab as Smita Pranav Sangha; Manav's mother, Ayesha's former mother-in-law
 Ikhlaque Khan as Amrish Gill; Sunny's father, Kamal's manager
 Vikrant Massey as Rana Vinod Khanna; Vinod and Vandana's son, Noorie's love interest
 Ridhima Sood as Noorie Lalit Sood; Lalit and Naina's daughter, Rana's love interest
 Pawan Chopra as Prem Mehra; Indu's husband, Kamal's brother, Neelam's brother-in-law, Ayesha and Kabir's paternal uncle
 Ayesha Raza Mishra as Indu Prem Mehra; Prem's wife, Kamal's sister-in-law, Neelam's co-sister, Ayesha and Kabir's paternal aunt
 Parmeet Sethi as Lalit Sood;  Kamal and Neelam's accquaintance, Naina's husband, Noorie's father
 Dolly Minhas as Naina Lalit Sood; Kamal and Neelam's accquaintance, Lalit's wife, Noorie's mother
 Manoj Pahwa as Vinod Khanna; Kamal and Neelam's accquaintance, Vandana's husband, Rana's father
 Preeti Mamgain as Vandana Vinod Khanna; Kamal and Neelam's accquaintance, Vinod's wife, Rana's mother
 Shireesh Sharma as Jamaal Hashmi
 Divya Seth as Saira Jamaal Hashmi
 Vandana Sajnani as Anju Chopra
 Sarah Hashmi as Divya Mehra
 Khushi Dubey as Putlu Mehra

References

Dil Dhadakne Do


The Coypu is a class of small sailing dinghy. It is a highly stable boat, suitable for beginners, and is normally sailed by two people, although three can be accommodated comfortably.

Design
The variants in the design of the coypu depend on the builder. The hull is normally glass-reinforced plastic construction, with buoyancy tanks on front, sides, and rear.
The centreboard is metal, and the rudder is removable, either fixed (i.e. does not have a downhaul) or with a moveable blade.

Most Coypu mainsails are normally raised by feeding the luff into the track on the mast, although some variants have gunter rig sails. The mainsheet is fixed to the stern of the boat. A jib is used for normal use and only one size is available.

The boat is heavy in comparison with other dinghies, so traditionally they have proved popular at training centres where removing the boat from the water on a regular basis is not necessary. However, the design provides a stable boat in all weather, which is ideal for beginners, especially juniors.

Also, a "sea scout" version of the coypu dinghy is available.

History

The Coypu is a rather old design of boat. It is possible to get replacement spares. The design of the boat meant that small boatyards and centres could build their own fleet easily, with assistance from a mould. The design also meant that they were easy to repair, and as a result, they have long service lives.

Previous centres known to have built Coypu hulls include:

Bury Lake Young Mariners in Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire
Herts Young Mariners Base in Hertfordshire (last manufactured in the 1970s)
Barton Turf Outdoor Education Centre in Norfolk
Dawn Craft of Wroxham, Norfolk

References

Dinghies

Coypu (dinghy)


The North American Aviation XA2J "Super Savage" was a prototype carrier-based attack aircraft built in the early 1950s. It was developed by North American Aviation (NAA) from the smaller AJ Savage.

Design and development

The XA2J was intended to be a turboprop-powered derivative of the AJ Savage, with the design as initially proposed in December 1947 a simple modification of the Savage, with extensive use of components of the earlier aircraft. The design gradually evolved, however, to improve performance and increase compatibility with operations from aircraft carriers, as it was recognized that the AJ Savage was deficient in performance and was a less-than-satisfactory carrier aircraft.

The A2J was essentially an enlarged AJ Savage with the two reciprocating engines replaced with two Allison T40 turboprop engines and removal of the tail-mounted turbojet. Like the AJ, it was a high-winged monoplane with unswept wings. The wings were fitted with leading edge slats and large trailing edge flaps, and folded outside of the engine nacelles to ease storage aboard ship. It had a crew of three: pilot, co-pilot/bombardier, and gunner who sat in a pressurised cabin in the nose of the aircraft. Up to  of bombs could be carried in a large enclosed bomb-bay in the center fuselage, while the planned defensive armament was a remotely controlled tail turret with two 20 mm cannon.

Construction of two prototypes started 1 October 1948, but due to delays developing the engines, the first flight was not until 4 January 1952. The competing Douglas XA3D, the prototypes of which were ordered the year after construction had begun on the XA2J prototypes, first flew in October 1952. The A3D had far superior performance, which doomed the XA2J.

The root cause for the failure of the XA2J was the protracted development and poor reliability of the Allison T40 engines. The T40 engine was an ambitious engine design with two power sections, (the T38 was developed from the T40 to assist in its development, by using a single power section with extension shaft and gearbox), driving two large contra-rotating propellers through a combining gearbox. Both the engines and the gearbox proved to be unreliable. The T40 engine was also used in the developmental Douglas A2D Skyshark, and the Republic XF-84H Thunderscreech. After a number of engine-related mishaps, the XA2J project was abandoned and the second prototype was never flown.

Operators

United States Navy

Specifications (XA2J-1)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

"Navy Gets Turboprop Bomber." Popular Science, April 1952, p. 141.

A2J
North American A2J
Aircraft with contra-rotating propellers
High-wing aircraft
Carrier-based aircraft
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Aircraft first flown in 1952
Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft

North American XA2J Super Savage


The 2020 National League play-off final , known as the Vanarama National League Promotion Final for sponsorship reasons, was a football match contested between Harrogate Town and Notts County to determine the second and final team to gain promotion from the National League to EFL League Two. It was played on 2 August 2020 at Wembley Stadium in London. The first-placed team of the 2019–20 National League season (Barrow) gained automatic promotion to the League Two, while the teams placed from fourth to seventh in the table took part in play-off quarter-finals and teams placed second and third received byes to the semi-finals. The winners of the quarter-finals advanced to play the teams in the semi-finals and the winners of these semi-finals competed for the final place in League Two. The match was refereed by James Bell and played behind closed doors to comply with restrictions during the coronavirus pandemic.

Harrogate Town took the lead in the fifth-minute with a goal from George Thomson and 23 minutes later Connor Hall doubled the lead. The first half ended with Harrogate leading 2–0. In a minute of the second half Notts County halved the deficit with a free-kick from Callum Roberts, but a goal on 70 minutes from Jack Diamond restored Harrogate's two-goal advantage which they maintained to the final whistle, winning 3–1 to earn promotion to League Two and the English Football League for the first time in their history.

Route to the final

Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the National League season was temporarily suspended on 13 March. Two weeks later this suspension was extended indefinitely. On 22 April, clubs in National League, the fifth tier of the English football league system, voted to curtail the season, meaning the final table would be calculated by a points-per-game method. The play-offs would then be played between the clubs finishing second to seventh as normal.

Harrogate Town finished the season in second place in the revised league table, one place ahead of Notts County. Both therefore missed out on the one automatic place for promotion to EFL League Two, which went to Barrow. This meant Harrogate Town, Notts County, Yeovil Town (who finished fourth), Boreham Wood (fifth), Halifax Town (sixth) and Barnet (seventh) took part in the play-offs to determine the second promoted team. Harrogate Town and Notts County received byes to the semi-finals to face the winners of the quarter-finals. The winners of the quarter-finals were Boreham Wood, who beat Halifax Town 2–1, and Barnet, who beat Yeovil Town 2–0.

Harrogate Town's opponents in their play-off semi-final were Boreham Wood, the match being played on 25 July 2020 at Wetherby Road, Harrogate. Jack Muldoon scored the only goal of the game with a header on the 64th-minute and Harrogate progressed to the final. Notts County faced Barnet in the other play-off semi-final, the match taking place on the same day as the other on 25 July 2020 at Meadow Lane, Nottingham. A goal either side of half time, first a header from Kristian Dennis in the 37th-minute and one from Callum Roberts in the 59th, meant Notts County won 2–0 and they qualified for the final.

Match

Details

Notes

References

play-off final 2020
National League play-off final
National League play-off final
Events at Wembley Stadium
2020
Play-off Final 2020
Play-off Final 2020

2020 National League play-off final


The New Oxford Book of Carols is a collection of vocal scores of Christmas carols. It was first published in 1992 by Oxford University Press (OUP) and was edited by Hugh Keyte and Andrew Parrott.  It is a widely used source of carols in among choirs and church congregations in Britain.

The collection was published as a successor to the Oxford Book of Carols, originally published in 1928.  This thoroughly documented text contains notes on sources, histories and variants of carols from a wide variety of sources; it is usable not only as a book for carol singing, but as a reference book as well.  A Shorter New Oxford Book of Carols was issued in 1992, and other selections have been made.

History
The original Oxford Book of Carols was first published in 1928 by OUP. It was edited by Percy Dearmer,  Martin Shaw, and the noted composer and scholar of English folk-song  Ralph Vaughan Williams. The book was highly influential as it introduced British choirs and church congregations (who were more accustomed to Victorian hymn tunes) to a form of Christmas music rooted in traditional folk music.

The New Oxford Book of Carols  started life as a recording tie-in project with Faber Music, consisting of a limited number of carols. Under the direction of OUP's senior editor Julian Elloway, the project grew beyond its initial concept to a published collection of 201 vocal pieces accompanied by a substantial body of historically informed arranging and editorial commentary. The volume contains two essays, and each carol is accompanied by detailed annotations; this supporting editorial material is considered to be a valuable resource for historians, church musicians, and musicologists.

See also
 List of Christmas carols

References

1992 non-fiction books
Music books
Christmas carol collections
Carols, Oxford Book Of

The New Oxford Book of Carols


HealthWatch is a UK charity which promotes evidence-based medicine. Its formal aims are:
  The assessment and testing of treatments, whether "orthodox" or "alternative";
 Consumer protection of all forms of health care, both by thorough testing of all products and procedures, and better regulation of all practitioners;
 Better understanding by the public and the media that valid clinical trials are the best way of ensuring protection.

Details
HealthWatch's President is Nick Ross and its patrons include Lord Dick Taverne, Steve Jones, Margaret McCartney, Sir Michael Rawlins and the comedian Robin Ince.

HealthWatch has a small international membership. It promotes evidence-based medicine. It publishes the quarterly HealthWatch Newsletter and occasional "position papers" on controversial medical treatments.

It was inspired by the oncologist Michael Baum, among others, and began as the Campaign Against Health Fraud mostly targeting unfounded claims by proponents of alternative medicine and downright quackery, but soon broadened to audit all forms of medical practice, and many of its members are more concerned about unproven orthodox therapies than complementary ones. Nonetheless it still sometimes attracts criticism from some believers in alternative medicine who claim that scientific approaches cannot be applied to their way of working. HealthWatch maintains it has no commercial sponsors of any form and relies on membership fees and donations from other charities.

References

External links

Health charities in the United Kingdom
Skeptic organisations in the United Kingdom
British medical websites
1991 establishments in the United Kingdom

HealthWatch


Technetium 99mTc albumin aggregated (99mTc-MAA) is an injectable radiopharmaceutical used in nuclear medicine.  It consists of a sterile aqueous suspension of Technetium-99m (99mTc) labeled to human albumin aggregate particles. It is commonly used for lung perfusion scanning. It is also less commonly used to visualise a peritoneovenous shunt and for isotope venography.

Preparation
DraxImage MAA kits for preparing 99mTc-MAA are available in the United States from only a single manufacturer; Jubilant DraxImage Inc.  The kits are delivered to nuclear pharmacies as lyophilized powders of non-radioactive ingredients sealed under nitrogen.  A nuclear pharmacist adds anywhere from 50 - 100 mCi of Na[99mTcO4] to the reaction vial to make the final product, in the pH range of 3.8 to 8.0.  After being allowed to react at room temperature for 15 minutes to ensure maximum labeling of the human albumin with 99mTc, the kit can then be diluted with sterile normal saline as needed.

Once prepared the product will have a turbid white appearance.

Quality control
No less than 90% of MAA particles can be between 10 - 90 micrometres in size and no particles may exceed 150 micrometres due to the risk of pulmonary artery blockade.
No less than 90% of the radioactivity present in the product must be tagged to albumin particles.  Thus, no more than 10% soluble impurities may be present.

Dosage and imaging

The typical adult dose for a lung imaging study is 40-150 Megabecquerels (1-4 mCi) (containing between 100,000 - 200,000 albumin particles). The particle burden should be lowered for most pediatric patients and lowered to 50,000 for infants. The use of more than 250,000 particles in a dose is controversial as little extra data is acquired from such scans while there is an increased risk of toxicity. Patients with pulmonary hypertension should be administered a minimum number of particles to achieve a lung scan (i.e. 60,000).  In any patient by administering a greater quantity of particles than necessary for the diagnostic procedure increases the risks of toxicity.

Because of gravity effects, people administered 99mTc MAA should be in the supine position to ensure as even a distribution of particles throughout the lungs as possible.

The total percentage of particles trapped in the lungs can be determined through a whole body scan after the administration of 99mTc MAA through the equation:
.

History
The technetium tc 99m aggregated albumin kit was approved for use in the United States in December 1987.

References

Further reading

External links

Radiopharmaceuticals
Technetium-99m

Technetium (99mTc) albumin aggregated


A burnout (also known as a peel out or power brake) is the practice of keeping a vehicle still (or close to) and spinning its wheels, causing the tires to heat up and smoke due to friction.

History

The origins of burnouts can be traced to drag racing, where they have a practical purpose: drag racing tires perform better at higher temperatures. A burnout is the fastest way to raise tire temperature before a race. It also cleans the tires of any debris and lays down a layer of rubber near the starting line for better traction. Drag race tracks sometimes use specially-reserved, wet-surface areas (burnout boxes) for burnouts.

Burnouts are also common in informal street racing, usually for show value. As with all street racing activities, burnouts on public property are illegal in most countries but the severity of punishments vary. In New South Wales, for example, police have the power to confiscate the offending vehicle for 3 months for a first offense.

In March 2010, British Formula 1 World Champion, Lewis Hamilton had his Mercedes car impounded for allegedly performing a burnout in Melbourne, Australia while leaving the Albert Park Grand-Prix Circuit.

Burnouts are also sometimes performed by winning drivers at the end of NASCAR races to celebrate their victory.

Practice
Burnouts in front wheel drive vehicles are likely to result in damage to the vehicle. They are usually achieved by holding the emergency brake (e-brake) to lock up the rear tires while flooring the gas pedal.

To burnout in a rear wheel drive vehicle the driver usually has to press the gas and brake pedals at the same time.  The brake pedal will require modulation The goal is to allow the rear tires to spin while holding the car in place with the front wheels remaining motionless. At a certain point of balance, the front brakes will prevent the car from moving forward while the rear brakes will have insufficient grip to keep the wheels from spinning, because engine power is transferred to the rear wheels only.

It is possible to make rear-wheel drive burnouts easier by installing "line locks", devices which allow fluid pressure on the front brakes to be maintained while releasing the pedal to free the rear brakes. This is useful in a manual transmission vehicle, where it can be quite difficult to manipulate the clutch, brake and gas pedals simultaneously. Line locks also reduce wear to the rear brakes, a common problem otherwise.

Burnouts are most difficult to perform in four-wheel drive and all-wheel drive cars, as they have better traction than FWD or RWD vehicles. It requires significantly more powerful engines to break all four tires loose at the same time and the tires will spin for only a short while before all four gain traction.

Related pages
 Line lock
 Wheelspin
 Friction

References

Other websites

Motor sports

Burnout (vehicle)


Richie Rich is a 1994 American comedy film directed by Donald Petrie and based on the comic character of the same name created by Alfred Harvey and Warren Kremer. The film was distributed by Warner Bros. under their Warner Bros. Family Entertainment label. The film stars Macaulay Culkin (in his final film as a child actor until he began work as an adult actor in 2003), John Larroquette, Edward Herrmann, Jonathan Hyde, and Christine Ebersole, while Reggie Jackson, Claudia Schiffer, and Ben Stein appear in cameo roles. Culkin's younger brother, Rory Culkin, played the part of Young Richie Rich. In theaters, the film was shown with a Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner cartoon called Chariots of Fur, and was followed by the 1998 direct-to-video sequel Richie Rich's Christmas Wish.

Plot
Richard "Richie" Rich, Jr. is "the world's richest boy", living in Chicago with his billionaire parents Richard Sr. and Regina. Under the care of his loyal butler Herbert Cadbury, scientist Professor Keenbean, and his dog Dollar, Richie enjoys a luxurious but lonely life. At his father's reopening of the local United Tool factory, Richie sees union rep Diane Koscinski's daughter Gloria and her friends playing sandlot ball, and later tries to befriend them.

Lawrence Van Dough, the greedy CFO of Rich Industries, plots with head of security Ferguson to kill the Riches and steal their fortune, believed to be stored in the family's secret vault. As the Riches prepare for a visit to England, Ferguson plants a bomb among their gifts for the Queen's birthday. Cadbury convinces Regina to let Richie stay home instead, and arranges for a day of fun with the sandlot kids, accompanied by Diane. Though initially bribed by Cadbury, the kids decline the money after genuinely having fun with Richie.

Flying the plane themselves, Richard and Regina discover the bomb just before it explodes, crashing the plane into the ocean. Stranded on a life raft, Richie's parents are presumed dead, and Van Dough takes control of Rich Industries. He attempts to close the factory, prompting Richie to assume leadership of the company himself, with Cadbury as his legal guardian and business proxy. Determined to seize the Riches' fortune, Van Dough has Cadbury framed for the bomb and arrested, and subsequently petitions successfully to take over as Richie's guardian. He then removes Richie as the company's leader, dismisses the rest of the Rich family servants, and installs his own security team at Rich Manor to keep Richie prisoner.

Overhearing Van Dough's plan to have Cadbury killed in jail, Professor Keenbean warns Richie, who sneaks out and rescues Cadbury. They enlist the help of Gloria and Diane, while Van Dough and Ferguson threaten Keenbean into revealing that the family vault requires a voice-activated code from Richard and Regina. At sea, Richard manages to repair his "Dadlink", a device allowing Richie to track him anywhere in the world. Using Gloria's computer, Richie finds the Dadlink's signal, but Ferguson intercepts the coordinates and captures Richard and Regina.

Richie and Gloria rally the sandlot kids to break into Rich Manor with Cadbury and Diane, using Keenbean's inventions against Van Dough's men. Holding Richard and Regina at gunpoint, Van Dough is led to the vault hidden within "Mount Richmore", their gigantic mountainside family portrait. Inside, he is furious and outraged to discover no money (which is in banks and the stock market), but what the Riches actually value most: treasured family mementos and heirlooms. Richie confronts Van Dough, who shoots him, but the bullets prove harmless thanks to Keenbean's bulletproof spray. Van Dough pursues the Riches down the side of the mountain, until Cadbury disarms Ferguson and the Riches subdue Van Dough.

Days later, Richie plays baseball with Gloria and his new friends for the United Tool team on Rich Manor's yard, coached by Cadbury, who shares a kiss with Diane. Van Dough and Ferguson serve as the manor's gardeners as part of their work release, while Richard and Regina are overjoyed that Richie has finally found what money cannot buy: friends.

Cast
 Macaulay Culkin as Richie Rich
 Rory Culkin as Young Richie Rich
 Peter Lampley as Baby Richie Rich
 John Larroquette as Laurence Van Dough - the greedy CFO of Rich Enterprises, who plots to steal the Rich family fortune.
 Edward Herrmann as Richard Rich Sr
 Christine Ebersole as Regina Rich
 Jonathan Hyde as Herbert Arthur Runcible Cadbury - the Rich family's trustworthy butler.
 Mike McShane as Professor Keenbean - a brilliant inventor who works for Rich Industries.
 Chelcie Ross as Ferguson - the Rich family's rude and tough security chief, who plots with Van Dough to usurp the Rich empire.
 Mariangela Pino as Diane Koscinski
 Stephi Lineburg as Gloria Koscinski
 Michael Maccarone as Tony
 Joel Robinson as Omar
 Jonathan Hilario as Pee Wee
 Reggie Jackson as himself - Richie's private baseball coach.
 Matt DeCaro as Dave Walter - the plant manager for United Tool.
 Claudia Schiffer as herself - Richie's private aerobics instructor.
 Ben Stein as Economics Teacher
 Sean A. Tate as Reynolds
 Joel Ellegant as Ellsworth
 Justin Zaremby as Reginald
 Eddie Bo Smith as Security Guard

Production

Though set in Chicago, the house and grounds at which most of Richie Rich is filmed are those of the Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina. Some scenes, however, are filmed in Chicago, including a fencing scene filmed at DePaul University's Cortelyou Commons & the Ravenswood Manor neighborhood including the Francisco stop on the CTA Brown line. The roller coaster in the backyard is the former stand-up roller coaster Iron Wolf at Six Flags Great America. In contrast to the famous publication and animated series, a few characters are eliminated to accommodate the film: among them are Irona the robot maid.

Data East was one of few regular pinball companies that manufactured custom pinball games e.g. for the film Richie Rich. This pinball machine was based on The Who's Tommy Pinball Wizard machine.

Reception
The film has been met with mixed reception. A Los Angeles Times reviewer praised the actors' portrayal of characters in the film. Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars saying he was surprised how much he enjoyed it and said that though it was not the greatest film, he liked that it had style and did not go for cheap payoffs. Richie Rich earned a Razzie Award nomination for Macaulay Culkin as Worst Actor for his performance in the film (also for Getting Even with Dad and The Pagemaster) but lost the award to Kevin Costner for Wyatt Earp.

Richie Rich received a 26% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 23 reviews, with an average rating of 4.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "With Macaulay Culkin barely registering any emotion, Richie Rich feels disjointed and free of a sense of fun and wonderment". On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 49 out of 100 based on 17 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.

The film grossed $38 million at the box office in the United States and Canada and the same internationally for a worldwide total of $76 million on a $40 million budget. It was an even bigger home video success, with $125 million in VHS rentals and, as of April 1997, $44.2 million in retail sales, the studio receiving 75%.

Year-end lists
 Fifth worst – Sean P. Means, The Salt Lake Tribune

Sequel

Richie Rich's Christmas Wish is a 1998 direct-to-video sequel starring David Gallagher in the titular role.

References

External links

 Films Made in North Carolina - PDF

1994 films
1994 children's films
1994 comedy films
1990s adventure comedy films
1990s children's adventure films
1990s children's comedy films
American adventure comedy films
American children's adventure films
American children's comedy films
Davis Entertainment films
1990s English-language films
Films about children
Films scored by Alan Silvestri
Films based on Harvey Comics
Films directed by Donald Petrie
Films produced by Joel Silver
Films produced by John Davis
Films set in Chicago
Films shot in North Carolina
Films with screenplays by Jim Jennewein
Films based on American comics
Live-action films based on comics
Richie Rich (comics)
Richie Rich (film series)
Silver Pictures films
Warner Bros. films
1990s American films

Richie Rich (film)


Jeanne Rose (born January 9, 1937) is an herbalist/aromatherapist who changed the practice of American herbalism when she began her public work in 1969 with the publication of her first book, Herbs & Things: Jeanne Rose's Herbal. She began her herbal career in California as an undergraduate with studies in botany and science and a degree from San Jose State College. She went on to graduate work in marine biology and ecology. In 1969, she wrote the first modern book of herbalism, Herbs & Things. She taught herbs and aromatherapy at the University of California Extension throughout the 1970s and privately throughout the United States. She has lived in San Francisco since 1967 and established a herbal/aromatic garden and study center. Becoming concerned about the environment and the production of aromatic plants, she organized the aromatherapy industry and a group, The Aromatic Plant Project,  to  support local and organic production of aromatic plants, to provide resources for growers and distillers, to ensure high quality aromatherapy products and to educate consumers as to the appropriate and beneficial uses of these aromatic products.

Rose is the author of over 20 books, including Herbs & Things, The Herbal Body Book, The Aromatherapy Book and Jeanne Rose's Herbal Guide to Food, and she has taught herbs, aromatherapy and distillation extensively throughout the US. She organized and was president of the first large aromatherapy organization in the United States, NAHA, and speaks widely at many other events and  conferences. She teaches distillation techniques for quality essential oils in various parts of the world. The word, "hydrosol" as used for the waters of distillation, was first used and put in place by Jeanne Rose in 1990.

Works
 Herbs & Things: Jeanne Rose's Herbal, Perigee Books 1972, Last Gasp 2001

References

External links

http://www.organicinfusions.com
http://www.allnaturalbeauty.us/recipies_jeannerose2.htm
http://www.jeannerose.net/author.html
Aromatic Plant Project
Institute of Aromatic Studies
Natural Ingredient Resource Center
Lloyd  Library
Associate Member of The Natural Perfumers Guild

1937 births
Living people
Herbalists
American conservationists

Jeanne Rose


Calocera viscosa, commonly known as the yellow stagshorn, is a jelly fungus, a member of the Dacrymycetales, an order of fungi characterized by their unique "tuning fork" basidia.

It has bright orange, yellow or occasionally white branching basidiocarps, which are somewhat gelatinous in texture and slimy to the touch (hence the specific name). It is relatively large for a jelly fungus, and can reach up to ten centimetres in height. It is widespread and common, and its bright colour makes it stand out in its habitat. It grows on decaying conifer wood, typically stumps and roots, although this may not be obvious if the wood is covered in leaf litter. It fruits throughout the year, but is most commonly seen in autumn.

It is not poisonous, but its tough gelatinous texture and nondescript taste and odour make it unattractive as a food. However, its striking colour has led to it being used as a garnish on occasion.

The species is difficult to identify without examination of microscopic features. Calocera cornea and Dacrymyces palmatus are related.

References

Dacrymycetes
Fungi of Europe
Fungi described in 1827

Calocera viscosa