Hesham Ali Ashmawy Mos'ad Ibrahim (; 1978 – 4 March 2020) was a convicted terrorist who previously was an Egyptian Army officer, suspected by the government of having orchestrated and been involved in a number of terrorist attacks on security targets and state institutions, including the 2014 Farafra ambush and the 2015 assassination of Prosecutor general Hisham Barakat.

Ashmawy joined the military in 1996 and eventually became an officer in the Thunderbolt unit. He showed increasing signs of radicalization over the years, which was further aggravated by his father's death in 2010. Accusations of spreading extremist thought and of incitement against the Egyptian Armed Forces led to his eventual dismissal from the military in 2011 under circumstances that remain unclear. He embraced al-Qaeda and went on to join Ansar Bait al-Maqdis in 2012, but eventually defected from the group in 2015, following its declaration of allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. He formed instead his own network, al-Mourabitoun, which based itself in Libya and remained loyal to al-Qaeda.

He became one of Egypt's most wanted militants, before being arrested on 8 October 2018, during a counter-insurgency operation by the Libyan National Army in Derna. On 28 May 2019, Ashmawy was handed over to the Egyptian authorities. He was executed on 4 March 2020.

Early life and military career
Ashmawy was born in 1978. His father, Ali Ashmawy, was a French language teacher, and his mother, Ghalia Ali Abdelmegid, worked in a school. Little information exists about his life prior to joining the Egyptian Armed Forces, though he was known by family and friends to be an association football enthusiast. In 2003, Lieutenant Ashmawy married Nesreen Sayed Ali, a former senior year student in Abdelmegid's school who became a teaching assistant at Ain Shams University. They had two sons and lived in a building that was built by his father in the 10th District of Nasr City, Cairo.

He entered the Egyptian Military Academy in 1996, from which he graduated in 2000. He served in the Egyptian Army, initially as a regular infantryman and later as a special forces officer in the Thunderbolt unit. He trained in camouflage and combat readiness in challenging terrain. Ashmawy was deployed to the Sinai Peninsula for 10 years, during which the 2005 Sharm el-Sheikh and 2006 Dahab bombings took place.

Radicalization and dismissal
Ashmawy started showing signs of extremism in 2000, when he argued with a military-assigned preacher who accidentally misread Quranic verses during a sermon. He ended up being placed under Military Intelligence surveillance as a result of the incident. Around that time, he was also distributing Salafist literature to his colleagues. One of them told Reuters that Ashmawy used to wake his fellow conscripts at dawn and organize Fajr prayers. He also encouraged them "not to accept orders without being convinced of them." Nesreen later described the death of Ashmawy's father in 2010 as turning point in her husband's life, after which he became depressed and started reading the works of Sunni theologian Ibn Taymiyyah. He prayed more frequently and visited mosques during leaves.

He was interrogated for the first time in 2006, a year in which a close friend of his may have been tortured and killed in state custody. Ashmawy was accused during the investigation of holding radical and inciting views aimed at state institutions. He severed ties with most of his army and SSI colleagues following the death of his friend, according to Ashmawy's nephew. He was tried in 2007 for continued incitement, and was reassigned to an administrative post in the Popular Defense Forces branch of the Egyptian military. The exact dates and circumstances under which Ashmawy left the military are conflicting. A military court hearing in 2011 decided that he should be formally dismissed from the Armed Forces.

Militancy
Ashmawy travelled to Turkey in April 2013 and then crossed into the Syrian border and had a meeting with ISIS commanders. He regularly visited the al-Anwar al-Muhamadiyya Mosque in Cairo's Matareya district between 2010 and 2012. Meetings between him and "extremist elements" became frequent after he left the military, according to an October 2015 episode about Ashmawy on Death Making, an Al Arabiya program. During that time, he started embracing Islamic militancy as an ideology, particularly the al-Qaeda brand. Ashmawy managed to form a militant cell with four other suspended officers following his 2011 dismissal, and later joined Ansar Bait al-Maqdis (ABM) in 2013 and gradually rose in the group's ranks. The Ministry of Interior also traced down a trip that he made to Turkey on 27 April 2013, and then later across the border into Syria, where he is suspected by authorities to have fought alongside al-Nusra Front.

Ashmawy's name appeared in the media for the first time in September 2013, as one of the prime suspects in the attempted assassination of interior minister Mohamed Ibrahim Moustafa, the other suspects being Emad Abdel Hamid and suicide bomber Waleed Badr. Security forces raided his house and the gym he frequented later that same year. They found a large amount of combat training equipment in his residence. His wife later told the prosecution that she hadn't heard from him since the assassination attempt. Egyptian authorities have linked his name with several militant cells and operations throughout the following year, including the Arab Sharkas case and the 2014 Farafra ambush, which he had personally executed and previously planned while based in Ansar al-Sharia camps in Libya. Ashmawy was assigned the training of ABM recruits in 2014, and commanded the organization's cells in the Egyptian mainland. He fell out with ABM that same year, however, when it declared allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and became Wilayat Sinai. ABM, both in Sinai and in the mainland, had consequently split between members loyal to ISIL and some others linked to al-Qaeda. Ashmawy's mainland operations were gradually taken over by Wilayat Sinai commander Ashraf al-Gharably.

Al-Mourabitoun
His name resurfaced in the media as a suspect in the assassination of Prosecutor General Hisham Barakat in July 2015. He announced in a video that same month the formation of a network named al-Mourabitoun which would remain loyal to al-Qaeda rather than ISIL, to which the latter responded later on by referring to Ashmawy as an "apostate" and issuing a bounty on his life. Ashmawy's al-Mourabitoun based itself in Libya and developed close ties with the local Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna. During the same video announcement, he encouraged Muslims to wage global jihad and denounced Egypt's government and its president, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. Ashmawy's tactics differed from those of ISIL. The latter would often employ suicide bombing as a method, while the former favored car bombings and did not claim responsibility for his attacks. ISIL also tends to focus on territorial expansion while Ashmawy emphasized guerrilla warfare. Zack Gold, an analyst at the Center for Naval Analyses, described him as "a boogeyman for the Egyptian army." Ashmawy released a second statement in March 2016 in the form of an audio communique accompanied by image slides that included a photo of him in military uniform and a panorama of Jerusalem with the words "O Aqsa, we are coming" appearing on the screen. In the message, Ashmawy called on Egyptian ulama and clerics to rally Muslim youth and encourage them "to expel the invaders from the abode of Islam and wage jihad against the criminal el-Sisi, his soldiers, and supporters."

Ashmawy gave himself the nom de guerre "Abu Omar al-Mujhajir", and became associated with other militant groups like Jund al-Islam and Ansar al-Islam. The latter, which he was suspected of leading, claimed responsibility for the Bahariya Oasis attack in October 2017 that killed between 16 and 54 security personnel. His deputy, Emad Abdel Hamid, was killed in a retaliatory airstrike in Egypt's Western Desert later that month. Ashmawy, under the nickname "Abu Mohannad", was sentenced to death in absentia by a military court on 27 December 2017, along with ten other defendants, for various terrorism-related charges as part of a case called Ansar Bait al-Maqdis 3 by local media. When he was arrested the following year, Egyptian media credited him with 17 attacks, including the Barakat assassination, the 2015 Italian Consulate bombing, the Minya bus attack and the Bahariya attack, among others. "Every major attack, he either has been behind it or has been blamed for it," according to Gold. He became one of Egypt's most wanted militants prior to his arrest.

Arrest and death
On 8 October 2018, Ahmed al-Mismari, spokesman of the Libyan National Army (LNA), announced the capturing of Ashmawy during a surprise operation by a unit of the 106th Mujahfal Brigade in the mountainous al-Maghar district of Derna. Other militants were also captured, as well as the family of Omar Sorour, al-Mourabitoun's mufti who was killed earlier in June. They were later taken to a barracks in the port city.

Nasser Ahmed al-Najdi, commander of the LNA's Battalion 169, told Asharq Al-Awsat that the operation was the result of intelligence sharing between Egypt's government and the LNA under the command of General Khalifa Haftar, months after a tunnel network was uncovered in Derna during a battle between LNA forces and the Shura Council of Mujahideen for control of the city. The LNA, which fights for the eastern government in the Libyan Civil War, believed that Ashmawy was using that network to move around between cities in the region. According to Najdi, "not a single bullet was fired" during the "successful" operation, which was carried out moments after Ashmawy was spotted trying to leave al-Maghar.

The Libyan authorities said in their statement that Ashmawy would be extradited to Egypt following investigations. The LNA also released video footage from the raid's aftermath showing Ashmawy being escorted to an armored vehicle, as well as photos of his bloodied face. An earlier statement added that he was wearing an explosive belt that failed to detonate when the troops closed in on him. Different teams of Egyptian investigators began arriving in Libya later that day to jointly interrogate Ashmawy with the Libyan authorities. Mismari announced on 1 November that Ashmawy was being tried by a military court in eastern Libya, along with over 200 defendants. He added that Ashmawy took part in the fighting against the LNA in Derna and orchestrated attacks and assassinations of several Libyan officers.
On 28 May 2019, Ashmawy was extradited by the Libyan national army to Egyptian authorities.

On March 4, 2020, Ashmawy's death sentence was carried out.

References

1978 births
2020 deaths
Terrorism in Egypt
Sinai insurgency
People imprisoned on charges of terrorism
Place of birth missing
People executed by Egypt by hanging
21st-century executions by Egypt
Egyptian Military Academy alumni
Special forces of Egypt
21st-century Egyptian military personnel
20th-century Egyptian military personnel

Hesham Ashmawy


The 18th Missouri Infantry Regiment was a Union Army unit organized during the American Civil War.

History
Organized at Laclede, Missouri, July to November, 1861. Attached to:
District of St. Louis, Department of Missouri, to March, 1862.
2nd Brigade, 6th Division, Army of the Tennessee, to July, 1862.
2nd Brigade, 6th Division, District of Corinth, Miss., to November, 1862.
2nd Brigade, 6th Division, District of Corinth, 13th Army Corps (Old), Dept. of the Tennessee, November, 1862.
3rd Brigade, District of Corinth, 13th Army Corps, to December, 1862.
3rd Brigade, District of Corinth, 17th Army Corps, to January, 1863.
3rd Brigade, District of Corinth, 16th Army Corps, to March, 1863.
3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, 16th Army Corps, to November, 1863.
Fuller's Brigade, 2nd Division, 16th Army Corps, to January, 1864.
3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, 16th Army Corps, to March, 1864.
1st Brigade, 4th Division, 16th Army Corps, to September, 1864.
1st Brigade, 1st Division, 17th Army Corps, to July, 1865.

Detailed Service
In his report for 1863 the adjutant-general of Missouri says: "This regiment was formed in Aug., 1861, and has taken part in many of the most important engagements of the war in the West. The want of regimental reports prevents this office from giving that complete statement of its doings that is desired. It has lost largely in officers and men, especially at the Battle of Shiloh, but has been steadily recruited, and now has a good aggregate for a regiment that has been so depleted." During the first two months of 1864 it was mounted and employed in scouting the country about Florence, Ala. It then joined the army of Gen. Sherman, where it was assigned to the 17th Corps, and began the advance upon Atlanta, taking part in the engagements at Snake Creek Gap, Resaca, Kingston, Dallas, Big Shanty, Kennesaw Mountain, along the Chattahoochee River in front of Atlanta and at Jonesboro. When Gen. Hood evacuated Atlanta and started north this regiment was one of those in pursuit, drove the rear-guard of the enemy through Snake Creek Gap and skirmished with him at various other points. It then rejoined the main body of the army and was in the famous March to the Sea, participating in all the engagements in which the 17th Corps was brought into action. In the early part of 1865 the regiment marched with Sherman across the Carolinas.  It was the 18th Mo. that forced the crossing of Whippy's Swamp and the Pedee River at Cheraw; was present at the Capture of Columbia and Fayetteville, N. C.; fought with its customary valor in the battle of Bentonville, N. C., and was present when Gen. Johnston surrendered to Sherman at Goldsboro. It then moved to Washington, D. C. where it took part in the Grand Review in May, after which it went by rail and river via Louisville, Ky., to St. Louis, where it was mustered out on July 18, 1865.

Casualties
Regiment lost during service 6 Officers and 75 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 164 Enlisted men by disease. Total 245.

References

Units and formations of the Union Army from Missouri
Military units and formations established in 1861
1861 establishments in Missouri
Military units and formations disestablished in 1865

18th Missouri Infantry Regiment


Because They're Young is a 1960 American drama film directed by Paul Wendkos and starring Dick Clark as Neil Hendry, an American high-school teacher who tries to make a difference in the lives of his students. The film co-stars Tuesday Weld, Michael Callan, Warren Berlinger, Roberta Shore, Doug McClure, Victoria Shaw and Stephen Talbot. The screenplay was based on Harrison High, a 1959 novel by John Farris.

Musicians Duane Eddy and James Darren appear in cameo roles, and the film's title song became the biggest hit record of Eddy's career. Bobby Rydell's "Swingin' School" is featured prominently in the film's soundtrack, though Rydell does not appear in the film.

Plot
When novice history teacher Neil Hendry arrives at Harrison High to undertake his first teaching assignment, he is escorted to his classroom by Joan Dietrich, the secretary to Harrison's principal, Mr. Donlan. Among Neil's students are Buddy McCalla, whose mother Frances hides her promiscuity from her son; Anne Gregor, whose sexual misstep the previous summer with incipient juvenile delinquent Griff Rimer has sullied her reputation; Ricky Summers, whose love for fellow student Jim prompts both sets of parents to warn their offspring about premarital sex; and Griff, whose leering glances at Anne disrupt Neil's class. After the first day of school, Donlan cautions Neil about becoming involved in the students' personal problems and states that all disciplinary issues will be dealt with by the principal.

Neil offers to drive Joan home, and when they stop at the market to buy groceries, she is surprised to discover that Neil's nine-year-old nephew Eric is living with him. Griff, who works at the market, is warned by Chris, the butcher, to stop stealing cigarettes because he is capable of "bigger things."

After dropping Joan off, Neil drives home, where his landlady, Mrs. Wellenberg, is taking care of Eric. When Eric proudly shows Neil, a former college football star whose career was ended by a car accident, a scrapbook of Neil's football victories assembled by Eric's late parents, Neil gruffly slams the book shut, sending Eric running to his room in tears. Neil then tells Mrs. Wellenberg that Eric's parents died in an automobile accident on the day they drove to Neil's school to watch him play, and that Eric has been living with Neil's aunt and uncle until he could finish practice teaching and set up a home for the boy. Remorseful, Neil apologizes to Eric, who tearfully hugs him.

Even though Neil has developed an aversion to football, he takes Eric to a game and asks Joan to accompany them. Afterward, Neil tells Joan about the accident, adding that he holds himself responsible because he was driving. Ever since, Neil explains, he has tried to pattern himself after his brother, an exemplary principal who was devoted to his students. However, Neil was censured as a student teacher for his involvement with his students, and consequently, the court would only give him temporary custody of Eric.

One day, Neil keeps football player Buddy after school to tutor him in history and is surprised when Buddy asks him for advice about his football plays. Neil is at first reticent, but when Buddy explains that he needs an athletic scholarship to attend college because his father walked out on the family and his mother is unable to earn enough money for tuition, Neil relents and offers to coach him.

Neil convinces the honor society committee to invite the entire student body to their annual dance, and on the night of the event, young toughs from Conway High wait outside to harass the Harrison students. When an overly amorous Jim makes sexual advances to Ricky, she recalls her parents' admonition and pushes him away. Buddy, who has been fixed up with Anne, shyly confides his difficulties with English class, prompting Anne to offer to help him. When Patcher, the leader of the Conway toughs, arrives and tries to crash the dance, Griff, a former Conway student, confronts him, and Patcher retreats. Afterward, the Harrison students view Griff with respect. After the dance, Joan criticizes Neil for disregarding Donlan's rules and giving too much of himself to his students, then confides that she was in love with an idealistic teacher like Neil who was killed by one of his students.

On the day that report cards are distributed, Griff is rewarded for his hard work with a slate of good grades. That night, he stops by Anne's house. Anne, who has been avoiding Griff, is reluctant to invite him in until he says he has been trying to change for her. Dropping her guard, Anne invites him inside. When he forces himself on her, she at first responds, but then asks him to leave. Embittered, Griff seeks out Chris and is surprised to find Patcher at Chris's apartment collecting a bundle of money from a robbery. Griff then asks to be included on the next job.

Later, Jim invites Griff to join him and Buddy for a weekend at his family's house on the lake. The date coincides with the night of Chris's planned robbery, and when Griff tries to back out, Chris insists that he follow through. On the evening of the robbery, Griff waits in the getaway truck while Chris knocks out the watchman and Patcher disables the alarm. Patcher botches the job, however, and sets off the alarm, and when the guard regains consciousness, he shoots and wounds Chris. Panicked, Griff drives off and ditches the truck, then takes refuge at Harrison High to escape the police.

Meanwhile, Jim's car breaks down on the way to the lake, forcing the boys to return home. As Buddy climbs the steps to his apartment, he hears his mother's drunken voice as she flirts with a man she picked up at a bar. Buddy, who idolizes his mother, is traumatized by her promiscuity and runs away, dropping his sweater in the hallway.

The next day, Mrs. McCalla, having discovered Buddy's discarded sweater, goes to Neil for help in finding her son. Anne, who has gone to school to rehearse for the class play, is surprised when she is approached by Buddy, who incoherently laments that his mother "is dirty." Griff then appears and charges that Anne is dirty, too. Enraged, Buddy attacks Griff and the boys fight. Neil, who has traced Buddy to the rehearsal, arrives just as Buddy pummels Griff and runs off. Afterward, Donlan summons Neil to his office, where Griff's father threatens to press charges against the school for his son's beating. To appease Rimer, Donlan suspends Neil and promises to expel Buddy.

Ricky, meanwhile, has found Anne's bloodied book on the school floor and shows it to Joan. Surmising that Anne saw the fight, Joan urges her to speak up for Buddy. Anne then breaks down, saying that the incident will further sully her reputation and ruin any chance she may have for a scholarship. Buddy, now desperate, finally goes to see Neil, and after his mother breaks down and apologizes, they reconcile. Joan then brings Anne to Neil's, and she agrees to tell Donlan the truth.

Jim, who has heard of Anne's predicament, realizes that premarital sex could have ruined his and Ricky's life and apologizes to Ricky for pressuring her. When Neil and Anne arrive at Donlan's office, they learn that Griff has already told Donlan the truth, sparing Anne her confession.

In the hallway, Patcher, who has followed Griff to the school, confronts him with a drawn switchblade. Griff runs up the stairs, and when Patcher starts to follow, Neil tries to stop him but is knocked unconscious. As the two boys fight in the biology lab, Neil revives and sounds the fire alarm, then tells Donlan to call the police. Neil finds Griff just after Patcher has stabbed him, and as Neil comforts the wounded Griff, Patcher flees into the hallway, where he is apprehended by the police. Because Neil and Donlan agree to testify on Griff's behalf, he is spared a jail sentence and placed on probation instead.

Cast

 Dick Clark – Neil Hendry
 Michael Callan – Griff Rimer
 Tuesday Weld – Ann Gregor
 Victoria Shaw – Joan Dietrich
 Roberta Shore – Ricky Summers
 Warren Berlinger – Buddy McCalla
 Doug McClure – Jim
 Linda Watkins – Frances McCalla
 Chris Robinson – Patcher
 Rudy Bond – Chris
 Wendell Holmes – Principal Donlan
 Philip Coolidge – Mr. Rimer
 Bart Patton – Kramer
 Stephen Talbot – Eric
 James Darren – Himself
 Shirley Mitchell – Mrs. Summers
 Duane Eddy and the Rebels – Themselves

Production

Original novel
The novel Harrison High was published in 1959 when its author John Farris was 22. He wrote it at the age of 20 while a student at the University of Missouri, and it was based on his high-school experiences in Memphis, though Harrison High is fictional.

The New York Times likened the book to "an interminable adolescent bull session."

Development
Film rights were bought by the Drexel Film Corporation in April 1959, and Drexel arranged to make the film through Columbia. Dick Clark, host of American Bandstand, signed to play the lead.

Jerry Bresler, who had a multi-picture deal with Columbia, was assigned to produce and he hired James Gunn to write a script. Paul Wendkos signed to direct in June.

"Most pictures about teenagers are wrong," said Clark, "They are older people's concepts of how teenagers act... I doubt if there ever can be a truly honest portrayal in films.  Not all girls are beautiful and all boys handsome, as they are in films... [But] the script is fairly true to life. Most teenagers are normal."

The cast included several young actors under contract to Columbia, including Michael Callan. Warren Berlinger, who played Buddy McCalla, had just recently appeared in Blue Denim.

Shooting
Filming started on August 12, 1959. The campus and classroom scenes were shot at Hoover High School in Glendale, California.

Clark later wrote in his memoirs that making the film was "an extraordinary experience. Columbia really laid it on; they rented a house in Bel-Air owned by Mercedes McCambridge, provided a maid, a butler and a chauffeur, and gave me a hundred dollars a day in expenses."

Reception
The Los Angeles Times called the film "an agreeable surprise."

The film did not make Variety's list of top earners for 1960.

References

External links

Because They're Young at BFI

1960 films
1960s coming-of-age drama films
1960s teen drama films
American black-and-white films
American coming-of-age drama films
American teen drama films
American high school films
Columbia Pictures films
1960s English-language films
Films scored by John Williams
Films about educators
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Paul Wendkos
Films shot in California
1960s American films

Because They're Young


Real-world evidence (RWE) in medicine is the clinical evidence regarding the usage and potential benefits or risks of a medical product derived from analysis of real-world data (RWD). RWE can be generated by different study designs or analyses, including but not limited to, randomized trials, including large simple trials, pragmatic trials, and retrospective or prospective observational studies. In the USA the 21st Century Cures Act required the FDA to expand the role of real world evidence.

Real-world evidence comes into play when clinical trials cannot really account for the entire patient population of a particular disease. Patients with comorbidities or belonging to a distant geographic region or age limit who did not participate in any clinical trial may not respond to the treatment in question as expected. RWE provides answers to these problems and also to analyze effects of drugs over a longer period of time. Pharmaceutical companies and health insurance payers study RWE to understand patient pathways to deliver appropriate care for appropriate individuals and to minimize their own financial risk by investing on drugs that work for patients.

Data quality
Data quality (DQ) is the degree to which a given dataset meets a user's requirements. In the primary healthcare setting, poor quality data can lead to poor patient care, negatively affect the validity and reproducibility of research results and limit the value that such data may have for public health surveillance.

In order to use real-world data to generate evidence, data must be of sufficient quality. Kahn et al. define data quality as consisting of three components: (1) conformance (do data values adhere to do specified standard and formats?; subtypes: value, relational and computational conformance);  (2) completeness (are data values present?); and (3) plausibility (are data values believable?; subtypes uniqueness, atemporal; temporal). Sometimes, data reliability and data quality are used interchangeably.

Fitness for purpose
Similarly to having sufficient data quality, the real-world data must be fit for purpose. An RWD resource can be fit for addressing some questions, but not others. For example, a dataset that lacks mother-to-baby links may not be appropriate to address drug risk for fetus but can be used for questions for drug safety in patients taking epilepsy treatment (limited to the patient; not including safety for fetus). Since data quality can be evaluated outside a particular purpose (on a general level), fitness for purpose is evaluated separate from data quality and is not included in the concept of data quality.* Real-World Evidence — What Is It and What Can It Tell Us? The New England Journal of Medicine, December 6, 2016.

See also
 Evidence-based medicine
 Levels of evidence
 Pragmatic clinical trial
 Qualitative research
 Quantitative research
 Correlation does not imply causation

References

External links
 "Real World Evidence" at FDA
 "21st Century Cures Act"
 "Use of Real World Data in Development Programmes" at EMA
 "Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics"
 "Need for Real World Evidence"
 "Real-world evidence: From activity to impact in healthcare decision making"

Evidence
Health informatics
Clinical research

Real world evidence


Funmi Falana is a Nigerian legal practitioner and women's rights activist.

Personal life and education
Funmi Falana is the wife of Femi Falana, a Nigerian activist and lawyer; and mother to Falz, a Nigerian recording artist and actor. she attended St. Louis Girls' Grammar School, Akure, Ondo State. She obtained her bachelor's degree in physics from the University of Benin, and later bagged her law degree (LL.B) at the University of Lagos. Fummi later obtained her master's degree (LL.M) from the University of Lagos as well.

Career
Funmi Falana currently serves as the National Director of Women Empowerment and Legal Aid (WELA), a non-governmental organization that defends the rights of women and children. She belongs to some professional and leadership associations within and outside Nigeria. she is a member of the Nigerian Bar Association, West African Bar Association and International Bar Association, Member, The Chartered Institute of Arbitrators.

Leadership and activism
Funmi Falana in her capacity as the current National Director of Women Empowerment and Legal Aid (WELA), a  non-governmental organization actively participates in activism. she has led some campaigns against rape, women marginalisation and participation in politics, gender based, policy and decision-making. Through her organisation, she challenged Regulation 124 of the Police Act which prohibited female officers from getting married until after three years of service, and the court declared the provision was unconstitutional and discriminatory against women, so it was null and void,

In a letter dated January 28, 2021 and titled "Request To Recall Dismissed Pregnant Police Officer", Funmi as the Chairperson of WELA  asked the Inspector General of Police (IGP) Ibrahim Adamu, to reinstate Corporal Olajide Omotola of the Ekiti State Police Command who was dismissed for getting pregnant out of wedlock. She said she would challenge the dismissal of Mrs. Omotola at the National Industrial Court of Nigeria (NICN) and pray for the annulment of Regulation 127 made pursuant to the Police Act, 2020 if the police authority fails to reinstate her within a reasonable time.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Nigerian women lawyers
Nigerian activists
Nigerian women's rights activists
Nigerian women activists
University of Lagos alumni
University of Benin (Nigeria) alumni
Falana family

Funmi Falana


Debra ("Debbie") Lee Flintoff-King, (OAM) (born 20 April 1960) is a retired Australian athlete, and winner of the women's 400 m hurdles event at the 1988 Seoul Olympics.

Athletics career
Flintoff-King was born in Melbourne, the daughter of Richmond footballer Les Flintoff, and made her international debut at the 1982 Brisbane Commonwealth Games, winning the 400m hurdles in a Commonwealth record time of 55.89.

Flintoff finished sixth in the inaugural event at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. In 1986, after setting Australian records at both the 400m flat and 400m hurdles during the year, she won both events at the 1986 Edinburgh Commonwealth Games. Flintoff participated in Prince Edward's charity television special The Grand Knockout Tournament in 1987.

She then won a silver medal at the 1987 World Championships and became the first Australian athlete to win an IAAF Grand Prix Final in that year, taking out her specialty 400m Hurdles event.

She won a gold medal at the 1988 Seoul Olympics despite having just received news of her sister, Noeline's death. Her Olympic record time of 53.17 seconds is the current Australian record.

Flintoff-King was one of the bearers of the Olympic Torch at the opening ceremony of the 2000 Sydney Olympics.  She carried the Olympic Torch at the stadium, as one of the runners for the final segment, before the lighting of the Olympic Flame.

Married to her coach Phil King with three children (Amber King, Teisha King and Frazer King) Flintoff-King coached Australian sprinter Lauren Hewitt in the early 1990s and has mentored World Champion Jana Pittman.

Honours
In 1987, Flintoff-King received a Medal of the Order of Australia and was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame. She received an Australian Sports Medal in 2000.

References

External links

1960 births
Living people
Sportswomen from Victoria (state)
Athletes from Melbourne
Australian female hurdlers
Australian female sprinters
Olympic athletes for Australia
Olympic gold medalists for Australia
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1982 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1990 Commonwealth Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Australia
World Athletics Championships medalists
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Medallists at the 1982 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1990 Commonwealth Games

Debbie Flintoff-King


Brad Johansen  is a sportscaster. He was the voice of the Cincinnati Bengals, but in 2011 replaced Paul Keels as preseason play-by-play announcer which he continues to do. Brad Hoard was hired to replace Johansen in the radio booth. He is also the voice of the Xavier Musketeers men's basketball team as well as high school football for Fox Sports Ohio. In 2012, Johansen will call college football games for the CBS Sports Network.

Early Life
From 1996-2014, he was the sports director at WKRC-TV in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he was announcing Bengals pre-season games. In 2000, Brad moved to the radio booth, replacing Pete Arbogast . On May 4, 2011 Dan Hoard was hired as the new Bengals radio play-by-play announcer replacing Brad Johansen. On July 6, The Bengals announced Johansen was hired to replace Paul Keels as the TV play-by-play announcer for Bengals preseason games.

In 2014, Johansen moved on from being the sports director and a play-by-play announcer for CBS Sports Network to anchoring the 4:00 and 5:30 pm newscasts at WKRC.

In April 2018, Johansen left WKRC-TV to join WRAL-TV in Raleigh, North Carolina as an evening news anchor and reporter.He was let go Thursday, April 4, 2019 after one year at the station.

On March 6, 2020, Johansen returns to television, as an early evening news anchor and reporter for WCMH-TV in Columbus.

References

College basketball broadcasters
College football broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
Living people
1962 births

Brad Johansen


Johan Edvard Lundström (1815–1888) was a Swedish industrialist and inventor who pioneered the commercial production of safety matches.

Biography
Lundström was born in 1815 in the town of Jönköping, Sweden.

In 1845 Lundström started to experiment with safety matches in a small workshop he had rented. The safety match had been invented by Gustaf Erik Pasch (1788–1862) in 1844, but was difficult to produce commercially. In 1846 his younger brother Carl Frans Lundström (1823–1917) joined his small workshop. In 1847 they were ready to set up a production plant and bought an estate on the coast of Lake Vättern where they built a large match factory. Today, their original factory is a museum.

The Lundström safety match got an award at the "World Exhibition" in Paris 1855. Alexander Lagerman (1836–1904), a Swedish engineer who was employed by the Lundström brothers, invented the first fully automatic match machine. The safety match combined with the advanced machines that the company developed themselves, soon made the company in Jönköping the largest match company in Scandinavia and one of the world's largest match production companies.

Lundström left the match business in 1863.  It was later renamed Jönköping, then in 1903 merged with other match companies to become Jönköpings Tändsticksfabriks AB, finally sold to Ivar Kreuger in 1917. Kreuger incorporated the business into the company Svenska Tändsticks AB, today known as Swedish Match.

Lundström worked at his cellulose factory, Munksjö Cellulose, in Jönköping that he had founded in 1862 together with Lars Johan Hierta. In 1869 he left the Munksjö factory and founded Katrinefors cellulose industry in Mariestad, but left that business in 1875. He then worked as a government inspector in the match industry between 1875–77 in Sweden and was to a great extent involved in the work to prevent and forbid the use of the dangerous white phosphorus.

He died in 1888 at the age of 73, having never married.

Sources
 sv: Nordisk familjebok, 1910. en: Nordic encyklopedia, 1910).

External links
 Match museum in Jönköping, Sweden.

1815 births
1888 deaths
19th-century Swedish engineers
People from Jönköping
19th-century Swedish businesspeople

Johan Edvard Lundström


A Fresnel lantern (pronounced frəˈnɛl or fruh-nel) is a common lantern used in theatre that employs a Fresnel lens to wash light over an area of the stage. The lens produces a wider, soft-edged beam than a spotlight or key light, and is commonly used for back light and top light.

Description

The distinctive lens used in a Fresnel lantern is named after its inventor, Augustin-Jean Fresnel, who developed it for use in lighthouses.  It has a 'stepped' appearance instead of the 'full' or 'smooth' face of other lenses. This allows the lens to focus the light by tilting each successive ring of glass slightly more steeply as its distance increases from the center. If the glass were completely flat, this would cause a corresponding pattern of circles of light, so Fresnel lenses are usually stippled on the flat side. This pattern of small bumps helps to break up the light passing through the lens and gives Fresnels their characteristic soft beam. This means that the intensity of the light is consistent across the spread of the beam of light, as opposed to being less intense around the edges as in an ellipsoidal reflector spotlight (ERS).

The stepped lens design also causes less heat buildup than does a plano-convex lens of the same angle.

Construction
Theatrical Fresnel lanterns are typically made in three-, six-, or eight-inch lens diameters, with lamps ranging in power from 150 W to 2,000 W. The three-inch variety is referred to as an inkie. Fresnel lenses can be placed close to the light source and are inexpensive to produce.

In film lighting lenses range in size from 2 to 24 inches, and lamp power between 150 W and 24,000 W.

Fresnels use a spherical reflector, with the filament of the lamp at its focus point. This effectively doubles the light delivered by the fixture, as all that is emitted backwards into the reflector is reflected back out the front. As with most lighting fixtures, the lamp and reflector cannot move independently, and are moved together as a unit to focus the beam. This is done by a slider on the bottom of the lantern, or a worm track and crank in the back of the unit. The lamps work best with their bases facing up, with bulb life shortened significantly when mounted upside down.

Because the reflector of a Fresnel lantern cannot be larger than its lens aperture, the lamps are not very efficient: only the light emitted straight forward or backward (and redirected forward by the reflector) is utilized, with the rest absorbed by the casing as waste heat.

The degree to which the lamp may be focused is limited by the length of the housing. To reduce the width of the beam, the lamp and reflector are moved further back from the lens (spot focus). However, the farther back in the housing the lamp is placed, the more light is wasted in the housing.

Use

In the theater and dance world, Fresnels are most often used for top or backlighting, at medium throw distances. In small venues, they are occasionally used for front light, although the relative lack of control, when compared to an ellipsoidal, is a major disadvantage. The distinctive soft beam of a fresnel can make it very useful as a special in certain situations.

While the focus can alter the size of the beam, the distinctive scatter of light that the Fresnel lens emits also requires a way of controlling its shape. Since Fresnels cannot use internal shutters, such as those found in an ellipsoidal spotlight, they are often fitted with distinctive barn doors to control the spill and shape the beam of light. These are large metal flaps that may be mounted just beyond the color slot at the front of the lantern. They are colloquially known as "Harris Flaps" in the United Kingdom theatre industry.

References

Stage lighting instruments

Fresnel lantern


Marc Spector and  are fictional characters portrayed by Oscar Isaac in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character Moon Knight's associated alters. Spector is an American mercenary who becomes the avatar of the Egyptian moon god Khonshu as the vigilante Moon Knight and is also married to Layla El-Faouly. Spector has dissociative identity disorder (DID)–which he developed as a result of child abuse at the hands of his mother Wendy, and survivor's guilt following his younger brother Randall's death–with Grant operating as a gift shop employee in London. Grant later faces the Egyptian goddess Ammit and her avatar Arthur Harrow; throughout Harrow's plans, Grant becomes aware of Spector and Khonshu's existence and uses a Mr. Knight vigilante alias similarly to Spector's Moon Knight persona. Grant and Spector also reunite with Layla and encounter Anton Mogart, the Ennead group of Egyptian gods, and Taweret, and Spector confronts his past.

A third alter, , secretly exists separately from both Spector and Grant. Driving a limousine and speaking Spanish, Lockley works with Khonshu in executing Harrow (along with Ammit) after the god removes Spector and Grant from his service.

, the character has appeared in the Disney+ series Moon Knight (2022). Following his introduction in the Disney+ series, Moon Knight will appear in future MCU films.

Fictional character biography

Early life
Marc Spector was born on March 9, 1987 in Chicago, Illinois to Elias and Wendy Spector. One day during his childhood, Spector and his younger brother Randall adventured into a cave near their home which unexpectedly flooded due to heavy rainfall, resulting in Randall drowning. Consumed by the loss of Randall, Wendy blamed Spector for Randall's death and became physically and verbally abusive to him as well as becoming an alcoholic. The trauma from Randall's death and his mother's abuse caused Marc to develop dissociative identity disorder (DID), manifesting the alter Steven Grant; Grant is based on a fictional archaeologist from the movie Tomb Buster that he and Randall used to watch together. Grant would remain unaware of his host's abusive childhood, as Spector wanted to ensure he remained happy and safe from the harm he had to endure. A teenaged Spector would eventually leave home despite Elias' attempts to convince him that he would find help for Wendy.

In adulthood, Spector joined the United States Military, but was dishonorably discharged for going AWOL after entering a fugue state while on duty. Spector would work with his CO Bushman. During a job with archaeologist Abdallah El-Faouly at a dig site in Egypt, Bushman was overcome with greed and executed all of the accompanying archaeologists, including El-Faouly. Spector attempted to save them, but was shot and left for dead by Bushman. Mortally wounded, Marc dragged himself to a nearby temple erected in honor of the Egyptian God, Khonshu and prepared to commit suicide. Khonshu himself would intervene, granting Spector a second chance at life in exchange for becoming his avatar on Earth and carrying out his wish to exact vengeance on criminals. Spector agreed, with Khonshu resuscitating him and bestowing an armored suit and various powers in return, turning him into the vigilante Moon Knight.

As Moon Knight, Spector dutifully served Khonshu and killed many criminals and evil doers under his name. Remorseful over El-Faouly's murder, Spector met his daughter Layla but was unable to tell her the truth of her father's death.  Spector and Layla eventually married, with Layla accompanying him during his ventures as Moon Knight. Suspecting that Khonshu was planning to make Layla his next avatar, Spector separated from her to ensure her protection.

Spector ended up surviving the cataclysmic events of the Blip incurred by the alien warlord Thanos in early 2018, and had issued a new passport that December. By 2025, at Wendy's shiva, Spector was unable to bring himself to enter his old home to attend the shiva, despite his father's urging.  Out of grief and trauma, Spector allowed Grant to assume general dominance over his body, who continued to remain unaware of his status as an alter to his host.

Stopping Arthur Harrow

Steven Grant meets his other self
Two months later, Grant had relocated to London, England and began working as a gift shop assistant at the British Museum. However, Grant is still susceptible to "blackouts", during which Spector reassumes control while Grant remains suppressed in his psyche. One night, Grant attempts to keep himself awake, only to accidentally fall into deep slumber and wake up at a village near the Austrian Alps, now possessing an ancient scarab. He is promptly pursued by enemy forces, retreating deeper into the town where he meets religious zealot Arthur Harrow, who demands the scarab from Grant. Grant escapes in a cupcake truck while being pursued by Harrow's enforcers; he is unexpectedly saved by a mysterious, disembodied voice communicating to him. Grant eventually wakes up during the ordeal to find himself back in his flat. Although initially relieved, he soon comes to the realization that two days had passed since he "blacked out" upon noticing several oddities around his residence and being scolded by his mis-scheduled date. Returning home that night from work, he notices a storage facility key and a cell phone hidden in his flat, and calls Layla, who berates him for ignoring her calls over the course of several months. The following day, Grant is confronted by Harrow during his shift, with several witnesses and security personnel at the museum revealing themselves to Steven as Harrow's followers, and that they all serve under the Egyptian demoness Ammit. Later that night, in pursuit of the scarab, Harrow summons a jackal monster to attack Grant at the museum. Grant runs from the monster, but gets cornered in the bathroom. Spector emerges to offer his help to Grant subconsciously, with the initially reluctant Grant obliging, prompting his transformation into Moon Knight, who proceeds to savagely beat the monster to death.

Reconnecting with Layla El-Faouly
The following day, Grant returns to the museum, only to be sacked following a review of the security footage from the previous night's attack, which doesn't show the monster or Moon Knight and only Grant "trespassing" after hours. He then heads to a storage facility and uses the key that he found in his flat where he discovers Spector's belongings, including the scarab he escaped with hidden inside a duffel bag. Just then, Spector himself "appears" in a reflection before Grant, revealing himself as Khonshu's Avatar. Frightened, Grant flees the facility after encountering Khonshu, only to be met by Layla El-Faouly, who introduces herself as Spector's wife. The two of them go to Grant's flat where he is apprehended for stealing the scarab by Police Constables Billy and Bobbi, who are secretly followers of Ammit serving as Harrow's disciples. Harrow brings him to their cult's hideout and demands the scarab from Grant, which Layla shows up with. Aggravated, Harrow summons another jackal monster to go after them. Just as it pushes Grant off of the rooftop of the hideout, he summons his own suit, much to Spector's bewilderment. The jackal successfully overpowers Grant, tiring him physically, and causing him to reluctantly converse with and relinquish control to Spector, who dons the Moon Knight armor and kills the beast. However, Khonshu soon berates Spector for losing the scarab to Harrow amidst the encounter, and threatens Spector with the prospect of claiming Layla as his new avatar, before sending him to Egypt.

Locating Ammit's tomb
In Cairo, Spector attempts to track down a lead to Harrow's current whereabouts to no avail, while he and Grant continue to experience unusual momentary blackout episodes during which a third alter whose existence is unknown to Spector and Grant, Jake Lockley, takes over their body. After losing one of Ammit's worshippers to suicide, Khonshu causes a solar eclipse, intended to call for a council hearing of the Ennead and their respective avatars. Spector is summoned to the Great Pyramid of Giza, where Khonshu projects his accusation of Harrow for attempting to seek out Ammit's tomb and resurrecting the demoness, to which the accused falsely denies when summoned.

Spector and Layla pay a visit to Anton Mogart who is in possession of the sarcophagus of a medjay who knew where Ammit's tomb was. Before they can use the cloth map to locate the tomb, Harrow arrives and destroys the sarcophagus. After a fight with Mogart's people, Spector and Layla make their way into the desert, but are unable to put the map pieces back together. Spector reluctantly lets Grant take over and he quickly reassembles the map of constellations. Khonshu turns the night sky back in time to the night the map was made so that the star locations matched. As a result, Khonshu is imprisoned in an ushabti, causing Spector and Grant to lose their powers.

Finding Ammit's ushabti
After escaping Harrow's men, Grant and Layla use the map to find the tomb. They grab supplies from Harrow's empty camp and find an alternate way into the tomb after kissing each other, upsetting Spector. They encounter mummified monsters and Grant splits off from Layla as they both try to escape. He comes across a sarcophagus and realizes that it is likely Alexander the Great's after recognizing the Macedonian language. He opens the sarcophagus and reaches down the mummy's throat where he finds Ammit's ushabti. Layla arrives and confronts Spector over what happened to her father. Harrow and his followers arrive and after Spector quickly kills a few of them, Harrow shoots Spector twice in the chest, killing him.

The Duat and psychiatric hospital
Spector wakes up in a psychiatric hospital, populated by people in his and Grant's lives. Spector then finds himself in an office, where Harrow appears as a psychiatrist seemingly helping him. Spector escapes and finds a room containing two sarcophaguses, one containing Grant in a separate body. Spector and Grant embrace, leave the second sarcophagus–which contains Lockley–and are greeted by a hippopotamus-headed woman, who causes Spector and Grant to scream. After this, Spector begins to switch between two different realities: encountering the woman with Grant, and in the office with "Dr. Harrow".

In the first reality, Grant identifies the woman as goddess Taweret, who explains they are dead and the "psychiatric hospital" is a boat sailing through the Duat, the Egyptian afterlife. Taweret weighs their hearts on the Scales of Justice in order to determine if they can enter the Field of Reeds, but discovers their hearts are imbalanced by hidden memories in the "hospital" she suggests they explore. Grant discovers Randall's death and Wendy's abusive actions, while Spector shows him a memory of how he became Moon Knight and Khonshu's avatar on a mission with Bushman. Spector and Grant try to convince Taweret to let them return to the living world, and she steers the boat towards the Gates of Osiris. Spector further reluctantly explains to Grant that he unknowingly created him as a result of Wendy's abuse, and they both reconcile with each other. The scales fail to balance, causing hostile spirits to attack the boat and push Grant overboard, freezing him into sand.

In the second reality, Spector appears in "Dr. Harrow"s office, who tries to get Spector to calm down by saying he did not shoot him and that his mind is "violently vacillating" between the realities. Harrow tells him that he has made a reassuring fantasy that he is a superhero, but is repeatedly told that he is not a doctor. Harrow recaps how Spector said he arrived to the office, specifically that he had an encounter with a talking hippopotamus, asking him if he thinks that is sense or nonsense, which Spector answers him as nonsense. Harrow asks him to continue talking about the little boy that he was talking about before his screaming, but Spector grabs the paperweight from Harrow's desk, telling him he feels great now, and Harrow buzzes in the orderlies to sedate Spector. As a result, he returns to his conversation with Taweret. When Grant tells Spector that if he does not show him the memory that he is hiding, then that will keep their scale unbalanced and everyone who dies, including Layla, would be his fault. Spector begins repeatedly hitting himself in the head, saying that Grant "can not make him", which returns him to Harrow's office. Harrow tells him he is proud of him for being able to relive his traumatic memories, and asks him whether he thinks he created Grant to hide from the awful things he's done or if he thinks Grant created him to punish the world for what his mother did to him. Harrow tells him that the only way to truly know, is to open up to Grant. After Spector confronts Grant about their mom being dead, Grant's denial brings him to Harrow's office. Harrow offers to call his mom for him, but is stopped when Grant accepts his mother's death.

After Grant freezes, the scales become balanced and Spector finds himself in the Field of Reeds. He decides to leave it to pursue Grant, giving a heartfelt speech to him with his heart, and freezes alongside him. The Gates open and Spector and Grant are resurrected with the help of Taweret, while Layla frees Khonshu from his ushabti; Khonshu fights the now-released Ammit.

Battle of the Gods
Spector and Grant awaken back in their body, which causes Khonshu to sense their return and bond with them again, healing their body and restoring their powers as Moon Knight and Mr. Knight. Layla discovers they can defeat Ammit by binding her to a mortal body. As Harrow, Ammit, and their followers begin judging everyone in Cairo, Spector, Grant, Layla as Scarlet Scarab, and Khonshu arrive to engage them in battle. Spector and Grant work together in fighting Harrow as they seamlessly switch, until they are overpowered by Harrow. Harrow almost kills them, but they experience a sudden blackout and reawaken to see Harrow brutally defeated by a third identity.

Spector and Layla are able to seal Ammit in Harrow's body, imprisoning her, and Khonshu urges Spector to execute Harrow and Ammit. Spector refuses and orders Khonshu to release him and Grant from being his avatar, which he does. The pair find themselves in "Dr. Harrow" office, where they reject the vision and choose to continue  their new life together and wake up in Grant's apartment in London. Later, a crippled Harrow is delivered to a limousine before being confronted by Khonshu. Khonshu introduces Marc's other identity Jake Lockley, who then shoots Harrow.

Concept and creation

Background and development
The character debuted in Werewolf by Night #32 (August 1975), written by Doug Moench with art by Don Perlin and Al Milgrom, as a mercenary hired by the Committee to capture the title character. The creative team gave Moon Knight moon-related symbols and silver weapons (a metal poisonous to a werewolf) to mark him as a suitable antagonist for the werewolf hero. The two-part story continues into #33, when Moon Knight realizes Russell is a victim rather than a monster and decides to help him. A demonic vision of Moon Knight then appeared in Werewolf by Night #37 (March 1976).

Editors Marv Wolfman and Len Wein liked the character and decided to give him a solo story in Marvel Spotlight #28–29 (June/August 1976), again written by Doug Moench with art by Don Perlin. The story, along with Spectacular Spider-Man #22–23 (September/October 1978) written by Bill Mantlo, recast Moon Knight as a more heroic character. His association with the evil Committee during his first appearance was retconned to be an undercover mission he undertook to learn more about the villains. Moon Knight acted as a hero again in Marvel Two-in-One #52, written by Steven Grant with art by Jim Craig. In The Defenders #47–51, Moon Knight briefly joined the Defenders during their war against the Zodiac Cartel.

Moon Knight appeared in recurring backup stories in Hulk! Magazine #11–15, #17–18, and #20, as well as a black and white story in the magazine publication Marvel Preview #21, all written by Doug Moench. Artist Bill Sienkiewicz drew Moon Knight in Hulk! Magazine issues #13–15, 17–18, and #20, creating a new look for the character heavily influenced by the art of Neal Adams, who at that time was most popular for his work on Batman and Green Lantern/Green Arrow for DC Comics. This, along with Moon Knight's methods and the atmosphere of his stories, cemented a perception among some readers that he was Marvel's version of Batman. The Hulk backups and Marvel Preview issue provided Moon Knight with a partial origin story and introduced his brother, recurring villain Randall Spector (who would later become Shadow Knight).

Casting and appearances
In October 2020, Oscar Isaac was reported to have begun talks for the role of Marc Spector / Moon Knight  and Steven Grant / Mr. Knight in the series, and was reported as having been officially cast by January 2021, which Marvel Studios themselves confirmed by May of that year. The Hollywood Reporter commentator Richard Newby spoke on Isaac's potential in the role, remarking that Isaac's recent major acting roles could draw audiences unfamiliar with the character to the series, and that his Latino ethnicity could allow an examination of faith from different perspectives, rather than having the character be depicted as a "Caucasian Jewish man" like in the comics. Following his debut in the series, the character is intended to appear in future MCU films produced by Marvel Studios.

Design

Moon Knight's costume consists of armor and Ancient Egyptian bandages, with hieroglyphic-like symbols on his cape, which feature Khonshu's oath and are in a repeating pattern on the underlining in a foil-like fabric. The moon crest on his chest, from which he spawns his crescent darts, also contains the oath of Khonshu, while additional hieroglyphs on his pants that state "Rise and live again as my fist of vengeance. My Moon Knight." His mummy bandage design is based on the Universe X version of the character from the comics, and was designed to conjure around Spector, giving it a supernatural quality and helping to differentiate it from similarly forming hero suits in the MCU that use nanotech. Feige suggested taking the bandage design and combining it with the character's more modern design in the comics. She ultimately chose to separate the costume into many layers and not turn it into a molded piece with the piece and texture on top, as she wanted to incorporate symbolism of Khonshu into her design. The Moon Knight suit was created by FBFX in London, and consisted of over 803 different pieces. It was created out of a flexible "Euro jersey" material, and featured 3D printed textures and colors to give it depth and texture.

For Mr. Knight, Kasperlik created a three-piece suit based on his design in the comics, with various homages to Khonshu in the design. She added designed sneakers to modernize the look. The buttons on his waistcoat feature Khonshu's symbols. She also wanted to pick a fabric that would not be flat white, would have a texture, and would not get "blown out" during nighttime filming and look like "a white marshmallow running across the screen", choosing a white-on-white textured fabric with a silver lame in it. The logic behind the designs of the Moon Knight and Mr. Knight suits was inspired by who each identity was, what they love, and their imagination. With Grant "completely away from the superhero world", he summons a costume that resembles a suit as Mr. Knight. Both the Moon Knight and Mr. Knight suits contained Khonshu's symbol.

Characterization

Marc Spector / Moon Knight
As a child, Marc Spector developed dissociative identity disorder as a result of his mother's physical abuse when his brother accidentally drowned. Spector later joined the Marines and was badly injured as a mercenary, being saved by Khonshu, who granted him his Moon Knight abilities.

Steven Grant / Mr. Knight
Steven Grant is introduced as a shy person, letting people push him around, working in a museum gift shop, and having good Egyptian mythology knowledge. He became Spector's alter when they were kids as a result of childhood abuse by their mom, who blamed Spector for the death of his brother. He has a British accent as a result of Spector watching a film about a British archeologist named Steven Grant. As he learns more about who Spector really is, he starts to gain more confidence and becomes willing to fight while wearing his Mr. Knight suit.

Jake Lockley
Jake Lockley is a chauffeur who assumes the role of Khonshu's avatar instead of the god seemingly relinquishing his relationship with Marc Spector and Steven Grant; Spector and Grant are unaware of Lockley's existence. He is shown to have the most violent tendencies out of any of Marc's alters, as seen when he escorts the rehabilitated Arthur Harrow to his limousine, before proceeding to gleefully execute him, pleasing Khonshu. Lockley is also fluent in Spanish, a language he uses to taunt Harrow before killing him.

Speaking on the decision to fully introduce Lockley at the end of the season, head writer Jeremy Slater remarked he was aware that people familiar with the Moon Knight canon were dedicated to finding the various allusions made to his presence throughout the prior episodes, instead focusing on "everyone else who's totally unfamiliar with the character and the dynamic", while ensuring that the final reveal of the character would work as "satisfying for the newcomers to the Moon Knight story".

Prior to Lockley's full reveal in the sixth episode, his existence was teased through the placement of various easter eggs and allusions in preceding episodes. Namely, Slater cited Spector and Grant's blackouts in Cairo during the events of the third episode "The Friendly Type", as well as the shaking sarcophagus witnessed by Spector and Grant as they attempted to escape the psychiatric ward at the end of the fourth episode, "The Tomb".

Weapons and equipment
Marc Spector / Moon Knight uses crescent darts that he can take from the chest area of his suit, while Steven Grant / Mr. Knight uses a pair of truncheons.

Reception

Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter described Steven as a "stuttering comedian" and Marc as "a professional with panache." Matt Fowler of IGN called Isaac's performance "violent and touching" and also said that "Isaac carries the bulk of Moon Knight with a wonderful portrayal of two minds living in one body", adding "As the story progresses and responses come in, Isaac with excellent masterfully handles every acting challenge, whether it be arguing with reflection, pitting himself against a mad, roaring creature, or navigating the "organization principles" of his own mind".

Accolades

See also
 Characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe

References

External links

American male characters in television
American superheroes
Egyptian mythology in popular culture
Fictional American Jews
Fictional United States Marine Corps personnel
Fictional avatars
Fictional blade and dart throwers
Fictional characters from Chicago
Fictional characters with dissociative identity disorder
Fictional chauffeurs
Fictional genocide survivors
Fictional mercenaries
Fictional shopkeepers
Fictional victims of child abuse
Fictional vigilantes
Jewish superheroes
Marvel Cinematic Universe characters
Marvel Comics military personnel
Marvel Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
Marvel Comics characters with accelerated healing
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics martial artists
Marvel Comics television characters
Moon Knight (miniseries)
Superhero duos
Superhero television characters
Television characters introduced in 2022

Marc Spector (Marvel Cinematic Universe)


USS Cohoes — a single-turreted, twin-screw monitor — was still under construction at the close of the American Civil War. She was a Casco-class, light-draft monitor intended for service in the shallow bays, rivers, and inlets of the Confederacy. These warships sacrificed armor plate for a shallow draft and were fitted with a ballast compartment designed to lower them in the water during battle.

Design revisions

Though the original designs for the Casco-class monitors were drawn by John Ericsson, the final revision was created by Chief Engineer Alban C. Stimers following Rear Admiral Samuel F. Du Pont's failed bombardment of Fort Sumter in 1863. By the time that the plans were put before the Monitor Board in New York, NY, Ericsson and Stimers had a poor relationship, and Chief of the Bureau of Construction and Repair John Lenthall l had little connection to the board. This resulted in the plans being approved and 20 vessels ordered without serious scrutiny of the new design.  $14 million US was allocated for the construction of these vessels. It was discovered that Stimers had failed to compensate for the armor his revisions added to the original plan and this resulted in excessive stress on the wooden hull frames and a freeboard of only 3 inches. Stimers was removed from the control of the project and Ericsson was called in to undo the damage. He was forced to raise the hulls of the monitors under construction by 22 inches to make them seaworthy.

Fate

As a result, the Cohoes was laid up at League Island Navy Yard, in 1867. Her name was changed to Charybdis on 15 June 1869 and back to Cohoes on 19 August 1869. She was sold in July 1874.

References

External links
  history.navy.mil: USS Cohoes

Casco-class monitors
Ships built in Pennsylvania

USS Cohoes (1865)


Jonas Bretkūnas, Johann(es) Bretke, also known as Bretkus (born 1536 in Bammeln near Friedland – 1602 Königsberg was a Lutheran pastor and was one of the best known developers of the written Lithuanian language. He translated the Bible into Lithuanian, was the author of twelve Lithuanian books, and a historian as well.

Biography

Jonas Bretkūnas, Johann(es) Bretke was born in Bammeln (now in Pravdinsky District) in the Duchy of Prussia (a fief of Poland) in 1536. His father was German (according to Gerullis) or Germanized Prussian, and his mother from a native Prussian family. The language spoken in the area was primarily German, while Jonas Bretkūnas' mother tongues were Old Prussian and Lithuanian. Lithuanian language was also used in state chancellery as well.  Different people, who had come to Lutheran Prussia did at the time, because the Lutherans had promised to preach in languages people understood rather than Latin. The Duke of Prussia therefore arranged for the education and studies of languages for pastors. In 1544, Duke Albrecht, had founded the Albertina University in Königsberg (Karaliaučius) and the area became one of the centers of learning for the neighboring peoples of Lithuania, Latvia and Poland, none of them had bibles in their language up to that time. As the Duke of Ducal Prussia, the first Lutheran state, Albrecht supported the translations of the Bible into these languages.

In 1555, when Bretkūnas was nineteen years of age, he began studying theology at the university of Königsberg. In 1556, he transferred to Wittenberg University. During his studies, in 1562, he was appointed a Lutheran pastor at Labiau (Labguva) (now Polessk) by Duke Albert. He was the first pastor at Labiau who could give sermons in Prussian and the Lithuanian language. Before that pastors often employed Tolken, who translated the sermons directly to the congregation. In 1563, Bretke married Frl. von Werthern. It was a rural, poor parish and pastors were expected to make their own living by receiving some farm land. Bretkūnas was not at all inclined to farming and wanted to spend all his time on language studies and translations.  In 1579, he started translating the handwritten Bible from German using Martin Luther's analog, and the translation took more than ten years to complete, with tens of thousands of correction notes. Between 1578 and 1579, he wrote the Chronicles of Prussian Lands (Chronicon des Landes Preussen) in German.

After living twenty-five meager years in Labiau, Bretke (Jonas Bretkūnas) applied for a position as pastor at another Prussian town, but was in 1587 transferred to a Lithuanian language  parish in Königsberg as pastor. He continued with his translation of the Bible and other scholarly works. In 1589, he  published several new works, in particular "Giesmes duchaunos" (Spiritual Hymns), based on Martynas Mažvydas' works, as well as a small collection of hymns called "Kancionalas netukriu giesmiu", and a prayer book translation from German into Lithuanian "Kollectas", all printed by Georg Osterberg of Königsberg.

On November 29, 1590, Bretke-Bretkūnas finally completed his translation of the Bible (Old and New Testaments). It is the first surviving translation of the Bible into the Lithuanian language. The matter of publishing this Bible was discussed by the Lutheran college, but he failed to receive permission to publish it. Later the manuscripts of the Bretkūnas Bible were purchased by Duke Georg Friedrich. In 1591, he finished the Postilla (Postilė), one of his best known works, consisting of two parts. In his final years Bretkūnas continued to unsuccessfully lobby for the publication of his Bible, but in 1602 he died.

Notable works of Johannes Bretke/Jonas Bretkūnas

Chronicon des Landes Preussen, 1578–1579
Giesmės duchaunas, 1589
Kollectas, alba Paspalitas Maldas, 1589
Kancionalas nekurių giesmių, 1589
Biblia, 1590
, 1591

Examples of surviving manuscripts or books can be found in Germany, Lithuania and Sweden. His Postilla work is kept at Vilnius University, Lithuania. The only one surviving example of "Kancionalas netukriu giesmiu" is at Uppsala University, Sweden. Bretkūnas' Bible is kept in Prussian Privy State Archive, Berlin, Germany. In 2002, in order to commemorate his translation, the original manuscripts of his Bible was brought to Lithuania from Germany, insured for more than 2,3 million euro.

References

External links
Biblijos vertėjas Jonas Bretkūnas
JOHANNES BRETKE (1536-1602), University Greifswald

1536 births
1602 deaths
People from Pravdinsky District
People from the Duchy of Prussia
Lithuanian Lutheran clergy
Lithuanian writers
Linguists from Lithuania
Balticists
Lithuanian translators
Translators from Latin
Translators to Lithuanian
History of the Lithuanian language
Translators of the Bible into Lithuanian
Lithuanian-language writers

Jonas Bretkūnas


The McDonnell Douglas High Speed Civil Transport was a proposed supersonic airliner design that was the subject of internal and NASA contract studies in 1996. It was envisioned at a time when the company was struggling to compete in the commercial aviation market and would ultimately never progress beyond a paper design.

Design goals envisioned a 300-passenger capacity with a 5,000 nautical mile range. Projected cruise speed was between Mach 1.6 and Mach 2.4.

Design and development
McDonnell Douglas conducted internal and NASA contract studies to determine the market  requirements for a High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT) and resolve environmental, economic and technical issues. "McDD is participating in an international study group exploring the HSCT concept, with Aerospatiale, Boeing, British Aerospace Daimler-Benz, Japan Aircraft Industries, Alenia and Tupolev."

A first flight was envisioned for 2003, with certification projected in 2005–2006. A market for between 500 and 1,500 was also forecast. In the event, none were built and the aircraft remained a paper project. A conceptual design illustration showed a long narrow fuselage with four podded engines under sharply raked fixed delta wings mounted low at mid-fuselage and a swept cruciform tail, looking not unlike the cancelled Boeing 2707.

References

Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
Quadjets
High Speed Civil Transport
Low-wing aircraft
Supersonic transports


A fault scarp is a small step or offset on the ground surface where one side of a fault has moved vertically with respect to the other. It is the topographic expression of faulting attributed to the displacement of the land surface by movement along faults. They are exhibited either by differential movement and subsequent erosion along an old inactive geologic fault (a sort of old rupture), or by a movement on a recent active fault.

Characteristics

Fault scarps often contain highly fractured rock of both hard and weak consistency. In many cases, bluffs form from the upthrown block and can be very steep. The height of the scarp formation is equal to the vertical displacement along the fault. Active scarps are usually formed by tectonic displacement, e.g. when an earthquake changes the elevation of the ground and can be caused by any type of fault, including strike-slip faults, whose motion is primarily horizontal. This movement is usually episodic, with the height of the bluffs being the result of multiple movements over time. Displacement of around 5 to 10 meters per tectonic event is common.

Due to the dramatic uplift along the fault, the fault scarp is very prone to erosion, especially if the material being uplifted consists of unconsolidated sediment. Weathering, mass wasting, and water runoff can soon wear down these bluffs, sometimes resulting in V-shaped valleys along runoff channels. Adjacent V-shaped valley formations give the remaining fault spurs a very triangular shape. This formation is known as a triangular facet; however, this landform is not limited to fault scarps.

Fault scarps may be only a few centimeters or many meters high. Fault-line scarps are coincident with faults, but are most typically formed by the erosion of weaker rocks that have been brought alongside more resistant ones by the movement along the fault. In the case of old eroded fault scarps, active erosion may have moved the physical cliff back away from the actual fault location which may be buried beneath a talus, alluvial fan or the sediments of the valley fill.

Examples

 The Teton Range in Wyoming is an example of an active fault scarp. The dramatic topography of the Tetons is due to geologically recent activity on the Teton Fault.
 Fault scarps in Motosu, Japan, created by the 1891 Mino–Owari earthquake.
 The fault scarps bounding the East African Rift Valley.
 The fault scarps bounding the Rio Grande Rift in New Mexico.

References

Sources
Easterbrook, D. J. (1999) Surface processes and landforms. (Second Ed). Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Tectonic landforms
Structural geology
Seismic faults

Fault scarp


Dai Zhen (, January 19, 1724 – July 1, 1777) was a  Chinese philosopher of the Qing dynasty. Hailing from Xiuning, Anhui Dai was a versatile scholar who made great contributions to mathematics, geography, phonology and philosophy. His philosophical and philological critiques of Neo-Confucianism continue to be influential. In 1733, Dai was recruited by scholar Ji Yun to be one of the editors of the official encyclopedia and collection of books, Siku Quanshu.

Dai's philosophical contributions included those to the Han Learning school of Evidential Learning (Evidentialism) which criticized the Song Learning school of Neo-Confucianism. In particular, two criticisms that Dai made were: First, Neo-Confucianism focused too much on introspective self-examination whereas truth was to be found in investigation of the external world.

Second, he criticized the Neo-Confucian drive to eliminate human desire as an obstacle to rational investigation. Dai argued that human desire was a good and integral part of the human experience, and that eliminating human desire from philosophy had the bad effect of making it difficult to understand and control one's emotions as well as making it impossible to establish empathy with others.

Famous works
Faxianglun (On images and patterns)
Yuanshan (Tracing the origin of goodness) in three paragraphs
Du Yi Xici lun xing (Reading "Appended Words" in The Book of Changes on human nature)
Du Meng Zi lun xing (Reading Mencius about human nature)
Yuanshan (Tracing the origin of goodness) in three chapters
Meng Zi sishulu (Record of Mencius's private virtue)
Xuyan (Prefatory words)
Daxue buzhu (Additional annotations to the Daxue)
Zhongyong buzhu (Additional annotations to the Zhongyong)
Meng Zi ziyi shuzheng (Evidential Commentary on the Meaning of the Words of Mencius)
Yu mou shu (A letter to a certain person)
Yu Peng jinshi Yunchu shu
Dingchou zhengyue yu Duan Yucai shu (A letter to Duan Yucai dated in the first month of the year dingchou [February 1777])

References

Sources
Elman, Benjamin A. From Philosophy to Philology: Intellectual and Social Aspects of Change in Late Imperial China. Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, 1984.
Tiwald, Justin. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Dai Zhen
Encyclopedia of Religion entry on Dai Zhen

External links

1724 births
1777 deaths
18th-century Chinese philosophers
Qing dynasty classicists
People from Huangshan
Philosophers from Anhui
Chinese mathematicians
Chinese philologists

Dai Zhen


Betsy Jane Becker is an American researcher on meta-analysis and educational psychometrics. She is the Mode L. Stone Distinguished Professor of Educational Statistics in the Department of Statistics at Florida State University, and previously served as the Chair of the Department of Educational Psychology and Learning Systems at Florida State. Becker is a co-author of a heavily cited consensus report on standards for meta-analysis in epidemiology.

In 1978, Becker completed both a bachelor's degree and master's degree in psychology at Johns Hopkins University. She earned a Ph.D. in education from the University of Chicago in 1985; her dissertation, supervised by Larry V. Hedges, was Applying Tests of Combined Significance: Hypotheses and Power Considerations. She joined the Michigan State University faculty as an instructor in 1983, in the Department of Educational Psychology and Special Education, and became a regular-rank faculty member on completing her Ph.D. in 1985. At Michigan State, she directed the Office of Research Consultation from 1983 to 1990. She moved to Florida State in 2004, and became the Mode L. Stone Distinguished Professor in 2009.

Becker has been a fellow of the American Statistical Association since 2008, and of the American Educational Research Association since 2013.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American statisticians
Women statisticians
American women psychologists
21st-century American psychologists
Educational psychologists
Johns Hopkins University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Michigan State University faculty
Florida State University faculty
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
American women academics
21st-century American women
Quantitative psychologists

Betsy Becker


Jacques Alexandre Bernard Law, marquis de Lauriston (1 February 1768 – 12 June 1828) was a French soldier and diplomat of Scottish and Portuguese descent, and a general officer in the French Army during the Napoleonic Wars. He was born in Pondicherry in French India, where his father, Jean Law de Lauriston, was Governor-General. Jean Law de Lauriston was a nephew of the financier John Law. Jacques' mother was a member of the Carvallho family of Portuguese traders.

Lauriston Castle, in Scotland, was inherited by John Law in 1729. Lauriston is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe.

Early career
Lauriston obtained his first commission about 1786, served with the artillery and on the general staff during the early campaigns of the Revolution, and became brigadier of artillery in 1795. Resigning in 1796, he was brought back into the service in 1800 as aide-de-camp to Napoleon, with whom, as a cadet, Lauriston had been on friendly terms. In the years immediately preceding the first empire, Lauriston was, successively, director of the La Fère artillery school and special envoy to Denmark before being selected to convey to England the ratification of the Peace of Amiens in 1802.

In 1805, having risen to the rank of general of division, he took part in the war against Austria. He occupied Venice and the Republic of Ragusa in 1806, was made governor-general of Venice in 1807, took part in the Erfurt negotiations of 1808, was ennobled as a count, and served with the emperor during the Peninsular War in Spain (1808–1809), where he commanded the division that besieged and won Pamplona.  He fought under Viceroy Eugène de Beauharnais at the Battle of Raab in the Italian campaign and the subsequent advance to Vienna.

Fame and high command
At the Battle of Wagram on 6 July 1809, Napoleon ordered Lauriston to form a grand battery to stop the surprise Austrian attack against his left flank. To provide time, the emperor directed General Étienne Marie Antoine Champion de Nansouty's heavy cavalry to charge. While Nansouty's cuirassiers and carabiniers sacrificed themselves in futile attacks on the Austrians, Lauriston assembled 112 artillery pieces for his huge battery. He gathered all 60 guns from the Imperial Guard, 24 guns from General Karl Philipp von Wrede's Bavarian division, and 38 pieces from Eugène's Army of Italy. He advanced the batteries into grapeshot range, unlimbered the guns, and opened fire. In the face of this terrific blizzard of lead, the Austrian III Armeekorps of General Johann Kollowrat halted and edged back out of the firing range. The barrage allowed time for Napoleon to organize a successful counterattack.

In 1811, Lauriston was made ambassador to Russia. In 1812, he held a command in the Grande Armée and gained distinction through his firmness in covering the retreat from Moscow. He commanded the V Corps at Lützen and Bautzen during the German campaign, but was captured during the disastrous retreat after the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813.

Lauriston was held as a prisoner of war until the fall of the empire. He then joined King Louis XVIII of France, to whom he remained faithful during the Hundred Days. His reward was a seat in the Chamber of Peers and a command in the Royal Guard. In 1817, he was created a marquis, and became commandant supérieur of the Département du Finistère et de la place de Brest. In 1823, Lauriston was made a Marshal of France and he commanded a corps during the Spanish expedition. He died of a stroke in Paris on 11 June 1828. The name LAURISTON is inscribed on Column 13 of the Arc de Triomphe.

Notes

References

1768 births
1828 deaths
People from Pondicherry
Government ministers of France
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the Bourbon Restoration
French generals
Marshals of France
French people of Scottish descent
French commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Order of Saint Louis recipients
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
French invasion of Russia
French prisoners of war in the Napoleonic Wars
19th-century French diplomats
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
State ministers of France
French people of Portuguese descent
Ambassadors of France to the Russian Empire
Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis

Jacques Lauriston


The Wound Badge (German: Verwundetenabzeichen) was a German military decoration.

Before WW2
It was first awarded to soldiers of the German Army who were wounded during World War I. Between the world wars, it was awarded to members of the German armed forces who fought on the Nationalist side of the Spanish Civil War, 1938–39.

During WW2
It was awarded to members of the Reichswehr, the Wehrmacht, SS, and the service organizations during World War II. After March 1943, due to the increasing number of Allied bombings, it was also awarded to civilians wounded in air raids. It was awarded when the wound was the result of enemy actions.

After WW2
In 1957, the West German government authorized a non-Nazi version of the basic (black, silver, & gold) badges for wear on the Bundeswehr uniform, among other certain Nazi-era wartime awards.

Military honors

Wound Badge