Harcum College is a private associate degree-granting college in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1915 and was the first college in Pennsylvania authorized to grant associate degrees.

History
Edith Hatcher, daughter of prominent Virginia clergyman and educator William E. Hatcher, was a talented concert pianist. In 1913, Edith Hatcher married Octavius Marvin Harcum. After the birth of their first child, Edith wrote "the concert career did not offer a chance for family stability" so they chose a venture that would combine "my talents as an educator and artist and his business vision and ability."

They opened the Harcum Post Graduate School on October 1, 1915, in Melville Hall with three students and five pianos. Edith's goal was to "start a school where the individual talent of each girl would be treated as an integral part of her education." Though her expertise was in the fine arts, Edith was also committed to providing a strong academic program.

In its early years, Harcum was a university preparatory school, giving students the skills needed for college study. It quickly grew, soon adding junior college-level courses. Mr. Harcum, or "Uncle Marvin" as the students called him, was the first President. When he died in a car accident in 1920, Edith assumed the Presidency. She remained in that post for more than 30 years.

Leadership was eventually assumed by Philip Klein and Henry Klein. In 1956, Pennsylvania granted Harcum permission to be the first junior college in the Commonwealth's history to confer the Associate of Arts and the Associate of Science degrees. Tremendous building and expansion occurred in the 1960s with the addition of the Academic Center, Pennswood Hall, and Klein Hall. Historically a women's college, Harcum began admitting male students during the 1970s and became officially co-educational in 2003.

Today, Harcum serves traditional and non-traditional students interested in Allied Health Science, Business and Human Services, with both a commuter and residential experience. Henry Klein served on Harcum's board of trustees for more than 50 years, holding the record for the longest serving board member at any university or college in the United States of America.

Academics

Harcum College offers over 20 degree programs in fields like Allied Health Science, Business, Human Services, Design, and Education. Non-credit courses, certificate programs, and professional development programs are offered through the Office of Continuing Studies. Courses are offered at Harcum's Bryn Mawr campus, at partnership sites, and online.

Campus
Harcum's main campus is in Bryn Mawr on the Philadelphia Main Line.

The campus is in the municipality of Lower Merion Township, and in the Bryn Mawr census-designated place.

The main campus buildings stretch along Montgomery Avenue, including the historic Melville Hall, Klein Hall, Bedford Hall, The Academic Center (which includes Harcum's Library), historic Richter Hall and Pennswood Hall — the college's main residence hall.

Also on campus is the college's Cohen Dental Center, a 16-chair clinical facility which houses the Dental Clinic, Dental Laboratory, and classrooms.

The Veterinary Services building houses the Animal Care Facility which services the AVMA accredited Veterinary Technology program.

The Harcum Music School was founded in 1985 when Medley Music of Bryn Mawr transferred ownership of their teaching division to Harcum College. The school officially moved to Harcum's Bryn Mawr campus in 1990. The Harcum Music School is open to Harcum students as well as community members who wish to learn a musical instrument, take intermediate or advanced lessons, collaborate with other musicians, or play in front of a live audience.

The Kevin D. Marlo Little Theatre—named after Kevin D. Marlo, son of Harcum Trustee Dennis Marlo and an aspiring actor and who was killed during the September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center—is an historic theatre that was restored and revived in 2011 in an effort to reconnect students and community to the arts.

The campus is connected to center city Philadelphia by the Paoli/Thorndale Line of Regional Rail.

Athletics

Harcum offers men and women's basketball and indoor and outdoor track & field as well as women's volleyball and men and women's soccer.

The athletic teams are members of the National Junior College Athletic Association.

The college's official mascot is "Hatcher the Bear", named after founder Edith Hatcher Harcum.

References

External links
Official website

Universities and colleges established in 1915
Garden State Athletic Conference
Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania
Universities and colleges in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
1915 establishments in Pennsylvania
Philadelphia Main Line
NJCAA athletics
Private universities and colleges in Pennsylvania

Harcum College


Agyei Boakye (born 14 March 1999) is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays as midfielder for Ghana Premier League side Medeama S.C.

Career

Medeama SC
Boakye has been playing in the Ghana Premier League for Tarkwa-based side Medeama SC since 2017. He made his debut during the 2017 Ghana Premier League season. On 15 April 2017, he made his debut after coming on in the 90th minute of a 2–0 win over Bechem United, to make a cameo appearance. He made 7 league appearances at the end of the season. During the 2018 Ghana Premier League season, he made a limited 5 league appearances  before the league was abandoned due to the dissolution of the Ghana Football Association (GFA) in June 2018, as a result of the Anas Number 12 Expose.

During the 2019–20 Ghana Premier League season, he played in all 13 league matches out of 15 before the league was cancelled as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. During the season, he picked up an accumulated number of yellow cards and was suspended from the against International Allies, due to that coach Samuel Boadu had to draft in midfielder Rashid Nortey in his travelling 20-man squad as his replacement.

References

External links

 Adjei Boakye of Medeama Sc on the Adonko Premier League Show

Living people
1999 births
Men's association football midfielders
Ghanaian men's footballers
Medeama S.C. players
Ghana Premier League players
Place of birth missing (living people)

Agyei Boakye


Dileita Mohamed Dileita () (born March 12, 1958) is a Djiboutian politician. He became Prime Minister of Djibouti from 7 March 2001 to 1 April 2013.

Biography
Dileita was born in 1958 in the coastal eastern city of Tadjoura, Djibouti, to an Afar family. He studied in Cairo and Reims, then went to the Centre for Vocational Education in Médéa, Algeria, from which he graduated in 1981.

Upon graduation, Dileita returned to Djibouti, where he worked at the Directorate-General of Protocol under the Presidency. He became the second ranking diplomat at the embassy of Djibouti in France in early 1990, and subsequently he became Ambassador to Ethiopia in 1997. He also represented Djibouti at the Organization of African Unity, headquartered in Addis Ababa, while serving as Ambassador to Ethiopia, and assisted in the peace talks that ended the 1998–2000 war between Ethiopia and Eritrea.

In December 1999, Dileita was charged with negotiating a peace agreement with a faction of the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD); the negotiations led to the signing of an agreement in February 2000. He became Ambassador to Uganda in mid-2000. After long-time Prime Minister Barkat Gourad Hamadou resigned for health reasons in February 2001, President Ismail Omar Guelleh appointed Dileita as Prime Minister on March 4, 2001, and he took office on March 7. He had no prior experience as a minister.

Dileita was elected as the Vice-President of the RPP on July 3, 2003, succeeding Hamadou in that post.[10] Dileita led the ruling coalition, the Union for the Presidential Majority (UMP), in the January 2003 parliamentary election, standing as the first candidate on the coalition's list for the District of Djibouti.

On May 21, 2005, Dileita was reappointed as Prime Minister[13] after Guelleh's re-election in the April 2005 presidential election; a new government under Dileita was named on May 22.

As of 2008, Dileita was the President of the UMP coalition, and he headed the UMP list for the District of Djibouti in the February 2008 parliamentary election. Following the election, in which the UMP won all seats amidst an opposition boycott, he resigned as Prime Minister on March 25, 2008. Guelleh promptly reappointed him on March 26 and named a new government under Dileita on March 27.

After Guelleh won a third term in the April 2011 presidential election, he reappointed Dileita as Prime Minister on 11 May 2011. Guelleh retained Dileita in his post even though various other long-serving ministers were dropped from the new government that was announced on 12 May. He was replaced as RPP Vice-President by Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed in September 2012, as part of an extensive shake-up of the RPP leadership.

On 31 March 2013, Dileita was succeeded by Kamil as Prime Minister.

Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, the Chairperson of the Commission of the African Union, announced on 11 June 2014 that Dileita was appointed as the African Union's Special Envoy for Libya. He was head of the African Union observer mission for the March 2016 Congolese presidential election.

References

Other websites

1958 births
Living people
Djiboutian politicians
Prime ministers

Dileita Mohamed Dileita


Oxegen 2006 was the third Oxegen festival to take place, following the dissolution of its predecessor Witnness in 2004. It took place on the weekend of Saturday, 8 July and Sunday, 9 July at Punchestown Racecourse near Naas in County Kildare, Ireland. The festival was headlined by Red Hot Chili Peppers on the Sunday and The Who on the Saturday.

Build-up

Tickets
A limited number of tickets for the 2006 festival went on sale a week after the 2005 festival on Friday, 15 July. Following a one-week presale in late February, tickets went on sale to the general public on Friday 3 March 2006 at 8 am Weekend camping tickets were priced at €160. This allocation of tickets was completely sold out within 48 hours, leaving many fans disappointed. Growing popularity among younger audiences, massive MTV (UK and Ireland) coverage of the festival, and tickets being on sale for a much longer length of time were said to have been some of the reasons for the festival selling out earlier than usual. A small number of tickets went on sale on 4 July 2006 but quickly sold out.

Confirmed acts
On Monday 20 February, Oxegen 2006 was launched and the first acts (including headliners The Who and Red Hot Chili Peppers, as well as Jester, The Strokes, Arctic Monkeys, Franz Ferdinand and Kaiser Chiefs) were officially announced. On Friday 24 February, Placebo and Timo Maas were added to the line-up. On Tuesday 28 February, Paul Weller and The Charlatans were announced alongside
Pharrell, Editors, Clap Your Hands Say Yeah, The Go! Team, Eels and The Kooks.
On Thursday 2 March, Goldfrapp, Ben Harper, Hard-Fi and Damien Dempsey were officially confirmed for Oxegen. Also performing were Republic of Loose, Bell X1, Director, The Marshals and The Blizzards.

Festival

New additions
 Hot showers were made available for the first time.

Weather
The festival itself encountered bad weather which eclipsed previous records. However, following rain, strong wind, a low temperature, and general stormy conditions on the Saturday, the weather improved on Sunday afternoon with sunny skies and a cool, gentle breeze ensuring a decrease in wet festival-goers.

Stages and performances
In the 2006 festival, The Ticket Stage was re-branded as the NME Stage, MTV sponsored the Dance Arena instead of the Main Stage, and the Pet Sounds Stage was added to the festival. The Pet Sounds stage was on the Saturday night unexpectedly headlined by Kasabian who had remained unannounced as an official act in the lead up to the festival. The New Band Stage, Green Room and Bacardi B-Live Arena all returned. The Green Room increased in size, while the Dance Arena was moved to an indoor venue. The MTV/VH1 live tent, located backstage at the 2005 festival was moved into the main festival area. Amongst the bands and artists that performed on the New Band Stage were The Fratellis, The Automatic, Humanzi, Lily Allen, Paolo Nutini and Boy Kill Boy.

On the Saturday night, The Who headlined the Main Stage, performing live in Ireland for the first time in 35 years. They delivered a rousing set that included hits "My Generation", "Baba O'Riley" and "Won't Get Fooled Again". After The Who had completed their show, James Brown took to the Main Stage in what turned out to be his last ever live performance at a festival in Ireland. Earlier in the evening, The Strokes lit up the Main Stage with a series of flashy lights, with festival-goers running to the Main Stage to witness their powerful set. More danced down to the Main Stage later on as the first riffs of "Last Nite" were ejaculated into the night sky. The weather caused numerous sound problems on the Saturday, noticeably at HARD-Fi's set in particular; the band were followed late in the afternoon by the arrival of Arctic Monkeys to a live Irish audience.

The NME Stage was headlined by Richard Ashcroft who would return two years later with his band The Verve to bring the Main Stage to a close on the Saturday night of Oxegen 2008. Before that Editors made the most of their promotion from their New Band Stage status of the previous year to deliver a performance that included songs from their debut album The Back Room - "Blood", "Munich", "All Sparks", "Bullets" - as well as a debut Oxegen performance for new song "Bones" which featured on their second album An End Has a Start and opened their Main Stage set on the Friday night of Oxegen 2008. Earlier in the night, as The Strokes performed on the Main Stage, Feeder were on the NME Stage, with hit "Buck Rogers" a central part of their performance, before the usual set finisher "Just a Day".

On the Sunday, The Kooks performed on an NME Stage which was clearly too small for them and their large army of fans; for the 2007 and 2008 festivals they were promoted to the Main Stage. When Franz Ferdinand had completed their Main Stage set on the Sunday evening, the action on the large screens at either side of the stage switched to BBC One where the World Cup Final had gone down to a penalty shootout. A chorus of cheers and boos were to be heard from the crowd as the game finished off. The drama was followed by a headlining performance from Red Hot Chili Peppers who performed in Ireland for the fourth time in five summers. They opened their set with "Can't Stop", "Dani California", "Scar Tissue" and "Charlie" before finishing off the night with "By the Way", "Under the Bridge" and "Give It Away".

The campsite did have a makeshift stage, made out of cardboard, tents, clothes and bags, on the early hours of the Saturday night/Sunday morning called "The Trumpet Stage". It was for anyone who wanted to get up to perform any songs they wanted with just an acoustic guitar could. Most notably roadies from UK band The Kooks and musician Rob Smith. The "stage" lasted just under half an hour before being destroyed.

Backstage
 Kaiser Chiefs and Kasabian had to be kept apart by security at Oxegen 2006 when Kasabian singer Tom Meighan threatened to smack Ricky Wilson after his group branded Kasabian "sh**" in an interview. Meighan fumed: "The next time I see Ricky I'm going to punch him in the face. I can't believe the Kaiser Chiefs dissed us - they are ones to talk."
 The Daily Mirror reported that The Who needed to produce ID to get back stage at Oxegen 2006. Roger Daltrey and the rest of the band were not recognised by security;"One guard even thought they were just old groupies of the Arctic Monkeys."
 Members of Dirty Pretty Things were reported to have attacked MTV presenter Zane Lowe when he tried to stop them smoking backstage at Oxegen 2006. "The band were on a bender and lit up in a no-smoking area. When Zane asked them to stop, guitarist Dids punched him and the others joined in." An MTV spokesman said: "Luckily Zane was OK and didn't make a fuss about it." This was proved to be an incorrect report as proved in the MTV footage.

Celebrities
Celebrities spotted at Oxegen 2006 included actress Patsy Kensit with Killa Kela in the MTV tent.

Film exhibition
International short film label Future Shorts Ireland attended Oxegen 2006 as part of their summer tour of Irish festivals, which also included the Electric Picnic. Working in partnership with Kaleidoscope Productions, they presented a line-up of acclaimed international short films alongside up and coming Irish directors and provided a performance platform for innovative and experimental musicians.

Pension recruitment
The Irish Times reported that representatives from the Pensions Board were to attend Oxegen 2006 in a bid to convince more young people to start saving for retirement. They also targeted thousands of gig-goers heading to the Electric Picnic music festival.

Controversy
Security arrangements at Oxegen were criticised as being poor by some sections of the media. The camp-site was not free from trouble in 2006 troublesome, with some reports of tent-burning and an alleged stabbing on the Sunday night/Monday morning of the festival. In the Green Room there was seen to be a considerable leak allowing rain into the enclosed tent.

There were 225 arrests for drugs (with 13 charged for possession with intent to supply), an alleged rape,  and the Evening Herald reported that around 250 people were treated for alcohol and drug abuse. Fears were raised of a bad batch of the drug ecstasy when 40 people were sent to Naas General Hospital, but no evidence of such a batch was found.

At present, the previously lively official forum remains shut down, presumably as a result of postings on the message board which would generate negative publicity for the event. As internet users reported on the event at boards.ie, Ireland's largest web-based discussion forum, MCD pressed for legal action to prevent such postings from surfacing.

Aftermath

Deaths
Three people were killed in a road accident in Portlaoise, County Laois whilst returning from Oxegen 2006. The accident occurred on the N8 at Clonad on the Portlaoise to Abbeyleix road at 2.45 pm on Monday 10 July. Gardaí said that two males and one female were killed when the car in which they were travelling was in collision with a lorry. Another male who was in the car is said to have been seriously injured. He has been taken to Portlaoise General Hospital. The dead were later named as Paul Geary, 21, from Mitchelstown, Thomas Frewen, 22, from Kilworth, and his sister Mary Frewen, 19.

Boards.ie sued by MCD

In response to negative postings about the festival on boards.ie, MCD sent a letter via their solicitors to the administrators of the site threatening legal action. As a result, the administrators were forced to ban all discussion of MCD and related events. As of Friday 11 August 2006, MCD had entered into legal proceedings against boards.ie for comments regarding Oxegen on their discussion forums. Mention of any MCD event - including any of its stage concerts throughout the country - continues to be banned on boards.i.e. Discussion of its venues, The Ambassador and The Olympia, is also prohibited.

The Irish Independent were also threatened with legal action on their coverage of the Oxegen festival. Justin Green of MCD told the paper: "We must warn you that in the event that an article critical of the event is published, we will take whatever action is necessary to prevent damage to the Oxegen event or MCD Productions."

Because of MCD's legal threats, many bloggers and internet discussion board users believe the incidents at Oxegen were under-reported in the Irish media.  Liberal web magazine Indymedia referred to MCD as "burying" the discussion. The review section of the Sunday Tribune dated 20 August 2006 featured extensive coverage of the situation to date  (registration required).

Security concerns
While MCD's Justin Green said that he was "ecstatic with the success of the event [in 2006], as are the Gardaí and Kildare County Council," questions arise over security and safety for patrons of the festival. MCD did not announce that it would take precautions against the serious anti-social behaviour seen in 2006, nor did it detail the exact security staffing of the 2006 festival which could have allowed them to happen. This was said to be a matter of concern for 2007 and future years.

Broadcasting rights
MTV broadcast the festival across Europe for a second year. RTÉ 2fm also covered the festival for national radio whilst local radio station FM104 broadcast from the arena.

Stages
Oxegen 2006 had at least six stages. These included the Main Stage, the NME Stage, the Green Room, the Dance Arena, the New Bands Stage and one new addition, the Pet Sounds Arena.
 The Main Stage was headlined by The Who and Red Hot Chili Peppers.
 The NME Stage was headlined by Richard Ashcroft and Paul Weller.
 The Green Room was headlined by Primal Scream and Rodrigo y Gabriela.
 The Dance Arena was headlined by Erick Morillo and David Morales.
 The New Bands Stage was headlined by Boy Kill Boy and Humanzi.
 The Pet Sounds Arena was headlined by Kasabian and Sigur Rós.

2006 line-up
The main acts that played the festival:

References

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMR8Z0Rk0C8&NR=1

External links
 Official Oxegen Website
 MCD, Oxegen's Promoters
 Watch clips from Oxegen 2006
 Review of acts at 2006 festival by BBC
 RTÉ Nine News: Oxegen 2006 kicks off in Co Kildare - Kate Carolan reports on the opening of the Oxegen music festival, being held in Punchestown, Co Kildare
 Morning Ireland report - Jenny Huston speaks of her experience at Oxegen 2006
 RTÉ photos of Oxegen 2006
 Irish Sunday Mirror article - "We had to fend for ourselves in Oxegen mayhem"
 Irish Independent article - "How we feared for our lives at Oxegen"  (free registration required)
 Irish Times article regarding the controversy - "Oxegen gets the wind knocked out of it"
 Sunday Times article on Boards.ie legal proceedings - "Denis Desmond's web war over Oxegen attacks"
 Indymedia review of 2006 festival and coverage of claims MCD 'buried' online criticism
 A discussion of MCD vs. Boards.ie on Thumped.com
 MCD threatens the Irish Independent and boards.ie
 An extensive summary of the situation as of 20 August, by the Sunday Tribune (free registration required)

06
2006 in Irish music
2006 music festivals

Oxegen 2006


Vigdarvatnet is a lake in the municipality of Sveio in Vestland county, Norway.  A small arm off the main lake juts to the south and runs along the municipal-county border between Sveio in Vestland county and the town of Haugesund in Rogaland county.  The  long lake forms a U-shape.  It is fed by the nearby lake Stakkastadvatnet to the south, and it empties into the Ålfjorden, a small fjord arm off the main Hardangerfjorden.  The village of Sveio lies on the northwestern shore of the lake.

See also
List of lakes in Norway

References

Sveio
Haugesund
Lakes of Vestland
Lakes of Rogaland

Vigdarvatnet


Motherfucker (), sometimes abbreviated as mofo, mf, or mf'er, is an English-language vulgarism. It is a form of the profanity fuck. The word is usually considered highly offensive. In common usage, however, it is rarely used in a literal way, which would mean an incestuous relationship with one's own mother. Rather, it refers to a mean, despicable, or vicious person, or any particularly difficult or frustrating situation. Alternatively, it can be used as a term of admiration, as in the term badass motherfucker (BAMF), meaning a fearless and confident person.

Variants
Like many widely used offensive terms, motherfucker has a large list of minced oaths. Motherhumper, motherfugger, mother f'er, mothersucker, mothertrucker, motherfreaker, motherlover, mofo, fothermucker, monkey-fighting, motherflower, mother flipper, motherkisser and many more are sometimes used in polite company or to avoid censorship. The participle motherfucking is often used as an emphatic, in the same way as the less strong fucking. The verb to motherfuck also exists, although it is less common. Conversely, when paired with an adjective, it can become a term denoting such things as originality and masculinity, as in the related phrase "badass motherfucker." Use of the term as a compliment is frequent in the jazz community; for example, when Miles Davis addressed his future percussionist Mino Cinelu: "Miles...grabbed his arm and said, 'You're a motherfucker.' Cinelu thanked Miles for the compliment."

History and popular culture
The word dates back at least to the late 19th century.  In an 1889 Texas murder case, a witness testified that the victim had called the defendant a "God damned mother-f—king, bastardly son-of-a-bitch" shortly before his death. A later Texas court opinion from 1897 prints the word "mother-fucking" in full. and in 1917 a U.S. soldier called his draft board "You low-down Mother Fuckers" in a letter.

In literature, Norman Mailer uses it occasionally, disguised as motherfugger, in his 1948 novel The Naked and the Dead, and used it in full in his 1967 novel Why Are We in Vietnam?. It appears twice in James Purdy's 1956 novella 63: Dream Palace. In Kurt Vonnegut's novel Slaughterhouse-Five the word is used by one of the soldiers in the story – leading to the novel being often challenged in libraries and schools. Vonnegut joked in a speech, published in the collection Fates Worse Than Death, that "Ever since that word was published, way back in 1969, children have been attempting to have intercourse with their mothers. When it will stop no one knows."

The words "mother for you" or "mother fuyer", as minced oaths for "motherfucker", were used in blues and R&B records from the 1930s. A few examples include Memphis Minnie's "Dirty Mother For You" (1935), Roosevelt Sykes' "Dirty Mother For You" (1936), and Dirty Red's "Mother Fuyer" (1947). The singer Stick McGhee, whose recording of "Drinking Wine Spo-Dee-O-Dee" was a hit in 1949, claimed that he had originally heard the song as "Drinking Wine, Motherfucker". Later, Johnny "Guitar" Watson had a hit in 1977 with "A Real Mother For Ya".

In popular music, the first mainstream rock release to include the word was the 1969 album Kick Out the Jams by MC5. The title track, a live recording, is introduced by vocalist Rob Tyner shouting "And right now. right now. right now it's time to. kick out the jams, motherfuckers!". This was quickly pulled from stores, and an edited version was released with the words "brothers and sisters" overdubbed on the offending word. At about the same time, the Jefferson Airplane released the album Volunteers, the opening track of which, "We Can Be Together", included the line "up against the wall, motherfucker", a popular catch phrase among radical groups at the time. This attracted less attention. The word was strongly implied, but not said explicitly, in Isaac Hayes' huge 1971 hit song "Theme from Shaft". Arlo Guthrie's 1967 piece "Alice's Restaurant" used a minced version, "mother rapers." Though rarely broadcast in the US, the word has since become common in popular music, particularly in hip hop.

The word appears in George Carlin's Seven Words You Can't Say on Television. In one HBO special, he comments that at one point, someone asked him to remove it, since, as a derivative of the word "fuck", it constituted a duplication. He later added it back, claiming that the bit's rhythm does not work without it.

The word has become something of a catchphrase for actor Samuel L. Jackson, who frequently utters the word in some films. His use of the word helped him overcome a lifelong stuttering problem.

Literature
 The  Motherfucker: A History of the Mother of All Dirty Words by Jim Dawson, is a history of the word in black culture and in American literature, film, comedy and music.

See also

Incest
Maternal insult
Grass Mud Horse (word play on Chinese equivalent)
Mat (Russian profanity)
Madarchod

References

External links

Pejorative terms for men
English profanity
Sexual slang
Incest

Motherfucker


In cricket, the required run rate (RRR), or asking rate, is the run rate (the average number of runs per over) the batting side must achieve in order to win the present match. Expressed differently, it is the total number of runs required of the batting team to win the match, divided by the total number of overs remaining in the match.

The required run rate is typically a statistic that is tracked in real-time during a limited-overs match, including Twenty20 and One Day International matches. It is usually shown in the second innings, when the side batting in that innings is chasing the other's run total from the first innings. Higher required run rates are more difficult to achieve, since batsmen are forced to score more runs within a limited number of deliveries from the bowling side. The required run rate can also be used in Test cricket, usually in the fourth innings of a match, when the batting side is chasing the opposing team's total with a limited number of possible overs left to play, though use of the term is less common in this form of the game.

In recent times, required run rates have often tended to be particularly high as batting sides have grown increasingly accustomed to chasing high run totals, especially in Twenty20 cricket.

In matches with tiebreakers (such as a Super Over), a chasing team can win the game while scoring slightly below the required run rate, so long as they tie with the other team.

See also
Cricket terminology
Run rate
Net run rate
Economy rate (cricket)

References

Cricket terminology

Required run rate


Random dopant fluctuation (RDF) is a form of process variation resulting from variation in the implanted impurity concentration. In MOSFET transistors, RDF in the channel region can alter the transistor's properties, especially threshold voltage. In newer process technologies RDF has a larger effect because the total number of dopants is fewer, and the addition or deletion of a few impurity atoms can significantly alter transistor properties. RDF is a local form of process variation, meaning that two neighbouring transistors may have significantly different dopant concentrations.

References

Semiconductor device fabrication

Random dopant fluctuation


Reuben Courtney Noble-Lazarus (born 16 August 1993) is an English-born Grenadian professional footballer. On 30 September 2008, he became the youngest player to debut in the English Football League, at 15 years and 45 days old, breaking the record previously established by Albert Geldard in 1929.

In the 2013–14 season, Noble-Lazarus spent time on loan at Scunthorpe United from Barnsley. In 2014, Noble-Lazarus moved to Rochdale on loan until January 2015, but made a permanent transfer to them at the end of his loan spell for an undisclosed fee.

Club career

Barnsley
Noble-Lazarus was born in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire. He came on as a substitute during Barnsley's 3–0 Championship defeat by Ipswich Town in October 2008 aged 15 years and 45 days.

The previous weekend, Noble-Lazarus had scored a hat-trick for the Barnsley under-18 team, for whom he had played since he was 12 years old, and was selected as a substitute for the senior team's visit to Portman Road. Coming on in the 84th minute of the match to replace Martin Devaney, Noble-Lazarus surpassed the record of the youngest player in the Football League set by Bradford Park Avenue's Albert Geldard in September 1929, and equalled by Welshman Ken Roberts for Wrexham in 1951, by 113 days. He was too young to be paid for his appearance – Barnsley manager Simon Davey joked he would be given pizza and a ham sandwich for his efforts – and was due to return to Newsome High School in Huddersfield the following day.

Davey had wanted to play Noble-Lazarus in the League Cup earlier in the season but was prevented from doing so by the competition's rules, which prohibit the selection of players under the age of 15. The club has made an agreement with Noble-Lazarus' school to allow him to train with the club for two days each week. Davey said that the club would "nurture" Noble-Lazarus by ensuring that he is "...dipped in and dipped back out..." of the team. Noble-Lazarus was included in Barnsley's squad to face Doncaster Rovers the weekend after his debut, making another substitute appearance when he came on for Iain Hume in the 87th minute.

Under new boss Mark Robins, Noble-Lazarus was used twice as a substitute towards the end of the 2009/10 season. As a result, Noble-Lazarus attracted interests from clubs in the Premier League, such as, Aston Villa and Manchester United, which he went on to have trial at.

In the 2010–11 season, Noble-Lazarus continued to develop at Barnsley and made his first appearance of the season, coming on as a late substitute for goalscorer Jacob Mellis, in a 4–1 loss against Leicester City on 5 February 2011. He then made his first senior start against Doncaster Rovers in a 2–2 draw on 25 April 2011, and scored his first senior goal as a substitute against Millwall on the last day of the 2010/11 season. At the end of the 2010/11 season, Noble-Lazarus signed a contract extension with the club, signing a two-year deal.

The 2011–12 season saw Noble-Lazarus making his first appearance of the season, playing 22 minutes as a substitute, in a 1–0 loss against Southampton on 13 August 2011. However, he suffered ankle injury that kept him out for months. Although he was making good progress of recovering from ankle injury, it wasn't until on 2 January 2012 for Noble-Lazarus to make his first appearance since August, playing 37 minutes as a substitute, in a 2–0 loss against Doncaster Rovers. He finished the 2011–12 season, making 9 appearances in all competition.

At the start of the 2012–13 season, Noble-Lazarus was sidelined for two months, due to suffering from an injury. After returning from an injury, he made his first appearance of the season, where he played for 22 minutes as a substitute, in a 1–0 loss against Huddersfield Town on 11 November 2012. Noble-Lazarus then scored his first Barnsley goal of the season, in a 2–2 draw against Leicester City on 8 December 2012. Despite suffering from injuries, Noble-Lazarus signed a two-year contract with the club, keeping him until 2015 and finished the season, making 15 appearances and scoring once in all competitions.

With a handful of first team appearances at Barnsley and had his first team opportunities limited, Noble-Lazarus made his return to the first team at the club, where he played 13 minutes as a substitute, in a 2–0 win over Blackpool on 18 January 2014 and then scored his first goal two months later on 25 March 2014, in a 3–1 win over Reading. After the club were relegated to the League One, he finished the 2013–14 season, making 12 appearances and scoring once for the club.

Loan to Scunthorpe United
After being told by the Barnsley management that he would be loaned out, it was announced on 12 November 2013 that Noble-Lazarus signed on loan at League Two side Scunthorpe United until 1 January 2014.

Noble-Lazarus made his Scunthorpe United debut on 16 November 2013, where he played 45 minutes, in a 2–0 loss against Accrington Stanley. Having made four appearances, he, however, suffered a groin injury in December. Because he suffered a groin injury, the club decided against cancelling Noble-Lazarus's loan spell at Scunthorpe United. and returned to his parent club on 1 January 2014.

Rochdale

Despite given a chance ahead of the new season, Noble-Lazarus ended up making two appearances in all competitions, which both come from a league and League Cup, it was announced on 27 October 2014, Noble-Lazarus joined Rochdale on loan until January 2015.

Noble-Lazarus made his Rochdale debut on 15 November 2014, where he played for 22 minutes after coming on as a substitute, in a 1–0 loss against Port Vale on 15 November 2014. Three days later on 18 November 2014, he scored his first Rochdale goal, in the first round replay of FA Cup, in a 2–1 win over Northampton Town. Four days later, on 22 November 2014, he scored again, in a 2–2 draw against MK Dons. On 13 January 2015, Noble-Lazarus completed a permanent switch to the club, signing an 18-month deal. He went on to make twenty-three appearances and scoring once in all competition despite spending frequently on the substitute bench.

The 2015–16 season saw Noble-Lazarus starting well when he scored in the opening game of the season, in a 2–0 win over Peterborough United. He continued to make a handful appearance in the first team until he dislocated his shoulder in training that kept him out sidelined for months. After making his return to training in late-December, Noble-Lazarus made his first team return on 16 February 2016, where he played 31 minutes after coming on as a substitute, in a 2–2 draw against Crewe Alexandra. However, he once again suffered a hip problem. and despite returning to training, he never played again, making 10 appearances this season. At the end of the 2015–16 season, Noble-Lazarus was among eight players to be released by the club.

However, on 14 July 2016, Noble-Lazarus re-signed for Rochdale for the second time, signing a one-year contract with the club. Ahead of the 2016–17 season, his 11 shirt number was given to Nathaniel Mendez-Laing and wore number 16 shirt instead. Unfortunately for Noble-Lazarus, he missed the start of the season, with an injury After a month sidelined, Noble-Lazarus made his return to training.

Chorley
In October 2018, Noble-Lazarus joined National League North club Chorley, following an achilles injury. In December 2018, Noble-Lazarus was released by Chorley.

Golcar United
In February 2020 Noble-Lazarus joined Golcar United in Division One North of the North West Counties Football League.

FC Halifax Town
On 19 August 2020, Noble-Lazarus signed for Halifax Town. He was released from Halifax Town after the 2020–21 season.

International career
Noble-Lazarus, who is of Grenadian descent, expressed his desire to play for Grenada and wished to be part of the team for the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Puerto Rico in June 2015.

Career statistics

References

External links
 Profile at barnsleyfc.co.uk

1993 births
Living people
Footballers from Huddersfield
English sportspeople of Grenadian descent
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Barnsley F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Chorley F.C. players
English Football League players
Black British sportsmen
FC Halifax Town players
Golcar United F.C. players

Reuben Noble-Lazarus


Paul Giannelli (born May 21, 1945) is an American lawyer, consultant and law professor. He is a leading expert on scientific and forensic evidence. He is currently a Distinguished University Professor and the Albert J. Weatherhead III & Richard W. Weatherhead Professor Emeritus of Law at Case Western Reserve University School of Law.

Education
Giannelli received his Bachelor of Arts, summa cum laude, from Providence College. He then received his Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia where he was an editor of the Virginia Law Review. He also received a Master of Science in Forensic Science from George Washington University and Master of Law from the University of Virginia.

Career
Giannelli was both a prosecutor and defense counsel in the military before becoming a legal academic.

Scholarship
 The New York Times has called him an "expert on scientific evidence" and the Washington Post and PBS have called him an "evidence and procedure expert".

At law school, he has taught numerous courses on Evidence, Scientific Evidence, Wrongful Convictions Seminar, Advanced Evidence Seminar, Criminal Procedure, Criminal Process, Criminal Law, Capital Punishment Seminar, Juvenile Law, Corrections & Prisoners' Rights Seminar, and Trial Practice.

He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences and served on the National Commission on Forensic Science.

References

University of Virginia School of Law alumni
Living people
Providence College alumni
Columbian College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Case Western Reserve University faculty
21st-century American lawyers
1945 births

Paul Giannelli


An Emergency communication system (ECS) is any type of system (often using computers) that lets people or groups communicate during emergencies. These systems often include many different types of technology (such as telephones and televisions), which all work together to help communicate important messages during emergencies.

Emergency Communication Compared to Notification
An emergency notification system can send messages in just one direction (from the sender to the person or group that receives the message). Text message services like Twitter, automatic telephone services like "Reverse 911," and the common town siren systems that are used to warn people about tornadoes and other problems, are all examples of emergency notification systems.

Emergency Communication Systems often include notification abilities but will also include two-way communications, so people and groups can talk back and forth to each other.

Another meaning about the phrase, "Emergency Communication Systems" might be that the sender can give more information about an emergency. It can also mean that the sender can tell people what do to because of the emergency. The phrase "Emergency Notification System" might mean that the sender can only tell people or groups about the emergency, maybe without many details, too.

Similar Words and Phrases
There can be many different words and phrases that different people use, instead of "emergency communication system," but most times, they are talking about the same idea. For example, the phrases "emergency communications" and "emergency telecommunications" may talk about the same thing.

Why Emergency Communication Systems are Needed
Emergencies can make communications difficult. Communicating during emergencies can be very different than communicating during normal times. When emergencies happen, many things about the situation can change suddenly. Because of that, an emergency communication system should be able to do many special things. Often, popular communication tools (for example, Email) are not fast enough or they can not be used in every place. Every emergency situation can be very different and difficult to predict, so a good emergency communication system must be able to work for every situation.

Examples of Failure and Success
 New York City World Trade Center Attack
During the attack on September 11, 2001, common communications (such as telephones) did not work well, because so many people were using them. The people who answered 911 emergency calls could not do much to help because they were getting information that was confusing. Radio communications between emergency services people were limited because the different departments could not easily communicate with each other. Many fire-fighters died when the buildings fell because they could not get the same warning that the police officers got from the NYPD helicopters. People whose hobby was radio were important for helping get communications between the different emergency departments, because their radios worked differently.

 London Subway Bombings
On the day of the London Subway Bombings, mobile phone networks, including Vodafone, reached full use and were not available by 10:00 a.m. (which was only about an hour after the bombs exploded). Because of a very old radio system, the damaged trains were not able to communicate with the "Transport for London" control center or emergency workers. Emergency services managers, of the London Ambulance Service for example, had to depend on the already unavailable mobile phone network because there were not enough digital radios. The Access Overload Control (a special emergency plan also known as "ACCOC"), which was used only in a 1km area around Aldgate Tube Station, was not helpful because many of the emergency workers did not have phones that could work with ACCOC. After the bombing, the London Assembly decided that there needed to be a digital radio communications system in London that could work underground.
 2011 Joplin, MO Tornado
161 people were killed and at least 990 people were injured when an EF5 tornado hit Joplin, Missouri. Because Joplin is in a tornado area of the United States, many people thought the tornado sirens were normal and ignored them.  Instead, many people who lived there waited until they got more information another way, such as seeing the tornado, a radio or tv report, or hearing another, second siren. Afterward, a special group of people recommended that emergency warnings should consider  how people understand emergencies and make them think about how quickly they need to respond. NOAA officials are thinking about ways to change the warning system to warn people about smaller tornadoes in a different way than the bigger ones.
 Hurricane Katrina
When Hurricane Katrina, a Category 5 hurricane, hit New Orleans, the emergency communications systems were completely destroyed, including power stations, internet servers, mobile phone towers, and 911 services. The Federal relief workers' satellite telephones could not work with other devices, even when they did work. A few AM radio stations were able to continue broadcasting throughout the storm.  WWL, a radio station, remained working by broadcasting from a closet. Amateur radio was very important in the rescue process and worked well when 911 communications were damaged or not working.
 Virginia Tech Massacre
The Virginia Tech massacre, which caused 33 people to die, helped cause people to talk more about emergency communication systems in schools. Virginia Tech already had some communication systems, including e-mail and text notifications, but did not have a good plan for using them. No warnings were sent out until after the event, two and a half hours after the first shootings. Since this event, Virginia Tech has improved its emergency communications systems, especially public systems, since students can not always check e-mail often and professors often tell their students to turn off their wireless devices in class. Because the massacre happened very quickly, within 10 minutes, other schools have also implemented new, improved emergency communications systems with a focus on speed of communication.
 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake
The JMA's earthquake early warning system, which uses seismometers, was able to alert millions of people across Japan about the coming earthquake using radio, mobile phone networks, including Docomo, AU, and SoftBank, and television, including both NHK channels and cable channels. The tsunami warning system alerted people soon after the earthquake, but the tsunami was larger than expected. In areas with infrastructure that was still working, even though telephone lines were not working well, the Internet was still working. In the hardest hit areas, especially Sendai and other areas of Miyagi, Iwate, and Fukushima Prefectures, satellite telephones were often the only type of communication that worked reliably. The following nuclear disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi Plant was associated with many communications problems. There was no communications plan, internal communications were poor, external communications were slow, and the public soon would not trust TEPCO and the nuclear industry. The main criticism was a failure of the government to release accurate information about the disaster. Many people wanted the government to communicate more truthfully and quickly with future events.
 2012 Aurora Movie Theater Shooting
The 2012 Aurora shooting happened on July 20, 2012, when a gunman opened fire during a midnight showing of the movie "The Dark Knight Rises" in Aurora, Colorado in the United States.  During the attack, the gunman was not stopped.  Many of the people in the audience even thought that the action was part of the movie, as a special effect. It often happens in movie theaters that people are told to turn off their communications devices (for example cell phones); and no attempt was made to warn them this way. In this type of situation, an on-location, clear warning might have helped lessen the effects of the attack.
According to early reports, the suspect first went into the theater as a paying customer. He then exited and held open an emergency exit, while he went to his car to get his armor and weapons. He then attacked after coming back in through the open door.  With different systems, this could have provided a warning.  Technology exists that can warn about open doors (such as an emergency door that should not normally be open), and can send clear warning and instructions to any types of device, including a movie screen projector.
The theater's fire alarm system began sounding shortly after the gunman began shooting.  People would naturally want to leave the building, if they hear a fire alarm; but in this case, the gunman was specifically shooting at people who tried to exit.

Properties of Emergency Communication Systems

Speed of Delivery
An emergency, according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, is a surprising event or group of events that needs very quick actions. Because of that, it should be very important that any communication about an emergency be well-timed and quick, so things will not be damaged or people killed. For example, during the Virginia Tech massacre, about two hours had passed before the first communication (an email) was sent to workers and students; and by that time, the person who was using the gun had already went into a building where he was going to begin his attack. In that case, it was not until about twenty minutes after the violence began, that a loudspeaker announcement was made for people to hide. In many situations, it's likely clear that just seconds and minutes are the most important for communicating during emergencies.

Ease of Use
During an emergency, users need to quickly and easily send their messages; and they need to be able to do it so that they are sure it succeeds and with a secure and easy to use interface that can be used from any location. An emergency communication system that can be used by normal people will be successfully used and managed. During emergencies, which can sometimes cause people to die, campus managers must be able to react to the emergency and start the alert system quickly. But sending emergency warnings is probably one of the most uncommon and unfamiliar things to do.  So, it's most important that a system be easy to use.

But, even though a good emergency communication system must be easy to use, its technology should be very advanced and complex. It should be advanced because that is needed in order to make sure many different things can work together, to create and send emergency communications in many possible ways. The important thing, though, is that an advanced system should still be easy for someone to use for both emergency and normal communications. The ability to use a system for normal communications is also important so the operator (who paid for the system) can get the most value. It is also important so that people can be familiar enough with the system that they can use it during a stressful emergency situation.

Low Price
In general, the lower the cost of buying, installing, and maintaining an emergency communication systems is, the more popular such systems may become in society; and the more common these systems are, the more likely it is that these systems will be available to help during emergencies in more locations. More important than just helping with emergency response, modern mass-notification systems have become a valuable thing to have for everyday, non-emergency communications. Being able to use an emergency communication system for both kinds of communications lets the owner of the system get the most value.

Giving Instructions
An obvious need for any modern emergency communication system is that, instead of just giving warnings, it must also be able to give clear instructions about what to do because of the emergency. The Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center for Wireless Technologies found that, no matter what type of warning was first sent, another second type of warning was needed before people would trust the warning and do something because of it. A system that is able to give warnings in many different ways may save lives and stop an emergency from being too terrible.

Separate Recipients
Emergencies often require delivery of different versions of the same message at the same time. For example, in an armed hostage-taking emergency, the people inside a building may need to get instructions to lock the door, while police and other people may need to be aware that all of the doors could be locked and other information, so they can decide what to do.

Using that, some of the more modern emergency communication systems such as Siemens Sygnal or MessageNet Connections say that they can send a single message at one time that gives full details to first responders while customizing that same message to give more simple instructions to lock doors to the people inside the building. By using a single message that divides the content between types of users, fewer messages have to be created and sent, which may also save time.

Multiple Communication Paths / Backup
There should be multiple ways of sending emergency information so that if one does not work, the others might. Also, research shows that people will check more than one communication method before they take action. The public expects to be contacted in many different ways. Besides phone calls and emails, people also expect to be reached by text messaging, and fax. Also, the public may look to social media (for example Facebook and Twitter) as another way to receive messages and check for updates.

The Partnership for Public Warning states, "A single warning is frequently insufficient to move people to action, especially if it cannot be confirmed by direct observation. For most people the first warning received captures their attention and triggers a search for corroboration, but cannot be relied on to elicit the desired behavior. Scientific research supports the common-sense observation that people are disinclined to risk being fooled by a single alarm that might prove false or accidental. Effective warning requires the coordinated use of multiple channels of communication." This basically means that when people get a first warning, they want to look for more information about the emergency before they do anything about it. By having many ways (which all work together) of sending a warning, people will be more likely to react to it in the best way.

Many parts working together

To help many of these properties, an emergency communication system should be able to connect to and communicate with other related systems. The Partnership for Public Warning states that a basic problem is that many parts of existing warning systems do not work together. Because of that, whenever a warning is sent, it often takes a lot of time and effort.

Also, there are multiple ways that an emergency communication system might receive an original warning. One example of this might be a building's fire control system sending a notice that a smoke detector has found smoke. An emergency communication system that was built the right way should be able to receive that notice and turn it into a message that the people in the building can understand and use to decide what to do in order to save lives and property. Another example might be of the National Weather Service sending a  severe weather warning (for example, by using RSS). In this example, the emergency communication system should be able to turn that warning into a message and send it in a similar way as the smoke detector example, so people will know what to do.

The ability to Work together should also include old and new technology. Introducing a new system that cannot work with older existing equipment can cause problems.

Product compared to Service
An emergency communication system may be a product that is owned by the organization using it (for example, a paging network for a hospital), or it may be a service that is owned  by a third-party (for example, a cellular carrier's network). Each has good and bad properties; however, services have some major problems for emergency communications, even though many people think differently. Using SMS as one example, due to the way cellular networks are built, text messaging services would not be able to send a large number of communications in a short amount of time, making SMS service a poor emergency communication method.

On-property compared to Off-property
Property-based ("on-premise") emergency communication systems are those which are mainly or completely in the same location or area as it serves, while off-property ("non-premise") based emergency communication systems are those which are in a different location or area. There are good and bad properties of each. Often, non-premise based systems are slower than systems that are premise-based, because the different locations need to be connected using data networks (for example, the Internet).

History

With the growth of populations and the change of technology, the ways that emergencies are communicated have also changed.

Older Systems
In America's early years, common ways of communicating emergencies may have been mostly ringing church bells or people sending messages by riding horses. Later, as technology developed, the telegraph became an almost instant way of communicating. After that, radio communications, telephones and sirens became common. After the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, by the Japanese in 1941, Civil Defense sirens became popular and were used in many military bases and towns across America. A weakness of these systems is that they were not really able to tell people what they should do.

Modern Systems
Today, modern communication tools such as smartphones, flat-panel digital signage, GPS, and computer speech (among many others) are changing how people are notified about emergencies. With these more modern tools, there is an ability to provide more specific instructions; so that, instead of just notifying people about an emergency, it is now possible to give exact instructions on what to do because of the emergency. Also, those instructions may even be customized for those peoples' special situation and location. For example, smart-phones may have GPS that would allow a map to be shown of safe areas (and perhaps directions for getting there). Such a map might be different, depending on where the person is currently at. In a good system, all of these special warnings and instructions could be sent with just a single alert.

Other websites

Government Agencies
 U.S. Department of Homeland Security
 U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency
 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
 National Weather Service
 Met Office
 European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA)
 National Tribal Emergency Management Council

Misc. Resources
 Partnership for Public Warning
 American Red Cross
 Skywarn National
 American Radio Relay League
 International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
 World Meteorological Organization
 International Association of Emergency Managers
 NetHope

References

Emergency services

Emergency communication system


Mitchell Park Horticultural Conservatory (Mitchell Park Domes or The Domes) is a conservatory located at Mitchell Park in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. It is owned and operated by the Milwaukee County Park System, and replaced the original Milwaukee Conservatory which stood from 1898 to 1955. The three domes display a large variety of plant life.

Description

Designed by Donald L. Grieb Associates, Architect, the Conservatory is composed of three beehive-shaped glass domes that span  in diameter and are  high. They are properly referred to as the world's first conoidal domes. They cover  of display area and were constructed in stages from 1959 to 1967.

Connecting the three domes is a central lobby area, which was extensively redesigned in the summer of 2008. A smaller service dome behind the Conservatory holds replacement plants and an orchid collection. This section is not open to the public. Annual attendance to the Domes is over 200,000 people a year.

Remodel and repairs of the Domes
The Conservatory was closed during the summer of 2008 to facilitate the replacement of 800 cracked glass panels.  The lobby was remodeled and a $500,000 donation allowed for a new external and internal lighting system.  The Conservatory re-opened to large crowds on October 20, 2008.  A series of concerts was held on Thursday nights through November. Several other improvements include a re-configured parking lot, outside landscaping and a new educational center.

Beginning February 8, 2016, the Mitchell Park Domes were closed because of structural concerns. By the end of 2016, repairs allowed all three domes to be reopened to the public.

In 2017, a greenhouse complex at the rear of the Conservatory was opened to replace previous off-site facilities.

In 2019, after years of deterioration and falling concrete debris, Gallagher Museum Services was hired to do a study of the three domes. That firm recommended demolition of the domes, at an estimated cost of 300 million dollars. This recommendation has been rebuked by the National Trust for Historic Preservation and Milwaukee County Supervisor Jason Haas said it has no impact on the future of the domes.

Domes

Each of the three domes maintains a distinct climate and setting for the exposition of its contents.

Floral Show Dome
The Floral Show Dome opened in December 1964. It hosts four seasonal shows and one holiday exhibit held annually in December for visitors to enjoy. Each show has a theme chosen based on cultural (such as Japanese, German and French), literary (Charles Dickens "A Christmas Carol"), or historical interest (Colonial Williamsburg and the History of Herb Gardening, for example).
In most recent years, the Winter Show
has featured an extensive garden railway display put on with the cooperation of many Wisconsin Model Railroad club members. The garden railway has become one of the most popular displays during the year and is one of the largest such indoor displays in the Midwest.

Tropical Dome
The Tropical Dome opened in February 1966. The Tropical Dome features nearly 1,000 species of plants, including many nutritionally important fruit bearing plants such as banana, papaya, ackee, guava, avocado, and cacao. One of the cacao trees is over 60 years old and was transplanted from the old Conservatory. It still sets fruit each year.  Hardwoods include big-leaf, little-leaf, and African mahoganies, ebony and lignum vitae. A rare curare vine can also be found growing.

The dome is seasonally decorated with a wide variety of blooming plants, including a number of award-winning orchids. The center of the Dome is dominated by a large kapok tree. It is one of the tallest trees under glass. At one time, its height  was up to 95 feet (29 m) high, but is now kept at a more manageable 60 feet (18 m). In addition to the plants, the Tropical Dome is home to a number of colorful birds.

Desert Dome
The Desert Dome opened in November 1967. It displays a wide variety of plants from the Americas and Africa. The American section contains a large number of plants native to the Sonoran Desert, including shrubs, trees, annuals and bulbs, as well as the familiar cacti. The African section has aloes, crassulas, euphorbias, along with the unusual Welwitschia plant, which has only two continuously growing leaves and may live for over a thousand years.

Another section hosts the succulent flora of Madagascar and includes plants such as Euphorbia, Pachypodium, Adenia, Didierea, Alluaudia, and Operculicarya. Many of them were grown from seed obtained in Madagascar. This area was formally dedicated on September 8, 1984 by Leon Rajaobelina, the Ambassador from Madagascar.

In August 2006, an Encephalartos ferox produced a double red-colored cone.  It is only the second time in over 30 years this has happened.  The cones are expected to last several months, most likely until spring brings warmer weather.

Mitchell Park
Mitchell Park is one of the six original Milwaukee parks created by the first park commission. It occupies a spot on the south side of Milwaukee, starting with a core of  that was donated by John L. Mitchell, father of General Billy Mitchell and named for the donor. Further donations brought the total area to just over .

Also found on park grounds, at a bluff overlooking the Menomonee Valley, is a monument marking the site of an early trading post built by Jacques Vieau. Vieau was a settler and fur trader who later became father-in-law to Milwaukee founder Solomon Juneau. Just south of the Conservatory was the site of extensive formal gardens and a sunken water feature.  Opened in 1904, it was removed in the late 1980s due to budget cuts.

Photo Gallery

See also

 Biosphere 2
 List of botanical gardens and arboretums in Wisconsin

References

External links

Friends of the Domes
 Mitchell Park Domes on Atlas Obscura

Buildings and structures in Milwaukee
Culture of Milwaukee
Historic American Landscapes Survey in Wisconsin
Landmarks in Wisconsin
Botanical gardens in Wisconsin
Parks in Milwaukee
Protected areas of Milwaukee County, Wisconsin
Tourist attractions in Milwaukee
Articles containing video clips
Buildings and structures in Wisconsin
Greenhouses in the United States
1959 establishments in Wisconsin
Works Progress Administration in Wisconsin


Vilém Slavata z Chlumu a Košumberka (; ) (1 December 1572 – 19 January 1652) was a Czech nobleman from an old Bohemian family. As viceregent (místodržící) of Emperor Ferdinand II of Habsburg (from 1617) he became famous as co-victim, along with Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice, of the 1618 Defenestration of Prague.

Life
Vilém was born at his family's estates in Čestín near Kutná Hora. His father Adam had been an administrator of Emperor Rudolf II of Habsburg, who in 1583 had taken up his residence at Prague Castle and had guaranteed freedom of religion to the Protestant Bohemian estates by his Letter of Majesty (Rudolfův Majestát) issued in 1609. Though he was raised in the spirit of the Unity of the Brethren, Slavata converted to Catholicism in 1597 and became a fierce advocate of the older faith.

Like his father he took service with Rudolf II who appointed him burgrave at Karlštejn. Under Rudolf's successor Matthias he became chamberlain of the Crown of Bohemia. Vilém supported the coronation of the devout Catholic Ferdinand of Inner Austria as Bohemian king against the resistance of the Protestant estates. In return Ferdinand vested him with the office of his representative at Prague, where he had to face the violent uprising of the nobles led by Jindřich Matyáš Thurn on 23 May 1618. Together with J. Bořita of Martinice he was thrown out of a window of the castle by an enraged Protestant multitude. He was subsequently arrested by the assailants after surviving the defenestration albeit with severe injuries.

One year later, he managed to escape to Saxony.  However, Elector John George I, anxious for his neutral position, forced him to retire to Passau. After Ferdinand's victory at the Battle of White Mountain in 1621, Slavata returned to Bohemia. A leading figure in restoring Catholicism, he received the title of a Reichsgraf ("Count of the Empire") and in 1628 was appointed High Chancellor of Bohemia. He died at Jindřichův Hradec.

Works
Historické spisování ("Historical writings"), 1637–1651

This monumental (14 large-scale books) reminiscence in which Vilém comprehensively describes the causes and initiation of the Bohemian Revolt and the first phase of the Thirty Years' War, has importance for understanding of that era. His great annals are focused especially on the events of the years 1608–1619 on the territory of the Czech lands.

1572 births
1652 deaths
People from Kutná Hora District
Habsburg Bohemian nobility
Converts to Roman Catholicism
Autobiographers
Czech non-fiction writers
16th-century people from Bohemia
17th-century people from Bohemia
Execution survivors

Vilém Slavata of Chlum


Area codes 201 and 551 are area codes for New Jersey. Area code 201 was one of the first area codes created in October 1947. It initially covered the entire state, but after it was split multiple times, it now covers the northeasternmost section of the state, typically in the Hudson and Bergen counties, right next to the Hudson River and New York City. It was overlaid by area code 551 in 2001.

New Jersey
201

Area codes 201 and 551


The Alternative Mortgage Transaction Parity Act of 1982, also known as AMTPA, preempts state laws that restrict banks from making any mortgage except conventional fixed rate amortizing mortgages. AMTPA was contained in title VIII of the Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act passed in 1982

Mortgages allowed by the act included:
 Adjustable-rate mortgages, in which the interest rate becomes floating after a number of years.
 Balloon payment mortgages have a large payment remaining when the loan comes due.
 Interest-only mortgages only require the borrower to pay the interest on the principal balance for the first years of the loan.

The United States House of Representatives passed H.R.3915 "The Mortgage Reform and Anti-Predatory Lending Act of 2007" in November, 2007. It remains before the United States Senate. The House bill would require lenders to write mortgages that take into account the borrowers' ability to pay at the fully indexed rate.

References

See also
 Financing
 Refinancing
 Bridge financing
 Promissory note
 Loan origination
 Subprime lending
 Subprime mortgage crisis

Mortgage industry of the United States
United States federal banking legislation
Mortgage legislation


Lee Yun-jeong (b. December 20, 1976) is a South Korean singer and stylist. In 1995, She debuted in the musical world as a singer in Pippi-band, a three person singing group. In 2001, after her second solo album Six sense, she ended her singing career. After singing, She studied fashion design at Central Saint Martins College. After that, she had been active as a stylist for many Korean singer. These include Lee Hyori, Clazziquai, Leessang, Jaurim and Se7en. Lee Yun-jeong was also a stylist at the 2007 Mnet Korean Music Festival (MKMF). She created the design for the opening stage from clothes to props. She has appeared as a coordinator and stylist at M.net's television program Trend Repot Feel.

In 2008, she made EE, an arts performance team. The team uses music, art, fashion and dance in its performance. The name of the team, EE, symbolizes many acronyms beginning with the letter E such as Eternity, 'Entertainment and Everybody. EE was created in an effort to perform all the genres available at the same time. Its first performance was named Curiosity Kills.

Album
 The Cultural Revolution (문화혁명) (1995) - Pippi Band
 Impossible mission (불가능한 작전) (1996) - Pippi Band
 Bung Er BBang (붕어빵) (1996) - Pippi Band, Remake album
 Evolution (진화) (1997)
 Six sense (육감, 六感) (2001)
 The Complete Best 1995~1997 (2004) - Pippi Band, Best album
 Curiosity Kills (2008) - EE
 pppb (2014) - Pippi Band, EP album

References

Profile at Nate.com
Profile at Naver.com
Curiosity Kills at Naver music

Living people
1976 births
Singers from Seoul

Lee Yunjeong


Azazello (in early versions of the book, Fiello, ) is a character from the novel The Master and Margarita by the Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov. A demon, a member of Woland's entourage. "The demon of the waterless desert, the killer-demon".

Description
According to Bulgakov, Azazello "turned out to be short of stature, a fiery redhead with a fang, in a starched shirt, a good-quality  striped suit, patent leather shoes, and with a bowler hat on his head. His tie was brightly coloured. The surprising thing was that from the pocket where men usually carry a handkerchief or a fountain pen, this gentleman had a gnawed chicken bone sacking out."

His true appearance, however, is far from comical:
At the far side, the steel of his armour glittering, flew Azazello. The moon also  changed  his  face. The  absurd,  ugly fang disappeared without a trace, and the albugo on his eye proved false. Azazello's eyes were both the same, empty and black, and his face was white and cold. Now Azazello flew in
his true form, as the demon of the waterless desert, the killer-demon.

Origins
Azazel or Azazael ( 'Ǎzāzêl, "Strength of God") is a term used three times in the Hebrew Bible, which has been traditionally understood either as a scapegoat, or in some traditions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, as the name of a fallen angel.

Azazyel taught men to make swords, knives, shields, breastplates, the fabrication of mirrors, and the workmanship of bracelets and ornaments, the use of paint, the beautifying of the eyebrows, the use of stones of every valuable and select kind, and all sorts of dyes, so that the world became altered. (Enoch 8:1)

Bulgakov was likely mesmerized by a character who was both a seducer and a killer. Margarita took him for a playboy during their first meeting at the Alexander Garden. But his main function in the novel is violence. He throws Stepan Likhodeyev from Moscow to Yalta, pushes Poplavsky out of his sinister apartment, and shoots Count Meigel to death.

In earlier versions of the novel Azazello kills Meigel with a knife, which is more appropriate for him as the inventor of all the blade weapons in the world.

In accordance with his historic role, Azazello gives Margarita his magic cream, the Azazello Cream. It not only gave Margarita invisibility and ability to fly, but gave her bewitching beauty. In his sinister apartment, Azazello enters through a mirror, another innovation of his.

References

Characters in Russian novels of the 20th century
Mikhail Bulgakov characters
Fictional demons and devils
Fictional murderers
Male characters in literature
Literary characters introduced in 1966
Comedy literature characters

Azazello


Dunster Castle is a former motte and bailey castle, now a country house, in the village of Dunster, Somerset, England. The castle lies on the top of a steep hill called the Tor, and has been fortified since the late Anglo-Saxon period. After the Norman conquest of England in the 11th century, William de Mohun constructed a timber castle on the site as part of the pacification of Somerset. A stone shell keep was built on the motte by the start of the 12th century, and the castle survived a siege during the early years of the Anarchy. At the end of the 14th century the de Mohuns sold the castle to the Luttrell family, who continued to occupy the property until the late 20th century.

The castle was expanded several times by the Luttrell family during the 17th and 18th centuries; they built a large manor house within the Lower Ward of the castle in 1617, and this was extensively modernised, first during the 1680s and then during the 1760s. The medieval castle walls were mostly destroyed following the siege of Dunster Castle at the end of the First English Civil War, when Parliament ordered the defences to be slighted to prevent their further use. In the 1860s and 1870s, the architect Anthony Salvin was employed to remodel the castle to fit Victorian tastes; this work extensively changed the appearance of Dunster to make it appear more Gothic and Picturesque.

Following the death of Alexander Luttrell in 1944, the family was unable to afford the death duties on his estate. The castle and surrounding lands were sold off to a property firm, the family continuing to live in the castle as tenants. The Luttrells bought back the castle in 1954, but in 1976 Colonel Walter Luttrell gave Dunster Castle and most of its contents to the National Trust, which operates it as a tourist attraction. It is a Grade I listed building and scheduled monument.

History

11th to 12th centuries

Dunster Castle was positioned on a steep,  high hill, sometimes called the Tor, overlooking the village of Dunster in Somerset. During the early medieval period the sea reached the base of the hill, close to the mouth of the River Avill, offering a natural defence and making the village an inland port. Several Iron Age hillforts were built close to Dunster, including Bat's Castle, Black Ball Camp and Grabbist Hill, but the earliest evidence of a fortification at Dunster was an Anglo-Saxon burgh.<ref>Black Ball Camp, Arts and Humanities Data Service, accessed 28 September 2007; univallate Hillfort, Arts and Humanities Data Service, accessed 28 September 2007; Gathercole, ClareAn archaeological assessment of Dunster (PDF) Somerset County Council accessed 1 October 2011</ref> This was built on the summit of the hill and was possibly intended to protect the region against sea-borne raiders; by the mid-11th century it was controlled by a local nobleman called Aelfric.

In 1066 the Normans invaded south-east England, defeating the English forces at the battle of Hastings: in the aftermath of the victory, William the Conqueror entrusted the conquest of the south-west of England to his half-brother Robert of Mortain. Expecting stiff resistance, Robert marched west into Somerset, supported by forces under Walter of Douai, who entered from the north; a third force, under the command of William de Mohun, landed by sea along the Somerset coast. William had been granted 68 manors in the region and by 1086 had established a castle at Dunster; this would form both the caput, or principal castle, for his new lands, and help guard the coast against the threat of any fresh sea-borne attack, as well as controlling the coastal road running from Somerset to Gloucestershire. This first castle was a motte and bailey design, built upon the former Anglo-Saxon burgh; the top of the Tor was scarped to form the motte, or Upper Ward, and an area below shaped to form the bailey, or Lower Ward.

Somerset became more stable in the aftermath of the post-invasion period and the unsuccessful 1068 rebellion against Norman rule. It was common in the period for the Normans to build religious houses to accompany major castles, and accordingly William de Mohun endowed a Benedictine priory at Dunster in 1090, along with its parent abbey at Bath. The River Avill was important for trade; the region around Dunster was rich with fisheries and vineyards, and Dunster Castle prospered. Stone fortifications were built on the site during the early 12th century, probably forming a shell keep around the top of the motte.

In the late 1130s England began to descend into a period of civil war known as the Anarchy, during which the supporters of King Stephen fought with those of the Empress Matilda for control of the kingdom. William de Mohun's eldest son, also called William, was a noted supporter of Matilda, and Dunster was considered one of her faction's strongest castles in the south-west. In 1138 forces loyal to Stephen besieged the castle; a siege castle was built nearby, but all trace of it has been lost. William successfully held the castle and was made the Earl of Somerset by the grateful Empress. Chroniclers complained of the way in which he subsequently raided and controlled the region by force during the war, causing much destruction. In the aftermath of the conflict, William's son, another William, inherited the castle after a short period of royal ownership under Henry II. William appears to have insisted that his tenants agree to help repair and maintain the castle walls as part of their feudal service.

13th to 17th centuries

In the 13th century the Lower Ward was rebuilt in stone by Reynold Mohun; this was paid for in part by Reynold commuting his tenants' ongoing duty to repair the castle walls into a single, one-off financial payment to their lord, and partially through his marriage to a rich local heiress. A survey of the castle in 1266 described the Upper Ward on the top of the motte as containing a hall with a buttery, a pantry, a kitchen, a bakehouse, the chapel of Saint Stephen and a knight's hall, guarded by three towers. The Lower Ward included a granary, two towers and a gatehouse; one of the towers, called the Fleming Tower, was used as a prison. The castle stables lay outside the defences, further down the slope. By the end of the 13th century some of the castle's roofing had been covered in lead, while other parts still used wooden shingles.

In 1330 Sir John de Mohun inherited the castle; John, although a notable knight, was childless and fell into considerable debt. His wife Joan took over the running of their estates, and when John died in 1376 she agreed to sell the castle to Lady Elizabeth Luttrell, the leading member of another major Norman family, for 5,000 marks, with the castle to transfer to Elizabeth on Joan's death. At some point during this period additional stone buildings were constructed along the Lower Ward, on the side of the current mansion, and records suggest that a ditch, or moat, may have existed around the base of the Tor in the 14th century.

Joan outlived Elizabeth, and in the event Sir Hugh Luttrell, who was Henry V's seneschal in Normandy, finally took over the castle on Joan's death in 1404. The castle had suffered from a lack of investment during the final years of the Mohan's ownership, and Luttrell repaired and extended the castle at a cost of £252, constructing the Great Gatehouse and a barbican between 1419 and 1424. The new entrance lay at right-angles to the old and was three storeys high, built of imported Bristol red sandstone, and contained extensive apartments; it formed a grand, if ill-defended, ceremonial route into the castle. The castle was reroofed with Cornish stone tiles. By the 15th century the sea had receded, and the Luttrells created a deer park for the castle at Marshwood. Such a park would have been highly prestigious and allowed the Luttrells to engage in hunting, providing the castle with a supply of venison as well as generating income.

During the 15th century, England was divided by the prolonged period of civil war now called the Wars of the Roses: the Luttrells were supporters of the House of Lancaster. In 1461, Sir James Luttrell died following the Lancastrian defeat at the Second Battle of St Albans, and his family were deprived of their estates by the Yorkist Edward IV. The castle was given to the Herberts, but the Luttrells regained it on the accession of the Lancastarian Henry VII in 1485, when Dunster was restored to James' son, Sir Hugh Luttrell. Hugh repaired the castle chapel and in the early 16th century his son, Sir Andrew Luttrell, built a new wall on the east side of the castle. Andrew's son Sir John Luttrell, who inherited the castle, was a famous soldier, diplomat, and courtier under Henry VIII and Edward VI, serving in France and in Scotland during the conflicts of the Rough Wooing. In 1542, the antiquarian John Leland reported the castle keep and buildings to be considerable disrepair, with the exception of the chapel, and after Sir John's death the castle was leased out for several years, first by his daughter, Mary, and then under his brother, Thomas.

By the time George Luttrell inherited the castle in 1571, it was dilapidated, with the family preferring to live in their house, now known as Court House, at East Quantoxhead. In 1617 George employed the architect William Arnold, to create a new house in the Lower Ward of the castle. Arnold was an important architect in the south-west of England, and had managed the building of nearby Montacute, Cranborne House and also Wadham College, Oxford. The redesign expanded on some of the existing buildings and walls to create a 16th-century Jacobean mansion with a symmetrical front and square towers, set within the older castle walls and overlooked by the keep above. The building was decorated in the latest styles, including ornamental plaster ceilings. The project ran almost three times over budget, costing Luttrell more than £1,200.

English Civil War and the Restoration

When the First English Civil War began in August 1642, George's eldest son Thomas supported Parliament; William Russell, 1st Duke of Bedford and Parliamentarian commander in Devon and Somerset, ordered him to strengthen the garrison at Dunster. The local Royalist commander William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset, attacked the castle in 1642 but was repulsed by the garrison, led by Thomas' wife Jane. In early 1643, the war in the south-west turned in favour of the King, and on 7 June 1643 the Royalists assaulted the castle again and Luttrell switched sides. Colonel Wyndham was appointed Royalist governor, and the future Charles II stayed at the castle in May 1645.

During 1645 the Royalist military cause largely collapsed, and Colonel Robert Blake led a Parliamentarian force against Dunster in October. In November, Blake established his artillery in the village and began digging mines beneath the castle walls. Dunster was briefly relieved in February 1646 but the siege resumed, and by April the Royalist position was untenable; Wyndham negotiated an honourable surrender and a Parliamentarian garrison installed. After the end of the Second English Civil War in 1649, Parliament decided to deliberately destroy, or slight, the defences of castles in key Royalist areas, including the south-west.

Thomas Luttrell had died in February 1644 and his son George Luttrell convinced the authorities to destroy only the medieval defensive walls, rather than the entire castle, leaving Dunster damaged from the recent siege but still habitable; the walls were demolished over 12 days in August 1650 by a team of 300 workmen. The only parts of the medieval walls to survive were the Great Gatehouse and the bases of the two towers in the Lower Ward. George Luttrell died without children, and Dunster Castle passed to his brother Francis, who survived the political turmoil of the Commonwealth prior to the 1660 Stuart Restoration.

Francis died in 1666 and the castle in 1670 passed to his second son, another Francis. He married Mary Tregonwell, a wealthy heiress worth £2,500 a year, and used her income to modernise the castle during the 1680s, including a grand staircase in the latest style. As a colonel in the local militia, during the November 1688 Glorious Revolution Francis backed the removal of James II by his son-in-law William of Orange; when William landed in Devon, Francis mustered a number of companies of infantry at Dunster on 19 November to support him, which formed the basis for the later Green Howards regiment. During this period the castle still kept an armoury of 43 muskets. Francis died heavily in debt in 1690, and his widow Mary moved the contents of the castle to London, where they were destroyed in a fire in 1696.

18th century

At the start of the 18th century the Luttrells and Dunster Castle faced many financial challenges. Francis's son Alexander, inherited the castle when he came of age in 1704, but it was still mostly empty and carried large debts with it. Alexander died young in 1711 and his widow, Dorothy, spent almost twenty years paying off the debts. Dorothy built a new chapel, designed by Sir James Thornhill in white Portland stone, on the rear of the mansion at a cost of £1,300 (£178,000 at 2009 prices); few records of this remain, but the interior probably resembled that of the chapel at Wimpole Hall. A safer, if less grand, approach road to the castle was created, called the New Way, and the remains of the Upper Ward on top of the motte were flattened to be used as a bowling green, complete with an octagonal summer house. Dorothy's son, Alexander Luttrell, took over the castle in 1726 but ran up new debts, and the castle was handed over into the control of a receiver.

Henry Fownes Luttrell, who married Margaret, Alexander's daughter, and took the Luttrell name, moved to Dunster in 1747. The couple redesigned and redecorated the castle in a Rococo style, including the extensive use of the recently invented and highly fashionable wallpaper. Henry Luttrell raised the ground height of the Lower Ward between 1764 and 1765 to extend the New Way all around to the front of his mansion, adding additional ornamental towers onto the inside of the Great Gatehouse in the process. A folly, Conygar Tower, was constructed by architect Richard Phelps to improve the view from the castle, and a larger park of 141 hectares (348 acres) was built just to the south of the castle, requiring the eviction of a number of tenant farmers.

19th and 20th centuries

Henry's son, John, inherited the castle in 1780, but when his son, also called John, inherited in 1816 he chose to live in London instead, opening up Dunster Castle to the public. By 1845 the castle appeared to visitors to be past its prime: with only two of John's sisters living there and no horses or hunting dogs left in the castle grounds, the remaining servants had little to do. John's brother Henry inherited in 1857, but he too lived in London rather than at Dunster.

George Luttrell inherited the castle in 1867 and began an extensive modernisation, backed by the considerable income from the Dunster estates – in a period of agricultural boom in England, the estates were producing £22,000 in revenue a year (£1.49 million at 2010 prices). It was fashionable during the mid-Victorian period to remodel existing castles to produce what was felt to be a more consistent Gothic or sometimes Picturesque appearance and George, a keen historian, decided to follow this trend at Dunster; in the process, he also hoped to accommodate the larger household and facilities required for a 19th-century landowner: by 1881, the castle required 15 "living-in" servants alone. He employed Anthony Salvin, a noted architect then most famous for his work at Alnwick Castle, to carry out the work between 1868 and 1872 at a total cost of £25,350 (equivalent to £1.76 million in 2010). The work included the construction of an underground reservoir, holding  of water to provide running water for the castle and village.

Salvin aimed to create a castle that would appear to have grown up organically over time, but still appeal to Victorian aesthetic taste. Accordingly, a large, square tower was built on the west side of the castle and another smaller tower on the east, both creating additional space but also making the castle deliberately asymmetrical. The 18th-century chapel at the rear was demolished and replaced with another tower, alongside a modern conservatory. A variety of windows in the styles of different historical periods were inserted in the walls, while modern Victorian technology, including gas lighting-supported by a gas plant in the basement-central heating and new kitchens were installed within the castle. The roof of the Great Gatehouse was raised to create a more uniform sequence of battlements, and a large hall for gatherings of the local farmers installed. A new wing of servants' quarters and offices were sunk into the hill, spread over two floors leading away from the main part of the mansion.

Internally, Salvin knocked through existing rooms to create the Outer Hall, a new gallery on the first floor, a billiard room, a new library and a drawing room. Much of the wooden 17th-century panelling in the parlour and the hall had to be stripped out as part of the renovations. As part of his work, Salvin appears to have used a number of rolled wrought-iron beams to span the resulting structural gaps in the building, an advanced use of that technology for the time. The house was refurnished with newly bought 16th and 17th-century artwork, two brass Italian cannons and a stuffed polar bear.

Alexander Luttrell, who inherited Dunster Castle in 1910, chose to live at East Quantoxhead instead, and it was left empty until his son Geoffrey reoccupied the castle in 1920, redecorating some of the rooms in a contemporary style and building a polo ground alongside the castle. The castle and the surrounding countryside at this time was very popular with the Luttrells for fox hunting and shooting. During the Second World War the castle was used as a convalescent home for injured naval and American officers between 1943 and 1944.

Alexander died in 1944, and the death duties proved crippling to Geoffrey. In 1949 he sold the castle and 3,480 hectares (8,600 acres) of the lands to the Ashdale Property Company, retaining a tenancy of the castle for himself. The Crown Estate bought the estate from Ashdale and sold the castle back to Geoffrey in 1954. His son Colonel Walter Luttrell lived away from Dunster, and following the death of his mother – the last Luttrell to live in the property – gave the castle and most of its contents to the National Trust in 1976.

Today

Dunster Castle is operated by the National Trust as a tourist attraction. Little remains of the medieval castle except for the Great Gatehouse and the remains of several towers in the Lower Ward; the heart of the modern castle today is the much altered 17th-century manor house. The key features of the castle include the original 13th-century gates and several pieces of art, including a Tudor copy of Hans Eworth's famous allegorical portrait of Sir John Luttrell, and a sequence of leather tapestries showing scenes from the story of Antony and Cleopatra. The castle also holds a piano that once belonged to the composer Vivian Ellis. The gardens surrounding the castle cover approximately  and include the National Plant Collection of Strawberry Trees; the wider parkland beyond totals .

Just to the south of the castle is the restored 18th-century castle watermill. In 2017 the castle received 209,245 visitors. Dunster Castle has been designated as a Grade I listed building and Scheduled Monument. The grounds are included on Register of Historic Parks and Gardens at Grade II*. The castle has required continuing maintenance work, in particular to its roof, itself an important historical feature. Efforts have been made to gradually redecorate the castle in a period style, using reproductions of original wallpapers and materials. The National Trust installed solar panels behind the battlements on the roof in 2008 to provide electricity and make the premises more environmentally friendly. This was the first time the National Trust have taken this approach to a Grade I listed building, and it is expected to save 1,714 kg (3,778 lb) of carbon a year. In 2015, the National Trust announced plans to make the 19th-century reservoir open to the public, and the reservoir was formally opened for viewing in April 2016.

See also
 Grade I listed buildings in West Somerset
 List of National Trust properties in Somerset
 Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
 List of castles in England

Notes

References

Bibliography
 Alexander, Magnus and Susan Westlake. (2009) Hadleigh Castle Essex, Earthwork Analysis: Survey Report. English Heritage Research Department Report 32/2009.
Carter, Susan. (2011) "Dunster Castle during the Civil War", Fortified England, Vol. 5 (3), pp. 2–6.
Creighton, Oliver Hamilton. (2005) Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England. London: Equinox. .
Creighton, Oliver Hamilton and Robert Higham. (2003) Medieval Castles. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire Publications. .
Dunning, Robert. (1995) Somerset Castles. Tiverton, UK: Somerset Books. .
Emery, Anthony. (2006) Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales, 1300–1500: Southern England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
Garnett, Oliver. (2003) Dunster Castle, Somerset.London: The National Trust. .
Lyte, H. C. Maxwell. (1880) "Dunster and its Lords", The Archaeological Journal, Vol. 37, pp. 57–93.
Lyte, H. C. Maxwell. (1909) A History of Dunster and of the Families of Mohun and Luttrell, Part 2. London: St. Catherine Press. .
Mackenzie, James D. (1896) The Castles of England: Their Story and Structure, Vol II. New York: Macmillan. .
Pounds, Norman John Greville. (1994) The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a social and political history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
Prior, Stuart. (2006) The Norman Art of War: a Few Well-Positioned Castles. Stroud, UK: Tempus. .
Phillips, Gervase. (1999) The Anglo-Scots Wars 1513–1550: a Military History. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. .
Thompson, M. W. (1994) The Decline of the Castle.'' Leicester, UK: Harveys Books. .

External links
National Trust website for Dunster Castle

Castles in Somerset
Historic house museums in Somerset
Gardens in Somerset
National Trust properties in Somerset
Grade I listed buildings in West Somerset
Grade I listed castles
Scheduled monuments in West Somerset
Country houses in Somerset
Grade II* listed parks and gardens in Somerset

Dunster Castle


This Man in Paris is a 1939 British comedy mystery film directed by David MacDonald and starring Barry K. Barnes, Valerie Hobson and Alastair Sim.

It was a sequel to the 1938 film This Man Is News. It was made at Denham Studios.

Premise
A British journalist and his wife travel to France to investigate a counterfeiting ring involving a British aristocrat.

Cast
 Barry K. Barnes as Simon Drake
 Valerie Hobson as Pat Drake
 Alastair Sim as Lochlan Macgregor
 Edward Lexy as Holly
 Garry Marsh as Sergeant Bright
 Max Michel as Emile Beranger
 Mona Goya as Torch Bernal
 Anthony Shaw as General Craysham
 Cyril Chamberlain as Swindon
 Charles Oliver as Gaston
  Paul Sheridan as reception clerk

Critical reception
TV Guide gave the film two out of four stars, and wrote, "this well-done, clever comedy was a follow-up film to This Man is News, a British attempt to duplicate America's THIN MAN. However, this second film proved to be the last effort along those lines. Hobson is excellent in her role, though Barnes isn't quite the character he tries to be. Sim provides good comic support in another one of his eccentric specialties. Director MacDonald wins huzzahs for another entertaining middle-bracket crime story."

References

External links

1939 films
British comedy mystery films
1930s comedy mystery films
Films produced by Anthony Havelock-Allan
Films set in Paris
Films shot at Denham Film Studios
British black-and-white films
1939 comedy films
1930s English-language films
1930s British films
English-language comedy mystery films

This Man in Paris