The Agreement on Internal Trade (AIT) entered into force on July 1, 1995, and includes government departments, agencies, commissions and Crown corporations of the 10 Canadian provinces, the three territories and the federal government.

The Agreement on Internal Trade is an intergovernmental agreement between the federal government and the provinces and territories to reduce and eliminate barriers to free movement of people, goods, services and investments within Canada. Under the Agreement, these governments have agreed to apply the principles of non-discrimination, transparency, openness and accessibility with respect to their procurement opportunities and those of their municipalities and municipal organizations, school boards and publicly funded academic, health and social services entities. The Agreement covers only those tenders where the procurement value exceeds a specified amount.

Currently, the thresholds require that all institutions in the MASH sector (Municipal/Academic/Social Services/Healthcare) tender for public bidding contracts worth $100,000 or more, or in the case of construction, $250,000 or more. The agreement mandates the "equal" treatment of people, goods and services anywhere in Canada. That means businesses in any province or territory are to be considered for procurement bids, eliminating "buy local" policies. There are some exceptions in the deal. Provinces or municipalities can still designate sole-source suppliers in particular circumstances. Its ultimate goal is to eliminate barriers to trade, investments and product mobility.

See also
Canada Minister for Internal Trade
New West Partnership
Single market
Internal Market (European Union)

External links
 AIT Introduction
 Text of the Agreement and subsequent protocols of amendment
 Canada's Problem: Domestic Trade Barriers

1995 in Canadian law
Economy of Canada
Economic history of Canada
Federalism in Canada

Agreement on Internal Trade


The Silencers is the title of a 1962 spy novel by Donald Hamilton, the fourth in a series of books featuring assassin Matt Helm.

Plot summary

When a female agent in Mexico is killed before Helm can complete his mission to extract her, he finds himself teamed up with the woman's sister as he fights to save the lives of a number of scientists and Congressmen.

Film adaptation

The Silencers has the distinction of being the first Matt Helm novel adapted as a film. The movie version was released in 1966 and starred Dean Martin as Helm. Rather than follow Hamilton's storyline, the filmmakers took elements of the plot, combined it with elements of the first Helm book, Death of a Citizen, and cast the story in a comedic vein, spoofing the James Bond film franchise.

External links
Synopsis and summary

1962 American novels
American novels adapted into films
Matt Helm novels
Novels set in Mexico

The Silencers (novel)


Cerreto di Spoleto is an Italian village and comune of the province of Perugia in Umbria. It is a  dispersed rural community with 1,158 inhabitants spread over 8 frazioni. Its claim to fame is to be the root of the English term "charlatan", as Cerreto was once widely known for the quacks among its natives.

Villages

Ponte di Cerreto is a village of about 200 inhabitants about a mile south of Cerreto.  Though now insignificant, Ponte was once an important defensive outpost overlooking the first bridge over the Nera River. The counts of Celano built a fortress at this site, which has not survived. Today, the village is best known for the 12th-century Romanesque abbey church of Santa Maria: the façade includes a very good rose window, and the interior is notable for preserving the architect's sketch of that window, engraved on one of the walls of the nave. Among the frescoes is an almost equally rare depiction of the Trinity as a three-headed man.

Rocchetta (Rocchetta di Cerreto when distinguishing it from others) lies at  above sea-level on a ridge above and to the east of the Tissino River. Its principal sights are three churches, two of them medieval and the third of the 16th‑18th centuries, of which the best is San Nicola, with a frescoed interior.

Additional frazioni
 Colle Soglio
 Nortosce

Notable people
The Renaissance humanist and poet Iovianus Pontanus (Giovanni Gioviano Pontano) was born here in 1426—although after his father had been murdered in a civic brawl his mother escaped with the boy to Perugia.

See also
Rocchetta

References

External links
Official website
Thayer's Gazetteer of Umbria - Cerreto
Thayer's Gazetteer of Umbria - Ponte
Bill Thayer's Gazetteer - Rocchetta

Cities and towns in Umbria
Romanesque architecture in Umbria

Cerreto di Spoleto


The Mad King is a Ruritanian romance by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, originally published in two parts as "The Mad King" and "Barney Custer of Beatrice" in All-Story Weekly, in 1914 and 1915, respectively. These were combined for the book edition, first published in hardcover by A. C. McClurg in 1926.

Plot summary
Set in the fictional European kingdom of Lutha, the protagonist is a young American named Barney Custer, of Beatrice, Nebraska, who is the son of an American farmer and a runaway Luthan princess, Victoria Rubinroth. Unaware of his royal blood, much less that he is a dead ringer for his relative Leopold, the current king of Lutha, Barney visits Lutha on the eve of the First World War to see for himself his mother's native land. As he arrives in Lutha, King Leopold has just escaped from his ten years' imprisonment at the hands of his scheming uncle, Prince Peter of Blentz. Much to his own and everyone else's confusion, Barney is naturally mistaken for the king, leading to numerous complications.

Barney meets and falls in love with Princess Emma Von Der Tann, Leopold's promised bride, and then becomes intimately involved in Luthan affairs, working to help the king and ultimately allowing himself to be proclaimed as king while impersonating Leopold to prevent Prince Peter from seizing the throne. He finally succeeds in foiling Peter's plans to become king himself by rescuing and fighting for the real king. Unfortunately, after his coronation, King Leopold discovers the shared love between Barney and Princess Emma, and Barney is forced to leave Lutha, mimicking the flight of his father years earlier, though his father left with a princess—Barney has only a soldier. Thus ends part one.

In the second part of the novel, the European skies are darkening as World War I has begun. In Lutha, King Leopold has proven himself to be a bad ruler and has not yet persuaded Princess Emma to marry him. In Nebraska, Barney's soldier friend leaves the farm to return to Lutha. Barney himself is attacked by one of Prince Peter's henchmen and he decides to return to Lutha as well. After an adventurous trip across war-torn Europe, which includes being mistaken for a spy by the Austrians and barely escaping a firing squad, Barney finally reaches Lutha, where he once again is forced to impersonate the king in order to save Lutha from the advancing Austrians. He makes a diplomatic alliance with Serbia, and defeats the Austrians in person, thereby saving Lutha. The real king Leopold, who has been his antagonist throughout the second part of the novel, is mistaken for Barney and killed by one of Prince Peter's henchmen. Barney then consents to remain as king of Lutha, married at last to Princess Emma.

Historical background
Unlike Anthony Hope's Ruritanian novels, The Mad King is set in a real world situation. Lutha's location is easy to find, as Burroughs describes it as being between Austria and Serbia. Lutha's circumstances mirror those of many Balkan nations forced to choose sides in the opening phase of the First World War. Burroughs also clearly chooses sides in the conflict, portraying Austria (and by extension her German allies) as the bad guys. Serbia is represented as being a good power.

At the time of writing and publication in 1914-15, developments in the actual war—where Serbia seemed able to hold its own in the fighting with the Austrians—made the book's ending plausible. This was, however, decisively changed by the entry of Bulgaria into the war; Serbia was completely overrun, devastated, and occupied until the end of the war. If Lutha were real, it would probably have shared Serbia's fate. If liberated from Austrian occupation in 1918, Lutha might have struggled to preserve independence and avoid incorporation in the new Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Had Lutha remained independent, having an American citizen on its throne might have come under close international scrutiny in the Versailles Conference.

Interlude
The Eternal Lover—a collection of two novellas written in 1914/1915 and first published together in 1925—has as its protagonist Barney's sister Victoria Custer. These stories take place between Barney's two Luthan adventures, when he and his sister are the guests of Tarzan on the latter's African estate. When cave man Nu is released from suspended animation, Victoria discovers that she is the reincarnation of his great love Nat-ul. The story covers her adventures with Nu.

Copyright

The copyright for this story has expired in the United States and, thus, now resides in the public domain there.  The text is available via Project Gutenberg and Wikisource.

References

External links

The Mad King entry in ERBzine.com ERB Illustrated Bibliography
Text of the novel at Project Gutenberg
Edgar Rice Burroughs Summary Project Page for The Mad King

Map of Lutha by J. G. Huckenpohler

1914 American novels
American historical novels
Novels first published in serial form
Novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs
Works originally published in Argosy (magazine)
Novels set during World War I
A. C. McClurg books
Novels set in Europe

The Mad King


Fred J. James was an American architect born in Canada. He came to Florida some time around 1885. He had an office in the Citizens Bank Building in Tampa, Florida. He designed El Centro Español of West Tampa.

James designed a Carnegie Library, the Tampa Free Library, constructed in 1915-17, that was Tampa's main library until 1968. It includes a T-plan, masonry, brown and yellow brick atop a rusticated granite basement, and is topped by a barrel tile roof. It has been known as the Old Tampa Free Public Library, the Exceptional Children Education Center is now being used for Tampa's Business and Community Services Department. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.

James designed the R.O. Richards building (1923), also known as the Pythian Building, in Fort Myers, Florida in 1923 at 1615 Hendry Street for R. O. Richards, President of the state pharmacy board and a key figure in getting Connie Mack and the Philadelphia Athletics to come to Fort Myers in 1924. It housed the Royal Palm Pharmacy.

James was also involved in the design of the Thom McAn (1927) on Franklin Street in Tampa.

He designed the 2-story LeClaire Apartments (1926) at 3013-3015 San Carlos in a Masonry Vernacular style. The building has two mirror-image wings connected by a passage on the second floor and includes a stucco-covered arcade. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

References

Further reading
Fred J. James, Architect: A Report by John Marsh, 1990, 52 pages

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
20th-century American architects
1800s births
1900s deaths
Architects from Florida

Fred J. James


Scaevola humifusa (common name - procumbent scaevola) is a prostrate shrub in the family Goodeniaceae, native to Western Australia. It grows to a height of 0.01 to 0.5 m, and its white-cream/white-blue flowers may be seen from August to November or January.

Description
Scaevola humifusa is a shrub which sprawls along the ground, and is densely covered in short, weak, soft hairs. Its stems are up to 40 cm long. The thick leaves have no stalks, have smooth edges, and the leaf blades are 5–20 mm long by 1–4 mm wide. The hairs in the axils are woolly and conspicuous. The flowers occur in axillary racemes which are up to 10 mm long. The sepals are almost free and about  0.5 mm long. The corolla which is 7 to 11 mm long is hairy on the outside, and densely hairy in the throat. The flowers are white or cream with greenish or brownish lines. The fruit is obovoid, 2–4 mm long, sometimes ribbed, almost without any covering of hairs or scales and is 1-seeded.

Distribution and habitat
It is found in the IBRA Regions of the Avon Wheatbelt, Coolgardie biogeographic region, the Esperance Plains, the Geraldton Sandplains, the Mallee biogeographic region, and the Swan Coastal Plain, growing on sandy and clayey soils, on saline flats, in open heath and mallee.

Taxonomy and etymology
It was first described and named by Willem Hendrik de Vriese in 1810, and its specific epithet, humifusa, is a botanical Latin adjective derived from the Latin, humus (meaning "ground") and fusus  (meaning "fell down"), thereby giving an adjective which describes the plant as "spreading over the ground", or "lying on the ground".

References

humifusa
Eudicots of Western Australia
Asterales of Australia
Plants described in 1845
Taxa named by Willem Hendrik de Vriese

Scaevola humifusa


Garrett Hartley (born May 16, 1986) is an American football placekicker who is a free agent. He was signed by the Denver Broncos as an undrafted free agent in 2008. Later that year he became the placekicker for the New Orleans Saints, for whom he set an NFL record (now surpassed) for most consecutive successful field goals to start a career, and then became the first kicker in NFL history to convert three field goals of more than 40 yards in the Super Bowl. His Saints won Super Bowl XLIV, beating the Indianapolis Colts. He played college football at Oklahoma.

Hartley has also played for the Cleveland Browns and Pittsburgh Steelers.

Early years
Hartley prepped at Carroll High School in Southlake, Texas, where he was coached by former North Texas coach Todd Dodge. He set a state record with 90 extra points in 2002 (surpassed by Carroll Dragon, Kevin Ortega, in 2004 and then another Carroll Dragon, Cade Foster, in 2009). Coming out of Carroll, Hartley was rated as a three-star prospect and the second-best placekicker in the country by Rivals.com.

College career
Hartley began his college career at Oklahoma in 2004. He spent most of his first season redshirted, but after inconsistent play from Trey Dicarlo, head coach Bob Stoops decided to pull Hartley's redshirt and start him. He only played in three games during his abbreviated first season and finished 1-for-1 on field goals and 12-for-12 on extra points with his only field goal coming in the 2005 BCS National Championship Game against USC. Hartley struggled during his sophomore year, missing eight of his 22 field goal attempts despite making two field goals from beyond 50 yards. He went 37 of 38 in extra points attempts.

Hartley broke out during his junior season going 19-for-20 in field goals and 49-for-50 in extra points. Hartley's .950 field goal percentage was among the highest during the season and earned him a nomination for the Lou Groza Award which goes to the nation's best placekicker. Hartley's only miss of the season came during a controversial loss to Oregon when a 44-yard kick was blocked after Hartley had already successfully made four field goals. Hartley's senior season did not quite match the level of performance of the year before. He finished going 13-for-15 in field goals and 71-for-77 in extra points.

Professional career

Denver Broncos
Hartley was not drafted during the 2008 NFL draft but he signed as a free agent with the Denver Broncos. However, he was released on July 21 just before the start of training camp.

New Orleans Saints

Hartley was signed by the New Orleans Saints on October 29, 2008, to replace Taylor Mehlhaff, who was released. He played in his first game on November 9, 2008, against the Atlanta Falcons. Hartley came out strong, booting 13 for 13 field goal attempts for the 2008 season. He was expected to be the Saints starting kicker for the 2009 season. However, Hartley was given a 4-game suspension after testing positive for a banned stimulant, Adderall.

Hartley remained inactive (while longtime Saints kicker John Carney handled the kicking duties) until the Saints' twelfth game of the season, against the Washington Redskins. Hartley then kicked four field goals, including the game winning kick in overtime that allowed the Saints to preserve their undefeated record. He missed the first field goal of his professional career in this game, from 58 yards. He held the NFL record for most consecutive field goals made to start a career, with 16 until the record was broken in 2012 by Kai Forbath of the Washington Redskins. On January 24, 2010, he made a 40-yard field goal in overtime against the Minnesota Vikings in the NFC Championship to send the New Orleans Saints to their first Super Bowl. He continued in Super Bowl XLIV, going 3-for-3 with field goals of 46, 44, and 47 yards in the 31–17 victory over the Indianapolis Colts. He became the first kicker in Super Bowl history to convert three field goals of 40 yards or more.

The 2010 season began erratically for Hartley. He missed two field goal attempts in the Saints' Week 1 home win over the Minnesota Vikings. He later made three field goals despite windy conditions in a Week 2 win on the road against the San Francisco 49ers.  In a Week 3 match with the Atlanta Falcons, he made a last-second field goal to send the game into overtime, but then missed a 29-yard field goal attempt in overtime that would have won the game. In response, the Saints re-signed John Carney, and Hartley was inactive for the next two games.  With injuries mounting at other positions, however, the Saints decided not to continue carrying two kickers, cutting Carney and returning Hartley to his starting position.  In the 2010 season, Hartley converted all 40 extra point attempts and 20 of 25 field goal attempts in 14 games.

Hartley missed the entire 2011 season after injuring his hip during a preseason game. He was replaced by veteran John Kasay. He returned as the Saints' kicker in 2012 and 2013 season, but struggled with intermittent bouts of inconsistency.  In the 2012 season, he converted all 57 extra point attempts and 18 of 22 of field goal attempts. After he missed two field goals against the St. Louis Rams on Sunday, December 15, 2013, one of which was attempted from only 26 yards,  he was released by the Saints on December 17, 2013, and replaced by veteran kicker Shayne Graham the same day. In the 2013 season, Hartley converted all 41 extra point attempts and 22 of 30 field goal attempts.

Cleveland Browns
On December 13, 2014, Hartley was signed by the Cleveland Browns to replace Billy Cundiff, who had injured his knee.  He was active as the Browns' placekicker for their next game, against Cincinnati, but he did not actually have an opportunity to play in the game, because the opening kickoff was handled by Browns punter Spencer Lanning and the Browns never had another kicking opportunity as they failed to score (or even to attempt a field goal) in a 30–0 loss.

Hartley was waived by the Browns on March 11, 2015.

Pittsburgh Steelers
On August 11, 2015, Hartley was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers to replace Shaun Suisham, who had torn his ACL. On August 29, 2015, Hartley suffered a pulled hamstring during a preseason game against the Buffalo Bills.

On August 31, 2015, Hartley was placed on injured reserve. On October 13, he was released by the Steelers.

Seattle Dragons
Hartley signed with the Seattle Dragons of the XFL on January 24, 2020. He was waived on January 28 after failing to receive medical clearance, as he has an artificial disk in his neck and not a fusion.

Massachusetts Pirates

On September 3, 2021, it was announced that Hartley signed with the Massachusetts Pirates of the Indoor Football League two days before their playoff semifinal game against the Frisco Fighters.

In the United Bowl on September 12, Hartley kicked the game-winning field goal in overtime, securing the Pirates' 37–34 win over the Arizona Rattlers and winning them their first league title in franchise history.

On January 17, 2022, Hartley was released by the Pirates.

References

External links

Oklahoma Sooners bio

1986 births
Living people
Players of American football from Tarrant County, Texas
American football placekickers
Oklahoma Sooners football players
Denver Broncos players
New Orleans Saints players
Cleveland Browns players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
People from Keller, Texas
Seattle Dragons players
Massachusetts Pirates players
Carroll Senior High School alumni

Garrett Hartley


Asatru (Icelandic: Ásatrú) is a religion which involves the worship of ancient Germanic and Scandinavian Viking spirits and gods. It received official legal establishment in 1970s in Iceland through the efforts of Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson and other Icelanders. The current recognized national organization of Asatru in Iceland is Ásatrúarfélagið. The name is derived from two Old Norse words. It means "faith in the Æsir," the Old Norse gods.

A person who practices Asatru is called an Asatruar, and is sometimes referred to as a Heathen. Asatru is also called Wodanism, Wotanism or Germanic paganism.

Common books that describe the knowledge in depth include the Sagas and the Eddas.

Gods and Goddesses
Asatru is a polytheistic religion in which various goddesses and gods are worshiped. The most prominent are Thor, Odin, Freyja, Frigg, Freyr, Tyr, Loki, and Heimdall.

References

Paganism

Asatru


Hubert Willis (1862 – 13 December 1933) was a British actor best known for his recurring role as Doctor Watson in a series of silent Sherlock Holmes films co-starring with Eille Norwood.

Stage career

Willis appeared in the copyright performance of William Gillette's play Sherlock Holmes (1899) in an unknown role. He played Planchette and Lavrille in Never Again at the Vaudeville Theatre (1897) opposite Allan Aynesworth; Captain Welsh opposite Robert Taber in Bonnie Dundee at the Adelphi Theatre (1900); Brother Jerome in The Sacrament of Judas at the Comedy Theatre (1901); Rushey Platt, MP in Love in Idleness at Terry's Theatre (1902); Dick Snaresby in Brown at Brighton at the Avenue Theatre (1903); Mullins in the original stage production of Peter Pan at the Duke of York's Theatre (1904) opposite Gerald du Maurier as Captain Hook/Mr. Darling and Nina Boucicault as Peter Pan; Jenkins in Castles in Spain at the Royalty Theatre (1906); Dubois in The Hon'ble Phil opposite G. P. Huntley at Hicks Theatre (1908); Mr. Curry in The Test at the Court Theatre (1906). and Village Handyman in The Man with his Back to the East at the Court Theatre (1912).

Sherlock Holmes films

Willis made his first film appearance as Shelton in the silent film The House of Temperley (1913), an adaptation of Rodney Stone by Arthur Conan Doyle. Between 1921 and 1923 he played Dr. Watson in 44 short films and one full length film opposite Eille Norwood as Sherlock Holmes including The Hound of the Baskervilles (1921) and in three series of 15 episodes each in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1921); in The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1922), and in The Last Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1923). In the episode The Sign of Four (1923) Willis was replaced by Arthur Cullin as Dr. Watson.

Personal life
In 1892 Willis married (Harriet) Annie Godfrey (1861-), an actress, and with her had a daughter Winifred, who also became an actress. Willis lived at 39, Marlborough Crescent in Bedford Park in Chiswick, West London. He died in December 1933 and left £4,105 1s 4d in his will.

Selected filmography
 A Message From Mars (1913)
 Liberty Hall (1914)
 The King's Daughter (1916)
 The Mother of Dartmoor (1916)
 Partners at Last (1916)
 His Daughter's Dilemma (1916)
 A Gamble for Love (1917)
 Justice (1917)
 The Manxman (1917)
 The Manchester Man (1920)
 Lady Audley's Secret (1920)
 The Pursuit of Pamela (1920)
 The Duchess of Seven Dials (1920)

References

External links

1862 births
1933 deaths
English male stage actors
English male film actors
English male silent film actors
20th-century English male actors
Male actors from Reading, Berkshire
20th-century British male actors

Hubert Willis


The 2024 Summer Olympics, which will be officially known as the Games of the XXXIII Olympiad, is a sporting event that will happen from July 26 to August 11 in Paris, France.

On July 11, 2017, a proposal to choose the 2024 and 2028 Olympic host cities at the same time was approved by an Extraordinary IOC Session in Lausanne, Switzerland. On July 31, 2017, the International Olympic Committee made a deal with Los Angeles to host the 2028 Summer Olympics. It made Paris host the 2024 Summer Olympics. On September 13, 2017, the hosts for both Olympic games was announced at the 131st IOC Session in Lima, Peru.

Candidate Cities
 Paris, France (2024 Host City)
 Los Angeles, California, United States (2028 Host City)

Cancelled Potential Bids

Europe
  Germany, Hamburg

Thomas Bach stated that Hamburg would apply for 2024 Olympic Games. Hamburg would have hosted the games the first time in history and would therefore have received the virtue over Berlin as Berlin's inhabitant had a negative atmosphere towards the Olympic Games application.
  Copenhagen, Denmark

The organization of the Games in Copenhagen was investigated by the Danish government

  Kyiv, Ukraine

  Budapest, Hungary

North America
  Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States

Larry Needle, executive director of the Philadelphia Sports Congress, said that if Philadelphia, the largest city in Pennsylvania, wanted to host the Olympics, its earliest realistic chance would have been the 2024 Summer Games

A study by eleven graduate students from the University of Pennsylvania showed that Philadelphia should have considered bidding for the 2024 Olympics. The study said that one of the city's biggest challenges would be convincing the voters who select the host city that Philadelphia is a "world-class city", something that "will require strategic changes in the city's landscape in conjunction with a persuasive marketing strategy". The study mentions that when arriving in the city from Philadelphia International Airport, it is difficult to find a route that does not have abandoned oil tanks, old structures and thousands of tons of waste. One good thing about having the Games in Philadelphia is that it is near many large cities.

  Toronto, Ontario, Canada

On July 10, 2007 it was revealed that the Canadian Olympic Committee had worked on a potential bid for the 2020 or 2024 games for Toronto, the capital of Ontario and the largest city in Canada.  This would have been Toronto's third bid for the summer Olympic games, after unsuccessful bids for the 1996 and 2008 Summer Games.

Oceania
  Brisbane, Australia

The subtropical city of Brisbane would seriously consider bidding for the Olympic Games in 2020 or 2024, former Queensland Premier Peter Beattie has said. His announcement came after IOC President Jacques Rogge said the IOC would love to see a bid from Brisbane in the future.

Australia hosted the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne. In 1986, Brisbane lost the bid for the 1992 Summer Olympics, which were held in Barcelona. However, Brisbane has experience in hosting major international sporting events; the city hosted the 1982 Commonwealth Games and the 2001 Goodwill Games.

Australia also hosted the Olympic games in Sydney, 2000.

References

2020s in France
August events
21st century in Paris
July events
Summer Olympics in France
Summer Olympics
Scheduled sports events

2024 Summer Olympics


Bardwell Park is a suburb in southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The suburb is located 12 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district and is part of the St George area. Bardwell Park is in the local government area of the Bayside Council. Bardwell Valley is a separate suburb, to the east.

History
Bardwell Park was named after free settler Thomas Hill Bardwell who owned land in the area. His grant was originally heavily timbered and bounded by Wolli Creek, Dowling Street and Wollongong Road. In 1881, the land was auctioned and  were subdivided. The railway station opened on 21 September 1931 which opened up the area for home sites. The school opened in September 1943 and the post office opened in May 1946.
Up until 2016 it was the only suburb in Sydney not to have traffic lights. However, due to many road incidents at the Slade Road and Hartill-Law Avenue intersection, which also proved to be a risk to pedestrians, and to community action which was also faced with ongoing delays from the then Rockdale Council, traffic lights were eventually installed and turned on on 11 August 2016.

Bardwell Park and Wolli Creek Valley

Bardwell Park borders an important piece of remnant bushland, the Wolli Creek Valley, beside Wolli Creek. There have been active citizens' movements lobbying for its preservation in the face of demands for urban expansion. The most public of these prevented the building of the M5 South Western Motorway through the valley, resulting in the road being built as a tunnel under the valley. Nevertheless, community concern remains over what is seen as the release of particle pollution from exhaust emissions into the atmosphere in the Bardwell Valley.

The Wolli Creek Valley contains the only bushland of any size left in inner south-west Sydney. It is also the only large undeveloped natural space that remains in a heavily developed residential and industrial region. The park offers public transport access, family picnic areas, parkland, birdwatching, bushwalking, extensive views of sandstone escarpments, heathland and woodland forest. A 60 hectare regional park is under development.

Other surrounding recreational areas include Coolibah Reserve, Shepard Reserve, Lambert RD Reserve, Ron Gosling Reserve, and Silver Jubilee Park. Currently, a group of local volunteers is helping to improve the surrounding bushland density of the suburb, and have been doing so since 2013.

Commercial area
Bardwell Park is a leafy, predominantly residential area but features a small shopping centre around Hartill-Law Avenue and Slade Road, beside the Bardwell Park railway station. The Bardwell Park - Earlwood RSL is also located beside the railway station and includes a new gym and the club has undergone a renovation in October 2011.

Transport
Bardwell Park railway station is on the T8 Airport & South Line of the Sydney Trains network. Bardwell Park is also serviced by 2 bus services, including Transit Systems route 473 from Campsie to Rockdale and route 491 from Five Dock to Hurstville.

Demographics
According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 2,242 residents in Bardwell Park; 69% of whom were born in Australia. The most common other countries of birth were China 7.8% and Greece 5.4%. The most common reported ancestries in Bardwell Park were Greek 18.0%, English 14.1%, Australian 12.3%, Chinese 10.2% and Italian 5.5%. 48.7% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Greek 18.5% and Mandarin 6.5%. The most common responses for religious affiliation were Catholic 25.5%, Eastern Orthodox 24.2%, No Religion 19.9% and Anglican 7.4%.

References

Suburbs of Sydney
Bayside Council

Bardwell Park, New South Wales


Dúinnín Ó Maolconaire was a member of the Ó Maolconaire family of Connacht, who served as historians and poets to the Síl Muireadaigh, and their rulers, the Ó Conchubhair Kings of Connacht. He is the first of the family listed as the Ollamh Síol Muireadaigh, his genealogy listing him as the son of Nede son of Conaing Buide Ó Maolconaire. He died in 1231.

Sources

The Encyclopaedia of Ireland 2003; .
 Mac Dermot of Moylurg: The Story of a Connacht Family Dermot Mac Dermot, 1996.
A New History of Ireland VIII: A Chronology of Irish History to 1976 - A Companion to Irish History Part I edited by T.W. Moody, F.X. Martin and F.J. Byrne, 1982.
The Celebrated Antiquary Nollaig O Muralie, Maynooth, 1996.
Irish Leaders and Learning Through the Ages Fr. Paul Walsh, 2004. (ed. Nollaig O Muralie).

External links
List of Published Texts at CELT — University College Cork's Corpus of Electronic Texts

13th-century births
1231 deaths
13th-century Irish historians
Writers from County Roscommon
13th-century Irish poets
Irish male poets

Dúinnín Ó Maolconaire


Anthocyanidins are common plant pigments, the aglycones of anthocyanins.  They are based on the flavylium cation, an oxonium ion, with various groups substituted for its hydrogen atoms.  They generally change color from red through purple, blue, and bluish green as a function of pH.

Anthocyanidins are an important subclass of the polymethine dyes and flavonoids.  The flavylium cation is a chromenylium cation with a phenyl group substituted in position 2; and chromenylium (also called benzopyrylium) is a bicyclic version of pyrylium.  The positive charge can move around the molecule.

At least 31 monomeric anthocyanidins have been properly identified in living organisms, mostly as the core components of anthocyanins.  The latter are responsible for the red, purple, blue, or black color of many fruits (like grapes and blueberries), flowers (like roses), leaves (like purple cabbage), and even tubers (like radishes and purple yams).  They are also found in some animals.

Classification
3-Deoxyanthocyanidins such as luteolinidin are a class of anthocyanidins lacking an hydroxyl group on carbon 3.

{| class="wikitable centered" style="text-align:center"
|+ Selected anthocyanidins and their substitutions
|- class="hintergrundfarbe5"
! Anthocyanidin
! Basic structure (R3 & R4′ = −OH)
! R3′
! R5′
! R5
! R6
! R7
|-
| Aurantinidin
| rowspan=12 |
| −H
| −H
| −OH
| −OH
| −OH
|-
| Capensinidin
| −OCH3
| −OCH3
| −OCH3
| −H
| −OH
|-
| Cyanidin
| −OH
| −H
| −OH
| −H
| −OH
|-
| Delphinidin
| −OH
| −OH
| −OH
| −H
| −OH
|-
| Europinidin
| −OCH3
| −OH
| −OCH3
| −H
| −OH
|-
| Hirsutidin
| −OCH3
| −OCH3
| −OH
| −H
| −OCH3
|-
| Malvidin
| −OCH3
| −OCH3
| −OH
| −H
| −OH
|-
| Pelargonidin
| −H
| −H
| −OH
| −H
| −OH
|-
| Peonidin
| −OCH3
| −H
| −OH
| −H
| −OH
|-
| Petunidin
| −OH
| −OCH3
| −OH
| −H
| −OH
|-
| Pulchellidin
| −OH
| −OH
| −OCH3
| −H
| −OH
|-
| Rosinidin
| −OCH3
| −H
| −OH
| −H
| −OCH3
|}

Natural occurrence

Most plant anthocyanins are based on cyanidin (30%), delphinidin (22%), and pelargonidin (18%), respectively. Altogether 20% of the anthocyanins are based on the three common anthocyanidins (peonidin, malvidin, and petunidin) that are methylated.

Around 3%, 3%, and 2% of the anthocyanins or anthocyanidins are respectively labeled as 3-desoxyanthocyanidins, rare methylated anthocyanidins, and 6-hydroxyanthocyanidins, respectively.

In bryophytes, anthocyanins are usually based on 3-desoxyanthocyanidins located in the cell wall. A new anthocyanidin, riccionidin A, has been isolated from the liverwort Ricciocarpos natans. It could be derived from 6,7,2′,4′,6′-pentahydroxyflavylium, having undergone ring closure of the 6' -hydroxyl at the 3-position. Its visible spectrum in methanolic HCl is at 494 nm. This pigment was accompanied by riccionidin B, which most probably is based on two molecules of riccionidin A linked via the 3′- or 5′-positions. Both pigments were also detected in the liverworts Marchantia polymorpha, Riccia duplex, and Scapania undulata.

Effect of pH
The stability of anthocyanidins is dependent on pH. At a low pH (acidic conditions), colored anthocyanidins are present, whereas at a higher pH (basic conditions) the colorless chalcones forms are present.

References

External links

PH indicators
Bioindicators

Anthocyanidin


In Judaism, confession () is a step in the process of atonement during which a Jew admits to committing a sin before God. In sins between a Jew and God, the confession must be done without others present (The Talmud calls confession in front of another a show of disrespect). On the other hand, confession of sins done to another person may be done publicly, and in fact Maimonides calls such confession "immensely praiseworthy".

The confession of a sin in itself does not bring immediate forgiveness. Rather, it is one component of repentance in Judaism, which can lead to forgiveness.

Hebrew Bible
Vidui is not found as a noun in the Hebrew Bible, but the concept of confession and the hithpael verb form of yadah (ידה) – from which vidui is derived – are found, and seems to fall into the category of speech actions.

Individuals might confess their sins or their people's sins as a precondition to achieving forgiveness, while confession was required along with certain sin-offerings in the Temple. In , the people's sins were confessed "on the head" of the scapegoat, which then was said to carry those sins out of the camp.

The structure of a confession
Maimonides writes:

In prayer
In addition to each person's own personal confessions, in many communities a form of confession has been added to the standard prayer service.

The standard confession text begins by referring to the prayer that has proceeded it:

This is followed by a list of specific sins which the individual or community may have committed.

After the list comes a statement of regret for the sins. For example, the standard short confession concludes as follows:

Alphabetical texts

There are two commonly recited confession texts: the short confession (וידוי הקטן) and the long confession (וידוי הגדול). Both include a list of sins that a person confesses to in the order of the alephbet. The short confession lists one sin per letter, while the long confession lists two. A number of purposes have been suggested for the alphabetical arrangement:
To aid in memorizing the list
To provide a more comprehensive list of sins, and better remind the confessor of additional sins they have committed which they can add to the list
To symbolize that one has confessed for any possible sin

While not everyone has committed every sin in the standard confession texts, they are worded in the plural ("we have sinned"). They are thus recited in the name of the whole Jewish people, and it is presumably true that every sin mentioned has been committed by at least one Jew.

During confession the congregant stands, with head bowed in regret or shame, and with the mention of each sin, thumps his fist over his heart.  Some individuals might quickly add (silently or in a whisper) additional sins, not in the traditional list, beginning with the same letters.

With reference to the Ashkenaz text, it has been said, "out of the 44 statements that make up the Al Cheyt, twelve deal with sins rooted in speech (five in Ashamnu).  Only four statements relate to transgressions committed by man against God in the strict sense (only two in the Ashamnu text). Dominating both confessional texts are general expressions of sin (fifteen in Al Cheyt and seventeen in Ashamnu)."

Ashamnu,  the short confession

This formula begins "We have incurred guilt, we have betrayed, we have stolen, we have spoken falsely, etc." (""). It is commonly known by its first word, Ashamnu (also transliterated Oshamnu). An early form of this confession is found most directly in ; see especially verses 5, 9, 18–19, where the supplicant acknowledges himself meritless, and entreats for God's forgiveness based only on God's own merit, and that God's name should not be tarnished among the nations.

Ashamnu is an alphabetic acrostic, consisting of 24 lines (the last letter of the alphabet,  (tav), used three times). Each sin is usually expressed as one word (a few are two words), a verb in the past tense, first person plural.  The last two sins (repetitions of the letter ) are "" (taw'inu, titawnu) are usually translated as: "We went astray, We led others astray". Occasionally the last word is translated as "You [i.e. God] allowed us to go astray"—the ArtScroll siddur uses both possibilities,<ref>Munk, Elie, The World of Prayer (orig. 1953, Engl. transl. 1963, NY, Feldheim) vol. 2, page 242 (for "You let us ...") and page 245, "The two last words ... which were added at the end of the alphabetical arrangement, are interpreted as follows:  taw'inu is a kind of recapitulation of all that has gone before; we admit that, indeed, we have gone astray; (see Isaiah 53:6 [& 63:17]) titawnu thereafter indicates that the Lord freely permitted us to stray and did not force us to remain on the right path, for 'he who has evil intentions will have [the gates of evil] opened wide for him.' ([Talmud,] Yoma 38b)"; Complete ArtScroll Siddur" (Ashkenaz ed, 2nd ed. 1987) pages 119b, 777 (for "You let us ..."),    page 833 ("we led others ..."), similarly Scherman, Nosson, The Complete ArtScroll Machzor – Yom Kippur (Ashkenaz) (1986, Brooklyn, Mesorah Publ'ns) page 853 ("You have let us ...").</ref> the point being that the last word is an unusual form (not found in the Bible) that suggests a positive determination to go astray, the misuse of free will.  However, the translation of "You let us go astray" has been criticized as an error, and it has been suggested that the last word means "we have scoffed" or "we have mocked" or "we tricked" or "we misled others".

The short confession is said by Nusach Sefard and most Sephardic communities (except Spanish and Portuguese) as a portion of Tachanun (daily supplications) immediately following the Amidah, and by all communities on Yom Kippur and during the recitation of Selichot. It is recited standing and quietly, except on Yom Kippur when it is customary to recite it aloud. In many congregations (mainly Ashkenazi ones), it is even customarily sung on this date. This form first appeared in the prayerbook of the Amram Gaon (8th century).

 Al Chet, the long confession
The long confession, known as Al Chet (or Al Cheyt or Al Hayt; "", , "For the sin ..."), is said only on Yom Kippur.

Each line begins "For the sin we committed before You through ..." (על חטא שחטאנוּ לפניך בּ־); the prefix בּ־ meaning "through" or "by means of", and the rest of that word is in alphabetic sequence: בּאנס (compulsion), בּבלי דעת (ignorance), and so on. It is a double acrostic in the Ashkenaz liturgy (a single acrostic in Sefardic and Italian liturgy).

This is then followed by a non-acrostic list whose lines begin "And for the sin for which we are"—here naming the Temple offering or the punishment (including lashing and death) that might be imposed. And concluding with a brief categorization of sins (such as the violation of a positive commandment, or of a negative commandment, or whether the sin can or cannot be remedied, as well as those we do not remember committing).

Although the text varies among the different liturgical traditions, it follows this general pattern.

 Musical treatment
It is traditional that both Ashamnu and Al Cheyt'' are chanted in a somewhat upbeat melody,  in the Ashkenaz tradition similar to one associated with the triumphant Song at the Red Sea.  This may seem unusual, as one might have expected a confession of sins to be chanted as a dirge.  But an uplifting melody is common in all Jewish traditions.  One explanation is that by this confession, "the worshipper is stimulated to a mood of victory and a sense of hopeful living in the face of an unknown and unpredictable future."  Or that, by making this confession and repenting, "our sins are transformed into merits."

Deathbed confession

The Talmud teaches that "if one falls sick and his life is in danger, he is told: "Make confession, for all who are sentenced to death make confession."" Masechet Semachot adds that "When someone is approaching death, we tell him to confess before he dies, adding that on the one hand, many people confessed and did not die, whilst on the other, there are many who did not confess and died, and there are many who walk in the street and confess; because on the merit of confession you will live." Similar language is employed in the Shulchan Aruch's codification where it is ruled that the following text should be recited to the terminally ill: "Many have confessed but have not died; and many who have not confessed died. And many who are walking outside in the marketplace confess. By the merit of your confession, you shall live. And all who confess have a place in the World-to-Come."

The patient is then to recite the deathbed Viduy. There is an abbreviated form intended for those in a severely weakened state and an elongated form, "obviously if the sick person wishes to add more to his confession—even the Viduy of Yom Kippur—he is permitted to do so". Afterwards it is also encouraged for the patient to recite the Shema, enunciate acceptance of the Thirteen Principles of Faith and to donate some money to charity.

References

External links
Confession of sins – a liturgical commentary oztorah.com September 2009
List of Viduy

Jewish law and rituals
High Holy Days
Confession (religion)

Confession (Judaism)


Niccolò Cacciatore (; 26 January 1770 – 28 January 1841) was an Italian astronomer.

Cacciatore was born at Casteltermini, in Sicily. While studying mathematics and physics in Palermo, he became acquainted with Giuseppe Piazzi, head of the Palermo Astronomical Observatory, and became a graduate student assistant at the observatory in 1798. Two years later, in 1800, the year before Piazzi discovered Ceres, Cacciatore was formally put on staff.

Cacciatore helped Piazzi compile the second edition of the Palermo Star Catalogue (1814). He did the bulk of the work, in fact heading the project starting in 1807. He also published works on the comets of 1807 and 1819.

Cacciatore succeeded Piazzi as director of the Palermo Observatory in 1817. As such, his most notable observation was the discovery of globular cluster NGC 6541 on 19 March 1826. The observatory was attacked, and he was imprisoned, during the Sicilian Revolution of 1820, but he survived to restore the facility and lead it for two more decades.

In addition to astronomy, he was an expert on meteorology, and wrote a number of books on the subject. Further, after the political troubles of 1820, he served as a member of the legislature of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Cacciatore was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1837.

He married Emmanuela Martini in 1812, with whom he had five children. His son, Gaetano, succeeded him as director of the observatory.

Sualocin and Rotanev

Alpha and Beta Delphini are a pair of visually unremarkable 4th magnitude stars. When the Palermo Catalogue was published in 1814, the unfamiliar names Sualocin and Rotanev were attached to them. Eventually the Reverend Thomas William Webb, a British astronomer, puzzled out the explanation. Cacciatore's name, Nicholas Hunter in English translation, would be Latinized to Nicolaus Venator. Reversing the letters of this construction produces the two star names. They have endured, the result of Cacciatore's little practical joke of naming the two stars after himself. How Webb arrived at this explanation 45 years after the publication of the catalogue is still a mystery. In 2016, the two names were approved as official by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).

Works

See also
 James Dunlop
 Thomas William Webb

References

Further reading
 Cacciatore at NGC/IC observers; includes picture
 For NGC 6541 see Olbers AN #104, "Ein neuer Nebelfleck" AN #113, and Biela AN #120

1770 births
1841 deaths
People from the Province of Agrigento
19th-century Italian astronomers
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Scientists from Sicily

Niccolò Cacciatore


Acid jazz (also known as club jazz, psychedelic jazz, or groove jazz) is a music genre that combines elements of funk, soul, and hip hop, as well as jazz and disco. Acid jazz originated in clubs in London during the 1980s with the rare groove movement and spread to the United States, Japan, Eastern Europe, and Brazil. Acts included The Brand New Heavies, D'Influence, Incognito, Us3, and Jamiroquai from the UK and Buckshot LeFonque and Digable Planets from the U.S. The rise of electronic club music in the middle to late 1990s led to a decline in interest, and in the twenty-first century, the movement became indistinct as a genre. Many acts that might have been defined as acid jazz are seen as jazz-funk, neo soul, or jazz rap.

Characteristics

Etymology
The genre's name was likely coined by Gilles Peterson, and the label was started by Bangs, Eddie Piller, and Gilles. The name refers to the acid house genre, which was popular in UK clubs in the 1980s. However, DJs Femi Williams and Marco Nelson from Young Disciples claimed in a recently unearthed 1992 TV interview that they coined the term because they had a club with acid playing downstairs and jazz upstairs, so they thought it would be amusing to name the upstairs room "The Acid Jazz Room". The veracity of this claim predating Peterson's is dubious, as the interview in question took place five years after the Acid Jazz label was created, and Young Disciples were first active three years after the formation of the label.

Evolution
Acid jazz consisted of two related movements. The first was based on records by disc jockeys and music producers who added percussion and electronic dance beats to jazz tracks from the 1960s and 1970s. The second movement included groups who were influenced by these recordings and who emphasized a groove. Acid jazz borrowed from jazz, funk, and hip-hop. Because it relies heavily on percussion and live performance, it is sometimes associated with jazz, but its emphasis on groove aligns it more with funk, hip hop, and dance music. The style is characterized by danceable grooves and long, repetitive compositions. Acid jazz bands usually include horns, a rhythm section (drum set and additional percussion), a vocalist who may sing or rap, and a DJ.

History

Origin
Acid jazz has its origins in the 1960s, when psychedelic styles were being incorporated into other musical genres, jazz being one of these. Some cite Six Pack and Soul Fiesta by The Apostles (1969) as acid jazz records during the 1960s. Acid jazz became popular in London clubs during the 1980s when disc jockeys associated with the rare groove movement played obscure jazz records. Their interests were in the fringe of jazz fusion, jazz funk, and the soul jazz of 1960s. Particularly significant were records from the Blue Note catalogue. These DJs included Gilles Peterson, who had residencies at several London clubs in the 1980s. Peterson began in a small pirate radio station and then moved to the larger Kiss-FM. In 1988 with producer Eddie Piller he formed the label Acid Jazz Records. The first release from the company was the compilation Totally Wired, which contained obscure jazz funk tracks from the 1970s with updated new tracks.

In 1990 Peterson left to start the label Talkin' Loud at Phonogram. The company signed Galliano, Young Disciples, and Urban Species. Another British record label, Fourth and Broadway Records, was formed in 1990 and began a compilation series with the title "The Rebirth of Cool". The label's roster included Pharoah Sanders, Stereo MCs, MC Solaar, and Courtney Pine.

In 1991 acid jazz broke into the mainstream with the success of Brand New Heavies. After one self-titled album (1990) with Acid Jazz Records, the group signed with FFRR Records and had the hit singles "Never Stop" and "Dream Come True". Other bands included Incognito and Us3, whose "Cantaloop (Flip Fantasia)" (1993) was the biggest hit in the genre. Also successful was Jamiroquai, an early act for Acid Jazz Records that signed with Sony, which released Travelling Without Moving (1996) and the hit single "Virtual Insanity". Other live acts included Stereo MCs and the James Taylor Quartet. The mainstream success of acid jazz was followed by many compilations which left the public confused about the genre.

Acid jazz in the US

Acid jazz spread to the United States in the early 1990s. It reached New York City in 1990 when British promoter Maurice Bernstein and his South African partner Jonathan Rudnick opened Groove Academy as a party at the Giant Step club in the basement of the Metropolis Café in Union Square. Groove Academy turned into a record label and media company. Acid jazz musicians in New York City included Brooklyn Funk Essentials, DJ Smash, and Jerome Van Rossum. In San Francisco acid jazz was released by Ubiquity Records, by Solsonics in Los Angeles, and The Greyboy Allstars in San Diego.

A Tribe Called Quest borrowed from jazz for their album The Low End Theory (1991). Under the name Buckshot LeFonque, Branford Marsalis and Digable Planets won a Grammy Award for the 1993 single "Rebirth of Slick (Cool Like Dat)".

Formed in New York in 1990, Groove Collective produced their self-titled debut in 1993. The rapper Guru released a series of albums recorded with jazz musicians as the Jazzmatazz series.

Stemming from Chicago in 1993, Liquid Soul achieved a national profile in 1996 when their self-titled debut LP was re-released by Ark21. In 2000 their album Here's the Deal was nominated in the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Jazz Album category.

Around the world
Acid jazz soon gained an international following, including in Japan, Germany, Brazil and Eastern Europe. From Japan, United Future Organization gained an international reputation, signing an American record deal in 1994. Other acts from Japan included Mondo Grosso, and Gota Yashiki Skalpel came from Poland.

Decline
The rise of electronic club music in the mid- to late-1990s led to a decline in interest in acid jazz among the record buying public, although the genre continued to have a reduced worldwide following. In the twenty-first century the movement became so intertwined with other forms that it became indistinct as a genre and many acts that might have been defined as acid jazz are now seen as jazz funk, neo soul or jazz rap.

Q magazine stated "Acid jazz was the most significant jazz form to emerge out of the British music scene". One major legacy of the genre is its influence on the jam band movement, with acid jazz proving a suitable medium for extended improvisation for acts such as Medeski, Martin and Wood and The Greyboy Allstars.

See also
 Broken beat
 Deep funk
 Groovera
 Jazz-funk
 List of electronic music genres
 Ninja Tune
 Trip hop

References

Acid jazz
Funk genres
Psychedelic music
Dance music genres
British styles of music

Acid jazz


Bonvi, pen name of Franco Bonvicini (31 March 1941 – 10 December 1995) was an Italian comic book artist, creator of the comic strips Sturmtruppen and Nick Carter.

Biography
Bonvicini was born either in Parma or Modena, in the Emilia Romagna region of Northern Italy.  The correct site is unknown, as his mother registered him in both places to obtain twice the amount of war-rationing food stamps.  The author hinted at this fact in one of his Sturmtruppen comic books, where he usually hid autobiographical notes inside the dark humour of the books.

After a brief experience in advertising work, he made his debut in the comics world in 1968 for the newspaper Paese Sera with his most famous strip Sturmtruppen.  Sturmtruppen was later translated in numerous countries outside Italy.  While politically left-aligned and a pacifist, Bonvi was fascinated by war, and had served in the tank corps in postwar Italy.  He also had an encyclopedic knowledge of the Wehrmacht's uniforms, weapons and equipment, which he faithfully recreated in his cartoonish universe.  Each weapon and vehicle appearing in the strip is real; uniforms are also faithfully depicted apart from some simplifications.  Sturmtruppen, however, was not only a satire of military life and Nazism, but also a true, endless wellspring of comical and surreal situations.

Bonvicini was one of the first Italian cartoonists to use the horizontal format typical of United States' strips.

Sturmtruppen strips were published periodically until Bonvi's death, with the exception of a pause in the 1970s, in which he left Italy for a long trip to Africa. In 1967 he played Derek Flit, a parody of Derek Flint in Come rubammo la bomba atomica an Italian spy comedy movie shot in Egypt.

Bonvicini was a friend of another famous Bolognese citizen, the writer and singer Francesco Guccini.  As a duo, they produced a science fiction series called Storie dello spazio profondo (Stories from Deep Space) (1972), whose main protagonist has Bonvi's features.

In 1969 he also created Cattivik, another surreal strip parodying the anti-hero Diabolik.  The series was to be continued with success by his pupil Guido Silvestri, better known as Silver and, later, by other cartoonists.  Bonvi's second-best known character was created in 1971, in collaboration with writer and TV director Guido De Maria: Nick Carter, a refreshing humour series featuring a trio of detectives (series' namesake Nick Carter aided by massive and naive Patsy and proverb-quoting chinaman Ten) working in the New York of 1910s.  Nick Carter appeared also in TV in the 1970s.

In this decade Bonvi created an adult science fiction series, Cronache del dopobomba ("After the Bomb Chronicles"), featuring a grotesque post-apocalyptic world, as well as the fictional detective Milo Marat (for the French market, with Mario Gomboli), and his most serious comic book, L'uomo di Tsushima ("The Man of Tsushima").  For the latter's protagonist Bonvi used again his face as that of the US author Jack London, one of his favourite writers.  In 1973 Bonvicini was named Best European Cartoonist receiving the Prix Saint-Michel.

Another famous work were the adventures of Marzolino Tarantola, an eccentric millionaire engaged along with his butler and the hulking speech-impaired strongman "Henry the crew" in a car race across the world, from San Francisco to Paris; the threesome must constantly fend off the dastardly tricks of their nemesis, "Professor Moriarty" and his diminutive lackey, Perfidio. The story is loosely based on the Wacky Races cartoon and the movie The Great Race with Tony Curtis and Jack Lemmon but  both inspirations merely served Bonvi as a pretext to let him draw wild capers across the globe in the early-1900s which were his preferred time period.

In the 1980s Bonvi became a member of Bologna town hall council and founded a publishing house with Italian deejay and TV personality Red Ronnie. They published a monthly magazine featuring new Sturmtruppen strips and reprints of old Bonvi stories, as well as articles about music, teen culture and comics in general.

Bonvi's last work was Zona X, in collaboration with Giorgio Cavazzano. It was published posthumously by Sergio Bonelli Editore in 1996 with the new title La città.

Death
Bonvi was killed in a car accident in 1995. He was on his way to a TV station in Bologna to appear on Red Ronnie's TV show to raise financial support for cartoonist Magnus (Roberto Raviola) who was ill and in dire straits. Bonvi was struck by a Citroen Pallas while crossing a road right after having entered a bar asking for directions.

Works
Sturmtruppen (1968)
Cattivik (1968)
Capitan Posapiano (1969)
Storie dello spazio profondo (1969), with Francesco Guccini
Nick Carter (1972), with Guido De Maria
Cronache del dopobomba (1974)
L'Uomo di Tsushima (1978)
Marzolino Tarantola (1979)
Truppen Italien (1995), a Sturmtruppen version in collaboration with the Italian Army
Blob (1995, unpublished)

Cinema
Bonvi co-wrote the screenplay for the 1977 Sturmtruppen movie adaptation of Sturmtruppen, directed by Salvatore Samperi.  He also appeared briefly in the second film of the series, Sturmtruppen II (1983), playing a German officer.  He also starred in the 1967 Come rubammo la bomba atomica, directed by Lucio Fulci, and in the movie Cavalli si nasce (1988), directed by the comic strip author Sergio Staino.

External links
Official site
Official site devoted to Nick Carter

1941 births
1995 deaths
Artists from Bologna
Italian comics artists
Italian comic strip cartoonists
Italian comics writers
Italian parodists
Comic book publishers (people)
Italian publishers (people)
Road incident deaths in Italy

Bonvi


Mallung or mallum (), is a shredded vegetable Sri Lankan dish that comprises lightly cooked/sautéed greens, with fresh coconut and any number of spices and chili. Mallung is a common condiment and is eaten at almost every meal. Most meals are usually served with one or two different mallungs, which play an important part in nutrition as this is how locals got a regular vitamin intake in their diet. The word 'mallung' or 'mallum' simply means 'wilted'.

The central ingredient of mallung is a leafy green vegetable, finely shredded which is then combined with a standard set of ingredients, to enhance and support their flavour. A number of different plants are used to make it, including cassia, passion fruit leaves, watercress or water spinach leaves. In western countries leafy vegetables, such as spinach, cabbage, chard and kale are used as substitutes for traditional Sri Lankan greens. In general, this selection comprises chopped green chillies, chopped shallots, chopped curry leaves, crushed garlic, a chopped clove of garlic together with half a cup of shredded coconut for every kilogram of moist leafy greens, seasoned with turmeric, salt and pepper, powdered Maldives fish and lime juice.

There are a range of bitter, medicinal and wild greens that are commonly used in mallung in Sri Lanka, with mostly the leaves of native plants used. One of the most popular mallungs is made with gotukola (Centella asiatica), other popular varieties include kankun (Ipomoea aquatica), kathurumurunga (Sesbania grandiflora) and mukunuwenna (Alternanthera sessilis). Other herbal leaves like aguna (Wattakaka volubilis), Cheilocostus speciosus and passionfruit leaves are also used in mallungs.

References

Salads
Sri Lankan cuisine
Sri Lankan vegetable dishes
Foods containing coconut

Mallung


Intercontinental Exchange, Inc. (ICE) is an American company formed in 2000 that operates global financial exchanges and clearing houses and provides mortgage technology, data and listing services. Listed on the Fortune 500, S&P 500, and Russell 1000, the company owns exchanges for financial and commodity markets, and operates 12 regulated exchanges and marketplaces.  This includes ICE futures exchanges in the United States, Canada and Europe, the Liffe futures exchanges in Europe, the New York Stock Exchange, equity options exchanges and OTC energy, credit and equity markets.

ICE also owns and operates six central clearing houses: ICE Clear U.S., ICE Clear Europe, ICE Clear Singapore, ICE Clear Credit, ICE Clear Netherlands and ICE NGX. ICE has offices in Atlanta, New York, London, Chicago, Bedford, Houston, Winnipeg, Amsterdam, Calgary, Washington, D.C., San Francisco, Tel Aviv, Rome, Hyderabad, Singapore and Melbourne.

History
Jeffrey Sprecher was a power plant developer who spotted a need for a seamless market in natural gas used to fuel power stations. In the late 1990s, Sprecher acquired Continental Power Exchange, Inc. with the objective of developing an Internet-based platform to provide a more transparent and efficient market structure for over-the-counter energy commodity trading.

In May 2000, ICE was founded by Sprecher and backed by Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, BP, Total, Shell, Deutsche Bank and Société Générale.

The new exchange increased price transparency, efficiency, liquidity, and had lower costs than manual trading. While the company's original focus was energy products (crude and refined oil, natural gas, power, and emissions), acquisitions subsequently expanded its activity into soft commodities (sugar, cotton and coffee), foreign exchange and equity index futures.

In a response to US financial crisis in 2008, Sprecher formed ICE US Trust, based in New York and now called ICE Clear Credit LLC, to serve as a limited-purpose bank, a clearing house for credit default swaps. Sprecher worked closely with the Federal Reserve to serve as its over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives clearing house. "US regulators were keen on the kind of clearing house for opaque over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives as a risk management device. In the absence of a central counterparty – which would guarantee pay-outs should a trading party be unable to do so – there was a high risk of massive market disruption."

The principal backers for ICE US Trust were the same financial institutions most affected by the crisis, the top nine of the world's largest banks (Goldman Sachs, Bank of America, Citi, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, JPMorgan, Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley and UBS). Sprecher's clearing house cleared their global credit default swaps (CDS) in exchange for sharing profits with these banks.  By September 30, 2008, the Financial Post warned that the "$54000bn credit derivatives market faced its biggest test in October 2008 as billions of dollars worth of contracts on now-defaulted derivatives would be auctioned by the International Swaps and Derivatives Association . In his article in the Financial Post, he described ICE as a "US-based electronic futures exchange" which raised the stakes on October 30, 2008, in its effort to expand in the $54000 bn credit derivatives market.

By 2010, Intercontinental Exchange had cleared more than $10 trillion in credit default swaps (CDS) through its subsidiaries, ICE Trust CDS (now ICE Clear Credit). By 2017 Intercontinental Exchange had been named to the Fortune Future 50 determining the top 50 companies that are best positioned to adapt and deliver growth in a complex environment. ICE was also named to the Fortune 500 in June 2017 as the only exchange operator included in the ranking.

On September 6, 2019, Bloomberg reported that ICE was growing closer to offering Bitcoin futures trading, as "its Bakkt unit opens its digital-asset custody warehouse today to customers." On September 23, 2019, Bitcoin will be able to be acquired.

Mergers and acquisitions
Intercontinental Exchange has had a policy to grow through the acquisition of other exchanges, a number of these have been successful while others have failed due to concerns by regulators or others that the new company would have created a monopoly situation. The major acquisition and attempted acquisitions have included:

2001: International Petroleum Exchange (IPE)
In June 2001, ICE expanded its business into futures trading by acquiring the London-based International Petroleum Exchange (IPE), now ICE Futures Europe, which operated Europe's leading open-outcry energy futures exchange. Since 2003, ICE has partnered with the Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) to host its electronic marketplaces. In April 2005, the entire ICE portfolio of energy futures became fully electronic and ICE closed International Petroleum Exchange's high profile and historic trading floor.

2007: New York Board of Trade (NYBOT)
ICE became a publicly traded company on November 16, 2005, and was added to the Russell 1000 Index on June 30, 2006.  The company expanded rapidly in 2007, acquiring the New York Board of Trade (NYBOT), and ChemConnect (a chemical commodity market).

2007: Chicago Board of Trade - (unsuccessful bid)
In March 2007 ICE made an unsuccessful $9.9 billion bid for the Chicago Board of Trade, which was instead acquired by the CME Group.

2007: Winnipeg Commodity Exchange (WCE)
IntercontinentalExchange Inc., the "upstart Atlanta-based energy bourse" purchased the privately held 120-year-old Winnipeg Commodity Exchange, known for its canola futures contract, for $40 million.

The Winnipeg Commodity Exchange (WCE) was renamed ICE Futures Canada as of January 1, 2008.
In 2004, the Winnipeg Commodity Exchange had "closed its open-outcry trading floor" becoming "the first North American agricultural futures exchange to trade exclusively on an electronic platform" by trading via the "Chicago Board of Trade's electronic platform, and [using] clearing services from the Kansas City Board of Trade. IntercontinentalExchange converted Winnipeg Commodity Exchange contracts to the IntercontinentalExchange platform. IntercontinentalExchange maintained an office and "small core staff" in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The Manitoba Securities Commission oversee its operations.

2008: Creditex
In June 2008, ICE announced that it had entered into a definitive merger agreement to acquire Creditex Group Inc. (Creditex). The transaction consideration totaled $625 million comprising approximately $565 million in ICE common stock and $60 million in cash, as well as a working capital adjustment to be finalized at closing. Upon the closing of the transaction, Creditex Group became a wholly-owned subsidiary of ICE, operating under the Creditex name.

2008: TSX Group's Natural Gas Exchange Partnership
In January 2008, ICE partnered with Canada's TSX Group's Natural Gas Exchange, expanding their offering to clearing and settlement services for physical OTC natural gas contracts.

2010: Climate Exchange
In April 2010, ICE acquired Climate Exchange PLC for 395 million pounds ($622 million) and European Climate Exchange (ECX) as part of its purchase. Exchange-traded emissions products were first offered by the European Climate Exchange (ECX), which was established in 2005, by listing products on the ICE Futures Europe's trading platform. ICE Futures Europe is the leading market for carbon dioxide () emissions. ICE's ECX products comply with the requirements of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme.

2013: NYSE Euronext
In February 2011, in the wake of an announced merger of NYSE Euronext with , speculation developed that ICE and Nasdaq could mount a counter-bid of their own for NYSE Euronext. ICE was thought to be looking to acquire the American exchange's derivatives business, Nasdaq its cash equities business. As of the time of the speculation, "NYSE Euronext's market value was $9.75 billion. Nasdaq was valued at $5.78 billion, while ICE was valued at $9.45 billion." Late in the month, Nasdaq was reported to be considering asking either ICE or the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) to join in what would probably be an $11–12 billion counterbid for NYSE. On April 1, ICE and Nasdaq made an $11.3 billion offer which was rejected April 10 by NYSE. Another week later, ICE and Nasdaq sweetened their offer, including a $.17 increase per share to $42.67 and a $350 million breakup fee if the deal were to encounter regulatory trouble. The two said the offer was a $2 billion (21%) premium over the Deutsche offer and that they had fully committed financing of $3.8 billion from lenders to finance the deal.

The Justice Department, also in April, "initiated an antitrust review of the proposal, which would have brought nearly all U.S. stock listings under a merged Nasdaq-NYSE." In May, saying it "became clear that we would not be successful in securing regulatory approval", the Nasdaq and ICE withdrew their bid. The European Commission then blocked the Deutsche merger on February 1, 2012, citing the fact that the merged company would have a near monopoly.

In December 2012, ICE announced it would buy NYSE Euronext (this time without the involvement of Nasdaq) for $8.2 billion, pending regulatory approval. Jeffrey Sprecher will retain his position as chairman and CEO. The boards of directors of both ICE and NYSE Euronext approved the acquisition, which took place in 2013.

In 2014, ICE spun off Euronext, keeping NYSE and LIFFE, renaming it ICE Futures Europe.

2014: SuperDerivatives Inc.
In September 2014, ICE announced that it had agreed to acquire SuperDerivatives, a provider of risk management analytics, financial market data and valuation services. SuperDerivatives was purchased for $350 million on October 7, 2014.

2015: Interactive Data Corporation (IDC)
In October 2015, ICE announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Interactive Data Corporation (IDC), a provider of financial market data, analytics, from Silver Lake, involved in technology investing, and Warburg Pincus, a private equity firm focused on growth investing. The acquisition was valued at approximately $5.2 billion, including $3.65 billion in cash and $1.55 billion in ICE common stock, and builds on ICE's global market data growth strategy by expanding the markets served, adding technology platforms and increasing new data and valuation services. Completion of the transaction was subject to regulatory approval and other customary closing conditions. The transaction completed on December 14, 2015.

2015: Trayport and subsequent divestment
In December 2015, ICE acquired Trayport for $650 million from GFI Group. Trayport provides a trading technology platform that serves brokers, exchanges, clearing houses and trading participants, primarily in the European utility markets. Approximately 70%-80% of European utility trades flow through its platform.

Following the acquisition, the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) called in the merger for review. In October 2016 it announced its decision to require ICE to sell Trayport, having ruled that the merger could lead to a substantial lessening of competition.  ICE challenged the decision in the Competition Appeal Tribunal (CAT), but the CAT upheld the CMA's decision. As a result, ICE sold Trayport to TMX Group in October 2017, in exchange for certain TMX Group assets and cash of £350 million. The CMA's ruling against ICE was the first time CMA had required that a company sell an asset that it had already bought.

2016: Standard & Poor's Securities Evaluations (SPSE)
In March 2016, ICE agreed to acquire Standard & Poor's Securities Evaluations, Inc. (SPSE) and Credit Market Analysis (CMA), two assets under the S&P Global Market Intelligence business unit from McGraw Hill Financial. Most terms of the agreement were not disclosed. In October 2016 it had completed its all-cash acquisition.

2017: TMX Atrium
In February 2017, ICE announced it had entered an agreement to acquire TMX Atrium, an extranet and wireless services business from TMX Group. Terms of the agreement were not disclosed, and the transaction is expected to close within 90 days, subject to regulatory approvals. The financial impact of the transaction will be immaterial and was included in ICE's financial guidance for 2017.

2017: BofA Merrill Lynch Global Research Index Platform (BofAML)
In February 2017, ICE announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement to acquire the Global Research division's index platform from Bank of America Merrill Lynch. The BofAML indices are the second most used fixed income indices by assets under management (AUM) globally, and upon closing, the AUM benchmarked against the combined fixed income index business of ICE will be nearly $1 trillion. Upon closing, the indices will be re-branded as the ICE BofAML indices. The terms of the agreement were not disclosed, and the transaction is expected to be completed in the second half of 2017. The financial impact of the transaction is expected to be immaterial in 2017. In October 2017 ICE announced it has completed its acquisition. Furthermore, in August 2019, it announced it had entered into an agreement to acquire a family of fixed income volatility indices, including the prominent Merrill Lynch Option Volatility Estimate ("MOVE") family of indices.

2017: Euroclear
In October 2017, ICE  announced it had acquired a 4.7% stake in Euroclear for EUR 275 million. ICE anticipates having one representative join the Board of Euroclear. Euroclear is a leading provider of post-trade services, including settlement, central securities depositories and related services for cross-border transactions across asset classes. It is understood ICE increased its stake to 10% in early 2018.

2017: Virtu BondPoint
In October 2017, ICE announced it had entered into an agreement to acquire Virtu BondPoint from Virtu Financial for $400 million in cash. The acquisition was reportedly completed on January 2, 2018, as announced by ICE.  BondPoint is an integrated, automated platform offering additional fixed income execution services and one of the broadest sets of fixed income instruments.

2018: Chicago Stock Exchange (CHX)
In April 2018, ICE announced that it had entered into an agreement to acquire the Chicago Stock Exchange (CHX), a full-service stock exchange, including trading, data and corporate listings services. The transaction is expected to close in the second quarter of 2018, subject to regulatory approvals. Terms of the transaction were not disclosed, and the financial impact will not be material to ICE or impact capital return plans.

2018: TMC Bonds LLC
In May 2018, ICE announced that it had entered into an agreement to acquire TMC Bonds LLC for $685 million in cash. Established in 2000, TMC Bonds is a fixed income marketplace, supporting anonymous trading in various asset classes including Municipals, Corporates, Treasuries, Agencies and Certificates of Deposit. The transaction is expected to close in the second half of 2018, subject to customary regulatory and anti-trust approvals, and is not expected to materially impact 2018 financial results or capital returns.

2018: Merscorp Holding, Inc
In October 2018, ICE announced that it had acquired the remaining equity of Merscorp Holding, Inc., owner of Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. (MERS). Merscorp owns and operates the MERS System, a national electronic registry that tracks the changes in servicing rights and beneficial ownership interests in U.S.-based mortgage loans. ICE had owned a majority equity interest in MERS since 2016. Earlier this month, ICE successfully moved the MERS System infrastructure to the ICE Mahwah data center, an integral requirement for completing the final acquisition of the business. The price and terms of the transaction were not disclosed and will not be material to ICE's earnings or have an impact on capital return plans.

2019: Simplifile, LC
In May 2019, ICE announced that it had agreed to acquire Simplifile, LC. Simplifile operates a network connecting agents and jurisdictions involved with residential mortgage records.

ICE will pay $335 million to acquire Simplifile, which is based in Provo, Utah and has no debt. The transaction is expected to close in the third quarter of 2019. Upon closing, Simplifile, which has approximately 200 employees, will continue to be based in Provo and operate under the Simplifile name.

2020: Ellie Mae
In August 2020, ICE announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Ellie Mae, a cloud-based platform provider for the mortgage finance industry. The transaction with Ellie Mae, a portfolio company of Thoma Bravo, a leading private equity investment firm, valued Ellie Mae at approximately $11 billion. The deal, following ICE's taking a majority stake in MERS in 2016, purchasing the remainder in 2018, and acquiring Simplifile in 2019, made ICE and its growing ICE Mortgage Technology a leading provider of end-to-end electronic workflow solutions for the U.S. residential mortgage industry. The transaction completed successfully in September 2020 after regulatory approval.

2021: risQ

On December 9, 2021, ICE acquired risQ, a geospatial and climate data modeling start-up company, after announcing partnerships with the company to develop climate risk and ESG analytics models for municipal bond markets in January 2020 and mortgage-backed securities markets in March 2021.

2022: Black Knight

In May 2022, ICE announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Black Knight, Inc., a software, data and analytics company that serves the housing finance continuum. The cash and stock transaction values Black Knight at $85 per share, or a market value of $13.1 billion. In April 2023, the Federal Trade Commission petitioned a federal court to issue a preliminary injunction to halt the acquisition.

In Aug 2023, ICE announced that they had entered into an Agreement Containing Consent Orders (the "ACCO") with the Bureau of Competition of the Federal Trade Commission (the "FTC") regarding their pending acquisition of Black Knight. The ACCO contains an agreed form of consent order that will be submitted to the FTC for acceptance and approval. Based off previously announced Timing Agreement entered into among ICE, Black Knight and the FTC on August 6, 2023, ICE was permitted to complete its acquisition of Black Knight following 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on the tenth calendar day after the entry into the ACCO.

In Sep 2023, the parties closed the acquisition and completed the previously announced divestitures of Black Knight's Empower and Optimal Blue businesses to subsidiaries of Constellation Software Inc.

Operations
ICE provides exchange trading and clearing services in a number of different markets.  Its main products include:

 Exchange traded futures and options
 Agriculture
 Financials
 Crude Oil and Refined
 Electricity
 Natural Gas/Liquids
 UK Natural Gas
 Other
 Over-the-counter instruments (ICE OTC)
 Crude Oil and Refined
 Natural Gas
 Electricity

The company is split into the following subsidiaries:

 Markets
 ICE Futures U.S.
 ICE Futures Europe - one of the world's largest energy futures and options exchanges
 ICE Futures Singapore
 ICE Endex
 ICE OTC Energy
 ICE Swap Trade & Creditex
 ICE Bonds

 Clearing
 ICE Clear U.S.
 ICE Clear Europe
 ICE NGX
 ICE Clear Singapore
 ICE Clear Netherlands
 ICE Clear Credit

ICE Data Services
In June 2016 Intercontinental Exchange introduced the expanded ICE Data Services, which combined exchange data, valuations, analytics, and other software used by the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), SuperDerivatives and Interactive Data (IDC).

ICE originally formed its ICE Data subsidiary in 2003, recognizing the rising demand for exchange data as markets became increasingly automated. ICE continues to invest in its data services to address evolving customer needs driven by regulatory reform, market fragmentation, passive investing and indexation, along with increased demand for data capacity and security, and independent valuations. Their customers include global financial institutions, asset managers, commercial hedging firms, risk managers, corporate issuers and individual investors.

ICE Data Services has offices in California, New York, Chicago, Bedford MA, London, Rome, Dublin, Tel Aviv, Hong Kong, Singapore, Tokyo, Hyderabad and Melbourne.

See also

 List of futures exchanges
 Securities market participants (United States)

References

 Bundled references

External links

 ICEOKX

Financial services companies established in 2000
Financial services companies of the United States
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Energy companies of the United States
Companies based in Atlanta
Commodity exchanges in the United States
Energy exchanges
Economy of London
Petroleum economics
Futures exchanges
American companies established in 2000
2005 initial public offerings

Intercontinental Exchange


Diré is a town and commune on the left bank of the Niger River in the Tombouctou Region of Mali. In the 2009 census the population of the commune was 22,365. The town is the administrative center of the Diré Cercle.  There are several languages spoken, but the main language is Songhay. The population is predominantly Muslim. Situated on the Niger River, the principal industries are agriculture and commerce.

References

External links
.

Communes of Tombouctou Region

Diré


A gymnasium (often called a gym) is a place used for physical activity. The word γυμνάσιον (gymnasion) was used in Ancient Greece. It meant a place for both physical and intellectual education of young men (see gymnasium (ancient Greece)).

The intellectual education meaning persisted in German and other languages to mean a certain type of school providing secondary education, the Gymnasium, whereas in English the meaning of physical education was pertained in the word gym. However, the word "gymnasium" is not used very often in English nowadays. The term favoured in English is  "sports centre", which perhaps seems more natural.

Some gyms offer memberships where people can train to improve their physical appearance and health. Commercial gyms offer sometimes help from qualified trainer. Again, another term is more used today: "fitness centre".

Sports such as basketball and volleyball are often played in gymnasia.

References

Sports buildings

Gymnasium


Episcopal High School was founded in 1839.  It is a private boarding school in Alexandria, VA.  The school's nickname is 'The Holy Hill' and it's campus is 130 acres large.  Around 435 students live on the campus.  These students are from 30 states, the District of Columbia and 17 countries.  The school does not take any day students, all of the students have to live on campus.

History
When it was founded in 1839, it was the first high school in Virginia.  It was originally called the 'Howard School'.  It became known as 'The High School'.  Originally only males were allowed to study at Episcopal. In 1991 the school allowed 48 female students to study.  Today 50% of students are female.

Honor Code
The school has a set of simple rules it calls honor code.  Many schools have rules similar to Episcopal's Honor Code.
Episcopal's Honor Code says:
I will not lie.
I will not cheat.
I will not steal.
I will report the student who does.
After a student finishes an important document, he or she must write the following and sign their name:
I hereby certify upon my honor that I have neither given nor received assistance on this examination, nor am I aware of any breach in the honor system.

Notable Alumni
Stephen Ailes, Secretary of the Army (1964-1965)
Lee S. Ainslie, Managing Partner, Maverick Capital
Louis Bacon, hedge fund manager, Member of the Forbes 400
Lenox D. Baker, Member of the Board, Anthem Healthcare
Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War (1916-1921)
T. Berry Brazelton, pediatrician and creator of the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
Gaston Caperton, ex-governor of West Virginia and president of the College Board
Virginius Dabney, editor of the Richmond Times-Dispatch (1936-1969) and winner of the 1948 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing
Paul DePodesta, former GM, Los Angeles Dodgers
David R. Dougherty, Headmaster of The Hill School, Pottstown, PA
Jonathan Dunlap - NASCAR Nextel Cup driver
Todd Gray, Chef and Owner of DC's Equinox Restaurant
Tim Hightower, NFL Running Back, Arizona Cardinals
Lester Kinsolving, Political Talk Show Host on WCBM and Member of White House Press Corps
Ryder Lee, Lead Vocals, The Lost Trailers
Burnet R. Maybank Jr., Former Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina, candidate for Governor, SC Senator, and lawyer.
John McCain (1954), Republican senator from Arizona and the 2008 Republican Party candidate for President of the United States
R. Walton Moore, United States House of Representatives(D-VA), (1919-1931)
Andrew Nielson, Bass Guitar, The Lost Trailers
Stokes Nielson, Guitar, Vocals, Songwriter, The Lost Trailers
Jeff Potter, Drums, The Lost Trailers
Julian Robertson, financier
Quentin Roosevelt, youngest son of Theodore Roosevelt
Bryson Spinner, NFL QB, San Francisco 49ers
Ernest M. Stires, Episcopal Bishop of Long Island
Tian Zheng, Financier

References

Schools in Virginia
1839 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Virginia
High schools in the United States

Episcopal High School


Asim Munir Butt (born 24 October 1982) is a former Pakistani cricketer. Munir was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm off break. He was born in Sialkot, Punjab.

Munir made his debut for Gujranwala in a List A match in the 1998/99 Pakistani cricket season against Lahore City. The following season, he made his first-class debut for the team against Pakistan International Airlines. He played first-class and List A cricket for the team until the 2002/03 season, Butt also played first-class and List A cricket for Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited, who he represented from the 2001/02 season to the 2003/04 season. He additionally played List A cricket for the Pakistan Cricket Board Blues and Pakistan Emerging Players, who he played for in 2002/03 and 2003/04 respectively. He played county cricket in England on a single occasion, playing a List A match for Cumberland against Devon in the 2nd round of the 2003 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy, which was played in 2002.

Overall, Munir played 23 first-class matches. In these, he scored 1,322 runs at a batting average of 42.64, making 4 half centuries and 4 centuries. His highest score, an unbeaten 157, came against the Rest of Baluchistan in 2001/02. He took 3 wickets with the ball, coming at a bowling average of 53.66. In List A matches, he made 41 appearances. In these, he scored 953 runs at an average of 26.47, making 4 half centuries and 2 centuries. His highest score, an unbeaten 128, came against Multan in 2002/03. He took a total of 8 wickets with the ball, at an average of 29.50 and with best figures of 4/44.

Munir also played a number of Youth One Day Internationals for Pakistan Under-19s, making his debut against Sri Lanka Under-19s in 2001. He also played for Pakistan Under-19s in the 2002 Under-19 World Cup.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Cricketers from Sialkot
Pakistani cricketers
Gujranwala cricketers
Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited cricketers
Cumberland cricketers
Cambridgeshire cricketers

Asim Munir (cricketer)


An official script is a writing system a country's government uses to write government documents, such as laws, contracts, etc. An official script should not be confused with an official language, because writing systems and spoken languages are not the same. For many languages, the same language can often be written in different writing systems. For example, the Malay language can be written in either the Latin alphabet (rumi) or the Arabic alphabet (jawi).

Also, many languages have changed writing systems for political or religious reasons. For example, English was first written in Anglo-Saxon runes, but English later borrowed the Latin alphabet because Christian missionaries wrote Christian poems and books in English using the Latin alphabet so that the Anglo-Saxons could understand what the missionaries taught them. Also, in 1928, the Turkish leader Ataturk passed a law that said that Turkish must no longer be written with the Arabic alphabet, but now the language must be written in the Latin alphabet. Today, all signs and government documents are written in the Latin alphabet.

Writing systems

Official script


Fatima Yusuf-Olukoju (born 2 May 1971 in Owo, Ondo) is a retired Nigerian athlete who competed mainly in the 400 metres during her career. She won 400 metres race in the 1991 All-Africa Games and was second in the 200 metres race. She is married to Adewale Olukoju.

She later competed in the 200 meters at the World Championship in Spain where she ran 22.28. She is also the first African woman to run under 50 secs in the 400 meters. She ran 49.43 at the 1995 African Championship

She competed for Nigeria in the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta, United States in the 400 meters in which she placed 6th with the time of 49.77 and 4 x 400 metres where she won the Silver medal with her teammates Bisi Afolabi, Charity Opara and Falilat Ogunkoya behind host nation America. She attended Azusa Pacific University.

References

External links

 databaseOlympics

1971 births
Nigerian female sprinters
Olympic athletes for Nigeria
Olympic silver medalists for Nigeria
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Nigeria
Athletes (track and field) at the 1990 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1994 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Living people
Yoruba sportswomen
People from Owo
Azusa Pacific University alumni
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
African Games gold medalists for Nigeria
African Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1991 All-Africa Games
Olympic female sprinters
20th-century Nigerian women
Medallists at the 1990 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1994 Commonwealth Games

Fatima Yusuf


A T-top (UK: T-bar) is an automobile roof with a removable panel on each side of a rigid bar running from the center of one structural bar between pillars to the center of the next structural bar. The panels of a traditional T-top are usually made of auto grade safety glass (tempered or laminated), or acrylic – but they can also be black or body-colored and made of other (often light-weight) materials.

The removable panel roof was patented by Gordon Buehrig on June 5, 1951.   It was first used in a 1948 prototype by The American Sportscar Company or "Tasco."

The 1968 Chevrolet Corvette coupe was the first  U.S.-built production automobile to feature a T-top roof.  This increased the popularity of the coupe, such that it outsold the convertible and later led to the discontinuation of the Corvette convertible after 1975 until it was revived in 1986. Post-C3 models were built with a targa top instead of a T-top.

Examples of traditional T-Top

 Buick Regal (1978-1987)
 Chevrolet Corvette (1968–1982)
 Chevrolet Camaro (1978–2002)
 Chevrolet Monte Carlo
 Chrysler Cordoba
 Datsun 280ZX
 Dodge Daytona
 Dodge Magnum
 Dodge Mirada
 Ford Mustang (second and third generation)
 Ford Thunderbird (seventh generation)
 Mercury Capri
 Nissan NX
 Nissan 300ZX
 Nissan EXA
 Nissan URGE (concept)
 Pontiac Fiero
 Pontiac Firebird, incl. Trans Am (1976–2002)
 Pontiac Grand Prix
 Rover 200 Coupe (1992-1999)
 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme
 Suzuki X-90
 Subaru BRAT
 Subaru Vivio
 Toyota MR2 (AW11/SW20/SW21/SW22)

T-Top variations
 Jeep Wranglers including 'JK' and 'JL' offer removable roof-panel designs that build upon the T-top construction concept
 Suzuki Cappuccino - has an optional solid roof which can be converted into a T-top
 Triumph Stag - has the underlying T-Top structure, but has a one piece, non-glass, roof panel which passes over the central front-to-back bar when in place

See also
 Cabrio coach
 Sunroof
 Targa top

References

Automotive styling features

T-top