The beet armyworm or small mottled willow moth (Spodoptera exigua) is one of the best-known agricultural pest insects. It is also known as the asparagus fern caterpillar. It is native to Asia, but has been introduced worldwide and is now found almost anywhere its many host crops are grown. The voracious larvae are the main culprits. In the British Isles, where it is an introduced species and not known to breed, the adult moth is known as the small mottled willow moth.

Discovery
Thought to have originated in south-east Asian countries, it was first discovered in North America about 1876, when it was found in Oregon, and it reached Florida in 1924.

Description

The adult is a drab brown or grey moth with a wingspan of . Forewing is greyish ochreous in color, washed with dull yellow and sprinkled with black scales. Inner and outer lines are double, indistinct, filled in with pale yellowish color. A dark waved median shade visible before lower half of outer line. Cell is dark brown. Orbicular stigma is pale or bright yellow, and round, whereas reniform has a curved brown lunule in centre. The submarginal line is pale grey. There is the darker shade preceding it with dark streaks between the veins. Terminal spots are black. Hindwings semihyaline are white, with the veins dark brown. All three margins are shaded with fuscous color.

Larvae are pinkish brown, clotted with black. Spiracular line pale ochreous, with dark upper edge. They are greenish-brown cutworms, soft and bulging caterpillars with dark longitudinal stripes.

Damage
The larvae feed on the foliage and fruits of plants, and can completely defoliate small ones. Smaller larvae devour the parenchyma of leaves, so all that remains is the thin epidermis and veins. Larger larvae tend to burrow holes through thick areas of plants. For example, they will burrow straight into a head of lettuce rather than neatly removing tissue from one particular leaf, rendering the produce unmarketable. Larvae also attack buds and new growth on plants, preventing flowers from opening, new leaves from sprouting, and vegetables from developing. As the smaller larvae move about they leave strands of silk behind, netting the leaves with a silvery film.

Ecology
The wide host range of the beet armyworm includes asparagus, beans and peas, sugar and table beets, celery, cole crops, lettuce, potato, tomato, cotton, cereals, oilseeds, tobacco, cannabis, many flowers, and a multitude of weed species. The beet armyworm does not tolerate cold. It can overwinter in warm areas, such as Florida and Hawaii, but in colder areas, it dies off during the winter and the region is reinvaded by the adult moth as the weather warms and crop plants sprout.

Control
Pheromone traps and mechanical hand picking of adults and caterpillars are extensively used. Parasitoids such as Chelonus insularis, Cotesia marginiventris, Meteorus autographae, Lespesia archippivora lay eggs on the caterpillars, and their larvae feed and emerge. Predators like Orius sp., Geocoris sp., Nabis sp., Podisus maculiventris are also effective controlling measures. Pupal stages can be eliminated by introducing Solenopsis invicta to the field.

Apart from biological control, many chemical pesticides are extensively used. Larvae are susceptible to neem products. Eggs can be killed by using petroleum oil concentrations. Applying cottonseed oil to leaves can eliminate both eggs and larvae.

See also
 African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta)

References

External links

"73.087 BF2385 Small Mottled Willow Spodoptera exigua (Hübner, [1808])". UKMoths. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
 Taxonomy
Fauna Europaea
beet armyworm video  Spodoptera exigua, a migratory plague.
beet armyworm on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
Lepiforum e.V.

Spodoptera
Moths described in 1808
Agricultural pest insects
Owlet moths of Africa
Moths of North America
Moths of Cape Verde
Moths of Europe
Moths of Japan
Moths of the Middle East
Moths of Réunion
Moths of Asia
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner
Insect pests of millets

Beet armyworm


Bernardo Villa Ramírez (May 4, 1911 – November 21, 2006) was a Mexican mammalogist. He published five books and over 100 articles: primarily on the biology of bats and rodents, but also on marine mammals.

Life
Born in Teloloapan, Guerrero, Villa Ramírez studied in Guerrero and then Mexico City, returning to his hometown to be a build a school and become a rural school teacher. He later attended the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), receiving a master's degree in 1944, then received a second master's from the University of Kansas in 1947. He returned to UNAM as a researcher, professor, and doctoral student, completing his dissertation on the bats of Mexico in 1966. His resulting book, Los murcielagos de Mexico, became a standard reference for Mexican bat researchers. His memberships and service in scientific societies included an honorary life member  of the American Society of Mammalogists, a president and honorary life member of the Mexican Association of Mammalogy, and first president of the Mexican Society for Marine Mammal Research.

References

External links

1911 births
2006 deaths
20th-century Mexican zoologists
People from Guerrero
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
Academic staff of the National Autonomous University of Mexico
University of Kansas alumni

Bernardo Villa Ramírez


Benjamin James "Ben" Pappas (13 May 1978 – 4 March 2007) was a professional Australian skateboarder and younger brother of skateboarder Tas Pappas. In the late 1990s, Pappas was ranked the No. 2 skateboarder in the world; his older brother Tas was No. 1 at the same time.

Early life
Ben Pappas was born in Melbourne, Australia to Bill and Kerry Pappas (nee Bardot) and he and his older brother Tasou Micah "Tas" Pappas were raised in the Melbourne suburb of St Albans. Their father was born in Egypt and is of Greek descent. In the 2014 documentary All This Mayhem, Tas Pappas said that their childhood was "pretty hectic."

Skateboarding career
In October 1990, Pappas traveled to the United States for the first time and began skating in various competitions internationally. In 1992, Ben, his older brother Tas and their father moved from Melbourne to the United States so that both brothers could pursue careers in professional skateboarding. The brothers soon won sponsorship from Hardcore with clothing and skateboards provided in return for demos at shopping centres.  In 1994, Ben Pappas placed sixth in the New Jersey demo. He participated in the Slam City Jam in Vancouver in 1995 and placed ninth in the event in 1997. In 1999, he placed fifth in the Mountain Dew U.S. Open, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

By 1996, he was ranked the #2 skateboarder in the world while his brother Tas was #1. The two quickly earned a reputation for their confrontational behaviour and partying.  Around this time, both began using cocaine. In 1999, Pappas was arrested for attempting to smuggle 103 grams of cocaine into Australia in the sole of a skate shoe. As a result of the conviction, he was banned from traveling internationally for three years and his passport was seized. The conviction effectively ended his pro skateboarding career as he was no longer able to travel for competitions.

Later years
After Pappas' career ended, he remained in Australia. He married in 1999, but the marriage ended in divorce after two years. For the next several years, he lived a transient lifestyle staying with friends and family. According to his older brother Tas, Pappas had become depressed and frustrated over his career ending and began using heroin. From May to September 2006, he was treated for anxiety and depression.

In March 2005, Pappas began dating Lynette Phillips, a recovering drug addict who was studying to be a drug counselor at Swinburne University. The two moved in together but the relationship was tumultuous and violent as Pappas was reportedly physically abusive and controlling. The two broke up several times. In February 2006, Phillips was granted an interim intervention order against Pappas after he physically assaulted her and damaged her property. The order was revoked the following month at Phillips' request after the two reconciled. At the time of Pappas' death, he and Phillips had reportedly broken up again.

Death
On 24 February 2007, Pappas' on-off girlfriend Lynette Phillips disappeared. On 2 March, her body was found wrapped in a quilt in Dights Falls on the Yarra River. She had been weighted down with a backpack containing two four kilogram dumbbells. An autopsy determined that Phillips had been strangled. Pappas became the sole suspect as he was the last person seen with Phillips before her body was discovered, and the quilt and dumbbells found on Phillips' body belonged to Pappas. Police issued a statewide bulletin to locate Pappas for questioning.

On 3 March, Pappas admitted himself to the emergency room at The Alfred Hospital where he told staff that he was experiencing suicidal thoughts. After a few hours, Pappas told staff that the thoughts had subsided and he was released. He returned to the home of a friend with whom he had been staying. The following day, the friend with whom Pappas' was staying said he told Pappas about the discovery of Phillips' body. According to the friend, Pappas indicated he had already learned of Phillips' death through another friend. The two later had a conversation in which Pappas said he could not remember what happened the day of Phillips' death (24 February) and only recalled waking up on a bench and then taking a large quantity of Xanax.  Later that evening, Pappas left his friend's home and was never heard from again. Six days later, on 10 March, his body was found floating under the pier of the Victoria Dock.

In 2012, a coroner's inquest determined that Pappas killed Lynette Phillips and had drowned himself after her body was found. A psychologist who treated Pappas before his death noted that he had shown signs of "suicidal ideation, homicidal tendencies, and psychotic-related symptoms such as paranoia, anger and frustration."

Film
In 2011, the Pappas family and close friends launched a Facebook campaign to stop production of a documentary funded by Film Victoria with the working title Gnarly: The Ben Pappas Story. Pappas' friends and family said they wanted to stop production on the film as they did "not want to see Ben's life story sensationalized in this exploitative manor [sic]". Mike Hall, the film's producer, abandoned the project in October 2011.

References

1978 births
2007 suicides
2007 deaths
Australian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Australian people of Greek descent
Australian skateboarders
Australian murderers
Murder–suicides in Australia
Australian people convicted of drug offences
Sportspeople from Melbourne
Suicides by drowning in Australia
Suicides in Victoria (state)
2000s in Melbourne
2007 murders in Australia

Ben Pappas


B minor or B-flat minor is a minor scale based on B-flat. Its key signature has five flats.

Its relative major is D-flat major, and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent is A-sharp minor.

B-flat minor is often seen as a "dark" key." Tchaikovsky said that the oboe solo in B-flat minor in the second movement of his Symphony No. 4 was "the feeling that you get when you are all alone".

The old valveless horn could not play easily in B-flat minor. In fact, the only example found in 18th century music is a modulation in the first minuet of Franz Krommer's Concertino in D major, Opus 80.

In classical music
Frédéric Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2, Nocturne Op. 9 No. 1, and Scherzo No. 2
Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Sonata No. 2
Dmitri Shostakovich's Symphony No. 13
Peter Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No. 1
Peter Tchaikovsky's Marche Slave
Sir William Walton's Symphony No. 1In popular music
"Part-Time Lover" – Stevie Wonder
"Cannonball (Damien Rice song)" - Damien Rice
All eight songs on The Raveonettes' Whip It On'' album are in the key of B-flat minor. Sune Rose Wagner said it was "Because Shostakovich's symphony no. 13 was in B flat minor."

References

Musical keys
Minor scales

B-flat minor


Square Chikwanda (born 1972) is a Zimbabwean sculptor, living and working in Harare, Zimbabwe.  He first learned his art from his father, also a Zimbabwean sculptor.

Short Biography
Born in Mvurwi, Chikwanda moved to the Tengenenge Sculpture Community with his father at the age of seven.  There his father taught him at an early age to wash and polish stone.  He finished primary school and learned the art of sculpture to become a full-time artist at the age of thirteen, developing his own style.  At the Community he had several students, of whom Jonathan Mhondorohuma became a good friend.  In 1993 he left the community to work in Harare at the Chapungu Sculpture Park.  At this Park, Chikwanda continued expanding his artistic know-how, which made him one of the leading Harare sculptors.  Chikwanda now (2006) works on his own in Chitungwiza, a Harare suburb. His work has been exhibited worldwide.

Style
Chikwanda's sculptures deal mostly with portraits and animals e.g. "Blind Portrait", Berlin, Germany or "Hippo", Tengenenge, Zimbabwe.  His figures are generally very square and stylised : arms, legs and fingers are often square and show hard lines; noses have knife sharp edges.  His sculptures remind indeed the art-deco figures of the 1930-1940 and are always polished to a high degree of perfection. He uses local Zimbabawean stone, including springstone.

Footnotes

References
Biographical sketch
Friends for ever Zimbabwe
Exhibition Catalogue Friedrichstrasse, Berlin, 2006
Tengenenge-Tomblomefield Museum
Afrika Museum Berg en Daal

Bibliography
 -, "Contemporary Master Sculptors of Zimbabwe", Ruwa, Zimbabwe 2007, p. 57;

Recent Exhibitions
 Annual Heritage Exhibition, National Gallery, Harare, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1992, 1997.
 Museum for Humour and Satire, Bucharest, Bulgaria, 1988.
 National South-African Gallery, Overport, Durban, South Africa, 1991.
 Master Sculptors Of Zimbabwe, Art Center an der Friedrichstrasse, Berlin, Germany, October – December 2006
 Mestres Escultors de Zimbabwe, Museo Comarcal, Montsia d'Amposta, Spain, 21 May-21 June 2009.
 Master Sculptors Of Zimbabwe, Boserup Gallery, Boserupvej 100, Roskilde, Denmark, February 2010.
 Master Sculptors Of Zimbabwe, Sanomatalo Building, Helsinki, Finland, March 2010.
 Master Sculptors Of Zimbabwe, Friends For Ever Gallery, Friedrichstrasse 134, Berlin, Germany, May 2010.

Permanent Collections
 Museum of Tengenenge, Zimbabwe.
 Chapungu Sculpture Park, Harare, Zimbabwe.
 Africa Museum, Berg en Dal, The Netherlands.

1972 births
Living people
People from Mashonaland Central Province
20th-century Zimbabwean sculptors
21st-century sculptors

Square Chikwanda


Seamus Kelly (born 30 May 1991) is a former American rugby union player who played outside centre for the United States national team.

Kelly previously played for San Francisco Golden Gate RFC. He debuted for the U.S. national team at the age of 21 on May 25, 2013, coming on as a substitute against Canada during the 2013 Pacific Nations Cup. He made his first start for the U.S. on 8 June 2013 against Ireland. During the 2013 Pacific Nations Cup, Kelly played in four matches, two as a starter and two as a sub.

Early career
Kelly is from Queens, New York, where he attended Xavier High School. At Xavier he was also a standout running back in American football, earning the nickname "Famous Seamus". A number of universities were interested in recruiting Kelly to play American football. Kelly graduated from Xavier High School in 2009.

Kelly played college rugby with the University of California under coach Jack Clark. Kelly won two national championships during his years at Cal.
Kelly played with Cal in the Collegiate Rugby Championship, and was named to the CRC All-Tournament team in 2010 and 2013. In 2013, Kelly captained Cal to a CRC championship win, earning tournament MVP honors. Kelly was named a Collegiate All-American four times.

Professional career
Kelly has stated that his goal after college is to play rugby professionally overseas. In September 2014 Kelly earned a one-month trial with Gloucester with the view to gaining a full-time contract. After failing to gain a contract with Gloucester, Kelly joined SFGG for the 2015 Pacific Rugby Premiership season.

See also
 California Golden Bears rugby
 United States national rugby union team

References

American rugby union players
Sportspeople from New York City
1991 births
Living people
Rugby New York players
United States international rugby union players
Rugby union centres
2015 Rugby World Cup players

Seamus Kelly (rugby union)


Samuelsonite is a complex mineral that is found near North Groton, Grafton County, New Hampshire, US. Additionally, it is most commonly found as a secondary mineral in granite pegmatite. Samuelsonite is named after Peter B. Samuelson, a prospector from Rumney, New Hampshire.

The mineral has a pale yellow color and has a hardness of 5 on Mohs scale. The crystal is generally yellow, flat, and with straited crystals and blue trolleites. Samuelsonite is monoclinic. There are three vectors of unequal length in this crystal system. The three vectors form a rectangular prism with a parallelogram at the base. Therefore, two of the vectors are perpendicular, while the third makes an angle that is not equal to 90°. Samuelsonite has biaxial birefringence (trirefringence), meaning when light passes through the optic axis it is split into two rays due to the difference in refractive index of the ray with parallel polarized light compared to the ray with perpendicular polarized light.

References

Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12
Phosphate minerals

Samuelsonite


Marjorie Lee Browne (September 9, 1914 – October 19, 1979) was a mathematics educator. She was one of the first African-American women to receive a PhD in mathematics.

Early life and education

Marjorie Lee Browne was a prominent mathematician and educator who, in 1949, became only the third African-American woman to earn a doctorate in her field.  Browne was born on September 9, 1914, in Memphis, Tennessee, to Mary Taylor Lee and Lawrence Johnson Lee. Her father, a railway postal clerk remarried shortly after his wife's death, when Browne was almost two years old. He and his second wife, Lottie, a school teacher, encouraged their daughter to take her studies seriously as she was a gifted student. Browne attended LeMoyne High School, a private Methodist school that was started after the Civil War. During her schooling, she won the Memphis City Women's Tennis Singles Championship in 1929 and two years later graduated from LeMoyne High School.

She attended Howard University, majoring in mathematics and graduating cum laude in 1935.  After receiving her bachelor's degree, she taught high school and college for a short term, including at Gilbert Academy in New Orleans.

She then applied to the University of Michigan graduate program in mathematics. Michigan accepted African Americans, while many other US educational institutions did not at the time. After working full-time at the historically black Wiley College in Marshall, Texas, and attending Michigan only during the summer, Browne's work paid off and she received a teaching fellowship at Michigan, attending full-time and completing her dissertation in 1949. Her dissertation, "Studies of One Parameter Subgroups of Certain Topological and Matrix Groups," was supervised by George Yuri Rainich. She was one of the first African-American women in the US to earn a doctorate in mathematics, along with Evelyn Boyd Granville, who also earned a Ph.D. in 1949. Euphemia Haynes was the very first African-American woman in the US to earn a doctorate in mathematics, having earned hers in 1943.

Later life and career
After receiving her doctorate, Browne was unable to keep a teaching position at a research institution.  As a result of this, she worked with secondary school mathematics teachers, instructing them in "modern math."  She focused especially on encouraging math education for minorities and women.

Browne then joined the faculty at North Carolina College (now North Carolina Central University (NCCU)), where she taught and researched for thirty years. She was also the head of the department for much of her time at NCCU, from 1951 to 1970.  There she worked as principal investigator, coordinator of the mathematics section, and lecturer for the Summer Institute for Secondary School Science and Mathematics Teachers.

Marjorie Lee Browne died of a heart attack in Durham, North Carolina, on October 19, 1979.  After her death, four of her students established the Marjorie Lee Brown Trust Fund at North Carolina Central University which sponsors the Marjorie Lee Browne Scholarship and the Marjorie Lee Browne Distinguished Alumni Lecture Series. Since 1999, the Mathematics Department at the University of Michigan has hosted the Marjorie Lee Browne Colloquium, which annually brings a speaker "to present a talk that highlights their research but also addresses the issue of diversity in the sciences."

Contributions
Browne's work on classical groups demonstrated simple proofs of important topological properties of and relations between classical groups.  Her work in general focused on linear and matrix algebra.

Browne saw the importance of computer science early on, writing a $60,000 grant to IBM to bring a computer to NCCU in 1960—one of the first computers in academic computing, and probably the first at a historically black school.

Throughout her career, Browne worked to help gifted mathematics students, educating them and offering them financial support to pursue higher education. Notable students included Joseph Battle, William Fletcher, Asamoah Nkwanta, and Nathan Simms. She established summer institutes to provide continuing education in mathematics for high school teachers. In 1974 she was awarded the first W. W. Rankin Memorial Award from the North Carolina Council of Teachers of Mathematics for her work with mathematics education.

She was a member of the Women's Research Society, American Mathematical Society, Mathematical Association of America, and the International Congress of Mathematicians.

Publications
"A note on the classical groups", Amer. Math. Monthly 62 (1955), 424–27.

Mathematics education works
 Sets, Logic, and Mathematical Thought (1957)
 Introduction to Linear Algebra (1959)
 Elementary Matrix Algebra (1969)
 Algebraic Structures (1974)

Awards and honors
While discrimination against African Americans and women was significant during Browne's early career, she was recognized for her achievements in education and mathematics.

 Elected to Sigma Xi, 1948
 University of Michigan nominee, American Mathematical Society
 Ford Foundation fellowship to study combinatorial topology at Cambridge University
 National Science Foundation Faculty Fellow studying computing and numerical analysis at UCLA
 Fellowship to study differential topology at Columbia University, 1965–66
 First recipient of W. W. Rankin Memorial Award for Excellence in Mathematics Education, given by the North Carolina Council of Teachers in Mathematics, which lauded her for "helping to pave the way for integrated organizations".
 The University of Michigan Department of Mathematics established the Dr. Marjorie Lee Browne Colloquium in 1999. The colloquium is presented each year during the University of Michigan's Martin Luther King Day activities.
 Marjorie Lee Browne Scholarship, which offers full scholarships to students majoring in math at NCCU.

Notes

References
 Patricia Clark Kenschaft, "Black Men and Women in Mathematical Research," Journal of Black Studies, vol. 18, no. 2 (December 1987), pp. 170–190.
 Scott W. Williams, "Black Women in the Mathematical Sciences," (SUNY Buffalo Math Dept.)
 E. Fogg, C. Davis, and J. Sutton, "Profile of Marjorie Lee Browne." Retrieved from the World Wide Web, Agnes Scott College's "Biographies of Women Mathematicians" Web Site on 28 July 2004.
 "MiSciNet's Ancestors of Science, Marjorie Lee Browne," Science, September 10, 2004.
 Charlene Morrow and Teri Perl (eds), Notable Women in Mathematics, a Biographical Dictionary, Greenwood Press, 1998. pp. 17–21.

External links
"Marjorie Lee Browne", Biographies of Women Mathematicians, Agnes Scott College

1914 births
1979 deaths
20th-century American educators
African-American women academics
American women mathematicians
Wiley College faculty
20th-century American mathematicians
American women academics
University of Michigan alumni
20th-century women mathematicians
20th-century American women educators
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American academics
20th-century American academics
20th-century African-American educators

Marjorie Lee Browne


Dame is an honorific title and the feminine form of address for the honour of damehood in many Christian chivalric orders, as well as the British honours system and those of several other Commonwealth realms, such as Australia and New Zealand, with the masculine form of address being Sir. It is the female equivalent of a knighthood, which is traditionally granted to males. Dame is also a style used by baronetesses in their own right.

A woman appointed to the grades of the Dame Commander or Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saint John, Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre, Most Honourable Order of the Bath, the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, the Royal Victorian Order, or the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire becomes a dame. A Central European order in which female members receive the rank of Dame is the Imperial and Royal Order of Saint George. Since there is no female equivalent to a Knight Bachelor, women are always appointed to an order of chivalry. Women who are appointed to the Most Noble Order of the Garter or the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle are given the title of Lady rather than Dame.

History
The Order of the Ermine, founded in France by John V, Duke of Brittany, in 1381, was the first order of chivalry to accept women; however, female knights existed for centuries in many places in the world prior to this. Like their male counterparts, they were distinguished by the flying of coloured banners and generally bore a coat of arms.

One woman who participated in tournaments was Joane Agnes Hotot (born 1378), but she was not the only one. Additionally, women adopted certain forms of regalia which became closely associated with the status of knighthood.

Unlike the male knights, it was virtually unimaginable to see women taking part in medieval battles or commanding battalions of soldiers, but there were exceptions. Joan of Arc is the most famous.  Some wore armour, others commanded troops, and some were members of an official order of chivalry. One woman to wear full armour into battle was the Duchess Gaita of Lombardy (also called Sikelgaita), who rode beside her Norman mercenary husband, Robert Guiscard. She was a knight in her own right. Another was Petronilla de Grandmesnil, Countess of Leicester; wearing a mail hauberk with a sword and a shield, she defended her lands from Henry II of England. She and her husband participated in the rebellion in 1173 against King Henry II. However this does not mean that they were officially knighted the way men were.

Formerly, a knight's wife was given the title of Dame before her name, but this usage was replaced by Lady during the 17th century.

The title of Dame as the official equivalent of a knight was introduced in 1917 with the introduction of the Order of the British Empire, and was subsequently extended to the Royal Victorian Order in 1936, the Order of St Michael and St George, and finally the Order of the Bath in 1971.

The youngest person to be appointed a Dame was sailor Ellen MacArthur at the age of 28. The oldest had been actress Gwen Ffrangcon-Davies at the age of 100, until Olivia de Havilland was appointed two weeks before her 101st birthday.

Several high-profile figures have declined the honour including Vanessa Redgrave who eventually accepted the honour.

The prefix is used with the holder's given name or full name, but never with the surname alone; this follows the same usage customs as "Sir".

Nuns of the  Benedictine order  are given the title Dame in preference to Sister.

In   French Louisiana from  the 17th through to the  19th centuries, Dame was the title  accorded to a woman "of substance or position in the locality". Similarly, in 1889 in France it was reportedly "a  title of honour which  long distinguished high-born ladies from the wives of citizens and the commonalty in general" and a title of respect for a widow.

Notes

External links

Dames
Titles
Women's social titles
Noble titles of women
British honours system
Styles (forms of address)

Dame


Carole Smith (born August 1954) is an education administrator in Portland, Oregon, who was the Superintendent of Portland Public Schools from 2007 until 2016.

Earlier Life
Smith served as Executive Director of Open Meadows School in Portland, Oregon from 1982 to 2005.

Time as Superintendent
Smith was hired as Superintendent of Portland Public Schools in 2007, to replace Vicki Phillips.

For the first three years of her time as Superintendent, Smith and the School Board had set forth three Student Achievement targets; which were to increase the number of third graders exceeding State reading standards, the number of seventh graders passing the state writing test, and the number of Freshmen passing the expected number of classes, all by at least five percent.  While third graders' and freshmen's scores improved in these respective areas, none of the three goals were met.  Despite that, in October 2010, Smith received a highly positive report on her first three years, allowing her to continue her career as Superintendent.

In 2015, Smith shifted the start of the school year from the day after Labor Day to the week before, citing concerns that Portland Public Schools has one of the shortest school years in the United States.  Soon after her announcement, the nearby school districts in Lake Oswego, West Linn School District, and Forest Grove changed their schedules similarly.

In March 2016, Smith announced a number of changes to school boundaries, due to concerns of overcrowding.  In the same month, she donated an empty school building to the City for use as a homeless shelter, in return for free TriMet bus passes for high school students.

Retirement
In June 2016, Smith announced that she would be stepping down from the role of Superintendent after just one more year.  However, on July 18, 2016, she announced that she would be stepping down immediately.  Her announcement came shortly after a report had been released on Portland Public Schools' lead testing after the school board released a damning report showing how Portland Public Schools dropped the ball on testing water for lead, fixing problems that were found and notifying the public of test results.  She was required to give the district 90 days notice before stepping down, although she had at least 90 days of unused vacation days, and in effect retired immediately.  Smith denied having known about elevated lead levels until testing began in late May 2016.

References

External links
 Carole Smith's Resume
 "Stoll Berne Report to the Portland Public Schools Board of Education"  (Lead Investigation Report)
 Performance Appraisal: Superintendent Carole Smith
 Letter by Carole Smith announcing her retirement

1954 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Portland Public Schools (Oregon)
School superintendents in Oregon
21st-century American women educators
21st-century American educators
20th-century American women educators
20th-century American educators
Women school principals and headteachers

Carole Smith


Bush Lady is an album from 1977 by the Swedish singer Monica Törnell. It was Törnells' second English language album and was recorded at Rockfield Studios, near Monmouth, Wales, from 20 February to 6 March 1977. Arrangements and production were by American trumpeter Stephen Franckevich, while it was recorded by technician Ted Sharp. The album has Mercury catalog number 6363-011.

That same year Törnell released the single "Disaster/Snow Cold Day" (Mercury 6062 037). "Disaster" is the same song as track 7 with Törnells' Swedish translation.

Track listing

Side one

"Into the Mystic" (Van Morrison)
"Boys and Girls Together" (credited to Jim Peterik on the cover; however, it is thought that Bill Chase of the band "Chase", originally wrote it)
"Drop Dead" (Monica Törnell)
"Bush Lady" (Stephen Franckevich)
"Rock'n Roll Widow" (Tom Snow)
"Outer Interlude" (Stephen Franckevich)
"Catastrophie" (music: Monica Törnell, Lyrics: Stephen Franckevich)

Side two

"Is not No Disco" (music: Ulf - Stephen Franckevich, Lyrics: Stephen Franckevich)
"Snow Cold Day" (music: Stephen Franckevich, text: Anthony Bannon)
"Ego" (music: Lars Hallberg - Monica Törnell, text: Monica Törnell)
"Say Yes" (Stephen Franckevich)
"Not Necessarily" (music: Monica Törnell - Stephen Franckevich, text: Monica Törnell)

Personnel
Lars Ekholm: Acoustic and Electric Guitars
Stephen Franckevich, vocals, percussion, hand folding, trumpets, flugelhorn
Leif Fredriksson, drums, percussion, vocal backing, hand folding
Carl Axel Hall: Keyboards & Percussion
Lars Hallberg: Bass on tracks 3 & 7
David Winter: Bass on all other tracks

1977 albums
Mercury Records albums
Monica Törnell albums
Albums recorded at Rockfield Studios

Bush Lady


Miss Dominion of Canada was a beauty pageant held in Niagara Falls, Ontario for many years, primarily at the Sheraton Brock Hotel, on July 1, Canada's Dominion Day (now known as "Canada Day"), beginning in 1959.  The winner of this pageant represented Canada at four of the world's largest international beauty pageants, Miss Universe (until 1977), Miss World (1962–1979), Miss International, and Queen of the Pacific.  The Miss Dominion of Canada pageant originated when the Bruno family of Ancaster, Ontario, obtained franchise rights to select and send Canada's exclusive representatives to these international pageants. As many as 40 contestants selected via local pageants across many provinces of Canada competed in the annual Niagara Falls competition.   Throughout the 1970s, there were generally between twelve and twenty contestants competing at the final judging.

Selection Process
Most contestants progressed through as many as five consecutive preliminary local and regional pageants, somewhat similar to a golfer winning progressively more competitive golf tournaments, victorious in each one until finally winning the highest level competition.  The Miss Dominion pageant required the finalists to participate in events including evening dress, swimsuit, interviews, talent, and various singing and dancing vignettes.  Notable individuals selected as pageant judges would then select the runners up and the winner.

Duties and Responsibilities of Miss Dominion of Canada
The contestant selected as Miss Dominion of Canada would visit nearly every Canadian province and other countries such as the United States, Japan, Australia, and Europe during her one-year reign. Until 1977, Miss Dominion of Canada was the country's representative at Miss Universe. The Miss Universe franchise in Canada was taken over by the nationally televised Miss Canada contest in 1978. Miss Dominion of Canada also represented the country at Miss World from 1962 to 1979 after which the franchise was taken over by Miss World Canada.

Notable Miss Canada Winners
Famous or notable winners of this pageant include Sandra Campbell of Leamington, Ontario, who became a television personality in Sydney, Australia (Celebrity Squares and One in a Million) and a marketing executive with a major American corporation.  Another notable winner is Jacquie Perrin, who for more than a decade was the host of CBC TV's award-winning investigative consumer program, Market Place. Now at CBC Newsworld, Jacquie has been involved in various special news projects and is seen weekly as the host of highly rated Saturday Report. Mary Lou Farrell made guest appearances on the Lawrence Welk Show, and used her stage name Aniko in performing in many Broadway musicals.

The Pageant Lives On
Rumours that the Miss Dominion of Canada Pageant continued beyond 1979 have been present for many years. Despite the lack of media coverage from Canadian media, Miss Dominion of Canada delegates continued to represent Canada at various international contests, including Miss International, Maja Internacional and others throughout the 1980s. These women were selected by the franchise owners as Miss Dominion of Canada from 1980 until at least 1991; they included Linda Farrell (1987), Lee-Ann Bruce (1988) and Robin Nardi (1989).

There was also a Miss Teen Dominion of Canada Pageant for at least one year in the early 1970s.

Miss Dominion of Canada Pageant Director John Bruno died in 2004.

A history of Canadian beauty contests, including Miss Dominion of Canada, is currently under development in book form.

Winners of Miss Dominion of Canada Pageant

   *Forfeited title September 19, 1962

See also
Miss Canada
Miss Earth Canada
Miss Universe Canada
Miss World Canada

References
Pageantopolis

Beauty pageants in Canada
1959 establishments in Ontario
Canadian awards
Culture of Niagara Falls, Ontario

Miss Dominion of Canada


Michael Dennis Blanch TD (born c. 1947) is a British diplomat who served as Chief Executive of the Falkland Islands from January 2000 to March 2003, and again as interim Chief Executive from 12 September 2007 to 3 January 2008.

Blanch studied economics at university, gaining a PhD in 1975, and was a member of the Territorial Army for 26 years. In 1991, he became Chief Executive of Eastbourne Borough Council before moving to become Bromley LBC's chief executive in 1995.

In 1999, Blanch was selected to be Chief Executive of the Falkland Islands by the Islands' Executive Council, taking office in January 2000. He left office in 2003 but returned to the Falklands in 2007 to service as interim Chief Executive for three months following the sudden resignation of Chris Simpkins.

Blanch was ordained at Ripon Cathedral in 2009, and served as Assistant Curate of Askrigg and Stalling Busk in the Yorkshire Dales.

References

1940s births
Living people
British Anglicans
British diplomats
British economists
Chief Executives of the Falkland Islands

Michael Blanch


Rania Abouzeid is a Lebanese Australian journalist who has extensively covered the war in Syria.

Biography

Rania Abouzeid was born in New Zealand to Lebanese parents. She was raised in Australia regularly visiting Beirut to see family during holidays. Abouzeid attended the University of Melbourne, Australia. Since then she has worked for the New Yorker, TIME, Politico, The Guardian and many other publications. Abouzeid is based in Beirut. In 2014 her story The Jihad next door won a George Polk award as well as the Michael Kelly Award. Abouzeid won the Kurt Schork Award in International Journalism in 2013. As well as her print work, Abouzeid has created documentaries, her first being Syria: Behind Rebel Lines. She has also written books about the conflict. Abouzeid has been awarded fellowships from the European Council on Foreign Relations, Harvard, Columbia and New America. Her first book won the Cornelius Ryan Award.

Books

 No Turning Back. Life, Loss, and Hope in Wartime Syria, 2018
 Sisters of the War: Two Remarkable True Stories of Survival and Hope in Syria, 2020

Sources

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Lebanese women journalists
Australian women journalists

Rania Abouzeid


Tikona also known as Vitandgad,  is the dominant hill fort in Maval in western India. It is located near Kamshet around 60 km from Pune. The village nearest to the fort is called Tikona-Peth. The 3500 foot high hill is pyramidal in shape and the name Tikona means "triangular".

The fort is a trekking destination noted for the large doors, the temple of 'Trimbakeshwar Mahadev', seven water tanks (seven water tanks), and some Satvahan caves. Trek organisers also commend the views of Pavana dam and the nearby forts of Tung, Lohagad and Visapur. There is a good view of Pavana lake from the summit.

History

Little is known about the origins of this fort. There is a vihara on the fort datable to circa seventh-eight centuries A.D. Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I of the Nizam Shahi dynasty conquered the fort in 1585 and annexed it to the Nizam territory. In 1657, Shivaji Maharaj brought the whole of Konkan, which had been Nizam territory, under his control when he conquered Tikona along with the forts of Karnala, Lohgad, Mahuli, Songad, Tala, and Visapur. This fort was a strategic nexus: the centre of control for the entire Pawana Mawal region. In 1660, Dhamale family, the Deshmukhs from Maval region were charged with ensuring the security of fort Tikona.It was under the Dhamale Deshmukh family for a long time. Jaysingh invaded the region in 1665 and attacked the local villages but the forts held out. Tikona fort was surrendered to the Mughal warrior Kubadkhan, who had attacked the region together with Halal Khan and others, according to the Treaty of Purandar signed on 12 June 1665. Kubad Khan took over the fort on 18 June but it was later recaptured by the Marathas. In 1682 King Sambhaji met Aurangzeb's son Akbar. After the meeting the Akbar was offered to stay on Tikona fort, however, he was shifted to Jaitapur as the climate didn't suit him. A small battle was fought by the Maratha army with the British in 1818 before it was captured by the latter.

How to reach
The nearest town is Kamshet which is 51;km from Pune. The base village of the fort is Tikona peth which is 26 km from Kamshet. There are good hotels at Kamshet, now tea and snacks are also available in small hotels at Tikonapeth and Kale colony. The trekking path starts from the hillock south of the parking area near Tikonapeth. The route is very safe and wide. There are few trees on the trekking route. It takes about an hour to reach the entrance gate of the fort. There are very steep and high, which makes the climb a thrilling experience. There is very little space in the fort. It is advisable not to accompany large groups for climbing the fort. The steps are so narrow that only a single person can climb at a time. The night stay on the fort can be made in the caves either near the entrance of the fort or on the top of the fort. The villagers from the local fort restoration committee in the Tikonapeth make night stay and food arrangements at a reasonable cost. The Bedse caves which are on the way from Kamshet can also be visited on the way to Tikona on the same day

Gallery

References

Buildings and structures of the Maratha Empire
Forts in Pune district
16th-century forts in India
Hiking trails in India

Tikona


The Leader (Samuel Sterns) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The Leader first appeared in Tales to Astonish #62 (December 1964), created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko as the archenemy of the Hulk. He has mainly appeared in Hulk-related comic books over the years and was one of the featured characters in the Marvel NOW! Thunderbolts relaunch.

Sterns worked as a janitor in Boise, Idaho when he was exposed to gamma radiation. This mutated him into a green-skinned, super-intelligent entity who named himself the Leader, embarking on a career of attempts at world domination. He is repeatedly foiled by the Hulk, who overcomes all of the Leader's schemes as well as his artificial henchmen known as the Humanoids. Sterns would later be further transformed, causing his cranium to change into the shape of an oversized brain. As part of the Intelligencia, he is an integral part of the Hulked Out Heroes storyline.

The character has been adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including television series and video games. Samuel Sterns made his cinematic debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film The Incredible Hulk (2008), portrayed by Tim Blake Nelson, and will return in Captain America: Brave New World (2024). In 2009, the Leader was ranked as IGN's 63rd Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time.

Publication history
The character first appeared in Tales to Astonish #62 (December 1964), and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko.

Fictional character biography
Born in Boise, Idaho, Samuel Sterns lived in the shadow of his brilliant brother Phillip, and he worked in a menial capacity for a chemical plant where Phillip was employed as a researcher. While Sterns was transporting radioactive materials, an explosive accident bombarded him with gamma radiation, which turned his skin green, abnormally enlarged his cranium and brain, and granted him a superhuman intellect that reflected his subconscious desire to be smarter than his brother. Calling himself "the Leader", he forms an espionage ring to overthrow the United States federal government, enlisting such spies as the Chameleon to steal its secrets. After his men are duly thwarted by the Hulk, the Leader decides to capture the Hulk with a powerful army of androids known as "Humanoids". However, the Hulk breaks free and destroys the Leader's laboratory, forcing his retreat. Impressed by the Hulk's strength, the Leader later convinces him to steal the Watcher's "Ultimate Machine", a device containing all of the knowledge in the universe. After obtaining the device and visualizing its contents, the Leader apparently dies of shock, with even his enhanced brain unable to comprehend the knowledge that the Ultimate Machine contains.

A special Humanoid that was previously programmed for the sole purpose of bringing the Leader back to life in the event of his death is activated upon his loss of heartbeat and resurrects him with a specially-prepared device called the Revivo-Beam, after which he resurfaces after months in hiding to engage in a number of plots against the Hulk, including an alliance with General Ross. He also attempts to steal the U.S. Army's Tripod Observation Module (TOM), nicknamed the Murder Module and then, with the help of the Rhino, interrupts the wedding of Bruce Banner (the Hulk's alter ego) and Betty Ross by shooting Banner with a ray which restores the Hulk to his savage state, gamma-irradiates Manhattan's water supply to transform its inhabitants into loyal servants, and clashes with the Hulk and the Avengers twice. Eventually, the Leader's mutation destabilizes and he reverts to the form of Samuel Sterns. He convinces the Gray Hulk to transfer the gamma radiation from the recently Hulk-like Rick Jones into himself, and the Leader is restored with a new appearance and a psychic link to Rick. The Leader subsequently detonates a gamma bomb in a small Arizona town, killing over 5,000 people. The few survivors, now enhanced, provide him with valuable research subjects and a group of superhuman enforcers called the Riot Squad. With their help, he builds a self-sufficient society called Freehold in Alberta, populated with civilians dying from radiation poisoning. When the Leader's brother Philip Sterns becomes the Madman, the Leader deems him a threat and sends the Hulk to eliminate him.

When Freehold is targeted by HYDRA, the Leader sends his followers to invade the covert Pantheon organization and coerce them into aiding Freehold. To the Hulk's chagrin, the Leader and the Pantheon's head Agamemnon ultimately form an alliance. At the same time, the Leader is experiencing Rick's grief over the recent death of his girlfriend Marlo Chandler. The Leader offers to revive Marlo by using the power of his follower Soul Man, hoping to use Rick as a pawn against the Hulk and taking the opportunity to analyze Soul Man's power in a bid to achieve immortality. Marlo's revival is interrupted by a two-pronged attack on Freehold by the Hulk and HYDRA, and the Leader is apparently killed in the crossfire. The now-incorporeal Leader controls his follower Omnibus and attempts to throw the world into a state of war. Omnibus is eventually exposed by his fellow Freehold citizens, exiled into the Arctic, and is eaten by a polar bear.

When Banner is dying from ALS, the Hulk is summoned by the Leader, who had created a new body from various organic materials. The Leader tells the Hulk that he is preparing to transcend the mortal plane, and he grants the Hulk the cure to Banner's condition in exchange for the Hulk bearing witness to his ascension. However, the Leader's body explodes at a crucial juncture. Later, Banner mentally hears the Leader begging him for help, having apparently made a grave mistake. The Leader is ultimately abandoned by Banner, who is unable to help.

The Leader survives once more as a large disembodied head in a tank within a hidden California base. Planning to create a new body from the Hulk's DNA, the Leader establishes the clandestine organization Home Base and dispatches agents to pursue the Hulk after framing him for the death of a young boy. After all his other agendas fail, the Leader finally manages to mind-control the Hulk and guides him towards his secret base, with the intention of taking his indestructible body for himself. Because of intervention by Nadia Blonsky, Betty Ross, Doc Samson, and Iron Man, the plan fails and the Leader dies again.

After the Leader regains his body through unknown means, he is captured by S.H.I.E.L.D. and brought to trial for his crimes, but his attorney manages to have him found not guilty by reason of insanity. Shortly afterward, the Leader discovers he is dying and builds a dome in a Nevada desert to survive. Upon recovering, he joins the Intelligencia, and he takes part in the creation of the Harpy II (Marlo Chandler), the Red Hulk (General Ross), and the Red She-Hulk (Betty Ross). However, when Ross discovers that the Red She-Hulk is actually his daughter, he furiously drains the gamma radiation from the Leader's body, depriving him of his super-intelligence and changing him back into Samuel Sterns.

Subsequently taken into custody so that he may divulge information on the Intelligencia's plans, Sterns is subjected to a dose of red gamma radiation by the Red Hulk, who intends to make Sterns his intelligence agent. However, Sterns is shot and killed when the Punisher discovers him. The Red Hulk further exposes his body to gamma radiation, which revives him and transforms him into the Red Leader. Initially forced to work for Ross's Thunderbolts, the Red Leader manages to escape and begins to rebuild his criminal empire, but is recaptured. He makes a pact with Mephisto to free himself, and is later dragged to Hell.

After somehow escaping from Mephisto's captivity, the Red Leader is tracked down by "Doc Green", an ingenious and ruthless new personality of the Hulk, and is deprived of his powers. However, the Red Leader had previously taken possession of an artificial intelligence created by Banner, which restores his intellect, powers and original green-skinned complexion.

In the miniseries Hulkverines, the Leader is shown to be detained at Shadow Base Remote Facility 43B using Big Bob's Lumber Lounge in Akron, Ohio as a front. He is approached by Agent Castillo, who informs him that the Hulk has returned from the dead and they need his help to kill him. The Leader accepts, but stabs Agent Castillo, stating that he would rather do it himself. The Leader arrives at the area where the Hulk and Weapon H are fighting each other, until Shadow Base agents led by Agent NG catch up to him. As the Hulk starts sneezing, the Leader states to Agent NG that he infected Clayton Cortez with a gamma-altering virus. Arriving where Weapon H had knocked the Hulk unconscious, the Leader begs for Weapon H to finish him off. When the Leader threatens his family as part of Plan C, he detonates some bombs near Weapon H to get away. Clayton chases after the Leader until Wolverine arrives. The Leader brings out the Humanoids, only for them to be regressed back to their pods by reverse-engineered Humanoids when former Weapon X Project scientist Dr. Aliana Alba shows up. She advises the Leader to leave the disposal of Wolverine to her. After a brief fight, the Leader explains that he was pursuing the Hulk, while Dr. Alba states that she was pursuing Wolverine. They come to a conclusion that they were manipulated by someone who wants Weapon H dead. This leads to them making plans to capture the Hulk to collaborate on a project. The Leader and Dr. Alba later attack Shadow Base's Remote Facility FN34. After the larger Humanoid abducts Wolverine and Bruce Banner, it brings them to Shadow Base's Remote Facility FN34 as they begin the experiment that gives the Hulk the claws of Wolverine and Wolverine the strength of the Hulk. The Leader and Dr. Alba unleash the mutated Hulk and Wolverine on Shadow Base Auto-Op WMD Facility BX91 in Central, Ohio using Green Energy Corp as a front. Weapon H arrives and lures them towards the Leader and Dr. Alba. When Weapon H destroys the remote control in the Leader's hand, Dr. Alba withdraws the nanobots that were placed in Wolverine and Bruce Banner and places them in Weapon H. It does not work on Weapon H, as the Leader repairs his teleporter enough to get himself and Dr. Alba away from Weapon H. After watching the aftermath from afar, the Leader and Dr. Alba share a romantic kiss as they embrace each other.

After the Hulk left after finding that Xemnu the Living Titan devoured the Minotaur and transformed him into a Xemnu/Minotaur hybrid, the Leader visits him. While controlling Rick Jones when spying on the Hulk, the Leader advises the Minotaur to leave the Hulk to him.

The Leader begins working on studying the Below-Place where gamma mutates travel to after dying and before resurrecting. He began to learn how to control the Green Door while in the Below-Place. He encountered Brian Banner, who wanted the Leader to help him escape the Below-Place. Instead, the Leader removed his skeleton for research. Following the Hulk's victory over Xemnu, the Leader had Rick Jones send a surge of gamma energy into the Hulk during a photo shoot, which caused him to release a blast of gamma energy where the survivors were saved by Rick Jones, who was mutated to an elongated and multi-limbed form. Gamma Flight came to confront the Hulk, which the Leader commented on. Then, the Leader controlled Del Frye so that he could send Doc Samson to the Below-Place and watch his plans unfold. During the Hulk's fight with the Absorbing Man, Puck fired an energy beam on the Hulk, as the Leader had planned. The Leader used the Green Door to take over the Hulk and his Green Scar persona. In Bruce's mindscape, the Leader tied up Bruce and the Hulk personas to the prison that held the Devil Hulk inside. The Leader bragged to Bruce how he was using the Green Door to take control of his mind. He then began to hit snags when he tried to entice Dr. Charlene McGowan of the U.S. Hulk Operations to join him. While the Leader was distracted, Samson struck him with a piece of debris, inflicting a severe head injury. McGowan then used a translocator to split Rick in two, which the Leader felt. Seeing his plans were on thin ice, the Leader decided to drag Bruce through the Green Door immediately instead of making him suffer. This unexpectedly caused the Devil Hulk to get angry enough to finally break free from his prison and confront the Leader, causing him to become very fearful. The Leader was able to distract the Devil Hulk briefly by tuning into Brian Banner before transforming into a crab-like monstrosity and grabbing Brian. The Devil Hulk tried to fight the Leader, but was unexpectedly restrained by the Savage Hulk persona, who believed that he was Brian and decided to protect him so he could be loved by him. With the Devil Hulk restrained, the Leader killed him and dragged his remains and Bruce through the Green Door. Now in the Below-Place, the Leader hooked Bruce and the Devil Hulk's remains to strange plant-like structures for the purpose of turning him into a device to channel gamma energy to the One Below All. However, the Leader could not get the system to work, even though Brian could. Then, the Leader learned the truth about Brian's spirit: Brian could do it because he was possessed by the One Below All, something the Leader did not want. After that, it possessed him, much to his horror. The Leader eventually grew to a gargantuan size and built a fortress around himself. The Savage Hulk, Joe Fixit, and Jackie McGee managed to travel to the Below-Place using the Fantastic Four's Forever Gate and confronted him. However, the Leader ensnared the Savage Hulk with his tendrils and controlled him like a puppet to fight Joe so he could absorb them both. When Jackie came to terms with her past, she unleashed a beam that harmed the Leader, allowing Joe and the Savage Hulk to separate him from the One Below All and unexpectedly depower him as well. After the Hulk personas talked with the One-Above-All, the Savage Hulk forgave Sterns for all he did. Sterns was then returned to Earth with Jackie, Bruce, and the Hulk personas, where he was shackled and presumably taken into police custody.

During the "Empyre" story line, it was revealed that the Leader also used the Green Door to return the She-Hulk to life after she was possessed by a Cotati.

Powers and abilities
The Leader has  superhuman mental acumen as a result of his exposure to an explosion of gamma-irradiated waste. He is capable of knowledge and comprehension that is beyond the human ability to understand. Just as the Hulk has the potential for limitless strength, the Leader has the potential for limitless intelligence, being capable of mastering every worldly subject and adopting concepts completely foreign to his environment. His higher brain functions, including pattern recognition, information storage/retrieval and logical / philosophical structuring have been enhanced to inhuman levels. He also has total recall of every event he has witnessed since the accident that transformed him and can calculate possibilities and outcomes so accurately that it borders on predicting the future. Despite his limitless intelligence and supreme knowledge, his effectiveness as a villain is greatly hampered by his own arrogance, immaturity, impatience and obsession with killing the Hulk, which constantly causes him to lose sight of necessary details and act prematurely, causing the ruin of his schemes. His egotism also briefly led him to embark on two mad and impractical schemes to turn the rest of humanity into gamma mutates like himself.

He has also unlocked latent telekinetic and telepathic powers within himself. He is able to control the minds of ordinary humans by merely touching them (aside from gamma-mutated individuals like the Hulk or the Abomination), mind-wipe the memories of several humans at once, create illusions to trick others or disguise himself, and project telekinetic blasts potent enough to topple a very weakened Hulk.

The Leader is also a technological genius that specializes in gamma radiation. He has created technology that is beyond human ability, including vehicles, weaponry, computers, laser pistols, pulse weapons and kinetic gauntlets, and is particularly adept at genetic engineering and manipulating radiation for many nefarious purposes. The Leader has created an army of synthetic henchmen at his disposal called the "Humanoids" that have served him throughout his career of world domination, mainly as bodyguards, soldiers and laboratory servants. They have versatile programming capacities to allow them to perform any task, do not tire, talk or need sustenance and have elastic-like bodies that make them immune to blunt impacts. They range in size from microscopic to hundreds of feet tall. The Humanoids are usually controlled directly through the Leader's own mental commands, but can also be pre-programmed to carry out a certain directive. The Leader has also developed gamma bombs, shield generators to cover large areas, cages for holding the Hulk, powered armor, teleportation devices, android duplicates, a means of controlling the minds of the Hulk or the Rhino through technological devices, a special Humanoid which was programmed to bring him back to life in the event of his death by using a device called the Revivo-Beam that was made to do so and Omnivac, a sentient computer that maintains the enormous space station he has used as a base of operations.

On occasion, the Leader has been shown to have the ability to change himself back into Samuel Sterns, but this ability resulted in him losing all memory of his identity as the Leader, as Sterns' mind was ill-equipped to cope with the Leader's intellect (although he always remembered everything when he changed back into the Leader again). It has been revealed when the Leader changes back into Sterns, Sterns gets a little smarter each time this happens (although Sterns is still nowhere near the Leader in terms of intellect).

Although the Leader can be killed, being a gamma mutate, he is able to resurrect himself each time he is by passing through the Green Door, which makes him virtually immortal.

Other versions

Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-in issues
Prior to the release of The Avengers in 2012, Marvel ran a series of canon tie-in comics entitled Avengers Prelude: Fury's Big Week, which take place within the Marvel Cinematic Universe. In issues #6-7, Sterns is seen undergoing a rapid head mutation just as he is discovered by Natasha Romanoff who stumbles upon him immediately after the Hulk has escaped (which happens during the climax of The Incredible Hulk, while the Hulk is fighting the Abomination). Although his brainpower has already drastically increased to the point where he can pinpoint the exact location of the Black Widow's birth just by a brief hint of Stalingrad in her accent, Natasha shoots him in the leg when he attempts to bribe her by offering to help her return to her home and he is taken into S.H.I.E.L.D. custody.

Marvel Zombies
The zombified version of the Leader makes his first appearance in Marvel Zombies vs. The Army of Darkness in the horde that overwhelms and infects the Punisher. He has a giant hole blown through his cranium, which somehow does not stop him, despite other zombies immediately dying from receiving similar wounds like this. He then appears in Marvel Zombies 3 where he is looking over food and medical supplies that other zombies have found as an offering to the Zombie Kingpin. The Zombie Leader determines how long the others can feed on the human clones. Upon being ambushed and assaulted by Machine Man, the Zombie Leader orders the zombie Ghost Rider to kill him by manipulating his hunger for flesh; this instead leads to the Ghost Rider's demise. The Zombie Leader, alongside Diablo, the Jackal, and the Scorpion, were later all burned to death by Machine Man after falling for his holographic illusion of himself being overpowered and ripped apart by the zombies.

Ultimate Marvel
The Ultimate Marvel equivalent of the Leader is an enemy of Iron Man and the Hulk. In Ultimate Human, Pete Wisdom is an ex-British Intelligence agent thrown out of MI6 after testing his "British Enhancile Program" on himself, transforming him into the Leader. Wisdom has psychic and mental abilities similar to the original Leader, but requires a wheelchair and a halo brace to support the weight of his enlarged cranium's weight. The Leader attempts to steal Tony Stark's nanotechnology, as Bruce Banner and Stark work together to try to incorporate into Banner's physiology in the hopes that it will grant control over the Hulk. When Stark commands a decoy Iron-Tech robot into the Leader's base, Banner transforms into the Hulk. The Hulk resists the Leader's influence, and pounds him into the ground. The Leader, almost dead, commands a C-17 down onto the Hulk, ultimately killing Wisdom.

The Ultimate version of Samuel Sterns is an elderly doctor who is seen in a wheelchair. In Ultimate Mystery, he is amongst a brain trust group for Roxxon Industries, including Doctor Octopus, Arnim Zola, Misty Knight, Nathaniel Essex, and Dr. Layla Miller. He has the ability to transform into a hybrid of the Hulk and the Leader, but is defeated by the original Spider-Man, and later the new Spider-Man on two different occasions involving Spider-Woman.

Reception
In 2009, the Leader was ranked as IGN's 63rd Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time.

In other media

Television
 The Leader appears in "The Incredible Hulk" segment of The Marvel Super Heroes, voiced by Gillie Fenwick.
 The Leader appears in The Incredible Hulk (1982) episode "Punks on Wheels", voiced by G. Stanley Jones.
 The Leader appears in the Iron Man episode "Hulk Buster", voiced by Matt Frewer.
 The Leader appears in The Incredible Hulk (1996), voiced again by Matt Frewer. This version was a scientist who sabotaged the gamma bomb that turned Bruce Banner into the Hulk, but fell into a pit of radioactive waste created by it and was mutated into the Leader. Additionally, he is served by the Gargoyle, the Abomination, the Ogress, and the Gamma Warriors.
 The Leader makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in The Super Hero Squad Show episode "Tremble at the Might of... M.O.D.O.K.!".
 The Leader appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, voiced by Jeffrey Combs. Introduced in the episode "Hulk vs. the World", he is initially imprisoned in the Cube before a technological fault allows the inmates to escape and take over in "The Breakout, Part 1". In the two-part episode "Gamma World", the Leader joins forces with the Abomination, the Absorbing Man, the Wrecking Crew, the U-Foes, and Zzzax to turn the world into gamma monsters, but they are thwarted by the Avengers. As of "Assault on 42", the Leader was incarcerated at the titular Prison 42, where he warns the Avengers of Annihilus and the Annihilation Wave with his psionic powers.
 The Leader appears in the Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H., voiced by James Arnold Taylor. This version employed Skaar until the Hulk frees him from the Leader's control and fights the titular Agents of S.M.A.S.H. on several occasions.
 The Leader appears in the Ultimate Spider-Man episode "Contest of Champions" Pt. 3, voiced again by James Arnold Taylor.
 The Leader appears in Avengers Assemble, voiced again by James Arnold Taylor. Following minor appearances in the episodes "Building the Perfect Weapon" and "World War Hulk", the Leader appears in the two-part episode "Avengers No More" as the apparent leader of the Cabal, whom he leads in stealing a prototype Arc Reactor and Vibranium to build a Static Expander. While they come into conflict with the Avengers, the Cabal capture them and scatter them across time and space. In response, the Black Panther gathers the Avengers' reserve members to fight back. The heroes defeat the Leader and take him into custody while the rest of the Cabal abandon him and escape.
 The Leader appears in Marvel Future Avengers, voiced by Yoshihito Sasaki in Japanese and Benjamin Diskin in English. This version is a member of Kang the Conqueror's Masters of Evil.
 The Leader appears in the M.O.D.O.K. episode "If Saturday Be... For the Boys!", voiced by Bill Hader.

Film
 The Leader was in several drafts for unproduced scripts for a Hulk film, including a version of him renamed as Edward Leder penned by John Turman.
 Dr. Samuel Sterns appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film The Incredible Hulk (2008), portrayed by Tim Blake Nelson. This version is a Harlem-based university professor who secretly attempts to help Bruce Banner find a cure for his transformations via various samples of Banner's blood under the alias of "Mr. Blue". After a trial run to control the Hulk mutation, Sterns reveals he replicated the samples to Banner before the latter is captured by General Ross and Sterns is forced to transform Emil Blonsky into the Abomination. After the latter injures Sterns and destroys his lab, one of Banner's blood samples drips into Sterns' open head wound, causing his cranium to rapidly expand.
 Nelson will reprise his role as Sterns in the MCU film Captain America: Brave New World (2024).

Video games
 The Leader appears in The Incredible Hulk (1994).
 The Leader appears in Hulk, voiced by Michael Dobson. This version possesses levitation and teleportation capabilities as well as psionic abilities such as telekinesis, energy projection, and creating illusions of himself. He plans to create a gamma mutant army to take over the world from New Freehold using a special "Gamma Orb", with help from his brother, the Madman, and fellow enemies of the Hulk such as Ravage and Halflife.
 Dr. Samuel Sterns appears in The Incredible Hulk (2008) film tie-in game, voiced by Tim Blake Nelson.
 The Leader appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes, voiced again by Jeffrey Combs.
 The Leader appears in Marvel: Avengers Alliance. In Spec Ops 32, he kidnaps Betty Ross and turns her into the Red She-Hulk. After he is defeated by the Red Hulk, the Leader turns himself into the Red Leader.
 The Leader appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel's Avengers.
 The Leader appears as a playable character in Marvel Avengers Academy.

Literature
The Leader appears in the X-Men/Avengers crossover trilogy Gamma Quest by Greg Cox. He forms an alliance with the Super-Skrull to enhance the latter's abilities with the powers of various other superhumans. However, Rogue borrows enough of the Leader's intellect to reverse the procedure and return the Super-Skrull to his usual power levels.

References

External links
 Leader at Marvel.com

Characters created by Stan Lee
Characters created by Steve Ditko
Comics characters introduced in 1964
Fictional characters from Idaho
Fictional characters with nuclear or radiation abilities
Fictional illusionists
Fictional janitors
Fictional mass murderers
Marvel Comics characters who have mental powers
Marvel Comics mutates
Marvel Comics scientists
Marvel Comics supervillains
Marvel Comics telekinetics
Marvel Comics telepaths
Villains in animated television series

Leader (character)


Otišić is a small village in the Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia. Located in inland Dalmatia, south of Vrlika, on the State route D1 between towns of Sinj and Vrlika. Otišić is a settlement in the Vrlika municipality, with a population of about 20, the majority of whom are ethnic Serbs (2001 census). The 1991 census, held before the War in Croatia (1991–1995), registered Otišić with a population of 1,006, out of which 996 were ethnic Serbs. During the War, the village was held by the Republic of Serb Krajina. In 2007, the settlement, which had up until then been a part of Sinj, was joined into Vrlika. Otišić spreads on 51.01 km2, between mountain Svilaja on the southwest and 25-km long Peruća Lake - Power Plant Accumulation on the northeast. There are the following hamlets or geographical parts of the village: Draga Otišićka, Gaj, Poljana, Ječmište, Krivošija, Dubrava, Ograde, Poljice Otišićko, Rudopolje Sinjsko, Svilaja, Ševina Njiva, Tavan, and Vlake.

The village of Otišić was inhabited by a large number of Serb brotherhoods, such as: Stojisavljević, Rnić,Borković, Dragić, Ustić, Arambasić, Gajić, Petrović, Meljanac, Krivosić, Zagorac, Krunić, Grubić, Vujasin and others. In the village there is a small Eastern Orthodox Church (crkva sv. Arhanđela Mihaila), which was built in 1889. There is some archeological interest of the area because of finding site from Stone Age and Roman Empire, and remains of an early Christian Church.

See also
Dabar, Split-Dalmatia County
Laktac, Split-Dalmatia County
Koljane, Split-Dalmatia County
Sušci, Split-Dalmatia County

External links
 Official site

Populated places in Split-Dalmatia County
Archaeological sites in Croatia
Vrlika

Otišić


Graf August Karl Wilhelm von Kanitz (29 October 1783 – 22 May 1852) was a Prussian lieutenant general and was also the minister of war from 26 April to 16 June 1848 (without party affiliation) in the Camphausen-Hansemann government.

Kanitz became an officer-cadet in 1798, and an ensign one year later. In 1801 he was made a second lieutenant. In 1806 he took part in the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt. In 1810 he was promoted to first lieutenant and to Stabskapitän in 1811. In 1812 Kanitz received the Pour le Mérite award. In 1813-14 he took part in the War of the Sixth Coalition. In 1813 he was made a major. Two years later he was assigned to be adjutant to Frederick William III of Prussia. In 1819 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and in 1825 to colonel. From 1832 Von Kanitz was commander of the 1. Landwehrbrigade, after 1840 commanded the 1st Division and after 1841 the 15th Division. Between 1841 and 1848 Von Kanitz was the interim commander in Cologne. In 1843 he became a lieutenant general and in 1848 was made a general officer commanding (Kommandierender General) on an interim basis.

Camphausen had originally planned to make Colonel Hans Adolf Erdmann von Auerswald his Minister of War. However, as part of an early power struggle over the right to decide on military matters, King Frederick William IV refused to appoint him and instead chose Kanitz. His predecessor as War Minister was Karl von Reyher, he was succeeded by General Ludwig Freiherr Roth von Schreckenstein.

Von Kanitz was a Freemason and belonged to the Grand Lodge "Zu den drei Weltkugeln" in Berlin.

1783 births
1852 deaths
People from Elbląg County
People from East Prussia
Von Kanitz family
Counts in Germany
Prussian Ministers of War
Lieutenant generals of Prussia
Prussian Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars

August Wilhelm Graf von Kanitz


When still cameras using 35 mm film, originally used for cinematography, were introduced they were widely known as miniature cameras to distinguish them from the then commonplace rollfilm cameras. While the term could be used for a camera larger than a subminiature and smaller than a rollfilm camera, it was mostly used for cameras taking 135 film cassettes, or other 35 mm cassettes.

The smaller variants of rollfilm stayed popular for a while after introduction of 35mm film in still photography. Thus at least the smaller frame formats for 127 film were also seen as miniature formats, a fact reflected in camera names like Topcon's Minion (4×5cm format) and Utility Manufacturing Company's Falcon Miniature (3×4cm format).

References

Cameras

Miniature camera


The Old State House (completed 1796) in Hartford, Connecticut is generally believed to have been designed by noted American architect Charles Bulfinch as his first public building. The State House is currently managed by the Office of Legislative Management of the Connecticut General Assembly.
The exterior building and the Senate have been restored to its original Federal style; the Representative's chamber is Victorian, and the halls and courtroom are Colonial Revival.

The Hartford State House is, in appearance, very similar to the Town Hall of Liverpool, England, built in the mid-18th century and perhaps depicted in one of Bulfinch's architecture books. However, all materials came from the United States. Its first story is 20 feet high and constructed from Portland, Connecticut brownstone. The second and third stories are brick patterned in Flemish bond. The cornice is wooden.

The State House has been modified somewhat since it was first built. As originally constructed, the building had neither balustrade or cupola, but the balustrade was added in the early 19th century for the protection of firemen, and the cupola was constructed in 1827 with its bell and John Stanwood's statue of Justice. An original (1796) stone spiral staircase behind the northern arch, designed by Asher Benjamin, led to the second and third floors; it no longer exists. In 1814, the Hartford Convention was held there. In 1839, the start of the Amistad trial was held there.

The building had been in danger of closing in 2008 due to financial constraints.  State and Hartford officials have recently signed a 99-year lease placing Connecticut's Old State House under new management. The lease puts the city-owned historic building under the control of the state Office of Legislative Management.

It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960.

Exhibits focus on the history of Hartford and important events in Connecticut history.  Visitors can also tour the original legislative rooms.

Joseph Steward Museum of Curiosities
The Museum of Natural and Other Curiosities is located on the third floor of the Old State House.  The museum features a recreation of Joseph Steward's original 1798 collection of natural history displays and curiosities.

Haunted reputation
Over the years, several eyewitnesses (mostly staff members) have claimed to experience paranormal activity inside the building. In 2009, the Old State House was investigated by the investigators of TAPS on episode 524 of the Sci Fi Channel program Ghost Hunters. The episode aired on December 9, 2009. Following the investigation, TAPS announced that they captured audio of strange sounds inside the building. Something that sounded like a doorknob being opened was recorded in the Senate Room while no one was in it, and audio of what sounded like a woman sighing was captured in the Steward Museum room when no female team members were present in the building. Before giving a final verdict of "haunted or not", the team plans to head back to the Old State House for a more in depth investigation. So until then, this case remains open.

See also

List of National Historic Landmarks in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hartford, Connecticut

References

External links

 Roadside American Report on the Museum of Curiosities
 CT Museum Quest Report on the Museum of Curiosities – with photos
 Article in Hartford Courant by Wayne Jebian

Government buildings in Connecticut
Tourist attractions in Hartford, Connecticut
Government buildings completed in 1792
National Historic Landmarks in Connecticut
Federal architecture in Connecticut
Connecticut
Museums in Hartford, Connecticut
Reportedly haunted locations in Connecticut
History museums in Connecticut
Natural history museums in Connecticut
Buildings and structures in Hartford, Connecticut
Charles Bulfinch buildings
National Register of Historic Places in Hartford, Connecticut
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut

Old State House (Connecticut)


Elegy is a 2008 American romantic drama film directed by Isabel Coixet from a screenplay by Nicholas Meyer, based on the 2001 novel The Dying Animal by Philip Roth. The film stars Penélope Cruz and Ben Kingsley, with Peter Sarsgaard, Patricia Clarkson, and Dennis Hopper in supporting roles. The film was set in New York City but was shot in Vancouver.

Plot
David Kepesh is a cultural critic and professor, in a state of "emancipated manhood": His relationships with women are usually casual, brief and sexual in nature. Previously married, he has a son who has never forgiven him for leaving his mother. His friend, Pulitzer Prize-winning poet George O'Hearn, suggests that he "bifurcate" his life: have conversations and enjoy art with a wife, and "keep the sex just for sex". David is also in a casual 20-year relationship with Caroline, another former student.

He encounters Consuela Castillo, a beautiful and confident student who attends one of his lectures. She captures his attention like no other woman, and they begin a serious relationship. George advises him to leave her before she leaves him, but David cannot bring himself to give her up. They are a couple for a year and a half, during which he continues to sleep with Caroline; neither woman knows of the other's existence.

Over dinner, Consuela invites David to her graduation party. After some hesitation, he agrees to attend. On the day of the event, David phones Consuela and claims he is stuck in traffic and will be unavoidably delayed. In reality, he is sitting in his car, anxious about meeting Consuela's family. Heartbroken, Consuela hangs up, and they end their relationship. Shortly afterward, George suffers a stroke during a poetry conference after David introduces him, and later dies. David realizes too late that he genuinely loved Consuela, and ends his relationship with Caroline. He somewhat mends his relationship with his son, Kenny, who reveals that he is having an affair and indirectly asks David for advice.

Two years pass before Consuela and David come into contact again. On New Year's Eve, David arrives home to find a message from Consuela. She mentions that she needs to tell him something before he finds out from someone else. At his apartment, Consuela announces that she has found a lump in her breast and will need surgery. Grief-stricken, David cries and asks her why she didn't tell him sooner. Consuela then asks David to take photos of her breasts, before the doctors "ruin" them. David agrees.

In the final scene, David visits Consuela at the hospital where she is recovering from a mastectomy. Consuela says, "I will miss you". David responds, "I am here" as he climbs into the hospital bed and gently kisses her face. In a fantasy scene, the film flashes back to David and Consuela on the beach where Consuela told David she loves him.

Cast
 Penélope Cruz as Consuela Castillo
 Ben Kingsley as David Kepesh
 Dennis Hopper as George O'Hearn
 Patricia Clarkson as Caroline
 Peter Sarsgaard as Kenneth Kepesh
 Deborah Harry as Amy O'Hearn
 Charlie Rose as himself
 Antonio Cupo as younger man
 Michelle Harrison as 2nd student
 Sonja Bennett as Beth
 Chelah Horsdal as Susan Reese

Critical reception
Elegy received generally favorable reviews from critics. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 75% based on 123 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "An intelligent, adult, and provocative Philip Roth adaptation that features classy performances, Elegy is never quite the sum of its parts." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 66 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Top ten lists
The film appeared on several critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2008.
 3rd – Kimberly Jones, The Austin Chronicle
 4th – Mike Russell, The Oregonian
 5th – Marjorie Baumgarten, The Austin Chronicle
 6th – Andrea Gronvall, Chicago Reader

References

External links

2008 films
2008 multilingual films
2008 romantic drama films
2000s American films
2000s English-language films
2000s Spanish-language films
American multilingual films
American romantic drama films
Films about adultery in the United States
Films about scandalous teacher–student relationships
Films based on American novels
Films based on works by Philip Roth
Films directed by Isabel Coixet
Films produced by Gary Lucchesi
Films produced by Tom Rosenberg
Films set in New York City
Films set in universities and colleges
Films shot in Vancouver
Films with screenplays by Nicholas Meyer
Lakeshore Entertainment films
Spanish-language American films

Elegy (film)


Biblioteka Imeni Lenina (, ) is a station on the Sokolnicheskaya Line of the Moscow Metro. The station was opened on 15 May 1935 as a part of the first stage of the Metro. It is situated in the very centre of the city under Mokhovaya Street, and is named for the nearby Russian State Library (named the Lenin Library from 1925 until 1992). Its architects were A. I. Gontskevich and S. Sulin.

To prevent the disruption of traffic, Biblioteka Imeni Lenina was built using underground excavation rather than cut and cover even though the station ceiling is just two metres (6.5 ft) below ground level. Soil conditions and the narrowness of the space in which the station was to be built necessitated a single-vault design, the only one on the first Metro line. The entire excavation was only 19.8 metres (65 ft) wide and 11.7 metres (38 ft) high. The main station vault was built from rubble stone set in concrete and reinforced with an iron framework. This was lined with an "umbrella" of bitumen-coated paper to prevent groundwater from seeping into the station. The station was finished with plaster, yellow ceramic tile, and marble.

The station originally had two entrance vestibules, one at either end. The southern vestibule, located between the old and new buildings of the State Library, is shared with Borovitskaya. The temporary northern vestibule, which served Biblioteka Imeni Lenina and Aleksandrovsky Sad, was removed in the 1940s.

Transfers
From this station it is possible to transfer to Arbatskaya on the Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line, Aleksandrovsky Sad on the Filyovskaya Line, and Borovitskaya on the Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line.

Though Biblioteka Imeni Lenina and Aleksandrovsky Sad (then called Komintern) were built concurrently, they were not connected by transfer passages until 1938, when Aleksandrovsky Sad became part of the Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line. Before this the line from Aleksandrovsky Sad to Kievskaya operated as a branch of the Sokolnicheskaya Line.

External links

Description of the station on Metro.ru
Description of the station on Mymetro.ru
Description of the station on Metro.molot.ru
KartaMetro.info — Station location and exits on Moscow map

Moscow Metro stations
Railway stations in Russia opened in 1935
Sokolnicheskaya Line
Railway stations located underground in Russia

Biblioteka Imeni Lenina