Types of volcanoes

There are multiple types of volcanoes in Mexico. Volcanoes can be of different types such as cinder cone volcanoes, composite volcanoes, shield volcanoes, and lava domes. Each of these variations of volcanoes forms in its own way. Cinder cone volcanoes are the simplest type of volcano. This volcano forms from particles of solidified lava that ejected from a single vent. When the lava is eruptive and blows into the air, it separates into small fragments that solidify and fall around the central vent to form an oval cone at the top of the volcano. "Composite volcanoes or stratovolcanoes, make up some of the world's most memorable mountains: Mount Rainier, Mount Fuji, and Mount Cotopaxi." These volcanoes are very steep sided and symmetrical, in a cone shape. They have a conduit system which allows the magma to flow from deep within the Earth's surface. They have many vents within the volcano which allows the lava to break through the walls, which allows for the volcano to grow up to thousands of meters tall. Composite volcanoes are also known to explode violently, as (for instance) Mount St. Helens did in 1980. Another type of volcano, known as shield volcanoes, are very large and look like shields from above. The lava from within shield volcanoes is very thin, so when it pours out in all directions from the central summit vent, it travels for long distances. These volcanoes filled up slowly over time, with eruptions creating layers on top of layers. Unlike shield volcanoes, lava dome volcanoes are created by small masses of lava that are too thick to flow very far down the slope. They commonly occur within the creators of large composite volcanoes. The dome grows from lava expanding within the volcano. When lava domes explode, they violently release huge amounts of ash and rock.

Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt is the Neogene volcanic arc that takes place on the southern edge of the North American plate. It is approximately 1000 kilometers long.  It overlies the Rivera and Cocos slabs. It's a unique volcanic belt, as it is not parallel to the Middle American trench, where most of the stratovolcanoes are usually positioned. It has a wide range of chemical compositions, such as intraplate. It consists of many volcanic features that include monogenetic volcano cones, shield volcanoes, lava dome, complexes, and major calderas. Fun fact: It actually snows all year long on some of the highest peaks are people living, and when the weather is clear, they can be seen by those who live in Mexico on some of the high parts from which these volcanoes rise. Before the Trans-Mexican Belt took over, the Sierra Madre Occidental actually was in that exact area. This is how the Trans-Mexican Volcanic belt evolved and changed and the Rivera plate begin to subduction beneath Central Mexico in the early to late Miocene. 2) The slab tear begins to propagate west to east across the back northern area of the belt, which allowed asthenospheric heat in to generate the Mafic episode.3) The latest Miocene was the onset of more silic volcanics generated by flat slab subduction which pushed the belt further to the north.4) Lastly, The late Pliocene to Holocene is characterized by slab rollback sending the volcanic arc trenchward to the present day position.

List
This is a list of active and extinct volcanoes in Mexico.

Volcanic hazards
A volcanic hazard is a process that can cause damage to anything or anyone. Tephra/ash is a hazard caused by many volcanoes. Ash covers items like buildings, vehicles, homes, etc., and if "animals or humans consume fine-grained ash, it can cause health problems.." Lahars are a kind of flowing volcanic hazard that can be harmful as they can take/drag anything in their way. Lahars can flow at varying speeds, making it difficult for people to escape from them. Pyroclastic flows, which are toxic gases created by hot clouds that can destroy all things they come into contact with, are another example of a volcanic hazard. Lava flows are the least deadly out of the volcanic hazards as "most move slowly enough that people can move out the way easily." However, objects, people, and more that go near the lava flows "will be knocked over, surrounded, buried, or ignited by the extremely hot temperature of lava."

Ring of Fire
A lot of earthquakes and volcanoes are in the pacific ring of fire. In addition, the ring of fire is "a direct result of plate tectonics, and the movement and collisions of lithospheric plates" and Mexico's volcanoes are part of this ring of fire. A specific Mexican volcano apart from the ring of fire is Popocatépetl, which is also one of the most dangerous volcanoes. This volcano lies "on the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, which is the result of the small Cocos Plate sub-ducting beneath the North American Plate". The Popocatépetl volcano is a danger to a lot of  people, so they have to be careful when or if this volcano erupts. In general, Mexico's volcanoes are in the ring of fire, therefore people who live near the volcanoes listed above have to be careful with the volcanoes that will most likely erupt again.

Effects of volcanic eruptions on surrounding communities
When a volcano erupts, the communities around them are affected depending on how big of an eruption occurred. Popocatépetl is an excellent example of the effects that volcanoes can have on a community. Popocatépetl is a famous volcano due to it being inactive for 50 years and coming back to life in 1994. Since 1994, it has been producing powerful explosions at irregular intervals. In 2013, It released a cloud of ash that would spread for 2 miles high over a period of several days of eruptions. In the city of San Pedro Nexapa, about 9.5 from the Popocatépetl, local residents were able to find small piles of ash on parts of the sidewalk. It is easy for ash to get picked up by the wind, and get passed around contaminating the air. Cars driving by pick up the ash with their exhaust, and with the volcano still erupting irregularly, ash is periodically flowing out. Following the explosions, a total of 17 flights were canceled  "due to climate conditions and in accordance with their own international policies." Other effects that volcanoes can have on communities in close proximity with the base are more in danger for ash clouds, mud flow, gases, earthquakes, and tsunamis. "During volcanic eruptions and their immediate aftermath, increased respiratory system morbidity has been observed as well as mortality among those affected by volcanic eruptions."

Impact on tree growth
Environmental effects on growth and survival of trees in Mexico from volcanic activity are significant. Using evidence from the effects of the 1855 - 1856 eruption of that Tacaná volcano and ash fall from the 1902 eruption of the Santa Maria volcano and the radial growth of trees at Tacaná. Because of these incidents, they caused two significant suppression events to happen. The first event took place from 1857 to 1868 which caused by the historic eruption of Tacaná, two years prior. A year later after the eruption of the Santa Maria volcano, the second suppression event started from 1903 to 1908, during which tree growth was affected by the thickness of ash fall from the eruption and deposited near each tree. Another example that the impact of volcano eruptions on forest ecosystems can be the 1913 Plinian eruption of Volćan de Fuego, 7.7 km to the south. This event was one of the largest explosive eruptions in Mexico and produced ash flow deposits up to 40 m thick. Also, this indicated extremely low growth in 1913 and 1914, radio growth reduction was over 30% in 75% of the sampled trees.

See also
 Central America Volcanic Arc
 Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
 List of volcanoes in Guatemala
 List of volcanoes in the United States

References

 Teodoro Carlón Allende, José Luis Macías, Manuel E. Mendoza, and José Villanueva Díaz. Evidence of volcanic activity in the growth rings of trees at the Tacaná volcano, Mexico–Guatemala border. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 50(1): 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2019-0214

Volcanism of Mexico
Mexico

Volcanoes
Volcanoes

List of volcanoes in Mexico


Problematische Naturen ("Problematical Natures," 1861; translated into English as "Problematic Characters," by Prof. Schele de Vere, New York, 1869) was a popular novel written by German novelist Friedrich Spielhagen exploring German personalities from around the time of the Revolutions of 1848.

Motivations
Like Freytag and Paul Heyse, Friedrich Spielhagen was chiefly concerned, in his novels, with defining the warring elements of German character and the opposing springs of German action in the period before and after the revolution of 1848. Like Freytag and Heyse, Spielhagen saw clearly the dangers that threatened the country, politically, religiously and morally from a reactionary aristocracy; like Heyse and unlike Freytag he saw the hope of the nation in the spread of an enlightened democracy rather than in a spiritual renaissance of the ruling classes.

Description

The hero of Problematische Naturen, Oswald Stein, is the mouthpiece for Spielhagen's revolutionary social theories. He is modeled after those characters of whom Goethe wrote "There are problematical natures that do not fit into any situation and who remain always unsatisfied. For them there arises a terrible conflict that consumes life without enjoyment."

For Spielhagen, the conflict itself, even though it ends in defeat, is victory; the mere struggle against the domination of dead ideas is progress. For such a philosophy, there could be no better historical background than the Germany of 1848 and after, and Problematische Naturen with its sequel Durch Nacht zum Licht (1862), — although it squanders material for half a dozen novels, idealizes Teutonic morbidity, and forsakes art for tendency, — tells with remarkable vividness the story of the men and women who lived and thought and fought for freedom in Germany's day of hope.

Notes

References

Further reading
A notable description of the literature of this period is to be found in Julian Schmidt's Geschichte der Deutschen Literatur.

German historical novels
Revolutions of 1848
19th-century German novels

Problematische Naturen


Overnutrition (also known as hyperalimentation) is a form of malnutrition in which the intake of nutrients is oversupplied. The amount of nutrients exceeds the amount required for normal growth, development, and metabolism.

Overnutrition can lead to:
 Obesity, a disorder which occurs by eating more calories than one burns, as well as:
 Oversupplying a specific nutrient, such as dietary minerals or vitamin poisoning.

For mineral excess, see:
 Iron poisoning, and
 Low sodium diet (a response to excess sodium).

Overnutrition may also refer to greater food consumption than appropriate, as well as other feeding procedures such as parenteral nutrition.

See also
Undernutrition
Calorie restriction

References

External links

Nutrition
Malnutrition

Overnutrition


Henry Moore, 4th Earl of Drogheda (7 October 1700 – 29 May 1727), styled Viscount Moore from 21 May to 7 June 1714, was an Irish peer and rake who briefly served in the Parliament of Great Britain. He inherited his title and estates at the age of 13, when his father and grandfather died in quick succession. Drogheda rapidly became a debauchee, and after squandering large sums, died at the age of 26, leaving his younger brother a heavily encumbered estate.

Biography
Moore was the eldest son of Charles Moore, Viscount Moore by his wife Lady Jane Loftus, the daughter of Arthur Loftus, 3rd Viscount Loftus. His father Charles was the heir apparent of Henry Hamilton-Moore, 3rd Earl of Drogheda. Viscount Moore died on 21 May 1714, followed shortly after by his father the 3rd Earl on 7 June, upon which Henry succeeded in the earldom and family estates and quickly became a drunkard.

Sent on the Grand Tour by his guardian, the Dowager Countess of Drogheda, he escaped from his governor in Brussels in June 1717. Proceeding alone to Paris, he returned home when he ran out of money. In 1719, his grandmother obtained a release of responsibility for him from the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, writing that "he exceeds all the youth that ever went before him for wickedness". Drogheda regularly overspent his allowance of £1,500 per year. In 1720, he married Charlotte, the daughter of Hugh Boscawen, 1st Viscount Falmouth, on 11 February, by whom he had one daughter, who died in infancy.

Drogheda's father-in-law was the Government electoral manager for the Cornish boroughs and obtained for him a seat at Camelford at the 1722 election. In 1725, upon the death of his maternal grandfather Viscount Loftus, he inherited the Loftus estate of Monasterevin. Drogheda continued to spend immense sums on racing and other extravagances and died in Dublin on 29 May 1727. He was succeeded by his brother Edward, who had to sell much of the Moore estates in County Louth to meet Henry's debts of over £180,000; thenceforth the family made their seat at Monasterevin, where they later built Moore Abbey.

References

1700 births
1727 deaths
British MPs 1722–1727
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for constituencies in Cornwall
Earls of Drogheda

Henry Moore, 4th Earl of Drogheda


Meng Guang ( 190s – third century), courtesy name Xiaoyu, was an official and scholar of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China.

Life
Meng Guang was from Luoyang, Henan. He was born sometime in the Eastern Han dynasty. His relative, Meng Yu (孟郁), served as the Grand Commandant (太尉) in the Han imperial court. Meng Yu's elder brother, Meng Ben (孟賁), was a eunuch who served as a Central Regular Attendant (中常侍). Meng Guang started his career as a minor official in one of the departments of the central government towards the end of the reign of Emperor Ling ( 168–189).

In 190, after the warlord Dong Zhuo seized control of the Han central government and forced Emperor Xian ( 189–220) to move the imperial capital to Chang'an, Meng Guang escaped and fled to Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing). Liu Yan, the Governor of Yi Province, treated Meng Guang like a guest. After Liu Yan died in 194, his son and successor, Liu Zhang, accorded Meng Guang the same treatment. Meng Guang was known for being knowledgeable and well-read; he was particularly interested in the Records of the Grand Historian, Book of the Later Han and Dongguan Han Ji (東觀漢記). He also frequently debated with Lai Min, another guest scholar living in Yi Province, over the Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu) as each of them preferred a different commentary on the Chunqiu: Meng Guang and Lai Min specialised in the Gongyang Zhuan and Zuo Zhuan respectively. Meng Guang was notorious for being loud and annoying during his debates with Lai Min.

In 214, after the warlord Liu Bei seized control of Yi Province from Liu Zhang, he appointed Meng Guang as a Consultant (議郎) and put him and Xu Ci in charge of institutional matters. Following the end of the Eastern Han dynasty in 220, Meng Guang served in the state of Shu Han, founded by Liu Bei in 221, during the Three Kingdoms period. Liu Shan, Liu Bei's son, became the new emperor of Shu when his father died in 223. During his reign, Liu Shan appointed Meng Guang to various positions, including Prefect of Insignia and Credentials (符節令), Colonel of the Garrison Cavalry (屯騎校尉), Steward of the Changle Palace (長樂少府), and Minister of Finance (大司農).

In the autumn of 246, when the Shu government proclaimed a general amnesty, Meng Guang stepped up and scolded Fei Yi, the head of the central government, in front of the entire imperial court. He argued that a general amnesty, as a policy, should only be implemented under extraordinary circumstances (e.g., as a political move to gain popular support especially in times of instability) and as a last resort. In his opinion, as Shu was rather peaceful and stable at the time, a general amnesty would benefit criminals instead of improving the government's public image. Fei Yi apologised to Meng Guang in a polite but awkward manner.

Throughout his career in the Shu government, Meng Guang was notorious for making public outbursts on numerous occasions and for being very unbridled in his speech. As a result, his colleagues generally disliked or detested him. There were also instances where he carelessly divulged state secrets (probably due to a slip of the tongue) and discussed politics in inappropriate settings. However, he got off lightly because he held much prestige among the literati for his status as a learned Confucian scholar. Meng Guang's behaviour had a huge negative impact on his career: he never made it to higher positions – his highest appointment was Minister of Finance (大司農) – and never received any honours/privileges (e.g., a marquis title). Two of his colleagues, Minister of Ceremonies Xin Cheng (鐔承) and Minister of the Household Pei Jun (裴儁), were younger and less experienced than him, yet they made it to positions higher than his.

Xi Zheng, then an assistant official in the palace library, often visited Meng Guang to consult him. When Meng Guang asked him what the crown prince, Liu Xuan, had been learning and reading and what he was interested in, Xi Zheng replied, "He treats the people around him respectfully. He is very diligent and hardworking. He has the style of a crown prince of ancient times. When he meets people, he shows sincerity, kindness and generosity in everything he says and does." Meng Guang then said, "This is what is expected of every other person. What I really want to know is his level of political wisdom and how good his political skills are." Xi Zheng replied, "The Crown Prince's approach towards life is to focus on winning people's hearts and favour. He won't do what he shouldn't do. He doesn't openly reveal his wisdom. Besides, political skills can only be used under certain circumstances; they cannot be cultivated and learnt in advance." Meng Guang knew that Xi Zheng was trying to careful with his words, so he said, "I like to speak my mind as freely as possible. Every time I openly make criticisms, people will ridicule or hate me for that. Although I sense that you don't like to hear what I say, my words make sense. The Empire is not unified yet. Political skills are crucial in this time and age. While one's mastery of political skills depends on his intellectual abilities, political skills can be learnt and mastered through diligence. This has to do with the Crown Prince's education. He should be striving to enrich himself with as much knowledge as possible so that he can be like a consultant. He should also sit for written and oral tests like academics and gain some titles. This is a top priority for him." Xi Zheng strongly agreed with him.

Meng Guang was later removed from office for committing offences. He died in an unknown year in his 90s.

See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

Notes

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).

 Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
 Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.

Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Shu Han government officials
Government officials under Liu Bei

Meng Guang


In the post-production process of film and video editing, a dissolve (sometimes called a lap dissolve) is a type of film transition in which one sequence fades over another. The terms fade-out (also called fade to black) and fade-in are used to describe a transition to and from a blank image. This is in contrast to a cut, where there is no such transition. A dissolve overlaps two shots for the duration of the effect, usually at the end of one scene and the beginning of the next, but may also be used in montage sequences. Generally, but not always, the use of a dissolve is held to indicate that a time has passed between the two scenes. Also, it may indicate a change of location or the start of a flashback.

Creation of effect
In the film, this effect is usually created with an optical printer by controlling double exposure from frame to frame. In linear video editing or live television production, the same effect is created by interpolating the voltages of the video signal. In non-linear video editing, a dissolve is done using software, by interpolating gradually between the RGB values of each pixel of the image. The audio track optionally cross-fades between the soundtracks.

Use

Cuts and dissolves are used differently. A camera cut changes the perspective from which a scene is portrayed. It is as if the viewer suddenly and instantly moved to a different place, and could see the scene from another angle.

Fades and dissolves typically have a duration of 1 to 2 seconds (24–48 frames), though this may vary according to the preference of the director and editor. Short dissolves (6–12 frames) may be used to soften obvious hard cuts which may startle the viewer, or jump cuts.

In narrative terms, the length of the dissolve is dictated by the mood or pacing the director or editor wishes to create. For instance, in the opening sequence of Citizen Kane, the dissolves between the master shots are slow because of the pervading sense of morbidity Welles and his collaborators wished to create. In the "News on the March" (montage) sequence shortly afterwards, however, the dissolves are much shorter as the intention is to create a sense of vitality in the life of the still mysterious lead character and speed in the (supposedly) newsreel sequence.

Dissolves are most common in classic cinema (see continuity editing), but are now less often used. The device began to fall into disuse as filmmakers fell under the influence of the French New Wave directors and their innovative use of the jump cut and as the absence of a linear narrative became more common. It is also sometimes held that the effect was best utilized in monochrome cinematography, where gradations of gray are mixed rather than possibly incompatible color tones. The impact of television news reporting may also have resulted in the device losing any pretense of having a contemporary feel.

Dissolves are usually kept to a minimum in most films and shows. Due mainly to stylistic tastes, it is very rare to see a shot which both begins and ends with a dissolve

See also
Sound transitions:
Crossfading
Fade (audio engineering)
Offscreen
Wipe transition
Georges Méliès
Dissolve (Blend mode)

References

Articles containing video clips
Film editing
Cinematic techniques

Dissolve (filmmaking)


A guild (or ecological guild) is any group of species that exploit the same resources, or that exploit different resources in related ways. It is not necessary that the species within a guild occupy the same, or even similar, ecological niches.

Details
Guilds are defined according to the locations, attributes, or activities of their component species. For example, the mode of acquiring nutrients, the mobility, and the habitat zones that the species occupy or exploit can be used to define a guild. The number of guilds occupying an ecosystem is termed its disparity. Members of a guild within a given ecosystem could be competing for resources, such as space or light, while cooperating in resisting wind stresses, attracting pollinators, or detecting predators, such as happens among savannah-dwelling antelope and zebra.

A guild does not typically have strict, or even clearly defined boundaries, nor does it need to be taxonomically cohesive. A broadly defined guild will almost always have constituent guilds; for example, grazing guilds will have some species that concentrate on coarse, plentiful forage, while others concentrate on low-growing, finer plants. Each of those two sub-guilds may be regarded as guilds in appropriate contexts, and they might, in turn, have sub-guilds in more closely selective contexts. Some authorities even speak of guilds in terms of a fractal resource model. This concept arises in several related contexts, such as the metabolic theory of ecology, the scaling pattern of occupancy, and spatial analysis in ecology, all of which are fundamental concepts in defining guilds.

An ecological guild is not to be confused with a taxocene, a group of phylogenetically related organisms in a community that do not necessarily share the same or similar niches (for example, "the insect community"). Nor is a guild the same as a trophic species, which is a functional group of taxa sharing the same set of predators and prey within a food web.

Microbial guilds
Some authors have used the term guild to analyze microbial communities. However, precisely because of the pointed lack of concretion in the original definition, it has been used with different connotations. Recently, some effort has been made to address this issue. Some authors have proposed a formal definition for guilds that avoids this inherent ambiguity of niche exploitation, and a quantification method considering the problems arising from degeneracy in protein functions. According to the authors, any organism that performs a function, regardless of its phylogenetic lineage, its environmental preferences or how it carries it out, would be regarded as a representative member of the guild. This contrasts with the definitions used for the study of macroorganisms, where membership demanded that the different forms of exploitation of the resource were related or similar.

Example guilds

Browsers and terrestrial folivores
Forest canopy folivores
Forest floor scavengers
Grazers
Forbs
Graminoids (grasses, rushes and sedges)
Plankton
Saprophytes
Shrubs
Trees
Vines
Piscivores

Footnotes

References

Community ecology
Ecological niche
Ecology terminology
Environmental terminology
Habitat

Guild (ecology)


Injection moulding or injection molding is a type of Molding process. In this process the materials, such as plastic pellets are heated and melted, and then sent to the mold. The melted material which is used in this method is often plastic and rubber but it can be done with metals , glasses etc. Because of the similarity of this method to injecting fluids using a syringe, this process is called injection molding.

Materials science

Injection moulding


Wikipedia bots are automated computer programs that perform simple, repetitive tasks on Wikipedia. Bots perform their jobs under a different user name than the owner, so that it is easy to tell them apart.

The most popular type of bot is called the Python Wikipedia Robot Framework or "pywikibot" for short.

Related pages
 Wikipedia:Bots

bots

Wikipedia bots


The following is a list of the species of grasshopper, cricket and allied insects recorded from Britain. The insect orders covered by this list are:
 the Orthoptera - Grasshoppers and crickets
 the Dermaptera - earwigs
 the Blattodea - cockroaches

This article lists the native species only. A number of other species have been found in the wild as vagrants or accidental introductions.  Many of the Orthopteran common names were synthesised from older sources or coined where necessary by Dr. DR Ragge.

Order Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets)

Suborder Ensifera (crickets)

Family Tettigoniidae (bush-crickets)
 Oak bush-cricket Meconema thalassinum
 Southern oak bush-cricket Meconema meridionale (since 2001)
 Great green bush-cricket Tettigonia viridissima
 Wart-biter Decticus verrucivorus
 Dark bush-cricket Pholidoptera griseoaptera
 Grey bush-cricket Platycleis albopunctata
 Bog bush-cricket Metrioptera brachyptera
 Roesel's bush-cricket Roeseliana roeselii
 Long-winged conehead Conocephalus fuscus
 Short-winged Conehead Conocephalus dorsalis
 Speckled bush-cricket Leptophyes punctatissima

Super-family Grylloidea
Family Gryllidae
 House cricket Acheta domesticus
 Field cricket Gryllus campestris
Family Mogoplistidae
 Scaly cricket Pseudomogoplistes squamiger
Family Trigonidiidae
 Wood cricket Nemobius sylvestris

Family Gryllotalpidae (mole-crickets)
 Mole cricket Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa

Suborder Caelifera (grasshoppers & allies)

Family Tetrigidae (groundhoppers)
 Cepero's groundhopper Tetrix ceperoi
 Slender groundhopper Tetrix subulata
 Common groundhopper Tetrix undulata

Family Acrididae (grasshoppers)
 Large marsh grasshopper Stethophyma grossum - rare and restricted to the New Forest and Dorset
 Stripe-winged grasshopper Stenobothrus lineatus
 Lesser mottled grasshopper Stenobothrus stigmaticus (Isle of Man only)
 Woodland grasshopper Omocestus rufipes
 Common green grasshopper Omocestus viridulus
 Field grasshopper Chorthippus brunneus
 Heath grasshopper Chorthippus vagans
 Lesser marsh grasshopper Chorthippus albomarginatus
 Meadow grasshopper Pseudochorthippus parallelus
 Rufous grasshopper Gomphocerippus rufus
 Mottled grasshopper Myrmeleotettix maculatus

Order Blattodea (cockroaches)

Family Blattellidae

 Dusky cockroach Ectobius lapponicus
 Tawny cockroach Ectobius pallidus
 Lesser cockroach Capraiellus panzeri

Order Dermaptera (earwigs)

Family Spongiphoridae

 Lesser earwig Labia minor

Family Forficulidae

 Short-winged earwig Apterygida media
 Chelidurella acanthopygia
 Common earwig Forficula auricularia
 Lesne's earwig Forficula lesnei

References

See also
 List of Orthopteroid genera containing species recorded in Europe

Orthoptera Britain
L

List of Orthoptera and allied insects of Great Britain


"Hurt Me Soul" is a song written by rapper Lupe Fiasco. The Needlz-produced track was released in September 2006 on his debut album Lupe Fiasco's Food & Liquor. Before the opening verse, you can hear Lupe say "Istaghfirallah". In the opening verse, Lupe first acknowledges his own hypocritical tendencies during his younger years, and even more so the overbearing presence of hypocrisy in the modern rap scene. Afterward, he makes reference to the fact that contemporary rap music is being flooded with the glorification or subliminal promotion of misogyny, drug-dealing, materialism and violence. However, this kind of rap music can be metaphorically viewed as the world in general, for these vices still continue to exist universally, even in societies where rap is absent. Despite his evidently strong opposition for such distasteful music, Lupe contradicts himself by questioning whether or not hip-hop should be criticized for such things. In doing so, he explains how rap legends such as 2Pac, Nas, Too Short, and Jay-Z (who are frequent sources for such glorification) rap about these subjects as they are in reality "coming true", despite the vulgarity of it all.

As the track arrives at the last verse, Lupe lists a lengthy catalog of what he believes corrupts the world. Consequently, in the three different hooks, Lupe speaks as a representative for numerous anonymous people suffering from this corruption, still bearing the general theme that virtually everyone on earth is susceptible to misfortune. He mourns for the world as a result, hence the title "Hurt Me Soul.".  This title involves a slight play on words of the common phrase: it "hurts me so".

References

2006 songs
Protest songs
Lupe Fiasco songs
Songs written by Tony Camillo
Songs written by Lupe Fiasco
Atlantic Records singles
Songs written by Needlz
Song recordings produced by Needlz

Hurt Me Soul


Francis Neilson (26 January 1867 – 13 April 1961) was an accomplished British-born American actor, playwright and stage director. He was also a political figure and former member of the British House of Commons. An avid lecturer, Neilson was an author of more than 60 books, plays and opera librettos and the most active leader in the Georgist movement.

Early life
Born Francis Butters, the eldest of nine siblings, in Claughton Road, Birkenhead, England, he was the son of a Shropshire father, Francis Turley Butters and a Scottish mother from Dundee, Isabella Neilson Hume. He attended the Liverpool Institute for Boys. Several accounts explain that because of his large family, Neilson left school at the age of fourteen and moved to the United States at the age of eighteen.  Nevertheless, the British Census of 1881 records the Butters' household as having 12 people, including 8 children and two maids. The census also records Francis Butters (Neilson's father) as a restaurant keeper.

Move to US
In the United States, after arriving in New York City, and paying fifteen dollars for a hansom cab ride from the docks to his guest house, Neilson worked several odd jobs which included a longshoreman, a labourer in Central Park (years later he lived at the Savoy-Plaza Hotel, overlooking that park), and some clerical work. After meeting an African-American man surnamed Johnson, who because of his colour worked as a porter despite his college degree, Neilson became fascinated with education and at times "…went hungry to buy books". This fascination led him to Henry George, of whom he became a devoted follower.

During his stay in the United States, he married Catherine O'Gorman; they had two daughters, Isabel and Marion. Isabel Neilson, an accomplished sculptor, married Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Count of Ostheim, in 1932 and became Countess of Ostheim, and Marion Neilson married Captain Hugh Melville, Sam Browne's Cavalry.

Theatre and opera
Neilson's first success came in the following years after his discovery of Henry George's teachings, where he became well known and respected for his writing, acting, and directing. The Internet Broadway Database, records him as a director of The Little Princess in January 1903, first at the Criterion Theatre and later at the Savoy Theatre; and as the playwright of A Butterfly on The Wheel in January 1912, at the 39th Street Theatre.

In New York, he befriended director Anton Seidl who took him to Germany and introduced him to Richard Wagner's family in Bayreuth. This led him out of the United States and back to London. He came back to London as a stage director for Charles Frohman at the Duke of York's Theatre. Later Neilson was invited to direct the national opera at Covent Garden, which he remodelled completely in 1900. The first opera to be produced there was Puccini's Tosca. Puccini himself was at the theatre supervising the production. The encounter of the two men triggered an interest that took Neilson to invite Puccini to see a private performance of the play Madame Butterfly, playing then at the Duke of York's Theatre. Puccini later requested Neilson to direct the opera at La Scala in Milan; however, this never came to pass due to Neilson's other commitments.

Political career
In the early 1900s, he began his pursuit of politics. His first bid for a parliamentary seat was for the Newport Division of Shropshire in 1906; he lost to the Conservative incumbent, William Kenyon-Slaney, by a margin of 176 votes. He was also unsuccessful in the 1908 Newport by-election.

He was elected as Member of Parliament for the constituency of Hyde in Cheshire in 1910. During his time in parliament, he was well acquainted with both Prime Ministers: Asquith and Lloyd George. Interested in radical politics, he entered in the progress of the Land Values Movement.

His multiple contributions to the liberal agenda made him frequent the Liberal Headquarters, at Parliament Street, and tour the country giving speeches in support of Liberal Party candidates. He resigned from parliament in 1916 after his pacifist beliefs conflicted with the First World War.

Return to US
He returned to the United States, where he became a citizen in 1921 and began pursuing his writing career.

In the US, he met Helen Swift, an heiress of the Swift Meat Packing Business and the widow of Edward Morris, President of Morris & Company, another meat packing company. They were married in 1917. Together, they endowed many charities, and contributed to many institutions, including the University of Chicago, Ripon College, Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Archaeological Institute of America, the Liverpool Cathedral, and Boston Museum of Fine Arts.

Author
His antiwar book How Diplomats Make War (1915) went through several printings and translations. He went on to write over sixty books, along with many other forms of writing such as articles, plays, and an opera. Neilson co-edited a journal of opinion and literary criticism, titled The Freeman between 1920 and 1924.

Legacy

In 1935, as President of the Chicago Chapter of the Archaeological Institute of America and in co-ordination with the University of Liverpool, he organised and endowed an archaeological expedition to the Near East, to research lands of biblical time. Archaeologist John Garstang, at the age of sixty, was enthusiastically in charge of the excavations, with much success at the site of the port of Mersin in southern Turkey.

On October 6, 1949, the Francis Neilson Trust Fund was founded "for the promotion and encouragement of education in the cultural arts and sciences among the choirboys and members of the Cross Guild under the age of twenty one and for the costs and expenses in the promotion of special services sanctioned by the Dean."

A few years before his death, Neilson lost his sight. He was assisted in writing his last book, Ur to Nazareth, by his literary secretary, K. Phyllis Evans. Neilson also wrote a two-volume autobiography, My Life in Two Worlds.

Neilson was a benefactor of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, to which he donated antiquities and several paintings, including A Winter Carnival in a Small Flemish Town, Portrait of a Man, Possibly George Frederick Handel, and The Pelkus Gate near Utrecht. Neilson's late wife, Helen Swift Neilson, had bequeathed Portrait of a Young Woman with a Fan, by Rembrandt, for which she had paid $250,000 in 1930; Rembrandt Harmensz (Dutch, 1606–1669); the Portrait of Mrs. Thomas Pechell, and 1799. The Boston Museum of Fine Arts was given John Singer Sargent's painting A Capriote.

Liverpool Cathedral also received support from Neilson in the form of a collection of Organ and Choral Works which he sponsored; the organ at the Cathedral also bears his name. The Francis Neilson Trust supports music and choristers at the cathedral.

Death
Francis Neilson died, aged 94, on 13 April 1961 in Port Washington, Long Island, New York. He was cremated and his remains interred at Liverpool Cathedral.

Publications
How Diplomats Make War, 1915
Duty to Civilization, 1921
The Eleventh Commandment, 1933
Man at the Crossroads, 1938
The Tragedy of Europe (5 vols.), 1940–1945
In Quest of Justice, 1944
Makers of War, 1950
My Life in Two Worlds, 1952
The Churchill Legend, 1954
From Ur to Nazareth, 1960
Control from the Top, 1933.
Sociocratic Escapades, 1934.
Modern Man and the Liberal Arts, 1947

Opera librettos and plays
La Vivandiere (1893; with music by Victor Herbert)
Prince Ananias (1894, with music by Victor Herbert)
Manabozo (1899; composed for Anton Seidl)
The Bath Road (1902) – a romantic comedy in three acts
The Crucible (1911) – a drama in three acts
A Butterfly on The Wheel (1911) – a drama in four acts
The Sin-Eaters Hallowe'en (1924) -, a fantasy play in one act and two scenes
A Mixed Foursome (1924) – a comedy in three acts
The Impossible Philanthropist (1924) – a comedy in four acts
The Day Before Commencement (1925) – a comedy in four acts
The Queen Nectaria (1927) – a fantasy in four acts
Le Braiser De Sang (1929) – a drama in two acts; produced in Paris

Novels
Madame Bohemia, 1900
The Wise, 1903
Ralph Voyce, 1913
A Strong Man's House, 1916
The House of the Big Yard, 1936

References

Mrs. Morris marries British Statesman Francis Neilson
Francis Neilson, a Remembrance
Francis Neilson
Neilson, Francis. My Life in Two Worlds: Volume I 1867–1915. Appleston: C.C. Nelson Publishing Co., 1952.
The Churchill Legend
"The Making of a Tyrant" An Anti-War essay by Neilson.
Francis Neilson
Francis Neilson, Lectures at the University of Iowa
Francis Neilson, Library of Congress
Helen Swift Neilson
Helen Swift Neilson, Father and Mother, University of Chicago
Boston Museum of Fine Arts Bequest of Helen Swift Neilson, 1946

External links

 Francis Neilson Papers at the University of Manchester Library.

1867 births
1961 deaths
British emigrants to the United States
British male dramatists and playwrights
British male non-fiction writers
English pacifists
British political writers
Georgist politicians
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Morris family (meatpacking)
People educated at Liverpool Institute High School for Boys
People from Birkenhead
People from Long Island
People from Newport, Shropshire
UK MPs 1910–1918

Francis Neilson


Babutsa is a British–Turkish Cypriot music band. The group is named after Opuntias which is a fruit particular to Cyprus. The band was formed of three soloists whose members include Peri Aziz, Ali Sönmez, and Soner Türsoy. Babutsa sings popular traditional Turkish Cypriot folklore songs. They have managed to grab the attention of not only Cypriots around the world, but also of many people in Turkey who are often foreign to Cypriot music. Thus, they have gained much success in Cyprus, the UK, Australia, and Turkey especially with their first single Yanayım Yanayım.

Members
Ali Sönmez (born in 1962, London, England) is of Turkish Cypriot descent.

Soner Türsoy (born in 1965, Famagusta, Cyprus) immigrated to London in 1981.

Discography

Albums
London Calling (2009)

Singles
Yanayım Yanayım (2009)
Tabi Güzelim (2010)

References

Musical trios
Turkish Cypriot musical groups

Babutsa


Future Trunks is a fictional character of the Dragon Ball franchise. He is the son of Bulma  and Vegeta. Trunks is the only fighter of his timeline.

Future Trunks is mainly seen in Dragon Ball Super.

Appearances
Trunks was first shown as a baby when the heart virus killed Goku and the androids #18 and #17 killed most of the fighters. Trunks and his master Gohan were the only fighters that were not killed. Trunks trained to become Super Saiyan. He did this so he could fight the androids.

Trunks and Gohan decided to fight the androids but again the androids won. Gohan lost an arm in the fight. Trunks tried to transform into a Super Saiyan but he failed. Trunks tried to stop Gohan from fighting the androids alone but was knocked out by his master to keep him safe. Trunks woke up and learned that that Gohan had went to fight the androids alone. When Trunks got to the scene of the fight. he found Gohan was dead. This was what was needed for him to change into a Super Saiyan.

Three years later, Trunks prepared himself for the fight against the androids. His mother, Bulma, created a time machine that was to be used if Trunks fails. Trunks fought the androids with Super Saiyan power. He did well for a time but he eventually fails and had to escape. He returned to capsule Corp and planned to go back to the past and change it. This would also change his present time.

Dragon Ball characters

Future Trunks


Maria Klavdievna Tenisheva (née Pyatkovskaya, in the first marriage – Nikolaeva, (20 May 1858 – 14 April 1928) was a Russian Princess, artist, educator, philanthropist and collector. She was born May 20, 1858, in St. Petersburg. Maria Tenisheva is famous as the founder of the Art studio in St. Petersburg, and the Drawing School at the Museum of Russian antiquity in Smolensk, handicraft college in Bezhitsa town, as well as by artistic and industrial workshops held in her own estate of Talashkino.

Biography
Maria Pyatkovskaya was born on May 20, (June 1) 1858 in St. Petersburg. The girl was illegitimate, and grew up in her stepfather's wealthy house; she was quite a shy girl, despite many governesses, nurses and teachers present in the house. Little Maria was expected to be obedient and restraint. His mother was cold to her, apparently binding to this child the moments of her life which she was trying to forget.

When 16-year-old Maria graduated from private school, Rafail Nikolaev, a young lawyer, proposed to her. The idea that the marriage would give her freedom pushed her to give her consent. The couple had a daughter, also named Maria, but the marriage did not work out, as the husband was a gambler. "Everything was so gray and ordinary, meaningless," she wrote later. Soon Maria Tenisheva went to Paris to study singing with the famous Marchesi. She had a beautiful soprano. Maria also took her little daughter to France. That was a really tough time for Maria, as her husband refused to grant her permit to leave and her mother also stopped her allowance. Maria took singing lessons with Mathilde Marchesi, and also graphics lessons. Marchesi was sure that her student was born to have the glory of Russian opera singer. Maria was offered to take a tour of France and Spain. But due to a conflict with the entrepreneur, Maria refused to go, moreover, she decided that singing and stage performance were not for her. Upon returning to St. Petersburg, she attended Baron von Stieglitz classes. At the time, Maria studied the history of art and spent time reading books and visiting museums.

In 1892, Maria married Prince Vyacheslav Nikolayevich Tenishev, an outstanding Russian manufacturer. However, his relatives did not recognize Maria, and she was not inscribed into the Tenishev genealogy. The couple settled in the Khotylevo estate acquired by Prince Tenishev in Bryansky district, Orel province. The estate was situated on the banks of the Desna river, where the princess founded a one-class school.
Princess Tenisheva had great artistic taste. She collected watercolors and befriended famous artists, including Vasnetsov, Vrubel, Roerich, Malyutin, Benois, the sculptor Paolo Troubetzkoy, and many others. She set up an art studio to prepare young people for higher arts education in St. Petersburg (1894–1904), where Ilya Repin taught.

Maria Tenisheva was also one of the founders of the Mir Iskusstva (World of Arts) magazine.

When traveling with her husband to Europe, the princess had no financial restraints and bought Western European paintings, porcelain, marble sculptures, jewelry, and historic valuables of China, Japan and Iran. When she and her husband went traveling through the old Russian towns of Rostov, Rybinsk, Kostroma, and the Volga region villages and monasteries, the handmade beauty crafted by unknown masters made her start a collection of utensils, clothing, furniture, jewelry, and glassware.

In 1893, Maria Tenisheva persuaded her friend, Princess Catherine Svyatopolk-Chetverinskaya, to sell her ancestral estate Talashkino, and there she quickly created a welcoming, creative atmosphere that attracted many famous artists, musicians, and scientists: Ilya Repin, Nicholas Roerich, Mikhail Vrubel, and many others. Talashkino became the princess' lifework.
In September 1895, thanks to the princess' efforts to erect a new building with dormitories, a dining room and a kitchen, a school opened for village children near Talashkino. Orphans had privileged entry, and Princess Tenisheva gave them full pension.

In 1919, after the Revolution, Princess Maria Tenisheva, together with her friend, Princess Catherine Svyatopolk-Chetverinskaya, and her assistants, left Russia for France. During her exile in Paris, she wrote her memoir, called "Impressions of my life. Memories", that covered the period from the late 1860s to New Year's Eve 1917. The book was published only after her death. Princess Maria Tenisheva died on April 14, 1928, in her house "Iris Cottage", located in the Parisian suburb of La Celle Saint-Cloud. In the obituary, Ivan Bilibin wrote: "Her whole life was dedicated to native Russian art, and she has done infinitely much for it."

References

1858 births
1928 deaths
Painters from the Russian Empire
Women artists from the Russian Empire
Nobility from the Russian Empire

Princess Maria Tenisheva


On August 20, 2010, Ben McDaniel (born April 15, 1980), of Memphis, Tennessee, United States, was reported missing after employees in the dive shop at Vortex Spring, north of Ponce de Leon, Florida, noticed that his pickup truck had remained in the shop's parking lot for the previous two days. McDaniel, who had been diving regularly at the spring while living in his parents' nearby beach house, had last been seen by two of those employees on the evening of August 18, on a dive entering a cave  below the water's surface. While he was initially believed to have drowned on that dive, and his parents still strongly believe his body is in an inaccessible reach of the extensive cave system, no trace of him has ever been found. The state of Florida issued his family a death certificate in 2013.

McDaniel had been living at his parents' beach house on the Emerald Coast during a sabbatical in the wake of a divorce, a business failure, and the death of his younger brother two years earlier. An avid diver since his teens, he had been a regular at the spring, where he had apparently been covertly exploring the cave despite lacking the required certification. Lengthy searches have only located some anomalously placed and filled decompression tanks; many of the divers who took part in those searches believe that if McDaniel is indeed dead, his body is not in the cave as he was too large to enter its narrower passages. The McDaniels devoted their family's extensive financial resources to the search, at one point guaranteeing the replacement cost of a remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV). A reward they offered was rescinded in 2012 after the death of another diver who may have been trying to collect it, vindicating the criticism of the divers who had warned of that possibility and resented the McDaniels' insinuation that those who had searched for their son at great personal risk had not been "brave" enough.

Although the McDaniels continue to believe Ben's body is in an area of the cave beyond the reach of current search capabilities, they have also entertained the possibility that his death was not an accident but the result of foul play. A private investigator they hired believes that his body may have been removed before any authorities were contacted, or that he may even have been murdered on land and the narrative of his disappearance fabricated as a cover story.

A segment of Investigation Discovery's Disappeared has been devoted to the case, as well as Ben's Vortex, a documentary co-directed by diver Jill Heinerth. In addition to the accident and murder theories, the documentary also considers the possibility that Ben staged the disappearance to escape a troubled recent past that included a divorce and financial setbacks. The McDaniels have vehemently rejected that theory, pointing to the dog and girlfriend he left behind as well as doubting that he would have knowingly subjected them to that level of grief after seeing how his brother's death had affected them.

Background
In the late 2000s Ben McDaniel was going through a difficult period in his life. The oldest of three sons born to Shelby and Patty McDaniel, a wealthy couple who lived in Collierville, Tennessee, outside Memphis, he had returned to live with his parents after his marriage ended in divorce and his construction business failed, the latter leaving him with tax debts of almost $50,000 to the Internal Revenue Service and the state of Tennessee.

He was also still grieving for his younger brother Paul, a frequent rock climbing partner during their youth, who died in 2008 at the age of 22 from a stroke. Ben had found Paul unconscious in the family home and tried to revive him; he later became active in raising money for the foundation his parents established to support research into prevention and treatment of strokes. Later, it was revealed that Paul's cause of death was "anoxic encephalopathy due to combined drug (opiate/benzodiazepine) toxicity",  a drug overdose, not a stroke. Paul was not being prescribed opiates.

The McDaniels suggested their son take a sabbatical, offering to support him financially while he and his dog, a chocolate Labrador he had rescued, lived in the family's beach home at Santa Rosa Beach on the Emerald Coast of the Florida Panhandle. He accepted the offer and moved into the house in April 2010. His parents and girlfriend say the move was proving beneficial, as Ben was beginning to think and talk about moving on from his recent personal setbacks.

Relocating to the Gulf Coast allowed Ben to indulge in his preferred hobby, scuba diving. He had first taken it up at the age of 15, practicing with his tanks in the family pool. Despite living on the coast during his sabbatical, he preferred to dive in fresh water, becoming a frequent visitor to Vortex Spring, located inland a short distance north of Ponce de Leon.

Vortex Spring
At Vortex Spring, which claims on its website to be the largest diving facility in the state, divers descend into clear waters at a constant temperature of  fed by the Floridan Aquifer. Diving instruction is offered for all levels; experienced divers come for the underwater wildlife and the cavern, which begins  below the surface. All divers are required to present proof of open-water certification and sign a release of liability.

For the most experienced divers, some of whom come from around the world, the main attraction of Vortex Spring is the cave, which starts  from the cavern, at a depth of . At the entrance is a sign depicting the Grim Reaper which warns divers of the dangers of continuing onwards. The cave steadily narrows, reaching a makeshift rebar gate with a chain and padlock, at a point almost  from the entrance. The dive shop withheld the gate key, unless a diver showed proof of cave diving certification, which requires two months' training including 125 dives with an instructor or certified diving partner. This policy was instituted after the deaths of 13 divers in the cave during the 1990s, and in response to threats from the state to ban diving in the cave entirely. Beginning at the gate, over  through the area's limestone bedrock have been mapped, to a depth of ; the cave's full extent is unknown. At some points, the passage narrows to , requiring divers to remove their tanks, push them forward through the passage, and then twist their bodies to follow.

McDaniel's dives at the site were regular enough that the dive shop employees and other frequent visitors came to know him. One of the employees, Chuck Cronin, believed that while McDaniel had the proper equipment and considerable diving knowledge, he was often overly confident in his abilities and not shy about saying so. That opinion, the Memphis Commercial Appeal later reported, was shared by posters on a scuba diving website, scubaboard.com, who had also met Ben during trips to Vortex Spring. (According to a 2014 online comment by his father, he could not find anyone at Vortex Spring willing to be his diving partner, so he did his dives alone.) His parents later defended him from those criticisms by seeing them as positive traits. "Ben was brave," his father later said. "Ben was fearless. He followed his passions."

Disappearance
In mid-August, four months into his Florida sojourn, Ben returned to Tennessee for a week. His parents and girlfriend, Emily Greer, said he seemed optimistic. He told them he was working on getting certified as an instructor so he could find a job and that he was researching cave diving with an eye toward getting that certification as well. On his nights out with Greer, he told her of plans to eventually start a diving-related business. On the weekend of August 14–15, he returned to Florida, leaving behind a letter thanking his parents for the sabbatical and promising to look after them as they grew older. They never saw him again.

On August 18, the Wednesday after he returned to the Santa Rosa Beach house, he went up to Vortex Spring again. In the middle of the day, he did one dive. Other divers saw him looking closely at the area around the cave entrance, as if, it was later reported, he was planning something. After resurfacing he filled his tanks at the dive shop, a transaction recorded on security cameras (it is not known what he filled those tanks with). He spent much of the rest of the afternoon by himself alongside the spring, witnesses said, testing equipment and making notes in his dive log.

The day had been hot, with temperatures around , and as evening came Ben began preparing for another dive. He called his mother on his cell phone, the last contact he had with his family. Around 7:30 p.m., as the sun began to set, he went in again.

Cronin and fellow employee Eduardo Taran, on their way back from a dive themselves – something they often did on Wednesdays after the shop closed – saw Ben as he began descending, with his lights on and wearing a helmet, suggesting he was venturing into the cave. Taran, who had suspected for some time that Ben was forcing the gate open, went down to him and unlocked it, watching Ben go in and then returning to Cronin. No one is known to have seen him since.

On some nights when they had seen Ben dive late, the two had stayed at the spring after resurfacing until they saw bubbles on the surface, indicating that he was beginning to decompress in order to safely resurface. But on the night of the 18th, they instead went back to Taran's house for coffee.

Ben's truck was still in the parking lot the next morning, but with many summer visitors coming to enjoy the site's many water-based recreational opportunities and picnic grounds in addition to diving, the employees said they were too busy to notice. They did see the truck the next morning. After determining that no one else had seen Ben, Taran called the Holmes County sheriff's office.

Search
Upon arrival, the sheriff's deputies sealed off the spring with crime-scene tape. Ben's tanks, wet suit and other diving equipment were not present and there were no signs of a struggle near his truck or anywhere else he could have been. His wallet, with almost $1,100 in cash, and cell phone were in the cab of his truck; dive logs showed that he had explored the cave and a map he made was also found.

At the Santa Rosa Beach house officers found his dog, hungry from having been unfed for two days. Based on these circumstances, police and dive shop employees assumed that he had never resurfaced and had in all probability drowned somewhere in the cave trying to get out. Cadaver dogs alerted on the water surface, further supporting that theory.

Reports of a missing diver in the Vortex Spring cave spread and other cave divers volunteered for what they assumed would be a recovery operation, taking advantage of the weekend. The McDaniels were called, and they drove to Florida, along with Greer, to observe from the shore. News media in the Panhandle and Memphis followed the search closely.

Captain Harry Hamilton, an investigator in Holmes County, assumed at first that a very large number of divers, both amateur and expert, would volunteer to search for and recover McDaniel's body. He soon realized that very few divers "in the world" possessed the training and skill to attempt such a dangerous cave diving recovery. Experienced divers scoured the cave, investigating small crevices and fissures Ben might have entered in a panicked attempt to exit the cave, as his tanks ran low, a pattern found in other cave diving deaths. It was risky work, and one diver said they had nearly died during the search. Multiple divers searched through the weekend, but did not find Ben.

Discovery of tanks
They did, however, find some of his equipment. Two tanks known to belong to McDaniel were found near the entrance to the cave. But this discovery struck some searchers as inconsistent with Ben's supposed intent to explore the cave he was technically not permitted to enter. Cave divers usually place extra "air" tanks, needed for decompression, at points along their exit route so they can follow them out, and not only at the entrance to the cave. When tested, the tanks were found to contain normal air, not the specialized gas mix required for diving at depth. Ben would have been aware of this requirement, if he had been researching cave diving, as his parents reported.

More detailed information regarding tanks was given in the Ben's Vortex documentary. Three tanks believed to belong to Ben were recovered. Tank one, an "aluminum 80" (80 cubic ft capacity), full tank with a regulator, was found  inside the cave. Two other tanks, lacking regulators, were attached to the "talk box" in the outer cavern area, (Piano Room) where the talk box was located at the time. All contained normal air, not a specialized gas mix. The talk box, originally located in the Piano Room of the cave, was moved to the basin area of Vortex Springs and is now at a depth of only .

Searches by recovery specialist
By Sunday, August 22, no other signs of Ben had been found. A text message was sent to Edd Sorenson, a veteran cave diver and recovery specialist with nearly 2,500 logged dives. He was on a yacht in the Bahamas, leading an expedition. He came to Vortex Springs the next day. Other divers, and an official with International Underwater Cave Rescue and Recovery, told him it was too dangerous to search any deeper into the cave.

Sorenson, who has been described by the Tampa Bay Times as being able to go where other divers cannot, persisted. He made three separate dives that day, going (by his account)  into the cave,  further than those sections Ben had mapped, using a diver propulsion vehicle and smaller tanks to increase his range. He found nothing – no body, and no evidence of one such as increased activity by carnivorous aquatic scavengers, nor any evidence that Ben had gotten into those sections, such as marks on the cave walls or disturbed silt.

Ben was  tall and weighed , one inch (2.5 cm) taller and  heavier than Sorenson. Without cave diving training, Sorenson said, there was no way Ben could have gotten through some of the narrower passages, called restrictions by divers, in the cave. "I know what I'm doing and I barely made it through," he told the Commercial Appeal. "The last place I searched was pristine, without a mark that a diver had been there. It would be impossible to go through that restriction without making a mark on the floor or ceiling. He's not in there."

Mapper and ROV efforts
The McDaniels did what they could to help the search. They hired Steve Keene, who had originally mapped the Vortex Spring cave in 2003, to look. After seven dives, he apologized to the McDaniels for not finding any fresh sign of Ben. "If he's in there, I don't know where he'd be," he said later. They agreed to put up $54,000 to guarantee the cost of replacing a remotely operated underwater vehicle brought to the spring by the Fort Lauderdale police, in case it was lost in the cave. (Due to technical issues, it was unable to go any farther than the human divers had ventured.) In total, 16 divers spent 36 straight days looking for Ben's body in the cave with no results. Volunteer searches continued afterwards at the spring through November, often with the McDaniels and Greer in attendance.

Searches on land
With the cave thoroughly searched, some divers began questioning whether Ben was there at all. Perhaps his body had been secretly removed from the cave before searching began and disposed of on land or it had washed out through the spring's outlet. Others, including Cronin and Kelly, suggested he had staged his own disappearance to start his life over under another identity and escape his past troubles. Authorities began to consider these possibilities and adjust their search.

The cadaver dogs searched the woods around Vortex Spring without success. Assisted by helicopters, they searched the swamps along the spring's outflow into Blue Creek and Sandy Creek to the Choctawhatchee River. Thirty separate tests of the water over the next several months showed no sign of an increase in the bacteria that would indicate the presence of a decomposing human body. Taran, who said he had let Ben into the cave despite knowing he lacked certification to dive in it, passed a lie detector test of his account.

Reward offer and controversy
Frustrated by the limitations the search had thus far encountered, and increasingly coming to believe that Ben's body was in an area of the cave no one had yet reached, the McDaniels offered a reward of $10,000, raised from money contributed at a benefit held on what would have been their son's 31st birthday, at the end of the year to anyone "brave" enough to go to those places and find it. The insinuation of cowardice alienated divers who had already risked their lives searching the cave, and raised fears among them that it would only encourage untrained divers to enter the cave and take potentially fatal risks for the reward money. Undeterred, the McDaniels increased the award, twice.

In March 2012, by which time the reward had been increased to $30,000, the fears of the cave divers were realized. Two days before the Investigation Discovery cable channel series Disappeared aired a segment on Ben's case, a diver from Biloxi, Mississippi, Larry Higginbotham, died in the cavern at Vortex Spring. His body was found the next day after he, too, had failed to return from a dive. "He just got himself in a pinch and couldn't find his way back out", said one of the divers who recovered the body.

There was no explicit evidence that Higginbotham was trying to find Ben and claim the reward. The divers who recovered his body believed he was, however. "He was found near a shovel left near a restriction so small that no one could get through it," said Sorenson, who had pulled Higginbotham's body back through four tight restrictions.

The following month, amid increasing criticism, the McDaniels rescinded the reward offer. "Not only did it endanger the lives of divers who would risk going farther than they should," said Sorenson, who was by then even more firmly convinced that their son had not died in the cave, "it put all of our lives at risk because we have to go in to recover the bodies." By that time the McDaniels had also come to believe that, if he had not died in the cave, Ben had been murdered. A phone tip line they set up had not received any calls, and no one who had not yet said anything was likely to be further motivated to do so, they said. (Ben's father elaborated the following year that the family was told to rescind the reward while in the Vortex Spring area for exactly this reason.)

Death of Lowell Kelly
McDaniel was not the only person associated with Vortex Spring at the time facing serious legal issues. Lowell Kelly, who had owned Vortex Spring since 2007, was facing criminal charges. He had allegedly taken a temporary employee who he said owed him thousands of dollars out into an isolated wooded area and attempted to beat him with a baseball bat to make him pay up. The man escaped, and prosecutors later charged Kelly with assault and kidnapping in the incident.

In 2011 Kelly ameliorated the charges against him by pleading no contest. Consequently he was fined, and sentenced to seven years of probation. He died before the first year was completed.

During a chili cook-off he was hosting at Vortex Spring in December, Kelly reportedly fell down the stairs and sustained a head injury. A guest drove Kelly to his home in Ponce de Leon, helped Kelly shower and then placed a blanket over him and left Kelly to rest in the bathtub. In the morning, a different person came to Kelly's home, and realized his condition had worsened overnight. Emergency medical services responded to a call and he was admitted to a hospital in Pensacola.

Kelly remained comatose, and was eventually placed in hospice care, where he died the following month. The Holmes County sheriff's office, which had also been the lead agency investigating the McDaniel disappearance, implied that it had not gotten the full story of what had occurred the night of Kelly's injury and that it had some questions it wanted answered. However, police would not name the individuals who had taken Kelly home and found him there in the morning. The sheriff's office also refused to release the autopsy report to the Northwest Florida Daily News despite its status as a public record under the Florida Sunshine Law; it claimed that release of the report would compromise an ongoing investigation.

Subsequent investigations
By 2011, it seemed unlikely that Ben's body would be found in the cave. The McDaniels began considering the possibility that he had died as a result of foul play, and that his diving disappearance was staged to cover up a crime. Or, perhaps he had been found dead by the dive shop staff, who feared the consequences of that discovery. They hired a Florida private investigator, Lynn-Marie Carty, who found that other people associated with Vortex Spring besides Kelly had criminal records. "There is just as much reason to look above the water for Ben's body as there was to look below it in the cave," she told the Commercial Appeal.

Some other events reported to have occurred on the day Ben disappeared supported that theory. Kelly said shortly afterwards that on that evening, a man he described as "wild-eyed" and apparently drunk showed up at the shop and asked if it was too late to dive; the possibility has been raised that this man, if he existed, may have been involved. Earlier that day, a diver had had a confrontation with several teenagers on the property about their drinking; they eventually left but may have come back in an attempt to exact revenge.

In March 2012, the McDaniels arranged for cadaver dogs to search the area of the springs again, but with no results.

Ben's Vortex
Among the divers who heard about the case was Jill Heinerth, a Canadian who has set the world record for deepest dive by a woman. Afterwards, she and her husband Robert McClellan, both certified cave divers and documentary filmmakers, went to Vortex Spring to make a short video. They hoped to show it to the McDaniel family in the hopes of giving them a better understanding of the risks associated with cave diving, and "closure", as Heinerth put it. At the time she believed that Ben, whatever his fate, was not in the cave's depths.

But then during the research process, she was able to read Ben's dive logs and the map he had made. She realized that he had, in fact, gotten very far into the cave. Knowing that divers in trouble will often burrow deeper into narrow crevices such as those within the cave in a mistaken effort to get back to the surface, she revised her opinion. "I simply see no reasonable evidence that he is NOT in the cave," the Commercial Appeal quoted her as writing in an email.

She and McClellan turned their private video short into a feature-length documentary, Ben's Vortex, released in 2012. It considers all the theories regarding its subject's disappearance: an accident as originally believed, a murder or coverup of the accident as the McDaniels have sometimes alleged, and the possibility of a staged disappearance to allow Ben to escape his problems, which McClellan believes.

Shelby does not believe Ben had any intention of abandoning his life. He had left his dog in Santa Rosa Beach and had not given Greer any indication of such plans. Shelby also noted that Ben had seen the impact Paul's death had had on his parents. "After what we went through with Paul, we know our son well enough to know he wouldn't put us through that again," his mother told the Commercial Appeal.

See also

List of people who disappeared
List of Disappeared episodes

References

External links

, video showing the portion of the cave up to the gate

2010 in Florida
2010s missing person cases
August 2010 events in the United States
Missing person cases in Florida
Cave diving
Holmes County, Florida

Disappearance of Ben McDaniel


Michael C. Kostelnik, Major General, USAF (Ret.) was the Assistant Commissioner, Office of Air and Marine, U.S. Customs and Border Protection before retiring from federal service.

Kostelnik, a member of the Senior Executive Service, has worked for 35 years in the government. From 2002 to 2005, he served as the Deputy Associate Administrator for Space Station and Space Shuttle at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Previously, he spent 32 years on active military duty with the U.S. Air Force as a test pilot, instructor pilot, program manager and commander. He has had a career in both management and aviation, accumulating over 3,300 hours of flight time in over 40 types of aircraft. General Kostelnik has management experience in requirements, development and acquisition, and testing of leading edge aerospace systems.

He graduated from Texas A&M University with a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering in 1969. The following year, he completed a Master of Science degree in industrial and management engineering from the University of Iowa.

Kostelnik has been recognized with numerous awards, including the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit, the Meritorious Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters, Air Force Commendation Medal with oak leaf cluster, and the NASA Medal for Outstanding Leadership.

External links

Living people
Texas A&M University alumni
United States Air Force generals
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Year of birth missing (living people)

Michael C. Kostelnik


Augustus Henry Seward (October 1, 1826 – September 11, 1876) was the son of William H. Seward and Frances Adeline Seward.  He was a career officer in the United States Army, and attained the rank of brevet Colonel.

Early life
Augustus H. Seward was born in Auburn, New York, on October 1, 1826, and was the first child of William H. Seward and his wife Frances Miller.  In addition to being the son of William H. and Frances Seward, Augustus Seward was the grandson of Judges Elijah Miller and Samuel S. Seward, and the brother of Frederick W. Seward, Cornelia Seward, William H. Seward Jr. and Frances Adeline "Fanny" Seward.

In 1847, Seward graduated from the United States Military Academy, ranked 34th of 38 students.  While at West Point his roommates included Henry Heth, who ranked 38th.

Career
After graduation, Seward was appointed a second lieutenant in the 8th Infantry Regiment, and he served with his regiment in Mexico during the Mexican–American War.  After the war Augustus Seward continued his military career, serving with the 5th Infantry in: East Pascagoula, Mississippi; Forts Towson and Washita in Indian Territory; on the Utah Expedition; and at Forts Defiance and Union in New Mexico Territory.  He was promoted to first lieutenant in 1853 and captain in 1859.

Civil War
In 1861 Augustus Seward transferred to the Paymaster Corps and was promoted to major.  Later that year he declined an appointment in the 19th Infantry.  During the American Civil War he carried out paymaster and staff duties in New Mexico Territory, Arizona Territory and Washington, D.C.  He received brevet promotions to lieutenant colonel in May, 1865 and colonel in November, 1865 in recognition of his Civil War service.

Assassination attempt

Augustus Seward was staying at the home of his father in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865, when Lewis Powell attempted to assassinate William H. Seward at the same time John Wilkes Booth was carrying out the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln.  His father was in bed recovering from injuries sustained in a carriage accident, and a jaw splint he was wearing as a result likely deflected Powell's knife and saved Seward's life.  Augustus, his brother Frederick and others in the house were attacked by Powell as Powell attempted to gain access to Seward's bedroom, as they intervened in Powell's attack on Seward, and again as Powell made his escape.  Augustus suffered seven stab wounds and remained in Washington until 1868, where he testified at Powell's trial, and performed staff duties while recovering from his wounds.

Later career
Augustus Seward continued to serve in the Army and perform paymaster and staff duties.  His postings included: Boston, Massachusetts, from January to October 1868; New York City from 1868 to 1869; leave of absence from February to December 1869; Chief Paymaster of the Department of the Cumberland from December 1869 to May 1870; Chief Paymaster of the Department of the South and Paymaster of the department headquarters from May 1870 to October 1871; and Paymaster of the Department of Dakota from November 1871 to May 1876.

Death and burial
In May 1876, Seward was diagnosed with an affliction described as paralysis of the eye.  He took a leave of absence from the Army and died at the home of his brother Frederick in Montrose, New York, on September 11, 1876.

Augustus Street in Auburn, one of four streets named for members of the Seward family, and which form a city block, is  named for him.

References

External links

1826 births
1876 deaths
People from Auburn, New York
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army officers
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Union Army officers
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Seward family
Burials in New York (state)

Augustus Henry Seward


Ivan Sirko was a Ukrainian Cossack military leader and Koshovyi Otaman of the Zaporozhian Host, born around 1610 and died around 1680. He is believed to have co-authored the famous Cossack letter to the Ottoman sultan, which inspired the painting Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks by artist Ilya Repin. His place of birth is uncertain, but he is believed to have come from the Ukrainian (Ruthenian) Orthodox szlachta, a group of nobles. Sirko changed his political orientation several times throughout his career, sometimes supporting Moscow and sometimes fighting against it. He was known for his battles against the Poles, Tatars, and hetman Petro Doroshenko in alliance with Muscovy. Sirko was the first Cossack ataman to accept Kalmyks into his army.

Ukrainian military people
1610s births
1680s deaths

Ivan Sirko


Survey Camp is an army tradition that was discontinued in the later part of twentieth century but was reinstated in 2002 across the universities of the world with a whole new structure. It is the civil engineering training course for two weeks usually after completion  four semesters of bachelor of technology that consists of 8 days working in the field and 6 days of map preparation in the computer lab. Experts say that survey camp provides necessary foundation for civil engineers. Each day in the course there are at least 8 hours of working in the field. Students are divided into groups and they get out with practising surveyors and use their equipment out in the field. A camp incharge teacher appoints group leaders for each group; the leaders are responsible for all the works of his particular group and the equipment. In the computer lab, students learn applications such as AutoCAD and Carlson Survey. The students use these programs to take data collected from the field to develop topographic maps of the particular area. The basic aim of the survey camp is to know various works carried out in the industrial field by surveying, which includes determining the topography of particular area with the help of survey work, map study and reconnaissance work. The methods used for surveying are traversing, levelling and contouring

Instruments
The instruments used include:
 Theodolite (transit)
Total Station and Prism
 Compass (prismatic and surveyor)
 Ranging rods
 Measuring Tape
 Levelling Staff
 Tripod stand (for optical instruments)
 Level (instrument)

Practicals
The survey practicals generally performed in Survey camp are listed below:
Simple levelling
Fly levelling
Trigonometric levelling
To determine and draw RL's of longitudinal and cross section of road.
Measuring horizontal angles by Ordinary, Repetition and Reiteration methods
Compass traversing
Gale traverse
Topographic map preparation

Procedure
The working rule used in survey camp is quite simple, all the groups of students are allotted different stations for survey work. For first couple of days, the students carry out traversing work to determine length of different sides of traverse and included angles between them. Coordinates of each side are also determined by formulas, Latitude= L× and Departure= L×, where L is the length of the side and  is the angle which the side makes with North or South directions (the instruments used in traversing include Total Station or Theodolite with stand, Compass with stand, ranging rods and measuring tape). Then in next step RL (reduced level) of each station is determined with reference to permanent benchmark (the instruments used to determine reduced level include Auto Level with stand and Levelling Staff). Then RL of different points keeping specified spacing between them with reference to each station is determined. The points having same RL are joined to form contour lines and thus a topographic map of an area is prepared using AutoCAD or with the help of plane table survey.

Results
In Survey camp, students obtain extensive hands-on experience in the use of land surveying instruments and in the essentials of survey practice. Measurements of distances and angles, calculation and correction of errors are introduced. Concepts of higher order surveys and satellite navigation are reviewed and illustrated. Thus students learn surveying practically, this gives them confidence to work (with good precision and accuracy) in Industrial fields in the future.

See also
 Tape (surveying)
 Tape correction (surveying)
 Permanent adjustments of theodolites
 Temporary adjustments of theodolites

References

Surveying
Civil engineering
Career and technical education

Survey camp


Paolo Serrao (11 April 1830 – 17 March 1907) was a distinguished and influential Italian teacher of musical theory and composition at Naples.

Serrao was born in Filadelfia, Calabria.  As professor of composition at the San Pietro a Maiella Conservatorio at Naples, over many years, he taught many famous Italian musicians, notably Giuseppe Martucci, Umberto Giordano, Leopoldo Mugnone, Michele Esposito, Francesco Cilea, Franco Alfano, Luigi Denza and Alessandro Longo.

He wrote five operas, of which Pergolesi was the most successful. His other compositions include both concert and sacred music.  He died in Naples, aged 76.

Selected works
Opera
 L'impostore, Opera semiseria (1850)
 Leonora dei Bardi, Opera seria (1853)
 Pergolesi, Melodramma semiserio in 3 acts (1857); libretto by Federico Quercia
 La Duchessa di Guisa, Melodramma in 4 acts (1865); libretto by Francesco Maria Piave
 Il Figliuol Prodigo, Opera in 4 acts (1868); libretto by Achille de Lauzières

Orchestral
 Sinfonia

Chamber music
 Andante e Fuga for string quartet
 Elegia for violin (or cello) and piano
 Minuetto for harp or piano

Choral
 Requiem for mixed chorus and orchestra
 Gli Ortonesi in Sciò, Oratorio

Sources
Arthur Eaglefield Hull, A Dictionary of Modern Music and Musicians (Dent, London 1924).

External links

Italian classical composers
Italian opera composers
Male opera composers
 01
1830 births
1907 deaths
Italian music theorists
Italian male classical composers
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Italian composers
19th-century Italian male musicians
19th-century musicologists

Paolo Serrao


Sceptrum Brandenburgicum (or Sceptrum Brandenburgium – Latin for scepter of Brandenburg) was a constellation. It was created in 1688 by Gottfried Kirch, astronomer of the Prussian Royal Society of Sciences. It represented the scepter (a symbol of royalty or power) used by the royal family of the Brandenburgs. It was located west of the constellation of Lepus. The constellation was quickly forgotten and is not official any more. It led to a star later being called Sceptrum. That star is now called 53 Eridani.

Other websites
 Sceptrum Brandenburgium
Startales

Former constellations
1688

Sceptrum Brandenburgicum


In mathematics, physics, electronics, control systems engineering, and statistics, the frequency domain refers to the analysis of mathematical functions or signals with respect to frequency, rather than time.  Put simply, a time-domain graph shows how a signal changes over time, whereas a frequency-domain graph shows how the signal is distributed within different frequency bands over a range of frequencies.  A frequency-domain representation consists of both the magnitude and the phase of a set of sinusoids (or other basis waveforms) at the frequency components of the signal. Although it is common to refer to the magnitude portion as the frequency response of a signal, the phase portion is required to uniquely define the signal.

A given function or signal can be converted between the time and frequency domains with a pair of mathematical operators called transforms.  An example is the Fourier transform, which converts a time function into a complex valued sum or integral of sine waves of different frequencies, with amplitudes and phases, each of which represents a frequency component.  The "spectrum" of frequency components is the frequency-domain representation of the signal.  The inverse Fourier transform converts the frequency-domain function back to the time-domain function. A spectrum analyzer is a tool commonly used to visualize electronic signals in the frequency domain.

A frequency-domain representation may describe either a static function or a particular time period of a dynamic function (signal or system). The frequency transform of a dynamic function is performed over a finite time period of that function and assumes the function repeats infinitely outside of that time period. Some specialized signal processing techniques for dynamic functions use transforms that result in a joint time–frequency domain, with the instantaneous frequency response being a key link between the time domain and the frequency domain.

Advantages
One of the main reasons for using a frequency-domain representation of a problem is to simplify the mathematical analysis.  For mathematical systems governed by linear differential equations, a very important class of systems with many real-world applications, converting the description of the system from the time domain to a frequency domain converts the differential equations to algebraic equations, which are much easier to solve.

In addition, looking at a system from the point of view of frequency can often give an intuitive understanding of the qualitative behavior of the system, and a revealing scientific nomenclature has grown up to describe it, characterizing the behavior of physical systems to time varying inputs using terms such as bandwidth, frequency response, gain, phase shift, resonant frequencies, time constant, resonance width, damping factor, Q factor, harmonics, spectrum, power spectral density, eigenvalues, poles, and zeros.

An example of a field in which frequency-domain analysis gives a better understanding than time domain is music; the theory of operation of musical instruments and the musical notation used to record and discuss pieces of music is implicitly based on the breaking down of complex sounds into their separate component frequencies (musical notes).

Magnitude and phase

In using the Laplace, Z-, or Fourier transforms, a signal is described by a complex function of frequency: the component of the signal at any given frequency is given by a complex number. The modulus of the number is the amplitude of that component, and the argument is the relative phase of the wave.  For example, using the Fourier transform, a sound wave, such as human speech, can be broken down into its component tones of different frequencies, each represented by a sine wave of a different amplitude and phase.  The response of a system, as a function of frequency, can also be described by a complex function.  In many applications, phase information is not important.  By discarding the phase information, it is possible to simplify the information in a frequency-domain representation to generate a frequency spectrum or spectral density.     A spectrum analyzer is a device that displays the spectrum, while the time-domain signal can be seen on an oscilloscope.

Types

Although "the" frequency domain is spoken of in the singular, there is a number of different mathematical transforms which are used to analyze time-domain functions and are referred to as "frequency domain" methods. These are the most common transforms, and the fields in which they are used:
 Fourier series – periodic signals, oscillating systems.
 Fourier transform – aperiodic signals, transients.
 Laplace transform – electronic circuits and control systems.
 Z transform – discrete-time signals, digital signal processing.
 Wavelet transform — image analysis, data compression.
More generally, one can speak of the  with respect to any transform. The above transforms can be interpreted as capturing some form of frequency, and hence the transform domain is referred to as a frequency domain.

Discrete frequency domain

A discrete frequency domain is a frequency domain that is discrete rather than continuous.
For example, the discrete Fourier transform maps a function having a discrete time domain into one having a discrete frequency domain. The discrete-time Fourier transform, on the other hand, maps functions with discrete time (discrete-time signals) to functions that have a continuous frequency domain.

A periodic signal has energy only at a base frequency and its harmonics; thus it can be analyzed using a discrete frequency domain. A discrete-time signal gives rise to a periodic frequency spectrum. In a situation where both these conditions occur, a signal which is discrete and periodic results in a frequency spectrum which is also discrete and periodic; this is the usual context for a discrete Fourier transform.

History of term
The use of the terms "frequency domain" and "time domain" arose in communication engineering in the 1950s and early 1960s, with "frequency domain" appearing in 1953. See time domain: origin of term for details.

See also

 Bandwidth
 Blackman–Tukey transformation
 Fourier analysis for computing periodicity in evenly spaced data
 Least-squares spectral analysis for computing periodicity in unevenly spaced data
 Short-time Fourier transform
 Time–frequency representation
 Time–frequency analysis
 Wavelet
 Wavelet transform – digital image processing, signal compression

References

Goldshleger, N., Shamir, O., Basson, U., Zaady, E. (2019). Frequency Domain Electromagnetic Method (FDEM) as tool to study contamination at the sub-soil layer. Geoscience 9 (9), 382.

Further reading
.
.

Frequency-domain analysis

Frequency domain


René Crevel (; 10 August 1900 – 18 June 1935) was a French writer involved with the surrealist movement.

Life
Crevel was born in Paris to a family of Parisian bourgeoisie. He had a traumatic religious upbringing. At the age of fourteen, his father committed suicide by hanging himself.

Crevel studied literature and law at the University of Paris. He met Tristan Tzara and joined the Dada movement as early as 1923 (Crevel would play the "Eye" character in Tzara's play Le Coeur à Barbe, in July 1923), then got closer to André Breton and the Surrealists. During the 1923/1924 winter, a love affair between Crevel and American artist Eugene McCown began. Through McCown, Crevel mingled with a chic bohemian crowd and got to know Nancy Cunard, Francis Scott Fitzgerald, Caresse and Harry Crosby, and others.

From 1924, Crevel wrote novels such as Détours and Mon Corps et moi ("My Body and Me") where he would extensively write about his fears, his revolt and his feeling of malaise. In 1926 was published La Mort difficile ("Difficult Death"), a novel where he depicts his lover McCown as "Arthur Bruggle". The publication ended their love affair, though Crevel would be close to McCown till the end of his life.

Also in 1924, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis which caused him to frequently leave Paris for sanatoriums, especially in Switzerland. The 1929 exile of Léon Trotsky persuaded him to rejoin the surrealists. Remaining faithful to Breton, he struggled to bring communists and surrealists closer together. In 1928, during a short stay in Berlin, he met Carl Sternheim's daughter, Dorothea, with whom he fell in love. Much of Crevel's work deals with his involvement as a communist and his inner turmoil at being bisexual.

Crevel killed himself by turning on the gas on his kitchen stove the night of 18 June 1935—exactly the same way as he described in his first published book—several weeks before his 35th birthday. There were at least two direct reasons: (1) There was a conflict between Breton and Ilya Ehrenburg during the first "International Congress of Writers for the Defense of Culture" which opened in Paris in June 1935. Breton, who, like all fellow surrealists, had been insulted by Ehrenburg in a pamphlet which saidamong other thingsthat surrealists were pederasts, slapped Ehrenburg several times on the street, which led to surrealists being expelled from the Congress. Crevel, who, according to Salvador Dalí, was "the only serious communist among surrealists", spent a whole day trying to persuade the other delegates to allow surrealists back, but he was not successful and left the Congress at 11:00 pm, totally exhausted. (2) Crevel reportedly had learned that he suffered from renal tuberculosis right upon leaving the Congress. He left a note which read "Please cremate my body. Loathing."

When Breton included the question "Suicide: Is It a Solution?" in the first issue of La Révolution surréaliste in 1925, Crevel was one of those who answered "Yes". He wrote "It is most probably the most correct and most ultimate solution."

Publications

Original French

Détours (1924)
Mon Corps et moi (1925)
La Mort difficile (1926)
Babylone (1927)
L'Esprit contre la raison (1928)
Êtes-vous fous? (1929)
Le Clavecin de Diderot (1932)
Les Pieds dans le plat (1933)
Le Roman cassé et derniers écrits (1934–1935)

English translations

 My Body and I (translation of Mon Corps et Moi; Archipelago Books, 2005)
 Babylon (translation of Babylone), translated by Kay Boyle, North Point Press, 1985, ; Sun and Moon Press, 1996)
 Putting My Foot in It (translation of Les Pieds dans le plat; Dalkey Archive Press, 1994)
 Difficult Death (translation of La Mort difficile; Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1986)
  1830 (Elysium Press, 1996)
 The Noble Mannequin Seeks and Finds her Skin; 1934 (translation from French in The Surrealism Reader); Tate Publishing 2015,

References

External links
 Putting My Foot in It. Official site for this translation.
 René Crevel, Freud de l'Alchimiste à l'Hygiéniste, Revue Le Disque Vert, 2e année, 3e Série, n°1, 1924.
 René Crevel, Notes en vue d'une psycho-dialectique, Revue Le Surréalisme Au Service De La Révolution, n° 5, May 1933.

1900 births
1935 suicides
French communists
Writers from Paris
French surrealist writers
Bisexual men
French bisexual writers
Suicides by gas
Suicides in France
Analysands of René Allendy
20th-century French novelists
20th-century French male writers
20th-century French poets
French male novelists
French male poets
1935 deaths
French LGBT writers

René Crevel


Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel is a 1972 book by Banesh Hoffmann with the collaboration of Helen Dukas. The book is a biography of Albert Einstein, including both  his personal   and academic life with references to specific events and people. The book also presents Einstein's photographs from his archives.

The work was first published Viking Press, . It was reviewed by many general newspapers and magazines, including The New York Times  and the Los Angeles Times.  It was also reviewed in academic periodicals, including  ISIS.

It was translated into Russian, as Al'bert Ejnštejn – tvorec i buntar(1975) ; into French, as Albert Einstein : créateur et rebelle (1975); into Slovenian, as Albert Einstein, ustvarjalec in upornik (1980); into German, as Albert Einstein, Schöpfer und Rebell in 1978; Italian, as Albert Einstein, creatore e ribelle (1977, reprinted 1988); Dutch, as Albert Einstein : schepper en rebel (1975);  Spanish, as Einstein  (1984); Japanese, as Ainshutain, sozo to hankotsu no hito (1974), Georgian, as Albert Einsteini : Shemokmedi Da Meambokhe, and Greek, as Αϊνστάιν, δημιουργός και επαναστάτης (1982).

References

Books about Albert Einstein
American biographies
German biographies

Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel


Segura de Toro is a Spanish village in the north of the province of Cáceres. There are some Celtic remains which can indicate a possible Celtic origin. It is situated by the Tras la Sierra mountains at an altitude of 715 m.  It has several streams, and the main one being Garganta Ancha. The village has a Mediterranean climate and its pluviosity is 986.4 m/m. It's built on a granite formation and there are chestnuts and oaks surrounded by tree heaths and genista.

Demography
24.3% of the population is elderly. The population peaked in 1951. There were 193 inhabitants as of 2005.

References

External links
 Segura de Toro

Municipalities in the Province of Cáceres

Segura de Toro