Tan Sri Leslie Clifford Bateman (12 March 1915 – 26 October 2005) was the last non-citizen of Malaysia to be appointed to any establishment connected to the government of Malaysia, as the Controller of Rubber Research in 1962. Bateman was a strong proponent of grading rubber, and pushed for the introduction of the process into the Malaysian rubber industry as the Standard Malaysian Rubber (SMR) scheme. He believed this was the only way natural rubber could survive against the synthetic rubber products introduced during World War II.

Bateman received his early education from Bishopshalt School, Uxbridge, and went on to the University College London, where he received a First class Honours degree in chemistry in 1935. He went on to earn a PhD and win the Ramsay Memorial Prize for best student of the year. During his life, Bateman wrote a total of 70 papers on natural rubber, mostly dealing with oxidation and sulphuration reactions.

During World War II Bateman devised rubber hoses that could handle petroleum, and later joined the British Rubber Producers Research Association as a physical chemist. He became the association's director of research in 1954. In 1962, he was appointed as the Controller of Rubber Research and the chairman of the Malayan Rubber Fund Board. Batesman left these postings in 1974 and became the secretary-general of the International Rubber Study Group in 1975. In Mar 1968 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society

He retired in 1983, and suffered a stroke in 2002. He died on 26 October 2005, and was eulogised in an obituary placed in the New Straits Times by the director-general and staff of the Malaysian Rubber Board.

References

 Manavalan, Theresa (6 November 2005). "Bateman bet on rubber and won". New Sunday Times, p. F5.

1915 births
2005 deaths
Malaysian civil servants
Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of University College London
British expatriates in Malaysia
Rubber industry in Malaysia
20th-century British chemists

Leslie Clifford Bateman


East Berlin was the name of the eastern part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990. It was known as just simply Berlin in East Germany, the country it served as the capital of. It was the Soviet sector of Berlin that was established in 1945. The American, British and French sectors became West Berlin, a de facto part of West Germany. Although it was always legally a part of an occupied city, East Berlin was claimed as the capital of East Germany. From 13 August 1961 until 9   November 1989 it was separated from West Berlin by the Berlin Wall. The East German government referred to East Berlin simply as "Berlin" or often ""Berlin, Hauptstadt der DDR" (Berlin, capital of the GDR). The term "Democratic Sector" was also used until the 1960s.

The Western Allies (the USA, Great Britain and France) only recognized the power of the Soviet Union in East Berlin in accordance with the occupation status of Berlin as a whole. The three Western commandants regularly protested about the presence of the East German National People's Army (NPA) in East Berlin.

Nevertheless, the three Western Allies eventually established embassies in East Berlin in the 1970s, although they never recognized it as East Germany's capital. Treaties instead used terms such as "seat of government." In the 1960s the Western Allies sometimes said the capital of East Germany was Pankow. Pankow is the borough where the main East German government buildings were built.

On 3 October 1990, West Germany and East Germany were united, and East Berlin ceased to exist.

East Berlin today
Since reunification, the German government has spent lots of money on rejoining the two halves of the city and bringing services and buildings in the former East Berlin up to the standard in West Berlin. There are still differences between eastern and western Berlin. There are a lot more pre-war buildings in Eastern Berlin, some still show signs of wartime damage. The style of architecture used in the whole of the GDR was very different from that used in rebuilding West Berlin too.

In many East German cities streets were named after socialist heroes. Many were changed after reunification, but some, such as Karl-Marx-Allee, Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz and Karl-Liebknecht-Straße have been kept.

One way anyone could tell if they were in the old East Berlin or in West Berlin was by looking at the traffic lights. East Berlin used special designs on their pedestrian traffic lights, called "Ampelmännchen". The Berlin government wanted to abolish the East German signals, but lots of people objected, and now Ampelmännchen are being seen in West Berlin too.

Commandants of Berlin Soviet Zone

Boroughs of East Berlin

At the time of German reunification, East Berlin comprised the boroughs of
 Friedrichshain
 Hellersdorf (since 1986)
 Hohenschönhausen (since 1985)
 Köpenick
 Lichtenberg
 Marzahn (since 1979)
 Mitte
 Pankow
 Prenzlauer Berg
 Treptow
 Weißensee

Related pages
 Berlin Wall
 Cold War
 Checkpoint Charlie
 Germany
 West Berlin

References

Other websites
 Berlin Photos 1989-1999
 East Berlin Past and Present
 Old East Berlin Fades Away Amid Renovations
 The Lives of Others official website

Former polities of the Cold War
East Germany
20th century in Berlin
1940s in Berlin
Berlin Wall

East Berlin


Charles Thomas Caskey  (September 12, 1938 – January 13, 2022), also known as C. Thomas Caskey, was an American internist who has been a medical Geneticist and biomedical researcher and entrepreneur. He was a  Professor of Molecular and Human Genetics at Baylor College of Medicine, and served as  editor of the Annual Review of Medicine from 2001 to 2019.  He was a member of the editorial boards of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Science, the Encyclopedia of Molecular Medicine and numerous other medical and scientific journals.

Caskey's research over a period of more than 50 years has focused on the genetic basis of human diseases and their molecular diagnosis. He discovered the molecular basis of disease "anticipation" as an expansion of short tandem repeat DNA sequences causative of FragileX, Myotonic Dystrophy, Ataxia, and now over 40 additional diseases (Giovanni Herenzini Foundation Prize). One of his more widely used discoveries was that of a simple PCR test for DNA evidence at crime scenes that is now standard practice among police services in the western world. (Courage in DNA Award, DOJ). It was first validated to clarify Gulf War casualties.

Education
Caskey attended the University of South Carolina (1956–58) and Duke University Medical School (1958–63). He was a student biochemical fellow (1961–62) with James B. Wyngaarden, a pioneer in the study of the biochemical basis of metabolic disease. Caskey received his M.D. degree in 1963 and completed internship and residency in the Department of Medicine (1963–65).

Career
Caskey trained at National Institutes of Health (NIH) (1965 -1971) where he was a research associate at the National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI) with  Nobel Prize-winner Marshall Nirenberg. Caskey then became senior investigator, Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics (1967–70) and head, Section of Medical Genetics at NHLI (1970–71). He is credited with discovery of the universality of the genetic code and its start and stop punctuation mechanisms (NIH, Health Molecular Biology Award). As an Advisor to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)'s Mars Mission, Caskey was involved in exploring this "universality" in a broader space context.

In 1971, Caskey left NIH to found the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, where he served as Chairman for the next two decades. At Baylor he served as Chief, Section of Medical Genetics (1971–85) and Professor of Medicine and Biochemistry (1971–94). From 1976 to 1994 Caskey was an Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Baylor. While on sabbatical leave from Baylor in 1979–80, Caskey was a Faculty Scholar at the Cambridge University Medical Research Council unit with another Nobel Prize-winner Sydney Brenner. He has trained 67 Post-Doctoral Fellows and 25 Doctoral graduates.  He has published 480 academic papers.

In 1994 Caskey left academia to become senior vice president for research at Merck Pharmaceuticals and Vaccines. He was trustee and president of The Merck Genome Research Institute at the Merck Research Laboratories in Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania.

Caskey has had a long engagement with medical science in other countries, notably Canada, Mexico and China. From 2002 to 2009 he was a member of the Board of Genome Canada and from 2009 to 2012 he served as Chair of that organization. During his tenure, Genome Canada discovered the SARS Virus and was first to establish the undiagnosed disease program of children. For his service to genomics research in Canada he was made a Fellow of the Academy of Science of the Royal Society of Canada in 2010.

Casked served as director of the Joint Postdoctoral Program between the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston and Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario de la Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León and continues to serve as a member of the Scientific Commission to Prevent Epidemic and Emergency Health Issues in Nuevo León. For his service to biotechnology development in Mexico be received the Governor of Nuevo León Award for Cooperation in Education and Investigation (2009) and the "Flame of Truth" award for backing up biotechnology's development in Mexico (2014).

In recent years, his work has also involved cooperation with biomedical researchers in the Taizhou Cardiovascular R&D Centre and the Guangshou Institute of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Over a period of more than 30 years, Caskey has served as a member or chair of the scientific advisory boards of more than a dozen bio-medical corporations, largely focused on human genetics and related gene therapies for muscular dystrophy and other neuro-muscular diseases.  He was a Fellow of the American Society of Microbiology, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American College of Medical Geneticsthe American College of Physicians and the Royal Society of Canada. From 1990 to 1991 he served as president of the American Society of Human Genetics, President of the Human Genome Organization (1988-1990) and in 2004–05, President of the Academy of Medicine, Engineering and Science of Texas.

In the United States, Caskey has served on advisory boards and review panels for the National Institutes of Health and the Food & Drug Administration, and internationally as a special advisor to the World Health Organization (WHO) Hereditary Diseases Program, and as a member of the WHO's Expert Advisory Panel on Human Genetics.

In 2000, Caskey returned to Houston as founding director and CEO of Cogene Biotech Ventures and Cogene Ventures, venture capital funds designed to support early-stage biotechnology and life sciences companies using genome technology for drug discovery.

In 2006, Caskey was appointed director and CEO-elect of the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, part of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, where he created the Texas Therapeutics Institute.

In 2019, Caskey took up a new role as Chief Medical Officer of Human Longevity, a medical technology company based in San Diego, using artificial intelligence to prevent diseases associated with aging.

References

External links and sources
Curriculum Vitae of Caskey on the website of Identigene
C. Thomas Caskey Will Direct Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, announcement by UT Health Science Center

1938 births
2022 deaths
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
American health care chief executives
American biochemists
American geneticists
Duke University School of Medicine alumni
Baylor College of Medicine physicians and researchers
Howard Hughes Medical Investigators
Fellows of the American Academy of Microbiology
Annual Reviews (publisher) editors
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
People from Lancaster, South Carolina

C. Thomas Caskey


Auchenbreck Castle;  (or Auchinbreck) is located in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. Its remains are situated in Kilmodan parish, near the mouth of Glendaruel,  north of Tighnabruaich on the Cowal peninsula. Little remains of the castle, other than a flat rectangular platform, around , between Auchenbreck farmhouse and the Auchenbreck Burn. This is partially bounded by a revetment wall up to  high.

The castle was held by the Campbells of Auchinbreck, a branch of the Clan Campbell descended from Duncan, a younger son of Duncan Campbell, 1st Lord Campbell. He was granted lands near Dunoon in 1435, and further lands in Glassary. By the 16th century, the family were known as "of Auchinbreck".

The castle appears on Timothy Pont's map of the late 16th century. Dugald Campbell of Auchenbreck was killed in a fire at the castle in 1641. Around 1703 the castle was purchased by John Fullarton, former minister of Kilmodan, and later Bishop of Edinburgh. Fullarton renamed the estate Greenhall, and was the last person to live in the castle. When the estate was sold in 1728, after Fullarton's death, it included a mansion which may have been built from the stones of the castle. The castle itself was in its current ruined state by 1870.

References

External links

Ruined castles in Argyll and Bute
Kilmodan
Glendaruel
Clan Campbell seats
Cowal

Auchenbreck Castle


Sara J. Myers is a Professor Emerita at Columbia Theological Seminary and former president of the American Theological Library Association. She has been the Director of numerous libraries, as well as taught at a number of universities across the country.

Education
Sara Myers first received her Bachelor of Arts from Florida University in 1970. She then  earned her Masters in Library Sciences in 1972 at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, followed by  a Doctor of Philosophy in 1990 from Emory University.

Career
In 1972 she began her work at Duke University as a Cataloger. She briefly held this same position at Pitts Library at Emory University, where she held various positions. These positions included Reference Librarian, Assistant Librarian for Public Services, and Acting Librarian. At the Iliff School of Theology and Union
Theological Seminary she served as both the Director and a Professor of Theological Bibliography. After her service at both of these schools she moved and became the Director and Professor of Theological Bibliography of the John Bulow Campbell Library at Columbia Theological Seminary. Here she retired and earned the title of Professor Emerita.

She has   published a number of articles and presentations. She was a frequent contributor to The ALA Yearbook of Library and Information Services: A Review of Library Events. Her research includes women in American society, religious biography and autobiography. As a result, she also served as an editor and writer in Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America, volume 1.

American Theological Library Association
Myers has served as both the President and Vice President, in addition to serving on the Board of Directors for five years. As a member of the Special Committee of the Association for International Collaboration she was also instrumental in outreach and international awareness. She sought to increase cooperation between theological libraries across the world and support cooperative projects between the ATLA and other foreign theological library associations.

References

American librarians
American women librarians
American Christian theologians
University of Florida alumni
UNC School of Information and Library Science alumni
Emory University alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women

Sara Myers


Partners-N-Crime is a rap group from New Orleans, Louisiana, made up of Kango Slimm (born Walter Williams) and Mr. Meana (born Michael Patterson), friends raised in the 17th ward of New Orleans, where they met in high school through a mutual friend.  The two earned a local buzz performing at various New Orleans talent shows, and eventually signed to Big Boy Records. A rivalry between Partners-N-Crime and Cash Money Records group U.N.L.V. led to further hostilities between Big Boy and Cash Money before the two groups made peace.

The group is considered legendary to locals. The music that they play is in a style that is all their own, and the people of New Orleans love it. Mr. Meana believes that his fans are fanatics, and love the music. The music is different from regular New Orleans bounce music in that they are able to rap to it. It is their own unique style that there is none other of. The group has gone on tour all of the United States, including the Virgin Islands.

Partners-N-Crime had widespread success in Louisiana with their single "Let the Good Times Roll", a song that discusses the social change in the black community in the year 1994. This year was one of the most violent years in New Orleans, the "City of Social Justice". "Pump the Party" was also produced in 1994. PNC eventually created their own imprint Crime Lab Entertainment, a division of fellow New Orleanian rapper Juvenile's UTP label.

Kango Slimm and Mr. Meana are now artists on their own label, H.I.T.Z. International. Mr. Meana is Vice-President of H.I.T.Z. International and in that role, he handles artist development for all artists on his label. Kango Slimm is also President of a company called "Beats & Hooks", where he provides features, hooks and much more.

Discography
1994: P.N.C
1995: Partners-N-Crime Featuring Prime Time - Pump Tha Party (Puttin' In Work)
1995: PNC 3
1997: Whatcha Wanna Do?
1999: We Be Hound'n
2001: World Premiere
2006: Club Bangaz
2009: We Are Legends
2014: The Lost Tapes

References

American hip hop groups
Southern hip hop groups
Musical groups from New Orleans
American musical duos
Hip hop duos

Partners-N-Crime


Alexander Lackie Archibald (March 5, 1788 – February 12, 1859) was a farmer, tanner, boot manufacturer and political figure in Nova Scotia. He represented Truro township in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1830 to 1843 and from 1848 to 1851 as a Conservative.

He was born in Truro, Nova Scotia, the son of Matthew Archibald and Janet Fisher. Archibald was married twice: first to Mary Fulton in 1810 and then to Christiana Nicholson in 1831. Archibald was defeated by William Fleming when he ran for reelection in 1847; Fleming's election was overturned in the following year and Archibald was declared elected. As a respected representative of the Truro township, he commissioned a statue of his father to be built in the town square. He died in Truro at the age of 70.

References

1788 births
1859 deaths
Nova Scotia pre-Confederation MLAs
People from Truro, Nova Scotia

Alexander Lackie Archibald


An abra ( ) is a traditional boat made of wood.

Abras are used to ferry people across the Dubai Creek in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. They travel between the water station at Shindagha/Al Ghubaiba on the Bur Dubai side, and the water station at Al Sabkha on the Deira side. The abras depart every few minutes. The fare is 1 dirham, which is paid to the ferry driver.

See also

 Water taxi

References

Transport in Dubai
Boat types
Arab inventions

Abra (boat)


Japan's major export industries include automobiles, consumer electronics (see Electronics industry in Japan), computers, semiconductors, copper, and iron and steel. Additional key industries in Japan's economy are petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, bioindustry, shipbuilding, aerospace, textiles, and processed foods.

The Japanese manufacturing industry is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and fuels. Japanese manufacturing and industry is very diversified, with a variety of advanced industries that are highly successful. Industry accounts for 30.1% (2017) of the nation's GDP. The country's manufacturing output is the third highest in the world. Well-known Japanese manufacturing and tech companies include Toyota, Nissan, Honda, Fujitsu, Yamaha, Epson, Toshiba, Sony, Panasonic, Nintendo, Sega, Nippon, Takeda Pharma, Mazda, Subaru, Isuzu, Mitsubishi Co, Komatsu, Sharp, Nikon, Canon, NEC and Hitachi are from Japan.

Steel

In 2018, the top three export markets for Japan were: South Korea, Thailand (Nippon Steel, JFE Steel and Kobe Steel) accounting for 85.25 million metric tons, or 82 percent of total 2018 production, based on available data.

The iron and steel industry of Japan is mainly concentrated in the Tokyo-China region, Chukyo region, Osaka - Kobe, Fukuoka-Yamaguchi, Oka-Yamaha and Hokkaido region contributes about 20 per cent of the Japanese steel production. Major cities in where steel industries based are Kobe, Osaka and Kitakyushu.

Shipbuilding

Japan dominated world shipbuilding in the late 1980s, filling more than half of all orders worldwide. Its closest competitors were South Korea and Spain, with 9 percent and 5.2 percent of the market, respectively.

The Japanese shipbuilding industry was hit by a lengthy recession from the late 1970s through most of the 1980s, which resulted in a drastic cutback in the use of facilities and in the work force, but there was a sharp revival in 1989. The industry was helped by a sudden rise in demand from other countries that needed to replace their aging fleets and from a sudden decline in the South Korean shipping industry. In 1988, Japanese shipbuilding firms received orders for 4.8 million gross tons of ships, but this figure grew to 7.1 million gross tons in 1989.

Although facing competition from South Korea and China, Japan retains a successful, advanced shipbuilding manufacturing industry. Japan lost its leading position in the industry to South Korea in 2004, and its market share has since fallen sharply.

Biotechnology and pharmaceutics

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries experienced strong growth in the late 1980s. Pharmaceutical production grew an estimated 8 percent in 1989 because of increased expenditures by Japan's rapidly aging population. Leading producers actively develop new drugs, such as those for degenerative and geriatric diseases. Pharmaceutical companies were establishing tripolar networks connecting Japan, the United States, and Western Europe to co-ordinate product development. They also increased merger and acquisition activity overseas. Biotechnology research and development was progressing steadily, including the launching of marine biotechnology projects, with full-scale commercialization expected to take place in the 1990s.

Biotechnology research covered a wide variety of fields: agriculture, animal husbandry, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, food processing, and fermentation. Human hormones and proteins for pharmaceutical products were sought through genetic recombination using bacteria.

Biotechnology also is used to enhance bacterial enzyme properties to further improve amino-acid fermentation technology, a field in which Japan is the world leader. The government cautions Japanese producers, however, against overoptimism regarding biotechnology and bioindustry. The research race both in Japan and abroad intensified in the 1980s, leading to patent disputes and forcing some companies to abandon research. Also, researchers began to realize that such drug development continually showed new complexities, requiring more technical breakthroughs than first imagined. Yet, despite these problems, research and development was still expected to be successful and to end in product commercialization in the mid-term.

In 2006, the Japanese pharmaceutical market was the second largest individual market in the world. With sales of $60 billion it constitutes approximately 11 percent of the world market. The Japanese Pharmaceutical Industry and Laws are very particular. They are ruled by The Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare which was established by a merger of the Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Ministry of Labour, on January 6, 2001, as part of the Japanese government program for re-organizing government ministries.

Oil and gas and petrochemical

The petrochemical industry experienced moderate growth in the late 1980s because of steady economic expansion. The highest growth came in the production of plastics, polystyrene, and polypropylene. Prices for petrochemicals remained high because of increased demand in the newly developing economies of Asia.

By 1990, the construction of factory complexes to make ethylene-based products in the South Korea and Thailand was expected to increase supplies and reduce prices. In the long term, the Japanese petrochemical industry is likely to face intensifying competition as a result of the integration of domestic and international markets and the efforts made by other Asian countries to catch up with Japan.

Motor vehicles and machinery

The motor vehicle industry is one of the most successful industries in Japan, with large world shares in the automobile, electric vehicle, electronics, parts, tire and engine manufacturing industries. Global Japanese motor vehicle companies include:

 Toyota
Lexus
Hino
Daihatsu
 Honda
Acura
 Nissan
Infiniti
 Suzuki
 Mazda
 Mitsubishi
 Subaru
 Isuzu

Denso is the world's largest company in automotive component manufacturing. In addition, Honda, Suzuki, Yamaha and Kawasaki are global motorcycle companies.

Japan is home to six of the top ten largest vehicle manufacturers in the world. For example, it is home to multinational companies such as Toyota, Honda, Nissan, Suzuki and Mazda. Some of these companies cross-over to different sectors such as electronics to produce electronic equipment as some of them being a part of keiretsu. Japan's automobiles are generally known for their quality, durability, fuel efficiency and more features for a relatively lower price than their competitors.

Japanese automakers Mitsubishi and Toyota have had their patents violated by a number of Myanmar car companies, such as UD Group (Mandalay) and Kyar Koe Kaung (Yangon). These companies produced Mitsubishi and Toyota products including Mitsubishi Pajero, Toyota TownAce pickup trucks and other various types of Japanese cars under their own marques (e.g., Khit Tayar Pajero, Shwe Surf, UD Light Truck and KKK Light Truck) without license.

Exports and the Japanese market

In 1991, Japan produced 9.7 million automobiles, making it the largest producer in the world; the United States in that year produced 5.4 million. Just under 46 percent of the Japanese output was exported. Automobiles, other motor vehicles, and automotive parts were the largest class of Japanese exports throughout the 1980s. In 1991 they accounted for 17.8 percent of all Japanese exports, a meteoric rise from only 1.9 percent in 1960 with kaya being one of the largest exporters.

Fear of protectionism in the United States (in the wake of the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo where Japanese automobile manufacturers began exporting automobiles en masse) led to major direct foreign investment in the U.S. by Japanese automobile manufacturers. By the end of the 1980s, all the major Japanese producers had automotive assembly lines operating in the United States: Isuzu has a joint plant with Subaru; one of Toyota's plants is in Alabama. Following the major assembly firms, Japanese producers of automobile parts also began investing in the United States in the late 1980s, most Japanese auto parts are nevertheless made in Japan.

Automobiles were a major area of contention for the Japan-United States relationship during the 1980s. When the price of oil rose in the 1979 energy crisis, demand for small automobiles increased, which worked to the advantage of Japan's exports to the United States market. As the Japanese share of the market increased, to 21.8 percent in 1981, pressures rose to restrict imports from Japan. The result of these pressures was a series of negotiations in early 1981, which produced a voluntary export agreement limiting Japan's shipments to the United States to 1.68 million units (excluding certain kinds of specialty vehicles and trucks). This agreement remained in effect for the rest of the decade, but Japanese competition only increased with new plants being built and
with the export agreement being voluntary. The Japanese Big Three (Toyota, Nissan, Honda) also sold luxury automobiles similar to its European counterparts (BMW, Audi, Mercedes, Jaguar) where it was possible to yield profits - since the parent companies had a connotation as an econobox manufacturer with their mass market automobiles, they established their stand-alone luxury marques (Lexus, Acura, Infiniti) where the parent company marketed the same product as a JDM (Japanese Domestic Model). The luxury marques (sold initially for the USA market) may not have their own brand language or brand identity of its own since they are often associated with their parent companies. Similar voluntary restraints on Japanese exports were imposed by Canada and several West European countries. Nonetheless, Japanese car competition only increased due to new plants being built and with the export agreements being voluntary. Since then, tensions have greatly decreased. Canada and Western Europe, like the U.S., repealed restrictions on Japanese auto imports. Nissan has an assembly plant in Sunderland in England.

Imports
Foreign penetration of the automotive market in Japan has been less successful partly because of the population density and limited space of the country. Imports of foreign automobiles were very low during the forty years prior to 1985, never exceeding 60,000 units annually, or 1 percent of the domestic market. Trade and investment barriers restricted imported automobiles to an insignificant share of the market in the 1950s, and as barriers were finally lowered, strong control over the distribution networks made penetration difficult. The major United States automobile manufacturers acquired minority interests in some Japanese firms when investment restrictions were relaxed, Ford obtaining a 25 percent interest in Toyo Kogyo (Mazda), General Motors a 34 percent interest in Isuzu, and Chrysler a 15 percent interest in Mitsubishi Motors. This ownership did not provide a means for United States automobiles to penetrate the Japanese market, and the American car companies eventually got rid of their shares of the Japanese carmakers. One concern was that the USA market automobiles sold in Japan were imposed a taxation bracket due to vehicle sizing and engine displacement - which affected sales.

After the strong appreciation of the yen in 1985, however, Japanese demand for foreign automobiles increased, but with most cars imported from Germany. In 1988, automobile imports totaled 150,629 units, of which 127,309 were European, mostly West German. Only 21,124 units were imported from the United States at that time.

Aerospace

The aerospace industry received a major boost in 1969 with the establishment of the National Space Development Agency (now Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency), which was charged with the development of satellites and launch vehicles.

The Japanese military industry, although a small share of GDP, is a major sector of the economy. It is technologically advanced and is very successful, and has produced such aircraft as the new Mitsubishi fighter planned to be launched. ASIMO is an advanced humanoid robot manufactured by Honda Company.

Food

The production value of the food industry ranked third among manufacturing industries after electric and transport machinery. Japan produces a great variety of products, ranging from traditional Japanese items, such as soybean paste (miso) and soy sauce, to beer and meat.

The industry as a whole experienced mild growth in the 1980s, primarily from the development of such new products as "dry beer" and precooked food, which was increasingly used because of the tendency of family members to dine separately, the trend toward smaller families, and convenience.

A common feature of all sectors of the food industry was their internationalization. As domestic raw materials lost their price competitiveness following the liberalization of imports, food makers more often produced foodstuffs overseas, promoted tie-ups with overseas firms, and purchased overseas firms.

In 2004, the Japanese food industry was worth $600 billion whilst food processing was worth $209 billion. This is comparable to the food industries of the United States and the EU.
They also develop an abundance of sugar confectionery products.

Electronics

Japan has 7  of top 20 largest chip manufacturers as of 2005. Japanese electronics  are known for their quality, durability, and technological sophistication. Some of these companies cross over to automobile and finance sectors as part of a keiretsu. Many of the world's major electronics companies are based in Japan, includes:

 Canon
 Casio
 Citizen
 Fujitsu
 Hitachi
 Mitsubishi Electric
 NEC
 Nikon
 Nintendo
 Panasonic
 SEGA
 Sharp
 Seiko
 Sony
 Toshiba
 Yamaha

Japan's computer industry developed with extraordinary speed and moved into international markets. Japanese computer technologies are some of the most advanced in the world. The leading computer main frame manufacturers in Japan at the end of the 1980s (in the domestic market) were Fujitsu, Hitachi, NEC, IBM Japan and Unisys. Leading personal computer manufacturers were NEC, Fujitsu, Seiko Epson, Toshiba and IBM Japan.

In 1988, Japan exported US$1.5 billion of computer equipment, up more than twelvefold from the US$122 million in 1980. Japanese firms were not very successful in exporting mainframe computers, but they did very well in peripheral equipment, such as printers and tape drives. In the rapidly growing personal computer market, Japan achieved a major market share in the United States during the 1980s. Imports of computer equipment in 1988 came to US$3.2 billion (including parts).

Economic developments, namely outsourcing and globalization made these disputes obsolete by the 1990s. Japanese and U.S. influence in the computer market dwindled, with Taiwanese and mainland Chinese companies taking over component production and later research and development.

See also
 Economy of Japan
 List of Japanese companies

References
  - Japan

External links
Japanese Manufacturers Associations
Society of Japanese Aerospace Companies
Made in Japan ONLY - The web magazine which features various kinds of things made in Japan

Manufacturing in Japan


Andronikos III Palaiologos (; 25 March 1297 – 15 June 1341), commonly Latinized as Andronicus III Palaeologus, was the Byzantine emperor from 1328 to 1341. He was the son of Michael IX Palaiologos and Rita of Armenia. He was proclaimed co-emperor in his youth, before 1313, and in April 1321 he rebelled against his grandfather, Andronikos II Palaiologos. He was formally crowned co-emperor in February 1325, before ousting his grandfather outright and becoming sole emperor on 24 May 1328.

His reign included the last failed attempts to hold back the Ottoman Turks in Bithynia and the defeat at Rusokastro against the Bulgarians, but also the successful recovery of Chios, Lesbos, Phocaea, Thessaly, and Epirus. His early death left a power vacuum that resulted in the disastrous civil war between his widow, Anna of Savoy, and his closest friend and supporter, John VI Kantakouzenos, leading to the establishment of the Serbian Empire and the entry of the Ottoman Empire into the Balkans.

Life
Andronikos was born in Constantinople on 25 March 1297.  His father, Michael IX Palaiologos, began reigning in full imperial style as co-emperor .

In March 1318, Andronikos married Irene of Brunswick, daughter of Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen. In  she gave birth to a son, who died in infancy.

In 1320, Andronikos accidentally caused the death of his brother Manuel, after which their father, co-emperor Michael IX Palaiologos, died in his grief.  The homicide and the general dissolute behavior of Andronikos III and his coterie, mostly the young scions of the great aristocratic clans of the Empire, resulted in a deep rift in the relations between young Andronikos and his grandfather, still reigning as Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos.

Emperor Andronikos II disowned his grandson Andronikos, who fled the capital, rallied his supporters in Thrace, and began to reign as rival emperor in 1321.  Andronikos then waged the intermittent Byzantine civil war of 1321–28 against his reigning grandfather, who granted him to reign as co-emperor Andronikos III.

Empress Irene died on 16/17 August 1324 with no surviving child.  Theodora Palaiologina, sister of Andronikos III, married the new tsar Michael Shishman of Bulgaria in 1324. Andronikos III, then a widower, married Anna of Savoy in October 1326.  In 1327 she gave birth to Maria (renamed Irene) Palaiologina.

Andronikos III concluded the Treaty of Chernomen of 1327, an alliance with tsar Michael Shishman of Bulgaria against Stephen Uroš III Dečanski of Serbia.  The Byzantine civil war flared again and ultimately led to the deposition in 1328 of Emperor Andronikos II, who retired to a monastery.

Reign

Military history
Ottoman Turks besieged Nicaea in Asia Minor, historically the provisional capital of the Byzantine Empire from the Fourth Crusade until the Byzantine recapture of Constantinople. Andronikos III launched a relief attempt, which Ottoman sultan Orhan defeated at the Battle of Pelekanon on 10 or 15 June 1329.

Also in 1329, Andronikos III sent a naval expedition against Martino Zaccaria, Genoese ruler of the Lordship of Chios (which also included Samos and Cos). The expedition deposed Zaccaria, and regained Byzantine control of the islands.

An alliance with Bulgaria failed to secure any gains for the Byzantine empire. On 28 July 1330, the Serbians decisively defeated the Bulgarians in the Battle of Velbazhd (modern Kyustendil, Bulgaria) without significant Byzantine participation. The Ottomans continued to advance in 1331, finally taking Nicaea (İznik). Andronikos III wanted Nicomedia and the other few Byzantine forts in Anatolia not to suffer the same fate and sought to pay off the Ottomans with tribute.

Andronikos III reorganized and attempted to strengthen the weakened Byzantine navy, which comprised only 10 ships by 1332; in emergencies, he still could muster a hundred extra merchant ships.

Having failed to gain anything against Serbia, Andronikos III attempted to annex Bulgarian Thrace, but the new tsar Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria defeated Byzantine forces at the Battle of Rusokastro on 18 July 1332. Andronikos III secured peace with Bulgaria by territorial concessions and the marriage of his daughter Maria (renamed Irene) to Ivan Alexander's son, the future Michael Asen IV of Bulgaria.

The Muslim traveler Ibn Battuta visited Constantinople towards the end of 1332 and mentions meeting Andronikos III in his memoirs. Byzantine sources do not attest to the meeting.

Stephen Gabrielopoulos, ruler over Thessaly, died circa 1333; taking advantage of the secession crisis, Andronikos III extended Byzantine control over the region.

Syrgiannes Palaiologos, entrusted with the governorship of Thessalonica, deserted to the side of king Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia and aided their advance in Macedonia.  He led the Serbians to take Kastoria, Ohrid, Prilep, Strumica, and possibly Edessa circa 1334 and advanced as far as Thessalonica. Byzantine general Sphrantzes Palaiologos, posing as a deserter, entered the Serbian camp and killed Syrgiannes Palaiologos, ending his advance and bringing the Serbian army into disarray. In August 1334, the king of Serbia made peace with Andronikos III and allowed his forces to retake control of captured parts of Macedonia.

Andronikos III meanwhile effected the recovery of Phocaea in 1334 from the last Genoese governor, Domenico Cattaneo. However, this victory failed to stem significantly the Ottoman advance in Asia Minor. Byzantine rule gradually vanished from Anatolia as tribute failed to appease Ottoman sultan Orhan, who took Nicomedia in 1337, leaving only Philadelpheia and a handful of ports under Byzantine control.

Despite these troubles, Andronikos III took advantage of a secession crisis in the Despotate of Epirus in 1337, regaining Byzantine control from Nikephoros II Orsini. Thessaly was also reconquered by Andronikos III during this period.

In 1341, the Latin lords of the Peloponnese sent a delegation to Constantinople, seeking to swear allegiance to the Byzantine crown. An ailing Andronikos III then received the Latin delegation on one occasion, shortly before succumbing to an illness on 15 June 1341.

Domestic policy
John Kantakouzenos, megas domestikos of Andronikos III and later emperor, wielded effective administrative authority during the reign, while the Emperor personally enjoyed hunting and waging war.

Andronikos III also reformed the judiciary through his creation of a panel of four judges, designated "Universal Justices of the Romans".

Family

Andronikos III was first married in 1318 with Irene of Brunswick, daughter of Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg; she died in 1324. They had an unnamed son, who died shortly after birth in 1321.

In 1326, Andronikos III married as his second wife Anna of Savoy, daughter of Amadeus V, Count of Savoy and of his second wife Marie of Brabant, Countess of Savoy.  Their marriage produced several children, including:

 Maria (renamed Eirene) Palaiologina, who married Michael Asen IV of Bulgaria
 John V Palaiologos (born 18 June 1332)
 Michael Palaiologos, despotes (designated successor)
 Irene (renamed Maria) Palaiologina, who married Francesco I Gattilusio.

According to the contemporary Byzantine historian Nicephorus Gregoras (–1360), Andronikos also had an illegitimate daughter, Irene Palaiologina of Trebizond, who married emperor Basil of Trebizond and took over the throne of the Empire of Trebizond from 1340 to 1341. The contemporary traveller Ibn Battuta (1304–1368/69) also records in his Rihla the existence of another daughter, who had been married to Öz Beg Khan of the Golden Horde, converted to Islam, and taken the name Bayalun. Ibn Battuta claims to have accompanied her to Constantinople from her husband's court in late 1332 or 1334.

Succession and legacy
Andronikos III died at Constantinople, aged 44, on 15 June 1341, possibly due to chronic malaria, and was buried in the Hodegon Monastery after lying in state at the Hagia Sophia. Historians contend that his reign ended with the Byzantine Empire in a still-tenable situation and generally do not implicate deficiencies in his leadership in its later demise. John V Palaiologos succeeded his father as Byzantine emperor, but at only nine years of age, he required a regent.

The energetic campaigns of emperor Andronikos III simply lacked sufficient strength to defeat the imperial enemies and led to several significant Byzantine reverses at the hands of Bulgarians, Serbians, and Ottomans.  Andronikos III nevertheless provided active leadership and cooperated with able administrators. Under him, the empire came closest to regaining a position of power in the Balkans and the Greek peninsula after the Fourth Crusade. The loss of a few imperial territories in Anatolia, however, left the Ottoman Turks poised to expand into Europe.

Within a few months after the death of Andronikos III, controversy over the right to exercise the regency over the new emperor John V Palaiologos and the position of John Kantakouzenos as all-powerful chief minister and friend of Andronikos led to the outbreak of the destructive Byzantine civil war of 1341–47, which consumed the resources of the empire and left it in an untenable position. The weakened Byzantine Empire failed to prevent the formation of the Serbian Empire and, more ominously, the Ottoman invasion of Europe.

See also

List of Byzantine emperors

Notes

References

External links

Palaiologos dynasty
Andronikos Palaiologos
Andronikos Palaiologos
Eastern Orthodox monarchs
Byzantine people of Armenian descent
14th-century Byzantine emperors
Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Ottoman wars
People from Constantinople
Sons of Byzantine emperors

Andronikos III Palaiologos


Ginie Van de Noort (born December 25, 1979 in Compiègne, Oise) is a French journalist, and television presenter.

Biography

Ginie Van De Noort was born in Compiègne, where she spent her childhood.

She studied journalism and graduate at CELSA and Institut français de presse.

She arrived in Paris in 1998 and began at RTL French radio station during three years, alongside Philippe Labro, Nagui and Christophe Dechavanne.

Discovered in 2000 by a modeling agency, she walked for the most famous (Yves Saint Laurent, Sonia Rykiel, Christian Dior, Christian Lacroix,...).

Subsequently, one can regularly see her in La Grosse Emission on Comedy! channel and On a tout essayé on France 2 channel.

At the launch of Direct 8 channel in 2005, Vincent Bolloré gave her a daily prime time show Avant tout le monde.

She hosted this daily for three years, along with a program devoted to fashion Fashion 8.

In June 2006, at the launch of daily Direct Soir, Vincent Bolloré also asked her to work for his daily.

Today she works for print magazines, such as L'Équipe, ELLE, L'Optimum and A Nous Paris.

Filmography
 2001 : Ma Femme est une actrice, Yvan Attal
 2002 : France boutique, Tonie Marshall
 2005 : L'amour aux trousses, Philippe de Chauveron

References

External links

 Ginie Van de Noort Official Website, Ginie.fr.

1979 births
Living people
French television presenters
French people of Dutch descent
French television journalists
French film actresses
French television actresses
French female models
People from Compiègne
21st-century French actresses
French women journalists
Women television journalists
French women television presenters

Ginie Van De Noort


Kieron Lloyd Junior Minto-St Aimie (born 4 May 1989), known as Kieron St Aimie, is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker. His last known club was AFC Hornchurch.

Career

Queens Park Rangers
Born in Wembley, London, St Aimie began his career at Queens Park Rangers, playing in the youth system as a trainee before signing a professional contract on 19 May 2007. He scored on his first team debut with a solo effort against Celtic.

He then had a spell on loan at Oxford United in October 2007.

Barnet
He signed for Barnet on 24 January 2008 after having his contract terminated by Queens Park Rangers.

St Aimie didn't really get going with the club and on 19 September 2008, St Aimie was loaned out for a month to Conference National outfit, Grays Athletic, scoring two goals on his debut against Wrexham, his first goals in a competitive game. On loan deadline day in the same year he joined Stevenage Borough. St Aimie then joined Lewes on loan in January 2009, making two appearances in the FA Trophy and scoring one goal, it would be his third Conference National club he played for during the 2008–09 season. He left Barnet by mutual consent in February 2009,

Thurrock
Following his release from Barnet, St Aimie started what was a mad time in his career, he initially joined Thurrock in March 2009, but only stayed around to make two appearances and score one goal.

Hitchin Town
A month later he joined Hitchin Town, playing eight times and scoring one goal.

Maidenhead United
He then joined Maidenhead United in August 2009, St Aimie really settled with the club he made 32 appearances, and continued his impressive goal record with 17 goals, but in March 2011 he was released by the club.

Lewes
St Aimie found a new club, returning to sign for Lewes; a club he had a loan spell with in 2009 whilst with Barnet. St Aimie failed to settle with his new club and left after just one week, making just one appearance.

AFC Hornchurch
AFC Hornchurch confirmed on 14 March 2011 that they had signed St Aimie, his first appearance two days prior as a substitute in the 1–0 defeat at Harrow Borough. He endured another short lived stay, making four appearances and scoring three goals. On 1 March 2013 he resigned for Hornchurch.

Kettering Town
On 1 April 2011, St Aimie and his former Queens Park Rangers teammate, Stefan Bailey joined Conference National side Kettering Town, with both players signing on non-contract terms until the end of the season.

St Aimie had a 50% strike rate with Kettering Town, going on to make six appearances, and scored three goals, before been released at the end of the 2010–11 season.

Tamworth

Conference National side Tamworth confirmed on 16 June 2011, that the club has signed St Aimie following the end of his contract with Kettering Town, also joined at the club on the same day by Francino Francis who joined from Barwell.

St Aimie scored his first two goals for Tamworth five games into the season against Telford, his first came on 41 minutes, St Aimie finding space, picked the ball up on the edge of the area and hit a fine left-foot shot past Young into the bottom corner, he put Tamworth 2–0 up on 67 minutes, St Aimie, who struck a low shot into the corner of the net after a cross from defender Richard Tait, but Telford pulled goals back within 15 minutes, the game ending a draw. Two games later, in the 2–1 victory against York City, St Aimie scored a 53rd minute penalty to open the scoring, after he was fouled by defender Chris Smith.

AFC Telford United
On 31 July 2012, he signed for AFC Telford United on a one-year deal, with the option to extend it further.

St Aimie scored his first goal three games into the season on 18 August 2012 against Braintree Town, scoring the 2nd goal of the game on 18 minutes, slotting home Steven Leslie's flick-on from Luke Hubbins' right wing cross, Telford went on to a 3–0 victory. On 25 August 2012 he scored a decisive goal four minutes before half time at Luton Town, Steven Leslie's perfectly placed free-kick for St Aimie to head home past Mark Tyler. Two days later he scored a 56th-minute equaliser against Stockport County, good work from Luke Hubbins playing a couple of one-two's with Steven Leslie to slide the ball across for St Aimie to sidefoot home from close range, the game finishing a 2–2 stalemate. On 1 September 2012, he scored the 3rd and final goal of the game, a powerful header in the 57th minute from Steven Leslie's right-wing corner, to make it 0–3 away at Southport.

He left Telford on 28 January 2013 because we wanted to play closer to his home and family in London.

Whitehawk
After leaving Telford, he then joined Whitehawk. He made his début for them in the 5–2 away victory against Metropolitan Police, in which he scored.

Welling United
He signed for having signed Welling United in the summer of 2014.

AFC Hornchurch
In February 2016 he made his third debut for AFC Hornchurch.

Career statistics

Personal life
The reason for his extensive, long name – Kieron Lloyd Junior Minto St Aimie, was mentioned by St Aimie, he said: "Lloyd was my dad's name so he called me Lloyd Junior." "It is a long name I know. St Aimie is a French name. My mum is from Dominica and they speak Creole so it is broken down French."

He also has two cousins who play at a semi-professional level, Simon St Aimie who was a former Dagenham & Redbridge player and Steven St Aimie played at Waltham Forest.

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Footballers from Wembley
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Oxford United F.C. players
Barnet F.C. players
Grays Athletic F.C. players
Stevenage F.C. players
Lewes F.C. players
Thurrock F.C. players
Hitchin Town F.C. players
Maidenhead United F.C. players
Hornchurch F.C. players
Kettering Town F.C. players
Tamworth F.C. players
AFC Telford United players
Whitehawk F.C. players
Chelmsford City F.C. players
Welling United F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Isthmian League players
Black British sportsmen

Kieron St Aimie


New Covenant theology (or NCT) is a Christian theological position teaching that the person and work of Jesus Christ is the central focus of the Bible. One distinctive assertion of this school of thought is that Old Testament Laws have been abrogated or cancelled with Jesus' crucifixion, and replaced with the Law of Christ of the New Covenant. It shares similarities with, and yet is distinct from, dispensationalism and Covenant theology.

Hermeneutic
The hermeneutic of the New Covenant theologian is Christocentric: to let the New Testament interpret the Old Testament. This means that when the NT interprets an OT promise differently than the plain reading, then NCT concludes that that is how God interprets his promise—and it may be surprising to us.

Example: Acts 15 and Amos 9
As an example,  is quoted by James in  and is interpreted by him to associate rebuilding "David's fallen tent" with the Gentiles' salvation. This would be a highly surprising interpretation to the Jewish believers, since there is no precedent for it to be interpreted as anything other than a promise to the nation of Israel. NCT would say that God has given us His interpretation of that passage, through James.

Consequences
The consistent Christocentric interpretation of the OT in light of the NT (Luke 24:27, 44; Rom. 10:4; 2 Cor. 1:20) results in the following theological distinctives:

The Plan of God
One plan of redemption, centered in Jesus Christ (Eph. 1:10; 2 Cor. 1:20; Col. 1:18), implemented according to the God's eternal purpose (Eph. 1:11; 3:11; 2 Tim. 1:9), and securing the salvation of God's elect (Rom. 8:28-32).

The Biblical Covenants
The covenants of Scripture progressively unfold God's kingdom purpose (Matt.6:10) in history, culminating in the New Covenant.

The Old Covenant
The conditional (Exod. 19:5-6) treaty which God established with the ethnic descendants of Jacob at Mount Sinai – a covenant which formed the nation of Israel as a geopolitical entity, the sign of which was the Sabbath (Exod. 31:15–17), which was temporary in terms of its purpose and duration (Heb. 8:7–13), and which was superseded by the New Covenant (Jer. 31:31–33).

The New Covenant
The promised everlasting covenant (Heb. 13:20) established by Christ Jesus (Luke 22:20; Dan. 9:26-27) that fulfills all preceding biblical covenants – a covenant in which all believers have full forgiveness of sins (Jer. 31:34), are permanently indwelt by the Spirit (Ezek. 36:25-27; Eph. 1:13-14), and are empowered by the Spirit to please God (Jer. 31:31-33; Phil. 2:12-13).

The People of God
All God's elect, consisting of believing Jews and Gentiles (Eph. 2:15), first formed as the body of Christ, which is the Church, at Pentecost (Acts 1:4-5; 2:1-41), not before (John 7:39; 17:21; Col. 1:26-27; Heb. 11:39-40), as one corporate spiritual body in New Covenant union with Christ (1 Cor. 12:13; Eph. 2:19-21; Col. 1:18, 24).

The Nation of Israel
The ethnic descendants of Jacob (Gen. 28:13-15) formed into a geopolitical entity at Sinai via the Old Covenant (Exod. 19:5-6), consisting of both believers and unbelievers (1 Cor. 10:1-5; Heb. 3:16-4:2), typological of Christ (Hos. 11:1; Matt. 2:15) and His Church (Exod. 19:5-6; 1 Pet. 2:9), the believing remnant (Rom. 9:27; 11:5) of which was transformed into the Church at Pentecost (Acts 2:1-10, 41).

The Law of God
The two greatest commandments – love of God and neighbor (Matt. 22:36-40) – constitute God's absolute or innate law, which is righteous, unchanging, and instinctively known by man (Rom. 2:14-15) created in God's image (Gen. 1:27), and of which each system of covenantal law is a temporary, historical outworking (Heb. 7:12) in accordance with God's eternal purpose (Eph. 1:11; 3:11; 2 Tim. 1:9).

The Law of Moses
The covenantal outworking of God's absolute law under the Old Covenant – the exhaustive, indivisible (Jas. 2:10; Gal. 5:3) legal code, summed up in the Ten Commandments (Exod. 34:28), covenantally binding upon the nation of Israel (Exod. 19:5–6; 24:3), temporary in its duration (Heb. 7:11–12; Col. 2:14), and fulfilled in Jesus Christ (Rom. 10:4; Matt. 5:17–18; Col. 2:16–17).

The Law of Christ
The covenantal outworking of God's absolute law under the New Covenant – the gracious law of the New Covenant (Rom. 6:14), which is covenantally binding upon the Church (1 Cor. 9:20–21) and consists of the law of love (Matt. 5:44; Gal. 6:2; Jas. 2:8;
Rom. 13:8–10), the example of the Lord Jesus Christ (John 13:34; Phil. 2:4–12), Christ's commands and teaching (Matt. 28:20; 2 Pet. 3:2), the commands and teachings of the New Testament (2 Pet. 3:2; Eph. 2:20; Jude 1:17; 1 John 5:3), and all Scripture interpreted in light of Jesus Christ (Matt. 5:17-18; Luke 24:27, 44; 2 Tim. 3:16–17).

The Kingdom of God
The everlasting reign of God over the universe and His people, progressively unfolded via the biblical covenants – ultimately realized in the messianic reign of Jesus Christ in heaven with His saints (Heb. 1:1–4; Rev. 20:4; Eph. 2:6), that was eschatologically inaugurated at His ascension (Dan. 7:13–14) in fulfillment of the biblical covenants (2 Sam. 7:12–16; Acts 2:25–36), is advanced through the Spirit-empowered preaching of the Gospel (Acts 1:7–8), and will be consummated in the new heavens and new earth at the Second Coming when Christ subdues all His enemies (1 Cor. 15:24–28).

Theological background
New Covenant Theology is a recently expressed Christian theological view of redemptive history that claims that all Old Covenant laws have been cancelled in favor of the Law of Christ or New Covenant law of the New Testament. This can be summarized as the ethical expectation found in the New Testament. New Covenant Theology does not reject all religious law, they only reject Old Covenant law. NCT is in contrast with other views on Biblical law in that most others do not believe the Ten Commandments and Divine laws of the Old Covenant have been cancelled, and may prefer the term "supersessionism" for the rest.

New Covenant theologians see the Law of Christ or New Testament Law as actually including many of the Divine Laws; thus, even though all Old Covenant laws have been cancelled, many have been renewed under the Law of Christ. This is a conclusion similar to older Christian theological systems on this issue, in that some Old Covenant laws are seen as still valid or renewed, but this conclusion is reached in a different way.

New Covenant theologians view their theology as a middle ground between a Reformed and dispensationalist view of how the Old Testament, and in particular the Mosaic Covenant, applies to the Christian today. New Covenant Theology is markedly different from dispensationalism, and probably has more in common with Reformed Covenant Theology.
On the issue of the law, dispensationalism is most similar to NCT but their core belief is that the age of the Old Covenant is in the past, not that it has simply been cancelled. But NCT rejects the idea that the Bible can be divided into dispensations or ages. Some have criticized NCT for proposing that the Ten Commandments have been cancelled.

Theological distinctiveness
New Covenant Theology is an Evangelical position, but within evangelicalism there are divergent views on a number of topics. One of those topics is how the salvation history fits together, and the relationship of the covenants within salvation history.

New Covenant (Law of Christ)

Christ's work on the cross is the New Covenant, by which people are reconciled to God sola gratia, and it includes various promises given in Old Testament times. The Abrahamic and Mosaic covenants were temporary covenants—the latter were for the (generally unbelieving) people of God, Israel—and had their fulfillment in the New Covenant.  The New Covenant law is the Law of Christ, which includes the commands of his Apostles.

The New Covenant is the spiritual fulfillment of the Abrahamic covenant. Adherents believe that the New Covenant came into effect with ministry of Jesus, such as at the Last Supper when Jesus said in  "This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you."

The New Testament, echoing , also states,

Thus, the New Covenant is a gracious covenant. Those included in the covenant are reconciled to God by grace alone, apart from anything they do. Jesus purchased a people by his death on the cross so that all those for whom he died receive full forgiveness of sins and become incurable God-lovers by the Holy Spirit. They have thus become his new creation.

Abrahamic covenant

New Covenant theologians believe that the Abrahamic covenant reveals God's plan to save a people and take them into his land. The Old Covenant with the Israelites and the promised land is a temporary picture of what is accomplished by the New Covenant, where Jesus actually purchased a people and will take them to be with him forever in the "new heavens and new earth" ().

Old Covenant (Law of Moses)

The Old or Mosaic covenant is a legal or works covenant that God made with Israel on Mount Sinai. This covenant is brought to an end and is fulfilled at the cross. It was never intended to save people, but instead its purpose was to demonstrate the inability of even God's own chosen people to eradicate sin and guilt until the coming of the Messiah.Hebr.10:11. The fallen world, since the fall of Adam and Eve, can only increase in sin and guilt. Israel, under the Mosaic covenant, was the physical fulfillment of the Abrahamic covenant, a foreshadow of the superior New Covenant of grace.

Law

New Covenant theologians and advocates, such as Steve Lehrer of New Covenant Bible Fellowship in Tempe, Arizona; Peter Ditzel of Word of His Grace Ministries; and John G. Reisinger of Sound of Grace Ministries, hold that since "the whole Old Covenant is obsolete", "none of the commands of the Mosaic Law are binding on believers today."

The version of law in the New Covenant era is the Law of Christ, which includes the commands of Christ that pertain to the New Covenant era and the commands of his Apostles, but contain the Apostolic Decree.The Acts of the Apostles.15:20,29

Others believe that at least portions of the Old Testament law is binding on Christians, although there is some variation on which parts and how they apply.

Circumcision and baptism

New Covenant Theology holds that circumcision was the physical picture of the changed heart promised to believers in Christ. It signifies that people were physically born into the people of God of Israel. It was given to all Israelites, irrespective of repentance and faith. Baptism is the outward sign that regeneration has occurred. It signifies that someone has been spiritually born into the believing people of God (a new creation), the church. It is given to all those who give evidence of regeneration, which is repentance and faith.

Critics

Critics claim NCT does not have any non-Biblical historical writings to help validate their system of theology. Many critics such as Richard Barcellos in his book In Defense of the Decalogue : A Critique of New Covenant Theology find fault with NCT treatment of the Ten Commandments as having been abrogated. They also claim that NCT makes the mistake of claiming a different form of salvation between the Old Covenant and the New Covenant even though the 'salvation act' had not yet been carried out in the Old Testament. One such example would be from the book New Covenant Theology by Tom Wells and Fred Zaspel. Page 31 deals with the gospel preached to Abraham and says that it was not "the gospel" but the "promise of the gospel". Referring to Romans 1:2, the book states, "Paul looks on the gospel as 'promised beforehand through his prophets in the Holy Scriptures' plainly implying that it had not yet come in OT times." Luke.24:44.

See also
 Antithesis of the Law
 Dual-covenant theology
 Paul the Apostle and Judaism
 Progressive dispensationalism
 Red-Letter Christians
 Sabbath in Christianity
 Supersessionism

Resources
 Lehrer, Steven, New Covenant Theology: Questions Answered (2006)
 Reisinger, John G., Abraham's Four Seeds (Frederick, Maryland: New Covenant Media, 1998).
 Scarborough, C., The New Covenant and the Law of Christ: A Biblical Study Guide. (Published privately and available from New Covenant Media/1-800-376-4146).
 Wells, Tom and Zaspel, Fred. New Covenant Theology: Description, Definition, Defense (Frederick, Maryland: New Covenant Media, 2002).
 Journal of New Covenant Theology, Steven Lehrer, editor
 The Law, the Gospel, and the Modern Christian: Five Views Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1993. , (also republished as Five Views on Law and Gospel). One of the authors, Douglas J. Moo, presents what he refers to as a "modified Lutheran View", but it is basically a New Covenant Theology view.

Notes

External links

Books
 New Covenant Theology Steve Lehrer, 235 pages, defines the NCT understanding of scripture, and answers questions about it. (Archived Webpage from Mar. 7, 2016)

Articles
 What is New Covenant Theology
 A Brief Explanation of "New Covenant Theology" Fred G. Zaspel
 "But I Say Unto You" John Reisinger
History of New Covenant Theology Kevin Hartley (from the Internet Archive)
Vintage NCT articles and Sound of Grace theological journals Cross to Crown Ministries

Comparative theology
 Theological Systems Compared (from the Internet Archive)
 "A New Covenant Critique of Dispensationalism" Ragan Ewing
 Covenant Theology vs. New Covenant Theology Tony Warren
 "An Analysis of the Seed of Abraham in New Covenant Theology" (Ph.D. Dissertation) Jeremy Benbrooks

New Covenant Statements of Faith
 The New Covenant Confession of Faith (2014) (by the Elders of New Covenant Bible Fellowship)
 Solo Christo Statement of Faith (Archived Webpage from Feb. 2, 2014)
 The Statement of Faith for Christ Fellowship of Kansas City
 The First London Confession, 1646 Edition (which is compatible with New Covenant Theology as well as with Covenant Theology)

Christian radicalism
Christian terminology
Christian theological movements
Dichotomies
Mosaic law in Christian theology
Supersessionism

New Covenant theology


San Marino is a small landlocked country with an area of about   on a rocky promontory at an elevation of  in central Italy. In 2023, the population was 33,636. It is the third smallest country in Europe after Vatican City and Monaco. It was founded as a Republic in 600 AD and recognized by the Papacy in 1631, and became a member of the United Nations in 1992. As of 2009, the ethnic composition is about 84.95% Sammarinese, 14.6% Italians and others.

According to a 2021 report on religious freedom in the country, the population is 91.5% Christian, 5.6% agnostic, 1.9% atheist, and 1% 'other'.

The country does not provide exact statistics of the religious affiliations of its people. However, in the early 2000s, it was inferred that at least 95% of the people were Catholics, as in Italy, but with a historical Jewish and Protestant minority.

Estimates in 2020 suggested that 85.45% of the population were Catholic, while 6% belonged to other Christian denominations, 1% were Baha'i and 7.56% had no religion; there were also approximately 10 Muslims in the country.

San Marino's schools are all public and must offer Catholic-based religious education; there are no private religious schools.

The oath of loyalty as prescribed in 1903 demanded that it is to be sworn on the "Holy Gospel".  Those rules were changed in 1993 to give Parliamentarians the choice to replace the phrase of "Holy Gospel" to "on my honor". This legal "formulation" has been upheld by the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). The traditional formulation was still mandatory in 2006 for other offices like that of the Captain regent and government minister.

Catholic Church

San Marino is a predominantly Catholic state: over 97% of the population profess the Catholic faith, but Catholicism is not an established religion. Approximately half of those who profess to be Catholic practice the faith. There is no Episcopal see in San Marino. Historically, the various parishes in San Marino were divided between two Italian dioceses, mostly in the Diocese of Montefeltro, and partly in the Diocese of Rimini. In 1977, the border between Montefeltro and Rimini was readjusted so that all of San Marino fell within the diocese of Montefeltro. The bishop of San Marino-Montefeltro resides in Pennabilli, in Italy. However, there is a provision under the Income tax rules that the tax payers have the right to request the allocation of 0.3% of their income tax to the Catholic Church or to "other" charities. The Churches include the two religious groups of the Waldensians and Jehovah's Witnesses.

The Roman Catholic Diocese of San Marino-Montefeltro was until 1977 the historic diocese of Montefeltro. It is a suffragan of the archdiocese of Ravenna-Cervia. The current diocese includes all the parishes of San Marino. The earliest mention of Montefeltro, as Mona Feretri, is in the diplomas by which Charlemagne confirmed the donation of Pepin. The first known bishop of Montefeltro was Agatho (826), whose residence was at San Leo. Under Bishop Flaminios Dondi (1724) the see was again transferred to San Leo, but later it returned to Pennabilli. The historic diocese was a suffragan of the archdiocese of Urbino.

There are at least twelve parishes, and many Catholic religious organizations such as the Society of Our Lady of Consolation, the Society of St. Rosario nella Parrocchia di Fiorentino, the Our Lady of Mount Caramel Society, Institute of Our Religious Teachers, and the Guard of Honour of the Immaculate Heart of Mary. There are also several convents and monasteries such as the San Francesco convent of Friars, Convent of the Friars Minor Capuchin, Monastery Santa Maria dei Servi, and Monastery Santa Chiara.

Places of worship
San Marino, with the distinct domination of religious buildings of historic Christian faith, has several churches of note:

Basilica di San Marino

The Basilica di San Marino is the main church of the City of San Marino, located on the Piazza Domus Plebis. It is dedicated to the patron of the city (San Marino diacono) and the state of San Marino. The church is built in the neoclassical style, and has a porch of eight Corinthian columns.

A church was originally erected on the spot in the fourth century which was also dedicated to patron. The first document attesting the existence of the church is 530, in the La Vita di San Severino by Eugippius and the other document is the Placito Feretrano from 885. The first document that directly relates to the "Pieve di San Marino" is dated 31 July 1113.

At the beginning of the 1800s, the church was in critical condition, so in 1807 it was pulled down and the project for the construction of the new church was handed to the Bolognese Achille Serra. On July 24, 1825, the council decided to build a new church in the place where there was the old church. The construction began on 28 July 1826 and was completed in 1838. On February 5, 1838, the church was solemnly inaugurated in the presence of Bishop of Montefeltro, Crispino Agostinucci and the Captain's-Regent. On July 21, 1926, it was elevated to the rank of Basilica by Pius XI. The construction cost 40,150 scudi and 76 baiocchi.

The interior of the basilica consists of three naves, composed of sixteen Corinthian columns which form a large ambulatory around the semicircular apse. The altar is adorned by a statue of the San Marino deacon by the Adamo Tadolini, a student of Antonio Canova. Under the altar are relics of the Saint Marino (San Marino) which were found on March 3, 1586, and some relics on January 28, 1595, were donated to the island of Rab (Croatia), the birthplace of the saint. A reliquary bust in silver and gold dated to September 2, 1602, lies to the right of altar. In the right aisle is a small altar dedicated to the Mary Magdelene and a painting by Elisabetta Sirani "Noli Me Tangere."

On August 29, 1982, the basilica was visited by John Paul II, who blessed the church and the relics related to the deacon of San Marino. The Basilica of San Marino is depicted on the ten cent additions of the Sammarinese euro coins.

Chiesa di San Pietro

Chiesa di San Pietro, located at the Basilica of San Marino is a small church, which was originally built in 600. It houses a valuable altar with inlaid marble, donated by the musician Antonio Tedeschi in 1689, which is surmounted by a statue dedicated to St. Peter by Enrico Saroldi. In the crypt of this church there are two niches that traditionally were the beds of San Marino and San Leo. Inside is a monument to Pope John XXIII, erected by the Government of the Republic.

Chiesa di San Francesco

Chiesa di San Francesco, located in the City of San Marino, was originally built from 1361.

The adjoining convent and the church had originally based in Murata, but later Pope Clement VII granted the displacement of the church and convent in the City of San Marino.

Construction was started in 1361 and completed in 1400. It was built using the construction materials of the displaced church and convent. The rose window was covered in the seventeenth century but has been unearthed in the latest renovations undertaken by Gino Zani. In the cloister is the tomb of the bishop Marino Madroni, who lived in the fifteenth century. In the adjacent Museo San Francesco are preserved paintings of Guercino and Raphael.

Chiesa di San Paolo apostolo
Chiesa di San Paolo apostolo, located in the City of San Marino, was built between 1898 and 1916 and consecrated in 1917. The church was designed by the Capuchin friar Angelo Cassano. In 1950 Amedeo Botticelli di Camerano decorated it. There are two beautiful chapels and twentieth century carvings by Amedeo Filipucci.

Chiesa di Sant'Andrea
The Chiesa di Sant'Andrea, located in Acquaviva, is dedicated to St. Andrew the Apostle. It was built in the late Middle Ages on a spot where a previous church dated to the third century lay. The church underwent major renovations over the centuries, particularly in 1679, 1694 and 1933). Inside there are two major paintings, "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple" of the Bolognese school of 600 and St. Andrew the Apostle and San Crescentino from 1761.

Chiesa di Sant'Andrea
The Chiesa di Sant'Andrea, located in Serravalle, is dedicated to St Andrew and the Virgin Mary. It was built in 1824 on the ancient city walls and dedicated to the Virgin Mary. There is an ancient fresco in the apse dated to 400 and dedicated to the Virgin Mary. The church was completely finished in 1914 and was restored in 1973 under the direction of Luigi Fonti di Rimini.

Monastero di Santa Chiara

The Monastero di Santa Chiara is a modern monastery building, located in Valdragone, Borgo Maggiore.  The construction of the monastery began in 1969 and was opened for worship two years later in 1971. It is home to 17 nuns and was moved from the City of San Marino from an old monastery building built in 1565, thanks the help of Bishop Costantino Bonelli, and the government and citizens of San Marino.

Oratorio di San Rocco
The Oratorio di San Rocco, located in Cailungo, was built after the plague in honor of San Rocco The interior has an oil on canvas painting of Madonna and Child and St. John the Baptist dated to 1594.

Santuario della Beata Vergine della Consolazione
The Santuario della Beata Vergine della Consolazione, also known as "the Church of Our Lady of Consolation" is a sanctuary, located in the village of Valdragone in Borgo Maggiore. It is governed by the Franciscan Order of Marche and Servi di Maria.

The place of worship was built by the Italian architect Giovanni Michelucci from February 1964, and its consecration took place on 11 June 1967. Michelucci was initially approached by the government of San Marino for a consultation about the transformation of a nursing home. The architect was then asked to draw up plans for the Shrine of Our Lady of Consolation, whose project was presented to the Assembly of the Congregation already in 1961. The sanctuary was built on the existing Romanesque church of Santa Maria, built around the start of the 16th century. It is the only sanctuary of the Republic of San Marino and especially welcomes pilgrims from Romagna and Marche.

Judaism

There has been a Jewish presence in San Marino for at least 600 years.

The first mention of Jews in San Marino dates to the late 14th century, in official documents recording the business transactions of Jews. There are many documents throughout the 15th to 17th centuries describing Jewish dealings and verifying the presence of a Jewish community in San Marino. Jews were required to wear special badges and live by specific restrictions, but were also permitted official protection by the government.

During World War II, San Marino provided a harbor for more than 100,000 Italians and Jews (ten times the country's population at the time) from Nazi persecution. In the early 2000s, there were only small numbers of Jews in San Marino.

Protestantism
A Protestant minority exists in San Marino; it largely belongs to the Waldensian Church.

Freedom of religion
In 2023, the country was scored 4 out of 4 for religious freedom.

References

Religion in San Marino


The Saint of Bleecker Street is a three-act opera with words and music by Gian Carlo Menotti.  It was first performed at The Broadway Theatre in New York City on December 27, 1954. The opera won the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1955 and the New York Drama Critics Circle award for best musical. The opera is about a young woman in New York City's Little Italy who receives the stigmata.

Compositions by Gian Carlo Menotti
Stigmata
1950s operas
1954 works

The Saint of Bleecker Street


Anthony Munday (or Monday) (1560?10 August 1633) was an English playwright and miscellaneous writer. He was baptized on 13 October 1560 in St Gregory by St Paul's, London, and was the son of Christopher Munday, a stationer, and Jane Munday. He was one of the chief predecessors of Shakespeare in English dramatic composition, and wrote plays about Robin Hood. He is believed to be the primary author of Sir Thomas More, on which he is believed to have collaborated with Henry Chettle, Thomas Heywood, William Shakespeare, and Thomas Dekker.

Biography

He was once thought to have been born in 1553, because the monument to him in the church of St Stephen Coleman Street, since destroyed, stated that at the time of his death, he was eighty years old. From the inscription we likewise learn that he was "a citizen and draper". In 1589 he was living in the city, and dates his translation of The History of Palmendos "from my house in Cripplegate". That he carried on the business of a draper or had some connection with the trade as late as 1613, may be gathered from the following passage at the close of The Triumphs of Truth, the city pageant for that year, by Thomas Middleton: "The fire-work being made by Maister Humphrey Nichols, a man excellent in his art; and the whole work and body of the Triumph, with all the proper beauties of the workmanship, most artfully and faithfully performed by John Grinkin; and those furnished with apparel and porters by Anthony Munday, Gentleman." The style of "gentleman" was probably given to him with reference to the productions of his pen.

Early years
He probably already had appeared on the stage as an actor when he was bound apprenticed in 1576 for eight years to the stationer John Allde, an apprenticeship from which he was soon released.  By 1578 he was in Rome. In the opening lines of his English Romayne Lyfe (1582), he states that he went abroad solely in order to see strange countries and to learn foreign languages; but he may have been a spy sent to report on the Jesuit English College in Rome or a journalist intent on making literary capital out of the designs of the English Catholics then living in France and Italy. He writes that he and his companion, Thomas Nowell, were robbed of all their possessions on the road from Boulogne to Amiens, where they were helped by an English priest who entrusted them with letters to be delivered in Reims. These they handed over to the English ambassador in Paris. Under a false name, as the son of a well-known English Catholic, Munday gained recommendations which secured his reception at the English College in Rome. He was treated with special kindness by the rector, Dr Morris, for the sake of his supposed father. He gives a detailed account of the routine of the place, of the dispute between the English and Welsh students, of the carnival at Rome, and finally of the martyrdom of Richard Atkins.

The playwriting years
His political services against the Catholics were rewarded in 1584 by the post of messenger to her Majesty's chamber, and from this time he seems to have given up acting. In 1598–1599, when he travelled with the Earl of Pembroke's men in the Low Countries, it was in the capacity of playwright to rewrite old plays. He devoted 'himself to writing for the booksellers and the theatres, compiling religious works, translating Amadis de Gaule and other French (sic) romances, and putting words to popular airs.

He was the chief pageant writer for the City from 1605 to 1616. These works included London's Love to Prince Henry (1610), his publication describing the city's pageant on the Thames for the investiture of Prince Henry as Prince of Wales in May 1610. One of the more gorgeous Lord Mayor's shows was that of 1616, which was devised by Munday. It is also possible that he supplied most of the pageants between 1592 and 1605, of which no authentic record has been kept.

His works

At what date he acquired the title of "poet to the city" is not known; he had certainly been previously employed in a similar capacity, as Ben Jonson introduces him in that capacity in The Case is Altered, which was written in 1598 or 1599. He pours ridicule upon Don Antonio Balladino (as he calls Munday), and Middleton mentions him in his The Triumphs of Truth.

Munday was a prolific author in verse and prose, original and translated, and may be counted among the predecessors of Shakespeare in dramatic composition. One of his earliest works was The Mirror of Mutability, from 1579: he dedicated it to his long-time patron Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, and perhaps then belonged to the Earl's company of players, to which he had again attached himself on his return from Italy. Munday's Banquet of Dainty Conceits was printed in 1588.

Nearly all the existing information respecting Anthony Munday's dramatic works is derived from Philip Henslowe's papers. At what period he began to write for the stage cannot be ascertained: the earliest date in these manuscripts connected with his name is December 1597, but he may have been a member of the Earl of Oxford's theatrical company before he went to Rome prior to 1578. In the old catalogues, and in Gerard Langbaine's Momus Triumphans, 1688, a piece called Fidele and Fortunatus is mentioned, and such a play was entered at Stationers' Hall on 12 November 1584. There is little doubt that this is the same production, two copies of which have been discovered, with the running title of Two Italian Gentlemen, that being the second title to Fidele and Fortunatus in the Register. Both copies are without title pages; but to one of them is prefixed a dedication signed A.M., and we may with tolerable certainty conclude that Anthony Munday was the author or translator of it, and that it was printed about the date of its entry on the Stationers' Books.

Munday wrote two plays on the life of Robin Hood, The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington, first mentioned in the Rose theatre records in 1597–8 and published in 1601.

Catalogue of plays
The subsequent catalogue of plays which Munday wrote, either alone or in conjunction with others, is derived from the materials supplied by Edmond Malone.
 Fidele and Fortunio or Fedele and Fortuna, by Anthony Munday. .
 Sir Thomas More, by Anthony Munday, Henry Chettle, Thomas Heywood, William Shakespeare, Thomas Dekker, .
Mother Redcap, by Anthony Munday and Michael Drayton. December 1597. Not printed and therefore did not survive.
The Downfall of Robert Earl of Huntington, by Anthony Munday. February 1597–8. Printed in 1601.
The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington, by Anthony Munday and Henry Chettle. February 1597–8. Printed in 1601.
The Funeral of Richard Cordelion, by Robert Wilson, Henry Chettle, Anthony Munday, and Michael Drayton. May 1598. Not printed.
Valentine and Orson, by Richard Hathwaye and Anthony Munday. July 1598. Not printed.
Chance Medley, by Robert Wilson, Anthony Munday, Michael Drayton, and Thomas Dekker. August 1598. Not printed.
Owen Tudor, by Michael Drayton, Richard Hathwaye, Anthony Munday, and Robert Wilson. January 15991600. Not printed.
Fair Constance of Rome, by Anthony Munday, Richard Hathwaye, Michael Drayton, and Thomas Dekker. June 1600. Not printed.
Fair Constance of Rome, Part II., by the same authors. June 1600. Not printed.
The Rising of Cardinal Wolsey, [154] by Anthony Munday, Michael Drayton, Henry Chettle, and Wentworth Smith. 12 November 1601. Not printed.
Two Harpies, by Thomas Dekker, Michael Drayton, Thomas Middleton, John Webster, and Anthony Munday. May 1602. Not printed.
The Widow's Charm, by Anthony Munday. July 1602. Printed in 1607, as Malone conjectured, under the title of The Puritan or Widow of Watling Street, and ascribed to Shakespeare.
The Set at Tennis, by Anthony Munday. December 1602. Not printed.
The first part of the Life of Sir John Oldcastle, by Anthony Munday, Michael Drayton, Robert Wilson, and Richard Hathwaye; printed anonymously in 1600 (Q1), and again in 1619 (Q2) under the name of William Shakespeare.
 London's love, to the Royal Prince Henrie meeting him on the river of Thames, at his returne from Richmonde, with a worthie fleete of her citizens, on Thursday the last of May (London, 1610).

Translations
Palmerin D'Oliva (1588)
Francisco de Morais's The honorable, pleasant and rare conceited historie of Palmendos (1589)
Etienne de Maisonneuf's Gerileon of England (1592)
The anonymous Primaleon of Greece (from 1594)
Amadis de Gaul (from 1596)
Francisco de Morais's Palmerin of England (from 1596)
The Dumbe Diuine Speaker by Giacomo Affinati d'Acuto Romano (1605)

Contemporary reception
The earliest praise of Munday is contained in William Webbe's "Discourse of English Poetrie", 1586, where his "Sweete Sobs of Sheepheardes and Nymphes" is especially pointed out as "very rare poetrie." Francis Meres, in 1598 ("Palladis Tamia," fo. 283, b.), enumerating many of the best dramatic poets of his day, including Shakespeare, Heywood, Chapman, Porter, Lodge, etc., gives Anthony Munday the praise of being "our best plotter".

References

Further reading
 Tracey Hill, Anthony Munday and Civic Culture (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004).

External links

 Anthony Munday (1560?–1633) at Luminarium

1560s births
1633 deaths
English Renaissance dramatists
16th-century English poets
16th-century male writers
16th-century English dramatists and playwrights
17th-century English poets
17th-century English male writers
17th-century English dramatists and playwrights
English male dramatists and playwrights
English male poets

Anthony Munday


The silkworm is the larva (the active immature form of an insect) or caterpillar of the Bombyx mori moth. Silk has been made for at least 5000 years in China. The moth is important because it makes silk. It is entirely dependent on humans, and it no longer lives in the wild. Silkworms eat mulberry leaves, and are native to northern China.

The domesticated B. mori and the wild Bombyx mandarina can still breed and sometimes produce hybrids.

Egg
The female silkworm lays about 300 eggs at a time. She lays eggs on the leaves of mulberry trees. The eggs are covered with gelatinous secretion by which they stick to the leaves. The female moth (silkworm) lays eggs and dies after laying eggs as she does not eat anything. The eggs are kept in a cool place so that they can be stored for a long time. In a favorable condition, they hatch into larvae. Larvae are produced in about 2 weeks from eggs at a temperature of 18 to 25 degree Celsius.
.

Silk
The cocoon is made of one thread of raw silk from 300 to 900 meters (1000 to 3000 feet) long. The fibers are very thin. About 2,000 to 5,000 cocoons are needed to make a pound of silk.

If the animal is allowed to survive after spinning its cocoon, it will make a hole in the cocoon when it exits as a moth. This would cut the threads and ruin the silk. Instead, silkworm cocoons are thrown into boiling water, which kills the silkworms and also makes the cocoons easier to unravel. Often, the silkworm itself is eaten.

The adult silkworms (moths) cannot fly. The silkworm-moths have wings about 2 inches wide and a white hairy body. Females and males are similarly colored. Adult silkworms have small mouths and do not eat.

Silkworm legends
In China, there is a legend that the discovery of the silkworm's silk was first invented by the wife of the Yellow Emperor, Leizu around the year 2696 BC. According to the book written in the 13th century, she was drinking tea under a tree when a cocoon fell into her tea. She picked it out and as it started to wrap around her finger, she slowly felt something warm. When the milk ran out, she saw a small cocoon. In an instant, she realized that this cocoon was the source of the silk. She taught this to the people and it became common. There are many more legends about the silkworm.

Khotan is an oasis, located on the southern edge of Taklamakan Desert, and was one of the first places outside of inland China to begin cultivating silk. In the far past, the Chinese guarded their knowledge of silk. It is said that a Chinese princess smuggled eggs to Khotan, hidden in her hair. After this, the way to cultivate silk was transmitted to the Western Asia, and also Europe.

The Japanese also love silk and started cultivating and weaving silk in the earlier age than the western countries. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, a history book published in the 3rd century, Japan exported silk to Wei, a kingdom in the northern part of the China mainland, in the 2nd century. It takes 5000 silkworms to make a single kimono.

Food
In Korea, silkworm pupae are boiled and seasoned, then eaten as a popular snack food known as beondegi.

In China, street vendors sell roasted silkworm pupae. The pupae are a delicacy in the Northern Area of China. They are baked with Satay sauces and rice to add extra flavor.

In Japan, silkworm pupae are usually used as bait to catch fish, and sometimes served as tsukudani. It can be made by dipping and boiling Silkworm Pupae in a sweet-sour sauce with soy sauce and sugar.

References

Sources:
 Scoble M.J. 1995. The Lepidoptera: form, ffnction, and diversity. Princeton Univ. Press.
 Goldsmith M, Toru Shimada and Hiroaki Abe 2004. The genetics and genomics of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. In the Annual Review of Entomology 50:71-100.

Related pages
 Sericulture - producing silk fibers by raising silkworms; also called "silk farming"

Other websites

 Hatch and Feed Silkworms

Moths

Silkworm


This article includes a table of countries and subnational areas by annual population growth rate.

Methodology
The table below shows annual population growth rate history and projections for various areas, countries, regions and sub-regions from various sources for various time periods.

The right-most column shows a projection for the time period shown using the medium fertility variant. Preceding columns show actual history. The number shown is the average annual growth rate for the period.

Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship—except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of the country of origin. This means that population growth in this table includes net changes from immigration and emigration. For a table of natural increase, see List of countries by natural increase.

Table

* indicates "Demographics of Country or Territory" links.

More maps

See also

List of countries by natural increase

References

Lists of countries by population
Lists of countries by population-related issue

List of countries by population growth rate


Felix of Nola (died c. 260) was a Christian presbyter at Nola near Naples in Italy. He sold off his possessions to give to the poor, but was arrested and tortured for his Christian faith during the persecution of Roman Emperor Decius (). He was believed to have died a martyr's death during the persecution of Decius or Valerian (c. 253) but is now listed in the General Roman Calendar as a confessor of the faith, who survived his tortures.

Life

Felix was the elder son of Hermias, a Syrian centurion who had retired to Nola, Italy. After his father's death Felix sold off most of his property and possessions, gave the proceeds to the poor, and pursued a clerical vocation. Felix was ordained by, and worked with, Saint Maximus of Nola.

When bishop Maximus fled to the mountains to escape the persecution of the Roman emperor Decius, Felix was arrested and beaten for his faith instead. He escaped prison, according to legend being freed by an angel, so that he could help bishop Maximus. Felix found Maximus alone, ill, and helpless, and hid him from soldiers in a vacant building. When the two were safely inside, a spider quickly spun a web over the door, fooling the imperial forces into thinking it was long abandoned, and they left without finding the Christians. A subsequent attempt to arrest Felix followed, which he avoided by hiding in a ruined building where again spider web was spun across the entrance convinced the soldiers the building was abandoned. The two managed to hide from authorities until the persecution ended with the death of Emperor Decius in 251.

After Maximus's death, the people wanted Felix to be the next bishop of Nola, but he declined, favoring Quintus, a "senior" priest who had seven days more experience than Felix. Felix himself continued as a priest. He also continued to farm his remaining land, and gave most of the proceeds to people even poorer than himself.

Legend assigns to Felix a martyr's death either in the year 255 under Emperor Valerian (253–260) or, in another version, in the general persecution instigated by the Emperor Decius (249-251). According to Butler, Felix died in a good old age, on the fourteenth of January.

Much of the little information we have about Felix comes from the letters and poetry of Paulinus of Nola. When at length peace was obtained, he returned home and in poverty lived a withdrawn life until old age, an unconquered confessor of the faith.

Five churches have been built at, or near the place, where he was first interred, which was without the precincts of the city of Nola. His precious remains are kept in the cathedral; but certain portions are at Rome, Benevento, and some other places. In time a new church in Nola was dedicated in the name of St Felix. People travelled from far away to see the burial place of this revered saint. His relics lie in Nola Cathedral. He is the patron saint of lost animals and spiders.

References

Donald Attwater and Catherine Rachel John, "The Penguin Dictionary of Saints." 3rd edition, New York: Penguin Books, 1993, .

3rd-century births
250s deaths
People from Nola
Saints from Roman Italy
Italian Roman Catholic saints
Syrian Christian saints
3rd-century Romans
3rd-century Christian martyrs
Insects in religion

Felix of Nola


Wilbur Rounding Franks, OBE (4 March 1901 – 4 January 1986) was a Canadian scientist, notable as the inventor of the anti-gravity suit or G-suit, and for his work in cancer research.

Career
He was born in Weston, Ontario and was a medical graduate at the University of Toronto. As a cancer researcher at the Banting and Best Medical Research Institute at University of Toronto, Franks developed an idea that resulted in the world's first anti-gravity suit or G-suit. Franks had noted that his test tubes often broke when subjected to severe centrifugal force. He had solved the problem by first inserting them into larger and stronger liquid-filled bottles.

In 1940, the anti gravity suit was developed under the name Franks Flying Suit by Wilbur R. Franks and his colleagues at the Banting and Best Medical Research Institute at the University of Toronto. The suit was made with rubber and water-filled pads. It counteracted the effects of high G forces on aircraft pilots, which otherwise would cause them to black out. These suits were used during World War II and all G-Suits worn by air force pilots as well as astronauts and cosmonauts around the world are based on his original designs. When testing his first prototype, Franks stated:
"The suit had been cut to fit me perfectly, standing up. . . . In the airplane I was sitting down, and when the pressure hit I thought it was going to cut me in two. The idea became practical only when we realized that great areas of the body could be left outside the fluid system."

In 1941 fellow Canadian scientist, Dr. Sir Frederick Banting, co-discoverer of insulin, died in a plane crash near Musgrave Harbour, Canada while on his way to England to assist Franks in the testing of the suit.

Recognition and awards
Wilbur Franks received an OBE for his work in early 1944 for giving "the Allied forces a tremendous tactical advantage" and "saving the lives of thousands of Allied fighter pilots." With this invention, over five times more pilots survived than they would've without the G-suit. In 1983, Franks was inducted into Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame. Franks work was also noticed in the United States where he was awarded the Legion of Merit, the Aerospace Medical Association's Theodore C. Lyster Award and Eric Liljencrantz Award.

Legacy
There is a Wilbur R. Franks Award that is given by the Canadian Society of Aviation Medicine for contributions to aviation medicine. The Wilbur Rounding Franks building located at 17 Wing Winnipeg is the home of the Canadian Forces School of Survival and Aeromedical Training (CFSSAT).

References

External links
Banting Research Foundation
Wilbur Rounding Franks archival papers held at the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services
Library and Archives Canada

1901 births
1986 deaths
20th-century Canadian inventors
University of Toronto alumni
People from Weston, Toronto
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Canadian Officers of the Order of the British Empire

Wilbur R. Franks


A referendum on grain supply was held in Switzerland on 5 December 1926. Voters were asked whether they approved of adding article 23bis to the constitution, which concerned grain supply. The proposal was rejected by a majority of voters and cantons.

Background
The referendum was a mandatory referendum, which required a double majority; a majority of the popular vote and majority of the cantons. The decision of each canton was based on the vote in that canton. Full cantons counted as one vote, whilst half cantons counted as half.

Results

References

1926 referendums
1926 in Switzerland
Referendums in Switzerland

1926 Swiss grain supply referendum