The High Strung is an American rock band from Detroit, Michigan, United States. The band is composed of lead singers and guitarists Josh Malerman and Mark Owen, guitarist Stephen Palmer, bassist Chad Stocker, and drummer Derek Berk. Malerman, Berk, and Owen attended Michigan State University in the late 1990s before moving to New York City. The band formed in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, when the members of the former East Lansing, Michigan, band The Masons changed their name and added Stocker to the roster. Owen left the band in 2005 and returned in  2016. Palmer joined the group shortly after the recording of Dragon Dicks in early 2010.

These are Good Times, Moxie Bravo, Get the Guests, ¿Posible o' Imposible? and Quiet Riots were produced in Detroit by producer/engineer Jim Diamond.

Discography
 2000 - As/Is
 2001 - Soap
 2002 - Sure as Hell
 2003 - These are Good Times
 2003 - Follow Through on Your Backhand
 2006 - Moxie Bravo
 2007 - Get the Guests
 2008 - CreEPy
 2009 - Ode to the Inverse of the Dude
 2010 - Live at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba
 2010 - Dragon Dicks
 2011 - Clown Car
 2012 - ¿Posible o' Imposible?
 2014 - I, Anybody
 2019 - Quiet Riots
 2022 - Hannah (or The Whale)
 2023 - Address Unknown

In popular culture
While touring in 2004, they left their broken down tour bus on the steps of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio. The bus was adorned with a makeshift plaque reading, in part: "This is a 1988 Chevy G30 used by The High Strung. Although the odometer reads 8,621 miles, it is actually 318,621 miles."
 In 2005, they began touring libraries throughout the state of Michigan, spurring an August 4, 2005, episode of This American Life on Chicago Public Radio titled "Dewey Decibel System".
 The High Strung were featured in an interview the indie music magazine, Daytrotter in September 2006 in an article titled "The High Strung: A Tattered Atlas for a Co-Pilot and a Friend in Uncle Bob" about their ever-working ways, and relationship with Robert Pollard.
  The High Strung were featured in an article in Time Out New York in June 2007.
 Their song "The Luck You Got" from the album Moxie Bravo is featured as the theme song to the US version of the show Shameless.

References

External links

 Rock & Roll Library Tour website
 https://thehighstrungmusic.com/ Official Website

Garage rock groups from Michigan
Musical groups from Detroit
Musical groups established in 2000
2000 establishments in Michigan

The High Strung


Ƿisconsin is rīce þāra Geānlǣhtra Rīca American, in þǣm Midƿest, beƿesten Superiormere.

Michigan þæt rice is be ēasten Ƿisconsin ofer þǣm mere and be his norðernmestan mǣre.  Feoƿer rīcu þæs Gædes licgaþ ymbe Ƿisconsin: Michigan beēasten, Minnesota beƿesten him, Ioƿa be his sūðƿest ecge and Illinois besūþen.

Ðæs rīces hēafodstōl is Madison and his mǣste burg is Milƿaukee se stent on Superiormeres rīme'

Wisconsin


Proctoscopy is a common medical procedure in which an instrument called a proctoscope (also known as a rectoscope, although the latter may be a bit longer) is used to examine the anal cavity, rectum, or sigmoid colon. A proctoscope is a short, straight, rigid, hollow metal tube, and usually has a small light bulb mounted at the end. It is approximately 5 inches or 15 cm long, while a rectoscope is approximately 10 inches or 25 cm long. During proctoscopy, the proctoscope is lubricated and inserted into the rectum, and then the obturator is removed, allowing an unobstructed view of the interior of the rectal cavity. This procedure is normally done to inspect for hemorrhoids or rectal polyps and might be mildly uncomfortable as the proctoscope is inserted further into the rectum. Modern fibre-optic proctoscopes allow more extensive observation with less discomfort.

Proctoscopes

A proctoscope is a hollow, tube-like speculum that is used for visual inspection of the rectum. Both disposable and non-disposable proctoscopes are available for use. Out of these, the non-disposable Kelly's rectal speculum, named after the American gynecologist Howard Atwood Kelly, is the most commonly used speculum for proctoscopy. Some proctoscopes have a light source for better visibility. The proctoscope is inserted into the anal canal with the patient in Sims' position. Fibre optic proctoscopes are now available which cause less discomfort to the patient.
The proctoscope is used in the diagnosis of hemorrhoids, carcinoma of anal canal or rectum and rectal polyp. It is used therapeutically for polypectomy and rectal biopsy.

Disposable proctoscopes without light are also available.   The proctoscope also has a hollow channel through which other instruments may be inserted. For example, another instrument may be used to take a biopsy of a small amount of tissue for examination under a microscope. Also, air may be injected through the proctoscope to help make viewing easier. Similar instruments, the sigmoidoscope and colonoscope may be used to visualize more proximal parts of the bowels.

See also
 Anoscopy
 Endoscopy
 Hemorrhoids
 Rectal dilator
 Rubber band ligation

Notes

References
 Moore et al. (2010) Clinically Oriented Anatomy 6th edition

External links

Colorectal surgery
Digestive system procedures

Proctoscopy


Lev Timofeev (; born 1936) is a Russian economist, political commentator and novelist. The son of a high-ranking government official, Timofeev graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations.

Career
In the late 1960s and 70s, Timofeev worked as a journalist for Moscow magazines such as Novy Mir and Kommunist. Timofeev's 1985 book The Technology of the Black Market or the Peasant Art of Starving was published in the West by Telos Press. The book presented a harsh condemnation of the Communist economic system.

Timofeev was arrested and sentenced to 11 years of hard labour and internal exile on the grounds of "anti-Soviet propaganda". He was freed in 1987 by a special decree signed by Mikhail Gorbachev. In the late 1980s, Timofeev published Referendum magazine and served as chairman of the Moscow Helsinki Committee for Human Rights, a human rights watchdog. Timofeev became one of the most vocal proponents of economic liberalization in Russia.

In 1993 Timofeev ran for parliament on the Democratic Russia ticket. He was appointed professor at the Russian State University for the Humanities, Timofeev was for many years director of the Center for Research on Extralegal Economic Systems and advised the government of Boris Yeltsin. In the mid-1990s he joined the Transnational Radical Party and became a member of its General Council. Timofeev  is one of the leading theorists of drug decriminalization.

In early 2000 Timofeev retired from politics and teaching and embarked on a career of a novelist: since 2004 he published three novels and a collection of short stories. His 2006 novel Negative was nominated for the Booker Prize.
Between 2011 and 2015 Timofeev regularly published his short stories in the Russian Riviera magazine.

Family
Lev Timofeev has three children: Sofiya, Yekaterina and Anton.

References

1936 births
Living people
Russian male journalists
Soviet dissidents
Moscow State Institute of International Relations alumni
Moscow Helsinki Group

Lev Timofeev


NPO 3 (NPO drie, formerly Nederland 3  until 2014) is the third and youngest of the terrestrial television channels operated by the Dutch public-broadcasting organization NPO in the Netherlands. It carries programmes provided by member-based non-profit broadcasting associations and is oriented towards children, youth, and innovative television.

History
Initially, the third Dutch public television channel would be a joint venture with the Flemish public broadcaster VRT (then called BRTN), which would specialize in cooperative Netherlands/Flanders programming. With the pretended cooperation, BRT (now VRT) would either continue or terminate its second channel by operating it more lucratively. This plan failed but later resulted in a new television channel targeting Dutch and Flemish people living abroad. Two Dutch broadcasters, NPO and RNW, launched BVN as Zomer TV in 1996, and all of its programmings originally came from the Netherlands (the abbreviation BVN at first standing for het Beste Van Nederland, "the best of the Netherlands"), this, however, changed, once the VRT began contributing both financially and delivering programmes, changing the channel from specializing in programming from the Netherlands to specializing in Dutch programming from the Netherlands and Flanders.

NPO 3 was established as 'Nederland 3' on 4 April 1988, however, the channel was used for experimental purposes for the Winter Olympic Games in Calgary earlier on in the year. Nederland 3 became the home channel of the broadcasters VPRO, VARA, RVU, and NPS, all of which share a progressive outlook. The initial emphasis was news, culture and sports.

In September 2000, AVRO, BNN, EO, KRO and TROS later joined this channel in producing more content for its programming output. The channel focused on news, debate, culture, and innovative television. Before the evening the channel's programming, under the label of Z@ppelin, was aimed at children.

In September 2006, the programming of NPO's television channels changed slightly. Nederland 3 still focuses on children during the daytime. In the evenings it aims to reach an open-minded audience with innovative, educational television and occasionally sports. All Dutch public broadcasting organizations have air-time on Nederland 1, Nederland 2 and Nederland 3; youth-oriented broadcaster BNN broadcast only on Nederland 3.

On 15 September 2007, the NPO channels Nederland 1, Nederland 2 and Nederland 3 switched completely to anamorphic widescreen, before that time some of the programming was already broadcast in widescreen.

On 4 July 2009, all three channels began simulcasting in 1080i high-definition. Before the launch of the permanent HD service, a test version of the Nederland 1 HD channel was made available from 2 June 2008 until 24 August 2008 in order to broadcast Euro 2008, the 2008 Tour de France, and the 2008 Summer Olympics in HD.

On 12 March 2013, the NPO announced that Nederland 1, 2, and 3 would be renamed as NPO 1, 2, and 3. The reason for this change is to make the channels and their programmes more recognizable. The rebranding completed on 19 August 2014.

Programming
Between 06:00 and 19:30, NPO Zapp and NPO Zappelin broadcast television oriented at children. This includes educational television like SchoolTV from broadcaster NTR.

After 19:30, the programming for youth and young adults starts. Between 2005 and 2013, De Wereld Draait Door was broadcast at this time, but moved to NPO 1. The programming is filled with films, drama and comedy (both made by public broadcasters and imported from foreign broadcasters), as well as successful programmes such as Top of the Pops, College Tour, De Lama's, Spuiten en Slikken and Raymann is Laat. It also broadcasts European football competitions live such as the UEFA Champions League until the 2015–16 season when it was moved to SBS 6.

Logos and identities

See also
Television networks in the Netherlands

References

External links
 NPO 3 website

Television channels in the Netherlands
Television channels and stations established in 1988
Netherlands Public Broadcasting
Mass media in Hilversum

NPO 3


Terri Moss (born January 25, 1966) is a retired female boxer, and a 2015 inductee into the International Women's Boxing Hall of Fame.

Background
Her family moved to Athens, Georgia in 1975 where she grew up and resided until 2003 when she moved to Atlanta to work with professional boxing trainer, Xavier Biggs. Xavier is the brother of 1984 Olympic Super Heavyweight Gold Medalist Tyrell Biggs.  Prior to boxing, Moss pursued a career in Law Enforcement working at several different levels in that field.  She spent the majority of her career as a Narcotics Investigator.

Boxing career
Moss began her experience in boxing at the age of 34 under Chicago native "Doc" Keppner and worked with him for two years.  Keppner was reluctant to train Moss due to her age and physical limitations (Hepatitis C) that would keep her out of the ring, However; he did use her as his assistant working corners of his professional fighters and taught her to be a cut man. Prior to beginning her own boxing career she had worked over twenty professional fights as chief second and cutman.  She was one of the first females documented to have been cut man and chief second for a male fighter.

During her time with Keppner, Moss sought medical attention and underwent Interferon Therapy. Once cured of Hepatitis C, she resumed training to box competitively, entering the professional ranks at 36 years old.

Moss began her pro career in a fight offered by Keppner against newly crowned WIBA Intercontinental Champion Wendy Sprowl of Boston, Massachusetts, losing a unanimous four round decision.  Her second came against future IFBA & WIBA World Champion Maribel Zurita, and the third against #1 ranked Patricia Martinez, each to whom she dropped decisions.   At 0-3 Moss began training with Xavier Biggs, and soon after fought was Atlanta's highly touted and #1 world ranked minimumweight Nina Ahlin.  Prior to the fight against Moss, Ahlin was also trained by Xavier Biggs.  Moss landed her first win against Ahlin, one of the biggest moments in her career also rated one of the biggest upsets in women's professional boxing that year, and was shortly after ranked #2 in the world.  She held that ranking for over two years and remained a top-ten rated fighter for the rest of her career.

During her career Moss fought for five world titles in three weight divisions.  On May 10, 2007 she won the WIBF Strawweight World Title, and the WIBA mini flyweight Intercontinental Title in Tulsa, Oklahoma, against Stephanie Dobbs.  Moss was 41 years old, and Dobbs only 28, two years older than Moss' own daughter.  After two failed attempts to arrange a title defense, Moss retired without a defense one year later on May 10, 2008.  She retired in Atlanta, Georgia as a full-time boxing trainer and personal trainer for women in an all-female boxing program at Decatur Boxing Club in Decatur, GA. Moss trains competing amateur and professional boxers, conducts boxing fitness programs, and is a personal trainer and author.

After retirement

Once retired Moss founded "Atlanta Corporate Fight Night", a high-end white collar charity boxing show, and began promoting in October 2010.  By the end of 2012 she had promoted five successful shows and partnered with Tomorrow Pictures in moving Corporate Fight Night nationally while building material for a documentary on women's boxing. Over the two year - five show time span her Corporate Fight Night had been discussed on several radio and internet radio shows, magazines, newspapers, television, and news media outlets both in the US and internationally.   Some of the coverage included CNN, ESPN, NBC, Yahoo Sports, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Atlanta Magazine, Best Self Magazine, Stiletto Woman Magazine, Ebony Magazine, Sports Destination Management, and Bloomberg Businessweek.

In 2011 Moss began working with several professional boxing sanctioning bodies and began supervising world championship fights.  She serves as the chairman of women's boxing for the Champions of Dignity Association (CODA) which financially supports the Retired Boxer's Foundation (RBF)and in 2012 she was designated as a coordinator for the Women's International Boxing Federation (WIBF) and the Global Boxing Union (GBU) where she assists in sanctioning and supervising for men's (GBU) and women's (WIBF & GBU) world championship fights.

Hall of Fame

Terri Moss was among the second class of inductees into the International Women's Boxing Hall of Fame in Fort Lauderdale, Florida on July 11, 2015.

She was inducted alongside Laila Ali, Jeannine Garside, Deirdre Gogarty, Phyllis Kugler, Sparkle Lee, Laura Serrano and Ann Wolfe.

Professional boxing record

References

External links
 Official Site
 Women's Boxing Archive Network

 Hall of Fame Press Release
 International Women's Boxing Hall of Fame

Boxers from Denver
American women boxers
Living people
Boxers from Atlanta
1966 births
World boxing champions
American female karateka
21st-century American women

Terri Moss


Occlusal trauma is the damage to teeth when an excessive force is acted upon them and they do not align properly.

When the jaws close, for instance during chewing or at rest, the relationship between the opposing teeth is referred to as occlusion. When trauma, disease or dental treatment alters occlusion by changing the biting surface of any of the teeth, the teeth will come together differently, and their occlusion will change. When that change has a negative effect on how the teeth occlude, this may cause tenderness, pain, and damage to or movement of the teeth. This is called traumatic occlusion.

Traumatic occlusion may cause a thickening of the cervical margin of the alveolar bone and widening of the periodontal ligament, although the latter can also be caused by other processes.

Signs and symptoms
Clinically, there is a number of physiological results that serve as evidence of occlusal trauma:,
Progressive Tooth mobility
Fremitus
Tooth migration
Pain
Thermal sensitivity
Pain on chewing or percussion
Wear facets

Diagnosis
Microscopically, there will be a number of features that accompany occlusal trauma:
Hemorrhage
Necrosis
Widening of the periodontal ligament, or PDL (also serves as a very common radiographic feature)
Bone resorption
Cementum loss and tears

It was concluded that widening of the periodontal ligament was a "functional adaptation to changes in functional requirements".

Primary vs. secondary
There are two types of occlusal trauma, primary and secondary.

Primary
Primary occlusal trauma occurs when excessive occlusal forces are placed on teeth, as in the case of off axis loading, parafunctional habits, such as bruxism or various chewing or biting habits, including but not limited to those involving fingernails and pencils or pens.

The associated excessive forces can be grouped into four categories.  Excesses of:
Duration
Frequency
Magnitude, and
Direction (off axis loading)

Primary occlusal trauma will occur when there is an adequate periodontal attachment apparatus. It is reversible if the cause of the trauma is corrected.

Secondary
Secondary occlusal trauma occurs when normal or excessive occlusal forces are placed on teeth with compromised periodontal attachment, The loss of support must be to the level whereby the signs of occlusal trauma such as mobility remain even if the source of the trauma is corrected. The distinction between primary and secondary occlusal trauma is important because a diagnosis of secondary occlusal trauma implies the need for splinting.

Cause and treatment
Teeth are constantly subject to both horizontal and vertical occlusal forces.  With the center of rotation of the tooth acting as a fulcrum, the surface of bone adjacent to the pressured side of the tooth will undergo resorption and disappear, while the surface of bone adjacent to the tensioned side of the tooth will undergo apposition and increase in volume.

In both primary and secondary occlusal trauma, tooth mobility might develop over time, with it occurring earlier and being more prevalent in secondary occlusal trauma.  To treat mobility due to primary occlusal trauma, the cause of the trauma must be eliminated. Likewise for teeth subject to secondary occlusal trauma, though these teeth may also require splinting together to the adjacent teeth so as to eliminate their mobility.

In primary occlusal trauma, the cause of the mobility was the excessive force being applied to a tooth with an adequate attachment apparatus. The approach should be to eliminate the cause of the pain and mobility by determining the causes and removing them; the mobile tooth or teeth will soon cease exhibiting mobility.  This could involve removing a high spot on a recently restored tooth, or even a high spot on a non-recently restored tooth that perhaps moved into hyperocclusion.  It could also involve altering one's parafunctional habits, such as refraining from chewing on pens or biting one's fingernails.  For a bruxer, treatment of the patient's primary occlusal trauma could involve selective grinding of certain interarch tooth contacts or perhaps employing a nightguard to protect the teeth from the greater than normal occlusal forces of the patient's parafunctional habit.  For someone who is missing enough teeth in non-strategic positions so that the remaining teeth are forced to endure a greater per square inch occlusal force, treatment might include restoration with either a removable prosthesis or implant-supported crown or bridge.

In secondary occlusal trauma, simply removing the "high spots" or selective grinding of the teeth will not eliminate the problem, because the teeth are already periodontally compromised.  After splinting the teeth to eliminate the mobility, the cause of the mobility (in other words, the loss of clinical attachment and bone) must be managed; this is achieved through surgical periodontal procedures such as soft tissue and bone grafts, as well as restoration of edentulous areas.  As with primary occlusal trauma, treatment may include either a removable prosthesis or implant-supported crown or bridge.

References

External links

Acquired tooth disorders
Periodontology

Occlusal trauma


Mark John Hough (8 December 1954 – 7 January 2018), known by the stage name Buster Stiggs, was an English-born
New Zealand drummer.

Hough was born in Harold Wood, Essex, England, in 1954, moving to New Zealand as a child. His family settled in Hawke's Bay, and he attended Hastings Boys' High School before studying art at Elam School of Fine Arts in Auckland from 1972 to 1975. He began studying to be a teacher in 1976, but his primary interests were art and rock music, especially the nascent New Zealand punk scene.

Hough's first band was After Hours, the first band of a teenage Neil Finn, which lasted until 1977 when Finn was asked to join his brother's band, Split Enz. From here, Hough moved to the short-lived Fang, for whom he played drums. By late 1977 he was playing with up-and-coming Auckland punk band Suburban Reptiles using the stage name Buster Stiggs, which would remain with him for his whole musical career. He was a main songwriter of the band,  writing their single "Saturday Night Stay At Home".

After briefly playing guitar with The Scavengers for a couple of gigs in 1978, Stiggs and fellow Suburban Reptile Bones Hillman joined Split Enz founder Phil Judd — a former schoolmate at Hastings Boys' — in a new three-piece band, The Swingers. The Swingers found quick success, and hit the charts with two singles, "One Good Reason" (1980) and "Counting the Beat" (1981). The latter reached the top of the charts in both New Zealand and Australia.

Stiggs left The Swingers just as their second single was starting to hit the charts, joining Australian band Models. He stayed with the band for under a year, failing to gel fully with the band's sound. After leaving Models, he moved to the back room of the rock industry, working as a graphic designer and designing record covers and tour posters.

Stiggs struggled with kidney disease and multiple myeloma in the last few years of his life, and finally succumbed to their combined effects in his adopted city of Perth, Australia, on 7 January 2018. He is survived by one son.

External links
  - AudioCulture profile.
"R.I.P. Buster Stiggs (The Swingers)" — Tribute to Stiggs by former bandmate Bones Hillman.

References

1954 births
2018 deaths
New Zealand rock musicians
New Zealand drummers
People from Harold Wood
English emigrants to New Zealand
People educated at Hastings Boys' High School
Elam Art School alumni
Deaths from multiple myeloma
Deaths from cancer in Western Australia
Deaths from kidney disease
New Zealand expatriates in Australia

Buster Stiggs


In spherical astronomy, quadrature is the configuration of a celestial object in which its elongation is perpendicular to the direction of the Sun. It is applied especially to the position of a superior planet or the Moon at its first and last quarter phases. This is not to be confused with the Moon at dichotomy (exactly half-lit) as viewed from Earth, which occurs at 89.85 degrees and 270.15 degrees.

As shown in the diagram, a planet (or other object) can be at the western quadrature (when it is to the west of the Sun when viewed from the Earth) or at the eastern quadrature (when it is to the east of the Sun when viewed from the Earth). Note that an inferior planet can never be at quadrature to the reference planet.

At quadrature, the shadow that a planet casts on its planetary rings or moons appears most offset from the planet (e.g., Saturn's rings); the dark side of a planet (e.g., Mars) is maximally visible.

See also
 Astrological aspect

References
Attribution

Astrological aspects
Celestial mechanics
Observational astronomy
Orbits
Spherical astronomy
First quarter moon

Quadrature (astronomy)


Lemuel Paynter (1788 – August 1, 1863) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.

Life and career
Lemuel Paynter was born in Lewes, Delaware. He moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and served in the War of 1812 and became major and lieutenant colonel of the Ninety-third Regiment, Pennsylvania Militia. He served as a member of the board of commissioners of the Southwark district for many years and also served as a president of the board. He was a member of the guardians of the poor and also a school director. He was elected a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate in 1833.

Congress
Paynter was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Congresses. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1840. He again served as a member of the board of commissioners of the Southwark district.

Death
He died in Philadelphia in 1863. Interment in Union Sixth Street Cemetery which was closed in 1971 and his remains moved to Philadelphia Memorial Park in Frazer, Pennsylvania.

Sources

The Political Graveyard

1788 births
1863 deaths
Democratic Party Pennsylvania state senators
Politicians from Philadelphia
American militiamen in the War of 1812
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
People from Lewes, Delaware
19th-century American politicians
American militia officers

Lemuel Paynter


In algebra, the bicommutant of a subset S of a semigroup (such as an algebra or a group) is the commutant of the commutant of that subset. It is also known as the double commutant or second commutant and is written .

The bicommutant is particularly useful in operator theory, due to the von Neumann double commutant theorem, which relates the algebraic and analytic structures of operator algebras. Specifically, it shows that if M is a unital, self-adjoint operator algebra in the C*-algebra B(H), for some Hilbert space H, then the weak closure, strong closure and bicommutant of M are equal. This tells us that a unital C*-subalgebra M of B(H) is a von Neumann algebra if, and only if, , and that if not, the von Neumann algebra it generates is .

The bicommutant of S always contains S. So . On the other hand, . So , i.e. the commutant of the bicommutant of S is equal to the commutant of S. By induction, we have:

and

for n > 1.

It is clear that, if S1 and S2 are subsets of a semigroup,

If it is assumed that  and  (this is the case, for instance, for von Neumann algebras), then the above equality gives

See also
 von Neumann double commutant theorem

References
J. Dixmier, Von Neumann Algebras, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1981.

Group theory

Bicommutant


Cao Lãnh (; Vietnamese for "high leader") is the capital city of Đồng Tháp Province, Vietnam. It is located at around .

History
During the French colonial period Cao Lãnh found some supporters for the nationalist appeal of Trần Huy Liệu's Đông Pháp Thời Báo (Indochina Times) founded in May 1923. Later, in the initial resistance to the French in 1945, the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng and others in the South merged to form the Third Division of the popular army. Cao Lãnh was where the troops were reorganized into 23 units each of 500-600 men.

Prior to 1975, Cao Lãnh was the capital of Kiến Phong province, in the Mekong Delta region of South Vietnam. In February 1976, Kiến Phong was merged with Sa Đéc Province to become Đồng Tháp Province. Sa Đéc became the capital city of the new province. Cao Lãnh replaced Sa Đéc as the capital on April 24, 1994, and became a city in October 2007.

Climate

References

Populated places in Đồng Tháp province
Districts of Đồng Tháp province
Provincial capitals in Vietnam
Cities in Vietnam

Cao Lãnh (city)


Spirit of the West were a Canadian folk rock band from North Vancouver, active from 1983 to 2016. They were popular on the Canadian folk music scene in the 1980s before evolving a blend of hard rock, Britpop, and Celtic folk influences which made them one of Canada's most successful alternative rock acts in the 1990s.

Early years
Geoffrey Kelly and J. Knutson had begun playing music together as a duo when Kelly's then-girlfriend Alison, at the time a theatre student, told them she had a classmate with a really great singing voice. That classmate, John Mann, joined Kelly and Knutson as a folk trio called Eavesdropper, and scored early gigs as an opening act for rockers such as Art Bergmann and Barney Bentall. Early on their set predominantly comprised covers of artists such as Bruce Cockburn, Eric Bogle, Richard Thompson and Billy Bragg, with original compositions gradually introduced into their set.

After a gig on Vancouver Island was erroneously billed as "Eavesdroppings", the band opted to change its name to Spirit of the West, and independently released the album Spirit of the West in 1984 before signing to Stony Plain Records, a roots music label based in Edmonton, Alberta.

Stony Plain released Tripping Up the Stairs in 1986. Following that album, Knutson left the band in August 1987 and was replaced by Hugh McMillan.

1988's Labour Day spawned the popular single "Political" and consolidated the band as a significant draw on the folk festival circuit. The album also garnered the band its first Juno Award nomination, for Best Roots & Traditional Album at the Juno Awards of 1989.

After that album's tour, McMillan took a temporary hiatus from the band in December of 1988 for personal reasons and to pursue solo interests. He was replaced by Daniel Lapp and Linda McRae, but returned before the band's next album was recorded. When McMillan returned, Lapp left the band in June of 1989 due to his wife becoming pregnant, but McRae stayed on. (As a result, Lapp never actually appeared on a Spirit of the West recording. He pursued a solo career, however, releasing a number of albums of experimental jazz/folk/electronic fusion.)

On the strength of "Political", Warner Bros. Records signed the band in 1989, and Stony Plain released a compilation, Old Material 1984–1986, to close out their contract with the label.

In 1990, the band's major label debut, Save This House was released. The album track "Home for a Rest", which was considered a classic party anthem at universities across Canada was not officially released as a commercial or radio single, but became the band's signature song. (Despite its not being a single, a music video was released for the song.)

Evolution
As part of their tour to support Save This House, the band toured England with The Wonder Stuff, and decided to bring in a drummer and experiment with a more rock-oriented sound — a need which became particularly acute after the bands played two shows on the same bill as Jane's Addiction. After recording some song demos with guest drummer Darrell Mayes of the Colin James band and then touring for part of 1990 with various session drummers, the band brought in Vince Ditrich, who appeared for the first time on the band's 1991 album Go Figure.

Although the album retained many of the band's folk influences, it was more hard rock than any of the band's previous efforts, and this proved controversial among the band's fans. The album included a rock rendition of "Political", and at one show in London, Ontario, the audience presented the band with a petition demanding that they play the original version of that song. Despite the controversies, however, it won them many new fans in the alternative rock scene.

The band received a Juno Award nomination for Most Promising Group at the Juno Awards of 1991.

MacRae also appeared on The Wonder Stuff's album Never Loved Elvis, and all of the members of both bands recorded a cover of the country standard "Will the Circle Be Unbroken" as a B-side for the Wonder Stuff's "Welcome to the Cheap Seats" single. Over the winter of 1992-93, the band undertook the Hollow Bodies tour, performing material in their older acoustic style.

In 1993, the band released their most successful album, Faithlift, and scored their biggest hit single, "And if Venice is Sinking". 1995's Two Headed, in turn, garnered significant airplay for the single "Tell Me What I Think", and the band garnered a Juno Award nomination for Group of the Year at the Juno Awards of 1995. However, the album was not as successful on the charts, or as critically hailed, as its predecessor.

In the summer of 1995, the band toured with The Tragically Hip as part of the Another Roadside Attraction festival.

Beginning in 1995, the band also performed a number of shows with symphony orchestras across Canada, premiering songs written for a planned symphony album with the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra. After recording two shows with the VSO on May 12 and May 13, 1995, they released the album Open Heart Symphony that year; the concert also aired on Bravo concurrently with the album's release.

At the end of 1996, McRae left the band amicably to pursue a solo career, performing her last show on New Year's Eve of that year. She released a solo country album in 1997, and then formed the alternative country band Cheerful Lonesome.

The remaining members recorded 1997's Weights and Measures as a four-piece at Martin Barre's studio in Devon, England, working with Barre and members of The Wonder Stuff, Capercaillie and Fairport Convention to round out the studio effort, and added Tobin Frank for their concert tour. In the same year, a studio version of the song "Kiss & Tell", which had previously been released only in its live form on Open Heart Symphony, appeared on the soundtrack to the film The Hanging Garden.

However, with the music industry's emphasis having shifted by this time away from alternative rock and back toward more mainstream pop-oriented performers, Warner Bros. put little effort into promoting the album, and dropped the band from their roster after the tour.

Hiatus and revival
After Weights & Measures the band took a hiatus from recording and broad-scale national touring, although they continued to perform selected live dates on the summer folk festival circuit and in major concert markets such as Vancouver and Toronto. During the hiatus, Mann, Ditrich and Kelly all released solo albums, Mann pursued acting roles, McMillan worked as a session musician and producer for The Town Pants, and Kelly and Frank recorded with The Paperboys.

The band's first new album in seven years, Star Trails, was released on July 6, 2004 on MapleMusic Recordings.

In 2008, the band released a 25th anniversary compilation, Spirituality 1983-2008: The Consummate Compendium, on Rhino Records. The two-CD set includes 32 remastered tracks from throughout the band's career, including two new songs, "Winter's Now the Enemy" and "Another Happy New Year". Their official 25th anniversary concert, held at Vancouver's Commodore Ballroom on March 14, 2008, was recorded and broadcast by CBC Radio 2. Concurrently with the release of Spirituality, Rhino also released remastered editions of Faithlift and Open Heart Symphony.

In 2009, Spirit of the West opened for Great Big Sea on the "Fortune's Favour" tour, finishing in Victoria, British Columbia on March 26. On this tour, the final encore performances typically involved both bands performing together on various songs, including Spirit of the West's "Political" and Great Big Sea's "The Old Black Rum".

In 2010, Kelly, Ditrich and Frank joined Ashley MacIsaac and folk musician Matthew Harder in recording a charity single, "Dreams", to benefit Kwame Nkrumah-Acheampong, a skier from Ghana who was the first Ghanaian athlete ever to compete in the Winter Olympics. Nkrumah-Acheampong himself participated in the recording, playing traditional Ghanaian percussion. The single, credited to The Parallel Band, was released to iTunes on February 19, 2010. Concurrently, Mann was in Edmonton, starring in a stage production of Bruce Ruddell's rock musical Beyond Eden. In 2011, the full Spirit of the West lineup recorded and released another charity single, "Bulembu", to benefit the Bulembu orphanage and sustainable economic development project in Swaziland; the song also includes a vocal choir of children from Bulembu.

Kelly underwent surgery in early 2012 and was unable to perform for several weeks; Harder and Kendel Carson of The Paperboys substituted for him in several live shows during this period, including the band's traditional annual St. Patrick's Day show at the Commodore Ballroom. At the band's 2014 St. Patrick's Day show, they were inducted into the British Columbia Entertainment Hall of Fame.

Conclusion
In September 2014, Mann announced that he had been diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimer's disease, but planned to continue performing with the band as long as he remained able to do so. In concession to Mann's illness, the band began performing with an iPad mounted near the microphone in case Mann had difficulty remembering the lyrics, while Harder joined full-time to take over Mann's duties on lead guitar. Weeks after the announcement, Mann performed a concert featuring his solo material and that of Spirit of the West, which was broadcast by CBC Television's Absolutely Canadian in July 2015 as "John Mann Here and Now".

The band's preparations for a 2015 concert at Massey Hall are profiled in Pete McCormack's documentary film Spirit Unforgettable.

In December 2015, the band announced that they would perform a three-night run at the Commodore Ballroom from April 15 to 17 as their final shows. Over the month before the final shows, the band undertook a small-scale final tour.

As Ditrich was also in poor health with kidney disease, he was not able to perform for the full duration of all three Commodore shows, and shared drum duties with Kris MacFarlane and Pat Steward. Kendel Carson, Paul Hyde, Jim Cuddy, Steven Page, Colin James, Andy Maize and Craig Northey also participated in the Commodore shows as guests.

The band remained informally active through private "Johnny Jams" as a form of music therapy for Mann, and Kelly communicated the hope that Mann would remain healthy enough for the band to play occasional brief reunion sets in the future. Following The Tragically Hip's announcement in May 2016 that singer Gord Downie had been diagnosed with brain cancer but would undertake a tour with the band in summer 2016, Kelly was interviewed by both CBC Radio One's Day 6 and Maclean's about his experiences performing with Spirit of the West under similar circumstances.

The band performed a reunion set at Spirit of Canada, a benefit concert for Alzheimer's awareness at the Commodore Ballroom on November 19, 2017. The concert's lineup  included Odds, Barney Bentall, Dustin Bentall, Jim Byrnes, Kendel Carson, Jim Cuddy, Alan Doyle, Colin James, Sarah McLachlan, Ed Robertson, Shari Ulrich and Spirit: The Next Generation, an act consisting of the band members' children. Before the show, the performing musicians participated in a group recording of the band's signature song "Home for a Rest" as a tribute to Mann.

Mann died on November 20, 2019.

Discography

Albums

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Singles
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2"| Year
! rowspan="2"| Single
! colspan="4"| Peak chart positions
! rowspan="2"| Certifications(sales thresholds)
! rowspan="2"| Album
|-
! width="45"| CAN
! width="45"| CANAC
! width="45"| CANCountry
! width="45"| CANContent(Cancon)<ref>Peak positions for Spirit of the West singles on RPM'''s Canadian Content chart:
For "Political":
For "D for Democracy":
For "Political":
For "Spot the Difference":
For "6th Floor":
For "Sadness Grows":
For "Is This Where I Come In": </ref>
|-
| rowspan="1"| 1986
| "The Crawl"
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
|
| rowspan="1"| Tripping Up the Stairs|-
| rowspan="1"| 1988
| "Political"
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| 31
|
| rowspan="1"| Labour Day|-
| rowspan="1"| 1990
| "Save This House"
| align="center"| 85
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
|
| rowspan="1"| Save This House|-
| rowspan="2"| 1991
| "D for Democracy"
| align="center"| 87
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| 1
|
| rowspan="3"| Go Figure|-
| "Political (Go Figure version)"
| align="center"| 70
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| 4
|
|-
| rowspan="1"| 1992
| "Spot the Difference"
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| 9
|
|-
| 1993
| "And if Venice Is Sinking"
| align="center"| 30
| align="center"| 12
| align="center"| 93
| align="center"| —
|
| rowspan="5"| Faithlift|-
| rowspan="3"| 1994
| "5 Free Minutes"
| align="center"| 55
| align="center"| 29
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
|
|-
| "6th Floor"
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| 3
|
|-
| "Sadness Grows"
| align="center"| 52
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| 7
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1995
| "Is This Where I Come In"
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| 28
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| 6
|
|-
| "Tell Me What I Think"
| align="center"| 25
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
|
| Two Headed|-
| 1996
| "Williamson's Garage"
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| 53
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
|
| Open Heart Symphony|-
| 1997
| "Soldier's Boy"
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
|
| Weights and Measures|-
| 2004
| "July"
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
|
| Star Trails|-
| 2011
| "Bulembu"
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
|
| Non-album single
|-
| 2014
| "Home for a Rest"
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
|
CAN: Platinum
| Non-album single
|}

Album appearances

 Island of Circles (1991): "Sunshine Superman"
 Back to the Garden (1992): "Coyote"
 Upfront! Canadians Live from Mountain Stage (1994): "Political"
 Due South: The Original Television Soundtrack (1996): "Bone of Contention"
 20 Years of Stony Plain (1996): "Political"
 The Hanging Garden (1997): "Kiss and Tell"
 Frosh (1998): "Home for a Rest"

Reception
 In 1999, CFNY-FM ranked "Political" No. 524, and "Home For a Rest" No. 689, in its "Top 1002 New Rock Songs of All Time" chart.
 In 2005, "Home for a Rest" was named the 22nd greatest Canadian song of all time on CBC Radio One's 50 Tracks: The Canadian Version.
 In 2007, "Home for a Rest" ranked No. 8 on CFNY's "Top 102 Canadian New Rock Songs of All Time" chart.
 "Save This House" is the theme song for Save Us from Our House'', a combined relationship/renovation/reality TV show which aired in 2007 on the Canadian cable network W, and on HGTV in the U.S.
 In 2010, Spirit of the West were the recipients of the National Achievement Award at the annual SOCAN Awards in Toronto.
 In 2022, "Home for a Rest" was voted British Columbia's favourite song by a local artist, in a Twitter competition organized by local CBC reporter Justin McElroy, beating Carly Rae Jepsen's "Call Me Maybe".

References

External links
 Spirit of the West

Musical groups established in 1983
Musical groups disestablished in 2016
Musical groups from Vancouver
Canadian folk rock groups
MapleMusic Recordings artists
Celtic fusion groups
1983 establishments in British Columbia
Canadian Celtic music groups
Canadian alternative rock groups
Stony Plain Records artists

Spirit of the West


Víðgelmir () is a lava tube situated in the Hallmundarhraun lava field (formed around 900 AD) in west Iceland, around 2 km southeast of Fljótstunga farm in Hvítársíða, Borgarfjörður. The roof of the lava tube has collapsed, creating two large openings near its north end which are the only known entrances. Víðgelmir is 1585 m long and the largest part of the cave passage is 15.8 m high and 16.5 m wide, making it by far the largest of its kind in Iceland. The cave has a wide entrance but narrows down in some places. An iron gate was installed at the first constriction in 1991 to preserve those of the delicate lava formations or speleothems which hadn't already been destroyed. Evidence of human habitation, probably dating to the Viking Age, has been discovered in the cave and is preserved in the National Museum of Iceland. Long stretches of the cave floor are very rough and shouldn't be navigated without a guide. Access and guided tours are provided at nearby Fljótstunga.

Lava tubes are formed when a low-viscosity lava flow develops a continuous and hard crust which then thickens and forms a roof above the molten lava stream. When the eruption subsides, the still-molten lava moving beneath the crust will continue to drain downhill, leaving an open lava tube. Many other lava tubes have been discovered in Hallmundarhraun, most notably Surtshellir and Stefánshellir.

References

External links

Lava tubes
Ice caves
Show caves
Caves of Iceland
Tourist attractions in Iceland
West Volcanic Zone of Iceland

Víðgelmir


The Holy League of 1717 was one of many coalitions organised by the Papal States to deal with the Ottoman threat.
This last one comprised Portugal, the Republic of Venice and Malta.

Background

Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, several Holy Leagues were organized by the Papacy, the most famous of which finally managed to defeat the Ottoman fleet at the third Battle of Lepanto. However, the resurgent threat of the Ottoman fleet continued until the early 18th century and came again to the fore in the Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War of 1714–1718.

As with the previous Leagues, the Papal States organized the expedition, the Republic of Venice financed it and a third party - usually a Catholic kingdom - was to provide the backbone of the fleet. Given that Spain was exhausted from the War of the Spanish Succession, the Pope appealed to Portugal which ended up sending a fleet to the Mediterranean.

The efforts came to fruition in late July, when a combined fleet of Portuguese, Venetian, Papal, and Maltese ships engaged the fleet of Kapudan Pasha Eğribozlu İbrahim Pasha in the Battle of Matapan.

Aftermath

The outcome of 1717 as well as of the prior battles with the same goal, was that of restricting the Ottoman naval dominance to the eastern Mediterranean.

As a result of the battle, the Venetian attempt to recapture the Morea was foiled and the Ottoman reconquest of the peninsula was confirmed.

1717 in Europe
History of the Mediterranean
Wars involving Portugal
Wars involving the Papal States
Ottoman–Venetian Wars
18th century in Portugal
History of the Papal States
1710s in Malta
Wars involving the Ottoman Empire
1717 in the Ottoman Empire
1717 in the Papal States
Holy Leagues

Holy League (1717)


Alard Banastre (fl. 1174), was High Sheriff of Oxfordshire under Henry II in 1174 and 1176.

In this capacity, Banastre was appointed, in company with the constable of Oxford, to fix the tallages and assizes on the king's demesnes in that county. He seems likewise to have been empowered to settle the pleas of the crown and the common pleas of the same shire. In 1175, though Alard Banastre was still sheriff, he does not appear to have acted in the capacity of justice errant. Possibly the king was again dissatisfied with the conduct of his sheriffs in judging their own counties; for, while in 1174 the number of counties judged by their own sheriffs bears a very considerable proportion to the whole, in 1176 the whole kingdom seems to have been practically placed under the power of six justices acting in couples. It was probably as a result of the great rebellion of 1174 that Henry II inaugurated this change; but in any case the name of Alard Banastre does not, apparently, occur again as one of the king's justices. The sheriff of Oxfordshire for the four years preceding 1174 was one Adam Banastre, who, as Foss suggests, may have been the father of Alard Banastre.

References

Attribution

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
12th-century English people
High Sheriffs of Oxfordshire

Alard Banastre


Raymond Arthur Dart (4 February 1893 – 22 November 1988) was an Australian anatomist and anthropologist, who worked for much of his life in South Africa.

In 1924 he discovered the first fossil of an Australopithecine, at Taung in Northwestern South Africa (now Botswana). It was Australopithecus africanus, an extinct hominid closely related to humans. This was a great event in the study of human evolution.

Early life
Dart was born in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, the son of a farmer and tradesman. He studied at the University of Queensland, the University of Sydney and University College London, before taking a position as head of the newly established department of anatomy at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa in 1922.

Career
Because he was an Australian, and not a part of the scientific establishment, and because he found the fossil in Africa, and not Europe or Asia, where the establishment looked to for man's origins, his findings were initially dismissed.

Dart's closest ally was Robert Broom whose discoveries of further Australopithecines (and Wilfrid Le Gros Clark's support) eventually vindicated Dart. So much so that in 1947, Sir Arthur Keith said "...Dart was right, and I was wrong."

References

Other websires
Brain C.K. Raymond Dart and our African origins, in A century of Nature: twenty-one discoveries that changed science and the world, Laura Garwin and Tim Lincoln, eds.

1893 births
1988 deaths
Anthropologists
Anatomists
Australian social scientists
Australian biologists
South African scientists
Alumni of University College London
People from Brisbane

Raymond Dart


Augustin Pacha (November 26, 1870—November 4, 1954) was a Romanian cleric, the first bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Timișoara. Born into a Banat Swabian family in Măureni (Moritzfeld), Caraș-Severin County, he was the twelfth of thirteen children and his father was a shoemaker. Following theological studies at the diocesan seminary in Timișoara, he was ordained a priest in 1893 in the city's Roman Catholic cathedral. In 1927 he was consecrated bishop at the Timișoara cathedral, becoming titular bishop of Lebedus. Three years later, he became the first Bishop of Timișoara, a diocese succeeding the former one at Cenad, the last bishop having departed Romania in 1923, leaving Pacha as Apostolic Administrator. In February 1934, alarmed by rising Nazi sentiment among the Swabians of his diocese, he visited Adolf Hitler, receiving a polite reply to his complaints but no concrete action.

Beginning in 1948, the authorities of the new communist regime took a series of repressive measures: abrogating the concordat; abolishing Pacha's diocese and forcing him to retire; shutting down monasteries and religious schools; seizing the seminary and its assets, as well as the bishop's palace; arresting and torturing numerous priests. Pacha made public a letter written by the Pope that denounced communism, and also rejected the regime's attempt to fashion a compliant Catholic Church, making him the subject of close supervision by the Securitate secret police. Arrested in June 1950 in Carașova, where he planned to take a vacation, he was briefly interrogated at Reșița before being incarcerated in Bucharest and at Sighet prison. At a show trial involving other clergymen in Bucharest in September 1950, he was accused of being an American and Vatican spy and of Nazi sympathies, his visit to Hitler being brought up. He was sentenced to eighteen years' imprisonment and ten years' deprivation of civic rights, and was fined 880,000 lei and charged 306,000 lei damages against the state. Hoping to avoid the creation of a martyr and to draw public sympathy, the authorities released him in June 1954. Pacha, seriously ill with cancer, returned to Timișoara the following month and was placed under house arrest in a parish house. He died several months later and was buried in the crypt of the cathedral.

He was a life member of the Romanian Senate between 1939 and 1944.

Notes

References
 Claudiu Călin, "Dr. H. C. Augustin Pacha (1870-1954). Succint Excurs Biografic Al Primului Episcop Romano-Catolic de Timișoara", in the Mountainous Banat Museum's Banatica, 19, 2009, p. 203-60

Further reading
 William Totok,
Episcopul, Hitler și Securitatea. 2 Teile. In: Observator cultural. (I): Nr. 252/253, 21 decembrie 2004 – 3 ianuarie 2005, ISSN 1454-9883; (II): Nr.254/255, 4 ianuarie 2005 – 17 ianuarie 2005.
Episcopul, Hitler și Securitatea. In: Observator cultural. (I): Nr. 252/253, 21 decembrie 2004 – 3 ianuarie 2005, ISSN 1454-9883; (II): Nr.254/255, 4 ianuarie 2005 – 17 ianuarie 2005.
Der Bischof, Hitler und die Securitate. Der stalinistische Schauprozess gegen die sogenannten "Spione des Vatikans", 1951 in Bukarest. 8 Teile. In: Halbjahresschrift für südosteuropäische Geschichte, Literatur und Politik (HJS). (I): 17. Jg., Nr. 1, 2005, ISSN 0939-3420, S. 25–41; (II): 17. Jg., Nr. 2, 2005, S. 45–62; (III): 18. Jg., Nr. 1, 2006, S. 23–43; (IV): 18. Jg., Nr. 2, 2006, S. 21–41; (V): 19. Jg., Nr. 1/2007, S. 27-41; (VI): 19. Jg., Nr. 2/2007, S. 34-50; (VII): 20. Jg., Nr. 1/2008, S. 17-24; (VIII): 20. Jg., Nr. 2/2008, S. 45-59.
Der vergessene stalinistische Schauprozess gegen die "Spione des Vatikans" in Rumänien 1951. In: Jahrbuch für Historische Kommunismusforschung. 2005, ISSN 0944-629X, S. 233–259.
Aspecte secundare ale procesului intentat "spionilor Vaticanului" în 1951. Materiale inedite din arhivele aparatului represiv. In: Timpul. anul VII, Nr. 7/8, July-August 2006, pp. 14–16.

1870 births
1954 deaths
People from Caraș-Severin County
Danube-Swabian people
Romanian people of German descent
Roman Catholic bishops of Timișoara
20th-century Roman Catholic titular bishops
People detained by the Securitate
Romanian anti-communist clergy
Romanian prisoners and detainees
Inmates of Sighet prison
Members of the Senate of Romania
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Romania

Augustin Pacha


Frank Denny De Vol (September 20, 1911 – October 27, 1999) was an American actor, and using the name De Vol was an arranger and composer. As a composer he was nominated for four Academy Awards.

Early life and career
De Vol was born in Moundsville in Marshall County in northern West Virginia, and was reared in Canton, Ohio. His father, Herman Frank De Vol, was band-leader of the Grand Opera House in Canton, Ohio, and his mother, Minnie Emma Humphreys De Vol, had worked in a sewing shop. He attended Miami University.

De Vol began composing music when he was 12. When he was 14, he became a member of the Musicians' Union. After playing violin in his father's orchestra and appearances in a Chinese restaurant, he joined the Horace Heidt Orchestra in the 1930s, being responsible for the arrangements. Later, he toured with the Alvino Rey Orchestra, before embarking on his recording career.

Arrangements
By the time De Vol was 16, "he was doing arrangements with professional skill." From the 1940s, De Vol wrote arrangements for the studio recordings of many top singers, including Nat King Cole, Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughan, Tony Bennett, Dinah Shore, Doris Day, Vic Damone and Jaye P. Morgan. His single most famous arrangement is probably the haunting string and piano accompaniment to Cole's "Nature Boy", which was a United States Number One in 1948. That same year, he released a version of "The Teddy Bears' Picnic" (Capitol Records 15420), that he arranged and sang lead vocals on.

In 1966–1967, he arranged the soundtrack for the 1967 Columbia Pictures comedy film The Happening starring Anthony Quinn and co-produced The Supremes recording of the theme from the film with Motown producers Holland–Dozier–Holland which became a #1 American pop hit later that year.

Mood music
The success of "Nature Boy", recorded for Capitol Records, led to an executive position for De Vol at the rival Columbia Records. There, he recorded a series of orchestral mood music albums under the studio name "Music by De Vol" (which he also used for some of his film and TV work). The 1959 album Bacchanal! (The Passions and Pageantry of Gods and Goddesses of Mythology) is an acclaimed example of De Vol's mood music; each track is by English composer Albert Harris and is named after a god or goddess of Greek mythology.

Concert appearances
In the 1950s, De Vol's orchestra played frequently at the Hollywood Palladium under the concert name "Music of the Century".

Radio
De Vol's orchestra and arrangements were available to radio stations via electrical transcriptions. His work was syndicated by Capitol Transcriptions, for which he also was musical director.

Hollywood
De Vol wrote the scores for many Hollywood movies, receiving Academy Award nominations for four of them: Pillow Talk (1959), Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964), Cat Ballou (1965) and Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967).

De Vol's numerous scores included Kiss Me Deadly (1955), What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962), McLintock! (1963), The Flight of the Phoenix (1965), The Glass Bottom Boat (1966), The Dirty Dozen (1967), Hustle (1975), Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo (1977) and Herbie Goes Bananas (1980). He also scored many Doris Day comedies and films for director Robert Aldrich.

De Vol also composed the jingle for the Screen Gems' "Dancing Sticks" logo (1963–1965), which appeared on all television series produced by the television division of Columbia Pictures.

Television work
De Vol was musical director (and occasionally seen) on Edgar Bergen's CBS Television prime-time game show Do You Trust Your Wife? (1956-1957). "Frank De Vol's orchestra" was featured on the NBC Television prime-time musical variety series The Lux Show Starring Rosemary Clooney (1957-1958). During this time, he appeared on The Betty White Show (1954) and Rod Cameron's syndicated State Trooper. In 1964 he was seen in an episode during the first season of, My Favorite Martian and several guest spots on different television shows throughout the 1960s. In the 1970s, he appeared as the ironically named dour bandleader Happy Kyne on the talk show satire/parody Fernwood 2 Night (1977) and America 2-Night (1978).

De Vol is best recognized for his television theme tunes, like Family Affair, The Brady Bunch and My Three Sons. The My Three Sons theme was musically complex, with a marimba playing a triplet obligato (the famous tune "Chopsticks") over the melody in  time, and was a hit single in 1961. He composed scores for episodes of McCloud and The Love Boat, amongst other work for television.

Beginning in 1969, "The Fuzz" became the theme song of Brazilian television newscast Jornal Nacional.

Acting
De Vol was also an actor specializing in deadpan comic characters, especially as the dour bandleader Happy Kyne on the talk show parodies Fernwood 2 Night and America 2-Night, in 1977–78. He also had a recurring role in I'm Dickens, He's Fenster as Myron Bannister, Dickens &  Fenster's boss; and appeared on The Cara Williams Show, I Dream of Jeannie, Gidget, Bonanza, Petticoat Junction - (1967 episode: "That Was the Night That Was" & 1969 episode: "The Organ Fund" - as Reverend Barton), Mickey starring Mickey Rooney, The Brady Bunch, Get Smart (at least 2 appearances as Professor Carleton) and The Jeffersons. He had also comic roles as Chief Eaglewood, the head of the Thundercloud Boys' Camp in 1961's The Parent Trap, and as the onscreen narrator in Jerry Lewis's 1967 comedy film The Big Mouth.

De Vol appeared as a bandleader in the last season of My Three Sons, in addition to writing the theme music and serving as in-house composer for most of the show's twelve seasons. He also scored most episodes of Family Affair, including many of the same incidental music cues as My Three Sons.

In 1980, he appeared in the second season of Diff'rent Strokes, in episode 22, "The Slumber Party".

De Vol preferred to be credited as "Frank De Vol" for his acting appearances, and as "De Vol" for his musical work.

Personal life and death
De Vol was initiated as an honorary member of the Gamma Omega chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the national fraternity for men in music, in 1962.

In the mid-1990s, well into his eighties, De Vol was active in the Big Band Academy of America.

He was married twice, first to Grayce Agnes McGinty in 1935. The 54-year marriage produced two daughters, Linda Morehouse and Donna Copeland, and ended with Grayce's death in 1989. His second marriage was to television actress and big band singer Helen O'Connell from 1991 until her death in 1993.

De Vol died of congestive heart failure on October 27, 1999, in Lafayette, California. He is interred at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Hollywood Hills.

Filmography

Composer

World for Ransom (1954)
Kiss Me Deadly (1955)
The Big Knife (1955)
Attack (1956)
The Ride Back (1957)
Johnny Trouble (1957)
Pillow Talk (1959)
Murder, Inc. (1960)
Lover Come Back (1961)
Boys' Night Out (1962)
What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962)
The Thrill of It All (1963)
For Love or Money (1963)
Under the Yum Yum Tree (1963)
McLintock! (1963)
The Wheeler Dealers (1963)
Good Neighbor Sam (1964)
Send Me No Flowers (1964)
Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964)
Cat Ballou (1965)
The Flight of the Phoenix (1965)
The Glass Bottom Boat (1966)
Texas Across the River (1966)
The Ballad of Josie (1967)
The Happening (1967)
Caprice (1967)
Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967)
The Dirty Dozen (1967)
What's So Bad About Feeling Good? (1968)
The Legend of Lylah Clare (1968)
Krakatoa, East of Java (1969)
Ulzana's Raid (1972)
Emperor of the North Pole (1973)
The Longest Yard (1974)
Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze (1975)
Hustle (1975)
Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo (1977)
The Choirboys (1977)
The Frisco Kid (1979)
Herbie Goes Bananas (1980)
...All the Marbles (1981)

Actor
The Parent Trap (1961) - Mr. Eaglewood
Boys' Night Out (1962) - One of the guys in the hallway (uncredited)
A Very Special Favor (1965) - Desk Clerk
The Big Mouth (1967) - Bogart
W.C. Fields and Me (1976) -  Undertaker (uncredited)
The Frisco Kid (1979) - Piano Player - Old Timer

Academy Award nominations
Pillow Talk (1959)
Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964)
Cat Ballou (1965)
Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967)

References

External links

Frank De Vol  papers at the American Heritage Center

Frank De Vol Interview at NAMM Oral History Collection (1999)

1911 births
1999 deaths
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male actors
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century American male musicians
American film score composers
American male film actors
American male television actors
American music arrangers
American television composers
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
Columbia Records artists
American male film score composers
Male television composers
Miami University alumni
People from Moundsville, West Virginia
RCA Victor artists

Frank De Vol


Bronson Township is a civil township of Branch County in the U.S. state of Michigan.  As of the 2010 census, the township population was 1,349.

The city of Bronson is located within the township, though it is administratively autonomous. There are no other incorporated municipalities within the primarily agricultural township.

U.S. Highway 12 crosses the township diagonally from northeast to southwest.

History
This township was originally named Prairie River Township but was renamed to its current name by the state legislature in 1837.

Geography
The township is drained by two tributaries of the St. Joseph River: the Prairie River in the south and Swan Creek in the north.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which  is land and , or 0.36%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,358 people, 481 households, and 368 families residing in the township.  The population density was .  There were 505 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the township was 97.13% White, 0.22% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 1.55% from other races, and 1.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.17% of the population.

There were 481 households, out of which 38.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.2% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.3% were non-families. 19.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.24.

In the township the population was spread out, with 29.2% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 11.8% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.1 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.6 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $41,202, and the median income for a family was $48,289. Males had a median income of $31,552 versus $25,833 for females. The per capita income for the township was $16,223.  About 3.0% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.5% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over.

References

Notes

Sources

Townships in Branch County, Michigan
Townships in Michigan

Bronson Township, Michigan


Doctor Haydock "Doc" Greenwood (31 October 1860 – 3 November 1951) was an English footballer who played for Blackburn Rovers and made two appearances for England in 1882. "Doctor" was his Christian name and was not in recognition of any medical or academic qualifications.

Career
Greenwood was born in Blackburn, educated at Malvern College and was a member of the college football team in 1878–79. Greenwood's older brothers, Thomas and Harry, joined Blackburn Rovers shortly after the club's formation in 1875 and both played in the first match on 18 December 1875, with Thomas in goal and Harry as a forward. Thomas Greenwood was appointed captain and although Doctor was only 15, he also joined the club, soon becoming one of the stars of the side, playing as a full-back.

By 1880 Blackburn had become one of the best teams in England. Greenwood was recognised as being an outstanding full back and on 18 February 1882 he won his first international cap playing for England against Ireland. Also playing in that game were fellow Blackburn players, Jimmy Brown and Fred Hargreaves. Ireland were "totally dominated by the visitors" who won the game 13–0. This remains England's highest ever winning margin. Greenwood's next game was against Scotland on 11 March 1882. This time England team were beaten 5–1 and Greenwood was not selected for the next game against Wales.

In 1882, Blackburn became the first provincial team to reach the final of the FA Cup. Their opponents were Old Etonians who had reached the final on five previous occasions. However, Blackburn had gone through the season unbeaten and were expected to become the first northern team to win the game. Unfortunately Greenwood was injured and was unable to appear in the final, which the Old Etonians won 1–0.

Greenwood was an amateur player and in 1882 he was a member of the Corinthian committee at the time of their formation.

During the 1920s he was an active croquet player, an original member of the Buxton club with a handicap of 2.5.

References

External links

England profile

1860 births
1951 deaths
Footballers from Blackburn
People educated at Malvern College
English men's footballers
England men's international footballers
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Corinthian F.C. players
English croquet players
Men's association football fullbacks

Doctor Greenwood


Benjamin Contee (1755 – November 30, 1815) was an American Episcopal priest and statesman from Maryland. He was an officer in the American Revolutionary War, a delegate to the Confederation Congress, and member of the first United States House of Representatives.

Early life
Contee was the son of Col. Thomas Contee (1729–1811) and Sarah Fendall (1732–1793). He was born at "Brookefield", near Nottingham, Prince George's County, Maryland, the home of his father, and original home of his ancestor, Maj. Thomas Brooke, Sr., Esq. (1632–1676).

Military and political career
At beginning of the Revolutionary War, Contee entered the Continental Army, rising to the rank of captain of the 3rd Maryland Regiment, which proved to be one of the army's elite units until its near annihilation at the Battle of Camden.

After the war he was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates, where he served from 1785 to 1787.  He served as a delegate to the Confederation Congress from 1787 to 1788, and the third district of Maryland in the U.S. Congress from 1789 to 1791. Along with his brother Alexander Contee (1752–1810), he became a merchant of London, at their stores in Nottingham, Queen Anne and Upper Marlboro. He was declared insolvent due to "mishaps in trade". After having served in Congress, he went to Europe and traveled through Spain, France, and England.

Marriage and children
On April 8, 1788, he married his cousin, Sarah Russell Lee (1766–1810).  Sarah was born at "Blenheim" in 1766, and died December 6, 1810 at "Bromont", near Newburg, Charles Co., Maryland.  Sarah was the daughter of Philip Thomas Lee (1736–1778) and Ann Russell (died 1777) of England. The Contees' children were Sarah "Sallie" Elinor Contee (1789 – c. 1815), Philip Ashton Lee Contee, Sr. (1795–1842), Edmund Henry Contee (1799–1832), and Alice Lee Contee (1803–1868), who married Gov. Joseph Kent.

Episcopal minister
On his return to America he completed his study in theology and was admitted to holy orders in 1803 by Rev. Thomas John Claggett, Bishop of Maryland, a neighbor, friend, helper and patriot of the Revolution.  That same year he became rector of William & Mary's, Charles County.  He was a distinguished minister of the Episcopal Church and for several years the incumbent of Port Tobacco Parish, Charles County, Maryland.  He was a native of Prince George's County and brought up in the church.  In 1808, he added Trinity, and in 1811, St. Paul's, Prince George's Co., Maryland, to his charge.  He continued as a Judge of the Orphan's Court, and was always in the Standing Committee.

Property
Benjamin resided briefly in the mid-1790s at "Blenheim".  At the time of his death he was living at the glebe house of Trinity Parish near Allen's Fresh.  Benjamin and his wife were more than likely interred in the Contee cemetery at "Locust Hill" just outside Port Tobacco, which has been destroyed.  If not there, then they were buried in the original Christ Church cemetery in Port Tobacco, which is now covered by swamp.

References

Fendall, Douglas Allen. The Descendants of Governor Josias Fendall.
(attained from several sources including:  "Across the Years in Price George's County").
"Clergy in Maryland of the Protestant Episcopal Church, Since the Independence of 1783".
Purcell, L. Edward. Who Was Who in the American Revolution. New York: Facts on File, 1993. . Reference for military and congressional service only, not family information.

External links

 Retrieved on 2009-05-07

Fendall family
1755 births
1815 deaths
People from Nottingham, Maryland
18th-century American Episcopalians
Continental Congressmen from Maryland
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Maryland
Members of the Maryland House of Delegates
Continental Army officers from Maryland
American Episcopal priests
18th-century American legislators
19th-century American Episcopalians
People of colonial Maryland
Contee family
Lee family of Virginia

Benjamin Contee


Clark David Wissler (September 18, 1870 – August 25, 1947) was an American anthropologist, ethnologist, and archaeologist.

Early life
Clark David Wissler was born in Cambridge City, Indiana on September 18, 1870 to Sylvania (née Needler) and Benjamin Franklin Wissler. After graduating from Hagerstown High School, he taught in local schools between 1887 and 1892, and studied at Purdue University after the six-month school term ended.  The following year in 1893 he was the principal of Hagerstown High School, and then he resigned his post and enrolled in Indiana University.

Education
Wissler received a BA in Experimental Psychology from Indiana University in 1897 and a MA in 1899.  He continued his psychology graduate work under James McKeen Cattell at Columbia University. He received his doctorate in psychology from Columbia in 1901. From 1901 to 1903 Wissler performed research on individual mental and physical differences.  Wissler's doctoral dissertation used the new Pearson correlation coefficient formula to show that there was no correlation between scores on Cattell's IQ tests and academic achievement.  Wissler's dissertation eventually led the psychology movement to lose interest in psychophysical testing of intelligence.

In 1929, he received a LLD from Indiana University.

Career

Early career
In 1897, he served as an instructor at Indiana University. From 1897 to 1899, he was an instructor at Ohio State University. In 1899 Wissler was appointed assistant in psychology at Columbia University. At Columbia, Wissler also served as an assistant professor of anthropology from 1903 to 1905 and as a lecturer from 1905 to 1909. Wissler was also an instructor at New York University from 1901 to 1902.

American Museum of Natural History
After Columbia, Wissler left the field of psychology to focus on anthropology. In 1902 he became an assistant in Ethnology at the American Museum of Natural History under Franz Boas. In 1904, Wissler was named Assistant Curator of Ethnology and in 1905, when Boas resigned, Wissler was named Acting Curator of Ethnology.  The following year of 1906, he was named curator of the Department of Ethnology and in 1907 he was named curator of Anthropology when the Archaeology and Ethnology departments were recombined under the Department of Anthropology.

Yale University
In 1924 Wissler began teaching at Yale University as a psychological researcher until 1931 when he switched to an anthropology professor, which he held until 1941. Wissler held the position of Curator of the Department of Anthropology until 1942 when he retired.

Other accomplishments
He was division chairman of the National Research Council in 1920 and 1921. He was appointed as a member of the National Park Service Board by President Herbert Hoover. Wissler was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1920, the American Philosophical Society in 1924, and the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1929.

Research
Clark Wissler performed his field research from 1902 until 1905 on the Dakota, Gros Ventre, and the Blackfoot.  Wissler's fieldwork provided comprehensive ethnographies of each Native American culture, especially the Blackfoot.  While Curator, Wissler funded ethnological and archaeological fieldwork of the Northern Plains and the Southwest.  Wissler also "encouraged physical anthropology, built up collections of worldwide scope, planned exhibitions, and oversaw the publication of about thirty-eight volumes of the Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History."

Wissler's best contribution to anthropology is his culture area approach. "He was the first anthropologist to perceive the normative aspect of culture, to define it as learned behavior, and to describe it as a complex of ideas, all characteristics of culture that are today generally accepted." Wissler wanted to compare different cultures, but in order to do that he first needed to define what a culture is.  The concept of culture area had been around before Wissler, but he redefined the concept so it could be used analytically.  Wissler revolutionized the study of culture to a theory of cultural change and as an alternative to the Boasian style of anthropology.  Wissler shifted the analytical focus away from the culture and history of a specific social unit to "a concern with the trait-complex viewed in cross cultural perspective."  "The correspondence of a well-defined geographical area with a group of cultures that share many features is the basis of the concept of the culture area." Wissler states that the principal barriers that preserve the distinctness of a culture area as physical:  surface, climate fauna, and flora.  Wissler was trying to make cultural anthropology more scientific by forming a definition of culture that could be used to compare similar or different cultures.  With a set of parameters for what a culture can be based upon, variables such as climate, environment, resources, food, water, and population size etc., researchers could now compare their studies of Plains Indians to their studies of Great Basin Indians.  Wissler also helped introduce statistics with the Pearson correlation coefficient formula which could be used to compare different artifacts in relations to their geological location.  This could help understand where a certain artifact, piece of pottery, or type of tool originated by testing if there is a high correlation of a certain artifact with sites in certain areas.

Clark Wissler was the first anthropologist to perceive the normative aspect of culture, to define it as learned behavior, and to describe it as a complex of ideas, all characteristics of culture that are today generally accepted. Wissler was a specialist in North American ethnography, focusing on the Indians of the Plains. He contributed to the culture area and age-area ideology of the diffusionist viewpoint that is no longer popular in anthropology. Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana holds the papers of Clark Wissler. Furthermore, one hall of Indiana University's Teter Living Center is known as "Clark Wissler Hall".

Clark Wissler's main area of research was on Native American cultures.  His influence is overlooked because of other anthropologists like Franz Boas and Ruth Benedict.  Wissler offered some new theories that were quite different from Boas, who was a leading cultural researcher. One of Wissler's new concepts was the belief in cultural diffusion and that culture was biologically innate in humans. "Wissler also came up with the age-area hypothesis that is a theory that the age of cultural traits may be determined by examining the distribution of these traits throughout the larger area where these traits are present."  Wissler's Influence is still felt in anthropology today and he is credited for helping make the fields of cultural anthropology and psychology more scientific with analytical and statistical testing.

Views on Race and Eugenics
Wissler was actively engaged in the American eugenics movement, a movement with the aim of purifying the American population of people with hereditary qualities deemed undesirable. He also was a proponent of a hierarchic racial theory that saw Africans as the lowest and Nordics as the highest rungs. This theory is today considered part and parcel of the early history of scientific racism.

Personal life
Wissler married Etta Viola Gebhart of Hagerstown, Indiana on June 14, 1899. Together, they had a son and a daughter, Stanley Gebhart Wissler and Mary Viola Wissler.

Death
Wissler died at Doctors Hospital in New York City on August 25, 1947.

Selected books and articles
Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Volume XI, Part 1 (Clark Wissler). 1913
The American Indian (Clark Wissler).  1917. Oxford University Press, NY.
North American Indians of the Plains (Clark Wissler). 1920. Smithsonian Institution, New York.
Making Mankind: (Clark Wissler, Fay Cooper Cole, William M. McGovern, et al.). 1929. D. Van Nostrand Company
Star Legends (Clark Wissler). 1936. The American Museum of Natural History.
Indian Cavalcade or Life on the Old-Time Indian Reservations (Clark Wissler). 1938. Sheridan House.
Indian Costumes in the United States: A Guide to the Study of the Collections in the Museum (Clark Wissler).
Man and Culture (Clark Wissler).  1940. Norwood Editions.
Indians of the United States:  Four Centuries of Their History and Culture (Clark Wissler). 1941. Doubleday and Company.
A Blackfoot Source Book: Papers (Clark Wissler, David Hurst Thomas). 1986, Garland Pub.

See also
Four Guns

References

External links
Clark Wissler Collection Digital Media Repository, Ball State University Libraries
Clark Wissler Papers Archives and Special Collections, Ball State University Libraries (PDF)

 http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/cwissler.pdf
 http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/wissler.shtml
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090503015834/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/uvwxyz/wissler_clark.html
 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/645996/Clark-Wissler

1870 births
1947 deaths
American anthropologists
American curators
American educational theorists
Columbia University faculty
American ethnographers
Indiana University alumni
Indiana University faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
New York University faculty
Ohio State University faculty
People associated with the American Museum of Natural History
People from Cambridge City, Indiana
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
Yale University faculty
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Clark Wissler


Identity Crisis is the second studio album by Christian rap artist, Tedashii. It was released on May 26, 2009 after being pushed back from its originally scheduled May 19, 2009 release date.

Conception

Background
Tedashii based the title of the album on 1 Corinthians 15:10.

"But by the grace of God I am what I am, and his grace to me was not without effect."

Release and promotion
The album, initially intended for a May 19, 2008 release date, was pushed back to May 26, 2009 by Reach Records. In order to make up for the delay, Reach Records made two left over tracks from the album freely available online.

The album's second single, "I'm a Believer", featuring label mate Trip Lee and Soyé was released on iTunes on April 30, 2009.

Track listing

Charts

References

2009 albums
Tedashii albums
Reach Records albums
Albums produced by Gawvi
Albums produced by DJ Official

Identity Crisis (Tedashii album)


Quamina Gladstone (1778 – 16 September 1823), most often referred to simply as Quamina, was a Guyanese slave from Africa and father of Jack Gladstone. He and his son were involved in the Demerara rebellion of 1823, one of the largest slave revolts in the British colonies before slavery was abolished.

He was a carpenter by trade, and worked on an estate owned by Sir John Gladstone. Quamina was implicated in the revolt by the colonial authorities and killed by British soldiers on 16 September 1823. He is considered a national hero in Guyana, and there are streets in the capital Georgetown and the village of Beterverwagting on the East Coast Demerara named after him.

Biography
Quamina was a carpenter who lived and worked on the "Success" plantation in Demerara. According to da Costa, Quamina was African-born (originated from the Akan ethnic group in modern-day Ghana). He and his mother were sold into slavery when he was a child. His mother died on a plantation in 1817. In some source material, he is surnamed Gladstone, as the enslaved adopted surnames of their masters by convention. Sir John Gladstone, who had never set foot on his plantation, had acquired half share in the plantation in 1812 through mortgage default; he acquired the remaining half four years later.

He attended services at the Bethel Chapel of the London Missionary Society on neighbouring Le Resouvenir plantation when the chapel opened in 1808. Under the guidance of Reverend John Wray, he learned to read and write. As was witnessed in a letter he wrote to the LMS, he was persuaded to attend the recently opened church by the person who he served as apprentice. Wray noticed positive changes after he became Christian. Quamina was proud and hardworking, and was baptised on 26 December 1808. On being assessed for fitness to become a member, Quamina declared that when he was young, he had been a houseboy and had to "fetch" girls to entertain the estate's managers. When Wray was sent to nearby Berbice in 1816, his replacement John Smith was equally impressed by Quamina's qualities. He took an interest in others, and had become widely respected by slaves and free blacks throughout the colony. One of five slaves elected deacon by the congregation in 1817, Quamina became Smith's personal favourite, and was highly trusted by John Smith and his wife, Jane. According to da Costa, he was a "loyal, well-behaved, trustworthy and pious deacon." He brought news of the congregation members on a day-to-day basis, and was always consulted about the affairs of any member.

Quamina had many wives, but he cohabited for twenty years with Peggy, a free woman. As was common with other slaves, he had been harshly treated and humiliated by his masters and once was beaten badly and incapacitated for six weeks. He was frequently forced to work, thus missing religious services. In 1822, when Peggy was taken seriously ill, he was forced to work all day, every day, and was not allowed any time off to look after her. One evening, he returned to find her dead.

The revolt

Being very close to Jack, Quamina supported his son's aspirations to be free, by supporting the fight for the rights of slaves. But he was at the same time a rational man. He had been troubled for some time by rumours he had heard about an emancipation ordered by Britain that was being withheld by the colonists. Rev. John Smith noted in a private journal entry on 25 July that Quamina had spoken of the matter. Smith assured him that any announcement would be of measures to improve the slaves' condition, and that the rumours of anticipation were not to be believed. He urged him to tell the other slaves, particularly the Christians, not to rebel and sent Manuel and Seaton on this mission. When he knew the rebellion was imminent, he urged restraint, and made the fellow slaves promise a peaceful strike. News of the planned rebellion had leaked out, and Quamina was arrested by John Stewart, the manager at his plantation, shortly before it was due to start. And although he was set loose by fellow slaves as the rebellion was unfolding, Quamina never took up arms, and even actively prevented Stewart from coming to any harm. After the slaves' defeat in a major battle at "Bachelor's Adventure", Jack fled into the woods. A "handsome reward" of one thousand guilder was offered for the capture of Jack, Quamina and about twenty other "fugitives". Although Jack led thousands of slaves in rebellion, most of the colonists thought the reverse – that Quamina was the ultimate leader, and Jack was merely aiding and abetting it. Jack and his wife were captured by Capt. McTurk at Chateau Margo on 6 September after a three-hour standoff. Quamina remained at large until 16 September. He was fatally shot in the fields of Chateau Margo after refusing to surrender to British soldiers under McTurk's command, and his body was hung up in chains by the side of a public road in front of "Success".

The very low number of white deaths is proof that the uprising was largely peaceful – plantation owners, managers and their families were locked up and not harmed. Hundreds of slaves died during the various battles and skirmishes during the revolt, or were executed as "ringleaders". Jack Gladstone was sold and deported to Saint Lucia. The rebellion helped bring attention to the plight of sugar plantation slaves, accelerating the full abolition of slavery.

Legacy
Quamina is considered a national hero in Guyana. In 1985 the post-independence Guyana renamed Murray Street in Georgetown – named for former Demerara Lieutenant Governor John Murray (1813–1824) who was in charge of the colony during the unrest and rebellion – Quamina Street in his honour. A monument to him was erected at the junction of Quamina and Carmichael Streets. He is equally depicted in a mural in the dome at the headquarters of the Guyana Bank for Trade and Industry (GBTI) building in Water Street, Georgetown.

See also
Abolition of slavery timeline
Anti-Slavery Society
Bussa
Cuffy (Guyanese rebel)
List of kidnappings
List of opponents of slavery
List of solved missing person cases
Samuel Sharpe
Toussaint L'ouverture
Vincent Ogé

References

Further reading

External links

 "Jack Gladstone", The Conversation Tree, 17 August 2009.

1778 births
1820s missing person cases
1823 deaths
18th-century slaves
19th-century executions by the United Kingdom
19th-century rebels
19th-century slaves
British civil rights activists
Formerly missing people
History of Guyana
Guyanese people of Ghanaian descent
Guyanese slaves
Kidnapped African children
Male murder victims
People executed by British colonies
Rebel slaves

Quamina


The Invasion of Jersey was a failed French attack on British-held Jersey in 1779, during the American Revolutionary War.

Battle
A letter from Major Moses Corbet, Lieutenant Governor of Jersey, reported that on 1 May 1779, a French force attempted a landing at St Ouen's Bay. Early that morning, lookouts sighted five large vessels and a great number of boats some three leagues off the coast, proceeding towards the coast in order by a coup de main to effect a landing. Guns on the cutters, and small craft supporting the landing, fired grapeshot at the defenders on the coast. By fast marching, the 78th Regiment of Foot and Jersey militia had arrived in time to oppose the landing, dragging with them some field artillery through the sand of the beaches. The defenders were able to prevent the landing, suffering only a few men wounded when a cannon burst.

As the tide was ebbing, the French warships could not get close enough to support any landing, and without their support, the captains of the transports were unwilling to bring their vessels inshore. By some reports, the first and only vessel that attempted to land was either struck with a shot or dashed upon a rock.  Twenty men got ashore and surrendered, 15 or 18 men drowned, and the rest got off safe. The French vessels held off a league from the coast, but eventually left the area.

On 2 May, a vessel from Jersey fell in with a convoy under Admiral Mariot Arbuthnot that had left Spithead en route to North America. Arbuthnot sent the convoy to Torbay and proceeded to the relief of Jersey with his ships. However, when he arrived, he found that Captain Ford of  had the situation well in hand. Arbuthnot returned to his convoy, but his deviation resulted in the convoy not clearing the Channel until end of June, with consequent hardship for the troops in North America who were awaiting it.

On 13 May Captain Sir James Wallace captured the French frigate Danae, and a brig and cutter, in Cancale Bay. The squadron had sailed to the relief of Jersey after the failed French invasion.

Aftermath
In 1787 the British placed a battery of three 24-pounder guns on the spot where the Rector of St Ouen, le Sire du Parcq, had placed guns to repulse the French attack. In 1834, the British built a Martello tower there. Known as Lewis Tower (or St Ouen's No. 1), it survives to this day. During the German occupation of the Channel Islands 1940–1945, the Germans built a large bunker next to Lewis Tower; today it houses the Channel Islands Military Museum.

References

Sources
Campbell, John, John Berkenhout, Henry Redhead Yorke, William Stevenson (1817) Lives of the British admirals: containing an accurate naval history from the earliest periods. (Printed for C.J. Barrington, and J. Harris)

Conflicts in 1779
Battles of the American Revolutionary War
1779 in Great Britain
18th century in Jersey
Military operations involving France
Jersey
Military history of Jersey
Invasions of Jersey

Invasion of Jersey (1779)