Guy Jeffrey Barker,  (born 26 December 1957) is an English jazz trumpeter and composer.

Early life
Barker was born in Chiswick, London, the son of an actress and a stuntman. He started playing the trumpet at the age of twelve, and within a year had joined the National Youth Jazz Orchestra. At the age of 15 he was playing with the Crouch End Allstars along with Wally Fawkes and Bob Nadkarni.

Later life and career
After lessons from Clark Terry in 1975, Barker went on in the 1980s to play with John Dankworth, Gil Evans (with whose orchestra he toured and recorded in 1983), Lena Horne, and Bobby Watson.

Barker was a member of Clark Tracey's quintet from 1984 to 1992.  As a sideman he has played with Ornette Coleman, Carla Bley, Georgie Fame, James Carter, Mike Westbrook, Frank Sinatra, Colin Towns, Natalie Merchant, ABC, The The, Haircut One Hundred, Erasure, Chris Botti, Wham!, Kajagoogoo, The Housemartins, Matt Bianco, Alphaville, The Style Council, Swing Out Sister, The Moody Blues, Sting, Bucks Fizz, Mike Oldfield, Cleo Laine, Acoustic Alchemy, XTC, and Stan Tracey.

Previously, his own band has featured an international mix of musicians – Perico Sambeat (alto saxophone; Spain), Bernardo Sassetti (piano; Portugal), Geoff Gascoyne (bass, United Kingdom), and Gene Calderazzo (drums; United States)

More recently he has toured the Guy Barker Jazz Orchestra – a 15 piece big band featuring Rosario Giuliani (alto saxophone; Italy) and Per Johansson (tenor saxophone; Sweden) – performing DZF, a reworking of Mozart's Magic Flute with Michael Brandon narrating the story as a Raymond Chandler-style novel, retold by Robert Ryan.

Barker was music director and arranger for the opening gala concert "Jazz Voice: Celebrating a Century of Song" at the London Jazz Festival annually from 2008 to 2014.  He was also music director and arranger on a number of BBC Radio 2 Friday night is music night shows featuring the Guy Barker Jazz Orchestra with the BBC Concert Orchestra, celebrating the music of Billie Holiday / Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn / Ella Fitzgerald, Aretha Franklin and Dusty Springfield / Jazz Royalty to celebrate the Wedding of William and Kate

Barker was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to jazz. He was awarded the BASCA Gold Badge in 2013.  He also recorded with Gordon Haskell a new version of the latter's hit single, "How Wonderful You Are". A samba version of the track is on The Cat Whose Got The Cream album (2020).

Discography
1991: Isn't It?
1994: Into the Blue
1996: Timeswing
1998: What Love Is
2001: Soundtrack
2007: The Amadeus Project

With Mike Westbrook
The Cortège (Original Records, 1982)

See also
 List of jazz arrangers

References

External links

Bebop trumpeters
Post-bop trumpeters
English jazz trumpeters
Male trumpeters
English jazz composers
Male jazz composers
English male composers
1957 births
Living people
Musicians from Chiswick
English session musicians
Members of the Order of the British Empire
21st-century trumpeters
21st-century British male musicians
National Youth Jazz Orchestra members

Guy Barker


Bratko Bibič (born 1957) is a Slovenian accordionist.

Bibič first came to prominence as a rock musician, playing in the ensembles Begnagrad and Nimal in the 1980s; both groups blended Slavic folk music with art rock. Begnagrad toured Yugoslavia and Switzerland in the early 1980s, releasing a single LP in 1982 before disbanding; Bibič went on to do work in film scores before the creation of Nimal in 1987. Nimal released two albums in the late 1980s before their 1991 breakup.

Returning to work in film and dance scoring, Bibič lived through the breakup of Yugoslavia, when it became difficult to live prominently as a musician. In 1995, he released his debut solo record, Bratko Bibič and the Madleys of Bridko Bebič, on LabelUsineS. The following year, Bibič joined the Accordion Tribe, an international touring group of accordionists. Bibič continues to perform as a solo artist and as a duettist, with Otto Lechner, Matjaž Sekne, and Waedi Gysi.

References

1957 births
Living people
Slovenian accordionists
21st-century accordionists

Bratko Bibič


Madras College, often referred to as Madras, is a Scottish comprehensive secondary school located in St Andrews, Fife. It educates over 1,400 pupils aged between 11 and 18 and was founded in 1833 by the Rev. Dr Andrew Bell.

History
Madras College, founded in 1833, takes its name from the system of education devised by the school's founder, the Rev. Dr Andrew Bell FRSE. However, the origins of the school can be traced to at least the 1490s, through its predecessor institution, the Grammar School of St Andrews.

Bell was born in St Andrews in 1753, the son of a local magistrate and wig-maker. He studied at the University of St Andrews where he distinguished himself in mathematics. He became a clergyman of the Church of England and took up an appointment as chaplain to the regiments of the East India Company in Madras (known since 1996 as Chennai), India. One of his duties was to educate the soldiers' children. Because there was a shortage of teachers, he used the older students, who had been taught the lesson by the master, to instruct groups of younger pupils. The pupils who assisted the teacher were called 'monitors'. This method of education became widely used in schools at home and abroad.

After his return from India, Dr Bell made it his life's work to travel the country and encourage schools to adopt 'the Madras system', as it had come to be known. By the time of his death in 1832, over 10,000 schools were using his methods.

Madras College was founded in 1832 at the bequest and expense of Bell, as the amalgamation of several St Andrews schools. The first amalgamation was in 1833 when the old Grammar School of St Andrews was joined with the "English" school (founded in the 1750s) to form the Madras College. The origin of these names being that the Grammar School was taught mostly in Latin while the "English" school used English only. The Grammar School stood on the grounds between Blackfriars' Church and Lade Braes; the "English" school was on the grounds behind the Church of Holy Trinity, approximately where the town library is today.

The second amalgamation happened in 1963, when Madras College was merged with the Burgh School (founded 1889, based in Abbey Walk). As part of this amalgamation and the introduction of comprehensive education, a new school building was contracted on Kilrymont Road, a mile and a half from the South Street building. The Kilrymont building was constructed in a modernist style, with adjacent playing fields and was opened in 1967.

The school is the only secondary school in Scotland on a split site. The school catchment area takes in a large part of rural north east Fife, and most of the pupils are transported in from the surrounding area by buses.

The badge is a chevron between three bells – a reference to Dr. Bell. The Latin motto is "pro rege et grege" which is customarily translated as "For King and People".

Bell also left money for schools in Inverness (Faraline Park, now Inverness Library), Glasgow, Edinburgh, Leith (Commercial Street) and Cupar (now called Bell Baxter High School, formerly Madras Academy).

In 2021 the school moved into a new building, built at a cost of £50 million.

Staff

Rectors
From the foundation of Madras College in 1833 until 1888, the school was run by a board of trustees. As part of a series of reforms made at Madras in 1888/89, the position of rector was established. Since 1889 the rectors have been:

 1889–1915 Mr L. St John, MA
 1915–1920 Mr L. J. Gallacher, MA
 1920–1923 Mr R. Holme, MA
 1923–1941 Mr J. D. McPetrie, MA
 1941–1955 Mr N. Macleod, MA
 1955–1975 Dr John Thompson, MA
 1975–1985 Dr I. D. Gilroy, MA
 1985–1997 Mr D. D. Galloway, MA
 1997–2007 Mr L. S. G. Matheson, MA
 2007–2013 Mr I. Jones
 2013–2020 Mr D. McClure, B.Sc.
2020-2021 Mrs A. McNeill
2021–Present Mr K. Currie

Other

 Charles Lapworth FRS, LLD, FGS (20 September 1842 – 13 March 1920) taught English at Madras. He went on to be the first Professor of Geology at the University of Birmingham. The latter's Lapworth Museum is named in his honour, and holds his archive. He is known for identifying and naming the Ordovician period.

Notable former pupils

 Colonel Robert Hope Moncrieff Aitken VC – soldier and recipient of the Victoria Cross
 John Maxwell Anderson – surgeon and cancer specialist
 Martin Anderson – artist and political cartoonist, better known by his pseudonym Cynicus
 Peter Corsar Anderson – educator and principal of the Scotch College, Perth, Australia
 Sir Robert Balfour – Member of Parliament for Partick
 Beta Band – post-folk band
 James Bridie – Rugby union international who represented Wales
 Ted Brocklebank – journalist, broadcaster and Member of the Scottish Parliament for Mid Scotland and Fife
 Gavin Brown – former Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sydney
 John Munro Bruce – Australian businessman
 Sir Charles Cameron – physician, newspaper editor and Member of Parliament for Glasgow College and Glasgow Bridgeton
 Bunny Christie – theatre set designer
 Alfred Clunies-Ross – rugby union international who represented Scotland in the first international rugby match in 1871
 Alex Cole-Hamilton – politician and leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats
 Hamish Cowell – British Ambassador to Tunisia
 John Craig – classicist and Firth Professor of Latin at the University of Sheffield
 Learmonth White Dalrymple – New Zealand educationalist
 Rob Dewey – Rugby union international
 Dogs Die In Hot Cars – indie band
 Donald Douglas (surgeon) – surgeon
 Dame Honor Fell – scientist and zoologist
 Olga FitzRoy – audio engineer at Associated Independent Recording and activist
 David Hay Fleming – Scottish historian and antiquarian
 Duncan Forrester – Scottish theologian and the founder of the Centre for Theology and Public Issues at New College, Edinburgh
 Richard Gadd – writer, actor and comedian
 Jenny Gilruth – politician
 Neil A. R. Gow – professor of Mircobiology
 Sir Edmund Hirst – chemist and Forbes Chair of Organic Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh
 Mike Hulme – Professor of Human Geography at the University of Cambridge
 Christopher Johnston, Lord Sands – judge and Member of Parliament for Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities
 King Creosote – musician
 Andrew Kirkaldy – racing driver and managing director of McLaren GT
 Chris Law – Member of Parliament for Dundee West
 George Carmichael Low – parasitologist and founder of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
 Andrew Lemoncello – British long distance runner
 Roddy Lumsden – poet
 Doon Mackichan – comedy actress, most notably in Smack the Pony
 John Maclean – musician and film director
 Penny Martin – editor of The Gentlewoman
 Steve Mason – musician and founder of The Beta Band
 Andrew McLellan – Church of Scotland minister, Moderator of the Church of Scotland and Chief Inspector of Prisons for Scotland
 Major Matthew Meiklejohn VC – soldier and recipient of the Victoria Cross
 Anne Miller – author, QI Elf and radio producer
 William M'Intosh – physician, marine zoologist and Professor of Natural History at the University of St Andrews
 Old Tom Morris – champion golfer and golf course designer
 Gordon Moulds – Air Commodore who previously held a senior post in the Falkland Islands
 Victor Plarr – poet
 Anna Poole, Lady Poole – judge
 Eve Poole – author
 Jamie Ritchie – rugby union international representing Scotland
 James Robertson – believed to be world's first black rugby union player
 Walter Rutherford – silver medalist in golf at the 1900 Olympic Games in Paris
 Shaun Simpson – British motocross champion
 Christiana Spens – writer and artist
 Alastair Stewart – newsreader
 James Stuart – Member of Parliament for Hackney; Hoxton; and Sunderland and Rector of the University of St Andrews
 Francine Toon – novelist and poet
 KT Tunstall – musician
 Adam Werritty – businessman
 James Yorkston – musician

Bibliography
 Galloway, D. D. (1989). In the Footsteps of Dr Bell. St Andrews: Madras College
 Gilroy, I. D. (1997). The Rev Dr Andrew Bell: Founder of Madras College. St Andrews: Madras College
 Lamont-Brown, R. (2006). St Andrews: City by the Northern Sea. Edinburgh: Birlinn
 Southey, R. (1844). The Life of Rev. Andrew Bell: Comprising the History of the Rise and Progress of the System of Mutual Tuition. London: John Murray
 Stephen, K. (1983). Andrew Bell F.R.S.E. (1753–1832). Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh History of Medicine and Science Unit
 Thompson, J. (1983). The Madras College 1833–1983. Fife: Fife Educational Resource Centre

References

External links
The Madras College homepage
An article on Andrew Bell and the Madras System
Madras College's page on Scottish Schools Online

Educational institutions established in 1833
School buildings completed in 1833
Category A listed buildings in Fife
Secondary schools in Fife
Education in St Andrews
1833 establishments in Scotland
Listed educational buildings in Scotland

Madras College


Extensive reading is a way of learning a language, especially a second or foreign language, by reading large mount of texts.

First language and second language
Free voluntary reading is one name for extensive reading in first language education. Learners can choose a book that they like and to read it quickly or slowly. A free voluntary reading program is to help students to enjoy reading, so there are often no grades. In some schools this approach is also called Drop Everything and Read (DEAR).

In 1988, Day and Bamford described extensive reading for learning a second or foreign language. Students read as much as possible. Reading materials should use simple grammar and vocabulary so learners feel comfortable. Learners should read many different kinds of writing about different subjects.

Graded Readers
Many extensive reading programs use special series of books. These books use simplified grammar and vocabulary. They may be original stories, but many are shorter, easier versions of classic books.

Effectiveness
Many teachers and some learners believe that extensive reading alone is enough to improve vocabulary. McQuillan and Krashen also believe this.However, other researchers say that extensive reading alone is not enough. Cobb and Parry have done research to show that there is a limit. Extensive reading may not improve vocabulary as much as people thought, especially for less common words.

References

Learning
Reading

Extensive reading


Marcelo Damy de Sousa Santos (July 14, 1914 – November 29, 2009) was a Brazilian physicist.

Considered as one of the most important educators and researchers in physics in Brazil, along with Cesar Lattes, José Leite Lopes and Mario Schenberg, Damy was born in Campinas, São Paulo, in 1914, the son of Harald Egydio de Souza Santos a photographer, and Maria Luiza Damy de Souza Santos. He did his secondary studies in the State Gymnasium (later to be called Colégio Culto à Ciência) and was a keen student of sciences, particularly physics and chemistry.

In 1932, he was admitted to the Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo to study electrical engineering, but eventually switched to physics at the invitation of Prof. Gleb Wataghin, a Russian physicist who was teaching at the time in the university, whose classes Damy enjoyed to listen, although they were given in a different course from his. He graduated in the first class of the course of physics at USP.

During his undergraduate years, Damy became interested in radioactivity. This interest started his successful lifelong career in experimental nuclear physics. After graduation, he went to Cambridge University, at 24, with a grant from the British Council, under the supervision of Prof. William L. Bragg (Nobel Prize in Physics). In England he became friends with Edmundo Barbosa da Silva, Oxford University student and future colleague in the Atomic Energy Commission of the Brazilian National Research Council. Back in Brazil, Damy worked as a research scientist for the Brazilian Navy, especially in the development of a sonar, working in a laboratory on the premises of the department of physics at the USP Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters until the end of World War II (1945). For this important work he received the Brazilian Medal of Naval Merit.

In 1945, at the invitation of the Rockefeller Foundation, Damy spent nine months at the University of Illinois. where he worked with Prof. Donald William Kerst, inventor of the betatron. Returning once again to Brazil, Damy accepted an assistant professorship at the Department of Physics of USP, and helped install there in 1950 a betatron, the first particle accelerator operating in Latin America. He also developed and installed the first nuclear reactor in Brazil, still in working order today. Another area of research of Damy was cosmic rays, particularly aimed at assessing the nature of the penetrating showers of cosmic rays. He demonstrated that these showers had atomic particles such as mesons, which had a great penetrating power without losing considerably part of its energy. Along with Gleb Wataghin and Paulus Aulus Pompéia he found that these showers are more energetic than previously supposed. This work was published internationally.

Damy was one of the greatest scientific leaders in Brazil, helping to found many important research and educational institutions in his area. He was a founder of the Institute of Atomic Energy and the Institute of Research on Nuclear Energy (IPEN), and its first superintendent, from 1956 to 1961. He was also president of the National Commission of Nuclear Energy (CNEN) from 1961 to 1964.

After retiring as professor emeritus from USP in 1968, Damy helped to consolidate the newly established State University of Campinas (Unicamp) and took over as director of the Institute of Physics, which received the name of his former professor, Gleb Wataghin. Furthermore, he worked as a professor of nuclear physics at the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP) and, since 1988, collaborated again in research work done at IPEN. He authored over 80 papers and was a member of several scientific societies in Brazil and abroad, with emphasis on the Brazilian Academy of Sciences.

He married Lucia Toledo de Souza Santos in 1947.

Damy died on November 29, 2009, from complications of a stroke.

Quote
"A good teacher is a researcher who likes to tell the things he does and sees others doing. I do not know any good teacher who was not, or isn't yet, a researcher".

References

External links
 Marcelo Damy S. Santos. Biografia e Entrevista. Notáveis da Ciência Brasileira. Canal Ciência, IBICT (in Portuguese)
 Marcelo Damy de Souza Santos. Entrevista. Revista Cienc. Cult. vol.55 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2003 (in Portuguese)
 History of the Department of Cosmic Rays and Chronology, Institute of Physics Gleb Wataghin, State University of Campinas
 Marcelo Damy de Souza Santos and the Nuclear Physics in Brazil. In Portuguese.
 Marcelo Damy and the Revolution in the Teaching of Physics. Estud. Avançados USP. vol.8 no.22 São Paulo Sept./Dec. 1994 (In Portuguese). The best and most complete interview about his life story.

1914 births
2009 deaths
People associated with the State University of Campinas
20th-century Brazilian physicists
People from Campinas
Recipients of the Great Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil)
Members of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences

Marcelo Damy


Cynthea Rhodes (born September 30, 1968, in Terrell, Texas) is a retired American triple jumper.

She finished twelfth at the 1995 World Indoor Championships and eleventh at the 1997 World Championships. She also competed at the 1996 Olympic Games without reaching the final.

Her personal best jump was 14.25 metres, achieved in the 1997 World Championships qualification round. The American record currently belongs to Tiombe Hurd with 14.45 metres.

Rhodes attended The University of Texas and remains on the indoor and outdoor Texas all-time records for triple jump, at No. 7 and No. 3, respectively.

On October 6, 2017, Rhodes was inducted into The University of Texas Athletics Hall of Honor.

During her professional career, Rhodes-Patterson medaled at every USATF Indoor Championship from 1993 to 1999, including two first-place finishes. She won gold at the 1996 U.S. Olympic trials and went on to compete in the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games. At the 1997 IAAF World Championships, she set a personal best in the triple jump that still ranks her as the No. 6 American of all-time.

Rhodes-Patterson got her MBA in 2003 and she works as corporate human resource manager for The Home Depot.

Rhodes-Patterson also volunteers on the Longhorn Athletics Advisory Council to ensure today's student athletes are given the same opportunities she was given.

References

1968 births
Living people
American female triple jumpers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
People from Terrell, Texas
Track and field athletes from Texas
World Athletics Championships athletes for the United States
21st-century American women

Cynthea Rhodes


Lovelace Ackah (born July 8, 1976) is a retired Ghanaian soccer defender. He played his career largely in the United States.

Before joining the Wave
Lovelace Ackah was born in Kumasi, Ghana.  Before playing for the Milwaukee Wave, he played four seasons with King Faisal Babes in Ghana, followed by a year with the Chicago Stingers.

International
Prior to moving to America, Ackah played for the U-21 Ghana national team.

Career with the Wave

In 1999, Ackah played for the Milwaukee Rampage of the USL A-League. He joined the Milwaukee Wave for the 1999–2000 season.  In his first year in the league, he was named to the NPSL's All-Rookie First Team.

In his second season with the wave, he was one of only four Wave players to play all 40 games.  He was a key to the Wave's 2nd consecutive title, with 10 blocks in the 2001 playoffs.

Ackah was selected to his first All-Star game during the 2001–02 season.

In the 2002–03 season, Ackah made his 200th career block.  He was also selected to his 2nd career All-Star game.  His streak of playing in 122 consecutive games was broken in early January due to a game suspension from receiving a red card.  That streak still stands as the fourth longest in the Wave's history.

He played at least the 2004 season with the Milwaukee Wave United of the USL A-League.2004 Wave United Stats

Ackah continued his success during the 2003–04 season; he had 67 blocks in 34 games.  He also contributed 5 goals and 4 assists.  He had 6 blocks in the All-Star game that year, more than any other player there.

The 2004–05 season was one of milestones for Ackah.  He made his 300th block in March.  He also put a goal in to help celebrate his 200th career game for the Wave in early December.

Although receiving the honor of being the league's Defense Player of the Week in November, Ackah missed most of the 2005–06 season due to a foot injury.

The MISL disbanded after the 2007–08 season, and the Wave joined the newly founded Xtreme Soccer League.  Ackah re-signed with the Wave on November 6, 2008, allowing him to play a 10th season with the club.

Personal life
Ackah has two sons, Lovelace Jr. and Vince with his wife, Jael, and lives in New Berlin, Wisconsin.

Coaching career
He coaches for Strike FC Soccer Club in Hartland, Wisconsin.

References

See also
Lovelace Ackah's Milwaukee Wave Player Page
Milwaukee Wave Official Site
MISL Official Site

1976 births
Living people
Chicago Sockers players
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Men's association football defenders
Ghanaian expatriate men's footballers
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Ghanaian men's footballers
Major Indoor Soccer League (2001–2008) players
Milwaukee Rampage players
Milwaukee Wave players
Milwaukee Wave United players
National Professional Soccer League (1984–2001) players
Footballers from Kumasi
A-League (1995–2004) players
People from New Berlin, Wisconsin
Sportspeople from Waukesha County, Wisconsin

Lovelace Ackah


Dominic Benhura (born 1968) is a Zimbabwean sculptor.

Benhura was born in Murewa, to the northeast of [Harare].  His father died before his birth, and he was raised by his mother.  As he was an excellent student, it was suggested that he be sent to Salisbury for further studies.  His uncle had a home in the suburb of Tafara, and Benhura went to live there at the age of ten; he lived with his cousin Tapfuma Gutsa, already a well-known sculptor.  Benhura began polishing his cousin's sculptures, but soon began carving himself, making small offcuts before moving onto large stone.  He sold his first piece at twelve.

Despite having no formal training, Benhura turned to sculpting full-time upon the finish of his schooling, showing his work at the Chapungu Sculpture Park for the first time in 1987.  He joined the resident artist program there in 1990, staying until acquiring a home in Athlone, Harare, in 1995.  Through the program he worked on larger pieces; he also began traveling during this period, attending workshops in Botswana, the United States, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany.  He began to add metal to his stone sculptures.

Benhura is considered to be part of the second generation of Zimbabwean stonecarvers. In 2016, he sculpted a statue of Robert Mugabe.

External links

Biography
Dominic Benhura's Official Website

1968 births
Living people
People from Mashonaland West Province
20th-century Zimbabwean sculptors
21st-century Zimbabwean sculptors

Dominic Benhura


Francis Redding Tillou Nicholls (August 20, 1834January 4, 1912) was an American attorney, politician, judge, and a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He served two terms as the 28th Governor of Louisiana, first from 1876 to 1880 after the Reconstruction era ended and from 1888 to 1892.

Early life and career
Nicholls was born at Prevost Memorial Hospital in Donaldsonville, Louisiana, the seat of Ascension Parish, the seventh son of Thomas Clark Nicholls (himself a seventh son) and Louisa Hannah (Drake) Nicholls, a sister of the poet Joseph Rodman Drake and sister-in-law of Francis Redding Tillou. His paternal grandfather was Cornish American Edward Church Nicholls. He attended Jefferson Academy in New Orleans and graduated in 1855 from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. Initially assigned as a second lieutenant in the 2nd U.S. Artillery Regiment, he served in the Third Seminole War in Florida, but resigned his commission after a year and returned home.

He then attended the University of Louisiana (subsequently Tulane University) in New Orleans. He practiced law in Napoleonville, the seat of Assumption Parish, until the start of the Civil War.

Two weeks after the surrender of Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, Nicholls wed the former Caroline Zilpha Guion, the daughter of George Seth Guion and the former Caroline Lucretia Winder. The couple had one son, Francis Welman Nicholls (born 1863), and six daughters, Caroline (born 1865), Louisa (born 1868), Harriet (born 1870), Virginia (born 1873), Margaret (born 1875), and Elizabeth (born 1877).

Civil War

Nicholls joined the Confederate Army in 1861 as a captain in the 8th Louisiana Infantry Regiment and participated in the First Battle of Bull Run and in the Shenandoah Valley Campaign in Virginia, where his left arm was amputated. In July 1862 he became colonel of the just formed 15th Louisiana Infantry and on October 14, 1862, Nicholls was promoted to the rank of brigadier general and given command of a brigade of Louisiana infantry. While leading a brigade during the Battle of Chancellorsville, a shell ripped off Nicholls' left foot, forcing him to retire from combat service. According to James Whitcomb Brougher Sr., in Life and Laughter, (p. 89) he lost an eye at Richmond. Disabled and unfit for further field command, he was transferred to the Trans-Mississippi Department to direct the Volunteer and Conscript Bureau until the end of the war.

In 1874, while testifying before a Congressional Committee investigating election fraud in Louisiana, Nicholls said of his service in the war; "I think that we made the attempt [the war for secession] under the most favorable circumstances...of course we all regret our want for success; but I do not believe that there is anywhere any desire for a renewal of the attempt." and that "My war record is a source of private misfortune without a corresponding gain to anyone. My services to my country were not worth the price to me. Every battle I went into I was wounded, and so I could not serve all the time."

Postbellum
After the war, Nicholls returned to his law practice.  In 1876, he ran for governor against the Republican Stephen B. Packard. The outcome was disputed, and both men claimed victory. Nicholls garnered a majority of 8,000 votes, but the Republican-controlled State Returning Board cited irregularities and declared Packard the winner. As part of the Compromise of 1877 to resolve the disputed presidential election of 1876, President Hayes recognized the Democrat Nicholls as the winner.

During his first term, he battled political corruption, which was epitomized by Samuel James, the operator of the convict lease system, state Treasurer Edward A. Burke, and Lieutenant Governor Louis A. Wiltz, who supported the corrupt Louisiana Lottery.

Nicholls chaired the Louisiana Constitutional Convention of 1879, and returned the state capital from New Orleans to Baton Rouge.

Nicholls was governor of Louisiana in 1891, the year eleven Italians were lynched in New Orleans. Shortly before the incident, as thousands of angry protesters gathered near the Parish Prison, the Italian consul in New Orleans sought the governor's help. Nicholls declined to intervene.

After his tenure as governor closed, Nicholls became Chief Justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court in 1892, a post which he held until 1911. He also grew sugarcane and other crops on his Ridgefield Plantation near Thibodaux, the seat of Lafourche Parish. He died at Ridgefield. Francis and Caroline Nicholls, Thomas Clark Nicholls, and other family members are interred in St. John's Episcopal Church and Cemetery in Thibodaux.

Memorialization
From 1913 to about 1950, there was a vocational school at 3649 Laurel Street in New Orleans named for Nicholls. It opened as the Francis T. Nicholls Industrial School for Girls, and offered secondary vocational training, concentrating on apparel manufacturing. The school was later renamed Nicholls Vocational School for Girls, and even later Nicholls Evening Vocational School.

In 1940, a new public high school, Francis T. Nicholls High School, was opened at 3820 St. Claude Avenue in New Orleans. In the late 1990s the high school was renamed for former slave and abolitionist leader Frederick Douglass. It is now a charter school, part of the KIPP Family Schools and known as KIPP Renaissance High School. During the 1960s, the school was integrated and black students fought to change the team names from The Rebels and the mascot from the Confederate flag to the current Bobcat.

There is a "Governor Nicholls Street" in New Orleans.  Where it meets the Mississippi River near the downriver end of the French Quarter, there is a Governor Nicholls Street Wharf. Atop the wharf shed there, the United States Coast Guard built a manned control tower with a red and green traffic signal to control vessel traffic rounding Algiers Point.  When speaking to the controller via marine VHF radio, mariners address him or her familiarly as "Governor Nick."

In Baton Rouge, there is a sculpture of Nicholls by Isidore Konti.

Nicholls State University, founded in 1948, is a public university located in Thibodaux, Louisiana. Nicholls is part of the University of Louisiana System. Originally called Francis T. Nicholls Junior College, the university is named for Francis T. Nicholls.

He is played by James Bearden in the 1999 HBO original film Vendetta.

See also

List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)
Louisiana Tigers

Notes

References
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 "Francis Tillou Nicholls", A Dictionary of Louisiana Biography, Vol. 2 (1988), p. 603.
Garnie W. McGinty, "Francis Tillou Redding Nicholls", North Louisiana History, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Winter 1984), pp. 30–39
 Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .

External links

State of Louisiana - Biography
Biography from History Central
Cemetery Memorial by La-Cemeteries
Nicholls State University

United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army officers
Confederate States Army brigadier generals
People of Louisiana in the American Civil War
Democratic Party governors of Louisiana
Louisiana lawyers
1834 births
1912 deaths
People from Thibodaux, Louisiana
American people of Cornish descent
Tulane University alumni
Tulane University Law School alumni
Chief Justices of the Louisiana Supreme Court
American amputees
American politicians with disabilities
People from Donaldsonville, Louisiana
People from Napoleonville, Louisiana
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers
19th-century American Episcopalians
American anti-corruption activists
American lawyers with disabilities

Francis T. Nicholls


Lysander (;  ; died 395 BC) was a Spartan military and political leader. He destroyed the Athenian fleet at the Battle of Aegospotami in 405 BC, forcing Athens to capitulate and bringing the Peloponnesian War to an end. He then played a key role in Sparta's domination of Greece for the next decade until his death at the Battle of Haliartus.

Lysander's vision for Sparta differed from most Spartans; he wanted to overthrow the Athenian Empire and replace it with Spartan hegemony.

Early life
Little is known of Lysander's early life. His year of birth is estimated at 454 BC. Some ancient authors record that his mother was a helot or slave. Lysander's father was Aristocritus, who was a member of the Spartan Heracleidae; that is, he claimed descent from Heracles but was not a member of a royal family. According to Plutarch, Lysander grew up in poverty and showed himself obedient, conformed to norms, and had a "manly spirit".

It was custom in the Spartan upbringing for a young adult to be assigned as the "inspirer" (eispnelas) or "lover" (erastes) of an adolescent, and Lysander was matched in this role with the future king Agesilaus, the younger son of Archidamus II. Nothing is known of Lysander's actual career before he was elected, in 408, to Sparta's annual office of admiral, to conduct the long-running Peloponnesian War against Athens.

Admiral

From Gythium on the eastern shore of the Peloponnese, Lysander set out with 30 triremes. He sailed to Rhodes, where he collected some more ships, and made his way to Cos, Miletus, Chios, gathering ships, untill he finally arrived at Ephesus, which he turned into the Peloponnesian League's naval base in Ionia. His arrival was shortly followed by that of Cyrus, young son of the Persian king Darius, who had been appointed by his father as governor of the provinces of Asia Minor in response to an earlier Spartan embassy requesting increased aid in the war against Athens. Lysander promptly went to meet Cyrus at his headquarters in nearby Sardis, and with calculated deference made a deep impression on the young prince, developing with him a close friendship that was to have a decisive effect in the course of the war. Cyrus began funding Sparta's war effort on a large scale, and was encouraged to increase the pay of Lysander's crews from three to four obols, increasing their morale and Lysander's popularity among them. Once back in Ephesus, Lysander summoned a conference of influential oligarchs from all over the Greek cities in the Aegean, encouraged them to organize into political clubs (hetaireiai), and promised to put them in power in their respective cities in the event of Athens' defeat. In doing so, Lysander created in effect a network of clients who were loyal to him personally and contributed to Sparta's war effort with increased eagerness.

As Lysander was fitting out his vessels at Ephesus, an Athenian fleet roughly the size of his own, led by the famous Alcibiades, set up anchor at the nearby port of Notium. At first, the Spartan was content to refuse battle and let his higher wages, funded by Cyrus, encourage desertions among the enemy crews. Eventually, however, one of the Athenian officers, despite orders to stay put, was drawn into a fight with an advance party of Peloponnesian ships. Lysander gave a timely order for his entire fleet to advance, and drove off the intruder before they had properly deployed for battle, inflicting modest losses. Alcibiades, who had been away on urgent business, returned upon hearing of this setback and again offered battle off Ephesus, but Lysander once more refused, and the Athenians had to withdraw.

However, Lysander ceased to be the Spartan navarch after this victory and, in accordance with the Spartan law, was replaced by Callicratidas. Callicratidas' ability to continue the war at sea was neatly sabotaged when Lysander returned all the donated funds to Cyrus when he left office.

Vice-admiral
After Callicratidas was defeated and killed at the battle of Arginusae (406), Cyrus and the oligarchic clubs which Lysander had sponsored all sent embassies to Sparta requesting the former admiral's return to command. The Spartan government consented, a sign of confidence in his ability and an endorsement of his policy of supporting oligarchies in the Greek cities. As Spartan law did not allow an admiral to hold office twice, Lysander was instead appointed the secretary (epistoleus) or second-in-command to Callicratidas's eventual successor, Aracus, with the understanding that the latter would allow Lysander to take the lead. Making his base at Ephesus again, the Spartan began gathering and rebuilding the remnants of the Peloponnesian fleet in the Aegean, once again with the full cooperation of his Greek allies and Cyrus. In the meantime, Lysander visited Miletus, an ally of Sparta, and deceitfully massacred some leading democrats during a festival in early 405 to place his own adherents in power. In the summer, Lysander's principal benefactor, Cyrus, was summoned to the deathbed of his father, the King, and, before departing, took the extraordinary step of entrusting the Spartan with his entire treasury and with the revenues from the Persian-ruled cities under his administration.

Lysander finally set sail with some 125–150 ships, and among his early actions, which are variously reported by the sources, were the massacre and enslavement of the population of Iasus and Cedreae, allies of Athens. He continued toward the Hellespont to threaten the route of grain transports to Athens from the Black Sea, forcing the Athenians to send their fleet, 180 ships, in pursuit. Lysander set up anchor at Lampsacus and plundered it, while the Athenians took up a position at Aegospotami in the opposing shore of the straits. For several days Lysander refused battle, studying the opponent's moves, until, during a moment of enemy carelessness, he surprised the Athenians and captured most of their vessels as they were still ashore and unmanned. The entire Athenian fleet was gone, and Sparta had finally won the Peloponnesian War.

Now in full command of the seas, Lysander began touring the Aegean to receive the surrender of enemy strongholds, ordering all captured Athenian garrisons and cleruchs (colonists) home in order to overcrowd the city and hasten its surrender through famine. In many Greek cities, he installed ten-man governing boards (decarchies) whose members were selected from the oligarchic clubs he had sponsored earlier, supported and supervised by a Spartan harmost (military governor). Democrats and other opponents of his narrow oligarchies were often massacred or banished. In a propaganda gesture he restored places like Aegina, Melos and Scione to populations whom the Athenians had forcibly uprooted throughout the course of the war.

Following an unsuccessful attempt to bring about Athens's surrender with a show of force off Attica in autumn 405, Lysander began establishing contacts with Athenian oligarchic exiles and sponsored their return to the city as one of the conditions for peace, which was finally concluded in spring 404. Lysander received the surrender of the last of Athens's allies, Samos, in the summer of 404, after which he went in person to Athens in response to an appeal by Athenian oligarchs. On the anniversary of the battle of Salamis, Lysander sailed into the Piraeus, ordered the razing of Athens's city walls and the burning of its fleet, and sent for female flautists from the city to play music as the deed was carried out. He also oversaw a meeting of the Athenian assembly which effectively abolished Athens's democracy and replaced it with a governing board of thirty oligarchs (the Thirty Tyrants).

Command in Athens

After storming and seizing Samos, Lysander returned to Sparta. Alcibiades, the former Athenian leader, emerged after the Spartan victory at Aegospotami and took refuge in Phrygia, northwestern Asia Minor with Pharnabazus, its Persian satrap. He sought Persian assistance for the Athenians. However, the Spartans decided that Alcibiades must be removed and Lysander, with the help of Pharnabazus, arranged the assassination of Alcibiades.

Lysander amassed a huge fortune from his victories against the Athenians and brought the riches home to Sparta. For centuries the possession of money was illegal in Lacedaemonia, but the newly minted navy required funds and Persia could not be trusted to maintain financial support. Roman historian Plutarch strongly condemns Lysander's introduction of money; despite being publicly held, he argues its mere presence corrupted rank-and-file Spartans who witnessed their government's newfound value for it. Corruption quickly followed; while general Gylippus ferried treasure home, he embezzled a great amount and was condemned to death in absentia.

Resistance by Athens
The Athenian general Thrasybulus, who had been exiled from Athens by the Spartans' puppet government, led the democratic resistance to the new oligarchic government. In 403 BC, he commanded a small force of exiles that invaded Attica and, in successive battles, defeated first a Spartan garrison and then the forces of the oligarchic government (which included Lysander) in the Battle of Munychia. The leader of the Thirty Tyrants, Critias, was killed in the battle.

The Battle of Piraeus was then fought between Athenian exiles who had defeated the government of the Thirty Tyrants and occupied Piraeus and a Spartan force sent to combat them. In the battle, the Spartans defeated the exiles,  despite their stiff resistance. Despite opposition from Lysander, after the battle Pausanias the Agiad King of Sparta, arranged a settlement between the two parties which allowed the re-establishment of democratic government in Athens.

Final years
Lysander still had influence in Sparta despite his setbacks in Athens. He was able to persuade the Spartans to select Agesilaus II, his younger lover, as the new Eurypontid Spartan king following the death of Agis II, and to persuade the Spartans to support Cyrus the Younger in his unsuccessful rebellion against his older brother, Artaxerxes II of Persia.

Hoping to restore the juntas of oligarchic partisans that he had put in place after the defeat of the Athenians in 404 BC, Lysander arranged for Agesilaus II, the Eurypontid Spartan king, to take command of the Greeks against Persia in 396 BC. The Spartans had been called on by the Ionians to assist them against the Persian King Artaxerxes II. Lysander was arguably hoping to receive command of the Spartan forces not joining the campaign. However, Agesilaus had become resentful of Lysander's power and influence. So Agesilaus frustrated the plans of his former mentor and left Lysander in command of the troops in the Hellespont, far from Sparta and mainland Greece.

Back in Sparta by 395 BC, Lysander was instrumental in starting a war with Thebes and other Greek cities, which came to be known as the Corinthian War. The Spartans prepared to send out an army against this new alliance of Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos (with the backing of the Achaemenid Empire) and ordered Agesilaus to return to Greece. Agesilaus set out for Sparta with his troops, crossing the Hellespont and marching west through Thrace.

Death

The Spartans arranged for two armies, one under Lysander and the other under Pausanias of Sparta, to rendezvous at and attack the city of Haliartus in Boeotia. Lysander arrived before Pausanias and persuaded the city of Orchomenus to revolt from the Boeotian League. He then advanced to Haliartus with his troops. In the Battle of Haliartus, Lysander was killed after bringing his forces too near to the walls of the city.

Following his death, an abortive scheme by Lysander to increase his power by making the Spartan kingships collective and that the Spartan king should not automatically be given the leadership of the army, was "discovered" by Agesilaus II. There is argument amongst historians as to whether this was an invention to discredit Lysander after his death. However, in the view of Nigel Kennell, the plot fits with what we know of Lysander.

Legacy
Lysander is one of the main protagonists of the history of Greece by Xenophon, a contemporary. For other (later) sources he remains an ambiguous figure. For instance, while the Roman biographer Cornelius Nepos charges him with "cruelty and perfidy", Lysander – according to Xenophon – nonetheless spared the population of captured Greek poleis such as Lampsacus.

The Westland Lysander aircraft has been named after him.

Commemoration
According to Duris of Samos, Lysander was the first Greek to whom the cities erected altars and sacrificed to him as to a god and the Samians voted that their festival of Hera should be called Lysandreia. He was also the first Greek who had songs of triumph written about him.

Sources

References

External links
Ancient/classical history (Lysander) – About.com
Lysander by Plutarch – The Internet Classics Archive on MIT

5th-century BC births
395 BC deaths
Ancient Spartan admirals
Spartans of the Peloponnesian War
Ancient Greeks killed in battle
5th-century BC Spartans
4th-century BC Spartans
Ancient Greek LGBT people
Spartan hegemony
Heracleidae

Lysander


Novatianism or Novationism was an early Christian sect devoted to the theologian Novatian ( 200–258) that held a strict view that refused readmission to communion of lapsi (those baptized Christians who had denied their faith or performed the formalities of a ritual sacrifice to the pagan gods under the pressures of the persecution sanctioned by Emperor Decius in AD 250). The Church of Rome declared the Novatianists heretical following the letters of Saint Cyprian of Carthage and Ambrose wrote against them. Novatianism survived until the 8th century.

Novatian theology was heavily influenced by Tertullian, and made heavy use of his writings.

Novatian

After the martyrdom of Pope Fabian during the Decian persecution, a Roman priest, Novatian, opposed the election of Pope Cornelius in 251, on the grounds that Cornelius was too liberal in accepting lapsed Christians. Novatian held that lapsed Christians, who had not maintained their confession of faith under persecution, may not be received again into communion with the church. He was consecrated bishop by three bishops of Italy and declared himself to be the true Pope. He and his followers were excommunicated by a synod held at Rome in October of the same year. Novatian is said to have suffered martyrdom under Emperor Valerian I (253–260).

Novatian should not be confused with one Novatus, a priest of Carthage, who advocated re-admitting the lapsi without an enforced penance. Cyprian of Carthage came to a position opposed to both and advocated a council be held to establish a policy under which former idolaters could be once again admitted to communion with the church.

Lardner argues that Eusebius and the Greeks in general were correct in calling the Roman presbyter Novatus, not Novatianus. He attributes the origin of the latter name to Cyprian, who called the Roman presbyter Novatianus, as being a follower of his own rebellious priest, Novatus of Carthage. Novatian in his writings defended the doctrine of the Trinity, argued that the Old Testament prohibitions on meats must be understood spiritually, condemned Christians who attend public games and praised chastity. Novatian was heavily influenced by the works of Tertullian.

Beliefs

Lapsi
Novatian believed that the lapsi should not be let back into the church. He believed that the lapsi might repent and be put to lifelong penance, but the forgiveness must be left to God, and that the lapsi could not be forgiven on this earth.

Novatians cited the Book of Hebrews to support this idea.

God
Novatian was a trinitarian. Novatian's writings defended the Father as the creator of the world to combat the teachings of the Gnostics. Novatian also defended the unity of the godhead and humanity in Jesus, and wrote about a distinction between the Son and the Father, to combat Marcionites, Modalists and Adoptionists. Novatian believed that the role of the Holy Spirit was solely to be the source of blessings given during Baptism.

The Church
Unlike Cyprian, Novatian believed that being inside the church is not a requirement for salvation, but that the church is a congregation of saints, and if sinners would be let inside the church, it would endanger the church. Novatians always had a successor of Novatian in Rome (where Novatian was from) and they used the episcopal polity.

Other
According to Theodoret, the Novatians did not use confirmation, and according to Eulugius, Novatians did not either venerate martyrs. Novatians forbade remarriage. Christologically Novatian was probably orthodox, however some suggest he had similarities to the later Nestorians, though this view has been criticized.

By the 4th century, Novatians had also adopted monasticism.

Some Novatians were Quartodecimans.

Baptism
Augustine writes that the Novatians would rebaptize people who came from the Catholic Church. Some have argued that the Novatians did not baptize infants, though the stance of the Novatians is disputed and the arguments that Novatians were credobaptist is founded on somewhat weak evidence, and by this point infant baptism had become common and clear among the orthodox writers.

After Novatian
Novatian's strict views existed before him and may be found in The Shepherd of Hermas. After his death, the Novatianist sect spread rapidly and could be found in every province and were very numerous in some places. Those who allied themselves with his doctrines were called Novatianists, but they called themselves  () or "Purists" (not to be confused with the later Cathars) to reflect their desire not to be identified with what they considered the lax practices of a corrupted and what was hitherto a universal Church.

While Novatian had refused absolution to the lapsi (those who had renounced their Christianity under persecution but later wanted to return to the church), his followers extended the doctrine to include all mortal sins (idolatry, murder, and adultery, or fornication). Most of them forbade second marriage. They always had a successor of Novatian at Rome and were everywhere governed by bishops.

Because Novatianists (including Novatian) did not submit to the bishop of Rome, they were labeled by Rome as schismatics. Additionally, Rome also labeled Novatianists heretics for denying that the Church had the power to grant absolution in certain cases (such as to the lapsi).

In the 4th and 5th centuries, the Donatist sect in Africa Proconsulare maintained a similar belief about Christians who had lapsed under the pressures of persecution; they too were declared heretics.

Some Novatians blended with the Montanists.

See also
Antipope
Donatist
James L. Papandrea

References

Sources
 .
 .

Further reading
 Papandrea, James L., Rome: A Pilgrim's Guide to the Eternal City (Cascade Books, 2012)
 Papandrea, James L., Novatian of Rome: On the Trinity, Letters to Cyprian of Carthage, Ethical Treatises, (Translation with Introduction, Turnhout: Brepols, 2015)

External links
 Papandrea, James L., "Novatian of Rome and the Culmination of Pre-Nicene Orthodoxy", Pickwick Publications, 2011

Schisms in Christianity
Heresy in ancient Christianity
Christian denominations established in the 3rd century
Christian terminology
Donatism
Nature of Jesus Christ

Novatianism


Peter Forakis (September 22, 1927 – November 26, 2009) was an American artist and professor. He was known as an abstract geometric sculptor.

Early life and education
Peter Forakis was born on September 22, 1927, in Hanna, Wyoming. The son of a Greek immigrant, he grew up on the Wyoming prairie until the age of 10 when his family moved to Oakland, California. Eventually they settled in Modesto, California.

Forakis was in the Merchant Marines from 1945 to 1950. He served in the United States Military in Korea and Japan from 1951 to 1953. He earned his B.F.A.degree at the California School of Fine Arts (now San Francisco Art Institute) in 1957.

Art
In 1955, Forakis created the poster for the Six Gallery reading by Allen Ginsberg, Philip Lamantia, Michael McClure, Gary Snyder, and Philip Whalen, MCed by Kenneth Rexroth.

In 1958, Forakis moved to New York City. It was during this time in New York in the late 1950s–1960s that Forakis emerged as a prominent member of the art world, and, along with artists Mark di Suvero, Edwin Ruda, Dean Fleming, Robert Grosvenor, Anthony Magar, Tamara Melcher, Forrest "Frosty" Myers, David Novros, and Leo Valledor, he founded the Park Place Gallery (1963–1967), a unique artists' co-op space. Park Place became the prototype for experimental art spaces of the 1970s.

Forakis was a ceaseless experimenter and was conducting his own research during the Park Place Gallery time period.  Although he began as a painter, his paintings became sculpture. His work quickly evolved in a 3-dimensional direction, with a seminal series of "3D paintings" (1959–1962) consisting of brightly painted abstract constructions made from mostly found timber which literally "came off the wall."  Sadly, few of these works remain. Forakis became fascinated by geometry and his focus became sculptural. San Francisco Chronicle Art critic Kenneth Baker credits Forakis as the "originator of geometry-based sculpture from the 60s". In an article by Joanne Dickson titled "Profile: Peter Forakis" in the Winter 1981 edition of Ocular Magazine Forakis said, "Geometry…is a natural law that exists not only in my thinking and my blood, bones, and marrow, but in the universe and all its matter."
Forakis embarked on his lifelong exploration of the cube and hypercube along with Four-Dimensional theories.  Since the late 1950s Peter Forakis has been a prolific producer of sculpture based on geometric shapes such as cubes, spheres, octahedrons and rhomboids. Some of his best known pieces include Daedules & Icarus (1963), Magic Box (1966) and Hyper Cube, 1967 (Walker Art Center).

In 1967 Forakis received his first monumental scale commission.  Atlanta Gateway, one of the largest existing works of modern sculpture anywhere measuring 100 feet by 200 feet by 100 feet of tubular steel, spans a major traffic artery in Atlanta, Georgia's Southwest Industrial Park.

By the early 1970s Forakis had begun experimenting with his "slots" technique, one of his signature achievements notable both as a unique language of examining geometry and for fabricating large scale works in steel without welding. Cutting slots into steel and sliding sheets together allowed large sculptures to be assembled using only gravity and the weight of the material. Archimedes Cube, (series, beginning in 1968) a signature piece for Forakis, has no welds, only slots. Of his monumental slotted sculptures are Sokar: the Egyptian Key (1974), and Jack London (1982) owned by the Oakland Museum and located in the Oakland Estuary, Oakland, California.

He  exhibited his work in major sculpture exhibitions in museums including the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) 1967 American Sculpture of the Sixties exhibition. His work has been seen on both coasts, across the US, and in Europe and Asia. He also won numerous grants.

Death
Forakis died on November 26, 2009 in Petaluma, California.

Teaching
1965	Carnegie Technical School of Architecture and Art
1966	Pennsylvania State University
1968-77	Windham College, Putney, Vermont (Chairman, Art Department) 1972-74
1980	University of California, Berkeley
1980-82	University of Kentucky
1961-65	Brooklyn Museum Art School
1967	Cooper Union
1978	School of Visual Arts, New York City

Happenings
1961	Woodstock, New York
1962	Bridgehampton, New York
1962 	Ergo Suits, Carnival and Art Fair, with Allan Kaprow, Woodstock, New York
1963	Welfare Island, New York

Bibliography
Grope Magazine, 1/1 (January 1964); 2/2 (1966)
ARTnews, May 1960; April 1961; May 1961; November 1961; September 1962; Summer 1966; November 1966; January 1964; January 1969 (reproduction); December 1970
David Bourdon, E-MC 2,
ARTnews, January 1966
Arts Magazine, September 1963; March 1967 (reproduction); November 1967; November 1962; March 1964; December 1966
Edwin Ruda, Park Place: 1963-1967, Arts Magazine, November 1967
Art in America, December 1964; January 1970; May 1970; November 1970; September 1970
Carter Ratcliff, Art in America, March 1978
Artforum, September 1970; April 1970; October 1970 (reproductions); January 1978
Lawrence Alloway, Peter Forakis, Artforum, January 1968
Arts Magazine, May 1978
Henderson, Linda "Reimagining Space The Park Place Gallery Group in 1960s New York" Blanton Museum of Art, University of Texas, Austin, 2009
Humblet, Claudine "La Nouvelle Abstraction Americaine 1950-1970" Skira, 2003
Di Suvero, Mark, forward; Charles Ginnever; Atkinson, D. Scott; Julina Togonon ed."The Art of Peter Forakis" Togonon Gallery exhibition October 4-November 8, 2008.
Colpitt, Frances. "Affiliations" Art in America, February 2009 p. 61

Public collections

 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian, Washington, DC.;
 Dartmouth College, New Hampshire;
 Hartwood Acres Art Center, Allegheny, Pennsylvania;
 University at Buffalo Art Galleries;
 University of Kentucky Art Museum;
 Oakland Museum, Oakland, California;
 Berkeley Art Museum, Berkeley, California;
 San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, California;
 Denver Art Museum, Denver, Colorado;
 Fort Wayne Museum of Art, Fort Wayne, Indiana;
 Interland Executive Park, Walnut Creek, California;
 Stamford Museum and Nature Center, Stamford, Connecticut;
 Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota

References

External links
Blanton Museum, retrieved September 1, 2008.

1927 births
2009 deaths
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
21st-century American sculptors
21st-century American male artists
American male sculptors
American people of Greek descent
San Francisco Art Institute alumni
People from Carbon County, Wyoming
Artists from Wyoming
Artists from New York City
Sculptors from New York (state)

Peter Forakis


Campanula trachelium, the nettle-leaved bellflower, is a species of bellflower. It is a Eurasian blue wildflower native to Denmark and England and now naturalized in southeast Ireland. It is also found southward through much of Europe into Africa.

Common names
The alternate name throatwort is derived from an old belief that C. trachelium is a cure for sore throat, and the species name trachelium refers to its use as treatment of the throat in folk medicine.

Other folknames include Our Lady's Bells because the color blue was identified with the Virgin Mary's scarf, veil, or shawl; Coventry Bells because C. trachelium was especially common in fields around Coventry; and "Bats-in-the-Belfry" or in the singular "Bat-in-the-Belfry", because the stamens inside the flower were like bats hanging in the bell of a church steeple.

Description

Campanula trachelium is a perennial plant with one or more unbranched, often reddish, square-edged stems that are roughly hairy. The leaves grow alternately up the stems. The lower leaves are long-stalked and ovate with a heart-shaped base. The upper leaves have no stalks and are ovate or lanceolate, hairy with toothed margins. The inflorescence is a one sided spike with a few slightly nodding flowers. Each flower has five sepals which are fused, erect and hairy, and the five violet (or occasionally white) petals are fused into a bell that is hairy inside. There are five stamens and a pistil formed from three fused carpels. The fruit is a hairy, nodding capsule.

Habitat
Campanula trachelium likes humus-rich soil and is found in broad-leaved woodlands, coppices, hedgerows and the margins of forests.

References

External links

trachelium
Flora of Michigan
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Flora of Western Asia
Flora of North Africa
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Campanula trachelium


Desiro is the brand name for a design of modular train manufactured by Siemens of Germany.

The Desiro can be made as a diesel or electric multiple unit (DMU or EMU). It is normally made as two and three-car trainsets. Although there are many differences between single trains, the basic body design is the same. These trains are mostly used for regional services, and belong to a new generation of light, modular trains which have become common in many European countries. They are sometimes thought as light regional railcars. They are mostly cheap to make and work. Their fast acceleration makes them good for services with short intervals between stations. However, they are sometimes complained by people for their poor passenger comfort.

Austria
In Austria, the ÖBB (Austrian Federal Railways) is right now using about 60 diesel-powered Desiro trains called ÖBB 5022. These are based on the Class 642 used by Deutsche Bahn, but have added more safety stuff.

Bulgaria

In 2005 and 2006, in Bulgaria, the Bulgarian State Railways begin working Desiro trains as part of a €67-million deal with Siemens AG for a total of 25 Diesel multiple units. As of 22 March 2006, 16 trains had been delivered, with many of them working on the Sofia-Kyustendil-Sofia line. Another €117-million deal for 25 EMUs has also been signed with Siemens AG. The EMUs were fitted out in Varna, where BDŽ and Siemens AG are thinking about making a joint venture company. The EMUs are classes 30 and 31 and are servicing traffic in the Sofia and Plovdiv areas.

Denmark
In Denmark, DSB rented 12 Desiro trains since 2002. The train is mostly used between Odense and Svendborg and between Odense and Fredericia. On July 2, 2009 DSB signed a contract of eight trains from Siemens for Grenaabanen for delivery late 2010. Nordjyske Jernbaner used Desiro trains since 2004 on all its working rails. Today the company owns eight Desiro trains.

Germany
 Germany's Deutsche Bahn first showed two-car Desiro DMUs for local services in 2000. With a top speed of 120 km/h, these Class 642 units are mostly used on branch lines and regional lines. Besides the 234 units bought by DB until 2007, many private German rail companies are also using Desiro DMUs.

The Class 642 has two MAN diesel engines with an output of 275 or 315 kW each and hydro-mechanical transmission with retarders. It normally has 100 seats. When linked together with Scharfenberg couplers, up to three trainsets can be worked together. The Desiros are quite popular with most passengers, thanks to their good acceleration. Because they have often replaced push/pull trains, their shorter journey times, such as on the Müglitzbahn, have made greater passenger numbers.

At first, DB was going to work together modern DMUs bought from different makers, but because of software trouble, this proved to be impossible. Therefore the Class 642 can only be mechanically coupled with other DMUs like the Class 643.

Hungary
Right now in Hungary, 31 diesel Desiros are in service with MÁV (counting 8 units from Greece), mostly as suburban trains on the secondary line between Budapest-Esztergom and Budapest - Lajosmizse and as an InterCity between Budapest and Baja. On weekends, the units also used as top inter-city trains from Budapest to Baja and Sátoraljaújhely and as fast trains from Budapest to Tapolca. During the summer months (when fewer units are used on the Budapest suburban routes) Desiros appear on some local train diagrams on the norther shore of the Lake Balaton.

Malaysia

The 57km KLIA Ekspres and KLIA Transit airport rail link uses the Desiro ET 425 M four-car Electric Multiple Units. There are 12 trainsets right now working in Malaysia.

 Eight trains are used for the non-stop Express Rail Link service between Kuala Lumpur's central station and Kuala Lumpur International Airport.
 Four trains serve five stations on the Commuter Rail Service.

These EMUs have a maximum commercial speed of 160 km/h.

Romania
Căile Ferate Române (CFR), Romania's national railway worker, is one of the largest users of the Siemens Desiro trainsets. CFR, which is right now undergoing modernisation, has bought many Desiro trainsets and uses them for all types of train: "Regio", "InterRegio" and "InterCity" inter-city services, but mostly on its "InterRegio" express trains. There was some criticism of the use of Desiros for CFR's long-distance services because they were thought to be uncomfortable. CFR has recently refitted them, and is now using Desiros mostly on its medium and short-distance routes.

Russia
In December 2009 Russian Railways ordered 38 Desiros for delivery in 2013 for use during the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, with an option for a further 16 which would be mostly made in Russia.

Slovenia

Slovenian Railways works electric Desiro units that are made as DESIRO EMG 312 SR 31E. They are used as commuter stopping trains mostly on connections to and between Ljubljana and Maribor on the following lines:
 Ljubljana (-Litija, -Zidani Most, -Sevnica) -Dobova
 Ljubljana-Maribor
 Ljubljana-Jesenice
 Ljubljana (-Sežana)-Koper

Switzerland

SBB-CFF-FFS works double-decker (bilevel cars) EMU's. They are designated as class SBB RABe 514. They are used as commuter trains in Zürich, where 61 four-car sets have been working since 2006.

Thailand

Nine 25 kV AC Desiro UK EMUs based on the Heathrow Connect Class 360/2 will be used for the Suvarnabhumi Airport Link which is right now under running test from the locomotive shop in Asoke to Suvarnabhumi Station under the airport.

References

Trains

Desiro


George Mealmaker (10 February 1768 – 30 March 1808) was a Scottish radical organiser and writer, born in Dundee, Scotland. Like his father before him he was a weaver by trade.

Liberty
He was born in the Seagate district of Dundee in 1768 the son of a handloom weaver and became a weaver himself around 1780.

In the late 1780s Mealmaker, along with Thomas Fyshe Palmer formed the Dundee Friends of Liberty group, Mealmaker becoming head of the group from 1796.  In 1793 Mealmaker wrote Dundee Address to the Friends of Liberty in which he criticised the tyranny and despotism of the British government, for which Palmer was arrested as being the writer.  Despite Mealmaker admitting that it was he, and not Palmer who had written the pamphlet the court found Palmer guilty on the grounds that he had prepared the text for publication and circulated it, and sentenced him to 14 years penal transportation.

Other persons arrested in relations to the political activities of the Edinburgh Society of the Friends of the People and associated groups like The Dundee Friends of Liberty were Thomas Muir, William Skirving, Maurice Margarot and Joseph Gerrald. These five were transported to Australia in 1794 and 1795 and were collectively known as the Scottish Martyrs to Liberty.

Transported
Mealmaker continued his radical activities and became involved in the Society of the United Scotsmen.  He continued to write treatises critical of the government and in 1797 he wrote The Moral and Political Catechism of Man for which he was arrested. Tried at the High Court of Justiciary in Edinburgh by David Rae, Lord Eskgrove on 10/11 January 1798 for sedition and found guilty, he was transported for 14 years to Australia.

This ended a short married life with Marjory Thoms (died c. 1843) of Dundee, whom he had married in 1795 and by whom he had two daughters.

Mealmaker's skills were needed in the colony, and he was put in charge of a weaving factory in Parramatta by Governor King. For several years he did well, and was granted a conditional pardon and other rewards. The next Governor, William Bligh, did not place the same value on developing weaving, a fire partly destroyed the factory in 1807, and Mealmaker died destitute in 1808, of alcoholic suffocation.

Outlook
Mealmaker's "political ideology and outlook, which were formed from an amalgam of Paineite republicanism, radical Presbyterianism, and a commitment to religious freedom and democratic parliamentary reform, distanced him from the mainstream of Scottish radicalism of this period."

References

Michael Roe, "Mealmaker, George (1768–1808)", Australian Dictionary of Biography online edition Accessed 3 December 2009.
Michael Roe, "George Mealmaker, the forgotten martyr", Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, 43 (1957), 284–298.
Thomas Jones Howell, William Cobbett, David Jardine A complete collection of state trials and proceedings for high treason and other crimes and misdemeanors from the earliest period to the year 1783, Vol. 23, ed. T. C. Hansard for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1817

See also
List of convicts transported to Australia

1768 births
1808 deaths
People from Dundee
Scottish political writers
Convicts transported to Australia
Writers from Dundee
Scottish male writers

George Mealmaker


The Government of Pittsburgh is composed of the Mayor, the City Council, and various boards and commissions. Most of these offices are housed within the Pittsburgh City-County Building. The Government of Pittsburgh receives its authority from the Pennsylvania General Assembly pursuant to Part III of Title 53 of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, relating to Cities of the Second Class.

Mayor

The Mayor of Pittsburgh is elected every 4 years. The current mayor is Ed Gainey.  Since the 1950s the Mayor's Chief of Staff has assumed a large role in advising, long term planning and as a "gatekeeper" to the mayor.

City Council

The Pittsburgh City Council is a nine-member city council. City council members are chosen by plurality elections in each of nine districts.

Law enforcement
The mayor appoints (with City Council approval) the position of Pittsburgh Police Chief. The city and its immediate suburbs are served by the four-year elected Allegheny County District Attorney to prosecute criminal offenses and the congressionally appointed U.S. District Attorney for the Western District of Pennsylvania for federal offenses. The city and its residents are also served by the elected four-year term Allegheny County Sheriff and the County council-appointed Allegheny County Police Department Chief.

Pittsburgh Intergovernmental Cooperation Authority

Pittsburgh finances are subject to the Pittsburgh Intergovernmental Cooperation Authority, the city's state-appointed financial oversight body.

Boards, Authorities and Commissions
Many governmental functions are carried out by boards, authorities and commissions. These organizations include:

Allegheny County Sanitary Authority
Allegheny Regional Asset District Board
Pittsburgh Parking Authority
Sports and Exhibition Authority
Urban Redevelopment Authority of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh Stadium Authority

See also
 Government of Pennsylvania

References

External links

 Pittsburgh Code and Charter from Municode

Government of Pittsburgh


is a Japanese shōjo manga (for girls) magazine published by Mag Garden.

History and profile
The first issue was released on September 15, 2007, which replaced Comic Blade Masamune a few months after ending publication. The magazine was formerly titled Monthly Comic Blade Avarus before it was renamed in September 2010. While new, female-oriented manga works are to be featured in the new magazine, some of the manga published in the shōnen manga (for boys) magazine Comic Blade Masamune would also continue serialization in Avarus.

Starting with the September 2014 issue it ceased print publication and became a digital-only online magazine.

Serialized manga
 12 Nin no Yasashii Koroshiya: Leo Murder Case (Founder Masaki; adapted by Ryo Takahashi)
 Akatsuki no Yami (Yumiko Kawai, art by Ayumi Kano)
 Amagoushi no Yakata (Nippon Ichi Software; adapted by Touka Okuno)
 Angetsu Yakou (Munku Mutsuki)
 Ayumu-kun no OO na Hibi (Yufuko Suzuki)
 Boukyaku no Cradle (Moyamu Fujino) (from Comic Blade Brownie)
 Utsurowazarumono -Breath of Fire IV- (Hitoshi Ichimura)
 Coda (Hitoshi Ichimura)
 Countdown 7 Days (Kemuri Karakara)
 Carat! (Yoshitomo Watanabe) (from Comic Blade Zebel)
 Crookclock (Chisato Nesumi)
 Dainashi (Shou Satogane)
 Docca (Yoshitomo Watanabe)  (from Comic Blade Brownie)
 Dolci (Soumei Hoshino)
 Donten ni Warau (Kemuri Karakara)
 Erementar Gerad -Aozora no Senki- (Mayumi Azuma)  (from Comic Blade Masamune)
 Fetish Berry (Arata Aki)
 Finlandia: Santa Yousei Gakkou (Mei Noguchi)
 Flat (Natsu Aogiri)
 Hanakisou (HaccaWorks; art by Maki Kouda)
 Hachigatsu no Hikari (K)
 Heart no Kuni no Alice ~Wonderful Wonder World~ (QuinRose; adapted by Soumei Hoshino)
 Heart Tsuranuite (Rurui Hoshino)
 Hinekure Shisho no Mikaiketsu Jikenroku (Runamu Kinashi)
 Hishosama Kounin! (Eriko Katou)
 Honekoe Monogatari (Matsuki Akisawa)
 Honoo no Histugi (Kou Tounomine; art by Yoshiyuki)
 Hoshi no Oujo (Mirai Soft; adapted by Haruhiko Momokawa)
 Hoshino no Oujisama (Amino Yuki)
 Houou Gakuen Misoragumi (Arata Aki)
 Ilegenes: Giyoku no Koukyoukyoku (Mizuna Kuwabara; art by Kachiru Ishizue)
 Ilegenes: Kokuyou no Kiseki (Mizuna Kuwabara; art by Kachiru Ishizue)
 Inuyomi (Runamu Kinashi)
 Izayoi no Hitomi (Naruse Takami)
 Kaguu no Perelman (Maki Kouda)
 Kapo-n (Haruka Kanda)
 Kekko na Otemae Desu. (Miyoshi Furumachi)
 Konton no Shiro (Baku Yumemakura; art by Hiro Matsuba)
 Kori Senman (Mi Tagawa)
 Koto Puzzle (Alice Arisugawa; art by Ayumi Natsumo)
 Mekurumeku (Sato Tamaru)
 Mikan-Jirou (You Futaba)
 Mitsuboshi no Elende (Rami Uchiyama)
 Monochrome Factor (Kaili Sorano) (from Comic Blade Masamune)
 Muteki no Zarathustra (Meg Noguchi)
 Nakayoshi Kouen (Warehito Nejimaki)  (from Comic Blade Masamune)
 Noble Savage (Shou Satogane)
 Number (Kawori Tsubaki)
 Pangaea/Ezel (Rin Asano) (from Comic Blade Masamune)
 Princess Nightmare (Karin Entertainment; adapted by Mei Noguchi)
 Replica (Kemuri Karakara)
 Rosetta Kara no Shoutaijou (Neko Asari; art by Hajime Sato) (from Comic Blade Brownie)
 Sable Prince (Chisato Nesumi)
 Saihate Keisatsu (Kou Matsuhisa)
 Sakaime no Sumika (Shigura Matsu)
 Sangoku Rensenki: Otome no Heihou! (Daisy2; art by Maya Azu)
 Sengaku (AKIRA, art by Hinoki Kino)
 Shiina-kun no Torikemo Hyakka (Shiya Totsuki)
 Shirokuro Tsukeru? (Clay Seagod, art by Amino Yuki)
 Shiroman (Shigura Matsu)
 Shuuten Unknown (Shiho Sugiura)
 Sousoukyoku Nightmare (Arata Aki) (from Comic Blade Masamune)
 Tactics (Kazuko Higashiyama, Sakura Kinoshita) (from Comic Blade Masamune)
 Tenshou Gakuen Gekkouroku (Nyun Miyao)
 Tokyo Last Chika (Miyoshi Furumachi)
 Toukai Retrospective (Mei Noguchi)
 Toxic (Ryo Takahashi)
 Tsukuyomi (Tadashi Ota; art by Haruki Seno)
 Usahiyo (Ai Shimizu)
 Vassalord (Nanae Chrono)
 VIVO! (Fujiko Segawa)
 Will O' Wisp (Otomate; adapted by Saiko Onodera)
 Working Holiday (Tsukasa Sakaki; art by Ayako Koyama)
 Yuuma-kun no Mainichi (Yufuko Suzuki)
 Your and My Secret (Ai Morinaga)  (from Monthly Comic Blade)
 Zenryoku Shōnen (You Futaba)

References

External links
Mag Garden's Monthly Comic Avarus website

2007 establishments in Japan
2014 disestablishments in Japan
Defunct magazines published in Japan
Magazines established in 2007
Magazines disestablished in 2014
Magazines published in Tokyo
Mag Garden magazines
Monthly manga magazines published in Japan
Online magazines with defunct print editions
Shōjo manga magazines

Monthly Comic Avarus


An inflorescence is a flowering stem. The term is most used for a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem. An inflorescence is the reproductive portion of a plant; each plant bears its flowers in a specific pattern.

Whereas gymnosperms are mostly wind-pollinated, flowering plants are mostly pollinated by insects. There are some exceptions to this, for instance grasses are wind-pollinated. However, as a general rule, flowering plants rely on animals for their pollination.

Most flowers are pollinated by animals, usually insects. To be pollinated, a flower needs to be seen. Most insects have good colour vision, including vision in the ultra-violet (which humans do not have).
That is the reason many flowers have attractive colours.

Sometimes there is just a close bunch of flowers (e.g. Antirrhinum) on a spike. Sometimes the inflorescence is so tight it looks like one single flower. What you see as a single daisy is actually made of several hundred tiny flowers packed together. This kind of inflorescence is called a pseudanthium ("false flower").

Advantages
The advantages of the inflorescence mode is all about reproduction compared to a single primitive flower of the Magnolia type.

Numbers There may be dozens or even hundreds of flowers in an inflorescence, with many seeds or fruits for each flowering.
Pollination Increased pollination is an important bonus. Massing flowers together makes them more visible to pollinating insects and birds.
Seed or fruit dispersal Dispersal by wind or animals is improved by having the flowers at the top end of a stem.

Related pages
 Multiple fruit

References

Wilhelm Troll: Die Infloreszenzen; Erster Band. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart 1964
Wilhelm Troll: Die Infloreszenzen; Zweiter Band, Erster Teil. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart 1969

Plant anatomy
Flowers

Inflorescence


Bengt Hambraeus (Stockholm, Sweden, January 29, 1928 – Glen Roy, Ontario, (in Glengarry County), near Montreal, Quebec, Canada, September 21, 2000) was a Swedish-Canadian organist, composer and musicologist.

Biography
Hambreaus studied organ with Alf Linder and musicology with Carl-Allan Moberg, earning his doctorate in 1956 on a thesis about medieval musical notation. From 1957 to 1972 he worked at the music department of the Swedish Radio, eventually holding executive and producer posts, and during this time became a very high-profile emissary of new music in Sweden, encouraging discussion of new musical forms, a renewal of organ music with new tonal/technical concepts and the integration of performance art, improvisation, live electronics and stereo/spatial effects into traditional concert performing. He was also a prolific composer.

In 1972 he became professor of composition at McGill University, Montreal and he remained in Canada until his death in 2000. Among his notable pupils are composer Peter Allen and pianist Richard Hunt.

He was elected into the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in 1967 and received the Swedish Royal Medal Litteris et Artibus in 1986.

Hambraeus wrote music for a large number of instruments, but he is perhaps best known for his organ works. Together with Mauricio Kagel and György Ligeti he was among the first to use high modernist compositional methods to compose organ music.  Limelight Records released his Constellations and Interferences on LP.

Selected works
 1958 Constellations I
 1959 "constellations II for organ sounds" (Lp Cat No. Philips 838 750 AY)
 1961-62 Interferenzen (interferences for the organ) Lp Cat No. Philips 838 750 AY
 1966-67 Tre Pezzi per Organo
 1969 Nebulosa
 1974 Ricercare per organo
 1981 Livre d'orgue (4 volumes)
 1992 Missa pro organo: in memoriam Olivier Messiaen
 1998 Quintette pour clarinette et quatuor à cordes, le tombeau de Max Reger
 1999 Riflessioni per organo grande''

References

External links
 Bengt Hambraeus at Canadian Music Centre
Bengt Hambraeus at Swedish Music Information Center
 Bengt Hambraeus page

1928 births
2000 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Litteris et Artibus recipients
Academic staff of McGill University
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music
Musicians from Stockholm
Swedish classical composers
Swedish male classical composers
20th-century Swedish male musicians
20th-century Swedish musicians

Bengt Hambraeus


Summer Catch is a 2001 American romantic comedy film directed by Michael Tollin and starring Freddie Prinze Jr., Jessica Biel and Matthew Lillard. The film marked Tollin's feature film directorial debut. The setting is the Cape Cod Baseball League, but the majority of the film was shot in Southport, North Carolina.

Plot
Ryan Dunne is a local baseball player who dreams of playing in the Major Leagues. He helps his dad with his landscaping business and takes care of Veteran's Field, where his team, the Chatham A's play.

Ryan, in his dedication to making the pros, has sworn off girls and drinking to avoid distractions. This changes when he sees Tenley Parrish, as he and his father are mowing the Parrish family's lawn.

The next day, the A's have their first game of the season where rival Van Leemer shines pitching a shut-out, while Ryan is told to walk the stands for donations. That evening Ryan and Tenley have their first kiss.

The next night Ryan is pitching in his first game of the season. The game goes well for the A's until the last inning when he gives up a grand slam, allowing the other team to win the game. He returns home to find his dad drunk and upset about the loss.

Later, Ryan visits Tenley, where he confides about his rocky relationship with his father and fear of failing as a baseball player. The next night, they take a swim in her pool in the rain, falling in love, before being chased off by her dad.

Ryan is distracted by Tenley and feels a lot of pressure from scouts, family, the Parrish family, and friends. Told he's starting for an upcoming big game, Ryan starts well, but comes apart later on. The loss causes him to be demoted to the bullpen in a relief position. Despite the bad outing, Hugh Alexander, a scout for the Philadelphia Phillies in attendance, shows interest in Ryan.

Eric Van Leemer and Dale Robin are kicked off the team not only for their bad behavior, but also for accidentally burning down a press box, so Ryan is designated to start the final game, as he has the freshest arm and the most rest.

Tenley tells Ryan that she's leaving for San Francisco for a job the following night, also the night of the final game. She tells him to let himself be great, before tearfully hugging him goodbye.

Inspired by Tenley's words of encouragement, Ryan pitches one of the best performances ever seen in the Cape League, dominating the game with a no-hitter. His friends, dad and brother, and several major league scouts, including Alexander, are in attendance. Late in the game, he notices that Tenley has stopped by on her way to the airport to watch him. He proceeds to strike out the current batter, marking his eleventh strike-out of the game, and looks back to see that Tenley has gone.

Ryan rushes to the airport where he catches Tenley before she boards her plane. They both profess their love for each other and she agrees to forgo her job in San Francisco and stay. Ryan's dad and brother soon arrive with the scout Alexander, to tell him that his team won the game with a combined no-hitter. Alexander offers Ryan a contract with the Phillies that will start him out at their minor league affiliate, which he happily accepts.

Later, everyone is gathered to watch Ryan in his Major League debut as a relief pitcher for the Phillies. He delivers his first pitch to Ken Griffey Jr., who launches it into the stands for a home run.

Cast
 Freddie Prinze Jr. as Ryan Dunne
 Jessica Biel as Tenley Parrish
 Fred Ward as Sean Dunne
 Matthew Lillard as Billy Brubaker
 Jason Gedrick as Mike Dunne
 Brittany Murphy as Dede Mulligan
 Brian Dennehy as Coach John Schiffner
 Gabriel Mann as Auggie Mulligan
 Bruce Davison as Rand Parrish
 John C. McGinley as Hugh Alexander (uncredited)
 Marc Blucas as Miles Dalrymple
 Wilmer Valderrama as Mickey Dominguez
 Corey Pearson as Eric Van Leemer
 Christian Kane as Dale Robin
 Zena Grey as Katie Parrish
 Traci Dinwiddie as Lauren
 Susan Gardner as Marjorie
 Beverly D'Angelo as Lusty House Mother (uncredited)
Phillies players Mike Lieberthal, Doug Glanville, and Pat Burrell, along with outfielder Ken Griffey, Jr., make appearances at the end of the film. Other notable cameos in the movie include Kevin Youkilis, Curt Gowdy, Hank Aaron and Carlton Fisk.

Production

The film was not filmed in New England because the spring season was too cold so the actual production site was in Southport, North Carolina. The Chatham A's baseball field that was used in the film was actually built from a field that had been abandoned for about 20 years. Within about eight weeks the field was complete with batting cages and a press box ready to film. Since the filming of the movie, the field has once again been abandoned and is simply an overgrown field.  The majority of the people cast for the roles of the teammates were actual minor-league baseball players. Only seven of the 35 people cast for the roles of the teammates were actors. The baseball players had to attend a four-week training camp during which they learned how to ignore the cameras on the field and to feel and act more as a team. All of the actors had to practice every day.

Prinze was reportedly paid $2 million for his performance.

Reception

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 8% based on 91 reviews, with an average rating of 3.4/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "A clichéd and predictable sports comedy that's mostly devoid of excitement or laughs, Summer Catch is strictly bush-league." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 21 out of 100 based on reviews from 25 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

Lawrence Van Gelder of The New York Times wrote that it was "figuratively and literally a minor league movie." He opened his critique by stating, "Take the romantic impulse behind F. Scott Fitzgerald's story Winter Dreams. Add some New England small-town social stratification from John P. Marquand's novel Point of No Return. Add a pinch of lusty Apple Annies from Bull Durham and some townie-preppy animosity from Good Will Hunting. Then bury the whole thing under a mound of standard-issue parent-child conflicts and enough self-help clichés to drive Polonius to the aquavit barrel at Elsinore. Sprinkle with half-baked characters and a predictably odds-defying outcome, and the result is Summer Catch."

Joe Leydon of Variety was more forgiving with his analysis, but explained, "With its haphazard mix of boisterously crude comedy, romantic entanglements, class-conscious clashes and intensely competitive hardball, pic plays like it was inspired by a late-night channel surf through Major League, Bull Durham, One Crazy Summer and some late-'50s wrong-side-of-the-tracks meller." He praised George Fenton's score and the film's humor, singling out Matthew Lillard, Brittany Murphy and Beverly D'Angelo.

Marc Savlov of The Austin Chronicle gave the movie 1 1/2 stars out of 5, adding, "Baseball, summer, apple pie, and Freddie Prinze Jr.'s bare butt – what could be more American? Toss in a brief glance at Matthew Lillard's equally nekkid behind and you've got a better-late-than-never entry in the clichéd teen love-story genre that, while generally inoffensive, is nonetheless so cloyingly heartfelt that it's all you can do not to giggle every time someone makes a prophetic, lovestruck proclamation (of which there are many)."

Box office
The film opened at #6 at the U.S. box office raking in $7 million in its opening weekend. Summer Catch went on to gross $19 million worldwide, failing to bring back its $34 million budget.

Home media
Summer Catch was released on VHS and DVD on December 4, 2001.

Soundtrack
 Sweet Summer - Radford
 Jump (The Velvet Rope) - Clara Star a.k.a. Seven and the Sun
 Would You...? - Touch and Go
 Straight To... Number One - Touch and Go
 Bohemian Like You - The Dandy Warhols
 Soul Sound - Sugababes
 Let It Go - The Clarks
 Mr. Hawkins - Uncle Kracker
 Another Day - Nine Days
 Anything and Everything - Youngstown
 Everytime She Walks - Fastball
 I Like It - The Miami Allstars
 Going Back to Cali - Rick Rubin and LL Cool J
 Over My Head - Semisonic
 Makes No Difference - Sum 41
 The Whole Enchilada - Brett Laurence
 Wild Blue Night - Frina Harmon, Dillon O'Brian, and Matthew Gerrard
 Skin - Collective Soul
 Tell Her This - Diffuser
 What It Beez Like - Tarsha Vega
 Sometimes - Michael Franti and Spearhead
 Lovin' Each Day - Ronan Keating

See also
 List of baseball films

References

External links

2001 films
2001 directorial debut films
2001 romantic comedy films
2000s sports comedy films
American baseball films
American romantic comedy films
American sports comedy films
Films directed by Michael Tollin
Films scored by George Fenton
Films set in Massachusetts
Films shot in Massachusetts
Films shot in North Carolina
Films shot in Ohio
Films with screenplays by John Gatins
Philadelphia Phillies
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Summer Catch