WHAS-TV (channel 11) is a television station in Louisville, Kentucky, United States, affiliated with ABC. Owned by Tegna Inc., the station maintains studios on West Chestnut Street in Downtown Louisville, and its transmitter is located in rural northeastern Floyd County, Indiana (northeast of Floyds Knobs).

History
The station first signed on the air on March 27, 1950. Originally broadcasting on VHF channel 9, it was the second television station to sign on in the Louisville market and the Commonwealth of Kentucky (after NBC affiliate WAVE-TV, which started in November 1948). WHAS-TV was founded by the Bingham family, publishers of morning newspaper The Courier-Journal, afternoon newspaper The Louisville Times and operator of WHAS (840 AM), Louisville's oldest radio station. It operated from brand-new studios in the Courier-Journal/Times Building at 6th & Broadway, in downtown Louisville. Even though WHAS-TV's construction permit was issued in 1946, before WAVE-TV's (1947), the Bingham family waited until the new TV facility was finished to go on the air. As a result, channel 9 signed on 16 months after WAVE-TV, who adapted an existing building at Preston and Broadway.

The station originally operated as a primary CBS affiliate, owing to its sister radio station's longtime affiliation with the CBS Radio Network, with a secondary affiliation with ABC. It moved to VHF channel 11 on February 7, 1953, one of several channel shifts resulting from the Federal Communications Commission's 1952 Sixth Report and Order. Under the same decree, WAVE-TV relocated from channel 5 to channel 3.

Following the move to channel 11, the station became to first to increase its effective radiated power to 316,000 watts, the maximum allowed for a high-band VHF station, resulting in a greatly increased signal coverage area. When the FCC gradually enforced print-broadcast cross-ownership restrictions in the early 1970s, the Commission granted the Binghams a grandfathered cross-ownership waiver to retain their Louisville holdings.

Barry Bingham, Sr., patriarch of the family media empire, handed over control to his son Barry, Jr. upon his retirement from active involvement in 1971. But following nearly fifteen years of family infighting, the senior Bingham decided to break up the family's media holdings in early 1986. The decision resulted in the sales of WHAS radio (and its sister FM station, WAMZ) to Clear Channel Communications; the Courier-Journal and the Times to the Gannett Company; and WHAS-TV to the Providence Journal Company. The Journal Company merged with the Belo Corporation in 1997.

WHAS-TV lost ABC programming for nearly 30 years when WLKY (channel 32) signed on September 16, 1961, as that network's Louisville affiliate, with channel 11 becoming an exclusive CBS affiliate. Nearly three decades later as mentioned on September 8, 1990, channel 11 terminated its prolonged relationship with CBS and rejoined ABC, this time as an exclusive affiliate of the network, of which it remains to this day. At the time of the switch, ABC was the second-most-watched network in the country (after NBC), and the network was concerned with perennial third-place WLKY's ratings. At the same time, CBS was at a distant third during the midway-point of president Laurence Tisch's helming of the network. The last CBS network program to air on channel 11 was a repeat of the 1989 made-for-TV movie Night Walk, at 9 p.m. ET; the first ABC network program to air was Good Morning America. WLKY, which became the market's CBS affiliate, has since made strong strides in the market as cable penetration allowed WLKY's traditional disadvantage of being on the UHF band to fade, and other factors allowed the station to strengthen its news operation and adequately compete with WHAS-TV's newscasts. In addition, WLKY became the local home for the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, and owing to the region's status as a college basketball hotbed with local teams such as Kentucky, Louisville and Indiana being longtime fixtures in the tournament, NCAA tournament games on WLKY are consistently among the highest-rated programs in the market during the tournament's run. Channel 11 has seen some struggles over the years during television seasons when ABC suffers from a weaker-rated schedule, while WLKY's ties to CBS have boosted that station through most of the 2000s. With ABC's current schedule, both stations usually exchange the top rankings in the Louisville market's news ratings.

On June 13, 2013, Belo announced that it would be acquired by the Gannett Company. Due to Gannett's ownership of The Courier-Journal, the company chose to spin off WHAS-TV to Sander Media, LLC (a media company operated by former Belo executive Jack Sander), with Gannett operating the station through a shared services agreement. The sale was completed on December 23. The SSA marked a re-entry into Louisville television for Gannett, which owned WLKY from 1979 (after Combined Communications merged with Gannett) until it sold the station to Pulitzer, Inc. in 1983.

On June 29, 2015, Gannett split into two publicly traded companies. The print interests retained the Gannett name, while the broadcasting and digital media interests became Tegna. Shortly afterward, Sander Media filed with the FCC to transfer WHAS-TV's license to Tegna's Belo Kentucky, Inc.; the acquisition was completed on December 3, 2015.

Programming
As an ABC station, WHAS-TV splits the syndicated block Litton's Weekend Adventure over two days, with the first two hours airing after its Saturday morning newscast and the third hour airing on Sunday mornings. The station produces the hour-long talk program Great Day Live!, which airs weekdays at 9:00 a.m. The program debuted in September 2011, replacing longtime 9:00 a.m. slotholder Live with Kelly, and is formatted as a mix of interviews and paid demonstration segments.

Special programming
The station broadcasts the annual WHAS Crusade for Children, a highly successful local telethon benefiting children's charities throughout Kentucky and southern Indiana, with fundraisers leading up to the telethon broadcast on the first weekend of June. It also originated one of the nation's longest-running public service programs, Moral Side of the News, featuring a local interfaith clergy panel discussing the week's events in the light of faith. The panel also administers the annual grants from the Crusade for Children telethon.

Sports programming
WHAS-TV originated the first television broadcast of the Kentucky Derby locally in 1950 and 1951, and once network lines were extended to Louisville in 1952, the station originated a national telecast for CBS that year. Through CBS, WHAS-TV continued to carry the Derby through 1974. When the Derby's broadcast rights moved to ABC (which was affiliated with WLKY at the time) in 1975, Churchill Downs included a provision in the contract requiring ABC to allow channel 11 to produce its own local Derby coverage, including the race itself. The provision became moot when WHAS-TV joined ABC fifteen years later. However, after the Triple Crown races moved to NBC in 2001, WHAS-TV lost the Kentucky Derby rights to that network's Louisville affiliate, WAVE. Channel 11, through ABC, regained the rights to the Belmont Stakes in 2006, and the station also simulcast the 2006 Breeders' Cup from Churchill Downs that aired on ESPN. With the departure of the Belmont to NBC in 2011, WHAS-TV no longer broadcasts any Triple Crown horse races.

In May 2014, WHAS-TV and NBC affiliate WAVE were granted rights to Atlantic Coast Conference football and basketball coverage provided by the Raycom Sports-operated ACC Network. This is due in part of the University of Louisville joining the ACC in July of that year. The arrangement ended after the 2019 ACC men's basketball tournament, after which the ESPN-partnered cable-only ACC Network launched.

News operation
WHAS-TV at present broadcasts 38½ hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with 6½ hours each weekday and three hours each on Saturdays and Sundays). Not surprisingly for a station with roots in a newspaper, WHAS-TV has been an innovator in news coverage. It was the first television station in Kentucky to use newsreel film to gather footage for stories. From the late 1970s until 1991, as a CBS affiliate, the station's newscasts were titled Action 11 News. In 1991, its news branding was changed to Kentuckiana's News Channel, WHAS 11. In 1999, the station rebranded its newscasts as WHAS 11 News.

In the late 1970s, WHAS-TV displaced long-dominant WAVE-TV in the local news ratings and became the highest-rated news station in Louisville. It held the lead through the early 21st century, often by a wide margin. While it still leads WAVE and WLKY in most timeslots, its dominance is not nearly as absolute as it once was. In recent years, it has lost the lead in the 11 p.m. slot to WLKY. During the May 2006 ratings period, WHAS-TV placed fourth at 11 p.m. (behind syndicated reruns of Sex and the City on Fox affiliate WDRB (channel 41)); however by May 2007, it had regained the runner-up spot behind WLKY.

On January 2, 2006, WHAS-TV began producing a 10 p.m. newscast for then-WB affiliate WBKI-TV (channel 34, later a CW affiliate) through a news share agreement. On August 24, 2009, WHAS-TV became the second station in the Louisville market (after WAVE) to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in a widescreen picture format. Unlike WAVE (and eventually WDRB), WHAS-TV produces its newscasts in 16:9 standard definition. The WBKI-TV broadcast was presented in 4:3 standard definition as that station did not have a modernized master control facility to allow the program to be transmitted in native widescreen. WHAS-TV's news share agreement with WBKI-TV ended on October 26, 2012, the result of a shared services agreement that was formed between Block Communications, which owns WDRB and then-MyNetworkTV affiliate WMYO (channel 58), and WBKI-TV owner LM Communications, LLC (the 10 p.m. newscast was replaced by syndicated programming, with WDRB subsequently producing a half-hour 7 p.m. newscast for WBKI-TV).

On July 2, 2014, WHAS-TV changed over to Gannett's USA Today-inspired standard graphics design, requiring local cable and pay-TV providers to display the station in widescreen full-time on standard definition sets with the AFD#10 code. It also discontinued use of the Frank Gari-composed "Newschannel" theme package, which the station had used in various forms since 1991, switching to Gannett's standard "This is Home" package, also produced by Gari.

Notable current on-air staff
 Elle Smith – reporter and Miss USA 2021

Notable former on-air staff
 Mort Crim – later became anchor for KYW-TV/Philadelphia and WDIV-TV/Detroit; now runs Mort Crim Communications
 Terry Meiners – former co-host of Great Day Live!
 Milton Metz – host of WHAS-TV's Omelet (1970–1979) and WHAS Radio's Metz Here (1960s–1980s); deceased
 Tom Mintier – reporter; later correspondent for CNN; deceased
 Hugh Smith – later anchor at WTVT/Tampa, Florida; deceased
 Stacy Smith – now at KDKA-TV/Pittsburgh; retired
 Richard Threlkeld – American television news correspondent who spent twenty-five years with CBS News; deceased

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

In October 2009, WHAS-TV began carrying the Wazoo Sports Network, a regional sports network devoted to high school and minor league athletics and sports from the University of Louisville and University of Kentucky, over digital subchannel 11.3; both WHAS-TV and Lexington NBC affiliate WLEX-TV served as Wazoo's charter affiliates. The network had previously operated as an online-only service before becoming a multicast service. Wazoo Sports was dropped by WHAS-TV on December 18, 2011, due to the network's parent failing to pay the station for services and a lack of confidence by station management in the network's business plan. Wazoo's parent company filed for bankruptcy on January 9, 2012. A still screen noting the Wazoo termination remained on 11.3 until November 21, when it was replaced by a live image of the station's Doppler radar system.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WHAS-TV discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 11, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 55, which was among the high band UHF channels (52–69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition, to its analog-era VHF channel 11. Like most ABC stations that were formerly owned by Belo, WHAS-TV's main channel is transmitted in the 1080i high definition resolution format rather than ABC's default 720p format.

Out-of-market coverage

Frankfort
WHAS-TV, along with WAVE and WLKY, is available on the Frankfort Plant Board's cable system serving Kentucky's state capital. On December 20, 2017, the Frankfort Plant Board announced that it would drop WHAS and competitor WAVE on January 1, 2018 in order to curb rising retransmission consent costs that were being passed on to its customers. However, by December 28, Frankfort Plant Board had re-entered negotiations to continue carriage of WHAS. On December 29, Frankfort Plant Board announced they had reached a deal to keep the station on the cable system through December 31, 2020. The channel was never removed and remained on its longtime channel positions of 11 and 511 (HD).

Southern Kentucky
In Barren County, Kentucky, which is in the Bowling Green media market, WHAS-TV and WHAS-DT2 (along with a few other Louisville stations) were also piped in by the cable system of the Glasgow Electric Plant Board, as well as the cable television system of the South Central Rural Telephone Cooperative. Mediacom's customers in Hart and Metcalfe counties also have access to the main channel of WHAS-TV as a second choice for ABC programming as opposed to local ABC station WBKO in the event that either station preempts an ABC program for severe weather coverage or breaking news coverage. The SCRTC's customers in Monroe County, Kentucky (in the Nashville media market), also had access to WHAS-TV, as well as WBKO and Nashville's ABC station WKRN. WHAS and WAVE, along with WAVE's Bounce TV subchannel were both dropped from both Glasgow-based cable systems (except for the SCRTC systems in Green and Larue Counties) in 2018.

Before the 1990 network affiliation swap, WHAS-TV also served as one of the two default CBS affiliates for parts of the Bowling Green market on cable along with Nashville's WTVF, because Bowling Green did not have a CBS affiliate of its own. Today, a CBS affiliation is held in that area by the second subchannel of NBC affiliate WNKY.

See also
 WHAS (AM)
 List of media of Louisville, Kentucky

References

External links

 WHAS Crusade for Children Website
 Wazoo Sports Website

ABC network affiliates
Tegna Inc.
Television channels and stations established in 1950
HAS-TV
True Crime Network affiliates
1950 establishments in Kentucky
Quest (American TV network) affiliates
Court TV affiliates
Twist (TV network) affiliates
Dabl affiliates

WHAS-TV


Spandex fetishism is a fetishistic attraction to people wearing form-fitting stretch fabrics or to the wearing of items of clothing made of such material. Spandex garments are often worn by swimmers, gymnasts, ballet dancers, wrestlers, rowers, cyclists, contortionists and circus performers, and spandex fetishists may incorporate fantasies about these activities into their particular fetish.

One reason spandex and other tight fabrics may be fetishized is that the garment forms a "second skin", acting as a surrogate for the wearer's own skin. Wearers of skin-tight nylon and cotton spandex garments can appear naked or coated in a shiny or matte substance like paint. The tightness of the garments may also be seen as sexual bondage. Another reason, at least pertinent to nylon-spandex fabric, is that the material can have a very smooth and silk-like finish, which lends a tactile dimension to the fetish - as well as a visual one. The pressure of tight garments against the genitals can become quite sensual.

Pantyhose fetishism can be viewed as a class of spandex fetishism.

See also

Catsuit
Cosplay
Dance belt
Darlexx
Leggings
Leotard
Polo neck
Rubber and PVC fetishism
Skin-tight garment
Stockings
Superhero erotica
Swimsuit
Zentai

References

Sexual fetishism
Fetish clothing

Spandex fetishism


Pathé Exchange, commonly known as Pathé, was an American film production and distribution company, largely of Hollywood's silent era. Known for its groundbreaking newsreel and wide array of shorts, it grew out of the American division of the major French studio Pathé Frères, which began distributing films in the United States in 1904. Ten years later, it produced the enormously successful The Perils of Pauline, a twenty-episode serial that came to define the genre. The American operation was incorporated as Pathé Exchange toward the end of 1914 and spun off as an independent entity in 1921; the Merrill Lynch investment firm acquired a controlling stake. The following year, it released Robert J. Flaherty's groundbreaking documentary Nanook of the North. Other notable feature releases included the controversial drama Sex (1920) and director/producer Cecil B. DeMille's smash-hit biblical epic The King of Kings (1927/28).  During much of the 1920s, Pathé distributed the shorts of comedy pioneers Hal Roach and Mack Sennett and innovative animator Paul Terry. For Roach and then his own production company, acclaimed comedian Harold Lloyd starred in many feature and short releases from Pathé and the closely linked Associated Exhibitors.

In late 1926, controlling interest in the studio was acquired by investment banker Elisha Walker's Blair & Co. firm, which soon allied it with the Keith-Albee and Orpheum theater chains and in 1928 brought in financier and Hollywood maestro Joseph P. Kennedy to manage it. Under Kennedy, Pathé contracted with RCA Photophone for conversion to sound film and took over the assets of Producers Distributing Corporation, DeMille's former outlet. Finally, in January 1931, the studio was acquired by the much larger RKO Pictures. It continued making features as the semiautonomous division RKO Pathé into 1932, when all feature production was subsumed under the "RKO Radio Pictures" banner; the RKO Pathé unit and brand were maintained for short subjects and the trademark newsreel. The latter was purchased in 1947 from RKO by Warner Bros., which rebranded it Warner Pathé News. RKO Pathé, which in its final decade produced industrials and TV commercials along with theatrical shorts, closed its doors in 1956; Warners ended the newsreel the same year.

Pathé Exchange had survived as a small holding company for the few assets, including an East Coast film lab and a home-movie operation, that RKO had declined to acquire; the business was subsequently reorganized, first as Pathé Film Corporation and ultimately as Pathé Industries. The company reentered the movie production and distribution business for nearly a decade beginning in 1942 with the purchase of Poverty Row studio Producers Releasing Corporation (PRC) and Pathé's subsequent establishment of Eagle-Lion Films. Among the historically significant releases from this period are the film noir Detour (1945, PRC) and the science-fiction film Destination Moon (1950, Eagle-Lion). By 1951, Pathé Industries was out of the motion picture business. In 1961, its successor company, the America Corporation, briefly revived the brand with a distribution subsidiary, Pathé-America. It was sold the following year to Astor Pictures and soon dissolved.

History

From silents to the early sound era

Pathé Frères, founded in 1895 and by the middle of the next decade France's leading film studio, began distributing its films in the United States in 1904. By October 1906, its films commanded as much as 50 percent of the entire U.S. market. In 1908, Pathé Frères was invited to join the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), created by a combine of production firms that aimed to lock up the American market completely. As a result, Pathé utilized MPPC's General Film Company distribution company to release its films. Pathé Frères established production facilities in New Jersey—first in East Bound Brook, then Jersey City—and leased an outdoor spread in Edendale, an L.A. suburb, for the shooting of Westerns. In 1911, the company launched the first ever newsreel produced in the United States, the Pathé Weekly; by early 1914, the renamed Pathé News was coming out five days a week. The year prior, alongside its General Film releases, Pathé also began distributing through the recently founded Eclectic Film Company, in which Pathé Frères was evidently a major investor.

In March 1914, from its studio in Jersey City (with many climactic scenes shot in the nearby film hub of Fort Lee), Pathé Frères entered the market for serials. Its initial such effort, The Perils of Pauline, starring Pearl White and codirected by company veteran Louis Gasnier, was a massive success, with popular demand so great that the original plan for thirteen episodes was extended to twenty and a record-breaking number of release prints were struck to supply exhibitors around the country. Several sequels followed, as the original, in the words of film historian Richard Lewis Ward, "became the hallmark for the genre". As of August 1914, Pathé's American release schedule, aside from its weekday newsreel, encompassed a Perils of Pauline chapter every other Monday, alternating with a "Cartoon Comedy or Comedy and Short Scenic Educational subjects in Natural Colors"; on Tuesdays, a one- or two-reel comedy; and on Wednesdays and Fridays, features of three reels or more. Later in the year, Pathé stopped releasing its films through General Film Company, acquired the Eclectic Film distribution exchanges, and formally incorporated an American subsidiary: Pathé Exchange. Investors Charles Merrill and Edmund Lynch, then just starting their careers, joined the company's board of directors in early 1915.

Released in April 1920, the drama Sex, starring Louise Glaum, was a hit across much of the country, though it caused controversy in some prudish precincts; the Pennsylvania Board of Censors required it be retitled Sex Crushed to Earth for distribution within the state. Pathé Frères cofounder Charles Pathé retired from the presidency of Pathé Exchange in September, and the following year the business was spun off from its French parent company, with a controlling stake acquired by Merrill Lynch. For many years, Pathé was closely associated with the distribution company Associated Exhibitors, which handled independent productions. Among Pathé's independent releases were the influential documentary feature Nanook of the North (1922), the first major commercial success in the genre. Its regular release schedule during this period revolved around its newsreel (now coming out twice a week), the "Pathéserials", cartoons by animator Paul Terry, and comedy shorts from Hal Roach and Mack Sennett. Trailblazing film comedians Laurel and Hardy (Roach), the Our Gang troupe (Roach), and Harry Langdon (Sennett) all first reached movie screens under the "Pathécomedy" banner.

By far Pathé's biggest star of this era, comedian Harold Lloyd, made many shorts for Roach, originally released by Pathé and then, beginning in May 1921, Associated Exhibitors. Lloyd shifted to features with the joint Pathé/Associated Exhibitors release A Sailor-Made Man that December. After four more full-length pictures with Roach—and a return to exclusive Pathé distribution—he launched his own production company with Girl Shy (1924). Following two further Pathé releases, including the massive hit The Freshman (1925), Lloyd departed for the major Paramount studio. Of the six feature films in Pathé Exchange history to reap $1 million or more in North American rentals, five were Lloyd vehicles. In October 1926, the ailing Associated Exhibitors was largely subsumed into Pathé. That same month, Merrill Lynch sold its controlling interest in the studio to fellow New York investment firm Blair & Co., headed by Elisha Walker.

Walker's firm proceeed to invest in Producers Distributing Corporation (PDC), known as star director Cecil B. DeMille's studio, and exchange Pathé stock interests with the Keith-Albee theater chain, which already owned 50 percent of PDC's holding company and had a national footprint through its alliance with the Orpheum circuit. In March 1927, an agreement was reached to merge Pathé and PDC under the former's aegis, with their films given preferential entrée to the Keith-Albee and Orpheum theaters; the arrangement was designed to allow the interlocked companies to compete with the production-distribution-exhibition combines that now ruled the movie industry: Paramount–Famous–Lasky, Loews–MGM, Stanley–First National–West Coast Theatres, and Fox Film and Theatres. Keith-Albee general manager John J. Murdock was named president of Pathé two months later. Hal Roach negotiated an exit from his Pathé contract and began putting out films through MGM in September, though he also produced a dozen pictures for Pathé's 1927–28 season as part of the exit deal.

Early in 1928, Walker and Murdock turned to financier Joseph P. Kennedy, head of midsized studio Film Booking Offices of America (FBO), to help reorganize the debt-ridden Pathé business. One of Kennedy's first moves was to terminate the distribution deals with all of the studio's outside producers, including Mack Sennett. PDC was dissolved and its assets, including DeMille's Culver City production facility and the long-term lease on the adjacent backlot, were folded into Pathé. For the conversion to sound film production now understood as necessary across the industry, Kennedy contracted both Pathé and FBO to RCA Photophone, run by his sometime ally David Sarnoff.

On September 30, 1928, Pathé debuted its first partial sound film: a shortened version of The King of Kings, DeMille's epic about the last weeks of Jesus. The movie had been critically lauded the previous year as a silent road-show attraction handled by PDC; now in general release with music and sound effects, about forty minutes shorter, and playing across the recently united Keith-Albee-Orpheum (KAO) circuit, it was a major hit at the box office. The KAO merger had been formalized in January and by May the theater chain was largely under Walker and Kennedy's control. Pathé first true feature "talkie", Strange Cargo, opened on March 31, 1929. The following month, Kennedy had himself elected as chair of the Pathé board. A fire at Pathé's New York production facility that December killed eleven people and precipitated a shift of the studio's short-comedy unit to the West Coast, joining the feature productions in Culver City. Pathé struggled through 1930, putting out just a single feature each month between June and November; the July release, Holiday, managed to garner Academy Award nominations for lead actress Ann Harding and screenwriter Horace Jackson.

Later incarnations
In late 1930, Kennedy arranged for Pathé Exchange to be acquired by RKO Pictures, which had been built by Sarnoff in part on the bones of FBO, sold off by Kennedy and dissolved early the previous year; the official merger took place on January 31, 1931. The central assets involved were Pathé Exchange's motion picture production facilities, employee contracts, and distribution exchanges; three films completed by Pathé Exchange, two already in release, were included as well. The Pathé headliners who joined the RKO roster and starred in films from the new semiautonomous RKO Pathé production unit were led by Constance Bennett, Ann Harding, Helen Twelvetrees, William Boyd, Eddie Quillan, Robert Armstrong, and James Gleason. Around the time of the takeover, Pathé's range of shorts included its twice-weekly newsreel, a weekly "audio review", three biweekly series—Grantland Rice Sportlights, Aesop's Sound Fables, and Vagabond Adventure Series—the seasonal Knute Rockne Football Series, and an array of humorous two-reelers under the banners of Manhattan Comedies, Whoopee Comedies, Rainbow Comedies, Folly Comedies, Rodeo Comedies, Melody Comedies, Checker Comedies, Campus Comedies, and Capitol Comedies.

By the beginning of 1932, feature production had been shifted almost entirely from Culver City to RKO's main Hollywood studio, and in February the company announced that as of the 1932–33 exhibition season (beginning in September 1932) all of its features would come out under the RKO Radio Pictures banner. One of the last RKO Pathé features, What Price Hollywood?, with Bennett in the lead, came out on June 24; it was the first screen version of the story that would be filmed multiple times as A Star Is Born. In fact, due to extensive reshoots and recutting, the final feature release bearing the RKO Pathé emblem—the signature Pathé rooster standing proudly atop the RKO logo's spinning globe—Rockabye, didn't reach theaters until late November. The RKO Pathé brand was thenceforth limited to newsreels and shorts (plus one feature-length documentary in 1953). In 1947, RKO sold the Pathé newsreel operation to Warner Bros., which rebranded it Warner Pathé News. RKO Pathé continued to put out a reduced roster of theatrical shorts, along with industrials and TV commercials, until early 1956, when its doors closed for good. Later that year, Warners shut down the newsreel.

Pathé Exchange Inc. continued as a small holding company for the few assets that had not been part of the RKO acquisition, including most of the studio's film library, a film processing lab in New Jersey, a 49 percent stake in DuPont's raw film manufacturing operation, and a nontheatrical division that focused on the production of shorts for retail customers with home projectors. Kennedy, who had originally aimed to sell the company's remnants and dissolve it, instead stepped down from the board in April 1931. In 1935, the company was reorganized as Pathé Film Corporation (PFC), and most of the film library was sold to Columbia Pictures, which used the accompanying remake rights to produce such classics as The Awful Truth (1937) and Holiday (1938). The following year, after the completion of a hiatus imposed in the RKO deal, PFC reentered the filmmaking field in a small way, acquiring 8 percent of the recently established Grand National Films. The venture met with little success, and Grand National was dissolved in early 1940. In 1939, Pathé Film Corporation had bought a second film processing and printing facility, in Los Angeles, and established Pathé Laboratories Inc. of California as its operating subsidiary. The following year, financier Robert Young (no relation to the actor) acquired PFC; he officially dissolved the holding company while maintaining control of its various businesses.

Pathé returned more fully to filmmaking in 1942, when Pathé Laboratories of California acquired Producers Releasing Corporation (PRC), a struggling Poverty Row studio notorious for the threadbare production values of its output. While PRC relied on independent producers for its release slate, Pathé management wanted to focus on in-house production, and a Sunset Boulevard production facility was purchased. PRC's initial "directly produced" feature, Jive Junction, was released in December 1943. Its director, Edgar G. Ulmer, already responsible for multiple PRC releases from outside producers, would make several more films at the studio, including the now renowned film noir Detour (1945). In June 1944, Young set up a new holding company, Pathé Industries, for the Pathé and PRC assets. Late the following year, Pathé Industries arranged to collaborate with British movie magnate J. Arthur Rank on the reciprocal release of Pathé and Rank productions; Pathé set up a new production subsidiary distinct from PRC, Eagle-Lion Films, while the American distribution firm Rank had established in 1944 under that name relinquished it.

The new Eagle-Lion Films was officially established in April 1946; entertainment lawyer Arthur B. Krim was brought on as studio president. An ambitious program of A-level productions was promised, although it was the former head of Warners' B unit, Bryan Foy, who was hired as studio chief. The first Eagle-Lion picture, It's a Joke, Son!, reached theaters in January 1947 and the firm soon became Pathé Industries' sole Hollywood flagship, with the announcement in August that PRC would be absorbed into Eagle-Lion. The studio's rare hits included an overachieving noir, Anthony Mann's T-Men (1947), and a Rank import, Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger's The Red Shoes (1948). In late 1949, Eagle-Lion announced that it was ending in-house production, as Krim departed. N. Peter Rathvon, former president of RKO, joined the company to handle financing for the independent producers who would now provide all of its domestic output, such as George Pal, whose Destination Moon, released in June 1950, was a major success. That same month, Pathé merged Eagle-Lion with an independent distributor that focused on reissues, Film Classics, to create Eagle-Lion Classics. In October, the company sued the RKO and Loew's exhibition circuits for keeping its product out of New York theaters. With the suit still pending, in March 1951, Eagle-Lion Classics reported that 1950–51 would be its first profitable year, with the prospect that in-house production would resume. The next month, however, the studio was sold to United Artists, which had come under the control of Krim and his partner Robert Benjamin, former head of Rank's U.S. operations. Pathé was once again out of the movies. In 1953, Young replaced the Pathé Industries name with that of Chesapeake Industries. Three years later, the suit against the theater chains was dismissed.

After Young's death in 1958, Chesapeake was acquired by real estate developer William Zeckendorf. Redubbed the America Corporation, the firm revived the Pathé brand with a distribution subsidiary, Pathé-America, that handled independent productions from both the U.S. and Great Britain. During its brief 1961–62 existence, it released seven films under America Corporation ownership, including Sam Peckinpah's feature directorial debut, The Deadly Companions (1961), and Roger Corman's pathbreaking drama about racial demagoguery, The Intruder (1962). In late June 1962, Pathé-America was sold to Astor Pictures; after one more release in December, the brand was dropped.

Filmography

The List of RKO Pictures films includes all of the RKO Pathé feature releases, but does not distinguish them from the films made by RKO's main production division, then branded as "Radio Pictures". For the RKO Pathé features, see The Early Sound Films of Pathé (1931–32).

Pathé Laboratories Inc. acquired a controlling interest in PRC in early January 1942 and purchased it outright by late February.

List of Pathé-America films
 The Deadly Companions (June 1961, Carousel Productions)
 Run Across the River (November 1961, Cameo Productions)
 Fear No More (November 1961, Scaramouche Productions)
 Victim (February 1962, Allied Film Makers (AFM) [UK])
 Whistle Down the Wind (April 1962, AFM/Beaver Films [UK])
 Paradise Alley (c. April/May 1962, Sutton Pictures)
 The Intruder (May 1962, Los Altos Productions)
 Out of the Tiger's Mouth (December 1962, Ruggles-Whelan Enterprises)

References

External links

Producers Releasing Corporation Early Television Rights close analysis of PRC/Pathé rights and business history
Eagle-Lion Legal File catalog entry for Eagle-Lion/Pathé document holdings at Wisconsin Historical Society Archives

1904 establishments in New York (state)

Pathé Exchange


Cars Land is a themed area of Disney California Adventure, inspired by the Disney·Pixar franchise, Cars, and Route 66 in America. The  area, built as part of Disney California Adventure Park's $1.1 billion expansion project, opened on June 13, 2012, a year after the release of Cars 2. It contains three rides as well as shops and restaurants, all situated in a replica of Radiator Springs, the fictional town in which most of the first film's events take place.  The area's main attraction is Radiator Springs Racers, a racing ride that uses the technology of Epcot's Test Track.

Cars Land is themed to race day in Radiator Springs. The story goes that Lightning McQueen and his friends from Radiator Springs invited cars from all around the world to come celebrate race day in the town where it all began. The town decorated to welcome in the cars (and drivers) from everywhere. Mater pulled out a jukebox to provide the music for the race, but it attracted some tractors instead. Luigi invited his cousins from Carsoli to visit and they are dancing to celebrate race day.

History
Most of the present-day site of Cars Land had been used as the "Timon" parking lot since 2001; the lot had been designated as future growth space for Disney California Adventure when it was originally designed in the 1990s, and was partially built over with The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror and the Flik's Fun Fair section of A Bug's Land. A small portion of Cars Land was built over the site of the Bountiful Valley Farm, one of the park's original attractions.

As revealed in The Imagineering Story, initially the park was going to be called "Carland" and would be themed after the automobile in general. It was not until after Cars was seen as a viable franchise that it was rethemed and renamed "Cars Land".

Concept art for "Carland" appeared in the "Dreaming" section of the Walt Disney Company's 2006 Annual Report, released on December 12, 2006, six months after Cars was released in theaters. The concept art depicted a racing simulator ride, but provided no specifics; Disney CEO Bob Iger stated at the time that the concept art depicted projects at various stages of development, and that some of the projects depicted "may never be built."

On October 17, 2007, Disney announced a 5-year, $1.1 billion renovation and expansion plan for Disney California Adventure. The plan included a major overhaul of several existing areas of the park and the addition of Cars Land, an area themed to the 2006 film; Cars Land would be anchored by Radiator Springs Racers, a Cars version of Test Track, a ride at Epcot at the Walt Disney World Resort. Cars Land along with the re-designed entrance plaza, Buena Vista Street, were the last features of the 5-year project to be completed, and opened on June 15, 2012.

Attractions

Radiator Springs Racers
Radiator Springs Racers is a slot car dark ride. The attraction takes guests in six-person vehicles through the winding roads up the mountains outside Radiator Springs and by the waterfall scene in the first film. The cars then enter the mountain and take a semi-wild ride through the outskirts of town where they encounter a number of characters. Eventually, they enter Radiator Springs at which point the track splits into two: one goes into Ramone's while the other into Luigi's. From here, the cars enter a briefing room where Doc gives guests some advice for the upcoming race. The two tracks come back near one another and two cars stop side-by-side. The race begins as the vehicles accelerate out of the mountain and through hairpin turns and steep banks, ending with a randomized race result and then a brief trip through Tail Light Caverns. The technology used is similar to Test Track at Epcot in Walt Disney World in Florida, and Journey to the Center of the Earth at Tokyo DisneySea.

Mater's Junkyard Jamboree
Mater's Junkyard Jamboree (renamed Mater's Graveyard JamBOOree during Halloween and Mater's Jingle Jamboree during Christmas) is a heavily modified 3-table Zamperla Demolition Derby ride with custom ride vehicles provided by Walt Disney Imagineering. Instead of the usual car-shaped ride vehicles, Disney designed new vehicles featuring a non-rideable tractor connected by a swinging hitch to a rickshaw-like bench with a swinging wheel on the bottom that allows the benches to "drift" along the corners in a fashion similar to a whip ride. The ride itself is themed to a jamboree held by Mater for the young tractors seen in the first film, featuring several original songs sung by Larry the Cable Guy, along with other singers and musicians.

Similar attractions to Mater's Junkyard Jamboree have been built since the ride opened with Cars Land in 2012. The most recent example is Alien Swirling Saucers, which is a mirrored copy located at Disney's Hollywood Studios themed to the little aliens in the Pizza Planet claw game from the first Toy Story film. A standard 2-table Demolition Derby with the original non-swinging ride vehicles was also built at Walt Disney Studios Park at the Disneyland Paris resort, but unlike the other two rides this version has no custom musical score and features only minor theming.

Luigi's Rollickin' Roadsters
Luigi's Rollickin' Roadsters (renamed Luigi's Honkin' Haul-O-Ween during Halloween and Luigi's Joy to the Whirl during Christmas) – Guests queue in Luigi's Casa Della Tires shop and ride in vehicles that move and spin around to Italian music.  The attraction uses a trackless ride system, similar to Aquatopia at Tokyo DisneySea. The ride vehicles are depicted as being Luigi's cousins who have come to Radiator Springs from Carsoli for a dance celebration. The attraction, which officially opened March 7, 2016, replaced Luigi's Flying Tires, the original attraction in this location.

Former attractions
 Luigi's Flying Tires (2012–2015)

Restaurants

Cozy Cone Motel
The Cozy Cone Motel features five different cones, each with a different menu of food and drinks, including churros, ice cream, snacks, pretzels, and popcorn.  The motel office in front is not accessible to guests, although the interior is decorated as it was in the films.  Additionally, the front and side entrances of the motel is a common space for character meet and greets, with guests being able to meet Lightning McQueen, Mater, and, most recently, Cruz Ramirez.

Flo's V8 Cafe

Flo's V8 Cafe serves breakfast, lunch, dinner, and dessert with traditional American homestyle fare.  Part of the indoor dining room is located inside of Doc Hudson's Ornament Valley Medical Clinic, while guests can also dine outdoors underneath the gas pumps and at tables behind the restaurant.  Decor inside pays tribute to the "Motorama Girls" story from the Cars Storybook and deleted scenes, and to the Fabulous Hudson Hornet's Piston Cup titles.

Fillmore's Taste-In

Fillmore's Taste-In is a quick-service snack stand serving pre-packaged snacks and drinks.

Characters
 Lightning McQueen (dressed as a superhero during Halloween)
 Mater (dressed as a vampire during Halloween and as Santa Claus during Christmas)
 Red (dressed as a clown during Halloween)
 Cruz Ramirez (dressed as a pirate during Halloween)
 DJ (dressed as a punk rocker during Halloween)

Shopping
 Ramone's House of Body Art
 Sarge's Surplus Hut
 Radiator Springs Curios (renamed Radiator Winter Curios during Christmas)

Layout
The layout of Cars Land from the guest's perspective is one of looking down the main street of Radiator Springs, USA, as seen in the original Cars film. There are references to the events of Cars 2 (2011) throughout the land, such as a billboard (seen when entering from Avengers Campus) that gives Mater the title of "Sir," and a signed photo of Finn McMissile with Luigi and Guido in Luigi's Casa Della Tires, in addition to souvenirs from their World Grand Prix trip in a display case.

The main street is Route 66 coming in from the Golden State area, across from the Golden Vine Winery and Walt Disney Imagineering Blue Sky Cellar. There is one other entrance is a street from Ornament Valley from Pacific Wharf which is called Cross Street. At the end of Route 66 is the courthouse/firehouse where the street splits. To the left of the split is a backstage access gate. To the right of the split is the entrance to Radiator Springs Racers. In the distance, the Radiator Cap and Ornament Valley Range can be seen. The eastern edge of the Ornament Valley Range includes the Cadillac Mountain Range that consists of Cadillac tail fins that are  high and covers .

See also
2012 in amusement parks

References

External links

 Official website archived from the original on February 14, 2012

Themed areas in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
Disney California Adventure
Amusement rides introduced in 2012
2012 establishments in California

Cars Land


Morelos Park is an ecological reserve in Tijuana, Mexico. It has a zoo, and an artificial lake with different species of fish and ducks. It also has 11 kiosks and 10 green areas for family parties and a barbecue area, which are free to use. It has a small train for children and adults, with its route circling all the way around the lake. There is a dock with small boats in which visitors can take a walk by the lake. two playgrounds, and also houses Baja Paintball, a paintball business which rents paintball equipment and markers and allows people to use its game zones, pedestrian walkways, and bicycles. The playgrounds contain some mechanical rides, along with some normal playground equipment, such as swingsets and slides.

Morelos Park was inaugurated on January 27, 1987, during the administration of Governor Xicoténcatl Leyva Mortera, passing to the municipal administration in 1998, when the decentralized organization called Municipal System of Thematic Parks of Tijuana (SIMPATT) was created.

References

Nature reserves in Mexico
Tijuana
Protected areas of Baja California

Morelos Park


The Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (; , Bashkirskaya Avtonomnaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), also historically known as Soviet Bashkiria or simply Bashkiria, was an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR. Currently it is known as Republic of Bashkortostan, a federal subject of Russia. The Bashkir ASSR was the first Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the RSFSR.

The republic occupied an area of  in the far south-eastern corner of European Russia, bounded on the east by the Ural Mountains and within seventy kilometers of the Kazakhstan border at its southernmost point. The region was settled by nomads of the steppe, the Turkic Bashkirs, during the 13th-century domination by the Golden Horde. Russians arrived in the mid-16th century, founding the city of Ufa, now the republic's capital. Numerous local uprisings broke out in opposition to the settlement of larger Russian populations in the centuries that followed. The Bashkirs finally gave up nomadic life in the 19th century, adopting the agricultural lifestyle that remains their primary means of support. The traditional clan-based social structure has largely disappeared. The predominant religions of the Bashkir population are Islam, which is observed by the majority, and Russian Orthodoxy. A major battleground of the Russian Civil War, in 1919 the Bashkir Republic was the first ethnic region to be designated an autonomous republic of Russia under the new communist government. The republic declared its sovereignty within the Soviet Union on 11 October 1990 as Bashkir Soviet Socialist Republic, and in 1992 it declared full independence. Two years later, Bashkortostan agreed to remain within the legislative framework of the Russian Federation, provided that mutual areas of competence were agreed upon.

The republic has rich mineral resources, especially petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, manganese, copper, salt, and construction stone. The Soviet government built a variety of heavy industries on that resource base. The traditional Bashkir occupations of livestock raising and beekeeping remain important economic activities.

See also
 First Secretary of the Bashkir Communist Party

References

 - Soviet Union

External links
 World Statesmen

Autonomous republics of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
States and territories established in 1919
Former socialist republics
1919 establishments in Russia
1990 disestablishments in the Soviet Union


Frederick Stephenson (24 April 1853 – July 1927) was an English cricketer active from 1875 to 1877 who played for Lancashire. He was born in Todmorden. He appeared in two first-class matches as a lefthanded batsman who bowled left arm fast with a roundarm action. He scored no runs and held two catches. He took one wicket with a best analysis of one for 17.

Stephenson made his debut in first-class cricket for Lancashire against Kent at the Catford Bridge in 1875. A second and final first-class appearance for Lancashire came against Derbyshire at Derby in 1877.

He died in July 1927, aged 74.

Notes

1853 births
1927 deaths
People from Todmorden
English cricketers
Lancashire cricketers
Cricketers from Yorkshire

Frederick Stephenson (English cricketer)


Military justice (also military law) is the legal system  that governs the armed forces of a country. In some counties civil law and military law are different and  they have different courts to enforce the law.

Military justice is not the same as martial law, which is the imposition of direct military authority upon a civilian population.

Related pages
Laws of war

Types of law

Military justice


El Diario is an Argentine newspaper, and the primary newspaper for city of Paraná, which is the capital of Entre Ríos Province.

The newspaper was founded by Luis L. Etchevehere (who served as governor of the province from 1931–35) and first published on May 15, 1914.  Enrique Pérez Colman, who later served as vice-governor for the province and finance minister for Argentina, served as editor of the paper from 1920–22.
The Uruguayan novelist and playwright Otto Miguel Cione wrote theater reviews for the newspaper.

Etchevehere's grandson Luis F. Etchevehere (1934-2009) later ran the newspaper and was a leading figure in Argentine journalism.

References

Daily newspapers published in Argentina
Newspapers established in 1914
Spanish-language newspapers

El Diario (Argentina)


The Marilyn Diptych (1962) is a silkscreen painting by American pop artist Andy Warhol. It shows Marilyn Monroe. The piece is one of the artist's most well known works. It is in the collection of the Tate.

The painting has one picture of Monroe but painted fifty times. Twenty-five of the Monroe paintings are colored in purple, yellow and green. The other half is the same picture but in black and white.

References

Andy Warhol

Marilyn Diptych


Keum-boo (also Geumbu, Kum-Boo or Kum-bu—Korean "attached gold") is an ancient Korean gilding technique used to apply thin sheets of gold to silver, to make silver-gilt. Traditionally, this technique is accomplished by first depleting a surface of sterling silver to bring up a thin layer of fine silver. Then 24 carat gold foil is applied with heat and pressure—mechanical gilding—to produce a permanent diffusion bond.

Pure precious metals such as gold and silver have a very similar atomic structure and therefore have a good potential for bonding. Heating these metals to a temperature between 260–370°C increases the movement of the atoms. When pressure is added, this causes an electron exchange at the surface between the two metals, creating a permanent diffusion bond. This diffusion bond occurs far below the soldering temperature for either metal (Dhein, 2004).

Examples of this technique have probably been observed, but not positively identified on pieces from the second half of the first millennium B.C. and from the early first millennium A.D. (Oddy, 1981).

This technique is used in many cultures, including Chinese, Japanese and in the West to bond gold to other metals, including iron, copper, aluminum, gold alloys, white gold, palladium and platinum. Foil made from gold alloys can be applied to silver and other metals by first depletion gilding the surface of the foil (Lewton-Brain, 1987–1993).

See also
 Art movement
 Creativity techniques
 List of art media
 List of artistic media
 List of art movements
 List of most expensive paintings
 List of most expensive sculptures
 List of art techniques
 List of sculptors

References
Dhein, Christine (2004). "Keum-Boo Pillow Pendant"
Oddy, Andrew (1981). "Gilding Through the Ages"
Lewton-Brain, Charles (1987–1993). "Keum-Boo"
Korean Kum-Boo Metalwork, Traditional Arts Program Notes, 1998, Department of Anthropology, California Academy of Sciences.

Artistic techniques
Gold
Metal plating
Korean art

Keum-boo


James Thompson Kirk (September 21, 1826 – December 7, 1886) was a Pennsylvania merchant and then an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He was the second officer to hold the title of colonel in the 10th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment.

Biography
Kirk was born in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, a son of George A. and Jane (Thompson) Kirk. He was educated in the common schools and then became a merchant tailor. In 1851, he moved to Washington, Pennsylvania, where he owned and operated a retail store.

Kirk enlisted in the Army shortly after the outbreak of the Civil War and was commissioned in June 1861 as the captain of Company D of the 10th Pennsylvania Reserves (also known as the 39th Pennsylvania Infantry). Three weeks later, he became the regiment's lieutenant colonel. He saw his first combat in the Battle of Dranesville in Northern Virginia, on December 20, 1861.

When Colonel John S. McCalmont resigned in May 1862, Kirk was promoted to colonel. He commanded the regiment during the battles of Beaver Dam Creek, Gaines Mill, Glendale and Second Bull Run. In the first three actions, the regiment belonged to the 3rd Brigade of the 3rd Division of Maj. Gen. Fitz-John Porter's V Corps. At Second Bull Run, it fought with the 3rd Brigade of John F. Reynolds's independent division. He briefly led the brigade before being wounded and out of action. As a result of his injuries, he missed the battles of South Mountain and Antietam. When it became evident that his wounds would prevent any further field duty, he resigned from the army on October 18, 1862.

Following the war, Kirk resumed his mercantile business. He died at the age of 60 in Washington, Pennsylvania, and is buried in Washington Cemetery.

Notes

References
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Volume 2. New York: Castle Books, 1956.

Union Army colonels
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
People from Canonsburg, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Reserves
1826 births
1886 deaths

James T. Kirk (Union officer)


John Hales Whitney Sr. (April 8, 1917September 22, 1995) was an American animator, composer and inventor, widely considered to be one of the pioneers of computer animation.

Life

Whitney was born in Pasadena, California and attended Pomona College. He is a descendant of the Whitney family through his father's direct line. His first works in film were 8 mm movies of a lunar eclipse which he made using a home-made telescope. In 1937-38 he spent a year in Paris, studying twelve-tone composition under René Leibowitz. In 1939 he returned to America and began to collaborate with his brother James on a series of abstract films. Their work, Five Film Exercises (1940–45) was awarded a prize for sound at the First International Experimental Film Competition in Belgium in 1949. In 1948 he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.

During the 1950s, Whitney used his mechanical animation techniques to create sequences for television programs and commercials. In 1952, he directed engineering films on guided missile projects. One of his most famous works from this period were the animated title and dream sequences from Alfred Hitchcock's 1958 film Vertigo, which he collaborated on with the graphic designer Saul Bass.

In 1960, he founded Motion Graphics Incorporated, which used the mechanical analog computer of his own invention to create motion picture and television title sequences and commercials. The following year, he assembled a record of the visual effects he had perfected using his device, titled simply Catalog. In 1966, IBM awarded John Whitney, Sr. its first artist-in-residence position.

By the 1970s, Whitney had abandoned his analog computer in favor of faster, digital processes. He taught the first computer graphics class at UCLA in 1972. The pinnacle of his digital films is his 1975 work Arabesque, which is characterized by psychedelic, blooming color-forms and demonstrates the principle of "harmonic progression". In 1969–70, he experimented with motion graphics computer programming at California Institute of Technology. His work during the 1980s and 1990s benefited from faster computers and his invention of an audio-visual composition program called the Whitney-Reed RDTD (Radius-Differential Theta Differential). Works from this period, such as Moon Drum (1989–1995), used self-composed music and often explored mystical or Native-American themes.

All of John Whitney's sons (Michael, Mark and John Jr.) are also film-makers.

Several of the films (plus some of James Whitney's), were preserved by Center for Visual Music, Los Angeles. HD transfers from their preservation have been seen in major museum exhibitions including Visual Music at Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles and The Hirshhorn Museum (2005), Sons et Lumieres at Centre Pompidou (2004–05), The Third Mind at The Guggenheim Museum, and other shows.

Whitney's mechanical analog computer
The analog computer Whitney used to create his most famous animations was built in the late 1950s by converting the mechanism of a World War II M-5 antiaircraft gun director. Later, Whitney would augment the mechanism with an M-7 mechanism, creating a twelve-foot-high machine. Design templates were placed on three different layers of rotating tables and photographed by multiple-axis rotating cameras. The color was added during optical printing. Whitney's son, John, Jr., described the mechanism in 1970:

Archive
The Academy Film Archive houses the Whitney Collection and has preserved over a dozen films from the collection. The collection encompasses the work of John and James Whitney, as well as John's sons Mark, John, and Michael.

See also
Spirograph – A drawing toy with a resemblance to some of Whitney's art.
History of computer animation

Audio/video

Coverpop.com

Further reading
 Manovich, Lev (2001). The Language of New Media Cambridge. MIT Press.
 Whitney, John (1980). Digital Harmony: On the Complementarity of Music and Visual Art. Peterborough, N.H. Byte Books/McGraw-Hill.
 Youngblood, Gene (1970). Expanded Cinema Clarke, Irwin & Company

References

External links

The John Whitney Biographical Site at SIGGRAPH, now held at the Internet Archive
Computational Periodics (essay by Whitney in Artist and Computer, 1976)
 Digital Harmony, article by William Moritz

1917 births
1995 deaths
20th-century composers
American animated film directors
American animators
American composers
Artists from Pasadena, California
Visual music artists
American experimental filmmakers
Pomona College alumni
20th-century American inventors

John Whitney (animator)


La Mancha () is a natural and historical region in the Spanish provinces of Albacete, Cuenca, Ciudad Real, and Toledo. It is an arid but fertile plateau (610 m or 2000 ft) that stretches from the mountains of Toledo to the western spurs of the Cuenca hills, bordered to the south by the Sierra Morena and to the north by Alcarria. The La Mancha historical comarca constitutes the southern portion of Castilla-La Mancha autonomous community and makes up most of the present-day administrative region.

Etymology
The name La Mancha is probably derived from the Arabic word المنشأ al-mansha, meaning "land without water". The name of the city of Almansa in Albacete shares that origin. The name describes the region's dryland farming soils.

Another etymology ascribes the origin of La Mancha to المانيا al-manya, which is an Arabic expression for "elevated plain" or "high plateau".

The word mancha in Spanish literally means spot, stain, or patch. Unless the scarce or "patchy" vegetation cover is considered, no apparent link exists between the Spanish false cognate mancha and the name of the region.

Besides phonetic similarity, there is no relationship between the toponym La Mancha and the French thalassonym La Manche, which refers to the English Channel and denotes the sleeve-shaped form of that stretch of sea.

Geography

The largest plain in Spain, La Mancha is made up of a plateau averaging 500 to 600 metres in altitude (although it reaches 900 metres in Campo de Montiel and other parts), centering on the province of Ciudad Real. The region is watered by the Guadiana, Jabalón, Záncara, Cigüela, and Júcar rivers.

Climate
The climate is cold semi-arid (Köppen BSk), with strong fluctuations. Farming (wheat, barley, oats, sugar beets, wine grapes, olives) and cattle raising are the primary economic activities, but they are severely restricted by the harsh environmental conditions.

Culture

The inhabitants of La Mancha are called Manchegos.

Agriculture
La Mancha has always been an important agricultural zone. Viticulture is important in Tomelloso, Alcázar de San Juan, Socuéllamos,  Valdepeñas, La Solana  and Manzanares, in Ciudad Real and Villarrobledo in Albacete.  Other crops include cereals (hence the famous windmills) and saffron.  Sheep are raised and bred, providing the famous Manchego cheese, as are goats, including the La Mancha goat, one of the assumed progenitors of the American La Mancha goat.

La Mancha includes one National Park, Las Tablas de Daimiel, and one Natural Park, Las Lagunas de Ruidera.

People
Famous Spaniards like the cinema directors Pedro Almodóvar and José Luis Cuerda, painters Antonio López and his uncle Antonio López Torres, footballer Andrés Iniesta, music band Angelus Apatrida and actress Sara Montiel were born in La Mancha.

La Mancha and Cervantes

Miguel de Cervantes described La Mancha and its windmills in his two-part 1605/1615 novel Don Quixote de La Mancha. Cervantes was making fun of the region, using a pun; a "mancha" was also a stain, as on one's honor, and thus an inappropriately named homeland for a dignified knight-errant. Translator John Ormsby believed that Cervantes chose it because it was the most ordinary, prosaic, anti-romantic, and therefore unlikely place from which a chivalrous, romantic hero could originate, making Quixote seem even more absurd. However, ironically, due to the fame of Cervantes' character, the name of La Mancha came to be associated worldwide with romantic chivalry.

Several film versions of Don Quixote have been filmed largely in La Mancha. However, some, including the 1957 Russian film version, and the screen version of Man of La Mancha, were not. The 1957 film was shot in Crimea, while Man of La Mancha was filmed in Italy. G. W. Pabst's 1933 version of Cervantes's novel was shot in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. The 2000 made-for-TV Don Quixote, starring John Lithgow as Don Quixote and Bob Hoskins as Sancho Panza, was shot on several locations in Spain, but not in La Mancha.

See also
 Manchuela ("lesser La Mancha"), a comarca in La Mancha.
 La Mancha (DO), a Spanish  (DO) for wines.
 Manche, a coastal department in Normandy, France.
 The English Channel, known in Spanish as Canal de la Mancha.

References

External links

Folk music from La Mancha

Castilla–La Mancha
Comarcas of Castilla–La Mancha
Geography of Castilla–La Mancha
Historical regions in Spain
Natural regions of Spain

La Mancha


Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason is a 2004 British French German Irish American romantic comedy movie directed by Beeban Kidron and is based on the 1999 novel of the same name by Helen Fielding. It stars Renée Zellweger, Colin Firth, Hugh Grant and is the sequel to the 2001 movie Bridget Jones's Diary. It was distributed by Universal Pictures.

Other websites

2000s LGBT movies
2004 romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
American sequel movies
American LGBT movies
British romantic comedy movies
British LGBT movies
French romance movies
French comedy movies
French LGBT movies
German romance movies
German comedy movies
German LGBT movies
Irish romance movies
Irish comedy movies
Irish LGBT movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Beeban Kidron

Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason


Dear Mr. Prohack is a 1949 British comedy film directed by Thornton Freeland. It is a modern-day version of Arnold Bennett's 1922 novel, Mr Prohack, as adapted in the play by Edward Knoblock. It stars Cecil Parker, Glynis Johns and Dirk Bogarde.

Plot
Arthur Prohack, a Treasury civil servant who is extremely frugal with the government's money, suddenly inherits £250,000 and is convinced to go on six months' sick leave. His children Charles and Mary tap him for money for an investment scheme and a theatrical production respectively, whilst his wife Eve buys the family a far larger house, which she fills with an aviary and then aquariums. Charles also buys his father a new car, which on its first drive is involved in an accident with Mimi Warburton. Initially frosty, he takes her on as his private secretary. Charles cancels a meeting with Arthur and arranges a board meeting without him - in vengeance Mimi arranges for Arthur 'accidentally' to take Charles' place at a meeting with Lady Maslam, Charles' patroness. Left behind at home, Charles and Mimi lunch together and fall in love, leading her to try to tender her resignation, as on first taking the job with Arthur she had agreed not to fall in love with Charles.

Arthur's friend Sir Paul Spinner arranges to invest some of Arthur's money, whilst Eve arranges an elaborate party to celebrate Mary's engagement to Oswald Morfrey, a sickly but forthright junior official at the Ministry of Agriculture. However, breaking free of Mary's theatrical connections, the couple instead run away together and get married without their parents' knowledge - Arthur hunts them down but Oswald refuses his help. Soon afterwards Spinner informs Arthur that a run on the stock-market means all the money he invested may be lost. Mimi discovers that the investment scheme is also about to be ruined and argues with him at Lady Maslam's home, to which he had just gone to beg Lady Maslam's help.

Relieved he is about to be free of the troubles of his new fortune, Arthur retires to bed with a cold and has a fever dream inspired by Arthurian legends on the BBC Third Programme. Mimi wakes him to tell him that Charles has broken up with her and is about to flee to Paris with Lady Maslam, but when Arthur rushes to the airport this proves to be a misunderstanding - Charles has not boarded Lady Maslam's plane and returns home with Arthur to propose to Mimi. Arthur discovers that - although Spinner's advice has ruined Charles' scheme - Spinner has in fact managed to avoid the crash himself and make Arthur another £250,000. Arthur reconciles with Eve and makes plans to move back to their old house and help Oswald, Mary and Charles to more stable and healthy homes and jobs. He then returns to work and anonymously donates the new £250,000 to the Treasury under the guise of a massive repayment of back-taxes.

Cast
(in credits order)

 Cecil Parker as Arthur Prohack
 Glynis Johns as Mimi Warburton
 Hermione Baddeley as Eve Prohack
 Dirk Bogarde as Charles Prohack
 Sheila Sim as Mary Prohack
 Heather Thatcher as Lady Maslam
 Frances Waring as Nursie
 Charles Goldner as Polish Man Servant
 Campbell Cotts as Sir Paul Spinner
 Denholm Elliott as Oswald Morfrey
 Russell Waters as Cartwright
 Henry Edwards as Sir Digby Bunce
 Frederick Valk as Dr. Viega
 James Hayter as Carrell Quire
 Bryan Forbes as Tony
 Jon Pertwee as Plover
 Ada Reeve as Mrs. Griggs
 Judith Furse as Laura Postern
 Frederick Leister as The Director General
 Elwyn Brook-Jones as Benny Erivangian
 Eric Berry as Tailor's Assistant (uncredited)
 Janet Burnell as Mr. Prohack's personal assistant (uncredited)
 Ian Carmichael as Hat Salesman (uncredited)
 Anne Gunning as Actress (uncredited)
 Humphrey Heathcote as Turkish Bath Attendant (uncredited)
 Sam Lysons as Club Porter (uncredited)
 Desmond Newling as Pageboy (uncredited)
 Lloyd Pearson as Mr. Bishop (uncredited)
 Charles Perry as Butler (uncredited)
 Stanelli as Orchestra Leader (uncredited)
 Jerry Verno as Taxi Driver (uncredited)

Critical reception
The New York Times said, " it's an Arnold Bennett novel "modernized"—and it shows its age in this translation."
TV Guide said, " Mediocre comedy with an excellent cast, including Denholm Elliott in his debut."
Britmovie wrote, "Cecil Parker gives one of his best performances replicating his stage role."

References

External links

1949 films
Films directed by Thornton Freeland
1949 comedy films
British comedy films
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Films produced by Ian Dalrymple
Films with screenplays by Ian Dalrymple
Films set in London
Films based on works by Arnold Bennett
British black-and-white films
1940s English-language films
1940s British films

Dear Mr. Prohack


Australian Citizenship Day is celebrated each year on 17 September. Managed by the Australian Department of Home Affairs, Australian Citizenship Day is an opportunity for all Australian citizens, whether by birth or by choice, to reflect on the meaning and importance of their citizenship. The day is used as an opportunity to think about what unites all Australians, to take pride in Australia's democratic values and to celebrate the role citizens play in shaping the nation.

History
The Australian Government introduced Australian Citizenship Day in 2001 in response to a recommendation by the Australian Citizenship Council (established in 1998) in their 2000 report Australian Citizenship for a New Century. The recommendation came from a proposal of the 1999 National Schools Constitutional Convention that a citizenship day be established to allow all Australians to celebrate their Australian citizenship. The Australian Citizenship Council noted that an annual citizenship day would increase community awareness of Australian citizenship while providing a focal point for citizenship-related activities and celebrations.

The 17th of September was chosen as Australian Citizenship Day as it is the anniversary of the renaming, in 1973, of the Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 to the Australian Citizenship Act 1948

The first Australian Citizenship Day was celebrated in 2001, coinciding with the Centenary of Federation.

Celebrating Australian Citizenship Day
Since 2001, the DIBP has promoted Australian Citizenship Day by holding special citizenship ceremonies, affirmation ceremonies and other events around the country highlighting the day. Local government councils are encouraged to hold special citizenship ceremonies and affirmation ceremonies on or around this day. Across Australia, thousands of people become Australian citizens each year at special Australian Citizenship Day ceremonies.

Schools, organisations and community groups are also encouraged to organise special events and activities. Many schools in Australia build on the theory learnt by students in their civics and citizenship education by holding celebrations on Australian Citizenship Day. For example, by holding a school assembly where students speak about what it means to them to be Australian, hosting an Australian citizenship affirmation ceremony or partnering with local councils to attend, or host, an Australian citizenship ceremony.

References

External links

September observances
Observances in Australia
Annual events in Australia
Spring (season) events in Australia

Australian Citizenship Day


A chicken nugget is a food product consisting of a small piece of deboned chicken meat that is breaded or battered, then deep-fried or baked. Developed in the 1950s by finding a way to make a coating adhere, chicken nuggets have become a very popular fast food restaurant item, and are widely sold frozen for home use.

History
The chicken nugget was developed in the 1950s by Robert C. Baker, a food science professor at Cornell University, and published as unpatented academic work. Bite-sized pieces of chicken, coated in batter and then deep fried, were called "Chicken Crispies" by Baker and his associates. Two problems the meat industry was facing at the time were being able to clump ground meat without a skin and producing a batter coating that could be both deep fried and frozen without becoming detached. Baker's innovations solved these problems and made it possible to form chicken nuggets in any shape by first coating the meat in vinegar, salt, grains, and milk powder to make it hold together and then using an egg- and grain-based batter that could be fried as well as frozen.

Nutritional information
Chicken nuggets are generally regarded as a fatty, unhealthy food. A study published in the American Journal of Medicine analyzed the composition of chicken nuggets from two American fast food chains. It found that less than half of the material was skeletal muscle, with fat occurring in an equal or greater proportion. Other components included epithelial tissue, bone, nervous tissue and connective tissue. The authors concluded that "Chicken nuggets are mostly fat, and their name is a misnomer."

Manufacturing

The processing required for making chicken nuggets begins with deboning. The chicken is cut and shaped to the correct size. This is done either manually, or by a series of automatic blades, or by a process called grinding (a method of deboning in which the softer parts of the chicken carcass are forced through a mesh, leaving behind the more solid pieces, resulting in a meat paste. If used, this paste is then shaped before battering). The pieces are battered and breaded in a large cylindrical drum that rotates, evenly coating all of the pieces in the desired spices and breading. The pieces are then fried in oil until the batter has set and the outside reaches the desired color. Finally, the nuggets are packaged, frozen and stored for shipping. While specific ingredients and production methods may vary between manufacturers, the above practices hold true for most of the industry.

In popular culture
Chicken nuggets have been the subject of food challenges, social media phenomena, and many more forms of public notoriety. The dish has inspired gourmet restaurants, exercise routines, and even feature-length productions, including Cooties, a movie about a grade school child who eats a chicken nugget infected with a virus that turns prepubescent children into zombies. Thomas Welborn holds the world record for eating the most chicken nuggets in three minutes (746 grams, or approximately 42 chicken nuggets).

On Twitter, the most retweeted tweet of 2017 was made by Carter Wilkerson who asked Wendy's what it would take for them to offer him a year of free nuggets. The tweet generated over 3.5 million retweets.

The largest recorded chicken nugget weighed  and was  long and  wide and was created by Empire Kosher. It was unveiled at Kosherfest in Secaucus, New Jersey on October 29, 2013.

Vegan nuggets

Vegan "chicken" nuggets are made with plant-based ingredients entered the market in recent years. They are sold by major retailers as vegan chicken nuggets and made from ingredients that include pea protein, soy protein, textured vegetable protein, and wheat gluten. Companies such as Beyond Meat, Impossible Foods, Morningstar Farms, and Simulate sell vegan chicken nuggets. In 2019, McDonald's trialed vegan McNuggets made of chickpeas and potatoes in Norway. Swedish fast food restaurant Max Hamburgare offers a dish containing nuggets made of falafel. Quorn also supplies vegetarian chicken-like nuggets derived from fungus. In 2022, KFC began serving vegan chicken nuggets at its 4,000 U.S. locations.

In 2022, Michele Simon wrote in Forbes that there were more than 20 brands selling vegan chicken nuggets. In 2022, Avery Yale Kamila said in the Portland Press Herald that because young people are the most interested in vegan food, it was not surprising that "vegan foods associated with childhood, such as hot dogs and chicken nuggets, would be the first to partner with youth-oriented TV shows and movies." Vegan "chicken" nuggets have been taste-tested, for example in 2021 by Culture Map Dallas and in 2022 by Bon Appétit.

See also

 Among Us chicken nugget
 Chicken fingers
 Chicken McNuggets
 Fried chicken

References

External links

American chicken dishes
Convenience foods
Fast food
Deep fried foods

Chicken nugget


The Pearcey Foundation is an Australian organisation dedicated to raising the profile of the Australian Information Technology and Telecommunications industry. The foundation was formed in 1998 and is named after Trevor Pearcey, an Australian engineer who led the team that created CSIRAC, Australia's first and one of the world's earliest digital computers.

As part of its work, the Pearcey Foundation presents the Pearcey Awards each year. The Foundation awards the Pearcey Medal to the Australian who has made the most outstanding lifetime contribution to the Australian ICT industry, and each state committee makes an annual award to the ICT professional in that state who has made the most outstanding professional, innovative or business achievement in the field of ICT.

References

Scientific organisations based in Australia
Foundations based in Australia

Pearcey Foundation


Hasim Rahman vs. Lennox Lewis II, billed as Final Judgment, was a heavyweight professional boxing match contested between unified WBC, IBF, IBO and lineal champion Hasim Rahman and former undisputed heavyweight champion Lennox Lewis. The bout took place on November 17, 2001 at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Paradise, Nevada, and served as a rematch of their April 22 bout in which Rahman scored a major upset. Lewis defeated Rahman by fourth-round knockout.

Background
On April 22, 2001, 20–1 underdog Hasim Rahman pulled off one of the biggest upsets in boxing history after he was able to knock out the heavily favored champion Lennox Lewis in the fifth round of their fight. Following his victory, Rahman joined powerful promoter Don King's promotional firm. Rahman also received multimillion-dollar offers from cable giants Showtime and HBO which would allow them to exclusively air his fights. Showtime offered Rahman $19.25 million to make his first defense against their premier fighter Mike Tyson, while HBO countered with a $17 million offer to meet Lewis in a rematch. Rahman, however, turned down both offers and instead opted to take a less lucrative fight against fringe contender David Izon that would net him $5 million. Lewis, however, had a rematch clause installed in the contract for his previous fight with Rahman and went to court in hopes of having Rahman make his first defense against him. In June, a judge ruled in Lewis' favor and both Rahman and Lewis agreed to a rematch to take place on November 17.

While promoting the fight, both Rahman and Lewis made an appearance on ESPN's interview show Up Close hosted by Gary Miller. Rahman had done an earlier radio interview in which he criticized Lewis' decision to sue him for breach of contract, calling it "gay." When this was brought up during the interview with Miller, Lewis defended himself stating that he was "100 percent a woman's man" and that if Rahman had any worries to "bring his sister." Rahman then took offense and the two stood up and went face-to-face before Lewis delivered a slight push to Rahman which in turn started a scuffle between the two men. As staff ran in to break up the melee, Rahman was able to shove Lewis onto the interview table which then collapsed under Lewis' weight before the two were separated.

The fight
Unlike the previous fight between the two, Lewis came into fight prepared and dominated the duration of the fight. Lewis effectively and efficiently used his trademark left jab to take control of the fight and opened up a cut above Rahman's left eye in the first round. After easily winning the first three rounds on all three judges' scorecards, Lewis was able to win the fight a little past the midway point of round four. Lewis connected with a left–right combination that sent Rahman crashing to the mat. Rahman attempted to get back up but collapsed back to the mat at the referee's count of nine. Lewis was then named the winner by knockout, regaining his heavyweight titles in the process.

Aftermath

Next for Lewis would be his highly anticipated match with Mike Tyson. After several delays, the fight would finally take place June 8, 2002 in Memphis, Tennessee. In what would become the highest grossing heavyweight fight of all time, Lewis was able to outbox Tyson en route to an eighth-round knockout victory over the former undisputed heavyweight champion. After one more fight in 2003, a victory over a then up-and-coming Vitali Klitschko, Lewis retired in 2004 as the reigning WBC, IBO and lineal heavyweight champion.

Rahman's comeback from his loss would start off poorly. He would lose his next fight against an aging Evander Holyfield by technical decision after developing a severe hematoma that caused massive swelling over his left eye. Rahman followed his loss to Holyfield with a draw against fellow heavyweight contender David Tua before meeting John Ruiz for the vacant WBA heavyweight title, though he would lose by unanimous decision. In 2005, however, Rahman would briefly regain the WBC title by defeating Monte Barrett before dropping it the following year to Oleg Maskaev.

Broadcasting

References

Rahman 2
2001 in boxing
Boxing on HBO
Boxing in Las Vegas
2001 in sports in Nevada
World Boxing Council heavyweight championship matches
International Boxing Federation heavyweight championship matches
November 2001 sports events in the United States

Hasim Rahman vs. Lennox Lewis II


Mary B. Schuenemann (September 5, 1898 – June 15, 1992) was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her life was dedicated to the arts, in particular the painting of watercolors. She was influenced by the artistic trends of the East Coast.

Her summer home was in Pineville, New Jersey, where she often found her themes of water, boats, fishing paraphernalia, characterized by intense juxtapositions of color. Schuenemann was a product of the developments of the arts in the early part of the 20th century in America. She worked in oils, pastels, and watercolors, her favorite medium being watercolor. Schuenemann received a degree from the University of Pennsylvania with further studies at the Philadelphia College of Arts, the Tyler School of Art, and the Modern School of Painting in Gloucester, Massachusetts, where she studied with Earl Horter, Earnest Thum, and John Lear.

She received numerous awards from art associations, including five gold medals, and four silver medals. Schuenemann had many solo shows at prestigious institutions, including Philadelphia Art Alliance, Woodier Art Gallery, The Plastic Club of Philadelphia, Abington Art Center, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and Philadelphia Museum of Art. She is listed in Who's Who of American Women Painters, Who's Who in the East, and Who's Who in American Art.

References

1898 births
1992 deaths
Painters from Philadelphia
University of the Arts (Philadelphia) alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
20th-century American painters
20th-century American women painters

Mary B. Schuenemann


In Enemy Hands is a military science fiction novel by American writer David Weber, first published in 1996. It is  the seventh book in the Honor Harrington series and Like most novels in the series, its text is available in the Baen Free Library.

Plot summary
As the story begins, Honor returns to her Steading on Grayson, having just been promoted to Commodore for her actions in Honor Among Enemies. During a party celebrating her promotion, she engages in a heated debate with Earl White Haven, her superior, and the two realize they have mutual unspoken romantic feelings for each other.

In an attempt to escape her own feelings, Honor goes with Alistair McKeon on a convoy escort mission to the Adler system, which has been captured by Citizen Rear Admiral Lester Tourville of the DuQuesne base, under the orders of Citizen Admiral Thomas Theisman, in order to capture or destroy a large chunk of Manticoran shipping. Spotting the ambush and after salvaging what she can of her convoy from Havenite attack, Honor orders McKeon to surrender.

After learning of Honor's capture Cordelia Ransom, the People's Republic's Secretary for Public Information, who is present at Admiral Theismans' headquarters doing a propaganda piece, demands that the Manticorans be surrendered to her for propaganda uses. Unable to deny Ransom and her StateSec enforcers, Admiral Theisman capitulates. The crew are transferred to the Havenite battlecruiser PNS Tepes, Ransom's personal flagship, bound for the Havenite prison planet of Hades, where Ransom intends to execute Honor for a death sentence handed down by the prior government (on trumped up charges). Ransom gives any crew member serving under Harrington a chance to defect and Senior Chief Petty Officer Harkness takes up the offer claiming that Manticore have never really done anything for him.

Unbeknownst to StateSec, Harkness has no intention of truly defecting, and after fooling his assigned watchdogs, hacks into the security and communication systems, eventually disabling them and causing massive explosions in the boat bays. Freeing the rest of the crew, they manage to destroy the Tepes and land on Cerberus B 2, facing a well-provided for prison camp and unknown amounts of State Security forces.

Reviews

 Review by Jonathan Strahan (1997) in Locus, #441 October 1997
 Review by Carolyn Cushman (1997) in Locus, #441 October 1997

References

External links
 An excerpt of In Enemy Hands is available for download or reading online at the Baen Free Library here.
 The whole novel can be found here.

Baen Books available as e-books
American science fiction novels
Novels by David Weber
Honorverse books
1996 American novels
1996 science fiction novels
Military science fiction novels

In Enemy Hands (novel)


Henri Dauphin (or Henri de la Tour du Pin) (1296–1349) was a bishop of Metz, France from 1319 to 1325.

Biography
Henri was the son of Humbert I and   Anne of Burgundy. In 1318 he succeeded as regent to the Dauphiné of Viennois, on behalf of his nephew Guigues VIII, and held that role until 1323.

Whilst bishop of Passau and despite never being ordained priest, he was named as the 68th bishop of Metz by pope John XXII on 4 May 1319 after the bishopric had been vacant for 3 years after the death of Reginald of Bar. He held this bishopric simultaneously with canon posts at Rouen, Vienne, Clermont, Romans, Saint Juste de Lyon and Cambrai and the post of archdeacon of Worcester.

In 1323 he engaged the château de Condé to Edward I, comte de Bar in the form of a vouerie, in lieu of the 6000 livres which he owed him. This debt had been contracted by Edouard's predecessor as comte de Bar, Renaud de Bar. In 1324 he had to return the château de Chatillon to Henry I, lord of Blamont, which Henry I had entrusted to his predecessor. As he was continually extracting money from the Metz diocese, it began to protest and Henri resigned the bishopric on August 25, 1325, took up his former seat, and withdrew to the Dauphiné. Louis of Poitiers succeeded him as bishop.

See also

References

1296 births
1349 deaths
Bishops of Metz
Place of birth missing

Henri, Dauphin of Viennois


Atlanta FC is an American football team based in Sandy Springs, Georgia, United States. Started in 2007, the team plays in National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), a national amateur league at the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Southeast Division.

The team plays its home games at Hoskyn Stadium on the grounds of Riverwood High School, where they have played since 2008. The team's colors are orange, white, and sky blue.

Sports in Georgia (U.S. state)
2007 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Defunct American soccer teams

Atlanta FC


Veraestau is a historic home located in Center Township, Dearborn County, Indiana.  It was built in 1838, and is a two-story, Greek Revival style brick and frame dwelling. It incorporates an earlier brick extension to the original 1810 log cabin that burned in 1838.  A two-story addition was built in 1913, and a three-room brick addition to it in 1937. Also on the property are the contributing stable and carriage house (1937), Indian mound, family cemetery, and the remains of a kiln. The original house was built by Jesse Lynch Holman (1784-1842).  Veraestau was also the birthplace of his son Congressman William S. Holman (1822-1897) and home of his son-in-law Allen Hamilton (1798–1864), who built the 1838 house.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

Veraestau is owned by Indiana Landmarks and serves as their Southeast field office. It is available for rental.

References

External links

 Indiana Landmarks: Veraestau

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Greek Revival houses in Indiana
Houses completed in 1838
Houses in Dearborn County, Indiana
National Register of Historic Places in Dearborn County, Indiana

Veraestau


Charles Kennedy (1923 – 4 November 1997) was an economist, often considered one of the finest theorists of his generation.

He was born into a large family, the youngest of five sons; he was the son of George Kennedy, an architect, and grandson of the painter Charles Napier Kennedy. A gifted child, he was educated at Gordonstoun, and entered Balliol College, Oxford at the age of seventeen. His tutor there was Thomas Balogh. Within two years he had graduated with first-class honours in Philosophy, Politics and Economics, and was immediately recruited into Lord Cherwell's statistical research group for the duration of World War II.

After the War he re-entered academia, lecturing in Economics for a year at Imperial College London and another at Balliol. In 1948 he was elected Fellow of Economics at The Queen's College, Oxford, and in 1950 gained a University lectureship. In 1955, he travelled to the West Indies, where he spent a large amount of time painting; six years later, fond memories persuaded him to leave Oxford and take up a Chair in Economics at the University of the West Indies in 1961, shortly after being married.

During his time in the West Indies, he wrote prolifically - at least by his standards - and briefly served as Deputy Vice-Chancellor of the university, as well as being a Director of the Bank of Jamaica. Due to political events, however, he decided to return to the UK, and took the Chair of Economic Theory at the University of Kent in Canterbury in 1966. He formally retired four years later, at the young age of 48, but continued teaching part-time (as the Honorary Professor of Economic Theory) until 1984. For his services to the University, he was awarded an honorary DLitt in 1984.

Kennedy was mildly eccentric; he had a phobia of libraries, and would not enter one unless accompanied, even then being distinctly uncomfortable. He was not a prolific writer - he only published around fifty papers - but his writing was of a high calibre; of those papers, sixty percent were published in the Economic Journal, Oxford Economic Papers, or the Review of Economic Studies.

References
Charles Kennedy 1923-1997: an appreciation. A. P. Thirlwall, 1998. PDF

1923 births
1997 deaths
Academics of Imperial College London
Academics of the University of Kent
People educated at Gordonstoun
Academic staff of the University of the West Indies
20th-century  British economists
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Fellows of The Queen's College, Oxford

Charles Kennedy (economist)


Brampton ( or ) is the third-largest city in the Greater Toronto Area of Ontario, Canada. It is in the Peel Region. At the time of the 2006 Canadian census, Brampton's population was 433,806 people. Brampton is now the 11th largest city in Canada.

Brampton was made into a village in 1853. It took its name from the town of Brampton, England. Brampton was once known as The Flower Town of Canada. It was called this because of the city's large greenhouse industry. Today, the city is the home of the national headquarters of Loblaw Companies, HBC/Zellers, Brita, Clorox and other companies. The city is also home to Canadian Forces Army Reserve unit The Lorne Scots (Peel, Dufferin and Halton Regiment).

History
In 1834, a man named John Elliott divided land into lots and started to sell these lots. He called the area "Brampton", and others started to do the same.

In 1853 Brampton was made into a village. During that year a small agricultural fair was started. The fair took place at the corner of Main street and Queen street. Grains, produce, and dairy products as well as Horses and cattle were sold at the fair. This fair became what is now called the Brampton Fall Fair.

The village of Brampton built its first public library in 1887. In 1907, the village got money from Andrew Carnegie to build a new library building.

Edward Dale, an immigrant from Dorking, England, opened a flower nursery in Brampton after he got to the town in 1863. Dale's Nursery became the town's largest employer, and began to export flowers around the world. The company became a town landmark, until Brampton Town Council allowed the building to be torn down in 1977. The company once had 140 greenhouses, and was the largest flower business in North America. The company also brought about the development of other nurseries in the town. Brampton became the home 48 flower nurseries.

In 1963, the town started calling itself the Flower Town of Canada. On 24 June 2002 Brampton City Council started the "Flower City Strategy". They wanted to show the town's history of growing flowers using this strategy. In 2007 the Rose Theatre was opened
and the city started taking part in the Communities in Bloom competition as a part of their strategy.

Current events
On October 28, 2007, the Brampton Civic Hospital was opened. The Brampton Civil Hospital was built to replace the old Peel Memorial Hospital which had been closed for renovations. Since Peel Memorial Hospital closed, the residents of Brampton have not been sure what is going to happen to it. Many residents want the hospital to be re-opened. They do not think the Brampton Civic Hospital is large enough for the size of Brampton.

In September of 2007, the Rose Theatre opened in Brampton. The theatre is seen as the start of a rebuilding of Brampton's downtown . Since the theatre opened, new businesses have opened in Brampton, and old businesses have renovated.

References

Other websites

 City of Brampton official website
 The Brampton Guardian, community newspaper
 The Brampton Bulletin , community newspaper
 The Brampton News , online-only news source
 Rogers Community Cable Brampton , television station
 Peel Garage Door Brampton , Garage Door Services

Brampton, Ontario

Brampton, Ontario


Samoa – United States relations are bilateral relations between Samoa and the United States.

History
Relations are considered cordial and warm. Since 1967, the United States has supported a substantial Peace Corps program in Samoa. Over 1,700 Peace Corps Volunteers have served in Samoa over that time, with 30 Volunteers currently in-country. The Peace Corps program emphasizes English literacy at the primary school level. Other forms of U.S. assistance to Samoa are limited. The U.S. Embassy, staffed by a single officer, is the smallest Embassy in Samoa and one of the few one-officer U.S. Embassies in the world.

The United States and Samoa signed the Shiprider Agreement on June 2, 2012, coinciding with the Samoan Golden Jubilee marking the country's 50th anniversary of independence. The bilateral agreement allows Samoan law enforcement personnel to enforce maritime law and fisheries regulations on board U.S. Coast Guard ships. The agreement applies to officers of the Samoan Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and uniformed personnel of the Samoan Ministry of Police and Prison and the United States Coast Guard. Former Prime Minister Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi and United States Ambassador to Samoa David Huebner were the signatories of the agreement.

The current interim U.S. Ambassador to Samoa is Chargé d'Affaires Kevin Covert, accredited to both New Zealand and Samoa, who took over after the resignation of the Senate-confirmed Scott Brown. On July 16, 2021 US President Joe Biden nominated Udall to serve as United States Ambassador to Samoa and New Zealand; he has confirmed December 2, 2021.

See also
 Foreign relations of Samoa
 Foreign relations of the United States
 Politics of Samoa
 Samoan unification

References

External links
 History of Samoa - U.S. relations

Bilateral relations of the United States
United States

Samoa–United States relations