Norma Lynn Knobel Hunt (, March 28, 1938 – June 4, 2023) was an American football executive who was a minority owner of the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL) from 2006 to 2023. Hunt was married to Lamar Hunt who founded the Chiefs. At the time of her death, she was one of 4 members (and the only woman) in the Never Miss a Super Bowl Club. She was known as the "First Lady of Football."

Early life
Hunt was born in 1938 in Greenville, Texas, about 50 miles northeast of Dallas. She graduated from Richardson High School in the Dallas suburb of Richardson, Texas, in 1956. She played basketball and was a member of the drill team in high school.

She then earned a bachelor's degree from North Texas State University (now the University of North Texas) in 1960. She was president of the Chi Omega sorority at North Texas State. She received a Rotary Club fellowship to study in Dublin, Ireland, in 1962.

Hunt returned to Richardson High School as a teacher of American history.

Kansas City Chiefs ownership
After Hunt's husband died, their children and she became the owners of the franchise with her son Clark being the ultimate authority for all personnel decisions. Her two children and two step-children each owned 24.5 percent share of the franchise while she owned the remaining 2 percent. During her time as a minority owner, the Chiefs won Super Bowl LIV and Super Bowl LVII.

Never Miss a Super Bowl Club

Prior to her death in June 2023, she was one of four members (and the only woman) in the Never Miss a Super Bowl Club. She attended the first 57 Super Bowl games from Super Bowl I (which the Chiefs lost) to Super Bowl LVII (which the Chiefs won). She attended the first 40 Super Bowls with her husband, Lamar Hunt, and continued the tradition with her sons after Lamar's death in 2006.

Hunt's connection to the Super Bowl includes inspiration for her husband's development of the game's iconic name. In 1966, Norma purchased three Super Balls for her children at a Dallas toy store. Lamar, who heard about the Super Balls with regularity from their children, despised the name of the "AFL-NFL World Championship Game" and successfully proposed that the league change the title to "Super Bowl".

Personal life
She met Lamar Hunt in 1963, and they were married in 1964. They had two children. Her son, Clark, is the chairman and CEO of the Kansas City Chiefs. Her granddaughter, Gracie, won the Miss Kansas USA pageant in 2021 and finished in the top 16 in that year's Miss USA.

Hunt also shared a love of soccer with her husband. She reportedly "played a huge role" in her husband's investment in the North American Soccer League. The two began to love soccer when she brought him to a Shamrock Rovers game in Dublin as a part of her Rotary Club fellowship in 1962.

Hunt was passionate about viniculture and founded the Bidwell Creek Vineyard in 2000. Her vineyard released a cabernet sauvignon under the name "Perfect Season".

Hunt died on June 4, 2023 at age 85.

References

1938 births
2023 deaths
21st-century American businesswomen
Kansas City Chiefs owners
People from Richardson, Texas
University of North Texas alumni
Women sports owners
Richardson High School alumni
Sportspeople from Texas

Norma Hunt


In theoretical computer science, a transition system is a concept used in the study of computation. It is used to describe the potential behavior of discrete systems.  It consists of states and transitions between states, which may be labeled with labels chosen from a set; the same label may appear on more than one transition. If the label set is a singleton, the system is essentially unlabeled, and a simpler definition that omits the labels is possible.

Transition systems coincide mathematically with abstract rewriting systems (as explained further in this article) and directed graphs. They differ from finite-state automata in several ways:

 The set of states is not necessarily finite, or even countable.
 The set of transitions is not necessarily finite, or even countable.
 No "start" state or "final" states are given.

Transition systems can be represented as directed graphs.

Formal definition

Formally, a transition system is a pair  where  is a set of states and , the transition relation, is a subset of . We say that there is a transition from state  to state  iff , and denote it .

A labelled transition system is a tuple  where  is a set of states,  is a set of labels, and , the labelled transition relation, is a subset of . We say that there is a transition from state  to state  with label  iff  and denote it

Labels can represent different things depending on the language of interest. Typical uses of labels include representing input expected, conditions that must be true to trigger the transition, or actions performed during the transition. Labelled transitions systems were originally introduced as named transition systems.

Special cases

 If, for any given  and , there exists only a single tuple  in , then one says that  is deterministic (for ).
 If, for any given  and , there exists at least one tuple  in , then one says that  is executable (for ).

Coalgebra formulation

The formal definition can be rephrased as follows. Labelled state transition systems on  with labels from  correspond one-to-one with functions , where  is the (covariant) powerset functor. Under this bijection  is sent to , defined by
.
In other words, a labelled state transition system is a coalgebra for the functor .

Relation between labelled and unlabelled transition system
There are many relations between these concepts. Some are simple, such as observing that a labelled transition system where the set of labels consists of only one element is equivalent to an unlabelled transition system. However, not all these relations are equally trivial.

Comparison with abstract rewriting systems
As a mathematical object, an unlabeled transition system is identical with an (unindexed) abstract rewriting system. If we consider the rewriting relation as an indexed set of relations, as some authors do, then a labeled transition system is equivalent to an abstract rewriting system with the indices being the labels. The focus of the study and the terminology are different, however. In a transition system one is interested in interpreting the labels as actions, whereas in an abstract rewriting system the focus is on how objects may be transformed (rewritten) into others.

Extensions
In model checking, a transition system is sometimes defined to include an additional labeling function for the states as well, resulting in a notion that encompasses that of Kripke structure.

Action languages are extensions of transition systems, adding a set of fluents F, a set of values V, and a function that maps F × S to V.

See also
 Transition monoid
 Transformation monoid
 Semigroup action
 Simulation preorder
 Bisimulation
 Operational semantics
 Kripke structure
 Finite-state machine
 Modal μ-calculus

References

Models of computation

Transition system


The National Desk (TND) is a daily American television news program produced by the Sinclair Broadcast Group. The program premiered nationally on January 18, 2021, and utilizes the journalistic resources of Sinclair's news operations throughout the United States, as well as original content. It originates from the studios of flagship station WJLA-TV in the Washington, D.C. market.

History
In June 2020, Sinclair announced it would launch "a headline news service" that would air weekday mornings (6:00–9:00 local time) and rely on news-gathering services of Sinclair's stations as well as original content, similar in format to NewsNation Prime produced by Nexstar Media Group for NewsNation.

The program would be titled The National Desk, and Sinclair tapped veteran news anchor Jan Jeffcoat to host the program. It launched on January 18, 2021, and airs on Sinclair's CW and MyNetworkTV-affiliated stations, along with its Fox-affiliated stations without any local newscasts or news share agreements.

The National Desk largely replaced paid programming, televangelism, and syndicated programming on those stations, reportedly saving Sinclair money in the long-run. The morning block also served as the replacement for Sinclair's attempt at non-educational children's programming, KidsClick, which had ended two years before.

On May 4, 2021, Sinclair announced an evening expansion of The National Desk on September 27. The two-hour evening block airs after network primetime in the Eastern and Central time zones, while leading into it in the Mountain and Pacific time zones.

On November 15, 2021, ABC affiliate WATM-TV in Altoona, Pennsylvania begin airing The National Desk in place of where local newscasts would normally air, making it among Sinclair's first "Big Three" affiliated stations to air The National Desk. Prior to this, it was airing a newscast produced from LMA partner WJAC-TV in nearby Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Another LMA sister station, Fox affiliate WWCP-TV in Johnstown, will air The National Desk during WATM-TV's network commitments with ABC.

A weekend edition of the program was launched on Saturday, March 5, 2022, anchored by Eugene Ramirez, who also anchors the live desk during the weekday evening edition.

Recently, several "Big Four" stations owned or operated by Sinclair have replaced their local newscasts with The National Desk. On April 3, The National Desk began airing on WPMI in Mobile, Alabama,  WEYI in Flint, Michigan, WACH in Columbia, South Carolina and WGXA in Macon, Georgia (some local newscasts were retained on all of the above stations). Then on May 15, The National Desk was added on WNWO in Toledo, Ohio, KTVL in Medford, Oregon, KPTH in Sioux City, Iowa, WGFL/WNBW-DT in Gainesville, Florida and KPTM in Omaha, Nebraska, as those news operations were shuttered.

Format
The National Desk is described by Sinclair as a "comprehensive, commentary-free" news program, despite Sinclair historically requiring its local stations to broadcast conservative opinion must-run segments. However, the program has been criticized by Media Matters for America for airing COVID-19 misinformation, inviting commentators from anti-immigrant organization FAIR, repeatedly airing a National Taxpayers Union falsehood regarding the cost of the INVEST in America Act, promoting efforts to counter inclusion of critical race theory in public schools, conducting interviews that propagated 2020 U.S. presidential election misinformation, and concealing interviewees' support of Republican efforts to restrict voting while discussing election security.

Common segments on The National Desk include Fact Check Team, which fact checks issues currently in political discourse (originally called the "truth squad team"); Spotlight on America, with reporting from Sinclair's investigative team on important issues impacting Americans; Pulse of America, featuring local reports from Sinclair stations across the country; Live Desk, an anchor who presents breaking news and developing stories; and a weather segment at the end of each half hour for the morning program, and at the end of each hour on the evening edition, featuring reports from Sinclair meteorologists reporting on their local region, in a cycle around the United States. The weather section can be replaced with local weather, news, or other programming for a specific market.  The weekend edition is a summary of notable stories from the weekday editions, and is presented by the weeknight anchor.

The program airs on Sinclair's ad-supported streaming service Stirr, along with the live video section of nearly every Sinclair station site and app, allowing it national availability. The program does not air on Sinclair stations in every market due to network commitments or lack of a sister station entirely.

The National Weather Desk
The National Weather Desk launched on September 26, 2022 as a half hour spinoff of The National Desk. The program features an extended look at top weather stories, a national forecast, local weather-related stories from Sinclair stations, explainers about weather events, and weather-related photos and videos from viewers. The last portion of each program is a cut-in to allow stations to present local forecasts or other content.

Reception
The program gained notice at launch for having five times as many Twitter followers as NewsNation after its first week (compared to NewsNation, which had been on the air for five months). However, the social media accounts under "@Circa" had existed since 2012 for Sinclair's defunct Circa News service. That service was discontinued on March 26, 2019, with Sinclair keeping its existing social media accounts alive and repurposing them under the new "@TND" handle quietly two months later and building The National Desk concept around the dormant accounts, along with retaining most of the Circa-era follower base who had not stopped following the accounts. NewsNation in contrast had started fresh social media accounts, rather than transitioning its followers from those following it under the channel's former branding of WGN America.

References

Sinclair Broadcast Group
2020s American television news shows
2021 American television series debuts
English-language television shows
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States

The National Desk


The Livingston County Courthouse is an historic building and a longtime judicial center for Livingston County, Illinois, United States. It is located in the county seat of Pontiac.

History
The current Livingston County Courthouse is the third building to carry that name. Construction on the present-day courthouse began in late 1874 and was completed late the next year. The courthouse was built after fire consumed the second Livingston County Courthouse on July 4, 1874. The plan for the courthouse was selected from a slate of ten candidate plans. The County Board of Supervisors noted at the time that the selected plan "cost more money (but) it was the only one which for size, fire-proof qualities, and solidity would answer the purpose, and was indeed, in the matter of taste and elegance, much in advance of any other." However, the author of the 1915 The County Archives of the State of Illinois called the building "hardly fireproof". The courthouse clock tower was installed in 1892.  It served as the county's primary judicial center until late 2011, when a replacement Law and Justice Center opened across the street. It currently houses county offices that are not court-related.

Architecture

John C. Cochrane, a Chicago architect  designed the Livingston County Courthouse in Second Empire style. The building is symmetrical and rectangular, standing two stories tall. Each of its four corners features a tower and there is also a central clock tower topping the building. Some architectural elements found on the structure include: quoins, cornices, a mansard roof, modillions, belt courses and patterned roof tiles. From the basement to the eaves the building stands 55 feet tall and the clock tower sits at 70 feet above the basement.

Historic significance
The Livingston County Courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 19, 1986. It was added because it met criteria for inclusion in the areas of politics and government as well as architecture. The building was the seat of judicial activity in Livingston County, Illinois from 1875 until the 21st century, and it is a locally excellent example of Second Empire style.

References

External links

11th Judicial Circuit of Illinois, official site, accessed July 9, 2009.

Courthouse
Clock towers in Illinois
Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
County courthouses in Illinois
Government buildings completed in 1875
National Register of Historic Places in Livingston County, Illinois
Pontiac, Illinois
Second Empire architecture in Illinois
Tourist attractions in Livingston County, Illinois

Livingston County Courthouse (Illinois)


The Kanchipuram silk sari is a type of silk sari made in the Kanchipuram region in Tamil Nadu, India. These saris are worn as bridal & special occasion saris by most women in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh. It has been recognized as a Geographical indication by the Government of India in 20052006.

As of 2008, an estimated 5,000 families were involved in sari production. There are 25 silk and cotton yarn industries and 60 dyeing units in the region.

Weaving
The saris are woven from pure mulberry silk thread. The pure mulberry silk and the Zari used in the making of Kanchipuram saris comes from South India. To weave a Kanchipuram sari three shuttles are used. While the weaver works on the right side, his aide works on the left side shuttle. The border colour and design are usually quite different from the body. If the mundhi (the hanging end of the sari) has to be woven in a different shade, it is first separately woven and then delicately joined to the Sari. The part where the body meets the mundhi is often denoted by a zigzag line. In a genuine Kanchipuram Silk Sari, body and border are woven separately and then interlocked together. The joint is woven so strongly that even if the saris tears, the border will not detach. That differentiates the kanchivaram silk saris from the others.

Design

Saris are distinguished by their wide contrast borders. Temple borders, checks, stripes and floral (buttas) are traditional designs found on a Kanchipuram saris.
The patterns and designs in the kanchipuram saris were inspired with images and scriptures in South Indian temples or natural features like leaves, birds and animals. These are saris with rich woven mundhi showing paintings of Raja Ravi Varma and epics of Mahabharata and Ramayana. Kanchipuram saris vary widely in cost depending upon the intricacy of work, colours, pattern, material used like zari (gold thread) etc. The silk is also known for its quality and craftsmanship, which has helped earn its name.

Significance
Kanchipuram saris woven with heavy silk and gold cloth are considered to be special and are worn on occasions and festivities.

Geographical Indication
In 2005, the Government of Tamil Nadu applied for Geographical Indication for Kanchipuram saris. The Government of India recognized it as a Geographical indication officially since the year 2005-06.

In popular culture
The Tamil film Kanchivaram released in 2008 depicts the struggles of silk weavers in Kanchipuram.

See also
Mysore silk
Ilkal sari
Navalgund Durries
Tissue (cloth)

References

External links

Saris
Kanchipuram district
Tamil clothing
Indian handicrafts
Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu
Textile industry in Tamil Nadu
Articles created or expanded during Women's History Month (India) - 2015
Silk in India

Kanchipuram silk sari


Double chess is a chess variant invented by Julian S. Grant Hayward in 1916. The game is played on a 16×12 chessboard with each player in control of two complete  armies placed side by side.

The rules were published in the January 1929 issue of British Chess Magazine.

Game rules
The illustration shows the starting setup. A player wins by checkmating either enemy king. Additional rules:
 Pawns have an initial  step option. En passant captures are permitted.
 A king may castle only on its own half of the board.

As in standard chess, pawns promote upon reaching the furthest .

Capablanca vs. Maróczy match

J. R. Capablanca, who had experimented with different forms of chess in the 1920s, found the game "remarkably interesting", and a four-game match was held with Géza Maróczy on 22nd to 26th April 1929 at the Royal Automobile Club, Pall Mall, London. Capablanca won the match (202).

The only known  from the match is of the first game, having a time control requiring 30 moves per 90 minutes by each player:

White: Maróczy  Black: Capablanca
1.i6 m10 2.h6 Nn10 3.Nc3 Nc10 4.Nn3 d8 5.m3 e8 6.Bl3 Bd10 7.d3 Be10 8.g5 Qd11 9.e4 0-0-0 10.Be3 f7 11.Qg4 g7 12.0-0-0 Nf10 13.Bfj5 Rdg12 14.Qh3 h8 15.Qm2 i7 16.Ni3 Ng8 17.h7 Ni9 18.Nge2 k8 19.k5 j7 20.Bjk4 Njk10 21.j5 g6 22.Ng4 Nj8 23.Bh4 Ne11 24.Bi5 Nl7 25.Bxd10 Qxd10 26.Qh2 Nl9 27.Bk2 Qo9 28.k6 Qxh2 29.Rxh2 Nj6 30.Bh1 jxk6 31.jxk6 Bh9 32.Ni5 Bef11 33.0-0 Nm7 34.Nl4 Bj8 35.Qo4 0-0 36.Bn7 Rij12 37.n6 Nml5 38.Rn5 Ql10 39.Rh4 Ql6 40.Qp4 Nj4 41.Nj5 Qn8 42.Rxj4 Qxn7 43.l5 Qn10 44.Rp5 p10 45.Ro4 Kp11 46.Bf4 Bl10 47.Bh2 Bn8 48.Nl6 Bj11 49.Bo6 Bxo6 50.Rxo6 l9 51.Ro8 m9 52.Rdh1 Rg10 53.Bg1 Qn9 54.R8o5 Ro10 55.Nn7 Rxo5 56.Rxo5 Bxg1 57.Np8 Qp9 58.Nxg1 () Nxl5 59.Rh4 Rj9 60.Rho4 Ro12 61.n7 Nxm3 62.Rm4 Nk2 63.Rk1 Rhj12 64.Rxk2 Rj1+ 65.Kn2 Rxg1+ 66.Kd2 Nk10 67.Qp7 Nl8 68.Qo7 n10 69.Rkm2 Nn9 70.Nxn9 Qxn9 71.Qn6 Rj11 72.Ko3 l8 73.Rn4 Qn8 74.Rn3 Ri1 75.Ne2 Ri3 76.Rmm3 Rxm3 77.Rxm3 Rj6 78.Nf4 Qh2 79.Nfh3 Ql2 80.Qn4 Bxk6 81.Nxk6 Rxk6 82.p4 Rk3 83.Rm5 Rj12 84.Kp2 Rxh3 85.Qi4+ l7 86.Qxh3 Qxf2+ 87.Kc3 Rj2 88.Ro3 Qc5+ 89.Kb3 Qxc2+ 90.Kb4 Qxb2+ 91.Kc4 Rc2+ 92.Kd5 Qb5+ 93.Kd4 Qc5

See also
 Tweedle Chess – a variant with two kings and two queens per side on a 10×10 board.

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links
 Double Chess by Hans Bodlaender, The Chess Variant Pages
 5619. Double Chess by Edward Winter, Chess Notes

Abstract strategy games
Chess variants
1916 in chess
Board games introduced in 1916

Double chess


Wu Yulu is a Chinese farmer and inventor of home-made robots. He has become widely known for his fanciful creations made from scrap metal and other materials. He lives in Mawu Village, near Beijing.

Career
He started making robots at about 11 years of age. With a different upbringing or education perhaps, Wu might have become an engineer. But his teachers were no good when he was school-aged, he said, so he stopped going. He learned to make robots by making mistakes.

In the late 1970s, Wu got a job at a farm machinery factory, and the small income helped him turn used sewing machine parts and some steel wire into his first robot. "Until now, I don't know the theory of physics, but I knew that electricity can drive motors and power can be transferred to the robot's hands and legs with levers and wires," Wu said. After his first robot turned out to be "disabled," Wu continued to experiment. In 1982, the first movable robot, Wu Laoda (the first son of the Wu), was born.

Robots

Wu's robots' given names indicate the order they are created, and they are all given his own family name (Wu). His most famous robot is named Wu .  He has built robots capable of climbing walls, serving water, lighting cigarettes, playing musical instruments and writing calligraphy.

"I can invent robots able to carry a sedan chair, and next I will make robots of the 12 animals in the Chinese zodiac. "There are so many good things in life, and they become the basis for my robots".

See also
 Science and technology in China
 List of Chinese inventions

References

External links
 Videos:
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7rdzRrMKHY
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9PV_IoLTsBU

Chinese inventors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Tongzhou

Wu Yulu


Mario Tennis: Power Tour or Mario Power Tennis, is a video game. It is the fourth game in the Mario Tennis series. It plays on the Game Boy Advance for the Nintendo GameCube. This would ultimately be the final Mario release for the Game Boy Advance. The story and game are like Mario Tennis.

The game is plays on the Game Boy Advance Wireless Adaptor. The company released the game again for the Wii U's Virtual Console in Japan in April 2014.

Nintendo video games

Mario Tennis: Power Tour


World Backup Day is a commemorative date celebrated annually by the backup industry and tech industry all over the world. It highlights the importance of protecting data and keeping systems and computers secure.

World Backup Day started with a post on Reddit where a user wrote about losing their hard drive and wishing someone had reminded them about how important it is to backup data. The campaign started by Ismail Jadun in 2011 and every year news outlets write articles about the importance of backing up data on World Backup Day.

Observance
Every year on March 31, companies tweet and have podcasts about the importance of backing up data to prevent data loss. On the website WorldBackupDay.com people can make a pledge in ten languages on various social media channels about the importance of backing up their data. The World Backup Day is recognized as National Calendar Day on many national holiday websites.

References

External links
 Official site

Backup
Awareness days
Unofficial observances

World Backup Day


William Belsham (1752–1827) was an English political writer and historian, noted as a supporter of the Whig Party and its principles. He justified the American Revolution in excusing Americans in their resistance to the demands of England, and he was an advocate of progressive political liberty.

Life

The brother of Thomas Belsham, and brother-in-law of the Unitarian minister Timothy Kenrick, he was born at Bedford, the son of James Belsham (died 1770), a nonconformist minister. He died near Hammersmith 17 November 1827.

Works
Belsham wrote history as a radical Whig. He belonged to the anti-war group of historians, with Charles James Fox and Anthony Robinson. He began his career as an author by publishing Essays, Philosophical, Historical, and Literary, two vols. 1789–91. He used the term "libertarian" in a discussion of free will and in opposition to "necessitarian" (or determinist) views.

In 1792 he published Examination of an Appeal from the Old to the New Whigs, and in 1793 Remarks on the Nature and Necessity of Political Reform. He also wrote on the Test Act, the French Revolution, the Treaty of Amiens, and the poor laws.

In 1793 Belsham published, in two volumes, Memoirs of the Kings of Great Britain of the House of Brunswick-Luneburg, and this was followed in 1795 by Memoirs of the Reign of George III to the Session of Parliament 1793, in four volumes, a fifth and sixth volume appearing in 1801, bringing it down to 1799. In 1798 he published, in two volumes, A History of Great Britain from the Revolution to the Accession of the House of Hanover, and in 1806 all the volumes were reissued, with two additional volumes, the twelve volumes appearing under the title, History of Great Britain to the Conclusion of the Peace of Amiens in 1802. He engaged in controversy with Herbert Marsh on the responsibility for the French Revolutionary Wars, taking the Foxite Whig line and supporting German critics of Great Britain.

An eight-volume set Memoirs of the Reign of George III from his Accession, to the Peace of Amiens was published in 1813.

References

Attribution

1752 births
1827 deaths
19th-century English historians
English libertarians
English political writers
18th-century English historians

William Belsham


Hornbills (Bucerotidae) are a family of bird found in tropical and subtropical Africa, Asia and Melanesia. They are characterized by a long, down-curved bill which is frequently brightly coloured and sometimes has a casque on the upper mandible. Both the common English and the scientific name of the family refer to the shape of the bill, "buceros" being "cow horn" in Greek. Hornbills have a two-lobed kidney. They are the only birds in which the first and second neck vertebrae (the atlas and axis respectively) are fused together; this probably provides a more stable platform for carrying the bill. The family is omnivorous, feeding on fruit and small animals. They are monogamous breeders nesting in natural cavities in trees and sometimes cliffs. A number of mainly insular species of hornbill with small ranges are threatened with extinction, namely in Southeast Asia.

In the Neotropical realm, toucans occupy the hornbills' ecological niche, an example of convergent evolution. Despite their close appearances, the two groups are not related, with toucans being allied with the woodpeckers, honeyguides and several families of barbet, while hornbills (and their close relatives the ground hornbills) are allied with the hoopoes and wood-hoopoes.

Description

Hornbills show considerable variation in size. The smallest species is the black dwarf hornbill (Tockus hartlaubi), at  and  in length. The largest and most massive species appears to be the southern ground hornbill which has an average weight of , and can weigh up to  and span about  across the wings. Other species rival the southern ground species in length, at up to about , including the Abyssinian ground hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus), the great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) and, probably the longest of all (perhaps exceeding ) thanks in part to its extended tail feathers, the helmeted hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil). Males are always bigger than the females, though the extent to which this is true varies according to species. The extent of sexual dimorphism also varies with body parts. For example, the difference in body mass between males and females is 1–17%, but the variation is 8–30% for bill length and 1–21% in wing length.

The most distinctive feature of the hornbills is the heavy bill, supported by powerful neck muscles as well as by the fused vertebrae. The large bill assists in fighting, preening, constructing the nest, and catching prey. A feature unique to the hornbills is the casque, a hollow structure that runs along the upper mandible. In some species it is barely perceptible and appears to serve no function beyond reinforcing the bill. In other species it is quite large, is reinforced with bone, and has openings between the hollow centre, allowing it to serve as a resonator for calls. In the helmeted hornbill the casque is not hollow but is filled with hornbill ivory and is used as a battering ram in dramatic aerial jousts. Aerial casque-butting has also been reported in the great hornbill.

The plumage of hornbills is typically black, grey, white, or brown, and is frequently offset by bright colours on the bill, or by patches of bare coloured skin on the face or wattles. Some species exhibit sexual dichromatism, where the colouration of soft parts varies by gender.
Hornbills possess binocular vision, although unlike most birds with this type of vision, the bill intrudes on their visual field. This allows them to see their own bill tip and aids in precision handling of food objects with their bill. The eyes are also protected by large eyelashes which act as a sunshade.

Distribution and habitat

The Bucerotidae include about 55 living species, though a number of cryptic species may yet be split, as has been suggested for the red-billed hornbill. Their distribution includes Sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian subcontinent to the Philippines and the Solomon Islands, but no genus is found in both Africa and Asia. Most are arboreal birds, but the large ground hornbills (Bucorvus), as their name implies, are terrestrial birds of open savanna. Of the 24 species found in Africa, 13 are birds of the more open woodlands and savanna, and some occur even in highly arid environments; the remaining species are found in dense forests. This contrasts with Asia, where a single species occurs in open savanna and the remainder are forest species. The Indian subcontinent has 10 species of hornbills, of which 9 are found in India and adjoining countries, while the Sri Lanka grey hornbill is restricted to the island. The most common widespread species in the Indian subcontinent is the Indian grey hornbill.
According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Indonesia has 13 hornbill species: 9 of them exist in Sumatra, and the rest exist in Sumba, Sulawesi, Papua and Kalimantan. Kalimantan has the same hornbill species as Sumatra, except that the great hornbill is not found there.
In the Neogene (at least in the late Miocene), hornbills inhabited North Africa and South Europe. Their remains have been found in Morocco and Bulgaria. The oldest known hornbill is from the Early Miocene of Uganda, around 19 million years ago, which is similar to modern Tockus.

Behaviour and ecology
Hornbills are diurnal, generally travelling in pairs or small family groups. Larger flocks sometimes form outside the breeding season. The largest assemblies of hornbills form at some roosting sites, where as many as 2400 individual birds may be found.

Diet

Hornbills are omnivorous birds, eating fruit, insects and small animals. They cannot swallow food caught at the tip of the beak as their tongues are too short to manipulate it, so they toss it back to the throat with a jerk of the head. While both open country and forest species are omnivorous, species that specialise in feeding on fruit are generally found in forests, while the more carnivorous species are found in open country. Forest-dwelling species of hornbills are considered to be important seed dispersers. Some hornbill species (e.g., Malabar pied-hornbill) even have a great preference for the fruits of the strychnine tree (Strychnos nux-vomica), which contain the potent poison strychnine.

Some hornbills defend a fixed territory. Territoriality is related to diet; fruit sources are often patchily distributed and require long-distance travel to find. Thus, species that specialise in fruit are less territorial.

Breeding

Hornbills generally form monogamous pairs, although some species engage in cooperative breeding. The female lays up to six white eggs in existing holes or crevices, either in trees or rocks. The cavities are usually natural, but some species may nest in the abandoned nests of woodpeckers and barbets. Nesting sites may be used in consecutive breeding seasons by the same pair. Before incubation, the females of all Bucerotinae—sometimes assisted by the male—begin to close the entrance to the nest cavity with a wall made of mud, droppings and fruit pulp. When the female is ready to lay her eggs, the entrance is just large enough for her to enter the nest, and after she has done so, the remaining opening is also all but sealed shut. There is only one narrow aperture, big enough for the male to transfer food to the mother and eventually the chicks. The function of this behaviour is apparently related to protecting the nesting site from rival hornbills. The sealing can be done in just a few hours; at most it takes a few days. After the nest is sealed, the hornbill takes another five days to lay the first egg. Clutch size varies from one or two eggs in the larger species to up to eight eggs for the smaller species. During the incubation period the female undergoes a complete and simultaneous moult. It has been suggested that the darkness of the cavity triggers a hormone involved in moulting. Non-breeding females and males go through a sequential moult. When the chicks and the female are too big to fit in the nest, the mother breaks out the nest and both parents feed the chicks. In some species the mother rebuilds the wall, whereas in others the chicks rebuild the wall unaided. The ground hornbills do not adopt this behaviour, but are conventional cavity-nesters.

Associations with other species
A number of hornbills have associations with other animal species. For example, some species of hornbills in Africa have a mutualistic relationship with dwarf mongooses, foraging together and warning each other of nearby birds of prey and other predators. Other relationships are commensal, for example following monkeys or other animals and eating the insects flushed up by them.

Taxonomy

The family Bucerotidae was introduced (as Buceronia) by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815. There are two subfamilies: the Bucorvinae contain the two ground hornbills in a single genus, and the Bucerotinae contain all other taxa. Traditionally they are included in the order Coraciiformes (which includes also kingfishers, rollers, hoopoes and bee-eaters). In the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, however, hornbills are separated from the Coraciiformes into an order of their own, Bucerotiformes, with the subfamilies elevated to family level. Given that they are almost as distant from the rollers, kingfishers and allies as are the trogons, the arrangement chosen is more a matter of personal taste than any well-established taxonomic practice. All that can be said with reasonable certainty is that placing the hornbills outside the Coraciiformes and the trogons inside would be incorrect.

Genetic data suggests that ground hornbills and Bycanistes form a clade outside the rest of the hornbill lineage. They are thought to represent an early African lineage, while the rest of Bucerotiformes evolved in Asia. However, another study claims that the ground hornbills diverged first, followed by  Tockus. Within Tockus, two clades have been identified based on genetics and vocal types—'whistlers' and 'cluckers'. The 'cluckers' have been placed in a separate genus, Lophoceros.

Bycanistes belongs to a clade of mostly African species that also includes Ceratogymna and Tropicranus. Another member of this clade is the Black dwarf hornbill. The Black dwarf hornbill is typically classified in the genus Tockus but in this study, is a sister species to the White-crested hornbill. If these two species are classified in congeneric, Tropicranus becomes a junior synonym of Horizocerus, as that was one of the old names used for the Black dwarf hornbill. This clade also includes one Southeast Asian species, the white-crowned hornbill.

As for the other Asian hornbill species, Buceros and Rhinoplax are each other's closest relatives, Anorrhinus is part of a clade that has Ocyceros and Anthracoceros as sister taxa, and Aceros, Rhyticeros, and Penelopides form another clade. However, according to this study, Aceros is polyphyletic; the rufous-headed hornbill, writhed hornbill, and wrinkled hornbill form a clade with the Sulawesi hornbill, and are in turn more closely related to Penelopides. These four species have been classified in a separate genus, Rhabdotorrhinus. Similarly, the knobbed hornbill is more closely related to Rhyticeros, leaving the rufous-necked hornbill the only member of the genus Aceros.

Fossil record
Bucorvus brailloni – Late Miocene (Morocco)
Euroceros bulgaricus – Late Miocene (Bulgaria)
Tockus sp. – Early Miocene (Uganda)

Some scientist believe the hornbill evolutionary tree spread from the Indian microcontinent after Gondwana, before India merged with Asia.

Cultural significance

Most species' casques are very light, containing much airspace. However, the helmeted hornbill has a solid casque made of a material called hornbill ivory, which is greatly valued as a carving material in China and Japan. It was used as a medium for the art of netsuke. Also used for hunting purposes in places like India. The Iban people of Borneo regards the Rhinoceros hornbill (known as Kenyalang) as the king of the worldly birds, who acts as the intermediary between the man and the God.
The Wreathed hornbill (Undan) is believed by the Iban people to be the guide of dead souls to the lower world.

Status and conservation
None of the African species of hornbills are seriously threatened, but many Asian hornbills are threatened by hunting and habitat loss, as they tend to require primary forest. Among these threatened species, only the plain-pouched hornbill and rufous-necked hornbill are found on the Asian mainland; all others are insular in their distribution. In the Philippines alone, one species (the Palawan hornbill) is vulnerable, and two species (the Mindoro and Visayan hornbills) are endangered. Two of the three critically endangered hornbills, the rufous-headed hornbill and the Sulu hornbill, are also restricted to the Philippines. The latter species is one of the world's rarest birds, with only 20 breeding pairs or 40 mature individuals, and faces imminent extinction. The Ticao hornbill, a subspecies of the Visayan hornbill, is probably already extinct. The other critically endangered species, the helmeted hornbill, is threatened by uncontrolled hunting and the trade in hornbill ivory.

In popular culture
A hornbill named Zazu is the king's adviser and one of the characters in The Lion King franchise, voiced by Rowan Atkinson in the original 1994 version and John Oliver in the remade 2019 version.

Hornbill was used as the official mascot of one of Malaysia's political parties, the Democratic Action Party.

The Rhinoceros hornbill is the official state animal of Sarawak, a Malaysian state located in Borneo.

The great hornbill, a member of the hornbill family, is the official state bird of Kerala, an Indian state. The species is rated vulnerable.

References

Further reading
 Kemp, Alan C. & Woodcock, Martin (1995): The Hornbills: Bucerotiformes. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York.
 Maclean, Gordon Lindsay & Roberts, Austin (1988): Roberts' Birds of Southern Africa (Revised Edition). Hyperion Books.
 Wallace, Alfred Russel (1863): "The Bucerotidæ, or Hornbills". The Intellectual Observer June 1863: 309–316.
 Zimmerman, Dale A., Turner, Donald A., & Pearson, David J. (1999): Birds of Kenya and Northern Tanzania (Field Guide Edition). Princeton University Press.

External links

 Hornbill videos on the Internet Bird Collection
 ITIS Taxonometric Report Data
 Birds of India website
 Hornbill Conservation: Hornbill Specialist Group, IUCN.
  Narcondam Island Wildlife Sanctuary
 Things to Know About Hornbills

Extant Miocene first appearances
Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque

Hornbill


Juan Zanotto (Giovanni Zanotto, September 26, 1935 – April 13, 2005) was an Italian-born Argentine comic book artist who worked both in Europe and Argentina.

Biography

Born in Cuceglio, in the province of Turin (Piedmont), Zanotto moved with his family at age thirteen to Argentina.  There he studied at the North American School of Art (later the Pan-American School of Art).

In 1953 he started to work at Editorial Codex where he worked on stories by other authors, and in subsequent years did adventure comics, westerns and drew early stories for Tatin and The Phantom.

In 1955, with writings by Alfredo Grassi, he created Ric de la Frontera, and that same year began working on El Mundo del hombre rojo (Indian legends of North America).  In 1958 he began an association with the English publisher Fleetway.  In 1965 he took the position of artistic director at Editorial Codex and did various covers and illustrations.  In 1974 he became artistic director of Ediciones Record.

With Ray Collins (Eugenio Zappietro) he created the fanta-prehistoric Henga (Yor in Italian) using his and Diego Navarro's scripts (the 1983 film Yor, the Hunter from the Future was based on this graphic novel), the western Wakantanka with scripts by Héctor Germán Oesterheld, and the science fiction Bárbara (1979–1983) and Nueva York año cero (in 1984 for la EPC of Rome), both written by Ricardo Barreiro, Cronicas del Tiempo Medio ("Chronicles of the Middle Time") written by Emilio Balcarce and Penitenciario with scripts by Barreiro.

The United States publisher Eclipse Comics published Nueva York año cero and Crónicas del Tiempo Medio in the late 1980s. In 1991 he drew War Man, a graphic novel for Marvel Comics, written by Chuck Dixon and published in 2 parts in Heavy Hitters' Epic Comics.
Falka, the continuation of Horizontes Perdidos of 1993, was Zanotto's first work also as a writer, and lasted until 2003.

Juan Zanotto died in 2005 in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Partial bibliography

 Henga, el cazador (1974, written by Ray Collins)
 Wakantanka (1976, written by Héctor Germán Oesterheld)
 Barbara (1979, written by Ricardo Barreiro)
 Nueva York año cero (1984, written by Ricardo Barreiro)
 Cronicas del Tiempo Medio (written by Emilio Balcarce)
 Penitenciario (1989, written by Ricardo Barreiro)
 Horizontes Perdidos (Falka, 1993)
 Los Ladrones del Tiempo, (1998)

References

 Juan Zanotto dossier FFF
Footnotes

External links
 Juan Zanotto biography on Lambiek Comiclopedia
  Juan Zanotto biography on Dan Dare

1935 births
2005 deaths
Argentine comics artists
Italian emigrants to Argentina
People from the Province of Turin

Juan Zanotto


Walter Hermanus Jacobus Steins SJ (1 July 1810 – 7 September 1881) was a Dutch Jesuit and Catholic prelate, who became Vicar Apostolic of Bombay (1860–1867) and West Bengal (1867–1877) in India, archbishop ad personam, and third  Bishop of Auckland (1879–1881).

Early life
Walter Steins was born in 1810 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. He was educated there, at St Acheul, Amiens and at Fribourg, Switzerland. In 1832 he entered the Belgian province of the Society of Jesus, was ordained a priest on 8 September 1842 (in Louvain), and made his final profession as a Jesuit in 1849.

Vicar Apostolic in India
Steins obtained permission from his superiors to proceed to Borneo (at that time part of a Dutch colony) but went instead to Bombay where he exercised his priestly ministry until 29 June 1861 when he was consecrated a Bishop and assumed the office of Vicar Apostolic. He founded the college of St Francis-Xavier In 1867 he was translated to become Vicar Apostolic of West Bengal, based in Calcutta. He brought to Bengal the French religious order of the Daughters of the Cross, founded the St Vincent's home refuge and many schools and orphanages. He began also the Bengali mission and missions to the Santals and other eastern tribes. Because of ill-health caused by a fall he was advised to return to Europe and he spent time recuperating at Conflans-sur-Seine, the novitiate of the Sisters of the Sacred Heart in Paris.

Bishop of Auckland
Steins recovered sufficiently to request a further appointment and on 16 May 1879 he was appointed as Bishop of Auckland. He arrived on 3 December 1879 and was 15 months in the country. He died on 7 September 1881 in Sydney, as he was, once again, returning to Europe. Archbishop Steins " ... was a distinguished theologian and linguist; broadminded and tolerant". He attended the First Vatican Council in 1870.

Honorific eponyms

Steins Avenue in Hillsborough, Auckland was named after Bisschop in the early 1980s.

Notes

References/Sources

 E.R. Simmons, A Brief History of the Catholic Church in New Zealand, Catholic Publication Centre, Auckland, 1978.
 E.R. Simmons, In Cruce Salus, A History of the Diocese of Auckland 1848 – 1980, Catholic Publication Centre, Auckland 1982.

External links
 Archbishop Walter Herman Jacobus Steins SJ, Catholic Hierarchy website (Retrieved 12 February 2011)

1810 births
1881 deaths
19th-century Roman Catholic bishops in India
19th-century Dutch Jesuits
People from the Auckland Region
Clergy from Amsterdam
19th-century Roman Catholic bishops in New Zealand
Roman Catholic bishops of Auckland
New Zealand Roman Catholic archbishops

Walter Steins Bisschop


Robert Hamilton Coats (July 25, 1874 – February 7, 1960) was Canada's first Dominion Statistician.

He was born in Clinton, Huron County, Ontario in 1874, the son of Robert Coats, who came to Canada from Scotland. In 1896, Coats received a B.A. from the University College in Toronto. He worked as a journalist for The Toronto World and then the Toronto Globe until 1902 when, at the request of Prime Minister Mackenzie King, he became editor of the Labour Gazette; King himself had been the first editor of this publication which included statistical information related to labour.

Coats was named Chief Statistician for the Department of Labour in 1905. In 1915, he was appointed Dominion Statistician and Controller of the Census. Coats helped establish the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, now Statistics Canada.

He also served on statistical committees with the League of Nations. After he retired in 1942, Coats served as statistical advisor to the government of Ontario and the United Nations. He served four years as visiting professor of statistics in the Department of Political Economy at the University of Toronto.

Coats, one of the first residents of Rockcliffe Park, died in Ottawa at the age of 85. He had been married twice, first to Marie Hollbeister, and then, after his first wife's death, to Maida Skelly.

The R. H. Coats Building in Ottawa was named after him.

References
 Robert Hamilton Coats fonds, Archives Canada
     Herbert Marshall, The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science / Revue canadienne d'Economique et de Science politique, Vol. 26, No. 3. (Aug., 1960), pp. 482-483.
     John A. Stevenson, The American Statistician, Vol. 14, No. 2. (Apr., 1960), pp. 28-29.
     Library and Archives Canada, Census of Canada, 1891, item number 1783098

External links

1874 births
1960 deaths
Canadian civil servants
Canadian statisticians
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Presidents of the American Statistical Association
University of Toronto alumni
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Presidents of the Canadian Political Science Association

Robert H. Coats


Ala Boratyn (), also known mononymously as Ala, born Alicja Julia Boratyn on 27 November 1992, is a Polish singer-songwriter. She rose to fame in 2005 as one of the lead singers of Polish girl duo Blog 27. With Blog 27, Boratyn enjoyed success in her native Poland, Central Europe, and Japan. Having departed from the band in 2006, she embarked on a short-lived solo career before becoming member of the bands Wicked Giant, New People and Ala Zastary.

Career
Boratyn debuted in 2005 as a member of the Polish band Blog 27 which she founded with a childhood friend Tola Szlagowska. The duo achieved commercial success with their debut album LOL which in 2006 charted in several European countries and Japan. It was certified double platinum in Poland and included three moderate international hits: "Uh La La La", "Hey Boy (Get Your Ass Up)" and "Wid Out Ya". As part of Blog 27, Ala toured in Western Europe supporting the popular German band Tokio Hotel.

In October 2006, Ala announced her departure from the band, citing personal and creative differences between Tola and her. She subsequently launched solo career, releasing the debut album Higher in November 2007. Although the first single, "Angel", was met with considerable success, the album failed to match the commercial success of Blog 27's album. She then recorded five songs for the soundtrack of the 2010 TV series Majka, the Polish version of the popular Venezuelan telenovela Juana la virgen. Two of those songs, "Nie pytaj mnie" and "SMS", became hits. The former won an award as the best digitally selling Polish song of 2011 – Digital Song of the Year.

In 2014, after several years of hiatus, she became the vocalist of the band Wicked Giant which performed grunge-inspired pop music. The band released a self-titled EP in 2016. She has also started performing in an indie pop band New People, and in late 2017, launched the project Ala Zastary with her New People bandmate Jakub Sikora. The duo released the debut single "Pilot" in late 2017. In February 2018, New People's acclaimed self-titled debut album was released. Ala Zastary released their debut album Jutro? in 2020.

Discography

 2005: LOL (with Blog 27)
 2007: Higher (solo)
 2016: Wicked Giant (EP; with Wicked Giant)
 2018: New People (with New People)
 2020: Jutro? (with Ala Zastary)

References

External links
 Ala Zastary on YouTube
 New People on YouTube
 Wicked Giant on YouTube

1992 births
21st-century Polish singers
21st-century Polish women singers
English-language singers from Poland
Living people
Musicians from Łódź
Polish pop singers

Ala Boratyn


Buitenveldert is a neighborhood of Amsterdam, Netherlands. It is considered the modern Jewish quarter of Amsterdam with its Synagogue, Jewish schools, nursing homes, shops and restaurants.

History
From the Middle Ages the 'Binnendijksche Buitenveldertse' polder in the rural Amstelland region was part of the Nieuwer-Amstel municipality. In 1921, the Buitenveldert polder was annexed by the city of Amsterdam. Since then, the Kalfjeslaan on the southside of Buitenveldert has been the city limit.

As part of the Algemene Uitbreidingsplan ('General Expansion Plan') of 1935, the Buitenveldert polder became the site of a new suburb. It was the only suburb on the south side of the city; most other suburbs were planned on the west side. In 1958 the first stone was laid for the suburb, which was designed according to the garden city planning principles. In 1959 the first residents moved into their new homes.

In 1987 Buitenveldert was granted the status of a borough. In 1998 the borough merged with the neighboring boroughs of Rivierenbuurt to form the new borough of Zuideramstel, which also included parts of the Prinses Irenebuurt. In 2010, after another merger, Buitenveldert became part of the borough of Amsterdam-Zuid.

In 1998, the masterplan for the Zuidas business district was adopted by the Amsterdam municipal council. The new business district has transformed the northern part of Buitenveldert, whereas the southern part has remained mostly residential. The highlight of this residential area is the Gelderlandplein, a shopping centre with several clothing shops, jewelries, restaurants, supermarkets and others. It is one of the few shopping centres in Amsterdam but while the others, like Magna Plaza and Bijenkorf, are located in the city centre, the Gelderlandplein is in this residential area.

Jews and Judaism in Amsterdam
Neighbourhoods of Amsterdam
Former boroughs of Amsterdam
Amsterdam-Zuid

Buitenveldert


Qerkh Bolagh (, also Romanized as Qerkh Bolāgh and Qarakh Bolāgh; also known as Gharakhbolagh, Kirkh Bulāk, Kirkh Bulāq, and Qīkh Bolagh) is a village in Baba Jik Rural District, in the Central District of Chaldoran County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 231, in 52 families.

References

Populated places in Chaldoran County

Qerkh Bolagh, West Azerbaijan


The Thomas and Maria Blackman Bartlett House (also known as the Bartlett-Travis House) was built as a private house at the corner of Canton Center and Warren Roads. It was donated to Canton Township and relocated to its current site at 500 N. Ridge Road in Cherry Hill, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

Description
The Bartlett House was originally constructed in a Greek Revival style, but in subsequent years has been updated with Victorian elements.

The house is a two-story wood structure with clapboard siding, shingle roof, and a cement block foundation faced with fieldstone.  The main portion of the house has extensions to the side and rear.  The front entry is flanked with pilasters and sheltered by a small porch with millwork and scrolled brackets. A large wrap-around porch (reconstructed from photographs) with wooden columns and balustrade runs from the front to the south facade.  Windows are primarily four-over-four, with the exception of three six-over-six windows in the rear extension.

History
Thomas and Maria Blackman Bartlett settled in Canton Township in 1839.  Maria's father, Darius Blackman, built this Greek Revival  upright and wing house c. 1840 and may have given the house and surrounding land to Maria and Thomas as a wedding present. In 1867, Thomas and Maria' son George Bartlett purchased the property.  During the 19th century, the Bartletts added various enlargements were to the structure.  In 1908, the farm and house were purchased by William and Martha Travis; their daughter Ella Rowe inherited the house in approximately 1924 and owned it until the mid-1950s. At that point, the house was purchased by Thomas Myers; it passed through the hands of John Darakijan and Kev Dividock, who donated the house to Canton Township.  In 1989, the house was moved to its current location and placed on a new foundation.  Restoration work to return the house to its c. 1900 appearance was begun in 1994 and finished in 2002.  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

The house is available for community rental.

See also
Canton Township MPS
Canton Charter Township, Michigan

References

External links
 Bartlett-Travis House - Canton Community

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Houses completed in 1840
Houses in Wayne County, Michigan
Relocated buildings and structures in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places in Wayne County, Michigan


Hogrän Church () is a medieval church in Hogrän on the Swedish island of Gotland. It was built in stages between the 12th and 14th century, and contains several medieval church fittings. It belongs to the Church of Sweden and lies in the Diocese of Visby.

History and architecture
Hogrän Church consists of a Romanesque tower and a Gothic nave and choir. The tower thus is the oldest part of the church, dating from circa 1200. Attached to it was originally an earlier stone church, also Romanesque in style and erected during the 12th century. During the 14th century, it was however replaced by the presently visible Gothic nave and choir. A few details from this earlier church, such as a few sculpted reliefs and a Romanesque window-frame, have been incorporated in the Gothic church.

The interior of the church is characterised by the broad width of the nave (). The church contains a number of medieval items. The triumphal cross is one of the oldest wooden sculptures from Gotland, dating from the 12th century. The finely carved doors of the tabernacle are from the early 15th century, and the door of the sacristy is likewise medieval. The baptismal font, probably a work by the craftsman or workshop known by its notname as Byzantios, is from the late 12th century. Of later date are the altarpiece (1634), the pulpit (1637) and the choir stalls (17th century but with incorporated medieval elements).

The church was renovated in 1953-54.

References

Further reading

External links

Romanesque architecture in Sweden
Gothic architecture in Sweden
Churches in Gotland County
Churches in the Diocese of Visby
Churches converted from the Roman Catholic Church to the Church of Sweden

Hogrän Church


Sir John Markham (died 1479) was an English judge and Chief Justice of the King's Bench.

Origins
Markham was the son of John Markham, a judge of the Common Pleas, by either his first or second wife. Francis Markham, in his manuscript 'History of the Family', written in 1606 (which informed Thoroton in his 'History of Nottinghamshire'), and Wotton in his 'Baronetage' described him as the son of the second wife, but the writ of dower which she brought in 1410 against 'John, son and heir of her husband by his wife Elizabeth,' seems to point the other way. His extreme youth when his father died, however, makes it almost certain that he was a son by the second marriage.

Career
He does not appear as an advocate until 1430, having studied the law, according to a doubtful authority, at Gray's Inn. At Easter 1440 he was made a serjeant-at-law, served the king in that capacity, and on 6 February 1444 was raised to a seat on the king's bench. In the subsequent troubles, though he probably took no active part, he was popular with the Yorkists. He and his elder brother Robert were both made knights of the Bath at the coronation of Edward IV. In October 1450 he reproved an enemy of John Paston for the injuries done to Paston, and for 'ungoodly' private life. On the accession of Edward IV he was immediately promoted to the office of chief justice of the king's bench, 13 May 1461, in place of Sir John Fortescue. He was credited with having procured a knighthood for Yelverton, , to console him for his disappointment. On 23 January 1469 Markham was superseded by Sir Thomas Billing.

Judicial reputation
Fuller, who couples him with Fortescue as famous for his impartiality, tells us that the king deprived him of his office because he directed a jury in the case of Sir Thomas Cooke, accused of high treason for lending money to Margaret of Anjou (July 1468), to find him guilty only of misprision of treason. Markham certainly presided on the occasion in question, and his removal closely followed it. Sir John Markham then laid down the maxim of our jurisprudence that 'a subject may arrest for treason, the king cannot, for if the arrest be illegal the party has no remedy against the king.' He is said to have won the name of the 'upright judge,' and Sir Nicholas Throckmorton, when on his trial in 1554, urged the chief justice to incline his judgment after the example of Judge Markham. and others who eschewed corrupt judgments.

Death and descendants
Markham spent the rest of his life in retirement at Sedgebrook Hall, Sedgebrook, Lincolnshire, which he had inherited from his father, and dying there in 1479, was buried in the parish church.

By his wife Margaret, daughter and coheiress of Sir Simon Leke of Cottam, Nottinghamshire, he had a son Thomas and a daughter Elizabeth. A descendant of Sir John Markham was created a baronet by Charles I in 1642. The title became extinct in 1779.

References

Attribution

1479 deaths
Lord chief justices of England and Wales
Year of birth unknown

John Markham (judge)


Spetsnaz is an umbrella term (used for many different things) for special forces in Russian language and is used in numerous post-Soviet states.

Historically, the term meant a special operations units controlled by the main military intelligence service GRU (Spetsnaz GRU). It also describes task forces of other ministries (such as the Ministry of Internal Affairs' ODON and Ministry of Emergency Situations' special rescue unit) in post-Soviet countries. Russian special forces wear different berets depending on the branch of the armed forces they belong to.

As Spetsnaz is a Russian term, it mostly means the special forces of Russia, but other post-Soviet states often refer to their special forces units by the name as well, since these nations also got their special purpose units from the old Soviet security agencies.

Known Operation History

Second World War
During the Second World War, it Soviet forces needed intelligence on German troop positions in northern Norway and Finland. On 5 July 1941 Admiral Arseniy Golovko of the Northern Fleet authorized the formation of a ground spy troop. This unit, the 4th Special Volunteer Detachment, was to be recruited from the fleet's sports-men and  had about 65 to 70 personnel. Later the unit was renamed the 181st Special Reconnaissance Detachment.

The most prominent of these new recruits was Viktor Leonov, who joined the Soviet Navy in 1937. He was assigned to a submarine training detachment and then moved to a repair station in the Northern Fleet at Polyarnyy. Leonov had trained as a scuba diver, after which he joined 4th Special Volunteer Detachment, where he conducted numerous secret operations and twice being awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Initially the unit was confined to performing small scale reconnaissance missions, platoon sized missions by sea and on occasion on land into Finland and later Norway. They began conducting sabotage missions and raids to snatch prisoners for interrogation. They would also destroy German ammunition and supply posts, communication centers, and harass enemy troop concentrations along the Finnish and Russian coasts.

When the European conflict ended, the Naval Scouts were sent to fight the Japanese. Leonov along with Capt. Kulebyakin and 140 men, landed on a Japanese airfield at Port Vonsan, not realizing they were opposed by over 3,500 enemy soldiers. A tense standoff ensued, until the commanding officers of the unit managed to bluff the Japanese forces into surrendering.

Soviet War in Afghanistan
For further details about the Soviet conflict during Afghanistan War see here.

Soviet Spetsnaz forces took part in the Soviet–Afghan War of 1979–1989 in Afghanistan, usually fighting  battles using helicopters. Their most famous operation, Operation Storm-333, was carried out on 27 December 1979 when Soviet special forces stormed the Tajbeg Palace in Afghanistan and killing Afghan President Hafizullah Amin and his 200 personal guards. The Soviets then installed Babrak Karmal as Amin's successor.

The operation involved approximately 660 Soviet operators dressed in Afghan uniforms, including 50 KGB and GRU officers from the Alpha Group and Zenith Group. The Soviet forces occupied major governmental, military and media buildings in Kabul, including their primary target – the Tajbeg Palace.

In the first one and a half years of the war, Spetsnaz units in the form of the 459th special forces company, were exclusively responsible for recon missions and intelligence gathering for the 40th Army. Aside from reconnaissance, the 459th was also tasked with capturing prisoners, destroying the leaders and field commanders of the Mujahideen.

By 1985, the GRU had expanded its special forces footprint to two spetsnaz brigades in Afghanistan, comprising just under 5,000 troops.

References

Special Forces

Spetsnaz


George C. Williams is an Indian cinematographer, who works in the Tamil, Telugu and  Malayalam film industry.

Career
As a youngster, George C. Williams revealed he had a passion for keeping track of lighting, camera angles and framing in Tamil films, often observing the work of P. C. Sreeram, Santhosh Sivan and Jeeva during his school days. He subsequently pursued a degree in Visual Communication from Madras Christian College, learning more about the art of cinematography. In college, he got to know Atlee Kumar, whom he then worked with in his films Raja Rani and Theri. George gained entry into films through a family friend, the choreographer Kalyan, who introduced him to cinematographer Nirav Shah to join as an assistant. He subsequently first helped out as a second unit cameraman in Billa (2007) and then in Sarvam (2009). He subsequently also worked with Arjun Jena for the Telugu film Ala Modalaindi (2011), revealing his early stint helped him get used to the technology involved. Another early assignment he was given, was the video of "Nenjodu Cherthu" from the music album Yuvvh (2012), directed by Alphonse Putharen and his work in the project won him rave reviews from the Malayali audience. He was subsequently signed by AR Murugadoss to be the main cinematographer for his production, Atlee's Raja Rani (2013) and then Kaththi (2014). The success of both films, catapulted George into among the leading cinematographers in Tamil films. He subsequently signed projects in Malayalam and Telugu cinema.

Filmography

As cinematographer

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Living people
Artists from Chennai
Tamil film cinematographers
M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute alumni
Cinematographers from Tamil Nadu
Year of birth missing (living people)

George C. Williams (cinematographer)


The usage share of web browsers is the percentage (%) of viewers at a group of websites who use a particular web browser. For example, when it is said that Google Chrome has 64% usage share (May 2022), it means that all versions of Chrome (including the related Chromium) are used by 64 of every 100 visitors who visit a  set of websites.

Other websites
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Patricia Claxton (born 1929) is a Canadian translator, primarily of Quebec literature.

A native of Kingston, Ontario, Patricia Claxton spent most of her childhood in India. Upon returning to Canada, she has made Montreal, Quebec's largest city, and Canada's second-largest, her permanent residence. She attended the city's McGill University, where she received a Bachelor of Arts degree, and the Université de Montréal, where she earned a Master's degree in translation. She later taught translation at the Université de Montréal for eight years.

She was also founding President of the Literary Translators' Association of Canada and served on the board of the Ordre des traducteurs et interprètes agréés du Québec.

The literature of Gabrielle Roy has played a major role in Patricia Claxton's prominence in the field of translation. In 1987, she won her first Governor General's Award for French to English translation for her work on Roy's La Detresse et l'Enchantment, which she translated as Enchantment and Sorrow, and her second award, in 1999, was for translating François Ricard's biography of Roy. Her other notable translations include Un dimanche à la piscine à Kigali (A Sunday at the pool in Kigali), for which she was a finalist in the 2003 Governor General's Awards and shortlisted for the Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize in 2004.

Authors she has translated include Nicole Brossard, Jacques Godbout, Jacques Hébert, Naïm Kattan, André Major, Fernand Ouellet, Gérard Pelletier, François Ricard, André Roy, Gabrielle Roy, France Théoret, Pierre-Elliott Trudeau and Marcel Trudel.

External links
Biography of Patricia Claxton at the Literary Translators' Association of Canada

1929 births
Living people
Canadian translators
French–English translators
Writers from Kingston, Ontario
Writers from Montreal
Canadian people of English descent
Université de Montréal alumni
McGill University alumni
Anglophone Quebec people
Governor General's Award-winning translators
Canadian women non-fiction writers

Patricia Claxton


Political anthropology is the comparative study of politics in a broad range of historical, social, and cultural settings.

History of political anthropology

Origins
Political anthropology has its roots in the 19th century. At that time, thinkers such as Lewis H. Morgan and Sir Henry Maine tried to trace the evolution of human society from 'primitive' or 'savage' societies to more 'advanced' ones. These early approaches were ethnocentric, speculative, and often racist. Nevertheless, they laid the basis for political anthropology by undertaking a modern study inspired by modern science, especially the approaches espoused by Charles Darwin. In a move that would be influential for future anthropology, this early work focused on kinship as the key to understanding political organization, and emphasized the role of the 'gens' or lineage as an object of study.

Among the principal architects of modern social science are French sociologist Emile Durkheim, German sociologist, jurist, and political economist Max Weber, and German political philosopher, journalist, and economist Karl Marx.

Political anthropology's contemporary literature can be traced to the 1940 publication African Political Systems, edited by Meyer Fortes and E. E. Evans-Pritchard. They rejected the speculative historical reconstruction of earlier authors and argued that "a scientific study of political institutions must be inductive and comparative and aim solely at establishing and explaining the uniformities found among them and their interdependencies with other features of social organization". Their goal was taxonomy: to classify societies into a small number of discrete categories, and then compare them in order to make generalizations about them. The contributors of this book were influenced by Radcliffe-Brown and structural functionalism. As a result, they assumed that all societies were well-defined entities which sought to maintain their equilibrium and social order. Although the authors recognized that "Most of these societies have been conquered or have submitted to European rule from fear of invasion. They would not acquiesce in it if the threat of force were withdrawn; and this fact determines the part now played in their political life by European administration" the authors in the volume tended in practice to examine African political systems in terms of their own internal structures, and ignored the broader historical and political context of colonialism.

Several authors reacted to this early work. In his work Political Systems of Highland Burma (1954) Edmund Leach argued that it was necessary to understand how societies changed through time rather than remaining static and in equilibrium. A special version of conflict oriented political anthropology was developed in the so-called 'Manchester school', started by Max Gluckman. Gluckman focused on social process and an analysis of structures and systems based on their relative stability. In his view, conflict maintained the stability of political systems through the establishment and re-establishment of crosscutting ties among social actors. Gluckman even suggested that a certain degree of conflict was necessary to uphold society, and that conflict was constitutive of social and political order.

By the 1960s this transition work developed into a full-fledged subdiscipline which was canonized in volumes such as Political Anthropology (1966) edited by Victor Turner and Marc Swartz. By the late 1960s, political anthropology was a flourishing subfield: in 1969 there were two hundred anthropologists listing the subdiscipline as one of their areas of interests, and a quarter of all British anthropologists listed politics as a topic that they studied.

Political anthropology developed in a very different way in the United States. There, authors such as Morton Fried, Elman Service, and Eleanor Leacock took a Marxist approach and sought to understand the origins and development of inequality in human society. Marx and Engels had drawn on the ethnographic work of Morgan, and these authors now extended that tradition. In particular, they were interested in the evolution of social systems over time.

From the 1960s a 'process approach' developed, stressing the role of agents (Bailey 1969; Barth 1969). It was a meaningful development as anthropologists started to work in situations where the colonial system was dismantling. The focus on conflict and social reproduction was carried over into Marxist approaches that came to dominate French political anthropology from the 1960s. Pierre Bourdieu's work on the Kabyle (1977) was strongly inspired by this development, and his early work was a marriage between French post-structuralism, Marxism and process approach.

Interest in anthropology grew in the 1970s. A session on anthropology was organized at the Ninth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences in 1973, the proceedings of which were eventually published in 1979 as Political Anthropology: The State of the Art. A newsletter was created shortly thereafter, which developed over time into the journal PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review.

Anthropology concerned with states and their institutions
While for a whole century (1860 to 1960 roughly) political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies, a new development started from the 1960s, and is still unfolding: anthropologists started increasingly to study more "complex" social settings in which the presence of states, bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena. This was not the result of a sudden development or any sudden "discovery" of contextuality. From the 1950s anthropologists who studied peasant societies in Latin America and Asia, had increasingly started to incorporate their local setting (the village) into its larger context, as in Redfield's famous distinction between 'small' and 'big' traditions (Redfield 1941). The 1970s also witnessed the emergence of Europe as a category of anthropological investigation. Boissevain's essay, "towards an anthropology of Europe" (Boissevain and Friedl 1975) was perhaps the first systematic attempt to launch a comparative study of cultural forms in Europe; an anthropology not only carried out in Europe, but an anthropology of Europe.

The turn toward the study of complex society made anthropology inherently more political. First, it was no longer possible to carry out fieldwork in say, Spain, Algeria or India without taking into account the way in which all aspects of local society were tied to state and market. It is true that early ethnographies in Europe had sometimes done just that: carried out fieldwork in villages of Southern Europe, as if they were isolated units or 'islands'. However, from the 1970s that tendency was openly criticised, and Jeremy Boissevain (Boissevain and Friedl 1975) said it most clearly: anthropologists had "tribalised Europe" and if they wanted to produce relevant ethnography they could no longer afford to do so. Contrary to what is often heard from colleagues in the political and social sciences, anthropologists have for nearly half a century been very careful to link their ethnographic focus to wider social, economic and political structures. This does not mean to abandon an ethnographic focus on very local phenomena, the care for detail.

In a more direct way, the turn towards complex society also signified that political themes increasingly were taken up as the main focus of study, and at two main levels. First of all, anthropologists continued to study political organization and political phenomena that lay outside the state-regulated sphere (as in patron-client relations or tribal political organization). Second of all, anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions (and on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions). An anthropology of the state developed, and it is a most thriving field today. Geertz's comparative work on the Balinese state is an early, famous example. There is today a rich canon of anthropological studies of the state (see for example Abeles 1990). Hastings Donnan, Thomas Wilson and others started in the early 1990s a productive subfield, an "anthropology of borders", which addresses the ways in which state borders affect local populations, and how people from border areas shape and direct state discourse and state formation (see for example Alvarez, 1996; Thomassen, 1996; Vereni, 1996; Donnan and Wilson, 1994; 1999; 2003).

From the 1980s a heavy focus on ethnicity and nationalism developed. 'Identity' and 'identity politics' soon became defining themes of the discipline, partially replacing earlier focus on kinship and social organization. This made anthropology even more obviously political. Nationalism is to some extent simply state-produced culture, and to be studied as such. And ethnicity is to some extent simply the political organization of cultural difference (Barth 1969). Benedict Anderson's book Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism discusses why nationalism came into being. He sees the invention of the printing press as the main spark, enabling shared national emotions, characteristics, events and history to be imagined through common readership of newspapers.

The interest in cultural/political identity construction also went beyond the nation-state dimension. By now, several ethnographies have been carried out in the international organizations (like the EU) studying the fonctionnaires as a cultural group with special codes of conduct, dressing, interaction etc. (Abélès, 1992; Wright, 1994; Bellier, 1995; Zabusky, 1995; MacDonald, 1996; Rhodes, 't Hart, and Noordegraaf, 2007). Increasingly, anthropological fieldwork is today carried out inside bureaucratic structures or in companies. And bureaucracy can in fact only be studied by living in it – it is far from the rational system we and the practitioners like to think, as Weber himself had indeed pointed out long ago (Herzfeld 1992).

The concern with political institutions has also fostered a focus on institutionally driven political agency. There is now an anthropology of policy making (Shore and Wright 1997). This focus has been most evident in Development anthropology or the anthropology of development, which over the last decades has established as one of the discipline's largest subfields. Political actors like states, governmental institutions, NGOs, International Organizations or business corporations are here the primary subjects of analysis. In their ethnographic work anthropologists have cast a critical eye on discourses and practices produced by institutional agents of development in their encounter with 'local culture' (see for example Ferguson 1994). Development anthropology is tied to global political economy and economic anthropology as it concerns the management and redistribution of both ideational and real resources (see for example Hart 1982). In this vein, Escobar (1995) famously argued that international development largely helped to reproduce the former colonial power structures.

Many other themes have over the last two decades been opened up which, taken together, are making anthropology increasingly political: post-colonialism, post-communism, gender, multiculturalism, migration, not to forget the umbrella term of globalization. It thus makes sense to say that while anthropology was always to some extent about politics, this is even more evidently the case today.

Notable political anthropologists
Some notable political anthropologists include:

 Marc Abélès
 F. G. Bailey
 Georges Balandier
 Jeremy Boissevain
 John Borneman
 Robert L. Carneiro
 Pierre Clastres
 E. E. Evans-Pritchard
 Meyer Fortes
 David Graeber
 Ted C. Lewellen
 Carolyn Nordstrom
 James C. Scott
Audra Simpson
 Joan Vincent

See also
Political sociology
Legal anthropology

Notes

References
Journal of International Political Anthropology
Abélès, Marc (1990) Anthropologie de l'État, Paris: Armand Colin.
Abélès, Marc (1992) La vie quotidienne au Parlement européen, Paris: Hachette.
Abélès, Marc (2010) "State" in Alan Barnard and Jonathan Spencer (eds.), The Routledge Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology, 2nd. ed., London and New York: Routledge,  pp. 666–670.
Alvarez, Robert R. (1995) "The Mexican-US Border: The Making of an Anthropology of Borderlands", Annual Review of Anthropology, 24: 447–70.
Bailey, Frederick G. (1969) Strategems and Spoils: A Social Anthropology of Politics, New York: Schocken Books, Inc.
Barth, Fredrik (1959) Political Leadership among the Swat Pathans, London: Athlone Press.
Bellier, Irene (1995). "Moralité, langues et pouvoirs dans les institutions européennes", Social Anthropology, 3 (3): 235–250.
Boissevain, Jeremy and John Friedl (1975) Beyond the Community: Social Process in Europe, The Hague: University of Amsterdam.
Bourdieu, Pierre. (1977) Outline of a Theory of Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brachet, Julien and Scheele, Judith. (2019) The Value of Disorder : Autonomy, Prosperity, and Plunder in the Chadian Sahara, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Donnan, Hastings and Thomas M. Wilson (eds.) (1994) Border Approaches: Anthropological Perspectives on Frontiers, Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
Donnan, Hasting and Thomas M. Wilson (1999) Borders: Frontiers of Identity, Nation and State, Oxford: Berg.
Donnan, Hasting and Thomas M. Wilson (eds.) (2003) "European States at Their Borderlands", Focaal: European Journal of Anthropology, Special Issue, 41 (3).
Escobar, Arturo (1995) Encountering Development, the making and unmaking of the Third World, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Ferguson, James (1994) The Antipolitics Machine: "Development". Depoliticization and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Fortes, Meyer and E. E. Evans-Pritchard (eds.) (1940) African Political Systems, Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
Hart, Keith (1982) The Political Economy of West African Agriculture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Herzfeld, Michael (1992). The Social Production of Indifference. Exploring the Symbolic Roots of Western Bureaucracy, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Horvath, A. & B. Thomassen (2008) 'Mimetic errors in liminal schismogenesis: on the political anthropology of the trickster', International Political Anthropology 1, 1: 3 – 24.
Leach, Edmund (1954) Political Systems of Highland Burma. A Study of Kachin Social Structure, London, LSE and Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
McDonald, Maryon (1996). "Unity and Diversity: Some tensions in the construction of Europe", in: Social Anthropology 4-1: 47–60.
Redfield, Robert (1941) The Folk Culture of Yucutan, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Rhodes, Rod, A.W Paul 't Hart and Mirko Noordegraaf (eds.) (2002) Observing Government Elites, Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Sharma, Aradhana and Akhil Gupta (eds.) (2006) The Anthropology of the State: A Reader, Malden, MA; Oxford: Blackwell.
Shore, Chris and Susan Wright (eds.) (1997) Anthropology of Policy: Critical Perspectives on Governance and Power, London, Routledge.
Spencer, Jonathan (2007) Anthropology, Politics, and the State. Democracy and Violence in South Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Thomassen, Bjørn (1996) "Border Studies in Europe: Symbolic and Political Boundaries, Anthropological Perspectives", Europaea. Journal of the Europeanists, 2 (1): 37–48.
Vereni, Pietro (1996) "Boundaries, Frontiers, Persons, Individuals: Questioning 'Identity' at National Borders", Europaea, 2 (1): 77–89.
Wright, Susan (ed.) (1994) The Anthropology of Organizations, London: Routledge.
Zabusky, Stacia E. (1995) Launching Europe. An Ethnography of European Cooperation in Space Science, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Anthropology
Anthropology

Political anthropology


Catherine Pepinster (born 7 June 1959) is an English editor, historian, commentator and writer with a focus on theology, Catholic and Anglican ecumenism, church history, and religion and politics. She was the first female editor of The Tablet in the newspaper's 176-year history. In 2017 she published the book The Keys and the Kingdom: The British and the Papacy from John Paul II to Francis.

Education
Pepinster has a BA in economics and social science from the University of Manchester, a postgraduate diploma in journalism from City, University of London, and an MA in philosophy and religion from Heythrop College, University of London.

Career
Pepinster began her career in journalism as a reporter for a newspaper in Manchester and Sheffield in 1981. In 1985, she worked as a property correspondent for the Sheffield Telegraph before becoming a chief reporter at Estates Times in 1986. In 1987, she was a news editor for Building and in 1989 she began working as a reporter for The Observer. She worked as a news editor for Time Out until 1994, when she began working as an assistant news editor at The Independent on Sunday. She was promoted to deputy news editor at The Independent on Sunday in 1995 and promoted again to news editor in 1997. In 199,8 she transferred to a job as a features editor at The Independent before going back to The Independent on Sunday in 1999 to work as an assistant editor. She was promoted to executive editor in 2002. Pepinster worked as the executive editor of The Independent on Sunday until joining The Tablet as editor in 2004. Upon her appointment, Pepinster became the first female editor in The Tablets 176 year history. During her period as editor, she was responsible for covering three papacies, those of John Paul II, Benedict XVI, and Francis. She led the paper during the death of John Paul II, the election and resignation of Benedict XVI as well as his state visit to the United Kingdom in 2010, and the conclave that elected Francis. While editor, Pepinster helped modernise The Tablet by redesigning its online presence and creating social media accounts. She led the paper as it marked its 175th anniversary. In December 2016, Pepinster stepped down from the position as editor of The Tablet, after serving in the role for thirteen years, and was succeeded by Brendan Walsh.

In 2005, Pepinster edited the book John Paul II: Reflections from The Tablet, which was a collection of written works by members of the staff at The Tablet.

On 16 November 2017, Pepinster's book The Keys and the Kingdom: The British and the Papacy from John Paul II to Francis, which focuses on the politics and relationships between the Catholic Church and the British Crown, was published.

Since leaving The Tablet, Pepinster has contributed as a religion and politics writer for The Guardian, the National Catholic Reporter, Catholic Herald, The Christian Century, Religion News Service, The Telegraph, and Crux. Her work has also been featured in America Magazine.

In April 2017, Pepinster was appointed as the United Kingdom's Development Officer for the Anglican Centre in Rome.

Personal life
Pepinster is a practising Catholic and describes herself as liberal. She is a survivor of breast cancer. Pepinster supports Brentford Football Club.

References

External links

  Catherine Pepinster on Twitter
  Catherine Pepinster on WordPress

1959 births
Living people
English Roman Catholic writers
English newspaper editors
English women journalists
English women writers
The Independent people
Catholic–Anglican ecumenism
Alumni of the University of Manchester
Alumni of City, University of London
Alumni of Heythrop College
Women newspaper editors
Religion journalists

Catherine Pepinster


Grand Meadow Township is a township in Mower County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 344 at the 2000 census.  The city of Grand Meadow, lies on the eastern boundary of Grand Meadow.  All other areas of the township are unincorporated areas.  The township was named for the typical landscapes within its borders.

History
Erland Olson built a log house in section 12 in 1854 and the township was officially organized in 1862 in a meeting at the B.F. Lanhworthy home.  At that meeting, the people of the township elected a chairman, a clerk, a treasurer, two justices of the peace and two constables.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , all  land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 344 people, 109 households, and 96 families residing in the township.  The population density was .  There were 118 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the township was 98.84% White, 0.87% Asian, 0.29% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.29% of the population.

There were 109 households, out of which 45.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 81.7% were married couples living together, 2.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 11.9% were non-families. 11.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 3.16 and the average family size was 3.40.

In the township the population was spread out, with 34.0% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 15.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.5 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.1 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $52,344, and the median income for a family was $56,250. Males had a median income of $36,500 versus $26,607 for females. The per capita income for the township was $19,984.  None of the families and 2.0% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.

Cemetery
St. Finbarr's Catholic Cemetery is located in the southwest corner of the northwest quadrant of section 13 of the township.  It is one mile north and one half mile west of Grand Meadow.

References

Further reading

Townships in Mower County, Minnesota
Townships in Minnesota
1862 establishments in Minnesota

Grand Meadow Township, Mower County, Minnesota