Prittlewell Priory is a medieval priory in the Prittlewell area of Southend, Essex, England. It was founded in the 12th century, by monks from the Cluniac Priory of St Pancras in Lewes, East Sussex, and passed into private hands at the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII. The last private owner, the jeweller R. A. Jones, gave the priory and the grounds to the local council. The grounds now form a public park, Priory Park, and the Grade I listed building is open to the public as a museum. Priory Park is located adjacent to the priory. The remains of the priory are a scheduled monument.

History
Prittlewell Priory was founded by the Cluniac Order as a cell to the Priory of St Pancras at Lewes, East Sussex. Prittlewell was one of the lesser monasteries, housing not more than 18 monks. In 1536 much of the building was destroyed, and what remained was much altered during the 18th century. Alterations were made again in the early 20th century, when the refectory was restored and partly rebuilt. A number of original features do survive, including a 12th-century doorway with chevron and dog-tooth ornamentation.

After the Dissolution the priory was a private residence. According to William White, in his 1848 Directory of Essex, on the Dissolution "...[the Priory's] revenues were valued at £194.14s.3d. per annum, and it was granted to Lord Chancellor Thomas Audley, who conveyed it to Robert, son of Lord Rich. It afterwards passed with the manor to various families". The last family to live there, the 19th-century Scrattons, are explored in an exhibition inside the house. In 1917 the building was purchased by Robert Jones, and in May 1922 it opened as Southend's first museum.

In 2011 works began on refurbishing the existing buildings and the construction of a new Visitor Centre. The £2 million works were in part funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund and the Cory Environmental Trust in Southend-on-Sea, and were undertaken by The Facility Architects and Ibex Interiors. Works were completed in the summer of 2012 and the Priory re-opened in the June of that year. The new Visitor Centre, adjacent to the Priory, opened in February 2013.

Conflict with Lewes Priory
Lewes, holding dominion over the monastery at Prittlewell, were responsible for electing the prior who would rule there. In 1311, this post was granted to William le Auvergnat. Two years into his rule, however, he was accused of corruption, and the prior of Lewes attempted to remove him.

This led to a prolonged conflict between the two priories, with Lewes promoting the ascension of James de Cusancia, and William steadfastly opposing his displacement.

Due to this unrest, the prior of Prittlewell was summoned before the King in 1318. During this audience, William outwardly resigned his position, only to return to the monastery and forcibly occupy it with his supporters.

In 1321, the monks of Lewes armed themselves and launched a counterattack, invading the priory as Mass was being said.  Captives were seized and spirited away to face punishment, and William himself was struck a fatal blow at the altar, his death finally allowing James de Cusancia to succeed him as prior of Prittlewell.

The Scratton Family

In 1842 Daniel Robert Scratton (1819-1902) inherited the Priory. Together with his wife, Maria (d.1901), he renovated the buildings to provide a comfortable home. His portrait by Stephen Pearce (1819–1904), showing him mounted on a hunter, is in the collection of Southend Museum. In 1869 he moved to West Ogwell manor house in Devon, where he died in 1902. It was only when William Howell Scratton purchased the Priory in 1887 that it truly became a family home. The family created a walled kitchen garden, which originally had hot houses and a melon pit. This was on the site of the monks' burial ground. Today, it is an ornamental garden.

The Collections
The Victorian extension of the Priory, which once housed the bedrooms, now hosts an interactive display on the local wildlife.

Other collections at the Priory include Daniel Robert Scratton of Prittlewell Priory, Essex by Stephen Pearce (1867) and Mrs Scratton of Prittlewell Priory by an unknown artist.

Priory Park
When R A Jones purchased the Priory, he also purchased a large tract of the surrounding land, which he donated to the town for the creation of Priory Park. The Park was formally opened on 14 July 1920 by the Duke of York, who was later to become King George VI.

Additional photographs

References

External links
Southend Museums Service

Buildings and structures in Southend-on-Sea
Museums in Essex
Parks and nature reserves in Southend-on-Sea
Religious museums in England
Historic house museums in Essex
Grade I listed buildings in Essex
12th-century establishments in England
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
Grade I listed monasteries
Monasteries dissolved under the English Reformation

Prittlewell Priory


Robert Benfield (died July 1649) was a seventeenth-century actor, noted for his longtime membership in the King's Men in the years and decades after William Shakespeare's retirement and death.

Nothing is known of Benfield's early life. He was most likely with the Lady Elizabeth's Men in 1613, and acted in their productions of Fletcher's The Coxcomb and the Fletcher/Massinger play The Honest Man's Fortune in that year. Benfield soon joined the King's Men, possibly to replace William Ostler, who died unexpectedly in December 1614. He acted in the company's production of John Webster's The Duchess of Malfi c. 1621.

He was a shareholder in the company by 1619, when he is listed in the renewed patent for the King's Men issued in that year. Benfield also eventually became a sharer in both the Globe and Blackfriars theatres, but only after a conflict: in 1635 he was one of three King's Men (the others were Thomas Pollard and Eliard Swanston) who petitioned the Lord Chamberlain, Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke, for the right to buy shares from fellow King's Man John Shank and from Cuthbert Burbage.

Benfield was one of the ten King's Men who signed the dedication of the first Beaumont and Fletcher folio of 1647. In the 25 cast lists added to the second Beaumont and Fletcher folio of 1679, Benfield is mentioned 18 times:

 The Coxcomb
 The Custom of the Country
 The Double Marriage
 The False One
 The Honest Man's Fortune
 The Humorous Lieutenant
 The Island Princess
 The Knight of Malta
 The Little French Lawyer

 The Lovers' Progress
 The Mad Lover
 The Maid in the Mill
 The Pilgrim
 The Prophetess
 The Spanish Curate
 The Wild Goose Chase
 A Wife for a Month
 Women Pleased

Benfield's total equals those of Joseph Taylor and John Underwood, and is second only to John Lowin's 21.

Benfield played Junius Rusticus in The Roman Actor, Doctor Makewell in The Soddered Citizen, Ladislaus the King of Hungary in The Picture, Marcellus in Believe as You List, the King in The Deserving Favourite, and Antharis in The Swisser.

The parish records of St. Giles without Cripplegate in London, close to the Fortune Playhouse and the home of many actors in Benfield's era, record a few facts of Benfield's personal life. A son, James, was christened on 1 January 1628 (all dates new style). Benfield buried his wife Mary on 21 January 1629 and his son Bartholomew and daughter Elizabeth on 21 July and 1 August 1631 respectively. His own funeral occurred on 28 July 1649.

The twentieth-century scholar T. W. Baldwin developed a hypothesis that the King's Men assigned specific actors to specific stock roles: Taylor played "hero" parts, Lowin played "tyrant" parts, etc. In Baldwin's schema (which has been treated skeptically by many other commentators), Benfield's specialty lay in "dignitary" roles.

References

17th-century English male actors
1649 deaths
King's Men (playing company)
Year of birth unknown
English male stage actors

Robert Benfield


Dan "Shoe" Hsu (born 1971) is the former editorial director of the 1UP Network, as well as former editor-in-chief of the video game magazine Electronic Gaming Monthly, a position he held from 2001 to 2008. Hsu attended the University of Michigan. His nickname, "Shoe", refers to the pronunciation of his surname.

Hsu first joined EGM's magazine staff in 1996. Including a year-long absence in 2000 to work at website Gamers.com, Hsu spent 12 years working for EGM before announcing his April 25, 2008 departure from the 1UP Network. Immediately after leaving 1UP, Hsu started a personal blog with former EGM Senior Editor Crispin Boyer called Sore Thumbs Blog. This blog is no longer active.

Hsu co-founded Bitmob (and parent company Bitmob Media, Inc.) with Demian Linn, the former executive producer of GameVideos.com and The 1UP Show. Bitmob.com soft-launched in May 2009.

On December 1, 2009 it was announced via press release that Hsu would be returning to Electronic Gaming Monthly as part of its relaunch, along with Demian Linn.

VentureBeat acquired Bitmob on February 1, 2012. Since then, Bitmob has been incorporated into VentureBeat's gaming site, GamesBeat, where Hsu served as the editor-in-chief until October 2014, where he announced he was leaving gaming media permanently. He's still in the gaming business, currently working at Blizzard Entertainment as Senior Director of Content Programming.

Controversies
Hsu created a stir in the gaming industry in late 2005, when he wrote an editorial about the practice of gaming magazines and websites selling article and editorial opportunities to gaming publishers in exchange for advertising agreements. Citing an unnamed contact at a major game publishing company, Hsu refused to name the parties involved, but condemned those responsible for not maintaining journalistic integrity. The matter was publicized further when Slashdot linked to a Games.net editorial response written by Chris Cook, a writer for game magazine GamePro, who admonished Hsu for not specifying which companies were involved in the practices that were alluded to.

Following the launch of the Microsoft Xbox 360 in November 2005, Hsu interviewed Peter Moore, then the head of marketing for the Home and Entertainment division of Microsoft. At the time of the interview, there was much negative publicity in the media regarding technical problems with the system, as well as some complaints of the limited software line-up at launch within the gaming community. Much of the interview focused on these issues, as well as other various complaints by some gamers over limited backward compatibility with original Xbox games on the 360 and a possible lack of improvement in graphics and game play over previous console generations. Hsu's questioning were viewed as inappropriately rude, confrontational, or aggressive by some readers. This reaction caused Hsu to defend the interview in his blog twice; the first time saying that there had been much positive response to the interview as well, and a second time featuring an e-mail of support from Moore following the backlash. Third-party observer Penny Arcade noted in a satirical webcomic strip that the interview was a necessary departure from the easy-going tendency of most gaming journalists.

References

External links
 Going Analog
 Bitmob
 Sore Thumbs Blog
 Dan Hsu's old blog at 1UP.com
 Reply to "Editorial Integrity" from Chris Cook

1971 births
Living people
American male journalists
American media critics
Video game critics
University of Michigan alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)

Dan Hsu


Kalaallitkigun is an extinct genus of haramiyidan mammaliaforms from the Late Triassic of Greenland. It contains a single species, Kalaallitkigun jenkinsi, which was described in 2020 from a partial dentary (lower jaw) found in the Fleming Fjord Formation. More specifically, it was found in the mid-late Norian (~215 Ma) Carlsberg Fjord beds of the Ørsted Dal Member. It is the oldest of several mammaliaform species discovered in the Late Triassic sediments of Greenland. It is also the oldest mammaliaform with double-rooted teeth, and its pattern of tooth cusps help to clarify the evolution of haramiyidan teeth relative to their morganucodont-like ancestors.

Description
The holotype and only known specimen consists of a partial dentary preserving two teeth: the first premolariform (pm1) and second molariform (m2). Empty alveoli (sockets) for three more premolariforms and two more molariforms are also present in the preserved portion of the jaw. This gives a total number of four premolariforms and three molariforms, similar to Haramiyavia. The front of the dentary is broken off, so the shape and number of incisor and canine teeth are unknown. The thinnest portions of the posterior dentary are also not preserved.

The dentary was relatively large, with proportionally small teeth. The meckelian groove, a furrow on the lingual (internal) surface of the dentary, widens towards the rear and merges with the postdentary trough (the groove which hosts the postdentary bones). The postdentary trough slopes upwards and is divided from the overlying coronoid fossa via a strong ridge. Unlike Morganucodon and earlier cynodonts, there is no groove on the inner surface directly under the molariform teeth. The masseteric fossa (on the outer rear surface of the dentary) is voluminous but shifted back past the level of the last molariform. The preserved premolariform tooth is single-rooted and simple, with a larger cusp at the front and a much smaller one at the back.

Molariform
The molariform m2 is intermediate in structure between the triconodont pattern seen in taxa such as Morganucodon (with large triangular cusps in a single row) and the specialized two-row pattern found in the more derived euharamiyidans. Like haramiyidans, there are two parallel rows of cusps separated by a median furrow. The four labial (outer/cheek side) cusps are homologous to the four main cusps of morganucodonts (from front to back: b, a, c, and d), with cusp a being the largest and cusp c as the second-largest. They can also be homologized to cusps b1 to b4 of Haramiyavia. In contrast to other haramiyidans (but like morganucodonts), the labial cusps of Kalaallitkigun are significantly larger than the cusps on the lingual (inner/tongue) side of the tooth. Cusp a in particular is large enough that it restricts the median furrow and divides the space into two basins.

In the lingual tooth row, there are four small cusps (e', g, g', and i'). These cusps are homologous to cusps a1 to a4 of Haramiyavia. Cusp g, though still small, is the largest cusp in the lingual row, lying inwards from cusps a and c. Two additional small cusps are present in the tooth: cusps e (at the front tip) and i (the rear tip). The holotype of Kalaallitkigun is the oldest mammaliaform fossil with two roots per tooth, a condition which occurs in all molariforms and the last premolariform in the fossil, according to the shape of tooth sockets. The splitting of the root probably helped to reduce stresses at the crown-root boundary of the tooth.

References

Haramiyida
Prehistoric cynodont genera
Norian life
Late Triassic synapsids
Triassic synapsids of North America
Triassic Greenland
Fossils of Greenland
Fossil taxa described in 2020

Kalaallitkigun


The Interests Section of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the United States is a part of the Pakistani Embassy in Washington, D.C., and is the de facto consular representation of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the United States.

Iranian students seized the U.S. Embassy in Tehran during the 1979 Iranian Revolution, leading to the breaking of diplomatic relations between Iran and the United States. As part of the Algiers Accords of 1981, the two countries agreed to establish "interests sections" to look after their interests in the other country. Each country picked a third country, which had friendly relations with both sides, to be its protecting power in the other capital.

The Iranian embassy was seized by the U.S. State Department in retaliation for Iran's seizure of the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. As a result, the Iranian Interests Section operated out of a small office on Wisconsin Avenue associated with the Pakistani Embassy between 1981 and 2015. It has since relocated to a larger office space on 23rd Street NW, near D.C.'s Washington Circle.

Algeria originally served as Iran's protecting power in the U.S. However, when Iranian leaders expressed support for the Islamic Salvation Front in January 1992, Algeria refused to continue serving as Iran's protecting power. In March 1992, Pakistan agreed to undertake a mandate as Iran's protecting power in the U.S.

The Interests Section provides all essential consular services to Iranian citizens and issued visas to foreigners. Since the severing of diplomatic ties by Canada in 2012, the Section also handles the consular affairs of Iranian citizens residing in Canada.

Directors of the Interests Section, stationed in Washington
This is an incomplete list. As agreed in the Algiers Accords of 1981, the Director is the sole Iranian diplomat at the Section. The rest of the employees are the clerical staff.

 Mr. Faramarz Fathnezhad (1996)
 Mr. Fariborz Jahansoozan (2000)
 Mr. Ali Jazini Dorcheh (2005)
 Mr. Mostafa Rahmani (2010)
 Mr. Mehdi Atefat (2015)

Interests Section of the U.S. in Iran

The U.S. Interests Section in Tehran has been operating under the Swiss Embassy since 1980. Services for American citizens are limited. The section is not authorized to perform any U.S. visa/green card/immigration-related services. Contrary to usual practice, the old U.S. embassy complex was not handed over to the Swiss. Instead, part of the embassy has been turned into an anti-American museum, while the rest has become student organizations' offices.

See also
 Former Embassy of Iran in Washington, D.C.
 Iran–United States relations
 Foreign relations of Iran
 List of ambassadors of Iran to the United States
 Cuban Interests Section, now an embassy

References

External links
Interests Section of the Islamic Republic of Iran - Washington D.C.

Iran–United States relations
Iran–Pakistan relations
Pakistan–United States relations
De facto embassies
Diplomatic missions in Washington, D.C.
Diplomatic missions of Iran

Interests Section of Iran in the United States


The Syracuse Orange are the athletic teams that represent Syracuse University. The school is a member of NCAA Division I and the Atlantic Coast Conference. Until 2013, Syracuse was a member of the Big East Conference.

The school's mascot is Otto the Orange. Until 2004, the teams were known as the Orangemen and Orangewomen. The men's basketball, football, wrestling, men's lacrosse, and women's basketball teams play in the JMA Wireless Dome, referred to as the JMA Dome. Other sports facilities include the nearby Manley Field House complex, the Tennity Ice Skating Pavilion, and Drumlins Country Club.

Important firsts
Baseball team established: 1870
Rowing team founded: 1874
First recorded football game: 1884 vs. Medical College of Syracuse
First intercollegiate football game: 1889 vs. University of Rochester
First recorded basketball game: 1899 vs. Christian Association of Hamilton (Ontario)
Lacrosse team founded: 1916
First United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association championship: 1920
First National Championship: Football, 1959 vs. Texas
First ACC Championship: Men's Cross Country, 2013
First Women's National Championship: Field Hockey, 2015

Sports sponsored

Syracuse is the only ACC school and one of only four Power 5 schools that do not sponsor baseball, the other three being Colorado, Iowa State, and Wisconsin.

Football

The Syracuse Orange football program is a college football team that currently represents Syracuse University as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference.

The Syracuse University football program is also renowned for producing many All-Americans and Professionals as well as Pro Football Hall of Famers. Among them are Ernie Davis, Jim Brown, Larry Csonka, Joe Morris, Art Monk, Jim Ringo, John Mackey, Doc Alexander, and Floyd Little. Among the current NFL players are Chandler Jones, Alton Robinson, Zaire Franklin, Andre Cisco, Ifeatu Melifonwu, and Riley Dixon.

Men's basketball

The Syracuse Orange men's basketball program is the intercollegiate men's basketball program of Syracuse University. The program is classified in the NCAA's Division I, and the team competes in the Atlantic Coast Conference. The Orange won the National Championship in the 2003 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball tournament. During the 2008–09, they played in, and won, a six-overtime thriller against a rival UConn team. The game was during the Big East Championship Tournament, and is the second-longest NCAA Division I basketball game of all time. Their recent success has included a trip to the 2013 Final Four and the 2016 Final Four. In the 2013–14 season they broke a record set two years prior by starting the season 25–0. The previous record was 20–0 set during the 2011–12 season. The 1917–18 and 1925–26 Syracuse teams were retroactively named the national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation and the Premo-Porretta Power Poll.

Women's basketball

The Syracuse Orange women's basketball program is the intercollegiate women's basketball of Syracuse University. The program is classified in the NCAA's Division I, and the team competes in the Atlantic Coast Conference. The head coach of the team is Felisha Legette-Jack. The team began playing in the 1971–72 season.

Women's ice hockey

In 2008, Syracuse University announced that it would sanction a women's ice hockey team and become a member of College Hockey America. The team started playing in 2008.

Men's lacrosse

Syracuse fields a Division I NCAA college lacrosse team. Syracuse played its first intercollegiate lacrosse game in 1916, and captured its first USILL division championship in 1920. It would go on to win USILL championships in 1922, 1924, and 1925 and the USILA Division II co-national championship (Laurie Cox Trophy) in 1954. In the modern NCAA era, Syracuse has won ten national championships, with one additional championship (1990) vacated due to rules infractions. The Orange's ten national championship titles are the most of any team in NCAA Division I history. Most recently, Syracuse won the 2009 National Championship in a come-from-behind 10–9 overtime victory against Cornell University. Prior to that year, they won in 2008.

Softball

The Orange softball team began play in 2000. The team has made three NCAA Tournament appearances in 2010, 2011, 2012. The current head coach is Shannon Doepking.

Soccer

Men's soccer

Syracuse Orange men's soccer team are a Division I team in the Atlantic Coast Conference and play their games at the Syracuse Soccer Stadium. Syracuse is currently coached by Ian McIntyre who has brought the team to three NCAA tournament appearances and two ACC Conference Titles in 2015 and 2022. McIntyre was named the ACC Coach of the Year in 2014 and 2022.

The Orange won the National Championship in the 2022 NCAA Division I men's soccer tournament under coach Ian McIntyre.

Women's soccer

Syracuse Orange is the NCAA Division I women's college soccer team for Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York. They play in the Atlantic Coast Conference and play their games at the Syracuse Soccer Stadium.  The team was founded in 1996.

Notable non-varsity sports

Baseball

Syracuse's club baseball team was established in 1979 and has been successful in tournaments.  The sport is currently played at the club level and the team is part of the National Club Baseball Association (NCBA).

Many students, alumni, citizens and other baseball enthusiasts in the area are in favor of an NCAA varsity team being formed on campus, but the athletic budget is a difficult barrier. In a September 12, 2006, story in The Daily Orange, Michael Wasylenko, chairman of the Athletic Policy Board, said Title IX and Syracuse's athletic budget is still a major crutch.

Men's ice hockey
Men's ice hockey competes at the ACHA Division I level in the ESCHL league. The team has been on campus for over 60 years. They play out of the on-campus ice rink, The Tennity Ice Pavillion

Rugby
Founded in 1969, Syracuse University Rugby Football Club plays in Division 1 in the Empire Conference. Syracuse has enjoyed success, including a trip to the Division 1 sweet 16 national playoffs in 2010. Syracuse has participated in international tours to Europe, Argentina and Australia. Syracuse are led by head coach Bob Wilson.

Facilities

JMA Wireless Dome

Built in 1980, the JMA Wireless Dome is a 49,250-seat domed sports stadium located on the campus of Syracuse University. It is both the largest domed stadium on a college campus and the largest domed stadium in the Northeast. It is home to the Syracuse Orange football, basketball, and lacrosse teams. With regard to basketball, it holds another title, being the largest on-campus basketball arena, with a listed capacity of 33,000. This limit has been exceeded several times. The Dome sold an on-campus NCAA record of 35,446 tickets for a game against the Duke Blue Devils on February 1, 2014. The previous record was set on February 23, 2013, against the Georgetown Hoyas, with 35,012 in the stands.

Manley Field House

Built in 1962, this complex houses many of the offices of SU Athletics including the Equipment Room. It also contains academic rooms and two weight rooms strictly for Syracuse athletes only.  Adjacent to the complex there are a variety of fields used for softball, soccer, field hockey, as well as a track for the track and field team. Manley was initially used as an indoor training facility for the football team, as well as a home court for men's basketball. Its seating capacity, 9,500, for basketball, at the time among the largest campus facilities in the Northeast, supported the rise to national prominence of the men's basketball program. The team shifted to the JMA Wireless Dome after the 1980 season. In the final men's basketball game played at Manley, Georgetown snapped the Orangemen's 57 game home winning streak.

Carmelo Anthony Basketball Center

The name comes from Syracuse basketball star, Carmelo Anthony, who donated $3 million to the project. Anthony played one year with the Orange, the 2002–2003 season, in which he helped the program win its only NCAA Championship. It's a college basketball practice facility located in Syracuse, New York. The facility opened September 24, 2009. Both the men's and women's basketball teams for Syracuse University use the center. The facility houses two practice courts, locker rooms and office facilities for the men's and women's basketball programs at Syracuse. It is located on the north side of Manley Field House, in between the Roy Simmons Sr. Coaches Wing and the Comstock Art Facility.

Tennity Ice Skating Pavilion

Home of the NCAA Division I Syracuse University ice hockey programs playing in the College Hockey America conference. Named for donors Marilyn and Bill Tennity, the Pavilion opened in October 2000.

Drumlins Country Club

Owned by Syracuse University, the Drumlins Country Club, 800 Nottingham Road, DeWitt, New York, operates a private, 18-hole golf course; a public, 18-hole golf course; indoor tennis courts; and other facilities. The tennis courts are home of the Syracuse University's women's tennis team.

SU Soccer Stadium

The SU Soccer Stadium is a 1,500 seat soccer-specific stadium that is home to the Syracuse Orange men's and women's soccer programs. The stadium opened in 1996 and is located behind the Manley Field House. The Hookway Fields Complex is a large practice facility with seven grass practice fields for training. The complex was completed in 2004 and is located near the soccer stadium.

Historic

Archbold Stadium

Thanks to a $600,000 gift by Syracuse University trustee and Standard Oil President, John D. Archbold, what was publicized as the "Greatest Athletic Arena in America" opened in 1907. Designed to resemble the Roman Colosseum and to never become outdated, Archbold Stadium became a trademark of Syracuse football. The stadium formed a massive concrete oval, 670 feet (204 m) long and 475 feet (145 m) wide. It was 100 feet (30 m) longer and only 22 feet (7 m) thinner than the JMA Wireless Dome, and more than 6 million Orangemen football fans passed through its gates.

From 1907 until 1978, Archbold Stadium was the home of SU football. Archbold opened up with a bang when the Orange defeated Hobart 28–0. It went out in style 71 years later, with an improbable victory over second-ranked Navy 20–17. Syracuse posted a record of 265–112–50 at Archbold, and it housed many great teams. It was home of the 1915 squad, which was invited to play in the prestigious Rose Bowl and outscored its opponents 331 to 16. The 1959 team also called Archbold home en route to SU's only National Championship.

In 1978, SU fans said good-bye forever to the historic stadium. Archbold was demolished to make way for the new on-campus facility, the JMA Wireless Dome, which opened in 1980.

Championships

NCAA team championships
Syracuse University has won 16 NCAA team national championships.

Men's (15)
Basketball (1): 2003
Boxing (1): 1936
Cross Country (2): 1951, 2015
Lacrosse* (10): 1983, 1988, 1989, 1993, 1995, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2008, 2009
Soccer (1): 2022
Women's (1)
Field Hockey (1): 2015
see also:
ACC NCAA team championships
List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships

Other national team championships
Below are 17 national team titles that were not bestowed by the NCAA:

 Men's
Basketball∆ (2): 1918, 1926
Cross-country (4): 1919, 1922, 1923, 1925
Football (1): 1959
Lacrosse (4): 1920#, 1922, 1924, 1925
Rowing (6): 1904, 1908, 1913, 1916, 1920, 1978

* After the 1990 championship, the NCAA Committee on Infractions determined that Paul Gait had played in the 1990 championship while ineligible. Under NCAA rules, Syracuse and Paul Gait's records for that championship were vacated. The NCAA does not recognize Syracuse and Coach Roy Simmons Jr.'s 3–0 record, and Paul Gait's 7 goals, 7 assists and his participation in that championship.

∆ No title games or contemporary selections made. Retroactive selections by Helms and Premo-Porretta.

# Syracuse and Lehigh claim 1920 title based on winning their USILL divisions. No title game played. Syracuse-Lehigh game won by Lehigh.

see also:
List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships

Notable coaches, past and present
 Lew Andreas – Men's Basketball (1924–1950), Football (1922–1929)
 Jim Boeheim – Men's Basketball (1976–2023) Basketball Hall of Fame
 Lew Carr – Baseball (1910–1942) Helms Foundation College Baseball Hall of Fame
 Laurie D. Cox – Men's Lacrosse (1916–1930) National Lacrosse Hall of Fame
 Roy Danforth – Men's Basketball (1968–1976)
 John Desko – Men's Lacrosse (1999–2021) National Lacrosse Hall of Fame
 Gary Gait – Men's Lacrosse (2021–present) National Lacrosse Hall of Fame, National Lacrosse League Hall of Fame
 Ted Kleinhans – Baseball (1947–1966)
 Dick MacPherson – Football (1981–1991) College Football Hall of Fame
 Doug Marrone – Football (2009–2012)
 Frank "Buck" O'Neill – Football (1906–07, 1913–15, and 1917–19) College Football Hall of Fame
 Paul Pasqualoni – Football (1991–2004)
 Ben Schwartzwalder – Football (1949–1973) College Football Hall of Fame
 Roy Simmons Sr. – Men's Lacrosse (1931–1969) National Lacrosse Hall of Fame
 Roy Simmons Jr. – Men's Lacrosse (1970–1998) National Lacrosse Hall of Fame
 Edwin Sweetland – Men's Football (1900–1902), Rowing (1901–1902)
 James A. Ten Eyck – Rowing (1903–1938)

Notable athletes

 Doc Alexander (1916–1920) – College Football Hall of Fame, 2-time All American, 2-time NFL All-Pro selection
 Gary Anderson (1978–1981) – All American kicker, second all-time in NFL scoring, 2-time NFL All-Pro selection
 Carmelo Anthony (2002–2003) – NCAA basketball tournament Most Outstanding Player, Olympic Gold Medalist, most points scored in Olympic play
John Barsha (born Abraham Barshofsky; 1898–1976), professional football player
 Dave Bing (1963–1966) – Basketball Hall of Fame, Mayor of Detroit
 Jim Brown (1954–1957) – College Football Hall of Fame, National Lacrosse Hall of Fame, Pro Football Hall of Fame
 Keith Bulluck (1996–1999) – 3-time NFL All-Pro selection linebacker
 Michael Carter-Williams (2011–2013) – NBA Rookie of the Year
 Derrick Coleman (1986–1990) – Silver Anniversary Big East Basketball Team, All-time Big East rebounding leader, NBA Rookie of the Year
 Tom Coughlin (1964–1967) – Head Coach, New York Giants
 Larry Csonka (1965–1967) – College Football Hall of Fame, Pro Football Hall of Fame
 Ernie Davis (1959–1961) – Heisman Trophy winner, College Football Hall of Fame
 Sherman Douglas (1986–1989) – Two-time basketball All American, All-time Big East assists leader, NBA Star
 Dennis DuVal (1970–1974) – Former NBA player and All-American basketball player
 Jonny Flynn (2007–2009) – Minnesota Timberwolves 2009 First Round selection, 2009 Big East tournament MVP
 Dwight Freeney (1998–2001) – 6-time NFL Pro Bowl selection, 3-time NFL All-Pro selection, Super Bowl Champion, Indianapolis Colts all-time sacks leader
 Gary Gait (1986–1989) – 2-time National Player of the Year, 2-time McLaughlin Award (Midfielder of the Year) winner, National Lacrosse Hall of Fame, National Lacrosse League Hall of Fame
 Paul Gait (1986–1989) – National Lacrosse Hall of Fame, National Lacrosse League Hall of Fame
 Dave Giusti (1959–1961) – Major League Baseball All Star, Sporting News Reliever of the Year
 Marty Glickman (1936–1939) – Football All American, Olympic sprinter
 Marvin Graves (1990–1993) – All-time school passing yards leader
 Donté Greene (2007–2008) – Brooklyn Nets, player
 Tim Green (1982–1985) – College Football Hall of Fame
 Vic Hanson (1924–1927) – Basketball Hall of Fame, College Football Hall of Fame
 Marvin Harrison (1992–1995) – All American, Six-time All Pro wide receiver
 Jason Hart (1997–2000) – All Big East First Team
 Wesley Johnson (2008–2010) – First Team All American, Big East Player of the Year, Naismith Award Finalist, Los Angeles Lakers, player
 Daryl Johnston (1985–1988) – Two-time All Pro fullback
 Mark Kerr – 1992 All-American and NCAA Division I 190 lbs champion wrestler, two-time UFC tournament champion
 Jim Konstanty (1937–1939) – 1950 National League MVP, Saves leader
 Brad Kotz (1982–1985) – National Lacrosse Hall of Fame
 Floyd Little (1964–1966) – College Football Hall of Fame, Pro Football Hall of Fame
 Ron Luciano (1957–1960) – lineman, played professionally for the Detroit Lions, and Major League Baseball umpire
 John Mackey (1960–1962) – Pro Football Hall of Fame
 Julie McBride (2000–2004) – All-time Syracuse women's basketball scoring and assist leader
 Donovan McNabb (1995–1998) – Big East Offensive Player of the Decade (football)
 Gerry McNamara (2002–2006) – Two-time All Big East Basketball Team and NCAA National Champion
 Don McPherson (1985–1988) – Heisman Trophy runner-up, Maxwell Award winner (College Football Player of the Year), College Football Hall of Fame
 Dave Meggyesy (1959–1963) – NFL linebacker for seven seasons; author of Out of Their League in 1970; retired NFLPA Western Regional Director
 Art Monk (1976–1979) – All American wide receiver, 3-time All Pro, Pro Football Hall of Fame
 Joe Morris (1978–1981) – All-time Syracuse rushing leader, 2-time Pro Bowl selection
 Lawrence Moten (1991–1995) – 3-time All Big East Basketball Team, All-time Big East scoring leader
 Jim Nance 1962–1965 All America wrestling, AFL All star
 Demetris Nichols (2003–2007) – Unanimous selection to All Big East Basketball Team
 Billy Owens (1988–1991) – Big East Men's Basketball Player of the Year, All American, NBA star
 Casey Powell (1995–1998) – 4-time All American, 2-time National Player of the Year (1997, 1998), Jack Turnbull Award (Attackmen of the Year) winner (1998), McLaughlin Award (Midfielder of the Year) winner (1996)
 Mikey Powell (2001–2004) – 4-time All American, 2-time Tewaaraton Trophy winner (2002, 2004), National Player of the Year (2004), 4-time Jack Turnbull Award (Attackmen of the Year) winner
 Ryan Powell (1997–2000) – 4-time All American, National Player of the Year (2000), Jack Turnbull Award (Attackmen of the Year) winner (2000)
 Leo Rautins (1980–1983)
 Andy Rautins (2005–2010) – Big East Second Team All American, Honorable All American Mention, Team Canada Basketball Player, 2nd All-Time in 3-point Field Goals Made in SU Basketball History, New York Knicks, player
 Jim Ringo (1950–1952) – Pro Football Hall of Fame
 Danny Schayes (1978–1981) – Academic All American, 18-season NBA star
 Rony Seikaly (1984–1988) – All American, Gold Medalist 1986 Basketball World Championships, NBA star, first ever draft pick of the Miami Heat
 Wilmeth Sidat-Singh (1935–1939) – Football and Basketball star, Pioneer of civil rights in college athletics
 Preston Shumpert (1998–2002) – Two-time All-Big East First Team selection
 Walt Sweeney (1960-1962) – 9-time Pro Bowl selection, 2-time First Team All-Pro, 4-time Second Team All-Pro
 Etan Thomas (1997–2000) – Twice Big East Defensive Player of the Year, Washington Wizards player
 David Tyree (1998–2002) – NFL Pro Bowl selection, Super Bowl Champion
 Hakim Warrick (2001–2005) – Big East Men's Basketball Player of the Year, Phoenix Suns player
 Dwayne "Pearl" Washington (1983–1986) – Silver Anniversary Big East Basketball Team

Nicknames, mascots and colors
Orange is the official school color, adopted as such in 1890. Prior to that time, the school's colors were rose pink and pea green. In 1898, a proposition to add secondary blue color was vehemently opposed by students and alumni. Orange, blue, and white are traditionally used for athletic uniforms. According to an 1890 newspaper article uncovered by the Syracuse Post Standard, the orange was originally a reference to the Netherlands, which first colonized New York State. It's common in upstate New York for place names to make reference to the Dutch heritage. In a similar way, the original settlement that became Albany was called Fort Orange.

The athletic nickname derives from the official color. Prior to 2004, the official nicknames of the athletic teams were the "Orangemen" and "Orangewomen." These former nicknames are still affectionately used by some fans. However, beginning with the 2004–2005 school year, the official nickname was changed to the "Orange." This revision is gender-neutral, concise, and reflects the basis of the nickname as being the school color.

Other nicknames over the years have included the "Hilltoppers," for the school's location on a hill, and the "Saltine Warriors," for a former mascot.

Mascot
In 1931, a Native American warrior known as Nathan March aka: "Saltine Warrior" became the athletic mascot. The name derived from an article describing an archaeological dig on campus allegedly uncovering the artifacts of a Native American warrior. The warrior was called the "Saltine Warrior" because of the abundant salt deposits in the Syracuse, New York area. The article was later revealed to be a hoax, but the mascot remained for next four decades.

In the mid-1950s, the father of a Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity brother owned a cheerleading camp. He made a Saltine Warrior costume for his son to wear at Syracuse football games. Thus began a nearly forty-year tradition of Lambda Chi brothers serving as the university's mascot.

In 1978, the Saltine Warrior was banned by the university as part of the national movement to eliminate Native American motifs, becoming one of the first colleges to do so. The mascot briefly morphed into a Roman warrior, but was eventually replaced unofficially in 1982 by a giant, cartoon-style Orange.

Otto the Orange

The cheerleaders and mascots were at a UCA Cheerleading Camp in Tennessee that summer, and narrowed the field down to two potential names—"Opie" and "Otto." Figuring the name "Opie" would lead to the inevitable rhyme with "dopey," they settled on "Otto." Later that fall, word got out that the cheerleaders were calling the latest mascot costume Otto, and the name stuck.

Otto the Orange was adopted by the university in 1995 as the university's official mascot, selected over a wolf and a lion also under consideration.

References

External links

Syracuse Orange


Alan Conrad Bovik (born June 25, 1958) is an American engineer, vision scientist, and educator. He is a professor at the University of Texas at Austin (UT-Austin), where he holds the Cockrell Family Regents Endowed Chair in the Cockrell School of Engineering and is Director of the Laboratory for Image and Video Engineering (LIVE). He is a faculty member in the UT-Austin Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the Machine Learning Laboratory, the Institute for Neuroscience, and the Wireless Networking and Communications Group.

Bovik received a Primetime Emmy Award in 2015 for his development of perception-based video quality measurement tools that are now standards in television production. He also received a Technology and Engineering Emmy Award in 2021 for the "development of perceptual metrics for video encoding optimization."

Work
Al Bovik was educated at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (PhD 1984). He has made numerous fundamental contributions to the fields of digital photography, digital television, digital image processing, digital video processing, digital cinema, and computational visual perception. He is particularly well known for his work on low-level vision, natural scene modeling, image quality, and video quality.

He has published more than 900 articles and books in these areas. He is also the author/editor of The Handbook of Image and Video Processing (Academic Press, 2nd edition, 2005), with Zhou Wang of Modern Image Quality Assessment (Morgan and Claypool, 2006), and the author/editor of the companion books The Essential Guide to Image Processing and The Essential Guide to Video Processing (Academic Press, 2009). Overall, his work has been cited in the scientific and engineering literature more than 150,000 times according to Google Scholar. He is one of the most highly cited engineers in the world according to the Web of Science.

Professor Bovik is an elected member of the United States National Academy of Engineering (NAE), an elected Foreign Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE), an elected Fellow of the U.S. National Academy of Inventors, and an elected member of Academia Europaea. He is also a Life Fellow of the IEEE, a Fellow of Optica and of the Society of Photo-Optical and Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE), an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society (HonFRPS) and an Honorary Member of the Society for Imaging Science and Technology (IS&T). He is a voting member of the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (Television Academy) and was named an inaugural member of its Science and Technology Peer Group. He was named a Distinguished Alumnus of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 2008.

Bovik is credited with the development of order statistic filters, the image modulation model, computational modeling of visual texture perception, theories of foveated image processing, and for widely used and disseminated image quality and video quality computational models and measurement tools that are used throughout the television, cinematic, streaming video, and social media industries. His contributions include the invention or co-invention of the Emmy Award-winning Structural Similarity (SSIM) video quality measurement tool, the MOVIE Index, the Visual Information Fidelity (VIF) algorithms, and his extensive contributions to the Emmy Award-winning VMAF system, all reference models that predict human perception of image quality or distortion; the RRED indices, which are a family of reduced reference image and video quality prediction models, and BRISQUE, BLIINDS, DIIVINE and NIQE, which are a new breed of image and video quality prediction models that produce accurate predictions of human judgments of picture quality without the benefit of any reference information. His picture and video quality models SSIM, MS-SSIM, VIF, VMAF, MOVIE, BRISQUE, and NIQE currently process a significant percentage of all bits transmitted both in the United States as well as globally, and are implemented in commercial cable, satellite, broadcast, streaming video, television, home cinema / disc, and social media quality monitoring and control workflows around the world.

Service to the profession
He served as the founder and First General Chair of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). He also co-founded (with David Munson, Jr.) the IEEE Transactions on Image Processing and was its longest-serving Editor-in-Chief, with a tenure of six years.

Educational activities
Bovik's academic legacy includes serving as the supervising professor of more than 60 PhD graduates, more than 50 master's degree recipients, and more than two dozen post-doctoral researchers.

He has created widely used, adopted, and cited books and online courseware, including The Handbook of Image and Video Processing (Academic Press, 2000, 2005), Modern Image Quality Assessment (Morgan & Claypool, 2006), The Essential Guide to Image Processing (Academic Press, 2009), and The Essential Guide to Video Processing (Elsevier Academic Press, 2009). His award-winning online courseware is used internationally: SIVA – Courseware for Signal, Image, Video and Audio Processing. This online courseware offers broad, deep online curricula for digital image and video processing and digital signal processing. SIVA includes hundreds of signal, image and video processing demonstrations delivering live, interactive audio-visual experiences of signal and image processing algorithms.

Awards
Bovik has received a number of major international awards. These include:

 The Edison Medal from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in May 2022 "for pioneering high-impact scientific and engineering contributions leading to the perceptually optimized global streaming and sharing of visual media."
 A BaM ("Bammy") Award from the International Trade Association for Broadcast and Media (IABM) in December 2022 "for perceptual picture quality algorithms and databases for streaming and social media." BaM Awards are given to "any product that is recognized by the judging panel is not just an innovative solution but is genuinely important to the market and sets the standard in its category."
 A Technology and Engineering Emmy Award from the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences  (NATAS) in October 2021 for the "development of perceptual metrics for video encoding optimization."
 The Progress Medal from the Royal Photographic Society (RPS) in November 2019 "in recognition of any invention, research, publication or other contribution which has resulted in an important advance in the scientific or technological development of photography or imaging in the widest sense." Bovik was also named an Honorary Fellow of RPS (HonFRPS).
 The IEEE Fourier Award in 2019 "For seminal contributions and high-impact innovations to the theory and application of perception-based image and video processing."
 The Edwin H. Land Medal from The Optical Society of America in 2017 "For substantially shaping the direction and advancement of modern perceptual image quality theory, and for energetically engaging industry to transform his ideas into global practice."
 A Primetime Emmy Award (Primetime Emmy Engineering Award) for Outstanding Achievement in Engineering Development from the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (The Television Academy) in October 2015 for his work on video quality prediction technology.
 The Norbert Wiener Society Award from the IEEE Signal Processing Society in 2013, "For fundamental contributions to digital image processing theory, technology, leadership and education."

In addition he has been recognized by the following honors:

 1997: Leo L. Beranek Meritorious Service Award of the IEEE Signal Processing Society
 2000: IEEE Third Millennium Medal
 2005: Claude Shannon-Harry Nyquist Technical Achievement Award of the IEEE Signal Processing Society
 2007: Carl Friedrich Gauss Education Award of the IEEE Signal Processing Society
 2008: Distinguished Alumnus Award, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
 2009: IEEE Signal Processing Society Best Paper Award
 2009: The University of Texas at Austin Hocott Distinguished Centennial Engineering Research Award
 2010: IS&T/SPIE Imaging Scientist of the Year
 2012: SPIE Technology Achievement Award
 2013: IEEE Signal Processing Magazine Best Paper Award
 2013: IEEE Signal Processing Society Young Author Best Paper Award (co-author)
 2013: IS&T Honorary Member Award
 2016: IEEE Circuits and Systems for Video Technology Best Paper Award
 2016: The University of Texas at Austin Joe J. King Professional Engineering Achievement Award
 2017: Google Scholar Classic Paper in the area Signal Processing
 2017: Google Scholar Classic Paper in the area Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition
 2017: IEEE Signal Processing Letters Best Paper Award
 2017: IEEE Signal Processing Society Sustained Impact Paper Award
 2018: EURASIP Best Paper Award
 2019: IEEE ICIP Pioneer Award, "For unparalleled leadership and contributions to the image processing community."
 2020: EURASIP Best Paper Award
 2020: The University of Texas at Austin Career Research Excellence Award

References

1958 births
Living people
21st-century American engineers
University of Texas at Austin faculty
People from Kirkwood, Missouri
Primetime Emmy Engineering Award winners
Grainger College of Engineering alumni

Alan Bovik


The Narajole Raj was a medieval royal dynasty and later a zamindari (estate) during the British period at Narajole in Paschim Medinipur district in the state of West Bengal. The Raja of Narajole was one of the largest landholders in Midnapore.
The kings of Narajole belonged to the Sadgop(Yadav) community and had a close link with the rulers of Karnagarh.

History

According to Binoy Ghosh, Narajole's ruling clan, belonging to the Sadgop community, was founded by Uday Narayan Ghosh. His great grandson, Raja Kartickram, was honoured with the title 'Roy' by the Mughal emperor. The family used the title till in the eighth generation, when Raja Balwant was honoured with the 'Khan' title for some praise-worthy achievement. Thereafter, they used that title.

Raja Ajit Singh, the last king of the Midnapore zamindari, with its headquarters at Karnagarh, died childless in 1749. They were close to the rulers of Narajole. His two queens, who inherited the Midnapore zamindari, ran into great difficulties during the Chuar rebellion and sought the support of Raja Trilochan Khan of Narajole. After Raja Trilochan Khan's death, the responsibility of looking after the Midnapore zamindari and Rani Shiromani of Karnagarh (the other queen had died by then) fell successively on Raja Motiram and Raja Sitaram. Rani Shiromani loved Sitaram's eldest son, Anandalal, as her own son and handed over the entire Midnapore zamindari to him in 1800. Anandalal died childless and as per his wishes his brothers became the owners - Nandalal Khan of Narajole Zamindari and Mohanlal Khan of Midnapore Rajbari.

The Palace

Narjole Rajbari

Narajole's Rajbari or Garh Narajole, was spread over 500 bighas and divided in to the inner and outer segments. The outer segment housed the poorer people, amongst whom were some painter families, who had survived the travails of life and in 1970 continued to produce dolls, painted pots and decorative wall plates. The inner segment was an 'Indrapuri' (the palace of heaven) consisting of splendid buildings (including the three-storeyed palace) temples, gardens etc. The large entrance gate lead to a spacious garden, with a temple of the family deity, Sitaramjiu. The drawing rooms were filled with selected country made and foreign showpieces and pictures of the royalty. On the way out, one again got to see a mix of gardens, ponds and residential quarters, with some Shiva temples nearby. There were many other temples. On the southern side were rangmahal, rasmancha and dolmancha.

Hawa Mahal

The Hawa Mahal (ballroom) is spread over 60 bigha land, surrounded by a parikha. Lankagarh, about a kilometer from main Rajbari houses fifty four temples. A 10-bigha plot was donated for a degree college.

Narajole Picture Gallery

See also
Narajole
Midnapore Raj
Narayangarh Raj

References

Palaces in West Bengal
Bengali zamindars
Zamindari estates
Dynasties of India

Narajole Raj


Flandre Air (IATA: IX, ICAO: FRS) was a French regional airline headquartered at Lille Airport and in Lesquin, France, near Lille.

History
The airline began as a charter airline in 1977. It began scheduled services in 1985. In October 1997 Flandre Air became the European launch customer of the Embraer RJ-135. In November 1998 Flandre Air signed a franchise agreement with Air Liberté, which began in January 1999. In October 1999 Proteus Airlines acquired Flandre Air. On 30 March 2001 Flandre, Proteus, and Regional Airlines merged into Régional, which itself merged into HOP! in 2013.

Fleet
 13 – Beech 1900
 9 – Embraer Brasilia
 1 – Beech King Air

References

Defunct airlines of France
Airlines established in 1977
Airlines disestablished in 2001

Flandre Air


The Straphangers Campaign is a New York City-based transit interest group that advocates on behalf of riders of public transport.  The organization is part of the NYPIRG (New York Public Interest Research Group).

The Straphangers Campaign's main spokesperson and staff attorney is  Gene Russianoff. "For three decades, Gene Russianoff, the staff lawyer for the New York Public Interest Research Group's Straphangers Campaign, has championed the rights of subway riders," according to a 2010 profile in The New York Times.

The group's name is derived from the colloquial term "straphanger" for transit riders who gripped the hanging leather straps to keep their balance while the vehicle was in motion.

Reports and surveys
The Pokey Awards, a product of the Straphangers Campaign, tells the public which bus is the slowest in the city. They have been announced annually since 2002.

The Straphangers Campaign also conducts annual surveys checking the performance of all subway lines. Key factors include timeliness, reliability (service breakdowns), seating availability, clarity of announcements, and cleanliness (dirtiness is colloquially called "schmutz"). A separate survey checks the performance of public pay telephones in subway stations.

In 2006 the bus "Schleppie Awards" were given to the bus lines that rated worst in "bunching," with major gaps in service (essentially, amount of deviation from posted timetables). The  bus in Manhattan "won", with 27.6% unreliability.

The Straphangers Campaign also rates the subway each year in a report called State of the Subways Report Card, ranking each service from best to worst based on their performances in six categories. The 7 was ranked best the most, winning seven times, including the first report card in 1997. The C has been rated the lowest the most, losing six times, last in 2012.

References

External links

Straphangers Campaign official website
NYPIRG Straphangers Campaign records, 1962-2007 Manuscripts and Archives, New York Public Library.

Organizations based in New York (state)
Transportation in New York City
New York Public Interest Research Group
Organizations established in 1979
Public transport advocacy organizations

Straphangers Campaign


Cryo Interactive Entertainment was a French video game development and publishing company founded in 1990, but existing unofficially since 1989 as a developer group under the name Cryo.

History
Cryo was formed by members of ERE Informatique who left Infogrames (proprietor of ERE since 1986) – among these were Philippe Ulrich, Rémi Herbulot and Jean-Martial Lefranc.

The first game developed under the Cryo Interactive moniker was the hit Dune, which granted the newly formed software company both publicity and funding for further games under Virgin until 1996, when Cryo started self-publishing inside the European market, and in North America through then partially owned Canadian publisher DreamCatcher Interactive.

Cryo made its name mostly through adaptations of already existing stories (such as Riverworld, based on Philip José Farmer's novel and Ubik by Philip K. Dick) or those based on historical scenarios (like KGB, a game set days before the dissolution of the Soviet Union and several games based in Ancient Egypt, Qing Dynasty's China and Louis XIV's France, developed with Cryo's Omni3D engine). Although most of the post-Virgin games managed to capture and stay true to the original settings, poor interfaces and the lack of worldwide distribution turned little profit from each game.

By 1997, Cryo had experienced success in the US and France, and wanted to expand into Japan. They had focused their efforts on the US because it was a big market, and experienced difficulties in Japan due to changing distributors between games. They considered creating different sets of characters for the three markets, and setting up a US-based subsidiary.

Cryo Networks
A Cryo Interactive subsidiary called Cryo Networks, aimed at developing and publishing online applications exclusively, was established in December 1997. Aside from online multiplayer games (Deo Gratias, FireTeam, Treasure Hunt 2001, Mankind and Scotland Yard being some of the titles released under this label), Cryo Networks also maintained a proprietary online multimedia development framework named SCOL (Standard Cryo On Line).

Cryo Studios North America
Cryo Studios North America was a video game design studio based in Portland, Oregon, USA, and was a subsidiary of Cryo Interactive. Cryo Studios was founded as Dark Horse Interactive (DHI) in the late 1990s, a joint venture of Cryo Interactive and Dark Horse Comics, and based in Dark Horse's headquarters in Milwaukie, Oregon. In 1999, Cryo Interactive bought out Dark Horse's share of DHI and renamed it Cryo Studios, relocating their offices to the Central Eastside Industrial District of Portland. Cryo Studios existed entirely as Cryo Interactive's American subsidiary, producing games based on licensed properties.

Their first license (as DHI) was based on MTV's animated science fiction series Aeon Flux. However, the license agreement was terminated before development was completed and the game was re-adapted into its own fictional universe as Pax Corpus. Shortly afterwards, DHI was granted the license to develop an interactive game based on Dark Horse's own comic book series, Hellboy, written and drawn by Mike Mignola. The Windows version of Hellboy: Dogs of the Night was completed in 2000 after nearly four years of production; the intended PlayStation version of this game was put on ice.  Their next project was to be based on Universal Classic Monsters,  which included Dracula, Frankenstein, and The Wolf Man.  However, before any project made it out of pre-production, Cryo Interactive — quickly succumbing to the worldwide recession of 2001 — closed their North American branch. Cryo Interactive filed for bankruptcy a year later. In 2003, Canada-based Dreamcatcher Interactive — a former subsidiary of Cryo Interactive — finished development on and released the PlayStation version now retitled to Hellboy: Asylum Seeker in time for the theatrical release of the Hellboy movie, though the two are unrelated.

Demise and aftermath

By July 2002, not long after Frank Herbert's Dune flopped, the value of Cryo shares had plummeted and the financial situation of the company, who had closed its North American branch Cryo Studios the year before, was no longer sustainable. Cryo failed to negotiate a deal with its creditors, consequently filing for insolvency and making over 80 percent of its workforce redundant. Subsidiary Cryo Networks ceased operations shortly thereafter, leaving its then-ongoing projects DUNE Generations and Black Moon Chronicles: Wind of War unfinished. In October 2002, the parent company was put on liquidation, but subsequent negotiations ultimately caused DreamCatcher Interactive to absorb most of its assets and development teams, thus forming the base for DreamCatcher Europe.

The SCOL technology developed by Cryo Networks was released as an open source project in late 2002. Also following Cryo's bankruptcy, its partnership with Italian developer Trecision fell through and Trecision managed to acquire publishing rights to its co-developed games Popeye: Hush Rush for Spinach and the Windows and PlayStation 2 versions of Zidane Football Generation. However, the former was cancelled and the latter was stripped of its Zinedine Zidane license and released as Calcio 2003 in Italy and Football Generation in the rest of Europe, the PlayStation 2 version not being released until 2006, three years after Trecision itself had filed for voluntary liquidation.

Between 2003 and 2006, DreamCatcher division The Adventure Company released Salammbo: Battle for Carthage, in development at Cryo Interactive at the time it went bankrupt and completed posthumously, as well as new sequels in the Cryo trademark series of Atlantis and Egypt 1156 B.C.. DreamCatcher also completed the PlayStation version of Hellboy: Dogs of the Night, originally developed for Windows by Cryo Studios, and released it as Hellboy: Asylum Seeker in 2004, to coincide with the release of the first feature film of the franchise.

In March 2007 Austrian publisher JoWooD Productions, who had acquired DreamCatcher four months earlier, downsized DreamCatcher Europe to a publishing brand only and laid off its remaining development staff, effectively ending the Cryo legacy.

On 20 October 2008 Microïds acquired the brands and intellectual property of Cryo Interactive. Microïds also stated that they intended to distribute Cryo's older games digitally, and that they were developing new games based on Cryo's intellectual properties. Since the acquisition of Microïds by Anuman Interactive in November 2009, one game from the Cryo franchises that Anuman has planned for release is a sequel to Egypt III. As of December 2013, GOG.com had seven Cryo-developed games made available under its digital distribution service, namely Dragon Lore and the MegaRace and Atlantis series.

Critical reception

In July 2000, Francis Rozange of the French newspaper Libération wrote, "[A] few years ago, at the time of Versailles and Atlantis, [the Cryo name] was a guarantee of quality." However, he argued that the company's name had since become a "pejorative thing, vaguely synonymous with beautiful scenery (when one is lucky) and games that bore to death." Der Spiegel reported in 2001 that Cryo originally had a reputation for "colorful, graphically opulent and content-wise light adventure games". Discussing Cryo's pivot to online games in the early 2000s, writer Martin Schnelle remarked, "With the decline of this [adventure] genre in general and also due to the low quality of its own products in particular compared to many competitors, the designers were forced to look for alternatives."

John Walker, who reviewed most of Cryo's games for PC Gamer and gave them all negative reviews, described the studio's work as "always-awful but ever-so-sincere", adding that the studio "defied sense, taste, and coherence to produce an endless stream of the worst, most clumsy, most drearily pre-rendered Myst clones the world has ever seen". Furthermore, Walker said that Cryo's output consisted of "Deadpan adventure games set in wholly ludicrous reinterpretations of out-of-copyright works of literature, in which nothing made sense, and all puzzles were unfathomable guesswork".

See also
 List of Cryo Interactive video games

References

External links
 Cryo Interactive profile on MobyGames
 SCOL
 Interview with Ghislain Pages, Commercial Director for DreamCatcher Europe at Adventure Gamers (2003-03-07)

Re-established companies
Defunct video game companies of France
Video game development companies
Video game publishers
Video game companies established in 1990
Video game companies disestablished in 2002

Cryo Interactive


The Gilded Lily is a 1935 American romantic comedy film directed by Wesley Ruggles and starring Claudette Colbert, Fred MacMurray, Ray Milland, and C. Aubrey Smith. The production's screenplay, written by Claude Binyon, is about a stenographer who becomes a famous café entertainer courted by an English aristocrat and an American newspaper reporter. Released by Paramount Pictures in the United States on January 25, 1935, the film is one of the English language films chosen by the National Board of Review for its top-10 list of 1935. The Gilded Lily is also the first of seven films in which Claudette Colbert and Fred MacMurray costar.

Plot

Stenographer Marilyn David (Claudette Colbert) and newspaper reporter Peter Dawes (Fred MacMurray) meet every Thursday on a bench outside the New York Public Library to eat popcorn and watch the world go by. One day, Peter confesses his love to her, but she tells him she only considers him a friend—that someday she will find love when she meets the right man. Afterwards on the subway, Marilyn meets a wealthy English aristocrat, Lord Charles Gray Granton (Ray Milland), who is visiting New York incognito as a commoner. After she helps him escape a confrontation with a subway guard, he walks her home and the two flirt with each other. He does not tell her that his father is the Duke of Loamshire, nor does he mention that he is engaged to an Englishwoman. In the coming days they go on dates to Coney Island and have dinner together, and soon they fall in love.

At their next Thursday meeting, Marilyn reveals to Peter that she has fallen in love with someone. Disappointed, he tells her that things can never be the same between them, but assures her that she can always depend on his friendship. When Charles' father, Lloyd Granton (C. Aubrey Smith), learns that his son intends to propose to an American girl, he insists that they first return to England to break off his current engagement properly. Charles visits Marilyn before he leaves and—still not revealing his identity—tells her that he found a job and will be out of town on business for a few weeks.

The next day, Peter learns from his editor that the Duke of Loamshire and his son have been in New York for six weeks without the press being aware of it, and are preparing to sail back for England. While working on his usual shipping news column at the docks, Peter spots Duke Granton and his son Charles boarding a ship. After a brief interview, the duke gives Peter $100 to keep their names out of the newspapers. Annoyed at the duke's arrogance, Peter publishes his column the following day, complete with a photo of the Grantons.

When Marilyn sees that her "Charles" is in fact Lord Granton returning to England to marry his English fiancée—at least according to Peter's story—she rushes to her friend heartbroken and reveals that Charles is the man she's been dating. Believing that Charles was simply using her, Peter writes a fictitious article about Marilyn, whom he calls the "No" Girl, turning down Lord Granton's marriage proposal and deciding to hold out for true love instead. The story causes an immediate scandal and generates sympathy for Marilyn who becomes an overnight celebrity. Meanwhile on the ship, the Grantons are informed of the scandal and that Charles' fiancé has broken her engagement. Convinced that Marilyn is attempting to blackmail him, Charles sends her a telegram asking how much money she wants in return for her silence.

That night while comforting Marilyn over drinks at the Gingham Café, Peter decides to capitalize on the publicity and her newfound celebrity. He works out a deal with the owner who gives Marilyn a job as a singer and dancer at the café—even though she cannot sing or dance. After a few singing and dancing lessons and a massive promotional campaign, Marilyn opens to a packed house. Despite her lack of talent, her self-effacing manner wins laughs from the audience who are completely won over by her innocence and charm. Through Peter's clever management and publicity stunts, the "No" Girl becomes a household name and a nightclub star, with her image appearing on billboards, posters, and front page newspaper articles across the country.

Despite her fame and popularity, Marilyn is unable to forget her feelings for Charles. Needing to know how he really feels about her, Marilyn travels to London to perform her nightclub act. During one performance, she sees Charles in the audience; after sharing a romantic dance together, they agree to renew their relationship. A brokenhearted Peter graciously bows out of her life and returns to America so she can be happy. Later he sends her a box of popcorn as a reminder of their friendship.

Meanwhile, life with Charles is not as perfect as Marilyn had envisioned. Having spent months reading about The No Girl in the papers, he's more interested in her celebrity than in their love—unlike Peter, Charles never got to fully know the real Marilyn, who is now hopelessly obscured by the fake one. Charles invites her to go away with him to the country for a week—implying she might become his mistress, or at least the press would assume as much, which is precisely what he wants.  She invites some American reporters to her flat, announces that she's "going home to sit on a bench and eat popcorn", and Charles is now stuck with a second public jilting, real this time, which he accepts ruefully.

Back in New York on a snowy Thursday night, Marilyn rushes through crowds of her admirers and makes her way to the library bench. Peter, having forgotten his wallet in his haste, gets roughed up by both his cab driver and a popcorn vender—but still arrives with his popcorn, and they pick up right where they left off, happily observing the world around them—only this time punctuated with a kiss.

Cast
 Claudette Colbert as Marilyn David
 Fred MacMurray as Peter Dawes
 Ray Milland as Charles Gray Granton
 C. Aubrey Smith as Lloyd Granton, Duke of Loamshire
 Luis Alberni as Nate
 Edward Craven as Eddie, the photographer
 Donald Meek as Hankerson
 Claude King as Captain of the boat
 Charles Irwin as Oscar, the orchestra leader
 Forrester Harvey as Proprietor of the English inn
 Edward Gargan as Guard
 Charles C. Wilson as Managing editor
 Grace Bradley as Daisy
 Pat Somerset as Man in London club
 Tom Dugan as The Bum
 Warren Hymer as Taxi driver
 Eddie Borden as Photographer

Production

Casting
The Gilded Lily was the first of seven films in which Claudette Colbert and Fred MacMurray starred between 1935 and 1948.

Filming
The Gilded Lily was filmed from October 8 to December 4, 1934 at Paramount Studios and at Iverson Movie Ranch in Chatsworth, Los Angeles, California.

Accolades
The Gilded Lily was ranked the fifth best English language film by the National Board of Review in 1935.

Quotes
 Peter: "But popcorn—ah, popcorn was made for watching the world go by. Look. I stick my hand in the bag without taking my eyes off the street. I throw some popcorn in my craw. I chew...and I'm still looking. That's what I call class." Marilyn: "Sure. Peanut eaters don't know how to live."
 Marilyn: "Pete, you're a smart fellow. What do poor little working girls usually do next?" Peter: "Well, they usually drown themselves, one way or the other." Marilyn: "I'll take the other."
 Marilyn: "I'm just a freak!"

References
Notes

Citations

External links

1935 films
1935 romantic comedy films
1930s screwball comedy films
American romantic comedy films
American screwball comedy films
Films directed by Wesley Ruggles
Paramount Pictures films
American black-and-white films
Films set in New York City
Films set in London
Films set in Hampshire
1930s English-language films
1930s American films

The Gilded Lily (1935 film)


Richard I of Normandy (933–996), also known as Richard the Fearless (French, Sans Peur), was the "Duke of Normandy" from 942 to 996. Richard made Normandy into a feudal society where he owned all the land. His followers held on to the lands given them by remaining loyal to him. He made Normandy a much stronger a power in western France.

Early Career

Richard was the son of William Longsword, princeps or ruler of Normandy. His mother's name was Sprota. She was a Breton prisoner captured in war who William later married. William Longsword was told of the birth of a son after the battle with Riouf and other viking rebels. But he kept this a secret until a few years later. When he first met his son he kissed him and made him the heir to Normandy. William then sent Richard to be cared for in Bayeux.

When his father died, Richard was only 10 years old (he was born in 933). King Louis IV of France decided to take charge of Normandy himself. The king placed the young duke in the custody of the count of Ponthieu.  Then the king gave the lands in lower Normandy to Hugh the Great. Louis kept Richard a prisoner at Lâon. Fearing the king was going to harm the boy Osmond de Centville, Bernard de Senlis (who had been a companion of Richard's grandfather Rollo), Ivo de Bellèsme, and Bernard the Dane freed Richard.

Duke of Normandy

In 946, Richard agreed to be a ward of Hugh, Count of Paris. He then allied himself with the Norman and Viking leaders. Together they drove Louis out of Rouen and took back Normandy by 947. In 962 Theobald I, Count of Blois, attacked Rouen. But Richard's army defeated them. Lothair king of West Francia stepped in to prevent any more war between the two. For the rest of his reign Richard chose not to make Normandy bigger. Instead he worked on making Normandy stronger.

Richard used marriages to build strong alliances. His marriage to Emma gave him a connection to the Capet family. His wife Gunnor was from a rival Viking group in the Cotentin. His marriage to her gave him support from her family. Her sisters married several of Richard's loyal followers. Also Richard's daughters provided valuable marriage alliances with powerful counts as well as to the king of England. Richard also made sure the church and the great monasteries were doing well. His reign was marked by a long period of peace and tranquility. Richard died in Fecamp, Normandy, on 20 November 996.

Marriages

William married first (960)to Emma, daughter of Hugh "The Great" of France. They were promised to each other when both were very young. She died after 19 March 968, before they had any children.

Richard had children with his concubine Gunnora. Richard later married her to make their children legitimate:

 Richard II "the Good", Duke of Normandy
 Robert II, Archbishop of Rouen, Count of Évreux
 Mauger, Earl of Corbeil
 Emma of Normandy, wife of two kings of England
 Maud of Normandy, wife of Odo II, Count of Blois, Champagne and Chartres
 Hawise of Normandy married Geoffrey I, Duke of Brittany
 Papia of Normandy
 William, Count of Eu

Illegitimate Children

Richard was known to have had several other concubines and had children with many of them.
Known children are:

 Geoffrey, Count of Eu
 William, Count of Eu (-),
 Beatrice of Normandy, Abbess of Montvilliers d.1034 m. Ebles of Turenne

Notes

References

930s births
996 deaths
Dukes and duchesses of Normandy

Richard I, Duke of Normandy


The Wooden Horse is a 1950 British Second World War war film directed by Jack Lee and starring Leo Genn, David Tomlinson and Anthony Steel. It is based on the book of the same name by Eric Williams, who also wrote the screenplay.

The film depicts the true events of an escape attempt made by POWs in the German prison camp Stalag Luft III. The wooden horse in the title of the film is a piece of exercise equipment the prisoners use to conceal their escape attempt as well as a reference to the Trojan Horse which was also used to conceal men within.

The Wooden Horse was shot in a low-key style, with a limited budget and a cast including many amateur actors.

Plot

The somewhat fictionalised version of the true story is set in Stalag Luft III — the same POW camp where the real events depicted in the film The Great Escape took place, albeit from a different compound – and involved Williams, Michael Codner and Oliver Philpot, all inmates of the camp. In the book and film, the escapees are renamed "Flight Lieutenant Peter Howard", "Captain John Clinton" and "Philip Rowe".

The prisoners are faced with the problem of digging an escape tunnel despite the accommodation huts, within which the tunnel entrance might be concealed, being a considerable distance from the perimeter fence. They come up with an ingenious way of digging the tunnel with its entrance located in the middle of an open area relatively near the perimeter fence and using a vaulting horse (constructed largely from plywood from Canadian Red Cross parcels), to cover the entrance.

Recruiting fellow-prisoners to form a team of vaulters, each day they carry the horse out to the same spot, with a man hidden inside. The prisoners begin gymnastic exercises using the vaulting horse, while the concealed man digs down below it. At the end of the session, the digger places wooden boards, cut to fit the aperture, in the hole, and fills the space with sandbags and dry sand kept for the purpose – wet sand taken from below the surface would be darker and hence give away the tunneling activity.

As the tunnel lengthens, two men are eventually hidden inside the horse while a larger group of men exercise, the two men continue to dig the tunnel. At the end of the day, they conceal the tunnel entrance once more and hide inside the horse while it is carried back to their hut. They also devise a method of disposing of the earth coming out of the tunnel. They recruit a third man, Phil, to assist them, with the promise that he will join the escape.

At the final break-out, Clinton hides in the tunnel during an Appell (roll call), before three men are carried out in the horse: the third to replace the tunnel trap.

Howard and Clinton travel by train to the Baltic port of Lübeck; (in fact, they travelled via Frankfurt an der Oder to Stettin). Phil elects to travel alone, posing as a Norwegian margarine salesman and travelling by train via Danzig (now Gdańsk). He was the first to get to neutral territory.

On the docks Howard and Clinton are forced to kill a German sentry who surprised the hiding men; and they contact French workers, through whom they meet "Sigmund", a Danish resistance worker who smuggles them onto a Danish ship. They then have to transfer to a fishing boat and arrive in Copenhagen, before being shipped to neutral Sweden. There they are reunited with Phil, who arrived earlier.

Some details from Williams' book were not used in the film, e.g. the escaped POWs discussing the possibility of visiting potentially neutral brothels in Germany, an idea that was abandoned because of the fear that it might be a trap.

Cast

 Leo Genn as Peter Howard
 David Tomlinson as Philip Rowe
 Anthony Steel as John Clinton
 David Greene as Bennett
 Peter Burton as Nigel
 Patrick Waddington as the Senior British Officer
 Michael Goodliffe as Robbie
 Anthony Dawson as Pomfret
 Bryan Forbes as Paul
 Dan Cunningham as David
 Peter Finch as the Australian in hospital
 Philip Dale as Bill White
 Russell Waters as 'Wings' Cameron
 Ralph Ward as the Adjutant
 Lis Løwert as Kamma

Production
The film was based on a book by Eric Williams which was published in 1949. The book was re-issued in 1980.

Ian Dalrymple and Jack Lee read the book and bought the film rights. They out-bid John Mills who also wanted to make it. "I expect John would have been very good in it also," said Jack Lee "probably better than Leo Genn, who was very stolid as an actor."

Leo Genn played the Eric Williams character while Anthony Steele played a character based on Michael Codner. Codner was later killed in 1952 in an ambush during the Malayan Emergency.

"We are not inventing anything," Lee said during filming. "It isn't necessary. The whole book is dynamite as a film script."

Shooting
Three-quarters of the film was shot in Germany. The Stalag was rebuilt in the British zone near where the Germans surrendered at Lüneburg Heath.

In the film the escapees go to Lübeck, not Stettin, which is what happened in real life. This was because the producers did not want to have to deal with the Russian Occupied Zone.

The film went over budget, for several reasons: the weather was poor and several scenes had to be done again. "A lot of it was my fault, taking too long to shoot and shooting too much stuff," said Lee. He added "there was indecision on my producer's part about the ending; Ian said we should shoot things in two different ways. The ultimate ending was a perfectly reasonable one but I was off the film by then. Ian shot it himself."

Filming was finished in Germany by January 1950 after which studio work was done in London.

At least two future film directors, Bryan Forbes and David Greene, were in the supporting cast.

The film was a breakthrough role for Anthony Steel. "Tony Steel was fine to work with – just a physical type, a young chap who could do certain things," said Lee. According to Filmink "he is clearly meant to be "the cute one" of the trio, spending a considerable amount of the film's running time walking around in shorts bare-chested."

Comedian Peter Butterworth had actually been one of the POWs at the camp, and auditioned for a part in the film, but the producers said he didn't look convincing enough.

Reception

Critical
Variety said "a commendable degree, of documentary fidelity has been established in this picturization. of the escape of three prisoners of war from a German camp* The long and torturous period of preparation is faithfully recaptured. Inevitably, treatment rules out a fast-moving production, and although this won't harm it as a boxoffice attraction at home, it may have a limiting appeal when it eventually reaches the US."

Box office
The film was the third most popular film at the British box office in 1950. According to Kinematograph Weekly the 'biggest winners' at the box office in 1950 Britain were The Blue Lamp, The Happiest Days of Your Life, Annie Get Your Gun, The Wooden Horse, Treasure Island and Odette, with "runners up" being Stage Fright, White Heat, They Were Not Divided, Trio, Morning Departure, Destination Moon, Sands of Iwo Jima, Little Women, The Forsythe Saga, Father of the Bride, Neptune's Daughter, The Dancing Years, The Red Light, Rogues of Sherwood Forest, Fancy Pants, Copper Canyon, State Secret, The Cure for Love, My Foolish Heart, Stromboli, Cheaper by the Dozen, Pinky, Three Came Home, Broken Arrow and Black Rose.

It led to a series of stories about POWs, including Albert R.N. (1953), The Colditz Story (1955), The One That Got Away (1957), The Camp on Blood Island (1958) and Danger Within (1959).

Reality
The Wooden Horse plan itself was previously thought to be conceived and entirely thought through by Williams and Michael Codner in equal measures. In Oliver Philpot's later book The Stolen Journey, the author made it clear that he initially thought the plan was "crackers", telling its inventors "I give it a couple of days!" Nevertheless, Philpot helped with the sand dispersal and later with the actual digging – at which point he was invited to take part in the escape.
However, it has been argued that Flt Lt Dominic Bruce (the 'Medium Sized man') and Squadron Leader Peter Tunstall are the original innovators of the wooden horse escape technique. Along with Eustace Newborn and Peter Tunstall, Bruce came up with the escape plan now known as "the Swiss Red Cross Commission." Tunstall, wrote that in 1941, prior to he and Bruce planning an escape with the famed 'Swiss Red Cross Commission,' he and Bruce had been digging an escape route with a wooden horse tunnel from inside the gymnasium, the wooden horse was placed roughly four feet from the wall that separated the gym from the moat. The digging was a very slow process, it required the removal of spoil, bricks and stone work,and was aided by other prisoners distracting the guards. They were later joined by Douglas 'Sammy' Hoare and a syndicate who were promised a second go if they escaped undiscovered. Other members of this syndicate were also named as: Harry Bewlay, John Milner and Eustace Newborn.

When Bruce and Tunstall noted the slow process they began examining the rest of the castle and left the digging to the other team involving Sammy Hoare. The tunnel almost reached completion but unfortunately the digging team got caught when a guard become suspicious at the large stones that were accumulating outside of the gym. The guard then called a search, and then found the escape tunnel.[49] When the guards found the shaft they called an Appell and Hauptmann Schmidt confidently stated to the prisoners, "It is impossible to escape by tunnel or any other way."

This wooden horse gym escape tunnel was two years prior to the famed Sagan wooden horse escape. Tunstall stated that he would like to think some of the watchers and workers who helped on their original wooden horse escape may have mentioned it from time to time; and would like to think that their idea contributed to the success of the effort at Sagan.

See also
Dominic Bruce

References

Further reading

External links

 The actual story – WOODEN HORSE ESCAPE KIT PRESENTED TO IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM
 The Wooden Horse at Screenonline

1950 films
1950s war films
British war films
British black-and-white films
World War II prisoner of war films
World War II films based on actual events
London Films films
Films directed by Jack Lee
Films produced by Ian Dalrymple
1950s English-language films
1950s British films

The Wooden Horse


is a collection of Japanese tales written around the beginning of the 13th century. The author is unknown, and it may have been revised several times.

The title means "gleanings from Uji Dainagon Monogatari", a book which no longer exists. The Dainagon of Uji was Minamoto no Takakuni.

The work is classified as setsuwa literature. Following in the footsteps of Konjaku Monogatarishū, it is the representative setsuwa work of the Kamakura period.

Contents

Summary of Uji Shūi Monogatari tales

The story is made up of 197 tales spanning 15 volumes.

The preface states that it contains tales from Japan, India, and China. However, few of them are original, with many stories containing common elements from earlier works such as Konjaku Monogatarishū.

Contents include a number of characters ranging from nobles to commoners and tales ranging from everyday stories to the obscure and comical. Several of the stories were used as a basis for short stories by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa including Hell Screen.

The tales collected in Uji Shūi Monogatari can be split into the following major categories:

Buddhist tales
Social tales
Private tales

Some tales contain Buddhist didactic elements, but the overall work does not place a particularly strong emphasis on Buddhism, setting it apart from many other setsuwa collections.

Composition

It is unknown when Uji Shūi Monogatari was written. Many theories have been produced from literary and linguistic evidence. There is a great deal of variation, but they all generally point to the beginning of the 13th century.

Translations
English

Bibliography

13th-century books
Early Middle Japanese texts
Monogatari
Setsuwa
Works of unknown authorship

Uji Shūi Monogatari


Akkineni Nageswara Rao (20 September 1923 – 22 January 2014), widely known as ANR, was an Indian actor and producer, known for his work majorly in Telugu cinema. He starred in many landmark films in his seventy five-year career, and became one of the most prominent figures of Telugu cinema. Akkineni received seven state Nandi Awards, and five Filmfare Awards South. He is a recipient of the Dada Saheb Phalke Award and Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian award, for his contributions to the fields of Art and Cinema.

Akkineni is known for his work in biographical films. He portrayed the Tamil saint Vipra Narayana in the 1954 film Vipra Narayana; Telugu poet Tenali Ramakrishna in the 1956 film Tenali Ramakrishna, which received the All India Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film; the Sanskrit poet Kalidasa in the 1960 film Mahakavi Kalidasu; the 12th century Sanskrit poet Jayadeva in the 1961 film Bhakta Jayadeva; the legendary sculptor Jakanachari in the 1964 film Amara Silpi Jakkanna; the Marathi saint Tukaram in the 1971 film Bhakta Tukaram; 15th century mystic poet Kabir in the 2006 film Sri Ramadasu; and Sanskrit poet Valmiki in the 2009 film Sri Rama Rajyam. Similarly, he played many mythological figures such as Lord Vishnu in Chenchu Lakshmi (1958); Narada in Bhookailas (1958), and Arjuna in Sri Krishnarjuna Yuddhamu (1963).

He is also remembered for his performances in romantic dramas Laila Majnu (1949), Devadasu (1953), Anarkali (1955), Batasari (1961), Mooga Manasulu (1964), Prema Nagar (1971),  (1981), and Meghasandesam (1982). He also starred in the blockbusters Balaraju (1948), Keelu Gurram (1949), Ardhangi (1955), Donga Ramudu (1955), Mangalya Balam (1958), Gundamma Katha (1962), Doctor Chakravarty (1964), Dharma Daata (1970), and Dasara Bullodu (1971).

He was one of the instrumental figures in the shifting of the Telugu film industry from Madras to Hyderabad in the 1970s. He established Annapurna Studios in 1976 to provide infrastructural support to Telugu cinema in Hyderabad. He later started the Annapurna International School of Film and Media within Annapurna Studios in 2011. Manam (2014) was the last film of Akkineni, who died on 22 January 2014 during the film's production phase.

Early life and background
Akkineni Nageswara Rao was born into a lower-middle-class family on 20 September 1924 in Ramapuram, Krishna District, of present-day Andhra Pradesh. He was the youngest of five brothers.  His parents Akkineni Venkataratnam and Akkineni Punnamma, were from the farming community. His formal education was limited to primary schooling due to his parents' poor economic condition.

He began working in theatre at the age of 10. He became a stage actor, specialising in playing female characters, since women at that time were mostly prohibited from acting. His most famous roles were in notable dramas Harishchandra, Kanakatara, Vipranarayana, Telugu Talli, Aasajyoti and Satyanveshanam. The turning point of his career was when Ghantasala Balaramayya, a prominent film producer at that time, discovered him at the Vijayawada railway station. He was cast in the lead role of Rama in Sri Seeta Rama Jananam (1944). This was after his debut in a supporting role in the film Dharmapatni (1941).

Career
He starred in over 255 films, spanning the Telugu, Tamil and Hindi languages. A majority of his films were both commercial and critical successes.

Though he is known for playing mythological figures such as Rama and Krishna, he was notably an atheist.

He is fondly called Natasamrat by his fans. In 1953, Rao played the titular role in Devadasu (1953), which is based on the novel of the same name. Deccan Herald reported that several critics had considered Rao's portrayal to be the best among all language versions. Navaratri (1966) made Akkineni the second actor after Sivaji Ganesan to play nine different roles in a film.

Rao is known for his romantic roles in films such as Laila Majnu (1949), Anarkali (1955), and Prema Nagar (1971). He also played several mythological characters in Mayabazar (1957), Mahakavi Kalidasu (1965), Bhakta Tukaram (1973), and Sri Ramadasu (2006).

Some of his many commercially successful films are Maya Bazaar, Samsaram, Bratuku Theruvu, Aradhana, Donga Ramudu, Dr. Chakravarthi, Ardhaangi, Mangalya Balam, Illarikam, Shantinivasam, Velugu Needalu, Dasara Bullodu, Bharya Bhartalu, Dharmadata, Batasari and College Bullodu. Sitaramayyagari Manavaralu was released in 1991, almost 50 years after his debut, and was a success at the box office.

Akkineni played an instrumental role in shifting the base of Telugu cinema from Madras to Hyderabad. During the late 1970s, he made a point to work only in the films that were produced in Andhra Pradesh (except for Vijaya Vauhini Studios and Venus Studios films). In 1976, he established Annapurna Studios in Hyderabad as part of his efforts to provide the necessary infrastructure to produce films there.

Charity
Akkineni was very active in social service. Regarding the existence of God, he once said, "If there's a presence there, I'm sure he'll want us to perform our earthly duties well and be a good human being rather than blindly worship him".

Akkineni set up the Akkineni Janmabhoomi trust under the Janmabhoomi programme to foster development in his home town, Ramapuram. He was instrumental in the construction of the Akkineni Varadhi (a bridge named after him), which improved his village's economy by facilitating easy connectivity. In Ramapuram, Akkineni contributed towards the construction of a water filtration plant.

He instituted the Akkineni International Foundation in 2005 to honour those who contributed to the Film Industry. The Annapurna International School of Film and Media, founded by his family in 2011, was set up as a non-profit entity.  Rao donated to educational institutions since the beginning of his career and created scholarships at GITAM University (Vizag). He was the Chief Donor and President of Akkineni Nageswara Rao College, which was named  after him. Rao was a Life member of the board and an adviser to the Department of Dramatics and Theatre Arts of Andhra University. He instituted gold medals for students who excelled in Acting and Direction. In 2012, he instituted the Akkineni Annapurna Educational Trust in memory of his wife Annapurna.

Personal life

Akkineni married Annapurna on 18 February 1949. Annapurna Studios (established 1975) is named after her, and she was also credited as a presenter for several of the studio's productions. Annapurna died in 2011 after a prolonged illness. The couple had 5 children: Nagarjuna, Venkat Rathnam, Saroja, Sathyavathi, and Naga Susheela.

Death
On 19 October 2013, Rao was diagnosed with stomach cancer. He continued shooting for his final film Manam two weeks after a major laparoscopic surgery, which some doctors feared he wouldn't survive. His last public appearance was at the foundation day celebrations of Annapurna Studios on 14 January 2014. Rao died a week later, on 22 January 2014. He was cremated on 23 January 2014, at Annapurna Studios with full state honours amid a 21-gun salute. Thousands were present to pay their last respects.

Awards and honours
Civilian honors
 Padma Vibhushan (2011)
 Padma Bhushan (1988)
 Padma Shri (1968)

National Film Awards
 Dada Saheb Phalke Award (1991)
Filmfare Awards South
 Filmfare Best Film Award (Telugu) – Sudigundalu (1968) (shared with veteran Adurthi Subba Rao)
 Best Actor – Telugu – Marapurani Manishi (1973)
 Best Actor – Telugu – Aatma Bandhuvulu (1987)
 Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South (1988)
 Best Actor – Telugu – Seetharamaiah Gari Manavaralu (1991)

Nandi Awards
 Raghupathi Venkaiah Award (1989)
 NTR National Award (1996)

Nandi Award for Best Actor
 Dr. Chakravarthy  (1964)
  Antastulu  (1965)
  Sudigundalu (1967)
 Meghasandesam (1982)
 Bangaru Kutumbam (1994)

Other state honours
 Kalidasu Kaustubh from Madhya Pradesh State
 Appointed as an adviser to the State Film Development Corporation.
 Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award – Arignar Anna Award in 1992

Filmography

References

External links

1923 births
2014 deaths
Andhra University alumni
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
People from Krishna district
Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients
Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts
Indian male film actors
Indian male stage actors
Telugu male actors
Male actors in Tamil cinema
Nandi Award winners
Indian atheists
Male actors from Andhra Pradesh
Deaths from cancer in India
Telugu film producers
Film producers from Andhra Pradesh
20th-century Indian male actors
21st-century Indian male actors
Male actors in Telugu theatre
Indian agnostics

Akkineni Nageswara Rao