Alexander "Sandy" Bonnyman Jr. (May 2, 1910 – November 23, 1943) was a United States Marine Corps officer who was killed in action on Betio Atoll in the Gilbert Islands during World War II.

A combat engineer, he received the Medal of Honor and Purple Heart posthumously for his actions during an important assault on a Japanese bombproof shelter during the Battle of Tarawa.

Early life and career
Born on May 2, 1910, in Atlanta, Georgia, Bonnyman's family moved to Knoxville, Tennessee, when he was a baby. His father was the president of Knoxville's Blue Diamond Coal Company.

Bonnyman attended Princeton University where he studied engineering and played football. Dropping out of college after his sophomore year, he signed up for the Army Air Corps and entered flight training in June 1932. He was discharged three months later "By reason of flying deficiency," though his character was rated as "excellent." He then worked in the coal industry before moving to New Mexico, where he started a copper mining business.

Marine Corps service
At the outbreak of the war, Bonnyman was exempt from any military obligation due to his role in running a company producing strategically vital material for the war effort. Nevertheless, he enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps as a private in Phoenix, Arizona. Bonnyman received his recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego, California.

In October 1942, Bonnyman sailed for the South Pacific aboard the . He distinguished himself at the Battle of Guadalcanal as part of a Marine pioneer unit (lightly equipped combat engineers). In February 1943, he received a battlefield commission to the rank of second lieutenant in recognition of what his superiors described as exceptional leadership skills.

Bonnyman's civilian background, temperament and skills would come to play an important role at Tarawa in November 1943, where he was assigned to a shore party handling beachhead logistics. When the assault troops were pinned down by heavy enemy artillery fire at the seaward end of the long Betio Pier, on his own initiative Bonnyman organized and led five men over the open pier to the beach. There he voluntarily obtained flame throwers and demolitions and directed the blowing up of several hostile installations.

On the second day of the struggle, Bonnyman, determined to breach the enemy's strong defensive line, led a demolition team of 21 Marines in an assault on the entrance to a huge bombproof shelter which contained approximately 150 Japanese soldiers. The enemy position was about forty yards forward of the Marine lines.  Bonnyman advanced his team to the mouth of the position and killed many of the defenders.  His team was forced to withdraw to replenish its supply of ammunition and grenades. Bonnyman again pressed his attack and gained the top of the structure, thereby flushing more than one hundred of its occupants into the open where they were cut down by Marine infantry and a supporting tank. When the Japanese returned fire, Bonnyman stood on the forward edge of the position and killed three of the attackers, but was himself killed as he ordered more charges brought forward. The battle continued for another 10–15 minutes, with all of the Japanese defenders flushed out. Of Bonnyman's original assault party of 21 Marines, 13 had survived. Betio Island was declared secured on the same day.

Medal of Honor
For his actions during the battle, Bonnyman was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. The medal was formally presented to his family by Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal in 1947. His 12-year-old daughter, Frances, accepted the medal on behalf of the Bonnyman family.

Remains
According to the Defense Missing Personnel Office, Bonnyman's remains were "non-recovered". After the war, the Graves Registration Service recorded his body as having been buried at sea, however this report was later determined to be unfounded.

The remains of 36 Marines, including Bonnyman's, were interred in a battlefield cemetery whose location was lost by the end of the war. The cemetery was located in March 2015 by History Flight, Inc., a Florida-based nonprofit that has recovered more than 70 sets of now-identified remains from Betio.

Bonnyman's grandson, Clay Bonnyman Evans, a volunteer with History Flight, was present when Lt. Bonnyman's remains were exposed on May 28, 2015, and exhumed on May 29, and recorded the recovery via video and still photographs. Evans' book, Bones of My Grandfather: Reclaiming a Lost Hero of World War II, which recounts his grandfather's life story and the history of the recovery efforts, was published July 10, 2018.

On 26 July 2015, the bodies were repatriated to the United States, arriving at Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam in Honolulu Hawaii. On August 27, 2015, his remains were identified and on September 25, 2015, he was returned to his childhood home town of Knoxville, Tennessee. He was interred with full military honors and an overflight of Marine Corps Cobra helicopters in "missing man formation" next to his parents and siblings at West Knoxville's  Berry Highland Memorial Cemetery on September 27, 2015.

Awards and honors
The Pellissippi Parkway bridge over the Tennessee River on the Knox-Blount county line in Tennessee is designated the Lt. Alexander "Sandy" Bonnyman Memorial Bridge in his memory. The bowling alley aboard Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune is also named in his memory. The Strategic Sealift ship MV 1st Lt. Alex Bonnyman (T-AK 3003), a Corporal Louis J. Hauge Jr.-class vessel, was named in his honor.

Medal of Honor citation
The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to

for service as set forth in the following CITATION:

For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as Executive Officer of the 2d Battalion Shore Party, 8th Marines, 2d Marine Division, during the assault against enemy Japanese-held Tarawa in the Gilbert Islands, 20–22 November 1943. Acting on his own initiative when assault troops were pinned down at the far end of Betio Pier by the overwhelming fire of Japanese shore batteries, 1st Lt. Bonnyman repeatedly defied the blasting fury of the enemy bombardment to organize and lead the besieged men over the long, open pier to the beach and then, voluntarily obtaining flame throwers and demolitions, organized his pioneer shore party into assault demolitionists and directed the blowing of several hostile installations before the close of D-day. Determined to effect an opening in the enemy's strongly organized defense line the following day, he voluntarily crawled approximately 40 yards forward of our lines and placed demolitions in the entrance of a large Japanese emplacement as the initial move in his planned attack against the heavily garrisoned, bombproof installation which was stubbornly resisting despite the destruction early in the action of a large number of Japanese who had been inflicting heavy casualties on our forces and holding up our advance. Withdrawing only to replenish his ammunition, he led his men in a renewed assault, fearlessly exposing himself to the merciless slash of hostile fire as he stormed the formidable bastion, directed the placement of demolition charges in both entrances and seized the top of the bombproof position, flushing more than 100 of the enemy who were instantly cut down, and effecting the annihilation of approximately 150 troops inside the emplacement. Assailed by additional Japanese after he had gained his objective, he made a heroic stand on the edge of the structure, defending his strategic position with indomitable determination in the face of the desperate charge and killing 3 of the enemy before he fell, mortally wounded. By his dauntless fighting spirit, unrelenting aggressiveness and forceful leadership throughout 3 days of unremitting, violent battle, 1st Lt. Bonnyman had inspired his men to heroic effort, enabling them to beat off the counterattack and break the back of hostile resistance in that sector for an immediate gain of 400 yards with no further casualties to our forces in this zone. He gallantly gave his life for his country.

HARRY S. TRUMAN

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

References

 Alexander, Joseph H. (1995). Utmost Savagery: The Three Days of Tarawa. Naval Institute Press. .

1910 births
1943 deaths
Battle of Tarawa
Military personnel from Atlanta
Military personnel from Knoxville, Tennessee
Princeton Tigers football players
United States Marine Corps officers
United States Marine Corps personnel killed in World War II
United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
Princeton University School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Burials at Santa Fe National Cemetery

Alexander Bonnyman Jr.


The Dancer () is a 2011 Indonesian film based on the trilogy of novels Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk by Ahmad Tohari and directed by Ifa Isfansyah. Starring Nyoman Oka Antara and Prisia Nasution, it tells the story of a young man and his friendship with his small village's new ronggeng.

The second adaptation of the Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk trilogy, Sang Penari required two years of research to better present the historical context, including the 30 September Movement and ensuing anti-communist actions; these details, censored in the original trilogy by the New Order government, were more explicit than in the novels. Although the film was set and shot in Purwokerto, Central Java, neither of the leads was ethnic Javanese. Nasution, cast in her debut role, is Batak, while Antara is Balinese.

Upon its release on 10 November 2011, Sang Penari was critically praised. Tohari called it a "sublime adaptation of his work", while Labodalih Sembiring of the Jakarta Globe described its socio-cultural elements as worthy of a Shakespearean tragedy. At the 2011 Indonesian Film Festival, Sang Penari won four awards, including Best Picture, out of nine nominations.

Plot
In 1953, two tempeh bongkrèk makers in Dukuh Paruk, a small hamlet in Banyumas, Central Java, accidentally sell poisoned tempeh, which kills many residents, including the much respected ronggeng (local traditional dancer). The residents of the hamlet begin panicking and rioting, accusing the tempeh makers of plotting against the village; in response, the tempeh makers eat their own produce, resulting in their deaths. Their daughter, Srintil, survives and is raised by her grandfather Sakarya (Landung Simatupang).

Ten years later in 1963, Srintil (Prisia Nasution) and Rasus (Nyoman Oka Antara) are fast friends. Rasus also has romantic feelings for her. With the hamlet starved and in a depression since the loss of its ronggeng, Sakarya receives a vision that Srintil will become a great ronggeng, capable of saving the hamlet from starvation. He then convinces Srintil to become a ronggeng. She then tries to proves herself to Kartareja (Slamet Rahardjo), the hamlet's ronggeng caretaker and his wife (Dewi Irawan) by dancing at the grave of Ki Secamenggala, the hamlet's founder. Her attempt is only successful after Rasus gave her the ronggeng amulet belonged to the late ronggeng of Dukuh Paruk. Seeing this amulet, Kartareja then announces that Srintil has been chosen by the founder's spirit. Meanwhile, Indonesian Communist Party member Bakar (Lukman Sardi) arrived in the hamlet and began convincing local farmers to join the party, claiming that the Communist party are the only ones who can help save the wong cilik (underclass) of Dukuh Paruk and their starving hamlet.

After the success of her dance at the grave of Ki Secamenggala, Srintil is told that she must undergo a ritual before she can truly become a ronggeng, called bukak klambu (literally "opening the veil"), in which her virginity will be sold to the highest bidder. This upsets Rasus, who tells Srintil that he is not comfortable with her becoming a ronggeng. Srintil says that she will give her virginity to Rasus, and on the day of the bukak klambu they have sex in a goat shack; that evening, Srintil has sex with two other "highest bidders" and becomes a full ronggeng.

Devastated, Rasus runs away from the hamlet, leaving Srintil broken-hearted. He then joins a local army base, where he befriends Sergeant Binsar (Tio Pakusadewo). Binsar teaches him to read and wins Rasus' trust. Meanwhile, the residents of Dukuh Paruk start to embrace communism under Bakar's leadership, despite their lack of political knowledge. During Rasus' military time, Dukuh Paruk's ronggeng troupe, which includes Kartareja, Sakarya, Sakum the blind kendhang player, and Srintil becomes increasingly popular and become involved in many rally events organised by the communist party.

Two years later, following the failed Communist-led coup d'état in Jakarta. Rasus is sent by Binsar in operations to clear the presence of Communists in the area. However, when Dukuh Paruk's turn comes in the massacre, Rasus hurries back, leaving his army comrades to his hamlet to find and save Srintil. He finds Dukuh Paruk to be destroyed and devoid of its inhabitants, leaving only Sakum. His continued effort ends in vain as Rasus arrives in a hidden army concentration camp just as Srintil is taken away by the army and disappears along with the rest of Dukuh Paruk's residents.

Ten years later, Rasus meets a street dancer and a blind man in a village close to Dukuh Paruk who resemble Srintil and Sakum. He quickly stops her, giving her the amulet of Dukuh Paruk's ronggeng which he found in Dukuh Paruk during his search for Srintil ten years ago. The dancer nervously accepts it and leave Rasus, who smiles, signalling his recognition of his love Srintil.

Cast
 Prisia Nasution as Srintil
 Nyoman Oka Antara as Rasus
 Slamet Rahardjo as Kartareja
 Lukman Sardi as Bakar
 Tio Pakusadewo as Sergeant Binsar

Production

Sang Penari was directed by Ifa Isfansyah. Husband and wife team Wong Aksan and Titi Sjuman were chosen to do the scoring, which they spent a month and a half on; they later said that work on the film brought them closer together. Shanty Harmayn, who had previously worked on Pasir Berbisik (Whispering Sands; 2004), was chosen to produce, while Salman Aristo, known for his scripts for Ayat-Ayat Cinta (Verses of Love; 2008) and Laskar Pelangi (Rainbow Warriors; 2009) spearheaded the writing. The screenplay went through twelve drafts and took two years of research.

Sang Penari is based on the Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk (Ronggeng of Paruk Hamlet) by Ahmad Tohari; it is the second adaptation of the work, after Darah dan Mahkota Ronggeng (Blood and Crown of a Dancer), directed by Yazman Yazid and starring Ray Sahetapy and Enny Beatrice, in 1983. The film was shot mostly in Banyumas, Central Java. Director Ifa Isfansyah attempted to cast the lead role of Srintil there, but failed after several months looking.

Isfansyah eventually chose a new actress, Prisia Nasution. Balinese actor Nyoman Oka Antara, who had previously played in Ayat-Ayat Cinta (Verses of Love; 2008) and Perempuan Berkalung Sorban (The Girl With the Keffiyeh Around Her Neck; 2009), was cast in the leading male role. The film also featured Slamet Rahardjo, Dewi Irawan, Hendro Djarot, Tio Pakusadewo, Lukman Sardi, and Teuku Rifnu Wikana in supporting roles; Happy Salma also had a cameo as a dancer.

Style and themes
Sang Penari touches on the history of communism in Indonesia, focusing on the nation's communist party spreading its ideology and the government's purge of the Communist Party's members from 1965 to 1966, which is thought to have killed several hundred thousand. It is only the third Indonesian film to cover the killings, following Arifin C. Noer's G30S/PKI (1984) and Riri Riza's Gie (2005). Tohari later said that if he had written about the killings as they were depicted in the film, the repressive New Order government would have had him shot.

Sang Penari features many spoken lines in the Banyumasan language spoken in the area. It also features several aspects of Indonesian culture, including batik and Javanese music.

Release and reception
Sang Penari was released on 10 November 2011. Tohari, who had refused to watch the first adaptation, enjoyed Sang Penari and reportedly considered it a "sublime adaptation of his work". Triwik Kurniasari, writing for The Jakarta Post, described the film as "artistically stunning" and that Isfansyah "smoothly translates the sinister moment and the vicious attempts taken by the military in handling possible traitors". Labodalih Sembiring, writing for the Jakarta Globe, said the socio-cultural elements in the film were worthy of a Shakespearean tragedy and that it featured good acting and direction; however, the film's soundtrack was considered lacking.

Awards
Sang Penari was nominated for nine awards at the 2011 Indonesian Film Festival, winning four. The film was selected as the Indonesian entry for the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards, but it did not make the final shortlist.

See also
 List of submissions to the 85th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
 List of Indonesian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

References
Footnotes

Bibliography

External links

2011 drama films
2011 films
Banyumasan-language films
2010s Indonesian-language films
Films based on Indonesian novels
Citra Award winners
Films directed by Ifa Isfansyah
Indonesian drama films
Best Film Citra Award winners

The Dancer (2011 film)


Dark Night: A True Batman Story is an American graphic novel written by Paul Dini, illustrated by Eduardo Risso, and published by DC Comics under its mature-readers Vertigo imprint. Featuring the superhero Batman, it is based upon a true incident from 1993, in which Dini was mugged and nearly killed. The book was released on June 15, 2016, and received widespread critical acclaim from reviewers, who praised its emotional story, artwork, and powerful message.

Plot
The story is told by Paul Dini at a stage, watched by an unseen and disinterested audience. He mentions his story about the assault done to him and the scars left afterwards is not a story he is known for, which are normally science fiction or fantasy, but it does involve one superhero: Batman. It begins when Dini explains how he was as a kid; invisible, attracting bullies whom he wishes he would fight back, but always escaping to the realms of his imagination that would be "with him" during the day. But one character stood out: Batman, thanks to the comics and the 1960s TV series. Dini's imagination got to the point where his school work suffered, leading to the question of what job can someone who loves cartoons and draws get, leading to his employment at Warner Bros Animation 25 years later. After the success of Tim Burton's Batman, and influenced by the Fleischer Superman cartoons, Dini is hired to work on what will come to be the award-winning Batman: The Animated Series with Bruce Timm and Alan Burnett.

At the time working on what would become Batman: Mask of the Phantasm, Dini goes on an unsuccessful date with an actress. She offers to drive him home, but Dini decides to walk home. On his way, he is approached by two thugs who decide to assault him violently, rob him, and leave him bloodied and left for dead. But Dini gets up, and in shock, returns home despite the massive pain. He reports the assault to the police, who unlike Batman, do not test a receipt pulled by the muggers for fingerprints; and when he tells them about his work, the cops laugh saying he wished Batman saved him. Dini takes a bath in hopes of healing the bruises, where he imagines Batman in the Batcave, who chastises Dini for not fighting back, despite Batman himself being skilled and a drawing. The next morning, still in great pain, Dini imagines Two-Face judging his actions, suggesting it was all because he wanted to look good toward his date. Friend and Harley Quinn voice actress Arleen Sorkin visits Dini, forcing him to go to the hospital. The damage is more severe than Dini thought: swollen face thanks to a shattered zygomatic arch, surgery is set to happen the next day. Because of the incident, Dini is not interested in writing about Batman, a man who fights crime, when a crime happened to him. Batman reappears again and Dini argues with his imagination when he points out that Dini knew what would happen to him, but ignore it and went ahead because of his fear of being judged. Moments before the surgery, Dini imagines being with Batman's Rogues Gallery, to which Poison Ivy criticizes Dini over the women he tries to set himself with, with one example last year who passed on going with him to the Emmy Awards. A night where Dini questioned why she did not like him that he cut himself with his award.

The surgery goes well, but Dini has made up his mind: he is not writing Batman anymore. Back at his apartment, Dini does not want to write any scenes for Mask of the Phantasm. His imagination of the Joker appears, enjoying how low Dini has gotten, until Batman reappears and punches Joker away, demanding Dini to get back to work and stop being sorry for himself. This only gets Dini into wanting to buy a gun, until he remembers Nevada when he was a kid: his rifle nearly pointed at his brother's head when he tried to pull the trigger, vowing himself not to use guns, just like Batman. Dini starts drinking during cold nights, which leads to him getting pneumonia. Dini still decides to stay home, which leads to another conflict between and the imaginations of Batman and Joker, to which Dini realizes he is that invisible boy again when he was eight. Scaring himself, he asks Batman for help, to which he tells him only he can get himself out. Taking baby steps, Dini resumes work on Batman Animated and goes out shopping, sees a therapist (with Harley Quinn appearing along her too). This all begins to help Dini, and by doing things he loves, it helps him cope with the trauma from the mugging.

The audience is revealed to be Batman's Rogues Gallery. All of whom taking his story and morals of it apart, but Dini deflects all of them, winning the arguments they bring up. Explaining living in fear and wanting revenge was not the life he wanted to live after the incident. The villains go away, and using an old idea from Batman Beyond, Joker is "walled up" in the Batcave. Ending his story, he thanks Batman for saving the day by telling him to stand up. He leaves his office at WB, but before he does, he bumps into Harley Quinn.

Background and creation
In 1993, Paul Dini was walking on La Peer Drive in Los Angeles, California, when two men approached him. They proceeded to brutally beat Dini, shattering his zygomatic arch and, according to his doctors, parts of his skull "powdered on impact". The event forever altered Dini's life, and became the basis for Dark Night: A True Batman Story. In the novel, Batman and many of his adversaries appear in the form of separate parts of Dini's conscience. Dini cited a scene in the film Play It Again, Sam (1972) as inspiration, in which a film critic is assisted by Humphrey Bogart's character.

Dini described the writing process as traumatic, claiming to have cried several times when going to sleep. He was horrified upon seeing Eduardo Risso's rendition of the attack in artwork, recalling "I burst into tears. I couldn't look at them". Upon completion, Dini stated that he felt a burden he carried about the attack had been lifted.

English version by Vertigo
 Dark Night: A True Batman Story
 Hardcover edition (, 2016-06-15)
 Softcover edition (, 2017-06-28)

Reception
Dark Night: A True Batman Story received widespread critical acclaim. On the review aggregator ComicBookRoundUp, the book holds a score of 9/10, based on 15 reviews.

The story's recounting of Dini's ordeal was widely praised. Writing for IGN, Jesse Schedeen praised its frank, undramatized, and open manner, and called it "an emotionally powerful read".

References

External links
 Official website

Batman titles
Comics by Paul Dini
Superhero comics
2016 graphic novels

Dark Night: A True Batman Story


Silas Tertius Rand (May 18, 1810 – October 4, 1889)  was a Canadian Baptist clergyman, missionary, ethnologist, linguist and translator. His work centred on the Mi'kmaq people of Maritime Canada and he was the first to record the legend of Glooscap.

Life
Silas Rand was born in the community of Brooklyn Street about six miles west of Kentville, Nova Scotia in the Township of Cornwallis. He was a son of bricklayer Silas Rand and his wife Deborah Tupper. Though largely uneducated, his father taught the younger Rand to read and later sent him to school, which he attended until the age of 11. He then took up bricklaying with his father. At age nineteen, Rand was introduced to English grammar and he began the study of languages. By age 21, he began teaching grammar. At 23, he entered Horton Academy (part of Acadia University) to study Latin but he left the school a month later, learning Latin grammar at home while he worked as a bricklayer.

In 1833 he underwent a religious conversion. He was baptized and decided to devote his life to God. In 1834 he was ordained a Baptist minister. He took a position in Liverpool, Nova Scotia where he met Jane Elizabeth McNutt, whom he married in 1838. The couple had twelve children. Rand was later a pastor in Windsor, Nova Scotia and Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.

In 1846 he was offered an opportunity to travel to Burma as a missionary, but he elected instead to work among the Mi'kmaq. He obtained the support of the Protestant evangelicals of Halifax and in 1849 helped found the Micmac Missionary Society, a full-time Mi'kmaq mission. Basing his work in Hantsport, Nova Scotia, where he lived from 1853 until his death, he travelled widely among Mi'kmaq communities, spreading the faith, learning the language, and recording examples of the Mi'kmaq oral tradition. He was poorly funded in his work, and had to resort to colportage, or begging to sustain his mission. By 1864 he decided to rely on unsolicited donations, trusting in faith to provide, and was thus expelled from the Society, which was dissolved, in 1870.

After a long period of disagreement with the Baptist church, he eventually returned to the church in 1885. He died at Hantsport in 1889.

Linguist

Rand mastered many languages including Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, Mohawk, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Latin and modern Greek. In Maliseet he published some Bible Selections in 1863 and the Gospel of John in 1870. In Mi'kmaq he produced the whole New Testament and the Old Testament books of Genesis, Exodus and Psalms.  He compiled a Mi'kmaq dictionary and collected numerous legends, and through his published work, was the first to introduce the stories of Glooscap to the wider world. He also kept a diary.  The diary was written primarily in Latin; it has not yet been translated or studied.

Honours
Late in his life, Rand's work with the Mi'kmaq was recognized with honorary degrees from Queen's University (L.L.D., 1886); Acadia College (D.D, 1886); and King's College (D.C.L.).

Publications include

 The jubilee historical sketch of the Nova Scotia Baptist Association (Charlottetown, 1849)
   A short statement of facts relating to the history, manners, customs, language, and literature of the Micmac tribe of Indians, in Nova-Scotia and P.E. Island (Halifax, 1850)
 (Attributed) Ae Buk ov Samz in Mikmak (tr. The Book of Psalms) Published by the Phonetic Institute (Bath, 1854) Link large file
 A short account of the Lord's work among the Micmac Indians . . . with some reasons for . . . seceding from the Baptist denomination (Halifax, 1873)
 A brief statement respecting the Micmac mission (1880)
 The dying Indian's dream, a poem (Windsor, N.S., 1881)
 The Micmac mission (1882)
 Dictionary of the language of the Micmac Indians (Halifax, 1888). Online version.
 Hymni recentes latini: translationes et originales per Silam Tertium Randium (Halifa, 1888)
 Legends of the Micmacs edited and with a foreword by Helen L. Webster, (New York and London, 1893). Online version with preface by publisher Jacob Rabinowitz: Volume 1 Volume 2.

Notes

References
 Biography and archival materials from Acadia University
 Dictionary of Canadian Biography entry

Further reading

External links

1810 births
1889 deaths
Canadian diarists
Canadian folklorists
Canadian translators
Mi'kmaq in Canada
19th-century translators
Linguists of Algic languages
19th-century diarists

Silas Tertius Rand


An unsponsored top-level domain (uTLD) is one of the categories  of top-level domains (TLDs) maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for use in the Domain Name System of the Internet.  IANA currently distinguishes 3 groups of top-level domains: country-code top-level domains (ccTLD), generic top-level domains (gTLD) and infrastructure top-level
domain.

Unsponsored TLD is a specialized top-level domain that has no sponsor, in opposition of sTLD (sponsored), that has a sponsor representing a specific community served by the domain. Generally speaking, uTLD is a TLD without "owner", where ICANN has an important governance role.

It is a reduced set of TLDs: old ones (.com, .org and .net) and new ones (.biz, .info and .name).

References

Top-level domains
Domain Name System
Identifiers
Internet governance

Unsponsored top-level domain


The , or Kuanganmen Incident, was an attack on the Japanese army by the National Revolutionary Army's 29th Army that occurred on 26 July 1937 in the opening stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War in Beiping, now Beijing, which was the under the control of the Hebei–Chahar Political Council. It occurred following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 7 July, and the Langfang Incident of 25 July.

At the time, the Chinese army was already amassing in large numbers at Baoding and Shijiazhuang in the southern half of Hebei and at Datong in Shanxi, and had the Japanese army enclosed on all side in the Fengtai District, while on the Japanese side, newly mobilized units of the Kwantung Army and the Japanese Korean Army were in the process of reaching the area of Tianjin and Beiping. The Kuanganmen Incident was an incident that occurred while the degree of tension between the two armies was increasing.

The attack
The 2nd Battalion of the 2nd China Garrison Infantry Regiment under Major Hirobe was bound with 26 trucks for the Japanese barracks within the walls of Beijing in order to provide protection to Japanese residents. Takuro Matsui, the head of the Special Service Agency, had had discussions beforehand with the authorities of the Hebei–Chahar Political Council concerning passage of troops through the gates of Guang'anmen just outside Beiping and had gotten the approval of the mayor Qin Dechun. However, when Major Tokutaro Sakurai, a military and political advisor to the Council, proceeded to Guang'anmen at about 6:00 PM to establish contact, the Chinese troops on guard kept the gate closed. Finally after more talks, the gates were opened at around 7:30 PM and the Japanese units started to pass through, but once the first 3 trucks had crossed the Chinese started to fire upon them. Two thirds of the units got through when the gate was suddenly shut, dividing Hirobe's troops inside and outside the gate. They were receiving unexpectedly heavy fire from machine guns as well as grenades and because Japanese and Chinese advisors failed to calm down the Chinese troops, at 8:00 PM the Japanese attacked in response from both inside and outside the gates. The Chinese side received reinforcements and surrounded the Japanese but even though a relief column was dispatched by Masakazu Kawabe, commander of the brigade in the Fengtai District, at 9:30 PM, negotiations with the Chinese had produced a proposal according to which the Chinese army would keep its distance while the Japanese inside the gates would move to the grounds of their legation within the walls and the Japanese left outside would proceed back to Fengtai. A little after 10:00 PM the fighting stopped and at about 2:00 AM the next day Hirobe's unit entered the barracks in the legation. The total casualties of the Japanese army in the fighting were 2 dead and 17 wounded. Both of the dead held the rank of superior private, and the breakdown of the wounded was one major, one captain, one sergeant, two superior privates, one private first class, seven privates second class, two attached civilians, and one news reporter. The interpreter who was travelling with Tokutaro Sakurai was also killed in action.

Impact of the incident
The Japanese China Garrison Army judged from this incident and the clash at Langfang that prospects for a peaceful resolution were over and at 2:00 AM on 28 July they repudiated their request from the previous day in response to the Langfang Incident that each unit of China's 29th Army pull back according to a time frame, and instead notified Song Zheyuan, the head of the Hebei–Chahar Political Council and commander of the 29th Army, that "China's frequent aggressive activities and violations of agreements are something our army is no longer able to endure patiently. Since we above all cannot at all forgive your deceitful acts at Guanganmen, which you turned into a grave event that insulted our army, our army will now act on its on accord." The Japanese furthermore advised the Chinese to withdraw all their forces within Beiping to spare it the ravages of the coming battle.

From early morning the Japanese China Garrison Army readied the posts needed to attack the Chinese around Beiping and Tianjin and proclaimed that they did not see the people of Hebei as their enemies and had no intention to acquire northern China, but rather were considering the rights and interests of all nations and the safety and the life and property of their citizens. The same message was announced as a speech from the Chief Cabinet Secretary.

The Japanese launched their assault against the Chinese army in the area of Beiping on 28 July and in Tianjin the Chinese attacked at midnight. The Japanese were victorious on all fronts and in two days mopping up operations were complete.

See also
Marco Polo Bridge Incident
Langfang Incident
Tungchow Mutiny
Battle of Beiping–Tianjin

References

Bibliography
Press Corps of the War Ministry of Japan「朗坊事件以後」『官報附録 週報』 Cabinet Printing Bureau 4 August 1937.
Senshi Sosho 支那事変陸軍作戦<1>昭和十三年一月まで  (Volume 86) Asagumo Shinbun-sha, July 1975.

Conflicts in 1937
1937 in China
Battles of the Second Sino-Japanese War
July 1937 events

Guanganmen incident


Oomancy (sometimes called ovomancy, ooscopy, oomancia, oomantia, ooscopia, or ovamancy) refers to divination by eggs. There are several methods to how this can be done, but an example would be the oracular reading (i.e., scrying) of the shapes that a separated egg white forms when dropped into hot water. This method greatly resembles molten lead divination, which ascribe meaning to the shapes and forms into which hot lead solidifies.

Origin
The word oomancy is derived from two Greek words, oon (an egg) and Manteia (divination), which literally translates into egg divination. Oomancy was common form of divination practiced in ancient Greece and Rome, where it was believed that one could tell the future by interpreting the shapes formed when the separated whites from an egg was dropped into hot water.

For example: If the egg white resembled the shape of a bell, it would mean a wedding would be taking place soon. If the egg white resembled a snake, then it was considered a warning of danger.

History
Although Oomancy was thought to have originated in Greece, there is belief this practice was also used by ancient druids in Scotland as well.

Egg divination was often used to gain knowledge about children still in the womb, such as the gender, health, and due date of the unborn baby. In practice, they would rub an uncooked chicken egg on the pregnant mother's belly, then crack it into a saucer. If the broken egg contained one yolk, then the mother would give birth to one child. If the egg contained 2 yolks, 3 yolks, or more, this would indicate the mother would give birth to twin or triplets or so on. It was also believed that if the yolk contained spots of blood, it was a bad sign indicating a miscarriage or complications during birth. Another common method of oomancy in regards to the unborn child is to incubate a chicken egg between the pregnant woman's breasts. It was believed that when the chick hatched, its gender would reveal the gender of the mother's unborn child. There was also a form of oomancy that didn't involve cracking an egg open, but rather hard boiling it instead. On one end of the egg was written the name of a god or goddess, and on the other end was written a goal the person wished to achieve. The hard-boiled egg was then allowed to roll down a slope, and interpreted by which end was facing upward and what direction the egg was pointing.

Oomancy was a popular divination method used in New England in the late 17th century. Along with other young girls of Salem Village, Elizabeth Parris and Abigail Williams are known to have to played at reading omens by means of an egg and a mirror (or "Venus glass"), an apparently similar system of egg divination. It was reported by Reverend John Hale that these girls used eggs in a glass to learn the profession of their future husbands.

The Norse tradition of oomancy was to pierce the egg and blow the egg white out into a glass of water where it was left for a day. Then the diviner would use the egg glass to scry for answers to the question.

In 1806, Mary Bateman, also known as the "Yorkshire Witch," created a hoax known as The Prophet Hen of Leeds, in which eggs laid by a hen were purported to have written on them 'Christ is coming' - a message believed to precede the end times. Three of these eggs were displayed by Bateman, but it was later found that she had written on the eggs using acid and reinserted them into the hen's oviduct.

Oomancy and the Evil Eye
Often in history Oomancy would be performed on behalf of a client believed to have been affected by the evil eye. When performing this ritual, the egg is passed over the person's body or rolled upon the skin, then it is placed beneath the clients bed, upon the mantle, or on the altar. After a day, the egg is cracked into a glass or bowl half full of water and is then interpreted to see if the client has been given the evil eye.

Modern uses and occult practices
Oomancy has become very popular in modern occult and new age traditions. Traditions such as Wicca, modern paganism, and modern witchcraft not only use eggs for divination but also for cleansing and removal of negative energies. It is a cultural tradition among Latin Americans to use oomancy to rid themself of the evil eye and brujeria done on them. This practice in Latin American countries dates back to the native Shamans and African brought over to the Americas

One way this can be done is to roll the egg all over a person's body so it can absorb the negative energy within the person. Then this egg is cracked open into a bowl of water where it can be interpreted as to whether or not the negativity has left the body. A modern-day variation of the hard boiled egg divination is to draw symbols on different spots of the egg shell that each indicate a different answer to the question being asked. After the egg is rolled down the slope, whatever symbol is facing up is considered the answer.

In parts of South and Southeast Asia, eggs are thrown onto the ground, and the shapes made upon impact are interpreted.

In Guatemala, eggs are used to diagnose illnesses by passing several eggs over the patient and placing them in water to be interpreted. This same technique has been used in Hoodoo traditions to treat the sick and injured.

References

See also

Tasseomancy (tea-leaf reading)
List of egg topics
Mary Bateman

Divination
Eggs in culture
Paranormal terminology

Oomancy


Old Park Wood is a  Site of Special Scientific Interest in Harefield in the London Borough of Hillingdon. The south-east part is an  nature reserve owned and managed by the Hertfordshire and Middlesex Wildlife Trust.

The site is ancient woodland which dates back to the Domesday Book. It was part of Harefield Park, which had an eighteenth-century house which later became the site of Harefield Hospital.

The hilly site is almost wholly wooded, and one of the floristically richest ancient woods in the London area. Its highlight is the abundance of flowers in spring, with a carpet of bluebells together with yellow archangel, lesser celandine, wood anemone and the rare coral root bittercress (cardamina bulbifera).

The site is dissected by small valleys and has a variety of types of soil and plants. The trees are mainly oak, birch, hornbeam and ash. Golden saxifrage and marsh marigolds grow along small streams and there is a pond which is important for dragonflies and invertebrates. There is a good variety of birds, including nuthatch and all three British species of woodpecker.

The site lies behind Harefield Hospital. There is no access from the hospital, but a footpath along its border fence from Hill End Road leads to the Herts & Middlesex nature reserve. This may be closed as a developer disputes the right of way. Another footpath between Summerhouse Lane and Hill End Road goes through the SSSI, skirting the northern boundary of the nature reserve. The London Loop goes along this footpath.

See also
List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Greater London
Hillingdon parks and open spaces

References

Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Hillingdon
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in London
Ancient woods of London
Forests and woodlands of London
Nature reserves in the London Borough of Hillingdon
Herts and Middlesex Wildlife Trust reserves

Old Park Wood


The Strange Love of Martha Ivers is a 1946 American film noir drama directed by Lewis Milestone and starring Barbara Stanwyck, Van Heflin, Lizabeth Scott, and Kirk Douglas in his film debut. It follows a man who is reunited with his childhood friend and her husband; both the childhood friend and her husband believe that the man knows the truth about the mysterious death of the woman's wealthy aunt years prior. The screenplay was written by Robert Rossen (and an uncredited Robert Riskin), adapted from the short story "Love Lies Bleeding" by playwright John Patrick.

Though Milestone is the film's sole credited director, Byron Haskin temporarily took over directorial duties during production while Milestone participated in a Hollywood set decorators' strike, and the film's producer, Hal B. Wallis, also directed reshoots with Milestone's approval.

The Strange Love of Martha Ivers was entered into the 1947 Cannes Film Festival and premiered in London in June 1946, before opening in New York City on July 25, 1946. It received largely favorable reviews from critics, and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Writing, Original Motion Picture Story. In 1974, the film entered the public domain in the United States because the claimants did not renew its copyright registration in the 28th year after publication.

Plot
On a rainy night in 1928 in a Pennsylvania factory town called Iverstown, thirteen-year-old Martha Ivers tries to run away from the guardianship of her wealthy aunt, Mrs. Ivers, with her friend, the street-smart, poor Sam Masterson. She is caught and taken home, where Martha's tutor, Walter O'Neil Sr., presents his timid son, Walter Jr., as the one responsible for Martha's capture. Scolded by her aunt, Martha defiantly states her name is not Ivers, but Smith, her father's name.

During a power failure, Sam comes for her, but Martha's aunt hears her calling to him from downstairs. While Sam slips out unnoticed, Mrs. Ivers starts beating Martha's kitten with her cane. Martha wrestles the cane away from her aunt and strikes her across the head, causing her to fall down the stairs, accidentally killing her. When the power comes back on, Martha lies about the incident to Walter Sr. Even though Walter Jr. saw everything, he backs her up. The greedy Walter Sr. makes it clear to both Walter Jr. and Martha that he knows what happened but that as long as he and his son stand to benefit, he will play along. Sam leaves town.

Seventeen years later, in 1946, Walter Sr. is now dead, and Walter Jr. is now Iverstown's district attorney and is married to Martha, who has used her inheritance to expand the Ivers milling empire. Their marriage is one-sided; he loves her, but Walter knows she does not love him.

Sam, having been a soldier and itinerant gambler while he was away, drives into the small town by chance and, after an accident, leaves his car to be repaired. While waiting, he goes to his old home, now a boarding house. He meets Antonia "Toni" Marachek, who has just been released from jail. She misses her bus, and they spend the night in adjoining rooms in a hotel. She is later picked up for violating her probation by not returning to her hometown. Sam asks Walter to use his influence to get Toni released.

Walter is convinced Sam has blackmail in mind. Sam then learns that Walter Sr. had presented Martha's version of the 1928 accidental murder to the police: that an intruder murdered Martha's aunt. With that leverage, Walter Sr. had made Martha marry his son. When the police identified a former employee of the aunt as the murderer, the two Walters and Martha helped convict him, and he was hanged.

When Martha reacts joyfully to seeing Sam, a jealous Walter forces Toni to set him up. Sam is beaten up and driven out of town, but he is too tough to be intimidated. When all else fails, Walter makes a half-hearted attempt to kill Sam himself but is easily disarmed. Walter inadvertently blurts out his fears of blackmail, only to learn that Sam had not witnessed the death. Martha breaks down and laments that he left without her all those years ago, taking her only chance for love and freedom with him.

Sam is torn between his old love and his new one with Toni. Although he eventually forgives Toni for betraying him, he and Martha spend an idyllic day together, rekindling his feelings for her.

Walter arranges to meet Sam to settle matters. Before Sam arrives, Walter gets drunk, and Martha finds out about the meeting. When Walter falls down the stairs, Martha urges Sam to kill her unconscious husband. Sam instead brings Walter around. Martha pulls out a gun and threatens to shoot Sam in "self-defense" as an intruder. Sam tells her it would work if she could get Walter to corroborate her story. Saying he does not believe she will shoot him, Sam turns his back on her and leaves.

Walter embraces and kisses Martha, who now points the gun at him, but he turns it around to point at her midriff. She puts her thumb over his finger on the trigger and presses. As she is dying, she defiantly states her name is not Martha Ivers, but Martha Smith. Outside, Sam hears the shot. He runs toward the mansion but sees Walter, holding Martha's body, shoot himself. Sam and Toni drive away together.

Cast

Production

Development
The film was adapted from the short story "Love Lies Bleeding" by playwright John Patrick, the rights to which were acquired by screenwriter Robert Rossen for a sum of $35,000.

Casting
Barbara Stanwyck was cast in the title role following her lead in Billy Wilder's film noir Double Indemnity (1944).

The film marked the screen debut of Kirk Douglas, who was recommended to producer Hal B. Wallis by Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall, who suggested that Wallis attend a play which featured Bacall's old drama school classmate, Issur Demsky, who later took the name Kirk Douglas. Douglas later wrote in his autobiography that Van Heflin was very helpful to him in his first time on a film set. In contrast to his later, tougher roles, Douglas plays an alcoholic weakling. According to Tony Thomas, "it assured Douglas his future in films". Future film director and producer Blake Edwards had an uncredited bit part as a sailor who hitches a ride with Sam.

Filming
Filming of The Strange Love of Martha Ivers took place at Paramount Studios in Los Angeles. Director Lewis Milestone left the film for several days in sympathy with a set decorators' strike which was going on at the time. In his absence, the film was directed by Byron Haskin, who did not receive screen credit. The film's shooting schedule was vigorous, with shoots often lasting 12 hours each day.

Stanwyck had considerable influence on how she was lit, and was not shy about putting her fellow actors on notice that she did not like to be upstaged. When she saw the coin trick Heflin had learned—at Milestone's suggestion, to show that Heflin's character was a professional gambler—she informed him he should make sure he did not do it during any of her important lines, since she had a bit of business that would upstage him, if she had to. With that she raised her skirt high and adjusted her garter. Heflin is seen rolling a coin on his fingers several times in several scenes. Kirk Douglas later wrote that Stanwyck was indifferent to him at first, until at one point she focused on him and told him, "Hey, you're pretty good." Douglas, smarting from having been ignored previously, replied, "Too late, Miss Stanwyck," but the two got on well after that.

Post-production
Six months after the film's release, Milestone gave an interview in which he said he would never work for producer Hal B. Wallis again, because Wallis had wanted re-shoots in order to get more closeups of Lizabeth Scott. Milestone refused, telling Wallis to shoot them himself, and, according to the director, Wallis did.

Release
The Strange Love of Martha Ivers premiered in London on June 14, 1946. The audience at the London premiere was reportedly so taken by actress Lizabeth Scott's appearance that they began to mob her before the screening.

The film opened in New York City on July 24, 1946, and its release expanded wide on September 13, 1946.

The film's advertising campaign consisted only of teasers before its release: Newspapers ran advertisements reading, "Whisper her name!", while radio spots had a woman repeatedly whispering, "Martha Ivers".

Critical response

Contemporary
Herbert Cohn of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle wrote: "It is a complex story, but [director] Milestone used each detail to make his characters seem real, their actions not too far-fetched," and went on to praise the leading performances. John L. Scott of the Los Angeles Times praised the performances as raw and "geared toward the material," and added that the film "is not a pretty tale but it holds the attention down to the last scene."

A review published in The New York Times noted: "reminding one of a jigsaw puzzle, there are long stretches in The Strange Love of Martha Ivers when it seems as though the director, Lewis Milestone, and Robert Rossen, the author, will not be able to gather in all the pieces of the rambling plot. But they manage it expeditiously, if with less finesse and surprise than one could wish."

Modern assessment
The film has received acclaim from modern critics. It holds a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 10 reviews.

Glenn Erickson, reviewing the film for DVD Talk, complimented its psychological complexity, writing: "Many noirs create moods of corruption but Robert Rossen's script for The Strange Love of Martha Ivers gives us characterizations of uncommon depth... [it] isn't a detective movie or a standard crime thriller, which helps support the notion that film noir is a style and not a genre. It's one of the best noirs around."

Dave Kehr from Chicago Reader wrote in a glowing review that the film "is pervaded by [Rossen's] guilty-liberal fascination with power and money." And continued by saying "Director Lewis Milestone does little more than accent the hysteria of Rossen's script, though his portrait of the company town, bound in factory grime and feudal loyalty, is nicely done."

Accolades
John Patrick received an Academy Award nomination for Best Writing, Original Motion Picture Story.

Home media
In 1974, The Strange Love of Martha Ivers entered the public domain in the United States because the claimants did not renew its copyright registration in the 28th year after publication. Because of its public domain status, the film has received numerous home media releases in various formats since.

Paramount Home Entertainment released the film on DVD on October 25, 2002. The independent distributor HDClassics issued a restored DVD and Blu-ray combination set in 2012, though this edition was noted for having middling picture quality and featuring digital noise reduction. On September 22, 2022, Kino Lorber released a new Blu-ray edition featuring a 4K restoration from the original film elements.

See also
 List of films in the public domain in the United States

Notes

References

Sources

External links

1946 films
1946 drama films
American drama films
American black-and-white films
1940s English-language films
Film noir
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about murder
Films scored by Miklós Rózsa
Films based on short fiction
Films directed by Lewis Milestone
Films produced by Hal B. Wallis
Films set in 1928
Films set in 1946
Films set in Pennsylvania
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films with screenplays by Robert Rossen
Murder–suicide in films
Paramount Pictures films
1940s American films

The Strange Love of Martha Ivers


Joie Chen (born 28 August 1961) is a Chinese American television journalist as well as an Asian American broadcast journalist. She was the anchor of Al Jazeera America's flagship evening news show America Tonight, which was launched in August 2013. In January 2016, the channel announced it would close on 12 April 2016.

Chen has been a Washington-based correspondent for CBS News, reporting from the White House, Capitol Hill and other beats for all of the network's programming. She also contributed to CBS Sunday Morning and won an Emmy for her coverage of the D.C. sniper attacks. She has been an anchor at CNN and CNN International, covering world affairs and domestic issues, and she reported for USA Today on TV.

In 2018, Chen was named director of Northwestern University's Washington D.C.-based Medill School of Journalism programs. She is currently Advisor and Faculty at the Poynter Institute in Washington, DC.

Career

Early career
Before CNN, she worked for six years as a reporter and anchor at Atlanta's WXIA-TV in Atlanta from 1985 to 1991, and also as a correspondent for USA Today on TV. She began her broadcast journalism career at WCIV-TV in Charleston, South Carolina as a reporter and producer, but soon decided she had more talent as the former. Chen received her bachelor's and master's degrees in journalism from the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University. She is a member of the Medill Board of Advisors, and also serves on the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications, as the representative from the Asian American Journalists Association.

CNN

Chen worked at CNN from 1991 to 2001 for CNN International and for the network's domestic operations. She covered the U.S. military operations in Somalia and Bosnia, anchored the coverage of the Columbine High School shootings, the trial of Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh, and won an Emmy award for her anchor work covering the bombing at Centennial Olympic Park during the 1996 Atlanta Games. In 1996, Chen received the CableACE Award for Best Newscaster, along with Leon Harris, her co-anchor on The World Today . Chen created and anchored the network's first effort to include its online audience in its broadcasting, CNN NewsSite with Joie Chen.

CBS

From 2002 until 2008, Chen worked as a White House and Capitol Hill correspondent at CBS News in Washington D.C., and contributed regularly to the network's long-form program CBS Sunday Morning. She anchored the network's coverage of the September 11 attacks in 2001, the War in Afghanistan, and every day of three-week Beltway sniper attacks in 2002, which won an Emmy Awards. During her time at CBS, she was the only minority female to rank among the 50 most visible network correspondents.

Joie Chen is not to be confused with Julie Chen, who also worked at CBS at the time (and still, as of 2014, does); the two are not believed to be directly related.

Branded News Worldwide
In 2008, Chen left daily journalism to become Executive Vice President at Branded News Worldwide, which developed online platforms to deliver news and information to niche audiences, and a principal at the media consulting firm Way Forward Media. She was responsible for helping to develop news and programming models for clients, building and staffing newsrooms, and creating new lines of business.

Al Jazeera America

In the summer of 2013, Joie Chen joined Al Jazeera America to become sole anchor of their flagship news program, America Tonight. The show went live on 20 August 2013. Presenting long form TV nightly news, Chen has covered a range of human interest stories in the United States, and domestic and international news stories.

Personal life

Joie Chen lives in Bethesda, Maryland, with her husband, Michael, and her son, Evan.

References

Al Jazeera people
CBS News people
CNN people
American television reporters and correspondents
1961 births
American people of Chinese descent
Living people
Medill School of Journalism alumni
Asian-American culture

Joie Chen


George Ellicott House is a historic house located in Oella in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States.

George Ellicott was a son of Andrew Ellicott, one of several brothers that founded Ellicott Mills (Ellicott City).  George Ellicott bought swampland after the colonial war now known as the Inner Harbor of Baltimore. He used a horse drawn dredge to create shipping docks for his flour supplies.

The George Ellicott House was built in Oella on the eastern shore of the Patapsco River opposite Ellicott City. The granite house was built in 1789. It resided on the grounds of the Wilkens-Rodgers flour mill. In 1972 the house was flooded by Hurricane Agnes and his brother Jonathan's neighboring house was destroyed.

In 1983 the Maryland General assembly contributed $135,000 toward the $1 million expense of moving the house to higher ground on the other side of the street it resided on. The move was facilitated by a partnership between Historic Ellicott City Inc., James A. Clark, Jr., Judge John L Clark, and the Oella Company.

See also
Andrew Ellicott (miller)

External links
 Images of the move

References

Houses in Baltimore County, Maryland
Oella, Maryland

George Ellicott House


"Unto the Fourth Generation" is a fantasy short story by Isaac Asimov.  It first appeared in the April 1959 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction (F&SF) and has been reprinted in the collections Nightfall and Other Stories (1969) and The Best Science Fiction of Isaac Asimov (1986).  It is Asimov's most explicitly Jewish story.

Plot summary
The story concerns Samuel Marten, an anxious 23-year-old junior executive on his way to meet with a potential customer.  When Marten sees a passing truck that says Lewkowitz and Sons, Wholesale Clothiers, he unconsciously turns the name into Levkovich, then finds himself wondering why.  Every time he sees some version of the name, he becomes more distracted.  Marten's business meeting goes badly, and afterwards he wanders the streets of New York City, following a trail of Lefkowitzes, Lefkowiczes and Levkowitzes.  He arrives in Central Park, where an old man in outdated clothing is sitting on a park bench.

The old man is Phinehas Levkovich.  Levkovich is on his deathbed, decades earlier in Czarist Russia.  His wife and sons have died, his daughter Leah has emigrated to America, and he is alone.  He has prayed for a chance to meet a son of Leah's line, and his prayer has been granted.  Phinehas is Marten's great-great-grandfather; Marten is Leah's daughter's daughter's son, the first son to be born to her family.  Marten asks for his great-great-grandfather's blessing, and the old man gives it, then adds, "I go now to my fathers in peace, my son."

Time snaps back two hours.  Marten is on his way to his business meeting, and he finds himself free of anxiety, for he somehow knows that all will be well with him.

Background of story creation and development
Asimov was having lunch with F&SFs then-editor Robert P. Mills on 23 October 1958 when Mills mentioned having seen the name Lefkowitz several times, each time with a different spelling.  He asked Asimov to write a story about it and Asimov, who was an acquaintance of a "Leskowitz" himself (fellow Columbia grad student Dr. Sidney Leskowitz), agreed.

When "Unto the Fourth Generation" first appeared in F&SF, Marten went through the experience without being affected by it in any way.  After the story appeared, Asimov was attending a dinner with Mills.  He was chatting happily with Janet Jeppson, a fan he had just met, and Mills asked her what she thought of the story.  Jeppson said that it was flawed because Marten had been unaffected by his meeting with Phinehas Levkovich.  Asimov decided that Jeppson was right, and when he included the story in Nightfall and Other Stories, he changed the ending so that Marten was left with a feeling of well-being. Asimov and Jeppson kept in touch, and fourteen years after having dinner together, they got married.

In his preface to the story for Nightfall and Other Stories, Asimov commented that this story is the only Jewish story it occurred to him to write.

The name Levkovich (and its many variants) comes from the Polish name Lewek, a diminutive of Lew, meaning lion.

External links

 "Unto the Fourth Generation" on the Internet Archive

Short stories by Isaac Asimov
1959 short stories
Works originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction

Unto the Fourth Generation


Eric Lynn Johnson (born October 10, 1975) is an American politician and attorney who has served as the 60th mayor of Dallas, Texas since June 2019. A Republican since September 2023, Johnson previously served as a Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives, where he represented District 100 in the cities of Dallas and Mesquite, Texas.

Early life and education

Johnson was born on October 10, 1975, in Dallas, Texas. He attended Dallas ISD schools until the second grade, when he received a scholarship to attend Greenhill School through the West Dallas Boys & Girls Club. Johnson graduated from Greenhill School in 1994.

Johnson went on to attend Harvard University and was a resident of Cabot House. He was initiated into Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity his second year and headed up the community service efforts of both that organization and the Harvard Black Students Association, which earned him both the John Lord O'Brian and Stride Rite scholarships from Harvard College for his commitment to community service.

The summer between his junior and senior year of college, Johnson studied public policy at the Graduate School of Public Policy at the University of California at Berkeley as part of the Public Policy and International Affairs (PPIA) Fellowship Program. While at Harvard, Johnson was involved with the Phillips Brooks House, Harvard's premier community service organization, where he served as the director of the Cambridge Youth Enrichment Program (CYEP), a summer program for the children who lived in the public housing projects in the city of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Johnson lived in the public housing project that he served for the duration of the summer.

After graduating from Harvard cum laude in 1998 with a degree in history, Johnson returned to Dallas to work as an investment banker with Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, and then as an aide to state representative Yvonne Davis. After the 76th Texas Legislature adjourned in May 1999, he moved to New York City for three months to work as a graduate intern for the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund doing research to support several of their desegregation lawsuits in the Deep South and also to combat the proposed elimination of remedial education on City University of New York system campuses.

Johnson earned a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Pennsylvania Law School, where he was a public interest scholar and a member of the Journal of International Economic Law, and a Master of Public Affairs from the School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University, both in 2003.

Career

Legal career
Johnson was admitted to the State Bar of Texas in November 2003. He previously served as Of Counsel to Andrews Kurth Kenyon LLP and Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP in Dallas, Texas. He is currently a partner with the international law firm of Locke Lord LLP.

Texas Legislature

Johnson was sworn in as a member of the Texas House of Representatives on April 20, 2010, filling the vacant seat he won in a special election. Prior to the special election, Johnson defeated the longtime incumbent state representative, who was under federal indictment at the time related to corruption and abuse of office charges, in the 2010 Democratic Primary with 75 percent of the vote. Johnson was reelected in the November elections of 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018.

Johnson founded and served as the chairman of the Young Texans Legislative Caucus (YTLC), which focuses on transportation, education, water, infrastructure, and other issues of interest to younger Texans. YTLC is open to Texas state representatives who are either under the age of 40 or represent a district that has a population under 40 that is greater than the state average of 58%. He served as the vice chairman of both the House natural resources committee and the House general investigating and ethics committee, and was the only member of the 83rd Texas legislature to serve as vice chairman of two standing house committees. Johnson also served on the House elections committee, the House select committee on transparency in state agency operations, and the Joint House and Senate committee on higher education governance, excellence and transparency. He has previously served on the House committees on appropriations, higher education, and the interim committee on manufacturing.

Upon becoming mayor of Dallas, Johnson vacated House district 100 seat, and his successor was determined in a special election.

Committee assignments by legislative session:

81st (2010)
 Criminal Jurisprudence
 Corrections

82nd (2011)
 Appropriations
 Appropriations Subcommittee on Articles VI, VII, and VIII (Natural Resources, Business and Economic Development, and Regulatory)
 Higher Education
 House and Senate Joint Committee on Higher Education Governance, Excellence and Transparency
 Interim Committee on Manufacturing

83rd (2013)
 Elections
 General Investigating and Ethics (vice chair)
 Natural Resources (vice chair)
 Select Committee on Transparency in State Agency Operations
 House and Senate Joint Committee on Higher Education Governance, Excellence and Transparency

84th (2015)
 Homeland Security and Public Safety
 Economic and Small Business Development (vice chair)
 Economic and Small Business Development Subcommittee on Small Business
 Calendars

85th (2017)
 Ways and Means
 Investments and Financial Services
 Redistricting (vice chair)
 Select Committee on State and Federal Power and Responsibility

86th (2019)
 Higher Education
 Urban Affairs

Mayor of Dallas

On June 8, 2019, Johnson was elected mayor of Dallas, defeating his opponent, city councilman Scott Griggs, in a runoff election. It was announced that he would take office on June 17, 2019. With his election, Johnson became the second African-American mayor to be elected in Dallas history (the first being Ron Kirk) and one of the youngest mayors of a major American city. He was sworn in as mayor on June 17, 2019, by U.S. District Court Judge Sam Lindsay.

Accomplishments

In July of 2021, Johnson's administration proposed budgets to hire hundreds more police officers, pay market-rate salary increases for first responders, and to make improvements to 911 call centers. Four years later, two years into his term, Johnson was still asking for the same proposal to make improvements to 911 call centers.

Dallas became the only top-10 city in the United States to see violent crime fall in all the major categories tracked by the Federal Bureau of Investigation in both 2021 and 2022.

During Johnson's tenure, the City of Dallas added more than $14 billion in new development and welcomed major corporations, including multiple Fortune 500 companies like Goldman Sachs, AECOM, CBRE, and Frontier Communications, that moved their headquarters or significant operations to the City of Dallas. The City of Dallas has reduced the city's property tax rate every year since Johnson became mayor, including passing the largest single-year tax rate reduction in 40 years in 2022.

Johnson appointed Garrett Boone as the "Greening Czar". Boone is tasked with choosing from hundreds of possible park sites all around Dallas.

Early in his tenure, Johnson formed the Mayor's International Advisory Council, a group of Dallas residents who all formerly held the rank of United States Ambassador and regularly advise Johnson on ways to improve the city's international stature and increase foreign direct investment and trade. Members of the Mayor's International Advisory Council include former U.S. Senator from Texas, Kay Bailey Hutchison, former President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Richard W. Fisher, Kathryn Walt Hall, Robert W. Jordan, Ron Kirk, Mark Langdale, James C. Oberwetter, and Jeanne L. Phillips. As part of the efforts made, Johnson and his International Advisory Council announced in December 2022 the opening of a new French Trade Office in Dallas in a newly established Dallas International District.

First Term

In August 2019, it was announced Johnson took a job as a partner at Locke Lord. In September 2019, Johnson sent the Dallas City Council an open letter notifying them of plans by Interim CEO Sam Coats of Visit Dallas to eliminate Board seats allotted for the City.

Early in his term, Johnson also dealt with an EF-3 tornado in Dallas and pushed for federal assistance.

Johnson oversaw a budget that passed unanimously in 2019. But as budget season at City Hall started in 2020, Johnson began pushing an initiative to "defund the bureaucracy," a play on the Defund the Police slogan, which he was against. His proposals were rejected twice by the Dallas City Council. The rationale given by the mayor was since private sector employees were "feeling the pain" due to COVID-19 restrictions then public sector employees should as well. The first time Johnson brought up his proposals to "defund the bureaucracy," members of the Dallas City Council rejected it by a 13–1 margin. In September 2020, Johnson, who had vowed to take his plan to the public, published a message opposing police overtime cuts on NextDoor, which political opponents decried as inappropriate and attempted to brand as illicit. The Dallas City Council again rejected the "defund the bureaucracy" bid in a subsequent meeting and voted to cut the proposed police overtime budget by 25% over the mayor's objection.

Johnson did win support in the budget for nearly $4.5 million in funding for his task force on safe communities recommendations. He formed the task force after the death of Brandoniya Bennett, a 9-year-old girl who was killed in her own home by errant gunfire meant for someone else. The task force made four recommendations for fighting violent crime. The City Council later agreed to fund the programs.

In 2020, Johnson launched Dallas Works, a summer jobs program for Dallas youth. The program was modeled on other cities that had far more robust summer jobs programs than Dallas.

Johnson in 2021 pushed for a major increase in police hiring in Dallas. The city council approved the plan, which called for an additional 200 officers over two years. Johnson also pushed back against efforts to cut into the police overtime budget, but was successful this time. After the budget passed, Johnson introduced an ethics reform package, which he called "historic." The plan's centerpiece was the hiring of an inspector general to prosecute ethical lapses.

Johnson has repeatedly said public safety is his top priority and began receiving national attention for his stances. In 2022, he advocated for a restriction on operating hours for Sexually Oriented Businesses to reduce violent crime.

As mayor, Johnson has also backed a "Back to Basics" and "Build for the Future" agenda that focused on lower property taxes, the creation of an economic development corporation for the city, a redo of the convention center, fixes for the permitting office, environmental resilience efforts, and street resurfacing.

On September 22, 2023, Johnson announced he was switching parties to become a Republican, stating that his views on police, low property taxes, and being pro-business was more in line with the Republican platform than a Democratic one. In response, the chair and vice-chair of the Texas Democratic Party rebuked Johnson as "an ineffective and truant mayor". Several other Dallas Democrats also expressed disapproval. However, Texas Republicans, including governor Greg Abbott and Texas House of Representatives speaker Dade Phelan, commended Johnson on his decision. As a result of Johnson's party switch, Dallas became the largest city in the United States with a Republican mayor, surpassing Fort Worth, also located in Texas.

COVID-19 response
On March 11, 2020, Johnson announced the cancellation of the St. Patrick's Day Parade, an annual event that draws more than 100,000 people to Lower Greenville, because of concerns about COVID-19. The next night, after evidence emerged of community spread in Dallas, Johnson declared a local state of disaster.

The next week, the city council extended the disaster declaration, and the mayor continued to enact regulations and restrictions. In an accompanying op-ed in The Dallas Morning News, Johnson wrote that "some of the measures we have taken — and actions we still may have to take — to stop COVID-19 may have seemed unimaginable a few months ago. The decisions I have made weighed heavily on me because of their economic implications. But life is priceless, and we must do what we can to protect it. That means we have to pay a price; many livelihoods will be temporarily affected."

Johnson created two COVID-19 recovery and assistance committees, started a private sector task force on economic recovery, pushed for Dallas county to begin reporting COVID-19 cases by ethnicity, required hospitals to report capacity numbers daily, and appointed a COVID-19 health and healthcare access czar. He also pushed for more testing in underserved communities and won multiple extensions of federal Community-Based Testing Sites. The two committees shepherded a relief package for small businesses and residents who were struggling to pay their mortgages or rent. The City Council also passed a "Dallas First" procurement plan that Johnson proposed to reward local firms bidding on city contracts, and passed an ordinance to delay evictions.

In January 2021, Johnson advocated for the city of Dallas to receive direct allocations of COVID-19 vaccines. The city of Dallas then received several direct allocations of vaccines that were distributed at the Kay Bailey Hutchison Convention Center and at The Potter's House.

Johnson publicly received the vaccine when he became eligible in January 2021 in an effort to discourage vaccine hesitancy. He contracted a breakthrough case of COVID-19 in October 2021.

Criticisms
At his inauguration, Johnson vowed to bring civility back to Dallas City Hall. This was a rebuke to what many saw as an aggressive style by some members of the Dallas City Council, which turned off some voters. Since becoming mayor, political opponents and online commentators have tried to portray him as unforgiving and demanding. In addition, online commentators have criticized him for occasionally missing parts of Dallas City Council meetings, over which he is the presiding officer. Johnson has also been engaged in political disputes with other government officials, including the city manager. In 2021, Johnson said he was "open to trying different things" and was later lauded by The Dallas Morning News for his committee assignments that seemed to embody a different approach in a new City Council term.

Performance of City Hall

As the COVID-19 pandemic began to strike Dallas, critics attacked Johnson's style after he became the emergency management director for the city of Dallas, a designation that effectively took control away from the Dallas City Council and city manager for pandemic response. Johnson had created COVID-19 city council committees, but received additional criticism for taking away a co-chair designation from the committees.

Johnson was also targeted for protests over Shingle Mountain, a 190,000-ton mountain of roof shingles in debris occupying a private lot next to a few homes in southern Dallas, by local environmentalists demanding help from Dallas City Hall. After multiple public calls, activists launched a protest at Locke Lord, the law firm at which Johnson is a partner, even though the city had already approved a plan to remove the shingles, which were dumped there before Johnson was mayor.

During the 2020 DISD bond election, Johnson did not offer an explicit endorsement of the proposed bonds with his stated reason being he wanted to avoid a potential conflict of interest. Even though Johnson and his law firm are not representing the bond for Dallas Independent School District, the Mayor's spokesperson provided an updated statement by saying he "wants to avoid even the appearance of a conflict because he is a bond attorney." Tim Rogers, the editor of D Magazine who had previously criticized Johnson for Johnson's attempt to get his ten-year-old boots fixed by airing the query publicly on Twitter, blasted the mayor for not using the bully pulpit to support DISD.

The "Bruh" Incident
On February 11, 2023, Johnson had posted on Twitter criticizing local news media for, in his view, having "no interest" in reporting on the second year of dropping crime rates in the city of Dallas, prompting responses from multiple local media outlets, including reporters from The Dallas Morning News. Notably, Meghan Mangrum, a then-reporter for The Dallas Morning News posted, "Bruh, national news is always going to chase the trend. Cultivate relationships with quality local news partnerships." Mangrum's tweet elicited criticism from Johnson, who claimed she was "letting [her] inherent biases show", and her black executive director, Katrice Hardy, asked if Mangrum would have used the term "bruh" when addressing a white mayor, to which Mangrum, who is white, affirmed with a yes. Mangrum argued that her use of "bruh" stemmed from her upbringing as a milennial hockey fan from Central Florida, and D Magazine reported that her Twitter feed showed her use of "bruh" in response to "all sorts of accounts".

Mangrum was fired from The Dallas Morning News three days after Johnson's reply for violating the paper's social media policy. This firing coincided with a Dallas NewsGuild-CWA protest, which Mangrum had helped organize. This culminated in the union filing a complaint to the National Labor Relations Board on Mangrum's behalf.

In the 2023 Dallas mayoral election, where Johnson did not have any official challengers, of the 2,675 write-ins cast, two Dallas voters had cast a vote for "Bruh".

Personal life

Johnson lives in Dallas with his wife, Nikki and their three children. In 2021, he became the first mayor in Dallas history to have a child while in office. He is a member of Mountain View Church of Christ.

See also
 List of mayors of the 50 largest cities in the United States

References

External links

 Office of Mayor Eric Johnson
 State Bar of Texas
 Eric Johnson for Dallas Mayor
 Andrews Kurth

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1975 births
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American politicians
21st-century American politicians
African-American mayors in Texas
African-American state legislators in Texas
Black conservatism in the United States
Democratic Party members of the Texas House of Representatives
Harvard College alumni
Living people
Mayors of Dallas
Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe people
Princeton School of Public and International Affairs alumni
Texas lawyers
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni

Eric Johnson (Texas politician)


Admiral William Brown es una canción de música rebelde irlandesa creada por el grupo Wolfe Tones en homenaje al almirante Guillermo Brown, un marino irlandés que luchó por la Argentina y se convirtió en un prócer de dicho país.

La canción también trata sobre las invasiones británicas al Río de la Plata, la invasión británica de las Islas Malvinas en 1833, los inmigrantes irlandeses en la Argentina y la soberanía de las Islas Malvinas, cuestión sobre la cual dicen conocer la historia completa y las llaman, en castellano, Las Islas Malvinas Argentinas.

Letra
From a county Mayo town came a man of great renown

As a sailor and a soldier was none bolder

He went to America at an early age they say

As a cabin boy to sail the wide world over

Then adventure took him south to the De La Plata mouth

San Martin was on the route in Argentina

So three whaling ships he bought and Brazil and Spain he fought

And freedom then he sought for Argentina

Now Admiral William Brown you're a man of courage shown

And in battles fought the odds were all against you

But your Irish heart was strong and in memory still lives on

And in Ireland there are some that don't forget you

On St. Patrick's Day it's told you had many victories bold

You defeated all invaders thugs and bully's

Then through the Pampas rose and you found a happy home

"Las Islas Malvinas, Argentinas"

He had heard of Irish hands in noble gallant bands

That helped to free the land called Argentina

He had heard with great acclaim the Patricios name and fame

When in 1806 the British came for slaughter

And to this very day in the Argentine they say

The English ran away from Buenos Aires

To the islands further down and they took them for the crown

"Las Islas Malvinas, Argentinas"

We remember William Brown and his land of great renown

He, invader of the islands from your country

When in 1833 were by pirates forced to flee

And in Ireland sure we know the story fully

And the people that went too to the Argentine when new

To escape the English laws and wars and famine

They had proved a loyal crew just like all the Irish do

"Las Islas Malvinas, Argentinas"

The old colonial days and cruel English ways

With her thunder plunder we will teach the natives

For the Brits are going to war just like Whitelocke did before

With her ships and guns and drums and flags and banners

In the Empire days of old when they murdered for gold

And paraded it around the streets of London

Oh no human rights were given to the natives dead or living

"Las Islas Malvinas, Argentinas"

In the Argentine he died Father Fahey by his side

'57 was the year his country mourned him

A hero of the nation he's remembered with elation

Throughout the world where freedom still abounds

And the Southern Cross take note where bold Willie Bullfin wrote

The Irish still support you Argentina

With the Empire tumbling down let no Paddies back the crown

"Las Islas Malvinas, Argentinas"

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Admiral William Brown - The Wolfe Tones, en YouTube
Letra y acordes para guitarra, en United Ireland

Canciones de Irlanda
Canciones en inglés
Música rebelde irlandesa

Admiral William Brown


A statistical assembly is a study of the relationships among the components in a statistical unit that is made of discrete components like organs or machine parts. Much of the observation for statistical assembly requires special preparation of the unit, which demands that the intervention must not prejudice the observations. A simple version of this kind of reséarch uses the stimulus-response model.

Statistical assembly


The Palais de Justice (; '"Palace of Justice"), is a judicial center and courthouse in Paris, located on the Île de la Cité. It contains the Court of Appeal of Paris, the busiest appellate court in France, and France's highest court for ordinary cases, the Court of Cassation. It formerly housed the Tribunal de grande instance de Paris which was relocated in 2018 to a new high-rise building in Paris's Batignolles neighborhood. The Palais de Justice occupies a large part of the medieval Palais de la Cité, the former royal palace of the Kings of France, which also includes  Sainte Chapelle, the royal chapel, and the Conciergerie, a  notorious former prison, which operated from 1380 to 1914. It is located in close proximity to the Tribunal of Commerce, the Prefecture of Police of Paris, and the offices of the Paris Bar Association.

History

Royal Courtroom to Revolutionary courtroom

Under King Robert II of France the Palais de la Cité began to serve as the home of a high court or council for the King. He constructed the Hall of the King, where the Curia Regis, or King's Council met. This was replaced by a much larger hall, the Grand Chamber, under Philip IV (1268-34). This enormous hall began to be used for theatrical performances, the meetings of the Parlement de Paris, an advisory body composed of the high French nobility. and for judicial sessions.

In 1358, a Paris uprising led by the merchant Etienne Marcel caused the future king, Charles V of France, to depart Paris for safer quarters farther from the center of Paris; first at Saint-Pol, then near the Bastille, then the Louvre Palace. The judicial function, however, remained at the old palace. The Parlement of Paris, meeting in the Grand Chamber, was an appeals court for royal tribunals and the court of first instance in cases involving the nobility. Furthermore, its approval was required for royal ordinances. This gave it growing power in the feuds between the monarchy and the nobility. Louis XV attended his first court session there in 1715 at age five. The other judicial offices that remained were the Chambre des comptes and the Chancellery.

The very decorative gilded wrought iron  grillwork and gateway were put in place in 1776. The facade and principal entrance of the Palace, facing the Court of May, was entirely rebuilt between 1783 and 1786 with a neo-classical colonnade.

During the French Revolution, The Grand Chamber, where the Parlement of Paris had met, became the courtroom of the Revolutionary Tribunal, which rapidly tried and sentenced those accused of opposing the Revolution. Those convicted were usually taken to guillotine the same day. In 718 days, up until 31 May 1795, the Tribunal sent 2,780 persons to the guillotine. Among the last to be executed was the Chief Prosecutor, Fouquier-Tinville, bringing the Great Terror to a close.

A new Palace of Justice (19th century)
In the first half of the 19th century, the Palace became entirely devoted to the justice system. Under the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte, the Restoration and the July Monarchy, various projects were put forward for a new and larger structure. Between 1820 and 1828, the architect Antoine-Marie Peyre built a new facade between tower of the Horloge and the Tower of Bombec, and the access to the Conciergerie was moved to the Quai de Bombec.

Between 1837 and 1840, a new project for the building was developed by the architect Jean-Nicolas Huyot.  Unlike most of the proposed structures, which were in the neo-classical style, with columns and pediments, Huyot's plan was neo-Renaissance. Unfortunately, on August 3 1840, after all the final approvals had been received, Huyot died. Two weeks later the architects Joseph-Louis Duc and Etienne-Theodore Dommey were selected to build the structure. Construction took place between 1847 and 1871. The project included a new facade on the Boulevard de Paris, the restoration of the other buildings within the old palace, and a new building for the Cour de Cassation.

In March 1871, as the building was nearing completion, the Paris Commune seized power in the city. Work was abruptly halted. Then, in May, 1871, as the French army moved to take back the city from the Communards in what became known as the Semaine Sanglante ("Bloody Week"), arsonists from the Commune, rapidly losing ground to the French army, set fire to the interior of the new building, almost entirely destroying it.

Shortly after 1871, the reconstruction resumed, under Duc and Honoré Daumet, and continued for more than twenty years. Duc completed the facade of Harlay, while Daumet rebuilt Cour of Appeals. The work was finished by Albert Tournaire with the completion of the Correctional Tribune at the southeast corner, on the quai des Orfevres. The Conciergerie, beneath the palace, was opened to the public in 1914, and all prison functions in the building stopped in 1934.

War Crimes, Departures and Transformation (20th-21st century)
in October 1945, after the end World War II, the Palais of Justice courtrooms were used to try the highest French officials who had collaborated with the Nazi occupation. Those put on trial included the former prime minister Pierre Laval and Marshal Phillipe Petain. Laval was found guilty and was executed in October 1945 by a firing squad. Petain was also found guilty and sentenced to death, but due to his age and past service his sentence was reduced to imprisonment and then transfer to a hospital. He died at the age of 95 on July 23, 1951.

By the 21st century, the Palace of Justice had become too small for some of its functions. In 2018, the Tribunal judiciaire de Paris, the court formerly known as the Tribunal de grande instance de Paris was moved to a modern high-rise tower, the Tribunal de Paris, by architect Renzo Piano at Batignolles, in the 17th arrondissement.  The Tribunal d'instance petit (court of first instance) also moved to the new Tribunal de Paris effective  January 1, 2020.

The Palace of Justice today

Some historic parts of the Palace were opened to the public in 1914, and in 1934 the prison of the Conciergerie was definitely closed. The lower portion of the Conciergerie became an historical heritage site, while the upper levels continued to be occupied by judicial offices.

The formal entrance to the Palais de Justice is through the Cour de Mai, or "May Courtyard". The lace-ike gilded iron gateway was part of the 19th century reconstruction. Inside, most of the space is occupied by the courtrooms, legal offices, and support functions, including a large law library. Together these occupy about 4500 square meters of the building. Each day the Palais receives about thirteen thousand persons.

The Cour de Cassation is one of the four courts of last resort in France. It has jurisdiction over all civil and criminal matters triable in the judicial system, and is the supreme court of appeal in these cases. It has jurisdiction to review the law, and to certify questions of law, to determine miscarriages of justice.

Though the old Conciergerie prison was closed, the Palace still has three detention facilities. The "Depot", under the control of the Prefecture of Police of Paris, for those prisoners in "Garde à vue", who most report regularly to the police. About eighty such individuals come to the Depot each day. The second is the "Souricière", a holding area for prisoners before they are taken to a hearing before a judge. This part of the building, under the control of the prison administration, has about seventy-five cells. Finally there is the center for administrative detention, for detaining persons with an irregular legal status.

See also
 Palais de la Cité
 Court of Cassation (France)
 Court of Appeal (France)
 Conciergerie

References

Bibliography

External links

 A visit of the Hall of Justice (official site of the Paris Court of Appeal)
 Palais de Justice at lartnouveau.com

Courthouses in France
Île de la Cité
Buildings and structures in the 1st arrondissement of Paris

Palais de Justice, Paris


Astrid Heppenstall Heger is a Professor of Clinical Pediatrics at the USC Keck School of Medicine and the founder and Executive Director of the Violence Intervention Program (VIP) at Los Angeles County-USC Medical Center in East Los Angeles.

Heger has both a bachelor's degree and an M.D. from the University of Southern California.

Biography
In 1984, Heger founded the Center for the Vulnerable Child (CVC) for the evaluation of child abuse. This was the first medically based Child Advocacy Center in the world and currently evaluates over 10,000 child abuse and child sexual assault victims every year.  This model program has been replicated in hundreds of programs around the world. Renamed the Violence Intervention Program (VIP), Heger established the first of its kind, "one stop shop" community Family Advocacy Center, offering medical, mental health, protective, legal and social services to victims of family violence and sexual assault throughout Los Angeles County.  With increasing pressure from law enforcement and social services to answer the need for improved services for adolescents and adults, in 1995 the program added interventions for sexual assault and domestic violence.  Today, the VIP also serves over 4000 victims of elder and dependent adult abuse.  Most recently Heger has implemented a model "HUB" program with services for children at risk for or already in foster care.  This center incorporates 24/7 forensic and medical assessments with an ongoing medical home with built-in mental health services and support services that include dental care, plastic surgery, mentoring and tutoring.   Over the past two years the VIP has built and renovated over  creating the S. Mark Taper Family Advocacy Center and the Santana House as a campus of services for children and families impacted by violence.  This expanded space made it possible to expand HUB services and the creation of the Los Angeles County Elder Abuse Forensic Center.

In addition to her work providing medical and forensic interventions to children and adolescents impacted by family and sexual violence, Heger serves as a consultant to the Los Angeles County Coroner in cases involving child death or sexual assault in all ages.

She was an expert witness at the McMartin preschool trial. Journalist John Earl believes that Heger's findings were based on unsubstantiated medical histories. Critics have alleged that the questioners asked the children leading questions, repetitively, which, it is said, always yields positive responses from young children, making it impossible to know what the child actually experienced. Others believe that the questioning itself may have led to false-memory syndrome among the children who were questioned.  Ultimately only 41 of the original 360 children testified during the grand jury and pre-trial hearings, and less than a dozen testified during the actual trial. One of the children recanted in 2005.

Publications
Evaluation of the Sexually Abused Child: A Medical Textbook and Photographic Atlas.

References

External links
Astrid Heppenstall Heger at Education Update
Astrid Heppenstall Heger at Violence Intervention Program

Astrid Heppenstall Heger at Huffington Post

American pediatricians
Women pediatricians
Keck School of Medicine of USC alumni
University of Southern California faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Astrid Heppenstall Heger


Heaverham is a hamlet in the Sevenoaks district, in the county of Kent, England.
Nearby is the country estate of St Clere.

Location
It is located about three miles away from the town of Sevenoaks, and around a mile away from the large village of Kemsing. Other nearby settlements include the villages of Ightham and Seal, and the hamlets of Cotman's Ash, Styants Bottom and Crowdleham.

Transport
For transport there is the A225 road, A20 road and A25 roads, with the M26 motorway, M20 motorway and the M25 motorway nearby. There is also Kemsing railway station approximately  half a mile away.

Bibliography
A-Z Great Britain Road Atlas (page 181), 2013,

External links

Hamlets in Kent
Sevenoaks District

Heaverham


Mian  are Rajput clans of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh states in India.

The Mian Rajputs, are the clan, to which the rulers of Jammu & Kashmir and rulers of erstwhile princely states of Himachal Pradesh belong.
They do not generally engage in trade or agriculture. They are major land owners and prefer to join cavalry or army by choice. The ruling family of Jamwal Rajput call themselves Mian Rajputs

References

Rajput clans
Social groups of Haryana
Social groups of Himachal Pradesh
Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir

Mian Rajputs


(literally: shallow pickle) is a Japanese pickling method characterized by its short preparation time. The name implies a food pickled in the morning and ready by the evening. The word asazuke can also refer to the items pickled in this manner. Asazuke is a sub-category of tsukemono, which includes all types of pickles.

Because of its short preparation time, asazuke generally lacks the pungency created by other, more lengthy pickling methods but retains more of the fresh taste of the vegetable. Commonly used vegetables include daikon, hakusai, cucumbers, or eggplant. Kimuchi, much like the similarly named Korean kimchi, is a cabbage asazuke but milder in flavor.

Asazuke is usually prepared by rubbing the cut vegetables with salt and placing in a sealed bag or other sealed container along with such items as sliced kombu or chili peppers. Instead of salt, asazuke can also be prepared with vinegar, nuka, or a pickling solution that is sold in stores. Sufficient pickling times range anywhere from 30 minutes to several hours.

Asazuke has become a very popular method of pickling in Japanese households due to its ease of preparation.

See also

 Japanese cuisine

References

Japanese cuisine
Japanese pickles

Asazuke