Meyer Schapiro (23 September 1904 – 3 March 1996) was a Lithuanian-born American art historian known for developing new art historical methodologies that incorporated an interdisciplinary approach to the study of works of art. An expert on early Christian, Medieval, and Modern art, Schapiro explored art historical periods and movements with a keen eye towards the social, political, and the material construction of art works.

Credited with fundamentally changing the course of the art historical discipline, Schapiro's scholarly approach was dynamic and it engaged other scholars, philosophers, and artists. An active professor, lecturer, writer, and humanist, Schapiro maintained a long professional association with Columbia University in New York as a student, lecturer, and professor.

Background
Meir Schapiro was born in Šiauliai, Lithuania (then Governorate of Kaunas of the Russian Empire) on September 23, 1904.  His ancestors were Talmudic scholars.  His parents, Nathan Menachem Schapiro and Fanny Adelman Schapiro, were Lithuanian Jews.

In 1906, his father came to New York City and found a job as a Hebrew teacher at the Yitzcak Elchanan Yeshiva on the Lower East Side. Once secure, he sent for his family, who emigrated in 1907.  Schapiro's first name was changed from "Meir" to "Meyer."  He grew up in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn, where he was first exposed to art in evening classes taught by John Sloan at the Hebrew Educational Society.

He attended Public School 84 and then Boys High School in Brooklyn.  He attended lectures on anthropology and economics at the Young People's Socialist League.  During summers, he worked as a Western Union delivery boy, a warehouse packer, an electrical-supply assembler, and an adjustment clerk at Macy's.

Education
In 1920, Meyer Schapiro, age 16, entered Columbia University as both a Pulitzer and Regents scholar.  His professors included Mark Van Doren and Franz Boas.  Undergraduate classmates included Whittaker Chambers, Clifton Fadiman, Herbert Solow, Lionel Trilling, Henry Zolinsky, and Louis Zukofsky, with many of whom he contributed to The Morningside literary magazine.  In 1923, he traveled to Europe with Chambers and Zolinsky.  During his undergraduate days, he became known for his "Schapiric victory," by allegedly reducing an instructor to tears by means of dialectic logic.  In 1924, he received his bachelor's degree with honors in art history and philosophy.
Princeton University denied him admission for his doctorate, so he continued at Columbia and earned his doctoral degree in art history in 1929.  His professors at that time included Ernest DeWald.  His dissertation, five years in the making, examined the cloister and portal of Moissac Abbey, built about A.D. 1100:    Dr. Schapiro's research went far beyond the implications of Moissac itself.  Medieval church history, liturgy, theology, social history, illuminated manuscripts, folklore, epigraphy, the analysis of ornament and national characteristics (real or imagined) all were pressed into service and synthesized.  As a result, what had been thought of as antiquarian artifacts were seen to have a completely different character.  "A new sphere of artistic creation," Dr. Schapiro called it, "without religious content and imbued with values of spontaneity, individual fantasy, delight in color and movement, and the expression of feelings that anticipate modern art.  This new art, on the margins of religious work, was accompanied by a conscious taste of the spectators for the beauty of workmanship, materials and artistic devices, apart from religious meanings."

(In 1975, he received his third degree from Columbia, an honorary doctor of letters.)

Career

Academics
Schapiro spent his entire working career at Columbia.  In 1928, he began teaching as a lecturer, before completing his dissertation.  In 1936, he became assistant professor.  In 1946, he became associate professor.  In 1952, he became a full professor.  In 1965, he was named University Professor.  He became University Professor Emeritus in 1973.  His final, weekly class at Columbia was "Theory and Methods of Investigation in Art."

He lectured at New York University (1932-1936), the New School for Social Research (1936-1952), Harvard University as the Charles Norton Lecturer (1966-1967), and Oxford University as Slade Professor of Art (1968). He was a visiting lecturer at the College de France in Paris in May 1974.

Society
Schapiro partook in the First American Artists' Congress Against War and Fascism in 1935, which produced a petition signed by more than 300 artists including co-founders Stuart Davis, Adolph Dehn, William Gropper, Hugo Gellert, Saul Schary, and Moses Soyer as well as fellow artists Milton Avery, Ilya Bolotowsky, Alexander Calder, Adolph Gottlieb, Jack Kufeld, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, J. B. Neumann, Isamu Noguchi, Ben Shahn, Raphael Soyer, James Johnson Sweeney, Max Weber, George Biddle, Paul Cadmus, Philip Evergood, Lorser Feitelson, and Lewis Mumford.  Schapiro and Gottlieb publicly resigned within the month when the congress failed to condemn the Soviet invasion of Finland.  Schapiro and other dissenters including Mark Rothko, Gottlieb, Harris, and Bolotowsky condemned dictatorships in Germany, Russia, Italy, Spain and Japan and founded a Cultural Committee which became the Federation of Modern Painters and Sculptors.

Schapiro was a proponent of modern art, and published books on Van Gogh and Cézanne and various essays on modern art. He was a founder of Dissent, along with Irving Howe and Michael Harrington. From 1966–1967 Schapiro was the Norton professor at Harvard University.

Schapiro's discourse on style is often considered his greatest contribution to the study of art history.  According to Schapiro, style refers to the formal qualities and visual characteristics of a piece of art. Schapiro demonstrated that style could be used not only as an identifier of a particular period but also as a diagnostic tool.  Style is indicative of the artist and the culture at large.  It reflects the economic and social circumstances in which an artist works and breathes and reveals underlying cultural assumptions and normative values. On the other hand, our own descriptions of form and style indicate our period, our concerns, and our biases; the way art historians of a particular age talk about style is also indicative of their cultural context.

Personal life and death

Schapiro's brother was financier Morris Schapiro.  His grand-nephew is artist Jacob Collins.

In 1931, Schapiro married pediatrician Lillian Milgram.  They had two children, Miriam Schapiro Grosof and Ernest Schapiro.

He died in 1996 in New York at the age of 91 in the Greenwich Village house where he had lived since 1933.

Impact

Artists
In the 1940s, when the Museum of Modern Art looked at purchasing Jackson Pollock's The She-Wolf (1943), Schapiro, as an acquisitions committee member, supported its acquisition.

In the 1950s, Schapiro urged Willem de Kooning to finish painting Woman I (1950-1952).

Marxist art history
Schapiro was, at points in his career, criticized for his approach to style because of its politically radical connotations.  Schapiro himself wrote scholarly articles for a variety of socialist publications and endeavored to apply a novel Marxist method to the study of art history. In his most famous essay on Medieval Spanish art, "From Mozarabic to Romanesque in Silos," Schapiro demonstrated how the concurrent existence of two historical styles in one monastery was indicative of economic upheaval and class conflict.

Students
Schapiro's students include:
 Sigmund Abeles
 Jonathan Crary
 Helen Frankenthaler
 Peter Golfinopoulos
 Michael Hafftka
 Carroll Janis
 Allan Kaprow
 Hilton Kramer
 Robert Motherwell
 Dorothy Miner
 David Rosand
 William Rubin
 Lucas Samaras
 Virginia Wright
 Barbara Rose

Portraits
Alice Neel painted his portrait in 1947 and 1983.  (Schapiro portrayed himself many times, including this young image.)

Awards

Schapiro was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Institute of Arts and Letters, and the American Philosophical Society.

In 1973, Schapiro received an award by the Art Dealers Association of America.

In 1974, for Schapiro's 70th birthday, a dozen leading artists made original lithographs, etchings and silk-screens, sold in an edition of 100, whose proceeds endowed the Meyer Schapiro Professorship of Art History in art history and archeology at Columbia. The contributors were: Jasper Johns, Ellsworth Kelly, Alexander Liberman, Stanley William Hayter, Roy Lichtenstein, André Masson, Robert Motherwell, Claes Oldenburg, Robert Rauschenberg, Saul Steinberg, Frank Stella, and Andy Warhol.  The artworks were exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
In 1975, Schapiro received the Alexander Hamilton Medal for distinguished service and accomplishment by the alumni of Columbia University.  The same year, he received an honorary doctor of letters degree from the university.

In 1976, he was elected a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters.

In 1987, he was named a MacArthur Foundation fellow.
In 1995, his brother Morris donated $1 million to establish the Meyer Schapiro Professorship of Modern Art and Theory.

In 1995, he also received a special award for lifetime achievement from the College Art Association at its 83rd annual conference in San Antonio, Texas.  Schapiro had been a member since 1926:  he was cited for seven decades of scholarship and teaching in the field of art history.  "Meyer Schapiro, we honor you for 70 years of unique scholarship and perception, for showing us the way in which art history enhances our understanding of human accomplishment."

Bibliography

During the 1930s, Schapiro contributed to leftist publications including The Marxist Quarterly, The New Masses, The Partisan Review, and The Nation.

Books
 Vincent van Gogh. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1950 and reprints.
 Paul Cézanne. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1952 and reprints.
 The Parma Ildefonsus: A Romanesque Illuminated Manuscript from Cluny, and Related Works. New York: College Art Association of America, 1964.
 Words and Pictures. On the Literal and the Symbolic in the Illustration of a Text. Approaches to Semiotics series 11, ed. Thomas A Sebeok. The Hague and Paris: Mouton, 1973.
 Selected Papers I: Romanesque Art. New York: George Braziller, 1977.
Translations:
Italian, Romanica (Turin: Giulio Einaudi, 1982).
Spanish, Estudios sobre el Romanica (Madrid: Aliana Editorial, 1984).
German, Romanische Kunst Ausgewahlte Schriften (Cologne: Dumont Verlag, 1987).
 Selected Papers II: Modern Art: 19th and 20th Centuries. New York: George Braziller, 1978, 1982.
Translations:
Swedish, Modern Konst-1800-talet och 1900-talet - Valda Studier, 1981
German, Moderne Kunst-19.und 20. Jahrhundert-Ausgewahlte Aufsatze (Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag, 1982).
Italian, L'Arte Moderna (Turin: Giulio Einaudi Editore, n.d.).
Spanish, El Arte Moderno (Madrid: Alianza Editorial, S.A., 1988).
 Selected Papers III: Late Antique, Early Christian, and Medieval Art. New York: George Braziller, 1979.
Translations:
Spanish, Estudios sobre el arte de la Antiguedad Tardia, el Cristianismo Primitivo y la Edad Media (Madrid: Aliana Editorial, 1987).
 Style, Artiste et Societe, trans. Blaise Allan et. a. Paris: Editions Gallimard, 1982.
 The Romanesque Sculpture of Moissac. New York: George Braziller, 1985.(Reprint of Schapiro's dissertation originally published in Art Bulletin. Includes photographs by David Finn)
 Selected Papers IV: Theory and Philosophy of Art: Style, Artist, and Society. George Brailler, 1994.
 Mondrian: On the Humanity of Abstract Painting. New York; George Braziller, 1995.
 Meyer Schapiro : the bibliography / compiled by Lillian Milgram Schapiro. New York : G. Braziller, 1995.
 Words, Script, and Pictures: The Semiotics of Visual Language. New York: George Braziller, 1996.
 Impressionism: Reflections and Perceptions. New York George Braziller, 1997.
 A kind of rapture / Robert Bergman; introduction by Toni Morrison; afterword by Meyer Schapiro. New York: Pantheon Books, 1998.
 Worldview in Painting—Art and Society: Selected Papers, Vol. 5. New York: George Braziller, 1999.
 The Unity of Picasso's Art. New York: George Braziller, 2000.
 Meyer Schapiro : his painting, drawing, and sculpture. New York : Harry N. Abrams, Publishers, 2000.
 Language of Forms: Lectures on Insular Manuscript Art. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, 2005.
 Romanesque architectural sculpture: The Charles Eliot Norton lectures. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.
 Meyer Schapiro abroad : letters to Lillian and travel notebooks. Los Angeles, Calif. : Getty Research Institute, c2009.

Articles

Schapiro wrote some articles under assumed names.

 "The Nerve of Sidney Hook" (as "David Merian") Partisan Review (1943)

Critical studies and reviews of Schapiro's work
Romanesque architectural sculpture

Artworks
In 1987, Schapiro exhibited 65 drawings and paintings from 1919 to 1979 in the Wallach Art Gallery in Schermerhorn Hall at Columbia. Subjects ranged from portraiture, landscapes, family, war horrors, and abstraction.  Included were a self-portrait at age 16 and two portraits of friend Whittaker Chambers.

See also
Subjects and objects Schapiro wrote about at length include:
Castelseprio
Monastery of Santo Domingo de Silos
Joshua Roll
Ruthwell Cross
Moissac sculptures

Columbia classmates include:
 Whittaker Chambers
 Clifton Fadiman
 Herbert Solow
 Lionel Trilling
 Louis Zukofsky

Literature
C. Oliver O'Donnell: Meyer Schapiro's Critical Debates. Art Through a Modern American Mind, The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, Pennsylvania, 2019,

References

External links
On Archiving Schapiro: An informal forum that communicates and shares milestones during the course of processing the Meyer Schapiro Collection at Columbia University's Rare Book & Manuscript Library (RBML)
New York Times obituary
Jonathan D. Fineberg, "Meyer Schapiro," The Harvard Crimson, Feb. 6, 1967 (Page not found on 1-08-2021)
Schapiro article archive from The New York Review of Books
Columbia 250
Cindy Persinger, 'Reconsidering Meyer Schapiro and the New Vienna School' The Journal of Art Historiography Number 3 December 2010
Meyer Schapiro Papers at the Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library, New York, NY

1904 births
1996 deaths
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
American art historians
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Columbia University faculty
Harvard University people
The New School faculty
Lithuanian Jews
MacArthur Fellows
Marxist theorists
Jewish American writers
Jewish socialists
People from Šiauliai
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
Slade Professors of Fine Art (University of Oxford)
Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America
People from Brownsville, Brooklyn
Historians from New York (state)
20th-century American male writers
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States

Meyer Schapiro


Rodney H. Banks (born January 14, 1953) is an American industrial chemist and a research fellow at Nalco Holding Company in Naperville, Illinois, now a wholly owned subsidiary of Ecolab Inc.  His inventions have greatly improved the control of industrial water treatment. In 2011, Banks received the Perkin Medal for his work from the American section of the Society of Chemical Industry, the highest award for applied chemistry in the United States.

Early life and education
Banks was born in Long Beach, California, on January 14, 1953, and later moved with his family to Maryland. His father Mark worked as a chemist for the U.S. Defense Department in Washington, D.C., inspiring the younger Banks to pursue the same field. Banks attended Johns Hopkins University, graduating with a bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1975. In 1980, he received his Ph.D. in inorganic/physical chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, where he worked for Nobel laureate and fellow Perkin medal winner Glenn Seaborg on the synthesis and characterization of volatile actinide compounds.

Professional life
Banks moved to the Chicago area in 1980, working briefly as a post-doctoral student at Argonne National Laboratory on x-ray photoemission spectroscopy properties of neptunium oxides before joining Nalco Chemical Company as a research scientist.

In the mid-1980s, Banks and other Nalco researchers identified opportunities for improved monitoring and control of water used in many industrial systems, especially in cooling towers, for both commercial and office buildings and in industrial plants such as paper mills, oil refineries, automotive plants and steel mills. He and colleague John Hoots subsequently led the invention and commercialization of fluorescent tracing technology, trade-named TRASAR. Banks' work involved using chemical and mechanical sensors for improved monitoring and control. The 3D TRASAR version of this technology won a United States Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award for its cooling water application in 2008.

Banks has created various electrochemical, optical, quartz crystal microbalance-based sensors to measure chemical treatment levels, corrosion, scale and microbial fouling. He holds more than 30 U.S. patents.

References

External links
Society of Chemical Industry website, "Interview: Dr Rodney Banks, 2011 Perkin Medalist"
Society of Chemical Industry website, "Perkin Medal for Nalco's Rodney H Banks"
Microsoft Academic Search, Rodney H. Banks

Nalco Company website, 3D TRASAR information
PRNewswire press release, "Rodney H. Banks, Nalco Research Fellow, to Receive 2011 SCI Perkin Medal"

1953 births
Living people
21st-century American chemists
UC Berkeley College of Chemistry alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Argonne National Laboratory people
People from Long Beach, California

Rodney H. Banks


Individual quick freezing, usually abbreviated IQF, is a descriptive term for freezing methods used in the food processing industry. The food is in individual pieces, and is frozen quickly. Products commonly frozen with IQF technologies are typically smaller pieces of food, and can include berries, fruits and vegetables both diced or sliced, seafood such as shrimp and small fish, meat, poultry, pasta, cheese and grains. Products that have been subjected to IQF are referred to as individually quick frozen.

Benefits
One of the main advantages of this method of preparing frozen food is that the freezing process takes only a few minutes. The exact time depends on the type of IQF freezer and the product. The short freezing prevents formation of large ice crystals in the product's cells, which destroys the membrane structures at the molecular level. This makes the product keep its shape, colour, smell and taste after defrost, to a far greater extent.

Another advantage of IQF technology is its ability to separate units of the products during freezing, which produces a higher quality product compared to block freezing. This is important for food sustainability, as the consumer can defrost and use the exact quantity needed.

A growing demand in IQF products is registered at global level due to the higher quality of these products and to the benefit of having separately frozen pieces. IQF is also a common pre-treatment for freeze-drying food because both processes preserve the size, taste and cell structure of the food better than methods such as traditional block freezing or air drying.

Methods

There is a range of IQF technologies, but the main concept is to transport the product into the freezer with the help of a processing line belt or infeed shaker. Inside the freezer, the product travels through the freezing zone and exits the other side. Product transport inside the freezer uses different technologies. Some freezers use transport belts similar to a conveyor belt. Others use bed plates that hold the product, and an asymmetrical movement makes the plate advance by itself through the freezer. There are 2 main IQF technologies: mechanical IQF freezers and cryogenic IQF freezers.

Mechanical IQF freezers work on the principle of cold air circulation, which flows from underneath the bed plate or transport belt with the help of fans. The cold airflow passes through the pieces of product in circular motions while the product is also advancing through the freezer towards the exit. The design and efficiency of this type of IQF freezers varies among manufacturers who seek to find the perfect balance of aerodynamics for an optimal freezing result. This technology has seen impressive improvements and developments during the past 20 years, being suited for an increasing range of products.

Cryogenic IQF freezers immerse the product in liquid nitrogen at very low temperatures, freezing it rapidly while continuously moving the product to avoid block or lump formation. Although this method shows good freezing results, it might lead to higher processing costs per weight of product due to the cost of the liquid nitrogen required.

References

Food processing

Individual quick freezing


Mississippi Burning is a 1988 film which tells a fictionalized version of the investigation into the real-life murders of three civil rights workers in Mississippi in 1964. The movie focuses on two fictional FBI agents (portrayed by Gene Hackman and Willem Dafoe) who investigate the murders.

The film also stars Frances McDormand, Brad Dourif, R. Lee Ermey and Gailard Sartain, and was written by Chris Gerolmo and directed by Alan Parker. It won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography, and was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Hackman), Best Actress in a Supporting Role (McDormand), Best Director, Best Film Editing, Best Picture and Best Sound.

The film has been criticized by many, including historian Howard Zinn, for its fictionalization of history. While FBI agents are presented as heroes who descend upon the town by the hundreds, in reality the FBI and the Justice Department only reluctantly protected civil rights workers and protesters and reportedly witnessed beatings without intervening.

On June 21, 2005, 41 years to the day after the murders, Edgar Ray Killen was convicted of manslaughter in the 1964 slayings of the three civil rights workers, and was later sentenced to 60 years in prison.

Mississippi Burning was preceded in 1975 by a television docudrama titled Attack on Terror: The FBI vs. the Ku Klux Klan, depicting many of the same events, and both productions follow the events portrayed in the 1990 TV-movie Murder in Mississippi.

Other websites

 Federal Bureau of Intimidation by Howard Zinn

Mississippi Burning


An automatic door, also known as an auto door, is a door that opens automatically, without the need for human intervention or usually upon sensing the approach of a person. A person can be detected by microwave pulses, infrared sensors , or pressure-sensing pads.

History
In the 1st century AD, mathematician Heron of Alexandria in Roman Egypt invented the first known automatic door. He described two different automatic door applications. The first application used heat from a fire lit by the city's temple priest.  After a few hours atmospheric pressure built up in a brass vessel causing it to pump water into adjacent containers. These containers acted as weights that – through a series of ropes and pulleys – would open the temple's doors at about the time people were to arrive for prayer. Heron used a similar application to open the gates to the city.

In 1931, engineers Horace H. Raymond and Sheldon S. Roby of the tool and hardware manufacturer Stanley Works designed the first model of an optical device triggering the opening of an automatic door. The invention was patented and installed in Wilcox's Pier Restaurant in West Haven, Connecticut for the benefit of waiters carrying plates of food and drink. The entire system plus installation was sold for $100.

In 1954, Dee Horton and Lew Hewitt invented the first sliding automatic door. The automatic door used a mat actuator. In 1960, they co-founded Horton Automatics Inc and placed the first commercial automatic sliding door on the market.

With the invention of the Gunn diode, microwave motion detectors became common in automatic doors in the 1970s. In 1980, the first automatic door using an infrared sensor was introduced.

In popular culture
 In H. G. Wells' 1899 serialised story When the Sleeper Wakes appears an automatic door that slides upwards into the ceiling.
 Automatic pocket doors are a common fixture of the fictional universe of Star Trek.

See also
 Electronic lock
 High-speed door
 Platform screen doors

References

Types of gates

Automatic door


Sonnet 138 is one of the most famous of William Shakespeare's sonnets.  Making use of frequent puns ("lie" and "lie" being the most obvious), it shows an understanding of the nature of truth and flattery in romantic relationships.  The poem has also been argued to be biographical: many scholars have suggested Shakespeare used the poem to discuss his frustrating relationship with the Dark Lady, a frequent subject of many of the sonnets. (To note, the Dark Lady was definitely not Shakespeare's wife, Anne Hathaway.) The poem emphasizes the effects of age and the associated deterioration of beauty, and its effect on a sexual or romantic relationship.

Paraphrase
Sonnet 138 begins with the speaker discussing how his love speaks word of truth, but the next line states "I do believe her, though I know she lies." This sets the tone for the rest of the sonnet because he knows that his lover is lying. He chooses to deny it and accept her lie. The line "That she might think me some untutored youth" points to the speaker being self-conscious about his age. He stresses his awareness that his best days are behind him; a truth that his lover knows but ignores. He understands that both are lying to each other for the sake of their relationship to live. When the speaker states, "Simply I credit her false-speaking tongue" he is accepting her lies. The speaker and his lover are hiding their transgression by not bringing to light the issue that they are insecure about, i.e., "Therefore I lie with her and she with me, and in our faults by lies we flattered be." At the end of the sonnet, the speaker and his lover accept their flaws.

Structure
Sonnet 138 is an English or Shakespearean sonnet. The English sonnet has three quatrains, followed by a final rhyming couplet. It follows the typical rhyme scheme of the form abab cdcd efef gg and is composed in iambic pentameter, a type of poetic metre based on five pairs of metrically weak/strong syllabic positions. The 6th line exemplifies a regular iambic pentameter:

×   /      ×   /    ×  /   ×    /     ×  /
Although she knows my days are past the best, (138.6)
/ = ictus, a metrically strong syllabic position. × = nonictus.

The poem is quite regular metrically. Ironically, line 7, beginning "simply" may be the most metrically complex: it begins with a common metrical variation, the initial reversal, and features (potentially) a rightward movement of the third ictus (resulting in a four-position figure, × × / /, sometimes referred to as a minor ionic):

 /   × ×   / ×   ×   /      /  ×    /
Simply I credit her false-speaking tongue: (138.7)

An initial reversal is potentially present in line 13, and a minor ionic in line 1; however, the frequent emphasis of pronouns in this poem may argue against the latter variation.

The meter demands that line 4's "unlearnèd" be pronounced with three syllables.

Context

The Passionate Pilgrim
Sonnet 138 is one of twenty sonnets published in The Passionate Pilgrim (Dark Lady) collection (1599) by Jaggard. In Shakespeare's Sonnets, Carl D. Atkins stresses that although the collection title page reads "By W. Shakespeare", it features a number of poems known to belong to other authors. "Commentators have debated", he states, "whether the version of Sonnet 138 in the Passionate Pilgrim represents an early draft by Shakespeare or a poor memorial reconstruction by someone who read the version later printed in the Quarto (or some other draft)" (340). John Roe's analysis in the Cambridge collection of Shakespeare's poetry, The Poems, adds a layer of mystery to the sonnet authorship when he mentions the canceled title page of Jaggard's 1612 edition, which bears Heywood's name (58).

The Passionate Pilgrim went through two separate printings during 1599. Sonnet 138 is the first poem in The Passionate Pilgrim, followed thereafter by Shakespeare's Sonnet 144. The poem, as it appeared in 1599, with substantive differences from the 1609 Quarto in italics:
When my love swears that she is made of truth,
I do believe her, though I know she lies,
That she might think me some untutor'd youth,
Unskilful in the world's false forgeries.
Thus vainly thinking that she thinks me young,
Although I know my years be past the best,
I smiling credit her false-speaking tongue,
Outfacing faults in love with love's ill rest.
But wherefore says my love that she is young?
And wherefore say not I that I am old?
O love's best habit is a flattering tongue,
And age, in love, loves not to have years told.
Therefore I'll lie with love, and love with me,
Since that our faults in love thus smother'd be.

Similar sonnets
The sonnet talks about how lies do not hurt when their purpose is to protect lovers' feelings and preserve relationships. In the sonnet, the speaker knows that his lover is lying about his age, but decides not to make much ado about nothing because he knows her act is dictated by love and concern. The irony is that the speaker is himself aware of the lie while hiding a lie of his own. Gerald Massey's Shakespeare's Sonnets Never Before Interpreted argues that this type of irony is a characteristic of a number of Shakespearean sonnets, particularly Sonnet 96, Sonnet 131, Sonnet 137, Sonnet 142, and Sonnet 147 (357).

The Dark Lady
Sonnet 138 is a part of a series of poems written about Shakespeare's dark lady. They describe a woman who has dark hair and dark eyes. She diverges from the Petrarchan norm. "Golden locks" and "florid cheeks" were fashionable in that day, but Shakespeare's lady does not bear those traits. The lady is shown as being both fair and foul, and both kind and unkind. Alice F. Moore feels that within these later sonnets the poet is equally as dark as the lady. As the speaker reveals the mistress in her "foulness" and "deceit", he consequently reveals himself. These sonnets are shadowed by the speakers own self-hatred and anger. However, Joel Fineman believes that the biggest difference between series of the dark lady and the other series of sonnets featuring the young man is that those about the dark lady use a formula of lusty misogyny that is clearly Shakespearean. Throughout the sonnets, and especially sonnet 138, the lady "comes to occupy this peculiarly charged erotic place ("therefore I lie with her, and she with me,/And in our faults by lies we flattered be").

The sonnets addressed to the dark lady usually relate the lady with "a disjunction occasioned by verbal duplicity," ("When my love swears that she is made of truth,/I do believe her, though I know she lies"). The language in the dark lady sonnets is some that "one is forced to hear— to hear, that is, as language— functions as a supplementary and confirming, not a disavowing, gloss on what the poet has to say". They "conceal praise under the guise of disparagement (Kambascovic-Sawers p. 293). A.L. Rowse believes that the sonnet takes us further into Shakespeare's relationship with the lady. The relationship is both "purely sexual" and "utterly unromantic". However, it can also be said that the speaker is not attracted to the woman because of her "physical, intellectual, or moral excellence". Instead, the attraction is portrayed as being "self-generated, with no basis in 'reality'.

Rowse feels that the woman discussed in the sonnet can be identified as the mistress, Emilia. Shakespeare is six years older, and is thus highly conscious of his age. Underneath all the hyprocrisies there is Shakespeare's "honest candour." In Shakespeare's Sonnets: The Problems Solved, A. L. Rowse notes that Sonnet 138 shows the "uncompromising realism with which he [Shakespeare] describes it all: it has been said -- rightly-- that there is no woman like Shakespeare's in all the sonnet-literature of the Renaissance. Most of them are abstractions or wraiths; this one is of flesh and blood".

Themes and motifs
Valerie Traub presents the idea that many sonnets follow a Judeo-Christian idea of procreation as "justification" for heterosexuality. Shakespeare explores more sensual and even explicit ideas in the sonnets that challenge these ideals. Though Sonnet 138 does not vastly differ from this tradition as Shakespeare's sonnets to the young boy this does fall into this contradictory tradition. Here there Shakespeare references her truth and lies rather than her sensual body showing that he is differing from Christian traditions.  Joel Fineman speaks on a similar topic when referencing Shakespeare. "On both sides thus is simple truth suppress'd." Fineman states, "his desire is imposed on him, not by God or by Nature, but by poetry itself." Fineman is explaining that Shakespeare is not only challenging Christianity he is examining the forms and ideas of poetry themselves.  Shakespeare's emphasis on truth takes away from his emphasis on procreation.  J. Bunselmeyer takes it even further and discusses that Shakespeare's puns here begin to negate not only the traditional ideas of Christianity but also the words that are being presented.  This contradiction plays on Fineman's idea of the form of poetry.

Exegesis
Sonnet 138 unveils a paradox that underlines the speaker's personal struggle to come to terms with issues of deceit and trust in love. The sonnet's tone shifts from a recognition of his lover's lie about her age to developing a sense of trust in exchanging the lie. The lady is portrayed as someone insecure about her age in her attempt to defy time and win compassion of her younger lover. The element of irony in this exchange is his reference to her knowledge that his age is already beyond youth. Author of Shakespeare's Sonnets Never Before Interpreted, Gerald Massey, describes the sonnet's irony as "one of a smiling kind" (337).

The tone shift highlights the power of love in interpolating mutual exchange of harmonious moments even at the cost of such negative values as lying. The interpolation process prompts him to transcend his earlier cynical perception of deceit to capture a rather more meaningful feeling, i.e. their lying cycle is but a moment of love performance. Using wordplay in "Therefore I lie with her, and she with me" suggests that they are not lying at each other but with each other. The sonnet concludes with this reconciling image to release the speaker from transgressing his lover's age insecurity. In The Social Context of Nonverbal Behavior, the writers suggest that the speaker's decision could be his way of preserving "his image of his love as a truthful person" (373). This, however, does not exempt him from taking advantage of the benefits of sustaining the relationship.

Edward A. Snow's "Loves of Comfort and Despair: A Reading of Shakespeare's Sonnet 138" presents a critical analysis of the sonnet in light of other Shakespearean works.

Quatrain 1
Lines 1 and 2 of Shakespeare's Sonnet 138 present a paradox where the obsessed lover is blind to what he can clearly see.  Line 2 reveals that the speaker is aware of his delusion, possibly because of the word "swears" in line 1.  Swearing, according to editor Stephen Booth, means there is a reason for disbelief; consequently, the statement incriminates itself.  Alice F. Moore also concurs with the writing of Stephen Booth in her own commentary on Sonnet 138, also proclaiming the relationship between the two lovers as one of mutual dishonesty.  For Moore, line 2 highlights an internal division of the speaker because he knows that the lady lies, but he, even knowing this, chooses to believe her.  The speaker clearly acknowledges his lady's lies in line 2, and he acknowledges his decision to believe them.  Both lines 3 and 4 give reason for the speaker's beliefs concerning his and his lover's lies.  He wants to appear younger, while she wants to think that she is with a more youthful lover.  However, the editor, Carl D. Atkins, approaches the first quatrain with a slightly different take, believing the word "lies" in line 2 to be nothing more than a set-up for the pun in the ending couplet, using the word "lies" to mean "sleep with" instead of "falsehoods".  He also has a slight twist about who lies to whom, claiming that the lady lies to the speaker about her faithfulness, but he does not lie to her, only to himself, imagining that she believes him to be an "untutored youth".

Quatrain 2
In the second quatrain, specifically in lines 5 and 6, the speaker declares he is aware that she knows he is no longer young.  Beginning line 5 with the words "Thus vainly" effectively negates the second half of the line, implying that the lady does not actually believe in the speaker's youth.  The same can be said for line 7, with the second part of the line clearly contradicting the beginning.  According to Moore, the confusing contradictions within these lines are intended to display, and help the reader to feel, the "schizophrenia" of both the poem and the two lovebirds.  Booth's writing agrees with Moore; lines 5 and 6 parallel the inconsistencies that the speaker discusses in line 2. Booth's interpretation suggests that the lady struggles to believe that she actually believes the lies that she pretends to believe.  Boothe says line 7 simply shows line 8 as a truth "thus, we are both liars, she in pretending faithfulness and I in pretending youth", emphasizing the mutuality of the relationship.  It reiterates their mutual deception and recognition of said deception, believing all that they hear from each other and all that they tell to each other.

Quatrain 3
In line 9, the word "unjust" is taken by Atkins to mean either "dishonest" or "unfaithful"; the editor leans toward the second option because it is in keeping with the rest of his interpretation, but it is clear that the word refers to some "falseness in matters of the heart".  In line 13, the term "lie with" also furthers Atkins's argument for an elaborate pun, declaring that the speaker lies with the mistress rather than to her.  Also in lines 11 and 12, much is debated over the beginning "O" of line 11.  Moore interprets this interjection as impatience or sarcasm, possibly a "reason or excuse hastily tossed off."    However, author Helen Vendler views it as the beginnings of proverbial wisdom; the "O" is actually an answer to a question.  Both lines 11 and 12 are in proverb form, but Vendler believes the proverbs to reference the speaker, as opposed to his lady.

Couplet
The ending couplet provides, according to Moore, an interesting twist when "deception and love making become one: to lie is to lie with"   However, Vendler has a slightly different take on the poem as a whole in response to the final volta.  She notes that the pronouns "I" and "she" share a mutual verb, becoming "we" with "our" shared faults.  The end of the poem shows the final progression of the lovers' relationship, beginning with anger, then suppressed anger, followed by game playing, then the realization of the absurdity of truthfulness, finally ending with the admission of flattery when each lover suppresses frank speech in order to lie to and with each other.  Booth also recognizes the significance of the mutual pronouns, with line 13 reiterating lies as necessary for a cooperative relationship, but his conclusion from the closing lines of the poem varies slightly from Vendler's.  For Booth, line 14 is not a realization of the lovers situation, but it is a reason for the speaker's attitude throughout the poem, particularly that of "cynicism, bitterness, and despair".

Recordings
Richard Johnson, for the 2002 compilation album, When Love Speaks (EMI)
Paul Kelly, for the 2016 album, Seven Sonnets & a Song
Ane Brun, for the 2016 single, Sonnet 138: When My Love Swears That He Is Made Of Truth

References

Further reading

External links

British poems
Sonnets by William Shakespeare

Sonnet 138


Louis-Marie-Edmond Blanquart de Bailleul (1795, Calais - 1868) was a French Roman Catholic bishop.  He worked as a lawyer for a time, before becoming the third bishop of Versailles (1832-1844) and then archbishop of Rouen (1844-1858).  As bishop of Versailles, on 18 October 1837 he presided over the Catholic marriage service of Princess Marie of Orléans and Duke Alexander of Württemberg at Versailles, and in 1843 he consecrated Versailles's main town church as the cathedral of the 33-year-old diocese.

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20080227011536/http://www.visite-de-rouen.com/eveques.htm
http://www.cathedrale-versailles.org/histoire_anglais.php

1795 births
1868 deaths
Archbishops of Rouen
Bishops of Versailles
19th-century French Roman Catholic bishops


Claire Tancons is a curator, critic, and historian of art. She was born in Guadeloupe and is currently based in Paris, after spending three years in Berlin and eighteen in the US, of which she lived a decade in New Orleans.

Education

Following a background in history at Lycée Henri-IV's Hypochartes (preparatory course for the École des Chartes, one of France's Grandes Écoles), Tancons completed a BA in History of Art (1998) and MA in Museum Studies (1999) at the École du Louvre in Paris, and in 2000 received an MA in History of Art at the Courtauld Institute of Art in London. She was a Helena Rubenstein Curatorial Fellow at the Whitney Museum of American Art's Independent Study Program in New York City from 2000-2001.

Career

Early work

In her early years in New York City, following the Whitney fellowship, Tancons worked as a personal assistant and curatorial research assistant for artist Coco Fusco on the exhibition Only Skin Deep: Changing Visions of the American Self (2003). She also became involved with Lorna Simpson, with the artist featuring Tancons in her video work 31 (2002). She subsequently did a one-year curatorial fellowship at the Walker Art Center, where she assisted with the major exhibition How Latitudes Become Forms: Art in a Global Age, curated by Philippe Vergne, Douglas Fogle, and Kemi Ilesanmi.

Increasingly interested in performance art, Tancons curated the first solo exhibitions in New York City for South African artist Robin Rhode and choreographer Ralph Lemon, both of whom she met while at the Walker Art Center:  Robin Rhode: The Score (Artists Space, New York City, 2004), and Ralph Lemon: (The efflorescence of) Walter (The Kitchen, New York City, 2007), co-curated with Anthony Allen and later traveling in expanded form to the Contemporary Arts Center (New Orleans). During this time, Tancons also did a brief stint at Paula Cooper Gallery, where she curated the Paul D. Miller (DJ Spooky) exhibition Path is Prologue (2004), based on his multimedia performance piece DJ Spooky's Rebirth of a Nation.

Carnival and Processional Performance

Tancons' work of the past decade has focused on histories and contemporary practices of carnival and processional performance – particularly among the African diaspora – as well as public ceremonial culture, civic ritual, and popular protest movements. Tancons has notably postulated an alternative genealogy of performance art that is routed in Africa, its diaspora, and the legacy of slavery rather than in the European avant-garde. Her curatorial work has gained recognition for exploring ways of curating outside traditional exhibitionary modes - namely, procession, carnival, the second line, walking, marching, parading, and other forms of public ceremony - and for popularizing the term and practice of processional performance. She has also contributed to the anti-capitalism discourse following the Occupy movement and other protest movements, incorporating protest into her curatorial approach and reclaiming, in her words, the "rebellious potential" of the carnavalesque - "as a medium of emancipation and a catalyst for civil disobedience" - in writings such as "Occupy Wall Street: Carnival Against Capital? Carnivalesque as Protest Sensibility."

During a 2004 residency at the Trinidadian contemporary arts center CCA7, which led to the exhibition Lighting the Shadow: Trinidad In and Out of Light, Tancons began to explore carnival as a contemporary art practice. The residency led to Tancons' collaborations with Trinidadian contemporary artist Marlon Griffith, as well as famed carnival artist, or mas-man, Peter Minshall and his carnival production team The Callaloo Company. A subsequent engagement with carnival and procession was the exhibition Mas': From Process to Procession? Caribbean Carnival as Art Practice, which Tancons curated in 2007 at the BRIC Rotunda Gallery, New York. The exhibition featured artists with ties to the Caribbean whose work recognized carnival as a vital contemporary art form. In 2014 she organized Up Hill Down Hall: An Indoor Carnival as part of the BMW Tate Live Series at Tate Modern.  Described by Tancons as "a mass public processional performance," the project drew on carnival as a ritual of resistance. Performances by artists Marlon Griffith and Hew Locke, along with hundreds of participants, were staged in Tate Modern's Turbine Hall. In 2015, the exhibition EN MAS': Carnival and Performance Art of the Caribbean, which Tancons initiated and curated with art historian Krista Thompson, opened at the Contemporary Arts Center (New Orleans), before traveling to various locations in the Caribbean and the United States with Independent Curators International. EN MAS''' had won the Emily Hall Tremaine Exhibition Award in 2012. Tancons has also collaborated with New Orleans Airlift Artistic Director Delaney Martin to organize the performances Public Practice: An Anti-Violence Community Ceremony (2014) and Rally Under the Bridge (2014) in New Orleans, Louisiana.

International Biennials

Active in the field of international contemporary art biennials, Tancons was most recently a curator for Sharjah Biennial 14: Leaving the Echo Chamber (with Zoe Butt and Omar Kholeif) for which she curated the "Look for Me All Around You", a platform dedicated to problematizing the politics of performance under globalizing conditions of dispossession and diasporization. She  was Associate Curator for the first iteration of Prospect New Orleans, from 2007-2009. In 2008, she organized the processional performance SPRING for the 7th Gwangju Biennial, under the direction of Okwui Enwezor, which received numerous positive reviews. SPRING merged the forms of carnival parade, political demonstration, and funeral procession with performances in the streets of Gwangju by Mario Benjamin, Marlon Griffith, Jin Won Lee, Jarbas Lopes, MAP Office, Karyn Olivier, and Caecilia Tripp. Additionally, Tancons was a guest curator for CAPE 09 in 2009, a research curator for the Biennale Bénin in 2012, and a curator for the 2013 Göteborg International Biennial for Contemporary Art.

In 2012-2013, with a group of students formed during her summer curatorial intensive courses at IUAV, Tancons conceived FAR FESTA: Nuove Festa Veneziane, a project inspired by the civic rituals of the former Venice Republic, and co-curated Corteo de Casteo I and II during the 55th Venice Biennale.

Recent Work

Recently, Tancons was guest curator for the 2017 Printemps de Septembre in Toulouse, France, and the Artistic Director of etcetera: un rituel civique with artist Mohamed Bourouissa and composer Christophe Chassol. She was also the Artistic Director of Tide by Side, a processional performance celebrating the opening of the Faena District (Miami Beach), in collaboration with Arto Lindsay as musical director and Gia Wolff as architectural director. The performance featured the work of Cuban artist collective Los Carpinteros, artists Carlos Betancourt, Marinella Senatore, Miralda and Carnival Arts with special guest appearance by Ernesto Neto  alongside Miami-based artists and collectives.

Publications

Tancons' writings have appeared in numerous journals, including: Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art, Third Text, e-flux journal, and Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism. Earlier monographic writings on artists Robin Rhode, David Hammons, and Chris Ofili appeared in Nka with texts on Rhode later published in monographs such as Robin Rhode: Catch Air (Columbus, OH: Wexner Center for the Arts, 2009) and on Hammons in the catalogue of 2004 Dak'Art Biennale and reprinted in Third Text. A text on Marlon Griffith was recently published in his first monograph,Marlon Griffith: Symbols of Endurance (Toronto: Art Gallery of York University, 2018).

Tancons' "Occupy Wall Street: Carnival Against Capital? Carnivalesque as Protest Sensibility," which first appeared in e-flux journal, has been translated and re-published many times, including in the anthology The Political Aesthetics of Global Protest: The Arab Spring and Beyond (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2014), while "Curating Carnival: Performance in Contemporary Caribbean Art," another oft-cited paper, was published in Curating in the Caribbean (Berlin: The Greenbox, 2012).

In 2016, Tancons co-edited EN MAS': Carnival and Performance Art of the Caribbean with Krista Thompson, the catalogue of the eponymous exhibition, featuring essays from Thompson and herself as well as Shannon Jackson and Kobena Mercer, and monographic texts from Annie Paul, Paul Goodwin, and Thomas Lax, among others.

She has also been featured in interviews and essays in curatorial anthologies such as Truth is Concrete: A Handbook for Artistic Strategies in Real Politics (Berlin: Sternberg Press, 2014), The New Curator (London: Laurence King Publishing, 2016), Perform, Experience, Re-live: BMW Tate Live Program'' (London: Tate Publishing, 2016) and, also in 2016, and in the online glossary "In Terms of Performance," from the Pew Center for Arts and Heritage and University of California, Berkeley.

Tancons is active internationally as a speaker on her work as a contemporary art curator and carnival scholar for various conferences, universities, and art institutions. She was listed as one of the "20 Most Influential Young Curators in the US" by Artsy in 2016.

Awards (selected)

Emily Hall Tremaine Exhibition Award, Emily Hall Tremaine Foundation, New Haven, CT (2012)
Curatorial Research Fellowship, Institut Français, France (2011)
Curatorial Research Fellowship, Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, New York (2008)
Travel and Research Grant, Foundation for Arts Initiatives (2008)
Artistic Production Grant, Prince Claus Fund, The Netherlands (2008)
Fund for Arts Research Grant, Foundation for Arts Initiatives (2007)

References

External links

Academia.edu page
Faena x Fusion Carnival Video
Website for EN MAS': Carnival and Performance Art of the Caribbean
Project for ''Le Printemps de septembre à Toulouse
Tide by Side at Faena Forum
Interview with Tancons in Art Papers

Living people
French art curators
Cultural historians
American women curators
American curators
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women

Claire Tancons


Philip Carteret (born 1733, Trinity Manor, Jersey, Europe) was a commander in the Royal Navy. on the ship, the Salisbury, In 1747, he joined the colonial government of New Jersey. He stayed in the government until 1794. In December 1796, he died at age 63 after many years in service.

Early life
Carteret's mother was named Elizabeth. In 1733, in Jersey, Europe, Elizabeth Carteret gave birth to a little boy, and named him Philip.

Philip went to All Saints Church, Southampton, and when he was 14, he joined the Royal Navy. He worked on the ship the HMS Salisbury, later commanding on the Salisbury.

1733 births
1796 deaths
Royal Navy
Royal Navy officers
Jersey people

Philip Carteret (colonial governor)


Thomas Robinson "Shepherd Tom" Hazard (January 3, 1797 – March 26, 1886) was an American author, social reformer, and advocate of Modern Spiritualism.

Early life
Hazard was born on January 3, 1797, in the village of South Kingstown, Rhode Island, the second-eldest son of textile industrialist Rowland Hazard and Mary (née Peace) Hazard. His mother was raised in Charleston, South Carolina and spent a year studying in London as a girl. His father founded the Peace Dale Manufacturing Company in Peace Dale, Rhode Island in 1802. Among his siblings was older brother Isaac Peace Hazard and younger brother Rowland G. Hazard.

A descendant of an old New England Quaker family, Hazard was a fifth-great-grandson of Thomas Hazard, one of the nine founding settlers of Newport on Aquidneck Island in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. His paternal grandparents were Thomas Hazard and Elizabeth (née Robinson) Hazard, herself a daughter of William Robinson, the Deputy Governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.

At twelve, Thomas enrolled in the Friends' School at West Town, Pennsylvania but left to assist in the operation of the family's wool carding manufactures at Peace Dale. After a gift of two ewes sparked his interest in agriculture and livestock, Hazard acquired the nickname "Shepherd Tom."

Career

In 1844, Hazard became one of the original twenty three incorporators of the Rhode Island Hospital for the Insane, later Butler Hospital. The facility was the first of its kind in the state; responsibility for the care of destitute and mentally handicapped citizens at the time fell largely upon local governments.

Owing to his extensive record as an outspoken champion of the rights of the "insane poor," Hazard was appointed by the state to conduct a survey of Rhode Island's poor houses and insane asylums. The Report on the Poor and Insane in Rhode Island: Made to the General Assembly at its January Session, 1851 provided a detailed census of "insane paupers" at thirty-three local facilities. The abuse of disabled Rhode Islanders in rural localities exposed in the report helped abolish state policies which treated mental illness as a crime.

Hazard was also a committed antislavery activist and published dozens of tracts in support of the American Colonization Society and the Republic of Liberia. From 1840 to 1841 he served as a Vice President of the ACS. Other causes for which he labored included the abolition of the death penalty in Rhode Island and public education.

Spiritualism

Following the death of his wife in 1854, Hazard became interested in spiritual communication and began visiting mediums in Providence and Boston. The author Maud Howe Elliott, a neighbor and childhood friend of the Hazard children, recalls Shepherd Tom's grief and subsequent obsession with "materialization, spirit life, mediums, psychic photographs."  Hazard penned numerous firsthand accounts of spirit materializations and séances held in a dedicated room at his Portsmouth estate, Vaucluse. After two of his daughters died of tuberculosis and a third drowned herself in a river on the family's property, he dedicated himself exclusively to the defense of mediumship.

Hazard authored two books of local folklore, the latter of which became the subject of controversy when Dr. Leroy Vaughn used the work as evidence of Thomas Jefferson's African Heritage, which the Thomas Jefferson Foundation has since dismissed.

Personal life
On October 12, 1838, he married Frances Minturn (1813–1854), daughter of New York merchant Jonas Minturn and Esther (née Robinson) Minturn. She was also a niece of Robert Bowne Minturn (who later went into business with Henry Grinnell as Grinnell, Minturn & Co). Together, the couple had five daughter and one son:

 Mary Robinson Hazard (1840–1842), who died in childhood.
 Frances Minturn Hazard (1842–1877), who died unmarried.
 Gertrude Minturn Hazard (1843–1877), who died unmarried.
 Anna Peace Hazard (1846–1868), who died unmarried.
 Esther Robinson Hazard (1848–1880), who married Edwin James Dunning (1821–1901), the son of Uriah Dunning.
 Barclay Hazard (1852–1938), who married Alida Blake, a daughter of Professor Eli Whitney Blake Jr.

Hazard died in New York City on March 26, 1886.

Published works
Eleven Days at Moravia (1873)
Blasphemy; Who Are the Blasphemers? The "orthodox" Christians, or "spiritualists"? (1872)
Modern Spiritualism Scientifically Explained . (1875)
 Recollections of Olden Times: Rowland Robinson of Narragansett and his Unfortunate Daughter: With Genealogies of the Robinson, Hazard, and Sweet families of Rhode Island (1879)
 The Jonnycake Papers of "Shepherd Tom",: Together with Reminiscences of Narragansett Schools of Former Days (1880)

References

External links

 Thomas Robinson Hazard at the Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame

1797 births
1886 deaths
American social activists
American spiritualists
Hazard family of Rhode Island

Thomas Robinson Hazard


Casey Paul Fossum (born January 6, 1978) is a former professional pitcher. Previously, he played for the Boston Red Sox (2001–2003), Arizona Diamondbacks (2004), Tampa Bay Devil Rays (2005–2007), Detroit Tigers (2008), and New York Mets (2009) of Major League Baseball, and the Hanshin Tigers (2010) of Nippon Professional Baseball. He bats and throws left-handed.

Personal life
Casey Fossum is currently retired from playing Big League baseball and resides in his hometown, Waco, Texas.  Casey is married to Kadette Cooper Fossum, a '97 Midway graduate and an '01 Texas Tech Alumna.  Casey is involved in his community in helping youth baseball players through the Little League and Select Baseball teams. He lives in Waco, TX, with his wife and their indoor mini horses Duey, Houdini, and Lieuy.  He also helps his wife, Kadette, rescue and retrain retired thoroughbred racehorses.

Early years and college
Fossum was born in Cherry Hill, New Jersey.  He attended Midway High School in Waco, Texas, where he was a two time Central Texas Player of the Year, 1st team all state in '95 and '96, Baseball America High School second team All American in '96 with 210 strikeouts in 105 innings. Casey then attended Texas A&M University where he was also a Freshman All American and still holds the all-time career strikeout record in a single season and career. He also helped lead the Aggies to the 1999 College World Series in Omaha, Nebraska. He earned All-Big 12 honors in both 1998 and 1999, highlighted by a 12–7 record and 3.64 earned run average (ERA) during his junior campaign, establishing a single-season school mark with 162 strikeouts. Fossum also won the C. E. "Pat" Olsen Outstanding Pitcher Award in 1999 and was a second team All-American in 1998.

Major League Baseball career

1999-2003, Boston Red Sox
Fossum was selected by the Boston Red Sox in the 1999 June draft as the 18th pick in the first supplemental round (48th overall), and started his major league career in 2001.

During three years with Boston, Fossum moved between the bullpen and the rotation, compiling 14 victories with two saves in 75 games. (Coincidentally, both of Fossum's major league saves preserved wins for John Burkett (May 29, 2002 and July 21, 2003)). After a recurrence of tendinitis in his pitching shoulder, he underwent surgery in September 2003. Two months after the surgery, he was sent to the Arizona Diamondbacks in the trade that brought Curt Schilling to the Red Sox.

2004, Arizona Diamondbacks
In 2004, Fossum played for the Arizona Diamondbacks and, for the first time in his career, was used exclusively as a starting pitcher. He missed the first  weeks to recover from surgery, but finished third on the Diamondbacks staff in starts (27), innings pitched (142) and strikeouts (117).

2005-07, Tampa Bay Devil Rays

Before the 2005 season, Fossum was traded to the Tampa Bay Devil Rays for outfielder José Cruz Jr.

In 2006, Fossum was 6-6, with a 5.33 ERA in 25 starts.

On August 10, 2007, the Devil Rays released Fossum. At the time of his release, his ERA was 7.70 in 40 games.

2007, San Diego Padres
Fossum signed a minor league contract with the San Diego Padres on August 22, but never pitched for them.

2008, Detroit Tigers
On January 24, 2008, Fossum signed a minor-league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Pittsburgh Pirates. At the end of spring training, he declined his assignment to the minor leagues and elected to become a free agent. On April 9, 2008, Fossum signed a minor league contract with the Detroit Tigers. On June 3, his contract was purchased by the Tigers, after the DFA of right-handed pitcher Francisco Cruceta, and he was added to the active roster.

2009, New York Mets
On January 16, 2009, Fossum signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets.  He pitched three innings for the Mets, allowing one run, and was then designated for assignment.

2009, New York Yankees
On May 2, 2009, Fossum signed a minor league contract with the New York Yankees, making his first start for the AAA Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees that day. On June 24, Fossum opted out of his contract and became a free agent.

2009, Chicago Cubs
On July 3, 2009, Fossum signed a minor league contract with the Chicago Cubs.

2011, New York Mets
On February 9, 2011, Fossum signed a contract with the New York Mets.

2012, Baltimore Orioles
On February 2, 2012, Fossum signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles. He was released on April 16.

Pitching style

Fossum throws three different overhand curveballs. The first curveball is a tight-rotating 1–7 curveball that has a velocity in the low to mid 70s, but a pitch that Fossum struggles to throw effectively over the plate for strikes and at times remains too flat.  The second curveball is also a 1–7 pitch, has a moderate break while clocking in between 65 and 70 MPH, and can effectively throw for strikes.  The third curveball is a 12–6 curveball with a large break, making it difficult to hit. While the pitch has been a very effective pitch for him to use, often landing for strikes or causing popouts, he regulates the pitch as a change-of-pace pitch to prevent batters from becoming used to it. Fossum dubbed this pitch the "Fossum flip", and it is essentially a form of the eephus pitch.  He also has a decent fastball in the 88–92 mph range and a changeup that while effective, does not drop as well as the average changeup.  Fossum is also a good fielder and has an above-average pickoff move.

Fossum's biggest knock is his stamina. Weighing in at 160 lbs, Fossum has a somewhat violent throwing style and has been injured a few times in his career.  In 2004, he missed the first five weeks of the season with a sore elbow, and near the end of the 2005 season his effectiveness was reduced to what he and Lou Piniella attributed to lower back pain.  For a relief pitcher, Fossum is also very good at holding runners on base.  In 2004, baserunners managed to steal 15 bases out of 23 attempts (a 65.2% success rate), and in 2005, only 10 basestealers out of 14 attempts were successful (a 71.4% rate).  The league averages in those seasons were 69% and 70% respectively, but relievers tend to allow higher rates than starters.

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Boston Red Sox players
Detroit Tigers players
Lowell Spinners players
Major League Baseball pitchers
New York Mets players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Sportspeople from Cherry Hill, New Jersey
Baseball players from Camden County, New Jersey
Sportspeople from Waco, Texas
Portland Beavers players
Tampa Bay Devil Rays players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees players
Texas A&M Aggies baseball players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Tucson Sidewinders players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
Hanshin Tigers players
Lancaster Barnstormers players

Casey Fossum


In mechanics and aerodynamics, the drag area of an object represents the effective size of the object as it is "seen" by the fluid flow around it. The drag area is usually expressed as a product  where  is a representative area of the object, and  is the drag coefficient, which represents what shape it has and how streamlined it is.

The drag coefficient plays a role in Reynold's drag equation,

Here,  is the drag force,  the density of the fluid, and  the speed of the object relative to the fluid.

See also
Drag (physics)
Automobile drag coefficient#Drag area
Zero-lift drag coefficient

Drag (physics)

Drag area


Xeno R. Müller (born 7 August 1972) is a Swiss rower and Olympic gold medallist.

Early career and university
His first international appearance was at the 1990 World Rowing Junior Championships – winning bronze in his single scull (1x).

He first competed at the senior level in 1991, and at the age of 19, finished 11th at the World Rowing Championships in Vienna in the single scull. At the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, he just missed making the finals, finishing fourth in the semi-finals (3 to advance). Müller chose not to start the petite (consolation) finals for places 7 through 12 because of a back injury. In 1994 and 1995, he finished 2nd and 6th, respectively, at the World Championships.

During this period, Müller began studying at Brown University in the United States. He helped lead Brown to an undefeated season and a national championship in 1993 in the eight-man boat. Following this collegiate victory and his subsequent disappointing finish at the 1993 World Championships in the double scull event, Müller decided to concentrate solely on the single scull. This decision created friction between Müller and the then coach at Brown Steve Gladstone.

In 1994 Müller was the first ever single sculler rowing the 2000 meters in a time way below 6.40. Müller showed a first dominating season in his single with winning the Overall FISA Rowing World Cup and World Cup Races in Paris with a time of 6.38, Lucerne with a new 'Rotsee' record also below 6.40 and the Diamond Sculls at Henley Royal Regatta. Only at the World Championships he was defeated by the German André Willms.

After spending two years in Providence, Rhode Island, attending Brown and rowing his single scull, Müller moved to Newport Beach, California, which offered a better climate for year-round training. He also met his future wife in Newport.

Olympic debut
Müller won gold in the single scull at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics. Müller won the race with a strong finish. He was 3 seconds down and in fourth place at the 1000 meter mark (half way) and he moved up to third and just 1 second down with 500 meters to go.  Müller then launched a devastating drive to the line.  He won decisively besting Derek Porter who had led the whole race, and his childhood hero, and two-time Olympic Champion Thomas Lange who finished third.  Müller's last 500 was the fastest 500 meter split time of the day. His time of 6:44.85 has been an Olympic record until Tim Maeyens of Belgium finished his heat at the 2012 London Olympics in a time of 6:42.52.

1998 season onwards
Following his Olympic victory, Müller took a year off from rowing. In 1998, he won two World Cup race besting future rival Rob Waddell.  But at the World Rowing Championships, Waddell had the best race of his life pushing Müller back to second. In the pre-season to the 1998 rowing calendar, Waddell set a world record on the indoor rowing machine. In 1999, Waddell went on to sweep the World Cup races and the World Championships, Müller getting second each time.

Leading up to the 2000 Sydney Olympics, Müller entered World Cup race in Vienna, where he finally beat Waddell after four consecutive second-place finishes. Müller did not enter any other preliminary races, and Waddell won the World Cup race in Lucerne. Between the 1996 Olympics and the 2000 Olympics, Müller's record against Waddell was 3 out of 7.

Both Waddell and Müller won all of their preliminary heats leading up to the Olympic finals.  In the finals, in addition to his rival two-time reigning World Champion Rob Waddell, Müller faced former World Champion and Olympic silver medalist Derek Porter and rising star Marcel Hacker. It was the closest men's single scull final ever.  They battled down the course with the lead changing several times.  Müller gained the lead in the last 1000 meters, but Waddell stayed with him. Gradually, Waddell wore Müller down, passing him in the sprint. Despite having a chest cold, Müller held on for the silver medal. Hacker finished third and a disappointed Porter finished fourth.  Just over two seconds – the length of a boat – separated first from fourth place.

Retirement and career
Having lived in the United States since 1992 (and attending Brown University) Müller became a naturalized citizen of the United States in early 2004.  He then announced he would trial for the US team for the Athens Olympics. He had won all of the preliminary trial races.  However, just before the start of the final set of trials, there were a number of high-profile killings of foreigners in Iraq as part of the Iraq War, and Americans were believed to be potential targets for violence at the Olympics by al-Qaeda.  Müller pulled out of the trials, saying:

When you have three children and a wife and you leave them, then leave them again to go overseas, and you see somebody's head getting cut off ... you start having clouds in your head for why you want to proceed like this, with all the responsibility about traveling, leaving the family, etcetera.

Müller currently runs an indoor rowing studio called The Iron Oarsman in Orange County, California, and is a goodwill ambassador for the sport of rowing.  At this time, he is the sole producer of indoor rowing workout DVDs.

He is married to his wife Erin, and has four children.

Achievements
Olympic medals: 1 gold, 1 silver
World Championship medals: 3 silver
Junior World Championship medals: 1 bronze

Olympic Games
2000 – Silver, single sculls
1996 – Gold, single sculls
1992 – 12th (DNS petite finals), single sculls

World Championships
2001 – 5th, single sculls
1999 – Silver, single sculls
1998 – Silver, single sculls
1995 – 6th, single sculls
1994 – Silver, single sculls
1993 – 8th, double sculls
1991 – 11th, single sculls

Junior World Championships
1990 – Bronze, single sculls

US collegiate rowing
1993 – 1st, Varsity 8+ (Brown) Eastern Sprints
1993 – 1st, Varsity 8+ (Brown) Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championship
1993 – 1st, Varsity 8+ (Brown) National Collegiate Rowing Championship
1992 – 1st, Freshman 8+ (Brown) Eastern Sprints
1992 – 1st, Freshman 8+ (Brown) Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championship

Henley Royal Regatta
1993 – 1st, Ladies' Challenge Plate 8+ (Brown University)
1994 – 1st, Diamond Challenge Sculls 1x

References

External links
 Elite Rowing Coach – Xeno's rowing technique website & Blog

  Video of 1996 Olympic race
  Video of 2000 Olympic race
 Xeno Mueller Ironoarsman

1972 births
Living people
Swiss male rowers
Rowers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic rowers for Switzerland
Olympic gold medalists for Switzerland
Olympic silver medalists for Switzerland
Olympic medalists in rowing
Brown University alumni
Swiss emigrants to the United States
Rowers from Zürich
World Rowing Championships medalists for Switzerland

Xeno Müller


Walt Disney Comics Digest was one of three digest size comics published by Gold Key Comics in the early 1970s. The other two were Mystery Comics Digest and Golden Comics Digest. It was the first digest-sized regular Disney comic published in the US, and was very successful, offering relief from the company's slipping comic book sales.

Walt Disney Comics Digest was published for 57 issues from 1968 to 1976. The contents consisted of both new material and reprints, mainly from the various licensed Disney properties published by Gold Key.  Most focused on the Disney animated characters (Mickey Mouse et al., Donald Duck et al., Junior Woodchucks, Uncle Scrooge, Gyro Gearloose, Chip 'n' Dale, Scamp, Peter Pan, etc.), but also included adaptations of live action Disney films and TV shows, such as 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, Zorro, True Life Adventures, Summer Magic, Kidnapped, and more.

The new material was mostly drawn by Paul Murry, Tony Strobl, Pete Alvarado and Al Hubbard, and featured characters from Song of the South, Bambi, Dumbo, Little Hiawatha and The Jungle Book.

A new character, the cowboy hero Buck Duck, was introduced in issue #7 (Jan 1969), in the Murry story "When You Show Your Gums... Smile!" Buck, "the Last of the Good Guys", lived in the Old West town of Bootsville with his trusty horse Spot. Buck had a laconic personality who spoke little, and when he did speak he used terse sentences of monosyllabic words. The Sheriff was a cowardly fowl named Chicken Duck, and the love interest was represented by Calamity Duck, who owned a sarsaparilla saloon. Buck made five appearances in Walt Disney Comics Digest; the last story, "Showdown in Dishwater Gully", was published in issue #42 (Aug 1973). Buck also appeared in a 1970 Donald Duck story, and a 1977 Chip 'n' Dale story.

Walt Disney Comics Digest also featured six stories with the rarely seen character Glory-Bee, introduced in the Mickey Mouse comic strip in 1969. Glory-Bee first appeared in Digest in "The Goofy Trap" (issue #33, Feb 1972); her final appearance in the comic was in "Hero for a Day" (issue #53, June 1975).

Besides stories, there were various text features, including puzzle pages and Minnie Mouse's Hollywood gossip column, plus reprints of Disney's panel comic strips Merry Menagerie and True Life Adventures.

Initially, the digest was 196 pages, but gradually shrunk until the last issues were 132 pages. As distinguished from standard comics, the digest was square-bound with a glued binding. In many cases, stories were reformatted to fit the digest format.

See also
 Disney comics
 Disney comics titles in the USA:
 Mickey Mouse Magazine (1935-1940)
 Walt Disney's Comics and Stories (1940–present)
 Donald Duck (1942-2017)
 Mickey Mouse (1943-2017)
 Uncle Scrooge (1952–present)
 Walt Disney Comics Digest (1968-1976)
 Uncle Scrooge Adventures (1987-1997)
 Mickey Mouse Adventures (1990-1991)
 Donald Duck Adventures (1988-1998)
 Walt Disney Giant (1995-1996)

References

External links

Former Western Publishing scripter Mark Evanier's comments on the Gold Key digests and their eventual demise

Gold Key Comics titles
Disney comics titles
Comic book digests
Defunct American comics
1968 comics debuts

Walt Disney Comics Digest


R.V. Shahi is the Chairman of Energy Infratech Private Limited. He previously served as the Secretary to the Government of India in the Ministry of Power and formerly the Chairman and Managing Director of Bombay Suburban Electric Supply Limited.

Early life and education
He graduated in mechanical engineering from the National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur. He then earned post-graduate degrees: industrial engineering, business management, and a diploma in advanced industrial management (Delft, Holland).  He is a Fellow of the World Academy of Productivity Sciences, a Fellow of Institution of Engineers, a Fellow of International Institute of Electrical Engineers, and a Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering.

Career

He was Secretary to the Government of India in the Ministry of Power, India from 2002–2007, the longest-serving Power Secretary in Indian history, and the Chairman and Managing Director of Bombay Suburban Electric Supply (BSES) Ltd. from 1994-2002 (the predecessor company to Reliance Energy). As Chairman and Managing Director, Shahi is known for transforming BSES Ltd. from a small power utility to one of the largest in the nation. As Secretary of Power, he is widely credited for reforming and revitalizing the Indian power sector through the landmark Electricity Act of 2003, which liberalized the sector and initiated private investment in Indian Power.

Besides being responsible for the entire Indian Power Sector ( capacity, including captive plants), as Secretary, Shahi was directly responsible for the central public sector undertakings viz. National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), Power Grid Corporation of India Limited, National Hydroelectric Power Corporation, Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam, Tehri Hydro Development Corporation, Power Finance Corporation, Rural Electrification Corporation, Bhakra Beas Management Board and Damodar Valley Corporation.  He was also President of the Governing Council of Central Power Research Institute, Chairman of the Executive Committee of Bureau of Energy Efficiency and Chairman of the Governing Council of National Power Training Institute, having 5 large training institutes in various parts of the country.  He worked as Secretary to the Government of India for almost five years, until he relinquished the charge on 31 January 2007.

Prior to taking over the Indian Power Sector as Secretary, R.V. Shahi was Chairman and Managing Director of BSES Ltd (the predecessor company to Reliance Energy) from 1994 to 2002, which he transformed from a small distribution utility to a multi–unit fully integrated power utility having generation, transmission and distribution. BSES subsequently became Reliance Energy.

Shahi became Chairman of Energy Infratech Pvt. Limited, an Engineering & Project Development Consulting Company, with a staff of more than 350 people.

During the five-year tenure as Secretary, the Indian electricity sector witnessed a major restructuring of the power industry through formulation and implementation of several legislative and policy initiatives aimed at creation of a competitive market structure.  These include the Electricity Act (2003), National Electricity Policy (2005), Electricity Tariff Policy (2006) and Accelerated Power Development Reform Programme (2002). There was also setting and operationalising of Bureau of Energy Efficiency under Energy Conservation Act (2001), Rural Electrification Policy (2005), Ultra Mega Power Project Policy (2006), Merchant Power Plant  Policy (2006), the 50,000 MW Hydroelectric Initiative (2003), 100,000 MW Thermal Project Initiative (2004).

Awards
R.V. Shahi was awarded "BEST POWER MAN of the Millennium Year 2000" Award by National Foundation of Indian Engineers.

Other than being on the board of various companies and entities, Shahi sits on the Board of Governors of the Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Lucknow and Institute of Energy Management and Research (IEMR) Gurgaon.

Publications
 "Towards Powering India: Policy Initiatives and Implementation Strategy"
 "Indian Power Sector: Challenge and Response"

References

External links
R.V. Shahi books; Amazon.com

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Engineers from Bihar
Indian civil servants
Indian government officials

Ram Vinay Shahi


Tiverton ( ) is a town and civil parish in Devon, England, and the commercial and administrative centre of the Mid Devon district. The population in 2019 was 20,587.

History

Early history

The town's name is conjectured to derive from "Twy-ford-ton" or "Twyverton", meaning "the town on two fords", and was historically referred to as "Twyford". The town stands at the confluence of the rivers Exe and Lowman. Human occupation in the area dates back to the Stone Age, with many flint tools found in the area. An Iron Age hill fort, Cranmore Castle, stands at the top of Exeter Hill above the town, and a Roman fort or marching camp was discovered on the hillside below Knightshayes Court near Bolham, just to the north of the town.

Tiverton formed part of the inheritance of Aethelweard, youngest son of King Alfred. Countess Gytha of Wessex controlled the town in 1066 and the Domesday Book indicates that William the Conqueror was its tenant-in-chief in 1086. Tiverton was also the seat of the court of the hundred of Tiverton. It was the strategic site chosen by Henry I for a Norman castle, Tiverton Castle, first built as a Motte and Bailey in 1106.

Tiverton has a medieval town leat, built for it by Countess Isabella de Fortibus, who was the eldest daughter of Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon and grew up at Tidcombe Hall, close to Tiverton. Isabella also controlled the Port of Topsham, Devon, through which much of Tiverton's woollen exports were transported, mostly to the Low Countries. Every seven years there is a Perambulation of the Town Leat: a ceremony to clear the path of the leat and ensure it is kept running. The leat can be seen in Castle Street, where it runs down the centre of the road, and at Coggan's Well, in Fore Street.

Tiverton owes its early growth and prosperity to the wool trade, which caused the town to grow rapidly in the 16th and 17th centuries. Many wealthy wool merchants added to the town's heritage. John Greenway (1460–1529), for example, built a chapel and porch onto St Peter's parish church in 1517, and a small chapel and almshouses in Gold Street, which still stand – the Almshouse Trust still houses people today. Peter Blundell, another wealthy merchant, who died in 1601, bequeathed the funds and land for Blundell's School to educate local children. It was founded in Tiverton in 1604 and relocated to its present location on the outskirts of town in 1882, where it functions as an independent school. John Waldron (died 1579) founded Waldron's Almshouses, on Wellbrook Street, and his elaborate chest tomb survives in St Peter's Church.

Around the turn of the 17th century, there were two major fires in the town. The first, allegedly started in a frying pan, was in 1596 and destroyed most of the town. The second, in 1612, was known as the "dog-fight fire" – a dog fight had distracted those meant to be looking after a furnace. The parish registers of Barnstaple reported of the second fire: "In the yere of or Lorde God 1612 in the 5th daye of the month of Auguste was the towne of Teverton burned the second tyme wth fyer to the nomber of 260 dwellynge howses."

During the English Civil War in 1645 Tiverton Castle, held by the Royalists, was the scene of a relatively brief siege by Thomas Fairfax's Parliamentarian forces. The Parliamentarian forces entered Tiverton under Major General Massey on 15 October, the town's defenders fleeing before him towards Exeter. They left a defending force in the castle and church. Fairfax arrived from Cullompton on 17 October, set up his artillery and bombarded the castle for two days, ceasing fire for the sabbath in the afternoon of Saturday 18 October. On Sunday Fairfax had "several great pieces" of artillery brought up, ready for a renewed barrage on Monday, which commenced at 7 a.m. The siege was ended when a lucky shot broke one of the drawbridge chains and an alert squad of Roundheads gained swift entry.

18th and 19th centuries
The town enjoyed prosperity from the wool trade in the early 18th century. However, a period of decline followed during the early Industrial Revolution. There were occasional riots, and societies of woolcombers and weavers were formed in an effort to protect jobs and wages. By the end of the century, imports of cotton and the expansion of industrialization elsewhere, along with the effect of the Napoleonic Wars on exports, took the town's woollen industry into terminal decline. In June 1731 another fire destroyed 298 houses, causing £58,000 worth of damage. After this, the streets were widened. In May 1738, riots broke out in the town.

The industrialist John Heathcoat bought an old woollen mill on the river Exe in 1815, and after the destruction of his machinery at Loughborough by former Luddites thought to be in the pay of Nottingham lacemakers, he moved his whole lace-making operation to Tiverton. The factory turned the fortunes of Tiverton again, making it an early industrial centre in the South West. Trade was aided when a branch of the Grand Western Canal from Tiverton to Lowdwells was opened in 1814, with an extension to Taunton in 1838. This was followed by a branch of the Great Western Railway in 1848. Tiverton Town Hall, elaborately designed by Henry Lloyd, was completed in 1864.

Although small, Tiverton had two members of Parliament. As one of the "rotten boroughs" it was often targeted by those seeking electoral reform. Lord Palmerston, or "Pam" as he was known locally, was an MP for Tiverton for much of the 19th century. In 1847, the Chartists, a radical group seeking to change the electoral system, stood one of their leaders, George Julian Harney, against Palmerston. He is widely reported as having gained no votes – but in fact he won the "popular vote" (a show of hands of the people of the town) and withdrew when Palmerston called a ballot, aware that he would lose in a vote by only 400 wealthy and propertied in the town out of a population of 7000. Broadening the franchise was one of the Chartist objectives. After the Reform Act of 1867, Tiverton had a single MP, held for a long period by a member of the Heathcoat-Amory family, who own much of the land and property surrounding Tiverton, most recently by Derick Heathcoat-Amory who served from 1945 to 1960. Up until 2010 David Heathcoat-Amory was the MP for Wells in nearby Somerset.

The town was the last in the Devon and Cornwall area to retain an independent police force, until 1945. In the second half of the 20th century, Tiverton again declined slowly, as the Heathcoat factory became ever more mechanised and the Starkey Knight & Ford brewery was taken over by Whitbread as its regional brewery, but later closed, becoming just a bottling plant located in Howden (now Aston Manor cider makers). The factory lay derelict for some years before being demolished to make way for a supermarket. The manufacture of agricultural machinery adjacent to the River Lowman dwindled, the railway closed in 1964 and the Globe Elastic plant in Kennedy Way closed in the 1980s. However, a few far-sighted individuals, notably William Authers, secured some important assets for the future. Tiverton Museum was opened, the track bed of the old railway was bought to provide footpaths and an adventure playground, and the Grand Western Canal was saved from dereliction as a country park.

Retailing in the town declined further in the 1990s after the opening of the Southern Relief Road (now Great Western Way) led to the closure of Fore Street in the town centre to all but pedestrians.

20th and 21st centuries

Tiverton's revival in recent years began with the construction of the A361 (the North Devon Link Road) in the late 1980s. In the 1990s, an industrial estate was built at Little Gornhay on the north-eastern edge of the town and a junction was added to the Link Road, with a distributor road (now the A396) into the town that has become its main gateway. Great Western Way, linking this road to the Exeter Road along the line of the old railway, was also constructed.

Demand has driven up housing prices, particularly in the South-West. Many now look to towns on the periphery of employment centres. Tiverton has become a dormitory town for commuters to Exeter and Taunton, with its growth supported by large housing projects to the north of the town by most national house builders, including Westbury Homes, Barrett Homes and Bellway Homes. The resulting influx has brought further development of the town's services and shops. Tiverton's outmoded swimming pool was replaced by a new leisure centre near the main campus of the East Devon College consisting of a swimming pool and gymnasium. Mid Devon District Council moved in December 2003 to new offices at Phoenix House, at the foot of Phoenix Lane, close to the site of a disused brewery. The town has a newly built Tiverton and District Hospital funded by the Private Finance Initiative, which opened in May 2004.

The Pannier Market in the town was redeveloped at a cost of over £3 million, alongside its car park and minor shopping precinct, increasing market capacity and allowing markets to be held more frequently: the work was completed in April 2006.

In 2007 the former cinema, the Electric, was bulldozed for redevelopment as housing, while the only operative cinema, the Tivoli, which had been mostly run by volunteers, closed its doors and the site was put up for sale. After a well-supported public campaign, the Tivoli reopened on 28 June 2008, bought by Merlin Cinemas.

Tiverton as the venue for the annual Mid Devon Show won one of 15 positions in the Round 2 pilot scheme as a Portas Town in 2018.

Education
Blundell's School, an independent coeducational day and boarding school
Bolham Primary School
The Castle Primary School, formerly in the old Grammar School building, but replaced by a new build in 2017, the old building being demolished
East Anstey County Primary School
Halberton Primary School
Heathcoat Primary School, member of the Federation of Tiverton Schools
Petroc College, formerly East Devon College, a further education college sharing a campus with Tiverton High School
Rackenford Primary School, member of the Federation of Tiverton Schools
St John's Roman Catholic Primary School
Tidcombe Primary School, once a state school, now an academy
Tiverton High School, the local community secondary school and a specialist visual arts college belonging to the Federation of Tiverton Schools
Two Moors Primary School
Wilcombe Primary School, once a state school, now part of an academy with 12 other Devon primaries
Witheridge V. P. (C) School

Transport

Road
Tiverton has easy access to the M5 motorway. The town's revival in recent years began with the construction of the A361 North Devon Link Road in the late 1980s.

Coach
Up till 11 January 2023, Tiverton was served twice daily by the London Superfast Service of Berry's Coaches.

Rail
The Bristol and Exeter Railway opened a station known as Tiverton Road on 1 May 1844. It was renamed Tiverton Junction on 12 June 1848, when Tiverton railway station was opened nearer the town at the end of a branch from the Junction station. A second branch, the Exe Valley line reached this station from the south, branching off the London to Penzance main line at Stoke Canon and following the River Exe. Mainline trains were occasionally diverted via Tiverton if there was engineering work or damage on the section north of Stoke Canon. Another line headed north to join the Taunton–Barnstaple line at Dulverton. None of these lines remain.

In 1986, Tiverton Parkway railway station opened on the main line on the site of the old Sampford Peverell station, to replace the junction station a few miles down the line at Willand. As a parkway station, it stands six miles east of the town, alongside Junction 27 of the M5 motorway. Its proximity to the motorway – and the relative inaccessibility of Exeter St Davids railway station – means that the station is often used as a coach exchange when the line between Exeter and Plymouth is closed.

Canal
The Grand Western Canal from Taunton to Tiverton opened in 1838.

Bus
Most bus services are run by Stagecoach South West and the local Dartline. Stagecoach offers hourly, Monday to Saturday services to Exeter, with a two-hourly service on Sundays and Bank Holidays. Stagecoach also runs a two-hourly service (155) between Exeter, Tiverton and Barnstaple.

Sport
The town has a main football club, Tiverton Town, and many amateur clubs, including Elmore and Amory Green Rovers. The town also has a rugby club and several cricket clubs. Tiverton White Eagles is a local women's hockey club with three teams in various leagues.

Media

The Tiverton Gazette is a weekly tabloid newspaper for Tiverton and district, published on Tuesdays to coincide with market day. It first appeared as the Tiverton Gazette and East Devon Herald in 1858, when the founder, Robert Were, was only 22 years old; he died just five years later. The newspaper split into three editions in 1872 – the Tiverton Gazette, Crediton Gazette and South Molton Gazette – but recombined in the mid-1890s as the Mid Devon Gazette. It then split into Town and Rural editions, before splitting three ways once more.

Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC South West and ITV West Country. Television signals are received Stockland Hill and local relay TV transmitters.

The town is served by the local radio stations: BBC Radio Devon, Heart West, Greatest Hits Radio South West, Radio Exe, and TCR Radio, which is community based station.

Geography

Tiverton lies in north-east Devon  north of Exeter,  north-east of Plymouth and  west of Taunton. The villages of Ashley to the south and Bolham to the north have become suburbs of Tiverton. The River Exe flows through the town.

Climate
Tiverton has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb).

Twin Towns
Tiverton is twinned with the German town of  Hofheim am Taunus.

Notable people
In birth order:
Isabella de Redvers, Countess of Devon (1237–1293), countess who bequeathed the Town Leat, was born at Tidcombe.
John Greenway (c. 1460–1529), a wealthy wool merchant and benefactor of the church
Catherine of York (1479–1572), During her lifetime, she was daughter of King Edward IV, sister to Edward V, niece to Richard III, sister-in-law to Henry VII and aunt to Henry VIII. Died at Tiverton Castle.
John Waldron (died 1579), a wealthy merchant who founded and endowed the surviving grade II* listed "Waldron's Almshouses" and Chapel on the outskirts of Tiverton.
Peter Blundell (1520–1601), merchant clothier whose bequest founded Blundell's School
George Slee (died 1613), merchant clothier who built The Great House and bequeathed Slee's Almshouses
Peter Sainthill (1593–1648), Member of Parliament for Tiverton as a Royalist politician
Richard Newte (1613–1678), Anglican clergyman, son of Henry Newte the elder, Tiverton's first post-Restoration town clerk
Theophilus Polwhele (died 1689), religious controversialist, once a priest in Tiverton, later first minister of the Steps Meeting House
Benjamin Incledon (1730–1796), antiquary, trustee of Comyn or Chilcott's school at Tiverton and of Blundell's School, whose first history he wrote
Robert Land (1739–1818), United Empire Loyalist, British spy during the American Revolution, and early settler of Hamilton, Ontario, was born in Tiverton.
James Nixon (c. 1741–1812), noted miniature painter, died in Tiverton.
Richard Cosway (1742–1821), leading portrait painter of miniatures in the Regency era, was born in Tiverton.
Hannah Cowley (1743–1809), playwright and poet born in Tiverton
Martin Dunsford (1744–1807), English merchant and Dissenter, known as an antiquarian and radical politician, born in Tiverton.
John Heathcoat (1783–1861), industrialist who invented the bobbinet lace machine, founder of Heathcoat Fabrics, MP for Tiverton (1832–1859)
Lord Palmerston (1784–1865), MP for Tiverton (1835–65) and twice prime minister
John Taylor Coleridge (1790–1876), high court judge and privy councillor, was born in Tiverton.
William Rowcliffe (1806-1876?), Butcher and Chartist political opponent of Lord Palmerston
William Romaine Govett (1807–1848), surveyor of unexplored country in New South Wales, returned to his birthplace of Tiverton.
Edward Capern (1819–1894), postman and poet, born in Tiverton
William Oxenham (1823–1875), recipient of the Victoria Cross, was born in Tiverton.
Charles Rossiter Forwood (1827–1890), Attorney General of Fiji from 1872 to 1873, born in Tiverton.
Sir John Heathcoat-Amory (1829–1914), first of the Heathcoat-Amory baronets
Richard Blundell Comins (1848–1919), Anglican missionary in the Solomon Islands, was born in Tiverton.
Frank R. Gooding (1859–1928), seventh Governor of Idaho and US Senator from Idaho
George Burrington (1864–1942), first-class cricketer, was born in Tiverton.
Francis Bateman-Champain (1877–1942), first-class cricketer, died in Tiverton.
Thomas Henry Sage (1882–1945), was born and died in Tiverton.
George Jennings (1895–1959), first-class cricketer, was born in Tiverton.
Alfred Toye (1897-1955), spent his later years in Tiverton.
J. D. Salinger (1919–2010), author of The Catcher in the Rye, spent three months in Tiverton waiting for D Day in the spring of 1944.
Bobby G (born 1953), singer with the Eurovision-winning '80s pop group Bucks Fizz
Martyn Rogers (born 1955), professional footballer, manager of Tiverton F.C. for 18 years, returning in 2014
Mark Labbett (born 1965), television personality, was born in Tiverton.
Gareth Townsend (born 1968), first-class cricketer, was born in Tiverton.
Simon Hall (born 1969),  Professor of Chemistry at the University of Bristol, was raised in Tiverton.
Pete Vuckovic (born 1971), singer/songwriter, was born in Tiverton.

See also
Grand Western Canal
Perambulation of the Town Leat

Further reading

References

External links

Tiverton Town Council
Tiverton Museum

Towns in Devon
Towns in Mid Devon District
Market towns in Devon
Civil parishes in Devon
Roman fortifications in Devon
Roman fortified camps in England
Grand Western Canal

Tiverton, Devon