Brodie Spencer (born 6 May 2004) is a Northern Irish professional footballer who plays for Motherwell, on loan from Huddersfield Town.

Club career
Spencer signed for Huddersfield Town in 2020 from Cliftonville, joining their B Team. He made his debut for Town in their EFL Cup match against Preston North End on 9 August 2022, and would make his league debut in their 2–0 defeat against Sunderland on 2 November 2022.

International career
Brodie Spencer made his international debut for Northern Ireland on 5 June 2022 in a 2022–23 UEFA Nations League match against Kosovo, where he provided an assist for Northern Ireland's first goal, but they still lost 3–2.

References

External links

2004 births
Living people
Men's association footballers from Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland men's youth international footballers
Northern Ireland men's international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Motherwell F.C. players

Brodie Spencer


Dimethoxy-4-amylamphetamine (DOAM) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug and a substituted amphetamine. DOAM was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved), the minimum dosage is listed as 10 mg, and the duration is unknown. DOAM produces a bare threshold and tenseness. As the 4-alkyl chain length is increased from shorter homologues such as DOM, DOET and DOPR which are all potent hallucinogens, the 5-HT2 binding affinity increases, rising to a maximum with the 4-(n-hexyl) derivative before falling again with even longer chains, but compounds with chain length longer than n-propyl, or with other bulky groups such as isopropyl, t-butyl or γ-phenylpropyl at the 4- position, fail to substitute for hallucinogens in animals or produce hallucinogenic effects in humans, suggesting these have low efficacy and are thus antagonists or partial agonists at the 5-HT2A receptor.

See also
 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Substituted Amphetamines

References

External links
 DOAM Entry in PiHKAL
 DOAM Entry in PiHKAL • info

Substituted amphetamines
2,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamines

2,5-Dimethoxy-4-amylamphetamine


Hatshepsut ( BC) was the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Thutmose II and the fifth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, ruling first as regent, then as queen regnant from  until  (Low Chronology). She was Egypt's second certain queen regnant, the first being Sobekneferu/Nefrusobek in the Twelfth Dynasty.

Hatshepsut was the daughter of Thutmose I and his sister and Great Royal Wife Ahmose. Upon the death of her husband and half-brother Thutmose II, she ruled initially as regent to her stepson Thutmose III, who inherited the throne at the age of two. Several years into her regency, Hatshepsut assumed the position of pharaoh and adopted the full royal titulary, making her a co-ruler alongside Thutmose III. In order to establish herself in the Egyptian patriarchy, she took on traditionally male roles and was depicted as a male pharaoh, with physically masculine traits and traditionally male garb. Hatshepsut's reign was a period of great prosperity and general peace. One of the most prolific builders in Ancient Egypt, she oversaw large-scale construction projects such as the Karnak Temple Complex, the Red Chapel, the Speos Artemidos and most famously, the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari.

Hatshepsut died probably in Year 22 of Thutmose III. Towards the end of the reign of Thutmose III and into the reign of his son Amenhotep II, an attempt was made to remove her from official accounts of Egyptian historiography. Her statues were destroyed, her monuments were defaced, and many of her achievements were ascribed to other pharaohs. Many modern historians attribute this to ritual and religious reasons, rather than personal hostility as previously thought.

Early life and family

Hatshepsut was married to Thutmose II, her half-brother, when she was 14 or 15 years old. They were around the same age when they married.

Reign

Upon the death of Thutmose II, the underage Thutmose III became the pharaoh of Egypt. Hatshepsut was thought of by early modern scholars to have only served as regent alongside him. However, modern scholars agree that, while Hatshepsut initially served as regent for young Thutmose III from his accession in , she eventually assumed the position of pharaoh alongside him, by Year 7 of his reign, ; becoming queen regnant, Hatshepsut shared Thutmose III's existing regnal count, effectively back-dating her accession as pharaoh to Year 1, when she had been merely regent. Although queens Sobekneferu and possibly Nitocris may have previously assumed the role of pharaoh, Hatshepsut was the only female ruler to do so in a time of prosperity, and arguably had more powers than her female predecessors.

Retrospectively, Hatshepsut was described as having a reign of about 21-22 years by ancient authors, which included both her regency and her reign as queen regnant. Josephus and Julius Africanus follow the earlier testimony of Manetho (Third Century BC), mentioning a queen regnant called Amessis or Amensis, specified by Josephus to have been the sister of her predecessor. This woman was later identified by historians as Hatshepsut. In Josephus' text, her reign is described as lasting 21 years and 9 months, while Africanus stated it was 22 years, apparently rounding up. The latest attestation of Hatshepsut in contemporary records comes from Year 20 of the regnal count of Thutmose III, and she is no longer mentioned in Year 22, when he undertook his first major foreign campaign. This is compatible with the 21 years 9 months recorded by Manetho and Josephus, which would place the end of Hatshepsut's reign in Year 22 of Thutmose III.

Dating the beginning of her reign is more difficult. Her father's reign began in either 1526 or 1506 BC according to the high and low estimates of her reign. The length of the reigns of Thutmose I and Thutmose II, however, cannot be determined with certainty. With short reigns, Hatshepsut would have ascended the throne 14 years after the coronation of Thutmose I, her father. Longer reigns would put her accession 25 years after Thutmose I's coronation.

The earliest attestation of Hatshepsut as pharaoh occurs in the tomb of Ramose and Hatnofer, where a collection of grave goods contained a single pottery jar or amphora from the tomb's chamber—which was stamped with the date "Year 7". Another jar from the same tomb—which was discovered in situ by a 1935–36 Metropolitan Museum of Art expedition on a hillside near Thebes—was stamped with the seal of the "God's Wife Hatshepsut" while two jars bore the seal of "The Good Goddess Maatkare." The dating of the amphorae, "sealed into the [tomb's] burial chamber by the debris from Senenmut's own tomb", is undisputed, which means that Hatshepsut was acknowledged as pharaoh, and no longer merely regent, of Egypt by Year 7 of her reign. She was certainly pharaoh by Year 9, the date of the Punt expedition, ; her last dated attestation as pharaoh is Year 20, , and she no longer appears in Year 22 .

Major accomplishments

Trade routes

Hatshepsut re-established a number of trade networks that had been disrupted during the Hyksos occupation of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. She oversaw the preparations and funding for a mission to the Land of Punt.

Hatshepsut's delegation returned from Punt bearing 31 live myrrh trees and other luxuries such as frankincense. Hatshepsut would grind the charred frankincense into kohl eyeliner. This is the first recorded use of the resin.

Hatshepsut had the expedition commemorated in relief at Deir el-Bahari, which is also famous for its realistic depiction of Queen Ati of the Land of Punt. Hatshepsut also sent raiding expeditions to Byblos and the Sinai Peninsula shortly after the Punt expedition. Very little is known about these expeditions. Although many Egyptologists have claimed that her foreign policy was mainly peaceful, it is possible that she led military campaigns against Nubia and Canaan.

Building projects

Hatshepsut was one of the most prolific builders in Ancient Egypt, commissioning hundreds of construction projects throughout both Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. Many of these building projects were temples to build her religious base and legitimacy beyond her position as God's Wife of Amun. At these temples, she performed religious rituals that had hitherto been reserved for kings, corroborating the evidence that Hatshepsut assumed traditionally male roles as pharaoh. She employed the great architect Ineni, who also had worked for her father, her husband, and for the royal steward Senenmut. The extant artifacts of the statuary provide archaeological evidence of Hatshepsut's portrayals of herself as a male pharaoh, with physically masculine traits and traditionally male Ancient Egyptian garb, such as a false beard and ram's horns. These images are seen as symbolic, and not evidence of cross-dressing or androgyny.

Following the tradition of most pharaohs, Hatshepsut had monuments constructed at the Temple of Karnak. She also restored the original Precinct of Mut, the great ancient goddess of Egypt, at Karnak that had been ravaged by the foreign rulers during the Hyksos occupation. It later was ravaged by other pharaohs, who took one part after another to use in their own projects. The precinct awaits restoration. She had twin obelisks erected at the entrance to the temple which at the time of building were the tallest in the world. Only one remains upright, which is the second-tallest ancient obelisk still standing, the other having toppled and broken in two. The official in charge of those obelisks was the high steward Amenhotep. Another project, Karnak's Red Chapel, or Chapelle Rouge, was built as a barque shrine.

Later, she ordered the construction of two more obelisks to celebrate her 16th year as pharaoh; one of the obelisks broke during construction, and a third was therefore constructed to replace it. The broken obelisk was left at its quarrying site in Aswan, where it remains. Known as the Unfinished Obelisk, it provides evidence of how obelisks were quarried.

Hatshepsut built the Temple of Pakhet at Beni Hasan in the Minya Governorate south of Al Minya. The name, Pakhet, was a synthesis that occurred by combining Bast and Sekhmet, who were similar lioness war goddesses, in an area that bordered the north and south division of their cults. The cavernous underground temple, cut into the rock cliffs on the eastern side of the Nile, was admired and called the Speos Artemidos by the Greeks during their occupation of Egypt, known as the Ptolemaic Dynasty. They saw the goddess as akin to their hunter goddess, Artemis. The temple is thought to have been built alongside much more ancient ones that have not survived. This temple has an architrave with a long dedicatory text bearing Hatshepsut's famous denunciation of the Hyksos that James P. Allen has translated. This temple was altered later, and some of its insides were altered by Seti I of the Nineteenth Dynasty in an attempt to have his name replace that of Hatshepsut.

Following the tradition of many pharaohs, the masterpiece of Hatshepsut's building projects was a mortuary temple. She built hers in a complex at Deir el-Bahari. The identity of the architect behind the project remains unclear. It is possible that Senenmut, the Overseer of Works, or Hapuseneb, the High Priest, were responsible. It is also likely that Hatshepsut provided input to the project. Located opposite the city of Luxor, it is considered to be a masterpiece of ancient architecture. The complex's focal point was the Djeser-Djeseru or "the Holy of Holies".

Official lauding

Hyperbole is common to virtually all royal inscriptions of Egyptian history. While all ancient leaders used it to laud their achievements, Hatshepsut has been called the most accomplished pharaoh at promoting her accomplishments.

Hatshepsut assumed all the regalia and symbols of the Pharaonic office in official representations: the Khat head cloth, topped with the uraeus, the traditional false beard, and shendyt kilt. Hatshepsut was ambiguous and androgynous in many of her statues and monuments. She would create a masculine version of herself to establish herself in the Egyptian patriarchy.

Osirian statues of Hatshepsut—as with other pharaohs—depict the dead pharaoh as Osiris, with the body and regalia of that deity.

To further lay her claim to the throne, priests told a story of divine birth. In this myth, Amun goes to Ahmose in the form of Thutmose I. Hatshepsut is conceived by Ahmose. Khnum, the god who forms the bodies of human children, is then instructed to create a body and ka, or corporal presence/life force, for Hatshepsut. Heket, the goddess of life and fertility, and Khnum then lead Ahmose along to a place where she gives birth to Hatshepsut. Reliefs depicting each step in these events are at Karnak and in her mortuary temple.

The Oracle of Amun proclaimed that it was the will of Amun that Hatshepsut be pharaoh, further strengthening her position. She reiterated Amun's support by having these proclamations by the god Amun carved on her monuments:

Once she became pharaoh herself, Hatshepsut supported her assertion that she was her father's designated successor with inscriptions on the walls of her mortuary temple:

Death, burial, and mummification

Hatshepsut's last dated attestation as pharaoh is Year 20, III Peret, Day 2, , but the reign length of 21 years and 9 months in Manetho and Josephus indicates that she ceased to reign in Year 22, . The precise date of the beginning of Thutmose III's reign as sole ruler of Egypt—and presumably of Hatshepsut's death—is considered to be Year 22, II Peret, Day 10, recorded on a single stela erected at Armant, corresponding to 16 January 1458 BC. This information validates the basic reliability of Manetho's king list records since Hatshepsut's known accession date was I Shemu, Day 4.

Hatshepsut began constructing a tomb when she was the Great Royal Wife of Thutmose II. Still, the scale of this was not suitable for a pharaoh, so when she ascended the throne, preparation for another burial started. For this, KV20, originally quarried for her father, Thutmose I, and probably the first royal tomb in the Valley of the Kings, was extended with a new burial chamber. Hatshepsut also refurbished her father's burial and prepared for a double interment of both Thutmose I and her within KV20. Therefore, it is likely that when she died (no later than the 22nd year of her reign), she was interred in this tomb along with her father.

However, during Thutmose III's reign, a new tomb (KV38), was constructed along with fresh burial equipment for Thutmose I. Thus, Thutmose I was relocated from his original tomb and reburied elsewhere. There is a possibility that at the same time, Hatshepsut's mummy was moved into the tomb of her nurse, Sitre In, in KV60. These actions could have been motivated by Amenhotep II, Thutmose III's son from a secondary wife, in an effort to secure his own uncertain claim to the throne.

Besides what was recovered from KV20 during Egyptologist Howard Carter's clearance of the tomb in 1903, other funerary furniture belonging to Hatshepsut has been found elsewhere, including a lioness throne or bedstead, a senet game board with carved lioness-headed, red-jasper game pieces bearing her pharaonic title, a signet ring, and a partial shabti figurine bearing her name. In the Royal Mummy Cache at DB320, a wooden canopic box featuring an ivory knob was found, bearing the name of Hatshepsut and containing a mummified liver or spleen, along with a molar tooth. There was also a royal lady with the same name from the 21st dynasty, leading to initial speculation that the artifacts may have belonged to her instead.

Proposed mummy

In 1903, Howard Carter had discovered tomb KV60 in the Valley of the Kings. It contained two female mummies: one identified as Hatshepsut's wet nurse and the other unidentified. In spring 2007, the unidentified body, called KV60A, was finally removed from the tomb by Dr. Zahi Hawass and taken to Cairo's Egyptian Museum for testing. This mummy was missing a tooth, and the space in the jaw perfectly matched Hatshepsut's existing molar, found in the DB320 "canopic box". Based on this, Hawass concluded that the KV60A mummy is very likely Hatshepsut.

While the mummy and the tooth could be DNA tested to see if it belonged to the same person and confirm the mummy's identity, Hawass, the Cairo Museum and some Egyptologists have refused to do it as it would require destroying the tooth to retrieve the DNA. Her death has since been attributed to a benzopyrene carcinogenic skin lotion found in possession of the Pharaoh, which led to her having bone cancer. Other members of the queen's family are thought to have suffered from inflammatory skin diseases that tend to be genetic. Assuming that the mummy is that of Hatshepsut, it is likely that she inadvertently poisoned herself while trying to soothe her itchy, irritated skin. It also would suggest that she had arthritis and bad teeth, which may be why the tooth was removed.

However, in 2011, the tooth was identified as the molar from a lower jaw, whereas the mummy from KV60 was missing a molar from its upper jaw, thus casting doubt on the supposed identification.

Legacy

Exclusion from the historical record
Toward the end of the reign of Thutmose III and into the reign of his son, an attempt was made to remove Hatshepsut from certain historical and pharaonic records. Her cartouches and images were chiselled off stone walls. Erasure methods ranged from full destruction of any instance of her name or image to replacement, inserting Thutmose I or II where Hatshepsut once stood. There were also instances of smoothing, patchwork jobs that covered Hatshepsut's cartouche; examples of this can be seen on the walls of the Deir el-Bahari temple. Simpler methods also included covering, where new stone was added to fully cover reliefs or sacred stone work.

At the Deir el-Bahari temple, Hatshepsut's many statues were torn down and in many cases, smashed or disfigured before being buried in a pit. At Karnak, an attempt was made to wall up her monuments. While it is clear that much of this rewriting of Hatshepsut's history occurred only during the close of Thutmose III's reign, it is not clear why it happened, other than as a manifestation of the typical pattern of self-promotion that existed among the pharaohs and their administrators, or perhaps to save money by not building new monuments for the burial of Thutmose III, and instead using the grand structures built by Hatshepsut.

Amenhotep II, the son of Thutmose III, who became a co-regent toward the end of his father's reign, is suspected by some as being the defacer during the end of the reign of a very old pharaoh. He would have had a motive because his position in the royal lineage was not so strong as to assure his elevation to pharaoh. He is documented, further, as having usurped many of Hatshepsut's accomplishments during his own reign. His reign is marked with attempts to break the royal lineage as well, not recording the names of his queens and eliminating the powerful titles and official roles of royal women, such as God's Wife of Amun.

For many years, presuming that it was Thutmose III acting out of resentment once he became pharaoh, early modern Egyptologists presumed that the erasures were similar to the Roman damnatio memoriae. Egyptologist Donald Redford says that this was not borne out of hatred but was a political necessity to assert his own beliefs. Redford added:

Modern assessment
Hatshepsut is, according to Egyptologist James Henry Breasted, "the first great woman in history of whom we are informed." In some ways, Hatshepsut's reign was seen as going against the patriarchal system of her time. She managed to rule as regent for a son who was not her own, going against the system which had previously only allowed mothers to rule on behalf of their biological sons. She used this regency to create her female kingship, constructing extensive temples to celebrate her reign, which meant that the public became used to seeing a woman in such a powerful role. This ensured that when the oracle declared her king, the Egyptian public readily accepted her status.

However, as with other female heads of state in ancient Egypt, this was only done through the use of male symbols of kingship; hence the description of Hatshepsut and others as female kings rather than queens. Hatshepsut was arguably placed in power by men to further their own wealth. She gained power when Egypt had recently amassed extensive wealth, implying that she was placed in power by Egyptian elites due to her record as successful in various domains—as High Priestess or as a placeholder serving for her father Thutmose I in Thebes while he was away on military campaigns. This record of success made such elites confident that she could handle Egyptian wealth and trade, capitalizing on Egypt's moment of prosperity. Indeed, historian Kara Cooney describes Hatshepsut as "arguably, the only woman to have ever taken power as king in ancient Egypt during a time of prosperity and expansion."

Historian Joyce Tyldesley stated that Thutmose III may have ordered public monuments to Hatshepsut and her achievements to be altered or destroyed in order to place her in a lower position of co-regent, meaning he could claim that royal succession ran directly from Thutmose II to Thutmose III without any interference from his aunt. This was supported by Thutmose III's officials, and as Hatshepsut's officials either died or were no longer in the public eye, there was little opposition to this. Tyldesley, along with historians Peter Dorman and Gay Robins, say that the erasure and defacement of Hatshepsut's monuments may have been an attempt to extinguish the memory of female kingship (including its successes, as opposed to the female pharaoh Sobekneferu, who failed to rejuvenate Egypt's fortunes and was therefore more acceptable to the conservative establishment as a tragic figure) and re-legitimise his right to rule.

The "Hatshepsut Problem" is a direct link to gender normatives in regards to ancient Egyptian social structures. Although she did hold Queen status, her reign, especially after, was disregarded and even erased. Her reign could be considered more successful than some pharaohs' reigns, for example with expanding borders, which can be seen as a threat to traditional gender roles. This raises questions about the conflict between power and traditional gender roles, and to what extent modernism and conservatism overlap.

The erasure of Hatshepsut's name—by the men who succeeded her for whatever reason—almost caused her to disappear from Egypt's archaeological and written records. When 19th-century Egyptologists started to interpret the texts on the Deir el-Bahari temple walls (which were illustrated with two seemingly male kings) their translations made no sense. Jean-François Champollion, the French decoder of hieroglyphs, said:

This problem was a major issue in late 19th-century and early 20th-century Egyptology, centering on confusion and disagreement on the order of succession of early 18th Dynasty pharaohs. The dilemma takes its name from confusion over the chronology of the rule of Queen Hatshepsut and Thutmose I, II, and III.

See also
 Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree
 Djehuty, overseer of the treasury under Hatshepsut's rule

Notes

References

Bibliography

1458 BC deaths
15th-century BC clergy
15th-century BC Pharaohs
16th-century BC births
16th-century BC women regents
Ancient Egyptian mummies
Ancient Egyptian women in warfare
Androgyny
Children of Thutmose I
Deaths from bone cancer
Deaths from cancer in Egypt
Female pharaohs
Great Royal Wives
Historical negationism in ancient Egypt
Pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Priestesses of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Queens consort of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Regents of Egypt
Thutmose II
Queens regnant

Hatshepsut


Keresley is a suburban village and civil parish in the City of Coventry, West Midlands, England, about  north of Coventry city centre and  southwest of Bedworth. According to the 2001 census, the parish had a population of 791 falling to 713 at the 2011 Census, although the 2018 population was estimated at 783.

Keresley and Keresley End are two separate areas; Keresley is in Coventry, whilst Keresley End, also known as Keresley Village or Keresley Newlands, is in Warwickshire, with the exception of Thompsons Road in the village, which lies within the Coventry boundary. The village features two grocers shops, two bus stops, a beauty salon, primary school, doctors surgery, a fish and chip shop, a small church, a post office, library, park, garden centre and community centre.

Location
Keresley is located to the northwest of the city and lies within the Bablake ward, bounded by the Woodlands, Whoberley, Sherbourne, Radford and Holbrook wards.

Neighbouring villages include Corley, Corley Moor, Ash Green and Brownshill Green.

History
For most of its history, Keresley was a combination of two further villages: Keresley Green was the most northerly and first to exist, but it was Keresley Heath to the south which was developed the most with the building of schools and the church of St. Thomas. However, in 1911 the construction of Coventry Colliery by the Warwickshire Coal Company near to Keresley Green brought the focus of development back to that area. It was not until 1974 that the two parts of Keresley lost their separate identities and became united.  The closure of the colliery followed in 1991.

Keresley parish is largely rural and contains some beautiful ancient woodland. Coventry City Council's wildlife surveys which include Keresley parish, have classified much of the area as an "A" grade - "An area of very high natural history value, containing several varied habitats and a wide diversity of plants and animals".  The area has a lot of footpaths which make it accessible to the public and is probably one of the few areas of Coventry where you can hear skylarks.  Despite this Coventry City Council propose the area can be developed as an "Eco" suburb with 3000 homes, and a separate estate of new properties is currently being built, as of January 2010.

Etymology
The etymology of the word Keresley suggests that it is Saxon in origin, meaning that the name could originate from the 7th century, although the village was not cited in the Domesday Book of 1086.

The -ley suffix is shared by many villages in the country, and means a clearing in the woods. This means that Keresley was a clearing in the Forest of Arden. And the Keres- prefix is thought to either be a corruption of the Saxon word for cress or someone's name, meaning together either: The cress clearing, or 'Mr' Cress's Clearing.

Parish Church
The Church of England parish church of Saint Thomas is just off the Tamworth Road (B4098). It was designed by the Gothic Revival architect Benjamin Ferrey in the Early English style and built in 1844–45. The bell tower has a ring of six bells. St Thomas's is a Grade II listed building.

Public services and local amenities

Coventry City Council is the local government body of the City of Coventry.  The city is divided up into 18 Wards each with three councillors.

Coventry forms part of the West Midlands Police force area. The neighbourhood policing team for Keresley, Coundon and Allesley are the Bablake neighbourhood team.

Notable residents
The actor Clive Owen and the cybernetics professor Kevin Warwick were born in Keresley. So was novelist Graham Joyce.
Also from Keresley is Roddy 'Radiation' Byers guitarist of 1980s ska band The Specials.

British Communist leader, trade unionist, and author Graham Stevenson was born in Keresley.

William Tallon, nicknamed "Backstairs Billy", was a resident of the village as a teenager, prior to him joining the Royal Household in 1951.

Apple rain
On the evening of Monday 12 December 2011 hundreds of apples reportedly fell from the sky over the junction between Kelmscote Road and Keresley Road, in Keresley, Coventry. Several witnesses reported that hundreds of apples seemingly fell out of the sky landing on the ground, and several cars, below. This incident received both local and national media coverage and, although it drew comment by the Met Office, it still remains unexplained.

References

Sources

External links
St Thomas' Church, Keresley

Suburbs of Coventry
Villages in the West Midlands (county)

Keresley


Paul Kleinschmidt, (1883–1949) was a German painter.

Biography
Kleinschmidt was born in Bublitz, Pomerania, German Empire (modern Bobolice, Poland).

As a student of art at the Berlin Akademie Kleinschmidt's greatest influence was Anton von Werner, who was at the time Kleinschmidt's history art teacher.

During his time as a student Kleinschmidt met Lovis Corinth who became an informative and strongly educational individual for the young student. Kleinschmidt continued his studies in 1904 under Peter Halm's direction, as well as Heirnrich von Zügel at the Akademie in Munich. It was in Munich that he learned the techniques of lithography and engraving.

Eventually finding his way to Berlin to work as a painter and graphic artist, Kleinschmidt exhibited at the modest 'Sezession' shows in 1908 and 1911.

In 1915, Kleinschmidt began teaching drawing while also taking the role of a technical draughtsman, during which time a great majority of his most remarkable lithographs and engravings were created. Offering these pieces in his first solo exhibition, organized by the Euphorion publishing company in 1923, Kleinschmidt's work would next see light in 1925 at Fritz Gurlitt in Berlin, thereafter graduating to a painting oriented focus.

Kleinschmidt was first introduced to a New York City art collector by the name of Erich Cohn in 1927. A man who later became his sponsor. Kleinschmidt made several rapid moves from Berlin throughout Southern Germany in 1932 ending up in Ulm and within a year's time, Ay near Senden. Shortly thereafter, he and his family found a great struggle in the midst of a political repression. Finally finding a path of emigration to the Netherlands in 1936, Kleinschmidt relieved himself and family of such political angst, from there to France in 1938. He was taken prisoner in February 1940 throughout several camps for a short span but released again post-French capitulation.

Kleinschmidt was forced to stop painting in 1943 under direction of the Nazis during his final years in Bensheim. In 1945, the entirety of his possessions were lost to an air raid. Kleinschmidt died on August 2, 1949, as result of a severe angina pectoris diagnosed in 1940.

A number of his works include: Berghang am See; Titelblatt der Ausstellung Grafik E.L. Kirchner, Galerie Schames; Kuh mit Frauen; Rosen and Seehaus.

References

1883 births
1949 deaths
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
German male painters
People from Koszalin County
Artists from the Province of Pomerania
Deaths from angina pectoris

Paul Kleinschmidt


Areley Hall is a Grade II listed country house near Areley Kings in Stourport-on-Severn, Worcestershire, England. It is not to be confused with nearby Astley Hall, the former home of Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin. In the area there are several large manor and country houses, among which Witley Court, Astley Hall, Pool House, Areley Hall, Hartlebury and Abberley Hall (with its clock tower) are particularly significant.

Areley Hall mainly dates from the late 16th century, though extensive alterations were carried out in the 1820s and 1870s. It is largely timber-framed with some brick additions. Inside, the staircase and the roof structure suggest that substantial parts of the original structure survive, though fireplaces and other internal detail relate to the 19th century improvements. Areley Hall was Grade II listed in 1950.

References

External links
 Areley Hall on  www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk

Grade II listed buildings in Worcestershire
Grade II listed houses
Country houses in Worcestershire
Stourport-on-Severn

Areley Hall


Stokes Bay is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located on the north coast of Kangaroo Island overlooking Investigator Strait about  south-west of the state capital of Adelaide.  Its boundaries were created in March 2002 for the "long established name" and includes the Stokes Bay Shack Site.  Land use in the locality is principally for agricultural purposes with activity limited on the coastline to the north for conservation purposes.  A settlement also occupies land immediately adjoining the bay of the same name.  Stokes Bay is located within the federal division of Mayo, the state electoral district of Mawson and the local government area of the Kangaroo Island Council.

References
Notes

Citations

Towns on Kangaroo Island

Stokes Bay, South Australia


SPC may refer to:

Business and law
 Segregated Portfolio Company, a specialized form of offshore company
 Signature panel code, a credit or debit card security code
 Social Purpose Corporation, a company that considers social issues in its decision making
 Special Purpose Company, a subsidiary usually created solely for isolating a financial risk, or for financial reporting reasons
 Statistical Process Control, a method of quality control
Student Police Cadet Project Is Kerala Police Organization
 Supplementary Protection Certificate, a sui generis, patent-like, intellectual property right

Organisations

Businesses
 Shepparton Preserving Company, a brand of jams and tinned goods founded in Shepparton, Victoria, Australia
 Singapore Petroleum Company, a Singapore area oil company
 Southern Pacific Communications, predecessor of American telecommunications provider Sprint Corporation
 Software Publishing Corporation, a former U.S. computer software manufacturer
 Sony Pictures Classics, a speciality division of Sony Pictures Entertainment
 SPC Group, a Korean food company from Samlip Group
 Synthetic Plastics Company, a defunct plastics manufacturer that owned many budget-price record labels
 Syrian Petroleum Company, a state-owned oil company
 System Planning Corporation, a U.S. military electronics corporation

Churches
 Serbian Orthodox Church (), an Eastern Orthodox Christian Church
 Southern Presbyterian Church (Australia)

Government and politics
 Pacific Community, formerly the South Pacific Commission, a Pacific Islands regional intergovernmental organisation
 Supreme Petroleum Council (Kuwait), one of the governmental agencies of Kuwait
 Socialist Party of Canada
 Socialist Party of British Columbia
 Supreme People's Court (disambiguation), highest judicial body in several countries
Student Police Cadet Project

Schools
 San Pedro College, a Catholic institution in Davao City, Philippines
 San Pedro College of Business Administration, a private institute in Laguna, Philippines
 St Patrick's College (disambiguation), various institutions
 Saint Paul's College (disambiguation), various institutions
 St Peter's College (disambiguation), various institutions
 St. Petersburg College, a community college with multiple campuses in Pinellas County, Florida, U.S.
 South Plains College, a community college based in Levelland, Texas

Other organizations
 Swedish Paralympic Committee, the non-profit organization representing Swedish athletes in the International Paralympic Committee
Sisters of Charity of St. Paul, Religious congregation founded by St Paul

Police and military
 Scalable Plate Carrier, a ballistic vest or bullet-resistant vest, often called a bulletproof vest
 Specialist (rank), one of the four junior enlisted ranks in the U.S. Army
 Special Purpose Cartridge, a rifle cartridge developed by Remington and the US military
 Special police constable
Student Police Cadet Project, a government of kerala initiative.
State Police Chief, the chief of the Kerala State Police.

Science and technology
 Secure multiparty computation, a cryptography problem introduced in 1982
 Service Programming Code, a code in most CDMA handsets/mobiles
 Signal peptidase I, an enzyme
 Signaling Point Code, used for SS7 signaling protocol in telephony systems
 Simple Point Charge, a 3-point water model used in computational chemistry simulations
 Sodium percarbonate, an oxidizing agent used in cleaning products
 SPC file format, a file format used in spectroscopy
 SPC700, a processor used for audio in the Super NES hardware
 Stage Pin Connector, a standard power cable connector
 Statistical Process Control, a method for achieving quality control in manufacturing processes
 Storage Performance Council, a non-profit corporation founded to define, standardize, and promote storage subsystem benchmarks; see IBM SAN Volume Controller
 Stored program control, a machine control principle that uses a computer to store programs and data
 Storm Prediction Center, a division of NOAA's National Weather Service that deals with strong to severe weather events
 Summary of Product Characteristics, the defining information document for medicinal products used in the European Union
 SupraPubic Catheter, used to drain urine from the bladder

Other
 IATA code "SPC" for La Palma Airport, Canary Islands
Scrabble Players Championship, an annual Scrabble championship event in North America
 South Pacific Championship (1986–1990), a rugby union competition for Australia, New Zealand and Fiji
 Southwest Preparatory Conference, an athletic league in Texas and Oklahoma, US
 Student Price Card, a loyalty card program in Canada
 Sony Pictures Classics, a specialty film studio owned by Sony.

See also
 SPOC (disambiguation)
SCP (disambiguation)

SPC


Mafia is a hidden role game made by Dmitry Davidoff in 1986. It is also called Werewolf. The game is usually between two teams. There is an evil team that less players belong to. This group knows who is good and who is evil. They have to hide that they are evil from the good team. There is the good team, called the village, that has most of the players. People in this team have to find out who is good and bad. Everyone is given their role at the beginning of the game by a person who is not playing, called a moderator. The game has two stages, day and night. At night, everyone closes their eyes. The moderator tells the evil team to open their eyes. They choose someone to kill or remove from the game. Some other roles on both teams can do things at night. In the day, everyone opens their eyes. The players that are still alive will talk to each other about everyone's roles. They also each choose someone to kill, and the person that the most people choose will be killed. The game keeps going until only the members from one team are left.

History
Dmitry Davidoff (, Dmitry Davydov) is usually said to have made the game. He says he first made the game in Spring 1987 at the Psychology department of Moscow State University. He made it to do psychology research and his job of teaching high school students. It got popular in other Soviet colleges and school in the 1990s. It also started to be played in some parts of Europe and the United States.

Andrew Plotkin made a werewolf theme for the mafia rules in 1997. He said that mafia was not that big of a cultural reference. He also said that werewolves made sense in the rules. Werewolves are bad creatures that hide in the day. Many science fiction writer groups and people at tech events started playing mafia.

A person with the username "mithrandir" ran a game of werewolf on the website The Grey Labyrinth's forum in August 2000. The Grey Labyrinth is a website about solving puzzles. The website says that this was the first werewolf game that was played on a forum.

Some parents in Rockingham complained to a school there. They were scared of bad effects that the game could have on their kids. Davidoff said that the game could "teach kids to distinguish right from wrong." He also said that the good lesson of being honest was stronger than the scariness of the game.

About.com said that Werewolf one of the 50 most important games since 1890.

Playing
Simpler games have players put into two teams. This is the evil team and the good team. The evil team is called the werewolves. The good team is called the village. Games will need someone who is not playing. This person is called the moderator. Everyone will get a card before the game starts. This card will give them a role. Each role is part of a team. The role might also have powers. These powers can do many things. An example is finding out a player's team.

The game has two stages. These are night and day. At night the werewolves open their eyes. They silently choose who to kill. At day all players vote on someone to lynch. The village also finds out who was killed at night.

References

Board games
Role-playing games

Mafia (party game)


Emil Hermann Todt (c. 1810 – 10 July 1900) was a German botanical artist and sculptor who was active in Australia from the 1850s to the 1880s.

Todt was born in Berlin in 1810 or 1811, and studied sculpture under Ludwig Wilhelm Wichmann from around 1830 until 1836. In 1849 he emigrated to South Australia, possibly because of an involvement in the revolutions of the time. In 1851 he got caught up in the Victorian gold rush, but by 1854 had settled in Melbourne where he returned to sculpture.

That year he exhibited what has become his most famous work. This was The gold diggers, a sculpture depicting two gold diggers, one standing and one sitting, in their working clothes. Described at the time as "nothing short of genius of a high order", it is now held by the National Gallery of Victoria, and has recently been described in the following terms:

The gold diggers was exhibited at the Victorian Exhibition, attracting for Todt a number of commissions, including a Madonna and Child for the Roman Catholic Cathedral in Melbourne.  By 1856 Todt was considered one of the leading artists in Melbourne, although this mantle was shortly afterwards claimed by Charles Summers.

During the 1860s, Todt made coloured, life-sized fruits and vegetables for display at the International Exhibitions at London in 1862 and at Dublin in 1865.  He also created relief maps of Victoria and painted a portrait of premier of Victoria Richard Heales.

Todt undertook his last major work in the early 1880s. This was the illustration of Ferdinand von Mueller's Eucalyptographia: a descriptive atlas of the Eucalypts of Australia and the adjoining islands. In 1882, during the preparation of the work, von Mueller named Eucalyptus todtiana (Coastal Blackbutt) in honour of Todt, stating

Two years later, the work was published, with Todt's contribution being over seventy lithographed illustrations.

He died in Melbourne on 10 July 1900.

See also
 List of Australian botanical illustrators

References

Further reading

1810s births
19th-century Australian sculptors
German sculptors
German male sculptors
Botanical illustrators
Australian people of German descent
1900 deaths
19th-century German painters
19th-century German male artists

Emil Todt


Pedro Félix Vicuña Aguirre (February 21, 1805, Santiago, Chile – May 24, 1874, Santiago) was a Chilean journalist and one of the founders in 1827 of the newspaper El Mercurio de Valparaíso, the oldest existing newspaper in Spanish language. He was also a liberal writer and politician.

Early life
Vicuña was born in Santiago, the son of Francisco Ramón Vicuña and of Mariana de Aguirre y Boza. Vicuña's father served two brief terms as acting president of Chile in 1829, and was widely considered as the head of the Liberal party. Pedro Félix Vicuña received an excellent education, studying humanities and commerce. From a young age he showed an interest in letters, and particularly in journalism. In 1825, at the age of 20, he moved from Santiago to Valparaíso, where he bought a printing press and began publishing El Telégrafo Mercantil y Político. This periodical was founded October 3, 1826, and 89 issues were published. In 1826, he married Carmen Mackenna, daughter of Brigadier Juan Mackenna, and they had thirteen children.

In 1827, at the age of 21, he founded the newspaper El Mercurio de Valparaíso, together with typographers Thomas Wells and Ignacio Silva. The first issue appeared September 12, 1827. Initially it was published only on Wednesdays and Saturdays, but in 1829 it became a daily. That same year, Vicuña sold his interest in the newspaper and moved back to Santiago (this was also the year that his father happened to serve as president of Chile.)

Back in the capital, he worked as editor for the newspaper La Ley y la Justicia. He also participated in El Censor (1830) and the magazine Paz Perpetua a los Chilenos (1836). As the result of ideas he expressed in Paz perpetua, he gained the enmity of Conservative Interior Minister Diego Portales. Vicuña Aguirre was considered a liberal and a revolutionary.

Political career
In 1831 Vicuña was elected deputy from La Serena, but his election was annulled by the Chamber of Deputies, dominated by the Conservatives. The same year his son Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna, a future journalist and historian, was born to him and his wife. Disillusioned, he returned to rural life. In 1840 he supported the candidacy of Francisco Antonio Pinto, also a Liberal, and opposed Manuel Bulnes.

In 1842 he published El Observador, and in 1845 El Republicano, both of which supported the candidacy of liberal general Ramón Freire. As a result, he was exiled, and went to Peru. In Peru he wrote the book Ocho meses de destierro o cartas sobre el Perú (Eight Months of Exile, or Letters About Peru). It was published in 1847 after his return to Chile.

He aided the revolutionaries of 1851, and was named intendente of Concepción during the armed rebellion. He fought government troops in the Battle of Loncomilla (December 8, 1815). Although he was defeated, he refused to sign the Treaty of Purapel, which ended the civil war.

In 1852 he wrote El porvenir del hombre (The Future of Man), considered his greatest work. In 1853 he published another autobiographical work, Memorias Íntimas. He was again elected to the Chamber of Deputies, for La Serena in 1864 and for Ovalle in 1867. He supported three important reform projects — reform of the constitution, creation of a national bank, and organization of a mining tribunal. In his 1867 term he introduced a bill to end imprisonment for debt, which was passed by the Congress. In 1870 he was elected senator for the first of two terms. He died in 1874 in Santiago.

Additional information

See also
Vicuña family

Selected bibliography

Sources

Pedro Félix Vicuña, Retrieved 15 October 2008

1805 births
1874 deaths
Politicians from Santiago
Pedro Felix
Chilean people of Basque descent
Liberal Party (Chile, 1849) politicians
Deputies of the XIV Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile
Deputies of the XV Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile
Senators of the XVII Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile
Chilean journalists
19th-century journalists
Male journalists
19th-century male writers
People of the 1851 Chilean Revolution

Pedro Félix Vicuña


William J. J. Gordon (September 9, 1919 – June 30, 2003) was an inventor and psychologist. He is recognized as the co-creator of a problem solving approach called synectics, which he developed along with George M. Prince while working in the Invention Design Group of Arthur D. Little.

Gordon also held numerous United States patents for various products and services, including a rotatable multiple tool support unit (No. 2,743,746 – May 1, 1956), a catamenial device (No. 2,879,769 – March 31, 1959), an impact tool (No. 2,974,651 – March 14, 1961), artificial snow (No. 3,020,811 – February 13, 1962), a dispenser (No. 3,035,299 – May 22, 1962), a boat fender (No. 3,055,335 – September 25, 1962), an apparatus for continuous restaurant counter place mats (No. 3,092,045 – June 4, 1963), a lipstick container (No. 3,737,241 – June 5, 1973), and an animal track teaching method (No. 4,204,705 – May 27, 1980).

Built in 1843 by lexicographer and dictionary author Joseph Emerson Worcester on what was originally part of the Vassall-Craigie Estate, Gordon's 7,150-square-foot, 15-room home on Brattle Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts was purchased by London art historian Margaret Koster and her husband, Joseph Koerner, in 2006.

Gordon attended the University of Pennsylvania in 1937 and 1938, but according to the university archives, did not receive a degree. He was also the youngest son of Nathan H. Gordon, the motion picture executive.

References

1919 births
2003 deaths
20th-century American psychologists
University of Pennsylvania alumni

William J. J. Gordon


The Squire Ignatius Haskell House is a historic house at 20 Main Street (Maine State Route 15A) in the center of Deer Isle, Maine.  Now home to the Pilgrim's Inn, this wood-frame house was built in 1793 by one of the maritime community's leading men, and is one of its oldest buildings.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

Description and history
The Haskell House is set on the south side of Main Street in the village of Deer Isle, on a neck of land that separates Mill Pond from Northwest Harbor.  The building is nominally  stories in height, but the sloping property exposes a full level of basement in the rear.  It is a wood-frame structure, with a gambrel roof, clapboard siding, and a granite fieldstone foundation.  The roof is pierced by shed-roof dormers on both the front and back, that on the front a long one with five windows.  The main facade is five bays wide, with a wide center entrance that is slightly recessed.  It is flanked by sidelight windows and Greek Revival pilasters, and topped by Doric entablature.  A two-story wing extends to the right side of the main block, and a two-story shed-roof addition projects from the center of the rear facade, supported by posts at the basement level.  The interior of the house, which follows a typical post-colonial center hall plan, has retained much of its original finish.

Ignatius Haskell was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts, and came to Deer Isle with his brother and father in 1778.  They established a number of businesses, including a grist mill and shipyard, and Haskell was one of the town's leading citizens.  He served on the board of selectmen, made substantial contributions toward the construction of a meeting house (no longer standing), and served in the state legislature.  In 1791 he married the daughter of a wealthy Newburyport family, and built this house, of much greater sophistication than is typical for much of coastal Maine of the period, in 1793.  The house remained in Haskell descendant hands until the 1940s, although it was converted by them for use as a summer tourist accommodation, the use it sees today.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hancock County, Maine

References

External links
Pilgrim's Inn web site
Penobscot Marine Museum: The Ark

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Houses completed in 1793
Houses in Hancock County, Maine
Hotels in Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Hancock County, Maine
Deer Isle, Maine

Squire Ignatius Haskell House


George J. Zimmermann (1882–1938) was Mayor of the City of Buffalo, New York, serving 1934–1937. He was born in Buffalo on June 19, 1882.  He joined his father's lumber business, eventually becoming a partner.  He married Gertrude Cochrane in 1923.

During the mayoral campaign, Zimmermann travelled to New York City and Washington, D.C. and secured almost $6,000,000 worth of construction to be financed with federal funds for the Fillmore-Lovejoy sewer project and Kensington High School.  He was elected mayor on November 8, 1933, as the Democratic candidate. On April 18, 1936, formal charges were filed against Zimmermann to Governor Herbert H. Lehman charging 20 alleged counts of official misconduct. Included were Zimmermann's part in the sewage disposal project and the reported "deal" with former Mayor Schwab.  A grand jury indicted him. On May 1, 1936 he was arraigned, and returned to work the following day.

After his term he returned to private life. He was once again indicted on March 14, 1938, by a grand jury related to his alleged activity regarding Buffalo 's $15,000,000 sewer project.  A New York Supreme Court jury returned guilty verdicts on six of the nine counts charged against him.  While awaiting the decision from his appeal, he died on September 14, 1938, and was buried in Mt. Calvary Cemetery in Cheektowaga, New York.

References

1882 births
1938 deaths
Mayors of Buffalo, New York
20th-century American politicians

George J. Zimmermann


Bárbara Allende Gil de Biedma (29 June 1957 – 24 May 2022), also known as  Ouka Leele, was a Spanish photographer. Her uncle Jaime Gil de Biedma was a famous poet. She was one of the most important photographers during La Movida Madrileña. She also worked as an illustrator and written many poetry books. She was a member of the Agence VU. Leele was born in Madrid, Spain.

Leele died on 24 May 2022 in Madrid at the age of 64.

References

1957 births
2022 deaths
Spanish photographers
People from Madrid

Ouka Leele


Lech Kaczyński, the fourth President of the Republic of Poland, died on 10 April 2010. He died in a plane crash outside of Smolensk, Russia. The plane was a Tu-154 belonging to the Polish Air Force. The crash killed all 96 on board. His wife, Maria Kaczyńska, was also among those killed.

The speaker of parliament, Bronisław Komorowski, soon became Acting President by law.

After the death of Kaczyński was announced, Komorowski declared a week of mourning. It went from 11 to 18 April. A state funeral for Lech and Maria was held on the last day. Several countries observed a day of national mourning on the day of the funeral. Afterwards, the couple were buried together in a crypt in the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków.

President of the United States Barack Obama cancelled his plans. He made a public statement. He spoke of his sadness and blamed the volcanic ash that was disrupting air travel over Europe at the time.

References

2010 in Europe
21st century in Poland
Kaczyński

Death and funeral of Lech Kaczyński and Maria Kaczyńska


Granville George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville,  (11 May 181531 March 1891), styled Lord Leveson until 1846, was a British Liberal statesman and diplomat from the Leveson-Gower family. He is best remembered for his service as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.

His foreign policy kept Britain free from European wars and improved relations with the United States after the strain during the American Civil War.

Background and education
Leveson-Gower was born in London, the eldest son of Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Granville and Lady Harriet Cavendish, daughter of Lady Georgiana Spencer and William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire. His father was a younger son of Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford and his third wife; an elder son with his second wife (a daughter of the 1st Duke of Bridgwater) became the 2nd Marquess of Stafford, and his marriage with the daughter and heiress of the 18th Earl of Sutherland (Countess of Sutherland in her own right) led to the merging of the Gower and Stafford titles in that of the Dukes of Sutherland (created 1833), who represent the elder branch of the family. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford.

Political career
Leveson-Gower went to Paris for a short time under his father, and in 1836 was elected to Parliament as Whig MP for Morpeth. For a short time (1840-1) he was Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in Lord Melbourne's ministry. From 1841 until his father's death in 1846, when he succeeded to the title, he sat for Lichfield.

In the House of Lords he distinguished himself as a Free Trader, and when Lord John Russell formed a government in 1846 he made him Master of the Buckhounds. He became Vice-President of the Board of Trade in 1848, and took a prominent part in promoting the Great Exhibition of 1851. Having already been admitted to the Cabinet, for about two months at the end of 1851 and the start of 1852 he succeeded Palmerston as Foreign Secretary until Russell's defeat in 1852.

When Lord Aberdeen formed his coalition government at the end of 1852, Granville became first Lord President of the Council, and then Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (1854). Under Lord Palmerston (1855) he was again President of the Council. His interest in education (a subject associated with this office) led to his election (1856) as chancellor of the University of London, a post he held for thirty-five years; and he was a prominent champion of the movement for the admission of women, and also of the teaching of modern languages.

From 1855 Lord Granville led the Liberals in the Upper House, both in office and, after Palmerston's resignation in 1858, in opposition. In 1856 he was head of the British mission to Tsar Alexander II of Russia's coronation in Moscow. In June 1859 Queen Victoria asked him to form a ministry, but he was unable to do so, and Palmerston again became Prime Minister, with Russell as Foreign Secretary and Granville once again as President of the Council.

He retained his office when, on Palmerston's death in 1865, Lord Russell (now a peer) became Prime Minister and took over the leadership in the House of Lords. Granville, now an established Liberal leader, was made Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports.

He received an honorary degree from Cambridge University in 1864.

Military career
He served in the part-time Staffordshire Yeomanry, being commissioned as a major on 12 December 1848 and being promoted to lieutenant-colonel on 3 July 1854. He continued in the regiment until the early 1860s. As Lord Warden, he was appointed honorary colonel of the 1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers on 23 April 1866.

Industrial career
Lord Granville owned coal and ironstone mines at Stoke-on-Trent and was the principal shareholder of the Shelton Iron & Steel Co In 1873 the company operated 8 blast furnaces and 97 puddling furnaces. He also held shares in the Lilleshall Company.

Foreign policy

During the American Civil War, Granville was non-interventionist along with the majority of Palmerston's cabinet. His memorandum against intervention in September 1862 drew Prime Minister Palmerston's attention. The document proved to be a strong reason for Palmerston's refusal to intervene and for Britain's relations with the North to remain basically stable for the rest of the conflict despite tensions. From 1866 to 1868, he was in opposition, but in December 1868 he became Colonial Secretary in Gladstone's first ministry. His tact was invaluable to the government in carrying the Irish Church and Land Bills through the House of Lords. On 27 June 1870, on Lord Clarendon's death, he became foreign secretary. With war clouds gathering in Europe, Granville worked to authorise preliminary talks to settle American disputes and in appointing the British High Commission to sail to the United States and negotiate the most comprehensive treaty of the nineteenth century in Anglo-American relations with an American commission in Washington.

Lord Granville's name is mainly associated with his career as foreign secretary (1870–1874 and 1880–1885). His Gladstonian foreign policy based on patience, peace, and no alliances kept Britain free from European wars. It brought better relations with the United States, and it was innovative in supporting Gladstone's wish to settle British-American fisheries and Civil War disputes over the Confederate cruisers built in Britain, like the Alabama, through international arbitration in 1872. For example, the long-standing San Juan Island Water Boundary Dispute in Puget Sound, which had been left ambiguous in the Oregon Treaty of 1846 to salve relations and get a treaty sorting out the primary differences, was arbitrated by the German Emperor also in 1872. In putting British-American relations up to the world as a model for how to resolve disputes peacefully, Granville helped create a breakthrough in international relations.

The Franco-Prussian War of 1870 broke out within a few days of Lord Granville's quoting in the House of Lords (11 July 1870) the opinion of the permanent under-secretary (Edmund Hammond) that "he had never known so great a lull in foreign affairs."  Russia took advantage of the situation to denounce the Black Sea clauses of the Treaty of Paris, and Lord Granville's protest was ineffectual. In 1871 an intermediate zone between Asiatic Russia and Afghanistan was agreed on between him and Shuvalov; but in 1873 Russia took possession of the Khanate of Khiva, within the neutral zone, and Lord Granville had to accept the aggression (See also: The Great Game).

When the Conservatives came into power in 1874, his part for the next six years was to criticise Disraeli's "spirited" foreign policy, and to defend his own more pliant methods. He returned to the foreign office in 1880, only to find an anti-British spirit developing in German policy which the temporising methods of the Liberal leaders were generally powerless to deal with.

Lord Granville failed to realise in time the importance of the Angra Pequena question in 1883–1884, and he was forced, somewhat ignominiously, to yield to Bismarck over it. Finally, when Gladstone took up Home Rule for Ireland, Lord Granville, whose mind was similarly receptive to new ideas, adhered to his chief (1886), and gave way to Lord Rosebery when the latter was preferred to the foreign office; the Liberals had now realised that they had lost ground in the country by Lord Granville's occupancy of the post. He went into Colonial Office service for six months, and in July 1886 retired from public life.

Family
Lord Granville married Lady Acton (Marie Louise Pelline de Dalberg), daughter of the Duke of Dalberg, Emmerich Joseph de Dalberg (a famous diplomat), widow of Sir Ferdinand Dalberg-Acton, Bt and mother of the historian Lord Acton, in 1840. She died in 1860.

He was engaged in 1864 to an envoy and former spy from the Confederate States of America, Rose O'Neal Greenhow; but shortly thereafter, in returning to the Confederacy, she drowned off Wilmington, North Carolina, when her rowboat overturned as she was escaping a US blockade ship.

He married, as his second wife, Castilia Rosalind Campbell (or Castalia), daughter of Walter Frederick Campbell, on 26 September 1865; their children were:

Lady Victoria Alberta Leveson-Gower (14 April 186711 February 1953), married Harold Russell (son of Lord Arthur John Edward Russell) on 8 September 1896. They had three children:
Elizabeth Frances Russell (6 July 18991986)
Rachel Georgiana Russell (28 January 19031 December 1995)
Anthony Arthur Russell (2 October 19047 April 1978)
Lady Sophia Castelia Mary Leveson-Gower (25 February 187022 March 1934), married Hugh Morrison on 16 August 1892. They had two children:
John Granville Morrison, 1st Baron Margadale (16 December 190626 May 1996), married The Honorable Margaret Smith on 16 October 1928. They had four children.
Marjorie Morrison (15 December 19101992), married Lt.-Col. Scrope Egerton on 16 January 1933. They had one daughter:
Susan Alexandra Egerton (born 1936)
Granville Leveson-Gower, 3rd Earl Granville (4 March 187221 July 1939), married Nina Baring (granddaughter of Francis Baring, 1st Baronet on 27 September 1900.
Lady Susan Katherine Leveson-Gower (21 August 18767 May 1878)
Vice-Admiral William Spencer Leveson-Gower, 4th Earl Granville (11 July 188025 June 1953), married Lady Rose Bowes-Lyon on 24 May 1916. They had two children.

Death
Granville died in London on 31 March 1891 and was succeeded in his peerages by his elder son, who became the 3rd Earl. He was buried in the family vault in the churchyard of St Michael and St Wulfad, Stone, Staffordshire.

Legacy

Granville was the name of the present Canadian city of Vancouver from 1870 until its incorporation in 1886.  Granville Street is a major north–south thoroughfare in the city.
 Granville house at Epsom College was named in his honour.
Granville is also the name of a suburb and train station in Sydney. It was named in 1880.
Granville Road, Granville Square and Granville Circuit in Hong Kong are named after him.
 The Granville Hotel, Ramsgate, (designed by Edward Welby Pugin) was named after him

See also
 Timeline of British diplomatic history

References

Bibliography
 Cecil, Algernon. British Foreign Secretaries 1807-1916 (1927) pp 255–273. online
 Chamberlain, Muriel E. "Gower, Granville George Leveson-, second Earl Granville (1815–1891)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 accessed 20 Feb 2012
 Petty-Fitzmaurice, Edmond George. The life of Granville George Leveson Gower: second earl Granville (2 vol 1905) full text online

 The Gladstone-Granville Correspondence ed. by Agatha Ramm, (2 vol, 1952, 1962)
 Temperley, Harold and L.M. Penson, eds. Foundations of British Foreign Policy: From Pitt (1792) to Salisbury (1902) (1938), primary sources online
 Capt P.C.G. Webster, The Records of the Queen's Own Royal Regiment of Staffordshire Yeomanry, Lichfield: Lomax, 1870.

Attribution:

External links

1815 births
1891 deaths
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
British Secretaries of State
British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs
Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster
Chancellors of the University of London
Earls Granville
English ironmasters
Fellows of the Royal Society
Staffordshire Yeomanry officers
Knights of the Garter
Leaders of the House of Lords
Leaders of the Liberal Party (UK)
Leveson-Gower family
Lord Presidents of the Council
Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports
Masters of the Buckhounds
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Military personnel from London
Non-interventionism
People educated at Eton College
Secretaries of State for the Colonies
UK MPs 1837–1841
UK MPs 1841–1847
UK MPs who inherited peerages
Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies
19th-century English businesspeople

Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville


Yelena Viktorovna Davydova (; born 7 August 1961) is a Russian-Canadian gymnastics coach and judge who competed for the former Soviet Union. She was the women's artistic individual all-around champion at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. She's the owner and head coach at Gemini Gymnastics, a gymnastics club in Oshawa, Ontario. In July 2012, Davydova was one of the coaches of the Canadian Women's Artistic Gymnastics Team. In 2016 Davydova was head floor judge at the 2016 Rio Olympics.

In October 2016, she was elected a member of the International Gymnastics Federation's Women Technical Committee.

Early life
Davydova was born in Voronezh, 500 kilometres south of Moscow, to Victor, a mechanic, and Tamara, an employee at the Leningrad Optical and Mechanical Works. She became interested in gymnastics at age six after seeing on television the famous Soviet Olympic gold medallists Larisa Petrik and Natalia Kuchinskaya. She wanted to be enrolled in Spartak Gymnastics school, but was turned away for having the wrong physique.

Soon a coach at the school, Gennadiy Korshunov, noticed her. He invited her into the school. He asked his wife, Ina, also a gymnastics coach at the school, to train Davydova in her group. Yuri Shtukman, the administrator at the school, did not like this initiative by his new training staff and reprimanded the Korshunovs; however he allowed Davydova to stay in the school. It soon became apparent that she was a talented gymnast and Gennadiy took over her coaching himself. By 1972 Davydova was the best in her age group at the school.

Davydova has a brother, Yuri, who is 12 years her junior.

Gymnastics career

In 1973 Davydova won her first international tournament. In 1974 she became a member of the USSR junior squad. At the 1975 USSR Junior Championships Davydova finished 3rd AA and won golds on vault and bars. Following her success here she became a member of the senior squad. In March 1976 Davydova achieved second place all-around at the USSR championships, in her first try as a senior. She also won the gold on bars and a silver on floor. At the inaugural American Cup, Davydova performed a side somersault on the beam, the first woman ever to do so. However, she only received third place AA. At the USSR Cup Davydova tied for sixth place AA – and won bronze on vault, only 0.025 behind world vault champion Olga Korbut – but only the top five and one gymnast in ninth place were chosen for the Soviet Olympic team.

In August Davydova won the Antibes tournament in France. In addition, she won gold on the vault, and silvers on beam, bars, and floor. At the Riga International she scored the highest per-routine score in the competition (9.75 on vault), and won silver in the AA competition. She dominated event finals, winning three gold (beam, vault, bars) and a bronze on floor. In October, she was made a member of the USSR gymnastics display team, which visited the UK. She subsequently performed her beam routine on the Blue Peter show.

In December 1976, Davydova finished third AA at the Chunichi Cup in Japan, and won a gold on vault and a bronze on floor at the Tokyo Cup. She was the only woman in the competition to perform a front somersault vault. She also tied for first AA with Kische and Kraker of East Germany. In 1977 Davydova again won the gold medal on bars at the USSR Cup, scoring a perfect 10.

In September 1977 Davydova appeared on the front cover of a new magazine with an emphasis on young gymnasts, entitled Gymnastics World. She was one of the four "Mighty Mites" featured in that issue. She was also a member of the USSR Display Team, along with Kim, Korbut, Grosdova, Filatova and Gorbik that performed in Great Britain.

Davydova suffered a serious injury when a bone detached itself from her knee. The injury could have been a career-ender, but she recovered.

In 1978 Gennady Korshunov and his wife were invited to coach gymnastics in Leningrad. Davydova and her family moved along with the Korshunov family. She achieved a silver AA at the Spartakiade of Russian Federation Sports Schools meet, and bronze AA at the USSR Cup, being the top scorer on both beam and bars. Shortly after, Davydova won the AA title at the prestigious Chunichi Cup in Japan defeating Maxi Gnauck. Her win by 0.55 points remains the joint third-highest margin of victory in the competition's 34-year history. She also won gold on the bars and vault at the Tokyo Cup. As a result, she was chosen to be a member of the USSR team at the World Championships at Strasbourg in France. However, on the day of competition she was named as an alternate, and unable to compete.

At the 1979 Coca-Cola International in England, Davydova won a gold on floor and but lost gold on bars, after her coach blocked the line of vision of one of the judges, and she suffered the mandatory 0.3 deduction. She finished second AA at the Simo Sappien memorial tournament in Finland. Davydova was unable to attend the 1979 World Championships in Fort Worth, U.S., because of influenza. At the World University Games in Mexico she won team gold, bronze AA, and a silver medal on floor and bronze on vault.

In 1979 Olga Korbut named Davydova, Stella Zakharova, and Natalia Shaposhnikova as the three most promising young gymnasts.

1980 Olympic Games
At the 1980 Moscow News Tournament Davydova performed a full-on, full off vault. that had had only ever been done before by Olga Korbut. Davydova won a gold and 3 silver at the Moscow News Tournament. At the 1980 USSR Championships in April in Kiev Davydova won gold on vault- unveiling her unique vault full twist on, front somi off, scoring a 10 – and finished 3rd AA.

The Soviet Olympic gymnastics team was to be chosen after the USSR Cup competition. Davydova had finished joint 6th at the 1976 USSR Cup but that turned out to be insufficient to be placed on the team. Davydova won the all-around and scored a 10 on floor. Davydova subsequently was named to the Olympic team.

At the Olympics Davydova qualified for the all-around, vault and beam finals. The Soviet team won team gold and Davydova went on to win the all-around gold medal, and silver on the balance beam.

Post-Olympics
On 3 July 1981 in Montreux, the 100th anniversary celebration of the International Gymnastics Federation took place. Davydova was invited to perform her floor exercise. In August Davydova won the tournament in Giresum, Turkey. She won the AA title and was top scorer on vault, bars, floor and joint top scorer on beam. She scored 10's on bars and floor.

At the 1981 USSR Championships, Davydova won the All-Around title plus golds on floor and vault and bronze on bars. She also participated in the 1981 World Championships, her last major international event. The USSR won team gold. Davydova suffered a serious neck injury in pre-competition warm up but still finished 3rd all-around with a fall and was the only gymnast from any nation to make all 4 event finals. She won silver on floor and bronze on bars.

Davydova remained on the Soviet display team until 1984 but retired from competitive gymnastics in late 1982. She was competing on vault at the Rome gymnastics Grand Prix in 82 when she injured her ankle. She didn't want to finish Elite competition gymnastics and talked of defending her Olympic title in L.A. but it became obvious as time went on that her body could no longer stand the pounding of intense workouts.

After retirement
Davydova attended the Leningrad University of Physical education and later received her doctorate in Pedagogical science at the P.F. Lesgraft State Institute of Athletic Education. The title of her thesis was "Nontraditional preparation of top gymnasts for competitions."

Davydova was part of the Saint Petersburg delegation that had bidden unsuccessfully to host the 2004 Olympic Games.

On 11 May 2007 Davydova was inducted into the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame (IGHOF).

Coaching career
Upon graduation in 1987, Davydova began coaching and served as an international Brevet judge. She began her coaching career with the Leningrad Olympic reserve college and was a coach with the Soviet national gymnastics team.

Davydova now owns Gemini Gymnastics, a high performance gymnastics club in Oshawa, Ontario where she has been a coach since immigrating to Canada, and Head Coach since 1999. Some of her better known gymnasts include Stephanie Capucitti, Sarah Deegan, Danielle Hicks, Katherine Fairhurst, Kristina Vaculik, Brittnee Habbib, Kelsey Hope and Ava Stewart. She was beam coach for the Canadian women's team at the 1995 World Championships and one of the Canadian women's team coaches at the 2002 Commonwealth Games. Davydova was twice named Gymnastics Canada Gymnastique coach of the year.
In October 2005 Davydova was chosen for the Coaching Association of Canada's Women in Coaching National Team Coaching Apprenticeship Program.

In 2005, 2006 and 2010 Gymnastics Canada Gymnastique awarded Davydova and long-time associate coach, Valery Yahchybekov, as the "Junior High Performance Coaches of the Year". Gemini Gymnastics has been recognised by GCG as Club of Excellence for 10 consecutive years since the inception of the awards in 2001. In 2006 Gemini received the prestigious Gymnastics Canada Ed Broughan award for "Club of the Year". As of 2012 Gemini have produced 15 Canadian AA champions,8 Elite Canada AA champions, 21 Eastern Canada AA champions, 98 Ontario provincial AA champions plus gymnasts who have won a host of other medals and awards. In 2012 Gemini was awarded a Club of Excellence award, 1 of only 4 recognised across Canada, and 1 of 2 to earn the highest gold level honour. In April 2012 Davydova was named Ontario's Coach of the Year.

In 2012, Kristina Vaculik, who was coached by Elena and Valery Yahchybekov at Gemini Gymnastics, was named to the Canadian Olympic team for the London 2012 Summer Olympic Games.

Davydova coached Canadian gymnast Ava Stewart at the 2020 Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo.

Gymnastics Judge
Davydova became a gymnastics judge in 2005 and is the only Olympic all-around champion to do so.

In August, 2016, Davydova represented Canada as a judge at the 2016 Rio Olympics in Women's Artistic Gymnastics. She was named as head judge for the women's floor events at the Olympics.

Legacy
Davydova advanced the difficulty of gymnastics, and is one of a select few to have introduced a new move and/or trend on each piece of apparatus. Davydova was the first female gymnast to perform an Arabian 1¾ somersault, and a piked Arabian 1¾ somersault on floor (both Arabian 1¾ moves removed from the code of points for female gymnasts by the FIG in 1993 for safety reasons, effectively banned because of their danger and difficulty.

Eponymous skills
Vault: Full Twisting Handspring forward onto table – tucked salto forward

Uneven Bars: Swing forward counter-straddle reverse hecht over high bar to regrasp (D); almost universally referred to as a Tkatchev which is the name of the skill in Men's Artistic Gymnastics

Competitive History

Personal life
Davydova married boxing coach Pavel Filatov on 1 June 1983. They have two sons, Dmitrii (born 21 February 1985) and Anton (28 June 1995). The family moved to Canada in 1991.

References

On-line sources
 https://web.archive.org/web/20060402212327/http://geminigymnastics.com/
 http://www.ighof.com
 http://www.geocities.com/tatiana_lysenko/list.html http://www.geocities.com/tatiana_lysenko/list.html

Off-line sources
 International Gymnast Magazine
 February 1977, pp. 28–30
 July 1980, p. 30
 August 1980, p. 26
 September 1980, pp. 6, 15, 29.
 October 1980, pp. 11, 21
 November 1980, pp. 30–31
 December 1980, pp. 48–50, 62, 70.
 March 1981, p. 6
 August 1981, pp. 42–43
 January 1982, p. 28
 March 1982, p. 75
 January 1998, p. 49
 July/August 2007, p. 36
 July/August 2010, pp. 19, 29.
 British Gymnast magazine
 September 1980, pp. 7, 11, 13–15, 21–24, 26, 31
 April 1981, pp. 11, 21–24
 September 1981, p. 29
 November 1981, p. 25
 FIG World Gymnastics magazine
 Vol 2, num 3
 Vol 3, num 1
 Vol 4, num 1.
 March 2008, pp. 8–9.
 FIG Bulletin May 1983.
 Daily Mirror Official Programme USSR Display Team 1977 and 1980.
 Soviet Gymnastic Stars, Vladimir Golubev,1979, pp. 163, 207.
 638 Olympic Champions, Valeri Steinbach,1984, pp. 217, 218.
 Wonderful moment of victory, 1983, pp. 8–14.
 Artistic Gymnastics: A history of development, Anton Gadjos,1997, pp. 264, 265.
 Winning Women : The Changing Face of Women in Sport, p. 96, Tony Duffy and Paul Wade, .
 The Golden Decade : women's gymnastics in the 1980s – volume 1 – 1980–1984, Karen Inskip-Hayward.
 The United States Olympic Book 1980, published by United States Olympic Committee.
 The Book of Olympic Lists 2012 p. 96 David Wallechinsky and Jaime Loucky .
 The Complete Book of the Olympics 2012 Edition p. 784–5 David Wallechinsky and Jaime Loucky .
 The Official History of the Olympic Games and the IOC Athens To London 1894–2012 p. 235 David Miller

External links

1961 births
Living people
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic silver medalists for the Soviet Union
Soviet female artistic gymnasts
Olympic gymnasts for the Soviet Union
Olympic medalists in gymnastics
Gymnasts at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Spartak (sports society) sportspeople
Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
People from Voronezh
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Originators of elements in artistic gymnastics

Yelena Davydova


Couples Retreat is a 2009 American romantic comedy film directed by Peter Billingsley marking his directorial debut, and written by Jon Favreau, Vince Vaughn, and Dana Fox. Vaughn and Favreau star with Jason Bateman, Faizon Love, Kristin Davis, Malin Åkerman, Kristen Bell, and Jean Reno. It was released on October 9, 2009, in the United States. The film was shot mostly on the French Polynesian island of Bora Bora.

Plot
Dave, a dealer for Guitar Hero, and Ronnie, a stay-at-home mom, are a typical couple raising two young children in the suburbs of Chicago. They experience various stresses including redecorating their house and raising their kids. Joey and Lucy are high school sweethearts with a smart but naive teenage daughter named Lacey. Their relationship is on the rocks and they are even considering a divorce once Lacey goes off to college. Jason and Cynthia are a neurotic couple who've experienced multiple failed attempts to conceive, and Shane, recently separated (but not legally and officially divorced), has a much younger girlfriend, Trudy.

At Dave's son's birthday party, Jason and Cynthia, using a PowerPoint presentation, announce their troubled marriage and are considering divorce as they cannot have a baby. As a last-ditch effort, they have found a couples therapy resort named Eden. A deal called the Pelican Package is half the normal cost if they can get three other couples to join them. In their presentation, they show photos of sunlit beaches and beautiful locations. They assure the others that the couples therapy is purely optional.

Dave and Ronnie insist they can't go because of their children, declining the trip. In the middle of the night, Jason sets off their alarm to try to sell the idea of the retreat. The commotion wakes the kids, who overheard their parents' conversations of not being able to go because of them. Fearing their parents are contemplating divorce, the kids have already arranged for Dave's father, Grandpa Jim-Jim to babysit so their parents can go to Eden.

The retreat proves to be divided into Eden West and Eden East. West is for couples and uses the tagline "Stay Together". East is for singles and uses the tagline "Come Together". East and West attendees are not allowed to intermingle.

Upon arrival at Eden West, the four couples are shown their villas. At dinner, resort host Sctanley informs them 6 a.m. couples therapy, is mandatory. If any couple fails to attend, it will be taken as an indication that they want to leave, and a refund for Eden will be given, although not for their airfare. The group debates what to do. After an indulgent dinner with many delicacies, they decide to put up with "a couple of hours" of therapy in order to enjoy the other amenities of the resort.

In the morning, each couple meets with an assigned therapist. All four couples are told they have problems, even Ronnie and Dave, who thought they were fine. They endure resort owner Marcel's unusual methods, including swimming with and feeding lemon sharks and yoga sessions with amorous instructor Salvadore.

On the fourth night, Trudy escapes to Eden East. The other seven, encouraged by Joey, leave to find her. After Cynthia and Jason argue, the men and women split up. As they try to find their way to the resort, the men end up arguing and pointing out the problems with each other's marriages.

The women run into Salvadore who takes them to Eden East. The men find the staff lounge where they find Sctanley playing Guitar Hero. He threatens to report them to Marcel, but Dave challenges him to the game (without telling Sctanley that he has helped produce the game). Sctanley, after losing the wager, directs them to Eden East, even though he knows he was tricked by Dave.

When they arrive, Dave realizes what a good thing he has with Ronnie. He goes with her to be alone at a waterfall. Joey finds Lucy with Salvadore and knocks him out, reuniting with her. Cynthia and Jason share drinks and end up becoming intimate. Shane runs into his ex-wife, who admits she still loves him. Shane tells Trudy to remain in Eden East and enjoy being single, then leaves with his ex-wife. All four couples return to Eden West.

Cast
 Vince Vaughn and Malin Åkerman as Dave and Ronnie, a typical suburban couple with two children. Their marriage seems fine, but both realize that Dave tends to undermine Ronnie by crossing emotional boundaries and blocking her needs due to his exhausting work. At the conclusion of their therapy, Marcel grants them the ass as their animal spirit because they are both stubborn, and they bear the burden of not only their troubles but also those of others.
 Jon Favreau and Kristin Davis as Joey and Lucy Tanzini, high school sweethearts that have fallen apart due to their belief that they "missed out" on living after high school, having been married and becoming parents immediately after and are contemplating getting a divorce as soon as their daughter goes off to college. They have a daughter named Lacey who is a smart but somewhat rebellious teen. After reuniting in therapy, Marcel gives them a wolf spirit token as they are pack animals but their hearts always lie with their destined mate.
 Jason Bateman and Kristen Bell as Jason and Cynthia Smith, a troubled couple whose idea it was to go to Eden with their friends. Their issues stem from a lack of communication complicated with Jason's more controlling methods and their trouble with conceiving a baby. They are a very organized couple and are the most interested in repairing their relationship. Marcel grants them a rabbit token after they reunite, due to their innate ability to overcome any obstacles that stand in their way.
 Faizon Love and Kali Hawk as Shane and Trudy, a completely polar opposite couple. Trudy and Shane soon tire of each other due to their differences in age and interests. Trudy goes off to the local single scene, and while attempting to find her and bring her back, Shane and his wife Jennifer reconcile instead. They are given the token of the honeybee to symbolize that while they may visit other flowers from time to time, nothing is as sweet as returning to their hive.
 Jean Reno as Marcel, the lead therapist, founder and operator of the resort
 Peter Serafinowicz as Sctanley (pronounced Stanley, with a silent "c"), the English manager of the resort who oversees the couples' stay and was the original scoring champion of Guitar Hero on the island. (Vaughn's DVD commentary explains the silent "c" as simple fun)
 Tasha Smith as Jennifer, ex-wife of Shane
 Jonna Walsh as Lacey Tanzini
 Ken Jeong as Wardo, the therapist of Jason and Cynthia
 Amy Hill as Jean,  the therapist of Shane and Trudy
 John Michael Higgins as Robert John,  the therapist of Dave and Ronnie
 Carlos Ponce as Salvadore, the yoga instructor
 Temuera Morrison as Briggs, the native assistant to Marcel - his name is misspelt as Temeura in the opening credits
 Karen David as Spa Attendant

Vince Vaughn's real-life father, Vernon Vaughn, plays his on-screen father.

Production

Filming locations
The primary location for filming was at the St. Regis Bora Bora Resort, Bora Bora in French Polynesia. Other filming locations included Universal Studios in Los Angeles and O'Hare International Airport.

Marketing
Universal Pictures was criticized for removing actors Faizon Love and Kali Hawk from the international posters for the film, showing only six rather than the eight cast members used for the U.S. promotional materials. The studio said it regretted causing offense and has abandoned plans to use the revised poster in other countries. In 2020, Faizon Love filed a lawsuit accusing Universal of race discrimination and whitewashing for continued use of the offending poster.

Universal Pictures partnered with various groups for financial support to help market the film. Sponsors include the Tourism Board of Tahiti where the film was made, the manufacturers of Bud Light and Captain Morgan's Rum, Bloomingdale's department store, and Crunch Gyms. The video game Guitar Hero is also prominently featured in the film.

Reception

Box office
The film was a box office success, ranking first for its opening weekend grossing $34,286,740 and becoming Vince Vaughn's highest box office success since 2006's The Break-Up. The film grossed $109.2 million domestically and $58.8 million in other markets for a worldwide total of $171 million.

Critical reviews
Couples Retreat was negatively received by critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 10% based on 164 reviews with an average rating of 3.80/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Despite a talented cast and some reliably pleasant interplay between Jon Favreau and Vince Vaughn, Couples Retreat leaves viewers stranded in an arid, mirthless comedy." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 23 out of 100 based on reviews from 27 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert gave the film 2 out of 4 stars. He criticized the formulaic story and lack of character specifics, but said, "Vaughn's well-timed and smart dialogue" is one of the better parts of the film.
James Berardinelli wrote: "Despite being mediocre and largely forgettable, Couples Retreat is not unpleasant, although it's easier to recommend it for home viewing than for a trip to a theater." Dennis Harvey of Variety wrote: "Film has some bright ideas and an appealing cast that only fly so high due to pedestrian execution." Claudia Puig of USA Today described it as "Tedious, unromantic, sophomoric and only sporadically funny."

Lawsuit
Irina Krupnik, a former model, filed a $10 million misappropriation-of-likeness invasion-of-privacy lawsuit, naming several defendants including the producers of Couples Retreat arising from a purported masturbation scene in which actor Jon Favreau uses a photo of her. Manhattan Supreme Court Judge O. Peter Sherwood ruled against Krupnik, and she received nothing.

Music
The soundtrack for Couples Retreat was released on October 6, 2009 by Relativity Music Group and featured many of the songs used in the film.

References

External links

 Video Interview With Vaughn, Favreau, Bell and Reno at AMCtv.com

2009 romantic comedy films
2009 films
2000s sex comedy films
American romantic comedy films
American sex comedy films
2009 directorial debut films
Films scored by A. R. Rahman
Films about couples
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about marriage
Films about vacationing
Films directed by Peter Billingsley
Films produced by Scott Stuber
Films with screenplays by Jon Favreau
Films set on beaches
Films shot in Bora Bora
Films shot in French Polynesia
Relativity Media films
Universal Pictures films
Works subject to a lawsuit
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Couples Retreat


A coatdress or coat dress is a woman's dress that resembles an overcoat, usually with collar, lapels and front fastenings similar to a coat, and made in spring- or autumn-weight fabrics.  The modern coatdress first emerged in the 1910s, with a 1915 article in Vogue assuring readers that the new garment could be worn over waistcoats or underdresses. The basic coatdress was a wardrobe staple for most decades, but became particularly popular in the 1960s. In the 1980s and 1990s, Diana, Princess of Wales, was a particularly high-profile wearer of coatdresses, many designed by Catherine Walker. The coatdress is often recommended for those wishing to project a professional look, whether in the office, or in the courtroom.

See also
 Pelisse
 Redingote

References

Dresses
20th-century fashion
21st-century fashion

Coatdress


Steffi Lemke (born 19 January 1968) is a German politician of Alliance 90/The Greens who has been serving as Federal Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety, and Consumer Protection in Chancellor Olaf Scholz's  cabinet since 2021.

Lemke has been a member of the Bundestag from the state of Saxony-Anhalt from 1994 through 2002 and since 2013.

Education and early career
After attending a polytechnic secondary school in Dessau, Lemke initially trained as a zoo technician from 1984 to 1986. Afterwards she worked as a letter carrier from 1986 to 1988. She also attended a secondary school leaving certificate course at the Philanthropinum in Dessau. After graduating from high school in 1988, she studied agricultural science at the Humboldt University of Berlin, graduating in 1993 with a degree in agricultural engineering (specialising in animal production).

Political career
Lemke was one of the co-founders of the Green Party in the GDR in 1989. She first served as a member of the German Bundestag from 1994 to 2002, representing the Dessau-Roßlau and Wittenberg districts. During that time, she was part of the Committee on Food and Agriculture.

From 2002 to 2013 Lemke worked as the Green Party's managing director, under the leadership of co-chairs Angelika Beer (2002–2004), Reinhard Bütikofer (2002–2008), Claudia Roth (2004–2013) and Cem Özdemir (2008–2013). In this capacity, she managed her party's campaigns in three national elections which were all successive. In late 2013, she considered running for the party's leadership but ultimately pulled out from consideration, instead making room for Simone Peter.

Since the 2013 elections, Lemke has been a member of the German Bundestag again, where she served as one of four whips of her parliamentary group under the leadership of the group's co-chairs Katrin Göring-Eckardt and Anton Hofreiter from 2013 until 2021. In this capacity, she was a member of the parliament's Council of Elders, which – among other duties – determines daily legislative agenda items and assigns committee chairpersons based on party representation.

Lemke was also a member of the Committee on the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. She served as her parliamentary group's spokesperson for nature conservation policy. In addition to her committee assignments, she was part of the German Parliamentary Friendship Group for Relations with the States of Central America.

Following the 2016 state elections in Saxony-Anhalt, Lemke was part of her party's delegation in the negotiations on forming Germany's first-ever coalition government between the Christian Democratic Union, the Social Democratic Party and the Green Party. She was briefly considered to join the government subsequently formed under the leadership of Minister-President Reiner Haseloff and become State Minister for the Environment and Agriculture; however, the position instead went to Claudia Dalbert.

Career in government
In the negotiations to form a so-called traffic light coalition of the Social Democrats (SPD), the Green Party and the FDP following the 2021 federal elections, Lemke led her party's delegation in the working group on environmental policy; her co-chairs from the other parties were Rita Schwarzelühr-Sutter (SPD) and Stefan Birkner (FDP). The negotiations led to the successful formation of a government, and Lemke took up the post of Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection in the new cabinet, serving under Chancellor Olaf Scholz.

In 2022, Lemke introduced draft legislation requiring manufacturers of products made with single-use plastic, such as bottles and cups, to pay an annual levy into a fund to help municipalities with the cost of clearing up litter.

In October 2023, Lemke participated in the first joint cabinet retreat of the German and French governments in Hamburg, chaired by Scholz and President Emmanuel Macron.

Other activities
 KfW, Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Supervisory Directors (since 2021)
 International Academy for Nature Conservation (INA), Member of the Advisory Board

Personal life
Lemke is divorced and lives with her current partner in Dessau. She has a son.

References

External links

 Bundestag biography

1968 births
Living people
Members of the Bundestag for Saxony-Anhalt
Female members of the Bundestag
21st-century German women politicians
Government ministers of Germany
Members of the Bundestag 2021–2025
Members of the Bundestag 2017–2021
Members of the Bundestag 2013–2017
Members of the Bundestag 1998–2002
Members of the Bundestag 1994–1998
Members of the Bundestag for Alliance 90/The Greens
20th-century German women
Women government ministers of Germany
Women federal government ministers of Germany

Steffi Lemke


Towcester, the Roman town of Lactodorum, is an affluent market town in south Northamptonshire, England.

The town is about  southwest of Northampton and about  northwest of Milton Keynes, the nearest main towns.

The name comes from the Latin for "Camp on the (river) Tove".

Towcester is famous for its racecourse. Many important national horse racing events are held there. Greyhound racing is also held at the same venue. In 2010 the World Hovercraft Championship was held on the racecourse.

Nearby is the Silverstone motor racing circuit, currently home to the British Grand Prix. In fiction the "Saracen's Head Inn" in Towcester features in Charles Dickens's novel The Pickwick Papers as one of Mr Pickwick's stopping places along what is now the A5 trunk road.

History

Prehistoric and Roman periods
Towcester may be the oldest town in Northamptonshire. There are Iron Age finds in the town, so it is one of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements in the country. There is evidence that it was settled by humans since the Mesolithic era (middle stone age). There is also evidence of Iron Age burials in the area.

In Roman Britain, Watling Street, now the A5 road, was built through the area. A garrison town called Lactodurum was built. Two candidate sites for the Battle of Watling Street, fought in 61 AD, are close to the town.

Saxon period and Medieval age
When the Romans left in the 5th century, the area was settled by Saxons. In the 9th century, Watling Street became the frontier between the kingdom of Wessex and the Danelaw, so Towcester became a frontier town. Edward the Elder fortified Towcester in 917. In the 11th century, the Normans built a motte and bailey castle on the site. Bury Mount are the remains of the fortification and is a scheduled ancient monument. It was renovated in 2008 with an access ramp added and explanatory plaques added.

References

Civil parishes in England
Towns in Northamptonshire

Towcester