In aeronautical and naval engineering, pusher configuration is the term used to describe a drivetrain of air- or watercraft with its propulsion device(s) after its engine(s).  This is in contrast to the more conventional tractor configuration, which places them in front.

Though the term is most commonly applied to aircraft, its most ubiquitous propeller example is a common outboard motor for a small boat.

"Pusher configuration" describes the specific (propeller or ducted fan) thrust device attached to a craft, either aerostat (airship) or aerodyne (aircraft, WIG, paramotor, rotorcraft) or others types such as hovercraft, airboat and propeller-driven snowmobiles.

History

The rubber-powered "Planophore", designed by Alphonse Pénaud in 1871, was an early successful model aircraft with a pusher propeller.

Many early aircraft (especially biplanes) were "pushers", including the Wright Flyer (1903), the Santos-Dumont 14-bis (1906), the Voisin-Farman I (1907) and the Curtiss Model D used by Eugene Ely for the first ship landing on January 18, 1911. Henri Farman's pusher Farman III and its successors were so influential in Britain that pushers in general became known as the "Farman type". Other early pusher configurations were variations on this theme.

The classic "Farman" pusher had the propeller "mounted (just) behind the main lifting surface" with the engine fixed to the lower wing or between the wings, immediately forward of the propeller in a stub fuselage (that also contained the pilot) called a nacelle. The main difficulty with this type of pusher design was attaching the tail (empennage); this needed to be in the same general location as on a tractor aircraft, but its support structure had to avoid the propeller. The earliest examples of pushers relied on a canard but this has serious aerodynamic implications that the early designers were unable to resolve. Typically, mounting the tail was done with a complex wire-braced framework that created a lot of drag. Well before the beginning of the First World War this drag was recognized as just one of the factors that would ensure that a Farman style pusher would have an inferior performance to an otherwise similar tractor type.

The U.S. Army banned pusher aircraft in late 1914 after several pilots died in crashes of aircraft of this type, so from about 1912 onwards the great majority of new U.S. landplane designs were tractor biplanes, with pushers of all types becoming regarded as old fashioned on both sides of the Atlantic. However, new pusher designs continued to be designed right up to the armistice, such as the Vickers Vampire, although few entered service after 1916..

At least up to the end of 1916, however, pushers (such as the Airco DH.2 fighter) were still favoured as gun-carrying aircraft by the British Royal Flying Corps, because a forward-firing gun could be used without being obstructed by the arc of the propeller. With the successful introduction of Fokker's mechanism for synchronising the firing of a machine gun with the blades of a moving propeller, followed quickly by the widespread adoption of synchronisation gears by all the combatants in 1916 and 1917, the tractor configuration became almost universally favoured and pushers were reduced to the tiny minority of new aircraft designs that had a specific reason for using the arrangement. Both the British and French continued to use pusher configured bombers, though there was no clear preference either way until 1917. Such aircraft included (apart from the products of the Farman company itself) the Voisin bombers (3,200 built), the Vickers F.B.5 "Gunbus", and the Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2, however even these would find themselves being shunted into training roles before disappearing entirely. Possibly the last fighter to use the Farman pusher configuration was the 1931 Vickers Type 161 COW gun fighter.

During the long eclipse of the configuration the use of pusher propellers continued in aircraft which derived a small benefit from the installation and could have been built as tractors. Biplane flying boats, had for some time often been fitted with engines located above the fuselage to offer maximum clearance from the water, often driving pusher propellers to avoid spray and the hazards involved by keeping them well clear of the cockpit. The Supermarine Walrus was a late example of this layout.

The so-called push/pull layout, combining the tractor and pusher configurations—that is, with one or more propellers facing forward and one or more others facing back—was another idea that continues to be used from time to time as a means of reducing the asymmetric effects of an outboard engine failure, such as on the Farman F.222, but at the cost of a severely reduced efficiency on the rear propellers, which were often smaller and attached to lower-powered engines as a result.

By the late 1930s the widespread adoption of all-metal stressed skin construction of aircraft meant, at least in theory, that the aerodynamic penalties that had limited the performance of pushers (and indeed any unconventional layout), were reduced; however any improvement that boosts pusher performance also boosts the performance of conventional aircraft and they remained a rarity in operational service—so the gap was narrowed but was not closed entirely.

During World War II, experiments were conducted with pusher fighters by most of the major powers. Difficulties remained, particularly that a pilot having to bail out of a pusher was liable to pass through the propeller arc. This meant that of all the types concerned, only the relatively conventional Swedish SAAB 21 of 1943 went into series production. Other problems related to the aerodynamics of canard layouts, which had been used on most of the pushers, proved more difficult to resolve. One of the world's first ejection seats was (per force) designed for this aircraft, which later re-emerged with a jet engine.

The largest pusher aircraft to fly was the Convair B-36 "Peacemaker" of 1946, which was also the largest bomber ever operated by the United States. It had six  28-cylinder Pratt & Whitney Wasp Major radial engines mounted in the wing, each driving a pusher propeller located behind the trailing edge of the wing, plus four jet engines.

Although the vast majority of propeller-driven aircraft continue to use a tractor configuration, there has been in recent years something of a revival of interest in pusher designs: in light homebuilt aircraft such as Burt Rutan's canard designs since 1975, ultralights such as the Quad City Challenger (1983), flexwings, paramotors, powered parachutes, and autogyros. The configuration is also often used for unmanned aerial vehicles, due to requirements for a forward fuselage free of any engine interference.

The Aero Dynamics Sparrow Hawk was another homebuilt aircraft constructed chiefly in the 1990s.

Configurations

Airships are the oldest type of pusher aircraft, going back to Frenchman Henri Giffard's pioneering airship of 1852.

Pusher aircraft have been built in many different configurations. In the vast majority of fixed-wing aircraft the propeller or propellers are still located just behind the trailing edge of the "main lifting surface", or below the wing (paramotors) with the engine being located behind the crew position.

Conventional aircraft layout have a tail (empennage) for stabilization and control. The propeller may be close to the engine, as the usual direct drive:

 The propeller may be ahead of the tail: inside the framework (Farman III), in line with the fuselage (RFB Fantrainer), between tail booms (Cessna Skymaster), above the fuselage on wing (Quad City Challenger), on nacelle or axial pod (Lake Buccaneer), or coaxially around rear fuselage (Gallaudet D-4).
 The propeller may be located behind the vertical tail, under the horizontal tail (Prescott Pusher).
 Engines and propellers may be located on wings (Piaggio P.180 Avanti) or on lateral pods(Embraer/FMA CBA 123 Vector).

The engine may be buried in a forward remote location, driving the propeller by drive shaft or belt:

 The propeller may be located ahead of the tail, behind the wing (Eipper Quicksilver) or inside the airframe (Rhein Flugzeugbau RW 3 Multoplan).
 The propeller may be located inside the tail, either cruciform or ducted fan (Marvelette).
 The propeller may be located at the rear, behind a conventional tail (Bede BD-5).
 The propeller may be located above the fuselage such as on many small flying boats (Lake Buccaneer)

In canard designs a smaller wing is sited forward of the aircraft's main wing. This class mainly uses a direct drive, either single engine, axial propeller or twin engines with a symmetrical layout or an in line layout (push-pull) as the Rutan Voyager.

In tailless aircraft such as Lippisch Delta 1 and Westland-Hill Pterodactyl type I and IV, horizontal stabilizers at the rear of the aircraft are absent. Flying wings like the Northrop YB-35 are tailless aircraft without distinct fuselage. In these installations, the engines are either mounted in nacelles or the fuselage on tailless aircraft, or buried in the wing on flying wings, driving propellers behind the trailing edge of the wing, often by extension shaft.

Almost without exception flexwing aircraft, paramotors and powered parachutes use a pusher configuration.

Other craft with pusher configurations run on flat surfaces, land, water, snow or ice. Thrust is provided by propellers and ducted fans, located to the rear of the vehicle.

 Hovercraft, lifted by an air cushion, such as the 58 passengers SR.N6.
 Airboat, flat bottomed vessels planing on water.
 Aerosledge, also known as the aerosleigh, propeller-driven sledge, or propeller-driven snowmobile.

In aircraft

Advantages
The drive shaft of a pusher engine is in compression in normal operation, which places less stress on it than being in tension in a tractor configuration.

Practical requirements

Placing the cockpit forward of the wing to balance the weight of the engine(s) aft improves visibility for the crew. In military aircraft, front armament could be used more easily on account of the gun not needing to synchronize itself with the propeller, although the risk that spent casings fly into the props at the back somewhat offset this advantage.

Aircraft where the engine is carried by, or very close to, the pilot (such as paramotors, powered parachutes, autogyros, and flexwing trikes) place the engine behind the pilot to minimise the danger to the pilot's arms and legs. These two factors mean that this configuration was widely used for early combat aircraft, and remains popular today among ultralight aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and radio-controlled airplanes.

Aerodynamics
A pusher may have a shorter fuselage and hence a reduction in both fuselage wetted area and weight.

In contrast to tractor layout, a pusher propeller at the end of the fuselage is stabilizing. A pusher needs less stabilizing vertical tail area and hence presents less weathercock effect; at takeoff roll it is generally less sensitive to crosswind.

When there is no tail within the slipstream, unlike a tractor there is no rotating propwash around the fuselage inducing a side force to the fin. At takeoff, a canard pusher pilot does not have to apply rudder input to balance this moment.

Efficiency can be gained by mounting a propeller behind the fuselage, because it re-energizes the boundary layer developed on the body, and reduces the form drag by keeping the flow attached to the fuselage. However, it is usually a minor gain compared to the airframe's detrimental effect on propeller efficiency.

Wing profile drag may be reduced due to the absence of prop-wash over any section of the wing.

Safety

The engine is mounted behind the crew and passenger compartments, so fuel oil and coolant leak will vent behind the aircraft, and any engine fire will be directed behind the aircraft. Similarly, propeller failure is less likely to directly endanger the crew.

A pusher ducted fan system offers a supplementary safety feature attributed to enclosing the rotating fan in the duct, therefore making it an attractive option for various advanced unmanned air vehicle configurations or for small/personal air vehicles or for aircraft models.

Disadvantages

Structural and weight considerations

A pusher design with an empennage behind the propeller is structurally more complex than a similar tractor type. The increased weight and drag degrades performance compared with a similar tractor type. Modern aerodynamic knowledge and construction methods may reduce but never eliminate the difference.
A remote or buried engine requires a drive shaft and associated bearings and supports, torsional vibration control, and adds weight and complexity.

Center of gravity and landing gear considerations
To maintain a safe center of gravity (CG) position, there is a limit to how far aft an engine can be installed. The forward location of the crew may balance the engine weight and will help determine the CG. As the CG location must be kept within defined limits for safe operation load distribution must be evaluated before each flight.

Due to a generally high thrust line needed for propeller ground clearance, negative (down) pitching moments, and in some cases the absence of prop-wash over the tail, a higher speed and a longer roll may be required for takeoff compared to tractor aircraft. The Rutan answer to this problem is to lower the nose of the aircraft at rest such that the empty center of gravity is then ahead of the main wheels. In autogyros a high thrust line results in a control hazard known as power push-over.

Aerodynamic considerations

Due to the generally high thrust line to ensure ground clearance, a low wing pusher layout may suffer power change induced pitch changes, also known as  pitch/power coupling. Pusher seaplanes with especially high thrust lines and tailwheels may find the vertical tail masked from the airflow, severely reducing control at low speeds, such as when taxiing.
The absence of prop-wash over the wing reduces the lift and increases takeoff roll length.
Pusher engines mounted on the wing may obstruct sections of the wing trailing edge, reducing the total width available for control surfaces such as flaps and ailerons.
When a propeller is mounted in front of the tail, changes in engine power alter the airflow over the tail and can give strong pitch or yaw changes.

Propeller ground clearance and foreign object damage
Due to the pitch rotation at takeoff, the propeller diameter may have to be reduced (with a loss of efficiency) and/or landing gear made longer and heavier. Many pushers have ventral fins or skids beneath the propeller to prevent the propeller from striking the ground at an added cost in drag and weight.
On tailless pushers such as the Rutan Long-EZ the propeller arc is very close to the ground while flying nose-high during takeoff or landing. Objects on the ground kicked up by the wheels can pass through the propeller disc, causing damage or accelerated wear to the blades or, in extreme cases, the blades may strike the ground.

When an airplane flies in icing conditions, ice can accumulate on the wings. If an airplane with wing-mounted pusher engines experiences icing, the props will ingest shedded chunks of ice, endangering the propeller blades and parts of the airframe that can be struck by ice violently redirected by the props. In early pusher combat aircraft, spent ammunition casings caused similar problems, and devices for collecting them had to be devised.

Propeller efficiency and noise
The propeller passes through the fuselage wake, wing and other flight surface downwashes—moving asymmetrically through a disk of irregular airspeed. This reduces propeller efficiency and causes vibration inducing structural propeller fatigue and noise.

Prop efficiency is usually at least 2–5% less and in some cases more than 15% less than an equivalent tractor installation. Fullscale wind tunnel investigation of the canard Rutan VariEze showed a propeller efficiency of 0.75 compared to 0.85 for a tractor configuration, a loss of 12%. Pusher props are noisy, and cabin noise may be higher than tractor equivalent (Cessna XMC vs Cessna 152).
Propeller noise may increase because the engine exhaust flows through the props. This effect may be particularly pronounced when using turboprop engines due to the large volume of exhaust they produce.

Engine cooling and exhaust
Power-plant cooling design is more complex in pusher engines than for the tractor configuration, where the propeller forces air over the engine or radiator. Some aviation engines have experienced cooling problems when used as pushers. To counter this, auxiliary fans may be installed, adding additional weight.
The engine of a pusher exhausts forward of the propeller, and in this case the exhaust may contribute to corrosion or other damage to the propeller. This is usually minimal, and may be mainly visible in the form of soot stains on the blades.

Safety

Propeller

In case of propeller/tail proximity, a blade break can hit the tail or produce destructive vibrations leading to a loss of control.

Crew members risk striking the propeller while attempting to bail out of a single-engined airplane with a pusher prop. At least one early ejector seat was designed specifically to counter this risk. Some modern light aircraft include a parachute system that saves the entire aircraft, thus averting the need to bail out.

Engine
Engine location in the pusher configuration might endanger the aircraft's occupants in a crash or crash-landing in which engine momentum projects through the cabin. For example, with the engine placed directly behind the cabin, during a nose-on impact the engine momentum may carry the engine through the firewall and cabin, and might injure some cabin occupant(s).

Aircraft loading
Spinning propellers are always a hazard on ground working, such as loading or embarking the airplane. Tractor configuration leaves the rear of the plane as relatively safe working area, while a pusher is dangerous to approach from behind, while a spinning propeller may suck in things and people nearby in front of it with fatal results to both the plane and the people sucked in. Even more hazardous are unloading operations, especially mid-air, such as dropping supplies on parachute or skydiving operations, which are next to impossible with a pusher configuration airplane, especially if propellers are mounted on fuselage or sponsons.

See also
 Ducted fan
 List of pusher aircraft by configuration
 List of pusher aircraft by configuration and date

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

External links

Aircraft configurations

Pusher configuration


Archibald Stinchcombe (17 November 1912 – 3 November 1994) was a British ice hockey player from Cudworth near Barnsley, Yorkshire. The right-winger is best known for representing Great Britain at the international level, including at the 1936 and 1948 Winter Olympics. Stinchcombe was somewhat of a novelty among hockey players in that his vision was limited - he could only see out of one eye, and yet was able to enjoy an extremely successful career.

Career

Stinchcombe's first appearance in British hockey was playing for Streatham in 1935. In his rookie season, he was selected as an All-Star. The recognition was enough to earn him a spot on the national team for the 1936 Winter Olympics.

The British team was a prohibitive underdog at the Olympics, with Canada favoured to take gold in ice hockey. However, behind the strong play of goalie Jimmy Foster and several other players with dual Canadian-British citizenship, Great Britain was able to win every game and capture its first (and only) Olympic gold in ice hockey.

After the Second World War, Stinchcombe played with the Wembley Lions and Wembley Monarchs. He was one of the first British hockey players to score over one hundred goals in the post-War period.

Stinchcombe continued to represent Great Britain on the national team until 1948. As captain of the team, Stinchcombe led Great Britain to a respectable fifth-place finish at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz.

Upon his retirement in 1949, Stinchcombe went on to coach the Nottingham Panthers, leading them to English National Championships in 1951 and 1953. He was inducted into the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame in 1951.

References
A to Z Encyclopedia of Hockey

External links

1912 births
1994 deaths
British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
English ice hockey players
English Olympic medallists
Ice hockey players at the 1936 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 1948 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1936 Winter Olympics
Nottingham Panthers coaches
Nottingham Panthers players
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Olympic ice hockey players for Great Britain
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
People from Cudworth, South Yorkshire
Sportspeople from Nottingham
Sportspeople from Yorkshire
Wembley Lions players
Wembley Monarchs players

Archibald Stinchcombe


The Manufacturers' Association of Israel (MAI) (Hebrew: התאחדות התעשיינים בישראל) is the umbrella organization and representative body of all industrial sectors in Israel including the private, public, kibbutz, and government industries. With a membership of over 1,800 organizations responsible for more than 90% of the industrial output, the Manufacturers' Association of Israel is the largest and most influential economic organization in the country. Dr. Ron Tomer has led the organization as President since January 30, 2020. Headquartered in Tel Aviv, the Manufacturers' Association of Israel has three other regional branches. The Northern branch, located in the city of Haifa, serves over 600 different member organizations which are responsible for around one third of all the industrial manpower in Israel. The Jerusalem branch, located in the city of Jerusalem, serves over 130 different member organizations. The Southern branch, located near the city of Be'er Sheva, serves over 350 different member organizations.

Apart from advocacy and lobbying for the local industry and entrepreneurs, the MAI offers consulting services in industrial relations and legislation, foreign trade – starting from involvement in negotiation processes over Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and the practice of international trade regulation, and also at the level of parliamentary legislation as well as the implementation and enforcement of laws.

MAI is a member of international business and employers organizations such as the International Organisation of Employers (IOE), the International Labor Organization (ILO), the Business and Industry Advisory Committee (BIAC) to the OECD, the Enterprise Europe Network (EEN), and the World Economic Forum (WEF). Its local partners are the Israeli Ministry of Economy (formerly known as MOITAL), the Israeli Ministry of Finance, and the Israel Export & International Cooperation Institute. The MAI is also a founding member of BUSINESSMED and a member of the  MENA-OECD Business Advisory Board (BAB).

History

In 1921 the Association of Manufacturers and Employers was founded by a group of Jewish industrialists during the British Mandate for Palestine period. This association broke up after four years and then the Association of Manufacturers in the Land of Israel was founded, which was later renamed Manufacturers Association of Israel. The main objectives of the association were "to help factory owners raise capital, work together as a group in dealing with workers' union, and contend with the authorities in matters related to taxes, levies, import restrictions, etc." However, the primary objective was to "promote the dream of a flourishing Zionist industry" in the creation of the State of Israel. Nowadays, the Manufacturers' Association of Israel's main objectives are to continue developing industry in Israel, protecting and promoting the interest of manufacturers who are members of the MAI, and positioning the MAI as an innovative organization that initiates change, takes the lead on issues affecting the private sector, and influences the economy and society in the State of Israel.

Divisions
 Economics: The Economics Division coordinates the association's major economic activities, and is responsible for formulating the association's macro-economic and micro-economic agenda. On top of that the division provides counseling, research and representation services for MAI Members in related topics.

 Labor: The division is responsible for representing employers in labor relations aspects, with respect to decisions made in the MAI Labor Committee. It conducts collective bargaining over labor legislation and agreements, and advocates for improved local curricula of vocational training. The division employs experts in the fields of labor relations, labor law, human resources, training, productivity, safety and welfare.

 Foreign Trade & International Relations: The Division of Foreign Trade & International Relations supports MAI activity with a focus on economic foreign policy, International cooperation and trade. The division advocates the interests of the local industry in terms of foreign trade policy, while promoting international collaborations and the principles of free trade. The division is in charge of representing industry and business positions in Intergovernmental and International Organizations.

 Finance: The Finance & Administration Division is responsible for the association's financial and reporting systems. It provides professional services to MAI Associations, and ancillary Sub-Associations. The division's operations are directed and supervised by the association's Finance Committee, composed of public officials.

 Communications: The Communications Division coordinates PR and relations with the media, is responsible for the association's publications and provides information to members about in-house activities.

Sub-Associations

 Metal, Electrical & Infrastructure Industries: The 500 Association members include large companies that manufacture and export a variety of products and employ thousands of workers, and also family enterprises that produce solely for the local market.The metal and electrical industries produce approximately 25% of the local industrial production (approximately NIS 70 billion in 2010), export approximately 24% of the industrial export (approximately $10 billion in 2010) and employ approximately 26% of the workforce (approximately 90,000 employees).

 Building Materials & Consumer Goods Industries: The association comprises 13 different industrial branches and about 350 of members of the following: construction materials, rubber and plastic, printing and publishing, stone works (marble), paper and paper products, furniture and wood products, cosmetics, concrete, milling and crops, shoes and tanning, quarry materials and toys.The Construction Division operates under the association, uniting four entities: Nesher Cement Industries, the Association of Quarry Materials Manufacturers, the Association of Imported Concrete Manufacturers and the Association of Concrete Infrastructure Products.

 Israeli Hi-Tech Association: The association consists of about 300 companies in the fields of electronics, telecommunications, semiconductors, medical devices, IT and software. Membership in the association is open to any company dealing with design of electronics and software products with minimum added value of 45%. Members include private and public companies, state-owned enterprises and multinational companies. Maintaining Israel's Competitive Advantage: IAESI strives to maintain the competitive advantage of Israel's electronics and IT sector in the face of increasing competition from India, China and the countries of the former Soviet Union.

Chemical, Pharmaceutical & Environmental Society: Established in 1979, the society consists of 120 enterprises that represent most of the chemical industrial output in Israel. The main objective is to create a supportive business environment for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries operating in Israel.

Food Industries Association: The association is the professional body that represents Israel's food sector, a highly competitive arena. The association has more than 160 enterprises members (of which more than 100 are exporters). The association deals with standardization, local legislation, foreign trade, marketing for the domestic market, exports, business intelligence and individual help to members in ad-hoc cases.

Textile & Fashion Industries Association: Israel has a thriving textile and fashion industry with the "Made in Israel" label. Israeli companies manufacture swimwear, home textiles, underwear, casual and formal apparel, domestic textiles and military/security textiles as well as dyeing products, knitwear, carpets, rugs and raw materials. The association comprises more than 120 companies, of which more than 100 are engaged in exports and overseas sales. Israeli fashion began to earn a worldwide reputation in the 1960s, particularly in swimwear and beachwear. Israel is also known for its leather bags, gloves and shoes.

Kibbutz Industry Association: The Kibbutz Industry Association signed an agreement with the Manufacturers' Association of Israel in 2010 to formally represent, assist, and promote the Kibbutz industry and its members. Founded in 1962, the association is the umbrella organization of more than 250 industrial enterprises on kibbutzim, moshavim, and regional enterprises.

Awards and recognition
In 2008, the Manufacturers Association of Israel was awarded the Israel Prize for lifetime achievement & special contribution to society and the State of Israel.

See also
Economy of Israel
Histadrut
List of Israel Prize recipients

References

External links
Manufacturers Association of Israel

Organizations established in 1921
Economy of Israel
Labour relations in Israel
Israel Prize for lifetime achievement & special contribution to society recipients
Israel Prize recipients that are organizations
Manufacturing trade associations

Manufacturers Association of Israel


Lin Chu-chia or Steve Lin (; born 1956) is a Taiwanese politician. He took junior positions at the Mainland Affairs Council before his 2016 promotion to concurrent posts as National Development Council head and Governor of Fujian Province.

Education
Lin obtained a degree in economics from the University of California, Los Angeles in the United States.

ROC Mainland Affairs Council Deputy Ministry
Lin had been appointed the special deputy minister of the Mainland Affairs Council on 16 August 2012 was sworn in as deputy minister of the Mainland Affairs Council on 29 November 2012.

Cross-strait relations
Speaking at a seminar in Taipei about future of China in November 2012 after the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), Lin said that the initiative for Beijing government to make reform determine the stability and harmony for cross-strait relations. Difference on the two sides should be dealt with mutual tolerance and understanding. Taipei government itself has the responsibility to share its 60-year experience of democratization and economic development with Beijing.

He further added that the MAC would conduct a thorough review on its Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area and establish reciprocal representative office on each other's area to serve the needs of the people. The relations between the two sides is governed under ROC principle of 'one country, two areas' and also the mutual non-recognition of each other's sovereignty and mutual non-denial of each other's governing authority.

Regarding the possibility of CCP general secretary Xi Jinping and Taiwanese president Ma Ying-jeou meeting during the upcoming APEC China 2014, Lin said that the Mainland China government is free to interpret such meeting as their domestic affairs.

Cross-strait service trade
In early July 2013 during a conference at the ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs attended by foreign representatives and ambassadors, Lin said that the Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement signed on 21 June 2013 in Shanghai was made in the interest of the interest of the Taiwanese people and that the MAC will continue the socialization with the Legislative Yuan, the public and Taiwanese doing business in Mainland China to promote the pact's advantages. Lin was accompanied by Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Simon Ko, Straits Exchange Foundation Deputy Secretary-General Ma Shaw-chang and Vice Minister of Economic Affairs Cho Shih-chao.

Speaking at National Chengchi University in end of March 2014 after the Sunflower Student Movement, Lin said that Taiwan has signed closer economic cooperation with New Zealand and Singapore, and plan to do more with India and Indonesia at the end of the year. Only by engaging closer economic cooperation with Mainland China, Taiwan can move forward towards Trans-Pacific Partnership.

References

Political office-holders in the Republic of China on Taiwan
Living people
Tatung University alumni
National Chengchi University alumni
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Politicians of the Republic of China on Taiwan from Taoyuan City
1956 births

Lin Chu-chia


The Bell Telephone Building, located at 920 Olive Street in downtown St. Louis, Missouri, was built in 1889 for the purposes of housing the switchboard and local headquarters of the Bell Telephone Company.  The building served as the main telephone exchange for St. Louis from its construction until 1926, and it is the oldest extant telephone building in St. Louis (and possibly was the first building constructed for the telephone industry in St. Louis).

History and restoration
The earliest St. Louis telephone exchange was located in the National Bank Building at 417 Olive (since demolished) in 1878. By the late 1880s, space for a dedicated telephone exchange facility was needed. Groundbreaking occurred in 1889 after the acceptance of the Boston-based Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge design, and the final construction cost was $154,225. The main switchboard room was at the top of the building (then only six stories). Between 1890 and 1910 telephone use expanded dramatically, and the local St. Louis Bell Company merged with other Bell telephone companies to form Southwestern Bell by 1920. In 1923, Southwestern Bell absorbed the local St. Louis telephone competitor, Kinloch Telephone, adding to pressure on the capacity of the building. These pressures resulted in the construction of the nearby Southwestern Bell Building in St. Louis between 1923 and 1926.

After Southwestern Bell vacated the building, it became used as a retail and warehouse facility for the St. Louis print company S.G. Adams Stationery, which was purchased by Comfort Printing in 1959 (but continued operating under the original name). The building became the flagship store for S.G. Adams during the 1960s through the 1980s. However, S.G. Adams refocused its business model on commercial printing in the early 1990s, closing its retail locations. The Bell Telephone Building became the final retail store of S.G. Adams, and it was closed and vacated in 1994.

Between 1999 and 2004, restoration of the building created residential loft apartments in upper floors, with commercial retail at ground level. One of the early ground level tenants was City Grocers, a specialty market that also dealt in necessities for downtown condo and loft dwellers, which assumed the place of the only grocery store in downtown St. Louis from its opening in 2004 until the opening of a new format of Schnucks supermarket at Olive and 9th streets in 2009.

 Upper floors of the building continue to be used as residential apartments under the operation of St. Louis LoftWorks

Architecture

The building is a seven-story commercial building of brick and red sandstone, with three-story arcades rising from the ground-level storefronts.  The building originally was built with six stories, while a seventh was added in the same style as the lower levels in 1919 to meet rising demands for space. In 1940, a limestone sheath covered the original storefronts after the building was purchased by S.G. Adams.  The eastern wall of the building is blank brick and rises above a neighboring four-story building. The roof is flat, while a parapet wall surrounds the building on all sides.

Bell Telephone primarily is significant for its rarity in St. Louis architecture. Most downtown Romanesque Revival buildings were demolished during the 20th century, with some notable exceptions (such as the Cupples Station warehouse complex). It also is one of only a handful of buildings in St. Louis designed by either Henry Hobson Richardson or his successor firm Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge.

References

External links
 Bell Lofts, rental residences located in the Bell Telephone Building
 Information on the Bell Telephone Building at BuiltStLouis

Buildings and structures in St. Louis
Architecture of St. Louis
Landmarks of St. Louis
Bell System
Romanesque Revival architecture in Missouri
Telephone exchange buildings
Telecommunications buildings on the National Register of Historic Places
Commercial buildings in Missouri
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
National Register of Historic Places in St. Louis
Downtown St. Louis

Bell Telephone Building (St. Louis, Missouri)


Alexandra Johnes (born December 3, 1976) is an American documentary film producer and former actress.  As a producer, Johnes is known for films including The Square, Gonzo: The Life and Work of Dr. Hunter S. Thompson, and Doubletime.  She has worked as a Producer with various directors, including Alex Gibney, Eugene Jarecki and Jehane Noujaim.   In 2013, Johnes received a Primetime Emmy Award for producing Mea Maxima Culpa: Silence in the House of God.  During her acting career, Johnes' film credits include starring roles as the Childlike Empress in The NeverEnding Story II: The Next Chapter, and Phoebe in Zelly and Me, alongside Isabella Rossellini and David Lynch, as well as guest appearances on Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Sabrina, the Teenage Witch.

Biography
Johnes graduated with a BFA from the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University (NYU). From 2007 through 2012, Johnes ran Jigsaw Productions for Academy Award-winning director Alex Gibney, managing aspects of development and production. In 2012, Johnes received a Transatlantic Partnership (TAP) Producing Fellowship  from the Independent Filmmaker Project.

Johnes leads the production company Special Projects.

Johnes' sister Stephanie Johnes also works in film. Stephanie directed and filmed the 2007 documentary Doubletime, on which Alexandra worked as a producer.

Filmography

Producer

Actor

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 "Dov Charney's American Dream", 2017 Gerald Loeb Award winner for Audio

Living people
American film producers
American child actresses
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
American women film producers
Gerald Loeb Award winners for Audio and Video
1976 births

Alexandra Johnes


The Diário da República (DR) is the official gazette of Portugal. Between 1869 and 1976, it was called the Diário do Governo.

It is published by the National Printing House and comprises two series. Laws, decree-laws, decisions by the Constitutional Court and other relevant texts are published in the I Series. Regulations, public contracts, etc. are published in the II Series.

As in many countries, legislative texts are only binding after publication (article 119 of the Portuguese Constitution).

Since July 1, 2006, the gazette is published in electronic form, with only a handful of authenticated printed copies (for deposit in the National Archive, the Presidency, the Assembleia da República, the high courts, etc.). There were other changes, such as the end of the III Series. It is possible to buy the printed version of the I Series.

Diário da República Electrónico is the public service of universal and free access. It requires a PDF viewer. Users can search and access entire editions or a particular act, from 1910, in the case of the I Series, or 2000, in the case of the II Series. There are no known plans to backscan older copies.

Added value services are also available, which allow Boolean search, alerts on new legislation regarding subjects defined by the user, etc.

Other official newspapers in Portugal
The Autonomous Regions of Azores and Madeira each have a gazette, the Jornal Oficial da Região Autónoma dos Açores (JORAA) and the Jornal Oficial da Região Autónoma da Madeira (JORAM). These are also available online, but in the case of JORAM only the printed version is considered authentic.

Being a member of the European Union, there is also a Portuguese version of the Official Journal of the European Union.

External links
 Official website of the electronic Diário da República
 History of the DRE
 JORAM
 JORAA

Government of Portugal
Republica
Republica
Government gazettes

Diário da República


Totally Spies! The Movie (known as Totally Spies! Le film in France) is a 2009 French - Canadian animated action comedy movie. The movie is part of the Totally Spies! series. It tells the beginnings of the three secret agents, how they met and their first mission as members of WOOHP.

Cast
Clover
Sam
Alex
Gery
Wolf man

Plot
Three newcomers, Sam, Clover and Alex, come to Los Angeles and meet by chance, because they are entering the same high school. They are in fact followed closely by a secret agency, the WOOHP, who will recruit them for three seasoned spies. They agree to go through spy training and within 48 hours, they have completed it.

After training, they are thrown into their first mission when rockstars have been abducted. They go to Wolfman's building and later find that each went through a make over by a mysterious machine called the "Fabulizor". They later see that everyone at school also had gone through the Fabulizor and Oinky ends up going through the Fabulizor too. They are almost blasted by one of Fabu's minions in a fighter jet after avoiding Miss Skritch as they sneak back into school. Tailing Mandy that night, they find that all of those who went through the Fabulizor became hypnotized by a special chip in their cheek bones. They then meet the mastermind behind the entire affair, Fabu, a runway model who quickly lost his fame. The spies accidentally expose themselves and are captured by Fabu's strongest henchmen. He then relates his entire plan, to abduct everyone who went through the Fabulizor and place them inside a special space station which he calls Fabutopia; then use a missile to destroy all of Earth, before using his Fabulizor in reverse and give the girls each horrible make overs. He then sets them to be blasted back to Earth in rockets. But when Tad meets the girls again, they are still imprisoned and he says he will let them fail the mission and stop Fabu himself, taking all the credit and regaining his "favorite agent" status with Jerry.

But after a fight with Fabu, Tad is strapped to the missile bound for Earth. The girls manage to escape and go after Fabu. They are unable to stop the missile from taking off but hitch a ride as it is rocketing towards Earth with Tad still attached to it. They are able to turn the missile around to destroy the station and Alex whacks at the control panel with the WOOHP manual. They then are picked up by a surprise appearance from Jerry in one of WOOHP's ships and rescue the kidnapped people from aboard the station and evacuate safely, including Oinky. They are finally reunited with Alex before the missile explodes and destroys the station in a firework finale. They then chase after Fabu's ship, manage to destroy it and catch Fabu and his Sphynx in his escape pod. After the mission, Alex is invited for a session with Wolfman and Clover is offered a date by Rob Hearthrob over the phone.

Miss Skritch had been transferred to another school in Antarctica in an igloo, Fabu, his henchmen and Tad are later imprisoned and set for punishment by WOOHP and everyone who was rescued from aboard Fabu's space station have their minds erased (including Mandy). But just after the girls celebrate getting even with Mandy for the last time, courtesy of one of WOOHP's gadgets, they are sucked away to another mission. The girls are quick to bring up personal appointments, but soon find themselves running from a WOOHP jet as it prepares to suck them aboard. But the girls are ready for their mission as they change into their spy uniforms and exclaim their friendship as the movie ends.

Voice cast

Release

Theatrical
The movie was released in France on 22 July 2009 in 272 theatres.
On 14 October 2009 the movie hit the Netherlands and stayed there for seven weeks. On 10 March 2010 the movie came out on DVD in the Netherlands.

DVD
DVD of the movie in its original language, French, was released in France on the 3rd of February through Fox Pathe Europa. It topped charts in the French Amazon in the week of its release.

Vendetta Films, a new New Zealander film distributing company, has recently confirmed the release date of the Totally Spies: The Movie! DVD. It will be released on 1 April, nothing else has being announced. Vendetta can ship overseas. It was also announced that it will cost $24.99 NZD. Marathon currently has no plans to release it in any North American country other than Mexico. On 30 March 2010, news was obtained that Cartoon Network have the rights to release the Totally Spies! The Movie in America including the spin-off, The Amazing Spiez!

Television
The film aired on Disney Channel Asia on 27 February 2010 later on Cartoon Network in United States and Teletoon in Canada. The Film also premiered on TF1 in France.

Awards
The Film was awarded 2011 kidscreen

References

2009 animated movies
2009 action movies
2009 comedy movies
Canadian animated movies
Canadian action movies
Canadian comedy movies
French animated movies
French action movies
French comedy movies
Movies set in California
Movies set in Antarctica

Totally Spies! The Movie


Sir John Bertrand Gurdon (JBG) FRS (born  2 October 1933) is a British developmental biologist. He is best known for his pioneering research in nuclear transplantation, and cloning.

Nuclear transplantation means taking the nucleus out of cells in tissue culture and putting them into other cells whose nucleus has been removed. It is called somatic cell nuclear transfer. In this way, specialised cells can be "reprogrammed" to become like stem cells.

Honours and awards
Gurdon was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1971, and was knighted in 1995. In 2004, the Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Institute for Cell Biology and Cancer was renamed the Gurdon Institute in his honour. He has also received numerous awards, medals and honorary degrees. He has been awarded the 2009 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research award.

Nobel Prize
In 2012 Gurdon was awarded, jointly with Shinya Yamanaka,  the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent". "Pluripotent" cells are stem cells.

Research

Nuclear transfer
In 1958, Gurdon, then at the University of Oxford, successfully cloned a frog using intact nuclei from the somatic cells of a Xenopus tadpole.  This was an important extension of work of Briggs and King in 1952 on transplanting nuclei from embryonic blastula cells.

Gurdon's experiments captured the attention of the scientific community and the tools and techniques he developed for nuclear transfer are still used today.

At that time he could not conclusively show that the transplanted nuclei derived from a fully differentiated cell. This was finally shown in 1975 by a group working at the Basel Institute for Immunology in Switzerland. They transplanted a nucleus from an antibody-producing lymphocyte (proof that it was fully differentiated) into an enucleated egg and got living tadpoles.

Gurdon's experiments captured the attention of the scientific community and the tools and techniques he developed for nuclear transfer are still used today. The term 'clone' (from the ancient Greek word κλών klōn = "twig") was already in use since the beginning of the 20th century in reference to plants. In 1963 the British biologist J.B.S. Haldane, in describing Gurdon's results, became one of the first to use the word "clone" in reference to animals.

He was awarded the Lasker Award in 2009 and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012.

Messenger RNA expression
Gurdon and colleagues also pioneered the use of Xenopus eggs to translate microinjected messenger RNA molecules. This technique has been widely used to identify the proteins encoded, and to study their function.

Recent research
Gurdon's recent research has focused on analysing intercellular signalling factors involved in cell differentiation, and on elucidating the mechanisms involved in reprogramming the nucleus in transplantation experiments, including demethylation of the transplanted DNA.

References

1933 births
Living people
Agnostics
British Nobel Prize winners
Developmental biologists
English biologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Bachelor
Wolf Prize winners
Academics of the University of Oxford

John Gurdon


The Reisebüro der DDR ("Travel Bureau of the GDR") was the state travel organization of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). The Reisebüro had several travel-related functions, including:

  Arranging domestic travel for GDR citizens. The Reisebüro (Travel Agency), among other things, controlled hotels located throughout the GDR.
  Arranging travel for GDR citizens in other socialist countries, i.e., the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Cuba.
  Arranging travel for foreigners visiting the GDR.  These services included booking hotel rooms and providing confirmation documents used to justify the issuance of a GDR visa upon arrival in the GDR.  The Reisebüro had agreements with travel agencies in other countries; travelers would book trips with a participating travel agency in their home country, which would then coordinate with the Reisebüro to reserve hotel rooms, etc.

See also
Intourist
Tourism in East Germany

Government organisations in East Germany
Tourism agencies
Tourism in East Germany

Reisebüro der DDR


Nuri Sheikh Salih Sheikh Ghani Sheikh Abdul Qadir () was an Iraqi Kurdish newspaper editor, activist, and poet. He was from the Barzanji tribe of Kurdistan.

Nuri was born in the Sulaimaniyah neighbourhood of Ashaba Spi in 1896. Nuri was related to the last Kurdish King, Mahmud Barzanji. From a young age, Nuri partook in Kurdish activism and had a love for poetry, he was inspired by his love for his country, family and friends. Nuri has authored a number of poetry books, one being Diwani Shweikh Nuri Sheikh Salih published first in the 1970s.

Positions held
Under Mahmud Barzanji's reign, Nuri was the Persian Editor of the Bangi Kurdistan newspaper and the Editor in Chief of the Roji Kurdistan newspaper. Nuri held many government posts including the district administrator of Sangaw and Rawanduz Kurdistan.

Children
He had several notable children. His eldest son was Janab. His second eldest was Shahab Sheikh Nuri, the founder of the Komalay Ranjdarani Kurdistan. Khala Shahab was executed by the Baathist regime under the direct order of the then Iraqi Vice President Saddam Hussein on November 21, 1976 in the Abu Ghraib Prison. His third son was Nihad, who died during the 1991 Kurdish exodus on the Iraq/Iran border and was buried in the Kurdish village of Kani Dinar. The fourth son was Daro, who held many positions within the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK). At one point Daro was a member of the PUK Politburo and in the late 1990s was the Deputy Prime Minister for the Kurdistan Regional Government. Nuri's two daughters are Galawezh and Pirshang. Pirshing is the only one of Nuri's offspring still alive.

References

Iraqi Kurdish people
Kurdish activists
Asian newspaper editors
Iraqi Kurdistani politicians
Kurdish poets
1896 births
Year of death missing

Nuri Sheikh Salih Sheikh Ghani Barzinji


Madhu is a term in Hindi-Urdu, Sanskrit, and other Indian languages for honey.

Madhu may also refer to:

 Madhu, in Hindu mythology, one of the asura brothers Madhu-Kaitabh, killed by Lord Vishnu
 Madhu (Haihaya ruler), son and successor of Kartavirya Arjuna in Hindu mythology
 Madhu Forest, or Madhuvana, a dense forest in ancient northern India, present-day Mathura
 Madhu (actor) (born 1933), Indian actor in Malayalam cinema
 K. Madhu, Indian film director who works in Malayalam cinema
 Madhu (Sri Lanka), a town in Sri Lanka where the Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu is located
 Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu, a prominent Roman Catholic shrine in Sri Lanka
 Madhu (1959 film), an Indian Hindi-language film by Gyan Mukherjee
 Madhu (2006 film), an Indian Tamil-language film by Thennarasu
 Madhu (2014 film), 2014 Indian short film by Rathna Kumar

See also
 Madhoo (born 1972), Indian actress
 Madhur, a Sanskrit word that means "honey-sweet"
 Madhuri (disambiguation)
 Mathura (disambiguation)
 Mathur (disambiguation)
 Madura (disambiguation)
 Madhuban (disambiguation)
 Madhubani (disambiguation)
 Madhusudan (disambiguation)

Madhu (disambiguation)


Touhou or Touhou Project (Japanese: 東方Project, Hepburn version: Tōhō Purojekuto) is a series of space shooter bullet hell games developed by one-man game developer Team Shanghai Alice. From the year 1995, the only member, Jun'ya Ota, better known as ZUN, has made all the code, art, writing and music for the series. He has published 19 main series games and five spin-offs as of September 2023. He has also written manga print works and composed albums, and worked together with the developer Twilight Frontier on six Touhou fighting games.

The games are set in Gensokyo, a place sealed from the outside world where mostly humans and youkai live. Youkai are creatures from Japanese folklore that are represented as people in the game as female characters most of the time. Reimu Hakurei, the shrine maiden of the Hakurei Shrine and the main character of the series, is often involved in settling supernatural incidents in and around Gensokyo. Other main characters include Marisa Kirisame, a witch, Sakuya Izayoi, a maid, Reisen Udongein Inaba, a moon rabbit, and Sanae Kochiya, a shrine maiden at the competing Moriya Shrine.

The first five games were developed for the Japanese NEC PC-9800 computer series, the first one, Highly Responsive to Prayers, was released in August 1997.
The series' famous danmaku system was introduced in the second game, Story Of Eastern Wonderland, also in 1997. The release of Embodiment of Scarlet Devil was a change to Microsoft Windows. More sequels followed, including some spin-offs that were different from the normal bullet hell format.

This game series has been very famous for being a large source of doujin content as different types of media such as songs, artworks, games and stories have been made by the followers of Touhou Project, and as a result it has gained a very large following outside Japan, due to the small amount of rules regarding copyright set up by ZUN. These works are usually sold at Fan conventions such as Comiket, which is notable for highest doujin circle participation, and the official Reitaisai, where early versions of upcoming games are put on display there.
Video game series
Action video games

Touhou


The Southern Publicity Association was a fund-raising agency whose clients included the Anti-Saloon League, the Ku Klux Klan, the Red Cross. The firm was owned and operated by Edward Young Clarke and Mary Elizabeth Tyler. While working with the Klan during its resurgence in the 1920s, the agency was paid for signing up members. They organized recruiters on the national level who were also paid a commission. Their Klan recruitment operation was largely successful in the Southern United States.

Background
Founding member Elizabeth Tyler was the first major female Klan leader of the 1920s and Edward Clarke had previous experience with fraternal organizations, having previously worked with the Woodmen of the World. Tyler herself was a member of the Daughters of America, which was a female organization associated with the Junior Order of United American Mechanics (an anti-Catholic fraternal organization). When Tyler and Clarke first met, Clarke was a festival organizer in the American South. They met when they were both involved in the "great Harvest Festival" in Atlanta, Georgia. Together they created the Southern Publicity Association. During the early years of the Association, they worked with low-revenue generating clients like the Red Cross, the Salvation Army and the YMCA.

Ku Klux Klan
They entered into a contract with William Joseph Simmons, agreeing to recruit members for the Klan in exchange for a percentage of the $10 initiation fee. Within six months they had recruited 85,000 new members for the Klan. They accomplished this by expanding the Klan's traditional Reconstruction era hatred of blacks. During this period of the Klan's second resurgence, under the guidance of the Southern Publicity Association, the Klan targeted Catholics, Jews, nonwhites, Bolsheviks and immigrants. Paid organizers, called Kleagles would identify sources of conflict for native-born White Protestants on the community level, and target those groups in their recruitment campaigns.

Tyler has said that the Association was first put in touch with Simmons after her son-in-law joined the Klan. She has said:

We found Colonel Simmons was having a hard time [getting] along. He couldn't pay his rent. The receipts were not sufficient to take care of his personal needs. He was a minister and a clean living and thinking man, and he was heart and soul for the success of the Ku Klux Klan. After we had investigated it from every angle, we decided to go into it with Colonel Simmons and give it the impetus that it could best get from publicity.

Their campaign to promote the Klan emphasized anti-Catholiscm and "one hundred percent Americanism". They promoted the Klan's image of guarding socially conservative values by advertising Klan opposition to bootlegging, gambling, drugs, sexual liberty, Sabbath violation, non-traditional gender roles and "virtually anything and everything that might be deemed morally scandalous."

Other Clients
The Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Association, who sued Clarke alleging that he had embezzled $1,000 and claiming another $4,000 was unaccounted for
The Armenian Relief Fund

Notes

References

Ku Klux Klan
Prohibition in the United States
Fundraising
Anti-Saloon League

Southern Publicity Association


Sewri (IAST: Śivdī, [ʃiʋɖiː]) is a locality along the eastern edge of South Mumbai, in Maharashtra, India. It is also the name of a railway station on the Central Railway Harbour Line.

Sewri (pronounced as Shivdi / शिवडी) is a small hamlet on the eastern shore of the Parel island, one of the original seven islands of Bombay. Sewri has a fort that dates back to 1770. The Agri-Horticultural Society had established gardens at Sewri, which were acquired in 1865 by Arthur Crawford, then the Municipal Commissioner of Bombay, for building a European cemetery. Large parts of Sewri belong to the Bombay Port Trust and were incorporated into the harbour facilities. In 1996, the mangrove swamps of Sewri were declared a protected ecology. Lesser flamingos from other parts of India come to these mangroves to breed. The coastal area of locality includes the Sewri mudflats, a wetland. The flamingos arrive at the mudflats from the months of October to March every year. These mudflats are near the Sewri jetty, which is a 20-minute walk from the railway station.

The Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Road (RAK marg) which consist of four adjacent roads begins at Sewri and ends at Maheshwari Udyan (Matunga) near King's Circle station. Fatima High School can be found at the beginning of the RAK road. The Sewri Christian Cemetery, the largest of its kind within city limits, is located here.

Sewri East houses a number of industrial units especially those of Petrochemical industries. Sewri West is largely residential, consisting of housing societies like Sewri Koliwada, BDD Chawls and Mulraj Bhuvan. The Mulraj Bhuvan Group (MBG) is a very famous club in this area known for its sporting and social activities. Built by the British in the year 1925, Dnyaneshwar Nagar, Shivaji Nagar, Gulmohar Society, Labour Camp and Bhatwadi are located here as well. The market area is called "Sewri Naka".

The opening up of mill lands and the Mumbai Port Trust lands for development has resulted in a lot of construction activity in this area. The Sewri-Nhava Sheva transharbour link, which is being planned by the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA), threatens the habitat of the migratory flamingos.

Festivals
Ganeshutsav is the Biggest Festival is celebrated here. Pandals like, Shivaji Nagar Sarvajanik Ganeshutsav Mandal , Shivdi cha Raja, Shivdi cha Vighnaharta and T.J Road cha Raja are some famous and old pandals of Sewri.

Notable for
• Lalbaug Parel(2010) (Shoot Location: Shivaji Nagar)

• Har taraf hai yeh Shor ( Song Shoot Location :Shivaji Nagar)

Sewri Flamingo Point

Sewri Flamingo Point is located at a distance of around 1 kilometre from Sewri railway station. The point has large areas of mudflats which are a safe habitat for flamingos in winter. The mudflats abound in algae, which attracts flamingos who migrate to India every year between the months of October and March to escape the cold winters.

See also
 Sewri Flamingo Point Bombay

References

External links

Neighbourhoods in Mumbai

Sewri


The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), also known as the pressor area of the medulla, is a brain region that is responsible for basal and reflex control of sympathetic activity associated with cardiovascular function. Abnormally elevated sympathetic activity in the RVLM is associated with various cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure and hypertension.  The RVLM is notably involved in the baroreflex.

It receives inhibitory GABAergic input from the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM). The RVLM is a primary regulator of the sympathetic nervous system; it sends catecholaminergic projections to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord via reticulospinal tract.

Physostigmine, a choline-esterase inhibitor, elevates endogenous levels of acetylcholine and causes a rise in blood pressure by stimulation of the RVLM. Orexinergic neurons from the lateral hypothalamus output in the RVLM.

See also
 Vasomotor center

References

Sympathetic nervous system
Reflexes
Medulla oblongata
Cardiovascular physiology

Rostral ventrolateral medulla


Judson Lawrence Daley (March 14, 1884 – January 26, 1967) was a professional baseball outfielder and manager. He played two seasons in Major League Baseball with the Brooklyn Dodgers. Daley was 5 feet, 8 inches tall and weighed 172 pounds.

Career
Daley was born in South Coventry, Connecticut, in 1884. He started his professional baseball career with the Southern Association's Shreveport Pirates in 1906. Besides one short stint in the National League, Daley played in the Southern Association until 1915. He spent the early part of his career with the Shreveport Pirates, Mobile Sea Gulls, and Montgomery Climbers.

Daley did not have a batting average above .270 in a season until 1910, when he batted .298. He led the league in at bats that year and also finished second in hits to the future major league star, Shoeless Joe Jackson. The following season, he raised his average to .306 and finished second in hits again, this time to Del Pratt. He joined the Brooklyn Dodgers late in the season, and in 19 games, he batted .231. Daley was also with the Dodgers in early 1912. He batted .256 for them before making his last MLB appearance in July.

Daley then spent the next few years back in the Southern Association. He moved to the Eastern League in 1916, where he stayed until the end of his career in 1920. During his last two seasons, he also managed his team, the Waterbury Nattatucks/Brasscos.

In 1,679 minor league games over 15 years, Daley batted .279 and had 1,710 hits. Later in life, he worked for Goodyear. He died in Gadsden, Alabama, in 1967.

References

External links

1884 births
1967 deaths
Major League Baseball outfielders
Brooklyn Dodgers players
Shreveport Pirates (baseball) players
Mobile Sea Gulls players
Montgomery Climbers players
Montgomery Billikens players
Nashville Vols players
New Orleans Pelicans (baseball) players
Montgomery Rebels players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Little Rock Travelers players
Lynn Pipers players
Lawrence Barristers players
Waterbury Nattatucks players
Waterbury Brasscos players
Minor league baseball managers
Baseball players from Connecticut

Jud Daley


Bai Lichen (, Xiao'erjing:   ; born January 1941) is a retired Chinese politician of Hui ethnicity, and the former chairman of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and the former president of All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives. He was Vice Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) between 1998 and 2013.

Born in Lingyuan, Liaoning Province, Bai graduated from department of agricultural engineering of Shenyang Institute of Agriculture in 1964, majoring in agricultural mechanization. He joined the Chinese Communist Party in April 1971. From 1964 to 1968, he was a technician in the Institute of Agricultural Mechanization in Yingkou of Liaoning. He was then sent to work in rural areas.

From 1972 to 1980, Bai was an official in the organization department of the Yingkou municipal party committee, and vice section chief of personnel bureau of Yingkou. In 1980, he was elevated to vice secretary and later, secretary of CPC committee in Suburbs District of Yingkou. In 1983, he became mayor and vice Party chief of Yingkou. In 1984, Bai was appointed as secretary of CPC Panjin municipal committee, and assistant to the Governor of Liaoning. In 1985, he was elevated to the Liaoning provincial party standing committee, and vice governor of Liaoning. In 1986, Bai was transferred to Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and became Deputy Communist Party Secretary of Ningxia, and the acting chairman of Ningxia. He was confirmed as chairman of Ningxia in 1987, and served in this post for 10 years.

In 1997, Bai was appointed as the leader of the Party group of the All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives. In 1998, he became the president of the Federation and was also elected as vice chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

Bai was a member of 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th and 17th Central Committees of the Chinese Communist Party. He has also been the vice chairman of 9th to 11th CPPCC.

References

1941 births
Living people
Hui people
People's Republic of China politicians from Liaoning
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Liaoning
Politicians from Chaoyang, Liaoning
Political office-holders in Liaoning
Political office-holders in Ningxia
Mayors of places in China
Members of the 13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Vice Chairpersons of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference

Bai Lichen


Nellie Neilson (April 5, 1873 – May 26, 1947) was an American historian. She was the first female president of the American Historical Association and the first woman to have an article published in the American Historical Review.

Biography
Neilson was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to William George Neilson (a metallurgical engineer) and Mary Louise Neilson. She attended Bryn Mawr College, from which she received an A.B. in 1893, an A.M. in 1894, and a Ph.D. in 1899. She studied under Charles McLean Andrews at Bryn Mawr, and spent a year of her Ph.D. studies in England, where she studied under Frederic Maitland and Paul Vinogradoff. Neilson would later credit Andrews with encouraging her to study history rather than English literature.

She taught at Agnes Irwin School in Philadelphia from 1897 to 1900, and lectured at Bryn Mawr from 1900 to 1902. In 1902 she moved to Mount Holyoke College as an instructor in history, and in 1904 was appointed professor of European history there. She rose to the rank of full professor in 1905, and stayed in that position until retiring from teaching in 1939. Neilson graduated from Bryn Mawr – and later worked at Holyoke – with fellow medievalist Bertha Putnam.

In 1926 she was elected a fellow of the Medieval Academy of America, the first woman so elected; and in 1943 she served as the president of the American Historical Association, the first woman to do so.

She died in 1947 in South Hadley, Massachusetts.  She is interred at West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.

Scholarly work
Neilson's first major work was her doctoral dissertation, Economic Conditions on the Manors of Ramsey Abbey, in which she investigated the economic affairs of the lands held by Ramsey Abbey in the Middle Ages. She continued to be primarily concerned with the development of rural medieval England thereafter. She edited three surveys of the lands owned by English monasteries, focusing particularly on the economic and social conditions surrounding them. In addition, she wrote some volumes for nonspecialists and some works on medieval legal systems.

Selected works
 Economic Conditions on the Manors of Ramsey Abbey (1899)
 Customary Rents (1910)
 Survey of the Honour of Denbigh (1914)
 The Terrier of Fleet Lincolnshire (1920)
 The Cartulary of Bilsington Kent (1927)
 Mediaeval Agrarian Economy (1936)

References

1873 births
1947 deaths
American medievalists
Women medievalists
Mount Holyoke College faculty
Bryn Mawr College alumni
American women academics
Presidents of the American Historical Association
Writers from Philadelphia
Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America
Historians from Pennsylvania
American women historians
19th-century American historians
19th-century American women writers
20th-century American historians
20th-century American women writers

Nellie Neilson


The 1977 Birmingham tornado was a violent tornado that moved through the northern suburbs of Birmingham, Alabama during the afternoon of April 4, 1977.

The Birmingham tornado
Beginning a few miles north of Birmingham, it passed through Jefferson County, causing F5 damage in Smithfield. The tornado caused 22 deaths and 125 injuries as well as $25 million in damage. Hundreds of homes were damaged or destroyed. Two trucks were thrown into the air. Daniel Payne College suffered extensive damage, and it was closed permanently.

Other tornadoes
Other tornadoes broke out in Alabama, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, and North Carolina. One tornado killed one person in Georgia, while another person was killed east of Birmingham. The severe weather on April 4 contributed to the crash of an Southern Airways plane, killing 70 people.

The tornado was the second tornado to affect Birmingham since 1956. The next tornado struck in 1998 and killed 32 people, and in 2011, a tornado killed 64 people.

Tornadoes in the United States
1970s in weather

1977 Birmingham tornado


Wm. K. Walthers, Inc. is a manufacturer and distributor of model railroad supplies and tools.

History
Wm. K. Walthers, Inc., was officially founded in Milwaukee in 1932—though it started years earlier when seven-year-old William K. (Bill) Walthers got his first taste of the hobby with a small, wind-up toy train for Christmas. He continued with the hobby and eventually had an attic layout composed primarily of his scratch-built creations. A series of articles he wrote on building train control and signaling systems led to requests from other modelers that he began manufacturing them. The first ad (in the May issue of The Model Maker) offered a 24-page, 15¢ catalog that listed rail, couplers, and electrical supplies. Sales were over US$500.00 for the first year. By 1935, the catalogs were over 80 pages.

Within five years, Walthers had grown and a larger quarters were needed. Space was found on Erie Street, where everything—from milled wood parts to metal castings to decals—was made in-house.1937 also saw a new line in HO Scale, featured in its catalog. Bill brought operating layouts to the 1939 World's Fair, which gave the hobby a big boost. Soon, though, the growing possibility of war overshadowed these successes.

In 1958, Bill retired, and his son Bruce took over. Just as full-size railroads were being hard-hit by new technology, so too were model railroads. In 1960, Walthers became a full-line distributor of other manufacturers' products while continuing the expansion of the Walthers lines. By the start of the 1970s Bruce's son Phil had joined the company.

Acquisitions, expansions, and vertical integration
Expansion and diversification continue under Phil's tenure. The establishment of the Walthers Importing Division added several international lines. The company made agreements with several European companies to become the exclusive North American distributor for many famous European brands.

The manufacturing plant was modernized. Code 83 track was introduced in 1985, giving layouts more realistic proportions. In 1990, the Cornerstone Series buildings were unveiled. Combining a freight car with a related industry, the Cornerstone Series makes it possible for modelers to duplicate authentic operations, enhancing layout realism. The Train Line Deluxe Sets and locomotives debuted in 1994. These sets feature the detailing of serious models and an affordable price—allowing newcomers to get started, and then build on to their first set, rather than replacing it.

In 2005, Walthers purchased Life-Like from Lifoam Industries. With this purchase, Walthers acquired the Proto Lines that have become the backbone of their locomotive and rolling stock segments. The Proto 2000 line allowed Walthers to start offering its full passenger train subscription sets with all in-house products. These sets have become some of Walthers' most recognized marketing tools and have recently been adopted by several of their competitors.

In recent years, changes in American retailing have hit the hobby industry particularly hard. Some blamed companies like Walthers that have become increasingly vertically integrated for putting many of the small suppliers and Local Hobby Shops out of business. However, the retail trends were more the result of the evolution of mail-order into online retailing and less from direct marketing by distributors. The large distributors like started online shopping sites more as a response to large internet retailers bypassing traditional distribution chains. Walthers has made efforts to protect their network of small local retailers by using MSRP on most products on their websites, which allows the small retailers to remain price competitive.

On July 16–18, 2010, Walthers was part of Milwaukee's celebration of the National Train Show, presented by the National Model Railroad Association (NMRA) which was founded in Milwaukee in 1935.

Products
Walthers sells both its products as well as products from over 200 other manufacturers including buildings, people, scenery, locomotives, and rolling stock on multiple scales. Walthers is considered one of the largest manufacturers, distributors, and retailers of passenger cars from the 1930s to the present.

Walthers product lines include:
 WalthersProto is the highest quality and price tier for locomotives and rolling stock. It became part of Walthers with its acquisition of Life-Like in 2005, including its Proto 2000 product line.
 WalthersMainline is the middle tier balancing quality and price for locomotives and rolling stock. It was the original product line from Walthers.
 WalthersTrainline is the starter and lowest cost tier for locomotives and rolling stock. It is targeted at children and cost-sensitive beginners.
 WalthersTrack offers HO scale track in sizes Code 83 and Code 100.
 Walthers Cornerstone provides buildings and accessories for all product lines and scales. This was an original Walthers product line launched in 1990.
 Walthers SceneMaster offers scenery, lighting, figures, loads, vehicles, and other details like shipping containers to build a realistic model railroad.
 WalthersN offers locomotives and rolling stock in N scale.
 Walthers Controls offers electrical controls and wires for DC train layouts. It does not offer Digital Command Control equipment from its product line, but only through partner products.
 Walthers Tools & Screws offers drills, taps, fasteners, screws, nuts, lubricants, and other utilities to build model railroads.

References

Companies based in Milwaukee
Rail transport modelling
Model manufacturers of the United States
Model railroad manufacturers

Wm. K. Walthers


Sigma Gamma Rho Sorority, Inc. () is a historically African American sorority, international collegiate, and non-profit community service organization that was founded on November 12, 1922. The organization was formed as a club in 1920, by seven African American women in Indianapolis, Indiana. At its inception, the sorority was created to support Black women pursuing degrees in education. It was incorporated within Indiana in November 1922 as a sorority for school teachers and held their first national conference in 1925. The sorority became a national collegiate sorority on December 30, 1929, when a charter was granted to the Alpha chapter then established at Butler University that year. The sorority was incorporated as a national collegiate sorority in 1930. Sigma Gamma Rho is the only sorority of the four historically African American National Pan-Hellenic Council sororities established at a predominantly White institution instead of at Howard University. It was the second African- American sorority established at Butler University. The sorority's slogan is "Greater Service, Greater Progress".

Sigma Gamma Rho has over 100,000 members with more than 500 undergraduate and alumnae chapters in the United States, Bermuda, The Bahamas, Canada, Germany, South Korea, U.S. Virgin Islands and the United Arab Emirates.

Sigma Gamma Rho has affiliate groups for women at different stages in life: Rhosebuds (elementary-age girls), the Rhoer Club Affiliates (teenage girls), and the Philos Affiliates (friends of the sorority). It has launched programs such as Sigma Teen Towns in the 1940s and formed partnerships with the March of Dimes, USA Swimming and others.

History
Sigma Gamma Rho Sorority, Inc. was organized on November 12, 1922, in Indianapolis, Indiana, by seven young African American women: Mary Lou Allison Gardner Little, Dorothy Hanley Whiteside, Vivian Irene White Marbury, Nannie Mae Gahn Johnson, Hattie Mae Annette Dulin Redford, Bessie Mae Downey Rhoades Martin, and Cubena McClure.

The group, with the help of Robert Lee Brokenburr, became incorporated as a sorority for school teachers in Indiana in 1922. Brokenburr told the group: "You young ladies have started something Great and Wonderful for the Women of our Country." When it was incorporated in 1922, the membership was intended for teachers. However, in 1929,  A charter was granted to the sorority's Alpha chapter once the group met the requirements for membership for establishing a sorority at Butler University and in 1930 new articles of incorporation were filed that allowed women of all professions as members as long as they had or were attending a recognized college.  Since its inception, the dynamic women of Sigma Gamma Rho have built and sustained a well-known and well-respected reputation for leading positive change to help uplift the community through sisterhood, leadership, and service.

In 2022 the Sorority held their Centennial Celebration at Butler University in Indianapolis, Indiana. In partnership with the Indiana Historical Bureau, the Sorority dedicated a historical marker outside of the Bona Thompson Memorial Center in Irvington, Indiana, the city where the Sorority began.

Membership and structure

Sigma Gamma Rho has welcomed more than 100,000 collegiate and professional women from every profession. The sorority has more than 500 chapters in the United States, Bahamas, Bermuda, Canada, Germany, South Korea, U.S. Virgin Islands, and the United Arab Emirates. The organization also has active affiliate groups devoted to empowering women at different stages in life. The Rhoer Club Affiliates (teenage girls) and Philos Affiliates (friends of the sorority) also assist alumnae chapters with various service efforts and programs.

Sigma Gamma Rho's commitment to service is expressed in its slogan, "Greater Service, Greater Progress." The sorority has a proud history of providing positive and proactive community outreach nationally and internationally. The programs, partnerships, and sponsorships represent Sigma Gamma Rho's commitment to promoting the greater good in education, service, and leadership development. In 2004, the National Headquarters moved from Chicago, Illinois to its current home in Cary, North Carolina. Sigma women are dedicated to helping each other and their personal success is recognized in The AURORA and through various awards.

International Grand Basileus
Listed below are the International Grand Basilei since the inception of the sorority on the campus of Butler University. An asterisk (*) denotes a deceased person.

 Mary Lou Allison Gardner Little* (1922–1925; acting 1925 to 1926)
 Edith Marlone Ward* (1926–1927)
 Fannie O'Bannon* (1927–1931)
 Edythe Roache Walker* (1931–1934)
 Bertha Black Rhoda* (1934–1944)
 Ethel Ross Smith* (1944–1948)
 Sallie Edwards Johnson* (1948–1954)
 Edna Douglas* (1954–1959)
 Dr. Lorraine A. Williams* (1959–1962)
 Dr. Cleo Surry Higgins (1962–1963)
 Annie Lee Whitehead Neville* (1963–1967)
 Dr. Lorraine A. Williams* (1967–1971)
 Dr. Annie Lawrence-Brown (1971–1976)
 Evelyn Hood (1976–1980)
 Dr. Alice M. Swain* (1980–1984)
 Rejesta V. Perry* (1984–1988)
 Dr. Katie Kinnard White (1988–1992)
 Corine J. Green* (1992–1996)
 Dr. LaRona J. Morris* (1996–2000)
 Helen J. Owens (2000–2004)
 Dr. Mynora J. Bryant (2004–2008)
 Joann Loveless (2008–2012)
 Bonita M. Herring (2012–2016)
 Deborah Catchings-Smith (2016–2020)
 Rasheeda S. Liberty (2020–present)

Affiliates

Philos
Since its inception, Sigma Gamma Rho has promoted unity among women and for years many alumnae chapters worked with individuals who were not members of Greek-lettered organizations. These women were organized into auxiliaries that had various names until 1954 when the sorority officially approved the organized affiliate group and accepted the name of "Philo" (meaning, "friend") as their official name.

In 1980, the Philos were organized on a national level and have grown to represent hundreds of women organized on a regional level as well. The Philos have contributed countless hours of community service and thousands of dollars to aid Sigma Gamma Rho's aim to enhance the quality of life within every community.

Rhoers
The Rhoer Club is an affiliate of Sigma Gamma Rho Sorority, Inc. The Rhoer Club consists of a diverse group of young ladies between the ages of twelve and eighteen who demonstrate high scholastic standards. Rhoer Clubs are organized, maintained, and sponsored by local graduate chapters within each of the geographical regions of the Sorority.

The program consists of training and guidance in education, community service, vocation, fine arts, and social affairs. The program also provides the young women with the energy, support, commitment, and encouragement of the Sorors of Sigma Gamma Rho Sorority, Inc. to help them develop and succeed in their life's endeavors.

Rhosebuds
The Rhosebud Club is an affiliate group consisting of a diverse group of girls ages 8 through 11 years of age. Delicate like the petals of a rosebud, this affiliate group is handled with special care and attention.

The local chapters of Sigma seek to play a role in helping to cultivate girls as they grow into young ladies who are well-rounded and will embody the qualities needed to be good students and productive citizens.

National Programs

Operation BigBookBag
Operation BigBookBag  is a program designed to address the needs, challenges and issues that face school-aged children who are educationally at-risk, in local homeless shelters and extended-care hospitals and facilities. Through this program, chapters and members collect and donate educational materials, equipment and school supplies.

Women's Wellness Initiative
The Women's Wellness Initiative is a consolidated effort that allows chapters to focus on health issues that impact women; specifically, women of color. The Women's Wellness Initiative was developed after the Sorority's participation in the United Nations/March of Dimes Prematurity Awareness panel in New York. Acceptable educational and programmatic efforts under this Initiative include, but are not limited to Breast Cancer Awareness, Intimate and Domestic Violence, Heart Health, Diabetes Health, Mental Health and other issues that target women. WWI programs can be conducted at any time during the sorority year.

Swim 1922
Swim 1922 was created to address the unfortunate truth that according to the CDC, approximately 10 people drown every day in the U.S.A. An even more startling fact is that 70 percent of African American children and 60 percent of Hispanic children in the U.S. do not know how to swim. Additionally, African American children are three times more likely to drown than Caucasian children. Through the partnership with USA Swimming, Sigma Gamma Rho's Swim 1922 campaign aims to address this disparity by having. Olympians and members of the sorority teach the community about water safety and how to swim. With USA Swimming, Sigma Gamma Rho has touched close to 20,000 lives, directly, with the projection of changing multiple generations to come. Swim 1922 programs are conducted during May–August of the sorority year.

Project CRADLE Care
Sigma Gamma Rho Sorority's Project CRADLE Care is one of the essential programs designed to raise awareness of disparate and inequitable maternal and infant health outcomes Black women endure through community outreach, advocacy, education, and implicit bias training. In so doing, Sigma aim to mitigate outcome and life-course disparities in our communities.

Through Project CRADLE Care, Sigma Gamma Rho Sorority, Inc. and the March of Dimes collaborate to address the issues that adversely affect Black women and their children ranging from chronic physiological stressors and underlying health conditions to structural racism and implicit biases in our healthcare system.

Annual Youth Symposium
	Held simultaneously, on the second Saturday of March by Alumnae Chapters across the nation, our Youth Symposium serves as a unifying effort during Sigma Week. The Symposium (supported by undergraduate chapters and affiliates) is designed to highlight some of the prevalent concerns that negatively impact our youth (drugs, teen violence, abuse, low self-esteem, suicide, teen pregnancy, human trafficking, etc.).

Chapters

The sorority has chapters across the United States and around the world.

Hazing controversies
The New York Times wrote about two hazing incidents involving the sorority. In 2008, a pledge at San Jose State University filed a civil suit against the sorority after being severely beaten, harassed, and threatened to keep the abuse a secret. Four sorority members were arrested and served 90 days in county jail. In 2010, at Rutgers University, six Sigma Gamma Rho women were arrested and charged with a felony after striking one pledge over 200 times which forced her to seek medical attention.

In March 2022, the sorority was expelled from Bowling Green State University following reports of "severe hazing"; the sorority committed at least six policy violations of the BGSU Code of Student Conduct including aggravated assault and forcing pledges to steal alcohol and marijuana.

Notable members
Aisha N. Braveboy - former Maryland state delegate, state's attorney for Prince Georges County
Gwen Cherry - 1st African American female to serve on the State Legislator in Florida, educator, lawyer, author, Florida House Representative
Nina Turner - Former Ohio state senator
Wendy Raquel Robinson - Actress, Producer and co-founder of Amazing Grace Conservatory
MC Lyte - The first solo rapper to release her own, full-length album. Actress, Entrepreneur and Philanthropist. Co Founder of the Hip Hop Sisters Foundation.
Fantasia Monique Barrino-Taylor - Known professionally by her mononym Fantasia, is an American R&B singer and actress. She rose to fame as the winner of the third season of the reality television series American Idol in 2004.
Deshauna Barber-Miss USA 2016
Nichole "Nicci" Gilbert- R&B Singer, Founding Member of Brownstone
 Arin Jackson- R&B Singer, Member of Brownstone
 Teisha Brown- R&B Singer, Member of Brownstone
 Marsha Ambrosius- English R&B Singer and Songwriter
 Ezinma- Violinist, Model, Music Educator and Film composer
 Kelly Price- 9x Grammy nominated R&B and gospel singer
 Maranda Curtis- Gospel Singer and Praise and Worship Leader
  Alexis Jones- Grammy Nominated Singer and Actress
  Tonya Edwards- Retired Professional Basketball Player and current assistant coach of the Chicago Sky
  Barbara Lee-  U.S. representative for California's 13th congressional district, former chair of the Congressional Black Caucus and vice chair and a founding member of the Congressional LGBTQ+ Equality Caucus.
 Rebecca Roberts-  Curator of Programming at Planet Word, and was formerly an American journalist.
 Hattie McDaniel- American actress, singer-songwriter, and comedian. The first African American to win an Oscar
 Jekalyn Carr- Gospel Singer, speaker, entrepreneur, actress, and author.
 Robin Kelly- American politician from Illinois who has served as the U.S. representative from Illinois's 2nd congressional district
 Lisa Price- Founder of Carol's Daughter multi-cultural beauty brand.
 Georgia Davis Powers-American politician who served for 21 years as a state senator in the Kentucky Senate
 Carmelita Jeter- retired American sprinter, known as the Fastest Woman Alive, who competed in the 60 metres, 100 m and 200 m. she is also a three-time Olympic medallist.
 Hydeia Broadbent- United-States-based HIV/AIDS activist
 Carolyn Tyler Guidry-  bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church was the first woman appointed to be a presiding elder in the Fifth Episcopal District of the AME Church and the second woman to become a bishop in the denomination.
 Marilyn McCoo- Singer, Actress, and Television Presenter
 Maritza Correia- the first African-American woman to make the U.S. Olympic swim team and medal
 Gwen Cherry- the 1st black woman to serve in the Florida state legislature. 1st black woman to practice law in Dade County, FL
 Vanessa Bell Armstrong- Four-time Grammy-nominated gospel Singer
 Maysa Leak- Jazz singer. Known for solo work and work with the band Incognito
 Sandra Bland- Activist. Her death following a traffic stop invigorated the Black Lives Matter movement.
 Renee Powell- A PGA Hall of Fame golfer. 2nd black woman to compete on the LPGA Tour. 1st woman of color elected to the membership in the PGA of America in 1996.
 Yolett McPhee-McCuin - Head coach of Ole Miss Rebels women's basketball.
 Alice Allison Dunnigan- 1st African-American female journalist credentialed to cover the White House in 1948. She was honored with a life-sized statue in the Newseum museum in Washington, DC in 2018
 Myeisha Taylor-Her work helping young people enter the field of medicine earned her the namesake of Doc McStuffins' mother on the hit Disney series.
 Lindy Boggs- 1st woman from Louisiana elected to Congress in 1973.  1st woman to chair the Democratic National Convention
 Mary T. Washington- 1st African-American CPA
 Dame Mary Eugenia Charles- 1st woman to hold the position of Prime minister of Dominica (1980-1995)
 Anna Maria Horsford- Actress
 Ellia English- singer, dancer, stage and film actress.

See also
Roman goddess Aurora

References

External links

National Pan-Hellenic Council
Student societies in the United States
African-American fraternities and sororities
International student societies
Fraternities and sororities in the United States
Women's rights organizations based in the United States
1922 establishments in Indiana
Student organizations established in 1922

Sigma Gamma Rho


The Austin 3-Litre wis a Breetish saloon caur introduced bi Breetish Leyland in at the Lunnon Motor Show in 1967. Houiver, it subsequently became apparent that BMC wur nae geared up tae producin the caur: few or none seem tae hae been sauld that year, but bi Julie 1968 it wis reportit that the caurs haed begun tae leave the factory. Bi that time the square headlights seen at the 1967 motor show haed been replaced bi conventional roond twin headlamp units, an bi the time o the October 1968 show the caur haed an aa acquired front quarter lichts. In Julie 1968, wi caurs beginnin tae emerge frae the plant, the manufacturers wur asked tae detail improvements reportedly implemented syne the caur's 'launch' the previous October.  Mention wis made o orifice modifications tae hydraulic valves in the rear suspension, an it wis stated that thare wis a "new" final drive ratio o 3.9:1, tho this wis actually the same final drive ratio includit in the launch information the previous October.

3 Litre

Austin 3-Litre


Rites of Passage is a 2012 American thriller film written and directed by W. Peter Iliff. The film stars Wes Bentley, Kate Maberly, Ryan Donowho, Christian Slater and Stephen Dorff.

Plot
Nathan (Ryan Donowho), a studious anthropology student, decries his position in a society that fails to provide a ceremony to mark his transition into manhood. Professor Nash (Stephen Dorff), an unethical teacher who openly pursues sexual liaisons with his female students, is intrigued when Nathan tells him his family's unoccupied but functional ranch is the site of an ancient Indian burial ground. Nathan convinces Professor Nash to bring the class out to the ranch, where the plan is to hold a spiritual ceremony in a sweat lodge built over the burial site. Encouraged by Nash's enthusiastic agreement to the idea, Nathan guides his stressed, party-going classmates to the ranch. There they meet his brother, Benny (Wes Bentley), who is in a psychotic spiral of drug addiction and guilt.

A crystal meth cook at the ranch, Delgado (Christian Slater), a man with a grudge who has an uneasy friendship with the brother, kills two of the students after he and the brother are insulted. Delgado then begins hunting the rest of the group. During his rampage, Delgado hallucinates that a stuffed monkey named Pancho that clings to his shotgun talks and makes futile attempts to reason with his apparently absent sense of morality.

Cast
Wes Bentley as Benny
Kate Maberly as Dani
Ryan Donowho as Nathan
Christian Slater as Delgado
Stephen Dorff as Professor Nash
Briana Evigan as Penelope
Travis Van Winkle as Hart
Carly Schroeder as Carly
Ashley Hinshaw as Sandee
Guy Burnet as Mojo

Release
The film was released straight-to-DVD on October 16, 2012. The trailer for the film was released on late 2011, and can be viewed on the official Rites of Passage website, Facebook page, and YouTube.

The film premiered at the Isla Vista Theatre in Isla Vista, Calif. The audience responded enthusiastically, except for about a half dozen Native American activists who appeared at the showing to protest. During the subsequent Q&A, the activists accused the film of being racist, exploitative, a mockery of Chumash rituals, and "cultural prostitution." However, actor Mylo IronBear, a Native American spirit warrior of the Spirit Lake Tribe, who appears as a Chumash in the film, disagreed with the activists. "I am standing behind this film because it's a film," IronBear said, adding that Iliff was entitled to his artistic interpretation.

A member of the Chumash tribe stood up after the activists were removed by police and apologized for their behavior, indicating that they did not represent the Chumash Nation. The Chumash jimsonweed ceremony portrayed in the film was accurately represented according to anthropologist J.P. Harrington's extensive field notes from Chumash informants in the early 1900s.

References

External links

2012 films
American independent films
American thriller films
2012 thriller films
Voltage Pictures films
Films scored by Elia Cmíral
2012 independent films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
Films about Native American cemeteries

Rites of Passage (2012 film)