Paramount Global Content Distribution is the international television distribution arm of American media conglomerate, Paramount Global, originally established in 1962 as the international distribution division of Desilu Productions. With the sale of Desilu to Gulf+Western, then-owners of film studio Paramount Pictures, in 1968, the division evolved into Paramount's first foray into the international television industry in the 1970s.

The division handles the distribution of television content from the libraries of Paramount Media Networks, Paramount Television Studios, CBS Studios, CBS Media Ventures, Showtime Networks and Paramount+.

History

Desilu International/Paramount Television International/Paramount International Television (1962–2006)
The division as well as Paramount International Television was originally established in 1962 as the international distribution division of Desilu Productions, Desilu International, which was managed by Bruce Gordon. The company co-produced The Lost Islands with the Ten Network (now Network 10) in 1975. Network 10 and this division have been in common ownership since 2019 after the ViacomCBS re-merger. In 1983, it acquired distribution rights to the Australian miniseries, Return to Eden.In 1968, Desilu was sold to Gulf+Western, the then-owners of the film studio Paramount Pictures, eventually adding international television to its well-known film operations. Gulf+Western rebranded the division as Paramount Television International to handle international sales of Desilu/Paramount properties from Paramount Television.

CBS Broadcast International (1981–2007)
In 1981, CBS launched its international division, CBS Broadcast International, to sell news, sports and entertainment programming produced in-house to foreign markets as well as non-broadcast and new technology markets in the U.S. It eventually merged into CBS Worldwide Enterprises and later incorporated into its marketing unit CBS Productions (unrelated to the later company of the same name) with CBS Theatrical Films on 17 December 1984. In the summer of 1985, CBS Productions, CBS News and Columbia House partnered to produce a videocassette The Vietnam War with Walter Cronkite.

Later that year, CBS shut down its theatrical production unit and CBS Broadcast International spun-out from the production unit, restoring the CBS Broadcast International moniker in the process. It planned to provide the CBS Evening News bulletins to UK-based British Satellite Broadcasting in 1988.

CBS Broadcast International produced syndicated episodes of the TV series, The Twilight Zone in 1985. It then signed a partnership agreement with MGM/UA Telecommunications 2 years later to syndicate its episodes from all 2 seasons with 30 new first-run episodes to form a 90-episode syndication package. On 28 October that same year, CBS Broadcast International announced its acquisition of TV and ancillary market rights to four Academy Award/Oscar-winning films produced by Arthur Cohn such as Dangerous Moves, Black and White in Color, The Garden of the Finzi Continis and The Sky Above, The Mud Below. It also announced plans to pick up the bulletins of CBS Evening News with Dan Rather which would place it on a tape-delayed basis on international channel Tele Monte Carlo.

In 1986, CBS Broadcast International has a partnership that they will exploit the rights to the Madison Square Garden properties. In 1987, the company, along with MCA TV International, had inked an agreement with China Central Television (CCTV), to offer a total of 100 drama hours, which combined, represent the largest license to date, and making it the two Hollywood studios the largest suppliers for foreign producers on Chinese TV. In 1990, it was considered as an investor in the Nine Network in Australia.

In 1995, CBS Broadcast International launched a joint venture to be headed by Peter Press. In 1998, James Dowaliby was tapped to be vice president of production and Christopher Ottinger was named vice president of business development at the division. Later that year, Paramount has plans to sign for an international co-production.

CBS Broadcast International launched a global programming alliance with Virgin Media Television in 1997. That following year, Stephanie Pacheco was named the managing director of international sales of the division.

In 2000, the division was touted to develop and co-produce Jeremiah with Lionsgate, but got replaced by MGM.

CBS Paramount International Television (2004–2009)
CBS Broadcast International and Paramount International Television merged on August 11, 2004 to create CBS Paramount International Television and would be headed by Armando Nuarez Jr. The division was transferred to CBS Corporation after CBS spun off from Viacom at the end of 2005, with television rights to the films from its sister company, Paramount Pictures, obtained by Trifecta Entertainment and Media. With the December 4, 2019 merger of CBS and Viacom, the TV rights to Paramount's films were brought back to the now-combined Paramount Global. The company distributes television content from the libraries of CBS Studios, the King World Productions and certain HBO shows internationally the Rysher Entertainment library, the latter owned domestically by 2929 Entertainment.

CBS Studios International (2009–2019)

In May 2009, CPITV was renamed CBS Studios International. On 14 September that year, CBS Studios International struck a joint venture deal with Chellomedia to launch six CBS-branded channels in the UK which would replace Zone Romantica, Zone Thriller, Zone Horror and Zone Reality, plus timeshift services Zone Horror +1 and Zone Reality +1. The replacement channels launched on 16 November that year. On 5 April 2010, Zone Horror and Zone Horror +1 were rebranded as Horror Channel and Horror Channel +1 respectively.

CBS Studios International licensed rights for the top international formats. In 2010, CBS Studios International went into an equal joint venture with Reliance Broadcast Network Limited to form Big CBS Networks Pvt. Ltd. At the time, the network operated 3 main channels; Big CBS Prime, a general entertainment channel, Big CBS Spark, a youth-oriented channel and Big CBS Love, a women's and urban couple-oriented channel.

In January 2011, CBS Studios International partnered with Australian company, Ten Network Holdings, to launch digital free-to-air channel known as Eleven and would hold a 33% stake in its joint-venture holding company, ElevenCo. Ten Network Holdings entered voluntary administration in June 2017 which ultimately led to CBS acquiring the entirety of the company that November.

On 1 August 2012, Chellomedia revealed that the European versions of Zone Romantica, Zone Reality and Club would be rebranded respectively as CBS Drama, CBS Reality and CBS Action.

ViacomCBS Global Distribution Group/Paramount Global Content Distribution (2019–present)

Following the December 4, 2019 merger of CBS and Viacom to create ViacomCBS, CBS Studios International and Viacom International Studios merged and rebranded to ViacomCBS Global Distribution Group. On February 16, 2022, ViacomCBS rebranded as Paramount Global, rebranding the division likewise to its current name and restoring the "Paramount" name in television for the first time in 17 years.

Past activities
Viacom International Inc. was established in 1971, just a year after Viacom spun out from the CBS TV network and became Viacom's parent company. The company is responsible for copyrights and trademarks associated with its corporate websites, applications and cable networks, specifically its Media Networks division. The division also licenses the product rights for their various properties and the dissemination of visual and textual television programs on a subscription/fee basis.

Viacom International also served as the licensee name and division for its group of television stations for FCC purposes before the 1999 Westinghouse/CBS merger. Former Viacom station WVIT in New Britain, Connecticut (serving Hartford and New Haven), which it owned from 1978 until 1997, took its call letters from the initials of Viacom International, and retains them to the present day under NBC ownership.

The Viacom International name continued to be used following Viacom and CBS' merger on December 4, 2019, to create ViacomCBS and ViacomCBS' rebrand as the current Paramount Global in 2022.

As CBS Paramount International Television, the division distributed films/movies from the libraries of Paramount Pictures and the Republic Pictures between 2006 and 2009, as well as DreamWorks Pictures from 2006 to 2008.

As CBS Studios International, the division had 50% ownership of former Australian pay-TV channels, TV1 and SF Channel. In 2013, RTL Group and CBS Studios International announced a joint venture called RTL CBS Asia Entertainment Network for Southeast Asia with the launch of RTL CBS Entertainment in September that year, but would be acquired 5 years later in January by Blue Ant Media.

The division previously owned all CBS-branded European TV channels in a joint venture with AMC Networks International and an Australian television company, Ten Network Holdings. Both have since been transferred to the primary international networks division of Paramount Global.

See also
 CBS Studios
 MTV Entertainment Studios
 Paramount Television Studios

References

External links

Paramount Global divisions
Mass media companies established in 1962
Television production companies of the United States
Television syndication distributors

Paramount Global Content Distribution


James Edward Zinn (January 21, 1895 – February 26, 1991) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played all or part of four seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Athletics (1919), Pittsburgh Pirates (1920–22), and Cleveland Indians (1929). In five seasons he had a 13–16 win–loss record, 66 games pitched, 108 strikeouts, and a 4.30 ERA.

After five seasons in the minor leagues, Zinn made his MLB debut on September 4, 1919 with the Philadelphia Athletics. He pitched for them in five games, then was sent to the Pittsburgh Pirates in the offseason. He spent parts of 1920 and 1922 in both the minors and with the Pirates, and spent all of 1921 on the major league roster. Zinn then spent six more years in the minor leagues before pitching in 18 games for the Cleveland Indians in 1929.

Zinn was an above average hitting pitcher in the majors, posting a .283 batting average (34-for-120) with 17 runs, 2 home runs and 15 RBIs. He was used as a pinch hitter 10 times. In 20 games for the 1929 Cleveland Indians, he batted a
career high .381 (16-for-42) with 1 home run and 8 RBI.

Zinn was the winning pitcher for the first ever radio broadcast of a major league baseball game on August 5, 1921 by Pittsburgh's KDKA radio between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Philadelphia Phillies.

In addition to his major league career, Zinn pitched for 25 years in the minor leagues, between 1915 and 1939. Between his stints with the Pirates and Indians, he spent 1923–28 pitching for the Kansas City Blues of the American Association, winning 20 games three times, including a 27-6 season in 1923. After leaving the Indians, he joined the San Francisco Seals of the Pacific Coast League until 1935, winning 20 games twice more. In 1937, he turned to managing, becoming the player-manager of the El Paso Texans in the Arizona–Texas League. He continued to manage on and off in the minors until 1953.

He died in Memphis, Tennessee at the age of 96.

References

External links

Major League Baseball pitchers
Philadelphia Athletics players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Cleveland Indians players
Fort Smith Twins players
Waco Navigators players
Wichita Falls Spudders players
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
San Francisco Seals (baseball) players
Sacramento Senators players
El Paso Texans players
Jacksonville Jax players
Sioux City Cowboys players
Minor league baseball managers
Baseball players from Arkansas
1895 births
1991 deaths
People from Benton, Arkansas

Jimmy Zinn


Philip Hyde (1921–2006) was a pioneer landscape photographer and conservationist. His photographs of the American West were used in more environmental campaigns than those of any other photographer.

Education

Hyde first attended Ansel Adams' photography program at the California School of Fine Arts, now the San Francisco Art Institute, beginning with the Summer Session in 1946 and enrolling in the full-time professional photography training, the first of its kind, in the Fall of 1947, studying under photographers such as Edward Weston, Minor White, Imogen Cunningham and Dorothea Lange. Out of thousands of Ansel Adams' students, Hyde was one of the few Ansel Adams asked to teach with him.

Career with the Sierra Club

Hyde became a contributing photographer for the Sierra Club Annual in 1950.  He photographed for This is Dinosaur: Echo Park Country and Its Magic Rivers, a 1955 book edited by Wallace Stegner highlighting a proposed dam on the Green River in Dinosaur National Monument in Utah and Colorado.

Hyde eventually became the primary conservation photographer for the Sierra Club. David Brower commissioned him to photograph for what came to be known as "battle books", that helped the Sierra Club lead a coalition of environmental groups to establish or expand numerous national parks, wilderness areas and national seashores. This series of books the Sierra Club called The Exhibit Format Series. The most well-known photographers for the series were Ansel Adams, Eliot Porter and Philip Hyde. The Exhibit Format Series helped bring national attention to the Sierra Club and the cause of conservation and popularized the coffee table photography book paving the way for thousands of books of this type in the years since.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the US Bureau of Reclamation proposed two dams in the Colorado River on either end of the Grand Canyon.  The Sierra Club published a book called Time and the River Flowing: Grand Canyon in 1964 in a successful campaign to turn public opinion against these dam projects that threatened the integrity of the wild river and its canyon. Hyde was the primary photographer. This book reshaped the image of the Grand Canyon for Americans and triggered an outpouring of support and letters from all over the world to prevent the flooding of the canyon. Hyde's photographs appeared in campaigns to create North Cascades National Park, Redwood National Park, Point Reyes National Seashore, High Sierra wilderness, the Wind River Range, Canyonlands, islands off Puerto Rico, Big Sur, Kings Canyon, Sequoia National Park, Denali National Park, Tongass National Forest, the Navajo Tribal Parks, the Oregon Cascades, and many other national treasures.

Hyde said, "For every place there will always be people that want to exploit it, and there will always be people—hopefully—that want to save it and keep it as it is.  Even with the risk of inviting the crowds into paradise, better to publish your photographs and rally the troops. What's in the frame of the photograph matters artistically, to be sure, but what's outside the frame can destroy it."

Color Photography

Hyde began making color photographs in 1948. In 1949, the California School of Fine Arts photography department supplemented its usual black and white training with a color photography class that Philip Hyde attended. The Sierra Club Exhibit Format Series began to introduce color photography to their books in 1962. In Wildness Is The Preservation of the World by Eliot Porter was entirely in color and Island In Time: The Point Reyes Peninsula  contained a significant number of color photographic reproductions. Philip Hyde's color photographs also appeared in Time and The River Flowing: Grand Canyon, Navajo Wildlands and other Sierra Club books before the 1970s. After spending time in the desert and discovering improvements in the dye transfer printing process, in the 1970s Hyde gradually transitioned completely away from black-and-white photography to focus solely on color. He collaborated with author Edward Abbey on the desert classic, "Slickrock: The Canyon Country of Southeast Utah," (1971) yet another Sierra Club book published to highlight the threats to wilderness, in this case, the Utah Redrock country of Canyonlands National Park, Capitol Reef National Park, and the Escalante River wilderness.

Publications

Hyde had 15 books of his own work and contributions to more than 70 others. In those following he was the primary illustrator:

 2009: The Ghosts of Glen Canyon: History Beneath Lake Powell by C. Gregory Crampton Foreword by Edward Abbey
 1992: The Range of Light by Philip Hyde with Selections from John Muir -
 1991: Sierra Club: 100 Years of Protecting Nature by Tom Turner; Sierra Club Books
 1987, 1990: Drylands: The Deserts of North America text and photographs by Philip Hyde  -
 1982: Images of the Southwest (Dye Transfer Color Portfolio)
 1980: State Parks Of California: From 1864 to the Present by Joseph Engbeck
 1979: Glen Canyon Portfolio -
 1979: Voices for the Earth by Harold Gilliam; Sierra Club Books
 1976: A Trace of Desert Waters: The Great Basin Story by Samuel B. Houghton
 1973: Mountain and Desert (Sierra Club Limited Edition Lithograph Portfolio)
 1972: The Beautiful Southwest
 1971, 1987: Slickrock: The Canyon Country of Southeast Utah by Edward Abbey and Philip Hyde; Sierra Club Books  -
 1971: Alaska: The Great Land by Mike Miller and Peggy Wayburn; Sierra Club Books
 1971: The Wilderness World of the Grand Canyon by Ann and Myron Sutton
 1971: The Pursuit of Wilderness by Paul Brooks
 1971: An Island Called California
 1970: Glen Canyon Before Lake Powell
 1969: The Grand Colorado: The Story of a River and Its Canyons Foreword by Wallace Stegner, by T. H. Watkins and others.
 1968: South of Yosemite: Selected Writings of John Muir ed. by Frederic R. Gunsky
 1967: Navajo Wildlands: As Long as the Rivers Shall Run by Stephen C. Jett, with selections from Willa Cather and others. Edited by Kenneth Brower with a foreword by David Brower. Sierra Club Exhibit Format Series.
 1965: Not Man Apart: Photographs of the Big Sur Coast poetry by Robinson Jeffers; photographs by Philip Hyde, Wynn Bullock, Cedrick Wright, Edward Weston, Morley Baer, Ansel Adams, William Garnett, Eliot Porter, Cole Weston, Don Worth and others. Sierra Club Exhibit Format Series.
 1965: National Parks of the West
 1965: The Wild Cascades: Forgotten Parkland by Harvey Manning, photographs by Philip Hyde, Ansel Adams, Martin Litton, Bob and Ira Spring, David Simmons, John Warth and others. Sierra Club Exhibit Format Series.
 1964: Time and the River Flowing: Grand Canyon by Francois Leydet, photographs by Philip Hyde, Ansel Adams, Eliot Porter, Martin Litton, Clyde Childress, Richard Norgaard, P. T. Reilly, Joseph Wood Krutch, Katie Lee and others. Sierra Club Exhibit Format Series.
 1964: Wildlands in our Civilization
 1963: The Last Redwoods: Photographs and Story of a Vanishing Scenic Resource by Philip Hyde and François Leydet; Foreword by Stewart L. Udall. Sierra Club Exhibit Format Series.
 1962, 2nd ed. 1973: Island In time: The Point Reyes Peninsula by Harold Gilliam. Sierra Club Books
 1961: Wilderness: America's Living Heritage
 1960: A Climber's Guide to Glacier National Park Sierra Club Books.
 1955: This Is Dinosaur: Echo Park Country and Its Magic Rivers ed. by Wallace Stegner photographs by Philip Hyde, Martin Litton and others. Sierra Club Books.
 1951: Sierra Club Annual Sierra Club Books.

Hyde's last interview was featured in "Lasting Light: 125 Years of Grand Canyon Photography" by Stephen Trimble. A profile and portfolio appeared in "The Golden Decade: Photography at the California School of Fine Arts 1945-55", pages 187-197.

References

External links
Philip Hyde Photography
Philip Hyde Landscape Photography Blog by David Leland Hyde
Philip Hyde Photographs of Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, 1955

Photographers from California
20th-century American photographers
Landscape photographers
Nature photographers
Sierra Club people
1921 births
2006 deaths

Philip Hyde (photographer)


A besom () is a broom, a household implement used for sweeping. The term is mostly reserved for a traditional broom constructed from a bundle of twigs tied to a stout pole. The twigs used could be broom (i.e. Genista, from which comes the modern name "broom" for the tool), heather or similar. The song "Buy Broom Buzzems" from Northern England refers to both types of twig. From the phrase broom besom the more common broom comes. In Scotland, besoms are still occasionally to be found at the edge of forests where they are stacked for use in early response to an outbreak of fire.

Description
As a result of its construction around a central pole, the brush of the besom is rounded instead of flat. The bristles can be made of many materials including, but not limited to straw, herbs, or twigs. Traditionally the handle is of hazel wood and the head is of birch twigs. Modern construction uses bindings of wire and string (instead of the traditional split withy) and the head is secured by a steel nail instead of a wooden dowel.

Cultural associations

Besoms and flying ointments in early modern witchcraft

A number of different recipes for "flying ointments" have survived from the Early modern period, some of the constituents of which not only have hallucinogenic properties but are fat-soluble and could have been absorbed transdermally. Certain researchers have speculated that the stereotypical image of the witch "flying" astride the broomstick of a besom may derive from traditions concerning the use of broomsticks or other staves by women to apply psychotropic ointments to their vaginal or anal mucosa. The active ingredients in Flying ointments were primarily plants in the nightshade family Solanaceae, most commonly Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade) and Hyoscyamus niger (henbane), belonging to the tropane alkaloid-rich tribe Hyoscyameae. Other tropane-containing, nightshade ingredients included the famous Mandrake Mandragora officinarum, Scopolia carniolica and Datura stramonium, the Thornapple.
The alkaloids Atropine, Hyoscyamine and Scopolamine present in these Solanaceous plants are not only potent (and highly toxic) hallucinogens of the deliriant class, but are also fat-soluble and capable of being absorbed through unbroken human skin.
Another ingredient listed frequently in the various flying ointment recipes is the even more toxic Aconitum napellus, which has (among others) the English common name Wolfsbane (i.e. "slayer of wolves").

In Russia and Ukraine

In Russian culture, the besom or venik () has historically had both good and bad connotations. It was seen as a place behind or under which a domovoy would hide, and similarly to the broom it was sometimes associated with the occult. However, it also sometimes served as a protective amulet, as well as a tool for fortune-telling. A venik was also often not thrown away, instead being ceremonially burned during Maslenitsa. The venik's cultural significance extends outside Russia: in Odessa Oblast, Ukraine, a large venik statue (six metres tall) was erected to commemorate the 620th anniversary of the foundation of Savran, a settlement in the area, which was recognized as the largest venik monument in the world.

References

External links

Magic items
European witchcraft
Wiccan terminology
Cleaning tools

Besom


Call recording hardware, or a telephone recorder, is hardware that can be used to record telephone conversations.  Call recording hardware is most often used by law enforcement, lawyers, journalist, and call centers to record phone transaction with customers.

History

Recording of telephone conversations in wired systems requires physical access to the lines over which calls are carried.

PBX based call-recording hardware is sold by PBX vendors and third parties.  This hardware is attached to the PBX.  It can be configured to record all calls or some calls, either randomly or on demand.  Businesses, particularly call centers, use call recording for training, quality management, and legal compliance.

Consumer call-recording hardware was introduced in the 1970s, along with the first consumer-grade answering machines. These devices were connected to the same physical line as one of the telephones involved in the conversation.  While the more sophisticated devices were automatically activated when a call was made, most were manual.

Modern call recorders can use computer servers, running Microsoft Windows or other operating systems, using interface cards  designed for TDM T1 and ISDN-PRI trunks for trunk side recording, and analog and digital station side cards for recording from stations. Often client software is required by the user computer for both screen recording and to trigger voice recording. SIP trunk calls can be recorded using port spans installed on specially configured network ports that do not have IP addresses and are used as sniffers for SIP traffic, and can be configured to record all or only specific calls.

Uses
There are many requirements for call recording. Depending upon jurisdiction, the recording party may or may not be required to tell the other party that the call is being recorded. A simple example whereby anybody might want to record a call is to note complex instructions, or simply to be able to return to a conversation whose details have been forgotten. Both private individuals and companies may want to make an audio recording of transactions for which there is no written record.

Commerce

Recording of commercial transactions by companies is often advised, and may be required.

Law enforcement
Law enforcement use of call recording hardware is concentrated in two areas:
 Security recording of intercepted domestic and international calls for the prevention and detection of crime. Several US government agencies record calls as legally permitted.  Hardware used in this application generally consists of large banks of servers and disk arrays.
 Emergency and public service calls, for example to police. In the US with the advent of E-911 and P.25 projects, E-911 call centers and Public Service Access Points (PSAPs) are upgrading their recording hardware.  Newer systems include hardware interfaces to improve interoperability and compatibility with radio systems outside the PSAP (e.g. military radios).  Newer law-enforcement recording systems include hardware interfaces to these radios.

Types

Tape

Tape recorders, like answering machines, are installed between the telephone wall socket and the telephone itself.  Telephone calls flow through the recorder.  If the recorder is on, the call is recorded on magnetic tape, and can be played back on compatible devices. Cassette tape recorders are used for small-scale use. Professional reel-to-reel recorders taking large tape spools and running at low tape speeds such as  were used for large-scale routine recording.

Digital

Digital recorders have largely replaced tape recorders.  They work in the same way, but record calls in digitised form onto digital data storage media.  Some digital recorders can record call metadata such as call time and duration, and caller ID.

Functions may include:

 The ability to copy files onto removable media such as memory sticks,
 automatic upload to a computer, and
 automated transcriptions of recorded calls.

Computer

Calls may be directly recorded on a computer, without using separate recording hardware. typically a personal computer can be equipped with a sound board through which calls can be run.  Calls can be terminated on a standard telephone or the PC itself.  Calls and call metadata are store on the PC's hard drive. PC-based call-recording usually includes software to retrieve and listen to recorded calls.

Services

Call-recording services make it possible for consumers and businesses to record their telephone calls without any hardware.  These services are available on demand.  They centralize recordings, usually making them available through a web portal, facilitating retrieval and review. Call transcription services are available whereby a recorded call can be transcribed automatically to text, with the different speakers identified, either by software or, more accurately but at greater expense, by a person.

See also

 Telephone tapping
 Call-recording software
 Voicemail
 Visual voicemail
 Business telephone system

Notes

External links

 Recording directly by Microphone

Call recording
Telephone tapping

Call-recording hardware


Questacon – the National Science and Technology Centre is on the southern shore of Lake Burley Griffin, an artificial lake in Canberra, ACT, Australia.

It has more than 200 interactive exhibits relating to science and technology. It was designed to expose children to science. It is suitable for visitors of all ages.

Museums in Australia

Questacon


Anna Wilhelmine of Anhalt-Dessau (13 June 1715, in Dessau – 2 April 1780, in Dessau), was a German princess of the House of Ascania from the Anhalt-Dessau branch.

She was the third (but second surviving) daughter of Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, by his morganatic wife Anna Louise Föhse.

Life
As the favorite child of her father, Anna Wilhelmine was given the Mosigkau Manor near Dessau for her residence in 1742. The princess, who remained unmarried all her life, began renovations on her new home with an architect from the Saxon school. From 1757 she spent her summers in the new Mosigkau Palace.

Her talent in finances became renowned when her brother Maurice allowed her control over the administration of his household and possessions during the period of his fatal war injury in 1759.

In the year of her death, Anna Wilhelmine ordered the establishment of a "Noble lady's convent" (German: Das Hochadelige Fräuleinstift Mosigkau) in Mosigkau Castle. The convent existed until 1945. Since then the Castle has been accessible as a museum.

House of Ascania
1715 births
1780 deaths
Anna Wilhelmine
People from Dessau-Roßlau
Royal reburials
Daughters of monarchs

Anna Wilhelmine of Anhalt-Dessau


Fred Kavli (August 20, 1927 – November 21, 2013) was a Norwegian-American businessman and philanthropist. He was born on a small farm in Eresfjord, Norway. He founded the Kavlico Corporation, located in Moorpark, California. Under his leadership, the company became one of the world's largest suppliers of sensors for aeronautic, automotive, and industrial applications supplying General Electric and the Ford Motor Company.

In 2000 he established The Kavli Foundation to "advance science for the benefit of humanity and to promote public understanding and support for scientists and their work". The Foundation's mission is implemented through an international program of research institutes, professorships, and symposia in the scientific fields of astrophysics, nanoscience, neuroscience, and theoretical physics. The foundation awards the Kavli Prize in astrophysics, nanoscience, and neuroscience.

He was featured in the media primarily for his philanthropic efforts.

Kavli's life
Born in 1927, Kavli grew up on the family farm in the Norwegian village of Eresfjord (pop. 450).

At 14, together with his brother Aslak, he began his first enterprise creating wood pellet fuel for cars. This was during the Second World War and the Nazi occupation of Norway.

Inspired by his father's 13 years in San Francisco the young Kavli wanted to move to the US. Three days after he received his engineering degree from the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH) in Trondheim he left for America on the .

Having no job or sponsor waiting for him, his visa application was initially rejected, and  so in 1955 he immigrated to Montreal, Quebec, Canada instead. The following year his visa was approved and he moved to the United States. He found work as an engineer for a Los Angeles business that developed feedback flight controls for Atlas missiles. He would rise to the position of Chief Engineer here.

Looking to start his own business he advertised in the Los Angeles Times newspaper soliciting financial backers with the simple but effective text "Engineer seeking financial backing to start own business".

Two years later he founded the Kavlico Corporation, located in Moorpark, California. Under his leadership, the company became one of the world's largest suppliers of sensors for aeronautic, automotive, and industrial applications supplying amongst others General Electric and the Ford Motor Company.

In 2000, he sold Kavlico for $345 million to C-Mac Industries Inc. Kavlico is today owned by the French company Schneider Electric. Much of Kavli's wealth is a result of his real estate investments in Southern California. As a philanthropist, Kavli subsequently established The Kavli Foundation and dedicated much of his wealth to funding research institutions and programs worldwide.

On June 19, 2006, he was appointed Grand Officer, Commander with Star, of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit by King Harald V of Norway in recognition of his work on behalf of Norway and humanity. In 2008, he was also awarded an honorary doctorate, Doctor Honoris Causa, by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, in recognition of his work to the benefit and advancement of science and research.

Kavli was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was also a former member of the U.S. President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, and former member of the University of California President's Board on Science and Innovation.

In 2009, Mr. Kavli received an honorary Doctor of Science degree from Northwestern University. In 2011, he received the Bower Award for Business Leadership from the Franklin Institute, one of the oldest science education centers in the United States, and the Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy, which is given biennially to one or more individuals who, like Andrew Carnegie, have dedicated their private wealth to the public good, and who have sustained impressive careers as philanthropists. Also, in 2011, Mr. Kavli was conferred the degree of doctor philosopliae honoris causa by the University of Oslo.

A Trustee of the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) Foundation, in addition to supporting scientific research and education, his philanthropic activities include the Fred Kavli Theatre for Performing Arts at the Thousand Oaks Civic Arts Plaza, California, as well as other projects. He was divorced and had two grown children.

On November 21, 2013, Kavli died at his Santa Barbara, California home after surgery for cholangiocarcinoma, a rare form of cancer.

Kavli Prizes

Through The Kavli Foundation, Kavli established scientific prizes in the fields of Astrophysics, Nanoscience, and Neuroscience. The Kavli Prizes are presented in cooperation with the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research, and have been awarded biennially at a ceremony in Oslo since 2008. Each prize consists of a scroll, gold medal, and $1,000,000 cash.

Kavli chose to focus on these three areas of interest – "from the biggest, to the smallest, to the most complex" – because he thinks these fields are the most exciting scientific fields for the 21st century with potentially great benefits. Kavli has also noted his intent that the Prizes distinguish themselves from the Nobel prizes in science. Consequently, one key distinction between the prizes: Kavli Prize laureates are selected by committees composed of distinguished international scientists. These committee members are recommended by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the French Academy of Sciences, the Max Planck Society, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and The Royal Society, with committee chairs chosen by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.

The first Kavli Prize winners were announced on May 28, 2008, simultaneously in Oslo and at the opening of the World Science Festival in New York City. The first Kavli Prize for astrophysics was awarded to Maarten Schmidt and Donald Lynden-Bell. Louis E. Brus and Sumio Iijima shared the nanoscience prize, while Pasko Rakic, Thomas Jessell and Sten Grillner were awarded the neuroscience prize. The four US winners of the Kavli Prize were honored by President George W. Bush and Science Advisor, Dr. John Marburger, at an Oval Office reception in the White House on November 12, 2008. (See Kavli Prize for laureates in subsequent years.)

The Kavli Foundation

The Kavli Foundation, based in Oxnard, California, is dedicated to the goals of advancing science for the benefit of humanity and to promote public understanding and support for scientists and their work.  It was established in 2000 by Mr. Kavli and is actively involved in establishing major research institutes at leading universities and institutions in the United States, Europe and Asia.

The Kavli Foundation has made grants to establish Kavli Institutes on the campuses of the University of California Santa Barbara, University of California Berkeley, Stanford University, the California Institute of Technology, the University of Chicago, Columbia University, Yale University, New York University, Cornell University, the University of California, San Diego, Delft University of Technology in The Netherlands, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Peking University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harvard University, University of Cambridge and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology.  These institutions are the beneficiaries of the Kavli Foundation to date, and the list is bound to grow in the future.

In addition to the Kavli Institutes, six Kavli professorships have been established: two at the University of California Santa Barbara, one at the University of California Los Angeles, one at the University of California Irvine, one at Columbia University, and one at the California Institute of Technology.

Kavli Institutes

The Kavli Foundation has established 20 research institutes at leading universities worldwide. These institutes focus on astrophysics, nanoscience, neuroscience and theoretical physics. Consistent with its business-like approach, Kavli requires each partner University to match the average $7.5 million donation.  The institutes are not required to focus on any specific subject but are free to do any basic research they see fit.

Seven researchers associated with the Kavli institutes have been awarded Nobel prizes: David Gross, Frank Wilczek,  Richard Axel, Eric Kandel, Edvard Moser, May-Britt Moser and Rainer Weiss.

As of October 2023, there are 13 institutes in the United States, 2 in China, 1 in the Netherlands, 1 in Norway, 2 in the United Kingdom, and 1 in Japan.

The 20 Kavli Institutes are:

Astrophysics
 The Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology at Stanford University
 The Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago
 The Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 The Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics at Peking University
 The Kavli Institute for Cosmology at the University of Cambridge
 The Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe at the University of Tokyo

Nanoscience
 The Kavli Institute for Nanoscale Science at Cornell University
 The Kavli Institute of Nanoscience at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands
 The Kavli Nanoscience Institute at the California Institute of Technology
 The Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
 The Kavli Institute for NanoScience Discovery at the University of Oxford

Neuroscience
 The Kavli Institute for Brain Science at Columbia University
 The Kavli Institute for Brain & Mind at the University of California, San Diego
 The Kavli Institute for Neuroscience at Yale University
 The Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
 The Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute at Johns Hopkins University
 The Kavli Neural Systems Institute at The Rockefeller University
 The Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience at the University of California, San Francisco

Theoretical physics
 Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of California, Santa Barbara
 The Kavli Institute for Theoretical Sciences (KITS) at the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Honours
Royal Norwegian Order of Merit - Grand Officer.
Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences – fellow.
Norwegian University of Science and Technology – honorary doctor.

Quotes
The curiosity of the human being is what has brought us where we are today, and I have complete confidence that it will take us where we need to be in the future.

References

External links
 Concise Fred Kavli biography  – From The Kavli Foundation
 Kavli Strives to Leave Mark on Science – New York Times article
 The Next Nobel? Time magazine profile
 Kavli strives to leave mark on science USA Today

1927 births
2013 deaths
American businesspeople
Norwegian engineers
American physicists
Norwegian Institute of Technology alumni
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Norwegian emigrants to Canada
Canadian emigrants to the United States
People from Nesset
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences
Deaths from cholangiocarcinoma
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates

Fred Kavli


Taylor Wessing LLP is an international law firm with 28 offices internationally. The firm has over 300 partners and over 1000 lawyers worldwide. The company was formed as a result of a merger of the British law firm Taylor Joynson Garrett and the German law firm Wessing & Berenberg-Gossler, retaining the first name of each.

History

Taylor Joynson Garrett and its predecessors

The oldest predecessor of the Taylor law firm began in 1782 as a firm run by a sole practitioner, Thomas Smith. The first Taylor joined him as a partner in 1788. From 1805, the original Taylor then practised on his own until he died in 1822.

By then another partner, Jacob Mould had joined, and the firm continued under various names, usually incorporating the name "Taylor" until 1832 when the first Taylor's son (Taylor II) joined as a partner. The firm was then known as Mould Taylor & Co.

Mould departed shortly afterward and the firm became Parker, Taylor, and Rooke. From 1848, Taylor II practised on his own until 1866, when his son, Taylor III, joined him, the firm becoming known as R.S. Taylor & Son. He was joined by the first Humbert in 1879, the firm becoming R.S. Taylor Son & Humbert. This name was streamlined to Taylor & Humbert forty years later.

Taylor & Humbert merged with Parker Garrett in 1982, becoming Taylor Garrett. The firm then merged with Joynson-Hicks in 1989, calling itself Taylor Joynson Garrett.

Wessing & Berenberg-Gossler and its predecessors

In 1873, the oldest predecessor of the Wessing & Berenberg-Gossler law firm was founded in Hamburg by Hermann May and Alfons Mittelstrass. The firm was focused on corporate legal services catering to the Hanseatic merchants, the elite class that ruled the city-republic of Hamburg. This firm evolved into Berenberg-Gossler & Partner as its then-owner Günter von Berenberg-Gossler for the first time accepted multiple lawyers as partners in his firm in 1960. Berenberg-Gossler belonged to the Berenberg banking dynasty, owners of Berenberg Bank (formally Joh. Berenberg, Gossler & Co.) and widely regarded as one of Hamburg's two most prominent Hanseatic families. The Berenberg-Gossler & Partner firm became the most prominent corporate law firm of Hamburg.

Count Rüdiger von der Goltz had established a law practice in Stettin in 1926, and in 1954, he accepted the young lawyer Kurt Wessing as a partner.

The law firm of Zimmermann, Reimer, Hohenlohe Sommer had been established in 1975, in Munich, and later became Zimmermann, Hohenlohe, Sommer, Rojahn.

In 1989, Berenberg-Gossler & Partner merged with Graf von der Goltz Wessing & Partner and Zimmermann Hohenlohe Sommer Rojahn. In 1993, the company merged with the renowned Frankfurt law firm Kanzlei Lange & von Braunschweig, and became Wessing Berenberg-Gossler Zimmermann Lange (often known as Wessing & Berenberg-Gossler).

Taylor Wessing
In 2002, Taylor and Wessing & Berenberg-Gossler merged to become Taylor Wessing. In March 2012 RHT Law in Singapore formally joined Taylor Wessing (RHTLaw Taylor Wessing) and in May 2012 Austrian firm e|n|w|c merged, adding a further eight offices over six new jurisdictions. The firm has been using the name "Taylor" for over 230 years. In 2013, the firm was named Law Firm of the Year at The Lawyer Awards 2013.

In June 2014 two representative offices were opened in Palo Alto and New York City to provide on-the-ground support to US clients. An association with the Korean firm DR & AJU International Law Group was established in May 2014 extending Taylor Wessing's presence in Southeast Asia. In September 2015 two new offices were established in the Netherlands through a merger with leading Netherlands firm Deterink Advocaten en Notarissen. In 2016, the firm extended its presence in Hong Kong with the creation of a new local office and association with local firm HM Chan & Co. In 2018, Taylor Wessing expanded its presence in the UK with the opening of a new office in Liverpool.

Taylor Wessing Photographic Portrait Prize

Taylor Wessing sponsors London's National Portrait Gallery's yearly Photographic Portrait Prize, having done so since 2008. Taylor Wessing's relationship with the Gallery began in 2005 with their sponsorship of The World's Most Photographed.

Controversies

In 2019, the firm introduced a grade-based remuneration in Germany. Research assistants who passed two honours examinations (Prädikatsexamen) received 1,100 euros per weekly working day. This corresponds to a converted hourly wage of around 32 euros for a working day of eight hours. Those who had not passed both state examinations with honours only received around 27 euros per hour. A research assistant or a trainee who had only taken the first exam (junior staff) could now earn 1,000 euros per week working day, the same amount as an employee who was already admitted to the bar, but had finished his exams with lower marks. The system caused a great stir and was abolished after one year.

References

Sources
 The Legal 500
 Chambers and Partners
 Chambers Student Guide

External links

 Taylor Wessing Photographic Portrait Prize at the National Portrait Gallery

Law firms established in 2002
2002 establishments in Germany
2002 establishments in the United Kingdom
Law firms of Germany
Law firms of the United Kingdom
Foreign law firms with offices in the Netherlands

Taylor Wessing


Roy Rogers Franchise Company, LLC is a chain of fast food restaurants primarily located in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States. The chain originated as the rebranding of the RoBee's House of Beef chain of Fort Wayne, Indiana, acquired by the Marriott Corporation in February 1968. However, Marriott first used the Roy Rogers Roast Beef name on conversions of the company's Junior Hot Shoppes in the Washington, D.C. area in April 1968, then the existing RoBee's stores. An aggressive nationwide franchising campaign was launched. At its peak, the chain included over 600 locations. The chain now has 41 locations in seven states, either company owned or franchised.

The Roy Rogers chain was sold in 1990 to Imasco, then the parent company of Hardee's, and experienced severe decline as many locations  converted to Hardee's. In 2002, the trademark was purchased by Plamondon Companies.

Roy Rogers' menu consists primarily of hamburgers, roast beef sandwiches, fried chicken, nine side items (including french fries), and beverages.  Many locations also serve breakfast.

History

1967–1968: RoBee's and Marriott
In 1967 the Azar's Big Boy restaurant franchise started RoBee's House of Beef restaurants in Ft. Wayne, Indiana. The Marriott Corp., which had acquired Bob's Big Boy and the Big Boy trademark in 1967, acquired RoBee's in February 1968 with plans to expand nationwide. RoBee's franchises would first be offered to Big Boy franchisees to coincide with their existing Big Boy territory. At the time there were 13 RoBee's restaurants in six states.

During the acquisition, in January 1968, the competing roast beef chain Arby's sued RoBee's for trademark infringement and (other similarities that it considered) unfair competition. Because "RoBee's" sounded too much like "Arby's" the settlement required a new brand name and Marriott wanted something recognizable. Big Boy founder Bob Wian, then sitting on Marriott's board of directors, was friends with Roy Rogers' agent and suggested that the company approach Rogers about the use of his name. Already interested in associating with a chain restaurant, Rogers was in similar discussions with another company when Marriott called. Nonetheless, he accepted Marriott's offer: Rogers would receive a licensing fee for use of his name and also be paid for personal appearances at the restaurants. The restaurants would be called "Roy Rogers Roast Beef Sandwich" restaurants, and despite Arby's complaints, it retained RoBee's building design and covered wagon logo design.

Several major Big Boy franchisees accepted Marriott's offer and became Roy Rogers regional franchisees, including Abdow's, Frisch's, Elias Brothers, Marc's, and Shoney's which together covered much of the Northeastern, Midwest and Southern US. Pittsburgh franchisee Eat'n Park rejected the offer and took public offense at paying fees to Rogers. In the Pittsburgh area and elsewhere, other regional franchisees were sought who would also subfranchise to smaller operators, and by January 1969 Marriott claimed regional franchises for every state but Alaska. Roy Rogers' restaurants also opened in Canada, franchised to that nation's Big Boy franchisee, JB's of Canada.

Marriott divided the United States into 33 franchise regions and required regional franchisees open a set number of restaurants in a four-year period. Regional franchisees would pay Marriott a 2% royalty, and subfranchisees typically pay the regional franchisee 3%, who would keep the additional 1%. A restaurant required a $35,000 cash investment upfront, including $7,500 paid to Marriott. Additionally, the cost of the building and equipment, with seating for 42 persons, cost about $100,000 in 1968, excluding the cost of land. Marriott offered financing but charged an interest rate of 12% on land and 17% for the building. The prototype restaurant seated 40 to 45 persons with additional outdoor seating on an optional patio in front of the building, but actual restaurants varied, one franchisee's dining area accommodating 75 persons.

The first Roy Rogers restaurant opened up on Co- founder and Hot Shoppes manager, Henry L. Wright's property in April 1968 in the Bailey's Crossroads section of Falls Church, Virginia, on the corner of Leesburg Pike and Carlin Springs Road (5603 Leesburg Pike). Another opened at 5214 River Road, in Bethesda, Maryland. The area was selected because Marriott was headquartered in metropolitan Washington, D.C., the River Road unit located directly across the street. (Marriott executives and Marriott family members were frequent patrons of this store.) These first locations were conversions of Jr. Hot Shoppes, Marriott's existing fast food chain. In May 1968, RoBee's units began to open as Roy Rogers. Rogers made a four state tour of namesake restaurants in the Southern U.S., appearing at each location for an hour, shaking hands and handing out signed photographs. Filming for the first television commercials advertising Roy Rogers Restaurants took place in the Apple Valley, California area where Rogers lived with his family. In 1968 and 1969, Rogers and friends, Earl Bascom and Mel Marion, were filmed at various locations including the historic Las Flores Ranch in Summit Valley and the Campbell Ranch in Victorville.

Rapid growth began in 1968 and Marriott made optimistic projections. In October 1968, there were reportedly 38 units open and 65 under construction, and by December, 56 open and 39 under construction. Marriott projected 700 or more Roy Rogers restaurants in four years. By June 1969, 105 units were open with a new projection of 870 in four years. A February 1970 newspaper article reported that over 160 units were in operation. However, growth halted in 1970, when Marriott suspended Roy Rogers franchising, due to financial losses from closings of failing locations. The following year, the Texas–based regional franchise, Ram-Hart Systems, filed for Chapter 11 protection, asking to terminate leases found unprofitable, which were making the entire chain unprofitable. After franchising resumed, only 172 restaurants were open by September 1972, a quarter of the 700 stores projected four years earlier.

In 1982, Marriott bought the Gino's restaurant chain for $48.6 million. The company converted 180 of the 313 restaurants to Roy Rogers to expand in the Baltimore/Washington area.

1990: Hardee's
In 1990, Marriott sold the chain for $365 million to Imasco, the parent company of Hardee's, a Midwestern and Southern chain seeking further expansion into the Mid-Atlantic market. The remaining non-franchised Roy Rogers locations were converted into Hardee's restaurants, although many of the converted Hardee's continued to offer Roy Rogers' fried chicken. The conversion of the Roy Rogers chain caused a customer revolt and the units returned to the Roy Rogers' brand. The restaurants promoted new flame-broiled hamburgers, but they were not the same as the original Roy Rogers products and later failed.

Hardee's finally sold the remaining Roy Rogers locations to McDonald's, Wendy's, and Boston Market between 1994 and 1996. This left 13 Roy Rogers franchisees, with two dozen free-standing locations, in addition to locations owned by HMSHost in travel plazas along highways in the Northeast.

Prior to the Hardee's acquisition, Roy Rogers cooked its fries in a blend of beef tallow and vegetable oil. Hardee's, which had already replaced tallow with all vegetable shortening, implemented the same procedure for Roy Rogers.

2002: Plamondon Companies
In 1997, CKE Restaurants acquired Hardee's from Imasco, but Imasco retained the Roy Rogers trademark and franchise system, finally selling Roy Rogers to Plamondon Enterprises (now Plamondon Companies) in 2002, after three years of negotiation. Roy Rogers was relaunched as Roy Rogers Franchise Company, LLC. Plamondon had already opened the first new Roy Rogers restaurant in Frederick, Maryland in 2000. At the time of the sale, there were 63 existing Roy Rogers franchises in nine states.

Plamondon Companies, which opened its first franchised Roy Rogers restaurant in 1980, took the lead among franchisees in developing products, hosting training sessions and shooting new food photography for their stores. The company is run by Jim Plamondon and Peter Plamondon Jr., the two sons of Peter Plamondon Sr., head of the restaurant division at Marriott when the Roy Rogers brand was created. Based in Frederick, Maryland, Plamondon is a privately held company.

Key dates

1968: Marriott acquires the 16 unit RoBee's roast beef chain. A trademark infringement complaint by Arby's causes rebranding as Roy Rogers restaurants.
1968: The first Roy Rogers opens at 5603 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, Virginia.
1970: Marriott halts franchising and takes write-offs due to bad investments in failing stores.
1970s: Roy Rogers chain struggles under Marriott. Several hundred franchised and company units open, but much less than company projections.
1970s: First Long Island stores open in Greenvale (Nassau County, New York) and Commack (Suffolk County, New York).
1973: Stores in Uniondale, Island Trees, and Farmingdale (all located in Nassau County, New York) open.
1975: Long Island store opens in Shirley, New York, in Suffolk County.
1976: Roy Rogers in Fairfax, Virginia (on Little River Turnpike at the border of Alexandria, Virginia) is robbed, in a high-profile case, where five employees were herded into the restaurant's freezer and shot in the head. Four people were killed, and one survived.
1977: Roy Rogers and his Sons of the Pioneers singers, make an appearance at a Fairfax location on August 30. While performing, a 17 year old ran past the bandstand and hurled a cottage cheese pie in Rogers' face. The youth plead guilty a month later and was fined $100 for his actions.
1982: Marriott purchases the Gino's restaurant chain for $48.6 million and converts many of the restaurants to Roy Rogers.
1982: Marriott threatens to take the Riese family, a franchisee, to court when they discovered the Rieses were reserving space for Häagen Dazs and Godfather's Pizza in a property slotted for a Times Square Roy Rogers restaurant.
1989: Marriott decides to get out of the fast-food business and sell its Roy Rogers, Howard Johnson's, Bob's Big Boy and other chains to concentrate on its fast-food operations catering to captive buyers at airports and along turnpikes.
1990: A total of 648 Roy Rogers locations are in operation—primarily in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic states.
1990: Marriott sells Roy Rogers to Hardee's, subsidiary of Imasco, for $365 million in its plan to exit the fast-food business.
1990: Hardee's converts 220 Roy Rogers locations to Hardee's.
1992: Hardee's reconverts 220 former Roy Rogers locations back to Roy Rogers.
1992: Jordan, McGrath, Case & Taylor Inc., a New York advertising agency, is hired to promote the Roy Rogers brand.
1992: Ronald R. Powell, who ran Roy Rogers from 1985 to 1987 under Marriott, becomes President of Roy Rogers and is believed to have influenced Hardee's decision in dropping its conversion strategy and restoring the chain to its original identity.
1994: Hardee's sells 84 company-owned Roy Rogers restaurants in the Philadelphia region to Boston Market for $22 million.
1995: Hardee's sells 45 company-owned Roy Rogers restaurants in the New York region to Wendy's International Inc.
1996: Hardee's sells 184 company-owned Roy Rogers restaurants in the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area to McDonald's for $74 million.
1996: Only 13 Roy Rogers franchisees remain operating a total of about 152 units through the Northeast, including 48 units in highway travel plazas and 15 in New York City.
1997: CKE Restaurants (Carl's Jr.) acquires Hardee's from Imasco. Imasco retains Roy Rogers trademark due to a franchisee lawsuit.
1997: The Riese family, now franchisees of 18 Roy Rogers restaurants, sues CKE Restaurants and Imasco for $10 million, claiming the Roy Rogers chain has been destroyed through "a series of marketing errors of epic proportions."
1997: CKE enters into a management agreement for the six Roy Rogers restaurants currently operated by Hardee's. CKE also agrees to perform services relating to the continued franchise operations of the Roy Rogers restaurant chain for $1.5 million over three years.
2002: Imasco sells Roy Rogers trademark rights to Plamondon Enterprises, Inc. (Roy Rogers Franchise Co.).
2003: HMSHost (formerly Host Marriott Services) signs agreement to continue operating Roy Rogers in travel plazas.
2003: Roy Rogers Franchise Company unveils its "Roy Rogers Rides Again!" refranchising growth initiative.
2003: Roy Rogers Restaurants launches royrogersrestaurants.com website.
2006: Roy Rogers Restaurants rank 4th in the Franchise Times "20 to Watch in 2006."
2021: Roy Rogers created a vice president of franchise sales position and hired Gregg Koffler. The strategy is to build concentrically out of core markets in the Mid-Atlantic, like Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania. The growth circle would slowly get bigger and include New York, the Eastern Seaboard, and states like Ohio, Tennessee, Florida, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia.
2022: Roy Rogers gets into a new partnership with One Holland Corp. restaurant group and plans to open 10 new Roy Rogers locations over the next six years in the Cincinnati metropolitan area. The new locations would be in Hamilton, Butler and Clermont counties in Southwest Ohio; Boone, Kenton, Campbell counties in Northern Kentucky; and Dearborn County in Southeast Indiana.
2023: Roy Rogers celebrates their 55th anniversary.
2023: In February, One Holland Corp., opened its first restaurant in Cleves, Ohio, yielding one of the restaurant's most successful openings in its 55 years. In June, One Holland Corp. announced plans to open their second location in Florence, Kentucky, in December.

Products and services

Though standard Roy Rogers locations serve food in a typical fast-food fashion, some locations (such as the locations that were formerly Jr. Hot Shoppes) and the franchises located throughout Mid-Atlantic highway rest-stops serve the food in a cafeteria-style.  An exception is the Allentown service plaza on the Pennsylvania Turnpike's Northeast Extension, which serves its customers in the typical fast-food fashion since it reopened in May 2008 (the entire service plaza had been rebuilt from its original form, which included cafeteria-style serving).

In the cafeteria-style restaurants, customers push their trays on rails past stations stocked with pre-wrapped packages of hamburgers, cheeseburgers, and roast-beef sandwiches. A feature of this chain in any of the locations is the Fixin's Bar which features numerous condiments. Due to this feature, sandwich items are delivered without any of the customary garnishes. After selecting and paying for these items, patrons can garnish them to their own taste at the Fixin's Bar with such items as ketchup, BBQ sauce, mayonnaise, horseradish sauce, lettuce, tomatoes, pickles, and onions. Numerous locations offer hand-dipped milkshakes made with Edy's Ice Cream.

Popular items on the menu are roast beef sandwiches and fried chicken, which was advertised by Roy Rogers under the "Pappy Parker" name beginning in the 1970s using a cartoon prospector (the Pappy Parker name was inherited from Marriott's original Hot Shoppes chain). Other signature items at Roy Rogers are the Gold Rush chicken sandwich (a fried chicken breast with bacon, a slice of Monterey Jack cheese, and a honey-based BBQ sauce) and the Double-R Bar Burger (a cheeseburger with ham). The side items featured at Roy Rogers are french fries, baked potatoes, mashed potatoes with gravy, and baked beans.

Locations
Roy Rogers Restaurants are located in the following seven states, along with the number of locations.

 West Virginia: 1
 Maryland: 22
 New Jersey: 2
 New York: 1
 Pennsylvania: 7
 Virginia: 7
 Ohio: 1

As of September 2023, there are 41 Roy Rogers restaurants.

See also

 List of hamburger restaurants
 List of fast-food chicken restaurants

Notes

References

External links
 Roy Rogers Restaurants

Falls Church, Virginia
Companies based in Frederick County, Maryland
Frederick, Maryland
Economy of the Northeastern United States
Regional restaurant chains in the United States
Fast-food chains of the United States
Restaurants established in 1968
Fast-food hamburger restaurants
Fast-food poultry restaurants
Fast-food franchises
1968 establishments in Virginia
Roy Rogers
1990 mergers and acquisitions
2002 mergers and acquisitions
Roast beef restaurants in the United States

Roy Rogers Restaurants


The Conroy Turbo-Three was a series of two Douglas DC-3s modified with turboprop engines by Conroy Aircraft. The first conversion first flew on May 13, 1969. Two Rolls-Royce Dart Mk. 510 engines from a crashed Vickers Viscount previously operated by United Airlines were used to replace the original Pratt & Whitney radial engines. Because the new turboprops were much lighter than the radial engines, they had to be mounted further forward to maintain the aircraft's center of gravity. The replacement engines increased the aircraft's cruising speed from 170 mph to 215 mph. The prototype was later converted into the Conroy Tri-Turbo-Three.

The second conversion was called the Super Turbo-Three because it was converted from a surplus Super DC-3. Unlike the first conversion, the Dart engines were mounted in the rear part of the engine nacelle. Due to the small diameter of the Viscount propellers, airflow was restricted by the bulky nacelles and landing gear fairings. This caused the takeoff distance to be 6000 feet, making it unappealing as a commuter aircraft. The aircraft ended up parked at Groton-New London Airport in Groton, Connecticut where on February 19, 1984 its cockpit was hit by a wing from a Trans American Lockheed L-100 Hercules.

A similar conversion had been performed for British European Airways (BEA) in the 1940s when a Dakota was converted to Dart power in order to obtain turboprop experience prior to the introduction of the Viscount.

See also

References

1960s United States airliners
Turbo Three
Low-wing aircraft
Douglas DC-3
Aircraft first flown in 1969
Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft

Conroy Turbo-Three


The Buck Memorial Library is the public library of Bucksport, Maine.  It is located at 47 Maine Street in the center of the town, in an architecturally distinguished Gothic Revival stone structure designed by George A. Clough and built in 1887.  The building was a gift from the family of Richard Buck, a descendant of Bucksport founder Jonathan Buck, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

Architecture and history
The library association in Bucksport was founded in 1806, and operated for many years as a private subscription service, operated first out of private homes and later out of a small leased space just off Maine Street.  The need for larger and more permanent quarters in the 1880s prompted the drive that resulted in the construction of the present facilities.  Richard Pike Buck, the grandson of Bucksport founder Jonathan Buck, promised funding for construction of a building and an endowment, but died before the gift was made.  His wife and daughter saw through the donation.

The building is a 1-1/2 story structure, fashioned out of rough-cut ashlar Blue Hill granite with dressed granite trim, and covered with a gabled slate roof.  The building has an L-shaped plan, with a forward projecting gable end at the left, and the entrance located under a porch in the crook of the L.  The interior, which has retained all of its original finishes and woodwork, and is laid out with the librarian's desk and office in the center, a reading room to the right, and the stack area to the left.  The building is one of four small-town Maine libraries designed by Boston architect George A. Clough, who summered in his native Blue Hill.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hancock County, Maine

References

External links
Buck Memorial Library web site

Libraries on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Gothic Revival architecture in Maine
Romanesque Revival architecture in Maine
Library buildings completed in 1887
Libraries in Hancock County, Maine
Buildings and structures in Bucksport, Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Hancock County, Maine

Buck Memorial Library


Bouri Jean Victor Sanhouidi (born 1949), is a diplomat and economist from Burkina Faso.

Bouri Sanhouidi graduated from Université Laval in Sainte-Foy, Quebec. He is a United Nations official.

He is currently, as of March 2021, is the Acting Resident Representative of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in Benin. He took office on February 6, 2020 in Cotonou.

Job History
He started his career in 1985 with United Nations as UNDP JPO program Administrator in New York United States, Dakar Senegal and Conakry Guinea.

Sanhouidi has been UNDP Assistant Resident Representative in Zaire from 1985 to 1988 and UNDP Deputy Resident Representative (program) in Benin from 1988 to 1991. He was the chief of UNDP-UNV Africa section and director of management program division from 1991 to 1996 in Geneva (Switzerland) and Bonn (Germany). He served as UNDP Resident Representative and UN Resident Coordinator in Niger from 1996 to 1999, UNDP Resident Representative, UN Resident Coordinator and UN Humanitarian Affairs Coordinator in Democratic Republic of the Congo from 2000 to 2002, UNDP Resident Representative, UNIC Director and UN Resident Coordinator from 2002 to 2007 in Madagascar. In April 2007 he has been appointed by the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon as United Nations Resident Coordinator for Senegal. He is the designated representative of the UN Secretary-General in Senegal. UNDP's Administrator Kemal Dervis has also appointed Mr. Sanhouidi as Resident Representative of United Nations Development Programme UNDP in Senegal.
Mr. Sanhouidi has extensive experience in the management of countries in conflicts.

Sanhouidi played an important role in the organization of the electoral process for Malagasy Presidential election in December 2006. He managed the political dialogue and the financial support of the international community.

References

External links
Irin News Africa
Madagascar parliament
People daily
Madagascar Presidency
United Nations
All Africa

Humanitarians
Burkinabé officials of the United Nations
1949 births
Living people
21st-century Burkinabé people

Bouri Sanhouidi


Ardozyga iochlaena is a species of moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1904. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Western Australia.

The wingspan is . The forewings are light fuscous, suffused with ochreous towards the base, irrorated with whitish and sprinkled with fuscous. The costal edge is finely white from one-fourth to three-fourths and the stigmata are moderate, very indistinct, dark fuscous, with the plical somewhat beyond the first discal. The hindwings are grey.

References

Ardozyga
Moths described in 1904
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick
Moths of Australia

Ardozyga iochlaena


The Egyptian Military Academy () is the most prominent military academy in Egypt and Africa. Traditionally, graduates of the Military Academy are commissioned as officers in the Egyptian Army. However, they may serve in other branches and commands of the Egyptian military establishment.

2022 establishments

Egyptian Military Academy


Albert A. Boyajian (, born June 4, 1940, Aleppo, Syria) is an American business leader and activist for Armenian causes.

He is the founder and chairman of the Armenian American Political Action Committee (A.A.P.A.C.), which promotes Armenian issues in Washington D.C. concerning free trade, social financial, cultural activities, and cooperation between Armenia and the United States government.

Biography
In 1968, he graduated from the University of Paris with a degree in Modern French Literature and then emigrated to the United States.

In 1978, he established the Global Bakeries, Inc. in the production & supply of food product, and has become a national and international enterprise and he currently serves as president and CEO.

In 1984, he established the first Armenian Youth Association Boy Scouts of America Pack.

In 1993, he founded the Boyajian Youth Center in Pasadena, California, that focuses on social activities and Art Gallery for children in the community.

In 1997, he led a team that secured 9.56 million University endowment from United States Government and he established an educational endowment fund for Pepperdine University.

He has donated over $1 million to Armenia Fund, Inc. and was awarded the Republican Senatorial Medal of Freedom.

External links
Albert A. Boyajian awarded the Ellis Island Medal of Honor
 Albert A. Boyajian among Honorees at AGBU Convention by THE ARMENIAN GENERAL BENEVOLENT UNION (AGBU)

1940 births
Living people
Syrian people of Armenian descent
People from Aleppo
University of Paris alumni
21st-century American philanthropists
American people of Armenian descent
Ethnic Armenian philanthropists
American food industry businesspeople
Armenian businesspeople
Ethnic Armenian businesspeople
Syrian Christians
Syrian emigrants to the United States
Syrian expatriates in France

Albert A. Boyajian


Barbara Kemp (12 December 1881 – 17 April 1959) was a German soprano and opera singer. After a successful stage career, she retired to teach and also directed performances at the Berlin State Opera.

Life and career
Barbara Kemp was born in Cochem, Germany and studied singing at the Strasbourg Conservatory. She made her debut in Strasbourg in 1903 in the role of the priestess in Aida. She continued singing roles at local theaters and by 1913 she was employed at the Berlin Hofoper. She interpreted the role of Senta at the Bayreuth Festival in 1914 and performed at the Vienna State Opera from 1924 to 1927. Her sister, Josefine Kemp, also had a successful operatic career.

Kemp married opera composer and Berlin State Opera director Max von Schillings in 1923, but continued her performing career. She sang at the Metropolitan Opera from 1922 to 1924, making her debut in the leading role in her husband's opera Mona Lisa. The first run of Mona Lisa included five performances, which were also repeated the next year. Kemp also interpreted the roles of Kundry and Isolde at the Met.

Kemp retired from the stage in 1932, and afterward worked as a singing teacher and director at the Berlin State Opera, producing the opera Mona Lisa and Ingwelde. Recordings of Kemp include Der Rosenkavalier in 1927, and also a performance at the Berlin State Opera in 1928. She died in Berlin.

References

External links

1881 births
1959 deaths
German operatic sopranos
German music educators
People from Cochem
20th-century German  women opera singers
German women music educators

Barbara Kemp


Robert Todd Storz (May 8, 1924 – April 13, 1964) headed a very successful chain of American radio broadcasting stations and is generally credited with being the foremost innovator of the Top 40 radio format in 1951. The selection of records to be played was based on sales reported by record stores, an indication as to which would be of greatest interest to listeners. Only the favorites would be played, in rotation. Some sources also credit his Omaha radio station as among the first to play at least some rock and roll records.

Early Years
Robert Todd Storz (known as Todd to avoid confusion with his father) was the grandson of Omaha brewer Gottlieb Storz. His father, Robert H. Storz, positioned himself as a "mover and shaker" in Omaha, Nebraska.  He joined his eldest brother Adolph in running the Storz Brewing Company, and became active in local associations and activities.  Indeed, Robert Storz played a role in getting the U.S. Air Force's Strategic Air Command (SAC) headquarters to relocate to Omaha in 1957.  SAC's huge and growing payroll portended good business for Storz beer.  Having no interest in the beer business, however, young Todd Storz was far more attracted to the potential of broadcast radio.  He built a crude AM radio crystal receiver when he was only eight, and from then on, was "hooked" on radio.

In 1940 Todd passed the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) amateur ham radio license examination, and set up his receiver and transmitter on the third floor of the family home.  Robert H. enrolled Todd at the prestigious Choate school in Connecticut, hoping that his son would pay more attention to academics than to radio.  Instead, he became president of the Choate Radio Club.  In 1942, he transferred to the University of Nebraska at Lincoln, where he put an unlicensed AM station on the air, though it was quickly shut down by the FCC.  Todd enlisted in the Army in 1943 and served as a warrant officer junior grade in the Signal Corps.  When he mustered out in 1946, he enrolled in a 12-week radio course sponsored by NBC and Northwestern University.  Next, he took a low-paying "jack-of-all-trades" job at KWBW in Hutchinson, Kansas, to gain some commercial radio experience. He returned to Omaha in 1947 to take on a sales position at KFAB—and to marry Elizabeth Ann Trailer.

Station Acquisitions and A New Sound
In mid-April 1949, Robert and Todd Storz announced their purchase of KOWH-AM and its FM companion outlet KOAD from the owners of the Omaha World Herald.  The elder Storz was named president and his son became vice-president and general manager.  For the first two years under Storz management, KOWH followed industry practice and offered a varied "conglomeration of programming" that resulted in only four percent of Omaha homes listening even once to the station in a sample week.

By mid-1951 however, KOWH began to turn around as Todd observed that audience ratings rose when recorded music was played but declined when talk shows were aired.  He concluded that listeners wanted most to hear hit records.  By the fall of 1953, all of KOWH's programming was being produced in-house, featuring local announcers, recorded popular music, and a wide array of promotional jingles.  In an era when network and local radio were relying on a more staid variety of short programs designed to appeal to a specific slice of the available audience for a finite amount of time, the Storz operation offered a single program type—recorded hit music—during all of its broadcast hours.  Ratings showed that KOWH's music appealed to the largest percentage of audience of any independent (non-network) radio outlet in the country.

Playing popular music, and repeating the top-selling ("Top-40") hits most often, was the main engine driving KOWH's phenomenal audience growth. This was the beginning of a radio revolution, which would soon expand to six other Storz stations, beginning with WTIX, New Orleans in 1953, which also became phenomenally successful despite having a weak signal.  Todd Storz went on to buy WHB in Kansas City in 1954, WDGY in Minneapolis/St. Paul in January 1956, WQAM in Miami in May 1956, KOMA in Oklahoma City in 1958, and KXOK in St. Louis in 1960.  Most of the later acquisitions enjoyed top-notch technical facilities.  Storz could easily afford their purchase. Other station operators took notice of the Storz phenomenon and began to program similar tightly-formatted Top-40 music.

The Unraveling
In January 1961 Todd's wife of fourteen years filed for divorce.  A month later Storz announced that the company had designated a Miami Beach building as the company's new national headquarters.  In retrospect, there were several good reasons for Storz to move his home and office from Omaha to Miami Beach.  Doing so would distance him from his failed marriage, remove him somewhat from his father's close scrutiny, provide him with a fresh location more in keeping with a modern, upbeat corporate identity, offer hoped-for relief from a persistent sinus condition and migraine headaches, and bring him closer to the woman who soon become his second wife–station WQAM's receptionist.  But the changes were short-lived.

On April 13, 1964, Todd Storz was found dead at his Miami Beach home.  He was about three and a half weeks shy of his 40th birthday.  The coroner's report cited "pulmonary congestion and edema" and "marked coronary and aortic narrowing" as the probable causes.  However, a second cause of death might have been barbiturate intoxication.  The drug in question was Tuinal, which was sometimes prescribed to insomniacs to help induce sleep.  Tuinal was known to be dangerous because the amount of the drug that induces drowsiness is only slightly less than the amount that can lead to death. But the specific cause of Todd's premature death was never determined.

Robert H. Storz took over the operation of the Storz Broadcasting Company, shifting the headquarters back to Omaha.  With Todd gone, his vision, of how compelling radio could be, relied upon the station managers and staff he had trained.  But, as former Storz station manager Deane Johnson later put it, "Todd's death [and the control of the radio stations falling to Todd's father] brought about a shift from a 'programming company' to a 'money company.' "  That is a succinct description of the shift in the Storz stations' focus that transpired after Todd's death.

Unfortunately, Robert Storz neither understood nor acknowledged that Top-40 programming was central to the success of the company Todd had run.  Instead, the senior Storz complained that station managers were spending too much money.  Indeed, he had such a programming "disconnect" on what the stations were doing that he once asked KXOK manager Jack Sampson if the station "could play some Lawrence Welk from time to time, or a lively Sousa march in the morning."  The managers humored him and did whatever they could to keep the elder Storz from changing the established programming elements that had made the Storz organization so successful.  But they could only do so much as their own influence waned in the 1970s.

The Sell-Off
After years of declining audiences and revenues, the six Storz AM stations were sold between April 1984 and September 1985 for prices far below what they would have fetched during their heyday under Todd's guidance.  The order in which the stations were sold, and their value in 2017 dollars is as follows: WTIX, New Orleans, $7,066,400; KOMA, Oklahoma City, $7,066,400; WDGY, Minneapolis, approximately $3,000,000; WHB, Kansas City, sale price not determined; KXOK, St. Louis, $4,710,933; and WQAM, Miami, $6,713,080.

The decline of the Storz Broadcasting Company is instructive because—as the saying goes--"It didn't have to be this way."  If management had purchased FM facilities as the medium grew after 1970, and if inventive program directors and managers had been adequately supported, the company might have continued to be a programming innovator—not only retaining but further expanding its audience.  Still, for nearly three decades, the Storz stations were the epitome of innovative, memorable, and delightful radio broadcasting.  They were the most fun you could have with your ears.

Legacy
Not often acknowledged in the Origins of rock and roll, Storz' station, and others which adopted the Top 40 format, helped to promote the genre: by the mid 50s, the playlist included artists such as "Presley, Lewis, Haley, Berry and Domino". The Top 40 format eventually spread across the US.

An article in the Spring 2012 issue of Nebraska History magazine offered this comment as to the importance of Storz' approach to programming: "the radio revolution that Storz began with KOWH was already sweeping the nation. Thousands of radio station owners had realized the enormous potential for a new kind of radio. When television became popular, social monitors predicted that radio would die. However, because of the invention of Storz and others like him, radio would be reborn".

See also
Gordon McLendon

References

Fatherley, Richard W., and MacFarland, David T.: The Birth of the Top 40 Radio Format.  Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2014.

MacFarland, David T.: The Development of the Top 40 Radio Format.  New York, N.Y.: Arno Press, 1979.

External links
ReelRadio synopsis of Storz's work
The Influence of the Limited Playlist at the Storz Broadcasting Company during the Payola Era - Purdue University Master's Thesis, 2002

1924 births
1964 deaths
American radio company founders
Businesspeople from Omaha, Nebraska
Storz family
American radio executives
20th-century American businesspeople

Todd Storz


John Henry Muirhead (28 April 1855 – 24 May 1940) was a British philosopher best known for having initiated the Muirhead Library of Philosophy in 1890. He became the first person named to the Chair of Philosophy at the University of Birmingham in 1900.

Biography
Born in Glasgow, Scotland, Muirhead was educated at Gilbertfield House School, the Glasgow Academy (1866–70), and proceeded to Glasgow University, where he was deeply influenced by the Hegelianism of Edward Caird, the Professor of Moral Philosophy. He graduated MA in 1875. The same year he won a Snell exhibition at Balliol College, Oxford, to which he went up in Trinity Term 1875. His Library was originally published by Allen & Unwin and continued through to the 1970s.

His Library is seen as a crucial landmark in the history of modern philosophy, publishing a number of prominent 20th century philosophers including Brand Blanshard, Francis Herbert Bradley, Axel Hagerstrom, Henri Bergson, Edmund Husserl, Bernard Bosanquet, Irving Thalberg, Jr., Georg Wilhelm Hegel, Bertrand Russell and George Edward Moore. In 2002, the Library was made available in a 95 volume set ().

Muirhead was a philosophical idealist and was involved in the British idealist movement.

Selected bibliography
 The Inner Life in Relation to Morality: A Study in the Elements of Religion (an article in International Journal of Ethics January 1891, pages 169 to 186)
 The Elements of Ethics: an Introduction to Moral Philosophy (1892) - Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
 Abstract and Practical Ethics (an article in American Journal of Sociology November 1896, Volume II,  pages 341 to 357).
 Chapters from Aristotle's Ethics (1900) - John Murray, London.
 Philosophy and Life; and other Essays (1902) - Swan Sonnenschein & Co. Ltd, London.
 Wordsworth's Ideal of Early Education (an article in International Journal of Ethics April 1904, pages 339 to 352).
 The Service of the State: four lectures on the Political Teaching of T. H. Green (1908) - John Murray, London.
 The Ethical Aspect of the New Theology (an article in International Journal of Ethics April 1904 January 1910, pages 129 to 140).
 German Philosophy in relation to the War (1915) - John Murray, London.
 Social Purpose: a contribution to a Philosophy of Civic Society with H. J. W. Hetherington (1918) - London: G. Allen & Unwin; New York: Macmillan.
 The Life and Philosophy of Edward Caird (written with Sir Henry Jones) (1921) – Maclehose, Jackson and Co., Glasgow.
 Coleridge as Philosopher (1930) - Macmillan, New York.
 The Platonic Tradition in Anglo-Saxon Philosophy: Studies in the History of Idealism in England and America (1931) - London: G. Allen & Unwin; New York: Macmillan.
 The Use of Philosophy: Californian Addresses (1979) - Greenwood Press.
 Rule and End in Morals (1969) - Books for Libraries Press

References

External links

 Works by John Henry Muirhead

1855 births
1940 deaths
Academics of the University of Birmingham
Idealists
Scottish humanists
Scottish philosophers
Writers from Glasgow
People from Rotherfield

J. H. Muirhead


Leonard Black (March 8, 1820 – April 28, 1883) was born a slave in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, and was separated from his family by the age of six. He escaped after 20 years of slavery. In 1847 he wrote The Life and Sufferings of Leonard Black: A Fugitive from Slavery. With encouragement and support, he became a Baptist minister, preaching in Boston, Providence, and Nantucket before becoming minister of First Baptist Church in Petersburg, Virginia.

Black married twice in his lifetime. The first marriage was to a woman named Mary A. Black, a woman who died at some point in time after 1850 and with whom Black had five children. Her father, George Black, was an African-American Baptist minister who took him into his home after he escaped slavery and helped him become established. Black's second marriage was to Mary Anne Wheeden, with whom he had two children.

Early life
Black was born a slave, the youngest of five boys. He also had a sister. The family's master was a physician. At the age of six, Leonard was sold to a carpenter named Bradford and was separated from his parents and siblings. His mother and sister were sold away to people in New Orleans. His four brothers were also "placed out". Mrs. Bradford, his mistress, was brutal. After two years and fearing that he would be killed by his wife when he was out of town, Mr. Bradford gave the boy to his father, a senior Mr. Bradford, where he served until Mr. Bradford's death.

He was abused, beaten, burned, fed little and had no personal possessions. At one point, he said: "During this time I had no hat, no pantaloons, but one pair of shoes, and wore a lindsey slip only." He felt he was "owned like a cow or horse".

When Black was 13 years old, the elder Mr. Bradford died and with the rest of his property, the boy was inherited by the man's daughter, Elizabeth Bradford who married a quick-tempered man named Gardner. Throughout his enslavement he endured hunger, beatings and harsh treatment. Black was beaten, among other times, when he acquired books to learn to read.

Black returned to his "old master" and met up with his four brothers. The three oldest boys ran away soon after his return; 6 months later Black ran away but was returned and spent about another 10 years in slavery. His brother Nicholas remained in slavery with him. At times his situation was alleviated by the intervention of the man's son, a preacher. Black related his experiences with some of the people in the Bible and found strength in the verse "I experienced a hope under a slave man" and "Give us of your oil, for our lamps have gone out." He converted to Christianity in 1836.

Freedom

Maine
In 1837, after 20 years enslavement, Black decided to escape and go north to meet up with his three brothers; He thought his family was either in Boston, Massachusetts, or Canada. He believed he had the support of his friend Henry, but Henry informed his master that Black had escaped. Black left with 75¢ and the clothes he was wearing. He traveled to Boston, working odd jobs to earn money for food. He resisted attempts to be captured throughout his travels. In Boston he was told that there was a man named George Black, a Baptist minister from the West Indies, in Portland, Maine, but when he arrived he found that he was not related to Mr. Black. George Black and his family were kind to him; Mrs. Black was like a mother to him and he became attached to the couple's daughter. Clothes were made for him and he attended school to learn to read and write. In the spring he went to work for a farmer named Major Purley. He returned to Portland, lived with George Black and his family and worked as an engineer at a steam factory.

Boston
When George Black and his family moved to Boston to become minister of the African Meeting House on Belknap Street, Leonard went with them. George was the minister of the Meeting House from 1838 to 1840.

Family and church life

1840 to 1856

Boston
By 1840, Black married the daughter of George Black and lived with George in Boston. They also lived at the house of David Walker, the abolitionist, on Joy Street. Over the course of their marriage, the couple had five children, one of whom died in childhood. Black worked at the wharfs and became a member of the Belknap Street church.

Providence
After five years in Boston, Black moved to Providence, Rhode Island. He first studied with Francis Wayland, president of Brown University, and became an active member and student of religion at the Meetinghouse Street Church, organized as a Baptist Church and at that time led by Rev. Jeremiah Ashur, then the African Union Meeting and Schoolhouse. He was invited "to officiate for him one Sunday morning, as he knew I was accustomed to exhort when in Boston." He took up work as a stone mason and had his family join him in Providence. He then operated a canal boat from Providence to Woonsocket. During one of the canal runs he was seriously injured when a horse stumbled, fell upon him and slashed his face. He was brought home to his ill, pregnant wife. Unable to work, members of the community, including President Wayland, brought food to the family while he recovered.

Nantucket
After his accident, Black was determined to become a preacher. He traveled to Nantucket with a letter of recommendation from two Providence preachers for Deacon Berry. He preached at the York Street Baptist Church for several weeks.

Novel or slave narrative
In 1847 called The Life and Sufferings of Leonard Black: A Fugitive from Slavery. He wrote the book to inform Christians of what slavery was like in hopes of ending slavery which would free his fourth brother and earn enough money to pursue religious studies. His autobiography includes a poem entitled The Traveling Pilgrim and an essay on slavery.

Of slavery he began:

The slaves are taught ignorance as we teach our children knowledge. They are kept in darkness, and are borne down under a cruel, cruel oppression! All human rights are denied them as citizens! They are not recognized as men! My old master frequently said, "he did not believe a d--d nigger had any soul!" They are made to undergo everything as a beast. Having a full, perfect, undeniable right to stand out before God as MEN, the cruel, God-defying white man, without semblance of right, with no pretence [sic] but might, has prostituted them to the base purpose of his cupidity, and his baser beastly passions, reducing them to mere things, mere chattels, to be bought and sold like hogs and sheep! Born, like the white man, to an individual responsibility to the Father of mercies, the treatment of the white man to the poor African, unmixed with mercy, has curtained his mind to all knowledge, aye, even to the knowledge of the God of heaven and earth, and thus removed from him the accountability! But, where does this terrible accountability rest? Let the hardened slave-tyrant, when he stands quivering before the Almighty bar of retribution, answer this question! Well might Thomas Jefferson remark, when his deep, penetrating mind was reflecting upon the stupendous wrongs of slavery, "I tremble for my country, when I remember that God is just, and that his justice cannot slumber forever." I appeal, then, to every rational, intelligent mind, if slavery be not an abomination in the sight of the Lord.

Stonginton and Brooklyn churches
In 1850 Black was a Baptist minister at the Third Stonington Church in Stonington, Connecticut. There were 26 Sunday School students and 29 adult members, but nearly doubled to 59 before he left in 1851. He obtained a position at the Concord Baptist Church of Christ in Brooklyn, New York, in 1851, but left the position shortly after when the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was enacted that required escaped slaves to be returned to their owners.

Black was the minister of the Third Baptist Church in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, in 1855. The church was formed one year earlier and had 40 members.

1860 to 1872
In 1860, Black and his wife Mary Ann lived in New York. Children that were recorded to be living by themselves and next door were Elizabeth, Lydia, Charles, Georgiana and Mary, ages 18 to 5. Leonard was married to Mary Ann and living in New Haven, Connecticut in 1870. With them were Charles, Georgiana and Anna, ages 22 to 14. Ten years later, Leonard was married to Mary Ann, who was born about 1835 in St. Thomas.

Rev. Leonard Black was the Vice President of the Virginia Baptist State Convention in 1872, living in Norfolk.

1873 to 1883
Black moved to Virginia where in 1873 he was made pastor of the First Baptist Church, also known as Harrison Street Church, in Petersburg. He was successful in doubling the church's membership during his time, from 1900 to 3600 people. He preached there until his death.

In 1882 Black was interviewed and a biography was written from that interview.

Death
He died on April 28, 1883. More than 5,000 people attended his memorial service, one of the largest funerals held in the city. "On the day of his funeral, every store that employed a black person closed." Funds were raised within months of his death for a stone monument with a bas-relief portrait to mark Black's burial site in the African-American cemetery now known as People's Memorial Cemetery in Petersburg.

See also
Slave narratives
African-American literature

Notes

References

1820 births
1883 deaths
People from Anne Arundel County, Maryland
People who wrote slave narratives
19th-century American slaves
Writers from Maryland
Fugitive American slaves
People from Beacon Hill, Boston
People from Portland, Maine
People from Petersburg, Virginia
Writers from Williamsburg, Brooklyn
Clergy from Williamsburg, Brooklyn
African-American Baptist ministers
African-American history of Maine
19th-century American clergy

Leonard Black