The American College of Radiology (ACR), founded in 1923, is a professional medical society representing nearly 40,000 diagnostic radiologists, radiation oncologists, interventional radiologists, nuclear medicine physicians and medical physicists.

The ACR has 54 chapters in the United States, Canada and the Council of Affiliated Regional Radiation Oncology Societies (CARROS).

Medical imaging accreditation
The ACR has accredited more than 39,000 medical imaging facilities in 10 imaging modalities since 1987, including:
 Breast MRI
 Breast Ultrasound
 Computed Tomography
 Mammography
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
 Nuclear Medicine
 Positron Emission Tomography
 Radiation Oncology Practice
 Stereotactic Breast Biopsy
 Ultrasound

ACR Appropriateness Criteria
The ACR Appropriateness Criteria (ACR AC) are evidence-based guidelines that assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for a specific clinical condition. The ACR AC includes 178 diagnostic imaging and interventional radiology topics with 912 clinical variants and over 1,550 clinical scenarios.

ACR AC are available to all physicians via ACR Select, a module contained within CareSelect Imaging.

In creating the ACR AC, the ACR Task Force on Appropriateness Criteria incorporated attributes for developing acceptable medical practice guidelines used by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as designed by the Institute of Medicine.

Data registries
The ACR National Radiology Data Registry (NRDR) develops benchmarks and comparisons to help imaging facilities improve quality of patient care with its collection of registries related to a range of radiological procedures.  The registries include:
 CT Colonography (CTC) Registry
 Dose Index Registry (DIR)
 Interventional Radiology (IR) Registry
 General Radiology Improvement Database (GRID)
 Lung Cancer Screening Registry (LCSR)
 National Mammography Database (NMD)

NRDR was approved as a Qualified Clinical Data Registry (QCDR) for 2018 MIPS Reporting.

Specialized medical education
 ACR Education Center – located in Reston, VA, offers specialized mini-fellowships in more than a dozen clinical areas.
 American Institute for Radiologic Pathology (AIRP) – The AIRP conducts five courses for radiology residents and fellows, and seven categorical courses for practicing radiologists and other physicians each year in Silver Spring, MD.
 Radiology Leadership Institute (RLI) – The RLI offers leadership and business management training specifically for radiologists.

Publications
 The Journal of the American College of Radiology (JACR) – The official journal of ACR.
 ACR Bulletin –  a monthly publication covering topics on radiology.

Collaborations
The ACR provides patient information through the website Radiologyinfo.org, co-produced by the Radiological Society of North America, to help patients understand how various radiology procedures and radiation therapy are performed.

Imaging 3.0
ACR's Imaging 3.0 initiative is a roadmap to transition the practice of radiology from volume-based to value-based care. Four main focus areas of Imaging 3.0 include;
 Integrated service environment – Integrating radiologists in the patient care continuum i.
 New healthcare organizations – Participate in the design, maintenance, and management of these new health care organizations, such as PCMHs, ACOs, and those yet to be formed.
 Patient-focused care – Ensure patients understand their options regarding medical imaging, offer radiology reports in terms, and provide basic education on imaging exams and preparation for them.
 A network of tools and services – Expert advice from leading radiology, technology, and business consultants.

See also
 American Board of Radiology

References

Medical associations based in the United States
Radiology organizations
Medical and health organizations based in Virginia
Organizations established in 1923
1923 establishments in the United States

American College of Radiology


When the first Europeans came to Tonga they brought coins with them, which the Tongans believed to be their shuffle stones. The Tongan shuffle stones were the seeds of the paʻanga vine. So the word paʻanga came in use also to mean 'money'.

Etymology
Entada scandens, native name paʻanga, is a bean-like vine producing large pods with large reddish brown seeds. The seeds are roundish, up to 5 cm diameter and 1 or 2 cm thick. When strung together they are used as anklets, part of the kailao dance costume. They were also used as playing pieces in an ancient disc-throwing game, lafo.

On 1 December 1806 Tongans attacked the passing ship Port-au-Prince in order to take it over. They failed, as the crew sank the vessel. The chief of Haʻapai at that time, Fīnau ʻUlukālala II ʻi Feletoa (Fangupō), resorted to the next plan, plunder what ever was worthwhile. On his inspection tour he found the ship's cash. Not knowing what money was he considered the coins as paʻanga. Finally, not seeing anything of value, he ordered the remains of the ship to be burned. It was much later that William Mariner, one of the survivors of this attack and his protegé, told him that those pieces of metal were of great value and not merely playing stones.

When Tonga introduced decimal currency, it decided not to call the main unit the dollar because the native word, tola translated into a pig's snout, the soft end of a coconut, or, in vulgar language, a mouth. Paʻanga, on the other hand, translated into money.

Mariner also passed down the following statement of Finow (as he called him):
If money were made of iron and could be converted into knives, axes and chisels there would be some sense in placing a value on it; but as it is, I see none. If a man has more yams than he wants, let him exchange some of them away for pork. [...] Certainly money is much handier and more convenient but then, as it will not spoil by being kept, people will store it up instead of sharing it out as a chief ought to do, and thus become selfish. [...] I understand now very well what it is that makes the papālangi [white men] so selfish — it is this money!
See also paʻanga (money).

Paʻanga (ʻakau)/en


The Crowner John Mysteries are a series of novels by Bernard Knight following the fictional life of Sir John de Wolfe, a former Crusading knight appointed to the office of Keeper of the Pleas of the King's Crown (custos placitorum coronas), i.e. the King's Crowner or Coroner, for the county of Devon.

Crowners were appointed in 1194, during the reign of Richard the Lionheart, in every county to check on the corruption of sheriffs, but also to raise as much money as possible towards the payment of the loans that covered the huge ransom after the king's capture in Austria on his return from the Third Crusade.

As Crowner, Sir John has to investigate all sudden deaths, murders, rapes, assaults, fires, wrecks and catches of royal fish, as well as trying to drive as much custom (through fines and taking of property owned by convicted criminals) as possible into the royal treasury, instead of the old manor and shire courts. We learn that Sir John has a large area to administer – there are supposed to be three crowners for Devon but he is the only one. In all this, he is assisted by Gwyn, his old Cornish retainer and Thomas de Peyne, an unfrocked priest, who is his clerk. John's surly social-climbing wife Matilda is the sister of the sheriff of Exeter, Sir Richard de Revelle, who does all he can to make life difficult for John, who seeks solace in the arms of his Welsh mistress Nesta, the landlady of the Bush Inn in the city.

In Crowner Royal, set in 1196, John is appointed the first Coroner of the Verge by the king. He returns to Exeter in late 1196 in the next novel, A Plague of Heretics.

Apart from John, most of the main characters actually existed in history and every care is taken with research and the creation of atmosphere to offer an authentic picture of twelfth-century England. Most of the places described in the stories can be visited by readers today, even the gatehouse of Rougemont Castle in Exeter, where John had his office. Unfortunately, there are historical slips such as claiming repeatedly that women in the 12th century rode sidesaddle, which was not the case. Fortunately, they are not serious enough to spoil the novels.

Novels in the Crowner John Series
 The Sanctuary Seeker (1998), set in November 1194
 The Poisoned Chalice (1998), set in December 1194
 Crowner's Quest (1999), set in Christmas 1194
 The Awful Secret (2000), set in March 1195
 The Tinner's Corpse (2001), set in April 1195
 The Grim Reaper (2002), set in May 1195
 Fear In The Forest (2003), set in June 1195
 The Witch Hunter (2004), set in August 1195
 Figure of Hate (2005), set in October 1195
 The Elixir of Death (2006), set in November 1195
 The Noble Outlaw (2007), set in December 1195
 The Manor of Death (2008), set in April 1196
 Crowner Royal (2009), set in Summer 1196
 A Plague of Heretics (2010), set in November 1196
 Crowner's Crusade (2012), actually a prequel to the series, taking place chronologically before The Sanctuary Seeker

Short stories featuring Crowner John
Crowner John appears in a series of books formed of linked stories written by Philip Gooden, Susanna Gregory, Michael Jecks, Bernard Knight and Ian Morson under the common pseudonym of the Medieval Murderers:

 The Tainted Relic (2005)
 Sword of Shame (2006)
 House of Shadows (2007)
 The Lost Prophecies (2008)

References
 Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2009
 "Crowner Royal", Publishers Weekly, 24 August 2009.

External links
 Fantastic Fiction: Bernard Knight
  Professor Knight's Crowner John: Ann Lynn reviews the first six books, 31 May 2002

Historical novels by series
Mystery novels by series
Historical mystery novels
Novel series
Novels set in Exeter
Novels by Bernard Knight
British novels by series

Crowner John Mysteries


Henrik Steffens (2 May 1773 – 13 February 1845), was a Norwegian philosopher, scientist, and poet.

Early life, education, and lectures
He was born at Stavanger.  At the age of fourteen he went with his parents to Copenhagen, where he studied theology and natural science. In 1796 he lectured at the University of Kiel, and two years later went to the University of Jena to study the natural philosophy of Friedrich Schelling. He went to Freiberg in 1800, and there came under the influence of Abraham Gottlob Werner. In 1801, he published a volume on geology called Beiträge zur inneren Naturgeschichte der Erde. (Contributions to the inner natural history of the Earth) which became his most successful and influential work as a scientist. He there defended a Neptunist theory of the origin of the Earth against the Vulcanist theory later to be defended by his fellow student in Freiberg, Alexander von Humboldt.

After two years he returned to Copenhagen, and is said to have introduced German romanticism to Denmark in 1802 with nine lectures given at Elers Kollegium, later published as Indledning til philosophiske Forelæsninger (Introduction to Philosophical Lectures). These lectures were a great success and a source of inspiration in Danish romanticism.  They were attended by many who later became leading Danish thinkers, such as Oehlenschläger and Grundtvig. Friedrich Schleiermacher was so much struck by their excellence that he endeavoured, unsuccessfully, to obtain for Steffens a chair in the new Berlin University in 1804, in order that his own ethical teachings should be supported in the scientific department.

Professorship and theories
Despite – or perhaps because of – the deep impact made by his lectures, Steffens was not made welcome by the Danish authorities.  He moved back to Germany and took up a professorship at the University of Halle in 1804, to return to Denmark only occasionally. During the Battle of Leipzig (1813) he enlisted in the Prussian Army as a second lieutenant, and he was present at the capture of Paris the following year. He was professor of physics at Breslau from 1811 until 1832, when he accepted an invitation to Berlin.

Steffens was one of the so-called "Philosophers of Nature", a friend and adherent of Schelling and of Schleiermacher. More than either of these two thinkers he was acquainted with the discoveries of modern science, and was thus able to correct or modify the highly imaginative speculations of Schelling. He held that, throughout the scheme of nature and intellectual life, the main principle is Individualisation. As organisms rise higher in the scale of development, the sharper and more distinct become their outlines, the more definite their individualities. This principle he endeavoured to deduce from his knowledge of geology, in contrast to Lorenz Oken, who developed the same theory on biological grounds. His influence was considerable, and both Schelling and Schleiermacher modified their theories in deference to his scientific deductions.

His chief scientific and philosophical works are:
Beiträge zur inneren Naturgeschichte der Erde (1801)
Grundzuge der philosophischen Naturwissenschaft (1806)
Anthropologie (1824)
Ueber die idee der Universitäten (1835)
Ueber geheime Verbindungen auf Universitaten (1835)
Karikaturen des Heiligsten (1819–1821)
Wie ich wieder Lutheraner wurde und was mir das Luthertum ist (1831)
Von tIer falschen Theolegie und dem wahren Glauben (new ed., 1831)
Die Familien Walseth and Leith (1827)
Die vier Norweger (1828)
Malcolm (1831)

During the last five years of his life he wrote an autobiography, Was ich erlebte, and after his death his Nachgelassene Schriften (1846) was published. See Tietzen, Zur Erinnerung an Steffens; Petersen, Henrik Steffens (German translation, 1884); Dilthey, Leben Schleiermachers.

Legacy
Henrik Steffens has been an influential figure in the Scandinavian history of Romanticism and was a towering figure in the effort to combine the emerging natural sciences with new Romantic ideas about nature. These were to a certain extent neglected in the 20th century as more positivism and naturalism dominated within the natural sciences. However, with the emergence of the Anthropocene, Steffens' ideas have been rediscovered as a source of inspiration for interdisciplinary perspectives on ecology and the earth sciences.

The Henrik Steffens Professor, a named chair at the Humboldt University of Berlin in the field of humanities and social sciences, is funded by the Government of Norway and administered jointly by the Humboldt University and the University of Oslo. The professorship was established in connection with the state visit of German President Roman Herzog in Norway in 1998, on the initiative of Lucy Smith, the Rector of the University of Oslo. The purpose of the professorship is to promote academic cooperation between Norway and Germany in the fields of humanities and social sciences, "in the spirit of Henrik Steffens." It is one of the nine named chairs at the Humboldt University.

The professorship is hosted by the Department of Northern European Studies at the Humboldt University, which is located near Unter den Linden. The department also hosts the Dag Hammarskjöld Professorship, which is funded by the Swedish government.

List of Henrik Steffens Professors

 Einhart Lorenz 1998–2001
 Jan Brockmann 2001–2004
 Helge Høibraaten 2004–2009
 Jorunn Sem Fure 2009–2011
 Kjetil Jakobsen 2011–2014
 Janke Klok 2014–

References

External links

 History of the literature of the Scandinavian North By Frederik Winkel Horn, Rasmus B. Anderson, Published by S. C. Griggs and company, 1883 p. 231ff Retrieved 2011-05-02
Autobiography of Heinrik Steffens, p, 444ff The Boston review, Volume 3, John M. Whittemore and Co., 1863

1773 births
1845 deaths
19th-century Danish philosophers
19th-century German philosophers
People from Stavanger
People from Freiberg
Humboldt University of Berlin

Henrik Steffens


In medicine, saline refers to any solution of salt in water; that is, salt water. Such solutions are sterile when they are to be placed into the body by infusion or injection. If the solution has more salt in it than is found in the human body, it is called hypertonic saline. The normal salt level is 0.9% and any salt amount more than 0.9% is called hypertonic.

Drugs
Sodium compounds

Saline (medicine)


Paul J. Levine (born January 9, 1948) is an American author of crime fiction, particularly legal thrillers. Levine has written 22 mystery novels which include two series of books known by the names of the protagonists. The Jake Lassiter series follows the former football player turned Miami lawyer in a series of fourteen books published over a thirty-year span beginning in 1990. The four-book Solomon vs. Lord series published in the mid-2000s features Steve Solomon and Victoria Lord, a pair of bickering Miami attorneys who were rivals before they became law partners and lovers. Levine has also written four stand-alone novels and 20 episodes of the television drama series JAG. With JAG executive producer Don Bellisario, he also created and produced First Monday, a 2002 CBS series inspired by one of Levine's novels.

Born in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, Levine graduated from Pennsylvania State University and was a reporter for the Miami Herald early in his career. He then graduated from the University of Miami School of Law and was an attorney in Florida for 17 years before becoming an author.

Early life and education
Paul J. Levine was born on January 9, 1948, in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, to Sally and Stanley Levine, both retail merchants. Stanley Levine served in World War II as a lieutenant in the United States Army Air Forces. A radar officer on a B-29, he was shot down over Japan during a bombing raid and, as a prisoner of war, was one of the first Americans to see the ruins of Hiroshima.

Paul Levine graduated in 1969 with a B.A. in journalism from Pennsylvania State University, where he was editor in chief of the newspaper The Daily Collegian. At the University of Miami School of Law, he was on the 1971 championship team at the National Moot Court Competition, contributed to the University of Miami Law Review, and graduated cum laude in 1973.

Journalism and legal career
Levine began his career working for the Miami Herald in 1969 as a courthouse reporter, and writing for Tropic, the newspaper's Sunday magazine. As a law student, he worked part-time for The Miami News and the Los Angeles Times.

After graduating from law school, Levine was admitted to The Florida Bar in 1973. From 1978 to 1987, Levine was an attorney and partner at Morgan, Lewis & Bockius. He also worked, pro bono, for the Florida First Amendment Foundation. As an attorney for the foundation, he represented The Florida Star on appeal before Florida First District Court of Appeal after a rape victim won a $100,000 verdict against the newspaper for publishing her name. The Supreme Court of the United States overturned the verdict in 1989, holding that the imposition of damages for truthfully publishing public information violates the First Amendment. In 1987, he became counsel to Spence, Payne, Masington, Grossman and Needle, which later became Grossman and Roth, both Miami law firms.

While practicing law, Levine also served as a legal commentator for WPLG-TV and WTVJ-TV in Miami and wrote and appeared on You & the Law, a television program syndicated by Newsweek Broadcasting. He taught communications law as an adjunct lecturer at the University of Miami School of Law. After 17 years as an attorney, Levine stopped practicing law to pursue a career as an author.

Writing career

Early Jake Lassiter series
Levine published his first novel, To Speak for the Dead, with Bantam Books in 1990. In the first book of the Jake Lassiter series, the ex-linebacker turned attorney defends a surgeon in a malpractice lawsuit in a plot involving "kinky sex and murder for money." In January 1995, his debut book was made into a TV Movie produced by Stephen J. Cannell for NBC, Jake Lassiter: Justice on the Bayou, in which Lassiter is portrayed by Gerald McRaney. The character has been favorably compared to others in film and mystery writing. Lassiter was described by the Miami Herald as having "a lot more charisma than [Perry Mason] ever did." The Los Angeles Times described Lassiter as "Travis McGee with [a law degree]."

After gaining "some acclaim and modest success" with his first book, Levine's second book, Night Vision, was published in 1991. In this installment, Lassiter serves as special prosecutor on a serial murder case. This was followed by False Dawn (1993), in which Lassiter faces "a beautiful Finnish spy, Japanese art smugglers, CIA double agents, and Cuban exiles." Newgate Callendar in a New York Times review wrote that False Dawn "plot is fairly complicated, but the story never gets lost, and Mr. Levine tells it in a realistic, gritty manner."

In 1994, Levine released the fourth book in the series, Mortal Sin, which Jean Heller in the St. Petersburg Times described as "the best", adding that the "escapade is populated with nicely drawn characters, new and used, and mayhem enough for anyone." In Mortal Sin, Lassiter becomes involved with his former lover whose fiancé he also represents in a murder trial.

Slashback in 1995 continued the series and marks a shift in the author's writing style, from first-person to third-person narration. This was followed, in 1996, by Fool Me Twice which has Lassiter accused of murder while he searches for a client that has gone missing. In Flesh and Bones (1997), Lassiter defends a woman who shot her father, claiming he abused her as a child.

9 Scorpions and JAG
9 Scorpions (1998) was the first book by Levine not to include Lassiter. The protagonist, Lisa Freemont, is a young law clerk working for the newest appointee to the Supreme Court. Oline H. Cogdill wrote in the Sun-Sentinel that "9 Scorpions plot relies too heavily on a series of coincidences and what-ifs that undermine the novel's realism" but it "is on firmest ground when Levine is showing us the inner workings of the Supreme Court, the collision of the Justices' personalities and beliefs and the law clerks' influence." Originally published by Pocket Books, Levine later re-released the book under a new title, Impact.

In 1999, Levine moved to Los Angeles, California, to become a television writer. He was hired by executive producer Don Bellisario to join the writing staff of JAG, a military legal drama on CBS. Levine wrote 20 episodes of JAG. 9 Scorpions became the inspiration for First Monday, a 2002 CBS series Levine created and produced with Bellisario.

Solomon vs. Lord series
The 2005 novel Solomon vs. Lord started a new series of books for Levine and introduced bickering Miami lawyers Steve Solomon and Victoria Lord. In that first novel, the couple teams up to defend a wealthy widow accused of murdering her husband. The Chicago Sun-Times review described the novel as "[r]emarkably fresh and original with characters you can't help loving and sparkling dialog that echoes the Hepburn–Tracy screwball comedies." Three more of Levine's legal capers featured the seemingly mismatched partners. In The Deep Blue Alibi (2006), they defend a client in a Key West murder trial which leads the couple to a nudist resort to investigate. In Kill All the Lawyers (2006), a former client of Solomon believes the lawyer sabotaged his case and comes back for revenge. In Trial and Error (2007), since re-titled Habeas Porpoise, Solomon and Lord find themselves on opposing sides of a case involving kidnapped dolphins when Lord is appointed as a special prosecutor.

Other novels
Levine's novel, Illegal (2009), featured Jimmy (Royal) Payne, a down-on-his-luck Los Angeles lawyer who is caught up in a human trafficking scheme. Calling the book a "riveting read," Booklist noted: "The portrait of the dangers and predations that Latinos face crossing the border is chilling and rings with authenticity." Levine's 2011 novel Ballistic takes on a new subject for the author where a doomsday religious cult occupies a nuclear missile silo and attempts to launch a missile targeting Jerusalem. In Paydirt (2012), Levine tells the story of a former lawyer who loses his career and decides to use his 12-year-old genius son to fix the outcome of the Super Bowl.

Later Jake Lassiter series
After a fourteen-year hiatus, Levine returned to the Jake Lassiter series in his 2011 novel Lassiter in which the main character is accused of being involved in the disappearance of a girl years earlier. The series continued with State vs. Lassiter (2013) in which Lassiter is charged with killing his lover, a banker, to allegedly cover up skimming from trust-fund accounts.

This was followed by three more novels, Bum Rap (2015), Bum Luck (2017), and Bum Deal (2018), that included characters from the Solomon vs. Lord series. In Bum Rap, Lassiter works with Lord to find a way to exonerate Solomon who has been charged with murdering a Russian club owner. In Bum Luck, Lassiter bizarrely threatens to kill his own client who has just been acquitted of murder. Solomon and Lord fear that Lassiter has suffered brain damage (chronic traumatic encephalopathy) from his days as a football player. Bum Luck also introduced Dr. Melissa Gold, the neuropathologist treating Lassiter, who later becomes his fiancée. In Bum Deal, Dr. Gold administers experimental brain treatments to Lassiter who has been appointed a special prosecutor to try a high-profile murder case arguing against Solomon and Lord.

In Cheater's Game (2020), Lassiter tackles a college admissions scandal, akin to the 2019 college admissions bribery scandal, when he defends his nephew who's been charged with taking students' College Board exams as an imposter. The novel concludes with a federal trial described by Booklist as "one seismic courtroom battle... an occasion for pyrotechnics that really blaze."

Awards and honors
Levine was the recipient of the second John D. MacDonald Award for Excellence in Florida Fiction. Solomon vs. Lord was nominated for the "best novel" category of the Macavity Awards by Mystery Readers International and for the Thurber Prize for American Humor. The Deep Blue Alibi was nominated for an International Thriller Writers Award and the 2007 Edgar Award by the Mystery Writers of America. State vs. Lassiter was nominated for the Shamus Award from the Private Eye Writers of America.

He received the Distinguished Alumni Award from the Pennsylvania State University and the Alumni Achievement Award from the University of Miami School of Law.

Personal life
Levine is married to Marcia Silvers, a criminal appellate attorney. They live in Santa Barbara, California. Levine has a daughter and a son from previous marriages.

Books

Jake Lassiter series
 To Speak for the Dead (1990). Random House. .
 Night Vision (1991). Bantam Books. .
 False Dawn (1993). Bantam Books. .
 Mortal Sin (1994). William Morrow. .
 Slashback (1995). William Morrow. . Re-titled Riptide (2017). Nittany Valley Productions. .
 Fool Me Twice (1996). William Morrow. .
 Flesh and Bones (1997). William Morrow. .
 Lassiter (2011). Bantam Books. .
 Last Chance Lassiter (2012). Nittany Valley Productions. .
 State vs. Lassiter (2013). Nittany Valley Productions. .
 Bum Rap (2015). Thomas & Mercer. .
 Bum Luck (2017). Thomas & Mercer. .
 Bum Deal (2018). Thomas & Mercer. .
 Cheater's Game (2020). Herald Square. .

Solomon vs. Lord series
 Solomon vs. Lord (2005). Bantam Books. .
 The Deep Blue Alibi (2006). Bantam Books. .
 Kill All the Lawyers (2006). Bantam Books. .
 Trial & Error (2007). Bantam Books. . Re-titled Habeas Porpoise (2013). .

Others
 9 Scorpions (1998). Pocket Books. . Re-titled Impact.
 Illegal (2009). Bantam Books. .
 Ballistic (2011). Nittany Valley Productions. .
 Paydirt (2012). CreateSpace. .

Short story anthology
 The Road to Hell (2010). Smashwords. .

References

External links

1948 births
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American male writers
American male novelists
American male screenwriters
American television writers
American thriller writers
Living people
American male television writers
Donald P. Bellisario College of Communications alumni

Paul Levine


HD 72108 (A Vel, A Velorum) is a star system in the constellation Vela.  It is approximately 1640 light years from Earth.

The primary component, HD 72108 A, is a blue-white B-type subgiant with an apparent magnitude of +5.33.  It is a spectroscopic binary, whose components are separated by 0.176 arcseconds. At a distance of 4 arcseconds away is the third component, the magnitude +7.7 HD 72108 B.  The fourth component, HD 72108 C has an apparent magnitude of +9.3, and is 19 arcseconds from the primary.

References

Velorum, A
072108
B-type subgiants
4
Spectroscopic binaries
Vela (constellation)
3358
041616
CD-47 04004

HD 72108


Palahniuk, Palaniuk,  Palahnuk, or Palahnyuk () is a Ukrainian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Chuck Palahniuk (born 1962), American transgressional novelist and freelance journalist
 Volodymyr Palahnyuk (a.k.a. Jack Palance; 1919–2006), American film actor
 Brandon Palaniuk (born 1984), American professional angler, 2017 Bassmaster Angler of the Year
 Sam Palahnuk (born 1961), American video game designer
 Vasyl Palahnyuk (born 1991), Ukrainian footballer
 Donald Walter Palahnuk, Jr (born 1965), American biochemical engineer, and applied mathematician

Ukrainian-language surnames

Palahniuk


Anacreon: Reconstruction 4021 is a video game written by George Moromisato for MS-DOS  and published by Thinking Machine Associates in 1987. Anacreon is a turn-based game in which human and computer players explore the galaxy, conquering worlds and putting them to use to fuel their war machines. it resembles Stellar Conquest and Hamurabi. It was inspired by Isaac Asimov's Foundation series of novels.

A Windows remake, Anacreon: Imperial Conquest in the Far Future, was released by George Moromisato in 2004. Beta-testing for Anacreon 3, a new web-based version, started in late 2012.

Gameplay
The gameplay focuses on optimizing resource management on a network of conquered worlds in order to fuel further conquest. As worlds are discovered and (hopefully) conquered, they are put to uses that best suit their climates, natural resource bases, and technology levels, with networks of transport fleets relaying various types of material from world to world. These captured worlds and vulnerable transport fleets must be protected against incursions from competing players, both human- and computer-controlled. Success in Anacreon requires a good grasp of micromanagement strategy.

Combat, both fleet versus fleet and planetary invasions, is handled in a simple tactical display, with the defender's ships and/or planetary defenses arranged in distinct orbits.  Only the attacker has any control over the course of combat.  The defender may send an empire-wide allocation of ships into various orbits, but defending forces are handled automatically by the computer.  Unlike many games in similar genres, combat is almost entirely a matter of numbers.  Though movement between orbits and the kind of ships targeted are left up to the attacker, combat is resolved automatically with very little chance involved.  The player with the more powerful fleet will almost certainly win, though if the odds are close enough, it is possible for an attacker to lose due to mismanagement.

Many features now commonplace in science-fiction 4X games—Master of Orion, Pax Imperia, Galactic Civilizations—can be found, arguably, originally in Anacreon.  The game includes four different kinds of planetary defense, each with different ranges and potencies, five kinds of warship, two transport classes, and two grades of ground troops.  Ships range in speed from slow warp drives (one sector per turn) to fast jump drives (ten sectors per turn), and making the best use of the different ship classes is one of the more important features of the game.

Basic resources consist of chemicals, metals, supplies, and "trillum", the latter of which serves as fuel for the game's interstellar ships.  Chemicals, metals, and supplies may be produced ad infinitum, but each world comes with trillum deposits of a fixed value which, once depleted, cannot be restored.  For this reason, the control and distribution of trillum resources becomes of essential importance, especially late in the game.  The game also includes a resource called "ambrosia", a performance-enhancing drug used to both boost planetary production and produce higher quality soldiers.

A variety of space megastructures can be built, ranging from minefields and simple space stations to star gates and artificial planets.

Development
Released in 1987/1988, the game was later with version 1.3 released as freeware. It is written in  Written in Turbo Pascal. The source code was released for the MS-DOS version.

Reception
Jerry Pournelle of BYTE stated in January 1989 that Anacreon "is filled with excellent ideas, mostly well implemented, and then spoiled by inattention to some vital detail". While admitting that he had "just spent the last 2 days (and nights) playing" the game—"really a darned good implementation of the Stellar Conquest idea"—Pournelle cited the "annoyingly buggy [and] incomplete" user interface, inability to easily select a planet, need to micromanage units unlike Empire: Wargame of the Century, and other issues that he stated showed a lack of proper playtesting and were common to products from small startup companies. He nonetheless named Anacreon as his game of the month, concluding that "despite its problems, it's playable and the flavor is good, much like Beam Piper's old Space Viking series. Also, the author is busily fixing bugs even as I write this".

Legacy
In 2004, George Moromisato released an update to the game making it run natively in a Windows 9x environment. Some of the changes were largely functional, e.g. the ability to use the mouse, bug fixes, graphical updates, etc. But one change radically altered the gameplay, namely the ability to store more than 9999 of a given ship or resource type in a single fleet or planet, something not allowed by the mechanics of the original 1987 release and its patches. This corrected a major problem with resource distribution, as no single planet could produce more than 9999 of anything in a single turn, creating critical resource bottlenecks. It also significantly affected strategy and tactics, as it makes it possible to assemble enough cheaper, weaker ships in a single fleet to defeat a smaller number of more expensive, stronger ships, something previously only possible on a very small scale.

In late 2012 George Moromisato announced that he would be revamping his oldest game and releasing a beta-test version of Anacreon 3 written for web browsers making it accessible from mobile devices and tablets.

See also
List of 4X video games

References

External links
Official material:
Anacreon 2.x home page, maintained by George Moromisato.
New browser-based Anacreon, developed by George Moromisato.
Reviews

Anacreon: The Best Video Game Ever
Re-implementation projects:
Project page for ArdReil an open-source reimplementation of Anacreon 1.x.

1987 video games
DOS games
Windows games
4X video games
Turn-based strategy video games
Freeware games
Commercial video games with freely available source code
Video games developed in the United States

Anacreon: Reconstruction 4021


Disko Island (, ) is a large island in Baffin Bay, off the west coast of Greenland. It has an area of , making it the second largest of Greenland after the main island and one of the 100 largest islands in the world.

Etymology
The island's Greenlandic name  means The Large Island (from  = island).

Geography

The island has a length of about , rising to an average height of , peaking at . The port of Qeqertarsuaq (named after the island, and also known as Godhavn) lies on its southern coast. Blæsedalen valley is north of Qeqertarsuaq.

The island is separated from Nuussuaq Peninsula in the northeast by the Sullorsuaq Strait. To the south of the island lies Disko Bay, an inlet bay of Baffin Bay.

History

Research indicates that nine large tsunamigenic landslides struck Sullorsuaq Strait in prehistoric times during the Holocene, seven of them from the southern coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula and two others from the northern coast of Disko Island. Seven of the landslides apparently occurred between about 8020 BC and 6520 BC with unidentified tsunamigenic effects. The two most recent prehistoric landslides generated megatsunamis which struck Alluttoq Island, the first sometime around 5650 BC with a run-up height of , and another that struck around 5350 BC with a run-up height of .

Erik the Red paid the first recorded visit to Disko Island at some time between 982 and 985. The island was used as a base for summer hunting and fishing by Norse colonists.

The coal mining town of Qullissat was founded on the northeast coast of Disko Island in 1924. By 1952 it was a cultural hub and the third-largest settlement in Greenland, with a population of 995. On 15 December 1952, a major landslide on a slope of the mountain Niiortuut () on the southern coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula generated a tsunami which traveled  across Sullorsuaq Strait and struck Qullissat, where it had a run-up height of  and inflicted damage on buildings. By 1966, Qullissat was the sixth-largest town in Greenland with a population of 1,400, but it was abandoned in 1972, leaving the northern coast of Disko Island uninhabited.

On 21 November 2000, a large landslide at Paatuut on the southern coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula generated a megatsunami with a run-up height of  near the landslide and  at the former site of Qullissat,  away, where it inundated the coast as far as  inland.

Geology

Mineral deposits, fossil finds and geological formations add to interest in the area. One of the interesting geological features is the native iron found at the island. A 22-ton (44,000 lbs; 20 tonnes) lump mixture of iron and iron carbide (cohenite) has been found. There are only a few places on earth where native iron is found which is not of meteoric origin.

There are numerous hot springs on the island. The microscopic animal Limnognathia, the only known member of its phylum, was discovered in the Isunngua spring.

Biodiversity

Several studies on the meiofauna show high marine interstitial diversity in Disko Island. For instance, the gastrotrich species Diuronotus aspetos is found in Iterdla and Kigdlugssaitsut and is so far reported only in Disko Island. It is associated with a rich diversity of other gastrotrichs like Chaetonotus atrox, Halichaetonotus sp., Mesodasys sp., Paradasys sp., Tetranchyroderma sp., Thaumastoderma sp. and Turbanella sp.

References

Islands of Baffin Bay
Disko Bay
Islands of Greenland

Disko Island


James L. Jamerson (born January 29, 1941) is a retired United States Air Force General. His last assignment before retirement was as the Deputy Commander in Chief, United States European Command from 1995 to 1998.

Biography

Early life
The general was born and raised in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, and entered the Air Force in 1963 following graduation from the United States Air Force Academy. Beginning in May 1963 and going to August 1964, he was a student in pilot training at Webb Air Force Base, Texas. He then was an instructor in the T-38 Talon at Webb until December, 1967. From December until May, 1968, he was a student of A-1E Skyraider training at Hurlburt Field, Florida. From May until June 1969, he was an A-1E close air support and search and rescue pilot, 602nd Air Commando Squadron, Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base and Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand. He later was an AT-33 Shooting Star fighter lead-in instructor pilot, later, A-7D Corsair II pilot, 354th Tactical Fighter Wing, Myrtle Beach Air Force Base, South Carolina from June 1969 to August 1971.

From August 1971 and going for the next year, he was a student at the Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. For the next four years, he was a staff officer, Operational Requirements and Contingency Plans Division, Headquarters Pacific Air Forces, Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii. Starting in August 1976 and going to June 1981, he was an A-7D Corsair II aircraft commander; chief of safety; squadron operations officer; squadron commander, and assistant deputy commander for operations, for the 23rd Tactical Fighter Wing, England Air Force Base, Louisiana.

Later career
Jim became a student at the Air Force Institute of Technology, Georgetown University, Washington D.C. from June 1981 to August 1982. Right after graduation, he was assigned as Chief of Pacific, Middle East and Africa Policy Division, Directorate of International Programs, Headquarters United States Air Force, Washington D.C. until July 1984. His following assignment was as Vice Commander, 354th Tactical Fighter Wing at Myrtle Beach Air Force Base, South Carolina until May 1985. From May 1985 to February 1987, he was the Commander of the 23rd Tactical Fighter Wing at England Air Force Base, Louisiana. He then became the commander of the 56th Tactical Training Wing at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida until January 1989.

From January 1989 to November 1991, he served as the assistant Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations, and later, the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations, Headquarters United States Air Forces in Europe, Ramstein Air Base, Germany. Following those positions, General Jamerson was assigned as the Assistant Chief of Staff for Operations, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe in Mons, Belgium from November 1991 to August 1992. Beginning in August 1992 and going until July 1993, he was the Vice Commander in Chief, Headquarters United States Air Forces in Europe, back at Ramstein AB. For the next year, he was the Commander of the 12th Air Force and United States Southern Command Air Forces at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona. For the year after that, he became the Commander of the United States Air Forces in Europe, and Allied Forces Central Europe, also at Ramstein. His final military assignment was as the Deputy Commander in Chief, United States European Command, Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany from July 1995 until his retirement on 1 September 1998.

Jamerson is a member of the U.S. Global Leadership Coalition National Security Advisory Council.

Awards
Awards earned over his career:
Defense Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster
Air Force Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster
Silver Star
Legion of Merit with an oak leaf cluster
Distinguished Flying Cross with two oak leaf clusters
Meritorious Service Medal with an oak leaf cluster
Air Medal with eleven oak leaf clusters
Vietnam Service Medal with four bronze service stars
Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal
Order of the Sword
Command pilot with more than 5,000 flying hours
Parachutist

Dates of Promotion
Dates at which he was promoted:
Second Lieutenant: June 5, 1963
First Lieutenant: December 5, 1964
Captain: March 10, 1967
Major: January 1, 1972
Lieutenant Colonel: November 1, 1977
Colonel: June 1, 1981
Brigadier General: February 1, 1988
Major General: August 1, 1990
Lieutenant General: August 1, 1992
General: September 1, 1994

See also

List of commanders of USAFE

References

External links
Valor Awards for James L. Jamerson

1941 births
Living people
United States Air Force personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Air Force generals
People from Chapel Hill, North Carolina
United States Air Force Academy alumni
Auburn University alumni
Air Command and Staff College alumni
Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy alumni
Georgetown University alumni
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Order of the Sword (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal

James L. Jamerson


Georg Stauth (born 28 August 1942) is a German sociologist of Islam. In his works he applies perspectives derived from Weber, Nietzsche and Foucault to an empirical and historically informed "Islamwissenschaft".

Biography
Educated in Darmstadt, he went on to study 'Islamwissenschaft', sociology and philosophy in Frankfurt am Main and Giessen, where he took a D.Phil. His first employment as a full academic was at Alexandria University, Egypt 1969 to 1971, from where he returned to Bochum and Strasbourg. In 1974 he became a lecturer in sociology at Bielefeld where he also served a professorship (1992 to 1994). He held various fellowships in Oxford (St. Antony's), Singapore (NUS) Adelaide (Flinders) Geelong/Melbourne (Deakin) and also at universities in Egypt (Ain Shams and Cairo Univ.). He returned to Bielefeld in 1996. In 2000 he started with the University of Mainz his researches on 'Saintly Places in Egypt'. From  2003 to 2006 he also directed an international study group at the KWI, Institute of Advanced Study in the Humanities, in Essen on 'Islam and Modernity'. He serves at the Advisory Board of 'Theory, Culture and Society' (from 1984 on) and is the co-founder of the 'Yearbook of the Sociology of Islam' (1998-2008).

Selected publications
 Die Fellachen im Nildelta, Wiesbaden: Steiner 1984
 Nietzsche's Dance, (co-authored) Oxford: Blackwell 1988
 Islam und westlicher Rationalismus, Frankfurt am Main: Campus 1994
 Authentizität und kulturelle Globalisierung, Bielefeld: transcript Verlag 1999
 Politics and Cultures of Islamization in Southeast Asia. Bielefeld: transcript 2002
 Ägyptische heilige Orte, Vols. I-III. Bielefeld: transcript 2005-2010
 Herausforderung Ägypten. Bielefeld: transcript 2010.
 Schockwellen Tahrir. Bad König: Vantage Point World-Verlag 2011.

External links
 University Bielefeld: Sociology of Development
 Project description 'Saintly Places and veneration of saints in Egypt and Ethiopia - cultural encounters and cultural conflicts
 Information about Georg Stauth at Perlentaucher

German sociologists
1942 births
Living people
German male writers

Georg Stauth


Grotesque dance (French: danse grotesque; Italian: ballo grottesco or danza grottesca) is a category of theatrical dance that became more clearly differentiated in the 18th century and was incorporated into ballet, although it had its roots in earlier centuries. As opposed to the danse noble or "noble dance" performed in royal courts which emphasized beauty of movement and noble themes, grotesque dances were comic or lighthearted and created for buffoons and commedia dell'arte characters to amuse and entertain spectators or patrons. In 16th and 17th centuries grotesque dances were often presented as an anti-masque, performed between the acts of more serious courtly entertainments. Likewise, the 17th century entrée de ballet (a series of loosely connected tableaux rather than a continuous dramatic narrative) sometimes contained grotesque sequences, most notably those devised by the Duke of Nemours for the court of Louis XIII.

Some of the grotesque performers were physically deformed, but the Italian tradition of ballo grottesco, typified by the dancer and choreographer, Gennaro Magri whose career was at its apex in the 1760s, involved a high degree of virtuosity and athleticism. Ballets which contain grotesque dances or consist solely of grotesque dance include Campra's Le jaloux trompé and Ravel's Daphnis et Chloé (Dorcon's dance in Part 1). Dancers who excelled in the grotesque genre besides Magri included Margrethe Schall and John D'Auban.

Magri's Grotteschi
Gennaro Magri's 1779 treatise, Trattato teorico-prattico di ballo, one of the leading publications about dance technique from the 18th century, offers a rare view of the grotesque style of theatrical dance. One of the achievements of Magri's treatise is that is makes the argument for placing the ballerini grotteschi on the same level of appreciation as ballerini seri. According to Magri, false positions (inwardly turned) or Spanish positions (neutral in turnout) were more often used by ballerini grotteschi, as opposed to the normative French turned out positions. Magri asserts pirouettes on one foot, revolving for as many turns as possible, as part of the repertory of the grotteschi, whereas pirouettes on two feet were for amateurs. He also links the grotteschi's dance vocabulary with the cabrioles. One interesting such airborne step, salto dell'impiccato (translated as: hangman's jump) requires great elevation in order to create contrast between the trunk and the falling arms, and then a one-foot landing with the second leg detached into the air as much as possible. Magri assigns wrapping steps, sprung steps, steps of multiple turns, and airborne steps interweaving and beating the legs into the grotteschi's repertory of movements. However, he makes the distinction that it is not these steps that make the ballerini grotteschi, but rather the body as a "vortex of force" that articulates kinetic principles to get energy out into physical movement in a controlled and concentrated manner. The grotesque bodies are bodies that constantly concentrate and release energy as a characteristic part of their activity.

Sources
Astington, John (1999). English Court Theatre, 1558-1642 English court theatre, 1558-1642]. Cambridge University Press.
Buch, David Joseph (1993). Dance music from the Ballets de cour 1575-1651. Pendragon Press.
Harris-Warrick, Rebecca (2005). The grotesque dancer on the eighteenth-century stage: Gennaro Magri and his world. University of Wisconsin Press.
Kisselgoff, Anna (1984). "Grotesque Imagery Has Come to Dance". New York Times, April 15, 1984
Thorp, Jennifer (2005). "Eloquent bodies: humanist and grotesque dance", Early Music, November 2005, 33 (4) pp. 702-704.

References

History of ballet
Commedia dell'arte
Masques
Baroque dance

Grotesque dance


Seyðisfjörður () is a town in the Eastern Region of Iceland at the innermost point of the fjord of the same name. The town is located in the municipality of Múlaþing.

A road over Fjarðarheiði mountain pass (elevation ) connects Seyðisfjörður to the rest of Iceland;  to the ring road and Egilsstaðir. Seyðisfjörður is surrounded by mountains with the most prominent Mt. Bjólfur to the west (1085 m) and Strandartindur (1010 m) to the east. The fjord itself is accessible on each side from the town, by following the main road that leads through the town. Further out the fjord is fairly remote but rich with natural interests including puffin colonies and ruins of former activity such as nearby Vestdalseyri , from where the local church was transported.

History
Settlement in Seyðisfjörður traces back to the early period of settlement in Iceland. The first settler was Bjólfur, who occupied the entire fjord. The ruin of a burned-down stave church at Þórunnarstaðir  was excavated in 1998-1999 and carbon-dated to the 11th century.

The town settlement in the Seyðisfjörður area started in 1848. The town was settled by Norwegian fishermen. These settlers also built some of the wooden buildings which still exist in the town. Another now-deserted settlement nearby in the fjord, Vestdalseyri was the site for the world's first modern industrialized whaling station.  It was established in 1864 by American whaler Thomas Welcome Roys and run by him and his workforce until 1866.  Both settlements served primarily as fishing and trading posts. The first telegraph cable connecting Iceland to Europe made landfall in Seyðisfjörður in 1906, making it a hub for international telecommunications well past the middle of last century. In 1913, a dam was made in the main river, harnessing power for the country's first high-voltage AC power plant together with a distribution network for street lighting and home use, also the first of its kind in Iceland. Seyðisfjörður was used as a base for British/American forces during World War II and remnants of this activity are visible throughout the fjord, including a landing strip no longer in use and an oil tanker  that was bombed and sunk. It remains a divers' wreck at the bottom of the fjord.

With the recent demise of the local fish-processing plant, the village has shifted its economy to tourism. It still remains a significant fishing port on the east coast of Iceland, with harbours, ship construction facilities and a slip.

In December 2020, a series of mudflows hit the town after days of heavy raining, destroying several houses. After 10 houses where damaged on 18 December, including the headquarters of the local SAR team, a complete evacuation of the town was ordered. A month after the mudflow had hit the town, the damage was fully estimated. In all, 39 houses had been damaged, twelve of which being completely destroyed and five more significantly damaged. The total damage was estimated by the Government of Iceland at over 1 billion Icelandic Króna (US$7.5m). Residents were allowed to return to their homes (if not destroyed) in October 2021 after protections were installed.

Overview

The town of Seyðisfjörður is well known for its old wooden buildings and has remnants of urban street configurations within its urban fabric. There is a camping ground, facilities for campers, hotels, a swimming pool, a library, hospital, post office, liquor store, and other retail activity. Seyðisfjörður also has a vibrant cultural scene with an arts centre, the Technical Museum of East Iceland and the only two cinemas in the east of Iceland. The LungA Art Festival takes place in Seyðisfjörður in July. The renowned Swiss artist Dieter Roth had a residence and art studio in Seyðisfjörður. Along with others, Roth created a visual art collective in 1996. The Skaftfell Center for Visual Art was later established in 1998. It is the principal center for visual art in the eastern region of Iceland. The center is open to the public and houses an exhibition space, a library of artist books, and a bistro.

There are several waterfalls in the town. A popular hiking path starts at the town center, following the East bank of the Fjarðará, the river that flows through the center of town. Further up the river there are 25 waterfalls. During the winter, a skiing area is used in Fjarðarheiði mountain pass.

Skálanes nature and heritage centre can be found  east of the town. The nature reserve is home to a diverse range of wildlife, as well as catering for visitors and anyone wanting to explore the south side of the fjord.

The 2015 Icelandic mystery television series Trapped () is set in the town, and was partially filmed there. The series aired on BBC4 in the UK in early 2016.

Transport

Port

Every week the car ferry MS Norröna of Smyril Line comes to Seyðisfjörður from Hirtshals in Denmark and Tórshavn in the Faroe Islands. It is the only car ferry between Iceland and other countries.

Roads
Seyðisfjörður is connected to the Icelandic ring road Route 1 at Egilsstaðir, via Route 93 which departs west from Seyðisfjörður. Route 951 travels east along the northern side of Seyðisfjörð and Route 952 also travels east, but along the southern side of the fjord.

Sports
The local football club Huginn play in Iceland's third tier (3rd Division). The colours of their kit are yellow and black.

Climate
Seyðisfjörður has a tundra climate (Koppen ET), bordering on subpolar oceanic (Cfc). However, the high annual precipitation over  and the drying trend in summer are very atypical for tundra areas, which are normally very dry and peak in precipitation in summer.

Twin towns – sister cities

Seyðisfjörður is the twin town of Sandur in the Faroe Islands.

See also
History of Iceland
List of cities and towns in Iceland
Trapped (TV series)

References

External links

Official website (engl./is.)
Skaftfell Art Center
Smyril Line (owner of car ferry Norröna) - official website
Skálanes Nature & Heritage Centre

Former municipalities of Iceland
Populated places in Eastern Region (Iceland)
Fjords of Iceland

Seyðisfjörður


Joseph-Étienne Dussault (17 October 1884 – 25 December 1943) was a Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Lévis, Quebec and became a contractor, editor and industrialist.

Dussault was educated at the Quebec Seminary. He was a municipal politician, a councillor for Lévis, Quebec from 1911 to 1919.

He was first elected to Parliament at the Lévis riding in the 1925 general election and re-elected in 1926. Dussault was defeated in the 1930 election by Émile Fortin of the Conservative party, but won the seat back in the 1935 election. After completing the term of the 18th Canadian Parliament, Dussault did not seek another term in the 1940 election.

References

External links

1884 births
1943 deaths
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
French Quebecers

Joseph-Étienne Dussault


Giacomo Caliri (born 29 July 1940 in Catania) is an Italian former Formula One engineer.

His racing career began in 1966 when Caliri graduated from Turin Polytechnic with a prize-winning thesis on aerodynamics.

He joined Ferrari in 1964 and became the head of aerodynamic studies in the racing department in 1969, replacing Mauro Forghieri who had moved to Ferrari's F1 department for the 1970 season. By 1974, he was the head of the design office at the Fiorano Circuit. He left Ferrari in 1976 and set up FLY Studio in Modena with his former Ferrari colleague Luigi Marmiroli, working in conjunction with Autodelta, Fittipaldi Automotive (he designed the F5A's aerodynamics in 1978) and ATS (he designed ATS D2 in 1979) on the design of competition cars.

He joined the Minardi Formula Two team in  and became a stockholder of the Italian team. He became the technical director of the team in Formula One in 1985 and also designed the first Minardi Formula One car, the Minardi M185. He left Minardi in 1989 and also sold his stock in the team.

He joined the new Forti team and was one of the designers of the team's FG01 chassis for the 1995 season.

He joined Maserati as Technical Director. In 1997 he returned in Ferrari as the head of the Innovation Department. He left Ferrari in 2002 and started as a consultant for the ATR group.

Since 2004, he is the President of Expotecnica.

References

Formula One designers
Ferrari people
Alfa Romeo people
Maserati people
Italian motorsport people
Living people
1940 births

Giacomo Caliri


Potrerillos is a district of the Luján de Cuyo Department of the province of Mendoza, Argentina. It includes a number of small settlements along Provincial Routes 82 and 89, National Route 7, and the rivers Blanco and Mendoza. The center of Potrerillos is 63 km south from Mendoza City.

Potrerillos used to be a group of farms and agricultural facilities. It then became a residential area, as well as a rest area for temporary residents, and a tourist resort.

A large dam on the Mendoza River (Presa Embalse de Potrerillos) forms an artificial lake that measures 12 km in length and 3 km in maximum width. Uphill near its shore, there is a settlement of Villa Potrerillos, over 1,380 meters above mean sea level, where there is hiking (in the hills surrounding the area), rafting in the river, and paragliding.

Vallecitos, an old ski center, is located on Cordón del Plata.

References

Geography of Mendoza Province
Resorts in Argentina

Potrerillos, Mendoza


The Cedar Point Light was the last house-type lighthouse built in the Chesapeake Bay. An early victim of shoreline erosion, the cupola and gables are preserved at museums.

This light should not be confused with Upper Cedar Point Light or Lower Cedar Point Light, both of which stood in the Potomac River.
Location: Solomons, Maryland marks the southern side of the mouth of Patuxent River  (GPS coordinates corrected and approximate).

History
Cedar Point did not receive a light until 1896, based upon an 1888 request from the lighthouse board and an appropriation in 1894. A two-story brick house was constructed with an attached tower, by far the latest example of such construction on the Chesapeake Bay. Erosion at the point was exacerbated by dredging for sand nearby, and in the 1920s the light sat on a tiny island, leading to its abandonment in 1928 in favor of a beacon. This beacon was eventually abandoned as well in the mid 1950s, leaving on a buoy in deeper water off the point. The land at the point was acquired by the United States Navy in 1958.

The lighthouse was declared eligible for the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and three years later the cupola was removed and taken to the base museum at the Patuxent Naval Air Station. Demolition was approved, and the heavily damaged remains were dismantled in 1996, with the gables and some bricks sent to the Calvert Marine Museum for the construction of a pavilion. Only some of the foundation remains at the original site.

See also

List of lighthouses in Maryland
Lighthouses in the United States

References

Cedar Point Light, from the Chesapeake Chapter of the United States Lighthouse Society

External links

Lighthouses completed in 1896
Lighthouses in St. Mary's County, Maryland
Historic American Buildings Survey in Maryland
Lighthouses in the Chesapeake Bay

Cedar Point Light (Maryland)


Jesse Alfred Wallingford (25 January 1872 – 6 June 1944) was a British sport shooter, who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics.

In the 1908 Olympics he won a bronze medal in the team pistol event. He was also fifth in the individual pistol event, sixth in team free rifle event and tenth in 300 m free rifle event. The same year he set a mad minute record, scoring 36 hits in one minute on a 48-inch target at 300 yards. He was a sniper when the Great War broke out and taught numerous soldiers how to shoot.

At the 1899 International Shooting Sport Federation World Championships in Loosdoinen, Belgium, he won the Gold Medal in 300 metres free rifle prone 40 shots, men.

Military service and Gallipoli
Prior to 1915 as Assistant Adjutant, Auckland Infantry Battalion, he supervised the work of training the Expeditionary Force in rifle practice at Penrose, Auckland, and left for Europe with the main body of the force. He was brought to NZ by the Government in 1911 direct from the School of Musketry, Hythe, England, to act as instructor to the New Zealand territorial forces. He was six times the rifle champion of the British Empire, twice revolver champion and five times was second in the revolver championship. He was twice the winner of the Prince of Wales' £100 prize, one of the biggest shooting trophies in the world. [Auckland Weekly News 10.06.1915, p. 21]

He won a Military Cross for his actions at Gallipoli in 1915.  Officially his citation of 3 July 1915, p6541 states:
"On 25th and 26th April, 1915, during operations near Gaba Tepe, for exceptionally good service with the New Zealand Brigade machine-gun and sharpshooters, and for conspicuous coolness and resource on several critical occasions."

The action for which he received the award were recorded in The Auckland Regiment by OE Burn in 1922:
On the afternoon of the 27th, Wallingford greatly distinguished himself. The position above Walker's was obscure, doubtful and dangerous. Arriving on the scene, he found that the casualties had been very heavy, that the Turks had obtained complete superiority of fire and were apparently massing, ready to storm over the disheartened few who were still holding on. No one was in charge. In perilous times the boldest measures are always the best. Wallingford saw that to attack, to get on the offensive, was the only thing that could save the situation. He told the men around that he was going forward. It seemed certain death, but he made the venture, not knowing whether any would follow. Twenty yards for-ward, thirty yards—and the Turkish fire was very hot for-ward still, and then down in a little patch of partially dead ground. Here, between the lines was a machine-gun. It was jammed and out of order; belt and spare parts were lying around in confusion. The crew had been killed, with the exception of Preston, who, wounded as he was, stayed by his gun, although he could not put it to rights. For the master gunner it was but a moment's work, and the gun was rattling away, "Rat-tat-tat, rat-tat-tat," and the Turks who were a moment ago insolently showing themselves were shot down. For hours Wallingford and Preston held on, despite every effort of the Turks to dislodge them. The deadly rifle of the great marksman, and the still more deadly bursts of machine-gun fire made short work of any venturesome Turks who dared to show themselves. Their fire slackened. Then the worn-out men behind took fresh courage, and came round the machine-gun. The position was once more secure. It was characteristic of Captain Wallingford that his next business was to get the wounded clear. With the exception of Dr. Craig, no man was ever keener on salvaging the poor broken sufferers on the battlefield than this fighting soldier, of whom it is literally true to say that, like Saul of old, "he had slain his thousands." In those early critical days the fiery enthusiasm, the tireless energy, the stark valour of this man were invaluable. It was he "who gave us the courage."
And at The Apex, Gallipoli 10 August 1915:

As darkness fell on the 9th, the hope of victory had almost vanished. If the remnant of the crest of Chunuk could still be held...first it was necessary to obtain more men and more ammunition. It was now four days since the beginning of the struggle. The Turks had called up all their reserves. Thousands had crossed from Asia, and other thousands had come down from Bulair. All night they were massing behind Sari Bair, and on the morning of the 10th the whole mass was in motion, moving with the power of an avalanche and the speed of a landslide.... The Turks came on. The hill-side was brown with their charging battalions.... For a moment it seemed that no power on earth could stop the moving mass, but the target they made was a good one. Aucklanders on Cheshire Ridge were firing—firing as fast as they could load and fire—and with them now were the Fifth Reinforcements. The Turks came on, three hundred men in a line, and twenty lines, following at a little space one behind the other. ... Wallingford had ten machine-guns in action....They were trained across the line of the Turkish advance. The men behind, cool and resolute, set up a zone of death. The first line of Turks charged into it and went down to a man. The next line melted away on the same spot. But still they came on, line after line, and the leaden sweep reaped them in swathes. No hesitation; no faltering; the last line charged on with the same high courage. They also fall.

Captain Wallingford "I have stated they were 20 yards distance at one pace intervals and the lines were 300yards long and that we were firing for 30 minutes, the last line arriving and suffering in the death zone exactly similar to the first..it has been stated that thousands came down and hundreds walked back.  None walked back.  A fair number crawled back but in no case did the guns molest them.  I gave permission to shoot any that may walk but it was unnecessary as the only men to move crawled" and estimated that 5,000 Turks were killed in the charge. (Stowers, Richard, Bloody Gallipoli: The New Zealanders' Story. David Bateman: Auckland, 2005)

A Poverty Bay Herald article on 16 September 1915 stated:

CAPTAIN WALLINGFORD SHOOTS OVER 700 TURKS.  Most people have heard already of the prowess of Captain Wallingford, who was, and probably still is, the finest shot in the British Army. The British Army claims that he is the greatest shot in the world. A member of his company, who has come back to New Zealand with a wound which almost proved mortal, relates with pride some of Captain Wallingford's exploits. In a letter home, it may be remembered that this officer wrote that after several weeks at the front, that day was the first on which he had not killed a Turk. This mail left the front on June 27th and he claims that Captain. Wallingford's 'tally' up to that time with the rifle alone, leaving out of account altogether the terrible machine-gun, was over 700. As a marksman he is a wizard. One incident this, soldier related; "Do you see that bush there?" said Captain Wallingford one day, pointing to a harmless looking bush about 60 yards away. "Well watch it." They watched, and saw that it moved very slowly. "I think we'll give him a chance" said Captain Wallingford, which meant that instead of using his rifle, he would use a revolver. He drew his revolver and fired quick as a flash. The animated bush collapsed, and the Turk that it hid rolled over quite dead. On another occasion Captain Wallingford played one of his practical jokes on the Turks in the opposing trenches. "I think "we'll make the beggars waste some ammunition presently", he said. Then he passed the word that when he shouted an order the company was to fire five rounds rapid, and then stop. As the narrator tells: 'We fired our five rounds rapid in five seconds or so, and they kept on firing for an hour and a-quarter expecting us to attack. We stayed snug in our trench of course. Afterwards Captain Wallingford said 'I guess" we've got more ammunition left than they aye' This joke was practised very often with good effect in the first months, but now the Turk is more wary, and probably ammunition is more scarce."

Family
Jessie Alfred Wallingford born 25 June 1871 and was the second of ten children born to Frederick Plumroy Wallingford- born 27 Jan 1839, and Phoebe Holloway, born 1846. Jessie died on 6 June 1944 (coincidentally, on D-Day). He married Alice Bishopp - born 1871, in 1897 and they had four children:
Sidney, born in 1898 in England, died 1978 in Whitianga New Zealand (2 children),
Cecil, born 1901 and died 1902 in Hythe, England,
Ena, born 1 Jan 1903, died 14 Feb 1972 in Auckland, New Zealand (2 children), and Roland born 12 November 1906, died 12 November 1980 (5 children).
(www.clanmacfarlanegenealogy.info)

References

External links
profile
Gallipoli, 1915 photograph, Alexander Turnbull Library
Burn, OE, The Auckland Regiment 1922 at NZETC
Poverty Bay Herald 16 Sept 1915

1872 births
1944 deaths
British male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
ISSF pistol shooters
Olympic shooters for Great Britain
Shooters at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics
British Army personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Military Cross

Jesse Wallingford


Kelvin is an unincorporated community in Pinal County, Arizona, United States. Kelvin is located near the Gila River,  east-northeast of Florence.

The community was founded on the north side of the Gila River across from the Riverside Stage Stop that sat on the south side of the Gila, where the town of Riverside still exists. The town was named Kelvin, after Kelvin Grove in Scotland, in 1900. The railroad company later founded Ray Junction immediately north of the Kelvin Bridge on account of the development of Ray, Arizona, and it was the place where the railroad branched from the main line of the Arizona Eastern Railway heading up to the Ray mine. The post office and original old west town site retained the name of Kelvin. This group of small communities are all located within a two-mile circumference from each other and many of the old foundations of Kelvin's original town site still exist. The ruins of the massive mill are still plainly visible. The ruins of the adobe post office are still partly standing near the junction of the Florence / Kelvin Highway and Ray Road.

The Kelvin Bridge and the Mineral Creek Bridge, which are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, are located near Kelvin.

References

Unincorporated communities in Pinal County, Arizona
Unincorporated communities in Arizona

Kelvin, Arizona


Dallas Dhu distillery was a producer of single malt Scotch whisky that operated between 1899 and 1983 in Forres, Moray, Scotland. Dallas Dhu means "Black Water Valley" in Gaelic. Its whisky also appeared as a "Dallas Mhor" single malt. In 1899, Alexander Edward designed the Dallas Dhu distillery at the height of the whisky boom. Later he sold the plans and the distillery was built by the blender Wright and Greg. It was acquired by Benmore Distilleries Ltd, which joined DCL in 1929. The stillhouse was destroyed by a fire in 1939, but rebuilt. Production continued until the distillery closed in 1983; it is now a museum.

History
Originally named "Dallasmore", the Dallas Dhu distillery was built in 1898 by Alexander Edward of the Sanquhar estate outside Forres. It featured a pagoda roof designed by Scottish architect Charles C. Doig. When ownership of the distillery changed to Wright & Greig Ltd. in 1899, it was renamed to "Dallas Dhu". Production began on 29 May 1899 and the first cask was filled on 3 June.

Starting in 1909, David Lloyd George introduced restrictions on distilling in the United Kingdom; these included increased taxes and the requirement that all whisky sold had been aged for at least three years.

In 1919, the distillery was sold to J. P. O'Brian & Co., and then again to Benmore Distilleries Ltd. in 1921 (around which time, the Dallas Dhu malt whisky was used in the Benmore blended whisky.) The Benmore owners installed new equipment, including electric lighting and mechanised switchers for the wash backs. After Benmore's acquisition by Distillers Company (DCL) in 1928, the distillery was closed until 1936. It was also transferred to the DCL subsidiary, Scottish Malt Distillers (SMD).

On 9 April 1939 the distillery, along with much of its equipment, was damaged by a fire. The distillery manager's wife called for the Forres Fire Brigade, who arrived quickly and brought the fire under control in four hours. Damage was estimated at £7000. The fire and the start of World War II delayed the distillery's re-opening until 30 March 1947.

Most equipment was powered by steam engines and a large water wheel until the 1950s, when it was replaced with electric power. The worm tubs were replaced in 1956, and increasing demand saw the installation of two more wash backs, one new mash tun and one boiler in 1964. An elevator was installed in the malt barn in 1966. Between 1968 and 1969, the stills were replaced, and they were converted from coal heat to oil-fired steam heat in 1971.

SMD had built a malting plant in Burghead, intended to provide malt for a number of SMD's distilleries; this led to Dallas Dhu stopping use of its own malting floor, which was last used on 30 March 1968.

Economic pressure and an unreliable water supply forced Dallas Dhu to close in 1983, and its distilling licence was withdrawn in 1992. The last barrel was filled on 16 March 1983, although the buildings were re-opened to the public in 1988 under Scotland's Historic Buildings and Monument Directorate. Historic Environment Scotland (previously Historic Scotland) has operated the property since its establishment in 1992. The distillery complex, with certain exceptions, is a Category A listed building.

Scotland's Malt Whisky Trail is a tourism initiative featuring seven working Speyside distilleries, the Dallas Dhu historic distillery and the Speyside Cooperage. The region is a natural for whisky distillers because of three benefits: it is close to barley farms, contains the River Spey and is close to the port of Garmouth. At Dallas Dhu, "visitors can wander the grounds, learn about the craft of Scotch whisky, and tour the two-storey malt barn warehouse, kiln and other original sections of the distillery", according to a BBC article.

References

External links
 Dallas Dhu distillery web site
Dallas Dhu, Scotch Whisky
Dallas Dhu, Whisky Distilleries
Dallas Dhu , Whisky Merchants
Dallas Dhu , Malt Madness

Distilleries in Scotland
Scottish malt whisky
Museums in Moray
Companies based in Moray
Food and drink companies established in 1899
British companies disestablished in 1983
1899 establishments in Scotland
1983 disestablishments in Scotland
Museums established in 1992
1992 establishments in Scotland
Category A listed buildings in Moray
Listed distilleries in Scotland
British companies established in 1899
Forres

Dallas Dhu distillery


La Florida is a park in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain.  It was built between 1820 and 1855 in neoclassical style by the architects Angel Chavez, Juan De Velasco, Ramón Ortés De Velasco and Manuel Arana. The birth of Florida is dated 1820 when they built the existing ring that surrounds the music kiosk. For the actual 32,454 square meters  land used the former convent of Santa Clara, and as much as planners have insisted later, there is nothing similar in the new green spaces in Vitoria.

The park is oval and is crossed by two main roads that divide it into quadrants. The roads are perpendicular to each other and intersect in a large circle at the middle of this space. In this circular space is a metal kiosk built in 1890. Each of the squares of the area is bordered by low walls of carved sandstone, which also have small crossed rail-shaped arches.

The bandstand

This bandstand was created in 1820 and renovated in 1855, located in center of the Florida park has witnessed the evolution of Vitoria through the years. Nowadays it has several functions, as spring arrives there are concerts which older people can enjoy ore in summer when the White Virgin's days are celebrated there are many activities as concerts or plays. The townhall used to put the ice rink in the bandstand at winter but, these year it has been moved to the White Virgin's square.

The botanic garden
La Florida, in addition to being a privileged Vitoria lung and a place for meetings and appointments, keep a special representation of these giants that have achieved huge steps in an urban environment, something that makes them even more special . There are 90 different species of trees and 79 of different bushes . 40 of them are written the name, species and where they are coming from. This makes Florida an interesting botanic garden in which a lot of different plant species are collected.

Statues

In this park of Vitoria there are many statues and sculptures.

Wynton Learson Marsalis, Artistic Director of Jazz at Lincoln Center. His   album Vitoria Suite, pays tribute to the city of Vitoria. Between 20 and July 22, 2009, Marsalis and Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra recorded in the great hall of the Conservatory Jesus Guridi the twelve movements of this suite. The American trumpet player with the collaboration of Paco de Lucia, Chano Domínguez and Javier Limón. Vitoria Suite combines jazz, flamenco and classical music. Because of this he has a statue in the center of the Florida and the thanks of every citizen of Vitoria-Gasteiz.
José Ignacio de Aldecoa, the novelist,  born in Vitoria-Gasteiz on 24 July 1925.

Ignacio Aldecoa culture house

In La Florida there is a culture house where you can found displays, storytelling or another cultural exhibitions. There is also a library where you can rent books. It is called José Ignacio de Aldecoa because of the writer who was born in Vitoria-Gasteiz.

See also

Vitoria-Gasteiz
Alava
Green Belt of Vitoria-Gasteiz

References

External links
 El Correo

Parks in Vitoria-Gasteiz
Tourist attractions in Álava

La Florida (park)


Ron J. Volesky (born July 13, 1954) is an American lawyer, who served 16 years in the South Dakota Senate, first as a member of the Republican Party before switching to the Democratic Party.

Early life and education
Volesky was born in Bullhead, South Dakota on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation. Volesky graduated from Harvard University in 1976 with a degree in Government and International Relations and was a finalist for the prestigious Rhodes Scholarship.   While at Harvard, Volesky played varsity basketball and was coached by Boston Celtics Hall of Famer Tom "Satch" Sanders.

Personal life
Volesky lives in Huron, S.D. and is an enrolled member of the Standing Rock Tribe.

Notable legal cases
Volesky represented an estimated 800 former workers in the significant class action case, Kirkvold v. Dakota Pork Industries, Inc., et al., when the Dakota Industries Plant in Huron, South Dakota shut down in 1997.  The case involved bringing litigation against Dakota Pork Industries, Inc. due to failure of the company to comply with the federal requirements under the WARN Act. As a result, there were significant pleadings involved and briefing and discovery work and the matter was set for trial but prior to the same settled.

In the Matter of J.H., Abused or Neglected Child, Volesky represented a grandmother in her efforts to adopt her grandchild.  Her grandchild was the victim of an abuse and neglect case in Lyman County and the parents' parental rights were eventually terminated.  After termination, Volesky litigated to assist the grandmother in getting custody of the child and eventually being able to adopt the child. As a result, Judge Max Gors ruled in favor of the grandmother, but the case appealed to the Supreme Court and reversed on the basis that the Court did not have jurisdiction to place the child with the grandmother rather than the Department of Social Services. After further litigation and negotiations, the State dropped its efforts to block the adoption and eventually approved that adoption for the grandmother.

Volesky represents Debra Jenner-Tyler of Huron, who is serving a life sentence for the murder of her 3-year-old daughter Abby. In 1987, Jenner-Tyler brutally stabbed her daughter roughly 70 times. Volesky speaks for Jenner-Tyler, as she routinely seeks parole from the Parole Board. Jenner-Tyler has repeatedly been denied parole.

Political career and ambitions

Volesky is highly noted for his abilities as an electrifying public speaker.  He was regarded as one of the most dynamic and charismatic public speakers during his time state politics.  According to longtime South Dakota journalist Bob Mercer, "Ron was the greatest orator of modern times in the South Dakota State Legislature.  He once delivered a speech in the House of Representatives that rivaled Martin Luther King Jr. for its logic, passion, and power." [my605.com/pierrereview/?p=bszeiksqs&paged=337].

Volesky has been an active member of both the Republican and Democratic parties in South Dakota. He has served in local and state government and made several attempts for higher state office.

Volesky served three years as city commissioner in Huron and 16 years in the State Senate.

In 2002, he ran for governor and finished second in a four-way Democratic primary to Jim Abbott.

Volesky again ran for governor of South Dakota in 2004 with his intention to be the Democratic candidate opposing Republican Mike Rounds. But he abandoned his bid on February 22, 2006, citing an inability to raise funds.

In August 2009, Volesky again announced his intention to run for governor of South Dakota. He was the fifth candidate to enter the race and the second Democratic candidate. According to year-end campaign finance reports, Volesky hadn't created or spent any money on or for his campaign.

Volesky also was the Democratic nominee for attorney general in 2002 and 2006.

Volesky ran for South Dakota Attorney General against Marty Jackley in the 2010 election.

References

External links
Ron Volesky for Governor official campaign site

Living people
1955 births
South Dakota lawyers
South Dakota Democrats
South Dakota Republicans
South Dakota state senators
Harvard College alumni

Ron J. Volesky


Cobdenism is an economic ideology (and the associated popular movement) which perceives international free trade and a non-interventionist foreign policy as the key requirements for prosperity and world peace. It is named after the British statesman and economist Richard Cobden and had its heyday of political influence in the British Empire during the mid-19th century, amidst and after the endeavour to abolish the Corn Laws.

Based on Adam Smith's assertion that full employment and economic growth require access to foreign markets, Cobden perceived the expansion of foreign trade as the main means of increasing global prosperity and emphasized the importance of the international division of labour for economic progress. Akin to his ideal of Britain as an industrial society of small cooperating property owners, he believed in an international order of small, independent nations attaining shared prosperity through international trade. As Cobden saw Britain's involvement in empire as an unwelcome distraction of domestic investment into its industrial capacity, his writings became influential in anti-imperialist circles, being picked up by e.g. John A. Hobson. Moreover, it influenced the economic thinking of John Maynard Keynes, who was a staunch adherent of Richard Cobden's theories prior to the First World War, after which he abandoned Cobdenism in favor of "insular capitalism".

Rarely used today and already in decline by the end of the 19th century, Cobdenism was revived by some academics during the 1980s to support the liberalization of the British economy.

See also
 Manchester Liberalism

References

Schools of economic thought
Eponymous political ideologies
Non-interventionism

Cobdenism


A beech–maple forest or a maple beech forest is a climax mesic closed canopy hardwood forest. It is primarily composed of American beech and sugar maple trees which co-dominate the forest and which are the pinnacle of plant succession in their range. A form of this forest was the most common forest type in the Northeastern United States when it was settled by Europeans and remains widespread but scattered today.

Description
The canopy is dominated by American beech and sugar maple trees, providing little light to the understory. The reduced light provides poor conditions for shrubs, with the exceptions of American witch-hazel and alderleaf viburnum shrubs. The ground cover includes herbs and spring ephemerals, flowers which are able to bloom before the canopy fills in. Seedlings of beech and maple trees are shade-tolerant, allowing them to grow in low light conditions for several years.  These seedling are waiting for an opening in the canopy, and grow rapidly when an opening is made by the death of a mature tree.

Beech–maple forests are often found on flat or rolling terrain, in a variety of moist to well-drained soils with high levels of organic matter. They thrive in glacial till from the Wisconsin glaciation. Typically, in sandy soils, the maple is more common while in soils that have more clay in them, the beech is more dominant. There must be a fairly high level of precipitation.

These forests are the result of ecological succession, a long progression of different plant species over centuries. One possible sere is from bare ground, it would start with weeds, then shrubs, weedy trees (such as mulberry), then coniferous trees (such as juniper) and additional types such as ash lead to a mixed mesophytic forest. Eventually, an oak–hickory forest develops. If the conditions allow, the final climax community for several different series is the beech–maple community. Even in a climax community dominated by two types of trees, there can be many different species of trees on the edges of the forest, in windthrow gaps or in microclimates.

Distribution

The range of the beech–maple forest type extends from the Atlantic coast west to Minnesota, Michigan and from southern Canada south to Virginia and Tennessee. It is widespread in New York and was an important component of the original vegetation of northeastern Ohio. Instances of a beech–maple forest can be found at altitudes of  to .

Gallery

See also

Ecological succession
Old-growth forest

References

External links
 Beech Maple Forest
 A. B. Williams. The Composition and Dynamics of a Beech-Maple Climax community. First printed in Ecological Monographs Vol 6 No 3, July 1936 pages 318-408.

Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the United States
Ecoregions of the United States
Ecoregions of Canada
Forests of Canada
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in Canada

Maple
Fagus
Forest ecology

Beech–maple forest