Robert Patrick Petrino (born March 10, 1961) is an American football coach. He currently serves as the offensive coordinator for the Texas A&M Aggies. He is the former head coach for the Missouri State Bears. Previously, he served as the head coach of the Louisville Cardinals football team from 2014 until being fired during the 2018 season. He previously held the post from 2003 to 2006.
From 2008 to 2011, Petrino was the head football coach at the University of Arkansas. He was dismissed from that position in the spring of 2012 for covering up an extramarital affair with an athletic department staffer. Petrino also coached the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL) for the first 13 games of the 2007 season. He spent the 2013 season as head football coach of the Western Kentucky Hilltoppers and 2020–2022 seasons as the head coach of the Missouri State Bears.

Petrino has directed his college teams to nine bowl games, including the first Bowl Championship Series (BCS) bowl games for both the Louisville Cardinals and the Arkansas Razorbacks in their programs' histories. His teams have achieved four 10-win seasons along with six AP top-25 finishes.

Early years
Born in Lewistown, Montana, Robert Patrick Petrino grew up in Helena and graduated from Capital High in 1979. He attended hometown Carroll College and graduated with a physical education and a math minor in 1983. While at Carroll, he played quarterback for the Fighting Saints and began his coaching career there as a graduate assistant during the 1983 season. At the time, his father, Bob Petrino Sr., was the head coach of Carroll, a position he held from 1971 to 1999.

Assistant coaching career

Carroll and Weber State
After a year at Carroll, he moved to Weber State College in the Big Sky Conference, coaching quarterbacks as a graduate assistant under head coach Mike Price. Petrino returned to his alma mater in 1985 as offensive coordinator. In each of his two seasons in that position, Carroll had the top-rated offense in NAIA football. He then returned to Weber State for two seasons in 1987 and 1988 as the receivers coach under Price.

Idaho and Arizona State
Petrino spent a year as quarterbacks coach at the University of Idaho in 1989 under new head coach John L. Smith, then was promoted to offensive coordinator the next season. In 1992, he moved up to Division I-A (now FBS) as the quarterbacks coach at Arizona State University in the Pac-10 Conference. During his two seasons at ASU under head coach Bruce Snyder, he oversaw the development of future All-American QB Jake Plummer, who went on to play ten seasons in the NFL.

Nevada and Utah State
In 1994, he moved to the University of Nevada, serving as both offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach under Chris Ault. During his one season there, the Wolf Pack were second in the nation in both passing offense and total offense, and third in scoring offense. The next year, he began a three-year stint as offensive coordinator at Utah State University, reuniting with Smith.

Louisville
When Smith moved to Louisville in 1998, Petrino followed him there as offensive coordinator. In his one season there, the Cardinals were top-ranked in Division I-A in scoring and total offense and posted the biggest positive turnaround among I-A football teams, winning six more games than in the 1997 season. Petrino left the collegiate ranks to coach in the NFL for three years.

NFL
Petrino's first stint in the NFL was with the Jacksonville Jaguars from 1999 to 2001, where he spent two seasons as the quarterbacks coach and a third as offensive coordinator.

Auburn
In 2002, Petrino returned to the college ranks, replacing Noel Mazzone as offensive coordinator under Tommy Tuberville at Auburn, whose offense significantly improved that season under Petrino's watch.

Head coaching career

Louisville
Petrino returned to Louisville in 2003 as head coach, replacing John L. Smith, who had departed for Michigan State. After only one season at Louisville, Petrino secretly interviewed for the coaching job at Auburn, as the Tigers were considering whether to retain his former boss, Tuberville.

In four years at Louisville, Petrino built the Cardinals into a national power. He led them to 11 wins in 2004 and 12 wins in 2006—only the second and third times that the Cardinals won as many as 11 games in a season, and to date their only appearances in the final top 10 of a major media poll. They spent much of 2006 as contenders for the national championship, rising as high as third in the nation before suffering their only loss of the season, against Rutgers. The 2006 team was invited to the Orange Bowl, only the second major-bowl appearance in school history.

On July 13, 2006, Petrino signed a 10-year, $25.6 million contract to stay on as head football coach. The deal gave Petrino a raise from $1 million to $1.6 million annually, and he would have been paid $2.6 million in the final year of the deal. The contract included a buyout clause of $1 million.

On January 7, 2007, less than six months after signing the 10-year contract above, it was announced Petrino had accepted the head coaching position for the NFL's Atlanta Falcons.

Atlanta Falcons
The Falcons brought Petrino to Atlanta with a five-year, $24 million contract.

A major reason Petrino was brought in was to develop star quarterback Michael Vick into a more complete quarterback, Vick being known more for his ability to run than as a pocket passer. However, before Petrino's first training camp, it emerged that Vick had bankrolled an illegal dog fighting operation near his hometown in Newport News, Virginia. The terms of Vick's bail barred him from leaving Virginia before the November 26 trial, ending any realistic chance of him playing a meaningful down in 2007.

In a case of exceptionally bad timing, the Falcons had traded Vick's backup, Matt Schaub, to the Houston Texans in the offseason. Thus, Petrino was forced to begin the season with back-ups Joey Harrington, Byron Leftwich, and Chris Redman as his quarterbacks.

With their franchise quarterback effectively sidelined for the season, the Falcons appeared to be a rudderless team. On December 10, 2007, with the Falcons at the bottom of the NFC South with a 3–10 record after suffering a home loss to the division rival New Orleans Saints, Petrino resigned to become head coach at Arkansas, less than 24 hours after personally promising owner Arthur Blank that he was staying in Atlanta. Petrino informed his players of his departure via a four-sentence laminated note left at the locker of each player, a move that many in the organization and in the NFL harshly criticized. Even before resigning, Petrino had rankled the Falcons players with his aloof manner. He was known to walk through the locker room without speaking to the players. He was also reluctant to share personnel decisions with the players; Harrington learned through the media that Petrino considered Leftwich the starter even though Harrington had engineered two straight wins in Leftwich's absence.

According to a 2022 article in The Athletic about Petrino's tenure at Arkansas, Petrino told Jeff Long, who was due to formally succeed Frank Broyles as athletic director at Arkansas after the 2007 season, that he was interested in coming to Fayetteville. Long was not willing to wait until after the end of the NFL season, and asked Dallas Cowboys owner and Arkansas alumnus Jerry Jones to ask Blank for permission to negotiate with Petrino. When Blank turned the request down, Petrino's agent suggested that Long would be free to talk to Petrino if Petrino resigned from the Falcons during the season. Long met Petrino at a law office in Atlanta, and Petrino stepped away long enough to formally resign as Falcons head coach.

Petrino's thirteen game tenure is tied for the third shortest non-interim coaching tenure in NFL history after Lou Holtz in 1976 and Urban Meyer in 2021. His tenure as the Falcons' head coach is widely considered to have been among the worst head coaching tenures in league history.

Arkansas

Once Petrino resigned from the Falcons, he and Long negotiated a contract calling for Petrino to be paid $2.85 million per year for five years; it was later extended to seven years before Petrino formally signed.

The Razorbacks ended the 2008 season with a record of 5–7 (2–6 in the SEC); The two conference wins were over Auburn, and a last second win against LSU in the annual Battle for the Golden Boot.

Under Petrino, the Razorbacks showed significant improvement in the 2009 season with analysts from both ESPN and CBS regularly citing starting quarterback Ryan Mallett as one of the most impressive collegiate quarterbacks in the country. The Razorbacks came close to upsetting the No. 1-ranked Florida Gators on October 17, 2009. That game culminated in a controversial fourth quarter personal foul call on an Arkansas lineman. The resulting 15-yard penalty allowed the Gators to continue what turned out to be their game-winning drive. The SEC ultimately issued an apology for the call and suspended the officiating crew.

The Razorbacks also enjoyed success under Petrino in the 2010 season, finishing 10–2 and notching their first major bowl appearance in two decades, against Ohio State. In the 2011 Sugar Bowl, Ohio State built an early lead behind the play of Terrelle Pryor and Daniel Herron, but Arkansas came back in the second half. As the Razorbacks were driving for a go-ahead score in the final minutes, Ryan Mallett threw an interception near the Ohio State 20-yard line, and Ohio State ran out the clock.

The Razorbacks won the 2012 Cotton Bowl Classic in Dallas, defeating Kansas State by a score of 29–16. The Hogs concluded the 2011 season with an 11–2 record, with their only losses to Alabama and LSU. It was just the third 11-win season in Arkansas' 119-year football history. The Razorbacks also finished fifth in both major polls, their first top-ten finish in 30 years.

Motorcycle incident
In April 2012, Petrino was involved in a motorcycle crash on Arkansas Highway 16 near the city of Crosses. He was riding with former Arkansas All-SEC volleyball player Jessica Dorrell, whom he had hired on March 28 as student-athlete development coordinator for the football program after she served as a fundraiser in the Razorback Foundation. Petrino initially said he was alone on the motorcycle. However, on April 6, just minutes before a police report was to be released showing Dorrell was also aboard, Petrino admitted that Dorrell was not only a passenger, but that he had been conducting an adulterous relationship with her. Long placed Petrino on indefinite paid administrative leave while he investigated the situation.

According to The Athletic, shortly after the accident, Larry Henry of KFSM-TV got a tip from "a lock-down, high-up source" at the university that Petrino was not really alone on the motorcycle. This prompted Henry to collar Petrino after a press conference held after Petrino's release from the hospital and ask him if he was sure he was alone during the accident. Two days after the press conference, Henry learned the police report was about to be released, and that Dorrell was indeed the other passenger. The police investigation revealed that Petrino and Dorrell refused offers to call 911, then flagged down a passing car who drove them to a Fayetteville diner. A state trooper who served as Petrino's game-day police detail drove a badly injured Petrino to the hospital.

On April 10, Long announced that Petrino had been fired. During Long's investigation, it was discovered that Petrino and Dorrell's relationship was an open secret in the football office. Petrino frequently sent Dorrell gifts, including a previously undisclosed $20,000 cash gift as a Christmas present. Dorrell used the money to help buy a new car. It was also revealed that Dorrell may have received preferential treatment in her hiring on the football staff, as Petrino's relationship with Dorrell was not disclosed and Petrino was on the hiring committee. Long determined that Petrino's attempts to mislead both him and the public about the accident and his relationship with Dorrell were grounds to fire Petrino for cause. In his formal termination letter to Petrino, Long said that he would have never allowed Dorrell's hiring had Petrino disclosed his relationship with Dorrell, and concluded that this and other lies on Petrino's part were "contrary to the character and responsibilities" of his post, and "negatively and adversely affected the reputation of the University of Arkansas within the State of Arkansas and on a national level." Long also determined that the $20,000 payment could expose Arkansas to a sexual harassment suit if Petrino were retained.

In the course of hiring Dorrell, according to Sports Illustrated, Petrino also circumvented university affirmative action guidelines requiring job postings to be listed for 30 days before interviews could begin. He claimed that he needed an assistant to help him with recruiting right away, allowing him to interview and hire Dorrell 16 days after the job was posted. Dorrell was also the only candidate with no previous experience in a football program, and the only candidate without a master's degree.

Petrino was succeeded by his former boss, Smith, who had been the Arkansas special teams coach before briefly taking the head coaching job at Weber State. On December 4, Bret Bielema was named Smith's successor.

Public apologies
In July, Petrino contacted Smith and members of his former team, including quarterback Tyler Wilson, who said the outreach provided "a little closure." Running back Knile Davis said, "He apologized. He said, 'I'm sorry for everything that happened.' ... He was very humble. He was very hurt. I told him not to be so hard on himself. I told him, 'You made a mistake. You'll get back from it.'" Smith's phone call with Petrino was "basically about our football team at Arkansas, of which he's always concerned about" [sic]

In August 2012, Petrino sat down for a video interview with ESPN college football reporter Joe Schad to express remorse and regret, saying there was "no justification" for his decisions.

Western Kentucky
On December 10, 2012, Western Kentucky hired Petrino as their new head coach, replacing Willie Taggart, who had departed for South Florida. Petrino signed a four-year contract with a base salary of $850,000 annually. If Petrino left early, conditions of the contract required Petrino to re-pay the university $1.2 million in six monthly payments starting the month after he leaves.

In Petrino's only season at WKU, the Hilltoppers began with a second straight win over Kentucky and finished with an 8–4 record; however, they were not invited to a bowl game.

Return to Louisville
After Charlie Strong left Louisville for the University of Texas, Petrino was rumored as one of the candidates to become the next head coach, even after his departure in 2007. However, in early 2014, Eric Crawford of WDRB recalled that athletic director Tom Jurich had been somewhat critical of Petrino's tenure there. In a 2008 interview, Jurich told Crawford that Petrino's successor, Steve Kragthorpe, dismissed several players he'd inherited from Petrino for drug-related reasons. Due to drug problems and other disciplinary issues, Jurich said, some 21 of Petrino's players had been "cleared out" since 2007. As a result, by 2009 only three players from Petrino's last recruiting class were starting, and only seven were playing regularly. Jurich was also displeased that Petrino seemed to be more concerned with burnishing his resumé than building the program for the future.

On January 9, 2014, Petrino officially returned to Louisville at a press conference after being unanimously approved by the University of Louisville Athletic Association. Petrino reportedly signed a deal that was to pay $24.5 million over seven years with a buyout of $10 million.

The best years of Petrino's second tenure came from 2015 to 2017, with Lamar Jackson as quarterback. Jackson won the Heisman Trophy as a sophomore in 2016. In that same year, the Cardinals steamrolled then second-ranked Florida State 63–20, at the time the most points ever surrendered by a Florida State team.

However, the Cardinals regressed significantly in 2018, after Jackson gave up his senior year to enter the NFL Draft. Petrino led the Cardinals to a 2–8 record in 2018, which included a seven game losing streak and consecutive blowout losses to rival ACC teams Clemson and Syracuse. In those two routs, Louisville lost by a combined score of 131–39. Days after the loss to Syracuse, Louisville fired Petrino on November 11, 2018, agreeing to buy out the remaining $14.1 million of his contract. Athletic director Vince Tyra said that he did not believe the players were responding under Petrino, and felt he needed to make an immediate change to start the turnaround. Secondary coach Lorenzo Ward was named interim head coach for the rest of the season.

In a postmortem, ESPN's Andrea Adelson wrote that Jackson's presence masked serious deficiencies in the Louisville program that were exposed in full in 2018. For example, during his Heisman season of 2016, Jackson was sacked 47 times. During the 2018 season, the running game was suspect, and the defense was on its third coordinator in as many seasons. Crawford, who has covered the Cardinals for almost three decades at both WDRB and The Courier-Journal, recalled that the 2018 season, and with it Petrino's tenure, effectively ended when Petrino ripped into his players in the locker room following a close loss to Florida State. According to Crawford, Petrino lost the team at that point; they would not win another game that season.

Missouri State
On January 15, 2020, Missouri State University, of the Missouri Valley Football Conference (MVFC) in the FCS, announced that they had hired Petrino to replace Dave Steckel as their head football coach. In Petrino's first season with Missouri State, the Bears compiled a 5–4 record and were selected to compete in the FCS playoffs for the first time since 1990. However, the Bears lost their first-round matchup with the University of North Dakota by a score of 44–10.

Petrino's second season with Missouri State was also successful; he led the Bears to an 8–3 record in the regular season and a berth in the FCS Playoffs with a first-round matchup against UT-Martin. They lost a close matchup, 32–31.

In 2022, Petrino's final season at Missouri State, the team regressed to post a 5-6 record, which included a 5 game losing streak. Missouri State played Petrino's former team, Arkansas, in Fayetteville and came close to pulling off the upset, but No. 10 ranked Arkansas won 38–27.

Personal life
Petrino has two sons and two daughters with his wife, Becky. His older daughter, Kelsey, graduated from the University of Louisville; his older son, Nick, also attended Louisville. His younger son, Bobby, Jr., attended the University of Arkansas and his younger daughter, Katie played on Louisville's golf team. He also has 5 grandchildren. Petrino's younger brother Paul was most recently the head football coach at the University of Idaho.

Head coaching record

College

NFL

References

External links
 Texas A&M profile
 Louisville profile

1961 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Arizona State Sun Devils football coaches
Arkansas Razorbacks football coaches
Atlanta Falcons head coaches
Auburn Tigers football coaches
Carroll Fighting Saints football coaches
Carroll Fighting Saints football players
Idaho Vandals football coaches
Jacksonville Jaguars coaches
Louisville Cardinals football coaches
Missouri State Bears football coaches
National Football League offensive coordinators
Nevada Wolf Pack football coaches
Texas A&M Aggies football coaches
Utah State Aggies football coaches
Weber State Wildcats football coaches
Western Kentucky Hilltoppers football coaches
People from Lewistown, Montana
Sportspeople from Helena, Montana
Coaches of American football from Montana
Players of American football from Montana

Bobby Petrino


Andrew Jackson Grigsby (November 2, 1819 – December 23, 1895) was a Confederate States Army officer in the famed Stonewall Brigade during the American Civil War. Grigsby was also known as both "A. J. Grigsby" and "Arnold J. Grigsby".

Grigsby was born in Rockbridge County, Virginia. He attended Washington College (later, Washington & Lee University). He became a farmer and served in the Mexican War. When the Civil War erupted, he became a major in the 27th Virginia Infantry in the Stonewall Brigade in 1861 and lieutenant colonel later that year. After the regiment's commander, Col. John Echols, was wounded at Kernstown on March 23, 1862, Grigsby got command and led the regiment throughout the remainder of the Valley Campaign, the Seven Days Battles, and the Northern Virginia Campaign. When Col. William Baylor, the acting commander of the Stonewall Brigade, was killed at Second Bull Run, Grigsby took over the brigade.

Grigsby then led the Stonewall Brigade into the Maryland Campaign. At Antietam, Grigsby, despite being merely a colonel, succeeded to division command when Brig. Gen John R. Jones was wounded and Brig. Gen William E. Starke was killed.  After the battle was over, Stonewall Jackson named two staff officers to fill the vacated command positions. Brig. Gen Raleigh Colston got division command and Brig. Gen Elisha Paxton got command of the Stonewall Brigade. Grigsby, who had led the brigade in two major battles, felt that he fully earned a promotion to brigadier general and was outraged at Jackson demoting him back to regimental command. One theory why Grigsby was passed over for promotion was his use of profane language, which displeased the devout and sober Jackson. Grigsby resigned his commission in disgust that November. Jackson did not explain why he was not promoted, but it has been suggested that he disliked the hot-tempered, profane Grigsby and preferred instead to appoint Elisha Paxton, a somber, religious man who was close to him.

Grigsby is reported to have had a testy encounter with Jefferson Davis, when he went to Richmond, Virginia, to protest being passed over for promotion.  This resulted in his remaining at home, unemployed in further service, for the rest of the war. After his resignation on November 14, 1862, he served in the CSA House of Representatives for the Kentucky delegation. He died in Stony Point, Virginia, and is buried there in the Gross family cemetery.

References
 Freeman, Douglas S., Lee's Lieutenants: A Study in Command (3 volumes), Scribners, 1946, vol. 1 & 2. .
 Apperson, John Samuel, Repairing the "March of Mars": the Civil War diaries of John Samuel Apperson, Mercer University Press, November 2001, .
 Sifakis, Stewart, Who Was Who in the Civil War (New York: Facts on File, 1988).
 Antietam on the Web biography
 Civil War Interactive Bio
 Reference to Colonel Arnold J Grigsby
 Battles of the war, Civil War Home

1819 births
1895 deaths
Stonewall Brigade
Confederate States Army officers
Farmers from Virginia
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
People from Rockbridge County, Virginia
Members of the Confederate House of Representatives from Virginia
19th-century American politicians

Andrew J. Grigsby


Prisoners of the Casbah is a 1953 American adventure film directed by Richard L. Bare and starring Gloria Grahame, Cesar Romero and Turhan Bey.

The film's art direction was by Paul Palmentola.

Plot

Cast
 Gloria Grahame as Princess Nadja / Yasmin
 Cesar Romero as Firouz
 Turhan Bey as Ahmed
 Nestor Paiva as Marouf
 Paul Newlan 1st Thief
 Frank Richards as 2nd Thief
 John Parrish as 3rd Thief
 Lucille Barkley as Soura
 Philip Van Zandt as Selim
 Wade Crosby as Yagoub
 Gloria Saunders as Zeida
 Eddie Fields as Abdullah
 Baynes Barron as Guard
 Mimi Borrel as Slave Girl
 John Crawford as Guard
 Frank Ellis as Soldier
 William Fawcett as Snake Charmer
 Eddie Foster as Rashid
 Leonard P. Geer as Thief
 Nelson Leigh as Emir
 John Mansfield as Mokar
 Paul Marion as Arab Dog
 John Marshall as Ayub
 Ray Singer as Yussem
 Willetta Smith as Slave Girl

References

Bibliography
 Lentz, Robert J. Gloria Grahame, Bad Girl of Film Noir: The Complete Career. McFarland, 1981.

External links

Review of film at Variety

1953 films
1953 adventure films
American adventure films
Films directed by Richard L. Bare
Columbia Pictures films
1950s English-language films
1950s American films

Prisoners of the Casbah


Knowing (stylized as KNOW1NG) is a 2009 American science fiction thriller film directed and co-produced by Alex Proyas and starring Nicolas Cage. The film, conceived and co-written by Ryne Douglas Pearson, was originally attached to a number of directors under Columbia Pictures, but it was placed in turnaround and eventually picked up by Escape Artists. Production was financially backed by Summit Entertainment. Knowing was filmed in Docklands Studios Melbourne, Australia, using various locations to represent the film's Boston-area setting. The film centers on the discovery of a strange paper filled with numbers and the possibility that they somehow predict the details of various disasters culminating in the apocalypse.

The film was released on March 20, 2009, in the United States. The DVD and Blu-ray media were released on July 7. Knowing grossed $186.5 million at the worldwide box office, plus $27.7 million with home video sales, against an average production budget of $50 million. It met with mixed reviews, with praise for the acting performances, visual style and atmosphere, but criticism over some implausibilities and the ending.

Plot

In 1959, a Lexington, Massachusetts elementary school celebrates its opening with a competition in which students draw what they believe will happen in the future. All the children create visual works except for Lucinda Embry. Guided by whispering voices, Lucinda fills her paper with a series of numbers. Before she can write the final numbers, the allotted time for the task expires, and the teacher collects the students' drawings. The following day, Lucinda engraves the remaining numbers into a closet door with her fingernails. The works are stored in a time capsule and opened fifty years later when the current class distributes the drawings among the students. Lucinda's paper is given to Caleb Koestler, the nine-year-old son of widowed MIT astrophysics professor John Koestler.

John discovers that Lucinda's numbers are dates, death tolls, and geographical coordinates of major disasters over the past fifty years, including the Oklahoma City bombing, the September 11 attacks, and Hurricane Katrina, and three have yet to happen. In the following days, John witnesses two of the three final events in person: a plane crash and a New York City Subway derailment caused by a faulty siding. John becomes convinced that his family has a significant role in these incidents: his wife died in one of the earlier events, while Caleb was the one to receive Lucinda's message. Meanwhile, Caleb begins hearing the same whispering voices as Lucinda.

John tracks Lucinda's daughter Diana and her granddaughter Abby to prevent the last event. After some initial disbelief, Diana goes with John to Lucinda's childhood home, where they find a copy of Matthäus Merian's engraving of Ezekiel's "chariot vision", in which a great sun is represented. They also discover that the final two digits of Lucinda's message are not numbers but two reversed letter E's, matching the message left by Lucinda under her bed: "Everyone Else," implying an extinction-level event. During the search, Caleb and Abby, who were left asleep in the car, have an encounter with the beings who are the source of the whispers. Diana tells John that her mother had always told her the date she would die. He also visits Lucinda's teacher, who despite showing signs of Alzheimer's disease, tells him of the scratching on the door left by Lucinda.

The next day, Abby colors in the sun on the engraving, which gives John a revelation. He rushes to the MIT observatory and learns that a massive solar flare with the potential to destroy all life will strike the Earth on the last date indicated by the message. As Diana and Abby prepare to take refuge in nearby caves, John goes to the school and finds the door on which Lucinda engraved the final numbers. He identifies them as coordinates of a place where he believes they may find salvation from the solar flare. The skeptical and hysterical Diana loads Caleb and Abby into her car and flees for the caves.

At a gas station, the whispering beings steal Diana's car with Caleb and Abby inside. Diana pursues them at high speed in a stolen SUV but is killed in a collision with a semi-truck on the date her mother predicted. The beings take Caleb and Abby to Lucinda's mobile home, where John encounters them shortly thereafter. The beings, acting as extraterrestrial angels, are leading children to safety on interstellar arks. John is told he cannot go with them because he never heard the whispering, so he convinces Caleb to leave with Abby and two pet rabbits they found. Both are transported away by the beings, and the ark, along with many others, leaves Earth.

The following morning, John decides to be with his family when the flare strikes and drives through chaotic Boston to his parents' house, where he reconciles with his estranged father. The solar flare then strikes, destroying all life on Earth. Meanwhile, the ark, along with others, deposits Caleb and Abby on another world resembling an earthly paradise and departs. The two run through a field towards a large white mysterious tree, resembling the tree of life.

Cast

Production

In 2001, novelist Ryne Douglas Pearson approached producers Todd Black and Jason Blumenthal with his idea for a film, where a time capsule from the 1950s is opened revealing fulfilled prophecies, of which the last one ended with 'EE' – "everyone else". The producers liked the concept and bought his script. The project was set up at Columbia Pictures. Both Rod Lurie and Richard Kelly were attached as directors, but the film eventually went into turnaround. The project was picked up by the production company Escape Artists, and the script was rewritten by Stiles White and Juliet Snowden. Director Alex Proyas was attached to direct the project in February 2005. Proyas said the aspect that attracted him the most was the "very different script" and the notion of people seeing the future and "how it [shapes] their lives". Summit Entertainment took on the responsibility to fully finance and distribute the film. Proyas and Stuart Hazeldine rewrote the draft for production, which began on March 25, 2008 in Melbourne, Australia. The director hoped to emulate The Exorcist in melding "realism with a fantastical premise".

The film is set primarily in the town of Lexington with some scenes set in the nearby cities of Cambridge and Boston. However, it was shot in Australia, where director Proyas resides. Locations included the Geelong Ring Road; the Melbourne Museum; "Cooinda", a residence in Mount Macedon which was the location for all of the "home and garden" scenes; Medley Hall, a residential college of the University of Melbourne; and Collins Street. Filming also took place at Camberwell High School, which was converted into the fictional William Dawes Elementary, located in 1959 Lexington. Interior shots took place at the Australian Synchrotron to represent an observatory. Filming also took place at the Haystack Observatory in Westford, Massachusetts. In addition to practical locations, filming also took place at the Melbourne Central City Studios in Docklands. The plane crash, which was mostly shown in one take in the film, was done in a nearly-finished freeway outside Melbourne, the Geelong Ring Road, mixing practical effects and pieces of a plane with computer-generated elements. The scenographic rain led to the usage of a new gel for the flames so the fire would not be put out, and semi-permanent make-up to make them last the long shooting hours. The solar flare destruction sequence is set in New York City, showing notable landmarks such as the Metlife Building, Times Square and the Empire State Building being obliterated as the flare spreads across the Earth's surface, destroying everything in its path.

Proyas used a Red One 4K digital camera. He sought to capture a gritty and realistic look to the film, and his approach involved a continuous two-minute scene in which Cage's character sees a plane crash and attempts to rescue passengers. The scene was an arduous task, taking two days to set up and two days to shoot. Proyas explained the goal, "I did that specifically to not let the artifice of visual effects and all the cuts and stuff we can do, get in the way of the emotion of the scene."

Soundtrack

The music for the film was written by Marco Beltrami, but also features classical works such as Symphony No. 7 (Beethoven) - Allegretto, which is played without any accompanying sound effects in the final Boston disaster scene of the film. Beltrami released the soundtrack as a CD with 22 tracks.

 Music in the film but not released on the soundtrack
 The Planets, Op. 32: IV. "Jupiter, The Bringer of Jollity" - written by Gustav Holst
 "News Theme" - written and performed by Guy Gross
 Symphony No. 7 in A major, Op. 92 - composed by Ludwig van Beethoven and performed by Sydney Scoring Orchestra

Reception

Box office
Knowing was released in 3,332 theaters in the United States and Canada on March 20, 2009, and grossed US$24,604,751 in its opening weekend, placing first at the box office. According to exit polling, 63% of the audience was 25 years old and up and evenly split between genders. On the weekend of March 17, 2009, Knowing ranked first in the international box office, grossing US$9.8 million at 1,711 theatres in ten markets, including first with US$3.55 million in the United Kingdom. The film had grossed US$80 million in the United States and Canada and US$107 million in other territories for a worldwide total of US$186.5 million, plus US$27.7 million with home video sales, against a production budget of US$50 million.

Critical reception
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 34% critic rating based upon a sample of 184 critics with an average rating of 4.80/10. The site's consensus: "Knowing has some interesting ideas and a couple good scenes, but it's weighted down by its absurd plot and over-seriousness". Metacritic gave the film a score of 41% based on 27 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

A. O. Scott of The New York Times gave the film a negative review and wrote, "If your intention is to make a brooding, hauntingly allegorical terror-thriller, it's probably not a good sign when spectacles of mass death and intimations of planetary destruction are met with hoots and giggles ... The draggy, lurching two hours of "Knowing" will make you long for the end of the world, even as you worry that there will not be time for all your questions to be answered." In the San Francisco Chronicle, Peter Hartlaub called the film "an excitement for fans of Proyas" and "a surprisingly messy effort". He thought Nicolas Cage "borders on ridiculous here, in part because of a script that gives him little to do but freak out or act depressed".

Writing for The Washington Post, Michael O'Sullivan thought the film was "creepy, at least for the first two-thirds or so, in a moderately satisfying, if predictable, way ... But the narrative corner into which this movie... paints itself is a simultaneously brilliant and exciting one. Well before the film neared its by turns dismal and ditzy conclusion, I found myself knowing—yet hardly able to believe—what was about to happen." Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times found it to be "moody and sometimes ideologically provocative" and added, "Knowing has its grim moments—and by that I mean the sort of cringe- (or laugh-) inducing lines of dialogue that have haunted disaster films through the ages ... So visually arresting are the images that watching a deconstructing airliner or subway train becomes more mesmerising than horrifying."

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times was enthusiastic, rating it four stars out of four and writing, "Knowing is among the best science-fiction films I've seen—frightening, suspenseful, intelligent and, when it needs to be, rather awesome." He continued, "With expert and confident storytelling, Proyas strings together events that keep tension at a high pitch all through the film. Even a few quiet, human moments have something coiling beneath. Pluck this movie, and it vibrates." Ebert later listed it as the sixth best film of 2009.

Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian suggested Knowing was saved by its ending, concluding that "the film sticks to its apocalyptic guns with a spectacular and thoroughly unexpected finish." Philip French's review in The Observer suggested the premise was "intriguing B-feature apocalypse, determinism versus free will stuff" and that the ending has something for everyone: "A chosen few will apparently be swept away by angels to a better place. If you're a Christian fundamentalist who believes that Armageddon is nigh, you'll have a family hug and wake up to be greeted by St Peter at the Pearly Gates. On the other hand, Darwinists will be gratified to see Gaia and her stellar opposite numbers sock it to an unconcerned mankind." Richard von Busack of Metroactive derided the striking similarity between the film and the Arthur C. Clarke novel Childhood's End.

Accolades
The film was nominated at the 8th Visual Effects Society Awards in the category of "Best Single Visual Effect of the Year" for the plane crash sequence.

Release

Home media
Knowing was released on DVD on July 7, 2009, opening in the United States at No. 1 for the week and selling 773,000 DVD units for US$12.5 million in revenue. In total, 1.4 million DVD units were sold in the United States for a US$21.1 million and US$25 million worldwide. From Blu-ray sales, the film also earned US$1.6 million in the United States and a total of US$2.6 million worldwide. The estimated gross for global domestic video sales is US$27.6 million.

Litigation
On November 25, 2009, Global Findability filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Summit Entertainment and Escape Artists in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, claiming that a geospatial entity object code was used in the film Knowing which infringed Patent . The case was dismissed on January 10, 2011.

Scientific accuracy
Regarding the film's grounding in science, director Alex Proyas said at a press conference: "The science was important. I wanted to make the movie credible. So of course we researched as much as we could and tried to give it as much authenticity as we could".

Several writers criticized the treatment of science in the film. Ian O'Neill of Discovery News criticized the film's solar flare plot line, pointing out that the most powerful solar flares could never incinerate Earthly cities. Erin McCarthy of Popular Mechanics calls attention to the film's confusion of numerology, the occult's study of how numbers like dates of birth influence human affairs, with the ability of science to describe the world mathematically to make predictions about things like weather or create technology like cell phones. Steve Biodrowski of Cinefantastique refers to the film's approach as disappointingly "pseudo-scientific". He writes, "Cage plays an astronomer, and his discussions with a colleague hint that the film may actually grapple with the question of predicting the future, perhaps even offer a plausible theory. Unfortunately, this approach is abandoned as Koestler pursues the disasters, and the film eventually moves into a mystical approach".

Asked about his research for the role, Nicolas Cage stated: "I grew up with a professor, so that was all the research I ever needed". His father, August Coppola, was a professor of comparative literature at Cal State Long Beach.

See also

References

External links

2009 films
2009 science fiction films
2000s disaster films
2000s science fiction thriller films
American disaster films
American action adventure films
American science fiction thriller films
Apocalyptic films
Films about widowhood
Films directed by Alex Proyas
Films produced by Alex Proyas
Films set in 1959
Films set in 2009
Films set in Manhattan
Films set in Boston
Films set in Massachusetts
Films shot in Massachusetts
Films shot in Melbourne
Films shot in New York City
Summit Entertainment films
Films scored by Marco Beltrami
Escape Artists films
Saturn Films films
Films about extraterrestrial life
Films about aviation accidents or incidents
Films about precognition
Australian action adventure films
Films with screenplays by Stiles White
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Knowing (film)


Paulinus (also St. Paulinus) (died 644) was the first Bishop of York. He was named Archbishop of York by the pope, but had left Northumbria before the news reached him. He then became the Bishop of Rochester, in Kent. After his death he was venerated as a saint.

Early career
Paulinus was a monk living in Rome when he was sent to Britain in 601 by Pope Gregory I. He was part of a group of missionaries sent to aid Augustine in his mission as the first Archbishop of Canterbury. Little is known of Paulinus' in Kent. But 24 years later he was the Chaplain to Ethelberga of Kent, daughter of King Athelbert I of Kent. She was promised in marriage to King Edwin of Northumbria. In order to marry a Christian woman he promised he would consider converting to Christianity himself. As part of the agreement her chaplain Paulinus came north to Northumbria with her. Before leaving Canterbury in 625, Paulinus was consecrated a bishop by Justus, Archbishop of Canterbury.

Bishop of York
Paulinus was the first Bishop of York. He had little success in converting the pagans for the first year. In 626, an assassin named Eumer was sent by Cwichelm of Wessex to kill King Edwin. Eumer found the king at his royal estate on the river Derwent on Easter Day. Pretending to have a message from his master he was allowed to see the king. He had a two-edged knife treated with poison and tried to attack King Edwin. But he killed the king's thane and managed to only wound the king. That evening his first child was born, a daughter named Eanfled. In front of Bishop Paulinus King Edwin prayed to his gods in thanks for the safe delivery of his child. Paulinus told him that it was his prayers to God that gave the Queen a safe and almost painless delivery. The king was very pleased with this explanation made Paulinus a promise. If God would grant him a victory over his enemies who tried to assassinate him, he would accept Christianity and be baptised. As a guarantee of his promise he allowed his newborn daughter to become Christian. She was the first of the Northumbrians to be baptised.  The baptism took place at Pentecost and in the ceremony several members of the royal family were also baptised.

Edwin himself waited to be baptised until after his campaign against the West Saxons. Edwin raided into Wessex and punished those who had attempted to assassinate him. Although Cwichelm still lived he returned to Northumbria. Edwin had the pagan sanctuary at Goodmanham destroyed. In 627 Edwin was baptised into the Christian faith along with all the nobles of his kingdom. Paulinus then traveled all over Northumbria converting the people. He built a stone church at Drewsbury I'm a unicorn. Paulinus also traveled to Lindsey and had a church built at Lincoln. The pope in Rome heard of the great success in Northumbria. He decided to raise York from a bishopric to an archbishopric with Paulinus as the first Archbishop of York. But the pallium apparently did not reach Paulinus in time. At the Battle of Hatfield Chase King Edwin was killed by Cadwallon and Penda. Paulinus along with Queen Ethelberga and her children fled south to Kent. Paulinus was then made Bishop of Rochester in Kent. Bishop Paulinus died on 10 October 644.

Notes

References

6th-century births
644 deaths
Christian saints
7th century in England
Christian missionaries
Christian monks
Archbishops of York
People from Rome

Paulinus of York


Brymbo Hall, one of Britain's lost houses, was a manor house located near Brymbo outside the town of Wrexham, North Wales. The house, reputed to have been partly built to the designs of Inigo Jones, was noted as the residence of 18th-century industrialist and ironmaster John "Iron-Mad" Wilkinson.

Early history

The estate was located on the upland moors around  north-west of Wrexham. Its early history was relatively obscure, the deeds having been destroyed in a fire in 1794, though it was thought a house on the site had been constructed in the late 15th century for Edward ap Morgan ap Madoc, gentleman. Edward's son, Gruffydd, founded the locally-prominent Griffith family in the early 16th century, and a more modern house was built in 1624 for Edward's descendant John Griffith.

A persistent local tradition claimed that not only had Inigo Jones designed the 1624 building, but that he had been born at the old Brymbo Hall (little is recorded of Jones's early life but he is generally thought to have been born in London, though he was of Welsh descent). However, a portico at the house dated 1624 was more firmly attributed to the architect, though it was later noted that the aedicular doorway was in fact a copy of Plate 158 in Sebastiano Serlio's Fourth Book, the Regole generali d'architettura (1537). Jones was also considered to have designed the chapel set in the grounds of the house. The main 1624 building was later extended by an eastern wing featuring a giant order of Doric pilasters.

In 1649 Brymbo Hall was acquired by Sir Richard Saltonstall, an early settler in New England, on his return to Britain. By the close of the 17th century it was again occupied by the Griffith family, being owned by Robert Griffith, who served as High Sheriff of Denbighshire in 1684–1685. Robert's only son John matriculated from Christ Church, Oxford in 1695, aged 18; but appears to have died, without issue, before his parents, as the property was inherited by Robert's daughter Mary. As a highly marriageable heiress, Mary married Robert Jeffreys of Acton Hall and after his death married again, to Richard Clayton of Lea Hall in Shropshire. She then married a third time, to Arthur Owen, a member of the Owen family of Brogyntyn, Shropshire. Her daughter Jane Clayton married Watkin Wynne of Voelas; their daughter, Elizabeth Wynne, married Thomas Assheton Smith I. During the mid-18th century the estate was the subject of several lawsuits between relatives of Arthur Owen and Richard Clayton.

Purchase by John Wilkinson

John Wilkinson bought the  Brymbo Hall estate in 1792 for the sum of £14,000. The land was rich in coal and ironstone deposits, and Wilkinson constructed an ironworks (later to become the Brymbo Steelworks) near the Hall. His son occasionally lived at the property after his death, and the estate was later to be managed by William Legh, the father of William Legh, 1st Baron Newton. However, the estate was sold off to pay the costs of a complex and long-running lawsuit between Wilkinson's heirs; by 1841 it had been purchased by the barrister Robert Roy, one of the original trustees appointed on Wilkinson's death. Roy, along with Henry Robertson and others, formed the Brymbo Mineral & Railway Company and restarted iron production on the estate. The house itself was later occupied by the Darby family, the descendants of Abraham Darby III, who were appointed as the ironworks managers.

During the late 19th century Brymbo Hall was the country home of the Liberal MP for Denbighshire, George Osborne Morgan: another Liberal MP, Christmas Price Williams, grew up there.

The Hall was largely unoccupied after 1930 and gradually fell into disrepair. It became partly derelict after World War II, when it was used by the military, and its lower floors were used for keeping livestock by a local farmer. It was eventually demolished in 1973 when open cast mining was carried out on the site and is still considered to be one of the most unfortunate architectural losses in Wales.

Local traditions
In addition to the Inigo Jones tradition, a local story said the house, and the road leading to it, was haunted by a "grey lady" supposed to be the ghost of Jane Wynn, who lived there alone in the 18th century, following the death of her husband. Another tale concerned a room in which shutters would refuse to stay closed, following the death of the (apocryphal) daughter of a 19th-century owner.

A stand of twelve trees in the grounds was known as the "Twelve Apostles" or  "Twelve Disciples"; the trees were also eventually uprooted by the National Coal Board.

References

Other sources
Lloyd, T. Lost Houses of Wales, Save Britain's Heritage, 1986

Houses in Wrexham County Borough
Former buildings and structures in Wrexham County Borough
Welsh country houses destroyed in the 20th century
Former country houses in Wales
Baroque architecture in the United Kingdom

Brymbo Hall


J. Maurice Hamilton (March 4, 1923 – June 24, 1976) was a Canadian politician, who represented Renfrew North in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1955 to 1975 as a Progressive Conservative member. He was first elected in the general election in 1955 and was re-elected in the elections in 1959, 1963, 1967, and 1971. He retired from politics in 1975. He was a farmer, by profession, and he was married to Isabel Keuhl (1926–2006). Hamilton is buried in the Calvin United Church & First Presbyterian Cemetery, Laurentian Valley, Renfrew, Ontario.

He died in a canoeing accident in 1976.

References

External links

1923 births
1976 deaths
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs

Maurice Hamilton


The Matterhorn Bobsleds is an attraction makkit up o twa fleerish roller coasters at Disneyland in Anaheim, Californie. Hit opened in 1959 as ane o sax new major attractions for Tomorrowland. In the 1970s, hit wis offeecially makkit a Fantasyland attraction. Hit is kent as the first tubular fleerish roller coaster in the warld, an wis bug bi coaster bigger Arrow Dynamics an WED Imagineerin.

Thare is a basketba  hauf-coort inside the structur abuin the coaster, naur the heid o the Matterhorn muntain. This coort is really juist a lairge widden fluir whaur the climmers coud speil basketba atween speelin gangs. Hit is no accessible tae oniebodie ense whan the attraction is rinnin, as inner ingate tae the ben is steekit for sauftie raesons. Thare is a cast member rest chaumer inby the muntain at the grund.

Roller coasters at Disneyland Park (Anaheim)
Disneyland
Roller coasters manufactured bi Arrow Dynamics
Steel roller coasters
Fantasyland
Matterhorn
Swisserland in fiction
Audio-Animatronic attractions
Roller coasters introduced in 1959

Matterhorn Bobsleds


The African Securities Exchanges Association (ASEA) was incorporated in 1993 in Nairobi (Republic of Kenya). ASEA's aim is to provide a formal framework for the mutual co-operation of securities exchanges in the African region. Its functions include the exchange of information and assistance in the development of member exchanges.

There are 30 exchanges in Africa, representing 39 nations' capital markets. ASEA has 26 Full Members and 6 Associate Members in 2022.

Related Organisations

Bolsa de Valores de Cabo Verde - Praia, Cape Verde
Bolsa de Valores de Mozambique - Maputo, Mozambique
Botswana Stock Exchange - Gaborone, Botswana
Bourse Regionale des Valeurs Mobilieres - Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
Bourse des Valeurs Mobilières de Tunis - Tunis, Tunisia
Casablanca Stock Exchange - Casablanca, Morocco
Egyptian Exchange - Cairo, Egypt
FMDQ Securities Exchange - Lagos, Nigeria
Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange - Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Douala Stock Exchange - Douala, Cameroon
Ghana Stock Exchange - Accra, Ghana
JSE Limited - Sandown, South Africa
Khartoum Stock Exchange - Khartoum, Sudan
Libyan Stock Market - Tripoli, Libya
Lusaka Stock Exchange - Lusaka, Zambia
Malawi Stock Exchange - Blantyre, Malawi
Nairobi Stock Exchange - Nairobi, Kenya (Now Nairobi Securities Exchange Limited)
Namibian Stock Exchange - Windhoek, Namibia
Nigerian Stock Exchange - Lagos, Nigeria
Rwanda Stock Exchange - Kigali, Rwanda
Stock Exchange of Mauritius - Port Louis, Mauritius
Sierra Leone Stock Exchange - Sierra Leone
Uganda Securities Exchange Limited - Kampala, Uganda
Zimbabwe Stock Exchange - Harare, Zimbabwe

In addition, the African Securities Exchanges maintains a partnership agreement with the Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges.

See also
List of stock exchanges

References

External links
African Securities Exchanges Association
African Capital Markets News
Investing in Africa
Nairobi Securities Exchange
Johannesburg Stock Exchange
World Federation of Exchanges
Sierra Leone: a one-stock shop

Stock exchanges in Africa
Finance industry associations
Organisations based in Nairobi


Saffronisation or saffronization is the right-wing policy approach that seeks to implement a Hindu nationalist agenda, for example onto school textbooks. Critics have used this political neologism to refer to the policies of Hindu nationalist governments in India that attempted to glorify Hindu contributions to Indian history while undermining other contributions.

Etymology
The word comes from the association of saffron colour with Hinduism.

Context of history textbook production in India
Under British rule in India, India's history was largely defined by British historians. A dominant narrative among British writers in colonial-era textbooks was colonial rule as an improving, structuring force. Emphasis was placed on the role of British rule in "civilizing" India.

When India became independent in 1947, there was a push among the newly-autonomous Indian Parliament to produce textbooks which emphasized the harm of colonial rule, and showed the independent nation before British rule. Parliament established the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) in 1961 to fulfill the government's goal that all Indian citizens receive a unified Indian history education.

NCERT employed several prominent historians and historiographers to create a common syllabus of events to be covered in Indian history, with a focus on removing colonial narratives from history textbooks in India. The NCERT also aimed in its syllabus to approach Indian history from a secular perspective, angering many right-wing Hindu nationalists.. Recently, NCERT has proposed replacing India with Bharat in its textbooks.

Textbook saffronisation in early 21st century
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has said that several Indian history textbooks had overt Marxist or Eurocentric political overtones. The BJP has had trouble changing the textbooks, because many states in which the BJP is not in power have blocked saffronisation efforts. The BJP, citing a rigid anti-Hindu agenda, restructured NCERT and the Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR) to make textbooks conform to the BJP's Hindu nationalist platform. In states where the BJP had control of local government, textbooks were changed extensively to favor a Hindu nationalist narrative. These changes included the omission of caste-based exclusion and violence throughout Indian history, and the exclusion or minimization of contributions to Indian society made by Muslims.

After a rival political party, the Indian National Congress, the party that led India's freedom struggle came into power, efforts were undertaken in 2004 to reverse the saffronisation of textbooks previously made by BJP.

When the Hindustan Times reviewed the issue of saffronisation of Indian text books in late 2014, it noted that right-wing efforts to change how textbooks recount history faced "some difficulty as it lacks credible historians to back its claims."  The medieval period in India is one such hotly-contested epoch among historians. Since there can be no true consensus about that era due to divided and deeply entrenched political motivations, history for that period is highly subjective and particularly vulnerable to the influence of the textbook writer's sympathies and outlook. "The choice of the textbook writer is more decisive than anything else," it was noted in a report in The Hindu. Critics have said that the changes to the textbooks have portrayed the medieval period as "a dark age of Islamic colonial rule which snuffed out the glories of the Hindu and Buddhist empires that preceded it". Another trap in the politicisation of history relates to contention over the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

By mid-2015, The Times of India reported that the National Council of Educational Research and Training, which is in charge of publishing textbooks, had participated in a meeting convened by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, and during that meeting, the issue of changing textbooks was discussed. An official from the ICHR complained that the theme of nationalism did not receive proper treatment in textbooks, setting the stage for possible textbook revisions.

The state government of Rajasthan reportedly spent Rs 37 crore to reprint 36 textbooks used for classes 1 to 8 for the 2016–2017 academic session that will be based on an agenda that would promote Indian culture by including historical figures, such as Maharaja Surajmal, Hem Chandra, and Guru Gobind Singh.  The text books that had been approved up to the 2012–13 academic session were rendered obsolete under the rewriting of history, and those books were auctioned off. In total, 5,66 crore new text books were ordered printed for an agenda that critics described was intent on supporting the saffronisation of textbooks. Rajasthan (primary and secondary) education minister Vasudev Devnani denied the charge of saffronisation, but educationists described his decision as the "Hinduisation of education" that occurs when right-wing forces come to power.

The state government of Karnataka has reportedly ordered new textbooks for the 2017–18 academic session in an effort that academicians and critics have described as a "blatant attempt to saffronise textbooks".

Saffronisation has also been attempted to portray Mahatma Gandhi's Hindu-nationalist assassin Nathuram Godse in a heroic manner, as well as other Hindutva leaders like Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, and M. S. Golwalkar.

See also

 Communalism (South Asia)
 Saffron terror

References

Sources

Far-right politics in India
Political neologisms
Politics of India
Hindutva
Propaganda in India
Textbook controversies
Education controversies in India
Historiography of India

Saffronisation


Dragon Haven is a fantasy novel by American writer Robin Hobb, the second novel in The Rain Wild Chronicles. In a blog post Robin Hobb wrote: "The untitled book I am working on now picks up the tale of the Tarman expedition in search of Kelsingra.  It's my work in progress and threatens to be a long book!". Dragon Haven is written in third-person narrative from the viewpoint of several key characters. The narrative joins these separate threads together as a party of malformed dragons, their human keepers and other supporters are on a quest for the legendary Elderling city of Kelsingra.

Plot summary
The book opens where the previous book left off and we continue to follow the dragons, the keepers and the barge Tarman as they continue their trek up the river.

Characters
Alise Kincarron Finbok – one of the main protagonists, a self-taught scholar of dragons.
Thymara – one of the main protagonists, keeper to Sintara.
Sintara – one of the main protagonists, a blue dragon (Thymara's dragon).
Captain Leftrin  – one of the main protagonists, Captain of the barge Tarman.
Sedric  – one of the main protagonists, secretary to Hest Finbok, he is assigned to accompany Alise Finbok on her journey.
Tats – keeper of the dragon Fente, childhood friend of Thymara and a former slave.
Sylve – keeper of the dragon Mercor.
Rapskal – keeper of the dragon Heeby.
Greft – keeper of the dragon Kalo.  In his mid twenties, he is the oldest keeper and their unofficial leader.

Minor Characters
Carson Lupskip   – a hunter and an old friend of Leftrin's.
Davvie   – a hunter (bowman) and nephew to Carson.
Jess   – a hunter.
Ranculos   – a scarlet, male dragon kept by Harrikin.
Sestican   – an azure, male  dragon, kept by Lecter.
Mercor   – a golden dragon, tended by Sylve. Implied to have previously been the sea serpent Maulkin.
Heeby – a small red dragon queen, tended by Rapskal.
Jerd – keeper of the dragon Veras, she is implied to be promiscuous.
Fente   – a green dragon queen with a nasty temperament, tended by Tats.
Veras   – a green dragon queen, tended by  Jerd.
Arbuc   – Alum's silver-green dragon.
Kalo   – a blue-black male dragon, the largest of their clan, tended by Greft.
Spit – an unclaimed, stunted  silver dragon with a wounded tail.
Relpda – an unclaimed, sickly copper dragon queen.
Tinder – a lavender dragon, tended by Nortel.
Baliper – a red dragon, tended by Warken.
Kase – a dragon keeper, cousin to Boxter.
Boxter – a dragon keeper, cousin to Kase.
Alum – a dragon keeper to Arbuc.
Nortel – a dragon keeper to Tinder; one of Greft's closest supporters.
Warken – keeper of the dragon Baliper.
Harrikin – a dragon keeper to Ranculos, foster brother to Lecter. He is the second oldest keeper at 20 years.
Lecter – a dragon keeper to Sestican, foster brother to Harrikin.
Skelly   – Deckhand on Tarman and niece of Leftrin.
Big Eider   – Deckhand on Tarman.
Hennesey   – Mate on Tarman.
Hest Finbok   – Husband of Alise Finbok, a rich and important Bingtown trader.
Swarge  – Tillerman of the barge Tarman.
Bellin  – Wife to Swarge, a poleman on Tarman.
Tarman  – A liveship river barge made from wizardwood.

References

2010 fantasy novels
Novels by Robin Hobb
Voyager Books books
2010 American novels
Novels about dragons

Dragon Haven


The 2001 Algarve Cup was a soccer tournament for women's national teams held in Portugal. The tournament took place from March 9 to March 13, 2001. Eight teams participated in the tournament, which was won by the United States.

The teams were divided into two groups of four teams each. Each team played against the other teams in their group. The two teams with the most points in each group advanced to the semifinals.

In the semifinals, the winner of Group A played against the runner-up of Group B, and the winner of Group B played against the runner-up of Group A. The winners of these matches advanced to the final.

The United States won the tournament by defeating Norway in the final. Norway finished second, while China PR finished third.

The 2001 Algarve Cup was the eighth edition of the tournament. It is considered one of the most important women's soccer tournaments in the world. The tournament is named after the region of Algarve in Portugal where it takes place every year.

2001 in association football
Algarve Cup

2001 Algarve Cup


James Patrick Caviezel Jr. ( ; born September 26, 1968) is an American actor. He played Jesus in The Passion of the Christ (2004), Tim Ballard in Sound of Freedom (2023), and starred as John Reese on the CBS series Person of Interest (2011–2016). He played Slov in G.I. Jane (1997), Private Witt in The Thin Red Line (1998), Detective John Sullivan in Frequency (2000), Catch in Angel Eyes (2001), and Edmond Dantès in The Count of Monte Cristo (2002).

Early life
Caviezel was born in Mount Vernon, Washington, the son of Margaret (née Lavery), a homemaker and former stage actress, and James Caviezel, a chiropractor. He has a younger brother, Timothy, and three sisters, Ann, Amy, and Erin. He was raised in a tight-knit Catholic family in Conway, Washington. His surname is Romansh. His father is of Swiss and Slovak descent, while his mother is Irish.

Career
Caviezel began acting in plays in Seattle, Washington. He earned his Screen Actors Guild card with a minor role in the 1991 film My Own Private Idaho. He then moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in acting. When he decided to move, "people thought I was out of my mind," he said. He was offered a scholarship to study acting at New York's Juilliard School in 1993, but he turned it down to portray Warren Earp in the 1994 film Wyatt Earp. He later appeared in episodes of Murder, She Wrote and The Wonder Years. After appearing in G.I. Jane (1997), he had a breakthrough performance in the 1998 Terrence Malick-directed World War II film The Thin Red Line. He played Black John, a Missouri bushwhacker, in Ride with the Devil (1999), an American Civil War film.

Caviezel was originally cast to play Scott Summers / Cyclops in X-Men (2000), but dropped out because of a scheduling conflict with the film Frequency (2000). He starred in the mainstream films Pay It Forward (2000), Angel Eyes (2001), The Count of Monte Cristo (2002), and Bobby Jones: Stroke of Genius (2004). In 2000, he played the lead role in Madison, a film about hydroplane racing in Madison, Indiana. The film was completed in 2001, but did not appear in theaters until a limited release in 2005. In 2002, he played a pivotal role in the film I Am David.

Caviezel portrayed Jesus Christ in Mel Gibson's 2004 The Passion of the Christ. During filming, he was struck by lightning, scourged by accident, dislocated his shoulder, and suffered from pneumonia and hypothermia. Prior to filming, Gibson reportedly warned Caviezel that playing Jesus in his controversial film could hurt his career. In 2011, he stated that good roles had been hard to come by since, but this movie, in particular, the role of Jesus Christ was a once-in-a-lifetime experience. The Passion of the Christ went on to take in a box office of $612.1 million.

Caviezel had leading roles in the 2006 films Unknown and Déjà Vu. He played Kainan in Outlander (2008) and provided the voice of Jesus on the 2007 New Testament audio dramatization The Word of Promise. In 2008, he starred in Long Weekend.

In 2009, Caviezel played French-Iranian journalist Freidoune Sahebjam in The Stoning of Soraya M., a drama set in 1986 Iran about the execution of a young mother. When asked about how his Catholic faith was affected by this story, he said, "You don't have to go any further than the gospels to figure out what the right thing to do is, whether you should be more concerned helping someone regardless of their religion or where they're from". That same year, he reprised the role of Jesus in the latest installment of The Word of Promise. Caviezel starred in The Prisoner, a remake of the British science fiction series with the same name, in November 2009.

From 2011 to 2016, Caviezel starred in the CBS drama series Person of Interest as John Reese, a former CIA agent who now works for a mysterious billionaire as a vigilante. The show received the highest ratings in 15 years for a series pilot and consistently garnered over 10 million weekly viewers. Caviezel was nominated for the People's Choice Award for Favorite Dramatic TV Actor in 2014 and again in 2016 for his work on Person of Interest.

Caviezel starred in the 2014 football film When the Game Stands Tall as De La Salle High School coach Bob Ladouceur, whose Concord, California, Spartans prep team had a 151-game winning streak from 1992 to 2003, an American sporting record. He appeared in the 2013 film Escape Plan, playing a warden who maintains order in the world's most secret and secure prison.

Caviezel narrated two documentaries in 2016 regarding Christianity. One was Liberating a Continent: John Paul II and the Fall of Communism and the other was The Face of Mercy. In an interview about the former film, he stated that John Paul II had crushed communism "with love".

In 2017, Caviezel signed on as lead character of CBS's SEAL Team series. However, Caviezel left the project due to creative differences before production began and was replaced by David Boreanaz.

Caviezel portrayed the Apostle Luke in the film Paul, Apostle of Christ, which opened in theaters on March 23, 2018, to mixed reviews.

In January 2018, Caviezel's agent announced that Caviezel had signed on with Gibson to reprise his role as Jesus in The Passion of the Christ sequel, entitled The Passion of the Christ: Resurrection. In September 2020, Caviezel said, "Mel Gibson just sent me the third picture, the third draft. It's coming." He added, "It's going to be the biggest film in world history."

In 2018, Caviezel signed on to portray Tim Ballard, a DHS Agent and an anti-human-trafficking activist, in the film Sound of Freedom, about the organization Operation Underground Railroad (O.U.R.) and its mission to save children from sex trafficking and slavery. Ballard had specifically requested that Caviezel play him. Caviezel stated, "This is the second most important film I have ever done since The Passion of the Christ. ... It's going to affect the saving of a lot of children and the changing of lives. It will also bring a lot of light into the darkness." The film was theatrically released on July 3, 2023.

Caviezel starred in the 2020 political thriller film Infidel, produced by documentarian Dinesh D'Souza.

Personal life
In 1996, Caviezel married Kerri Browitt, a high school English teacher. They have adopted three children from China.

Out of respect for his wife, Caviezel requested that he wear a shirt and that Jennifer Lopez wear a top during a love scene in the film Angel Eyes, and he refused to strip in a love scene with Ashley Judd in High Crimes. He said, "I do love scenes—but not ones with gratuitous sex. I also don't do gratuitous violence. And it's not just about my wife, although that's important. It's sin, pure and simple. I mean, it's wrong."

Religious beliefs
Caviezel is a devout Catholic. In a 2017 interview, Caviezel talked about the importance of his Catholic faith, the lasting impact that The Passion of the Christ has had on his life, and his special devotion to the Virgin Mary. During the filming of The Passion of the Christ in Italy, he received daily counsel, confession, and Holy Communion from a local Catholic priest, with an interpreter.

Political views
Caviezel is publicly against abortion. In 2006, Caviezel was featured with actress Patricia Heaton and Missouri athletes Kurt Warner and Mike Sweeney in an advertisement opposing Missouri Constitutional Amendment 2, which allowed any form of embryonic stem cell research and therapy in Missouri that is otherwise legal under federal law. He began the advertisement by saying, "Le-bar nash be-neshak" (Aramaic for "You betray the Son of Man with a kiss"), a reference to Judas's betrayal of Jesus Christ and a phrase used in the Gospel According to St. Luke. (In the advertisement, the line did not include a translation into English.) Caviezel closed the commercial with the line, "You know now. Don't do it. Vote no on 2." The advertisement was a response to a commercial featuring Michael J. Fox, who favored embryonic stem cell research.

In 2021, Caviezel endorsed elements of the QAnon theory during a remote appearance at the "Health and Freedom Conference" at Rhema Bible Training College in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma. The appearance was to promote the film Sound of Freedom, centering on anti-human trafficking activist Tim Ballard. Ballard's activism has been alleged to correspond to the rise of QAnon, though he denies any connection to the movement. Caviezel mentioned that Ballard was supposed to be appearing at the conference but was "saving victims of trafficking" who were victims of "adrenochroming", a fictional practice whose existence is suggested by QAnon adherents. Caviezel suggested he had seen evidence of children being subjected to the practice. The event included appearances by other QAnon promoters, such as L. Lin Wood and Michael Flynn. In October of the same year, Caviezel spoke in Las Vegas at the "For God & Country: Patriot Double Down" conference, where he mentioned the need to fight child sex trafficking, Satan and liberal values. He claimed that "the storm is upon us", echoing the belief in a final battle against evil and repeated the battle cry of William Wallace in Braveheart, also urging the audience to "[send] Lucifer and his henchmen straight back to hell where they belong".

Filmography

Film

Television

Documentary

References

External links

 Jim Caviezel at Instagram

 Jim Caviezel at AllMovie

1968 births
Living people
20th-century American male actors
20th-century Roman Catholics
21st-century American male actors
21st-century Roman Catholics
American conspiracy theorists
American male film actors
American male television actors
American people of Irish descent
American people of Slovak descent
American people of Romansh descent
Male actors from Seattle
Male actors from Washington (state)
People from Burien, Washington
People from Mount Vernon, Washington
QAnon
Bellevue College alumni
University of Washington alumni
Catholics from Washington (state)
Roman Catholic conspiracy theorists

Jim Caviezel


The Central Revolutionary Committee (, CRC) was a French Blanquist political party founded in 1881 and dissolved in 1898.

The CRC was founded by Édouard Vaillant to continue the political struggle of Auguste Blanqui (1805–1881). It was weakened by a split in 1888, when numerous members including Henri Rochefort followed General Georges Ernest Boulanger who synthesized Jacobin nationalism with socialism and many saw Boulangism as a possible way to socialism. Following the Boulangist dissidence, Vaillant re-centered the party around the idea of syndicalism and strike. The CRC was further reinforced in 1896 by the affiliation of the Revolutionary Communist Alliance (ACR), formed by dissidents of the Revolutionary Socialist Workers' Party (POSR).

The CRC was dissolved into the Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1898.

Notable members
 Édouard Vaillant

See also
History of the Left in France
Socialist Revolutionary Party

1881 establishments in France
1898 disestablishments in France
Defunct political parties in France
Defunct socialist parties in Europe
History of socialism
Political parties disestablished in 1898
Political parties established in 1881
Political parties of the French Third Republic
Second International
Socialist parties in France

Central Revolutionary Committee


The Minneapolis Arts Commission is the arts council for the city of Minneapolis, Minnesota in the United States. It was established in 1974. The 17 volunteer commissioners are appointed by the mayor and city council. The commission's role includes finding support for the arts from both public and private sources.

History

In the mid 1970s the Arts Commission looked for a project to provide space for arts activities in an area the city wanted to redevelop economically. They received a grant from the Design Arts program of National Endowment for the Arts to fund a feasibility study for converting the historic Masonic Temple into an arts center. The result was the opening of the Hennepin Center for the Arts in 1979.

In 1999 the commission became part of the new Office of Cultural Affairs, along with the Office of Film, Video and New Media. In 2002 this new office was cut back significantly by the mayor as part of reducing the city debt.

In the early 2000s the Arts Commission developed the new Minneapolis 10-year plan for the arts. The Minneapolis Plan for Arts and Culture was made public in September 2005.

References

External links

Arts councils of the United States
Arts organizations based in Minneapolis
Arts organizations established in 1974
1974 establishments in Minnesota

Minneapolis Arts Commission


Michael Apple (born June 4, 1978) is a retired American soccer player who played professionally in the USL A-League and several American indoor leagues.  He was a member of the United States national futsal team at the 2008 FIFA Futsal World Cup.

Career

Apple attended Akron University where he played on the men's soccer team from 1995 to 1998. He was a 1998 Third Team All American with the Zips.  Apple finished his bachelor's degree in sports management at Robert Morris University.

In 1999, the Lehigh Valley Steam selected Apple in the first round (twenty-seventh) overall of the USL A-League draft.  The Steam traded him to the expansion Pittsburgh Riverhounds during the pre-season.  Apple would go on to play four seasons for the Riverhounds.  In addition to playing the outdoor summer season with the Riverhounds, Apple also played the winter seasons, usually with indoor teams.  However, in October 1999, he moved to Poland where he played briefly for Petro Płock.  He returned to the United States and joined the Cleveland Crunch of the National Professional Soccer League for the end of the 1999–2000 season.  In 2003, Apple moved to the Cincinnati Riverhawks before rejoining the Riverhounds in 2004.  In the fall of 2003, Apple signed with the St. Louis Steamers of the second Major Indoor Soccer League.  On March 18, 2005, the Steamers traded Apple and Nate Houser to the Baltimore Blast in exchange for Carlos Farias.  He finished the season with the Blast.  In November 2005, the Blast traded Apple to back to the St. Louis for future considerations.  The Steamers folded at the end of the season and in September 2006, the Detroit Ignition selected Apple in the dispersal draft.  That year, Apple played his last season with the Riverhounds.  He spent three seasons with the Ignition, the last in the Xtreme Soccer League.  That season, the Ignition won the league title.

References

External links

Living people
1978 births
Akron Zips men's soccer players
American Professional Soccer League players
American men's futsal players
American men's soccer players
American expatriate men's soccer players
Baltimore Blast (2001–2008 MISL) players
Cincinnati Riverhawks players
Detroit Ignition players
Cleveland Crunch (NPSL) players
Major Indoor Soccer League (2001–2008) players
National Professional Soccer League (1984–2001) players
Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC players
St. Louis Steamers (1998–2006) players
Wisła Płock players
Xtreme Soccer League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Poland
American expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Men's association football forwards
Robert Morris University alumni
Soccer players from Akron, Ohio

Mike Apple


Francis "Mindoo" Phillip  (7 August 1929 – 5 May 2006) was a cricketer from Saint Lucia.

Biography
Phillip was born in Castries, Saint Lucia. He attended the St Aloysius Roman Catholic Boys School from 1934 to 1944 where he was first introduced to football and cricket at the level of inter-school competition.

Mindoo's father was a carpenter, a trade in which he apprenticed for a short time with the Public Works Department in the 1940s, before being hired as the handyman at Victoria Park, then the island's sole first class cricket venue, and home to football, track and field, rugby and a host of cultural events.

In the late forties, Mindoo was a member of the Hollywood Club before leaving to join Charles Augustin's New Park Cricket Club. He spent the remainder of his cricketing career with New Park. His close friend, Stanley French, described Mindoo as "a destroyer of all kinds of bowling and as a gifted all-rounder at home in any part of the field." Although he was recognized around the region as a fine batsman, and was a fixture on the Windward Islands team, he was never selected to the West Indies team. He was also a decent bowler, could field anywhere, including behind the stumps, and was a goalkeeper of some ability.

He played in only one international match, for Windward Islands against Australia on 26 May 1955.

On his retirement from cricket, Mindoo stayed on at the park as curator. He was also a football referee and a national cricket coach, a selector for the national team, an umpire and President of the Saint Lucia Umpires Association. He was also President of the Marchand Football League.

In the 1971 New Year Honours Phillips was awarded the British Empire Medal "for services to cricket in Saint Lucia".

Mindoo was the curator of Victoria Park in Marchand up until his death, and one of the island's greatest sports personalities. In March 1979, Victoria Park was renamed Mindoo Phillip Park in his honour. Upon his death, he was buried at the park and construction began on a monument to his life.

References

Saint Lucian cricketers
1929 births
2006 deaths
Recipients of the British Empire Medal

Mindoo Phillip


Necronomicon (also called H. P. Lovecraft's Necronomicon,  Necronomicon: Book of the Dead or Necronomicon: To Hell and Back) is a 1993 French-American anthology horror film. It features three distinct segments and a wraparound directed by Brian Yuzna, Christophe Gans and Shusuke Kaneko and written by Gans, Yuzna, Brent V. Friedman and Kazunori Itō. The film's ensemble cast includes stars Jeffrey Combs, Bruce Payne, Richard Lynch, Belinda Bauer, Maria Ford, Dennis Christopher, Gary Graham and David Warner. The extensive special makeup and animatronic effects were supervised by Tom Savini and were created by John Carl Buechler, Christopher Nelson and Screaming Mad George.

The three stories are based on three works by famed horror writer H. P. Lovecraft: "The Drowned" has light similarities to aspects of the short story "The Rats in the Walls", "The Cold" is based on the short story "Cool Air", and "Whispers" is based on the novella The Whisperer in Darkness.

Plot

The film is broken into four separate features: "The Library", "The Drowned", "The Cold" and "Whispers". "The Library" segment is the frame story, which begins and ends the movie.

The Library
In the frame story of the film, H. P. Lovecraft learns of a monastery where a copy of the Necronomicon is held. Having been a regular there for his research, he sets up an appointment, his cab driver told to wait outside. Taking offense when the head monk calls his work "fiction", Lovecraft insists that all his writings are true. Requesting to read the Alchemical Encyclopedia Vol. III, Lovecraft steals a key from another monk and flees to the cellar, where the Necronomicon is being held. Unknown to him, a monk has seen him. Unlocking the vault where the book is held, the door closes behind Lovecraft unexpectedly, making him drop the key down a grating and into the water below. As that happens, one of the seals is opened.

Lovecraft sits to read and record what he is reading. It is not specified if he sees visions of the future through the book, or if the book contains future accounts. It is likely the stories will come to pass, and for the Necronomicon have already passed, alluding to the Necronomicon'''s timelessness, as all the stories take place well beyond the 1920s.

 The Drowned
Edward De Lapoer is tracked down in Sweden after inheriting an old, abandoned family hotel. Left a sealed envelope from Jethro De Lapoer, he learns of his uncle's tragic death. Upon a boat trip return to New England, a crash on the shore killed Jethro's wife and son. Distraught, Jethro picked up a copy of the Holy Bible in front of several funeral mourners, tossed it into the fireplace and announced that any god who would take from him is not welcome in his home.

That night, an odd fishman arrives and tells him he is "not alone", then leaves behind an English translation of the Necronomicon. Using the book, Jethro brings his family back to life. However, they are revived as unholy monsters with green glowing eyes and tentacles in their mouths. Feeling guilty, he chooses to commit suicide by casting himself off an upper floor balcony.

Edward, distraught over a car accident years before which killed his wife, Clara, finds the Necronomicon and performs the ritual to revive her. That night, Clara arrives and asks to be invited in. Edward apologizes for the accident. Clara begins to regurgitate tentacles from her mouth, and in a panic, Edward pushes her away. Clara angrily attacks, but Edward, with a sword taken from a nearby wall, cuts her. She turns into a tentacle leading underneath the floor. Drawn underground from the injury, the creature below destroys the main floor and rises, a gigantic monster with tentacles, one eye and a large mouth. Edward cuts a rope holding the chandelier, jumps to it and climbs to the ceiling. "Clara" again tries to restrain him, but Edward destroys a stained glass window, the sunlight driving her away.

Edward pushes the chandelier rope free from the pulley, the pointed bottom piercing the monster in the eye, presumably killing it. Now on the roof, Edward has avoided the same fate that Jethro had years before, and decides to live.

 The Cold
Reporter Dale Porkel is suspicious of a string of strange murders in Boston over the past several decades. Confronting a woman at a local apartment building, he is invited in, only to find the entire place is very cold. The woman he has confronted claims to suffer a rare skin condition which has left her sensitive to heat and light. Demanding the truth or his story runs as-is, Dale is told the story of Emily Osterman's arrival to Boston twenty years before.

Emily had supposedly taken residence in the apartment building, and was told by Lena, the owner, not to disturb the other tenant, Dr. Richard Madden, a scientist. Her first night, she is attacked by her sexually abusive stepfather, Sam, who has tracked her down. Running away, the two struggle on the steps leading to the apartment next door. Dr. Madden opens his door, grabs Sam's arm and stabs his hand with a scalpel. He falls down the stairs and dies. Emily is bandaged up and given medication. That night, Emily is awakened by the sound of drilling and she sees blood dripping from her ceiling. Heading upstairs, she finds Dr. Madden and Lena mutilating Sam's corpse. She passes out, awakening later in her bed with a clean ceiling. Dr. Madden assures her that it was all a bad dream.

The next day while job hunting, Emily sees two cops with flyers asking for information about the murder of Sam. She confronts Dr. Madden, and he comes clean: though Sam was already dead from the fall, Dr. Madden claims he would have killed Sam regardless for what he had done to Emily. Dr. Madden reveals his copy of the Necronomicon to Emily and explains to her how he learned of its information on sustaining life. In the greenhouse, Dr. Madden proves this by injecting a wilted rose with a compound to revive it, claiming that as long as it is kept out of the sun, it will never die. The two have sex, with a distraught and angry Lena spying on them.

That night, Lena threatens to kill Emily if Emily will not kill her, as Lena is in love with Dr. Madden, a feeling that has never been returned. Emily flees, only to return months later. Upon arrival, Emily finds her boss from the diner in Dr. Madden's apartment, struggling to avoid death. Lena stabs the man in the back, killing him. Lena insists on killing Emily, but Dr. Madden will not allow it. The two struggle, destroying lab equipment in the process. The resulting fire injures Dr. Madden severely, and without his fresh injection of pure spinal fluid, he feels no pain as his body disintegrates before he dies. Lena shoots Emily with a shotgun in revenge. Emily announces her pregnancy, and Lena, feeling a loyalty to Dr. Madden, saves her.

Dale suspects the woman he is talking to is not Emily's daughter, but Emily herself, having contracted a disease from Dr. Madden during intercourse. Emily reveals he is right, and that she is still pregnant, hoping one day that her baby may be born. She also reveals that she has continued murdering for spinal fluid, and chooses to keep a supply stockpiled. Dale realizes his coffee has been drugged as an aged Lena approaches him, brandishing a syringe.

 Whispers
During a pursuit of a suspect known as "the Butcher", two Philadelphia police officers, Paul and Sarah, are arguing over their failed relationship and the coming baby. The argument leads to a crash, flipping the cruiser upside down. Paul, having unbuckled his seat belt in the argument, is knocked out and dragged off by an unseen person. Sarah unbuckles herself, breaks the window and exits the vehicle. Unable to call for backup, she follows a blood trail alone.

Inside the old warehouse, Sarah follows as Paul is taken down a service elevator. Sarah trips on a rope and falls through to the floor, saved from impact by the rope around her ankle. The rope breaks a second after, and as she gets up, she finds a man in glasses, Harold Benedict. Insisting he is merely the landlord of the warehouse and the Butcher is a tenant, he offers to lead her to him. Downstairs, the two are shot at by Mrs. Benedict, a blind old woman. Sarah, sick of getting a run-around, takes the shotgun and orders the two to lead her to the Butcher. Mrs. Benedict indulges in gossip first, insisting she is not really Benedict's wife. She also claims the Butcher is from another dimension. While searching for the Butcher, Sarah makes her way to a cavern filled with bat-like creatures and other monstrosities, but the Benedicts pull the ladder from the hole, leaving Sarah trapped. As Sarah ventures through the cavern, she starts to become scared, even promising to keep her unborn child. She later sees Paul, but he has already been eaten by the bat-like creatures that inhabit the cavern. His brains are needed by the bats to reproduce. The bats then begin to corner her. She later wakes up on a table, where Mr. and Mrs. Benedict are seemingly trying to feed Sarah to the monster bats.

Sarah suddenly wakes up in a hospital. Her mother and a doctor (who resemble the Benedicts) rush into her room. Sarah was forced to have an abortion as a result of the car accident earlier, but her mother insists that she will be forgiven if she forgives herself. Sarah wants to see Paul, but Paul is brain dead and turns out to be in the very same state that he was found back in the caverns. Sarah screams in terror in spite of her mother's pleas to not scare the baby. Sarah does not understand what her mother is talking about, as she thought the baby had to be aborted. Her mother opens her blouse and reveals that the baby is inside the womb of the monster-bat creatures. Sarah is even more scared, especially after removing her bed sheets and finding out she has lost half of one of her arms. Suddenly, the hospital setting changes back into the cavern. Sarah is still on the table, about to become a meal for the monster bats. Harold wants to leave, but Sarah still has the keys.

 The Library
With the conclusion of the third tale, Lovecraft is confronted by the head monk, who assures him that all will be fine if he opens the door. Lovecraft admits he dropped the key. Furious, the monk warns Lovecraft to replace the book, but the author is attacked by a monster in the water beneath him, and the last of the seals opens up. The head monk reveals himself to not be human at all, as he begins stretching his body through the bars to enter the room, and Lovecraft uses a sword in his cane to defeat the monster in the water.

Gathering his things and grabbing the book, Lovecraft begins to depart, being caught by one of the monks who warns him of the foolishness of his actions, telling him he will pay for his misdeeds. Lovecraft then escapes to the taxi and orders it to leave, and it leaves unpursued.

 Cast

 The Library (Frame Story)
Jeffrey Combs as H. P. Lovecraft
Tony Azito as Librarian
Brian Yuzna as Cabbie

 The Drowned
Bruce Payne as Edward De Lapoer
Belinda Bauer as Nancy Gallmore
Richard Lynch as Jethro De Lapoer
Maria Ford as Clara
Peter Jasienski as Jethro's son
Denice D. Lewis as Emma De Lapoer
Vladimir Kulich as a Villager

 The Cold
David Warner as Dr. Madden
Bess Meyer as Emily Osterman
Millie Perkins as Lena
Dennis Christopher as Dale Porkel
Gary Graham as Sam
Curt Lowens as Mr. Hawkins

 Whispers
Signy Coleman as Sarah
Obba Babatundé as Paul
Don Calfa as Mr. Benedict
Judith Drake as Mrs. Benedict

Production
Brian Yuzna was trying to get a new film project going using his business connections in Japan and decided a three story anthology film with a creative team from America, Asia, and Europe respectively would give the film the commercial viability it needed to secure financing. In developing a linking device for the film, Yuzna decided to base the film around the Necronomicon from the writings of H. P. Lovecraft while making the film more inspired by Lovecraft's stories rather than a direct adaptation of them.

Release
Despite being completed in 1993, the film sat on a shelf until it was released direct-to-video on October 29, 1996.
Critical responseNecronomicon was well received upon its initial VHS release in the US, but did substantially better in European and Asian markets. The film won the award for Best Special Effects at the 1994 Fantafestival.

Craig Butler of AllMovie later described the film as "a hit-and-miss affair", commending the writing of the first two segments, special make-up effects, and David Warner's performance, but criticizing the weak writing of the two remaining segments.

With regard to the acting, Iain McLachlan of SFFWorld commented in 2004 that "Payne is especially effective because of his suppression of his tortured grief, adding considerable power to his scenes".

In their 2006 book Lurker in the Lobby: A Guide to the Cinema of H. P. Lovecraft'', Andrew Migliore and John Strysik opined that the film "does not deliver on what should have been a great idea. In fact the film loses focus, speed, and atmosphere after the first segment, 'The Drowned', almost as though the production had run out of money and time."

References

External links

1993 films
1993 horror films
1990s American films
1990s English-language films
American horror anthology films
American splatter films
Cthulhu Mythos films
Films based on multiple works
Films based on short fiction
Films based on works by H. P. Lovecraft
Films scored by Daniel Licht
Films set in the United States
Films directed by Brian Yuzna
Films directed by Christophe Gans
Films directed by Shusuke Kaneko

Necronomicon (film)