The use of tobacco products in Egypt is widespread. It is estimated that approximately twenty percent of the population uses tobacco products daily. Cigarettes are the most common form of tobacco consumption in Egypt, with an estimated twenty billion cigarettes smoked annually in the country. After cigarettes, shisha water-pipes are the most common form of tobacco consumption.

In 2005 legislation was passed in Egypt that prohibits smoking in public places and requires special warnings to be placed on tobacco packaging. Smoking is far more common among men than it is among women, however, the number of women smokers is on the rise. The tobacco industry in Egypt is dominated by the Eastern Tobacco Company; however, since the cultivation of tobacco is prohibited in Egypt the manufacturer must rely entirely on imported tobacco. The number of adults smoking tobacco products in Egypt continues to rise, some suggest by as much as four to five percent annually.

Prevalence in Society
Smoking in Egypt is prevalent with 19 billion cigarettes smoked annually in the country, making it the largest market in the Arab world. Inside cafes, hookah (shisha) smoking is common. As of 2012 smoking in Egypt has reached an all-time high with an estimated twenty percent, twenty million people, regularly using tobacco products.

Egypt is ranked as one of the top ten per capita consumers of tobacco by the World Lung Foundation. Of this twenty percent of the population estimated to use tobacco products, ninety-five percent were daily smokers. Sixteen percent smoke only cigarettes, 3.3% smoke shisha water-pipes, and 2.6% use smokeless tobacco products. While consumption of tobacco in adults is in decline or stagnant in many countries, in Egypt, the number of adult cigarette smokers is increasing at a rate of four to five percent per year

Smoking in Egyptian History
According to historian Relli Shechter, in the late 19th century, the cigarette emerged as a fashionable way to consume tobacco and gained popularity not only in Egypt but also globally and within the Ottoman Empire. Under British control 1882–1922, cigarettes became the preferred smoking choice in Egypt, with luxury Egyptian brands being exported worldwide, influencing global trends. It was notable for being one of the earliest non-Western producers of internationally traded manufactured goods. This industrial growth was surprising as Egypt primarily focused on exporting raw materials and importing finished goods until then. Despite facing challenges such as poor-quality Egyptian-grown tobacco and a tobacco cultivation ban in 1890, the Egyptian cigarette industry thrived and became renowned in the region.

Islam and smoking
Although Islam has no specific ban on smoking tobacco, several Islamic principles are cited in support of the religion-based banning of tobacco. Depending on the location and community, Islamic authorities have either deemed smoking as makruh (to be avoided) or haram  (forbidden). On September 5, 1999, Nasr Farid Wasel, the then Grand Mufti of Egypt, issued a fatwa (a religious ruling) against tobacco smoking.

Smoking in Public

In Egypt, the tobacco control law prohibits smoking in the following specified public places: health and educational facilities, governmental venues, sporting and social clubs, and youth centers (though these rules are not usually followed ). Smoking is also prohibited on public transport. Under a separate environmental statute, smoking is restricted to specially designated areas in industrial establishments, tourism related establishments, and electricity production establishments.

Perception of Smoking
In a survey conducted of Egyptian smokers, overall 97.6% believed that smoking tobacco can cause serious illness. However, belief that smoking causes specific illness varied. A significant number of smokers believe that shisha is less harmful than other forms of smoking. Approximately 97.4% believed that smoking shisha causes serious illness such as stroke, heart attack, and lung cancer.A national survey conducted by the Egyptian Smoking Prevention Research Institute showed that waterpipe smoking was inversely related to educational level, and that most users believed that using a waterpipe is less harmful than cigarettes. The survey also showed that more than 70% of male waterpipe smokers smoked in their homes in the presence of their children and wives, calling attention to the unfortunate lack of knowledge regarding indoor environmental tobacco smoke exposure.

Tobacco Industry in Egypt

Tobacco cultivation is not legal in Egypt, therefore companies who produce tobacco products must rely on imported raw tobacco largely imported from India and China, as well as from Brazil, Italy, Syrian Arab Republic, and the United States of America. Egypt's tobacco industry is dominated by the Eastern Tobacco Company (ETC), the largest cigarette manufacturer in the Middle East. A small but ever increasing amount of Egyptian cigarettes are exported to neighboring countries, mostly to serve Egyptians working abroad.

Tobacco Advertising, Promotion, and Sponsorship
In Egypt, most forms of tobacco advertising and promotion are banned. The law does not specifically ban tobacco sponsorship, nor does it use the term tobacco sponsorship. However, some forms of tobacco sponsorship may be prohibited under the ban on advertising and promotion. Because the terms "tobacco advertising and promotion" and "tobacco sponsorship" are not defined, it is difficult to determine the exact scope of the ban.

Tobacco Packaging and Labeling
Starting August 1, 2008 cigarette labels in Egypt began requiring images of the effects of smoking: a dying man in an oxygen mask, a coughing child and a limp cigarette symbolizing impotence. The law requires two textual warnings that must be accompanied by a picture (of a heart, lung, or pregnancy) with additional relevant text. The picture and text should be rotated every six months.  The warnings must occupy 50 percent of the front and back principal display areas.

The law prohibits the use of the terms "light," "low tar," and "very low tar" on tobacco product packaging. However, the law does not prohibit the use of other misleading terms, descriptors, figures or other indicia that create an erroneous impression about the health effects of a tobacco product including a requirement that the quantity (figurative yield) of tar and nicotine be displayed on tobacco product packages. The law does not require a qualitative statement on constituents and emissions.

Tobacco Control Legislation
Law No. 52 of 1981 Concerning the Prevention of the Adverse Effects of Tobacco provides the foundation upon which subsequent tobacco legislation rests.  This principal law addresses, although briefly, smoke-free policies; advertising, promotion and sponsorship; packaging and labeling; and penalties.  Law No. 85 of 2002, Law No. 154 of 2007, Decree No. 443 of 2008, and Executive Bylaw of Law No. 52 of 1981 all amend and/or build upon the comprehensive tobacco control legislation contained in Law No. 52 of 1981.  Several other laws and decrees supplement Law No. 52 of 1981 and its amending and subsequent legislation.  These laws include: Law No. 137 of 1981, a labor law which established the penalties for smoking while at work or at places of work; and Law No. 4 of 1994, an environmental law addressing smoke-free policies.  In addition, Decree No. 465 of 2007, issued by the Ministry of Health and Population, established the Tobacco Control Administration as an administrative body within the Ministry.

Trends Among Different Groups of Egyptians

Gender Differences
Nearly forty percent of all men in Egypt smoke while the percentage of reported women smokers stays low at less than two percent. Among men manufactured cigarettes were the most popular type of product, preferred by 31.7%, followed by shisha only preferred by 6.2%. On the other hand, among women 0.2% preferred manufactured cigarettes. Among daily cigarette smokers, men on average smoke 19.4 cigarettes a day while the figure for women is lower.

Women and Smoking
An estimated two percent of Egyptian women smoke, however most researchers believe female smoking is greatly underreported due to social taboos that push female smoking into private areas. Such a rate is the lowest reported in countries in the Eastern Mediterranean region [4] and is lower than for women in other developing countries (range from 2% to 10%). The prevalence of smoking among women in Egypt, as elsewhere in the developing world, is expected to increase in view of the weakening of cultural norms, women's increased spending power and the tactics of the tobacco company in targeting women as new consumers.

Smoking in Divergent Age Groups
The percentage of the population using any tobacco product increases to around 23% and nearly 26% among the productive age groups 25–44 and 45–64 years, respectively. The prevalence of using any tobacco product among all university graduates is about 16%. The percentage of using any tobacco product among those with no formal education or those with some primary level education was higher at around 21% and nearly 26%, respectively.

Among men, the proportion of ever-smokers peaked in the age group 45–54 years and the second highest figure was among the age group 35–44 years. This profile resembles another report from Egypt, where the peak was between 40 and 60 years of age. These two peaks may reflect the circumstances of earlier generations, who established their smoking habit 25 to 34 years ago during the beginning of the smoking epidemic in developing countries when scarce data were available to the public about the harmful consequences of tobacco.

Quitting
In a survey conducted by the World Health Organization, they found that among every day smokers, 16.6% had quit smoking. Of the people who quit smoking over the past twelve months 41.1% had made an attempt to quit and 17.9% actually proved successful in quitting. Of the current population of smokers 42.8% expressed interest in quitting smoking. Of the 41.1% that tried to quit over the past twelve months, only 2.0% used pharmacotherapy and 4.0% used cessation counseling.

See also
 Health in Egypt

References

Further reading
 Shechter, Relli. "Selling luxury: The rise of the Egyptian cigarette and the transformation of the Egyptian tobacco market, 1850–1914." International Journal of Middle East Studies 35.1 (2003): 51-75. doi.org/10.1017/S0020743803000035
 Shechter, Relli. "Reading advertisements in a colonial/development context: Cigarette advertising and identity politics in Egypt, c1919-1939." Journal of social history 39.2 (2005): 483-503. online
 Shechter, Relli. "Glocal mediators: marketing in Egypt during the open-door era (infitah)." Enterprise & Society 9.4 (2008): 762-787.

Politics of Egypt
Egypt
Health in Egypt
Tobacco in Egypt

Smoking in Egypt


Jason Eric Roberts is an American musician, activist, urban advocate and co-founder of the Dallas, Texas, organization Bike Friendly Oak Cliff. He is a songwriter and performer in Dallas-based indie pop band The Happy Bullets. He also co-founded the Oak Cliff non-profit art collaborative The Art Conspiracy, and indie record label Undeniable Records.

Roberts has a day job as a senior IT consultant, and has contributed feature and news stories for Entertainment Weekly, the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, the Detroit Metro Times, the Dallas Observer, and D Magazine's Best of Dallas series. He leads the Oak Cliff Chamber of Commerce Alternate Transportation committee, whose main project is coordinating a comprehensive multi-modal transit plan for the area.

Bike Friendly Oak Cliff, or BFOC, is a group of Dallas bicycle advocates, who promote creating better cycling facilities and infrastructure in the Oak Cliff section of South Dallas. Through Roberts efforts, the project has inspired other Dallas communities to create their own similar organizations.

References

American indie pop musicians
American male songwriters
American activists
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)

Jason Roberts (indie musician)


Charles Cameron (1745 – 19 March 1812) was a Scottish architect who made an illustrious career at the court of Catherine II of Russia. Cameron, a practitioner of early neoclassical architecture, was the chief architect of Tsarskoye Selo and Pavlovsk palaces and the adjacent new town of Sophia from his arrival in Russia in 1779 to Catherine's death in 1796. Cameron concentrated exclusively on country palaces and landscape gardens. Twice dismissed by Paul of Russia during the Battle of the Palaces, Cameron enjoyed a brief revival of his career under Alexander I in 1803–1805. All his indisputable tangible works "can be encompassed in a day's tour".

Cameron's British neoclassicism was an isolated episode in Russian architecture, then dominated by Italian artists (Francesco Rastrelli, Antonio Rinaldi, Giacomo Quarenghi, Vincenzo Brenna,  Carlo Rossi, and many others). According to his first biographer Georgy Lukomsky, "Cameron remains one of the greatest exponents of British taste and British Art abroad, and if he has been so completely forgotten in his own country, it would seem only right to rectify this omission".

Howard Colvin ranked Cameron "one of the major urban architects of the eighteenth century ... an accomplished designer and decorator in a neoclassical style that has affinities with that of Robert Adam. His style is sufficiently individual to exonerate him from the imputation of being merely an imitator... Although still a Palladian, Cameron was a pioneer of Greek Revival in Russia."  Apart from the well-researched Catherinian period (1779–1796), Cameron's life story remains poorly documented, not in the least due to Cameron's own efforts to shake off the bad reputation he had earned in the 1770s in London

Early life

Details of Cameron's origins are uncertain. He was probably the son of Walter Cameron, a London carpenter. However, he claimed descent from the Camerons of Lochiel, a Scottish clan deeply involved in the Jacobite rising of 1745.

Walter Cameron was certainly friendly with Dr Archibald Cameron, the last Jacobite to be executed and a brother of the chief Donald Cameron of Lochiel. Walter visited Archibald shortly before his execution and may have assisted his wife and children, one of whom was named Charles. Talbot Rice claimed that Charles Cameron was in fact this son of Dr. Archibald. Cameron used the Lochiel coat of arms for his personal bookplate, although modern researchers since David Talbot Rice question his claim of Lochiel lineage. Researchers also disagree on the exact year of Cameron's birth, which may be either 1743, 1745 or 1746.

Early career

Cameron trained in London with his father and with the architect Isaac Ware. After Ware's death in 1766 Cameron settled on continuing his late master's work on a new edition of Lord Burlington's Fabbriche Antiche, a project that required personal studies and surveys of ancient Roman architecture. He spent 1767 in London, preparing prints of works by Andrea Palladio, and arrived in Rome in 1768. There, he surveyed the Baths of Titus and Nero's Domus Aurea, digging into subterranean remains that were rediscovered only in the 20th century. According to Dmitry Shvidkovsky, Cameron met in Rome with another Charles Cameron, a Jacobite and a true member of the Lochiel clan, (likely Dr Archibald's son) and "borrowed" the life story of the latter to embellish his own. Cameron returned from Italy around 1769 and published the results of his studies in 1772 (reissues 1774, 1775) under the title The Baths of the Romans explained and illustrated... with proper scientific commentaries in English and French.

Cameron's life between 1769 and his departure to Russia in 1779 remains barely known. Archives attest to his involvement in only one construction contract in London, for an Adam style building in Hanover Square (1770–1775). Walter Cameron, the main contractor, was ruined by litigation with the property owner and had to sell his son's art collection to raise funds. Charles sued his father, who was jailed in Fleet Prison for debt. In 1791, when Cameron applied for a membership in the Architect's Club of London, he was barred admission due to this and other episodes that had stained his reputation in England.

Arrival in Russia

Queen Catherine's tastes in architecture evolved from Rococo and Gothic Revival architecture in the first decade of her reign to emerging Neoclassicism in the 1780s. She leaned to French variety of neoclassicism (Clerisseau, Ledoux) mixed with ancient Roman motifs. Catherine, perhaps the first of European monarchs, realized that the emerging style had the potential to become a definitive form of imperial art. She spared no expense in hiring foreign architects and craftsmen trained in the neoclassical manner. She instructed Baron Melchior Grimm, her European agent in matters of art and antiques, to hire Italian architects because "the Frenchmen we have here know too much and build dreadful houses – because they know too much." These Italians, Giacomo Quarenghi and the relatively unknown , arrived in Russia after Cameron.

Cameron arrived in Russia in 1779, also invited by Catherine's agents. Exact details of Cameron's hire remain vague, but on 23 August 1779 an enthusiastic Catherine wrote to Grimm that "At present I am very taken with Mr. Cameron, a Scot by nationality and a Jacobite, great draughtsman, well versed in antique monuments and well known for his book on the Baths of Rome. At the moment we are making a garden with him on a terrace..." Catherine also wrote that Cameron was raised at the Roman court of Prince James Stuart ("James III and VIII") and that he was a nephew of Jean Cameron of Glendessary. Cameron settled first in Chernyshev House in Saint Petersburg but soon moved to his own house in Tsarskoye Selo; it was later taken from him by emperor Paul.

Cameron, a Londoner, had no practical experience in landscaping prior to 1779. Peter Hayden suggested that Cameron learned the trade from his father-in-law, John Busch (anglicised Bush), who worked in Tsarskoye Selo since 1771.

Tsarskoye Selo

Cameron's career in Russia started with expansion of the Chinese Village in Tsarskoye Selo park, borrowing design ideas from William Chambers. The theatre of Chinese Village had already been in place, designed by Antonio Rinaldi and Ivan Neelov; Cameron's undisputed additions are the living quarters of the Village and the Chinese Bridges over the canal. During Paul's reign Cameron's buildings were stripped of exterior finishes and later rebuilt by Vasily Stasov in 1817.

In 1780–1784 he redecorated the formerly Rococo halls of the main Catherine Palace built by Bartolomeo Rastrelli in the 1750s; what started as a modest remodelling soon resulted in the most lavish interiors of the whole palace, reminiscent of Palladio, Raphael, Robert Adam and Clerisseau yet blending into Cameron's unmistakingly own style. As early as 22 June 1771 Catherine praised the architect: "There are not yet but two rooms to do and there one rushes, because just here one sees nothing to equal it. I confess that I myself will not tire during nine weeks of watching this."

Catherine had another specific task for Cameron: she envisaged a new, relatively modest Neoclassical building in Tsarskoye Selo near the older Rococo Catherine Palace. Clerisseau, Catherine's first choice, produced drafts for a gigantic and expensive Roman structure based on the Baths of Diocletian, that were rejected out of hand but later influenced Quarenghi and Cameron. In 1782 Cameron started his first standalone building, the Cold Baths, a two-story bathhouse in mixed Italian-Greek classicism with luxurious interiors (notably the Agate Pavilion). In 1784–1787 it was expanded with a two-story gallery (Cameron's Gallery), mixing natural stone Roman ground floor with a lightweight, snow-white upper floor gallery marked with unusually wide spacing between columns. The gallery, adorned with statues of foreign poets and philosophers, became Catherine's favourite promenade for years. It was flanked with a formal garden on one side and an English landscape park on the other.

In the beginning of the Gallery project Cameron himself acted as Catherine's recruiter, hiring fellow Scotsmen to work in Tsarskoye Selo. 73 craftsmen, including William Heste and Adam Menelaws,
agreed to move to Russia (many took their families with them), causing a futile protest of the Foreign Office. The number was too high for Cameron, and the Scots eventually dispersed to other projects; Menelaws became assistant to Nikolay Lvov.

Sophia

Sophia, a model town, was built near Tsarskoye Selo to Cameron's plan. It was designed to be viewed from the walkways of Cameron's Gallery and represent Constantinople, the coveted target of Catherine's Greek project; the name of the town and its cathedral clearly alluded to Hagia Sophia. Catherine decreed that the streets of Sofia must blend with the roads of Tsarskoye Selo park. Cameron arranged the streets to make an impression that they all radiate from the Gallery. The streets were brightly lit at night when Catherine was present at Tsarskoye.

More historical allegories were scattered in the park: the lake with Rinaldi's rostral column represented the Black Sea; Doric ruins symbolized the former might of Ancient Greece. These follies, scattered along the road to Catherine Palace, doubled as the setting for triumphant procession for visiting dignitaries.

Peter Hayden drew parallels between Cameron's landscaping in Sophia with that of Stowe House park, notably the similarity between Cameron's Temple of Memory and the Temple of Concord and Victory built at Stowe by an unknown architect in the 1740s. Another direct quote from Stowe is the Pyramid Tomb over the grave of Catherine's three Italian greyhounds; it survived to date but the Temple of Memory was razed by Paul of Russia in 1797.

Pavlovsk

Pavlovsk, the largest landscape park in 18th century Russia (1,500 acres), is attributed to a succession of architects, starting with Cameron and ending with Carlo Rossi. Cameron built the original palace core that survives to date, the Temple of Friendship, Private Gardens, Aviary, Apollo Colonnade and the Lime Avenue and planned the original landscape, but true authorship of Pavlovsk as a whole should be credited to empress Maria Feodorovna.

The Temple of Friendship was the first building in Pavlovsk, followed by the main palace. Cameron's Pavlovsk was far from Paul's vision of what an imperial residence should be: it lacked moats, forts and all other military paraphernalia so dear to Paul; "Cameron created a markedly private world for the Grand Duke. The palace could have belonged to anyone... not to the tsar of Russia in waiting."

Conflicts between Cameron and Paul and Maria date back to the couple's Grand Tour of Europe (1781–1782). Maria complained about Cameron's delays since 1782. Constrained financially, Paul and Maria closely watched Cameron's progress and regularly curbed his far-reaching, expensive plans. Cameron also displayed signs of aversion to their management since 1782, but court intermediaries downplayed the conflict for a while. By 1785 it became public: Cameron quarreled with Paul over costs of Pavlovsk and Paul himself detested Cameron as Catherine's agent. Between 1786 and 1789 Cameron's duties in Pavlovsk passed to an Italian, Vincenzo Brenna, hired by Paul in 1782. Dismissed by Paul, Cameron continued working on Catherine's own projects until her death in 1796.

Retirement
Upon ascension to power in 1796, Paul fired Cameron from all his contracts and deprived him of his house in Tsarskoye. Cameron experienced financial difficulties and had to sell his collection of books to Pavel Argunov.
His activities during Paul's reign are largely unknown. Georgy Lukomsky wrote than in 1799 Cameron redesigned the Baturyn Palace of count Kirill Razumovsky; according to contemporary researchers, Baturyn was a collaborative effort led by Nikolay Lvov and Cameron's involvement cannot be reliably measured.

Lukomsky also wrote that in 1800–1801 Cameron temporarily left Russia for England; according to Colvin, this opinion is unsubstantiated: in 1800–1801 Cameron worked in Pavlovsk, then owned by Maria Fyodorovna, where he built the Ionic Pavilion of Three Graces.

Alexander, who succeeded Paul in March 1801, appointed Cameron the chief architect of the Russian Admiralty During this brief (1802–1805) employment Cameron designed the Naval Hospital in Oranienbaum and two unrealized drafts for the Naval Cathedral in Kronstadt. He also worked in Pavlovsk, restoring the palace after a fire. In 1805 Cameron finally retired; his tenure at the Admiralty passed to Andreyan Zakharov. Lukomsky noted that Cameron, who once executed Catherine's soaring dreams, was hardly interested in building barracks and repairing gateways.

Private life

Cameron's personality remains a "shadowy figure": being "proud, aloof and difficult", he had a talent for alienating people. He did not participate in the social life of the English diaspora in Saint Petersburg; he had few Russian friends, did not speak Russian and was disliked for his attitude of "English superiority".

In 1784 Cameron married Catherine Busch, daughter of the imperial gardener John Busch. They had a daughter, Mary, however, her birth has not been evidenced by church records. Mary Cameron, engaged to James Grange, left Russia in 1798. Grange returned to Russia in 1803, and, according to Anthony Cross, could have helped Cameron's career revival in 1803–1805. By 1839 the Granges had seven surviving children.

During retirement Cameron and his wife lived in Paul's favourite palace, Saint Michael's Castle. The redundant and still incomplete castle was converted to living quarters and housed up to 900 residents, including the Camerons and future field marshal Diebitsh. Cameron died in 1812, before Napoleon's invasion of Russia; his widow secured a pension from the Russian Government, sold Cameron's library and either returned to England or died in Saint Petersburg.

References and notes

Sources

Biographies of Cameron

The first comprehensive English biography of Cameron was written by Georgy Lukomsky, veteran of Russian neoclassical revival school, and published in 1943 in England with introduction by David Talbot Rice. Nikolay Lanceray had compiled substantial material on Cameron earlier, in the 1920s. It was lost after his arrest, apart from the fragments used in his book on Vincenzo Brenna, first printed in 2006. In the last quarter of the 20th century Anthony Glenn Cross researched Cameron's life as part of the British diaspora in Saint Petersburg and tracked his family connections; John Martin Robinson contributed studies of Cameron's early career in England. A definitive modern biography of Cameron, The empress and the architect, was published by Dmitry Shvidkovsky in English in 1996 (most recent Russian edition: 2008). Cameron's concise biography in the fourth edition of Howard Colvin's Biographical Dictionary of British Architects cites all the English sources listed above.

  Also includes:

Biographies of contemporary artists

  Also includes:
 Vityazeva, V. A., Modzalevskaya, M. A. (2006, in Russian) Istorik russkoy arhitektury Nikolay Lanceray (Историк русской культуры Николай Лансере)

Books on Russian architecture

1743 births
1812 deaths
British neoclassical architects
18th-century architects from the Russian Empire
18th-century British architects
Scottish expatriates in Russia
Clan Cameron

Charles Cameron (architect)


Catwoman is a 2004 superhero-action movie. It was based loosely on the DC Comics character of the same name.

Plot
Artist and graphics designer Patience Phillips is a people-pleaser. Her main support is her best friend Sally. She works for a cosmetics company called Hedare Beauty. They're ready to ship a new skin cream, Beau-line. It reverses the effects of aging. However, Patience overhears the scientist Dr. Ivan Slavicky and Laurel Hedare, the wife of company owner George Hedare, talking of the dangerous side effects from continued use of the skin cream. Laurel's guards discover Patience. They are ordered to get rid of her. Patience is then killed by drowning.

Patience later washes up on shore. She's brought back to life by a cat, the Egyptian Mau. The cat appeared at her apartment earlier. From that point on, she develops cat-like abilities.

From Mau's owner, researcher Ophelia Powers, Patience learns that Egyptian Mau cats are messengers of the goddess Bast. She then realizes she is now a "catwoman". She is reborn with abilities that are a blessing and a curse. She is disguised as Catwoman to hide her identity. Under cover of darkness, Patience looks for answers as to who killed her and why. Her search leads her to Laurel Hedare. Patience asks Laurel to keep an eye on George. Laurel agrees to do so.

When Patience meets George in anger, however, he says that he knows nothing about the side effects. The police, led by Patience's love partner, Detective Tom Lone, come. Catwoman escapes.

Later, Laurel kills her husband for his infidelity. She had Dr Slavicky killed because he wanted to end the release of Beau-line. She calls Catwoman and blames the murder on her. Tom arrests Catwoman and takes her into custody.

Patience, or Catwoman, slips from her cell and angrily meets Laurel in her office. Patience rescues Tom. Tom questioned Laurel about Patience's guilt in the process. It then becomes obvious that Laurel was the one who killed Patience.

During a fight, Patience scratches Laurel's face several times. That causes Laurel to fall out a window, then grab a pipe. Laurel falls to her own death.

Patience is cleared of any charges about the deaths of the Hedares and Dr Slavicky. She ends things with Tom. She enjoys her newfound freedom as the mysterious Catwoman.

Cast

 Halle Berry as Patience Phillips / Catwoman
 Benjamin Bratt as Tom Lone
 Lambert Wilson as George Hedare
 Frances Conroy as Ophelia Powers
 Alex Borstein as Sally
 Sharon Stone as Laurel Hedare
 Kim Smith as Drina
 Michael Massee as Armando
 Byron Mann as Wesley
 Peter Wingfield as Dr. Ivan Slavicky
 Berend McKenzie as Lance
 Ona Grauer as Sandy
 Landy Cannon as Randy
 Benita Ha as Forensics Technician
 Jill Krop as Newscaster
 Dagmar Midcap as Television Reporter
 Peter Williams as Detective
 Janet Varney as Party Girl

Reception

Box office
Catwoman took in $40,202,379 in North America. It made $41,900,000 in other countries. The budget was $100 million.

Reviews
Catwoman was hated by critics. Under Rotten Tomatoes, it had a score of 9%. It appeared on the list of Roger Ebert's most hated movies. Ebert and his co-host Richard Roeper both gave the movie "thumbs down".

Awards
The movie got seven Golden Raspberry Award nominations in 2005. It won Worst Picture, Worst Actress, Worst Director and Worst Screenplay.

References

2004 movies
Warner Bros. movies
DC Comics movies
African-American superhero movies

Catwoman (movie)


James George Donovan (December 15, 1898 – April 6, 1987) was an American lawyer and politician from New York, serving three terms in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1951 to 1957.

Biography
Donovan was born on December 15, 1898, in Clinton, Massachusetts. He attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1916 to 1917. He served in the United States Navy during World War I. He graduated from Harvard University in 1922. He graduated from Columbia Law School in 1924. Active in politics as a Tammany Hall Democrat, he was Undersheriff of New York County from 1934 to 1941.

Political career
He was a member of the New York State Senate (16th D.) in 1943 and 1944.

Congress
In an effort to unseat American Labor Party congressman Vito Marcantonio, in 1950, he ran for Congress on both the Democratic and Republican party ballot lines.  He was elected to the 82nd Congress, and won reelection to the 83rd and 84th United States Congresses, holding office from January 3, 1951, to January 3, 1957. In 1956, he ran unsuccessfully for reelection as a Republican after having been denied renomination by Tammany Hall, and was defeated by Alfred E. Santangelo.

Later career and death
After leaving Congress, in 1957 Donovan was New York State Director of the Federal Housing Administration. He then resumed practicing law, and maintained an office in New York City until retiring in 1965.

He died on April 6, 1987, in New York City.  He was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx.

References

Sources

1898 births
1987 deaths
People from Clinton, Massachusetts
Harvard University alumni
Columbia Law School alumni
Democratic Party New York (state) state senators
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
Sheriffs of New York County, New York
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
20th-century American politicians

James G. Donovan


Göygöl () is a natural impounded lake in Azerbaijan. It is situated at the footsteps of Murovdag, not far from Ganja in the Goygol District. It is one of the largest lakes in Azerbaijan. The lake is 0.78 km2 and is 1553.3 metres above sea level. Its length from south to north is 2800 metres, and its maximum width is 800 metres.

History
Due to an earthquake which hit the area on 25 September 1139, parts of the Kapaz Mount collapsed and blocked the path of the Kürəkçay River. As a result of diversion of water flow, a lake with pure mountain water was created, hence the name given signifying the pureness of the water. The nearby city of Khanlar was renamed after the Göygöl Lake on 25 April 2008. The city founded as Helenendorf by first German settlers in Azerbaijan in 1819 and with considerable German minority until 1941 had been renamed to Khanlar in 1938. In 1941, German settlers were relocated by Soviet authorities to Kazakhstan and Central Asia and Siberia on Joseph Stalin's orders.

In 1925 the lake was incorporated into the newly founded "Goy Gol State Reserve" which was superseded as Göygöl National Park in 2008.

General information
Greater Göygöl area is often split into 19 lakes, 8 of which fall into large lakes category, Maralgol, Zelilgöl, Qaragöl among them. It is situated at 1,556 meters above the sea level. The complete length reaches 6,460 meters. The depth of the lake is 93 meters. Due to pureness of the water, one can see underwater life clearly 8–10 meters below the surface. The lake fauna is very rich. The Göygöl Trout has evolved from the river trout since the natural creation of the lake.
The Göygöl area is known for dry winters and mild to warm summers. Rainfalls range from 600 to 900 mm. There is an Azerbaijani Army corps close to Göygöl. The lake is a major tourist attraction during the spring and summer seasons. In 2009, more than 4500 tourists have visited Goygol. Among the tourists, many are German nationals. In the vicinity of Göygöl, there are settlements once populated by ethnic Germans, many monuments of German culture and an old German Lutheran church built in 1854.

In popular culture
Due to its beauty, the lake has been an inspiration for many novels, poems and music bands.

References

Lakes of Azerbaijan
Landslide-dammed lakes

Göygöl (lake)


Albert Richard Smith (24 May 181623 May 1860) was an English author, entertainer, and mountaineer.

Biography

Literary career
Smith was born at Chertsey, Surrey. The son of a surgeon, he studied medicine in London and in Paris, and his first literary effort was an account of his life in Paris, which appeared in the Mirror. He gradually abandoned his medical work in favour of writing. Though a journalist rather than a literary figure, he was one of the most popular writers of his time, and a favourite humorist. He was one of the early contributors to Punch 1842, and was also a regular contributor to Richard Bentley's Miscellany, in whose pages his first and best book, the novel The Adventures of Mr Ledbury, appeared in 1842. His other novels were The Fortunes of the Scattergood Family (1845), The Marchioness of Brinvilliers: The Poisoner of the Seventeenth Century (1846), The Struggles and Adventures of Christopher Tadpole (1848), and The Pottleton Legacy: A Story of Town and Country (1849). He also published a novella, The Adventures of Jack Holiday, with Something about His Sister (1844).

In 1842 Smith's first play, Blanche Heriot, or The Chertsey Curfew, based on a legend from his home town, was produced at the Surrey Theatre. In 1843 he published The Wassail-Bowl: A Comic Christmas Sketchbook, which included a short story on the same subject as his play of the year before, "Blanche Heriot: A Legend of Old Chertsey Church". He also wrote a series of so-called natural histories: The Gent (1847), The Ballet Girl (1847), 'Stuck-Up' People (1847), The Idler upon Town (1848) and The Flirt (1848). Smith wrote several extravaganzas for the Lyceum Theatre, including Aladdin (1844), Valentine and Orson (1844) and Whittington and His Cat (1845), and adapted for the same theatre Charles Dickens's The Cricket on the Hearth (1845) and The Battle of Life (1846). With Angus Bethune Reach he founded and edited a monthly magazine called The Man in the Moon, which ran from January 1847 to June 1849.

Travels and mountaineering

In 1849 Smith went on a tour to Constantinople and the Near East. On his return he published A Month at Constantinople, and shortly afterwards he appeared at Willis's Rooms in a public entertainment about his travels called "The Overland Mail", which proved a hit. He mentioned of the city "I had never been so strongly moved before but once - when I looked down upon London, by night, from a balloon". In August 1851 he ascended Mont Blanc. The year after he published a book about his adventures, The Story of Mont Blanc, and produced at the Egyptian Hall an entertainment called "Mont Blanc", describing the ascent of the mountain and the Englishman abroad, which became the most popular exhibition of the kind ever known. In May 1854 he gave his performance before Queen Victoria and Prince Albert at Osborne House. Smith's "Mont Blanc" show ran for 2000 performances over six years and helped to popularize mountain climbing in mid-Victorian Britain. He was one of the founder members of the Alpine Club in 1857.  In July 1858 Smith traveled to Hong Kong. On his return he published To China and Back (1859), and in December 1858 he commenced at the Egyptian Hall a third entertainment, called "Mont Blanc to China", which was also very popular.

In 2019, the QC Terme wellness centre opened a sauna named after Albert Smith as a tribute to his work in inspiring people to visit Chamonix.

Family
In 1859 Smith married Mary Lucy Keeley (circa 1830–1870), who had been an actress and was the elder daughter of the comedian Robert Keeley and the distinguished actress Mary Anne Keeley. In 1860 he died from bronchitis in Fulham, London, and was buried in Brompton Cemetery. Smith received great help from his brother, Arthur W.W. Smith (1825–1861), who had also been educated in medicine and who managed the entertainments at the Egyptian Hall from 1852 to 1860. Arthur also planned Charles Dickens's readings in 1858, and made arrangements for a second series, but died before they were completed.

Notes

References

Attribution

Further reading

External links

1816 births
1860 deaths
Burials at Brompton Cemetery
English mountain climbers
People from Chertsey
English male dramatists and playwrights
English male novelists
British medical writers
19th-century English novelists
19th-century English dramatists and playwrights
19th-century English male writers

Albert Richard Smith


AddThis was a free social bookmarking service that could be integrated into a website with the use of a web widget. Once the widget was added, visitors of a website using the service could bookmark or share an item using a variety of services, such as Facebook, MySpace, Pinterest, and Twitter. AddThis collected users' behavioural data, even if they do not share anything. The site reached 1.9 billion unique visitors monthly and is used by more than 15 million web publishers. The service operated under companies including AddThis, Inc., AddThis, LLC, and Clearspring Technologies, Inc. until the company's acquisition by Oracle Corporation on January 5, 2016. AddThis would continue to run until all services were terminated on May 31, 2023.

History

AddThis, LLC was founded in 2004 by Hooman Radfar, Austin Fath, and Dominique Vonarburg. By 2007, AddThis had served more than 100 million widgets to websites, with website growth at 100 percent per month and some two million views a day.

In 2008, Clearspring Technologies, Inc. acquired AddThis, LLC, with the intent of creating a single content sharing platform for publishers under one brand: AddThis. The combined platform per Comscore was 254 million unique users. Clearspring upgraded AddThis with widget-sharing capabilities from LaunchPad, then discontinued the LaunchPad offering, reaching 600 million unique users by the end of 2009.

In 2010, the company launched the Clearspring Audience Platform, a service for brand marketers to deliver interest-based display advertising across the web, which topped 1 billion unique users and was used by over 8 million unique domains.  Clearspring acquired data science company XGraph in 2011. In September, the company hired a new CEO, Ramsey McGrory, formerly of RightMedia and Yahoo!, with co-founder Radfar becoming executive chairman.

On May 10, 2012, Clearspring changed its name to AddThis, its most widely used product. The company launched three sharing and analytics tools: Trending Content Box, Follow Tools, and Welcome Bar, as well as supporting content sharing for Pinterest and Web Intents. In August, the company began offering social login. In September, CFO Richard Harris took over as CEO.

In March 2014, the company was named number one on the Top 30 Syndicated Ad Focus Entities by comScore.

On January 5, 2016, AddThis was purchased by Oracle Corporation for almost $200 million. Before being acquired, AddThis had raised roughly $73 million to date.

On April 1, 2023, Oracle announced that it would terminate AddThis services as of May 31st of that year.

Like button lawsuit
The company was the subject of a lawsuit by Rembrandt Social Media, which also sued Facebook, for the use of patents that were first implemented in Surfbook and belonging to deceased Dutch programmer Joannes Jozef Everardus van Der Meer that involve the "Like" button.

Canvas fingerprint tracking
In July 2014, ProPublica exposed AddThis for uniquely identifying and tracking users using a controversial technique called canvas fingerprinting. With a storage and user identification method that is harder to block than cookie-based tracking, AddThis was able to more pervasively identify and track users' online browsing history on websites such as WhiteHouse.gov and YouPorn.com. YouPorn removed AddThis after the ProPublica article was published, citing that they were "completely unaware that AddThis contained a tracking software that had the potential to jeopardize the privacy of our users."

AddThis allows users to opt-out of their tracking tools via their corporate website; the opt-out process requires the user to provide name, country of residence and physical address.

See also
 AddToAny
 List of social bookmarking websites
 ShareThis

References

External links

Social bookmarking websites
American companies established in 2004
American companies disestablished in 2023
Internet properties established in 2004
Internet properties disestablished in 2023
Companies based in Vienna, Virginia
Oracle acquisitions
2016 mergers and acquisitions

AddThis


Doctor Dolittle's Return, published in 1933, is the ninth book in Hugh Lofting's Doctor Dolittle series. The book was published five years after the publication of Doctor Dolittle in the Moon and continues the plot line begun in that book. Lofting originally intended to end the series with Doctor Dolittle in the Moon, but for some reason changed his mind and the book was published.

Plot summary
The book tells the story of how the Doctor returns from the Moon. The first half of the book covers the lives of Tommy Stubbins, the Doctor's assistant, the family of animals in England waiting for his return, and how the Doctor escaped from the Moon. The second half of the book deals with the quest of the Doctor for peace and quiet, so he can write a book about the Moon and his experiences there. But the constant demands of his patients make the project impossible to complete, so the Doctor attempts to have himself put in jail so he will be able to write his book.

References

External links

 Doctor Dolittle's Return eBook at Project Gutenberg Australia (gutenberg.net.au)

1933 British novels
1933 children's books
1933 fantasy novels
British children's novels
Doctor Dolittle books
Frederick A. Stokes Company books

Doctor Dolittle's Return


Melitta Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg (née Schiller; 3 January 1903 – 8 April 1945) was an aviator who served as a test pilot in the Luftwaffe before and during World War II.

She was the second German woman to be awarded the honorary title of Flugkapitän () and also flew over 2,500 test flights in dive bombers, the second most of any Luftwaffe test pilot. Von Stauffenberg was awarded the Iron Cross Second Class and the Gold Front Flying Clasp for Bombers with diamonds, for performing over 1,500 test flights in dive bomber aircraft. In 1944, she was arrested with other Stauffenberg family members on suspicion of conspiring with her brothers-in-law to assassinate Adolf Hitler, but she was later released to continue her test flight duties.

Countess von Stauffenberg died after being shot down by an American fighter plane on 8 April 1945.

Biography
Melitta was born in Krotoschin, Prussia. Her father was Michael Schiller, a Jewish man who converted to Christianity at the age of 18. Her mother was Margaret Eberstein. She had four siblings: Marie-Luise, Otto, Jutta and Klara.

With the end of World War I Krotoschin became part of Poland. In October 1919 Melitta began attending boarding school across the border in Hirschberg, Silesia.

Melitta passed the diploma for university entrance in 1922 and accepted a place at the Technical University of Munich. There she studied mathematics, physics and engineering, eventually specialising in aeronautical engineering. In 1927 she graduated cum laude.

Aviation experience
Melitta started working for the Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt (DVL), an experimental institute for aviation, in Berlin-Adlershof in 1927. In July 1929 she began flying lessons at Staaken and obtained her provisional flying license with a few months and her full license by mid-1930.

In 1936 she was forced from her job as Ingenieurflugzeugführerin (aeronautical engineer) because of her paternal grandfather's Jewish origins, despite her father having converted to Christianity at the age of 18.

On 11 August 1937 at Berlin-Wilmersdorf, Melitta married the historian Alexander Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, and on 28 October 1937, she was given the honorary rank of Flugkapitänin, or "flight captain", a rank reserved for test pilots in Germany at the time, and became only the second woman in Germany, after Hanna Reitsch, to achieve this. She eventually gained licences for all classes of powered aircraft, the aerobatic flying licence, and the glider licence.

World War II
At the beginning of World War II, Melitta wanted to work for the Red Cross but was ordered to become a test pilot for the Luftwaffe at the central Erprobungsstelle test facility in Rechlin, Mecklenburg. Still a civilian, she was officially seconded from  in Berlin. She did test dives in warplanes, up to 15 times a day, from a height of 4,000 metres.

From 1942, Melitta continued her test-flights at the Luftwaffe's technical academy in Berlin-Gatow. She was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 22 January 1943; the medal was pinned on her by the chief of the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe himself, Hermann Göring on the 29th. She made her dissertation for her Masters qualification in 1944, and received an A grade. She then became technical chief of the Versuchsstelle für Flugsondergeräte, another test institute, in the same year.

When the 20 July plot failed, she was arrested with the rest of the Stauffenberg family. Her two brothers-in-law, Claus and Berthold, were executed. She and her husband, as well as the other adult members of the family, were sent to concentration camps. However, she was released on 2 September, because of the military importance of her work. As the name von Stauffenberg was anything but popular among the Nazis, she was now officially addressed as "Gräfin Schenk" instead of "Gräfin Schenk von Stauffenberg". Her sisters-in-law, one of them pregnant, were confined in concentration camps and the Stauffenberg children were taken away from their mothers. Melitta used her prominent position to help as much as she could.

Melitta felt loyal to Germany, but not to the Nazis. She therefore supported the Luftwaffe, but she confessed in her diaries that this moral conflict tormented her.

Melitta maintained contact with the incarcerated members of her extended family, even though they were imprisoned in concentration camps. Her status, and the possibility that the prisoners might be useful in a bargain with the Western Allies when Germany finally fell, kept them moderately well looked after. She flew several times to Buchenwald concentration camp once she learned in March 1945 that her husband was there. As research facilities in Berlin were dispersed to other locations ahead of the Soviet advance, Melitta's activities were moved to Wurzberg, where she found that a RAF raid had destroyed her house.

Death
On 4 April, with her assistant pilot Hubertus, she set out for Buchenwald. Seeing from the air that the special prisoner compound was empty – the prisoners had been moved to Regensburg – she flew back to Weimar. They flew some personnel from Weimar in an overloaded Siebel Si 204 onto Pilsen where they exchanged the Siebel for a two-seater Bü 181 Bestmann trainer on 6 April. At Marienburg Hubertus left her to fly on to Straubing and then Regensburg to look for her husband. By that point her husband and other prisoners had been moved again; Melitta got a Gestapo authorisation to visit the commandant at Schönberg where they had been taken.

She took off early on 8 April 1945, flying low to the ground along the line of the railway to navigate. An American fighter looking for trains to attack along the line attacked near Straßkirchen, Bavaria. She crash-landed the aircraft and was conscious when civilians arrived to help. She asked for assistance to get out of the aircraft, and was extracted from the aircraft alive. The civilians reported her most serious injury appeared to be a broken leg.

A local doctor, Hans Siegl from Straßkirchen, arrived at the scene but as a Luftwaffe doctor and other military were on scene his services were not needed; she was taken off in an ambulance. Von Stauffenberg's injuries did not appear life-threatening, but she died two hours later. Her remains were taken to the hospital in Straubing, where the town mortuary book noted as the cause of death "...skull base fracture, tearing of the left thigh, fracture of the right ankle."  Her husband learned of her death a few days later. She was buried on 13 April in St Michaels Cemetery, arranged by Staubing airbase commander's assistant.

In September 1945 Alexander arranged to have her exhumed and transported to the Stauffenberg estate at Lautlingen where she was interred in the family crypt on 8 September 1945.

Awards
Iron Cross Second Class
Gold Front Flying Clasp for Bombers with Diamonds

References

Bibliography

 /Heiko Peter Melle: Sturzflüge für Deutschland: Kurzbiografie der Testpilotin Melitta Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg. Grin-Verlag, München 2012,

External links
 Rudolf Nadolny at www.drk.de
 Melitta Schiller (1903 - 1945), Pioneer Aviatrix at www.ctie.monash.edu.au

1903 births
1945 deaths
People from Krotoszyn
People from the Province of Posen
German test pilots
Glider pilots
Countesses in Germany
German women aviators
Luftwaffe personnel killed in World War II
German people of Jewish descent
Women in World War II
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 2nd class
Melitta
Deaths in Nazi Germany
Aviators killed by being shot down
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1945
Technical University of Munich alumni
German World War II pilots
Prisoners and detainees of Germany

Melitta Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg


Pierre Nommesch (16 December 1864 – 9 October 1935) was the Bishop of Luxembourg from 1920 to 1935.

Biography
At the age of 26, on 28 October 1890 Nommesch was ordained a priest. On 8 March 1920 he was appointed Bishop of Luxembourg and on 25 March 1920 was consecrated by Sebastiano Nicotra. He remained in office until his death.

He became bishop after a long period of sede vacante, which was due to challenges to Luxembourg's national sovereignty after the Armistice of World War I.

His time in office was one of reconciliation and understanding between state and the church: The conflict around schools received a compromise solution in 1921, so that religious education, relegated to the church parishes since 1912, now once again had a place in public education. Under his episcopate, loyalty to the monarchy and to Luxembourgish traditions, closeness to Rome (with pilgrimages to the "holy city", and celebration of the papal coronation anniversaries) and veneration of the Virgin Mary (expansion of the cathedral, started in 1935) remained important facets of Luxembourgish Catholicism.

Further religious-pastoral high points of his time in office were the Eucharistic National Congress in 1924, increased devotion to the Sacred Heart, the rebuilding of the seminary at Limpertsberg in 1930, and a consolidation of associations in the Belgian-inspired Catholic Action after 1930.

See also

References

20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Luxembourg
1864 births
1935 deaths
Alumni of the Athénée de Luxembourg

Pierre Nommesch


Spionidae is a family of marine worms within the Polychaeta. Spionids are selective deposit feeders that use their two grooved palps to locate prey. However, some spionids are capable of interface feeding, i.e. switching between deposit and suspension feeding.

Spionids produce tubes by cementing sand grains and detritus material with mucus produced by their glandular pouches. The Spionidae is one of the most studied polychaete families given their biological and commercial importance. Members of this family have been used in regeneration studies and some are capable of boring into calcareous substrate which has destructive implications for commercially important shellfish.

References

Annelid families
Canalipalpata

Spionidae


Triad were a Swedish rock band that comprised Lasse Lindbom, Niklas Strömstedt and Janne Bark. Triad is most famous for their 1987-1988 Swedish number-one single hit "Tänd ett ljus" ("Light a Candle"), one of the Swedish classic songs for the Advent season, just prior to Christmas. The outro includes Christmas and New Year's greetings in different languages. The single topped the Swedish singles chart on 6 January 1988. The song charted at Svensktoppen for eight weeks during the period 20 December 198714 February 1988. It has been subject to many cover versions.

The band was formed by three music friends. Janne Bark played the guitar, Lasse Lindbom of the Lasse Lindbom Band was bassist and producer, and guitarist Janne Bark and Niklas Strömstedt played the piano. All three were vocalists.

The only album of the band, the self-titled Triad,  didn't prove successful, reaching only #44 in the Swedish Albums Chart in May 1988. Soon after Triad disbanded. Niklas Strömstedt went on to have a successful solo music career for many years.

Triad reunited for a gig for Sveriges Television (SVT)'s sing-along show Allsång på Skansen on 16 August 2011.

Discography

 Triad (1988)

Citations

External links

1987 establishments in Sweden
1988 disestablishments in Sweden
Niklas Strömstedt
Swedish pop music groups
Swedish rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1987
Musical groups disestablished in 1988
Swedish musical trios

Triad (band)


Events
 Robert III succeeds his father, Robert II, as King of Scotland.
 Henry III succeeds his father, John I, as King of Castile and León.
 John VII Palaiologos overthrows his grandfather, John V Palaiologos, as Byzantine Emperor. John V Palaiologos is restored later in the year by his son, Manuel, and the Republic of Venice.
 The Turks take Philadelphia, the last Byzantine enclave of any significance in Anatolia.
 With the help of the Teutonic Knights, Vytautas begins a revolt against his cousin, Jogaila the Supreme Prince of Lithuania.
 Barquq is restored as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt after overthrowing Sultan Hadji II.
 Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III overthrows his brother, Abu Baker, as Sultan of Delhi.
 Manuel III succeeds his father, Alexios III, as Emperor of Trebizond (now north eastern Turkey).
 Sikandar But-shikan succeeds Sikandar Shah as Sultan of Kashmir.
 Ko Cheng succeeds Che Bong Nga as King of Champa (now eastern Vietnam).
 Mahmud succeeds Sandaki as Mansa of the Mali Empire.
 N'Diklam Sare succeeds Sare N'Dyaye as ruler of the Jolof Empire (now part of Senegal).
 (circa 1390) The Kingdom of Kaffa is established in present-day Ethiopia.
 Building of Templo Mayor, the main temple of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City).
 Building of the Candi Surawana temple in the Majapahit Kingdom (now Indonesia).
 San Petronio Basilica begins to be built in Bologna.

Births
 December 27 – Anne de Mortimer, claimant to the English throne (died 1411)
 Domenico da Piacenza, Italian dancemaster (died 1470)
 John Dunstaple, English composer (died 1453)
 Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, Swedish statesman and rebel leader (died 1436)
 Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (died 1447)
 John VIII Palaeologus Byzantine Emperor (died 1448)

Deaths
 April 19 – King Robert II of Scotland (born 1316)
 August 14 – John FitzAlan, 2nd Baron Arundel, English soldier (b. 1364)
 September 23 – John I, Duke of Lorraine (born 1346)
 October 9 – King John I of Castile (fall from a horse) (born 1358)
 Altichiero, Italian painter (born 1330)
 Sultan Sikandar Shah of Kashmir.
 Towtiwil, Prince of Black Ruthenia

1390


Digimon: Anode/Cathode Tamer is one of two Digimon WonderSwan games (and one of the very few WonderSwan Color games) that are available in English. It combines two separate Japanese games, Digimon Adventure: Anode Tamer (デジモンアドベンチャー アノードテイマー), and Digimon Adventure: Cathode Tamer (デジモンアドベンチャー カソードテイマー), into one. The game was distributed by Bandai Asia and targeted mostly to Hong Kong and possibly several other English-speaking Asian markets. The name is derived from the two different electrodes anode and cathode.

Plot
Ryo is a boy roughly the same age as the older DigiDestined, which is about 11. He lives with his parents in a comfortable two-story house (hinting that Ryo's family is at least well-off due to high house prices in much of Japan and the fact that Ryo got a laptop for Christmas). On December 31, 1999, while chatting online a blackout occurs and Ryo's mother asks him to check the fuse-box. Before he can do so, however, a voice calls out to him from his computer, which is displaying a machine he's never seen before. The voice pleads to him to touch the device, which Ryo (rather naively) does.

The next thing he knows, he's suddenly in the middle of a forest and confronted by Agumon, Tai's Digimon partner. After Agumon explains that Ryo was summoned because a powerful evil Digimon called Millenniummon captured the DigiDestined, then warped the very essence of time and resurrected previously defeated evil Digimon such as Devimon and Myotismon, Ryo quite understandably finds it all hard to believe and thinks he's having a nightmare from too many video games.

He quickly realizes he has no choice but to help, however, and thus begins his quest to rescue the DigiDestined and defeat Millenniumon. Along the way, he befriends a number of Digimon allied to the DigiDestined, including Leomon, Andromon, Piximon and many others. He also encounters villains previously defeated by the Chosen Children beginning with Devimon, then Etemon, Myotismon and the Dark Master Piedmon before confronting Milleniumon. (Depending on which game, he takes on the form of one of his two components, either Machinedramon or Kimeramon). After a fierce battle, Ryo and his Digimon comrades are able to vanquish the villain and rescue Tai, the last of the DigiDestined being held prisoner. His task done, Ryo bids his new friends a tearful farewell and returns home, where his parents note he seems to have grown up a bit.

References

External links

1999 video games
WonderSwan games
WonderSwan Color games
Digimon video games
Tactical role-playing video games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games with alternative versions

Digimon Adventure: Anode/Cathode Tamer


Fred Schell is a Canadian politician, who was elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly for the electoral district of South Baffin in the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut at a by-election following the 2008 territorial election. The by-election was called as no candidate came forward during the general election. Prior to election as an MLA, Schell served as mayor of Cape Dorset.

Schell was the minister responsible for the Nunavut Housing Corp. and the Workers' Safety and Compensation Commission, and the minister responsible for homelessness.  Nunavut Premier Eva Aariak removed all his ministerial portfolios effective March 11, 2012.  Aariak did not give any specific reasons for removing Schell's portfolios, which were reassigned to other cabinet ministers.

References

External links
. Biography at the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut

1952 births
Living people
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut
21st-century Canadian politicians
Mayors of places in Nunavut
People from Kinngait
Politicians from Winnipeg

Fred Schell


(Three chords for hallelujah in English) is a documentary, directed by Trini Trimpop, about the history of the German band Die Toten Hosen between 1982 and 1988.

The movie first appeared as VHS in November 1989 after the release of the band's album Ein kleines bisschen Horrorschau, which made them known to a wider audience for the first time, but It was not till July 18, 1991, that the film was first shown on the big screen. In 2004 it was rewarded with a golden record.

In 2006 the director Stefan Kloos added comments from the band member Campino and the band's representative Uwe Faust to the 89 minutes long film and launched it as DVD, as which it climbed to the 46th place of the German Charts.

External links

1989 films
West German films
1980s German-language films
Documentary films about punk music and musicians
1980s German films

3 Akkorde für ein Halleluja


Mars Loves Venus EP is the debut release by The Brunettes. It was self-released in 1998, on lathe-cut clear vinyl manufactured by King Records in Geraldine, New Zealand. Only 30 copies are believed to be in existence, and the EP is highly sought after by collectors. The version of the title track is different from the one which appears on the Mars Loves Venus album.

Track listing
 "Mars Loves Venus"
 "Long Distance Love"
 "He's a Teenwolf"
 "Lookout for the Shutterbug"

Personnel
 Jonathan Bree — vocals, guitar
 Heather Mansfield — vocals, keyboards
 Marcus Sellwood — bass
 Andy Baxter — drums

External links
Lil' Chief Records: The Brunettes
Lil' Chief Records
The Brunettes on Myspace

1998 debut EPs
The Brunettes albums

Mars Loves Venus EP


Edward Osei-Kwaku was a Ghanaian lawyer and politician. He served as the deputy Minister for Presidential Affairs, and Minister of Youth and Sports during the Kufuor administration. He also served as a member of parliament for the Asokwa West constituency from 7 January 1997 to 6 January 2005.

Education
Osei-Kwaku was educated at Prempeh College (Kumasi) then at Adisadel College (Cape Coast) and from there obtained his Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Ghana.

Career
Prior to entering politics, Osei-Kwaku worked as a lawyer at his Law firm, Afriyie Chambers.

Politics
Osei-Kwaku was a member of the New Patriotic Party, he served as the member of parliament for the Asokwa West constituency from 7 January 1997 to 6 January 2005. During the 1996 Ghanaian general election, he polled 42,734 votes which accounted for 52.7% of the total votes cast, and during the 2000 Ghanaian general election, he polled 48,738 votes which accounted for 74.5% of the total votes cast. During the Kufuor administration, he was appointed deputy Minister for Presidential Affairs and later Minister of Youth and Sports. During his tenure of office as the Minister of Youth and Sports, he helped initiate the bid for Ghana to host the CAN 2008 tournament. He also aided in the rehabilitation of Ghana's then major stadia, the Accra Sports Stadium and the Kumasi Sports Stadium (now Baba Yara Stadium).

Personal life
Osei-Kwaku was a Christian and a member of the St Cyprian Anglican Church of Ghana. He died on Tuesday 13 September 2005.

References

20th-century Ghanaian lawyers
Ghanaian MPs 1997–2001
Ghanaian MPs 2001–2005
Ghanaian Christians
University of Ghana alumni
New Patriotic Party politicians
2005 deaths
People from Ashanti Region

Edward Osei-Kwaku


James A. Simon, also known as Jim Simon, is an artist and animator. With his animation company, Wantu Studios, he created animations for  Sesame Street and other shows.

Early life
Simon attended New York City's High School of Art and Design, graduating in 1963. There he had won an  award for excellence in animation, and earned two scholarships from the Junior Epstein Memorial Foundation as well as a scholarship to the School of Visual Arts. At SVA, he initially pursued a career producing live action TV, but switched to animation.

Career
After graduation, Simon began working as an animation background artist at Paramount Pictures' animation studio. It closed four months after he joined, but his time there had allowed him to join the animators' union. A Paramount colleague then brought Simon in as an  assistant animator on the 1960s Spider-Man animated series.

After a year-and-a-half, Simon left in order to freelance, recalling in 1975 that, "I was turning out so much work, they had to promote me, because I was earning more money than some of the full-fledged animators. But it got to the point that I was just too excited about the things going on inside my own head, which I could not release while working for someone else."

Circa 1972, he formed Wantu Animation Inc., initially based in New York City and then Los Angeles. Simon's clients included the PBS children's educational series The Electric Company, for which his first short film, "Hey Diddle Diddle", won an award at the International Animated Film Association's 1975 Animation Awards Festival; WNET's children's educational series Vegetable Soup; Sesame Street; the Black Psychiatrists of America; and the New York Public Library.

Personal life
By 1977, Simon and his wife René Simon had four sons: Jimmy, Kelly, Sean, and Mark. Simon and his wife had known each other since high school, and married while he was attending college.

In 2009, he said that some career setbacks "led me to a little depression, a little alcoholism and homelessness with me and my dog sleeping in the car." After not drawing for 10 years, he took up oil painting and had a show at the St. Clair gallery in El Cajon, California, near San Diego, where he was then living.

References

External links
Additional on May 9, 2017.

American animators
American animated film directors
American animated film producers
American television directors
American television producers
African-American artists
1950 births
Living people
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people

Jim Simon (artist)


Hausa–Fulani are people of mixed Hausa and Fulani origin. They are primarily found in the Northern region of Nigeria, most of whom speak a variant of Hausa or Fula or both as their first language.

While some Fulani claim Semitic origins, Hausas are indigenous to West Africa. This suggests that the processes of "Hausaization" in the western Sudan region was probably both cultural and genetic. The Hausa–Fulani identity came into being as a direct result of the migration of Fulani people to Hausaland around the 14th century and their cultural assimilation into the Hausa society. At the beginning of the 19th century, Sheikh Usman dan Fodio led a successful jihad against the Hausa Kingdoms founding a centralized Fulani Empire (anglicized as the Sokoto Caliphate). After the jihad, Dan Fodio encouraged intermarriage between the immigrant Fulani and the conquered Hausa states and locals mainly other Hausa people; in addition, Jobawa, Dambazawa and Sullubawa Fulani clans originating in Futa Tooro migrated to the region and intermarried with the local urban mainly Hausa elite, and were a major factor in the linguistic, cultural and ethnic mixing of the Hausa–Fulani people. As result of this assimilation, Hausa–Fulani form the core and vast majority of the populations of Daura, Zamfara, Kano, Katsina, Zazzau, and Sokoto.

Hausa–Fulanis primarily speak variants of Hausa which form a dialect continuum of more-or-less mutually intelligible regional varieties. Hausa is spoken by over 100 to 150 million people across Africa, making it the most spoken Indigenous African language and the 11th most spoken language in the world. Since the Trans-Saharan trade, Hausa is used as a lingua franca spanning from Agadez deep in the Sahara Desert of Niger to Northern Nigeria, and has many loanwords from Arabic. For centuries, it utilized an Ajami script which served as the basis of the language scholarly tradition. The script was replaced with the Latin orthography of the Boko alphabets, after the British conquered the Sokoto Caliphate.

Historical perspective
Medieval Arabic sources refers to the area as Sudan or as Bilad Al Sudan (; ). This designation may have given rise to the term Negroland which was used by Europeans until the 19th century to refer to the inner poorly explored area north of the region of Guinea: consisting of the Slave Coast, Gold Coast, Grain Coast in West Africa.

Since the populations were partially affiliated with the Arab Muslim culture of North Africa, they started to trade and be referred to by the Arabic speakers as Al-Sudan (meaning "The Blacks") as they were considered an extended part of the Muslim world. There are early historical references by medieval Arab and Muslim historians and geographers which to refer to the Kanem-Bornu Empire as the region's major centre for Islamic civilization. It is likely that the medieval Hausa Kingdoms formed trading ties with the Bornu Empire, which became increasingly wealthy as the main African transshipment centre for the trans-Saharan slave trade. Hausa rulers also likely provided Sudanic peoples as a tributary to the Bornu Empire in order to avert war with the Empire.

The Sudan was gradually fulanised with the spread of Islam from the 7th century AD, when the liturgical language Arabic was first brought to the Sudan via Bornu. Until this point, the Fulani, a nomadic ethnic group primarily traversed the semi-desert Sahelian region, north of the Sudan, with cattle and avoided trade and intermingling with the Sudanic peoples. Fulanisation was at least partly strengthened in the rural areas in the early 16th century with the emigration of the settled Dambazawa wealthy trading clan from Bornu.

The Sokoto Caliphate emerged strong after the jihad under the leadership of Usman dan Fodio (1754–1817), whom a council proclaimed as the Amir al-Mu'minin or Commander of the Faithful. The empire with Arabic as its official language grew rapidly under his rule and that of his descendants, who sent out armies in every direction. The vast landlocked empire connected the East with the West Sudan region. As an Islamic state, authority is derived from piety and scholarship, thus the Sultan sent out emirs to establish suzerainty over the conquered territories and promote Islamic civilization, consolidating in order to establish administrative structures and a ruling elite. This settlement eventually gave rise to the gradual cultural assimilation of the Fulani culture by the Hausa people in major Hausa cities (or Hausa Bakwai) of: Daura, Hadeija, Kano, Katsina, Zazzau, Rano, and Gobir, leading to the mass education and promotion of Hausa language and culture through schools and later mass media, during the 20th century by the British.

See also

Fulani War
Fula people
Hausa people
Sokoto Caliphate
History of West Africa

References

Ethnic groups in Nigeria
Ethnic groups in Niger
Muslim communities in Africa
Muslim ethnoreligious groups in Africa

Afroasiatic peoples
Hausa people
Hausa
Fula people
Fula

Hausa–Fulani


Somewhere I'll Find You is a 1942 film directed by Wesley Ruggles and starring Clark Gable and Lana Turner, released by Metro-Goldwyn Mayer. The film took almost two years to complete and was the last film Gable starred in before he enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces for World War II. His next film was the post-war Adventure (1945).

Plot
In October 1941, war correspondents and brothers "Jonny" (Clark Gable) and Kirk Davis (Robert Sterling) return to the still-neutral United States after being kicked out of Germany. Jonny's boss, isolationist New York Daily Chronicle publisher George L. Stafford (Charles Dingle), refuses to print his story about Japan and Germany's plans for the world, but Jonny tricks him into doing so, and gets fired for his trouble.

When Jonny goes to reclaim his old room from friends and landlords "Evie" (Lee Patrick) and Willie Manning (Reginald Owen), he is annoyed (despite having been away for years) to find they have rented it out to Paula Lane (Lana Turner), an aspiring reporter who wants to work as a foreign correspondent. Ladies man Jonny is very interested in the beautiful blonde, but then finds that his brother already has a relationship with her. A romantic triangle ensues. Despite being in love with her himself, Jonny tries to arrange it so that Paula chooses Kirk.

Eventually, they are all reunited in Manila ... on Sunday, December 7, the day of the attack on Pearl Harbor, which brings America into the war. Jonny insists that the other two leave on a ship for Australia, while he remains behind to report for the Chronicle, but they sneak back on the pilot boat after he sees them off. Kirk enlists, while Paula joins the Red Cross.

When the Japanese invade the Philippines, Jonny encounters his brother by chance; Kirk is part of a detachment under the command of Lieutenant Wade Hall (Van Johnson) that is assigned to repel a Japanese amphibious landing. Kirk and most of the other defenders die in the fierce fighting. Jonny believes that Paula was also killed, when the hospital where she was working was wiped out, but it turns out she was out escorting a party of wounded there. When they find each other, Jonny sets her at a typewriter and starts dictating the rest of his newspaper story.

Cast
 Clark Gable as Jonathan "Jonny" Davis
 Lana Turner as Paula Lane
 Robert Sterling as Kirk "Junior" Davis
 Patricia Dane as Crystal McRegan
 Reginald Owen as Willie Manning
 Lee Patrick as Eve "Evie" Manning
 Charles Dingle as George L. Stafford
 Sara Haden as Miss Coultier
 Van Johnson as Lieutenant Wade Hall (uncredited)
 Keenan Wynn as Sergeant Tom Purdy, a machine gunner under Hall's command (uncredited)

Cast notes
Somewhere I'll Find You was the film debut of longtime Hollywood character actor Keenan Wynn.

Production
The film was designed as another vehicle for the immensely popular Gable/Turner pairing. Following their success in 1941's Honky Tonk, MGM was looking to capitalize on this new team, hoping to reproduce the box office appeal Gable had when he was paired with actresses Joan Crawford (8 films), Jean Harlow (6 films), and Myrna Loy (7 films) in the 1930s. Once filming began, Gable and Turner continued their friendly working relationship.

Filming was suspended for a month after Gable's wife, actress Carole Lombard, was killed in a plane crash. Gable was permitted to take leave from filming for a period of bereavement, and the studio almost scrapped the film. It was retitled Red Light but changed back to Somewhere I'll Find You before its release. It was the last film made by Gable prior to his military service during World War II; he did not make another film until 1945.

The film was, like the Gable/Turner pairing in Honky Tonk (1941), a box office success. The pair later made two more films together, Homecoming (1948) and Betrayed (1954). Both those movies, like "Somewhere I'll Find You," had Gable and Turner serving as comrades and lovers in World War II.

Reception
According to MGM records the film earned $2,885,000 in the US and Canada and $1,129,000 elsewhere, making the studio a profit of $1,749,000.

References

External links

1942 films
1942 romantic drama films
American romantic drama films
American black-and-white films
Films about war correspondents
Films directed by Wesley Ruggles
Films scored by Bronisław Kaper
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Pacific War films
World War II films made in wartime
Films set in the Philippines
1940s English-language films

Somewhere I'll Find You


The , officially the , is a Tudor Gothic auditorium of Waseda University in Totsuka, Shinjuku, Tokyo. Designed primarily by Kōichi Satō, construction of the auditorium was planned to begin in 1923 following the death of Waseda founder Ōkuma Shigenobu. Its construction was halted by the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake but eventually began in 1926. It opened in 1927, commemorating the 45th anniversary of the founding of Waseda University. The auditorium includes a large hall with a capacity of over 1,100 seats and a basement hall of about 300 seats. The university's activities, lectures and concerts are held in the auditorium. The clock tower chimes six times a day.

It was classified as a historic building by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government in 1999 and officially designated as an Important Cultural Property in 2007.

History
On January 10, 1922, Ōkuma Shigenobu, former Prime Minister of Japan and founder of Waseda University, died. That same year, the university decided to construct memorials in honor of him on their campus. The first decision was to build a large auditorium. Prior to the auditorium's construction, university ceremonies were held in tents in Waseda's courtyard. In April 1923, the University invited design proposals from the public and began raising money, aiming for ¥2,000,000. Despite a design proposal having been chosen, the project was soon halted on the heels of the Great Kantō earthquake. The costs incurred from the earthquake and the costs of construction of the Waseda University Library resulted in a lack of predicted funds. The project was suspended until 1925, when Waseda began planning again. Kōichi Satō, Takeo Satō, and Tachū Naitō of Waseda's Department of Architecture were requested by the President of Waseda University, Sanae Takada, to create a Gothic architecture design for the auditorium. Construction started on February 11, 1926 by the TODA Corporation, and completed on October 20, 1927.

In April 1999, the Auditorium was designated as the first of the Tokyo Metropolitan Historic Buildings, under the Tokyo Metropolitan Landscape Regulations, which serve to preserve buildings significant to Tokyo's history and culture.

The auditorium was fully renovated between 2006–2007 to commemorate the 125th anniversary of the founding of Waseda University, with work ending on October 2, 2007. The same year, the auditorium was designated as an Important Cultural Property of the Shōwa period by the Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs on December 4, 2007.

Overview
The auditorium has a capacity of 1,123 on 3 floors and also has a small auditorium with 301 seats on the basement floor. A seven-story high clock tower stands to the left of the auditorium. The height of the tower, at 125 shaku, or about 38 m, represents the theory of "life of 125 years" advocated by Ōkuma.

Ragnar Östberg's design for the Stockholm City Hall (completed in 1923) is thought to be an influence on the auditorium's design. It is also said to resemble Kronborg Castle in Denmark, Carfax Tower in the center of Oxford, and Magdalen Tower at Magdalen College, Oxford.

The bells at the top of the tower were shipped across the Panama Canal from the MacLean Company in Baltimore, United States. It was the first time that four bells had been used in Japan. The bells still produce the same harmony as that of the Palace of Westminster. The clock tower chimes six times a day at 8:00, 9:00, 12:00, 16:00, 20:00 and 21:00.

Oval-shaped transom windows on the roof represent the Sun, Moon, and nine (traditional) planets of the Solar System, and symbolize the "harmony of the universe" both inside and outside the auditorium.

Usage
Important events and lectures hosted by Waseda University are often held in the Ōkuma Auditorium. Club-sponsored plays, lectures and events are held in the auditorium on days when it is not in use by the university. Many of Waseda University's undergraduate and graduate schools hold their entrance and graduation ceremonies at the Okuma Auditorium.

In 1946, a retirement ceremony for sekiwake sumo wrestler Katsuichi Kasagiyama, a graduate of Waseda University, was held in the auditorium.

Lectures by national leaders
 July 7, 1993 – United States President Bill Clinton
 November 28, 1998 – Chinese General Secretary Jiang Zemin
 April 15, 2002 – Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi
 May 8, 2008 – Chinese General Secretary Hu Jintao
 July 22, 2012 – Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda

See also
 List of Important Cultural Properties of Japan (Shōwa period: structures)

References

Waseda University buildings
School buildings completed in 1927
Important Cultural Properties of Japan
Theatres completed in 1927
Theatres in Tokyo
Buildings and structures in Shinjuku
1927 establishments in Japan
Auditoriums

Okuma Auditorium


In Australia, the outstation movement is the movement of Australian Aboriginal people from large towns to much smaller communities, called outstations. It is mostly seen in the Northern Territory and amongst the people of the Western Desert.

Before the 20th century, most Aboriginal families lived by themselves or in groups of 20–30 people. They were nomadic (moving from place to place), hunting and foraging across the deserts. As Euro-Australians started to build roads, towns and farms on Aboriginal lands, the native people were forced out. They had to move off their lands into towns or missions. There, the government would give them food, water and clothes.

This way of life did not suit them. In the towns, there were many conflicts between different ethnic groups, people became addicted to alcohol, and many of them died from foreign diseases. Many groups were also far away from their traditional homelands, which were important to them and their spirituality. From the 1970s, many families started to move away from the towns. They returned to the places they grew up, and set up smaller communities.

One of the main reasons behind the movement is for Aboriginal people to get back autonomy and self-sufficiency. The communities manage themselves, as nomadic groups (or "tribe") did many years before. Hunting and foraging – getting their own food, and food for everybody – is still important.

References

Indigenous Australian politics
Indigenous Australian history
Indigenous land rights

Outstation (Aboriginal community)


Obi-Wan Kenobi is a live action Star Wars television series released in 2022 on Disney+. It was directed by Deborah Chow and takes place ten years after Revenge of the Sith. The show lasts six episodes.

Story
Former Jedi Master Obi-Wan Kenobi is called on a mission to rescue Princess Leia, who has been captured by the Galactic Empire's Inquisitors (Jedi-hunters).

Main cast

 Ewan McGregor as Obi-Wan Kenobi, a former Jedi
 Vivien Lyra Blair as Leia Organa, the ten-year old princess of Alderaan
 Hayden Christensen as Darth Vader, a former Jedi who turned evil
 Moses Ingram as Reva Sevander, an Inquisitor
 Indira Varma as Tala Durith, a former Imperial who helps Obi-Wan
 Rupert Friend as the Grand Inquisitor, the leader of the Inquisitors

Star Wars television series

Obi-Wan Kenobi (TV series)


Eustace I, Count of Boulogne, was a nobleman and founder of the Boulogne branch of the House of Flanders. He held the county of Boulogne from 1024 until his death in 1047.

Life
Eustace was the elder son of Count Baldwin II of Boulogne and Adelina of Holland. He succeeded his father as count of Boulogne in 1024. Eustace was also the count of Lens. In 1028 Eustace confirmed the foundation of a college of canons in his castle at Lens and despite accounts of Lens passing to Baldwin V of Flanders circa 1036 it was still held by Eustace and was passed to his son Lambert at his death.

During the minority of Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders, Eustace's grandfather, Arnulf III, Count of Boulogne had broken free of Flanders and operated as an independent prince, as did Eustace's father and Eustace himself. In 995, having attained his majority, Baldwin IV attempted to recover several of the independently held castles and to expand the Flemish borders. This had caused considerable animosity between Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders and Eustace's father, but when Baldwin IV's son Baldwin V succeeded him in 1035 Eustace and Baldwin V of Flanders cooperated on several ventures including several charters and in limiting the powers of the Castellan-advocates of several abbeys including the Abbey of Saint Bertin in Flanders.

Eustace was allied to the ducal house of Normandy by the marriage of his son Eustace II to Goda, niece of Richard II. This had far reaching alliances to other branches of these families including that of Edward the Confessor, King of England. Under Eustace the counts of Boulogne rose to great prominence in Northern France. Eustace I died in 1047.

Eustace was apparently a patron of Samer Abbey near Calais and he is said to have been buried there.

Family and children

Eustace married Matilda of Louvain, daughter of Lambert I of Louvain and Gerberga of Lower Lorraine and had:

Eustace II of Boulogne.
Godfrey, Bishop of Paris (1061–1095)
Lambert II, Count of Lens.
Gerberga, married Frederick, Duke of Lower Lorraine

Notes

References

Sources

1049 deaths
11th-century French people
House of Boulogne
Counts of Boulogne
Year of birth unknown
House of Flanders

Eustace I, Count of Boulogne


Prasophyllum brevilabre, commonly known as short-lip leek orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has a single tubular, green leaf and up to thirty small, greenish-brown flowers with a white labellum. The labellum is sharply turned back on itself so that its tip almost reaches its base.

Description
Prasophyllum brevilabre is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single tube-shaped leaf up to  long with the free part  long. Up to thirty flowers are well-spaced along a flowering spike  tall. The flowers are greenish-brown and as with others in the genus, the flowers are inverted so that the labellum is above the column rather than below it. The dorsal sepal is egg-shaped to lance-shaped, reddish-brown and  long. The lateral sepals are about  long, sometimes joined together but often free from each other. The petals are linear to lance-shaped,  long, sometimes wavy and sometimes sickle-shaped. The labellum is spoon-shaped,  long and about  wide. It is turned back on itself so that its tip almost touches its base, and its edges are wavy. Flowering occurs from September to January, most prolifically after fire the previous summer.

Taxonomy and naming
The short-lip leek orchid was first formally described in 1840 by John Lindley who gave it the name Prasophyllum lutescens var. brevilabre and published the description in The genera and species of orchidaceous plants. In 1859 Joseph Dalton Hooker changed the name to Prasophyllum brevilabre. The specific epithet (brevilabre) is derived from the Latin words brevis meaning "short" and labrum meaning "lip".

Distribution and habitat
Prasophyllum brevilabre occurs in south-eastern Queensland, the coastal New South Wales and sometimes as far inland as Mount Kaputar, in the higher rainfall areas of Victoria and is widespread in Tasmania. It grows in a variety of habitats from coastal heath to forest, sometimes in subalpine regions.

References

External links

brevilabre
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Queensland
Flora of Tasmania
Flora of Victoria (state)
Endemic orchids of Australia
Plants described in 1840
Taxa named by John Lindley

Prasophyllum brevilabre


Andranofotsy is a town and commune () in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Maroantsetra, which is a part of Analanjirofo Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 8,000 in 2001 commune census.

Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 95% of the population of the commune are farmers.  The most important crops are rice and vanilla; also cloves are an important agricultural product. Services provide employment for 5% of the population.

References and notes

Populated places in Analanjirofo

Andranofotsy