Andrea Aguyar, nicknamed Andrea il Moro, (?, Montevideo, Uruguay - 30 June 1849, Rome, Italy) was a former Black slave from  Uruguay who became a follower of Garibaldi in both South America and Italy, and who died in defence of the revolutionary Roman Republic of 1849.

In Uruguay
Aguyar was born in Montevideo to black slave parents, and was a slave until his young adulthood. The abolition of slavery in Uruguay was directly linked to the outbreak of the Uruguayan Civil War in 1838. Both sides - the Liberal "Colorados" and the Conservative "Blancos" proclaimed the emancipation of slaves in 1842, in order to mobilize the former slaves to reinforce their respective military forces.

During the siege of Montevideo, the newly-freed slaves, who formed a contingent 5,000 strong, and the community of foreign exiles and expatriates, were mostly responsible for the defence of the city. Among the latter Giuseppe Garibaldi - then a young Italian exile starting to make a name for himself as a daring revolutionary and guerrilla leader - headed the "Italian Legion". It was at that time that Aguyar's association with Garibaldi began.

In his memoirs, Garibaldi greatly praised these freed slaves: "True sons of freedom. Their lances, longer than normal length, their dark black [nerissimi] faces, their robust limbs used to permanent and demanding work, their perfect discipline". Most of these freed slaves did not, however, follow Garibaldi when he returned to Europe in 1848 - which Andrea Aguyar did.

In Rome

Aguyar travelled with Garibaldi on the latter's 1848 return to Italy, and was likely at his side during Garibaldi's earlier phases of participation in the First Italian War of Independence at Piedmont and Lombardy, and Garibaldi's victories at Luino and Morazzone. However, Aguyar came into the public gaze mainly during the months of the Roman Republic's tenacious resistance - which turned out to be the last months of Aguyar's own life.

To a considerable degree, the beleaguered Roman Republic's struggle was waged in the international press as much as on the actual battlefield. Numerous journalists were present in Rome and reporting back to their countries, a large part of them openly sympathetic to the Italian Nationalist cause. In their reports Aguyar often figured, being given special attention as a single "exotic" Black man among Europeans.

"The Illustrated London News", which especially sent a reporter and an illustrator to cover the struggle in Rome, published on July 21, 1849, a drawing of Aguyar riding a horse behind Garibaldi, with the caption "Garibaldi and his negro servant". The attached report referred to Aguyar as "A fine fellow, his dress a red loose coat and a showy silk handkerchief tied loosely over his shoulders". The drawing (see above) also showed him wearing a hat with an ostrich feather, similar to the hat worn by Garibaldi himself in the same drawing

In the memoirs of international volunteers who joined  Garibaldi, Aguyar is mentioned as  a fellow-fighter of exceptional abilities. "A moor [moro] of vast proportions who had followed [Garibaldi] from America, in a black cloak with a lance garnished with a red pennant" was the description of the Swiss volunteer Von Hofstetter.

The Dutch painter Jan Koelman, also a volunteer with Garibaldi, wrote of "A Hercules of ebony colour, a freed slave who followed Garibaldi from Brazil (sic) and who astonished everyone in battle by throwing a lasso over enemy soldiers and pulling them off their horses"  - a gaucho trick completely unfamiliar to European soldiers. More prosaically, he also used the lasso in order to collect riderless horses running around after a battle.

Aguyar also appeared in hostile caricatures published by a conservative Roman paper, which depicted Garibaldi as "a treacherous long haired brigand, followed by a large black man"

Though illiterate, Aguyar was considered highly skilful and competent, especially an accomplished horseman. He was reputed to have saved Garibaldi's life several times, at risk to his own. In one specific episode, during  battle with soldiers of the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies at Velletri, Aguyar saved Garibaldi when the commander was thrown of his horse and was in concrete danger of being captured.

Off the battlefield, Aguyar is mentioned as offering his saddle as a pillow for Garibaldi to sleep on during breaks in marching, and improvising an awning to protect him from the sun.

Aguyar also took care of Guerrillo, Garibaldi's three-legged dog who was saved and adopted after being hit by a stray bullet in the Battle of San Antonio in February 1846, and whom Garibaldi eventually took with him from Uruguay to Italy. Guerrillo was mentioned as "always running either under Garibaldi's horse or under Aguyar's (the dog's ultimate fate is unknown).

Death

When the above-mentioned report and drawing appeared in The Illustrated London News, on July 21, 1849, the Roman Republic had already fallen and Aguyar - mentioned in the article as "now dead" - had fallen in its desperate last struggle.

With the French forces breaking into Rome on 30 June 1849, Andrea Aguyar - appointed a Lieutenant by Garibaldi in recognition of his abilities - was mortally wounded when hit by a shell near the Church of Santa Maria in Trastevere. Reportedly, while bleeding he managed to cry out: "Long Live the Republics of America and Rome!". He was carried into the Church of Santa Maria della Scala in the same neighbourhood, used at the time as a hospital, where he died.

His name is often linked with that of Luciano Manara, also killed on the same day.

The Italian commemorative web page "Andrea Aguyar, il Moro di Garibaldi"  deplores the fact that there is no bust of Andrea Aguyar to be found among those of the fallen Garibaldian heroes placed on the Janiculum hill. However, the name "Andrea il Moro" was given to a flight of stairs (scalea) in the region between the Trastevere and Monteverde parts of Rome, not far from where he was killed.

See also
List of enslaved people

References

External links
 Relevant online pages from Lucy Riall's "Garibaldi, Invention of a Hero
 Andrea Aguyar, il Moro di Garibaldi (Italian page)
 Notice of a commemorative guided visit to the place where Aguyar was killed
 Reference to  Aguyar in "The Three Romes: Moscow, Constantinople, and Rome" By Russell Fraser

Uruguayan expatriates in Italy
People of the First Italian War of Independence
1849 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Afro-Uruguayan
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Uruguayan Civil War
19th-century slaves
Italian military personnel killed in action

Andrea Aguyar


Ash Ra Tempel was a West German krautrock group led by guitarist Manuel Göttsching that was active from 1970 to 1976. Their debut album Ash Ra Tempel was released in 1971. Following the band's demise, Göttsching released music under the name Ashra.

History
The group was founded by Göttsching, drummer Klaus Schulze, and bassist Hartmut Enke in 1970, following their participation in Conrad Schnitzler's short-lived group Eruption. Prior to Eruption, Schnitzler and Schulze had played together in Tangerine Dream.

Ash Ra Tempel released its self-titled debut album in June 1971; it's considered by critics to be a classic of the krautrock genre. Following the album's release, Schulze left for a solo career and subsequent albums utilized different drummers, frequently augmented by additional musicians. In 1972 the band collaborated with Timothy Leary, who was living in exile in Switzerland; an album, Seven Up, was released in 1973. On February 28, 1973, a reunion concert performance with the original line-up took place in Cologne. An album featuring the original three plus added vocalist Rosi Müller, Join Inn, was released later that year. After Join Inn, both Schulz and Enke departed and for the next album — Starring Rosi — the band was credited as only Göttsching and Müller, with special thanks to Harald Grosskopf on drums and engineer Dieter Dierks, who played bass.

In 1975 Göttsching released a solo album, Inventions for Electric Guitar, that was subtitled "Ash Ra Tempel VI" — dubbing it the sixth Ash Ra Tempel album. Later that year Göttsching collborated on the soundtrack for Philippe Garrel's Le berceau de cristal with Lütz Ülbrich of Agitation Free. The soundtrack's first commercial release — under the Ash Ra Tempel banner — wasn't until 1993.

The next Ash Ra Tempel album, 1976's New Age of Earth — for all intents and purposes another Göttsching solo album — was re-released the following year under the band name Ashra, signaling the end of Ash Ra Tempel. Ashra continued to release music into the early 2000s.

When Julian Cope, musician and author of Krautrocksampler, invited Göttsching to perform at his April 2000 Cornucopea festival, an attempt was made to once again reunite the original trio. Unable to convince Enke to participate, Göttsching and Schulze nonetheless resurrected the Ash Ra Tempel name for the performance, releasing an album of new material — Friendship — later that year.

Musical style and influence
Ash Ra Tempel exerted a relatively large influence on later space rock, krautrock, electronic and ambient music. The psychedelic bands Acid Mothers Temple and Hash Jar Tempo named themselves in reference to Ash Ra Tempel. The experimental rock ensemble Al Berkowitz covered "Light: Look At Your Sun," from Schwingungen, and featured it on their live album Apprenticeship and Attitude (2009). Hungarian psychedelic hardcore, 'shaman punk' band Galloping Coroners also said that they were influenced by Ash Ra Tempel in the late 1970s.

Members
Manuel Göttsching – guitars, synthesisers, vocals (1971–1976, 2000–2001; died 2022)
Hartmut Enke – bass, guitars, synthesisers (1971–1973; died 2005)
Klaus Schulze – drums, synthesisers, vocals (1971, 1972–1973, 2000–2001;  died 2022)
Wolfgang Müller – drums, percussion (1972)
Rosi Müller – vocals (1973–1976)

Discography

Ash Ra Tempel

Studio albums
Ash Ra Tempel (1971)
Schwingungen (1972)
Seven Up (with Timothy Leary, 1972)
Join Inn (1973)
Starring Rosi (1973)
Le Berceau de Cristal (soundtrack) (1975)
Friendship (with Klaus Schulze, 2000)

Live albums
 Gin Rosé (2000) the Royal Festival Hall in London
 Ash Ra Tempel Experience (2017) Melbourne, M.G Art

Compilations
The Best of the Private Tapes 2xCD (1998) (demo recordings)
Schwingungen/Seven Up (1998) (Two original LP's on one CD)
Join Inn/Starring Rosi (1998) (Two original LP's on one CD)

Other releases
Inventions for Electric Guitar (1975). Credited to "Ash Ra Tempel, Manuel Göttsching", subtitled as Ash Ra Tempel VI,
considered to be Manuel Göttsching's first solo album

Ashra
 See Ashra's discography

Ash Ra Tempel Experience
Ash Ra Tempel Experience (2017, live album) M.G Art

References

External links
Official website
[ Ash Ra Tempel] at AllMusic.com

Unsung: Ash Ra Tempel
The Making Of Seven Up from April 2003 issue of Mojo magazine:

produccionespsicotronicas.com

Krautrock musical groups
German psychedelic rock music groups
German electronic music groups
Musical groups established in 1970
Musical groups disestablished in 2001
German space rock musical groups
Virgin Records artists
Ohr label artists
Musical groups from Berlin
1970 establishments in West Germany
2001 disestablishments in Germany

Ash Ra Tempel


Bois des Buttes was a battle honour uniquely awarded to the Devonshire Regiment in memory of the actions of its 2nd Battalion on 27 May 1918, the first day of the Third Battle of the Aisne in the Great War.

Prelude
The 2nd Devonshires were part of the 8th Infantry Division which had been severely depleted by the Spring fighting and had, on 12 May, been attached to General Duchêne's French Sixth Army and sent to a quiet sector to recuperate and rebuild. They were taken out of the line on May 20 and assigned to the reserve at Roucy for training of newly arrived replacement drafts. On 26 May, it was learned from captured German prisoners that an attack was due early the next morning, although there was little indication of the magnitude of what was to come. Late that afternoon, the battalion was ordered to occupy positions on Bois des Buttes, a wooded sandstone hill southwest of La Ville-aux-Bois that had been fortified by both the French and the Germans over the previous years. In addition to its surface fortifications, the hill was criss-crossed with creutes—underground quarries whose galleries were dry, impervious to shellfire and, in many cases, electrically lit, and in which the troops took shelter. Positioned approximately 1200 yards behind the front line, the battalion was to be Brigade Reserve for the 23rd Infantry Brigade. The battalion completed the four-and-a-half mile march from Roucy and reported to Brigade Headquarters that it was in position by midnight.

The German assault
An hour later, at 0100 hours, the opening bombardment of Blücher-Yorck began, augmented with poison gas and described as 'of a violence and accuracy that in the opinion of the most seasoned soldiers far outdid any other barrage they were under'. Sheltered as they were in dugouts deep underground, the Devons' casualties were light, although the gas caused some discomfort and inconvenience, and ammunition parties could not be sent out. At approximately 0345, the German infantry attack began using the recently developed Stormtroop tactic of advancing rapidly, probing for weak spots and avoiding pockets of resistance. The units in the front-line trenches, which had already suffered severely from the artillery bombardment, were rapidly infiltrated and overrun. Soon the 8th Division's only cohesive unit of any size north of the river Aisne was the 2nd Devonshires.

At first light, around 0400 hours, the battalion emerged from the dugouts and took up its battle positions. Much of the trenchwork had been destroyed by the artillery bombardment, as had the field telephones, so that, when companies were sent to their battle positions, contact with their battalion headquarters was lost. Runners sent to attempt to re-establish contact were all too frequently killed by the continuing artillery fire. Despite this, several determined attacks by units of the German 50th Infantry Division were beaten off. Furthermore, the Devons were able to rake the road from La Ville-aux-Bois to Pontavert with fire, severely disrupting the flow of German reinforcements, supplies and ammunition, upon which the Germans were dependent for continued success. It soon became apparent to the Germans that Bois des Buttes had become a significant obstacle to their progress, so that it came under attack from both bounty Mk.IVs and the Imperial German Army Air Service.

The Last Stand of the 2nd Devons

By 0700 hours the forward companies had been all but wiped out and the battalion surrounded. At 0830 the battalion commander, Lt Col Anderson-Morshead, withdrew the remains of his headquarters company and reserve company to the reverse slope of the hill, from where they continued to harass the advancing Germans. At 0930 hours, German troops, including artillery, were seen advancing from Juvincourt in the direction of Pontavert. Col Anderson-Morshead divided the 50 survivors of the battalion into two groups and moved them from the hill down to the Juvincourt-Pontavert road to engage the advancing Germans on two flanks. The Germans were initially thrown into confusion and an artillery team was destroyed, but they soon recovered and attacked in force. More Germans attacked from the hill that the Devonshires had so recently left, and Col Anderson-Morshead was killed. Short of ammunition and greatly outnumbered, the survivors conducted a fighting withdrawal to the Aisne river. Some were captured when they ran out of ammunition, others swam the Aisne and were captured by Germans who had reached the south bank before them.

In all, 29 officers and 552 other ranks of the 2nd Battalion, the Devonshire Regiment, were killed or captured that morning. Between 40 and 80 survivors managed to cross the Aisne river and canal and rejoin the retreating British forces. However, the battalion significantly delayed the German advance, giving the French and British time to arrange ad hoc defences that brought it to a halt a week later.

Awards
The importance that the British Army attached to this action is indicated by the fact that the honour Bois des Buttes was included in the first of a total of ten lists of battle honours for the Great War, published in February, 1924. It is also one of only three honours for the War that was for an engagement not specifically named in the Battles Nomenclature Committee Report of 1921.

In addition, the sacrifice of the Devonshire Regiment was recognized by the award of the French Croix de Guerre with palm on 5 Dec 1918, the first such award to a British regiment.

References

Battle honours of the British Army

Bois des Buttes (battle honour)


John Whitmer (August 27, 1802 – July 11, 1878) was an early leader in the Latter Day Saint movement. He was one of the Eight Witnesses of the Book of Mormon's golden plates. Whitmer was also the first official Church Historian and a member of the presidency of the church in Missouri from 1834 to 1838.

Biography
Whitmer was born in Pennsylvania on August 27, 1802,  to Peter Whitmer, Sr. and Mary Musselman. He had seven siblings. In 1809, the Whitmer family moved to Fayette, New York. Here, Whitmer was a member of the German Reformed Church.

Foundation of the Latter Day Saint movement
Whitmer's brother David and his entire family became early followers of Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. Joseph and his wife, Emma Smith, boarded with the Whitmers for six months. Whitmer was baptized into the movement by Oliver Cowdery in June 1829, nearly a year prior to the formal organization of the Church of Christ. In that same month, Whitmer became one of eight men who signed a testimony that they had handled and been shown the golden plates. Known as the "Testimony of the Eight Witnesses", the statement was printed in the first edition of the Book of Mormon and has been included in almost every subsequent edition.

The church was formally organized on April 6, 1830 in the Whitmer family's home. John Whitmer was one of the earliest members and he was ordained an elder of the church on June 9. He moved to the church's new headquarters at Kirtland, Ohio, in December 1830 at the encouragement of Joseph Smith. The next year, on March 8, 1831, Smith said that he received a revelation from God, calling Whitmer to "write and keep a regular history" of the church. This revelation was printed by Latter Day Saints as Book of Commandments 50, and in the Doctrine and Covenants (originally section 63, the revelation is now section 47 of the LDS Church edition). He soon began writing a historical record of the church, a project he worked on until about 1847. Whitmer was to "accompany Oliver Cowdery to Zion (Independence, Missouri) with the manuscript of the Book of Commandments, forerunner of the Doctrine and Covenants, and [was] made one of the stewards over the modern revelations."

Whitmer was made a high priest in the church by Lyman Wight on June 4, 1831 and acted as one of Joseph Smith's scribes during the final steps of the Book of Mormon translation.

Leader of the church in Missouri

Later in 1831, Whitmer joined the growing number of Latter Day Saints in Jackson County, Missouri.  Here, he married Sarah Maria Jackson on February 10, 1833. Local opposition to Mormon settlement in the county resulted in the expulsion of most of the Latter Day Saints by November 1833. Whitmer, along with many of the others, took refuge in neighboring Clay County. At a July 3, 1834, conference of the church, Whitmer's brother David was called to be the president of the church in Missouri. John Whitmer was called as his brother's second counselor, and W. W. Phelps was called as his first. When David returned to Kirtland, John Whitmer and Phelps were left to preside in his absence. Whitmer wrote several petitions to Missouri's governor, Daniel Dunklin, asking that the Latter Day Saints be allowed to return to their lands in Jackson County. He also edited the Latter Day Saints' Messenger and Advocate from 1835 to 1836 in his capacity as a member of the church presidency.

Whitmer and Phelps worked with sympathetic non-Mormon residents in Clay County, such as Alexander Doniphan, to purchase land northeast of Clay. The land became Caldwell County, a new county set aside for Mormon settlement. Together with Phelps, Whitmer founded the town of Far West. He remained a member of the church presidency until his excommunication in 1838.

Whitmer's excommunication
Problems at church headquarters in Kirtland relating to the Kirtland Safety Society bank caused Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon to relocate to Far West in early 1838. A brief leadership struggle ensued, which led to the excommunication of the entire Whitmer family, as well as Oliver Cowdery, W. W. Phelps, and others on March 10, 1838. Upon his excommunication, John Whitmer refused to give the church the documents and records he had worked on as Church Historian. Whitmer was accused of "persisting in unchristianlike conduct," particularly in his financial dealings; he allegedly allotted $2,000 worth of the church's money for his own personal use.  He had, along with David Whitmer and W. W. Phelps, purchased deeds to land in Far West under his own name instead of the church's. Whitmer continued to live in Far West for a time and became known as one of the "dissenters". Sidney Rigdon, in his "Salt Sermon", warned the dissenters to leave the county, and his words were soon followed up by perceived threats from the newly formed Mormon confraternity known as the Danites.

Whitmer moved to Richmond in neighboring Ray County, Missouri. The Whitmer family's complaints and those of the other dissenters are sometimes cited as one of the causes of the 1838 Mormon War. This conflict between Latter Day Saints and their neighbors in northwestern Missouri ended with the expulsion of the former, who eventually relocated to a new headquarters at Nauvoo, Illinois.

Whitmer returns to Far West
Whitmer's parents and his brother David remained in Richmond for the rest of their lives, but John and his own family returned to Far West. He bought 625 acres of land in the town. Emptied of Latter Day Saints, Far West became a ghost town. Many of its houses were moved off to other settlements, and Far West lost the county seat to nearby Kingston. Whitmer continued to live in Far West, buying up land (including the proposed temple site) and eventually amassing a large farm. He occasionally gave visitors tours of the former settlement.

After Joseph Smith's death in 1844, several leaders asserted their claims to be his rightful successor. Among these was Whitmer's brother David. In 1847, Whitmer was briefly part of a renewed Church of Christ (Whitmerite). He never recanted the testimony of the Book of Mormon he'd given as one of the Eight Witnesses. When Jacob Gates visited him in 1861, Whitmer reaffirmed that he believed in the Book of Mormon but expressed dismay with the practice of plural marriage that Brigham Young and his followers adhered to.

Whitmer died at the age of 75 on July 11, 1878, in Far West. He is buried in nearby Kingston, Missouri in the Kingston Cemetery.

Whitmer's manuscript
Whitmer was called as Church Historian, and began to write a record entitled The Book of John Whitmer, Kept by Commandment. His book begins with an account of events leading up to the relocation of the church's headquarters from New York to Kirtland, Ohio. He discusses many of the troubles experienced by the Latter Day Saints in Missouri and ends the work with an account of his own excommunication in March 1838. Afterwards, a continuation tells of the mistreatment he felt he and the other dissenters had received at the hands of Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon. Whitmer's manuscript is now in the archives of the Community of Christ.

John Whitmer Historical Association

On September 18, 1972, historians and scholars associated with the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church) founded the John Whitmer Historical Association (JWHA) as "an independent scholarly society composed of individuals of various religious faiths who share a lively interest in ... Latter Day Saint history, especially the history of the Community of Christ." The association publishes two academic journals, the John Whitmer Historical Association Journal and Restoration Studies, as well as a newsletter. It also holds conferences and lecture series and gives awards.

See also

References

Bruce N. Westergren, From Historian to Dissident:  The Book of John Whitmer, Salt Lake City, 1995.
Keith W. Perkins, "True to the Book of Mormon—The Whitmers", Ensign, February 1989.

External links

Whitmer family papers and photographs, MSS 3198 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
John Whitmer letter, MSS 1215 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
Collection on early Mormon history, MSS SC 954 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
John Whitmer land patents, MSS SC 245 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
Joseph Smith patriarchal blessing for John Whitmer, MSS 239 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University

1802 births
1878 deaths
American Latter Day Saints
Book of Mormon witnesses
Converts to Mormonism
Doctrine and Covenants people
Editors of Latter Day Saint publications
Leaders in the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)
Official historians of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
People excommunicated by the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)
People from Far West, Missouri
People from Fayette, New York
Religious leaders from New York (state)
Whitmer family
Harold B. Lee Library-related 19th century articles

John Whitmer


East Rutherford is a borough in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is an inner-ring suburb of New York City, located  west of Midtown Manhattan. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 10,022, an increase of 1,109 (+12.4%) from the 2010 census count of 8,913, which in turn reflected an increase of 197 (+2.3%) from the 8,716 counted in the 2000 census.

Under the terms of an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 17, 1889, a portion of the old Union Township was incorporated under the name of Boiling Springs Township. The new township took its name from a spring in the community. On March 28, 1894, the Borough of East Rutherford was created, based on the results of a referendum held the previous day, and Boiling Springs Township was dissolved. While there was no change in its borders, the name and form of government were changed.  The borough was the second formed during the "Boroughitis" phenomenon then sweeping through Bergen County, in which 26 boroughs were formed in the county in 1894 alone.

East Rutherford is the home of the Meadowlands Sports Complex, which includes Meadowlands Arena and MetLife Stadium, and used to be the location of Giants Stadium. The arena was best known as the former home of the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League and of the New Jersey Nets of the National Basketball Association, and for hosting college basketball, arena football, concerts, and other events. MetLife Stadium is home of the New York Giants and New York Jets of the National Football League (NFL), the New York Guardians of the XFL, and hosted Super Bowl XLVIII, which made East Rutherford the smallest city ever to host a Super Bowl. East Rutherford will be one of 16 venues chosen to host games for the 2026 FIFA World Cup, with matches being played at MetLife Stadium. Giants Stadium, which hosted the Giants and Jets until 2009, was also the original home of the New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer. East Rutherford is the only municipality with fewer than 10,000 residents to have been home to five professional sports teams simultaneously, as well as the smallest city to host any professional sports team within its city limits.

The borough is also the site of American Dream Meadowlands, a large shopping center and entertainment complex that was originally named "Xanadu" which opened on October 25, 2019.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 4.04 square miles (10.47 km2), including 3.71 square miles (9.61 km2) of land and 0.33 square miles (0.85 km2) of water (8.14%).

East Rutherford is bounded on the north by the boroughs of Carlstadt and Wallington and to the south by the borough of Rutherford in Bergen County; by Secaucus in Hudson County; and by Passaic in Passaic County. The Passaic River is the western boundary, and the Hackensack River is the eastern boundary. The area in which East Rutherford is located is the valley of the Passaic and Hackensack rivers.

Carlton Hill is an unincorporated community located within the township.

Demographics

2010 census

The 2010 United States census counted 8,913 people, 3,792 households, and 2,226 families in the borough. The population density was . There were 4,018 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup was 73.04% (6,510) White, 4.50% (401) Black or African American, 0.22% (20) Native American, 13.93% (1,242) Asian, 0.03% (3) Pacific Islander, 5.83% (520) from other races, and 2.43% (217) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 17.54% (1,563) of the population.

Of the 3,792 households, 24.2% had children under the age of 18; 42.9% were married couples living together; 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present and 41.3% were non-families. Of all households, 33.5% were made up of individuals and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 3.06.

18.1% of the population were under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.8 years. For every 100 females, the population had 93.0 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 92.5 males.

The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $62,471 (with a margin of error of +/− $8,225) and the median family income was $71,357 (+/− $10,225). Males had a median income of $57,511 (+/− $8,669) versus $48,502 (+/− $2,269) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $32,467 (+/− $2,752). About 5.9% of families and 6.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.2% of those under age 18 and 13.4% of those age 65 or over.

Same-sex couples headed 19 households in 2010, a decline from the 27 counted in 2000.

2000 census
As of the 2000 United States census, there were 8,716 people, 3,644 households, and 2,157 families residing in the borough. The population density was . There were 3,771 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the borough was 79.68% White, 3.72% African American, 0.11% Native American, 10.69% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 3.21% from other races, and 2.54% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.65% of the population.

There were 3,644 households, out of which 25.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.8% were non-families. 33.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the borough, the age distribution of the population shows 19.4% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 36.5% from 25 to 44, 22.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $50,163, and the median income for a family was $59,583. Males had a median income of $40,798 versus $36,047 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $28,072. About 7.4% of families and 9.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.1% of those under age 18 and 11.6% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
East Rutherford is home to the Hudson Group, a retailer which operates a chain of newsstands, bookstores, fast food restaurants, and other retail stores chiefly at airports and train stations. Contract manufacturing organization Cambrex Corporation is based in East Rutherford.

The East Rutherford Operations Center handles currency in the area covered by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, a task that includes removing and destroying 5 million currency notes every day.

The Dawn Bible Students Association moved to East Rutherford in 1944. The organization has a worldwide outreach and publishes many Bible-based books as well as The Dawn magazine.

Government

Local government
East Rutherford is governed under the borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 564) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of a mayor and a borough council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. A mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The borough council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The borough form of government used by East Rutherford is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council.

, East Rutherford's Mayor is Democrat Jeffrey Lahullier, whose term of office ends December 31, 2023. The borough council members are Council President George W. Cronk (D, 2025), Daniel Alvarez Jr. (D, 2024), Jason Bulger (D, 2025), Michael C. Lorusso (D, 2024), Edward C. Ravettine (D, 2023), and Saverio "Sam" Stallone (D, 2023).

Federal, state and county representation
East Rutherford is located in the 9th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 36th state legislative district.

Politics
As of March 2011, there were a total of 4,484 registered voters in East Rutherford, of which 1,233 (27.5% vs. 31.7% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 1,190 (26.5% vs. 21.1%) were registered as Republicans and 2,058 (45.9% vs. 47.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 3 voters registered as Libertarians or Greens. Among the borough's 2010 Census population, 50.3% (vs. 57.1% in Bergen County) were registered to vote, including 61.5% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 73.7% countywide).

In the 2016 presidential election, Democrat Hillary Clinton received 1,918 votes (50.1% vs. 54.2% countywide), ahead of Republican Donald Trump with 1,740 votes (45.5% vs. 41.1% countywide) and other candidates with 169 votes (4.4% vs. 4.6% countywide), among the 3,871 ballots cast by the borough's 5,380 registered voters for a turnout of 71.9% (vs. 72.5% in Bergen County). In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 1,859 votes (59.7% vs. 54.8% countywide), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 1,340 votes (43.0% vs. 43.5%) and other candidates with 48 votes (1.5% vs. 0.9%), among the 3,115 ballots cast by the borough's 4,845 registered voters, for a turnout of 64.3% (vs. 70.4% in Bergen County). In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 1,888 votes (51.8% vs. 53.9% countywide), ahead of Republican John McCain with 1,660 votes (45.5% vs. 44.5%) and other candidates with 54 votes (1.5% vs. 0.8%), among the 3,647 ballots cast by the borough's 4,911 registered voters, for a turnout of 74.3% (vs. 76.8% in Bergen County). In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 1,641 votes (49.6% vs. 51.7% countywide), ahead of Republican George W. Bush with 1,613 votes (48.7% vs. 47.2%) and other candidates with 30 votes (0.9% vs. 0.7%), among the 3,309 ballots cast by the borough's 4,634 registered voters, for a turnout of 71.4% (vs. 76.9% in the whole county).

In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 59.4% of the vote (1,205 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 38.7% (785 votes), and other candidates with 1.8% (37 votes), among the 2,111 ballots cast by the borough's 4,596 registered voters (84 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 45.9%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 1,004 votes (48.2% vs. 45.8% countywide), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 919 votes (44.1% vs. 48.0%), Independent Chris Daggett with 112 votes (5.4% vs. 4.7%) and other candidates with 17 votes (0.8% vs. 0.5%), among the 2,082 ballots cast by the borough's 4,709 registered voters, yielding a 44.2% turnout (vs. 50.0% in the county).

Education
Public school students in kindergarten through eighth grade attend the East Rutherford School District. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of two schools, had an enrollment of 819 students and 73.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.2:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are
McKenzie School with 454 students in grades Pre-K–5 and
Alfred S. Faust School with 345 students in grades 6–8.

For grades ninth through twelfth grades, public school students attend the Henry P. Becton Regional High School in East Rutherford, which serves high school students from both Carlstadt and East Rutherford. The school is part of the Carlstadt-East Rutherford Regional School District. As of the 2018–19 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 491 students and 37.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.2:1. Seats on the high school district's nine-member board of education are allocated based on the population of the constituent municipalities, with five seats allocated to East Rutherford. Starting in the 2020–2021 school year, students from Maywood will start attending the school as part of a sending/receiving relationship; Maywood's transition to Becton will be complete after the final group of twelfth graders graduates from Hackensack High School at the end of the 2023–2024 school year.

Public school students from the borough, and all of Bergen County, are eligible to attend the secondary education programs offered by the Bergen County Technical Schools, which include the Bergen County Academies in Hackensack, and the Bergen Tech campus in Teterboro or Paramus. The district offers programs on a shared-time or full-time basis, with admission based on a selective application process and tuition covered by the student's home school district.

Emergency services

Police
The East Rutherford Police Department provides emergency and protective services to the borough of East Rutherford.

It consists of a Patrol Division, Detective Bureau, Traffic Division, Juvenile Division, and Records Bureau.

The Chief of Police is Dennis M. Rivelli.

Fire
The East Rutherford Fire Department (ERFD) is an all-volunteer fire department. The ERFD was organized in 1894 and consists of a chief and three assistant chiefs. There are three fire stations. The department is staffed by eighty fully trained firefighters. The ERFD utilizes two Engines, a Ladder truck, a Heavy Rescue, and a Quint. The ERFD also provides emergency medical service to the borough.

Engine 1 2008 Sutphen 1750/750/20F
Engine 2 2008 Sutphen 1750/750/20F
Engine 3 2008 Sutphen 2000/500/75' Midmount Quint
Ladder 1 2008 Sutphen 2000/300/100' Aerial Tower
Rescue 4 2010 International/Sutphen 500/300/20F

Transportation

Roads and highways

, the borough had a total of  of roadways, of which  were maintained by the municipality,  by Bergen County and  by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and  by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority.

State Routes include Route 17, Route 120 and Route 3. The only interstate that passes through and serves East Rutherford is Interstate 95 (the New Jersey Turnpike Western Spur) at Exit 16W.

Public transportation
Rutherford station, which is located on the Rutherford – East Rutherford border, provides train service on NJ Transit's Bergen County Line. The Meadowlands station offers service on the Meadowlands Rail Line, which began in June 2009, providing access between the Meadowlands Sports Complex and Secaucus Junction, and from there to other NJ Transit lines with trains operating before and after games and other events at the complex.

NJ Transit buses include the 160, 163, 164 and 322 routes serving the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan; the 76 to Newark; and local service on the 703 route.

Notable people

People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with East Rutherford include:
 Carol Arthur (1935–2020), actress, mainly recognizable as playing supporting roles in films produced by Mel Brooks
 E. J. Barthel (born 1985), fullback who played for the Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League
 Ernest Cuneo (1905–1988), lawyer, newspaperman, author and intelligence liaison, who played two seasons in the NFL for the Orange Tornadoes and the Brooklyn Dodgers
 Fireman Ed (born 1959, nickname of Edwin M. Anzalone), superfan of the New York Jets
 Alfred Byrd Graf (1901–2001), botanist known for his richly illustrated books on the subject of plants
 Henry Helstoski (1925–1999), represented , served as councilman of East Rutherford in 1956 and as mayor from 1957 to 1965
 Harold C. Hollenbeck (born 1938), politician who represented New Jersey in the United States House of Representatives from 1977 to 1983
 Henry Hook (1955–2015), crossword creator
 Bobby Jones (born 1972), former pitcher who played for the New York Mets
 Martin Kilson (1931–2019), political scientist who was the first black academic to be appointed a full professor at Harvard University
 Jim Powers (born 1958), retired professional wrestler best known for his appearances with the World Wrestling Federation from 1987 to 1994
 Diane Ruggiero (born 1970), screenwriter for Veronica Mars
 Patty Shwartz (born 1961), is a United States Circuit Judge of United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
 Dick Vitale (born 1939), sports broadcaster who attended high school and coached at his alma mater, East Rutherford High School; inducted into the East Rutherford Hall of Fame in 1985

References

Sources

 Municipal Incorporations of the State of New Jersey (according to Counties) prepared by the Division of Local Government, Department of the Treasury (New Jersey); December 1, 1958
 Clayton, W. Woodford; and Nelson, Nelson. History of Bergen and Passaic Counties, New Jersey, with Biographical Sketches of Many of its Pioneers and Prominent Men. Philadelphia: Everts and Peck, 1882.
 Harvey, Cornelius Burnham (ed.), Genealogical History of Hudson and Bergen Counties, New Jersey. New York: New Jersey Genealogical Publishing Co., 1900.
 Van Valen, James M. History of Bergen County, New Jersey. New York: New Jersey Publishing and Engraving Co., 1900.
 Westervelt, Frances A. (Frances Augusta), 1858–1942, History of Bergen County, New Jersey, 1630–1923, Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1923.

External links

 East Rutherford official website
 East Rutherford Historical Society
 Meadowlands Regional Chamber of Commerce
 Meadowlands Liberty Convention & Visitors Bureau

1889 establishments in New Jersey
Borough form of New Jersey government
Boroughs in Bergen County, New Jersey
New Jersey Meadowlands District
Populated places established in 1889

East Rutherford, New Jersey


John McCurry (born June 24, 1957) is an American musician and composer, a guitarist, songwriter and singer based in New York City. He has worked with many well-known musical artists, including Chicago, Cyndi Lauper, Billy Joel, David Bowie, Alice Cooper, John Waite, Belinda Carlisle, Julian Lennon, Joss Stone, Katy Perry, The Jonas Brothers, and Elliott Yamin.

In 1983, McCurry played lead guitar in the band Cool It Reba. He was lead guitarist in Cyndi Lauper's touring band in the early 1980s. He has also performed in other bands on concert tours, including Anita Baker's Rhythm of Love World Tour in 1994–1995, and John Waite's 1985 American tour. As a performer, all through his younger years, McCurry was visually distinctive because of his naturally bright red hair.

On the website allmusic.com, John McCurry is credited as composer on 119 music albums. His genres are described as pop/rock and classical, and his styles as vocal music and opera. He is credited with guitar on 67 albums, out of which ten specify electric guitar, nine specify acoustic guitar, and four specify bass guitar. He is credited with vocals on seven albums, lyricist on one, arranger on one, producer on one, and text on one. He also has one credit each for coral sitar, banjo and accordion. McCurry is listed as either main personnel, performer, primary artist, or guest artist on 10 albums.

McCurry has also written songs for film and television. He has songwriting credits for soundtrack songs: 11 on film soundtracks, 2 on a TV film soundtrack and one in a television series soundtrack. He has a performer credit for one soundtrack song, and has "music department" credits as vocalist on one film, and for electric guitar on one TV series.

Songwriter

Cowritten songs
Songs that were co-written by McCurry with other artists appear on the following albums:
 Mr. Jordan, Julian Lennon, five songs co-written with McCurry
 Trash, Alice Cooper, two songs
 Mask of Smiles, John Waite, one song
 Classicks, Alice Cooper, one song
 Help Yourself, Julian Lennon, one song
BBC Sessions and Other Polished Turds, The Vandals, one song (the Alice Cooper song)
 Mask of Smiles, John Waite, one song
 Stone of Sisyphus, Robert Lamm Sleeping in the Middle of the Bed

With Julian Lennon
In an interview on the website "Hey Jules", about Julian Lennon's 1991 album "Help Yourself", Lennon commented about McCurry's musicianship and the songwriting process:

"John McCurry, as usual, did some great stuff with me on this I felt. We didn't actually have that much time together to write this time 'cause he was working on other projects. But we did manage to come up with "Help Yourself."

Lennon also said, about writing the album's title track, "Help Yourself":

"John McCurry and I sat around thinking, 'Well, where are we going to go with this?' and I'd already had part of the music there and then John came in and said, 'Alright, try this' and it was a back and forth thing and we didn't have any lyrics and John again had to, like everybody else I write with, had to disappear back to New York. And I sat around writing and he'd sort of mentioned a couple of ideas and it came together in about two days."

Guitarist
In a review of John Waite's album Rovers Return, about the track "Wild One", Brian McGowan commented that the spirit of the song was "defined in stark relief by John McCurry's freewheeling, razor sharp axework".

Various others albums that McCurry has played guitar on are:
 Cher (1987 album), Cher
 Heart of Stone, Cher
 Paintings in My Mind, Tommy Page
 The Bridge, Billy Joel
 Hide Your Heart, Bonnie Tyler
 Valotte, Julian Lennon
 The Secret Value of Daydreaming, Julian Lennon
 Mr. Jordan, Julian Lennon
 Help Yourself, Julian Lennon
 Soul Provider, Michael Bolton
 Inside, Matthew Sweet
 No Sound But a Heart, Sheena Easton
 Saints and Sinners, Kane Roberts
 Circle in the Sand, Belinda Carlisle
 Heaven on Earth, Belinda Carlisle
 Some People's Lives, Bette Midler
 Something Real, Phoebe Snow
 Maria Vidal, Maria Vidal
 Rhythm of Love, Anita Baker
 Over My Heart, Laura Branigan
 True Colors, Cyndi Lauper
 A Night to Remember, Cyndi Lauper
 Spoiled Girl, Carly Simon
 Have You Seen Me Lately, Carly Simon
 Discipline, Desmond Child
 Save the Last Dance for Me, Ben E. King
 Satisfied'', Taylor Dayne

References

External links
 More info at UFO, Underground For Overground
 And at Sweet Lorrainne
 One Sweet Lorraine track at
 Kill Lizzie at

American male composers
20th-century American composers
Living people
Lead guitarists
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American pop guitarists
American session musicians
American male songwriters
1952 births
Songwriters from New York (state)
Guitarists from New York City
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians

John McCurry


Sir James Johnstone, 4th Baronet (23 January 1726 – 3 September 1794)) was a Scottish officer in the British Army and then a politician. He sat in the House of Commons of Great Britain for all but one of the years 1784 to 1794.

Family
Sir James was the son of Sir James Johnstone, 3rd Baronet and his wife Barabara, daughter of Alexander Murray, 4th Lord Elibank. In about 1759 he married Louisa Maria Elizabeth Colclough, the widow of Rev. John Meyrick, vicar of Edwinstowe, East Retford, Nottinghamshire.  They had no children.

Military career
He joined the marines in 1748 as a Second Lieutenant, and rose to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in 1772.

Political career
Johnstone first tried to enter Parliament at the 1774 general election, when he began canvassing Dumfries Burghs, where the interest of the 3rd Duke of Queensberry was dominant. However, he made little progress and withdrew in favour of Alexander Fergusson of Craigdarroch, who was also unsuccessful. Queensberry's candidate William Douglas took the seat.

Johnstone tried again at the 1784 general election.  The 4th Duke of Queensberry lived in England and was unpopular in the area, and Johnstone won the seat in a 4-way contest, with the support of two of the five burghs.

He took an independent line in Parliament, voting unpredictably. He supported Parliamentary reform and  abolition of the slave trade, opposed the penal laws, and protested the tax burden on the poor. He supported the impeachment of Warren Hastings and of Elijah Impey, proclaiming in Impey's case that: "We have beheaded a King, we have hanged a peer, we have shot an admiral, we are now trying a governor-general, and I can see no reason why we should not put on his trial a judge and a chief justice".

His independence was less appreciated in Scotland, where he denounced the Scottish legal system, and twice opposed reform of Scottish seats despite petitions in favour of reform from the Dumfries Burghs.  At the 1790 general election, he faced a strong challenge from Queensberry's interest, who spent over £8,000, while Johnstone spent over £12,000 (equivalent to £ in ). Corruption was rampant, and despite out-spending his opponent, Johnstone won only 2 of the five burghs.

However Johnstone's younger brother William had inherited a large fortune from his wife's family. He became one of the richest commoners in the empire and changed his name to William Pulteney. In 1790 he bought control of the four-seat borough of Weymouth and Melcombe Regis, adding to his interest in other boroughs.

To provide a seat for James, William asked Thomas Tyrwhitt Jones to vacate his seat at Weymouth, and at a by-election in 1791 James was returned in his place. He held the seat until his death, when William Pulteney succeeded to the baronetcy.

References

1726 births
1794 deaths
Johnstone baronets
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Scottish constituencies
British MPs 1784–1790
British MPs 1790–1796
Royal Marines officers

Sir James Johnstone, 4th Baronet


Francis Peter Leipzig (June 29, 1895—January 17, 1981) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Baker from 1950 to 1971.

Biography
Francis Leipzig was born in Chilton, Wisconsin, the fourth child of Francis and Mary (née Cordy) Leipzig. He enrolled at St. Francis Seminary in Milwaukee, but later moved with his family to Portland, Oregon. He attended Mount Angel Seminary and then studied theology at St. Patrick's Seminary in Menlo Park, California. He was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Alexander Christie on April 17, 1920. He served as a curate at St. James Church in McMinnville and afterwards at  Good Shepherd Church in Sheridan. He was transferred to the Cathedral of Portland in 1921. He was pastor of St. Mary Church in Corvallis for seven years before being transferred to St. Mary Church in Eugene.

On July 18, 1950, Leipzig was appointed the third Bishop of Baker City by Pope Pius XII (see changed to Baker in 1952). He received his episcopal consecration on the following September 12 from Archbishop Edward Daniel Howard, with Archbishop Edwin Vincent O'Hara and Bishop Edward Joseph Kelly serving as co-consecrators. Between 1962 and 1965, he attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council. During his 21-year-long tenure, he built over 95 churches, hospitals, schools, and convents. After reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75, he resigned as bishop on April 26, 1971. Leipzig later died at age 85.

References

1895 births
1981 deaths
People from Chilton, Wisconsin
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
Roman Catholic bishops of Baker
St. Francis Seminary (Wisconsin) alumni
Saint Patrick's Seminary and University alumni
Mount Angel Seminary
Catholics from Wisconsin

Francis Peter Leipzig


is a Japanese politician, journalist, historian, social critic and biographer of literary figures such as Yukio Mishima and Osamu Dazai. He served as Lieutenant Governor of Tokyo from June 2007 until becoming Acting Governor on 1 November 2012 following the resignation of Shintaro Ishihara. He was elected Governor in a historical landslide victory in December 2012, but announced his resignation on December 19, 2013, following a political funds-related scandal; his resignation was approved and became effective December 24, 2013.

Early life
Inose was born in Nagano Prefecture; his father died of angina when Inose was three years old. He attended elementary and junior high schools affiliated with Shinshu University, and ultimately enrolled at Shinshu in 1966. He graduated from Shinshu University in 1970 and moved to Tokyo, where he was married later in the year. He enrolled in graduate school for political science at Meiji University in 1972, and had two children, born in 1974 and 1978.

Career as author
Inose's 1983 book   describes the findings of the . During the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, the Institute would be accused of being part of Japan's militaristic machine, but Inose asserts that it was little more than a think-tank, of which the purpose was to examine dispassionately the consequences of a total war. Its conclusion was that "there [would] be no way for Japan to win the war because of its clear material inferiority. The war [would] be drawn out. The Soviet Union [would] butt in, and Japan [would] be defeated. Therefore, going to war with the United States must absolutely be avoided."

This book was followed in 1987 by , concerning the development of the image of the Emperor, and the biographies of Yukio Mishima, Osamu Dazai and Kikuchi Kan: Persona (Perusona, 1995), Picaresque (Pikaresuku, 2000), and . In 2009, his 1993 book  was published in English. In 2012, Inose's 1995 biography of Mishima was published in English under the title Persona: A Biography of Yukio Mishima, edited and adapted by Hiroaki Sato and published by Stone Bridge Press.

Inose's examination of public affairs led him to bitter criticisms of Japan's ruling classes and their reluctance to enact reform. His longstanding proposal was for the privatisation of the four public highway corporations, and reform of the postal savings system that finances them. As a result, he joined Prime Minister Junichirō Koizumi's taskforce and served on the commission to examine the Japan Highway Public Corporation (Nihon Doro Kodan). His insistence that cuts be made was so uncompromising that some other appointees declined positions on the board.

Inose said that Japan lost World War II because the government at the time ignored data suggesting Japan would be unable to defeat the Allies and forbade access to the information before Tokyo declared war in 1941. He has further argued that this action is being repeated today by bureaucrats with respect to the economy. He advocated that people share accurate information with respect to Japan's economic situation, that is not necessarily issued by bureaucrats, in efforts to help a debt-ridden Japan. He claims that "any reform can be implemented if people share more accurate and objective data than that (initially) released by authorities."

Political career

On 15 June 2007, Governor Shintaro Ishihara announced that Inose had agreed to serve as a lieutenant governor for the capital stating that "our opinions might differ but I believe it is healthy for us to debate and discuss many of our differences." Inose was initially at odds with LDP lawmakers in the metropolitan assembly during confirmation hearings, and shortly thereafter overturned an LDP-sponsored urban redevelopment initiative, although Ishihara later pressured Inose to cooperate with the LDP lawmakers.

Upon his resignation in 2012, Governor Ishihara designated Inose as his interim successor; Inose was elected as governor of Tokyo in the 2012 Tokyo gubernatorial election with the largest number of votes in Tokyo history. His platform included reform of the Tokyo Electric Power Company and the merger of Tokyo Metro with the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation subway network, although he made minimal progress with either issue following his election.

Role in Olympic bid

As governor, Inose served as the Chairman of Tokyo's successful bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics. He attended the 2012 Summer Olympics in London in order to launch Tokyo's campaign for the Games.

He created controversy in April 2013 when he made a comment that was seen as a criticism of the Muslim world, as well as Istanbul and their bid for the 2020 Olympics: "Well, compare the two countries where they have yet to build infrastructure, very sophisticated facilities. So from time to time, like Brazil, I think it's good to have a venue for the first time. But Islamic countries, the only thing they share in common is Allah and they are fighting with each other and they have classes." Criticizing rival bids is forbidden under IOC rules; following Inose's statement, Tokyo 2020 made a statement saying that they "have the utmost respect for all candidate cities and have always taken pride in bidding in a spirit based on the Olympic values of excellence, respect and friendship."  Inose apologized for his comments a few days later and stated that he was "fully committed" to respecting IOC rules. Japan later won its bid for the Olympics under Inose's chairmanship.

Money scandal and resignation
In November 2013, Inose became embroiled in a scandal concerning cash he received from the Tokushukai hospital group led by Torao Takuda, father of Lower House member Takeshi Tokuda. Inose claimed to have borrowed 50 million yen as a personal loan from Tokushukai, delivered to him in cash in exchange for a written IOU in November 2012, and that he repaid the loan in cash in September 2013. The loan was interest and collateral-free, and the funds were kept in a safe deposit box rather than in a bank account, without being reported to Japanese campaign finance authorities as part of Inose's assets.

The Tokyo Metropolitan Government Assembly conducted four days of public questioning of Inose in December, over the course of which Inose's recollection of events changed in several respects. The Assembly then established a special committee to investigate Inose, the first incidence of the assembly formally investigating a governor.

The Asahi Shimbun called for Inose's resignation in an editorial on December 12, while the Mainichi Shimbun called him "no longer viable" as a governor on the same day. A Sankei Shimbun poll released on December 16 found that 89% of Tokyo respondents thought that Inose's explanation of the funds was not credible, while 63% thought he was no longer an appropriate representative of Tokyo as an Olympic host city.

Inose announced his resignation as governor on December 19, 2013, following direct pressure from various senior political figures including ex-Governor Ishihara and Prime Minister Shinzō Abe. In his resignation speech, he characterized himself as an "amateur" at politics and expressed hope "that our next governor will be a real political pro who can guide Tokyo successfully through the Olympics." He expressed his desire to continue writing following his resignation as governor. The Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly approved and formalized his resignation on December 24.

Inose was succeeded as interim governor by Vice Governor Tatsumi Ando. His term of office as governor was the shortest in Tokyo history at only 372 days. Yōichi Masuzoe won the February 2014 election to determine Inose's final successor as governor. In June 2016 Masuzoe also stepped down after a money scandal.

Personal life
Inose is a runner who jogs every day, and completed the 2012 Tokyo Marathon. He also holds a black belt in judo.

Publications

English translated works

Japanese-language works

References

External links
 Official profile in English
 Photograph of Naoki's appointment as Vice Governor

1946 births
Living people
Governors of Tokyo
Japanese biographers
Japanese critics
20th-century Japanese historians
Japanese journalists
People from Nagano Prefecture
Shintaro Ishihara
Yukio Mishima
20th-century biographers
Shinshu University alumni
Meiji University alumni

Naoki Inose


George Passantino (1922–2004) was an American artist, teacher, and author. He studied under Robert Ward Johnson, Howard Trafton, and Frank J. Reilly. He taught at the Famous Artists School in Westport, Connecticut, at the Art Students League, and at the Silvermine College of Art in New Canaan, Connecticut. He lived in Ridgefield, Connecticut.

Passantino was the author of The Portrait and Figure Painting Book (1979), which has been published in seven languages; Figures in Oil (1980); Portraits in Oil (1980); and Figure Painting Step by Step (2000). He contributed to the book, Six Artists Paint A Portrait, (1974).

His awards include the Charles Noel Flagg prize at the Connecticut Academy of Fine Arts. Passantino's work has been exhibited at the Salmagundi Club, the Wadsworth Atheneum, the National Academy, and many shows.

20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
21st-century American male artists
1922 births
2004 deaths
20th-century American male artists

George Passantino


Lake Nicaragua is the biggest lake in Central America. It lies in the south of Nicaragua, close to the border with Costa Rica. A river connects the lake to Lake Managua, which lies to the north. There are over 400 islets, three islands, and two volcanoes in Lake Nicaragua.San Juan river connects the lake to the Carribean Sea.

Geography of Nicaragua
Nicaragua

Lake Nicaragua


Mineral exploration is the process undertaken by companies, partnerships or corporations in finding ore (commercially viable concentrations of minerals) for mining. Mineral exploration is intensive, organised and professional mineral prospecting and, though it frequently uses the services of prospecting, the process of mineral exploration on the whole is much more involved. Work includes finding, testing, and surveying the deposit, and determining the value and cost of exploiting it.

Minerals

Mineral exploration


Inherit the Earth: Quest for the Orb is an adventure game developed by The Dreamers Guild and published by New World Computing in 1994.

The point and click adventure game features a world of talking humanoid animals, with the gameplay focusing on a fox on a quest to find a stolen orb, a relic of the mythical humans.

History

Development
Inherit the Earth was developed by The Dreamers Guild for the DOS platform and published by New World Computing. The game was originally released in 1994 and later ported to the Macintosh. The German version Erben der Erde: Die große Suche was published by Softgold and first released as a port to the Amiga, followed by the DOS version.

In 1996 the German computer magazine with CD "Bestseller Games #10" brought 300,000 units of ITE on the German market as budget release.

Re-release
In 2000 the former Dreamers Guild co-founder Joe Pearce started a new company, Wyrmkeep Entertainment. In 2002 Pearce acquired the rights for the game, and self-published Inherit the Earth on his website for Windows and macOS. The full version was offered for $20 via PayPal and Kagi.com, while a free demo was downloadable.

In late 2004 Pearce provided the ScummVM developers with the source code of Inherit the Earth's SAGA engine (Scripts for Animated Graphic Adventures), which made ports to alternative platforms, like Linux, possible. In March 2007, a Pocket PC edition was released. This was followed by a port to the iPad in 2010.

The game has also been released digitally on GOG.com and Steam in June 2013.

Sequels
According to one of the original artists and animators, Lisa Jennings, the game ends on a "To be continued" note, as it was originally intended to be part of a trilogy, which did not happen due to conflicts between the developer and publisher.

On January 13, 2013 a Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign for the development of a sequel was initiated by Wyrmkeep Entertainment, but the funding goal was not met. A second campaign was started on July 16, 2014 with a higher goal to account for adding voice acting to the project. This campaign was also unsuccessful. On March 5, 2015, a Patreon funding drive was launched, with the aim to help finish funding the sequel's first of three chapters. This Patreon was intended to lead into another Kickstarter drive, with the base goal undetermined, but stated to be under $30,000.

Plot
In a far future, mankind is extinct and Earth is populated by several tribes of anthropomorphic animals – collectively referred to as the Morph – who have achieved a level of technology and societal sophistication roughly equivalent to Europe in the High Middle Ages. The humans are enshrined in legends as having been the ones who gave the Morph prehensile hands, mouths capable of speech, and the ability to think and feel, but the Morph have very little understanding of their long-lost forebears, who exist now only in stories, ruins and a few technological relics.

The game begins with the protagonist, Rif of the Fox Tribe, being falsely accused of having stolen the Orb of Storms (a technological relic of humankind which is able to predict the weather), primarily based on the fact that he was one of only two foxes in the area at the time of the theft. Rif volunteers to look for the Orb himself, and is given assistance and guards in the form of Eeah of the Elk Guard and Okk of the Boar Tribe. The Boar King takes Rif's girlfriend Rhene hostage as insurance.

The trio travel throughout the Known Lands over the course of their investigation. Along the way, they encounter the various Tribes under the protection of the Forest King (the Elk Tribe ruler who exerts hegemonic control over the whole region), some of which have other Orbs containing other knowledge left behind by the humans. With the assistance of Sist, the leader of the Rats, they eventually discover that the Orb of Storms was stolen by a Raccoon, an animal rarely seen in the Known Lands. Sist also reveals that the Boar King has formed an alliance with the Wolves who live far to the north.

Riff, Okk, and Eeah attempt to pass into the Wild Lands, the untamed regions to the north, but are apprehended by Prince, the ruler of the castle in which the Dogs have sequestered themselves. Rif escapes, and eventually secures the help of Alama, a Cat hermit, and a tribe of wildcats to free his friends.

The trio then travel further north, to the isolated island claimed by the Wolves, where they learn that the Raccoon, Chota, has manipulated the Wolves' politics and stolen the Orb to take over the Known Lands, as the Orb of Storms is the key to a system left behind by the humans to control the weather. In Chota's fortress, a human hydroelectric dam, Rif, Okk and Eeah outwit their enemies, and Chota and the Orb are presumed lost. They return to the Known Lands, where Rif convinces the Tribes to work together, so that they will no longer need the Orbs to make their lives better. The Forest King takes his advice, promotes Okk and Eeah, and releases Rhene.

However, the Orb of Storms was not destroyed, and is preparing to initiate Chota's final command to begin a long drought, awaiting input on the ending date of the drought.

Game theme
A background theme of the game is the fate of the humans. According to the game's introduction and manual, the humans created the Morph from their constituent animals, and then mysteriously disappeared sometime later, with nearly all information about human civilization and technology lost or passed into legend. The Rats, the most educated tribe, are the only ones who believe in the humans' existence, due to their exploration of human ruins.

Most of the human relics are in the third area of the game. On the North Island, the player explores ancient human ruins of hydroelectric dams, airports, and solar observatories, with clues indicating that the humans were struck by a sudden disaster.

David Joiner, one of the game's developers, said in an interview that humanity was eradicated by an airborne biological weapon, a scenario inspired by the Alistair MacLean novel The Satan Bug. This is alluded to in the game's opening sequence, which shows a tapestry depicting humans fleeing from a giant microbe. The developers also explored the idea of humans living in a lunar base, alluded to in-game.

Webcomic
The story of the video game is continued in the official webcomic, Inherit the Earth, which takes place ten months after the events of the game. The webcomic is drawn by Allison Hershey, the game's original art designer, and co-written by Joe Pearce, the owner of Wyrmkeep Entertainment.

Reception
Computer Gaming World in August 1994 rated Inherit the Earth 2.5 stars out of five. While praising the graphics' "storybook charm" the reviewer stated that the game had too many mazes and fetch quests "tacked in order to extend its limited game play". He reported an "abrupt", incomplete ending and concluded that the game's "puzzles were given the least amount of attention". The game was reviewed in 1994 in Dragon #209 by Sandy Petersen in the "Eye of the Monitor" column. Petersen gave the game 2 out of 5 stars. Amiga Games issue 9/95 gave 92% and ASM issue 10/94 gave 10/12 points.

According to Joe Pearce of The Dreamers Guild, Inherit the Earth was a commercial flop. However, the game has some loyal following in the furry fandom.

According to Lisa Jennings, concept artist and animator for the game, the game struggled from combining a serious and detailed plot with anthropomorphic animals - a theme usually associated with children's entertainment:

Reviews
MikroBitti (Sep, 1994)
ASM (Aktueller Software Markt) (Sep, 1994)
Amiga Joker (Apr, 1995)
Joystick (French) (Sep, 1994)
Quandary (Sep, 1998)
Power Play (Jul, 1994)
Svenska Hemdatornytt (Oct, 1994)

References

External links
Official website at Wyrmkeep Entertainment
Official webpage of the sequel Inherit the Earth: Sand and Shadows

Inherit the Earth webcomic

1994 video games
2005 webcomic debuts
Adventure games
Amiga games
Amiga CD32 games
Classic Mac OS games
Commercial video games with freely available source code
Linux games
MacOS games
NEC PC-9801 games
New World Computing games
Point-and-click adventure games
Post-apocalyptic video games
ScummVM-supported games
U.S. Gold games
Video games about foxes
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows Mobile Professional games
The Dreamers Guild games
Single-player video games

Inherit the Earth


Robert Forrest Burgess (born November 30, 1927) is an American author of non-fiction adventure books, as well as sport fishing and scuba diving magazine articles. His photographs illustrate his material.

Life

Robert F. Burgess was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, on November 30, 1927. He built his first diving gear out of a World War II gas mask, 50 feet of air hose, and an air compressor to explore a Michigan shipwreck in 1944. At the end of World War II, he served as a ski trooper with the 88th Infantry Division named the Blue Devils by the Germans, and took his GI Bill abroad, studying French first at the Berlitz Language School in Trieste, Italy, and later at the University of Neuchâtel in Switzerland.

During this time he skied the Alps as part of the University's athletic program. Returning to Trieste to sell his German Amphibious Jeep, he and a companion purchased an Italian Lambretta motor scooter and rode it back to Switzerland, crossing the Great St. Gothard Pass and two other major mountain ranges at night. For their summer vacation he and a companion moved to Italy's Island of Capri for three months where they learned to skin dive.

After studying abroad he returned to the U.S. to complete his education, majoring in Journalism at Michigan State University. Then, moving to Florida he wrote and photographed features for every major U.S. outdoor magazine including several abroad.

With his new bride, Burgess returned to Switzerland in 1956. In Milan they purchased an Italian Lambretta motor scooter that winter, riding it 700 miles, across the Rivieras to Spain, where they took a ferry to the Balearic Islands. They wintered on the island of Majorca, where he fished with Majorcan trawler fishermen, gathering material for a novel. That spring they ferried to Valencia and motor scootered across Spain to Madrid, where he and his wife lived for the next 3 years.  While there Burgess wrote his first novel and numerous travel articles for periodicals in England, Spain and America.

During that time, on assignment for "Argosy" Magazine, he and a companion crossed the Mediterranean aboard a freighter with the French Foreign Legion, then back-packed through Tunisia to find and climb Hill 609, a fortified German mountain fortress during World War II.

Returning later to the U.S., he served as editor for the "Florida Outdoors Magazine" wrote free-lance features for sport diving and sport fishing magazines throughout the country, and for the last 20 years has contributed articles on these subjects as Editor-At-Large for the "Florida Sportsman Magazine".

Over the years Burgess has written and published over twenty books on such subjects as sharks, shipwrecks, underwater archaeology, treasure diving, cave diving, travel, and Ernest Hemingway (whom he met in Pamplona during that author's last Pamplona fiesta).

In January 1994, Scuba Schools International awarded Robert Burgess their most prestigious award, given only to divers with verified log books who have met or exceeded all their requirements, including at least 5,000 dives, to achieve the elite SSI rating of Platinum Pro 5000 Diver.

Robert F. Burgess lives in north Florida, where he continues to write magazine articles and books.

Fiction

The Mystery of Mound Key - 1966
A Time For Tigers - 1968
Where Condors Fly - 1968

Non-fiction

The International Diners Phrase Book - 1965
Sinkings, Salvages And Shipwrecks - 1970
The Sharks - 1970
Exploring A Coral Reef - 1972
Ships Beneath The Sea - 1975
The Cave Divers - 1976 (revised 1999)
Gold, Galleons And Archaeology: The History Of The 1715 Spanish Plate Fleet And The True Story Of The Great Florida Treasure Find (with Carl Clausen) - 1976
They Found Treasure - 1977
The Man Who Rode Sharks (coauthored with William R. Royal) - 1978
Man: 12,000 Years Under The Sea, A Story Of Underwater Archaeology - 1980
Secret Languages Of The Sea - 1981
Florida's Golden Galleons : The Search For The 1715 Spanish Treasure Fleet - 1982
Handbook Of Trailer Sailing - 1984
Sunken Treasure: Six Who Found Fortunes - 1988
Diving Off The Beaten Track - 1995
Hemingway's Paris And Pamplona, Then And Now (A Memoir) - 2001
Moving To Majorca - 2001

Maps
 Snorkelers' And Divers' Guide To Old Shipwrecks Of Florida's Southeast Coast

References

External links
 Information about Robert F. Burgess, as well as a listing of his available works.
 The Photographic Art of Robert F. Burgess with information on how the photographs were made.
 For more books by Robert F. Burgess

1927 births
Living people
20th-century American memoirists
20th-century American novelists
American non-fiction outdoors writers
American underwater divers
University of Neuchâtel alumni
United States Army personnel of World War II
Novelists from Michigan
American male novelists
20th-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers

Robert Forrest Burgess


Robbi Finkel (born Robert Mark Finkel; April 11, 1950 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American-Canadian composer, record producer, pianist and arranger. Grammy nominated, Finkel is an honorary lifetime voting member of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (Grammy Awards).

He is best known for his work on numerous record arrangements and productions in France (Jacques Dutronc 'Cest pas du Bronze', Jacques Higelin 'Champagne pour tout le monde, Caviar pour les autres', Alan Stivell  Tir Na Nog/Symphonie Celte) and in Canada (Cirque du Soleil  Alegría, Zumanity, Les Colocs Les Colocs, Suite 2016, and Moist Mercedes Five and Dime).

He is also known for his musical composition of the Cybersix animated cartoon series (Tokyo Mitaka Studios, Network of Animation), as well as the music of several multimedia games (Mattel  Slotcars, Ubisoft Entertainment Hype: The Time Quest), theatrical (DHC Productions  Atreus, Compagnie  Pol Pelletier  Joie, Océan) and film productions (Les Charlots  Charlots' Connection, Retour des Bidasses en Folie).

Early life
Finkel started playing piano when he was four years old.  In the Philadelphia area he began piano lessons at five with Heinrich Ziegler, later theory with Elizabeth Binder and piano with May Harrow.  He also studied viola at eight, later guitar and at fourteen played tympani in the Philadelphia Youth Orchestra and performed at the Academy of Music as member of the Cheltenham High School Choir.  He later studied piano at the Conservatoire de Lausanne. When Finkel lived in Paris he was invited by colleague arranger and flautist Chris Hayward to attend master classes in composition with Nadia Boulanger at the École Normale Supérieure de la Musique.  He was later introduced to Julien Falk by colleague arranger Gabriel Yared, and studied composition privately with Julien Falk for four years.

References

External links
 Finkel to judge on The Ordos Prize

1950 births
Living people
Musicians from Philadelphia
American male conductors (music)
American film score composers
American male film score composers
Classical musicians from Pennsylvania
21st-century American conductors (music)
21st-century American male musicians

Robbi Finkel


Staneykirk (English: Stoneykirk) is an aurie an a veelage in the hert o the Rhins o Gallowa in the historical coonty o Wigtounshire in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland. It is awmaist 10 mile in lenth an 3.5 mile in breid, boondit on the east bi Luice Bay an on the wast bi the Sheuch (North Chainel), it is 5 mile sooth o Stranrawer.

The aurie is aboot 21,500 acre, o whit 19,000 acre is arable. 375 acre is wuidland an plantations, an the lave (o whit 1,100 acre micht be reclaimt) is muirland.

Staneykirk haes a community cooncil.

Knockinaam Lodge, Port Spittal, Staneykirk, acause it is oot awa, wis the laction for a saicret meetin atween Winston Churchill an Dwight D. Eisenhower durin Warld War II tae discuss the D-Day plans.

The A716 road rins throu pairt o the veelage, and a local coach firm, McCulloch's Coaches, is sted in the veelage.

James King 407 Service provides a bus link north tae Stranrawer an sooth tae Saundheid an Drummore.

Saundheid leuks oot ower Luice Bay that wis uised for laundin lime an coal.

The Veelage

Stoneykirk veelage, locatit near RAF West Freugh developit aroond the kirk (noo disuised) an wis name't efter the kirk.

The Veelage Haw is the heidquarters o the South Rhins Community Development Trust.

The veelage schuil is situatit abuin the veelage.

Staneykirk haes twa hottles - the 3-stern Torrs Warren Country House Hotel, and the oreeginal manse built in 1790 wi a restaurant an baur.

Staneykirk kirk

The first kirk, Saunt Steen's Kirk, (o Steeniekirk, Stephenskirk, Toskarton, Achawan, or Clayshant, amang ither variations) wis dedicatit tae Saunt Stephen/Steen in is thocht tae hae been built atween the 12t and 14t centuries, likely unner the patronage o the McCulloch faimily o Ardwell, Toskarton Pairish, o Clan McCulloch.

Toskarton and Clayshant auncient pairishes wis unitit tae Staneykirk in 1618.

In 1827 the auld medieval pairish kirk wis rebiggit.

Staneykirk Free Kirk biggin wis biggit in 1844 an it passt successive til the Unitit Free Kirk o Scotland and the Kirk o Scotland, an it unitit wi Ardwell-Saundheid as Staneykirk in 1974.

Kirkmadrine kirk

Kirkmadrine wis dedicatit tae St Medran, an early Bishop o Ossory o Ireland. The war three chaipels o ease in the pairish: St Brioch's at Kirkmabreck, St Donan's at Kildonan, an St Lashrean's at Killaser.  The biggin is no langer uised as a kirk.

The Monogram Stanes o Kirkmadrine date fae aboot 450, that makes thaim the earliest inscrieved Christian heid-stanes in Scotland ootby o Whithorn. The auldest is a staunder stane datin fae the 5t century. Aw the stanes wis fund in the immediate aurie, suggestin that it was an early Christian seemetry, like Clachanmore.

History

A cornerstane o McDowell's Garthland Castle (tour hoose) buir the date 1211, an on anither ane taewart the east, 1274.

In 1295 Sir Dougal MacDougall (McDowell) haed a Chairter fae his third cuisin,Keeng John Balliol, Laird o Gallowa, confirmin the Barony o Garochloyne wi Lougan an Elrig in the Rhins o Gallowa.

Janet McDowell (McDowall), dochter o Uchtred McDowell o Garthland, mairit Ninian Adair, son o William Adair o Dunskey Castle an o Kilhilt that wis kilt at the Battle o Flodden. Utrecht McDowell, that wis kilt at Flodden an aw, appeart tae awn the aurie o Stranrawer, an Ninian an Janet McDowell built the Castle o St John. Stranrawer, likely on her faither's laund. On 27 Februar 1547, in the beuk "Inquisitiones Speciales", unnerr "Wigton", Uthredus M'Douell wis heir tae his faither Joannis M'Douell de Garthland that wis kilt at the Battle o Pinkie Cleugh (qui obit apud Pinkiecleuch), o 24 merkland o Garthland, Pairish Staneykirk, an 14 merkland o Lochans (adjynin Garthland) in Pairish o Inche. On Ainslie's 1782 map, William McDowall Esp wis shawn at Garthland Castle. Killhilt, the auncient hame o the Adair faimily, is shawn an aw on the 1782 map juist north o, and adjynin, McDowell's Garthland Castle.

In Wigtounshire, the name McCulloch o Clan McCulloch appears on gey early missives. i.e. The Register o The Great Seal o Scotland, Vol I, appendix II, p. 531, nos. 321, 322, Kirkmadrine Tuskercon/Tuskerton/Toskertoun/Toskertoune.

About 1317 King Robert I o Scotland knichtit Caiptan Cullo og Neil (O'Neil) an chose him tae be his staundart-beirer an Secretar o State. King Robert grantit an aw tae Sir Cullo og Neil launds an Achawan or Auchwane in Wigtounshire (kent an an aw as Kirkmaderen, ref. RMS vol VIII, p. 87, #255, Toskartoun/Toscartoun/Staneykirk/Stoneykirk) that encompasst the estates an castles o Ardwell an Killasser near Clachanmore (Law Ardwell). The 42 merkland o Toskerton haed been forfeitit bi Sir John le Mareschal de Toskerton tae King Robert I. In 1331 Sir Cullo og Neil dee'd an left his estate tae his auldest son Sir Godfrey that assume't th tha faimily name McCullog (McCullough/McCullo'c).

On 7 Julie 1618 William McCulloch o Mertoun (Myretoun McCulloch Torhous in Mochrum pairish, wi the consent o his auldest son Alexander, ratifee'd a chairter o Killasser in the Barony o Achowane tae William Houston an his guidwife Katherine Vaus. The subscript mentiont a new deed-o-baronia Killasser an the castle. Anither deed o 29 Juin 1621 wis fae William Houston tae William Adair, whaurby James Glover, Notary Public, recordit deleevery o "seizin" (sasine) o 4 merk o laund in Carnewell (Cairnweil), neist a Kirkmadrin Kirk, in the Pairish o Toscartoun.

Killasser Castle is shawn on Ainslie's 1782 map as in ruins. It wis the auncient seat of the Macculloch o Ardwell.

The Pairish Leet o Wigtounshire 1684, pp-57-61, leets the places in Staneykirk Ceevil Pairish.

Adjynin Killasser Castle wis William Maxwell o Ardwell at Ardwell Hoose, Staneykirk Pairish, Wigtounshire.

The war a Laird Maxwell that wis impreesont bi Keeng James VI an released as lang as he quit Scotland. In 1588 Laird Maxell wis in Spaingie what the Armada wis bein redd, an he advised Keeng Philip II o Spaingie that the Gallowa ports shoud be uised. The First-Cless man-o-war "Philip & Mary" saundit itsel on shingl no far fae Port William, Pairish o Mochrum, near Sir Willam Maxwell's Myretoun Castle on the Menreith Estate.

Archaeology

In Archaelogical and Historical Collections Relating to Ayrshire and Galloway vol V, p 63, Rev. George Wilson leets forts in Staneykirk:
 ane north o Drumbreddan Bay, no on the OS map;
 Doon Castle at Ardwell Pynt;
 Kirlauchine, 5 mile north o Ardwell Pynt
 Kildonan, a double fort
 Knockdoon - the name shaws a fort northo Awhirk

The're cairns an aw at Doon Hill o Kildrochet

 Doon Castle, near High Ardwell is the remeens o the best exemple o an Airn Age broch in Dumfries an Gallowa.
 Kirlauchine Promontory For is at Camp Bay sooth
 East Galdenoch fort (a schedule't auncient moniment) atween East Galdenoch an Freugh Airfield. It's a circular fort with a diameter o about 361 ft o a later prehistoric date
 East Galdenoch sattlement (a schedule't auncient moniment), about 120 yaird sootheast o East Galdenoch. It's a prehistoric peel sattlement that is about 394 fit lang bi 197 fit.
 Anither East Galdenoch sattlement (a schedule't auncient moniment), about 492 yaird nor'east o East Galdenoch. It's 853 fit bi 820 fit.
 The're Promontory Forts on baith sides o Float Bay.
 Dunaldboys Mote, sooth Knockinaam, is an Airn Age promontory on the heid o sea clifts. The're a staundin stane an aw by the side o the Portpaitrick-Cairngarroch road.
 Balgreggan Motte, Saundheid, staunds abuin the A716. The motte wis the first in a line o early castles alang the eastren shores o the Rhins. A 1782 map shaws Balgreggan Hoose o Hon. Sir Frederick Maitland
 Ferm o Port Spittal, 2 mile sooth o Portpaitrick. It wis the "buirial grund o fower keengs". A Bronze Age cist an urn wis fund in a graff kivert wi a whinstane leck. The banes can be seen in the Stranrawer Museum.

In 1588 some boats belangin til the Great Spaingie Armada wis wrackit aff the westren coast, no faur fae a bay that wis named in commemoration o that circumstance Float Bay. At Money Pynt (Money Heid) a considerable nummer o Spaingie dubloons wis subsequent diskivert. Project Adair at

Houiver, in the beuk "The Scotch Irish" bi Charles A Hanna, p. 233, it states that at the pairish at Staneykir is the ferms an bay o Float, local statit tae hae been cried sic fae the wrack o ane o the ships o the Spaingie Armada: and the heidland close to, corruptit fae the Gaelic wird "monadh", the hill-heid, tae "Moneyheid", fae the money supposed tae hae been lost fae the wrack. The name Float is fae the Auld Norse flott that means a plain.

Leetit biggins in Staneykirk

 Kildrochet House Including Gates And Gatepiers
 Windmill Plantation, Old Windmill
 Clachanmore Gallery, Former School And Schoolhouse, Including Boundary Walls, Gatepiers, Gates And Ancillary Structures
 Ardwell, Ardwell House, Walled Garden Including Gardener's Cottage And Owl Statue
 Ardwell, Bowling Hall, Ivy And Shore Cottages Including Boundary Walls And Gates
 Stoneykirk Parish Church Graveyard Including Boundary Walls, Gatepiers And Gates
 Kirkmabreck Farmhouse Including Farmhouse, Cottage, Steading, Boundary Walls And Gate
 Drumbreddan Including Walled Garden, Steading, Farm Cottage, Boundary Walls And Gatepiers
 Balgreggan, Walled Garden To Former Balgreggan House
 Balgreggan, Kennels And Barn To Former Balgreggan House, Including Boundary Walls And Gatepiers
 Ringuinea Moss
 Garthland Mains Including Farmhouse, Steading, Farm Cottage, Bridge, Tower, Boundary Walls And Gatepiers
 Mains Of Caldons Farmhouse
 Ardwell, Ardwell Mains
 Ardwell, Ardwell House, East Lodge Including Boundary Walls, Gatepiers And Gate
 Ardwell, Ardwell House Including Lamp Standards, Gatepiers, Gate, Sundial And Owl Statue
 Ardwell, Ardwell Church (Church Of Scotland) Including Boundary Walls, Gatepiers And Gates
 Cairnhandy Farmhouse, Steading And Cottage, Including Boundary Walls
 Ardwell, Ardwell House, Boundary Walls, Gates And Gatepiers
 Lake Cottage Including Boundary Walls, Gatepiers And Outhouse
 Gruesey, Former United Free Manse, Including Boundary Walls And Gatepiers
 Ardwell, Ardwell Mill
 East Cairnwell Including Farmhouse, Steading, Boundary Walls, Gates And Gatepiers
 Stoneykirk Parish Church (Church Of Scotland) And Railings
 Kirkmadrine Church Including Graveyard, Mctaggart Memorial, Boundary Walls, Gatepiers And Gates
 Sanheid Primary Scuil

Gailerie

Westren shore o the Rhins and the Mid-Rhins

Eastren shore o the Rhins

References

Veelages in Dumfries an Gallowa
Dumfries an Gallowa
Places o Scotland

Staneykirk


Silas Bissell (April 27, 1942 – June 15, 2002) was an American terrorist. He joined The Weatherman movement for a brief time before going underground after planting a bomb at the University of Washington's ROTC building. Bissell was arrested after 17 years of being underground and served 18 months in jail.

Early life
Silas Trim Bissell was born April 27, 1942. Bissell's father, Wadsworth, was the grandson of the founder of the Bissell carpet sweeper company. Silas' mother, Hillary Nelle Rarden, was a Marxist-civil rights activist and encouraged her son to be the same.
Bissell went to the University of Michigan, where he was awarded three Hopwood Awards for poetry. He fell in love with Judith Emily Siff, a New Yorker and they later married. He was arrested during his senior year of high school for taking part in a sit-in. Bissell graduated with a bachelor's degree in English literature in 1964 and then went to Syracuse University and graduated with a master's degree in creative writing in 1965.

When Robert F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. were assassinated and activists stormed Chicago during the 1968 Democratic National Convention, Silas and Judith joined a Seattle draft resistance group. They were soon drawn to the Weatherman organization.

Weatherman
Because they were a married couple in a movement that perceived the practice of monogamy as bourgeois, the Bissells were challenged by the members of Weatherman to prove their dedication. Their chance came on January 17, 1970, after being asked to place a bomb at the University of Washington.

They placed a home-made bomb under the steps of the University's ROTC building. It did not go off because the Bissells made mistakes with the wiring. They were captured by the campus police almost immediately, making them think they had been framed by the members of Weatherman.

Although it has been reported that Bissell was a member of the Weatherman, his widow Ruth disputes the allegation, though she reports that Bissell repeatedly said, "I would have if they'd have taken me."

Underground
The Bissells posted the $50,000 in bonds and were planning to face the court in Seattle until, Bissell claims, Weatherman Mark Rudd told them to go underground. Traveling by bus and train, they relocated from Seattle to San Francisco, but were now shunned by fellow Weathermen. They ended up in Boston, where the mounting pressures of hiding finally ate away at the marriage. They divorced in 1970.

In the early 1970s, he lived in Ithaca, New York, where he worked in a food co-op and was not politically active. He then moved to Eugene, Oregon, where he took a job as a nurse's assistant. He continued his artwork and playing music. He went back to university and earned a bachelor's degree in biology from North Carolina Central University in 1979 and a master's degree in physical therapy from Duke University in 1981. He then moved to Eugene, Oregon, and started work as a physical therapist.

Arrest
On January 29, 1987, he was arrested at home by FBI agents who said they had received an anonymous tip from an I.D. on a wanted poster. Once again Bissell believed that he was turned in to the FBI in Eugene by a close friend for the $5,500 reward. Bissell was charged with conspiracy to destroy federal property and possession of a bomb in connection to an attempt to destroy the University of Washington ROTC building. He was sentenced to two years imprisonment but was released after only eighteen months in custody. While behind bars, he married Ruth Evan, a school teacher. They had been at high school together in Grand Rapids, and she had written letters to him while he was in prison.

After release
After Bissell's release he and Ruth moved back to Eugene, where he became devoted to sculpture and painting. He achieved success, showing in many West Coast galleries. He used the proceeds from the sale of his work to fund human rights work. In 1993, he founded the Campaign for Labor Rights, a nationwide organization fighting sweatshop conditions in factories around the globe, and was the national director for many years. Even when he became semi-paralyzed after special chemotherapy for the cancer that was diagnosed in 2000, Bissell never stopped his work as an artist up until his death.

Silas Trim Bissell died at age 60 in Eugene of cancer of the brain on June 15, 2002.

References

1942 births
2002 deaths
People from Eugene, Oregon
University of Michigan  College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
Deaths from brain cancer in the United States
Activists from Seattle
Duke University alumni
Members of the Weather Underground
American anti–Vietnam War activists

Silas Bissell


Helge Nissen (5 September 1871 in Rydhave ved Holstebro – 5 October 1926 in Copenhagen) was a Danish operatic bass-baritone, conductor, voice teacher, and film actor who was associated with the  Royal Danish Theatre from 1897 until his death in 1926. He notably created roles in the world premieres of two operas by composer Carl Nielsen: Abner in Saul og David (1902) and Henrik in Maskarade (1906). His voice is preserved on a total of 70 recordings made with the Pathé, HMV and Deutsche Grammophon record companies from 1908 to 1914.

Life and career
Born in Rydhave near Holstebro,  Nissen's brother was the opera singer Niels Frederik Nissen. He studied singing in Copenhagen with composer Leopold Rosenfeld. He made his professional debut in 1897 at the Royal Danish Theatre (RDT) as Mephistopheles in Charles Gounod's Faust. He continued to sing leading roles at the RDT until 1912 when he shifted his career away from singing towards work as a voice teacher, conductor and director at the RDT. Among the many roles he performed on the stage were several parts in operas by Richard Wagner, including Hans Sachs in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, Kaspar in Der Freischütz, and Wotan in The Ring Cycle.

Outside of the RDT, Nissen made guest appearances at several Scandinavian opera houses. He made his debut at the Royal Swedish Opera in 1905. In 1909 he was committed to the Royal Opera, London. In 1911 he toured North America along with the University of Copenhagen Chorus.

Nissen was the third husband of Danish actress Gudrun Houlberg. In 1921 he portrayed the title role in the film Leaves from Satan's Book. It was his only film appearance. In 1907 he was named a Kongelige Kammersangere. He committed suicide in 1926. He is buried in Holmens Cemetery in Copenhagen.

References

External links

1871 births
1926 deaths
19th-century Danish male opera singers
Operatic bass-baritones
People from Holstebro Municipality
Burials at Holmen Cemetery
1926 suicides
20th-century Danish male opera singers
Suicides in Denmark

Helge Nissen