The University of Tübingen, officially the Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen (; ), is a public research university located in the city of Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

The University of Tübingen is one of eleven German Excellence Universities. The University of Tübingen is especially known as a centre for the study of plant biology, medicine, law, archeology, ancient cultures, philosophy, theology, religious studies, humanities, and more recently as a center of excellence for artificial intelligence. The university's noted alumni and faculty include presidents, a pope, EU Commissioners, and judges of the Federal Constitutional Court. The university is associated with eleven Nobel laureates, especially in the fields of medicine and chemistry.

History

The University of Tübingen was founded in 1477 by Count Eberhard V (Eberhard im Bart, 1445–1496), later the first Duke of Württemberg, a civic and ecclesiastic reformer who established the school after becoming absorbed in the Renaissance revival of learning during his travels to Italy. Its first rector was Johannes Nauclerus.

Its present name was conferred on it in 1769 by Duke Karl Eugen who appended his first name to that of the founder. The university later became the principal university of the kingdom of Württemberg. Today, it is one of nine state universities funded by the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg.

The University of Tübingen has a history of innovative thought, particularly in theology, in which the university and the Tübinger Stift are famous to this day. Philipp Melanchthon (1497–1560), the prime mover in building the German school system and a chief figure in the Protestant Reformation, helped establish its direction. Among Tübingen's eminent students (and/or professors) have been the astronomer Johannes Kepler; the economist Horst Köhler (President of Germany); Joseph Ratzinger (Pope Benedict XVI), poet Friedrich Hölderlin, and the philosophers Friedrich Schelling and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. "The Tübingen Three" refers to Hölderlin, Hegel and Schelling, who were roommates at the Tübinger Stift. Theologian Helmut Thielicke revived postwar Tübingen when he took over a professorship at the reopened theological faculty in 1947, being made administrative head of the university and President of the Chancellor's Conference in 1951. Philosopher and theologian Ernst Bloch is another prominent figure associated with Tübingen's postwar revival.

The university rose to the height of its prominence in the middle of the 19th century with the teachings of poet and civic leader Ludwig Uhland and the Protestant theologian Ferdinand Christian Baur, whose circle, colleagues and students became known as the "Tübingen School", which pioneered the historical-critical analysis of biblical and early Christian texts, an approach generally referred to as "higher criticism". The University of Tübingen also was the first German university to establish a faculty of natural sciences, in 1863. DNA was discovered in 1868 at the University of Tübingen by Friedrich Miescher. Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, the first female Nobel Prize winner in medicine in Germany, also works at Tübingen. The faculty for economics and business was founded in 1817 as the "Staatswissenschaftliche Fakultät" and was the first of its kind in Germany.

Starting in the late 1990s at Tübingen, fundamental research on mRNA-based substances (e.g. for cancer treatment and vaccines) was conducted by groups led by H. G. Rammensee and G. Jung. This work contributed to the Ph.D. and later research of Ingmar Hoerr and by extension to the COVID-19 vaccine programs by BioNTech, Moderna and Curevac.

Nazi period

The university played a leading role in efforts to legitimize the policies of the Third Reich as "scientific". Even before the victory of the Nazi Party in the general election in March 1933, there were hardly any Jewish faculty and a few Jewish students. Physicist Hans Bethe was dismissed on 20 April 1933 because of "non-Aryan" origin. Religion professor Traugott Konstantin Oesterreich and the mathematician Erich Kamke were forced to take early retirement, probably in both cases the "non-Aryan" origin of their wives. At least 1158 people were sterilized at the University Hospital.

After the war
In 1966, Joseph Ratzinger, who would later become Pope Benedict XVI, was appointed to a chair in dogmatic theology in the Faculty of Catholic Theology at Tübingen, where he was a colleague of Hans Küng.In 1967, Jürgen Moltmann (b. 1926), one of the most influential Protestant theologians of the 20th century, was appointed Professor of Systematic Theology in the Faculty of Protestant Theology. Drafted in 1944 by Nazi Germany, he was an Allied prisoner of war 1945–1948. He was influenced by his Tübingen colleague and friend Ernst Bloch, the Marxist philosopher.

In 1970, the university was restructured into a series of faculties as independent departments of study and research after the manner of French universities.

The university made the headlines in November 2009 when a group of left-leaning students occupied one of the main lecture halls, the Kupferbau, for several days. The students' goal was to protest tuition fees and maintain that education should be free for everyone.

In May 2010, Tübingen joined the Matariki Network of Universities (MNU) together with Dartmouth College (US), Durham University (UK), Queen's University (Canada), University of Otago (New Zealand), University of Western Australia (Australia) and Uppsala University (Sweden).

On 27 April 2022, for the first time, a woman was elected Rector in the person of Karla Pollmann.

Research focus

The University of Tübingen undertakes a broad range of research projects in various fields. Among the more prominent ones in the natural sciences are the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, which focuses on general, cognitive and cellular neurology as well as neurodegeneration, and the Centre for Interdisciplinary Clinical Research, which deals primarily with cell biology in diagnostics and therapy of organ system diseases. In the liberal arts, the University of Tübingen is noteworthy for having the only faculty of rhetoric in Germany – the department was founded by Walter Jens, an important intellectual and literary critic. The university also boasts continued pre-eminence in its centuries-old traditions of research in the fields of philosophy, theology and philology. Since at least the nineteenth century, Tübingen has been the home of world-class research in prehistoric studies and the study of antiquity, including the study of the ancient Near East; a particular focus of the research in these areas at the University of Tübingen has been Anatolia, e.g., through the continued excavations of the university at Troy. The University of Tübingen is also host to a number of Collaborative Research Centres, producing fundamental interdisciplinary research.

Campus

The University of Tübingen is not a campus university, but is spread throughout the town: Tübingen is one of five classical "university towns" in Germany. The other four are Marburg, Göttingen, Freiburg and Heidelberg. In Tübingen there are four areas with a major concentration of university institutions.
The university uses a number of buildings in the old town of Tübingen, some of which date back to the foundation of the university. Today, these are mainly used by smaller humanities departments, as is the adjacent medieval castle, Schloss Hohentübingen.
Northeast of the old town, the Wilhelmstraße area surrounding the street of the same name is home to larger humanities departments as well as the university's administration. The main university library and main refectory are also in this area.
 A new campus for the sciences was built in the 1970s at Morgenstelle, a hill north of the historic centre of Tübingen. Facilities include a large refectory.
 The university's teaching hospitals are located between the Wilhelmstraße area and the Morgenstelle campus in an area collectively known as the Klinikum. The 17 hospitals in Tübingen affiliated with the university's faculty of medicine have 1,500 patient beds, and cater to 66,000 in-patients and 200,000 out-patients on an annual basis.

Accommodation provided by the Tübingen Studentenwerk is in several locations throughout the town. The largest of the eleven halls of residence are in the city's northern neighbourhood of Waldhäuser Ost (1,700 rooms) and in the city's southeasternmost neighbourhood, Französisches Viertel (500 rooms).

Museum

Since 2006, the Museum of the University of Tübingen (MUT) has made it its task to professionalize the 65 sometimes very old and singular teaching, show and research collections of the university from all faculties in terms of collection, curatorial and organizational aspects. In interdisciplinary exhibitions, both the broader public should be provided with insights into the history of science as well as researched in the field of science itself.

In addition, the master's degree program "Museum & Collections" of the MUT, with the participation of six humanities and cultural studies subjects, offers the training of students in the field of exhibitions.

Eight scientific teaching collections – Origins of Art, Pile Dwellings + Celts, Cuneiform, Gods + Tombs, Ancient Art, Ancient Coins, Ancient Sculptures – are open to the public in the Museum Alte Kulturen and in the permanent exhibition WeltKulturen in Hohentübingen Castle. In addition, there are other, partially accessible scientific teaching collections on Hohentübingen: Cradle of Biochemistry (Schlosslabor), BildBestand, Everyday Culture, AntikenBilder, Professor Gallery (partial), Castle Church and TonSteineScherben.

The MUT – and thus the Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen – is the only university institution in the world to house artefacts with world heritage status, such as the oldest surviving figurative works of art and musical instruments of humanity, mammoth ivory figures and fragments of bone flutes. These come from the Vogelherdhöhle (Swabian Alb), which has been part of the UNESCO World Heritage "Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura" since 2017.

Libraries

The University Library of Tübingen is not just available to those affiliated with the university, but also to the general public. The library provides more than three million individual volumes and more than 7,600 journals. Apart from the main library, more than 80 departmental libraries containing an additional three million volumes are also associated with the university.

The main lending library is located on Wilhelmstraße and consists of several different parts which are connected through corridors and walkways:
The Bonatzbau, the library's oldest building, was built in 1912 and currently houses the historical reading room (Historischer Lesesaal), the university archive, along with a number of manuscript collections.
The library's main building, constructed in 1963, contains the information desk and research stations to access electronic catalogues and databases.
The Ammerbau is the most recent addition to the library complex. Built in 2002, it offers users direct access to over 300,000 volumes and latest issues of newspapers, magazines and journals. It also contains numerous work places and separate individual rooms for group work.

Organisation

Faculties

The university is made up of seven faculties, some of which are subdivided into further departments.
Protestant Theology
Catholic Theology
Law
Medicine
Humanities
Economics and Social Sciences
Science

Governance
The university is governed by three separate bodies sharing different functions and duties. However, some persons serve in more than one body.

The Rectorate is the executive component of the university's governing body. The current rector, Professor Karla Pollmann, is supported by four deputies consisting of three prorectors and one provost. All are also permanent members of the university senate.

The Senate forms the legislative section of governance. Apart from the members of the rectorate, it includes the equal opportunities commissioner, the deans and 20 elected members representing the professors, lecturers, students and non-academic staff. Two advisors represent the university's teaching hospitals.

The University Council (Hochschulrat or Universitätsrat) has 13 members, including its president and vice-president as well as five further internal and six external members.

Rankings and reputation

As of the 2024 edition of the QS World University Rankings, the University of Tübingen ranks 213th globally, which places it at 11th position nationally within Germany. The university's rank appears significantly higher in the 2024 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, standing at an 95th position globally and 8th nationally. The Academic Ranking of World Universities, also known as the Shanghai Ranking, for the year 2023 places the University of Tübingen in the 151–200 bracket globally, and within the 6–9 bracket in the national ranking.

Since 2012, the University of Tübingen has been regarded as one of eleven German Excellence Universities that have been successful in the competition of the German Universities Excellence Initiative. The award brings additional research funds for five years. With three successful research Clusters of Excellence approved by the German Universities Excellence Initiative in 2018, Tübingen is one of the three universities with the highest research output in Germany and leading among universities in South Germany.

According to the funding report of the German Research Foundation (DFG) 2018, which breaks down the grants awarded to German universities from 2014 to 2016, the University of Tübingen was ranked 8th overall, 4th in humanities and social sciences, and 6th in life sciences including medicine. This ranking is based on a selection of best research projects nationwide and thus regarded as an indicator of the quality of research.

US News Best Global Universities and also ranked Tübingen amongst the top ten universities in Germany overall in 2021.

Traditionally, Tübingen has been particularly strong in the fields of humanities, especially in theology and religious studies, medicine, and law. The Tübingen Law School was ranked second nationwide by the Wirtschaftswoche University Ranking. Also according to international rankings, Tübingen regularly ranks among the top ten law schools in Germany.

Controversies
Since 2018, the university has been part of a wider artificial intelligence research initiative named Cyber Valley. Cyber Valley has seen investments from multinational companies poured into establishing research centers, research groups, and professorships in the city. The investing organisations and corporations include Google, Amazon, BMW, IAV, Daimler, Porsche, and Bosch. The Cyber Valley initiative has attracted criticism from student groups and activist groups alike, with many protest actions, including building occupations and demonstrations, having taken place decrying both the commercialisation of university research and the involvement of the university with organisations that are engaged in military research.

Student life

The university's students make up roughly a third of the total population of Tübingen and the town's culture can seem to be largely dominated by them. As a result there is a slump of activity during university holidays, particularly over the summer when a large number of otherwise regular events are not happening.

Around 30 Studentenverbindungen, the German type of fraternities, are associated with the university. While famous for their parties, public academic lectures and the yearly "Stocherkahn-Rennen" punting-boat race on the Neckar river, some of them are the subject of ongoing controversy surrounding alleged rightwing policial views, leading to strong criticism from leftist groups. The university itself takes a neutral stance on this issue. However, all of Tübingen's fraternities distance themselves from the fraternities of the Deutsche Burschenschaft, which have been widely criticized as adhering to far-right principles.

Also closely linked to the university are a number of student societies representing mainly the arts and political parties. Most notable are a number of choirs as well as student theatre groups affiliated with the faculty of Modern Languages, some of which perform in foreign languages. Radio Uniwelle Tübingen is the university's radio station, airing seven hours of programmes a week produced by students under the supervision of staff employed by the university.

The university also offers gym and sports classes called Hochschulsport. Since Tübingen has a department of sports science with a broad range of facilities, students of other subjects have the possibility to participate in various kinds of sports courses in teams or as individuals. Furthermore, even exotic sports, such as parachuting or martial arts, are offered. Students may attend courses either for free or at reduced rates. The sports department is located close to the Wilhelmstraße area of university buildings and is served by a number of frequent bus routes.

Unlike in some major cities, student discounts are not widely available in Tübingen. Cinemas and the town council's public library in particular do not offer discounts for students, and there are only a handful of restaurants which have reduced lunch deals. However, students may benefit from the Semesterticket, a heavily discounted public transport season pass offering six months of unlimited travel on trains and buses in the naldo Verkehrsverbund transport association for approximately €62.50. The Landestheater Tübingen theatre and all public swimming pools also have discounts for students.

Nightlife in Tübingen is centered on the numerous pubs in the old town along with a number of clubs, most of which dedicate themselves to non-mainstream music. During the semester, the Studentenwerk-owned Clubhaus at the centre of the Wilhelmstraße university area hosts the weekly Clubhausfest on Thursday nights. This popular, free-entry club night is organized and promoted by student societies and Fachschaft student representative bodies and all proceeds go towards their activities in support of students.

Notable academic staff

 Eberhard Jüngel (1934–2021), German Lutheran theologian
 Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (born 1942), German developmental biologist and 1995 Nobel Prize-winner

Notable alumni

The University of Tübingen has a long list of notable alumni and staff. As of 2023, eleven Nobel Laureates, 18 Leibniz Laureates and five Alexander von Humboldt Professorships are affiliated with the university.

Besides several Federal Ministers of Germany and Minister Presidents of German States, politicians associated with the University of Tübingen include six founding fathers of the Federal Republic of Germany, a Chancellor of Germany, two Presidents of Germany, and several European Commissioners.

As Tübingen has traditionally been home to one of the most prestigious law schools in Germany, alumni in the legal profession include at least 19 judges of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, the first female German judge at the European Court of Justice, an Advocate General at the European Court of Justice, as well as several judges at the Federal Court of Justice, the Federal Fiscal Court, and the Federal Labour Court. Notable legal scholars associated with Tübingen include Dieter Medicus, Klaus Hopt and Wolfgang Ernst.

Affiliates in the field of religious studies include many of the most influential theologians of the last centuries such as Pope Benedict XVI, Karl Barth, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Eduard Mörike, Miroslav Volv, Paul Tillich, David Strauss and Philip Melanchthon. The field of religious studies in Tübingen has also been the educational center for the philosophers Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Friedrich Hölderlin und Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Tübingen is therefore sometimes considered as the home of German idealism, a philosophical movement which had a severe impact on modern western thinking.

Nobel laureates

Faculty members and alumni who have been awarded with the Nobel Prize:

William Ramsay (1904, Chemistry)
Eduard Buchner (1907, Chemistry), faculty
Karl Ferdinand Braun (1909, Physics), faculty
Fritz Pregl (1923, Chemistry)
Adolf Butenandt (1939, Chemistry), faculty
Hans Bethe (1967, Physics), faculty
Georg Wittig (1979, Chemistry), faculty
Hartmut Michel (1988, Chemistry)
Bert Sakmann (1991, Medicine)
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (1995, Medicine), faculty
Günter Blobel (1999, Medicine)

Quotes
"Tübingen does not have a university, Tübingen is a university." – Walter Jens
"One need merely say 'Tübingen Seminary' to understand what German philosophy is at bottom: an insidious theology. The Swabians are the best liars in Germany: they lie innocently." – Friedrich Nietzsche, 1888

See also
 Efferenn's Trust
 List of medieval universities
 List of universities in Germany
 Friedrich Althoff
 Robert-Bosch-Hospital
 Pi-Chacán
 Plato's unwritten doctrines, for the influential Tübingen School of Plato interpretation

References

Bibliography
Martin Biastoch, Tübinger Studenten im Kaiserreich. Eine sozialgeschichtliche Untersuchung: Contubernium – Tübinger Beiträge zur Universitäts- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Vol. 44 (Sigmaringen, 1996, )
 Walter Jens, Eine deutsche Universität. 500 Jahre Tübinger Gelehrtenrepublik (Munich : Kindler, 1977)
 Tubingensia: Impulse zur Stadt- und Universitätsgeschichte. Festschrift für Wilfried Setzler zum 65. Geburtstag (Tübinger Bausteine zur Landesgeschichte, 10), edited by Sönke Lorenz and Volker [Karl] Schäfer (Ostfildern: Jan Thorbecke Verlag, 2008)

External links

University of Tubingen Official website
Erasmus and exchange to Tübingen
Scholars and Literati at the University of Tübingen (1477–1800), in Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE.

1470s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1477 establishments in Europe
Educational institutions established in the 15th century
Tourist attractions in Tübingen
Buildings and structures in Tübingen
Universities and colleges in Baden-Württemberg

University of Tübingen


The women's 200 metre freestyle competition of the swimming events at the 1963 Pan American Games took place on April. The last Pan American Games champion was Chris von Saltza of US.

This race consisted of four lengths of the pool, all in freestyle.

Results
All times are in minutes and seconds.

Heats

Final
The final was held on April.

References

Swimming at the 1963 Pan American Games
Pan

Swimming at the 1963 Pan American Games – Women's 200 metre freestyle


Benny Beaver is the official mascot of Oregon State University and winner of the 2011 Capital One Mascot of the Year write-in campaign. The exact date of when the name was first used as the university's mascot is not known, but photographs in the school's yearbook document its use as early as the 1940s.

Mascot history

The university's school newspaper is the first known organization on campus to adopt the beaver as its namesake and did so as early as 1908. The school yearbook's long use of the name, known as "The Beaver" starting in 1916, eventually helped solidify the beaver as the university's official mascot. The popularity of the beaver was also shared by students at University of Oregon. For several early publishings, students at this school also used "The Beaver" as their yearbook's title.

Oregon State University's first documented use of "Benny Beaver" was found in a photograph showing students posing next to a statue of a beaver inscribed with the name "Benny Beaver." The photograph appears in the 1942 edition of the yearbook.

Prior to the beaver, Oregon State's mascot was an individual known as John Richard Newton Bell (1893–1928). A longtime member of the university's board of regents, Bell became hugely popular among the students for his ritual of marching to the Marys River after each of Oregon State's victories over Oregon. He was said to have tossed his top hat into the water as a token of celebration. Earlier mascots include "Jimmie" the Coyote (1892–1893) and "Bulldog" (1906–1910, unofficial and for specific teams only, such as the Wrestling squad). The beaver mascot's name, "Benny," was officially adopted in 1945. Two failed attempts to maintain a live beaver mascot include Bevo Beaver (rescued from Mary's River in 1921 and later stolen ) and Billy Beaver.

The early Benny Beaver "cartoon" icon/logo was created by famous graphic illustrator, and former Disney employee, Arthur C. Evans. As the art director for Angelus Pacific Company, Evans submitted his design to OSU and it was approved for use in 1951. His logos were used at hundreds of other universities and high schools throughout the nation. Evans' beaver logo also appeared in the 1985 movie Teen Wolf.

During the 1940s, students carted a beaver statue in parades throughout the state and around the stadium on game days. The statue was patterned after an earlier bronze statue that also went by the name "Benny."  Although the name "Benny" was adopted prior to the 1940s, a 1941 yearbook picture captions the statue as "Bill Beaver". The following yearbook (1942) a photo of the same beaver statue is cited with the name "Benny Beaver". After the statue's demise, the name "Benny" was regularly used in a popular sports column in The Daily Barometer - known as "The Gnawed Log."

The first live appearance during an athletic event by a mascot named "Benny", was September 18, 1952 and performed by Ken Austin. Austin later founded Newberg, Oregon-based A-dec, the largest privately held dental equipment manufacturer in North America. Austin is now a major Oregon State donor.

Between the early 1980s and mid-1990s, Benny was often joined at sporting events by a co-mascot, known as "Bernice Beaver."

In 1998 No Dinx, a graphic design shop in Albany, Oregon, redesigned the logo for the first time in nearly 50 years (shown below). In March 2013, working together with Nike, Oregon State University unveiled the latest, newly redesigned version, of the Benny Beaver logo. The new logo replaced the No Dinx design. The Benny Beaver costume also changed to match the new logo in 2001. Benny wears #0 at football games and #0 at basketball games. Past numbers have included #100 (football) and #6 (basketball).

In December 2010, Benny Beaver was ranked 13th on a list titled 20 Worst Behaved Mascots Of All Time. Despite the bad press, Benny Beaver won the 2011 Capital One Mascot of the Year write-in campaign, earning the mascot program $1000 and inclusion in the following year's Capital One All-America Mascot Team.

References

Pac-12 Conference mascots
Fictional beavers
Oregon State Beavers
1942 establishments in Oregon
Rodent mascots

Benny Beaver


The 1972–73 1re série season was the 52nd season of the 1re série, the top level of ice hockey in France. Chamonix Hockey Club won their 28th league title.

Final ranking
 1st place: Chamonix Hockey Club
 2nd place: Viry-Châtillon Essonne Hockey
 3rd place: Ours de Villard-de-Lans
 4th place: Sporting Hockey Club Saint Gervais
 5th place: Gap Hockey Club
 6th place: Français Volants
 7th place: CSG Grenoble
 8th place: Club des Sports de Megève
 9th place: Club des patineurs lyonnais
 10th place: CPM Croix

External links
List of French champions on hockeyarchives.info

France
1972–73 in French ice hockey
Ligue Magnus seasons

1972–73 1re série season


Rolf Nordhagen (21 October 1894 – 8 March 1979) was a Norwegian botanist. His greatest scientific efforts were in the area of plant sociology.

Personal life
Rolf Nordhagen was born in Kristiania as a son of artist Johan Nordhagen (1856–1956) and Christine Magdalene, née Johansen (1858–1933). He was a brother of Olaf Nordhagen and Martha Gladtved-Prahl. In August 1925 in Oslo he married Elisabeth Marie Myhre (1900–1979). He was the father of art historian Per Jonas Nordhagen (born 1929) and computer scientist, Rolf Nordhagen (1927–2013).

Career
He finished his secondary education at Kristiania Cathedral School in 1912 and took the cand.real. degree in 1918. He worked as an assistant in the Botanical Garden in Kristiania from 1915 to 1920, was a research fellow at the Royal Frederick University from 1920 to 1925 and took the dr.philos. degree in 1922 on the thesis Kalktufstudier i Gudbrandsdalen, about limestone tuff. He was a teacher at the Norwegian College of Agriculture from 1924 to 1925, professor at Bergen Museum from 1925 to 1945 and professor at the University of Oslo from 1946 to 1964. He was the manager of the Botanical Garden in Bergen, and the Botanical Garden and Museum in Oslo.

His professional fields were phytomorphology, phytosociology and phytogeography. He was also known to draw from humanist subjects such as philology, ethnology and history. His first work was Die Vegetation und Flora des Sylenegebietes, about the mountain flora of the Sylane range, released by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters in 1927–1928. Versuch einer neuen Einteilung der subalpinen-alpinen Vegetation Norwegens came in 1936. His main work was Sikkilsdalen og Norges fjellbeiter (Sikkilsdalen and Norway's mountain pastures). En plantesosiologisk monografi, released in 1943. More popular releases were the text volume of Norsk flora in 1940 and Våre ville planter. The latter book was released in eight volumes between 1950 and 1958 in which he contributed with four other authors: Torstein Lagerberg, Jens Holmboe, Einar Du Rietz and John Axel Nannfeldt.

Nordhagen was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters from 1923, of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters from 1952, and of academies in København, Helsinki, Uppsala, Stockholm, Göteborg and Lund. He was awarded the Fridtjof Nansen Prize in 1947, an honorary degree at Uppsala University in 1957 and Knighthood of the Order of St. Olav in 1957. He died in March 1979 in Oslo.

References

External links
Listing of Works by Rolf Nordhagen

1894 births
1979 deaths
Scientists from Oslo
20th-century Norwegian botanists
University of Oslo alumni
Academic staff of the Norwegian College of Agriculture
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
People educated at Oslo Cathedral School
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

Rolf Nordhagen (botanist)


Brasserie Montmartre was a French, and later Mediterranean, restaurant and jazz club in Portland, Oregon, in the United States.

Description and history

Brasserie Montmartre was a restaurant and jazz club that operated three different times in Portland, Oregon. The original restaurant, which featured French cuisine, opened in 1978 and was described by The Oregonian as having "customer-drawn crayon art on the walls, black-and-white checkered floors, nightly jazz and a solid food menu". It closed in 2006.

New owners Matt and Sara Maletis, who were longtime Portland residents, re-opened the French restaurant in 2009. The couple signed a twenty-year lease and spent nearly $1 million renovating its interior. However, Brasserie was closed a year and a half later, in 2011.

Carl Coffman, the building owner, and chefs Pascal Chureau and Michael Hanaghan re-opened the restaurant for a third time in May 2012. Coffman and Chureau had purchased the restaurant in the spring of 2011. According to The Oregonian, the most recent iteration of Brasserie served "accessible French food with a relaxed vibe". In 2012, Chureau sold his share of the business and the restaurant's menu began offering more Mediterranean cuisine options. It closed for the third time on April 30, 2015.

Reception
Brasserie was known for featuring roving musicians. According to Eater's Danielle Centoni, Chureau's iteration of Brasserie received "good marks for solid, classic, French brasserie fare, including flights of frites fried in a range of fats". The third and final iteration of the restaurant received mostly positive reviews.

See also
 List of defunct restaurants of the United States
 List of French restaurants
 List of jazz venues in the United States

References

External links

1978 establishments in Oregon
2006 disestablishments in Oregon
2009 establishments in Oregon
2011 disestablishments in Oregon
2012 establishments in Oregon
2015 disestablishments in Oregon
Defunct French restaurants in Portland, Oregon
Defunct jazz clubs in the United States
Defunct Mediterranean restaurants
Defunct music venues in Portland, Oregon
Jazz clubs in Oregon
Mediterranean restaurants in Oregon
Restaurants disestablished in 2006
Restaurants disestablished in 2011
Restaurants disestablished in 2015
Restaurants established in 1978
Restaurants established in 2011
Restaurants established in 2012
Southwest Portland, Oregon

Brasserie Montmartre


Meatmen: An Anthology of Gay Male Comics is a series of paperback books collecting short comics featuring gay and bisexual male characters. The comics included a mixture of explicit erotica and humor. Between 1986 and 2004, 26 black-and-white volumes of the series (160–200 pages each) were published by Leyland Publications, making it the longest-running anthology of gay male pornographic comics.

During its run, the series was said to feature "every gay male cartoonist of note who has worked since the 1970s". Cartoonists whose work was featured include Tim Barela, Belasco, Bruce Billings, John Blackburn, Howard Cruse, Donelan (two front covers and many back covers), Kurt Erichsen, Patrick Fillion, Prof. I.B. Gittendowne (Rupert Kinnard), Michael Goldberg, The Hun (Bill Schmeling), A. Jay, Al Shapiro, Joe Johnson, Jeffrey A. Krell, Mike Kuchar, Jon Macy, Jerry Mills, Nico (early covers), Brad Parker (early back covers), Sean (John Klamik), Stephen (Dom Orejudos), Tom of Finland (Touko Laaksonen), Robert Triptow, Vaughn, Bill Ward, and Zack (Oliver Frey).

In 2001, copies of Meatmen vol. 18 and 24 imported by Little Sister's bookstore of Vancouver, British Columbia were classified as "obscene" and seized by Canada Customs. This led to the case Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v Canada, which was eventually decided by the Supreme Court of Canada in 2007.

See also
 Gay Comix

References

External links
 Leyland Publications web site

Comics anthologies
Comics publications
LGBT-related comics
1986 comics debuts
2004 comics endings
Underground comix
Erotic comics
Humor comics
Gay male pornographic comics
1980s LGBT literature

Meatmen (comics)


Charles Wayne Sexton (born August 11, 1968) is an American guitarist, singer and songwriter. Sexton is best known for his years as a guitarist in Bob Dylan's band, though also has become well known as a music producer. Sexton co-founded Arc Angels and created the Charlie Sexton Sextet. He was still a teenager when he gained fame for his 1985 hit, "Beat's So Lonely", from his debut album, Pictures for Pleasure.

Biography
When he was four Charlie and his mother relocated from San Antonio, Texas to Austin—where clubs such as the Armadillo World Headquarters, Soap Creek Saloon, the Split Rail and Antone's exposed him to popular music. He moved back to Austin at age 12 after a brief period living outside Austin with his mother. When Charlie and his brother, Will Sexton, were still young boys, they were taught how to play guitar by Austin legend W. C. Clark—known as the "Godfather of Austin Blues."

Early successes
Charlie's first band  was the Groovemasters, fronted by Lubbock native R.C. Banks. Under the moniker Little Charlie, he played about 16 dates with the Joe Ely Band in June 1982, after guitarist Jesse Taylor broke some bones in his hand. An observer at the time commented, "Several older guitar players are somewhat miffed but the chemistry is A+".

Sexton performed under the name Guitar Charles Sexton on Juvenile Junk, a five-song EP by the group Maxwell (a.k.a. the Eager Beaver Boys) in 1983.

Sexton released his debut full-length album Pictures for Pleasure in 1985. Recorded in Los Angeles when he was 16, it yielded the Top-20 hit single "Beat's So Lonely". Jon Pareles of the New York Times described him as "a teen idol singing David Bowie-style rock during the years he was promoted by MTV". The album spent 34 weeks on  Billboard magazine's Billboard 200 albums chart, reaching No. 15. It also spawned three Australian Top-100 singles—with "Beat's So Lonely" peaking at No. 17. The song was featured in the  movie Some Kind of Wonderful, but was not included on the commercial soundtrack.

Sexton was an occasional opening act for David Bowie on his Glass Spider Tour in 1987, and appears on the Glass Spider video playing guitar on The Stooges' "I Wanna Be Your Dog" and the Velvet Underground's "White Light/White Heat".

While he was still in his late teens, Sexton became a popular session player—recording with artists such as Ronnie Wood, Keith Richards, Don Henley, Jimmy Barnes and Bob Dylan.

He also recorded My Time with the artist who gave him his start—R.C. Banks.

Other projects
Sexton worked for a time with his brother Will Sexton in 1988.  Will and the Kill released a 38-minute, self-titled album featuring both Sexton and Jimmie Vaughan. The album was recorded at Fire Station Studios in San Marcos, Texas, with Joe Ely producing, and released via MCA Records.

Sexton later contributed songs to various motion picture soundtracks, including True Romance and Air America—and made a cameo fronting a bar band in Thelma & Louise.

In 1992, Sexton formed the Arc Angels with Doyle Bramhall II (son of Doyle Bramhall, one of Stevie Ray Vaughan's writing partners), and Vaughan's Double Trouble rhythm section, composed of bassist Tommy Shannon and drummer Chris "Whipper" Layton. The name originally was spelled as ARC Angels, named for the Austin Rehearsal Complex, where they practiced. The blues-rock band released a self-titled album on Geffen Records that same year. The Steven Van Zandt-produced disc was well received by fans and critics, but the band broke up in less than three years.

Sexton formed the Charlie Sexton Sextet in 1995 and recorded Under The Wishing Tree, released on MCA Records. Although sales were disappointing, it was met with critical acclaim. In the meantime, Sexton continued to perform with other artists—appearing on such notable albums as Lucinda Williams' Car Wheels on a Gravel Road and Shawn Colvin's Grammy-winning album A Few Small Repairs (uncredited).

Association with Bob Dylan
Sexton was hired by Bob Dylan to replace Bucky Baxter in 1999. Sexton had previously played with Dylan during a pair of Austin, Texas, concerts in 1991 and 1996, and on some demos recorded in 1983. Sexton's residency with Dylan from 1999 to 2002 brought him great exposure—with many critics singling out his interplay with Larry Campbell. The group, hailed as one of Dylan's best, recorded "Things Have Changed" (from the 2000 film Wonder Boys) and 2001's critically acclaimed album Love and Theft.

Duke Robillard took over on lead guitar in Dylan's touring band In 2013 but was let go after just 27 shows. Sexton and Colin Linden subsequently shared lead guitar duties for the band from July and into early August. By the European leg of the 2013 Never Ending Tour, Sexton again became the sole lead guitar player and remained so through the end of the touring year.

Other activity
Sexton continued working with other artists; in 2001, he produced Double Trouble's Been a Long Time, and Jimmie Vaughan's album Do You Get the Blues? (2001).

Sexton has produced numerous other works, including Edie Brickell's Volcano (2003), Jon Dee Graham's Great Battle (2004), Shannon McNally's Geronimo (2005), and Los Super Seven's Heard It on the X (2005).

He released his Cruel and Gentle Things in late 2005.

He has continued his producing albums for other artists—including Canadian singer-songwriter Peter Elkas' 2007 release, Wall of Fire.

The Arc Angels began playing occasional reunion shows around Austin and Dallas in 2002. In 2009, the band announced it would tour with original members Layton and Bramhall, but not Shannon, who had health issues. The tour included England dates with Bramhall's sometime boss, Eric Clapton. The band also recorded the CD/DVD Living in a Dream, their second album in 17 years.

Sexton performed the Leonard Cohen song "Hallelujah" with Justin Timberlake and Matt Morris at the Hope for Haiti Now benefit concert and telethon for earthquake relief In 2010. Released as a single, the song marked Sexton's second appearance on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, where it reached No. 13.

Charlie and Will Sexton made a rare appearance as a duo opening for Roky Erickson and Okkervil River at Austin's Paramount Theatre on April 24, 2010. Sexton was also the guest performer for Conan O'Brien's Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour stop in Austin on May 14, 2010. Sexton appeared with the band Spoon during their performance on the television show Austin City Limits. The episode premiered on PBS on October 9, 2010. Sexton performed on the song, "Who Makes Your Money".

Charlie and Will Sexton, Jakob Dylan, Brady Blade and Dave Matthews recorded an album at Blade's studio in Shreveport, Louisiana in early 2013. The group  named themselves the Nauts. The album has not yet been released.

Sexton had a bit part in the Richard Linklater film Boyhood, released in 2014 to near-universal acclaim. (The Guardian ranked it at No. 3 on its 2019 list of the top 100 films of the 21st century.) In 2018, Sexton appeared in the documentary film Carmine Street Guitars and played Townes Van Zandt in the movie Blaze. Also in 2018 he produced the album Writing Wrongs for the Last Knife Fighter at Arlyn Studios in Austin, Texas. He has also played on guitar on the last two Jack Ingram records.

Sexton appeared with Chuck Prophet during the latter's 2019 European tour, covering selections from the Rolling Stones' Some Girls album.

Sexton joined Elvis Costello & the Imposters on their Hello Again 2021 US tour, and continued the association on the band's Boy Named If, and Other Favorites 2022 tour as well.

Sexton appeared on the 75th birthday celebration for David Bowie, produced by former Bowie keyboard player Mike Garson, on January 8, 2022.

In January 2022, the Arc Angels reunited to play four shows in Texas, with Eric Holden replacing Tommy Shannon on bass.

Discography
Studio albums
Pictures for Pleasure (1985)
Charlie Sexton (1989)
Under the Wishing Tree (1995)
Cruel and Gentle Things (2005)
The South Side Sessions (with Shannon McNally) (2006)

References

External links
 Charlie Sexton collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive

1968 births
American blues guitarists
American male guitarists
American blues singer-songwriters
Sexton, Charle
American rock songwriters
American rock singers
Blues rock musicians
Living people
Writers from Austin, Texas
Musicians from San Antonio
Musicians from Austin, Texas
21st-century American male actors
Male actors from Austin, Texas
Male actors from San Antonio
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Guitarists from Texas
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
American male singer-songwriters

Charlie Sexton


Ali Baba Bujang Lapok (Malay: "Ali Baba the Old Bachelor") is a 1961 Singapore Malay-language black-and-white comedy film directed by, written by and starring Malaysian silver-screen legend P. Ramlee and produced in Singapore by Malay Film Productions Ltd. Based loosely on the story of Ali Baba from 1001 Arabian Nights, the film is occasionally self-referential and contains elements of anarchic comedy, burlesque comedy, satire and farce. The title includes the suffix Bujang Lapok because it is the third instalment in the Bujang Lapok series of comedy films that star the trio of P. Ramlee, S. Shamsuddin and Aziz Sattar. This film marked the feature film debut of Sarimah, who would go on to a long movie career, and is also notable as one of the few P. Ramlee films where he plays the villain.

Plot

Ali Baba (Aziz Sattar) is a poor man who cannot succeed in life. He constantly sends his wife to his brother Kassim Baba's house to borrow flour so they can eat, but the stingy Kassim Baba (S. Shamsuddin) is frustrated at his brother and constantly reminds his wife, Norsiah, of Ali Baba's uselessness. When Norsiah comes to ask for flour for the umpteenth time, Kassim Baba loses his temper and lashes out at her sending her home in tears. She blames Ali Baba for putting her in the situation and blames him for not making an effort to seek a job. Ali Baba finally relents and goes out into the woods to gather firewood where he chances upon a group of 40 thieves marching through the woods carrying loot and treasures. He hides in a tree and watches their leader (P. Ramlee) stand in front of a cave and sings a verse of seemingly nonsensical words (niat ingsun matek aji semar ngising, actually a Javanese language poem) which causes an entrance to the cave to open. Ali Baba waits until the thieves have all left the cave before coming out of the tree and using the magic words to open the cave. Inside, he discovers a variety of riches and wealth, but only takes a box of gold coins.

With the gold coins, Ali Baba is able to pay Kassim back everything he owes and live in better comfort. Kassim Baba is overcome with curiosity and pesters Ali Baba to tell him how he suddenly came into wealth. Ali Baba eventually relents and tells Kassim about the cave and the magical verse to open it, but before he can tell him the verse to close the cave, or about the thieves who use it, Kassim Baba rushes off to find the cave.

Kassim, in his greed, tries to steal everything in the cave. The thieves return, find the cave door open and quickly close it. Kassim, who has forgotten the chant to reopen the door, is trapped and caught. Kassim tries to stall, but the thieves eventually kill him. When Kassim does not return home, Ali Baba sneaks out to the cave, where he finds his brothers' remains. He collects Kassim and has him sewn together by bribing the town cobbler, Apek, to do it.

The thieves eventually hear of Apek's strange "job", and identify Kassim Baba as the man they'd killed. The thieves plan to rob his house, which is now under the protection of Ali Baba. This attempt fails twice thanks to the interference of Marjina, Ali Baba's newest servant. The leader of the thieves, enraged by his men's incompetence, decides to look for the house himself. Once he has found it, he poses as an oil merchant visiting Ali Baba's house, while his thieves hide in oil jars that are kept in the courtyard. Marjina discover the hidden thieves and, with the help of Ali Baba's wife and widowed sister-in-law, pour boiling oil into all the individual jars. After all the thieves are defeated, Marjina attacks and kills the leader himself. Ali Baba, grateful for her loyalty, sets her free.

Anachronisms
Although Ali Baba Bujang Lapok is filmed as a period piece set in an unidentified country with a Middle-Eastern look, it is filled with deliberate anachronisms which are used for humour. Among them are the appearances of bicycles, motorcycles, trucks, a Vespa scooter, telephones and guns (especially a punt gun). When on leave, the 40 thieves also dress as various anachronistic characters, among them a cowboy, wig-wearing judge and a World War 2-era Japanese soldier.

In addition, the 40 thieves seem to function as a proper business, offering members health benefits, performance-based bonuses and overtime pay. Like the above anachronistic items, these are played for humorous effect (e.g. the leader of the thieves turns down a job because Sunday is a public holiday, and when the irate requester threatens to find other thieves the leader warns that if he does so the Thieves Union will take action).

Besides, the movie is also notable for mocking the legal status of cannabis and opium in then-British Malaya for humorous effect. It is shown in a scene where Marjina is buying some belacan at the city market, where the seller claims that selling cannabis and opium is legal but belacan is illegal, as it is smuggled from Malaya, even though the actual legal status for those three items in Malaya is the opposite and the words ganja and candu were muted out by shrimp paste smuggler.

The signs were also written in the Jawi script.

Cast
 P. Ramlee as Ketua Penyamun (Leader of the Thieves)
 Aziz Sattar as Ali Baba
 S. Shamsuddin as Kassim Baba
 Normadiah as Aloyah
 Sarimah as Marjina
 K. Fatimah as Norsiah
 Ibrahim Pendek as Sarjan (Sergeant; Thief Second-in-Command)
 Leng Husin as Apek Tukang Kasut (Chinese Shoe Repairman)
 A. Rahim as Penyamun Bin Momotarosan (Thief, son of Momotarosan)
 H. M. Busra as Penyamun Gemuk (Fat Thief)
 Shariff Dol as Orang Kaya Muflis (The Bankrupt Rich Man)
 M. Rafee as Penyamun Bin Rafee (Thief, son of Rafee)
 Ali Fiji as Penyamun Bin Fiji (Thief, son of Fiji)
 Sarban Singh as Penyamun Bin Singh (Thief)
 Kemat Hassan as Orang Kaya (Rich People)
 M. Zain as Tukang Lelong Hamba Abdi (Slave Auctioner)
 Nyong Ismail as Tuan Tabib (Medicine Man)
 Zaiton as Penghibur Gundik (Harem Dancer)
 S. Kadarisman as Tukang cuci mayat (Mortician)
 Mustarjo as Hamba kedi (Servant in drag clothing)
 Ahmad C as Thief
 S. Sudarmaji as Thief
 A. Galak as Thief
 Harun Omar as Thief
 Ramu Kechik as Thief
 Dek Wan Chik as Thief
 Hashim Salleh as Thief
 Ibrahim Hassan as Thief
 Darus Shah as Thief
 Ahmad Ghani as Thief
 Abdul Kadir Mamat @ Pok Dir as Thief

Songs
 Alhamdulillah Syukur Nikmat (Praise the Lord)
 Beginilah Nasib Diriku Yang Malang
 Hoi Hoi Yahoi! Lagu Penyamun (Hoi Hoi Yahoi! The Thieves' Song)
 Aiya! Cik Siti (Oh My! Miss Siti)
 Ya Habibi Ali Baba (Ali Baba, my dear)
 Alangkah Indah di Waktu Pagi (A Beautiful Morning), originally tuned from the Turkish folk song "Üsküdar'a Gider İken / Kâtibim".

References

External links

 Ali Baba Bujang Lapok / 1961 - Filem Malaysia

1961 films
Films based on Ali Baba
Malaysian black-and-white films
Singaporean black-and-white films
Malay-language films
1961 comedy films
Malaysian comedy films
Malaysian satirical films
Films directed by P. Ramlee
Films about social class
Films with screenplays by P. Ramlee
Films scored by P. Ramlee
Malay Film Productions films
Films shot in Singapore
Films set in Baghdad
Bujang Lapok
Singaporean comedy films

Ali Baba Bujang Lapok


Blissford is a hamlet in the civil parish of Hyde situated in the New Forest National Park in Hampshire, England. Its nearest town is Fordingbridge, which lies approximately 2 miles (2.5 km) west from the village. The hamlet lies just to the north of the small village of Frogham. Blissford is situated on low ground around Blissford Cross and towards Ditchend Brook where the ford can be found. References to Blissford appear in records in the early 16th century. The houses in the hamlet are surrounded by patches of woodland and pasture, and there is also a small settlement of mobile homes sited on higher ground.

References

External links

Hamlets in Hampshire
New Forest

Blissford


Aleko () is the first of three completed operas by Sergei Rachmaninoff. The Russian libretto was written by Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko and is an adaptation of the 1827 poem The Gypsies by Alexander Pushkin. The opera was written in 1892 as a graduation work at the Moscow Conservatory, and it won the highest prizes from the conservatory judges that year. It was first performed in Moscow on 9 May 1893.

Performance history
The Bolshoi Theatre's premiere took place on 9 May (O.S. 27 April) 1893 in Moscow.

The composer conducted another performance in Kiev on 18/30 October 1893. (Tchaikovsky had attended the Moscow premiere of Aleko, and Rachmaninoff had intended to hear the premiere of Tchaikovsky's Pathétique Symphony on 16/28 October, but had to catch a train for Kiev to fulfill his Aleko conducting engagement.) A Pushkin centenary celebration performance on 27 May 1899 at the Tauride Palace in Saint Petersburg featured Feodor Chaliapin in the title role, and utilized the chorus and ballet of the Mariinsky Theatre.

The opera had its first performance in England on 15 July 1915 at the London Opera House under the direction of Vladimir Rosing.

The New York City Opera's 2016/17 season opened in Jazz at Lincoln Center's Rose Hall with a double bill of Aleko and Pagliacci, an opera that also premiered in May 1892. James Meena conducted and Stefan Szkafarowsky sang the title role.

Roles

Synopsis
A band of Gypsies has pitched its tents for the night on the bank of a river. Beneath a pale moon, they light campfires, prepare a meal and sing of the freedom of their nomadic existence. An old Gypsy tells a story. Long ago, he loved Mariula who deserted him for another man, leaving behind Zemfira, their daughter. Zemfira is now grown up, has her own child, and lives with Aleko, a Russian who has abandoned civilisation for the Gypsy life. Hearing this story, Aleko is outraged that Zemfira's father took no revenge on Mariula. But Zemfira disagrees. For her, as for her mother, love is free, and she herself has already tired of Aleko's possessiveness and now loves a younger Gypsy, one of her own people. After dances for the women and the men, the Gypsies settle down to sleep. Zemfira appears with her young lover, whom she kisses passionately before disappearing into her own tent to look after her child. Aleko enters and Zemfira taunts him, singing about her wild lover. Alone, Aleko broods on the catastrophe of his relationship with Zemfira and the failure of his attempt to flee the ordinary world. As dawn comes, he surprises Zemfira and her lover together. In a torment of jealousy he kills them both. All the Gypsies gather, disturbed by the noise. Led by Zemfira's father, they spare Aleko's life but cast him out from them forever.

Principal arias and numbers
Aleko's Cavatina / Каватина Алеко (Kavatina Aleko)
The Young Gypsy's Romance / Романс Молодого Цыгана (Romans Molodogo Tsygana)
The Old Gypsy's Story / Рассказ Старика (Rasskaz Starika)
Men's Dance / Пляска мужчин (Plyaska muzhchin)

Critical reception
Like Rachmaninov's two other operas, Aleko shows Rachmaninov finding his own individual style, independent of the traditional number opera or Wagner's music-dramas. Michael Bukinik, a contemporary of Rachmaninov at the conservatory, recalled the rehearsals for the opera:

I was a pupil of the orchestra class, and during the rehearsals, we not only admired, but were made happy and proud by his daring harmonies, and were ready to see in him a reformer.

Geoffrey Norris has noted criticism of the opera as lacking in dramatic momentum and the libretto as being a hastily crafted "hotchpotch". A contemporary critic in the Moskovskiye vedomosti wrote of the opera at the time of the premiere:

Of course there are faults, but they are far outweighed by merits, which lead one to expect much from this young composer in the future.

Recordings
1951 Ivan Ivanovich Petrov, Nina Pokrovskaya, Anatoly Orfenov, Alexander Ognivtzev, Bronislava Zlatogorova; Bolshoi Theatre Chorus and Orchestra; Nikolai Golovanov, Melodiya
1987 Evgeny Nesterenko, Svetlana Volkova, Vyacheslav Polozov, Vladimir Matorin, Raisa Kotova; USSR TV & Radio Large Chorus, Moscow Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra; Dmitri Kitaenko, Moscow Studio Archives / Alto
1990 Arthur Eisen, Lyudmila Sergienko, Gegham Grigoryan, Gleb Nikolsky, Anna Volkova, Vasily Lanovoy; USSR Academic Grand Chorus of Radio & TV, USSR Academic Symphony Orchestra; Yevgeny Svetlanov, Melodiya
1993 Vladimir Matorin, Natalia Erassova, Viatcheslav Potchapski, Vitaly Tarastchenko, Galina Borissova; Russian State Choir, Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra; Andrei Chistiakov, Chant du Monde
1995 Samson Isoumov, Marina Lapina, Oleg Koulko, Leonid Tischenko; Aleko Choir, Donetsk Philharmonic Orchestra; Roman Kofman (Live Rotterdam), Verdi Records / Brilliant
1996 Nicola Ghiuselev, Blagovesta Karnabatlova, Pavel Kourchoumov, Dimiter Petkov, Tony Christova; Bulgarian Broadcasting Chorus, Plovdiv Philharmonic Orchestra; Rouslan Raichev, Capriccio
1997 Sergei Leiferkus, Maria Guleghina, Ilya Levinsky, Anatoli Kotscherga, Anne Sofie von Otter; Gothenburg Opera Chorus, Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra; Neeme Järvi, Deutsche Grammophon
2006 Egils Silins, Maria Gavrilova, Alexandra Dursuneva, Andrey Dunayev; Moscow Chamber Choir, RSO Moscow; Vladimir Fedoseyev, Relief
2007 Vassily Gerello, Olga Guryakova, Vsevolod Grivnov, Mikhail Kit; Yurlov Capella, Moscow Chamber Orchestra; Constantine Orbelian, Delos
2009. Sergey Murzaev, Svetla Vassileva, Evgeny Akimov, Gennady Bezzubenkov, Nadezhda Vasilieva; Coro del Teatro Regio di Torino, BBC Philharmonic; Gianandrea Noseda, Chandos
Notable excerpts
 1929 Feodor Chaliapin: Aleko's Cavatina. Available on LP, CD, online. Electrical (microphone) recording. A 1924 acoustical (horn) recording also exists.
Video
 1986 Evgeny Nesterenko (Aleko), Nelli Volshaninova/Svetlana Volkova (Zemfira), Sandor Semenov/Mikhail Muntyan (Young Gypsy), Vladimir Golovin/Vladimir Matorin (Old Gypsy), Maria Papazian/Raisa Kotova (Old Gypsy Woman); Gosteleradio Chorus, Moscow State Symphony Orchestra; Dmitri Kitaenko, VAI

References

Operas by Sergei Rachmaninoff
1893 operas
Russian-language operas
One-act operas
Operas based on works by Aleksandr Pushkin
Operas

Aleko (Rachmaninoff)


A cake pop is a form of cake styled as a lollipop. Cake crumbs are mixed with icing or chocolate, and formed into small spheres or cubes in the same way as cake balls, before being given a coating of icing, chocolate or other decorations and attached to lollipop sticks.
 Cake pops can be a way of using up leftover cake or cake crumbs.

The cake pop increased in popularity between 2009 and 2011. The cake pop peaked in popularity during the late 2010s and early 2020s due to Starbucks' famous cake pops and gender reveal parties using them to reveal their child's gender.

Preparation

Cake pops use many of the ingredients used in baking a traditional cake and can be made from cakes of any flavor.

Many recipes found online use a cake mix instead of a cake batter from scratch. While more convenient, it does not necessarily deliver the same result. The homemade or "made from scratch" cake recipes tend to yield a cake with a much denser crumb than what one would normally get when using a store-bought mix, which ends up performing better especially after being mixed with homemade frosting. The denser cake is stiffer, making it easier to shape the balls and attach the sticks. Store bought mix yields a lighter cake that does not harden as much, and the sticks tend to slip out after attached.

Once the cake has been baked, or when leftovers from an existing cake have been collected, it is crumbled into pieces. These crumbs are mixed into a bowl of frosting and the resulting mixture is shaped into balls, cubes or other shapes. Each ball is attached to a lollipop stick dipped in melted chocolate, and put in the fridge to chill. Once the mixture solidifies, it is dipped in melted chocolate to form a hard shell, and decorated with sprinkles or decorative sugars. The cake balls can be frozen to speed the solidification process.

Making a cake pop is quite time-consuming. As for preparing the cake to be molded to its desirable form and applying decoration, some simple forms and shapes can be molded by hand such as spheres and circles while complex shapes may require additional molding tools.

See also
 Cake balls
Dango

References

Cakes
Articles containing video clips
Lollipops
American desserts

Cake pop


Patrick "Pat" Lachman (born in 1970) is an American heavy metal guitarist and vocalist.

Biography

Portland, Oregon native Lachman started playing guitar at age 12. He was a short-lived member of Dr. Mastermind, featuring former Wild Dogs vocalist Matt McCourt, before joining his brother, vocalist Tim Lachman, in another local band, Gargoyle, in 1988. Gargoyle would move to Los Angeles in 1990 where the band morphed into State of the Art, recording an acclaimed three-song demo before disbanding in 1993. The Lachman brothers next hooked up with Canada native Shane Gaalaas, then the drummer for Swedish guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen, and recorded another demo under the name Eleventh Hour. In 1996, Lachman and Gaalaas teamed up with former Last Rites and World in Pain members A.J. Cavalier (later to join SOiL) and Jeff Mohr to form Diesel and cut a six-song demo. Parting ways with Mohr and adding Rich Gonzales, formerly with Recipients of Death, on bass, the band would change their name to Diesel Machine in time for the release of their debut album, Torture Test, in 2000. By then, Lachman had already been picked as one of the guitar players for Halford, the solo band of Judas Priest vocalist Rob Halford.

With Halford, Lachman co-wrote and recorded Resurrection (2000), Live Insurrection (2001), and another studio album, Crucible (2002). He also collaborated with Tommy Victor of Prong on the song "Initiation" which appeared on the band's 2002 100% Live album and was re-recorded as "Embrace the Depth" for Scorpio Rising. 2003 saw the release of a Halford EP titled Fourging the Furnace, released in Japan only.

Lachman had already left the Halford band in November 2002 to join former Pantera guitarist "Dimebag Darrell" Abbott and his brother, drummer Vinnie Paul Abbott, in a new band called Damageplan as their vocalist. Their debut album, New Found Power, was released in 2004; in addition, the song "Ashes to Ashes", featuring Jerry Cantrell of Alice in Chains, appeared on The Punisher soundtrack. The band had recorded several songs for a second album, however, on December 8, 2004, during a Damageplan show at the Alrosa Villa in Columbus, Ohio, Darrell was fatally shot on stage by 25-year-old mentally ill ex-Marine Nathan Gale, who was shot and killed by police minutes later.

After the untimely demise of Damageplan, Lachman put together a new band called The Mercy Clinic in 2005 with guitarists Brian Harrah (Professional Murder Music) and Josh Stinson (Drist), bassist Steed Najera (Triple Seven), and drummer Bevan Davies (Danzig, Comes with the Fall, Jerry Cantrell). Over the course of the next couple of years, the group would write and demo upwards of 20 songs and played frequent shows in the Los Angeles area but ultimately failed to land a record deal. Subsequently, the project was put on hold. On In February 2005, Lachman performed with the surviving members of Alice in Chains at a benefit for tsunami relief in Seattle, Washington, filling in for their late lead singer Layne Staley, along with fellow singers Maynard James Keenan (Tool), Wes Scantlin (Puddle of Mudd), and Ann Wilson (Heart).

Lachman filled in for Killswitch Engage's guitarist Adam Dutkiewicz on the band's North American tour in early 2007. He also filled in for Dutkiewicz at Download Festival 2007.
In 2008, Lachman began working with Raymond Herrera and Christian Olde Wolbers formerly of Fear Factory under the name Burn It All.

On April 1, 2019, Lachman and Diesel Machine released "Shut It", their first new song in nearly two decades, and announced a tentative fall 2019 release for their long in the works sophomore album, Evolve. The album was finally released on August 21, 2020, through German company Metalville.

On April 30, 2021, Cosmosquad & The Jasonauts released a digital single of "A Jam For Jason MMXXI" on Bandcamp to raise funds for ALS stricken musician Jason Becker, with Lachman contributing lead guitars alongside Jeff Kollman, Chris Poland, Vinnie Moore, and Steve Morse. Lachman had recorded his parts 20 years earlier but this particular version of the track was never released and had only recently been re-discovered.

Discography

Halford
Resurrection (2000)
Live Insurrection (2001)
Crucible (2002)
Fourging the Furnace EP (2003)
Metal God Essentials, Vol. 1 (2006)
Halford: Live at Rock in Rio III DVD (2008)

Diesel Machine
Torture Test (2000)
Evolve (2020)

Damageplan
New Found Power (2004)

The Mercy Clinic
The Mercy Clinic demos (2005, 2006)

Cosmosquad & The Jasonauts
A Jam for Jason MMXXI digital single (2021)

Compilations and soundtracks
Overload – A Tribute to Metallica (1998)
with Diesel Machine – The Thing That Should Not Be
A Call to Irons: A Tribute to Iron Maiden Volume 2 (1999)
with Diesel Machine – Children of the Damned
Devilswork: A Tribute to Ministry (2000)
with Diesel Machine – Supermanic Soul
Southern Death – Tribute to Pantera (2000)
with Diesel Machine – Primal Concrete Sledge
Slave to the Power – The Iron Maiden Tribute (2000)
with Eleventh Hour – Alexander the Great
with Error 7 – Stranger in a Strange Land
The Punisher OST (2004)
with Damageplan – Ashes to Ashes (featuring Jerry Cantrell)

References

1970 births
Living people
Musicians from Portland, Oregon
American heavy metal guitarists
Sunset High School (Beaverton, Oregon) alumni
Guitarists from Oregon
Halford (band) members
Damageplan members
Nu metal singers
21st-century American guitarists

Patrick Lachman


David Grossman is an American film and television director. He is best known for his work on the ABC series Desperate Housewives, where he also served as co-executive producer.

Grossman's other television directing credits include Lost, Weird Science, MadTV, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Angel, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Dead Like Me, Malcolm in the Middle, Ally McBeal, Devious Maids, Revenge, 12 Monkeys, The InBetween, Grand Hotel, Why Women Kill, Tell Me a Story, 9-1-1: Lone Star, 9-1-1, Motherland: Fort Salem and In the Dark among other series.

References

External links

American film directors
American television directors
American television producers
Daytime Emmy Award winners
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)

David Grossman (director)


Duke Eugen of Württemberg (; 25 December 1820 – 8 January 1875) was a German prince.

Biography

Early life and family
Duke Eugen was born at Carlsruhe, Kingdom of Prussia, second child and first son of Duke Eugen of Württemberg (1788–1857), (son of Duke Eugen of Württemberg, and Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern) and his wife, Princess Mathilde of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1801–1825), (daughter of George I, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont and Princess Augusta of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen).

Military career
Eugen was Commander of the 1st Westphalian Hussars No. 8.

Death
Eugen died aged 54. At the time of his death he was second in the line to the throne of Württemberg after Prince William (later King William II).

Marriage and issue
On 15 July 1843, in Bückeburg, he married Princess Mathilde of Schaumburg-Lippe (1818–1891), daughter of George William, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe and Princess Ida of Waldeck and Pyrmont.
They had three children:
Duchess Wilhelmine of Württemberg (11 July 1844 – 24 April 1892), married in 1868, Duke Nicholas of Württemberg, no issue.
Duke Eugen of Württemberg (20 August 1846 – 27 January 1877) married in 1874 to Grand Duchess Vera Constantinovna of Russia, had issue.
Duchess Pauline of Württemberg (11 April 1854 – 23 April 1914) married in 1880 to Dr. Melchor Hans Ottokar Willim, had issue.

Honours
Order of the Crown (Württemberg)

Ancestry

Notes and sources
thePeerage.com - Eugen Herzog von Württemberg
The Royal House of Stuart, London, 1969, 1971, 1976, Addington, A. C., Reference: page 222
L'Allemagne dynastique, Huberty, Giraud, Magdelaine, Reference: vol II page 525.

1820 births
1875 deaths
People from the Kingdom of Prussia
Eugen

Duke Eugen of Württemberg (1820–1875)


The Philippine National Police Aviation Security Group (PNP-AVSEGROUP) is responsible for enforcing laws and regulations related to air travel in the Philippines.

In the past, their duties were performed by the Philippines' Aviation Security Command (AVSECOM), formed in 1976. The security group was later renamed in 1986 to Philippine Air Force Security Command (PAFSECOM).

PNP-AVSEGROUP was formed following the passage of Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990 (Republic Act 6975) to counter acts of terrorism that threaten civil aviation in the Philippines.

History
In response to the invitation of the United States Government, representatives from the 54 nations met at Chicago to "make arrangements for the immediate establishment of provisional world air routes and services" and "to set up an interim council to collect record and study data concerning international aviation and to make recommendations for its improvement."

The Conference also discusses the principles and methods to be followed in the adoption of a new aviation convention."

The Convention on International Civil Aviation (also known as Chicago Convention), is later signed by 52 States at the end of the Chicago Conference in the Grand Ballroom of the Stevens Hotel on December 7, 1944, establishing the Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization (PICAO) pending ratification from the 26 States.

On March 5, 1947, the ratification from the 26 States was received and on April 4, 1947, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) came into force.

In October 1947, the ICAO became a specialized agency of the United Nations linked to Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).

On December 16, 1970, the convention for the suppression of unlawful seizure of aircraft took place at the Hague, Netherlands by which the contracting states agreed to prohibits and punish aircraft hijacking. It came into effect on October 14, 1971, after it was ratified by 10 states.

On September 23, 1971, the convention for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of civil aviation took place at Montreal, Canada which the contracting states agreed to prohibit and punish behavior which may threaten the safety of civil aviation and came into effect on January 26, 1973, after it was ratified by 10 states.

On June 19, 1971, the Philippine Congress enacted RA 6235 known as the anti-hijacking law. An act that prohibits certain acts inimical to civil aviation, making it unlawful for any person to compel a change in the course of an aircraft of Philippine registry or seize, or usurp the control thereof while it is in flight.

On April 28, 1976, the Philippine gov't issued presidential letter of instruction nr. 399 creating the national action Committee on anti-hijacking or the NACAH, with the secretary of the national defense as chairman and seven other agencies as members.

On June 1, 1976, the Armed Forces of the Philippines-Aviation Security Command or the AVSECOM was organized as the implementing arm of NACAH with the primary mission of ensuring the continuous and uninterrupted operation of civil aviation industry in the country.

On March 1, 1986, AVSECOM was later renamed as the Philippine Air Force Security Command or PAFSECOM by virtue of Headquarters, AFP General Orders number 37.

On December 31, 1990, with the enactment of RA 6975, otherwise known as an act establishing the PNP under a reorganized Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG). The chairmanship of NACAH was transferred from DND to the DILG. The mission and functions of the defunct PAFSECOM was transferred to the PNP.

On July 1, 1991, the PNP assumed the responsibility of ensuring the uninterrupted and secured operation of the civil aviation industry in the country thru the Police Aviation Security Command or PASCOM which was later renamed as the PNP-Aviation Security Group with its acronym PNP-ASG by virtue of General Hqs PNP Memorandum Circular Number 96-01 dated September 12, 1996.

The National Hqs, PNP amended the acronym PNP-ASG to PNP-AVSEGROUP pursuant to General Orders number 07-09 dated August 6, 2007.

References

Law enforcement in the Philippines


Vanchinbalyn Injinash (,  Classical Mongolian: inǰannasi)  (1837-1892) was a Mongolian poet, novelist and historian from a Mongol area in modern-day Liaoning, China.

His verses, stories and novels are distinguished by their markedly civic sentiments and strong social criticism. The Blue Chronicle, a historical novel, is perhaps one of his best known works, it is about the events of the 13th century, and upholds humanistic and profoundly patriotic ideals.

In another of his important works, One-Storey Pavilion, a two-part social novel, he describes life in southern Inner Mongolia, and the tragic fate of its young people under the Manchu yoke, and their struggle for human dignity.

One-Storey Pavilion and another novel The Chamber of Red Tears bear a striking resemblance to Chinese literature such as Dream of the Red Chamber. In addition, they contain a considerable number of Chinese loan words and direct translations from Chinese, which are difficult for readers unfamiliar with Chinese to understand. Anyway, he continued to write Mongolian and never adopted a pro-Chinese stance.

Injinash's works were translated into Chinese, English, Russian and German languages after the 1930s.

Life
He was born in Tümed Right Wing Banner of Josutu League, Inner Mongolia (modern-day, Beipiao, Chaoyang, Liaoning Province). He had a childhood name Khaschuluu (qasčilaɣu, Хасчулуу, ), Chinese name Baoying (寶瑛) and courtesy name Runting (潤亭). His father Vanchinbal (vangčinbala, Ванчинбал, ) was a taiji (Mongol title), and hence, a descendant of Genghis Khan. Injinash's mother was Vanchinbal taiji's lady Mayukha. Vanchinbal was a bookcollector of Mongolian, Classical Chinese, Manchu and Tibetan literature. According to Injinash's preface, the first eight chapters of The Blue Chronicle were written by Vanchinbal. His family was highly literate in Mongolian, Manchu, and Chinese languages.

His father, Vanchinbal, was a banner administrator of Tümed Right Banner (modern Beipiao county, Liaoning province) and his position was inherited by two of his sons, Gularansa (1820–51) and Süngwaidanjung (1834–98). These two also translated the Chinese novel: Shuihu zhuan (Water Margin) into Mongolian, and like their middle brother, Gungnechuke (1832–66), were poets. Injinash claimed he worked on The Blue Chronicle with his two brothers. Injinash married twice and his first wife was the daughter of a Kharchin prince and had two sons.

As Tümed Right Wing Banner was close to China, it was subjected to an enormous population pressure from China. By the time Injinash was born, the banner has been transformed into agricultural land by the Chinese, who outnumbered the indigenous Mongols. Apparently, this situation led Injinash to depicts in The Blue Chronicle (Mongolian: Köke Sudar) the glorious past of the Mongols of Genghis Khan's time.

A rebellion by his family's Chinese tenants in 1870 and the failure of the Injinash family's investment in a coal mine caused financial distress. The ethnic tensions between the Mongols and Chinese resulted in the Jindandao Incident of 1891. The Chinese rebels massacred tens of thousands of Mongols and devastated the Mongol society of the Josutu and Ju'udu Leagues. These factors forced Injinash to flee to Jinzhou, and he died in Liaoning on 25 February 1892.

Works
 The Blue Chronicle (köke sudur, Хөх судар (Khökh Sudar))
 The Chamber of Red Tears (ulaɣan-a ukilaqu tingkim, Улаанаа Ухилах танхим (Ulaanaa Ukhilakh Tankhim))
 One-Storey Pavilion (nigen dabqur asar, Нэгэн Давхар Асар (Negen Davkhar Asar))

References

External links
 Oral and Written Literature Consulate of Mongolia in Hong Kong

Borjigin
1837 births
1892 deaths
Mongolian poets
19th-century Mongol writers
19th-century Mongol poets

Vanchinbalyn Injinash


Hans Claessen or Claesz (1562–1623) was an influential merchant from Amsterdam. He was a founding member and CEO of both the New Netherland Company and the Greenland Company. Claessen lived at the Keizersgracht 118-120 and is buried in the Nieuwe Kerk on the Dam Square

Claessen was involved in the fur trade and had commercial interests on the Bay of Biscay. He also shipped large quantities of wood from Sweden to Spain, as well as salt from Riga. His organisation, the Hans Claesz Compagnie, had a patent from the Staten Generaal to trade near the Hudson area. In August 1613 Hans Claessen had a meeting with Prince Maurits, which in 1614 eventually led to a merger of all the Amsterdam companies into the New Netherlands Company.

Hans Claessen had one daughter, Susanna Claessen (1599). She married the mayor of the Hague Abraham Le Fever (1585-1655) who was also one of the leaders of the contra-remonstrants. They are among the ancestors of many families in both the former New Netherlands colonies and the Caribbean, and of North-American Huguenot descendants.

References

16th-century Dutch businesspeople
17th-century Dutch businesspeople
1562 births
1623 deaths
Burials at the Nieuwe Kerk, Amsterdam
Businesspeople from Amsterdam
People from New Netherland

Hans Claessen


No contest is a plea in which the defendant making the plea has chosen not to dispute the criminal charges against them, particularly in United States courts. No contest pleas usually carry results similar to pleading or being found guilty of different classes of crimes. No contest is called Nolo contendere in the Latin terminology. Some countries other than the U.S. do not allow people to plead no contest.

Legal terms

No contest


Berl Senofsky (April 19, 1926 − June 21, 2002) was an American classical violinist and teacher, active during the twentieth century.

Biography

Senofsky was born in Philadelphia in 1926. His parents were violinists and had moved to the United States from the Soviet Union. He started on violin at age three and was taught by his father. His talent was noted early on. At age six he won a scholarship to study with Louis Persinger. At age twelve he won a scholarship to study at Juilliard with Ivan Galamian, which turned into a twelve-year association.

Senofsky served in the milliary during World War II. Following the war he debuted in New York City and won the William Naumburg Competition in 1946. Soon after, he started to perform with the Cleveland Orchestra under George Szell. He was the assistant concertmaster of the Cleveland Orchestra from 1951 to 1955. In 1955 he became the first American to win the Queen Elisabeth Competition, an international competition in Belgium. Subsequently, he became a jury member of the competition and toured extensively and internationally, including in Australia, Africa, Europe, South America, United States, Soviet Union and East Asia. In the United States he performed with the New York Philharmonic, American Symphony Orchestra, Chicago Symphony, Los Angeles Philharmonic, Pittsburgh Symphony and others.

Senofsky was a faculty member at the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore and taught from 1965 to 1996. During this period, he gave a performance at the Library of Congress which was recorded and subsequently released. He founded the American Artists International Foundation which prepared young violinists for competition. In 1983 he was invited to China by the Shanghai Conservatory to teach, perform, and start a music program.

In a 1979 interview, Senofsky said: "to me music is a higher calling than just a profession". In 1999 he was featured in a documentary about renowned musicians whose later careers were spent away from the spotlight. He was a well-respected teacher and was called an American musical hero by Newsweek. His students perform in major symphony orchestras. He played a 1771 Balestrieri violin and a 1757 Landolfi violin. As a young man Senofsky was athletic and played football. In later years he enjoyed gatherings with friends and had a sense of humor.

Senofsky died of complications from heart and lung disease on June 21, 2002, at age 76 in his home in Baltimore, Maryland.

References

External links
Berl Senofsky – biography at Prone to Violins

American classical violinists
Male classical violinists
American male violinists
Prize-winners of the Queen Elisabeth Competition
Peabody Institute faculty
20th-century classical violinists
Musicians from Philadelphia
American people of Russian descent
1926 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from lung disease
Classical musicians from Pennsylvania
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American violinists

Berl Senofsky


Bernardino Realino (1 December 1530 – 2 July 1616) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and a professed member of the Jesuits. His entire career was devoted to the areas of Naples and Lecce. Realino pursued a career in law and served in several municipal capacities before feeling called to the Jesuit life and being ordained to the priesthood in Naples. He is often dubbed as the "Apostle of Lecce" for his commitment to the poor and for his preaching abilities.

Realino received beatification in 1896 from Pope Leo XIII while Pope Pius XII canonized him on 22 June 1947 as a saint of the Catholic Church.

Life

Bernardino Realino was born in Carpi on 1 December 1530 to nobles. His father was a collaborator of Cardinal Cristoforo Madruzzo.

He first attended school at Modena. Realino began his studies in philosophy and medicine in Bologna but altered this midcourse to law; it was said that a woman he fell in love with persuaded him to do so on the assumption that Realino would be good at practising law. It also offered greater opportunities for advancement and wealth. He graduated with a doctorate in law – both civil and canon law – at the Bologna college in 1556. Through his family's influence, in 1556 he was appointed as the podestà of both the Cassine and Felizzano cities – he served as a judge in Felizzano. Realino was viewed as honest and became the praetor of Castelleone; he also worked as the chief tax collector in Alessandria. Realino became noted in these places for his legal brilliance and learning. He entered the service of Francesco Ferdinando d'Avalos and moved to Naples to act as the superintendent of the fiefs of the Marquis.

In Naples a Jesuit preacher's sermon so moved him that he sought out the priest and had him hear his confession; the priest noted his inclination to the religious life and – with some other Jesuit priests – invited him in August 1564 to make a week-long spiritual retreat with them, to discern his call. He joined the Jesuits on 13 October 1564 (Alfonso Salmeron welcomed him into the order) and began his period of the novitiate. Realino was ordained to the priesthood on 24 May 1567; he made his vows in October 1566. Francis Borgia appointed Realino as the novice master at Naples. He was later sent to found a Jesuit house and college in Lecce in 1574. In 1583 he began a movement for diocesan priests to foster their virtues and to improve their moral-theological education to make them better confessors and preachers. Realino spent most of his life going from place to place preaching parish missions. He taught catechism and visited slaves on the galleys in the harbour at Naples.

In 1610 he suffered a fall and sustained two wounds that never healed. Not long before his death blood was taken from one leg wound and placed in glass vials; his health took a sharp decline in June 1616. Following his death in mid-1616 the relics of his blood which were kept were reported to have liquified. On his deathbed, the Lecce magistrates asked him twice that he be the town's patron when he entered Heaven. Realino could not speak but nodded in approval and died whispering: "Gesù ... Maria". The blood was liquefied until the mid 19th century, though later instances were also reported.

Roberto Bellarmino heard of his death and said: "I have never heard a complaint about Father Realino though I have been his provincial; even those who were ill-disposed to the society who seized every opportunity to speak unfavourably of it always made an exception for Realino. ...Everyone knows that he is a saint".

Sainthood
Realino was proclaimed to be Venerable on 31 July 1838 after Pope Gregory XVI confirmed his life of heroic virtue. Pope Leo XIII beatified the Jesuit priest in Saint Peter's Basilica on 12 January 1896 (after the confirmation of two miracles attributed to him) and a decree for the resumption of the cause was issued on 1 May 1902; an informative process for two additional miracles was held and it received validation from the Congregation for Rites on 29 February 1940, while a preparatory committee approved them on 1 April 1941. Pope Pius XII later canonized him as a saint (after the confirmation of two more miracles) on 22 June 1947.

Pius XII named him as the patron saint for Lecce on 15 December 1947.

His remains are preserved in Lecce in the Chiesa del Gesù.

References

Sources
 Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. The Penguin Dictionary of Saints. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. .

External links
 Hagiography Circle
 Santi e Beati

1530 births
1616 deaths
16th-century Christian saints
16th-century venerated Christians
16th-century Italian Jesuits
17th-century Christian saints
17th-century venerated Christians
17th-century Italian Jesuits
Beatifications by Pope Leo XIII
Canonizations by Pope Pius XII
Italian Roman Catholic saints
Jesuit saints
People from Carpi, Emilia-Romagna
University of Bologna alumni
Venerated Catholics

Bernardino Realino


Oey Djie San, Kapitein der Chinezen (died in 1925) was a Chinese-Indonesian public figure, bureaucrat and landlord, best known for his role as Landheer of Karawatji and Kapitein der Chinezen of Tangerang. In the latter capacity, he headed the local Chinese civil administration in Tangerang as part of the Dutch colonial system of 'indirect rule'.

Life
Oey was born into an old family of the 'Cabang Atas' aristocracy in the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia). His father, Oey Khe Tay, also served as Kapitein der Chinezen of Tangerang from 1884 until dying in office in 1897, while his great-grandfather, Oey Eng Sioe, was a  der Chinezen from 1856 until 1864 before retiring with the honorary rank of Kapitein-titulair der Chinezen. Oey's mother, Nie Kim Nio, was the daughter of Nie Boen Tjeng, Kapitein der Chinezen and a descendant of Kapitein Nie Hoe Kong, who was in office at the time of the Chinese Massacre of Batavia in 1740. As a descendant of Chinese officers, Oey bore the title 'Sia' from birth. In addition to their tradition of public service, his family also owned extensive particuliere landerijen, or private domains, in Tangerang, centred on Karawatji.

In 1895, together with his father, Oey incorporated Cultuur-Maatschappij Karawatji-Tjilongok, a new landholding company with a capital of 600,000 guilders, controlling the family's historic domains of Karawatji-Tjilongok, Grendeng, Gandoe and Karawatji-Tjibodas. He acted as director of the newly-established company. As a Chinese-Indonesian country squire, he supported local education and cultural endeavours, for example by acting as patron of the local branch of Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan, a Confucian cultural and educational organisation, when it was founded in Tangerang in 1904. He also dabbled in horse racing, sending his thoroughbred, Rosebloom, to the races in 1907.

Oey's bureaucratic career began with his elevation in 1907 to the post of Kapitein der Chinezen of Tangerang in succession to the outgoing Kapitein Oey Giok Koen (in office from 1899 until 1907). The new incumbent was a maternal first cousin of the outgoing Kapitein's wife. This appointment broke with established convention, which dictated that a Kapitein should only be chosen from the ranks of Luitenants, usually the oldest or longest-serving. Though he came from a family of Chinese officers, Oey had not served previously in any government position. In 1909, he took a leave of absence for one year while he travelled on a 'Grand Tour' of Europe, in part to visit his two eldest sons who were at school in Haarlem in the Netherlands. He resumed his duties upon returning to the Indies in 1910, and served as Kapitein until 1916. In 1917, the former Kapitein was appointed by the colonial authorities to the Gewestelijke Raad ['Regional Council'] of Batavia.

Kapitein Oey Djie San died on October 11, 1925, in Karawatji, Tangerang. His eldest son, Oey Kiat Tjin, succeeded him as Landheer of Karawatji, and eventually in 1928 as the last Kapitein der Chinezen of Tangerang; a younger son, Oey Kiat Ho, was a prominent landowner and community leader.

See also
 Kapitan Cina
 Benteng Chinese
 Particuliere landerijen

References

1925 deaths
People from the Dutch East Indies
Indonesian people of Chinese descent
Indonesian Hokkien people
Kapitan Cina in Indonesia
Sia (title)

Oey Djie San


Bogue Chitto National Wildlife Refuge is located  northeast of New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S., and encompasses  of Pearl River Basin swampland.

History

On June 30, 1980, President Jimmy Carter signed Public Law 96-288 authorizing the  Bogue Chitto National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in Washington and St. Tammany Parishes, Louisiana, and Pearl River County, Mississippi. Since that time, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has been acquiring bottomland hardwood habitat in the Pearl River Basin. On December 13, 1989, Congress authorized a boundary expansion for Bogue Chitto NWR that included an additional  of bottomland hardwoods in St. Tammany Parish. To date, some  have been placed under refuge management. The refuge is still in an acquisition phase.

Access

Access is primarily by boat on the refuge's Louisiana side and road access is available on the refuge's Mississippi side. In the summer of 2002, a new  walking trail was unveiled on the Louisiana side of the Refuge that allows access into the interior of Bogue Chitto's habitat.

Wildlife and habitat
The refuge is home to hundreds of bird species. The most abundant species are the Neotropical migrants, including the prothonotary and Swainson's warblers, tyrant flycatchers, yellow-billed cuckoo, and white-eyed vireo. In smaller numbers found on the refuge are migratory game birds such as American woodcock and wild turkey, wading birds such as egrets and herons, waterfowl such as wood duck, and raptors such as hawks and owls. Endangered and threatened species found on the refuge are bald eagle, ringed map turtle, gopher tortoise, inflated heelsplitter, and Gulf sturgeon. White-tail deer, squirrel, turkey and wild boar hunting and fishing are offered to the public.

Bogue Chitto NWR is primarily composed of bottomland hardwood habitat interlaced by the Bogue Chitto and Pearl river systems. Numerous sloughs, bayous and lakes are located on the refuge. Water levels fluctuate by several feet from their low point in the summer to winter/spring flood stage. Over 90% of the refuge can be flooded during seasonal high river periods. The mixed hardwood forest includes Water oak, Overcup Oak, American Elm, Sweetgum, and Red Maple on higher elevations and Bald Cypress, Water Tupelo, and Black Tupelo along the wettest areas. Mid-story in mixed hardwoods includes American Hophornbeam, Southern Arrowwood, Virginia Sweetspire and reproduction of the overstory. Typical mid-story plants along the sloughs and bayous are Buttonbush, Eastern Swampprivet, and Water Elm.

References

External links
 Bogue Chitto National Wildlife Refuge
 Bogue Chitto National Wildlife Refuge  Profile
 Bogue Chitto National Wildlife Refuge Recreation Activities

National Wildlife Refuges in Louisiana
National Wildlife Refuges in Mississippi
Protected areas of Pearl River County, Mississippi
Protected areas of St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana
Protected areas of Washington Parish, Louisiana
Protected areas established in 1980
Wetlands and bayous of Louisiana
Wetlands of Mississippi
Landforms of Pearl River County, Mississippi
Landforms of St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana
Landforms of Washington Parish, Louisiana
1980 establishments in Louisiana
1980 establishments in Mississippi
Mississippi placenames of Native American origin

Bogue Chitto National Wildlife Refuge


The Ivory Quinby House is an Italianate and Greek Revival estate built by architect John C. Cochrane for Ivory Quinby (1817–1869), a prominent Monmouth, Illinois citizen. Quinby, who was an early benefactor and a founder of Monmouth College, also helped the city of Monmouth become the transportation center it is today, by bringing the Peoria and Oquawka Railroad through town in the early 1850s. The National Register of Historic Places property has been owned by Monmouth College since 1965.

History
In 1862, Quinby set aside a plot of land on the corner of East Euclid Avenue and 6th Street, which was located on a large section of property he had donated to the city for the purpose of expansion and improvement. He had surveyed the area and determined it was the highest point in Monmouth. Quinby had owned a number of houses in Monmouth but wanted something larger. In 1866, Quinby contacted noted Chicago architect John C. Cochrane (who would go on to design the Iowa State Capitol), who designed the home. Construction was completed in 1867. Records indicate indoor plumbing was installed as late as 1901. The house stayed in the Quinby family until 1965, when it was deeded to Monmouth College, reflecting the family's long-standing ties with the college for 112 years. The estate currently serves as the home of the college President. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 20, 1980.

Renovations
A large two-story front porch and bay window was added in the early 1890s.

By 1996, the Quinby House had become run down, and was in need of renovation. An estimate of the cost of such an undertaking was $500,000. Ivory Quinby III, who deeded the home to Monmouth College in 1965, stipulated that if the home was left vacant for more than two years, it was to be razed. Since the mansion was becoming increasingly unlivable, funds were raised by the college, and the home was completely renovated from 1996 to 1997. Windows were replaced (many with the original glass panes), gas light fixtures were wired for electricity, and the original steam heating system was replaced. The house had also been outfitted with a marble coal-burning fireplace, which was kept intact, but non-functioning.

References

Article on the Ivory Quinby House renovation – Carol Clark, Galesburg Register Mail, 1996
Talk given at a meeting of Fortnightly of Monmouth – Eileen Loya, 1984

External links

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Greek Revival houses in Illinois
Italianate architecture in Illinois
Houses completed in 1867
Houses in Warren County, Illinois
Monmouth College
National Register of Historic Places in Warren County, Illinois
1867 establishments in Illinois

Ivory Quinby House


Jacob Marley is a fictional character created by Charles Dickens for his 1843 novella A Christmas Carol. Marley was a greedy businessman and a friend and partner of Ebenezer Scrooge. After Marley died his ghost haunted Scrooge and explained that since he never helped anyone when he was alive he had to fix that by helping people from the afterlife so he wouldn't be chained up in contracts and ledgers for eternity. Marley's ghost tries to scare Scrooge into becoming a better person so that Scrooge won't have to suffer in the afterlife. When that doesn't work, Marley decides to have three spirits come to Scrooge for him, the Ghost of Christmas Past, the Ghost of Christmas Present and the Ghost of Christmas Yet To Come.

Characters in written fiction
Movie characters
Fictional British people

Jacob Marley


Schubert's Symphony in D major, D 2B/997, is an unfinished work that survives in an incomplete 30-bar orchestral score. The sketch includes the whole slow introduction and the first theme of the Allegro before breaking off. It is one of Schubert's six unfinished symphonies. It was begun in 1811, when Schubert was fourteen years old, but it is unclear exactly how much he wrote before he abandoned the symphony (despite the fact that he would live another seventeen years). Its instrumentation is for the standard early Schubertian and classical orchestra, with the addition of trombones.

Schubert authority, conductor, and composer Brian Newbould suggests that the piece was modelled on Ludwig van Beethoven's second symphony. Despite Beethoven not including trombones in that symphony, Schubert included trombones in this incomplete work. Newbould states that the presence of trombones does not fit well with early Schubert's orchestral style and notes that they "have nothing special to contribute. Nor is the youngster sure how to notate their part. ... Perhaps he was merely obeying one of those headstrong impulses that impel the young to run before they can walk." Nonetheless, the way Schubert uses the trombones in D 2B indicates that he already knew what their function was in a Classical orchestra.

References
 Discovering Music – The Spirit of Schubert. Interview with Brian Newbould.

Schubert and the Symphony: a New Perspective [Paperback] (Toccata Press, 1992; paperback reissue 1999),  – Hardback,  – Paperback

D 002B, Symphony in D major
Schubert, Symphony 00
1811 compositions
Compositions in D major

Symphony, D 2B (Schubert)


Scottbridge Construction Ltd v Wright [2002] ScotCS 285 is a UK labour law case regarding the National Minimum Wage Act 1998.

Facts
Mr Wright was a night watchman and was required to work seven nights a week from 5pm to 7am at the employer's office in Glasgow. He got £210 a week. He was permitted to sleep during his shifts. He had been given a mattress. He could have done so for all but four hours. If he had been paid a minimum wage for all the time on duty he would have had an extra £142.80 a week and a total of £34272.20 by the time of his claim.

The Tribunal held that the four hours when Mr Wright was required to be awake was the relevant time, and so he should be paid for the work when he was on call. The EAT reversed the Tribunal and the case was appealed again.

Judgment
Lord President Cullen held that NMWR 1999 regulation 15(1) did not apply to Mr Wright, and he should be paid for all the time spent at work, even if asleep. The contract was paid according to a reference by time work. It was held that r 15(1) only applied to time on call, and not the present case.

See also

UK labour law

Notes

United Kingdom labour case law
United Kingdom wages case law
Court of Session cases
2002 in Scotland
2002 in United Kingdom case law

Scottbridge Construction Ltd v Wright