Uncontacted peoples are groups of indigenous peoples living without sustained contact with neighbouring communities and the world community. Groups who decide to remain uncontacted are referred to as indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation. Legal protections make estimating the total number of uncontacted peoples challenging, but estimates from the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in the UN and the non-profit group Survival International point to between 100 and 200 uncontacted peoples numbering up to 10,000 individuals total. A majority of uncontacted peoples live in South America, particularly northern Brazil, where the Brazilian government and National Geographic estimate between 77 and 84 tribes reside.

Knowledge of uncontacted peoples comes mostly from encounters with neighbouring indigenous communities and aerial footage.

Definition
Uncontacted peoples generally refer to indigenous peoples who have remained largely isolated to the present day, maintaining their traditional lifestyles and functioning mostly independently from any political or governmental entities. However, European exploration and colonization during the early modern period brought indigenous peoples worldwide into contact with colonial settlers and explorers. As such, most indigenous groups have had some form of contact with other peoples. The term "uncontacted" therefore refers to a lack of sustained contact with the majority of non-indigenous society at the present time.

The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights refers to uncontacted peoples as "indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation." These groups are defined by their general rejection of contact with anyone outside of their own people. This definition also includes groups who have previously had sustained contact with the majority non-indigenous society but have chosen to return to isolation and no longer maintain contact. As such uncontacted peoples are understood not as living in an anachronistic state of nature but rather as contemporaries of modernity.

A 2009 United Nations report also classified "peoples in initial contact" as sharing the same characteristics but beginning to regularly communicate with and integrate into mainstream society.

To highlight their agency in staying uncontacted or isolated, international organizations emphasize calling them "indigenous peoples in isolation" or "in voluntary isolation". Otherwise they have also been called "hidden peoples" or "uncontacted tribes".

Historically European colonial ideas of uncontacted peoples, and their colonial claims over them, were informed by the imagination of and search for Prester John, king of a wealthy Christian realm in isolation, as well as the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel, identifying uncontacted peoples as "lost tribes".

Relations with outsiders
International organizations have highlighted the importance of protecting indigenous peoples' environment and lands, the importance of protecting them from exploitation or abuse, and the importance of no contact in order to prevent the spread of modern diseases.

Historic exploitation and abuse at the hands of the majority group have led many governments to give uncontacted people their lands and legal protection. Many indigenous groups live on national forests or protected grounds, such as the Vale do Javari in Brazil or North Sentinel Island in India.

In 1961, British explorer Richard Mason was killed by an uncontacted Amazon tribe known as the Panará. The Panará lived in relative isolation until 1973 when the government project (Cuiabá-Santarém) road BR-163 was built through their territory. As a result, the tribe was decimated by newly introduced diseases and suffered from the environmental degradation of their land. Of the more than 350 members of the Panará tribe, more than 250 perished in the first twelve months after their first contact with colonizers.

Much of the contention over uncontacted peoples has stemmed from governments' desire to extract natural resources. In the 1960s and 1970s, Brazil's federal government attempted to assimilate and integrate native groups living in the Amazon jungle in order to use their lands for farming. Their efforts were met with mixed success and criticism until, in 1987, Brazil created the Department of Isolated Indians inside the Fundação Nacional do Índio (Funai), Brazil's Indian Agency. FUNAI was successful in securing protected lands which have allowed certain groups to remain relatively uncontacted until the present day.

A different outcome occurred in Colombia when the Nukak tribe of indigenous people was contacted by an evangelical group. The tribe was receptive to trade and eventually moved in order to have closer contact with settlers. This led to an outbreak of respiratory infections, violent clashes with narco-traffickers, and the death of hundreds of the Nukak, more than half of the tribe. Eventually, the Colombian government forcibly relocated the tribe to a nearby town where they received food and government support but were reported as living in poverty.

The threats to the Nukak tribe are generally shared by all peoples in isolation, particularly the outside world's desire to exploit their lands. This can include lumbering, ranching and farming, land speculation, oil prospecting and mining, and poaching. For example, then Peruvian President Alan García claimed in 2007 that uncontacted groups were only a "fabrication of environmentalists bent on halting oil and gas exploration". As recently as 2016, a Chinese subsidiary mining company in Bolivia ignored signs that they were encroaching on uncontacted tribes, and attempted to cover it up. In addition to commercial pursuits, other people such as missionaries can inadvertently cause great damage.

It was those threats, combined with attacks on their tribe by illegal cocaine traffickers, that led a group of Acre Indians to make contact with a village in Brazil and subsequently with the federal government in 2014. This behaviour suggests that many tribes are aware of the outside world and choose not to make contact unless motivated by fear or self-interest. Satellite images suggest that some tribes intentionally migrate away from roads or logging operations in order to remain secluded.

Indigenous rights activists have often advocated that indigenous peoples in isolation be left alone, saying that contact will interfere with their right to self-determination as peoples. On the other hand, experience in Brazil suggests isolating peoples might want to have trading relationships and positive social connections with others, but choose isolation out of fear of conflict or exploitation. The Brazilian state organization FUNAI in collaboration with anthropological experts has chosen to make controlled initial contact with tribes. The organization operates 15 trading posts throughout protected territory where tribes can trade for metal tools and cooking instruments. The organization also steps in to prevent some conflicts and deliver vaccinations. However, FUNAI has been critical of political will in Brazil, reporting that it only received 15% of its requested budget in 2017. In 2018, after consensus among field agents, FUNAI released videos and images of several tribes under their protection. Although the decision was criticized, the director of the Isolated Indian department, Bruno Pereira, responded that "The more the public knows and the more debate around the issue, the greater the chance of protecting isolated Indians and their lands". He shared that the organization has been facing mounting political pressure to open up lands to commercial companies. He also justified the photography by explaining that FUNAI was investigating a possible massacre against the Flechieros tribe.

Recognizing the myriad problems with contact, the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2009 and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in 2013 introduced guidelines and recommendations that included a right to choose self-isolation.

There have been reports of human safaris in India's Andaman Islands and in Peru, where tourism companies attempt to help tourists see uncontacted or recently contacted peoples. This practice is controversial.

By region

India

India is home to one uncontacted tribe known as the Sentinelese in the Andaman Island chain.

Sentinelese

The Sentinelese people of North Sentinel Island, which lies near South Andaman Island in the Bay of Bengal, reject contact. Attempts to contact them have usually been rebuffed, sometimes with lethal force. Their language is markedly different from other languages of the Andamans, which suggests that they have been isolated for thousands of years. They have been called by experts the most isolated people in the world, and they are likely to remain so.

South America

Bolivia
The Toromona are an uncontacted people living near the upper Madidi River and the Heath Rivers in northwestern Bolivia. The government has created an "exclusive, reserved, and inviolable" portion of the Madidi National Park to protect the Toromona. The group faced encroachment from a Chinese mining company in 2016.

Among the Ayoreo people of the Gran Chaco are a small number of uncontacted nomadic hunter-gatherers in the Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco National Park and Integrated Management Natural Area.

Pacahuaras are believed to be living in voluntary isolation in Pando Department.

Brazil

Until the 1970s, Brazil attempted unsuccessfully to move anyone on lands that could be commercially cultivated. In 1987, it set up the Department of Isolated Indians inside FUNAI, facilitating the work of Sydney Possuelo and José Carlos Meirelles, and declared the Vale do Javari perpetually sealed off, encompassing an area of . In 2007, FUNAI reported the presence of 67 uncontacted indigenous peoples in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005.

The Awá are people living in the eastern Amazon rainforest. There are approximately 350 members, and 100 of them have no contact with the outside world. They are considered highly endangered because of conflicts with logging interests in their territory.

The Kawahiva live in the north of Mato Grosso. They are constantly on the move and have little contact with outsiders. Thus, they are known primarily from physical evidence they have left behind: arrows, baskets, hammocks, and communal houses.

The Korubu live in the lower Vale do Javari in the western Amazon Basin. Other tribes may include the Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau, and the Himarimã. There may be uncontacted peoples in Uru-Eu-Uaw-Uaw Indigenous Territory and Kampa Indigenous Territory and Envira River Isolated Peoples.

In 2019, some isolated groups of one to two people came to the media's attention. Two brothers of the Piripkura tribe had continued to live alone in the jungle but initiated contact with FUNAI after a fire they had kept burning for 18 years went out. They were the subsequent focus of the documentary Piripkura. Another man colloquially called the "Man of the Hole" lived alone on  where he dug hundreds of holes for farming and trapping. He was found dead in his hammock, in a self-made dwelling, in August 2022.

As of 2021, uncontacted peoples in Brazil are threatened by illegal land grabbers, loggers, and gold miners. Additionally, the government of Jair Bolsonaro signalled its intention to develop the Amazon and reduce the size of indigenous reservations.

Colombia
With the creation of gigantic tribal reserves and strict patrolling, Colombia is now regarded as one of the countries that offer maximum protection to uncontacted indigenous people.

The Nukak people are nomadic hunter-gatherers living between the Guaviare and Inírida rivers in south-east Colombia at the headwaters of the northwest Amazon basin. There are groups, including the Carabayo, Yuri and Passé, in .

Ecuador
Two isolated indigenous peoples of Ecuador live in the Amazon region: the Tagaeri and the Taromenane. Both are eastern Huaorani peoples living in Yasuni National Park. These semi-nomadic people live in small groups, subsisting on hunting, gathering, and some crops. They are organized into extended families. Since 2007 there is a national policy which mandates: untouchability, self-determination, equality, and no contact. In 2013, more than 20 Taromenane were killed by other Huaorani.

Paraguay
Approximately 100 Ayoreo people, some of whom are in the Totobiegosode tribe, live uncontacted in the forest. They are nomadic, and they hunt, forage, and conduct limited agriculture. They are the last uncontacted peoples south of the Amazon basin, and are in Amotocodie. Threats to them include rampant illegal deforestation. According to Survival International, Brazilian company Yaguarete Porá S.A. is converting thousands of hectares of the Ayoreo-Totobiegosode tribe's ancestral territory into cattle ranching land. The Union of Ayoreo Natives of Paraguay is working for their protection, with support from the Iniciativa Amotocodie.

Peru
The Mashco-Piro are nomadic Arawak hunter-gatherers who inhabit Manú National Park in Peru. In 1998, the International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs estimated their number to be around 100 to 250. They speak a dialect of the Piro languages. Amid incursions on their land, the tribe has made it clear they do not wish to be contacted. As of 2013, all the bands seem to be surviving. Other groups include the Machiguenga, Nanti, Asháninka, Mayoruna, Isconahua, Kapanawa, Yora, Murunahua, Chitonahua, Mastanahua, Kakataibo, and Pananujuri. Many of them speak dialects of Panoan languages. There are five reserves for uncontacted peoples. However, the law designed to protect those peoples does not prevent economic operations there.

Venezuela
In Venezuela some groups from the Hoti, Yanomami, and Piaroa tribes live in relative isolation. The Ministry of Indigenous Peoples has no policies designed to protect these people specifically.

New Guinea (Indonesia)
Over 40 uncontacted tribes live in West Papua region in Indonesia, although contact is usually established upon their initial encounter. While it is difficult for journalists and organizations to enter West Papua, no government agency is dedicated to protecting isolated indigenous groups. Human rights organizations, including Survival International, have argued that there is a need to raise awareness of the existence of uncontacted tribes, for example, to prevent the development of infrastructure near their lands. On the other hand, remaining vague about the exact location and size of the tribe may help to avoid encouraging contact.

Historical

Australia
The Pintupi Nine lived a traditional life in the Gibson Desert of Australia until 1984, having earlier split off from another group of Pintupi people.

United States
Ishi, a member of the Yahi people of Northern California, remained in voluntary isolation from the outside world until 1911 and was acclaimed as the "last wild Indian".

See also

 Isolationism
 List of contemporary ethnic groups
 Man of the Hole
 Noble savage
 Stateless society
 Terra nullius

References

Further reading
 Wallace, Scott (2011). The Unconquered: In Search of the Amazon's Last Uncontacted Tribes. Crown Publishers.
 Cabodevilla, Miguel Angel, and Aguirre, Milagros (2013). [http://polificcion.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/una-tragedia-ocultada-corregida-2-1.pdf Una Tragedia Ocultada: the story of the killing in 2013 of more than 20 uncontacted Taromenane Indians by armed settled Indians.

External links

 Indigenous Peoples Issues & Resources
 Cultural Survival

Stone Age
Indigenous peoples

Uncontacted peoples


Andreas Haas (born 20 April 1982) is a German retired footballer who played as a striker.

Career

Haas played youth football for SV Reiskirchen, SG Erbach and 1. FC Kaiserslautern, before getting his chance in professional football with 1. FC Saarbrücken. He made his debut for the club in October 2000, aged 18, in a 2. Bundesliga match against FC St. Pauli, replacing Dino Toppmöller in a 2–2 draw. He made four more appearances during the 2000–01 season, but suffered an injury after just one game in the following season, and didn't play for FCS again, not featuring at all in his final year with the club, now relegated to the Regionalliga Süd. In 2000, he joined his hometown club, FC 08 Homburg of the Oberliga Südwest. He scored six goals in his first season with the club, but the next two years proved to be hugely successful – he scored 30 and 26 league goals respectively, both enough to make him the division's top scorer.

This form earned Haas a move back up to the Regionalliga Süd, with ambitious TSG Hoffenheim, but in six months with the club he only made one appearance – a 1–1 draw with SV Elversberg in which he scored. In January 2007 he joined FK Pirmasens, where his four goals in eight appearances could not stop the club being relegated from the Regionalliga. After a further six months with Pirmasens, he was back in the Regionalliga, joining KSV Hessen Kassel. At the end of the season he returned to Saarland, spending two years with SV Elversberg before being released in July 2010. After six months out of the game, he returned to FC Homburg in January 2011. He scored four goals in seventeen appearances for the club, but was unable to prevent them being relegated from the Regionalliga West, so he left in summer 2011 and signed for local amateur side FC Palatia Limbach. A year later he signed for SC Halberg Brebach.

In January 2013, Haas signed for SVN Zweibrücken, where he scored nineteen goals in seventeen appearances to help the club earn promotion to the Regionalliga Südwest. He returned to FK Pirmasens shortly after the beginning of the 2013–14 season, during which he achieved another promotion, scoring 19 goals, before dropping back down a level again to sign for Borussia Neunkirchen in July 2014.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
German men's footballers
Germany men's youth international footballers
Men's association football forwards
1. FC Saarbrücken players
FC 08 Homburg players
TSG 1899 Hoffenheim players
KSV Hessen Kassel players
SV Elversberg players
2. Bundesliga players
SVN Zweibrücken players
Borussia Neunkirchen players
FK Pirmasens players
People from Homburg, Saarland
Footballers from Saarland

Andreas Haas


Center Barnstead is an unincorporated community in the town of Barnstead in Belknap County, New Hampshire.  It is the largest of several villages in the town.

New Hampshire Route 28 bypasses the village to the northwest, connecting Pittsfield to the southwest and Alton to the northeast. New Hampshire Route 126 begins at Route 28 and passes through the village before continuing southeast towards Strafford and Barrington.  The village is located along the Suncook River and was a station along the former Suncook Valley Railroad. Center Barnstead has a separate ZIP code (03225) from the rest of the town of Barnstead.

References

Unincorporated communities in New Hampshire
Unincorporated communities in Belknap County, New Hampshire
Barnstead, New Hampshire

Center Barnstead, New Hampshire


Mount Conner (also called Atila) is a mountain in central Australia. It is in the southwest corner of the Northern Territory,  southeast of Lake Amadeus. It is  above sea level and  above the ground around it. The mountain was named by William Gosse in 1873 after South Australian politician Mountifort Longfield Conner. It can be seen from the road towards Uluṟu when coming from Alice Springs.

Mount Conner is a flat-topped inselberg, shaped like a horseshoe. The rock is sedimentary. Its layers were left behind when the area was an inland sea, during the Neoproterozoic era (1Ga to 542Ma). The rock of Mount Conner is 200 to 300 million years older than the rock of nearby Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa. The younger layers of sedimentary rock eroded over millions of years leaving the inselberg that is seen today.

The mountain is known as Atila (also sometimes spelled Artila, Atula, Attila or Artilla) in the native Yankunytjatjara and Pitjantjatjara languages. The country around it is called Atilanya. It is associated with Tjukurpa (Dreaming) stories about the  (means "ice people"; commonly spelled "ninya"). The nyiṉya are ancestral spirits who bring cold weather.

History
For the native Yankunytjatjara people, Mount Conner has long been associated with the Wanambi Dreaming.  is a ancestral spirit who is said to live in the springs in and around the mountain. Legends relating to this Dreaming were recorded by Charles Mountford when he visited the area in 1940. He wrote that a very dangerous one was said to live in , a spring that used to exist halfway up the southern slopes. When the spring dried up, the men of Atilanya believed that the  was stolen from them by the people to the south, who placed the spirit in a spring of their own country so that they would have more water.

About  southwest of Mount Conner is another water source, a rock hole called  (in English, "Aneri Well" or "Mount Conner Well"). Mountford camped there in 1940 on his way to Uluṟu, and recorded the name as "Anneri". He wrote that this was said to be the home of a harmless  that had travelled north to Anari from the Musgrave Ranges. He also wrote about ceremonies relating to the  being performed by the women here.

Mountford also recorded another legend associated with the mountain, of a fight between two boys who were hunting in the area. According to the legend, one of the boys discovered the spring at Anari by chance. He refused to tell the other boy where he had found water and, as a result, the second boy nearly died of thirst. They duelled together and slowly made their way to the top of the mountain, where they died. Their bodies are said to be preserved as boulders.

Anari was used as the site of the first homestead of Mount Conner Station. This is now abandoned, and the new homestead is located further north, on the Lasseter Highway. A track leads from here to the base of Mount Conner.

Geology
Mount Conner is made up of conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones and mudstones. The summit consists of coarse-grained sandstone with pebble layers and small beds of pebble conglomerate and siltstone. The rock that lies underneath this is composed of dark brown micaceous siltstone, mudstone, and fine-grained sandstone. The lower part of the mountain consists of medium to coarse-grained, grey-brown sandstones, dark-brown siltstones, and cherts. The sides of Mount Conner are also covered by scree (talus) and its top is covered with colluvium. The base of the mountain is surrounded by alluvium.

The summit of Mount Conner, along with the summits of Kata Tjuṯa and Uluṟu, is left over from the erosion of a layer of sediment from the Cretaceous period. It is considered to a classic example of an inselberg created by erosion of surrounding strata.

References

More reading

Mountains of the Northern Territory

Mount Conner


Li Hou (, June 1923 – 27 September 2009) is a Chinese Communist Party politician.

Li Hou was born in Zhucheng, Shandong Province of China in 1923. He began involving in revolutionary activities in 1937 and joined the Communist Party of China (CPC) in the following year and worked in the 57th Northeastern Red Army. After 1941, he served in the Propaganda Department of the Shandong Sub-bureau under the CPC Central Committee. He worked as a reporter and chief editor of the local newspaper, Shandong Dazhong Daily from 1942 until the Communists seized power over China in 1949. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he served consecutively as chief editor of the Xinhua News Agency Shandong Branch Office and member of the editorial board of the Dazhong Daily between 1949 and 1951.

Li was promoted to deputy section chief of the Foreign Affairs Office under the State Council in 1958. In 1978, he became the deputy secretary-general and later deputy director and secretary general of the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office in 1980. Xu participated in the Sino-British and Sino-Portuguese negotiations which resulted in the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration agreeing on the transfer of Hong Kong and Macao to the People's Republic of China in 1997 and 1999 respectively. He became the secretary-general of Committee for Drafting Basic Law of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Li was elected representative of the 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 1987 and was the deputy to the 7th and 8th National People's Congresses.

Li died in Beijing on 27 September 2009 at 2 p.m. at the age of 86.

References

1923 births
2009 deaths
People's Republic of China politicians from Shandong
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Shandong
Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee members
Delegates to the 7th National People's Congress
Delegates to the 8th National People's Congress
Politicians from Weifang

Li Hou


"World Forum/Communist Quiz" is a Monty Python sketch, which first aired in the 12th episode of the second season of Monty Python's Flying Circus on 15 December 1970. It featured four icons of Communist thought, namely Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, Ché Guevara and Mao Zedong being asked quiz questions.

The sketch
A quiz show named "World Forum" is hosted by Eric Idle. He introduces his four guests, Karl Marx (played by Terry Jones), Vladimir Lenin (played by John Cleese), Che Guevara (played by Michael Palin)  and Mao Zedong (played by William Tang in Flying Circus and by Terry Gilliam in Live at the Hollywood Bowl). Despite announcing this event as a "unique occasion in the history of television" the host then simply starts asking these historical figures trivial quiz questions. Marx is asked which English football team is nicknamed "The Hammers". He has obviously no idea (in reality it's West Ham United F.C.). Idle then asks Guevara a different question, namely in which year Coventry City FC last won the FA Cup? When Guevara also fails to give any answer at all Idle throws the question open to the other guests, but still receives no answer from any of then. Idle then says: "Well, I'm not surprised you didn't get that. It was in fact a trick question: Coventry City have never won the FA Cup." With the scores all equal the second quiz round begins. Idle asks Lenin the name of the song by Teddy Johnson and Pearl Carr which won the Eurovision Song Contest 1959. Lenin has no clue, so Idle once again throws the question open. Unexpectedly Mao rings his buzzer and gives the correct answer: "Sing Little Birdie" (The song actually finished second.).

Idle then takes Marx to the special gift section of the quiz. He is able to win a beautiful lounge suite if he is able to answer all questions correctly. The host announces that Marx has chosen questions on the workers control of factories as his special subject. He asks Marx by what other development the industrial proletariat is conditioned, to which Marx correctly answers: "The development of the industrial bourgeoisie". Idle continues asking what kind of struggle the struggle of class against class is, to which Marx again correctly replies: "A political struggle". The final question however turns out to be another sports question, when Marx is asked who won the 1949 FA Cup Final? As Marx desperately tries to reply unrelated things like "the worker's control of the means of production" and "the struggle of the urban proletariat" the host informs him that he lost and that the correct answer was in fact the Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. who beat Leicester City F.C., 3–1. The broadcast closes with stock footage of a crowd cheering over a winning goal during an association football match. A caption announces that "next week" the four leading heads of state of the Afro-Asian Nations will be playing against Bristol Rovers at Molineux.

Notes about the sketch
Despite what the host says, the winning song of the  1959 Eurovision Song Contest was not "Sing Little Birdie", but Dutch singer Teddy Scholten's "Een Beetje".

On 16 May 1987, 17 years after this sketch was first broadcast, Coventry City F.C. did in fact win the 1987 FA Cup Final.

The questions asked of Marx in the special gift section of the quiz are all references to his book Communist Manifesto.

Later in the same Flying Circus episode, in which a sketch about the First Battle of Ypres is having difficulty getting started, the camera cuts to a quick shot of Marx and Guevara on the World Forum set, who are now kissing and embracing each other. At the end of the episode after the final credits roll, Marx & Guevara are seen in bed together.

In other media
An audio version of the sketch can be heard on the extended US version of Another Monty Python Record (1971), with live recordings released on Monty Python Live at Drury Lane (1974) and Monty Python Live at City Center (1976).

The sketch was also featured in the 1982 concert film Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl, where Eric Idle reprised his role as the quiz host and Terry Jones (as Marx) John Cleese (as Lenin). The other roles were portrayed by different actors, though. Michael Palin played Guevara and Terry Gilliam in yellowface acted as Mao. While the sketch mostly follows the same pattern as in the TV broadcast there are some notable differences. Both references to the "FA Cup" are changed to the "English Football Cup". Idle's final question to the four guests is the name of Jerry Lee Lewis' biggest hit, to which Mao correctly answers "Great Balls of Fire", albeit in an Engrish accent. When Idle shows Marx the lounge suite he might win he adds that it is a "beautiful non-materialistic lounge suite." While Marx didn't say anything after losing in the TV sketch he does react to his loss here, by using the strong language: "Oh, shit!" Idle also pushes him away with the aggressive order: "Get out of here!", then says: "Well, no one leaves this show empty-handed, so we're gonna cut off his hands."

The original TV sketch was added to the compilation video Parrot Sketch Not Included - 20 Years of Monty Python (1989) and Monty Python's Flying Circus: Michael Palin's Personal Best.

References

External links
 The original script
 The slightly different script as used during the 1982 concert at the Hollywood Bowl

Monty Python sketches
1970 in British television
Quizzes and game shows in popular culture
Communism in fiction
Sports fiction
Cultural depictions of Karl Marx
Cultural depictions of Vladimir Lenin
Cultural depictions of Che Guevara
Cultural depictions of Mao Zedong

World Forum/Communist Quiz


Denison Bollay (born 1952) is a software engineer working on programming languages and search algorithms, with applications for e-commerce and financial information.

History
In 1975, Bollay became an early quant (before the term was invented), computing real-time option pricing.  Real-time stock and option data was so new, he had to design and build his own hardware to interface his Data General Eclipse computer with the Bunker Ramo machine and ticker.

Bollay is the author of ExperLogo and ExperLisp, the first incrementally compiled object-oriented programming languages for a personal computer, the Apple Macintosh. He introduced the world to the first Interface Builder in 1986, and the first dynamic interface building tool Action! in 1988. He was also the creator of DynamicDocuments in 1988, the first object-oriented, multimedia hypertext system (built in the language Lisp), WebBase, the first dynamic web server in 1995, and WebData (a database of databases web portal).

In 1999, he founded ExperClick, the first real-time internet auction market. The company's name was changed to AdECN in 2006. It was sold to Microsoft in August 2007.

He spun off a subsidiery, 3DStockCharts in 2000. It provided the first integrated real-time ECN stock market book in visual 3D graphics.

Bollay was awarded . He has many pending patents. He founded ExperTelligence in 1984, 3DStockCharts.com in 1999, ExperClick in 2000, and became Chairman of MicroMLS in 2004.  He founded and still operates a wireless internet service provider Kiza, Inc. in Southern California in 2014.

He is also one of the authors (with Mel Beckman and Brian Fox) of the BuddyCast peer-to-peer streaming media protocol.

Computer Camp
In 1980, Denison Bollay created The Original Computer Camp, an outdoor tech camping experience for kids. It included horseback riding, campfires, and a hundred computers, including the Apple II, Atari 8-bit family, TRS-80, and TI-99/4A. There were robots, turtles (silicon based), and synthesized computer music. It was featured on the front page of The Wall Street Journal, launching a trend that encouraged thousands of children to become interested in software.

He graduated from Harvey Mudd College in 1974.

References

Harvey Mudd College alumni
Living people
1952 births

Denison Bollay


John William Beerling (born 12 April 1937) is a British radio producer and station controller.

Early life
Beerling attended the Sir Roger Manwood's School in Sandwich, Kent.

Career

National Service
He began his radio career during national service from 1955 to 1957, when he ran a radio station for the Royal Air Force station British Forces Aden in the Aden Protectorate, acting as its station manager, studio engineer and morning DJ.

BBC
In 1957, he joined the BBC as a Technical Operator and soon became a Studio Manager. In the early sixties he was appointed as a producer in the Gramophone Department where he worked on a number of popular programmes such as Housewives' Choice, Midday Spin, and Two Way Family Favourites as well as late evening shows like Music to Midnight. Beerling brought in Simon Dee from the pirate radio scene and he was also the first producer of Terry Wogan. As an admirer of the pirate radio stations he devised a fast moving new radio show on Saturdays called Where It's At, one of Kenny Everett's earliest shows. Beerling was one of the few employees of the BBC Light Programme in the mid-1960s to regard the model of offshore pirate radio as one which the BBC would have to follow and to that end he managed to take a trip to visit Radio London to see for himself how they operated.

Radio 1
In 1967 the Marine Offences Bill led to the close down of the pirate radio stations and the BBC decided to set up Radio 1 to provide a legal alternative. Johnny was at the forefront of this process, recruiting the DJ talent and devising the jingles, subsequently producing the first ever show with Tony Blackburn.

He became an Executive Producer in 1972 and the following conceived and launched the show for which he is best known, the Radio 1 Roadshow. This grew from a small caravan operation on Newquay Beach to an 80-foot mobile stage show housed in a series of articulated trucks, supported by a giant outdoor TV display visited by 500,000 people a year.

In 1985, he was appointed Controller of the Radio 1 Network, responsible for the entire output including such major projects as the sound for Live Aid. During his time there he cultivated the "Smashie and Nicey" image despite appointing more music oriented presenters like Mark Goodier, Nicky Campbell and Simon Mayo. He oversaw the transfer of the network from AM to a better quality FM transmission system. In programming, he was responsible to for increasing the number of social action campaigns, extending news coverage and increasing the coverage of live concerts and music sessions recorded in Radio 1 studios. He also introduced comedy onto the airwaves of Radio 1 with shows like The Mary Whitehouse Experience and Victor Lewis Smith.

While Controller of Radio 1, he removed Jimmy Savile from the BBC Radio airwaves "because his programme was tired and boring". Of Savile's abusive behaviour, he said: "Jimmy Savile was a loner. He rarely socialised with any of the DJ's or staff at Radio 1...I was not aware of any sexual improprieties which have now been uncovered."

During this time, Beerling was affectionately known, and referred to on air by some such as Steve Wright in his afternoon show, as "Johnny Bee-Leg". Whilst he was controller, Radio 1 began broadcasting 24 hours a day in May 1991.

Beerling took enforced early retirement, aged 55, from the station in October 1993, and many of the station's veteran DJs either resigned or were sacked when Matthew Bannister succeeded him as controller. The network's ethos, music policy and target audience changed dramatically. Beerling publicly criticised the new regime at the BBC, specifically Director-General John Birt.

In May 1995, the BBC re-hired Beerling on a short-term contract to organise the "Music Live '95" event in Birmingham, which was broadcast across all the BBC national networks, including Radio 1.

Current radio work

Beerling joined Serenade Radio in 2020. His 'Big Band Special' show can be heard Sundays at 6pm (UK time) on  .

Radio Data System

Johnny Beerling was involved with the Radio Data System from 1985 onwards when the BBC appointed him Chairman of the Programme Experts Group tasked with promoting the system worldwide and ensuring compatible radios became generally available.

His responsibility extended across European territories, via the European Broadcasting Union, which represented the public broadcasters for Western Europe. Beerling commissioned the design of the RDS logo and encouraged car manufacturers to factory-fit compatible radios in their vehicles.

He remained involved as Chairman of the RDS Forum for 30 years until he resigned in 2016.

Unique Productions
After his departure from Radio 1, Beerling went to work alongside Noel Edmonds, with his production company Unique Productions where he was Chairman of Unique Special Projects and responsible for "Music Live '95" production for the BBC. Since 2007, he has lectured regularly about broadcasting and popular music on ships operated by Cunard, Fred Olson Cruise Lines, Saga Cruises, Thomson Cruises, P&O Cruises and Cruise & Maritime Voyages.

Awards and honours
In 1992, he was the first non-broadcaster to receive a Ferguson Award for an Outstanding Contribution to Music Radio from the Radio Academy. The following year, he was elected President of the Television and Radio Industry Club of Great Britain. He also became a governor of the BRIT School for Performing Arts and Technology in May 1993, and in the same month was presented with a Sony Award for Outstanding Services to the Radio Industry. In 2005 was made a Fellow of the Radio Academy.

Personal life
In 1959 he married Carol Ann Reynolds, with whom he has a son, David Beerling, and daughter, Julie Margaret Wood. They divorced in 1993. Later that year, he married Celia Margeret Potter, whom he also divorced five years later.

He married Susan Patricia Armstrong in 1999. He lives in West Sussex.

References

1937 births
Living people
BBC radio producers
BBC executives
BBC Radio 1 controllers
British radio DJs
British radio personalities
People from Sandwich, Kent
People from Skipton
People educated at Sir Roger Manwood's School
People from West Sussex

Johnny Beerling


The University of Ferrara () is the main university of the city of Ferrara in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. In the years prior to the First World War the University of Ferrara, with more than 500 students, was the best attended of the free universities in Italy. Today there are approximately 16,000 students enrolled at the University of Ferrara with nearly 400 degrees granted each year. The teaching staff number 600, including 288 researchers. It is organized into 12 Departments.

History
The University of Ferrara was founded on March 4, 1391 by Marquis Alberto V D'Este with the permission of Pope Boniface IX.  The Studium Generale was inaugurated on St. Luke's Day (October 18) of that year with courses in law, arts and theology.
After the unification of Italy, Ferrara University became a free university with faculties of Law and Mathematics, a three-year course in Medicine (reduced to two years in 1863-64), as well as Schools of Veterinary Medicine (abolished in 1876), Pharmacy, and for public Notaries.

After World War II, it started to be state-supported and this allowed the opening of many faculties and research departments. The most remarkable growth took place between the '70s and the '80s, when Prof. Antonio Rossi was in charge of it as Rector.

Some notable instructors include:

 Giovanni Bianchini, professor of astronomy
 Cesare Cremonini, professor of natural philosophy between 1573 and 1590

Research and international collaboration

The CIVR (Comitato di Indirizzo per la Valutazione della Ricerca, or Directory Committee for the Evaluation of Research), according to a public report of 2007, has rated the University of Ferrara as the best Italian university for the applied exploitation of research.  In order to produce these results, the CIVR has taken into consideration numerous data such as patents registered in Italy and abroad, the research collaborations between the university business and academic spin-offs.

Starting in 2000, the University of Ferrara has collaborated across the faculties of economics, architecture, medicine, jurisprudence and engineering in the main industrial areas of China, that is, Guangdong, in research and experimentation with the Chinese universities and important local businesses. Collaborations have begun between the Faculty of Economics of Ferrara and the South China University of Technology, an agreement that has permitted the faculty in Ferrara to undertake a research project about the industry of Guangdong and has allowed the Faculty of Medicine to open in 2006 a permanent office near the Capital University of Medical Sciences of Beijing. This has allowed the implementation of a master's degree of the second level in clinical Neurophysiology, with consent to the young Chinese neurologists, to expand the applied techniques and their studies of neuroscience. Institutions participating in the master's program include the department of neurophysiology of the University of Ferrara, the Neurological institute of Milan and to Beijing.

Another active master's program with its seat in Ferrara is that of the aesthetics and cosmetology signed to Canton through the Ferrara Center of Cosmetology and the Chinese academy Ginzza International Beauty and Hair Academy.

Organization
These are the 8 faculties which the university is divided into:

 Faculty of Architecture
 Faculty of Economics
 Faculty of Engineering
 Faculty of Humanities
 Faculty of Law
 Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences
 Faculty of Medicine and Surgery
 Faculty of Pharmacy

As of 2014, there are 12 PhD courses, organized around a special Institute for Advanced Studies, IUSS-Ferrara 1391.

Generally speaking, research departments do not coincide with faculties (as is usual in Italy). Specifically, literature, history, philosophy are independent of one another. Furthermore, biologists, physicists, and geologists work in different institutions. Medical research is carried out in cooperation with the city hospital, which offers some of its buildings for use as a teaching hospital.

Famous alumni and professors

 Ludovico Ariosto
 Patrizio Bianchi
 Nicolaus Copernicus Doctor of Canon Law (Nicolaus Copernich de Prusia, Jure Canonico ... et doctoratus)
 Michele Ferrari
 Theodorus Gaza
 Marcella Hazan
 William Latimer
 Paracelsus
 Massimo Pigliucci
 Girolamo Savonarola
 Roberto Ferrari

Points of interest
 Biblioteca Comunale Ariostea
 Orto Botanico dell'Università di Ferrara

See also
 ESDP-Network
 List of Italian universities
 List of medieval universities

References

External links
 Official website
 Unife on Google+

Ferrara, University of
1391 establishments in Europe
Ferrara, University of
Ferrara, University of
Education in Ferrara
Buildings and structures in Ferrara
Universities and colleges in Emilia-Romagna

University of Ferrara


Anette Wiig Bryn (born 30 January 1964) is a Norwegian politician for the Progress Party.

In her younger days, she was a member of the Young Conservatives.

In 2004, she became city commissioner (byråd) of business and culture in the city government of Oslo.

She served in the position of deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Oslo during the term 2005–2009. She was elected to Oslo city council in 2007, but was exempt due to her position as commissioner.

References

1964 births
Living people
Deputy members of the Storting
Progress Party (Norway) politicians
Politicians from Oslo
Women members of the Storting

Anette Wiig Bryn


The Road Dawgs were an American hip hop duo composed of G-Luv and Swamp Rat. They started their career as associates of Naughty by Nature in 1993. They then signed a deal with Mack 10's Hoo-Bangin' Records in the late 90s and issued their only album in 1999 entitled Don't Be Saprize.

The duo first appeared on Naughty by Nature's "Klickow-Klickow" with the Rottin Razkals in 1993. The song appeared as a B-Side on the "Written on Ya Kitten" single but it was left off the 19 Naughty III album. "Klickow-Klickow" instead appeared on Naughty's next album, Poverty's Paradise in 1995. The Road Dawgs also appeared on "Hang Out and Hustle" and "Connections" on that album and on the Rottin Razkals debut album, Rottin ta da Core, that same year.

After appearing on several soundtracks including from 1996 to 1999, the Road Dawgs then released their debut album on March 23, 1999. Though the album featured guest appearances from big names such as Ice Cube and Mack 10, it was a commercial flop and only made it to No. 91 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. After Don't Be Saprize, they appeared on the Thicker than Water soundtrack later in the year, but were not heard of again until they reunited with Naughty by Nature and the Rottin Razkals on "N.J. to L.A." from Naughty's 2002 album IIcons. The song remains Road Dawgs final appearance to date.

Trivia
G-Luv was a member of the Queen Street Blood Gang.

Discography

Album

Guest appearances
"Klickow-Klickow", "Hang Out and Hustle" and "Connections" (from the 1995 Naughty by Nature album Poverty's Paradise)
"Batter Up", "Frustration" and "Lik a Shot" (from the 1995 Rottin Razkals album Rottin ta da Core)
"Danger" (from the 1996 soundtrack The Substitute)
"You Don't Want None" (from the 1998 soundtrack Caught Up)
"Bang or Ball" (from the 1998 soundtrack I Got the Hook Up)
"Gang Bang" (from the 1999 soundtrack Thicker than Water)
"N.J. to L.A." (from the 2002 Naughty by Nature album IIcons)

References

African-American musical groups
Musical groups established in 1993
Musical groups disestablished in 2002
Virgin Records artists
Hip hop groups from California
Musical duos from California
Hip hop duos
Gangsta rap groups
G-funk groups
Bloods

Road Dawgs


Gounzoureye  is a rural commune in the Cercle of Gao in the Gao Region of south-eastern Mali. The commune includes the villages of Koima, Tchirissoro, Sadou, Lobou, Sidibé, Kosseye, Gorom Gorom, Kadji, Wabaria, Arhabou, Tacharane, Bagoundjé I and Bagoundjé II, which are all located on the banks of the River Niger. The administrative center (chef-lieu) is at the village of Wabaria. In the 2009 census the commune had a population of 30,772.

References

External links
.

Communes of Gao Region

Gounzoureye


The Teufelsbrücke (bridge of the devil) is a bridge over the river Reuss in the Swiss canton of Uri.

First bridge

The valley called Schöllenenschlucht is an important access route to the St.Gotthard alpine pass. However, the valley is very narrow, featuring a dangerous river Reuss.

The first bridge across the river was built in 1230. This was a wooden bridge. This meant that due to bad weather it had to be replaced often.

In the 16th century, it was replaced by a bridge of stone. That stone bridge was heavily damaged in the Napoleonic wars in 1799. Nobody could use the bridge because of the damage. Trade with Italy was done over the alpine pass at Splügen.

The first bridge was completely destroyed in a stormy night in 1888.

Second bridge
Only in 1820 could the order to build a new bridge be given. The construction of the bridge took 10 years.

Third bridge
In the middle of the 20th century, the second bridge was no longer able to handle the traffic. A third bridge, featuring two lanes, one for each direction, was built in 1958.

Myth of the creation of the bridge

Building the first bridge was very hard. According to a local myth, the first bridge was built by the devil himself. The condition attached was that the devil should get the soul of the first to pass over the bridge. So, when the bridge was finished, people chased a goat over the bridge. Of course, the devil was furious, so he went to pick up a large stone (called Teufelsstein, the devil's stone). He wanted to smash the bridge he just built to pieces. On his way to the ridge however, he encountered an old believing woman with a cross. Scared of the cross, he left the stone, and fled.

The devil's stone weighs 2000 tons. 300.000 Swiss Francs were used in 1977 to shift the stone 127 meters to make way for the motorway passing over the St.Gotthard pass.

Popular belief has it that the moving of the stone was the cause of an increased number of accidents on kilometre 16 on the St. Gotthard road tunnel.

Other websites

Buildings and structures in Switzerland
Stone bridges
1230
Canton of Uri

Teufelsbrücke


Mictopsichia benevides is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Brazil.

Description
The wingspan is about 10.5 mm. The ground colour of the forewings is brownish orange, but orange yellow along the costa postbasally and submedially. It is suffused olive brown along the edges of markings. The hindwings are orange below.

Etymology
The name refers to the type locality, Benevides, Pará, Brazil.

References

Moths described in 2009
Mictopsichia
Moths of South America
Taxa named by Józef Razowski

Mictopsichia benevides


Weather modification in North America has been taking place since at least the 1950s.  Programs related to this field have been authorized by the governments of both the United States and Canada.

Alberta Hail Project

The Alberta Hail Project was a research project sponsored by the Alberta Research Council and Environment Canada to study hailstorm physics and dynamics in order to design and test means for suppressing hail. It ran from 1956 until 1985. The main instrument in this research was an S-band circularly polarized weather radar located at the Red Deer Industrial Airport in central Alberta, Canada.

Project Stormfury

Project Stormfury was an attempt to weaken tropical cyclones by flying aircraft into them and seeding with silver iodide. The project was run by the United States Government from 1962 to 1983.

In Southern California
Weather modification via cloud seeding has a long history in perennially dry Southern California. Santa Barbara County has been cloud seeding with both ground-based machines and dedicated cloud-seeding airplanes since the 1980s. In 2016, Los Angeles County rebooted its cloud seeding program (with ground-based machines) for the first time after 2002.

See also

 Weather modification
 Cloud seeding

References

External links

Meteorology research and field projects
Climate of North America

Weather modification in North America


The World in Winter (US title The Long Winter) is a 1962 post-apocalyptic science fiction novel by British writer John Christopher. It deals with a new ice age caused by a reduction in the output of the Sun.

Plot summary

The story involves a new ice age hitting Europe, British refugees fleeing to Nigeria, and what a later group find when they return.

As the story opens, Andrew Leedon, a London-based television documentary producer, is given a new story to research: an Italian scientist, Fratellini, has proposed an imminent fall in solar radiation for the forthcoming few years which may lead to harsher winters. Leedon meets with David Cartwell, a Home Office civil servant and useful source, to see if he can find out more. Cartwell quickly becomes a close friend of Leedon, but also begins an affair with Leedon's wife, Carol.

The winter of that year is, as predicted, long and harsh, but by January is it becoming clear to insiders that the solar downturn is worse than Fratellini had calculated and no upturn is in sight. By March, food stocks are becoming dangerously low, rationing has been imposed and the Government imposes martial law. Those in the know, including Andrew's estranged wife, sell up and move south to the tropics and countries such as Nigeria. Leedon stays behind, as inner London is finally cordoned off from the rest of the UK to protect the seat of power – an area called the London Pale – as the rest of the country is abandoned to starvation and barbarism.

Finally Leedon is persuaded both by Carol and by David Cartwell to exit the country while safe passage is still possible. Taking with him Cartwell's wife Madeleine, he moves to Lagos in Nigeria, finding that the tables have now turned – white refugees fleeing from the ice-bound northern countries are living in slums, unemployed or with only menial jobs, and penniless, as African governments have withdrawn recognition of currencies such as Sterling and no longer recognize the British Government, with reason, as it no longer exercises sovereignty over its own land.

A ray of hope arrives for Leedon as Abonitu, a young Nigerian whom Leedon had treated with kindness and generosity one evening in London, finds him and in turn helps him and Madeleine out of the slum. Abonitu plans a reconnaissance expedition back to Britain.

References

1962 British novels
1962 science fiction novels
British science fiction novels
British post-apocalyptic novels
Ice ages
Novels by John Christopher
Works published under a pseudonym
Novels set in Lagos
Novels set in London
Nigeria–United Kingdom relations
Eyre & Spottiswoode books

The World in Winter


Jan Woltjer (4 February 1849, Groningen – 28 July 1917, Amsterdam) was a professor of Classical languages and literature at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.

Woltjer, the son of a baker, started his career as an assistant teacher at a high school in his hometown of Groningen in 1867. He taught himself Latin and managed to enter the University of Groningen in 1871. While teaching classical languages at a local gymnasium, he wrote his dissertation on Lucretius and was promoted in 1877. On 28 September that year he married Marchien Janssonius. In 1881 he moved to Amsterdam to become professor at the Free University, which position he would keep until his death in 1917. In 1902 he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was involved in many educational organizations and was a member of the Senate for the Anti Revolutionaire Partij from 1902 to 1917. His oldest son, Robert H. Woltjer, would follow him teaching classical studies at the Free University. His son Jan Woltjer Jr would become a well-known astronomer.

Along his many other students, including Herman Dooyeweerd, Woltjer had a formidable influence on future professor of philosophy, D. H. Th. Vollenhoven, who used his training in Greek and Latin to make first of all a minutely detailed study of the Fragments of the Presocratics. Woltjers subscribed to the idea that Greek learning was an integral part of what the New Testament refers to when it speaks of "the fulness of times." The Greek learned constituted a preparatory education (paideia, cf Werner Jaeger) for the coming of Christ. To some extent, Woltjer's student Vollenhoven seems to have resisted this latter conception, as V came to view the major problem of developing a Christian philosophy to be the heavy tendency of all subsequent Christian thought in Western culture to fall back on a synthesis with Greek-originated presuppositions.

References

Further reading
Hartman, J.J. Levensbericht van Jan Woltjer. Amsterdam, 1918.
Nijhoff, Rob A. De logosfilosofie van Jan Woltjer (1849-1917): logos en wijsbegeerte aan de vroege Vrije Universiteit. Amsterdam: Buijten & Schipperheijn, 2014. Dutch with English summary
Osborne, Hansel E. "Van Til on Woltjer: The Biblical Structure of the Ideëel en Reëel". Doctoral dissertation, Westminster Theological Seminary, 2009.
Slings, S.R. Jan Woltjer tegen de school van Cobet: een evaluatie van 'Overleving en kritiek' (1886). Volume 66, no. 3 of Mededelingen van de Afdeling Letterkunde, nieuwe reeks. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 2003.
van der Laan, H. Jan Woltjer (1849-1917): Filosoof, Classicus, Pedagoog. Amsterdam: VU Uitgeverij, 2000.

1849 births
1917 deaths
Anti-Revolutionary Party politicians
Dutch classical scholars
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the Senate (Netherlands)
People from Groningen (city)
University of Groningen alumni
Academic staff of Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

Jan Woltjer (classical scholar)


Invisible Monsters is a novel by Chuck Palahniuk, published in 1999. It is his third novel to be published, though it was his second written novel (after Insomnia: If You Lived Here, You'd Be Home Already). The novel was originally supposed to be Palahniuk's first novel to be published, but it was rejected by the publisher for being too disturbing. After the success of his novel Fight Club, Invisible Monsters was given a second chance, and a revised version of it was published. The first edition was released in paperback in 1999, and on June 11, 2012, it was published in hardcover, in a revised edition titled Invisible Monsters Remix (). The novel has been adapted into a graphic novel by comic artist KGZ, a.k.a. Gabor Kiss.

Plot
The narrator of the story, Shannon McFarland, is a disfigured former model who goes by multiple pseudonyms, notably Daisy St. Patience and Bubba Joan—identities given to her by Brandy Alexander. The novel opens in medias res on the wedding day of Evie Cottrell, whose house is burning to the ground. Brandy, who has been shot by Evie, asks the narrator to tell her life story. Her memories of her life and her relationship with Brandy are told in a non-linear sequence.

The narrator is the daughter of a farmer. Her older brother, Shane, was kicked out of the house for being gay after contracting gonorrhea. After their parents receive a phone call from a stranger that Shane is dead from AIDS, they become obsessive supporters of gay rights, so that even in death, Shane gets more parental attention than the narrator. This attention is a large source of resentment for the narrator towards her brother, and she sought a career in modeling in attempt to get attention for herself.

The narrator's best friend in modeling school is Evelyn "Evie" Cottrell, who begins a secret relationship with the narrator's boyfriend, Manus Kelley, a police officer. While driving down the highway, the narrator is mysteriously shot in the face and her jaw is torn off. She immediately drives to the hospital and recovers, but her lower jaw is lost; she keeps her disfigured face veiled and her modeling career has been destroyed. In group speech therapy she meets Brandy Alexander, a trans woman. During sessions, Brandy instructs the narrator in how to give herself a new life and a new identity, and gives her a new name, Daisy St. Patience, the first among many new identities.

Evie begs the narrator to come live with her but leaves for Cancún as soon as she arrives, leaving the narrator alone. The first night, Manus breaks into the house with a knife. Because of the rapid non-linear motion of the novel's events, the narrator has often referred to Manus as "Seth", an identity given to him by Brandy, and it is not until this moment in the novel that it becomes clear that Manus and Seth are the same person. When Manus and Evie's affair is exposed, both claim that the other shot the narrator. The narrator sets fire to Evie's house and overpowers and then forces Manus to ingest pills before locking him in the trunk of his own car.

The narrator flees to the hotel room where Brandy lives. She meets Brandy's roommates, the Rhea sisters, a trio of drag queens who are paying for Brandy's sex change operations. The narrator learns that Brandy is actually Shane, who strives to look like her sister (the narrator) through surgery. Brandy is unaware of the narrator's true identity and wants to find her sister. Brandy, the narrator, and Manus leave to travel the country. They frequently pretend to be wealthy clients to view expensive homes that are for sale and steal whatever drugs they can find, alternately ingesting or selling them. Later, the narrator learns of Brandy's stories of sexual abuse by police officer Manus as a teenager, leading to Shane's contracting gonorrhea, being assumed to be gay, and being kicked out. "Brandy" divulges that she is not actually transgender—Shane, not wanting to be himself after what he endured, has chosen to become a woman because he sees it as a way to disfigure himself and lose any sense of identity to become beyond the control of others.

One day the trio is viewing a home and realize that the realtor is Evie's mother, who reveals that Evie herself transitioned at a young age and that her parents are marrying her off to save themselves trouble. The trio attend the wedding. The narrator sets fire to Evie's house, thus returning to the opening scene of the novel.

It is revealed that Brandy originally met Evie in a transgender support group, in which Evie told Brandy of the narrator's accident. Brandy reveals she has always known that the narrator was her sister, Shannon McFarland. In turn, Shannon reveals that she shot herself in the face to escape from being beautiful and beholden to her career and relationships, mirroring Shane's decision to transition.

Later, at Brandy's side while she recovers in a hospital, Shannon determines that she has never truly loved anyone except her brother. Leaving her pocket book with all of her identification, she tells a sleeping Brandy that since Shane is still confused about what he wants out of life, he can have the only thing she has left, her identity as Shannon McFarland. The novel ends with Shannon leaving the hospital and into the world to find a new start.

In the Remix version, it is revealed that Shannon, now going by Daisy St. Patience full-time, has established a cemetery after her parents have died, in which people can buy plots for relatives they disliked with spiteful sayings carved into the tombstones. She also creates a group for disfigured women called "Elephant Women". In the end, she marries an unidentified man.

Characters
 Shannon McFarland, The Narrator and former fashion model, now disfigured by a mysterious gunshot injury. She goes by many various names throughout the book, most notably Daisy St. Patience and Bubba-Joan.
 Brandy Alexander, Queen Supreme, aka Princess Princess—A transgender woman whom the narrator meets in the hospital shortly after her own mysterious gunshot injury. Brandy encourages Narrator to hide her disfigurement and attempt to live a new lifestyle.
 Manus Kelley—Narrator's ex-fiancé, an ex-police officer. He goes by many different names throughout the book.
 Evelyn "Evie" Cottrell—Narrator's former best friend, also a fashion model.
 The Rhea Sisters—Three male drag queens who Brandy describes as being family. They dote on her and pay for all of her surgeries.

Invisible Monsters Remix
Originally released in paperback in 1999, the first hardcover edition of Invisible Monsters was published on June 11, 2012. This edition is a restructured version of the novel, entitled Invisible Monsters Remix. It contains a new author's introduction, explaining that the linear structure of the first edition was not the novel's original intent. Instead, this new edition of the novel presents the chapters in mixed order with instructions on which chapter to read next, and new chapters have also been added.

Film adaptation
MacLaren Productions Inc. acquired rights to the novel in 2009 and planned to begin production of a film adaptation in Vancouver in spring 2011 but this never materialised. The company established a website to help raise support where people can demand the book be made into a movie by submitting their email, name and location online. A Facebook group was also set up under the name "Invisible Monsters Film" to raise awareness for the film and generate support.

References in popular culture

Jeffree Star's song title "Your Heart is My Piñata" is a direct reference to the Katty Kathy quote of the Rhea sister's invention, with Jeffree's debut album Beauty Killer containing several references to the novel.

Panic! at the Disco's song "Time to Dance" heavily references the novel.

Motion City Soundtrack has a bonus track on their album Commit This to Memory titled "Invisible Monsters", in direct reference to the novel.

See also

 1999 in literature

Footnotes

External links

 Invisible Monsters book details on W. W. Norton & Company website
 Review of Invisible Monsters on Unreality Shout

1999 American novels
Novels by Chuck Palahniuk
Novels set in Seattle
W. W. Norton & Company books
Novels with transgender themes
American LGBT novels
1990s LGBT novels
Nonlinear narrative novels

Invisible Monsters


Vigri Tallinn was an Estonian professional football club active between 1980 and 2000.

History
The club was renamed Tevalte Tallinn at the start of the 1993–94 season. In its first season under the new name, the club had all but almost secured the Meistriliiga title, when the Estonian FA disqualified the team on match-fixing allegations. The title was then decided in a championship playoff, since Norma and Flora finished level on points. But, as a protest against the disqualification of Tevalte, Norma Tallinn decided to field their youth squad and lost the game 2–5. The match-fixing allegations were never proven and the club's Meistriliiga status was restored for the 1995–96 season, by FIFA decision. The history of the original Vigri, however, ended the same year, when the club was acquired by AS Marlekor, the same company that privatized "Tallinn's furniture and wood veneer factory" (abbreviated simply as TVMK in Estonian). Marlekor renamed the club, "Tevalte-Marlekor". The "Tevalte" part was dropped from the name a year later.

The club was resurrected in 1996 in the Estonian III liiga, under the name Vigri. KSK Vigri enjoyed two successive promotions and even played in the Meistriliiga promotion playoff in 1998, where they were beaten by Eesti Põlevkivi Jõhvi with a 0–2 aggregate scoreline.

In 2000, the new owners moved the club to Maardu, a small industrial town near Tallinn, and renamed it FK Maardu, putting an end to the history of Vigri.

Name history
Vigri Tallinn (1980 -198?)
Vigri-Marat Tallinn (198? – 1991)
Vigri Tallinn (1991–1993)
Tevalte Tallinn (1993–1995)
Vigri Tallinn (1996–1999)

References

Vigri Tallinn
Vigri Tallinn
Vigri
1980 establishments in Estonia
2000 disestablishments in Estonia

KSK Vigri Tallinn


The Edward V. Rickenbacker House is a historic house in the Driving Park neighborhood of Columbus, Ohio. Built in 1895, it was the childhood home of Eddie Rickenbacker (1890–1973), who at various times in his life was a flying ace, Medal of Honor recipient, race car driver and a pioneer in air transportation. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.

Description and history
The Edward V. Rickenbacker House is located on the north side of East Livingston Avenue (United States Route 33), between Miller Avenue and Lockbourne Road. The house is a 1½ story frame structure with a shingle roof. The house has a gable roof with a shed dormer. Windows are one-over-one sashes. Access to the cellar is through an exterior metal bulkhead door on a concrete base; the concrete bears the initials "E.V.R." The house interior comprises three rooms on the first floor and two in the attic. A one-story shed on the property dates to the Rickenbacker occupancy.

The first portion of the house was built between 1893 and 1895 by Rickenbacker's father, William, with two rooms on the main floor and two attic rooms. About 1900 William and Eddie Rickenbacker built an ell to the north, over a cellar. Eddie grew up in this house, and it was his nominal residence during World War I until he rented an apartment in 1922 with his wife. Eddie paid off the mortgage on the house after his father's death, and it remained in the family until about 1960, the residence of Eddie's sister Mary.

The house was purchased by the city in 1998, when it was poor condition, with the intent of making it the centerpiece of a museum that would revitalize the area. The effort had faltered by 2009, after some rehabilitation had been made to the house. The effort has since been taken over by a nonprofit organization, the Rickenbacker Woods Foundation. The foundation aims to open a museum focusing on the life of Eddie Rickenbacker and the history of the surrounding Driving Park neighborhood.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Ohio
National Register of Historic Places listings in Columbus, Ohio

References

External links

 Aviation:From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms National Park Service

National Historic Landmarks in Ohio
Houses completed in 1895
Houses in Columbus, Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Columbus, Ohio
Columbus Register properties

Captain Edward V. Rickenbacker House


Louis Gustave Fortuné Ratisbonne (29 July 1827 – 24 September 1900) was a French man of letters.

He was born at Strasbourg.  He was the son of the banker Adolphe Ratisbonne and his wife Charlotte Oppenheim (daughter of Salomon Oppenheim), and the nephew of the priests Marie Theodor Ratisbonne and Marie-Alphonse Ratisbonne.  He studied at the school of his native town and at the College Henry IV in Paris. He was connected with the Journal des Debats from 1853 to 1876; became librarian of the palace of Fontainebleau in 1871, and three years later to the Senate.

Louis Ratisbonne's most important work was a verse translation of the La Divina Commedia (The Divine Comedy), in which the original is rendered tercet by tercet into French. L'Enfer (1852) was crowned by the Academy; Le Purgatoire (1857) and Le Paradis 1859) received the prix Bordin.

He is also the author of some charming fables and verses for children: La Comédie enfantine (1860), Les Figures jeunes (1865) and others. He was literary executor of Alfred de Vigny, whose Destinées (1864) and Journal d'un poète (1867) he published. Ratisbonne died in Paris.

References

1827 births
1900 deaths
French essayists
French male essayists
French people of German-Jewish descent

Louis Ratisbonne


Craig Kirkwood (born August 10, 1974) is an American lawyer and former actor. He is best known for his role as Jerry "Rev" Harris in the 2000 film Remember the Titans.

Career
Kirkwood was born in Los Angeles, California. He made his acting debut in a Levi's commercial after being hired by his aunt who is a casting director, Amy Sobo. After enrolling in high-school drama classes, in 1993 he was cast in the NBC Saturday morning sitcom Running the Halls, which ran for one season. He went on to guest star on My So-Called Life, Family Matters, The Parent 'Hood, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Sister, Sister, The Burning Zone, The Steve Harvey Show, Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction, Mercy Point, Nikki, JAG, It's All Relative and Courting Alex.

In 1997, Kirkwood co-starred in the TV series Deepwater Black, which ended after one season.

Kirkwood's most notable role to date was as Jerry "Rev" Harris in the 2000 Disney film Remember the Titans. Kirkwood co-starred in Why Do Fools Fall in Love and the Disney Channel Original Movie Hounded with Tahj Mowry (Nominated for an Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actor - Comedy or Musical).  He appeared in the films Slash, Dead Above Ground, Cats and Mice, Rain and Calendar Girls. He has performed in theater for plays including Little Shop of Horrors, Grease and Big River.

Kirkwood graduated from Loyola Law School in 2008 and is now a practicing criminal defense attorney having passed the California Bar Examination.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Male actors from Los Angeles
African-American male actors
American male musical theatre actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
California lawyers
Loyola Law School alumni
20th-century African-American male singers
21st-century African-American lawyers

Craig Kirkwood


The Cinque Islands are a pair of islands in the Andaman Archipelago, on the north side of Duncan Passage, between Rutland Island and Passage Island. They are part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory of India.

 North Cinque Island
 South Cinque Island

The Cinque Islands are a famous underwater diving spot. The strait between North Cinque and Rutland is called Manners Strait.

References

Islands of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Cinque Islands


Sazerac Company, Inc. is a privately held American alcoholic beverage company headquartered in Metairie in the metropolitan area of New Orleans, Louisiana, but with its principal office in Louisville, Kentucky. The company is owned by billionaire William Goldring and his family. , it operated nine distilleries, had 2,000 employees, and operated in 112 countries. It is one of the two largest spirits companies in the United States, with annual revenue of about $1 billion made from selling about 300 mostly discount brands.

History
The company was founded after the purchase of a bar known as the Sazerac Coffee House in 1869 by Thomas H. Handy. The coffee house itself had been established in 1850. After its purchase, Handy's company began to acquire and market brands of liquor. According to the company, the Sazerac Coffee House had been named after a cocktail called the Sazerac that was created in the mid-1800s by the immigrant Antoine Amédée Peychaud, who operated a pharmacy on Royal Street in the French Quarter of New Orleans in 1838. The company publishes a Sazerac recipe and produces a Peychaud's Bitters named after Peychaud, which is an ingredient in the traditional Sazerac cocktail.

William Goldring began buying shares of the company in 1984, and eventually purchased the entire company.

In 2009, the company's principal office was moved to Louisville, Kentucky, reflecting an increased company focus on bourbon whiskey production. However, the Sazerac Company still maintains an active presence in the New Orleans area, and it also has operations in Carson and Loomis, California; Baltimore, Maryland; Chicago, Illinois; Bardstown, Frankfort, and Owensboro, Kentucky; Fredericksburg, Virginia; Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Lewiston, Maine; Londonderry, New Hampshire; Newport, Tennessee; and Segonzac, France.

In 2016, the company had an estimated revenue of $1 billion per year and a market valuation estimate of $4.5 billion. The valuation placed Goldring in the Bloomberg Billionaires Index with an estimated net worth of $3.9 billion.

Distilleries
 A. Smith Bowman Distillery in Fredericksburg, Virginia
 Barton 1792 Distillery in Bardstown, Kentucky
 1820 Spirits Distillery in Lewiston, Maine
 Buffalo Trace Distillery in Frankfort, Kentucky
 Glenmore Distillery in Owensboro, Kentucky
 Les Distilleries Sazerac du Canada in Montreal, Quebec
 Popcorn Sutton Distillery in Newport, Tennessee
 Northwest Ordinance Distilling in New Albany, Indiana

Acquisitions
In 1989, Sazerac acquired several brands from Seagram: Benchmark, a bourbon, eventually changing its name from "Benchmark" to McAfee's Benchmark; James Foxe Canadian Whisky; Nikolai (vodka); Carstairs Blended Whiskey; Crown Russe, a vodka and gin brand; Dr. McGillicuddy's, a liqueur brand, that included its Fireball Whisky, which was rebranded as Fireball Cinnamon Whisky in 2007; Eagle Rare, a Kentucky straight bourbon whisky.

In 1992, Sazerac acquired the George T. Stagg Distillery in Frankfort, Kentucky, at which time the company's primary focus became the production of bourbon whiskey, a product that is primarily distilled, aged, and bottled in Kentucky, later changing its name to the Buffalo Trace Distillery in 1999.

In 1994, Sazerac acquired Monsieur Henri, a wine and specialty spirits company. In 2007, it was announced that they were changing the name Monsieur Henri to Gemini Spirits and Wine; it is headquartered in Loomis, California. In 2014, Sazerac announced the creation the Bond & Royal Company, located in Chicago, Illinois, to take over the specialty and craft segment of its brands from the Gemini Spirits and Wine portfolio including: Del Maguey Single Village Mezcal, a "cousin" to the tequila family of spirits, Campo de Encanto Pisco, a Peruvian brandy, Banks Rum, Siete Leguas Tequila, Glenfarclas Single Malt Scotch, Dimmi Liquore di Milano, an Italian liqueur, and the Casa San Matias Tequilas.

In 1999, Sazerac acquired the W.L. Weller bourbon brands.

In 2003, Sazerac acquired the A. Smith Bowman Distillery, located in Fredericksburg, Virginia. Virginia Gentleman, a bourbon whiskey, is distilled there.

In March 2009, Sazerac completed its acquisition of Constellation Brands value-priced spirit assets. The purchase included Barton Brands and several other bourbon brands, a distillery in Bardstown, Kentucky, and a bottling and warehousing facility in Owensboro, Kentucky. In June, Sazerac acquired The Old Taylor Bourbon label and barrel inventory from Beam Global Spirits & Wine, now known as Beam Suntory.

In September 2011, Sazerac entered into an agreement with Corby Distilleries Limited, to purchase 17 Corby owned brands including: McGuinness Silk Tassel Canadian Whisky, Red Tassel Vodka, and DeKuyper Geneva Gin and Peachtree Schnapps as part of the agreement made with the other brands acquired from Corby Distilleries Limited. The deal also included shares of Corby's manufacturing and bottling facilities in Montreal, Quebec, Canada and Quebec, Canada. The distillery was eventually renamed as the Old Montreal Distillery. In October, Sazerac Acquired 32 brands from White Rock Distillery, most notably: Tortilla triple sec, Desert Island cocktails, Kapali liqueurs, Ryans Irish cream liqueur, Fire Water schnapps liqueur, Ice 101 liqueurs, Barbarossa rum, Ice Box blenders and cocktails, Mount Royal Canadian whisky, and others. In May 2012, Sazerac Acquired several more brands from White Rock Distillery including: Baja Tequila, Tenure Vodka, Epic Vodka, Superia Vodka, Stroyski Vodka, El Charro Tequila, Blackmaker Root beer liqueur, and Chocolate Valley Vines wine.

In October 2012, Sazerac acquired Gran Gala, a liqueur brand, from Stock Spirits.

In October 2013, Sazerac bought a distillery, including land and equipment in Lewiston, Maine, from Beam Inc. (now known as Beam Suntory). By 2017, the name of the distillery was changed to Boston Brands of Maine. The Mr. Boston line of Brandies is distilled there.

In October 2015, Sazerac acquired Michael Collins, an Irish whiskey from the Sidney Frank Importing Company. Also in 2015, Sazerac added Van Gogh Imports, changing its name to 375 Park Avenue Spirits, as an independent, but fully integrated, division in its portfolio.

In March 2016, Sazerac completed the purchase of the Southern Comfort brand of whiskey-based liqueur, and Tuaca, a brandy liqueur, from Brown-Forman, Inc. That same month, Sazerac acquired Hi-Spirits to take over the distribution of its products in the UK. In May, it was announced that Sazerac had finalized a deal with Pernod Ricard's Irish Distillers to acquire its Paddy Whiskey brand. In September, Sazerac acquired The Last Drop Distillers, an independent bottler of Scotch whiskey. Also in September, Sazerac acquired South Trade International, an Australian spirit maker, from Pinnacle Drinks. In October, Sazerac acquired Frïs Vodka from Pernod Ricard. In December, Sazerac announced its acquisition of The Popcorn Sutton Distillery in Newport, Tennessee. Also in December, it was announced that Sazerac had acquired Domaine Breuil de Segonzac Cognac, including property located near the town of Segonzac, France, near Cognac.

In November 2018, Sazerac announced it would acquire 19 spirits brands from Diageo Plc, including Seagram VO Canadian whisky and Goldschläger cinnamon schnapps.

In June 2020, the company announced it would acquire the brands Early Times, Collingwood, and Canadian Mist, including the latter's distillery in Ontario, from Brown-Forman. The acquisition included the barrel aging stocks related to the different brands as well.

Joint ventures
In 2002, Sazerac entered an agreement with the Van Winkle family to produce its Pappy Van Winkle's Family Reserve and Old Rip Van Winkle bourbon and rye whisky brands at its Buffalo Trace Distillery.
In 2014, Sazerac entered into a licensing and distribution agreement with The Wine Group, to market its Big House Bourbon, Concannon Irish Whiskey, and Piedra Azul Tequila.
In 2015, Sazerac entered an agreement with La Martiniquaise to be a US distributor of its Saint-Vivant Armagnac brand, produced in France.
In 2016, Sazerac entered into an agreement with ArcusGruppen to be their US importer of its Lysholm Linie, Aalborg Taffel, and Aalborg Jubilaeums Aquavit brands produced in Norway.
On May 31, 2016, Sazerac entered a long-term Canadian national distribution agreement with Charton Hobbs, Inc. a wine and spirits company.
On March 3, 2017, it was announced that Sazerac entered a joint venture with Bittermens.
In June 2017, it was announced that Sazerac had entered agreement with Dictador, to have its Rum products be imported into the US through its 375 Spirits division.
In October 2017, it was announced that Sazerac entered an agreement with John Distilleries Private Limited (JDPL) to expand into India.

Divestitures
In June 2009, Sazerac sold Effen Vodka to Fortune Brands. After a restructuring of Fortune Brands and an acquisition by Suntory, Effen has since become a Beam Suntory brand.

See also

List of historic whisky distilleries

References

External links

Companies based in New Orleans
Bourbon whiskey
1850 establishments in Louisiana
Alcoholic drink companies
Distilleries

Sazerac Company


The Abbey of St. Peter in Oudenburg () was an abbey established in 1070 by Arnold of Soissons in Oudenburg, West Flanders, which is now located in present-day Belgium.

History
Arnold founded the abbey after he was removed from his position as Bishop of Soissons and at the abbey Arnold began to brew beer to remove pathogens from the water and encouraged the locals to drink it.

In 1173 this abbey started to reclaim salt marshes (flooded land). This resulted in the creation of the Bamburg polder.

In medieval times the pigeons in the town square belonged to the Abbey farm.

The abbey was demolished at the time of the French Revolution. On the 16 February 1797 the abbey and all properties were sold and the buildings were largely demolished. The last monk was Veremundus Norbertus Da (1770–1852) and the property became a farm.

Site today
One tower from the abbey was not destroyed during the Revolution and during Nazi occupation, this tower served as a lookout.

In 1934 Steenbrugge Abbey got the naming rights from St. Peter's Abbey, and in 1989 the farm became a hotel. The town Roman Archeological Museum lies nearby the former abbey and displays some relics of the abbey in its collection.

Known abbots
 Arnold of Soissons. Founder and patron saint of brewers.
 Hariulf (fl. 1130s)
 Raphael de Mercatellis (1463–1478), noted bibliophile.
 Charles Geleyns (c. 1610 – Bruges, 22 August 1677).

References

Ruined Christian monasteries in Belgium
Christian monasteries in West Flanders
1070 establishments in Europe
1797 disestablishments in Europe

Abbey of St. Peter in Oudenburg


Amina Khatun (fl. 1117) was de facto ruler of Aleppo in 1117.

She was born to Fakhr al-Mulk Ridwan, Amir of Aleppo (r. 1095–1113). Her father was succeeded by her brother Alp Arslan al-Akhras under regency of Lu'lu' al-Yaya. Her brother was deposed in 1114 by Lu'lu' al-Yaya, who replaced him with her six-year-old younger brother Sulṭān Shāh.

In 1117, Lu'lu' al-Yaya died. Amina Khatun seized effective control of Aleppo in the interregnum. She did not proclaim herself as regent, but she called upon the commander Yaruqtash in Damascus to come and assume the regency in Aleppo on behalf of her brother. When Yaruqtash tried to assume direct control and depose her brother, she had him arrested and exiled. Together with her sister Farkhinda Khatun, she installed Ilghazi as the new commander and regent and, eventually, as the successor of her brother. Her position as de facto keeper of the citadel and regency of Aleppo was near unique for a woman in a Muslim state of her time.

References

12th-century women rulers
12th-century Syrian people
Monarchs of Aleppo
Syrian women

Amina Khatun


Robert Kenneth Meyer (27 May 1932 – 6 May 2009) was a logician and Professor Emeritus at the Australian National University.

First trained to be a minister at the Union Congregational Church by the Princeton Theological Seminary in 1956, he completed his graduate studies in philosophy and logic at the University of Pittsburgh. He moved to Australia and joined the Australian National University in 1974. He worked on the semantics of relevant logic.

He was the Maximum Leader for the Logicians Liberation League, and drafted its manifesto.

Meyer died of lung cancer on 6 May 2009, aged 76, in Canberra, Australia.

Was married to peace activist Barbara (Bobi) Lee Meyer.

Survived by Children: Nancy, Judy, Gail, Bob Junior, Carl, Jay, Vandy, Dorothy, Billy, Maria and Gisela.

References

Australian logicians
American logicians
Deaths from lung cancer
People from Canberra
Princeton Theological Seminary alumni
University of Pittsburgh alumni
1932 births
2009 deaths
Deaths from cancer in the Australian Capital Territory
Academic staff of the Australian National University
Australian philosophers
20th-century American philosophers

Bob Meyer (logician)


Delta Force 2 is a tactical first-person shooter video game developed by NovaLogic and released in 1999. It is the second game in the Delta Force series and was followed by Delta Force: Land Warrior one year later. The game was re-released in 2009 on Steam.

Gameplay

The player assumes the role of a Delta Force operative who takes part in missions across the globe. The action takes place in vast outdoor environments and combat distances reach up to several hundred meters. The game has an emphasis on realism, with human enemies and the player alike being very vulnerable to damage from weapons, and projectiles being subject to wind conditions.

Missions consist of a series of objectives while navigation points indicate what to do, the player is free to approach the targets as he sees fit. Objectives typically involve eliminating all hostile presence in a specific location, rescuing hostages, or destroying enemy vehicles and facilities. Many missions feature allied Delta Force teams which follow commands predefined by the mission design, and who can also be issued orders by the player. The player can view the positions of nearby enemies and friendly units through the use of a minimap on their HUD.

Game engine
The game continues to use NovaLogic's proprietary Voxel Space engine from its earlier games, including the original Delta Force and the Comanche series of helicopter combat simulators, known for its ability to render vast landscapes. This updated version of the engine is dubbed Voxel Space 32, as it is optimised for 32-bit graphics cards and does not support 16-bit cards anymore. All terrain is visualised by voxels while any characters, vehicles, structures or other details are polygonal. Unlike its predecessor, Delta Force 2 supports hardware acceleration. A new feature in Delta Force 2s version of the engine are stretched voxels which allow to simulate high grass, capable of masking characters at any distance.

Mission editor
The game includes a mission editor which allows the user to place objects, enemies, and objectives in one of the game's existing landscapes.

Reception

The game received "average" reviews according to video game review aggregator GameRankings. Computer Gaming Worlds Brett Todd criticised the game for "abysmal graphics", non-existent sound effects and a lack of background information on the missions. He also criticised the need to carefully scan the screen for small enemies in the distance as well as the game's poor performance, forcing the player to play on a small resolution even on high-end hardware and further worsening the trouble with spotting enemies. He praised the mission design and multiplayer mode for up to 50 players, however. GameSpots Michael E. Ryan was more enthusiastic. He particularly praised the mission design, calling it "generally excellent" and noting that the missions are usually "realistic and believable", with some exceptions more inspired by action films. He also praised the game's multiplayer mode and the sound design. Eric Bratcher of NextGen said of the game, "Not quite as tense or pretty as Rainbow Six, this is still a great game for Green Beret wanna-bes." PC Gamers Gordon Goble remarked, "Delta Force 2, while not all it should have been, remains an intriguing slice of tactical action that should please most fans of the genre."

The game received a "Silver" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 100,000 units in the UK.

References

External links
Official Website

1999 video games
Cooperative video games
Delta Force (video game series)
First-person shooters
NovaLogic games
Tactical shooter video games
Video games about Delta Force
Video games developed in the United States
Video games with gender-selectable protagonists
Video games set in Africa
Video games set in Europe
Video games set in South America
Video games set in Asia
Video games set in the Middle East
Video games set in Uganda
Video games set in Chad
Video games set in Kazakhstan
Video games set in Georgia (country)
Video games set in Russia
Video games set in Antarctica
Video games with voxel graphics
Windows games
Windows-only games

Delta Force 2


Steve Wariner is an American country music singer, songwriter and guitarist. His discography comprises nineteen studio albums, six compilation albums, and fifty-five singles. Of his studio albums, three are certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of 500,000 copies each: 1991's I Am Ready, and Burnin' the Roadhouse Down and Two Teardrops from 1998 and 1999 respectively. I Am Ready was Wariner's first release for Arista Nashville following tenures on RCA and MCA Nashville, and Burnin' the Roadhouse Down his first for Capitol Records.

Out of his fifty-five solo singles, Wariner has reached Number One on the Billboard country charts nine times. His first was "All Roads Lead to You" in 1981, followed by two streaks of three consecutive Number Ones each: "Some Fools Never Learn," "You Can Dream of Me" and "Life's Highway" between 1985 and 1986, and "Small Town Girl," "The Weekend" and "Lynda" between 1986 and 1987, followed by "Where Did I Go Wrong" and "I Got Dreams," both in 1989.

Wariner has also been featured as a guest performer on singles by Nicolette Larson, Glen Campbell, Mark O'Connor, Anita Cochran and Clint Black, and has featured Garth Brooks as a guest vocalist on two of his own singles. Wariner's guest appearance on Cochran's late 1997-early 1998 hit "What If I Said" became Wariner's tenth Number One hit, as well as his first Billboard Hot 100 hit at number 59. Although he never had any Number One country hits after this song, his singles "Two Teardrops" and "I'm Already Taken" (the latter a re-recording of his 1978 debut single, which peaked at 63 that year) reached 30 and 42 on the pop charts while also reaching Top 5 at country. Wariner's last Top Ten country hit was his guest vocal on Black's 2000 single release "Been There," a number 5 country and number 44 pop hit.

Besides his single releases and guest appearances, Wariner collaborated with Lee Roy Parnell and Diamond Rio on a rendition of "Workin' Man Blues" which reached 48 on the country charts credited to Jed Zeppelin. He has also charted with a cover version of "Get Back" from the 1995 Beatles tribute album Come Together: America Salutes The Beatles, and one Christmas release from the multi-artist Capitol Records album Shimmy Down the Chimney.

Studio albums

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s and 2020s

Compilation albums

Singles

1970s and 1980s

1990s and 2000s

As a featured artist

Christmas singles

Promotional singles

Charted B-sides

Music videos

Guest appearances

Notes

References

Discographies of American artists
Country music discographies

Steve Wariner discography


In geometric group theory, a presentation complex is a 2-dimensional cell complex associated to any presentation of a group G.  The complex has a single vertex, and one loop at the vertex for each generator of G.  There is one 2-cell for each relation in the presentation, with the boundary of the 2-cell attached along the appropriate word.

Properties

 The fundamental group of the presentation complex is the group G itself.
 The universal cover of the presentation complex is a Cayley complex for G, whose 1-skeleton is the Cayley graph of G.
 Any presentation complex for G is the 2-skeleton of an Eilenberg–MacLane space .

Examples
Let  be the two-dimensional integer lattice, with presentation

Then the presentation complex for G is a torus, obtained by gluing the opposite sides of a square, the 2-cell, which are labelled x and y. All four corners of the square are glued into a single vertex, the 0-cell of the presentation complex, while a pair consisting of a longtitudal and meridian circles on the torus, intersecting at the vertex, constitutes its 1-skeleton.

The associated Cayley complex is a regular tiling of the plane by unit squares.  The 1-skeleton of this complex is a Cayley graph for .

Let  be the Infinite dihedral group, with presentation . The presentation complex for  is , the wedge sum of projective planes. For each path, there is one 2-cell glued to each loop, which provides the standard cell structure for each projective plane.  The Cayley complex is an infinite string of spheres.

References

 Roger C. Lyndon and Paul E. Schupp, Combinatorial group theory. Reprint of the 1977 edition (Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete, Band 89). Classics in Mathematics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2001
 Ronald Brown and Johannes Huebschmann,   Identities among relations, in Low  dimensional topology, London Math. Soc. Lecture Note Series 48 (ed. R.  Brown and T.L. Thickstun, Cambridge University Press, 1982), pp. 153–202.
 Hog-Angeloni, Cynthia, Metzler, Wolfgang and Sieradski, Allan J. (eds.). Two-dimensional homotopy and combinatorial group theory,  London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series, Volume 197. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1993).

Algebraic topology
Geometric group theory

Presentation complex


A chemigram (from "chemistry" and gramma, Greek for "things written") is an experimental piece of art where an image is made by painting with chemicals on light-sensitive paper (such as photographic paper).

The term Chemigram was coined in the 1950s by Belgian artist Pierre Cordier.

History
Johann Schulze is regarded as the first to obtain a chemigram-like image; in 1725, he produced such a work using opaque paper and a bottle of silver salts. Hippolyte Bayard produced another chemigram-like image during sensitization tests he conducted in 1839. In the 1930s and 1940s, the German Edmund Kesting and the French Maurice Tabard produced pictures by painting with developer and fixer on photographic paper. It is the Belgian artist Pierre Cordier (born 1933), however, who has been most responsible for developing and exploring chemigrams. From his early days, in 1956, he was one of its rare practitioners, and contributed to its development by expanding its technical and esthetic possibilities. He adopted the name  in French in 1958 (chemigram in English and Dutch,  in German,  in Italian, and  in Spanish and Portuguese), the most widely accepted designation today. In 1974 Josef H. Neumann advanced the process in his chemograms by incorporating optical elements before applying chemicals.

Process

A chemigram is made by painting with chemicals on photographic paper and lies within the general domain of experimentation in the visual arts. It requires the use of materials from silver halide-based photography (light-sensitive paper, developer, and fixer), but it is not a photograph. Like the photogram, the chemigram is made without a camera, yet it is created in full light instead of in the darkness of the darkroom.  For this reason it is not "light that writes" (photo graphein in the Greek) but rather "chemistry that writes".

Chemigrams can be made solely with photo paper, developer, and fixer, with results that will somewhat resemble watercolor. The possibilities can be multiplied by using materials from painting (such as varnish, wax, or oil), These kinds of experiments are akin to those of Paul Klee, Max Ernst, and Antoni Tàpies.

In contrast to chemigrams, the production of chemograms consists of two different steps. First an enlarger is used to partly or fully expose a photographic image onto photographic paper in the darkroom and thereafter the images are processed with chemicals under full light.

Notes

References

External links

 "Camera-less photography" from the Victoria and Albert Museum

Photographic techniques

Chemigram