Boron trifluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula BF3. This strong-smelling, colourless, and toxic gas forms white vapor in moist air. It is a useful Lewis acid and a versatile building block for other boron compounds.

Unlike the aluminium and gallium trihalides, the boron trihalides are all separate molecules that do not attach to each other. They undergo rapid halide exchange reactions.

Fluorine compounds
Boron compounds

Boron trifluoride


Beulas SAU is a coachbuilder based in Arbúcies, Catalonia, Spain. The company builds a range of coach bodies on a variety of chassis. Their products are sold throughout Europe.

History
The company was established in 1934 by Ramón Beulas and Narcís Pujol in Arbúcies, a village in the Selva county of the province of Girona, Catalonia, Spain. It was (after Indcar and Ayats) the third coachbuilding company to be founded in this small town, which offered the advantage of being in the midst of a densely forested area ("Selva" means "forest" in Catalan), useful since the bodyworks were still made of wood at the time. During the Spanish Civil War, Beulas built ambulance bodies for the army. For the next three decades, Beulas remained a small coachbuilder which hand-crafted each bodywork to order, making 6–10 per year. During the 1960s, the company grew steadily and components began to be standardized, allowing for an increase in production volume. In the 1970s and 1980s, the company multiplied the size of the factory premises and introduced more modern designs, and in the 1990s they began their international distribution, first in Germany and the UK, and later in the rest of Europe. Today, Beulas has close to 270 employees, and produces around 310 vehicles a year.

In 2012, Beulas has made a restyling of all of his models excepting Gianino.

Products
Gianino - small coach
 Stela - small coach (Only with Mercedes-Benz engine)
Aura - coach
Stergo' Spica - coach
Cygnus - coach
Glory - top of the range luxury coach, introduced in 2008
Jewel - Double deck coach, introduced in 2009

Chassis types
Beulas coach bodies are known to have been built upon the following manufacturers' chassis types (some may have been discontinued):

Iveco Bus
Mercedes-Benz
Volvo
VDL
Scania
MAN

External links

Official Beulas website (in English)

Bus manufacturers of Spain
Companies based in Catalonia
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1934
Spanish brands
1934 establishments in Spain

Beulas


Anitra Thorhaug is an American marine biologist, plant ecophysiologist and a chemical oceanographer whose extensive work on the rehabilitation of coastal ecosystems has had a substantial influence on national and international policies on conservation around the world. She is President of the Greater Caribbean Energy and Environment Foundation, and President of the Institute for Seagrasses. She has had a series of professorships at leading Universities and presently works at The Institute of Sustainable Forestry Ecophysiological Laboratories at the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. She is a member of the International Club of Rome and has twice been President of the US Association of the Club of Rome.

Education

Thorhaug studied biology at Smith College, the University of Chicago, Roosevelt University and the University of Oslo in Norway and was awarded a BSc by the University of Miami in 1963. She received an MSc in marine biology from the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Miami in 1965. She carried out research on artificial and living single-cell marine algae membranes at RSMAS and Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University for which she was awarded a PhD in 1969. Her post-doctoral work (1969-1971) on living plasma membranes using a non-equilibrium thermodynamic framework included work at the Weizmann Institute with Aharon Katchalsky, and at UCLA with Jack Dainty, while continuing to be advised technically by Lawrence R. Blinks of Hopkins Marine Station.

Career

Academically, Dr. Thorhaug has been associated with a number of leading universities and research institutions around the world, including the University of California, Berkeley, the Stanford Hopkins Marine Stations, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida International University, the Weizmann Institute and UCLA and is currently conducting research into photosynthesis and remote sensing of marine plants at the Ecophysiological Laboratories at the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. She has worked for a number of United Nations Agencies including the World Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization, the International Oceanographic Commission of the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the UN Environment Program and the UN Development Program. In the United States, she has worked for and advised the Department of Energy, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Science Foundation, and Seagrant and has held offices in national scientific associations such as Chair of Physiology of the Botanical Society of America. Thorhaug has also worked with private foundations such as the Mobil Oil Foundation, Mitchell Foundation and the Rockefeller Family Foundation.  She is the author of eleven books and more than two hundred scientific publications.

Honors and awards

Thorhaug received the United Nations Environmental Program Gold Medal in 1982, was included in the UNEP Global 500 list in 1987, received the Earth Trustee Award from UNCED in 1991 and was featured in UNEP's Who's Who Women in Environment in 2006. She is a member of the Club of Rome and was President of the United States Association of the Club of Rome twice. She has received a Lifetime Legacy Award from the Botanical Society of America, a Lindbergh Award and a BSA Diamond Award as well as numerous national and international awards and grans and was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Philippines Women's University in 1994.

References

American marine biologists
American oceanographers
American physiologists
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science alumni
Club of Rome members
Smith College alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Ecophysiologist
Plant physiologists
Women physiologists
Women marine biologists
Biologists from Illinois

Anitra Thorhaug


Lightning switch is a wireless and batteryless remote control switch technology manufactured by PulseSwitch Systems, a member of The Face Companies Group of Norfolk, Virginia.  It is most commonly used as a wireless light switch.

Energy harvesting
The Lightning Switch transmitter requires no outside source of electricity.  Each time the transmitter button is pressed, the transmitter converts the mechanical energy supplied by the user's finger into electricity to power a radio transmission to a receiver/relay through the use of a piezoelectric generator (brand name: Lightning) originally invented by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.  This technology is described in the 2005 issue of NASA Spinoff magazine.

Technology
The Lightning Switch is featured in the 2007 Concept Home in Omaha, Nebraska, part of the Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (PATH) coordinated by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development.

Lightning products were studied by HUD consultant Newport Partners, LLC of Davidsonville, Maryland USA.

Lightning Switch won a 2006 NOVA Award, the highest international honor for innovation in the construction industry.

In October 2007, NASA cited the employment of the Lightning piezoelectric generator in the Lightning Switch as one of the top 20 spinoff technologies produced over the previous five years, based on factors such as quality of life, economic benefit, and value back to NASA.

In March 2008, the Lightning Switch was chosen as the winner of the 2008 SPIE Smart Structures Product Implementation Award.

In 2012, the Lightning Switch was "Space Certified" by the Space Foundation.

External links
 Lightning Switch Website
 NASA Spinoff 2005
 Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (PATH) Website
 Newport Partners Case Study on Lightning Switch
 Construction Innovation Forum's NOVA Award Website
 NOVA Award Description of the Lightning Switch Technology
 Constructor magazine article on Lightning Switch, November/December 2006
 Electronic Design article on Lightning piezo, June 21, 2007
 Fine Homebuilding article on the PATH Concept Home and The Lightning Switch, February/March 2008

References
Switches
Remote control
American inventions

Lightning switch


The Walls of Trabzon (or the "Walls of Trebizond") are a series of defensive walls surrounding the old town of the city of Trabzon, northeastern Turkey. The fortifications are sometimes called the Trabzon Castle (). However, they did not function as a castle, rather as city walls. Constructed on foundations dating back to the Roman era with cut stones from former structures at site, the walls stretch from the hill on the backside of the old town to the Black Sea shore. The walls further divided the city into three parts; the Upper Town or "fortress" (Yukari Hisar), the Middle Town (Orta Hisar) and the Lower Town (Aşağı Hisar). The upper and middle towns are flanked by steep ravines cut by the Zagnos (Iskeleboz) and Tabakhane (Kuzgun) streams to the west and east respectively, while the lower town extends to the west of Zagnos (see the plan on the right).

The Upper Town functioned as the citadel and as the acropolis of the city. It is believed that the citadel was built as the first construction in 2000 BC. Some early sources mention the existence of ruins of structures such as hippodrome, tower, bath and palace. The citadel underwent various modifications in the history. The walls of the Upper Fortress are higher than of the other parts. It is fortified in the south with higher and thicker walls and towers. During the Roman period an aqueduct was built to supply the Upper Town with a freshwater source. The Upper Town was accessible through a double gate with the Middle Town. The imperial palace of the Empire of Trebizond was located in the Upper Town. After the surrender of the city to Ottoman forces a small mosque was built next to the palace. Some epigraphs from Ottoman era, which were found between the citadel walls, can be seen in Trabzon Museum.

The Middle Town, which was built by Alexios II of Trebizond (reigned 1297–1330), is the continuation of the upper and lower parts. It has no regular form. Its two gates, Imaret Kapı (literally: Alms Kitchen Gate) and Zağanos Kapı (Zaganos Pasha Gate) are situated in the west. It has two more gates at other sides, Tabakhane Kapısı (Tannery Gate) and Kule Kapı (Tower Gate). Notable buildings found here are Orta Hisar Mosque (Panagia Chrysocephalos Church), Governor's mansion, Zağanos Bridge, Kule Hamamı (Tower Bath), Çifte Hamma (Twin Bath), Amasya Mosque, Şirin Hatun Mosque and Musa Pasha Mosque.

The Lower Town stretches in the west from Zağanos Tower down to the sea. Also this part of the fortifications were built by Alexios II of Trebizond. However, an inscription with the tughra of Ottoman sultan Mehmed II (reigned 1444–46 and 1451–81) is situated above the gate in the Moloz Tabya (literally: Rubble Bastion). In the east, there are two gates, Pazarkapı (Marketplace Gate) and Mumhane Kapı (Chandlery Gate). Historical buildings around the Lower Fortress are Molla Siyah Mosque (St. Andreas Church), Hoca Halil Mosque, Pazarkapı Mosque, Kundupoğlu and Yarımbıyıkoğlu manions, Sekiz Düzenli Hamam (bath), Tophane Hamamı (bath), Hacı Arif Hamamı (bath) and İskender Pasha fountains.

The most of the city walls are still standing and are among the city's oldest buildings. In fact, their oldest part can be dated back to 1st century AD during the Roman Empire era. Historical sources provide information about older stages of their construction. Xenophon, who visited the city in 5th century BC also mentioned the existence of city walls.

In 1921, some of the remaining Christians of the city were ordered by the municipal authorities to dismantle the stone of the Comnenos era fortress and use the rubble for road building.

During the 20th century the valleys on both the western and eastern sides of the middle and upper towns were built up with illegal constructions, in some cases obstructing the view of the walls. In the last two decades the municipality of Trabzon has initiated a series of redevelopment projects surrounding the old town. As of 2017 the western Zagnos valley has been turned into a park with unobstructed view of the walls and aqueduct, and the illegal constructions in the eastern Kuzgun (or Tabakhane) valley have been torn down. Kuzgun valley will eventually also be turned into a park.

References

External links

 Towers of Trabzon (gallery)

Gallery

Empire of Trebizond
Buildings and structures in Trabzon
Tourist attractions in Trabzon Province
Byzantine walls in Turkey

Walls of Trabzon


Thomas Barber (c.1740 – c.1810) was an English musician and singer. He was the last Master of the Choristers of Chichester Cathedral before the position was merged with the Organist post in 1801.

Career
Barber was a Lay Vicar at Chichester Cathedral in the 1790s under the direction of William Walond Jr. Walond resigned the position of Master of the Choristers in 1794 (but retained the separate position of Organist) – Barber was appointed in his stead, and received his fee from Walond's salary.

In 1801, James Target was appointed Organist and Master of the Choristers of Chichester Cathedral. The cathedral Chapter records indicate that Barber had to be 'removed' in order for Target to assume the newly merged liturgical position.

References

English organists
English male singers

Thomas Barber (musician)


Tallaght () is a town located in South Dublin in Ireland.

History

Early history

Tallaght was founded as a monastery by St. Maelruain in 769 AD, It was devastated by the Vikings in 811 AD.

Recent developments

In the 1960s, Tallaght developed from a small village to a large town in South Dublin, and in 1994, South Dublin County Council (SDCC) was formed with a headquarters in Belgard, Tallaght.

Districts

"Greater Tallaght" comprises Tallaght village and a range of areas that were formerly small settlements (Jobstown, Old Bawn, Kilnamanagh) and rural townlands, all developed in recent decades.

The main village of Tallaght lies west of the Tallaght Bypass (N81). It stretches from Main Road and Main Street to the Abberley Court Hotel at the end of High Street and encompasses the Village Green shopping plaza, Tallaght Courthouse, Westpark, and many shops, restaurants and banks. It also houses Tallaght Youth Service, Tallaght's first newspaper printing house the Tallaght Echo, and (formally) Tallaght Community Arts Centre. The area's Institute of Technology, Saint Mary's Priory, and Saint Maelruain's Church are located in the historic quarter of Tallaght village.

The newer "town centre" lies immediately to the south across the Belgard Road, encompassing Belgard Square, the main shopping complex (known as The Square Tallaght), the Luas Red Line terminus, Tallaght Hospital (including the National Children's Hospital), County Hall, the Civic Theatre, South Dublin County Library, Rua Red Arts Centre, the Cookstown Area near Maplewood and Springfield, and several bars, restaurants and hotels.

To the northeast of the village lies the Tymon North / Balrothery area, which comprised rural townlands until the 1970s. This district includes estates such as Bancroft, Balrothery, Glenview, Castle Park, Saint Aongus, Tymon, Bolbrook and Avonbeg. These parts are home to several sporting facilities, including the National Basketball Arena, a fitness centre, two swimming pools, an athletics track, and an astroturf football facility. Tymon Park is watered by the River Poddle and is Ireland's second-largest city park. It borders Greenhills and Templeogue, and it contains extensive sporting grounds, ponds, Coláiste De Hide and one of Ireland's largest playgrounds at the Tymon North entrance.

Old Bawn is immediately south of the village, bordered by Sean Walsh Memorial (also locally called Watergate) Park. To the east of Old Bawn, estates include Home Lawns, Mountain Park, Millbrook Lawns and Seskin View. To the south and southwest of the village lie Kiltipper, Aylesbury, and Killinarden (the latter comprising the residential areas of Deerpark, Cushlawn and Elder Heath). Beyond these are rural lands, running towards the Dublin Mountains.

In the northwest is Belgard Green, with Belgard Heights and Kingswood (built 1974) to the north, Kingswood is also sometimes considered as Clondalkin as it half holds a Dublin 22 postcode. Half of Kingswood is served by Clondalkin Garda Station. Kingswood and Belgard Heights are adjacent to Clondalkin, while Kilnamanagh is situated beside Greenhills and south-west of Walkinstown and Crumlin. Tallaght Theatre is situated along Greenhills Road.

In the near north located is Fettercairn, thought by some to be in Jobstown, but not. Fettercairn is its own district of Tallaght. The Fettercairn Community Centre is there and the Belgard Quarry is nearby, Fettercairn lays out onto the new Katharine Tynan Road, named after the poet Katharine Tynan, it was finished in 2012.

West of Central Tallaght is Springfield, which contains estates such as Maplewood, Alderwood, Virginia Heights, and part of Cookstown through the Maplewood Road. It also has a shopping centre, Fortunestown Shopping Centre, with Jordan's SuperValu and the Credit Union.

More west of the town centre is the former village of Jobstown, now a town with dense housing estates, and also some housing estates like Kiltalown, Brookfield, Bawnlea and Kilclare.

Transport and population
As of the 2016 census, Tallaght's population is understood to stand at 76,119.

There is a LUAS light rail tram service next to The Square Shopping Centre and many Dublin Bus routes (27, 49, 54a, 56a, 65, 65b, 77a)

Go-Ahead Ireland also operates in Tallaght with Routes 75, 75a, 76, 76a and 175 going through the area.

References
County towns in Ireland

Tallaght


"Seen the Light" is a song by English rock band Supergrass. It was the third single from their fourth album Life on Other Planets. It was the first Supergrass release on DVD and reached number 22 on the UK Singles Chart when it was released in January 2003. The B-Side "The Loner" is a cover version of a Neil Young song.

Music video
The video begins with the statement "All the world await this human drama, of man's faith in God", which then leads straight to the start of the song itself. It is mainly black-and-white footage (however, there is a brief period of colour film around the middle eight) of music concert goers, people experiencing religious revelations and preacher men. The video ends with a wild audience applauding 1950s teen idol Fabian Forte, and finally a preacher proclaiming; "When you get to heaven, it'll all be out, and over."

"We're not actually in it," Goffey explains. "It's all really old footage of religious preachers mixed in with old footage of rock and roll audiences, and what's interesting is they react in the same way. They both go into these convulsions and pull their hair out and stuff. It's quite mad."

Track listings
CD (CDR6592)
 "Seen the Light" (2:27)
 "The Loner" (3:26)
 "I Told the Truth" (2:20)

Limited-edition grey 7-inch (R6592)
 "Seen the Light" (2:27)
 "The Loner" (3:26)

DVD (DVDR6592)
 "Seen the Light" (video) (2:45)
 "Brecon Beacons" (live audio)
 "Rush Hour Soul" (live audio)
 "Never Done Nothing Like That Before" (live video)
 Picture gallery

References

Supergrass songs
2002 songs
2003 singles
Parlophone singles
Songs written by Rob Coombes

Seen the Light


Eventful is an online calendar and events discovery service owned by Audacy, Inc. The service allows users to search for and track upcoming entertainment events in their area (such as concerts, festivals, and film presentations) involving specific performers, indicate and share their intent to attend certain events, and indicate their "demand" for certain acts to appear in their region. As of February 2021, the site has been replaced by a link to Entercom's radio.com site, which includes a limited music-event-listing functionality.

Functionality

Users can search for events worldwide by time, location, performer, and descriptive keyword. Users can create private or public calendars, including "smart" calendars which automatically update when events matching search criteria are added or existing events are modified. As of July 2007, the company claimed it had approximately 4 million future events in its search engine index. Users can optionally share their intention of attending an event with friends, and designate their favorite performers and venues to be used for recommendations.

Eventful Demand allows users to declare an event or performance they would like to see locally, and then campaign for others to join their "demand". Statistics from "demands" can be used by event organizers to gauge interest in holding an event in that location.

An API is provided to use Eventful information in other programs and websites, such as mashups, as well as to load new or modify existing data about events, venues, or performers.

History

Eventful, was founded as EVDB, Inc. in January 2004 in La Jolla, California, by Brian Dear, a veteran of eBay, the late-90s Mp3.com, and early consumer-Linux startup Eazel. A public beta test under the name EVDB.com was launched in March 2005, and the service changed its name to Eventful.com in September 2005.

In 2008, a number of notable users of the Demand system began to emerge; various campaigns during the 2008 presidential election used the system, most notably John Edwards, In 2009, Eventful was notably used in relation to the film Paranormal Activity; its director Oren Peli invited users to vote for where the film would be screened next on its limited release by utilizing the Demand system. Twelve of the thirteen venues sold out.

The company announced in June 2012 that the service had grown to over 20 million users. In July 2014, Eventful was acquired by CBS Corporation through its Local Media division for an undisclosed amount. The purchase aligned the service with the company's radio station group and its own local event strategies. The service was then spun off with the rest of CBS Radio into CBS Radio's merger with Entercom.

See also
Upcoming

References

External links

Audacy, Inc.
Former CBS Interactive websites
American entertainment news websites
Companies based in San Diego
Privately held companies based in California

Eventful


The George H. Miller House is a historic house located at 405 W. Market St. in Bloomington, Illinois. Prominent local architect George H. Miller built the house in 1890 for himself and his family. Miller designed many new buildings in downtown Bloomington after a 1900 fire destroyed much of the area; he also served as Superintendent of U.S. Buildings and designed many federal buildings in the Midwest. Miller's house is an eclectic variation on the Queen Anne design. The house features a hexagonal tower on its southeast corner and a conical dormer projecting from the front of the multi-component roof. The front entrance is arched and flanked by columns; small recessed porches are located above the entrance and on the east side of the house. The house has several stained glass windows, including a window with Miller's name at the front entrance and a large circular window on the west side.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 20, 1978.

References

Buildings and structures in Bloomington–Normal
National Register of Historic Places in McLean County, Illinois
Houses in McLean County, Illinois
Houses completed in 1890
Queen Anne architecture in Illinois
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois

George H. Miller House


Melchor Ocampo is a municipality located in the Mexican state of Nuevo León. It is named after Don Melchor Ocampo, who was Foreign Minister during the government of Benito Juárez.

Geography

The municipality of Melchor Ocampo is located in the northeastern part of the state. Its coordinates are: 25º03´ N and 99º33´ W, and it is 145 meters over sea level. It limits with the following municipalities: To the north with General Treviño; to the south with Los Herreras; to the east with Los Aldamas; and to the west with Cerralvo.

Climate

A semi-arid climate with extreme temperatures in winter and summer. In summer, average daily low temperature is 24 °C and average daily high is 40 °C. June, July and August are the hottest months. Average annual rainfall is 600mm. Wind currents tend to come from the south in summer and the north in winter.

Population

According to the 1990 federal census, the municipality had a population of 1,641 and a density of 7 inhabitants/km2. The census showed 834 males and 807 females in the population. There was 1 native language speaker, representing 0.09% of the total population in the municipality.

The 2000 federal census showed a decline in population, with 1,215 inhabitants, of which 631 were male and 584 female.

Population Centers

The municipality seat of government, also named Melchor Ocampo with a population of 1,100 is the largest. Other population centers include: Sócrates Rizo, La Coma, El Reparo, La Paloma, Loma Blanca, El Orégano.

History

Melchor Ocampo, N.L., was founded by the Spanish settlers Juan de Benavides and Napoleón de García in 1702. They named the foundation "Charco Redondo".

Melchor Ocampo obtained the category of municipality by state decree on October 20, 1948.

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20061205204550/http://www.melchorocampo.gob.mx/

Municipalities of Nuevo León

Melchor Ocampo, Nuevo León


Romanée-Saint-Vivant is an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) and Grand Cru vineyard for red wine in the Côte de Nuits subregion of Burgundy, with Pinot noir as the main grape variety. It is situated within the commune of Vosne-Romanée. La Romanée borders on La Grande Rue in the south, Romanée-Conti and Richebourg in the west, Vosne-Romanée Premier Cru vineyards in the north (Les Suchots) and in the east (La Croix-Rameau and Les Gaudichots) and also the village Vosne-Romanée itself in the east. The AOC was created in 1936. It takes its name from the Abbey of Saint Vivant, which in Medieval times owned several vineyards among the Vosne-Romanée Grands Crus.

History
There are several different vineyard owners in Romanée-Saint-Vivant today, although Domaine de la Romanée-Conti is the largest. The entire vineyard of Romanée Saint-Vivant was bought in 1791 by Nicolas-Joseph Marey, son-in-law of the geometer Gaspard Monge, when it was up for sale after the French Revolution after much land had been sequestered. After keeping it as a monopole for over 100 years, the Marey-Monge family sold off the southwestern part of the vineyard (lieu-dit Le Clos des Quatre Journeaux) to the Latour family in 1898, which in turn later resold around half of it. At a later stage, another portion in the northern part of the vineyard was sold to Charles Noellat. In 1966, the last member of the Marey-Monge family leased the remaining  to Domaine de la Romanée-Conti, and also gave them an option to be first buyers if the vineyard would come up for sale. In 1988, the vineyard was bought from the Neyroud family, which had inherited it from Ms Marey-Monge. This last deal was financed by the sale and leaseback of the domaine's holdings in Échezeaux and parts of Grands Échezeaux, as well as the sale of some Premier Cru and village level vineyards in Vosne-Romanée. Wine from the time when Domaine de la Romanée-Conti leased it, rather than owned it, also has the name Marey-Monge on the label.

Production
In 2008,  of vineyard surface was in production within the AOC, and 237 hectoliter of wine was produced, corresponding to just under 32,000 bottles.

AOC regulations
The main grape variety for Romanée-Saint-Vivant is Pinot noir. The AOC regulations also allow up to 15 per cent total of Chardonnay, Pinot blanc and Pinot gris as accessory grapes, but this is practically never used for any Burgundy Grand Cru vineyard. The allowed base yield is 35 hectoliter per hectare, a minimum planting density of 9,000 vines per hectare and a minimum grape maturity of 11.5 per cent potential alcohol is required.

See also
List of Burgundy Grand Crus

References

Burgundy (historical region) AOCs

Romanée-Saint-Vivant


Minnie Bronson (September 12, 1863, New York - October 28, 1927 Cattaraugus County, New York) was an American anti-suffragist activist who was general secretary of the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage.

Biography
Minnie Bronson was from Fayette, Iowa. Her father, Harvey S. Brunson, came from Ohio and worked as a minister, a hotel operator, and a director of Upper Iowa University. Her mother, Jane McCool, was originally from Illinois. Bronson was the youngest of five siblings.

Bronson graduated from Upper Iowa University with an A.B. and M.A. During her time in university she participated in several oratorical contests; one of her competitions was attended by social reformer Jane Addams, who would comment on the performance in her autobiography.

Bronson worked as a high school mathematics teacher in St. Paul, Minnesota from 1889 to 1899. Beginning in 1900, she led the design of educational exhibits at world's fair expositions including Paris (1900), the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo (1901), St. Louis (1904), Liège (1905), Jamestown, Virginia (1907), and Seattle (1909). She also held a number of short-term assignments working for the U.S. government, including as a Special Agent for the Bureau of Labor investigating labor conditions for women and children from 1907 to 1909 and Special Agent reporting on the New York shirtwaist strike in 1910.

During World War I, Bronson was a member of the American Committee for Devastated France and traveled throughout France. She presented about the organization's work to the Iowa Bankers Association convention in 1919.

Anti-suffragist activity
Bronson served as General Secretary for the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage (NAOWS), the United States' leading anti-suffrage organization based in New York City. She edited their weekly periodical, the Woman Patriot, that distributed anti-suffrage opinion across the country. In December 1913, Bronson addressed the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Woman Suffrage representing the "anti" perspective, alongside speeches given by prominent suffragists Anna Howard Shaw, Helen H. Gardener, Carrie Chapman Catt, and Ida H. Harper.

A skilled orator and organizer, Bronson was active in speaking tours and debates in New York and other states throughout the U.S., together with Josephine Jewell Dodge, the president of NAOWS. Her campaigning took her across the country including California, Nevada, South Dakota, Iowa, Minnesota, South Carolina, Massachusetts, Washington D.C., and Virginia. She also organized training classes to teach others how to dissect pro-suffrage arguments. With her background as a wage-earning woman - in contrast to many prominent anti-suffragists of the period, who came from wealthy families - Bronson was able to promote her connection with the working class in her public speaking and writing. Her events were often well-attended, though sometimes attracted significant attention and criticism from her pro-suffrage opponents. During a visit to Nevada in 1914, Bronson was escorted from the theatre where she had been speaking and, according to local news reports, "agitators" set the building on fire.

In her speeches and reports, Bronson maintained that granting the vote to women would not have a positive impact on improving women's social and economic circumstances. A frequently-referenced line of argument held that opening up the vote to all women would dilute the influence of educated and reform-minded women who were better positioned to affect the political change she desired. Before an audience of 150 women in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Bronson was reported to have said: "In attaining the ballot, we believe that the best women would throw away the advantage which is now in their hands. In shaping public opinion, the intelligent and good woman now counts immeasurably, while the ignorant and vicious woman counts scarely at nil. But at the ballot box, both would be equal."

Bronson, together with Massachusetts anti-suffragist Alice George, created a recording of the song "The Anti-Suffrage Rose" featured at the New York State Fair.

Publications
 The Wage-Earning Woman and the State (1912)
 Woman Suffrage and Child Labor Legislation (1914)

References

External links
 Photograph of Minnie Bronson and report of her activities at the St. Louis Exhibition, 1904

Anti-suffragists
American women activists
Activists from Iowa
Female critics of feminism
20th-century American women
1863 births
1927 deaths
19th-century American women educators
19th-century American educators
Schoolteachers from Iowa
Schoolteachers from Minnesota

Minnie Bronson


Fulham Road is a street in London, England, which comprises the A304 and part of the A308.

Overview
Fulham Road ( the A219) runs from Putney Bridge as "Fulham High Street" and then eastward to Fulham Broadway, in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, through Chelsea to Brompton Road Knightsbridge which continues to the A4 in Brompton, in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. It is designated the A304 as far as its junction with the A308 road at Gunter Grove, where the A308 then forms the eastern section of the street.

Fulham Road is roughly parallel to King's Road, from Fulham Palace. There are numerous antique dealers and specialist interior furnishing shops, while designer couture outlets have begun to arrive at the eastern end. The section nearest the cinema is known as The Beach, and is home to various trendy bars, pubs and clubs. The nearest underground stations are: South Kensington and Gloucester Road.

Fulham Road is known for the following landmarks:
Stamford Bridge football ground, home of Chelsea F.C.
The first Habitat store, opened by Terence Conran on 11 May 1964
Cineworld Cinema
Fulham Broadway Underground station
Fulham Town Hall
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital
Royal Brompton Hospital
Royal Marsden Hospital
Michelin House
1–5 and 6 Sydney Place

At the Fulham end of the street:
Fulham Fire Station
Fulham Palace
Putney Bridge

It is the home of Chelsea's stadium, Stamford Bridge, which has an official capacity of 41,837. Many Chelsea supporters travel to home games using Fulham Broadway Underground Station.

Cultural references
Fulham Road is cited extensively on the Jethro Tull album A Passion Play, and in the Morrissey song "Maladjusted".

See also
Sloane Ranger
Vine and Bell Cottage

References

External links
Fulham Road

Fulham Road
Streets in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
Streets in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
District centres of London

Fulham Road


Teemu Malmi (born October 17, 1965) is a Finnish organizational theorist, a professor at the Aalto University, Department of Accounting and Finance, and Chairman of the Board of the Aalto University Executive Education. He is known for his research on the use of the balanced scorecard in Finnish companies and his work on management control systems.

Life and work
Born in Helsinki, Finland, Malmi took his studies in economics, with a specialization in accounting and finance, at the Helsinki School of Economics. He obtained his MSc in 1990, his Lic.Sc in 1994 and his PhD in 1997 with a thesis entitled "Adoption and implementation of activity-based costing: practice, problems and motives".

Malmi has spent most of his academic career at the Helsinki School of Economics, which became the Aalto University School of Business in 2010. He started out as Assistant in the Department of Accounting and Finance in 1990, and became Assistant Professor in 1995, Associate Professor in 1999 and Full Professor since 2001. Since 2011 he also chairs the accounting faculty and since 2013 the Department of Accounting and Finance. On 1 January 2015 he was appointed Jaakko Honko Professor at the School of Business. He was a Visiting Professor at the University of Technology, Sydney in 2003–2005.

Selected publications
Malmi, Teemu. Adoption and implementation of activity-based costing: practice, problems and motives. Helsinki School of Economics and Business Administration, 1997.

Articles, a selection
 Malmi, Teemu. "Activity-based costing diffusion across organizations: an exploratory empirical analysis of Finnish firms." Accounting, Organizations and Society 24.8 (1999): 649–672.
 Malmi, Teemu. "Balanced scorecards in Finnish companies: a research note." Management Accounting Research 12.2 (2001): 207–220.
 Malmi, Teemu, and David A. Brown. "Management control systems as a package—Opportunities, challenges and research directions." Management accounting research 19.4 (2008): 287–300.

References

External links
 Teemu Malmi at aalto.fi.

1965 births
Living people
Finnish business theorists
Accounting academics
Aalto University alumni
Academic staff of Aalto University
Military personnel from Helsinki

Teemu Malmi


The Peace Palace (; , The Hague dialect: ) is an international law administrative building in The Hague, the Netherlands. It houses the International Court of Justice (which is the principal judicial body of the United Nations), the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), The Hague Academy of International Law and the Peace Palace Library.

The palace officially opened on 28 August 1913; it was originally built to provide a home for the PCA, a court created to end war by the Hague Convention of 1899. Andrew Dickson White, whose efforts were instrumental in creating the court, secured from Scottish-American steel magnate Andrew Carnegie US$1.5 million ($, adjusted for inflation) to build the Peace Palace. The European Heritage Label was awarded to the Peace Palace on 8 April 2014.

History

Background
In 1908, Thomas Hayton Mawson won a competition to design the grounds. Because of budget constraints, he also had to discard design elements: mountains and sculptures. He made use of a natural watercourse on the site.

Conception

The idea of the palace started from a discussion in 1900 between the Russian diplomat Friedrich Martens and American diplomat White over providing a home for the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA). White contacted Andrew Carnegie. Carnegie had reservations, and at first was only interested in donating money for the establishment of a library of international law. White, however, was able to convince Carnegie, and in 1903 Carnegie agreed to donate the US$1.5 million ($, adjusted for inflation) needed to house the court as well as to endow it with a library of international law. White described his idea to Carnegie:

"A temple of peace where the doors are open, in contrast to the Janus-temple, in times of peace and closed in cases of war [...] as a worthy testimony of the people that, after many long centuries finally a court that has thrown open its doors for the peaceful settlement of differences between peoples".

Were such a fabric to be created, men would make pilgrimages from all parts of the civilized world to see it.  It would become a sort of holy place, prized and revered by thinking men throughout the world, and to which, in any danger of war between any two countries, the minds of men would turn naturally and normally. The main difficulty now is that the people of the various nations do not really know what was done for them by the Conference; but such a building would make them know it.  It would be an "outward and visible sign" of the Court, which would make its actual, tangible existence known to the ends of the earth"
—Andrew Dickson White to Andrew Carnegie, 5 August 1902

At first Carnegie simply wanted to donate the money directly to the Dutch Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands for the building of the palace, but legal problems prohibited this, and in November 1903 the Carnegie Stichting was founded to manage the construction, ownership, and maintenance of the palace. This foundation is still responsible for these issues.

Construction

To find a suitable design, the foundation called for an open international competition. The winning design, set in the Neo-Renaissance style, was submitted by French architect Louis M. Cordonnier. To build within budget, Cordonnier and his Dutch associate J.A.G. van der Steur adjusted the design. The palace initially had two big bell towers in front and two small ones in the back. Only one big tower and one small tower remained in the final building. Also to save money, the separate library building from the winning design was incorporated into the palace itself.

The palace is filled with many gifts of the different nations who attended the Second Hague Conference as a sign of their support. Among the gifts are a  vase from Russia, doors from Belgium, marble from Italy, a fountain from Denmark, wall carpets from Japan, the clock for the clock tower from Switzerland, Persian rugs from Persia, wood from Indonesia, Brazil and the United States of America and wrought-iron fences from Germany.

In 1907, the first stone was symbolically placed during the Second Hague Conference. The construction began some months later and was completed with an inauguration ceremony on 28 August 1913, attended by Andrew Carnegie, among others. At the ceremony, Carnegie predicted that the end of war was "as certain to come, and come soon, as day follows night." The year was 1913.

In 2007, Queen Beatrix opened the new building for the Peace Palace Library of International Law, housing the entire catalogue of the library, a lecture hall and a new reading room in the bridge to the main building of the Peace Palace. Like the new Academy Hall, the library was designed by architects Michael Wilford and . A Visitors Centre was added to the Peace Palace in 2012, which is also designed by Michael Wilford.

In 2002, an eternal peace flame was installed in front of its gates.

Occupants
The Peace Palace has accommodated a variety of organisations:

 Permanent Court of Arbitration (1913–present) The original occupant for which the Peace Palace was constructed. From 1901 until the opening of the palace in 1913, the Permanent Court of Arbitration was housed at Prinsegracht 71 in The Hague.
 Permanent Court of International Justice (1922–1946) and its successor the International Court of Justice (1946–present). In 1922 the Permanent Court of International Justice of the League of Nations was added to the occupants. This meant the library was forced to move to an annex building, and the Permanent Court of Arbitration was moved to the front left of the building. In 1946, when the United Nations replaced the League of Nations, the International Court of Justice was established as the UN's principal judicial organ.
 Peace Palace Library of International Law (1913–present). Being the original vision of Carnegie, the library grew quickly to house the best collection of material on international law. Although this stature is well in the past, the library still contains some original classical works, as the original copies of Hugo Grotius' works on peace and law and Erasmus' Querela Pacis.
 The Carnegie Stichting (1913–present)
 The Hague Academy of International Law (1923–present). Established in 1914, strongly advocated by Tobias Michael Carel Asser. Funds for the academy came from another peace project by Andrew Carnegie, namely the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, established in 1910.

Other international courts in The Hague, the Iran–United States Claims Tribunal, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, and the International Criminal Court, are separate organizations, located elsewhere in The Hague.

Interior

The palace also features a number of statues, busts and portraits of prominent peace campaigners from around the world and of all eras.

See also
 Central Organization for Durable Peace

References

Further reading

External links

 Official website
 Peace Palace Library
 Website for Projects connected with the 100 year anniversary of the Peace Palace
 The ICJ in the Service of Peace and Justice, Conference organised on the Occasion of the Centenary of the Peace Palace, 23 September 2013

Andrew Carnegie
Buildings and structures completed in 1913
Buildings and structures in The Hague
Courthouses in the Netherlands
Diplomatic buildings
Gardens by Thomas Hayton Mawson
The Hague Academy of International Law
International Court of Justice
Permanent Court of Arbitration
Rijksmonuments in The Hague
Tourist attractions in South Holland
1913 establishments in the Netherlands
Palaces in the Netherlands
Renaissance Revival architecture in the Netherlands

Peace Palace


John Strugnell (May 25, 1930, Barnet, Hertfordshire, England – November 30, 2007, Boston, Massachusetts) was an English Professor Emeritus at the Harvard Divinity School and  a former editor-in-chief of the Dead Sea Scrolls project. Strugnell became, at 23, the youngest member of the team of scholars led by Roland de Vaux, formed in 1954 to edit the Dead Sea Scrolls in Jerusalem. He was studying Oriental languages at Jesus College, Oxford when Sir Godfrey Rolles Driver, a lecturer in Semitic philology, nominated him to join the Scrolls editorial team.

Although Strugnell had no previous experience in palaeography, he learned very quickly how to read the scrolls. He would be involved in the Dead Sea Scrolls project for more than 40 years.

Early career

Strugnell was educated at St. Paul's School, in London. He took a double first in Classics and Semitics at the University of Oxford but never finished his dissertation and had only a master's degree.

Despite not having completed his doctorate, Strugnell was given a position at the Oriental Institute of Chicago in 1956-1957, where he met his future wife, Cecile Pierlot, whose father had been Prime Minister of Belgium during the Second World War. He was away from his scrolls again from 1960 to 1967, at Duke University, but he returned in summers to continue his efforts in Jerusalem. Still without his doctorate, as he would be for the rest of his life, Strugnell served from 1966 to 1991 as Professor of Christian Origins at Harvard. He succeeded Pierre Benoit as editor-in-chief of the scrolls in 1984, a position he held until 1990. He was then responsible for bringing Elisha Qimron and Emanuel Tov to work on the scrolls, breaking the longstanding exclusion of Israeli scholars. At the same time, he kept Theodor Gaster and Robert Eisenman from having access to the scrolls, a situation that was rectified when Strugnell was removed from his post and the scrolls (such as those at the Huntington Library in California) were opened to the wider scholarly community for the first time.

Editor in Chief

His production of editions of texts was not large, but they were all exceptionally important, including The Angelic Liturgy, later published as Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifices (Shirot 'olat ha-Shabbat), and An Unpublished halakhic Letter from Qumran, later known as MMT [or 4QMMT] from the Hebrew (Miqtsat Ma'asei ha-Torah). The last text was edited with Elisha Qimron, who did much of the work. The texts helped to enrich scholarly knowledge of the cultus of the writers of the Dead Sea Scrolls.

Nevertheless, he was a slow worker and the times had changed since it had been acceptable to keep the scrolls protected from what was once considered misuse and hasty publication.

For many years, scholars had accepted the lack of access to unpublished texts and the slow publication of the texts. That changed during Strugnell's editorship, as there came a growing movement of scholars calling for access to the Scrolls. By then, his health had deteriorated. Only one volume was produced under his general editorship, The Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever, by Emanuel Tov.

Ha'aretz interview controversy

In 1990, Strugnell gave an interview to Ha'aretz in which he said that Judaism was a "horrible religion" which "should not exist". He also said that Judaism was "a Christian heresy, and we deal with our heretics in different ways. You are a phenomenon that we haven't managed to convert — and we should have managed".

There was immediate condemnation of his comments, including an editorial in The New York Times. As a result of the interview, Strugnell was forced to take early retirement on medical grounds at Harvard, and he was removed from his editorial post on the scrolls project by the Israel Antiquities Authority, which cited his deteriorating health as reason for his removal.

Strugnell later said that he was suffering from stress-induced alcoholism and manic depression when he gave the interview. He insisted that his remarks were taken out of context and that he meant "horrible" only in the Miltonian sense of "deplored in antiquity". In a 2007 interview in Biblical Archaeology Review, Frank Moore Cross said that despite Strugnell's comments, which were based on a theological argument of the early Church Fathers that Christianity superseded Judaism, Strugnell had very friendly relationships with a number of Jewish scholars, some of whom signed a letter of support for him which was published in the Chicago Tribune, January 4, 1991, p. N20.

Aftermath

Strugnell had come increasingly under controversy for his slow progress in publishing the scrolls, and his refusal to give scholars free access to the unpublished scrolls. Some argue the removal of Strugnell from his editorial post ended the more than three-decade blockade that he and other Harvard-educated scholars, such as Notre Dame's Eugene Ulrich, had maintained to keep other scholars from accessing the scrolls.  The blockade on the publication of the scrolls effected by Strugnell and other members of Harvard's academic community was broken by the combined efforts of Hershel Shanks of the Biblical Archaeology Review (who had personally waged a 15-year campaign to release the scrolls) and Ben Zion Wacholder of Hebrew Union College, along with his student, Martin Abegg, who published the first facsimile of the suppressed scrolls in 1991.  Strugnell insisted that he tried to publish the scrolls as quickly as he could but that his team was the limiting factor.

Shortly after Strugnell was dismissed from his post, he was institutionalized in McLean Hospital for a period. At the time of his death, he was Professor Emeritus at the Harvard Divinity School.

Strugnell Library

In 2003, City Seminary of Sacramento acquired Strugnell's library of over 4,000 volumes, including texts on Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac, Ethiopic, Greek and Latin; large sections on classical studies, Patristics (Early Church writings), apocryphal, and pseudepigraphal (falsely-attributed) literature; and books on Judaism, Christianity, Hebrew Bible, and New Testament studies. A highlight of the collection is Strugnell's personal copy of the Dead Sea Scrolls concordance.

The early scrolls team made a concordance of the words in the unpublished texts to assist their own work.

References

Sources

 Article by John J. Collins on John Strugnell, in The Encyclopaedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls, ed. Lawrence Schiffman and James VanderKam, Oxford, 2000.
 The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls, James VanderKam and Peter Flint, Harper San Francisco, 2002.
 "Headliners: Fallen Scholar", New York Times, Week in Review, December 16, 1990
 Ron Rosenbaum, "The Riddle of the Scrolls", Vanity Fair, reprinted in The Secret Parts of Fortune

External links

 Harvard Divinity School bio
  Strugnell on the Biblical Archaeology Society website

City Seminary of Sacramento acquires the Strugnell Library
Detroit Jewish News, 12/1/2002, on sale of his library through Dove Books

Dead Sea Scrolls
Hebrew language
English palaeographers
Duke University faculty
Harvard University faculty
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
People from Chipping Barnet
1930 births
2007 deaths
People educated at St Paul's School, London
McLean Hospital patients

John Strugnell


"The Non-Fat Yogurt" is the 71st episode of the NBC sitcom Seinfeld. It is the seventh episode of the fifth season, and first aired on November 4, 1993. The episode is a fictionalized portrayal of the 1993 New York City mayoral election in which a yogurt shop patronized by the main cast and a name tag idea suggested by Elaine become key issues.

Plot
Jerry, Elaine, George and Newman are hooked on a new frozen yogurt shop in which Kramer has invested. They are delighted by the fact that the yogurt is advertised as non-fat. Jerry swears near the shop owner's son Matthew, who then starts to swear frequently. Matthew's mother brings him over so that Jerry can explain to him that cursing is wrong, but Jerry curses again when Matthew destroys one of his cassette tapes. When Kramer notices that Jerry and Elaine have gained weight, they become suspicious that the yogurt may not be non-fat, so they send it to a laboratory for testing. At the lab, Kramer flirts with one of the technicians, worrying Jerry, who fears their relationship might interfere with the test's results. Despite this, the lab results show that the yogurt does, indeed, contain fat.

George runs into his childhood nemesis Lloyd Braun and makes a derisive nudge to Jerry. When Lloyd notices, George pretends that it is an involuntary spasm caused by an injury. George then has to fake the spasm repeatedly. Lloyd refers him to a doctor, who concludes that George is faking it. As he leaves the doctor's office, George bumps his elbow on the desk and experiences a real spasm, which worries him.

Elaine starts dating Lloyd, who works as an aide to the mayor of New York City David Dinkins, who is running for re-election against Rudy Giuliani. After Elaine suggests an idea for everyone in New York to wear name tags in public, Lloyd stops calling her. Elaine initially believes it is due to her weight gain from the frozen yogurt, but later learns from Kramer that Lloyd passed the name tag idea to Dinkins, who became a laughing stock, and Lloyd is fired.

Kramer and the technician make out at the lab, accidentally knocking a sample of blood into a test tube of Giuliani's blood. This causes Giuliani's results to show he has a high level of cholesterol. Having eaten lots of the supposedly non-fat frozen yogurt lately, the prospective mayor promises a crackdown on false advertising. The issue ignites voters, and Giuliani wins the election. When the yogurt shop switches to real non-fat yogurt, it tastes awful and business plummets. Matthew curses at Jerry for ruining his father's business.

Series continuity
This is the first appearance by Lloyd Braun. He was played by Peter Keleghan. Braun would reappear, played by Matt McCoy, in "The Gum" and "The Serenity Now". Meredith and Matthew previously appeared in "The Parking Space".

Production
As the episode was to air two days after the 1993 New York City mayoral election, the production crew's solution was to produce two different versions of the episode: one in which Dinkins won, and another in which Giuliani won. The plot is the same in both versions; the Giuliani version simply replaced any reference to Dinkins with a reference to Giuliani, and vice versa. The Seinfeld crew recounted that Giuliani (who was a fan of the show) and his campaign staff were immediately supportive when consulted about the episode, and they made plans to have him appear in the episode. The Dinkins camp were more reluctant to get involved, and so Phil Morris was cast as a spokesman in lieu of Dinkins himself in the Dinkins version of the episode.

Because of the short interval between the election and the airing of the episode, Giuliani's scenes had to be filmed on the morning after his victory. Both versions of the episode were included on the season five DVD.

All instances of the profanities being uttered were censored; there is no uncensored version of this episode available.

The table reading for "The Non-Fat Yogurt" was held on October 20, 1993.

References

External links

Seinfeld (season 5) episodes
1993 American television episodes
Television episodes written by Larry David
Rudy Giuliani

The Non-Fat Yogurt


Hayden Kho, born Hayden dela Santa Kho Jr., is a Filipino media personality, medical doctor, actor, and entrepreneur.

Early life and education
Hayden dela Santa Kho Jr. was born to a Chinese doctor, Hayden Kho Sr., and a Spanish-Filipina businesswoman, Irene dela Santa on May 20, 1980. He spent his early years at Grace Christian High School (now Grace Christian College) in Quezon City. Kho went on to study at the University of Santo Tomas, where he earned his bachelor's degree in medical technology in 2001, and then his medical degree in 2005. He completed his internship at the Makati Medical Center where he also served as president of the interns' association. He earned his medical license in 2007.

Professional career

Medical career
After earning his medical license in 2007, Dr. Kho specialized in anti-ageing medicine through the European Anti-Ageing Medicine Society.

Modeling and showbusiness
At the age of 16, Kho started his career in ramp modeling while pursuing his bachelor's degree. This stint brought him to places like New York City, Singapore, South Korea and Japan.

In 2007, Kho started appearing on Philippine television as an actor. He was a contender in Celebrity Duets, and appeared in various supporting roles on TV, as a talent for GMA Network.

Infamy and scandal
In December 2008, it was reported that Kho had tried to take his own life. In 2009, while already well known in the modeling and showbiz industry, he achieved household infamy in his involvement in a sex scandal.

Kho was brought to a senate hearing and was tried publicly on national television. Attention towards the controversy lasted for years and resulted to criminal and civil cases filed against Kho by one of the involved parties, Filipina actress Katrina Halili, his partner in Celebrity Duets. CNN described this incident as the most controversial sex scandal in Asia.

The Philippine Board of Medicine revoked Kho's license to practice medicine and cited unethical behavior as the basis for his expulsion from the medical society. In December of the same year, Kho reportedly attempted to commit suicide for the second time.

Ongoing work
In 2011, Kho launched his own brand of fragrances called, "HAYDEN". He  also promoted the Filipino fashion brand Maldita Man  and the cosmetic giant Ever Bilena, Inc.

He also hosted the defunct Filipino showbiz-oriented talk show Paparazzi, which was aired on TV5. Kho was also director of the skin care distribution brand ZO Skin Health in the Philippines.

In 2014, Kho went to the Oxford Centre for Christian Apologetics to study Christian apologetics, where he met and was tutored by Christian sociologist and author Os Guinness; scientist, mathematician, and philosopher John Lennox; theologian and author Alister McGrath; and anti-Islam polemicist Jay Smith, among others.

While Kho was studying in Oxford, the Professional Regulation Commission reinstated his medical license. The same year, all cases against Kho were dismissed. Kho and Halili reconciled thereafter.

Kho has acted in movies such as The Bride and His Lover in 2013, and EDSA, the Movie in 2016.

Kho then became Managing Director of the Belo Medical Group. He also founded Venn Intelligent Aesthetics.

Currently, Kho holds dual leadership roles in the aesthetic medicine field: He serves as the Managing Director for Belo Medical Group and concurrently as the President of Venn Intelligent Aesthetics.

Kho is a board member for the non-profit RightStart Foundation and supports various other philanthropic causes.

Personal life
In 2013, Kho met Christian apologist Ravi Zacharias in an event hosted by some leaders of the Christ's Commission Fellowship (CCF) in Manila. Kho became an active member of the group, and later became a devout Christian in June of that year. He was mentored by the late Zacharias, and also by the CCF movement founder, Pastor Peter Tan-Chi.
In September 2017, Kho married his long-time partner Dr. Vicki Belo, in a lavish ceremony in Paris. In 2018, he continued his studies in Christian apologetics.

Following the birth of his daughter, in 2018, Kho furthered his academic pursuits in the field of Christian apologetics.

Television

Film

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
University of Santo Tomas alumni
Filipino male models
Filipino male film actors
Filipino surgeons
Sex scandals
Participants in Philippine reality television series
Businesspeople from Metro Manila
Filipino dermatologists
21st-century Filipino businesspeople
Filipino Christians
Filipino evangelicals
21st-century Filipino medical doctors
Filipino people of Chinese descent
Filipino people of Spanish descent
Filipino male television actors
GMA Network personalities
TV5 (Philippine TV network) personalities

Hayden Kho


Steve Arnold (born 10 March 1971 in Stroud, Gloucestershire) is a race car driver from the United Kingdom. His main career highlight was one race in the 1996 Formula 3000 championship for Edenbridge Racing, although he also filled in for a race in the 2003 Sportscar World Championship. Steve made the giant step from karting to the British Formula 3 Championship, initially competing in Class B for older cars to gain experience before racing for his father's team (Richard Arnold Developments) and becoming the first person to race a current year model Dallara chassis in the British Championship.After two years with the family team he drove for Edenbridge Racing in 1995 in British Formula Three.

Arnold now competes occasionally in the Orwell Supersports Cup for Historic Sports Cars where he drives a Chevron B19 powered by a Ford BDG engine prepared by Racing Fabrications. In 2006 Arnold entered four races and achieved three wins and a second-place finish with fastest lap in all four races.

References

1971 births
English racing drivers
International Formula 3000 drivers
Living people
Sportspeople from Stroud

Steve Arnold (racing driver)


Carex oshimensis, the Japanese sedge (a name it shares with Carex morrowii), is a species of flowering plant in the genus Carex, native to Japan. With its striped foliage, it is widely used as a nonspreading ground cover. Its cultivar 'Evergold' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Growing to  tall and broad, it has a broad yellow stripe down the centre of each leaf. It is an easy subject for moist soils in sun or partial shade.

References

oshimensis
Ornamental plants
Endemic flora of Japan
Plants described in 1914

Carex oshimensis


Václav Jan Křtitel Tomášek (in German: Wenzel Johann Tomaschek; 17 April 1774, Skuteč, Bohemia – 3 April 1850, Prague) was an Austrian-Bohemian, by other accounts a Czech composer and music teacher. He was known as the Musical Pope of Prague.
In the words of Kenneth Delong, "Highly opinionated, often sarcastic and projecting a sense of his own importance, Tomášek's memoirs also reveal him to be deeply concerned about all things artistic and intellectual: a man of courage and idealism, unflinching in his pursuit of truth in music and in life."

Life
As a pianist, he was an autodidact, becoming one of the most important piano teachers of Prague for a century. Tomášek studied violin and singing with Wolf. Until 1824 he worked as a piano teacher in aristocratic families. Afterwards he created a considerable school of music; among its most well-known pupils were Jan Voříšek, Alexander Dreyschock, Johann Friedrich Kittl and Eduard Hanslick. Tomášek made the acquaintance of Beethoven, and also of Goethe, whose poems he set. He maintained correspondence with the Polish pianist and composer Maria Agata Szymanowska. His autobiography was published in German, as well as in a Czech translation. He lived at number 15 Tomášská Street in Prague - the building bears a memorial plaque to him in Czech and German.

Style
Tomášek  wrote a good deal for the piano and became a forerunner of the lyric piano piece which later reached its apogee in the works of Schubert and Chopin. At first he remained loyal to the Classical style, but later was influenced by the newly born Romanticism. An important part of his oeuvre are his songs. Besides songs to Goethe's German poems he composed also songs to the patriotic lyrics of Czech authors. He composed short pieces for glass harp and organ, and works for choir.

In 1823–1824, he was one of the 50 composers who composed a variation on a waltz by Anton Diabelli for Vaterländischer Künstlerverein.

Selected works
Piano:
Six sonatas
Eclogues (42 pieces in 7 volumes, 1807–1823)
Rhapsodies (3 volumes, 1810–c. 1840)
Dithyrambs, op. 65 (1818)

Chamber:
Grand trio for violin, viola and piano (1800)
Contrapuntal string quartet (1805)
 Piano Quartet in E flat major, op. 22

Orchestral:
Symphony in C major (1801)
Symphony in E flat major (1805)
Symphony in D major (1807)
Two piano concertos

Songs:
Lenora (ballad, 1805)
Six songs (1813)
Songs to poems by Goethe (1815)

Operas:
Seraphine (1811)
Alvaro
Sakuntala

Choral:
Requiem in C minor (1820)
Missa Solemnis Op. 81
Messa con Graduale et Offertorio Op. 46

References
Jaroslav Smolka (ed.): Malá encyklopedie hudby. Prague: Edition Supraphon, 1983.

External links

1774 births
1850 deaths
18th-century Bohemian musicians
18th-century classical composers
18th-century male musicians
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Czech musicians
19th-century Czech male musicians
Czech Classical-period composers
Czech male classical composers
Czech opera composers
Czech Romantic composers
Male opera composers
People from Skuteč

Václav Tomášek


Sir Percival was one of King Arthur's knights and a member of the Round Table. He proved himself to be one of Arthur's most loyal knights. Percival is most commonly known for retrieving Excalibur from a clan of mischievous faery creatures, whose only distinguishing characteristics were their brightly colored headwear and small stature. This eventually led to the present day Anglo-Saxon folklore of garden gnomes.

Percival is the Grail knight or one of the Grail knights in numerous medieval and modern stories of the Grail quest. Percival first appears in Chrétien de Troyes's unfinished Percivale or Conte del Graal (c. 1190). The incomplete story prompted a series of "continuations," in the third of which (c. 1230), by an author named Manessier, Percival achieves the Grail. (An analogue to Chrétien's tale is found in the thirteenth-century Welsh romance Peredur.)

In popular culture
The main character in the book Ready Player One has a virtual avatar named after Percival, but with a different spelling (Parzival).

Arthurian legend
Characters in written fiction
Fictional knights

Percival


Cassone della Torre (or Casso, Cassono, Castone, Gastone), also called Mosca (died 20 August 1318) was an Italian medieval condottiero and feudal lord. A member of the Torriani family, he was Archbishop of Milan from 1308 to 1316 and patriarch of Aquileia from 1317 to 1318.

Biography
Cassone was the second son of Corrado della Torre and  grandson of Napo della Torre. In his youth, he stayed in Friuli, then ruled by his grand-uncle Raimondo as patriarch of Aquileia: here most members of the family lived in exile from Milan after their arch-rival House of Visconti had been able to seize the power in that city.

Cassone was appointed canon of Cividale in 1296. When the della Torre were able to return to Milan in 1302, Cassone was appointed canon of the Cathedral of Milan.

In 1308 he succeeded Francesco da Parma as Archbishop of Milan, being elected by the Chapter of the Cathedral, of Milan, confirmed by Pope Clement V and consecrated bishop in Milano by Ugaccione Borromeo bishop of Novara on about 12 October 1308.

His appointment as Archbishop of Milano spurred a conflict with his cousin Guido della Torre, who was afraid that Cassone could ally with the Visconti against him (two of the archbishop's brothers were married to nephews of Matteo Visconti's wife). In 1309 he took part to a successful papal military expedition against the Republic of Venice, returning to Milan with great honors. On 1 October 1309 Guido's troops attacked the archbishop's palace in Milan, and imprisoned him. On 29 October 1309 he was exiled from Milan. He moved to Bologna where the papal legate excommunicated Guido della Torre.

Emperor Henry VII appointed Cassone mediator between the claims of the families Torriani and Visconti who were in long conflict for ruling Milan. Cassone find an agreement between the two families but it was not accepted by Guido della Torre; Emperor Henry VII then forced Guido della Torre to flee from Milan and sold the title of imperial vicar for Milan to Matteo I Visconti. Cassone re-entered in Milan and on 6 January 1311 he crowned Henry VII as King of Italy. The debt due to the Emperor by the citizens of Milan created dissatisfaction and the Torriani instigated a revolt, which was suppressed by the Visconti, supported by the soldiers of the Emperor. Cassone then fled from Milan. Following the sacking of the episcopal palace in Milan in 1314, he excommunicated Matteo I Visconti.

On 31 December 1316 Cassone renounced the title of See of Milan, and was appointed as secular patriarch of Aquileia by pope John XXII. However, he never took the post Friuli since he died in a fall from horse at Florence. There he was buried in the church of Santa Florence; his funerary monument is attributed to Tino da Camaino or Agostino da Siena.

References

Sources

14th-century births
1318 deaths
Cassone
Archbishops of Milan
Patriarchs of Aquileia
Deaths by horse-riding accident in Italy

Cassone della Torre


Krug Park, located at the northern end of the Parkway St. Joseph in Saint Joseph, Missouri, is a large city park with Italian Renaissance structures, extensive landscaping and flowerbeds. The park's  house an amphitheater, a lagoon, rose gardens, picnic areas, an Italian castle, scenic walking trails, and various playgrounds.  Krug Park "lights up" during the holiday season as Holiday Park.

History
The park is often referred to as St. Joseph's oldest park. While other areas were given for public use earlier, it is true that Krug Park was the first public outing area under the jurisdiction of the board of park commissioners which received public expenditure. As such, it was developed before any other parks. On February 26, 1890, Henry Krug, donated  to the City for use exclusively as a park, on the conditions "that no intoxicating liquors shall ever be kept, sold or disposed of in or upon said premises...nor shall any gambling or gambling devices be permitted." The City was to keep the park in good condition, under police control, and expend annually at least $2,000.00 under the direction of the park commissioners.

Early plans of Krug Park are not available, but from narrative sources it appears that the City quickly spent in excess of the required $2,000.00 per year. As St. Joseph's only developed public space, Krug Park became the "catch-all" for everything that the public seemed to desire. Park Superintendent Rudolph G. Rau seemed particularly fond of flower displays and formally designed beds, and Krug Park boasted many such spectacular displays. It also had at one time a zoo, greenhouses, botanical gardens, gazebos, the Robidoux cabin, a fountain, and a lily pond.

Krug Park was officially open to the public on May 6, 1902. The impressive stone gateway was just nearing completion at that time. The conservatory, which had been constructed at least since 1900, was a very popular spot for park visitors during this period. Alligators were kept in the pond in front of conservatory, and several other exotic animals were housed around the park. Old war cannons were moved to the park, and (as a result of a hoax) so was the so-called "Robidoux cabin." A reporter in need of a story saw an old cabin being torn down, and claimed that it belonged to the town's founder, Joseph Robidoux. As a result, the cabin was moved to Krug Park and maintained for many years.

Crime
In July 1913, 19 year old Madeline Rowbotham was murdered at the entrance of Krug Park. Her ex-boyfriend, Thomas Harris, slit her throat with a razor. After cutting her throat, the razor broke as he attempted to slash his own throat, and he was restrained. Harris was convicted of murder and served 29 years of a life sentence. He was paroled in 1942 and died in St. Joseph in 1954.

See also
Parkway Saint Joseph, Missouri

External links
KRUG TRUST
Krug Park

References

St. Joseph, Missouri
Parks in Missouri
Protected areas of Buchanan County, Missouri

Krug Park (St. Joseph, Missouri)


The sports under the umbrella of athletics, particularly track and field, use a variety of statistics.  In order to report that information efficiently, numerous abbreviations have grown to be common in the sport. Starting in 1948 by Bert Nelson and Cordner Nelson, Track & Field News became the leader in creating and defining abbreviations in this field. These abbreviations have also been adopted by, among others, World Athletics; the world governing body, various domestic governing bodies, the Association of Track and Field Statisticians, the Association of Road Racing Statisticians, the Associated Press, and the individual media outlets who receive their reports. These abbreviations also appear in Wikipedia.

Times and marks
Almost all races record a time.  Evolving since experiments in the 1930s, to their official use at the 1968 Summer Olympics and official acceptance in 1977, fully automatic times have become common.  As this evolution has occurred, the rare early times were specified as FAT times. As they are now commonplace, automatic times are now expressed using the hundredths of a second. Hand times (watches operated by human beings) are not regarded as accurate and thus are only accepted to the accuracy of a tenth of a second even when the watch displays greater accuracy. If the mark was set before 1977, a converted time to the tenth was recorded for record purposes, because they did not have a system to compare between the timing methods. Frequently in those cases there is a mark to the 100th retained for that race.  Over this period of evolution, some reports show hand times also followed with an "h" or "ht" to distinguish hand times.

With two different timing methods came the inevitable desire to compare times. Track and Field News initiated adding .24 to hand times as a conversion factor.  Many electronic hand stopwatches display times to the hundredth. Frequently those readings are recorded, but are not accepted as valid (leading to confused results). Some low level meets have even hand timed runners and have switched places according to the time displayed on the stopwatch.  All of this is, of course, wrong.  Hand times are not accurate enough to be accepted for record purposes for short races. Human reaction time is not perfectly identical between different human beings. Hand times involve human beings reacting, pushing the stopwatch button when they see the smoke or hear the sound of the starting pistol, then reacting (possibly anticipating) the runner crossing the finish line. The proper procedure for converting hand times would be to round any hundredths up to the next higher even tenth of a second and then add the .24 to get a time for comparison purposes only.  But many meets displayed the converted marks accurate to the hundredth making the results look like they were taken with fully automatic timing.  In these cases, some meets have displayed a 4 or a 0 in the hundredths column for all races.  When detected, reports of these times are followed by a "c" or ' to indicate converted times.

Road race times are only considered accurate to a full second. To distinguish a full second time with hours, from a minute time with hundredths of a second, colons are used to separate hours from minutes, and minutes from seconds.  A period is used to separate seconds from hundredths of a second.

Transponder timing is becoming more common. The RFID detection system times the transponder chip, usually located on a runner's shoe as opposed to the official timing of the torso. Accurate to a full second, this is not significant, but in breaking microscopic ties, the data does not correspond to timing rules.  Most road races cannot fit all participants onto the start line.  Depending on the size of the field, some athletes could be several city blocks away from the start line and in the large crowd, could take minutes to get across the line. Results frequently indicate two times, the "gun time" would be the official time from the firing of the starting pistol, but the mat time shows the time the shoe crossed a sensing mat at the start line to the time the shoe crossed the sensing mat at the finish line.

Occasionally, when breaking ties using photo finish, times are displayed to the thousandth of a second.  These times to the thousandth are not used for record purposes but times to the thousandth can be used to break ties between adjacent heats.  Rules specify if a tie is broken this way, that all heats involved are recorded with the same timing system.

Records
Most records are subject to ratification by the governing body for that record. On the world level, that is World Athletics. Each body has their own procedure for ratifying the records: for example, USA Track & Field (USATF), the governing body for the United States, only ratifies records once a year at their annual meeting at the beginning of December.

Until a record is ratified, it is regarded as "Pending" which is sometimes indicated by a following P.

 WR – world record
 OR – Olympic record
 CR – championship record
 CR – course record (marathon)
 GR – games record
 PR – Paralympic Games record
 AR – area (or continental) record
 ER – European record
 NR – national record (for a specific country)
 MR – meet record (meeting record)
 DLR – Diamond League record
 # – the performance has not been accepted as a record, or there is some sort of irregularity with the result
 X – the athlete has been disqualified after the performance (usually, this is for taking performance-enhancing substance)

When a U20 is added, it indicates an under-20 record, which indicates an athlete under 20 years of age before the end of the calendar year of the competition. If no age-specific infix is added, the athlete is considered senior.

 WU20R – world under-20 record (formerly WJR – world junior record)
 AU20R – area (or continental) under-20 record (formerly AJR – area junior record)
 NU20R – national under-20 record (for a specific country) (formerly NJR – national junior record)

Bests
Some records are ratified or tracked, but they are not to the same standard of quality or accuracy as a record. The term is "bests." World Athletics lists bests for the Youth division and for road-racing records such as the marathon. It also tracks athlete personal achievements as bests. A Y indicates Youth. A youth athlete has not reached or will not reach their 18th birthday in the calendar year of competition.

 WB – world best (the best mark recorded for a non-IAAF world record event)
 WBP – world best performance (the best mark recorded for a non-IAAF world record event)
 AB – area (or continental) best (the best mark recorded for a non-IAAF world record event)
 NB – national best (the best mark recorded for a non-national federation record event)
 PB – personal best (the best mark achieved by an athlete on a personal level)
 SB – season's best (the best mark achieved by an athlete on a personal level within a given season)
 WL – world leading (the best mark achieved worldwide within a given season)
 EL – European leading (Europe leading) (the best mark achieved throughout Europe within a given season)

When U18 or Y (for Youth) is added, it indicates an under-18 record, for athletes under 18 years of age before the end of the calendar year of the competition.

 WU18B or WU18R – world under-18 best or record (formerly WYR or WYB – world youth record or best)
 AU18B or AU18R – area (or continental) under-18 best or record (formerly AYR or AYB – area youth record or best)
 NU18B or NU18R – national under-18 best or record (for a specific country) (formerly NYR or NYB – national youth record or best)

Circumstances and conditions
 A – mark set at altitude
 IRM – irregular measurement
 w – mark of wind assistance
 NWI – no wind information (or no wind instrument)

For events where wind assistance is a factor (outdoor races 200 metres or less, long jump and triple jump), the wind reading is usually reported in metres per second (m/s).

 + – time was taken at an intermediate distance in a longer race
 a – (in a road race) course not record-eligible according to World Athletics rule 260.28
 AC – also competed
 c – converted mark
 dh – downhill
 DNF – did not finish
 DNS – did not start
 DQ – disqualified
 h – hand timed
 i – indoors
 Mx – mixed-gender race
 n – non-winning time
 ND – no distance
 NT – no time
 OT – oversized track
 q – secondary qualifier, by next best time or distance to complete the prescribed field size, rather than achieving a place or measurement goal
 qR – advanced to the next round by referee
 qJ – advanced to the next round by jury appeal
 Q – automatic qualifier in a major competition (see qualifying standards in athletics)
 Wo – women-only race
 y – race measurement in yards

Field events
 o – a cleared height in high jump or pole vault
 x – a missed height in high jump or pole vault
 r – athlete retired from competition
 NH – no height
 NM – no mark
 - (formerly P) – athlete passed their attempt

Disqualifications
Athlete disqualifications often reference the IAAF rule number under which the athlete was disqualified.

This is typically written in the format (false start as example): DQ R162.7.

40.1 – Doping violation during or in connection with the championships
40.8 – Prior doping violation leading to suspension during the period of the championships
41.1 – Doping violation by one or more relay team members
142.4 – Failure to participate honestly with bona fide effort
144.2 – Giving or receiving assistance (e.g. pacing, use of electronic devices)
145.2 – Acting in an unsporting or improper manner (unsportsmanlike conduct)
149 - Entry to championships on the grounds of invalid performances
162.7 – False start
163.2 – Jostling or obstructing another athlete on the track
163.3 – Running out of lane
163.5 – Running out of lane (before 800 m, alley start or relay breakline)
168.6 – Knocking down hurdle out of lane
168.7 – Illegal hurdle clearance or deliberately knocking down hurdle
170.6 – Baton not carried by hand; gloves or substances worn to give a better grip of the baton
170.6c – Dropped baton not retrieved by the athlete who dropped it
170.7 – Baton not passed within take-over zone
170.8 – Obstructing another team by athlete without baton
170.11 – Unverified team composition or running order
170.17 – Outgoing runner in  relay begins running or breaks from lane too early
218.4 – Illegal change of position by waiting relay runner (indoor events)
230.6a – Failure to comply with definition of race walking according to three different judges
240.8e – Illegal action by person authorised to hand refreshment to athlete
240.8f – More than two team officials stationed behind drinks table or running beside an athlete while taking on refreshment or water

Initialisms

Organising bodies
The various organizing bodies of the sport are abbreviated into alphabet soup.

 AAA – Amateur Athletic Association of England – England
 AAA – Asian Athletics Association
 AAU – Amateur Athletic Union USA amateur sports umbrella governing body formed 1887 until broken up in 1979 – USA
 AFI – Athletics Federation of India - India
 AK – Athletics Kenya – Kenya
 ANA – Authorised Neutral Athletes
 ANZ – Athletics New Zealand – New Zealand
 APA – Association of Panamerican Athletics – North and South America
 ARAF – All-Russia Athletic Federation – Russia
 ART – Athlete Refugee Team — Refugees
 BAAA – Bahamas Association of Athletic Associations – Bahamas
 BFLA – Belarus Athletic Federation – Belarus
 CAA – Confederation of African Athletics
 CACAC – Central American and Caribbean Athletic Confederation – Central America and Caribbean
 CBAt – Confederação Brasileira de Atletismo – Brasil
 CISM – International Military Sports Council – Military athletics
 CONSUDATLE – Confederación Sudamericana de Atletismo – South America
 CTAA – Chinese Taipei Athletics Association – Taiwan
 DAF – Danish Athletics Federation – Denmark
 DLFV – 1949–1990 Athletics Federation of East Germany
 DLV – Deutscher Leichtathletik-Verband – Germany
 EAA or EA – European Athletic Association/European Athletics
 EAF – Egyptian Athletic Federation – Egypt
 EKJL – Eesti Kergejõustikuliit – Estonia
 FCA – Federación Cubana de Atletismo – Cuba
 FFA – Fédération française d'athlétisme – France
 FRMA – Fédération Royale Marocaine d'Athlétisme – Morocco
 FIDAL – Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera – Italy
 FISU – International University Sports Federation – Student athletics
 HKAAA – Hong Kong Association of Athletics Affiliates – Hong Kong. Hong Kong Amateur Athletic Association is sometimes used.
 IAAF – International Association of Athletics Federations 1912-2019, the former name of what is now World Athletics – World
 IAU – International Association of Ultrarunners
 IOC – International Olympic Committee – Olympics
 IPC – International Paralympic Committee – Paralympic athletics
 JAAA – Jamaica Athletics Administrative Association – Jamaica. Jamaica Amateur Athletic Association is sometimes used.
 JAAF – Japan Association of Athletics Federations – Japan
 KAAF –  — South Korea
 KNAU – Royal Dutch Athletics Federation – Netherlands
 OAA – Oceania Athletics Association
 NACAC – North American, Central American and Caribbean Athletic Association – North America
 NCAA – National Collegiate Athletic Association – USA Colleges and Universities
 NFHS – National Federation of State High School Associations – USA High Schools
 QAF – Qatar Athletics Federation – Qatar
 PZLA - Polski Związek Lekkiej Atletyki - Poland
 RFEA – Real Federación Española de Atletismo – Spain
 TAC – The Athletics Congress, predecessor to USA Track & Field 1979–1992 – USA
 TAF – Turkish Athletic Federation – Turkey
 UKA – UK Athletics – United Kingdom
 USATF – USA Track & Field – USA
 WA – World Athletics – World
 WAVA – 1977–2001 World Association of Veteran Athletes – World Masters (athletes over age 35)
 WMA – since 2001 World Masters Athletics – World Masters (athletes over age 35)
 WMRA – World Mountain Running Association

Publications and statisticians

 ARRS – Association of Road Racing Statisticians
 ATFS – Association of Track and Field Statisticians
 AW – Athletics Weekly
 NUTS – National Union of Track Statisticians – United Kingdom
 T&FN – Track & Field News

Events
Due to the large number of athletics events that are regularly contested, presentations of results and statistics often use abbreviations to refer to the events, rather than the full form.

CE – Combined events
DMR – Distance medley relay
DT – Discus throw
HJ – High jump
HM – Half marathon
HT – Hammer throw
JT – Javelin throw
LJ – Long jump
mh or mH – metres hurdles (e.g. 400mh for 400 metres hurdles)
PV – Pole vault
SMR – Sprint medley relay
SP – Shot put
SC, st. or s'chase – Steeplechase
TJ – Triple jump
WT – Weight throw
XC or CC – Cross country running

Competitions

AAG – African Games
AfC – African Championships in Athletics
AsC – Asian Athletics Championships
CWG – Commonwealth Games
DL – Diamond League
EC or ECh – European Athletics Championships
ECCC – European Cross Country Championships
EIC – European Athletics Indoor Championships
EJC – European Athletics Junior Championships
EG – European Games
ETC – European Team Championships
ESAA – English Schools' Athletics Championships
ISTAF – Internationales Stadionfest Berlin
LYG – London Youth Games
OG – Olympic Games
OAC – Oceania Athletics Championships
PG – Pacific Games
WC or WCh – World Championships in Athletics
WHM – World Half Marathon Championships
WIC – World Indoor Championships
WJC – World Junior Championships in Athletics
WXC – World Cross Country Championships
WYC – IAAF World Youth Championships in Athletics
PAG – Pan American Games
SAG – South Asian Games
SEAG – Southeast Asian Games

References

External links
 GBR Athletics abbreviations
 Terms & Abbreviations (World Athletics)

Lists of abbreviations
Sport of athletics terminology
Glossaries of sports
Wikipedia glossaries using unordered lists

Athletics abbreviations


KTWL (105.3 FM) is a radio station that is licensed to serve the community of Hempstead, Texas, United States. Formerly an adult hits station known as "Bob FM", it now broadcasts country music and is branded as "Texas Mix 105.3".

KTWL began brokering its time out to a 3rd party temporarily airing the "Radio Dabang" South Asian format in April 2018, combining KTWL with Houston translator K287BQ Houston, which had been interfering with this facility's signal since the translator's sign on. By leasing KTWL, the clash between the two co-channel facilities was rendered moot. The former "Texas Mix" country format remained on Henderson co-owned KHTZ as a stand-alone. In July 2018, KTWL returned to its previous country format, while the Houston translator picked up the Regional Mexican "La Mejor" format from KTBZ-FM HD2, and also airs on KJOZ Conroe.

BOB-FM

From 2006–2008, KTWL was known as "BOB FM" and served the community of The Woodlands, Texas. It promoted itself with the tag line "Bob Plays Anything," which was reflective of the broad playlist that the station utilized during the time. BOB was mostly automated in its infancy, with local based programming only running from 5am-3pm. Weaver Morrow and Jenna Rush (Jeanette Muenchow) hosted the morning show, "Morrow In the Morning". Middays were hosted by Dan Gallo, until he was promoted to mornings after Morrow and Muenchow's exit.

Dan Gallo and Preston Fassel's "Gallo Go-Round" morning show featured a variety of shows hosted by local talent; Jordan Williams on "Middays" (an afternoon show), Ross Barrington with "The Commute" (a late afternoon/early evening show); and Tom Conley on "The Drop Zone" (a program broadcast every Saturday at midnight and featuring alternative/obscure music). The station played a major role in publicizing the release of The Bracelet of Bordeaux, a family film shot in The Woodlands, with cast and crew members appearing on The Gallo Go-Round in the weeks leading up to the film's premier. Gallo and Fassel later hosted a remote broadcast from the film's premier in The Woodlands, with other station staff in attendance.

The station struggled throughout most of its existence- the signal was poorly received in The Woodlands, and as a result, never clearly reached its target audience. Meanwhile, the communities which did receive the signal clearly-- Hempstead, where the broadcast tower was located, and Bryan-College Station—had little to no interest in the station's programming. Most of the on-air talent departed over the course of 2007, and the format ultimately folded in the Summer of 2008.

See also
 Waitt Radio Networks

External links

TWL
Country radio stations in the United States
Waller County, Texas
Radio stations established in 1991
1991 establishments in Texas

KTWL


Interbang‽ was an Italian television series created by Paul Casalini which prominently featured the interbang or interrobang symbol (‽), a combination of the exclamation point and the question mark.

In Italy it was broadcast on Odeon TV.  In the UK the show was broadcast on The Children's Channel in the late 1980s and on the Terrestrial Channel ITV.

The series featured two teenagers, Gianni and Bruno, who were trying to collect a number of special souvenir statues of the Pisa Leaning Tower, scattered all across the world, whilst trying to prevent a group of criminals also getting their hands on the statues. Each statue granted its holder a different magical ability. Each episode a different statue would be recovered by one of the opposing sides, with each statue displaying a different coloured version of an interrobang.

Characters

Gianni
An Italian student who is trying to collect the statues for "The Professor."
Bruno
An Italian student who is trying to collect the statues for "The Professor."
The Killer
An incompetent hitman who is trying to collect the statues for "The Boss." He is known for wearing black.
The Boss
An Italian mobster who hired The Killer. Eventually, he kidnaps and tortures the professor to find out where the statues are hidden.
The Professor
A lecturer who sends Gianni and Bruno on their quest. He originally hid the statues and wrote the clues that lead to their location. He is hospitalized and can't collect them himself. Later, he is kidnapped by The Boss.
Marilyn
The Boss's secretary and Marilyn Monroe look-alike.
The Mysterious Woman
She regularly rescues the boys from the Killer, but disappears again almost immediately after. They find out her name, but nothing else.

Plot

Gianni and Bruno are two students who travel the world, collecting a number of special souvenir statues of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. A clue leads them to the location of each statue. Working against them is The Killer, a man dressed all in black, who is collecting the statues himself.

When all the statues were placed in the correct order—on a secret panel inside the Leaning Tower—a secret treasure was supposed to be uncovered. In the final episode, the criminals stole all the statues and placed them incorrectly into the secret panel—causing the Tower to launch into outer space.

Release
In August 2016 the UK version of the series began to be released on YouTube by the Italian producer Paul Casalini & Co. According to their Facebook page the entire series will eventually be released.

External links
Fan site looking for information on the show

Italian children's television series
Television shows set in Tuscany

Interbang