Tootsietoy is a manufacturer of die cast toy cars and other toy vehicles which was originally based in Chicago, Illinois. Though the Tootsietoy name has been used since the 1920s, the company's origins date from about 1890. An enduring marque, toys with the Tootsietoy name were consistently popular from the 1930s through the 1990s.

Diecasting origins
Tootsietoy had its beginnings in the two diecasting companies of the Dowst and the Shure Brothers who were established near the same time in the 1890s. The Dowst brothers originally established a trade paper called the National Laundry Journal and later purchased a linotype machine to cast metal buttons and cuff links related to the laundry business.

Meanwhile, the Tootsietoy brand also had origins in a range of miniature cars in the form of charms, pins, cuff links and the like, introduced circa 1901 by the Chicago based Cosmo Company owned by the Shure Bros. which bought Dowst in 1926. The name, however, remained Dowst Manufacturing Co. The first actual model car from the company was produced between 1909 and 1911. One was a closed limousine which was followed by a 1915 Ford Model T open tourer.

Pre-War toys
By the early 1920s the name 'tootsie' was being used as a brand name and "Tootsietoy" was registered as a trade mark in 1924. The 'Tootsie' moniker apparently came from one of the Dowst Brothers' granddaughters, whose name was "Toots". Tootsietoy made metal prizes for Cracker Jack boxes, and this success in the 1930s may also have led to Dowst providing cast pieces for the game Monopoly. The company also produced a large assortment of die-cast dollhouse furniture.

In the 1920s trains, cars, trucks, military vehicles, aircraft, pistols and a variety of other toys were manufactured by Dowst. Vehicles often had white rubber tires which over time become brittle and often have not survived play-wear and time. One of the unique offerings were a set of 1932 Graham diecast cars - Tootsietoy offered a Graham sedan, town car, coupe, roadster, dual cowl convertible, delivery panel truck and tow truck. A marque not often seen in miniature since, Graham was a household name at Tootsietoy. The Tootsietoy Grahams were available in boxes with "Graham" on the sides - indicating that they may have been used as promotional models for the Graham company. If so, these would have been just about the earliest promotional automobile toys seen anywhere.

One car that definitely was a promotional model was the 1935 Lasalle made for General Motors that came in sedan and coupe versions packaged in a special smallish blue and dark rose box. Another interesting model was the 1936 Lincoln Zephyr which was available in a gift set with a 'Roamer' camper trailer.
World War II work later had the Dowst Co. making detonators for grenades and mines as well as belt and parachute buckles. As would be expected, little toy production was seen during wartime production, though some paper toys were made.

Toy construction

Whether small or large, metal or plastic, Tootsietoys were usually simply made - often with only seven parts: a single diecast metal body, two axles, and four wheels. Arms protruding from the underside of the body were pinched around the axles after the wheels were added, which held wheels and axles in place. Many Tootsietoy cars are still made in this basic manner, though in the 1970s and 1980s, plastic interiors and other parts were also added.

One exception to this simplistic construction was the 1955 Pontiac Safari two-door station wagon which was heavily diecast in about 1:28 scale, larger than much of the Tootsietoy fare. On this model, the diecast body was not as simple as on most of the companies offerings but also had diecast seats, an accurately shaped dashboard and a plastic steering wheel. The rear tailgate opened and the car also had a heavy separately diecast chassis.
The usual fare in the 1960s were American offerings like a 1959 Oldsmobile convertible, a 1959 Ford Wagon, or a 1960 Chrysler convertible. Vehicles were made in many sizes but 5", 3.5" and even smaller were all produced. As time passed the larger sizes generally faded, but in the 1970s the 1 dollar, 10 car "JamPac" of tiny, simple diecast cars about 2 inches long became known as the world's best child "shutter-upper". A couple of these smaller cars are still in demand, like a replica of the Chevy Corvette powered Cheetah (competition in the real world for Shelby's Cobra). This car, though simple and tiny, was not commonly seen in miniature elsewhere.

Later business

In 1961, Strombeck-Becker, later abbreviated to 'Strombecker' was a hobby company purchased by Dowst / Tootsietoy. Strombecker had previously made popular plastic models mainly for slot-car racing — and continued to do so, but by the end of the 1960s the slot-car niche had largely run its course. Later, plastic as well as die-cast toys were identified with both names as "Tootsietoy-Strombecker". The name Tootsietoy was often applied to larger, but fairly realistic plastic cars and trucks through the 1990s, but some die-cast were also still made like the Hardbody series in Matchbox size and slightly larger than 1:43 scale.

By the late 1960s, Tootsietoys were made in both the United States and Hong Kong. Though most Tootsie toys are produced in Asia today, they were traditionally produced in Chicago, and were also made in a few other American factories such as Rockford, Illinois. Tootsietoy, however, should not be confused with the similar brand Midgetoy, which was also based in Rockford.

Tootsietoy, which is now owned by J. Lloyd International, Inc., is still based in Chicago and makes about 40 million cars per year.

References
Richardson, Mike and Sue.  1998.  Wheels: Christie's Presents the Magical World of Automotive Toys.  San Francisco, California: Chronicle Books.

Seeley, Clint.  No Date b.  1933-1941 Tootsietoy Models.  Found on Toy Museum at Home.  Website of the De Lespinay Collection.  1933 to 1941 Tootsietoy models With history extracts from the late Dr
  Source:

Footnotes

Toy cars and trucks
Toy brands
Die-cast toys
Toy soldier manufacturing companies
Model manufacturers of the United States

TootsieToy


Tom J. Quinn was the UK's first Professor of cardiac nursing, and is a Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) for his outstanding contribution to research and practice of cardiac nursing.

He currently works at the Kingston University covering research, development and consultancy in cardiovascular care issues, particularly emergency and critical cardiac care and policy. He was previously Professor of Cardiac Nursing at Coventry University. His NHS experience over almost three decades included periods at St Bartholomew's Hospital, the National Heart Hospital and York Hospital and at regional office, Strategic Health Authority, the Department of Health and NHS Modernisation Agency, and the ambulance service. He is clinical lead in the National Library for Health covering the cardiovascular, stroke and vascular specialist libraries.

He was instrumental in developing and writing the Department of Health's National Service Framework on heart disease and is a fellow of the European Society of Cardiology.

He has also published more than 60 papers focusing on the care of patients with cardiac disease or developing nursing practice.

References

English nurses
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Academics of Coventry University
Male nurses
Cardiovascular researchers
Academics of the University of Surrey

Tom Quinn (nurse)


Nakuru is a small city in the Rift Valley region of Kenya. It is the capital of Nakuru County, and is the third largest city in Kenya. As of 2019, Nakuru has an urban population of 570,674, making it the largest urban centre in the Rift Valley, succeeding Eldoret, Uasin Gishu County. The city lies along the Nairobi–Nakuru Highway,  from Nairobi.

History

Archaeological discoveries were located about  from the Central Business District at Hyrax Hill.

The city was incepted on 28 January 1904 when a local area one mile away from the railway station's main entrance was proclaimed to be a township. The name of the town was derived from the Maasai-speaking people of Kenya.

During the colonial era, the British established Nakuru as part of the White highlands and became a municipality in 1952.

After the founding of the Republic of Kenya, the first and second presidents of Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta and Daniel Arap Moi respectively, had their semi-official residences. The city had been known for Kenyan politics and was a home to politicians such as Kariuki Chotara, Kihika Kimani, Mirugi Kariuki, and Koigi Wamwere.

During the 2007 post-election violence, dozens of buildings in Nakuru were burnt to the ground.

On 3 June 2021, Nakuru was no longer a municipality after the Kenyan Senate voted that its status was adequate enough to be a city. Following the Senate of Kenya's approval in June, the President of the Republic of Kenya chartered Nakuru on 1 December 2021. It is the fourth urban center in Kenya to be declared a city after Nairobi, Mombasa, and Kisumu.

Geography

The city of Nakuru is situated in Nakuru County, Kenya. It lies 1,850 meters above sea level.

Climate
Nakuru has temperate and subtropical highland climates; temperatures fall significantly at night and between June and August.

Gardens
The Nyayo Gardens are located along Kenyatta Avenue in Nakuru.

Economy

Agriculture, manufacturing and tourism make up the economy of Nakuru. Around the city, it is widely known for its agricultural activity. The main crops grown include coffee, wheat, barley, maize, beans, and potatoes. These crops are stored in massive silos at the outskirts of the city, stored by the National Cereals and Produce Board and Lesiolo Grain Handlers Limited. The crops are the main sources for manufacturing industries found in Nakuru and Nairobi, such as flour milling and grain ginneries. Dairy farming is the main supplier for milk processing plants within Nakuru.

Some manufacturing industries include the production of soaps, motorcycles, batteries, and gardening equipment.

Nakuru is one of Kenya's largest hubs for retail supermarket chains with The Nakumatt, Naivas, Tuskys, and Gilanis being founded.

According to a UN study released in 2011, Nakuru is Africa's fastest-growing city and the fourth fastest in the world.

The city is also a centre for various retail businesses that provide goods and services to the manufacturing and agricultural sectors. A large public market lies to the west of the town on the main thoroughfare to the capital, Nairobi.

Human resources

Education

Nakuru is the home of Egerton University and Kabarak University, a private university associated with former President Moi's business and religious interests. Mount Kenya University, University of Nairobi and Kenyatta University have campuses situated here.

Nakuru contains numerous public and private secondary schools. Public schools include Nakuru Boys High School and Nakuru Girls High School (formerly Nakuru High School), Menengai High School, and Nakuru Day Secondary School.
There is a public library run by the Kenya National Library Service.

Public health
The Nakuru hospital is one of the largest in the county, historically the biggest in the province of Rift Valley. It is also home to the Nakuru War Memorial Hospital, opened shortly after World War I by Norman Jewell to commemorate troops.

Public safety

Police and law enforcement

Nakuru has a fire department that can be accessed by calling 911. The number can be called in case of any other emergencies.

Transportation

Air
Nakuru is home to the Lanet Airstrip, later approved in 2017 to be upgraded to an international airport by the Ministry of Transport and the county government.

Nakuru is also home to Kabarak Airstrip, located  away from the city centre.

Road
Dondori Road C86 links the city to central Kenya. The Eldoret-Nairobi highway passes through this city, linking Uasin Gishu County with Nairobi.

Rail
The Rift Valley Railways narrow gauge track runs through the city with a railway station located on the edge of the CBD. It connects to cities Nairobi and Mombasa to the east, and Kisumu and Eldoret to the west.

The government extended the newer standard gauge railway from Nairobi to Nakuru and Kisumu with a new station. The railway line reached the neighboring town of Naivasha in June 2019.

Tourism

Two kilometers south of the town of Nakuru is Lake Nakuru, one of the Rift Valley soda lakes, which forms part of the Lake Nakuru National Park. The park was declared a rhino sanctuary in 1983 a Ramsar site in 1990, and as an Important Bird Area in 2009. The park is internationally known for its dense flamingo population. It is an important feeding site for great white pelicans that nest in nearby Lake Elmenteita. The park is home to over 450 species of birds and 56 mammal species, including Rothchild's giraffes.

Another point of interest includes Menengai Crater, a dormant volcano. Small fumaroles and steam vents can regularly be observed within the forested caldera from above. The second largest surviving volcanic crater in the world, it plunges 483 meters down from the rim, and the summit is accessible by walking or driving 8 kilometers to Nyahururu. The wood-covered crater ground is a nature reserve.

Nakuru's closest tourist destinations are Lake Bogoria and Lake Baringo in Baringo County.

The Hyrax Hill prehistoric site, discovered by the Leakeys in 1926, is considered a major Neolithic and Iron Age site. The adjoining museum features findings from various nearby excavations.

Culture and contemporary life

Cuisine

The food culture of Nakuru includes a variety of local and international cuisines.

Sports
Afraha Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Nakuru, Kenya. It is mainly used for football matches, and it is the home stadium of Nakuru AllStars — part of the Kenyan Premier League — and Ulinzi Stars of the Kenyan Premier League. The stadium holds 8,200 people and opened in 1948. It is two kilometres from the famous Lake Nakuru National Park. Although it was used for playing sports, Afraha Stadium became famous for hosting many political meetings, including the GEMA promoted change The Constitution Series held in the 1970s. The former ruling party KANU also held many prominent meetings during the presidency of Daniel arap Moi.

Nakuru has local skaters and skateboarders in the Maasai market area on weekends.

The Rift Valley Sports Club lies in the centre of the city. The club was started in 1907 by white European settlers who had settled in Nakuru in the early 1900s. A number of sporting activities are hosted at this club, including cricket. The local Indian community can be found at cricket fixtures throughout the year.

The city hosts an annual rugby festival, The Great Rift 10-a-side, featuring teams throughout the East Africa region. It is held at the Nakuru Athletics Club. Nakuru is one of six cities to host a leg of the national rugby sevens circuit. Nakuru's part in the competition is referred to as the prinsloo sevens. It has contributed to one of Nakuru's nicknames, Nax Vegas.

A motor racing track, Nakuru Park (not to be confused with the Langa Langa circuit near Gilgil), operated in the Lake View Estate area from 1956 until the mid 1980s.

Demographics and surrounding towns

Nakuru is populated by people of various backgrounds. The population is predominantly composed of the Kalenjin, Kikuyu, and Luhya people. The city has Gusii people and Kenyans of Indian origin. Some settler families still live in the area today. According to the 2019 Kenya Population Census, Nakuru had the third-largest urban population in Kenya.

Surrounding towns include the residential town Lanet, approximately  from Nakuru. Njoro lies  from Nakuru and is a small agricultural town with a local university aimed at promoting agricultural development in Kenya, namely Egerton University established in 1934.

Government
Nakuru is the headquarters of the Nakuru County in the counties of Kenya. The current governor is Susan Kihika, and the Member of Parliament for the town is David Gikaria. The senator for Nakuru is Tabitha Karanja.

Sister cities
Nakuru is a sister city of East Orange, New Jersey.

See also

 Roman Catholic Diocese of Nakuru
 Railway stations in Kenya
 Nakuru County
 Lake Nakuru National Park
 Menengai Forest

References

Bibliography
  (Includes articles about Nakuru)

External links

 Official website
 Nakuru Municipal Council

Populated places in Nakuru County
Provincial capitals in Kenya
County capitals in Kenya

Nakuru


Hill of Down () is a townland in County Meath located on the Royal Canal. There was also a railway station on the line between Dublin and Galway/Sligo. There is a shop and post office at Hill of Down. The shop also has a pub and all of these are located next to the bridge over the canal (Trim to Kinnegad Road). St. Columba, St. Brigid of Kildare and St. Patrick are, according to legend, supposed to be buried within the hill, though this is probably a confusion with the Hill of Down near Downpatrick in the province of Ulster.

Transport
The Midland Great Western Railway reached the area at the end of 1847. The railway station remained in use until 1963. Some of the platforms remain. The last station master was Peter Logan.() Hill of Down railway station opened on 6 December 1847 and finally closed on 10 November 1947.

References

Townlands of County Meath

Hill of Down


The elegant quail (Callipepla douglasii) is a species of New World quail endemic to Pacific-slope thorn forest of north-western Mexico, from southern Sonora to Nayarit. These are common, mainly ground-dwelling birds, and the IUCN has rated them as being a "species of least concern".

Description
The elegant quail grows to a length of about . The male has a distinctive long, straight, golden-buff crest (the female's crest is grey). In other ways the sexes are similar in appearance, being mainly grey with spotting and streaking in black, brown and white, and in the case of the male, in reddish-brown as well. The beak is black, the irises are brown and the legs dark grey to black. This bird can be distinguished from the otherwise similar scaled quail (C. squamata), California quail (C. californica), and Gambel's quail (C. gambelii) by the colour of the male's crest and by the paler spotting on the flanks.

Vocalisations include a "chip-chip" call used by members of a covey to help them remain in contact as they feed on the ground by day, and a "cu-cow" call given on assembly at the roosting site in the evening, and again in the morning before setting off to forage.

Distribution and habitat
Elegant quails are found only in Mexico, on the Pacific slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental at altitudes of up to . Their range extends from Sonora and southwestern Chihuahua to northern Jalisco and they are generally found in thorny scrub and deciduous forest, on open ground and cultivated fields. When disturbed they either freeze or run through the undergrowth, taking to the wing only with reluctance.

Status
The elegant quail has a wide range with an area of occupation estimated at . It is a common bird and its population is thought to be rising as degradation of the forest creates the open areas it likes. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern".

References

External links
Elegant Quail photo gallery VIREO
Photo; Article – "Field Guide to the Birds of Ranch Lobos"

elegant quail
elegant quail
Endemic birds of Western Mexico
Endemic birds of Southwestern North America
Birds of the Sierra Madre Occidental
elegant quail
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Elegant quail


Twin Goddesses is a 2D high-fantasy fighting game developed and published by PolyGram for the Sony PlayStation exclusively in Japan on December 22, 1994.

The first fighting game released for the PS1, Twin Goddesses features a mix of digitized actors (for the main characters) and hand-drawn anime-style art (for the backgrounds and other fighters). It also features an RPG-style item system, where players can buy special items pre-match using gold.

The game's plot is set in the fantasy world of LOVERADIANT, where the evil witch Carmilla and her five henchmen has taken over the castle of the King, bringing the whole land into darkness. It's up to the slain King's two twin daughters (Nina and Syllin) to put an end to Carmilla's reign.

Gameplay
The game includes eight total characters, all of whom are playable in VS Battle mode. Most characters are rendered as hand-drawn anime-style art, while the main characters (protagonists Nina and Syllin and antagonist Carmilla) are digitized actors.

Characters

 Nina (also playable in Legend Battle mode)
 Syllin (also playable in Legend Battle mode)
 Fatman
 Ghom
 Goldrush
 Jinny
 Red Dawn
 Carmilla (final boss)

Story
The planet of peace Loveradiant is a great distant from earth. No boundaries exist in this small united kindom. It's king, King Loveradiant III, reigns over his kindom in quiet tranquility from his beautiful castle that is surrounded by rich trees and lakes. He loves his country and all its people and they in turn workship their king.

King Loveradiant III has twin daughters, the eider Nina is very affectionate and the younger Syllin is a woman of great spirit. Their mother, queen Joanna, died suddenly after giving birth to her twin daughters. The king had always tried to compensate for this loss and had given his daughters an abundance of love.

One day the happiness in the kingdom is shaken when six eerie lights suddenly appear and attack the Loveradiant castle. They are the wicked lights which emanate from the evil witch Carmilla and her entourage of five man. Their aim is to forever take peace away from the land of Loveradiant.

Carmilla strikes down king Loveradiant III and her venomous energy instantly enguls the whole land in darkness. The castle is now under her power. She designates one man to guard each of five floors and settlers herself on the sixth floor, the highest in the castle. She enjoys looking down on the people and watching as their characters change to reflect hatred and jealousy.

The almighty god Zeus watched this entire incident from on hights. He reacts by bestowing the powers of Love and Courage to the two grieving princesses with which they set out to conquer the evil witch Carmila.

"You are the only ones that can save Loveradiant" he tells them. "Arm yourselves with Love and Courage and defeat Carmila. Go on Nina! Syllin!"

Description
Features:
 Third person perspectives
 2D graphics
 Cartoon graphics
 Fantasy & Fighting themes.

PlayStation games
PlayStation-only games
1994 video games
Japan exclusive video games
Fighting games

Twin Goddesses


The Peace of Callias is a purported peace treaty that supposedly was established around 449 BC between the Delian League (led by Athens) and the Achaemenid Empire and ended the Greco-Persian Wars. The peace would then be the first compromise treaty between Achaemenid Persia and a Greek city.

The peace was negotiated by Callias, an Athenian politician. Persia had continually lost territory to the Greeks after the end of Xerxes I's invasion in 479 BC. The exact date of the treaty is debated, but it is usually placed after the Battle of the Eurymedon (469 or 466) or the Battle of Cypriot Salamis (450).

If it existed, the Peace of Callias gave autonomy to the Ionian states in Asia Minor, prohibited the encroachment of Persian satrapies within three days march of the Aegean coast and prohibited Persian ships from the Aegean. Athens also agreed not to interfere with Persia's possessions in Asia Minor, Cyprus, Libya or Egypt. Athens had at the time lost a fleet, which was aiding an Egyptian revolt against Persia.

Doubts about existence
Knowledge of the Peace of Callias comes from references by the 4th-century BC orators Isocrates and Demosthenes, as well as by the historian Diodorus. The ancient historian Theopompus deemed it a fabrication by arguing that the inscription of the treaty was a fake since the lettering that was used in it had not come into practice until half a century after the treaty was purported to have been agreed.

It is possible that the treaty never officially existed. If it was concluded, its importance is disputed. Thucydides does not mention it, but Herodotus states something that may reasonably be construed as supporting its existence, as does Plutarch, who thinks that it either was signed after the Battle of the Eurymedon (466 BC) or was never signed at all.

Aftermath
In any case, there seems to have been some agreement reached ending hostilities with Persia after 450/449, which allowed Athens to deal with the new threats from the other Greek city-states such as Corinth and Thebes, as well as Euboea, which rebelled from the Delian League shortly afterward. The conflicts may have arisen when Athenian 'allies' felt that there was no longer a justification for the Delian League, which had developed from the Spartan-led Hellenic League, which defeated Xerxes I's invasion, as Persia was apparently no longer a threat. Since Athens demanded more and more tribute and exerted more political and economic control over its allies, the league became more of a true empire, and many of Athens's allies began to rebel. Although Callias was also responsible for the Thirty Years' Peace with Sparta in 446 to 445 BC, the growing Athenian threat eventually led to the Peloponnesian War.

Fighting between the Greeks and the Persians subsided after 450, but Persia continued to meddle in Greek affairs and was to become instrumental in securing a Spartan victory during the Peloponnesian War.

Nonetheless, the treaty's existence has remained a controversial topic among historians and scholars.

See also
 List of treaties

Further reading
 De Ste. Croix, G.E.M.,The Origins of the Peloponnesian War, London 1972 (especially the Appendices).
 Rhodes, P.J. The History of the Classical World 478–323 BC, 2005.
 Badian, E. "The Peace of Callias." The Journal of Hellenic Studies 50 (1987): 1–39.
 Samons, Loren J. "Kimon, Kallias and Peace with Persia." Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 47 (1998): 129–140.

References

449 BC
Treaties of the Achaemenid Empire
Treaties of Athens
Wars of the Delian League
5th-century BC treaties
Non-aggression pacts
Historical controversies

Peace of Callias


In science and engineering, root cause analysis (RCA) is a method of problem solving used for identifying the root causes of faults or problems. It is widely used in IT operations, manufacturing, telecommunications, industrial process control, accident analysis (e.g., in aviation, rail transport, or nuclear plants), medicine (for medical diagnosis), healthcare industry (e.g., for epidemiology), etc. Root cause analysis is a form of inductive (first create a theory [root] based on empirical evidence [causes]) and deductive (test the theory [underlying causal mechanisms] with empirical data) inference.

RCA can be decomposed into four steps:
 Identify and describe the problem clearly
 Establish a timeline from the normal situation until the problem occurs
 Distinguish between the root cause and other causal factors (e.g., using event correlation)
 Establish a causal graph between the root cause and the problem

RCA generally serves as input to a remediation process whereby corrective actions are taken to prevent the problem from recurring. The name of this process varies from one application domain to another. According to ISO/IEC 31010, RCA may include the techniques Five whys, Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), Fault tree analysis, Ishikawa diagram, and Pareto analysis.

Definitions

There are essentially two ways of repairing faults and solving problems in science and engineering.

Reactive management
Reactive management consists of reacting quickly after the problem occurs, by treating the symptoms. This type of management is implemented by reactive systems, self-adaptive systems, self-organized systems, and complex adaptive systems. The goal here is to react quickly and alleviate the effects of the problem as soon as possible.

Proactive management
Proactive management, conversely, consists of preventing problems from occurring. Many techniques can be used for this purpose, ranging from good practices in design to analyzing in detail problems that have already occurred and taking actions to make sure they never recur. Speed is not as important here as the accuracy and precision of the diagnosis. The focus is on addressing the real cause of the problem rather than its effects.

Root cause analysis is often used in proactive management to identify the root cause of a problem, that is, the factor that was the leading cause. It is customary to refer to the "root cause" in singular form, but one or several factors may constitute the root cause(s) of the problem under study.

A factor is considered the "root cause" of a problem if removing it prevents the problem from recurring. Conversely, a "causal factor" is a contributing action that affects an incident/event's outcome but is not the root cause. Although removing a causal factor can benefit an outcome, it does not prevent its recurrence with certainty.

Example
Imagine an investigation into a machine that stopped because it was overloaded and the fuse blew. Investigation shows that the machine was overloaded because it had a bearing that was not being sufficiently lubricated. The investigation proceeds further and finds that the automatic lubrication mechanism had a pump that was not pumping sufficiently, hence the lack of lubrication. Investigation of the pump shows that it has a worn shaft. Investigation of why the shaft was worn discovers that there is not an adequate mechanism to prevent metal scrap getting into the pump. This enabled scrap to get into the pump, and damage it.

The apparent root cause of the problem is that metal scrap can contaminate the lubrication system. Fixing this problem ought to prevent the whole sequence of events recurring. The real root cause could be a design issue if there is no filter to prevent the metal scrap getting into the system. Or if it has a filter that was blocked due to lack of routine inspection, then the real root cause is a maintenance issue.

Compare this with an investigation that does not find the root cause: replacing the fuse, the bearing, or the lubrication pump will probably allow the machine to go back into operation for a while. But there is a risk that the problem will simply recur, until the root cause is dealt with.

The above does not include cost/benefit analysis: does the cost of replacing one or more machines exceed the cost of downtime until the fuse is replaced? This situation is sometimes referred to as the cure being worse than the disease.

As an unrelated example of the conclusions that can be drawn in the absence of the cost/benefit analysis, consider the tradeoff between some claimed benefits of population decline: In the short term there will be fewer payers into pension/retirement systems; whereas halting the population will require higher taxes to cover the cost of building more schools. This can help explain the problem of the cure being worse than the disease.

Costs to consider go beyond finances when considering the personnel who operate the machinery. Ultimately, the goal is to prevent downtime; but more so prevent catastrophic injuries. Prevention begins with being proactive.

Application domains

Root cause analysis is used in many application domains.

Manufacturing and industrial process control
The example above illustrates how RCA can be used in manufacturing. RCA is also routinely used in industrial process control, e.g. to control the production of chemicals (quality control).

RCA is also used for failure analysis in engineering and maintenance.

IT and telecommunications
Root cause analysis is frequently used in IT and telecommunications to detect the root causes of serious problems. For example, in the ITIL service management framework, the goal of incident management is to resume a faulty IT service as soon as possible (reactive management), whereas problem management deals with solving recurring problems for good by addressing their root causes (proactive management).

Another example is the computer security incident management process, where root-cause analysis is often used to investigate security breaches.

RCA is also used in conjunction with business activity monitoring and complex event processing to analyze faults in business processes.

Its use in the IT industry cannot always be compared to its use in safety critical industries, since in normality the use of RCA in IT industry is not supported by pre-existing fault trees or other design specs. Instead a mixture of debugging, event based detection and monitoring systems (where the services are individually modelled) is normally supporting the analysis. Training and supporting tools like simulation or different in-depth runbooks for all expected scenarios do not exist, instead they are created after the fact based on issues seen as 'worthy'.
As a result the analysis is often limited to those things that have monitoring/observation interfaces and not the actual planned/seen function with focus on verification of inputs and outputs. Hence, the saying "there is no root cause" has become common in the IT industry.

Health and safety
In the domains of health and safety, RCA is routinely used in medicine (diagnosis) and epidemiology (e.g., to identify the source of an infectious disease), where causal inference methods often require both clinical and statistical expertise to make sense of the complexities of the processes.

RCA is used in environmental science (e.g., to analyze environmental disasters), accident analysis (aviation and rail industry), and occupational safety and health. In the manufacture of medical devices, pharmaceuticals, food, and dietary supplements, root cause analysis is a regulatory requirement.

Systems analysis
RCA is also used in change management, risk management, and systems analysis.

General principles

Despite the different approaches among the various schools of root cause analysis and the specifics of each application domain, RCA generally follows the same four steps:

 Identification and description: Effective problem statements and event descriptions (as failures, for example) are helpful and usually required to ensure the execution of appropriate root cause analyses.
 Chronology: RCA should establish a sequence of events or timeline for understanding the relationships between contributory (causal) factors, the root cause, and the problem under investigation.
 Differentiation: By correlating this sequence of events with the nature, the magnitude, the location, and the timing of the problem, and possibly also with a library of previously analyzed problems, RCA should enable the investigator(s) to distinguish between the root cause, causal factors, and non-causal factors. One way to trace down root causes consists in using hierarchical clustering and data-mining solutions (such as graph-theory-based data mining). Another consists in comparing the situation under investigation with past situations stored in case libraries, using case-based reasoning tools.
 Causal graphing: Finally, the investigator should be able to extract from the sequences of events a subsequence of key events that explain the problem, and convert it into a causal graph.

To be effective, root cause analysis must be performed systematically. The process enables the chance to not miss any other important details. A team effort is typically required, and ideally all persons involved should arrive at the same conclusion. In aircraft accident analyses, for example, the conclusions of the investigation and the root causes that are identified must be backed up by documented evidence.

Transition to corrective actions

The goal of RCA is to identify the root cause of the problem with the intent to stop the problem from recurring or worsening. The next step is to trigger long-term corrective actions to address the root cause identified during RCA, and make sure that the problem does not resurface. Correcting a problem is not formally part of RCA, however; these are different steps in a problem-solving process known as fault management in IT and telecommunications, repair in engineering, remediation in aviation, environmental remediation in ecology, therapy in medicine, etc.

Challenges

Without delving in the idiosyncrasies of specific problems, several general conditions can make RCA more difficult than it may appear at first sight.

First, important information is often missing because it is generally not possible, in practice, to monitor everything and store all monitoring data for a long time.

Second, gathering data and evidence, and classifying them along a timeline of events to the final problem, can be nontrivial. In telecommunications, for instance, distributed monitoring systems typically manage between a million and a billion events per day. Finding a few relevant events in such a mass of irrelevant events is asking to find the proverbial needle in a haystack.

Third, there may be more than one root cause for a given problem, and this multiplicity can make the causal graph very difficult to establish.

Fourth, causal graphs often have many levels, and root-cause analysis terminates at a level that is "root" to the eyes of the investigator. Looking again at the example above in industrial process control, a deeper investigation could reveal that the maintenance procedures at the plant included periodic inspection of the lubrication subsystem every two years, while the current lubrication subsystem vendor's product specified a 6-month period. Switching vendors may have been due to management's desire to save money, and a failure to consult with engineering staff on the implication of the change on maintenance procedures. Thus, while the "root cause" shown above may have prevented the quoted recurrence, it would not have prevented other  perhaps more severe failures affecting other machines.

See also

Notes

References

External links
 "Root Cause Analysis and Monitoring Tools: A Perfect Match" by Irene Carrasco
 "Apollo Root Cause Analysis"
 "Cause Mapping a visual explanation"
 "Sologic Root Cause Analysis Method"
 "Fundamentals of Root Cause Analysis"
 "DOE Root Cause Analysis Document"

Quality control tools
Problem solving

Root cause analysis


George Paul Kornegay (November 23, 1913 – June 3, 2014) was an American folk and outsider artist, and minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, who created a large Christian visionary environment with found objects near Brent, Alabama.

Early life and career
Kornegay was born on 23 November 1913 in Bibb County, Alabama, the second of ten children of Will and Sue Kornegay. His father worked as a farmer, miner, and barrel maker, and his mother looked after their children. Kornegay attended the Alabama Mission School in Brent until the tenth grade, but had to leave school and help his father in sharecropping.

His father later bought 28 acres of land near Brent, Alabama and a two-story house from a Cherokee, Charles Hogan, for $100. The property was situated on a Native American burial ground and Kornegay recounted that his daughter could "hear voices out here talking but she can't tell us what they're talking about. This is one of them places where you can come when you're feeling bad and go away lifted up. They all say this is a sacred place."

Kornegay worked at a steel mill, Century Foundry, in Tuscaloosa and later described his working life as "From a plow to a preacher, from a preacher to a steel mill, from a steel mill to a veneer mill. Double shifts I worked. And a cotton sack, and a plow, and a saw mill, and a paper mill, and all that stuff: had to make a living for my people".

Marriage and religious calling
Kornegay married Minnie Sue Tubbs on August 9, 1932, and they had 12 children; eight boys (Arthur Paul, George Jr., Earvin, Arthur Lee, Joel, Benjamin, Donald, and Ronnie) and four girls (Gloria Jean, Dorothy, Donna, and Annie). He felt a "divine calling" to become a minister and said that at first he was "...afraid of it, but God, he stayed at me. I ask him to give me these signs if this is what he mean for me. And he sent them. And the end of it come from a choir of angels come to visit my house. Come from the east into the house, go down the hall, go around my bedroom. And then leave to the west". Kornegay spent many years as a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (A.M.E. Zion), where he was affectionately known as "Big Daddy". Kornegay preached in the A.M.E. Zion churches at Grove Hill, Cottage Hill and Marietta for over fifty years.

Art practice
In 1960, Kornegay began to create a large narrative artwork (or "visionary environment") on a two acre site on a hill near his house using paintings, found objects and sculpture, but only worked full time on the project after his retirement in 1980. Kornegay gave several names to his visionary environment including The New Jerusalem, Seven Holy Mountains, Art Hill, and the Sacred Mountain.

He had been inspired to create the work after a dream in which a vision from God told him that he would be better able to communicate his religious messages this way. Kornegay had originally intended to sculpt a face onto a red rock but he felt compelled not to and was told to "Say, Upon this rock I'll build my church the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. I'll give you the key to the kingdom but what you find on earth shall he found in heaven, what you loosen on earth shall he loose in heaven, and this was my beginning. I love this because this is the beginning, and all of this is going to have an end". Having only intended to sculpt the rock, Kornegay was told by God to "Go further" and he asked God to "Tell me how when I get up in the morning". The next day he was compelled to "Put a piece here, put a piece there, put a piece over yonder. Go back and get that; never throw nothing away...So I fixed it up his way. I spaced it, you know, with the eye God give me. Everything got a place. I told them, "I can see more with my eyes closed than they can see with their eyes open." So God gave it to me, and I'm going to use it till I die".

Themes in Kornegay's artwork included his Native American ancestry, African traditions, and apocalyptic Christian visions and passages from the Bible, including the Last supper and several crucifixions. Kornegay's African heritage was reflected in his creation of bottle trees and objects reminiscent of spiritual Nkisi. He was interviewed by William Arnett for Arnett's Souls Grown Deep Foundation in 1997 and 1998. Arnett made a gentleman's agreement with Kornegay for him to keep his artistic creation in situ, and not to sell to collectors. Arnett photographed the collection before its dispersal. Kornegay died a centenarian on 3 June 2014; he was predeceased by his wife, and his daughter Donna Lee, and survived by his 11 children, 30 grandchildren, and 45 great-grandchildren.

References

1913 births
2014 deaths
20th-century American painters
African-American centenarians
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church clergy
American centenarians
American folk art
Artists from Alabama
Men centenarians
Outsider artists
Painters from Alabama
People from Bibb County, Alabama
Religious artists
20th-century African-American painters
21st-century African-American people

George Paul Kornegay


Gomti Nagar is an area in the Indian city of Lucknow consisting of both residential and business settlements. It is one of the largest and fastest-growing areas of Lucknow. It is also considered Asia's largest colony. It is home to high-end residential projects, malls, commercial property, plots, business centers, multiplexes, cafés, hotels, hospitals, clubs, banks, food courts and entertainment centers. The colonies in Gomti Nagar are based on a 'maximum open space' concept hence most of the plots/houses and apartments are park-facing.

Name

Gomti Nagar is situated on the banks of Gomti, a tributary of Ganga which flows through Lucknow.

Economy

Gomti Nagar is now developing both as a commercial and IT hub of mainland Lucknow. Till now the Central Lucknow consisting of Hazratganj, Vidhan Sabha Marg & Ashok Marg was the main commercial area.

Realty of Gomti Nagar is growing at the rate of 118%. It has the Software Technology Park, Passport Office, High Court and many other important offices, gaming zones, indoor stadiums and commercial centers.

Many important Government offices like the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Employees' Provident Fund Organization, Lucknow Metro, PICUP, Office of the CRPF, Custom Division, Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India, Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), etc. are situated in Gomti Nagar.

It boasts of National and State level headquarters of SONY, Reliance Retail, UltraTech Cement ,etc. It also has a developed industrial area with several factories and industrial units.

The Sahara City of the Sahara India Pariwar, including the residence of Mr. Subrata Roy, is also located in Gomti Nagar.

Gomti Nagar is divided into
 Gomti Nagar - Phase-I
 Gomti Nagar - Phase - II &
 Gomti Nagar Extension.

Whereas Phase-I & II have good occupancy rates, Gomti Nagar Extension is still under construction.

Gomti Nagar is divided into various sectors known as "Khands" and the names of all "Khands" start with the letter "V".

Lucknow's prime business establishments and offices are situated in Gomti Nagar.

Leisure
Eight shopping malls/ multiplexes namely Phoenix Palassio, Wave Mall, Fun Republic Mall, City Mall, Singapore Mall, One Awadh Center,  Platinum Mall and Riverside Mall are situated in Gomti Nagar. The Lulu Mall is on Shaheed Path which is claimed as the biggest mall in India by its owner. The mall is spread over an area of 22 lakh sq.ft. area. Lulu Group invested 2000 Cr. for this.

It is home to a number of restaurants, pubs, cafes and eating joints such as Dastarkhwan, Barbeque Nation, Cafe Coffee Day, McDonald's, Barista, Mainland China, Pizza Hut, Domino's, Royal Cafe,  Cocoberry, Moti Mahal Deluxe, Aryans, JJ Bakers, Mr. Brown, Neelkanth Sweets, Cappuccino Mini Blast, Percussion, Pind Balluchi, Metropolitan Club, Zero Degree, Spice Caves, Vintage Machine, Kareem's, Bati Chokha, The Urban Terrace, Underdoggs and many more.

Patrakarpuram is the busiest market in Gomti Nagar. It is a major shopping and recreational hub with houses, restaurants, cafes, shops and food-joints.

Gomti Nagar has three big parks - Ambedkar Park, Janeshwar Mishra Park and Ram Manohar Lohia Park. Janeshwar Mishra Park is the biggest park of Asia sprawling 376 acres of land. It is home to a huge variety of plants and trees. It has the longest jogging and bicycle track in India. It has huge man-made water bodies with fountains. It also houses a real MIG-21 aircraft and a battle tank for public display. A 200 ft. high flag of India is another highlight of this park. The park is eco-friendly owing to its rain-water harvesting and solar electricity setups. The Ambedkar park is a mammoth construction of marble, stones and fountains. It looks marvelous when lit up at night. Lohia Park is popular among morning walkers and fitness addicts as it houses a professional jogging/racing track and an open-air gym.

Marine Drive/River Drive (unofficial name) located on the banks of river Gomti is a crowd-puller during evenings. The musical fountain show organised every evening in a nearby park attracts people from all over the city. The Riverfront mega project is an 8 km long project which includes walkways, cycle-tracks, benches, greenery, lighting and beautification of the river banks on both sides. The Gomti Riverfront Project has already been major attraction for tourists and film makers in the city.

Gomti Nagar is home to a number of 5-Star and 4-Star hotels like Vivanta by Taj, Renaissance by Marriot, Novotel, Grand JBR, Ranjee's,  Hyatt Regency, Fairfield by Marriot, Comfort Inn, Dayal Paradise, and Hotel Lineage.

Transport

Railways

Gomti Nagar railway station is a railway station which is situated on Barabanki-Lucknow Suburban Railway railway line. Many stations are covered by Lucknow-Kanpur Suburban Railway. It serves daily commuters. Some of the trains are operated from Barabanki city. An expansion of the Gomti Nagar railway station began in 2018, and is expected to be finished by the end of 2020.

Another railway station - Malhaur now falls within Gomti Nagar. The transportation is mainly road based.  It is connected with the city through city bus, autorickshaw etc.

Metro

For the Gomti Nagar Metro link, the train coming from the airport terminal was to be diverted towards Gomti Nagar at the Indira Nagar trisection Polytechnic crossing along an elevated route. The planned stations were Indira Nagar Trisection, West End Mall [Wave Multiplex], Gomti Nagar and Patrakarpuram.

Air

Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport, Amausi is the nearest airport and is directly connected by air with international destinations include Dubai, Muscat, Sharjah, Dammam, Jeddah, Singapore, Bangkok.

Education

Gomti Nagar has some of the city's professional institutes, colleges, schools, coaching and test preparation institutes.

Professional institutes
Institute of Cost Accountants of India
Institute of Company Secretaries of India
Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Colleges
College of Innovative Management And Science (CIMS) Vipul Khand Gomti Nagar.
BBD Group of Colleges and University
Amity University, Lucknow
Institute of Management Research and Technology
Jaipuria Institute of Management
 IMRT Business School
National School of Management & Governance
 Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences
Bhartendu Natya Academy(BNA)
ICFAI
IILM Academy of Higher Learning

Schools
L'école du monde (French School meaning School of the World)
St. Francis School
City Montessori School
Seth M.R.Jaipuria School, Lucknow
Kendriya Vidyalaya
Lucknow Public School
Study Hall School
Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
Red Rose Sr. Secondary School
Modern Academy
Scholar's Home
Riverside Academy
St John Bosco College
Immaculate Conception Convent School
 Amity International School, Lucknow
 Modern School
 St. Don Bosco College
 St. Mary's College
 Jagran Public School
Annie Besant College
Almighty Montessori Inter College
 SKD Academy (Vikrant Khand Branch)
 Rani Laxmibai College
St. Columbus Inter College
Police Modern School
St. Peter's School
St. Xavier's Convent School
Maharaja Agrasen Public School
T D Girls Inter College
Mahamana malviya Vidya mandir

Sports

Cricket, football, badminton, golf, and hockey are among the most popular sports in the area. It is home to Babu Banarasi Das Badminton Academy, which is situated near Lohia Park.The construction of Ekana Sports Stadium, which also consists of Bharat Ratna Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ekana International Cricket stadium, has been completed.In November 2018, an international T20 match was played between Indian and West Indies in which India emerged victorious.

References

External links
 Lucknow Development Authority

Neighbourhoods in Lucknow

Gomti Nagar


A round-robin story, or simply "round robin," is a type of collaborative fiction or storytelling in which a number of authors write chapters of a novel or pieces of a story, in rounds. Round-robin novels were invented in the 19th century, and later became a tradition particularly in science fiction. In modern usage, the term often applies to collaborative fan fiction, particularly on the Internet, though it can also refer to friends or family telling stories at a sleepover, around a campfire, etc.

See also

 Addventure, which combines the round robin method with gamebook narrative form
 Exquisite Corpse

External links
The Internet Story Tale
FoldingStory | The Group Storytelling Game
The High Hat - Collaborative literature
Ensemble Press - an online game of round-robin
AskOuija - A subreddit where answers are generated one letter at a time

Collaborative fiction
Literary concepts
19th-century introductions

Round-robin story


A balloon carrier or balloon tender was a ship equipped with a balloon, usually tied to the ship by a rope or cable, and usually used for observation. During the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century, these ships were built to have the furthest possible view of the surrounding waters. After several experiments, the type became formalized in the early 1900s, but was soon to be superseded by the development of seaplane carriers and regular aircraft carriers at the beginning of World War I.

Early history
In 1849 the Austro-Hungarian naval ship  took part in the first aggressive use of balloons in warfare, serving as a balloon carrier (the precursor to the aircraft carrier) in the first offensive use of air power in naval aviation. Austrian forces besieging Venice attempted to float some 200 paper hot air balloons, each carrying a 24- to 30-pound bomb that was to be dropped from the balloon with a time fuse over the besieged city. The balloons were launched mainly from land; however, some were also launched from Vulcano. The Austrians used smaller pilot balloons to determine the correct fuse settings. At least one bomb fell in the city; however, due to the wind changing after launch, most of the balloons missed their target, and some drifted back over Austrian lines and the launching ship Vulcano.

Later, during the American Civil War, about the time of the Peninsula Campaign, gas-filled balloons were being used to perform reconnaissance on Confederate positions. The battles turned inland into the heavily forested areas of the Virginia Peninsula where balloons could not travel. A coal barge, the George Washington Parke Custis, was cleared of all deck rigging to accommodate the gas generators and apparatus of balloons. From this ship, professor Thaddeus S. C. Lowe, Chief Aeronaut of the Union Army Balloon Corps, made his first ascents over the Potomac River and telegraphed claims of his successful aerial venture. Other barges were converted to assist with the other military balloons transported about the eastern waterways. None of these Civil War craft ever sailed on the high seas.  A Confederate balloon carrier, the CSS Teaser, was in service from 1861 to 1862 before being captured by the Union Navy.

In 1913 the Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres Quevedo designed a new type of boat called "Camp-Vessel", to transport dirigible balloons attached to a mooring post. He offered the patent to the British Army, but the project was dismissed.

Types
Balloons launched from ships led to the formal development of balloon carriers, or balloon tenders, during World War I, by the navies of Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, and Sweden. About 10 such balloon tenders were built with their main objective being aerial observation posts. These ships were either decommissioned or converted to seaplane tenders after the War.

See also
Barrage balloon

References

See also
CAM ship
Fighter catapult ship

Ship types
Naval warfare
Balloons (aeronautics)

Balloon carrier


The Office is a British mockumentary sitcom. It was shown on BBC Two. It began on 11 July 1994 and ended on 28 December 1996. The series was created, written and directed by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant. The series starred Gervais, Martin Freeman, Mackenzie Crook, Lucy Davis, Oliver Chris, Patrick Baladi, Stacey Roca, Ralph Ineson, Stirling Gallacher, Joel Beckett and Ewen MacIntosh.

The Office is about David Brent (Gervais), an office manager in Slough, and his employees dealing with his cringe personality.

The series was adapted into an American version of the same name, starring Steve Carell.

Other websites

1994 British television series debuts
1996 television series endings
1990s British sitcoms
1990s British workplace television series
1990s satirical television series
1990s workplace comedy television series
BBC television sitcoms
Berkshire
British satirical television series
British workplace comedy television series
Office comedy television series
English-language television programs

The Office (British TV series)


Llandeilo railway station (formerly Llandilo Junction for the Carmarthen Line) serves the town of Llandeilo, Carmarthenshire. The station is  north east of Swansea on the Heart of Wales Line.

The station is located below the eastern side of the town beside the River Tywi. Dinefwr Castle is within walking distance. All trains serving the station are operated by Transport for Wales.

History
The station was built by the Llanelly Railway, who reached the town from the Llanelli direction in January 1857. An extension to Llandovery was constructed by the subsidiary Vale of Towy Railway (opening in 1858), whilst the branch line to Carmarthen followed in 1864–65 and a direct line to  along the Gower Peninsula in 1866–/67. The following year saw the Central Wales Extension Railway reach Llandovery, putting Llandeilo on a through route to  but also giving the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) access to the Llanelly company's territory and lines through a new joint lease of the VoTR. The LNWR took full advantage of this and by 1873 had secured full access to & control of the Swansea and Carmarthen routes, leaving the Llanelly Railway with only half its peak track mileage and in such a poor financial position that it was forced to lease its remaining lines to the Great Western Railway the same year. Thereafter the LNWR became the main passenger operator, with the Great Western running just a few trains between Llanelli and Llandovery.

In its heyday, the station had four platforms, used by trains for the Heart of Wales line as well as trains from Carmarthen via the Llandeilo – Abergwili Junction branch line (closed in 1963). The direct line to Swansea Victoria closed in 1964, with the surviving passenger trains diverted via the old Llanelly Railway main line south of Pontarddulais and the West Wales Line to reach Swansea.

The station building has been demolished, and between 2008 and the spring of 2010 only one platform was in use as the passing loop here had been temporarily locked out of use due to a lack of spare parts for the (obsolete) point machines. The second (southbound) platform was reinstated in May 2010 along with the loop following the replacement of the points at both ends with new electrically worked units. (All five loops were treated as part of a renewal programme costing over £4 million.)

Facilities
The station is unstaffed (so tickets must be purchased on the train) and has only basic amenities - waiting shelters, timetable poster boards and digital CIS screens on each side, along with a customer help point on platform 2. Access for disabled passengers is limited, due to the barrow crossing linking the platforms and steep access ramps.

Services
There are four trains a day in each direction southbound to Swansea and northbound to Shrewsbury from Monday to Saturday; a fifth service runs to Llandovery and back to Swansea in the a.m peak (except Saturdays). The facility to pass northbound and southbound trains is used once each early weekday morning. Two trains each way call on Sundays.

Notes

Further reading

External links

Railway stations in Carmarthenshire
DfT Category F1 stations
Former Great Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1857
Heart of Wales Line
Railway stations served by Transport for Wales Rail
Llandeilo
1857 establishments in Wales

Llandeilo railway station


Rianxo is a port town  and municipality in the autonomous community of Galicia in northwestern Spain in the province of A Coruña. It has a population of a little over 10,000 and its two main industries are fishing and tourism. The town's yearly celebration of Our Lady of Guadalupe is popular with tourists. Rianxo was the birthplace of several influential Galician writers, including  Paio Gómez Chariño gl, Manuel Antonio, Alfonso R. Castelao and Rafael Dieste.

List of parishes
It has 6 parroquiasgl
 O Arañogl
 Asadosgl
 Isorna gl
 Leiro gl
 Rianxo gl
 Taragoña gl

References

External links

  web page of the municipality of Rianxo

Municipalities in the Province of A Coruña
Our Lady of Guadalupe

Rianxo


Bukovinian Romanian is a branch of the Romanian language spoken in Bukovina and which has influences of both Moldavian, Transylvanian, and Maramureș. It also features the presence of numerous German and Ruthenian loanwords which were introduced into the dialect while Bukovina was a province of the Austrian Empire (1774–1918). Due to the language policy promoted by the Austrian monarchy, several languages were spoken in Bukovina: Ukrainian, Romanian, Polish, German (Buchenländisch), and Yiddish. Today, the Bukovinian dialect is being replaced by the standard Romanian language, especially in the urban areas of southern Bukovina, while the language in northern Bukovina is being replaced by Ukrainian.

Subdivisions
The Bukovinian dialect of the Romanian language can be divided into five more subdialects, with a different specificity and a more or less controversial individuality:

Dornean dialect
The Dornean was formed as a bar of transition in the 17th and 18th centuries and is spoken in the area of the former judicial district of Vatra Dornei. The most obvious phonetic differences in relation to the Transylvanian language are achieved not by the distinctive features of sounds, but by the speed of speech and by the prosodic elements. In contrast to the slower speaking and high general tone of the (northeast) Transylvanian, the Bukovinian pronunciation is characterized by a faster pace and higher variations in height and intensity; the dynamic emphasis emphasizes the tonic syllables more strongly, but compensates for the short aphonized speech and even the fall of the non-accentuated syllables.

Câmpulungean dialect
The dialect is the most archaic and at the same time the most striking individuality. With its center in Câmpulung, it extends along the River Moldova, from Fundu Moldovei to Gura Humorului, with branches on the valley of Moldovița: Frumosu and Vatra Moldoviței, and from here on Obcina Mare to Sucevița, and on the Suhei Valley in Bukovina: Stulpicani and Ostra villages.

Rădăuțean dialect
The Rădăuțean dialect assimilated various Transylvanian influences by due to the significant number of Transylvanian speakers emigrating there in the eighteenth century. It was influenced by phonetic pronunciations specific to Maramureș, northeastern Transylvania, Crișana, northern Banat and southwest Transylvania. The dialect area includes, besides the area between Falcău (in the West), Siret (in the East) and Solca (in the South) and the localities inhabited by Romanians in the Storojineț area (in the North).

Southeast Bukovinian
The area of southeast Bukovina, sometimes referred to as "africatizantă" after the specific phonetic phenomenon, was formed in the 18th century by the overlapping of the Transylvanian influences over an archaic dialect. The dialect area covers Gura Humorului (to the West) and Chilișeni (to the East), Iaslovăț (to the North), the southern limit being the border of the historical Bukovina (Valea Moldovei, Stănești, Băișesti, Brăiești, Drăgoiești, Măzănești, Lucăcești, Vorniceni, Liteni, Bunești, Securiceni, Plăvălari, Udești, Poieni-Suceava, and Chilișeni). In the east of this dialect area there are linguistic islands where the archaic language was preserved until the settlement of the Transylvanians, showing the remnants of the Câmpulungean dialect that was predominant until the settlement of the Transylvanians in the 17th–18th centuries.

Eastern Bukovinian
The dialect is spread over Eastern Bukovina, which includes localities on the eastern border of historical Bukovina. The dialect preserved linguistic peculiarities are when it was separated by the settlement of Transylvanians in the 17th–18th centuries. From this area belong the localities around Suceava: Bosanci (and the villages later detached from Moara Nica, Moara Carp, Frumoasa, Vlădichii Mill, Bulai, and Podeni), Tișăuți, Lisaura, Mihoveni, Costâna, continuing with the former border towns Mitocu Dragomirnei, Pălărați, Calafindești (where the elements from Rădăuțean), Sinauți de Sus, Stănești, Poieni-Bucovina, Țureni, came to Cernăuți: the villages of Plaiul Cosminului, Voloca on Derelui, Ostrița, Mahala, Boian and Lehăcenii Țăutului. This subdialect of the Bukovinian is also spoken by the descendants of the Romanian immigrants to Boian, Alberta, Canada, at the end of the 19th century.

See also
Romanian phonology

References

Further reading

Romanian language varieties and styles
Bukovina

Bukovinian Romanian dialect


Richard Marsh (died 1 May 1226), also called Richard de Marisco, served as Lord Chancellor of England and Bishop of Durham.

Early career

Marsh attended a university, as he was styled magister, but which university it was is unknown. His ancestry and upbringing likewise are unknown. He was a royal clerk and canon of Exeter Cathedral before becoming Archdeacon of Northumberland by 1 November 1211. He was also Archdeacon of Richmond. During that time he was also serving in the financial administration. In 1210 he earned a mention as one of the king's "evil counsellors."

Royal service
During 1212 Marsh held the office of Sheriff of Somerset and Dorset. Stephen Langton, the Archbishop of Canterbury, threatened Marsh with excommunication over Marsh's exactions from the Church during the interdict of John's reign. Marsh went to Rome in 1213, to negotiate on both his own behalf and on his king's behalf, and succeeded in getting much more lenient terms from the pope than had originally been given. He served as Chancellor from 29 October 1214 until his death in 1226. However, his title was mostly honorary after his election as a bishop in 1217, for he no longer attended court all the time, and Ralph Neville, who had custody of the king's seal, did most of the actual work of the office of chancellor.

Bishop
Marsh was elected Bishop of Durham about 27 June 1217 and consecrated probably on 2 July 1217. His election had been promoted by the papal legate, Guala Bicchieri, and his consecration was performed by Archbishop Walter de Gray of York at Gloucester.

In 1224, when Fawkes de Breauté kidnapped a royal justice and held him in Bedford Castle, Marsh voluntarily contributed to the carucage that had been voted by the clergy of the ecclesiastical province of Canterbury, even though he was a member of the province of York. This carucage was voted to help with the expenses of the siege and taking of Bedford Castle. Marsh continued the quarrel between the cathedral chapter and the bishops over the revenues and rights of the monks.

Death and legacy
Marsh died on 1 May 1226, quite suddenly at Peterborough Abbey while on his way to London for a hearing in the lawsuit between the monks and himself. His nephew, Adam Marsh, was his heir, and received his large library as a bequest.

Citations

References

Year of birth unknown
1226 deaths
Lord chancellors of England
Bishops of Durham
Archdeacons of Northumberland
Archdeacons of Richmond
13th-century English Roman Catholic bishops
High Sheriffs of Somerset
High Sheriffs of Dorset

Richard Marsh (bishop)


Nunchaku is a weapon made up of two sticks connected by a short chain or rope. The two sections are mostly made out of wood and the middle part that links them is cord or metal chain. It is mostly used in martial arts. It is a traditional Japanese weapon originally developed in Okinawa. The Nunchaku consists of two sticks linked together by a short chain or rope. In more modern times, the nunchaku was popularized by the martial arts icon Bruce Lee. It is widely used in karate and the Okinawan kobudō martial arts. Nunchaku is considered a great training weapon that develops quicker movements and improves posture.

The term nunchaku is from the Japanese Ryukyuan languages. The word itself was derived from a short Southeast Asian agricultural tool used for threshing rice or soybeans.

Today, the usage of the Nunchaku as a weapon is utilized in many different styles of martial arts such as karate, taekwondo, aikido, and even Eskrima, a Filipino martial arts discipline.

References

Weapons
Martial arts

Nunchaku


Our Story is an autobiographical book by Ronnie and Reggie Kray with Fred Dinenage.  It was first released in 1988 by Sidgwick & Jackson, and in paperback on 8 September 1989 by Pan Books.

Synopsis
Our Story is an autobiography by the Kray Twins, assisted by their ghostwriter, first published in 1988.  The twins were notorious East End underworld gang leaders during the "swinging" sixties.  This book tells their story  from their humble beginnings in Bethnal Green to their life imprisonment in 1969, largely in their own words.

The hardback and the Pan paperback versions contain 16 pages of black and white photographs of the twins and their friends, associates and enemies/victims.

The book's Foreword and its "A Final Word" are authored by Fred Dinenage.
Thirteen Chapters are ghostwritten with the twins, jointly and individually. Reg and Ron Kray are credited as the authors of: 1. Memories of an East End Childood; 2. Crime and Punishment; and 8. The Women We Loved.  Reg nominally authors: 3. The Swinging Sixties;  6. The Last Supper - the Killing of Jack McVitie; 9. Life in Parkhurst; 11. Life in Gartree; and 13. Just a Thought.  Ron nominally authors: 4. The Killing of George Cornell; 5. The Truth about the Mad Axman (i.e. Frank Mitchell); 7. The Trial and the Traitors; 10. Life in Broadmoor ... 'Without my drugs I go mad'; and 12. Poetry and Painting.

According to a later edition, Ron Kray died in Broadmoor Hospital in 1995, while Reg was released on compassionate grounds in 2000, only to die of cancer in that October.  Reg Kray approached their ghostwriter Dinenage to help them tell their story, because Reggie had admired the journalist's Television South's sports and documentary programmes.

Notes

External links
Original hardback book details

1989 non-fiction books
British books
Non-fiction crime books
Organized crime memoirs
Works about the Kray twins
Sidgwick & Jackson books

Our Story (book)


Scutellaria nana is a species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common names dwarf skullcap and dwarf scullcap. It is native to the western United States, especially in and around the Great Basin. It grows in plateau scrub, often on volcanic soils. It is a small perennial herb producing one or more erect stems up to about 20 centimeters tall from a rhizome. It is coated in tiny flat hairs which sometimes have resin glands. The leaves are oval or diamond-shaped, the lower ones borne on short petioles. Flowers occur in the leaf axils, each borne in a calyx of sepals with a prominent ridge on the upper surface. The corolla is up to 2 centimeters long, tubular in shape, and generally white or yellowish with purple mottling on the lips.

Like several other skullcap species, this plant is used medicinally.

References

External links
USDA Plants Profile
Photo gallery

nana
Herbs
Flora of the Great Basin
Medicinal plants
Flora of California
Flora of Idaho
Flora of Nevada
Flora of Oregon
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Scutellaria nana


Tim Pawlenty was the Governor of Minnesota. He was elected Governor in 2002 and was re-elected in 2006. He did run for another term in 2010. He is a member of the United States Republican Party. He was succeeded by Mark Dayton.

Pawlenty ran for governor again in the 2018 election, but lost the Republican nomination to county commissioner Jeff Johnson.

Pawlenty ran for president in 2012.

Personal life
Tim Pawlenty´s wife is Mary Pawlenty. Pawlenty has an also written a book. At right is Pawlenty´s signature. Pawlenty is a Republican.

1960 births
Living people
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Governors of Minnesota

Tim Pawlenty


was a Japanese character actor and narrator. He is known for his work with Japanese New Wave director Nagisa Oshima, and for several films with Kaneto Shindo, such as Onibaba and Kuroneko. He won the best actor award from Kinema Junpo for the films The Ceremony and Nihon no akuryō. He also worked as a narrator for many documentaries, both on television and film.

In his early days as an actor, before his success in The Human Condition, he supported himself by producing gariban hand-written mimeographs, and he maintained his interest in hand-printing to the end of his life.

In 1981 he appeared in the film Daydream performing an unsimulated sex scene with actress Kyoko Aizome. The involvement of a mainstream actor in a hardcore film made good press coverage and brought audiences to the theater "in droves".

Filmography

Films

Television

References

External links

 JMDB

Japanese male actors
1928 births
2010 deaths
Actors from Fukushima Prefecture
People from Aizu

Kei Satō


Local Plus was the trading name of a group of sixty four convenience stores trading in the South West of England, owned by Conveco Ltd, which was formed when three Alldays Regional Development companies were bought in a management buyout in 2001. In May 2004, the group was subsequently brought by the Co-operative Group.

History
Conveco Limited was the group name but was in fact split into three smaller trading companies. Plymouth and Cornwall Convenience Stores Limited, Devon and Cornwall Convenience Stores Limited and Somerset and Bristol Convenience Stores Limited

Conveco was formed by a management buy out of the Alldays South West stores in 2001 by Allen Hutchby, Richard Tipper and Greg Gardener. The stores they acquired from Alldays were then rebranded to Local Plus, and supplied by Nisa. In November 2001, Conveco acquired four stores of Spar in cornwall, then a further two a year later. These stores continued to trade and be supplied by Spar.

Conveco operated a total sixty four stores in Cornwall, Devon, Somerset and Bristol. The head office was located at the store in Long Ashton in Bristol.

In 2003 new management was brought in, to turn around the companies fortunes. The original CEO left, and trouble shooter Tony O'Neill was brought in. Subsequently, Conveco signed a new distribution deal with Spar, which saw the stores being supplied by Appleby Westward Limited in Saltash, Cornwall. Over the coming months most of the stores had their Local Plus fascias replaced with Spar fascias.

In the beginning of 2004, it was announced that the Co-operative Group had purchased Conveco outright. Co-op continued to trade the stores as Spar for a further six months, due to contracts that Conveco had signed with them. After this, the Conveco estate of stores was split up, with all the Plymouth and South Devon stores being sold on to the Plymouth & South West Co-operative Society, and the rest retained by the Co-operative Group which now trade under the Co-op Welcome fascia.

References

Convenience stores
Defunct retail companies of the United Kingdom
Supermarkets of the United Kingdom

Local Plus


Suunto Oy is a Finnish company that manufactures and markets sports watches, dive computers, compasses and precision instruments. Headquartered in Vantaa, Finland, Suunto employs more than 300 people worldwide, and its products are sold in over 100 countries. Although globally active, the headquarters is placed next to the factory, in which most of the work stages are still handcrafted. Suunto was a subsidiary of Amer Sports, owned since 2019 by the Chinese group Anta Sports, with sister brands Wilson, Atomic, Sports Tracker, Salomon, Precor, Arc'teryx. In May 2022, Chinese technology company Liesheng acquired Suunto from Amer Sports.

The company's name comes from the Finnish word , meaning "direction" or "path", or in navigation, "bearing" or "heading".

History

In 1932 the company's founder, Tuomas Vohlonen, a surveyor by profession, applied for a patent for a unique method of filling and sealing a lightweight compass housing made entirely of celluloid and filled with liquid to dampen the needle and to protect it from shock and wear due to excessive motion.

In 1935, Vohlonen was granted a patent on his design, and it went into mass production a year later as the wrist-mount Suunto M-311. Although it was not the first portable liquid-filled compass, Vohlonen's design was compact and lightweight, enabling it to be easily worn on the wrist.  With minor changes, the M-311 was later adopted by the Finnish Army as the M-34.

The company was entered in the trade register on February 4, 1936.

During World War II, Suunto introduced a compact liquid sighting compass, the M/40, for artillery officers and other users needing a precision instrument for measuring an azimuth. The company grew rapidly after the war, supplying compasses and other navigational instruments to both civilian and military markets.

After Tuomas Vohlonen died in 1939, his widow Elli Vohlonen ran the company until 1952, when she sold it to Paavo Kajanne, Aarne Mahnala and Veli-Jussi Hölsö, who also owned Redox Oy. At the very end of 1970s they sold the company to Niemistö family, and in the beginning of 1990s Sponsor Oy bought the company and listed it in a stock exchange in 1995. In 1999 Amer Sports bought the company.

In 1996 Suunto Oy acquired Recta SA, a Swiss compass manufacturer.

In the late 1930s Suunto Oy was located in the backyard building of Laivanvarustajankatu 8, Ullanlinna, Helsinki. In 1959 Suunto moved to Itämerenkatu 52, Ruoholahti, Helsinki. In 1969 the company moved to Juvan teollisuuskatu 8, Juvanmalmi, Espoo. Suunto Oy's headquarters moved to its current location in Valimotie 7, Tammisto, Vantaa in 2001.

Compass products
Suunto makes a wide variety of magnetic compasses, including the A and M series for general navigation, the Arrow series of compasses for competitive orienteering and KB (KäsiBussoli, engl. hand bearing compass), MB (=MatchBox) and MC (=Mirror Compass) lines for those requiring a professional-quality hand bearing compass. Suunto also produces the Recta lines of compasses, including DT baseplate series based on Suunto designs, the DS series of mirror sighting compasses, the Recta Clipper micro compasses, and the famous DP 'matchbox' series of military compasses invented by Recta in 1941. In 2009, Suunto discontinued the Swiss-made Recta DO series, moving all remaining production of Recta compasses from Biel, Switzerland to its production facility in Vantaa, Finland.

After acquiring Recta AG in 1996, Suunto incorporated the Recta Turbo 20 global needle system technology originally patented by Recta SA<ref name="REC">Recta Kompassen, hiking-site.nl, retrieved 17 January 2014</ref> into many of its own compass designs.

Since 1967, successors of M-40 have been offered as KB line, which consists of high-quality hand-bearing surveying compasses and inclinometers that are accurate to fractions of a degree. Traditionally made of a solid block of machined aluminum, each KB compass contains a magnetized dial with calibration markings printed along its outer edge. A magnifying lens (KB-14) or prismatic sight (KB-77) is mounted at one end of the instrument with a crosshair providing a view of the disc, containing both forward and reciprocal bearings. In operation, the user divides his or her field of vision with the instrument, using the device's lens or prism to precisely measure the bearing of the object in view.  Suunto has since discontinued production of the KB-77.  A newer model, the KB-20, utilizes a housing composed of high-impact plastic to allow the compass to float if dropped into water.

Global Needle System
The Suunto Global Needle System acquired from Recta as the Turbo-20 needle design, the conventional magnetized compass needle is not used.Morton, Keith, Planning a Wilderness Trip in Canada and Alaska, ,(1997), p. 110  Instead, the compass needle and magnet are built as separate units functioning independently from each other. The needle itself is fixed at its pivot by means of a double bearing, while the magnet rotates on a pivot with its own jeweled bearing. When attracted by the earth's magnetic field, the separate compass magnet absorbs the vertical force of the magnetic field, so that the inclination angle of the magnetic field (magnetic dip) cannot tilt the needle, and the needle can no longer move in a vertical plane. This provides accurate readings of magnetic north in all magnetic zones of the world.  The design also permits accurate readings with the compass tilted at angles of up to 20 degrees, while the use of a strong magnet causes the needle to settle extremely quickly, facilitating fast and accurate bearing/course measurements. This allows a user to obtain fairly accurate compass bearings even when moving, such as when hiking or traveling in a canoe.

Military models

The first military compass produced by Suunto and adopted by the Finnish Army was the M-34, a wrist compass with an aluminum housing, which was also produced by Physica of Helsinki.  Both companies engaged in a long court battle over ownership of the M-34 design, which lasted until the early 1950s.  In 1989, the Finnish Army adopted the Suunto M89-60 wrist compass with a composite baseplate, followed by the M-801 with aluminum housing. Suunto baseplate compasses used by mountaineering, expeditionary, and rescue organizations around the world include the MC-2, KB-14, A-30, and M5 NATO (RA-69) along with the M-9 and Clipper wrist compasses. The MC-2 optical-sight (mirror) compass, RA-69 and several other Suunto compasses have been issued to various NATO military forces over the years, including the British Army, Canadian Land Forces and several U.S. Special Forces units. The Recta DP-6 matchbox-style compass is still used by the Swiss Army.

Sport watches
Suunto makes multi-function electronic wristwatches such as the Core, Ambit, Vector, X-Lander, and X10, which can provide a variety of functions including compass bearings, altitude, training effect and even GPS location, depending on model. Suunto's multi-function electronic sport watches are made for different sports like sailing, golfing, hiking, mountaineering, alpine skiing and training.

G-, S-, T- and X-series of sport watches present an era when products with number 3 were described as entry level, number 6 as advanced and 9 as professional or high-end.

Suunto Vector was the world's first outdoor watch with ABC (altimeter, barometer and compass) functions. Released in 1998, it was available almost unchanged until it was discontinued in 2015. There was also a HR version of Vector, adding basic heart rate functions.

Suunto T6 with its later versions T6C (=Comfort belt) and T6D (=Dual belt) was one of the most advanced among heart rate monitors at the time of its release in 2004. It has, among other features, rate-to-rate recording of heart rate, an altimeter based on air pressure, calculation of EPOC and training effect and support for external POD devices measuring speed and distance.

Suunto T3 (and its C and D versions) offered many advanced training properties with much lower price than T6. The T4 (with also C and D versions) was close the same as the T3, but it added an electronic coach function. There were also T1 and T1C, a very basic heart monitors in T-series. All T-series versions have gone out of production until 2012.

The M-series are a successor of T-series (except for T6). The M-series is more of an entry-level fitness lineup, while T-series was more aimed at sports training. The M-series include the basic heart monitors M1 and M2 (same watch, different heart rate strap) and M4 and M5 with more advanced functions, most of which electronic coaching for specific goals, such as weight control or improving physical performance. M4 went out of production in 2013.

Suunto Quest is a heart rate monitor aimed at sports training.

Suunto Ambit series, with the first version released in 2012 and later having included Ambit2 and Ambit3 lineups. These include GPS, ABC-functions, rechargeable battery, advanced training functions (in training functions Ambit is a successor of T6) and updatable software. User can modify many of the functions of Ambit according to individual preferences. Different apps are also available, and users can also create their own apps. Limited in production amounts, Ambit2 S Black Limited Edition has been available from June 2015. Ambit3 adds smartphone connectivity as its main improvement. On September 29, 2015 Ambit3 Peak Nepal Edition was released. There is no other difference between this and the normal version besides "Nepal Edition" text on the screen and a bit different bezel, but of every watch sold  are donated to Red Cross for humanitarian aid and rebuilding in Nepal. On January 7, 2016 Ambit3 Vertical was introduced. It adds more comprehensive tracking of vertical movement and introduces a redesigned body.

Suunto Core is an ABC-watch (A=altitude, B=barometer, C=compass). Since its release in 2007 there has been more than 30 different versions of Core. All of them have the same functions, but their external appearance differ. Most versions have plastic frames, but some are made of aluminum and two of them are made of stainless steel. Most of the Core versions are no longer in production. There are some limited, numbered editions of Core, such as Everest Edition (8848 made, in honor of Apa Sherpa's 21 ascents on Mount Everest), Red Bull X-Alps Edition (864 made, according to the length of the race), and Extreme Edition (3000 made). Suunto celebrated its 75th anniversary by releasing Anniversary Edition (in some countries known as Alpine edition). Core All Black is often erroneously referred to as Core All Black Military or Core Military, but such nominations are not official and such "military" versions do not exist. Core is said to have named after its including core elements needed in this type of watch.

Suunto Lumi is designed for women. It includes mostly same functions as Core. With special adapter, Lumi can be worn as a pendant. The Finnish word "lumi" translates as "snow". Published in 2007, Lumi was available only for a few years.

Suunto Traverse was released on October 1, 2015. The watch includes ABC-functions, GPS-receiver and heart rate monitoring. It includes many of the functions of Ambit3 but however it is to be a follow-up of Vector and Core as an outdoor watch.

Earlier Suunto has been using Suunto ANT and ANT+ (based on the ANT network standard) protocols in wireless transmission of data. New releases beginning from Ambit3 series are based on Bluetooth low energy. The most basic heart rate monitors have been using analog signal.

Although most of the sport watches are made in Finland, some of the products are made in China by another manufacturer. These include T-series excluding T6, M-series, Quest, Lumi, Core (excluding Alpha Stealth) and most of the PODs. Since the 2010s, Suunto has been successful in its efforts to reduce production in China and increase the share of Finnish manufacturing.

Lifestyle watches
When publishing Kailash, Suunto also introduced their new approach, separating branches: together with Essential and Elementum, Kailash is now forming a new branch called Suunto 7R, which is a collection of lifestyle watches, while watches for sports and performing present a separate category.

Suunto Kailash was published on October 14, 2015. It includes GPS-receiver but premium appear is its main feature. This product is mainly designed for travellers. Kailash is also the first product of forthcoming Suunto world series.

On January 15, 2015, Suunto released Essential collection of premium watches. Functionally these resemble the Core but are made in Finland out of premium materials. Finnish design and manufacture is emphasized, creating contrast with China-made Core.

Suunto also manufactures the Elementum series of premium handmade wristwatches with specialized functions for outdoor (Terra), water activities (Aqua) and sailing (Ventus, discontinued).

Software
Suunto provides software for interpreting recorded data from watches and for controlling them.

For T6 there was Training Manager software and for T3 and T4 there was Training Manager Lite.

In the beginning of 2010 Suunto released Movescount online service.  In 2014 Suunto introduced an app for using Movescount functions in iOS mobile devices. After being delayed multiple times, Movescount app for Android was released on May 4, 2015.

On May 4, 2015, Amer Sports announced having acquired Sports Tracker, which was joining forces with Movescount. Later this alliance became a base of Amer Sport digital services.Suunto 7R -software brings connectivity between compatible 7R -watches and iOS-devices.

In December 2015, Suunto introduced Customizer, a web page to create and order a customized watch according to individual preferences. At first this is available to be done with Ambit3 Peak and Sport.

In 2021, the Movescount'' web-based online service was closed and replaced by a dedicated Suunto app available for iOS and Android.

See also

 Polar Electro
 Silva of Sweden

References

External links

1936 establishments in Finland
Technology companies established in 1936
Manufacturing companies established in 1936
Sporting goods manufacturers of Finland
Navigational equipment manufacturers
Diving equipment manufacturers
Finnish brands
Watch brands
Activity trackers

Suunto


James Klutse Avedzi is a Ghanaian politician and member of the Seventh Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana representing the Ketu North Constituency in the Volta Region on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress.

Early life and education
James Klutse Avedzi was born on 14 July 1964. He hails from Xipe in the Volta Region of Ghana. He attended University of Liverpool and graduated with a master's degree in Finance and Accounting in 2016. He further pursued a doctorate in International and Political Finance in Business at the university of Costa Rica. He also had his ICA-G from the Institute of Chartered Accountant in Ghana and also his MCIT from Ghana Chartered Institute of Taxation. He also had his Fcfia from the Chartered Institute of Financial and Investment Analysis in Ghana.

Career
James Klutse Avedzi worked as the principal accountant at the Controller and Accountant Generals Department in Accra from 1995 before seeking political office in 2004. He was the former Chairman of the Finance Committee in parliament of Ghana. He was also the Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee of parliament. He was also the Deputy Minority Leader for the NDC in parliament.

Political career
James is a member of the National Democratic congress (NDC), He contested and won the parliamentary seat for the Ketu North constituency in 2005. He has since then represented the Ketu North Constituency in the 5th, 6th and 7th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana.

In 2023, he was removed from office as the Deputy Minority Leader for the NDC and was replaced by Kofi Armah Buah together with some other leaders. This decision caused tension and met some push back in the NDC leadership.

In a statement signed by NDC General Secretary, Fifi Kwetey, Kwame Agbodza becomes the Chief Whip for the opposition side and will be deputised by Banda MP, Ahmed Ibrahim and Ada legislator, Comfort Doyo Ghansah respectively. The statement also added "the new leadership would be charged to recommend consequential changes in the Ranking membership to the Headquarters of the party for approval". But the change only annoyed the party's base across the country. In response, the party's leadership claimed the reshuffle was to engender regional balance in the party.

Personal life
James is married with four children. He is a Christian who worships in the Global Evangelical Church His wife died on 30 January 2020 after being unwell for some time at the Ketu South District Hospital.

Achievements
He constructed roads and gave scholarships to students in his constituency. He built schools and provided water to communities who had water problems. As the member of parliament, he connected about 150 villages to the national grid.

References

Ghanaian MPs 2017–2021
1964 births
Living people
Ghanaian MPs 2013–2017
Alumni of the University of Liverpool
University of Costa Rica alumni
Politicians from Volta Region
National Democratic Congress (Ghana) politicians
Ghanaian Christians
Government ministers of Ghana
Ghanaian accountants
Ghanaian MPs 2021–2025

James Klutse Avedzi


Goar Levonovna Vartanian ( ; 25 January 1926 – 25 November 2019) was an Armenian woman who spied for the Soviet Union together with her husband Gevork Vartanian.

Biography
Vartanian was born Goar Levonovna Pahlevanyan (), in Gyumri, in what was then the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic in the Soviet Union and is now Armenia. After her family moved to Tehran, Iran in the early 1930s, she changed her surname to Kandaryan (), where she met her future husband Gevork. She became a member of an anti-fascist group in 1942. They uncovered and prevented Operation Long Jump, an attempt by the Nazis to murder Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill, and Franklin Roosevelt at the Tehran Conference in 1943.

In 1951 the Vartanians moved to the Soviet Union for which they worked as secret agents around the world. Goar's active career as a spy ended in 1986, but she continued training new recruits afterwards. Gevork, who had received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, died in 2012. Goar died on 25 November 2019 and is buried in the Troyekurovskoye Cemetery.

Notes

1926 births
2019 deaths
Burials in Troyekurovskoye Cemetery
Women spies
Soviet spies
People from Gyumri
Soviet Armenians

Goar Vartanian


The World's Champion is a 1922 American silent drama film produced by Famous Players–Lasky and distributed by Paramount Pictures. The movie is based on the play The Champion by Thomas Louden and A.E. Thomas that was produced on Broadway in 1921. The film was directed by Phil Rosen and starred Wallace Reid. This film survives in an incomplete form at the Library of Congress.

Plot
As described in a film magazine, William Burroughs (Reid) is the youngest son of an ambitious middle class English grocer trying to climb to a higher social plane. His two brothers are chips off the old block, but William has always been a thorn in his father's side.

The story opens with William fighting on the estate of Lord Brockington (Sandford), a portly member of the aristocracy. The Lord's pretty cousin Lady Elizabeth (Wilson) gets her fishing line entangled with that of the grocer's son, and they are making fast headway towards friendship when Brockington discovers them. Having an eye on Lady Elizabeth for himself, the Lord orders William off his land, treating him rough to the extent of knocking him down several times before Lady Elizabeth returns to object. William escorts Lady Elizabeth home, much to the anger of the Lord. William later bids the young woman goodbye, asking her not to marry until he returns with the fortune he is determined to win. William does a Romeo act, which provides situations for good comedy.

William smuggles himself on a liner bound for the United States, and meets an Irish pugilist who teaches him during the way across the gentle art of knocking a man out cold. Five years elapse and William returns to his home as "Gunboat" Williams, middleweight champion of the world. This is the final and most awful disgrace in the eyes of his social climbing father, and he orders William away. Just as William is about to leave, the home is besieged by the mayor backed a bunch of haughty earls and lords, who want to know why the grocer is keeping secret the fact that he raised the middleweight champion. Now the father discovers a great pride in saying "my son."

Lady Elizabeth is acting as the social secretary for the father and, when Lord Brockington comes to take her away, William sees his chance to get even. The fight occurs outside of the home, and William returns the victor in the battle and of the affections of Lady Elizabeth.

Cast
Wallace Reid as William Burroughs
Lois Wilson as Lady Elizabeth
Lionel Belmore as John Burroughs
Henry Miller, Jr. as George Burroughs
Helen Dunbar as Mrs. Burroughs
Leslie Casey as Reverend David Burroughs
Tiny Sandford as Lord Brockington (credited as Stanley J. Sandford)
William J. Ferguson as Butler (credited as W.J. Ferguson)
Guy Oliver as Mooney
Norman Selby (Kid McCoy)

See also
 List of boxing films
Wallace Reid filmography

References

External links

Period lobby poster

1922 films
American silent feature films
Films directed by Phil Rosen
American films based on plays
Famous Players-Lasky films
1922 drama films
Silent American drama films
American black-and-white films
1920s American films

The World's Champion