Styria ( ; Serbian, Croatian and ; ; ; ) is an Austrian state in southeastern Austria. With an area of , Styria is the second largest province of Austria, after Lower Austria. Styria is bordered to the south by Slovenia, and clockwise, from the southwest, by the Austrian provinces Carinthia, Salzburg, Upper Austria, Lower Austria, and Burgenland. The state's capital is Graz.

Etymology

The March of Styria derived its name from the original seat of its ruling Otakar dynasty: Steyr, in today's Upper Austria. In German, the area is still called "Steiermark" while in English the Latin name "Styria" is used. The ancient link between Steyr and Styria is also apparent in their nearly identical coats of arms, a white Panther on a green background.

Geography

 The term "Upper Styria" () refers to the northern and northwestern parts of the province (districts Liezen, Murau, Murtal, Leoben, Bruck-Mürzzuschlag).
 The term "Western Styria" (Weststeiermark) is used for the districts west of Graz (Voitsberg, Deutschlandsberg, western part of the district Leibnitz). Because of the similar landscape with hills, valleys, wine and culture, the region in western Styria is also called "Styrian Tuscany".
 The districts east of Graz (Weiz, Hartberg-Fürstenfeld, and Südoststeiermark) are referred to as "Eastern Styria" (Oststeiermark).
The western and eastern parts of the district Graz-Umgebung (literally, surroundings of Graz) may or may not be considered parts of West and East Styria, respectively. The southern parts of the Duchy of Styria, which formed part of former Yugoslavia and later Slovenia (with the exception of World War II), were (and sometimes colloquially still are) referred to as "Lower Styria" (Untersteiermark; ).

History

Styria was inhabited by Celtic tribes. After its conquest by the Romans, the eastern part of what is now Styria was part of Pannonia, while the western one was included in Noricum. During the Barbarian invasions, it was conquered or crossed by the Visigoths, the Huns, the Ostrogoths, the Rugii, and the Lombards. Slavs under the domination of the Avars settled in the valleys around 600. At the same time, Bavarians under Frankish domination began to expand their area to the south and east, ultimately absorbing the Slavic population.

In 1180, Styria separated from the Duchy of Carinthia and became a Duchy of its own; in 1192 the Austrian Duke Leopold V also became Duke of Styria. Later, Styria formed the central part of Inner Austria.

Styria developed culturally and economically under Archduke John of Austria between 1809 and 1859.

In 1918, after World War I, it was divided into a northern section (forming what is the current Austrian province), and a southern one, called Lower Styria, now inhabited by Slovenians, and which was annexed to Yugoslavia, and later became part of Slovenia. As a result of the turbulence of two world wars, the German-speaking population of Lower Styria, which had been concentrated in the cities, migrated out of the region or was expelled.

Economy

The province's gross domestic product (GDP) was 49.6 billion € in 2018, accounting for 12.9% of Austria's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 35,400 € or 118% of the EU27 average in the same year.

There has been a shift from the manufacturing sector towards the service sector in Styria. This has had negative consequences for the industrial regions of upper Styria, which have suffered a steady decline in population in recent years.

In 2004, Styria had the strongest economic growth rate in Austria at 3.8%—mainly due to the Graz area, which saw strong economic growth that year and has continued to grow in economic and population terms since then.

Styria is home to more than 150 clean technology companies of which one dozen are world technology leaders in their field. The revenue of Styrian cleantech companies totals €2.7 billion. This equals 8 percent of the gross regional product (GRP) and is one of the highest concentrations of leading clean technology companies in Europe. The companies have an average (real) growth rate of 22 percent per year—well above the worldwide cleantech market growth of 18 percent per year. The region created roughly 2,000 additional green jobs in 2008 alone.

The Formula One Austrian Grand Prix has been held in the region, first at the Zeltweg Airfield in 1964 and then at the Osterreichring from 1970 to 1987. The sport returned to the circuit, now redesigned and rebranded as the A1-Ring, from 1997 to 2003. Formula One once again returned to the circuit, now renamed the Red Bull Ring, in 2014 and has been held at the track every year since. The COVID-19 pandemic saw the 2020 Formula One calendar massively revised, resulting in the Red Bull Ring becoming the first circuit to host consecutive Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, with the first round running under the Austrian Grand Prix name and the second held as the Styrian Grand Prix. This continued in 2021.

Administrative divisions
The province is divided into 13 districts (Bezirke), one of them a statutory city. There are 286 municipalities.

Statutory city
 Graz

Districts
 Bruck-Mürzzuschlag
 Deutschlandsberg
 Graz-Umgebung
 Hartberg-Fürstenfeld
 Leibnitz
 Leoben
 Liezen (with the subdistrict Gröbming)
 Murau
 Murtal
 Südoststeiermark
 Voitsberg
 Weiz

Demographics
The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics

The province had been a stronghold of the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) since 1945. Graz is markedly more left-wing than the rural districts of the province.

The governor (Austrian political term: Landeshauptmann) of Styria has typically been a ÖVP candidate.

In the 2021 municipal election in Graz, the Communist Party of Austria (KPÖ) surprisingly took over first place from the ÖVP, thus pushing long-time mayor Siegfried Nagl (ÖVP) out of office. The result was noted internationally. Elke Kahr led the KPÖ for a third time in the 2021 Graz local election. Despite opinion polling suggesting a victory for the ruling ÖVP, the KPÖ became the largest party with 28.8% of votes and 15 seats. After the election, the KPÖ entered into coalition talks with The Greens – The Green Alternative and the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ). On November 13, 2021, the KPÖ, the Greens and the SPÖ announced their coalition: Graz gets a communist mayor with Elke Kahr.

Recent elections
In the 2005 elections for the provincial parliament the SPÖ under their regional chairman Franz Voves won the majority after the ÖVP had damaged its credibility through scandals and the secession of a high-ranking party member, who took part in the 2005 elections after setting up his own party. In these elections, the KPÖ also received many votes after it had gained much popularity through its role in local politics in Graz during the preceding years. The two right-wing populist parties, the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) and the Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÖ), failed to win seats.

In subsequent elections in 2010 and 2015, the SPÖ, the ÖVP, and the KPÖ each lost between one fourth and one third of their shares of the vote relative to 2005. The FPÖ grew from 4.6 percent to 26.8 percent.
The current government of Styria is a coalition of SPÖ and ÖVP. The governor, Christopher Drexler, is a representative of the People's Party. His deputy, Anton Lang, is a SPÖ member.

Notable people
 Palman (fl. 1310–1363), knight and mercenary commander of the Serbian Empire
 Johann Joseph Fux (1660–1741), composer and music theorist, wrote Gradus ad Parnassum – a composition manual used by Beethoven and Mozart
 Archduke John of Austria (1782–1859)
 Peter Rosegger (1843–1918), honoured poet
 Johann Puch (1862–1914), founded Johann Puch Erste Steiermärkische Fahrrad-Fabriks-Aktiengesellschaft at Graz in 1899.
 Robert Stolz (1880–1975), composer born in Graz
 Karl Böhm, (1894–1981), conductor
 Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn (1909–1999), political scientist
 Bert Isatitsch (1911–1994), first president of the International Luge Federation
 Frank Stronach (b. 1932), founder of Magna International, billionaire
 Jochen Rindt (1942–1970), Formula 1 World Champion
 Dr. Helmut Marko (b. 1943), former racing driver
 Dietrich Mateschitz (1944–2022), founder and CEO of Red Bull, billionaire
 Klaus Maria Brandauer (b. 1944), actor and director
 Elfriede Jelinek (b. 1946), Nobel Prize in Literature winner
 Arnold Schwarzenegger (b. 1947), bodybuilder, film actor and former Governor of California
 Hugo Eberhardt (1948) (b. 1948), leader in the field of technical safety
 Getty Kaspers (b. 1948), lead vocals of Dutch band Teach-In, who won the 1975 Eurovision Song Contest.
 Eva Rueber-Staier (b. 1951), Miss Austria 1969, Miss World 1969
 Herbert Walzl (1959–2022), stage actor, theatre director and playwright
 Wolfgang Muthspiel (b. 1965), jazz composer and guitarist
 Ulla Weigerstorfer (b. 1967), Miss Austria 1987 and Miss World 1987
 Thomas Muster (b. 1967), former World No. 1 tennis player
 Renate Götschl (b. 1975), alpine skiing World Champion
 Elisabeth Görgl (b. 1981), professional alpine skier
 Christoph Strasser  (b. 1982), champion ultra cyclist
 Conchita Wurst (b. 1988), singer and winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 2014

See also
 Lower Styria

References

External links

 Imperial Austria: Treasures of Art, Arms and Armor from the State of Styria – The Canadian Museum of Civilization
 Official Tourism Website of Styria

States of Austria
NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union
Wine regions of Austria

Styria


Premier Hazard is a manufacturer of emergency vehicle warning equipment, based in Bridlington, East Riding of Yorkshire, England.

They develop and manufacture sirens, lightbars, beacons and other vehicle electrical equipment for emergency service vehicles such as Police, Fire, Ambulance, utility and recovery vehicles.
Many new Police, Fire and Ambulance vehicles manufactured by SVP (Specialist Vehicle Preparartion) have Premier Hazard Systems installed. This usually consists of a Controller and Control pad which allows the user to switch 'Siren' 'Rear Reds' 'Rear Blues' '360 only' and 'Flash Headlamps' function. As well as user defined processes such as 'Alley Lamps' and 'Run Lock' (Run Lock allows the engines to continue to run without the need for keys in the ignition) to avoid the vehicle being stolen whilst attending an incident.

The lamps are then fitted, typically for a Police vehicle they will have an external roof lightbar, blue repeaters and flashing headlamp relays. The siren can also be controlled by the original vehicles horn switch (steering wheel). This is only activated when the '999' or 'Siren' button is depressed on the controller inside the vehicle.

Other products include the unique 360 degree camera bar that allows for pan, tilt & zoom function in addition to a series of DVR's that cover simple recording to operation, viewing & recording from a remote site using 3G, WiFi & GPS networks. Also a lightbar mounted infosign with CD that allows the customer to pre-programme up to 80 messages in different forms e.g. flashing, scrolling etc..

Market
They market their products in the UK, EEC, Russia, Middle East and Far East Asia - Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand.

References

External links

Emergency services equipment makers
Companies based in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Bridlington

Premier Hazard


Saving Mr. Wu, (), previously known as The Strongest Competitor (), is a 2015 Chinese action crime thriller film directed by Ding Sheng and starring Andy Lau, Liu Ye, Wu Ruofu and Wang Qianyuan. The film was based on a true abduction case where cast member Wu Ruofu was the victim.

Plot
Ruthless criminal Zhang Hua (Wang Qianyuan) and his gang impersonate as police officers to abduct wealthy businessmen. Setting a trap outside a Beijing karaoke club, they hit the jackpot with Hong Kong film star Mr Wu (Andy Lau), forcing him into their car on the pretext of being investigated for a hit-and-run.

In the Beijing suburbs, Wu is bound, gagged and beaten into compliance by Zhang's men. Then Wu is made to witness the execution of Xiao Dou (Cai Lu), Zhang's last abducted victim, who failed to have his ransom paid within 24 hours. Wu steps in to save him, promising to pay both men's ransoms.

To ensure he is not delivered as a corpse, Wu makes a call to his old friend Mr. Su (Lam Suet) and asks him to ensure that he is alive before delivering RMB3 million. Wu's calm, intelligence and dignity in the face of death earns Zhang's respect. Zhang leaves for the city in morning, instructing his gang to kill both victims at 9pm if they do not hear from him.

Meanwhile, police vice captain Xing Feng (Liu Ye) and captain Cao Gang (Wu Ruofu) have formed an anti-kidnap task force. After a series of tip-offs, they detain Zhang when he leaves the apartment of his mistress, Chenchen (Vivien Li). But Zhang refuses to give up Wu's location without a pardon. As 9pm approaches, the police stage a final desperate rescue attempt based on an unreliable tip as the kidnapping gang, fearing they'll be Zhang's next victims, decides to kill the hostages before the deadline. The police break into the house as the gang is strangling the hostages, narrowly saving both Wu and Dou.

Cast
Andy Lau as Mr. Wu (吾先生), a Hong Kong film star and the abducted victim
Liu Ye as Xing Feng (邢峰), a police vice-captain
Wu Ruofu as Cao Gang (曹剛), a police captain
Wang Qianyuan as Zhang Hua (張華), leader of the abductors
Lam Suet as Mr. Su (蘇先生), a friend of Mr. Wu
Zhao Xiaoyue as Zhang Yi (張總), a police commander
Vivien Li as Chenchen (陳晨), Zhang Hua's girlfriend
Cai Lu as Xiao Dou (小竇), another victim abducted by Zhang Hua
Yu Ailei as Cang (倉哥), an abductor
 Ma Sichun (cameo)

Production
Production of Saving Mr. Wu was kept at a low profile and was first revealed when actor Liu Ye wrote in his Sina Weibo account that he was working on a film with Andy Lau. In early January 2015, location shots were being filmed in Sanlitun, Beijing. On 26 January, location shoots were done at Pinggu District where Lau was spotted by reporters and fans. On 9 February, it was announced that production of the film had officially wrapped up.

Release
On 8 February 2015, the teaser poster of the film was unveiled at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival. In May 2015, another teaser poster was unveiled 68th Cannes Film Festival displaying an international release date of October 2015.

Box office
As of 27 October 2015, the film has grossed a total of US$31,212,702 worldwide, combining its box office gross from China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, North America and Singapore.

Awards and nominations

References

External links

2015 action thriller films
2015 crime thriller films
2010s Mandarin-language films
Chinese action thriller films
Chinese crime thriller films
Films directed by Ding Sheng
Films about actors
Films about kidnapping
Thriller films based on actual events
Films set in Beijing
Films shot in Beijing
2015 films
Chinese nonlinear narrative films

Saving Mr. Wu


The I-Beam was a former popular nightclub and live music venue active from 1977 to 1994, and located in the Park Masonic Hall building on the second floor at 1748 Haight Street in the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco. The I-Beam served as one of San Francisco's earliest disco clubs, as well as serving as a "gay refuge".

History
Before opening the club, Sanford Kellman had an impromptu party there and found that all the neighbors complained about the noise. Therefore, Sanford Kellman was required by the city government of San Francisco to soundproof the entire building at great expense, delaying the opening of the club for several months.

The I-Beam began as a seven-night-a-week club, opening on October 20, 1977. On the opening night of the club, groups of bare-chested men in jeans and construction hats carried I-Beams on their shoulders into the club. It originated as a gay disco run by Sanford Kellman, a former astronomer. The club was named after Sanford Kellman's dog, "Beamer". Throughout the 1980s, the club served as a top outlet in the city for "imported modern rock".

As the crowd left the I-Beam for the newer clubs South of Market such as the Trocadero Transfer and later on Dreamland, the I-Beam opened only for five days a week. Later in their history, on Friday and Saturday nights at the I-Beam hosted heterosexual dance parties.

Dance club
The club hosted I-Beam Sunday Night Tea Dances, which took place from 6 p.m. to 2 a.m. on Sunday night. Free passes to this popular tea dance were routinely handed out in San Francisco. Michael Garrett was the first DJ to play there when it opened in 1977, immediately after which Tim Rivers  was hired and played Wednesday, Thursday, and Saturday nights. Eventually, a Sunday Tea Dance was added and Tim played the opening hours, 4 pm to 8 pm, after which Steve Fabus took over the 'tables. Steve played at the Sunday Night Tea Dance from 1977 to 1980. From 1980 to its end in 1992, Michael Garrett was the primary DJ—he played modern rock dance music by artists such as Madonna, Prince, New Order, The Cure, R.E.M.,  U2, Nine Inch Nails, Duran Duran, Depeche Mode, etc. Guest DJs included Micheal Dinella and Jim Caldwell frequently created original remixes.

The Boy Club continued until the end of 1988. Beginning in 1988, there was a hip-hop dance club. In 1989, the year rave dances first started in San Francisco, Wednesday night became, Acid House Night at the I-Beam.

Monday nights became known as Monday Night Live! started by Randall Schiller and was originally booked by Alan Robinson and then Randy persuaded his employee Cathy Cohn to take over the booking, a KUSF DJ. After Cathy and Randy left, the booking duties for the club were handled by Anita Rivas, and eventually Eddie Jennings. Randall Schiller installed the latest EAW Loudspeaker system in the I-Beam as he was the first to introduce EAW to the Bay Area as a long time dealer for the product.

The Sunday Night Tea Dance continued until July 1992, but the last year had few patrons because by that time house music had become more popular than modern rock among gays who liked to go dancing.

Live music
Randy Schiller, who built the new sound system for the club, was operating a recording studio. He had a long list of bands recording in his studio and decided to reopen on Monday nights, which started "Monday Night Live" with local bands. Live music performers at the I-Beam included Siouxsie and the Banshees, the Pixies, Pearl Jam, U2, Duran Duran, Jesus and Mary Chain, Red Hot Chili Peppers, 10,000 Maniacs, Jane's Addiction, Arthur Lee, and Run-DMC.

New Music Night was instituted on Monday nights starting on July 28, 1980 with The Lloyds and Ultrasheen, and later Tuesday nights emerging new rock music groups played. Following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, The Fillmore Auditorium experienced a temporary closure and the I-Beam was able to book many bands that would otherwise have played the larger venue. Because of this the club was featuring live music up to four nights a week, usually Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday, with the occasional Sunday afternoon 'matinée' performance (a legendary Butthole Surfers show, among others). On Monday, November 14, 1988, The Escape Club performed, marking the only time a band with the current number one record on the Billboard Hot 100 chart ('Wild, Wild West', week of Nov. 12, 1988) played at the club.

Interior decor
Inside the I-Beam, the main room was forty feet by sixty feet. There were Mylar covered cardboard I-Beams hanging from the ceiling above the center of the dance floor.  At the entrance there were framed pictures of various astronomical objects such as galaxies and planets put there by Kellman. Randall Schiller installed an award-winning sound system including lighting and, later, video. There was a large room in the front near the entrance with pinball machines and pool tables. In January 1988, three go-go dancing boxes were installed.

Closure and legacy
New Wave City, San Francisco's First and Foremost 80's Dance Party, presented its, "Just Can't Get Enough" event at the I-Beam on the last night of the I-Beam's operation, July 23, 1994. The I-Beam closed in 1994 after a long battle with neighbors over sound issues. The live music shows over the last few years were few and far between.

After the I-Beam closed, the building (originally the Park Masonic Hall building), remained vacant and boarded up for 10 years until 2004. It was torn down and a modern apartment house with retail shops at street level was constructed on the site.

In 2017, DJ Jim Hopkins and the San Francisco Disco Preservation Society was worked on online archiving club music mixes of the 1980s and 1990s from the I-Beam, as well as Pleasuredome, and The EndUp.

References

Further reading

External links
Photos of the I-Beam and people's reminiscences about the I-Beam—at Discomusic.com/clubs.

Defunct LGBT nightclubs in California
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco
LGBT culture in San Francisco
LGBT history in San Francisco
Nightclubs in San Francisco
1977 establishments in California
1994 disestablishments in California

I-Beam (nightclub)


Jan Blahoslav (20 February 1523 – 24 November 1571) was a Czech humanistic writer, poet, translator, etymologist, hymnographer, grammarian, music theorist and composer. He was a Unity of the Brethren bishop, and translated the New Testament into Czech in 1564. This was incorporated into the Bible of Kralice.

Life
Blahoslav was born in Přerov, Moravia.  He studied theory under Listenius and Hermann Finck at University of Wittenberg from 1544. At Wittenberg he became acquainted with Martin Luther, and he was also acquainted with Philipp Melanchthon.  After a short period at Mladá Boleslav (1548–9) he continued his education at Königsberg and Basle. He was a linguist who strove to preserve the purity of his native tongue and succeeded in bridging the gulf between Christianity and humanism. He was ordained at Mladá Boleslav in 1553, and became a bishop of the Fraternity of Czech (or Moravian) Brethren in 1557. In the following year he established himself at Ivančice, where before long he installed a printing press. Towards the end of his life he moved to Moravský Krumlov, where he died, aged 48.

Blahoslav was the editor of the 1561 Czech-language hymnal of the Unity, a hymnal which was reprinted and revised at least 10 times over the next 50 years. His Muzika (1558) -- a "theoretical instruction book for the singing of hymns" -- has been called "the first book in Czech presenting the theory of music and singing."

Blahoslav's work influenced Jan Amos Komenský.

Works
 O původu Jednoty – Rules of Unity
 Filipika proti misomusům
 Gramatika česká – Czech Grammar
 Bratrský archiv
 Naučení mládencům
 Akta Jednoty bratrské – Rules of the Unity of the Brethren
 Rejstřík skladatelů bratrských písní

Works on music
 Muzika (Olomouc, 1558) – On Music
 Šamotulský kancionál (1561) – Cantionale
 Věčný králi, pane náš – Song published in Staročeské hymny a písně (Old Czech Hymns and Songs) (1940)

Bibliography
 Brown, Marshall T., Jan Blahoslav: Sixteenth-Century Moravian Reformer, Edinburgh, The Banner of Truth Magazine, Issue 544, January 2009, pp. 1–9.

See also
 List of Czech writers
 Slavic translations of the Bible

References

External links
Biography

1523 births
1571 deaths
People from Přerov
16th-century bishops
Czech male writers
Czech composers
Czech male composers
Czech translators
Writers of the Moravian Church
Bishops of the Moravian Church
Czech people of the Moravian Church
Translators of the Bible into Czech
16th-century hymnwriters
16th-century Christian biblical scholars
Czech biblical scholars
Czech Protestant clergy

Jan Blahoslav


A prison cell, jail cell or holding cell is a small room in which one or more prisoners are held. There's two types of jail cells. One type is a holding tank at a police station or the booking suite of a jail. The other type is a cell in which inmates sleep. A prison cell usually has a solid or barred door. Solid doors typically have a window that allows the prisoners to be watched closely from outside the cell. Each cell is usually furnished with a bench or cots, often bolted to the wall or floor such that they can't be used as weapons. There's also typically a toilet as well.

Rooms

Prison cell


Carey Jason Phillip Hart (born July 17, 1975) is an American off-road truck racer, former professional freestyle motocross competitor, and former motorcycle racer. He is known for being the first motorcyclist to perform a back flip on a 250cc motorcycle during a competition, and for his company Hart & Huntington Tattoo & Clothing Company.

He and singer Pink have been married since 2006.

Career
Hart became a professional motorcyclist at 18 and started competing in the AMA supercross circuit. Two years before, he had sustained two broken femurs, broken tibia and fibula as well as fractured wrists, after he was blind-sided by a tractor working on the track he was riding on, smashing straight into the vehicle. Hart was among the first riders to begin competing in freestyle motocross in 1996. Hart was the first rider to publicly perform BMX trick the "superman seat grab" at IFMA events in 1998–99. He was also the first person to perform the "invert superman" seat grab at the 1999 Gravity Games in Providence, Rhode Island. This trick is now known as the "Hart Attack". In 1999 Hart took home the bronze medal at the Summer Gravity Games and Gold at the Australian X Games.

During the 2000 Gravity Games in Providence, Rhode Island, Hart attempted the first back flip on a 250 cc motorcycle in competition. Hart is credited with the first "attempt" of a back-flip as he over-rotated his flip and suffered a hard landing, displacing him off the seat. The year 2000 saw Hart win several FMX competitions and honors including the Silver at the Las Vegas LXD Freeride MotoX and Toyota's Trick of the Week.

At the 2001 X-Games in Philadelphia, Hart attempted the backflip again for the best trick competition but suffered a bad crash coming off his bike at the beginning of the rotation. His injuries included several broken bones and ribs along with a bruised tailbone. It was there he met his future wife, singer Pink. In 2002, Hart again picked up the gold medal at the Australian X-Games as well as gaining the silver medal in the MotoX Best Trick at the Summer X Games in Los Angeles. The same year, Hart participated in the Tony Hawk's Boom Boom HuckJam Tour.

At the 2002 X-Games in Philadelphia, Hart successfully completed the backflip in the best trick competition picking up the silver medal behind Mike Metzger, who landed a no-footed backflip. The same year, Hart participated in the Gumball 3000, an annual British 3,000-mile (4,800 km) international road rally which takes place on public roads. 2003's route was from San Francisco to Miami. He is also featured in the film Gumball 3000; The Movie. The biographical documentary Goodtimes With Carey Hart was also released in 2003. Hart again participated in the Tony Hawk's Boom Boom HuckJam tour but was seriously injured on the first night, having to bail into the scaffolding to avoid hitting a skater after the mistiming of their jumps. Hart broke both his arms and legs as well as suffering severe blood clotting during surgery. The crash took him out of competition for three years.

In 2004, Hart and John Huntington opened Hart & Huntington Tattoo Company in Las Vegas. The A&E network followed Hart and the workings of the shop on the reality show Inked. Hart and Huntington Tattoo Company also launched a clothing line based on the designs of the artists at the store. With H&H's expansion, the clothing line is now based on the tattoo/action sports lifestyle and culture. Soon after the opening of the Las Vegas store, John Huntington sold his 48 percent ownership back to Hart. In 2006, Huntington filed a lawsuit against Carey, alleging he owed large amounts of money for his trademark and likeness. Hart reportedly hired high-profile Las Vegas attorney Gene Porter to resolve the case through a mediation settlement, which was in turn successful.

In 2005 Hart was the host for ABC's Live's X Games FMX coverage and was a cast member on the fifth season of the VH1 reality show The Surreal Life. In 2006, two Hart & Huntington Tattoo Company stores opened in Hawaii and Cabo. Hart again took part in Gumball 3000, which saw the drivers race from London to Los Angeles.

In 2007, Hart formed his first Supercross team, the H&H/Rockstar Moto Team, which included him as a team rider, Hart finished 12th in 2007 AMA Supermoto Series. Kenny Watson has been team manager from the beginning. In 2011, Hart welcomed a new title sponsor Dodge Motorsports who entered the Supercross space for the first time. It was also in 2007 that the Hart & Huntington Orlando store was opened in Universal CityWalk.

In July 2008, Hart teamed up with Cory McCormack, Jason Giambi, Benji Madden and Joel Madden to create Las Vegas nightclub "Wasted Space". The club was designed by Hart, McCormack and Zeff Design. Wasted Space was voted Best New Bar in Vegas 2008. Also in 2008, Hart released "Inked: The book" which covered individuals stories behind their tattoos, including Carey's own story and his father's Tom Hart. In late 2008 Hart & Huntington's Cabo store was closed.

In 2009, Hart teamed up with Premiere MotorSports Group (PMG) to launch the Hart and Huntington Off-Road team which is a Short Course Truck Team led by Ryan Busnardo, Nick Kilian and Scot Demmer. Hart became attracted to the sport previously from being a fan of CORR (Championship Off-Road Racing Series) which ended in 2008. Hart and Huntington Off-Road secured over 40 podium finishes. Hart competed in the Lucas Oil Off Road Racing Series driving for the Team in the Unlimited 2 category (known in the past as a PRO 2), finishing 6th in Lucas Oil Off Road Racing Series and was nominated "Rookie of the Year" in LOORR Series.

In April 2009, H&H moved to a bigger store inside the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas and created the Hart & Huntington Freestyle tour, which toured alongside Pink's arena tour in Australia. In 2010, Hart & Huntington opened a store in Niagara Falls, Canada. In August of the same year, Wasted Space closed to make way for the Hard Rock's new race and sports book. In 2011, Hart was awarded the 1st R.A.D. Lifetime achievement award. and hosted of MTV2's "Burn Out" series. In 2011 H&H Hawaii closed.

Prior to the 2012 X Games, Hart announced his participation of the Moto X Speed & Style event would be his last competition. Hart got to the quarter-finals but was eliminated by Edgar Torronteras.

For 2013, Hart announced the joining forces of Hart's Dodge/Sycuan Casino Racing team with Ricky Carmichael and factory support from Suzuki and Yoshimura research and development forming 'RCH Racing'.

During Hart's career, he has been featured in nationwide ad campaigns for Ford, Dunkin' Donuts, Fox, DVS and Mountain Dew as well as in such print publications as Paper Magazine, Teen People, ESPN The Magazine, Rolling Stone, Prick and, Skinnie, and has been on the covers of numerous motocross and tattoo magazines.

Hart has made cameos in several music videos, Including Kid Rock's video "Bawitdaba" jumping the trailer park, He has appeared in Pink's "Just Like a Pill", "So What", "Raise Your Glass", "Just Give Me a Reason", and "True Love" videos. On the 2000 Australian Warped Tour, he played bass with the band Pennywise.

Hart has also appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman, Inked, MTV's Life of Ryan, Rove Live (Australia), appeared on The Today Show, was a guest in Talkin' 'bout Your Generation and has starred in several films including ESPN/Touchstone Pictures' IMAX film, Ultimate X, Terrafirma 5, Frenzno Smooth, Flipped Out, Crush: A Transworld Motocross Film, Seth II and several of the "Crusty Demons" series. He also has had cameo appearances in xXx and Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle.

Personal life
Hart was raised in Las Vegas. His parents divorced when he was very young. He and his younger brother, Anthony "Tony" Hart, were raised by their father, construction company owner Tom Hart. He is the oldest of three siblings.

Hart began dating singer Pink after meeting her in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at the 2001 X Games. After four years of dating, Pink proposed to Hart in June 2005 via a pit board during one of his races in Mammoth Lakes, California. She held up a sign that read, "Will you marry me?" At first, Hart ignored Pink and completed another lap of the race; it was only when she changed the sign to read, "I'm serious!" that Hart pulled out of the race to pick her up. They married at the Four Seasons resort in Costa Rica on January 7, 2006.

The couple announced in February 2008 that they had separated. In August 2008, during the couple's separation, Carey's brother Tony died due to injuries sustained in a motocross competition. Despite their separation, Pink supported Hart through the loss. Following Tony's death, the Hart family formed the XTRM Hart Foundation for a brief fundraising effort in his memory.

In March 2009, Hart stated he and Pink were "dating". He also said the couple was attempting to work things out, stating, "Sometimes you have to take a couple of steps back to move forward". In April 2009, Pink stated that the couple had gone to marriage counseling and were back together.

In June 2011, Hart and Pink welcomed their first child, a daughter named Willow Sage. Their second child, a son named Jameson Moon, was born in December 2016.

Career history and achievements

 2012 Reached Quarter Finals X Games XVIII, Speed and Style
 2011 Riders Above Dirt R.A.D. Lifetime Achievement Award
 2011 4th X Games XVII, Speed and Style
 2011 Celebrity Dodge Viper Challenge
 2010 18th Lucas Oil Off Road Racing Series. Unlimited 2
 2009 6th in Lucas Oil Off Road Racing Series, Unlimited 2
 2009 Nominated Rookie of the Year in the Lucas Oil Off Road Racing Series
 2009 Lucas Oil Off Road Racing Series Team of the Year
 2009 19th X Games XV, Supermoto
 2008 17th X Games XIV, Supermoto
 2007 12th AMA Supermoto Series
 2007 15th X Games XIII, Supermoto
 2007 10th AMA Supermoto, Galveston, Texas
 2003 Participated Gumball 3000
 2006 14th X Games XII, Supermoto
 2006 21st AMA Supermoto Series
 2003 Participated Gumball 3000
 2002  Australian X Games
 2001  Salt Lake LXD Freeride MotoX, Big Air
 2001 7th Salt Lake LXD Freeride MotoX, FreeStyle
 2001 15th X GamesVII, Best Trick
 2000 First Ever Backflip Attempt on a 250cc Bike
 2000 10th Gravity Games, FreeStyle
 2000 Mountain Dew Trick of the Week
 2000 Toyota Trick of the Week
 2000 5th Los Angeles LXD FreeRide MotoX
 2000 5th Irwindale LXD Freeride MotoX
 2000  Las Vegas LXD Freeride MotoX
 2000 10th World FreeRide Rankings
 1999 First Performed invert superman a.k.a. The Hart Attack
 1999 4th San Francisco Vans Triple Crown FreeStyle
 1999 8th San Diego Vans Triple Crown FreeStyle
 1999 4th – Four Leaf Entertainment Series
 1999  Australian X Games
 1999  Costa Mesa LXD Freeride MotoX, Best Whip
 1999  Costa Mesa LXD Freeride MotoX, FreeRide
 1999  Costa Rican Supercross
 1999  LXD Orange County Jump Contest
 1998  Free Air Festival Tour Las Vegas, Freestyle
 1998 4th Free Air Festival Tour, Freestyle

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
People from Seal Beach, California
Sportspeople from Orange County, California

Carey Hart


The Great Western main line is a main line railway in England, that runs westwards from London Paddington to . It opened in 1841 and was the original route of the old Great Western Railway. In 1948 it became the Western Region of British Railways. It is now part of the national rail system managed by Network Rail.

Electrification
The line was electrified from Paddington to Heathrow Airport in the late 1990s. Work to electrify the rest of the route started in 2011. The aim was to complete the work all the way to Bristol by 2016. Parts of the programme have been deferred because costs have tripled. The four sections deferred are: Didcot to Oxford, Bristol Parkway to Bristol Temple Meads, Royal Wootton Bassett Junction to Bristol Temple Meads and the Thames Valley branches to Henley-on-Thames and Windsor.

Train services
Most trains are operated by Great Western Railway.

References

Railway lines of England

Great Western main line


Sandy Area Metro (called SAM) is a public transit system operated by the city government of Sandy, Oregon. SAM was created after the city successfully petitioned to be removed from the TriMet district in the late 1990s. The name was chosen in July 1999, and service began operating on January 4, 2000. The local transit provider gave its one-millionth ride on November 21, 2006 and began its twentieth year in January 2019. SAM maintains three routes, a dial-a-ride service called Sandy Transit Area Rides (STAR), and an Elderly and Disabled (ED) medical rides program.

The SAM-Gresham route provides service seven days a week, to the Gresham Transit Center, where riders can use TriMet to travel to the Portland metropolitan area. SAM-Estacada, a Monday-Saturday service, runs four times a day to and from Estacada.  These routes also connect to the Mount Hood Express bus service from Sandy to Government Camp and Timberline. The in-town Shopping Shuttle operates Monday-Friday circulating the business corridor enabling citizens greater access to goods and services. STAR operates Monday-Saturday and ED is available weekdays. To reduce congestion and increase access to city events special routes are occasionally added. All vehicles are ADA accessible with low floors, ramps and wheelchair lifts.
All SAM service within the city limits is free and out of town rides are $1.00 each way. Rides on the STAR on-demand route are $1.00 each way. ED rides are $2.00 each way and one caregiver may ride free. 24-Trip passes may be purchased for $20.00 and monthly passes, providing unlimited rides, can be purchased for $30.00. SAM and Mt. Hood Express have a combination all day pass for $5.00. SAM bus services are funded by state and federal grants as well as a modest business tax.  HB217 has provided an additional source of revenue that will allow for expansion of service.

SAM has a Transit Advisory Board that meets quarterly and is open to the public. Residents of Sandy are encouraged to attend meetings as participate as members of the board. The board directs staff on the plans and goals to ensure accountability and transparency. Information on becoming a board member is available on the website along with historical minutes. As of September 2019 all meetings will be broadcast via YouTube.

Routes
Sandy–Gresham Express
Sandy–Estacada
Shopper Shuttle

See also
 Transportation in Portland, Oregon

References

External links
 City of Sandy - Sandy Transit

Bus transportation in Oregon
1999 establishments in Oregon
Transportation in Clackamas County, Oregon
Transportation in Multnomah County, Oregon

Sandy Area Metro


Nikola Todev (, ; 13 June 1928 – 30 March 1991) was a Bulgarian theater and film actor.

Todev is best known with his performances of characteristic types most notably the village mayor in The Hare Census (1973), Kara Kolyo in Manly Times (1977) and the uncle in Ladies Choice (1980).

Biography and Career

Todev was born on 13 June 1928 in  the town of Devin, Smolyan Province. He started acting on the stage of Smolyan theater in 1952. Later he moved to Pazardzhik continuing to work in the local theater.

He made his debut in the cinema in the notable film Krayat na Pesenta / The End of The Song (1971) whose screenplay  was written by  the eminent Bulgarian writer Nikolai Haitov. In 1973 Todev was already amidst the group of famous Bulgarian actors that were filmed in the remarkable screen satire Prebroyavane na Divite Zaytsi / The Hare Census. A year later he became a member of the Union of Bulgarian Filmmakers.

Known with the characteristic types he performs, Todev continued an intensive career appeared in classics as Manly Times (1977), also written by Haitov and the cult comedy Dami Kanyat / Ladies Choice (1980). In the end of the 1980s he was decorated with the high government prize the Order Of Saint Cyril And Saint Methodius.

Nikola Todev died in 1991 at the age of 63.

Filmography

References
Bulgarian National Film Archive
Nikola Todev
BG movies info

External links

Bulgarian male film actors
Bulgarian male stage actors
Bulgarian male television actors
1928 births
1991 deaths
People from Smolyan Province
20th-century Bulgarian male actors

Nikola Todev


Jane Unrue is an American writer and educator. She was born in Columbus, Ohio, grew up in Las Vegas, Nevada, and graduated from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (B.A.) and Brown University (M.F.A.). She has taught at Emerson College, Boston College, and Wellesley College, and currently teaches at Harvard University, where she directs the Harvard Scholars at Risk (SAR) Program and chairs the Freedom to Write Committee board for PEN New England.

Selected works
 Love Hotel: (novel), New Directions, Feb. 2015
 Life of a Star (short novel); Burning Deck Press, spring '10
 Dear Mr. Erker (short novel): 3rd bed, No. 11
 Atlassed (collection): Triple Press, '05
 "Looking Sideways": unsaid, vol.1, no. 1
 "Happiness/Sadness Patterns": 5_trope (webdelsol.com/5_trope), March '05
 "Hands Reaching out of a Black Background": 3rd bed, fall/winter '04
 "A New Position for the Upper Lip": diagram (thediagram.com), 3.5
 "Passion (Asleep)": 5_trope, June '03
 "Changes in the Upper Face": del sol review       (webdelsol.com/Del_Sol_Review.com), summer '03
 "November"; "India"; "Lima"; "Quebec": The Denver Quarterly, fall '01
 "Seven Favorite Dog Stories": "Detector of Narcotics, Explosives"; "Performers on Stage or Screen (Pre-Frenzy)";      "Carrier of Messages"; "Adapted to Life in City and Country";       "Antidotes, Inoculations"; "Trotter"; "Watcher, Guarder": Fence, Vol. 4, No. 1
 The House (short novel): Burning Deck Press, '00
 "Child, Bird, Box": Iowa Review Web
 "Surviving the Flood": Cimarron Review, Vol. 119

Texts
Echo
the mouth: 'i'd be ashamed'; the eyes: 'when shall we meet again?'
A New Position for the Lower Lip
Passion (Asleep)

References

Living people
21st-century American poets
21st-century American women writers
Writers from Columbus, Ohio
Writers from Las Vegas
Poets from Ohio
Poets from Nevada
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
Brown University alumni
Emerson College faculty
Boston College faculty
Wellesley College faculty
Harvard University faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women academics

Jane Unrue


Bente Hammer (born 1950) is a Danish textile artist and fashion designer. Born in Helsinge in the north of Zealand, she moved to the island of Bornholm in 1987 where she opened a workshop and boutique in an old smithy on Nyker Hovedgade, the main street in Nyker, about 7 km northeast of Ronne. In 2011, she opened a second store in Svaneke together with the jewellery designer Nina Schrøder.

She is said to make "one-of-a-kind clothing made of handprinted textiles". She uses a wealth of different materials in her works and has created many colorful printed fabrics. Hammer has designed dresses for clients such as Queen Margrethe and the actress Ghita Nørby. A kimono designed by Hammer was presented to Queen Margrethe on the occasion of her 70th birthday by Bornholm Regional Municipality. In an extensive interview on Denmark's TV2, she explains how she learnt the art of textile design at Mulle Høyrups Eksperimentelle Værkstedskole, a small specialized school with only six students. There she was able to appreciate the individuality of the craft at a time when most of those working in the textile business simply worked for large international producers. She completed her studies in 1973.

In October 2012, Hammer who is a member of ACAB Arts and Crafts Bornholm was together with the association's president, Maibritt Jønsson, selected to represent the island of Bornholm at a conference on creative design in eastern Iceland with a view to inspiring local craftsmen in their work.

References

External links
Official site

Danish fashion designers
Danish textile artists
Danish textile designers
Danish women artists
People from Bornholm
People from Gribskov Municipality
1950 births
Living people
Women textile artists
Danish women fashion designers

Bente Hammer


Correspondence Publishing Committee was a radical left organization led by C. L. R. James and Martin Glaberman that existed in the United States from approximately 1951 until it split in 1962.

History

The Correspondence Publishing Committee has its origins in the Johnson-Forest Tendency led by C. L. R. James and Raya Dunayevskaya. Its origins are as a Trotskyist organization but it developed a number of theories including that the Soviet Union was a State Capitalist society, an emphasis on Hegelian theory as a way of understanding the world and a rejection of the Leninist vanguard party. It also sought to focus more energy on the political issues affecting women, youth, African Americans and rank and file workers.

It also had an emphasis on analysing popular culture such as movies and books that was unusual for the era. After spending time as a faction inside both the Workers Party and the Socialist Workers Party, the Johnson-Forest Tendency broke with the Trotskyist left. By early 1951, it had renamed itself Correspondence Publishing Committee. It first published a newspaper, also known as Correspondence, in November 1951 and analysed a wildcat miners' strike in West Virginia in the first issue. The newspapers' cartoons have drawn critical acclaim.

It was forced to deal with the deportation of one of its main leaders, C. L. R. James, to Britain in 1953 that had a negative impact on the group. Although C. L. R. James continued to advise the group on a very regular basis from Britain, tensions in the group continued and a significant number led by Raya Dunayevskaya split from Correspondence in 1955 to form News and Letters and promote Marxist-Humanist ideas. They publish a newspaper by the same name that remains in print today. Whether a majority or a minority split from Correspondence in 1955 remains in dispute. Historian Kent Worcester claims that Raya Dunayevskaya had a majority of the members in 1955 but Martin Glaberman, writing in New Politics has claimed the opposite. He has also challenged other aspects of Worcester's book in a review that appeared in Against the Current magazine.

After the split, James Boggs was named the new editor of Correspondence newspaper. It issued a number of interesting pamphlets including Martin Glaberman's Union Committeemen and Wildcat Strikes in 1955 and C. L. R. James' Every Cook Can Govern: A Study of Democracy in Ancient Greece. The latter favourably analyzed democracy in the Greek city states, despite the oppression that women and slaves experienced in ancient Greek society.

However, Correspondence will perhaps be best remembered for the book about the 1956 Hungarian workers' revolt, Facing Reality, by C. L. R. James, Grace Lee Boggs and Pierre Chaulieu, a pseudonym for Cornelius Castoriadis. However, the group split again in 1962 when Grace Lee Boggs, James Boggs, Freddy Paine and Lyman Paine split from C. L. R. James. They continued to publish Correspondence for a couple of years but increasingly reflected  Third Worldist, somewhat Maoist politics. Martin Glaberman and others who remained loyal to C. L. R. James started a new organization known as Facing Reality that continued to promote the same politics as Correspondence until its dissolution in 1970.

Facing Reality

The most important contribution of this group was the publication of the book, Facing Reality. It analyzed the implications of the October 1956 revolt in Hungary against Stalinist rule. The nature of the contribution by Cornelius Castoriadis is complex because he apparently did not have an opportunity to examine the manuscript before it went to press. The book argued that the example of Hungary demonstrated that modern society was shifting towards confrontation between workers' councils and bureaucratic institutions. Therefore, organizations such as Correspondence were needed. It also included a defense of the role of revolutionary newspapers, such as the one published by Correspondence. There was also analysis of the radical potential of anti-colonial movements such as the Gold Coast nationalist movement that had emerged in what is now Ghana. Attention was paid to the role of Kwame Nkrumah. The book was sharply criticized by Raya Dunayevskaya.

Sources

References

External links
Facing reality, complete book at Hathi Trust
Analysis of Facing Reality by Loren Goldner

Book publishing companies of the United States
Political party factions in the United States
Publishing companies established in 1951
Publishing companies disestablished in 1962
1951 establishments in the United States

Correspondence Publishing Committee


Indian Dunes was a  film ranch owned by Newhall Land & Farming Company. Located near the Six Flags Magic Mountain amusement park in Valencia, California, United States, it was a favorite of filmmakers for its versatility and location within the thirty-mile zone until its owners returned the site to farming in 1990 following a reduced interest in the kind of action television programs and films that had been produced there. The company reportedly grossed up to $600,000 in 1990 ($1.3 million in 2021 dollars).

Productions
The site portrayed the American Southwest, Brazil, Japan, France and Germany, Africa, Afghanistan, Burma, Central America and often Vietnam. It featured hills, flat plains, riverbeds and densely wooded forest land that could portray locations around the world. In exchange for reduced rental rates, previous productions had also left behind standing sets including a village, labor-camp, prison, ranch house, military barracks and  railroad line including locomotive and train cars that could be re-used, reducing production costs. The location was the site of a helicopter accident which occurred during the making of Twilight Zone: The Movie. Actor Vic Morrow and two child actors, 7-year-old Myca Dinh Le and 6-year-old Renee Shin-Yi Chen were killed.

The site was popular with television programs in the 1980s such as The A-Team, MacGyver, The Fall Guy and The Incredible Hulk as well as films including The Color Purple and Escape From New York. China Beach was the last television production shot there. Music videos featuring bands such as Van Halen and the Fixx were also filmed at the ranch.

Other uses
Newhall Land & Farming Company built Indian Dunes Airport on the site in the 1960s with a single unpaved runway running northeast to southwest. The airport was used for company aircraft and was sometimes leased to film and television shows including 84 Charlie MoPic and Baa Baa Black Sheep.

The site hosted the Indian Dunes Motor Recreation Park, a multi-track motocross and track racing park during the 1970s and 1980s. This use was discontinued due to liability concerns.

References

Movie ranches

Indian Dunes


Share is a Caribbean Canadian and Black Canadian community newspaper, based in Toronto, Ontario. Canada's largest ethnic newspaper, Share has two times the circulation of any other Canadian newspaper serving the same ethnic community. It is distributed free of charge in many locations, particularly in the Greater Toronto Area.

The weekly publication, on quarter-folded, tabloid-sized newsprint, includes news from the Caribbean and Africa, sports, entertainment, business, religion, analysis, and commentaries from its community's point of view.

Arnold Auguste is the newspaper's publisher. Founded in April 1978, Share is owned by Arnold A. Auguste Associates Limited.

External links
 Share Newspaper

Black Canadian culture in Toronto
Canada–Caribbean relations
Caribbean-Canadian culture in Ontario
Newspapers published in Toronto
Newspapers established in 1978
Weekly newspapers published in Ontario
1978 establishments in Ontario
Black Canadian newspapers

Share (newspaper)


Kings Trough (sometimes spelled King's Trough) is an undersea trough in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is located on the east side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, northwest of the Açores-Biscay Rise and roughly  north-northeast of the Azores. It is approximately  long, running in a northwest–southeast direction. To the east it branches into the Peake Deep and Freen Deep. The center depth is . Surrounding the trough are high ridges and seamounts, such as the Antialtair Seamount and the Crumb Seamount complex. Various explanations for the complex have been suggested, ranging from compression, a former plate boundary, transform faulting or even an oblique meteor impact.

The trough, being in an apparently geologically stable region, has been studied as a possible location for radioactive waste disposal.

References

Oceanic trenches of the Atlantic Ocean
Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Kings Trough


Saturn Communications is an Australian ICT (Information and communications technology) integrator based in Hobart, Tasmania. They service Southern Tasmania as well as most parts of Northern Tasmania. Saturn Communications are playing a key role in providing services via the nationwide rollout of fibre optics (National Broadband Network) (now in administration and closed).

Saturn Communications was also a company, based in Petone in the Hutt Valley, that built and operated a cable television and telephone services in and around Wellington and then later in Christchurch, New Zealand.

The network was based on Hybrid Fibre Coaxial cable with additional twisted pair cabling to provide telephone services. The network was developed in competition with a network rolled out and later scuttled by Telecom New Zealand known as First Media.

Saturn Communications was originally known as Kiwi Cable Limited and based on the Kāpiti Coast north of Wellington. The company was formed by a local entrepreneur. The company was purchased by Austar United Communications an Australian pay television operator and its headquarters moved and an aggressive network rollout planned.

Austar's entry into the New Zealand market was predicated on the fact that prices for cable TV and telecommunications services were sufficiently above the average cost of producing them because of the respective near monopolies of Telecom New Zealand Limited in the local telephone market and Sky Communications in the pay television market. Telecom New Zealand responded aggressively by discounting telephone service in areas where the competing service was available.

After the merger with Telstra Australia there were plans to offer pay television via a satellite DTH (Direct To Home) service due for launch in August 2001 with rollout across the country over the following months however at the beginning of August TelstraSaturn announced that the service was to be put on hold indefinitely.

Saturn's DTH service was to operate on two transponders held by Television New Zealand. A portion of the transponder capacity was to be held by TVNZ for its own free to air broadcasts with the remainder being used for the TelstraSaturn's pay television services.

After the purchase of Clear Communications and by Austar of its shareholding in the renamed TelstraClear the company's focus moved squarely to telecommunications and away from television services, notably reselling existing Telecom services. A programming agreement was struck with Sky Television to broadcast its channels and plans to expand the cable and telephone networks were cancelled as a change in Government lead to the possibility of local loop unbundling.

Telecommunications companies of New Zealand
Telecommunications companies of Australia

Saturn Communications


San Marcos Academy or SMA (also known as San Marcos Baptist Academy or SMBA) is a private, coeducational, college preparatory Christian school that is affiliated with the Baptist General Convention of Texas. It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and the Texas Association of Boarding Schools. The academy was founded in 1907; its mission is to educate young men and women within a nurturing community based upon Christian values. The academy accepts boarding students in grades 6–12 and day students in grades K-12. Enrollment in 2009 was 274, with about 75% in the residence program. The school is located in the Texas Hill Country in San Marcos, Texas, United States, south of Austin, and north of San Antonio.

San Marcos Academy is one of the oldest boarding schools in the state of Texas, and was established in 1907 by Texas Baptists with the support of the city of San Marcos. The academy's first president was James Milton Carroll.

The academy has students matriculate at a wide range of colleges and universities.

History

After an organization drive that began in 1905, the Southwest Texas Baptist Conference established the school in 1907 by matching $25,000 raised by citizens of San Marcos. James Milton Carroll, a leader of the founding campaign, served the academy as its first president. The school enrolled an entering class of 200 students on September 24, 1908. Carroll resigned in 1911; the academy's original building, granted a state historical marker in 1970, became known as Carroll Hall. Thomas Green Harris succeeded Carroll, and the Christian Education Program of the Baptist General Convention of Texas began administrative oversight in 1911.

After the United States entered World War I in 1917, the federal government granted the academy a junior unit of the Reserve Officer Training Corps. For a time all male students were require to have served in the corps of cadets, and all those in grades nine through twelve are formally enrolled in the army Junior ROTC program, but it is no longer required. Girls have also participated in military training on an optional basis since 1973 when two students, Mary Shepard and Karen Stubbs led the development of the first female platoon. By 1936 the academy's physical plant had increased to twelve buildings on a fifty-six-acre site valued at $400,000. Students in grades one through twelve studied general academic courses as well as fine arts and business subjects. In 1968 more than 500 students in grades three through twelve attended the academy; in 1986 the enrollment was 240 boys in grades six through twelve and 120 girls in grades nine through twelve. Also in January 1982, under the administration of Jack E. Byrom the academy moved from its location at the current Texas State University campus, to a more spacious lot on Ranch to Market Road 12. The academy has had students from a number of other states and foreign nations. Most Academy students are day students and are only there during the day and attend mandatory chapel services on Wednesdays, and devotionals on Mondays. Chapel services are currently optional for both boarding and day students, taking place at First Baptist Church on Sunday.

Since the school's beginning, the academy has accepted students from all religious faiths. Students of both sexes have competed in athletic events against other private schools.

The academy is a member of the Texas Association of Private and Parochial Schools and is accredited by the Independent Schools Association of the Southwest, the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, the Texas Education Agency, and the accrediting commission of the Texas Association of Baptist Schools. A fifteen-member board of trustees selected by the Baptist General Convention of Texas continues to govern the academy.

Thirty-five full-time and twelve part-time teachers composed the faculty in 1993; three administrators supervised Academy operations. That year the endowment of the academy exceeded $3 million, and the institution's assets exceeded $15 million. After selling its original site and buildings to Southwest Texas State University (now Texas State) in 1979, the academy moved to its present  site.

Alma mater
Green and Purple of the Laurel, bind us though we part
Keep the spirit ever with you, deep within your heart
Men and women of tomorrow, we'll be proud of you
The lives you now are building will be strong and true
There'll be echoes in your memory of cadets out on parade
And of students in the chapel with their heads bowed as they prayed
Fellowship is given those who come from far and near
To these hallow'd halls of learning which we hold so dear
Blessed are the lessons learned, and through the years may we
Be ever true to you, San Marcos Academy

School mascot and colors
The mascot of SMA is the bear: the boys' sports teams are referred to as "Bears" and the girls' teams as "Lady Bears". The school colors are derived from the mountain laurel and are forest green and purple.

Tuition
Tuition in San Marcos Academy for the 2009–2010 school year is $25,511 for boarding students ($27,511 for international students) and $7,996 for day students grades 9–12 and $7,565 for day students in grades 7 and 8, not including optional and mandatory fees. The academy offers need-based financial aid.

Students that come to the academy after attending Wonderland Elementary School receive a discount on tuition.

August 1, 2013 - Tuition and boarding fees are $45,000 for international students & $9,700 for day students.

See also
Southern Baptist Convention

1907 establishments in Texas
Baptist schools in the United States
Private boarding schools in Texas
Buildings and structures in San Marcos, Texas
Christian schools in Texas
Educational institutions established in 1907
San Marcos Academy
San Marcos Academy
Preparatory schools in Texas
Schools accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Schools in Hays County, Texas

San Marcos Baptist Academy


The Texas brown tarantula, also known as Oklahoma brown tarantula or Missouri tarantula (Aphonopelma hentzi), is one of the most common species of tarantula living in the Southern United States today. Texas brown tarantulas can grow to leg spans in excess of , and weigh more than  as adults. Their bodies are dark brown, though shades may vary between individual tarantulas. The colors are more distinct after a molt, as with many arthropods.

Lifecycle
A female of  A. hentzi can lay up to 1,000 eggs. The eggs are positioned securely in a web shaped like a hammock, which remains in her burrow, and guarded by her. Eggs hatch in 45 to 60 days. Once spiderlings leave the egg sac, they often stay with the female for several days before dispersing to make their own burrows.

Females have been known to live up to 40 years. However, no studies have lasted this long, so their lifespan may be longer. Males rarely live over a year after they have matured.

Defense
A. hentzi is a rather docile and nonaggressive species. When disturbed, like most other tarantulas, A. hentzi maneuvers itself to a stance on its hind legs and raises its front legs in a threatening manner. Additionally, A. hentzi and most other tarantulas found in the Americas have small, coarse, brown or black urticating hairs on their abdomens that they kick in the direction of whatever they may feel threatens them. It is the main species preyed upon by the tarantula hawk, Pepsis grossa, in areas where the two species overlap.

Bites from the Texas brown tarantula, as with all New World tarantulas, are generally not a serious harm to humans except in the case of an allergic reaction. Due to the large size of their fangs, the puncture wound from a bite can also be painful and lead to secondary infection if not properly treated.

Distribution
The distribution of A. hentzi includes  Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana in the U.S. The species has also been documented in the northern parts of Mexico, extending along the New Mexico and Texas borders.

Habitat
A. hentzi is a terrestrial species commonly found in grasslands, burrowed underground, or using logs, stones, or other small animals' abandoned dens as their homes and feeding grounds. Texas brown tarantulas  use their spinnerets to line the entrance of their shelters with webbing to detect passing prey.

References

External links

 canadianarachnology.org: Aphonopelma hentzi - Texas Brown Tarantula
 https://usaspiders.com/aphonopelma-hentzi-texas-brown-tarantula/

Aphonopelma
Spiders of Mexico
Spiders of the United States
Natural history of Missouri
Natural history of Oklahoma
Natural history of Texas
Natural history of Kansas
Natural history of Colorado
Natural history of Arkansas
Natural history of Louisiana

Texas brown tarantula


Pim Walsma (born 3 February 1987, in Amsterdam) is a Dutch baseball player who currently plays for the Amsterdam Pirates and the Dutch national team.

He attended Lower Columbia College in the United States. During his sophomore season, he went 2-3 with a 3.27 ERA.

Walsma debuted in the Hoofdklasse in 2005 and went 1-6 with a 5.11 ERA, walking 38 in 44 innings for the Amsterdam Pirates; he was 5th in the league in free passes. He fell to 1-6, 6.75 in 2006 with 40 walks in 37 innings, finishing 6th in walks. He participated in the MLB European Academy that summer. In 2007, Walsma was 1-2 with a save and a 7.62 ERA for Amsterdam, with 19 hits and 13 walks in 13 innings.

In 2008, he began the season 1-4 with 5 saves and a 4.22 ERA, fanning 48 in 42 IP. Walsma was added to the Dutch national team for the 2008 Haarlem Baseball Week. He allowed one run in 6 IP in the event. He then was selected by coach Robert Eenhoorn in the team that represents the Netherlands at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.

In the 2009 World Baseball Classic, Walsma got a start against the Puerto Rico.

External links
Walsma's profile at honkbalsite.com

References

1987 births
Living people
Dutch baseball players
2009 World Baseball Classic players
Olympic baseball players for the Netherlands
Baseball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Amsterdam
L&D Amsterdam Pirates players
Corendon Kinheim players

Pim Walsma


Isaac René Guy Le Chapelier (12 June 1754 – 22 April 1794) was a French jurist and politician of the Revolutionary period.

Biography
Le Chapelier was born in Rennes in Brittany, where his father was bâtonnier of the corporation of lawyers, a title equivalent to President of the Bar. He entered the law profession, and was a noted orator. In 1775, Le Chapelier was initiated as a freemason at the Grand Orient de France.

In 1789 he was elected as a deputy to the Estates General by the Third Estate of the sénéchaussée of Rennes. He adopted radical opinions. His influence in the National Constituent Assembly was considerable: he served as president 3–17 August 1789, presiding over the famous all-night session of 4–5 August, during which feudalism was abolished in France, and in late September 1789 was added to the Constitutional Committee, where he drafted much of the Constitution of 1791.

Le Chapelier introduced a motion in the National Assembly which prohibited guilds, trade unions, and compagnonnage, and which also abolished the right to strike. Le Chapelier and other Jacobins interpreted demands by Paris workers for higher wages as contrary to the new principles of the Revolution. The measure was enacted law on 14 June 1791 in what became subsequently known as the Le Chapelier Law. The law effectively barred guilds and trade unions in France until 1864.

In May, 1789, when the Estates General were still meeting, Le Chapelier was one of the founders of the Breton Club, a collection of deputies initially all hailing from his home province of Brittany, but which in the weeks to come drew all sorts of deputies sharing a more radical ideology. After the October Days (5–6 October) and the National Assembly's move to Paris, the Breton Club rented a Dominican monastery and became the Jacobin Club, of which Le Chapelier was the first president.

Like many radical deputies, Le Chapelier wished for the central role played by such popular societies early in the French Revolution to come to an end with the settling of the state and the pending promulgation of a new constitution. This conviction was increased by the Champs de Mars Massacre of 17 July 1791. Within days, Le Chapelier joined the mass exodus of moderate deputies abandoning the Jacobin club in favour of a new organisation, the Patriotic Society of 1789 and later the Feuillant club.

Le Chapelier, in his capacity as chairman of the Constitutional Committee, presented to the National Assembly in its final sessions a law restricting the rights of popular societies to undertake concerted political action, including the right to correspond with one another. It passed 30 September 1791. By the virtue of obeying this law, the moderate Feuillants embraced obsolescence; the radical Jacobins, by ignoring it, emerged as the most vital political force of the French Revolution. The popular society movement, largely founded by Le Chapelier, was thus inadvertently radicalised contrary to his original intentions.

During the Reign of Terror, as a suspect for having had links with the Feuillants, he temporarily emigrated to Great Britain, but returned to France in 1794, in an unsuccessful effort to prevent the confiscation of his assets. He was arrested, and guillotined in Paris on the same day as Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes.

In popular culture

He is a character in Rafael Sabatini's historical novels Scaramouche (1921) and Scaramouche the King-Maker (1931).

References

Lucien Jaume, "Le citoyen sans les corps intermédiaires: discours de Le Chapelier", in Cahiers du Cevipof, Nr. 39, April 2005, pp. 30–40

1754 births
1794 deaths
18th-century French lawyers
18th-century French politicians
Politicians from Rennes
French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution
University of Rennes alumni

Isaac René Guy le Chapelier


Walter Ferreri (born 1948), originally from Buddusò in Sardinia, is an astronomer at the Italian Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino, science writer and discoverer of minor planets.

He is a member of the "Division III Commission 20 Positions & Motions of Minor Planets, Comets & Satellites" and the "Division III Planetary Systems Sciences" at the IAU. He is credited by the Minor Planet Center with the discovery of 15 numbered minor planets he made at the La Silla Observatory site in Chile between 1984 and 1988.

The outer main-belt asteroid 3308 Ferreri, discovered by astronomers Henri Debehogne and Giovanni de Sanctis, is named after him for his contributions for and popularization of astronomy. Naming citation was published on 14 April 1987 ().

References

1948 births
Discoverers of asteroids

20th-century Italian astronomers
Italian science writers
Living people
People from the Province of Sassari

Walter Ferreri


John Mason Ward (1921-2014) was a British chemist and was president of the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) from 1988 to 1990. He began his career at North Fleet Paper Mills in 1937 as an industrial chemist. In 1948 he received a degree in chemistry from the University of London and went on to work as a chemist in the power industry.

He became head of chemistry at the now defunct Central Electricity Research Laboratory (CERL) in 1962. There he, together with his team, investigated all aspects of the chemistry of power generation from corrosion problems in power station boilers to environmental pollutants in flue gases. He was awarded the Esso gold medal in recognition of his work on energy conservation research in 1977, the year he retired from CERL.

He died age 92 in 2014.

References

2014 deaths
British chemists
Presidents of the Royal Society of Chemistry
Alumni of the University of London
1921 births

John Mason Ward


The origin of the word jazz is one of the most sought-after word origins in modern American English. Interest in the word – the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century in 2000 – has resulted in considerable research and the linguistic history is well documented. "Jazz" began as a West-Coast slang term around 1912. The meaning varied, but the word did not initially refer to music. "Jazz" came to mean "jazz music" in Chicago around 1915.

Etymology
The similarity of "jazz" to "jasm", an obsolete slang term meaning spirit, energy, and vigor, and dated to 1860 in the Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang (1979), suggests that "jasm" should be considered the leading candidate for the source of "jazz".

A link between the two words is supported by a February 18, 1916 article in the Daily Californian which used the spelling "jaz-m", although the context and other articles in the same newspaper from this period show that "jazz" was intended.

"Jasm" derives from or is a variant of the slang term "jism" or "gism", which the Historical Dictionary of American Slang dates to 1842 and defines as "spirit; energy; spunk." "Jism" also means semen or sperm, the meaning that predominates today, making "jism" a taboo word.  Consistent with that etymology, the jazz composer Eubie Blake (b. 1887), when interviewed by a woman for Yale's Oral History of American Music project, refused to use the word "jazz" because he thought it was uncouth. Deepening the nexus among these words is the fact that "spunk" is also a slang term for semen and that "spunk"—like jism/jasm—also means spirit, energy, or courage (for example: "She showed a lot of spunk"). In the 19th and early 20th centuries, however, "jism" was still used in polite contexts. "Jism" or its variant "jizz" (which is not attested in the Historical Dictionary of American Slang until 1941) has also been suggested as a direct source for "jazz". A direct derivation from "jism" is phonologically unlikely. "Jasm" itself would be, according to this assumption, the intermediary form.

Compare the analogous relationship between the slang terms "spasm" 'a sudden burst of energy', as in spasm band, and "spaz(z)". Herbert Asbury names the "Razzy Dazzy Spasm Band", which appeared about 1895, as the first jazz band; he relates that a band of professional musicians who imitated their style and originally appeared, about 1900, under the same name, was, after the original Spasm Band turned up, billed as "Razzy Dazzy Jazzy Band".

One source draws from the book The French Quarter by Herbert Asbury for the claim that there was a band in New Orleans in 1895 named the "Razzy Dazzy Spasm Band". This source also claims a connection to the French verb jaser, meaning to chatter, and that "to jass" was heard in New Orleans to mean 'to excite' or 'to pep up'.

Baseball use
Baseball references were used by E.T. "Scoop" Gleeson in the San Francisco Bulletin. Dick Holbrook and Peter Tamony found articles written in Boyes Springs, California, where the San Francisco Seals baseball team was in training. In an article from March 3, 1913, "jazz" is synonymous with nonsense. George Clifford McCarl had been called a "busher", as in "bush league", meaning minor league or second rate. But Gleeson writes, on the contrary, "this dope is very much to the 'jazz'." Other uses occurred in "Everybody has come back to the old town full of the old 'jazz' and they promise to knock the fans off their feet with their playing." "What is the 'jazz'? Why, it's a little of that 'old life', the 'gin-i-ker', the 'pep', otherwise known as the enthusiasm". The article says that "members have trained on ragtime and 'jazz' and manager Del Howard says there's no stopping them." The context of the article shows that a musical meaning of "jazz" is not intended; rather, ragtime and "jazz" were both used as markers of ebullient spirit.

On April 5, 1913, the Bulletin published an article by Ernest J. Hopkins entitled "In Praise of 'Jazz,' a Futurist Word Which Has Just Joined the Language." The article, which used the spellings "jaz" and "jazz" interchangeably, discussed the term at length and included a positive definition.

"Jazz" (We change the spelling each time so as not to offend either faction) can be defined, but it cannot be synonymized. If there were another word that exactly expressed the meaning of "jaz," "jazz" would never have been born. A new word, like a new muscle, only comes into being when it has long been needed...This remarkable and satisfactory-sounding word, however, means something like life, vigor, energy, effervescence of spirit, joy, pep, magnetism, verve, virility ebulliency, courage, happiness – oh, what's the use? – Jazz.

In 2003, The Los Angeles Times reported on a librarian at New York University who said he found the word "jazz" used in a sports article from The New York Times of April 2, 1912. Under the headline "Ben's Jazz Curve" the article quotes baseball player Ben Henderson telling a reporter that he called his curve ball "the Jazz ball because it wobbles and you simply can't do anything with it."

"Jazz" in the sense of pep and enthusiasm continued in use in California for several years before being submerged by its musical meaning. Barry Popik found examples from the Daily Californian and the Daily Palo Alto showing that "jazz" was a slang term at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1915 to 1917 and Stanford University from 1916 to 1918.

Application to music
Dick Holbrook published his findings in Storyville magazine. These included William Demarest, an actor, saying he heard the word in 1908 as a young musician in San Francisco when the band was encouraged to play more energetically. Clarinetist Bud Jacobson said the word was used in Chicago to promote the Art Arseth band at the Arsonia Cafe in 1914. Fred R. Shapiro, editor of the Yale Book of Quotations, found it applied to music in the Chicago Daily Tribune of July 11, 1915.

Blues Is Jazz and Jazz Is Blues...The Worm had turned – turned to fox trotting. And the "blues" had done it. The "jazz" had put pep into the legs that had scrambled too long for the 5:15....At the next place a young woman was keeping "Der Wacht Am Rhein" and "Tipperary Mary" apart when the interrogator entered. "What are the blues?" he asked gently. "Jazz!" The young woman's voice rose high to drown the piano....The blues are never written into music, but are interpolated by the piano player or other players. They aren't new. They are just reborn into popularity. They started in the south half a century ago and are the interpolations of darkies originally. The trade name for them is "jazz"....Thereupon "Jazz" Marion sat down and showed the bluest streak of blues ever heard beneath the blue. Or, if you like this better: "Blue" Marion sat down and jazzed the jazziest streak of jazz ever. Saxophone players since the advent of the "jazz blues" have taken to wearing "jazz collars," neat decollate things that give the throat and windpipe full play, so that the notes that issue from the tubes may not suffer for want of blues – those wonderful blues.

Examples in Chicago sources continued with the term reaching other cities by the end of 1916. By 1917 the term was in widespread use. The first known use in New Orleans, discovered by lexicographer Benjamin Zimmer in 2009, appeared in the New Orleans Times-Picayune on November 14, 1916:

Theatrical journals have taken cognizance of the "jas bands" and at first these organizations of syncopation were credited with having originated in Chicago, but any one ever having frequented the "tango belt" of New Orleans knows that the real home of the "jas bands" is right here. However, it remains for the artisans of the stage to give formal recognition to the "jas bands" of New Orleans. The day of the "Stage Workers" annual masquerade ball, which is November 23, the stage employes of the city are going to traverse the city led by a genuine and typical "jas band." Just where and when these bands, until this winter known only to New Orleans, originated, is a disputed question. It is claimed they are the outgrowth of the so-called "fish bands" of the lake front camps, Saturday and Sunday night affairs...However, the fact remains that their popularity has already reached Chicago, and that New York probably will be invaded next. But, be that as it may, the fact remains the only and original are to be found here and here alone. The "boys behind the scenes" have named their parade the "Jas parade." It's going to be an automobile affair with the actors and actresses of the various theaters right behind the band. The ball is to be at the Washington Artillery.

It is not clear who first applied "jazz" to music. A leading contender is Bert Kelly, a musician and bandleader who was familiar with the California slang term from being a banjoist with Art Hickman's orchestra. Kelly formed Bert Kelly's Jazz Band and claimed in a letter published in Variety on October 2, 1957, that he had begun using "the Far West slang word 'jazz,' as a name for an original dance band" in 1914. Kelly's claim is considered plausible but lacks contemporary verification, although Literary Digest wrote on April 26, 1919 "[t]he phrase 'jazz band' was first used by Bert Kelly in Chicago in the fall of 1915, and was unknown in New Orleans."

Trombonist Tom Brown led a New Orleans band in Chicago in 1915 and claimed his group was the first billed as a "jass" band. Slightly later was the Original Dixieland Jass Band or, in some accounts, a predecessor named Stein's Dixie Jass Band, allegedly so named by Chicago cafe manager Harry James. According to a November 1937 article in Song Lyrics, "A dance-crazed couple shouted at the end of a dance, 'Jass it up boy, give us some more jass.' Promoter Harry James immediately grasped this word as the perfect monicker for popularizing the new craze."

If the chronology of the Original Dixieland Jass Band is correct, it did not receive the "jass" name until March 3, 1916, which would be too late for it to be the originator. In a 1917 court case concerning song copyright, members of what became the O.D.J.B. testified under oath that the band played in Chicago under the name Stein's Dixie Jass Band.

In Volume II of its Supplement (1976) and hence in the 1989 Second Edition, the Oxford English Dictionary provided a 1909 citation for the use of "jazz" on a gramophone record of "Uncle Josh in Society." Researcher David Shulman demonstrated in 1989 that this attestation was an error based on a later version of the recording; the 1909 recording does not use the word "jazz". Editors acknowledged the error, and the revised entry of "jazz" in OED Online changed the date of this quotation with a note about mistake. But many secondary sources continue to show 1909 as the earliest known example of the word based on the OED's original entry.

The Grand Larousse Dictionnaire de la Langue Française and the Über englisches Sprachgut im Französischen cite a 1908 use of jazband, a jazz orchestra, in the Paris newspaper Le Matin. This is a typographical error for 1918.

Other meanings
In an 1831 letter, Lord Palmerston wrote in reference to Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, of "old Talley jazzing and telling stories to Lieven and Esterhazy and Wessenberg." Scholars believe that Palmerston was not using "jazz" in any modern sense but was simply anglicizing French jaser in its standard meaning of chattering or chatting. No other examples of Palmerston's usage exists, thus ruling it out as an origin.

Other etymological proposals

In an August 5, 1917 article from the New York Sun, Walter J. Kingsley claimed that "jaz" has an African origin. "In his studies of the Creole patois and idiom in New Orleans Lafcadio Hearn reported that the word 'jaz', meaning to speed things up, to make excitement, was common among the blacks of the South, and had been adopted by the Creoles as a term to be applied to music of a rudimentary syncopated type." But recent searches of the works of Lafcadio Hearn failed to find any mention of the word. Lawrence Gushee argues that Kingsley's quote from Hearn is most likely fraudulent.

Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns in Jazz: A History of America's Music (2000) and Hilton Als in the New York Review of Books on March 27, 2003, suggest "jazz" comes from the jasmine perfume that prostitutes wore in the red-light district of New Orleans. This theory derives from the recollections of jazz musician Garvin Bushell as told to Mark Tucker in Jazz from the Beginning (1988). Bushell said that he heard this derivation in the circus where he began working in 1916. It appears to be a false etymology unsupported by evidence. Ward and Burns also suggested "jazz" derives from "jezebel", a nineteenth-century term for prostitute.

One story associates jazz with the first part of the word 'jasmine'. The French brought the perfume industry with them to New Orleans, and the oil of jasmine was a popular ingredient. To add it to a perfume was called "jassing it up." The strong scent was popular in the red-light district where a working girl might approach a prospective customer and say, "Is jazz on your mind tonight, young fellow?"

S. Frederick Starr states the same use of jezebel, rooted in the Old Testament. In New Orleans, the term was changed to "jazzbelle", with pimps or other males called "jazzbeau".

DuBose Heyward, author of "Porgy", in his book Jasbo Brown and Selected Poems (1924), states jazz may have taken its name from Jazbo Brown.

Kingsley claimed the phrase "jaz her up" was used by plantation slaves and that in common vaudeville usage "jaz her up" or "put in jaz" meant to accelerate or add low comedy, while "jazbo" meant "hokum".

Bandleader Art Hickman said "jazz" was named for the effervescent springs at Boyes Springs. He made the claim in the San Francisco Examiner of October 12, 1919 and San Francisco Chronicle of November 9, 1919.

Hangman trivia
Outside of its etymological history, the word jazz is also notable for reportedly being the hardest word to guess in a game of hangman. This is due to the short length of the word, the fact that it only has one vowel, and the fact that the letters J and Z that make up the remaining three-quarters are two of the least used letters in the Latin alphabet.

Notes

Sources
Gerald Cohen, "Jazz Revisited:  On the Origin of the Term – Draft #3," Comments on Etymology, Vol. 35, Nos. 1–2 (Oct.–Nov. 2005).
J.E. Lighter, ed., Historical Dictionary of American Slang, Vol. 2, H–O (1997), New York:  Random House.

Jazz culture
Slang
Etymologies
1920s slang
English words

Jazz (word)


Beopheung of Silla (r. 514–540 AD) was the 23rd monarch of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He was preceded by King Jijeung (r. 500–514) and succeeded by King Jinheung.

By the time of his reign, Buddhism had become fairly common in Silla, as it had been introduced much earlier by Goguryeo monks during King Nulji's reign. One of King Beopheung's ministers, a man named Ichadon, was a Buddhist convert who had even shaved his head and took the tonsure. He constantly implored the king to adopt Buddhism as the state religion, and in fact King Beopheung himself had become fond of Buddha's teachings. However, the other ministers of Silla were greatly opposed to this, and expressed such defiance to the king. Beopheung, having been persuaded by his ministers, was at a crossroads, and encountered great reluctance to change. At this time, Ichadon suggested his own martyrdom and pleaded with the king to execute him in public for the cause of Buddhism. This the king refused to do, and so Ichadon deliberately insulted the ministers of the kingdom, thus provoking the anger of the king. In the end, Ichadon was executed in public, but before his head was cut off, he stated that the blood spilled from his body would not be red but milky white. According to the Samguk Yusa, his predictions proved correct, and Ichadon's milky blood horrified the ministers of the kingdom. As a result of Ichadon's martyrdom, King Beopheung finally chose Buddhism as the state religion. However, true Buddhist freedom in Silla would not begin until the reign of King Jinheung.

Beopheung sent a tribute mission to the Emperor Wu of Liang in 523. This envoy visited Liang China with the help of Baekje. In this tribute, Baekje represents Silla as a subordinate to Baekje. However, Silla acknowledges this because Baekje is needed to guard against Goguryeo and Japan.

Family
Father: Jijeung of Silla (437–514) (r. 500–514)
Mother: Queen Yeonje of the Park Clan (연제부인박씨)
Wife:
 Queen Kim of the Kim clan (조생부인 김씨), daughter of Soji of Silla
Daughter: Queen Jiso (지소태후) (? - 574) married Galmunwang Ipjong (입종 갈문왕)
Grandson: Jinheung of Silla
Grandson: General Mijinbu  (525-548)( 미진부), 2nd Pungwolju
Concubine: Princess Okjin of the Gyeongju Kim clan (옥진궁주 김씨), daughter of Wi Hwarang (위화랑), 1st Pungwolju
Son: Prince Kim Bidae-jeon (비대전군)
Son: Prince Kim Morang (모랑), 3rd Pungwolju
Concubine: Princess Bogwa (보과공주), of the Buyeo clan (부여씨), daughter of Dongseong of Baekje
Daughter: Princess Nammo (남모공주)

See also
 List of Korean monarchs#Silla
 History of Korea
 Korean Buddhism

References

Kings of Silla
Silla Buddhists
Korean Buddhist monarchs
Buddhism in Silla
540 deaths
6th-century monarchs in Asia
Year of birth unknown
6th-century Korean people

Beopheung of Silla


Robert Chester Sheets (born June 7, 1937) is an American meteorologist who served as the director of the National Hurricane Center from 1987 to 1995. He was born in Marion, Indiana. He is well remembered for numerous interviews given from the Hurricane Center during Hurricane Andrew in 1992.  Sheets also was a member and eventual director in Project Storm Fury, an attempt to modify hurricanes with silver iodide.  Since retiring in 1995, Sheets has continued his relationship with the media, becoming a special-situation hurricane analyst with ABC network affiliates in Florida.  He has also co-authored a book on hurricane information and stories.

References

Books

External links
 National Hurricane Center

American meteorologists
Living people
University of Oklahoma alumni
Ball State University alumni
1937 births
Scientists from Indiana
National Weather Service people

Bob Sheets


Aimee Boorman (born Aimee Banghart; March 27, 1973) is an American artistic gymnastics coach. She coached 2016 Olympic champion and 2013-2015 world champion Simone Biles. She was the USA women's gymnastics team head coach at the 2016 Rio Olympics.  , she serves as an assistant coach for the Netherlands' women's gymnastic team.

Early life
Aimee Boorman was born and raised by a single mother in the Rogers Park area of Chicago. She began gymnastics classes with the Chicago Park District at age 6. To help earn money at age 13, she started coaching at the Lakeshore Gymnastics Club.  She attended Lane Technical High School, which had a strong gymnastics program, where she excelled in floor exercises, winning the city championship in that event as a freshman.

She realized she would not become an Olympic gymnast herself, but she considered continuing in the sport as a coach. In college at Northern Illinois University she became a member of the social sorority Delta Phi Epsilon. While at first reluctant to continue coaching and pursue a degree, she missed the sport and took a part-time coaching position. She graduated with a business degree related to sports management in 1995. That same year, when her friend had interviews in Houston, she went along on a whim and lined up interviews for herself. She was offered a coaching job.

Coaching career
Boorman's first coaching job in Texas was at Cypress Academy of Gymnastics located in Houston. Boorman started working at Bannon's Gymnastix in 1996. She began coaching Simone Biles in 2005, when Biles was eight years old. Biles rose to prominence in 2013 after becoming U.S. national champion and world all-around champion in her senior debut.

Boorman was the head coach at Bannon's, where Biles trained under her, until 2014, when they both left. She and Biles temporarily trained at AIM Athletics in The Woodlands, Texas, until Biles' parents' new gymnastics facility, World Champions Centre, opened. The facility is located in Spring, Texas, and Boorman was the team manager and head coach.

Boorman was named head coach of the United States women gymnastics team for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.

Post-Olympics, she left World Champions Centre and took the executive director position at Evo Athletics in Sarasota, FL.

Personal life
Boorman was raised in Chicago and resides in Florida.  Boorman married husband James in 2000. Together the couple has three children.

References

External links
 Aimee Boorman at World Champion Centre

1973 births
Living people
Gymnastics coaches from Illinois
Sportspeople from Chicago
Northern Illinois University alumni
People from Spring, Texas
Olympic coaches for the United States

Aimee Boorman