Susham Bedi (1 July 1945 – 20 March 2020) was an Indian author of novels, short stories and poetry. She was a professor of Hindi language and literature at the department of Middle Eastern and Asian Languages and Cultures (MEALAC) at Columbia University, New York. She wrote predominantly about the experiences of Indians in the South Asian diaspora, focusing on psychological and 'interior' cultural conflicts. Unlike other prominent Indian American novelists she wrote mainly in Hindi rather than in English. She has been widely translated into English, French, Dutch and other languages by artists, academics, and students.

She was an actress in India in the 1960s and early 1970s. In the United States, she appeared on such shows as True Crime: New York City, Third Watch, and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and in movies such as The Guru (2002) and ABCD (1999).

Career

Early years
Bedi began her writing career in high school and college, entering local competitions and writing articles and stories for magazines. She also worked as an actress and commentator on Indian television in the late-1960s and 1970s.

She attended Delhi University and Panjab University in India and taught Hindi literature. Her PhD dissertation was published in 1984 as Innovation and Experimentation in Contemporary Hindi Drama by Parag publications in India.

From 1974 to 1979 she wrote for The Times of India as one of their correspondents from Brussels, Belgium. In 1979 she came to the United States with her husband.

Academia
Bedi was involved in exploring questions of identity, authenticity, and transformation, in her cultural criticism and academic work, and these themes are reflected as well in her fiction writing.  She was the author of eight major Hindi language novels, as well as collections of Hindi short stories and poetry. These have been widely translated and have been the subject of academic dissertations and debates on the South Asian diaspora experience.

She was also involved in Hindi language pedagogical research and developed original reading and listening comprehension materials in Hindi. Many of these materials are available on the internet. Her "Using Authentic Materials in the Language Classroom: A Case in Hindi" was included in the anthology Teaching and Acquisition of South Asian Languages (University of Pennsylvania Press).

From 1990 to 1991, she contributed to a BBC weekly program, Letters from Abroad, in which she discussed day to day issues about life in New York.

Fiction writing
Her most well-known novel is Havan (1989), which was translated into English by David Rubin and published by Heinemann International under the title The Fire Sacrifice in 1993. Her novels and short stories often feature female protagonists who are in the process of negotiating new identities which are neither fully old nor new, often finding identity and strength in the impurities in their lives. Bedi's narrative focus tends to be on the negotiative and transformative process itself, the pain and tragedy of cultural loss, but also the sense of hope and opportunity in forging new and stronger identities if one is willing to endure the transformative process. Her works are thus located squarely in the South Asian diaspora and immigrant experience.

Acting
Bedi appeared on True Crime: New York City (credited as Sushami Bedi), Third Watch, and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and in movies such as The Guru (2002) and ABCD (1999).

Personal life
She died on 20 March 2020 at the age of 74.

Actress Purva Bedi is her daughter.

Awards and recognition
In 2007, she was awarded 100,000 rupees by Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan for her contributions to Hindi language and literature.

In January 2006, she was honored by Sahitya Academy in Delhi for her contributions to Hindi literature.

Bibliography

Novels and short stories
 Maine Nata Tora (I Broke the Ties), Bhartiya Gyanpith, 2009.
 Sarak ki Laya (Rhythm of the Road, second short story collection), National Publishing House, 2007.
 Portrait of Mira, National Publishing House, Delhi, 2006.
 Morche (Battlefronts), (novel) Delhi, Vani Prakashan, 2006.
 Shabdon Ki Khirkiyan (Words as Windows), (Poetry collection) Delhi, National Publishing House, 2006.
 Nava Bhum Ki Ras-katha (Epic of the New Land), Delhi: National Publishing House, 2002.
 Gatha Amerbel Ki (Song of the Amerbel), Delhi: National Publishing House, 1999.
 Itar, (The Other), Delhi: National Publishing House, 1998.
 Chiriya Aur Cheel (The Sparrow and the Kite: Short Story Collection), Delhi: Parag, 1995.
 Katra Dar Katra (Drop by Drop), Chandigarh: Abhishek, 1994.
 Lautna, (Returning), Delhi: Parag, 1992.
 Havan (The Fire Sacrifice), Delhi: Parag, 1989.

Cultural and critical works
 Hindi Basha Ka Bhumandalikaran (The Globalization of Hindi), Samsamyil Prakashan, 2012.
 Kahan Hai Mera Gher (What is Home to me?). Vaagarth 113, Calcutta, Dec. 2004
 Diaspora me Hindi sahitya (Hindi Literature in the Diaspora: State and Direction). Bhasha 42,5, Delhi, Mar-April 2003, pp 105–112.
 "Quest for Identity: Grappling for the Literary Self in the Diaspora" Hindi: Language, Discourse and Writing. Volume 1 Issue 2. July–September 2000.
 Hindi Natya Prayog Ke Sandarbh Men (Innovation and Experimentation in Hindi Drama), Delhi: Parag, 1984.

Pedagogy
 "Bhasha Shikshan: Anubhav, Soch aur Chunotiyan ( Teaching Language: Experience, Thoughts and Challenges)". ANYATHA 1, Austin, USA, June 2004
 "Two Sides of a Coin: Heads and/or Tails" Hindi: Language, Discourse and Writing. Volume 2 Issue 4. January–March 2002.
 "Using Authentic Materials in the Language Classroom: A Case at Hand." Published in the anthology The Learning and Acquisition of South Asian Languages, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.
 "Culturally Authentic Situation Cards for the Teaching and Testing of South Asian Languages: Hindi." Published by Consortium for Language Teaching and Learning, New Haven, 1992.
 "Sunna-Samajhna: Listening Comprehension in Hindi (2 volumes and 2 videotapes: Volume I: Novice and Intermediate, Volume II: Advanced)." Published by ACTFL, Yonkers, NY, 1992.
 "Authentic Materials for Developing Reading Comprehension in Hindi (2 volumes: Volume I: Novice and Intermediate, Volume II: Advanced)." Published by ACTFL, Yonkers, NY, 1991.

References

Sources
 Asian American Novelists: A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook edited by Emmanuel S. Nelson. The entry for "Susham Bedi" includes critical appraisals, biography, bibliography, and list of recent writings on or about Susham Bedi's work.

External links
 Susham Bedi faculty page at Columbia University, with links to online writings and translations

 SAWNET entry for Susham Bedi - South Asian Women's NETwork

1945 births
2020 deaths
Hindi-language writers from India
Columbia University faculty
People from Firozpur
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi
Indian emigrants to the United States
American novelists of Indian descent
American women writers of Indian descent
American women novelists
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
Novelists from New York (state)
21st-century American women writers
American women academics

Susham Bedi


Dendrobium wassellii, commonly known as the furrowed pencil orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to a small area on Cape York Peninsula. It is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with branched stems, cylindrical, furrowed leaves and flowering stems with up to sixty crowded white flowers with a yellow labellum.

Description
Dendrobium wassellii is an epiphytic orchid with creeping, branching stems  thick. There are one or two hard, dull green leaves on the end of each branch. The leaf is more or less cylindrical,  long and about  wide with five furrows along its length. The flowering stems are  long and bear between ten and sixty crowded, sparkling white flowers  long and  wide. The sepals and petals spread widely apart from each other with their tips turned outwards. The sepals are  long, about  wide and the petals are a slightly longer but narrower. The labellum is  long, about  wide, curved and yellow with purple markings. The labellum has three lobes, the side lobes erect and blunt and the middle lobe with wavy edges and three ridges along its midline. Flowering occurs from May to June.

Taxonomy and naming
Dendrobium wassellii was first formally described in 1963 by Stanley Thatcher Blake and the description was published in Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland. The specific epithet (wassellii) honours Joseph Leathom Wassell who collected insect and orchids on Cape York and sent them to the Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, although it was not until ten years later when they were sent to the Queensland Herbarium and formally described.

Distribution and habitat
The furrowed pencil orchid grows near the top of rainforest trees, especially hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) in the Iron and McIlwraith Ranges on Cape York Peninsula.

References

wassellii
Endemic orchids of Australia
Orchids of Queensland
Plants described in 1963

Dendrobium wassellii


The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) is the statistical office of UNESCO and is the UN depository for cross-nationally comparable statistics on education, science and technology, culture, and communication.

The UIS was established in 1999. Based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, it was created to provide statistics for the UN.

The institute serves member states of UNESCO as well as intergovernmental and nongovernmental organisations, research institutes, universities, and citizens. All data is available for free.

The institute provides education data to many global reports and databases, such as the SDG global database of the UN Stats Division, the Global Education Monitoring Report, World Development Indicators and World Development Report (World Bank), Human Development Report (UNDP), and State of the World's Children (UNICEF).

Sex-disaggregated indicators are systematically integrated into all UIS data collections.

Services
 Collecting, processing, verifying, analysing, and disseminating high-quality, relevant, cross-nationally comparable data about education, science, culture, and communication
 Developing and maintaining appropriate methodologies and standards that reflect the challenges faced by countries at all stages of development
 Reinforcing the capacities of national statistical offices and line ministries to produce and use high-quality statistics
 Responding to the statistical needs of stakeholders while providing access to UIS data to a wide range of users
 Providing open access to UIS data and other products to different types of users, such as governments, international and nongovernmental organisations, foundations, researchers, journalists, and the public

Areas of work

Program highlights
Largest repository of education data: The UIS is the repository of the world's most comprehensive  education database. More than 200 countries and territories participate in the UIS annual education survey, which is the basis for calculating a wide range of indicators, from female enrollment in primary education to the mobility of higher education students. The UIS is the  official data source for Sustainable Development Goal 4 – Education 2030.
Technical Co-operation Group for SDG 4 – Education 2030 builds consensus on the SDG 4  measurement agenda and provides the opportunity for member states, multilateral agencies, and civil society groups to make recommendations to the UIS, which is responsible for coordinating the technical work needed to define and implement the global and thematic indicators.
Global Alliance to Monitor Learning provides concrete solutions to develop new indicators and set standards in learning assessment, aiming to produce the first internationally comparable measures of learning for youth and adults. It brings together technical experts from countries, partner agencies, assessment organisations, donors, and civil society groups from around the  world.
Inter-Agency Group on Education Inequality Indicators sets the standards across the UN system to report household survey data and develop new measures of equity.
International Observatory on Equity and Inclusion in Education fosters and develops the methodologies, guidelines, and research needed to build a global repository of data and standards to measure equity in education.
ISCED classification: The International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) facilitates comparisons of education statistics and indicators across countries on the basis of uniform and internationally agreed definitions.
 Education finance: The institute works closely with national statisticians and partners to improve the collection, analysis, and use of finance indicators, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. This information is critical for managing education systems, especially in the context of budget constraints.
 Global Initiative on Out-of-School Children: UNICEF and the UIS are working together to help countries reduce the number of out-of-school children. The initiative is designed to improve the data and analysis on out-of-school children in order to better identify the factors limiting their opportunities to pursue education and analyse existing interventions, identify barriers, and develop realistic strategies to increase enrolment and sustain attendance rates.
 Statistics on teachers: The UIS annually provides projections on the number of teachers required to achieve Education for All goals. The institute also produces a range of indicators on the gender, qualifications, and working conditions of teachers around the world.
 Science, technology and innovation (STI) statistics: The UIS tracks the human and financial investments in research and development worldwide through its biennial R&D survey, which will be complemented by a new survey on innovation. The institute also works with national statisticians to ensure that international surveys accurately reflect the contexts shaping STI in developing and middle-income countries.
Global survey on cultural employment: By working closely with countries around the world, the institute is producing a unique set of internationally comparable indicators that countries can use to answer key questions, such as:
What is the size of the cultural labor force?
What kinds of working conditions do these people face?
What is the social status of women in cultural employment?

UIS open data

All UIS data is freely available in different formats.

Designed for expert users, the UIS database is an online resource that provides country profiles, indicators, and data series in UNESCO's fields of competence, tools to build statistical tables, related documentation, and metadata. Developers and researchers can also use an API to download UIS data in machine-readable formats.

General users can explore the data through a series of indicator pages that present charts and tables that can easily be customised, shared, and downloaded.

The UIS also has a data visualisation gallery that features interactive products on key issues, such as women in science, children out of school, and girls' education in Africa.

Capacity building
The institute works with national statisticians and policymakers to improve data quality by providing training, diagnostic tools, standard, and guidelines on the collection, analysis, and use of statistical information. These services take many forms, from regional training workshops to on-site technical assistance projects through the UIS network of statistical advisers in the field.

Research and analysis
The UIS provides analytical services in a number of critical policy areas, such as exclusion from education, education quality, education finance, investments in research and development, etc.

Publications
The UIS publishes statistical and analytical reports in addition to methodological guides and international classifications. The institute's flagship publication, the Sustainable Development Data Digest, is available in several UN languages.

The institute also produces a series of e-atlases, using interactive maps and charts to present the data on key issues, such as Sustainable Development Goal 4 – Education 2030, gender inequality in education, literacy, teachers, and global trends in R&D.

Governance
As an autonomous organisation, the UIS has its own governing board that consists of 12 experts from different regions and organisational backgrounds. The board's primary tasks are to ensure the independence of the institute, define UIS policy and its broad functions, and approve its program and budget. In addition, the board monitors, evaluates, and advises on the institute's operations.

References

Incheon Declaration Education 2030
UIS Medium-Term Strategy 2017-2021
UIS Governing Board Report 2017

External links
 Official site of the UNESCO Institute for Statistics
 UNESCO.org Official UNESCO website
 Incheon Declaration and Framework for Action for the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 4

International organizations based in Canada
Statistical organizations
UNESCO
Organizations based in Montreal

UNESCO Institute for Statistics


National Wildlife is an American magazine published quarterly by the National Wildlife Federation (NWF), a nonprofit conservation group. In publication since 1962, and with an emphasis on wildlife conservation and natural history, it is designed to inform NWF's Associate Members and other readers about key issues relating to the nation's natural resources and environment.

History and profile
The magazine features photography, stories and articles on nature and wildlife. The magazine also reports on new discoveries about wildlife and wild animal behavior, how to garden naturally using native plants and how to attract birds, butterflies and other wildlife to backyards and gardens.

In November 2014 Lisa Moore was appointed editor-in-chief of National Wildlife. She replaced Mark Wexler in the post.

Information, advice and tips are also provided on the National Wildlife Magazine website on wildlife gardening, birding, wildlife photography, wildlife/animals and outdoor family activities.

The magazine has won many awards for its wildlife photography including Pictures of the Year International awards in 2004 and 2005.

Annual Photography Contest
National Wildlife magazine also offers an annual Photography Contest and has done so for 40 years.  Winners from the Photo Contest are published in the Magazine and on the Magazine website.

References

External links
National Wildlife Magazine's website
National Wildlife Magazine's Flickr Photo Group

Bimonthly magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1962
Magazines published in Virginia
Wildlife magazines

National Wildlife


Pinnacle Mountain is the tallest mountain contained entirely within the state of South Carolina (the state's highest point, Sassafras Mountain, is partially in North Carolina). It is located within Table Rock State Park in Pickens County, South Carolina. The summit of the mountain is accessible by hiking trails, the shortest of which is 4.2 miles one-way and begins at the Table Rock State Park Nature Center.

Pinnacle Mountain is typical of the southern Appalachians. It's mainly an eroded mountain of gentler slopes with a summit completely cloaked, principally in poplar, oaks, and other hardwoods. There is some very steep forest terrain on the eastern side of the peak, Bald Rock, where there are some cliffs and slopes.

In the late 1990s, some 600 plus prehistoric petroglyphs were discovered at Pinnacle Mountain. The petroglyphs, believed to be created by the Hopewell culture, pre-date the Cherokees and are believed to be between 1,500 and 3,500 years old.

References

Mountains of South Carolina
Protected areas of Pickens County, South Carolina
Landforms of Pickens County, South Carolina

Pinnacle Mountain (South Carolina)


Scarification or cicatrization is a form of body modification, where a design or pattern is cut, etched or scratched into human skin to make a permanent scar. Like with most body modification, there are many reasons why people choose to be scarified. The act of scarifying has been compared to tattooing due to the fact that it permanently changes the skin. It has also been identified with self harm because people have used it to cover self-inflicted wounds.

Scarification began as cultural identification in some places, especially in Maori and African societies. Other cultures may use it for religious reasons, and nearly all cultures use it for aesthetics. Some people also use scarification for pleasure, as the process of being scarified creates endorphins.

Related pages
 Body modification
 Tattoo
 Self harm

References

Body art

Scarification


The Short Chassis Volante (also known as the Short Wheel Base (SWB) Volante) was the first Aston Martin to be called an Aston Martin Volante, 'Volante' meaning 'Flying' in Italian. As it was the first Aston Martin to be called a 'Volante' any 'drop-head' version of the DB4 and DB5 series should therefore be called a 'Convertible' and not a 'Volante',

The car is a cross between the DB5 (same chassis) and DB6 (bumpers, rear church/TR4 lights, oil cooler, leather stitching), but is closer to being a DB5. Only 37 cars were ever built, being constructed on the last DB5 chassis, between October 1965 and October 1966. Calling it a "Short Chassis" is a bit of a misnomer; it is a unique Aston model. The "short" comes from comparing it to the subsequent DB6, which has a longer chassis. When compared to the DB5, it is not "short" but rather the same size.

External links
netcarshow.com – Images of a Short Chassis Volante

Short Chassis Volante

Cars introduced in 1965
Cars discontinued in 1966

Aston Martin Short Chassis Volante


James Francis 'Jim' Murphy (born August 23, 1967 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a British politician. He was the leader of the Scottish Labour Party. He was the Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of East Renfrewshire.

He was first made a Member of Parliament at the 1997 General Election for the Eastwood constituency. He has been the East Renfrewshire MP from 2005 onwards. He held two cabinet posts: Minister of State for Europe (June 2007-October 2008) and Secretary of State for Scotland (October 2008-May 2010). He was made the shadow Secretary of State for Defence in October 2010. He became the Shadow Secretary of State for International Development in 2013. He resigned from this job in November 2014 because he wanted to be the leader of the Scottish Labour Party.

On 13 December 2014 he became the leader of the Scottish Labour Party. Because he was an MP in the UK Parliament, the deputy leader of the Scottish Labour Party represented him in the Scottish Parliament. The deputy leader was Kezia Dugdale.

After the Scottish Labour Party's defeat in the 2015 general election (with Murphy himself losing his seat), Murphy resigned as party leader.

References

Other websites
Jim Murphy's website
Page at parliament.co.uk

1967 births
Living people
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Politicians from Glasgow
Secretaries of State for Scotland

Jim Murphy


Halit Mecit Kıvanç (18 February 1925 – 25 October 2022) was a Turkish television and radio presenter, humorist, sports journalist and writer. He was best known as a sports commentator.

Early years
Kıvanç was born in the Fatih district of Istanbul to trader İsmail and his wife Leman, the youngest of five siblings. His precise birthday is not known, as at that time Turkey was still using the Rumi calendar and would not transition to the Gregorian calendar for another few months. However, official documents give his birthday as February 18, 1925.

Kıvanç completed his secondary education at Pertevniyal High School in Aksaray, Istanbul. At the last grade just before the graduation, he lost his father. His brother Kemal did not allow him to earn money for the family, instead he wished that Halit go to the university. Halit then studied law at Istanbul University. Following his graduation, he attended military service for duty.

In 1950, Halit Kıvanç entered civil service to become a judge. Following a brief period of apprenticeship, he was appointed judge in Kozluk, a small town in southeastern Turkey that became shortly before a district of then Siirt Province. He served at this post in a region of deprivation only for couple of months. Kıvanç resigned and returned to Istanbul to pursue a career as a journalist that offered him much more income.

Career
Already during his university years, Halit Kıvanç was interested in journalism. His articles were published in the Law Faculty's periodical Guguk ("Cuckoo" for English). His vested interest in football, led him to write in the sports weekly Şut ("Shoot"). Later, his writings on humor got him ahead. His professional journalism career began as he was discovered by Yusuf Ziya Ortaç, the publisher of that time's notable illustrated satire and humor magazine Akbaba ("Vulture"), after his first joke was printed.

Kıvanç wrote sketches for the TRT's Radio Istanbul. Kıvanç became then a narrator as he was asked to tell the stories he wrote.

Kıvanç also wrote sports reports primarily in the newspapers Milliyet, Tercüman, Hürriyet and Güneş among others. His career as a sports commentator, which made him later famous, began as he was asked during a trip to comment on sports events that he reported in the daily Milliyet. He commented on Turkey's participation at major sports events like Olympic Games and various World championships on radio and television. Halit Kıvanç and two friends of his established in 1953 Turkey's first daily sports only newspaper Türkiye Spor. He gave up his career as a sports commentator in 1983 after the Turkish President's Football Cup.

Between 1963-1964, he was almost a year-long with the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) in the United Kingdom for training, just before television broadcasting was launched in Turkey.

In addition to all his engagements, Kıvanç was a popular on-stage presenter asked for musical events and contests. He hosted a talk show named "Halit Kıvanç'la Ustalar" (literally: "Masters with Halit Kıvanç") Sundays on the Turkish television channel NTV. Moreover, as a strong fan of Fenerbahçe S.K., he presented another talk show called "Efsanenin yeni 100 yılı" ("The Legendary's new century") at Fenerbahçe TV.

Achievements
Halit Kıvanç is considered as the person of firsts in the Turkish journalism.

In 1952, he was sent to Italy by the newspaper Türkiye Ekspres Gazetesi to interview four Turkish footballers (Bülent Eken, Bülent Esen, Şükrü Gülesin, Lefter Küçükandonyadis), who played in Italian clubs. He took this opportunity and visited the Pope in Vatican, becoming the first ever Turkish journalist to be admitted.

At a contest during the World Humorists Conference held in the United States, he came in third.

Due to late application, he did not receive a speaker's booth at Wembley Stadium for broadcasting of the football game between England and Germany at the 1966 FIFA World Cup Final. He commented on the match, which lasted two-and-half-hours with overtime, on radio in Turkey by telephone. The next day, he was told that he became the first ever reporter to give a comment of a World football cup event on the phone.

In 2005, Halit Kıvanç celebrated his 50th anniversary in his career as a sports commentator at a special event organized by the government.

Personal life and death
Kıvanç married in 1955 Bülbin, a pharmacist by profession. The couple had a son Ümit Kıvanç (born 1956), who was a columnist of the daily Radikal.

Kıvanç died on 25 October 2022, at the age of 97. Two days later, he was buried at Zincirlikuyu Cemetery.

Bibliography
His memoirs are summarized in his book Gool Diye Diye (literally: "Shouting Goal!").

Own works
 Ve Allah Gazeteciyi Yarattı (1959) İstanbul Matbaası
 Kazulet Hanımın Minisi. (with Altan Erbulak) (1968) Altın Kitaplar
 Mikrofonunu Kordonuna Göre Uzat (1977) Meta Yayınları
 Beckenbauer Futbol Okulu. (translation) (1977) Kelebek Yayınları
 Gülmece Güldürmece (1978) (1st print).Kelebek Çocuk Kitapları
 Ve Karşınızda Halit Kıvanç (1979) (1st print) Milliyet yayınları 1980, Karacan yayınları
 Gelin Yarışalım (1982) Kelebek Yayınları
 Halit Kıvanç Anlatıyor Üç Yüz Otuz Üç Fıkra (1982) Karacan yayınları
 Gool Diye Diye (1983) Hürriyet Yayınları
 Hadi Anlat Bakalım Anılar 1 (1998) (3rd print ) Yorum Kitapları
 Bulutlarla Yarışan Kadın, Halit Kıvanç Sabiha Gökçen'le söyleşiyor (1998) Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
 Çok Affedersiniz Ama... (1999) Aksoy Yayıncılık
 Telesafir Bizde TV Böyle Başladı (2002) Remzi Kitabevi
 Kupaların Kupası Dünya Kupası 1930'dan 2002'ye (2002) Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları
 Futbol! Bir Aşk... (2004) İletişim Yayınları.
 Ağlama Palyaço Makyajın Bozulur Müjdat Gezen Kitabı (2006) Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.

About him
 Engin, Aydın Bir Koltukta Kaç Karpuz Halit Kıvanç Kitabı, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları/Nehir Söyleşi Dizisi.

Discography
45 rpm vinyl singles
Şampiyonlar Şarkısı Side A- "Şampiyonlar Şarkısı" Vasfi Uçaroğlu Orchestra, Side B- "Şampiyonların 15 Golü" football matches commented by Halit Kıvanç (1965) Ezgi Plakları. 45-104 Spor Serisi No: 1
 Side A- Metin Geliyor Metin" fan music by Şevket Uğurluer, Side B- "Kralın Golleri" by Halit Kıvanç. (1966) Ezgi Plakları. 45-105
Kıbrıs 74 (1974) Music concert of Ajda Pekkan and Modern Folk Trio presented by Halit Kıvanç. (1974) Balet Plak

References

1925 births
2022 deaths
Television people from Istanbul
Pertevniyal High School alumni
Istanbul University Faculty of Law alumni
Turkish judges
Turkish humorists
Turkish sports journalists
Milliyet people
Hürriyet people
Güneş (newspaper) people
Association football commentators
Turkish newspaper publishers (people)
Turkish people of Circassian descent
Turkish radio presenters
Turkish television talk show hosts
Writers from Istanbul
Burials at Zincirlikuyu Cemetery

Halit Kıvanç


Voulí Tileórasi (, Parliament TV) is a Greek network dedicated to airing non-stop coverage of government proceedings and public affairs programming. The name comes from Greek Βουλή Voulí, meaning 'assembly', 'council', or  'parliament'; and Tileórasi, meaning television.

Overview
The primary aim of the channel is to give each citizen direct access to the inner workings of the Hellenic Parliament. It broadcasts live all sessions of parliament and the meetings of the department of parliamentary recess. Also broadcast recorded not live, the work of the various permanent parliamentary committees. Voulí TV broadcasts a daily parliamentary newscast that gives briefings on the day-to-day business of parliament, as well as information on democratic institutions and the parliamentary history of Greece.

It also features updates on the European Parliament with special emphasis on the Greek members of parliament. The network also features non-political type programming, a block of cultural programming airs daily from 6pm-Midnight, with documentaries (covering various topics such as the arts, society, nature, history and science), films, theatre, dance, opera and classical music.

Voulí TV is the only channel of its kind in Europe that broadcasts terrestrially, FTA without the need for any special equipment or subscription fees. The signal is transmitted from 19 broadcast centres on the country which enable it to reach over 50% of the population. Efforts are underway to increase transmission so that the entire country can receive the signal. Voulí is also available on satellite, the signal transmits on Hotbird 3 and HellasSat.

Programming
The main objective of the TV channel is to give every citizen, direct access to the inner workings of the Greek Parliament. Broadcast live, all sessions of Parliament, and the part of the parliamentary progress. Also on the broadcast channel, but no live recordings works of various standing committees.
Morning Reading - Information broadcast on the parliamentary activities of the day. Airs Monday to Friday at 9-10am.
Notebooks of parliamentary speech - Emission series based on the eponymous edition of the Foundation of the Hellenic Parliament. Presented and discussed major Greek political speeches of our modern history.
Parliamentary Stories - Documented facts of modern and contemporary history since the foundation of the Greek state as today, that took place in the Parliament.
What the law says - Discussion with parties rapporteurs for the legislative work.
Membership Card - Information series programs for lives in the European Union.

External links
Official Site

Hellenic Television
Television channels in Greece
Greek-language television stations
Legislature broadcasters
Hellenic Parliament
Television channels and stations established in 1999
1999 establishments in Greece

Vouli Tileorasi


The man alone is a literary stock character. Usually an antihero, he is similar to the Byronic hero. The man alone tends to epitomise existentialism, and, in the words of the academic E. H. McCormick is "the solitary, rootless nonconformist, who in a variety of forms crops up persistently in New Zealand writing".

Men alone figure frequently in the literature of newly settled or recently colonised countries such as Australia and especially New Zealand, and the term is likely to have found popularity with the publication of the "Great Kiwi Novel", Man Alone by John Mulgan in 1939 (this novel's title itself originated in a quotation from Ernest Hemingway's To Have and Have Not).

See also
Southern man

References

Male stock characters
New Zealand culture
Australian culture
Heroes
Fictional hermits

Man alone


The Pontianak Kadriyah Sultanate (Malay: کسلطانن قدريه ڤونتيانق, Kesultanan Kadriyah Pontianak) was an Islamic Malay state that existed on the western coast of the island of Borneo from the late 18th century until its disestablishment in 1950. It was founded in 1771 by Sultan Syarif Abdurrahman Ibni Alhabib Husein bin Ahmad Alkadrie, allegedly a descendant of Sayidina Husain, in the area of the mouth of the triple junction of the small Kapuas River and the porcupine river which included a small area area ceded by the Sultan of Banten to the Dutch VOC. He had two political marriages in Kalimantan, the first to the princess of the Mempawah Kingdom, Utin Chandramidi, and the second in 1768 to Ratu Syahranum (Ratoe Sarib Anom) of the Banjar Sultanate (daughter or brother of Sultan Saat/Sulaiman Saidullah I), earning him the title Pangeran Nur Alam.

The sultanate was located at the mouth of the Kapuas River in what is today the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan, and the sultan's residential palace was situated in what later grew to become the modern-day Indonesian city of Pontianak.

History

Founding
The Pontianak Sultanate was founded in 1771 by explorers from Hadhramaut led by al-Sayyid Syarif Abdurrahman al-Kadrie, a son of a Hadramaut Arab cleric from the Mempawah Kingdom and descendant of Imam Ali al-Uraidhi ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq, on Wednesday, 23 October 1771 (14 Rajab 1185 H) which was marked by clearing the forest at the junction of the Landak River, Kapuas Kecil River, and Kapuas Besar River to build a hall and house as a residence. He had two political marriages in Kalimantan, first with the daughter of Panembahan Mempawah and then with the daughter of the sultan of Banjar.

In 1778 (1192 AH), Syarif Abdurrahman was confirmed as the Sultan of Pontianak. The location of the centre of government is marked by the establishment of the Jami Mosque of Pontianak (also named Sultan Syarif Abdurrahman Mosque) and Kadariyah Palace which is now located in Dalam Bugis Village, East Pontianak District, Pontianak City, West Kalimantan.

Colonial Period

In 1778, Dutch colonialists from Batavia entered Pontianak led by Willem Ardinpalm. The sultan gave permission to the Dutch to occupy the area opposite the sultanate palace, now known as Tanah Seribu or Verkendepaal. Palm was later replaced by Wolter Markus Stuart who acted as Resident van Borneo's Wester Afdeling I (1779-1784) with a seat in Pontianak. Initially, Sultan Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadrie refused the offer of co-operation with foreigners. But after the envoy came for the second time, Syarif accepted the Dutch as a commonwealth partner with open arms.

On 5 July 1779, the Dutch made an agreement with the Sultan regarding the inhabitants of Tanah Seribu so that it could be used as an area of Dutch activities which later became the seat of government of the Regional Head of the West Borneo Prefecture (Resident het Hoofd Westeraffieling van Borneo) and the Assistant Resident Head of Pontianak Regency (Asistent Resident het Hoofd der Affleeling van Pontianak). This area later became Controleur het Hoofd Onderafdeeling van Pontianak or Hoofd Plaatselijk Bestuur van Pontianak. After the explorers arrived in Pontianak, they established the Kadariah Palace and received endorsement as the sultan of Pontianak by the Dutch East India Company in 1779.

In 1808, Sultan Syarif Abdurrahman passed away. He was buried in Batu Layang, Pontianak. Subsequently, Syarif Kasim Alkadrie (1808-1819) ascended the throne to become Sultan of Pontianak in place of his father. Under the reign of Sultan Syarif Kasim, the Pontianak Sultanate further strengthened its cooperation with the Dutch Kingdom and later the neighboring British since 1811.

After Sultan Syarif Kasim died on 25 February 1819, Syarif Usman Alkadrie (1819-1855) ascended the throne as Sultan of Pontianak. During the reign of Sultan Syarif Usman, many beneficial policies were issued by him, including by continuing the construction project of the Jami' Mosque in 1821 and the expansion of Kadriyah Palace in 1855. In April 1855, Sultan Syarif Usman gave up his position as sultan and later died in 1860.

Sultan Syarif Usman's eldest son, Syarif Hamid Alkadrie (1855-1872), was then crowned Sultan of Pontianak on 12 April 1855. And when Sultan Syarif Hamid died in 1872, his eldest son, Syarif Yusuf Alkadrie (1872-1895) ascended the throne after a few months of his father's death. Sultan Syarif Yusuf is known as the only sultan who interfered the least in government affairs. He was more active in the religious field, as well as concurrently spreading Islam.

Sultan Sharif Yusuf's reign ended on 15 March 1895. He was succeeded by his son, Syarif Muhammad Alkadrie (1895-1944) who was crowned Sultan of Pontianak on 6 August 1895. During this period, the Pontianak Sultanate's co-operative relationship with the Dutch became closer and stronger. The reign of Sultan Syarif Muhammad was the longest reign in the history of Pontianak Sultanate. He was very instrumental in encouraging renewal and modernisation in Pontianak. In the social and cultural fields, he was the first Malay sultan in West Kalimantan to dress in European regalia in addition to Malay clothing, Teluk Belanga, as official clothing. He was also the one who supported the advancement of education and health. In addition, he also encouraged the entry of European and Chinese private capital, and supported the Malays and Chinese to develop rubber, coconut and copra plantations and the coconut oil industry in Pontianak. In the political aspect, the Sultan facilitated the establishment and development of political organisations, both by sultanate relatives and community leaders.

The Pontianak Sultanate had friendly relations with the Lanfang Republic.

Japanese Occupation

The era of Sultan Syarif Muhammad's reign faded quickly with the arrival of the Imperial Japanese army to Pontianak in 1942. On 24 January 1944, considered rebellious and allied with the Dutch, the Japanese destroyed the Pontianak Sultanate and several Malay sultanates in West Kalimantan.

The Japanese had actually suspected that in West Kalimantan there were plots consisting of scholars, nobles, kings, sultans, community leaders, Chinese people, and officials. So they took the initiative to crush them with arrests. These arrests took place between September 1943 and early 1944. Not only making arrests, the Japanese also tortured and mass murdered thousands of residents of Pontianak and its surroundings. On 28 June 1944, the Japanese killed Sultan Syarif Muhammad along with several family members and relatives of the sultanate, traditional leaders, scholars, and community leaders of Pontianak. Two of his sons were also beheaded by the Japanese. The same fate also befell other kings and sultans and communities in West Kalimantan. This bloody tragedy became known as the Mandor Incident. The murder of Sultan Syarif Muhammad and the arbitrary actions of the Japanese were one of the main factors in the Dayak Desa War.

The body of Sultan Syarif Muhammad was only found in 1946 by his son named Syarif Hamid Alkadrie. Syarif Hamid survived the genocide because he was not in Pontianak. At that time he had been a Japanese prisoner of war in Batavia since 1942 and was released in 1945.

After the Proclamation of Independence

The last sultan was Syarif Hamid Alkadrie, who was interned by the occupying Japanese forces, returned to Pontianak and was crowned Sultan of Pontianak (1945-1978) on 29 October 1945 with the title Sultan Syarif Hamid II, or better known as Sultan Hamid II.

After the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945, at the initiative of Sultan Hamid II, the Pontianak Sultanate and the Malay sultanates in West Kalimantan joined the Republic of Indonesia. He supported the federal state of RIS. During this time Sultan Hamid II served as President of the State of West Kalimantan (Head of the Special Region of West Kalimantan) from 1947-1950. Sultan Hamid II designed the national emblem of indonesia, Garuda Pancasila, and adopted it as the national emblem of Indonesia. Besides being the Chairman of the Federal Consultative Assembly (Bijeenkomst voor Federaal Overleg / BFO) in 1949, he was also Minister of State Zonder Porto Folio in the Cabinet of the United Republic of Indonesia.

On 28 October 1946, the Civil Government of the Dutch East Indies as the Council of West Borneo formed the Special Region of West Kalimantan and was granted the status of Special Region on 12 May 1947. The Special Region of West Kalimantan included the monarchies (swapraja) in West Kalimantan, including the Pontianak Sultanate. At that time, Sultan Hamid II was appointed as the Head of the Special Region of West Kalimantan. Prior to 5 April 1950, the Special Region of West Kalimantan joined the Republic of Indonesia (RIS). The area then became part of the Administrative Province of Kalimantan. After the dissolution of the Republic of Indonesia on 17 August 1950, the Pontianak Sultanate area became part of West Kalimantan Province. He was deposed when he was involved in a coup d'état attempt of APRA led by Raymond Westerling.

After Sultan Hamid II passed away on 30 March 1978, there was a vacancy in the position of sultan in the Paontianak Sultanate family. The vacancy lasted for 25 years. However, on 15 January 2004, the Kadriyah Palace nobles appointed Syarif Abubakar Alkadrie as the 8th Sultan of Pontianak. Long before that, on 29 January 2001 a senior noble, Syarifah Khadijah Alkadrie bint Sultan Syarif Muhammad Alkadrie bin Sultan Syarif Yusuf Alkadrie, inaugurated the Kadriyah Palace Young Relatives of the Pontianak Sultanate. This kinship aims to maintain all Pontianak Malay cultural traditions and values, including reviving and preserving them.

List of sultans of Pontianak

Family Tree

References

melayuonline.com

Further reading

1950 disestablishments in Indonesia
States and territories established in 1771
P
West Kalimantan
Precolonial states of Indonesia
Islamic states in Indonesia
States and territories disestablished in 1950
Former sultanates
Pontianak

Pontianak Sultanate


The Archbishop's Palace () in Uppsala, Sweden, is the official residence of the Lutheran Archbishop of Uppsala, the primate of the Church of Sweden. It was designed by Carl Hårleman and first completed in 1744, on or close to the site of several earlier buildings previously serving a similar role. The palace is situated facing the University Park, close to Uppsala Cathedral in the old city centre, west of the river.

History

The medieval Archbishop's castle
A fortified castle for the Archbishops of Uppsala was erected close to the site during the 14th century on the site of the present day University Park. The castle was improved upon during the 15th century, with added towers and fortifications. It was burned and partly destroyed in 1497 and again in 1521 during the wars of Swedish independence from Denmark. The castle was restored and further extended as a royal palace during the reign of King Gustav I of Sweden but gradually fell out of use when the new Uppsala Castle was built in the 1550s, after which the old castle for many years served a subsidiary role to the new castle and was used as a source of building material for its extension. A royal stable was built in 1620, and in the mid-17th century only the foundations of the castle remained. The land was taken over by Uppsala University and used for a riding school for young noblemen. Extensive remnants of the northern tower were found during construction of the present University Hall and University Park during the 1880s. The nearby street Rundelsgränd is named after the tower remnants.

Present-day palace
The present palace was built on the site of a previous building from the 14th century, the Dean's house, which from 1691 temporarily served as the Archbishop's residence. Parts of the medieval cellars and foundation have been incorporated in the present building. In 1737 construction started on the new palace, designed by Carl Hårleman, and the building was completed in 1744. The two wings, subsidiary buildings and servant's quarters were added during the 18th century and an additional floor was added to the main building in 1767.

In 1879 the wall surrounding the ground plot was built. The main building was extensively rebuilt in 1901 and declared a national listed building in 1935. In 1993 a statue honouring former Archbishop and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Nathan Söderblom was placed next to the palace walls.

Since the official separation of the Church of Sweden from the state in 2000 the palace is owned by the Church of Sweden and remains in use as the official residence of the Archbishop.

References

Buildings and structures in Uppsala
Listed buildings in Sweden
Archdiocese of Uppsala
Episcopal palaces

Archbishop's Palace, Uppsala


Bara Katra (; Great Caravanserai) is one of the oldest historical and architectural monuments in Dhaka. The word Katra may have originated from Arabic word Katara which means colonnaded building. 'Katra/ katara' in Arabic and Persian means 'Caravan (Karwan) Sarai' or simply a 'Sarai'. It is a palatial building dating to the reign of the Mughal dynasty in the Bengal region. It is situated to the south of Chowk Bazaar close to the north bank of the river Buriganga. It was partially demolished in 2022.

History

Bara Katra was built between 1644 and 1646 AD by Mir Abul Qasim, the diwan (chief revenue official) of Mughal prince Shah Shuja. It was intended to be Shah Shuja's residence, but Shah Shuja endowed it to Mir Abul Qasem.

Less than half of the structure remains, and it is in disrepair. The Department of Archaeology has been unable to take charge of the monument owing to litigation and resistance from its owners. The owners have altered the original building and encroached upon it with new construction.

Architecture
The building follows the traditional pattern of Central Asian caravanserais and is embellished as per Mughal architecture. Originally it enclosed a quadrangular courtyard.

The southern wing extends , and fronted on the Buriganga River. In the middle is an entrance set in a three-storeyed projected bay. The gateway has an arched alcove that rises to the second story, above which are the windows of the third storey. The arched main entrance is in the centre of the alcove. The underside of the alcove, spandrels, and surrounding walls are decorated with plastered panels exhibiting a variety of forms, including four-centered, cusped, horseshoe, and flat arches. The main portion of the wing is two-storeyed and bookended by tall projected octagonal towers.

The northern wing was similar, but with a less elaborate gate. The east and west wings were single storey and about  long. In the 19th century, Orientalist James Atkinson described the building as "a stupendous pile of grand and beautiful architecture".

The southern entrance leads to a guardroom, then an octagonal domed hall (the ceiling of which is plastered and decorated with net-patters and foliage designs), and finally to the courtyard. On the ground floor of the southern wing, there are five vaulted rooms to either side of the gateway. On the upper floor, living chambers open off of a corridor. Shops and living quarters surrounded the courtyard on all four sides.

Cultural significance
During the Mughal period, Dhaka was a port city. Large merchant ship could enter into the Buriganga river. This was the major trading connection between Indonesia and Dhaka. So, it was a major hub for import and export. Bara Katra was mainly used for customs clearance and resting space for merchants and travelers. This type of Caravan Sarai which consists of so many functions and features which makes it the most unique worldwide. This increases the value of  architectural and cultural heritage of Bangladesh.

See also
 Choto Katra
 Lalbagh Fort
 List of archaeological sites in Bangladesh

References

Further reading
 Hasan, Syed Mahmudul, Muslim Monuments of Bangladesh (Dhaka: Islamic Foundation, 1980)

External links

 Bara Katra architecture

Old Dhaka
History of Dhaka
Palaces in Bangladesh
Buildings and structures in Dhaka
Royal residences in Bangladesh
Houses completed in 1646
1646 establishments in Asia
1640s establishments in India
Tourist attractions in Dhaka
Buildings and structures of the Mughal Empire

Bara Katra


Francis Pearson Lees (5 April 1931 – 18 March 1999), usually known as Frank Lees, was a chemical engineer and a professor at Loughborough University who is noted for his contribution to the field of industrial safety.

Education
Lees was born in Hexham, Northumberland. His parents sent him to the Quaker boarding school, Leighton Park School, Reading, which led to a lifelong association with the Society of Friends. He registered as a conscientious objector when called for National Service in 1948, and worked with the Friends Ambulance Unit/Post-War Service, part of the time in a British hospital.

He won an open scholarship at Trinity College, Oxford, graduating with a first class degree in Modern Languages (Russian and German) in 1954.  After a period of employment, he decided to pursue a more scientific career and took A levels in Mathematics, Chemistry and Physics.  These enabled him to start work in 1956 as an experimental officer in the Central Instrument Research Laboratory of ICI.

He studied chemical engineering part-time at West Ham College of Technology, then full-time at Imperial College, London, graduating with first class honours in 1959.  The same year he married Elizabeth, whom he had known as a student at Oxford.

Professional life
He then worked as a chemical engineer at ICI, being particularly involved in the early development of computer control of chemical plants, and later published the book "Man and Computer in Process Control by E. Edwards and F. P. Lees (1973), IChemE.

In 1967 he became a lecturer at what was then the Loughborough University of Technology.  He received a PhD from the same institution in 1969 and rose to the position of Professor of Plant Engineering in 1974.

Following the Flixborough disaster of the same year, he was appointed to a new body, the (UK) national Advisory Committee on Major Hazards.  He was later a technical assessor for the Inquiry into the Piper Alpha disaster, 1988.

Publications

He published many papers, a notable one being "The Hazard Warning Structure of Major Hazards" which showed how risks could be assessed and reduced.  However, he will be most remembered for his book Loss Prevention in the Process Industries of more than 1000 pages published in two volumes in 1980.  This was a comprehensive review of the literature on accidents – how they happen and how they might be prevented.  He took early retirement in 1990 to work on the second edition, which was published in 1996 in three volumes, indicating the growth in the field.  Most books of this type would have been the result of efforts by a large team, but he was a single author.  He had just finished the revision when he was affected by cancer, which led to his death.

According to Professor Gupta  "His work has already saved numerous casualties and enormous economic losses since many thousands have been trained using his books and research papers and have applied them in practice. This process will continue at an accelerated rate for a very long time and, thanks to the universal nature of academic activities, it is already impacting globally."

Recognition

His achievements were recognised by medals and awards from the Institution of Chemical Engineers, the Royal Society of Chemistry, and the Institute of Metals.  He was made a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1985 and was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science, DSc, honoris causa, by Loughborough University in 1998.

He did various voluntary works, and in later life was a local Magistrate.

In his honour, the Institution of Chemical Engineers instituted the Frank Lees Medal for the most meritorious publication on the topic of safety and loss prevention.  In addition, Loughborough University set up the Frank Lees Centre for Loss Prevention.

References

 The Times April 14, 1999 "Professor Frank Lees – obituary"
 Trans IChemE Vol 77, Part B, Sept 1999, pages 253-257, "Professor Frank Lees 1931-1999"
Professor Frank Lees: honorary degree oration

1931 births
1999 deaths
Imperial Chemical Industries people
British chemical engineers
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
Alumni of Imperial College London
Academics of Loughborough University
English Quakers
British conscientious objectors
English Christian pacifists
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
People from Hexham
People associated with the Friends' Ambulance Unit
Chemical engineering academics
20th-century Quakers
Process safety

Frank Lees


Weights and Measures is a 1997 album by Spirit of the West. It was their final album of new material for Warner Music Canada.

It was the band's first album following the departure of Linda McRae, to whom the final song "The Hammer and the Bell" is dedicated. It was also the band's most directly folk-influenced album in many years, as "Canadian Skye", "Rites of Man", "Circus" and "The Hammer and the Bell" are all arranged partly around traditional Celtic jigs and reels. This was once one of the band's trademarks, but one they had virtually abandoned on their 1990s albums.

The album was recorded in England at Presshouse studios owned by Jethro Tull guitarist Martin Barre. Barre appears on the album as a guest musician, along with Ric Sanders of Fairport Convention, Donald Shaw and Karen Matheson of Capercaillie, and Martin Bell from The Wonder Stuff.

For the album's supporting tour, Tobin Frank joined the band as a "special guest". He retained that billing for several years, but is now officially a member of the band.

Although the album was well received by critics, it was not widely promoted by the label, and sold poorly compared to the band's other 1990s efforts. It did not produce any hits for the band, although "Soldier's Boy" did receive limited airplay on Canadian radio.

Following this album, Spirit of the West were dropped from their record label. This was a common occurrence in the late 1990s for bands and artists  who had solid, loyal fan bases but did not enjoy multiplatinum sales.

Like other such artists, Spirit of the West moved to an independent label for their subsequent albums. Warner released a greatest hits compilation by the band, Hit Parade, in 1999, but the band did not release an album of new material until Star Trails in 2004.

Track listing
All songs written by John Mann and Geoffrey Kelly.

"Canadian Skye"  – 2:49
"Soldier's Boy"  – 3:13
"Armstrong and the Guys"  – 4:37
"Our Ambassador"  – 4:42
"Rites of Man"  – 5:06
"Bleeding Heart"  – 5:02
"Heavenly Angel"  – 4:16
"Waking the Lion"  – 3:56
"Get Down Tonight"  – 3:23
"Circus"  – 3:06
"Death of the Party"  – 4:01
"The Hammer and the Bell"  – 6:47

1997 albums
Spirit of the West albums
Albums produced by Michael Phillip Wojewoda

Weights and Measures (Spirit of the West album)


Sai Sha Road () is a main road connecting Sai Kung and Ma On Shan. It begins at the roundabout at Mak Pin, Sai Kung and passes through Three Fathoms Cove and Shap Sze Heung before traversing the new town of Ma On Shan and Wu Kai Sha and ending at Hang Tak Street in Tai Shui Hang.

The MTR Tuen Ma line track section between Heng On station and Wu Kai Sha station is placed directly above Sai Sha Road. Other than MTR stations, several estates lie next to the road. The length of the road is approximately 11.2 km. Despite the road having close to no slope, it includes many bends.

Cycling is prohibited along most of Sai Sha Road on Sundays and public holidays along the section from near Nai Chung bus stop to Mak Pin roundabout, where the road is narrow and busy with continuous double white lines and few passing places.

History
Construction of the road began in the late 1970s. It originally stretched from Tai Mong Tsai to Nai Chung, hence the original name of the road was Nai Chung Access Road. In 1986, its name was altered to Sai Sha Road and has retained this name since then. Two years later, it was open to traffic, with the connection between Sha Tin New Town and Ma On Shan finally complete.

See also

 Shui Long Wo

Sai Kung District
Sha Tin District
Tai Po District
Roads in the New Territories

Sai Sha Road


The Order of the Cross of July (French: Ordre de la Croix de Juillet) was a French Order of Merit. It was created on December 13, 1830 by King Louis-Philippe I to thank those who had helped overthrow Charles X and establish a Constitutional monarchy. The order, intended to reward the citizens who were distinguished during the 'Glorious Three Days' (27, 28 and July 29, 1830), included two decorations: the Cross of July and the July Medal.

History

The enabling law envisaged the creation of a special decoration from which the members would profit from the Order. This decoration was created by the ordinance of April 30th, 1831 under the name of the Order of the Cross of July.

It was intended for "those which were characterized by their devotion to the cause of Freedom". The citizens decorated with the Cross of July took an oath of fidelity to the King and an oath of obedience to the constitutional charter and the kingdom's laws. Military honors were given to the holders of the Cross of July as well as to those of the Légion of Honor.

A commission of the national awards, chaired by General  Fabvier, decreed the awarding of 1,789 crosses, including more than 300 to soldiers.

Design

The Cross is made up of a silver star with three enameled white branches, with the points pommetées and surmounted by a mural crown. The center of the star, formed by a gold medallion, is surrounded by an enameled crown of green oak leaves. The avers, the central medallion, is divided into three aureoles painted with the national colors, and has a French cockerel on the bottom gilded in blue aureole and the words PATRIE ET FREEDOM in red aureole. On the reverse, the central medallion is divided into three aureoles enameled with the national colors. The dates July 27, July 28, and July 29 are on the blue aureole, the year 1830 is on the white aureole and the words GIVEN BY THE ROI FRANCAIS in the red aureole.

Notable recipients

Recipients of the Cross of July include François-Vincent Raspail, Alexandre Dumas, the general Lafayette, Adolphe Thiers and François Arago.

Courage awards

Orders, decorations, and medals of France
Awards established in 1830
1830 establishments in France
Louis Philippe I

Order of the Cross of July


Sardar Awais Ahmad Khan Leghari (; born 22 March 1968) is a Pakistani politician who has been a Minister of Finance Department & Revenue Punjab from April-July 2022 & MPA (2018-2023) in Punjab Assembly. Currently he is working as Secretary General PML N Punjab. He has previously served as the Federal Minister for Power, in Abbasi cabinet from October 2017 to May 2018, Federal Minister of IT & Technology (tenure) and Chairman of Foreign Relations (tenure). He has also previously been elected as a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from 2002 to 2007 and again from March 2011 to May 2018.

Early life and education

He was born on 22 March 1968 in Lahore, Pakistan to former President of Pakistan, Farooq Leghari. Awais Leghari was enrolled into the famous Aitchison College, where he excelled at sport and extracurricular activities. While he did reasonably well in his educational commitments, it was sports where Awais truly excelled, showcasing immense potential in Tennis and winning accolades in inter-school tournaments as well as acquiring the college color in 1986.

Awais Leghari took a few gap years between high school and going to university and spent his time accompanying his father to his farms. His love for agriculture started to grow there onwards. He helped his father develop land; both barren and productive land. He then went to the University of Rochester where he received a Bachelors with Honours degree in Economics and Political Science in 1994. After returning from university he started taking care of his family farms and the passion for agriculture started growing on him. He then began to research on how to incorporate state of the art international technologies into making land more product. His love for soil grew over time, in order to make it more sustainable for agricultural purposes.

He wishes to be remembered as someone who was an honest politician who retained his principles irrespective of what political party he was affiliated with. Every time he was given a key role in a political party or the government, he contributed. Someone who took care of land, who did not exploit it but rather took care of it and saved water for this planet.  His ideal was always his father, Sardar Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari, whose principles Awais Leghari treasures and tries following till date. He remembers his father as an individual who was God fearing, and wishes to be similar and always stay close to God throughout his life.

Political Legacy and Career
Awais Leghari being a member of a political family actively engaged in the socio-economic developmental issues of the area as well as the country and entered the political electoral arena in 1997. He won the provincial seat from Jampur, PP-204, as an independent candidate in 1997, and entered the Punjab Assembly. Thrust into the world of politics, Awais Leghari led by his Father's example, worked hard taking care of his constituents as well as ensuring development work in the area.

In 2002, he contested in the elections and won a National Assembly seat from the Millat Party, which was led by his father and was a part of the Grand National Alliance. Afterwards, Millat Party along with Sindh Democratic Alliance merged with the ruling PML-Q in May 2004. Awais Leghari became one of the senior vice presidents of the newly constituted party.

In 2002 General Elections he was elected to both Provincial PP-204 (Rajanpur-1) and National NA-173 (National Assembly seats. He chose to be a member of the National Assembly on a ticket of National Alliance (Pakistan) from NA-173 (D.G.Khan-III) in 2002 Pakistani general election. He served as Minister for Information Technology and Telecommunications.

Carrying on his father's legacy, Awais and his elder brother Jamal Leghari led their political group and took their constituents' input to carry on as an effective group.  Awais left PML-Q in 2010 when the party joined the PPP-led coalition government. Awais Leghari contested and won the NA-172 seat as an independent candidate in the 2013 general elections, and later joined the ruling PML-N with his group of two MNAs and four MPAs. Aside from his National Assembly duties as a PML-N lawmaker, he chaired the prestigious National Assembly Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs. He was very active as Chairman and took some innovative initiatives like forming a link between the academia and the Parliament to have a research based platform to work from.

He ran for the seat of the National Assembly on a ticket of Pakistan Muslim League (Q) from NA-173 (D.G.Khan-III) in 2008 Pakistani general election but was unsuccessful.

He was elected again as the member of the National Assembly from NA-172 (D.G.Khan-II) in by-election held in March 2011. The seat became vacant after his father Farooq Leghari died who won the seat in 2008 election.

He returned as the member of the National Assembly as an independent candidate from NA-173 (D.G.Khan-III) in 2013 Pakistani general election. Later he joined Pakistan Muslim League (N) in May 2013.

Following the election of Shahid Khaqan Abbasi as Prime Minister of Pakistan in August 2017, he was inducted into the federal cabinet of Abbasi. He was sworn in as Federal Minister without any portfolio on 4 August 2017.

He was offered the portfolio of ministry of science and technology but he refused to accept it. Reportedly, he demanded the portfolio of privatization. In October 2017, he was made Federal Minister for Power. Upon the dissolution of the National Assembly on the expiration of its term on 31 May 2018, Leghari ceased to hold the office as Federal Minister for Power.

In the General Elections of 2018, he lost both the National Assembly and the Provincial Assembly seats, but was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PML-N from Constituency PP-292 (Dera Ghazi Khan-VIII) in by-election held on 14 October 2018.

Federal Minister Telecom and Information Technology (2002-2007)
Tasked with the Ministry of Telecom and Information Technology, Awais shifted to Islamabad to fulfill his newfound duties and worked efficiently to deregulate the telecom sector and privatized Ufone and PTCL. Despite immense pressure that came with the decision, Awais stood tall and came up with alternatives such as 'the voluntary separation scheme,' to provide an opportunity to staff that had to be laid off, which helped stem PTCL's privatization issues. The privatization of PTCL earned the economy billions of Rupees.  Due to his active work, Mobile telephony increased from 2.8 million to over 65 million from 2002-2007; a manifold boost that had never been witnessed before. Recognized as a performing ministry, Awais was nominated and selected as a Young Global Leader from the World Economic Forum, where his visits to Davos were used to highlight problems such as terrorism and poverty that Pakistan was facing.

He initiated the ICT R&D fund and Universal Service fund to create opportunities for backward areas to receive telecom and IT facilities, hundreds of thousands of jobs and scholarships for higher studies. In 2005, Pakistan won the GSM award for best cellular policy which had been drafted by Awais Leghari's Ministry.

Chairman Fort Munroe Development Authority
Awais Leghari was made Chairman of the Forest Company of South Punjab and Chairman of the Fort Munroe Development Authority in 2016 when Shehbaz Sharif was C.M, Punjab. He aimed to bring South Punjab to the forefront of development and envisaged Fort Monroe as a clean and beautiful hill resort with botanical gardens, clean drinking water, proper sewage, apt garbage collection and reasonable amenities. As Chairman of the South Punjab Forest Company, he envisaged a public private partnership to bring 70 000 acres of blank, barren land under forestation. This project could have benefited the economy of the Country, reduced carbon emissions, made South Punjab green and raised the income level of the population of this region considerably. However, this project was scrapped by the next government.

Chairman of the Standing Committee of Foreign Affairs
The position of Chairman of the standing committee of foreign affairs had been held by prominent personalities such as Asfandyar Wali head of ANP and late Benazir Bhutto. But given the week committee system in the Pakistan government, documentation and contributions of this committee had not been previously kept on record.

Awais Leghari when chaired the committee, the members included prominent personalities like Shah Mehmood Qureshi, Shireen Mazari, Aftab Khan Sherpao, Haider Hoti (Former CM KPK), Mehmood Khan Achakzai. Awais Leghari acquired the position with the vision to establish a benchmark for the committee.

After studying the foreign relations committee of other countries, Moeed Yousuf (National Security Advisor) who was at the time working as a Vice President at United States Institute of Peace (USIP) in Washington, helped finance the relations of the foreign affairs committee through the national secretariat and the academia. Students from NUST were then recruited and headed by the senior faculty at NUST, to create, research and suggest solutions to various historical, contemporary and upcoming scenarios in the international world. The students studied Pakistan's relations with various sovereign entities and weighed the pros and cons of each relationship, analyzing the circumstances of each situation and accessing it. The committee would then discuss the conclusive research with experts of foreign relations and relevant personals at the foreign office of Pakistan. Experts such as Ambassador to European Union, Jahangir Ashraf Qazi, Maliha Lodhi and Riaz Muhammad Khan were invited to discuss each research. The Ambassador to Afghanistan and China were also subsequently invited to discuss the bilateral relations Pakistan had with each of these countries. The committee also held public hearings.

Awais Leghari during his 3-year tenure as the chairman made concrete efforts to constitutionalize the committee. The committee also authored many papers to formalize the contributions made during this time. The committee also sent a written recommendation to the foreign office on behalf of the national assembly regarding the bilateral relations of Pakistan with India and Afghanistan. This was a milestone for the Foreign Affairs Committee previously never set or achieved. The committee recommended a Pak-Afghan Policy to the foreign office, and within 6–7 months the Government of Pakistan announced a Pak-Afghan Policy remarkably similar to the one authored by the Foreign Affairs Committee.

References

1971 births
Living people
Baloch people
Punjab MPAs 1997–1999
Pakistani MNAs 2002–2007
Pakistani MNAs 2008–2013
Pakistani MNAs 2013–2018
Pakistan Muslim League (N) MNAs
Government ministers of Pakistan
Information Ministers of Pakistan
Awais
People from Dera Ghazi Khan District
University of Rochester alumni

Awais Leghari


Christopher Stuart Nourse (born August 1946) is a British arts administrator.

Nourse was born in Salisbury, Wiltshire and educated at Hurstpierpoint College, followed by a bachelor's degree in law, politics and philosophy from the University of Edinburgh, and the Middle Temple.

Nourse was administrative director of Sadler's Wells Royal Ballet (now Birmingham Royal Ballet), assistant to the general director at the Royal Opera House, administrative director of the Royal Opera House Trust, executive director of Rambert Dance Company, and managing director of English National Ballet. Subsequent freelance work included administrating the National Dance Awards and establishing and project managing the annual Dance Proms at the Royal Albert Hall. He has been chairman of the Dancers' Pension Scheme and a Trustee of the Candoco Dance Company and of Youth Dance England.

Nourse is executive director of the Frederick Ashton Foundation. He is also a Governor of The Royal Ballet Companies and School and chairman of the Dame Margot Fonteyn Scholarship Fund.

Nourse is in a civil partnership with Charles Shu Ming Chan and lives in central London. He is a member of the Travellers Club and an Honorary Steward of Westminster Abbey.

References

1946 births
Living people
People educated at Hurstpierpoint College
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
People from Salisbury

Christopher Nourse


Isaäc van Hoornbeek (9 December 1655 – 17 June 1727) was Grand Pensionary of Holland, the political official of the entire Dutch Republic, from 12 September 1720 until his death in 1727.

Hoornbeek was born in Leiden.  He served as pensionary of Rotterdam before 1720.  He died, aged 71, in The Hague.

References

Extensive biography from the Dutch National Archives .

1655 births
1727 deaths
Dutch States Party politicians
Grand Pensionaries
People from Leiden

Isaac van Hoornbeek


Aeronomy is the scientific study of the upper atmosphere of the Earth and corresponding regions of the atmospheres of other planets. It is a branch of both atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics. Scientists specializing in aeronomy, known as aeronomers, study the motions and chemical composition and properties of the Earth's upper atmosphere and regions of the atmospheres of other planets that correspond to it, as well as the interaction between upper atmospheres and the space environment. In atmospheric regions aeronomers study, chemical dissociation and ionization are important phenomena.

History
The mathematician Sydney Chapman introduced the term aeronomy to describe the study of the Earth's upper atmosphere in 1946 in a letter to the editor of Nature entitled "Some Thoughts on Nomenclature." The term became official in 1954 when the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics adopted it. "Aeronomy" later also began to refer to the study of the corresponding regions of the atmospheres of other planets.

Branches
Aeronomy can be divided into three main branches: terrestrial aeronomy, planetary aeronomy, and comparative aeronomy.

Terrestrial aeronomy

Terrestrial aeronomy focuses on the Earth's upper atmosphere, which extends from the stratopause to the atmosphere's boundary with outer space and is defined as consisting of the mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere and their ionized component, the ionosphere. Terrestrial aeronomy contrasts with meteorology, which is the scientific study of the Earth's lower atmosphere, defined as the troposphere and stratosphere. Although terrestrial aeronomy and meteorology once were completely separate fields of scientific study, cooperation between terrestrial aeronomers and meteorologists has grown as discoveries made since the early 1990s have demonstrated that the upper and lower atmospheres have an impact on one another's physics, chemistry, and biology.

Terrestrial aeronomers study atmospheric tides and upper-atmospheric lightning discharges such as red sprites, sprite halos, blue jets, and ELVES. They also investigate the causes of  dissociation and ionization processes in the Earth's upper atmosphere. Terrestrial aeronomers use ground-based telescopes, balloons, satellites, and sounding rockets to gather data from the upper atmosphere.

Atmospheric tides

Atmospheric tides are global-scale periodic oscillations of the Earth′s atmosphere, analogous in many ways to ocean tides. Atmospheric tides dominate the dynamics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, serving as an important mechanism for transporting energy from the upper atmosphere into the lower atmosphere. Terrestrial aeronomers study atmospheric tides because an understanding of them is essential to an understanding of the atmosphere as a whole and of benefit in improving the understanding of meteorology. Modeling and observations of atmospheric tides allow researchers to monitor and predict changes in the Earth's atmosphere.

Upper-atmospheric lightning

"Upper-atmospheric lightning" or "upper-atmospheric discharge" are terms aeronomers sometimes use to refer to a family of electrical-breakdown phenomena in the Earth's upper atmosphere that occur well above the altitudes of the tropospheric lightning observed in the lower atmosphere. Currently, the preferred term for an electrical-discharge phenomenon induced in the upper atmosphere by tropospheric lightning is "transient luminous event" (TLE) . There are various types of TLEs including red sprites, sprite halos, blue jets, and  ELVES (an acronym for "Emission of Light and Very-Low-Frequency perturbations due to Electromagnetic Pulse Sources") .

Planetary aeronomy
Planetary aeronomy studies the regions of the atmospheres of other planets that correspond to the Earth's mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere, and ionosphere. In some cases, a planet's entire atmosphere may consist only of what on Earth constitutes the upper atmosphere, or only a portion of it. Planetary aeronomers use ground-based telescopes, space telescopes, and space probes which fly by, orbit, or land on other planets to gain knowledge of the atmospheres of those planets through the use of instruments such as interferometers, optical spectrometers, magnetometers, and plasma detectors and techniques such as radio occultation. Although planetary aeronomy originally was confined to the study of the atmospheres of the other planets in the Solar System, the discovery since 1995 of exoplanets has allowed planetary aeronomers to expand their field to include the atmospheres of those planets as well.

Comparative aeronomy
Comparative aeronomy uses the findings of terrestrial and planetary aeronomy — traditionally separate scientific fields —  to compare the characteristics and behaviors of the atmospheres of other planets with one another and with the upper atmosphere of Earth. It seeks to identify and describe the ways in which differing chemistry, magnetic fields, and thermodynamics on various planets affect the creation, evolution, diversity, and disappearance of atmospheres.

Notes

See also

Atmospheric chemistry
Atmospheric physics
Exosphere
Ionosphere
Mesosphere
Meteorology
Space physics
Thermosphere

References

External links

The NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory

Atmospheric chemistry
Atmospheric physics
Electrical phenomena
Lightning
Space physics
Atmospheric sciences

Aeronomy


A Great Day in Harlem is a 1994 American documentary film directed by Jean Bach about the photograph of the same name. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.

Director Jean Bach acquired an original home movie showing the 1958 photo shoot from musician Milt Hinton. She used Hinton's home video as the basis for her hour-long documentary. In a piece published in The New Yorker, jazz critic Whitney Balliett praised Bach's film as "a brilliant, funny, moving, altogether miraculous documentary."

Jean Bach described how, upon the film's release, a number of similar photographs employed the "A Great Day in..." theme. Hugh Hefner assembled Hollywood-area musicians for "A Great Day in Hollywood" in conjunction with a sneak preview of A Great Day in Harlem. Soon after, "A Great Day in Philadelphia" included musicians such as Jimmy Heath, Benny Golson and Ray Bryant. During the filming of Kansas City, musicians including Jay McShann posed for "A Great Day in Kansas City."  A multi-page supplement in The Star-Ledger featured "A Great Day in Jersey," while a Dutch photograph was titled "A Great Day in Haarlem."

The trend spread to other styles of music, with Houston blues musicians posing for "A Great Day in Houston."  "A Great Day in Hip Hop" was followed by XXL's "The Greatest Day in Hip Hop."  An Atlanta radio station gathered musicians for "A Great Day in Doo-Wop."  A New York cellist, inspired by both the original photograph and the film, assembled chamber musicians for "A Great Day in New York."  The New York Post ran "A Great Day in Spanish Harlem."

By 2004, The New York Times was referring to the original photograph as A Great Day in Harlem.

References

External links

1994 films
1994 documentary films
American documentary films
Documentary films about jazz music and musicians
Films set in Harlem
Documentary films about New York City
1990s English-language films
1990s American films

A Great Day in Harlem (film)


Youssou N'Dour (, ; also known as Youssou Madjiguène Ndour; born 1 October 1959) is a Senegalese singer, songwriter, musician, composer, occasional actor, businessman, and politician. In 2004, Rolling Stone described him as, "perhaps the most famous singer alive" in Senegal and much of Africa and in 2023, the same publication ranked him at number 69 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time. From April 2012 to September 2013, he was Senegal's Minister of Tourism.

N'Dour helped develop a style of popular Senegalese music known by all Senegambians (including the Wolof) as mbalax, a genre that has sacred origins in the Serer music njuup tradition and ndut initiation ceremonies. He is the subject of the award-winning films Return to Gorée (2007) directed by Pierre-Yves Borgeaud and Youssou N'Dour: I Bring What I Love (2008) directed by Elizabeth Chai Vasarhelyi, which were released around the world.

In 2006, N'Dour was cast as Olaudah Equiano in the film Amazing Grace.

Early life

Ethnically, N'Dour is Serer, born to a Serer father and a Toucouleur mother. However, culturally, N'Dour is Wolof. He was born in Dakar. He started performing at age 12 and would later perform regularly with the Star Band, Dakar's most popular group during the 1970s.

Despite N'Dour's maternal connection to the traditional griot caste, he was not raised in that tradition, which he learned instead from his sibling. Although patrilineally from the noble N'Dour family, his parents' world-view encouraged a modern outlook, leaving him open to two cultures and thereby inspiring N'Dour's identity as a modern griot. As a Mouride disciple, taalibé in Wolof, a Muslim of the Mouride brotherhood, one of the large four Sufi orders in Senegambia, he often incorporated aspects of Islamic music and chants into his work.

Music career
At the age of 15, Youssou N'Dour joined Super Diamono and, in 1975, toured with the band in West Africa.

In 1976 when N'Dour was 16 years old, he signed a contract to sing with Ibra Kasse's Star Band at Kasse's Miami club in Dakar where he would become a sensation.

In 1978, N'Dour would follow as several members of the Star Band left to form Étoile de Dakar, a band that made important contributions to Senegal's newly evolving musical style called Mbalax which incorporated traditional Senegalese music into the Latin styles that had dominated Senegalese popular music. Although they quickly became one of the city's most popular bands, the group was short-lived due to internal problems. Étoile de Dakar split into two groups: Étoile 2000 and Super Étoile de Dakar.   The latter group included N'Dour,  guitarist Jimi Mbaye, bassist Habib Faye, and tama (talking drum) player Assane Thiam. Super Étoile de Dakar produced four albums on cassette in just a few months and eventually evolved into N'Dour's backing band.

By 1991, he had opened his own recording studio, and, by 1995, his own record label, Jololi.

N'Dour is one of the most celebrated African musicians in history. His mix of traditional Senegalese mbalax with eclectic influences ranging from Cuban rumba to hip hop, jazz, and soul has won him an international fan base of millions. In the West, N'Dour has collaborated with Peter Gabriel, Axelle Red, Sting, Alan Stivell, Bran Van 3000, Neneh Cherry, Wyclef Jean, Paul Simon, Bruce Springsteen, Tracy Chapman, James Newton Howard, Branford Marsalis, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Dido, Lou Reed, Bruce Cockburn, and others.

The New York Times described his voice as an "arresting tenor, a supple weapon deployed with prophetic authority". N'Dour's work absorbed the entire Senegalese musical spectrum, often filtered through the lens of genre-defying rock or pop music from outside Senegalese culture.

In July 1993, Africa Opera composed by N'Dour premiered at the Opéra Garnier for the French Festival Paris quartier d'été.

In 1994, N'Dour released his biggest international hit single, the trilingual "7 Seconds", a duet sung with Neneh Cherry.

He wrote and performed the official anthem of the 1998 FIFA World Cup with Axelle Red "La Cour des Grands (Do You Mind If I Play)".

Folk Roots magazine described him as the African Artist of the Century. He toured internationally for thirty years. He won his first American Grammy Award (best contemporary world music album) for his CD Egypt in 2005.

He is the proprietor of L'Observateur, one of the widest-circulation newspapers in Senegal, the radio station RFM (Radio Future Medias) and the TV channel TFM.

In 2002, N'Dour was honoured with a Prince Claus Award, under that year's theme "Languages and transcultural forms of expression".

In 2006, N'Dour played the role of the African-British abolitionist Olaudah Equiano in the movie Amazing Grace, which chronicled the efforts of William Wilberforce to end slavery in the British Empire.

In 2008, N'Dour offered one of his compositions, Bébé, for the French singer Cynthia Brown.

In 2011, N'Dour was awarded an honorary doctoral degree in music from Yale University.

In 2013, N'Dour won a share of Sweden's $150,000 Polar music prize for promoting understanding between faiths as well as for his music.

Activism
N'Dour was nominated as Goodwill Ambassador of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) on 16 October 2000.

In Senegal, N'Dour became a powerful cultural icon, actively involved in social issues. In 1985, he organized a concert for the release of Nelson Mandela. He was a featured performer in the 1988 worldwide Amnesty International Human Rights Now! Tour collaborating with Lou Reed on a version of the Peter Gabriel song "Biko" which was produced by Richard James Burgess and featured on the Amnesty International benefit album The Secret Policeman's Third Ball. He worked with the United Nations and UNICEF, and he started Project Joko to open internet cafés in Africa and to connect Senegalese communities around the world.

In 2003, N'Dour cancelled an upcoming American tour in order to publicly deny support for the upcoming American invasion of Iraq. In a public statement explaining his decision, N'Dour said:It is my strong conviction that the responsibility for disarming Iraq should rest with the United Nations. As a matter of conscience I question the United States government's apparent intention to commence war in Iraq. I believe that coming to America at this time would be perceived in many parts of the world--rightly or wrongly--as support for this policy, and that, as a consequence, it is inappropriate to perform in the US at this juncture.He performed in three of the Live 8 concerts (in Live 8 concert, London, Live 8 concert, Paris and at the Live 8 concert, Eden Project in Cornwall) on 2 July 2005, with Dido. He covered John Lennon's "Jealous Guy" for the 2007 CD Instant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur. N'Dour appeared in a joint Spain-Senegal ad campaign to inform the African public about the dramatic consequences of illegal immigration. He participated in the Stock Exchange of Visions project in 2007.

In 2008, he joined the Fondation Chirac's honour committee. The same year, Youssou N'Dour's microfinance organization named Birima ("Birima" is also a song's title) was launched with the collaboration of United Colors of Benetton.

In 2009, he released his song "Wake Up (It's Africa Calling)" under a Creative Commons license to help IntraHealth International in their IntraHealth Open campaign to bring open source health applications to Africa. The song was remixed by a variety of artists including Nas, Peter Buck of R.E.M., and Duncan Sheik to help raise money for the campaign.

N'Dour is a supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which advocates for democratic reformation of the United Nations.

N'Dour is a member of the Canadian charity Artists Against Racism.

Political career
At the beginning of 2012, he announced plans to stand as a candidate in the 2012 Senegalese presidential election, competing against President Abdoulaye Wade. However, he was disqualified from running in the election over the legitimacy of the signatures he had collected to endorse his campaign. N'Dour backed the opposition candidate Macky Sall, who defeated Wade in a second round of voting in March 2012. N'Dour was appointed as Minister of Culture and Tourism in April 2012 as part of the cabinet of new Prime Minister Abdoul Mbaye. The story of N'Dour's presidential campaign was filmed for the PBS TV program Sound Tracks: Music Without Borders. Later his portfolio was modified and he was appointed as Minister of Tourism and Leisure. He was dismissed from that post on 2 September 2013, when a new government under Prime Minister Aminata Touré was appointed. N'Dour was instead appointed as Special Adviser to the President, with the rank of minister, and tasked with promoting the country abroad.

Awards and nominations
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Nominee(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|
|-
! scope="row"| Brit Awards
| 1995
| International Male Solo Artist
| Himself
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|Danish Music Awards
| 1995
| Best International Song
| "7 Seconds"
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| Edison Award
| 1994
| Best Pop International
| The Guide (Wommat)
|
|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6|Grammy Awards
| 1993
| rowspan=3|Best World Music Album
| Eyes Open
|
|rowspan=6|
|-
| 1995
| The Guide (Wommat)
|
|-
| 2001
| Joko: The Link
|
|-
| 2004
| rowspan=3|Best Contemporary World Music Album
| Nothing's In Vain (Coono du Réér)
|
|-
| 2005
| Egypt
|
|-
| 2009
| Rokku Mi Rokka
|
|-
! scope="row"|Ivor Novello Awards
| 1995
| International Hit of the Year
| "7 Seconds"
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| La Mar de Música Awards
| 2020
| Festival Award
| rowspan=6|Himself
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | Lunas del Auditorio
| 2004
| Espectaculo Alternativo
|
|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=4|MOBO Awards
| 2001
| rowspan=3|Best World Music Act
|
|
|-
|2003
|
|
|-
| 2004
|
|
|-
|2005
|Best African Act
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| MTV Europe Music Awards
| 1994
| Best Song
| "7 Seconds"
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| Montreal International Jazz Festival
| 2011
| Antonio Carlos Jobim Award
| rowspan=3|Himself
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|Polar Music Prize
| 2013
| Polar Music Prize
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|Praemium Imperiale
| 2017
| Music
|
|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2|Victoires de la Musique
| 2001
| rowspan=2|World Music Album of the Year
| Joko
|
|
|-
| 2011
| Dakar – Kingston
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|Urban Music Awards
| 2023
| Artist of the Year (Africa)
| Himself
|
|

Discography

Early cassettes
This numbered series of cassettes was released in Senegal between 1982 and 1988, and was credited to Youssou N'Dour & Le Super Etoile de Dakar.

 Vol 1 Tabaski
 Vol 2 Ndakarou
 Vol 3 Independence
 Vol 4 Banjoly N'Diaye
 Vol 5 Yarou
 Vol 6 Marguedy
 Vol 7 Daby
 Vol 8 Immigres
 Vol 9 Africa
 Vol 10 Ndobine
 Vol 11 Bekoor
 Vol 12 Jamm
 Vol 13 Kocc Barma
 Vol 14 Gainde

Albums

Ndiadiane Ndiaye (1982)
Mouride (1982)
Independance Vol. 3 (1982)
Show!!! A Abidjan (1983)
Djamil Inédits 84-85 (1985)
Immigrés (1985)
Nelson Mandela (1985)
The Lion (1989)
Set (1990)
Eyes Open (1992)
The Guide (Wommat) (1994)
Gainde – Voices from the Heart of Africa (1995)
Djamil (1996) – anthology
Lii (1996)
St. Louis (1997)
Special Fin D'annee Plus (1998)
Le Grand Bal a Évry (1999)
Rewmi (1999)
Joko: From Village to Town (2000)
Joko: The Link (2000)
Le Grand Bal (2000)
Ba Tay (2001)
Le Grand Bal a Bercy (2001)
Nothing's in Vain (Coono Du Réér) (2002)
Kirikou Et La Sorciere (2004)
Egypt (2004)
Jigeen Gni (2005) – single
Alsaama Day (2007)
Rokku Mi Rokka (2007) – No. 30 in Rolling Stones Top 50 Albums of 2007.
I Bring What I Love (2008) – film soundtrack
Special Fin D'annee: Salagne-Salagne (2009)
Dakar – Kingston (2010)
Mbalakh Dafay Wakh (2011)
Fatteliku (2014)
#Senegaal Rek (2016)
Africa Rekk (2016)
Seeni Valeurs (2017)
Respect (2018)
History (2019)
Mbalax (2021)

Compilation albums
Diongoma (1983)
Special Noël (1993)
The Best Of Youssou N'Dour (1995)
Euleuk Sibir with Omar Pene (You et Pene) (1996)
Immigrés/Bitim Rew (1997)
Inedits 84–85 (1997)
Best of the 80's (1998)
Hey You: The Essential Collection 1988–1990 (1998)
Birth Of A Star (2001)
Youssou N'Dour and His Friends (2002)
The Rough Guide To Youssou N'Dour & Etoile de Dakar (2002)
Céy You (2003)
Le Grand Bal: Paris-Bercy (2003)
4.4.44 (2004)
Bercy 2004 vol. 1 & 2 (2004)
7 Seconds: The Best Of Youssou N'Dour (Remastered) (2004)
Bercy 2005 (2005)
Le Grand Bal: Bercy 2008 (2008)
From Senegal to the world (2012)
Le Grand Bal: Bercy 2013 (2013)
Africa Rekk (Réédition) (2017)
Raxas Bercy 2017 (2017)
Le Grand Show (2019)

Collaborations
 1986: So from Peter Gabriel –- backing vocals on "In Your Eyes".
 1989: Passion from Peter Gabriel – backing vocals on "A Different Drum", "Passion".
 1990: Shaking the Tree: Sixteen Golden Greats from Peter Gabriel - "Mercy Street" and "Shaking the Tree".
 1990: Le mani e l'anima from Italian singer Claudio Baglioni - "Oltre" album.
 2000: Album Solidays – song "Qui sait?" – for the association Solidarité sida – with Anggun, Patrick Bruel, Stephan Eicher, Faudel, Peter Gabriel, Lââm, Lokua Kanza, Nourith, Axelle Red & Zucchero.
 2003: Hit from Peter Gabriel – backing vocals on "In Your Eyes".
 2005: Live 8: One Day, One Concert, One World – DVD Various Artists - Youssou N'Dour sings "7 Seconds" with Dido.
 2005: Live 8 Paris : DVD Various Artists – N'Dour sings at the end of the concert "New Africa/Lima Weesu".
 2007: Instant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign To Save Darfur Various Artists – N'Dour sings "Jealous Guy".
 2008: Bord Ezanga Kombo from Koffi Olomide – N'Dour on "Festival".
 2009: Les Amis Du Monde with the Lebanese diva Majida El Roumi for The Francophone Games Opening – 2009 in Beirut
 2020: Twice as Tall from Burna Boy – on track 4
 2020: L'Ours with Christophe Maé

Singles

Films
Amazing Grace (2006)
As Olaudah Equiano. "A central figure in the abolitionist movement in Great Britain, Olaudah Equiano (c. 1745–97) wrote an eyewitness account of his life as a slave and of his work in the anti-slavery movement: The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano."
As a musician on the film's soundtrack.
Retour à Gorée (2007)
As himself, journeying from the island of Gorée to the USA and back, exploring the origins of jazz, which go back to the era of slave trade in Africa, through a concert performed by an international group of artists.
Youssou N'Dour: I Bring What I Love (2008)
As himself, through the recording of the Egypt album and its repercussions.
Released in the US on DVD by Oscilloscope Laboratories.

Notes

References

External links

 – official site

Youssou N'Dour at African Music Encyclopedia
Youssou N'Dour interview at Afropop Worldwide, May 2004
Youssou N'Dour World Music Legends at GlobalRhythm.net
Youssou N'Dour article Senegal Superstar Wins Grammy for "Egypt" at World Beat Planet, 16 February 2005
Youssou N'Dour article Youssou N'Dour, "Egypt" and Islam on National Public Radio

Youssou N'Dour film Youssou N'Dour: I bring what I love at IMDb
Youssou N'Dour role in the film Amazing Grace
Youssou N'Dour video interview Visions of Youssou N'Dour on Stock Exchange of Visions
Youssou N'Dour at IntraHealth Open, featuring N'Dour's track "Wake Up (It's Africa Calling)"

Serer singers
Serer politicians
1959 births
Living people
21st-century Senegalese male singers
People from Dakar
Wolof-language singers
English-language singers from Senegal
French-language singers
Grammy Award winners
MTV Europe Music Award winners
Senegalese Muslims
World music musicians
Culture ministers of Senegal
Tourism ministers of Senegal
Male songwriters
20th-century Senegalese male singers

Youssou N'Dour