Jean Toomer (born Nathan Pinchback Toomer; December 26, 1894 – March 30, 1967) was an American poet and novelist commonly associated with the Harlem Renaissance, though he actively resisted the association, and with modernism. His reputation stems from his novel Cane (1923), which Toomer wrote during and after a stint as a school principal at a black school in rural Sparta, Georgia. The novel intertwines the stories of six women and includes an apparently autobiographical thread; sociologist Charles S. Johnson called it "the most astonishingly brilliant beginning of any Negro writer of his generation". He resisted being classified as a Negro writer, as he identified as "American". For more than a decade Toomer was an influential follower and representative of the pioneering spiritual teacher G.I. Gurdjieff. Later in life he took up Quakerism.

Toomer continued to write poetry, short stories and essays. His first wife died soon after the birth of their daughter. After he married again in 1934, Toomer moved with his family from New York to Doylestown, Pennsylvania. There he became a member of the Religious Society of Friends (also known as Quakers) and retired from public life. His papers are held by the Beinecke Rare Book Library at Yale University.

Ancestry
Born Nathan Pinchback Toomer in Washington, D.C. in 1894, the son of Nathan Toomer (1839–1906), a former enslaved man and farmer of mixed race, and his third wife Nina Elizabeth Pinchback (1866–1909), whose parents became free people of color prior to the Civil War. His father was born into slavery in Chatham County, North Carolina and was later sold with members of his family to John Toomer, in Houston County, Georgia in the 1850s. After the death of John Toomer, his brother Henry Toomer became owner of the family with Nathan assigned to be his personal valet and assistant. Nathan would remain in this position after the Civil War and learned the ways of the white upper class. He later took his former enslaver's surname, "Toomer" after emancipation.

His father was married three times. His first marriage produced four daughters. After the death of his first wife, Nathan Sr. married Amanda America Dickson, a former enslaved woman of mixed race whose inheritance from her white father resulted in great wealth. She was called the "wealthiest colored woman in America." She died intestate in 1893 after about a year of marriage. A legal struggle with her children, which did not end until years after his third marriage, left the senior Nathan with little to no inheritance.

In 1893, the now 54-year-old widower married 28-year-old Nina Elizabeth Pinchback, another wealthy young woman of color. She was born in New Orleans as the third child of Nina Emily Hawthorne and politician P. B. S. Pinchback, both of mixed heritage. Her father was suspicious of Nathan Toomer and strongly opposed his daughter's choice for marriage, but he ultimately acquiesced.  Born from this union and named "Nathan" after his father, Toomer would later use "Jean" as his first name at the start his literary career.

Early life
Toomer's father soon abandoned his wife and his young son, returning to Georgia seeking to obtain a portion of his late second wife's estate. Nina divorced him and took back her maiden name of Pinchback; she and her son returned to live with her parents in Washington D.C. Angered by her husband's abandonment, Nina's father insisted they use another name for her son and started calling him Eugene, after the boy's godfather. He received a variety of nicknames by various family members. Toomer would see his father only once more in 1897 before Nathan Sr.'s death in 1906.

As a child in Washington D.C., Toomer attended segregated Black schools. After his mother remarried, they moved to suburban New Rochelle, New York and the youth began to attend an all-white school. Toomer returned to D.C. after his mother's death in 1909, when he was 15, and lived with his maternal grandparents. He graduated from the M Street High School, a prestigious academic Black high school in the city with a national reputation.

Toomer was enumerated as "Eugene P." Toomer on the 1900 U.S. Census, living with his mother in the household of his grandparents, Pinkney and Nina E. Pinchback.  Everyone in the household was recorded as Black.  Eugene lived with his grandparents in 1910 as well, at which time his race was recorded as mulatto.  When he registered for the World War I draft in 1917, he styled his name Eugene Pinchback Toomer, and he was identified as Black by the draft board.  "Jean" Toomer lived in Manhattan, New York, in 1920 and 1930 and his race was recorded as White by the census enumerators.  "Nathan" is also recorded as White on the 1940 US Census.  When "Jean" registered for the World War II draft in 1942, he was identified as Negro.  "Nathan" Toomer's 1967 death certificate also records his race as white.

Education
Between 1914 and 1917, Jean attended six institutions of higher education (the University of Wisconsin, the Massachusetts College of Agriculture, the American College of Physical Training in Chicago, the University of Chicago, New York University, and the City College of New York) studying agriculture, fitness, biology, sociology, and history, but he never completed a degree. His wide readings among prominent contemporary poets and writers, and the lectures he attended during his college years, shaped the direction of his writing.

Career
After leaving college, Toomer returned to Washington, DC. He published some short stories and continued writing during the volatile social period following World War I. He worked for some months in a shipyard in 1919, then escaped to middle-class life. Labor strikes and race riots victimizing Black people occurred in numerous major industrial cities during the summer of 1919, which became known as Red Summer as a result. At the same time, it was a period of artistic ferment.

Toomer devoted eight months to the study of Eastern philosophies and continued to be interested in this subject. Some of his early writing was political, and he published three essays from 1919 to 1920 in the prominent socialist paper New York Call. His work drew from the socialist and "New Negro" movements of New York. He also read new American writing, such as Waldo Frank's Our America (1919). In 1919, he adopted "Jean Toomer" as his literary name, and it was the way he was known for most of his adult life.

By his early adult years, Toomer resisted racial classifications, wanting to be identified only as an American. He gained experience in both white and "colored" societies, and resisted being classified as a Negro writer. He grudgingly allowed his publisher of Cane to use that term to increase sales, as there was considerable interest in new Negro writers.

As Richard Eldridge has noted, Toomer "sought to transcend standard definitions of race. I think he never claimed that he was a white man. He always claimed that he was a representative of a new, emergent race that was a combination of various races. He averred this virtually throughout his life." William Andrews has noted he "was one of the first writers to move beyond the idea that any black ancestry makes you black."

In 1921 Toomer took a job for a few months as a principal at a new rural agricultural and manual labor college for Black people in Sparta, Georgia. Southern schools were continuing to recruit teachers from the North, although they had also trained generations of teachers since the Civil War. The school was in the center of Hancock County and the Black Belt 100 miles southeast of Atlanta, near where his father had lived. Exploring his father's roots in Hancock County, Toomer learned that he sometimes passed for white. Seeing the life of rural Blacks, racial segregation, and virtual labor peonage in the Deep South led Toomer to identify more strongly as African American and with his father's past.

Several lynchings of Black men took place in Georgia during 1921 and 1922, as whites continued to violently enforce white supremacy. In 1908 the state had ratified a constitution that disenfranchised most Black people and many poor whites by raising barriers to voter registration. Other former Confederate states had passed similar laws since 1890, led by Mississippi, and they maintained such disenfranchisement essentially into the late 1960s.

By Toomer's time, the state was suffering labor shortages due to thousands of rural Blacks leaving in the Great Migration to the North and Midwest. Planters feared losing their pool of cheap labor. Trying to control their movement, the legislature passed laws to prevent outmigration. It also established high license fees for Northern employers recruiting labor in the state. This was a formative period for Toomer; he started writing about it while still in Georgia and, while living in Hancock County, submitted the long story "Georgia Night" to the socialist magazine The Liberator in New York.

Toomer returned to New York, where he became friends with Waldo Frank. They had an intense friendship through 1923, and Frank served as his mentor and editor on his novel Cane. The two men came to have strong differences.

Cane

During Toomer's time as principal of Sparta Agricultural and Industrial Institute in Georgia, he wrote stories, sketches, and poems drawn from his experience there. These formed the basis for Cane, his High Modernist novel published in 1923. Cane was well received by both Black and white critics. Cane was celebrated by well-known African-American critics and artists, including Claude McKay, Nella Larsen, Richard Wright, Langston Hughes, and Wallace Thurman.

Cane is structured in three parts. The first third of the book is devoted to the Black experience in the Southern farmland. The second part of Cane is more urban and concerned with Northern life. The conclusion of the work is a prose piece entitled "Kabnis." People would call Toomer's Cane a mysterious brand of Southern psychological realism that has been matched only in the best work of William Faulkner. Toomer was the first poet to unite folk culture and the elite culture of the white avant-garde.

The book was reissued in 1969, two years after Toomer's death. Cane has been assessed since the late 20th century as also an "analysis of class and caste", with "secrecy and miscegenation as major themes of the first section". He had conceived it as a short-story cycle, in which he explores the tragic intersection of female sexuality, Black manhood, and industrial modernization in the South. Toomer acknowledged the influence of Sherwood Anderson's Winesburg, Ohio (1919) as his model, in addition to other influential works of that period. He also appeared to have absorbed The Waste Land of T. S. Eliot and considered him to be one of the American group of writers he wanted to join, "artists and intellectuals who were engaged in renewing American society at its multi-cultural core."

Many scholars have considered Cane to be Toomer's best work. Cane was hailed by critics and has been considered as an important work of both the Harlem Renaissance and Modernism. However, as previously stated, Toomer resisted racial classification and did not want to be marketed as a "Negro" writer. As he wrote to his publisher Horace Liveright, "My racial composition and my position in the world are realities that I alone may determine." Toomer found it more difficult to get published throughout the 1930s, the period of the Great Depression, as did many authors.

Later work
In the 1920s, Toomer and Frank were among many Americans who became deeply interested in the work of the spiritual leader George Ivanovitch Gurdjieff, from Russia, who had a lecture tour in the United States in 1924. That year, and in 1926 and 1927, Toomer went to France for periods of study with Gurdjieff, who had settled at Fontainebleau. He was a student of Gurdjieff until the mid-1930s. Much of his writing from this period on was related to his spiritual quest and featured allegories. He no longer explored African-American characters. Some scholars have attributed Toomer's artistic silence to his ambivalence about his identity in a culture insistent on forcing binary racial distinctions. Wallace Thurman, Dorothy Peterson, Aaron Douglas, and Nella Larsen, along with Zora Neale Hurston and George Schuyler, were among those known to have been Toomer's students in the Gurdjieff work during this period.

Toomer continued with his spiritual exploration by traveling to India in 1939. Later he studied the psychology developed by Carl Jung, the mystic Edgar Cayce, and the Church of Scientology, but reverted to Gurdjieff's philosophy.

Toomer wrote a small amount of fiction in this later period. Mostly he published essays in Quaker publications during these years. He devoted most of his time to serving on Quaker committees for community service and working with high school students.

His last literary work published during his lifetime was Blue Meridian, a long poem extolling, "the potential of the American race". He stopped writing for publication after 1950. He continued to write privately, however, including several autobiographies and a poetry volume titled, The Wayward and the Seeking. He died in 1967 after several years of poor health.

Marriage and family

In 1931 Toomer married writer Margery Latimer in Wisconsin. While traveling on the West Coast, their union was covered in sensational terms by a Hearst reporter. An anti-miscegenation scandal broke, incorporating rumors about the commune they had organized earlier that year in Portage, Wisconsin. West Coast and Midwest press outlets were aroused and Time magazine sent a reporter to interview them. Toomer was criticized violently by some for marrying a white woman.

Latimer was a respected young writer known for her first two novels and short stories. Diagnosed with a heart leak, she suffered a hemorrhage and died during childbirth in August 1932, when their first child was born. Toomer named their only daughter Margery in his wife's memory.

In 1934 the widower Toomer married a second time, to Marjorie Content, a New York photographer. She was the daughter of Harry and Ada Content, a wealthy German-Jewish family. Her father was a successful stockbroker.

Marjorie Content had been married and divorced three times. Because Toomer was a noted writer and Content was white, this marriage also attracted notice. In 1940 the Toomers moved to Doylestown, Pennsylvania. There he formally joined the Quakers and began to withdraw from society. Toomer wrote extensively from 1935 to 1940 about relationships between the genders, influenced by his Gurdjieff studies, as well as Jungian psychology. He had fundamentally traditional views about men and women, which he put in symbolic terms.

In 1939 Toomer changed his name again, using "Nathan Jean Toomer", to emphasize that he was male. He may also have been reaching toward his paternal ancestry by this action. He usually signed his name N. Jean Toomer, and continued to be called "Jean" by friends.

Racial identity
Like some others of African-American parentage, Toomer was probably majority White-European in ancestry, and his appearance was considered "racially indeterminate". As noted above, he lived in both Black and white societies as he was growing up and during his adult life, and appears to have not wanted to be bound by race, instead identifying as an "American" representative of a "new race":
"I [he] wrote a poem called, "The First American," the idea of which was, that here in America we are in [the] process of forming a new race, that I [he] was one of the first conscious members of this race."
He resisted being classified as a "Negro writer", but his most enduring work, Cane was inspired by his time in the rural, African American, South, being an imaginative exploration of the African-American world inspired by that heritage. This, itself, may have been part of the issue when it came to his identity - as Larson puts it: "In Cane, Toomer had reached out and attempted to embrace his darkness, but what he had caught within his arms was the fear that if he continued to identify himself as a black man his life would always bear the stigma of restriction. Instead of expanding his perspective, blackness, he feared, would limit it. He had glimpsed the marketplace for the black writer and, in Nellie Y. McKay's words, realized that "it was offered to him on the basis of his 'Negro' blood." What he wanted was something larger, bigger, wider: completeness."

In preparing a new edition of that work, scholars Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Rudolph P. Byrd said in 2010 that, based on their research, they believe that Toomer passed for white at periods in his life.
 They note that in the 1920 and 1930 censuses he was classified as white (at that time, such data was provided by the census taker, often based on an individual's appearance, economic class, area of residence, neighbors, etc.). Toomer twice had been classified (or registered) as "Negro", in draft registrations in 1917 and later in 1942. When Toomer married Margery Latimer, a white woman, in Wisconsin in 1931, the license noted both as white. "If people didn't ask," said William Andrews, "I expect he didn't tell."

Toomer's ambivalence toward racial identification corresponds to his interest in Quaker philosophy. In his early twenties, he attended meetings of the Religious Society of Friends in Doylestown, a Quaker group. Later he joined a meeting group there.

Quakerism connects groups of different believers under the respect for everyone's belief of a creed. They encourage each other to be able to understand themselves and their own personalities. Jean Toomer's Quaker belief connects to his writings on the place of the African-American in the 20th century. He also wrote essays on George Fox and Quakerism. In his essay, "The Negro Emergent," Toomer describes how African-Americans were able to rise from those past identifications when they were portrayed only as slaves. He said they were working to find a voice for themselves.

Legacy and archives
Toomer's papers and unpublished manuscripts are held by the Beinecke Library at Yale University.
When Cane was reprinted in 1969, it was favorably reviewed as a "Black Classic", leading to a revival of interest in Toomer's work.
Since the late 20th century, collections of Toomer's poetry and essays have been published, and his Essentials was republished, originally self-published in 1931. It included "Gurdjieffian aphorisms".
In 2002, Toomer was elected to the Georgia Writers Hall of Fame.

Books by Toomer
 Cane (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1923)
 Problems of Civilization, by Ellsworth Huntington, Whiting Williams, Jean Toomer and others, (New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1929)
 Essentials: Definitions and Aphorisms (Chicago: Lakeside Press, 1931)
 An Interpretation of Friends Worship (Philadelphia: Committee on Religious Education of Friends General Conference, 1947)
 The Flavor of Man (Philadelphia: Young Friends Movement of the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, 1949)
 The Collected Poems of Jean Toomer (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988)
 The Letters of Jean Toomer, 1919–1924, University of Tennessee Press, 2006

See also

List of African American writers
 Literature of Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Further reading

Brother Mine: The Correspondence of Jean Toomer and Waldo Frank, Edited by Kathleen Pfeiffer, Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2010
Barbara Foley, "'In the Land of Cotton': Economics and Violence in Jean Toomer's Cane," African American Review 32 (summer 1998).
Barbara Foley, "Jean Toomer's Sparta," American Literature 67 (December 1995).
Jean Toomer and the Harlem Renaissance, editors Michael Feith and Genevieve Fabre. (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2000)
Cynthia Earl Kerman and Richard Eldridge, The Lives of Jean Toomer: A Hunger for Wholeness (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), online at Googlebooks.
Nellie Y. McKay, Jean Toomer, Artist: A Study of His Literary Life and Work, 1894–1936 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984).
Donald A. Petesch, A Spy in the Enemy's Country: The Emergence of Modern Black Literature (Google eBook), University of Iowa Press, 1989
Turner, Darwin T. "Introduction," Cane by Jean Toomer (New York: Liveright, 1993). ix–xxv. .
Hans Ostrom, "Jean Toomer" (poem), in The Coast Starlight: Collected Poems 1976–2006 (Indianapolis: Dog Ear Publishing, 2006, p. 17.) First published in Xavier Review 23, no. 2 (Fall 2003).

External links

Digital collections

Profiles
Poetry Foundation profile
"Jean Toomer", Jean Toomer Papers, Beinecke Library, Yale University
"Jean Toomer", Georgia Writers Hall of Fame, University of Georgia
Charles Scruggs, "Jean Toomer" , Modern American Poetry, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana
Jean Toomer: Profile and Poems at Poets.org

Reviews and scholarship
Barbara Foley, "Jean Toomer's Washington and the Politics of Class: From 'Blue Veins' to Seventh-Street Rebels", Modern Fiction Studies 42 (Summer 1996), 289–321.
Robert B. Jones, "Jean Toomer's Life and Career", From American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Copyright 1999 by the American Council of Learned Societies.
Dan Schneider, "Book Review: 'Cane'", Hackwriters, May 2006.
Felicia R. Lee, "Scholars Say Chronicler of Black Life Passed for White", New York Times, 26 December 2010.
"A new look at the life of Jean Toomer" NPR, (Robert Siegel and Professor Byrd), 30 December 2010. (Transcript and audio, 5 mins)

1894 births
1967 deaths
20th-century American novelists
African-American poets
American male novelists
African-American novelists
Modernist writers
Converts to Quakerism
African-American Quakers
Quaker writers
Writers from New Rochelle, New York
20th-century American poets
American male poets
Harlem Renaissance
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from New York (state)
Dunbar High School (Washington, D.C.) alumni
20th-century African-American writers
African-American male writers
Students of George Gurdjieff
American Quakers

Jean Toomer


Gilia yorkii is a rare species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common names Boyden Cave gilia and monarch gilia. It is endemic to Fresno County, California, where it is known from only one location in the southern Sierra Nevada. This plant grows in rock cracks in the limestone cliffs and outcrops in the chaparral and woodlands of the canyon.

Distribution
It was first discovered on July 31, 1995, near Boyden Cave in the Kings River Canyon, and described to science as a new species in 1998. To date there are no other populations known.

Description
This is an annual herb with a hairy, glandular stem up to 25 centimeters tall. The leaves are divided into smooth or toothed lobes, the largest leaves near the base of the plant measuring up to 2.5 centimeters long and the uppermost tiny and reduced. The inflorescence bears several flowers on threadlike, gland-studded pedicels. Each flower has a calyx of green sepals and white or pale blue or lavender tubular corolla just under a centimeter long. The pale color of the corolla helps the plant blend into the rocky surroundings, making it easy to miss.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment - Gilia yorkii
California Native Plant Society Rare Plant Profile: Gilia yorkii

yorkii
Endemic flora of California
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of Fresno County, California
Plants described in 1998

Gilia yorkii


Seongnam Sports Complex () is a group of sports facilities in Seongnam, South Korea.

The complex consists of the Seongnam Stadium, Field hockey field, and Indoor Arena.

Facilities

Seongnam Stadium
It is a multi-purpose stadium in Seongnam, South Korea. It was built in December 1984 and used for field hockey matches at the 1988 Summer Olympics, but it is currently used mostly for football matches. It was the main stadium of Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma (currently Seongnam FC) until 2004. Now, Seongnam FC uses Tancheon Stadium as their home stadium for most of their games. The stadium holds 27,000 people (21,242 seats) and the city government is considering reconstruction of the stadium, because of its decrepit condition.

Seongnam Indoor Arena
The Seongnam Indoor Arena with a capacity for 5,711 spectators was used by a volleyball team Seongnam Korea Expressway Corporation Hi-pass Zenith of V-League, until the team was relocated to Gimcheon.

References
1988 Summer Olympics official report. Volume 1. Part 1. p. 202.
제 11탄 성남제1종합운동장 ①  - Dream stadium of K-League
제 11탄 성남제1종합운동장 ②  - Dream stadium of K-League

External links
 Official Site
 World Stadiums

Venues of the 1988 Summer Olympics
Football venues in South Korea
Athletics (track and field) venues in South Korea
Rugby union stadiums in South Korea
Sports complexes in South Korea
Olympic field hockey venues
Sports venues in Gyeonggi Province
Buildings and structures in Seongnam

Seongnam Sports Complex


The River Fal flows through Cornwall, United Kingdom, rising on the Goss Moor (between St. Columb and St Austell) and reaching the English Channel at Falmouth. The River Fal separates the Roseland Peninsula from the rest of Cornwall. The Fal estuary is a classic ria, or drowned river valley, caused by rising sea levels. The main tributary of the Fal is the River Truro. The estuary of the River Fal is called Carrick Roads.

The origin and meaning of the name of the river are unknown. The earliest occurrences of the name are in documents of 969 and 1049 AD. Falmouth, a town which was known by another name until the 17th century, is named after the River Fal.

Geography
The catchment of the Fal is predominantly Devonian slates, shales and grits, with granite in the upper reaches. Land use is mainly agricultural with some woodland.

Tributaries of the River Fal include the River Truro, River Kennal, River Penryn and River Carnon. Several tidal creeks discharge into the River Fal including Mylor Creek, Pill Creek, Penpol Creek and Restronguet Creek.

The river is crossed by the historic and scenic King Harry Ferry, a vehicular chain ferry that links the villages of Feock and Philleigh.

References

Geography of Cornwall
Rivers of England

River Fal


Robert Gavin Hampson FEA FRSA (born 1948) is a British poet and academic. Hampson was born and raised in Liverpool, studied in London and Toronto and settled in London. He is currently Research Fellow at the Institute for English Studies, University of London and Emeritus Professor at Royal Holloway. He was also Visiting Professor at the University of Northumbria (2018-21). He is a member of the Poetics Research Centre and the Centre for GeoHumanities at Royal Holloway. He is well known for his contributions to contemporary innovative poetry and the international study of Joseph Conrad.

Early life and education

Robert Gavin Hampson was born in Liverpool in 1948. He studied English literature at King's College London between 1967 and 1970 and was awarded a Commonwealth Scholarship to complete a master's degree at University of Toronto. He then returned to King's College, London, in 1971 where he completed a PhD on Joseph Conrad.

Poetry
During the 1970s he co-edited the poetry magazine Alembic with Peter Barry (poet) and Ken Edwards and was a key figure in the second generation of the British Poetry Revival. His poetry was published in Cid Corman's Origin, Alan Davies's 100 Posters, and in a range of other magazines during the 1970s. It was also included in the Arts Council's anthology, New Poetry 3 (1977). His work as one of the editors of Alembic has received attention in two books by Wolfgang Gortschacher - Little Magazine Profiles: The Little Magazines in Great Britain, 1939-1993  (University of Salzburg, 1993) and Contemporary Views on the Little Magazine Scene (Poetry Salzburg, 2000)- and, more recently, in an interview (with Ken Edwards) by Sophie Seita in the magazine mimeo mimeo (2014). This has now been republished as 'transatlantic axis of alembic in Jacket2.

His best-known work is probably his early long-poem, Seaport (Pushtika, 1995; Shearsman, 2008), which has been written about by Peter Barry, Andrew Duncan, Amy Cutler, Neal Alexander and others. Barry's extended analysis of Seaport begins by noting its 'extensive use of "incorporated data" of various kinds', ranging from various literary sources (including works by Defoe, Melville, Hawthorne and Conrad) to 'historical accounts of the growth and development of the port, of the history of race relations in the city, newspaper accounts of local events and local guidebooks' (Contemporary British Poetry and the City, p.159). He concludes by describing this long poem as 'a large-scale vehicle of surprising flexibility which can accommodate the overtly political, the archival-historical and radically pared-down versions of poetry's more familiar affective modes' (Contemporary British Poetry and the City, p.162). Andrew Duncan similarly suggested that Seaport was 'a major work, where the recovery of pure facts without explanatory annotation allows the build up of a new understanding on the large scale' (The Council of Heresy, p. 29). Cutler argues that, in this work, Hampson 'shows the conflict between the different social typologies of space in the seaport'. Neal Alexander draws attention to the poem's demonstration of how 'multiple channels of traffic have shaped the port of Liverpool over time' - the cotton trade, the slave trade, Irish emigration. In the post 1939 section of the CUP English Literature in Context, John Brannigan describes Seaport as 'an important book for its extraordinary poetic account of the history and development of Liverpool'.More recently, Phillip Jones has included discussion of Seaport in his 2018 Nottingham University PhD, 'Rewriting the Atlantic archipelago: Modern British poetry at the coast'.

Hampson's poetry has gone through various stages. The early work explored open-field poetics and what Peter Barry has called 'content-specific' poetics (in Seaport), but also treated text in How Nell Scored (1976) and 'on the trail' (1976). He subsequently explored self-conscious narrative and montage in his Godard-inspired film poems 'one plus one' (1980) and 'handy narratives' (1985); and a phrasal poetics (derived from Lyotard's 'The Differend' and his own critical engagement with the work of Adrian Clarke) in a human measure (1989) and unicorns: 7 studies in velocity (1989) - and subsequent volumes. This part of his career is represented in Assembled Fugitives (2001); some of the critical engagement with Clarke is evidenced in his essay 'Producing the Unknown' in New British poetries (1994); and Clarke, in turn, has discussed 'a human measure' and 'unicorns' in 'Robert Hampson and a Neo-Formalist Moment', his contribution to For Robert (2017), edited by Redell Olsen. More recent work by Hampson has been engaged in exploring the resources of the sonnet. His poetry has  been translated into German, Italian and Rumanian. See, for example, Wolfgang Gortschacher & Ludwig Laher, So Also Ist Das: Eine Zweisprachige Anthologie Britischer Gegenswartslyrik (Haymon-Verlag, 2002), and the translation of the sequence 'Lou Mistrau' in the Italian journal Soglie (August 2014).

In 2012, his collection Reworked Disasters (knivesforksandspoons press) was long-listed for the Forward Prize. In his comprehensive study of the sonnet in English, The Sonnet (Oxford University Press, 2019), Stephen Regan discusses Reworked Disasters in relation to sonnets by Ken Edwards and Tony Lopez as examples of the contemporary avant-garde sonnet. He describes Hampson's 'serious political focus on global warfare, imperialism, and torture' in this 'linguistically discontinuous' fourteen-sonnet sequence. (The Sonnet, p. 382).Hampson's more recent work includes 'love's damage', which was published in the Surrey Poetry Festival Magazine (21.05.11), edited by Amy De'Ath and Jonty Tiplady; 'sonnets 4 sophie' first published in Veer Vier (September 2013), while an explanation of colours was reviewed by Edmund Hardy and Melissa Flores-Borquez in Intercapillary Space and out of sight (crater, 2012) and Liverpool (hugs &) kisses, his 2014 collaboration with Robert Sheppard, are reviewed on the 'other room' website. In their review of out of sight, the Institute of Electronic Crinolines referred to 'The artificial highs of Robert Hampson's noir on overload' and described the text as evoking 'a knowingly flimsy fantasy of what resistance to all forms of identification might be like'. More recently, he has contributed to Robert Sheppard's European Union of Imaginary Author's project through a collaboration with Sheppard. This collaboration is included in Robert Sheppard (ed.) Twitters for a Lark: Poetry of the European Union of Imaginary Authors (Shearsman, 2017).

His sequence 'Volupte: 22 Constructions for Ewald Matare' is included in the Spring 2021 issue of Long Poem Magazine, and the volume Covodes 1-19 was published in December 2021 by Artery editions. Some of the Covodes have been published in Molly Bloom  and junction box, and a recording of a performance of some of the Covodes (with accompaniment by cellist Jo Levi) at the 2021 Surrey Poetry Festival is available at vimeo.com/556947245. A full recording of Covodes 1-19 and Levy's 'Suite for Solo Cello' is available at www.arteryeditions.bandcamp.com.In a review of recent poetry, Billy Mills (poet) has commented on Covodes: 'Hampson folds his multiple concerns into a single nexus with the multiple challenges that confront this ambition for equity that should underpin our society ... Against which we see the prevailing influence of money and power'. A selection from Covodes 1-19 (translated into Italian by Marzia Dati) was published in Soglie, XXII, 1-2 (April–August 2020), and an interview with Robert Hampson about Covodes 1-19 by Belinda Gianessi was published in the Tears in the Fence blog (http://tearsinthefence.com/blog).

 Scholarship

 Poetry criticism and creative writing
Hampson taught at Royal Holloway, University of London, from 1973, and was Professor of Modern Literature there from 2000. From 2016 to 2019, he was Distinguished Teaching and Research Fellow in the Department of English at Royal Holloway. He is currently Research Fellow at the Institute for English Studies, University of London and Emeritus Professor at Royal Holloway. He was also Visiting Professor at the University of Northumbria (2018-21).

He has contributed to the critical discourse about recent and contemporary poetry - most visibly through a series of co-edited books: The New British poetries: The scope of the possible (Manchester University Press, 1993), co-edited with Peter Barry, which was described as a pioneering work in the field; Frank O'Hara Now: New Essays on the New York Poet (Liverpool University Press, 2010) co-edited with Will Montgomery; Clasp: Late modernist poetry in London in the 1970s (Shearsman, 2016), co-edited with Ken Edwards; and The Allen Fisher Companion (Shearsman, 2020), co-edited with Cris Cheek. In their essay for The Year's Work in English Studies, K. O'Hanlon describes Clasp as 'essential reading for anyone interested in getting to grips  with post-war poetry and the avant garde'. Lyndon Davies begins his lengthy review of The Allen Fisher Companion in the Journal of British and Irish Innovative Poetics (13 [1]) with the observation: 'Most of whatever it is you might look for in a companion to the work of a poet / artist as multifariously challenging as Allen Fisher, this book supplies in spades'.

During his time as head of the Department of English, Hampson founded the MA in poetic practice at Royal Holloway, University of London, with Redell Olsen in 2002 and the MA in creative writing with Andrew Motion in 2003. With Helen Carr and others, he was instrumental in bringing about the regulation change which enabled the introduction of creative writing into the University of London PhD. He has regularly taught on the poetic practice pathway, and he was director of the MA in creative writing for 2016–17. Graduates of the creative writing programme whom he taught include the novelists Tahmima Anam, Adam O'Riordan, Anna Whitwham and Sarah Perry and the poets Robert Selby and Declan Ryan. Graduates of the poetic practice programme whom he taught include Elizabeth-Jane Burnett, Prudence Chamberlain, Becky Cremin, Frances Kruk, Ryan Ormonde, Jooyeon Park, Nisha Ramayya,Sophie Robinson, Karenjit Sandhu  and Steven Willey. He recently co-edited pertinent actions (Osmosis Press, 2023) with Briony Hughes, an anthology of work by alumni of the Poetic Practice programme (with a Foreword by Marjorie Perloff).

He has also made a significant contribution to innovative poetry in London as the organiser of events and conferences and as the convenor and curator of two important seminar series. In the 1970s he organised a short reading series, Future Events, at The White Swan in Covent Garden with Ken Edwards and Mike Dobbie. At the end of the 1970s, he and Erik Vonna-Michel organised three one-day 'Saturday Courses' at Lower Green Farm: Bob Cobbing, Allen Fisher and Eric Mottram were the subjects of the different days. (See Ken Edwards's account of Lower Green Farm in Clasp and in his memoir Wild Metrics.) In the 1980s, he organised two conferences on Contemporary innovative Poetry at the Centre for English Studies in the University of London Senate House, and, in the 1990s, he facilitated the six SVP Colloquia that took place there (organised by Lawrence Upton). In 1999, he was asked to take over the TALKS series that Bob Perelman had established at King's College, London, during Pereleman's year as a visiting professor there. Hilda Bronstein has given an account of the early years of the London TALKS series in How2 The TALKS series continued for some years at King's under Hampson's direction and then moved to Birkbeck College, University of London, where Redell Olsen and Frances Presley were co-organisers with him. It was superseded by the Contemporary Innovative Poetry Research Seminar, which he runs with Amy Evans Bauer at the University of London Institute for English Studies. In 2004, he set up the Runnymede International Literary Festival in collaboration with Royal Holloway and Runnymede Borough Council. He has continued to be the Festival Director. More recently, the Festival transferred some of it activities to Central London as 'Runnymede in London' through collaboration with the Centre for Creative Collaboration (c4cc), which also provided the venue for Polyply, the event series run by Redell Olsen, Will Montgomery and Kristen Kreider.

In 2010–11, he collaborated with the Palestinian visual artist, Leena Nammari, on a concertina book, The Long View, as part of the Beyond Text project. During 2014, he curated an event series, Amid the Ruins, with Carrie Foulkes at the Daniel Blau Gallery, Hoxton Square, London. In 2017, on the occasion of his retirement from full-time teaching, Redell Olsen edited For Robert: An Anthology (RHUL Poetics Research Centre / The Institute of the Electric Crinolines).

 Joseph Conrad Scholarship
He has also pursued a parallel career as a Conrad scholar and editor with three monographs on Joseph Conrad: Joseph Conrad: Betrayal and Identity (1992), Cross-Cultural Encounters in Joseph Conrad's Malay Fiction (2000) and Conrad's Secrets (2013). Conrad's Secrets received the first-place prize for the Adam Gillon Award (2015) from the Joseph Conrad Society of America for the best recent work on Joseph Conrad. In 2017, he received the Ian P. Watt Award from the Joseph Conrad Society of America for excellence in Conrad studies. Previous recipients of this life-long achievement award include Norman Sherry and J. Hillis Miller. He has subsequently been awarded the third-place prize for the Adam Gillon Award (2018) for the collection of essays, Conrad and Language (Edinburgh U. P. 2016), which he co-edited with Katherine Isobel Baxter.
In 2020, he published a critical biography, Joseph Conrad, in the Critical Lives series from Reaktion Books. Maya Jasanoff describes it as 'insightful, judicious and elegant': Joseph Conrad marvellously distils a lifetime of learning by one of the world's leading Conrad scholars. This is the best short guide to Conrad's life available'. His most recent publication is The Reception of Joseph Conrad in Europe (Bloomsbury, 2022), co-edited with Veronique Pauly.

He was editor of The Conradian (1989–96) and co-edited Conrad and Theory with Andrew William Gibson (Rodopi, 1998). He also edited various Conrad texts – Lord Jim (1986), Victory (1989), Heart of Darkness (1995) –  for Penguin books, as well as Rudyard Kipling's Something of Myself (1987) and Soldiers Three/ In Black & White (1993) and Rider Haggard's King Solomon's Mines (2000). His edition of Heart of Darkness for Penguin included the first accurate transcription of Conrad's 'Congo Diary' and was the first to use the 'Carte des routes de portage' (1894), which was supplied to Belgian State Officials for the journey up-river from Matadi, to annotate Conrad's account of the same journey, which he undertook four years earlier. He also edited Nostromo and co-edited (with Andrew Purssell), Ford Madox Ford's Parade's End and Conrad's Lingard Trilogy for Wordsworth. (A short lecture by him on Heart of Darkness is available on https://www.massolit.io/lecturers/119. A longer lecture is available on YouTube:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Ni4qpFdyG4. The lecture he gave on 'Joseph Conrad Today' for the launch of the Joseph Conrad Fellowship in Warsaw in December 2021 is available on YouTube: youtube.com/watch?v=NeE6Ugg7fEU. And the lecture he gave to PUNO (The Polish University Abroad) on 'Conrad, Colonialism and Africa' in March 2022 is also available on YouTube:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMqUe1YtoYw.) A lecture he gave in March 2022 for St Mary's University on 'Joseph Conrad in the Modern World: Conrad and Africa', discussing 'Heart of Darkness and 'An Outpost of Progress' is also available on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrUiOo2dPds. He co-edited (with Helen Chambers) Guy de Maupassant's Mademoiselle Perle and other stories (riverrun, 2020), a selection from the translations made by Elsie Martindale and Ada Galsworthy, which were first published in 1903 and 1904 respectively. Conrad was in touch with both Elsie Martindale and Ada Galsworthy about their translations. Hampson was elected Chair of the Joseph Conrad Society(UK) in 2015.

He was an adviser for Hanyut (film), a film by the prize-winning Malaysian director U-Wei Haji Saari, based on Conrad's first novel, Almayer's Folly. He also appears in the 2018 TCM documentary, El sueno imposible de David Lean, an exploration of David Lean's long-held plan to adapt Conrad's masterpiece Nostromo as a film <https://youtube.com/watch?v-O2eDIM5XnOU> and in Sladami Conrada (In the footsteps of Conrad) on Polish television. In 2019, the Polish television series Chuligan Literacki (Literary Hooligan) devoted two successive programmes to his work on Joseph Conrad. This series, on TVP Kultura, presented fifteen programmes on 'the most outstanding English writers, philosophers and historians', and included programmes on Quentin Skinner, Antony Beevor and others. The programmes are available on vod.tvp.pl/video/chuligan-literacki.roberthampson-cz-1,40566562.

Academic service
In addition, he has undertaken various forms of service to the academic community. He was a panel member for the RAE 2008 and the REF 2014. He was also a panel member for the Rumanian and Hong Kong RAEs. He was a member of the QAA Benchmarking Group for Creative Writing and is currently a member of the Practice Research Advisory Group; the European Science Foundation Panel of Experts; and the Commonwealth Scholarship Commission Advisory Committee.

Personal life
His first wife was the Bengali children's writer Sibani Raychaudhuri. In Kolkotta, her early work was published in the children's magazine Shondesh edited by Satyajit Ray. In London she was on the Committee of the South Asian Literary Society (founded by Ranjana Ash) and a member of the Asia Women Writers' Collective. She published translations of Bengali poetry, produced jointly with Hampson, in the London Magazine and the TLS; short stories in Spare Rib; and poems and stories in the two anthologies produced by the Collective: Write of Way (The Women's Press, 1988) and Flaming Spirit (Virago, 1994). Hampson later married the George Eliot critic Gerlinde Roder-Bolton.

Fictionalised appearances
He appears as 'a Conrad specialist in London by the name of X' in Jenny Diski's Skating to Antarctica (1997), and he and his colleague Andrew Gibson (Andrew William Gibson) also make an appearance (lightly disguised) in Adam Roberts's 2003 science-fiction novel, Polystom.

Publications

Poetry

Degrees of Addiction (London: Share, 1975).
How Nell Scored (London: Poet & Peasant, 1976).
A Necessary Displacement (Orpington: Pushtika, 1978).
A Feast of Friends (Durham: Pig Press, 1982).
A City at War (London: Northern Lights, 1985).
(with David Miller) Nevsky Prospekt (Dublin: hardPressed poetry, 1988).
A human measure (Dublin: hardPressed poetry, 1989).
Unicorns: 7 Studies in Velocity (London: Pushtika, 1989).
(with Gerlinde Roder-Bolton) Dingo (London: Pushtika Press, 1994).
Seaport: interim edition (Woking: Pushtika Press, 1995)..
(with Gerlinde Roder-Bolton), higher densities: a new hampshire sampler (Woking: Pushtika Press, 1996).
C for Security (Woking: Pushtika Press, 2001).
Pentimento (Pushtika Press, 2005).
out of sight (Crater Press, 2012.)
Assembled fugitives: selected poems, 1973–1998 (Exeter: Stride Press, 2001).
Seaport (Shearsman, 2008).
an explanation of colours (Veer Books, 2010).
 (with Leena Nammari) The Long View (2011).
Reworked Disasters (kfs,2012).
 (with Robert Sheppard) Liverpool (Hugs &) Kisses (ship of fools / pushtika, 2015).
 covodes 1-19 (artery editions, 2021).

Poetry Anthologies
 pertinent actions:poetic practice anthology, co-edited with Briony Hughes (osmosis press, 2023).

Critical Work

Monographs:

Joseph Conrad: Betrayal and Identity (Macmillan, 1992).
 Cross-Cultural Encounters in Joseph Conrad's Malay Fiction (Palgrave, 2000).
 Conrad's Secrets (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).
 Joseph Conrad (Reaktion Books, 2020).

Co-edited Volumes:

(Co-edited with Peter Barry, New British poetries: The scope of the possible (Manchester university Press, 1993).
(Co-edited with Tony Davenport), Ford Madox Ford: A Re-Appraisal (Rodopi, 2002).
(Co-edited with Max Saunders), Ford Madox Ford's Modernity (Rodopi, 2003).
(Co-edited with Will Montgomery),  Frank O'Hara Now (Liverpool University Press, 2010).
 (Co-edited with Ken Edwards), Clasp: late modernist poetry in London in the 1970s (Shearsman, 2016).
 (Co-edited with Katherine Isobel Baxter), Conrad and Language (Edinburgh University Press, 2016).
 (Co-edited with cris cheek), The Allen Fisher Companion (Shearsman, 2020).
 (Co-edited with Veronique Pauly), The European Reception of Joseph Conrad (Bloomsbury, 2022).

Editions

 Joseph Conrad, Lord Jim (edited by Cedric Watts; textual editing by Hampson), Penguin Books, 1986.
 Rudyard Kipling, Something of Myself (with an Introduction by Richard Holmes), Penguin Books, 1987.
 Joseph Conrad, Victory, Penguin Books, 1989.
 Rudyard Kipling, Soldiers Three / In Black and White (with an Introduction by Salman Rushdie), Penguin Books, 1993.
 Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness with The Congo Diary, Penguin Books, 1995.
 Joseph Conrad, Nostromo (with an Introduction and Notes by Hampson), Wordsworth Classics, 2000.
 Rider Haggard, King Solomon's Mines (with a Preface by Giles Foden), Penguin Books, 2007.
 Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness (edited by Owen Knowles with The Congo Diary edited by Hampson), Penguin Books, 2007.
 Joseph Conrad & Ford Madox Ford, The Nature of a Crime, ReScript Books, 2012.
 Ford Madox Ford, Parade's End (with an Introduction by Robert Hampson and Andrew Purssell), Wordsworth Books, 2013.
 Joseph Conrad, Victory (with a Preface by John Gray and 1989 Introduction by Hampson), Penguin Books, 2015.
 Joseph Conrad, The Lingard Trilogy (Introduction by Andrew Purssell, Notes by Hampson), Wordsworth Classics, 2016.
 Joseph Conrad, Almayer's Folly (Ukrainian translation; Introduction by Hampson), Tempora, 2018.
 Joseph Conrad, The Secret Agent (Ukrainian translation; Introduction by Hampson), Tempora, 2018.
 Guy de Maupassant, Mademoiselle Perle and other stories (Preface by Helen Chambers and Hampson), riverrun, 2020.

e-books

Sounds Anglo-American: Robert Vas Dias interviewed by Robert Hampson, http://www.argotistonline.co.uk/SOUNDS%20ANGLO-AMERICAN.pdf

Videos
 Reading at the Other Room (28/04/2017): otherroom.org/tag/robert-hampson/
 'Heart of Darkness' lecture for Massolit: massolit.io/courses/conrad-heart-of-darkness-03c23bab-13c8-4af2-b284-c60a9bd104bf
 Heart of Darkness (March 2018): www.royalholloway.ac.uk
 Nostromo: El sueno imposibile de David Lean: imdb.com/title/tt7947298/ (Spanish with subtitles)
 prof. Robert Hampson - Joseph Conrad Today (2021) (Polish)
 Reading Conrad in the Modern World: Conrad and Africa (7 April 2022): www.youtube.com
 Launching CLASP (13 May 2016): www.youtube.com
 Eric Mottram Remembered (12 October 2018): www.youtube.com
 innerview #264 (with Gerry Fialka) (2023): www.youtube.com

References

 Robert Hampson, http://www.rhul.ac.uk. https://pure.royalholloway.ac.uk/portal/en/persons/robert-hampson(00ffc3a4-d4c7-4454-aec2-670ef0e5300e).html
Eric Mottram, 'The British Poetry Revival, 1960–1975' in Robert Hampson and Peter Barry, New British Poetries: The scope of the possible (Manchester University Press, 1993).
'The hard lyric: re-registering Liverpool poetry' in Peter Barry, Contemporary British Poetry and the City (Manchester University Press, 2000), 137–64.

Wolfgang Gortschacher, Little Magazine Profiles (University of Salzburg, 1993), pp. 163–65.
Wolfgang Gortschacher, Contemporary Views on the Little Magazine Scene (Poetry Salzburg, 2000), pp. 388–424
Richard Price and David Miller, British Little Magazines (British Library Publications, 2006).
 Neal Alexander, David Cooper (eds), Poetry & Geography: Space & Place in post-War Poetry (Oxford University Press)
 http://www.archiveofthenow.org ArchiveoftheNow
 http://writing.upenn.edu/pennsound/
 http://jacketmagazine.com

 'love's damage', Surrey Poetry Festival Magazine (2011)  <<http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/436447/12796874>>
 'sonnets 4 sophie' in Veer Vier <<epc.buffalo.edu/library/Veer-56-1014.pdf>>
Edmund Hardy and Melissa Flores-Borquez, 'Intellectual Labour' <<http://intercapillaryspace.blogspot.co.uk>> also at <<http://1blog.oqueasmeninaspensam.com>>
 Hampson Archive, http://otherroom.org/tag/roberthampson
 https://polyply.wordpress.com
 For Robert: an anthology: https://indd.adobe.com/embed/f4f65fa1-970f-467f-8cd0-48405e21d73b?startpage=1&allowFullscree=true
 Stephen Regan, The Sonnet (Oxford University Press, 2019).
 Andrew Duncan, The Council of Heresy: A primer of poetry in a balkanised terrain (Shearsman Books, 2009).
 Ken Edwards, Wild Metrics, Grand Iota, 2019.

1948 births
Living people
Alumni of King's College London
British editors
Poets from Liverpool
British Poetry Revival

Robert Gavin Hampson


Ruža Pospiš-Baldani (; born 25 July 1942) is a Croatian operatic mezzo-soprano.

Baldani was born in Varaždinske Toplice and made her professional opera debut in 1961 at the Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb as Konchakovna in Alexander Borodin's Prince Igor. She remained active at that theatre and at the National Theatre in Belgrade throughout the 1960s. In 1965 she made her debut at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City as Maddalena in Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto. From 1970-1978 she was committed to the Bavarian State Opera. Between 1973 and 1987 she was a frequent guest artist at the Vienna State Opera; drawing particular acclaim there as Brangäne in Richard Wagner's Tristan und Isolde. In 1976 she made her debut at the Paris Opera as Amneris in Verdi's Aida, and made her first appearance at the Opéra de Monte-Carlo in the title role of Georges Bizet's Carmen. She has since appeared as a guest artist at the Cologne Opera. the Edinburgh Festival, the Greek National Opera, the Hamburg State Opera, the Houston Grand Opera, the Hungarian State Opera House, La Scala, the Liceu, the Lyric Opera of Chicago, the National Opera of Sofia, the Salzburg Festival, the San Francisco Opera, the Savonlinna Opera Festival, the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma, the Teatro di San Carlo, and the Teatro Municipal in Rio de Janeiro among others.

References

External links
Interview with Ruža Pospiš-Baldani by Bruce Duffie, October 13, 1980

1942 births
Living people
People from Varaždinske Toplice
20th-century Croatian women opera singers
Operatic mezzo-sopranos
Croatian mezzo-sopranos
Vladimir Nazor Award winners

Ruža Pospiš-Baldani


The Battle of Antietam was an important battle in the American Civil War. It is also called the Battle of Sharpsburg by South historians. The battle was fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland. It was also considered the bloodiest battle in the Civil war. It was the first major battle in the Civil War that took place in the border states. Both sides hoped a big victory for their side would make a short war.

About 22,720 soldiers were killed, wounded or were missing at Antietam. There has never been another single-day battle in the history of the United States with so many American casualties. However, there have been other battles that lasted for more than one day where more Americans fell. For example, the later Battle of Gettysburg lasted three days and had an estimated 51,000 American casualties.

Background
During the summer of 1862, the hopes of the North that the rebellion could be easily crushed were quickly fading. In July, Major General George B. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign to capture the Southern capital at Richmond, Virginia failed. Near the end of August, the Second Battle of Bull Run was another Confederate victory. The Union armies retreated back to Washington, D.C. only a few miles away. In Tennessee and other western states, Confederate offensives were succeeding. This was causing poor morale in the Union army.

After defeating the Union Army of Virginia at Bull Run, Lee led his Confederate Army of Northern Virginia into Maryland beginning his Maryland Campaign. He had several reasons for attacking the North. First, it was harvest time in the Shenandoah Valley and Lee needed to turn the Union's attention away from his main sources of food for his army. Secondly, he needed European support for the Confederacy. A major win in the North could get the support they needed and also cause the border state of Maryland to secede. It would demoralize the North and possibly get them to negotiate. Lee thought the Union army needed time to rebuild and resupply and moving quickly he could  catch them unprepared.

Prelude

In a bold move Lee divided his Army of Northern Virginia into five smaller armies or columns. Three he sent with General "Stonewall" Jackson to attack and hold Harpers Ferry. This way Jackson could control the Shenandoah Valley. He sent his largest corps commanded by Lieutenant General James Longstreet to move towards Sharpsburg, Maryland. Lee wrote Special Order 191 on September 9, which outlined each move by all his columns. In a strange twist of fate, a copy of the order was wrapped around a bundle of cigars and dropped in a field on Best Farm. Union soldiers of the 27th Indiana Regiment found the bundle with the order. It was sent to General McClellan.

McClellan had remained in command of the Army of the Potomac even though he had failed to support Major General John Pope at the Second Battle of Bull Run. When Lee entered Maryland, in a rare exception to his usual slowness, McClellan moved more quickly to cut him off. Having knowledge of Lee's plans gave McClellan an opportunity to destroy Lee's army while it was still weakened by Jackson's being sent to Harper's Ferry. McClellan learned of Lee's plan on September 13. He boasted "Here is a paper with which if I cannot whip Bobbie Lee, I will be willing to go home." He also sent a telegram to President Lincoln where he wrote, "I have all the plans of the rebels, and will catch them in their own trap if my men are equal to the emergency." But McClellan waited another 18 hours before acting. This delay allowed Lee more time to collect all the elements of his army. As Lee had moved into Maryland, he left detachments to guard two of the passes through South Mountain, Crampton's Gap and Turner's Gap. These were the two most important routes through the 50-mile long South Mountain. Had McClellan moved a little faster, he would have caught Lee's army scattered on the other side of the mountain. At Frederick, Maryland the Union army caught up with Lee and the fighting began on South Mountain. It was a natural formation that separated the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys from eastern Maryland. Several battles were fought that day over possession of South Mountain. The Confederates were driven back with a large number of casualties. McClellan could have destroyed Lee's army but he again waited, giving Lee the time to regroup.

The battle
Three days later the two armies, led by Lee and McClellan, met again on September 17, 1862, between Antietam Creek and the town of Sharpsburg, Maryland. The Battle of Antietam, also called the Battle of Sharpsburg, was not only the bloodiest day of the American Civil War, it was the single bloodiest day in American history. The Confederate troops took up defensive positions behind Antietam Creek. At this point, McClellan decided to attack.

At dawn on September 17, Union soldiers led by Major General Joseph Hooker attacked Lee's troops from their left. As the two armies fought each other, the fighting spread across a local cornfield and around the Dunker Church. The Union troops kept attacking the Confederates at the Sunken Road. They were able to break through the center of the Confederate lines.

Late that afternoon, more Union soldiers, led by Major General Ambrose Burnside, came into the fight. They captured a stone bridge over Antietam Creek and moved towards the Confederate troops' right side. But as Burnside's soldiers attacked, more Confederate soldiers arrived. Confederate Major General A.P. Hill had led his division of soldiers from Harpers Ferry to Antietam. Once Hill's division arrived, they were able to counterattack (fight back against Burnside's soldiers). This was a surprise to the Union troops, and the surprise worked well. The Confederate troops drove Burnside's soldiers back and ended the battle. Even though he had more soldiers, McClellan was not able to destroy Lee's army. Lee was able to shift his troops to meet each of McClellan's attacks. McClellan also did not call up his many reserve forces (soldiers on standby) which could have helped build on the Union's successes.

Aftermath
The next day both armies collected their wounded and buried their dead soldiers. Then Lee withdrew his army back to Virginia. McClellan did not go after Lee which frustrated President Lincoln. Militarily the battle was a draw. But because Lee's forces retreated from Maryland, Lincoln claimed victory. He used the occasion to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

Notes

References

Other websites
 Battle of Antietam  Staff ride guide, Center of Military History, United States Army.
 Animated History of The Battle of Antietam
 Lincoln and Lee at Antietam
 Antietam National Battlefield Park
 Antietam on the Web
 USS Antietam
 History of Antietam National Cemetery :including a descriptive list of all the loyal soldiers buried therein {published 1869}
 Brotherswar.com The Battle of Antietam
 Battle of Antietam: Two Great American Armies Engage in Combat article by Ted Alexander

Antietam
1862 in the United States
Maryland Campaign
19th century in Maryland
September 1862 events

Battle of Antietam


The Quaker United Nations Office (QUNO) is a non-governmental organisation representing the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) at the United Nations in Geneva and New York City. Parent bodies of QUNO are the Friends World Committee for Consultation (FWCC), American Friends Service Committee and Quaker Peace and Social Witness. FWCC holds consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council, and the Quaker UN Offices in New York and Geneva operate on behalf of Friends worldwide through this status. The offices work closely on issues of Human Rights and refugees, peace and disarmament, human impacts of climate change, as well as peacebuilding and the prevention of violent conflict.

In June 2013, Andrew Tomlinson and Jonathan Woolley, Directors of the New York and Geneva offices, were listed jointly by Action On Armed Violence, as one of the 100 most influential global actors in armed violence reduction.

Sarah Clarke is the current director of the New York office and Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge is the current director of the Geneva office.   Past directors of the offices have included: David Atwood, Sydney Bailey, Stephen Collett, and Philip and Lois Jessup.

Further reading
Atwood, David From the inside out: observations on Quaker work at the United Nations, Australia Yearly Meeting 2012, , 2012 Backhouse Lecture.

References

External links

Quaker organizations
International human rights organizations
International Christian organizations

Quaker United Nations Office


The Shatuo, or the Shatuo Turks (; also transcribed as Sha-t'o,  Sanskrit Sart) were a Turkic tribe that heavily influenced northern Chinese politics from the late ninth century through the tenth century. They are noted for founding three, Later Tang, Later Jin, and Later Han, of the five dynasties and one, Northern Han, of the ten kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The Northern Han would later be conquered by the Song dynasty. Sometime before the 12th century, the Shatuo disappeared as a distinct ethnic group, many of them having become acculturated and assimilating into the general population around them.

Origins

Chuyue
The Shatuo tribe were descended mainly from the Western Turkic Chuyue tribe, who in turn belonged to a group of four Chuy tribes, collectively known as Yueban. The Yueban state survived to the end of the 480s when its independence was destroyed by the Tiele people. After the fall of the state, the people of Yueban formed four tribes - Chuyue, Chumi, Chumuhun and Chuban. These tribes became major players in the later First Turkic Khaganate and thereafter. The Chuyue and Chumi did not belong to the dominant Onoq (Ten Arrows) Union, while Chumukun and Chuban did.

Tiele
Other sources claim the Shatuo originated from the Tiele. The epitaph of Shatuo Li Keyong, a late-Tang military commissioner (jiedushi), states that his clan's progenitor was "Yidu, Lord of the Xueyantuo state, an unrivaled general" (益度、薛延陀國君、無敵將軍), Xueyantuo was a Tiele tribe. Other Chinese chroniclers traced the Shatuo's origins to a Tiele chief named *Bayar (拔也 Baye) ~ *Bayïrku (拔也古 Bayegu) The Song historian Ouyang Xiu rejected the Bayïrku origin of Shatuo; he pointed out that the Bayïrku were contemporaries, not primordial ancestors, of the Shatuo's reigning clan Zhuxie, and that this Western Turkic kin-group adopted Shatuo as their tribal name and Zhuxie as surname after their chief Jinzhong (盡忠; lit. "Loyal to the Utmost") had moved into Beiting Protectorate, in Tang Dezong's time (r. 780 - 804).

Shatuo
The Chuyue tribe members who remained in the Western Turkic Kaganate, under Onoq leadership, occupied territory east of the lake Barkul, and were called, in Chinese, Shatuo (literally "sandy slope" or "gravel sands", i.e. desert). Shatuoji is also the name of a desert in northern Xinjiang.

The Shatuo consisted of three sub-tribes: Chuyue (處月), Suoge (娑葛), and Anqing (安慶), the last of whom were of Sogdian origins. The Shatuo participated in wars on behalf of the Tang dynasty, including against other Turkic people like the Uyghur khaganate, which granted their leaders various titles and rewards. After a defeat of the Chuy by Tibetans in 808, the Chuy Shatuo branch asked China for protection, and moved into Inner China. After aiding in the suppression of the Huang Chao uprising in 875–883, and establishing three out of five short-lived dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907-960), their number in China fell down to between 50 and 100 thousand.

A detailed analysis of the term Shatuo (Sanskrit Sart) is given by Chjan Si-man. Their social and economic life was studied by W. Eberhard. In "Tanghuyao" the Shato tamga is depicted as

Shatuo nobles established the Later Tang dynasty of China (923-956). During the Mongol period the Shatuo fell under the Chagatai Khanate, and after its demise remained in its remnant in Zhetysu and northern Tian Shan.

The Shatuo received tribute from the Tatar people from north of the Ordos in 966, while they were vassals of the Khitan Emperor.

History

Early Shatuo (7-8th century)
The early Shatuo were originally called the Turks of Shatuo circuit (lit. Shatuo Turks/Shatuo Tujue). Occasional references were made to the three tribes of the Shatuo: Shatuo, Anqing, and Yinge. The Shatuo population was never large but their warriors had a reputation for being brave and aggressive as well as proficient in siege warfare and archery. They participated in Emperor Taizong of Tang's campaigns against Goryeo in the 640s and performed with distinction despite their ultimate failure. At the same time the Shatuo also came into conflict with neighboring tribes, leading them to further depend on the Tang dynasty for support. In 702, Shatuo Jinshan, ancestor of the future late Tang warlord Li Keyong, started sending tribute to the Tang court. In 714, Jinshan was invited to Chang'an where Emperor Xuanzong of Tang hosted a banquet for him. During the An Lushan rebellion in the 750s, the Shatuo provided significant military aid to the Tang alongside the Uyghur Khaganate. Yao Runeng (姚如能) mentioned in the 9th-century Deeds of An Lushan, two separate tribes Shatuo 沙陀 and Zhuye (朱耶) ~ Zhuxie 朱邪, among the non-Chinese tribes in the He and Long regions under Turko-Khotanese loyalist superintendent Geshu Han (哥舒翰, d. 757).

Tang subjects (9th century)

In 808, 30,000 Shatuo under Zhuye Jinzhong defected from the Tibetans to Tang China and the Tibetans punished them by killing Zhuye Jinzhong as they were chasing them. The Uyghurs also fought against an alliance of Shatuo and Tibetans at Beshbalik.

In 809, the Tang resettled several Shatuo tribes in Hedong (modern northern Shanxi), also called Jin based on the region's ancient name. The Shatuo there were semi-pastoralists who traded in horse, sheep, and cattle. However their way of life gradually changed over the 9th century as they became more settled and intermarried with border people and the Han Chinese. Their population also increased. In the early 9th century, reports of 6,000-7,000 Shatuo tents point toward a population of just 30,000 people, including women and children. By the end of the 9th century, the Shatuo had 50,000-60,000 male warriors.

In 821, Zhuye Zhiyi, the great-grandfather of Li Keyong, led a failed attack on the rebellious jiedushi circuit of Chengde.

The Shatuo Turks under Zhuye Chixin (Li Guochang) served the Tang dynasty in fighting against their fellow Turkic people in the Uyghur Khaganate. In 839, when the Uyghur khaganate (Huigu) general Jueluowu (掘羅勿) rose against the rule of then-reigning Zhangxin Khan, he elicited the help from Zhuye Chixin by giving Zhuye 300 horses, and together, they defeated Zhangxin Khan, who then committed suicide, precipitating the subsequent collapse of the Uyghur Khaganate.  In the next few years, when Uyghur Khaganate remnants tried to raid Tang borders, the Shatuo participated extensively in counterattacking the Uyghur Khaganate with other tribes loyal to Tang.  In 843, Zhuye Chixin, under the command of the Han Chinese officer Shi Xiong with Tuyuhun, Tangut and Han Chinese troops, participated in a raid against the Uyghur khaganate that led to the slaughter of Uyghur forces at Shahu mountain.

The Shatuo ruling family started using Zhuye as their surname. Zhuye Chixin (d. 888) abandoned it after he was bestowed the name Li Guochang by the Tang emperor for his role in the suppression of Pang Xun's rebel general, Wang Hongli, in 869. Guochang later upset the Tang court by slaying the governor of Datong, Duan Wenchu, in 872. In 880, tensions came to a head when Guochang's forces suffered a defeat to Tang mercenaries, costing him a loss of 17,000 men. This led the Shatuo to turn north to their "Tartar" friends for support.

Li Keyong
The son of Li Guochang, Li Keyong, was a very capable warrior. He was said to be capable of "hitting twin flying ducks from a reclining position" and was called the "Dragon with a Single Eye" because he had an eye that was noticeably larger than the other. He led Shatuo forces to defeat Huang Chao, who had rebelled against the Tang and taken Chang'an in 881. The Shatuo victory in 883 forced Huang Chao to retreat from Chang'an. The then 28-year old Keyong, in charge of the Shatuo after his father's retirement, celebrated in Chang'an the following year. According to Sima Guang, "Keyong's contribution to the suppression of Huang Chao was arguably second to none." Despite arguably saving the Tang dynasty, the Shatuo sacked Chang'an in 885. Keyong was appointed prefect of Daizhou and governor of Yanmen. From there, he expanded his territory to Jinyang, Zezhou, and Liaozhou. In 890, the Shatuo took Zhaoyi.

Jinyang became the Shatuo capital. It was strategically located between two hills more akin to mountains, rising as high as a thousand meters. Combined with craters and dry riverbeds, the location made attacks from the southeast and northwest hazardous. In the west, the Yellow River made any maneuver costly in time and materiel. Jinyang itself was a fortress city with a wall spanning 20 km with sufficient provisions to last a year. It was seen as "the northern door to the empire" at the time.

Five Dynasties

The Tang dynasty fell in 907 and was replaced by the Later Liang. The Shatuo had their own principality Jin (Later Tang precursor) under the Tang dynasty, in the area now known as Shanxi, which was granted to them as a fief in 883 by the Tang emperors, and survived the fall of the Tang dynasty in 907. The Tang dynasty emperor's had granted the Shatuo Zhuye chieftain Li Keyong the imperial surname of Li and title Prince of Jin, adopting him into the imperial family. They had tense relations with the Later Liang, and cultivated good relations with the emerging Khitan power to the north.

Later Tang

The son of Li Keyong, Li Cunxu, succeeded in destroying the Later Liang in 923, declaring himself the emperor of the "Restored Tang", officially known as the Later Tang, using the fact that his family was granted the imperial Li surname of the Tang dynasty and a princely title to declare themselves legitimate Tang dynasty emperors. In line with claims of restoring the Tang, Li moved the capital from Kaifeng back to Luoyang, where it had been during the Tang dynasty. The Later Tang controlled more territory than the Later Liang, including the Beijing area, the surrounding Sixteen Prefectures , Shanxi and Shaanxi Province.

This was the first of three short-lived Shatuo dynasties. The last Later Tang Emperor was a Han Chinese, Li Congke, originally surnamed Wang, who was adopted by the Shatuo Later Tang Emperor Li Siyuan, granted the imperial surname Li and made the Prince of Lu.

Later Jin

The Later Tang was brought to an end in 936 when Shi Jingtang (posthumously known as Gaozu of Later Jin), also a Shatuo, successfully rebelled against the Han Chinese Later Tang emperor Li Congke and established the Later Jin dynasty. Shi moved the capital back to Kaifeng, then called Bian.  The Later Jin controlled essentially the same territory as the Later Tang except the strategic Sixteen Prefectures area, which had been ceded to the expanding Liao Empire established by the Khitans.

Later historians would denigrate the Later Jin as a puppet regime of the powerful Liao to the north. When Shi's successor did defy the Liao, a Khitan invasion resulted in the end of the dynasty in 946.

Later Han and Northern Han

The death of the Khitan emperor on his return from the raid on the Later Jin left a power vacuum that was filled by Liu Zhiyuan, another Shatuo who founded the Later Han in 947. The capital was at Bian (Kaifeng) and the state held the same territories as its predecessor. Liu died after a single year of reign and was succeeded by his teenage son, in turn unable to reign for more than two years, when this very short-lived dynasty was ended by the Later Zhou. The remnants of the Later Han returned to the traditional Shatuo Turk stronghold of Shanxi and established the Northern Han Kingdom. The Last Northern Han Emperor, Liu Jiyuan was originally surnamed He but was adopted by his maternal grandfather, the Northern Han Emperor Liu Chong and granted the imperial surname Liu. Liu Jiyuan granted the imperial surname to the Han Chinese general Yang Ye and adopted him as a brother. Under the protection of the Khitan Liao dynasty, the tiny kingdom survived until 979 when it was finally incorporated into the Song dynasty.

Song dynasty

Shatuo Turks that remained on the steppes were eventually absorbed into various Mongolic or Turkic tribes.  From the 10th to 13th centuries, Shatuo remnants possibly joined Tatar confederation in the territory of the modern Mongolia, and became known as Ongud  or White Tatars branch of the Tatars.

Physical appearance
Contemporary records of the Shatuo describes some Shatuo men as having deep set eyes and whiskers as well as lithe bodies and a light complexion. Centuries later, the Mongols referred to the descendants of the Shatuo as "White Tartars."

Religion
The early Shatuo seem to have practiced some aspects of Manichaeism alongside their reverence for spirits and divination. They also believed in a "Heavenly God" or "Sky God" like other nomadic peoples. The Shatuo were also influenced by Buddhism in their sculptural artworks.

Surnames of Shatuo
Li (李)
Zhuye (朱耶) ~ Zhuxie (朱邪)
Zhu (朱)
Sha-Jin (沙金)
Sha (沙)*
Liu (劉)*

See also
History of China

References

Sources
 Chavannes, Édouard (1900), Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux. Paris, Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient. Reprint: Taipei. Cheng Wen Publishing Co. 1969.

 Findley, Carter Vaughn, The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press, (2005). ; 0-19-517726-6 (pbk.)
 Mote, F.W.: Imperial China: 900–1800, Harvard University Press, 1999
 Zuev Yu.A., "Se-Yanto Kaganate And Kimeks (Türkic ethnogeography of the Central Asia in the middle of 7th century)", Shygys, 2004, No 1, pp. 11–21, No 2, pp. 3–26, Oriental Studies Institute, Almaty (In Russian)
 Chinaknowledge: 5 DYNASTIES & 10 STATES
 Shatuo

Turkic peoples of Asia
Ancient peoples of China
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Jin (Later Tang precursor)
Later Han (Five Dynasties)
Later Jin (Five Dynasties)
Later Tang
Xueyantuo
Extinct Turkic peoples
Tribes of the Göktürks

Shatuo


Durga was an Indian Bengali language television soap opera, which aired from 8 September 2008 – 26 June 2010 on Bengali GEC Star Jalsha. The show starred Sandipta Sen, Gourab Chatterjee and Swagata Mukherjee and Payel De in lead roles.

A spiritual sequel or a reboot of this series, Durga Durgeshwari, premiered in 2019 and ended in 2020. It starred Sampurna Mondal and Bishwarup Banerjee in the lead roles.

Plot
It is the tale of the journey of a village belle and an ardent devotee of Goddess Durga, Durga (Sandipta Sen) who marries a mentally unwell heir, Rupam (Gourab Chatterjee), of an urban rich family. Rupam is held  captive for several years by an evil woman Damini (Swagata Mukherjee). Damini held Rupam around the waist and captured him.However, Durga's faith in the Goddess, which is  her strength helps her to cure Rupam. The Goddess (Payel De) comes to her rescue during all of Durga's challenges. Thus, Durga helps Rupam lead a normal life by defeating the foul plans of his relatives with the help of Goddess Durga.

Cast
 Sandipta Sen as Durga Roy Chowdhury, Sibnath and Jaya's daughter, Rupam's wife and an ardent devotee of Goddess Durga
 Gourab Chatterjee as Rupam Roy Chowdhury, Arindam and Jayanti's son, Durga's husband, a mentally unwell heir
 Swagata Mukherjee as Damini Roy Chowdhury, Arijit's second wife, Titli's mother, an evil lady who killed Rupam's mother and tries to harm Rupam and Durga.
 Payel De as Goddess Durga aka Sati
 Ditipriya Roy as Gauri, Child version of Goddess Durga
 Debesh Roy Chowdhury as Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury, Gayatri's husband and Damini's Sidekick
 Moyna Mukherjee as Gayatri Roy Chowdhury, Aniruddha's wife and Damini's Sidekick
 Dr. Basudev Mukhopadhyay as Arijit Roy Chowdhury, Damini's husband and Sreerup, Arup and Titli's father
 Saptarshi Roy as Sreerup Roy Chowdhury, Ketaki's husband
 Saibal Bhattacharya as Arup Roy Chowdhury, Neela's husband
 Rajat Ganguly as Arindam Roy Chowdhury, Rupam's father
 Pritha Chatterjee as Jayanti Roy Chowdhury, Rupam's mother who was killed by Damini
 June Malia as Ketaki Roy Chowdhury, Sreerup's wife
 Rupanjana Mitra as Neela Roy Chowdhury, Arup's wife
 Debolina Dutta as Titli Roy Chowdhury, Damini and Arijit's daughter, Rupam and Durga's well wisher
 Subhrajit Dutta as Titli's love interest
 Tina Dutta as Kumkum Roy Chowdhury, Neela's daughter
 Bodhisattva Majumder as Sibnath, Durga's father
 Swagata Bose as Jaya, Durga's mother
 Sumanta Mukherjee as Narayan Choudhary, zamindar of Sonajhuri village
Anindya Pulak Banerjee as Supriyo, son of Narayan Choudhary
 Rita Dutta Chakraborty as Maya Maa, a Yogini
 Debika Mitra as a Nun who rescued Durga
 Nitya Ganguly as Kanai Kaka, servant of the Roy Chowdhury family
 Pradip Bhattacharya as Hari Kaka
 Samir Biswas as Sashadhar, priest of the Durga temple in Sonajhuri village who gave the idol of Goddess to Durga
 Sudipa Basu as Jhumur's mother
 Bimal Chakraborty as Damini's lawyer

Adaptations

References

External links
 Durga on Facebook

Bengali-language television programming in India
Indian television soap operas
2008 Indian television series debuts
2010 Indian television series endings
Indian drama television series
Star Jalsha original programming
Television shows set in Kolkata
Indian television series about Hindu deities

Durga (TV series)


The Henry A. Chapin House, also known as Chapin Mansion, is a historic house in Niles, Michigan. It was listed as a Michigan State Historic Site in 1976, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.

History
Henry A. Chapin was born in Leyden, Massachusetts in 1813 and moved with his parents to Ohio in 1814. In 1834, Chapin moved to Edwardsburg, Michigan, a few miles east of Niles, and started a general store. Ten years later, he entered into a partnership with S. S. Griffin and opened a wool business and general store in Niles. The business failed in 1861, but by 1864 Chapin was out of debt and again prosperous. In 1865 he purchased a tract of land in the Upper Peninsula near Iron Mountain. In 1878 an immense lode of iron ore was discovered on Chapin's property, and the Chapin Mine was quickly organized. Chapin did not own or operate the mine, but he did receive royalties of amounting to $100,000 to $300,000 annually throughout the rest of his lifetime.

Chapin began construction on this house, designed by the Chicago firm of Wheelock & Clay, in 1882. The house was finished in 1884, and Chapin lived in it until his death in 1898. The house was donated to the city of Niles in 1933, and it served as the Niles City Hall from a point between 1933 and 1937 until December 7, 2012. In May 2013, the administration of the mansion was turned over to the Niles History Center, and the mansion was opened to the public.

Description
The Chapin House is a three-story red brick Queen Anne structure with slate, wood, and terra cotta trimmings. It sits on a Bedford blue stone foundation, and is capped with a hipped roof. The structure has a turreted, round corner tower and  a number of projecting and recessed porches and semi-hexagonal bay window units.

On the interior, the first floor originally contained an entrance hall flanked by a parlor and library, a stair hall, a sitting room, dining room, kitchen and pantry. The second floor contained an upper stair hall surrounded by four large bedchambers and quarters for servants in the rear. The third floor contained a ballroom. The interior remains virtually unaltered, despite the use as the Niles City Hall for over 70 years.

Fort St. Joseph Museum
The museum is located in the carriage house of the Chapin Mansion and focuses on the city's history. Exhibits include Fort St. Joseph, built by the French as a trading post in 1691, the Underground Railroad in southern Michigan, area railroads and artifacts of the Lakota people.

References

External links

Niles History Center - Fort St. Joseph Museum and Historic Chapin Mansion
"Chapin House / Henry Austin Chapin - Niles, Michigan" Waymark
MI State Historic Preservation Objects

Niles, Michigan
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Michigan State Historic Sites
Houses in Berrien County, Michigan
Museums in Berrien County, Michigan
History museums in Michigan
Historic house museums in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places in Berrien County, Michigan

Henry A. Chapin House


Michael Washington Augustis Haynes Jr. (born September 13, 1980) is a former American football defensive end who played five seasons in the National Football League (NFL).

Professional career

He was selected with the 14th overall pick of the 2003 NFL Draft out of Penn State by the Chicago Bears. Haynes was the first player selected by the Bears with their two first round draft picks in 2003. The Bears used their second first round pick, 22nd overall of the 2003 NFL Draft, to select quarterback Rex Grossman. Following the Bears' trade for Adewale Ogunleye, Haynes struggled to see the field for the remainder of his time in Chicago. Haynes was released from the Bears as part of the 2006 roster cutdown.  He was signed by the New Orleans Saints and was declared inactive for one game before being released. On August 31, 2007, Haynes signed with the New York Jets. On September 1, 2007 the Jets cut him.

Personal life
He is the son of both Army and Air Force parents. He lived in many places around the world growing up including the Republic of Panama where he was coached in football by head coach, Louis Husted. While there he attended Balboa High School. After his parents relocated to McGuire Air Force Base in New Jersey, Haynes enrolled at Northern Burlington County Regional High School. He played volleyball, basketball, track, and football. He has an older brother, Curtis and a younger brother, Leshawn.

Haynes earned a Bachelor of Science in agricultural sciences from Penn State in 2003.

He currently is a high school football and soccer coach in Crowley, Texas.

References

External links
Michael Haynes ESPN Profile

1980 births
Living people
American football defensive linemen
Chicago Bears players
Penn State Nittany Lions football players
Players of American football from Brooklyn
People from Burlington County, New Jersey

Michael Haynes (defensive lineman)


A hybrid is the product of mating between individuals of different species or strains. The word is most common when talking about animals and plants.

Mules are hybrid animals. The female parent is a horse and the male parent is a donkey. The result, a mule, is sterile. Not all hybrids are sterile. Many garden plants and crop plants are hybrids. New species are sometimes formed from hybrids between two other species.

Classical genetics

Hybrid


Richard E. Davis (1926 – October 6, 2015) founded KC Masterpiece barbecue sauce.

Davis began his career as a child psychiatrist, instructor and author.  His academic posts included appointments as professor and acting chairman of the department of psychiatry at Eastern Virginia Medical School, and later, as dean of the school of medicine at the University of North Dakota.  He was the creator of K.C. Masterpiece Barbecue Sauce.  In 1986, he sold the sauce to the Kingsford Charcoal.

Rich Davis, M.D. died peacefully at home.

Early life and education
Davis, born in Joplin, Missouri, graduated from Topeka High School in 1944, and served a year and a half in the army. After World War II, he attended Washburn University, Columbia University, and Colorado College.  While at Washburn, he was initiated into the Kansas Beta Chapter of Phi Delta Theta.  He received a medical degree from the University of Kansas in 1954.

Academic and medical career
Board Certified Adult and Child Psychiatrist.

Board examiner in psychiatry and neurology 1972–1986.

Co-academic founder as associate dean of the Eastern Virginia Medical School in Norfolk, Virginia.

Vice-president of health affairs and dean of the medical school at the University of North Dakota, where he helped it gain accreditation as a four-year medical school.

Published in the American Journal of Psychiatry, Davis identified manic-depressive [bi-polar] syndrome in childhood and its treatment.  In 1983, he presented the use of lithium as a treatment at The World Congress of Psychiatry in Vienna.

Business
In 1977, he moved to Kansas City and began marketing various culinary concepts, including Muschup (a combination of ketchup and mustard), Dilled Muschup, and K.C. Soul Style Barbecue Sauce.

While Muschup and Dilled Muschup sold well, the barbecue sauce was the most popular, 3,000 cases of it quickly selling in Kansas City.  He later changed its name to KC Masterpiece Barbecue Sauce.

In 1986, he sold the sauce to the Kingsford division of the Clorox company, which took the barbecue sauce nationwide.  Presently it is claimed by the manufacturer to be the number 1 selling premium barbecue sauce in the country. He retained the rights to use the sauce at restaurants he was to develop. At one time several restaurants were in operation, but all have since closed.

A barbecue (dubbed the Congressional Picnic) is held annually on the south lawn of the White House. It is open to the president and vice president, all representatives and senators, and their families. Davis and his sons twice prepared barbecues for the Congressional Picnic, once for George H. W. Bush in 1992 and then for George W. Bush in 2004.

Unfinished business
Food World:  An Idea With Global Proportions For Kansas City.  The Kansas City Star.  Dirck Steimel.  February 28, 1990.

Music
A child prodigy on the piano, Davis composed many jazz and blues numbers.  He created the words and music for the Youth Volunteer Corps of America's anthem. He also composed Two Piano Sonata on Themes, transcribed by Wally Bradford and performed at several Midwestern universities. In 1992 Davis recorded a two-piano jazz session with Grammy nominee Jay McShann.

Honors and awards
 UMKC Henry W. Bloch School of Management Regional Entrepreneur of the Year 1995: Rich Davis, K.C. Masterpiece Barbecue
 Founding chairman of the board of the Youth Volunteer Corps of America.
 Founding chairman of the Alliance for Epilepsy Research board.
 Davis was awarded the Distinguished Service Citation from the University of Kansas in 2002.
 Stop the Violence Coalition award, the Kindest Kansas Citian Award.  1991.
 Dr. Davis and wife Coleen were honored with the Salvation Army William Booth Award in 1993.
 American Royal Barbecue Hall of Fame Legacy Inductee
 KC Masterpiece won the prestigious "Best Sauce on the Planet" award at the American Royal Barbecue Sauce Contest in 1980.

Books and articles
 The All American Barbecue Book (1988) Rich Davis & Shifra Stein, Vintage Books, Random House
 All About Bar-B-Q Kansas City Style (1985) Rich Davis & Shifra Stein, Barbacoa Press
 Grill Wars, Forbes Magazine, June 16, 1986
 Best Barbecued Ribs, Ladies Home Journal, August, 1984. (Rich Davis)
 Kansas City Styled Barbecue Ribs, Playboy Magazine, August 1985. (Rich Davis)
 People Magazine,  August 19, 1985. Vol. 24, No. 8. Dr. Rich Davis Gave Up Psychiatry to Put His Own Brand on Kansas City's Best Barbecue Sauce
 Dr. Rich Davis, the Sauce Doctor—R.I.P.   Barbecuebible.com. By Steven Raichlen.
 The Kansas City Star.  Rich Davis, founder of KC Masterpiece and barbecue legend, dies.
 Legacy.com.

References

External links
 KC Masterpiece television commercial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H61GBmxFR_I
 American Royal Hall of Fame Biography http://www.barbecuehalloffame.com/p/getconnected/legacy-inductees/236
 KC Masterpiece founder Rich Davis passes away at 89.  Fox 4 Kansas City.

1926 births
2015 deaths
American psychiatrists
Businesspeople from Kansas City, Missouri
University of North Dakota faculty

Rich Davis


In algebraic geometry, a local ring A is said to be unibranch if the reduced ring Ared (obtained by quotienting A by its nilradical) is an integral domain, and the integral closure B of Ared is also a local ring. A unibranch local ring is said to be geometrically unibranch if the residue field of B is a purely inseparable extension of the residue field of Ared. A complex variety X is called topologically unibranch at a point x if for all complements Y of closed algebraic subsets of X there is a fundamental system of neighborhoods (in the classical topology) of x whose intersection with Y is connected.

In particular, a normal ring is unibranch. The notions of unibranch and geometrically unibranch points are used in some theorems in algebraic geometry. For example, there is the following result:

Theorem  Let X and Y be two integral locally noetherian schemes and  a proper dominant morphism. Denote their function fields by K(X) and K(Y), respectively. Suppose that the algebraic closure of K(Y) in K(X) has separable degree n and that  is unibranch. Then the fiber  has at most n connected components. In particular, if f is birational, then the fibers of unibranch points are connected.

In EGA, the theorem is obtained as a corollary of Zariski's main theorem.

References

Algebraic geometry
Commutative algebra

Unibranch local ring


Haminados, also known as chaminados, or braised eggs, is a traditional Sephardi Jewish dish, popular in Israel, and commonly served as an ingredient or accompaniment to a number of dishes. Haminados are an important element of Israeli cuisine, and are commonly prepared on their own or as part of the Sephardi and Mizrahi Jewish Shabbat stew chamin.

Overview

Haminados typically consists of whole eggs in the shell, which are placed on top of a hamin (a Shabbat stew) in the stewing pot. The eggs are braised over many hours, often overnight and turn brown in the course of all-night cooking. The brown eggs, called haminados (güevos haminadavos in Ladino, huevos haminados in Spanish), are shelled before serving and placed on top of the other cooked ingredients. In the Tunisian version, the brown eggs are cooked separately in a metal pot on the all-night stove with water and tea leaves (similar to tea eggs). Haminados can be cooked in this way even if no hamin is prepared. The addition of tea leaves, coffee grinds, or onion skins to the water dyes the shell purple and the white a light brown, giving the egg a smooth creamy texture. In Israel, brown eggs are a popular accompaniment to ful medames (a dish of mashed broad beans) and they may also be served with hummus (a dip of mashed chickpeas mixed with tahini) and in a sabich sandwich.

See also

Hardboiled egg
Hamin
Poached egg
Sabich

References

Sephardi Jewish cuisine
Israeli cuisine
Shabbat food
Egg dishes

Haminados


Devonta "D. J." Davidson (born September 19, 1997) is an American football nose tackle for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). He was selected in the fifth round, 147th overall, of the 2022 NFL Draft. He played college football at Arizona State.

High school
Davidson played for Desert Ridge as a defensive tackle. As a junior he recorded 57 tackles, four sacks, and two forced fumbles. As a senior he played in 13 games as a senior, recording 67 total tackles, 19.5 tackles for loss, 5.5 sacks, four forced fumbles, and two fumble recoveries, including one returned for a touchdown, and led his team to the state championship game his senior season. Scouts rated him as a three-star prospect.

College career
Davidson played for Arizona State. As a freshman he suffered a season ending injury and only played 8 games with 10 tackles, 3.5 tackles for loss, and two sacks. As a sophomore he started 12 of 13 games and had 51 tackles, 4 tackles for loss, 1.5 sacks, and 1 touchdown. As a junior he had 15 tackles and 1 sack. His senior year he had 57 tackles, 6 tackles for loss, with 4 pass deflections, and was named the Curley Culp Outstanding defensive linemen.

Professional career

Davidson was drafted by the New York Giants with the 147th pick in the fifth round of the 2022 NFL Draft. On October 11, 2022, Davidson was placed on injured reserve after he tore his ACL against the Green Bay Packers in Week 5.

References

External links
 New York Giants bio
 Arizona State Sun Devils bio

1997 births
Living people
Players of American football from Mesa, Arizona
American football defensive tackles
Arizona State Sun Devils football players
New York Giants players

D. J. Davidson