The Symphony No. 98 in B major, Hoboken I/98, is the sixth of the twelve London symphonies (numbers 93–104) composed by Joseph Haydn. It was completed in 1792 as part of the set of symphonies composed on his first trip to London. It was first performed at the Hanover Square Rooms in London on 2 March 1792. Some musicologists and historians interpret this symphony as  Haydn's tribute to his friend Mozart who had died on 5 December 1791.

History
Haydn composed the symphony in early 1792. At the time, Haydn was in the midst of the first of his two visits to London, under contract to perform a series of new symphonies with an orchestra led by Johann Peter Salomon as concertmaster. The symphony was performed on 2 March 1792 at the Hanover Square Rooms, with Haydn directing the orchestra from the keyboard. The premiere came two weeks after that of Symphony No. 93, and one week before that of the Sinfonia Concertante. Haydn recalled that at the premiere of No. 98, the first and fourth movements were encored.

Instrumentation
The work is scored for one flute, two oboes, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, timpani, strings and cembalo. At the symphony's premiere, Haydn likely played the cembalo part on a fortepiano, but in many modern performances the part is played on a harpsichord, which is what the German word cembalo means. The cembalo part is only scored for a brief solo in the fourth movement, but Haydn would have conducted the premiere sitting at the keyboard and probably used it in a continuo role throughout the whole of the symphony.

In modern performances, the B horn part is commonly played with B basso, rather than B alto, horns.  It is likely that B basso horns were preferred in the 1792 premiere, making the symphony the first of Haydn's to employ the instrument. The trumpet and timpani parts are also scored in B.

Movements
Adagio – Allegro,
Adagio,
Menuetto. Presto,
Finale. Presto,

First movement: Adagio – Allegro

The first movement is in sonata form and is preceded by an introduction marked "Adagio". The introduction is in B minor, and consists of three differing statements of an upwards broken chord, followed by a downward motion.

Haydn then uses the introductory motif as the primary theme of the "Allegro" section of the movement, although this time it is in B major. The use of common thematic material in an introduction and a movement proper is an uncommon compositional device for the time. After its first statement in the Allegro, the motif then proceeds to dominate the entire movement. The exposition modulates to the dominant (F major), as is conventional for a sonata form movement in a major key, but no new theme is presented. Instead, the opening theme, albeit in a varied form, is reprised in the new key. The sonata can thus be called monothematic. After the exposition follows a long development section, then a recapitulation that involves unusually significant variations to the material presented in the exposition.

Second movement: Adagio

The movement is in F major and sonata form. There are no trumpet or timpani parts. The movement, solemn and hymn-like, makes noticeable use of material from two works by Mozart, the Coronation Mass and Symphony No. 41 ("Jupiter"), and it was possibly intended by Haydn as a tribute to his friend and fellow-composer, who died in December 1791: Haydn was composing the symphony when he heard, and was greatly distressed by, the news of his friend's death.

The movement's principal theme, introduced by the strings and marked "cantabile", is an almost exact quotation from Agnus Dei from Mozart's Coronation Mass; a resemblance to "God Save the King" has also been noted. The second theme is in the dominant (C major). The exposition is not repeated. Instead there is a transition section into the development. It is in this transition that the quotation from Mozart's Symphony No. 41 ("Jupiter") appears. The recapitulation involves new treatments of the principal theme: on its first reprise, the theme is accompanied by a passage for solo cello in counterpoint. After the second theme is reprised, the oboes present the first theme again. Six measures from the end of the movement, the first two measures of the theme are presented for a final time, by an oboe and a bassoon with a chromatic accompaniment from the strings. The movement then fades to a pianissimo conclusion. The chromaticism accompanying the final statement of the theme was omitted from published editions of the symphony until the 1950s, when H. C. Robbins Landon restored Haydn's original score.
Haydn went on to quote the Agnus Dei of Mozart's Coronation Mass even more exactly in the Agnus Dei of his own Harmoniemesse, and his scoring reflects that of the Adagio in his Symphony 98.

Third movement: Menuetto

The third movement is a fast minuet and trio. The minuet is in B major. Its second section starts conventionally in the dominant of F major but shifts into A major for a flute solo. The trio remains in B major, but omits the trumpets, horns and timpani. The music critic Michael Steinberg described the trio as "gently rustic".

Finale: Presto
The fourth movement is the longest finale among Haydn's symphonies. It is in sonata form and  time. The exposition is repeated, and after it concludes in the dominant of F major, there is a lengthy pause before the development commences in A major. The development contains modulations through a wide range of keys and prominent solos for the principal violin who, in the premiere performance, was Johann Peter Salomon. The principal violin's part continues into the beginning of the recapitulation when it plays the first theme as a solo. After the recapitulation there is a lengthy coda, in which Haydn slows the tempo to "piu moderato" but then introduces sixteenth notes to give the movement a new momentum. Towards the end of the coda comes the surprising keyboard solo, consisting of an 11-measure passage of sixteenth notes.

Haydn was not a keyboard virtuoso. But the composer and organist Samuel Wesley, who was at the 1792 premiere, recollected that Haydn had executed the keyboard solo proficiently:

"His Performance on the Piano Forte, although not such as to stamp him a first rate artist upon that Instrument, was indisputably neat and distinct. In the Finale of one of his Symphonies is a Passage of attractive Brilliancy, which he has given to the Piano Forte, and which the Writer of this Memoir remembers him to have executed with the utmost Accuracy and Precision."

A typical performance of the symphony lasts about 26 minutes.

Notes

References
 Heartz, Daniel (2009). Mozart, Haydn and Early Beethoven: 1781–1802. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

External links
BBC Discovering Music Program for Symphony #98 and Variations in F minor

Symphony 098
1792 compositions
Compositions in B-flat major

Symphony No. 98 (Haydn)


Gostiny Dvor () is a station on the Nevsko–Vasileostrovskaya Line of the Saint Petersburg Metro. It was designed by architect C.G. Mayofis, E.S. Belyat, A.K. Andreyev, Ya.E. Moskalenko and C.P Schyukin and opened on November 3, 1967. It has two exits - one at the intersection between the Griboyedov Canal and Nevsky Prospect and another inside the northern side of the Gostinyi Dvor mall. The latter exit has an entrance that allows the commuters to enter the mall directly. The station also linked to the Nevsky Prospekt metro station via a transfer corridor and a set of escalators. The station is the busiest station on the line and one of the busiest stations in the entire St. Petersburg Metro.

Local landmarks
The station is in close proximity to various landmarks, including the Church of the Savior on Blood, Kazan Cathedral and the Russian Museum. It was formerly the closest station to the Hermitage, Saint Isaac's Cathedral, Admiralty, Summer Garden and Bronze Horseman, until the Admiralteyskaya station opened in 2011.

Escalator repair
From August 2008 to August 31, 2009, the station entrance escalators were closed to repair damage caused by leaks resulting from deterioration and corrosion caused by groundwater. Metrostroy remodeled the design to better control the flow of water. During repairs, passengers had to use the Nevsky Prospekt station entrance to reach Gostiny Dvor escalators and an exit to Gostiny Dvor.

References

External links

Gostiny Dvor station

Saint Petersburg Metro stations
Nevsky Prospekt
Railway stations in Russia opened in 1967
Railway stations located underground in Russia

Gostiny Dvor (Saint Petersburg Metro)


September is a novel by Rosamunde Pilcher. September was published in 1990, three years after The Shell Seekers. Although one Shell Seekers character, Noel Keeling, is a significant figure, a new cast is introduced.

Violet Aird is the centre of the novel, the matriarch of the Aird clan, and long-time family friend of Lord Balmerino a.k.a. Archie Blair. The characters of the book all have a problem to overcome, such as jealousy, envy, or greed.  Violet watches over them all, but knows she can only watch.
Lottie Carstairs, released from the local psychiatric hospital drives Violet's friend (and employee) Edie to distraction - along with everyone else, disagreement over their son's schooling drives parents Edmund and Virginia Aird ever further apart, the Balmerinos are deeply troubled by debt, and into all this, the bewitching and beautiful Pandora Blair, who ran away from home twenty years before, adds her own brand of chaos.

Film, TV and theatrical adaptations
September was made into a mini-series film in 1996, and starred Edward Fox, Michael York, Mariel Hemingway, and Jacqueline Bisset, Jenny Agutter (as Isobel Balmerino), Judy Parfitt (as Verena Steynton).

Release details
September was also released as an audio book, and, like The Shell Seekers and Coming Home, it was read by Lynn Redgrave.

1990 British novels
English novels
Cornish novels
British novels adapted into television shows
New English Library books

September (novel)


Brookfield Place is a skyscraper within the Brookfield Place office complex in Perth, Western Australia. It is currently the second tallest building in Western Australia. Located at 125 St Georges Terrace, the major tenant is BHP.

Construction commenced in April 2008 and was completed in 2012. The project is estimated to have cost around A$500 million. Other tenants include PwC, Allianz, Barrick Gold, Navitas and Servcorp.

Developers Brookfield lodged a development application for the second stage of Brookfield Place in July 2011, for a  16-storey office tower to be situated to the south of the main tower fronting Mounts Bay Road. Tower 2 was completed in 2015, with major tenants including Multiplex, Westpac, Wesfarmers, Ashurst, Corrs Chambers Westgarth and Deloitte.

Retail tenants in the Brookfield Place complex include Montblanc and Daniel Hechter.

History

 1986 - Laurie Connell and Alan Bond both buy 25% stakes in the site in 1986 in partnership with the State Superannuation Board.
 1988 - The site, then called Perth Technical College, sold to Kerry Packer and Warren Anderson for $270 million. One office building on what was renamed "Westralia Square" was constructed. The development is mired in WA state politics, and the deal will later be scrutinised in detail by the WA Inc Royal Commission. Kerry Packer famously declares: "All West Australians are crooks."
 1990s - A $2 billion development by Indonesia's Samma Group collapses.
 2003 - Kerry Packer sells the site to Multiplex and Stowe for $19 million, taking a loss of $200 million. Multiplex and Griffin have agreed to carve up the Westralia Square property. Griffin has a smaller area on Mounts Bay Road and Multiplex has the prime location fronting St Georges Terrace.
 December 2007 - BHP signs the biggest office leasing deal in Perth's history—.
 March 2008 - Perth's Lord Mayor announces that BHP will be headquartering in Perth, and their Melbourne operations will be significantly downgraded. (This is confirmed in August 2014).

Design
Brookfield Place Tower is the tallest side core commercial building in the southern hemisphere. Designed by Hassell and Fitzpatrick + Partners, it included the restoration of the surrounding  historic Newspaper House Group of Buildings, comprising four heritage-listed buildings, constructed between 1910 and 1932.

The offset core protects the enclosed space by buffering the façade against the adverse northern sun and the associated solar heat gain. Externally, the expressive structural east and west exoskeletons create the distinctive tower aesthetic. The vertical expression of the tower structure accentuates the height of the building, which terminates in a tapered structural roof crown.

Tower 2 was designed by Woods Bagot. It features large column-free floor plates of approximately . The project also incorporates a sheltered upper-level walkway across Mounts Bay Road to provide greater connectivity between the Elizabeth Quay bus station, Elizabeth Quay railway station and Perth's CBD.

Gallery

See also
List of lanes and arcades in Perth, Western Australia
List of tallest buildings in Perth
List of tallest buildings in Australia
Old Perth Technical School
Old Perth Boys School
Print Hall

References

External links
  Brookfield Place official Website
 BHP Tower on Emporis, the skyscraper database
 TPG website
 Hassell website
 fitzpatrick+partners website

St Georges Terrace
Skyscraper office buildings in Perth, Western Australia
Retail buildings in Western Australia
Brookfield Properties buildings
Office buildings completed in 2012
Modernist architecture in Australia

Brookfield Place (Perth)


Braeburn is a community of subdivisions in southwest Houston, Texas along Brays Bayou west of Hillcroft Avenue and south of the Sharpstown community. The first of these middle class subdivisions was developed after World War II at a time when the Richmond Farm-to-Market Road (later renamed as Bissonnet Street) provided the route into the city, rather than U.S. Highway 59. Development continued into the 1970s. The Braeburn Country Club is located in the center of the community. Subdivisions found here include Robindell, Braeburn Terrace, Braeburn Glen, Larkwood, Braeburn Valley, Bonham Acres, Braes Timbers and—the acreage lot subdivision—Brae Acres. The area also includes commercial and multi-family developments.
Braeburn is notable for its large number of mid-century modern homes, tree lined streets, and location close to the Galleria, the Texas Medical Center, Reliant Park, the major freeways- 59, 610 and the Beltway. The communities of Braeburn have in recent years formed the Braeburn Superneighborhood, a coalition of Home Owner Associations, in order to interact more effectively with the City of Houston and other area agencies. The Brays Bayou hike and bike trail runs through the community, providing easy access to over 15 miles of excellent trails.

Fire service
This neighborhood is served by Fire Station 68 , located on the corner of Bissonnet and Gessner, next to Braeburn Glen Park and Lee LeClear Tennis center.

Police service
The neighborhood is served by the Houston Police Department's Fondren Patrol Division, as well as the Beechnut substation .

The Braeburn Police Storefront Station is located at 10101 Fondren Road.

Education

Public schools
Houston Independent School District.

Braes Timbers, Larkwood and portions of Braeburn Valley and Robindell are zoned to McNamara Elementary School, Braeburn Glen is zoned to Bonham Elementary School, Braeburn Terrace and a portion of Robindell are zoned to Herod Elementary School, and a portion of Braeburn Valley is zoned to Milne Elementary School.

Braeburn Glen, Larkwood, and portions of Braeburn Valley and Robindell are zoned to Sharpstown Middle School,  Braeburn Terrace and a portion of Robindell are zoned to Fondren Middle School, and portions of Braeburn Valley are zoned to Welch Middle School.

Braeburn Glen, Larkwood, Braeburn Valley, and Robindell are zoned to Sharpstown High School.
Bellaire High School is nearby, and Houston Baptist University is to the immediate north of Braeburn.

Private schools
Robindell Private School, a kindergarten through third grade private school, is in the area.

Media
The Bellaire Texan, which served the Braeburn area community in the mid-20th Century, was headquartered in Bellaire and published by the Texan Publishing Corporation. By 1975, it became known as the Bellaire & Southwestern Texan and was published by the Preston Publishing Company. It was then headquartered in Houston.

References

Neighborhoods in Houston

Braeburn, Houston


A timber slide is a device for moving timber past rapids and waterfalls.  Their use in Canada was widespread in the 18th and 19th century timber trade.  At this time, cut timber would be floated down rivers in large timber rafts from logging camps to ports such as Montreal and Saint John, New Brunswick.  Rapids and waterfalls would, however, damage the wood and could potentially cause log jams.  Thus at these locations timber slides were constructed.  These were thin water filled chutes that would run parallel to the river.  They would usually only be wide enough for a single log and one at a time the logs would be directed down it.  The idea is attributed to Ruggles Wright who introduced the first one in 1829 not far from what is today down-town Hull, Quebec, Canada. Later, the slides could often be up to a kilometre in length. They were most commonly found on the Ottawa River system. The Bonnechere River in Eastern Ontario had five chutes along the waterway before emptying into the Ottawa River.

In some areas the timber slide became a tourist attraction, the most notable being the 1.2 km chute bypassing the Chaudière Falls on the Ottawa River in Ottawa. Its most notable visitors are the Duke of York, who later became King George V, and his wife, the Duchess of York Mary of Teck.

Timber slides disappeared after the construction of canal networks and the decline of the timber trade. They were almost all out of service by the First World War.

See also
 Log flume
 Ottawa River timber trade
 Tømmerrenna is the term for a timber slide in Norway, where they were also common.

References

 Lee, David. "Lumber Kings and Shantymen: Logging, Lumber and Timber in the Ottawa Valley." Ottawa: Canada, 2006.

Wood
Water transport
Log transport
Forestry in Canada
History of forestry

Timber slide


Joël Henry (born 1955) is a French journalist who was born in Strasbourg.

Career

Henry founded 'Latourex' in 1990, which is an abbreviation of the French phrase for 'Laboratory of Experimental Travel'.

He also co-authored The Lonely Planet Guide to Experimental Travel, published in 2005, along with Rachael Antony. The book consisted of 40 alternative methods of taking a holiday, which included:

 Organising a backpacking expedition to K2, the grid location on a map of one's locality
 Secretly following a close friend or family member on holiday and photographing their activities while wearing a cliché detective's trench coat
 Spending 24 hours in an airport lobby not intending to fly anywhere
 Traveling to a city separately to one's partner or spouse and attempting to find each other without contact or travel information
 Going to well known tourist destinations and photographing what is opposite the famous landmark

Philosophy

In a similar fashion to the Oulipo group, the imposition of arbitrary restrictions serves to heighten the tourist experience. What is more, Henry appears to be concerned that the majority of foreigners in another country do exactly the same as each other, and that discovering another country is more than a mere observation of its landmarks; indeed visiting tourist traps may be the worst way to discover a country, as here one will find the fewest locals, least tradition and minimal authenticity.

See also
Lonely Planet

External links
 Homepage of Latourex
 An interview with Joël Henry from the Guardian newspaper
 Account of an experimental holiday
 Joel Henry: Dean of "Experimental Travel"

1955 births
Living people
Writers from Strasbourg
French male non-fiction writers

Joël Henry (journalist)


Sir Charles Michael Dennis Byron (born 4 July 1943) is a former president of the Caribbean Court of Justice. He also serves as President of the Commonwealth Judicial Education Institute, and is former President of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), and former Chief Justice of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court. He was born in Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis.

Early life and career

Byron won the Leeward Islands Scholarship in 1960 and went on to read law at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. At Fitzwilliam, he won his oar as a member of the college's top rowing team in the May Bumps for 1964. He graduated with an M.A and LL.B. in 1966. In 1965, he was called to the Bar of England and Wales by the Honourable Society of the Inner Temple.

He distinguished himself in private practice as a Barrister-at-Law and Solicitor throughout the Leeward Islands, with Chambers in Saint Kitts, Nevis and Anguilla from 1966 to 1982.

Judicial career

Sir Dennis Byron's judicial career began in 1982 at the age of 38 when he was appointed as a High Court Judge of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court, a federal Court serving six independent countries together with three Crown Colonies of Great Britain. He was soon frequently sitting as a Court of Appeal Judge in an acting capacity before being appointed a substantive member of the Court of Appeal in 1990.

In 1986, as Acting Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Grenada, on secondment from the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court, he presided over the famous murder trial involving the assassination of Prime Minister Maurice Bishop – the longest criminal trial in Caribbean history.

In 1995, over a five-month period, in tandem with Operation Uphold Democracy, Sir Dennis, with two other international Judges, and a full supporting team, organized judicial education programmes for the Haitian Judiciary. This was an initiative of the National Center for State Courts of the United States in the wake of the restoration of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide in Haiti.

In 1999, Judge Byron was appointed Chief Justice of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court, having acted in that position for two years. As Chief Justice, he was the supreme judicial officer of the courts of Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, the British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.

As Acting Chief Justice, Judge Byron made the establishment of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Judicial Reform Programme a matter of high priority. In 1997, he launched the Judicial Education Institute as a Committee of the Chief Justice's Office. The Committee produced a Code of Ethics for Judges, and organized a series of seminars and training programmes providing orientation for Judges, lawyers and trial Court Registrars. This Programme was a prelude to the modernisation of practice and procedure in litigation, which was brought to fruition when Chief Justice Byron introduced the new Civil Procedure Rules 2000, which came into operation as of 31 December 2000. These new Rules, tailored to the norms of the Eastern Caribbean, are in keeping with the ethos of judicial case management which informs the Woolf Reforms instituted in England in 1998. Byron was the first Chief Justice to implement the English-modelled Civil Procedure Rules in the Caribbean region. With these reforms, he set a three-fold objective, namely, the enhancement of public access to the Court by simplifying procedures, the reduction of the delay of litigation from start to finish, and the inculcation of a higher standard of professionalism at the Bar.

Byron chaired the Rules Reform Committee, and hosted workshops for lawyers in different Caribbean islands, to which he invited a Judge, a Master and a leading practitioner from Canada to share their experiences and advice with regard to their own shift to case management by the Court.

He has been President of the Commonwealth Judicial Education Institute in Halifax, Canada since the year 2000.

In 2000, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II and he was appointed a member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council in 2004, making him only the second national of St. Kitts and Nevis to be appointed, following the appointment of the country's first Prime Minister, Dr Kennedy Simmonds, in 1984. Also in 2004, he was appointed as an Honorary Bencher of the Honourable Society of the Inner Temple.

In March 2001, then Chief Justice Byron was a member of an international delegation of jurists who travelled to Zimbabwe on a Fact-Finding Mission on behalf of the Human Rights Institute of the International Bar Association, inquiring into reports of abuses against the Rule of Law by the Robert Mugabe Government. The 7-member Mission was headed by Lord Goldsmith, QC, who was soon to become Attorney General of England and Wales. The IBA is the world's leading organization of Bar Associations, Law Societies and legal practitioners, drawn from 183 countries and representing 2.5 million lawyers.

At the invitation of then-Secretary General of the United Nations Kofi Annan, Judge Byron, while serving as Chief Justice of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court, from which position he retired, became a permanent Judge of the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in 2004. The ICTR was established by the United Nations Security Council to try war crimes committed during the Rwandan genocide of nearly 1 million people in 1994. Sir Dennis was elected President of the Tribunal in May 2007 and re-elected for a second term in May 2009. He was elected and re-elected President by his fellow Judges.

As President of the ICTR which is located in Arusha, Tanzania, Sir Dennis is also an Under-Secretary General of the United Nations. He is responsible for the overall management of that International Tribunal and for liaising with Member States as well as the Security Council. He oversees the implementation of ICTR strategic policies and the management of its external relations. He provides the dedicated leadership and commitment for the realization of the Tribunal's overall Completion Strategy without sacrificing any of the vital safeguards of due process and fair trial rights.
He has regularly addressed the Security Council of the United Nations in New York City to deliver six-monthly Reports on behalf of the Tribunal in his capacity as president on the progress of the Security Council's Completion Strategy.

Byron sat on seven trial benches and served on a number of pre-trial benches while at the Tribunal. He presides over the multi-accused Karemera, et al. trial, also known as Government I, involving Édouard Karemera, former Minister of the Interior of Rwanda, and Matthieu Ngirumpatse, former President of the MRND.

On 16 March 2011, he delivered the 9th Annual Ruth Steinkraus-Cohen International Law Lecture of the United Nations Association of London hosted by the School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London. He also holds the first Yogis & Keddy Chair in Human Rights Law at Dalhousie University.

In 2010, Byron was made an Honorary Fellow by his alma mater, Fitzwilliam College of Cambridge University. In a recent interview with Radio Netherlands Worldwide, he highlighted two judgments of the ICTR as trend-setting in international law. Akayesu, which was the first case at the international level to interpret genocide in the light of the Genocide Convention and is recognized as an authority in International Criminal Law on sexual violence in conflict situations. As a result of this precedent, rape is now a crime of genocide.

In mid-March 2011, it was announced that Byron was appointed as the new President of the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) during the recent Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Heads of Government Inter-Sessional Summit in Grenada. This appointment followed a unanimous recommendation by the Regional and Judicial Legal Services Commission.

He ended his tenure of four years as President of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in May 2011 and was sworn in as President of the CCJ in his home country of Saint Kitts and Nevis on 1 September 2011; he demitted office on 4 July 2018.

Personal life

Dennis Byron is the son of the late Vincent F. Byron Sr., M.B.E., former senior civil servant who served as warden of Anguilla and who on occasion acted as Governor-General's deputy to former Governor-General Sir Clement Arrindell, Q.C., Sir Dennis's uncle-in-law. Vincent Byron Sr. and his wife, Pearl Byron, both died in 1998.

Dennis Byron's sister, Helen Marcella Byron-Baker, was a former senior property manager at Durst Fetner, one of the largest property developers in New York. His younger brothers are Vincent F. Byron Jr., former St. Kitts and Nevis Ambassador to the Republic of China on Taiwan and South Korea, and Terence  Byron, CMG, who acted as Attorney-General of the Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis on a number of occasions between 1985 and 1995.

Sir Dennis Byron is married to Lady Norma Byron, and is the father of four children.

References

External links

1943 births
Living people
Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
Barristers and advocates
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Inner Temple
Presidents of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
Saint Kitts and Nevis judges
Chief justices of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
Caribbean Court of Justice judges
Saint Kitts and Nevis judges on the courts of Grenada
Saint Kitts and Nevis judges on the courts of Anguilla
Saint Kitts and Nevis judges on the courts of Antigua and Barbuda
Saint Kitts and Nevis judges on the courts of Dominica
Saint Kitts and Nevis judges on the courts of Montserrat
Saint Kitts and Nevis judges on the courts of Saint Lucia
Saint Kitts and Nevis judges on the courts of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Kitts and Nevis judges on the courts of the British Virgin Islands
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Saint Kitts and Nevis judges of United Nations courts and tribunals
Saint Kitts and Nevis judges of international courts and tribunals

Dennis Byron


Pancetta () is a salt-cured pork belly meat product in a category known as salume. In Italy, it is often used to add depth to soups and pastas.

Uses
For cooking, it is often cut into cubes (cubetti di pancetta). In Italy, pancetta is commonly served as a sliced meat, sliced thin and eaten raw. It can also be used in carbonara pasta (although guanciale is generally regarded as more traditional).

Types
The two basic types of pancetta are the arrotolata (rolled) and stesa (flat). The arrotolata, salted, is mainly cut in thin slices and eaten raw as part of antipasti or simply as a component of a sandwich; the stesa is often used chopped as an ingredient in many recipes or cut in thick strips, that are usually eaten grilled. There is also a version of arrotolata, to which capicola is added in the center of the roll (pancetta coppata).

The rolled type is typical of northern Italy, while the flattened type is typical of central and southern Italy.

While most pancetta is salt-cured and dried, pancetta affumicata is salt-cured and smoked, similar to bacon.

Ingredients
Most pancetta products are made using pork belly brined in a mixture of salt, dextrose, spices and spice extracts, sodium erythorbate, garlic, sugar, sodium nitrate, and/or sodium nitrite.

Production process

The pork belly skin is removed before the pork is salted and held in a tub of brine for 10–14 days in a low-temperature and high-humidity environment. The brine is usually composed of salt, nitrite, ascorbate, spices such as black pepper, chilli, garlic, juniper, and rosemary, and sometimes nitrate.

After salting and brining, the pork is rolled, with layers of fat on the outside surrounding a meaty core. The rolled pork is then tightly packed into nettings or other fibrous casings. Rolling produces the pancetta's distinctive shape, while the casing prevents case hardening in the latter stages of the production process.

Following rolling and packing, the pork undergoes enzymatic reactions facilitated by exposure to a warm environment of 22–24 °C for 24 to 36 hours. It is simultaneously exposed to cold smokes for desirable colours and flavours and to prevent moulding.

Finally, the smoked pork is held at 12–14 °C and 72–75% relative humidity for 3–4 weeks for drying. The resulting pancetta retains approximately 70% of its original weight.

Preservation and shelf life
Pancetta is preserved by curing. Curing is done using a spice and salt mixture containing nitrates or nitrites, which act to extend the shelf life of cured meats. Nitrates help remove excess moisture from the pork, decreasing water activity and limiting available free water for the growth of spoilage-causing and pathogenic microorganisms. Sodium nitrites are used to prevent the growth of botulism-causing bacteria and listeria monocytogenes, as well as imparting desirable flavour and colour.  Nitrates are said to act like time-released nitrites and are used in pancetta products that require longer periods of curing and drying.

Other constituents of the spice mixture also act to preserve the shelf life of pancetta—black pepper acts as an antibiotic, and sodium erythorbate is used as an antioxidant.

Pancetta kept in its original packaging can be stored for up to 12 months. After opening, it has a shelf life of around 2–3 weeks in the refrigerator and up to 3 months in the freezer.

Nutritional value
One 30-g serving of pancetta contains around 5.0 g of protein, 11.0 g of fat, and 20–25 mg of cholesterol. One serving comprises between 15 and 22 percent of the accepted daily value of fats. Despite its high portion of daily fat value, pancetta has a lower fat content than other bacon products.

A single serving of pancetta contains around 540 mg of sodium. Consumption of processed meats is reported to be the second largest source of dietary sodium consumption, with bacon products leading processed pork products in sodium content.

Pancetta contains trace amounts of carbohydrates and no dietary fibre. These values can vary depending on processing, curing, and cooking methods.

Health concerns

Associated cancer risk is likely related to the presence of nitrosamines in processed meat products like pancetta. Nitrosamines are carcinogenic compounds formed by the reaction of nitrites and amines. Nitrites are added during processing to act as preservatives and as antibacterial agents against clostridium botulinum, the toxin that causes botulism. Amines are naturally-occurring compounds found in meats. Nitrosamines are often formed in high temperatures, like those required to produce bacon, one processed meat in which nitrosamines have been consistently found.

Nitrosamines have also been shown to play a part in Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases, as well as type 1 and 2 diabetes.

Regulations
Under Canadian regulations (C.R.C., Annex C.2), a cured meat product like pancetta is an edible meat product prepared with salt with at least 100 ppm of sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate.

In the United States, under the Food Safety and Inspection Service of the USDA, hormones are not allowed in hogs or poultry raised for food. Pork or poultry sold in the U.S. must be labelled as hormone-free and include a statement saying that federal regulations prohibit the use of hormones.

In the European Union, the labelling of pancetta is regulated under the protected designation of origin regime. Only pancetta produced in the Italian region of Calabria may be labelled as pancetta di Calabria.

See also

 Bacon

References

External links

Bacon
Cuts of pork
Dried meat
Italian cuisine
Pork
Salumi

Pancetta


Pierre Jannet (5 January 1820, Saint-Germain-de-Grave – November 1870, Paris) was a 19th-century French bibliophile and bibliographer.

A self-educated publisher, Jannet published with the assistance of Ternaux-Compans, the Bibliothèque elzévirienne, elegant collection of 16th-century French writers, of which he edited himself several volumes: l'Ancien Théâtre Français, les Facétieuses de Straparole, etc.

He wrote several collections of bibliographies.

Sources
 Gustave Vapereau, Dictionnaire universel des littératures, Paris, Hachette, 1876, p. 1090
 Alphonse Alkan, Les étiquettes et les inscriptions des boîtes-volumes de Pierre Jannet, Fondateur de la Bibliothèque elzéverienne, 1883

External links
 Pierre Jannet on data.bnf.fr

French bibliographers
French bibliophiles
People from Gironde
1820 births
1870 deaths

Pierre Jannet (bibliographer)


Raimund Bethge (born 7 July 1947 in Schwedt, Brandenburg) is an East German bobsledder who competed in the late 1970s. He took up the sport in 1975. He won a complete set of medals at the FIBT World Championships with a gold in four-man (1977), a silver in two-man (1978, and a bronze in four-man (1978). He also took a silver in the European Championships in 1978 in the four-man event. Bethge also competed at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, finishing fourth in the four-man event and seventh in the two-man event.

Prior to his role in bobsleigh, Bethge was national champion in the 110 metres hurdles in 1969, and finished fifth in the event at the 1969 European Championships in Athletics in Athens. He also won East German national titles in the 110 metres hurdles and the indoor 55 metres hurdles in 1969 and as part of a successful 4 × 100 metres relay team in 1970.

Bethge was forced to retire from bobsleigh in 1979 following a bus accident. That same year he took up coaching, initially as an assistant club coach at the Oberhof track. He became a trainer for the bobsleigh federation in East Germany, then for unified Germany after East and West Germany reunified in 1990. One of the athletes he trained was Wolfgang Hoppe, who would later become a coach for the German team. Another would be Christoph Langen, another successful bobsledder who was appointed as coach of the German team in 2010.

Bethge was named trainer of the year in Germany in 2006 by the German Olympic Sports Confederation as a result of his successes that included 80 men's bobsleigh medals overall (Winter Olympics, World championship, and European championship), 11 women's bobsleigh medals overall, and 11 skeleton medals overall. He donated the €10,000 prize money to the German Bobsleigh, Luge, and Skeleton Federation to fund youth development. He was able to attend the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin despite breaking both of his legs after being hit by an Australian bobsled during a practice run at Cesana Pariol on 30 November 2005. Bethge was planning to avoid travelling to the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver due to health problems arising from these injuries, but after the whole German team appealed to him to reconsider by wearing "Raimund for Whistler" t-shirts at a World Cup race in St. Moritz he agreed to attend the Games. He retired from coaching in August 2010.

Bethge is the half-brother of the sports shooter Bernhard Hochwald and Katja Klepp is his sister-in-law.

References

Australian Broadcasting Company News on Bethge
Bethge named 2006 Trainer of the Year.
Bobsleigh two-man world championship medalists since 1931
Bobsleigh four-man world championship medalists since 1930
BSD profile
Wallenchinsky, David (1984). "Bobsled". In The Complete Book of the Olympics: 1896 – 1980. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 559, 561.

1947 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Schwedt
German male bobsledders
East German male hurdlers
Bobsledders at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Olympic bobsledders for East Germany
German sports coaches

Raimund Bethge


An election for the English parliament constituency of Haverfordwest was held on 20 March 1571. The most prominent local politician was Sir John Perrot, but he declined to stand due to his appointment to the office of Lord President of Munster. The supporters of Perrot nominated John Garnons, who had previously been MP for Pembroke. The election was contested by Alban Stepneth, a member of the local gentry. Although Stepneth received more votes than Garnons, Garnons was originally declared to have won due to the intervention of Perrot's powerful supporters. Stepneth appealed to the Star Chamber, and he was by its judgment declared to have won the election. The election is notable as one of the few Elizabethan contested elections of which the full records are extant.

Context

During the late 16th century, Haverfordwest had a population of around two to three thousand, of which one hundred were burgesses, who bore the right to vote. It was politically dominated by a few individuals, most notably Perrot, who was supported by the local gentry, and opposing him, the antiquarian George Owen of Henllys, and John Barlow of Slebech, who had come into conflict with Perrot due to a land dispute.  Perrot himself had grown up in the area, his boyhood home being at Haroldstone, and he had been Mayor of Haverfordwest in 1570, an office which he also held in 1575 and 1576. Prior to the events of the 1571, Perrot held a virtual monopoly of power - all the borough offices were held by his supporters, including the mayor, John Voyle, and the sheriff, Edmund Harries. The Sheriff acted as returning officer, and thus was capable of illicitly influencing the result.

Preparations for the election
Due to Perrot's position, his opponents were not prepared to stand a candidate against him nor a candidate endorsed by him. However, Perrot was appointed Lord President of Munster in November 1570, and was due to set sail to Ireland a month before the election was to take place. This essentially created a power vacuum. Alban Stepneth, a gentleman tied to the Prendergast family, stood in opposition to the candidate endorsed by the borough officials, John Garnons. Garnons was descended from a gentle family whose estates were originally in Hertfordshire, but had married a woman from Pembrokeshire. He most likely had been appointed Clerk of the Peace for the county by Perrot, although the details are uncertain. He had previously represented the constituency of Pembroke in the 3rd parliament of Mary I, in 1554. It is known that he was excommunicate at the time of the election. It appears that voter intimidation by the Perrotist faction took place - a tailor named William Morgan threatened supporters of Stepneth with violence if they came to vote for him, and the Mayor made several common supporters of Perrot burgesses simply to swing the election. One supporter of Stepneth who was at the time imprisoned as a burgess, and thus had many more liberties than a common prisoner, was transferred to the common prison when he let his voting intentions be known to the Sheriff.

The electoral process
The election was held on 20 March at the Shire Hall. After the two candidates had been nominated, two books were prepared, one for each candidate. Each voter present was individually called to sign the book of his choice. If it was suspected that a voter was not a burgess (and thus did not have the right to vote), they could be challenged, in which case they could declare on oath that they were a burgess. Harries attempted to manipulate the election by preventing several of Stepneth's supporters from entering the hall, and Stepneth claimed to the Star Chamber that he also intimidated the voters within the building with threats and violence.

Results
Despite the efforts of Harries, there were seven more signatories to Stepneth's book than Garnons. The Sheriff at this point committed election fraud by transferring two of Stepneth's voters to Garnons, and by gathering together several locals who were not burgesses to vote for Garnons.  As a result, he was able to return Garnons as the MP despite the fact that he had polled fewer votes than Stepneth. The exact number of votes claimed to have been won by Garnon is not recorded, but it was presumably over Stepneth's fifty. Harries stated during the election that he would return Garnon no matter how large Stepneth's majority was.

The second notional set of results reflects the fact that fourteen of those who voted for Garnon were not eligible voters, thirteen not being burgesses at the time. The fourteenth refused to take the oath. One of the men who voted for Stepneth was challenged, and it is possible that he may not have been a burgess.

Aftermath
Stepneth challenged the return at the Star Chamber. He won his case, and Harries was imprisoned and fined £200 for the crime of the false return. Stepneth was elected to the seat uncontested in 1572. By the time the next election was held, in 1584, Perrot had been appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and therefore was again absent. Stepneth retained his seat at the 1586 election, but did not contest the November 1588 election in which Perrot was returned.

References

Elections in Wales to the Parliament of the United Kingdom
16th-century elections
1571 in politics
Politics of Pembrokeshire
16th century in Wales
1571 in Wales

1571 Haverfordwest election


The bunyip is a mythical creature from Australian mythology. It is said to live in swamps, billabongs, creeks, riverbeds, and waterholes. The bunyip is found in traditional aboriginal beliefs and stories from many parts of Australia, although it is called by several different names in different language groups. These include kianpraty along the Murrumbidgee, wowee in the Hunter Valley, wee waa in the Narrandera region, as well as many other names. The name bunyip comes from the Wemba-Wemba language of southeastern Australia. It is normally translated today as "devil" or "evil spirit".

During the early settlement of Australia by Europeans, the idea that the bunyip was an actual unknown animal that had yet to be discovered became common. A large number of bunyip "sightings" by settlers were recorded during the 1840s and 1850s, especially in Victoria, New South Wales and South Australia. Various written stories of bunyips were made by Europeans in the early and mid-19th century. Stories were commonly told to children to make them stay away from dangerous areas of water.

There are many different descriptions of what the bunyip looks like. Features that were often reported in newspapers in the early 19th-century included dark fur, a face like a dog, sharp teeth and claws, flippers, tusks or horns, and a duck-like bill. One writer, Robert Brough Smyth, recorded many different descriptions of the bunyip. But he concluded that most people did not really know much about what it looked like or its behaviour, and that they were too afraid of the creature to be able to take note of its appearance.

Scholars have suggested that the story of the bunyip may have been passed down from a time when megafauna still existed in Australia. Comparisons have been made to extinct marsupials like the Diprotodon or Thylacoleo. Other scholars have suggested that people finding the fossilised remains of such animals would identify them as the bunyip.

Early accounts of settlers
The first written account of the bunyip was in July 1845. A newspaper reported on the finding of some fossils near Geelong. When the bones were shown to an Aboriginal man, he was said to have immediately recognised it as the bunyip. He was asked to draw a picture of the bunyip. The newspaper described it as having a head like an emu and the body and legs of an alligator. Its legs were said to be strong, with thick and short hind legs and long legs in front. It was said to have long claws. When in the water, it was said to swim like a frog, but when on shore it would walk on its hind legs, standing  high.

In January 1846, a weird-looking skull was taken from the banks of Murrumbidgee River in New South Wales. The person who found it said that all the natives it had been shown to had called it a bunyip. The skull was put on display in the Australian Museum in Sydney. Crowds came to see it, and The Sydney Morning Herald wrote that many of the visitors told stories about their "bunyip sightings".

Another early story about the bunyip was written in 1852 by an escaped convict named William Buckley. He wrote that in many of the lakes he had visited, there lived an "amphibious animal, which the natives call Bunyip". He wrote that he only ever saw the back of the animal, which he said was covered in grey feathers. He described it as being the size of a small cow. He claimed the bunyip was believed to have supernatural powers.

Notes

References

Australian folklore
Australian mythology
Legendary creatures

Bunyip


Arlaine Wright (born in Hamilton, Ontario) is the former exercise instructor featured prominently on the Canadian produced aerobics show, The :20 Minute Workout.  Wright, Bess Motta, Anne Schumacher and Leslie Smith were the only four women who appeared on both seasons of the :20 Minute Workout.

Wright took ballet lessons from the age of three until the age of fifteen., and danced full-time with a dance troupe at the Delawana Inn.  She had also been in the cheerleading squads for the Toronto Argonauts, and Hamilton Tigercats.  It was while teaching aerobics at a Toronto aerobics studio, that she got the part on the :20 Minute Workout.

Following two seasons of being an exercise instructor on the :20 Minute Workout, Wright worked for several years at Reebok Canada in the Toronto area where she headed up the company's "Aerobic Instructors' Program"

In 1998, Wright and Motta were seen in the comedy movie Dirty Work, in which they appeared in archival footage from the :20 Minute Workout.

References

External links

Canadian exercise instructors
Living people
People from Hamilton, Ontario
Year of birth missing (living people)

Arlaine Wright


In astronomy, a conjunction occurs when two astronomical objects or spacecraft appear to be close to each other in the sky. This means they have either the same right ascension or the same ecliptic longitude, usually as observed from Earth.

When two objects always appear close to the ecliptic—such as two planets, the Moon and a planet, or the Sun and a planet—this fact implies an apparent close approach between the objects as seen in the sky. A related word, appulse, is the minimum apparent separation in the sky of two astronomical objects.

Conjunctions involve either two objects in the Solar System or one object in the Solar System and a more distant object, such as a star. A conjunction is an apparent phenomenon caused by the observer's perspective: the two objects involved are not actually close to one another in space. Conjunctions between two bright objects close to the ecliptic, such as two bright planets, can be seen with the naked eye.

The astronomical symbol for conjunction is  (Unicode U+260C ☌).
The conjunction symbol is not used in modern astronomy. It continues to be used in astrology.

Passing close

More generally, in the particular case of two planets, it means that they merely have the same right ascension (and hence the same hour angle). This is called conjunction in right ascension. However, there is also the term conjunction in ecliptic longitude. At such conjunction both objects have the same ecliptic longitude. Conjunction in right ascension and conjunction in ecliptic longitude do not normally take place at the same time, but in most cases nearly at the same time. However, at triple conjunctions, it is possible that a conjunction only in right ascension (or ecliptic length) occurs. At the time of conjunction – it does not matter if in right ascension or in ecliptic longitude – the involved planets are close together upon the celestial sphere. In the vast majority of such cases, one of the planets will appear to pass north or south of the other.

Passing closer

However, if two celestial bodies attain the same declination at the time of a conjunction in right ascension (or the same ecliptic latitude at a conjunction in ecliptic longitude), the one that is closer to the Earth will pass in front of the other. In such a case, a syzygy takes place. If one object moves into the shadow of another, the event is an eclipse. For example, if the Moon passes into the shadow of Earth and disappears from view, this event is called a lunar eclipse. If the visible disk of the nearer object is considerably smaller than that of the farther object, the event is called a transit. When Mercury passes in front of the Sun, it is a transit of Mercury, and when Venus passes in front of the Sun, it is a transit of Venus. When the nearer object appears larger than the farther one, it will completely obscure its smaller companion; this is called an occultation. An example of an occultation is when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, causing the Sun to disappear either entirely or partially. This phenomenon is commonly known as a solar eclipse. Occultations in which the larger body is neither the Sun nor the Moon are very rare. More frequent, however, is an occultation of a planet by the Moon. Several such events are visible every year from various places on Earth.

Position of the observer
A conjunction, as a phenomenon of perspective, is an event that involves two astronomical bodies seen by an observer on the Earth. Times and details depend only very slightly on the observer's location on the Earth's surface, with the differences being greatest for conjunctions involving the Moon because of its relative closeness, but even for the Moon the time of a conjunction never differs by more than a few hours.

Superior and inferior conjunctions with the Sun
As seen from a planet that is superior, if an inferior planet is on the opposite side of the Sun, it is in superior conjunction with the Sun. An inferior conjunction occurs when the two planets lie in a line on the same side of the Sun. In an inferior conjunction, the superior planet is "in opposition" to the Sun as seen from the inferior planet.

The terms "inferior conjunction" and "superior conjunction" are used in particular for the planets Mercury and Venus, which are inferior planets as seen from Earth. However, this definition can be applied to any pair of planets, as seen from the one farther from the Sun.

A planet (or asteroid or comet) is simply said to be in conjunction, when it is in conjunction with the Sun, as seen from Earth. The Moon is in conjunction with the Sun at New Moon.

Multiple conjunctions and quasiconjunctions
Conjunctions between two planets can be single, triple, or even quintuple. Quintuple conjunctions involve Mercury, because it moves rapidly east and west of the sun, in a synodic cycle just 116 days in length. An example will occur in 2048, when Venus, moving eastward behind the Sun, encounters Mercury five times (February 16, March 16, May 27, August 13, and September 5).

There is also a so-called quasiconjunction, when a planet in retrograde motion — always either Mercury or Venus, from the point of view of the Earth — will "drop back" in right ascension until it almost allows another planet to overtake it, but then the former planet will resume its forward motion and thereafter appear to draw away from it again. This will occur in the morning sky, before dawn. The reverse may happen in the evening sky after dusk, with Mercury or Venus entering retrograde motion just as it is about to overtake another planet (often Mercury and Venus are both of the planets involved, and when this situation arises they may remain in very close visual proximity for several days or even longer). The quasiconjunction is reckoned as occurring at the time the distance in right ascension between the two planets is smallest, even though, when declination is taken into account, they may appear closer together shortly before or after this.

Average interval between conjunctions

The interval between two conjunctions involving the same two planets is not constant, but the average interval between two similar conjunctions can be calculated from the periods of the planets. The "speed" at which a planet goes around the Sun, in terms of revolutions per time, is given by the inverse of its period, and the speed difference between two planets is the difference between these. For conjunctions of two planets beyond the orbit of Earth, the average time interval between two conjunctions is the time it takes for 360° to be covered by that speed difference, so the average interval is:

This does not apply of course to the intervals between the individual conjunctions of a triple conjunction.

Conjunctions between a planet inside the orbit of Earth (Venus or Mercury) and a planet outside are a bit more complicated. As the outer planet swings around from being in opposition to the Sun to being east of the Sun, then in superior conjunction with the Sun, then west of the Sun, and back to opposition, it will be in conjunction with Venus or Mercury an odd number of times. So the average interval between, say, the first conjunction of one set and the first of the next set will be equal to the average interval between its oppositions with the Sun. Conjunctions between Mercury and Mars are usually triple, and those between Mercury and planets beyond Mars may also be. Conjunctions between Venus and the planets beyond Earth may be single or triple.

As for conjunctions between Mercury and Venus, each time Venus goes from maximum elongation to the east of the Sun to maximum elongation west of the Sun and then back to east of the Sun (a so-called synodic cycle of Venus), an even number of conjunctions with Mercury take place. There are usually four, but sometimes just two, and sometimes six, as in the cycle mentioned above with a quintuple conjunction as Venus moves eastward, preceded by a singlet on August 6, 2047, as Venus moves westward. The average interval between corresponding conjunctions (for example the first of one set and the first of the next) is 1.599 years (583.9 days), based on the orbital speeds of Venus and Earth, but arbitrary conjunctions occur at least twice this often. The synodic cycle of Venus (1.599 years) is close to five times as long as that of Mercury (0.317 years). When they are in phase and move between the Sun and the Earth at the same time they remain close together in the sky for weeks.

The following table gives these average intervals, between corresponding conjunctions, in Julian years of 365.25 days, for combinations of the nine traditional planets. Conjunctions with the Sun are also included. Since Pluto is in resonance with Neptune the period used is 1.5 times that of Neptune, slightly different from the current value. The interval is then exactly thrice the period of Neptune.

Notable conjunctions

1953 BC

On February 27, 1953 BC, Mercury, Venus, Mars and Saturn formed a group with an angular diameter of 26.45 arc minutes. Jupiter was on the same day only a few degrees away, so that on this day all 5 bright planets could be found in an area measuring only 4.33 degrees. David Pankenier and David Nivison have suggested that this conjunction occurred at the beginning of the Xia dynasty in China.

929

A triple conjunction between Mars and Jupiter occurred. At the first conjunction on May 26, 929, Mars, whose brightness was −1.8 mag, stood 3.1 degrees south of Jupiter with a brightness of −2.6 mag. The second conjunction took place on July 4, 929, whereby Mars stood 5.7 degrees south of Jupiter. Both planets were −2.8 mag bright. On August 18, 929, the −1.9 mag bright Mars stood 4.7 degrees south of Jupiter, which was −2.6 mag bright.

The second conjunction might have been from all conjunctions between outer planets since Birth of Christ that at which both planets had greatest brightness. At all other conjunctions between outer planets at least one planet was dimmer.

1503

Between December 22, 1503, and December 27, 1503, all three bright outer planets Mars, Jupiter and Saturn reached their opposition to sun and stood therefore close together at the nocturnal sky. During the opposition period 1503 Mars stood 3 times in conjunction with Jupiter (October 5, 1503, January 19, 1504, and February 8, 1504) and 3 times in conjunction with Saturn (October 14, 1503, December 26, 1503, and March 7, 1504). Jupiter and Saturn stood on May 24, 1504, in close conjunction with an angular separation of 19 arcminutes.

1604

On October 9, 1604, a conjunction between Mars and Jupiter took place, whereby Mars passed Jupiter 1.8 degrees southward. Only two degrees away from Jupiter Kepler's Supernova appeared on the same day. This was perhaps the only time in recorded history a supernova took place near a conjunction of two planets.

1899
In early December 1899 the Sun and the naked-eye planets appeared to lie within a band 35 degrees wide along the ecliptic as seen from the Earth. As a consequence, over the period 1–4 December 1899, the Moon reached conjunction with, in order, Jupiter, Uranus, the Sun, Mercury, Mars, Saturn and Venus. Most of these conjunctions were not visible because of the glare of the Sun.

1962
Over the period 4–6 February 1962, in a rare series of events, Mercury and Venus reached conjunction as observed from the Earth, followed by Venus and Jupiter, then by Mars and Saturn. Conjunctions took place between the Moon and, in turn, Mars, Saturn, the Sun, Mercury, Venus and Jupiter. Mercury also reached inferior conjunction with the Sun. The conjunction between the Moon and the Sun at new Moon produced a total solar eclipse visible in Indonesia and the Pacific Ocean,
when these five naked-eye planets were visible in the vicinity of the Sun in the sky.

1987
Mercury, Venus and Mars separately reached conjunction with each other, and each separately with the Sun, within a 7-day period in August 1987 as seen from the Earth. The Moon also reached conjunction with each of these bodies on 24 August. However, none of these conjunctions were observable due to the glare of the Sun.

2000
In May 2000, in a very rare event, several planets lay in the vicinity of the Sun in the sky as seen from the Earth, and a series of conjunctions took place. Jupiter, Mercury and Saturn each reached conjunction with the Sun in the period 8–10 May. These three planets in turn were in conjunction with each other and with Venus over a period of a few weeks. However, most of these conjunctions were not visible from the Earth because of the glare from the Sun. NASA referred to May 5 as the date of the conjunction.

2002
Venus, Mars and Saturn appeared close together in the evening sky in early May 2002, with a conjunction of Mars and Saturn occurring on 4 May. This was followed by a conjunction of Venus and Saturn on 7 May, and another of Venus and Mars on 10 May when their angular separation was only 18 arcminutes. A series of conjunctions between the Moon and, in order, Saturn, Mars and Venus took place on 14 May, although it was not possible to observe all these in darkness from any single location on the Earth.

2007
A conjunction of the Moon and Mars took place on 24 December 2007, very close to the time of the full Moon and at the time when Mars was at opposition to the Sun. Mars and the full Moon appeared close together in the sky worldwide, with an occultation of Mars occurring for observers in some far northern locations.
A similar conjunction took place on 21 May 2016.

2008

A conjunction of Venus and Jupiter occurred on 1 December 2008, and several hours later both planets separately reached conjunction with the crescent Moon. An occultation of Venus by the Moon was visible from some locations. The three objects appeared close together in the sky from any location on the Earth.

2012

2013

At the end of May, Mercury, Venus and Jupiter went through a series of conjunctions only a few days apart.

2015

June 30 – Venus and Jupiter come close together in a planetary conjunction; they came approximately 1/3 a degree apart. The conjunction had been nicknamed the "Star of Bethlehem."

2016

On the morning of January 9, Venus and Saturn came together in a conjunction

On August 27, Mercury and Venus were in conjunction, followed by a conjunction of Venus and Jupiter, meaning that the three planets were very close together in the evening sky.

2017

On the morning of November 13, Venus and Jupiter were in conjunction, meaning that they appeared close together in the morning sky.

2018
On the early hours of January 7, Mars and Jupiter were in conjunction. The pair was only 0.25 degrees apart in the sky at its closest.

2020

During most of February, March, and April, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn were close to each other, and so they underwent a series of conjunctions: on March 20, Mars was in conjunction with Jupiter, and on March 31, Mars was in conjunction with Saturn.
On December 21, Jupiter and Saturn appeared at their closest separation in the sky since 1623, in an event known as a great conjunction.

2022

Planetoid Pallas passed Sirius, the brightest star in the sky, on October 9 to the south at a distance of 8.5 arcminutes (source: Astrolutz 2022, ISBN 978-3-7534-7124-2). As Sirius is far south of the ecliptic only few objects of the solar system can be seen from earth close to Sirius.
At this occasion Pallas had not only the lowest angular distance to Sirius in the 21st century, but also since its discovery in 1802.
In the 19th century the greatest approach of Pallas and Sirius took place on October 11, 1879, when 8.6 mag bright Pallas passed Sirius 1.3° southwest and in the 20th century the lowest distance between Pallas and Sirius was reached on October 12, 1962, when Pallas, whose brightness was also 8.6 mag, stood 1.4° southwest of the brightest star in the sky.

Conjunctions of planets in right ascension 2005–2020

See also
 Appulse
 Astrometry
 Astronomical transit
 Transit of Earth from Mars
 Transit of Mercury
 Transit of Venus
 Occultation
 Elongation (astronomy)
 Great conjunction
 Opposition (astronomy)
 Spherical astronomy
 Syzygy (astronomy)
 Triple conjunction

References

External links

 Venus – Jupiter 2015 & 2016 conjunctions

 Planets conjunctions and mutual occultations 1000BC to 3000AD
 Conjunctions of planets with the main asteroids

Astrometry

Conjunction (astronomy)


Geoffrey IV (died August 1190), called the Younger (French Geoffroy le Jeune), was the Lord of Joinville from 1188 until his death on the Third Crusade two years later. He is surnamed Valet by Alberic of Trois-Fontaines.

Family
Geoffrey was the only son of Geoffrey III the Old and his wife, Felicity (Félicité) of Brienne. His mother's first husband, Simon I of Broyes, died sometime before 1132 and Geoffrey was born to her second marriage before 1141. By 1179, he was assisting his elderly father in the government of Joinville. In Geoffrey III's last years, his son seems to have been exercising the lordship in his father's name. He succeeded to it only on his father's death in 1188.

Sometime before his accession, Geoffrey married Héluis (Helvide), a daughter of the crusader Guy I of Dampierre. They had six sons and two daughters, all listed by Alberic of Trois-Fontaines. The order of the sons is their birth order:
Geoffrey V le Trouillard (died c. 1204), succeeded as lord of Joinville, was an adult in 1188
Robert, lord of Sailly by 1201, accompanied Walter III of Brienne on the Fourth Crusade, but died in Apulia en route to the Holy Land, in 1203; was succeeded in Sailly by his brother Simon
William (died 1226), archdeacon of Châlons (1191), bishop of Langres (1208) and archbishop of Reims (1219)
Simon (died 1233), succeeded as lord of Sailly in 1203 and as lord of Joinville in 1204
Guy, became lord of Sailly after Simon inherited Joinville in 1204
Andrew, who became a Knight Templar
Felicity (fl. 1195–1237), married Pierre de Bourlémont
Yolanda (died 1233), married Ralph, Count of Soissons

Lordship

While his father had been seneschal of the county of Champagne, an office later hereditary in the Joinville family, it is not clear if Geoffrey IV inherited this office. There is no record either in his own charters or those of the count of him as seneschal.

In his first recorded act, in 1188, Geoffrey recognised the collegiate church of Saint-Laurent in Joinville as his family's particular chapel and renounced for himself and his descendants the right to construct a chapel in the castle of Joinville. This charter was witnessed by his wife and his children. The future Geoffrey V is identified as the (uterine) brother of Hugh III of Broyes. The close relationship between the Joinville and Broyes families explains the similarity of their coats of arms.

In 1189, Geoffrey, with the consent of his two eldest sons, granted his vineyard at Mussey to the abbey of Saint-Urbain in return for mass being said for his father every year on the anniversary of his death. He also confirmed his father's donation for the founding of the priory of Saint-Jacques. At the same time, he granted the tithes of Charmes-en-l'Angle, to which he had right, to establish a prebend at Saint-Laurent for saying annual masses for himself and Héluis and for two masters: Acelin, teacher of his son William, and a certain Constant.

Later that year, Geoffrey settled a dispute between the men of Vaucouleurs, a castle town belonging to Joinville, and the abbey of Vaux en Ornois over a meadow. He also settled his own dispute with the priory of Notre-Dame of Val d'Osne by admitting he was in the wrong to set up a mill that put Notre-Dame's out of business. He paid generous compensation.

Crusade and death
The various religious acts undertaken in 1188 and 1189 were made in preparation for the Third Crusade, which Count Henry II of Champagne had vowed to join. According to Guy of Bazoches, a cleric from Champagne, Geoffrey was among those nobles of Champagne who, tired of Henry's delays, left on their own for the Holy Land. According to Ernoul, he joined the army of the French king, Philip Augustus.

Geoffrey was accompanied on the crusade by his eldest son. He arrived during the siege of Acre, before the battle of 4 October 1189, when Andrew of Ramerupt, who had left Champagne with him, was killed. He died during the siege in August 1190, evidently of illness or a festering wound, since he had the time to settle his last disputes with the church. The month of his death is supplied by a 14th-century epitaph written by his grandson, John of Joinville, for his father, Geoffrey III, who was buried in the abbey of Clairvaux.

As his last acts, Goffrey ceded some land at La Blaise to the abbey of Montier-en-Der, and a cottage at Landéville to Saint-Urbain. These acts record the leading members of the retinue he took with him: his chaplain Dreu and the knights Hugues de Landricourt, Raoul de Dommartin, Eudes de Vaucouleurs, Étienne de la Côte and Hugues de Colombey, all of whom held fiefs of Joinville.

During Geoffrey's absence, his lordship was governed by Héluis. She was still living in 1195.

Notes

Sources

1190 deaths
Christians of the Third Crusade

Geoffrey IV of Joinville


Serge Segay (real name Sergey Vsevolodovich Sigov , 19 March 1947 - 21 September 2014), also known as Sergej Sigej,
was a Russian artist, poet, writer as well as specialist in Russian Futurism. Many of his artworks are in private and public collections throughout the world.

He was an important figure in Transfurism movement as an artist, poet, writer, as well as a prominent figure in Mail art history.
He was also key member of "Uktuss School" and "Anarfut" art movements.

Early life

Segay was born in Murmansk, Russia on 19 March 1947. His father was a dean of Taganrog university and communist "aparatchik". After school he got a place in Taganrog university, studying Russian literature, with multiple private tutors being paid by his father. Arrangement did not last however, as there was a row between Serge Segay and his father about abstract art, which at that point was deemed as contradicting party guidelines. Row was very bad: Serge Segay run away from home (apparently also in attempt to see exhibition of Marc Chagall's paintings in Vitebsk) and his early paintings were destroyed by his father. As a result, he abandoned his education pursuits. Only much later in life, in 1985, he graduated from Saint Petersburg State Theatre Arts Academy, with diploma in Futurist's drama.

Marriage
He married Ry Nikonova in 1966. Their families were tied by friendship forged during exile years - both Serge Segay's grandmother and Ry Nikonova's grandcousin were exiled together to Kazakhstan by Stalin. Introduced by their parents, they got close via discussing each other's artwork.

Career

Anarfuts (Vologda)
He was a key figure in movement of Anarcho-futurists in Vologda, Russia, in 1962-1965. At that time he starts writing his first Zaum and abstract verses.

Uktuss School (Yekaterinburg)
Since 1965, he was a member of "Uktuss School" art movement in Yekaterinburg, Russia. During this time, in 1969, he creates his first "verbal pictures" or "visual poems". In 1970, his first sound poetry. He was an author in samizdat journal "Nomer".

Transfurism (Yeysk, Saint-Petersburg)
In 1974, he moves to Yeysk with his wife. They start publishing samizdat journal Transponans in 1979, in 5 copies. They entertain numerous guests from both Russian capitals, creating art and poetry in collaboration. Their Yeysk abode becomes the cultural centre for Russian art and literature underground. They also make multiple performances in Saint-Petersburg during these years. Serge Segay becomes close friend of Nikolai Khardzhiev. He also corresponds with Igor Bakhterev.

His paintings during this period feature some obvious symbols: Russian letter 'yat', square heads, centauri and crosses. Early paintings are mostly black and white with occasional colour. Then follows a period of very colourful paintings and painted cloths, influenced by his fascination with Nomadic culture of berbers. At a later stage, he freely mixes both styles with other techniques. Of course, ideas of Transfurism, of mixing visual, verbal and sound, therefore transcending medium ties, are often featured in his body of work during this period and later on.

He also published many articles during this period on Russian Futurism, as well as a book of Vasilisk Gnedov's work.

Since 1991, he participates in another samizdat journal, "Double", which was published by Ry Nikonova in 1991-2001.

Mail art
Serge Segay joins Mail art movement in 1985. Later on, he organized first international Mail art exhibition in the USSR in 1989, which also happened to be first international art exhibition in Yeysk, Russia. He corresponds with numerous artists around the world, including Robin Crozier, John M. Bennett, Guy Bleus, Shozo Shimamoto and others. He also participates in many Mail art projects.

Late period (Kiel)
He emigrated to Germany together with his wife in 1998. Initial efforts of integration were thwarted by Ry's diagnosis of cancer, which she subsequently fought for 10 years. Still, Serge Segay continues to participate in Mail art projects, creates visual poetry, sound poetry and paintings. His own cancer was left undiagnosed until it was too late.

Death

He died on 21 September 2014 in Kiel, Germany
.

Notes

References and sources
References

Sources
 Chuck Welch (Ed.), Eternal Network: A Mail Art Anthology Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 1995. .
 John Held Jr., Mail Art: An Annotated Bibliography, Metuchen 1991
 Jean-Noël Laszlo (editor), Timbres d'Artistes, Musée de la Poste, Paris 1993
 Géza Perneczky, The Magazine Network: The Trends of Alternative Art in the Light of Their Periodicals 1968–1988, Köln 1993

External links
  Bibliography of transfurists
  Gallery of Serge Segay's paintings
  Gallery of Serge Segay's artist books and samizdat publications
  Works and information on Serge Segay at IUOMA

20th-century Russian painters
Russian male painters
Contemporary painters
Russian male poets
1947 births
2014 deaths
20th-century Russian poets
People from Murmansk
20th-century Russian male writers
20th-century Russian male artists
Visual poets

Serge Segay


Marcelino Gonzalez Vaquero River (13 February 1932 – 25 May 2020) was a Spanish footballer. He played defense for Real Avilés CF from 1947 to 1969. He also played for the national team eleven times during his career. Campanal was born in Gijón, Spain.

Campanal died on 25 May 2020 at a hospital in Avilés, Spain at the age of 88.

References

1932 births
2020 deaths
Spanish footballers

Marcelino Campanal


Herbert Charles Angelo Kuchačevič ze Schluderpacheru (11 September 1917 – 27 September 2012), known professionally as Herbert Lom (), was a Czech-British actor with a career spanning over 60 years. His cool demeanour and precise, elegant elocution saw him cast as criminals or suave villains in his younger years, and professional men and nobles as he aged. Highly versatile, he also proved a skilled comic actor in The Pink Panther franchise, playing the beleaguered Chief Inspector Charles Dreyfus in seven films.

Lom's other notable films included  The Ladykillers (1955), War and Peace (1956), Spartacus (1960), El Cid (1961), Mysterious Island (also 1961), The Phantom of the Opera (1962), and The Dead Zone (1983). He also originated the role of the King of Siam in the original West End production of The King and I, and starred on the 1960s television drama The Human Jungle.

Early life and education
Lom was born in Prague to Karl Kuchačevič ze Schluderpacheru and Olga Gottlieb. His mother was of Jewish ancestry. His ancestor, Christian Schluderpacher, a burgher of Bozen, was ennobled in 1601. Lom's family were comfortable, but not grandly aristocratic. His grandfather owned property in Prague and the Bohemian Forest, with his income deriving mainly from two restaurants and a guest house. Lom's father, as a younger son, inherited little, supporting his family by variously running a printing business, a car repair shop, and trying to establish himself as an art agent. The family lived at various Prague city quarters: Žižkov before moving to Vysočany, subsequently lived at Vinohrady, then New Town, where Lom attended a famous German grammar school. He studied philosophy for some time at the German University in Prague, but ceased his studies to become an actor.

Career
Lom's film debut was in the Czech film Žena pod křížem ("A Woman Under Cross", 1937) followed by the Boží mlýny ("Mills of God", 1938). His early film appearances were mainly supporting roles, with the occasional top billing. At this time he also changed his surname to Lom ("quarry" or "breakage" in Czech) because it was the shortest he found in a local telephone directory.

Due to the occupation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany, Poland and Hungary in 1938–39, Lom immigrated to Britain in 1939. He made numerous appearances in British films throughout the 1940s, usually in villainous roles, although he later appeared in comedies as well. Despite his mother's Jewish ancestry, Lom's parents survived to join him in England.

Despite Lom's accent, he managed to escape being typecast as a European heavy by securing a diverse range of casting, including as Napoleon Bonaparte in The Young Mr. Pitt (1942), and again in the King Vidor version of War and Peace (1956). He secured a seven-picture Hollywood contract after World War II, but was unable to obtain an American visa for "political reasons". In a rare starring role, Lom played twin trapeze artists in Dual Alibi (1946).

Lom starred as the King of Siam in the original London production of Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical The King and I. Opening at the Drury Lane Theatre on 8October 1953, it ran for 926 performances. He can be heard on the cast recording.
A few years later, he appeared opposite Alec Guinness and Peter Sellers in The Ladykillers (1955); and with Robert Mitchum, Jack Lemmon and Rita Hayworth in Fire Down Below (1957). He went on to more film success in the 1960s with a wide range of parts, including Spartacus (1960); El Cid (1961); Mysterious Island (also 1961), as Captain Nemo; and Hammer Films' remake of The Phantom of the Opera (1962), in which Lom had the leading role, wearing a full-face Phantom mask. "It was wonderful to play such a part," he said, "but I was disappointed with the picture... This version of the famous Gaston Leroux story dragged. The Phantom wasn't given enough to do, but at least I wasn't the villain, for a change. Michael Gough was the villain."

During this period, Lom starred in his only regular TV series, the British drama The Human Jungle (1963–64), playing a Harley Street psychiatrist for two series. He starred in another low-budget horror film, the witch-hunting story Mark of the Devil (Hexen bis aufs Blut gequält, 1970), with unusually graphic torture scenes. Cinemas reportedly handed out sick bags at screenings. Lom appeared in other horror films made in both the US and UK, including Asylum, And Now the Screaming Starts!, Murders in the Rue Morgue and The Dead Zone.

Lom was perhaps best known for his portrayal of Chief Inspector Charles Dreyfus, Inspector Clouseau's long-suffering superior, in most of Blake Edwards' Pink Panther films, beginning with the second in the series, A Shot in the Dark (1964). He also appeared in two screen versions of the Agatha Christie novel And Then There Were None—as Dr. Armstrong in the 1975 version, and as General Romensky in the 1989 version.

Lom wrote two historical novels: one on the playwright Christopher Marlowe (Enter a Spy: The Double Life of Christopher Marlowe, 1978), and the other on the French Revolution (Dr Guillotine: The Eccentric Exploits of an Early Scientist, 1992). The film rights to the latter have been purchased, but no film has yet been produced.

Personal life
Lom married Diana Scheu in 1948. They had two children before they divorced after separating between 1961 and 1976. He had a child from a relationship with Brigitta Appleby. He later married Eve Lacik; they divorced in 1990.

Lom died in his sleep at his home in Camden Town, London on 27 September 2012, at the age of 95.

Selected filmography

 Žena pod křížem (1937) as Gustav, Hodan's son
 Boží mlýny (1938) as Chasník
 The Young Mr. Pitt (1942) as Napoleon
 Secret Mission (1942) as Medical Officer
 Tomorrow We Live (1943) as Kurtz
 The Dark Tower (1943) as Stephen Torg
 Hotel Reserve (1944) as Andre Roux
 The Seventh Veil (1945) as Dr. Larsen
 Night Boat to Dublin (1946) as Keitel
 Appointment with Crime (1946) as Gregory Lang
 Dual Alibi (1947) as Jules de Lisle / Georges de Lisle
 Snowbound (1948) as Keramikos
 Good-Time Girl (1948) as Max Vine
 Brass Monkey (1948) as Peter Hobart
 Portrait from Life (1948) as Fritz Kottler Hendlmann
 The Lost People (1949) as Guest (uncredited)
 Golden Salamander (1950) as Rankl
 Night and the City (1950) as Kristo
 State Secret (1950) as Karl Theodor
 The Black Rose (1950) as Anthemus
 Cage of Gold (1950) as Rahman
 Hell Is Sold Out (1951) as Dominic Danges
 Two on the Tiles (1951) as Ford
 Mr. Denning Drives North (1952) as Mados
 Whispering Smith Hits London (1952) as Roger Ford
 The Ringer (1952) as Maurice Meister
 The Man Who Watched Trains Go By (1952) as Julius de Koster, Jr.
 The Net (1953) as Dr. Alex Leon
 Rough Shoot (1953) as Sandorski
 The Love Lottery (1954) as André Amico
 Star of India (1954) as Vicomte de Narbonne
 Beautiful Stranger (1954) as Emile Landosh
 The Ladykillers (1955) as Louis
 War and Peace (1956) as Napoleon
 Fire Down Below (1957) as Harbour Master
 Hell Drivers (1957) as Gino Rossi
 Action of the Tiger (1957) as Trifon
 Chase a Crooked Shadow (1958) as Police Commissar Vargas
 I Accuse! (1958) as Major du Paty de Clam
 Intent to Kill (1958) as Juan Menda
 The Roots of Heaven (1958) as Orsini
 Passport to Shame (1958) as Nick Biaggi
 No Trees in the Street (1959) as Wilkie
 The Big Fisherman (1959) as Herod Antipas
 North West Frontier (US: Flame Over India, 1959) as Peter van Leyden
 Third Man on the Mountain (1959) as Emil Saxo
 I Aim at the Stars (1960) as Anton Reger
 Spartacus (1960) as Tigranes Levantus (pirate envoy)
 Mr. Topaze (1961) as Castel Benac
 Mysterious Island (1961) as Captain Nemo
 The Frightened City (1961) as Waldo Zhernikov
 El Cid (1961) as Ben Yusuf
 The Phantom of the Opera (1962) as The Phantom
 Tiara Tahiti (1962) as Chong Sing
 Treasure of the Silver Lake (1962) as Colonel Brinkley
  (1963, TV film) as Schiapa
 The Human Jungle (1963–1964, TV series, 26 episodes) as Dr. Roger Corder
 A Shot in the Dark (1964) as Police Commissioner Charles Dreyfus
 Uncle Tom's Cabin (1965) as Simon Legree
 Return from the Ashes (1965) as Dr. Charles Bovard
 Our Man in Marrakesh (1966) as Mr. Casimir
 Gambit (1966) as Ahmad Shahbandar
 The Karate Killers (1967) as Randolph
 Die Nibelungen: Kriemhild's Revenge (1967) as King Etzel (Attila)
 Villa Rides (1968) as General Huerta
 Eve (1968) as Diego
 Assignment to Kill (1968) as Matt Wilson
 99 Women (1969) as Governor Santos
 Doppelgänger (1969) as Dr Kurt Hassler
 Mark of the Devil (1970) as Lord Cumberland
 Mister Jerico (1970, TV film) as Rosso
 Count Dracula (1970) as Van Helsing
 Dorian Gray (1970) as Henry Wotton
 Murders in the Rue Morgue (1971) as René Marot
 Hawaii Five-O ("Highest Castle, Deepest Grave", 1971, TV) as Mondrago
 Asylum (1972) as Dr. Byron (segment: "Mannikins of Horror")
 Dark Places (1972) as Prescott
 And Now the Screaming Starts! (1973) as Sir Henry Fengriffin
 And Then There Were None (1974) as Dr. Edward Armstrong
 The Return of the Pink Panther (1975) as Chief Inspector Charles Dreyfus
 The Pink Panther Strikes Again (1976) as Former Chief Inspector Charles Dreyfus
 Charleston (1977) as Inspector Watkins
 Revenge of the Pink Panther (1978) as Chief Inspector Charles Dreyfus
 The Lady Vanishes (1979) as Dr. Hartz
 The Man with Bogart's Face (1980) as Mr. Zebra
 Hopscotch (1980) as Yaskov
 Peter and Paul (1981) as Barnabas
 Trail of the Pink Panther (1982) as Chief Inspector Charles Dreyfus
 Curse of the Pink Panther (1983) as Chief Inspector Charles Dreyfus
 The Dead Zone (1983) as Dr. Sam Weizak
 Lace (1984, TV miniseries) as Monsieur Chardin
 Memed, My Hawk (1984) as Ali Safa Bey
 King Solomon's Mines (1985) as Colonel Bockner
 Scoop (TV film, 1987) as Mr. Baldwin
 Master of Dragonard Hill (1987) as Le Farge
 Going Bananas (1987) as Captain Mackintosh
 Skeleton Coast (1988) as Elia
 Whoops Apocalypse (1988) as General Mosquera
 River of Death (1989) as Colonel Ricardo Diaz
 Masque of the Red Death (1989) as Ludwig
 Ten Little Indians (1989) as General Romensky
 The Devil's Daughter (1991) as Moebius Kelly
 The Pope Must Die (US: The Pope Must Diet!, 1991) as Vittorio Corelli
 Son of the Pink Panther (1993) as Police Commissioner Charles Dreyfus
 Agatha Christie's Marple, episode "Murder at the Vicarage" (2002), as Augustin Dufosse (final role)

Voice work
"Nemesis" (2007) in Agatha Christie's Marple series, as Jason Rafiel (voice, uncredited)

References

External links

 "Herbert Lom: The Odd Fellow"
 Photographs and Literature related to Lom

1917 births
2012 deaths
20th-century British male writers
20th-century British novelists
British male comedy actors
British male film actors
British male novelists
British male television actors
British male writers
British people of Czech-Jewish descent
Czech emigrants to the United Kingdom
Czech male film actors
Czech male television actors
Czech male writers
Czech novelists
Czech people of Jewish descent
Czechoslovak emigrants to the United Kingdom
Male actors from Prague
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom

Herbert Lom


The National Labour Party (Národní strana práce) was one of two identically named parties in Czechoslovakia. It was founded on 11 December 1938 as a merger of the Czechoslovak Social Democratic Party with the left wing of the Czechoslovak National Social Party. The purpose of the party was to unify the non-communist left and, within the framework of the Second Czechoslovak Republic, to function as a democratic opposition against the authoritarian tendencies of the Party of National Unity, which constituted the government. An identically named party (Národní strana práce) had previously existed in Czechoslovakia from 1925 to 1930.

The National Labour Party was forced to disband in late March 1939, after the liquidation of Czechoslovakia as an independent state.

38 members of the Chamber of Deputies of Czechoslovakia belonged to the National Labour Party. These were Ján Bečko, Rudolf Bechyně, Ferdinand Benda, Karel Brožík, Ivan Dérer, František Dlouhý, Josef Ešner, Antonín Hampl, Jaroslav Hladký, Rudolf Chalupa, Václav Jaša, Marie Jurnečková-Vorlová, Robert Klein, Josef Kopasz, Jan Blahoslav Kozák, Felix Kučera, Jaroslav Kučera, Alois Langer, Bohumil Laušman, Josef Macek, Josef Mareš, Ivan Markovič, Alfréd Meissner, Karel Moudrý, Jaromír Nečas, František Němec, František Neumeister, František Nový, Josef Patejdl, Luděk Pik, Jakub Polach, Antonín Remeš, Ferdinand Richter, Antonín Srba, Josef Stivín, Rudolf Tayerle, František Tymeš and Leopold Vaverka.

19 members of the Senate of Czechoslovakia belonged to the National Labour Party. These were Vilém Brodecký, Felix Časný, Vojtěch Dundr, Rudolf Havlík, Josef Chalupník, Betty Karpíšková, Tomáš Korvas, Emma Koutková, Alois Kříž, Rudolf Macek, František Modráček, František Müller, Jindřich Nentvich, Václav Němeček, Ján Pocisk, František Soukup, František Vácha, Arnošt Winter and František Zimák.

References

Czech National Social Party
Czech Social Democratic Party
Political parties in Czechoslovakia
Banned socialist parties

National Labour Party (Czechoslovakia, 1938)


EOS.IO is a blockchain protocol based on the cryptocurrency EOS. The smart contract platform claims to eliminate transaction fees and also conduct millions of transactions per second. It was developed by the private company Block.one and launched in 2017. The platform was later released as open-source software.

History
Based on a white paper published in 2017, the EOSIO platform was developed by the private company Block.one and released as open-source software on June 1, 2018. At the launch of the blockchain, one billion tokens were distributed as ERC-20 tokens by Block.one. The CEO of Block.one, Brendan Blumer, announced that the company would support the EOSIO blockchain with over one billion USD in funding from the token sale and ultimately Block.one raised over four billion USD to support the blockchain during the Initial Coin Offering (ICO) period.

The original test net, Dawn 1.0, was released on September 3, 2017, with test net versions Dawn 2.0 released on December 4, 2017, Dawn 3.0 on January 25, 2018, and Dawn 4.0 on May 7, 2018. The name of the cryptocurrency EOS comes from Ancient Greek Ἠώς, "dawn".

EOSIO's Dawn 1.0 was launched on the EOSIO mainnet on June 1, 2018, and is currently operating under version 2.1.0.

In September 2019, Block.one agreed to settle U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission charges related to the $4 billion unregistered ICO for a $24 million penalty. The settlement did not require a restitution offer, registration of tokens, or any disqualifications.

EOS Network Foundation
In August 2021, Yves La Rose founded the organization EOS Network Foundation (ENF). La Rose is an EOS enthusiast who disputes the way Block.one has managed to blockchain and its tokens. The organization has attempted to pressure Block.one into reinvesting its profits into development of the blockchain, and to support new development.

Block.one, EOSIO ecosystem and Everipedia
Block.one is a company registered in the Cayman Islands, which began offering EOS tokens in June 2017 to the public, raising over $4 billion (a record for an ICO). Daniel Larimer was the Chief Technology Officer of Block.one. Larimer had previously worked on the decentralized exchange Bitshares from 2013 to 2016. After that, he worked on Steemit, a blockchain-based social media platform. On January 10, 2021, Larimer announced his resignation from Block.one.

On December 6, 2017, Everipedia, a for-profit, wiki-based online encyclopedia, announced plans using EOS blockchain technology and work on an airdrop of a cryptocurrency called IQ to encourage generating information. The IQ tokens are intended to be exchangeable for Bitcoin. One of the goals of the company is to stop certain countries from blocking the content, by the integration of the blockchain model. The goal is that once Everipedia is decentralized and hosted on the EOSIO platform, countries such as Turkey and Iran that block Wikipedia will no longer be able to block it, via Everipedia's fork. Mike Novogratz, CEO of Galaxy Investment LP, a cryptocurrency investment firm, and Block.one led a group of institutions that invested $30 million in Everipedia on February 8, 2018. Novogratz also funds EOSIO Ecosystem, a $325-million joint venture between his Galaxy Digital LP and Block.one.

References

External links

Cryptocurrency projects
Companies of the Cayman Islands
2017 software
Blockchains
Ethereum tokens

EOS.IO


Braj (ब्रज) also known as Brij (बृज) is a region mainly in Uttar Pradesh of India, around Mathura-Vrindavan. Brij, though never a clearly defined political region in India, is very well demarcated culturally. The area stretches from Mathura, Jalesar, Agra, Hathras and Aligarh right up to Etah, Mainpuri and Farrukhabad districts.   It is considered to be the land of Krishna and is derived from the Sanskrit word vraja. The main cities in the region are Mathura, Jalesar, Bharatpur, Agra, Hathras, Dholpur, Aligarh, Etawah, Mainpuri, Etah, Kasganj, Karauli and Firozabad.

References

Regions of India

Braj