Pitcher Mountain is a  2,153 feet (656 m) monadnock located in southwest New Hampshire. The mountain is traversed by the 50 mile (80 km) Monadnock-Sunapee Greenway and offers 360 degree views from its open summit. Lower elevations are wooded with species of the northern hardwood forest type; small stands of coniferous red spruce cling to the upper slopes. A fire tower stands on the summit and a beef livestock farm occupies the east shoulder of the mountain. Pitcher Mountain is part of an extensive area of heath barrens and blueberry fields that continue north over Hubbard Hill and Jackson Hill.

The east and north sides of Pitcher Mountain drain into the Beards Brook watershed, then into the Contoocook River, then the Merrimack River and the Atlantic Ocean. The west and south sides drain into Robinson Brook, thence Otter Brook, "The Branch", the Ashuelot River, then the Connecticut River and Long Island Sound.

References

 Monadnock-Sunapee Greenway Trail Guide, fifth edition (1994). Concord, New Hampshire: Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests.
 Delorme Topo 6.0 (2006). Mapping software. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme.

Mountains of Cheshire County, New Hampshire
Mountains of New Hampshire

Pitcher Mountain


Mel Brooks (born June 28, 1926) is a Jewish American actor, comedian, writer, movie director, and producer. When he was born in Brooklyn, his name was Melvin Kaminsky.

He has directed, produced and written several movies.  Most of these are comedies that make references to other movies.

Legacy

Brooks is one of the few artists who have received an Oscar, Emmy, Tony, and Grammy. He was awarded his first Grammy for Best Spoken Comedy Album in 1999 for his recording of The 2000 Year Old Man in the Year 2000 with Carl Reiner. His two other Grammys came in 2002 for Best Musical Show Album for the soundtrack of The Producers and for Best Long Form Music Video for the DVD "Recording the Producers - A Musical Romp with Mel Brooks". He won his first of four Emmy awards in 1967 for Outstanding Writing Achievement in Variety for a Sid Caesar special.  He went on to win three Emmys in 1997, 1998, and 1999 for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for his role of Uncle Phil on Mad About You. He won his three Tony awards in 2001 for his work on the musical, The Producers for Best Musical, Best Original Musical Score, and Best Book of a Musical. He also won a Hugo Award and a Nebula Award for Young Frankenstein.  Three of Brooks's movies are on the American movie Institute's list of funniest American films: Blazing Saddles (#6), The Producers (#11), and Young Frankenstein (#13).

Brooks worked with some people many times. Performers who worked on three or more of Brooks' movies are: Gene Wilder, Dom DeLuise, Madeline Kahn, Harvey Korman, Cloris Leachman, Ron Carey, Dick Van Patten and Andréas Voutsinas.

On December 5, 2009 Brooks was one of five recipients of the 2009 Kennedy Center Honors at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C.

On April 23, 2010 Brooks was awarded the 2,406th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Personal life

Brooks was married to Florence Baum from 1953 to 1962. Their marriage ended in divorce. Mel and Florence had three children, Stephanie, Nicky, and Eddie.

Brooks was married to the actress Anne Bancroft from 1964 until her death from uterine cancer on June 6, 2005. They met at a rehearsal for the Perry Como Variety Show in 1961 and married three years later. Their son, Max Brooks, was born in 1972. In 2010, Brooks said Bancroft was the main force behind his involvement in making The Producers and Young Frankenstein for the musical theater.

Work

Writer/director
 The Producers (1968) (Academy Award, best original screenplay)
 The Twelve Chairs (1970) (also actor)
 Blazing Saddles (1974) (also actor)
 Young Frankenstein (1974)
 Silent Movie (1976) (also actor)
 High Anxiety (1977) (also actor/producer)
 History of the World, Part I (1981) (also actor/producer)
 Spaceballs (1987) (also actor/producer)
 Life Stinks (1991) (also actor/producer)
 Robin Hood: Men in Tights (1993) (also actor/producer)
 Dracula: Dead and Loving It (1995) (also actor/producer)

Theatre
 Leonard Sillman's New Faces of 1952 (1952) (sketches for a revue)
 Shinbone Alley (1957) (co-book-writer)
 All-American (1962) (book-writer)
 The Producers (2001) (composer, lyricist, co-book-writer, producer; Tony Award for Best Musical, Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical, Tony Award for Best Original Score, Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics, Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical)
 Young Frankenstein (2007) (composer, lyricist, co-book-writer, producer)

Other credits
 Your Show of Shows (TV) (1950–1954) (writer)
 New Faces of 1952 (Broadway) (1952) (writer) and "New Faces", the 1954 movie version (writer)
 The Critic (created and narrated, won Academy Award for Best Animated Short movie) (1963)
 Get Smart (TV) (1965–1970) (co-creator, writer)
 The Electric Company (TV) (1971–1977) (voice of recurring little cartoon man who asks: "Who's the dummy writing this show?!")
 Hollywood Squares (1972) (Guest star)
 When Things Were Rotten (1975) (co-created, writer)
 The Muppet Movie (1979) (Special Guest Star-Mad Scientist Professor Max Krassman)
 The Elephant Man (1980) (uncredited executive producer)
 To Be or Not to Be (1983) (actor, producer)
 The Fly (1986) (uncredited producer)
 The Fly II (1989) (uncredited producer)
 The Nutt House (1989) (co-creator)
 The Tracey Ullman Show (1990) (actor-Buzz Schlanger)
 Look Who's Talking Too (1990) (voice of Mr. Toilet Man)
 Frasier (1993) (voice of Tom)
 Rugrats (1994)
 The Little Rascals (1994) (actor-Mr. Welling)
 Silence of the Hams (1994) (actor-Checkout Guest)
 The Simpsons (1995, "Homer vs. Patty and Selma") (voice-himself)
 Caesar's Writers (1996) (himself, panel member)
 Mad About You (TV) (1996–1999) (actor-Uncle Phil)
 The Prince of Egypt (1998) (uncredited, additional voices)
 Svitati (AKA Screw Loose) (1999) (actor-Jake Gordon)
 It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie (2002) (voice of Joe Snow)
 The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius: Season 2 (2003) (voice of Santa Claus)
 Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks (2003–2007) (voice of Wiley the Sheep)
 Curb Your Enthusiasm: Season 4 (2004) (actor)
 Robots (2005) (voice of Bigweld)
 The Producers (2005) (writer, producer, cameo as himself)
 Spaceballs: The Animated Series (2008) (writer, producer, voice)
 Get Smart (2008) (Consultant)
 The 2000 Year Old Man: The Complete History (2009) DVD
 The Wizard of Oz (2012) (actor-The Wizard of Oz)

References

Other websites

Academy Award winning composers
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
American television writers
American voice actors
Emmy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Jewish American actors
Jewish American comedians
Jewish American writers
Kennedy Center honorees
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Tony Award winning actors
1926 births
Living people
Laurence Olivier Award winners
Comedians from New York City
20th-century American actors
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American actors
Academy Award Honorary Award winners
Academy Award winning directors
American composers
American journalists
American stage actors
American military personnel of World War II
American songwriters
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Drama Desk Award winners
Hugo Award winning writers
Jewish American musicians
Musicians from Brooklyn
Nebula Award winning writers
Saturn Award winners
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Stage names
Theatre producers
Writers from Brooklyn

Mel Brooks


The Albert Hall Museum in Jaipur is the oldest museum of the state and functions as the state museum of Rajasthan, India. The building is situated in Ram Niwas garden outside the city wall opposite New gate and is a fine example of Indo-Saracenic architecture. It is also called the Government Central Museum. It was considered one of the best 19th century museums for the variety of its collections. It was renovated in 2008 and reopened as one of the most advanced museums in India.

History

The building was designed by  Samuel Swinton Jacob, assisted by Mir Tujumool Hoosein, and was opened as public museum in 1887. Maharaja Ram Singh initially wanted this building to be a town hall, but his successor, Madho Singh II, decided it should be a museum for the art of Jaipur and included as part of the new Ram Nivas Garden.

It is named after King Edward VII (Albert Edward), during whose visit to the city as the Prince of Wales its foundation stone was laid, on 6 February 1876. The museums founders collected the best examples of many crafts and sometimes even got some pieces manufactured. Colonel Tomas H. Hendley was given the responsibility of curating the collection. Maharaja and Hendley were helped in realisation of their vision by a young engineer, Samuel swinton Jacob, who was heading the Public Works department. "Hendley's meticulously compiled ledger-entry of every collected item is the backbone of our inventory and an important source material to this day."

Albert Hall Museum grew out of an industrial crafts collection that Hendley had pit together for the grand Jaipur Exhibition of 1883. Thie precious collection was housed in the magnificent building called Albert Hall. Hendley introduced the appointment of guides and demonstrators to conduct informed tours, a pioneering inititaive that was adopted by museums worldwide. Rajasthan was under princely rule and the practice of purdah (veil) for women was widespread in the region. In this context, it is worth noting that every Friday was reserved for women visitors. For many such innovative museum practices, Albert Hall became famous and many of its features were highly appreciated even in the West but the major attraction of the museum remain its exahustive collection of induatrial art and other exquisite pieces. The collections owe much to the vision, inspiration, and efforts of Maharaja Sawai Ram Singh II and Mahraja Sawai Madho Singh II, and to Hendley and Jacob.

Collection

The museum has a rich collection of artifacts including paintings, jewelry, carpets, ivory, stone, metal sculptures, and works in crystal. The collection includes coins from the Gupta, Kushan, Delhi Sultanate, Mughal and British periods.

The superb collection is a result of efforts of Hendley who wanted to preserve local skills and crafts and showcase the best craftsmanship of other places for the people of Jaipur. A repository of 19,000 objects was collected by Hendley, including arms and armour, sculpture, international art from Japan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Hungary, Germany, Austria etc., pottery, carpets, jewellery, musical instruments, ivory, woodwork, and stone work. The Egyptian collection houses many objects.  An Egyptian mummy is the main attraction of this museum. The 17th century Persian garden carpet and many ancient sculptures are coveted treasures of the museum. Numerous brass and metal objects were acquired for the collection. Many of them were replicas of the Jaipur Exhibits at Imperial Institute of London and others were purchased at the Punjab Exhibition of 1893–94 in Lahore. The collection is divided into many galleries - pottery collection being the largest and most varied housing exquisite samples from many regions of India as well as both western and oriental world.

Building

The museum building is made of marble and stone. The building was expanded specifically with a museum in mind. The outer walls of the building are painted with scenes from ancient civilizations. The upper part of the courtyard has extracts from religious texts, such as the Quran, the Bible, and Indian epics, inscribed on the walls. Six scenes from Mahabharata and Ramayana depicted in colourful paintings are on the walls. The six-panel set includes the epic narratives of the great gambling scene, abduction of the white horse, Damayanti's Swayamvara, Sacrifice of King Mewardhwaja, and marriage of Bhikya to Chandrahas.  These murals are copied from the 16th century manuscript of Razmnama, the Persian translation of Mahabharata by 19th century copyists. Albert Hall captured the imagination of experts, elites, the public and artists alike. Rudyard Kipling succinctly expressed a scholarly appreciation for the museum in Journal of Indian Art and Industry, dated 5 January 1885, "Every foot of it, from the domes of the roof to the cool green chunam (quicklime) daoes and the carving of the rims of the fountains in the courtyard, was worth studying."

Gallery

References

External links

Albert Hall Jaipur Complete Guide

1887 establishments in India
Art museums and galleries in India
Museums established in 1887
Museums in Jaipur
Samuel Swinton Jacob buildings
Tourist attractions in Jaipur

Albert Hall Museum


Night school is a special form of school. It targets adults, who usually work during the day. For this reason, the classes are held in the evening, and sometimes during the night. The focus of the kinds of education these schools is to either get a certification to study at university level, or to get further qualifications for the work people are currently doing. As the classes are held in the evening, these schools are sometimes called evening school as well.

Schools

Night school


iOS 8 is the eighth major version of Apple's mobile operating system, iOS. It was announced at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) on June 2, 2014. It contains several new features, such as an app named Health, and a framework called HealthKit.
Siri is able to be activated hands-free when it is plugged into power and can also tell users what song is playing using Shazam integration.

The Golden Master of iOS 8 was released to developers on September 9, 2014, and the final release of iOS 8 was released to the public on September 17, 2014.

New features

Photos and Camera
The Photos app now has more options to edit the user's pictures. The cropping feature now allows the user to turn the image clockwise and counter-clockwise. The user can also set the brightness and colors you want for the user's pictures. The Camera app now has a shot timer that can be set for 3 or 10 seconds.

Messages
Users can send audio and video messages by holding down the record button.

Design
The design of iOS 8 is the same as iOS 7 or iOS 7.1. There are some small changes such as added transparency and faster animation effects. The multitasking screen now shows a list of contacts that the user has talked with recently, as well as the user's favorite contacts.

Keyboards
iOS 8 also includes a new predictive typing feature called QuickType. It displays word selections above the keyboard as the user types. The feature can be turned off in Settings, or hidden using a swipe gesture. In addition, iOS 8 will allow users to install third-party keyboards.

Family Sharing
In iOS 8, a user can add six other people as family members. Family members can share purchased apps, music, and books using the same credit card. iOS 8 can also set up photo streams for every family member. The calendar can also sync between all family members.

iCloud Drive
iCloud Drive allows users to save photos, videos, documents, music, and other data on iCloud. A user can start their work on one device and continue their work on another device. Users will get 5 GB of storage for free, but they can buy more storage.

HealthKit
HealthKit is a service that allows developers to make software that will be included in the new Health app. This app tracks user's steps, oxygen, sleep and other data. Users can also make an emergency card to help them in case of an emergency. HealthKit is only on iOS 8.4 or later/Higher.

Continuity
Continuity allows users to share e-mails and websites over Wi-Fi. It also allows users to answer phone calls and respond to text messages on their Mac or iPad. This feature works on devices that have OS X Yosemite or iOS 8.

Spotlight
Spotlight now gives the user suggestions from Wikipedia entries, places nearby, trending news, and more. It's even smart enough to recognize context and location to offer users the most relevant information.

Wi-Fi Calling
In iOS 8, Apple integrated Wi-Fi calling. This service allows mobile phone calls over Wi-Fi. It is planned to be available for customers of T-Mobile in the US. Apple developers have removed many errors in IOS 8 Beta 5 like Wi-Fi sync but many other problems are still there

Problems
A study by Crittercism found that the rate at which applications crashed in their tests was 3.56% on iOS 8, higher than the 2% found on iOS 7.1.

Although the update is officially available for the iPhone 4S, it is recommended that users of the iPhone  4S do not upgrade, due to problems such as the battery draining quickly and the phone hanging up whenever a user makes a call.

On September 24, 2014, the iOS 8.0.1 release caused problems for iPhone 6 devices by turning off Touch ID and not allowing the phone to make calls. The update was released at 12:00 PM EST, and at around 2:00 PM EST, Apple removed the update due to these problems, as well as other small problems. A day later, Apple released iOS 8.0.2 which has all the fixes included with iOS 8.0.1 and also fixes the problems that iOS 8.0.1 brought.

Supported Devices

iPhone
 iPhone 4S
 iPhone 5
 iPhone 5C
 iPhone 5S
 iPhone 6
 iPhone 6 Plus

iPod Touch
 iPod Touch (5th generation)

iPad
 iPad 2 Wi-Fi only
 iPad 2 Wi-Fi+3G GSM
 iPad 2 Wi-Fi+3G CDMA
 iPad (3rd generation) Wi-Fi only
 iPad (3rd generation) Wi-Fi+3G
 iPad (3rd generation) Wi-Fi+4G (LTE) (AT&T/global version)
 iPad (3rd generation) Wi-Fi+4G (LTE) (Verizon version)
 iPad (4th generation) Wi-Fi only
 iPad (4th generation) Wi-Fi+3G
 iPad (4th generation) Wi-Fi+4G (LTE) (AT&T/global version)
 iPad (4th generation) Wi-Fi+4G (LTE) (Verizon version)
 iPad Air Wi-Fi only
 iPad Air Wi-Fi+3G
 iPad Air Wi-Fi+4G (LTE) (AT&T/global version)
 iPad Air Wi-Fi+4G (LTE) (Verizon version)

iPad Mini
 iPad Mini (1st generation) Wi-Fi only
 iPad Mini (1st generation) Wi-Fi+4G (LTE)
 iPad Mini (2nd generation) Wi-Fi only
 iPad Mini (2nd generation) Wi-Fi+4G (LTE)

References

8
Operating systems

IOS 8


Sir Geoffrey Le Mesurier Mander (6 March 1882 – 9 September 1962) was a Midland industrialist and chairman of Mander Brothers Ltd., paint and varnish manufacturers in Wolverhampton, England, an art collector and Liberal parliamentarian.

Early career
He was the oldest son of (Samuel) Theodore Mander (of a cadet branch of the prominent Mander family of Midland industrialists and public servants) and his wife, Flora St Clair Paint. Mander's younger brother was actor, playwright and film director Miles Mander. He was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge, served in the Royal Flying Corps in World War I, and was called to the bar at the Inner Temple (1921).

Politician
He entered the House of Commons as the Liberal Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Wolverhampton East at the general election in May 1929.  He was a Liberal specialist on foreign policy between the wars, and was one of the first to take a strong stand against Appeasement of the fascist dictators, and was a crusader on behalf of the League of Nations. During World War II, he was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Sir Archibald Sinclair (later, first Viscount Thurso), the Secretary of State for Air.  He won a reputation in Parliament for his determined use of parliamentary questions. For example, just over a month after the formal establishment of the Peace Pledge Union on 22 May 1936, he asked the first of numerous hostile questions about it on 25 June 1936.

Wolverhampton East was one of the last urban constituencies which the Liberals managed to hold against both Labour Party and Conservative Party opposition up to 1945.  Mander was expected to be nominated Chief Whip for the Liberal Party in the House of Commons, but he lost his seat at the 1945 general election, in the post-war Labour landslide. Considering that Labour had now replaced the Liberals as the main representative of the radical tradition in British politics, he joined the Labour party in 1948, and subsequently served as a Labour member of Staffordshire County Council.

Among many public offices, he was High Sheriff of Staffordshire (1921), a county councillor, justice of the peace, and was made a Knight Bachelor for public services in the 1945 New Year Honours shortly before his enforced retirement from Parliament.

Industrialist
He was chairman of Mander Brothers (established in 1773) for a generation, one of the principal local employers and a major manufacturer of paints, inks and varnishes in the British Empire. As an industrialist, he led many progressive initiatives in the field of labour relations and employment welfare between the Wars. Under his direction, Mander Brothers was the first British company to introduce the 40-hour week through an historic agreement signed and mediated by Ernest Bevin, general secretary of the Transport and General Workers' Union, in September 1931.

Art patron
He was an early conservationist. He offered to buy for the nation William Morris's Red House in London, if a suitable tenant could be found. He did present the family house, Wightwick Manor, in Staffordshire, with its outstanding collections of Victorian art and objects associated with William Morris, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and the Arts and Crafts movement to the National Trust in 1937. It was the first country house to be so presented during the lifetime of its donor.

His second wife, Rosalie Glynn Grylls, was a biographer with an interest in the writers and artists of the Romantic period and an early connoisseur of the Pre-Raphaelite movement. Her biographical subjects included Mary Shelley (1938), Claire Clairmont (1939), Edward John Trelawny (1950), William Godwin (1953), Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1964), Ivy Compton-Burnett (1971) and Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1980). Together Geoffrey and Rosalie Mander were influential in the overdue reassessment of the artists and writers of the Victorian period.

Personal life
Mander was married twice. His first marriage was to Rosalind Florence Caverhill. They had three children:
 Mervyn Caverhill Mander
 Mavis Flora Rosalind Mander
 Elizabeth Brehaut Mander

His second marriage was to Mary Rosalie Glynn Grylls. Their wedding took place in the House of Commons, where Liberal MP Edgar Granville served as best man. The couple had two children:
 John Geoffrey Grylls Mander (1932-1978)
 Anthea Loveday Veronica Mander (1945-2004); married John Lahr in 1965.

References

Sir Geoffrey Le Mesurier Mander (ed), The History of Mander Brothers (Wolverhampton. 1955)
C. Nicholas Mander, Varnished Leaves: a biography of the Mander Family of Wolverhampton, 1750-1950 (Owlpen Press, 2004)
Patricia Pegg, A Very Private Heritage: the private papers of Samuel Theodore Mander, 1853-1900 (Malvern, 1996)
Nicholas Mander, Last of the Midland Radicals; biography of Sir Geoffrey Mander, Liberal MP for Wolverhampton East, 1929-45 in Journal of Liberal History, Issue 53, Winter 2006-07
Geoffrey Mander M.P. "We were not all wrong - How the Labour and Liberal Parties (& also the anti-Munich Tories) strove, pre-war, for the policy of collective security against aggression - with adequate armaments to make that policy effective: the truth about the peace ballot: etc, etc." - (Victor Gollancz Ltd. 1944)

External links

"Sir Geoffrey Mander: the last of the Midland Radicals"

1882 births
1962 deaths
Military personnel from Wolverhampton
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Flying Corps personnel
People from Wolverhampton
People educated at Harrow School
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Mander, Sir Geoffrey
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
English art collectors
People educated at Summer Fields School
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
Councillors in Staffordshire
Labour Party (UK) councillors
High Sheriffs of Staffordshire
English justices of the peace
Members of the Inner Temple

Geoffrey Mander


The Division of Northern Territory was an Australian Electoral Division in the Northern Territory for the Parliament of Australia. Throughout its existence, it was the only Division in the Northern Territory. At the redistribution of 21 December 2000, the Division was divided into two new divisions, which were named the Division of Solomon, which covered the area immediately around Darwin, and the Division of Lingiari, which covered the remainder of the territory.

History
Until 1911, the Northern Territory was a part of South Australia and from 1890 was represented in the South Australian House of Assembly by two members from the Electoral district of Northern Territory. In 1911, however, the Northern Territory was transferred to the Commonwealth government, which also had the effect of depriving Territorians of all political representation. The first Commonwealth census held in 1911 disclosed the Territory had a non-Aboriginal population of 3,271, comprising 2,673 males and 598 females.

In 1922, the Northern Territory Representation Act 1922 was passed by the Australian Parliament to give the Territory a single non-voting member in the House of Representatives.

The federal Division of Northern Territory was first contested at the 1922 federal election. Its first member was Harold George Nelson, who had led the agitation which unseated the Administrator in 1918. In 1927, the Northern Territory was split into the separate territories of Central Australia and North Australia; there remained only one electoral division and the split was reversed in 1931. Before 1968, the Member for Northern Territory did not have full voting rights, and did not count for the purposes of forming government.  Between 1922 and 1936, he could speak in the House and take part in committee work, but could not vote. Between 1936 and 1959 he was only able to veto motions to disallow laws made for the Territory, and between 1959 and 1968, he could only vote on matters relating to the Territory alone. In 1968, the Member for Northern Territory acquired full voting rights.

The Division of Northern Territory was divided on 21 December 2000 into two new divisions – Solomon, which covered the Darwin area, and the Lingiari, which covers the remainder of the Territory – with Warren Snowdon, the last member for the united division, transferring to Lingiari.

On 19 February 2003, the new Divisions were nominally abolished and the Territory returned to a single Division, but on 28 April 2004 the Commonwealth Electoral Amendment (Representation in the House of Representatives) Act 2004 passed by the Australian Parliament had the effect of leaving the Northern Territory divided into two Divisions.

Members

Election results

References

External links

Northern Territory

Division of Northern Territory


The SEAT 1400 wis the first caur produced bi SEAT, it wis a rebrandit Fiat 1400, itself Fiat's first integratit chassis model. The caur wis a sma fower door sedan: components wur shipt as CKD kits frae Italy an assembled bi SEAT at their new plant in Barcelona's Zona Franca atween 1953 an 1964.

Chronologie

 The first SEAT 1400, affered atween 1953 an 1955, incorporatit a 1395 cc fower cylinder watercooled Fiat ingine wi a claimed ootput o 44 bhp an top speed o 116 km/h (72 mph).
 The SEAT 1400 A, the first revision, launcht for 1955 wis a modernised version o the original 1400, based on the Fiat 1400 A which haed appeared frae Turin the previous year. Publisht pouer ootput wis nou raised tae 50 bhp an the top speed tae 125 km/h (78 mph).
 The SEAT 1400 B appearin for 1957 retained its predecessor's bodywirk but featured a revised front grill an affered a twa tone paint scheme. In addition tae the sedan, a five door station wagon an commercial delivery truck version wur available. Claimed ingine ootput an maximum speed for the sedan wur nou 58 bhp an 135 km/h (84 mph). This version o the 1400 woud continue in production till 1964.
 The SEAT 1400 C wis introduced in 1960. The modern Pininfarina styled body, came frae the recently introduced Fiat 1800. The previous SEAT 1400 B remained in production: the twa caurs wur affered in parallel, sharin the same ingine, tho the newer caur wis langer an, it appears, slichtly hivier than the auld. The decision tae fit the auld fower cylinder unit in the new bodied SEAT rather than tae tool up for assembly in Catalonie o the new sax cylinder ingines bein fittit bi Fiat in the new bodied caurs appears tae hae been taken on cost grunds: disposable incomes in Spain at this time wur far lawer than those in Italy. In 1963 a five door estate version o the 1400 C appeared, featurin a twa piece tailgate. The introduction o a diesel ingined version woud hae tae await the successor model, housomeivver.

Bi 1964, when the caur wis replacit bi the SEAT 1500, 82.894 examples coverin fower distinctively different versions o the 1400 haed been produced.

References

 This airticle incorporates text translatit frae the correspondin Dutch Wikipaedia airticle as o 2008-04-20

Freemit airtins
 SEAT 1400 history (Spaingie)

Seat 1400
1400
First automobile made bi manufacturer

SEAT 1400


Anthony Lee Bowie (born November 9, 1963) is an American former professional basketball player. He is a former NBA shooting guard, most renowned for his stint with the Orlando Magic. With the Magic, Bowie became one of the top bench players, often stepping in to provide a spark and energy, timely baskets, and defensive stops. He is currently an Elementary School P.E coach.

College career
After high school, Bowie played college basketball at Seminole State, from 1982 to 1984, and at Oklahoma, from 1984 to 1986.

Professional career
Bowie was selected in the third round (66th overall pick), of the 1986 NBA draft, by the Houston Rockets, out of the University of Oklahoma. After he bounced around in Europe, and in several minor leagues, playing for the Rockets in the 1986 and 1987 preseason games, and for the New Jersey Nets, during the 1988 preseason, he debuted in the NBA, with the San Antonio Spurs in 1989. After the end of the 1988–89 season, San Antonio re-signed him, and traded him for cash, to the team that drafted him, the Rockets, where he played 66 games that season.

He spent the 1990–91 season in Italy, with Ranger Varese. During the 1991 off-season, he played for the Chicago Bulls. Later, in the 1991–92 season, Bowie was signed by the Orlando Magic, during a West Coast road trip, and he remained with the team for five seasons. His tenure with the Magic was his most productive. Along with Donald Royal, Bowie provided the Magic with a spark off the bench, and was often used to guard the opponent's top offensive player. He was also good at hitting the jump shot, and could also hit the three-pointer. He was also with Magic in the 1995 NBA Finals.

He returned to Italy, to play with Stefanel Milano, in the 1996–97 season. In January 1998, Bowie joined the New York Knicks, and played in 27 games for them, in the 1997–98 season.

Then he returned to Europe, where he won the EuroLeague championship with the Lithuania Basketball League team, Žalgiris kaunas, in 1999. Then he played in the Greek Basket League, with AEK Athens, winning with them both the FIBA Saporta Cup and the Greek Cup, in 2000. From January to June 2001, he played in Italy again, with Paf Bologna. He played in the Italian League Finals series, which Paf lost to Kinder Bologna. After that season, he retired from playing professional basketball.

The triple-double
Bowie is most remembered for a triple-double in which he had 20 points, 10 rebounds, and 10 assists against the Detroit Pistons on March 9, 1996. After rebounding a missed Detroit free throw, Bowie immediately called a timeout against the wishes of Magic coach Brian Hill, who, in disgust, let Bowie dictate the next play to his teammates. Bowie proceeded to set up a play so that he could catch the inbounds pass, and pass it to a player in a position for the shot, which he accomplished when forward David Vaughn dunked the resulting inbounds pass for the tenth assist. Pistons coach Doug Collins took his players off the court in response to Bowie's poor sportsmanship, but since he could not actually bench his players, he instead ordered them to stand underneath the basket closest to the visitors' locker room in protest. In 2003, Ricky Davis attempted to shoot at his own basket to complete a rebound for a triple-double.

Coaching career
In 2003, Bowie was named the head coach of the Bishop Moore High School's basketball team, a private school in Orlando.

References

External links

Euroleague.net Profile
FIBA EuroLeague Profile
Italian League Profile @ legabasket.it
AEK Athens Profile@ aek.com

1963 births
Living people
AEK B.C. players
African-American basketball coaches
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Greece
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
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Anthony Bowie


Colin Bryan Riordan  FLSW (born 27 July 1959 in Paderborn, Germany) is a British academic who has been President and Vice-Chancellor at Cardiff University since 1 September 2012.

Education

Riordan obtained his PhD from the University of Manchester in 1986.

Career

Riordan taught English as a foreign language at Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg in Germany (1982–84). He was Lecturer, then Senior Lecturer in German at Swansea University from 1986 to 1998.

He became Professor of German at Newcastle University in 1998, later being appointed Pro Vice-Chancellor and Provost of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in August 2005.

In October 2007, he took up the post of Vice-Chancellor at the University of Essex. On 1 September 2012, he became Vice-Chancellor of Cardiff University.

In 2013, he was elected a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales.

In 2015, under his purview as Vice-Chancellor, Riordan announced that Cardiff University would launch five new flagship research centres, each focusing on a world issue. These include resolving chronic diseases; the scarcity of water; the prevention of crime; studying big data; and creating smarter energy systems.

Riordan was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2023 New Year Honours for services to higher education.

Research and publications

He has published on post-war German literature and culture, including editing books on the writers Jurek Becker, Uwe Johnson and Peter Schneider.

Personal life

In November 2017, shortly after missing Bisexual Visibility Day, Riordan came out as bisexual in a monthly email to staff. The BBC quoted him as saying, "Only a few vice chancellors have spoken out about being gay or lesbian and none about being bi, as far as I'm aware." He has two daughters from a former marriage.

Memberships

 Vice-president and board member of Universities UK
 Board member of the Leadership Foundation for Higher Education
 Trustee, the Edge Foundation
 Member of UK NARIC Advisory Council
 Member of UCAS board of trustees
 Board member of the Equality Challenge Unit
 Chair, Universities UK International (UUKi)
 Member of the International Education Council sponsored by the Department of Business, Innovation and Skills
 Chair of the International Policy Network of Universities UK

In 2013 he became chair of Higher Education Wales, the body which represents the interests of Higher Education Institutions in Wales.

References

Living people
1959 births
Linguists from the United Kingdom
Alumni of the University of Manchester
Academics of Cardiff University
Academics of Swansea University
Academics of Newcastle University
Academics of the University of Essex
Bisexual men
British bisexual people
People from Cardiff
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Learned Society of Wales

Colin Riordan


Otesánek is a Czech fairy tale created by Karel Jaromír Erben in the 19th century which tells the story of a fearsome and constantly hungry, living log of wood. In the story there are elements of narrative that are similar to more famous fairy tales such as The Adventures of Pinocchio and Little Red Riding Hood; despite this, the themes present in Otesánek appear nonetheless to be quite different from most other European fairy tales, with a particularly ambiguous moral which leaves a lot of room to subjective interpretation.

Plot
The story begins with a couple that for a long time has been waiting for a child, which, however, does not seem to arrive. One day the husband finds in the nearby forest a log of wood (Otesánek) that strangely resembles a baby and decides to bring it home. To the joy of the couple, the wooden baby comes to life and asks to be fed. Initially the couple is enthusiastic that their wish of having a child has finally been granted; however, the situation soon takes a turn for the worse as they find themselves having to deal with the insatiable appetite of the baby, who will keep growing and eating until he will start eating people, including his parents. The log anticipates each meal with a nursery rhyme in which he lists every previous meal he has eaten. The story eventually concludes with the death of Otesánek at the hands of an elderly lady of the village who rips open his chest with a hoe, thus killing the monster and freeing all those he ate, including his parents.

variants
There is a variant from India called the cat and the parrot in which a cat eats a parrot when he comes to visit him for dinner, he then precedes to eat an old woman, an old man, a king, a queen, a battalion of solders, a parade of elephants and a crab. The crab cuts open the cat's stomach.

There is a version from Hungary called the pork pudding. In this one a farmer kills a pig and makes a pork pudding. The next month the farmer sends his eldest daughter up to the cellar to get the pork pudding. The pork pudding eats her. The second and third daughter come and are eaten two. The farmer's wife goes up next and is eaten. The farmer then comes up and gets eaten by the pork pudding. The pork pudding then breaks out of the cellar and starts eating everyone in the village. The pork pudding eats a shepherd boy who cuts him open with a dagger saving everyone.

Film adaptation
The film Little Otik, directed by Jan Švankmajer, was released in 2000 and is greatly inspired by this fairy tale.

In popular culture
In the seventh episode of the third season of Blown Away, a television glass blowing competition, glass blowers John Moran and John Sharvin created a sculpture of the baby "Little Otik", which they called Alive, and Well?.

References

External links
 Otesánek, fairy tale in Czech, www.pohadky.unas.cz
 Otesánek, fairy tale in Czech, www.abatar.cz

Czech fairy tales
Child characters in fairy tales
Fictional trees
Fictional monsters

Otesánek


The colourful princess parrot (Polytelis alexandrae) is an Australian bird of the parrot family. Its name was given in honour of Princess Alexandra of Denmark, who in 1863 married the Prince of Wales Edward VII and eventually became Queen of the United Kingdom. Other names for the species include: Queen Alexandra parrot (or parakeet), Alexandra's parakeet, Princess of Wales parakeet, rose-throated parakeet, and spinifex parrot. Their plumage is mostly green with a pink throat, bluish crown and rump, and bright green shoulders.

Description

The princess parrot is a medium-sized parrot, 34 to 46 cm long and weighing between 110 and 120 g. The plumage is mostly green with a pink throat, bluish crown, and bright green shoulders. The rump is blue and the tail is long and narrow. The males have longer tail feathers and brighter coloring than females. The male also has a coral-red beak, while the female's is duller and has a greyish crown. Another difference is that the male has an orange iris, while the female's is much browner. In addition, the male of the species has a longer, projecting extension from the end of the 3rd primary (flight) feather on each side. This projection is called a 'spatula' or 'spatule' and appears in mature male birds.

Behaviour
This species is nomadic, arriving in small groups to breed and then disappearing. It is one of Australia's least known parrots because it is so elusive, even though it is spread across the interior of Australia. It inhabits arid woodland and scrub with spinifex, eucalypts, acacias, etc. They are unusual among parrots in engaging in mobbing behaviour against predators. They feed on the seeds of grasses and shrubs.

Breeding
Four to six white eggs are laid which are incubated for 19 days. The chicks leave the nest about 35 days after hatching. These parakeets are truly opportunistic breeders, with pairs choosing to nest when food is plentiful. They nest in a hollow in a eucalypt or desert oak.

Aviculture

The princess parrot can make loud calls. Their life span is thought to be as long as 30 years. Under the right circumstances they are able to bond to more than one member of the host family. These birds have a short range of mimicking ability, yet some have the ability to "talk". They are a favourite among many aviculturists and pet owners because of their looks and personality. Their diet consists of reasonable sized seeds and grasses that have seeds. They can be constipated if given bread or seeds that are small or become wet, they can become ill if seed bowls are contaminated by rats or mice so are best fed on an inverted ceramic pot with the bowl on top not wider than the top as they will dislodge the feed bowl.

There are three common color mutations of this parakeet. These colours are Lutino, Blue, and Albino (combination of Blue and Lutino). The natural, or 'normal' color is green. There are two types of blue, one blue winged and the second is bright blue wings and bright blue head.

References

External links
World Parrot Trust Parrot Encyclopedia - Species Profiles

princess parrot
Birds of the Northern Territory
Birds of South Australia
Birds of Western Australia
Endemic birds of Australia
princess parrot

Princess parrot


Calcaria was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today, it is known as Tadcaster, located in the English county of North Yorkshire.

The Romans founded the settlement and named it Calcaria from the Latin word for lime kilns, reflecting the importance of the area's Magnesian Limestone geology as a natural resource for quarrying. The nature of the settlement is uncertain. It is possible that it started as an Imperial staging post with a mansio because of its location at  a river crossing on the road from Danum (Doncaster) to Eburacum (York). Just to the north-west is the Roman fort at Newton Kyme (possibly Praesidium) dating from the 4th century. Mileages on the Antonine Itinerary suggest that Calcaria may have lain well west of Tadcaster.

References

Sources

History of North Yorkshire
Roman towns and cities in England
Tadcaster
Roman sites in North Yorkshire

Calcaria


Bagaudae (also spelled bacaudae) were groups of peasant insurgents in the later Roman Empire, who arose during the Crisis of the Third Century and persisted until the very end of the Western Empire particularly in the less-Romanised areas of Gallia and Hispania. They were affected by the depredations of the late Roman state, great landowners and clerics.

The invasions, military anarchy, and disorders of the third century provided a chaotic and ongoing degradation of the regional power structure within a declining Empire. Within the chaos, the bagaudae achieved some temporary and scattered successes under the leadership of members of the underclass as well as former members of local ruling elites.

Etymology
The name probably means "fighters" in Gaulish.   C. E. V. Nixon assesses the bagaudae, from the official Imperial viewpoint, as "bands of brigands who roamed the countryside looting and pillaging".  J. C. S. Léon interprets the most completely assembled documentation and identifies the bagaudae as impoverished local free peasants, reinforced by brigands, runaway slaves and deserters from the legions, who were trying to resist the ruthless labor exploitation of the late Roman proto-feudal colonus manorial and military systems, and all manner of punitive laws and levies in the marginal areas of the Empire.

Suppression
After the bagaudae came to the full attention of the central authorities about AD 284, the re-establishment of the settled social order was swift and severe: the peasant insurgents were crushed in AD 286 by the Caesar Maximian and his subordinate Carausius under the aegis of the Augustus Diocletian. Their leaders are mentioned as Amandus and Aelianus, although E.M. Wightman, in her Gallia Belgica proposes that the two belonged to the local Gallo-Roman landowning class who then became "tyrants" and most likely rebelled against the grinding taxation and garnishing of their lands, harvests, and manpower by the predatory agents of the late Roman state (see frumentarii, publicani).

The Panegyric of Maximian, dating to AD 289 and attributed to Claudius Mamertinus, relates that during the bagaudae uprisings of AD 284–285 in the districts around Lugdunum (Lyon), "simple farmers sought military garb; the plowman imitated the infantryman, the shepherd the cavalryman, the rustic harvester of his own crops the barbarian enemy". In fact they shared several similar characteristics with the Germanic Heruli people.  Mamertinus also called them "two-shaped monsters" (monstrorum biformium), emphasising that while they were technically Imperial farmers and citizens, they were also marauding rogues who had become foes to the Empire.

Recurrences
The phenomenon recurred in the mid-fourth century in the reign of Constantius, in conjunction with an invasion of the Alemanni.  Although Imperial control was re-established by the Frankish general Silvanus, his subsequent betrayal by court rivals forced him into rebellion and his work was undone. In around AD 360 the historian Aurelius Victor is the sole writer to note the attacks of bagaudae in the peripheries of the larger towns and walled cities.

In the fifth century Bagaudae are noted initially in the Loire valley and Brittany, circa AD 409–17, fighting various armies sent against them by the last seriously effective Western Roman general, Flavius Aëtius. Aetius used federates such as the Alans under their king Goar to try and suppress a Bacaudic revolt in Armorica. St Germanus got mercy for the Bagaudae but they later revolted again under a leader called Tibatto. They are also mentioned around the same time in the province of Macedonia, the only time they emerge in the Eastern Empire, which may be connected with economic hardships under Arcadius.

By the middle of the fifth century they are mentioned in control of parts of central Gaul and the Ebro valley. In Hispania, the king of the Suevi, Rechiar (died AD 456), took up as allies the local bagaudae in ravaging the remaining Roman municipia, a unique alliance between Germanic ruler and rebel peasant.

That the depredations of the ruling classes were mostly responsible for the uprising of the bagaudae was not lost on the fifth-century writer of historicised polemic Salvian; setting himself in the treatise De gubernatione Dei the task of proving God's constant guidance, he declares in book iii that the misery of the Roman world is all due to the neglect of God's commandments and the terrible sins of every class of society. It is not merely that slaves and servants are thieves and runaways, wine-bibbers and gluttons – the rich are much worse (iv. 3); it is their harshness and greed that drive the poor to join the bagaudae and flee for shelter to the barbarian invaders (v. 5 and 6).

Reputation
The reputation of the bagaudae has varied with the uses made of them in historicised narratives of the Late Roman Empire and the Middle Ages. There has been some speculation that theirs was a Christian revolt, but the sparsity of information in the texts gives that little substance although there may well have been many Christians among them. In general, they seem to have been equal parts of brigands and insurgents.

In the second half of the 19th century, interest in the bagaudae revived, resonating with contemporary social unrest. The French historian Jean Trithemié was famous for a nationalist view of the "Bagaudae" by arguing that they were an expression of national identity among the Gallic peasants, who sought to overthrow oppressive Roman rule and realize the eternal "French" values of liberty, equality and brotherhood.

E. A. Thompson in Past and Present (1952) portrayed this rural discontent within the context of Marxist class warfare.

See also
 Jacquerie
 List of peasant revolts
 Popular revolt in late medieval Europe

Citations

References
 Thompson, E. A. Romans and Barbarians: The Decline of the Western Empire. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press) 1982.
 Trithemié, Jean. Les Bagaudes et les origines de la nation française. 2 vols. (Paris: Les séries historiques, Ecole anormale supérieure), 1873.

Further reading
 Léon, J. C. S. (1996). Les sources de l'histoire des Bagaudes. Paris.
 Léon, J. C. S. (1996). Los bagaudas: rebeldes, demonios, mártires. Revueltas campesinas en Galia e Hispania durante el Bajo Imperio. University of Jaén.

3rd-century conflicts
280s establishments in the Roman Empire
450s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
3rd century in Roman Gaul
3rd-century rebellions
4th-century rebellions
5th-century rebellions
Ancient peoples
Ancient Roman outlaws
Crisis of the Third Century
Gaulish language
Insurgent groups in Europe
Organizations disestablished in the 5th century
Organizations established in the 3rd century
Peasant revolts
Rebellions against the Roman Empire
Spain in the Roman era
Tetrarchy
Armorica

Bagaudae


The French Church of St. Sauveur (Église Episcopale Française du Saint-Sauveur) was organized on September 3, 1871 and chartered in February, 1872 to provide French-language services to Christians in the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania. It served Francophones of French, Swiss, Belgian, German, Haitian, and American nationalities between 1872 and 1954. In the representative year of 1922, it had 361 members and 111 active communicants. Some members of the congregation were French-speaking Waldensians; its classes and social services were open to all, including Francophone Roman Catholics in Philadelphia. St. Sauveur was founded by  the Rev. Charles François Bonaventure Miel (1818-1902), a former Jesuit from Dijon who had previously founded a French-speaking Episcopal church in Chicago, Illinois.

 The church's building at the corner of DeLancey and 22nd Street was opened for services on April 1, 1888 (Easter Sunday). It was described as "a beautiful little chapel of brick, in Gothic style, steeple and belfry, stained glass windows, open roof in the interior, with oak casing and walnut beams, a gallery all across the lower portion of the church and a beautiful recess [sic] chancel, with a broad platform in front."

St. Sauveur used its own translation of the Book of Common Prayer into French, prepared by C. F. B. Miel and published in three editions by 1890. The congregation had several internal societies, including a Société des Dames Patronesses de Saint Sauveur for Americans interested in its activities, a chapter of the Brotherhood of St. Andrew for lay men, and a Guild de St. Sauveur.

In 1926, the diocese sold St. Sauveur's building and adjoining parish house for $44,000 and accepted an invitation to become a congregation of Holy Trinity Memorial Episcopal Church at 2212 Spruce Street. Its furnishings were incorporated into the Chapel of the Ascension, Rhawnhurst, and the church and parish house were partially converted into an apartment building and store. The church's  bell was stolen and recovered at a scrap yard in June, 1927.

Bishop Thomas J. Garland initially earmarked the funds from the sale of the building for the construction of a new church building for Francophone use, but this plan was never carried out. The congregation's final service was on Sunday, May 31, 1953.

Clergy
Charles François Bonaventure Miel (French, 1872-1902)
Charles Mason (American assistant)
Florian Vurpillot (French, 1896-1913)
Théophilus Daniel Malan (Swiss, 1914-1925)
Paul J. Beguin
Elliot White (American)
Archdeacon James Fry Bullitt (American)
Victor Rahard
Marcel Jean Brun (French, 1934-1953)

See also
Église Française du St.-Esprit, French Episcopal Church in New York City
French language in the United States

Bibliography
Manuel de prières et de cantiques à l'usage de l'église épiscopale française du Saint Sauveur, Philadelphie (third edition, 1890)
L'Avenir monthly journal in English and French, 1880—

References

External links
Historical documents on St. Sauveur from Philadelphia Studies
An Appeal in Behalf of a Church Building for the French Church of St. Sauveur (1886)
Silver Jubilee (1897)
List of Parishioners, Communicants, Attendants and Contributors of the French Church of St. Sauveur (1925)

1871 establishments in Pennsylvania
Christian organizations established in the 1870s
Churches in Philadelphia
Episcopal Church in Pennsylvania
Religious organizations established in 1871
19th-century Episcopal church buildings
Churches completed in 1888
Religious organizations disestablished in 1953
Gothic Revival architecture in Pennsylvania

French Church of St. Sauveur


Masia Lim, better known as Masia One (MAS1A) (), is a Canadian rapper from Toronto, Ontario.

Biography
Lim was born in Singapore and moved to Canada at a very young age, growing up in Vancouver and eventually moving to Toronto, Ontario. She attended the University of Toronto and graduated with a degree in Architecture and Economics. In 2003, she began her own record label known as M1 Group (later renamed The Merdeka Group) and subsequently released her debut album, Mississauga. Her most famous songs are "Split Second Time", "Return of the B-Girl" and "Warriors Tongue". In 2003, Masia One became the first female rapper to be nominated for "Best Rap Video" in the MuchMusic Video Awards.

Her second album, Pulau was released in fall 2008, in two volumes; Pulau: Chapter 1: Montreal in the Fall and Pulau: Chapter 2: The Islands. It features collaborations with Moe Masri, Isis, Lady E, DJ SARASA, Dylan Murray, Zaki Ibrahim, Junia T, Moka Only, Sikh Knowledge, Vybz Machine and more.

In 2012, she appeared on former Red Hot Chili Peppers guitarist John Frusciante's EP, Letur-Lefr. Masia One has also been featured on two ill.Gates songs, on his 18-track LP, The ill.Methodology, also released in 2012. Her third album Bootleg Culture 2014, was produced by Kops and Robbers, the production duo of Che Vicious (Aftermath, G.O.O.D. Music, Jay-Z, Eminem) and Travis von Cartier. The album included features from RZA (Wu Tang Clan) and notable Canadian artists Isis Salam, Graph Nobel. Warriors Tongue off this project was used by Bass Nectar in his song "Speaker Boxx" which became the trailer theme song for Fast and the Furious 8. Masia One spent years in Jamaica following the release of her third album and worked on a yet unreleased record at Bob Marley's Tuff Gong studios with Jamaican band Dubtonic Kru.

In 2015, Masia One moved back to the place of her birth Singapore and founded the Singapura Dub Club, the country's first Dub, Reggae and Dancehall events company. She spent the next year's touring Southeast Asia and connecting Reggae scenes from across this region to bring Jamaican inspired music to the forefront.  Through Singapura Dub Club she has brought artists like Sister Nancy, Johnny Osbourne, General Levy, U-Brown, Papa Ugee, Cojie (Mighty Crown) and Tippa Irie to the Lion City.

Masia One is scheduled to release her 4th studio album Fall 2018 titled Far East Empress, featuring artists collaborations with Southeast Asian talents and executive produced by Richie Beretta. Her first single "Wastin" has been released with a video that features dance crew Ragga Waka and other influential Singaporean Women.

Discography
 Mississauga (2003)
 Pulau (2009)
 Highplace Drive (2010)
 Bootleg Culture (2014)

References

External links

Canadian people of Chinese descent
Canadian women rappers
Living people
Rappers from Toronto
Underground rappers
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Canadian rappers
21st-century women rappers

Masia One


The Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies (AOSCA), formerly known as the International Crop Improvement Association, is a trade organization based in the United States. Founded in 1919, its function is to develop and promote certified varieties of seed for agricultural use.

History
The International Crop Improvement Association evolved from the Wisconsin Crop Improvement Association (WCIA), initially called the Wisconsin Experiment Association. This was organized in 1901 by Ransom Asa Moore at the University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Agriculture, aided by graduates of that college and farmers, with the objective of improving and disseminating strains of seed. The establishment of the International Crop Improvement Association followed in December 1919 when Moore presented a proposed constitution for the organization in Chicago, Illinois. It was proposed that the organization be international rather than national to allow Canada to be a member. Moore was named the first president of the organization in 1920.

Functions
The Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies (AOSCA) assists clients in the production, identification, distribution and promotion of certified classes of seed and other crop propagation materials. Its membership currently includes seed certifying agencies across the US, and member countries including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina, Chile and Brazil. Its mission is "To promote and facilitate the movement of seed or plant products in local, national, and international markets through the coordinated efforts of official seed certification agencies acting to evaluate, document, and verify that a seed or plant product meets certain accepted standards."

References

External links
AOSCA

University of Wisconsin–Madison
Product certification
Agricultural organizations based in the United States


The Oghuric, Onoguric or Oguric languages (also known as Bulgar, Bulgharic, Bolgar, Pre-Proto-Bulgaric or Lir-Turkic and r-Turkic) are a branch of the Turkic language family. The only extant member of the group is the Chuvash language. The first to branch off from the Turkic family, the Oghuric languages show significant divergence from other Turkic languages, which all share a later common ancestor. Languages from this family were spoken in some nomadic tribal confederations, such as those of the Onogurs or Ogurs, Bulgars and Khazars.

History
The Oghuric languages are a distinct group of the Turkic languages, standing in contrast to Common Turkic. Today they are represented only by Chuvash. The only other language which is conclusively proven to be Oghuric is the long-extinct Bulgar, while Khazar may be a possible relative within the group. The Hunnic language is sometimes assumed to have been a Oghuric language, although such speculations are not based on proper linguistic evidence, since the language of the Huns is almost unknown except for a few attested words and personal names. Oghuric was the lingua franca of the Khazar state.

There is no consensus among linguists on the relation between Oghuric and Common Turkic and several questions remain unsolved:

Are they parallel branches of Proto-Turkic () and, if so, which branch is more archaic?
Does Oghuric represent Archaic Turkic before phonetic changes in 100–400 AD and was it a separate language?

Fuzuli Bayat dates the separation into Oghur r-dialects and Oghuz z-dialects to the 2nd millennium BC.

Features
The Oghuric languages are also known as "-r Turkic" because the final consonant in certain words is r, not z as in Common Turkic.  -  -  - . Hence the name Oghur corresponds to Oghuz "tribe" in Common Turkic. Other correspondences are Com. š : Oghur l (tâš : tâl, 'stone'); s > š; *č > ś; k/q > ğ; y > j, ś; d, δ > δ > z (10th cent.) > r (13th cent.)"; ğd > z > r (14th cent.); a > ı (after 9th cent.). The shift from s to š operates before i, ï, and iV, and Dybo calls the sound change the "Bulgar palatalization".

Denis Sinor believed that the differences noted above suggest that the Oghur-speaking tribes could not have originated in territories inhabited by speakers of Mongolic languages, given that Mongolian dialects feature the  -z suffix. Peter Golden, however, has noted that there are many loanwords in Mongolic from Oghuric, such as Mongolic ikere, Oghuric *ikir, Hungarian iker, Common Turkic *ikiz 'twins', and holds the contradictory view that the Oghur inhabited the borderlands of Mongolia prior to the 5th century.

Oghuric influence on other languages

The Oghuric tribes are often connected with the Hungarians, whose exo-ethnonym is usually derived from On-Oğur (> (H)Ungari). Hungarians -> Hun Oghur -> (ten oghur tribes): On ogur -> up.chv. Won ogur -> dow.chv. Wun ogur -> belor. Wugorac -> rus. Wenger -> slove. Vogr, Vogrin -> cheh. pol. Węgier, Węgrzyn, -> lit. Veñgras.  Hungarian has many borrowings from Turkic languages, with phonological characteristics which indicate that they borrowed from a Oghuric source language: Hung. tenger, Oghur. *tengir, Comm. *tengiz 'sea', Hung. gyűrű, Oghur. *ǰürük, Comm. *yüzük 'ring', and terms of equestrian culture ló 'horse', nyereg 'saddle', fék 'bridle', ostor 'whip'. A number of Hungarian loanwords were borrowed before the 9th century, shown by sz- (< Oğ. *ś-) rather than gy- (< Oğ. *ǰ-), for example Hung. szél, Oghur. *śäl, Chuv. śil,  Comm. *yel 'wind', Hung. szűcs 'tailor', Hung. szőlő 'grapes'.

In the Oghuz languages as azer. tur. öküz means ox (totemic animal), and is a reflection of the Chuvash language wăkăr where rhotacism is used, in the Kipchak languages it is ögiz.

See also
 Saragurs
 Kutrigurs
 Utigurs
 Oghur & Oghuz
 Oghur (tribe)

References

Sources

Agglutinative languages
Vowel-harmony languages

Oghuric languages


Until 1 January 2007 Søndersø municipality was a municipality (Danish, kommune) in the former Funen County on the island of Funen in central Denmark.  The municipality covered an area of 181 km2, and had a total population of 11,234 (2005).  Its last mayor was Erik Hansen, a member of the Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne) political party. The main town and the site of its municipal council was the town of Søndersø.

The municipality was created in 1970 as the result of a  ("Municipality Reform") that merged a number of existing parishes:
 Ejlby Parish (Skovby Herred)
 Hårslev Parish (Skovby Herred)
 Melby Parish (Skovby Herred)
 Skamby Parish (Skam Herred)
 Særslev Parish (Skovby Herred)
 Søndersø Parish (Skovby Herred)
 Veflinge Parish (Skovby Herred)
 Vigerslev Parish (Skovby Herred)

Søndersø municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007).  It was merged with Otterup and Bogense municipalities to form the new Nordfyn municipality.  This created a municipality with an area of 451 km2 and a total population of 28,655 (2005).  The new municipality belongs to Region of Southern Denmark.

References
 Municipal statistics: NetBorger Kommunefakta, delivered from KMD aka Kommunedata (Municipal Data)
 Municipal mergers and neighbors: Eniro new municipalities map

External links
 Nordfyn municipality's official website (Danish only)

Former municipalities of Denmark

Søndersø Municipality


The Fiat Seicento (Type 187) is a city car produced by the Italian company Fiat, introduced at the end of 1997 as a replacement for the Fiat Cinquecento, although it was also based on the Cinquecento. The Seicento did not differ much from its predecessor, retaining the same engines, chassis and general dimensions, although it did gain a minor 90 mm in length (total length of 3,340 mm).

Like its predecessors, the Cinquecento and Polski Fiat 126, the Seicento was built in Fiat's factory in Tychy, Poland.

From March 1998 to April 2004, 1.1 million units of the Seicento had been produced. The Seicento name comes from the Italian word for 600; the Seicento is the spiritual successor to the Fiat 600. The car was rebadged as the 600 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the original model.

Euro NCAP performance
In Euro NCAP crash tests, the Fiat Seicento was only awarded a 1.5 star rating, and fractionally beat the worst contenders in the history of Euro NCAP, namely the Rover 100 (a restyled Rover Metro, in turn directly based on the Austin Metro) and the original Chrysler Voyager MPV. By comparison, another small car, the Smart Fortwo, earned three stars in the crash test.

Versions

Trims/Equipment

At launch, the Seicento was available with three trim levels; a basic 'S' with black bumpers and spartan equipment and initially the 899 cc  FIAT 100 series engine; the 'SX', which was a slight upgrade over the 'S' and included colour coded bumpers, electric windows, central locking and a sunroof. The 'SX' was also available as a 'Citymatic' which features clutchless manual gearchange, and a 'Sporting' with the larger FIAT FIRE series 1,108 cc  engine,  lower suspension and anti-roll bars added.

Cosmetically, this version gained 13" alloy wheels and sports seats. An Abarth styling kit was also available consisting of a body kit with optional Abarth 14" wheels. A close ratio gearbox, sill kick plates, embroidered headrests, leather gear lever and steering wheel, colour highlighted trim in the bumpers, side skirts and a spoiler also available.

Both the 'Sporting' and the Abarths were available with ABS, air conditioning and power steering, but due to cost, not very many owners took up the options.

In 1999, the FIRE engine was used in the special 'Suite' version, which came with air conditioning. A special edition called the 'Soleil' was available in some markets, which was based on the 'SX' model, but came with a full-length electrically folding fabric roof.

In October 2000, after the update, all cars were given clear indicator lenses, with the Sporting model getting a restyled bodykit. Power steering was still optional on lower end Seicentos.

A 'Michael Schumacher' edition of the Sporting, with ABS and the Abarth styling kit, was also launched at this time to celebrate the Ferrari driver's Formula One success. This model was almost identical to the 'Sporting' with the Abarth kit with the exception of a chrome gear lever surrounds and Michael's signature on the boot lid and side skirt. A limited edition plate and number was located on the passenger door.

The model was officially withdrawn from the market in the United Kingdom in 2004, and production of right hand drive models ceased, following the arrival of the new and more practical Panda. The left hand drive model was facelifted, gaining a new design for the wheels, and the introduction of the new Fiat logo to the rear.

Fiat 600

In 2005, the name Seicento was replaced by 600 (in celebration of the 50th anniversary of the first edition, in 1955) together with some changes to the front fascia and in the interior with the name Fiat now written on the seats. The new versions now are named "Class" and "50th Anniversary", denoting the strict relationship between this model and the previous one.

Engines
The Seicento was available with two engines: the old 899 cc Overhead valve  engine used in early base S and SX models (which was removed from West European markets due to emissions regulations), and the 1,108 cc FIRE  and used in the Sporting version since launch). Both used single point injection.

The latter was fitted universally with multi point fuel injection from 2001, replacing the old 899 cc unit due to the tightening emission regulations.

Elettra
Until 2005, Fiat also produced a battery-electric version of the Seicento called the Seicento Elettra. Originally produced in serial quantities in Italy from 1996 to 1998, production moved to Poland for the remaining years where it was built to order. The Seicento Elettra featured a 30 kW three-phase asynchronous electric motor powered by eighteen 12V lead-acid batteries in the engine bay and beneath the rear seats.

The Seicento Elettra's top speed was  and its range was .

Tuning

German tuner Novitec created a special edition of the Fiat Seicento, adding a turbocharger and six speed gearbox to the little car. The German tuner is able to extract  from the 1,108 cc FIRE engine. Other tuners include the venerable Giannini company, who produced an aggressive bodykit and also considered installing a 1.6 litre engine.

Future replacement
The car ceased production in 2010. Although no direct replacement was announced, much of the market territory it once occupied had already been filled by the new Fiat Panda (2003) and the 500 (2007), as well as the budget model Fiat Palio.

Production figures

References

Seicento
City cars
Euro NCAP superminis
2000s cars
2010s cars
Cars introduced in 1997
Electric car models

Fiat Seicento


The National Library of Israel (NLI; ; ), formerly Jewish National and University Library (JNUL; ), is the library dedicated to collecting the cultural treasures of Israel and of Jewish heritage. The library holds more than 5 million books, and is located in the Government complex (Kiryat HaMemshala) near the Knesset.

The National Library owns the world's largest collections of Hebraica and Judaica, and is the repository of many rare and unique manuscripts, books and artifacts.

History

B'nai Brith library (1892–1925)

The establishment of a Jewish National Library in Jerusalem was the brainchild of  (1844–1919). His idea was creating a "home for all works in all languages and literatures which have Jewish authors, even though they create in foreign cultures." Chazanovitz collected some 15,000 volumes which later became the core of the library.

The B'nai Brith library, founded in Jerusalem in 1892, was the first public library in Palestine to serve the Jewish community. The library was located on B'nai Brith street, between the Meah Shearim neighborhood and the Russian Compound. Ten years later, the Bet Midrash Abrabanel library, as it was then known, moved to Ethiopia Street.

Hebrew University library (1925–2007)

In 1920, when plans were drawn up for the Hebrew University, the B'nai Brith collection became the basis for a university library. The books were moved to Mount Scopus when the university opened five years later.

In 1948, when access to the university campus on Mount Scopus was blocked, most of the books were moved to the university's temporary quarters in the Terra Sancta building in Rehavia. By that time, the university collection included over one million books. For lack of space, some of the books were placed in storerooms around the city. In 1960, they were moved to the new JNUL building in Givat Ram.

In the late 1970s, when the new university complex on Mount Scopus was inaugurated and the faculties of Law, Humanities and Social Science returned there, departmental libraries opened on that campus and the number of visitors to the Givat Ram library dropped. In the 1990s, the building suffered from maintenance problems such as rainwater leaks and insect infestation.

National Library legal status (2007)
In 2007 the library was officially recognized as The National Library of the State of Israel after the passage of the National Library Law. The law, which came into effect on 23 July 2008, changed the library's name to "National Library of Israel" and turned it temporarily to a subsidiary company of the University, later to become a fully independent community interest company, jointly owned by the Government of Israel (50%), the Hebrew University (25%) and other organizations.

New building
In 2014, the project for a new home of the Library in Jerusalem was unveiled. The 34,000 square meters building, was designed by the Basel-based architecture firm Herzog & de Meuron. The cornerstone laying ceremony took place in 2016. The completion date was postponed a number of times and the old library building at Givat Ram continued to be used till September 2023. The grand opening events planned for the week of the 22nd October were cancelled due to the 2023 Israel–Hamas war and the new building opened its doors to the public on 29th October 2023, with service and capacity limited due to war related limitations.

Temporary closure (2020)
In August, 2020, the National Library announced its immediately forthcoming closure "until further notice" due to the ongoing financial and government crisis. The closure lasted for a number of weeks. A small skeleton staff continued coming to the building but most of the employees either worked from home or took partial or full paid leave. The library, mainly the reference, education and culture departments provided online services during this period.

Goals and objectives

The library's mission is to secure copies of all material published in Israel, in any language; all publications on the subject of Israel, the Land of Israel, Judaism and the Jewish people, published in any language, in any country in the world; and all material published in Hebrew or any of the languages spoken in the Jewish Diaspora (such as Yiddish and Ladino).

By law, two copies of all printed matter published in Israel must be deposited in the National Library. In 2001, the law was amended to include audio and video recordings, and other non-print media. Many manuscripts, including some of the library's unique volumes such the 13th century Worms Mahzor, have been scanned and are available on the library's website. Due to be completed in 2023, the National Library of Israel is digitizing over 2,500 rare manuscripts and books which will be available online for free. The works are written in Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Urdu and date from the 9th to 20th Centuries.

Special collections

Among the library's special collections are the personal papers of hundreds of outstanding Jewish figures, the National Sound Archives, the Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The Sidney Edelstein Collection (for the history of science) and numerous other collections of Hebraica and Judaica. The library also possesses some of Isaac Newton's manuscripts dealing with theological subjects. The collection, donated by the family of the collector Abraham Yahuda, includes many works by Newton about mysticism, analyses of holy books, predictions about the end of days and the appearance of the ancient Temple in Jerusalem. It also contains maps that Newton sketched about mythical events to assist him in his end of days calculations. The library houses the personal archives of Martin Buber and Gershom Scholem. Additionally the library houses the Gershom Scholem Collection for the Research of Kabbalah and Hasidism, including Scholem's personal library and items added since his death in 1982.

Following the occupation of West Jerusalem by Haganah forces in May 1948, the libraries of a number Palestinians who fled the country as well as of other well-to-do Palestinians were transferred to the National Library. These collections included those of Henry Cattan, Khalil Beidas, Khalil al-Sakakini and Aref Hikmet Nashashibi. About 30,000 books were removed from homes in West Jerusalem, with another 40,000 taken from other cities in Mandatory Palestine. It is unclear whether the books were being kept and protected or if they were looted from the abandoned houses of their owners. About 6,000 of these books are in the library today indexed with the label AP – "Abandoned Property". The books are cataloged, can be viewed from the Library's general catalog and are regularly consulted by the public.

The National Library of Israel completed its collection of the Max Brod archive in August 2019. Indeed, the Israel Supreme Court in a highly controversial decision ordered the papers including the Franz Kafka papers to be deposited here although Max Brod had expressly left the ultimate decision to the daughters of his secretary and heir Ester Hoffe providing that they were to hand them over to the "Bibliothek der Hebräischen Universität Jerusalem oder der Städtischen Bibliothek Tel Aviv oder einem anderen öffentlichen Archiv im Inland oder Ausland" [library of the Hebrew university Jerusalem or the City Library Tel Aviv or another domestic or foreign public archive].

On 19 December 2022, Irishman Stuart Rosenblatt, President of the Genealogical Society of Ireland, donated his 22 volume collection, being the Genealogical History of the Irish Jewish Communities, to the National Library of Israel, in the presence of the Irish Ambassador to Israel.

See also
Judaica Archival Project
List of national and state libraries
Union List of Israel, combined library catalog with over 5 million entries

References

External links

1892 establishments in Ottoman Syria
Academic libraries in Israel
Archives in Israel
Deposit libraries
Government buildings in Israel
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Libraries established in 1892
Libraries in Jerusalem
Israel
Organizations based in Jerusalem
Public libraries
World Digital Library partners

National Library of Israel


Please Vote for Me () is a 2007 documentary film following the elections for class monitor in a 3rd grade class of eight-year-old children in the Evergreen Primary School in Wuhan, China. The candidates, Luo Lei, Xu Xiaofei, and Cheng Cheng, compete against each other for the coveted role and are egged on by their teachers and doting parents. This was reported to be an interesting use of classic democratic voting principles and interpersonal dynamics.

The documentary gives a glimpse into China's contemporary urban middle classes. It won the Sterling Feature Award at Silverdocs in 2007. In November 2007, Please Vote for Me was named by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences as one of 15 films on its documentary feature Oscar shortlist. The list was narrowed to five films on January 22, 2008, but Please Vote for Me did not make it to the final five.

The film is part of the "Why Democracy?" series. It was aired in no less than 35 different countries around the world in October 2007, including BBC in the UK and PBS (as part of Independent Lens) in the United States.

Plot
An experiment in democracy is taking place in Wuhan, China. For the first time ever, the students in grade three at Evergreen Primary School in Wuhan, China have been asked to elect a class monitor. Traditionally appointed by the teacher, the class monitor holds a powerful position, helping to control the students, keeping them on task and doling out punishment to those who disobey. The teacher has chosen three candidates: Luo Lei (a boy), the current class monitor; Cheng Cheng (a boy); and Xu Xiaofei (a girl). Each candidate is asked to choose two assistants to help with his or her campaign.

To prove their worthiness, the candidates must perform in three events. First is a talent show, where each candidate plays an instrument or sings a song. Second is a debate, in which the candidates bring up the shortcomings of their opponents as well as their own personal qualifications. And finally, each candidate must deliver a speech, an opportunity to appeal directly to classmates and ask for their votes.

At home, each of the children is coached by his or her parents and pushed to practice and memorize for each stage of the campaign. Although their parents are supportive, the candidates feel the pressure. Tears and the occasional angry outburst reveal the emotional impact. At school, the candidates talk to classmates one-on-one, making promises, planning tactics (including negative ones) and at times expressing doubts about their own candidacies.

For all three children, the campaign takes its toll, especially for the losing candidates and their assistants. Viewers are left to decide if the experiment in democracy has been "successful" and what it might mean for democracy education in China. PLEASE VOTE FOR ME challenges those committed to China's democratization to consider the feasibility of, and processes involved in its implementation.

Notes

Bibliography
 "Please Vote for Me: A crash course in democracy" by Ronault L.S. Catalani, review of the film in The Asian Reporter, V17, #42 (October 16, 2007), pages 16 & 20.

External links
 Please Vote For Me site for Independent Lens on PBS
 Silverdocs Film Festival synopsis of the film
 "Please Vote for Me" – official entry in "Why Democracy?" website

 Please Vote for Me page on MySpace

2007 films
2007 documentary films
Documentary films about children
Documentary films about China
Documentary films about elections
First Run Features films

Please Vote for Me


James Mason (19 November 1849 – 12 January 1905) was a British-American chess player, journalist and writer who became one of the world's best half-dozen players in the 1880s. Mason was ranked the number 1 player in the world by Chessmetrics during 11 separate months between August 1877 and June 1878.

Biography
Mason was born in Kilkenny in Ireland.  He was adopted as a child and took the name James Mason (his original birth name was unknown) when  his family moved to the United States in 1861. There he learned chess and eventually secured a job at the New York Herald.

Mason made his first mark on the chess scene in 1876 when he won the Fourth American Chess Congress in Philadelphia, the New York Clipper tournament, and defeated Henry Bird in a match by the comfortable margin of 13–6. In 1878 he settled in England. His best tournament results were third at the  Vienna 1882 tournament, third at Nuremberg 1883 and equal second at Hamburg 1885. At Hastings 1895, often considered the strongest tournament of the nineteenth century, he finished tied for 12th–14th with 9½ points of 21 possible.

Mason wrote several books on chess, the most popular being The Principles of Chess in Theory and Practice (1894), The Art of Chess (1895), Chess Openings (1897) and Social Chess (1900).

In 1903 he became seriously ill and had to curtail almost all activities for the remainder of his life. He died on 12 January 1905 in Rochford, Essex, and is buried in nearby Thundersley churchyard.

Chess strength
According to Chessmetrics, at his peak in October 1876 Mason's play was equivalent to a Chessmetrics rating of 2715, and he was ranked number 2 in the world, behind only Wilhelm Steinitz. However, Mason was ranked number 1 in the world, albeit with a slightly lower rating, during 11 separate months between August 1877 and June 1878. His best single performance was at Vienna 1882, where he scored 15 of 23 possible points (65%) against 2622-rated opposition, for a performance rating of 2732.

Legacy

The London System opening 1.d4 d5 2.Bf4 is sometimes called the Mason Variation in his honour; he played it several times from the 1880s. The variation of the King's Gambit 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nc3 (allowing 3...Qh4+) is sometimes called the Mason Gambit or Keres Gambit, although Mason lost the only game he played with it (against Samuel Rosenthal at Paris 1878). The 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 d6 4.Nf3 Nxe4 5.d4 d5 6.Bd3 Be7 7.0-0 0-0 variation of the Petroff Defence is named after him, as well as the Mason Gambit in the Giuoco Piano: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.c3 Nf6 5.d4 exd4 6.0-0.

Books

References

External links

 An article on James Mason
 An article on James Mason

1849 births
1905 deaths
Irish adoptees
Irish chess players
Irish emigrants to the United States
American chess players
British chess players
Sportspeople from Kilkenny (city)
American chess writers
American male non-fiction writers
British chess writers
Chess theoreticians
19th-century chess players

James Mason (chess player)


South Jutland County (Danish: Sønderjyllands Amt) is a former county (Danish: amt) on the south-central portion of the Jutland Peninsula in southern Denmark.

The county was formed on 1 April 1970, comprising the former counties of Aabenraa (E), Haderslev (N), Sønderborg (SE), and Tønder (SW). The county was abolished effective 1 January 2007, when the Region of Southern Denmark was formed.

Following the reunification of the region with Denmark, the Church of Denmark elevated Haderslev to a diocese in 1923 and divided the region between the dioceses of Ribe (W) and Haderslev (E). This arrangement remains in effect.

Description

South Jutland county is also known as Northern Schleswig (Danish: Nordslesvig, German: Nordschleswig). The name refers specifically to the southernmost  of the Danish part of the Jutland Peninsula that formerly belonged to the former Duchy of Schleswig (Danish: Slesvig or Sønderjylland), a Danish fief under the Kings of Denmark.

Denmark lost the Duchy of Schleswig, as well as the German Duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg, to Prussia and Austria in 1864 in the Second War of Schleswig. Following Austria's defeat in the Austro-Prussian War (1866), all three provinces were annexed to Prussia.

Following the defeat of Germany in World War I, the Allied powers organised two plebiscites in Northern and Central Schleswig on 10 February and 14 March 1920, respectively. In Northern Schleswig 75% voted for reunification with Denmark and 25% for remaining in Germany. Though there is no historical census, it is estimated that the percentage of ethnic Germans in Northern Schleswig was less than the 25% that had voted for remaining in Germany. From 1920 to 1939, Johannes Schmidt-Vodder was elected as the sole ethnic German representative in the Danish Parliament with consistently 13 to 15% of the North Schleswig votes, providing an indication of the actual percentage of ethnic Germans in the region.

In Central Schleswig the situation was reversed with 80% voting for Germany and 20% for Denmark. No vote ever took place in the southern third of Schleswig, as the result was considered a foregone conclusion. Today, they both form a part of the German state of Schleswig-Holstein.

On 15 June 1920, Northern Schleswig was officially reunited with Denmark. It is the only one of the German transfers of territory after World War I that the Nazis did not dispute. A small ethnic German minority still lives in South Jutland county, predominantly in and near the towns of Tønder and Aabenraa (German: Tondern and Apenrade). A relatively larger Dane minority lives in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein.

1970 borders
As reconstituted in 1970, South Jutland County had slightly different borders to the area gained from Germany in 1920: the towns of Hejle, Taps and Vejstrup (which were Danish throughout the period 1864 to 1920) were included in its jurisdiction, whereas Spandet, Roager and Hviding (German from 1864 to 1920) were included in the neighbouring 1970–2006 county of Ribe.

Insignia

The coat of arms of South Jutland County was designed in 1980 and is derived from the historic coat of arms of Schleswig which in turn is derived from the national coat of arms of Denmark. The inspiration for the Dannebrog pennant was a 13th-century seal used by Erik Abelsøn, Duke of Schleswig.

List of County Mayors

Municipalities (1970–2006)

Aabenraa municipality
Augustenborg municipality
Bredebro municipality
Broager municipality
Bov municipality
Christiansfeld municipality
Gram municipality
Gråsten municipality
Haderslev municipality
Højer municipality
Lundtoft municipality
Løgumkloster municipality
Nordborg municipality
Nørre-Rangstrup municipality
Rødding municipality
Rødekro municipality
Skærbæk municipality
Sundeved municipality
Sønderborg municipality
Sydals municipality
Tinglev municipality
Tønder municipality
Vojens municipality

References

Former counties of Denmark (1970–2006)
Region of Southern Denmark
1970 establishments in Denmark
Regions of Schleswig-Holstein
States and territories established in 1970
States and territories disestablished in 2006

South Jutland County


Alexander Valeryevich Semin (, ; born 3 March 1984) is a Russian former professional ice hockey winger. He last played with HC Vityaz of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) the top league in Russia. He previously played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Washington Capitals, Carolina Hurricanes and Montreal Canadiens.

Playing career

Early career
Semin was trained in the Traktor Chelyabinsk hockey school and made his professional debut in Russia's second-tier Russian Major League in 2001–02. After scoring 13 goals and 8 assists with Chelyabinsk that season, the Washington Capitals selected Semin in the first round, 13th overall, at the 2002 NHL Entry Draft (Washington's second overall pick, having drafted Steve Eminger 12th overall). Remaining in Russia for the subsequent season, he joined Lada Togliatti of the first-tier Russian Superleague (RSL) in 2002–03 and scored 10 goals and 7 assists in 47 games.

Semin made his NHL debut in the 2003–04 season, scoring 10 goals and 12 assists in 52 games. However, he missed his team's flight to Pittsburgh when the Capitals closed out their season against the Pittsburgh Penguins. Semin then reported to Maine to play for the American Hockey League (AHL)'s Portland Pirates, where he collected 15 points in 4 regular season and 7 playoff games.

Military duty controversy
During the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Semin returned to Russia and played 50 games for Lada Togliatti, recording 19 goals and 11 assists and compiling a plus-minus rating of +15. The Capitals suspended him for that whole season for not reporting to their then-AHL affiliate, the Portland Pirates, preferring the club's younger players to play the locked-out season with their farm team. (Alexander Ovechkin, meanwhile, the Capitals' 2004 first-round pick, remained with his Russian club, Dynamo Moscow, because the Capitals felt he would have been ready to play in the NHL.)

Due to confusion about Semin's obligations to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which requires all Russian men to serve two years, Semin was not allowed to return to the Capitals when NHL resumed the following season in 2005–06. Russian Armed Forces allow conscripted soldiers who are hockey players to play for professional teams in Russia during their period of service, but they are not allowed to play for teams based in other countries. However, other young Russian players, such as Nikolay Zherdev and Alexander Ovechkin, were allowed to return to their NHL clubs following the lockout, circumventing any additional military duty they had to serve in Russia.

While Semin's 2004–05 season with Lada was considered his first year of military service, it was arranged for Semin to continue with Lada for his second year of service in 2005–06. Lada is located in the military district into which Semin was drafted, and they were the only team with whom Semin could fulfill his military obligation. He was signed to a tax-free, $2 million contract, along with a car and a condominium.  News about Lada's struggling financial situation early in the season initially offered the Capitals some hope that Semin would join the team after all. It was reported the Russian team was expected to cut its payroll in half, while Semin was Lada's highest paid player.

On 26 October 2005, Capitals general manager George McPhee announced the Capitals had filed a complaint against Semin and his agent, Mark Gandler. McPhee stated, "We have done everything we could to avoid this step, but we felt we had no choice but to now seek a legal remedy. This filing seeks to compel Alexander Semin's agent and the Russian hockey team Lada Togliatti to return Alex to the Washington Capitals... We look forward to the resolution of this process so that we can welcome Alex back to the Capitals this season." Likewise, NHL commissioner Gary Bettman said, "This is a situation where a valid, legally-binding contract is not being honored, and that's not right." U.S. District Court Judge Henry H. Kennedy, Jr., issued a temporary restraining order on 4 November 2005 ordering Gandler and his International Sports Advisors Company to stop representing Semin in contracts with teams other than the Capitals. Due to Lada Togliatti's financial challenges, Lada released Semin, but he instead signed with Russian squad Mytischi Khimik on 22 November.

On 5 December 2005, Kennedy denied the Capitals request for preliminary injunctions against Semin and Gandler. Alexander Berkovich, Semin's lawyer, stated Semin intended to play for Khimik for the remainder of the 2005–06 season, and that Semin's military obligations would be fulfilled by fall 2006. He completed the campaign with 9 points in 15 games with Lada and 10 points in 26 games with Khimik.

Return to the NHL/Years in Washington

With Semin's military obligations fulfilled, he agreed to a two-year contract with the Capitals on 11 April 2006, resolving the conflict between the two parties. Playing in his first game for the Capitals in two years, Semin scored the team's first goal of the 2006–07 season against the New York Rangers on 5 October 2006. In his next game, against the Carolina Hurricanes, he recorded a hat-trick. On 18 March 2007, Semin tallied the second natural hat-trick of his career against the Tampa Bay Lightning, scoring three goals on three successive shots in a span of 7:04 in the second period. Late in the season, Capitals' head coach Glen Hanlon started Ovechkin and Semin together on the powerplay and occasionally on the team's first scoring line. Ovechkin and Semin finished as the team's top two scorers, and Semin soon became known as "The Other Alex".  He completed the season with 38 goals (13th in NHL scoring) and 73 points in 77 games, missing five games to an injury early in the season. Semin was one of three 30-goal scorers for the Capitals for the season, along with Ovechkin and captain Chris Clark.

After a successful NHL comeback in 2006–07, Semin struggled in comparison during the 2007–08 season, scoring 42 points while being sidelined for 19 games. Along with Ovechkin and second-year forward Nicklas Bäckström, Semin helped form a highly offensive core with the Capitals in 2008–09. On 3 March 2009, Semin's 25th birthday, he scored his 100th career goal, against Carolina Hurricanes goaltender Cam Ward. Semin spent much of the first couple months of the season as the NHL's top point-scorer, but tailed off as he began to experience injury troubles. Regardless, he finished with a career-high 79 points in just 62 games, third in Capitals scoring behind Ovechkin and Bäckström. In the 2009 Stanley Cup playoffs, Semin added 14 points in 14 games, including a three-point effort (two goals and an assist) on 20 April 2009, leading the Capitals to a crucial playoff win against the New York Rangers in Game 3 of the opening round.

Midway through the 2009–10 season, Semin signed a one-year, $6 million contract extension with the Capitals.

Semin played for Russia in the 2010 Winter Olympics.

In Washington's 2010 quarter-final match-up against the Montreal Canadiens, Semin received large amounts of criticism due to his poor play, as he did not score any goals despite firing 44 shots on Canadiens goaltender Jaroslav Halák. He finished the series with just two assists in seven games as Montreal upset Washington 4–3 in the series, with the Capitals blowing a 3–1 series lead.

Semin signed another one-year extension with the Washington Capitals on 27 January 2011, worth $6.7 million. He became an unrestricted free agent on 1 July 2012.

On 5 April 2012, Semin became the fifth-highest all-time leading goal scorer of the Capitals with his 197th goal.

Carolina Hurricanes

On 26 July 2012, the Carolina Hurricanes signed Semin to a one-year, $7 million contract.

On 25 September 2012, it was announced that for the time of 2012–13 NHL lockout, Semin would sign with Sokol Krasnoyarsk from Russian Major League, the Russian second-tier hockey division. He would wear jersey number 28 with the club. Despite the fact he had offers from top-level Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) clubs, he chose to play for a club from his hometown for free. However, after playing four games with Sokol, Semin signed a contract with Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod of the KHL. The president of Torpedo, Oleg Kondrashov, praised Semin for joining Sokol at first, saying, "The player's decision to pay tribute to the team that brought him up does credit to him," though he also added, "But a player of such high level should play in KHL."

Semin scored his 200th career goal on 11 February 2013, helping his team to a 6–4 victory over the New York Islanders. On 25 March 2013, the Hurricanes signed Semin to a five-year, $35 million contract extension.

On 30 June 2015, Semin was waived by the Hurricanes with the intent of him being bought out.

Montreal Canadiens
On 24 July 2015, Semin signed a one-year, $1.1 million contract with the Montreal Canadiens. He was then waived by the Canadiens in December. After going unclaimed, Semin refused to report to the AHL and sought a contract termination the following day.

Return to Russia
On 15 December 2015, Semin returned to play in his native Russia, signing for the remainder of the season with Metallurg Magnitogorsk of the KHL. Metallurg Magnitogorsk won the Gagarin Cup on 19 April 2016. He was named, twice, on the list of most beautiful goals.

On 28 May 2016, Semin agreed to a one-year contract extension with Metallurg Magnitogorsk. In July 2017, Semin enrolled in a metallurgy course at Siberian Federal University, but continued his career with Sokol Krasnoyarsk of the Supreme Hockey League, the second-highest Russian hockey league.

On 8 May 2018, Semin signed a one-year contract with HC Vityaz, marking his return to the KHL.

He announced his retirement from professional hockey on May 18, 2022.

Personal life
In 2014, Semin married his fiancée Alena and on 19 August 2015, she gave birth to a son. In 2017, they had their second son, Danil.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honors

References

External links

 Entry at RussianPropects.com

1984 births
Living people
Atlant Moscow Oblast players
Carolina Hurricanes players
Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics
HC Lada Togliatti players
Metallurg Magnitogorsk players
Montreal Canadiens players
National Hockey League first-round draft picks
Olympic ice hockey players for Russia
Portland Pirates players
Russian expatriates in the United States
Russian ice hockey right wingers
Sokol Krasnoyarsk players
Sportspeople from Krasnoyarsk
Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod players
Traktor Chelyabinsk players
HC Vityaz players
Washington Capitals draft picks
Washington Capitals players

Alexander Semin