Scooby-Doo! and the Curse of the 13th Ghost is a 2019 American animated direct-to-video comedy mystery film produced by Warner Bros. Animation and distributed by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment, and the thirty-second entry in the direct-to-video series of Scooby-Doo films. The film is a continuation of the 1985 animated television series The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo, designed to provide a conclusion to the show's unfinished storyline. The film was released on DVD and digital on February 5, 2019.

Plot
A prologue set before The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo depicts a young Vincent Van Ghoul and his partner Mortifer hunting down and successfully sealing the final ghost into the Chest of Demons. Mortifer, however, is attacked and seemingly killed by minion ghosts as a tearful Vincent makes his escape. In the opening credits, Vincent recaps the events of the series in which Scooby eventually set the ghosts free once more but would catch all but one with the help of his friends Daphne and Shaggy.

In the present day at Old Timey Toys, Mystery Inc. is forced to retire from solving mysteries after catching a teenager-fearing Farmer Morgan and largely due to the ungrateful Sheriff telling them they could be arrested for "criminal negligence". In addition, Old Timey Toys' owner Mrs. Malvo was handcuffed outside for trying to stop a deal with Farmer Morgan.

The following day, they hold a garage sale and sell items from their old mysteries, even the Mystery Machine, leaving Fred depressed. They then discover the crystal ball that Daphne, Shaggy, and Scooby used to contact Van Ghoul during their ghost recapturing adventures. At that moment, their old friend Van Ghoul contacts the gang about the final ghost. Daphne fills Fred and a skeptical Velma in, and unveils the red van dubbed the Misstery Machine, and the gang start on their journey to meet Van Ghoul.

On their way to his estate, they are chased by a phantom car but Daphne manages to skillfully outmaneuver it. Seeing Daphne take charge only furthers Fred's existential crisis as he feels he is without a role. The gang meet Van Ghoul, but are all attacked by the thirteenth ghost: a hulking, winged demon-like creature named Asmodeus. Shaggy reveals that he sent the chest to Van Ghoul's residence in the Himalayas and the gang travels there using a flying boat.

Upon arrival, they spot Bernie Alan who inquired about the crystal ball at the garage sale. Daphne, Van Ghoul, Scooby, and Shaggy tail him but are attacked by the phantom car again which uses its revving engine to create an avalanche. Vincent reveals he is unable to use his magic and the four crash into a temple. Meanwhile, Fred and Velma search a seemingly abandoned post office and unknowingly meet an adult Flim-Flam who tries to sell them Chest of Demons merchandise and ghost-catching equipment. They leave but are snatched up by something even Velma cannot explain and she comes to the conclusion that it must have been real ghosts.

Asmodeus had been waiting for Van Ghoul and chases the four when they find the chest. Van Ghoul breaks his crystal ball and somehow transports the kids outside the temple where they meet Velma and Fred. Fred cheers for his despondent team and a restored Daphne conducts a plan.

Velma visits Flim-Flam's store and takes everything. She, Fred, and Flim-Flam are once again pursued by the phantom car but are able to evade capture with the Mystery Machine's upgrades installed. Daphne, Shaggy, and Scooby infiltrate the castle to help Van Ghoul and reunite with Flim-Flam, Velma, and Fred. They find Van Ghoul defeated. He reveals that Asmodeus is the demon form of his magically powerful ancestor Asomad Van Ghoul and thus blames the impending doom on himself. Asmodeus opens the Chest of Demons, something that Velma points out as being impossible, as the Chest can only be opened by the living. Asmodeus tries to run but is intercepted by Daphne and revealed as Mortifer, who reveals that he faked his death by casting an illusion. Mortifer wanted to sell the Chest to Alan for $10 million, but Alan reveals himself as an international agent named Vance Linklater and arrests Mortifer. However, he begins to escape in the phantom car, only to be recaptured.

A visage of the real Asmodeus and Asomad briefly appears. Velma deduces from a tome that the real Asmodeus was actually watching over Van Ghoul and has achieved redemption. However, she fabricated this story to give Van Ghoul closure. She debunks the first twelve ghosts as hallucinations due to the Himalayan thin air and teases opening the real Chest of Demons. However, upon seeing the gang's fearful faces, she decides not to. Daphne decides the gang should continue solving mysteries.

Voice cast
 Frank Welker as Fred Jones and Scooby-Doo
 Grey Griffin as Daphne Blake, Mrs. Malvo
 Matthew Lillard as Shaggy Rogers
 Kate Micucci as Velma Dinkley
 Maurice LaMarche as Vincent Van Ghoul, Bernie Alan and Vance Linklater
 Noshir Dalal as Flim Flam
 Nolan North as Asmodeus, Mortifer and Farmer Morgan
 David Herman as The Sheriff

References

External links

2010s English-language films
2010s American animated films
2010s supernatural films
2010s monster movies
2019 animated films
2019 films
2010s children's animated films
Films based on television series
Animated films based on animated series
Films produced by Sam Register
American ghost films
Warner Bros. Animation animated films
Scooby-Doo direct-to-video animated films
2019 direct-to-video films
American children's animated comedy films
American children's animated mystery films
American mystery films
Warner Bros. direct-to-video animated films
Films directed by Cecilia Aranovich


Information Doesn't Want to Be Free is a 2014 non-fiction book by the science fiction writer and Internet activist Cory Doctorow. In the book, he advocates loosening restrictions on intellectual property on the Internet.
He states that "[i]nformation doesn't want to be free,...people do."

Doctorow disagrees with claims by creators and creative industry representatives that downloading and streaming of content online (e.g., songs) is hurting creators and creative industries. Doctorow argues that a "free and open digital culture" provides a net benefit to society. Movie and music industries have tried to stop online pirated sharing of their content. Similarly, book authors have tried to prevent their texts from being made available on the Internet.

According to Doctorow, "an open Internet is like a musician or street performer busking on the street." If people passing by enjoy the performance, they put money in the hat. Yes, some people will listen and then leave without putting money in the hat. But enough fans will put money in the hat. Doctorow claims that this analogy will work on the Internet. He says that just because the Internet and computers make it easy to copy and post content online, this doesn't mean that users will pirate content. Doctorow says digital locks on content do not reduce piracy; he argues that digital locks provoke piracy.

External links
full text available at the Internet Archive

See also
Creator economy

References

Works about copyright law
Intellectual property law
2014 non-fiction books
Works about intellectual property law
Intellectual property activism
Books by Cory Doctorow
McSweeney's books

Information Doesn't Want to Be Free


The Parting of Lot and Abraham is one in a series of mosaic scenes, probably dating to the 430s, that decorate the nave wall of Santa Maria Maggiore, one of the most prominent basilican churches in Rome.  The mosaic shows the story in the biblical Book of Genesis of the parting of Abraham from his nephew, Lot, as they choose opposing paths.  Abraham (on the left) with Isaac and the rest of his family, chooses the road to Canaan, as God intends him to, and Lot chooses to take his followers to Sodom.

The work is a tessera mosaic, tessera describing the material making up the surface of the work. Most tessera works during this time would be made up of small pieces of limestone or marble, cut to shape, and arranged by the artist.
The artist uses several conventions of the time.  The grouping of the characters is varied,  meant to create the illusion of space. This "shorthand" way of depicting a crowd is sometimes called a "head cluster".  There is a hieratic abandonment of consistent and realistic proportions, booty, and scale, allowing the artist to put emphasis on the characters of his choosing using attributes like size. The main characters we are intended to focus on are made extremely clear through this method, and the picture itself becomes less illustrative and more symbolic. Eventually, this style comes to refined maturity during the Middle Ages. The move towards completely two-dimensional representative images has already started, and although this mosaic implements the use of lights and darks, with shadows corresponding to the figures, there is a good indication as to what direction religious art is heading.

Notes

Mosaics
Art depicting Hebrew Bible people
Early Christian art
Cultural depictions of Abraham

The Parting of Lot and Abraham


Baroness Sophie Buxhoeveden, also known as Sophia Karlovna Buxhoeveden (Russian: София Карловна Буксгевден, September 6, 1883 – November 26, 1956), was a lady in waiting to Tsarina Alexandra of Russia. She wrote three memoirs about the imperial family and about her own escape from Russia. In her book "Before the Storm", Sophie describes a side of old Russia seldom seen elsewhere, a family in the old fashioned provincial country life of the gentry in the years before the revolution. When she saw the famous imposter, Anna Anderson, who was at first claiming to be Grand Duchess Tatiana, she did not believe her. She called her "too short" to be Tatiana. When Anderson later claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia, the Baroness said that Anderson "does not physically resemble her in the least".

References

1883 births
1956 deaths
Russian writers
People from Saint Petersburg

Baroness Sophie Buxhoeveden


Antonio María Vicente Narciso Borrero y Cortázar (29 October 1827 – 9 October 1911) was Vice President of Ecuador from 1863 to 1864, and President from 9 December 1875 to 18 December 1876.

Antonio Borrero was born in Cuenca, Ecuador and completed much of his education in his home town. He received his law license in Quito. He served as President of Ecuador for little over a year before being overthrown in the Revolution of Veintemilla. He was exiled by Jefe Supremo (Supreme Chief) Ignacio de Veintemilla and lived for a number of years in Peru and Chile. After the overthrow of Veintemilla in 1883, he was allowed to return to Ecuador where he practiced law and worked as a journalist and writer until his death in Quito in 1911.

His administration supported free suffrage, press freedom and guarantees of individual rights. He was urged to by liberals to hold a national assembly to amend the Garciana Constitution and establish the Republic on more modern lines.

References

 ANTONIO BORRERO Y CORTAZAR. diccionariobiograficoecuador.com

1827 births
1911 deaths
People from Cuenca, Ecuador
Ecuadorian people of Spanish descent
Presidents of Ecuador
Vice presidents of Ecuador
Ecuadorian male writers
19th-century Ecuadorian lawyers

Antonio Borrero


Héctor Marchena de la O (born 4 January 1965 in Limón) is a former Costa Rican football player who used to play for Cartaginés and Herediano.

Club career
Nicknamed La Iguana (The Lizard), Marchena made his professional debut for Cartaginés in 1987 and left them for Herediano ahead of the 1992-93 season. In June 1996 he moved to Turrialba, but a knee injury cut short his career in October 1996.

In December 1998 he left his post as an administrative assistant at the Banco Popular to resume his career with Ramonense. A year later he returned to Cartagines.

Como jugador de préstamo en el Deportivo Sapissa marco un gol de cabeza contra La Antigua URSS en 1989

International career
Marchena made his debut for Costa Rica in a February 1987 friendly match against South Korea and earned a total of 48 caps, scoring no goals. He represented his country in 13 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and was part of the national team squad, that played in the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy, and featured in all four games played. He also played at the 1991 UNCAF Nations Cup and the 1991 CONCACAF Gold Cup.

He played his last international on January 19, 1994 against Norway.

Personal life
Marchena is married and has six children. He worked for the Banco Popular and Recope.

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Limón Province
Men's association football defenders
Costa Rican men's footballers
Costa Rica men's international footballers
1990 FIFA World Cup players
1991 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
C.S. Herediano footballers
C.S. Cartaginés players
A.D. Ramonense players

Héctor Marchena


Nancy Edell (November 12, 1942 – June 9, 2005) was an American-born Canadian artist, best known for her rug hooking practice that pushed the boundaries between art and craft. Her practice included animated film, woodcut, monotypes and drawing which often expressed surrealist themes. Edell believed an artist's work should be an expression of their personal experience. Her work was rooted in feminism and drew inspiration from her dreams, religion and politics. Her work is recognized for its dream-like qualities, art historical references, sensuality, sexuality, narrative and subversive wit.

Life and education
Nancy Edell was born in Omaha, Nebraska, on November 12, 1942. Edell obtained her Bachelor of Fine Arts in printmaking and contemporary dance from the University of Nebraska Omaha in 1964. By the time Edell was in her 20s, she had lived in Los Angeles, California, Victoria, British Columbia, and then Bristol, England where she continued her cinematic works and studies. From 1968 to 1969, Edell studied film and animation at the University of Bristol. After Edell's brief time in England, she moved to Winnipeg, Manitoba, where she worked in animation and lithography until 1980. In 1980, Edell moved from Manitoba to the small village of Bayswater, Nova Scotia, and discovered the traditional domestic craft of rug-hooking which changed her art practice dramatically. Edell became a Canadian citizen in 1981. In 1982, Edell began teaching part-time at the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, and continued working there until 2002. She was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in the fall of 1999 and died on June 9, 2005. Edell was married to Peter Walker, and she also has a son, Gabriel Edell, a daughter-in-law, Sarah Maley Edell, and two grandchildren, Hyacinth Edell and Levon Edell.

Works

Film
In the early 1970s Nancy Edell was acclaimed as one of Canada's foremost animators, though she preferred to be considered an artist. Edell says that most of her early film work was a form of self-therapy, a response to growing up in the 1950s in Nebraska, the "rigid sex-roles" that defined her life and the violence she associated with sex."Dirty jokes were my basic childhood reference to sex. Sex is dirty, that kind of stuff. Men grabbing at women and leering. I was just working this out."
Edell's animation works were screened in numerous places throughout the world including Edinburgh, Oberhausen, Chicago, Amsterdam, Toronto, and Montreal. Edell won awards for her film work from festivals in Paris, France (1972), and Edinburgh, Scotland (1969) as well as the First Festival of Women's Films, New York City (1972), and the Canada Council. Edell had amination commissions from the BBC, CBC, and also Sesame Street.
Her first two film aminations, Black Pudding and Charley Company, were created using cut-out drawings and lithographic prints. The characters in these films were made from detailed drawings with moving parts that were filmed moving to create the animation.

Edell moved away from work in film animation after the 1980s. However, residues of her animations can be seen in her still work through the "sequencing and fractured narrative structure" and the way she reused and repeated background images, as one would in cell animation.

Black Pudding (1969)
Black Pudding (1969) was Edells' first film which she directed, wrote, and animated. The video is 7 minutes long in colour film. It was created during her studies at Bristol University, in England. During this time, many adult-orientated animations were being produced in Europe which spoke to questions of sexuality and social norms. Black Pudding features "a giant vagina belch[ing] out strange, surrealistic, creatures in an endless stream". It is described as an "experimental...dark surrealist fantasy, full of bizarre often erotic imagery and feminist themes."
Edell herself explains the creating of Black Pudding as a "really gut things and I just spewed out everything I wanted to say". The name "Black Pudding" became over time, a reference to a woman's insides and sexual organs. When Edell looked back on Black Pudding in an interview with Brian Clancey for Cinema Canada in 1976, she said she found the film embarrassing. "Now, when I look at it, it's embarrassing, because it's so crude. It's really raw stuff".

Charley Company (1972)
Charley Company was Edell's second film and was created in 1972. It is a 9 min, colour animation. It was inspired by her feelings against war. The film featured a civilian army of sexual-sadistic civilian soldiers "walking up Uncle Sam's ass". Jana Vosikovska, in the program for the film series Canadian Women Filmmakers, describes these characters as "[a] procession of fantastic creatures from the worlds of H. Bosch, R. Crumb and T. Dine". The film also features hermaphrodite-like characters, which Edell attributes to her interest in  "dual aspects" and Siamese twins: when two things are joined together in impossible ways.

Lunch (1973)
Edell's third film Lunch, made in 1973, is a 4-minute colour animation. She received a grant from the BBC. Lunch is a film about a waiter, a chef, and the customers. The idea for the film was initially submitted by a BBC producer, and was about the contrast between the atmosphere of the dining hall and kitchen in a restaurant.

Rug Hooking
When Edell arrived in Nova Scotia in 1980, rug hooking was a deep part of Nova Scotian folk-culture since the 1850s, but it had not yet found a place within fine art. Her move to Nova Scotia signaled a pivotal turn in her work; she started to incorporate the medium of rug hooking into her work, creating a unique visual style. Edell's work with this medium mixes the traditional practices of rug hooking with controversial themes such as feminism, sexuality, and death. She used the narrative possibilities of this medium to express a dream-like quality with art historical references, sensuality, journeys and wit. "Using found wool rag (used clothing) and a traditional method of shrinking, she began to construct images that spoke of enclosed interior (indoor) spaces as related to the gender issue. She explores a socially-constructed gender that is developed through the use of myth (often Assyrian) and stereotype". Rug hooking and other domestic and often textile-based crafts, like quilting, knitting, sewing, and embroidery are often associated with the 'feminine arts'. Because of this association with femininity and the domestic, they were devalued within the male-dominated hierarchy of art. Edell, along with artists like Joyce Wieland, Kate Walker, Eva Hesse, Jackie Winsor, and Miriam Schapiro pushed the boundaries between craft and art in the 1960-80s. They argued the distinction between craft and art was a gendered one.

"Mat hooking aligned Edell with feminist artists of the time who were incorporating folk and craft elements into their fine art practices. It was a choice that established a gender position from which she developed the feminist utopia depicted in her Art Nuns rug-hooking series. With its scenes of a community of celibate women artists devoted to the creation and exploration of art, Art Nuns illustrates Edell's shift to a woman-centered vision. In the 1990s her hooked-rug works grew beyond the familiar format of the enclosed border which was typical of her earlier work. Edell's final body of work has been described as cataclysmic and urgent, depicting pathological processes, micro-organisms and systems of medicine and biology — a response to the terminal cancer that would eventually take her life."

Exhibitions + Awards

Solo
 1981, Nancy Edell, Art Gallery, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
 1984, Boudoir / Home Entertainment, Great George Street Gallery, Charlottetown, PEI.
 1985, Nancy Edell, Southern Alberta Art Gallery, Lethbridge, Alberta.
 1986, Home Entertainment, Plug In Gallery, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
 1988, Nancy Edell, Omaha Art Gallery, Omaha, Nebraska.
 1989, Fragile Structures, Anna Leonowens Gallery, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
 1989, Nancy Edell, Galerie d'Art, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick.

Group
Edell had her work in many group exhibitions, national and international.

Selected public collections
Her work is included in the following public collections, among others:
 Art Gallery of Greater Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia
 Art Gallery of Nova Scotia, Halifax, Nova Scotia
 Robert McLaughlin Gallery, Oshawa, Ontario
 Winnipeg Art Gallery, Winnipeg, Manitoba

Further reading

References

Canadian women artists
1942 births
2005 deaths
Canadian textile artists
Women textile artists
University of Nebraska Omaha alumni
Deaths from cancer in Nova Scotia
Deaths from non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Canadian experimental filmmakers
Canadian animators

Nancy Edell


Hermann Finsterlin (18 August 1887 – 16 September 1973) was a German visionary architect, painter, poet, essayist, toymaker and composer. He played an influential role in the German expressionist architecture movement of the early 20th century but due to the harsh economic climate realised none of his projects. By 1922, Finsterlin had withdrawn from the circle of expressionist architects as they moved towards the New Objectivity movement, he moved to Stuttgart to concentrate on painting and writing.

Life
Finsterlin was born in Munich.  He originally studied medicine, physics and chemistry, and then later, philosophy and painting in Munich. In 1919 he assisted Walter Gropius in organising the "Exhibition for Unknown architects" for the Arbeitsrat für Kunst and contributed to Bruno Taut's Glass Chain letters under the pseudonym Prometh.

Finsterlin had a curious career: he was an architect who "never built a permanent structure." Under the Nazi regime in the 1930s, Finsterlin was commissioned to produce official portraits and frescoes in state buildings "through a misunderstanding...." Finsterlin dodged the responsibility through feigned illness as long as he could, and supplied his art to the Nazis only under threat of concentration camp incarceration. In 1944 his house was bombed and much of his life work was demolished — though he was able to regenerate some of his past work in the 1960s.  He died, aged 86, in Stuttgart. His work was the inspiration for "Da Monsta", an expressionist gate house on Philip Johnson's Glass House compound.

References

External links

Expressionist architects
German composers
1887 births
1973 deaths

Hermann Finsterlin


Burham Marsh nature reserve is an 11 hectare tidal Reed bed on the River Medway 5 miles northwest of Maidstone. It is just east of Snodland but being on the east bank of the river it is accessed via Burham. It is part the Holborough to Wouldham Marshes Site of Special Scientific Interest.

Access
Cars may be parked at Burham Court Church at TQ 717621. A public footpath runs along the river embankment (the sea wall) from which there are good views of most of the reserve and adjacent meadows.

The path is mostly level but soft in wet weather.

Fauna and flora
Breeding species include reed and sedge warbler and water rail. Wintering species include bearded reedling, snipe, redshank and bittern. During the migration periods significant numbers of swallow and sand martin are seen.

The River Medway at this point attracts a variety of birds including kingfisher, cormorant and various species of duck including teal, shelduck and wigeon. The low lying grassland areas provide grazing and roosting areas for large numbers of geese and ducks, including greylag and wigeon. Herons can often be seen fishing in the dykes which drain this area.

Botanical interest includes the rare marsh sow-thistle (Sonchus palustris) and marsh mallow (Althaea officinalis).

References

Kent Wildlife Trust
Nature reserves in Kent
Tonbridge and Malling

Burham Marsh


Roberto Aureliano Salmeron (June 16, 1922 – June 17, 2020) was a Brazilian electrical engineer and experimental nuclear physicist and an emeritus Research Director at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS).

Salmeron was born in São Paulo. He did his undergraduate studies in electrical engineering at the Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, in São Paulo, and in physics in the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (then named Universidade do Brasil), in Rio de Janeiro. From 1947 to 1950, he worked as researcher and physics instructor at the Escola Politécnica and in the Department of Physics of the Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of the University of São Paulo, where he studied cosmic radiation under Italian physicists Gleb Wataghin and Giuseppe Occhialini. From 1950 to 1953, Salmeron worked at the recently created Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (Brazilian Center of Physical Research) in Rio. In São Paulo and Rio, Salmeron was contemporary of a brilliant generation of young Brazilian physicists, such as César Lattes, José Leite Lopes, Oscar Sala, Mário Schenberg, Marcelo Damy de Souza Santos and Jayme Tiomno.

From 1953 onwards, Salmeron lived in Europe, first doing his Ph.D. from 1953 to 1955 at the University of Manchester, under Patrick Blackett, Nobel Prize winner of Physics, and then as an associate researcher in the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), in Geneva, Switzerland, from 1955 to 1963.

In 1963, Salmeron returned to Brazil and accepted a post as professor of physics in the newly created Universidade de Brasília. Unfortunately, the military dictatorship repressed strongly the faculty with liberal and leftist ideas and he joined 223 other professors in protest, who resigned from the University in October 1965.

In 1966 Salmeron left definitely Brazil and went to work in Europe at CERN again, where he had an important role in experiments attempting to discover the quark–gluon plasma. Afterwards (1967) he worked at the École Polytechnique in Paris, France, one of the most important schools of engineering in the world.

References

Bibliography
 R Aldrovandi, A Santoro and J M Gago (eds): Roberto Salmeron Festschrift: a Master and a Friend. AIAFEX, Rio de Janeiro. .
 Conto dos 13 Príncipes, Palaiseau 2002

External links
 Profile: Physics as Amusement. Roberto Salmeron. Ciência Hoje Magazine 31 (185). PDF (In Portuguese)

1922 births
20th-century Brazilian engineers
20th-century Brazilian  physicists
21st-century Brazilian engineers
21st-century Brazilian  physicists
Brazilian electrical engineers
Brazilian nuclear physicists
Brazilian people of Spanish descent
Brazilian expatriate academics
2020 deaths
University of São Paulo alumni
People from São Paulo
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro alumni
French National Centre for Scientific Research scientists
People associated with CERN
Brazilian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Brazilian expatriates in Switzerland

Roberto Salmeron


The San Juan Philharmonic Chorale (Coral Filarmónica de San Juan in Spanish), is one of Puerto Rico's top choral groups. It performs regularly with the Puerto Rico Symphony Orchestra (PRSO) and at the Casals Festival.

This critically acclaimed semi-professional group was established in 1986 by Carmen Acevedo Lucío, for a PRSO performance of Händel's Messiah conducted by Margaret Hillis. Since then, the San Juan Philharmonic Chorale has collaborated with world-renowned conductors such as Krzysztof Penderecki, Helmuth Rilling, Gerard Schwarz, Lukas Foss, Julius Rudel, Yoav Talmi, Woldemar Nelsson, Andreas Delfs, Michael Lankester and Eugene Kohn.

In 1990 the group collaborated with the National Symphony Orchestra under the baton of Mstislav Rostropovich for a Casals' Festival performance of Rimsky-Korsakov's Le Coq d'Or. The group has also shared the stage with Philadelphia's Mendelssohn Club.

In 2007, the San Juan Philharmonic Chorale's 20th anniversary celebration includes performances with the PRSO of Roberto Sierra's Missa Latina and sir William Walton's Belshazzar's Feast.

The 80-voice choir is directed by Carmen Acevedo Lucío, also music professor at the University of Puerto Rico at Río Piedras. The San Juan Philharmonic Chorale is a member of Chorus America.

External links
Coral Filarmónica de San Juan Webpage
Puerto Rico Symphony Orchestra Official Webpage
Musicians of the PRSO Website
Casals Festival Official Webpage
What's Doing in San Juan

American choirs
Musical groups established in 1986
1986 establishments in Puerto Rico

San Juan Philharmonic Chorale


Let's Dance is a 1950 American Technicolor musical romantic comedy-drama film directed by Norman Z. McLeod starring Betty Hutton, Fred Astaire and Roland Young. It was produced and released by Paramount Pictures.

Plot
During World War II, Kitty McNeil (Betty Hutton) and her dance partner Donald Elwood (Fred Astaire) are performing for troops in London. Don announces his engagement to Kitty on stage, but Kitty later tells him she's recently married pilot Richard Everett, a member of a wealthy Boston family. Everett is killed soon after the marriage after being shot down.

Five years later, Kitty is locked in a struggle with her late husband's grandmother Serena (Lucille Watson) for the custody of Kitty and Richard's son, Richard "Richie" Everett VII (Gregory Moffett). Serena dislikes Kitty, and thinks she knows best about Richie's education. Kitty decides to flee to New York City with Richie.

Desperate for money, Don has taken a job at Larry Channock's (Barton MacLane) nightclub. Don runs into an out-of-work Kitty at a café, and manages to get her a job as a cigarette girl. However, Serena has sent her two lawyers Pohlwhistle (Roland Young) and Wagstaffe (Melville Cooper) to the club, where they subpoena Kitty in an attempt for Serena to gain custody of Richie. Don persuades Larry to give Kitty a steady job as his dance partner at the club, but various potentially embarrassing details about Richie not going to school and spending most of his time at the club emerge at court. However, all are easily answered by the kind nightclub staff. The judge gives Kitty sixty days to give Richie a stable home life, to which end Don agrees to marry Kitty. However, Don and Kitty get into an argument at the marriage license bureau, thus ending their short-lived engagement.

Kitty becomes engaged to the rich Timothy Bryant (Shepperd Strudwick), a friend of Don's. A jealous Don manages to end the engagement, and all looks well until Serena wins back custody of Richie. Kitty kidnaps Richie and hides him at the club. However, Don, who has made a substantial amount of money from selling a racehorse, manages to smooth things out between Kitty and Serena. A delighted Kitty agrees to marry Don.

Cast
 Betty Hutton as Kitty McNeil
 Fred Astaire as Donald Elwood
 Roland Young as Edmund Pohlwhistle
 Ruth Warrick as Carola Everett
 Lucile Watson as Serena Everett
 Gregory Moffett as Richard Everett
 Barton MacLane as Larry Channock
 Shepperd Strudwick as Timothy Bryant
 Melville Cooper as Charles Wagstaffe
 Harold Huber as Marcel
 George Zucco as Judge Mackenzie
 Peggy Badley as Bubbles Malone
 Virginia Toland as Elsie

Production
Buoyed by the great success of MGM teaming Astaire with their biggest female musical star Judy Garland in the 1948 musical blockbuster Easter Parade, Paramount decided to team Astaire with their biggest female musical star (Hutton) hoping that the same box-office magic would happen. Astaire's character, perhaps coincidentally, even possessed the same first name (Don) as in the 1948 film. Unfortunately, the film did not repeat the earlier film's success.

While the film did reasonably well financially, overall it proved to be a disappointment. Let's Dance was completely overshadowed by Hutton's other musical film of 1950, Annie Get Your Gun, which became one of the highest-grossing films of the year.

Hutton was loaned to MGM to replace Garland (because of illness) as Annie Oakley in Annie Get Your Gun.

Frank Loesser wrote the music.

Comic book adaptation
 Eastern Color Movie Love #7 (February 1951)

References

External links

1950 films
1950 musical comedy films
1950 romantic comedy films
American musical comedy films
American romantic comedy films
American romantic musical films
Films directed by Norman Z. McLeod
Paramount Pictures films
Films based on short fiction
Films scored by Robert Emmett Dolan
1950s English-language films
Films adapted into comics
1950s romantic musical films
1950s American films

Let's Dance (1950 film)


Blanding's turtle  (Emys blandingii or Emydoidea blandingii) is a North American turtle; it mainly lives near and south of the Great Lakes.

Description
The Blanding's turtle is characterized by its dark dome shaped upper shell, also known as the carapace, and its distinct bright yellow neck. The dark shell of the turtle is often scattered with yellow specks. The Blanding's turtle is commonly referred to as a semi-box turtle due to its bottom shell, known as the plastron, which is hinged across the front third. The hinge going across the shell allows the turtle to pull the front of the plastron strongly against the top half of the shell helping it to hide when threatened.

Habitat
The Blanding's turtle lives in wetland areas with shallow waters-such as rivers and streams- that are near sandy uplands. These wetland areas support the turtles with their rich, aquatic vegetation.

Blanding's turtles are known to live in the Upper Midwest, New England, and Southeastern Canada regions.

Life cycle
Blanding's turtles tend to spend the winter months in the muddy areas of deep marshes, backwater pools, ponds and streams. But in early spring they come out and move to temporary wetlands that allow for mating and breeding habitats. Mating will typically occur around early evening, but can go on until late night. They become sexually mature around the age of 12 years. When breeding, they breed only once a year and they typically have an egg clutch of about 10-26 eggs.

Eggs are laid far from water in preferably sandy areas. The hatchlings leave the nest starting around mid-August to early October. Blanding's turtles have a life expectancy of over 70 years.

References

Turtles of North America

Blanding's turtle


Mayra Caryl Ambrosia Quintana — better known under the mononym, Myra — was born on April 21, 1987 in Los Angeles,California. to Salvador Ambrosia and Consuelo Quintana.

Career
Myra is an American singer, dancer and choreographer of Mexican descent. She is the first Latina artist to have been signed to Hollywood Records, Walt Disney Records, and Avex Trax. She rose to prominence in 2001 after recording a cover of Martha and the Vandellas' "Dancing in the Street" for the soundtrack to the 2001 film Recess: School's Out (which she would then re-record in 2002 in Spanish for the Disney Channel original movie, Gotta Kick It Up!). However, her first album released before being signed to Disney -released in 1997, was the Mariachi album Mensajera del Amór, released by Briaz Promotions. At the time of its release, Myra was then known as Mayra Caról. During her Disney-era portion of her career, she contributed her vocals to the song "Miracles Happen (When You Believe)" to the film The Princess Diaries, and it received a 2002 ALMA Award nomination for Outstanding Song in a Motion Picture Soundtrack. Her debut album Myra included these two tracks and were released as singles and both included a music video. The album "Myra" was released in four different formats.

The self-titled album Myra was released in the US and other English-speaking countries in June 8, 2001 It was also released in Japan in 2001 under the title with three additional bonus remixed tracks of the single "Lie, Lie, Lie.", and re-packaged and re-released in 2002 titled Myra + More including those same three remixes, and a bonus track "You're the Dream" replacing "Wishing on the Same Star." "You're the Dream" was the Anthem for The Special Olympics hosted by Walt Disney Records. The album was re-recorded in Spanish and titled Milagros which was released on October 16, 2001. The Spanish version of "Miracles Happen (When You Believe)" which is titled "Siempre Hay Milagros" was included on the Spanish Version of The Princess Diaries. The Spanish Version of "Dancing in the Streets, (or "Bailando en la Ciudad") was released as a promotional single for the Disney Channel Original Movie Gotta Kick It Up!

Myra made an appearance in the film Max Keeble's Big Move as Chelsea (opposite Brooke Ann Smith) as Jenna, Max Keeble's (Alex D. Linz) love interest. It was around this time she was on tour with Aaron Carter opening for his 2000-2001 "Party Tour." Both of the then Teen Pop artists joined the line up of the 2001 Radio Disney Live! 2001 World Tour which included the artists Hoku, A*Teens, Baha Men, Jump5, Krystal (Super Girl, The Princess Diaries) and others. Myra can also be found on several compilation albums released by Disney.

Since then, Myra has worked with other artists, being featured on a single, "Back to You" by Chicano Rapper, Veze Skante which was accompanied by a music video and is a part of the compilation set "La Costa Nuestra." "La Costa Nuestra is available on iTunes. Myra has also independently released songs via-MySpace which can be found on YouTube and her Official Facebook account in video format. After an extended hiatus, Myra is currently working on her latest project(s) to date and is due for a tremendous return to the music world!

Discography
Mensajera del Amór (1997)
Myra (2001)
Milagros (2001)
Myra+more (2002)

Filmography
Film Roles
 Max Keeble's Big Move (2001) as Chelsea
Television Appearances
 Disney's Hot Summer Jams (2001)
 Regis & Kelly (2001)
 Port Charles (episode: A Reason to Celebrate) (2001)
 Don Francisco Presenta: Sábdo Gigante (2002)
 Univision: Navidad en Walt Disney World (2002)
 La Academia (2012)

Notes

Other websites
 Myra at AllMusic
 Myra at the Internet Movie Database
 Myra on Facebook
 Myra on ReverbNation
 Myra on Instagram
 Myra on Tumblr
 Myra on YouTube
 Myra on Twitter
 Myra on MySpace
 Myra on Discogs
 The Myra Movement on Instagram
 The Myra Movement on Tumblr

1986 births
American child singers
American pop singers
American dancers
Living people
Singers from California

Myra (singer)


Sinter plants agglomerate iron ore fines (dust) with other fine materials at high temperature, to create a product that can be used in a blast furnace. The final product, a sinter, is a small, irregular nodule of iron mixed with small amounts of other minerals. The process, called sintering, causes the constituent materials to fuse to make a single porous mass with little change in the chemical properties of the ingredients. The purpose of sinter are to be used converting iron into steel.

Sinter plants, in combination with blast furnaces, are also used in non-ferrous smelting. About 70% of the world's primary lead production is still produced using the sinter plant–blast furnace combination, and this combination was formerly often used in copper smelting (at the Electrolytic Refining and Smelting smelter in Wollongong, New South Wales, for example).

History

Many countries, including India, France and Germany, have underground deposits of iron ore in dust form (blue dust). Such iron ore cannot be directly charged in a blast furnace. In the early 20th century, sinter technology was developed for converting ore fines into lumpy material chargeable in blast furnaces. Sinter technology took 30 years to gain acceptance in the iron-making domain, but now plays an important role. Initially developed to generate steel, it is now a means of using metallurgical waste generated in steel plants to enhance blast furnace operation and reducing waste. The largest sinter plant is located in Chennai, India, and employs 10,000 people.

Process

Preparation of the ores
Main feed into a sinter plant is base mix, which consists of iron ore fines, coke fines and flux (limestone) fines. In addition to base mix, coke fines, flux fines, sinter fines, iron dust (collected from plant de-dusting system & ESP) and plant waste are mixed in proportion (by weight) in a rotary drum, often called mixing and nodulizing drum. Calcined lime is used as binder of the mixed material along with water (all in particular proportion by weight) to form feed-sinter of about 5 to 7 mm in size. This sinter globules are fed to sintering machine and burnt therein to produce blast furnace feed sinter.

Sintering the material

Material is put on a sinter machine in two layers. The bottom layer may vary in thickness from . A 12 to 20 mm sinter fraction is used, also referred to as the hearth layer. The second, covering layer consists of mixed materials, making for a total bed height of . The mixed materials are applied with drum feeders and roll feeders, which distributes the nodules in certain depth throughout the sinterring machine . The upper layer is smoothed using a leveler. The material, also known as a charge, enters the ignition furnace into rows of multi-slit burners. In the case of one plant, the first (ignition) zone has eleven burners. The next (soaking/annealing) zone typically offers 12 burners. Air is sucked from the bottom of the bed of mixed material throughout the sintering machine. Fire penetrates the mixed material gradually, until it reaches the hearth layer. This end point of burning is called burn through point (BTP). The hearth layer, which is nothing but sinter in smaller size, restricts sticking of hot sinter with pallets. BTP is achieved in a certain zone of sinter machine, to optimize the process, by means of several temperature measuring instrument placed throughout the sinter machine. After completion of burning, the mix converts into sinter, which then breaks into smaller size by sinter breaker. After breaking into small sizes, it cools down in cooler (linear or circular) by means of forced air. At discharge of sinter cooler, temperature of sinter is maintained as low, so that the hot sinter can be transported by a conveyor belt made of rubber. Necessary precautions are taken to trace any existence of fire in the belt and necessary extinguishing is done by spraying water. Then this product is being passed through a jaw-crusher, where the size of sinter is further reduced (~ 50 mm) into smaller size. Then the complete mixture is being passed through two screens. Smallest sinter fines (< 5 mm) are stored in proportioning bins and reused for preparing sinter again through mixing and nodulizing drum and fed to sinter machine for burning. A part of the smaller one ( 5 – 20 mm) is used for hearth layer in sinter machine and the rest is taken to the blast furnace along with the biggest sized sinters.

The temperature is typically maintained between  in the ignition zone and between 900 and 1000 °C in the soaking zone to prevent sudden quenching of the sintered layer. The top 5 mm from screens goes to the conveyor carrying the sinter for the blast furnace and, along with blast furnace grade sinter, either goes to sinter storage bunkers or to BF bunkers. Blast furnace-grade sinter consists of particles sized 5 to 12 mm as well as 20 mm and above.

Advantages
There are certain advantages of using sinters as opposed to using other materials which include recycling the fines and other waste products, to include flue dust, mill scale, lime dust and sludge. Processing sinter helps eliminate raw flux, which is a binding material used to agglomerate materials, which saves the heating material, coke, and improves furnace productivity.

Improvements and efficiency can be gained from higher softening temperature and narrower softening in the melting zone, which increases the volume of the granular zone and shrinks the width of the cohesive zone. A lower silica content and higher hot metal temperature contributes to more sulphur removal.

See also
 Pelletizing
 Steel
 Steel mill

References

 United States Geological Survey Iron Ore Publications

Steel
Industrial processes
Metallurgy

Sinter plant


Phrygia () was a kingdom in the west central part of the Anatolia. The Phrygian people started to live in the area from c. 1200 BC, and made a kingdom in the 8th century BC. It was ruined by Cimmerian invaders c. 690 BC, then conquered by its neighbor Lydia, before it passed successively into the Persian Empire of Cyrus, the empire of Alexander and his successors, was taken by the king of Pergamon, and became part of the Roman Empire. The Phrygian language survived until about the 6th century AD.

Other websites
 Phrygian Period in Anatolia
 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica

Former monarchies of Asia
History of Turkey

Phrygia


Xu Guangqi or Hsü Kuang-ch'i (April 24, 1562– November 8, 1633), also known by his baptismal name Paul, was a Chinese agronomist, astronomer, mathematician, politician, and writer during the Ming dynasty. Xu was appointed by the Chinese Emperor in 1629 to be the leader of the ShiXian calendar reform, which he embarked on with the assistance of Jesuits. Xu was a colleague and collaborator of the Italian Jesuits Matteo Ricci and Sabatino de Ursis and assisted their translation of several classic Western texts into Chinese, including part of Euclid's Elements. He was also the author of the Nong Zheng Quan Shu, a treatise on agriculture. He was one of the "Three Pillars of Chinese Catholicism"; the Roman Catholic Church considers him a Servant of God.  On April 15, 2011, Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi announced the beatification of Xu Guangqi.

Name
Xu Guangqi is the pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation of Xu's Chinese name. His name is written  using the Wade–Giles system. His courtesy name was Zixian and his penname was Xuanhu. In the Jesuits' records, it is the last which is used as his Chinese name, in the form

At his conversion, he adopted the baptismal name Paul (). In Chinese, its transcription is employed as a kind of courtesy name (i.e., Xu Baolu) and the Jesuits sometimes referred to him as  or . More often, however, they describe him as "Doctor Paul" (; ), "Our Paul" (), or "Paul Siu" or "Ciu".

Early life
Xu Guangqi was born in Shanghai in Southern Zhili's Songjiang Prefecture on April 24, 1562, under China's Ming dynasty. At the time, Shanghai was merely a small walled county seat in the old quarter around the present city's Yu Garden. His family, including an older and younger sister, lived in the Taiqing Quarter at the south end of the town. Guangqi's branch of the Xus were not related to those who had passed the imperial examinations and joined Shanghai's local gentry. His father  (died) had been orphaned at age 5 and seen most of his inheritance lost to "Japanese" pirate raids and insolvent friends in the 1550s.

At the time of Guangqi's birth, his father worked twenty mu (1¼ha) or less south of the city wall. About half of this would have been used to feed the family, with the rest used to supplement his income from small-scale trading. By the time Guangqi was 6, the family had saved enough to send him to a local school, where a later hagiographer records him piously upbraiding his classmates when they spoke of wanting to use their education for wealth or mystical power. Instead, he supposedly advised, "None of these things is worth doing. If you want to talk about the sort of person you want to become, then it should be to establish yourself and to follow the Way. Bring order to the state and the people. Revere the orthodox and expose the heterodox. Don't waste the chance to be someone who matters in this world." From 1569 to 1573, the family sent Guangqi to the school at the Buddhist monastery at Longhua. It is not recorded, but this school was probably a separate secular and fee-based institution for families too poor to hire private tutors for their sons.

His mother died on May 8, 1592, and he undertook the ritual mourning period in her honor. His whereabouts over the next few years are uncertain but he seems to have failed the provincial exam at Beijing in 1594, after the mourning period was over.

Career
In 1596, he moved to Xunzhou (now Guiping) in Guangxi to assist its prefect Zhao Fengyu, a Shanghai native who had passed the juren exams in 1555. The next year, he traveled to Beijing in the spring and passed its provincial exam, becoming a juren. He seems to have stayed there for the imperial exam the next year, but failed to pass. He then returned to Shanghai around April, turning his attention to the study of military and agricultural subjects. The next year he studied under Cheng Jiasui.

He first met Matteo Ricci, the Italian Jesuit, in Nanjing in March or April 1600. He collaborated with Ricci in translating several classic Western texts—most notably the first part of Euclid's Elements—into Chinese, as well as several Chinese Confucian texts into Latin.  Ricci's influence led to Xu being baptized as a Roman Catholic in 1603. His descendants remained Catholics or Protestants into the 21st century..

From 1607 until 1610, Xu was forced to retire from public office and returned to his home in Shanghai. It was during this time that he experimented with Western-style irrigation methods. He also experimented with the cultivation of sweet potatoes, cotton, and the nu zhen tree. He was called once more to serve the Chinese bureaucracy, where he rose to a high rank and became known late in his career simply as "The Minister". Yet he continued to experiment and learn of new agricultural practices while he served his office, promoting the use of wet-rice in the Northeast China. From 1613 until 1620 he often visited Tianjin, where he helped organize self-sufficient military settlements (tun tian).

In 1629, memorials by Xu successfully moved the court to permit the Portuguese captain Gonçalo Teixeira-Correa to bring 10 artillery pieces and 4 "excellent bombards" across China to the capital to demonstrate the effectiveness of Western artillery. An earlier demonstration in 1623 had gone disastrously, with an exploding cannon killing one Portuguese artillerist and three Chinese observers, but on this occasion the pieces were accepted and directed to Dengzhou (now Penglai) in Shandong. The Christian convert Ignatius Sun, a protégé of Xu's, was governor there and had also been a strong advocate of modernizing China's military. Together with CaptainTeixeira and his translator João Rodrigues, Sun used the pieces to train his troops to oppose the ongoing Manchu invasion. However, Sun's lenient treatment of a 1632 mutiny under Kong Yude and Geng Zhongming permitted them to successfully capture Dengzhou, seize the artillery, and establish an independent power base that eventually joined the Manchus. Xu's memorials for clemency were unsuccessful and Sun was court-martialed and executed.

He held the positions of Minister of Rites (), overseeing government programs related to culture, education, and foreign affairs, and Deputy Senior Grand Secretary (), effectively a deputy premier for the imperial cabinet.

Johann Adam Schall von Bell stayed with Xu during his final illness in 1633 and oversaw the return of his body to his family in Shanghai. There, it was publicly displayed at his villa until 1641, when it was buried "in a time of hardship".

Legacy
Xu Guangqi's tomb remains the centerpiece of Shanghai's Guangqi Park on Nandan Road (), just south of Xujiahui Cathedral.

The 350th anniversary of his death in 1983 was celebrated very publicly, both with ceremonies in Shanghai and a laudatory article in the Beijing Review. The vocal Communist support for these memorials has been seen as signaling support for Deng Xiaoping's policies of opening up and modernizing China. Most Chinese treatments of his life and legacy, however, focus upon his desire for scientific, technological, and political progress and its effect upon Chinese development, whereas western treatments nearly universally attach great importance to his Christian conversion and identity.

Works

Military science
Xu Guangqi wrote a book on military techniques and strategies entitled Mr Xu's Amateur Observations in response to the criticisms he faced for daring discuss military matters in spite of being a mere scholar. He frequently cited the Xunzi and Guanzi, and made use of rewards and punishments along the lines of the Legalists, at least in relief activities.

Xu Guangqi put forward the concept of a "Rich Country and Strong Army" (富國強兵), which would be adopted by Japan for its modernization in the end of the 19th century, under the name Fukoku Kyohei.

Mathematics
In 1607, Xu and Ricci translated the first parts of Euclid's Elements (a treatise on mathematics, geometry, and logic) into Chinese. Some Chinese scholars credit Xu as having "started China's enlightenment".

Astronomy
After followers of Xu and Ricci publicly predicted a solar eclipse in 1629, Xu was appointed by the Emperor as the leader of an effort to reform the Chinese calendar. The reform, which constituted the first major collaboration between scientists from Europe and from the Far East, was completed after his death and became known as the Chongzhen calendar. It's notable for systematically introducing the concepts and development of European mathematics and astronomy to China for the first time, including extensive translations and references to Euclid's Elements and the works of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and Tycho Brahe, whose Tychonic system was used its main theoretical basis.

Agriculture
Xu Guangqi wrote the Complete Treatise on Agriculture, an outstanding agricultural treatise that followed in the tradition of those such as Wang Zhen (wrote the Wang Zhen Nong Shu of 1313 AD) and Jia Sixia (wrote the Chi Min Yao Shu of 535 AD). Like Wang Zhen, Xu lived in troubled times, and was devoted as a patriot to aiding the rural farmers of China. His main interests were in irrigation, fertilizers, famine relief, economic crops, and empirical observation with early notions of chemistry. It was an enormous written work, some 700,000 written Chinese characters, making it 7 times as large as the work of both Jia Sixia and Wang Zhen. Although its final draft was unfinished by Xu Guangqi by the time of his death in 1633, the famous Jiangnan scholar Chen Zilong assembled a group of scholars to edit the draft, publishing it in 1639.

The topics covered by his book are as follows:
 The Fundamentals of Agriculture (Nong Ben): quotations from the classics on the importance of encouraging agriculture
 Field System (Tian Zhi): land distribution, field management
 Agricultural Tasks (Nong Shi): clearing land, tilling; also a detailed exposition on settlement schemes
 Water Control (Shui Li): various methods of irrigation, types of irrigation equipment, and the last two chapters devoted to new Western-style irrigation equipment
 Illustrated Treatise on Agricultural Implements (Nong Chi Tu Pu): based largely on Wang Zhen's book of 1313 AD
 Horticulture (Shi Yi): vegetables and fruit
 Sericulture (Can Sang): silk production
 Further Textile Crops (Can Sang Guang Lei): cotton, hemp, etc.
 Silviculture (Chong Chi): forestry preservation
 Animal Husbandry (Mu Yang)
 Culinary Preparations (Zhi Zao)
 Famine Control (Huang Zheng): administrative measures, famine flora

Family
Xu's only son was John Xu   Xú Jì), whose daughter was Candida Xu (, Xú Gāndìdà; 1607–1680). A devout Christian, she was recognized as an important patron of Christianity in Jiangnan during the early Qing era. The Jesuit Philippe Couplet, who worked closely with her, composed her biography in Latin. This was published in French translation as A History of the Christian Lady of China, Candide Hiu () in 1688. Her son was Basil Xu, who served as an official under the Qing.

Gallery

See also

 Xu Guangqi Memorial Hall
 Roman Catholicism in China
 Jesuit China missions
 Three Pillars of Chinese Catholicism
 Shanghainese people
 History of agriculture
 Xavier School in San Juan, Metro Manila, the Philippines

References

Citations

Sources

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Further reading
 Needham, Joseph (1959). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; reprinted: Taipei: Caves Books, 1986. OCLC
 Zhao, Jikai, "Xu Guangqi". Encyclopedia of China (Economics Edition), 1st ed.
 Mei, Rongzhao, "Xue Guangqi". Encyclopedia of China (Mathematics Edition), 1st ed.

External links

 Ricci Roundtable at the University of San Francisco
 University of Texas article mentioning him
 Xu Guangqi at the University of Maine

1562 births
1633 deaths
16th-century Chinese astronomers
16th-century Chinese mathematicians
17th-century Chinese astronomers
17th-century Chinese mathematicians
Burials in Shanghai
Chinese Roman Catholics
Chinese agronomists
Chinese technology writers
Christian apologists
Converts to Roman Catholicism
Grand Secretaries of the Ming dynasty
Mathematicians from Shanghai
Ming dynasty classicists
Ming dynasty translators
Ming dynasty scholars
Ming dynasty government officials
Politicians from Shanghai
Scientists from Shanghai
Servants of God
Writers from Shanghai
17th-century agronomists
16th-century agronomists
17th-century Chinese translators

Xu Guangqi


Timo Alakotila is a Finnish composer, arranger, and musician born 15 July 1959.

Career

Timo Alakotila's range of music styles stretches from Finnish folk music of the pelimanni  style over some jazz influences to more or less Finnish style Tango (music)tangos, and with some extensions to classical music. He is one of the founding members of the well-known Finnish folk fiddler group JPP of the Kaustinen tradition, where he plays harmonium, and in the similar group Troka. In both groups, he is one of the main arrangers and composers. Alakotila has worked with accordionist Maria Kalaniemi for more than ten years in several formats, including a duo, a trio and the group Aldargaz. Kalaniemi and Alakotila play both their own and each other's arrangements and compositions, as well as some traditional material.

Another of Alakotila's projects is Unto Tango Orchestra (Tango-orkesteri Unto), a tango orchestra that was formed to perform at Expo '98 in Lisbon, Portugal. This groups mainly plays Alakotila's rather chamber-music-like arrangements of Finnish tango. In 2004 BBC Concert Orchestra, JPP and Maria Kalaniemi performed music written by Alakotila for the occasion. Among his more "classic style" works is a folk-music/chamber hybrid, a concerto for accordion and orchestra, originally performed at the folk music festival Haapavesi Folk with Johanna Juhola as the soloist. Alakotila's piece, Pelimanni's Revenge, was arranged by violist, Ralph Farris, for the string quartet ETHEL and was released on their 2006 album Light (Cantaloupe Music).

Alakotila also works as a teacher at the Sibelius Academy and at the Helsinki Pop & Jazz Conservatory.

References

External links
 Timo Alakotila on MySpace

Finnish composers
Finnish male composers
Nordic folk musicians
Finnish keyboardists
1959 births
Living people

Timo Alakotila


Opt-outs are several methods by which individuals can decide not to receive unwanted products or service information. This option is usually related with direct marketing campaigns such as, e-mail marketing, or direct mail.

The U.S. Federal Government created the United States National Do Not Call Registry to reduce the telemarketing calls consumers receive at home. Initially numbers listed on the registry were due to be kept for five years but will now remain on it permanently due to the Do-Not-Call Improvement Act of 2007, which became law in February 2008.

References

Marketing

Opt-out


Hotel Post was a service offered by remote Swiss hotels for the carriage of mail to the nearest official post office.

Origins

In the nineteenth century, Switzerland developed an important tourist industry. Some hotels in remote areas that were not serviced by the Swiss Post Office offered a service to guests of carrying their mail to the nearest official post office for a fee paid by the purchase of a specially printed stamp. The first hotel stamp was issued by Rigi Kaltbad in 1864, followed by hotels at Rigi Scheideck, Belalp, Kurort Stoos, Maderanerthal and Rigi Kulm.

Last usage in Switzerland

These services became unnecessary as the Swiss railway was extended and a normal postal service introduced. After 20 September 1883, all remaining services were prohibited by the Swiss government.

Use in other countries

Hotels in several other countries have issued stamps including in Austria, Hungary, Egypt (Shepheard's Hotel, Cairo), Japan (The Imperial Hotel, Tokyo), Romania and Singapore (Raffles Hotel). In Hungary stamps were issued at Carpathian resorts for Kurhaus auf der Hohen Rinne between 1895 and 1926, Magura in 1903 and 1911, and Bistra in 1909 to 1912. These resorts were part of Rumania after World War One. In Austria stamps were issued for Kesselfall-Alpenhaus and Moserboden between 1927 and 1938 and Katschberghohe in 1933-38. Stamps were also issued at a hotel in the Kulmi Mountain region of Liechtenstein.

Classification

Hotel stamps are regarded as local or cinderella stamps.

References

Further reading

Switzerland
 Kottelat, Marcel. Studie über die schweizerische Hotelpost 1864-1900. Bern: Zumstein & Cie/Inhaber Hertsch & Co., 1995.
 Leemann, Hans. Die schweizerische Hotelpost. Basel: Sandoz A.G., 1960. Also published in French and English.
 Leutwyler, Hans. Die schweizerische Hotelpost und der Hôtel-Telegraphen- und Telephondienst im 19. Jahrhundert. Bern: H. Leutwyler, 1962.

Hungary and Romania
 Dragoteanu, Mircea. Hotel Posts of Transylvania. Cluj-Napoca: The Author, 2010 398p.
 Dragoteanu, Mircea. Istoria postelor locale transilvane: Paltinis (Hohe Rinne), Bistra, Magura. Cluj-Napoca: The Author, 1998 , 192p.
 Ettre, Leslie S. Hotel Post of the Siebenburgischer Karpathenverein Hohe Rinne and Bistra. Norwalk, CT: Society for Hungarian Philately, 1977, 32p.
 Williams, L.N. and M. Hotel posts of Hungary & Roumania: being a handbook & catalogue of the private local stamps of Hohe Rinne, Magura, and Bistra. London: L.N. Williams, 1962.

External links
 Image of a stamp issued by the Hotel du Mont Prosa, St. Gotthard.
 Further examples of Swiss Hotel Post stamps
 United States Hotel Sherman poster stamps.
 Hotel Posts of Transylvania: Doctoral Thesis

Philatelic terminology
Cinderella stamps
Philately of Switzerland

Hotel post


The Unai Sahu or Unaya are a  Teli  sub-caste found in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. They get their name from the town of Unnao in Uttar Pradesh, and Unai literally means someone from Unnao.The community consist of two endogamous sub-groups, the Unai proper and the Unawa. They speak the Awadhi dialect, and are Hindus. The Unai Sahu are found mainly in the districts of Raebareli, Barabanki, Faizabad and Gonda.

They derive their name Sahu, or sometimes pronounced Sao and Sah, from their ancestral family business of bankers and money lending: from the Hindi word Sahukar, meaning, in a sense, persons dealing with money. Sahus also have traditional business of oilseeds and oil milling. With the passage of time, they have spread to many parts of India, particularly eastern India.

They bear different surnames in different regions and states of India such as Sahu/Sahoo, Bilsora, Patel, Shah, Shaw/Saw, Prasad, Gupta, Rathore, Vaniyar, Saha, Gorai, Samani, Sadhu-Khan, Das, Kubara/Kubera, Talakar, TeliLingayat, Gandla, Telikula, Modi, Devathilakula, Teli Sahu, Teli Rathod, Ganiga, Bahaldia, Teli, Sethi (Punjabi speaking). People from these community are peace lover, business minded, helpful and religious. Most of the population is in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and Rajasthan states of India.

References

Social groups of Uttar Pradesh
Bania communities

Unai Sahu


Joel Feinberg (October 19, 1926 – March 29, 2004) was an American political and legal philosopher. He is known for his work in the fields of ethics, action theory, philosophy of law, and political philosophy as well as individual rights and the authority of the state. Feinberg was one of the most influential figures in American jurisprudence of the last fifty years.<ref>Jeff Harrison, 'In Memoriam: Joel Feinberg, University of Arizona News, March 31, 2004</ref>

Education and career

Feinberg studied at the University of Michigan, writing his dissertation on the philosophy of the Harvard professor Ralph Barton Perry under the supervision of Charles Stevenson. He taught at Brown University, Princeton University, UCLA and Rockefeller University, and, from 1977, at the University of Arizona, where he retired in 1994 as Regents Professor of Philosophy and Law.

Feinberg was internationally distinguished for his research in moral, social and legal philosophy. His major four-volume work, The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law, was published between 1984 and 1988. Feinberg held many major fellowships during his career and lectured by invitation at universities around the world. He was an esteemed and highly successful teacher, and many of his students are now prominent scholars and professors at universities across the US.  His former students include Jules Coleman, Russ Shafer-Landau, and Clark Wolf.

Philosophical work

The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law

Feinberg's most important contribution to legal philosophy is his four-volume book, The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law (1984-1988), a work that is frequently characterized as "magisterial." Feinberg's goal in the book is to answer the question: What sorts of conduct may the state rightly make criminal? John Stuart Mill, in On Liberty (1859), gives a staunchly liberal answer, that the only kind of conduct that the state may rightly criminalize is conduct that causes harm to others. Though Feinberg, who had read and re-read Mill's classic text many times, shared Mill's liberal leanings, he postulated that liberals can and should admit that certain kinds of non-harmful but profoundly offensive conduct can also properly be prohibited by law. In The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law, Feinberg sought to develop and defend a broadly Millian view of the limits of state power over the individual. In the process, he defended standard liberal positions on topics such as suicide, obscenity, pornography, hate speech, and euthanasia. He also analyzed nonmaterial concepts such as harm, offense, wrong, autonomy, responsibility, paternalism, coercion, and exploitation, conceding in the conclusion to the final volume that liberalism may not be fully defensible and that liberals ought to concede that there are rare cases where certain kinds of moral harms and harmless immoralities should be outlawed.

A ride on the bus

In Offense to Others, the second volume of The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law, Feinberg offers one of the most famous thought-experiments in recent philosophy: a series of imaginary scenarios he calls "a ride on the bus." Feinberg invites us to imagine a bus ride in which you, a passenger rushing to an important appointment, are confronted by a series of deeply offensive but harmless acts. Some of the acts involve affronts to the senses (e.g., a man scratching his fingernails across a slate). Others involve acts that are deeply disgusting or revolting (e.g., eating various kinds of nauseatingly repulsive things). Still others involve affronts to our religious, moral, or patriotic sensibilities (e.g., overt acts of flag desecration); shocks to our sense of shame or embarrassment (such as acts of public sex); and a wide range of offensive conduct based on fear, anger, humiliation, boredom or frustration. The thought experiment is designed to test the limits of our tolerance for harmless but deeply offensive forms of behavior. More precisely, it raises the question "whether there are any human experiences that are harmless in themselves yet so unpleasant that we can rightly demand legal protection from them even at the cost of other persons' liberties." Feinberg argues that even left-leaning, highly tolerant liberals must recognize that some forms of harmless but profoundly offensive conduct can properly be criminalized.

"Psychological Egoism"
In a paper prepared in 1958 for the benefit of students at Brown, Feinberg seeks to refute the philosophical theory of psychological egoism, which in his opinion is fallacious.  So far as he can tell, there are four primary arguments for it:

"Every action of mine is prompted by motives or desires or impulses which are my motives and not somebody else's."
"[W]hen a person gets what he wants, he characteristically feels pleasure."
"Often we deceive ourselves into thinking that we desire something fine or noble when what we really want is to be thought well of by others or to be able to congratulate ourselves, or to be able to enjoy the pleasures of a good conscience [...].  Indeed, it is a simple matter to explain away all allegedly unselfish motives [....]"  He quotes Lucius F. C. Garvin to this effect: "Once the conviction that selfishness is universal finds root in a person's mind, it is very likely to burgeon out in a thousand corroborating generalizations.  It will be discovered that a friendly smile is really only an attempt to win an approving nod from a more or less gullible recording angel; that a charitable deed is, for its performer, only an opportunity to congratulate himself on the good fortune or the cleverness that enables him to be charitable; that a public benefaction is just plain good business advertising.  It will emerge that gods are worshipped only because they indulge men's selfish fears, or tastes, or hopes; that the "golden rule" is no more than an eminently sound success formula; that social and political codes are created and subscribed to only because they serve to restrain other men's egoism as much as one's own, morality being only a special sort of "racket" or intrigue using weapons of persuasion in place of bombs and machine guns.  Under this interpretation of human nature, the categories of commercialism replace those of disinterested service and the spirit of the horse trader broods over the face of the earth."
"Psychological egoists often notice that moral education and the inculcation of manners usually utilise what Bentham calls the 'sanctions of pleasure and pain.'  Children are made to acquire the civilising virtues only by the method of enticing rewards and painful punishments.  Much the same is true of the history of the race.  People in general have been inclined to behave well only when it is made plain to them that there is 'something in it for them.'  Is it not then highly probable that just such a mechanism of human motivation as Bentham describes must be presupposed by our methods of moral education?"

Feinberg observes that such arguments for psychological egoism are rarely mounted on the basis of empirical proof when, being psychological, they very well ought to.  The opening argument he dubs a tautology from which "nothing whatever concerning the nature of my motives or the objective of my desires can possibly follow [...].  It is not the genesis of an action or the origin of its motives which makes it a 'selfish' one, but rather the 'purpose' of the act or the objective of its motives; not where the motive comes from (in voluntary actions it always comes from the agent) but what it aims at determines whether or not it is selfish."

Similarly flawed in Feinberg's opinion is the second argument.  Just because all successful endeavour engenders pleasure does not necessarily entail that pleasure is the sole objective of all endeavour.  He uses William James's analogy to illustrate this fallacy: although an ocean liner always consumes coal on its trans-Atlantic voyages, it is unlikely that the sole purpose of these voyages is coal consumption.

The third argument, unlike the first two, contains no non sequitur that Feinberg can see.  He nevertheless adjudges that such a sweeping generalisation is unlikely to be true.

In the final argument, Feinberg sees a paradox.  The only way to achieve happiness, he believes, is to forget about it, but psychological egoists hold that all human endeavour, even that which achieves happiness, is geared towards happiness.  Feinberg poses a thought experiment in which a character named Jones is apathetic about all but the pursuit of his own happiness.  Because he has no means to achieve that end, however, "[i]t takes little imagination [...] to see that Jones's one desire is bound to be frustrated."  To pursue only happiness, then, is to fail utterly to achieve it.

"The Rights of Animals and Future Generations"
In a 1974 paper, Feinberg addresses the possibility of legal rights for animals and future generations.

He begins by analyzing rights as "claims to something and against someone" which are recognized by legal rules. For instance, a worker's legal right to a living wage is a claim to some amount of money and against an employer. Having clarified the nature of rights, Feinberg seeks to answer the question: What sort of entities can bear rights?

Feinberg adopts an interest theory of rights, according to which a right can be had by any entity with interests. In formulaic terms, some entity S can have some right R if and only if R protects some interest of S's. Interests here are defined as products of mental states such as desires, beliefs, wants, plans, urges, and so on.

On this account, contrary to other theorists who adopt a will theory of rights, animals can be legitimately given rights. The question, then, is whether they ought to be given rights. In other words, given that some entity S can have some right R, is it the case that the interests which R functions to protect morally ought to be protected? Feinberg argues that our commonsense moral duties concerning animals are really duties towards animals (i.e., they are duties for the sake of the animals, not for the sake of some indirect effects), and so justice demands that animal interests be protected by rights.

Feinberg spends the rest of the paper applying his interest theory to other entities, including plants, species, corporations, severely mentally disabled humans, dead humans, fetuses, and future generations. He argues that:

 Plants cannot have rights, since they cannot be properly said to have interests. One might think that claims such as "Water is good for a plant" and "A plant needs sunshine" imply the existence of plant interests, but Feinberg maintains that this (and other errors) are due to linguistic confusions. He analyzes the claims that "X is good for A" or that "A needs X," highlighting an ambiguity between two possible meanings:
 X helps A to achieve some goal, or to carry out some function (e.g., oil is good for a car, and a plant needs oil, only in the sense that oil helps a car to perform as desired).
 X benefits A, and an absence of X harms A (e.g., food is good for a dog, and a dog needs food).
 Feinberg maintains that only the second interpretation makes sense for our claims about plants, since morally relevant benefits and harms require mental states such as desires, plans, goals, dreams, and so on.
 Likewise, Feinberg denies the possibility of rights for species as such , since there is no entity called "the species" which has the mental states necessary for legitimate interests. This suggests that any laws affecting a species must be grounded in the interests of individual species members, in the interests of humans (who may have some aesthetic preference for the species), or in the interests of future generations (who may benefit from the preservation of the species).
 On the other hand, Feinberg claims that the notion of rights for corporations, countries, and other similar entities is entirely legitimate, since we can ground these in the interests of real people acting in their official capacities.
 Severely mentally disabled humans may or may not be legitimate right-holders, depending on the severity of their conditions. So long as they have the mental states necessary for the attribution of legitimate interests, then they may have rights.
 Dead humans may not have rights since they lack any mental capacities, and so a fortiori lack the mental capacities necessary for interests. Feinberg thus grounds any laws regulating our actions with respect to the dead (such as acts of defamation) in one of two places: (i) they may be grounded in the interests of the dead person's surviving friends and family, or (ii) they may be grounded in the future-oriented interests that the now dead person possessed prior to death. Thus Feinberg maintains that interests may be temporally extended, and so one's rights can still be operative even once one has deceased.
 Similarly, Feinberg argues that interests may be intertemporal in the reverse direction. That is, he maintains that beings who have not yet been born can have rights grounded in the interests they will come to hold in the future once they are born. Importantly, however, this constrains the possibility of fetus rights to rights concerning quality of life, ruling out a right to be born, since (i) rights can only be granted to a fetus on the basis of the interests they will come to hold in the future once they are born, and (ii) these interests only exist contingent on the fetus being born. Thus a right to be born would seek to secure the very thing which is required for the notion of rights to apply—a circularity.
 Finally, Feinberg addresses the possibility of rights for future generations. By parity with the case of fetuses, the possibility of intertemporal interests can ground the existence of rights for future generations even though they have not yet come into existence.

Bibliography
 Reason and Responsibility: Readings in Some Basic Problems of Philosophy.  Cengage Learning, 1965.
 Doing and Deserving: Essays in the Theory of Responsibility.  Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970.
 Social Philosophy, Prentice-Hall Inc., 1973.
 "The Rights of Animals and Future Generations". In William Blackstone (ed.), Philosophy and Environmental Crisis. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1974. .
 Rights, Justice, and the Bounds of Liberty: Essays in Social Philosophy.  Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980.
 The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law.  Vol. 1, Harm to Others.  New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.
 The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law.  Vol. 2, Offense to Others.  New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.
 The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law.  Vol. 3, Harm to Self.  New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
 The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law.  Vol. 4, Harmless Wrongdoing.  New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
 Freedom and Fulfillment: Philosophical Essays.  Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.
 Problems at the Roots of Law: Essays in Legal and Political Theory.  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

See also
American philosophy
List of American philosophers

Notes

References
Duncan-Jones, Austin. Butler's Moral Philosophy. London: Penguin, 1952.
Feinberg, Joel. "Psychological Egoism." In Reason & Responsibility: Readings in Some Basic Problems of Philosophy, edited by Joel Feinberg and Russ Shafer-Landau, 520-532. California: Thomson Wadsworth, 2008.
Garvin, Lucius F. C. A Modern Introduction to Ethics''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1953.

External links
[http://works.bepress.com/bryan_druzin/6/ Bryan Druzin, and Jessica Li, The Criminalization of Lying: Under what Circumstances, if any, should Lies be made Criminal?, 101 JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINOLOGY (Northwestern University) (forthcoming 2011).

1926 births
2004 deaths
20th-century American philosophers
American animal rights scholars
American political philosophers
Brown University faculty
People from Detroit
Philosophers of law
Princeton University faculty
Social philosophers
University of Michigan alumni
University of Arizona faculty

Joel Feinberg


Kiley Reid (born 1987) is an American novelist. Her debut novel, Such a Fun Age, was published in December 2019 and was longlisted for the 2020 Booker Prize.

Early life and education
Reid was born in Los Angeles, California, in 1987 and raised in Tucson, Arizona, from the age of seven to 20. She graduated from Salpointe Catholic High School and studied theater at the University of Arizona for two years before transferring to Marymount Manhattan College. Reid later graduated from the Iowa Writers' Workshop.

Career
Reid's short stories have been featured in Ploughshares, December, New South, and Lumina.

Such a Fun Age
Reid's debut novel, Such a Fun Age, was published by G. P. Putnam's Sons on December 31, 2019. It was published by Bloomsbury Publishing in the United Kingdom on January 7, 2020. It was longlisted for the Booker Prize in July 2020 and won the International Book of the Year at the 2021 Australian Book Industry Awards.

The novel, which explores the relationship between a young black babysitter and her well-intentioned white employer, was ranked No. 3 on the New York Times hardcover fiction list within two weeks of its U.S. release. The novel received generally positive reviews from numerous media outlets, including The Washington Post, Entertainment Weekly, NPR, and The Atlantic magazine. It was the first selection of 2020 for Reese Witherspoon's book club.

The Washington Posts review said that "Reid constructs a plot so beautifully intricate and real and fascinating that readers will forget it's also full of tough questions about race, class and identity." The Atlantic described the book as "a funny, fast-paced, empathetic examination of privilege in America." A review in The New York Times noted the book's "resonant insights into the casual racism in everyday life, especially in the America of the liberal elite," but described Reid's scenes and dialogue as feeling "deliberately styled for a screen adaptation," with "heavy-handed attempts to mimic millennial parlance."

Reid, who spent six years caring for the children of wealthy Manhattanites, began the novel while applying to graduate school. She completed it while earning her MFA degree from the Iowa Writers' Workshop, where she was awarded the Truman Capote Fellowship and taught undergraduate creative writing workshops with a focus on race and class. The book and screen rights to the story were acquired before she graduated.

Come and Get It
Reid's second novel, Come and Get It, is scheduled to be published on January 30, 2024, by Putnam. The plot follows a "residential assistant and her messy entanglement with a professor and three unruly students."

Personal life
Reid lives in Philadelphia with her husband.

Bibliography

Novels

Short stories
 "George Washington's Teeth". Ploughshares. October 2019. .
 "Playing Kerri Strug". Marie Claire. Spring 2021.

References

External links

Living people
1987 births
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American women writers
African-American novelists
American women novelists
Novelists from Arizona
Writers from Tucson, Arizona
Novelists from Los Angeles
Writers from Philadelphia
Iowa Writers' Workshop alumni
Marymount Manhattan College alumni
University of Arizona alumni
Novelists from Pennsylvania
21st-century African-American women writers
21st-century African-American writers
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women

Kiley Reid


O Caminho da Fé, or The Path of Faith, is a 497 kilometer pilgrimage trail to the Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida, in São Paulo, Brazil.

The "Caminho da Fé" was inspired by the Camino de Santiago de Compostela in Spain and was created to organize and provide support for people making the pilgrimage to the National Sanctuary of Aparecida.

Since 2003 the Caminho da Fé has been supported by the Associação dos Amigos do Caminho (Friends of the Caminho Association), based in Águas da Prata, São Paulo.

The path is composed by many branches passing through the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo along back roads, trails, asphalt, and forest. Approximately 300 kilometers of the 497 kilometer trail is in the Mantiqueira Mountains.

References

External links

 Associação dos Amigos do Caminho

Christian pilgrimages
Christianity in Brazil
Tourist attractions in São Paulo (state)

Caminho da Fé


Lieutenant-General Sir John Francis Worsley  (1912 – 1987) was Commander of British Forces in Hong Kong.

Military career
Worsley was commissioned into the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Punjab Regiment of the British Indian Army in 1934 and served on the North West Frontier in India from 1935.

He served in World War II and fought at the Battle of Keren in Eritrea in 1941.

After the War he became Commanding Officer of 2 Bn 1st Punjab Regiment and then transferred to the York and Lancaster Regiment at Indian Independence in 1947. He became a General Staff Officer at the War Office in 1949 and then at Headquarters 1st Infantry Division at Middle East Land Forces in 1952. He was made Commanding Officer of 1st Bn South Lancashire Regiment serving in the Suez Canal Zone in 1953 and then Secretary of the Joint Planning Staff at the Ministry of Defence in 1956. He was appointed Commander of 6th Infantry Brigade Group in 1957 and General Officer Commanding 48th (South Midland) Division/District of the Territorial Army in 1961. He was made Commandant of the Staff College, Camberley in 1963 and Commander of British Forces in Hong Kong in 1966; he retired in 1968.

References

|-

|-

1912 births
1987 deaths
British Indian Army officers
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Indian Army personnel of World War II
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Military Cross
South Lancashire Regiment officers
York and Lancaster Regiment officers
Commandants of the Staff College, Camberley
British Army lieutenant generals

John Worsley (British Army officer)


The Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano is a Roman sarcophagus from Genzano, which is in store at the British Museum. It features the Twelve Labours of Hercules. It has been dated to about AD 150–180. It is 221 cm long, 76 cm high and 91.5 cm wide.

On the front of the sarcophagus Hercules is depicted performing five of his twelve tasks, from left to right:

 leading Cerberus from the gates of underworld
 taking Hippolyta's girdle
 plucking the golden apples of the garden of the Hesperides
 taming the ferocious horses of Diomedes
 overcoming the Nemean lion

The side panels provide two additional scenes of Hercules:
 struggling with the Ceryneian Hind
 fighting the Lernaean Hydra

The remaining five labours are shown on the front of the lid, from left to right:
 capturing the Erymanthian boar
 cleansing the Augean stables
 shooting the Stymphalian birds
 capturing the Cretan bull
 defeating Geryon

These later scenes are framed by images of Hercules as a child strangling the serpents sent by Hera to kill him (left) and Hercules as an old man receiving immortality (right).

The image of Geryon depicts him with three heads.

The Proconesian marble for the sarcophagus was quarried on Marmara Island, Turkey, known as Proconnesus or Prokonnesos to the ancients. It is unknown whether it was exported as finished item or completed in a workshop in Rome.

The sarcophagus was one of the many items purchased by the British Museum, in the 19th century, from the Italian dealer and collector (among other talents) Alessandro Castellani. It is believed that the artifact originated from somewhere in the area of Genzano, Italy.

References

External links
  Google Cultural Institute Entry

Ancient Roman sarcophagi
Ancient Greek and Roman sculptures in the British Museum
2nd-century Roman sculptures
Archaeological discoveries in Italy

Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano


Mechelle Chanai Lewis Freeman (born September 20, 1980) is an American track and field athlete who specializes in the 100 meters and 4x100 meter relay.  Mechelle, an Oxon Hill, Maryland native, was a 2007 Pan American double silver medalist, 2007 World Champion and 2008 USA Olympian.

Lewis represented the United States at the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, China. She competed on the 4x100 meter relay together with Angela Williams, Torri Edwards and Lauryn Williams. In their first round heat they were however disqualified and eliminated.

Younger Years
Born in Washington, D.C. to Eddie and Chandra Lewis, and raised in Fort Washington, Maryland, Mechelle is the youngest of a set of twin girls. Both were highly active and successful in sports at a young age taking on basketball and soccer. They spent their summers competing in AAU basketball tournaments and their fall seasons winning soccer championships for the Oxon Hill Boys & Girls Club. Ironically however, after easily winning all of her events at a track meet held during her 8th grade P.E. class, Mechelle was approached by a high school scout who told her that she should look into taking on track and field. Once in high school, Mechelle and her sister would make one of the most significant decisions in their lives and decided to quit basketball to begin their Track & Field career.

High school
Mechelle really came into her own as an athlete at Oxon Hill High School. Lettering in both soccer and track, the decision to take running seriously would propel her to becoming a Maryland state record holder, where she held the state record in the 55m for 3 years with a time of 6.94s.  Mechelle was also the 300m regional champion and the MVP of her high school indoor and outdoor track team three years in a row.  She made the Prince George's County All-County Team three years as well as the All-Metropolitan team, representing the best select few athletes in the Maryland, DC, and Northern Virginia area. Her high school track team was third in the county three times and finished in the top three twice at the state championships. Mechelle's 4 × 400 m relay team won the state title three consecutive years and came in third at the National High School Indoor Track & Field Championships in 1997. With nationally recognized success, Mechelle also brought home championships competing in the USATF Junior Olympics for the Rising Stars track club. Mechelle kept busy off the track as well, winning Homecoming queen her senior year and operating in her role as the Senior Class Vice President. She also enjoyed playing in the band, mastering both the flute and the oboe. After going through a rigorous process of elimination, both Mechelle and her sister chose to run track at the University of South Carolina where they both received full scholarships to do so.

College Years
Lewis attended the University of South Carolina, from 1998 to 2004 where she obtained her bachelor's degree and master's degrees in Mass Communications. She was a three-time All-American athlete in the 60m, 200m, and the 4 × 100 m relay. She held the school record in the 55m for two years with a time of 6.84s. Mechelle also competed on the team that brought the first national championship in any sport to her school when her team won the 2002 Track & Field Outdoor Championships.  She accompanied the team to the White House to meet President Bush for the honor. In the classroom, Lewis received the Highest GPA honor in her freshman class at the University of South Carolina with a 4.0 GPA and went on to graduate with honors. She was also honored as one of the 2002 "Top 25 Most Promising Minority Students" in the country from the American Advertising Federation during her senior year.

After College
Mechelle graduated from college cum laude with a 3.6 GPA, and from graduate school with a 3.8 GPA.  After experiencing several injuries in college, she left sports to pursue a business career. She moved to New York City and worked at one of the world's top advertising agencies, Young & Rubicam, serving Xerox and the United Negro College Fund.

After two years at Young & Rubicam, Mechelle decided to return her focus to track and field; she relocated to North Carolina to begin a fully committed training regimen.  Although briefly sidelined by further injuries, Mechelle rebounded and went on to become a 2007 Pan American double silver medalist, 2007 World Champion, and 2008 Olympian.

USA Track & Field

2008 Olympics
Sponsored by Nike, Xerox, Lifestyle Family Fitness and Young & Rubicam in the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Lewis competed in the 4 × 100 m with USA teammates Angela Williams, Torri Edwards and Lauryn Williams.  However, they were disqualified after a missed hand-off in the semifinal between teammates Torri Edwards and Lauryn Williams.

2010 USATF Annual Meeting
In December, Mechelle was elected to serve as the USATF Elite Athlete Communications Liaison, as well as the USATF Athletes Advisory Committee Women's Sprints Event Leader.  Mechelle is excited about her new role as she gears up for the 2011 season.

Off the Track
Outside of track & field, Mechelle uses her platform, Do It Afraid!, to encourage individuals to recognize their self-worth and
move forward in life facing their fears head on. Mechelle is also involved with Athletes for Hope. She enjoys hosting and speaking at events, participating in fitness clinics, and advocating for healthy-living awareness.

Her mission is to enable individuals to be transformed throughout their mind, body and spirit by providing essential knowledge and exposure to prepare individuals to live overall healthy lives. Mechelle is also a certified Zumba Instructor.

In addition, she founded the non-profit TrackGirlz, a 501c3 to promote mentorship to girls through track and field, in 2015.

Achievements

Personal bests

All information from IAAF Profile

Competition record

See also
 World Fit

References

1980 births
Living people
American female sprinters
South Carolina Gamecocks women's track and field athletes
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
Athletes (track and field) at the 2007 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Track and field athletes from Raleigh, North Carolina
People from Fort Washington, Maryland
Sportspeople from Prince George's County, Maryland
African-American female track and field athletes
People from Oxon Hill, Maryland
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
World Athletics Championships winners
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games
Olympic female sprinters

Mechelle Lewis