Dr. Dale T. Chapman is an American school administrator. He is the former president of Lewis and Clark Community College in Godfrey, Illinois.

Education
Chapman received his Doctorate in Education, with a concentration in Administration, Planning and Social Policy, from Harvard University. He earned a master's degree from Michigan State University, a bachelor's degree from the University of Kentucky and an associate degree from Northern Community College in Kentucky.

Career
Prior to Lewis and Clark, his professional career included graduate and administrative positions with the College Board, the American Council on Education, Education Commission of the States, Harvard University, Suomi College, Kentucky Council on Higher Education, University of Kentucky, and Jefferson Community College.

Chapman also has an extensive background in working with state and regional organizations. His past statewide affiliations include:  The Legislative Committee, Illinois Council of Community College Presidents; Member and Program Chair of the Illinois Lewis and Clark Bicentennial Commission and Vice Chairman, Governor's Higher Education Transition Team. Regional affiliations have included, among others, the following: Board Chairman, River Bend Growth Association; Board Chairman, Madison County Urban League; Campaign Chairman, United Way of Greater St. Louis; Board Member, St. Anthony's Hospital; Board Chairman, Riverbend Head Start and Family Services; Board Member, Greater Alton/Twin Rivers Convention & Visitors Bureau; Executive Committee, Southwestern Illinois Employers Association; President, Lewis and Clark Community College Foundation; Board Chair, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Meeting of the Rivers Foundation; Board Member, Education Committee, Missouri Botanical Garden; and Chair, Salvation Army.

During his tenure as the president of Lewis and Clark, the college's enrollment more than quadrupled from 3,000 to 20,000 students. Chapman has also overseen the construction of many major capital projects totaling more than $123,000,000. Major projects include: the McPike Complex, which includes the Olin Science Building, The Commons, Robert L. Watson Math Building and the Templin Nursing Building; the River Bend Arena, the renovation of Trimpe; the construction and renovation of the  N.O. Nelson Campus in Edwardsville, the construction of the Macoupin County Community Education Center in Carlinville, the renovation and construction of music facilities including the Ringhausen Music Building, the renovation of Gilman Hall and the relocation of the Benjamin Godfrey Chapel; the National Great Rivers Research and Education Center's Jerry F. Costello Confluence Field Station, and many other campus improvement and renovation projects.

 The college received national publicity in 2010 when Chapman retired (on May 31) in an effort to access his vested retirement funds and resolve financial issues that stemmed from the purchase of an investment property in Massachusetts a number of years prior. According to the college, the Board of Trustees reluctantly acceded to Chapman's retirement request and indicated they were "hopeful that Dr. Chapman would consider being rehired as President once he is able to resolve his financial issues." Vice President Gary Ayres was named Acting President.

 In August 2010, the Board voted unanimously to rehire Chapman as president. Board Chairman Robert Watson was quoted as saying, "For nearly 20 years Dr. Chapman has led Lewis and Clark Community College through tremendous periods of growth; he has worked with local, state and national agencies to expand learning and cultural opportunities for residents of this district; and he continues to be a respected leader in higher education across the nation and in this community. He has a proven track record of success at Lewis and Clark, and we are pleased to welcome him back as president."

The actions of the Board of Trustees that allowed the arrangement have been questioned, as they held the position open and did not search for a new president. A similar situation led to the resignation of Louisiana Commissioner of Education Sally Clausen of Baton Rouge earlier that year after she retired for one day and returned to the job to collect both salary of more than $500,000 annually and retirement benefits simultaneously.

The practice of double dipping is illegal in most states and has been outlawed in Illinois beginning in 2011. Although Chapman's situation is slightly ambiguous, he is not receiving an annuity and therefore not truly receiving two simultaneous salaries.

Chapman retired in December 2019 at the request of the Board of Trustees.

References

Heads of universities and colleges in the United States
Harvard Graduate School of Education alumni
Michigan State University alumni
University of Kentucky alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people

Dale T. Chapman


The Crewe and Shrewsbury Railway was a railway company which was previously owned by the London and North Western Railway (LNWR), built to connect Crewe with the Shrewsbury and Hereford Railway which was jointly owned with GWR.

Authorised in 1853, planning difficulties accessing the GWR station at Shrewsbury delayed opening until 1858. Proving so successful for both companies to transport coal from the South Wales Valleys to industrial Northwest England, and finished goods in the opposite direction, it was doubled tracked by 1862.

Amalgamated into the London Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923, post nationalisation into British Railways, its services reduced as motor transport proved quicker more cost effective than its various branch lines. It now forms the northern section of Network Rail's Welsh Marches Line.

Background

On 4 July 1837, the Grand Junction Railway opened, linking the four largest cities of England by joining the existing Liverpool and Manchester Railway with the projected London and Birmingham Railway. The line, which was the first long-distance railway in the world, ran from Curzon Street railway station in Birmingham to Dallam in Warrington, Cheshire, where it made an end-on junction with the Warrington and Newton Railway, a branch of the L&M. Conceived as a through route, the GJR was not interested in serving towns en route. Wolverhampton, for instance, was by-passed by half a mile because it did not lie on the intended route.

Having been turned down by Nantwich, a station was built in the township of Crewe which formed part of the ancient parish of Barthomley, on the junction of a turnpike road linking the Trent and Mersey and the Shropshire Union canals. As soon as the station opened it was seen to be at a useful point to begin a branch line to the county town of Chester, facilitated by the 1840 construction of the Chester and Crewe Railway, extended in 1841 to Holyhead to provide the fastest route to Ireland.

In 1845 the GJR merged with the L&B and L&M to form the London and North Western Railway Company, which until its demise in 1923 was the largest company in the world. The new company extended the Warrington line to Lancaster and Carlisle, the Manchester line to Leeds, and built a new line to Shrewsbury to join the now jointly financed with the GWR Shrewsbury and Hereford Railway, which provided connections to South Wales.

Shrewsbury and Hereford Railway

In 1846 Parliament sanctioned an Act of Parliament allowing the new Shrewsbury and Hereford Railway. Built to standard gauge and engineered by Thomas Brassey, the line was to cover , following an approximate route of the valley of the River Wye.

At its southern end, it would connect the major market town of Hereford with the northern terminals the GWR's Hereford, Ross and Gloucester Railway and the LNWR's Newport, Abergavenny and Hereford Railway, allowing access through to the coal fields and ports of South Wales. A joint Railway Fete occurred on 6 December 1853, when all five companies connecting Hereford ran their first official trains into the town.

At its northern end, the S&HR connected with the GWR's railways:
The Cambrian Line, for mid-Wales and Aberystwyth
The Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway for access to the Midlands
The Shrewsbury and Chester Railway, allowing a pan-Wales route from Cardiff to Holyhead

However, the major financial gain for both companies was the transport of coal from the South Wales Valleys to industrial Northwest England. At inception, the only way of this occurring was via the S&CR to Chester, so a more direct route was required.

Construction
The Act of Parliament to approve the Crewe and Shrewsbury Railway was approved in 1853. The House of Lords raised objections to the LNWR's proposed route into the GWR's Shrewsbury station, causing delays while alternative routes were considered.

After approval of a route, the LNWR contracted Joseph Locke and John Edward Errington as engineers, and Thomas Brassey as the civil engineering developer. The  route was constructed as a single track route, with the in-built option to increase to double track should traffic require. Completed at the budgeted cost of £10,000 per mile, the first train entered Shrewsbury station on 1 September 1858. It was thus the first railway in North Shropshire.

Operations
The immediate success of the route, particularly revenue from coal traffic, meant the line was authorised to be upgraded to double track, which was completed in 1862.

The line's success showed other operators the importance of access to Crewe, with the GWR sponsored Oswestry, Ellesmere and Whitchurch Railway (OE&WR) proposed in 1860. Following ferocious arguments between the LNWR and GWR, Parliament authorised building the line in August 1861.

The first phase was restricted to the Whitchurch-Ellesmere section, with the onward section to Oswestry held over for a year in case of new GWR route developments. Engineered by Robert and Benjamin Piercey, the civil engineering contractor was Thomas Savin.

Facilities at Whitchurch were expanded by the LNWR to allow for trains using the new line, with the stations staff numbers reaching over 100 between the two wars. Intermediate stations were built by the OE&WR at Fenn's Bank, Bettisfield and Welshampton. The first public passenger service left Ellesmere for Whitchurch on 4 May 1863, and construction of the Ellesmere-Oswestry section was completed one year later. The total cost of the line was £200,000.

Following further proposals of railways between Crewe and Chester, by 1864 four companies were operating between Whitchurch and Machynlleth:
OE&WR
Oswestry and Newtown Railway
Llanidloes and Newtown Railway
Newtown and Machynlleth Railway
In July 1864, the government approved a share holder request that they were amalgamated, granting an Act of Parliament to form the Cambrian Railways. The opening of a last section of line between Borth and Aberystwyth now enabled through trains to run from Whitchurch, a distance of .

In 1870 the LNWR proposed the Whitchurch and Tattenhall Railway to break the GWR's monopoly on the Shrewsbury to Chester route. Opened in October 1872, little consideration was given to route or revenue, resulting in consistently low traffic volumes and a lifelong record of annual losses.

The construction of a British Army World War I training camp at Prees Heath, resulted in the construction of a private  branch line, which left the mainline west between Whitchurch and Prees. Used to transport troops, supplies and equipment initially, the site developed as a hospital resulting in return dispersement trains.

In the 1923 Grouping of British railways, the GWR amalgamated with the Cambrian Railways, while the LNWR became part of the new London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS).

During World War II, Prees Heath was developed into a Royal Air Force airfield as RAF Tilstock, still with its own railway depot, barracks and hospital facilities. Despite this, the relatively rural and resultantly dark run of the combined S&HR and C&SR meant that the flow of coal to the industrial Northwest continued virtually unabated.

After the war, the newly nationalised British Railways suffered competition from new road transport competitors, assisted in their efforts by the Ministry of Defence selling off cheaply former military trucks and coaches. This resulted in a closure of the many branch lines, many before the Beeching Axe of the 1960s, reducing the Whitchurch of today to little more than an unmanned halt.

Today
Presently, the line remains open from Shrewsbury to Crewe, the northernmost section of Network Rails Welsh Marches Line. New modular colour light signalling was installed along the line in 2013, with the surviving intermediate  manual signal boxes closed, level crossings automated and route supervision passing to the South Wales ROC in Cardiff.

References
Douglas B. Barnard: Transport in the Whitchurch Area, Part II Whitchurch History and Archaeology Group, new edition 1997

External links
History of the Crewe and Shrewsbury Railway

History of Shropshire
Transport in Shropshire
London and North Western Railway
Railway companies established in 1858
Railway companies disestablished in 1923

Crewe and Shrewsbury Railway


Djediufankh was an ancient Egyptian priest who lived between 2,000 and 4,000 years ago.

In 2005, what are believed to be the remains of Djediufankh were found in a 26 cm–high canopic jar in the Royal Pump Room Museum, in Harrogate, England. Experts at York University have established that the residue in the jar is cholesterol from human remains. Their tests also confirmed that the Egyptians had sterilised the body and entrails using date palm wine as an antiseptic, confirming for the first time the descriptions given by classical authors such as the ancient Greek historian Herodotus.

The organs stored inside the jar had also been treated with an aromatic spice, most likely scented cinnamon or cassia, imported from southeast Asia.

See also
Essential oil
Fragrance oil

References
Julie Hemmings, "Cholesterol from mummy found", Yorkshire Post Today, 2 June 2005
Budge, E.A. Wallis.  An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, in Two Volumes, Sir E.A.Wallis Budge, (Dover Publications, Inc, New York), c 1920, Dover Edition, c 1978. Pgs. [917]-[946], List of Egyptian Kings.

Ancient Egyptian priests

Djediufankh


The Little Entente was an alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia from 1929 on) with the purpose of common defense against Hungarian revisionism and the prospect of a Habsburg restoration in Austria or Hungary. France supported the alliance by signing treaties with each member country. The rapid growth of German power caused its collapse in 1938, and it never went into wartime operation.

Origins
The first attempts seeking a mutual defense of the successor states of Austria-Hungary took place during the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. The most remarkable and ardent proponent of the certain alliance binding the successor states was Edvard Beneš, the foreign minister of Czechoslovakia from 1918 to 1935. Beneš played such a crucial role in establishing the Little Entente that he was regarded as its real founder.

It also clearly reflected his belief in the necessity to develop democracy in not only Czechoslovakia but also other European states.

The obvious aim of his proposed alliance was to prevent the resurgence of Hungarian power and the restoration of the Habsburg monarchy, but its real purpose followed a much broader pattern. The alliance was designed to stop any encroachments on the independence of the member states committed by any European power. Beneš, therefore, intended to gain the respect of Hungary and other powers such as France, Germany and the United Kingdom. In addition, the Little Entente was to strengthen the influence of its member states in international deliberations.

Hungarian historian Ádám Magda wrote in her study Versailles System and Central Europe (2006): "Today we know that the bane of Central Europe was the Little Entente, military alliance of Czechoslovakia, Romania and Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), created in 1921 not for Central Europe's cooperation nor to fight German expansion, but in a wrong perceived notion that a completely powerless Hungary must be kept down".

Another interpretation is based on considerations of the new balance of power in Europe after World War I. France planned to contain possible German aggression by forming an arrangement with Germany's neighbours. Before World War I, Russia had served that purpose, but after the war, France was reluctant to establish normal diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union, Russia's successor. Therefore, France sought alternative states near Germany with close ties to France. As the Little Entente fulfilled those conditions, France strongly supported its formation.

Formation
A collective defense arrangement was signed in Belgrade on August 14, 1920, during a convention Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The treaty guaranteed mutual assistance in the event of an unprovoked attack launched by Hungary against any stipulator. Ratifications were exchanged in Belgrade on February 10, 1921. Subsequently, Beneš suggested participation in the emerging alliance to Romania on August 17, 1920, but his offer was rejected by the Romanian government. Although the mentioned treaty was signed, it did not serve as a regular allied convention.

The allied conventions that formed the Little Entente were signed as follows:

 The treaty between Czechoslovakia and Romania signed on April 23, 1921, in Bucharest. Ratifications were exchanged in Bucharest on May 27, 1921. The treaty was prolonged by a supplementary protocols signed on May 7, 1923, June 13, 1926, and May 21, 1929.
 The treaty between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and Romania signed on June 7, 1921 in Belgrade. The treaty was prolonged by supplementary protocol on May 21, 1929.
 The treaty between Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes signed on August 31, 1922, in Belgrade. Ratifications were exchanged in Belgrade on October 3, 1922. The treaty was prolonged by additional protocols signed on September 19, 1928 and May 21, 1929.

The mentioned conventions encompassed almost identical terms as the treaty of August 14, 1920. Again, it was stated that in the event of an unprovoked attack employed by Hungary against a certain stipulator, other parties should provide mutual assistance. In addition, the treaties defined the mutual assistance via a special military convention that was to be signed. Until such a convention came into force, interim measures were to be taken. The member states of the Little Entente also pledged themselves to co-operation the foreign policy towards Hungary.

 All of those conventions were replaced by a comprehensive treaty of alliance between the governments of Romania, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, signed in Štrbské Pleso (now Slovakia) on June 27, 1930, and entered into effect "immediately", according to Article 6. The treaty created a regular consultative structure for the Little Entente and required the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the parties to meet at least once a year. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on October 3, 1930. Ratifications were exchanged in Prague on November 25, 1930.

During its formation, the Little Entente had to prove its determination of being a safeguard against any restoration sponsored by the Habsburgs.

Firstly, Charles I of Austria returned to Hungary from Switzerland on March 26, 1921. He reclaimed the Hungarian throne, but his action earned neither the support of Miklós Horthy nor the consent of the Little Entente. Thus, Charles was forced to leave the country on April 1, 1921. On October 20, 1921, however, he returned to Hungary and renewed his claims. The situation was complicated by the fact that Charles had managed to gain the support of a certain part of the army.

The Little Entente reacted promptly, under the guidance of Beneš. Its member states began to mobilize their armies, and the threat of direct involvement from them was imminent. Moreover, other European powers expressed their opposition to Charles's attempts at restoration. The Hungarian government defeated Charles's followers and arrested him on October 24, 1921. That was followed by the Hungarian reluctance to deprive Charles of his titles and the increasing danger of a military incursion of the Little Entente into Hungary. Finally, the Hungarian government passed an act abrogating Charles's sovereign rights on November 10, 1921.

Consolidation
Although the thwarted restoration of the Habsburgs was an unambiguous success, subsequent events revealed increasing tensions within the alliance. The Genoa Conference (April 10 to May 19, 1922) highlighted the different opinions among the member states. The problem arose from the possible recognition of the Soviet Union by its European counterparts. Czechoslovakia was mainly an industrial state and so it was disposed to normalise its relations with the Soviet Union and to recognize the newly-formed state. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and Romania, however, were both agrarian countries that were uninterested in economic co-operation with the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, all member states participating in the Little Entente considered the Soviet Union as a threat.

In the 1920s, France, as the main supporter of the Little Entente, pursued its policy towards the tightening of the alliance by launching a series of friendship treaties aimed at forging the relations between France; Czechoslovakia; the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes; and Romania. The mentioned treaties were signed as follows:

 The Treaty of Alliance and Friendship between France and Czechoslovakia, signed on January 25, 1924, in Paris, which was concluded for an unlimited time.
 The Treaty of Friendship between France and Romania, signed on June 10, 1926 in Paris, which was originally concluded for 10 years, but it was extended for another 10 years on November 8, 1936.
 The Treaty of Friendship between France and Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, signed on November 11, 1927 in Paris, which was originally concluded for five years, but it was extended on November 10, 1932 and December 2, 1937.

The treaties obliged the parties to consult their foreign policies, particularly the security matters of the involved states.

The successful performance of the Little Entente resulted in its institutionalisation. Guided by this purpose, the Pact of Organisation, also called The Little Entente System or The Reorganisation Pact, was signed in Geneva on February 16, 1933. Ratifications were exchanged in Prague on May 30, 1933, and the treaty became effective on the same day. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on July 4, 1933. The treaty was delivered by Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the member states: Bogoljub Jevtić for Yugoslavia, Nicolae Titulescu for Romania, and Edvard Beneš for Czechoslovakia. The aim of the Pact of Organisation was to provide a legal framework for a permanent collaboration among the member states. The objective was to be reached by an establishing of new institutions operating on behalf of the member states within the Little Entente. The main instruments of collaboration were:

 The Permanent Council was to consist of the ministers of foreign affairs of the three respective countries or of the special delegates appointed for that purpose. Decisions of the council were to be brought unanimously. The council was designed to meet at least three times per year. The mentioned meetings were to be held in each of the member states and in Geneva during the session of the League of Nations.
 The Secretariat of the Permanent Council was to perform the day-to-day routine operations of the Little Entente. In addition, a certain section of the secretariat was aimed to function permanently in the seat of the League of Nations.
 The Economic Council was implemented by which the member states declared their will to co-ordinate its economic interests as well.

Disbandment
The resurgence of German power after 1933 had gradually undermined French influence in the Little Entente countries.

In 1938, the harsh opposition to any concessions from the three countries' new territories began to receive less French support. In 22 August, France signed the Bled agreement, revoking certain restrictions placed on Hungary by the Treaty of Trianon. In 30 September, the Munich Agreement was signed, granting Germany parts of Czechoslovakia.

France had seen the Little Entente as an opportunity, in the interests of French security, to revitalize the threat of a two-front war against Germany. To relieve that threat in 1934, Croatian Ustaše and possibly Italy, Hungary and Bulgaria backed revolutionary Vlado Chernozemski, who assassinated King Alexander I of Yugoslavia and the French minister of foreign affairs, two leading proponents of the Little Entente. That was a prelude to World War II.

Croatian–Romanian–Slovak friendship proclamation

During World War II, Romania, the Independent State of Croatia and the Slovak State formed an alliance similar to the Little Entente with the purpose of stopping any further Hungarian expansion. The alliance was formed by Romanian Marshal Ion Antonescu.

See also
 Balkan Pact
 Bulgarian coup d'état of 1934
 Cordon sanitaire (international relations)
 Greater Hungary (political concept)
 Latin Axis (World War II)
 Little Entente of Women
 Locarno Treaties
 Triple Entente
 Czechoslovakia–Yugoslavia relations

Notes

References
  Boisdron, Matthieu, 2012, "La France et le pacte d'assistance mutuelle de la Petite Entente (juin 1936-avril 1937)". In: Krisztián Bene and Eva Oszetzky (eds), Újlatin kultúrák vonzásában. Újlatin filológia 5., University of Pécs (Hungary). pp. 283–305.
 Carr, E.H., 1961. International Relations Between the Two World Wars, 1919-1939. London: Macmillan.
 Dowling, Maria, 2002. Czechoslovakia. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
 Fink, Carole, Axel Frohn, and Jürgen Heideking, 2002. Genoa, Rapallo, and European Reconstruction in 1922. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 Gilbert, Felix and David Clay Large, 1991. The End of European Era, 1890 to Present. 4th edition worldwide. 1st edition in the Czech Republic. Prague: Mladá fronta.
 Glasgow, George, 1926. From Dawes to Locarno; Being a Critical Record of an Important Achievement in European Diplomacy, 1924-1925. Ayer Publishing.
 Gordon, Craig A. and Felix Gilbert (eds), 1994. The Diplomats, 1919-1939. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
 Nálevka, Vladimír, 2000. The World Politics in the Twentieth Century (I.) [Světová politika ve 20. století (I.)]. 1st edition. Prague: Aleš Skřivan.
 Osmanczyk, Edmund Jan, 2002. Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements. New York, NY: Routledge.
 Pact of the Organization of the Little Entente. In: Recueil des traités SDN, v. CXXXIX, p. 233. Available online
 Protheroe, Gerald J., 2006. Searching for Security in a New Europe. New York, NY: Routledge.
 Ragsdale, Hugh, 2004. The Soviets, the Munich Crisis, and the Coming of World War II. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
 Spielvogel, Jackson J., 2005. Western Civilization: Volume II: Since 1500. Thomson Wadsworth.
 Wandycz, Piotr. "The Little Entente: Sixty Years Later" Slavonic and East European Review (1981) 59#4 pp. 548–564 online
 Zeman, Zbyněk and Antonín Klimek, 1997. The Life of Edvard Beneš 1884-1948: Czechoslovakia in Peace and War. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
 Ádám, Magda, The Little Entente and Europe (1920-1929). Budapest: Akademiai Kiadó. 1993. Pp. 329
 The American Historical Review, Vol. 99, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), p. 548 (review consists of 1 page) Published by: American Historical Association

External links

Organizations established in 1920
Organizations disestablished in 1938
Late modern Europe
Military alliances involving Czechoslovakia
Military alliances involving Romania
Military alliances involving Yugoslavia
20th-century military alliances
1920 in international relations
Czechoslovakia–Yugoslavia relations
Czechoslovakia–France relations
Greater Romania
Czechoslovakia–Romania relations
Romania–Yugoslavia relations
France–Romania relations
France–Yugoslavia relations

Little Entente


William Brainerd Spencer (February 5, 1835 – February 12, 1882) was an attorney and politician of the planter class, elected as U.S. Representative from Louisiana in 1876, in a contested election decided in his favor and against the Republican Party candidate. That year the Democratic Party regained control of the Louisiana state legislature.

He resigned when appointed in 1877 as Associate Justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court, serving until 1880. After that he resumed the practice of law.

Early life, education and marriage
Born on "Home Plantation," in Catahoula Parish, Louisiana, Spencer received his early schooling under private tutors. His parents were slaveholders. He was graduated from Centenary College, Jackson, Louisiana, in 1855 and from the law department of the University of Louisiana at New Orleans (now Tulane University) in 1857.  He married Henrietta Elam, sister of Joseph Barton Elam, who would later serve in the United States Congress.

Career
Spencer was admitted to the bar in 1857 and commenced practice in Harrisonburg, Louisiana.
He served in the Confederate States Army, with the rank of captain, until 1863, when he was captured.  He was held as a prisoner of war at Johnson's Island, Ohio, until the close of the Civil War.

After returning to Louisiana, Spencer resumed the practice of law in Vidalia, in 1866. He successfully contested as a Democrat a special election against Republican Frank Morey. He was elected to the Forty-fourth Congress and served from June 8, 1876, to January 8, 1877, when he resigned to accept a judicial appointment.

Spencer was appointed Associate Justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court on January 9, 1877, which position he held until his resignation April 3, 1880. He again resumed the practice of law in New Orleans, Louisiana.

According to his tombstone, he died in Cordóba, Mexico, April 29, 1882. He was interred in Magnolia Cemetery, Baton Rouge, Louisiana in 1882.

References

External links

1835 births
1882 deaths
Justices of the Louisiana Supreme Court
Centenary College of Louisiana alumni
Tulane University Law School alumni
Confederate States Army officers
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Louisiana
19th-century American politicians
People from Catahoula Parish, Louisiana
People from Vidalia, Louisiana
Burials at Magnolia Cemetery (Baton Rouge, Louisiana)
19th-century American judges

William B. Spencer


Sir Geoffrey John Mulgan CBE (born 1961) is Professor of Collective Intelligence, Public Policy and Social Innovation at University College London (UCL). From 2011 to 2019 he was Chief Executive of the National Endowment for Science Technology and the Arts (NESTA) and visiting professor at University College London, the London School of Economics, and the University of Melbourne. In 2020, he joined the Nordic think tank Demos Helsinki as a Fellow.

Previously he was:
CEO of the Young Foundation based in London
Director of the Prime Minister's Strategy Unit (and before that Director of the Performance and Innovation Unit)
Director of Policy at 10 Downing Street under British Prime Minister Tony Blair
Co-founder and Director of the London-based think tank Demos (from 1993 to 1998)
Chief adviser to Gordon Brown MP in the early 1990s

Mulgan obtained a first-class degree from Balliol College, Oxford and a PhD in telecommunications from the University of Westminster. He was also a Fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, trained as a Buddhist monk in Sri Lanka, and worked for a spell during the 1980s as a van driver for the "Labour-supporting collective of musicians and comedians known as Red Wedge", opting ultimately for a career in local government and academia in the UK and going on to become an influential writer on social and political issues in various newspapers and magazines in the 1990s, including The Independent, the Financial Times, The Guardian, and the New Statesman. He worked as a reporter for BBC television and radio, and was made a CBE in 2005.

He has written a number of books, including Communication and Control: Networks and the New Economies of Communication (1991), Politics in an Anti-Political Age (1994), Connexity (1997), Good and Bad Power: the Ideals and Betrayals of Government (Penguin, 2006), The Art of Public Strategy (2009), The Locust and the Bee (Princeton, 2013), Big Mind: how collective intelligence can change our world (Princeton, 2017); Social innovation: how societies find the power to change (Policy Press, 2019); and Another World is Possible: how to reignite social and political imagination (Hurst/Oxford University Press, 2022). His books have been translated into many languages including Chinese, Japanese, Russian, Malay, German, Turkish, Punjabi, Italian, Korean, Hungarian and Arabic.

He has written numerous reports and pamphlets for Demos, the Young Foundation, Nesta, and Demos Helsinki. He has lectured and advised governments around the world on policy and strategy – including China, Australia, the United States, Japan, and Russia – and is seen as one of the pioneers of various fields including the creative economy, social and public innovation. He is profiled in two books: The New Alchemists (1999, by Charles Handy), and Visionaries (2001, by Jay Walljasper).

He has founded or co-founded many organisations including: Demos, the Young Foundation, the Social Innovation Exchange (SIX), Uprising, Studio Schools Trust, Action for Happiness, the Alliance for Useful Evidence, States of Change, The Australian Centre for Social Innovation, Maslaha and Nesta Italia.  He is a founding editor-in-chief of the journal Collective Intelligence, published by Sage and ACM.

He has been chair of various organisations including the Social Innovation Exchange; Involve; Nesta Italia and the Studio Schools Trust. He was co-chair of the London LEP Digital, Science, Technology and Arts group under then London Mayor Boris Johnson. He has been a board member of Big Society Capital and a trustee of charities including Action for Happiness; the Photographers Gallery; Reimagine Europa; Luton Culture Trust; the Design Council, the Work Foundation, Crime Concern,  and Political Quarterly, and a member of various committees for bodies including the European Commission, World Economic Forum, OECD, SITRA and the Academy of Medical Science. He has given TED talks on the global economy, education, and happiness.

In 2007-2008 Mulgan was an Adelaide Thinker in Residence, advising South Australian Premier Mike Rann on social innovation and social inclusion policies. As a result of Mulgan's recommendations, the Rann Government established The Australian Centre for Social Innovation. From 2016 to 2019, Mulgan was a senior visiting scholar at the Ash Center in the Kennedy School at Harvard University. From 2019 to 2022 he is a World Economic Forum Schwab Fellow. On 19 July 2010, he was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Social Science (DSoc Sci) by Nottingham Trent University.  He was awarded an honorary fellowship by Cardiff University in 2022.

Mulgan was knighted in the Queen's 2020 Birthday Honours for services to the creative economy.

References

1961 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Westminster
People educated at Westminster School, London
Academics of University College London
Academics of the London School of Economics
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
People from Harringay
Harkness Fellows
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Knights Bachelor
Labour Party (UK) people

Geoff Mulgan


Major General Philip Sidney Whitcombe (3 October 1893 – 9 August 1989) was an English cricketer active from 1922 to 1931 who played for Essex and in India. He was born in Windsor, Berkshire, and died in Hindhead, Surrey. He appeared in four first-class matches as a righthanded batsman who bowled right arm fast medium pace. He scored 81 runs with a highest score of 32* and took no wickets.

His son Philip Arthur Whitcombe was also a first-class cricketer.

Quoted from Nick Smart, Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War, p. 331

"The son of the Bishop of Colchester, Whitcombe was educated at Winchester and was a reserve officer with the Durham Light Infantry in 1914. Transferring to the Army Service Corps, his First War service was in France.

Married in 1919, Whitcombe, a keen games player, played cricket for Essex and the army in the early 1920s. He attended the Staff College, Camberley, 1925–1926, served in India 1928–1929 and was deputy assistant general, Northern Command, 1934–1936. A staff officer at the War Office 1936–1938, he was a lieutenant colonel in 1939.

Mentioned in despatches after the campaign in France and Flanders, in which he served as deputy assistant of supplies and transport with the BEF, Whitcombe was assistant adjutant and QMG in Gibraltar 1940–1941 and brigadier i/c administration 1941–1942. Deputy adjutant and QMG with British troops in Northern Ireland 1942–1943, he was major general i/c administration Eastern Command 1943–1947

Appointed CB in 1944 and retired from the army in 1947, Whitcombe, a member of the MCC, was a JP in Wiltshire from 1948."

Notes

Bibliography

External links
Generals of World War II

1893 births
1989 deaths
English cricketers
Essex cricketers
Europeans cricketers
Berkshire cricketers
Durham Light Infantry officers
Royal Army Service Corps officers
People educated at Winchester College
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army generals of World War II
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
Military personnel from Berkshire
English justices of the peace
British Army major generals
British people in colonial India
Cricketers from Berkshire

Philip Sidney Whitcombe


Munich is a 2005 epic historical drama film produced and directed by Steven Spielberg, co-written by Tony Kushner and Eric Roth. It is based on the 1984 book Vengeance by George Jonas, an account of Mossad assassinations following the Munich massacre.

Munich was released by Universal Pictures in the United States and internationally by DreamWorks Pictures through United International Pictures on December 23, 2005, and received five Oscar nominations: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Editing, and Best Score. The film made $131 million worldwide but just $47 million in the United States, making it one of Spielberg's lowest-grossing films domestically. In 2017, the film was named the 16th "Best Film of the 21st Century So Far" by The New York Times.

Plot

At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, the Palestinian terrorist group Black September carried out a terrorist attack resulting in the deaths of 11 members of the Israeli Olympic team. Avner Kaufman, a Mossad agent of German-Jewish descent, is chosen to lead a mission to assassinate 11 Palestinians allegedly involved in the massacre. At the direction of his handler Ephraim, to give the Israeli government plausible deniability, Kaufman resigns from Mossad and operates with no official ties to Israel. His team includes four Jewish volunteers from around the world: South African driver Steve, Belgian toy-maker and explosives expert Robert, former Israeli soldier and "cleaner" Carl, and German antiques dealer and document forger Hans from Frankfurt. They are given information by a French informant, Louis.

In Rome, the team shoots and kills Wael Zwaiter, who is living as a poet. In Paris, they detonate a bomb in the home of Mahmoud Hamshari; in Cyprus, they bomb the hotel room of Hussein Abd Al Chir. With IDF commandos, they pursue three Palestinian militants—Muhammad Youssef al-Najjar, Kamal Adwan, and Kamal Nasser—to Beirut, penetrate the Palestinians' guarded compound and kill all three.

Between hits, the assassins argue with each other about the morality and logistics of their mission, expressing fear about their individual lack of experience, as well as their apparent ambivalence about accidentally killing innocent bystanders. Avner makes a brief visit to his wife, who has given birth to their first baby. In Athens, when they track down Zaiad Muchasi, the team finds out that Louis arranged for them to share a safe house with their rival PLO members and the Mossad agents escape trouble by pretending to be members of foreign militant groups like ETA, IRA, ANC, and the Red Army Faction. Avner has a heartfelt conversation with PLO member Ali over their homelands and who deserves to rule over the lands; Ali is later shot by Carl while the team escapes from the hit on Muchasi.

The squad moves on to London to track down Ali Hassan Salameh, who orchestrated the Munich massacre, but the assassination attempt is interrupted by several drunken Americans. It is implied that these are agents of the CIA, which, according to Louis, protects and funds Salameh in exchange for his promise not to attack US diplomats. Meanwhile, attempts are made to kill the assassins themselves. Carl is killed by an independent Dutch contract killer. In revenge, the team tracks her down and executes her at a houseboat in Hoorn, Netherlands. Hans is found stabbed to death on a park bench and Robert is killed by an explosion in his workshop. Avner and Steve finally locate Salameh in Spain, but again their assassination attempt is thwarted, this time by Salameh's armed guards. Avner and Steve disagree on whether Louis has sold information on the team to the PLO.

A disillusioned Avner flies to Israel, where he is unhappy to be hailed as a hero by two young soldiers and then to his new home in Brooklyn, where he suffers post-traumatic stress and paranoia. Concerns continue to grow when he speaks to Louis's father by phone and it is revealed he knows his real name and promises no violence will come to him from his family. He is thrown out of the Israeli consulate after storming in to demand that Mossad leave his wife and child alone. Ephraim comes to ask Avner to return to Israel and Mossad, but Avner refuses. Avner then asks Ephraim to come to dinner with his family, to break bread as an allegory to make peace, but Ephraim refuses, perhaps as a sign that neither side will reconcile.

Cast

 Eric Bana as Avner Kaufman (based on Yuval Aviv)
 Daniel Craig as Steve
 Ciarán Hinds as Carl
 Mathieu Kassovitz as Robert
 Hanns Zischler as Hans
 Ayelet Zurer as Daphna Kaufman
 Geoffrey Rush as Ephraim
 Mehdi Nebbou as Ali Hassan Salameh
 Gila Almagor as Avner's Mother
 Karim Saleh as Issa
 Michael Lonsdale as Papa
 Mathieu Amalric as Louis
 Ziad Adwan as Kamal Adwan
 Moritz Bleibtreu as Andreas
 Yvan Attal as Tony
 Valeria Bruni Tedeschi as Sylvie
 Meret Becker as Yvonne
 Roy Avigdori as Gad Tsobari
 Marie-Josée Croze as Jeanette, the Dutch assassin
 Lynn Cohen as Golda Meir
 Guri Weinberg as Moshe Weinberg
 Makram Khoury as Wael Zwaiter
 Hiam Abbass as Marie Claude Hamshari
 Omar Metwally as Ali
 Sam Feuer as Yosef Romano

Soundtrack

The film score was composed and conducted by John Williams. It features the wailing woman technique.

The soundtrack album was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score but lost to the score of the film Brokeback Mountain. It was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media but lost to the score of Memoirs of a Geisha (also scored by Williams).

AllMusic rated the soundtrack three and a half stars out of five. Filmtracks.com rated it four out of five. SoundtrackNet rated it four and a half out of five. ScoreNotes graded it "A−".

Historical authenticity
Although Munich is a work of fiction, it describes many actual events and figures from the early 1970s. On the Israeli side, Prime Minister Golda Meir is depicted in the film, and other military and political leaders such as Attorney General Meir Shamgar, Mossad chief Zvi Zamir and Aman chief Aharon Yariv are also depicted. Spielberg tried to make the depiction of the hostage-taking and killing of the Israeli athletes historically authentic. Unlike an earlier film, 21 Hours at Munich, Spielberg's film depicts the shooting of all the Israeli athletes, which according to the autopsies was accurate. In addition, the film uses actual news clips shot during the hostage situation.

Israeli/American actor Guri Weinberg portrays his own father, wrestling coach Moshe.  The younger Weinberg was only one month old when his father was killed.

The named members of Black September, and their deaths, are also mostly factual. Abdel Wael Zwaiter, a translator at the Libyan Embassy in Rome, was shot 11 times, one bullet for each of the victims of the Munich Massacre, in the lobby of his apartment 41 days after Munich. On December 8 of that year Mahmoud Hamshari, a senior PLO figure, was killed in Paris by a bomb concealed in the table below his telephone. Although the film depicts the bomb being concealed in the telephone itself, other details of the assassination (such as confirmation of the target via telephone call) are accurate. Others killed during this period include Mohammed Boudia, Basil Al Kubaisi, Hussein al-Bashir, and Zaiad Muchasi, some of whose deaths are depicted in the film. Ali Hassan Salameh was also a real person, and a prominent member of Black September. In 1979 he was killed in Beirut by a car bomb that also killed four innocent bystanders and injured 18 others.

The commando raid in Beirut, known as Operation Spring of Youth, also occurred. This attack included future Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Yom Kippur War and Operation Entebbe participant Yonatan Netanyahu, who are both portrayed by name in the film. The methods used to track down and assassinate the Black September members were much more complicated than the methods portrayed in the film; for example, the tracking of the Black September cell members was achieved by a network of Mossad agents, not an informant as depicted in the film.

Atlantic Productions, producers of BAFTA-nominated documentary Munich: Mossad's Revenge, listed several discrepancies between Spielberg's film and the information it obtained from interviews with Mossad agents involved in the operation. It noted that the film suggests one group carried out almost all the assassinations, whereas in reality it was a much larger team. Mossad did not work with a mysterious French underworld figure as portrayed in the book and the film. The assassination campaign did not end because agents lost their nerve but because of the Lillehammer affair in which an innocent Moroccan waiter was killed. This is not mentioned in the film. As acknowledged by Spielberg, the targets were not all directly involved in Munich.

Former Mossad operatives criticized the film for inacurrately portraying Mossad operations. David Kimche, the former deputy director of the Mossad, said "I think it is a tragedy that a person of the stature of Steven Spielberg, who has made such fantastic films, should have based this film on a book that is a falsehood." Former Mossad operatives Gad Shimron and Victor Ostrovsky also dismissed the scene in which Prime Minister Golda Meir personally recruits Avner to lead the team as fiction. Mossad veterans were critical of the modus operandi portrayed by the film, in which a single hit team is sent into the field for months, and which includes a forger and bomb-maker to enable it to function alone. They claimed that in reality, the assassinations were conducted by large numbers of personnel, with hit teams assembled and sent out on an ad hoc basis, never spending more than a few days or at most weeks in the field, and withdrawn as soon as each mission was complete. The all-male makeup of the team was criticized; former operatives claimed it was standard practice to include female agents on such missions to help get closer to targets. The film's portrayal of the assassins as gradually developing feelings of revulsion over what they were doing was also panned as inaccurate, with veterans claiming that the assassins did not doubt what they were doing and that the Mossad provides psychologists for any agents who develop doubts about their missions.

According to British intelligence writer Gordon Thomas, senior Mossad personnel, among them director general Meir Dagan, held a private viewing of the film, and that "In the darkened cinema they sat first in silence and then a steady mounting murmured chorus of 'it could never have happened like this' … 'this is fantasy' … 'this is pure fiction' … 'this is history, Hollywood style'." Thomas cited Dagan as calling the film "absolute rubbish" and claiming that those who view Munich would come away with a "seriously distorted view of the truth." He also cited one of Dagan's aides as stating "Dagan felt Munich is more Indiana Jones than any semblance of reality. The hunting down of the Black September killers was a carefully controlled operation that involved a large number of people. The kidon had undergone weeks of studying their targets. Little of this appears in the film."

Controversies
Some reviewers criticized Munich for what they call the film's equating the Israeli assassins with "terrorists". Leon Wieseltier wrote in The New Republic: "Worse, Munich prefers a discussion of counter-terrorism to a discussion of terrorism; or it thinks that they are the same discussion".

Melman and other critics of the book and the film have said that the story's premise—that Israeli agents had second thoughts about their work—is not supported by interviews or public statements. In an interview with Reuters, a retired head of Israel's Shin Bet intelligence service and former Internal Security Minister, Avi Dichter, likened Munich to a children's adventure story: "There is no comparison between what you see in the movie and how it works in reality". In a Time magazine cover story about the film on December 4, 2005, Spielberg said that the source of the film had second thoughts about his actions. "There is something about killing people at close range that is excruciating," Spielberg said. "It's bound to try a man's soul." Of the real Avner, Spielberg says, "I don't think he will ever find peace."

The Zionist Organization of America (ZOA) – describing itself as "the oldest, and one of the largest, pro-Israel and Zionist organizations in the United States" – called for a boycott of the film on December 27, 2005. The ZOA criticized the factual basis of the film and leveled criticism at one of the screenwriters, Tony Kushner, whom the ZOA has described as an "Israel-hater". Criticism was also directed at the Anti-Defamation League's (ADL) National Director, Abraham Foxman, for his support of the film.

David Edelstein of the online Slate magazine argued that "The Israeli government and many conservative and pro-Israeli commentators have lambasted the film for naiveté, for implying that governments should never retaliate. But an expression of uncertainty and disgust is not the same as one of outright denunciation. What Munich does say is that this shortsighted tit-for-tat can produce a kind of insanity, both individual and collective."

Ilana Romano, wife of an Israeli weightlifter Yossef Romano killed in the Munich massacre, said that Spielberg overlooked the Lillehammer affair, although Spielberg seems to have been conscious of the omission; the film's opening title frame shows Lillehammer in a montage of city names, with Munich standing out from the rest. The Jewish Journal said that "the revenge squad obsess about making sure only their targets are hit -- and meticulous care is taken to avoid collateral damage. Yet in one shootout an innocent man is also slain ... The intense moral contortions the agents experience as the corpses pile up makes up the substance of the movie."

According to Ronen Bergman as reported in Newsweek, it is a myth that Mossad agents hunted down and killed those responsible for the killing of 11 Israeli athletes and a German policeman at the 1972 Munich Olympic Games; in fact most of the people were never killed or caught. Most of the people that Mossad did kill had nothing to do with the Munich deaths. He says the film was based on a book whose source was an Israeli who claimed to be the lead assassin of the hit squad, but in fact was a baggage inspector at Tel Aviv airport.

Critical reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 78% approval rating based on 211 reviews, with an average rating of 7.40/10. The site's consensus reads, "Munich can't quite achieve its lofty goals, but this thrilling, politically even-handed look at the fallout from an intractable political conflict is still well worth watching." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 74 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert praised the film, saying, "With this film [Spielberg] has dramatically opened a wider dialogue, helping to make the inarguable into the debatable." He placed it at No. 3 on his top ten list of 2005. James Berardinelli wrote that "Munich is an eye-opener – a motion picture that asks difficult questions, presents well-developed characters, and keeps us white-knuckled throughout." He named it the best film of the year; it was the only film in 2005 to which Berardinelli gave four stars, and he also put it on his Top 100 Films of All Time list. Entertainment Weekly film critic Owen Gleiberman mentioned Munich amongst the best movies of the decade. Rex Reed from The New York Observer disagrees, writing: "With no heart, no ideology and not much intellectual debate, Munich is a big disappointment, and something of a bore."

Variety reviewer Todd McCarthy called Munich a "beautifully made" film. However, he criticized the film for failing to include "compelling" characters, and for its use of laborious plotting and a "flabby script." McCarthy says that the film turns into "... a lumpy and overlong morality play on a failed thriller template." To succeed, McCarthy states that Spielberg would have needed to engage the viewer in the assassin squad leader's growing crisis of conscience and create a more "sustain(ed) intellectual interest" for the viewer. Writing in Empire, Ian Nathan wrote "Munich is Steven Spielberg's most difficult film. It arrives already inflamed by controversy. ... This is Spielberg operating at his peak—an exceptionally made, provocative, and vital film for our times."

Chicago Tribune reviewer Allison Benedikt calls Munich a "competent thriller", but laments that as an "intellectual pursuit, it is little more than a pretty prism through which superficial Jewish guilt and generalized Palestinian nationalism" are made to "... look like the product of serious soul-searching." Benedikt states that Spielberg's treatment of the film's "dense and complicated" subject matter can be summed up as "Palestinians want a homeland, Israelis have to protect theirs." She rhetorically asks: "Do we need another handsome, well-assembled, entertaining movie to prove that we all bleed red?"

Another critique was Gabriel Schoenfeld's "Spielberg's 'Munich'" in the February 2006 issue of Commentary, who called it "pernicious". He compared the fictional film to history, asserted that Spielberg and especially Kushner felt that the Palestinian terrorists and the Mossad agents are morally equivalent and concluded: "The movie deserves an Oscar in one category only: most hypocritical film of the year." Israeli author and journalist Aaron J. Klein wrote in Slate that the movie was a "distortion" of facts, concluding that "A rigorous factual accounting may not be the point of Munich, which Spielberg has characterized as a 'prayer for peace.' But as result, Munich has less to do with history and the grim aftermath of the Munich Massacre than some might wish."

In defense of the climactic sex scene, critics Jim Emerson of the Chicago Sun-Times and Matt Zoller Seitz of Salon compared it to Lady Macbeth's suicide in William Shakespeare's Macbeth, interpreting the sequence as representing the corruption of Avner's personal life as a result of his being conditioned to kill others to avenge Munich.

Top ten lists
Munich was listed on many critics' top ten lists.

 1st – Owen Gleiberman, Entertainment Weekly
 1st – James Berardinelli, Reelviews
 1st – David Edelstein, Slate
 2nd – William Arnold, Seattle Post-Intelligencer
 2nd – Scott Tobias, The A.V. Club
 3rd – Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun-Times
 4th – Richard Roeper, Ebert & Roeper
 4th – Claudia Puig, USA Today
 5th – Peter Travers, Rolling Stone
 5th – Lisa Schwarzbaum, Entertainment Weekly
 5th – Richard Schickel, Time
 5th – Kimberly Jones, Austin Chronicle
 5th – Ty Burr, Boston Globe
 5th – Kenneth Turan, Los Angeles Times
 7th – Scott Foundas, L.A. Weekly
 8th – David Ansen, Newsweek
 8th – Steve Davis, Austin Chronicle
 9th – Chris Kaltenbach, Baltimore Sun
 10th – Michael Wilmington, Chicago Tribune
 10th – Tasha Robinson, The A.V. Club
 10th – A.O. Scott, The New York Times
 Top 10 (listed alphabetically) – Carrie Rickey & Steven Rea, Philadelphia Inquirer
 Top 10 (listed alphabetically) – Manohla Dargis, The New York Times

Awards and nominations

See also
 List of Israeli assassinations
 Extrajudicial killing
 Operations conducted by the Mossad
 Palestinian political violence
 Sword of Gideon

References

Further reading
  Alt URL

External links

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Canadian thriller films
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Cultural depictions of Golda Meir
Drama films based on actual events
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English-language Canadian films
Films about assassinations
Films about Jews and Judaism
Films about terrorism in Europe
Films about the Mossad
Films about the 1972 Summer Olympics
Films based on non-fiction books
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Munich (2005 film)


Garson Mine is an underground nickel mine located in the community of Garson, within the city of Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.  The Garson mine was developed around 1908 by Mond Nickel Company and is owned by Vale Inco.

Garson Ramp Project
Vale Inco has approved a plan to re-open the Garson Ramp.  The project is in the development phase and will cost $30 million.  The Garson Ramp project will involve three ore bodies and produce 500 tonnes of ore per day.

Ground Conditions
The ground conditions at Garson Mine are dangerous and unstable. Workers have lost their lives due to unstable ground conditions at Garson Mine and these conditions continue to be a problem for operations. A rock burst at the mine left nine workers trapped underground for several hours on January 23, 2007, although they were rescued with no injuries.

The unsafe ground conditions at Garson Mine are caused from a combination of variables, the two most prominent being that the mine is on a dyke and aquifer.

Safety
In 2005 Garson Mine won the CIM's National John T. Ryan Trophy for Metal Mines.  This award is given to the metal mine which has the lowest accident frequency in the country.

See also
List of mines in Ontario

References

Mines in Greater Sudbury
Nickel mines in Canada
Underground mines in Canada
Vale S.A.

Garson Mine


Globigerina () is a genus of planktonic Foraminifera, in the order of Rotaliida. It has populated the world's oceans since the Middle Jurassic.

Globigerina ooze
Vast areas of the ocean floor are covered with Globigerina ooze, dominated by the foraminiferous shells of Globigerina and other Globigerinina. The name was originally applied to mud collected from the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean when planning the location of the first transatlantic telegraph cables and it was mainly composed of the shells of Globigerina bulloides.

Description
Globigerina is a marine microorganism characterized by its spherical, coiled shell known as a test. The test is composed of chambers that are not elongated radially but are rounded and trochospiral. As the organism grows, these chambers enlarge rapidly, typically reaching three to five chambers in the final whorl.

The test of Globigerina is constructed from calcareous material and contains pores in a cylindrical pattern, allowing for the exchange of substances. While the organism is alive, the test surface is adorned with numerous slender spines. However, upon death or fossilization, these spines break, leaving behind short, blunt remnants that create a rough texture on the surface, referred to as a hispid appearance.

The aperture, or opening, of the test is located at the top and takes the form of a high umbilical arch. This aperture may be accompanied by an imperforate rim or a narrow lip around its edges. Notably, there are no secondary apertures present in the test structure.

Species
Globigerina includes the following species (extinct species marked with a dagger, †)

Globigerina bulloides d'Orbigny, 1826
Globigerina compacta Hofker, 1956 †
Globigerina cretacea d'Orbigny, 1840 † (later reclassified as Muricohedbergella delrioensis)
Globigerina dubia Egger, 1857 †
Globigerina falconensis Blow, 1959
Globigerina hexagona Natland, 1938
Globigerina paratriloculinoides Hofker, 1956 †
Globigerina paravenezuelana Hofker, 1956 †
Globigerina protoreticulata Hofker, 1956 †
Globigerina pseudocretacea Hofker, 1956 †
Globigerina stainforthi Hofker, 1956 †
Globigerina supracretacea Hofker, 1956 †

References

 Alfred R. Loeblich Jr. and Helen Tappan, 1964. Sarcodina Chiefly "Thecamoebians" and Foraminiferida; Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part C Protista 2. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.
 Alfred R. Loeblich Jr. and Helen Tappan, 1988. Forminiferal Genera and their Classification. . GSI E-book

Rotaliida genera
Fossil taxa described in 1826
Extant Jurassic first appearances

Globigerina


Assaf "Assi" Dayan (; 23 November 1945 – 1 May 2014) was an Israeli film director, actor, screenwriter, and producer.

Life
Dayan was the youngest son of Israeli general and defense minister Moshe Dayan and peace activist Ruth Dayan (née Schwartz). He had two siblings: politician and author Yael Dayan, born 1939, and sculptor Ehud (Udi) Dayan, born 1942. After military service and studying philosophy and English literature at Hebrew University, Dayan embarked on a career as film actor, which eventually also led to directing.

He was married and divorced four times and had four children. His first marriage was to Aharona Melkind, with whom he had a daughter, Amalia and a son, Avner. His second wife was actress Caroline Langford, daughter of Barry Langford. They had one son together, Lior. From a relationship with Augusta Neumann, he had a daughter, Assia. His third wife was actress Smadar Kilchinsky. In 1999, his fourth wife, ceramic artist Vered Tandler Dayan, made a documentary film about him, titled Living, Period.

In March 2009, Dayan was indicted on suspicion of drug use and beating his girlfriend. In the wake of an earlier conviction for possession of drugs, he received a suspended sentence and 200 hours of community work as part of a plea bargain. Dayan admitted at the time that he was in possession of cocaine for personal use.

In November 2009, Dayan suffered a massive heart attack and underwent angioplasty at Tel Aviv's Ichilov hospital.

Dayan died on 1 May 2014, at his home in Tel Aviv. Media reports noted his health issues and struggles with drug use.

Career

Acting
In 1967, Dayan established himself as a film actor and Israeli icon in He Walked Through the Fields, Yossi Milo's adaptation of Moshe Shamir's novel and play by that name. That year, he appeared in Micha Shagrir's Scouting Patrol, about elite fighters on a mission to capture the commander of a fedayeen squad. In 1969 Dayan co-starred in the American movie A Walk with Love and Death, set in medieval France and directed by John Huston, in which he plays alongside Huston's daughter, Angelica. He portrayed Giora Geter, owner of a Tel Aviv pub whose life falls apart, in Eitan Green's Into the Night.

In 1984, Dayan had a supporting role as a prisoner in Uri Barbash's Beyond the Walls, described as an important milestone in Israeli political cinema. Other acting credits include Operation Thunderbolt, about the Israeli raid in Entebbe, nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Dayan is the deputy of Yoni Netanyahu, played by Yehoram Gaon.

Dayan played the leading role of psychologist Reuven Dagan in the TV drama series BeTipul, which ran for two seasons on Israeli TV (2005 and 2008). The series was later adapted for the US market by HBO under the name In Treatment with Gabriel Byrne in the lead role.

By 2008 Dayan had acted in some 50 films and TV series episodes.

Directing
Dayan directed 16 films. In 1976 he directed  Giv'at Halfon Eina Ona, a comedy about a group of military reservists in the Sinai. In 1992, he wrote and directed Life According to Agfa, portraying life in a Tel Aviv pub. The film was nominated for the Golden Bear at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival and won an Honorable Mention. In 1999, he was a member of the jury at the 49th Berlin International Film Festival.

Awards and recognition
Dayan won the Israeli Academy Award as Best Actor for Mr. Baum. In 1998, he received a lifetime achievement award at the Jerusalem International Film Festival. His role in Time of Favor was acclaimed by Israeli critics as his best screen role of his career.

Selected filmography

The Day the Fish Came Out (1967) - Tourist
Sayarim (1967)
He Walked Through the Fields (1967) - Uri
The Battle of Sinai (1968) - Jossi
A Walk with Love and Death (1969) - Heron of Fois
Moto Shel Yehudi (1969) - David Shimon
Scouting Patrol (1969) - Boy
Promise at Dawn (1970) - Romain
Shlosha V'achat (1974)
The Sell Out (1976) - Lt. Elan
Halfon Hill Doesn't Answer (1976, director)
Operation Thunderbolt (1977) - Shuki
The Uranium Conspiracy (1978) - Dan
Moments (1979) - Avi
The Hit (1979, director)
Ha-Ish She Ba Lakahat (1982)
Tell Me That You Love Me (1983) - Jonathan
Beyond the Walls (1984) - Assaf
Into the Night (1985) - Giora
The Delta Force (1986) - Raffi Amir
Ha-Tov, HaRa, VeHaLo-Nora (1986)
Après le vent des sables (1987)
Ha-Yanshouf (1988) - Amnon
Z'man Emet (1991)
Brev til Jonas (1992)
Life According to Agfa (1992, director)
Zihron Devarim (1995) - Caesar
An Electric Blanket Named Moshe (1995, director)
No Names on the Doors (1997) - Uzi
The 92 Minutes of Mr. Baum (1997, director) - Mickey Baum
Time of Favor (2000) - Rabbi Meltzer
Odot Ha-Monitin (2001)
Zimzum (2001) - Uriel Morag
Things Behind the Sun (2001)
Ha-Shiva MeHodu (2002) - Abraham Lazar
Campfire (2004) - Motkeh
Ha-Bsora Al-Pi Elohim (2004) - God
Lemarit Ain (2006) - Rephael
BeTipul (2005-2008, TV Series) - Re'uven Dagan
Bekarov, Yikre Lekha Mashehu Tov (2006) - Avram / ex-communist
Things Behind the Sun (2006) - Itzhak
My Father, My Lord ("Summer Vacation") (2007) - Rabbi Abraham Eidelmann
Meduzot (2007) - Eldad
Rak Klavim Ratzim Hofshi (2007)
Love Life (2007) - Dean Ross
Real Time (2008)
Dr. Pomerantz (2011, director) - Dr. Yoel Pomerantz
Finita La Commedia (2019) - Beethoven (final film role)

See also
Israeli cinema
Israeli television
Culture of Israel

References

External links

1945 births
2014 deaths
Assi
Israeli film directors
Israeli male film actors
Jewish Israeli male actors
People from Nahalal
Israeli people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent

Assi Dayan


Ervin Kassai (16 March 1925 – 12 October 2012) was a Hungarian basketball referee.

Kassai was born in Budapest, Hungary.  He refereed in international games from 1953 to 1975. He worked the 1960 Olympics (including the final game), 1964 Olympics, 1968 Olympics (including the final game) and 1972 Olympics, 1963 World Championship and 1970 World Championship, eight European Men's Championships, in three European Women's Championships, 5 finals of the European Champions Cup (in 1962, 1966, 1967, 1968 and 1971), 2 finals of the Women's European Champions Cup (in 1959 and 1970) and 1972 final of the European Cup Winners' Cup. He was awarded the FIBA Order of Merit, in 1994. He was enshrined in the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2007.

External links
 FIBA Hall of Fame page on Kassai

FIBA Hall of Fame inductees
1925 births
2012 deaths
Sportspeople from Budapest
Basketball in Hungary

Ervin Kassai


The Ice Pirates is a 1984 American comic science fiction film directed by Stewart Raffill, who co-wrote the screenplay with Krull writer Stanford Sherman. The film stars Robert Urich, Mary Crosby and Michael D. Roberts; other notable featured actors are Anjelica Huston, Ron Perlman, Bruce Vilanch, John Carradine and former football player John Matuszak.

Plot
In a distant future, water is so scarce and rationed that it is considered an immensely valuable substance, both as a commodity and as a currency in ice cubes. The Templars of Mithra control the water and they destroy worlds that have natural water, leaving the galaxy virtually dry. Pirates dedicate their lives to raiding ships and looting the ice from the cargo holds to make a living.

Jason is the leader of a band of pirates that raid a Templar cruiser for its ice, and discover the beautiful princess Karina in a stasis pod. He decides to kidnap her, waking her up, and alarming the Templars. Jason and his pirates flee, but are pursued by Templar ships. Jason lets some of his crew, Maida and Zeno, escape while Roscoe stays to help Jason. Both Jason and Roscoe are captured.

After their capture, they meet Killjoy on their way to become slaves but first they will be 'redesigned': castrated and lobotomized. As Roscoe and Jason are shuffled into the processing facility, Killjoy walks past in a stolen monk's habit as priests are spared "just in case".  Our heroes are spared this fate, however, when Princess Karina intervenes and purchases them as her slaves, having them work as servants. That evening, they are reunited with Killjoy (disguised as a robot). Jason, Karina, Roscoe, Killjoy, Karina's servant Nanny and her robot butler Percy manage to leave the planet before the Supreme Commander arrives to arrest her.

Princess Karina hires Jason so she can find her father, who has gone missing while searching for the so-called "Seventh World": a lost, mythic planet rumored to contain vast reserves of water. The existence of such a world would threaten the Templars' water monopoly, and therefore their hold on power. The Supreme Commander of the Templars orders Zorn to pursue Princess Karina in order to locate the Seventh World for the Templars.

At some point, Jason keeps a secret that a nasty creature is hiding in their spaceship. Later, they are about to eat a turkey when the creature bursts out of it and runs away. On their next planet, Jason and Roscoe are reunited with their fellow pirates, Maida and Zeno. They proceed to locate the "lost" planet, which contains massive amounts of water and is protected by a time-distortion field. The planet must be approached on a specific course or the ship will be lost in time forever. As the heroes' ship enters the distortion field, Zorn pursues and attacks them with a host of Templars and robots. This results in a climactic battle as time randomly speeds up and everyone quickly ages into extreme old age.

In the end, the day is saved by the now-adult son of Karina and Jason, the result of a romantic tryst just before entering the time distortion field. As the heroes exit the field, everyone's ages regress to what they originally were, leaving Jason and Karina with the knowledge that they will have a child together. The Templar ship has disappeared as it veered off the designated course during the attack and has now become lost in time for eternity. The crew looks on as they approach the Seventh World, which is revealed to be Earth.

Cast

Production
The film was made at MGM, then under David Begelman, with John Foreman as producer. It was originally called The Water Planet and had a $20 million budget, based on a script by Stanford Sherman, writer of Krull. However, as MGM was in financial difficulty, its bankers put a limit of $8 million on all films. Begelman and Foreman contacted Stewart Raffill, whose film High Risk (1981) had impressed them. Raffill said he would have to rewrite it and make it more comic, and they agreed. Rafill and Foreman said pirate movies like The Crimson Pirate were the main inspiration and they deliberately did not watch Star Wars.

MGM had a contract with Robert Urich to make a TV series and insisted on him being cast. John Foreman wanted Anjelica Huston, a personal friend, in the film. John Matuszak was cast because one of the financiers liked him. "It wasn't my concept," Rafill added. "We just put everything we could in it to make a joke and funny and told the story." Filming started March 1983. "We got lots of high-tech parts from car engines and gearings and poured molds out of them," said Rafill. "We didn't want to be sleek and
spaceship-like, but rather a kind of super-funky, steam engine high-tech, with pistons and gearing — a real hodgepodge. The idea was that these space pirates didn't have good equipment, and had to make do with whatever they could find."

Production was difficult due in part to MGM getting a new studio head, Frank Yablans. Raffill says the film "ended up being a fiasco... MGM went through a transition and they brought in a new guy, who was eventually found out to be stealing money from the company. He was a little problematic sort of a fellow. And he had a bad time with John Foreman so he tried to sabotage the film. Pulled the money out on them, but we did finish it." Raffill says "Turns out the producer was a close friend of Paul Newman's and the studio head had said something derogatory about Paul Newman's wife and so the producer had punched him!" "At the end of the film, they were meant to arrive at Earth and they fly over the beaches of Malibu with everyone swimming in the water and the studio head cut that out! He never told me and it was gone. I had to drink vodka to calm myself down."

Reception
The film is somewhat tongue-in-cheek and often compared to Star Wars. Upon its release, The New York Times described it as a "busy, bewildering, exceedingly jokey science-fiction film that looks like a Star Wars spin-off made in an underdeveloped galaxy."

On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 17% based on reviews from 12 critics.

In a slightly more positive retrospective review, Jay Bauman and Rich Evans of Red Letter Media praised the ridiculous and chaotic nature of the film's structure and plot while noting that its production and budget issues gave the film a certain charm.

See also
 List of American films of 1984
 List of space pirates

References

Notes

External links

 Badmovies.org reader review
 Sound samples of the film score

1984 films
1980s science fiction comedy films
American science fiction comedy films
American space adventure films
American satirical films
Films about water
Films about water scarcity
Films directed by Stewart Raffill
Puppet films
Films produced by John Foreman (producer)
Films scored by Bruce Broughton
Films set on fictional planets
Films shot in California
Films shot in Los Angeles
Pirate films
Space pirates
Water scarcity in fiction
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
1984 comedy films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films

The Ice Pirates


The Akademie Schloss Solitude is a foundation under public law. The main aspect of the Akademie is to promote mainly younger, particularly gifted artists and scientists by means of residency fellowships and also by organizing events and exhibitions by its residents. As an international Artist-in-Residence program, Akademie Schloss Solitude has supported approximately 1,400 young artists from more than 120 countries since opening its doors in 1990. It creates a close-knit, global and transdisciplinary network of Solitude alumni that expands from year to year.

The name Akademie Schloss Solitude unites the belief in artistic, scientific, and societal exchange with the notion of a refuge, a credo which underlays the construction of the Schloss Solitude from the very beginning. Residencies at Akademie Schloss Solitude enable fellows to devote themselves to their research projects under favorable material and intellectual conditions. For them, the Akademie Schloss Solitude becomes a transdisciplinary learning unit, a platform for communal learning outside the formal educational system, a place which is open to a broader and more diverse public. By experimenting with artistic research practices and new formats, the Akademie aims to change societal processes and to stimulate intergenerational discourse.

The artists are living and working in ready-furnished studios, that are located in the adjoining buildings of the Schloss Solitude in Stuttgart. The internationality of this institution, the interdisciplinarity in the work, which is the result of scientific and artistic exchange, and the openness to novelties are significant characteristics of the Akademie Schloss Solitude. The Akademie Schloss Solitude is subsidized by the State of Baden-Württemberg.

The founding director Prof. Jean-Baptiste Joly has been the artistic director of Akademie Schloss Solitude from January 1, 1989 until March 31, 2018. Since May 1, 2018, Elke aus dem Moore has been artistic director of Akademie Schloss Solitude.

Fellowships

The Akademie Schloss Solitude has granted fellowships since 1990. Between 50 and 65 live/work residencies are awarded for a period between six, nine or twelve months every two years.

International artists and scientists from the following spheres of practice can apply for a fellowship: VISUAL (visual arts and media), AURAL & PHYSICAL (music and performing arts), DIGITAL (digital art, gaming, digital journalism, digital publishing), SPATIAL (architecture and design), TEXTUAL (literature and language), SOCIETAL/COMMUNAL-BASED WORK (education, mediation, theory), SCIENTIFIC (humanities, social, natural and economic sciences).

For the first time in its 30-year history, Akademie Schloss Solitude is expanding its profile with the addition of a thematic focus to the 2019 application round for fellows joining the Akademie in 2020–2021. From 2020 onward, Akademie Schloss Solitude in cooperation with KfW Stiftung is launching a new program with a specific content-related focus, which a group of seven fellows is invited to investigate in any way they wish over a period of nine months. With this thematic focus, the Akademie wishes to consolidate the importance accorded by society to transdisciplinary and discursive-artistic work, providing content-related momentum.

The decision regarding the fellowships' allocation is taken by independent specialist jurors responsible for the various spheres. New jurors are appointed every 24 months.

Schlosspost and web residencies
Furthermore, the dynamic transdisciplinary online forum Schlosspost addresses current issues in art, culture, society, and the digital world, and provides insights into the practices of international artists and scientists. It allows visibility to Solitude's network of alumni, friends, and experts in more than 120 countries, promoting new political voices and collective discourses in an open and sustainable space. By exploring new forms of art publishing and writing, Schlosspost combines critical and serious – but also playful – attitudes and ways of thinking. Believing in art's transformative potential, it opens the door to a multidimensional world, as well as transversal forms of knowledge and alternative futures. It shapes the digital sphere as a cocreative, transcultural, and nonexclusive space of experimentation and knowledge production. Schlosspost publishes regular open calls for thematic online issues. Artists and authors from around the globe can participate.

With the Web Residency microgrant (750 USD) "Web Residencies by Solitude & ZKM", Akademie Schloss Solitude supports artists, designers, technologists, hackers, and scientists who use the Internet as a production site. Open calls with varied themes are developed three times a year with invited curators. For each call, four selected artists or teams receive a four-week long web residency. These present the process and results of their online work on the Schlosspost platform. The program takes place exclusively online. The ZKM | Center for Art and Media has been a program partner since 2017.

All web residency projects as well as information on the program can be found at this link:

The Schlosspost online platform and the Web Residencies program are supported by Baden-Württemberg's ministry for science, research, and the arts.

Jurors Generation 15 (2015–2017)
 Chairman of the Jury: Kaiwan Mehta (Mumbai, India)
 Architecture: Brett Steele (London, UK)
 Visual Arts: Desire Machine Collective: Sonal Jain and Mriganka Madhukaillya (Guwahati, India)
 Performing Arts: Galin Stoev (Sofia, Bulgaria)
 Design: Ute Meta Bauer (Singapore)
 International Literature: Ranjit Hoskote (Mumbai, India)
 German Literature: Ulrike Draesner (Berlin, Germany)
 Music/Sound: Jennifer Walshe (Dublin, Ireland)
 Video/Film/New Media: Nancy Adajania (Mumbai, India)
 Humanities: Kaiwan Mehta (Mumbai, India)
 Economy/Economics: Edward Soja (Los Angeles, USA)
 Social Sciences: Ackbar Abbas (Hong Kong)
 Culture & Law: Lawrence Liang (Bangalore, India)

Board of trustees
 Representatives from the sphere of art: Peter Carp, Katharina Hinsberg, Florian Höllerer, Tiziano Manca, Thomas Schäfer, Friedrich Schirmer, Ika Sienkiewicz-Nowacka, Szilvia Szigeti, Manos Tsangaris, Philip Ursprung, Juliane Votteler.
 Representatives from the public sphere: Matthias Bruhn, Ursula Eid, Wolfgang Holler, Annette Kulenkampff, Christa Linsenmaier-Wolf, Márton Méhes, Alfred Odendahl, Iris Reuther, Elke Ritt, Dieter Spöri, Karen van den Berg, Jürgen Wertheimer.
 Representatives from virtue of office: Heiderose Berroth, Helen Heberer, Klaus Herrmann, Christine Litz, Brigitte Lösch, Birgit Schneider-Boenninger, Mini Schulz.

External links

Foundations based in Germany
Organisations based in Stuttgart

Akademie Schloss Solitude


The River Glen is a seven mile long tributary of the River Till flowing through  Northumberland, England. The College Burn and Bowmont Water, both flowing out of the Cheviot Hills, meet near Kirknewton to form the River Glen. The Glen flows past the small settlements of Yeavering, Lanton, Coupland, Akeld and Ewart, before joining the Till.

History
The area around the Glen is rich in historical and archaeological interest. Iron Age hillforts on peaks to the south of the river overlook the Anglo-Saxon settlement and palace site at Yeavering, where St. Paulinus baptised new converts and, according to Bede, "washed them with the water of absolution in the river Glen, which is close by" (Tomlinson, 1888, p. 504).

The area around the Glen was the setting for some of the bloodiest border warfare between Scotland and England. The Battle of Humbleton Hill was fought near the river in 1402, as was the Battle of Geteryne (Yeavering) in 1415.

Arthurian myth
A reference to a similarly named river in Historia Brittonum by the Welsh author Nennius, some (Ekwal, 1928; Hunt, 2005) have hypothesized that the legendary British warrior Arthur began his campaign against Anglo-Saxon invaders near the confluence of the Glen and Till:
Then it was, that Arthur, with all the kings and military force of Britain, fought against the Saxons. And though there were many more noble than himself, yet he was twelve times chosen their commander, and was as often conqueror. The first battle in which he was engaged, was at the mouth of the river Glein.

Hydrology
Between 1966 and 2010 the flow of the Glen, was measured in its lower reaches at a weir near Kirknewton. The 44 year record shows that the catchment of  to the gauging station yielded an average flow of .

See also
 Battle of Humbleton Hill
 Yeavering
 Wooler
 History of Northumberland
 Kirknewton, Northumberland

References

Sources

Ekwall, E. (1928). English river names (reprinted 1968). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Hunt, A. (2005). From Glein to Camlann: The life and death of King Arthur. Vortigern Studies.
Tomlinson, W. W. (1888). Comprehensive guide to the county of Northumberland (reprinted 1968). Trowbridge, UK: Redwood.

External links

Glen
History of Northumberland
2Glen

River Glen, Northumberland


A foil is a very thin sheet of metal. It is usually made by hammering or rolling. Foils are made with malleable metals, such as aluminium, copper, tin, and gold. Foils can be torn easily. An extremely thin foil is called a metal leaf. Foil is commonly used for household uses.

Metals

Foil (metal)


Cecil Bridgewater (born October 10, 1942) is an American jazz trumpeter and composer.

Biography
Bridgewater, who is of African American heritage, was born in Urbana, Illinois and studied at the University of Illinois. He and brother Ron formed the Bridgewater Brothers Band in 1969, and in the 1970s he was married to Dee Dee Bridgewater. In 1970 he played with Horace Silver, and following this with Thad Jones and Mel Lewis from 1970 to 1976. Also in the 1970s he played with Max Roach, starting a decades-long association. Elsewhere he has played with  Dizzy Gillespie, Art Blakey, Randy Weston, Charles McPherson, Joe Henderson, Roy Brooks, Abdullah Ibrahim and Sam Rivers. Bridgewater's first disc as a leader appeared in 1993.  Bridgewater has also composed works premiered by the Cleveland Chamber Orchestra and Meet the Composer.

Cecil Bridgewater has become a great supporter of The Jazz Foundation of America in their mission to save the homes and the lives of America's elderly jazz and blues musicians including musicians that survived Hurricane Katrina. Cecil performed at the 2008 Benefit Concert, "A Great Night in Harlem"  at the World-famous Apollo Theater.

He currently teaches as adjunct faculty at Manhattan School of Music, New School, William Paterson University, and The Juilliard School.

Discography

As leader
I Love Your Smile (Blue Moon, 1992)
Mean What You Say (Brownstone, 1997)

As sideman
With Muhal Richard Abrams
The Hearinga Suite (Black Saint, 1989)
With Anthony Braxton
Creative Orchestra Music 1976 (Arista, 1976)
With Jon Faddis and Billy Harper
Jon & Billy (Trio, 1974)
With Frank Foster
The Loud Minority (Mainstream, 1972)
With O'Donel Levy
Dawn of a New Day (Groove Merchant, 1973)
Simba (Groove Merchant, 1974)
With Mel Lewis
Mel Lewis and Friends (A&M/Horizon, 1977)
With Charles McPherson
Today's Man (Mainstream, 1973)
With Jimmy Owens
Headin' Home (A&M/Horizon, 1978)
With Houston Person
Houston Express (Prestige, 1970)
The Talk of the Town (Muse, 1987)
With Max Roach
Lift Every Voice and Sing (Atlantic, 1971)
Pictures in a Frame (Soul Note, 1979)
In the Light (Soul Note, 1982)
Live at Vielharmonie (Soul Note, 1983)
It's Christmas Again (Soul Note, 1984)
Easy Winners (Soul Note, 1985)
Bright Moments (Soul Note, 1986)
To the Max! (Enja, 1990–91)
With Horace Silver
Total Response (Blue Note, 1971)
All (Blue Note, 1972)
Both above albums compiled on The United States of Mind (Blue Note, 2004)
With Lonnie Liston Smith
Visions of a New World (RCA/Flying Dutchman, 1975)
With Dakota Staton
I Want a Country Man (Groove Merchant, 1973)
With John Stubblefield
Confessin' (Soul Note, 1984)
With Buddy Terry
Awareness (Mainstream, 1971)
With The Thad Jones / Mel Lewis Orchestra
Suite for Pops (A&M/Horizon, 1972)
Live in Tokyo (Denon Jazz, 1974)
Potpourri (Philadelphia International, 1974)
Thad Jones / Mel Lewis and Manuel De Sica (Pausa, 1974)
New Life (A&M/Horizon, 1976)
Thad Jones / Mel Lewis Orchestra With Rhoda Scott (Barclay, 1976)
With Mickey Tucker
Mister Mysterious (Muse, 1978)
With McCoy Tyner
Song of the New World (Milestone, 1973)
Inner Voices (Milestone, 1977)
With Dee Dee Bridgewater
Afro Blue (Trio, 1974)

References

American jazz trumpeters
American male trumpeters
Bebop trumpeters
Jazz musicians from Illinois
1942 births
Living people
People from Urbana, Illinois
21st-century trumpeters
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Manhattan School of Music faculty
The New School faculty
William Paterson University faculty
Juilliard School faculty
Jazz musicians from New York (state)

Cecil Bridgewater


Château de Tancarville is an 11th-century castle  on a cliff overlooking the Seine in France. It is located near Tancarville in Seine-Maritime, Normandy.

It has been classified as a Monument historique since 1862 by the French Ministry of Culture.

History

Raoul, chamberlain of the Duke of Normandy, first had walls and the old tower built. In the 12th century the square tower with walls 1.65 metres thick was built. In 1316, Jeanne de Tancarville, sole heiress, married Jean II de Melun and their  son became the second earl of Tancarville. In 1417, the Countess Marguerite married Jacques d'Harcourt . In 1418 at the time of the conquest of Normandy by Henry V of England, the title of Count of Tancarville was given to John Grey, while in the kingdom of France it was used by the House of Harcourt who recovered the castle after the departure of the English.

In 1709, a wing in classical style was added to the medieval parts of the building by the Count of Evreux. After the French Revolution in 1789, the castle was looted and partly burned down.

For 29 years, from 1910 to 1939, the castle was rented by Mr. Fernand Prat and his wife born Jehanne Leblanc (sister of Maurice Leblanc) who received many personalities of the arts and letters such as Maurice Maeterlinck and his companion Georgette Leblanc, Colette, Margaret Caroline Anderson, James Joyce, Bertrand de Jouvenel, Pierre Lecomte Nouy and Louis Fabulet.

In the 1960s, the castle served as a summer camp for children in the area.

The title of Earl of Tankerville is still extant in the Peerage of Great Britain.

The castle now belongs to Saqqara, a real estate company in Figeac (Lot), which has been offering luxury apartments since 2001. While waiting to be renovated, it remains closed to the public.

See also
List of castles in France

Notes

External links

History of the chateau with images and updates on current restoration.

Castles in Seine-Maritime
11th-century establishments in France
Ruined castles in Normandy
Monuments historiques of Orne

Château de Tancarville


Chitrapu Narayana Rao (born Chithrapu Narayana Murthy; 1913-1985) was an Indian film director and producer known for his works in Telugu and Tamil cinema. He received a Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Tamil Film for Edhir Paradhathu (1958) and Annaiyin Aanai (1962). He also won the Nandi Award for the 1967 Telugu film Bhakta Prahlada.

Personal life
He was born at Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh in 1913. Film director, Chitrapu Narasimha Rao, was his brother. He lost his son in 1962. He died in the year 1985.

Career
He started his film career assisting his younger brother Chitrapu Narasimha Rao in films like  Seetha Kalyanam, Sati Tulasi, Mohini Rukhmangadha and Krishna Jarasandha. His directorial debut was Bhakta Markandeya starring Vemuri Gaggayya and Sriranjani. The film had done well establishing him as a director. He subsequently directed many movies like Myravana, Bhakta Prahlada, Daksha Yagnam, Bheeshma in both Telugu and Tamil languages.
He has produced the film Krishna Kuchela in 1961.  It was a failure and he went into financial problems. During the same period,
He wanted to direct a movie for AVM Productions to regain his financial status. They started working on Bhakta Prahlada in 1965, for the first time in Eastman color. It was technically far superior to the Black and White version he made 25 years earlier. D. V. Narasa Raju was the co-writer for the project. The film was a box office success.

Awards
Nandi Awards
 Nandi Award for Second Best Feature Film (director) - Bhakta Prahlada

Filmography
 Bhakta Markandeya (1938)
 Mahiravana (1940)
 Dakshayagnam (1941)
 Bhakta Prahlada (1942)
 Bhakta Kabir (1944)
 Bhishma (1944)
 Samsara Naradi (1944)
 Brahma Ratham (1947)
 Madalasa (1948)
 Brahma Ratham (1949)
 En Thangai (1952)
 Naa Chellelu (1953)
 Edhir Paradhathu (Tamil, 1954)
 Adarshasati (1956)
 Naga Panchami (1956/II)
 Nagula Chaviti (1956)
 Pathini Deivam (Tamil, 1957)
 Annaiyin Aanai (Tamil, 1958)
 Manamalai (Tamil, 1958)
 Naan Valartha Thangai (Tamil, 1958)
 Deivame Thunai (Tamil, 1959)
 Bhaktha Sabari (Telugu, 1960)
 Bhakta Shabari (Tamil, 1960)
 Bhakta Shabari (Kannada, 1960)
 Krishna Kuchela (1961) (director and producer)
 Tallichina Ajna (1961)
 Chittor Rani Padmini (Tamil, 1963)
  Pativrata (1964)
 Bhakta Prahlada (Telugu, 1967)

References

External links

1913 births
1985 deaths
Telugu film directors
Film producers from Andhra Pradesh
Nandi Award winners
People from Krishna district
Film directors from Anhui
20th-century Indian film directors

Chitrapu Narayana Rao


Edward J. Balleisen is an American academic. He is a professor of History at Duke University, and the author or editor of several books.

Early life
After growing up in Louisville, Kentucky, Edward Balleisen graduated from Princeton University, where he earned a bachelor of arts degree in 1987. He earned an MPhil and a PhD from Yale University, in 1992 and 1995 respectively. From 1995 to 1997, he held a postdoctoral fellowship and teaching post at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa. Balleisen has taught at Duke University since 1997.

Career

A professor of history and public policy at Duke University, Balleisen has written two historical monographs, coedited two interdisciplinary books, and edited a three-volume interdisciplinary research collection. He is also Duke's vice provost for interdisciplinary studies.

According to David Rossell in the Journal of the Early Republic, in his first book, Navigating Failure: Bankruptcy and Commercial Society in Antebellum America, Balleisen "seeks to show how bankruptcy both sprang from and helped shape commerce during the antebellum period." Rossell added that the book "is worth reading if only for its fascinating description of business life in America from 1820 to 1860." In The Florida Historical Quarterly, Tony A. Freyer highlighted the "considerate detail" in Balleisen's analysis as well as his "richly textured narrative", which be characterized as "balanced." His second book, Fraud: An American History from Barnum to Madoff, published in 2017, focuses on the history of business fraud and policy responses to commercial deception in the United States. In the Chicago Review of Books, Dean Jobb called Fraud "an ambitious exploration of two centuries' worth of swindles, bogus stock schemes and corporate crime" with "plenty of shady characters and ingenious fraudulent schemes" to engage readers.

Balleisen is coeditor of Policy Shock: Recalibrating Risk and Regulation after Oil Spills, Nuclear Accidents, and Financial Crises, published in 2017, which explores the ways in which industrialized democracies have reshaped their regulatory institutions following major crises.

He also coedited Government and Markets: Toward a New Theory of Regulation, published in 2010, with David Moss, in conjunction with The Tobin Project. This volume includes essays from leading social scientists about the role of effective regulatory policy in constituting markets and reducing socioeconomic harms associated with modern capitalism. Balleisen directed the Rethinking Regulation program at Duke's Kenan Institute for Ethics from 2010 to 2015. While director, he produced Business Regulation, a three-volume work composed of influential writings on regulatory policy since 1870.

As Duke's vice provost for interdisciplinary studies, Balleisen oversees the Bass Connections program, as well as university-wide institutes and initiatives that foster collaborative research, teaching, and outreach.

He is the lead Principal Investigator on the Versatile Humanists at Duke project, funded by a Next Generation PhD implementation grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.

According to Colleen Flaherty of Inside Higher Ed, Balleisen has observed that collaborative research "leads to excellence, whether one envisages research within the academy or research outside of it, whether it's teaching or whether it's civic engagement, again, from the academic perch or outside of it."

Works

Balleisen, Edward J.; Bennear, Lori S.; Krawiec, Kimberly D.; Wiener, Jonathan B.; eds. (2017). Policy Shock: Recalibrating Risk and Regulation after Oil Spills, Nuclear Accidents and Financial Crises. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

References

External links
Faculty webpage at Duke University
Scholars@Duke webpage

Living people
Princeton University alumni
Yale University alumni
Duke University faculty
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American male writers

Edward J. Balleisen