East Calder is a village located in West Lothian, Scotland, about a mile east of Mid Calder and a mile west of Wilkieston.  It forms part of 'the Calders (together with Mid and West Calder), three small neighbouring communities situated west of Edinburgh and south of the "New Town" of Livingston.

Its fast growth rate in the early 21st-century is driven by its being within easy commuting distance of Livingston, Edinburgh and Glasgow, combined with its close position relative to the principal transport arteries of the M8 motorway, the A89 and A71 roads, the Edinburgh – Glasgow railway line (the Shotts Line), and Edinburgh Airport.

The East Calder Gala is a local highlight held every June, dating back to 1919.

Geography
East Calder lies in the lee of the Pentland Hills within the Almond River Valley, near the right bank of the river, and specifically in the East Calder / Livingston / Broxburn Plain, a Lowland Plains type landscape.

Given its location on top of a natural water table running north from the foothills of the Pentlands into the Almond Valley, the name 'Calder' (derived from two Celtic words meaning "the well-watered woods") is an apt description describing the Almondell and Calderwood Country Park, an attractive natural feature of the area.

The area is generally rural in nature, dominated by flat, open arable fields and scattered farms, amongst a variety of urban-fringe land uses.  It is divided by the steep-sided and well-vegetated River Almond corridor which runs through it.  Remnants from the Oil Shale industry can also be found dotted around the landscape, such as remaining bings, surviving shaleminer's cottages from previous Oilworks, and disused mineral Rail lines.

History
The Calders were originally divided into two baronies (or manors): Calder Clere, where East Calder now stands, which was granted by King Malcolm IV of Scotland to Randulph de Clere around 1160 and was named after him;  and the adjoining Calder Comitis (meaning Earl's Calder), where Mid and West Calder are sited, belonging to the Thanes (or Earls) of Fife.

In 1296 Count John de Langton, along with his brother Allan of Berwickshire, swore fealty to King Edward I of England. John was vicar of Calder Clere, and after his submission was appointed Chancellor here for King Edward I. He may have had some say in naming this small estate and it is suggested that the Church at Langton in Berwickshire was dedicated to St Cuthbert, the same as the one in Calder Clere. John de Langton built his mansion and called it "Langton Law".

As a result, in 1306, during the wars of succession, it underwent forfeiture and was granted to James Douglas by Robert The Bruce.

Apart from the Langton estate, the village is further built on three other estates:  the largest part being built on the Calderhall Estate, extending south of a line from the bridge between East and Mid Calder, to the East Kirk burn and along Main Street to Park Avenue;  a wall and hedge denoted the eastern boundary there.
South of this was the Langton Estate.
To the west of Park Avenue, the land was part of the Almondell Estate owned by the Earl of Buchan.
The land north of Main Street, between the East Kirk burn and the boundary of Almondell Estate, was owned by the Pumpherston or McLaggen Estate.

The settlement then developed as a "linear" Village along an old Edinburgh-Glasgow route, functioning as a staging post for horse-drawn traffic travelling between the principal Scottish cities; the village would at this stage been no more than a hamlet of small cottages spread along what is now known as the Main Street. The route became the A71 road, which ran through the middle of the Village until the early 1980s when the present bypass was built.

A small plaque inserted by the Community Council into the wall adjoining the "Wee Shoppe",which is currently a Tattoo Studio called Inkwell, a small building near the E end of the old Village, commemorates this period by marking the location of an old village well which served these travellers.  The village was at one time reputed to have seven such wells.

Churches
In the old Village graveyard stand the ruins of St Cuthbert's Church, the oldest building in East Calder;  this pre-reformation church dated from around 1148 and is dedicated to the saint, who was famed for travelling all over the Lothians by horseback or by foot, preaching the Gospel to persuade the local people to give up their pagan worship and become Christians.  The bones of St Cuthbert now rest within Durham Cathedral.

St Cuthbert's was first mentioned by Randolph De Clere, and at this time the village was known as the East Kirk of Calder, basically little more than a Rectory with small houses clinging to the walls of this ancient place of worship.

Monks from Kelso Abbey looked after the Church until the reformation, with its annual tithes being given to the monks

In the walls of the "Wee Shoppe" is inserted an ancient stone displaying cup and sword markings:  this is reputed to be burial stone of a Knight Templar, thought to have been used as a corner foundation stone of St Cuthbert's church.

By 1627 a report was sent to the Presbytery stated that the Kirk was in "ruinous" state, and the Church was permanently abandoned in 1751. In this year, the Parish of East Calder was united with the nearby Parish of Kirknewton.

A second Church was built to replace it in 1777 by fund, and this was in 1886 then replaced by the third Church, which is the current Church of Scotland place of worship.

Notable Landmarks

A famous East Calder landmark is the Camps Viaduct, a Category B Listed historic railway bridge operating between 1885 and 1959 on the Camps Branch of the North British Railway:  this impressive nine arch stone single track viaduct spans over the gorge of the River Almond, and is  long overall and over  high.
In its time it served James "Paraffin" Young's Paraffin Light & Mineral Oil Company at Pumpherston.

The Nasmyth Bridge (also known as the Almondell Bridge) is a Category A Listed historic bridge dating from 1810. It is also located within the Almondell and Calderwood Country Park, and was designed by Scottish painter, architect, and landscape designer Alexander Nasmyth.

On the outskirts of the Village, toward Ratho, is the Lin's Mill Aqueduct (also known as the Almond Aqueduct) which carries the Union Canal over the River Almond. This five-arched bridge built in 1821, is  long and  above the Almond Valley, and was firmly established in the local history books by the London Gazette when it recounted the massive 126 ft icicle which formed on the bridge centre span during the severe winter of 1895, and again in 1920; this is anecdotally the largest icicle ever recorded in the UK.

Another local landmark is the 'Grapes Inn' village pub, the site of which was originally occupied by a much older Inn called the "Olde Wines".

Other visible historical remains include lime quarries and kilns, operating from approximately 1780 to 1913, 18th & 19th C improvements on surrounding farming land, and the routes of drove roads from Falkirk and Stirling, across the Pentlands.

Oakbank
Nearby Oakbank was at one time a busy bustling mining community set up to extract shale for the manufacture of paraffin;  little evidence is left of this one time quaint hamlet at the foot of the Oakbank Bing, itself now very much reduced in size due to landscaping.

The significance of the Oak tree stems from the popular belief that many of the small oak trees in the Oakbank area were of French origin dating back to the time of Mary Queen of Scots, who it believed visited the area upon her return from France.

Local amenities
East Calder has an estate agent, two Scotmid stores and a Tesco Express, a post office, Miller's convenience store, a tattoo studio, a bookmaker, a cafe, hair stylists, a nursery, two chip shops, a pizzeria, two Chinese restaurants, a car wash, a library, a doctors' surgery, a dentist, two bowling greens, a doo club, a pharmacy, a garden centre and a sports centre. Camps industrial estate is located on the edge of the town.

Schools
East Calder has three primary schools, the non-denominational East Calder and Calderwood Primary Schools, and St Paul's RC School which is the local Catholic primary school. The non-denominational schools are in the catchment area for West Calder High School, while St Paul's is in the catchment for St Margaret's Academy.

East Calder PS was founded in 1934 as a Middle School (Junior High), and in 2020 was announced to undergo a complete renovation and upgrade project.

Calderwood PS is a new purpose-built £14.3m Primary School and Early Years Nursery, sited within the Calderwood housing development, approved by West Lothian Council in 2019, with construction commenced 2020. This received its first Pupil intake in October 2021, and had its official opening in March 2022.

Transport
The A71 which formerly ran through the town now bypasses it to the south. East Calder is served by a number of bus services. The nearest train station is located at Kirknewton.

Lothian Country operate services:

 X27 - Edinburgh - Calderwood - East Calder - Mid Calder - Livingston - Deans North - Bathgate
 X28 - Edinburgh - Kirknewton - East Calder - Mid Calder - Livingston - Deans North - Bathgate
 X40 - Royal Infirmary - Gilmerton - Westside Plaza - Calderwood - East Calder - Mid Calder - Livingston Centre - St. John's Hospital
 N28 - Edinburgh - Kirknewton - East Calder - Mid Calder - Livingston - Deans North - Bathgate (Night Service)

Notable People

Rev Alexander Bryce and his son Sir Alexander Bryce
Willie Borland, professional darts player

References

External links

 Community Website
 East Calder (Undiscovered Scotland)

Towns in West Lothian

East Calder


The following is a list of avifauna books for countries and regions of the world, including authoritative field guides.

Europe

 Birds in England, by Andy Brown and Phil Grice, T. & A. D. Poyser, 2005
 Birds in Ireland, by Clive D. Hutchinson, T. & A. D. Poyser, 1989
 Birds of Europe, by Killian Mullarney, Lars Svensson, Dan Zetterström, and Peter J. Grant, Princeton University Press, 1999
 Peterson Field Guide to Birds of Britain and Europe, by Roger Tory Peterson, G. Mountfort, and P.A.D. Hollom, Houghton Mifflin, 1993 (5th Edition)
 Birds in Scotland, by Valerie Thom, T. & A. D. Poyser, 1986
 Birds in Wales, by Iolo Williams, Graham Williams, and Roger Lovegrove, T. & A. D. Poyser, 1994

Asia
 Birds of India, by Richard Grimmett, Carol Inskipp, and Tim Inskipp, Princeton University Press, 1999), limited text.
 A Field Guide to the Birds of Korea, by Woo-Shin Lee, Tae-Hoe Koo, and Jin-Young Park, L.G. Evergreen Foundation, 2000
 A Field Guide to the Birds of China, by John MacKinnon and Karen Phillipps (illustrator), Oxford University Press, 2000
 The first comprehensive, fully illustrated field guide for the region
 A Guide to the Birds of South-East Asia, by Craig Robson, Princeton University Press, 2000
 A Field Guide to the Birds of Japan, text by Wild Bird Society of Japan, illustrations by Shinji Takano, 1982
 Classic fully illustrated field guide; out of print
 Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan, together with those of Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka, by Salim Ali and Dillon S. Ripley. 10 volumes. Oxford University Press. New Delhi. 1998. Reprinted 2001; out of print.
 Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide by Pamela C. Rasmussen and John C. Anderton. Two volumes. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, 2005.
A Field Guide to the Birds of Thailand by Craig Robson, New Holland Press, 2004
A Guide to the Birds of Thailand, Boonsong Lekagul & Philip Round,    Saha Karn Baet, 1991

Africa and the Middle East

 A Guide to the Birds of Western Africa, by Nik Borrow and Ron Demey, Princeton University Press, 2002
 Field Guide to the Birds of the Middle East, by R. F. Porter, S. Christensen, P. Schiermacker-Hansen, T. & A. D. Poyser, 1996
 The Birds of Israel, by Hadoram Shirihai, Princeton University Press, 1996
 Birds of Southern Africa, by Ian Sinclair, Phil Hockey, and Warwick Tarboton, Princeton University Press, 2002
 The Birds of East Africa, by Terry Stevenson and John Fanshawe, Academic Press, 2001
 Field Guide to the Birds of Kenya and Northern Tanzania, by Dale A. Zimmerman, Donald A. Turner, and David J. Pearson, Princeton University Press, 1999
 Birds of The Gambia, Barlow, Wacher and Disley,

North America

 Birds of North America, by Kenn Kaufman, Houghton Mifflin, 2000
 Innovative field guide employing digitally enhanced photographs
 Field Guide to the Birds of North America, National Geographic Society, 2002 (4th Edition)
 First field guide (in 1983) to cover all of North America; considered by many to have been the most authoritative guide until Sibley
 A Field Guide to the Birds of Eastern and Central North America, by Roger Tory Peterson and Virginia Marie Peterson (editor), Houghton Mifflin, revised 2002A Field Guide to Western Birds, by Roger Tory Peterson and Virginia Marie Peterson (editor), Houghton Mifflin, revised 1990
 The current incarnations of the seminal A Field Guide to the Birds, the first modern field guide published by Peterson in 1934
 The Sibley Guide to Birds, by David Allen Sibley, Alfred A.Knopf, 2000
 The current standard in identification guides for North America; exhaustively illustrated and oversized for a field guide (although there are field-sized Eastern and Western editions), limited text.

Central America and the Caribbean

 Field Guide to Birds of the West Indies, by James Bond, Houghton Mifflin, 1985 (5th Edition)
 A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America, by Steve N.G. Howell and Sophie Webb, Oxford University Press, 1995
 A Guide to the Birds of the West Indies, by Herbert Raffaele, James Wiley, Orlando Garrido, Allan Keith, and Janis Raffaele, Princeton University Press, 1998
 A Guide to the Birds of Panama with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras, by Robert S. Ridgely and John A. Gwynne, Jr., Princeton University Press, 1989 (2nd Edition)
 A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica, by F. Gary Stiles and Alexander F. Skutch, Cornell University Press, 1989
 Birds of the Dominican Republic and Haiti, by Steven Latta, Christopher Rimmer, Allan Keith, and James Wiley (Princeton Field Guides), Princeton University Press, 2006 (also printed in Spanish and French)
  Birds of Trinidad and Tobago, by Richard ffrench,
 Birds of Cuba, by Orlando Garrido and Arturo Kirkconnell, Helm Field Guides, London, 2000

South America

 A Guide to the Birds of the Galapagos Islands, by Isabel Castro and Antonia Phillips, Princeton University Press, 1997
 A Guide to the Birds of Peru, by James F. Clements, Ibis Publishing, 2001
 A Guide to the Birds of Colombia, by Steven L. Hilty and William L. Brown, Princeton University Press, 1986
 Birds of Venezuela, by Steven L. Hilty, Princeton University Press, 2003
 Birds of Chile, by Alvaro Jaramillo, Princeton University Press, 2003
 The Birds of Ecuador, by Robert S. Ridgely and Paul J. Greenfield, Cornell University Press, 2001
 The Birds of South America, by Robert S. Ridgely and Guy Tudor, University of Texas Press, 1994

Australasia

 The Field Guide to the Birds of Australia, by Graham Pizzey and Frank Knight (illustrator), HarperCollins, 1997
 Field Guide to the Birds of Australia, by Ken Simpson and Nicolas Day, Princeton University Press, 1999 (6th Edition)

Antarctica

 Birds of Southern South America and Antarctica, by Martin R. de la Peña and Maurice Rumboll, Princeton University Press, 2001

Oceania

 A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific, by H. Douglas Pratt, Phillip L. Bruner, and Delwyn G. Berrett, Princeton University Press, 1987

Ornithological literature

List of country and regional avifaunas


The Norwalk Youth Symphony (NYS) is an American symphony orchestra for high school aged and younger students. The symphony is based in Norwalk, Connecticut.  Established in 1956, the symphony includes students from Connecticut and some parts of New York. The NYS has been regarded as one of the best youth orchestras in the region. In Norwalk, the NYS performs at Norwalk City Hall at least 3 times per year.  The NYS has performed at the Stamford Town Center, Carnegie Hall, Tanglewood, and the United Nations.  The NYS has also performed outside of the United States in such countries as the Czech Republic, Austria, Hungary, Spain, Italy, and Germany.

The NYS consists of five orchestras and the Junior Strings program, with current conductors as follows:
 Principal Orchestra: Conductor, Jonathan Yates.  This is the most advanced group, performing advanced and demanding music that is not usually performed by students. They have performed works by composers such as Mahler, Berlioz, Wagner, Stravinsky, and Rimsky-Korsakov.
 Concert Orchestra: Conductor, Russel Ger.  This orchestra is made up of advanced students that still need time to develop their skills prior to moving into the Principal orchestra. Their repertoire has included works by composers such as Tchaikovsky, Saint-Saëns, Borodin, Berlioz, and Beethoven.
 Philharmonia Orchestral Winds: Conductor, Barry Zhou. This is a woodwind/brass orchestra that is often the beginning level for most wind/ brass players.
 Philharmonia Orchestral Strings: Conductor, Jessica McNamara. This is a string orchestra that offers harder and more challenging music and prepares players for Concert Orchestra.
 Prelude Orchestra: Conductor, Rafael Videira. This is a string orchestra that is often the first branch of the Norwalk Youth Symphony for string players.
 Junior Strings: Conductor, Rafael Videira. This is a string orchestra that is the beginning level for elementary string students to continue their playing outside of school.

NYS also includes a Junior Strings ensemble, percussion ensemble, chamber music program, and chamber orchestra.

NYS alumni have gone on to attend some of the greatest music conservatories in the country, including the Juilliard School and the Manhattan School of Music. Past conductors/music directors have included Miguel Harth-Bedoya, Tara Simoncic, Gisele Ben-Dor, and John Huwiler.

References

External links
 Official Norwalk Youth Symphony home page

Musical groups established in 1956
Culture of Norwalk, Connecticut
Tourist attractions in Norwalk, Connecticut
Musical groups from Connecticut
American youth orchestras
1956 establishments in Connecticut
Youth organizations based in Connecticut
Performing arts in Connecticut

Norwalk Youth Symphony


Rick Moses (born September 5, 1952) is an American actor and singer-songwriter.

Early life
Moses was born in Washington, D.C. He is the oldest son of advertising executive Richard Cantrell Moses, Sr. and Marian McCargo (1932–2004). Moses has three siblings; brothers Graham, Harry and Billy. He grew up in Pasadena, California where he showed an interest in wrestling, swimming, movies, and music. His mother enrolled him in various AAU swim clubs and bought him a guitar. She drove him to Hollywood and enrolled him in acting classes.

Moses attended boarding school at the Chadwick School in Palos Verdes, California where he was an all C.I.F. swimmer. In high school, Moses joined with friends to form several bands. They played parties and weddings with some success. Moses had been studying martial arts since age thirteen, becoming a student of notable instructors including Bruce Lee, Ed Parker and Bob Ozman. He continued the training throughout his life, earning a black-belt in Isshin-Ryu Karate. He worked as an instructor for Bob Ozman at his Van Nuys studio.  At Andover in Andover, Massachusetts, he was named to the N.I.S.C.A. Prep School All-America Swimming Team for three years in a row from 1969 to 1971 in events including Butterfly, Freestyle, 200-yard medley relay and 400-yard freestyle relay.

Career
Moses began his acting career in 1967, at age fifteen, in an Equity production of The Fifth Season at the Santa Monica Playhouse. In 1970, he appeared in an episode of Room 222, followed in 1971 with roles on Mission: Impossible and The F.B.I.
He appeared in a production of Jean-Paul Sartre's Dirty Hands (Les Mains Sales) at the Gallery Theatre in Hollywood. He headlined at Ye Little Club, a popular venue in Beverly Hills. Roger Ailes spotted him on an episode of Owen Marshall. Ailes invited Moses to become a client. Moses moved to New York City. Ailes arranged an audition for Moses to perform for Budd Friedman, the owner of the well known New York night club The Improv. Moses' style clicked with Friedman and New York audiences. Moses became the only male singer to work the club regularly during that period along with the then unknown comedians Jay Leno, Richard Lewis, and Andy Kaufman. Moses worked a number of east coast night clubs, including Host's Farm in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and Michael's Pub in Manhattan, for several years, returning weekly to the Improv.  He was hired to do a backer's audition for a prospective New York show that was mounted in Los Angeles. Budd Friedman had just opened his L.A. Improv. Moses was rehearsing the play by day and performing at the Improv at night. Moses was a veteran night club performer at this point. Standing ovations were not unusual for his twenty-minute sets. (Westways magazine did an article on this phenomenon.) A talent coordinator for the nationally syndicated Merv Griffin Show (Don Kane) was present one night. Two weeks later, Moses appeared on Merv's show. Merv, a successful singer himself for several decades, had Moses back 18 times in a nine-month period.

In 1977, Moses played the title role in the prime-time action adventure drama Young Dan'l Boone on CBS.  In 1978, Moses played the role of Bruce Scott in the feature film Avalanche which starred Rock Hudson and Mia Farrow.  Also in 1978, 20th Century Fox record division released his LP album Face the Music.

Moses is probably best known for playing Jefferson Smith Hutchins "(Hitman) Hutch" in the day-time soap opera General Hospital, from 1979 to 1980 on ABC.  The story-line, carried by "Luke, Laura, and Hutch" made General Hospital one of the most popular shows on television. Time Magazine did an article on the subject.

Moses had a hit in Germany in 1985 with the song "If I Could Just Fall in Love" released by Teldec Records of Hamburg, Germany as a 12" vinyl record.  It was also made into a music video directed by the German filmmaker Utz Weber.

In 1986, Moses played Niles Perry, the rock star love interest of Eve Harper, played by Linda Purl, in the TV movie Pleasures.

His CD Evil and Dangerous Men was released in 2005 and received favorable reviews.

The title song of the album was derived from the short film Jack Takes a Vacation that was co-produced, co-written and directed by Moses.  He also played the title role.  Scenes from the film were intercut and used in the music video for "Evil and Dangerous Men".

In November 2022, Rick released the album "The Heart of the King.

Personal life
Moses married Joni Morris in 1974. They had two sons, Richard III and Tarrant, before they separated in 1982. In 1988, Moses married Colette Benhaim.  They have four children together, all sons: Ronson, Adam, Dan and Naftali.

Moses was raised an Episcopalian but in his forties he converted to Orthodox Judaism. In an interview with Internet journalist Luke Ford, Moses related that, after his sons, "Judaism became the singular most important thing to me." He also stated: "I put my energies into (the study of Judaism) the same way a young man who wished to become a doctor would apply himself to his studies in medical school."

References

External links
 RickMoses.com
Rick Moses on Facebook

Male actors from Los Angeles
American male film actors
American Orthodox Jews
Converts to Judaism from Anglicanism
Converts to Orthodox Judaism
American music video directors
American people of Welsh descent
American people of Scottish descent
Male actors from Pasadena, California
1952 births
Living people
Film directors from California
Musicians from Pasadena, California
Singers from Los Angeles
Male actors from Washington, D.C.
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
20th-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American singer-songwriters
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Los Angeles
Guitarists from Washington, D.C.
Singer-songwriters from California
Singer-songwriters from Washington, D.C.

Rick Moses


The Škoda VOS is a full-size luxury car produced by the Czechoslovak automaker AZNP at their plant in Mladá Boleslav between 1949 and 1952. For a few years it was the preferred car for senior political and military personnel in Czechoslovakia. It was never sold to the general public.

Background
In 1949 the plant at  Mladá Boleslav assembled the last Škoda Superbs, large six-cylinder limousines evoking the style of American cars in the late 1930s. The authorities needed a more modern replacement and instructed Škoda to develop one.   This was the car that would become the Škoda VOS. The letters VOS indicated a "special car for the government" in Czech or Slovak (Vládní Osobní Speciál or Vládny Osobný Špeciál).

The car
The car went into production in 1950 with the coach builder (even then better known as a producer of buses) Karosa: final assembly took place at Škoda's own plant. The form of the car was unremarkable, despite having been designed by Oldrich Meduna whose reputation till that point came from his work designing military tanks. The mechanical architecture was also conventional, with a front-mounted engine driving the rear wheels.

More remarkable, at least in terms of European cars of the time, was a large 5.2-litre engine delivering .  The engine came from a Praga truck. Because of the weight of the armour plating, the standard car weighed nearly 4 tons, however. The top speed was restricted to 80 km/h (50 mph) on the orders of the interior ministry. A "Light-weight" version without all the armour plating was also listed.

Unusually for the time, the car was fitted with air-conditioning. However, the air conditioning mechanism occupied most of the space in the boot/trunk, and it became common for dignitaries moving by VOS to travel followed by a second car to carry luggage.

Celebrity connections
Famous owners included President Gottwald, Enver Hoxha, Zhu De, Ana Pauker and Mao Zedong.

Ana Pauker, the infamous female communist leader of the Romanian Workers' Party (later to become the Romanian Communist Party ) had a Škoda VOS built for running on tracks, reaching speeds of up to 115 km/h with a total weight of 5 tons. The model is now up for display in the train Station of Sinaia. The driver's secure wind shield is smashed after a supposed attempted attack on the lady also known as "Stalin with skirt" near the Roşiori Nord train station.

The end
Production of the VOS ended in 1952, by when 107 had been built. Škoda were not invited to replace the car, and the nation's political elite switched their allegiance to the Tatra 603.

References

Sources
Bernard Vermeylen, Voitures des pays de l'Est, Boulogne-Billancourt, ETAI, 2008, 239 p. () (OCLC 470767381)
KRÁLÍK, Jan: Utajené projekty Škoda; GRADA Publishing 2007,
CEDRYCH, Mario René & NACHTMANN, Lukáš: ŠKODA – auta známá i neznámá; GRADA Publishing 2003,
Škoda VOS: Pro bolševiky od Prahy po Peking

External links
 Škoda VOS in Škoda Auto museum 2003
 Picture of Škoda VOS

VOS
1950s cars
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Full-size vehicles
Luxury vehicles
Sedans
Cars introduced in 1949
Cars discontinued in 1952

Škoda VOS


Robert Edward Crosby (born January 12, 1980) is an American former professional baseball infielder and current coach. He played in Major League Baseball for the Oakland Athletics, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Arizona Diamondbacks. The son of former major league infielder Ed Crosby, he batted and threw right-handed. He was Rookie of the Year in 2004.

Early career
Crosby first attended Pacifica High School, then later graduated from La Quinta High School in Westminster, California.

In 1998, Bobby Crosby was selected by the Anaheim Angels in the 34th round of the Major League Baseball Draft. Crosby chose not to sign with the Angels, however, opting instead to play college baseball for California State University, Long Beach.

In the 2001, Crosby was selected by the Oakland Athletics in the first round (25th pick) of the Major League Baseball Draft.

Professional career

Oakland Athletics
In 2004, his first full MLB season, he took over the Athletics' shortstop duties from 2002 American League Most Valuable Player Miguel Tejada, who signed with the Baltimore Orioles as a free agent. That year, Crosby hit .239 with 22 home runs and 64 RBIs. He also led American League rookies in hits (130), doubles (34) and walks (58). These numbers earned Crosby Rookie of the Year honors, the sixth Athletics player to do so after Harry Byrd (1952), José Canseco (1986), Mark McGwire (1987), Walt Weiss (1988), and Ben Grieve (1998).

In addition to becoming the sixth Athletics player to be named Rookie of the Year, he was the second shortstop in a row to win the award (after Ángel Berroa of the Kansas City Royals). He was also the eighth shortstop in 22 seasons to earn top rookie honors, the others being Cal Ripken Jr. (1982), Ozzie Guillén (1985), Walt Weiss (1988), Pat Listach (1992), Derek Jeter (1996), Nomar Garciaparra (1997), and Berroa (2003).

Crosby was just a vote shy of being a unanimous pick, despite his batting average being the lowest ever for a Rookie of the Year. He also struck out 141 times, fourth-most in the AL, and the team's most since Canseco had 152 in 1991.

Crosby and the Oakland Athletics agreed to a five-year, $12.75 million contract on April 22, 2005.

Due to the signing of free agent shortstop Orlando Cabrera prior to the 2009 season, Crosby was moved into a utility infielder role. However, with injuries to everyday second baseman Mark Ellis, third baseman Eric Chavez and infielder Nomar Garciaparra (another free agent signing), Crosby was expected to see significant starting roles at third base, as well as at second base.

Pittsburgh Pirates and Arizona Diamondbacks
The Pittsburgh Pirates signed Crosby as a free agent on December 9, 2009. He appeared in 61 games, with a batting average of .224. The Pirates traded Crosby, D. J. Carrasco and Ryan Church to the Arizona Diamondbacks for Chris Snyder and Pedro Ciriaco on July 31, 2010.

Crosby appeared in only nine games for the Diamondbacks, batting just .167, and was released on August 24, 2010.

Milwaukee Brewers
On January 22, 2013, Crosby signed a minor league deal with the Milwaukee Brewers, although after again hitting very poorly in Spring Training and not showing any improvement, the Brewers released him.

Coaching career
Crosby served as a coach for the Midland RockHounds in 2019. Crosby was named the manager of the Stockton Ports for the 2020 season.

In 2022, he served as the manager of the Mesa Solar Sox of the Arizona Fall League.

Personal life
His younger brother, Blake Crosby, played college baseball at Sacramento State. Blake was drafted by the Athletics in the 42nd round of the 2009 Major League Baseball Draft and is currently serving as a Regional Crosschecker for the Toronto Blue Jays in Chandler, Arizona. Blake was the 2012 Al LaMacchia "Scout of the Year" award winner for the Toronto Blue Jays Organization. Their older brother, Brian Crosby, is an artist for Walt Disney Imagineering.

See also
List of second-generation Major League Baseball players

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award winners
California State University, Long Beach alumni
Baseball coaches from California
Baseball players from Lakewood, California
Major League Baseball shortstops
Oakland Athletics players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Modesto A's players
Midland RockHounds players
Sacramento River Cats players
Stockton Ports players
Long Beach State Dirtbags baseball players
Baseball players from Westminster, California
Minor league baseball coaches
Minor league baseball managers
Alaska Goldpanners of Fairbanks players

Bobby Crosby


AES52 is a standard first published by the Audio Engineering Society in March 2006 that specifies the insertion of unique identifiers into the AES3 digital audio transport structure.

Background
The AES3 transport stream continues to be used extensively in both discrete and network based audio systems alongside audio stored as files. Audio content is moving towards being handled by asset management systems and descriptive metadata is associated with that content is also being stored within systems. In order to provide a mechanism for AES3 transport streams to have similar abilities to work with content management systems, some form of unique label is required which can provide the link with these systems. One of the unique labels currently standardised in the media industry is the SMPTE UMID (SMPTE 330M-2004) while another commonly used in the Information Technology area is the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) UUID.

Operation
The standard specifies the method for inserting unique identifiers into the user data area of an AES3 stream. This specifically covers the use of UUID as well as a basic or extended SMPTE UMID but can be extended to embed other data types into the AES3 stream by registering these with the AES so the standard can be updated to include these by following AES due process.

External links
 AES52-2006 from the AES standards web site

Audio engineering
Audio Engineering Society standards
Unique identifiers
Broadcasting standards

AES52


The Temple of Vesta, or the aedes (Latin Aedes Vestae; Italian: Tempio di Vesta), is an ancient edifice in Rome, Italy. It is located in the Roman Forum near the Regia and the House of the Vestal Virgins. The Temple of Vesta housed Vesta's holy fire, which was a symbol of Rome's safety and prosperity. The temple has a circular footprint, making it a tholos.

Since the worship of Vesta began in private homes, the architecture seems to pay homage to the architecture of early Roman homes. The temple's current, ruinous form employs elements of Greek architecture with Corinthian columns and marble. The sacred hearth was housed in a central cella. The surviving structure indicates that there were twenty Corinthian columns built on a podium fifteen meters in diameter. The roof probably had a vent at the apex to allow smoke to release.

History

Origins
The first Temple of Vesta was built by Numa Pompilius, the second king of the Roman Kingdom. He also built the original Regia ("king's house") and the House of the Vestal Virgins, and founded the priestly order of Vestal Virgins. At first there were just two Vestals, but by the end of the Republic, there were six. Vesta was the goddess of Rome's hearths. The Romans believed that her sacred fire was closely tied to the fortunes of the city, and that its extinction signified imminent disaster for Rome.  Although it is known as a temple in modern times, its site, orientation and floor plan were not determined through augury. It was therefore known as a shrine (in Latin, aedes).

The aedes and the Vestals
The Temple of Vesta was tended by the six Vestal Virgins, drawn between the ages of 6 and 10 from freeborn, or traditionally, aristocratic families. They surrendered all legal connections with their birth family, and came under the authority of the pontifex maximus, Rome's chief priest. The Vestal oath of virginity during their 30-year tenure set them apart from other Roman women. While chastity until marriage was considered proper in Rome, long-term celibacy was not, as women were generally expected to marry, and give birth to heirs for their husbands. A Vestal who broke her vow of chastity during her priestly tenure disrupted the relationship between Rome and its gods. The Romans believed that this would lead to disaster, such as pestilence, social breakdown or military defeats.

For minor failures of duty, Vestals could be whipped. For breaking their vow of chastity, a Vestal could be condemned to a living burial in a subterranean cell within the city boundary, with a little food and water, and left to die. If disasters struck, in any form, Vestals who seemed less than perfect in attitude, morals or behaviour might be accused of secretly breaking their vows and thus causing the disaster. For example, in 114 BC, a virgin girl of equestrian family, named Helvia, was killed by lightning while on horseback. Her death was interpreted as a prodigy, proof of potentially disastrous oath-breaking by one or more Vestals; after investigations three Vestal Virgins were sentenced to death for inchastity, on the flimsiest of evidence. Vestals were required to show a near supernatural level of moral superiority. Failures, and their punishment, were extremely rare. The respect and social privileges that came from their position, a generous pension, and a complete lack of personal
experience of the duties attached to Roman marriage, seems to have encouraged many to remain in the priesthood after their term of service had officially ended.

Building
The temple of Vesta was unique in its design, as it was round as opposed to rectangular like many other temples. The circular shape of the Vesta temples were based on the primitive round hut. Some researchers argue that the circular footprint of the Temple of Vesta was meant to symbolize the earth and the domed roof symbolized the heavens. All temples to Vesta were round, and had entrances facing east to enhance the connection between Vesta's fire and the sun as sources of life. The Temple of Vesta represents the site of ancient religious activity as far back as the 7th century BCE.

Archaeologists have found that the Temple of Vesta was built on a circular foundation. Circling the exterior of the temple were twenty fluted columns. Each column was 0.52 meters in diameter, with a base 1.6 meters in circumference. The columns were topped with a Corinthian capital. The radius of the temple was about 6.19 meters. This measured from the outer line of the architrave to the middle of the temple. The interior wall is 0.60 meters thick and the diameter of the inside of the temple is 8.6 meters. The Temple was on a high platform and wide steps lead up to the entrance.

Location
It was one of the earliest structures in the Roman Forum, although its final form was the result of subsequent rebuilding. While most Roman temples held a cult statue, Vesta's had a hearth  and flame that burned continuously, day and night. The temple was the storehouse for the legal wills and documents of Roman Senators and cult objects such as the Palladium, a statue of Athena (Roman Minerva) believed to have been brought by Aeneas from Troy; the statue was felt to be one of the Pignora Imperii, or pledges of imperium, of Ancient Rome. The temple was closed during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire in the 4th-century. The Temple of Vesta, the Atrium of the Vestal Virgins (House of the Vestal Virgins), and the Regia are the earliest evidence of the Cult of Vesta. The original Temple of Vesta stood on the east end of the forum near the house of the Vestal Virgins and the Regia. Beyond that cluster of buildings is the Via Sacra (Sacred Way) which ran uphill. This cluster of buildings was destroyed in the great fire of 64 AD; the temple was rebuilt by Trajan over several years. Another rebuilding was sponsored by Julia Domna, wife of Septimius Severus.

Building history

The temple was destroyed and rebuilt many times. The first destruction of the temple was by the Gauls in 390 BC. Livy records that after the Gauls burned down the temple, they soon returned to find that the Vestals had rekindled their sacred fire among the ruins of the temple. According to Ovid, the second destruction in 241 BC may have started because of the fire in the temple itself. During the fire, the Vestals were unable to collect the cult objects, and they were destroyed along with the Temple of Vesta. Lucius Caecilius Metellus, the Pontifex Maximus at the time, went into the burning temple to save the palladium. Lucius Caecilius was blinded by the flames, and it was believed that this was the result of him breaking the tradition of the temple which barres men from entering. Fires also occurred again in 210 BC and again in the early first century BC. The temple was rebuilt again during the reigns of Augustus and Nero. Finally, it burned down in 191 AD and was rebuilt for the last time during the reign of Septimius Severus by his wife, Julia Domna.

Fate of the Sacred Flame

The sacred flame would finally be extinguished in 394 AD by Theodosius I, on account of the rise of Christianity in the empire.

Modern Day Temple of Vesta

Modern reconstruction

The Temple of Vesta remained reasonably intact until the Renaissance. However, in 1549 AD, the temple was demolished, and its marble was repurposed to build churches and papal palaces. Most of our knowledge about what the original Temple of Vesta looked like come from its depictions on coins and art. One piece of art that depicts the Temple of Vesta is a marble relief in the Uffizi in Florence, Italy. These depictions and others like it allow us to understand what the temple looked like in antiquity.

Modern archaeological investigation began on the site of the Temple of Vesta in the late nineteenth century. The exploration began in 1877 with archaeologist R. Lanciani's excavation of the Temple of Vesta and the publishing of his findings. During his exploration he was able to uncover many parts of the Temple of Vesta, including parts of the entablature and ceiling. Exploration continued from 1898 to 1900 when Giaccomo Boni, director of the Roman Forum, embarked on a new round of excavations. His works were published in 1900 and included measurements and sections of the temple's foundation, photos and drawings of the principal architectural elements, and a restored plan of the building. Finally, in 1930-1931 Alfonso Bartoli reconstructed two and a half of the Temple of Vesta's bays, which can still be seen in the forum today.

See also

 List of Ancient Roman temples
 The round Temple of Hercules Victor in the Forum Boarium was initially thought to be a temple of Vesta.
 The Temple of Vesta, Tivoli
 History of early modern period domes

References

Bibliography

External links

 Aedes Vestae - Temple of Vesta - Tempio di Vesta, Reconstructed

Roman temples by deity
Vesta
Rome R. X Campitelli
Vesta (mythology)
Destroyed temples
Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire

Temple of Vesta


Kyle Charles Calder (born January 5, 1979) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Chicago Blackhawks, Philadelphia Flyers, Detroit Red Wings, Los Angeles Kings, and Anaheim Ducks.

Playing career
Calder began his career by playing junior hockey for the Regina Pats of the Western Hockey League (WHL). After scoring 59 points in his sophomore season, he was drafted in the fifth round of the 1997 draft by the Chicago Blackhawks. After his fourth season where he scored 88 points between two teams, he was rewarded with his first professional contract.

Calder began his career by playing for the Cleveland Lumberjacks, the Blackhawks' International Hockey League (IHL) affiliate. He also came up to play in the NHL for the first time that season, playing in eight games. During that time, he also got his first NHL goal.

The following year, after the collapse of the IHL, Calder began and ended his season with the Norfolk Admirals, their new American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate. For a good portion of the season he played for the Blackhawks, appearing in over forty games.

Starting in the 2001–02 NHL season, Calder stayed in the NHL. During the lockout, he spent a brief time in Sweden. He came back to the NHL stronger than ever that season. He led the Blackhawks in goals, assists, and points.

On August 2, 2006, Calder was awarded a $2.9 million contract for the 2006–07 season by an arbitrator. The Blackhawks decided to accept it, and then on August 4, 2006, Calder was traded to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for Michal Handzus. At the trade deadline, the Flyers sent him back to Chicago for a third-round draft pick and Lasse Kukkonen. Chicago immediately sent him to the Detroit Red Wings for Jason Williams. Calder scored his first goal as a Red Wing during his first shift. He signed a two-year contract with the Los Angeles Kings on July 2, 2007.

On September 4, 2009, Calder was invited to the Anaheim Ducks training camp for the 2009–10 season. The Ducks however released him on September 26, less than a week before the start of the season. However, he would return to the Ducks organization on October 28 when they signed Calder to a one-year, two-way contract and assigned him to their ECHL affiliate the Bakersfield Condors. On November 14, he was recalled by Anaheim because of injuries to Saku Koivu and Ryan Carter. On December 28, 2009, Calder was waived by the Anaheim Ducks. After clearing waivers, he was assigned to the Toronto Marlies on December 30, 2009.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honours

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Anaheim Ducks players
Bakersfield Condors (1998–2015) players
Barys Nur-Sultan players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Chicago Blackhawks draft picks
Chicago Blackhawks players
Cleveland Lumberjacks players
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Kamloops Blazers players
Los Angeles Kings players
Norfolk Admirals players
Philadelphia Flyers players
People from the County of Minburn No. 27
Regina Pats players
Södertälje SK players
Toronto Marlies players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Sweden

Kyle Calder


Donn Moomaw (born October 15, 1931) is an American football player and Presbyterian minister. He was born in Santa Ana, California. In the 1950s, he plated for Toronto Argonauts and for Ottawa Rough Riders. In 1953, he was drafted by the Los Angeles Rams.

Moomaw played for UCLA as the center and linebacker for the team. He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1973.

Moomaw later became a Presbyterian minister, most notably serving Los Angeles' Bel Air Presbyterian Church as pastor from 1964 to 1993. He became friends with California Governor Ronald Reagan and wife Nancy.  Moomaw later gave the invocation and benediction at Reagan's 1981 presidential inauguration and 1985 presidential inauguration.

References

1931 births
Living people
American football players
American Presbyterian ministers
Ottawa Rough Riders players
Sportspeople from California
Toronto Argonauts players

Donn Moomaw


In mathematics, the Fortuin–Kasteleyn–Ginibre (FKG) inequality is a correlation inequality, a fundamental tool in statistical mechanics and probabilistic combinatorics (especially random graphs and the probabilistic method), due to . Informally, it says that in many random systems, increasing events are positively correlated, while an increasing and a decreasing event are negatively correlated. It was obtained by studying the random cluster model.

An earlier version, for the special case of i.i.d. variables, called Harris inequality, is due to , see below. One generalization of the FKG inequality is the Holley inequality (1974) below, and an even further generalization is the Ahlswede–Daykin "four functions" theorem (1978). Furthermore, it has the same conclusion as the Griffiths inequalities, but the hypotheses are different.

The inequality
Let  be a finite distributive lattice, and μ a nonnegative function on it, that is assumed to satisfy the (FKG) lattice condition (sometimes a function satisfying this condition is called log supermodular) i.e.,

for all x, y in the lattice .

The FKG inequality then says that for any two monotonically increasing functions ƒ and g on , the following positive correlation inequality holds:

The same inequality (positive correlation) is true when both ƒ and g are decreasing.  If one is increasing and the other is decreasing, then they are negatively correlated and the above inequality is reversed.

Similar statements hold more generally, when  is not necessarily finite, not even countable. In that case, μ has to be a finite measure, and the lattice condition has to be defined using cylinder events; see, e.g., Section 2.2 of .

For proofs, see  or the Ahlswede–Daykin inequality (1978). Also, a rough sketch is given below, due to , using a Markov chain coupling argument.

Variations on terminology

The lattice condition for μ is also called multivariate total positivity, and sometimes the strong FKG condition; the term (multiplicative) FKG condition is also used in older literature.

The property of μ that increasing functions are positively correlated is also called having positive associations, or the weak FKG condition.

Thus, the FKG theorem can be rephrased as "the strong FKG condition implies the weak FKG condition".

A special case: the Harris inequality

If the lattice  is totally ordered, then the lattice condition is satisfied trivially for any measure μ. In case the measure μ is uniform, the FKG inequality is Chebyshev's sum inequality: if the two increasing functions take on values  and ,  then

More generally, for any probability measure μ on  and increasing functions ƒ and g,

which follows immediately from

The lattice condition is trivially satisfied also when the lattice is the product of totally ordered lattices, , and  is a product measure. Often all the factors (both the lattices and the measures) are identical, i.e., μ is the probability distribution of i.i.d. random variables.

The FKG inequality for the case of a product measure is known also as  the Harris inequality after Harris  , who found and used it in his study of percolation in the plane.  A proof of the Harris inequality that uses the above double integral trick on  can be found, e.g., in Section 2.2 of .

Simple examples

A typical example is the following. Color each hexagon of the infinite honeycomb lattice black with probability  and white with probability , independently of each other. Let a, b, c, d be four hexagons, not necessarily distinct. Let  and  be the events that there is a black path from a to b, and a black path from c to d, respectively. Then the Harris inequality says that these events are positively correlated: . In other words, assuming the presence of one path can only increase the probability of the other.

Similarly, if we randomly color the hexagons inside an  rhombus-shaped hex board, then the events that there is black crossing from the left side of the board to the right side is positively correlated with having a black crossing  from the top side to the bottom. On the other hand, having a left-to-right black crossing is negatively correlated with having a top-to-bottom white crossing, since the first is an increasing event (in the amount of blackness), while the second is decreasing. In fact, in any coloring of the hex board exactly one of these two events happen — this is why hex is a well-defined game.

In the Erdős–Rényi random graph, the existence of a Hamiltonian cycle is negatively correlated with the 3-colorability of the graph, since the first is an increasing event, while the latter is decreasing.

Examples from statistical mechanics
In statistical mechanics, the usual source of measures that satisfy the lattice condition (and hence the FKG inequality) is the following:

If  is an ordered set (such as ), and  is a finite or infinite graph, then the set  of -valued configurations is a poset that is a distributive lattice.

Now, if  is a submodular potential (i.e., a family of functions

one for each finite , such that each  is submodular), then one defines the corresponding Hamiltonians as

If μ is an extremal Gibbs measure for this Hamiltonian on the set of configurations , then it is easy to show that μ satisfies the lattice condition, see .

A key example is the Ising model on a graph . Let , called spins, and . Take the following potential:

Submodularity is easy to check; intuitively, taking the min or the max of two configurations tends to decrease the number of disagreeing spins. Then, depending on the graph  and the value of , there could be one or more extremal Gibbs measures, see, e.g.,  and .

A generalization: the Holley inequality

The Holley inequality, due to , states that the expectations

of a monotonically increasing function ƒ on a finite distributive lattice  with respect to two positive functions μ1, μ2 on the lattice  satisfy the condition

provided the functions satisfy the Holley condition (criterion)

for all x, y in the lattice.

To recover the FKG inequality: If μ satisfies the lattice condition and ƒ and g are increasing functions on , then μ1(x) = g(x)μ(x)  and μ2(x) = μ(x) will satisfy the lattice-type condition of the Holley inequality. Then the Holley inequality states that

which is just the FKG inequality.

As for FKG, the Holley inequality follows from the Ahlswede–Daykin inequality.

Weakening the lattice condition: monotonicity
Consider the usual case of  being a product  for some finite set . The lattice condition on μ is easily seen to imply the following monotonicity, which has the virtue that it is often easier to check than the lattice condition:

Whenever one fixes a vertex  and two configurations φ and ψ outside v such that  for all , the μ-conditional distribution of φ(v) given  stochastically dominates the μ-conditional distribution of ψ(v) given .

Now, if μ satisfies this monotonicity property, that is already enough for the FKG inequality (positive associations) to hold.

Here is a rough sketch of the proof, due to : starting from any initial configuration on , one can run a simple Markov chain (the Metropolis algorithm) that uses independent Uniform[0,1] random variables to update the configuration in each step, such that the chain has a unique stationary measure, the given μ. The monotonicity of μ implies that the configuration at each step is a monotone function of independent variables, hence the product measure version of Harris implies that it has positive associations. Therefore, the limiting stationary measure μ also has this property.

The monotonicity property has a natural version for two measures, saying that μ1 conditionally pointwise dominates μ2. It is again easy to see that if μ1 and μ2 satisfy the lattice-type condition of the Holley inequality, then  μ1 conditionally pointwise dominates μ2. On the other hand, a Markov chain coupling argument similar to the above, but now without invoking the Harris inequality, shows that conditional pointwise domination, in fact,  implies stochastically domination. Stochastic domination is equivalent to saying that  for all increasing ƒ, thus we get a proof of the Holley inequality. (And thus also a proof of the FKG inequality, without using the Harris inequality.)

See  and  for details.

See also
Ahlswede–Daykin inequality
 XYZ inequality
 BK inequality

References

Inequalities
Statistical mechanics
Covariance and correlation

FKG inequality


George Yule (17 April 1829 – 26 March 1892) was a Scottish merchant in England and India who served as the fourth President of the Indian National Congress in 1888 at Allahabad, the first non-Indian to hold that office. He was founder of George Yule & Co. of London (now Synthomer, a FTSE 250 company), and headed Andrew Yule & Co., of Calcutta. He served as Sheriff of Calcutta and President of Bengal Chamber of Commerce.

He killed almost 400 tigers during his tenure as Administrator.

Merchant in England and India
Around 1855 George Yule and his brother Andrew Yule moved to Manchester and in 1858 they established a warehouse partnership there. The business flourished, enabling George Yule to reside at Platt Hall, Manchester, and at 22A Austin Friars (near the Bank of England in the City of London), while his brother moved to India. In 1875 George Yule, accompanied by their nephew David Yule (son of the third brother, David), joined Andrew in India. George, who was childless, served as the principal director of the various family enterprises. Andrew's daughter Annie married her cousin David and the wealth was consolidated over the generations.

George Yule is interred at Dunnottar kirkyard.

References

Further reading

1829 births
1892 deaths
Scottish expatriates in India
Sheriffs of Kolkata
Scottish people of the British Empire
People from Stonehaven
Scottish merchants
Scottish politicians
Presidents of the Indian National Congress
19th-century Scottish businesspeople
19th-century Indian businesspeople
19th-century Indian politicians
George
British people in colonial India

George Yule (businessman)


The Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service (QPWS) is a business division of the Department of Environment and Science within the Government of Queensland. The division's primary concern is with the management and maintenance of protected areas within Queensland, to protect and manage Queensland's parks, forests and the Great Barrier Reef for current and future generations.

The QPWS managed areas include more than 1000 national parks, state forests, marine parks and other protected areas, and five world heritage areas. Of these, 220 are national parks.

Queensland's first national park, Witches Falls (in today's Tamborine National Park), was established on 28 March 1908, followed by Bunya Mountains National Park in July 1908, and then Lamington National Park in 1915. From modest early beginnings within the Forestry department, a dedicated national parks service was established in 1975—the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service. From that time, park rangers have proudly worn QPWS uniform badge featuring the symbol, Herbie (Herbert River ringtail possum), which has become one of the most well-recognised symbols in Queensland.

The Nature Conservation Act 1992, Marine Parks Act 2004 and Forestry Act 1959 provide guiding legislation for the service. Meaghan Scanlon, Minister for Environment and Science is responsible for the department. The agency's head office is located at 400 George Street in the Brisbane central business district.

Functions
Protected areas in Queensland are needed to provide wildlife habitat to maintain biodiversity and provide opportunities for outdoor nature-based activities.  Managing national parks involves protecting a park's natural condition and processes, presenting the park's cultural and natural resources and its values; and ensuring that park use is nature-based and ecologically sustainable.

Managing multiple-use marine parks involves providing refuge areas for species and ecosystems while allowing for continuing recreational and commercial use of the majority of the marine environment.

A Master Plan for Queensland's Park System outlines the directions for management of all protected areas in Queensland for the next 20 years.

QPWS is responsible for day-to-day management of Queensland's five World Heritage areas, which are (mostly) within the protected area estate. These properties are outstanding examples of the world's natural or cultural heritage, and provide highly valuable environmental, tourism and economic services for Queensland.

For each park, either a management statement or a management plan is prepared to identify the park's special values and determine ways to ensure those values are preserved, enhanced or maintained.

The service employs park rangers who are responsible for constructing and maintaining infrastructure such as camping areas, picnic areas, amenities, walking tracks and lookouts providing advice to visitors, recording wildlife data, controlling feral plants and animals, assisting in the preparation of management plans and enforcing park rules.

QPWS also works closely with Aboriginal Traditional Owners and, in some places, volunteers, as well as other government departments and organisations to conserve, manage, share and present Queensland's most precious natural and cultural places.

In addition to its ranger capability, the QPWS also provides a firefighting service, QPWS Fire Management, that operates within National Parks, State Parks and Conservation parks, among others. QPWS Fire Management conducts both hazard reduction burns alongside responding to other fires within its area.

Uniform
Rangers wear either khaki long or short sleeved shirts with dark trousers or shorts and boots. Rangers are also permitted to wear a QPWS branded baseball cap, QPWS branded giggle hat, or QPWS branded broad brimmed hat. Both shirts feature the QPWS logo on both shoulders.

Rangers engaging in firefighting duties wear green bunker gear with "PARKS" written across the upper back, along with the QPWS logo on both shoulders.

Vehicles
QPWS operate primarily the Toyota Land Cruiser 79 Series and Mercedes-Benz G-Class. QPWS also has a small amount of medium fire appliances based off an Isuzu chassis, such as the Isuzu Forward. All vehicles operated by the QPWS feature the words "RANGER", the Queensland Government logo and QPWS logo, along with a large amount of green and yellow battenburg markings. Fire Management vehicles can be identified by the presence of firefighting equipment and the addition of "FIRE" below the regular logos and "RANGER" text.

QPWS vehicles are also fitted with green and amber emergency lighting.

See also

Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland
NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service
Parks Victoria
Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service
National Parks and Wildlife Service South Australia
Department of Parks and Wildlife (Western Australia)
Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory

References

External links
 Find a park or forest

Government agencies of Queensland
Environment of Queensland
1998 establishments in Australia
Environmental agencies of country subdivisions
Government agencies established in 1998
Protected area administrators of Australia

Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service


Nibulon Shipbuilding-Shiprepair Plant (Ukrainian: Суднобудівно-судноремонтний завод «Нібулон») is a Ukrainian shipyard that is located in Mykolaiv owned by agricultural company Nibulon. It is located right next to the Black Sea Shipyard.

History
As an independent company, the enterprise was founded in 1886. The main activity of the company was ship repair. In 1933 the plant began to build barges, floating docks, steel lights and steel structures for waterworks.

In the early 90s, the company began the construction of yachts. There were built two motor-sailing schooner AQUATON-88 (length 26.7 meters), which became the first mega-yachts built in the then USSR. One of these yachts is a training schooner in the naval forces of Spain.

At the same time the yard, with support from the Ukrainian Government, built small fishing vessels for the companies located on the Black Sea and Sea of Azov. At the request of customers who bought old decommissioned military boats, the plant takes care of their repair, modernization and renovation. At the same time the plant is establishing manufacturing and installation of furniture for yachts, including some made of precious wood.

In 1995, the plant was privatized and reorganized into an open joint stock company. It undertook production of sailing and motor sailing yachts and boats.

In 2000, the enterprise was rebranded to Lyman Shipbuilding Plant.

In August 2012, the Nibulon company acquired the assets and property complex of the Liman Shipbuilding Plant. The Nibulon Shipbuilding-Shiprepair Plant was created. In the newly established factory there was reconstruction and modernization of existing facilities for the purpose of construction and maintenance of the trading fleet of the Nibulon company.

On June 10, 2016, Nibulon Shipyard launched the second self-propelled vessel B2000. In general it is planned to build eight vessels of this type. Six of them will be launched on the water by the end of 2016. The vessels will operate in tandem with tugboats.

In 2019, the shipyard built a 10,000-ton NIBULON MAX granary, which become one of the largest ships built in Ukraine for a decade.

In 2020 the company was granted a government contract for manufacturing five OCEA motorboats for the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine.

See also

 Nibulon
 Oleksi Vadatoursky

References

Shipbuilding companies of Ukraine
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1886
1880s establishments in Ukraine
1886 establishments in the Russian Empire
Buildings and structures in Mykolaiv

Nibulon Shipyard


Subwoofer is a type of loudspeaker that is designed to produce low frequencies, example 20 - 200 Hz. Usually subwoofers are quite big and heavy.
we can not typically hear frequencies below 20 Hz. In some cases, with enough sound pressure, the listener will not hear the sound but will be able to feel it.

Audio technology

Subwoofer


In the design of programming languages, an erroneous program is one whose semantics are not well-defined, but where the language implementation is not obligated to signal an error either at compile or at execution time.  For example, in Ada:

In addition to bounded errors, the language rules define certain kinds of errors as leading to erroneous execution. Like bounded errors, the implementation need not detect such errors either prior to or during run time. Unlike bounded errors, there is no language-specified bound on the possible effect of erroneous execution; the effect is in general not predictable.

Defining a condition as "erroneous" means that the language implementation need not perform a potentially expensive check (e.g. that a global variable refers to the same object as a subroutine parameter) but may nonetheless depend on a condition being true in defining the semantics of the program.

Notes

Programming language design

Erroneous program


Villa Pauli is a villa and club located at Strandvägen 19 in the suburb of Djursholm and county of Stockholm, Sweden. It lies on the shore of the Stora Värtan some  north of the centre of the city of Stockholm.

The villa was built in 1907 by Anna Pauli, the daughter of , the wealthiest man in Sweden in the 19th century. He made a fortune in Latin America in the 1850s, co-founded the Enskilda Bank and founded Handelsbanken. He then funded Alfred Nobel's Nitroglycerine Corporation and became its Chairman 1864-1904. Together with his young relative Ragnar Sohlman, he became instrumental in establishing the Nobel Foundation and the Nobel Prize based on Alfred's testament. He also financed the establishment of the University of Stockholm.

The villa, designed by famous architect Ragnar Östberg, was richly decorated with works by the painter Georg Pauli and sculptor Carl Eldh. It remained a private residence until 1968, when it was acquired by the Catholic Church for the purpose of visiting cardinals and was used as a convent. Pope John Paul II has stayed there.

In 1985 the villa was acquired by the real estate magnate Birger Gustavsson, who converted into a club for corporate members that opened September 1986.  bought the club in 1998 and upgraded and redecorated it, including interior decoration featuring antiques, original art and sculptures. Many companies use the Villa Pauli Club as a venue for an event, fashion show or product launch.

External links

 Villa Pauli

Houses completed in 1907
Buildings and structures in Stockholm County

Villa Pauli, Djursholm


The Andhra Pradesh Residential School, Kodigenahalli (APRSK), is one of the oldest residential schools of Andhra Pradesh state, situated in Anantapur district of India. It was established in 1972 by the state government of Andhra Pradesh to provide education in the rural areas of some districts in Rayalaseema, specifically: Anantapur, Chittoor, Kadapa, Kurnool and Nellore. This is one of the three residential schools that were established in the state by the state government, along with Andhra Pradesh Residential School, Tadikonda and Andhra Pradesh Residential School, Sarvail. Soon after its establishment, the school gained yearly top ten ranking in the Secondary School Certificate (SSC) Exams conducted by the Board of Secondary Education, Government of Andhra Pradesh.

The school emblem is "Thama Soma Jyothirgamaya", which means "Enlighten the darkness".

School and students
The APRSK institution was established in 1972 by the state government of Andhra Pradesh to provide free education for rural and poor background students who were successful in the open talent search examination conducted by the state government. Initially the exam was conducted for the students of five districts; Anantapur, Kadapa, Kurnool, Nellore, and Chittoor. The exam is now restricted to only one district, Anantapur.

The activities of the children start very early in the morning with a physical exercise class (Drill) and last till the study hours ending at 9.30 p.m.

The National Cadet Corps (N.C.C.) is a part of the children's extracurricular activities. Many of the students  from the earlier batches participated in the (Republic Day Parade RDC), which is held at New Delhi on 26 January every year (The Republic Day of India).

The students take part in the district sports meets known as "Griggs" and have won the overall championship trophy several times. They have also participated in district, state, and national science fairs, and have won numerous prizes.

The School prayer
"Ya kundendu Thusharahara Dhavalaa,
Ya Subhra Vasthranvithaa,
Ya veenaa varadandamanditha karaa
Ya swetha padmasanaa,
Ya brahmachyutha Sankara Prabhruthibhirdevai Sadaa Pujithaa,
Samaampathu Saraswathee Bhagavathee Nissesha Jadyapaha..."
" యా కుందేందు తుషారహార ధవళా యా శుభ్ర వస్త్రాన్వితా ..
యా వీణా వరదండ మండిత కరా యా శ్వేత పద్మాసనా ..
యా బ్రహ్మాచ్యుత శంకర ప్రభ్రుతిభిర్దేవై సదా పూజితా...
సామాంపాతు సరస్వతీ భగవతీ నిశ్శేష జాడ్యాపః ..!!! "

This sacred hymn is sung by the students daily when the school assembles in the morning, prior to the beginning of classes. The hymn, which is written in the ancient Sanskrit language, is a tribute to the Goddess of education, Saraswati, which means :

"Oh Goddess Saraswathi..! Who is as fair as a jasmine flower, the moon or a snow flake, who is dressed in flawless white and whose hands are adorned by Veena (a musical instrument), who is seated in a white lotus, to whom Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva pray..Please, protect us...!!!

This prayer is followed by the Indian National Anthem and poem No.35 of "Gitanjali", one of the writings of Rabindranath Tagore, the Nobel prize winner for Literature :
"Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high,
Where knowledge is free,
Where the world has not been broken up into fragments by narrow domestic walls,
Where words come out from the depth of truth,
Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards the perfection,
Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way into the dreary desert sand of dead habit,
Where the mind is led forward by thee into ever widening thought and action,
Into that heaven of freedom, my father, let my country awake!"

School song
""Jayathu Jai Jayathu Jai Jaya Paathasala !
Jayathu Jai Jayathu Jai Jaya Punya Seela !!

Rayalelina Seema Rathanaala Seema !
Rathanaala Seemalo Ramya Gurukulamu !
Pennaa Nadee Theera Prantha Bhushanamu !
Chennaina Kodigenahalli Puravaramu !!

Aa Ananthapuramu Nundi Nellooru !
Varaku Nuragala Thoda Uppongi Paaru !
Pennaye Maaku Sambamdhambu Koorcha !
Paragu Rayalaseema Rathnaalu Memu !!

Vidyaa Vayo Vruddhulaina Guruvarulu !
Sathkarma Nirathulai Sadbuddhuleeya !
Padmanabhunde Ma Kalpalatha Kaaga !
Varaledi Vidyaardhi Vajraalu Memu !
Bhaavibhaaratha Veera Pourulamu Memu !

Pedalani Dhanikulani Bhedame Ledu !
Saadarambou Prema Bhaavame Kaladu !
Levu Maalo Jaathi Matha Vibhedamulu !
Saanthi Kaanthule Maaku Sarala Maargamulu !
Deena Jana Sevaa Paraayaname Deeksha !
Dharma Nirvahaname Maakadhika Raksha !!""
The school song goes on this way in Telugu script and is written by Sri.P.Venkateswarlu,(Telugu teacher) in the early years of the school..
జయతు జై ! జయతు జై ! జయ పాఠశాల !
జయతు జై ! జయతు జై ! జయ పుణ్యశీల !!

రాయలేలిన సీమ రతనాల సీమ.,
రతనాల సీమలో రమ్య గురుకులము.,
పెన్నా నదీ తీర ప్రాంత భూషణము.,
చెన్నైన కొడిగెనహళ్లి పురవరము.. !!

ఆ అనంతపురము నుండి నెల్లూరు..
వరకు నురగల తోడి ఉప్పొంగి పారు.,
పెన్నయే మాకు సంబంధంబు  కూర్చ.,
పరగు రాయలసీమ రత్నాలు మేము.. !!

విద్యా వయో వృద్ధులైన గురువరులు.,
సత్కర్మ నిరతులై సద్బుద్ధులీయ.,
పద్మనాభుండు మా కల్పలత కాగ.,
వరలెడి విద్యార్ధి వజ్రాలు మేము.,
భావి భారత వీర పౌరులము మేము..!!

పేదలని ధనికులని భేదమే లేదు.,
సాదరంబౌ ప్రేమ భావమే కలదు.,
లేవు మాలో జాతి మత విభేదములు.,
శాంతి కాంతులె మాకు సరళ మార్గములు.,
దీన జన సేవా పరాయణమే దీక్ష.,
ధర్మ నిర్వహణమే మాకధిక రక్ష..!!!                   || జయ ||

The House system (dormitories)
White House -
Green House -
Tikkana Somayaji House -
Sri Krishnadevaraya House -
C.R.R House (Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy House) -
New Dormitory -

Uniform
The official uniform is a cream-coloured shirt and khaki colour knickers (shorts).
after 2015  khaki pants are allowed to higher sections
The Colour Party (Band Set) dress code is white shirt and white pant (trousers).

External links
 Alumni website
 Alumni Yahoo Group
 Wikimapia
 Orkut Group

Educational institutions established in 1972
Schools in Anantapur district
1972 establishments in India


J. Robert Bren (July 23, 1903 – October 1, 1981) was a Mexican-American screenwriter and producer who was active from the mid-1930s through the mid-1950s. He wrote either the story or screenplay for thirty feature films, as well as producing at least two of those films.

Life and career
Born Jose Roberto Bustamante Gutierrez on July 23, 1903, in Guanajuato, Mexico, he entered the film industry, working on the sound crew for the 1933 film, Face in the Sky. The following year he began writing stories for films, the first of which was the 20th Century Fox film, Looking for Trouble, starring Spencer Tracy and Jack Oakie. He was also one of the story authors for The Band Plays On (1933), starring Robert Young. In 1937 he was one of three writers who expanded an unpublished Damon Runyon story which was turned into the screenplay for Racing Lady, which starred Ann Dvorak, Smith Ballew, and Harry Carey. Bren was one of the writers of the screenplay for The Man Who Found Himself, also in 1937, featuring Joan Fontaine in her first starring role, along with John Beal.

In 1942, Bren co-wrote the original story for the film, In Old California, starring John Wayne. Bren produced the 1945 film, First Yank into Tokyo, from a screenplay he wrote. The film stars Tom Neal and Barbara Hale, and was directed by Gordon Douglas. To open the film, Bren secured the rights to a tape of Japan's prime minister, Kuniaki Koiso, in which he exhorts the Japanese population to "sacrifice everything to repulse the enemy." Bren served on the California State Welfare Board in 1949. Also on the board was Hazel Hurst, a blind young lady who was famous for advocacy for the blind, especially for the use of guide dogs. She was one of the founders of the Hurst Foundation. Bren wrote a screenplay based on Hurst's life. The 1954 film, Naked Alibi, directed by Jerry Hopper and starring Sterling Hayden and Gloria Grahame, was based on a story by Bren and his long-time writing partner, Gladys Atwater. Bren's last big screen writing credit was again as story co-writer with Atwater for The Treasure of Pancho Villa, directed by George Sherman, and starring Rory Calhoun, Shelley Winters and Gilbert Roland.

Filmography
(as per AFI's database)

References

External links

1903 births
1981 deaths
Writers from Guanajuato
American film producers
20th-century American businesspeople
American writers of Mexican descent
20th-century American screenwriters
Mexican emigrants to the United States

J. Robert Bren