Pero Simić (2 July 1946 – 11 October 2016) was a Bosnian Serb journalist and historian. He is most notable for authoring the first complete political biography of Josip Broz Tito, which has been published in all languages of the former Yugoslavia, in seven editions with a circulation of 58,500 copies, under the titles Tito, secret of the century and Tito the phenomenon of the century. The book has been translated into Polish and German and will soon be published in Bulgarian and other world languages.

Biography
Born in Skočić near Zvornik, PR Bosnia-Herzegovina, FPR Yugoslavia. He finished primary school in Skočić and Kozluk near Zvornik, then went to high school in Zvornik, Lukavac and Loznica. He moved to Belgrade for post-secondary education, graduating from the University of Belgrade's School of Economics.

Politics

Simić was president of the Youth Organization of Serbia from 1971-73. In those years, in his public speeches he was saying that "dissatisfaction of the youth should not be suppressed", that "one does not inherit future, but builds it" that "there is no taboo for us", that "our task to critically think", that "nothing can be achieved with bludgeon", that "Yugoslavia has an unrealistic picture of itself", that "nationalism is a real force in society." And that "freedom can not exist without democracy" in Yugoslav society, that "closure leads to primitivism", that "a country can not prosper if the power is in the hands of one man."

In October 1972, during several days of Tito's conversation with the Serbian leadership, Simić did not support the politics of the Yugoslav president, but rather those of Serbian liberal leader Marko Nikezić. One month after this meeting, Simić told two local youth officials that "no one is sinless, not even comrade Tito."

Simić's companions reported these comments to the Minister of the Municipal Committee of League of Communists, secretary of the Committee to the new leadership of the League of Communists of Serbia. In February 1972, the secretariat of Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia formed on the occasion of this statement a party committee which a month later forced Simić to resign from all political positions.

In 1976, charge with "undermining our system and the unity of state and political leadership of Serbia and Yugoslavia", Simić was brought to the interrogation for several days to the central Serbian State Security Service in Kneza Milosa 30, Belgrade, without written decision.

Journalism
Simić worked in Vecernje Novosti from 1973-79 in the editorial office writing short newspaper articles on environmental protection. At the end of the 1979 he was given the opportunity to report on the traditional meeting of economists of Yugoslavia in Opatija. He reported that Yugoslavia was in the "biggest balance of payments crisis" in its history, and that, in the first eight months of the year, "negative balance of trade with foreign countries was greater than in the whole previous year", that the participation of Yugoslavia in world exports in the last eight years has fallen from 0.54 to 0.45 percent, while its share in world imports "has fallen from 0.93 to 0.79 percent". He added that "current account deficit of the country in 1979 will reach unprecedented amount of three billion dollars", that the state's stimulation of exports had increased by 40 percent and that the Yugoslav exports declined and "covers only 47 percent of imports".

By order of the Federal Secretary for Information Ismail Bajra, due to this reporting he was prohibited from writing about economic and political issues and sent back to editorial work. Six years later, in 1985, he was allowed to write economic and political articles and comments. He has published over 300 articles dealing with controversial pages of the recent history of Serbia and Yugoslavia.

Besides Vecernje Novosti, his reports have been published in Mladost, Rad, Borba, Duga, Intervju, NIN, and Danas. From November 1998 to March 2000, he was the chief editor of Vecernje Novosti. The government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia nationalized Novosti''s publishing company on 2 March 2000, so the editorial policy of Vecernje Novosti would adjust to the wishes of the government at that time. From 5 October 2000 until 1 January 2008, he worked as a journalist-associate at the newspaper.

Works
Simić has published 16 publicist and historiographic books, including:
 Uncertain Past
 Chains of dogma, 1988.
 When Tito, How Tito, Why Tito, 1989.
 Tito agent of the Comintern, 1990.
 Forgiveness with no mercy (co-authored with Jovan Kesar), 1990.
 Inside the bloody circle - Tito and the breakup of Yugoslavia, 1993. (Second revised edition of "The collapse of Tito's Empire", 1999).
 Fires and flood - in the whirl of family Serboland (co-authored with Dejan Lukic), 2001.
 Saint and Fog, 2005.
 Crucified Kosovo, 2006.
 Temptations of the Serbian elite, 2006.
 Tito, secret of the century, 2009.
 Tito's Diary, 2009.
 Tito, strictly confidential – archive documents (co-authored with Zvonimir Despot), 2010.
 Period of youth (co-authored with Djoko Stojicic and Miroslav Markovic), 2010.

Croatian and Slovenian historians and journalists have called Simić "the best connoisseur of Tito in the world"

References

1946 births
2016 deaths
People from Zvornik
Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serbian journalists
Serbian biographers
Yugoslav dissidents
University of Belgrade Faculty of Economics alumni

Pero Simić


Fashion was a big part of the 1920s. It was a time when people wanted something new. They wanted to look good and be unique. The fashion industry in the Western world saw growth during this time.

Flappers were a big subculture in the Western world during the 1920s. Flappers were women who wore short skirts, and feathers in their hair, which was usually in a bob. They sometimes smoked and drank, and were very rebellious. Later on, their dresses became fashionable in the 1920s.

References
Fashion. Compton's by Britannica, v 6.0. 2009. eLibrary. Web. 04 Dec. 2012.
Murphy, Robert. Schiaparelli in Bazaar. Harper's Bazaar. 01 Apr. 2012: 232. eLibrary. Web. 04 Dec. 2012.

1920s
Fashion

Fashion in the 1920s


Thomas Busby (26 December 1755 – 28 May 1838) was an English composer.

Early life
Busby was the son of a coach-painter. He was born at Westminster, London, in December 1755.
His father was musical, and sang himself; when his son developed a fine treble voice, he decided to bring him up as a musician. Benjamin Cooke, the organist of Westminster Abbey, turned down young Busby (at age 12-13) as too old for a chorister; he was placed under Samuel Champness for singing, and Charles Knyvett for the harpsichord. Subsequently he studied under Jonathan Battishill.

In the summer of 1769 Busby was engaged to sing at Vauxhall Gardens at a salary of ten guineas a week. On his voice breaking, he was articled to Battishill for three years, and worked on both his musical and his general education. On the expiration of his training he returned to his father's house, and set himself to earn his living by music and literature.

Early works
His first venture was the composition of music to a play by William Kenrick, The Man the Master, but this was never finished. He then turned his attention to oratorio, and began a setting of Alexander Pope's Messiah, at which he worked intermittently for several years. Busby was more successful with literary pursuits than with musical. He was for some time parliamentary reporter of the London Courant, and assisted in editing The Morning Post, besides acting as musical critic to the European Magazine and Joseph Johnson's Analytical Review, and contributing to the Celtic Miscellany and Whitehall Evening Post. In 1785 he wrote a poem called The Age of Genius, a satire in the style of Charles Churchill, containing nearly 1,000 lines. About five years after the expiration of his articles Busby was elected organist of St Mary's, Newington.

Marriage and later years
In July 1786 he married Priscilla Angier, daughter of Charles Angier of Earl's Court, Kensington. Together they had seven children, including George Frederic, architect Charles Augustin, and Julian (also a composer and musician). After his marriage Busby lived in Poland Street, where he was sought after as a teacher of Latin, French, and music. A few years later he moved to Battersea. In 1798 he was elected organist of St Mary Woolnoth.

In the spring of 1799, his early oratorio was produced by Wilhelm Cramer under the name of The Prophecy, perhaps to avoid comparison with Georg Handel's Messiah. Busby then set to work on settings of Thomas Gray's Progress of Poesy, Pope's "Ode on St. Cecilia's Day", and a cantata from Ossian, Comala; however, it is not clear whether any of these were performed. A secular "oratorio", Britannia (words by John Gretton), was sung at Covent Garden in 1801 with Gertrud Elisabeth Mara as the principal soprano. Busby also wrote music for Richard Cumberland's version of Kotzebue's Joanna, which was produced at Covent Garden on 16 January 1800, without much success.

In June 1801, Busby obtained the degree of Mus. Doc. at Cambridge, for which purpose he entered at Magdalene College. His exercise on this occasion was "A Thanksgiving Ode on the Naval Victories", the words of which were written by Mrs Crespigny. In 1802 he wrote music to Thomas Holcroft's melodrama A Tale of Mystery, the first play of this type that appeared on the English stage. It was produced at Covent Garden on 13 November 1802, and was very successful. In the following year Busby wrote music for Anna Maria Porter's musical entertainment The Fair Fugitives (Covent Garden, 16 May 1803); but this was a failure. His connection with the stage ceased with Matthew Lewis's Rugantino (Covent Garden, 18 October 1805). The music to all these plays was published.

Final years
In his latter years Busby lived with a married daughter at Queen's Row, Pentonville, where he died, aged 84, on Monday, 28 May 1838. According to an obituary notice of him. he was eccentric and held "loose notions on religious subjects". George Borrow is said to have portrayed Busby as the editor of the "Universal Review" in his novel Lavengro (1851).

Publications
In 1786 Busby and Samuel Arnold brought out a Musical Dictionary. Busby went on to issue a serial entitled The Divine Harmonist, consisting of 12 folio numbers of music, partly selected and partly original. In this work are included some fragments of his oratorio The Creation. The Divine Harmonist was followed by Melodia Britannica, which was to be a collection of English music, but the work was unsuccessful, and was never completed. About the same time Busby completed a translation of Lucretius into rhymed verse. Around 1800 he brought out A New and Complete Musical Dictionary, and started the first musical periodical in England, The Monthly Musical Journal, of which four numbers were produced.

His translation of Lucretius was published in 1813, and was followed by an attempt to prove that the Letters of Junius were written by J. L. de Lolme (1816), and subsequent publications such as A Grammar of Music (1818), A Dictionary of Musical Terms, A History of Music (two volumes, 1819) (a compilation from the Histories of Charles Burney and Sir John Hawkins), Concert-room Anecdotes (three volumes, 1825), and a Musical Manual (1828).

References

Attribution
; Endnotes:
Public Characters for 1802-3, 371
Concert-room Anecdotes, i. 93
Musical World for 1838, 80
Genest's Hist. of the Stage, vii.
Times, 30 May 1838
British Museum Catalogue
Graduati Cantab. 1760-1856.

1755 births
1838 deaths
Musicians from Westminster
English composers
18th-century British composers
18th-century British male musicians
19th-century British composers
18th-century English musicians
19th-century English musicians
19th-century British male musicians

Thomas Busby (composer)


Warrior's End is a 2009 medieval epic film written and directed by Bjorn Anderson and starring Zach Maurer, John Symonds, and Paul Eenhoorn.

Premise
While on tour of the northwestern border, the prince of Midea and his companions discover invading armies from neighboring Kilea. Unable to summon reinforcements in time, the young prince must make a stand to protect his people.

Cast

 Mindy Byram as Maria
 Ricco DiStefano as General Tarkis
 Paul Eenhoorn as Kael
 Kevin Haggerty as Kole
 John Locke as King Harold
 Zach Maurer as Andreas
 Renee Pinzon as Julia
 John Symonds as Johan
 Phillip Wheeler as Will

Production
Director Bjorn Anderson decided on his 26th birthday to quit his job and pursue his dream of filmmaking. Instead of paying to go to film school, he began work on his first film, Warrior's End. The production utilized the help of the Seattle Knights for many of the expansive sword battle scenes. The cast and crew worked on a volunteer basis which allowed the film to achieve its epic look on a limited budget.

Release
The film had its premiere June 7, 2009 at Seattle's True Independent Film Festival, where it was given the Mt. Rainier Award.

References

External links

2009 films
Films shot in Washington (state)
2000s English-language films

Warrior's End


The Bulgarian Wikipedia () is the Bulgarian-language edition of Wikipedia. It was founded on 6 December 2003, and on 12 June 2015 it passed the 200,000 articles threshold. It is written in the Bulgarian (Cyrillic) Alphabet.  As of , it has  articles and is the  largest Wikipedia edition.

Users

As of , the Bulgarian Wikipedia has  registered users and  of them are active users. Bulgarian Wikipedia has a Bulgarian alphabet (Cyrillic) interface and users can include Cyrillic letters for their Wikipedia names. The userboxes and all other personal content is in Cyrillic. This is also due to the need of one username for all Wikipedia languages registrations and edits, while many of the Bulgarian Wikipedians also contribute to the English, French, etc. Wikipedias where Cyrillic nicknames may be hard to read or pronounce.

History

The Bulgarian Wikipedia was created on 6 December 2003. In 2005 Bulgarian Wikipedia added its 20,000th article and was the 21st largest Wikipedia at the time. Later in 2007 it was the 30th largest Wikipedia by article count, with over 50,000 articles.
On 24 May 2010, the distinctive Wikipedia globe logo for the Bulgarian Wikipedia was temporarily altered to include the number 100,000 to commemorate the 100,000 article milestone, it became the 32nd largest Wikipedia by size and now it holds 33rd place with more than 200,000 articles.

Timeline
 On 3 October 2004, the 10,000th article was created.
 On 26 December 2007, the 50,000th article.
 On 24 May 2010, the 100,000th article.
 On 17 July 2013, the 150,000th article and
 On 12 June 2015, the 200,000th article.

Multimedia
As of March 2010 Bulgarian Wikipedia uses only Commons for pictures and multimedia uploads and local uploads are switched off. The existing files are gradually moved to Commons.

References

External links

  Bulgarian Wikipedia
  Bulgarian Wikipedia mobile version

Wikipedias in Slavic languages
Bulgarian-language websites
Internet in Bulgaria
Bulgarian encyclopedias
Internet properties established in 2003

Bulgarian Wikipedia


Disability abuse is when a person with a disability is abused physically, financially, sexually and/or psychologically due to the person having a disability. This type of abuse has also been considered a hate crime. The abuse is not limited to those who are visibly disabled or physically deformed, but also includes those with learning, intellectual and developmental disabilities or mental illnesses.

Risk factors for abuse
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) persons with disabilities make up around 15% of the world's population, children with disabilities are three times more likely to face violence than non-disabled and there is an approximate 50% increased risk of experiencing violence for adults with mental health conditions.

Persons with disabilities are easy targets for predators as they may not have the resources or abilities to escape an abusive situation or communicate about the occurrences. Hard of hearing persons are placed at twice the risk for neglect and emotional abuse in comparison to other disabilities and nearly four times in regards to physical abuse.

Abuse can occur in multiple ways, most commonly seen as physical, emotional, or sexual. Those in the disability population tend to be at higher risk due to lacking skills to protect themselves. Examples include: deficits in communication, limited social environment, disempowerment, and intimate contact required for hygiene dependency.  Further, as there can be tendencies for caretakers to overprotect individuals during their youth, they can more easily be exploited due to a lack of preparation. In facets such as school there is often a lack of efficient sex education for youth with disabilities and in combination of improper training for professionals working with these children, risks increase. Notably there also tends to be overlap between abuse and neglect as childhood care often results in full dependency on care providers due to need for assistance throughout daily activities.

A community-based participatory research study to assess abuse and current physical and mental health of 350 members within varying disabilities found a significant correlation with depressive symptoms and significant relations between childhood abuse and depression, PTSD, and negative physical health outcomes in adulthood. The main finding was that interaction of childhood and adult abuse predicted increased negative physical and psychological health rates for those with developmental disabilities.

Forms of abuse

Bullying

A 2012 survey by the Interactive Autism Network found that 63% of children with autism are bullied in the United States. Over a third of autistic adults said they had been bullied at work in a survey by the UK's National Autistic Society.

82% of children with a learning disability in the UK are bullied, according to Mencap, and 79% are scared to go out in case they are bullied.

A survey that was done shows that roughly seven out of ten people with disabilities have been abused, and that it is an ongoing problem. It was found that bullying people with disabilities is a problem in various other countries, and lacks attention.

Bullying is not always physical. Verbal bullying and cyberbullying occur often. Catherine Thornberry and Karin Olson claim that carers often dehumanize disabled people, taking away their abilities and qualities that make them a person and lowering them to the level of just an object or a thing. They found that the caregivers or assistants are often the ones who are unintentionally bullying the disabled individuals. The caregivers look at the individuals at lower standard than they do other people, leading to Thornberry and Olson labeling abuse of disabled individuals as a hate crime.

Sexual abuse

According to Valenti-Hein & Schwartz, only 3% of sexual abuse cases involving developmentally disabled people are ever reported, more than 90% of developmentally disabled people will experience sexual abuse at some point in their lives, and 49% will experience 10 or more abusive incidents.

A study published in the British Journal of Psychiatry by Sequeira, Howlin, & Hollins found that sexual abuse is associated with a higher incidence of psychiatric and behavioural disorder in people with learning disabilities in a case-control study. Sexual abuse was associated with increased rates of mental illness and behavioural problems, and with symptoms of post-traumatic stress. Psychological reactions to abuse were similar to those observed in the general population, but with the addition of stereotypical behavior. The more serious the abuse, the more severe the symptoms that were reported.

Sexual abuse is less likely to be reported by individuals with disabilities. The people that surround these individuals are often found to be less likely to report these cases of abuse. Many societies still view disabled people as weak and vulnerable, making it easy for the abuser to feel no remorse or to shift the blame away from themselves. More often than not, people figure they can trust their physicians or doctors who provide care for these individuals. In a clinical study it was found that the physicians would provide poor quality of care to individuals with disabilities. They would suppress the problems instead of addressing them by giving them drugs to make them be quiet. It was also found that physicians were less likely to report sexual abuse or any abuse that they found present on these individuals. They justified these actions by believing that disabled people are less valuable.

Institutional abuse

Institutional abuse overwhelmingly impacts people with disabilities, as those with intellectual disabilities and some physical disabilities often live in institutional settings. Hospitals and care homes can both be settings where abuse occurs. Severe disability is a factor that increases the likelihood of elder abuse and neglect in nursing homes in Portugal.

Impacts of abuse
There was one study done that shows 60 per cent of the children with disabilities come forth about being bullied regularly, versus 25 per cent of the students who are being bullied with no disabilities. This can also affect their learning and school and education. Their grades are more at risk in dropping, they have a more difficult time concentrating, and there is no interest in school and the learning material. All of this can lead to the child dropping out of school.

Current policies and research
There are policies such as Article 16 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities which calls for appropriate measures needed to protect all persons with disabilities in all locations, from all forms of abuse. WHO made a statement emphasizing poor public health surveillance of child maltreatment across the world which has been conveyed through examples such as the Adverse Childhood Experience questionnaire which has been used to gain better understanding of the prevalence of abuse occurring worldwide, but comparisons can be challenging due to differing policies between regions.

Additional policies like the United States Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act passed in 1974 and reauthorized in 2019 created a state-based child abuse reporting and response system that requires professionals to be legally mandated to make a government report if a child alludes to the possibility of abuse or neglect to see if an investigation is needed.

See also
 Ableism
 Developmental disability abuse and vulnerability
 Disability hate crime
 Institutional abuse
 Sexual abuse of people with developmental disabilities
 Violence against people with disabilities
 Disability draft
 Freak

References

Further reading
 Baumhoefner, Arlen Financial Abuse of the Deaf And Hard of Hearing Exposed (2006)
 Fitzsimons, Nancy M. & Sobsey, Dick Combating Violence & Abuse of People With Disabilities: A Call to Action (2009)

Abuse
Disability
Hate crime
Institutional abuse

Disability abuse


Sultsina is a traditional Karelian dish, a cross between a crêpe and a flatbread, made of unleavened rye dough and a farina  (mannapuuro) filling. Rice pudding can also be used as a filling.

The stiff dough is formed by mixing rye flour and water and rolling to form thin circles, much like for Karelian pasties. It is then cooked directly on a clean burner or in a dry frying pan or griddle, on relatively high heat. One or both sides are then basted with melted butter or a mixture of melted butter and water and then stacked upon one another. The filling is then spread over the pastry, leaving the edges exposed and the sultsina is folded, bringing one side to the middle, the other side over that. The sultsina is then cut in half. Like most traditional Karelian pastries, sultsinas are best when eaten fresh as they do not keep well.

References

External links
 Finnish National Institute for Health and Welfare

Finnish cuisine
Karelian cuisine
Rye-based dishes

Sultsina


Fiona Foster is a British television presenter and journalist who has also spent several years working in the United States. She was the main presenter on the BBC World travel programme Fast Track.

Early career
Foster worked at BBC Radio Oxford in 1985. She also worked as a waitress and an announcer for Greyhound. Foster was one of the launch presenters of London News Network's London Tonight programme in 1993 together with Alastair Stewart, having previously worked as a financial presenter on the Breakfast Business segment of BBC Breakfast News.

ITV News
During the Iraq war in 2003 she presented for ITV News.

She is currently a reporter on ITV's current affairs programme Tonight.  Foster has also appeared in the Celebrity Poker Club television series. She has provided the voiceover for a number of programmes in the …from Hell series such as Neighbours from Hell and Holidays from Hell.

Foster was the co-presenter of ITV's monthly programme "Missing" (similar to Crimewatch but featuring appeals on behalf of the National Missing Persons Helpline) alongside Alastair Stewart.

Other
She presents Don't Get Done in the Sun, which was shown on BBC One from 20 May 2013.

Personal life
She has two daughters with her husband, Tristan Hickey, and they live in North London.

In 2005 she appeared on the talk show Heads Up with Richard Herring to discuss her life, career and her love of poker.

References

External links

British television presenters
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century births

Fiona Foster


The Screen Writers Guild was an organization of Hollywood screenplay authors, formed as a union in 1933. In 1954, it became two different organizations: Writers Guild of America, West and the Writers Guild of America, East.

Founding
Screenwriters' earliest attempts at organizing date back to the 1910s, when film scenarists participated in The Authors League of America (now the Authors Guild). However, screenwriters soon identified a need to form their own organization, since they had different work products and challenges than literary writers. Another attempt at representation was the Photoplay Authors' League, founded in 1914 in Los Angeles, but it disbanded after two years.

In Summer 1920, twelve writers announced the formation of the Screen Writers Guild. They published an open letter in Variety, defining six objectives of the organization, and inviting all industry writers to apply for membership. Members had to derive income from some form of film writing, and to receive nominations from two existing members.

 In 1921, The Guild also formed a social arm, The Writers' Club. The club purchased a mansion at 6700 Sunset Boulevard and converted it to a clubhouse, which became a gathering place for SWG members. The Writers held numerous dinners, WAMPAS Baby Stars Candidates Parades, parties, and presentations of one-act plays through the mid-1930s.

Starting in 1927, several historic trends caused the SWG's organizing and representation efforts to become nearly inactive. Louis B. Mayer founded the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences as a means of bypassing union negotiations. Warner Brothers released the first commercial sound film, The Jazz Singer, bringing fundamental changes to screenwriting. And the Great Depression began taking a toll on all aspects of filmmaking economics.

In 1933, ten writers met to discuss revitalizing the SWG as union under the protection of laws governing unions under consideration by Congress and eventually embodied in the Wagner Act of 1935. They included Donald Ogden Stewart, Charles Brackett, John Bright, Philip Dunne, Dorothy Parker and Howard J. Green; the union's first president. Others active in the 1930s included Lillian Hellman, Dashiell Hammett, Ogden Nash, Frances Goodrich, Albert Hackett, and Maurice Rapf. It sought to establish criteria for crediting authors for creating or contributing to a screenplay, known as "screen credits." The film studios responded by refusing to hire Guild members and forming a rival organization called the Screen Playwrights. When the Guild appealed to the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), the NLRB certified the Guild as the "exclusive bargaining agency" for screenwriters employed by 13 of 18 Hollywood studios, based on elections in which writers chose the Guild over the Screen Playwrights. The film producers acceded to the NLRB ruling in March 1939.

Beginning in 1940, the Guild came under attack by the House Committee on Un-American Activities for the radical communist leanings of many of its members. The attacks escalated in 1947, when more than a dozen writers were called to testify. Hellman responded with an essay in the Screen Writer, the Guild's publication, attacking the Committee for its investigation and the film industry's owners for submitting to the Committee's intimidation. It described the Committee's hearings:

In 1954, the members of the Screen Writers Guild backed the formation of a national union of a broader organization of writers working in motion pictures, television and radio, divided into two geographical bodies: Writers Guild of America, West and the Writers Guild of America, East.

See also
Writers Guild of America

References

Additional sources
Larry Ceplair and Steven Englund, The Inquisition in Hollywood: Politics in the Film Community, 1930-1960 (University of California Press, 1983)
David L. Goodrich, The Real Nick and Nora: Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, Writers of Stage and Screen Classics (Southern Illinois University Press 2004)
Victor S. Navasky, Naming Names (Macmillan, 2003)
Nancy Lynn Schwartz, The Hollywood Writers' War (NY: Knopf, 1982)
Colin Shindler, Hollywood in Crisis: Cinema and American Society, 1929-1939 (Psychology Press, 1996)

Scriptwriters' trade unions

Trade unions established in 1933
Trade unions in the United States
American writers' organizations

Screen Writers Guild


The Birksgate Range is a scattered group of mountains in the northwest of South Australia. It is on the northeast edges of the Great Victoria Desert. It spreads for about  from Iltur in the southeast to Watarru in the northwest. The northern portion of it is protected in the Watarru Indigenous Protected Area. The range consists of granitic rock protrusions that have been weathered into rounded and rugged hills. They are not visibly connected to each other. Each are separated by flat plains and sand dunes. The mountains are fairly low in elevation; they are highest at the northern end.

Prominent peaks in the range include the following: Mounts Lindsay (819 m) and Wooltarlinna are at the northeastern end of the range, near Watarru. Further southwest are Mounts Holder and Sir Thomas (773 m). From here the range spreads southeast along the edge of the desert and the hills generally become lower and more widely dispersed. Mount Poondinna (678 m) is the highest peak in the central part of the range. Mounts Cheesman and Yaroona (also spelled Yaruna) are further to the southeast. The southern end of the range is at Iltur (Coffin Hill).

The Birksgate Range was named by the explorer David Lindsay, who led the Elder Scientific Exploring Expedition across the Great Victoria Desert between April 1891 and March 1892. He named the range for the man who funded and equipped their expedition, Sir Thomas Elder. "Birksgate" was the name of Elder's house in Adelaide.

References

Mountain ranges of Australia
Mountains of South Australia

Birksgate Range


Mark Schaller is a psychological scientist who has made many contributions to the study of human psychology, particularly in areas of social cognition, stereotyping, evolutionary psychology, and cultural psychology.  He is a professor of psychology at the University of British Columbia.

Schaller was born on November 27, 1962, in Palo Alto, California.  His father is the zoologist and animal conservationist George Schaller. During his childhood he lived in India, Pakistan, and Tanzania, as well as in the United States. He graduated from the University of North Carolina in 1984 and obtained a PhD in psychology at Arizona State University in 1989, mentored by Robert Cialdini. Early in his academic career he held faculty positions at the University of Texas at Arlington and at the University of Montana. In 1996 he moved to his current position at the University of British Columbia.

Research
Much of Schaller's psychological research has examined the subtle cognitive processes that contribute to stereotypes and prejudices.  One line of research focused on intuitive statistical reasoning processes. This work revealed that people form erroneous stereotypes when they engage in overly simplistic statistical reasoning, but that these erroneous stereotypes are less likely to emerge if people can be trained to engage in a more sophisticated reasoning process (analogous to a statistical analysis of covariance). Another line of research focused on communication processes as they relate to the emergence and change of group stereotypes. Additional lines of research, informed by the adaptationist reasoning characteristic of evolutionary psychology, focused on the ways in which specific kinds of perceived threats (e.g., threat of interpersonal violence), and contextual cues connoting vulnerability to those threats (e.g., ambient darkness), trigger specific kinds of prejudices against specific categories of people.

Within his program of research on threats and prejudices, Schaller developed a broader line of research on the perceived threat of infectious disease and its implications for psychological functioning. In this context, he coined the term "behavioral immune system" to refer to a suite of evolved psychological mechanisms that serve as a crude first line of defense against infectious diseases. The behavioral immune system includes sensory mechanisms that allow people to detect the presence of pathogens in objects (including people) in their immediate environment, as well as stimulus-response mechanisms that trigger aversive affective, cognitive, and behavioral reactions to those things (and persons). Schaller and his colleagues, as well as other behavioral scientists, have documented many implications that the behavioral immune system has for emotion, for prejudice, for human social cognition and social behavior more generally, for the origins of cross-cultural differences, and for actual immunological functioning.

Schaller has also published scientific research on a variety of other topics pertaining to human psychological functioning. These topics include: the implications of evolutionary fundamental human motives on social behavior, the psychology of kin recognition, and the psychological consequences of fame.

Books
Schaller, M., Norenzayan, A., Heine, S. J., Yamagishi, T., & Kameda, T. (2010).  Evolution, culture, and the human mind.  New York: Psychology Press.
Schaller, M., Simpson, J. A., & Kenrick, D. T. (2006).  Evolution and social psychology.  New York: Psychology Press.
Crandall, C. S., & Schaller, M. (2005).  Social psychology of prejudice: Historical and contemporary issues.  Lawrence KS: Lewinian Press.
Schaller, M. & Crandall, C. S. (2004).  The psychological foundations of culture.  Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Selected articles
Schaller, M., & Murray, D. R. (2008).  Pathogens, personality and culture: Disease prevalence predicts worldwide variability in sociosexuality, extraversion, and openness to experience.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 212–221.
Park, J. H., Schaller, M., & Van Vugt, M. (2008).  Psychology of human kin recognition: Heuristic cues, erroneous inferences, and their implications.  Review of General Psychology, 12, 215–235.
Maner, J. K., DeWall, C. N., Baumeister, R. F., & Schaller, M. (2007).   Does social exclusion motivate interpersonal reconnection? Resolving the "porcupine problem."  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 42–55.
Ackerman, J. M., Shapiro, J. R., Neuberg, S. L., Kenrick, D. T., Becker, D. V., Griskevicius, V., Maner, J., & Schaller, M. (2006). They all look the same to me (unless they're angry): From out-group homogeneity to out-group heterogeneity.  Psychological Science, 17, 836–840.
Maner, J. K., Kenrick, D. T., Becker, D. V., Robertson, T. E., Hofer, B., Neuberg, S. L., Delton, A. W., Butner, J., & Schaller, M. (2005).  Functional projection: How fundamental social motives can bias interpersonal perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 63–78.
Schaller, M., Park, J. H., & Faulkner, J. (2003).  Prehistoric dangers and contemporary prejudices.  European Review of Social Psychology, 14, 105-137
Conway, L. G., III, & Schaller, M. (2002).  On the verifiability of evolutionary psychological theories:  An analysis of the psychology of scientific persuasion.  Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 152–166.
Schaller, M., Conway, L. G., III, & Tanchuk, T. L. (2002). Selective pressures on the once and future contents of ethnic stereotypes: Effects of the communicability of traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 861–877.
Schaller, M. (1997). The psychological consequences of fame: Three tests of the self-consciousness hypothesis. Journal of Personality, 65, 291–309.

References

External links
 at the University of British Columbia
Schaller's profile on the Social Psychology Network

21st-century American psychologists
Evolutionary psychologists
Social psychologists
1962 births
Living people
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
American expatriates in Pakistan
American expatriates in Canada
20th-century American psychologists

Mark Schaller


Warszawski (), feminine: Warszawska is a Polish-language toponymic surname literally meaning "of/from Warsaw". It may by transliterated as Warshavsky / Warshavska, etc.

Notable people with this surname include:
Adolf Warski (born Jerzy Warszawski; 1868–1937), Polish communist leader, journalist
Alexander Varshavsky (born 1946), Russian-American biochemist
Dawid Warszawski, pseudonym of Konstanty Gebert, Polish journalist and a Jewish activist
Deena Varshavskaya, American entrepreneur
Icchok Warszawski, pseudonym of Isaac Bashevis Singer (1903–1991), Polish-born Jewish-American writer in Yiddish
Israel and Roy Warshawsky, owners of JC Whitney, American retailer of aftermarket automotive parts and accessories
Józef Warszawski (1903–1997), Polish philosopher
Mark Warshawsky (1848–1907), Yiddish-language folk poet and composer
Michel Warschawski (Mikado) (born 1949), Israeli anti-Zionist activist
Mikhail Varshavski (born 1989), "Doctor Mike", American doctor and internet celebrity
Sergei Varshavsky (1906–1980), Russian writer and collector
Seth Warshavsky, (born 1973), American pioneer in the internet pornography industry
Stanislava Varshavski, Israeli-American piano player
V. I. Warshawski, fictional private investigator in novels and short stories by Sara Paretsky

See also
Wachowski

Polish-language surnames
Polish toponymic surnames
Warsaw

Warszawski


Moisture advection is the horizontal transport of water vapor by the wind.  Measurement and knowledge of atmospheric water vapor, or "moisture", is crucial in the prediction of all weather elements, especially clouds, fog, temperature, humidity thermal comfort indices and precipitation. Regions of moisture advection are often co-located with regions of warm advection.

Definition
Using the classical definition of advection, moisture advection is defined as:

in which V is the horizontal wind vector, and  is the density of water vapor. However, water vapor content is usually measured in terms of mixing ratio (mass fraction) in reanalyses or dew point (temperature to partial vapor pressure saturation, i.e. relative humidity to 100%) in operational forecasting. The advection of dew point itself can be thought as moisture advection:

Moisture flux
In terms of mixing ratio, horizontal transport/advection can be represented in terms of moisture flux:

in which q is the mixing ratio. The value can be integrated throughout the atmosphere to total transport of moisture through the vertical:

where  is the density of air, and P is pressure at the ground surface. For the far right definition, we have used Hydrostatic equilibrium approximation.

And its divergence (convergence) imply net evapotranspiration (precipitation) as adding (removing) moisture from the column:

where P, E, and the integral term are—precipitation, evapotranspiration, and time rate of change of precipitable water, all represented in terms of mass/(unit area * unit time). One can convert to more typical units in length such as mm by multiplying the density of liquid water and the correct length unit conversion factor.

See also
Haar (fog)
Water cycle
Positive vorticity advection

References

External links
Moisture Advection Description
Using Moisture Advection to Predict Weather

Synoptic meteorology and weather
Atmospheric dynamics

Moisture advection


The Giant–Australian Institute of Sport Cycling Team () was an Australian professional cycling team sponsored by the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) and bicycle manufacturer  Giant.  Heiko Salzwedel and Brian Stephens were early directeur sportifs. The fusion of the Giant-AIS  and the Czech Husquarna  team in 1997 extended its International profile, allowing to include foreign riders, such as Jens Voigt, Jan Hruška, Tomáš Konečný. Consequently, the name of the team was changed to ZVVZ-Giant-AIS Cycling Team.

Sponsors

Australian Institute of Sport
The Australian Institute of Sport is the high-performance arm of the Government founded Australian Sports Commission.  In 1990, the AIS extended their commitment to Cycling and started the AIS  Road Cycling programme in Canberra under AIS Head Coach and Australian National Road Coach Heiko Salzwedel.  Initially, 12 cyclists have been offered scholarships, amongst them Patrick Jonker, Grant Rice, Darren Smith, Robert McLachlan, Robert Crowe, Jamie Kelly, Matt Bazzano and Jason Phillips.
In 1993, the AIS programme in Canberra was expanding to include the MTB and the Women's Endurance programme. Cadel Evans was in the first group of mountain bikers and Olympic Gold medalist Kathy Watt being the most prominent riders of the Women's Endurance programme. Damian Grundy (MTB) and Andrew Logan (Women's Endurance) have been appointed as AIS and National Coaches.

Giant
The Taiwanese bicycle manufacturer began its international sponsorship activities in 1991 with the Australian Institute of Sport Cycling Team.  Riders, such as Robbie McEwen, Patrick Jonker,  Henk Vogels, David McKenzie started their International cycling career at the Australian Institute of Sport on GIANT bikes.  When the Trade Team was founded in 1996, it became prime co-sponsor of the team bearing its name along with the Australian Institute of Sport.

Jayco
As a consequence of their long standing relationship with Cycling teams and races in Australia, the American/Australian manufacturer of caravans and motorhomes, based in Melbourne, provided the team with custom made motorhomes both in USA and in Australia.

ZVVZ
The financial support of Czech manufacturer of Airconditioning equipment enabled the Australian team to contract International riders, such as Jens Voigt, Jan Hruška, Tomáš Konečný and others.

Škoda
As a part of the Volkswagen Group, the Czech car manufacturer Škoda started their extensive and long time commitment towards cycling in 1997, providing the team with six of their then brand new model Škoda Octavia.

Team roster  1996

Team roster 1997

References

External links
 http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/archives/teams1.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110715150155/http://www.radsport-news.com/sport/teams_773_1996.php
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110223031833/http://fulltext.ausport.gov.au/fulltext/1997/ascmedia/#cyctop
 http://www.cyclingarchives.com/ploegfiche.php?id=9772

Defunct cycling teams based in Australia
Cycling teams based in Australia
Cycling teams established in 1996
Cycling teams disestablished in 1998

Giant–Australian Institute of Sport


Father Morton A. Hill, S.J. (1917-1985) was a leader of the campaign against pornography in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. He was one of the founders of Morality in Media, which was created in 1962 to fight pornography. President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed him to the President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography.

Believing that the Commission was stacked with supporters of loosening laws on pornography, Hill and another clergyman on the Commission, Dr. Winfrey C. Link, issued the Hill-Link Minority Report rebutting the conclusions of the majority report, which held that pornography should be decriminalized as there were no links between it and criminal behavior.

Issued in 1970, the majority report was rejected by both President Richard Nixon and the United States Congress. The Hill-Link Report, which recommended maintaining anti-obscenity statutes, was read into the record of both the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It was cited by the Burger Court in its 1973 obscenity decisions, including Miller v. California.

According to the Morality in Media site, Hill was influential in the Reagan Administration's efforts against pornography. In March 1983, he headed a coalition of groups spearheading the anti-pornography movement that met with President Reagan at the White House.

Hill and his allies recommended that the President appoint an anti-pornography czar to coordinate the federal government's efforts to crack down on porn. The Morality in Media site states, "As a result of this meeting, a White House Working Group on Pornography was formed in June of 1983, and in December, President Reagan addressed the nation's U.S. Attorneys and called for tighter enforcement of the laws."

References in popular culture
Father Hill debated novelist Gore Vidal on the David Susskind Show on March 17, 1968, in a program called "Read Any Dirty Books Lately?" The previous year, Vidal had published a #1 best-selling novel, Myra Breckenridge, which many considered pornographic. In the sequel to the book, Myron, Vidal used Father Hill's name as a euphemism for a "dirty word" in order to conform to the U.S. Supreme Court's Miller v. California decision that enshrined "community standards" as the legal test for pornography.

Sources
Obscenity.crimes.org, "FR. MORTON A. HILL, S.J.: Defender of the Public Decencies"

1917 births
1985 deaths
20th-century American Jesuits
Anti-pornography activists

Morton A. Hill


William Edward Ritchie (born 20 April 1944) is a Scottish keyboard player and composer. Formerly a member of The Satellites, The Premiers, 1-2-3, and Clouds. He is generally acknowledged as being the first keyboard player in rock music to stand and take a leading role, thereby providing a model for others such as Keith Emerson and Rick Wakeman. He is also credited as being responsible for rewriting standard songs and arranging music in a style that later became fashionable as progressive rock. During a Saville Theatre concert in 1967, he introduced a then-unknown David Bowie to Jimi Hendrix.

Biography
Ritchie grew up in the Scottish village of Forth in Lanarkshire.  He began playing harmonica at an early age, and when a neighbour threw out a piano, and Ritchie's parents took it in, Ritchie, at the age of 8, began playing semi-seriously, but as an almost secret activity. In 1960, Ritchie's friends, Johnny Moffat (vocals), Robert 'Flam' Fleming (guitar) (b. December 1943), William 'Big Wull' Ritchie guitar, he is also Billy Ritchie's cousin), Jim Stark (drums), and Duncan Blair (bass), formed a band called The Satellites. When asked what he would play, Ritchie decided to play electric organ, much to the bemusement of his friends. Organs were not in common use in guitar-orientated bands of that time.

In 1964, a band called The Premiers, based in Edinburgh, whose members were Ian Ellis (vocals), James 'Shammy' Lafferty (rhythm guitar), Derek Stark (lead guitar), Bill Lawrence (bass), and Harry Hughes(drums), decided to recruit an organist to augment their sound, and Ritchie joined. The addition prompted more changes than was intended, and despite an early success in being recorded at Radio Luxembourg in London by Cyril Stapleton, the band quickly fragmented. Derek Stark left because he felt that the organ had supplanted his role as lead musician; Bill Lawrence left following a dispute with Ian Ellis; James 'Shammy' Lafferty left because of family problems. The three remaining members, Ian Ellis, Harry Hughes, and Billy Ritchie decided to take the music in a radically new direction, and renamed the band 1-2-3.

1-2-3 was one of the earliest bands to play a form of inventive rock music that became a blueprint for what would later be called progressive rock. The band's set consisted of standard pop and blues songs, but in Ritchie's hands, these pieces were studiously reshaped and rewritten, to become, in essence, new. There was nothing remotely like it around. The set included early rewritten versions of songs by David Bowie (I Dig Everything) and Paul Simon (America, The Sounds of Silence), both completely unknown at that time.

Some months after their debut at La Bamba club in Falkirk, 1-2-3 decided that the band would have more chance of success in London, where they arrived in February 1967. A 'legendary' residency at the Marquee club quickly followed, and the band were signed to Brian Epstein and NEMS management. Following Epsein's death however, manager Robert Stigwood failed to capitalise on the momentum of the Marquee performances, and the band left NEMS late in 1967.

1-2-3 was then signed to The Ellis-Wright Agency, which would soon be called Chrysalis, and the most commercially successful part of the band's career began, under the new name of Clouds. Several major tours and three albums and several single releases followed, but real success proved elusive, and the band broke up in October 1971.

Instrumentation and playing style
Ritchie's first stage keyboard was a Hohner Clavinet, which he mounted on stilts so he could stand and play, rather than sit as was the norm. Unfortunately, this arrangement caused much merriment, as the clavinet looked like a spider with its spindly legs. Bemused audience members would ask why Ritchie was standing at a table while the band played. When Ritchie joined The Premiers, the band prevailed upon him to buy a Vox organ, much more de rigueur for the times, and this became his instrument of choice until supplanted by a Hammond M102 in 1966 then a Hammond C3 in 1969.

An early feature of Ritchie's playing was his innovative use of two hands playing solos in unison or harmony, which gave his sound a double strength. Most keyboard players of the early era, especially those using a single keyboard, tended to focus on the use of right hand, supplemented by chord stabs or supportive left-hand work. More often than not, keyboard player's left hands would be in use mainly for changing drawbar sounds or settings rather than playing. In the case of Ritchie, the playing would consist of almost two right hands, each with equal strength and speed, resulting in an especially dynamic sound and approach that was difficult for anyone else to emulate or copy.

Ritchie was one of the first players to use the Hammond organ to create a dramatic effect when, often at the end of a particular song, he would throw the M102 to the stage floor, thereby causing the internal reverb unit to create an explosion of sound to shock the audience. During solos, by pushing the Hammond upwards and forwards with his right thigh, he would raise it at an angle, displaying the keyboards to the audience, tilting and moving the instrument as he played. However, these flashes of showmanship were limited to occasional rather than frequent displays. Ritchie was, in the main, a fairly introvert and undemonstrative player in terms of showmanship, and this left a gap for the concept to be taken to its logical conclusion some time later by the more extrovert Keith Emerson, who, thanks to his supreme showmanship as well as his fine playing, would become, in the public mind at least, the epitome of a rock organist.

Legacy
Over subsequent years, because of lack of public perception, Ritchie has at times been accused of being influenced by those, who, in reality, were influenced by him. Only some years later, thanks to accolades from David Bowie and others, would Billy Ritchie be properly credited for the pioneering role he played in the development of electric keyboards in popular music.
Similarly belated credit was given to the pioneering role of 1-2-3 and Ritchie's innovative arrangements. The band's distinctive guitar-less organ-driven sound is now viewed as a definitive precursor to the progressive rock movement. Billy Ritchie was described as 'a genius'. In 2016, Sky TV's documentary Trailblazers of Prog described Billy Ritchie and 1-2-3 as "Prog Rock's True Genesis".

Discography
For Ritchie's work with Clouds, see Clouds discography.

1969 Cover of "Scrapbook" written by Billy Ritchie, recorded by Clodagh Rogers on album, Midnight Clodagh RCA SF8071
1969 Cover of "Broken Puppet" written by Billy Ritchie recorded by New World but unreleased
1981 Produced Jona Lewie "Rearranging the Deckchairs on the Titanic" single - Stiff Records BUY 131
1981 Cover of "Song of the Sea" written by Billy Ritchie recorded by Turbo on album You Girl CBS84117
2010 Cover of "Mind of a Child" written by Clouds recorded by Rob Clarke & the Wooltones on album A Phase We're Going Through Fruits de Mer volume 11

See also
 List of Hammond organ players

References

External links

(Broken Video Link)

1944 births
Living people
People from Lanark
Scottish multi-instrumentalists
Scottish male songwriters
Scottish organists
British male organists
21st-century organists
21st-century British male musicians
British male songwriters

Billy Ritchie (musician)


Philip V (; 238–179 BC) was king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon from 221 to 179 BC. Philip's reign was principally marked by the Social War in Greece (220-217 BC) and a struggle with the emerging power of the Roman Republic. He would lead Macedon against Rome in the First (212-205 BC) and Second (200-196 BC) Macedonian Wars. While he lost the latter, Philip later allied with Rome against Antiochus III in the Roman-Seleucid War. He died in 179 BC from illness after efforts to recover the military and economic condition of Macedonia and passed the throne onto his elder son, Perseus of Macedon.

Early life

Philip was the son of Demetrius II of Macedon and Chryseis. Philip was nine years old when his father died in 229 BC. His elder paternal half-sister was Apama III. Philip's great-uncle, Antigonus III Doson, administered the kingdom as regent and then king until his death in 221 BC when Philip was seventeen years old (Plb. 4.2.5, 4.5.3-4; Just. 28.4.16, 29.1.1).

Philip was attractive and charismatic as a young man. A dashing and courageous warrior, he was compared to Alexander the Great, modelled himself on Philip II, and is said by Polybius to have become a universal beloved of the Greeks () because of his benevolent conduct towards them. He had a close relationship with Aratus of Sicyon, who until 213 BC held a prestigious position at his court.

After ascending to the throne, in the first year of his reign Philip V pushed back the Dardani and other tribes in the north of Macedonia.

The Social War

The Social War (220–217 BC) began following the establishment of the Hellenic League (Symmachy) of Greek federations (eventually including the Achaeans, Acarnanians, Boeotians, Euboeans, Magnesians, Messenians, and Thessalians) was assembled in Corinth in 224 BC at the instigation of Antigonus III Doson, the uncle and predecessor of Philip V. Philip took over leadership of the Hellenic League in 221/0 BC and led the Hellenic League on a three-year war against Aetolia, Sparta and Elis. Following the sack of Thermum, the Aetolian political and religious capital, the Aetolians agreed to peace. Philip's troops destroyed 2,000 statues and hauled away vast sums of treasure which included some fifteen thousand shields and suits of arms with which the Aetolians had decorated their stoas (Plb. 5.9). These shields were the arms taken from the enemies of the Aetolians during their previous military victories and included the shields of the Gauls who had raided Greece in the 3rd century BC.

Philip and his Greek allies in the Hellenic League ultimately claimed victory against the Aetolians, Spartans and Elians at the conference of Naupactus in 217 BC (Plb. 5.102-105). During the war, Philip V was able to stabilise and increase his own authority amongst his own ministers and became well-known and respected for his leadership and military prowess among the Greeks (Plb. 4.77.1-4; 5.104.4-11; 7.11.4-6).

First Macedonian War (214–205 BC)

After the Peace of Naupactus in 217 BC, Philip V tried to replace Roman influence along the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea, forming alliances or lending patronage to certain island and coastal provinces such as Lato on Crete. He first tried to invade Illyria from the sea, but with limited success. His first expedition in 216 BC had to be aborted, while he suffered the loss of his whole fleet in a second expedition in 214 BC.  A later expedition by land met with greater success when he captured Lissus in 212 BC.

In 215 BC, Philip V signed a Macedonian–Carthaginian Treaty with Hannibal Barca the Carthaginian general (Plb. 7.9; Livy 23.33, 38.7). Their treaty defined spheres of operation and interest, but achieved little of substance or value for either side. Philip V became heavily involved in assisting and protecting his allies from attacks from the Spartans, the Romans and their allies.

Rome's alliance with the Aetolian League in 211 BC effectively neutralised Philip's advantage on land (Livy 26.24.6-11). The intervention of Attalus I of Pergamum on the Roman side further exposed Philip's position in Macedonia. Philip was able to take advantage of the withdrawal of Attalus from the Greek mainland in 207 BC, along with Roman inactivity and the increasing role of Philopoemen, the strategos of the Achaean League. Philip and his troops sacked Thermum, the religious and political centre of Aetolia for the second time, destroying any remaining structures (Plb. 11.7.2), and the king was able to force the Aetolians to accept his terms in 206 BC. The following year (205 BC) he was able to conclude the Peace of Phoenice with Rome and its allies (Livy 29.12.14).

Expansion in the Aegean

Following an agreement with the Seleucid king Antiochus III to capture Egyptian-held territory from the boy king Ptolemy V (Plb. 15.20), Philip invaded their territories in Asia Minor, besieging Samos and capturing Miletus. This expansion of Macedonian influence created alarm in a number of neighbouring states, including Attalid Pergamum and Rhodes. Philip responded by ravaging Attalid territory and destroying the temples outside the walls of Pergamon (Didodorus XXVIII 5). Their navies clashed with Philip's off Chios and Lade (near Miletus) in 201 BC. Philip then invaded Caria. Although the Rhodians and Attalids successfully blockaded his fleet at Bargylia, they nevertheless sent an appeal to the Romans for help. At around the same time, the Romans finally defeated Carthage. Although very little in Philip's recent actions in Thrace and Asia Minor could be said to concern the Roman Republic directly, the Senate passed a decree supporting Pergamum and Rhodes and Marcus Valerius Laevinus was sent to investigate (Livy 31.3). Simultaneously, Philip's relationship with Athens suddenly deteriorated. The Acarnanian League launched a raid on Attica, aided by troops which they had received from Philip V. Attalus I and Rhodes convinced the Athenians to declare war on Macedon and Philip dispatched a force of 2,000 infantry and 200 cavalry under the command of Philokles to invade Attica and place the city of Athens under siege (Livy 31.14-16).

Second Macedonian War

In light of reports from Laevinus and further embassies from Pergamon, Rhodes, and Athens, Publius Sulpicius Galba one of the consuls for 200 BC was tasked with resolving the troubles in Macedonia. He organised a formal declaration of war in March (Livy 31.4-8) then recruited troops, and crossed the Adriatic in autumn (Livy 31.12-14). Meanwhile, Philip was besieging Abydos in the Hellespont. During the siege of Abydos, in the autumn of 200 BC, Philip was met by Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, a Roman ambassador on his way back from Egypt, who urged him not to attack any Greek state or to seize any territory belonging to Ptolemy and to go to arbitration with Rhodes and Pergamon. Philip protested that he was not in violation of any of the terms of the Peace of Phoenice, but in vain. As he returned to Macedonia after the fall of Abydos, he learnt of the landing of Sulpicius' force in Epirus.

Campaigns against Sulpicius
Gaius Claudius Centho was sent with 20 ships and 1,000 men to aid the Athenians, then led a surprise raid on the city of Chalcis in Euboea, one of the key Antigonid strongholds known as the 'fetters of Greece'. Philip rushed to Chalcis with a force of 5,000 men and 300 cavalry. Finding that Claudius had already withdrawn, he sped on towards Athens, where he defeated the Athenian and Attalid troops in a battle outside the Dipylon Gate and encamped at Cynosarges, made a series of unsuccessful assaults on Eleusis, Piraeus, and Athens. Then he ravaged the sanctuaries throughout Attica and withdrew to Boeotia. The damage to the rural and deme sanctuaries of Attica was severe and marked the permanent end of their use.

Over the winter of 200-199 BC, the diplomatic efforts of Philip, Sulpicius, and the Athenians centred on the Aetolian League, which seemed inclined to support the Romans but remained neutral at this stage. In the spring, Sulpicius and the Dardanians separately invaded Upper Macedonia,  while the Aetolian League joined the war on the Roman side and invaded Magnesia and Perrhaebia, then continued to ravage Thessaly. There, Philip suddenly appeared and completely defeated their force. He spent some time besieging the Aetolian city of Thaumaci, but gave up and withdrew as winter approached. He spent the winter training his army and engaging in diplomacy, particularly with the Achaean League.

Campaigns against Flamininus
Publius Villius Tappulus replaced Sulpicius in command, but spent most of the year dealing with a mutiny. In summer 198 BC Philip marched west and encamped on both sides of the Aoös river where it passed through a narrow ravine. Villius marched to meet him, but was still considering what to do when he learnt that his successor, Titus Quinctius Flamininus was on his way to Corcyra to assume command. At a peace conference, Flamininus announced the Romans' new peace terms. Up to this point, the Romans had merely ordered Philip to stop attacking the Greek cities. Now Flamininus demanded that he should make reparations to all the Greek cities he had harmed and withdraw all his garrisons from cities outside Macedonia, including Thessaly, which had been part of the Macedonian kingdom continuously since 353 BC. Philip stormed out of the meeting in anger and Flamininus decided to attack. In the subsequent Battle of the Aous, the Macedonian force collapsed and fled, suffering 2,000 casualties. Philip gathered up the survivors and retreated to Thessaly and then to Tempe.

Over the winter of 198/197 BC, Philip declared his willingness to make peace. The parties met at Nicaea in Locris in November 198 - Philip sailed from Demetrias, but he refused to disembark and meet Flamininus and his allies on the beach, so he addressed them from the prow of his ship. To prolong the proceedings, Flamininus insisted that all his allies should be present at the negotiations. He then reiterated his demands that Philip should withdraw all his garrisons from Greece, Illyria, and Asia Minor. Philip was not prepared to go this far and he was persuaded to send an embassy to the Roman Senate. When this embassy reached Rome, the Senate demanded that Philip surrender the "fetters of Greece," Demetrias, Chalcis, and Corinth, but Philip's envoys claimed they had no permission to agree to this, so the war continued. Over the rest of the winter, Philip mobilised all the manpower of his kingdom, which amounted to 18,000 men. To these he added 4,000 peltasts from Thrace and Illyria, and 2,500 mercenaries. All these forces were gathered at Dion.

In June 197 BC, Flamininus marched north through Thermopylae, with allies from Aetolia, Gortyn, Apollonia, and Athamania. Philip marched south into Thessaly and the two armies met at the Battle of Cynoscephalae (Plb. 18.18-27; Livy 33.5-11). In what proved to be the decisive engagement of the war, the legions of Flamininus defeated Philip's Macedonian phalanx. Philip himself fled on horseback, collected the survivors, and withdrew to Macedonia. Philip was forced to sue for peace on Roman terms.

Peace treaty with Rome
In 196 BC Philip V signed a peace treaty with the Romans. As per the treaty, Philip V had to relinquish his claim to all Greek cities on the mainland and Asia Minor, including the "fetters" of Greece - Corinth, Chalcis and Demetrias (Plb. 18.44-46). He could also no longer harvest timber on the territory under his control. This effectively meant he could not build up an arsenal of weapons, such as large naval vessels.

Following the peace treaty, Philip cooperated with the Romans and provided material support for their wars against the Spartans under Nabis in 195 BC. Philip V also supported the Romans against Antiochus III the Great and the Aetolian League. After the Roman–Seleucid War the Romans allowed Philip V to keep territory he had conquered, such as Demetrias, the Magnesian coastline of Thessaly, parts of Athamania, parts of Dolopia, parts of Perrhaebia, and a number of towns in the Malian Gulf.

Internal reforms

Philip V was able to generate revenue by imposing taxes on the population of Macedonia and the exploitation of royal property, including mining, forestry and agriculture. According to the Roman historian Livy, less than half of the tributum paid to Philip V was passed on to Rome after 168 BC. Following the Second Macedonian War, Philip V increased his revenues from agriculture and mines. Philip focused on consolidating power within Macedonia. He reorganised the country's internal affairs and finances. Mines were reopened, and a new currency was minted.

Final years
However, Rome continued to be suspicious of Philip's intentions.  Accusations by Macedon's neighboring states, particularly Pergamon, led to constant interference from Rome.  Feeling the threat growing that Rome would invade Macedon and remove him as king, he tried to extend his influence in the Balkans by force and diplomacy. However, his efforts were undermined by the pro-Roman policy of his younger son Demetrius, who was encouraged by Rome to consider the possibility of succession ahead of his older brother, Perseus. This eventually led to a quarrel between Perseus and Demetrius which forced Philip to decide reluctantly to execute Demetrius for treason in 180 BC. This decision had a severe impact on Philip's health and he died a year later at Amphipolis towards the end of 179 B.C.

He was succeeded by his eldest son Perseus, who ruled as the last king of Macedon.

References

Sources

Primary sources
 Polybius, Histories, Evelyn S. Shuckburgh (translator); London, New York. Macmillan (1889); Reprint Bloomington (1962).

Secondary sources

3rd-century BC births
238 BC births
179 BC deaths
3rd-century BC Macedonian monarchs
2nd-century BC Macedonian monarchs
First Macedonian War
Second Macedonian War
Antigonid dynasty

Philip V of Macedon


General Maurice Arthur Preston (November 25, 1912 – January 25, 1983) was a United States Air Force four-star general who served as Commander in Chief, United States Air Forces in Europe (CINCUSAFE) from 1966 to 1968.

Early life
Preston was born in Weed, California, in 1911, and graduated from high school in Tulare, California, in 1931. After attending Saint Mary's College of California, he entered the United States Military Academy, graduating June 12, 1937.

Military career
Preston completed flying school at Kelly Field, Texas, in October 1938, and then served in various squadron positions before he was assigned as commander of the 62nd Bombardment Squadron at Davis-Monthan Field, Arizona, in 1941. He later became deputy group commander of the 34th Bombardment Group there.

In June 1942, Preston was transferred to Gowen Field, Idaho, and served as deputy group commander of the 34th Bombardment Group and then as deputy commander of the 29th Bombardment Group. In January 1943, he became commander of the 379th Bombardment Group at Wendover Field, Utah.  He took the 379th to Europe in early 1943 and flew 45 combat missions in the B-17 Flying Fortress.  He participated in the now-historic Schweinfurt raids, leading the second one on April 13, 1944.  He commanded the 41st Bombardment Wing from October 1944 until May 1945, when he returned to the United States. Preston was then assigned as base commander of the 231st Army Air Force Base Unit at Alamogordo, New Mexico.

Preston enrolled as a student at the Air Command and Staff School, Maxwell Field, Alabama, in August 1946, and upon graduating in June 1947, became the chief, Inter-American Security Branch and Military Coordinating Committee, of the Permanent Joint Board of Defense Canada and United States, Washington, D.C. He later joined the Plans Division of Air Force Headquarters in Washington, D.C.

Going overseas in 1949, Preston was appointed deputy commander for Plans and Operations of the U.S. Northeastern Command, with duty station at St. John's, Newfoundland.  Assigned to the Strategic Air Command in March 1952, he became commander of the 308th Bombardment Wing (Medium) at Hunter Air Force Base, Georgia. In January 1954 he assumed command of the Strategic Air Command's 4th Air Division at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana.

Reassigned to Air Force Headquarters, Washington, D.C., in May 1956, Preston was named deputy director of operations in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff/Operations. He assumed the position of director of operations in August 1957.  In 1958, [2] Preston assisted his former hometown in obtaining on loan a B-17G then stationed at Eglin AFB for permanent display as a tribute to its past.  Preston flew the aircraft from Davis Monthan AFB in Tucson, Az, to Castle AFB in Atwater, CA. He then flew reporters on an aerial tour of his former hometown then landed in nearby Visalia.  Because was still in the USAF he was not allowed to land on the short Tulare runway, and had to turn the controls over to another pilot for the August 4, 1958 landing. On July 25, 1960, he became commander of the Tactical Air Command's Nineteenth Air Force, often termed "the suitcase Air Force" because of its ability to move instantly anywhere in the world as the command nucleus and planning elements of the Tactical Air Command's Composite Air Strike Force. He became commander, U.S. Forces Japan and commander, Fifth Air Force, in August 1963, and in August 1966 he assumed command of United States Air Forces in Europe.

Preston logged some 7,000 flying hours in most types of aircraft within the U.S. Air Force. He was rated as a navigator and bombardier, and in addition to being a command pilot, he became the first Air Force officer of his rank to go through the Army's airborne school, earning his paratrooper's wings in October 1960.

In July 1966 Emperor Hirohito of Japan conferred Japan's First Order of the Sacred Treasure on Preston, then commander of the U.S. Forces Japan and Fifth Air Force. The decoration, one of the highest awards the Government of Japan bestows upon a foreign military officer, was presented to Preston by Defense Minister Raizo Matsuno and General Yoshifusa Amano, chairman of the Joint Staff Council, Defense Agency.

His other decorations include the Silver Star with oak leaf cluster, Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster, Distinguished Flying Cross with two oak leaf clusters, Bronze Star Medal, Air Medal with seven oak loaf clusters, Army Commendation Medal and the Purple Heart.

Later life
Preston retired from the Air Force on August 1, 1968. He died of cancer January 25, 1983.

Notes

See also
List of commanders of USAFE

1912 births
1983 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
People from Weed, California
United States Air Force generals
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Military Academy alumni
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure
Recipients of the Silver Star
Military personnel from California

Maurice A. Preston


Katharina Maria Mangold-Wirz, née Wirz, (born Basel 23 May 1922 - died Basel 22 November 2003) was a Swiss marine biologist and malacologist, who worked at Université Pierre et Marie Curie's Laboratoire Arago in Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.

Mangold-Wirz was born in Basel on 23 May 1922 to Eduard Wirz (1891–1970), a teacher, historian and writer, and Clara Wirz-Burgin. She graduated from high school in Basel in 1940 and went to Basel University to study medicine with the ambition of being a brain surgeon. However, she was discouraged from pursuing this ambition by specialists in Switzerland as she was "too short, female and appeared frail!" She switched to studying zoology from 1943 to 1948, achieving a D.Phil. with her thesis on non-human brains, with Adolf Portmann, as her supervisor being published in 1950 in Acta Anatomica. She was awarded a 3-year scholarship at the Janggen-Pöhn Foundation of St Gallen to carry out research on Opisthobranchs from 1950 in Villefranche-sur-Mer and Banyuls-sur-Mer. In 1951 she was appointed as a researcher at the Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique and her focus from then was on the biology of cephalopods. Portmann acted as her mentor until he died in 1982.

In 1958 she married Walter Mangold and in 1961 she was awarded the Doctorat ès Sciences (Doctorat d'état) from the University of Paris with her thesis being published in Vie et Meileu. In that year she was also promoted to Research Fellow at the Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique and in 1966 she was appointed as a Senior Researcher. In 1969 overseas recognition came with her appointment as a visiting Research Professor at the Memorial University of Newfoundland. Further recognition came in 1983 when she was elected as the first president of the Cephalopod International Advisory Council at their meeting in Banyuls-sur-Mer. She retired from academia in 1987 but she continued as an active scientist. In 1989 she was the co-author of the cephalopod volume of the textbook with Grassé, Traité du Zoologie and in 1993 she was appointed an honorary life member of the Cephalopod International Advisory Council. She died in Basel on 22 November 2003.

The octopus Microeledone mangoldi and the squid Asperoteuthis mangoldae are named in her honour.

References

Teuthologists
20th-century Swiss zoologists
Swiss malacologists
1922 births
2003 deaths
Women zoologists
Swiss expatriates in France
20th-century Swiss women scientists

Katharina Mangold-Wirz


Nalodeine, also known more commonly as N-allylnorcodeine, is an opioid antagonist (specifically, an antagonist of the μ-opioid receptor) that was never marketed but is notable as the first opioid antagonist to be discovered. It was first reported in 1915 and was found to block the effects of morphine in animals. This was followed by the clinical introduction of nalorphine (N-allylnormorphine) in 1954, naloxone (N-allyloxymorphone) in 1960, and naltrexone (N-methylcyclopropyloxymorphone) in 1963. Nalmefene (6-desoxy-6-methylene-naltrexone), another structurally related opioid antagonist derivative, was also subsequently introduced, in 1996. In animals, nalodeine both reverses morphine- and heroin-induced respiratory depression and acts as a respiratory stimulant in its own right (i.e., when given alone). Similarly to nalorphine, nalodeine has also been found to act as an agonist of the κ-opioid receptor.

See also
 Levallorphan
 Norcodeine
 Nalbuphine
 Buprenorphine
 Diprenorphine
 Samidorphan

References

Secondary alcohols
Antidotes
4,5-Epoxymorphinans
Kappa-opioid receptor agonists
Mu-opioid receptor antagonists
Phenol ethers

Nalodeine


William Dayton Boies (January 3, 1857 – May 31, 1932) was a lawyer, trial-court judge and five-term Republican U.S. Representative from Iowa's 11th congressional district in northwestern Iowa.

Born on a farm in Boone County, Illinois, Boies attended country schools and the public schools of Belvidere, Illinois. He moved with his parents to Buchanan County, Iowa, in 1873 and settled near the town of Quasqueton.  He was graduated in law from the University of Iowa College of Law at Iowa City in 1880. He was admitted to the bar in 1881 and commenced practice in Sanborn, in O'Brien County, Iowa.
He moved to nearby Sheldon, Iowa, in 1887, where he continued the practice of law.

Boies was an unsuccessful candidate for election as judge of the district court in 1890. He served as member of the school board of the independent school district of Sheldon from 1900 to 1912. He was appointed judge of the district court of the fourth judicial district of Iowa on January 1, 1913.
On a division of this district, he became judge of the twenty-first judicial district, and in 1914 was elected for a term of four years.

On March 31, 1918, Boies resigned as judge to become a candidate for the Republican nomination to represent Iowa's 11th congressional district in the U.S. House. The incumbent, George Cromwell Scott, had chosen not to seek re-election. Boies won the Republican nomination (defeating two opponents), and then the seat (defeating former Congressman Thomas J. Steele), becoming a member of the Sixty-sixth Congress.

Boies was re-elected to Congress four times, and never defeated.  He was one of the managers appointed by the House in 1926 to conduct the impeachment proceedings against George W. English, judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois.

He was not a candidate for renomination in 1928. In all, he served from March 4, 1919 to March 3, 1929.
He died in Sheldon, Iowa on May 31, 1932. He was interred in Eastlawn Cemetery.

References

External links

1857 births
Iowa state court judges
School board members in Iowa
1932 deaths
University of Iowa College of Law alumni
People from Boone County, Illinois
People from Sheldon, Iowa
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Iowa
People from Sanborn, Iowa

William D. Boies