Dark Magus is a live double album by American jazz trumpeter, composer, and bandleader Miles Davis. It was recorded on March 30, 1974, at Carnegie Hall in New York City, during the electric period in the musician's career. Davis' group at the time of the concert included bassist Michael Henderson, drummer Al Foster, percussionist Mtume, saxophonist Dave Liebman, and guitarists Pete Cosey and Reggie Lucas. He also used the show to audition saxophonist Azar Lawrence and guitarist Dominique Gaumont. Dark Magus was produced by Teo Macero and featured four two-part recordings with titles from the Swahili words for the numbers one through four.

Dark Magus was released after Davis' 1975 retirement, upon which his label, Columbia Records, issued a series of albums of live music and studio outtakes. After releasing the Agharta (1975) live recording in the United States, Columbia only released the live Pangaea (1976) and Dark Magus (1977) albums in Japan through CBS-Sony. The label's A&R executive Tatsu Nosaki suggested the album's title, which referred to the Magus from the Zoroastrian religion.

Along with Davis' other records during the 1970s, Dark Magus was received ambivalently by contemporary critics, but it inspired noise rock acts during the late 1970s and the experimental funk artists of the 1980s. The album was not released in the United States until July 1997, when it was reissued by Sony Records and Legacy Records. In retrospective reviews, critics praised its jazz-rock aesthetic and the group members' performances, and some believed certain parts foreshadowed jungle music.

Background

Davis was 47 years old when he was asked to play Carnegie Hall in 1974, which followed four years of relentless touring. He had played the venue numerous times before and recorded a live album there in 1961. By 1974, Davis had been dealing with depression, cocaine and sex addictions, and several health problems, including osteoarthritis, bursitis, and sickle-cell anemia. He had also lost respect with both critics and his contemporaries because of his musical explorations into more rock- and funk-oriented sounds. Influenced by Karlheinz Stockhausen, Davis wanted to avoid individual songs and instead record extended movements that developed into a different composition. He played his trumpet sparsely and became less of the focal point for his band, whom he allowed more freedom to improvise and with whom he rarely rehearsed, so that the young musicians he enlisted would be tested to learn and play together onstage.

The March 30, 1974, concert featured an ethnically and age-diverse audience that included young hippies and old, wealthy attendees. According to Magnet magazine's Bryan Bierman, "the hip, 'with it' kids [sat] side-by-side with middle-aged tuxedoed couples, expecting to hear 'My Funny Valentine.'" Although he lived only 15 minutes away, Davis arrived at the venue more than an hour late. When the band walked out onstage, he followed with his back turned to the audience, casually strolling onstage while the other musicians were setting up. Davis immediately began to play, and the band responded by playing a dense rhythm in unison. Saxophonist Dave Liebman, writing in the 1997 US reissue liner notes for Dark Magus, recalled the start of the show: "It is his whim .. That's the thing! ... Miles can do that and have three thousand musicians follow him. Right? So what I learned in that respect from Miles was to be able to watch him and be on his case".

Davis used the show to audition two new members—tenor saxophonist Azar Lawrence and guitarist Dominique Gaumont. Lawrence was a highly regarded young saxophonist at the time, while Gaumont was enlisted by Davis in response to incumbent guitarist Reggie Lucas's demand for a pay raise. Although it was unexpected, Liebman later characterized the move as typical of the trumpeter: "What he was doing—which he often does at big kinda gigs like that—is change the shit up, by doing something totally out. Totally unexpected. I mean, we had been a band together on the road for a year ... And then, suddenly, a live date, New York City, Carnegie Hall, the cat pulls two cats who never even saw each other. I mean, you gotta say, 'Is the man mad or is he – he's either mad or extremely subtle."

Composition and performance

Dark Magus features four two-part compositions with an average length of 25 minutes each. The album's music was unrehearsed and eschewed melody for improvisations around funk rhythms and grooves. The rhythms, colors, and keys "would shift and change on a whim from Davis", as AllMusic's Thom Jurek said. The trumpeter eschewed his previous performances' keyboardists in favor of a three-guitar line-up of Reggie Lucas, Dominique Gaumont, and Pete Cosey, who had a penchant for guitar wails and pedal effects. Davis often stopped the band with hand signals and created empty spaces, which were longer than traditional jazz breaks, and encouraged the soloists to fill them with exaggerated cadenzas.

Davis only soloed intermittently or played his Yamaha organ. He played trumpet on "Moja" and both trumpet and organ on the other pieces. The second half of "Moja" is distinguished by a long ballad sequence introduced by Liebman and continued by Lucas and Davis. "Moja" also included a theme from "Nne". On "Tatu", Gaumont followed Lucas's solo with a long passage characterized by fuzzy wah-wah effects, and Lawrence played briefly with Liebman in a duet before his own disjointed solo. "Tatu" ended with a rendition of "Calypso Frelimo". During the first part of "Nne", they played the Davis-penned composition "Ife". Near the end of "Nne", Davis played a short blues.

According to Robert Christgau, the aesthetic on Dark Magus was a culmination of Davis' previous records and "bifurcated, like jazz-rock again". He argued that trumpeter left the two elements—jazz and rock—"distinct and recognizable", whereas "pure funk" would have subsumed them both "in a new conception, albeit one that" favors rock. Christgau attributed the album's jazz input to Lawrence's "Coltranesque" saxophone, and the rock elements to guitarists Lucas and Gaumont, who "wah-riff[ed] the rhythm", and Pete Cosey, who produced "his own wah-wah-inflected noise into the arena-rock stratosphere." Erik Davis compared Davis' trumpet sound to "a mournful but pissed-off banshee", and Cosey, Lucas, and Gaumont to "somewhere between and beyond James Brown and Can", amid "quiet percussion passages [that] emerge like moonlit clearings". In The Rough Guide to Rock (2003), Ben Smith described the music as "an amazingly dense amalgam of free jazz and funk", while Fred Kaplan from New York magazine called it "electric jazz-rock fusion".

Release
Dark Magus was released after Davis' retirement when his label, Columbia Records, issued several albums of various outtakes. They released his live album Agharta (1975) in the US, though not Pangaea (1976), and ultimately did not approve of Davis's other live recordings and chose to issue Dark Magus also only in Japan. It was released in 1977 by CBS-Sony, who used several engineering fades in the album's production to shorten the original concert for the final release. The album's four tracks were titled after Swahili names for the numbers one through four. Its title was suggested by Tatsu Nosaki, an A&R executive from CBS-Sony, who were producing the album. According to Nosaki, "Magus ... is the founder of the ancient Persian religion, Zoroastrianism." The cover image is, as The New York Public Library blogger Shawn Donohue describes, "an enigma" as "it is hard to make out anything more than shapes and colors, possibly Davis in tripped out profile on the far right".

The album was not released in the United States until July 1997, when it was reissued by Sony Records and Legacy Records. It was part of the labels' reissue of five two-disc live albums by Davis, including Black Beauty: Miles Davis at Fillmore West (1970), Miles Davis at Fillmore (1970), Live-Evil (1971), and In Concert (1973). The reissued albums featured liner notes written by his sidemen.

Reception and legacy

Along with Davis' other 1970s records, Dark Magus was received ambivalently by contemporary critics but became an inspiration to late 1970s noise rock acts and the experimental funk artists of the 1980s. Its 1997 reissue was ranked by Christgau as the 10th best album of the year in his list for The Village Voices annual Pazz & Jop critics' poll. In 2001, Q named it one of the "50 Heaviest Albums of All Time" and called it "a maelstrom of uncut improvisational fury ... arguably the furthest out Miles ever got". David Keenan placed it on his all-time 105 best albums list for the Sunday Herald and said by ornamenting heavy grooves with tribal percussive instruments, wah-wah effects, and otherworldly trumpet bursts, Davis had instinctively fused the most advanced elements of modern African-American music. According to CODA critic Greg Masters, Davis created among the darkest and most radical auras, feelings, and moods in 20th-century music on Dark Magus.

Reviewing the reissue in 1997 for JazzTimes, Tom Terrell said this kind of music would never be heard again, deeming it "tomorrow's sound yesterday ... a terrifyingly exhilarating aural asylum of wails, howls, clanks, chanks, telltale heartbeats, wah wah quacks, white noise and loud silences." According to DownBeat that year, the frantic burbles of congas on "Moja" and "Tatu" predated oldschool jungle by 20 years, while Spin journalist Erik Davis found its anguished, ferocious music extremely impressive, especially when listened to loud. He contended that the group improvisation on tracks such as "Wili" foreshadowed the drum 'n' bass genre: "Miles was invoking the primordial powers of the electronic urban jungle". In The Penguin Guide to Jazz (1998), Richard Cook and Brian Morton wrote that each performance comprises only "shadings and sanations of sound, and as one gets to know these recordings better one becomes almost fixated on the tiniest inflexions." Pitchfork critic Jason Josephes regarded it as a highly valued Davis record that invokes a sense of coolness in listeners.

In The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004), J. D. Considine wrote that Dark Magus expressed the band's surging rhythms better than In Concert and offered a balance between their affinity for improvisation amidst their desire to rock. Jeff McCord of The Austin Chronicle found the performances impassioned, enduring, and highlighted by effectively competitive playing between each duo of saxophonists and guitarists. According to John Szwed, it has moments when all three guitarists and two saxophonists are "in dense and exalted free improvisation together, and Pete Cosey's tunings, effects, excess, and sheer inventiveness took the guitar to the point where Hendrix, free jazz, and rhythm and blues proudly merged together." By contrast, Don Heckman of the Los Angeles Times found the funk rhythms repetitive and Davis' playing both limited and unexceptional. AllMusic's Thom Jurek called it an exaggerated and excessive showcase of Davis' disoriented psyche and felt that, although the rhythm section is historically captivating, the other musicians' playing is inconsistent, albeit enthralling.

Track listing
All compositions were credited to Miles Davis.

1977 LP

Personnel

Miles Davis – electric trumpet with wah-wah, Yamaha organ (on "Wili", "Tatu", and "Nne")
Dave Liebman – flute, soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone
Azar Lawrence – tenor saxophone (on "Tatu" and "Nne")
Reggie Lucas – electric guitar
Pete Cosey – electric guitar
Dominique Gaumont – electric guitar (on "Tatu" and "Nne")
Michael Henderson – electric bass
Al Foster – drums
James Mtume – percussion
Teo Macero – production

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Albums produced by Teo Macero
Miles Davis live albums
1977 live albums
Albums recorded at Carnegie Hall

Dark Magus


GRESSO is an international company that manufactures luxury eyewear, mobile phones and accessories.  Gresso company was founded in 1999. The trademark is registered in Switzerland (IB of WIPO, reg. No. 994253). Gresso products are presented in Russia, CIS countries, Europe and America.

History
The first collection of mobile phones was presented in 2006, with some made using gold and African blackwood.

In 2007, Forbes magazine included Gresso Avantgarde phone in top 10 most expensive mobile phones in the world.

In August 2007, the company introduced two models of luxury Avantgarde smartphones: Luna and Sol  based on  Windows Mobile 6.0 Standard operation system and Gresso interface. African blackwood and gold were used in case manufacturing.

In August 2009, the company introduced new Gresso Grand Monaco  phone collection. The phone case was made using titanium alloy and covered with several layers of ceramic. Front and back phone panels were made from carbon. The screen was framed in a 42 carat sapphire glass.

In March 2010, the company introduced its first collection of Gresso Grand Monaco phones for women, with some phones made entirely from crocodile leather.

In 2011, Gresso presented new Luxor phone collection. The collection included 3 models:
 Luxor Las Vegas Jackpot
 Luxor World Time
 Luxor

In 2011, Gresso introduced new Grand Premiere  mobile handset.

In April 2012, Gresso Regal Black  were introduced. A total of 333 phones was produced at the price of $5000.

In September 2012, Gresso company introduced bumper-case for iPhone 5. Gresso Alligator bumper  is made using tempered titanium.

In 2012, Gresso introduced its first accessories for iPhone 5 and Samsung Galaxy S III.

In December 2013, Gresso launched its first luxury titanium smartphone Gresso Radical (OS Android).

In March 2014, Gresso introduced the most expensive Gresso Titanium Bumpers cost $10000.

See also
Goldvish
Vertu

References

Mobile phone manufacturers
Mobile phone companies of Russia

Gresso (company)


The Balfour Declaration was a letter from British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to banker and prominent Jewish leader (Zionist) Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, dated 2 November 1917.

The Balfour Declaration of 1917 consisted of a public statement by the government of the United Kingdom during the First World War. In this letter, The declaration, Arthur Balfour declared on behalf of His Majesty's Government, that Britain supported plans for a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

The issuance of the Declaration had many long lasting consequences, and was a key moment in the lead-up to the Arab–Israeli conflict, often referred to as the world's "most intractable conflict".

20th century in Israel
1917 in the United Kingdom
Jewish history
Mandatory Palestine
Zionism
November 1917 events

Balfour Declaration of 1917


Audrey is a feminine given name of Old English origin. There are many versions of Audrey, including Audie, Audra and Audrea. In the 17th century, the word "tawdry", meaning "cheap and pretentious", came from the name Saint Audrey. That made use of Audrey decline. However, in the 19th century, it was revived. It peaked during the interbellum period in the United States. It reached rank #41 for 2012.

Famous people named Audrey include Audrey Hepburn, Audrey Meadows and Audrey Tautou. A hurricane with this name struck the southern United States in June 1957.

People
 Audrey Assad (1983- ), American contemporary Christian musician
 Audrey Brown (1913–2005), British athlete
 Audrey Emerton (1935)
 Audrey Lawson-Johnston (1915- ), last survivor of the shipwreck Lusitania
 Audrey McLaughlin (1936- ), Canadian politician, former leader of the New Democratic Party
 Audrey Meaney (1931- ) British archaeologist
 Audrey de Montigny (1985- ), French-Canadian singer
 Audrey Richards (1899–1984), British anthropologist
 Audrey Terras (1942- ) American mathematician
 Audrey Williamson (1926- ), British athlete
 Audrey Hepburn, British actress and humanitarian (1929-1993)
 Audrey Tautou, French actress
 Audrey Wasilewski, American actress
 Audrey Long, American actress (1922-2014)

Weather
 Hurricane Audrey, a 1957 hurricane that devastated Louisiana

References

Given names

Audrey


Ardeshir Kamkar (, born 1962 in Sanandaj, Iran) is a Kurdish musician from Iran.

He started his music training under the supervision of his father. He came to Tehran in 1980 and continued studying traditional arrangements under Mohammad Reza Lotfi and his brother Pashang. Ardeshir has always been keen to explore the range and capabilities of the kamancheh, for which he has written several pieces and books.

Kamkar has played with famous ensembles such as Dastan, Aref and Sheyda. In the album of Dastan (1364 Iranian calendar), he accompanied the improvisation of M. R. Shajarian. He has recently worked with the talented vocalist Homayoun Shajarian.

He also has international collaboration. One well-received album of which is titled "From Pontos to Persia" (Greek Άπο τον Πόντο στην Περσία), which according to some sources "is a unique CD that combines the music of Pontos and that of Persia. Matthaios Tsahouridis  plays the Pontic Lyra accompanied by Ardeshir Kamkar on the Iranian Kamancheh and Hussein Zahawy on the daf. Songs include Pontic Lyra Improvisation, Union, Horizons, The Meeting, Solo Daf and Iranian Kamancheh Improvisation."

See also
Kamkar
The Kamkars
Kurdish music
Music of Iran
Demonstration with Mathaios Tsahouridis

1962 births
Living people
20th-century Iranian musicians
Iranian kamancheh players
Kurdish musicians
People from Sanandaj
Iranian Kurdish people

Barbad award winners
21st-century Iranian musicians

Ardeshir Kamkar


Arthur Wilson (14 December 1836 – 1909) was a prominent English ship-owner who is best known for playing host to his friend Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, at his home Tranby Croft, the scene of the royal baccarat scandal.

Life
Arthur Wilson was born on 14 December 1836 in Hull, Yorkshire. His father was Thomas Wilson, owner of the Thomas Wilson Sons & Co. shipping business. His brother was Charles Wilson, who was later created Baron Nunburnholme.

Like his brother, he was educated at Kingston College in Hull. He was associated with Charles throughout his life, and became the head of the business after his brother's death in 1907. Before this, he served as director of the North Eastern Railway, and chairman of the shipping committee of the Hull Chamber of Commerce. He was High Sheriff of Yorkshire for 1891.

For the last twenty years of his life, his London home was 17 Grosvenor Place, a building which now serves as the embassy of Ireland.

Wilson's son Arthur entered Parliament as a Unionist for the Holderness division of Yorkshire in 1900. Wilson himself was active in protecting the Liberal interest in Yorkshire, but spoke against Gladstone's Home Rule bill, and joined the Liberal Unionists. In 1909, he spoke in favour of tariff reform.

Wilson died of cancer in 1909, two years after taking charge of the shipping business.

He was a generous benefactor to Hull, and is especially remembered for the Victoria Children's Hospital, for which he served as chairman.

Royal baccarat scandal

Arthur Wilson is best remembered for playing host, at Tranby Croft in 1890, to Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. During the Prince's stay, one of the party, William Gordon-Cumming, was accused of cheating at the game of baccarat.  Baccarat was illegal in England at the time. Several members of Wilson's household at Tranby Croft claimed to have independently witnessed Gordon-Cumming cheating at the game, and when this was brought to the attention of the Prince, Gordon-Cumming signed a document promising never to play cards in the future. This event remained secret for a time, but it was revealed to the press in early 1891. As a result, Gordon-Cumming attempted to bring the accusers, including Wilson, to trial on the charge of defamation.

Gordon-Cumming lost the court case, but it brought the Prince much bad publicity, and he never returned to Tranby Croft.

See also
Oswald Sanderson, managing director at Thomas Wilson Sons & Co.

References

External links

Glasgow Archives: Wilson Line collection, archived in 2007
Article on Hull shipping, Hull City Council, 2003, archived in 2007
Wilson Line archives, Hull University library, archived in 2003

1836 births
1909 deaths
Businesspeople from Kingston upon Hull
High Sheriffs of Yorkshire
Alumni of Kingston College (England)
19th-century English businesspeople

Arthur Wilson (shipping magnate)


Daniel Moreau Barringer (July 30, 1806 – September 1, 1873) was a slave owner and Whig U.S. Congressman from North Carolina between 1843 and 1849. He joined the Democratic Party by the early 1870s.

Early life and education
Born near Concord, North Carolina, in 1806 to Elizabeth Brandon and Paul Barringer, Daniel had nine siblings, including at least two brothers. His middle name is from French Huguenot ancestors, who came as refugees to North Carolina. The Barringer sons were likely tutored at home in their early studies. Barringer attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Graduating in 1826, he went on to study law in Hillsborough with an established firm, and was admitted to the bar.

Career
Barringer returned to his hometown of Concord in 1829, where he began a law practice. He also entered politics. That same year, he was elected to the North Carolina House of Commons; he would serve there until 1834. He was re-elected for additional terms in 1840 and 1842. He also served as a member of the 1835 North Carolina constitutional convention.

In 1842, Barringer was elected as a Whig to the 28th United States Congress. He was subsequently reelected to the 29th and 30th sessions. During the 30th Congress, he chaired the Committee on Indian Affairs and the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of State. He became a personal friend of fellow congressman Abraham Lincoln. During this period, his younger brother, Rufus Clay Barringer, studied law with him to prepare for passing the bar exam. The younger Barringer set up a practice in their hometown of Concord, North Carolina, and also entered politics in the state.

Declining to run for a fourth congressional term in 1848, Daniel Barringer was appointed by President Zachary Taylor as minister to Spain, where he served from 1849 to 1853. In 1854, upon returning to North Carolina, he was elected to another term in the House of Commons.

At the outbreak of the American Civil War, Barringer was a delegate to the 1861 Peace Convention held in Washington, D.C. After the American Civil War, he was a participant in the Union National Convention of 1866, an effort by numerous politicians to gather support for President Andrew Johnson.

Barringer became a Democrat. He chaired the North Carolina Democratic Party in 1872, taking over after the death of Thomas Bragg. Barringer died September 1, 1873, aged 67, in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, and was buried in Greenmount Cemetery in Baltimore, Maryland.

Barringer was the older brother of Civil War cavalry Brigadier General Rufus Barringer. They were sons of General Paul Barringer, and nephews of Daniel Laurens Barringer, who had previously been a Congressman from North Carolina. Barringer's son, Daniel Barringer, became famous for proving the meteoritic origins of the Meteor Crater in Arizona.

Sources

1806 births
1873 deaths
Daniel Moreau
People from Cabarrus County, North Carolina
American people of German descent
American people of French descent
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
North Carolina Democratic Party chairs
North Carolina Democrats
Ambassadors of the United States to Spain
19th-century American diplomats
Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
People of North Carolina in the American Civil War
Burials at Green Mount Cemetery

Daniel Moreau Barringer


Usipa (scientific name: Engraulicypris sardella) is a "small sardine-like fish that occurs in large shoals".  Because of its small size, it is commonly dried. Usipa is mostly eaten in Malawi and Mozambique along with nsima ugali. Dried usipa is sold at most markets in Malawi. In Malawi, Usipa is typically consumed with the bones in it due to their softness.

Usipa plays a significant role in the economic livelihood for many households at Lake Malawi that rely upon fishing for income. A great deal is not known about the species' biology.

References

Malawian_cuisine
Mozambican cuisine
Yao (East Africa)
Fish common names
Engraulicypris

Usipa


Federica Masolin (born 7 May 1985) is an Italian sports journalist and television presenter for Sky Sport. She is the main presenter of Sky Sport's coverage of Formula One motor racing, having previously covered men and women's volleyball as well as the Serie A and Serie B football leagues, the 2011 Copa América, the 2012 Summer Olympics in London and the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi for the channel.

Biography
Masolin was born on 7 May 1985, in Milan, Italy, the oldest daughter of parents who are of Friuli origin; her father Flavio comes from Latisana with her maternal grandfather originating from Codroipo and her mother's name is Franca. Masolin has a younger sister, whom she was jealous of, and she was taken by her father to watch sports events such as motor races and tennis matches in her youth to stop the two siblings from arguing. She also did ballet, and graduated from the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore with a degree in modern literature. Following time making minor contributions to local newspapers, Masolin did an internship with the editorial staff at sports television channel Sky Sport at age 20. She received full support from her parents, and the experience she got at Sky Sport allowed her to be made a sideline volleyball correspondent for both the Serie A1 Men's League and the Serie A1 Women's League.

In 2009, Masolin began to cover the Serie A and Serie B football leagues as a sideline reporter for Sky Sport. She was frequently sent to cover matches involving the Genoa C.F.C. and U.C. Sampdoria clubs, and subsequently presented the broadcaster's coverage of the 2011 Copa América. Masolin also presented the Euro Calcio Show dedicated to the broadcasting of foreign football leagues in Italy. In 2012, she was sent to London by Sky Sport to cover the 2012 Summer Olympics, and began fronting the Sky Sport24 programme at the behest of certain editors the following year. Masolin was also sent to cover the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.

She was made presenter of Sky Sport's three-day event coverage of Formula One motor racing from the 2014 season onwards after a meeting with a Sky director in Sochi that February, and also conducted the pre-season presentations of the Ferrari racing team. Masolin prepared for the role by reviewing the sport's regulations and spoke with colleagues about it. She made her first appearance as presenter at the 2014 Australian Grand Prix, and has built a healthy working and personal relationship with fellow pundits Davide Valsecchi and 1997 world drivers' championship winner Jacques Villeneuve. Masolin presents the pre and post-race Paddock Live portions as well as the pre-race social column of Sky Sport's Formula One coverage. In 2017, she was named TV Reporter of the Year over fellow broadcaster Giorgia Rossi with 52.4 per cent of the vote. She is an ambassador for the Laureus Sport for Good Foundation and has taken part in charitable events for the foundation. Masolin has been part of the Run That Track community raising money for foundations helping children in Bangladesh, Ghana and South Africa.

Personality and approach
She dislikes discussing her private life with the media. Masolin is fluent in four languages. She said she rises early, and arrives at a race track four hours before the television broadcast begins as preparation for 30 hours of broadcast over the course of a meeting. Masolin says she feels more relaxed in Formula One than doing football and found there to be less prejudice in the former.

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Mass media people from Milan
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore alumni
20th-century Italian women
21st-century Italian women
Sky Italia
Italian sports journalists
Italian women journalists
Italian women television presenters
Women sports journalists
Volleyball commentators
Association football commentators
Formula One journalists and reporters

Federica Masolin


Ratanda is a township south of Heidelberg in  Gauteng, South Africa.

It was established in 1955. Ratanda was one of the first townships to be affected by unrest which broke out in 1984 on the highveld.

Ratanda has 23 different extensions, of which extension 1 is the higher class level and extension 7 being the lowest income housing. Ratanda is derived from two Native African languages "Rata" meaning (SeSotho)= Love and "Thanda" (IsiZulu)= Love. Hence Ratanda, meaning a place of Love for the people for the locals who fell in love with the place.

References

Populated places in the Lesedi Local Municipality
Townships in Gauteng

Ratanda


Ahmadiyya (), fully known as Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is an Islamic movement founded in the 19th Century by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad who claimed to be the Mahdi and Promised Messiah. Ahmad wanted to restore Islam's original message. It was started before India was split into the modern day states of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.

In 1914, the movement split into two different groups, over a question of who should become the next Caliph. Both groups still exist today.

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed to have fulfilled the prophecies for the Mahdi. In addition to being a Mahdi, he was also called the Mujaddid (divine reformer) of the 14th Islamic century and the promised Messiah.

Ahmadis consider themselves Muslims and claim to practice the Islam that was taught and practised by Muhammad and his followers. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad founded the movement in 1889 and named it the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat (Community). His goal was to restore life into Islam.

The original Ahmadiyya movement split into two separate groups after the death of Nooruddin, the first successor of Ghulam Ahmad.

The original Ahmadiyya movement split into two separate groups, after the death of Nooruddin, the first successor of Ghulam Ahmad. These movements are the Ahmadiyya Community and the smaller Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam (Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat-i-Islam, AAIIL). The groups have different interpretations of Ahmad's teachings and claims. They also have different opinions on the status of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and his successor, and how this person should be chosen.

The larger faction of the Ahmadiyya Movement, known as the Ahmadiyya Community is active in 190 countries of the world. The International Headquarters of the Ahmadiyya Community is currently in London, England. The smaller faction, known as the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, is active in 17 countries of the world. They are most notable in Germany, Australia and Pakistan. The International Headquarters of the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement is in the town of Lahore, Pakistan where the Lahore Movement started. Within Lahore, Pakistan, are the "Ahmadiyya Buildings Lahore" which act as the international administrative base for the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement.

Controversial points include the Ahmadiyya view on the death and return of Jesus and their concept of Jihad. The Ahmadiyya community also has a different interpretation of verse Qur'an 33:40 of the Qur'an. This verse talks about Muhammad as the Seal of the Prophets. The members of the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement are not subject to such criticism because they do not believe Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was a prophet. For this reason, they are more close to traditional mainstream Islam. Although mainstream Muslims consider them as heretics. Ahmadis (particularly the members of the International Ahmadiyya Muslim Community) argue that their beliefs are in accordance with Islam, and by using arguments from the Qur'an, Hadith and opinion of Islamic jurists and theologians, challenge the contention of the groups calling them non-Muslims.

Ahmadis have translated the Qur'an in all the main languages of the world.  They broadcast globally on their 24-hour satellite television channels such as MTA 1, MTA 2, MTA 3, and a recently introduced MTA Africa. Ahmadis have provided teachers, doctors and humanitarian relief workers in many developing countries. The fourth Caliph, Hazrat Mirza Tahir Ahmad helped to promote homeopathy as a system of medicine by training practitioners through a regular TV class and establishing many free dispensaries around the world.

Criticism
The Ahmadiyyas are regarded as heretics by the orthodox Muslims because Mirza Ghulam Ahmad proclaimed himself the Mahdi of Islam as well as the second coming of Jesus. In addition, Ahmadis also differ on the interpretation of the Finality of Prophethood (, khātaman nabiyyīn) where orthodox Muslim consider Muhammad to be the last Prophet, in contrast to the Ahmadiyya view, where Muhammad is considered as the final law-bearing prophet.

Thus, the majority of Muslims do not refer to the Ahmadis by this name, but use the derogative term 'Qadianis' (referring to Qadian, India, the birthplace of Ahmad) and Mirzai (referring to Mirza Ahmad). These terms are used as Ahmadis are considered 'unworthy' of using the name Ahmad, an alternative name for Muhammad and therefore it is considered derogative, as it is to refer to Muslims as 'Muhammadans'.

References

Other websites
 International Official site

Islamic denominations

Ahmadiyya


Critical closing pressure is the internal pressure at which a blood vessel collapses and  closes completely. When blood pressure falls below critical closing pressure, the vessel is unable to overcome external pressure (either from environment or vascular smooth muscle) and flow stops. An example of this phenomenon is measurement of blood pressure using the "pulse obliteration method" with a sphygmomanometer.

At resting state the arterial critical closing pressure is ~ 20 mmHg.

Critical closing pressure in arteries is higher than the mean vascular filling pressure that develops after death (~7 mmHg). Therefore, arteries collapse after death, then fill up with air once the dissection begins.

In severe haemorrhage, blood loss leads to a significant reduction in circulatory system arterial pressures. This drop in pressure, combined with activity of the sympathetic autonomic nerves supplying vascular smooth muscle, leads to profound vasoconstriction to the extent that the intra-vessel pressure may not overcome the critical closing pressure and subsequently collapse. This abrupts  blood supply to tissues, otherwise termed shock.

References

Blood pressure

Critical closing pressure


San Francisco Bay Diablos were an American soccer team that played in San Francisco, California as a member of the USISL from 1993 to 1995.

History
Owner Mario Chavez coached the team during its inaugural season in 1993.  In 1994, he brought in former Nigerian international Tony Igwe to coach.  Igwe lasted only four games with the team losing all four games.  Chavez, then struck a deal with Salvador Lopez to bring in the 1993 Lamar Hunt US Open Cup Champions C.D. Mexico (aka, El Farolito Soccer Club) to take over the club and run the team.  The team enjoyed immediate success and if not for an 18-point deduction in points for a rules violation, the club would have made their first and only playoff appearance.  In 1995, Lopez withdrew his support and the cooperation between the two clubs ceased. The Diablos struggled their way to the end of the season and folded at that time after three seasons in the league.

Year-by-year

External links
 The Year in American Soccer - 1993
 The Year in American Soccer - 1994
 The Year in American Soccer - 1995

Defunct soccer clubs in California
D
USISL teams
1993 establishments in California
1995 disestablishments in California
Soccer clubs in California
Association football clubs established in 1993
Association football clubs disestablished in 1995

San Francisco Bay Diablos


Moskvitch 2140 series () is a small family car produced by Soviet automotive maker AZLK from January 1976 to 1988. It started first as Moskvitch 2138 and Moskvitch 2140 on a modified 412 platform. Pre-production models were shown during 1975. Starting in 1981, the modernised modification of the M-2140 export/luxury model was also designed and branded "2140 SL" in the Eastern Bloc countries and "1500 SL" outside. The most notable differences between the two models were redesigned dashboard and front seat headrests in the M-2140.

Starting in 1982, the M-2138 models were discontinued and the M-2140 became the only Moskvitch car available in all markets. It was face-lifted the same year: the shield logo was changed to feature "АЗЛК" (AZLK) written in metallic outline, the grille coating switched from metal to plastic, and both side mirrors were slightly redesigned to be less heavy. The station wagon variant M-2137 was the last of Soviet cars to still feature taillight fins to accommodate gate opening, until the model was discontinued in 1985.

Although originally designed and often referenced to as the "fourth generation", the series was, in fact, only an enhancement over the actual third generation of Moskvitches, the M-408/412. The brand-new fourth generation entered in production with the Aleko starting in 1986, when both series shared the assembly line for over two years, until the M-2140 was eventually discontinued in July 1988.

Models and variants
 M-2140 (export name Moskvitch 1500): the original four-door sedan model with standard engine UZAM-412 (75 hp). The 2140 entered production in January 1976 and was discontinued in July 1988.
 M-2138 (export name Moskvitch 1360, produced in 1976-1982): 4-door sedan model, similar to the M-408 series, with low-power engine MZMA-408 (50 hp). This version appeared because the Ufa plant could not supply enough UZAM-412 engines, this series was not designed for the MZMA-408 engine. However, its success was limited, because it was heavily underpowered , outdated, had a higher fuel consumption, and the price was the same as the 1500 version. However, it was more successful in countryside, driving schools and taxi, where lower performances were not an issue, rather than personal car, although it was also sold to public. Because 21406 appeared in 1978, and UFA factory could already supply the UZAM-412 engines, its sales dropped quickly, as 21406 was preferred.
 M-21381 (1976-1981): four-door sedan and ambulance fly-car similar to the ambulance version M-408M of the M-408 series.
 M-21401 (1976-1988): four-door sedan and ambulance fly-car similar to the M-412M of the M-412 series.
 M-21402 (export name Moskvitch 1500): the original four-door sedan export model with right steering wheel.
 M-21406 (1978-1987): four-door sedan for the countryside, with drum brakes on all wheels, towing lugs, and derated engine redesigned to run on low-octane fuel , as low as 75. It had a lower compression 7,5:1, a power of (68 hp)/4800 rpm instead of (75 hp) /5800 rpm and a torque of 105 nm / 2500–3000 rpm instead of 115 nm / 3000–3800 rpm. Top speed was 135 km/h, with a 23 seconds  0 – 100 km/h sprint. Not available on station wagon. Also, the rear side where the rear light are mounted had the same colour as the entire body instead of black on usual models, making this as the only distinguishing element from the usual 2140 as well as they were delivered without wheel hubs, and looking at the front wheels, the drum brake was visible and had a slightly higher ground clearance and a stiffer suspension . Like other version, the towing hook on the rear was mounted on demand. The front grill was different, bearing just a simple AZLK sign, rather than the logo of AZLK - MOSKVITCH.
 M-21403 (1980-1987): four-door sedan with hand controls for the disabled.
 M-2140-117 (export name Moskvitch 1500SL, 1981–1988): luxury four-door sedan model with plastic bumpers, new safety panel and headrests.
 M-2140-121 (1982-1987): four-door taxi equipped with a different engine with low compression (the same as 21406), a taximeter, a "Taxi" sign, easily cleanable upholstered seats, and synthetic leather.
 M-2136 (1977-1978): station wagon similar to the M-426 of the M-408 series. Not many manufactured, it was quickly taken out of production, because the engine was way too underpowered, the engine was too small for the sedan version, on the station wagon it could barely face it due to higher weight. Some manufactured cars were used as taxis.
 M-2137 (1976-1985): station wagon similar to the M-427 of the M-412 series. It was the last of family wagon Moskvitches with no actual successor (besides the Izh Kombi hatchback).
 M-2733/34 (1976-1981): "closed-body" delivery van, similar to the M-433/34 of the M-408/412 series, built for non-consumer purposes. Exclusive special-versions included ambulance and hearse.
 М-2315 (2140–80, produced in 1984-1988): pickup truck commercial modification to the body pickup. Based on the sedan and station wagon.
 M-2140 Diesel. Manufactured Mainly between 1979 and 1981. Similar to 2138 and 2140 in appearance, but equipped with a 4.108 diesel engine from Perkins. Mainly for Italy, but also for other markets. It had a power of . Top speed was only 120 km/h, but offered a better fuel economy than both petrol engines. Not available on station wagon.

Gallery

References

Cars introduced in 1976
2140
Soviet automobiles
Compact cars
Sedans
1970s cars
1980s cars

Moskvitch 2140


Kayla Stra (born 3 December 1984) is a jockey and television personality in Thoroughbred horse racing who began racing in Australia, until coming to compete in the United States at racetracks in California. She currently rides once again in Southern California, after riding in the Northern California circuit. This was after a 2-year riding stint in the Southern California area. Stra is also known for her appearances on the reality television show Jockeys on Animal Planet.

Kayla Stra was born in Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, where she launched her career in horseracing prior to moving to California in late 2007. From a very young age, Stra was interested in horses, having talked her parents into buying her a pony when she was eight years old. During her late childhood and adolescence, Stra worked at racing stables and eventually bought her first horse—a Thoroughbred named Gurtie, which she trained on her own for picnic races (unregistered race horses) before getting her certificate in racing.

Stra acknowledges her first trainer, Ray Moore, as someone who has had a strong racing influence in her life. Moore taught Stra how to be a horseman—how to communicate with horses by reading their body language and having a keen feel for what they're thinking. Stra credits John Letts as one of her mentors for his outstanding jockey career, having won two Melbourne Cups and hundreds upon hundreds of stake races.

As an apprentice, Stra was always in the top five riders and won all her premierships. During this time, she began traveling to different tracks to learn more from those experiences.

Stra eventually racked up approximately 500 victories in her native country and became the "poster girl" for Australian horseracing. Now, she hopes to continue that success in the much larger US market. Racing in California, on 9 November 2007 Kayla Stra won her first American race aboard Flying Bearcat at Hollywood Park Racetrack. One notable victory was at Santa Anita on 49–1 longshot Paddin' Mud. In addition, Kayla scored an opening day victory at Del Mar with King Ledley, and then scored another victory aboard the same horse within three weeks.  King Ledley is owned by Racing Capital Group, LLC, which is a race horse syndication company who primarily uses Kayla as their jockey. Racing Capital Group's web site is racingcapitalgroup.com., where she is their featured jockey. Stra's career goal to date is to hang in the game and not let the industry down. But here, she will face the toughest competitors in the world—serious professional athletes who are not likely to cut any slack for the new girl.

Stra became a leading Adelaide apprentice jockey who posted 220 winners in Australia. Her biggest Australian win was in the 2005 City of Marion Stakes with gelding Navy Shaker.

Stra was one of the jockeys featured in Animal Planet's 2009 reality television show, Jockeys. It lasted for two seasons.

Stra returned to professional horse racing in January 2013, after the birth of her son, Brys Headley, in November 2012. Soon after her return to racing, a steward banned her from the Betfair Hollywood Park jockeys' room for breastfeeding her son. One of the stewards had allegedly told Stra's agent that she  needed to decide whether she was going to focus on caring for her child or her profession.  California Horse Racing Board chairman David Israel overruled the steward, stating "Kayla Stra's baby can be in the jocks' room. Her nanny can be with the baby. And both the mother and the nanny can do all the things they need to do."

Notes

External links
 http://www.equibase.com/profiles/Results.cfm?type=People&searchType=J&eID=128037
 Video profile of Kayla Stra at YouTube
 Jockey Kayla Stra - Winning the Finale at Santa Anita aboard Paddlin Mud
 Jockey Kayla Stra aboard Lucious Antonius, edging out Chantal Sutherland at Santa Anita
 http://www.drf.com/news/santa-anita-notes-stra-wins-first-race-comeback
 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/09/kayla-stra_n_3568079.html

1984 births
American female jockeys
Australian emigrants to the United States
Australian female jockeys
Australian jockeys
Living people
Participants in American reality television series
Sportspeople from Adelaide
21st-century American women
Sportswomen from South Australia

Kayla Stra


Radoslav Nenadál (30 October 1929 – 17 July 2018) was a Czech writer and translator of English-language literature.

He was born on 30 October 1929 in Šumperk, but in his childhood, he moved to Prague with his family. He then studied English and Czech at the Philosophical Faculty of Charles University. After studying, he began to work as a college educator.

He translated into Czech, for example, works by Ernest Hemingway, Truman Capote, John Irving and others. His translations include the novel Sophie's Choice by American prose writer William Styron. In 1981, Nenadal won the Translation Section Award for the Philosopher and Oyster Book of James Thurber, as well as the Odeon Prize for Work in American Literature. In 2017 he was brought to the Hall of Fame by the Municipality of Translators.

He wrote several novels such as  Rakvářova dcera a jiné prózy (1985), Přijď zpět (anebo radši ne), Dušinky (1989), Gaudeamus či My tě zazdíme, Aido, dále Škorpión, Zahrada či Sešitky chrámové pěvkyně.

He died on 17 July 2018 at the age of 88.

References

1929 births
2018 deaths
Czech translators
Translators from English
People from Šumperk
Charles University alumni

Radoslav Nenadál


Nico Dostal (full name: Nikolaus Josef Michael Dostal) (27 November 1895 – 27 October 1981) was an Austrian composer who later specialised in operetta and film music.

Life
Dostal was born in Korneuburg, Lower Austria, and was the nephew of composer Hermann Dostal. He initially studied law at the University of Vienna, but turned to studying music at the Academy for Church Music in Klosterneuburg, and made a name for himself when his Great Mass in D major premiered in Linz in 1913.

After participating in World War I, Dostal worked as the theatre Kapellmeister in Innsbruck, St. Pölten, Vienna, Chernivtsi and Salzburg, before moving to Berlin in 1924, where he turned his hand to secular music. He worked in music publishing and as a freelance arranger for Oscar Straus, Franz Lehár and Robert Stolz, among others.

Whilst working as a Kapellmeister and composer, Dostal wrote the music for the film The Emperor's Waltz (1933) and enjoyed great success with his first operetta Clivia. This was followed by Die Vielgeliebte (1934) (The Much-Loved), Die ungarische Hochzeit (1939) (The Hungarian Wedding), and numerous pieces of film music.

In 1946 Dostal moved to Vienna, then in 1954 to Salzburg, where he continued to devote himself to composition, writing there among other pieces the chamber musical So macht man Karriere (1961) (How To Make a Career). Dostal also composed church music along with operettas and film music.

In 1942 he married the opera singer Lillie Claus, by whom he had one son, Roman Dostal, later a conductor. Dostal died in Salzburg, where he is buried in a grave of honour in the main cemetery, the Salzburger Kommunalfriedhof.

Works

Operettas
Die exzentrische Frau, 1922 (The Eccentric Woman)
Lagunenzauber, 1923 (Lagoon Magic)
Clivia, 1933
Die Vielgeliebte, 1934 (The Much-Loved)
Prinzessin Nofretete, 1936 (Princess Nefertiti)
Extrablätter, 1937 (Extra Sheets)
Monika, 1937
Die ungarische Hochzeit, 1939 (The Hungarian Wedding)
Die Flucht ins Glück, 1940 (The Flight into Happiness)
Die große Tänzerin, 1942 (The Great Dancer)
Eva im Abendkleid, 1942 (Eva in Evening Dress)
Manina, 1942
Verzauberte Herzen, 1946 (Enchanted Hearts)
Ein Fremder in Venedig, 1946 (A Stranger in Venice)
Süße kleine Freundin, 1949 (Sweet Little Girlfriend)
Zirkusblut, 1950 (Circus Blood)
Der Kurier der Königin, 1950 (The Queen's Courier)
:de:Doktor Eisenbart, 1952 (Dr. Eisenbarth)
:de:Der dritte Wunsch, 1954 (The Third Wish)
Liebesbriefe Operette, 1955 (Love Letters Operetta)
So macht man Karriere, 1961 (How To Make A Career)
Rhapsodie der Liebe, 1963 (Rhapsody of Love)
Der goldene Spiegel (The Golden Mirror)
Don Juan und Figaro oder Das Lamm des Armen, 1990 (Don Juan and Figaro, or the Lamb of the Poor)

Film music
 Everybody Wins (1930)
Three Days Confined to Barracks (1930)
Headfirst into Happiness (1931)
The Emperor's Waltz (1933)
 The Cabbie's Song (1936)
Der Optimist, 1938, with Theo Lingen (The Optimist)
Mordsache Holm, 1938 (The Holm Murder Case)
Thirteen Chairs (1938)
Heimatland, 1939, with Wolf Albach-Retty (Homeland)
Das Lied der Wüste, 1939, with Zarah Leander, Gustav Knuth (The Desert Song)
The Vulture Wally (1940)
Black on White (1943)
Glück bei Frauen, 1944, with Johannes Heesters (Luck/Happiness with Women)
Child of the Danube (1950)
Spring on Ice (1951)
, 1951 (The Heart of a Woman)
 Starfish (1952)
A Night in Venice (1953)
Die Ungarische Hochzeit, 1969, with Maria Schell (The Hungarian Wedding)

Sources
Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent German-language Wikipedia article (retrieved September, 2007).

See also

 List of composers

1895 births
1981 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Austrian classical composers
Austrian film score composers
Male film score composers
Austrian opera composers
Male opera composers
People from Korneuburg
University of Vienna alumni
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
20th-century male musicians

Nico Dostal


Brokaw bandgap reference is a voltage reference circuit widely used in integrated circuits, with an output voltage around 1.25 V with low temperature dependence. This particular circuit is one type of a bandgap voltage reference, named after Paul Brokaw, the author of its first publication.

Like all temperature-independent bandgap references, the circuit maintains an internal voltage source that has a positive temperature coefficient and another internal voltage source that has a negative temperature coefficient. By summing the two together, the temperature dependence can be canceled. Additionally, either of the two internal sources can be used as a temperature sensor.

In the Brokaw bandgap reference, the circuit uses negative feedback (by means of an operational amplifier) to force a constant current through two bipolar transistors with different emitter areas. By the Ebers–Moll model of a transistor,
 The transistor with the larger emitter area requires a smaller base–emitter voltage for the same current.
 The difference between the two base–emitter voltages has a positive temperature coefficient (i.e., it increases with temperature).
 The base–emitter voltage for each transistor has a negative temperature coefficient (i.e., it decreases with temperature).
The circuit output is the sum of one of the base–emitter voltages with a multiple of the base–emitter voltage differences. With appropriate component choices, the two opposing temperature coefficients will cancel each other exactly and the output will have no temperature dependence.

In the example circuit shown, the opamp ensures that its inverting and non-inverting inputs are at the same voltage. This means that the currents in each collector resistor are identical, so the collector currents of Q1 and Q2 are also identical. If Q2 has an emitter area that is  times larger than Q1, its base-emitter voltage will be lower than that of Q1 by a magnitude of . This voltage is generated across  and so defines the current  in each leg as . The output voltage (at the opamp output) is therefore , or:

The first term has a negative temperature coefficient; the second term has a positive temperature coefficient (from its ). By an appropriate choice of  and  and , these temperature coefficients can be made to cancel, giving an output voltage that is nearly independent of temperature. The magnitude of this output voltage can be shown to be approximately equal to the bandgap voltage (EG0) of Silicon extrapolated to 0 K.

See also
 LM317

References

External links
 Original IEEE paper(pdf) — This is the 1974 paper describing the circuit.
 A Transistor Voltage Reference, and What the Band-Gap Has To Do With It — This 1989 video features Paul Brokaw explaining his bandgap voltage reference.
 How to make a Bandgap Voltage Reference in One Easy Lesson by A. Paul Brokaw of IDT
 ELEN 689-602: Introduction to Bandgap Reference Generators — Includes detailed description and analysis of Brokaw bandgap reference.
 The Design of Band-Gap Reference Circuits: Trials and Tribulations — Robert Pease, National Semiconductor (In "The Best of Bob Pease", page 286, shows Brokaw cell in Figure 3)
 ECE 327: LM317 Bandgap Voltage Reference Example — Brief explanation of the temperature-independent bandgap reference circuit within the LM317. The circuit is nearly identical, but the document discusses how the circuit allows different currents through matched transistors (rather than a single current through different transistors) can set up the same voltages with opposing temperature coefficients.

Electronic circuits
Analog circuits

Brokaw bandgap reference


Richard Edward Kraus (November 24, 1925October 3, 1944) was a United States Marine who was killed in action in World War II during the Battle of Peleliu on October 3, 1944.  He posthumously received the Medal of Honor, the highest military honor awarded by the United States. He threw himself on a Japanese grenade to save his comrades.

Biography
Kraus was born in Chicago on November 24, 1925. At age seven, his family moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he attended Edison High School. He was inducted into the United States Marine Corps on his 18th birthday, after previously trying to enlist.

In July 1944, his unit shipped out for service in the Pacific Theatre and arrived at Pavuvu Island on August 20 and began preparing there for the invasion of Peleliu. On October 3, he was serving as an amphibian tractor driver with a detachment of the 8th Amphibian Tractor Battalion, attached to the 1st Marine Division since the September 15 D-Day landings on Peleliu. Kraus and three companions had accepted a volunteer mission that day to evacuate a wounded Marine from the front lines. As the group made their way forward, they were met by an intense barrage of enemy hand grenades, which forced them to take cover and abandon their mission.

While returning to the rear, the stretcher party observed two men approaching them who they believed were fellow Marines. Upon challenging the pair, they proved to be Japanese soldiers, and one of them responded by throwing a hand grenade into the midst of the group. Kraus hurled himself on top of the grenade and absorbed the blast, saving the lives of his three comrades.

Kraus had been overseas for three months at the time of the Peleliu battle, which was his first campaign. He was initially buried in the U.S. Armed Forces Cemetery on Peleliu, Palau Islands. In 1948, his remains were reinterred at his parents' request in Fort Snelling National Cemetery, Fort Snelling, Minnesota.

Medal of Honor citation
Kraus's Medal of Honor citation reads:

The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to

for service as set forth in the following

CITATION:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving with the Eighth Amphibian Tractor Battalion, Third Amphibious Corps, Fleet Marine Force, in action against enemy Japanese forces on Peleliu, Palau Islands, on 5 October 1944. Unhesitatingly volunteering for the extremely hazardous mission of evacuating a wounded comrade from the front lines, Private First Class Kraus and three companions courageously made their way forward and successfully penetrated the lines for some distance before the enemy opened with an intense, devastating barrage of hand grenades which forced the stretcher party to take cover and subsequently abandon the mission. While returning to the rear, they observed two men approaching who appeared to be Marines and immediately demanded the password. When, instead of answering, one of the two Japanese threw a hand grenade into the midst of the group, Private First Class Kraus heroically flung himself upon the grenade and, covering it with his body, absorbed the full impact of the explosion and was instantly killed. By his prompt action and great personal valor in the face of almost certain death, he saved the lives of his three companions, and his loyal spirit of self-sacrifice reflects the highest credit upon himself and the United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his comrades.

Honors

 Richard E. Kraus is one of three Minnesota Medal of Honor recipients from the Northeast Twin Cities who are named on the Anoka County Veteran's Memorial at Bunker Hills Anoka County Park in Coon Rapids, Minnesota.
 The United States Navy destroyer  was named after him in 1945.
 The Assault Amphibian Schools Battalion at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton was named and dedicated in his memory.
 Kraus-Hartig VFW Post 6587 in Spring Lake Park, Minnesota, is named after him and another WWII casualty.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

References

1925 births
1944 deaths
Military personnel from Chicago
United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
Military personnel from Minneapolis
United States Marines
United States Marine Corps personnel killed in World War II
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
Deaths by hand grenade
Edison High School (Minnesota) alumni

Richard E. Kraus


Dominic Ó Mongáin, or Dominic Mungan, was an Irish harper and poet, born around 1715 in County Tyrone. The poem and air An raibh tú ag an gCarraig?, translated by Walsh as Have you been at Carrick?, has been attributed to him.

He was the father of Charles Warburton, an Anglican bishop who served as both Bishop of Limerick and Bishop of Cloyne.

Life
Relatively little is known of his life. The harper Arthur O'Neill mentioned him in his memoirs, stating that Ó Mongáin (Mungan) lived in Strabane, and had previously taught him several tunes, none of which he could now remember:

In my travels I became acquainted with a Dominic Mungan, I may say I had known him since I was twelve years old. He was born blind in the County of Tyrone, and a real good harper. He was a Roman Catholic. [...] He was a great economist, but would spend money as genteelly as any man occasionally. He had three sons, Mark, John, and Terence, whom he educated in the first style.

A blind harper named Dominic Mungan, almost certainly the same man, was noted by Edward Bunting to have been born around 1715 in Tyrone, and was said to have been an "admirable performer", particularly skilled in quiet passages, and conversant with the music of Handel and Corelli in addition to the traditional harp repertoire. Bunting, who obtained his information on Mungan from the reminiscences of Henry Joy, uncle of Henry Joy McCracken, also noted that Mungan raised three sons, one of whom was the future bishop Charles Mongan Warburton. O'Neill had mentioned that Mungan's son Terence "was now Bishop of Limerick".

Ó Mongáin appeared in 1762 in Belfast - the first reference to the harp being played there - where a press notice stated that "Dominick the Harper" thanked those who had "been so kind as to favour him with their company" and
gave notice of a further performance at "Tim's Coffee House" on the following Monday.

Ó Doibhlin noted a further record of a "Domini Mungan of Tyrone":

[...] listed by Echlin O'Kean [...] as one of four second rate players on the harp alive in 1797/1798. His surname possibly indicates that he was a native of Termonmongan in the Castlederg area of Tyrone. Poetry writing and harp playing seem on occasions to have gone hand in hand in Gaelic Ireland, but O'Mongáin did not appear at the Harp Festival of 1792 in Belfast, and I have found no further references to him.

Ó Mongáin in fact appears to have died in the 1770s, long prior to the Harp Festival. Bunting had not personally heard him play, basing his description of his style on Joy's recollection, but said that "his 'whispering notes' were until lately in the memory of a few surviving auditors".

Poetry and music
The poem An raibh tú ag an gCarraig?, translated by Walsh as Have you been at Carrick?, is ascribed to Ó Mongáin in John O'Daly's Poets and Poetry of Munster (1849), where it was printed along with Walsh's translation. Ó Mongáin was said to have written An raibh tú ag an gCarraig? in honour of Eliza Blacker (later Lady Dunkin) of Carrick in the parish of Seagoe, County Armagh.

The air printed in Bunting's Ancient Music of Ireland as Sin Sios agus suas liom, "Down beside me" and stated to be "the original of Shepherds, I have lost my Love", was said by Bunting to have been taken from a transcribed performance by Ó Mongáin.

See also
 Belfast Harp Festival

References

 Diarmaid Ó Doibhlin (2000) Tyrone's Gaelic Literary Legacy in Tyrone: History and Society, pp. 424–25.

18th-century Irish male writers
18th-century Irish male musicians
18th-century Irish-language poets
Irish male harpists
Irish-language singers
Irish male poets
Musicians from County Tyrone
People from Strabane
Writers from County Tyrone
18th-century Irish harpists

Dominic Ó Mongain


The Marysville Bridge was a covered bridge railroad crossing of the Susquehanna River between Marysville, Pennsylvania and Dauphin, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1858 and demolished in 1903. Several of its piers still remain in the river; one of them bears a small-scale replica of the Statue of Liberty.

Marysville Bridge

As the Northern Central Railway built north up the Susquehanna River from Baltimore, Maryland to the coal regions, it had to cross from the west to the east bank of the Susquehanna. The chosen crossing site was at the Dauphin Narrows, between Marysville on the west and Dauphin on the east. The bridge was finished in 1858, allowing the Northern Central to haul coal from Sunbury, Pennsylvania to Baltimore. However, the construction of a line from Dauphin to Rockville and the takeover of the Northern Central by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1875 resulted in most Northern Central traffic being rerouted over the PRR's Rockville Bridge a short distance downstream.

The Marysville Bridge was allowed to fall into decay, and removed in 1902 or 1903 after a period of disuse. Some of the piers remain above water today, while others are submerged or washed away.

Dauphin Narrows Statue of Liberty
On July 2, 1986,  a replica of the Statue of Liberty was erected on one of its piers in the Dauphin Narrows of the Susquehanna River. It was made of venetian blinds and stood  tall. Six years later, after it was destroyed in a windstorm, it was rebuilt after local citizens raised $25,000 and rebuilt it out of wood, metal, glass and fiberglass, to a height of .

It was initially unknown who built the original version, and it remained a local mystery for 25 years until Gene Stilp, a local activist, came forward and admitted to constructing the initial replica. After Stilp came forward, the replica statue was featured on the CBS Evening News in October 2011.

External links
Susquehanna River Statue of Liberty replica images

Bridges over the Susquehanna River
Railroad bridges in Pennsylvania
Bridges completed in 1858
Demolished bridges in the United States

Marysville Bridge


One World One Voice is a world music album intended to raise awareness of environmental issues, produced by Rupert Hine in 1990. A video of the entire album was produced for television together with a "Making of" documentary.

It was created as a "chain tape" started by Kevin Godley. The multitrack tape was sent to various studios around the world where local artists added their contributions to it. Sections of the video were also filmed in the performers' home countries and edited together. Artists participating were Afrika Bambaataa, Laurie Anderson, A Velha Guarda Da Portela, Bagamoyo Players, Cedric, The Chieftains, Clannad, Johnny Clegg & Savuka, Cy Curnin, Terence Trent D'Arby, Dred, Marc Ducret, Peter Gabriel, Bob Geldof, David Gilmour, Egberto Gismonti, Kevin Godley, Eddie Grant, The Great Muungano Cultural Troupe, Richard Galliano, The Gipsy Kings, Rupert Hine, Chrissie Hynde, Howard Jones, Salif Keita, The Kodo Drummers, Hélène Labarrière, Leningrad Symphony Orchestra (conductor Aleksandr Dmitriyev, orchestration Simon Jeffes), Ray Lema, Roger Ludvigsen, Maria McKee, Milton Nascimento, Native Land & Themba, New Frontier, New Voices of Freedom, Nu Sounds, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Remmy Ongala & The Super Matimala Orchestra, Geoffrey Oryema, Hermeto Pascoal, Penguin Cafe Orchestra, Mari Boine Persen, Courtney Pine, Hossam Ramzy, Enrico Rava, Lou Reed, Robbie Robertson, Michael Rose & Junior, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Clara Sandroni, Shakespears Sister, Steve Stevens, Dave Stewart and The Spiritual Cowboys, Sting, Joe Strummer, Steven Van Zandt, Suzanne Vega, Venice, Christopher Warren-Green, Adam Woods and Guo Yue.

The album was recorded and mixed by Stephen W Tayler.

Track listing

 Robbie Robertson, Wayne Shorter, Egberto Gismonti, Ryuichi Sakamoto - Chief Seattle Speaks
 Remmy Ongala & Orchestre Super Matimila, Sting, Kevin Godley, Dred, Chaz Rich, R.M.R., Steve Stevens, Ray Lema, Cedric, Courtney Pine, Hermeto Pascoal & His Band, Afrika Bambaataa, Hossam Ramzy, Rupert Hine, Cy Curnin, Adam Woods, Maria McKee, New Voices of Freedom, New Frontier - One World One Voice
 Gipsy Kings, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan - Este Mundo
 Hermeto Pascoal & His Band, Laurie Anderson - (Instrumental)
 The Chieftains, Guo Yue, Bagamogyo Players - (Irish Instrumental)
 A Velha Guarda Da Portela - Brazilian Party
 Peter Gabriel, Milton Nascimento, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Wayne Shorter, Egberto Gismonti, Steven van Zandt, Guo Yue - Foreplay To One Heart
 Peter Gabriel, Steven van Zandt, Stewart Copeland, Hélène Labarrière, Geoffrey Oryema, Courtney Pine, Joe Strummer, Shakespears Sister, New York Street People - One Heart
 Dave Stewart and The Spiritual Cowboys, Shakespears Sister, Remmy Ongala & Orchestre Super Matimila, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Enrico Rava - World Music From Another World
 Michael Rose, Junior, Steve Stevens, Rupert Hine, Stewart Copeland - One World
 Remmy Ongala & Orchestre Super Matimila, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan - One World
 Geoffrey Oryema, Clannad, Peter Gabriel, Chrissie Hynde, Mari Boine, Roger Ludvigsen - Ri Na Cruinne, Gula Gula
 Native Land & Themba, Venice - Oh Ya
 Milton Nascimento, Bagamoyo Players - De Fira
 Peter Gabriel, Geoffrey Oryema, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Egberto Gismonti, Stewart Copeland, Suzanne Vega - One White Field
 Great Muungano Cultural Troup, Joe Strummer - (Drum Instrumental)
 Lou Reed, Richard Galliano, Penguin Cafe Orchestra  - One World, One Voice
 Salif Keita, Penguin Cafe Orchestra - Nami Watah
 Laurie Anderson, Clannad - The Whale
 Johnny Clegg & Savuka, Eddy Grant, Long Shawah - Green World
 Howard Jones, David Gilmour, Christopher Warren-Greene, Hossam Ramzy, Bob Geldof, Leningrad Symphony Orchestra, Terence Trent D'Arby, Venice, Clara Sandroni, Marie Boine - We Will Meet Again (Everybody's Got A Hole To Fill)(Portuguese: A gente vai se encontrar de novo)
 The Kodo Drummers, Leningrad Symphony Orchestra - Finale

Reference for track listing and artists

Weblinks

References

World music compilation albums
1990 compilation albums
Albums produced by Rupert Hine
Virgin Records compilation albums

One World One Voice


Emmanuel Nnadozie is an educator, economist, professor of economics, entrepreneur and author. His scholarly works are in the area of economics and development in Africa and the world. This includes African Economic Development. He has also contributed to research journals such as the "Journal of African Finance and Economic Development", Journal of College Student Development. He has been a research fellow at the University of Oxford and a visiting professor at the University of Carolina - Charlotte.

He is currently Executive Secretary of the African Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF). He was previously Chief Economist and director of the Economic Development and NEPAD Division of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). As such, he edits the annual publication African Economic Outlook.

United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)
He led and managed the development agenda of ECA and served as the spokesperson for the ECA on economic development in Africa.  He served as Adviser to the Executive Secretary of ECA on Africa's Development, representing the Commission intergovernmental and continental bodies and meetings and advises African Governments on development issues. He coordinated UN System-wide Support to Africa's Development and supported the UN relations with the African Union (AU) Commission, the NEPAD Agency, the APRM Secretariat, the RECs and other regional and sub-regional organizations.

He formulated and implemented substantive work and programmes in the areas of: macroeconomic analysis, growth and employment, development finance, investment, industrial development, Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), poverty eradication, Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and coordination of UN system support to the African Union and its NEPAD programme.  He oversaw and led the preparation of such ECA flagship outputs and reports as the Economic Report on Africa (ERA), African MDGs and Least Developed Countries (LDCs) Reports and the Report on Financing for Development and the Regional Coordination Mechanism of UN agency organizations (RCM-Africa).

Academic career
From 1989 to 2004, Nnadozie taught economics at Truman State University in Kirksville, Missouri. While at Truman, he also held a fellowship at University of Oxford and a visiting professorship at University of North Carolina. In 1992 he obtained a federal grant to establish the university's McNair Scholars Program. He served as the director of the program until he left the university in 2004. Additionally, he was a co-founder and faculty advisor of the African Students Association at Truman.

Works
 African Economic Development 2nd Edition - 2019
 African Economic Development - 2003
 African Culture & American Business in Africa: How to Strategically Manage Cultural Differences in African Business -1998
 Chad: A Nation in Search of Its Future (co-authored with Mario Azevedo), 1997
 Oil and Socioeconomic Crisis in Nigeria: A Regional Perspective to the Nigerian Disease and the Rural Sector - 1995
 Journal of African Finance and Economic Development - 2001 (co-authored Sa-Aadu; Diery Seck)
 Nigeria politics challenges Christian unity: Ecumenical response to Nigeria politics - 1992)
 Oil & Socioeconomic Crisis in Nigeria - 1980

Affiliations and awards

Awards
 Outstanding Black Missourian award - for contributions towards Black education.

Affiliations
 Pi Delta Phi
 Phi Kappa Phi
 Omicron Delta Kappa

References

Nigerian officials of the United Nations
1956 births
Living people
Nigerian economists
Truman State University faculty

Emmanuel Nnadozie


Jitendra Singh (born 6 November 1956) is an Indian physician and politician. He is the Minister of State (Independent Charge) for the Ministry of Science and Technology and Minister of State for Prime Minister's Office; Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions; Department of Atomic Energy and Department of Space.

He is a Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) national executive member and was the chief spokesperson for the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. He won the Udhampur seat in the Indian general election, 2014 and 2019 with highest ever margin of votes  for the 16th Lok Sabha and 17th Lok Sabha.

He was a professor of diabetes and endocrinology, Life Patron, Research Society for Study of Diabetes in India (RSSDI); Founder Executive Member, Diabetes in Pregnancy Study  India, a consultant, clinical practitioner, author of eight books, and a newspaper columnist. He is the ex-chairman for the National Scientific Committee Diabetes and the Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India.

Early life
Singh was born on 6 November 1956 in Jammu, in the erstwhile Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir into a Hindu Dogra Rajput family to parents Rajinder Singh and Shanti Devi. His family belongs to Marmat area in Doda district. Jitendra is the eldest of three brothers.

Professional career
Besides being a medical doctor, Singh has also worked as a newspaper columnist. Initially he wrote for Kashmir Times. However, he was unhappy about how the newspaper covered events related to Kashmir. Subsequently, he switched to Daily Excelsior, which is the largest circulated newspaper of Jammu and Kashmir. His weekly column Tales of Travesty used to feature in the editorial section of the newspaper until his election to the Lok Sabha in 2014.

Political career

Formative years
In 2008, Singh was appointed spokesperson of the Shri Amarnathji Sangharsh Samiti, an umbrella organisation of right wing parties during the Amarnath land transfer controversy. During his stint with the organisation, he took premature retirement as a professor of endocrinology in the Government Medical College, Jammu to join the Bharatiya Janata Party in 2012. However, the party refused to make him a candidate for the 2009 Indian general election.

Parliamentary career
In March 2014, the party announced that Singh would contest the upcoming general election from Udhampur constituency in his native Jammu. His primary competitor was Ghulam Nabi Azad of the Indian National Congress party who was a former chief minister of the state. Singh was elected to the Lok Sabha after defeating Azad by a margin of 60,976 votes. Singh was polled  votes while Azad was polled  votes.

On 27 May 2014, Singh was appointed Minister of State in the Prime Minister's Office, Minister of State for Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Minister of State for Department of Atomic Energy and Department of Space. He also became the Union Minister of State (Independent charge) in the Ministry of Science and Technology and Ministry of Earth Sciences.

In March 2019, the party renominated Singh as its candidate from the Udhampur constituency for the upcoming general election. His main rival was Vikramaditya Singh of the Congress party and supported by Jammu and Kashmir National Conference party - Vikramaditya Singh was also the grandson of Hari Singh, the last monarch of the former princely state. Jitendra Singh fought the election on his "development report card". Notable campaigners for him included Prime Minister Narendra Modi, party president Amit Shah, Home Minister Rajnath Singh, Ram Madhav and cricketer Gautam Gambhir. Jitendra Singh was re-elected to the Lok Sabha after defeating Vikramaditya Singh by approximately 350,000 votes. Jitendra Singh was polled 7,15,406 votes compared to his rival's 3,66,123 votes.

On 31 May 2019, it was announced that Singh had retained his ministries in the Second Modi ministry.

Minister of Science and Technology

As a minister of science and technology, Singh launched India's first indigenously made research vessel named "Sindhu Sadhana" on 14 July 2014 from Mormugao harbour in Goa. In a written response to the Lok Sabha on 31 July, he announced that India had signed cooperative arrangements with 33 countries for "peaceful use of outer space". He further added that areas of co-operation included remote sensing of earth, launch services, satellite communication, telemetry, space exploration and space law. He further launched India's first home-made broad spectrum confocal microscope on 7 October at New Delhi. He announced that the government was considering increasing the retirement age of scientists to 62 years. The ministry increased the stipend of researchers by 50% at the end of the month. On 8 November 2014, Singh was replaced by Harsh Vardhan, another doctor as the minister of science and technology and earth sciences.

Minister of state in space and atomic energy

During Singh's ministership, the fourth Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System was launched by ISRO in April 2015 which would provide "navigation and communication facility to all the surrounding countries". On 29 April 2018, he along with ISRO chairman K. Sivan confirmed that India would send a crewed mission to the moon by 2022 as proposed by Prime Minister Modi.

Minister of state for Personnel, Public Grievances and pension

During Singh's tenure as the minister of personnel, public grievances and pension, the Union Public Service Commission refused to count the marks of English comprehension in the Civil Services Aptitude Test. This violated the status quo of the question paper as suggested by the Arvind Varma committee. Interviews were discontinued for lower tier government jobs as well the need of attestation by a gazetted officer was also discontinued. On 20 March 2019, Pinaki Chandra Ghose, a former Supreme Court judge was appointed as India's first Lokpal.

Minister of state for Development of North Eastern region

On 8 November 2014, in a cabinet reshuffle, Singh was appointed Minister of State (Independent charge) in the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region and replaced V.K. Singh. In the ministry, he introduced the use of satellite imaging for surveying and building roads and for "preparation of utilisation certificates with fool-proof accuracy". He advised Sarbananda Sonowal, the Chief Minister of Assam to utilise the Assam Remote Sensing Application Centre to construct smart cities and in urban development. On 23 November 2015, Singh announced that the central government has decided to make Mizoram a "bamboo state" and the ministry proposed steps for the commercial utilisation of the state's bamboo potential.

In January 2016, he said that the Northeast India was "emerging destination for new Startups". In the Startup India scheme launched by Modi, the ministry added an additional incentive, "venture" funds. This fund would provide the aspiring entrepreneurs "relief from financial liabilities" and thus according to Singh, youth from other parts of India would "participate in the development of the North-Eastern States".

In September 2018, Pakyong Airport, Sikkim's first greenfield airport was inaugurated by Modi. Previously, Singh had set up a deadline of 2017. In the same month, he announced that an airport would also be built in Arunachal Pradesh.

2014 Jammu and Kashmir election
On 17 November 2014, the party announced that Singh was appointed the head of the 18-member Election Campaign Committee for the upcoming legislative assembly election in his native state. He formulated the strategy for the party. However, no party managed to get a majority in the election. The media speculated that Singh might become the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir as he had the support of Narendra Modi and Amit Shah and was popular amongst the Hindus of Jammu. The party negotiated with Jammu and Kashmir National Conference party in order to form a coalition government. However, talks fell flat when the National Conference rejected the demand of a Hindu chief minister for which Singh was a front runner.

Political views
Singh said that the Article 370 of the Constitution of India, which gave a special status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir was temporary in nature and quoted India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru for the same. He alleged that Congress and National Conference parties had fooled the people of the state "in the name of Article 370". He further criticised former chief minister Sheikh Abdullah for misusing the article to lengthen the term of the assembly.

Personal life
On 16 April 1982, Singh married Manju Singh. They have two sons.

References

Living people
Lok Sabha members from Jammu and Kashmir
Dogra people
India MPs 2014–2019
Indian medical researchers
Indian endocrinologists
People from Udhampur district
Union ministers of state of India
Union ministers of state of India with independent charge
Narendra Modi ministry
Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir
Medical doctors from Jammu and Kashmir
India MPs 2019–present
1956 births

Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)


Mafalda is an Argentine comic strip.

Mafalda may also refer to:

People

People with the mononym
 Mafalda (British singer) (born 1994), British singer-songwriter and member of the Bulgarian royal family
 Mafalda of Portugal (c. 1195 – 1256), Portuguese infanta
 Matilda of Savoy, Queen of Portugal (1125–1158), or Mafalda, wife of King Afonso I of Portugal
 Princess Mafalda of Savoy (1902–1944), wife of Prince Philipp of Hesse
 Mafalda of Portugal (born 1153), Portuguese infanta
 Maud of Apulia (c. 1060 – c. 1112), or Mafalda
 Mafalda of Castile (1191–1204), an infanta of Castile

People with the given name
 Mafalda Arnauth (born 1974), Portuguese singer
 Mafalda Favero (1905–1981), Italian opera singer
 Mafalda Luís de Castro (born 1989), Portuguese actress
 Mafalda Pereira (born 1976), Portuguese skier
 Mafalda Pinto (born 1983), Portuguese actress and model
 Mafalda Piovano (fl. 1952–1955), Argentine politician
 Mafalda Salvatini (1886–1971), Italian opera singer
 Mafalda Veiga (born 1965), Portuguese singer-songwriter
 Mafalda von Hessen (born 1965), Princess Mafalda of Hesse, German aristocrat and fashion designer
 Princess Mafalda Mafalda Arrivabene-Valenti-Gonzaga (born 1969), daughter of Amedeo, 5th Duke of Aosta

People with the surname
 Eloísa Mafalda (1924–2018), Brazilian actress

Other uses
 Mafalda, Molise, a town in Italy
 Mafalda Hopkirk, a minor character in the Harry Potter universe
 SS Principessa Mafalda, an Italian ocean liner that sank in a disaster in 1927
 Mafaldine, or Mafalda, a kind of pasta

See also

Matilda (name)

Mafalda (disambiguation)


Richard Miles was a Motswana (Tswana) catechist and preacher "to the native tribes beyond the border" in South Africa.

Origins

Nothing definite is known of Richard Miles's origins, except that he was born a Motswana (Tswana), and as a youth was in the employ of the apothecary John Harfield Tredgold in Cape Town.

Tredgold was  Secretary of the Cape of Good Hope Philanthropic Society "for aiding deserving slaves and slave children to purchase their freedom", and maintained regular association with mission activities. He would have been well acquainted with the London Missionary Society Superintendent, the Revd Richard Miles (who was also on the committee of the Philanthropic Society). The Revd Miles occupied the position as Superintendent at the Cape temporarily in the late 1820s, while Dr John Philip was in England.

It is presumed that Richard Miles, the Motswana, had been one of the many individuals displaced by turbulence in the frontier in the 1820s - when, indeed, through the so-called inboekseling system, many women and children in particular were "apprenticed" into a life of virtual slavery on colonial farms. It seems possible that the Philanthropic Society had rescued one such Motswana youth from that fate, who then took on a name in honour of the temporary Superintendent. Evidently he lived for a time in the Tredgold household in Cape Town and benefited by an education, before returning to beyond the frontier to teach and to preach.

An important source in support of some of the above is the diary of one John Thomas Pocock, Tredgold's assistant, who described a party given by the Tredgolds on 1 September 1836, adding: "Much enjoyed the evening during which Mr T. amused the company by reading aloud Richard Miles's letters. While the quaint expression elicited continual laughter, the spirit of the whole pleased us all." Miles was "a Bechuana boy formerly in the employ of Mr T. but now an itinerant preacher to the native tribes beyond the border".

At Bethanie and Bethulie in the Free State

In 1834, Richard Miles travelled, as interpreter, with the Berlin Missionaries to establish a station amongst the Tswana in the interior (they joined Andrew Smith's "Expedition into Central Africa" at Graaff-Reinet).

In the event, Matabele incursions into Tswana territory persuaded the missionaries that work amongst the Korana - at the place they named Bethanie - would be a better idea. And so Miles's interpretive skills were tested to the limit: some of the Korana had a smattering of Setswana, while Miles himself soon learned the basics of their language. An early encounter with local San stumped both the missionaries and their interpreter. (It is on record that Miles spoke "the most fluent Setswana" when a group of Batswana visited the missionaries in August 1834).

In 1848 Carl Wuras obtained permission to employ "the Bechuana Richard Miles" - formerly interpreter - as "school assistant" - "the same man who came with our first missionaries from Cape Town to Bethanie". Later, in 1850, Wuras described how three Batswana had learned the Articles of Faith in one evening, having been instructed in their own language by the assistant Richard Miles. Miles assisted at this period in providing education to children as well as adults.

In March 1850, when the government of the Orange River Colony sought to appoint a headman or Kaptyn for Bethanie, it was Richard Miles whom Wuras recommended to Maj Warden: "a Bechuana by birth and assistant at the school, who could understand and speak English, Nederlands, Setswana and Korana". And thus it was that the British Resident appointed Miles as Kaptyn of Bethanie in the name of His Excellency the Governor of the Cape.

By the late 1850s Miles was with the French Missionaries, and acted as agent for the Tswana Chief Lephoi, at Bethulie. Here he became embroiled in land speculation, with one George Donovan, which led to the loss of land by Lephoi and the missionaries, and the beginnings of the white town of Bethulie.

On the Diamond Fields
Lewis and Edwards, in their 1934 Historical Records of the Church of the Province of South Africa (Anglican Church of Southern Africa), state that "The mission to the natives in Kimberley was set on foot about 1870 by a Mochuana called Richard Miles, and after his death it was carried on by Rev. E. Lange". Miles possibly went to the Diamond Fields region under the auspices of the Berlin Missionary Society at their station at Pniel.

References

History of South Africa

Richard Miles (Tswana catechist)


The Stonemason is a play in five acts by American writer Cormac McCarthy, written in the late 1980s and first performed in 1995. It concerns a Southern black family based on one McCarthy spent many months working with. The play is rarely produced.

Synopsis
This play focuses on the tribulations of the Telfair family over a three-year period. The story is told by monologues of the character Ben Telfair, a thirty-two-year-old third-generation stonemason. Two acts are taken up to provide back-story which involves Ben's choice not to go to college and take up the family business of stonemasonry.

Bibliography
 Arnold, Edwin T. "Cormac McCarthy's The Stonemason: The Unmaking of a Play." Southern Quarterly 33 (Winter-Spring 1995).
 Josyph, Peter. "Older Professions: The Fourth Wall of The Stonemason." Originally appeared, in different form, in Southern Quarterly 36 (Fall 1997). Reprinted in Myth, Legend, Dust: Critical Responses to Cormac McCarthy. Edited by Rick Wallach. 119–140.

References

1995 plays
Plays by Cormac McCarthy
Louisville, Kentucky in fiction

The Stonemason


City status is a symbolic and legal designation given by a monarch, national or subnational government. A municipality may receive city status because it already has the qualities of a city, or because it has some special purpose.

Historically, city status was a privilege granted by royal letters of patent. Sovereigns could establish cities by decree, e.g. Helsinki, regardless of what was in the location beforehand.  Also, with the establishment of federal governments, the new capital could be established from scratch, e.g. Brasília, without going through organic growth from a village to a town.

Historically, British city status was often conferred on settlements with a diocesan cathedral; in more recent times towns apply to receive city status by letters patent at times of national celebration. Similarly, city status in Italy is granted by decree of the President (and before 1946 by the King of Italy) in recognition of historical, cultural or demographic merit. In the United States city can be used for much smaller settlements.

The Government of China in 1982–1997 upgraded many counties to cities by decree, thereby increasing their city count from 250 to more than 650 during this period. Almost 15% of the counties in China became cities. The new "cities" may include large rural areas as well as urban areas. The upgrade was considered desirable by local governments because the new status provides additional powers of taxation and administration, the right to expand the size of government, and an increase in the proportion of land which could be converted from agriculture to buildings.

See also
 City status in Belgium
 City status in Indonesia
 City status in Ireland
 City status in Italy
 City status in Sweden
 City status in the United Kingdom
 City rights in the Low Countries
 Statutory city (Czech Republic)
 City with special status (Ukraine)
 Federal cities of Russia; City of federal subject significance
 Classification of Indian cities
Cities and new towns in Hong Kong
 Cities of Japan
 Cities of the Philippines
 List of cities in Alberta
 List of Israeli settlements with city status in the West Bank
 List of cities in Malta

References

status
Populated places by type

City status


The Naval Aviation Supply Corps insignia is a military badge of the United States Navy which is awarded to Naval Aviation Supply Officers (NASOs) of the Navy Supply Corps who have qualified for duties as a Supply Officer in support of naval aviation and are also qualified to serve in duty assignments onboard aircraft carriers.  The Aviation Supply Corps insignia is one of four warfare badges issued to Supply Corps officers by the U.S. Navy.  The others are the Navy Expeditionary Supply Corps Officer Badge, Surface Warfare Supply Badge, and the Submarine Supply Corps Badge.

To be issued the insignia, a service member must complete a standard qualification program which includes supply procedures of a naval aviation unit, qualifications in certain aviation related watch stations, as well as an abbreviated amount of aviation knowledge which would normally be required for flight deck personnel.

Junior supply officers, assigned to aircraft carriers, Naval Air Stations or aviation squadrons, are granted between 18–24 months to qualify for the Aviation Supply Corps insignia.  Reserve officers may take up to 36 months to qualify for their insignia, if assigned to a qualifying billet.

The Aviation Supply Corps insignia appears as a Naval Aviator Badge, in the center of which is positioned the Navy Supply Corps three oak leaf emblem.  The insignia is also only authorized for officers, while enlisted supply personnel (such as those in the rate Logistics Specialist) are eligible to receive the Enlisted Aviation Warfare Specialist Badge.

References

See also

List of United States Navy enlisted warfare designations
Badges of the United States Navy
Military badges of the United States
Obsolete badges of the United States military
Uniforms of the United States Navy

United States military badges

Naval Aviation Supply Corps insignia


Some Notes on Rhythm in Verse by Donald Davie first appeared in the Agenda poetry journal, in the Autumn / Winter issue 1972–73, and was later collected in his book of essays and interviews, Trying To Explain.

It is a short piece comprising seven numbered paragraphs. He makes a case for scansion being 'a sort of crutch or scaffolding in the act of composition'.

The first paragraph states that the boundary between free verse and metred verse is 'smudged'.  He writes: "If you shorten an iambic measure to the trimeter, and then allow yourself all the liberties that traditional prosody allows you, you have a measure which few readers will scan, even subconsciously."

Sources
 Donald Davie, Trying To Explain, University of Michigan, 1979; Carcanet, 1980.

Essays about poetry
1972 essays
20th-century British literature

Some Notes on Rhythm in Verse


Chen Ru (;d. 885) was a warlord late in the Chinese Tang Dynasty, who ruled Jingnan Circuit (荊南 modern Jingzhou, Hubei) from 882 to 885, most of that time as its military governor (Jiedushi).

Background
It is not known when Chen Ru was born, but it is known that he was from Jingnan Circuit's capital Jiangling Municipality and that his ancestors had served for generations as army officers.

As of 882, the military governor of Jingnan, Duan Yanmo, had an adversarial relationship with the eunuch monitor of the Jingnan army, Zhu Jingmei.  Zhu selected 3,000 elite soldiers and called them the Zhongyong Army, putting it under his own command.  Duan, in anger, decided that he wanted to kill Zhu.  However, Zhu took preemptive action in summer 882 and attacked Duan, killing him.  Zhu initially made the deputy mayor of Jiangling, Li Sui (), acting military governor.  Then-reigning Emperor Xizong commissioned a former military governor of Jingnan, Zheng Shaoye (), as military governor, but Zheng, in fear of Zhu hesitated to report to Jingnan.  Zhu then made Chen acting military governor.  In 883, Emperor Xizong confirmed Chen as acting military governor and removed Zheng officially, and later in the year made Chen full military governor.

As military governor
In 885, Chen Ru, while having been commissioned by Zhu, became weary of the lack of discipline the Zhongyong Army showed, and decided to take action.  Previously, when Zheng Shaoye was military governor, he had put the officer Shentu Cong () in command of a group of soldiers to serve in the campaign against Huang Chao.  When Shentu and his soldiers returned to Jingnan in 885, Chen informed Shentu of the situation and ordered him to destroy the Zhongyong Army.  When the Zhongyong officer Cheng Junzhi () found out, he tried to take his soldiers and flee to Lang Prefecture (朗州, in modern Changde, Hunan).  Shentu pursued and attacked him, killing more than 100 Zhongyong soldiers on the way and causing the rest to scatter.  Shentu thereafter became briefly dominant in the Jingnan Circuit government, although Chen remained military governor.

Meanwhile, Jingnan also faced the continuous raids from Lei Man, who had seized Lang Prefecture (朗州, in modern Changde, Hunan).  Chen decided that he could invite Zhang Gui and Han Shide (), two army officers who had rebelled against Gao Pian the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu) and who had seized Fu (復州, in modern Tianmen, Hubei) and Yue (岳州, in modern Yueyang, Hunan) Prefectures respectively, to help him fight Lei.  He gave Zhang the title of acting army commander of Jingnan and Han the title of acting deputy military governor, asking them to attack Lei.  Instead, Han initially advanced to the Three Gorges region and then returned to Yue Prefecture after pillaging the region, while Zhang instead attacked Jiangling and forced Chen to flee.  Chen tried to head for Emperor Xizong's then-location at Chengdu (as Emperor Xizong had to flee there after the major agrarian rebel Huang Chao captured the imperial capital Chang'an in 881 and had not yet returned to Chang'an).  Zhang sent soldiers to pursue Chen and intercepted him, seizing him and taking him back to Jiangling, to be put under arrest.

Later in 885, when Chen Ru was still under arrest, Qin Zongquan, who was formerly a Tang-commissioned military governor of Fengguo Circuit (奉國, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan) but who had turned against the Tang court and declared himself emperor, sent an army commanded by his brother Qin Zongyan () to attack Jingnan.  With Jiangling under siege by Qin's army, the Jingnan officer Zhao Kuang () plotted to rescue Chen and restore him.  The plot was discovered by Zhang Gui.  Zhang executed Zhao and cut off food supplies to Chen, who died after seven days.

Notes

References
 New Book of Tang, vol. 186.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 255, 256.

9th-century births
885 deaths
Politicians from Jingzhou
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Jingnan Circuit
Executed Tang dynasty people
9th-century executions by the Tang dynasty
Executed people from Hubei
Tang dynasty generals from Hubei
People executed by starvation

Chen Ru