Doug Howard (born 2 May 1956) is an American bassist, vocalist and songwriter. He is best known for his work as a performing/recording musician and occasional co-writer with groups, and artists such as Touch, Stun Leer, Todd Rundgren, Utopia and The Edgar Winter Group. He also played the role as the singing narrator "Songster" in the 1987 live production of the Masters of the Universe Power Tour based upon the Mattel He-Man series action figures. Howard is also the managing partner of Lodestar Entertainment, LLC, a music and video licensing, and publishing company based in New York. He is the paternal grandson of American songwriter Joseph E. Howard.

Biography
Born in Englewood, New Jersey; he is the only child of actor Patience Jarvis and opera singer Joseph E. Howard, Jr. His stepsister by his mother's second marriage is Amanda Naughton, co-star of the AMC Network sitcom Remember WENN. He is the fifth generation of a family of entertainers, notably paternal grandson of songwriter Joseph E. Howard and maternal grandson of Broadway actor & director Robert C. "Bobby" Jarvis.

While attending Dwight Morrow High School in Englewood, Ernie Isley of the legendary funk and R&B group The Isley Brothers, though a guitarist himself, gave Howard his initial lesson on the fundamentals of the bass. Howard soon thereafter found himself playing in local and then regional cover bands on what was then referred to as the "New York/New Jersey circuit" of clubs and bars that he would otherwise not have been allowed into except as a paid performer due to his "underage" status. He also found his high school classes increasingly impossible to juggle against his performing schedule. He resigned from school in favor of playing full-time when he was offered the bass slot backing the Phil Spector girl group, The Crystals. Howard later resumed his studies at Berklee College of Music in Boston, where he studied under the jazz bassist, John Neves.

Howard was signed to his first recording contract with Atco Records by then label president Doug Morris, with the AOR/Metal band Touch in 1979. The debut self-titled release of the band produced two significant singles, "Call Me When The Spirit Moves You" and "Don't You Know What Love Is." One of the band's most notable performances was at the first Castle Donington Monsters of Rock Festival in Nottingham, England, where Howard accidentally swallowed a bee immediately after the band's performance opening for The Scorpions, Judas Priest and Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow. Touch recorded their second album with Todd Rundgren as producer.

Upon the album's completion, Howard resigned from Touch and briefly replaced Kasim Sulton in Rundgren's band Utopia during Sulton's support tour for his then upcoming solo effort. During this time, Howard scored another hit in the US as co-writer of "Feet Don't Fail Me Now" with Rundgren. Upon Sulton's return, Howard joined The Edgar Winter Group, replacing the band's original bassist Dan Hartman. Along with drummer Rudy Richman of The Quireboys, Howard toured and recorded with Winter for many years, performing occasionally with Edgar's brother Johnny Winter and their Blue Sky Records label-mates Muddy Waters and Roy Buchanan.

In 1989, Howard was invited to join an album project titled Stun Leer as its lead vocalist which was being produced in Boston by Bob St. John and Anthony Resta. The album, despite various overtures from the US labels, was never picked up in the States and stayed on the shelf. A few years later, by virtue of a few leaks of the material, the album had become a file-sharing sensation in the UK, Europe, and Japan on the burgeoning Napster file sharing network. MTM Records of Germany tracked the band down and signed the project, but Stun Leer only performed a few shows in support of the release, as by that time the members had all moved onto other projects.

In 2000, as a follow-up to the Stun Leer album "Once" (and in that MTM was still owed a second album from the now dispersed band), Howard produced a solo effort for MTM entitled Last Man Standing, which he wrote, arranged, performed and produced for the most part by himself. Howard is also the founder and managing partner of Lodestar Entertainment, a music and video licensing and publishing company.

Howard's touring credits also contain his part as the singing narrator "Songster" for the international touring company of The Masters of the Universe Power Tour, wherein he gave 18 consecutive sold out performances at Radio City Music Hall in New York City, a house attendance record still standing today. Aside from his performing credits, he has worked as a session musician, singer and producer on various side projects, sound tracks and commercial jingles. Howard performs in a number of bands, most notably with blues/fusion guitarist Rhett Tyler and the all-star band SpoonBread, an evolving line-up of former members and backing musicians.

Discography
 Touch - "Touch" Spring 1980 Atco - USA/Canada (co-writer, bass, vocals)
 Touch - "Touch" Summer 1980 Ariola - Europe
 Touch - "Touch" Summer 1980 Sony - Japan
 Monsters of Rock - "Live" Fall 1981 Polydor-Worldwide (co-writer, bass, vocals)
 The Look -"The Look" Winter 1981 Luminary - USA/UK (producer)
 Krayola- "Krayola" Summer 1982 Luminary - USA/UK (producer)
 Todd Rundgren's Utopia - "Utopia" Fall 1983 Network - Worldwide (co-writer)
 Oswald & The Herringbones - "OATH" Spring 1984 Buckeye - USA (producer)
 MD Blessing - "Cheri" Fall 1992 Silver City - USA/Canada (Doug Howard performing under a pseudonym, writer, lead vocals, guitar)
 Todd Rundgren's Utopia - "Utopia" Winter 1993 Rhino - Worldwide
 Joe E. Howard - "From This Moment On" Fall 1994 Lodestar - USA/Canada (Doug Howard performing under a pseudonym, lead vocals)
 Stun Leer - "Once" Spring 1998 MTM - UK/EU (co-writer, lead vocals)
 Stun Leer - "Once" Spring 1998 Pony Canyon- Japan
 Touch - "The Complete Works" Fall 1999 Frontier - UK/EU(co-writer, bass, vocals)
 Doug Howard - "Last Man Standing" Winter 2000 MTM - Worldwide (writer, producer, all instruments)
 Touch - "Fools Exit" Spring 2002 MTM - Worldwide (co-writer, bass, vocals)
 Reservoir Road - "Rollin & Tumblin" Spring 2010 Lodestar - US/Canada (bassist and producer)
 Rhett Tyler - "The Rhythm, The Power, The Blue" Spring 2013 Livingston Records (Orchard) - Worldwide (bass)
 SpoonBread - "Live at the Fireman's Ball" Fall 2013 Lodestar - USA/Canada/UK/EU (bass, lead vocals and producer)
 Touch - "Tomorrow Never Comes" Spring 2021 Deko Music (Warner Music Group) - USA/Canada (contributing writer, bass, vocals)
 Touch - "Tomorrow Never Comes" Spring 2021 Escape Music - UK/EU
 Touch - "Tomorrow Never Comes" Spring 2021 Rubicon Records - Japan

References

External links

lodestar-entertainment.com
reverbnation/doughoward.com
myspace/doughoward.com
Doug Howard Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More
Doug Howard (3)
Monsters Of Rock. Castle Donington 1980
Doug Howard - discography, line-up, biography, interviews, photos
Doug Howard music | Discogs
Stun Leer
Interview.10
He-Man.org Forums
THE MASTERS OF THE UNIVERSE POWER TOUR
Jean Renard Photography

1956 births
Living people
American rock bass guitarists
American rock keyboardists
American rock singers
Berklee College of Music alumni
Dwight Morrow High School alumni
Musicians from Englewood, New Jersey
American male bass guitarists
Utopia (American band) members
20th-century American bass guitarists
20th-century American male musicians

Doug Howard (musician)


Meaghan Smith is a Canadian singer-songwriter, musician, and visual artist. Her independently produced début album, The Cricket's Orchestra, was released by Warner Music Canada-Sire Records in 2009. That same year, Smith also received attention for contributing a cover of the Pixies song "Here Comes Your Man" to the soundtrack of the film (500) Days of Summer. The recording featured Smith playing an Omnichord.

Smith has been acclaimed for her Christmas concerts, which feature interpretations of traditional carols as well as the songwriter's own popular yuletide composition, "It Snowed". In recent years, Smith has performed her songs with Canadian orchestras, including the Regina Symphony Orchestra, Thunder Bay Symphony Orchestra and Symphony Nova Scotia. At these shows and almost all others, Smith is joined onstage by accompanist and husband, Jason Mingo.

At the 2011 Juno Awards, Smith won in the Best New Artist category. Her most recent album, Have A Heart, was released on April 22, 2014. The video for the album's lead single won Video of the Year at the 2015 East Coast Music Awards.

Life and career
Smith grew up in London, Ontario, and is one of four sisters born to musician parents. Self-taught to play piano and guitar, Smith also studied visual art throughout her primary, secondary and post-secondary school career, ultimately graduating from Sheridan College's animation program.

Smith began playing free stages while in college, and upon relocating to Canada's east coast, started to pursue music more seriously. Her first collection of original songs - the folk-rock recording Lost With Directions - was released in 2004. In 2005, Smith married her partner-accompanist Jason Mingo, a Nova Scotia-based songwriter-musician-producer-engineer. The two subsequently toured in support of Smith's career.

In 2008, Smith signed a recording deal with Warner Canada. She has released three full-length albums on the label to date - her jazz-folk début effort, The Cricket's Orchestra (2009), the Christmas-themed, It Snowed (2011) and the pop-flavoured set, Have A Heart (2014).

Two EP-length recordings - The Cricket's Quartet (2008) and Wish Upon a Star (2009) - were also released during this period, as was Smith's rendition of the Pixies song "Here Comes Your Man", which was included on the (500) Days of Summer soundtrack (2009).

Musical artistry

Influences
Smith has cited a wide range of musical influences on her work. These include popular standards from the first half of the 20th century, Motown, modern electronic, sample and loop-based composition, the work of eclectic pop artists like Björk and Ellie Goulding, alt-rockers the Pixies, and contemporary Canadian musicians like Sarah Mclachlan, kd lang, Jane Siberry and Leslie Feist.

Musical style
The sound of The Cricket's Orchestra (2009) was dubbed 'modern vintage' by Smith, an aesthetic blending early 20th century jazz, swing band, country and folk music with contemporary electronic and club textures. Smith cited the song "A Little Love" as an example of the arrangements on the record. The song combines the turntable work of Canadian DJ Kid Koala with dramatic strings scored by producer Les Cooper.

Smith made a conscious departure from her earlier sound with Have A Heart (2014), a recording she called "very pop". The change in approach reflected Smith's desire to reinvent herself artistically, and overcome the creative anxiety she felt following her 2011 Juno win. Have A Heart recasts the jazz, folk and baroque character of Smith's earlier work in a modern popular music context that Popdose reviewer Jeff Giles described as "designed to challenge her audience's expectations - and test her own artistic boundaries - without sacrificing her original appeal."

Lyrical style
Smith's lyrics are autobiographical, inspired by romantic and familial relationships. In a review for The Cricket's Orchestra, New York Times music critic Jon Pareles opined that Smith's songs are "wry and retro, with wordplay harking back to Tin Pan Alley's heyday."

Other creative endeavors

Visual art
Smith is a graduate of Sheridan College's animation program. Prior to her music career, she was an animator on Poko, a Canadian children's program produced by Halifax Film (DHX Media) between 2003-2006. As a youth, Smith attended Lester B. Pearson School for the Arts and Bealart in London ON where she was trained in illustration, painting and other forms of visual self-expression. A gallery on the website  Meaghan Makes features samples of Smith's commissioned and sold art pieces.

Writing
In December 2015, Smith self-published her first ebook, 'How To Have A Heart (In 25 Not So Easy Steps)'. The memoir recounts the circumstances surrounding the creation and release of her 2014 recording Have A Heart.

Discography

Studio albums

Singles

References

External links

Canadian women singer-songwriters
Canadian singer-songwriters
Living people
Musicians from London, Ontario
Juno Award for Breakthrough Artist of the Year winners
21st-century Canadian women singers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Canadian singer-songwriters

Meaghan Smith


Operation Sudden Fall was a 2008 joint operation between the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and San Diego State University (SDSU) campus police investigating drug abuse in the College Area of San Diego, California. It was the largest campus drug bust in San Diego County history and one of the largest college drug busts in U.S. history.

Background
The sting operation was triggered by the overdose death of a 19-year-old female student, who died of a cocaine overdose on May 6, 2007. Another student, from Mesa College, died of an oxycodone overdose on February 26, 2008 while the covert investigation was being conducted. SDSU campus police, initially investigating alone, invited the DEA and the San Diego County District Attorney's office to get involved in the operation starting in December 2007, after the department became overwhelmed by the leads they uncovered.

Results of sting

On May 6, 2008, San Diego State University Police in collaboration with the Drug Enforcement Administration culminated a year-long investigation into drug abuse in the college area with a series of early morning raids at several residences in the college area. The DEA initially announced the arrests of 96 individuals, of whom 75 were San Diego State University students, (many of them interns at Adobe Systems Incorporated) on a variety of drug charges. One day later, on May 7, SDSU officials stated that only 33 were students, and that the inflated numbers issued originally included all drug-related arrests made over the course of the year-long investigation, many of which were months before the raid and most cases for simple possession.

In total, two kilograms of cocaine were seized, along with 350 Ecstasy pills, 50 pounds of marijuana, psychedelic mushrooms, hash oil, methamphetamine, illicit prescription drugs, other drug paraphernalia, three guns, and $60,000 in cash. The day of the sting, SDSU President Stephen Weber spoke at a news conference, while authorities identified 22 SDSU students as drug dealers who sold to undercover agents, and 17 others that had supplied the drugs. The rest of the suspects apparently bought or possessed illegal drugs. Authorities further found that those arrested included students in the campus's Homeland Security and Criminal Justice programs.

Students belonging to campus fraternities were also among those arrested as result of the operation. In the immediate aftermath of the sting, the university placed six of its fraternity chapters on interim suspensions, as each had one or more members or former members arrested as result of the investigation.

Some student groups, including SDSU group "Students for Sensible Drug Policy," protested the arrests, especially SDSU's decision to involve the DEA, a federal agency, in the operation. In addition, they urged the university to adopt a "Good Samaritan" policy that would allow students in an overdose situation to call for help without fear of repercussions.

On May 15, SDSU Vice President for Student Affairs James Kitchen announced that the interim suspensions for three of the fraternities had been lifted after an administrative review found that those arrested in connection to the controlled substances investigation were either inactive/former members of the fraternity and/or were not presently residents of chapter houses.

On November 22, SDSU announced that Phi Kappa Psi had been suspended for 18 months and Theta Chi had been suspended for four years.

Sentencing
Several months after the May 6 announcement, it was reported that the majority of the defendants had pleaded guilty to the felony charges. The defendants were then either placed on probation or were required to enter drug diversion programs. Other defendants only received citations or had their cases dismissed.

See also
 California State University Police Department

References

External links

SDSU President Stephen L. Weber Statement as to SDSU Police 2008 Controlled Substances Investigation (accessed May 9, 2008)
SDSU Department of Public Safety (SDSU Police Department)

2008 in California
Drug control law in the United States
Drug Enforcement Administration operations
San Diego State University

Operation Sudden Fall


Deep East Texas Electric Cooperative, Inc. is a non-profit rural electric utility cooperative headquartered in San Augustine, Texas.

The Cooperative was organized in January 1938 and its first power lines were energized in December of that year.

The Cooperative serves portions of eight counties in the state of Texas, in a territory generally surrounding San Augustine.

Currently (as of July 2006) the Cooperative has approximately 7,000 miles of line and nearly 37,000 meters.  This includes the customers of the Garrison, Texas municipal-owned system which the Cooperative purchased in September 2001.

External links
Deep East Texas Electric Cooperative

Companies based in Texas
Electric cooperatives in Texas
Jasper County, Texas
Nacogdoches County, Texas
Newton County, Texas
Panola County, Texas
Rusk County, Texas
Sabine County, Texas
San Augustine County, Texas
Shelby County, Texas

Deep East Texas Electric Cooperative


Tariqa  (or tariqah;  ) is an islamic term to describe the spiritual path of a Sufi. The Sufi will take this path to get to the knowledge of Allah.  In a broader sense, it is the name for a group of Muslims following such a path. This group is called Sufi order. It has a murshid (guide) who plays the role of leader or spiritual director. The members or followers of a tariqa are known as muridin (singular murid), meaning "desirous", viz. "desiring the knowledge of God and loving God" (also called a faqir). Tariqa is also believed to be the same as Tzadik of Judaism meaning the "rightly guided one". They seek haqiqa, which translates as "ultimate truth".

The first Tariqas were founded in the 12th and 13th century and many of them still exist today. The head of a Tariqas  is called a sheikh, the disciples are called dervishes.

Related pages

 Dargah
 Dervish
 Khanqah
 Zawiya (institution)
 Noble Eightfold Path

References

Bibliography

 J. M. Abun-Nasr, "The Tijaniyya", London 1965
 M. Berger, "Islam in Egypt today - social and political aspects of popular religion", London, 1970
 J. K. Birge, "The Bektashi Order of Dervishes", London and Hartford, 1937
 Clayer, Nathalie, Muslim Brotherhood Networks, EGO - European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011, retrieved: May 23, 2011.
 O. Depont and X. Coppolani, "Les confreries religieuses musulmans" (the Muslim brotherhoods as they existed then), Algiers, 1897
 E. E. Evans-Pritchard, "The Sanusi of Cyrenaica", Oxford, 1949
 M. D. Gilsenen, "Saint and Sufi in Modern Egypt", Oxford, 1978
 G. H. Jansen, "Militant Islam", Pan, London 1979
 F. de Jong, "Turuq and Turuq-Linked Institutions in Nineteenth-Century Egypt", Brill, Leiden,1978
 J. W. McPherson, "The Moulids of Egypt", Cairo, 1941
 Mateus Soares de Azevedo, "Ordens Sufis no Islã: Iniciação às Confrarias Esotéricas muçulmanas no Irã xiita e no mundo sunita", São Paulo, Polar Editora, 2020

Other websites

 PHILTAR (Philosophy of Theology and Religion at the Division of Religion and Philosophy of St Martin's College) has a very useful Graphical illustration of the Sufi schools.
 Infographics on the evolution of Tasawwuf and notable Sufi masters in history.  Unveiling the Mystical World of Tasawwuf and Sufi Stories: Personal Experiences and Perspectives

Sufism

Tariqa


Ken-Marti Vaher (born 5 September 1974) is a leading member of the Estonian Pro Patria and Res Publica Union party.

He has served twice as a Minister: as Minister of Justice (2003–2005) and as Minister of the Interior (2011–2014).

Career
Vaher, born in Tallinn on 5 September 1974, was educated at the University of Tartu, where he received a bachelor's degree in law. A career politician and civil servant Vaher served as Director of the State Audit Office as well as a member of the Tallinn City Council, before being appointed to the Minister of Justice position in the Juhan Parts government.

On 21 March 2005, Vaher received a vote of no confidence from the Riigikogu. The vote followed concerns about the handling of a controversial anti-corruption plan. The plan, as it was proposed, would have established a quota system of how many civil servants had to be prosecuted every year, it was set on a per county basis. Members of the opposition in the Riigikogu considered the programme as draconian. On 24 March 2005, Prime Minister Juhan Parts announced that he would step down from the position of Prime Minister and requested that the President reform the government, in part having to do with Parts' support for the program.

In 2015 parliamentary election, Vaher was re-chosen to the parliament with 2,313 individual votes.

References

External links

Official Riigikogu profile

1974 births
Living people
University of Tartu alumni
Politicians from Tallinn
Justice ministers of Estonia
Members of the Riigikogu, 2003–2007
Members of the Riigikogu, 2007–2011
Members of the Riigikogu, 2011–2015
Members of the Riigikogu, 2015–2019
21st-century Estonian politicians

Ken-Marti Vaher


Nord-Ouest (English: North-West) is one of the ten departments (French: départments, singular départment) of Haiti. It is in the northwestern part of the country. Its capital is Port-de-Paix.

After the Haitian Revolution, the country was divided into only three departments: Nord, Ouest and Sud. The Nord-Ouest department was part of the Nord department.

Geography
The Départment du Nord-Ouest has an area of 2,176 km². The Tortuga Island is part of this department. The department is in the Northern, or Northwestern, Peninsula. It is a very dry region, except for the Tortuga Island and the area around Port-de-Paix.

The department is bordered to the north by the Atlantic Ocean, to the east by the Nord Department and to the south by the Artibonite Department and the Gulf of Gonâve. To the east is the Windward Passage that separates the islands of Hispaniola and Cuba. On clear nights, it is possible to see the Guantánamo Province of Cuba.

The Massif du Nord-Ouest (in English, "Northwestern mountain range"), with several smaller mountain chains, covers most of the department. Its western end is almost flat and is called the Plateau de Bombardopolis ("Bombardopolis Plateau").

Low lands are found only close to the coast and the most important are the Jean Rabel Valley and the Valley of the Trois-Rivières on the northern part, and the Plain of L'Arbre on the southern part of the department.

The river Trois-Rivières, one of the most important river in Haiti, is in this department. Other smaller rivers are Jean Rabel and du Mole.

History
The northern coast of the Départment du Nord-Ouest was the area that European people first visited in the Hispaniola island during the first visit of Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492.

On the night of 5 December 1492 he saw the Cape Saint-Nicolas and the next day he went into the Bay of the Môle-Saint-Nicolas and to the land where now is the town Môle-Saint-Nicolas.

On 7 December, he visited the bays Port-à-l'Écu and Moustique; he named the Moustique Bay ("Mosquito Bay") as Puerto de la Concepción and he stayed there till 13 December. Then he went to the bay of Port-de-Paix and named it Valle del Paraíso or Valparaiso (Spanish for "Paradise Valley") on 15 December.

Population
The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 531,198 persons: 256,238 men and 274,960 women, with 118,798 (22.36%) living in cities and towns. The population density was, in that year, of 244 persons/km².

Administrative division
The department is divided into three arrondissements (like districts) and 10 communes (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are:
 Môle-Saint-Nicolas
 Baie de Henne
 Bombardopolis
 Jean-Rabel
 Môle-Saint-Nicolas
 Port-de-Paix
 Bassin Bleu
 Chansolme
 La Tortue
 Port-de-Paix
 Saint-Louis-du-Nord
 Anse-à-Foleur
 Saint-Louis-du-Nord

Economy
The main economic activity in the department is agriculture, with many very small farms where different crops are grown. On the mountains, coffee is grown.

Fishing is an important activity along the coast.

References

Departments of Haiti

Nord-Ouest (department)


Jean Marie Lucien Pierre Anouilh (; 23 June 1910 – 3 October 1987)  was a French dramatist and screenwriter whose career spanned five decades. Though his work ranged from high drama to absurdist farce, Anouilh is best known for his 1944 play Antigone, an adaptation of Sophocles' classical drama, that was seen as an attack on Marshal Pétain's Vichy government. His plays are less experimental than those of his contemporaries, having clearly organized plot and eloquent dialogue. One of France's most prolific writers after World War II, much of Anouilh's work deals with themes of maintaining integrity in a world of moral compromise.

Life and career

Early life
Anouilh was born in Cérisole, a small village on the outskirts of Bordeaux, France and had Basque ancestry. His father, François Anouilh, was a tailor, and Anouilh maintained that he inherited from him a pride in conscientious craftmanship. He may owe his artistic bent to his mother, Marie-Magdeleine, a violinist who supplemented the family's meager income by playing summer seasons in the casino orchestra in the nearby seaside resort of Arcachon. Marie-Magdeleine worked the night shifts in the music-hall orchestras and sometimes accompanied stage presentations, affording Anouilh ample opportunity to absorb the dramatic performances from backstage. He often attended rehearsals and solicited the resident authors to let him read scripts until bedtime. He first tried his hand at playwriting here, at the age of 12, though his earliest works do not survive.

In 1918 the family moved to Paris where the young Anouilh received his secondary education at the Lycée Chaptal. Jean-Louis Barrault, later a major French director, was a pupil there at the same time and recalls Anouilh as an intense, rather dandified figure who hardly noticed a boy some two years younger than himself. He earned acceptance into the law school at the Sorbonne but, unable to support himself financially, he left after just 18 months to seek work as a copywriter at the advertising agency Publicité Damour. He liked the work, and spoke more than once with wry approval of the lessons in the classical virtues of brevity and precision of language he learned while drafting advertising copy.

Anouilh's financial troubles continued after he was called up to military service in 1929.  Supported by only his meager conscription salary, Anouilh married the actress Monelle Valentin in 1931. Though Valentin starred in many of his plays, Anouilh's daughter Caroline (from his second marriage), claims that the marriage was not a happy one. Anouilh's youngest daughter Colombe even claims that there was never an official marriage between Anouilh and Valentin. She allegedly had multiple extramarital affairs, which caused Anouilh much pain and suffering.  The infidelity weighed heavily on the dramatist as a result of the uncertainty about his own parentage. According to Caroline, Anouilh had learned that his mother had had a lover at the theatre in Arcachon who was actually his biological father. In spite of this, Anouilh and Valentin had a daughter, Catherine, in 1934 who followed the pair into theatre work at an early age. Anouilh's growing family placed further strain on his already limited finances. Determined to break into writing full-time, he began to write comic scenes for the cinema to supplement their income.

Theatre work
At the age of 25, Anouilh found work as a secretary to the French actor and director Louis Jouvet at the Comédie des Champs-Elysées. Though Anouilh's boss had happily lent him some of the set furniture left over from the production of Jean Giraudoux's  play Siegfried to furnish his modest home, the director was not interested in encouraging his assistant's attempts at playwriting. Jouvet had risen to fame in the early 1930s through his collaborations with the playwright Giraudoux, and together the two worked to shift focus from the authorial voice of the director (which had dominated the French stage since the early twentieth century) back to the playwright and his text.

Giraudoux was an inspiration to Anouilh and, with the encouragement of the acclaimed playwright, he began writing again in 1929. Before the end of the year he made his theatrical debut with Humulus le muet, a collaborative project with Jean Aurenche. It was followed by his first solo projects, L'Hermine (The Ermine) in 1932 and Mandarine in 1933, both produced by Aurélien Lugné-Poe, an innovative actor and stage manager who was then head of the Théâtre de l'Œuvre. Ruled by the philosophy, "the word creates the decor," Lugné-Poe let Anouilh's lyrical prose shine in front of a backdrop of simple compositions of line and color that created a unity of style and mood.

The plays were not great successes, closing after 37 and 13 performances respectively, but Anouilh persevered, following it up with a string of productions, most notably Y'avait un prisonnier (1935). These works, most in collaboration with the experimental Russian director Georges Pitoëff, were considered promising despite their lack of commercial profits, and the duo continued to work together until they had their first major success in 1937 with Le voyageur sans bagage (Traveller Without Luggage). In subsequent years, there was rarely a season in Paris that did not prominently feature a new Anouilh play and many of these were also being exported to England and America. After 1938, however, much of Anouilh's later work was directed by the prominent Paris scenic designer André Barsacq, who had taken over as director of the Théâtre de l'Atelier after Charles Dullin's retirement in 1940.  Barsacq was a champion for Anouilh and their affiliation was a major factor in the playwright's continued success after the war.

Playwright
In the 1940s, Anouilh turned from contemporary tales to more mythical, classic, and historic subjects.  With protagonists who asserted their independence from the fated past, themes during this period are more closely related to the existential concerns of such writers as Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus. The most famous play of this group is Antigone, which "established Anouilh as a leading dramatist, not only because of the power with which he drew the classic confrontation between the uncompromising Antigone and the politically expedient Creon, but also because French theatre-goers under the occupation read the play as a contemporary political parable." His post-war plays dealt with similar concerns and included Roméo et Jeannette, Médée (Medea), and Anouilh's Joan of Arc story L'Alouette (The Lark), which, in its distinct optimism, rivalled the commercial success of Antigone.

Anouilh himself grouped his plays of this period on the basis of their dominant tone, publishing his later works in collected volumes to reflect what he felt "represented the phases of his evolution and loosely resembled the distinction between comedy and tragedy." Pièces noires or "Black plays" were tragedies or realistic dramas and included Antigone, Jézabel, and La Sauvage (The Restless Heart).  This category typically featured "young,  idealistic, and uncompromising protagonists [who] are able to maintain their integrity only by choosing death."  By contrast, Anouilh's pièces roses or "pink plays" were comedies where fantasy dominated with an atmosphere similar to that of fairy tales. In these plays such as Le Bal des voleurs (Carnival of Thieves), Le Rendez-vous de Senlis (Dinner with the Family) and Léocadia (Time Remembered), the focus is on "the burden of the environment and especially of the past on a protagonist seeking a happier, freer existence."

Most of Anouilh's plays of the late 1940s and into the 1950s become darker and distinctly cruel and, in contrast with his earlier works, begin to feature middle-aged characters who must view life more practically than Anouilh's former idealistic youths. The playwright divided the works of this period into pièces brillantes ("brilliant plays") and pièces grinçantes ("grating plays"). The first group includes works such as L'Invitation au château (Ring Round the Moon) and Colombe, and are typified by aristocratic settings and witty banter. The grating plays like La Valse des toréadors (Waltz of the Toreadors) and Le Réactionnaire amoureux (The Fighting Cock) are more bitterly funny, trading clever word play for a darker tone of disillusionment.

Another category Anouilh specifies are his pièces costumées ("costume plays") which include The Lark, La Foire d'Empoigne (Catch as Catch Can), and Becket, an international success, depicting the historical martyr Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury who sought to defend the church against the monarch (and his friend), Henry II of England, who had appointed him to his see. So classified because they share historical "costumed" settings, Anouilh also specifies that these plays must also prominently feature an enlightened protagonist seeking "a moral path in a world of corruption and manipulation."

Anouilh's final period begins with La Grotte (The Cavern), in which he comments on his own progress as a writer and a theatre artist. The central character is a playwright suffering from writer's block who in his frustration recalls the foibles of Luigi Pirandello's Six Characters in Search of an Author. Anouilh's work had always contained hints of metatheatricality, or commentary on the business of theatre within the world of the play, but in his late works these structures became more fully developed as he begins to write primarily about characters who are dramatists or theatre directors. There is also a pronounced link, during this time, of Anouilh's emphasis of theatre and the family, displaying intimate relationships that are "more profound and more important than the traditional heightened action of 'theatre' ". Antoine, the playwright-protagonist of Cher Antoine; ou, L'Amour raté (Dear Antoine; or, The Love That Failed), asserts that the world must take notice of these pièces secrètes (secret dramas) and Anouilh scholars have proposed this name, pièces secrètes, to classify the collected works of his latest period."

Political controversy
Anouilh remained staunchly apolitical for most of his life and career. He served in the military during at least two periods, having been drafted into the French Army in 1931 and 1939. He was a prisoner of war for a short time when the Germans conquered France and willingly lived and worked in Paris during the subsequent German occupation. Because he refused to take sides during France's collaboration with the Axis Alliance, some critics have branded him as a potential Nazi sympathiser. This controversy escalated as a result of Anouilh's public clashes with the leader of the Free French Forces (and later president of the Fifth Republic), General Charles de Gaulle. In the mid-1940s, Anouilh and several other intellectuals signed a petition for clemency to save the writer Robert Brasillach, who was condemned to death for being a Nazi collaborator. Brasillach was executed by firing squad in February 1945, despite the outcry from Anouilh and his peers that the new government had no right to persecute individuals for "intellectual crimes" in the absence of military or political action. Nevertheless, Anouilh refused to comment on his political views, writing in a letter to the Belgian critic Hubert Gignoux in 1946, "I do not have a biography and I am very happy about it. The rest of my life, as long as God wills it, will remain my personal business, and I will withhold the details of it."
Anouilh's plays provide the most important clues about his political point of view, though their reputation for ambiguity further complicates the matter. For instance, Antigone provides an allegorical representation of the debate between the idealistic members of the French Resistance and the pragmatism of the collaborationists. Though many have read the play as having a strong anti-Nazi sentiment, the fact that the Vichy Regime allowed the piece to be performed without censure testifies to the fact that it was potentially seen as supportive of the occupation in its time. Though the playwright romanticizes Antigone's sense of honor and duty to what is morally right, in this case resisting the Nazi forces, it can also be said that Anouilh, like Sophocles before him, makes a convincing argument for Creon's method of leadership.

Awards and recognition
In 1970 his work was recognized with the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca. In 2012, the Nobel Records were opened after 50 years and it was revealed that Anouilh was among a shortlist of authors considered for the 1962 Nobel Prize in Literature, along with John Steinbeck (winner), Robert Graves, Lawrence Durrell and Karen Blixen. According to a report in The Guardian, "It is not clear why Anouilh was passed over, but the French poet Saint-John Perse had taken the Nobel in 1960, meaning that France was well represented on the roster of winners, and Svenska Dagbladet reveals that Jean-Paul Sartre, who won the prize in 1964, was starting to be seriously considered as a candidate."

In 1980, Anouilh was the first recipient of the Grand Prix du Théâtre de l'Académie française established that year.

Critical discussion
By the end of his career, Anouilh's reputation outstripped those of all his contemporaries. However, his repertoire remained unusually confined to theatre and film. Most French dramatists of the 1930s and 1940s, including Anouilh's most significant contemporary influence, Giraudoux, not only wrote for the stage but also composed poetry, novels, or essays. Nevertheless, he remained prolific, consistently producing and publishing performance works for more than fifty years.

Anouilh's early works were "naturalistic studies of a sordid and corrupt world." Many of these plays present the reader with the striking and inescapable dichotomy between pragmatism and a sort of transcendent idealism.  There is little to no "middle ground of ambiguity" that exists where this conflict asserts itself. This is evidenced in Le Voyageur Sans Bagage. The main character Gaston, a World War I veteran who suffers from amnesia, cannot remember the moral depravity of his youth (he slept with his brother's wife and severely injured his best friend). This checkered past is invariably at odds with the near-angelic behavior that he now exhibits, and recognition of this truth forces him to leave his former identity behind, unable to reconcile the two sides of himself. In denouncing his past, Gaston reclasses his freedom as an illusion, but one of his own making. He befriends a young English boy and shows him his identifying scar; this gesture allows the boy to describe Gaston to the authorities, thereby claiming him as kin. With a new life and a new family, Gaston has a fresh start.  David I. Grossvogel, describes this situation as the "restoration of a childhood paradise lost," attributing Le Voyageur Sans Bagage as the beginning of Anouilh's search to justify the unhappiness of his youth. Theatre historian Marvin Carlson agrees, noting that this play epitomizes the "complex tonality and deft dramatic technique" that remained throughout his work, though, he asserts, it was only as the playwright matured that his "dark view of the human condition [reached] its final expression."

Anouilh disagreed with these somber readings of his best works, however, arguing that, like all great French literature, his plays had found ways to laugh at misfortune. "Thanks to Molière," Anouilh said, "the true French theatre is the only one that is not gloomy, in which we laugh like men at war with our misery and our horror. This humor is one of France's messages to the world."

Disclosing his thoughts on French theatre and his personal perspective as a playwright, he said that the perception of his work was often misguided:

In the 1950s, Anouilh examined his antagonism with General de Gaulle in L'Hurluberlu, ou Le Reactionnaire amoureux (1958) and Le Songe du critique (1960). He began to lose the favor of audiences and critics alike, however, with the emergence of such playwrights as Eugène Ionesco and Samuel Beckett. Though he shared with these authors a "similar desperate vision of human existence," these new absurdist theatres' pursuit of alternative dramaturgies made Anouilh's semi-realistic plays seem dull and old-fashioned. In the 1980s Anouilh reinvented himself as a director, staging his own plays as well as those of other authors. He died of a heart attack in Lausanne, Switzerland on 3 October 1987. By then divorced from Monelle Valentin, he was survived by his second wife, Nicole Lançon, and four children.

Works

Original theatre productions: Paris
 L'Hermine. Théâtre de l'Œuvre: 26 April 1932. Directed by Paulette Pax. With Pierre Fresnay, Paulette Pax, Marie Reinhardt.
 Mandarine. Théâtre de l'Athénée: 17 January 1933. Directed by Gérard Batbedat. With Paul Lalloz, Milly Mathis, Madeleine Ozeray.
 Y'avait un prisonnier. Théâtre des Ambassadeurs: 21 March 1935. Presented by Marie Bell. With Aimé Clariond, Marguerite Pierry, André Alerme.
 Le Voyageur sans bagage. Théâtre des Mathurins: 16 February 1937. Directed by Georges Pitoëff. With Georges Pitoëff, Marthe Mellot, Louis Salou, Madeleine Milhaud.
 La Sauvage. Théâtre des Mathurins: 10 January 1938. Directed by Georges Pitoëff. With Ludmilla Pitoëff, Georges Pitoëff, Louis Salou, Madeleine Milhaud.
 Le Bal de voleurs. Théâtre des Arts: 17 September 1938. Directed by André Barsacq. With Pierre Palau, Madeleine Geoffroy.
 Léocadia. Théâtre de la Michodière: 28 November 1940. Directed by André Barsacq. With Pierre Fresnay, Yvonne Printemps, Marguerite Deval.
 Le Rendez-vous de Senlis. Théâtre de l'Atelier: 30 January 1941. Directed by André Barsacq. With Michel Vitold, Denise Bosc, Jean Dasté, Madeleine Geoffroy, Georges Rollin, Monelle Valentin.
 Eurydice. Théâtre de l'Atelier: 18 December 1941. Directed by André Barsacq. With Alain Cuny, Monelle Valentin, Jean Dasté, Auguste Boverio.
 Antigone. Théâtre de l'Atelier: 4 February 1944. Directed by André Barsacq. With Monelle Valentin, Jean Davy, Auguste Boverio, André Le Gall.
 Roméo et Jeanette. Théâtre de l'Atelier: 20 November 1946. Directed by André Barsacq. With Maria Casarès, Jean Chevrier (later: Jean Vilar), Suzanne Flon, Michel Bouquet.
 L'Invitation au château. Théâtre de l'Atelier: 4 November 1947. Directed by André Barsacq. With Michel Bouquet, Dany Robin, Betty Daussmond, Robert Vattier, Madeleine Geoffroy.
 Épisode de la vie d'un auteur. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 3 November 1948. Directed by Roland Piétri. With Claude Sainval, Héléna Manson, Jean-Paul Roussillon.
 Ardèle ou la Marguerite. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 3 November 1948. Directed by Roland Piétri. With Marcel Pérès, Jacques Castelot, Mary Morgan, Claude Sainval, Andrée Clément.
 La Répétition ou l'Amour puni. Théâtre Marigny: 25 October 1950. Directed by Jean-Louis Barrault. With Jean-Louis Barrault, Jean Servais, Madeleine Renaud, Simone Valère.
 Colombe. Théâtre de l'Atelier: 11 February 1951. Directed by André Barsacq. With Marie Ventura, Danièle Delorme, Yves Robert.
 La Valse des toréadors. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 9 January 1952. Directed by Roland Piétri. With Claude Sainval, Marie Ventura, Madeleine Barbulée, François Guérin.
 L'Alouette. Théâtre Montparnasse-Gaston Baty: 14 October 1952. Directed by the author and Roland Piétri. With Suzanne Flon, Michel Bouquet, Marcel André.
 Médée. Théâtre de l'Atelier: 26 March 1953. Directed by André Barsacq. With Jean Servais, Michèle Alfa, Jean-Paul Belmondo. (First produced in Hamburg, Germany on 2 November 1948.)
 Cécile ou l'École des pères. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 29 October 1954. Directed by Roland Piétri. With Henri Guisol, Catherine Anouilh, Maurice Méric.
 Ornifle ou le Courant d'air. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 4 November 1955. Directed by Claude Sainval. With Pierre Brasseur, Jacqueline Maillan, Louis de Funès, Catherine Anouilh.
 Pauvre Bitos ou le Dîner de têtes. Théâtre Montparnasse-Gaston Baty: 12 October 1956. Directed by the author and Roland Piétri. With Michel Bouquet, Bruno Cremer, Pierre Mondy, Roland Piétri.
 L'Hurluberlu ou le Réactionnaire amoureux. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 5 February 1959. Directed by Roland Piétri. With Paul Meurisse, Jean Claudio, Dominique Blanchar, Édith Scob.
 Becket ou l'Honneur de Dieu. Théâtre Montparnasse-Gaston Baty: 1 October 1959. Directed by the author and Roland Piétri. With Daniel Ivernel and Bruno Cremer.
 La Petite Molière. Co-written by Roland Laudenbach. Odéon-Théâtre de France: 12 November 1959. Directed by Jean-Louis Barrault. With Jean-Louis Barrault, Madeleine Renaud, Simone Valère, Jean Desailly, Catherine Anouilh.
 Le Songe du critique. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 5 November 1960. Directed by the author. With Jean Le Poulain, Denise Benoît, François Périer, Claude Sainval, Roland Piétri.
 La Grotte. Théâtre Montparnasse-Gaston Baty: 6 October 1961. Directed by the author and Roland Piétri. With Jean Le Poulain, Lila Kedrova.
 L'Orchestre. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 20 October 1962. Directed by the author and Roland Piétri. With Madeleine Barbulée, Dominique Davray, Henri Virlogeux.
 La Foire d'empoigne. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 20 October 1962. Directed by the author and Roland Piétri. With Paul Meurisse, Henri Virlogeux.
 Le Boulanger, la boulangère et le petit mitron. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 14 November 1968. Directed by the author and Roland Piétri. With Michel Bouquet, Sophie Daumier, Jean Parédès, Édith Scob.
 Cher Antoine ou l'Amour raté. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 1 October 1969. Directed by the author and Roland Piétri. With Jacques François, Françoise Rosay, Francine Bergé.
 Les Poissons rouges ou Mon père ce héros. Théâtre de l'Œuvre: 21 January 1970. Directed by the author and Roland Piétri. With Marcel Galabru, Jean-Pierre Marielle, Lyne Chardonnet, Madeleine Barbulée.
 Ne réveillez pas Madame. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 21 October 1970. Directed by the author and Roland Piétri. With François Périer, Jean Parédès, Danièle Lebrun.
 Tu étais si gentil quand tu étais petit. Théâtre Antoine: 17 January 1972. Directed by the author and Roland Piétri. With Francine Bergé, Danièle Lebrun, Claude Giraud.
 Le Directeur de l'Opéra. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 27 September 1972. Directed by the author and Roland Piétri. With Paul Meurisse, Jean Parédès, Madeleine Barbulée.
 Monsieur Barnett. Café-Théâtre des Halles: 29 October 1974. Directed by Nicole Anouilh. With Jean Périmony, Bernard Tixier, Christine Murillo. (First produced in Bristol, UK on 12 September 1967.)
 L'Arrestation. Théâtre de l'Athénée: 20 September 1975. Directed by the author and Roland Piétri. With Claude Dauphin, Jacques François, Geneviève Fontanel.
 Le Scénario. Théâtre de l'Œuvre: 29 September 1976. Directed by the author and Roland Piétri. With Daniel Gélin, Jacques Fabbri, Sabine Azéma.
 Chers zoiseaux. Comédie des Champs-Elysées: 3 December 1976. Directed by the author and Roland Piétri. With Guy Tréjan, Françoise Brion, Jacques Castelot, Michel Lonsdale.
 La Culotte. Théâtre de l'Atelier: 19 September 1978. Directed by the author and Roland Piétri. With Jean-Pierre Marielle, Christian Marin, Gilberte Géniat.
 Le Nombril, Paris, Théâtre de l'Atelier: 24 September 1981. Directed by the author and Roland Piétri. With Bernard Blier, Françoise Brion, Guy Grosso, Christian Marin.

Selected theatre productions: UK
 Identity Unknown (Le Voyageur sans bagage). Duke of York's Theatre, London: 5 December 1937. Presented by the London International Theatre Club. With Bernard Lee, Mary Merrall, Alan Napier, Catherine Lacey.
 Antigone. New Theatre, London: 10 February 1949. Directed by Laurence Olivier. With Laurence Olivier, Vivien Leigh, George Relph, Terence Morgan.
 Fading Mansion (Roméo et Jeanette). Duchess Theatre, London: 31 August 1949. Directed by Anthony Bushell. With Siobhan McKenna, George Relph, Michael Gough.
 Ring Round the Moon (L'Invitation au château). Globe Theatre, London: 26 January 1950. Directed by Peter Brook. With Paul Scofield, Claire Bloom, Margaret Rutherford, Cecil Trouncer, Mona Washbourne.
 Point of Departure (Eurydice). Duke of York's Theatre, London: 26 December 1950. Directed by Peter Ashmore. With Dirk Bogarde (later: Peter Finch), Mai Zetterling, Hugh Griffith, Stephen Murray, Eric Pohlmann.
 Ardèle. Vaudeville Theatre, London: 30 August 1951. Directed by Anthony Pelissier. With George Relph, Ronald Squire, Isabel Jeans, Nicholas Phipps, Veronica Hurst.
 Colombe. New Theatre, London: 13 December 1951. Directed by Peter Brook. With Yvonne Arnaud, Joyce Redman, Michael Gough, John Stratton.
 Thieves' Carnival. Arts Theatre, London: 2 January 1952. Directed by Roy Rich. With John Laurie, Harold Lang, Robin Bailey, Maxine Audley.
 Time Remembered (Léocadia). Lyric Hammersmith, London: 2 December 1954. Directed by William Chappell. With Mary Ure, Paul Scofield, Margaret Rutherford.
 The Lark. Lyric Hammersmith, London: 11 May 1955. Directed by Peter Brook. With Dorothy Tutin, Richard Johnson, Donald Pleasence, Leo McKern.
 The Ermine. Nottingham Playhouse: 19 September 1955. Directed by John Harrison. With Frederick Bartman, Daphne Slater, Mavis Edwards, Joan Plowright.
 The Waltz of the Toreadors. Arts Theatre, London: 24 February 1956. Then Criterion Theare, London: 27 March 1956. Directed by Peter Hall. With Hugh Griffith, Beatrix Lehmann, Brenda Bruce (later: Renée Asherson), Trader Faulkner.
 Restless Heart (La Sauvage). St James's Theatre, London: 8 May 1957. Directed by William Chappell. With Mai Zetterling, Donald Pleasence, George Baker, Peter Bull.
 Dinner with the Family (Le Rendez-vous de Senlis). New Theatre, London: 10 December 1957. Directed by Frank Hauser. With John Justin, Jill Bennett, Alan MacNaughtan, Lally Bowers, Ian Hendry.
 Jezebel. Oxford Playhouse: 22 September 1958. Directed by Frank Hauser. With Dirk Bogarde, Hermione Baddeley, Doreen Aris. (Premiered in Rio de Janeiro in 1942, this play was never produced in France.)
 Traveller Without Luggage. Arts Theatre, London: 29 January 1959. Directed by Peter Hall. With Denholm Elliott, Joyce Carey, Geoffrey Keen, Elizabeth Sellars.
 The Rehearsal (La Répétition ou l'Amour puni). Globe Theatre, London: 6 April 1961. Directed by John Hale. With Alan Badel, Phyllis Calvert, Robert Hardy, Maggie Smith (later: Jennifer Daniel).
 Becket. Aldwych Theatre, London: 11 July 1961. Then Globe Theatre, London: 13 December 1961. Directed by Peter Hall. With Christopher Plummer and Eric Porter.
 Poor Bitos. Arts Theatre, London: 13 November 1963. Then Duke of York's Theatre, London: 6 January 1964. Directed by Shirley Butler. With Donald Pleasence (later: Peter Woodthorpe), Charles Gray, Ronald Lewis, Terence Alexander.
 The Cavern (La Grotte). Strand Theatre, London: 11 November 1965. Directed by Donald McWhinnie. With Alec McCowen, Siobhan McKenna, Griffith Jones, Gemma Jones.
 The Fighting Cock (L'Hurluberlu ou le Réactionnaire amoureux). Festival Theatre, Chichester: 7 June 1966. Then Duke of York's Theatre, London: 25 October 1966. Directed by Norman Marshall. With John Clements, Zena Walker, John Standing.
 Monsieur Barnett plus The Orchestra. Bristol Old Vic Company, Bristol: 12 September 1967. Directed by Antony Tuckey. With Martin Friend, Stephanie Beacham, Maggie Jones, Thelma Barlow, Marcia Warren.
 Ring Round the Moon. Haymarket Theatre, London: 30 October 1968. Directed by Noel Willman. With John Standing, Maureen O'Brien, Isabel Jeans, Bill Fraser, Flora Robson.
 Dear Antoine. Festival Theatre, Chichester: 19 May 1971. Then Piccadilly Theatre, London: 3 November 1971. Directed by Robin Phillips. With John Clements, Edith Evans (Isabel Jeans in London), Joyce Redman, Renée Asherson.
 The Baker, the Baker's Wife and the Baker's Boy. University Theatre, Newcastle: 28 September 1972. Directed by Gareth Morgan. With Freddie Jones, Yvonne Mitchell, Tim Barlow, Gillian Hanna.
 The Director of the Opera. Festival Theatre, Chichester: 8 May 1973. Directed by Peter Dews. With John Clements, Richard Pearson, Penelope Wilton.
 The Waltz of the Toreadors. Haymarket Theatre, London: 14 February 1974. Directed by Peter Dews. With Trevor Howard, Coral Browne, Zena Walker, Ian Ogilvy.
 You Were So Sweet When You Were Little. New End Theatre, London: 9 April 1974. Directed by Misha Williams. With Angela Pleasence, Paul Jones, Andrew Crawford.
 The Arrest. Bristol Old Vic, Bristol: 27 November 1974. Directed by Val May. With Alan Dobie, John Hurt, Michael Rothwell, Charlotte Cornwell. (World premiere.)
 Ardèle. Queen's Theatre, London: 18 June 1975. Directed by Frith Banbury. With Charles Gray, Vincent Price, Coral Browne, Allan Cuthbertson, Lalla Ward.
 The Scenario. Forum Theatre, Billingham: 29 November 1976. Directed by Stuart Burge. With Trevor Howard, Gary Bond, John Bluthal, Angela Douglas.
 The Rehearsal. Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, Guildford: 18 January 1983, then touring. Directed by Gillian Lynne. With Dinsdale Landen, Leslie Caron, Peter Jeffrey, Lalla Ward.
 Number One (Le Nombril). Theatre Royal, Windsor: 13 March 1984. Then Queen's Theatre, London: 24 April 1984. Directed by Robert Chetwyn. With Leo McKern, Margaret Whiting, Anthony Sharp, Peter Blythe.
 Ring Round the Moon. Festival Theatre, Chichester: 1 August 1988. Directed by Elijah Moshinsky. With Michael Siberry, Holly Aird, Googie Withers, José Ferrer, June Whitfield.
 Eurydice. Minerva Theatre, Chichester: 6 June 1990. Directed by Michael Rudman. With William Oxborrow, Shirley Henderson, Simon McBurney.
 The Rehearsal. Almeida Theatre, London: 13 September 1990. Then Garrick Theatre, London: 14 November 1990. Directed by Ian McDiarmid. With Jonathan Kent (later: Miles Anderson), Nicola Pagett (later: Mel Martin), Jonathan Hyde (later: Gary Bond), Julia Ormond (later: Valerie Gogan).
 Becket. Haymarket Theatre, London: 8 October 1991. Directed by Elijah Moshinsky. With Robert Lindsay and Derek Jacobi.
 Mademoiselle Colombe. Bridewell Theatre, London: 4 October 2000. Directed by Graeme Messer. With Honor Blackman, Donald Pickering, Sophie Bold.
 Wild Orchids (Léocadia). Festival Theatre, Chichester: 29 May 2002. Directed by Edward Kemp. With Catherine Walker, Andrew Scarborough, Patricia Routledge.
 The Waltz of the Toreadors. Minerva Theatre, Chichester: 16 June 2007. Directed by Angus Jackson. With Peter Bowles, Maggie Steed, Catherine Russell, Al Weaver.
 Ring Round the Moon. Playhouse Theatre, London: 19 February 2008. Directed by Sean Mathias. With JJ Feild, Fiona Button, Angela Thorne, Leigh Lawson, Belinda Lang.
 The Rehearsal. Minerva Theatre, Chichester: 18 May 2015. Directed by Jeremy Sams. With Edward Bennett, Niamh Cusack, Jamie Glover, Gabrielle Dempsey.
 Welcome Home, Captain Fox! (Le Voyageur sans bagage). Donmar Warehouse, London: 6 March 2016. Directed by Blanche McIntyre. With Rory Keenan, Sian Thomas, Fenella Woolgar.
 The Orchestra. Omnibus Theatre, London: 29 January 2019. Directed by Kristine Landon-Smith. With Amanda Osborne, Sarah Waddell, Stefania Licari.

Selected theatre productions: USA
 Antigone. Cort Theatre, New York City: 18 February 1946. Directed by Guthrie McClintic. With Katharine Cornell, Cedric Hardwicke.
 Cry of the Peacock (Ardèle ou la Marguerite). Mansfield Theatre, New York City: 11 April 1950. Directed by Martin Ritt. With Raymond Lovell, Oscar Karlweis, Marta Linden.
 Ring Round the Moon (L'Invitation au château). Martin Beck Theatre, New York City: 23 November 1950. Directed by Gilbert Miller. With Denholm Elliott, Stella Andrew, Lucile Watson, Oscar Karlweis, Brenda Forbes.
 Legend of Lovers (Eurydice). Plymouth Theatre, New York City: 26 December 1951. Directed by Peter Ashmore. With Richard Burton, Dorothy McGuire, Hugh Griffith, Noel Willman.
 Mademoiselle Colombe. Longacre Theatre, New York City: 6 January 1954. Directed by Harold Clurman. With Edna Best, Julie Harris, Eli Wallach.
 Thieves' Carnival. Cherry Lane Theatre, New York City (off-Broadway): 1 June 1955. Directed by Warren Enters. With William LeMassena, Stuart Vaughan, Tom Bosley, Frances Sternhagen.
 The Lark. Longacre Theatre, New York City: 17 November 1955. Directed by Joseph Anthony. With Julie Harris, Theodore Bikel, Boris Karloff, Christopher Plummer, Joseph Wiseman, Paul Roebling.
 The Waltz of the Toreadors. Coronet Theatre, New York City: 17 January 1957. Directed by Harold Clurman. With Ralph Richardson (later: Melvyn Douglas), Mildred Natwick.
 Time Remembered (Léocadia). Morosco Theatre, New York City: 12 November 1957. Directed by Albert Marre. With Richard Burton, Susan Strasberg, Helen Hayes.
 The Fighting Cock (L'Hurluberlu ou le Réactionnaire amoureux). ANTA Playhouse, New York City: 8 December 1959. Directed by Peter Brook. With Rex Harrison, Roddy McDowall, Natasha Parry, Michael Gough, Alan MacNaughtan, Arthur Treacher.
 Jeanette (Roméo et Jeanette). Maidman Playhouse, New York City (off-Broadway): 24 March 1960. Directed by Harold Clurman. With Juleen Compton, Geoffrey Horne, Patricia Bosworth, Sorrell Booke.
 Becket. St James Theatre, New York City: 5 October 1960. Directed by Peter Glenville. With Laurence Olivier and Anthony Quinn. Then Hudson Theatre, New York City: 8 May 1961, with Olivier and Arthur Kennedy.
 The Rehearsal. Royale Theatre, New York City: 23 September 1963. Directed by Peter Coe. With Alan Badel, Coral Browne, Keith Michell, Jennifer Hilary.
 Traveller Without Luggage. ANTA Playhouse, New York City: 17 September 1964. Directed by Robert Lewis. With Ben Gazzara, Mildred Dunnock.
 Poor Bitos.  Cort Theatre, New York City: 14 November 1964. Directed by Shirley Butler. With Donald Pleasence, Charles Gray.
 Antigone. American Shakespeare Festival Theatre, Stratford, Connecticut: 18 June 1967. Directed by Jerome Kilty. With Maria Tucci, Morris Carnovsky, Tom Aldredge.
 The Orchestra. Academy Playhouse, Lake Forest, Illinois: summer 1973.  Directed by José Quintero.
 The Waltz of the Toreadors. Circle in the Square Theatre, New York City: 13 September 1973. Directed by Brian Murray. With Eli Wallach, Anne Jackson, Diana Van der Vlis, Ben Masters.
 Ring Round the Moon. Ahmanson Theatre, Los Angeles: 27 March 1975. Directed by Joseph Hardy. With Michael York, Kitty Winn, Glynis Johns, Kurt Kasznar, Rosemary Murphy.
 The Waltz of the Toreadors. Union Square Theatre (off-Broadway): 25 September 1985. Directed by Richard Russell Ramos. With Lee Richardson, Tammy Grimes, Carole Shelley, Alvin Epstein.
 The Rehearsal. Criterion Center Stage Right, New York City: 21 November 1996. Directed by Nicholas Martin. With Roger Rees, Frances Conroy, David Threlfall, Anna Gunn.
 Ring Round the Moon. Belasco Theatre, New York City: 28 April 1999. Directed by Gerald Gutierrez. With Toby Stephens, Gretchen Egolf, Marian Seldes, Fritz Weaver, Joyce Van Patten.

Selected film credits
 Les Dégourdis de la onzième by Jean Anouilh et al. 1936.
 Vous n'avez rien à déclarer? by Jean Anouilh et al. 1937.
 La Citadelle du silence by Jean Anouilh et al. Impérial Film, 1937.
 Les Otages by Jean Anouilh et al. Nero-Film AG, 1938.
 Calvacade d'amour by Jean Anouilh and Jean Aurenche. Pressburger Films, 1940.
 Marie-Martine by Jean Anouilh (uncredited) and Jacques Viot. Eclair-Journal, 1943.
 Le Voyageur sans bagage by Jean Anouilh and Jean Aurenche, based on Anouilh's play. Also directed by Anouilh. Eclair-Journal, 1944.
 Monsieur Vincent by Jean Anouilh, Jean Bernard-Luc and Maurice Cloche. EDIC/Union Générale Cinématographique, 1947.
 Anna Karenina by Jean Anouilh, Guy Morgan and Julien Duvivier. London Film Productions, 1948.
 White Paws by Jean Anouilh and Jean Bernard-Luc. Majestic Films, 1949.
 Caroline chérie by Jean Anouilh and Cécil Saint-Laurent. Cinéphonic/ Gaumont, 1950.
 Two Pennies Worth of Violets by Monelle Valentin and (uncredited) Jean Anouilh. Also directed by Anouilh. Gaumont, 1951.
 Le Rideau rouge by Jean Anouilh and André Barsacq. Gaumont, 1952.
 Monsoon. Screenplay by Forest Judd, David Robinson and Leonardo Bercovici, based on the Anouilh play Roméo et Jeannette. CFG Productions/Film Group Judd, 1952.
 A Caprice of Darling Caroline by Jean Anouilh and Cécil Saint-Laurent. Cinéphonic, 1953.
 Le Chevalier de la nuit by Jean Anouilh and Robert Darène. Telenet Film, 1954.
 La Mort de Belle by Jean Anouilh, after Georges Simenon. Cinéphonic/Odeon, 1961.
 Waltz of the Toreadors. Screenplay by Wolf Mankowitz, from the play by Jean Anouilh. With Peter Sellers, Dany Robin, Margaret Leighton, Cyril Cusack. Independent Artists, 1962.
 Becket. Screenplay by Edward Anhalt, from the play by Jean Anouilh. With Peter O'Toole, Richard Burton, John Gielgud. Hal Wallis Productions, 1964.
 La Ronde by Jean Anouilh, after Arthur Schnitzler. Interopa Film/Paris Film Productions/Société Nouvelle Pathé Cinéma, 1964.
 Piége pour Cendrillon by Jean Anouilh and André Cayatte, after Sébastien Japrisot. Gaumont International/Jolly Film, 1965.
 A Time for Loving by Jean Anouilh. London Screenplays, 1971.
 O, ra tkbilia ganshorebis es nazi sevda (Oh, How Sweet is This Tender Sadness on Parting). Screenplay by Keti Dolidze, based on the Anouilh play Eurydice. Georgian-Film, 1991.
 Vous n'avez encore rien vu (You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet). Screenplay by Alain Resnais and Laurent Herbiet, based on the Anouilh plays Eurydice and Cher Antoine ou l'Amour raté. F Comme Film, 2012.

Selected television productions
 The Lark by Jean Anouilh, translated from L'Alouette. BBC Saturday-Night Theatre, 1956.
 Le Jeune Homme et le lion. 1976.
 Histoire du chevalier des Grieux et de Manon Lescaut. Hungarian TV/ Télécip, 1978.
 La Belle vie. 1979.
 Le Diable amoureux by Jean Anouilh et al. Bayerischer Rundfunk/France2/ Radiotelevisão Portuguesa/Telmondis/Westdeutscher Rundfunk, 1991.

Published plays
 Y'avait un prisonnier (Paris: L'Illustration, 1935).
 Le Voyageur sans bagage (Paris: L'Illustration, 1937); translated by John Whiting as Traveler without Luggage (London: Methuen, 1959).
 Les Bal des voleurs (Paris: Fayard, 1938).
 Antigone (Paris: Didier, 1942); translated by Lewis Galantière as Antigone (New York: Random House, 1946).
 Pièces roses (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1942) – comprises Le Bal des voleurs, Le Rendez-vous de Senlis, and Léocadia; Le Bal des voleurs translated by Lucienne Hill as Thieves' Carnival (London: Methuen, 1952); Le Rendez-vous de Senlis translated by Edwin O. Marsh as Dinner with the Family (London: Methuen, 1958); Léocadia translated by Patricia Moyes as Time Remembered (London: S. French, 1954).
 Pièces noires (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1942) – comprises L'Hermine, La Sauvage, Le Voyageur sans bagage, and Eurydice; L'Hermine translated by Miriam John as The Ermine, in Jean Anouilh ... Plays, volume 1 (New York: Hill & Wang, 1958); La Sauvage translated by Hill as Restless Heart (London: Methuen, 1957); Eurydice translated by Kitty Black as Point of Departure (London: S. French, 1951); republished as Legend of Lovers (New York: Coward-McCann, 1952).
 Nouvelles pièces noires (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1946) – comprises Jézabel, Antigone, Roméo et Jeannette, and Médée; Roméo et Jeannette translated by John as Romeo and Jeannette, in Jean Anouilh ... Plays, volume 1 (New York : Hill & Wang, 1958); "Médée" translated in The Modern Theatre, volume 5, edited by Eric Bentley (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1957).
 Pièces brillantes (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1951) – comprises L'Invitation au château, Colombe, La Répétition, ou L'Amour puni, and Cécile, ou L'Ecole des pères;
L'Invitation au château translated by Christopher Fry as Ring round the Moon (London: Methuen, 1950); Colombe translated by Louis Kronenberger as Mademoiselle Colombe (New York: Coward-McCann, 1954).
 L'Alouette (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1953); translated by Fry as The Lark (London: Methuen, 1955).
 Pièces grinçantes (Paris: La Table ronde, 1956) – comprises Ardèle, ou La Marguerite, La Valse des Toréadors, Ornifle, ou Le Courant d'air, and Pauvre Bitos, ou Le Dîner de têtes; Ardèle, ou La Marguerite translated by Hill as Ardèle (London: Methuen, 1951); La Valse des Toréadors translated by Hill as Waltz of the Toreadors (London: Elek, 1953; New York: Coward-McCann, 1953); Ornifle, ou Le Courant d'air translated by Hill as It's Later Than You Think (Chicago: Dramatic, 1970); Pauvre Bitos, ou Le dîner de têtes translated by Hill as Poor Bitos (London: Methuen, 1956).
 Humulus le muet, with Jean Aurenche (Grenoble: Françaises Nouvelles, 1958).
 Becket, ou L'Honneur de Dieu (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1959); translated by Hill as Becket, or The Honor of God (New York: Coward-McCann, 1960).
 La Petite Molière (Paris: L'Avant-Scène, 1959).
 L'Hurluberlu, ou Le Réactionnaire amoureux (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1959); translated by Hill as The Fighting Cock (London: Methuen, 1967).
 Madame de ..., translated by Whiting (London: S. French, 1959).
 Le Songe du critique, edited by Richard Fenzl, (Dortmund: Lensing, 1960).
 La Foire d'empoigne (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1960); translated by Anouilh and Roland Piétri as Catch as Catch Can, in Jean Anouilh ... Plays, volume 3 (New York: Hill & Wang, 1967).
 La Grotte (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1961); translated by Hill as The Cavern (New York: Hill & Wang, 1966).
 Fables (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1962).
 Le Boulanger, la boulangère, et le petit mitron (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1969).
 Cher Antoine, ou L'Amour rate (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1969); translated by Hill as Dear Antoine, or The Love That Failed (New York: Hill & Wang, 1971; London: Eyre Methuen, 1971).
 Les Poissons rouges, ou Mon Père, ce héros (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1970).
 Ne Réveillez pas Madame (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1970).
 Nouvelles Pièces grinçantes (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1970)--includes L'Hurluberlu, ou Le Réactionnaire amoureux, La Grotte, L'Orchestre, Le Boulanger, la boulangère, et le petit mitron, and Les Poissons rouges, ou Mon Père, ce héros; L'Orchestre translated by John as The Orchestra, in Jean Anouilh ... Plays, volume 3 (New York: Hill & Wang, 1967).
 Tu étais si gentil quand tu étais petit (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1972).
 Le Directeur de l'opéra (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1972); translated by Hill as The Director of the Opera (London: Eyre Methuen, 1973).
 L'Arrestation (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1975); translated by Hill as The Arrest (New York: S. French, 1978).
 Le Scénario (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1976).
 Chers Zoiseaux (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1977).
 La Culotte (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1978).
 La Belle vie suivi de Episode de la vie d'un auteur (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1980).
 Le Nombril (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1981); translated by Michael Frayn as Number One (London & New York: S. French, 1985).
 Oedipe, ou Le Roi boiteux: d'après Sophocle (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1986).
 La Vicomtesse d'Eristal n'a pas reçu son balai mécanique: Souvenirs d'un jeune homme (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1987).

English language anthologies
 Jean Anouilh ... Plays, translated by Lewis Galantière et al., 3 volumes (New York: Hill & Wang, 1958–1967).
 Collected Plays, 2 volumes translated by Lucienne Hill et al. (London: Methuen, 1966, 1967).
 Five Plays by Jean Anouilh, introduction by Ned Chaillet translated by Timberlake Wertenbaker et al., (London: Methuen, 1987).
 Anouilh Plays: Two, introduction by Ned Chaillet translated by Jeremy Sams et al., (London: Methuen, 1997).

Theory and criticism
 En marge du théâtre, edited by Efrin Knight, (Paris: La Table Ronde, 2000).
 Le Dossier Molière, with Léon Thoorens et al., (Verviers: Gerard, 1964).

Translations by Anouilh
 William Shakespeare, Trois comédies: Comme il vous plaira, La Nuit des rois, Le Conte d'hiver, [Three Comedies: As You like It, Twelfth Night, and The Winter's Tale] translated by Anouilh and Claude Vincent (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1952).
 Graham Greene, L'Amant complaisant, translated by Anouilh and Nicole Anouilh (Paris: Laffont, 1962).
 Oscar Wilde, Il est important d'être aimé, [The Importance of Being Earnest] translated by Anouilh and Nicole Anouilh (Paris: Papiers, 1985).

Other publications
 Michel-Marie Poulain, by Anouilh, Pierre Imbourg, and André Warnod, preface by Michel Mourre (Paris: Braun, 1953).
 Le Loup,'' ballet scenario by Anouilh and Georges Neveux, music by Henri Dutilleux (Paris: Ricordi, 1953).

References

External links

 Jean Anouilh manuscripts General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.

1910 births
1987 deaths
20th-century French male writers
20th-century French dramatists and playwrights
Modernist theatre
Writers from Bordeaux
French people of Basque descent

Jean Anouilh


Lieutenant-Colonel Archibald Campbell, 1st Baron Blythswood,  (22 February 1835 – 8 July 1908) was a Scottish soldier, Tory politician, scientist and Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland.

Life

Born Archibald Campbell Douglas (he dropped Douglas from his name in 1838) in Florence, Tuscany, he was the son of Archibald Campbell, 17th Laird of Mains, until 1838 known as Archibald Douglas.

Campbell joined the 79th Highlanders at the age of 16 and fought in the Crimean War in 1855, where he was severely wounded. He transferred to the Scots Fusilier Guards and rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. On 7 July 1864, he married Augusta Clementina Carrington, a daughter of Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington, at Whitehall Chapel, London. He retired from the army in 1868 on the death of his father.

He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Renfrewshire from 1873 to 1874, and for West Renfrewshire from 1885 to 1892. He was also Lord Lieutenant of Renfrewshire from 1904 to 1908.  On 4 May 1880, he was created a baronet, of Blythswood and was an aide-de-camp to Queen Victoria. In 1888 he was awarded an honorary doctorate of Law from the University of Glasgow and made a Freeman of the City of Glasgow. He was conferred with Honorary Membership of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland in 1891. On 24 August 1892, he was created Baron Blythswood, with a special remainder to his five younger brothers.

He was a notable scientist and took his wife to Thebes to observe the Transit of Venus in 1874, taking with him a small transit instrument, a 6-inch telescope and a 12-inch telescope, recording the time of first contact, and also observed a white halo, proving an atmosphere around Venus. From 1892 to 1905 the Blythswood Laboratory at his family seat was used to experiment into many areas at the borders of physics, including the use of cathode rays, X-rays, spectroscopy and radioactivity. He designed a speed indicator, which was fitted to ships of the Royal Navy, and carried out studies into the efficiency of aerial propellers some years before the Wright Brothers' first powered flight in 1903. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May, 1907 and died possessed of the family seat in Renfrewshire and Halliford Manor in Shepperton.

He was for many years linked to the 3rd (The Blythswood) Volunteer Battalion of the Highland Light Infantry, where he was commanding Colonel, and from 28 May 1902 appointed Honorary Colonel.

He died at age 73 at his home Blythswood House, Renfrewshire, without issue and was buried on 11 July 1908 at Inchinnan. His baronetcy became extinct but his barony passed to his brother, Rev. Sholto Campbell, succeeded by younger brothers still, Barrington and Archibald.

See also
List of Fellows of the Royal Society

References

External links

 Who's Who in Glasgow 1909 Glasgow Digital Library, hosted by University of Strathclyde

1835 births
1908 deaths
1
19th-century Scottish people
Military personnel from Glasgow
British Army personnel of the Crimean War
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
Lord-Lieutenants of Renfrewshire
Fellows of the Royal Society
Scottish soldiers
Politics of Renfrewshire
Scots Guards officers
Scottish expatriates in Italy
Scottish physicists
Scottish inventors
Scottish Tory MPs (pre-1912)
UK MPs 1868–1874
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs who were granted peerages
Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders officers
Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria


Paris, Palace Hotel is a 1956 French-Italian romantic comedy film directed by Henri Verneuil and starring Charles Boyer, Françoise Arnoul and Tilda Thamar. It was shot in Eastmancolor at the Boulogne Studios in Paris. The film's sets were designed by the art director Jean d'Eaubonne.

Synopsis
A manicurist working at a luxurious hotel in Paris and a young garage mechanic there to pick up a customer's luxury car, both pretend to be wealthy residents to impress each other with the friendly assistance Henri Delormel, one of the real guests at the hotel.

Cast
 Charles Boyer as Henri Delormel
 Françoise Arnoul as Françoise Noblet
 Roberto Risso as Gérard Necker dit Brugnon
 Tilda Thamar as Madeleine Delormel
 Georges Chamarat as Alexandre - le coiffeur
 Louis Seigner as Marcel Brugnon
 Simone Bach as Barbara - la brune en robe rouge
 Darry Cowl as Jules Hoyoyo
 Jacques Jouanneau as Le laquais de l'entrée
 Jean Clarieux as Un responsable du réveillon surprise
 Robert Dalban as L'organisateur du réveillon
 Max Elloy as Un maître d'hôtel
 René Génin as Le père Noël
 Gabriel Gobin as Le brigadier
 Jacques Hilling as Le cuistot
 Georges Lannes as Monsieur Desmoulins - un client
 Jacques Marin a sLe livreur de fleurs au Palace
 Raoul Marco as Le monsieur 'pince fesse'
 Jean Ozenne as Albert - le réceptionniste de jour du Palace
 Robert Pizani as Georges - le maître d'hôtel du palace
 Albert Rémy as Le ronfleur du commissariat
 Julien Carette as Bébert
 Michèle Philippe as Barbara
 Raymond Bussières as Soupape - le garagiste
 Gina Manès as 	L'Alouette - la chiffonnière de la cellule
 Andréa Parisy as Une manucure
 Robert Seller as Le réceptionniste de nuit du Palace

References

Bibliography
 Parish, James Robert. Film Actors Guide: Western Europe. Scarecrow Press, 1977.

External links

1956 films
1956 romantic comedy films
French romantic comedy films
Italian romantic comedy films
1950s French-language films
Films directed by Henri Verneuil
Films shot at Boulogne Studios
Films set in Paris
1950s French films
1950s Italian films

Paris, Palace Hotel


Dark radiation (also dark electromagnetism) is a postulated type of radiation that mediates interactions of dark matter.

By analogy to the way photons mediate electromagnetic interactions between particles in the Standard Model (called baryonic matter  in cosmology), dark radiation is proposed to mediate interactions between dark matter particles. Similar to dark matter particles, the hypothetical dark radiation does not interact with Standard Model particles.

There has been no notable evidence for the existence of such radiation; baryonic matter contains multiple interacting particle types, but it is not known if dark matter does. Cosmic microwave background data may indicate that the number of effective neutrino degrees of freedom is more than 3.046, which is slightly more than the standard case for 3 types of neutrino. This extra degree of freedom could arise from having a non-trivial amount of dark radiation in the universe. One possible candidate for dark radiation is the sterile neutrino.

See also

References

Radiation
Dark matter
Dark concepts in astrophysics

Dark radiation


Rakuten.co.uk is a website owned by Rakuten, that operated as an online marketplace until August 2016.

The website replaced Play.com, which was originally established in Jersey as an online retailer of entertainment products. Rakuten had purchased Play.com in 2011, and in 2013 the company switched to a new third-party marketplace format following a change in the law covering VAT for companies operating in Jersey and selling to consumers on the UK mainland.

The Play.com website was replaced by Rakuten.co.uk on 23 March 2015.

Rakuten.co.uk was relaunched in October 2016 as a portal to earn loyalty "Superpoints" from UK online shops such as Topman, HMV and B&Q.

History

Play.com

The business was founded in 1998 under the name Play247.com, but rebranded as Play.com in 2000. Play.com originally sold region 1 and 2 DVDs only, but since expanded its range to include CDs and video games and other electronic items. In 2004 it began to sell books and electronics, in 2006 it started selling personal computers, posters and T-shirts and in 2007 it started selling HD DVDs and Blu-rays, with sister site PlayUSA.com selling region 1 DVDs, HD DVDs and region A Blu-ray Discs and offering sales in a range of currencies. The site's interface was redesigned on a number of occasions.

Play.com was ranked second on the November 2006 UK "Hot Shops List" compiled by IMRG and Hitwise.

In 2008, Play.com started selling DRM-free MP3s, clothing, accessories, and tickets for events, allowing customers to buy and sell tickets. They also held a consumer games show which was open to the public, with tickets available through Play.com. This event was backed by Sony, Microsoft, Ubisoft, Activision, and THQ among others.

On 15 January 2009, a survey published by Verdict Research found Play.com was the UK's second favourite music and video retailer, behind first place Amazon.co.uk and ahead of the now defunct entertainment retailer Zavvi which was third. On 24 February 2009, it was reported that Play.com had topped the National Consumer Satisfaction Index, ahead of Amazon.co.uk and iTunes.

In May 2009, Play.com launched a branded Visa credit card in partnership with MBNA. Cardholders received points for purchases made on the website and at other retailers. Points could then be redeemed against products bought on the Play.com website.

The PlayUSA.com website was closed down in February 2011. In September 2011, Japan-based Rakuten purchased Play.com for £25 million.

From March 2013, Play.com operated solely as an online marketplace, where third party retailers sold products with their listings hosted on the website.

References

External links

Archived version of play247.com, circa 2000

Online retailers of the United Kingdom
Retail companies established in 1998
Internet properties established in 1998
British subsidiaries of foreign companies
Companies of Jersey
Rakuten
1998 establishments in Jersey

Rakuten.co.uk


Georgy Mikhaylovich Grechko (; 25 May 1931 – 8 April 2017) was a Soviet cosmonaut.  He flew to space on three missions, each bound for rendezvous with a different Salyut space station.  Soyuz 17 was the first crewed vehicle to visit Salyut 4, Soyuz 26 was the first crewed vehicle to visit Salyut 6, and Soyuz T-14 visited Salyut 7.  During the latter mission, Grechko helped to relieve the crew of Soyuz T-13, who had repaired damage to the station.

Biography
Grechko graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Mechanics with a doctorate in mathematics. He was a member of Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He went on to work at Sergei Korolev's design bureau and from there was selected for cosmonaut training for the Soviet Moon programme. When that program was cancelled, he went on to work on the Salyut space stations.

Grechko made the first spacewalk in an Orlan space suit on 20 December 1977 during the Salyut 6 EO-1 mission.

He was twice awarded the medal of Hero of the Soviet Union.

He resigned from the space programme in 1992 to lecture on atmospheric physics at the Russian Academy of Sciences.  Grechko has written his memoirs as "Космонавт No. 34: От лучины до пришельцев," (Cosmonaut No. 34 From Splinter to Aliens) Olma Media Grupp, Moscow, 2013.

A minor planet 3148 Grechko discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1979 is named after him.

Grechko had a brief cameo role in Richard Viktorov's 1981 film Per Aspera Ad Astra, and as a result attained pop culture status in his home city of Leningrad. He also appeared in the 1979 film Under the Constellation Gemini.

Grechko, along with Alexei Leonov, Vitaly Sevastyanov, and Rusty Schweickart established the Association of Space Explorers in 1984. Membership is open to all people who have flown in outer space.

Grechko died aged 85 as a result of several chronic illnesses. He was survived by wife Lyudmila and daughter Olga.

Soyuz-Salyut Missions
Georgy Grechko's first mission to space began during the winter of 1974, when he and fellow Soviet cosmonaut Aleksei Gubarev were crewmen of the Soyuz 17-Salyut 4 mission. The Soyuz 17 rocket launched on 26 December 1974 and successfully docked with the Salyut 4 Space Station on 12 January 1975. This successful docking marked only the second complete success in five Soyuz-Salyut undertakings. The cosmonauts spent the remainder of their mission aboard the three room, 20 ton station. During their time aboard the Salyut 4 Space Station, Grechko and Gubarev conducted a wide range of studies that included infrared temperature scans of earth's upper atmosphere, stellar observations and X-ray studies of the sun. In order to maintain fitness in weightlessness, Grechko spent up to two hours a day exercising on a bicycle and treadmill, as well as experimenting with wearing negative pressure suits. Grechko and Gubarev spent a total of 30 days in orbit, which set the Soviet record at the time, before returning safely on 9 February 1975.

In December 1977, Georgy Grechko returned to space with Yuri Romanenko during the Soyuz 26-Salyut 6 mission. The crew boarded the Soviet Salyut 6 Space Station, where they would stay long enough to eclipse the 84-day record set in 1974 by US Skylab astronauts Gerald Carr, William Pogue, and Edward Gibson. In January 1978, Grechko and Romanenko were joined by fellow cosmonauts Vladimir Dzhanibekov and Oleg Makarov, who linked their Soyuz 27 craft with the Salyut 6 Space Station and spent five days aboard the station along with Grechko and Romanenko, before returning to earth in Soyuz 26 craft. This event marked the first double docking and first double crew occupancy of a space station. On March 4, Grechko and Romanenko were joined by a different Soviet crew, consisting of Aleksei Gubarev (Grechko's partner from his previous mission) and Czechoslavakian Vladimir Raemk, the first non-Russian cosmonaut.

The crew members of the Salyut 6 Space Station became the first men to carry out a systematic visual-instrumental observation of the earth. Their extended stay is what allowed the crew to pull off such an observation, as it takes two to three weeks for human eyesight to adapt to conditions in orbit. After several weeks in orbit, the members of the Salyut 6 crew were able to examine the finer details of the landscape, which included the traces left on the water surface by typhoons, enormous solitary waves that were over 100 kilometers long, and some of the characteristic features of the ocean floor. On March 15, after spending a record-setting total of 96 days in orbit, Grechko and Romanenko finally left the Salyut 6 Space Station and returned to earth aboard the Soyuz 27 spacecraft. After spending such an extended period of time in orbit, the crew began an expanded exercise routine a week prior to departure that was intended to minimize the effects of the return to normal gravity. Despite this training, both Grechko and Romanenko struggled to complete easy tasks shortly following their return, such as turning a radio dial or lifting a cup of tea. Fortunately, neither cosmonaut reported any serious readjustment issues.

Honours and awards
 Twice Hero of the Soviet Union
 Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR
 Three Orders of Lenin
 Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration"
 Medal "For Distinguished Labour"
 Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Il'ich Lenin"
 Medal "For the Development of Virgin Lands"
 Honorary membership in the Danish Astronautical Society
 Distinguished Member, Association of Space Explorers

See also
Sputnik-1

References

Literature

 "Cosmonaut No. 34. From a sliver to aliens" (G. M. Grechko, 2013, OLMA Media Group)
 S. P. Korolev. Encyclopedia of life and creativity" – edited by C. A. Lopota, RSC Energia. S. P. Korolev, 2014
 The official website of the city administration Baikonur – Honorary citizens of Baikonur

1931 births
2017 deaths
Burials in Troyekurovskoye Cemetery
Soviet cosmonauts
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Engineers from Saint Petersburg
Soviet engineers
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration"
Heroes of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
Salyut program cosmonauts
Spacewalkers

Georgy Grechko


Herman I of Baden (c. 1040 – April 25, 1074 in Cluny) was the titular Margrave of Verona and the ancestor of the line of Margraves of Baden.

Life
Herman was born in Freiburg im Breisgau as the eldest son of Berthold I of Zähringen. He married Judit of Backnang-Sulichgau, Countess of Eberstein-Calw, who was the founder of Hirsau Abbey. From her, he obtained the right to Baden, which later became the core of the family dominions. Among those lands were the Frankish Albgau and Ufgau.

He and his wife founded the Augustinian monastery of Backnang Abbey. It quickly became dilapidated, and it was rebuilt by their son in 1123. Subsequently, the monastery was the resting place for five generations of the Margraves of Baden.

When Herman's father became Duke of Carinthia in 1061, Herman received the courtesy title of Margrave of Verona. While he never ruled in Verona, a dependency of Carinthia, the margravial title was to remain with his descendants. He was also count of the Breisgau.

In 1073, he separated from his wife, took monastic vows, and became a lay brother in Cluny Abbey, where he died. He is celebrated in the Catholic Church on April 25.

Herman and Judit had the following children:
 Hermann II (d. October 8, 1130)
 Luitgard

Sources

Margraves of Baden
House of Zähringen
1040s births
1074 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Burials at Cluny Abbey

Herman I of Baden


State Highway 95 (SH 95) is a 14.33 mile (23.06 km) long north–south state highway in the U.S. state of Colorado. SH 95's southern terminus is at U.S. Route 285 (US 285) in Denver and the northern terminus is at US 36 in Westminster.

Route description

The route, also known as Sheridan Boulevard, starts at US 285 in Denver and ends at US 36 in Westminster. There are interchanges with US 6, I-70, and I-76. In the area between I-70 and Colfax Avenue, the road lies just west of Sloan's Lake. State Highway 95 is generally considered to be the dividing line between Jefferson County on the west and Denver and Adams counties on the east.

Major intersections

References

External links

095
Transportation in Jefferson County, Colorado
Transportation in Denver
Transportation in Adams County, Colorado
Arvada, Colorado
Transportation in Lakewood, Colorado
Westminster, Colorado

Colorado State Highway 95


Greenwood Hotel is a historic building at 300 N. Main Street in Eureka, Kansas, United States. The brick structure was constructed in 1882, to  house visitors involved in the burgeoning cattle industry in the area. Owner H.D. Hover renovated the hotel in 1926 to its current external appearance with a remodel that reflected the Spanish Mission Revival style. To celebrate the grand reopening, a celebration dinner was held on September 23, 1926, with great fanfare. This event eventually became known as Cattlemen's Day and has been celebrated annually ever since on the first Saturday of November.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.

References

Buildings and structures in Greenwood County, Kansas
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Kansas
National Register of Historic Places in Greenwood County, Kansas
Eureka, Kansas
1883 establishments in Kansas

Greenwood Hotel


Hans Mattson (December 23, 1832, Önnestad – March 5, 1893) was a Swedish American politician. He served with distinction as a colonel in the American Civil War (1861–65) and in 1869 became the Minnesota Secretary of State. He later served as United States Consul General in India.

Biography
Mattson was born on a small farm in the parish of Önnestad in Skåne, Sweden. In 1851, he immigrated to the U.S. with a friend. He settled on a farm in an established Swedish community in Illinois in 1853 and brought his family from Sweden to join him.  In August 1853, Mattson led a group of several hundred Swedish immigrants to settle in Goodhue County, Minnesota. The settlement was soon known as Vasa, and it became home to prominent Swedish Americans including Governor John Lind. Mattson left in 1856 for Red Wing.

Shortly after moving to Red Wing, Mattson was financially ruined by the panic of 1857. He and his wife, Christin (Peterson) Mattson (1837–1911) had to start over. After getting on his feet again, Mattson was admitted to the Minnesota State Bar and entered public life. He was elected city clerk of Red Wing in 1859 before becoming Goodhue County auditor.

At the start of the American Civil War in 1861, Mattson raised a company of Swedish and Norwegian immigrants to fight for the Union. Mattson earned the rank of Colonel for his leadership of the 3rd Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment. He returned to Red Wing at the end of the war in 1865.

After returning to Minnesota, Mattson began his work as an immigration booster. First, he worked for private railroad companies. He started with the Saint Paul and Pacific Railroad, where he worked as a protection agent to greet Swedish and Norwegian arrivals in Chicago.

Building on his experience, in 1866, Mattson proposed the creation of a state Board of Immigration. The board would recruit immigrants to homestead land in Minnesota. Until the 1880s, immigration to the U.S. was regulated by states rather than the federal government. In 1867, Governor William Rainey Marshall established the board and named Mattson to be its first secretary. The state was especially interested in recruiting Scandinavian immigrants.

Mattson returned to Sweden as representative of the Minnesota Immigration Board in 1867 and 1868 to recruit settlers, a successful undertaking. He returned again several times in the 1870s as an immigrant agent for the Northern Pacific Railroad. These visits are described in his memoirs Reminiscences: the story of an immigrant, which were published in both English and Swedish in 1891.

As a booster, Mattson promoted Minnesota in Sweden and Norway. He also promoted the state to Scandinavian immigrant communities in the Eastern U.S. Mattson recruited immigrants to Minnesota by several means. He wrote for Swedish American newspapers; he encouraged immigrants to write letters to friends and family in Europe, and he published pamphlets about the benefits of Minnesota. During the course of his life, Mattson founded several Swedish newspapers in Chicago and Minneapolis, including the Minnesota Stats Tidning.

In 1870, Mattson was asked to run for Minnesota Secretary of State. Scandinavian influence in Minnesota was growing, and the Republican Party sought Swedish and Norwegian immigrants as candidates for office. Mattson was elected, becoming the first Swedish American elected to office in Minnesota. Mattson left the position in 1872, but he was re-elected and served again from 1887 to 1891. As a politician, Mattson promoted pan-Scandinavian unity, even though Swedish and Norwegian immigrants often were at odds.

In between his stints as Secretary of State, Mattson lived outside the U.S. He took his family to Sweden in the spring of 1871. He remained in Sweden for five years as a booster. From 1881 to 1883, Mattson served as U.S. Consul General in India. President James A. Garfield offered him a diplomatic post because Mattson had become one of the most prominent Swedish Americans in U.S. politics. Aside from these trips abroad, Mattson lived most of his later life in Minneapolis where he died in 1893.

Note
 This Wikipedia article is substantially built upon the essay "Mattson, Hans (1832–1893)" in MNopedia of the Minnesota Historical Society. Written by R.L. Cartwright, 2012  and licensed under CC by-sa.  Imported on 3 November 2012.

References

Other sources
Jaeger, Luth (1910) "Hans Mattson" in  A History of the Swedish-Americans of Minnesota. Vol. 1 (Algot E. Strand, ed.,  Chicago: Lewis Pub. Co.)
Ljungmark,  Lars   (1979) Swedish Exodus (Translated by Kermit B. Westerberg. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press)

Related Reading
Atkins, Annette  (2007) Creating Minnesota: A History from the Inside Out (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press)
Barton, H. Arnold (1994)  A Folk Divided: Homeland Swedes and Swedish Americans, 1840—1940 (pp. 59–62. Southern Illinois University Press)
Blegen, Theodore C.  (1963) Minnesota, A History of the State (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press)
Burnquist, Joseph A.A., ed.  (1924) Minnesota and Its People (Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Company)

External links

1832 births
1893 deaths
County auditors in the United States
County officials in Minnesota
People from Kristianstad Municipality
People of Minnesota in the American Civil War
People of Sweden in the American Civil War
Secretaries of State of Minnesota
Swedish emigrants to the United States
Writers from Minnesota
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American businesspeople

Hans Mattson