Devil in a Blue Dress is a 1995 American neo-noir mystery thriller film written and directed by Carl Franklin, based on Walter Mosley's 1990 novel of the same name and features Denzel Washington, Tom Sizemore, Jennifer Beals, and Don Cheadle. Set in the summer of 1948, the film follows World War II veteran Ezekiel "Easy" Rawlins who, desperate in need of a job, becomes drawn into a search for a mysterious woman.

Devil in a Blue Dress received positive reviews, with many praising Cheadle's performance.

Plot
In 1948 Los Angeles, Ezekiel "Easy" Rawlins is laid off from his job at Champion Aircraft and needs money to pay his mortgage. Easy's bartender friend Joppy introduces him to DeWitt Albright, a white P.I. looking for a missing white woman, Daphne Monet. Explaining that Monet's disappearance led her wealthy fiancé, Todd Carter, to drop out of the Los Angeles mayoral race, Albright pays Easy to find Daphne, who is known to frequent the juke joints along Central Avenue.

Easy begins his search at an illegal club where he sees the bouncer, Junior Fornay, eject a white man. Learning that his friend Dupree Brouchard's girlfriend, Coretta James, is a confidant of Daphne, Easy spends the night with Coretta and discovers Daphne is involved with gangster Frank Green. Albright arranges a meeting at the Malibu pier, where Easy is accosted by racist white youths before Albright viciously humiliates one of the boys at gunpoint. Easy tells him about Green, and is given another payment to continue his search.

Returning home, Easy is arrested by LAPD homicide detectives, who reveal that Coretta has been murdered. Interrogated and beaten before being released, he is approached by Matthew Terell, the remaining mayoral candidate. Terell is with a young boy, supposedly his adopted son, and inquires about Daphne, but Easy divulges nothing. After a nightmare about Coretta, he receives a call from Daphne herself. They meet at the Ambassador Hotel, and she asks him to drive her to meet Richard McGee, a White man from the club. They arrive to find McGee dead, with his house ransacked. Easy notices a pack of Mexican cigarettes, the same brand smoked by Junior. Traumatized after witnessing the grisly scene, Daphne panics and flees, driving off in McGee's car and abandoning Easy.

Easy drives home, but is threatened again by Albright and his partners, who demand that he track Daphne down a second time or face murder charges. Easy sends for his old friend, Raymond 'Mouse' Alexander, and confronts Joppy for leading Daphne to him. He meets with Todd Carter, realizing that Albright actually works for Terell, and secures another payment to locate Daphne. Returning home, he is ambushed by Frank Green but rescued by Mouse. Frank escapes after the trigger-happy Mouse shoots him in the shoulder, and Easy misses a call from Daphne. Questioned again by the detectives, Easy is given until the following morning to clear his name.

Easy and Mouse confront Junior – the owner of the cigarettes – who admits to driving McGee home and being given a letter for Coretta to deliver to Daphne. They visit Dupree in Compton where, inside Coretta's Bible, Easy finds the contents of a letter and incriminating photographs of Terell with naked children. At home, Easy finds Daphne waiting, and she reveals that Frank is her half-brother: their mother was Creole, and Daphne's father was white while Frank's was Black. Terell learned of Daphne's heritage, and the potential scandal forced Carter to abandon his campaign, but Daphne bought the pictures from McGee to blackmail Terell into silence. Hunting for Daphne and the pictures, Albright murdered McGee. When Coretta threatened to sell the pictures to Terell, Daphne sent Joppy to intimidate her, but did not expect him to kill Coretta.

Albright and his men arrive, subduing Easy and kidnapping Daphne. Joined by Mouse, Easy abducts Joppy at gunpoint, forcing him to take them to Albright's cabin in Malibu. Easy and Mouse kill Albright and his men and rescue Daphne; returning to the car, Easy learns Mouse killed Joppy due to him being a liability. Daphne pays Easy and Mouse $7,000 for the pictures, and Mouse returns home to Houston with his share. Daphne reveals that Carter's family paid her $30,000 to leave town, but she believes that the pictures will ensure Carter's victory and their marriage. Driving Daphne to meet Carter, who rejects her, Easy receives the rest of his payment in exchange for the pictures. Daphne and her brother leave town, while Carter's election is assured. No longer in trouble with the police, Easy considers starting his own business as a private investigator.

Cast

Production

Development
Carl Franklin wrote and directed the neo-noir because he liked the novel by Walter Mosley, who in turn served as an associate producer on the film. Franklin thought the work was more than a detective story; he said that Mosley was able to transform an everyday guy into a detective. In the editing process, Franklin had to cut a steamy love scene between Beals and Washington because he believed the scene was not needed to convey the story.

Don Cheadle originally did not want to audition for Mouse because he thought he was too young for the role.

Locations

The film was shot mostly in Los Angeles, California. The pier shot where Easy Rawlins gets in trouble with local youths was filmed at the Malibu, California pier. Other locales in Los Angeles include the Griffith Park Observatory and the famed Ambassador Hotel on Wilshire Boulevard.

Distribution
The producers used the following tagline to market the film:
In a world divided by black and white, Easy Rawlins is about to cross the line.

Devil in a Blue Dress premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 16, 1995. In the United States, it opened in wide release on September 29, 1995. In its widest release the film was featured in 1,432 theaters across the country.

Home media

Devil in a Blue Dress was released on VHS in April 1996, and then on laserdisc in June. A DVD version was released in 1999. Twilight Time released on the film on Blu-ray on 2015. The Criterion Collection re-released the film in 2022 on 4K Ultra HD Blu-Ray and Blu-Ray with a new restoration.

Reception

Critical response

Kenneth Turan, film critic for the Los Angeles Times and NPR, liked the film, and wrote: "Hard-boiled fiction is a been-around genre about done-that individuals, so the pleasant air of newness and excitement that Devil in a Blue Dress gives off isn't due to its familiar find-the-girl plot. Rather it's the film's glowing visual qualities, a striking performance by Denzel Washington and the elegant control Carl Franklin has over it all that create the most exotic crime entertainment of the season." Roger Ebert, writing for the Chicago Sun-Times, did not like the story much but enjoyed the look and tone of the film: "I liked the movie without quite being caught up in it: I liked the period, tone and look more than the story, which I never really cared much about. The explanation, when it comes, tidies all the loose ends, but you're aware it's arbitrary – an elegant solution to a chess problem, rather than a necessary outcome of guilt and passion." In a positive film review, critic James Berardinelli discussed Devil in a Blue Dress from a sociological viewpoint, especially one involving the 1990s. He concludes, "The most interesting element of Devil in a Blue Dress is not the whodunit, but the 'whydunit.' Finding the guilty parties isn't as involving as learning their motivation, which is buried in society's perception of racial interaction. By uncovering the truth behind this mystery, Franklin illustrates that some attitudes have indeed changed for the better over the last forty years."

Many critics applauded Don Cheadle's performance, for which he won multiple awards. Jerry Renshaw said, "Cheadle steals every scene where he appears as Mouse ..." but he was disappointed by Beals' performance. In Variety, film critic Todd McCarthy wrote, "Entering the main flow of the story relatively late, Don Cheadle steals all his scenes as a live-wire, trigger-happy old buddy of Easy's from Texas, while Sizemore and Mel Winkler, as colorful underworld figures, make strong impressions."

Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes would later rate Devil in a Blue Dress at an approval rating of 92% based on reviews from 118 critics, with an average score of 8.80/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Humor, interesting characters, and attention to details make the stylish Devil in a Blue Dress an above average noir." On Metacritic the film would scieve a score of 88 out of 100, based on reviews from 21 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade A− on scale of A to F.

Box office
The first week's gross was $5,422,385 from 1,432 screens and the total receipts in the United States and Canada were $16,004,418. The film grossed $22 million worldwide against a budget of $27 million.

Accolades

Wins
 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards: LAFCA Award; Best Supporting Actor, Don Cheadle; 1995.
 National Society of Film Critics Awards: NSFC Award; Best Cinematography, Tak Fujimoto; Best Supporting Actor, Don Cheadle; 1996.

Nominated
 San Sebastián International Film Festival: Golden Seashell Award, Carl Franklin; 1995.
 Edgar Allan Poe Award: Best Motion Picture, Carl Franklin; 1996.
 Image Awards: Image Award; Outstanding Lead Actress in a Motion Picture, Jennifer Beals; Outstanding Motion Picture; Outstanding Soundtrack Album; Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture, Don Cheadle; 1996.
 Screen Actors Guild Awards: Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role, Don Cheadle; 1996.

Others

In 2008, the American Film Institute nominated Devil in a Blue Dress for its Top 10 Mystery Films list.

Music

The original score for the film was written and recorded by Elmer Bernstein. The original music soundtrack was released on September 12, 1995, by Sony. The CD included 14 tracks, three of them written by Bernstein (theme, etc.).

 "West Side Baby" - T-Bone Walker
 "Ain't Nobody's Business" - Jimmy Witherspoon
 "Hy-Ah-Su" - Duke Ellington
 "Hop Skip And Jump" - Roy Milton
 "Good Rockin' Tonight" - Wynonie Harris
 "Blues After Hours" - Pee Wee Crayton
 "I Can't Go On Without You" - Bull Moose Jackson
 "'Round Midnight" - Thelonious Monk
 "Chicken Shack Boogie" - Amos Milburn
 "Messin' Around" - Memphis Slim
 "Chica Boo" - Lloyd Glenn
 "Theme From 'Devil In A Blue Dress'" - Elmer Bernstein
 "Malibu Chase" - Elmer Bernstein
 "End Credits" - Elmer Bernstein

See also
 List of films featuring home invasions

References

External links

 Devil in a Blue Dress at the TCM Movie Database
 Devil in a Blue Dress at Virtual History

1995 films
1990s crime films
American detective films
American mystery films
American thriller films
African-American films
1990s English-language films
Films scored by Elmer Bernstein
Films about racism
Films based on American novels
Films based on crime novels
Films directed by Carl Franklin
Films set in 1948
Films set in Los Angeles
Films produced by Gary Goetzman
Home invasions in film
TriStar Pictures films
American neo-noir films
African-American drama films
1990s American films

Devil in a Blue Dress (film)


Driving is the controlled operation and movement of a vehicle. This includes cars, motorcycles, trucks, buses and bicycles. To be allowed to drive on public highways, a set of conditions must be met. Drivers must follow the road and traffic laws in the area where they are driving. The word driving has etymology dating back to the 15th century. It has changed when describing what is driven over time. It began with working animals in the 15th. The term started describing automobiles in the 1800s. Driving skills have also changed.

Etymology
The term driver was first recorded from the 15th century. The origin refers to the occupation of driving working animals. pack horses or draft horses were the most common animals to be driven. The verb ' to drive ' in origin means "to force to move, to impel by physical force". It is first used for electric railway drivers in 1889 and of a motor-car driver in 1896.

Land transport

Driving


Fear of Mirrors is a novel by Tariq Ali published in 1998.

The story is set in Germany after 1990 German reunification. While Germany may be reunited, the life of former East German dissident Vladimir Meyer has fallen apart.

His wife has deserted him. He has been fired from his university for being a Marxist. His son, Karl, is now a moderate, up-and-coming Social Democrat. In the pages of this political meditation, Vladimir tries to discover whether his father was really Ludwik, the famous Communist spy purged at the time of the Hitler-Stalin pact of 1939. The question has gained urgency since Vladimir learned that his mother was an informer for the Russians for years and spied even on him. Ali folds his drama around the tight, cult-like atmosphere of Communist Party life, peopled by idealists who find their lives encumbered by betrayals, power grabs and corruption and who, in the post-communist era, must come to terms with their complicity with Stalinism.

References
Literary Encyclopedia
Arcadia Books
Tuomioja (Finnish)

Novels by Tariq Ali
1998 British novels
Novels set in Germany

Fear of Mirrors


The Lancia Lambda is an innovative automobile produced from 1922 through 1931. It was the first car to feature a load-bearing unitary body, (but without a stressed roof) and it also pioneered the use of an independent suspension (the front sliding pillar with coil springs). Vincenzo Lancia even invented a shock absorber for the car and it had excellent four wheel brakes. Approximately 11,200 Lambdas were produced.

Nine versions of the Lambda were built:

 1st series, produced 1923, 400 built.
 2nd series, produced between 1923 and 1924, 1,100 built. Minor modifications for engine.
 3rd series, produced 1924, 800 built. Engine modified.
 4th series, produced between 1924 and 1925, 850 built. Modified windscreen.
 5th series, produced 1925, 1,050 built. 4-speed gearbox.
 6th series, produced between 1925 and 1926, 1,300 built. Car is sold now with bare chassis and with two wheelbases.
 7th series, produced between 1926 and 1928, 3,100 built. New bigger engine.
 8th series, produced between 1928 and 1930, 3,903 built. Again bigger engine.
 9th series, produced 1931, 500 built. Last series sold only bare chassis.

Engines
The narrow-angle aluminium Lancia V4 engine was also notable. All three displacements shared the same long  stroke, and all were SOHC designs with a single camshaft serving both banks of cylinders. The first engine had a 13°  V angle, the second 14° and the third 13° 40'.

Gallery

References

Lancia by Michael Frostick, 1976.

External links

 Lancia Motor Club (UK)
 Lancia Lambda at Simeone Automotive Museum

Lambda
Cars introduced in 1922
1930s cars
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles

Lancia Lambda


Empire Barracuda was a  cargo ship which was built in 1918 for the United States Shipping Board (USSB) as Sacandaga. She was sold to American Diamond Lines in 1932 and renamed Black Heron. In 1941 she passed to the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) and was renamed Empire Barracuda. She was torpedoed on 15 December 1942 and sunk by U-77.

History
Sacandaga was built by American International Shipbuilding Co, Hog Island, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania as yard number 494. She was laid down on 20 March 1918, launched on 20 October 1918 and completed on 12 January 1919. She was built for the USSB, but was sold in 1919 to the Carolina Co, and placed under the management of American Palmetto Line. In 1925 she was returned to the ownership of the USSB. In 1931, she was sold to American Diamond Lines Inc and in 1932 Sacandaga was renamed Black Heron. In 1939, Black Heron was serving Baltimore, Boston, Newport News, New York, and Norfolk in the United States and Antwerp, in Belgium with Amsterdam and Rotterdam in the Netherlands.

War service
On 10 January 1941, a fire broke out aboard Black Heron whilst she was moored at Brooklyn Pier, New York. Although some mattresses and medical supplies were destroyed, three bombers being carried were undamaged. In 1941, Black Heron was transferred to the MoWT and renamed Empire Barracuda. Her port of registry was London and she was placed under the management of Cunard White Star Line Ltd. Empire Barracuda was a member of a number of convoys in the Second World War.

OB 297

Convoy OB 297 sailed from Liverpool on 12 March 1941 and dispersed at sea on 17 March. Empire Barracuda was in ballast and bound for Corpus Christi, Texas.

ON 9

Convoy ON 9 which sailed from Liverpool on 20 August 1941 and dispersed at sea on 25 August. Empire Barracuda was bound for New York.

HX 151

Convoy HX 151 sailed from Halifax, Nova Scotia on 22 September 1941 and arrived at Liverpool on 7 October.

OS 11

Convoy OS 11 sailed from Liverpool on 7 November 1941 and arrived at Freetown, Sierra Leone on 21 November. Empire Barracuda was carrying a cargo of stores, outbound from the Clyde and her final destination was Gibraltar.

Sinking
On 15 December 1941, Empire Barracuda was torpedoed by U-77 under the command of Heinrich Schonder and sunk at  while on a voyage from Gibraltar to Cape Town and Suez. Nine crew members and four DEMS gunners were killed. Thirty eight crew members and one DEMS gunner were rescued by  and landed at Gibraltar. Those lost on Empire Barracuda are commemorated at the Tower Hill Memorial, London.

Propulsion
She was powered by a double reduction geared steam turbine of  which was built by General Electric Corp, Schenectady, New York. She could make .

Official number and code letters
Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers. Sacandaga and Black Heron had the US Official Number 217429. Empire Barracuda had the UK Official Number 168073 and used the Code Letters GNPP.

References

Hog Islanders
1918 ships
Steamships of the United States
Merchant ships of the United States
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Design 1022 ships of the Ministry of War Transport
Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
Maritime incidents in December 1941

SS Empire Barracuda


The triangle of reference (also known as the triangle of meaning and the semiotic triangle) is a model of how linguistic symbols relate to the objects they represent. The triangle was published in The Meaning of Meaning (1923) by Charles Kay Ogden and I. A. Richards.  While often referred to as the "Ogden/Richards triangle", the idea was also expressed in 1810 by Bernard Bolzano, in his Beiträge zu einer begründeteren Darstellung der Mathematik. The triangle can be traced back to 4th century BC, in Aristotle's Peri Hermeneias. The Triangle relates to the problem of universals, a philosophical debate which split ancient and medieval philosophers, especially realists and nominalists.

The triangle describes a simplified form of relationship between the speaker as the subject, a concept as an object or referent, and its designation (sign, signans).

Interlocutory applications

Other triangles
The relations between the triangular corners may be phrased more precisely in causal terms thus:

 The matter evokes the writer's thought.
 The writer refers the matter to the symbol.
 The symbol evokes the reader's thought.
 The reader refers the symbol back to the matter.

The communicative stand
The triangle represents one person, whereas communication takes place between two entities; the latter can be represented by two triangles. When the two entities understand each other, the content that the triangles represent is aligned.

Direction of fit

John Searle used the notion of "direction of fit" to create a taxonomy of illocutionary acts.

The arrows indicate that there is something exchanged between the two parties in a feedback cycle, especially when the world is represented in both persons' minds and used for reality check.

See also
 Direction of fit
 The Delta Factor
 De dicto
 De se
 De re

References

External links
 Jessica Erickstad (1998) Richards' Meaning of Meaning Theory. University of Colorado at Boulder.
 Allie Cahill (1998) "Proper Meaning Superstition" (I. A. Richards). University of Colorado at Boulder.

Semiotics
Semantics
Pragmatics
Philosophy of language
Concepts in the philosophy of mind

Triangle of reference


Saint-Laurent () is a Roman Catholic church in the 10th arrondissement of Paris at 68 bis Boulevard de Magenta.  A series of churches  occupied the site since the 10th century. It is named for Saint Lawrence, an early Christian martyr who was executed in Rome by the Roman Emperor Valerian in 258  AD. It has been listed since 2016 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.

The earliest  parts of the church date to the 10th century and 15th century,  while the facade was rebuilt in the 19th century during the Second French Empire, to fit into the intersection of three new boulevards built by Napoleon III and his deputy Baron Haussmann.

The architecture features a very ornate Flamboyant facade, constructed in the 19th century. The art and decoration includes an exceptional collection of 19th and 20th century stained glass windows. and an important collection of 19th-century religious paintings and sculpture.

History

The church was built on the site of an ancient Roman road which passed through Paris. An earlier on the site is mentioned in several ancient sources, but no trace of it has been found.

The current church was dedicated in 1429, and was rebuilt and enlarged several times. One portion of the bell tower is believed to have been built before that date. The choir appears to have  built in the 15th century,  the nave in the 17th century, The  outer aisles of the choir and the oval chapel of the Virgin were built in the beginning of the 18th century. The classical early facade, similar to that of the Jesuit style, was completed in 1621, but was demolished in the 19th century and replaced with a Flamboyant Gothic facade.

During the French Revolution, the church was closed and in 1795 turned into  a Temple of Reason In 1797, the Catholic Church  was allowed to return, but had to share the building  with a temple dedicated to a movement called Theophilanthropy, and still later with a Temple of the Elderly. In 1802, under an agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and the Pope, the exclusive use of the building was finally returned to the Catholic Church.

Between 1862 and 1865, the church underwent another major reconstruction to accommodate the new Paris boulevards built by Napoleon III.  The architect Constant-Defeux demolished the old facade and built a new one aligned withe the street, which combined the Flamboyant with the earlier Gothique Classique or High Gothic.

Exterior
The French classical facade, built in 1621,  was rebuilt in the 1865  to align  the church  with the new boulevards built around it by Napoleon III.  The facade is the most lavishly-decorated element of the exterior. It was created in 1865 in the style of Neo-gothic-Flamboyant by the architect Simon-Claude Constant-Dufeux. At the top is a sculpture of Christ giving a blessing; it was made by sculptor Aimé-Napoléon Perrey (1813-1883). The Flamboyant spire and the large rose window were added at the same time.

The Portal
The pediment over the portal features a painting by Jean-Paul Baize depicting "the Passion of Saint Lawrence". The work is made with enamel paints baked onto lava, stone, a technique which resists great changes of temperature.It was finished in 1870.

Interior

The elevations of the interior of the church, is simplified from earlier Gothic churches; has just two levels  of equal height; an upper level with large windows, and  a lower level of massive arcades of pillars. flanked by double side aisles for easy circulation. The side aisles also give access to a row of small chapels.

The Choir
The choir of the church was begun in the first half of the 15th century, when the church was entirely rebuilt. It was then extensively modified in the 1650s by the architect Antoine Lepautre (1621-about 1691). He created the very elaborate coats of arms on the arcades, the arcades and front on of the axis, and the Corinthian capitals on the columns. The woodwork decoration of the pillars was added when the facade was rebuilt between 1862-65.  The stone altar dates to 1884, and was built by A. Chertier.

The stained glass windows of the choir were created between 1932 and 1939 by the Atelier Gaudin founded by Pierre Gaudin (1908-197). They replaced earlier windows installed in 1846 by Laminators de Nozan.

Transept
The transept which divides the nave from the choir is slightly elevated from the nave and choir, and features two chapels. The north chapel is dedicated to Saint Lawrence, while the south chapel is dedicated to Saint Genevieve, the patron saint of Paris. Both chapels have elaborate carved woodwork from the 19th century, and large 19th century paintings of the two saints; the portrait of Saint Lawrence is by Louis Boulanger, and depicts his martyrdom. The portrait of Saint Genevieve is by Emile Leconte-Vernet. Above the woodwork of both chapels are bas-relief sculptures of angels holding a coat of arms.

The Nave and the Tribune

Chapel of the Virgin

The Chapel of the Virgin is an oval chamber located in the apse of the church, behind the choir, and visible from the nave.  It was built in 1712 in the classical style,  with dramatic classical pilasters, and replaced an earlier chapel built in 1429.  The statue of the Virgin was made by the studio of Raffl in 1900. It is carved of Carrara marble. The vault is decorated with a circular painting of the Assumption of the Virgin, in 1730, as well as a painting of the Sacrifice of Abraham, both made by Antoine-Denis Postel.  The stained glass windows of he chapel were commissioned in 1872 from the workshop of Antoine Lusson.

Art and Decoration

Stained Glass (19th century)
The church has a remarkable collection of stained glass windows, dating from the 19th and 20th centuries. They present a particularly complete history  of development of French stained glass in the 19th century.

Before the 1850s the windows in the church were mostly clear glass or glass with simple geometric patterns. to admit a maximum of light. The windows in the chapels were oftenn covered with curtains. This began to change in the 19th century, after a visit to London by the Count of Chabrol in 1823. He admired the London church windows, and commissioned several windows from British glassmakers for the Saint Elizabeth of Hungary Church, Paris  He also brought British glassmakers to Paris to train French craftsmen at the Saint-Laurent workshop.

One of the earliest existing windows in the church depicts Saint Lawrence. It was made in 1846/47 by  Ernest Lami de Nozan (1801–1877), based on a design by  Auguste-Nicolas Galimard (1813–1880). They also made the window of the Apostles(1846–47), depicting Saints John, Paul, and Peter, as well as Judas.

Stained glass (20th century)

In the 20th century, new windows were commissioned from the family enterprise founded by Felix Gaudin (1851-1930) in Clermont Ferrand.  The first group of new windows was commissioned between 1932-1939 to replace earlier windows in the choir created in 1846 by Lami de Nozan.

When Felix Gaudin died in 1930 his place was taken by his son Jean Gaudin (1879-1930). In the 1950s Jean Gaudin replaced many of the windows in the chapels with modernist designs.

Bosses or Keystones of vaults

Among the distinctive features of the church are the bosses or keystones, hanging sculptures which decorate  the centers of the ceiling vaults in the nave, choir and transept. These were made in 1656.  ´They are very finely crafted, and each one is different,illustrating a Biblical story or theme.

Painting, sculpture and woodwork
The church is a textbook of French decorative religious art in the 19th century, with good examples of wood-carving, religious painting and sculpture.

Organs
The ornate carved wooden case of the grand organ, located in the tribune over the portal, was completed in 1684 and The organ itself was finished in 1686. It was built by  Francois Du Castel and his son Hippolyte. It was modified between 1725 and 1732 by Nicolas Collar, then enlarged and extensively rebuilt in 1767 by Francois-Henri Clicquot. It underwent further reconstruction in 1864 and 1867 by Joseph Merklin. It was restored again  in 1942. It was restored once more in 1993 by Jean Renaud. It was classified as an object of historical importance in 1945.

The current instrument has forty-two stops arranged on three keyboards.  In addition to the grand organ, the church has a second, smaller organ located in the Choir.

Notes and Citations

Sources and External links

Laurent
Monuments historiques of Paris

Saint-Laurent, Paris


Światopełk Karpiński (27 March 1909 in Łask – 21 April 1940 in Vilnius) was a Polish poet and satirist, brother of architect Zbigniew Karpiński, uncle of the writer and historian of ideas Wojciech Karpiński. He graduated from the School of Political Sciences in Warsaw where he was trained as a diplomat. But instead of following diplomatic career he started collaborating with various Polish newspapers and journals, among them Szpilki and Cyrulik Warszawski. For his collection of poems Trzynaście wierszy he was awarded with the main prize for youth of the Polish Academy of Literature.

Conscripted prior to the outbreak of World War II, he fought in the Defence of Warsaw. He evaded capture by the German forces and managed to get to Vilna (then under Lithuanian control), where he collaborated with various cabarets. He died under mysterious circumstances on 21 April 1940.

1909 births
1940 deaths
20th-century Polish poets
People from Łask
Polish military personnel of World War II

Światopełk Karpiński


The Maken are a caste, or clan of Jat origin   and are claimed to ancest from Jats. They are mostly settled in the Sargodha District of the Punjab (Pakistan).
most of them are  farmers and they are very hard worker. The actively take part in the local sports and are found to be very passionate reagrding Nezabazi and Falconry. Sardar Fateh Khan Maken has been a prominent player in Nezabazi for winning the Asian Championship. Numerous Makens have been a part of provincial politics alongside tribal politics, for example, Punjab. Sardar Asim Sher Maken has been serving as the district council chairman of Sargodha, who was previously the chairman of Kot Pehlwan union council. Sardar Muhammad Yousuf Maken from Wegowal always play a vital role in general elections. Chaudhary Salehon Maken Subedar has been chairman from Mandi Bahaudin multiple times. Sardar Sikandar Hayat Maken and Sardar Fateh Khan Maken have contested and won different elections for a provincial assembly seat. Chaudry Ghulam Mubashir Maken is serving SSP (DPO) D G Khan. Sardar Aamir Habib Ullah Maken Air Vice Marshal (General) in Pakistan Air Force. Sardar Mujahid Zafar Maken is serving Assistant commissioner Multan. A well known name in electrical distribution systems designing Engineer Hafiz Ghulam Muhammad (Designer of different sectors of  DHA Multan, DHA Peshawar and DHA Quetta) also belongs to Maken family. Hammad Hassan Maken is a serving commander in Pakistan Navy. He was awarded Sitara-e-Basalat for successfully eliminating the terrorists from Pearl Continental Gawadar in a 25 hours operation.[2]

Languages

References

Punjabi people
Sargodha District
Pakistani tribes

Mekan clan


Roberto Arlt (April 26, 1900 – July 26, 1942) was an Argentine novelist, storyteller, playwright, journalist and inventor.

Biography
He was born Roberto Godofredo Christophersen Arlt in Buenos Aires on April 26, 1900. His parents were both immigrants. His father, Karl Arlt, was from Posen (now Poznań in present-day Poland) and his mother was Ekatherine Iobstraibitzer, born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a native of Trieste and Italian speaking.  German was the language commonly used at their home. His relationship with his father was stressful, as Karl Arlt was a very severe and austere man, by Arlt's own account. The memory of his oppressive father would appear in several of his writings. For example, Remo Erdosain (a character at least partially based on Arlt's own life) often recalls his abusive father and how little if any support he would give him. After being expelled from school at the age of eight, Arlt became an autodidact and worked at all sorts of different odd jobs before landing a job at a local newspaper: a clerk at a bookstore, apprentice to a tinsmith, painter, mechanic, welder, manager in a brick factory, and dock worker.

His first novel, El juguete rabioso (1926) ("Mad Toy"), was the semi-autobiographical story of Silvio, a dropout who goes through a series of adventures trying to be "somebody." Narrated by Silvio's older self, the novel reflects the energy and chaos of the early 20th century in Buenos Aires. The narrator's literary and sometimes poetic language contrasts sharply with the street-level slang of Mad Toy's many colorful characters.

Arlt's second novel, the popular Los siete locos (The Seven Madmen) was rough, brutal, colloquial, and surreal, a complete break from the polite, middle-class literature more typical of Argentine literature. Los lanzallamas (The Flame-Throwers) was the sequel, and these two novels together are thought by many to be his greatest work. What followed were a series of short stories and plays in which Arlt pursued his vision of bizarre, half-mad, alienated characters pursuing insane quests in a landscape of urban chaos. In 1932 he published El amor brujo.

During his lifetime, however, Arlt was best known for his "Aguafuertes" ("Etchings"), the result of his contributions as a columnist - between 1928 and 1942 - to the Buenos Aires daily "El Mundo". Arlt used these columns to comment, in his characteristically forthright and unpretentious style, on the peculiarities, hypocrisies, strangeness, and beauty of everyday life in Argentina's capital. These articles included occasional exposés of public institutions, such as the juvenile justice system ("Escuela primaria de delincuencia", 26–29 September 1932) or the Public Health System.  Some of the "Aguafuertes" were collected in two volumes under the titles Secretos femeninos. Aguafuertes inéditas and Tratado de delincuencia. Aguafuertes inéditas which were edited by Sergio Olguín and published by Ediciones 12 and Página/12 in 1996.

Between March and May 1930, Arlt wrote a series of "Aguafuertes" as a correspondent to "El Mundo" in Rio de Janeiro. In 1935 he spent nearly a year writing as he traveled throughout Spain and North Africa, on the eve of the Spanish Civil War. At the time of his death, Arlt was hoping to be sent to the United States as a correspondent.

Worn out and exhausted after a lifetime of hardships, he died from a stroke on July 26, 1942. His coffin was lowered from his apartment by an operated crane, an ironic end, considering his bizarre stories.

Arlt has been massively influential on Latin American literature, including the 1960s "Boom" generation of writers such as Gabriel García Márquez. "Let's say, modestly, that Arlt is Jesus Christ," propounded Roberto Bolaño. Analogues in English literature are those who avoid literary 'respectability' by writing about the poor, the criminal and the mad: writers like William Burroughs, Iceberg Slim, and Irvine Welsh. Arlt, however, predated all of them. He is widely considered to be one of the founders of the modern Argentine novel; among those contemporary writers who claim to have been influenced by Arlt are Abelardo Castillo, Ricardo Piglia and César Aira. At least two Argentine movies were based on his novels, Los siete locos (1974) and El juguete rabioso (1985). Peter Damian Bellis, an editor of the independent press River Boat Books of Minneapolis, became resolved to make Los siete locos and Los lanzallamas available together in English translation. Although a plan to publish the two closely linked novels in the same volume initially proved unfeasible, The Seven Madmen and The Flamethrowers, respectively translated by Naomi Lindstrom and Larry Riley, appeared simultaneously in July 2018. River Boat's combined edition of both novels eventually appeared in January 2022 under the title Madmen in Revolt.

Novels
 El diario de un morfinómano (1920) (Diary of a Morphimaniac) - (lost)
 El juguete rabioso (1926) (Mad Toy)
 Los siete locos (1929) (Seven Madmen)
 Los lanzallamas (1931) (The Flame-Throwers)
 El amor brujo (1932) (Bewitching Love)

Plays
 El humillado (1930)
 30000 millones (1932)
 Prueba de amor (1932)
 Escenas de un grotesco (1934)
 Saverio el Cruel (1936)
 El fabricante de fantasmas (1936)
 La isla desierta (1937)
 Separación feroz (1938)
 África (1938)
 La fiesta del hierro (1940)
 El desierto entra a la ciudad (1952) (posthumous)
 La cabeza separada de mi tronco padreeeee (1964) (posthumous)
 El amor brujo (1971) (posthumous)

Short story collections
 El jorobadito (1933) (The Little Hunchback)
 El criador de gorilas (1941) (The Gorilla Handler)

Journalism
 Aguafuertes porteñas (1933) (Etchings from Buenos Aires)
 Aguafuertes españolas (1936) (Etchings from Spain)
 Nuevas aguafuertes españolas (1960) (New Etchings from Spain)
 Secretos femeninos. Aguafuertes inéditas (1996) (Female Secrets. Unpublished Etchings)
 Tratado de delincuencia. Aguafuertes inéditas (1996) (Treatise on Delinquency. Unpublished Etchings)
 Al margen del cable. Crónicas publicadas en El Nacional, México, 1937-1941 (2003) (On the Margin of Cables. Chronicles Published in El Nacional, México, 1937-1941)

Sources

References

Further reading
Aynesworth, Michele Mckay. Mad Toy, a translation of Roberto Arlt's El juguete rabioso, with Introduction and Notes. Duke UP, 2002. .
Biography of Roberto Arlt at Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes

External links

Argentine dramatists and playwrights
Argentine male short story writers
Argentine male novelists
Argentine essayists
Writers from Buenos Aires
Argentine people of German descent
1900 births
1942 deaths
20th-century Argentine novelists
20th-century dramatists and playwrights
Male dramatists and playwrights
Male essayists
20th-century short story writers
20th-century essayists
20th-century Argentine male writers
Argentine journalists
Argentine male journalists
Weird fiction writers

Roberto Arlt


Adam Christian Buckley (born 2 August 1979) is an English former professional footballer. He played as a midfielder from 1996 to 2013.

Buckley played as a professional in the Football League for Grimsby Town and Lincoln City between 1998 and 2003, after coming through the youth ranks at West Bromwich Albion. He then forged a career in non-league football and has played for Brigg Town, Harrowby United, Stamford, Spalding United, Bourne Town, Lincoln Moorlands Railway, Sleaford Town, Nettleham and Gainsborough Town.

Career

Grimsby Town
Buckley first got his break in the professional game with West Bromwich Albion as an academy player in 1996, This was while his father, Alan Buckley was the club's manager. With limited chances though he failed to make the grade and step up to the first team at Albion, prompting Buckley to eventually follow his father to Grimsby Town in 1997, when Alan re-took the managerial post at Blundell Park for the second time.

He made his debut for Grimsby in a First Division defeat to Swindon Town on 24 April 1998. He would make one further appearance that season in another away defeat, this time to Watford. The following season, Buckley was eased into first-team action by his father, and was a regular presence on the bench during the 1999–00 campaign. During his time with The Mariners Buckley was cast aside by Grimsby supporters as a player who only featured professionally because his father was the club's manager.

There may have been truth in that factor as following the departure of his father from his managerial role in September 2000, Buckley junior failed to be included in any of new manager's Lennie Lawrence's teams. With this he would not even make the Grimsby substitute bench during the 2000–01, and to add to this he also struggled to hold down a place in the club's reserve team and in July 2001, his contract with Grimsby was cancelled by mutual consent.

Lincoln City
In July 2001, Buckley joined his father once again, agreeing a two-year contract with Lincoln City. He made his Football League debut, as a substitute, for Lincoln in the 3–0 home victory over Swansea City on 25 August and was a regular presence in the first-team squad during his first season, making a total of 31 league appearances, 12 of which came from the substitutes bench.

In April 2002, due to financial constraints, Alan Buckley departed Lincoln, and under new manager Keith Alexander chances were rare. Buckley would make only three league appearances, all from the substitutes bench, during the 2002–03 season with a further three appearances in cup competitions. The season did, however, bring Buckley his only goal in his professional career when he netted a free-kick in the 2–1 home defeat to Shrewsbury Town in the Football League Trophy on 12 November 2002. Buckley like at Grimsby also found cast aside by the Lincoln City supporters for only playing a part in first team affairs because his father was the team's manager.

His career at Lincoln ended when he was arrested over allegations of theft from the club's ground in May 2003. In June 2003 he was sentenced to 120 hours of community service after pleading guilty to four counts of theft from his teammates.

Non-League
Buckley then moved into Non-League football. He had an unsuccessful trial with Ilkeston Town, which was followed by a short spell with Brigg Town. He then joined Harrowby United in March 2004. In October 2005, he signed for Stamford, linking up with his former Harrowby boss Graham Drury. In February 2006, Buckley joined Spalding United on loan, debuting in the defeat to Kidsgrove Athletic on 19 February 2006; the move became permanent in April 2006.

He was released by Spalding in September 2006 and was next heard of at Bourne Town, making his debut in the 4–0 home defeat to St Neots Town on 7 March 2007. After an unsuccessful trial with Boston United in August 2007, Buckley linked up with Spalding United for a second time. Buckley then moved on to play with Lincoln Moorlands Railway in 2008. He made a brief sojourn to Sleaford Town, appearing for the club in a 1–1 friendly draw with Lincoln United on 12 November 2008, before returning to Moorlands. In September 2010, he joined Sleaford Town debuting in the 1–0 United Counties Football League Premier Division home victory over St Ives Town on 11 September 2010.

He moved on to play in the Lincoln Sunday League Premier Division for Welton Sports and joined Nettleham on the Saturdays. He then moved back to Lincoln Moorlands Railway for the remainder of the 2011–12 season before joining newly elected Lincolnshire League side Gainsborough Town in August 2012. Buckley failed to make a single appearance for Town and briefly re-joined Moorlands Railway where he eventually ceased playing competitive football in 2013.

Personal life
He is the son of former Grimsby Town manager Alan Buckley, he played for his father while at West Bromwich Albion, Grimsby and Lincoln. He is also the nephew of the former Derby County and Lincoln City player, Steve Buckley. His elder brother Simon also had a short stint as a professional footballer and was contracted to Grimsby Town, West Bromwich Albion and Boston United but failed to make an appearance in the Football League.

His career at Lincoln ended when he was arrested over allegations of theft from the club's ground in May 2003. In June 2003 he was sentenced to 120 hours of community service after pleading guilty to four counts of theft from his teammates.

Buckley's son Brandon currently plays for Cleethorpes Town.

References

External links

Lincoln City F.C. Official Archive Profile
Unofficial Adam Buckley Profile at The Forgotten Imp

1979 births
Living people
Footballers from Nottingham
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C. players
Brigg Town F.C. players
Harrowby United F.C. players
Stamford A.F.C. players
Spalding United F.C. players
Bourne Town F.C. players
Lincoln Moorlands Railway F.C. players
Sleaford Town F.C. players
Nettleham F.C. players
Gainsborough Town F.C. players
Winterton Rangers F.C. players
English Football League players
Northern Premier League players
English criminals
United Counties League players

Adam Buckley


Mohali, officially known as Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, is a planned city in the Mohali district in Punjab, India, which is an administrative and a commercial hub lying south-west of Chandigarh. It is the headquarters of the Mohali district and one of the six Municipal Corporations of the State. It is officially named after Sahibzada Ajit Singh, the eldest son of Guru Gobind Singh.

Mohali has developed rapidly as an IT hub of the state of Punjab, and has thus grown in importance.
The Government of Punjab has initiated significant infrastructure and recreation projects in attempts to increase the standard of living in Mohali. Roads have been built to create networks between Mohali and Chandigarh International Airport to boost its international connectivity.

Mohali was earlier a part of the Rupnagar district and was carved out and made a part of a separate district in 2006.

History

Early history
Prehistoric evidence has been found in Mohali and its surrounding regions. Due to the presence of the lake, fossil remains with imprints of a large variety of aquatic plant, animal, and amphibian life have been found. As a part of the Punjab region, it has many rivers in the areas where it is speculated that ancient and primitive settlements by humans began. Some 8,000 years ago, the area was also known to be a home to the Harappans.

Medieval history
Mohali means settlement. The village of Mohali was a part of the Sikh Empire.

The village Lambian, located in the city, was visited by Guru Har Rai, the 7th Guru of the Sikhs. A battle took place here between the British and 500 Sikhs under the command of Akali Hanuman Singh, in which Akali Hanuman Singh attained martyrdom.

Modern history
After the partition of India in 1947, the former British province of Punjab was split between east Punjab in India and west Punjab in Pakistan. The Indian Punjab required a new capital city to replace Lahore, which became part of Pakistan during partition. Consequently, the government made Chandigarh from nearly 50 Puadhi speaking villages of the then state of East Punjab, India.

Mohali was conceived after the trifurcation of Punjab and its capital Chandigarh became a Union Territory in the late 1960s. In 1967, the area around Mohali Village was initially developed as an industrial estate; this was broadened with residential areas to meet housing demands. The township plan for Mohali was put forward by the All India Congress Committee during the annual session held in 1975 at Mohali. On 1 November 1975, Punjab Chief Minister Giani Zail Singh laid the foundation stone of Mohali township and named it Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar. It was rechristened to Ajitgarh by the union government in the year 2012, as it was felt at that time that the name, SAS Nagar, was too long.

City design
Mohali and Chandigarh are contiguous, with only the boundary between Punjab and Chandigarh dividing this area. The original plan of Mohali township is an extension of the road and an 800m x 1200m extension of the sector design system of Chandigarh, without any unique planning.

The first 11 sectors of the sector design system for Mohali are popularly known as Phases. Early development was only till Phase 7. The development of sectors and phases from Phase 8 onwards started in the late 1980s, the city received its bus stand during Phase 8 in the mid-1990s. Some sectors of Chandigarh are shared between Chandigarh and Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, like the sectors 48, 51, 52, 54, 56, 61 and 63. 63 onwards sectors fall in the Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar region.
phase 1 = sector 55
phase 2 = sector 56
phase 3=  Sector 57
phase 4 = sector 58
phase 5 = sector 59
phase 6 = sector 60
phase 7 = sector 61
phase 8 = sector 62
phase 9 = sector 63
phase 10 = sector 64

Greater Mohali Area Development Authority master plan
In the GMADA master plan, the city has up to 128 Sectors which include nearby villages. They are, among others,
Alipur,
Bairampur,
Bakarpur,
Ballo Majra,
Balongi,
Bari,
Bar Majra,
Bathlana,
Behlol,
Bhago Majra,
Chajju Majra,
Chaparchiri,
Daun,
Desumajra,
Dyalpur,
Harlalpur,
Jandpur,
Jhampur,
Jheureri,
Jhungian,
Kailon,
Kandala,
Khuni Majra,
Kishanpura,
Kurali,
Landiali,
Landran,
Manakmajra,
Manana,
Matran,
Naraingarh,
Pattlin,
Raipur Kalan,
Sambalki,
Saneta,
Santemajra,
Shafipur,
Siaun,
Sihanpur,
Sukhgarh,
Tapauli and
Thaska.
GMADA also includes the Aerocity which is a gateway to Mohali International Airport.
Also IT City Mohali has emerged as one of the best location for residences and corporate offices under GMADA. It is spread over 1,600 acres and includes sectors 82, 82A, and 83A. The IT city aims to produce at least 40,000 jobs. With allotment to top IT companies and state of the art infrastructure for residential projects. With futuristic planning and due the location advantage, IT City Mohali is understandably the distinguished locality in Tricity.

Chandigarh Tricity
Mohali and Panchkula are two satellite cities of Chandigarh. The trio of these three cities is collectively known as Chandigarh Tricity. Panchkula is a planned city adjoining Chandigarh in Panchkula District, Haryana, India.

Climate

Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar has a sub-tropical continental monsoon climate characterised by a seasonal rhythm: hot summers, slightly cold winters, unreliable rainfall and great variation in temperature (). In winter, frost sometimes occurs during December and January. The average annual rainfall is recorded at . The city also receives occasional winter rains from the west.

Average temperature
Summer: The temperature in summer may rise to a maximum of  . Temperatures generally remain between .
Autumn: In autumn, the temperature may rise to a maximum of . Temperatures usually remain between  in autumn. The minimum temperature is around .
Winter: Average temperatures in winter (November to February) remain at (maximum)  and (minimum) .
Spring: spring temperatures vary between (min)  (max).

Demographics
As per 2011 census, Mohali's urban agglomeration (metropolitan area) had a population of 176,152, out of which males were 92,407 and females were 83,745. The effective literacy rate (7+ years) was 93.04% per cent. The sex ratio of Mohali is 906 females per 1,000 males.

Sikhism is the majority religion in Mohali which is followed by 51.53% of the people. Hinduism is the second most followed religion which is adhered to by 45.55% of the people. Minority religions like Islam and Christianity are followed by 1.68% and 0.79% of the population, with 0.45% are Buddhists, Jains and others.

Politics and government

The Deputy Commissioner, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service, is the overall in charge of the General Administration in the Districts of India. Currently, Girish Dayalan is serving as Deputy Commissioner. The civic administration in Mohali under the Municipal Corporation (established 1984), a body of elected councillors and is headed by a Commissioner chosen from the elected members.

Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar is a Municipal Corporation, with Kulwant Singh as the first mayor, with the current being Amarjoit Singh since April 2021. The district administration is under the supervision of Current Administrator Gurpreet Kaur Sapra, Deputy Commissioner (IAS). Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar is part of Anandpur Sahib Parliamentary Constituency, represented by Manish Tewari since 2019, while in Punjab Legislative Assembly, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar is represented since 2012 by MLA Balbir Singh Sidhu from Congress. Before 2012, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar was part of the Kharar Assembly Constituency. In the 2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, a new Assembly Constituency was carved out in the name of Mohali (as Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar was known during Assembly Elections 2012). Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar is also represented in Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) by Paramjit Kaur Landran and Hardeep Singh. The seat was reserved for women during the 2011 SGPC Elections.

Transport

Road

The main bus stand of this city is located in Sector 56, where many government and private bus operators provide services to different cities of the state. Chandigarh Transport Undertaking (CTU) provides bus connectivity with the rest of the tricity. Chandigarh Sector 43 Bus Stand is also close to Mohali.

Auto-rickshaws ply throughout the city.

Rail
Mohali Railway Station is situated in Industrial Area, Phase 11 and connects the city with several important locations in the region such as Delhi, Ludhiana and Amritsar, as well as other parts of the country.

Air
Shaheed Bhagat Singh International Airport is located near Aerocity in Mohali. It has both domestic and international flights.

Economy

Mohali's economy is largely manufacturing-based, the major companies in the region include Punjab Tractor Limited (PTL), ICI Paints, and Punjab Communications Limited. Telecommunications service providers including Tata Communications, Vodafone and the Godrej Group operate within SAS Nagar. SAS Nagar's role in facilitating multinational corporations is growing, with contributions from global tech giants such as Quark and Philips.

Denver-based Quark, Inc. has created a $500M,  QuarkCity in SAS Nagar, complete with a residential complex comprising 30% of the area; the shopping, entertainment, medical and educational districts consume another 10%.  It was designed to generate 25,000 direct and 100,000 indirect jobs. It also includes a Special Economic Zone (SEZ). It is located  north of India's capital city of New Delhi.

The region has been targeted by an increasing number of outsourcing IT companies.

Sports
Mohali contributes greatly to sports within the Punjab region (most notably Minerva Academy), with 8 multipurpose sports complexes equipped football, field hockey, cricket, swimming, table tennis, athletics, volleyball, badminton, tennis, etc. It has two international cricket stadiums, latest being Mullanpur International Cricket Stadium. It also home to the Mohali International Hockey Stadium.

Cricket

In 1990, the Punjab Cricket Association (PCA) unveiled a plan to build a state-of-the-art facility complete with a separate practice ground—to be built in a swampy area in the city.  The PCA invested heavily in the ground, a swimming pool, health club, tennis court, library, restaurant, and bar and outdoor & indoor cricket practice nets were incorporated into the plans.

The construction of the stadium took around ₹25 crores and 3 years to complete. The stadium has an official capacity of 30000 spectators. The stadium was designed by Arun Loomba and Associates, Panchkula and constructed by R.S. Construction Company, Chandigarh. The lights here are unconventional compared to other cricket stadiums, in that the light pillars are very low in height. This is to avoid aircraft from the nearby airport colliding with the light pillars. The stream passing through the central part of Chandigarh called N Choe, also passes alongside the stadium.

PCA Stadium is home of Punjab Kings (IPL Mohali franchisee). The current pitch curator for the PCA Stadium is Daljit Singh and the design consultant is Ar. Sufyan Ahmad.

Hockey
The city has the International Hockey Stadium which serves as the home ground for the hockey club, Punjab Warriors, of Hockey India League.

Places of interest

Places of tourist interest in and around this region include the following:
 Fateh Burj

Religious places

Gurudwara Amb Sahib

Gurudwara Amb Sahib is a historical shrine situated in Sector 62, Mohali commemorates the visit of the 7th Guru of Sikhs, Guru Har Rai. The place also commemorates the meeting of Guru Har Rai with his famous Sikh Bhai Kuram, a Labana trader. This shrine is managed by SGPC, Amritsar.

Shri Shiv Mandir

Shri Shiv Mandir is an old Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva, situated in Phase1.

Gurudwara Singh Shaheedan

This shrine is situated in the village Sohana, close to Sector 70 constructed in memory of the martyrdom of Jathedar Baba Hanuman Singh, a Nihang Jathedar. He, along with 500 Sikhs, attained martyrdom at this place in a battle against British forces during the Anglo-Sikh Wars.

Dera Dargah Sharif Bakarpur

This shrine is situated in the village Bakarpur, in Aerocity, near Mohali Airport. This shrine is home of Ali and five Pirs. Sai Surinder Singh is currently the chief dera head of this Dargah.

Parks and gardens
 Nature Park, Phase 8
 Rose Garden, Phase 3B1
 Bougainvillea Garden, Phase 4
 Silvy Park, Phase 10
 Valley Park, Phase 8
 Ekta Park, Phase 7 (Near Chawla Chowk) Mohali
 Kargil Park, Sector 71
 Fountain Park, Sector 70
 City park, sector 68

Markets and other places
 Main Market, Phase - 7,  SAS Nagar
 Main Market, Phase - 4,  SAS Nagar
 Main Market, Phase - 3,  SAS Nagar
 Main Market, Phase - 1,  SAS Nagar
 Main Market, Phase - 5,  SAS Nagar
 Main Market, Phase - 10,  SAS Nagar
 Punjab Cricket Association Stadium,  SAS Nagar
 International Hockey Stadium, Phase-9
 Gurudwara Amb Sahib, Phase - 8

Chowks of Mohali
The famous chowks of Mohali, which replicate one of the best features of the city are:
 YPS Chowk
 Diplast Chowk
 Airport Chowk

Upcoming developing areas
 Aerocity, Mohali
 Aerotropolis, Mohali

Other Nearby Places
 Sikh Ajaibghar, Sector 119, Village Balongi, Village Bar Majra
 VR Punjab, Kharar
 Gurudwara Nabha Sahib - Zirakpur

Education

 Schools
 Anee's School, Sector-69, Mohali
 Doon International School, Sector-69, Mohali
 Gian Jyoti Public School, Phase 2, Mohali
 Gurukul World School, Sector-69, Mohali
 Learning Paths School, Sector 67, Mohali
 Shivalik Public School, Mohali
 The British School, Sector 70
 Yadavindra Public School, Sector 51, Mohali

 Universities

 Plaksha University Alpha, Sector 101, IT City Rd, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar

Chandigarh University  NH-95, Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway, Mohali

 Science and Medical Colleges
 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS, Mohali)
 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali (IISER Mohali)

 Engineering colleges
 GGS College of Modern Technology
 Indo Global Colleges
 Shaheed Udham Singh College of Engineering & Technology
 Chandigarh Engineering College

 Business Schools
 Indian School of Business (ISB), Sector 81
 Amity University, Sector 82A, IT City, Mohali
 Plaksha University, Sector 83A, IT City, Mohali

 Law Schools
 Army Institute of Law
 Universal Law College

 Pharmacy
 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali (NIPER)

Healthcare

The city has several speciality hospitals. Government dispensaries also are present in some sectors. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences Of phase 6 is the oldest government hospital in the city and the new hospital is in Sector 66.

The city has many multi-facility private hospitals like the Max Super Speciality Hospital, Fortis Hospital, Silver Oak Hospital, Ivy Hospital, Indus Super Speciality Hospital, Mayo Hospital, Cheema Medical Complex, Mukat Hospital and Heart Institute, Cosmo Hospital, Amar Hospital, Grecian Super Speciality Hospital, Sohana Hospital, Ace Heart and Vascular Institute, SGHS Hospitals, AM Hospital, ESI Hospital & Regional Spinal Injury Center (Sector 70). Pharmacies such as City Medicos have also situated near Fortis and Silver Oaks hospital.

See also
 New Chandigarh

References

External links

Planned communities in India
2006 establishments in Punjab, India

Mohali


PanzerArmee Afrika, subtitled "Rommel in the Desert, April 1941 - November 1942", is a board wargame published by Simulations Publications, Inc. (SPI) in 1973 that simulates the World War II North African Campaign that pitted the Axis forces commanded by Erwin Rommel against Allied forces. The game was revised and republished in 1984 by Avalon Hill.

Description
In February 1941, Erwin Rommel was ordered to stabilize the situation in North Africa after British troops routed the Italian army. This game simulates Rommel's campaign from April 1941 until his defeat at the Battle of El Alamein in November 1942.

Components
The magazine pull-out edition had the following components:
One 22 x 34" paper hex grid map, scaled at 12 mi (19 km) per hex
200 die-cut counters
12-page rules booklet
SPI also published the game in a "flat-pack" box with integral counter tray and clear plastic lid.

In the Avalon Hill boxed set, the map was mounted, and a 6-sided die was included.

Gameplay
Each turn, which represents a month of game time, is divided into 4 phases for the Allied player, and then the same phases for the Axis player:
Supply Determination Phase
Movement Phase
Combat Phase
Replacements and Reinforcement Phase

New rules
This game used several unusual rules:
 If a unit survives an attack, it can counterattack at double strength.
 Supply units, which must be set up in a chain, do not move themselves, and can be captured by enemy units.
 Units have 50–60 Movement Points, considered a very large number in comparison to other wargames

Publication history
PanzerArmee Afrika was designed by Jim Dunnigan, with the system design and graphics by Redmond A. Simonsen and game development by Irad Hardy and Hank Zucker. It was first published by SPI in Strategy & Tactics #40, and also in a "flat-pack" box.

After SPI was taken over by TSR in 1982, TSR sold off some of SPI's games to Avalon Hill, including Panzergruppe Guderian and PanzerArmee Afrika. Avalon Hill printed a revised edition of PanzerArmee Afrika in 1984 in a "bookcase" box.

Reception
In his 1977 book The Comprehensive Guide to Board Wargaming, Nicholas Palmer called it an "enduringly popular operational-level game." He noted the "lightning movement emphasized with movement factors up to sixty." Palmer also highlighted the "controversial Command Control system [...] realistic and extremely irritating for the player affected!" He concluded, "Moderate complexity, good choice of strategic and tactical options, rather realistic."

In a post-publication discussion in Moves #17, SPI R&D staff agreed that if both players were aggressive, gameplay would favour the Allied player; but if the Axis player was content to simply occupy Tobruk and defend it, the result was almost guaranteed to be an Axis marginal victory.

In The General, Bob Medrow felt that the revised Avalon Hill edition took away the "reasonably careful and conservative" play option that had guaranteed a German victory in the older SPI edition. He concluded that the new rules made a good game even better, saying, "For years, [the SPI edition of] PanzerArmee Afrika was a favorite among garners looking for a fast-moving, exciting challenge. [...] The Avalon Hill Game Company is to be congratulated on keeping this game on the market — and even improving it."

In Volume 25, Issue 6 of The General, Martin Shaw made an in-depth analysis of the strategies and tactics of this game and warned players the game was never over until the final skirmish, pointing out, "In this game of desert warfare you should never give up, as it is very easy for you to leave a seeming gap in your lines so your opponent can fatally overextend himself as he rushes through that gap." Shaw concluded, "Victory in PanzerArmee Afrika will usually go to the bold, but rarely to the reckless. And that, in conclusion, sums up this intriguing, challenging game best of all."

In The Guide to Simulations/Games for Education and Training, Martin Campion commented, "For a short game, PanzerArmee Afrika gives the feel of the North African campaign well. The supply rule is abstract and difficult to remember, but the rest of the game moves smoothly." Campion concluded, "The game shows many of the factors that were important in the campaign, but it does not show that Axis supply was erratic, a fact which continually influenced Rommel's plans to attack."

Other reviews
Fire & Movement #10 and #60
Europa #6-8
Simulacrum #19
Pursue & Destroy #17
Wargame News #17

References

External links

Avalon Hill games
Board games introduced in 1973
Jim Dunnigan games
Simulations Publications games
Wargames introduced in 1973
World War II board wargames

PanzerArmee Afrika (board game)


Ong Kommandam (also Ong Kommadam) was the confidant and successor of Ong Keo as the leader of the Mon-Khmer tribes of southern Laos in their struggle for independence from French and Lao rule.  Ong Keo was assassinated in 1910 by the Commissioner of Salavan, Jacques Dauplay. Kommandam survived the attack, which added to his status, and he united the highland minorities of Southern Laos. An ethnic Alak, he claimed that the "Khom" (a general term for the Mon-Khmer hill tribes) were indigenous to the area and previously held much more prestige and glory, first when the Khmer Empire ruled them, and later when they were a part of the Kingdom of Lan Xang. As part of his resistance activities, he invented a secret script to convey messages, the Khom script.  He continued the fight for independence from 1910 until 1936 when he was killed.

References
Gunn, Geoffrey (1990). Rebellion in Laos: peasant and politics in a colonial backwater. Boulder: Westview Press.
Moppert, François (1981). Le révolte des Bolovens (1901–1936). In Histoire de l'Asie du Sud-est: Révoltes, Réformes, Révolutions, Pierre Brocheux (ed.), 47-62. Lille: Presses Universitaires de Lille.
Polsena, Vatthana; 2006; Post-war Laos: The Politics of Culture, History, And Identity; Cornell University Press; ; pp 121–138

References

Laotian military leaders
Year of birth missing
1936 deaths
Creators of writing systems
Guerrillas killed in action

Ong Kommandam


Albert Stinson (August 2, 1944 in Cleveland, Ohio – June 2, 1969) was an American jazz double-bassist.

Stinson learned to play piano, trombone, and tuba before settling on bass at age 14. After his graduation from John Muir High School in Pasadena, California in 1962, he began playing professionally in the early 1960s in Los Angeles, working with Terry Gibbs, Frank Rosolino, Chico Hamilton, and Charles Lloyd (1965). Later in the decade he worked with Larry Coryell, John Handy (1967), Miles Davis, Bobby Hutcherson (1967), and Gerald Wilson's Los Angeles-based big band. His ebullient personality, bright tone, and aggressive attack all contributed to his being nicknamed "Sparky".

Stinson died on tour of a drug overdose in 1969 at the age of 24. He never recorded as a leader but appears on Hamilton's Impulse! albums, Hutcherson's Blue Note album Oblique, and Handy's Koch Records album New View! He also appears on Clare Fischer's album Surging Ahead.

Discography
With Larry Coryell
 Coryell (Vanguard, 1969)

With Clare Fischer
 Surging Ahead (Pacific Jazz, 1963)

With Chico Hamilton
 Drumfusion (Columbia, 1962)
 Passin' Thru (Impulse!, 1962)
 A Different Journey (Reprise, 1963)
 Man from Two Worlds (Impulse!, 1963)
 Chic Chic Chico (Impulse!, 1965)
 El Chico (Impulse!, 1965)

With John Handy
 New View (Columbia, 1967)

With Bobby Hutcherson
 Oblique (Blue Note, 1967)

With Charles Lloyd
 Of Course, of Course (Columbia, 1965)
 Nirvana (Columbia, 1965)

With Joe Pass
 Catch Me! (Pacific Jazz, 1963)

References

[ Albert Stinson] at Allmusic

1944 births
1969 deaths
American jazz double-bassists
Male double-bassists
Musicians from Cleveland
Drug-related deaths in the United States
20th-century American musicians
Musicians from Pasadena, California
Jazz musicians from California
Jazz musicians from Ohio
20th-century double-bassists
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians

Albert Stinson


Tiverton is a town in Newport County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 16,359 at the 2020 census.

Geography
Tiverton is located on the eastern shore of Narragansett Bay, across the Sakonnet River from Aquidneck Island (also known as the Island of Rhode Island). Together with the adjacent town of Little Compton, the area is disconnected from the rest of the state of Rhode Island. The northern portion of the town is located on Mount Hope Bay.

Much of the town is located along a granite ridge which runs in a north–south direction, rising approximately 170 feet in elevation from the bay. A large section of exposed granite can be observed at the highway cut for Route 24, near the Main Road interchange.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Tiverton has a total area of 36.3 square miles (94.1 km2), of which 29.4 square miles (76.0 km2) is land and 18.0 km2 (7.0 sq mi; 19.16%) is water.

The northern portion of greater Tiverton is also known as North Tiverton, Rhode Island.

At times, Tiverton has been considered a part of the South Coast region of Massachusetts despite the town residing entirely within Rhode Island. By its most literal definition, the South Coast encompasses the geographic area of Massachusetts that borders Buzzards Bay (excluding the Elizabeth Islands, Bourne and Falmouth), Mount Hope Bay and the Sakonnet River. It has been argued that Little Compton and Tiverton share more in common with the regional identities of the South Coast communities of Westport, Dartmouth and Fall River than the rest of Newport County.

History

Early

Tiverton was incorporated by English colonists in 1694 within Bristol County in the Province of Massachusetts Bay.  As well as being part of Old Dartmouth. In 1746, in the final settlement of a long colonial boundary dispute between Rhode Island and Massachusetts, Tiverton—together with its fellow towns along the eastern shore of Narragansett Bay, Barrington, Bristol and Little Compton, and the town of Cumberland, to the north of Providence—were annexed to Rhode Island by Royal Decree.   Tiverton was incorporated as a town in 1747.  Until that year, Tiverton also controlled the area of East Freetown, Massachusetts, as an outpost.  The boundary settlement of 1746 had put East Freetown in Massachusetts, and in 1747 it was purchased by Freetown.

Men from the Tiverton outpost took part in the Battle of Freetown, on May 25, 1778, during the Revolutionary War. On the 31st of that month, a party of about 150 British regulars of the 22nd Regiment under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell attacked the town. Rivington's Gazette reported that the British were making a preemptive attack based on intelligence that the American militia at Tiverton was preparing an attack against them. However, another report in the New Hampshire Gazette stated the militia was waiting in prepared defensive positions. The result of this skirmish was two British killed, several more wounded, and some fire damage to the lower mill in Tiverton. None of the militiamen were wounded or killed.

For about three years during the war, December 1776 – October 1779, the island of Rhode Island, now known as Aquidneck Island, was occupied by the British.  During this time, Tiverton was a refuge for Americans fleeing this occupation, and a mustering place for colonial forces gathering to drive out the British.  The British occupying forces were eventually withdrawn strategically, as General Clinton marshaled his forces for the 1780 British invasion of South Carolina.)

In its early days, Tiverton was chiefly a farming community with some fishing and boat construction.  Until 1900 the manufacture of menhaden oil, a fish derivative, was one of the primary industrial pursuits.  Cotton and woolen mills were established as early as 1811, when Colonel Joseph Durfee established a spinning mill at Cook Pond, in what it now the city of Fall River, Massachusetts.

In 1856, the northern part of the town was set apart from Tiverton, and renamed Fall River, Rhode Island, by the Rhode Island General Assembly. On March 1, 1862, in a case between the states that reached the United States Supreme Court, both Fall Rivers were made part of Massachusetts and the state boundary was placed in its current location near State Avenue.

Mark's Stadium is a former soccer stadium located in North Tiverton, Rhode Island. During the 1920s and early 1930s, it was the home of Fall River F.C., one of the era's most successful soccer teams. It is one of the earliest examples of a soccer-specific stadium in the United States. After the demise of the 'Marksmen', the stadium was used as a home ground by other local teams, most notably Fall River F.C. (1932) and Ponta Delgada S.C.

Recent events
In July 1997 the National Weather Service (NWS) based in Taunton, Massachusetts established a cooperative weather station in the Stone Bridge Village section of town. Named Tiverton-2SW, this station serves as an official meteorological recording station for the town of Tiverton. Data from Tiverton-2SW is collected by the NWS in Taunton, Massachusetts as well as the National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina.

As of 2006, retail shops are the major employers in the town.  Since the mid-20th century, Tiverton has grown as a summer resort and residential area, and as a suburb of Fall River, Massachusetts. During the 1960s, Route 24 was constructed through the northern part of the town, connecting Tiverton with Newport, Rhode Island via the Sakonnet River Bridge.

In 2002, contaminated soil, including some soil that was blue, was discovered in the Bay Street neighborhood of Tiverton.  In 2003, private property testing began.  Contaminants including arsenic, lead, cyanide, and more were found at levels above residential exposure guidelines.  Residents have been prohibited from digging in the soil.  ENACT (Environmental Neighborhood Awareness Committee of Tiverton) advocates on behalf of the community.  Property values in the neighborhood have plummeted due to the contamination and the moratorium on digging soil, which meant that residents of this neighborhood have lost their home equity.  One of ENACT's successes has been the passage of legislation to create the Environmentally Contaminated Home Ownership (ECHO) loan program, which provides loans for people whose home equity has been sharply reduced due to contamination.  The Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management (RIDEM) has been involved in developing work plans to treat the contamination.

On September 1, 2018 the Tiverton Casino Hotel (now Bally's Tiverton) was opened to the public, after Twin River Worldwide Holdings closed the Newport Grand Casino and moved its gaming license to the new facility.

Beaches
The two beaches in Tiverton are Fogland Beach and Grinnell's Beach. Both beaches are located on the Sakonnet River.  Strong cool breezes blow throughout the year.

Fogland Beach has lifeguards, and also can be used for fishing, walking, and wildlife/nature observation. It is popular destination for windsurfing and kite-surfing with rentals being available. The town also offers kayaking and paddleboarding programs through a local company.

Grinnell's Beach provides an excellent windsurfing area, and a view of the Sakonnet River and Portsmouth shoreline. Amenities include changing rooms, showers and shaded seating.

Climate

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 15,260 people, 6,077 households, and 4,405 families residing in the town.  The population density was .  There were 6,474 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the town was 97.98% White, 0.43% Black or African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.39% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.22% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.68% of the population.

There were 6,077 households, out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.2% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.5% were non-families. Of all households 23.1% were made up of individuals, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.95.

The age distribution of the population of Tiverton was 22.1% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% 65 years older.  The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.9 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.6 males aged 18 or more.

The median income for a household in the town was $49,977, and the median income for a family was $58,917. Males had a median income of $41,042 versus $29,217 for females. The per capita income for the town was $22,866.  About 2.9% of families and 4.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.7% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over.

Historic places

Bourne Mill
Cook-Bateman Farm
First Baptist Church of Tiverton
Fort Barton Site
Osborn-Bennett Historic District
Tiverton Four Corners Historic District

Notable people

Robert Gray, merchant sea-captain and explorer
Russell Warren (1783–1860), architect

Education
Tiverton has five public schools: Poccasset Elementary School, Fort Barton Elementary School, Ranger Elementary School (recently demolished and rebuilt), Tiverton Middle School, and Tiverton High School. The town is its own district and a part of the Newport County district.

Library

The Tiverton Public Library was chartered by the state in 1927. The library was housed in several locations around town over the years.

In June 2015 a new 24,000 square foot building was opened, incorporating a meeting hall, teen room, cafe, children's library, and public courtyard spaces. The new building, designed by Union Studio architects, features a clock tower and gabled ends. The new library received an AIA Rhode Island Design Award for Merit in 2018.

A branch, the Union Public Library located at 3832 Main Road and part of the Tiverton Four Corners Historic District, has operated on that site almost continuously since 1820, although the current Early Victorian building dates from 1868.  A paid staff member is assisted by volunteers from the Union Public Library Association to provide a reading room and library services.

See also

References

Further reading
 McEvedy, Colin (1988). The Penguin Atlas of North American History to 1870. London: Penguin Books. .

External links

 Official website of Tiverton

 Tiverton History, Old Newspaper Articles, Genealogy

Islands of Narragansett Bay
Populated coastal places in Rhode Island
Populated places established in 1659
Providence metropolitan area
Towns in Newport County, Rhode Island
Towns in Rhode Island

Tiverton, Rhode Island


Temba Maqubela (born 1958) is a South African educator and administrator. In July 2013 he began as the eighth Headmaster at The Groton School.  He previously served as the Dean of Faculty and Assistant Head for Academics at Phillips Academy, Andover. He served as director of (MS)2, a program that addresses math and science needs for African American, Latino, and Native American high school students. Over the course of his 26-year tenure at Phillips Academy, Maqubela served as a member of the advisory committee, as Chair of the Chemistry department, and as a chemistry teacher. Maqubela launched the ACE Scholars Program, which tackles the preparation gap among gifted students, and took the lead on Andover's Global Perspectives Group, which focuses on global education for students and faculty.

Education and awards

Maqubela is a graduate of University of Ibadan (B.S.), and University of Kentucky (M.S.).

He was awarded the White House Distinguished Teacher Award in 1993 and was inducted into the Hall of Fame for the Northeast Section of the American Chemical Society in 2002.

Personal

In 1976, when only 17 years old, Maqubela escaped South Africa and went into exile. He lived throughout Africa before moving to the United States with his wife and son in 1986. He taught at public school in New York City before teaching at Phillips Academy.  As of 2013, Maqubela has been instated as the eighth headmaster of Groton School as well as an organic chemistry teacher.

Maqubela serves on the board of South Africa Partners, which builds mutually beneficial partnerships between the United States and South Africa in the areas of health and education. He is a co-founder and board director of Masibumbane Development Organization, a newly established NGO grounded in a rich tradition and born from decades of powerful service in the Eastern Cape of South Africa.

He is also a current board advisor for the African Leadership Academy, a pan-African secondary institution that aims to educate and develop outstanding students into principled, ethical leaders for Africa.

Maqubela's wife Vuyelwa Maqubela, is the daughter of R.L. Peteni, educator and author of Hill of Fools; the first novel written in both English and Xhosa. She was an English teacher at Phillips Academy until the pair moved to Groton School, and she is a board member at Grassroot Soccer, a nonprofit organization that promotes HIV/AIDS education and prevention in Africa.  Vuyelwa now teaches English at Groton School.

He is the grandson of Z.K. Matthews, a celebrated South African scholar, educator, and activist. His first cousin is Naledi Pandor, Minister of Home Affairs in South Africa.

Notes

References

 Vance,Valerie. S. Africans on Write Track; US Program Teaches Black Teachers How to Encourage Self-Expression. The Christian Science Monitor, August 19, 1991
 "Interview with Temba Maqubela on Nelson Mandela." All Things Considered (NPR) December 6, 2013.
Seth Stern. "Summer camp targets high achievers when it counts." Chicago Sun-Times. 2002. HighBeam Research.
It's tough, it's intense - and kids love it The Christian Science Monitor. 2002. HighBeam Research.
 Jordana Hart, South African Seeks To Unlock Minds Of A Nation's Children The Boston Globe (Boston, MA). 1990. HighBeam Research. (October 16, 2016).
 Shari Rudavsky, Globe Correspondent. Summer Of Science Recharges Attitudes. The Boston Globe (Boston, MA). 2002. HighBeam Research.
 "Daniel, Nneji, Ayuba, Cynosure of All Eyes At Kora Awards." Africa News Service 19 Dec. 2005.

1958 births
American educators
Living people
South African emigrants to the United States
University of Ibadan alumni
University of Kentucky alumni

Temba Maqubela