Teresa "Tracy" Bond (born Teresa "Tracy" Draco, and also known as the Contessa Teresa di Vicenzo) is a fictional character and the main Bond girl in the 1963 James Bond novel On Her Majesty's Secret Service, where she becomes the first Bond girl to marry 007,  and its 1969 film adaptation. In the film version, Tracy is played by actress Diana Rigg.

It is suggested that the inspiration for Tracy Bond came from Ian Fleming's wartime romance with Muriel Wright, whom he met whilst skiing in Kitzbühel.  Wright's sudden death from a bomb raid in her London flat in 1944 and Fleming's subsequent grief are reflected in Tracy's own unexpected death and its effect on Bond, evident in the succeeding novels and film adaptations.

Biography
Born Teresa Draco in 1943 (1937 in the novel), she is the only child of Marc-Ange Draco, the head of the Unione Corse, a powerful Corsican crime syndicate – not quite as large as SPECTRE, but with substantially larger "legal" operations, including Draco Construction. Teresa goes by "Tracy", because she feels "Teresa" does not suit her. As she introduced herself to Bond, she stated, "Teresa is a saint; I'm known as Tracy."

Tracy's mother was an English governess who died in 1955; her father then sent her to a boarding school in Switzerland. Deprived of a stable home life, Tracy joined the "international fast set", committing "one scandal after another"; when Draco cut off her allowance, Tracy committed "a greater folly" out of spite. She married Italian Count Giulio di Vicenzo, who got hold of a large portion of her money before leaving her. Draco paid him off for a divorce, but di Vicenzo died while driving a Maserati in the company of one of his mistresses. Tracy had his child, who later died of spinal meningitis.

Desperate with grief for her child, Tracy attempts suicide by walking into the sea in Portugal, but is rescued by James Bond.

When her father meets Bond, he pleads with Bond to continue to see her, claiming that their relationship has changed her for the better. Bond initially refuses, but he changes his mind when Marc-Ange offers his resources for anything Bond desires. Since the events of Thunderball and the demise of SPECTRE, Bond had been hunting for Ernst Stavro Blofeld, and at one point was willing to retire from MI6 because he felt the hunt was folly and that his services and abilities could be used better. Using Draco's resources, however, Bond is able to track Blofeld to Switzerland. In return, Bond continues to see Tracy and eventually falls in love with her. On their wedding day, Blofeld and his henchwoman Irma Bunt engage Bond and Tracy in a drive-by shooting and Tracy is killed.

In the film, Tracy drives a red 1969 model Mercury Cougar XR-7 convertible.

Legacy
In Fleming's novels, Bond is a broken man after Tracy's death. In You Only Live Twice, he has begun drinking heavily, which has affected his work. M is forced to acknowledge that Bond is no longer fit for service. However, he decides to give Bond one last chance and assigns him to an intelligence-related diplomatic affair in Japan. This in turn leads to a duel to the death with Blofeld in the climax of the novel, and Bond is finally awarded his revenge but suffers a head injury that leaves him with amnesia.

In the films, James Bond is tracking Blofeld in the pre-title credits sequence of Diamonds Are Forever. The film does not explain why nor does it mention Tracy. Originally, it had been planned that On Her Majesty's Secret Service would end with Bond and Tracy driving away from their wedding. The scenes where she was shot were filmed at the same time with the intention that they would form the pre-title sequence of Diamonds Are Forever. As a result of George Lazenby leaving the role, these scenes ended up being part of On Her Majesty's Secret Service.

Subsequent films, until the original timeline's end in 2002, reference the fact that Bond was previously married, but only fleetingly:

 In Live and Let Die, upon Bond's arrival in San Monique, he's informed by the concierge of the hotel he's staying at that "Mrs. Bond" is already there. He's startled at first, but goes along with it and when he meets the woman in question, CIA agent Rosie Carver, he jokingly calls her Mrs. Bond several times.
 In The Spy Who Loved Me, when Bond meets Anya Amasova in the Mujaba Club bar, in Cairo, she summarises his career and personal life to him. When she notes, "... many lady friends, but married only once. Wife killed —", Bond cuts her short by saying, "Alright, you've made your point". Anya comments that he's sensitive. Bond replies, "About certain things, yes".

 In For Your Eyes Only, in the pre-title sequence, Bond lays flowers at Tracy's grave in the churchyard of Church of St Giles, Stoke Poges before boarding a helicopter. The headstone reads: "TERESA BOND, 1943–1969, Beloved Wife of JAMES BOND / We have all the time in the World" – referring to the final words in On Her Majesty's Secret Service, which became that movie's theme song. The headstone shows Tracy died in 1969, the same year On Her Majesty's Secret Service was released.
 In Licence to Kill, after Felix Leiter's wedding, Felix's new wife Della throws her garter at Bond, teasing him, "the next one who catches this is the next one who ..." Bond looks visibly pained; when Della asks Felix about it, Felix makes a short, sad reference to Bond once having been married, "but that was a long time ago."
 In GoldenEye, Alec Trevelyan goads Bond, "I might as well ask you if all those vodka martinis ever silence the screams of all the men you've killed ... or if you find forgiveness in the arms of all those willing women for all the dead ones you failed to protect."
 In The World Is Not Enough, Elektra King asks Bond if he's "ever lost a loved one." Bond pauses and brushes off the question.

Movie props
Tracy's wedding dress is now kept at the Admiral Hotel in Milan, along with a big collection of James Bond and Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang items.

References

Bond girls
Fictional socialites
On Her Majesty's Secret Service
Literary characters introduced in 1963
Characters in British novels of the 20th century
Fictional counts and countesses
Fictional attempted suicides
Fictional murdered people

Tracy Bond


Jiao Ge (Chinese:  (胶鬲); Pinyin: Jiāo Gé) was an official of Shang dynasty.

Plot in Fengshen Yanyi
Jiao Ge is a Grand Counselor that has been serving under the renowned Shang dynasty for many a year. Once King Zhou had unleashed a certain edict to create a large pit of spiders and snakes as to feed the seventy-one remaining maidens for holding on to their original Queen, Jiao Ge would decide it best to discuss the issue with Prince Huang Feihu.

Once the maidens began to be thrown into the pit, Jiao Ge would immediately present himself before King Zhou and wished for an answer. During Jiao Ge's anger, he would continuously blabber on at the king that killing his own people is equivalent to that of slicing of your own arms and legs. Once the king's anger was well exploded, he ordered that Jiao Ge would be thrown into the pit as well. These would be the last words of Jiao Ge before throwing himself over the Star-Picking Belvedere, "You no good bird-brain! Your name will be stinking with cruelty for thousands of years!" Thus immediately following this, other random officials would watch in horror as another loyal official killed himself for the sake of his kingdom.

Jiao Ge was appointed as the deity of Zoushu Star (奏书星) in the end.

Notes

References
 Investiture of the Gods chapter 17
 Lüshi Chunqiu'', Vol.3 and 12

Investiture of the Gods characters
Shang dynasty government officials
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown

Jiao Ge


James Solomon Simkin (1919–1984) was an early seminal figure in the history of Gestalt Therapy.

Biography

Simkin received his doctorate in Clinical Psychology at the University of Michigan, and practiced in New Jersey. He also was Chief Psychologist at a large VA hospital. Like most psychotherapists of his generation he was trained analytically. After working in therapy with Fritz Perls in the early 1950s, Simkin became enamored of the Gestalt approach, training and then doing co-therapy with Fritz.  Later, he moved with his family to Southern California and started a therapy practice in Beverly Hills. He invited Perls to join him, but the sharing of an office was short-lived—Perls' volatility and Simkin's hyper-orderly style didn't mix too well vis a vis sharing an office (Simkin, personal communication, 1980). Perls discovered the Esalen Institute and began doing gestalt workshops and trainings there.  Perls and Simkin joined in leading training groups in gestalt therapy for professionals at the institute. Later, when a  parcel on the coast just north of Esalen became available, Simkin built a striking home on the property and started his own residential training institute there in 1969. (Perls left Esalen in 1968).

Simkin's style was more methodical and less flashy than Perls' as could be inferred from his training program. Training consisted of a minimum of three residential months over a three- to five-year period. During the first year, trainees worked exclusively on their own self-awareness and observed their mentor in action in groups and individual sessions.  During subsequent years they were able to work individually or in group with "patient models" who had to be referred by an outside therapist. All this work was supervised in vivo, and all work was videotaped for study. Simkin brought in world-famous trainers for two-day stints during the training month, so as to expose his trainees to different styles of doing Gestalt Therapy, and hopefully prevent them from aping his own style. This was seen as essential to the approach by Simkin. Visiting trainers included Lore Perls, Isadore From, Daniel Rosenblatt, Bob Martin, Miriam Polster, Erv Polster, and others.

Simkin worked much in the manner of Perls, however, in that little attention was paid to group process. The work was done in the Perlsian hot-seat fashion, with the client interacting with the therapist and the therapist using the group as a foil. However, the residential model gave clients an opportunity to practice new behaviors in a family-like setting.

Simkin was a master at observing and tracking behavior, and at contriving interventions that struck to the core of his patients' issues. His use of paradox, his powerful personal presence, and his ability to zero in relentlessly on core issues were his trademarks. He also had a remarkable ability to find and appreciate the authentic core of his patients' personalities, and he used confrontation very effectively. Simkin walked the walk with his relentless commitment to being his own person and enabling others to find out and respect their own personhood. He is one of the early Gestalt therapists who took much from Martin Buber's emphasis on the I-thou relationship.

Much sought after as a trainer, Simkin's program attracted trainees from all over the world. Simkin also traveled to do trainings in Germany, Italy, New Zealand, Australia, the Netherlands, and throughout the United States. In 1981 he became ill with leukemia but continued working until his death in 1984. Simkin's Big Sur home and training center was acquired by and became part of The Esalen Institute in 2009.

References

American psychotherapists
20th-century American psychologists
Canadian psychotherapists
Gestalt therapists
University of Michigan alumni
1919 births
1984 deaths
Canadian emigrants to the United States
20th-century Canadian psychologists

Jim Simkin


The Uraniidae are a family of moths containing four subfamilies, 90 genera, and roughly 700 species.  The family is distributed throughout the tropics of the Americas, Africa and Indo-Australia.  Some of the tropical species are known for their bright, butterfly-like colors and are called sunset moths (for example Chrysiridia rhipheus).  Such moths are apparently toxic and the bright colors are a warning to predators.

The family Uraniidae contains both diurnal and nocturnal species.  The day-flying species are usually more strikingly colored and vibrant than the nocturnal ones.  Many diurnal species also have iridescent scales and multiple tails, which often led them to be mistaken for butterflies.  In sharp contrast, the nocturnal species are generally small, pale-colored insects.  The Uraniidae are similar to the geometer moths, to which they are related, but a different wing veining pattern distinguishes them.

References

Further reading
Minet, J. and Socble, M.J. (1999). The Drepanoid/Geometroid Assemblage. pp. 301–329 in Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.). Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbuch der Zoologie. Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierreiches / Handbook of Zoology. A Natural History of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Band / Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta Teilband / Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.

External links

Moth families

Uraniidae


The Feast of the Poets is a poem by Leigh Hunt that was originally published in 1811 in the Reflector. It was published in an expanded form in 1814, and revised and expanded throughout his life (see 1811 in poetry, 1814 in poetry). The work describes Hunt's contemporary poets, and either praises or mocks them by allowing only the best to dine with Apollo. The work also provided commentary on William Wordsworth and Romantic poetry. Critics praised or attacked the work on the basis of their sympathies towards Hunt's political views.

Background
In 1811, Hunt began a magazine called the Reflector, which carried poetry and other literature. One of the works that he submitted was The Feast of the Poets. The work was intended to update the 17th-century tradition of "Sessions of the Poets", a satirical portrayal of both good and bad contemporary poets. In 1813, James Cawthorn, a publisher, asked Hunt to complete a full-length edition of the poem that would include both an introduction and notes to the work. Hunt began to work on the poem and the work was soon expanded.

In January 1814, the work was published and well received by Hunt's friends. The new edition was dedicated to Thomas Mitchell and ended with a sonnet dedicated to Thomas Barnes, both friends of Hunt. The poem would be revised throughout Hunt's life, including an edition in 1815.

Poem
The poem satirically describes many of Hunt's contemporaries: Wordsworth is experiencing a "second childhood", Coleridge "muddles" in writing, and William Gifford is a "sour little gentleman". Four great poets, Thomas Moore, Walter Scott, Robert Southey, and Thomas Campbell are allowed to dine with Apollo while Samuel Rogers is only allowed to have tea.

In the rewrite, Hunt says that was not included because "I haven't the brains". His view of Wordsworth changed to praising Wordsworth as a great poet but also one that "substitute[s] one set of diseased perceptions for another:

he says to us, "Your complexion is diseased your blood fevered you endeavour to keep up your pleasurable sensations by stimulants too violent to last, which must be succeeded by others of still greater violence:- this will not do: your mind wants air and exercise, – fresh thoughts and natural excitements:- up, my friend; come out with me among the beauties of nature and the simplicities of life, and feel the breath of heaven about you". – No advice can be better: we feel the call instinctively; we get up, accompany the poet into his walks, and acknowledge them to be the best and the most beautiful; but what do we meet there? Idiot boys, Mad Mothers, Wandering Jews...

Regardless of the problems, Hunt admits to a connection with Wordsworth, especially in their use of poetry to deal with complex psychological issues.

Themes
The purpose of the notes was to describe, in Hunt's view, what would happen to the reputation of various poets. He placed a particular emphasis on the British Romantic poetry, including Lyrical Ballads, that sought to overcome the standards of neoclassical poetry with emphasis on the problems inherent in the French standards created by those like Nicholas Despreaux-Boileau. As such, Hunt praises Wordsworth as the leader of a new type of poetry. Although Byron is not fully discussed in early editions of the poem, he is discussed in the notes as an individual who would become an important person who had already "taken his place, beyond a doubt, in the list of English Poets". By the 1815 edition, Byron was introduced and was praised by Apollo, which reflected a friendship between the two.

The work influenced how critics viewed Romantic poetry. Hunt's interpretation of Wordsworth and Wordsworth's poetry was later picked up and developed by William Hazlitt in a review of Wordsworth's Excursion. Hazlitt emphasised the egotistical aspects of Wordsworth's regular contemplation in his works. Hazlitt also relied on Hunt's criticism of Wordsworth preferring common people as his heroes. Hazlitt's review, grounded in Hunt's ideas, influenced John Keats's view of the "wordsworthian or egotistical sublime". In Biographia Literaria, Coleridge Biographia Literaria relied on Hunt's claim that Wordsworth focused on the morbid aspects of life or dwelled too much on abstract concepts.

Critical response
Hunt received favourable responses from many of his friends and from Byron and Byron's friend Thomas Moore. However, the magazines were divided on the basis of their political views as they matched with Hunt's own. Many claimed that Hunt's poem was seditious, including the British Critic, New Monthly Magazine , and The Satirist. On the contrary, the Champion, with a review by John Scott, along with the Eclectic and the Monthly Review, praised the work. The Critical Review believed that Hunt should have stressed society when discussing Wordsworth's poetry.

Notes

References
 Blainey, Ann. Immortal Boy. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985.
 Blunden, Edmund. Leigh Hunt and His Circle. London: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1930.
 Edgecombe, Rodney. Leigh Hunt and the Poetry of Fancy. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1994.
 Holden, Anthony. The Wit in the Dungeon. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2005.
 Roe, Nicholas. Fiery Heart. London: Pimlico, 2005.

Works by Leigh Hunt
1811 poems
1814 poems
Works originally published in British magazines

The Feast of the Poets


Red Dawn is a 1984 American war action movie. It was released in August 1984 with both good and bad reviews.  It starred Patrick Swayze, Lea Thompson, Charlie Sheen and Jennifer Grey. The film is set in an alternative 1980s in which the United States is invaded by the Soviet Union and its Cuban and Nicaraguan allies. World War III is mentioned in the movie, but is not fully explained. The story follows a group of American high school students who resist the occupation with guerrilla warfare, calling themselves Wolverines, after their high school mascot. The movie was the first to use a rating of PG-13.  The movie did very well at the box office.

Other websites

1984 action movies
1984 thriller movies
1980s war movies
1980s American action movies
American war movies
1980s English-language movies
Movies set in the 1980s
Spanish-language movies
Movies directed by John Milius
MGM movies
Cold War movies
Movies about nuclear war and weapons
Movies set in Colorado
Movies set in New Mexico
Cult movies

Red Dawn (1984 movie)


Epping was, from 1894 to 1955, a rural district in the administrative county of Essex, England.

Formation and boundary changes
The district was formed by the Local Government Act 1894 as successor to the Epping Rural Sanitary District. The rural district was governed by a directly elected rural district council (RDC), which replaced the rural sanitary authority that had comprised the poor law guardians for the area. The council's headquarters were in the town of Epping.

Over its existence, the rural district lost territory to new urban districts. In 1896 Epping became a separate urban district, although Epping RDC continued to be based in the town. Loughton and Chigwell were constituted urban districts in 1900 and 1933 respectively.

Abolition
Epping RD was finally abolished when the New Town of Harlow was constituted an urban district in 1955. The remainder of the rural district was merged with the neighbouring Ongar Rural District to form Epping and Ongar Rural District.

Parishes
When established in 1894, Epping RD consisted of sixteen civil parishes. Over the next sixty-one years the number was reduced due to both loss of territory to urban districts and amalgamation of small parishes. On abolition there were twelve parishes:

References

Districts of England created by the Local Government Act 1894
Political history of Essex
Epping Forest District
Harlow
Rural districts of England

Epping Rural District


Bremen (), officially the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (; ), is the smallest and least populous of Germany's 16 states. It is informally called  ("State of Bremen"), although the term is sometimes used in official contexts. The state consists of the city of Bremen and its seaport exclave, Bremerhaven, surrounded by the larger state of Lower Saxony in northern Germany.

Geography
The state of Bremen consists of two non-contiguous territories. These enclaves contain Bremen, officially the 'City' (Stadtgemeinde Bremen) which is the state capital, and the city of Bremerhaven (Stadt Bremerhaven). Both are located on the River Weser; Bremerhaven ("Bremen's harbour") is further downstream on the mouth of the Weser with open access to the North Sea. Both enclaves are completely surrounded by the neighbouring State of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen). The highest point in the state is in Friedehorst Park (32.5 metres; 107').

History

When the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806, what had been since 1646 (after earlier privileges of autonomy of 1186) the Free Imperial City of Bremen was not mediatised. Rather being incorporated into the enlarged territory of one of the surrounding monarchies, it was recognised (along with Hamburg) as a sovereign Free Hanseatic City. Its currency until 1873 was the Bremen thaler.

In 1811, in an effort to enforce Napoleon's Berlin Decree embargoing Britain, the First French Empire had annexed the city-state. But at the Congress of Vienna of 1815, Bremen's emissary, and later burgomaster, Johann Smidt, lobbied successfully to have the city's independence restored as one of the 39 sovereign states within the new German Confederation.

In 1827, Bremen bought land at the mouth of the Weser from the Kingdom of Hanover, in order to build a new seaport, Bremerhaven. This ensured that Bremen remained Germany's main port of embarkation for emigrants to the Americas, and that it developed as an entrepôt for Germany's late developing colonial trade.

In 1867, the year following Prussia's defeat of Austria and its annexation of Hanover, Bremen joined the North German Confederation. In 1871, following victory over the French, this became the German Empire with Bremen as one of the Reich's 26 constituent states.

As an international port and industrial centre, Bremen had a strong left and liberal tradition. In January 1913, at the last elections to the Imperial Reichstag in Berlin, the Social Democrats (SPD) secured over half the vote, or 53.4%. Left Liberals (Linksliberale) took another 41.4%. Only 5.1% went to the Conservatives. During the Weimar Republic, there were seven elections to the Burgerschaft, the Bremen parliament. At the November 1932 German federal election, the last broadly free election during this time, the Social Democrats won 31.2% of the vote, and the Communists (KPD) 16.8%, compared to 20.8% for the Nazis.

Following the heavily compromised national elections of March 1933, the Nazis still achieved only a third of the popular vote in Bremen (32.7%). Bremen, like all the German states, then underwent the process of Gleichschaltung (coordination) whereby the Nazi regime, through a campaign of violent demonstrations and intimidation, first forced the resignation of the executive Senate and later dissolved the Bürgerschaft. Bremen remained for the next twelve years under the direct authority of a Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governor) who simultaneously held the post of Nazi Party Gauleiter of Gau Weser-Ems. During these years, Bremen's small Jewish community (1,438 people registered at the beginning of 1933) was destroyed through coerced emigration and deportation to death camps in the occupied east.

Allied bombing during World War II destroyed or severely damaged 60% of the city's built fabric, including much of its historic centre. Following a further bombardment, British troops entered Bremen in late April 1945. Transferred to the Americans, Bremen became the supply port for the US zones of occupation in west Berlin and southern Germany.

The city was reestablished as a state in 1947 and, from 1949, was again known as the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, becoming a Land or state of the new Federal Republic of Germany, informally referred to as "West Germany" until 1990.

Politics

Political system

The legislature of the state of Bremen is the 87-member Bürgerschaft (citizens' assembly), elected by the citizens in the two cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven.

The executive is constituted by the Senate of Bremen, elected by the Bürgerschaft. The Senate is chaired by the President of the senate (Senatspräsident), who is also one of the mayors of the city of Bremen (Bürgermeister) and is elected directly by the Bürgerschaft. The Senate selects of its members as a second mayor who serves as deputy of the president. In contrast to the Federal Chancellor of Germany or other German states, the President of the Senate has no authority to override senators on policy, which is decided upon by the senate collectively. Since 1945, the Senate has continuously been dominated by the Social Democratic Party.

On a municipal level, the two cities in the state are administered separately:
 The administration of the city of Bremen is headed by the two mayors and controlled by the portion of the Bürgerschaft elected in the city of Bremen (72 members).
 Bremerhaven, on the other hand, has a municipal assembly distinct from the state legislature and an administration under a distinct head mayor (Oberbürgermeister) and a distinct second mayor.

Political majorities
In post-war Bremen, the port, shipyards and related industries sustained a large and unionised working class. As before 1933, this translated into support for the Social Democrats, considered Bremen's natural governing party. However, in the 1980s mechanisation of the port and closure of the city's leading shipbuilder induced an employment crisis and shook the confidence of the party's traditional voter base. The SPD, which had still polled 51% in 1987, lost its effective majority. The once dominant left-liberal vote split, and coalition government became the norm.

The 2019 Bremen state election was held on 26 May 2019 to elect the members of the Bürgerschaft of Bremen, as well as the city councils of Bremen and Bremerhaven. The election took place on the same day as the 2019 European Parliament election. The Christian Democratic Union (CDU), for the first time, became the largest party in the Bürgerschaft, while the Social Democratic Party (SPD) fell to second place. The Greens and The Left made small gains. After the election, the SPD, Greens, and Left agreed to form a coalition government. Carsten Sieling resigned as mayor and was replaced by fellow SPD member Andreas Bovenschulte.

|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Party
! rowspan="2" | Votes
! rowspan="2" | %
! rowspan="2" | +/-
! colspan="2" | Seats
! rowspan="2" | Totalseats
! rowspan="2" | +/-
! rowspan="2" | Seats %
|-
! Bremen
! Bremerhaven
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left | Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
| align=right| 391,709
| align=right| 26.7
| align=right| 4.3
| align=right| 20
| align=right| 4
| align=right| 24
| align=right| 4
| align=right| 28.6
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left | Social Democratic Party (SPD)
| align=right| 366,375
| align=right| 24.9
| align=right| 7.9
| align=right| 19
| align=right| 4
| align=right| 23
| align=right| 7
| align=right| 27.4
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left | Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
| align=right| 256,181
| align=right| 17.4
| align=right| 2.3
| align=right| 13
| align=right| 3
| align=right| 16
| align=right| 2
| align=right| 19.0
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left | The Left (Linke)
| align=right| 166,378
| align=right| 11.3
| align=right| 1.8
| align=right| 9
| align=right| 1
| align=right| 10
| align=right| 2
| align=right| 11.9
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left | Alternative for Germany (AfD)
| align=right| 89,939
| align=right| 6.1
| align=right| 0.6
| align=right| 4
| align=right| 1
| align=right| 5
| align=right| 1
| align=right| 6.0
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left | Free Democratic Party (FDP)
| align=right| 87,420
| align=right| 5.9
| align=right| 0.7
| align=right| 4
| align=right| 1
| align=right| 5
| align=right| 1
| align=right| 6.0
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left | Citizens in Rage (BiW)
| align=right| 35,808
| align=right| 2.4
| align=right| 0.8
| align=right| 0
| align=right| 1
| align=right| 1
| align=right| 0
| align=right| 1.2
|-
! colspan=8|
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left | Die PARTEI (PARTEI)
| align=right| 24,433
| align=right| 1.7
| align=right| 0.2
| align=right| 0
| align=right| 0
| align=right| 0
| align=right| ±0
| align=right| 0
|-
|
| align=left | Free Voters (FW)
| align=right| 14,205
| align=right| 1.0
| align=right| 1.0
| align=right| 0
| align=right| 0
| align=right| 0
| align=right| ±0
| align=right| 0
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left | Pirate Party Germany (Piraten)
| align=right| 14,143
| align=right| 1.0
| align=right| 0.5
| align=right| 0
| align=right| 0
| align=right| 0
| align=right| ±0
| align=right| 0
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left | Others
| align=right| 22,915
| align=right| 1.6
| align=right|
| align=right| 0
| align=right| 0
| align=right| 0
| align=right| ±0
| align=right| 0
|-
! align=right colspan=2| Total
! align=right| 1,469,506
! align=right| 100.0
! align=right|
! align=right| 69
! align=right| 15
! align=right| 84
! align=right| 1
! align=right|
|-
! align=right colspan=2| Voter turnout
! align=right|
! align=right| 64.1
! align=right| 13.9
! align=right|
! align=right|
! align=right|
! align=right|
! align=right|
|}

Coat of arms
The coat of arms and flag of Bremen state include:

Economy
Bremen's post-World War II economy boomed in line with the West German Wirtschaftswunder of the 1950s and 60s. This saw the growth, and permanent settlement, in Bremen of a large migrant worker population, drawn largely from Turkey and southern Europe.

Some of the city's heavier industries failed to recover from the oil-price-shock recession of the early 1970s. Specialist construction yards, ship outfitters and parts suppliers remain, but AG Weser (which employed 16,000 workers at its peak) and Bremer Vulcan, Bremen's major shipbuilders, closed in 1983 and 1997 respectively. Further job losses were caused by the restructuring and increasing mechanisation of harbour-related activities and other industrial sectors. Semi and unskilled harbour workers found it very difficult to re-enter the labour market, and unemployment—for a period in the 1980s almost double the West German average—remained comparatively high.

At a time when structural change in the economy has forced Bremen to spend more on social services, suburbanisation has reduced population and tax revenue. Incorporating surrounding suburban municipalities, is not an option for Bremen as these belong to the state of Lower Saxony.

With financial assistance from the European Union, and from the Federal Government, economic policy has focused on supporting those established economic sectors that are based on advanced technology, such as aerospace and aircraft production, automobile production, maritime and logistics services, and on developing the education and business-park infrastructure for new science-based and digital enterprises. In this an important tole is accorded to the growing university sector. Further investment went into the revitalisation of the city centre but a culture-driven regeneration around entertainment and tourism was not very successful. Several experts described Bremen's service sector as underdeveloped, due to a lack of major company headquarters.

Unemployment
At the turn of the new century, unemployment in Bremen stood at 13%, a rate matched in the Federal Republic only by the "new states" in former East Germany. By 2022, while reduced to 10.2% it was the highest among all 16 German states.

Industries
Despite historic job losses in the industrial sector, Bremen State has retained, and continues to develop, a broad manufacturing base:

Automotive with Mercedes-Benz factory, which is main manufacturing base of C-Class (12,500 employees). Automotive components from Hella and Lear. Assembly lines for powertrain and batteries are supplied from ThyssenKrupp Automation Engineering.
Aerospace with Airbus aircraft component factories (4,100 employees), rocket components Ariane (550 empl.) and spacecraft OHB (1,200 empl.)
Iron & Steel with large ArcelorMittal work (3,000 employees);
Electronic manufacturers for naval/marine Atlas Elektronik (1,400 employees) and defence Rheinmetall Defence Electronics (1,200 employees)
Shipbuilding represented Lürssen Bremen features the full spectrum of construction, production and assembly facilities for superyachts greater than 100 in length (1,200 employees).
Food manufacturing of coffee (Kraft, Jacobs, Melitta, Eduscho, Azul), chocolate (Hachez), beer (Beck's Brewery), cereal food (Kellogg's), fish (Frosta, Frozen Fish, Deutsche See), dairy products (DMK Deutsches Milchkontor), pet food (Vitacraft)

Education
The University of Bremen is the largest university in Bremen. It is one of 11 institutions classed as an "Elite university" in Germany, and teaches approximately 23,500 people from 126 countries. Bremen also has a University of the Arts Bremen, a University of Applied Sciences with campuses in both Bremen city and Bremerhaven, and more recently the Jacobs University Bremen, an international research university located in Vegesack.

See also

 Bombing of Bremen in World War II
 Former countries in Europe after 1815
 Timeline of Bremen (city) history

References

External links

 Official state portal
 Official governmental portal
 Constitution of the state, German only

States of the German Empire
States of the German Confederation
States of the North German Confederation
States of the Weimar Republic
History of Bremen (city)
History of Bremen (state)
NUTS 1 statistical regions of the European Union
States and territories established in 1646
1646 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
17th-century establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
States of Germany

Bremen (state)


Syktyvkar Southwest is an unfinished and abandoned airport in Komi, Russia located 19 km southwest of Syktyvkar. It was intended to be a civilian airport and was partially constructed in the 1980s, but with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the resulting drop in air passenger traffic, the plans to complete it were dropped. Today, the existing Syktyvkar Airport within city limits continues to serve as the city's air transport gateway.

References
RussianAirFields.com

Airports built in the Soviet Union
Airports in the Komi Republic
Syktyvkar

Syktyvkar Southwest Airport


The Battle of Tipton Green was an indecisive engagement fought during the First English Civil War in the area of Tipton Green, about one mile from Dudley Castle on 12 June 1644. The battle occurred when Royalist troops arrived from Worcester to break the Earl of Denbigh's siege of the castle. The battle itself was indecisive, as both sides withdrew from conflict. This granted the Royalists a tactical victory, as they forced the Parliamentarians to lift the siege.

Background
In June 1644, the First English Civil War had been running for 22 months, since King Charles I had raised his banner in Nottingham and declared the Earl of Essex, and by extension Parliament, traitors. That action had been the culmination of religious, fiscal and legislative tensions going back over fifty years.

Prelude
In early June, a Parliamentarian force comprising 1,000 infantry and 750 cavalry, under the command of the Earl of Denbigh, besieged Dudley Castle, a Royalist garrison. Charles I sent Viscount Wilmot with a 2,500 cavalry to relieve the castle. When Denbigh found out that Royalist forces were approaching, he split off a small detachment to meet them. After an inconclusive skirmish, Wilmot broke off and his force stopped overnight. During the night, Denbigh lifted the siege. He was delayed by a problem with removing his cannons, especially the largest of them. Rather than abandon the guns, Denbigh stubbornly continued to extract them, saying "I had rather lose ten lives than one piece of my artillery." By the time he extracted the last gun, it was morning, and Wilmot was near.

Battle
Denbigh was still within  of the castle when he positioned his force to face Wilmot at Tipton Green. Wilmot received support from the castle's garrison, and on receiving additional musketeers, he advanced on the Parliamentarians. The Royalists managed to place some musketeers inside Tipton Green House, while another group, comprising 300 of the cavalry and some musketeers charged the Parliamentarians. They followed this up with another attack, which routed Denbigh's cavalry, but the Parliamentarians had held enough forces back to counter-attack, forcing the Royalists to break off their attack. A detachment of the Parliamentarian infantry led by Colonel Simon Rugeley drove the Royalist musketeers out of the house.

Disengaged, both sides were reluctant to continue the fight, and both withdrew; Wilmot returning to the King in Worcester and Denbigh to Walsall.

Aftermath
Both commanders claimed victory in the battle, though it was indecisive. Tactically, the Royalists had the better justification for the claim, having forced Denbigh to lift his siege of Dudley Castle. The battle is commemorated by a plaque on Malthouse Stables, a building that occupies part of the area on which the battle occurred.

Notes

References

Further reading

First English Civil War
Battles of the English Civil Wars
1644 in England
Conflicts in 1644
17th century in Staffordshire

Battle of Tipton Green


Anton Cajetan Adlgasser (sometimes Anton Cajetan Adelgasser; 1 October 1729 – 23 December 1777) was a German organist and composer at Salzburg Cathedral and at court, and composed a good deal of liturgical music (including eight masses and two requiems) as well as oratorios and orchestral and keyboard works.

Born in Inzell, Bavaria, he moved to Salzburg, where he studied under Johann Ernst Eberlin. From 1750 he was organist at the Salzburg Cathedral, where he remained the rest of his life.
After a visit to Italy in 1764–5 he set Metastasio's La Nitteti (his only opera) performed in Salzburg (1767), and in 1767 he collaborated with Mozart and Michael Haydn on the oratorio Die Schuldigkeit des ersten Gebots. Adlgasser's first marriage, in 1752, was to Maria Josepha, the daughter of his predecessor, J.E. Eberlin, at Salzburg Cathedral. Four years later he married Maria Barbara Schwab, and in 1769 the court singer Maria Anna Fesemayer (1743–82), who sang in Die Schuldigkeit and created the role of Ninetta in La finta semplice. Leopold Mozart stood witness to the third wedding.

He died at Salzburg in 1777 of a stroke suffered while playing the organ.

References

External links

1729 births
1777 deaths
People from Traunstein (district)
18th-century classical composers
Austrian classical organists
German classical organists
German male organists
Austrian classical composers
German Classical-period composers
Austrian people of German descent
18th-century keyboardists
German male classical composers
18th-century Austrian musicians
18th-century Austrian male musicians
18th-century German composers
Male classical organists

Anton Cajetan Adlgasser


"The Flame" is the fourth single released by the Duran Duran offshoot band, Arcadia. It was released by Parlophone Records in 1986 and was the group's third UK single. It reached number 58 in the UK Singles Chart.

Music video
The campy, slapstick video was made in the retro style of an Edwardian-era drawing room murder mystery, à la Agatha Christie and Alfred Hitchcock.  The storyline revolved around a series of comic disasters that befall an awkward, nerdish character (played by Simon Le Bon) and his girlfriend while visiting a haunted house.  Nick Rhodes plays the debonair host of the dinner party at the house, and he frequently uses Le Bon as his comic stooge for a number of macabre and mildly sadistic sight gags.  Various unsavory bits of business ensue with revolving walls, trapdoors and mysterious assassins hidden behind paintings and within exotic taxidermied animals.  The slapstick comic interplay between Rhodes and Le Bon is faintly reminiscent of Abbott and Costello.

At one point, John Taylor (at the time a member of The Power Station, the other Duran Duran side project) comes out of the closet with a contract for the band to sign. This is an especially pointed inside joke, as it was around this time that the three remaining Duran Duran members were preparing to write and record their next album, Notorious, while in legal negotiations with their now-estranged guitarist Andy Taylor.

The video's treatment is said to have been written by Rhodes and the various near-fatal pratfalls that occur to Le Bon's character was intended as punishment for his decision to enter the Fastnet yachting race that almost cost him his life in August 1985.

In fact, Le Bon was in the middle of the South American leg of the 1986 Whitbread Round the World Race yacht race when he had to fly to Spain in April to shoot the video. He then flew straight back to rejoin his team in Uruguay.

The video was directed by longtime collaborator Russell Mulcahy.

Charts

B-sides, bonus tracks and remixes
All officially released remixes of "The Flame" - the 'Single Remix,' 'Extended Remix' and the 'Yo Homeboy Mix' - were done by Nile Rodgers.

Formats and track listing

7": Parlophone. / NSR 3 (United Kingdom)
 "The Flame" (Remix) - (4:06)
 "Flame Game" (Yo Homeboy Mix) - (2:49)

12": Parlophone. / 12 NSR 3 (United Kingdom)
 "The Flame" (Extended Remix) - (7:12)
 "Flame Game" (Yo Homeboy Mix) - (2:49)
 "Election Day" (Early Rough Mix) - (8:58)
 Track 1 is also known as "Extended Mix".

7": Capitol. / B-5570 (United States)
 "The Flame" (Remix) - (4:06)
 "Flame Game" (Yo Homeboy Mix) - (2:49)

12": Capitol. / V-15246 (United States)
 "The Flame" (Extended Remix) - (7:18)
 "Flame Game" (Yo Homeboy Mix) - (2:49)
 "Election Day" (An Early Rough Mix) - (8:58)
 Track 1 is a different mix to UK 12 inch.
 Track 1 is also known as "Extended Mix".
 Track 3 is labelled as "An Early Rough Mix" in the US and is labelled "Early Rough Mix" in the UK.

Other appearances
Albums:
 So Red the Rose (1985)

Personnel
Arcadia are:
Simon Le Bon - vocals
Nick Rhodes - keyboards
Roger Taylor - drums

Also credited:
Alex Sadkin - producer and engineer

References

1986 singles
Arcadia (band) songs
Music videos directed by Russell Mulcahy
1985 songs
Parlophone singles
Songs written by Simon Le Bon
Songs written by John Taylor (bass guitarist)
Songs written by Nick Rhodes
Song recordings produced by Alex Sadkin

The Flame (Arcadia song)


Myron Stanford Lynde (September 23, 1931 – August 6, 2013) was an American comic strip artist, painter and novelist.

Biography
Born 23 September 1931 in Billings, Montana, he was raised on a sheep ranch near Lodge Grass. He attended the University of Montana in Missoula where he was a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity and later lived in Helena.

In 1958, Lynde created the comic strip Rick O'Shay, a critical and commercial success. Like most of his work, it was set in the West and mixed humor with strong storytelling. After a dispute with the syndicate, Lynde left the strip in 1977. The strip continued, drawn by Alfredo Alcala.

In 1979, Lynde launched another strip, Latigo, starring Cole "Latigo" Cantrell, a.k.a. "Two Trails". His father was a mountain man and his mother a Crow Indian. After serving in the Union Army during the Civil War, Latigo returned to the West and became a federal marshal. The daily strip was launched on 25 June 1979, joined by a Sunday strip, best seen in the half page format, on 1 July 1979. It was not a great commercial success and ended in 1983, the daily on 7 May, the Sunday on 5 June.

From 1984 to 1985, Lynde produced the weekly panel Grass Roots, which was revived in 1998. In the late 1980s, the Swedish financial newspaper Dagens Industri commissioned a comic strip from Lynde. It became "Chief Plenty Bucks", set in the West and starring a capitalistic Native American chief. Lynde drew ten pages, but the project was shelved and never published in Dagens Industri. In 1997, the strip was revived for the Swedish Fantomen magazine (and its Norwegian and Finnish counterparts). The title was changed to Chief Sly Fox and a total of 86 pages (including the originals from the 1980s) were published from 1997 to 2000. They have never been published in English.

In 2002, Lynde returned with another exclusive comic for Fantomen; Bad Bob about a hopeless Wild West criminal. This strip was published irregularly in Fantomen until 2010.

In December 2012, Lynde announced relocating to Ecuador. He quoted Charles Marion Russell in his last blog post stating of his time: Just a little sunshine, just a little rain. Just a little pleasure, just a little pain. After moving to Ecuador, Lynde fell ill but initially believed he had bronchitis. In May 2013 it was discovered to be a form of lung cancer and he moved back to Helena MT where he died at age 81 on 6 August 2013.

Books
Stan Lynde and his wife Lynda founded Cottonwood Publishing in order to publish books reprinting his comics, plus publish new material, primarily Western novels.

Novels
Merlin Fanshaw series
 The Bodacious Kid (1996) #1
 Careless Creek (1998) #2
 Saving Miss Julie (2004) #3
 Marshal of Medicine Lodge (2005) #4
 Summer Snow (2006) #5
 Vendetta Canyon (2008) #6
 To Kill a Copper King (2010) #7
 The Big Open (2012) #8

Stand Alone Novel
 Vigilante Moon (2003)

Strip reprints
 The daily Rick O'Shay, from the beginning through 1964, was reprinted by Cottonwood Publishing in four volumes, except for one week, which was reprinted in Comics Revue magazine. Comics Revue reprinted the daily Rick O'Shay beginning with the strips from September 30, 1968. A selection of Rick O'Shay dailies, with commentary by Stan Lynde, was reprinted in Rick, Hipshot, and Me from Cottonwood Publishing.
 Grass Roots panels were reprinted in two volumes from Cottonwood Publishing.
 Latigo daily strips have all appeared in three volumes from Cottonwood Publishing.  Some Sundays have been reprinted in color in Comics Revue.

See also
Lorin Morgan-Richards

References

Further reading
 "So You Want to Be Published?" by Stan Lynde (Montana, The Magazine of Western History, Winter 2007, Vol. 57, No. 4, pages 58–59)

External links

 Lambiek Comiclopedia entry
 Stan Lynde's website
 Stan Lynde's blog
 Toonopedia entry for Rick O'Shay
 Toonopedia entry for Latigo
 Billings Gazette Obituary
 Montana Standard Obituary

1931 births
2013 deaths
American comic strip cartoonists
Chicago Tribune people
Writers from Billings, Montana
Inkpot Award winners
Journalists from Montana
People from Helena, Montana

Stan Lynde


Frederick J. Griffiths (December 11, 1878 - October 17, 1951) was an early, English-born engineer in the Stark County, Ohio steel industry. He is best known for working with Henry Ford to develop a vanadium alloy steel in order to produce lighter-weight, stronger automobiles. When the Massillon Rolling Mill Company merged into the Central Steel Company in June 1914, Griffiths resigned as a chemist at Canton's United Steel Company to become Central's vice president and superintendent. He then became the president of the company. His daughter, Gertrude, lit the first open hearth furnace at the new Central Steel Company in 1915. In 1917, Griffith's was named to the Massillon Steel Casting Company board of directors. The company's earliest orders came from the United States military for production of the steel-rated equipment and supplies needed for World War I. By 1919, 3 of his 5 brothers were all superintendents at Central Steel.

In 1920, Griffiths was anticipated by many in Massillon, Ohio to purchase the Massillon Tigers, of the Ohio League and take the team into the new National Football League. However he never attended a meeting regarding the league or club and the Tigers soon folded.

When Central Steel became part of Central Alloy Steel Company, Griffiths became chairman of its board of trustees. However when that firm was absorbed by the Republic Steel Corporation, he was assigned the presidency of the Republic Research Corporation. Not wanting to conduct research, Griffth's left Republic to join the Timken Company.

References
Patrons of St. Timothy's Episcopal Church: Fred J. Griffiths

1878 births
1951 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
People from Massillon, Ohio
English emigrants to the United States
American steel industry businesspeople

F.J. Griffiths


Kenth Thure "Nubben" Norberg (born June 12, 1967) is a retired Swedish professional ice hockey player and head coach. He later became the sports manager of Timrå IK in the Swedish Swedish Elite League (SEL).

Playing career
Norberg debuted as a young player for Sollefteå HK, and during his second season in 1987 he helped the team take a surprising spot in Allsvenskan in the spring of 1988. After Sollefteå, Norberg was signed by Modo Hockey in Elitserien. Following a good debut season in Elitserien, Norberg had trouble establishing himself as a sophomore. He signed with recently demoted Skellefteå AIK the following season, and became one of the team's most valuable players. After four seasons with Skellefteå AIK, Norberg signed with Timrå IK where he played his final three seasons before retirement.

Coaching career
After retiring as a player, Norberg took the job as assistant coach to Peo Larsson in Timrå IK in 1997. Together they managed to bring Timrå back to Elitserien in 2000. In their first Elitserien season they managed to avoid Kvalserien.

Management career
Prior to the 2001–02 season Norberg left Larsson's side and took the job as the sports manager for Timrå. Timrå struggled and Norberg was forced to fire his former coaching partner Larsson. Timrå led by interim head coach Lars Molin avoided relegation and won Kvalserien. During the off season Norberg's competence was questioned by some. The already struggling team lost their star player Henrik Zetterberg to the Detroit Red Wings. Norberg signed several relatively unknown players such as Niklas Nordgren, Sanny Lindström, and goaltender Kimmo Kapanen. The team led by new head coach Kent Johansson surprised everyone as they finished third in the regular season and reaching the semifinals in the playoff. Norberg was praised for his effort, being commended as leader of the year by the ice hockey journalist association.

Norberg continued to work for Timrå as the sports manager until February 4, 2008, when Frölunda HC announced that he would induct their general manager position on May 1, 2008. Timrå announced the same day that they had released Norberg despite the fact that he had another four years remaining on his contract. Norberg is the first person in Elitserien with the title General Manager.

Norberg resigned from Frölunda HC mid-season during the 2010–11 season. After Timrå's then sports manager Stefan Lindqvist had been forced out from the organization, Norberg re-joined Timrå as the club's sports manager.

Career statistics

References

External links

1967 births
Living people
Modo Hockey players
Skellefteå AIK players
Timrå IK players
Swedish ice hockey forwards
Swedish ice hockey general managers
Sportspeople from Härnösand
Ice hockey people from Västernorrland County

Kent Norberg


A courtesy title is a form of address in systems of nobility used for children, former wives and other close relatives of a peer, as well as certain officials such as some judges and members of the Scottish gentry. These styles are used "by courtesy" in the sense that persons referred to by these titles do not themselves hold substantive titles. There are several different kinds of courtesy titles in the British peerage system.

Children of peers

Courtesy titles

If a peer of one of the top three ranks of the peerage (a duke, marquess or earl) has more than one title, his eldest son – himself not a peer – may use one of his father's lesser titles "by courtesy". However, the father continues to be the substantive holder of the peerage title, and the son is only using the title by courtesy, unless issued a writ of acceleration. The eldest son of the eldest son of a duke or marquess may use a still lower title, if one exists. In legal documents, the courtesy title is implied but not used directly, e.g. the name of the person is given then "commonly called [title]".

For example, the Duke of Norfolk is also the Earl of Arundel and Baron Maltravers. His eldest son is therefore styled "Earl of Arundel" (without the definite article "The" which indicates a substantive title). Lord Arundel's eldest son (should he have one during his father's lifetime) would be styled "Lord Maltravers". However, only the Duke of Norfolk is actually a peer; his son Lord Arundel and his hypothetical grandson Lord Maltravers are not.

Courtesy titles are only used by the peer's eldest living son, and the eldest son's eldest living son, and so forth. Other descendants are not permitted to use the peer's subsidiary titles. Only the heir apparent (and heir apparent to the heir apparent, and so on) may use them. An heir presumptive (e.g., a brother, nephew, or cousin) does not use a courtesy title. However, Scottish practice allows the style Master/Mistress of X to an heir presumptive as well as to an heir apparent; for example, the brother of the present Marquess of Tweeddale, Lord Alistair Hay, has the title Master of Tweeddale.

Holders of courtesy titles do not, at the Court of St James's, have their title preceded by the definite article "The": e.g., 'Earl of Arundel' rather than 'the Earl of Arundel'.

Wives are entitled to use the feminine form of their husbands' courtesy titles. Thus, the wife of an Earl of Arundel would be styled "Countess of Arundel" (again, without the article).

The children (either male or female) of holders of courtesy titles bear the styles as would be theirs if their fathers actually held the peerages by which they were known: e.g., Serena Stanhope, daughter of Viscount Petersham (heir to the Earl of Harrington) had the style of The Honourable, which is reserved for daughters of viscounts and barons, a title which her father only held by courtesy.

Choosing a courtesy peer's title
The actual courtesy title which is used is a matter of family tradition. For instance, the eldest son of The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry is styled "Earl of Dalkeith", even though the duke is also The Marquess of Dumfriesshire, a title which outranks the earldom. Similarly, the eldest son of The Marquess of Londonderry is styled "Viscount Castlereagh", even though the marquess is also The Earl Vane.

In a few houses, successive heirs alternate between two courtesy titles.  Heirs to the Marquess of Lansdowne are alternately "Earl of Kerry" and "Earl of Shelburne"; heirs to the Earl of Jersey are alternately "Viscount Grandison" and "Viscount Villiers".

Titles with the same name as a peer's main title are not used as courtesy titles. For instance, The Duke of Westminster is also The Marquess of Westminster and The Earl Grosvenor (amongst other titles). The duke's heir apparent (when there is one) is not styled "Marquess of Westminster", which would cause confusion between the son and the father, and so is styled "Earl Grosvenor" instead.

The title used does not have to be exactly equivalent to the actual peerage. For example, the eldest son of The Duke of Wellington is usually styled "Marquess of Douro", although the actual peerage possessed by his father is Marquess Douro (not of Douro).

If a peer of the rank of earl or above does not have any subsidiary titles of a name different from his main title, his eldest son usually uses an invented courtesy title of "Lord [Surname]". For instance, the eldest son of The Earl of Devon is styled "Lord Courtenay", even though the Earl has no barony of that name; similarly, the eldest son of The Earl of Guilford is styled "Lord North". The eldest son of The Earl of Huntingdon, who has no subsidiary titles, is styled "Viscount Hastings" to avoid confusion with The Lord Hastings, a substantive peer. The heir of The Earl Castle Stewart uses the style "Viscount Stewart" in order to avoid confusion with Lord Stewart, the eldest son of Viscount Castlereagh (the eldest son of The Marquess of Londonderry).

Courtesy style of "Lord"
The honorific courtesy style of "Lord" before the given name is accorded to younger sons of dukes and marquesses. The style is always added before the person's given name and surname, as in the example of Lord Randolph Churchill, although conversational usage drops the surname on secondary reference. It is never used before the person's surname alone, and is not considered a 'title' under peerage law.

The title persists after the death of the holder's father, but is not inherited by any of his children. The wife of the holder is entitled to the feminine form of her husband's style, which takes the form of "Lady", followed by her husband's given name and surname, as in the example of Lady Randolph Churchill. The holder is addressed as "Lord Randolph" and his wife as "Lady Randolph".

Courtesy style of "Lady"
The honorific courtesy style of "Lady" is used for the daughters of dukes, marquesses, and earls. The courtesy title is added before the person's given name, as in the examples Lady Diana Spencer and Lady Henrietta Waldegrave. Because it is merely a courtesy with no legal implications, the honorific persists after the death of the holder's father but it is not inherited by her children. The courtesy style is never used immediately before the surname alone.

The honorific "Lady" is also used before the first name of Ladies Companion of the Order of the Garter and Ladies of the Order of the Thistle who do not hold another title or style.

The spouse of a woman with a courtesy style does not hold any courtesy style in right of their spouse; neither does the husband of a person with any style or title (including the husband of a peer).

Courtesy style of "The Honourable"
The younger sons of earls, along with all sons and daughters of viscounts, barons and lords of parliament are accorded the courtesy style of "The Honourable" before their name; one example is Vita Sackville-West. This is usually abbreviated to "The Hon." The style persists after the death of the holder's father, but it may not be inherited by the holder's children. It is used only in third person reference, not in speaking to the person.

Married daughters
The daughter of a duke, marquess, or earl who marries an untitled man becomes "Lady [Given name] [Husband's surname]"; an example from fiction is Lady Catherine de Bourgh in Pride and Prejudice, who married the untitled knight (or baronet) Sir Louis de Bourgh and therefore retains her courtesy style. The daughter of a viscount or baron who marries a commoner is styled "The Honourable [Given name] [Husband's surname]".

Any woman who marries a peer uses the feminine version of his peerage title, even if her own precedence is higher than his, as in the case of a duke's daughter marrying a baron, because a peerage is a substantive title, the usage of which is preferred to any courtesy style – unless she marries into the Royal Family. If a woman marries the younger son of a duke or marquess, she becomes "Lady [Husband's full name]." If she marries the younger son of an earl, or any son of viscount or baron, she becomes "The Hon. Mrs [Husband's full name]."

In case of a divorce, she may keep the same style as during marriage or she may choose to assume the style "Mrs [Given name] [Husband's surname]." Regardless of what she chooses, she loses all precedence acquired from marriage and because of the former option, there can be multiple Ladies John Smith.

Adoption
Until 2004, children who had been adopted by peers had no right to any courtesy title. Pursuant to a Royal Warrant dated 30 April 2004, these children are now automatically entitled to the same styles and courtesy titles as their siblings. However, unlike biological children, they cannot inherit peerages from their parent (and thus, since they cannot be heirs, if a peer adopts a son and he is the oldest son, he would use the styles of younger sons). For example, actress Nimmy March, the daughter of The Duke and Duchess of Richmond, was immediately elevated to Lady Naomi Gordon-Lennox on 30 April 2004.

Scottish peerages' rules for courtesy titles and styles differ.

Summary

Indirect inheritance
Occasionally, a peer succeeds to a peerage upon the death of a relative who is not one of his or her parents. When this happens, the relatives of the new peer may be allowed to use the courtesy titles or styles which would have been accorded them if the new peer had succeeded a parent or grandparent in the title.

For instance, Rupert Ponsonby, 7th Baron de Mauley, succeeded his uncle in 2002. His brother George had no title, as their father was only the younger son of a peer and was never actually Baron de Mauley. However, in 2003, George was granted, by Warrant of Precedence from Queen Elizabeth II, the style and precedence that would have been his, had his father survived to inherit the barony, becoming The Honourable George Ponsonby. Precedence in such circumstances is usually granted but is not automatic.

Spouses of peers
The wife of a substantive peer is legally entitled to the privileges of peerage: she is said to have a "life estate" in her husband's dignity. Thus a duke's wife is titled "the duchess", a marquess's wife "the marchioness", an earl's wife "the countess", a viscount's wife, "the viscountess" and a baron's wife "the baroness". Despite being referred to as a "peeress", she is a peer by virtue of her marriage. However, this is considered a legal title, as it grants her a legal estate, unlike the social titles of a peer's children.

The wives of eldest sons of peers hold their titles on the same basis as their husbands, i.e. by courtesy. Thus the wife of the Marquess of Douro is known as "Marchioness of Douro".

Husbands
In the case of a woman who is a substantive peer in her own right, by succession or by first creation (i.e. ennoblement, most commonly in recent times under the Life Peerages Act 1958), her husband acquires no distinction in right of his wife. Thus, the husband of The Baroness Bottomley of Nettlestone has no courtesy title; he was simply called "Mr Peter Bottomley" until he was knighted and became "Sir Peter Bottomley".

In 2012, Conservative MP Oliver Colvile put forward a Ten Minute Rule bill to allow the spouse of a woman who holds an honour, if he or she enters civil partnership or marriage, to assume the title The Honourable. This bill stalled, and was not passed by the end of the Parliament. In 2013, there was a private member's bill in the House of Lords introduced by Conservative excepted hereditary peer Lord Lucas to the same effect which was similarly not passed.

Widows
If a prince or peer dies, his wife's style does not change unless the new peer is a married man (or a woman, if the succession permits); traditionally the widowed peeress puts "Dowager" in her style, i.e. "The Most Hon. The Marchioness of London" becomes "The Most Hon. The Dowager Marchioness of London."

If a widowed peeress's son predeceases her, her daughter-in-law does not use the title of Dowager, but is styled, e.g. "The Most Hon. Mary, Marchioness of London", until her mother-in-law dies, at which point she may use the title of "Dowager Marchioness". In more recent times, some widows choose to be styled with their Christian names, instead of as Dowager, e.g. "Octavia, Lady Baden-Powell" ("Lady Octavia Baden-Powell" would incorrectly imply she was the daughter of a duke, marquess or earl).

Divorced wives and widows who remarry
It used to be customary for women with higher titles from one marriage to retain them even on subsequent remarriage. As Lord Macnaughten put it in the case of Earl Cowley v Countess Cowley [1901] AC 450: "...everybody knows that it is a very common practice for peeresses (not being peeresses in their own right) after marrying commoners to retain the title lost by such marriage. It is not a matter of right. It is merely a matter of courtesy, and allowed by the usages of society." The divorce court, in the above case, granted the earl an injunction preventing his former wife from using his title; however this was overturned by the Court of Appeal, whose decision was confirmed by the House of Lords, on the grounds that ordinary courts of law lacked any jurisdiction in matters of honour.

The same practice was followed by widows who remarried. A prominent example was Catherine Parr, the last wife of Henry VIII, who continued to be known as Queen Catherine even after her marriage to The Lord Seymour of Sudeley (and, indeed, she disputed precedence with the wife of her brother-in-law the Duke of Somerset on this basis). This usage died out later in the twentieth century, and women who remarry now ordinarily take a new married name and do not retain their former title.

The College of Arms, acting on an opinion of the Lord Chancellor, holds that divorced peeresses "cannot claim the privileges or status of Peeresses which they derived from their husbands". While a divorced former wife of a peer is no longer a peeress, she may still use the title, styled with her forename prefixed to the title (without the definite article, the). Her forename is used primarily to differentiate her from any new wife of her former husband. However, should the former husband remain unmarried, the former wife may continue to use the title without her forename attached. Should a former wife of a peer remarry, she would lose the style of a divorced peeress and take on a style relating to her new husband.

On 21 August 1996 letters patent changed titles of divorced wives of British princes, depriving their former wives of the style of Royal Highness. For this reason Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales after divorce became Diana, Princess of Wales. The same happened to Her Royal Highness The Duchess of York who became Sarah, Duchess of York.

Civil partners
Civil partners of someone using a courtesy title are not entitled to use their partner's title.

Scottish courtesy titles
Laird is a courtesy title which applies to the owner of certain long-established Scottish estates; the title being attached to the estate. Traditionally, a laird is formally styled in the manner evident on the 1730 tombstone in a Scottish kirkyard (churchyard). It reads: "The Much Honoured [Forename (John)] [Surname (Grant)] Laird of [Lairdship (Glenmoriston)]". The section titled Scottish Feudal Baronies in Debrett's states that the use of the prefix "The Much Hon." is "correct", but that "most lairds prefer the unadorned name and territorial designation". The wife of a Laird is traditionally accorded the courtesy title of Lady.

Courtesy suffix of "Younger"
A form of courtesy title granted is the suffix of "The Younger" (also written as Yr or yr) at the end of the name. This title is granted to the Heir Apparent of a Feudal Baron and is placed at the end of his or her name (example— John Smith of Edinburgh, Younger, or John Smith, Younger of Edinburgh). The wife of a Younger may herself place the title at the end of her name. The holder is addressed as the younger (example—The Younger of Edinburgh).

Courtesy prefix of "Maid"
The courtesy prefix of "Maid" is granted to the eldest daughter of a Feudal Baron. If the eldest daughter is also the heir presumptive she may either hold the title "Younger" or the title "Maid". The title is customary and not automatically given. The title is placed at the end of the name (example—Miss Alice Joy, Maid of Newcastle). The holder is addressed as "The Maid of Barony".

Precedence status of courtesy titles
The courtesy titles and styles of children of peers are social, not legal. For this reason, in official documents, Lord John Smith is often referred to as John Smith, Esq., commonly called Lord John Smith; The Hon. Mrs Smith would be called Mary Jane, Mrs Smith, commonly called The Hon. Mary Jane Smith. Only peers in attendance at Parliament enjoy statutory precedence. There is, however, official precedence accorded at the Court of St James's that results from being the wife or child of a peer, and to which social styles are attached. The wives of peers, however, are peeresses and legally enjoy their titles in exactly the same manner as peeresses in their own right.

Children of peers can outrank certain actual peers. For instance, the daughter of a duke outranks a countess. However, if the daughter of a duke marries an earl, she drops to the rank of countess, because her courtesy title is subsumed in his substantive title. But, if that same daughter marries a commoner, she retains her rank. If that daughter marries the eldest son of an earl, though he may be a courtesy peer, she may keep her rank until the son inherits the earldom, when she must drop to the rank of countess.

Judicial courtesy titles

College of Justice in Scotland
In Scotland, Senators of the College of Justice (the judges of the Court of Session and the High Court of Justiciary as well as the Chairman of the Scottish Land Court) traditionally use the title Lord or Lady along with a surname or a territorial name. All Senators of the College have the honorific The Honourable before their titles, while those who are also Privy Counsellors or peers have the honorific The Right Honourable. Senators are made Privy Counsellors upon promotion to the Inner House.

For example, Alexander Wylie is known as The Honourable Lord Kinclaven, whilst Ronald Mackay is known as The Right Honourable Lord Eassie. Some Senators also hold peerage titles, such as The Rt Hon. The Lady Clark of Calton, and these would be used in place of judicial titles.

Supreme Court of the United Kingdom

On creation of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom on 1 October 2009, the first Justices already held life peerages as Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, and continued to hold them. The government announced that future appointees would not be created peers. The first non-peer appointed to the Supreme Court was Sir John Dyson, who took office on 19 April 2010.

By royal warrant dated 10 December 2010, all Justices of the Supreme Court who are not already peers are granted the style Lord or Lady followed by a surname, territorial designation or a combination of both, for life. This was decided in order to avoid any distinction from the Scottish Senators of the College of Justice (see section above). Accordingly Sir John Dyson is styled Lord Dyson. Wives of male Supreme Court justices are styled as if they were wives of peers.

Nicholas Wilson, Lord Wilson of Culworth, appointed to the Supreme Court on 26 May 2011, was the first person to use a territorial name with his judicial courtesy title, adopting reference to Culworth in Northamptonshire.

Professional courtesy titles
The title of "Doctor" (or the abbreviation "Dr") is used as a courtesy title in a number of fields by professionals who do not hold doctoral degrees. It is commonly used in this manner by qualified medical practitioners (except surgeons) and by qualified dentists. The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons also allows the use of "Doctor" as a courtesy title by its members though they must make clear in writing that they are vets and not medical doctors or holders of research degrees to ensure the public are not misled.

The title of Captain is used as a courtesy title by shipmasters in the merchant navy who do not hold the military rank of captain. It is also used in oral address for naval officers below the rank of captain who are in command of a ship.

See also
 List of courtesy titles in the peerages of Britain and Ireland
 Forms of address in the United Kingdom

References and notes

Bibliography
Montague-Smith, P. (editor). (1979). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage

External links
"Courtesy Titles," Debrett's
 Glossary of Burke's Peerage and Baronetage - Courtesy title
 Royal Warrants of Precedence
 Use of courtesy titles by the Associated Press and on webforms
 Courtesy Titles

Titles in the United Kingdom
Honorifics in the United Kingdom
Courtesy titles and honorifics
Peerages in the United Kingdom

Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom


This Boy's Life is a 1993 American biographical coming-of-age drama film based on the eponymous memoir by author Tobias Wolff. It was directed by Michael Caton-Jones and stars Leonardo DiCaprio as Tobias "Toby" Wolff, Robert De Niro as Toby's abusive stepfather Dwight Hansen, and Ellen Barkin as Toby's mother, Caroline. The movie marked the first time Leonardo DiCaprio and Robert De Niro ever collaborated. The film also features Chris Cooper, Carla Gugino, Eliza Dushku and Tobey Maguire's first credited appearance in a feature-length movie.

It was the first collaboration on-screen between Maguire and DiCaprio, who both later worked in Don's Plum (2001) and The Great Gatsby (2013), and also the first collaboration on-screen between DiCaprio and De Niro, who both later worked in Marvin's Room (1996), short film The Audition (2015), and the film Killers of the Flower Moon (2023).

Plot
In the 1950s, nomadic and flaky Caroline Wolff wants to settle down and find a decent man to provide a better home for herself and her son, Tobias "Toby" Wolff. She moves to Seattle, Washington and meets Dwight Hansen, a man who seemingly meets her goals. However, Dwight's true personality is soon revealed as being emotionally, verbally, and physically abusive to Toby while Caroline is away for a few weeks.

The marriage proceeds, and Caroline and Toby move into Dwight's home in Concrete, a small town near the north Cascades Mountains. Dwight's domineering personality is soon apparent, but Caroline remains with him, enduring several years of a dysfunctional relationship. During this time, Toby befriends a classmate named Arthur Gayle, a misfit at school and ambiguously gay. Toby wants to leave Concrete and live with his older brother, Gregory, (who lives on the East Coast with their father). Arthur wants to leave because he knows he will never fit in and that there is more to life than living in Concrete.  Toby plans to apply for scholarships at East Coast prep schools by submitting falsified school records. Meanwhile, Arthur and Toby's friendship becomes strained when Arthur accuses Toby of behaving more like Dwight. Arthur helps Toby to falsify his grade records. After numerous rejections, Toby is accepted by The Hill School in Pottstown, Pennsylvania near Philadelphia with a full scholarship.

Later, Caroline defends Toby from Dwight during a physically violent argument; they both leave Dwight and the town of Concrete.

Note: The real Dwight died in 1992. Caroline (Rosemary Wolff) remarried and moved to Florida. Arthur Gayle left Concrete and became a successful businessman in Italy. Dwight's children all married and lived in Seattle. Toby and his brother Geoffrey both became noted writers.

Cast
 Leonardo DiCaprio as Tobias "Toby" Wolff/"Jack"
 Robert De Niro as Dwight Hansen
 Ellen Barkin as Caroline Wolff Hansen
 Jonah Blechman  as Arthur Gayle
 Eliza Dushku as Pearl Hansen
 Chris Cooper as Roy
 Carla Gugino as Norma Hansen
 Zack Ansley as Skipper Hansen
 Tracey Ellis as Kathy
 Kathy Kinney as Marian
 Tobey Maguire as Chuck Bolger
 Michael Bacall as Terry Taylor
 Gerrit Graham as Mr. Howard
 Sean Murray as Jimmy Voorhees
 Lee Wilkof as Principal Skippy
 Bill Dow as Vice Principal
 Jen Taylor as Deputy O'Riley (uncredited)
 Deanna Milligan and Morgan Brayton as Silver Sisters

Production
Largely filmed in the state of Washington, the town of Concrete, Washington (where Tobias Wolff's teen years were spent with his mother and stepfather, Dwight), was transformed to its 1950s appearance for a realistic feel. Many of the town's citizens were used as extras, and all external scenes in Concrete (and some internal scenes, as well) were shot in and around the town, including the former elementary school buildings and the still-active Concrete High School building. Parts of the film were also shot in the La Sal Mountains in Utah. Christian Bale was up for the role of Toby, but lost to DiCaprio.

Release

Box office
The film was released in limited release on April 9, 1993, and earned $74,425 that weekend; upon its wide release on April 23, the film opened at #10 at the box office and grossed $1,519,678. The film would end with a domestic gross of $4,104,962.

Critical reception
The film received mostly positive reviews; review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 76% 'Fresh' rating from 37 critics, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The site's consensus states: "A harrowing, moving drama about a young boy, his single mother, and his abusive stepfather, This Boy's Life benefits from its terrific cast, and features a breakout performance from a young Leonardo DiCaprio." On Metacritic, where they give a 'normalized' score, the film has a 60/100.

Home media
This Boy's Life was released on VHS September 1, 1993 and on DVD May 13, 2003.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack of This Boy's Life used many songs from the 1950s and early 1960s. The main titles (filmed in Professor Valley, Utah) feature Frank Sinatra's version of "Let's Get Away from It All" from his 1958 album Come Fly with Me. Toby and his mother sing "I'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair" from the popular post-war musical South Pacific. However, most of the music reflects Toby's fondness for rock and roll and doo wop, including songs by Eddie Cochran, Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers, and Link Wray. Carter Burwell composed the film's pensive score, which featured New York guitarist Frederic Hand.

References

External links

 This Boy's Life film trailer at YouTube

1993 films
1990s coming-of-age drama films
1990s biographical drama films
American biographical drama films
American coming-of-age drama films
Biographical films about children
Drama films based on actual events
Films based on biographies
Films about domestic violence
Films about dysfunctional families
Films directed by Michael Caton-Jones
Films produced by Art Linson
Films set in Seattle
Films set in the 1950s
Films set in 1957
Films set in 1959
Films shot in Washington (state)
Films set in Washington (state)
Films scored by Carter Burwell
The Hill School
Films about the Boy Scouts of America
Films shot in Utah
Warner Bros. films
1993 drama films
Biographical films about writers
Films about mother–son relationships
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
Films with screenplays by Robert Getchell

This Boy's Life


Jean-Baptiste Chabot (16 February 1860 – 7 January 1948) was a Roman Catholic secular priest and the leading French Syriac scholar in the first half of the twentieth century.

Life
Born into a viticultural family at Vouvray-sur-Loire, Chabot trained at the seminary in Tours where he was ordained. Appointed as assistant priest to La Chapelle-sur-Loire in 1885, he served for two years before becoming a student of Thomas Joseph Lamy (1827–1907) at Louvain Catholic University in Belgium. His thesis published in Latin in 1892 was devoted to Isaac of Nineveh and included three unpublished homilies from British Museum manuscripts which Chabot translated.

He then studied at the School for Higher Studies at the Sorbonne, and under Rubens Duval whose collaborator he became. In 1893 Chabot published catalogues of Syriac manuscripts preserved at the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem and of Syriac manuscripts acquired by the French Bibliothèque Nationale since 1874 (i.e. subsequent to the Zotenberg catalogue).
Other catalogues of Oriental manuscripts in the possession of the Eastern Churches were to follow.

An early student of the École pratique des hautes études (founded partly to fill the gap caused by the suppression of the Sorbonne Theology faculty) Chabot worked on the fourth part of the Chronicle of Pseudo-Dionysius of Tell-Mahre, which he published in 1895. Between 1897 and 1900 he published a French translation of John bar Kaldun's Life of Joseph Busnaya.

Four years later he obtained a copy of the original Syriac version of Michael the Syrian's Universal Chronicle, which had been rediscovered in a church at Edessa in 1887 by Ephrem Rahmani, subsequently patriarch of the Syriac Catholic Church. This led to the publication of four volumes of text with Latin translation in 1899, 1901, 1905, 1910 with a follow-up consisting of introduction, corrections and indices in 1924.

In 1903 Chabot founded the Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, which he directed single-handed for ten years, supervising the publication of 70 original texts in the four languages initially planned, i.e.; Syriac, Coptic, Arabic and Ethiopian, and personally editing a series of further Syriac chronicles (including the invaluable Documenta ad Illustrandas Monophysitarum Origines 1908) together with the first part of the surviving Syriac version of Cyril of Alexandria's Commentary on St. Luke's Gospel 1912 and (with A. Vaschalde) James of Edessa's Hexaemeron 1928. Chabot remained Secretary general of the C.S.C.O., though responsibility passed in 1913 to the Universities of Washington and Louvain, throughout his lifetime. He contributed a number of articles to the Catholic Encyclopedia on Semitic and Syriac languages.

In 1917 Chabot was elected a member of the French Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.

In 1922 he published Choix d' inscriptions de Palmyre, a major work on Palmyrene Aramaic texts, and in 1935 a general introduction, Littérature Syriaque.  He died in Paris, aged 87.

Major works:

References

Sources
 E. Dhorme: «Notice sur la vie de M. L' Abbé Jean-Baptiste Chabot, membre de l'académie», in Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, vol. 96 (1952), pp. 263–277.

External links

1860 births
1948 deaths
French scholars
French Roman Catholic priests
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
Contributors to the Catholic Encyclopedia

Jean-Baptiste Chabot


Live Free or Die is an American reality series hosted by The National Geographic Channel that follows the lives of five primitive individuals and one couple who live in the country's most remote backwoods and swamps. Each individual or couple is trying to live or survive in an extreme rural environment freed from the constraints of technology and relying completely on nature to give them everything they need to survive. The series is produced by National Geographic Studios (formerly known as National Geographic Television) and airs on National Geographic.

The individuals who make up the program leave the industrialized world behind, while sustaining themselves through hunting, fishing and bartering, living in the forest and surviving off of the land. Each character highlights the use of primitive tools for foraging, trapping, and building.  The characters of the series live a gritty existence in shelters with only raw materials found, created or traded for.

Each individual brings to the show a knowledge of survival skills and is isolated from the outside world. Each individual or couple lives without running water or electricity while hunting and foraging for food.

Each participant offers clever survival tips and advice as a cameraman follows them through everyday tasks.  Whether it is checking animal traps, or making one's own mosquito repellent, each attempts to demonstrates how to survive, with no script and no agenda.

"We rarely do retakes unless the cameraman has to change his lens," said Colbert Sturgeon of Moultrie, Georgia, who was approached by National Geographic to do the show. Designed for the increasing number of people interested in survivalism, Live Free or Die ended in 2016 after 28 episodes and 3 seasons.

The primitive individuals in the series were selected based on a self-reliant criteria as to who could demonstrate a "do more with less" philosophy. The woods furnish the individuals' rugged lifestyle, as they are faced with natural obstacles like brutal weather and depleted food sources. According to the creed of the show, nature "fuels their desire to remain on the modern-day frontier."

The cast includes:

 Colbert Sturgeon, of Moultrie, Georgia
 Thorn, who lives deep in the Blue Ridge Mountains
 Tony and Amelia Stevens, who also live in the Blue Ridge Mountains
 Derik Stevens, a mountain man living off-the-grid, twenty miles from Boulder, Colorado
 Tobias Corwin, a desert primitive survival skills expert living outside of Prescott, Arizona
 Matt Graham

The show is rooted in the premise that capitalist society is, in effect, broken, as the film crew follows a handful of people living in extreme anti-modern fashion.  The show emphasizes experimental living, which was once the norm but feels radical in a modern context.

Though the show shows the gritty consumption of rats and berries in a "sustainable" platform, even one of the characters cannot afford the true primitive life, as Colbert raises money from his GoFundMe page.

References

2014 American television series debuts
2010s American reality television series
2020s American reality television series
National Geographic (American TV channel) original programming
Works about survival skills

Live Free or Die (TV series)