A tholos (pl. tholoi), (from Ancient Greek θόλος, meaning "conical roof", or dome), in Latin tholus (pl. tholi), is a form of building that was widely used in the classical world. It is a round structure with a circular wall and a roof, usually built upon a couple of steps (a podium), and often with a ring of columns supporting a conical or domed roof.

It differs from a monopteros (Ancient Greek:ὁ μονόπτερος from the Polytonic: μόνος, only, single, alone, and , wing), a circular colonnade supporting a roof but without any walls, which therefore does not have a cella (room inside).  Both these types are sometimes called rotundas.

An increasingly large series of round buildings were constructed in the developing tradition of classical architecture until Late antiquity, which are covered here. Medieval round buildings are covered at rotunda.  From the Renaissance onwards the classical tholos form had an enduring revival, now often topped by a dome, especially as an element in much larger buildings.

The tholos is not to be confused with the beehive tomb, or "tholos tomb" in modern terminology, a distinct form in Late Bronze Age Greece and other areas.  But many other round tombs and mausolea were built, especially for Roman emperors.

Classical world

Greece
In Ancient Greek architecture, the tholos form was used for a variety of buildings with different purposes.  A few were round temples of Greek peripteral design completely encircled by a colonnade, but most served other functions, and some were architecturally innovative.  According to A. W. Lawrence, by the 4th century BC, "their more or less secular functions gave partial exemption from the austere conventions that governed the design of temples".  No Greek tholos except the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates remains anything like intact, with most known only by excavation of their distinctive circular foundations, and other parts found lying on the site.

The large building known as "the tholos" (but also "the parasol") in the centre of Athens, just off the agora, at the least served as the dining-hall for the executive group of the boule, a council of 500 citizens chosen by lot from ten "tribes" to run daily affairs of the city, since a kitchen leads off the main circular hall. It may also have functioned as their debating chamber or prytaneion. It was about 60 feet across, and built around 470 BC.

Inside six columns supported the original conical roof, which seems have been covered with terracotta tiles round the lower parts, and perhaps bronze sheets higher up, leading to an acroterion at the apex, as seems to have been the case in the Philippeion.  However this roof seems to have been destroyed by fire around 400 BC, and was probably replaced by one using bronze sheets.  The original building, from not long after the Persian sack of Athens in 489–479 BC is "very plain", with no exterior columns, showing "utter economy [in] its construction".

The famous Tholos of Delphi was nearly 13.5 metres across. It has been dated to 370–360 BC. Its role remains unclear.  There were 20 Doric columns around the exterior, and ten smaller Corinthian columns around the inside of the wall, rising up from a low stone bench.  The building had "a more decorative treatment than would then have been permissable in a temple".  It is now partially reconstructed at the site.

Next to the temple at the Sanctuary of Asclepius, Epidaurus was "the finest of all tholoi according to ancient opinion". This was designed by the sculptor Polykleitos the Younger around 360 BC, and was 22 metres across. An inscription tells us the building was called the thymela or "place of sacrifice".  It used the Corinthian order, still rather an innovation, for a ring of 14 columns inside, and the "extraordinary dainty" version of the capitals here was probably an influential model for later buildings.  It may have introduced to the Corinthian the flower (or "rosette") touching the abacus in the centre of each face.  Unlike a Greek temple, it had at least two windows flanking the doorway, and perhaps more higher up.

Another Corinthian tholos was the small Choragic Monument of Lysicrates in Athens, about 334 BC, the first surviving building to use the Corinthian order on the outside – there was no inside.

The Philippeion in the Altis of Olympia (c. 335 BC) was a circular memorial in limestone and marble, the rather cramped interior containing chryselephantine (ivory and gold) statues of Philip II of Macedon's family; himself, Alexander the Great, Olympias, Amyntas III and Eurydice I.  Columns were Ionic around the outside, with engaged Corinthian half-columns inside.

The largest Greek tholos, of uncertain function, was built in the Samothrace temple complex in the 260s BC. It is often called the Arsinoeum (or Arsinoëion, Arsinoë Rotunda), as a dedication tablet for the Ptolomeic Queen Arsinoe II of Egypt has survived.  The sanctuary was a great Hellenistic centre of Greco-Roman mysteries, by this date becoming crowded with buildings. The tholos was 20 metres across (from the lowest step) and, as reconstructed, 12.65 m high, with the lower parts of the wall blank, but small columns high up, where any windows were also placed.  One of the many reconstructions proposed by scholars was used as the basis of the Arlington Reservoir, Massachusetts, in the 1920s, functioning as a 2,000,000 gallon water tower. The Befreiungshalle (1840s) near Kelheim, Bavaria is a victory memorial on the same theme.

Roman world

By far the most famous roofed round Roman building is the Pantheon, Rome.  However this sharply differs from other classical tholoi in that it is entered though a very large flat temple front with a projecting portico with three rows of columns, while the rest of the exterior is a blank wall without columns or windows, so the circular form is rather obscured from the front until the visitor enters, and sees the enormous circular space.

Temples of the goddess Vesta, which were usually small, were typically circular, but not all round temples were dedicated to her.  The three best-known survivals, in or near Rome,  were named "Temple of Vesta" by post-classical writers, in two cases without any good evidence. One is now usually called the Temple of Hercules Victor, while the old name continues to be used for the Temple of Vesta, Tivoli, in the absence of any firm evidence for the actual dedication – perhaps to the Tiburtine sibyl.  The identification of the Temple of Vesta, Rome, just next to the House of the Vestals, is secure.

In Roman cities a tholos could often be found in the centre of the macellum (market), where it might have been where fish were sold. Other uses for the central tholos have been suggested, such as the place where official weights and measures were held for reference or as shrines to the gods of the market place. Some macella had a water fountain or water feature in the centre of their courtyard instead of a tholos structure.

The Romans in effect developed a new form in the amphitheatre, of which the Colosseum in Rome is the largest, best known and best preserved. These were mostly oval rather than round and, like the semi-circular Roman theatres, un-roofed, except for the velarium, a cloth awning over some parts.

Tombs

The circular tumulus was the most common form of early Greek tomb, often revetted by a vertical or sloping stone wall round the base, a type still seen in abundance in Etruscan necropoli like the "Necropolis of the Banditaccia" at Cerveteri near Rome. The top was a mound of earth, with (in the Greek world) one or more upright stones at the summit.  The Etruscan burial chambers were below ground level and rather large, crowded with family sarcophagi and grave goods (most surviving painted Greek vases come from Etruscan tombs).

Local rulers around the edges of the Hellenic world constructed some significant tumulus tombs. The largest was that made about 600 BC for King Alyattes of Lydia (in modern Turkey), the father of Croesus, which dominates the elite cemetery site now called Bin Tepe. Herodotus visited it and says that stones at the summit recorded that it was constructed by the market traders, craftsmen and prostitutes of the nearby capital Sardis, the prostitutes making the largest contribution.  It was 900 feet high, and nearly a quarter of a mile in diameter. A large mound, now reduced and slumped at the sides, remains, as does the barrel-vaulted passage to the looted tomb chamber at the centre.

The so-called "Tomb of Tantalus", of a similar date, was fully faced in stone, with a diameter of 33.55 metres, and a height about the same. There was a vertical wall at the base, then a conical roof, much of which survived until 1835, when excavations led by Charles Texier using labour from the French Navy collapsed it.  The passage leading to the rectangular burial chamber at the centre was entirely filled in with stones.  The chamber was corbelled to form a pointed arch shape between two straight end walls.  This was also the largest monument in a cemetery, now on the outskirts of Izmir.

The Madghacen (or "Medracen") is a royal mausoleum, perhaps of the 3rd century BC, of the Berber Numidian kings in Numidia, Algeria, with a similar shape. Though independent, the Numidian kingdom was increasingly involved in Mediterranean power politics, and an architect familiar with classical architecture has surrounded the vertical section of wall at the base with engaged columns in the Doric order, "heavily proportioned and with smooth shafts, beneath a cavetto cornice".  The whole exterior was, and very largely still is, covered with a stone facing, the straight cone of the upper part (except for a flat top) formed into steps, like the Pyramids of Egypt.

The Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania, long called the Tombeau de la Chrétienne ("Tomb of the Christian Woman"), is very similar, but a good deal larger and with Ionic columns around the base. It is the mausoleum of the thoroughly Romanized client king Juba II of Numidia and Mauretania (d. 46 AD), and his queen Cleopatra Selene II, daughter of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony. However, the design "seems definitely Greek".

Imperial Rome

Juba and Cleopatra Selene were probably still living in polite captivity in Rome when construction of the circular Mausoleum of Augustus began there around 28 BC. As (nearly) restored in the 21st century, there is an outer ring, then a space around the cylinder with the tomb-chamber, where the ashes of many of the Julio-Claudian dynasty were interred. Stairs lead up to the roof.  The large tombs of elite Roman families shared some of the characteristics of weekend cottages, with gardens, orchards, kitchens, and spacious apartments.  Many liked to visit their family tomb on birthdays or anniversaries, for a family meal and day of reflection.

The Mausoleum of Augustus measured 90 m (295 ft) in diameter by 42 m (137 ft) in height.  The tomb was placed at the centre of a public park, long almost entirely built over, which included the Ara Pacis and other altars.  From ancient writers it is clear that there was greenery, probably trees, growing on top of the upper parts, of an artificial mound or dome, which fell in and has not been restored to date. The Casal Rotondo, of similar date with a diameter of 35 metres, is the largest tomb on the Appian Way outside Rome; who built it is now uncertain.  The Tomb of Caecilia Metella, daughter in law of the triumvir Crassus, is another large circular tomb.

Augustus set the precedent for a number of circular imperial tombs over the following centuries; some either became, or were built into, Christian churches, which have generally survived more intact. The largest is the Castel Sant Angelo, built as the mausoleum for Hadrian (d. 138), then converted into a castle. This had a garden on the flat roof.  The Rotunda of Galerius in Thessaloniki, begun about 310, was probably intended as his mausoleum, and was later a church, then a mosque.  Only the underground parts of the Mausoleum of Maxentius (d. 312) outside Rome survive; in fact this was used for his son.

The last of the series was the now vanished Mausoleum of Honorius (d. 423), again containing the graves of many of his relatives. This was a circular brick building with a dome attached to Old St Peter's Basilica, and demolished with it in 1519. It was typical of imperial mausolea after the empire converted to Christianity in being attached to a church or early Christian funerary hall (the origin of many of the largest basilica churches of Rome). Santa Costanza, for daughters of Constantine the Great is a surviving example, but unusual in still having much of its rich mosaic decoration.

The mausoleum of Diocletian (d. 312) was inside his massive Diocletian's Palace at Split, Croatia, and was later adapted to form the central section of Split Cathedral.  This is octagonal on the exterior, but circular inside; the elaborate carving of the columns has survived well, but is surrounded by lavish later church fittings.

The church of Santo Stefano al Monte Celio or "Santo Stefano Rotundo" in Rome was, perhaps uniquely for its late 5th-century period, newly built as a circular church, apparently unconnected with any burial. It was long thought to have been built onto an earlier circular structure, but excavations have disproved this.  The original construction, now much altered, had three concentric parts, all circular.  Going from the centre outwards there was a 22-metre high central space, of the same diameter, surrounded by a much lower ambulatory, then an open-air space, except for four passageways, surrounded by another ambulatory.

The Mausoleum of Theodoric in Ravenna, of 520, uses Roman construction techniques but is in an impressive but unclassical style, possibly borrowing from Syria; Theoderic the Great was an Ostrogoth "barbarian" ruler.

Renaissance to modern

The tholos was revived in one of the most influential buildings in Renaissance architecture, the 'Tempietto in a courtyard of the church of San Pietro in Montorio in Rome.  This was designed by Donato Bramante around 1502. It is a small building whose innovation, as far as Western Europe was concerned, was to use the tholos form as the base for a dome above; this may have reflected a Byzantine structure in Jerusalem over the tomb of Christ.  The Roman Temple of Vesta (which has no dome) was probably also an influence.  This pairing of tholos, now called a "drum" or "tholobate", and dome became extremely popular raised high above main structures which were often based on the Roman temple.

Most of the proposals for rebuilding St. Peter's Basilica, the first by Bramante in 1506, included this combination of elements, at least on the exterior; as at St Peter's, false domes often gave a different interior view. The pairing of drum and dome was initially mostly used for churches, as at Les Invalides in Paris (1676) and St Paul's Cathedral in London (1697), but later other buildings, and continued until the 20th century at least.  The US Capitol is one of a number of buildings where a tholos is above the dome, serving as a base for the Statue of Freedom, as well as two much larger colonnaded ones below; versions of the formula have also been used in several (arguably most) American state capitols. The Panthéon in Paris is also topped by a tholos below a dome.

The Radcliffe Camera, built as a library for Oxford University in 1737, is one of relatively few large buildings after the Renaissance to use a purely circular plan, with little emphasis on the entrance, in a classical style that is full of complexities and looks back to Italian Mannerist architecture. The Mausoleum in the park at Castle Howard in North Yorkshire, by Nicholas Hawksmoor (completed 1742), gives a "tragic" interpretation of the theme by making the columns large and close together and the dome low.

Most preferred the Pantheon-style rotunda, with a pronounced temple front, or often several.  The famous Villa La Rotonda (or "Villa Capra") by Andrea Palladio (begun 1567) took the Pantheon theme, but adding a columnaded temple front on four sides, to make a sort of Greek cross.  There is a high and circular central hall with a large domed roof, but the building behind the porticos is actually square. This formula was often copied for country houses, as at Chiswick House (1725), designed by its owner Lord Burlington, and Mereworth Castle (1723) by Colen Campbell.

The Rotunda at the University of Virginia, designed by Thomas Jefferson (1826) was much closer to the Pantheon, which was acknowledged as its model, and the tradition was still in use in the 1930s, when Manchester Central Library was designed and built by Vincent Harris, who often used an updated classical style.  At its opening, one critic wrote, "This is the sort of thing which persuades one to believe in the perennial applicability of the Classical canon".

Others

Notes

References
Campbell, Virginia L., "Stopping to Smell the Roses: Garden Tombs in Roman Italy", 2008, Arctos, Vol. XLII, Academia.edu
Lawrence, A. W., Greek Architecture, 1957, Penguin, Pelican history of art
 Loth, Calder, "The Tempietto, Grandfather of Domes", Institute of Classical Architecture & Art
Onians, John, Art and Thought in the Hellenistic Age: Greek World View, 350–5 BC, 1979, Thames & Hudson,
Summerson, John, The Classical Language of Architecture, 1980 edition, Thames and Hudson World of Art series,
Thompson, Homer, The Tholos of Athens and its Predecessors (PDF), Hesperia, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1940
Yarwood, Doreen, The Architecture of Europe, 1987 (first edn. 1974), Spring Books,

Ancient Greek buildings and structures
Ancient Roman buildings and structures
Architectural elements
Food markets

Tholos (architecture)


"Like Bad at Things" is the fourth episode of the seventh season of the American television drama series Homeland, and the 76th episode overall. It premiered on Showtime on March 4, 2018.

Plot
President Keane (Elizabeth Marvel) is livid when Wellington (Linus Roache) admits to ordering the air strike on her behalf after she refused to do it. Carrie (Claire Danes) witnesses the whole confrontation on her surveillance cameras. Carrie and Max (Maury Sterling) also look into Simone Martin's movements on the day that McClendon died. By accessing her E-ZPass logs, Max learns that her route took her to five separate cash advance locations.

In the midst of the standoff at Bo Elkins' compound, his teenaged son, J.J., chases his dog through the woods. He encounters an FBI patrol, who shoot the dog as it rushes towards them. J.J. raises his rifle and is also shot. As the patrollers tend to J.J., they are ambushed by Bo (David Maldonado) and several of his friends. They take J.J. as well as a hostage: Agent Goodman. Two paramedics are permitted into the compound to extract the severely wounded J.J. One of them secretly plants a listening device, enabling the FBI detail to monitor the conversations inside. At the hospital, a man (Costa Ronin) enters and puts on scrubs, posing as a doctor. He sneaks into the room where J.J. is being treated, takes several photos from behind the curtain, and gets away undetected.

Carrie, not wanting to deal with the side effects of Seroquel, buys some black market meds from Josh (Alex Hurt), and asks Dante (Morgan Spector) to help her manage her medication levels. Carrie also proposes to Dante a plan to connect Wellington to Simone Martin's dealings, but warns that it's "completely illegal". Dante agrees to collaborate with her.

On television, a news report breaks that J.J. was left to bleed out and die alone at the hospital. A photo is shown: one of the photos taken by the hospital intruder, with the doctors edited out of the image. Agent Maslin (Matt Servitto) sees the report and declares that it's not true, as he had just been in touch with the hospital and learned that J.J. was stable.  Saul (Mandy Patinkin) frantically calls O'Keefe (Jake Weber), urging him to relay the truth to the Elkins family, but O'Keefe hesitates. Bo Elkins sees the report on TV. Enraged, he executes Agent Goodman in response. Via the listening device, Maslin hears the gunshot and orders an immediate assault on the compound. A major firefight ensues as O'Keefe hides in the basement. After the battle ends, O'Keefe uneasily walks past the bodies of his fallen allies as he is taken into FBI custody.

Production
The episode was directed by Alex Graves and co-written by executive producers Chip Johannessen and Patrick Harbinson.

Reception

Reviews
The episode received an approval rating of 89% on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 9 reviews.

Scott Von Doviak of The A.V. Club gave the episode an "A−" grade, calling it a "a genuine nail-biter" and adding "Homeland can still deliver the escalating tension and dread exploding into chaos that made it a hit in the first place".   Entertainment Weekly's  Shirley Li rated the episode a "B+".  She thought it was "for the most part... the strongest of the season 7 quartet so far" but did think that Carrie's role was still too minimized.

Ratings
The original broadcast was watched by 930,000 viewers.

References

External links

 "Like Bad at Things" at Showtime

2018 American television episodes
Homeland (season 7) episodes
Television episodes directed by Alex Graves

Like Bad at Things


WMEX (1510 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Quincy, Massachusetts, and serving the Greater Boston media market.  It is owned by L&J Media, headed by Tony LaGreca and Larry Justice.  WMEX broadcasts an oldies radio format of hits from the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, as well as full service features including local DJs, news, traffic and weather.  Late nights and weekends, it uses the MeTV FM syndicated music service.  The radio studios and offices are on Enterprise Drive in Marshfield.

By day, WMEX transmits with  10,000 watts, using a non-directional antenna, but 1510 AM is a clear channel frequency reserved for Class A WLAC Nashville, Tennessee, which itself is directional at night protecting WMEX to the northeast as well as KGA Spokane, Washington to the west.  Since WMEX uses a non-directional antenna, to prevent interference to either station, during critical hours, WMEX drops its power to 2,000 watts, and at night, it further reduces its output to only 100 watts.  The transmitter is on Riverside Avenue in Quincy, near the Neponset River.  The station was silent from late June 2017 to November 7, 2019, when it returned to the air with new ownership, a new city of license of Quincy, and a reduction in power from the previous output of 50,000 watts directional day and night.

History

Early years
WMEX was founded in 1934 by Bill and Al Pote, with studios in the Hotel Manger, and was originally on 1500 kilocycles, with 500 watts daytime, 100 watts nighttime. It broadcast from a transmitter site on Powder Horn Hill in Chelsea, and later (1940–1981) from a site off West Squantum Road in Quincy, near the then-WNAC/WAAB (now WBIX) site in the Neponset River Valley.  On October 18, 1934, the station officially signed on the air. On April 5, 1936, WMEX moved its studio and offices to 70 Brookline Ave.

After several unsuccessful attempts to move to 1470 with a power upgrade to 5,000 watts, WMEX finally made the move (and power increase) in 1941, just in time for the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement to move to its current frequency, 1510 kHz. Throughout this period, WMEX operated as an independent (non-network) station with a program schedule filled with such programs as live music remotes, horse racing, and ethnic programming.

One early WMEX star was future Fenway Park and Boston Garden organist John Kiley, who in 1941 broadcast three daily programs. One of them was titled Letter-Quest, on which listeners would write to Kiley in care of the station, requesting songs. The letter would be read by announcer Jay McMaster (who remained at WMEX into the top-40 era), followed by Kiley playing the requested song.

In the 1940s, jazz critic Nat Hentoff got his start as a jazz deejay at WMEX.

In the early 1950s, Nat Hentoff announced many live jazz radio broadcasts over WMEX from the Storyville nightclub at the Hotel Buckminster. Many audio recordings from these sessions are still available, including those by Billie Holiday, Dave Brubeck, John Coltrane, Ella Fitzgerald, Stan Getz, Charles Mingus, Charlie Parker, and Sarah Vaughan.

The top-40 era
In 1957, the New England Radio Corporation sold WMEX to the Richmond brothers. One of the brothers, Max Richmond changed the format of WMEX to a rock-and-roll-dominant pop-music format (among the first in the nation) and hired popular disc jockey Arnie Ginsburg away from smaller station WBOS (now WUNR). The hit format lasted from 1957 until March 1975. Max Richmond was reportedly a challenge to work for, with his alleged micromanaging and abrasive personality, yet none can deny his uncanny ability to spot DJ talent, and to keep his station—despite a poor nighttime signal in many suburban locations—a major player and innovator for many years.

Among Max Richmond's innovations was the hiring of Jerry Williams in 1957 to conduct a nighttime telephone talk show, with the caller's voice heard on the air, a revolutionary concept in the late 1950s. With the weekday-only Williams show beginning at 10:00 pm (after much of the young rock-and-roll audience was in bed), Richmond was able to expand the appeal of his station to the adult community in the late-night hours. Malcolm X was a favorite guest of Williams, and many WMEX broadcasts featuring Williams and Malcolm X survive. Larry Glick (who was to become a Boston radio talk show legend) was hired by WMEX to host a show that aired after the Jerry Williams Show (1965-1967). Larry's show steered clear of controversy and was more focused on "having a good time" while taping into Boston's well-known humor side. When the Beatles broke in the United States, WMEX played virtually every Beatles song available and fueled the already rabid Boston fans. In the early 1960s, personality Arnie (WooWoo) Ginsburg hosted a Sunday night oldies show, one of the first in the nation to feature early pioneer rock and rhythm and blues recordings in a specialty show on a top-rated radio station.

In the late 1960s, WMEX received a power upgrade to 50,000 watts daytime, still with 5,000 watts at night. Station engineers had to constantly adjust the phasing network as tides in the Neponset River would play havoc with the station's directional pattern. However, the saltwater marsh area provided the station with an excellent coastal signal. While the night signal could not be heard clearly inland at many Boston suburban locations (especially in the growing and affluent western and southwestern suburbs), the station's nighttime transmissions were heard very clearly across the water to the Boston city neighborhoods and the working class North Shore areas. The saltwater path nighttime transmissions reached up to Nova Scotia and Labrador, gaining the station an audience in those areas, as well.

WITS: Information, talk and sports
By the late 1960s, WMEX was facing tough competition in the top-40 format from WRKO, which featured a tight playlist, a more "suburban oriented" sound, and a 50,000 watt day and night signal which was heard clearly in all suburbs. However, under the programming of Dick Summer and later, John Garabedian, WMEX countered with an expanded playlist featuring some "progressive rock" album cuts. The station was one of the first two major market stations along with its sister, WPGC in Washington, DC, to pick up American Top 40 with Casey Kasem and broke "Maggie May" by Rod Stewart nationally. WMEX shot back up in the ratings and actually beat WRKO in a few demographics and time periods, but it was a temporary and final victory for the station.

In November 1971, owner Max Richmond died and FM radio began to overtake AM stations for music listening. WMEX decided to abandon top-40 hits in 1975. It briefly ran a middle of the road music format with some talk programming. Then WMEX captured the broadcast rights to Boston Red Sox baseball beginning with the 1975 playoffs. That led to WMEX becoming an all-talk station in 1976. In 1978, to better promote its talk format and sports coverage, the station changed call letters to WITS ("Information, Talk and Sports").

Adding the Boston Bruins hockey team in the 1978-79 season boosted WITS's sports profile, but the station came in for considerable criticism after the 1978 baseball season when it fired the popular Red Sox commentary duo of Ned Martin and Jim Woods. Although Martin was able to continue broadcasting the Red Sox on television, Woods never again broadcast the team's games on a regular basis.

Long a 5,000-watt station, WMEX/WITS in the 1970s had a daytime power boost to 50,000 watts, with nighttime power remaining at 5,000 watts, a less-than-perfect signal in parts of the Boston area, especially at night. 1520 WKBW (now WWKB), with 50,000 watts in Buffalo, New York, right next door to WMEX on the dial, all but buried the weaker 5,000-watt WMEX after dark in the western Boston suburbs (such as Wellesley). On the other side of WMEX was an equally strong signal from 1500 WTOP (now WFED) in Washington, which, together with WKBW, put the squeeze on WMEX's signal at night. In 1981, WITS moved its transmitter to Waltham and was able to boost power to 50,000 watts day and night. While some areas did get an improved signal, others did not, especially at night. Not long afterward, WITS's owner at the time, Mariner Communications, suffered financial problems. The station lost the Red Sox and Bruins and had to abandon its talk format.

1983–2017: Multiple formats

WITS flipped to an adult standards format under the call sign WMRE "The Memory Station", but was not successful. Other formats quickly followed, one after another. Among them were a return to talk (featuring Morgan White Jr. and Bob Katzen), soft adult contemporary (as WSSH), country music (as WKKU), a return to soft adult contemporary (WSSH again), Spanish-language programming, and as WNRB, brokered religious programming. It eventually settled on an all-sports format with the call letters WWZN. Most WWZN programming came from the One-On-One Sports Network, and from One-On-One's successor, Sporting News Radio (today SB Nation Radio). For a time, sports hosts such as Sean McDonough, Ryen Russillo, and Eddie Andelman were all heard on WWZN.

During this time, Paul Allen's Rose City Broadcasting held the license. Allen also owned Sporting News Radio and The Sporting News magazine. For a few years, WWZN had the local radio broadcasts of the Boston Celtics basketball team, but the station sold the broadcast rights to WRKO at the end of the 2004–2005 season.

Prior to the station's sale, WWZN started to rely on time-brokered infomercials in addition to programming from Sporting News Radio. On May 31, 2007, Blackstrap Broadcasting completed its purchase of both this station and WSNR in the New York City area (licensed to Newark, New Jersey). In the fall of 2007, WWZN moved from Burlington, Massachusetts, to brand new studios overlooking the ocean at Marina Bay in Quincy.

From 2008 until 2012, the station aired progressive talk shows as brokered time including a local show hosted by Jeff Santos. The station then changed its call letters to WUFC and returned to a sports format as an affiliate of NBC Sports Radio from 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. and 7:00 p.m. to 1:00 a.m. weekdays, with a local show, "The Bawstin Diehards", from 10:00 a.m. to Noon. Yahoo! Sports Radio (the successor to Sporting News Radio) aired at other times. The NBC Sports Radio affiliation lasted until late 2013, when Yahoo! took over NBC's hours. In June 2014, the station began airing a libertarian talk radio format. On November 17, 2014, the station reverted to its original call sign, WMEX. The change coincided with the move of The Howie Carr Show to the station from WRKO.  Carr's show returned to WRKO on March 16, 2015.

Programs on WMEX in early 2015 included Boston Herald Radio, The Glenn Beck Program, Michael Savage, The Sean Hannity Show, and Alex Jones. A Saturday-night oldies show debuted on March 28, 2015, hosted by Jim Callahan and Chris Porter, which was followed by Classic Rewind with Jimmy Jay. The program featured music from the classic WMEX rock-and-roll years, along with original station jingles from the era.

On June 2, 2015, WMEX shuffled its line-up. Renegade Radio moved to the mornings, followed by Emmy-winning journalist Joe Shortsleeve with The Shortsleeve Report, radio hall-of-famer and ex-Howie Carr producer Sandy Shack followed, then came former WTKK and WRKO host Michele McPhee. Syndicated shows such as The Capitol Hill Show with Tim Constantine and Michael Savage rounded out the lineup. Premiere Networks, which syndicates Hannity and Beck, also offered The Rush Limbaugh Show to WMEX after the show's longtime Boston affiliate, WRKO, announced its plan to drop the show, WMEX openly refused to carry the show, which prompted Premiere parent company iHeartMedia to take Limbaugh (as well as Hannity and Beck) to a lower-powered, co-owned-and-operated station, WKOX (1430).

On June 23, 2015, WMEX announced that Daly XXL Communications would be purchasing the station from Blackstrap for $175,000, pending FCC approval, which was granted in September 2015. The sale was completed on September 10, 2015. On December 28, 2015, the station announced a new noontime show hosted by Nancy "Sandy" Shack, longtime producer of The Howie Carr Show, to begin on January 4, 2016. McPhee left the station on June 2, 2017, replaced by live airing of the Michael Savage show.

WMEX goes silent
During June 2017, talk programming during the evening hours was replaced by local oldies music shows, but in the final days, rumors began circulating that the station would be going off the air on June 30, 2017. The lease on their transmitter site in Waltham was due to expire. On the June 29, 2017, edition of an evening music show hosted by Jimmy Jay, the station confirmed that it was going to leave the air at 6:00 p.m. the following evening. On June 30, 2017, the hosts of the Renegade Radio morning show did a special second broadcast from 3:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m., pre-empting the syndicated Michael Savage show. The station then went silent. The Waltham towers were dismantled in May 2018.

In the interim, the station applied to the FCC for special temporary authority (STA) to remain silent until a new owner or funding was found. Based on its date of sign-off, it needed to return by June 30, 2018, in order to remain fully licensed under FCC regulations disallowing a station from remaining silent and licensed for more than 365 days.

WMEX returns to the air
On December 18, 2017, Ed Perry, owner of WATD-FM in Marshfield, announced that he would acquire WMEX for $125,000, with the intention of returning the station to the air with local news and sports for the area south of Boston. The paperwork was filed with the FCC in January 2018, the WMEX call letters were not initially included in the deal. The FCC approved the license transfer to Ed Perry's Marshfield Broadcasting on March 9, 2018, the sale was completed on March 17.

On June 6, 2018, the station was approved to diplex its signal from the broadcast tower of WBIX (1260) just south of Boston (right down the street from the station's 1940–1981 transmitter site) to temporarily broadcast daytime only at a power of 1,000 watts. On June 15, 2018, WMEX applied to permanently diplex with WBIX, with a proposed daytime power of 10,000 watts and nighttime power of 100 watts, along with a city of license change to Quincy. WMEX commenced on-air testing on the weekend of June 30, 2018, simulcasting WATD-FM, to keep its license alive; it intended to resume regular broadcasting in the fall of 2018 with oldies and South Shore-based news and sports. On July 3, 2018, the station applied for an STA to increase its temporary daytime power to 2,000 watts and implement the 100-watt nighttime signal. WMEX went silent on November 10, 2018, after losing its Internet feed from WATD-FM; in addition, the station's transmitter was in the process of being moved to Brockton sister station WATD (now WBMS).

The station did testing and a simulcast of WATD in mid-October 2019. Owner Ed Perry told the New England Radio Stations Facebook group that he intended to start original programming of South Shore-based news and sports as well as oldies by March 9, 2020. On that day, an update advised that the station was simulcasting WATD, with plans to add its own programming and live internet streaming starting in April 2020. Due to the coronavirus epidemic, the date was pushed back to May 18, 2020. On that day just after 9 a.m., DJ Larry Justice debuted with the first song being "Joy to the World" by Three Dog Night.

The station is currently owned by L&J Media, headed by Tony LaGreca and Larry Justice.

References

Further reading

External links

FCC History Cards for WMEX

Radio stations established in 1934
1934 establishments in Massachusetts
MEX (AM)
Oldies radio stations in the United States

WMEX (AM)


The Santiago Metropolitan Park is an urban park located within the city of Santiago, capital of Chile. Consisting of the San Cristóbal, Chacarillas and Los Gemelos hills, and the areas of Tupahue, Lo Saldés, Pirámide and Bosque Santiago, the park is located between four communes of Santiago – Huechuraba, Providencia, Recoleta and Vitacura – and covers around 722 hectares, making it the largest urban park in Chile and one of the largest in the world.

The Santiago Metropolitan Park also maintains 16 Urban Parks distributed throughout 13 communes in Santiago, a total area of almost 150.1 hectares. The maintenance work is carried out through "Urban Parks' Conservation, Maintenance and Safety" projects which involve cleaning, irrigation, replantation and management of vegetal species, maintenance of urban equipment, sanitation control, weed control, fertilization and safety among other activities.

The park was created in April 1966, when incorporating the Chilean National Zoo and the services of San Cristóbal Hill, and is managed by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. In September, 2012, the Chilean government launched a plan to significantly refurbish and expand the park between 2012 and 2016, a plan which includes building new footpaths, planting 100,000 more trees and expanding the National Zoo.

Origins and history

San Cristóbal Hill began to be used in 1903 with the installation of the Mills Observatory, currently known as the Manuel Foster Observatory, twin of the Lick Observatory of the University of California.

The main icon on the hill, the Statue of the Virgin Mary on San Cristóbal Hill, was inaugurated on April 26, 1908.

In 1916, a project led by Alberto Mackenna Subercaseaux and Pedro Bannen sought to transform the hill into a park and public recreational area. On September 28, 1917, Law No. 3295 was published in the Official Gazette which authorized president Juan Luis Sanfuentes to accept donations, purchase or expropriate land located between Bosque Santiago and San Cristóbal Hill, inclusive. Said land was declared for public use and the creation of the future park.

The then Intendant of Santiago, Pablo Urzúa, took official possession of the park's land on June 17, 1918. It was however during the period of intendant Alberto Mackenna, between 1921 and 1927, that the Hill was landscaped and prepared for public use.

Attractions

Pools

The park has two open-air pools: the Tupahue pool (meaning "place of God" in Quechua) and Antilén pool ("there is sun" in Mapundungun). Both operate in the summer from November through March.

The Tupahue pool was opened in 1966 on Tupahue hill, in what was originally a quarry. Surrounded by vegetation, there is a stone wall by Chilean muralist María Martner and Mexican Juan O'Gorman. The pool is 82 meters long and 25 meters wide.

The Antilén pool was opened in 1976. It is located on the summit of Chacarillas hill with a 360-degree panoramic view of the city. The pool is 92 meters long and 25 meters wide.

Cable car
The Santiago Cable Car was opened in 1980 and takes visitors from the base of the hill, in Pedro de Valdivia Norte neighborhood (Estación Oasis) to the summit (Estación Cumbre) in 20 minutes, passing through Tupahue station. The Tupahue pool is located at Estación Tupahue, as is the Mapulemu Botanic Garden ("forest of the earth" in Mapundungun) and the Camino Real restaurant.

At the summit, tourists can visit the Sanctuary on San Cristóbal Hill and take the Funicular, which runs between Barrio Bellavista and the summit of San Cristóbal Hill.

As of 2012, the Cable Car remains closed due to mechanical failures. Its restoration has been marked as part of the government's Bicentenary Plan.

In December 2014, it was announced that the cable car would be reopening in 2016 with work on the project starting in March 2015. The project will cost 9.5 million dollars. The cable car was reopened in November 2016.

Funicular
The Funicular de Santiago, which dates from 1925, has been declared a National Monument. It has two stations:  the National Zoo and  the summit. The funicular runs for almost 500 meters on a 45 degree incline, departing from Barrio Bellavista.

The funicular has two carriages, with one displaying a memorial plaque commemorating Pope John Paul II, who rode in the carriage in 1987 en route to saying mass at the feet of the Virgin Mary statue located at the hill's summit.

In September 2012, the funicular was marked for refurbishment as part of the Chilean government's Bicentenary Plan.

National Zoo

The Chilean National Zoo has thousands of animals representing 158 species.

Botanical Garden

Located within the park, the Botanical Garden contains various plants native to Chile and its mission includes conservation and research.

Sanctuary

A religious sanctuary atop San Cristóbal Hill commemorating the Immaculate Conception, is notable for its large statue of the Virgin Mary.

Bicentenary Children's Park
This park was opened in  2012 and has an amphitheater, treehouses, water features, interactive fence and a cable car.

Torre Antena

As it stands today, there are numerous Radio Antennas on the top of the hill that have become an eyesore. The Government of Santiago has come up with a solution to tear down all the existing antennas and instead combine them in one giant antenna that would also serve as a new landmark for Santiago. In late 2013 the city held a design contest for the new tower with the winning bid being announced in February of the following year.

See also
 San Cristóbal Hill
 Jardín Botánico Chagual
 Sanctuary on San Cristóbal Hill

References

External links
 Official website Santiago Metropolitan Park
 Chilean National Zoo
 Santiago Funicular
 Jardín Botánico Chagual
 360° virtual tour of San Cristobal

Urban public parks
Parks in Santiago, Chile
Tourist attractions in Santiago, Chile
Venues of the 2023 Pan and Parapan American Games

Santiago Metropolitan Park


Raymond III, sometimes numbered Raymond II (died in or about 1008), was the count of Rouergue and Quercy from 961 to his death. Raymond achieved a suzerainty over several neighbouring counties and successfully titled himself margrave of Septimania (Latin marchio, or even dux, duke). He was the son and successor of Raymond II.

According to the Liber miraculorum Sancte Fidis (Book of the Miracles of Saint Faith), Raymond died while on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Prior to his departure, he gave the Abbey Church of Saint Foy twenty-one gilt silver vessels, an expensive gilt saddle and an estate on the Mediterranean coast with its saltworks. According to the Liber, he acquired the saddle as booty in a war against the Saracens. This probably refers to his participation in a defensive campaign against the Córdoban general al-Mansur prior to 987.

By his death, Raymond was suzerain over Albi and Nîmes and his son received 50,000 solidi or one half of the total payment for the archbishopric of Narbonne in 1016. On his death, his son Hugh received Rouergue, but the margraviate passed to William III of Toulouse.

Notes

Sources
Lewis, Archibald R. The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718-1050.

1008 deaths
Year of birth unknown
House of Rouergue

Raymond III of Rouergue


The A388 is an A road in south west England which runs south from Landcross south of Bideford in Devon through Holsworthy, Launceston, Callington to Saltash in Cornwall.

The A388 begins at a junction with the A386 and in Holsworthy has junctions with the A3072. In Launceston it has junctions with the A30 and near Lawhitton a junction with the A384. In Callington it has junctions with the A390 and ends at Saltash when it meets the A38.

Gallery

References

External links

Roads in England
Roads in Cornwall
Transport in Devon

A388 road


The Maryhill Stonehenge is a replica of England's Stonehenge located in Maryhill, Washington, United States. It was commissioned in the early 20th century by the wealthy entrepreneur Sam Hill, and dedicated on July 4, 1918 as a memorial to the people who had died in World War I.

The memorial is constructed of concrete, and construction was commenced in 1918 and completed in 1929.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.

History
The Maryhill Stonehenge was the first monument in the United States to honor the dead of World War I – specifically, soldiers from Klickitat County, Washington, who had died in the then-ongoing war. The altar stone is placed to be aligned with sunrise on the summer solstice.

Following the then-prevalent interpretation of Stonehenge, Hill thought that the original monument had been used as a sacrificial site. He was a Quaker and commissioned the replica as a reminder that humanity is still capable of being sacrificed to the god of war.

The monument is located within the former site of the town of Maryhill; the town later burned down, leaving only the concrete replica standing. The memorial overlooks the Columbia Gorge. A second formal dedication of the monument took place on its completion on May 30, 1929. Sam Hill died in 1931, but lived long enough to see the re-installation of his Stonehenge replica completed.

The dedication plaque on this Washington Stonehenge is inscribed:

Current status
The Maryhill Stonehenge, which has nearby monuments to the soldiers of Klickitat County who died in World War II, Korea, Vietnam and Afghanistan, is now part of the Maryhill Museum of Art.

This concrete landmark is located off U.S. Highway 97, about two miles from the Sam Hill Memorial Bridge. Admission is free to visit the memorial but donations for its continued maintenance are accepted.

References

External links

Official site – Maryhill Museum of Art
Sound recordings within MaryHill Replica
Motion video within MaryHill Replica

1929 sculptures
Buildings and structures in Klickitat County, Washington
Concrete sculptures in Washington (state)
Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Klickitat County, Washington
Roadside attractions in Washington (state)
Replicas and derivatives of Stonehenge
Tourist attractions in Klickitat County, Washington

Maryhill Stonehenge


The Exorcism of Molly Hartley is a 2015 American supernatural horror film written by Matt Venne and directed by Steven R. Monroe. The film is a sequel to the 2008 film The Haunting of Molly Hartley. It was released on Digital HD on October 9, 2015, and on Blu-ray on October 20, 2015.

Plot

After causing a botched exorcism that resulted in the death of a fellow priest, Father James (Tom McLaren) and a pregnant woman, Father John Barrow (Devon Sawa) is committed to a Catholic mental asylum. Chaplain Henry Davies (Peter MacNeill) informs him that the Vatican has revoked his status as a priest. Meanwhile, Molly Hartley (Sarah Lind), is arrested after police find the corpses of the two friends she engaged in a threesome with the night before. While interrogating Molly, she hears strange noises before she begins to have a deeper voice and refers to herself as "we". She is sent to the same mental asylum for psychiatric evaluation under Dr. Laurie Hawthorn (Gina Holden), but her condition worsens after an insect-like creature enters her body.

Hawthorn looks through Molly's past records and diagnoses Molly's symptoms as her subconscious fulfilling a claim she told her high school guidance counselor, Dr. Emerson, that she was claimed by the devil on her eighteenth birthday and describes it as an incubation or pregnancy for six years, six months, and six days, involving that Dr. Emerson and Molly's ex-boyfriend Joseph Young were both killed in a double suicide, after Molly went off to Michigan. However, after supernatural occurrences happen around Molly, Dr. Hawthorn begins to believe in demonic possession. With limited options, she asks Barrow to perform the exorcism in exchange for signing his release forms. Though he initially refuses, after the suicide of an asylum employee, supernatural occurrences, and seeing Molly for himself, he visits Davies, who encourages him to help Molly, handing him his clerical attire and the items he needs to perform the exorcism. Barrow manages to perform the exorcism, trapping several insects that come out of Molly's mouth in a special box, which he keeps in a container filled with holy water.

Barrow returns the container to Davies, who places it in his basement for safekeeping. Barrow notices Davies' book on Satanism and how the letters on the cover match the letters on Molly's forehead during the exorcism. Davies explains this is "Leviathan", the fourth book of the Satanic Bible that explains the Antichrist will be born after the worst sin committed, Matricide, is committed on the "mother of the devil" or the person whose body was used to incubate the devil. Barrow demands to see the box, but upon opening the container, he finds that the box has been replaced with a large stone. Davies hits Barrow, knocking him out.

Barrow wakes up in a locked room in the asylum where he witnesses a patient commit suicide in the room next to him filled with other dead patients. An orderly comes brandishing a gun and orders him to come with him. Barrow and the orderly arrive at the underground room, where Davies takes part in a ritual to sacrifice Molly to bring forth the Antichrist and Barrow, the father of the devil since he was the one who extracted the devil through an unholy ritual. Before he can kill Molly, Dr. Hawthorn stabs Davies through the abdomen, dropping the box and releasing the insects, providing a distraction as Molly stabs Davies. Barrow, Dr. Hawthorn, and Molly escape while several of the participants are killed by the insects. Barrow assures Molly she is safe as she is driven away in an ambulance. Meanwhile, one of the insects flies into a moving school bus, where it approaches an outcast girl at the back of the bus. It inches toward her ear as the screen goes black.

Cast
 Sarah Lind as Molly Hartley
 Devon Sawa as Father John Barrow
 Gina Holden as Dr. Laurie Hawthorn
 Peter MacNeill as Chaplain Henry Davies
 Daina Leitold as Janet Jones
 Julia Arkos as Beatrice White
 Tom McLaren as Father James
 Bradley Sawatzky as Orderly #1
 Steve Weller as Orderly #2
 John Cor as Daryl

Reception
Trace Thurman of Bloody Disgusting gave the film a negative review, noting that "No one (and we mean no one) was asking for a sequel to the 2008 PG-13 horror film The Haunting of Molly Hartley." Adam Lee Price of Fangoria was more mixed in his review, stating that "the film did have its moments" while remarking that it was "an in-title-only sequel" to The Haunting of Molly Hartley.

References

External links

2015 direct-to-video films
American supernatural horror films
American direct-to-video films
2015 horror films
Films about exorcism
2015 films
20th Century Fox direct-to-video films
Direct-to-video sequel films
Films set in 2014
Films set in psychiatric hospitals
Religious horror films
2010s English-language films
Films directed by Steven R. Monroe
2010s American films

The Exorcism of Molly Hartley


Anthony Delpech (born 10 February 1969 in the Seychelles) is a thoroughbred horse racing jockey who competes internationally.

Delpech's family moved to Durban, South Africa when he was thirteen years old and it was there that he embarked on a career as a jockey. A three-time champion jockey  and the 1998, 2004, 2010 and 2011 winner of South Africa's premier race, the Durban July Handicap, he has ridden at the Champ de Mars Racecourse in Mauritius as well as the Singapore Racecourse in Kranji. However, in recent years he has met with considerable success at Sha Tin Racecourse in Hong Kong notably with Vengeance of Rain on whom he won the 2005 Hong Kong Cup and the 2007 Dubai Sheema Classic at Nad Al Sheba Racecourse. Anthony holds the record in South Africa for the most wins by a jockey in a season (334) which he set during the 1998/1999 racing season.

After a career-ending injury forced him to retire from the professional jockey ranks, Anthony has worked as a Brand Ambassador for Hollywoodbets.

Feature Race Wins

A list of Grade 1 wins by Anthony Delpech.

References
 Gold Circle article and photos on Anthony Delpech's win in the 2004 Durban July Handicap

1969 births
Living people
Seychellois jockeys
South African jockeys
Seychellois emigrants to South Africa

Anthony Delpech


Skagen Festival is Denmark's oldest music festival having been held each summer since 1971. The annual event takes place on a number of stages in Skagen in the far north of Jutland over the first weekend of July.

History
The first festival in 1971 titled "Skagen Visefestival" (Skagen Song Festival) was held in Tuxen's Villa, the former residence of Laurits Tuxen, one of the Skagen Painters. The participants came mainly from Norway and Denmark. It then moved to the Sports Center where there was more space before being held in the Skagen Kultur- og Fritidscenter. From 1996, the festival was held outdoors with tents pitched on the sand dunes or close to the harbour. It now takes place at various locations in the town and around the harbor. Initially the festival was held over the last weekend in June but since 1989, the first weekend in July has been the preferred date.

Festival
The festival's slogan is "It's good to see you!", the title of Allan Taylor's song which Alex Cambell sang at the festival back in the 1970s. Some 650 volunteers get together for a week or so to make the necessary arrangements. Now an international festival, it presents various types of folk music including folk rock, jazz and blues. As well as 26 acts from Denmark, the 2014 program included four Australian acts, one from Belgium, four from England, two from Holland, seven from Ireland, one from Italy, two from Norway, two from Scotland, one from Spain, two from Sweden, one from Germany and one from the USA.

Changing venues
As a result of low ticket sales in 2013, Skagen Sports Center will no longer be included as a festival venue in 2014. However, Skagen Culture and Leisure Centre, Harbour scene and Culture Kappelborg, got an extra day of play - the latter as the small intimate venue.

References

Skagen
Festivals established in 1971
Tourist attractions in the North Jutland Region
Music festivals in Denmark
Rock festivals in Denmark
Folk festivals in Denmark
Summer events in Denmark
1971 establishments in Denmark

Skagen Festival


Eotheroides is an extinct genus of Eocene sirenian. It is an early member of the family Dugongidae, which includes the extant dugong. Fossils have been found from Egypt, India, and Madagascar. Eotheroides was first described by Richard Owen in 1875 under the name Eotherium, which was replaced by the current name in 1899.

Based on endocranial casts, Eotheroiodes had a smaller endocranial volume than other contemporaneous sirenians such as Protosiren. Unlike extant sirenians, Eotheroides possesses a tentorium cerebelli, which appears as a distinct transverse groove on the skull.

Species

The type species, E. aegyptiacum, is known from the Lutetian Mokattam Limestone of Cairo, Egypt. Another species, E. lambondrano, was recently named on the basis of material found from Middle Eocene nearshore marine deposits in the Mahajanga Basin of Madagascar. The species was named after the Malagasy word for dugong, which translates as "water bushpig". It is known from a nearly complete skull and fragments of pachyosteosclerotic (thick) ribs. Based on its age and morphology, E. lambondrano may be ancestral to E. aegyptiacum. Described in 2009, E. lambondrano is the first pre-Pleistocene Cenozoic mammal named from Madagascar, being known from an 80-million-year gap in the island's fossil record.

Several other species have been named, including E. babiae from India, E. majus, E. clavigerum and E. sandersi from Egypt, and E. waghapadarensis, also from India. E. majus was based on a single upper molar, which was never catalogued and is now lost; it has been considered a senior subjective synonym of E. aegyptiacum.

Paleobiology

The teeth of Eotheroides were relatively unspecialized compared to those of extant sirenians, which are reduced as an adaptation for feeding on sea grass. The upper molars of E. lambondrano are considerably longer and wider than those of E. aegyptiacum, suggesting that they were less specialized. Eotheroides is likely to have been one of the first fully aquatic sea cows. Eotheroides lambondrano was found in association with the remains of other sea cows, crocodilians, and sea turtles, which suggests that the locality is representative of a coastal or estuarine environment.

References

Further reading

 Marine Mammals: Evolutionary Biology by Annalisa Berta, James L. Sumich, and Kit M. Kovacs
 The Beginning of the Age of Mammals by Kenneth D. Rose
 Classification of Mammals by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell

External links
 Prehistoric Pygmy Sea Cow Discovered in Madagascar
 Eotheroides in the Paleobiology Database

Eocene sirenians
Eocene mammals of Africa
Transitional fossils
Taxa named by Édouard Louis Trouessart
Fossil taxa described in 1905
Prehistoric placental genera

Eotheroides


Saint Ansfried (also Ansfrid, Ansfridus) of Utrecht sometimes called Ansfried the younger (died 3 May 1010 near Leusden) was Count of Huy and the sword-bearer for Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor. He became Bishop of Utrecht in 995.  He appears to have been the son or grandson of Lambert, a nobleman of the Maasgau, the area where he later founded the Abbey of Thorn. He also appears to have been related to various important contemporaries including the royal family.

Life
The principal source of information regarding Ansfried is the De diversitatem temporum by the Benedictine Albert of Metz, written around 1022.

Ansfried had the same name as a paternal uncle (patruus), Ansfried the elder, a count who supposedly held 15 counties. The young Ansfried studied secular and clerical subjects under another paternal uncle, Robert, Archbishop of Trier, before attending the cathedral school at Cologne.

In 961, Otto I took Ansfried into his personal service and made him his swordbearer. When Otto was in Rome the following year to be crowned Holy Roman Emperor, he directed Ansfried to keep close at hand with the sword as a precaution against any unforeseen eventualities. Karl Leyser describes this as a valuable lesson in practicality.

Because of his Christian commitment, he was highly respected and an important knight of the emperor's circle, holding rich possessions along the Meuse, in Brabant and Gelderland. Possibly all or some of his counties were inherited from his paternal uncle of the same name. As Count, he had considerable success in suppressing piracy and armed robbery. In 985, Otto III granted Ansfried the right to mint coins at Medemblik, on the north-south shipping route through the Vlie, as well as, the income from tolls and tax collecting.

He was married to Heresuint or Hilsondis. They had one child, Benedicta.  He founded a Romanesque abbey church on his wife's estate at Thorn under the patronage of St. Michael. The abbey itself had a double cloister that housed both men and women. Ansfried planned it as a place of retirement for himself and his family after he left public service. Under his control, the abbey and lands, of about 1.5 square kilometers, was reichsunmittel, making it subject only to the Emperor. Hereswitha was to be the first abbess but died on her way there; and Benedicta took her place.

After his wife's death, Ansfried wanted to become a monk. However, in 995, Emperor Otto III and Bishop Notker of Liège persuaded the reluctant Ansfried to assume the then vacant see of Utrecht. Ansfried objected that as he had borne weapons as a knight, he was unworthy of the office, but the emperor prevailed. The elderly count laid down his sword on the altar of Saint Mary in Aachen and was ordained priest and consecrated eighteenth Bishop of Utrecht in the same ceremony. Bishop Ansfried never took a commission in the royal army, in contrast to Notger and the Bishop of Cologne.

In 1006 Bishop Ansfried founded the abbey of Heiligenberg, also under the patronage of Saint Michael. Toward the end of his life he became increasingly weakened through fasting, and retired there as a monk, caring for the sick, although almost blind himself.

Upon his death, townsfolk from Heiligenberg took possession of his body, while the people of Utrecht were extinguishing a not coincidental fire. The abbess of Thorn mediated and Ansfried was buried in the Cathedral of Saint Martin in Utrecht.

Veneration
His feast day was 3 May but was later moved to 11 May.

Patronage
St. Ansfried is the patron saint of Amersfoort.

Iconography
Ansfried is portrayed holding a small church building (as a founder); as a knight with weapons at his feet, because he renounced the knighthood; with a bishop's miter and staff; or as a Benedictine monk.

The stained glass windows in St. John's Cathedral in Den Bosch depicting the seven sacraments. The sacrament of Holy Orders portrays St. Ansfried.

Notes

External links
 Saints of May 11: Ansfrid

1010 deaths
Bishops of Utrecht
10th-century German bishops
11th-century German bishops
11th-century Christian saints
Burials at St. Martin's Cathedral, Utrecht
Medieval Dutch saints
Year of birth unknown

Ansfried of Utrecht


Bernard Gaines Farrar Jr. (1831–1916) served in the American Civil War as an officer in the Union Army. Prior to his service, he was a businessman in St. Louis. Farrar Jr. began his military career on the staff of General Nathanial Lyon and then rose through the ranks until he was brevetted Brigadier-General. Following his time in the military he returned to St. Louis where he was involved in politics and known as a prominent leader in the St. Louis community.

Early life
Farrar was born August 5, 1831, in St. Louis, Missouri, to Bernard Gaines Farrar, Sr. and Ann O'Fallon Clark Thruston. His father was the first doctor of American descent to set up permanent residence west of the Mississippi, and his mother was the niece of William Clark. Farrar Jr. studied at St. Louis University, Norwich Military Academy of Vermont, and the University of Virginia. After completing his education, he returned to St. Louis. He began his career in local business ventures and real estate. On June 14, 1852, Farrar married Isabel Jerdone Mitchell. The Farrars had four children: Alexander Mitchell Farrar, Frank Jerdone Farrar, Ann Clark Thruston Farrar and Bertie Cecil Farrar.

Military career
In 1861, Farrar enlisted in the Union Army. That May, just as the American Civil War broke out, he was appointed as an aide-de-camp for General Nathaniel Lyon. Early in his service under Lyon, Farrar engaged in a campaign to oust Missouri's pro-Confederate government. He was also an active participant in the Camp Jackson Affair, personally sent to Confederate General Frost delivering the message to surrender. After the Battle of Wilson's Creek and General Lyon's death, Farrar was appointed to the staff of General Henry Halleck in October 1861. Farrar served as Provost Marshal of the Department of the Missouri until October 1862. Then he organized the 30th Missouri Volunteer Infantry and became its Colonel. Serving under General Ulysses S. Grant in the Mississippi River campaigns; he commanded Francis P. Blair's Brigade in the Siege of Vicksburg. Afterwards he formed an all-black regiment which would later become the 6th U.S. Colored Heavy Artillery. Farrar later commanded the District of Natchez, and was brevetted Brigadier-General on March 9, 1865.

Post-military life
In May 1865, Farrar resigned from the military and came back to reside in St. Louis. A vocal Republican, he served as a representative in Missouri and was appointed by President Harrison as Missouri's Assistant U.S. Treasurer, a position he held for four years. Farrar died on June 6, 1916. He is buried at Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis, Missouri.

References

External links

Image of Bernard Gaines Farrar, Jr. from the Missouri History Museum

1831 births
1916 deaths
Burials at Bellefontaine Cemetery
Military personnel from St. Louis
People of Missouri in the American Civil War
Union Army colonels

Bernard Gaines Farrar Jr


93 George Street, The Rocks is a heritage-listed former dwelling and now retail building located at 93 George Street in the inner city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built in 1891. It is also known as Zia Pina Pizzeria. The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002.

History
The site of 91 and 93 George Street was the site of the Assistant Surgeon's House, constructed shortly after the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788. The location of this residence relates to the location of the Colony's first hospital just to the south of the site.

Once a more substantial hospital was constructed in Macquarie Street in 1816, the Assistant Surgeon no longer required the house. From about that time, the former Assistant Surgeon's house was occupied by Francis Greenway, a ticket-of-leave man who had been transported for forgery in 1814. Greenway was appointed to the position of civil architect and assistant engineer for the government in 1816, for which his salary included lodging quarters. This appointment ceased in 1822, however, Greenway refused to relinquish his government house. He produced a document (later claimed to be a forgery) purporting to give him title to the land. He appears to have continued to occupy the site until at least 1834, when the title was questioned and ownership reverted to the Crown. However, it was not until Greenway's death in 1837 that the Crown recovered the property, following action in London.

Frederic Wright Unwin, solicitor and merchant, was subsequently granted the land in 1838. Unwin had extensive landholdings in the city, particularly along the western side of George Street. On 1 July 1839, Unwin leased an area of land to Michael Gannon, carpenter, for a period of 21 years. Gannon had arrived in the colony as a convict on the Almorah in 1820 and was granted a conditional pardon in 1835.

The terms of the lease required that Gannon:

It is unclear from the documentary evidence whether the Assistant Surgeon/Greenway's house had been demolished by the time Gannon took on the lease. However, by 1844, when the land was conveyed to R. A. A. Morehead and Matthew Young, Gannon had constructed a number of buildings on the land, including the New York Hotel at 91 George Street and a three-storey building at 93 George Street, as well as the terrace 95-99 George Street. Although Gannon was only required to erect buildings along the George Street frontage, the plan accompanying the conveyance in 1844 shows that the site also contained buildings along Argyle Street, and a workshop and stables accessible from the yard, all also presumed to be constructed by Gannon.

The resulting configuration of the block was typical of urban planning in other quarters in The Rocks, that of a central yard, accessed through a passageway, and surrounded by buildings open to the public fronting the adjacent streets, as well as workshops or factory buildings opening primarily to the yard. Gannon was also responsible for the creation of the laneway (now known as Greenway Lane) accessing the yard from Argyle Street.

In 1845, the hotel was described as "stone and shingle 3 storey hotel of 15 rooms" and the building then at 93 George Street was described as a "shop with 6 rooms." Sands Directory listings for the site show that the New York Hotel operated as such until 1861, while the building at 93 George Street was a seaman's boarding house. Michael Gannon died , having been declared insolvent in 1845. The insolvency records list Gannon's address as Argyle Street, and his occupation as builder. In the early 1860s, the uses of both buildings changed. While 93 George Street became a green grocer, 91 George Street was used by Henry Fisher & Son, ship brokers, as a warehouse. By 1866, however, use of the building reverted to a hotel under John B. Bassetti, who operated the Italian Hotel.

In 1870, the land containing 91 and 93 George Street was sold to William Yeoman, painter, and who, from the 1860s, owned the land at 95-101 George Street. Yeoman occupied a store which was constructed by Gannon as a workshop in the yard behind George Street. In 1885, Yeoman sold the land to John Gill. Eliza Hirshan was the occupant for 1848-1850 and Robert Brickell occupied the shop between 1851-57. From 1863 Mrs Rosa O'Brian, a dealer and fruiterer occupied the shop and dwelling owned by Messrs. Moorehead & Young and in 1869 the Chinese Merchants, Sun Lee Kee & Co. were the tenants. The tenement was turned into a boarding house in 1870 and remained so until 1877 apparently annexed to the public house adjacent on the north side. However, in 1877 Mrs Honorah Lawrence re-established the premises as a green grocers shop. She remained as a tenant until 1888. In 1889 Mrs Ada Boyce managed refreshment rooms.

Although listed as a boarding house intermittently from 1859, the ground floor of 93 George Street was consistently occupied by a green grocer until 1889, when it was listed as a boarding house. It is possible that a boarding house operated in the upper floors even during years that a green grocer is recorded in the Sands Directory as the occupant of the building. Documentary evidence dating to 1890 shows that the building housed lodgers in association with the (now named) ASN Hotel Building at 91 George Street.

On 26 February 1890, the City Building Surveyor, George MacRae, wrote to the City of Sydney Improvement Board to alert the Board to the premises at 93 George Street which was "in a ruinous condition and dangerous to the public." The request was marked "Urgent" and was considered by the Board at a meeting two days later, during which the Board made a visit to the site. The same day, the Board heard received statements from the City Building Surveyor as well as John Lord, agent for the owner of the property, Robert Gill, grazier of Moonbi, who had inherited the land after John Gill's death in 1888. The City Building Surveyor's evidence before the Board provides a good account of the building:

The agent for the owner, John Lord, told the Committee:

In response to questions from the Board, Lord stated that he was not aware that there were 25 beds in five rooms and that in one room 19' x 17' there were nine beds. He said that his attention had been drawn only that day to some stones in the cellar having collapsed. The Board resolved that the building be "taken down [condemned] forthwith". In so resolving, the Chairman of the Board asked the City Building Surveyor if the "hotel adjoining the premises this day inspected was proposed to be dealt with, the Board having noticed that it appeared to be in a bad condition." The Surveyor responded that "he had looked over the hotel building but it was not nearly in so bad a condition as the premises No. 93 George Street". He would, however, shortly make a more minute inspection as to its safety, when the building now condemned was taken down he would have a better opportunity of doing so.

Although the documentary evidence does not indicate when the Board's order was carried out, the physical evidence suggests that 93 George Street was demolished and rebuilt as a two-storey with cellar shop, and that 91 George Street was substantially rebuilt at the same time, shortly after the Board's order in 1890. As both buildings were under one ownership, and both buildings were leased to Tooth & Co, it is likely that the rebuilding of the pair was carried out in a single event, resulting in the shared decorative features evident in early 20th century photographs of the buildings, including the garland decoration to the parapets. It appears that the upper floors of 91 George Street were extended toward the west and built over Greenway Lane during this substantial rebuilding.

The Sands Directory contains no listing for either building in 1891, possibly as both buildings were under construction at the time. When listed again in 1892, the ASN Hotel was under a new licensee, R. B. Goof, and 93 George Street housed O'Neill & Co, outfitters. O'Neill & Co remained in the building until 1907, when it became refreshment rooms.

Following the outbreak of plague in Sydney's waterfront areas in 1900, the property was turned over to the Crown as part of the resumption of the entire Rocks area. Following this resumption, the Maritime Services Board administered leases of 91 and 93 George Street until 12 January 1970, when ownership was taken over by the Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority. In 1976, the shop at 93 George Street underwent substantial renovations and opened as the Zia Pina Pizzeria.

Description
The Victorian Italianate style building is a two storied, brick built and cement rendered shop, constructed as part of the adjacent former ASN Hotel. It has an unusual garland decoration below the parapet. The shopfront was altered by Tooth & Co.; in 1928. In 1983, as part of the work to adapt the adjacent hotel to a police station, the shopfront (1928) was removed and an "1890s shopfront" constructed. The 1983 shopfront is not a reconstruction of the original shopfront, the details of which are unknown (2001).

Style: Victorian Italianate; Storeys: 2; Roof Cladding: Corrugated Iron; Floor Frame: Timber.

Condition

As at 3 May 2001, Archaeology Assessment Condition: Mostly disturbed. Assessment Basis: Floors level with George Street, but below that of Greenway Lane. Cellars below.

Modifications and dates
Facade: ; 1928; & 1983

Heritage listing
As at 31 March 2011, the Zia Pina Pizza Shop and site is of State heritage significance for its aesthetic, historical and scientific cultural values and its contribution to The Rocks area, which is of State Heritage significance in its own right.

The shop at 93 George Street, built  after a previous () building on the site was condemned by the City Improvement Board, provides an interesting reflection of the 19th century approach to town sanitation and improvements.

Although a modest two-storey shop building typical of its time, 93 George Street shares a number of decorative elements with the former ASN Hotel building at 91 George Street, and contributes to the aesthetic diversity of The Rocks streetscape. The site is historically significant as a place continuously occupied by Europeans since 1788, and for the associations of the site with the first colonial architect Francis Greenway. Together with other buildings in the immediate vicinity constructed by emancipist Michael Gannon, the site, including Greenway Lane, demonstrates an approach to town planning typical of the 1840s development of The Rocks.

The site has scientific significance for the archaeological potential to reveal evidence of road surfaces and earlier buildings on the site. The building is socially significant for its long history, and for its contribution to The Rocks area, Australia's premier heritage precinct.

Shop, Zia Pina Pizzeria was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.

The site of 91 and 93 George Street is historically significant as a site continuously occupied by Europeans since 1788.

The configuration of the buildings and Greenway Lane is historically significant in demonstrating the approach to urban planning prevalent in The Rocks . No. 91 George Street and the original building at 93 George Street were constructed contemporaneously, together with the buildings at 45-47 Argyle Street and 94-99 George Street, by Michael Gannon under the terms of his lease of the land, imparting this group of buildings with a shared origin and history. Further, 91 and 93 George Street are linked by their common subsequent ownership and operation (with 93 George Street functioning at times as a boarding house associated with the hotel at 91 George Street). Additionally, the construction of the current building at 93 George Street in 1890 was accompanied by the substantial rebuilding of the hotel at 91 George Street, resulting in a number of decorative features shared between the two buildings.

The current building at 93 George Street was constructed in 1890 as a direct result of the condemnation of the previous building on the site by the City of Sydney Improvement Board, and is an interesting reflection of the 19th century approach to town sanitation and improvements.

The shop at 93 George Street meets this criterion on a State level.

The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.

The site of 91 and 93 George Street is of significance for its association with the First Fleet, as the site of the house of the Assistant Surgeon from c1788. The Assistant Surgeon's residence is also associated with the first colonial architect, Francis Greenway, who lived in a house on the site between 1815 and .

The original buildings on the site, although demolished and rebuilt (no. 93) and substantially rebuilt (no. 91) in 1890, are associated with Michael Gannon, a ticket-of-leave convict who made a living as a builder in The Rocks, developing a substantial parcel of land, including the subject site, from 1839. Gannon is an interesting example of the mid-19th century class of pardoned convicts who remained in NSW and practiced trades or professions.

The shop at 93 George Street meets this criterion on a State level.

The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.

91 and 93 George Street, as a pair, are aesthetically significant as a fine example of the Victorian Italianate style, characterised by the unusual garland decoration below the parapet (both buildings) and the decorative cartouche located on the splayed corner of 91 George Street.

91 George Street is aesthetically significant for its prominent contribution to the streetscape at the intersection of the two main streets in The Rocks, George and Argyle Streets. Although making a less prominent contribution to the streetscape, 93 George Street is of significance in continuing the uniform character of the smaller scale retail shop buildings with awnings found along George Street in The Rocks.

Both 91 and 93 are significant as contributors to the visual diversity of the streetscape. Both buildings are aesthetically significant for their contribution to the streetscape of Greenway Lane, one of the pedestrian laneways in The Rocks area which are highly significant as evocations of the colonial townscape. The shop at 93 George Street meets this criterion on a State level.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

The buildings are socially significant for their long history and for their contribution to The Rocks area, Australia's premier heritage precinct, as evidenced by their inclusion on a number of lists of buildings of heritage significance formulated by community groups such as the National Trust of Australia (NSW), and representative bodies such as the City of Sydney Council and the Heritage Council of NSW.

The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

The site is technically significant for the archaeological potential to reveal evidence of earlier configurations of the hotel structures and road surfaces as well as the c1788 structure occupied by the First Fleet's Assistant Surgeon and later by Francis Greenway.

The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

The building has rarity value being a component of the extant Victorian Italianate-style hotel and shop building in The Rocks.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.

The former ASN Hotel at 91 George Street is representative of hotel buildings in The Rocks in terms of its fabric, size, series of renovations, and historical uses. Likewise, the shop at 93 George Street is an example of the large number Victorian period retail shops in The Rocks of similar fabric, size, periodic renovations, and uses.

The shop at 93 George Street meets this criterion on a local level.

See also

 Australian residential architectural styles
 ASN Hotel Building, 91 George Street
 95-99 George Street

References

Bibliography

Attribution

External links

New South Wales State Heritage Register sites located in The Rocks
Houses in The Rocks, New South Wales
Retail buildings in New South Wales
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
1891 establishments in Australia
Houses completed in 1891
New South Wales places listed on the defunct Register of the National Estate
The Rocks, George Street 93
George Street, Sydney

93 George Street, The Rocks


The Albin O. Kuhn Library & Gallery is the official library of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County in Catonsville, Maryland. It is located in the center of the campus at the confluence of Academic Row and Walker Avenue. The library features 1 million+ books & bound journals (33,000+ current subscriptions), 1.9 million+ photographs and slides, 30,000+ sound recordings, 800,000+ microform pieces, 1,200+ linear feet of manuscripts/archives, 180,000+ government documents, and 100,000+ slides. In addition to the stacks, the Albin O. Kuhn Library also features the Library Gallery, the UMBC Special Collections, the Retriever Learning Center and Math Lab, Resources Learning Center, a cafe, and administrative offices.

History
The University of Maryland, Baltimore County began construction on the first wing of the library in 1968. The new library was built across from the Library Pond on a hillside, therefore having a lower and upper floor. Over the years, the library continued to expand to accompany the growing university, beginning with the east wing constructed in 1975. The library was formally dedicated in 1982 in honor of the founding chancellor, Albin Owings Kuhn. In 1995, a $23 million project was implemented, which included a refurbishment and massive addition for the library tower and main entrance.

Special Collections
The UMBC Special Collections Department offers a large variety of historical documents, artifacts, photographs, film, and many other forms of media. The collections include more than 2 million photographs, including works by famous photographers Lewis Hine, Ansel Adams, Berenice Abbott, Judy Dater, Diane Arbus, Roland Freeman, David Plowden, Minor White, and many more. Additional collections include: The Edward L. Bafford Photographic Book Collection, The Azriel Rosenfeld Science Fiction Research Collection, Alternative Press Collection, The Marylandia Collection, The General Collection, The Merkle Collection, and The Needle Collection. The Special Collections Department also holds works by UMBC faculty, The Baltimore Sun, and others.

Retriever Learning Center
In September 2011, UMBC opened the Retriever Learning Center (RLC) as a 24-hour study space available for students. Located on the ground floor of the library, the RLC is a secure section of the library that can only be accessed by use of one's UMBC identification card. The RLC features a designated area named the "Math Lab", a seminar room, and a vending machine area.

External links
 Albin O. Kuhn Library and Gallery – Explore Baltimore Heritage

References

University of Maryland, Baltimore County
University and college academic libraries in the United States
Art museums and galleries in Maryland
Tourist attractions in Baltimore County, Maryland
Buildings and structures in Baltimore County, Maryland
Libraries in Maryland

Albin O. Kuhn Library & Gallery


Frederick Ernest of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (15 December 1703 – 23 June 1762 in Drage) was a member of the Brandenburg-Kulmbach branch of the House of Hohenzollern.  His most significant position was governor of the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein-Glückstadt.

Background
He was the son of Margrave Christian Heinrich of Brandenburg-Kulmbach and his wife Sophie Christiane of Wolfstein.  His sister, Sophia Magdalen of Brandenburg-Kulmbach was married with King Christian VI of Denmark.  At the time, Denmark was in personal union with the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein-Glückstadt, the royal share in the Duchy of Holstein.  Christian VI appointed his brother-in-law Frederick Ernest as governor of the duchies.

Life
Frederick Ernest was made a Knight of the Order of the Elephant by his royal brother-in-law.  In 1731, he received Gottorf Castle as his seat, the former seat of the Dukes of Schleswig and Holstein at Gottorp.  However, he preferred to build his own residence at the site of the manor at Drage, which the king had given to him on the occasion of his wedding with Christine Sophie, the daughter of Duke Ernest Ferdinand of Brunswick-Bevern.  The old manor house was demolished and Friedrichsruh Castle was constructed between 1744 and 1751, after a design of the Danish court architect Nicolai Eigtved.

Frederick Ernest and his wife lived far beyond their means, and when he died childless in 1762, he left a heavily indebted estate.  Frederick Ernest and his wife were buried in the St. Michael's Church in Hohenaspe.  He was succeeded as governor of Schleswig and Holstein-Glückstadt by Friedrich Ludwig von Dehn.

The Margrave Room in Glücksburg Castle is named after Frederick Ernest.  He resided there for a while.

References
 Rudolf Irmisch: Schloß Drage und sein Besitzer, Markgraf Friedrich Ernst von Brandenburg-Kulmbach, in: Steinburger Jahrbuch 1973, Itzehoe, 1972, pp. 6–17
 Bernd Langmaack: Friedrich Ernst Markgraf zu Brandenburg-Culmbach. Eine glanzvolle Persönlichkeit, mit Königen verschwägert, in: Steinburger Jahrbuch 2000, Itzehoe 1999, pp. 61–72

House of Hohenzollern
1703 births
1762 deaths


Seth McKeel (born June 5, 1975) was a Republican member of the Florida House of Representatives from 2006 to 2014, representing the 63rd District from 2006 to 2012 and the 40th District, which included most of metropolitan Lakeland in Polk County, from 2012 to 2014.

History
McKeel attended the University of Florida, where he graduated in 1997 with a degree in political science. He studied British politics abroad in the United Kingdom at the Florida State University London Study Centre. In 2000, McKeel was elected to the Lakeland City Commission, where he served until December 2005.

Florida House of Representatives
In 2006, incumbent State Representative Dennis A. Ross opted to run for re-election in the 64th District rather than the 63rd, where he had previously been elected, creating an open seat. McKeel opted to run in the 63rd District, which included much of western Polk County and southeastern Hillsborough County and won the Republican primary unopposed. In the general election, he campaigned on "small business regulation and education" and faced massage therapist James Davis, the Democratic nominee, who shared a name with the unsuccessful Democratic nominee for Governor, Jim Davis; McKeel took the name association seriously, noting that he was "nervous about what his opponent's name might mean on a night when Democrats were doing well across the country." However, he was ultimately successful over Davis, winning with over 60% of the vote. In both 2008 and 2010, McKeel was elected unopposed.

Following the reconfiguration of legislative districts in 2012, McKeel was drawn into the 40th District, which was based entirely in Polk County and included most of metropolitan Lakeland. He won the nomination of his party unopposed and advanced to the general election, where he was opposed by independent candidate Lillian Lima. His opponent largely campaigned on replacing most politicians with fresher faces, while McKeel defended his record, noting, "I ran my first campaign on my vision for my hometown and a deeply rooted belief in limited government and fiscal conservatism. That record is very public, and I am proud of it." Ultimately, McKeel turned away Lima's challenge, winning election to his final term in the legislature with 64% of the vote.

When Chief Financial Officer of Florida Jeff Atwater was under consideration to be President of the Florida Atlantic University in 2014, when he was running for re-election, McKeel was considered a possible candidate to replace Atwater on the ballot as the Republican nominee. Ultimately, however, Atwater was not selected and instead successfully ran for re-election.

References

External links
Florida House of Representatives - Seth McKeel

1975 births
Living people
Republican Party members of the Florida House of Representatives
University of Florida alumni
People from Lakeland, Florida
Florida city council members

Seth McKeel


Rudolf Smend (November 5, 1851 – December 27, 1913)--"the Elder"-- was a German theologian born in Lengerich, Westphalia. He was an older brother to theologian Julius Smend (1857–1930), and the father of Carl Friedrich Rudolf Smend (1882–1975), an authority on constitutional and ecclesiastical law, and the grandfather of noted Old Testament historian Rudolf Smend who spent his life at the University of Goettingen as one of two chairs of Old Testament (1971-1998).

He studied theology at the Universities of Göttingen, Berlin and Bonn, earning his doctorate in 1874 with a dissertation on Arabic poetry. In 1880 he became an associate professor of the Old Testament at the University of Basel, where shortly afterwards he attained the title of full professor.

In 1889 he returned to the University of Göttingen as a professor of Biblical science and Semitic languages. At Göttingen he was reunited with his former teacher Julius Wellhausen (1844–1918), who was a major influence in his professional career. Smend is largely remembered for critical examination of the Old Testament, particularly in his research involving stories of the Hexateuch. In 1907 with Alfred Rahlfs (1865–1935) he created the Septuaginta-Unternehmen (Septuagint Venture) in the Göttingen Society of Sciences.

Smend died in Ballenstedt.

Selected publications
 Der Prophet Ezechiel (The Prophet Ezekiel), 1880
 Lehrbuch der alttestamentlichen Religionsgeschichte (Textbook of Old Testament religious history), 1899
 Die Weisheit des Jesus Sirach (The wisdom of Jesus Sirach) with Hebrew glossary, 1906
 Die Erzählung des Hexateuch auf ihre Quellen untersucht (Sources of the Hexateuch investigated), 1912

References
Friedrich Wilhelm Graf, "Smend, Hermann Rudolf". In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Volume 24, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2010, , S. 509 ( digitized ).
Klaus-Gunther Wesseling: "Smend, Rudolf". In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon  (BBKL). Volume 10, Bautz, Herzberg 1995, , Sp 652–655.

External links

1851 births
1913 deaths
People from Lengerich, Westphalia
People from the Province of Westphalia
19th-century German Protestant theologians
20th-century German Protestant theologians
19th-century German male writers
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
German male non-fiction writers

Rudolf Smend


Anita Strindberg (born 19 June 1937) is a Swedish former actress who appeared in numerous Italian giallo films in the 1970s.

Strindberg appeared as Anita Edberg in two Swedish films in the late 1950s. She started her career in gialli with Lucio Fulci's A Lizard in a Woman's Skin in 1971 and starred in her first lead role that same year, in the Sergio Martino-directed The Case of the Scorpion's Tail. In 1972, she starred in two more gialli: Aldo Lado's Who Saw Her Die? and Martino's Your Vice Is a Locked Room and Only I Have the Key.

After the early 1970s, Strindberg acted in many types of genre films: a women in prison film Women in Cell Block 7 (1973); the Exorcist-like horror film The Antichrist (1974); and the poliziotteschi film Almost Human (1974), directed by Umberto Lenzi. Her last film was Riccardo Freda's Murder Obsession, also known as Fear co-starring Laura Gemser.

Filmography

Blonde in Bondage (1957) - Telephone Operator
Sköna Susanna och gubbarna (1959) - Susanna
Quella chiara notte d'ottobre (1970) - Victim (uncredited)
Una lucertola con la pelle di donna (A Lizard in a Woman's Skin, 1971) - Julia Durer
La coda dello scorpione (Case of the Scorpion's Tail, 1971) - Cléo Dupont
Coartada en disco rojo (The Two Faces of Fear, 1972) - Dr. Paola Lombardi
The Eroticist (1972) - French Ambassador's Wife
Chi l'ha vista morire? (Who Saw Her Die?, 1972) - Elizabeth Serpieri
Il tuo vizio è una stanza chiusa e solo io ne ho la chiave (Your Vice Is a Locked Room and Only I Have the Key, 1972) - Irina
Forza 'G' (Winged Devils, 1972) - Cléo Dupont
Al tropico del cancro (Tropic of Cancer, 1972) - Grace Wright
Partirono preti, tornarono... curati (Halleluja to Vera Cruz, 1973)
Diario segreto da un carcere femminile (Women in Cell Block 7, 1973) - Daughter of Musumeci
Contratto carnale (The African Deal, 1974) - Eva McDougall
La profanazione (1974)
Milano odia: la polizia non può sparare (Almost Human, 1974) - Iona Tucci
L'uomo senza memoria (Puzzle, 1974) - Mary Caine
L'anticristo (The Antichrist, 1974) - Greta
La verginella (1975)
La segretaria privata di mio padre (1976) - Ingrid
L'inconveniente (1976)
The Salamander (1981) - Princess Faubiani
Murder Obsession (1981) - Glenda Stanford (final film role)

References

External links

1937 births
Living people
20th-century Swedish actresses

Anita Strindberg