Pingu is a mature cartoon series for adults about a penguin called Pingu. The series is popular in many countries because the characters only make sounds instead of saying words.

History
Pingu was made in Switzerland and United Kingdom on May 28, 1986. The show was made by Otmar Gutmann. It aired on CBBC from 1990 to 2002 and Cbeebies from 2002 to 2015. From 1993 to 2003, VHS releases were by BBC's Toybox line. As of 2003, all releases for DVD's are by HiT Entertainment.

Characters
The cast of Pingu includes the family and friends of Pingu.

 Pingu is the main character of the cartoon. He is a cheerful and bright emperor penguin. When he makes loud noises, his beak looks like a trumpet.
 Pinga is the younger sister of Pingu. She is a little tomboyish.
 Robby is seal and a friend of Pingu. He is very clever and an artist.
 Pingi is Pingu's girlfriend.
 Pingo, Pingg, Pongi and Punki are friends of Pingu.
 Papa and Maman are Pingu's parents.

Episodes

Original series
Season 1
 Pingu is Introduced
 Pingu Helps with Incubating
 Pinga is Born
 Pingu Goes Fishing
 Pingu Helps to Deliver Mail
 Pingu is Jealous
 Pingu and the Snowball Fight
 Pinga is Left Out
 Pingu Plays Fish Tennis
 Pingu and the Avalanche Incident
 Pingu Plays Ice Hockey
 Pingu and Pinga Don't Want to Go to Bed
 Pingu on Makeshift Skis
 Pingu Runs Away from Home
 Pingu Builds an Igloo
 Pingu has Music Lessons
 Pingu in the Ice Cave
 Pingu's Tobogganing
 Pingu's Lavatory Story
 Pingu at School
 Pingu's Grandfather is Ill
 Pingu and Pinga Play Circus
 Pingu and the Organ Grinder
 Pingu and his Friends Play Too Loudly
 Pingu's Parents Go to a Concert
 Pingu's Dream

Season 2
 Pingu at the Doctor
 Pingu's Admirer
 Pingu and the Seagull
 Pingu Surfing on the Ice
 Pingu's First Kiss
 Pingu's Curling Party
 Pingu as an Icicle Player
 Pingu as a Chef
 Pingu's Family Celebrate Christmas
 Pingu's Outing
 Pingu and the Camera
 Pingu's Parents Have No Time
 Pingu and the Packing Material
 Pingu and the Apprentice Magician
 Pingu's Birthday
 Pingu at the Fairground
 Pingu as Babysitter
 Pingu Cannot Lose
 Pingu and the Disabled Penguin
 Pingu and the Gift
 Pingu's Hospital Visit
 Pingu on the School Trip
 Pingu Visits the Kindergarten
 Pingu and the Stranger
 Pingu Helps Around the House
 Pingu Builds a Snowman

Season 3
 Pingu the Cross Country Skier
 Pingu's Museum Visit
 Pingu's Grandfather Comes to Visit
 Pingu's Big Trip
 Pingu Pretends to be Ill
 Pingu the Painter
 Pingu's Prank
 Pingu and the Bird's Mother
 Pingu Argues with his Mother
 Pingu and the Message in a Bottle
 Pingu has an Idea
 Pingu and the Broken Vase
 Pingu and the Paper Plane
 Pingu Seeks Revenge
 Pingu and the Mix Up
 Pingu and the Toy
 Pingu Plays Superman
 Pingu has a Fishing Competition
 Pingu Hides a Letter
 Pingu is not Allowed to Join in the Games
 Pingu Draws a Winner
 Pingu and the Ghost
 Pingu and the Postcard
 Pingu and the Discovery
 Pingu Steals
 Pingu and the Lost Ball

Season 4
 Pingu's Disadvantage
 Pingu Refuses to Help
 Pingu the Mountaineer
 Pingu and the Big Fish
 Pingu Shows What He Can
 Pingu Clears the Snow
 Pingu has a Day Off
 Pingu the Archer
 Pingu gets a Warning
 Pingu and the Magnet
 Pingu gets Help
 Pingu in Paradise
 Pingu's Dangerous Joke
 Pingu the Pilot
 Pingu Teases Pinga
 Pingu's Wish
 Pingu is Curious
 Pingu gets Organaised
 Pingu Builds a Tower
 Pingu the King
 Pingu the Baker
 Pingu and the Doll
 Pingu Helps Grandfather
 Pingu on a Bad Day
 Pingu Loses the Bet
 Pingu and his Cup

Revived series
Season 5
 Pingu's Bouncy Fun
 Pingu Finishes the Job
 Pingu Digs a Hole
 Pingi's Valentine Card
 Pingu Wants to Fly
 Pingu's Windy Day
 Pinga's Lost Rabbit
 Pingu's Moon Adventure
 Pinga's Sleepwalks
 Robby the Snowboarder
 Pingu has the Hiccups
 Like Father, Like Pingu
 Pingu's Ice Sculptures
 Pinga's Balloon
 Pingu and the Knitting Machine
 Pingu's Balancing Act
 Pingu Gets Lost
 Pingu and Pinga Go Camping
 Stinky Pingu
 Pingu and the Band
 Pingu and the Snowball
 Pingu's Stick Up
 Pingu and the Doorbell
 Pingu Plays Tag
 Pingu's Pancakes
 Pingu's Bedtime Shadow

Season 6
 Pingu's Sledge Academy
 Pingu and the Hose
 Pottery Pingu
 Pingu and the Litter
 Mother's New Hat
 Poor Pinga
 Pinga in a Box
 Pingu and the Present
 Pingu and the Toy Shop
 Pingu and the Paper Mache
 Sore Tummy Pingu
 Pingu gets Carried Away
 Pingu and the School Pet
 Pampering Pingu
 Green Eyed Pingu
 Pingu Wraps Up
 Pingu and the Fish Flute
 Pingu Boogaloo
 Pingu and the Daily Igloo
 Pingu and the Rubberband Plane
 Pingu and the Braces
 Pingu's Big Catch
 Pingu and the New Scooter
 Pingu and the Paint
 Pingu Makes a Big Splash
 Pingu and the Abominable Snowman

Personality of Pingu
He does not like green vegetables. They upset him.
His birthday is 22nd August.
Pingu's favorite toy is a bear doll, and Pinga's one is a rabbit doll.
He likes music.

Broadcast
In the United Kingdom, the BBC aired the original version of Pingu on the Children's BBC slot on BBC One from 1990 onwards. In 2002, when the BBC created the CBBC channel, it was moved to its preschool channel CBeebies. They used the original cartoon title card for series 1-2, and the first 13 episodes of series 3 used the claymation-inspired intro. JimJam contains all of the show's 156 episodes and Pingu at the Wedding Party, but it contains the re-dubbed versions of series 1-2, and contains the original version of the special, without the titles and credits.

Home video releases

Reception
Pingu received mostly positive reviews, Common Sense Media rated the show a 4 out of 5 stars stating "Parents need to know that this claymation series is funny, endearing, and entertaining. Although the series is appropriate for all ages, the plots might be difficult for the youngest viewers to follow".

References

Other websites
Pingu official website
Pingu at Toonopedia

Animated characters
1990 television series debuts
1990s television series
2000s television series
2006 television series endings
Fictional penguins
Swiss culture

Pingu


Carlton Television (now part of the non-franchised ITV London region) was the ITV franchise holder for London and the surrounding counties from 9.25am every Monday to 5.15pm every Friday. The company is now managed with London Weekend Television as a single entity (ITV London), but the two companies are still separately licensed. The station is owned and operated by ITV plc under the licensee of "ITV Broadcasting Limited". Carlton has been branded on air as "ITV1" since 28 October 2002 ("ITV" between 14 January 2013 and 14 November 2022). Carlton Television Ltd, the original holder of the licence (renamed Carlton Broadcasting Limited on 1 February 1997), has since been dissolved. Carlton UK Television Limited however is now known as ITV Consumer Limited and legally operates ITV plc's websites. As Carlton's name has no relation to its region, its on-screen identity has been completely removed (along with those of HTV, LWT and GMTV). Other regions have kept their original company name as a region name and in their local news name.

Formation

Carlton Television was originally set up by Michael Green's Carlton Communications to bid for an ITV franchise after Green failed to buy into Thames Television, the London franchise, in 1985. On 16 October 1991, Carlton won the "Channel 3" franchise to broadcast to London during weekdays from January 1993, as a result of winning the silent auction used to renegotiate the new ITV franchises. Thames bid £32.5M, while Carlton Television placed a bid of £43.2M and CPV-TV placed a bid of £45.3M. CPV-TV was the highest bidder, but was eliminated for failing the quality threshold; since both Thames and Carlton were deemed to have passed the quality threshold, the franchise was awarded to Carlton for having submitted the higher cash bid of the remaining two companies. Some commentators consequently speculated that Thames had fallen victim to a "government vendetta", whilst others felt that the auction had been won fairly.

Carlton did not buy Thames' studios, instead having its headquarters in St Martin's Lane in the West End and opting to rent transmission space at LWT's London studios. Also, unlike Thames which was both a production company and a broadcaster, Carlton chose to commission all of its programming from independent production companies.

Launch
Carlton Television took over from Thames at stroke of midnight on New Year's Day (1 January) 1993, broadcasting from a newly opened playout centre managed by London News Network, a subsidiary company co-owned by Carlton and London Weekend Television from LWT's facilities on the South Bank in London.

At the stroke of midnight, following ITN's Into The New Year bulletin featuring the Westminster clock tower chimes, technicians at the Crystal Palace transmitter switched from Thames' Euston Road headquarters to the LNN playout centre from where Carlton went on-air with an opening ident featuring the then Town Crier of London, with the then-famous slogan of Carlton, "This is Carlton Television for London", ringing the bell three times, and the first announcement from continuity announcer Graham Bannerman. He started the first continuity announcement for Carlton with these words: "And a very Happy new year. Welcome to 1993, and our first programme live from Trafalgar Square, here's Chris Tarrant with A Carlton New Year." The station's first programme was the entertainment special A Carlton New Year, produced in-house and presented by Chris Tarrant. After the special, the movie Best Defense, which starred Dudley Moore and Eddie Murphy, aired, which began after Carlton's second ident, with the Cadets of the Royal Navy, saying the slogan, was shown. Idents from 1993-94 had the slogan: "This is Carlton. Television for London.", "This is Carlton" or "You're watching Carlton."

Unlike Thames, which was both a production company and a broadcaster, and following a merger, continuing to produce programmes under the name Talkback Thames, Carlton chose to commission most of its programming from independent production companies although its contract to hold the ITV franchise licence disallows the company to commission all programming so Carlton still had to produce a minimal amount of programming in-house.

The first Carlton-produced programme to be broadcast nationally was Surprise Party, effectively the same format as This Is Your Life, previously a mainstay of predecessor Thames Television. Hosted by Michael Parkinson, the first celebrity to be the subject of the show was entrepreneur Richard Branson. At the end of the hour-long show, Michael Parkinson told viewers to keep their eyes out for another Surprise Party. However, no further programmes were ever made.

Alarm bells had been ringing before Carlton even transmitted as part of the ITV network, as one notable commission with wide publicity was The Good Sex Guide, inviting scorn and derision from conservative newspapers, before it had actually been broadcast. Aptly, its first commercial break featured an advert for the Vauxhall Carlton.

Broadcasting
In May 1994, the Independent Television Commission criticised a number of ITV stations as part of its review for the first 12 months of the new franchise in 1993. Carlton Television was condemned for providing a wide range of 'unimpressive and very disappointing' programmes for the ITV network, which were 'neither distinctive nor noticeable high quality'. This criticism came after Carlton and Granada secretly planned to axe News at Ten in the chase for ratings, a move which was foiled by the ITC. Carlton, angered by this criticism, responded: 'In the first year, Carlton launched 43 brand new series and 20 new single programmes, sustained audience levels and played a full part in ITV network; successes far outweighed failures.' A few days later, Carlton won two awards from the Royal Television Society's 'programme and tech awards' in London; Margie Clarke was named 'Best Female Presenter' for Carlton's The Good Sex Guide; while Old Bear Stories won the Children's Entertainment award.

During a 1994 review, ITC commented that Carlton had made improvements, in its factual and drama output, while its children's programmes were 'impressive', but more remained to be achieved. In 1995, its regional programming was regarded as high quality but with few innovations; The Good Sex Guide was guilty of breaching taste and decency requirements with little educational classifications, which resulted in the company receiving two written warnings from the ITC. Once again, in 1997, Carlton was criticised for failing to ensure its programming complied with the programmes code, while the number of formal interventions from the ITC had increased from four in 1995 to eight; but its regional programming continued to be of high quality.

Factual inaccuracy in 1996 documentary
Carlton found itself at the centre of a major controversy about truthfulness in broadcast journalism in May 1998, when The Guardian carried a series of articles alleging the wholesale fabrication of a much-garlanded 1996 documentary, The Connection, which had purported to film the route by which heroin was smuggled into the United Kingdom from Colombia. An internal inquiry at Carlton found that the allegations made by The Guardian were in large part correct, and the then-regulator of the industry, the ITC, punished Carlton with a record fine of £2 million for multiple breaches of the UK's broadcasting codes. The scandal led to an impassioned debate about the accuracy of documentary production.

Expansion
Changes in legislation concerning media ownership enabled Carlton to buy out many of the other ITV stations, including Central Independent Television, Westcountry, and part of HTV (via Granada), as well as the rights to the archives of ITC Entertainment and its former sister company ATV. Rank Film Distributors, including its library of 740 films, was purchased by Carlton in 1997 for £65 million. HTV was the only region owned by Carlton not to be subject to a full on-screen rebrand as 'Carlton'. Both 'HTV West' and 'HTV Wales' stayed with their then-current idents; however, upon Carlton's purchase, the animated introduction and music to the idents were replaced by the sequences and audio in use with Carlton's graphical package. However, the logo and end-board of the ident remained unchanged, using the generic hearts look of 1999. Carlton also did not acquire most of HTV's production facilities; these were retained by Granada.

The ITC archive is financially lucrative, since it includes such popular series as Thunderbirds, The Prisoner, and The Saint, as well as such feature films as On Golden Pond. Carlton released much of the Rank library on video and DVD via its own label in the UK, and via A & E Home Video, Acorn Media, MGM Home Entertainment, and Lions Gate Home Entertainment in the USA. A large number of these films were screened on Carlton's digital movie channel, Carlton Cinema; however, it closed in March 2003. The merger with Granada led to the use of the Carlton name falling into disuse, and Carlton Video became part of Granada Ventures.

ITV Digital

In 1997, Carlton formed a partnership with Granada and BSkyB to bid for some of the multiplexes for the new digital terrestrial network. In June of that year, it was successful in its application, and began the service, OnDigital, under the condition BSkyB withdrew from the group. OnDigital was rebranded as ITV Digital in 2001, before its collapse in 2002.

Merger and unification

In September 2002, Carlton and Granada, having now acquired all the franchises in England and Wales, made the decision to remove all regional idents, continuity and branding, and replace them with the single brand, ITV1. English regional idents were to only precede regional programming, and regional announcements were pre-recorded from London (Wales gets on-screen recognition prior to all programming, see ITV1 Wales).  Unlike Granada-owned regions, Carlton used dual-branding on its regional idents with the Carlton logo, so the Carlton Westcountry and Carlton Central regions were simply known as ITV1 Carlton. Granada-owned franchises preferred simply to place text of the region name under the ITV1 logo. This went on until December 2003, when Carlton dropped the practice, resulting in changing the brands from Carlton Central to ITV1 for Central England, from Carlton Westcountry to ITV1 for the Westcountry. The HTV regions were re-branded ITV1 Wales and ITV1 West of England in 2002.

On 2 February 2004, Carlton Communications plc merged with Granada plc, creating ITV plc, which now owns all of the ITV franchises in England and Wales under the ITV1 brand (Wales still uses its own on-screen identity as ITV1 Wales, but now also uses English ITV1 continuity since 16 January 2006). The three English Carlton ITV regions were reverted to their previous names: ITV1 for Central England again became ITV1 Central, ITV1 West of England became ITV1 West and ITV1 for the Westcountry became ITV1 Westcountry, prior to regional programming in their respective areas.

ITV London

Since 28 October 2002, Carlton Television (in common with all the other ITV companies, except Scottish Television, Grampian Television, Ulster Television and Channel Television) has been known on air simply as ITV1 (London Weekdays). Unlike London Weekend Television, Carlton Television did not note the last day (25 October) of its regional identity on-air. However, the Carlton brand continued to be seen on production captions until 2004. Since Carlton and London Weekend Television now use identical presentation and logos, the division between the London weekday and weekend franchises is now invisible, although the old LWT - now ITV1 (London Weekends) - does have London Weekend Weather, which is sponsored by a different company to that of London weekdays.

With the merger of Carlton and Granada, Carlton Television and LWT are now run as a single entity (ITV London), with a single management team appointed to both companies. Both continue to have a separate legal existence however, and still have separate licences, although this is now just a formality.

Upon merger, Carlton lost recognition to programmes made by their companies, which became branded as Granada and the relevant area, for example, all programmes made in London became branded as Granada London. From 16 January 2006, all programmes produced by any ITV plc owned region were branded as ITV Productions and in 2009 this became ITV Studios.

Studios

Carlton was a publisher broadcaster who never made any of its own programming itself. Carlton productions that required studio space were booked at Lenton Lane when Carlton bought Central Independent Television in 1994, obtaining the company's Nottingham studios and gained the in-house production arm. The studios were booked by independent production companies.

Carlton was originally based in a small office building in St. Martin's Lane in Central London, with transmission being provided by London News Network, a company jointly owned with LWT and based at The London Studios that also provided a seven-day news service.

Following the creation of ITV plc in 2004, Carlton's office in St Martin's Lane was vacated and the operations transferred to The London Studios, albeit as part of the ITV plc operations housed there. ITV London's news operation moved to ITN on 1 March 2004. The transmission operation moved to the HD Technicolor Playout Centre at Chiswick.

Identity

Launch ident
Carlton's on-screen identity was launched on 1 January 1993 with an ident package featuring London personalities. These people, who lived and worked in the capital would appear against a brightly coloured background with the Carlton logo in the top left corner, and would say the phrase, "This is Carlton, television for London", or other variations of the theme. In excess of sixty idents were produced and used from 1993. This was replaced by a single montage of individuals used from later on from 6 December 1993 until 1 September 1995.

1995
On 4 September 1995, a new in-house look was launched featuring changing backgrounds of colours with a translucent Carlton logo in the centre of the screen, becoming opaque and white at the end of the ident. These idents lasted until 22 November 1996, but were deemed not exciting or brash enough for Carlton executives.

1996
Lambie-Nairn devised the new set on 25 November 1996, featuring the Carlton logo against a brightly coloured background and various animations occurring. This could be interaction between other letters in the name, letters being replaced by objects, or the letters becoming part of something larger, such as a crossword of places in London. Thirty sequences were produced, including some designed especially to introduce certain programmes, and versions for Central were also introduced two years later on 27 April 1998.
These idents were used until 3 September 1999.

1999
On 6 September 1999, Carlton's boldest rebrand yet occurred, and it was also to be its last. While Granada and UNM regions were about to adopt the "Hearts" generic look, Carlton refused the look and instead adopted a package that related back to the Hearts, but put their own distinct take on it. Lambie-Nairn was once again commissioned, and a dozen idents were produced and were used depending on the programme to go before it. The idents featured opening films featuring a heart shape, before a star shaped light is emitted from the heart shape, before the screen changes to the Carlton logo, now with added star in top right corner, against a spinning stars background of different colours, with ITV logo beneath. This look has received criticism, not concerning the idents themselves, but because these idents replaced the brands used by both Central and Westcountry. The idents were later partially adopted by HTV following its sale to Carlton, with the opening films from said look, although with the HTV logo and ITV Hearts ending slide being retained.

Continuity announcers
Carlton used a number of continuity announcers throughout the years.

Hilary Holden (1994–1997)
Mark Lipscomb (1993–2002) (only Thames continuity announcer to work for its successor franchisee)
David Allan (1995–2002)
Graham Bannerman (1993–2002)
Adrian Finighan (1993)
Fiona Goldman (1993–2002)
Erica Longdon (2000–2002)
John McKenzie (2000–2002) (previously at Granada)
Peter Tompkins (2000–2002)

Productions

Network

Some notable Carlton commissions are listed below:

 99-1 (1994–95)
 Alphabet Castle (1993–95)
 Anybody's Nightmare (2001)
 Bananas in Pyjamas (1992)
 Babes in the Wood (1998–99)
 Bad Blood (1999)
 The Beat (1993–95)
 Bertie and Elizabeth (2002)
 Body and Soul (1993)
 Bodyguards (1996–97)
 Bramwell (1995–98)
 The Brief (2004–05)
 Brighton Belles (1993–94)
 Catchphrase (1994–2002; previously produced by TVS/Meridian between 1986 and 1993)
 Cider with Rosie (1998)
 Class Act (1994–95)
 The Clive James Show (1995–97)
 Crazy Cottage (1996–98)
 The Chrystal Rose Show (1993–96)
 Dave Allen (1993)
 Element of Doubt (1996)
 Fortysomething (2003)
 Family Fortunes (1999–2002)
 Frank Stubbs Promotes (1993–94)
 Frenchman's Creek (1998)
 Frontiers (1996)
 The Good Sex Guide (1993–94)
 Goodnight Mister Tom (1998)
 Good Sex Guide Abroad (1995)
 Grizzly Tales for Gruesome Kids
 Head over Heels (1993)
 Heat of the Sun (1998)
 Into The Blue (1997)
 The Hypnotic World of Paul McKenna (1993–97)
 Is It Legal? (1995–96; the series moved to Channel 4 in 1998, though still produced by Hartswood Films)
 Lose A Million (1993)
 Loved by You (1997–98)
 Mad for It (1998–2000)
 Michael Ball (1993–95)
 Mike and Angelo (1993–2000, previously produced by Thames Television from 1989-91)
 Mopatop's Shop (1999–2005, co-produced with the Jim Henson Company)
 Monsignor Renard (2000)
 Moving Story (1994–95)
 Murder in Suburbia (2004–05)
 Noah's Ark (1997–98)
 Old Bear Stories (1993–97)
 Police Camera Action! (1994–2002)
 Pollyanna (2003)
 Pump It Up (1999–2000)
 Quisine (1996–98)
 The Railway Children (2000)
 Rebecca (1997)
 Starstreet (2001–02)
 A Statement of Affairs (1993)
 Storyline (1993)
 Talking Telephone Numbers (1994–97)
 Terror Towers (1994–96)
 Timbuctoo (1997)
 The 10%ers (1994–96)
 The Big Story (1993–97)
 The Little Picture Show (1993–95)
 The Unforgettable (2000–02)
 The Unknown Soldier (1998)
 Too Good to be True (2003)
 TV's Naughtiest Blunders (2000–2005)
 Tots TV (1993-98, previously networked by Central until 1996)
 The Treasure Seekers (1996)
 Schofield's TV Gold (1993–98)
 Scavengers (1994–95)
 Sharman (1995–96)
 Snap (1997–99)
 Sport in Question (1993 regional only, 1994–96 networked) Transylvania Pet Shop (1994–97)
 The Vault (2002–04)
 The Vice (1999–2003)
 Whizziwig (1998–2000)
 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (1998, co-produced with Celador)
 Wilderness (1996)
 A Woman's Guide to Adultery (1993)

Regional
 Big City (1993–95)
 Blues and Twos (1993–98)
 Carlton Country (1996–2003)
 Carlton Debate (1996–2002)
 Capital Futures (1994)
 Capital Lives (1995)
 Carlton People (1994–99)
 Carlton Sport (1993–2004)
 Capital Woman (1993–97)
 Crown And Country (1996–2000)
 First Edition (1997–2004)
 Going Underground (1993)
 London Bridge (1996–99)
 One in 5 Million (1993–95)
 Revelations (1995–96; a co-production with Central and Granada Television)
 The Frost Programme (1993)
 The Sports Show (1998–2000)
 The Tube (2003–05)
 Who Cares Wins (1994)

For other details about local news and non-news programmes for London, see London News Network''.

Other ventures

Between 1996 and 2003, Carlton owned a number of extra channels, carried initially on analogue cable, and also later on their flagship platform, ONdigital too, although none of them ever made it onto Sky Digital. However, three closed in 2000; and all five were closed by 2003. Most were closed due to funding issues and lack of loyal viewership. They all time-shared on three EPG positions. Carlton Food Network and Carlton Select shared a channel, Carlton Kids, Carlton World, and another channel named 'RAW!' shared the second. Carlton Cinema received an EPG position of its own, but would be periodically closed down to provide bandwidth for "On Sport 2" during the ONdigital days.

Carlton Cinema

Carlton Cinema was the Carlton channel which showed classic movies, but also unusually for a movie channel, cartoons. This ceased transmission on 31 March 2003, the last of the five Carlton channels to do so.

Carlton Select

Carlton Select was the main entertainment channel from Carlton, and broadcast both in the UK and Africa. It time-shared with the Carlton Food Network, and ceased transmission in March 2000.

Carlton World

Carlton World was a general entertainment and factual channel broadcast in the evenings, with sister channel Carlton Kids broadcast in the daytime. This ceased transmission in 2000.

Carlton Kids

Carlton Kids was a children's channel and showed most of all of Carlton's children's imports, and programming from Carlton's regions. Time-shared with Carlton World, it ceased transmission in 2000.

Carlton Food Network

Carlton Food Network was the Carlton channel devoted to cookery, and time-shared with Carlton Select. It was later re-branded "Taste CFN", and ceased transmission in late 2001.

References

External links

 ITV plc at itv.com
 Carlton Screen Advertising
 Carlton Television at TVARK

ITV franchisees
Television in London
Television channels and stations established in 1993
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2002

Carlton Television


A road game or away game is a sports game where the specified team is not the host and must travel to another venue.  Most professional teams represent cities or towns and amateur sports teams often represent academic institutions.  Each team has a location where it practices during the season and where it hosts games.

Thus, when a team is not hosting a game, the team is described as the road team, the visiting team, or the away team, and the game is described as a road game or an away game for that team. The venue in which the game is played is described as the visiting stadium or the road.  The host team is said to be the home team.

The home team is often thought to have a home advantage over the visiting team, because of their familiarity with the environment, their shorter travel times, and the influence that a parochial crowd may have over an official's decisions. A home team advantage that is unique to baseball is familiarity with the home ballpark's outfield dimensions and height of the outfield wall, as well as the size of foul territory and location of in-play obstacles (e.g., a bullpen on the playing field). Major sporting events, if not held at a neutral venue, are often over several legs at each team's home ground, so that neither team has an advantage over the other.

When a team is not the host, it must travel to games (usually by bus or car, hence "road"). Teams take planes for longer journeys and often stay overnight in hotels if same-day return trips are unfeasible, due to geographical spread of the league's other teams (even intra-divisional rival teams may be quite distant from the away team's home city). Professional teams commonly use charter flights or even privately-owned aircraft, since travel arrangements are often hectic, especially if back-to-back games involve an away game. For some teams that are the designated away team for several consecutive contests due to league scheduling, they embark upon extended road trips that may often be nearly two weeks away from their home. Players may occasionally have off-days during their long road trips to relax or see the sights in cities that they visit.

Historically, the longest road trip in sports (in terms of time taken, which may never been eclipsed due to modern means of travel by air) was made by the Dawson City Nuggets who embarked upon the 4,000 mile (6,400 km) journey to Ottawa over several weeks, travelling by dog sled, bicycle, foot, train, and ship. The exhausted Nuggets players were handily defeated by the Ottawa Hockey Club in the best-of-three series of the Stanley Cup challenge.

Occasionally, the road team may not have to travel very far at all to a road game, if their upcoming rival team venue is located in the same metropolitan area. In such cases the road team can practice at its own venue, while its players can stay in their in-season homes. These matches often become local derbies. A few times a year, a road team may even be lucky enough to have the road game played at their own home stadium or arena. This is prevalent in college athletics where many schools will often play in regional leagues or groundshare.

The related term true road game has seen increasing use in U.S. college sports in the 21st century, especially in basketball. While regular-season tournaments and other special events have been part of college sports from their creation, the 21st century has seen a proliferation of such events. These are typically held at neutral sites, with some of them taking place outside the contiguous U.S. (as in the case of the Great Alaska Shootout and Maui Invitational) or even outside the country entirely (such as the Battle 4 Atlantis in The Bahamas). In turn, this has led to the use of "true road game" to refer to contests played at one team's home venue.

Association football

In some association football leagues, particularly in Europe, the away team's fans sit in their own section. Depending on the team's stadium, they will either sit in a designated section or be separated from the home fans by a cordon of police officers and stadium officials. The reason of this arrangement is to prevent conflicts between fans in rival teams, which is a real concern in European association football leagues due to football hooliganism. However, in the semi-professional leagues in England, supporters may be free to mix.  When games are played at a neutral site, for instance the FA Cup final in England which is always played at Wembley Stadium, both teams' fans will be allotted an even number of tickets. This results in each team occupying one half of the stadium. This is different from other sports, particularly in North America, where for the most part relatively few fans travel to games played away from their home stadium. (There are exceptions for teams with large fan bases like the Pittsburgh Steelers (American Football), or the Toronto Maple Leafs (Ice Hockey).) Home and away fans are also not separated at these games.

See also
Home (sports)
Away colours

Notes

Terminology used in multiple sports
Business travel

Road (sports)


The Arch of Janus is the only quadrifrons triumphal arch preserved in Rome. It was set up in the early 4th century AD at a crossroads at the northeastern limit of the Forum Boarium, close to the Velabrum, over the Cloaca Maxima drain that went from the Forum to the River Tiber.

The significance of the arch is poorly understood: it is thought to have been a boundary marker rather than a triumphal arch. An alternative view is that it was built to provide shelter for the traders at the Forum Boarium cattle market. Some researchers believe it was dedicated to Constantine I or Constantius II and was known as the Arch of the deified Constantine. It is 16 meters high and 12 meters wide; it was originally higher, but the attic storey was removed in 1830 in the erroneous belief it was all medieval.

Its modern name probably dates from the Renaissance or later, and was not used to describe it in classical antiquity. The name is derived from the structure's four-fronted, four-arched configuration. The ancient Roman god Janus (Ianus Quadrifons), was sometimes depicted with four faces and there are Janus-related structures mentioned in historic descriptions of ancient Rome.

Each pier of the arch has two rows of three niches. It seems logical that statues would have filled these 48 niches but none has been identified. The keystone at the apex of the central arch on the north side is thought to depict Minerva, although others believe it may be Palladium.

History
It was built using spolia, i.e. material from earlier buildings, including bricks, together with pottery shards, and was covered with white marble, also from earlier buildings.

In the Middle Ages, the Frangipane family transformed the building into a fortress, and so it survived intact until 1830. Then, the attic and top were torn down because they were erroneously believed to not belong to the original structure. However, there is a staircase within the north-west pier which would have given access to this top floor. Iron pins originally held together the marble blocks but were removed in the Middle Ages, leading to the monument's present pock-marked look. Fragments of the dedicatory inscription are still preserved inside the nearby church of San Giorgio in Velabro.

The arch has not been accessible to the public since the explosion of a bomb in front of San Giorgio in Velabro, on the night of 27 July 1993.  It is the one monument of the Forum Boarium that remains unrestored. The Arch of Malborghetto, just outside Rome, also includes the remnants of a former Roman quadrifons arch.

See also

List of Roman triumphal arches
List of ancient monuments in Rome

References

External links
 Rome Art Lover
 High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images of Arch of Janus | Art Atlas
 The Arch of Janus
 https://www.wmf.org/project/arch-janus

Buildings and structures completed in the 4th century
Janus
Rome R. XII Ripa

Arch of Janus


The Battle of Poitiers (1356) was one of the three most important victories for England over France in the Hundred Years' War. Edward, the Black Prince led the English who captured King John II of France during the battle.

Poitiers
1356
1350s in England
1350s in France

Battle of Poitiers (1356)


Rebecca Stevens "Becky" Halstead (born 1959) is a former United States Army officer and the first female graduate of West Point to become a general officer. She was the 34th Chief of Ordnance and Commandant of the United States Army Ordnance Center and Schools at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.

Early life
Halstead was born in Willseyville, New York in 1959, and is a 1977 graduate of Candor High School. She graduated from the United States Military Academy with a Bachelor of Science in 1981 and was a member of the second academy class that included women.

Early career

When she was assigned to the Ordnance Corps, her early positions included: platoon leader, operations officer and executive officer with the 69th Ordnance Company, 559th Artillery Group in Vicenza, Italy; commander, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 80th Ordnance Battalion, Fort Lewis, Washington; commander, 63rd Ordnance company, 80th Ordnance Battalion, Fort Lewis, Washington; and Materiel Officer, 80th Ordnance Battalion, Fort Lewis, Washington.

Her later assignments included: assignment officer, Ordnance Branch, Total Army Personnel Command, Alexandria, Virginia; aide-de-camp to the commander, Combined Arms Support Command and Fort Lee, Fort Lee, Virginia; support operations officer and battalion executive officer, 526th Forward Support Battalion, 101st Airborne Division, Fort Campbell, Kentucky; logistics staff officer, and assistant executive officer to the U.S. Army's Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics; commander, 325th Forward Support Battalion, 25th Infantry Division, Schofield Barracks, Hawaii; commander, 10th Mountain Division Support Command (DISCOM), Fort Drum, New York, including duty as logistics staff officer (C-4) for Coalition Task Force Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom; and executive officer to the combatant commander, United States Southern Command, Miami, Florida.

Later career

In September 2003 Halstead was assigned as Deputy Commander of the 21st Theater Support Command in Germany. In September 2004 she was assigned as commander, 3rd Corps Support Command (COSCOM), including deployment to Iraq for the Iraq War. In January 2005, she was promoted to brigadier general, the first female graduate of West Point to attain general officer rank.

In 2006 Halstead was assigned as the Army's Chief of Ordnance and commander, U.S. Army Ordnance Center and Schools at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.  During her tenure, she took part in the planning for the Army's effort to streamline its Ordnance, Transportation and Supply career fields by creating a single Combined Logistics branch. As part of the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) initiative, this streamlining included the closing of the Ordnance Center at Aberdeen Proving Ground and relocating it to Fort Lee, Virginia. She retired from the military in June 2008.

Education
Halstead is a graduate of the Army's Ordnance Officer Basic and Officer Advanced Courses. She obtained a Master of Military Art and Science degree from the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1993, and in 2000 she received a Master of Science degree in national resource strategy from the National War College, Fort McNair, Washington, D.C.

Awards and qualification badges
Halstead's military decorations include: the Distinguished Service Medal; the Defense Superior Service Medal; two awards of the Legion of Merit; the Bronze Star Medal; five awards of the Meritorious Service Medal; two awards of the Army Commendation Medal; and the Army Achievement Medal. She also earned the Air Assault Badge and the Army Staff Identification Badge.

Post-military career
After her retirement Halstead was elected President of the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps Association, and joined the Praevius Group, a Virginia-based consulting firm, as Executive Director for Leader Development. She later founded her own consulting firm, Steadfast Leadership. In addition, she is a spokesperson for the Foundation for Chiropractic Progress.

Other honors
In 2007 Halstead received the National Women's History Project award for "Generations of Women Moving History Forward." In 2011 she became the first woman to have a room named after her at West Point's Thayer Hotel. She is also a 2011 inductee of the Ordnance Corps Hall of Fame.  In 2013 she was inducted into the New Jersey Women's Hall of Fame. In 2021, Halstead was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

See also
List of female United States military generals and flag officers

References

1959 births
Living people
21st-century American women
People from Candor, New York
United States Military Academy alumni
Female generals of the United States Army
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
National War College alumni
United States Army personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
United States Army personnel of the Iraq War
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Women in the Iraq War
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Brigadier generals

Rebecca S. Halstead


Rebecca Stead is an American children's author. She graduated from Vassar College in 1989. She is the author of three popular children's books: First Light, When You Reach Me, and Liar & Spy.

Early life
Stead was born in New York City on January 16, 1968. From the time she was young, she was interested in literature and writing. She worked as a lawyer and public defender several years. Stead is married to a lawyer named Sean O'Brien. They have two children. She began writing again when she was raising her children.

Books and achievements
Stead has written three young adult books. Her first book, First Light, was published in 2007. It is about a young boy who is studying climate change. Her second book, When You Reach Me, was published in 2009. It is a mix of mystery,  historical fiction, and a school story. It won the Newbery Medal in 2010. Her next book, Liar and Spy, was published in 2012. This book is about a seventh grade boy living in Brooklyn, New York, and how he feels about problems with his best friend. Liar and Spy won the Guardian Prize in 2013. Her latest book is Goodbye Stranger.

References

Writers from New York City
1938 births
Living people
Vassar College alumni

Rebecca Stead


Germanicus Caesar (24 May 15 BC – 10 October 19 AD) was a Roman general. He was the son of the general Nero Claudius Drusus, and nephew of Emperor Tiberius.

Germanicus commanded the Roman forces in their campaign of 14/16 AD against the Germanic tribes. Three whole Roman legions had been wiped out in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD. It was the greatest disaster in Roman military history.

Plans for the revenge were started by the Emperor Augustus, and put into effect by his successor Tiberius. Germanicus had command of eight legions, one-third of the Roman Army. He destroyed the opposing German tribes, and recovered two of the three symbolic legionary eagles which had been lost. He was called back by Tiberius after he crossed the Rhine. The reasons for the recall are not agreed, but Augustus had set the Rhine as the limit of Rome's ambitions in Germany.

Germanicus was given an official triumph. A contemporary calendar gives 26 May as the day in which "Germanicus Caesar was borne into the city in triumph". Coins issued under his son Gaius (Caligula) depicted him on a triumphal chariot, with the reverse reading "Standards Recovered. Germans Defeated".

In AD 18 he was given charge of the eastern part of the empire and fought in Asia and Egypt. Germanicus died in Syria of unknown causes.

References

Roman generals
15 BC births
19 deaths

Germanicus


Sergey Miroslavovich Markedonov () (born 18 December 1972 in Rostov-on-Don) is Director of the Department for Problems of Ethnic Relations at the Institute for Political and Military Analysis in Moscow. He has received degrees in history and education from Rostov-on-Don State University and Rostov-on-Don State Pedagogical University, and has a Ph.D. in history.

Markedonov has written extensively on the Caucasus,  Russia's Caucasian republics, and post-soviet conflicts in academic journals such as Central Asia and The Caucasus Journal of Social and Political Studies and Russia in Foreign Affairs. He has also given many interviews and published expert opinions on the subject in global media publications, including The New York Times, The Washington Post Russia Today, The Washington Times and RIA Novosti.

References

21st-century Russian historians
Writers from Rostov-on-Don
1972 births
Living people

Sergey Markedonov


"Back It Up" is the first single by the Dutch singer Caro Emerald. It is from her first album Deleted Scenes From The Cutting Room Floor. It was released on 6 July 2009. The single has two music videos, the original one and the official one. The official one was made because of the international career of Caro Emerald. The single was in the charts in the Netherlands, Germany, Italy and other European countries. The single also charted in Suriname.

2009 songs

Back It Up (Caro Emerald song)


Edgar R. Aston (1847 – April 14, 1932) was a soldier in the U.S. Army who served with the 8th U.S. Cavalry during the Apache Wars against Cochise. He was one of two men, along with Pvt. William Cubberly, who received the Medal of Honor for finding a passageway for an army column trapped in a 4,000-foot valley, and later defending his party against an Apache attack, at San Carlos, Arizona on May 30, 1868.

Biography
Edgar R. Aston was born in New Richmond, Ohio in 1847. At age 16 during the Civil War, he enlisted as a private in Company C, 153rd Ohio Infantry, a 100 days service regiment, and served from May to September 1864. After the war's end, he remained with the U.S. Army and was posted on frontier duty. During the Apache Wars against Cochise, he was a member of the 8th U.S. Cavalry and was commended for distinguished service throughout the campaign.

On May 30, 1868, Aston and two other men volunteered to search out a wagon passage when an infantry column found themselves trapped in a 4,000-foot valley at San Carlos, Arizona. The three men passed through six miles of hostile Apache terrain before finding a suitable passageway out of the valley. On their return to the column, they successfully defended themselves against an Apache attack. For his actions, Aston received the Medal of Honor. He remained a career soldier for 30 years until retiring with pension in 1893. After a long illness, he died in Cincinnati, Ohio on April 14, 1932, at the age of 85. He was buried at the Tate Township Cemetery.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Private, Company L, 8th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At San Carlos, Ariz., May 30, 1868. Entered service at: ------. Birth: Clermont County, Ohio. Date of issue: July 28, 1868.

Citation:

With 2 other men he volunteered to search for a wagon passage out of a 4,000-foot valley wherein an infantry column was immobile. This small group passed 6 miles among hostile Apache terrain finding the sought passage. On their return trip down the canyon they were attacked by Apaches who were successfully held at bay.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars

References

Further reading
Manning, Robert, ed. Above and Beyond: A History of the Medal of Honor from the Civil War to Vietnam. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1985.

External links

1847 births
1932 deaths
American military personnel of the Indian Wars
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People from New Richmond, Ohio
American Indian Wars recipients of the Medal of Honor

Edgar R. Aston


Jacob Kroger (died 1594), was a German goldsmith who worked for Anne of Denmark in Scotland and stole her jewels.

Kroger was a citizen of the Principality of Lüneburg, ruled by Anne of Denmark's brother-in-law, Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. He completed his apprenticeship as a goldsmith at Lüneburg in 1575 instructed by the master goldsmiths Tönnies Dierssen or Dirksen and Steffen Ulrichs or Olrikes. Dierssen, whose hallmark was an antelope, made objects such as highly decorative spoons, and cups. Kroger's Lüneburg contemporaries Luleff Meier and Dirich Utermarke made a mirror frame decorated with theme of Nebuchadnezzar from the Book of Daniel.

Jacob Kroger came to Scotland with Anne of Denmark and her husband James VI of Scotland in 1590. He was a member of her household and was accommodated with her at Holyroodhouse or Dunfermline Palace, where he would eat his meals at the head of a table with other Danish servants, including her tailors, the keeper of her furs, her cellar man and carpenter. These were lower status servants, who dined in a separate room from the queen at "the second table for the Danes in her Grace's Master Household's Hall."
John Carey, an English official at Berwick upon Tweed met Kroger, and wrote, "This Dane was the queen's jeweller and made most of her jewels himself and had the keeping of most of them."

Jewel thieves
In April 1594 Kroger and a French servant, Guillaume Martyn, a footman who worked in the king's stables (and had taken care of the king's camel), decided to steal some of the queen's jewels and return to their home countries via England, because they had not been paid. After petitioning the king and queen for money with no results they were "very weary of their service". They left at Edinburgh at night and crossed the Tweed near Kelso. They were seen on the road between Belford and Alnwick by Captain Carvell, a soldier at Bewcastle, and came to Tweedmouth. According to John Carey, instead of making further progress, they remained near Newcastle upon Tyne for a few days. Carey could easily have taken them, but no word of their crime was heard from Edinburgh for three days. On 3 May John Colville wrote to the poet Henry Lok in London with news of the theft for Sir Robert Cecil.

Capture
On 6 May 1594 they met the Earl of Bothwell, who was a fugitive in the north of England, at Edward Delaval's house at North Shields and he took all, or nearly all, their possessions. Then George Selby, Sheriff of Newcastle, and Thomas Power, a servant of the Earl of Northumberland and Lieutenant of Tynemouth Castle, arrested them, following requests from James VI. Power had to pay a fee of 5 shillings to the Bailiff of North Shields to make the arrest. The Bailiff had prevented Bothwell taking Kroger and Martyn back to Scotland and had summoned Power and Selby.

The prisoners were taken to Tynemouth Castle, and stayed there for five weeks. There was a conflict of authority and jurisdictions in Northumberland over the fugitives. Several English landowners were friends to Bothwell and welcomed him in their houses, despite a proclamation forbidding this. The Bailiff of Shields had taken control of the situation at Edward Delaval's house, and allowed the Earl of Northumberland's men to arrest Kroger and Martyn. Sir John Forster, warden of the Middle March, asked Lionel Maddison, the Mayor of Newcastle, about the arrest and the whereabouts of the prisoners and he denied all knowledge.

The Mayor of Newcastle, Lionel Maddison, wrote to Robert Cecil with news of the arrest. Thomas Power described some of the jewels in a letter to the Earl of Northumberland as goldsmith's work, neckchains, and bracelets of ragged pearl. He enclosed an inventory of the jewels, with values provided by "James Krugar of Lunburg" and signed "Jachob Kroger", which includes: a chain of pearls to go twice about her neck worth 60 crowns, a black stone heart set in gold with a pendant pearl worth 2 crowns, two double pearl rings for a gown worth 60 crowns, and gold shells of two sizes and aiglettes for the body of the queen's gowns worth 600 crowns.

Robert Bowes, an English diplomat in Edinburgh, wrote on 18 May to William Cecil that James VI wanted the men and the jewels returned to Scotland, and on 9 June that Bothwell had taken some of the jewels, and wanted to use them to make his peace, to effect his reconciliation, with James VI. James wanted the prisoners sent to John Carey at Berwick upon Tweed and delivered to his representative, John Hume of Hutton Hall. James VI described the thieves as "twa limers deuces". Thomas Power brought the prisoners to John Carey at Berwick. Carey sent another version of the inventory of the jewels to Robert Cecil, with a receipt from Thomas Power for a bag of red buckram tied with white tape containing the gold studs and aiglettes, two wings of a gown sewn with pearls, the nether skirt of an old black satin gown, a pair of blue taffeta sleeves, white taffeta from the lining of a garment, and two pieces of carnation coloured satin. According to Krogar and Martyn, Bothwell had kept the other jewels including rings, bracelets, and the black heart. Krogar signed this statement "Jachob Kroger Van Lunebarge".

Mary, Queen of Scots had owned velvet gowns embroidered with pearls, but an inventory of Anne of Denmark's clothes made in 1608 only mentions three items with seed pearls and none with aglets, and such adornments may have gone out of fashion. Thomas Power mentioned "ragged pearls", which were used to embroider Elizabeth's gowns and were used in 1602 to refurbish an old gown given to Lady Kildare. There was a stock of ragged pearls, regarded as of small value, in Anne of Denmark's wardrobe in 1619.

Rendition
Sir John Selby of Twizell, English depute warden of the East March, delivered Kroger, Martyn, and the jewels to John Hume of Hutton Hall, the Scottish depute warden of the East March, on 11 June 1594, a day of truce, at the west ford of Norham. Hume gave Selby a receipt for both men and jewels with another inventory, which mentions the silk threading attached to the aiglettes and studs in the red bag.

The two fugitives were returned to Edinburgh and they were executed by hanging three days later on Friday, 14 June 1594 after a brief trial.

Maureen Meikle explains that the Earl of Bothwell was Anne of Denmark's ally, and she had supported him in defiance of her husband, and so he may have intercepted Kroger and Martin in order to prevent her things falling into English hands.

The queen's next goldsmith was a French man, called "Clei", succeeded on 27 July 1597 by George Heriot.  Ten years later, jewels were allegedly stolen from Anne of Denmark by Margaret Hartsyde, and after her death in 1619 by her Danish servant Anna Kaas and a French page Piero Hugon.

References

1594 deaths
German goldsmiths
People from Lüneburg
Court of James VI and I
Household of Anne of Denmark
Scottish goldsmiths
Jewel thieves
Material culture of royal courts
People executed by the Kingdom of Scotland by hanging

Year of birth unknown

Jacob Kroger


Ashley Michelle Tisdale (born July 2, 1985) is an American actress-singer and producer. She is known for co-starring in the movies High School Musical, High School Musical 2 and High School Musical 3.  She also played candy counter girl, Maddie Fitzpatrick, on the Disney Channel television series of The Suite Life of Zack and Cody". She began singing and acting at an early age.  Her first studio album was called Headstrong. Some of her songs are "Be Good to Me", "Headstrong", "Not that Girl" and "Over It". Her newest second album is Guilty Pleasure. The  songs on it include "It's Alright It's Ok", "Hot Mess ".(song)"Hair" and "Crank it up". Her original hair color is blonde but she changed it for the series The Suite Life of Zack and Cody. She also lends her voice to the animated series Phineas and Ferb. She has earned up to 2.5 million dollars with the High School Musical movies. Ashley Tisdale worked on series Suite Life of Zack and Cody for three years. She also did one episode of Suite Life On Deck.
Her sister Jennifer Tisdale is also an actress as model.  Her parents are Mike Tisdale and Lisa Tisdale.

Filmography
Animated roles
 All Dogs Go to Heaven: The Series - Additional Voices
 American Dad! - Amy Reed
 Family Guy - Priscilla
 Wattu Academy - Heaven Light
 Kim Possible - Camille Leon
 Phineas and Ferb - Candace Flynn, Princess Baldegunde
 The Powerpuff Girls - Tanya-corn
 Robot Chicken - Little Orphan Annie, Oliver Twist, Pippi Longstocking
 Skylanders Academy - Stealth Elf
 The Cleveland Show - Lacey Stapleton

Film roles
 A Bug's Life - Lead Blueberry Scout
 An All Dogs Christmas Carol - Additional Voices
 Birds of Paradise - Aurora
 Charming - Cinderella
 Whisper of the Heart'' - Yūko Harada

References

Other websites

1985 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American child actors
Actors from New Jersey
Singers from New Jersey
High School Musical people
American composers
Models from New Jersey
American musical theatre actors
American pop singers
American singer-songwriters
American television producers
Warner Bros. Records artists
21st-century American singers
American movie producers
Jewish American musicians
Jewish actors
Musicians from New Jersey
Sopranos

Ashley Tisdale


Nikola Biller-Andorno is a German bioethicist. She is Professor and Director of the Institute of Biomedical Ethics of the University of Zurich, Switzerland.

Biller-Andorno studied medicine at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (State Medical Exam 1996, Dr. med. 1997) as well as philosophy and social sciences at the University of Hagen, Germany (M.A. 1996, Dr. phil. 2001). Multiple scholarships and awards allowed her to pursue her research interests at prestigious institutions such as the Hastings Center (1994), Yale University (1997) and the Harvard Medical School (1997–98).
After completing her habilitation thesis in ethics and theory of medicine at the University of Göttingen, Germany, she worked as Ethicist at the World Health Organization (2002-2004).

In 2004 she was appointed professor of medical ethics at the Charité, Joint Medical Faculty of the Free and Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. In October 2005 she joined the University of Zurich as Full Professor of Biomedical Ethics. Since 2007 she is director of the Institute of Biomedical Ethics of the same university, which was designated as WHO Collaborating Center for Bioethics in 2009. She is a board member of the Swiss Society of Biomedical Ethics as well as of the German Academy of Ethics in Medicine and was elected President of the International Association of Bioethics in 2009. She serves as a member of the Central Ethics Committee of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences, of the Ethics Committee of the University of Zurich, and as deputy editor of the Journal of Medical Ethics.

External links
 http://www.ibme.uzh.ch/de/ethik/team/direktion/biller-andorno.html

Bioethicists
Academic staff of the University of Zurich
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg alumni
Yale University alumni
Harvard Medical School alumni
University of Göttingen alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Nikola Biller-Andorno


Jack Robert Lengyel (born 1935) is an American software executive and former football coach, lacrosse coach, and college athletics administrator. Lengyel was born in Akron, Ohio.

Lengyel was the head football coach at the College of Wooster from 1966 to 1970 and at Marshall University from 1971 until 1974, having a college football record of 33–54.

At Marshall, he took over the Thundering Herd football program after the Southern Airways Flight 932 plane crash that killed nearly the entire team in 1970.

Lengyel was the athletic director at California State University, Fresno from 1983 to 1986, at the University of Missouri from 1986 to 1988, and at the United States Naval Academy from 1988 to 2001.

He was the interim athletic director at Temple University in 2002, at Eastern Kentucky University from 2002 to 2003, and at the University of Colorado Boulder from 2004 to 2005.

In the 2006 movie We Are Marshall, is based on the Marshall plane crash and Marshall's 1971 team where he is played by Matthew McConaughey.

Other websites

Jack Lengyel hiring press release  by Colorado athletics

1935 births
Living people
American football players
American football coaches
Sportspeople from Akron, Ohio

Jack Lengyel


Les Misérables is a 1995 French war film written, produced and directed by Claude Lelouch. Set in France during the first half of the 20th century, the film concerns a poor and illiterate man named Henri Fortin (Jean-Paul Belmondo) who is introduced to Victor Hugo's classic 1862 novel Les Misérables and begins to see parallels to his own life. The film won the 1995 Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

Plot
As the film opens, Henri's father, a chauffeur also named Henri, is falsely accused of having murdered his boss. During his trial and imprisonment, Henri's mother finds a job in a tavern on a Normandy beach. There Henri sees a film adaptation of Les Misérables. His father dies attempting to escape from prison, and upon hearing the news Henri's mother commits suicide. Henri grows up an orphan and learns boxing.

The film next takes up the story of Elisa, a ballerina, and André Ziman, a young Jewish journalist and law student. They meet following a performance of a ballet based on Les Misérables. Later, during World War II, André and Elisa, now married, and their daughter Salomé attempt to cross the Swiss border to escape the Nazis. They encounter Henri, who owns a moving company, and they discuss the Hugo novel. The Zimans entrust Salomé to Henri and enroll her in a Catholic convent school. André and Elisa are ambushed while trying to cross the frontier. Elisa is arrested and André wounded. Farmers who find him give him shelter.

The members of a local gang and Henri join the French Resistance, but the gang members take advantage of their anti-Nazi attacks to steal from local houses. Elisa and other women are forced to entertain the Nazi occupiers. She is sent to a concentration camp for being defiant. After staging an attack on a train transporting funds for the Vichy government, Henri and his mates travel to Normandy to visit the tavern where he lived as a child. The D-Day invasion is launched the next day and Henri supports the Allied forces when they conquer the beach. In the process he saves the life of the tavern owner's son Marius.

At the war's end, Henri accepts an offer to run a seaside camp in Normandy. There he receives a letter from Salomé, who has no way of contacting her family. He takes her with him to the resort, which he names Chez Jean Valjean. Elisa, having survived a Nazi concentration camp in German-occupied Poland, joins them later.

A former Vichy police agent accuses Henri of abetting the gang's activities during the war and of robbing and burning a train. He is imprisoned to await trial. Meanwhile André's one-time rescuer is holding him captive, hoping to live off his bank account. The farmer has told André that the American D-Day invasion failed and the Nazis now rule the world. With evident reluctance, the farmer's wife supports her husband in these lies until he attempts to poison André. Then she shoots her husband before he can feed André the poisoned soup. As she checks to see if her husband is dead, he grabs her and chokes her to death. André escapes from his cellar prison on a bad leg and emerges to find the farmer couple dead and a liberated Europe. He rejoins his wife and daughter at Chez Jean Valjean and then represents Henri at his trial and wins his acquittal.

As the film ends, Henri, now the mayor, presides at the civil marriage of Salomé and Marius in the presence of André and Elisa and the mother superior of the school that sheltered Salomé. André Ziman quotes Victor Hugo: "The best of our lives is yet to come."

Cast
 Jean-Paul Belmondo as Leopold/Henri Fortin/Henri's father (also named Henri Fortin)
 Michel Boujenah as André Ziman
 Alessandra Martines as Elisa Ziman
 Salomé Lelouch as Salomé Ziman, child
 Margot Abascal as Salomé Ziman, adult
 Annie Girardot as Madame Thénardier
 Philippe Léotard as Thénardier
 Clémentine Célarié as Catherine
 Philippe Khorsand as Policeman
 Ticky Holgado as Nice Street Urchin
 William Leymergie as Toureiffel
 Jean Marais as Msgr. Myriel
 Micheline Presle as Mother Superior
 Sylvie Joly as the Innkeeper
 Daniel Toscan du Plantier as Count de Villeneuve
 Michaël Cohen as Marius
 Jacques Boudet as Doctor
 Robert Hossein as Ceremony Master
 Darry Cowl as Bookseller
 Antoine Duléry as Crazy Street Urchin
 Jacques Gamblin as Church Attendant
 Joseph Malerba as The pumpman
 Pierre Vernier as Prison Director
 Nicolas Vogel as Le général de Verdun
In the film within the film
 Jean-Paul Belmondo as Jean Valjean
 Rufus as Monsieur Thénardier
 Nicole Croisille as Mme. Thénardier
 Clémentine Célarié as Fantine
 Philippe Khorsand as Javert

Reception
The film opened at number one at the French box office with a gross of 8,510,740 Francs ($1.7 million) for the week.
The film received positive reviews from critics with a score of 80% on Rotten Tomatoes. Roger Ebert wrote he liked this film's "expansive freedom and (the) energy of its storytelling". The Los Angeles Times called it "a spectacular-looking film" that "eventually becomes needlessly drawn-out", and added: "the cast is staunch...but Belmondo...easily walks away with the picture." Variety said it was the "mightiest of Lelouch's humanist hymns", and Belmondo "gives one of the finest perfs of his career". Janet Maslin, who reviewed the film for The New York Times, meanwhile complained about "odd variations on Hugo's themes."

Accolades
The film won the 1995 Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film and Annie Girardot won the 1996 César Award for Best Supporting Actress.

See also
 Adaptations of Les Misérables

References

External links

Les Miserables at Le Film Guide
 Les Misérables (1995) at Films de France

1995 films
Films based on Les Misérables
French war drama films
French World War II films
Films directed by Claude Lelouch
Films scored by Michel Legrand
Films scored by Francis Lai
Best Foreign Language Film Golden Globe winners
1990s French films

Les Misérables (1995 film)


The impeachment of Martín Vizcarra, the 85th President of Peru, began when the Congress of Peru started the process on 8 October 2020 because of Vizcarra's "permanent moral incapacity". On October 20, 2020, political factions Union for Peru, Podemos Peru, and Frente Amplio pushed for the articles of impeachment against President Vizcarra. He was accused of corruption.

Vizcarra was convicted of the charges on 9 November 2020 in a 105-16 vote. When the date arrived, impeachment began with 60 votes in favor, 40 against and 18 abstentions.

Vizcarra was replaced by Congress President Manuel Merino on 10 November.

Vizcarra became the third president to have been impeached and convicted, along with Guillermo Billinghurst (1914) and Alberto Fujimori (2000).

References

October 2020 events
November 2020 events
2020 in Peru

Removal of Martín Vizcarra


Hypervigilance is a state of heightened awareness, vigilance, and paranoia. It may be caused by trauma, anxiety, or other mental health conditions. People who are hypervigilant may be constantly on the lookout for threats, real or imagined. This can lead to feelings of anxiety, paranoia, and distress.

Symptoms
The symptoms of hypervigilance include:

Feeling on edge or jumpy
Difficulty concentrating
Excessive vigilance
irritability
insomnia
fatigue
fearfulness

People with hypervigilance may be constantly scanning their environment for potential threats. This can lead to feelings of paranoia and anxiety. Hypervigilance can also cause problems with concentration and focus. People who are hypervigilant may also have difficulty sleeping and may be easily fatigued.

References

Medical signs

Hypervigilance


Steven Charles Barr (born September 8, 1951) is a retired American professional baseball player. A left-handed pitcher, he worked in 24 games in Major League Baseball between 1974 and 1976 for the Boston Red Sox and the Texas Rangers. He was listed as  tall and .

Early life
Barr was born in St. Louis but grew up in Southern California.

Career
After graduating from Carson High School (Carson, California), he was picked by Boston in the seventh round of the 1969 Major League Baseball Draft. In 1974, his sixth season in the Red Sox farm system, he won 16 games, lost eight, and posted a 2.45 earned run average and 15 complete games with the Double-A Bristol Red Sox. Barr led the Eastern League in games won was named to the All-Star team. Boston recalled him to their active roster that September and he started the penultimate game of the  season. In his MLB debut, Barr threw a complete game 7–4 victory against the Cleveland Indians, scattering seven hits and six bases on balls.

He began  with Triple-A Pawtucket, and was given a three-game trial with the pennant-bound Red Sox in July. He made three appearances, including two starts in which he was treated roughly. surrendering ten hits, four walks and nine runs in only six innings pitched—but only two of the runs were earned. He returned to Pawtucket, where he posted a good 2.92 ERA despite a win–loss record of only 6–12.  Then, on November 17, he was included in one of the off-season's blockbuster trades when he was sent to the Rangers with outfielder Juan Beníquez for future Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher Ferguson Jenkins.

Barr then spent all of  on the Ranger roster, appearing in 20 games, including ten as a starting pitcher. In his first start, April 13 against the defending American League West champion Oakland Athletics, Barr threw a complete game, four-hit, 3–1 victory, striking out seven. He was credited with two more complete games that season, but he struggled to a 2–6 mark with a poor 5.59 earned run average. He was selected by the Seattle Mariners with the 54th pick in the 1976 Major League Baseball expansion draft, but did not the M's big-league roster and spent both 1977 and 1978 in Triple-A before retiring from baseball after ten pro seasons.

In his 24 MLB games pitched, Barr allowed 88 hits and 57 bases on balls in 83 total innings pitched. He fanned 32, and was credited with four complete games in 13 total starts. He is the uncle of pitcher Ryan Madson.

Sources

External links

Steve Barr at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
Steve Barr at  Baseball Almanac
Steve Barr at Baseball Gauge
Steve Barr at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)

1951 births
Living people
Baseball players from St. Louis
Boston Red Sox players
Florida Instructional League Red Sox players
Greenville Red Sox players
Jamestown Falcons players
Kansas City Royals players
Leones del Caracas players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Major League Baseball pitchers
Omaha Royals players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Sportspeople from Carson, California
Baseball players from Los Angeles County, California
Portland Beavers players
Texas Rangers players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Winston-Salem Red Sox players
Winter Haven Red Sox players
Carson High School (Carson, California) alumni

Steve Barr


The 172nd Infantry Brigade was a light infantry brigade of the United States Army stationed at Fort Wainwright, Alaska and later moved its headquarters to Grafenwöhr, Germany. An active duty independent brigade, it was part of V Corps and was one of five active-duty, separate, brigade combat teams in the U.S. Army before its most recent inactivation on 31 May 2013.

First activated in 1917, the brigade was deployed to France during World War I and used to reinforce front-line units. The brigade's actions in France during that time are not completely clear. It would later be converted to a reconnaissance unit that was deployed during World War II and saw several months of combat in the European Theatre. The brigade has multiple tours of duty in Operation Iraqi Freedom from 2005 until 2006 and from 2008 until 2010 and in Operation Enduring Freedom from 2011 until 2012. Its infamous 16-month deployment was one of the longest deployments for a unit serving in the OIF campaign. Most recently the brigade served a 12-month tour in Afghanistan from 2011 until 2012.

The unit has been activated and inactivated numerous times, and has also seen several redesignations. The 172nd was one of the first brigade combat teams before it was deactivated in 2006. Reactivated in 2008 from another reflagged unit, it immediately prepared for another tour of duty in Iraq. Following a series of budget cuts and force structure reductions, the unit formally inactivated on 31 May 2013 in Grafenwöhr, Germany.

Organization

The brigade was a separate unit and did not report to a higher division-level headquarters, but instead reported directly to the V Corps of United States Army Europe. The Headquarters and Headquarters Company of the unit was located at Grafenwöhr, Germany. The Unit also contained the 1st Battalion, 2d Infantry, the 2nd Battalion, 28th Infantry, the 1st Battalion, 77th Field Artillery, the 9th Engineer Battalion, the 3rd Battalion, 66th Armor, and the 172nd Forward Support Battalion. In addition, the brigade contained three independent companies; 504th Military Intelligence Company, and Echo Troop, 5th Cavalry Regiment, the 57th Signal Company. All of these subordinate units were last located in Grafenwöhr.

History

World War I

The 172nd Infantry Brigade (Separate), officially titled the "172d Infantry Brigade", was first constituted on 5 August 1917 in the National Army as the 172nd Infantry Brigade. It was organized on the 25th of that month at Camp Grant, in Rockford, Illinois and assigned to the 86th Infantry Division. The brigade, commanded by Brigadier General Lincoln Clark Andrews, was assigned to the 86th Division and deployed to Europe for duty during World War I. It arrived in Bordeaux, France, in September 1918 The combat record of the unit during its World War I service is not clear, but it is known that the 86th Division was depleted when much of its force was used to reinforce other units already on the front lines. Thus, the brigade received a World War I campaign streamer without an inscription, as it was not known to have fought in any engagements. After a cease-fire was signed in 1918, the Brigade returned to the United States. It was demobilized in January 1919 at Camp Grant, and the camp itself was abandoned in 1921.

On 24 June 1921 the unit was reconstituted in the Organized Reserves as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 172nd Infantry Brigade, and again assigned to the 86th Division. It was organized in January 1922 at Springfield, Illinois and went through several redesignations, including Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 172nd Brigade, on 23 March 1925 and Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 172nd Infantry Brigade on 24 August 1936.

World War II
The Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 172nd Infantry Brigade, was converted and redesignated the 3rd Platoon, 86th Reconnaissance Troop, and assigned to the 86th Infantry Division on 31 March 1942, while the Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 171st Infantry Brigade, became the remainder of the 86th Reconnaissance Troop. On 15 December 1942 the troop was mobilized and reorganized at Camp Howze, in Gainesville, Texas, as the 86th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop, only to be reorganized and redesignated again on 5 August 1943 as the 86th Reconnaissance Troop, Mechanized. For the majority of the US involvement in World War II it remained stateside, participating in the Third Army #5 Louisiana Maneuvers in 1943, among other exercises, until finally staging at Camp Myles Standish, at Boston, Massachusetts on 5 February 1945 and shipping out from Boston on 19 February 1945.

The 86th Reconnaissance Troop arrived in France on 1 March 1945, acclimated and trained, and then moved to Köln, Germany, and participated in the relief of the 8th Infantry Division in defensive positions near Weiden which is now part of Lindenthal on 28–29 March 1945. During its few months of combat duty in Europe, the troop participated in amphibious assaults across was Danube, Bigge, Altmuhl, Isar, Inn, Mittel-Isar and Salzach rivers in Germany and Austria. It was assigned to First, Third, Seventh, and Fifteenth US Armies. The unit was at Salzburg on 7 May 1945 (V-E Day). It was then sent back stateside to prepare for operation in the Pacific. Arriving back in New York City on 17 June 1945, the unit proceeded to Camp Gruber in Braggs, Oklahoma before staging at Camp Stoneman in Pittsburg, California on 14 August 1945.
The unit shipped out from San Francisco on 21 August 1945 and arrived in the Philippines on 7 September 1945, five days after the Japanese surrender.

The Cold War
On 10 October 1945 the 86th Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized) was again redesignated the 86th Mechanized Reconnaissance Troop before finally being inactivated on 30 December 1946 while still stationed in the Philippines. However, the 86th Mechanized Reconnaissance Troop was reactivated again on 9 July 1952 as part of the Army Reserve. It continued serving within the Army Reserve for some years. Activation of the brigade with its new structure took place on 1 July 1963 at Fort Richardson, Alaska.

The Army set up an experimental Airborne unit with the designation of Company F (Airborne), 4th Battle Group, 23d Infantry in 1962 at Fort Richardson. The company commander was Captain Lawrence. When Army combat forces were reorganized from the Pentomic division battle groups to brigades with subordinate battalions, the group became the 4th Battalion, 23d Infantry and its Airborne component was Company C. The unit was used to determine how best to use Airborne soldiers in Arctic conditions throughout the vast area of Alaska.

The new structure included one Light Infantry Battalion; one Mechanized Infantry Battalion; and one Tank Company. Its shoulder sleeve insignia was authorized for use on 28 August 1963 and its distinctive unit insignia was authorized on 8 June 1966. The Brigade was reorganized from Mechanized Infantry to Light Infantry on 30 June 1969, with a reduction to two mechanized infantry battalions. In 1974 the 172nd Infantry Brigade was reorganized again to include three light infantry battalions.

US Army Alaska was known as USARAL through the 60s and 70s, whereas after the activation of the 6th Infantry Division it was known as USARAK.
The two Arctic brigades, the 171st (4-9th Infantry, 1-47th Infantry [which was subsequently deactivated], and other components at Fort Wainwright) and the 172d (4-23d Infantry, 1-60th Infantry, 1-37th Artillery, 561st Combat Engineer Company, and other components at Fort Richardson) were consolidated in 1973 with the drawdown after Viet Nam. There was an administrative split between the "LIB" (Light Infantry Brigade) and the "Brigade Alaska", with the 1-43d Air Defense, 222d Aviation, 56th MP Company, 23d Construction Engineer Company, Northern Warfare Training Center- then at Fort Greely,' being assigned.

The brigade was again inactivated on 15 April 1986 at Fort Richardson, Alaska, being reflagged as part of the newly reformed 6th Infantry Division.

Transformation
In the late 1990s, Army leaders including General Eric Shinseki began shifting the Army force toward brigade centered operations. All separate brigades had been deactivated in the 1990s as part of the US Army's drawdown following the end of the Cold War. These inactivations, along with the subsequent reorganization of US Army divisions, saw several divisional brigades stationed in bases that were far from the division's headquarters and support units. These brigades had difficulty operating without support from higher headquarters. Light infantry is a designation applied to certain types of foot soldiers (infantry) throughout history, typically having air assault and airborne qualified members with lighter equipment or armament or a more mobile or fluid function than other types of infantry, such as heavy infantry or line infantry. Historically, light infantry often fought as skirmishers, reconnaissance, hidden shock and awe attacks, basically guerilla warfare—soldiers who fight in a loose formation ahead of the main army to harass, delay and generally "soften up" an enemy before the main battle. Today, the term "light infantry" generally refers to units (including commandos and airborne units) that specifically emphasize speed and mobility over armor and firepower, to units that historically held a skirmishing role.

It was Shinseki's idea to reactivate a few separate light infantry brigades and assign them their own support and sustainment units, which would allow them to function independently of division-level headquarters. These formations were termed "Brigade Combat Teams". Such units could be stationed in bases far from major commands, not requiring division-level unit support, an advantage in places like Alaska and Europe, where stationing entire divisions was unnecessary or impractical. The first of the separate brigades was to be the 172d Infantry Brigade. On 17 April 1998, the U.S. Army reactivated the 172d Infantry Brigade (Separate) by reflagging the 1st Brigade, 6th Infantry Division headquartered at Fort Wainwright, Alaska. Two years later, the 173d Airborne Brigade was reactivated on 12 June 2000 at Caserma Ederle in Vicenza, Italy. The 172d light infantry was assigned the 1st Battalion (Airborne), 501st Infantry, an airborne infantry battalion, one of only three existing outside of the 82nd Airborne Division. (The other two battalions were part of the 173d Airborne Brigade based in Italy.) The 172d Infantry Brigade was designed as a "Pacific theater contingency brigade." Located in Alaska, the 172d would be able to deploy to any contingencies in Alaska, Europe (over the north pole) or the Pacific.

In July 2001 the US Army announced that the 172d Infantry Brigade was to become one of the Army's new Interim Brigade Combat Teams, later to be known as Stryker Brigade Combat Teams (SBCTs).
Changes to the brigade included the addition of some 300 Stryker vehicles, and several Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. The transformation was intended to increase the brigade's mobility in operations as well as reduce its logistical footprint. The project entailed around $1.2 billion in construction costs for training facilities, motor pools, and other buildings. This transformation was completed when the unit was formally redesignated on 16 October 2003. After the transformation was complete, the 172d became the third Stryker brigade in the US Army, with a force of 3,500 soldiers. In 2005, the new Brigade Commander, Colonel Mike Shields, changed the motto of the infantry brigade from "Snow Hawks" to "Arctic Wolves". In early 2005, the brigade was alerted that it would be deployed to Operation Iraqi Freedom for the first time. To prepare, it participated in several large exercises at the Joint Readiness Training Center at Fort Polk, Louisiana. The 220th Military Police Brigade, a reserve unit, provided additional soldiers to assist the brigade in the exercises during their final preparations for deployment.

Operation Iraqi Freedom

In August 2005, the 172nd Stryker Brigade Combat Team deployed to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The unit deployed to Mosul, Iraq. 4-14 CAV and a Stryker infantry company (A/4-23 IN and later, B/2-1 IN) were attached to 2nd Marine Expeditionary Force, and stationed at COP Rawah; away from the rest of the BDE.  Duties of the unit during deployment included numerous patrol operations, searches for weapons caches, and counterinsurgency operations. Its tour was to have ended on 27 July 2006, but the U.S. Army unexpectedly extended the deployment until the end of November 2006. During the extension, the unit was sent to Baghdad to quell growing sectarian violence concerns. The infamous extension of the deployment had happened after some of the units of the Brigade were already touched down at their home base of Fort Wainwright, AK, forcing them to fly back to staging areas in Iraq. The extension occurred after the unit's regular 12-month tour was complete, making the deployment last for a total of 16 months. As a result of the unit's action in Iraq, the brigade was awarded the Valorous Unit Award.

During this action, 26 soldiers of the brigade were killed in action, and another 350 were wounded.
Ten additional soldiers in units attached to the brigade were killed.

Inactivation 2006
Having returned from its extended tour in Baghdad, Iraq, the 172nd Stryker Brigade Combat Team was officially deactivated and the 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 25th Infantry Division was activated in its place on 14 December 2006.  The brigade's six battalions and four separate companies were likewise reflagged as part of the change. The reflagged units were:
 1st Battalion, 17th Infantry Regiment to 1st Battalion, 5th Infantry Regiment.
 2nd Battalion, 1st Infantry Regiment to 1st Battalion, 24th Infantry Regiment.
 4th Battalion, 23rd Infantry Regiment to 3rd Battalion, 21st Infantry Regiment.
 4th Squadron, 14th Cavalry Regiment to 5th Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment.
 4th Battalion, 11th Field Artillery Regiment to 2nd Battalion, 8th Field Artillery Regiment.
 172nd Brigade Support Battalion to 25th Brigade Support Battalion.
 A Company, 52nd Infantry Regiment to D Company, 52nd Infantry Regiment.
 572nd Military Intelligence Company to 184th Military Intelligence Company.
 562nd Engineer Company to 73rd Engineer Company.
 21st Signal Company to 176th Signal Company.

Reactivation in Germany

As part of the Grow the Army Plan announced 19 December 2007, the Army will activate and retain two Infantry Brigades in Germany until 2012 and 2013. On 6 March 2008, it was announced that the 172nd Infantry Brigade would be activated as the first of these brigades, with the other being the 170th Infantry Brigade. On 17 March, the 172nd Infantry Brigade was formally activated in Schweinfurt, Germany by reflagging the 1st Infantry Division's 2nd (Dagger) Brigade, which relocated to Ft. Riley, KS. Colonel Jeffrey Sinclair was commanding the brigade at the time. The 172nd Infantry Brigade relocated to Grafenwöhr, Germany. The 172nd Infantry Brigade was activated with the following unit redesignations:
 Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 172nd Infantry Brigade (formed from HHC, 2-1 ID)
 2nd Battalion, 28th Infantry (reflagged from 1–26 Infantry)
 1st Battalion, 2nd Infantry (reflagged from 1–18 Infantry)
 3rd Battalion, 66th Armor (reflagged from 1–77 Armor)
 Troop E, 5th Cavalry (reflagged from Troop E, 4th Cavalry)
 1st Battalion, 77th Field Artillery (reflagged from 1–7 Field Artillery)
 172nd Support Battalion (reflagged from 299th Forward Support Battalion)
 57th Signal Company, 9th Engineer Battalion and 504th Military Intelligence Company remain attached to 172nd but were not reflagged.
When the brigade converts to a modular design, the Brigade Special Troops Battalion will be given organic, unnumbered signal, engineer and military intelligence companies along with a chemical and military police platoons.

After its activation, the brigade began moving its components from Schweinfurt to Grafenwöhr, Germany, as part of the Grow the Army plan. Simultaneously, the brigade converted to a modular structure to become a Brigade Combat Team upon completion. In May 2008, the brigade was alerted that it would be returning to Iraq in the fall of that year. The deployment was set to last 12 months, and was set to start after the unit's 12-month out-of-action cycle ended in November 2008. This would be the brigade's third tour to Iraq, as it completed a tour of duty in Iraq shortly before being redesignated from the 2nd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division. The brigade began training for its deployment to the country as soon as it received orders for deployment. German military officers trained with the brigade during this preparation. The soldiers of the brigade were part of a 40,000-soldier troop rotation into Iraq and Afghanistan, intended to maintain previous troop levels in both countries until late 2009. In fall of 2008, the brigade completed its transition to a brigade combat team, and was redesignated as the 172nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team.

In late October 2008 the brigade began moving equipment and vehicles by train from Germany in preparation for their tour in Iraq. 385 containers full of gear, as well as 75 M1A1 Abrams Tanks, M2 Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicles, and HMMWVs were sent by train on 28 October. the brigade picked up additional MRAP and uparmored HMMWVs in Kuwait. The brigade deployed into theater by December 2008, replacing the 4th Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division.

A proposal was made to relocate the unit to White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico in 2012 as the 7th Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division, pending discussions to leave two heavy brigades in Europe.

Operation Enduring Freedom
The 172 IBCT deployed to Afghanistan in the summer of 2011. The brigade left behind its "heavy" vehicles, Bradley fighting vehicles and Abrams tanks, for MRAPs. Soldiers would spend some of their time during the deployment patrolling on foot, as their normal heavy-tracked vehicles are incompatible with rugged terrain of Afghanistan.
. During this deployment the Brigade was responsible for Paktika province along the Pakistani border. One of the more controversial aspects of the deployment was the formation of the first US/Afghan Joint firing base with Afghan National Army Artillery firing in support of U.S. forces in the Urgun district.

Following a number of budget cuts and force structure reductions, the brigade deactivated in Germany on 31 May 2013.

Honors

Unit decorations

Campaign streamers

Notes

References

External links

 172nd Infantry.army.mil
 Lineage and Heraldic information  at the United States Army Center of Military History

172
Military units and formations in Alaska
United States military in Germany
Military units and formations established in 1917
Military units and formations disestablished in 2013

172nd Infantry Brigade (United States)


Order, Law and Justice (, abbreviated as RZS) was a conservative political party in Bulgaria. Its main focus is on fighting crime and corruption. It won the minimum ten seats in the National Assembly at the 2009 election, making it the smallest of the six parties in the legislature. Later some of the deputies left the parliamentary group and it broke the minimum of ten, which inevitably made all parliamentary representatives of the party independent deputies.

It is led by Yane Yanev, who has frequently revealed classified documents backing up his claims of corruption. The party is close to the British Conservative Party.

The logo of Order, Law and Justice is a blue and orange checkerboard pattern.

History
The party was founded by renaming and reforming the National Association - Bulgarian Agrarian People's Union (NS-BZNS), which had been part of the United Democratic Forces, decided on the fourth congress of the NS-BZNS in the end of 2005. Its main goal is fighting corruption. In the 2007 European election, RZS won only 0.5% of the vote. By the time of the 2009 election, this had increased to 4.7%, with RZS claiming that only electoral fraud had prevented it from receiving 10%, which would have given it two seats.

A month later, RZS took part in elections to the National Assembly. Its parliamentary ticket was headed by Atanas Semov, a law professor at the University of Sofia. Its platform called for the formation of a stable center-right coalition that would exclude the Bulgarian Socialist Party, a proactive campaign against political corruption, compulsory education until age 16, greater efforts to fight illiteracy, and the rejection of ethnic nationalism in politics.

The election saw RZS win 4.13% of the vote: just clearing the 4% threshold and entitling it to ten seats.  The party supported the new centre-right government under Boyko Borisov, but refused to sign an official declaration of support, after pressure from the European Conservatives and Reformists over the involvement of Attack.  One of RZS's MPs, Mario Tagarinski, left the party on 9 December 2009, pushing the party below the minimum of ten MPs required to form an official parliamentary group.  Another MP, Dimitar Choukarski, left on 11 March 2010, reducing it further to eight MPs.

The party nominated Atanas Semov for president during the 2011 presidential election. He finished seventh with only 1.84% of the popular vote.

In the 2013 parliamentary election the party won only 1.67% of the popular vote and failed to win a seat.

Footnotes

External links

Anti-corruption parties
Centre-right parties in Europe
Conservative parties in Bulgaria
Defunct conservative parties
National conservative parties
Nationalist parties in Bulgaria
Political parties established in 2005
2005 establishments in Bulgaria
Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe member parties
European Conservatives and Reformists member parties
Right-wing parties in Europe
Right-wing populist parties
Populist parties
2013 disestablishments in Bulgaria
Political parties disestablished in 2013

Order, Law and Justice


David Bruce Bergman (June 6, 1953 – February 2, 2015) was an American Major League Baseball first baseman, designated hitter and left fielder who played between 1975 and 1992.

Early life
Born in Evanston, Illinois, Bergman was an alumnus of Maine South High School and Illinois State University. In 1973 and 1974, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Chatham A's of the Cape Cod Baseball League, and won the league batting title in 1973. His uniform number 12 was retired at Illinois State in 1994.

Playing career
Bergman was drafted by the Chicago Cubs out of high school, but opted to pursue a college degree rather than sign with his favorite team.  At Illinois State, he was voted the team MVP in 1973 and 1974.  In 1974, he was named an All-American outfielder by The Sporting News.  He ended his college career with a .366 batting average and 63 runs batted in.

Drafted by the New York Yankees in the second round of the 1974 Major League Baseball draft, Bergman was a batting champion and league MVP in each of his first two minor league seasons, first with the New York–Penn League in 1974 and then with the Eastern League in 1975.  He played in only 12 games with the Yankees between 1975 and 1977, before being traded to the Houston Astros in December 1977. In four years with the Astros from 1978–1981, Bergman was a part-time player who never had more than 186 at bats or one home run in a season. In the 1980 National League West tie-breaker game, Bergman, in place of Art Howe at first base, recorded the final out of the game when he fielded a liner by himself that clinched the 7-1 victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers that gave the Astros their first division title.

He was signed by Yankees scout Lou Maguolo.

Bergman, along with Jeffrey Leonard, was traded from the Houston Astros to the San Francisco Giants for Mike Ivie on April 20, 1981. In 1983, Bergman appeared in 90 games for the Giants and hit six home runs with a .286 batting average.

On March 24, 1984, Bergman was traded twice; from the Giants to the Phillies, then from the Phillies to the Tigers. Bergman was the starting first baseman for the Detroit Tigers team that defeated the San Diego Padres in the 1984 World Series. He appeared in 120 games for the 1984 Tigers and had a career-high 44 RBIs and seven home runs.

On June 4, 1984, Bergman came to bat in the bottom of the 10th inning with two men on base and two outs in a game against the second-place Toronto Blue Jays, who at that time trailed the Tigers by five games. Bergman fouled off seven pitches, and on a full count hit the 13th pitch of the at bat into the upper deck at Tiger Stadium for a walk-off, three-run home run. In his season-long diary that became the book Bless You Boys, Detroit manager, Sparky Anderson, wrote, "Tonight I saw the greatest at bat in my life...Bergie fouled off seven pitches and then picked one practically off the ground and drilled it into the upper deck in right.  What a battle!  Bergie was up there a full seven minutes."

He hit a career high .294 for the Tigers in 1988, and in August 1989, he broke up a Nolan Ryan no-hitter with a one-out single in the ninth inning.  On August 5, 1989, Bergman recorded a putout of Chicago White Sox shortstop Ozzie Guillén using the hidden ball trick.

Bergman played nine seasons for the Tigers, with most of his time spent as a left-handed batting platoon or reserve player.  During his last seasons, he backed up Cecil Fielder at first base while also seeing time at designated hitter.

Playing style

Bergman was noted for his extreme righty/lefty splits, which led to his long career as a part-time or platoon player.  He batted .264/.356/.377 against right handed pitchers in 2,825 plate appearances.  Against left handed pitchers, he batted .196/.265/.271 in only 289 plate appearances. Despite not usually hitting for a high batting average (.258 career), he finished his career with a respectable Adjusted OPS of 101, mostly on the strength of his on-base ability.  Bergman was noted for his strike zone judgment, and accumulated more base on balls than strikeouts over the course of his career (380 to 347).

Personal life
Bergman lived in the Detroit area after retirement, making Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan, his home beginning in 1985.  He served as a partner and senior portfolio analyst with Sigma Investment Counselors in Southfield, Michigan.

Bergman was a good friend of Joe Niekro, and the two were fishing partners for over 30 years.  Following Niekro's death from a brain aneurysm, Bergman began working with the Joe Niekro Foundation and committed his efforts to supporting research, treatment and awareness of brain aneurysms, AVMs and hemorrhagic strokes.  He also spent time working with youth and high school programs, and served as a trustee for former Tigers manager Sparky Anderson's C.A.T.C.H. charity.

Death
Bergman died on February 2, 2015, at the age of 61, following a long battle with bile duct cancer. He is survived by his wife, Cathy, and three children, Troy, Bria and Erika.

References

External links
, or Retrosheet, SABR BioProject, or Baseball Biography, or Pelota Binaria (Venezuelan Winter League)

1953 births
2015 deaths
Cardenales de Lara players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Charleston Charlies players
Chatham Anglers players
Deaths from cancer in Michigan
Deaths from cholangiocarcinoma
Detroit Tigers players
Houston Astros players
Illinois State Redbirds baseball players
Major League Baseball designated hitters
Major League Baseball first basemen
Major League Baseball outfielders
Nashville Sounds players
New York Yankees players
Oneonta Yankees players
San Francisco Giants players
Sportspeople from Evanston, Illinois
Baseball players from Cook County, Illinois
Syracuse Chiefs players
West Haven Yankees players

Dave Bergman


Area code 314 is an area code for Missouri. It was one of the primary area codes created in 1947. It initially covered the eastern portion of the state but after it was split by 573 in 1996 and 636 in 1999. It now covers the St. Louis territory. It was overlaid by 557 on August 12, 2022.

314
Missouri

Area code 314